Jain Agam Sahitya Me Bharatiya Samaj

Author(s): Jagdishchadnra Jain
Publisher: Chaukhambha Vidyabhavan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/007281/1

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vidyAbhavana rASTrabhASA granthamAlA 63 jaina Agama sAhityama bhAratA samAja DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI-1

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// shriiH|| vidyAbhavana rASTrabhASAgranthamAlA jaina Agama sAhitya bhAratIya samAja lekhakaDaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina ema0 e0, pI-eca0 DI0, adhyakSa, hindI vibhAga, rAmanArAyaNa ruiyA kAleja, bambaI caukhambA vidyAmavana vArANasI ..1665

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prakAzaka : caukhambA vidyAbhavana, vArANasI mudraka : vidyAvilAsa presa, vArANasI..... saMskaraNa : pragama, vi saMvat 2011 mUlya : 25-00 --------- (c) The Chowkhamba Vidya Bhawan, Chowk, Varanasi-1 ( India ) 1965 Phone: 3076

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THE VIDYABHAWAK RASHTRABHASHA GRANTHAMALA 93 JAINA AGAM SAHITYA ME BHARATIYA SAMAJA ( Social Life in Jain Canonical literature ) ( 600 B. C.-1600 A, D,) By : Dr. JAGADISHCHANDRA JAIN M. A., Ph. D. Head of the Hindi Deptt. Ramnarain Ruia College, Bombay. THE CHOW KHAMBA-VIDYABHAWAN VARANASI-1 1965

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Also can be had of THE CHOWKHAMBA SANSKRIT SERIES OFFICE Publishers & Antiquarian Book-Sellers POST BOX 8. VARANASI-1 (India) PHONE : 3145

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prAstAvika jaina AgamoM meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA upadeza sannihita hai jise unake gaNadharoM ne sUtra rUpa meM nibaddha kiyaa| isa hisAba se jaina AgamoM ko mahAvIra jitanA hI prAcIna mAnanA caahie| lekina una dinoM sUtroM ko kaNThastha rakhane kI paddhati thii| aisI hAlata meM AgamoM ko suvyavasthita rakhane ke lie samaya-samaya para jaina zramaNoM ke sammelana hote rhe| antima sammelana IsavI sana kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM gujarAta-kAThiyAvAr3a meM huaa| isakA matalaba yaha ki samasta upalabdha AgamoM ko mahAvIra kA sAkSAt pravacana nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kAla-doSa se IsavI san ke pUrva pAMcavIM zatAbdI se lagAkara IsavI sana kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI taka yAnI 1,000 varSa ke bIca, unameM aneka saMzodhana aura parivartana hote rahe jisakA pariNAma yaha huA ki jaina Agama apane rUpa meM .surakSita na raha ske| - ye Agama saMkSipta hone ke kAraNa gUr3ha the, ataeva binA TIkA-TippaNiyoM ke inheM samajhanA kaThina thaa| aisI hAlata meM samaya-samaya para jaina AcAryoM ne ina para niyukti, bhASya, cUrNI aura TIkAeM likhiiN| yaha TIkA-sAhitya IsavI san kI prathama zatAbdI se lekara IsavI san kI 16 vIM zatAbdI taka calatA rhaa| AgamoM ke aneka pATha vismRta athavA truTita ho jAne se TIkAkAroM ko mUla sUtroM ke samucita pratipAdana meM kAphI kaThinAI huI / phira bhI jo kucha unheM smaraNa thA athavA AcArya paramparA se jJAta thA use likhakara unhoMne santoSa kiyaa| jaina Agama-sAhitya meM vividha sAMskRtika aura sAmAjika sAmagrI milatI hai jo bhAratIya itihAsa ke sAMgopAMga adhyayana kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai / jaina zramaNa saMskRti ke kramika vikAsa kA yahA~ citra prastuta hai jisake adhyayana se patA lagatA hai ki jaina zramaNoM ko apane saMgha ko sudRr3ha banAne ke lie kyAkyA kaSTa sahana nahIM karane pdd'e| isa dRSTi se jaina chedasUtra aura unakI TIkAoM kA abhyAsa vizeSa upayogI hai|

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chedasUtroM meM ullekha hai-- ( 6 ) tamhA na kaheyavvaM AyariyeNa pavayaNarahassaM / khettaM kAlaM purisaM nAUNa pagAsae gujjhaM // AcArya ko pravacana kA rahasya kisI se na kahanA caahie| kSetra, kAla, aura puruSa ko jAna-bUjhakara hI use prakAza meM lAnA ucita hai / isa prakAra ke vidhAna kA kAraNa yahI hai ki chedasUtroM meM vratoM ke apavAdaniyamoM kA vidhAna hai / udAharaNa ke lie, "yadi kahIM mahAmArI ho jAye, durbhikSa par3ane lage, rAjA dveSa karane vAlA ho, kisI prakAra kA bhaya ho, roga ho jAye yA koI anya mAnasika bAdhA utpanna ho to varSA kAla meM bhI sAdhu anyatra gamana kara sakatA hai / " lekina isakA yaha artha kadApi nahIM ki chedasUtroM meM prAya: jaina sAdhuoM ke zithilAcAra kA ullekha hai, aura isalie unheM gopanIya rakhanA caahie| jaina sAdhuoM ko to sadA mana, vacana aura karma se apramatta rahane kA hI upadeza hai| kahA hai- "yadi koI sIkhA huA puruSa bhI yatnapUrvaka, talavAra, hier aura viSama patha para gamana kare to jaise usake skhalita ho jAne kI AzaMkA rahatI hai, usI prakAra apramatta muni ke bhI skhalita hone kI sambhAvanA banI rahatI hai / " isI prakAra " jaise strota-vAhinI nadI apanA mArga chor3akara unmArga se bahane lagatI haiM, athavA jAjvalyamAna kaMDe ko agni samaya pAkara maMda ho jAtI hai, usI prakAra sAdhu ke sambandha meM bhI samajhanA cAhie / " . nirgrantha pravacana kau "dhIra puruSoM kA zAsana" batAyA hai| isameM " sarpa ke samAna ekAnta dRSTi aura chure ke samAna ekAnta dhAra rakhanI hotI hai, aura lohe ke jau ke samAna ise bhakSaNa karanA par3atA hai| bAlU ke grAsa ke samAna yaha nIrasa hai, mahAnadI gaMgA ke pravAha ke viruddha tairane tathA mahAsamudra ko bhujAoM dvArA pAra karane kI bhAMti dustara hai, tathA asidhArAvrata ke samAna isakA AcaraNa duSkara hai| kAyara, kApuruSa aura klIboM kA isameM kAma nahIM / " prAcIna jainasUtroM meM "zramaNa dharma ko upazama kA sAra" ( uvasamasAra sAmannaM ) kahA hai / " zramaNa dharma kA AcaraNa karate hue bhI yadi krodha Adi kaSAyoM kI utkaTatA dIkha par3e to ganne ke puSpa kI bhAMti zrAmaNya ko niSphala hI samajhanA cAhie / " aisI dazA meM "yadi navadIkSita sAdhu kA mana dharma meM na ramaNa karatA ho to use dhIre-dhIre, kisI baila ko jue meM jotane kI bhAMti dharma meM lagAnA cAhie / matalaba yaha ki hara hAlata meM dharma pAlana meM apramatta rahanA hI yogya hai /

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(. 7 ) phira bhI jIvana meM kitane hI prasaMga aise upasthita hote haiM ki lAkha jatana karane para bhI manuSya se bhUla ho hI jAtI hai / aisI dazA meM apanI bhUla ko sudhAra' kara Age bar3hane kA Adeza jaina sUtroM meM hai-hatAza hokara aura mana mArakara baiTha jAne kA nhiiN| jaise "koI bAlaka acchA yA burA kAma karane para saralatApUrvaka saba kucha kaha-suna detA hai, usI prakAra sAdhu ko cAhiye ki vaha niSkapaTa bhAva se apane guru ke samakSa apane doSoM kI AlocanA kare / " yahA~ "vaidya ko jina bhagavAna ke samAna, rogI ko sAdhu ke samAna, rogoM ko aparAdhoM ke samAna aura auSadhi ko prAyazcitta ke samAna batAyA gayA hai|" prAyazcitta kA vidhAna bhI koI aise-vaise nahIM btaayaa| "na vaha ( prAyazcitta ) sarvakAla meM vidhi rUpa hotA hai aura na pratiSeSa rUpa / balki jaise koI lAbha kA icchuka vaNik Aya aura vyaya kA santulana rakhatA hai, usI prakAra prAyazcitta dene vAle AcArya ko bhI bahuta soca-vicAra kara prAyazcitta denA caahie|" athavA "jaise koI ratnoM kA vyApArI maukA par3ane para apane bahumUlya ratnoM ko alpa mUlya meM aura alpa mUlya ke ratnoM ko adhika mUlya meM beca detA hai, isI taraha AcArya bhI rAga aura dveSa ke kama yA jyAdA hone para, tadanusAra prAyazcitta kA vidhAna karatA hai|" .. . ... .... .. : - dUsarA prazna hai saMyama pAlana ke lie deha dhAraNa kaa| "mokSa ke sAdhana darzana, jJAna aura cAritra kI siddhi deha dhAraNa se ho sakatI hai aura deha dhAraNa ke lie AhAra kI AvazyakatA hai|" jainasUtroM meM ullekha hai ki "jaise tela ke ucita abhyaMga se gAr3I acchI taraha calane lagatI hai aura ghAva ThIka ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra AhAra dvArA saMyama kA bhAra vahana kiyA jA sakatA hai|" "jaise koI phasala kATane vAlA dAMtI ke binA phasala nahIM kATa sakatA, nadI pAra jAne vAlA nAva ke binA nadI pAra nahIM kara sakatA, yoddhA zastra ke binA zatru ko parAjita nahIM kara sakatA, rAhagIra padatrANa ke binA rAstA taya nahIM kara sakatA, rogI auSadhi ke binA nIroga nahIM ho sakatA, aura saMgIta vidyA kA icchuka vAditra ke binA saMgIta nahIM sIkha sakatA, isI prakAra samAdhi kA icchuka AhAra ke . . binA samAdhi nahIM prApta kara sakatA / " ataeva saMyama dhAraNa karane ke lie atyanta prayatnapUrvaka zarIra kI rakSA karanA cAhie, kyoMki zarIra hI dharma kA srota hai| jaina zramaNoM ko puSTikAraka bhojana kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| kyoMki "isa bhojana meM zukra kI vRddhi hotI hai, usase vAyu prakopa hotA hai aura vAyu prakopa se. kAma jAgRta hotA hai, ataeva sAdhu ko AhAra-vihAra meM atyanta saMmayazIla hone

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(=) 1 kI AvazyakatA hai / " lekina jaise kahA jA cukA hai, kitane hI prasaMgoM para, paristhitiyoMvaza ve apane mArga se skhalita bhI ho jAte the, yadyapi ise svastha manovRtti kA paricAyaka haragija nahIM samajhA jAtA thA / unheM sadA jAgRta rahane aura kSaNa bhara ke lie bhI pramAda na karane kA hI upadeza thaa| isa prakAra kI skhalanAoM kA ullekha chedasUtroM meM aneka sthaloM para kiyA gayA hai / lekina isase una sUtroM kA mahatva kama nahIM hotA aura na jaina zramaNa saMgha kI durbalatA hI siddha hotI hai / isase yahI jJAta hotA hai ki una logoM ne mAnava kamajoriyoM ko na chipAkara bar3e sAhasapUrvaka unakA sAmanA karate hue jaina saMgha ko zramaNa saMgha ke puraskartA isa dizA meM himmata se kAma na lete to nissaMdeha jainadharma kA itihAsa kucha aura hI hotA / isameM saMdeha nahIM ki chedasUtroM ke adhyayana ke binA jaina zramaNa saMgha kA aitihAsika kramika vikAsa ThIka-ThIka samajha meM nahIM A sakatA / sudRr3ha banAyA / yadi jaina paristhitiyoM para kAbU prApta karane ke lie manuSya jIvanopayogI niyamoM kA nirmANa karatA hai / udAharaNa ke liye, bauddha sUtroM meM ullekha hai ki "varSA Rtu meM harita tRraMgoM kA saMmardana karane se ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA hotI hai / aise samaya pakSI bhI vRkSoM para ghoMsalA banAkara rahate haiM / ataeva bauddha bhikSuoM ko varSAvAsa meM eka sthAna para rahanA ucita hai" (mahAvagga 3, vassUpanAyi kakkhaMdha ) / isI se milatA-julatA ullekha jainoM ke bRhatkalpabhASya meM milatA hai| yahAM kahA gayA hai ki "varSAkAla meM gamana karane se vRkSa kI zAkhA Adi ke sira para gira jAne, kIcar3a meM rapaTa jAne, nadI meM baha jAne athavA kAMTA Adi laga jAne kA bhaya rahatA hai / " kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM, jaina aura bauddha dharma kA pracAra magadha ( bihAra ) se Arambha huA thA, aura varSA Rtu meM, vizeSa kara, uttara bihAra kI bAgamatI, kosI aura gaMDaka Adi nadiyoM meM bAr3ha ke kAraNa vahAM kI kyA bhayaMkara dazA ho jAtI hai, ise bhuktabhogI hI jAna sakate haiM / rAtribhojanatyAga ke sambandha meM bhI isI prakAra ke janopayogI vyAvahArika ullekha milate haiM / majjhimanikAya ke lakuTikopamasutta meM kahA hai ki rAtri meM bhikSA ke lie jAte samaya bauddha bhikSu aMdhere meM Thokara khAkara gira par3ate the aura striyAM unheM dekhakara cotkAra karane lagatI thiiN| aisI dazA meM buddha bhagavAn ne apane bhikSuoM ko vikAla bhojana kA niSedha kiyA hai / bRhatkalpabhASya meM bhI kahA hai ki rAtri athavA vikAla meM bhojana karane se gaDDhe Adi meM girane, sAMpa athavA kutte se kATe jAne, baila se mAre jAne athavA kAMdA Adi lagane kA Dara rahatA hai / isa prasaMga para kAlodAI nAmaka bhikSu kI kathA dI hai| rAtri ke samaya kisI 1

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garbhavatI brAhmaNI ke ghara vaha bhikSA ke lie gayA, aura aMdherA hone ke kAraNa kIla para gira jAne se brAhmaNI kI mRtyu ho gyii| kahanA na hogA ki uttara bihAra Aja bhI kutte, gIdar3a aura sAMpoM ke bhayaMkara upadrava se grasta hai| isI prakAra roga Adi kI avasthA meM jaina aura bauddhoM ke prAcIna sUtroM meM camar3e ke jUte dhAraNa karane kA ullekha hai / mahAvagga ke cammakkhaMdhaka meM kahA hai ki lakar3I kI pAdukAeM pahanane se khaTakhaTa kI bahuta AvAja hotI hai, isalie buddha ne bhikSuoM ko kASTha pAdukAeM dhAraNa karane kA niSedha kara diyaa| isI taraha, avanti dakSiNApatha kI bhUmi kAlI hotI thI aura vaha gokharUoM se vyApta rahatI thI, yaha dekhakara bhagavAn buddha ne snAna karane aura jUtA pahanane kI anujJA apane bhikSaoM ko dii| prAcIna jainasUtroM meM koMkaNa Adi atyadhika varSA vAle pradezoM meM chAtA lagAne kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, yadyapi sAmAnyatayA jaina zramaNa ke lie chAte kA niSedha hI hai / isI prakAra maMtraprayoga aura bhauSadha Adi grahaNa karane ke sambandha meM bhI aneka apavAda-niyamoM kA ullekha hai / ... zramaNoM ke lie lokavyavahAra kA jJAna atyanta Avazyaka batAyA hai / zuddha hone para bhI yadi koI bAta loka ke viruddha ho to use asvIkAra karane kA hI vidhAna haiM ( yadyapi zuddhaM lokaviruddha nAkaraNIyaM nAcaraNIyaM ).. jaina zramaNoM ke lie vizeSa kara janapada-parIkSA dvArA vibhinna pradezoM ke rIti-rivAja Adi ko jAnanA atyanta Avazyaka kahA hai, nahIM to nigrantha pravacana ke hAsyAspada hone kI sambhAvanA hai| isake lie jaina sAdhuoM ko vibhinna dezoM kI bhASA meM kuzalatA prApta karanA cAhie jisase ki ve logoM ko unakI bhASA meM upadeza de skeN| sAdhuoM ko isa bAta kI jAnakArI bhI Avazyaka hai ki kauna-se deza meM kisa prakAra se dhAnya kI utpatti hotI hai, kahA~ banija-vyApAra se AjIvikA calatI he, kahAM ke loga mAMsabhakSI hote haiM, kahA~ rAtri-bhojana karane kA rivAja hai, aura kahA~ ke loga zuddhAzuddhi kA bahuta vicAra nahIM krte| isase patA lagatA hai ki jaina zramaNa lokAcAra se sambandha rakhane vAlI choTI-choTI bAtoM kA bhI bahuta dhyAna rakhate the| yadyapi jaina aura bauddha saMgha ko vyavasthA kA Adarza vaizAlI aura usake AsapAsa ke vajjI Adi gaNoM kI janatAMtrika vyavasthA para AdhArita hai, phira bhI mAnava svabhAva ke kAraNa jaina aura bauddha zramaNoM ke bIca aneka vivAdAspada viSayoM ko lekara matabheda ho jAtA thA, aura kabhI to yaha matabheda kalaha kA ugra rUpa dhAraNa kara letA thaa| jaina sUtroM meM ullekha hai ki "jaise nRtyakalA ke binA

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( 10 ) koI naTa nahIM kahA jA sakatA, nAyaka ke binA koI rUpavatI strI nahIM raha sakatI, aura gAr3I ke dhure ke binA pahiyA nahIM cala sakatA, isI prakAra AcArya ke binA koI gaNa nahIM cala sakatA / " lekina kabhI koI AcArya bahuta anuzAsana-priya hote the, athavA sAdhu pramAda ke kAraNa anuzAsana meM rahanA pasanda nahIM karate the / aisI dazA meM AcArya ke punaH - punaH AvAgamana ke kAraNa sAdhu ko bAra-bAra uThanA-baiThanA par3atA thA jisase usakI kamara hI TUTa jAtI thI aura choTIchoTI bAtoM ke lie use bhartsanA sahana karanI par3atI thii| isa paristhiti meM kabhI vaha eka gaccha ko chor3akara dUsare gaccha meM jAkara rahane lagatA thA / kabhI to ApasI lar3AI-jhagar3A itanA bar3ha jAtA ki hAthApAI yA lAThI kA prayoga karane yA dAMtoM se kATa lene taka kI naubata A jAtI thii| aisI dazA meM AcArya ke lie batAyA gayA hai ki " jaise eka hI khambhe se do madonmatta hAthiyoM ko nahIM bAMdhA jAtA, yA do vyAghroM ko eka piMjare meM nahIM rakkhA jAtA, usI prakAra eka kalahazIla sAdhu ko dUsare kalahapriya sAdhu ke sAtha na rahane de / " bauddhoM ke mahAvagga ke antargata kosaMbakakkhaMdhaka meM kauzAmbI ke bauddha bhikSuoM kI kalaha kA ullekha hai jise zAnta karane ke lie svayaM buddha ko kauzAmbI jAnA par3A thaa| mahAvIra aura buddha lagabhaga eka hI kAla aura eka hI pradeza meM AvibhUti hue, tathA donoM kA uddezya varNa-vyavasthA, aura hiMsAmaya yajJa-yAga Adi ko asvIkAra kara sarvasAmAnya ke lie nivRttipradhAna zramaNa sampradAya kA pracAra karanA hI thA / aisI hAlata meM donoM sampradAyoM meM samAnatA kA pAyA jAnA svAbhAvika hai / yaha samAnatA kevala viSaya-vastu ke varNana taka hI sImita nahIM, balki kitanI gAthAyeM aura zabdAvali bhI donoM dharmoM meM eka jaisI hai / isa dRSTi se prAcIna jaina aura bauddha dharma kA tulanAtmaka vaijJAnika adhyayana bahuta hI manoraMjaka aura upayogI siddha hogA, isameM sandeha nahIM / jaina aura bauddha granthoM meM bhaugolika sAmagrI bhI kucha kama bikharI nahIM par3I hai / inake adhyayana se aneka mahatvapUrNa sthAnoM kA patA lagatA hai aura ye aise sthAna haiM jinake sambandha meM hameM anyatra jAnakArI nahIM milatI / udAharaNa ke lie, jaina sUtroM meM puNDravardhana aura kayaMgala ( kaMkajola ) kA ullekha AtA hai / inakI pahacAna ke lie hameM apane deza kI paidAvAra kI ora dhyAna denA Avazyaka hai / baMgAla meM do prakAra ke ganne hote the, eka pIle raMga ke ( puNDra pauDe ) aura dUsare kAle raMga ke ( kAjali athavA kajoli ) / yahAM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki 'puNDra' se gaMgA ke pUrva meM sthita puNDra deza aura 'kajoli' se gaGgA ke pazcima -

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meM sthita kaz2olaka nAma pdd'aa| isI prakAra daDhabhUmi ( dRDhabhUmi = kaThina bhUmi ) kA ullekha prAcIna jaina sUtroM meM AtA hai; bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yahAM vihAra kiyA thaa| isakI pahacAna Adhunika dhAlabhUma se kI jA sakatI hai| lohaggalA rAjadhAnI kA ullekha bhI mahAvIracaryA ke prasaMga meM AtA hai| isakI pahacAna choTA nAgapura DivIjana ke loharaDaggA (muNDA bhASA meM rohora = sUkhA, Da = pAnI, arthAt yahAM pAnI kA eka jharanA thA jo bAda meM sUkha gayA ) sthAna se kI jA sakatI hai| sana 1843 taka loharaDaramA eka svataMtra jilA thA jisameM rAMcI aura palAmU jile sammilita the| do nadiyoM ke saMgama para basA hone ke kAraNa yaha vyApArika nagara rahA hai| Ajakala yaha baMgAla rAjya meM calA gayA hai| uccAnAgarI jaina zramaNoM kI eka prAcIna zAkhA thii| uccAnagara kI pahacAna bulandazahara ( uccA = bulaMda, nagara = zahara ) se kI jA sakatI hai| caudahavIM zatAbdI ke jaina vidvAn jinaprabhasUri ke samaya se hI zrAvastI maheThi nAma se kahI jAne lagI thI, jabaki kaniMghama ne bAda meM calakara usakI pahacAna saheTa-maheTa se kii| inameM saheTa goMDA jile meM aura maheTa baharAica jile meM par3atA hai| isake atirikta, bhUgola aura itihAsa viSayaka aura bhI mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI yahA~ upalabdha hotI hai| udAharaNa ke lie, vyavahArabhASya meM deza-deza ke logoM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM kahA hai- "magadha ke nivAsI kisI bAta ko izAre-mAtra se samajha lete haiM, jabaki kosala dezabAsI use dekhakara, pAMcAlavAsI AdhA suna lene para aura dakSiNApatha ke vAsI sApha-sApha kaha dene para hI samajha pAte haiN|" isI grantha meM anyatra ullekha hai ki "Andhra ke nivAsiyoM meM akrUra, mahArASTra ke nivAsiyoM meM avAcAla aura kosala ke nivAsiyoM meM niSpApa, sau meM se ekAdha hI milegaa|" lATa aura mahArASTra ke vAsiyoM meM aksara jhagar3e jhaMjhaTa ho jAyA karate the; lATa vAsiyoM ko mAyAvI kahA gayA hai / bauddha sUtroM ko aTThakathAoM ke kartA buddhaghoSa ne bhI apanI TIkAoM meM aneka grAma, nagara Adi kI vyutpatti dete hue unakA ullekha kiyA hai| rAjagRha meM sthita gRdhrakUTa ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki isa pahAr3I kI coTI kA AkAra gIdha kI coMca ke samAna thA, athavA isa para gIdha nivAsa karate the, isalie isakA yaha nAma pdd'aa| nAlandA meM bhikSA dene vAle dAnI upAsaka bhikSA dekara kabhI tRpta na hote the ( na alaM dadAti ), isalie isakA nAlaMdA nAma pdd'aa| zrAvastI nagarI meM saba kucha milatA thA ( sAvathi -sabbaM atthi) isalie yaha zrAvasti kahI jAne lgii| isI prakAra isipatana migadAya ( RSipatana mRgadAva ) ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki yahA~ RSigaNa himAlaya se utara kara Ate the, isalie

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( 12 ) ise RSipatana, aura yahAM ke sundara udyAna ( dAva ) meM mRga svachanda vicaraNa karate the, isalie ise mRgadAva kahane lge| yaha sthAna Ajakala banArasa ke pAsa sAranAtha ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| . bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI jaina Agama sAhitya kA adhyayana atyanta upayogI hai, vizeSakara cUrNI aura TIkA sAhitya meM kitane hI zabdoM kI suspaSTa vyAkhyAyeM dI haiM, jo anyantra nahIM miltiiN| udAharaNa ke lie 'suvaNa' ( niddAvasagamana = nidrA ke vaza honA = sonA ), 'hattha' ( hasati anena mukhaM AvRtya = jisase muMha ko DhaMkakara haMsA jAye = hAtha), 'juma' ( balidANakhaMdhe Arovijjai = jo bailoM ke kaMdhoM para rakkhA jAye = jUA ), 'palAsa' ( komalabaDAdipattaM = bar3a Adi kA komala pattA = DhAka kA pattA ), 'khallaga' (vaTAdipatrakRtAni bhAjanAni dUtAni-bar3a ityAdi pattoM ke bane daune ), 'chinnAla' (chinnA nAma ye'gamyagamanAdyaparAdhakAritvena cchinnahastapAdanAsAdayaH kRtAH = agamyagamana Adi ke aparAdha ke kAraNa jisake hAtha, paira aura nAka Adi khinna kara diye gaye hoM- chinAla ), 'ujjalla' ( ut prAbalyena malina zarIra = jisakA zarIra atyanta malina ho; tulanA kIjie hindI ke 'ujvala' zabda ke sAtha ). Adi zabdoM kI vyutpattiyAM dhyAna dene yogya haiN| isI prakAra 'tuppa' ( mRta zarIra kI carbI, lekina marAThI meM tUpa kA artha ghI hotA hai ), 'cullI' (cUlhA ), suppa ( sUpa ), muiMga (cIMTI, marAThI meM muMgo), takka ( marAThI meM tAka), chAsI (chAcha), goruva (prazasta gAya, baMgAlI meM gorU ), khurappaga (khurapA ), khalahANa (khalihAna ), bappa ( bApa ), thAliya (thAlI), bailla (baila), pIDhaga ( por3hA), geMduga ( geMda ), Dagala ( sAdhuoM ke TaTTI poMchane ke pASANa Adi ke Dhele ), cikkaNa (cikanA ), kuhAr3a (kuhAr3A), cAliNi ( chalanI), baddala (bAdala), jakkha (yakSa = zvAna), akkhADa ( akhAr3A ), kahakaha ( kahakahA lagAnA ), junna ( jIrNa, gujarAtI meM jUnA ), pAhuNa ( pAhunA ), chappai (chaha paira vAlI = jUM ), jaDDa ( hAthI ), kayala ( kelA ), gobbara ( gobara ), uvvaTTaNa ( ubaTana ), ukkuraDa (kUraDI yA kUDI ), gaDDA ( gaDDhA ), viTapa ( aMgUThI, bITI gujarAtI meM), phellasaNa ( phisalanA ), sugehiyA (jisakA acchA ghara ho = bayA pakSI ), dussiya (dUSya vastra ke vyApArI, mahArASTra aura gujarAta ke dozI), soTTA ( soTA ), kolhuka ( kolhU ), cAula ( cAvaloM kA dhovana ), beTTiyA (rAjakumArI; beTI ), vessA ( dveSyA = aniSTA; vezyA) Adi prAkRta ke zabda ullekhanIya haiM jinakA saMskRta se bahuta kama sambandha hai| durbhAgya se prAkRta zabdoM ke saMskRtIkaraNa kI pravRtti vidvatsamAja meM Aja bhI kama nahIM hai|

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( 13 ) "lAipha ina aiziyeMTa iMDiyA aija DipikTeDa ina jaina kainansa" nAma kI merI pI-eca0 DI0 kI thIsisa san 1947 meM nyU buka kampanI limiTeDa, bambaI kI ora se prakAzita huI thii| tabhI se hitaiSI mitroM kA Agraha rahA hai ki isa pustaka kA hindI rUpAntara pAThakoM ke samakSa prastuta kiyA jaaye| kaI mitroM ne isakA hindIkaraNa karane kI anumati bhI caahii| lekina maiM yahI socatA rahA ki yadi kabhI apane bahudhaMdhI jIvana se avakAza ke kSaNa mila sake to maiM svayaM isa kArya ko hAtha meM luu| usakA eka mukhya kAraNa yaha thA ki apanI thIsisa ko aMgrejI meM likhate samaya, mere bahuta kucha noTsa raha gaye the jinakA manacAhA upayoga na ho sakA thaa| isake atirikta, sAMskRtika sAmagrI se bharapUra nizIthacUrNI kI sAiklosTAila kI huI prati kA hI upayoga meM kara sakA thA, lekina aba vaha upAdhyAya kavi amara muni aura muni kanhaiyAlAla jI ke parizrama se prakAzita ho gayI hai| anya chedasUtroM aura AvazyakacUrNI Adi jaise mahatvapUrNa granthoM kA bhI maiMne phira se svAdhyAya kiyA aura prApta sAmagrI ko prastuta pustaka meM jor3a diyaa| anya sthaloM meM bhI kucha Avazyaka parivartana kara diye gaye haiN| vastutaH prastuta pustaka merI aMgrejI kI ukta pustaka kA avikala anuvAda na samajhI jAye; ise eka svataMtra pustaka kA rUpa dene kA maiMne prayatna kiyA hai| isa pustaka meM diye uddharaNa maiMne phira se uddhRta pustakoM se milAye haiM, isase bauddha sUtroM Adi se tulanAtmaka uddharaNoM kI saMkhyA meM pahale kI apekSA vRddhi hI huI hai / nyU buka kampanI ke adhikAriyoM ne mujhe apanI pustaka kA hindI rUpAntara prakAzita karane kI anujJA dI, isake lie maiM unakA AbhArI huuN| caukhambA saMsthAna ke sarvesarvA zrI kRSNadAsajI gupta kI asIma preraNA aura asAdhAraNa mamatva kA yaha madhura phala hai ki yaha pustaka unake dvArA prakAzita kI jA rahI hai / bandhudvaya mohanadAsa aura viTThaladAsa ke sambandha meM kyA kahA jaaye| unake utsAha aura kAryatatparatA ke kAraNa hI itanA bar3A prakAzana saMsthAna dinoM-dina unnati kara rahA hai| AzA hai isa pustaka ke prakAzana se hindI pAThakoM kA dhyAna aba taka upekSita par3e hue prAkRta sAhitya kI ora AkarSita hogA / 1 janavarI, 1965 28 zivAjI pArka, baMbaI 28 ) jagadIzacandra jaina

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viSaya-sUcI prAstAvika prathama khaNDa : jainadharma kA itihAsa pahalA adhyAya : jainasaMgha kA itihaas| .. Adi tIrthaMkara / bAIsaveM tIrthakara-neminAtha / pArzvanAtha-eka aitihAsika vyakti / vardhamAna mahAvIra / mahAvIra aura maMkhaliputra gozAla / mahAvIra ke gaNadhara / sAta nihnava / digambara aura zvetAmbara matabheda / digambara aura zvetAmbara utptti| jaina AcAryoM kI prmpraa| rAjagharAnoM meM mahAvIra kA prabhAva / mahAvIra kA . nirgrantha dhrm| dUsarA adhyAya : jaina Agama aura unakI ttiikaaeN| 26-37 Agama-siddhAnta / AgamoM ko vAcanAeM / AgamoM kA mahatva / AgamoM kI bhASA / parivartana aura saMzodhana / AgamoM kI pramANikatA / AgamoM kI ttiikaaeN| dvitIya khaNDa: zAsana vyavasthA pahalA adhyAya : keMdrIya zAsana-vyavasthA / rAjA aura rAjapada / yuvarAja aura usakA uttarAdhikAra / rAjA aura rAjaputroM ke sambandha / uttarAdhikAra kA prazna / rAjyAbhiSekasamAroha / rAjabhavana : rAjaprAsAda / rAjA kA antaHpura / antaHpura ke rakSaka / sautiyA DAha / rAjA ke pradhAna puruSa / , dUsarA adhyAya : nyAya vyavasthA / 64-69 nyAyAdhIza / mukdme| tIsarA adhyAya : aparAdha aura dnndd| . 70-91 caurkrm| coroM ke prakAra / seMdha labAnA / coroM ke mAMba / coroM ke AkhyAna / daNDa-vidhAna / rAjA kA ekachatra rAjya / belakhAne / rAjagRha kA kaaraagaar|

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cauthA adhyAya : sainy-vyvsthaa| 92-109 yuddha ke kAraNa / caturaMgiNI senA / yuddhanIti / astra-zastra / pA~cavA~ adhyAya : raajkr-vyvsthaa|' 110-114 . kAnUnI Taiksa / aThAraha prakAra kA kara / rAjakoSa ko samRddha banAne ke .' anya upAya / zulkapAloM kI nirdytaa| , , chaThA adhyAya : sthAnIya zAsana / gAMva zAsana kI ikAI / gAMva kA pradhAna / . 115-116 ..... tRtIya khaNDa : Arthika sthiti pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana / 119-166 bhUmi / khetIbArI : khetI karane ke upaay| khetoM kI phasala / satraha prakAra ke dhAnya / masAle / gannA / kapAsa Adi / duSkAla / udyaanklaa| pazupAlana aura dugdhazAlA / vRkSa-vijJAna / AkheTa / utpAdanakartA / vastra-katAI aura bunAI / khAna aura khanija vidyaa| AbhUSaNa aura rala Adi / luhAra, kumhAra Adi krmkr| gRhanirmANa vidyaa| anya kArIgara Adi / anya udyog-dhNdhe| carmakAra / puSpa-mAlAeM Adi / sugandhita dravya / striyoM kI prasAdhana saamgrii| anya pezevara loga / shrm| dAsa aura naukara-cAkara / do palI tela ke lie gulAmI / RNadAsa / dubhikSadAsa + ruddhadAsa / dAsaceToM kI kthaaeN| daascettiyaaN| pAMca prakAra kI dAiyAM / dAsavRtti se mukti| majadUrI para kAma karane vAle bhRtya / pUMjI / prabandha / aThAraha zreNiyAM / dUsarA adhyAya: vibhAjana / 167-169 vibhAjana cAra prakAra kA / kirAyA / vetana-majadUrI / vyAja / laabh| 170-192 adhyAya tIsarA : vinimy| antardezIya vyApAra / AyAta-niryAta / yAna-vAhana / nadI aura samudra ke vyApArI / kArobAra kI vyavasthA / vyApAra ke kendra nagara / mUlya / mudrA / krayazakti / udhAra / mApa-taula / .

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( 17 ) cauthA adhyAya : upbhog| 193-218 khAdya padArtha / madirApAna / mAMsabhakSaNa / jaina sAdhu aura mAMsabhakSaNa / vastroM ke prakAra / dUSya-eka kImatI vastra / anya vastra / jaina sAdhu aura unake vastra / jUte / ghara / Amoda-pramoda / cauthA khaNDa : sAmAjika vyavasthA pahalA adhyAya : sAmAjika saMgaThana / 221-233 varNa aura jAti / cAra varNa / brAhmaNa / brAhmaNoM ke sambandha meM jaina mAnyatA / brAhmaNoM ke vizeSAdhikAra / adhyayana-adhyApana / yajJa-yAga / brAhmaNoM ke anya peshe| kSatriya / gRhapati / zreNIsaMgaThana / mleccha / nIca aura aspRzya / dUsarA adhyAya : kuTumba-parivAra / 234-244 pArivArika jIvana / sambandhI aura mitra / bAlaka-nanhe / svapna / - garbhakAla / garbhapAta / putrajanma / tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti| 245-285 striyoM ke prati sAmAnya manovRtti / dUsarA pakSa / vivAha / vivAha kI * vaya / vivAha ke prakAra / vivAha ke lie zulka / prItidAna / daheja kI prthaa| vivAha-samArambha / svayaMvara vivAha / gandharva vivAha / paraspara ke AkarSaNa se vivAha / kalA-kauzala dekhakara vivAha / bhaviSyavANI se vivAha / vivAha ke anya prakAra / gharajamAI kI prthaa| sATe meM vivAha / bahupatnItva aura bahupatitva prthaa| vidhuravivAha / vidhavA-vivAha / niyoga kI prthaa| satI prthaa| parde kI prthaa| gaNikAoM kA sthAna / gaNikAoM kI utptti| devadattA gnnikaa| vaizikazAstra / kalAoM meM niSNAta gaNikA / kAmadhvajA vezyA / vezyAeM nagara kI zobhA / koshaa-upkoshaa| ujjainI kI devdttaa| anya gnnikaaeN| guMDa puruSa / sAdhvI striyaaN| sAdhvI parivAjikAoM kA dautya karma / cauthA adhyAya : zikSA aura vidyAbhyAsa / 286-299 adhyApaka aura vidyArthI / duvinIta shissy| acche-bure ziSya / vidyArthI jIvana / anadhyAya / vidyArthiyoM kA sammAna / mahAvIra kA lekhazAlA meM praveza / pAThyakrama / bahattara klaaeN| vidyA ke kendra / 2 jai0 bhA0 bhU0

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6 18.) pA~cavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna / .. 300-338 1. lekhana / aSTAdaza lipiyAM / brAhmI aura kharoSTrI lipiyAM / anya lipiyAM / ardhamAgadhI bhASA / 2. gaNita aura jyotiSa / 3. Ayurveda / rogoM ke prakAra / rogotpatti ke kaarnn| vaidyoM dvArA cikitsA / rAjavaidya / vyAdhiyoM kA upacAra / vraNa-cikitsA / vividha ghRta aura tela / zalyacikitsA / kSiptacittatA / choTe-moTe rogoM kA ilAja / aspatAla / 4. dhnuvidyaa| 5. saMgIta aura nRtya / svaroM ke prakAra / vAdya / geya, nATya aura abhinaya / battIsa prakAra kI nATyavidhi / anya nATya vidhiyaaN| 6. citrklaa| 7. mUrtikalA / 8. sthApatyakalA / nATyazAlA / rAnI dhAriNI kA zayanAgAra / prAsAda nirmANa / svayaMvaramaMDapa, vyAyAmazAlA Adi / dhArmika sthApatyakalA / caityastUpanirmANa / vividha Asana Adi / kilebndii| chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja / 339-375 jAdU-TonA aura aMdhavizvAsa / jainasAdhu aura mNtrvidyaa| vidyA aura maMtra-taMtra kA niSedha / jaina zramaNoM kA RddhiyAM / vidyA, mantra aura yoga / AkarSaNa, vazIkaraNa Adi / mantra Adi kI zakti / vividha vidyaaeN| ucchiSTa vidyaaeN| vidyAdhara / jAdU-TonA aura jhAr3a-phUMka / vidyaasiddhi| dev-aaraadhnaa| zubhAzubha zakuna / tithi, karaga aura nakSatra / zubha-azubha dishaaeN| zubhAzubha vicaar| svAdhyAyasambandhI zakuna / vastrasambandhI zakuna / anya zubhAzubha zakuna / Amodapramoda aura manoraMjana / khela-khilaune / krIr3A-udyAna / parva aura utsava / putrotsava / paySaNa Adi prv| gharelU tyauhaar| saMkhaDi (bhoj)| mallayuddha / kukkuTayuddha / mayUrapotayuddha / anya khela-tamAze / antyeSTi kriyaa| jaina zramaNoM kI nIharaNa kriyaa| anya mRtaka kRtya / AtmaghAta ke prkaar| pA~cavA~ khaNDa : dhArmika vyavasthA pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya / 379-428 shrmnn-braahmnn| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA campA meM Agamana / zramaNoM ke * prkaar| 1. zramaNa nimrantha / vairAgya ke kAraNa / dIkSA kA niSedha / bAla-pravrajyA / vRddh-prvrjyaa| garbhAvasthA meM pravrajyA / pravajyA

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. ( 16 ) ke lie mAtA-pitA kI anujnyaa| niSkramaNa-satkAra / nami rAjarSi aura zaka kA saMvAda / zramaNa saMgha / vrata-niyama pAlana kI duzcaratA / dhanya anagAra kI tpsyaa| jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa / nirgrantha zramaNoM kA saMkaTamaya jIvana / adhvaprakaraNa / nAva-gamana / cora-DAkuoM kA upadrava / vairAjya-viruddharAjya prakaraNa / upAzrayajanya saMkaTa / rogajanya kaSTa / durbhikSajanya upsrg| brahmacaryajanya kaThinAiyA~ / vezyAjanya upadrava / vAda-vivAdajanya tathA anya saMkaTa / nirgrantha zramaNoM kA aadrsh| apavAda mArga kA avalambana / 2 zAkya zramaNa / 3. tApasa zramaNa / 4. parivrAjaka zramaNa / 5. AjIvika zramaNa / anya mata-matAntara / ajina siddha RSi / dUsarA adhyAya : laukika devii-devtaa| 429-450 indramaha / skandamaha / rudramaha / mukundamaha / zivamaha / vaizramaNamaha / nAgamaha / yakSamaha / vAnamantara aura guhyk| yakSAyatana / bhUtamaha / AryA aura koTTakiriyAmaha / siMhAvalokana - 451--455 pariziSTa 1 jaina AgamoM meM bhaugolika saamgrii| 456-460 paurANika bhUgola / vaijJAnika bhUgola / jaina zramaNoM kA vihAra-kSetra / AryakSetroM kI sImA meM vRddhi / sAr3he paccIsa AryakSetra / jaina dharma ke anya kendr| 491-525 . pariziSTa 2 Agama sAhitya meM ullikhita raajaa-mhaaraajaa| jaina AgamoM kI anuzrutiyA~ / rAjAoM kI aitihaasiktaa| dhArmika kaTTaratA kA abhAva / taresaTha shlaakaapuruss| caubIsa tIrthakara / bAraha cakravartI / baladeva-vAsudeva-prativAsudeva / kRSNavAsudeva / mahAvIra ke samakAlIna raajaa-mhaaraajaa| rAjA zreNika / rAjA kUrNika ( ajAtazatru ) / mantrI abhayakumAra / zreNika kA anya parivAra / - rAjA udaayii| mahAvIra kA rAjagharAnoM se sambandha / vaizAlI kA

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(20) gaNarAjA ceTaka / sindhu-sovIra kA rAjA udrAyaNa / udrAyaNa aura pradyota kA yuddha / campA kA rAjA dadhivAhana / rAjA zatAnIka kI campA para cddh'aaii| kauzAmbI kA rAjA zatAnIka / pradyota aura zatAnIka kA yuddha / pradyota dvArA rAnI mRgAvatI kI maaNg| mRgAvatI kI diikssaa| udayana aura vaasvdttaa| ujjayinI kA rAjA prdyot| mauryvNsh| nandoM kA rAjya / samrAT candragupta / mauryavaMza kI jau ke sAtha tulanA / ujjayinI kA zAsaka samprati / AcArya kAlaka ke samakAlIna rAjA / pariziSTa 3 bRhatkalpabhASya, vyavahArabhASya, nizIthabhASya, piMDaniyukti aura oghaniyukti ke bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se cune hue katipaya mahattvapUrNa zabda / 526-541 AdhArabhUta granthoM kI sUcI 543-552

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja prathama khaNDa

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pahalA adhyAya jaina saMgha kA itihAsa Adi tIrthaMkara jaina paramparA meM jainadharma ko zAzvata mAnA gayA hai, ataeva samayasamaya para jainadharma kA lopa ho jAne para bhI vaha kabhI nAza nahIM hotA / yahA~ avasarpiNI aura utsarpiNI nAma ke do kalpa mAne gaye haiM 'jo suSamA-suSamA, suSamA, suSamA - duSamA, duSamA- suSamA, duSamA aura duSamA'duSamA ina chaH kAloM meM vibhakta haiN| suSamA -duSamA nAma ke tIsare kAla meM 15 kulakaroM kA janma huA jinameM nAbhi kulakara kI mahArAnI marudevI ke garbha se Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva, vRSabhadeva athavA AdinAtha utpanna hue / ' RSabhadeva prathama rAjA, prathama jina, prathama kevalo, prathama tIrthaMkara, prathama dharmacakravartI aura nIti ke prathama prakAzaka kahe jAte - the / unhoMne sumaGgalA aura sunandA nAma kI apanI bahanoM se vivAha `kiyA / ' sumaGgalA se bharata aura brAhmI tathA sunandA se bAhubali aura sundarI kA janma huA / rAjasiMhAsana para baiThane ke pazcAt unhoMne gaNoM kI sthApanA kI / RSabhadeva ne 72 kalAoM aura striyoM kI 64 kalAoM kA upadeza diyA, agni jalAnA sikhAyA, 3 tathA bhojana banAne, bartana taiyAra karane, vastra bunane aura bAla banAne Adi kI 1. inakI Ayu 84 hajAra pUrva aura inake zarIra kI U~cAI 500 dhanuSa batAyI gayI hai / 2. zAkyoM meM bhI bhaginI - vivAha pracalita thaa| mahAvaMsa meM ullekha hai ki lATa deza ke rAjA sIhabAhu ne apanI bhaginI ko paTTarAnI bnaayaa| dekhiye bI0 sI0 lAhA, vImena ina buddhisTa liTarecara / Rgveda kA yama yamI saMvAda bhI dekhiye / 3. pahale loga kandamUla phaloM kA bhakSaNa karate the| lekina kAlAMtara meM unakA pacanA banda ho gayA / RSabhadeva ne unheM hAtha se malakara aura unakA chilakA utAra kara khAne kA Adeza diyA, AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 154 /

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4 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja vidhiyA~ batAyIM / brAhmI ko unhoMne dAhine hAtha se likhanA, sundarI ko bAyeM hAtha se gaNita karanA tathA marata ko rUpakarma (sthApatyavidyA) aura bAhubali ko citrakarma sikhaayaa| nAgayajJa, indramaha tathA daNDanIti kA isa samaya se pracAra huaa| vivAha-saMsthA kI sthApanA huI, mRtaka kA dAhakameM kiyA jAne lagA tathA stUpa-nirmANa kI paramparA pracalita ho gyo| ___ bhAratavarSa ko prathama rAjadhAnI ikSvAkubhUmi ( ayodhyA) meM RSabhadeva kA janma huaa| aneka varSoM taka unhoMne rAjya kiyA, phira bharata kA rAjyAbhiSeka kara zramaNa-dharma meM dIkSA grahaNa kii| pahale ve eka varSa se adhika samaya taka sacela aura bAda meM acelavratI rhe| tapasvI jIvana meM unhoMne aneka upasarga sahana kiye, purimatAla ( ayodhyA kA upanagara ) meM kevalajJAna prApta kiyA aura anta meM aSTApada ( kailAza) parvata para nirvANa paayaa| yahA~ bar3I dhUmadhAma se unakI asthiyoM aura caityoM para stUpoM kA nirmANa kiyA gyaa|' ___ tatpazcAt jaina granthoM meM 23 tIrthaMkaroM kI paramparAgata sUcI dI gaI hai| inameM se adhikAMza tIrthaMkaroM kA janma ikSvAku vaMza meM ayodhyA, hastinApura, mithilA yA campA meM huA aura unhoMne prAyaH sammedazikhara (samAdhizikhara; pArasanAtha hila, hajArIbAga) para siddhi paaii| abhI taka prathama bAIsa tIrthaMkaroM kI aitihAsikatA ke sambandha meM yatheSTa pramANa nahIM mila sake. ulTe unake ati doghakAlIna jIvana, unake zarIra kI U~cAI tathA eka dUsare tIrthaMkara ke madhya ke 1. kalpasUtra 7, 206-228; jambUdvIpaprajJapti 2, 18-40; Avazyakaniyukti 150 Adi; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 135-182; vasudevahiNDI, pR0 157-165, 185; triSaSThizalAkApuruSacarita, pR0 100 Adi / brAhmaNoM ke bhAgavatapurANa (IsavI san kI 8 vIM zatAbdI ) meM RSabhadeva kA carita milatA hai| paNDita sukhalAlajI ke anusAra, RSabha samasta AryajAti dvArA pUjya the, tathA RSabhapaJcamI ko hI RSipaJcamI kahA jA sakatA hai, dekhiye, cAra tIrthakara, pR0 4 zrAdi / 2. sarvaprathama 24 tIrthaMkaroM kA ullekha samavAyAGga 24; kalpasUtra 6, 7; Avazyakaniyukti 369 zrAdi meM milatA hai|

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5 pahalA adhyAya : jaina saMgha kA itihAsa antara Adi ko dekhane se unakI paurANikatA prAyaH adhika siddha hotI hai|' bAisaveM tIrthaMkara - neminAtha 1 nemi athavA ariSTanemi bAisaveM tIrthaMkara haiM jo paramparA ke anusAra yAdavoM ke atyanta priya aura kRSNa bhagavAn ke cacere bhAI the / ariSTanemi soriyapura ( sUryapura, AgarA jile meM baTezvara ke pAsa ) meM rAjA samudravijaya ke ghara mahArAnI zivA ke garbha se utpanna hue the unakA vivAha mathurA ke rAjA ugrasena kI kanyA rAjomatI ke sAtha honA nizcita huA / lekina jaba ve bArAta lekara byAhane pahu~ce to unheM bAr3oM meM ba~dhe hue pazuoM kI cItkAra sunAI dI / jJAta huA ki una pazuoM ko mArakara bArAtiyoM ke lie bhojana taiyAra kiyA jaayegaa| yaha sunakara ariSTanemi ke komala hRdaya ko bahuta AghAta pahu~cA / ve ulTe paira lauTa gaye aura ghara pahu~cakara unhoMne zramaNa-dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| dIkSA dhAraNa karane ke pUrva ariSTanemi aura kRSNa ke bIca bAhuyuddha hone kA ullekha jaina granthoM meM milatA hai| kahate haiM ki yuddha meM hAra jAne ke kAraNa kRSNa apane cacere bhAI se IrSyA karane lage the / ariSTanemi raivataka ( giranAra ) parvata ke sahasrAmravana udyAna meM pahu~ca kara tapa karane lage / kAlAntara meM rAjomatI ne unakA anugamana kiyA; vaha bhI usI parvata para pahu~cakara tapa meM lIna ho gayI, aura usane mokSa prApta kiyA / yadukula ke aneka rAjakumAra aura rAjakumAriyoM tathA kRSNa kI rAniyoM ne ariSTanemi ke pAdamUla meM baiThakara zramaNa-dIkSA svIkAra kI / giranAra parvata para unhoMne siddhi pAI / pArzvanAtha - eka aitihAsika vyakti pArzvanAtha jainadharma ke 23 veM tIrthaMkara haiM jo antima torthaMkara 1. bauddha zAstroM meM 7 athavA 24 buddhoM kA ullekha hai, dekhiye dIghanikAya 2, mahApadAnasutta pR0 4; yahA~ buddhoM ke nAma, kula, janmasthAna, bodhivRkSa aura unake do pradhAna zrAvakoM Adi kA varNana hai; buddhavaMsa | AjIvika mata meM makkhali gozAla ko 24 vA~ tIrthaMkara mAnA gayA hai / 2. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 22 / 3. uttarAdhyayana TIkA 22, pR0 278 zrAdi /

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6 . jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja vardhamAna mahAvIra ke lagabhaga 250 varSa pUrva (I0 pU0 8 vIM zatAbdI) vArANasI meM, ikSvAkuvaMzIya rAjA azvasena ke ghara mahArAnI vAmA kI kokha se paidA hue the| pArzvanAtha 30 varSa gRhasthAvasthA meM rahe, 70 varSa unhoMne sAdhu jIvana vyatIta kiyA aura 84 dina ghora tapa karane ke bAda kevalajJAna prApta kiyaa| apane sAdhu jIvana meM pArzvanAtha ne ahicchatrA, zrAvastI, sAketa, rAjagRha, hastinApura aura kauzAmbo Adi nagaroM meM paribhramaNa kiyA tathA anArya jAtiyoM meM upadeza kA pracAra kara sammedazikhara para siddhi prApta kii|' pArzvanAtha ko purisAdAnIya,2 lokapUjita, sambuddha, sarvajJa, dharmatIrthakara aura jina kahA gayA hai| pArzvanAtha ne jainasaGgha ko saGgaThita karane ke lie use zramaNa, zramaNI aura zrAvaka, zrAvikA ina cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA, tathA saGgha kI dekhabhAla ke lie apane gaNadharoM ko niyukta kara diyaa| puSpacUlA unake bhikSuNI-saGgha kI pramukha gaNinI thii| pArzvanAtha ne binA kisI jAti-pA~ti yA liGga ke bhedabhAva ke, manuSyamAtra ke lie apane nirgrantha pravacana kA upadeza diyaa| cAroM vargoM aura striyoM 1. kalpasUtra 6.146-166 / 2. kalpasUtra 6.146 / pAlI meM purisAjAnIya, aMguttaranikAya 1, 3, pR0 270,2, 4, pR0 121 / 3. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 23.1 / 4. zrApastaMba ( 1.3 ) satra meM kahA hai ki jisa gA~va meM koI cANDAla rahatA ho vahA~ veda pATha nahIM karanA cAhie tathA yadi jAna-bUjhakara kabhI vaha vedapATha kA zravaNa kara le to usake kAnoM meM pighalatA huA garma-garma TIna athavA garma lAkha bhara dI jAya, aura yadi kabhI vaha vedamantroM kA uccAraNa kare, to usakI jihvA kATa lI jAya, yadi vaha unheM yAda karane kA prayatna kare to usake zarIra ke Tukar3e kara diye jAya~, (gautama 12.4-6 ) / bauddhoM ke mAtaMga jAtaka (naM0 467, pR0 584 ) meM, mAtaMga ko dekhakara kisI vaizya kanyA dvArA sugandhita jala se apanI A~kheM dhone kA ullekha hai| - 5. Apastamba (1.2.7.10, pR0 41) meM kisI strI ko sparza karane kA niSedha hai| yajJa-yAga meM sammilita honA striyoM ke lie niSiddha hai (2.6. 15:17, pR0 247); tathA dekhiye baudhAyana ( 1.5.11.7 ); zatapatha ( 14.1.1.31); manusmRti (11. 37 ) / bhagavAna buddha ne bhI apanI mausI mahAprajApati gautamI ke Agraha para hI striyoM ko bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza karane kI anujJA dI thI (culavagga 10.1 pR0 373 ) /

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pahalA adhyAya : jaina saMgha kA itihAsa ke lie unhoMne dharma kA mArga khola diyaa| tapa', tyAga aura indriyanigraha para unhoMne jora diyA, tathA veda-vihita hiMsA ke viruddha ahiMsA ko mukhya batAte hue cAturyAma dharma (pANAtipAtaveramaNa = ahiMsA; musAvAyAo veramaNa=satya; adinnAdAnAo veramaNa=asteya; bahiddhAo veramaNa =aparigraha ) kA upadeza diyaa| mahAvIra ke mAtApitA pAzvanAtha ke zramaNadharma ke anuyAyI the, isase mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzvanAtha kA astitva siddha hotA hai| - pArzvanAtha ke aneka ziSya-praziSyoM (pAsAvaccijja-pArvApatya) ke ullekha prAcIna AgamoM meM milate haiN| vyAkhyAprajJapti (9. 32) meM bhagavAn mahAvIra aura pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI gAMgeya zramaNa ke bIca hone vAle saMvAda kA ullekha hai| gAMgeya kI zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna karate hue mahAvIra ne pArzvanAtha ko puruSazreSTha (purisAdAnIya) kahakara unake prati Adara vyakta kiyaa| anta meM gAMgeya ne pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma dharma ko tyAgakara mahAvIra ke pAMca mahAvratoM ko aMgIkAra kara liyaa| Arya kAlAsavesiyaputta bhI mahAvIra ke 1. ApastaMba (1,2,5,11, pR0 31); tathA chAndogya ( 3.17.4); mahAbhArata zAntiparva ( 156; 251; 264 ) meM tapa ko prazasta kahA hai| 2. vAjasaneyI saMhitA (30) ke anusAra puruSamedha-yajJa meM 184 puruSoM kA vadha kiyA jAtA thaa| tathA dekhiye Rgveda 10.60; 1.24.30; 6.3 / viSNusmRti ( sekreDa buksa oNva da IsTa, jilda 7; 51, 61-63 ) meM kahA hai ki yajJayAga ke lie kI huI pazu-hiMsA ko hiMsA nahIM samajhanA cAhie, isase to pazuoM ko sugati hI prApta hotI hai, tathA dekhiye zatapathabrAhmaNa (6.2.1.16); AzvalAyana gRhyasUtra; gautama (17.37 ); vaziSTha (11.46 ); manusmRti (5.36 ) / kintu zatapathabrAhmaNa (1.2.3.6-6 1.2.5.16 ); vaziSTha ( 10.2); tathA kena upaniSad ( 1.3 ); chAndogya ( 3.17.4); mahAbhArata zAntiparva (143-148; 174, 268-271; 274) meM ahiMsA ko prazasta kahA gayA hai| 3. bauddhoM ke dIghanikAya (sAmaNNaphalasutta) aura majjhimanikAya (cUlasakuludAyisutta ) meM cAturyAma saMvara kA ullekha hai| yahA~ saMvara ko pAlana karane ke kAraNa nirgrantha zramaNoM ko nirgrantha, gatatva ( uddezya siddhi meM saMlagna ), yatatva (yatnazIla ) aura sthitatva ( dhyAna meM sthita ) kahA gayA hai / 4. AcArAMga 2, 3.401, pR0 386 /

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-- jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja anuyAyI bana gye| sUtrakRtAMga (2,7) meM pArzvanAtha ke ziSya medAryagotrIya udaka peDhAlaputra kA ullekha hai jinhoMne mahAvIra ke prathama gaNadhara gautama indrabhUti kA upadeza sunakara pAMca mahAvrata svIkAra kiye| uttarAdhyayana (23) meM pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI caturdaza pUrvadhArI kumArazramaNa kezI aura gautama indrabhUti kA mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika saMvAda ullikhita hai| ___"pArzvanAtha ne cAturyAma kA upadeza diyA hai aura mahAvIra ne pAMca mahAvratoM kA, pAzrvanAtha ne sacela dharma kA prarUpaNa kiyA hai aura mahAvIra ne acela dharma kA-isa matabheda kA kyA kAraNa * ho sakatA hai ?" isake uttara meM gautama gaNadhara ne batAyA ki kucha logoM ke lie dharma kA samajhanA kaThina hotA hai, kucha ke lie pAlanA, . aura kucha ke lie dharma kA samajhanA aura pAlanA donoM sarala hote haiM, ataeva bhinna rucivAle ziSyoM ke lie bhinna-bhinna rUpa se dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| aisI hAlata meM pArzva aura mahAvIra donoM mahA-tapasviyoM kA uddezya eka hI samajhanA cAhie, kyoMki donoM hI jJAna, darzana aura cAritra se mokSa kI siddhi svIkAra karate haiM; antara itanA hI hai ki pArzvanAtha cAturyAma dharma aura mahAvIra pAMca mahAvratoM ko aMgIkAra karate haiN| sacela aura acela dharma ke pratipAdana kA tAtparya hai ki bAhya veSa sAdhana mAtra hai, vAstava meM citta kI zuddhi mokSa kA kAraNa hai| ____ apane sAdhu-jovana meM mahAvIra kI aneka pArthApatyoM se bheMTa huii| ye sAdhu aSTAMga-mahAnimitta ke paMDita the| municandra nAmaka pAzrvApatya sAraMbha aura saparigraha the, aura kisI kumbhakAra kI zAlA meM rahA karate the| naMdiSeNa sthavira pArzvanAtha ke dUsare ziSya the| pArzvanAtha kI aneka ziSyAoM kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| pArzvanAtha ke sthaviroM ke AcAra-vicAroM ke adhyayana se pratIta hotA hai ki ye loga 1. digambara sampradAya ke anusAra, pArzvanAtha ke samaya chedopasthApanA kA upadeza nahIM thA, mahAvIra ke samaya se huaa| .. 2. devasenasUri ke darzanasAra ke anusAra pAzvanAtha ke tIrtha meM pihitAzrava ke ziSya buddhakIrti muni ko bauddhadharma kA pravartaka kahA hai / yahA~ maskarIpUrana ( bauddha granthoM meM maMkhali gozAla aura pUramAkassapa ) ko bhI pArzvanAtha ke saMgha ke kisI gaNI kA ziSya mAnA gayA hai|

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pahalA adhyAya : jaina saMgha kA itihAsa maraNAnta ke samaya jinakalpa dhAraNa karate, tathA tapa, satva, sUtra, eka aura bala nAmaka pAMca bhAvanAoM se saMyukta ho upAzraya meM, upAzraya ke bAhara, caurAhoM para, zUnya gRhoM meM aura zmazAnoM meM dhyAnAsthita ho tapa kiyA karate the / pazcima baMgAla kI anArya jAtiyoM meM pArzvanAtha ne nirgrantha dharma kA pracAra kiyA thA / baMgAla ke mAnabhUma siMhabhUma, lohardagA (Ajakala bihAra ke antargata rAMcI jile meM ) Adi jiloM meM sarAka ( zrAvaka ) jAti aba bhI pArzvanAtha kI upAsaka hai / ye loga jala chAna kara pIte haiM aura rAtribhojana nahIM karate / inake janma-maraNa sambandhI kArya unake AcAryoM dvArA kiye jAte haiN| vIrabhUma aura bAMkuDA jiloM kI AdivAsI aura ardha-AdivAsI jAtiyoM meM manasA nAmaka sarpa devatA kI pUjA pracalita hai | bahuta saMbhava hai ki anArya jAti kI yaha nAgapUjA dharaNendra ke rUpa meM pArzvanAtha ke mastaka kA AbhUSaNa bana gayI ho / pArzvanAtha kI nirvANabhUmi pArasanAtha pahAr3I ko yahA~ kI saMthAla jAtiyAM mAraMgavuru ( pahAr3a kA devatA ) mAnakara usapara bhaiMse kI bali car3hAtI haiM / baMgAla meM AjimagaMja, deulabhIrA ( bAMkuDA ) aura kAMTA beniyA ( caubIsa paraganA ) suisA, tathA bihAra ke rAMcI jile meM agAsiyA Adi sthAnoM meM pArzvanAtha kI aneka pratimAeM upalabdha huI haiM, isase isa kSetra meM pArzvanAtha kI lokapriyatA kA sahaja hI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai / vardhamAna mahAvIra pArzvanAtha ke lagabhaga 250 varSa bAda vajjI-videha kI rAjadhAnI vaizAlI ( bAr3ha, muz2aphpharapura ) ke upanagara kSatriyakuNDagrAma ( kuMDagrAma athavA kuNDapura, Adhunika basukuNDa ) meM caitra sudI 13 ke dina vardhamAna kA janma huaa| vardhamAna jJAtRkula meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa jJAtRputra aura vIra hone ke kAraNa mahAvIra kahe jAte the / licchavI vaMza meM paidA hone ke kAraNa ve priyadarzI aura suDaula zarIra ke the / unake pitA kAzyapagotrIya siddhArtha (jo sijjaMsa = zreyAMsa athavA jasaMsa= yazasvI nAma se bhI kahe jAte the) gaNa rAjA the, aura unakI mAtA vasiSThagotrIya trizalA ( jo videhadattA athavA priyakAriNI bhI kahI jAto tho) thI / ' 1. zrAcArAMga 2,3.366-400 kalpasUtra 5 ke anusAra mahAvIra brAhmaNa

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10 . jaina Agama sAhisya meM bhAratIya samAja supArzva unake cAcA aura nandivardhana bar3e bhAI the; unakI bahana kA nAma sudarzanA thA, tathA kauDinyayotrIya yazodA se unakA vivAha huA thaa| priyadarzanA ( athavA anavadyA) unakI kanyA thI jisakA vivAha mahAvIra kI bahana sudarzanA ke putra kSatriyakuNDagrAmavAsI jamAlI ke sAtha huA thaa| priyadarzanA kI putrI kA nAma zeSavatI athavA yazomatI thaa| bauddhoM ke prAcIna granthoM meM mahAvIra ko dIrghatapasvI nigaMTha nATaputta (nirgrantha jJAtRputra ) ke nAma se ullikhita kiyA hai| yahA~ abhayarAjakumAra,2 sIha, upAli,4 asibaMdhakaputra," dIghatapassI, saccaka, sirigutta Adi unake anuyAyiyoM kA ullekha hai / jaina kuNDagrAma ke RSabhadatta kI patnI devAnandA brAhmaNI ke garbha meM avatarita hue, lekina kyoMki arahaMta, cakravartI, baladeva tathA vAsudeva bhikSuka aura brAhmaNa Adi kuloM meM janma dhAraNa nahIM karate, isalie indra ne unheM kSatriyakuNDagrAma ke gaNarAjA siddhArtha kI patnI trizalA ke garbha meM parivartita kara diyaa| tathA dekhiye vyAkhyAprajJapti 6.6.837-841 / digambara sampradAya meM garbha parivartana kI mAnyatA svIkAra nahIM kI gayI hai| 1. zvetAmbara parampaga meM mahAvIra, neminAtha, pArzva, malli aura vAsupUjya ina pA~ca tIrthaMkaroM ko 'kumArapravajita', 'kumArasiMha', athavA 'gRhasthapravajita' kahakara ullikhita kiyA hai, jinhoMne rAjyAbhiSeka ko anicchApUrvaka kumAra avasthA meM gRha tyAgakara dIkSA dhAraNa kii| digambarIya yativRSabha AcArya kI tiloyaparaNatti meM bhI yahI mAnyatA svIkRta hai| jabaki zvetAmbarIya kalpasUtra meM tathA digambarIya jinasena prAcArya kI harivaMzapurANa (66.8) meM 'vivAhamaMgala' zabda kA prayoga kara yazodA ke sAtha mahAvIra ke vivAha kI ora lakSya kiyA gayA hai| sAdhAraNatayA digambara sampradAya meM mahAvIra ko avivAhita hI mAnA hai| 2. majjhimanikAya 2, abhayarAjakumArasutta / / 3. mahAvagga 6.16.61, pR0 248; aMguttaranikAya 2, 5, pR0 304 Adi; 3, 7, pR0 213 / 4. majjhimanikAya 2, upAlisutta / 5. saMyuttanikAya 4.42.8.8, pR. 281 6. majjhimanikAya 2, upAlisutta / 7. vahI 1, cUlasaccaka aura mahAsaccakasutta / 8. dhammapada prakathA 1, pR0 434 Adi /

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pahalA adhyAya : jaina saMgha kA itihAsa 11 sUtroM meM mahAvIra ko dharmatIrthaMkara, jina, sarva loka meM vizruta aura lokapradIpa kahA hai / " ra mahAvIra 30 varSa kI avasthA taka gRhavAsa meM rahe, aura mAtA-pitA ke kAlagata ho jAne para apane bar3e bhAI naMdivardhana ko anujJA le, jJAtRkhaNDa nAmaka udyAna meM agahana badI 10 ke dina unhoMne zramaNadIkSA svIkAra kI / eka varSa se kucha adhika samaya taka ve sacela rahe, usake bAda acela (nagna) vihAra karane lage / bAraha varSa taka unhoMne ghora tapa kiyA aura isa bIca meM unheM bhayaMkara upasarga sahane par3e / sabase adhika kaSTa lAr3ha (rADha, pazcimI baMgAla ) deza meM huA / isa deza kI gaNanA anAryaM dezoM meM kI jAtI thI / rUkSa bhojana karane ke kAraNa yahA~ ke nivAsI svabhAva se bar3e krodhI the / mahAvIra para ve kuttoMko chor3ate aura daMDa Adi se unapara prahAra karate / mahAvIra jaba kisI gAMva meM pahu~cate to loga unheM nikAla bAhara karate, unake zarIra meM se mAMsa noca lete, unheM Upara uchAla kara nIce girA dete, unheM guptacara yA cora samajhakara pakar3a lete aura rassI se bAMdhakara gaDDhe meM laTakA dete / ina upasargoM ko sahana karane ke kAraNa mahAvIra ko 'hastiyoM meM airAvaNa', 'mRgoM meM siMha', 'nadiyoM meM gaMgA' aura 'pakSiyoM meM garur3a kahakara sarva zreSTha kahA gayA hai / 3 tapasvI jIvana meM zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bihAra meM rAjagRha, campA, bhaddiyA (muMgera), vaizAlI, mithilA Adi pradezoM meM; pUrvIya uttarapradeza meM banArasa, kauzAmbI, ayodhyA, zrAvastI Adi sthaloM meM; tathA pazcimI baMgAla meM lAr3ha Adi sthAnoM meM bhramaNa kiyaa| isa samaya maMkhaliputra gozAla bhI kucha samaya taka unake sAtha rahe / tatpazcAt jaMbhiyagrAma ke bAhara RjuvAlikA nadI ke kinAre, zyAmAka gRhapati ke kheta meM, zAla vRkSa ke nIce, vaizAkha sudI 10 ke dina unheM kevala - 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 23.5.6 / buddha ko arahat, samyak sambuddha, vidyAcaraNasampanna, sugata, lokavid, anuttara, zAstA zrAdi vizeSaNoM se sambodhita kiyA hai, mahAvagga 1.16.55, pR0 35 / 2. digambara sampradAya ke anusAra mahAvIra kI dIkSA ke samaya unake mAtA-pitA maujUda the / 3. sUtrakRtAMga, vIrastuti adhyayana /

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jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja jJAna kI prApti huii| aba ve jina, arhat aura tIrthaMkara kahe jAne lge| asthikagrAma, campA, -pRSThacamphA, vaizAlo, vANiyagrAma, nAlandA, mithilA, AlaMbhiyA, zrAvastI, paNiyabhUmi aura majjhimapAvA Adi meM cAtumAsa vyatIta karate hue 30 varSa taka ve vihAra karate rhe| isa dorgha kAla meM jana-sAmAnya kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI meM upadeza dekara jana-samudAya kA unhoMne kalyANa kiyaa| antima cAturmAsa vyatIta karane ke lie ve majjhimapAvA (pAvApurI) meM hastipAla nAmaka gaNarAjA ke paTavArI ke daphtara ( rajjugasabhA) meM tthhre| eka-eka karake varSA Rtu ke tIna mahIne bIta gye| tatpazcAt kArtikI amAvasa ke prAtaHkAla, 72 varSa kI avasthA meM ( I0 pU0 527 ke lagabhaga ) unhoMne nirvANa lAbha kiyaa| isa samaya kAzI-kozala ke nau mallaki aura nau licchavI gaNarAjA, maujUda the, unhoMne sarvatra dIpa jalAkara mahAn utsava mnaayaa| mahAvIra aura maMkhaliputra gozAla : maMkhaliputra gozAla AjIvika mata ke 24 veM tIrthakara ho gaye haiM jinakI gaNanA bauddha graMthoM meM pUraNakassapa, ajitakesakaMbalI, pakudhakaccAyana, saMjayabelaTTiputta tathA nigaMThanATaputta ( mahAvIra ) nAma ke saMghAdhipati, gaNAdhipati aura janasammata yazasvI tIrthakaroM meM kI gayI hai| ___gozAla ke pitA kA nAma maMkhali aura mAtA kA nAma bhadrA thaa| maMkhavidyA (citrapaTa vidyA) meM ve nipuNa the, aura citrapaTa dikhAkara apanI AjIvikA calAte the (maMkhaH kedAriko yaH paTamupadarya lokam Avarjayati ), isalie maMkhali kahe jAte the| gozAlA meM janma lene 1. zrAcArAMga ( 2, cUlikA 3, 368-402); kalpasUtra 5. 112128; Avazyakaniyukti 462-527; AvazyakacUrNI pR0 236-323 / nigaNTha nATaputta ke pAvA meM kAlagata hone aura unake anuyAyiyoM meM kalaha hone ke ullekha ke liye dekhiye dIghanikAya 3, 6, pR0 61 / 2. dIghanikAya, sAmaJaphalasutta, pR. 41-42 / 3. maMkha cAra prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM--(1) kucha loga kevala citrapaTa dikhAkara bhikSA mA~gate haiM, apanI vANI se ve kucha bhI nahIM kahate, (2) citrapaTa nahIM dikhAte, kevala gAthA hI par3hate haiM, (3) na citrapaTa dikhAte haiM, na

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pahalA adhyAya : jaina saMgha kA itihAsa ke kAraNa maMkhaliputra gozAla nAma se kahA jAne lgaa| .. ___ eka bAra mahAvIra nAlaMdA meM julAhoM kI taMtuzAlA meM Thahare hue the| gozAla unase milA aura donoM sAtha-sAtha vihAra karane lge| eka bAra donoM siddhArthagrAma se kUrmagrAma jA rahe the| mArga meM eka tila ke paudhe ko dekhakara gozAla ne mahAvIra se prazna kiyA ki kyA vaha paudhA naSTa ho jAyegA ? mahAvIra ne uttara diyaa-nhiiN| yaha sunakara isa kathana kI parIkSA ke lie gozAla ne paudhe ko tor3akara pheMka diyaa| lekina kUrmagrAma se siddhArthapura lauTate samaya gozAla ne paudhe kI ora lakSya kiyA to vaha harA-bharA ho gayA thaa| isapara se gozAla ne nirNaya kiyA ki manuSya kA bala-parAkrama tathA buddhi aura karma saba niSphala haiM, tathA samasta satva, prANI, bhUta aura jIva niyati ke vaza hokara pravRtti karate haiN| gozAla kA yaha niyativAda kA siddhAnta thaa| 24 varSa kI kaThina sAdhanA ke pazcAt gozAla ko jJAna ko prApti huii| usane mahAvIra kA saMga chor3a diyA aura apanA alaga saMgha sthApita kara apane ziSya samudAya ke sAtha vihAra karane lgaa| . ____eka bAra kI bAta hai, gozAla zrAvastI meM AjIvika dharma kI parama upAsikA hAlAhalA nAma kI kumhArI kI kuMbhakAra-zAlA meM ThaharA huA thaa| usa samaya usake pAsa zAna, kalaMda, karNikAra, achidra, agnivezyAyana aura gomAyuputra arjuna nAma ke chaH dizAcara' Aye, unake gAthA par3hate haiM, kevala apanI vANI se hI kucha kahate haiM. (4) citrapaTa dikhAte haiM aura sAtha meM gAthAe~ par3hate hue unakA artha bhI samajhAte jAte haiM, bRhatkatpabhASya pIThikA 200; AvazyakacUrNI pR. 62,282 / . 1. aMguttaranikAya 1, 1, pR. 34 meM gozAla ko 'moghapuruSa' kahA hai| bauddha TIkAkAra buddhaghoSa ne makkhali zabda kI bar3I vicitra vyutpatti dI hai| gozAla kisI seTha ke ghara naukarI karatA thaa| eka bAra vaha tela kA bartana lie A rahA thaa| seTha ne use pahale hI sAvadhAna kara diyA thA ki giranA mata ( mA khali ) / parantu mArga meM kIcar3a thI, isalie vaha rapaTa gayA aura tela kA bartana phUTa jAne se Dara ke mAre bhAga gyaa| seTha ne bhAgate hue kA vastra pakar3a liyA, lekina vaha vastra chor3a nagna hokara bhaagaa| 2. TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne dizAcara kA artha 'bhagavacchiSyAH pArzvasthI

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14 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja sAmane gozAla ne apane Apako jina ghoSita kiyA / una dinoM mahAvIra bhI zrAvastI meM vihAra kara rahe the| unhoMne gozAla ke jina hone kA virodha kiyA aura use jinApalApI btaayaa| yaha sunakara gozAla ko bahuta krodha AyA / usane mahAvIra ke ziSya Ananda ko bulAkara dhamakI dI ki vaha usake guru ko apane tejobala se naSTa kara degA / jaba yaha samAcAra Ananda ne mahAvIra ko sunAyA to mahAvIra ne uttara diyA ki avazya hI gozAla atyanta tejasvI hai aura usameM itanI zakti vidyamAna hai ki vaha apane tejobala se aMga, baMga, magadha, malaya, mAlava, vatsa, lAr3ha, kAzI, kozala Adi 16 janapadoM ko bhasma kara sakatA hai, kintu usakA ( mahAvIra kA) vaha kucha nahIM bigAr3a sktaa| udhara mahAvIra kA koI uttara na pA gozAla svayaM koSThaka caitya kI ora calA jahA~ mahAvIra Thahare hue the| unheM sambodhita kara vaha kahane lagA-"he kAzyapa ! tU mujhe apanA ziSya kahatA hai, parantu terA ziSya maMkhaliputra gozAla kabhI kA mara cukA hai, maiM to kauDinyAyanagotrIya udAyo huuN|" mahAvIra ne uttara diyA-"gozAla ! yaha terA mithyA apalApa hai|" yaha sunate hI gozAla Aga-babUlA ho gyaa| apanI tejolezyA se usane mahAvIra ke Upara prahAra kiyA, aura kahane lagA-"jA, tU mere teja se abhibhUta ho, pitta jvara se pIr3ita hokara, chaH mAsa ke bhItara mRtyu ko prApta hogA / " mahAvIra ne cunautI svIkAra karate hue uttara diyA-"tU merA kucha nahIM bigAr3a sakatA, maiM abhI 16 varSa aura jIvita rahU~gA, kintu terA avazya ho sAta dina meM prANAnta ho jaayegaa|" ... mahAvIra ko bhaviSyavANI saca utrii| gozAla kA antima samaya A pahu~cA / apane sthaviroM ko bulAkara usane Adeza diyA-"he sthaviro ! mere bharane ke pazcAt tuma loga sugaMdhita jala se mujhe snAna karAkara, gozIrSa candana kA mere zarIra para lepa kara, bahumUlya vastrAlaGkAroM se mujhe vibhUSita kara, zivikA meM liTA, zrAvastI meM ghumAte hue bhUtAH' arthAt patita hue mahAvIra ke ziSya kiyA hai| cUrNIkAra ne inheM 'pAsAvaJcijja' arthAt pArzvanAtha ke ziSya kahA hai| yahA~ yadi pArzvastha nirgranyoM ko 'pAsAvaccijja kahA hai to gozAla ke unase ghaniSTha sambandha hone kI sUcanA milatI hai|

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pahalA adhyAya : jaina saMgha kA itihAsa 15. ghoSaNA karanA ki 24 veM tIrthaMkara gozAla ne samasta dukhoM kA nAza kara siddhi prApta kI hai / " mahAbIra zrAvastI se meMDhiyagrAma pahu~ce / unake zarIra meM tIvra dAha hone lagI aura dAha jvara ke kAraNa khUna ke dasta laga gye| loga kahane lage ki gozAla ke tapateja kA mahAvIra ke zarIra para asara ho rahA hai, aura aba ve zIghra hI kAladharma ko prApta hoMge / yaha sunakara unakA ziSya siMha rudana karane lgaa| mahAvIra ne use sAntvanA dii| mahAvIra ne siMha ko revatI zrAvikA ke ghara se 'mArjArakRta kukkuTamAMsa" lAne ko kahA, jisakA sevana kara mahAvIra ne Arogya lAbha liyA / 2 jaise jainadharma jJAtRputra mahAvIra ke pUrva vidyamAna thA, vaise hI AjIvika dharma maMkhaliputra gozAla ke pUrva vidyamAna thA / gozAla aSTa mahAnimittoM kA mahAn paMDita thA aura apane ziSyoM ko usane nimittazAstra kI zikSA dI thI / svayaM kAlakAcArya ne apane ziSyoM ko dharma meM sthira rakhane ke lie AjIvika zramaNoM ke pAsa jAkara nimitta zAstra kA adhyayana kiyA thA | 3 jaina AgamoM meM trirAzivAda nAma kA chaThA nihnava svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / isa mata ke anuyAyI trairAzikoM ko gozAla mata kA anukartA kahA gayA hai; aura kalpasUtra ke anusAra, Arya mahAgiri ke ziSya rohagupta trairAzika mata ke pratiSThAtA the / nandIsUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki dRSTivAda meM jo 88 sUtroM kA prarUpaNa thA, unameM se 22 sUtra ( gozAla matAnusArI ) paramparA ke anusAra prarUpita kiye gaye the / isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki jaina dharma aura gozAla mata ke siddhAnta - aura AcAra-vicAra eka-dUsare ke bahuta nikaTa the / udAharaNa ke lie, trairAzika 1. abhayadeva sUri ne isake nimnalikhita zrartha kiye haiM: - (1) billI mArjAra) dvArA mAre hue kabUtara kA mAMsa ( kukkuTamAMsa ), ( 2 ) mArjAra ( vAyuvizeSa) ke upazamana ke lie taiyAra kiyA huA bijaurA ( kukkuTamAMsa), (3) mArjAra ( virAlikA nAma kI vanaspati ) se bhAvita bijaurA ( kukkuTamAMsa ) | dekhiye zrAge, jaina sAdhu aura mAMsabhakSaNa nAmaka prakaraNa | 2. vyAkhyAprajJapti 15 / 3. paJcakalpacUrNI, muni kalyANavijaya, zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra pR0 260 se / 4. nandI sUtra 57; samavAyAMga 22

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16 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja AjIvika samasta jIvoM ko ekendriya, dvIndriya Adi pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta karate haiM, chaH lezyAe~.( abhijAti) svIkAra karate haiM, aura jIvahiMsA se virakta rahane kA upadeza dete haiM, isa mata ke sAdhu kaThora tapa' karate haiM, nagna vihAra karate haiM, pANipAtra meM bhikSA grahaNa karate haiM, madya,mAMsa, kaMdamUla, lahasuna, pyAja, udaMbara, vaTa,pIpala tathA uddiSTa bhojana ke tyAgI hote haiN| AjIvika dharma ke upAsaka binA badhiyA kiye hue aura binA nAka-biMdhe bailoM dvArA hiMsA-vivarjita vyApAra se apanI AjIvikA karate haiM / ye loga agnikarma, vanakarma, zakaTakarma, bhATakarma, sphoTakakarma, daMtavANijya, lAkSAvANijya, kezavANijya, rasavANijya, viSavANijya, yaMtrapIr3ana karma, nirlAchana karma, davAgnidApana, saraHzoSa (tAlAba sukhavAnA) aura asatIpoSaNa-ina paMdraha karmAdAnoM se virakta rahate haiN| ina saba AcAra-vicAroM kA pratipAdana jaina zAstroM meM vistAra se kiyA gayA hai / jaina AgamoM meM gozAla ke anuyAyiyoM dvArA devagati pAye jAne kA ullekha hai, aura svayaM gozAla ko dUra-bhavya arthAt bhaviSya meM mokSa kA adhikArI batAyA hai|3|| nizIthacUrNI ( lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI ) meM nigraMtha, zAkya, tApasa, gairika aura AjIvikoM kI gaNanA pA~ca prakAra ke zramaNoM meM kI gayI hai,isase bhI AjIvika sampradAya kA mahatva siddha hotA hai / azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM AjIvika sampradAya kA nAma tIna bAra ullikhita hai| samrATa azoka ke prapautra dazaratha ne isa sampradAya ke zramaNoM ke lie guphAoM kA nirmANa karAyA thaa| lekina jAna par3atA hai ki jaba AjIvika sampradAya kA jora ghaTane lagA aura usakA pracAra kama hotA gayA to logoM ko isa dharma ke siddhAntoM kA ThIka-ThIka jJAna nahIM rhaa| udAharaNa ke lie, jaina TIkAkAra zIlAMka ( 876 I0) AjIvika aura digambara matAnuyAyiyoM ko, jaina vidvAn maNibhadra AjIvikoM aura 1. sthAnAMga sUtra 4 meM AjIvikoM ke cAra prakAra ke kaThora tapa kA ullekha hai-ugra tapa, ghora tapa, ghRtAdirasaparityAga aura jihvndriyprtisNliintaa| 2. bhikSA ke niyamoM ke lie dekhiye aupapAtika sUtra 41, pR0 166 / 3. vyAkhyAprajJapti 15; upAsaka dazA 6-7 / 4. AjIvika mata kI vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekhiye hoenala,

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17 pahalA adhyAya : jaina saMgha kA itihAsa bauddhoM ko, tathA bRhajjAtaka ke TIkAkAra mahotpala AjIvika aura ekadaNDI sampradAya ko paryAyavAcI mAnane lge| ___ uparyukta kathana se yahI siddha hotA hai ki maMkhaliputra gozAla avazya hI eka prabhAvazAlI tIrthakara rahe hoNge| varSoM taka unakA aura mahAvIra kA sAtha rahA hai, isalie yadi donoM eka-dUsare ke siddhAMtoM se prabhAvita hue hoM to Azcarya nahIM / bahuta saMbhava hai ki mahAvIra aura gozAla nagnatva, dehadamana aura sAmAnya AcAra-vicAra ke pAlana meM ekamata rahe hoM, parantu jaba gozAla ne niyativAda kA pratipAdana kiyA ho to donoM alaga ho gaye hoN|' mahAvIra ke gaNadhara mahAvIra ke upadezAmRta se prabhAvita hokara brAhmaNa vidvAnoM ne unakA ziSyatva svIkAra kiyaa| una dinoM pAvA nagarI ke mahAsena vana meM somila nAma ke eka zrImaMta brAhmaNa ne kisI mahAn yajJa kA Ayojana kiyA thA, jisameM magadha ke saikar3oM vidvAn AmaMtrita the| inameM gobbara grAmavAsI gautamagotrIya indrabhUti, agnibhUti aura vAyubhUti nAma ke tIna bhrAtA, kollAka saMnivezavAsI bhAradvAjagotrIya vyakta, agnivaizyAyanagotrIya sudharmA, moriya saMnivezavAsI vAziSThagotrIya maMDita, kAzyapagotrIya mauryaputra, mithilAvAsI gautamagotrIya akaMpita, kozalavAsI hAritagotrIya acalabhrAtA, tuMgiya saMnivezavAsI kauDinyagotrIya metArya, tathA rAjagRhavAsI kauDinyagotrIya prabhAsa mukhya the| ye saba vidvAn brAhmaNa 14 vidyAoM meM pAraMgata the, jo apane ziSyaparivAra ke sAtha mahAvIra bhagavAn ko zAstrArtha meM parAjita karane ke lie unake samavazaraNa meM Aye the; lekina apanI-apanI zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna pA, ulTe ve unake ziSya bana gye| mahAvIra ne inheM ainasAiklopIDiyA oNva rilIjana eNDa ethiksa (jilda 1, pR0 25668) meM AjIvikAz2a nAmaka lekha; DAkTara bI0 ema0 baruA, da AjIvikAz2a; prI-buddhisTa iNDiyana philAsAphI, pR0 267-318; DAkTara bI0 sI0 lAhA, hisTorikala glIniMgja, pR0 37 Adi; e0 ela0 bAzama, hisTrI eNDa DAkTrInsa oNva da zrAjIvikAja; jagadIzacandra jaina, saMpUrNAnanda abhinandana graMtha, maMkhaliputra gozAla aura jJAtRputra mahAvIra nAmaka lekha / 1. sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA 3.3.8, pR0 60-a| 2 0 bhA0

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18 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja ........... zramaNadharma meM dIkSita kara gaNadhara (pramukha ziSya ) pada se suzobhita kiyaa| Age calakara ye dvAdazAMga, caturdaza pUrva aura samasta gaNipiTaka * ke jJAtA bane / gautama indrabhUti aura sudharmA ko chor3akara zeSa gaNadharoM kA nirvANa mahAvIra bhagavAna kI maujUdagI meM rAjagRha meM huaa| mahAvIra ke nirvANa hone ke samaya gautama indrabhUti kisI nikaTavartI gA~va meM upadezArtha gaye hue the| jaba ve lauTakara Aye aura unhoMne bhagavAn ke nirvANa kA samAcAra sunA to unake saMtApa kA pArAvAra na rhaa| usI rAta ko unheM kevalajJAna kI prApti huii| gautama indrabhUti 12 varSa taka apane upadezAmRta se jana-samAja kA kalyANa karate rahe tatpazcAt eka mAsa kA anazana kara 92 varSa kI avasthA meM rAjagRha meM unhoMne nirvANa prApta kiyaa| _ Arya sudharmA kA nAma AgamoM meM aneka jagaha AtA hai / mahAvIranirvANa ke pazcAta, kevalajJAna prApta karane taka, 12 varSa taka unhoMne jaina saMgha kA netRtva kiyA / uttara kAla ke nirgrantha zramaNoM ko Arya sudharmA kA hI uttarAdhikArI samajhanA cAhie, zeSa gaNadharoM ke uttarAdhikArI nahIM the / jaina saMgha kA bhAra apane ziSya jambUsvAmI ko sauMpakara Arya sudharmA ne 100 varSa kI avasthA meM nirvANa lAbha kiyaa| - jambUsvAmI ke pazcAt prabhava, phira zayyaMbhava, phira yazobhadra, phira saMbhUta aura unake pazcAt sthUlabhadra hue| sAta nihnava mahAvIra nirvANa ke pazcAt, bauddha zramaNa-saMgha kI bhA~ti, jaina zramaNasaMgha meM bhI aneka mata-matAntara pracalita hogye| inameM sAta nihnava mukhya haiN| sarvaprathama bahurata sampradAya ke pravartaka svayaM mahAvIra bhagavAn ke jAmAtA jamAli hue| isa sampradAya ke anusAra, kisI kArya ke pUrNa hone meM aneka samaya lagate haiM, eka samaya meM vaha pUrNa nahIM hotaa| mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna prApta hone ke 14 varSa pazcAt zrAvastI meM isa nihnava kI utpatti huii| jaina zAstroM meM jamAli ko svargagAmI batAyA gayA hai, aura kAlakrama se use mokSagAmI kahA hai| isake do varSa bAda, 1. kalpasUtra 8.1-4; 5.127; Avazyakaniyukti 644 Adi; 656 Adi; AvazyakacUrNI pR0 334 zrAdi; nandITIkA pR0 13-20 / 2. nizothacUrNo 5.2154 ko cUrNI /

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pahalA adhyAya : jaina saMgha kA itihAsa 16 caturdaza pUrvadhArI AcArya vasu ke ziSya tiSyagupta hue| inake anusAra, jIva meM eka bhI pradeza kama hone para use jIva nahIM kahA jA sakatA / ataeva jisa pradeza ke pUrNa hone para jIva kahA jAtA hai, usI eka pradeza ko jIva kahanA caahie| rAjagRha meM isa nihnava kI utpatti huI / mahAvIra nirvANa ke 214 varSa pazcAt, setavyA nagarI meM avyaktavAdI ASADhAcArya ne tIsare nihnava kI sthApanA kI / isa mata ke anuyAyI samasta jagat ko avyakta svIkAra karate haiM / mahAvIra - nirvANa ke 220 varSa pazcAt, mahAgiriM ke praziSya aura kauDinya ke ziSya azvamitra ne mithilA meM cauthe nihnava ko pravartita kiyA / naraka Adi bhAvoM ko pratyeka kSaNa meM vinAzazIla mAnane ke kAraNa ye loga samucchedavAdI kahe jAte haiM / mahAvIra - nirvANa ke 228 varSa pazcAt, dvaikriyavAdI mahAgiri praziSya aura dhanagupta ke ziSya gaMgAcArya ullukAtIra nagara meM pAMcaveM nihnava ke saMsthApaka mAne jAte haiM / isa mata ke anuyAyiyoM kA kahanA hai ki jIva eka samaya meM zIta aura uSNa donoM bhAvoM kA anubhava karatA hai / mahAvIra - nirvANa ke 544 varSa pazcAt, zrIgupta ke ziSya rohagupta athavA SaDuluka ne antaraMjiyA nagarI meM trirAzivAda nAmaka chaThe nihnava kI sthApanA kI / SaDuluka vaizeSika sUtroM ke kartA mAne gaye haiM / isa mata ke anuyAyI jIva, ajIva aura nojIva rUpa trirAzi ko svIkAra karate haiN|' goSThAmahila abaddhavAda nAmaka sAtaveM nihnava ke pratiSThAtA haiM / isa nihnava kI utpatti mahAvIra - nirvANa ke 584 varSa bAda dazapura meM huI / isa mata meM jIva ko karmoM ke sAtha abaddha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 1 zvetAmbara aura digambara matabheda Arya sudharmA ke ziSya jambUsvAmI antima kevalI the / unake bAda se nirvANa aura kevalajJAna ke dvAra banda ho gaye / mahAvIra ke pazcAt gautama indrabhUti, sudharmA aura jaMbUsvAmI ko zvetAmbara aura digambara 1. ye loga gozAla mata ke anuyAyI kahe jAte haiM, samavAyAMgaTIkA 22, pR0 36-a / kalpasUtra pR0 228 - ke anusAra zrArya mahAgiri ke kisI ziSya ne isa mata kI sthApanA kI thI / 7 2. sthAnAMga 587; zrAvazyakaniyukti 776 Adi zrAvazyakabhASya 125 Adi; AvazyakacUrNI pR0 412 Adi; uttarAdhyayana TIkA 3, pR0 68-75 ; aupapAtika 41, pR0 167; vyAkhyAprajJapti 6.33; samavAyAMga 22 /

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20 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja donoM hI sampradAya mAnate haiM, isase mAlUma hotA hai ki isa samaya taka zvetAmbara aura digambara kA bheda vidyamAna nahIM thA / digambara sampradAya meM viSNu, nandI, aparAjita, govardhana aura bhadrabAhu nAmake, tathA zvetAmbara sampradAya meM prabhava, zayyaMbhava, yazobhadra, saMbhUtivijaya aura bhadrabAhu nAma ke pAMca zrutakevalI mAne gaye haiM / spaSTa hai ki bhadrabAhu ko donoM hI sampradAya zrutakevalI mAnate haiM, isase patA lagatA hai ki isa samaya taka bhI jainasaMgha meM zvetAmbara - digaMbara bheda paidA nahIM huA thaa| IsavI san kI prathama zatAbdI meM mathurA meM pAye jAne vAle jaina zilAlekhoM se bhI isa kathana kA samarthana hotA hai / donoM sampradAyoM ke prAcIna sAhitya meM upalabdha prAcIna paramparAgata viSaya aura 'gAthAoM kI samAnatA Adi se bhI yahI pramANita hotA hai ki donoM kA sAmAnya srota eka thaa| Age calakara IsavI san kI prathama zatAbdI ke antima caraNa meM, vizeSatayA acelatva ke prazna ko lekara, 2 donoM meM matabheda ho gayA aura kAlAntara meM AgamoM kI prAmANikatA ke sambandha meM donoM kI mAnyatAe~ judI par3a gayIM / 3 1. digambarIya bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA 421, pR. 611-5 meM acelatva kA samarthana karane ke lie dazavaikAlika, AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana aura bRhatkalpa ke uddharaNa diye gaye haiM ! 1 2. zrAcArAMga sUtra ( 6.3.182 ) meM kahA hai ki jo bhikSu acela rahatA huA sayama meM sthira rahatA hai usake mana meM yaha bhAva nahIM paidA hotA ki usake vastra phaTa gaye haiM, use dUsare vastra mA~gane par3eMge, use suI-dhAge kI AvazyakatA hogI, yA kapar3oM ko sInA pdd'egaa| isakA matalaba yahI hai ki una dinoM jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa donoM prakAra ke sAdhu maujUda the / jo sAdhu acela rahanA cAhate ve acela rahate, aura jo acela vrata kA pAlana karane meM asamartha hote ve vastra dhAraNa karate / mahAvIra ne svayaM acela vrata grahaNa kiyA thA, jaba ki pArzvanAtha ke sAdhu vastra dhAraNa karate the / isase bhI yahI pratIta hotA hai ki jaina sAdhutroM meM donoM mAnyatAe~ pracalita thIM / bhadrabAhu acela tI the, tathA mahAgiri aura zrAryarakSita ne bhI jinakalpa dhAraNa kiyA thA / digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra jinakalpI aura sthavirakalpI donoM hI prakAra ke sAdhutroM kA acela rahanA Avazyaka hai ( bhAvasaMgraha 119-133 ) / 1 3. meghavijayagaNa ke yuktiprabodha meM digambara aura zvetAmbaroM ke 84 matabhedoM kA varNana hai / 17 vIM zatAbdI ke zvetAmbara vidvAn paNDita dharmasAgara

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pahalA adhyAya : jaina saMgha kA itihAsa 21 digambara aura zvetAmbara utpatti zvetAmbara paramparA meM mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 609 varSa pazcAt , zivabhUti ko boTika (digambara) mata kA saMsthApaka batAyA hai| ise AThavAM nihnava kahA hai; isakI utpatti rathavIrapura meM huii| zivabhUti rathavIrapura ke rAjA ke yahAM naukarI karatA thaa| use rAta ko ghara lauTane meM dera ho jaatii| eka dina usakI strI ne ghara kA daravAjA kholane se manA kara diyA, isa para zivabhUti nArAja hokara dIkSA grahaNa karane ke lie sAdhuoM ke upAzraya meM jA phuNcaa| lekina sAdhuoM ne use dIkSA dene se inkAra kara diyaa| isapara svayaM apane kezoM kA loca karake usane jinakalpa dhAraNa kiyaa| bAda meM zivabhUti kI bahana ne apane bhAI ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kii|' digambara AcArya devasena ke matAnusAra rAjA vikramAditya kI mRtyu ke 136 varSa bAda valabhI meM zvetAmbara saMgha kI utpatti huii| isa sambandha meM eka dUsaro mAnyatA bhI pracalita hai| ujjainI meM candragupta ke rAjyakAla meM bhadrabAhu ke ziSya vizAkhAcArya apanA saMgha lekara punnATa cale gaye, tathA rAmilla sthUlabhadra aura bhadrAcArya siMdhu deza meM vihAra kara gye| jaba loga ujjainI lauTakara Aye to vahAM duSkAla par3A huA thaa| saMgha ke AcArya ne nagnatva DhAMkane ke lie ardhaphAlaka dhAraNa karane kA Adeza diyaa| lekina duSkAla samApta hone ke pazcAt isakI koI AzyakatA na samajhI gyii| phira bhI kucha logoM ne ardhaphAlaka kA tyAga nahIM kiyaa| tabhI se jaina sAdhu vastra dhAraNa karane lge| donoM hI sampradAyoM ke anusAra yaha samaya IsA kI prathama zatAbdI kA aMtima caraNa baiThatA hai| upAdhyAya ke kAla meM giranAra aura zatrujaya tIrthoM para jaba digambara aura zvetAmbaroM meM paraspara vAda-vivAda huA to usa samaya se zvetAmbara saMgha kI ora se jaina pratimAoM ke pAdamUla meM vastra kA cihna banA dene kA nizcaya kiyA gayA / 1. Avazyaka bhASya 145 Adi; AvazyakacUrNI pR0 427 Adi / 2. devasena, darzanasAra, hariSeNa, bRhatkathAkoSa 131; bhaTTAraka ratnandi, bhadrabAhucarita /

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22 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja - jaina prAcAryoM kI paramparA jainazruta ke antima AcArya bhadrabAhu ke samaya candragupta maurya " ( 325-302 I0 pU0) ke kAla meM magadha meM bhayaMkara duSkAla par3ane kI bAta jaina AgamoM meM prasiddha hai| bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt AcArya sthUlabhadra hue| jaina paramparA ke anusAra, ye nauveM nanda ke pradhAna maMtrI zakaTAra ke putra the aura bhadrabAhu ke nikaTa baiThakara inhoMne 10 pUrvo kA adhyayana kiyA thaa| sthUlabhadra ke samaya taka sabhI jaina zramaNoM kA AhAra-vihAra ekatra hotA thA, arthAt sabhI zramaNa sAMbhogika the| tatpazcAt AcArya mahAgiri ne jainasaMgha kA netRtva kiyaa| Arya mahAgiri aura Arya suhasti sthUlabhadra ke ziSya the; donoM ke gaNa alaga-alaga the, phira bhI donoM prIti ke kAraNa eka sAtha vihAra karate the| jaina saMgha kA bhAra AcArya suhasti ko sauMpa Arya mahAgiri dazArNapura meM tapa karane cale gaye / AcArya suhasti aura unake ziSya rAjapiMDa grahaNa karate rahe / Arya mahAgiri ne unheM saceta bhI kiyA; phalataH unhoMne suhastI ke sAtha AhAra-vihAra karanA chor3a diyA, arthAt ve asAMbhogika bana gaye / AcArya suhasti ne azoka ke pautra avaMtopati mauryavaMzI rAjA saMprati (220-211 I0 pU0 ) ko jainadharma meM dIkSita kara jainasaMgha kI vizeSa prabhAvanA kii| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zramaNoM ko prAyaH magadha ke AsapAsa sAketa ke pUrva meM aMga-magadha taka, dakSiNa meM kauzAMbI taka, pazcima meM sthUNA taka tathA uttara meM uttara kosala taka hI vihAra karane kI anujJA thI, lekina samprati ne sAr3he 25 dezoM ko Arya ghoSita kara unheM jaina zramaNoM ke bihAra ke yogya banA diyaa| nagara ke cAroM 1. magadha (rAjagRha ), aGga (campA), vaMga ( tAmralipti ), kaliMga (kAMcanapura ), kAzI (vArANasI), kozala ( sAketa ), kuru (gajapura), kuzAvarta ( zauripura ), pAMcAla ( kAMpilyapura ), jAMgala ( ahicchatrA ), saurASTra (dvArakA ), videha ( mithilA ), vatsa ( kauzAmbI ), zAMDilya ( nandIpura), malaya ( bhadrilapura ), matsya (vairATa), varaNA ( acchA ), dazArNa ( mRttikAvatI), cedi (zuktimatI ), sindhu-sauvIra (vItibhaya ), zUrasena (mathurA), bhaMgi (pApA), vaTTA (mAsapurI ), kuNAla (zrAvastI), lADha (koTivarSa ), kekayI ardha (zvetikA ); bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3263 vRtti / vizeSa ke lie dekhiye pariziSTa 1 /

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pahalA adhyAya : jaina saMgha kA itihAsa 23 daravAjoM para dAnazAlAe~ khulavAkara unhoMne jaina zramaNoM ko bhojanavastra dene kI vyavasthA kii| rathayAtrA ke samaya apane subhaTa Adi ke sAtha vaha ratha ke sAtha-sAtha calatA aura ratha ke samakSa phala-phUla car3hAtA / caityagRha meM sthita bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vaha pUjA karatA, tathA anya rAjAoM se zramaNoM kI bhakti karAtA / suhasti ke bAda AcArya susthita, AcArya supratibuddha aura AcArya indradatta jaina saMgha ke netA kahalAye / inake bAda pratiSThAna ke rAjA sAtavAhana (IsavI san kI prathama zatAbdI) ke samakAlIna kAlakAcArya ne saMgha kA adhipatitva kiyaa| zrAvaka-rAjA mAne jAne vAle sAtavAhana ke Agraha para, bhAdrapada sudI paMcamI ke dina indramaha divasa hone ke kAraNa, unhoMne bhAdrapada sudI caturthI ko payUSaNa parva manAne kI ghoSaNA kii| IrAna ke zAhoM kI sahAyatA se ujjainI ke rAjA gardabhilla ko yuddha meM parAjita kara unhoMne zakoM kA rAjya sthApita kiyA / 2 kAlakAcArya ke suvarNabhUmi ( barmA ) jAne kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| .... tatpazcAt , jainadharma ke mahAn prabhAvaka yugapradhAna vajrasvAmI hue jo padAnusArI the aura kSIrAzravalabdhi unheM prApta thii| vajrasvAmI bhRgukaccha ke rAjA nahavAhaNa (nahapAna) ke samakAlIna the| ve bar3e kurUpa aura kRza the, lekina sAtha hI mahAkavi the| unake kAvya rAjA ke antaHpura meM gAye jAte the| mahArAnI padmAvatI unakI kavitA sunakara unapara mohita ho gayI, lekina unake rUpa ko dekhakara use vairAgya ho AyA / daza pUrvo ke ve jJAtA the aura dRSTivAda ko unhoMne apane ziSyoM ko par3hAyA thaa| navakAramaMtra kA uddhAra karake unhoMne use mUlasUtra meM sthAna diyA, aura ujjayinI, benyAtaTa, mathurA, pATaliputra, purima, mAhezvarI Adi nagaroM meM vihAra kiyA / anta meM vidizAsthita rathAvata parvata para unhoMne nirvANa paayaa| AryarakSita vajrasvAmI ke pradhAna ziSyoM meM se the| ve dazapura ke nivAsI the aura 1. nizIthacUrNI 10 2860 kI cUrNI; 5.2153-54 / 2. vhii| 3. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 236 / dekhiye DA0 umAkAnta zAha, suvarNabhUmi meM kaalkaacaary| ... 4. aAvazyakacUrNI pR0 360-66; 404 aadi| . ..

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24 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja 'ujjayinI meM vajrasvAmI ke pAdamUla meM baiThakara unhoMne nau pUrvo kA jJAna prApta kiyA thA / 3 isake sivAya, jainadharma ke puraskartAoM meM Arya zyAma, Arya samudra, Arya maMgu, nAgahasti, pAdalipta, skaMdila, nAgArjuna, bhUtadatta, devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa Adi AcAryoM ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| uttaravartI AcAryoM meM umAsvAti, kuMdakuMda, mallavAdI, siddhasena divAkara, samaMtabhadra, pUjyapAda, haribhadra, akalaMka, vidyAnanda, nemicandra siddhAMtacakravartI aura kalikAlasajJa hemacandra mukhya haiM / hemacandra 12 vIM - zatAbdI ke suprasiddha AcArya the jinakA upadezAmRta sunakara gujarAta ke cAlukya rAjA kumArapAla ne jaina dharma aMgIkAra kiyA thA / rAjagharAnoM meM mahAvIra kA prabhAva jaina graMthoM meM 18 gaNarAjAoM meM pramukha vaizAlI ke rAjA ceTaka, rAjagRha ke rAjasiMha, zreNika ( biMbasAra), caMpA ke rAjA kUNika (ajAtazatru), kauzAMbI ke rAjA udayana, caMpA ke rAjA dadhivAhana, ujjaina ke rAjA pradyota vItibhaya ke rAjA udrAyaNa, pATaliputra ke samrAT candragupta aura ujjainI ke samrAT saMprati Adi kA ullekha AtA hai, jo nirgrantha zramaNoM ke parama upAsaka mAne gaye haiM; inameM se udrAyaNa Adi rAjAoM ko mahAvIra ne zramaNa-dharma meM dIkSita kiyA thA / mahAvIra bhagavAn ke nAnA ceTaka kI sAta kanyAoM meM se prabhAvatI kA vivAha rAjA udrAyaNa ke sAtha, padmAvatI kA zatAnIka ke sAtha, zivA kA pradyota ke sAtha, jyeSThA kA mahAvIra ke bhrAtA nandivardhana ke sAtha aura celanA kA zreNika biMbasAra ke sAtha huA thA ( yadyapi ina rAjAoM kI aitihAsikatA ke saMbaMdha meM bahuta kama 1. vahI / 2. zrAryasamudra ra zrAryamaMgu ne zUrpAraka meM bihAra kiyA thA, vyavahArabhASya 6.241, pR0 43 / 3. mathurA meM subhikSA prApta hone para bhI AryamaMgu zrAhAra kA koI pratibaMgha nahIM rakhate the, isalie Avazyaka niryukti meM unheM pArzvastha kahA gayA hai, jagadIzacandra jaina, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 207 / zrArya maMtu aura nAgahasti kA nAma digaMbara AcAryoM kI paramparA meM bhI AtA hai, inhoMne kaSAyaprAmRta kA vyAkhyAna kiyA /

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pahalA adhyAya : jaina saMgha kA itihAsa 25 jAnakArI milatI hai)| isase bhI rAjagharAnoM meM mahAvIra kA prabhAva siddha hotA hai| unhoMne ugra, bhoga, rAjanya, jJAtR aura kaurava kula ke aneka kSatriyoM ko apane zramaNadharma meM dIkSita kiyA thaa| striyoM meM rAjA dadhivAhana kI putrI caMdanabAlA kA nAma pramukha hai jo mahAvIra bhagavAna kI prathama ziSyA aura bhikSuNI saMgha kI gaNinI khlaaii| mahArAniyoM meM jayanto, mRgAvatI, aMgAravatI aura kAlI, tathA rAjakumAroM meM meghakumAra, naMdiSeNa, abhayakumAra Adi ke nAma mukhya haiN| zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM meM zaMkha, zataka tathA sulasA aura revatI Adi ullekhanIya haiN| - mahAvIra kA nirgrantha dharma / mahAvIra ne pArzvanAtha ke nirgrantha dharma kI paramparA ko Age bar3hAyA / caturvidha saMgha kI vyavasthA unhoMne sudRr3ha kI, ahiMsA para jora diyA, aura pArzvanAtha ke cAturyAma meM brahmacarya nAma kA pAMcavAM vrata jodd'aa| saMyama, tapa aura tyAga kA adhika dRr3hatA se pAlana karane kA upadeza dete hue unhoMne acelatva ko mukhya btaayaa| unhoMne anekAMtavAda kA upadeza diyA, cAroM vargoM ko samAnatA ko mukhya mAnA, tathA nigrantha pravacana ko sAdhAraNa janatA taka pahu~cAne ke lie ardhamAgadhI meM upadeza diyaa| ___ jainadharma bihAra meM phUlA-phalA, vahA~ se uttara bhArata meM phailA, phira rAjapUtAnA, gujarAta aura kAThiyAvAr3a hote hue usane dakSiNa bhArata meM praveza kiyaa| isa bIca meM jainasaMgha meM aneka utthAna-patana hue, aneka saMkaTApanna paristhitiyoM se ise gujaranA pdd'aa| lekina bauddhasaMgha kI bhAMti apanI janmabhUmi se kabhI yaha dUra nahIM huaa| isakA pramukha kAraNa yahI hai ki isa dharma ke anuyAyo apane niyama aura siddhAntoM se dRr3hatA ke sAtha jakar3e rahe / prophesara jaikobI ke zabdoM meM "yadyapi sAdhu aura gRhastha jIvana se sambandha rakhane vAle kitane hI kama mahatvapUrNa niyama khaMDita hokara anupayogI bana gaye, phira bhI, Aja bhI jaina dharmAvalaMbiyoM kA jIvana vastutaH vahI hai jo Aja se 2000 varSa pahale thA / " 1. jArla zAnTiyara, kaimbrija hisTrI oNva iNDiyA, pR0 166 /

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dUsarA adhyAya jaina Agama aura unakI TIkAe~ Agama-siddhAMta jo sthAna brAhmaNa paramparA meM veda aura bauddha paramparA meM tripiTika kA hai, vahI sthAna jaina paramparA meM Agama-siddhAMta kA hai / AgamoM ko zruta, sUtra, grantha, siddhAMta, zAsana, AjJA, vacana, upadeza, prajJApanA, athavA pravacana bhI kahA gayA hai| jainoM ke isa prAcIna sAhitya meM saMskRti aura itihAsa Adi se sambandha rakhane vAlI aneka mahatvapUrNa paramparAe~ surakSita haiM / jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra arhat bhagavAn ne pUrvo meM nibaddha Agama-siddhAMta kA apane gaNadharoM ko nirUpaNa kiyA aura unhoMne use sUtrarUpa meM nibaddha kiyaa| AgamoM kI saMkhyA 46 ( jinameM 45 upalabdha haiM ) 12 aMga ( dvAdazAMga athavA gaNipiTaka, athavA pravacanaveda ):-AyAraMga (AcArAMga), sUyagaDaMga (sUtrakRtAMga), ThANAMga (sthAnAMga), samavAyAMga, viyAhapaeNatti (vyAkhyAprajJapti,athavA bhagavatI), nAyAdhammakahAo (jJAtRdharmakathA),uvAsagadasAo (upAsakadazA), antagaDadasAo(antaH kRddazA), aNuttarovavAiyadasAo (anuttaropapAtikadazA), paNhavAgaraNAI (praznavyAkaraNa ), vivAgasuya (vipAkasUtra ), diTTivAya ( dRSTivAda naSTa ho jAne ke kAraNa anupalabdha hai| isameM caudaha pUrvo kA samAveza hai)| 12 upAMga:-ovavAiya (aupapAtika), rAyapaseNaiya (rAja. 1. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 174; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 108 / / 2. dRSTivAda ke pAMca bheda haiM-parikarma, sUtra, prathamAnuyoga, pUrvagata aura cUlikA / ise bhUtavAda bhI kahA gayA hai / digabara sampradAya ke anusAra AgamoM meM kevala dRSTivAda sUtra kA kucha daMza bAkI bacA hai| puSpadaMta kA SaTakhaMDAgama aura bhUtabali kA kaSAyaprAbhRta nAmaka graMtha zeSa haiM jo pUrvo ke AdhAra se likhe gaye haiN| 3. aMga aura upAMga meM koI sAkSAt saMbaMdha nahIM hai| naMdI meM kAlika aura utkAlika rUpa meM upAMgoM kA ullekha hai, upAMga ke rUpa meM nhiiN|

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dUsarA adhyAya : jaina zrAgama aura unakI TIkAe~ 27 praznIya ), jIvAbhigama, pannavaNA (prajJApanA)', sUriyapaNNatti ( sUryaprajJapti), jambuddIvapaNNatti (jambUdvIpaprajJapti), candapaNNatti (candraprajJapti), nirayAvaliyAo (nirayAlalikA), kappavarDaviyAo ( kalpAvataMsikA), puphphiyAo (puSpika) pupphacUliyAo (puSpacUlikA), vahidasAo (vRssnnidshaa)| 10 painnA :-causaraNa (catuHzaraNa), AurapaJcakkhANa ( AturapratyAkhyAna ), mahApaJcakkhANa ( mahApratyAkhyAna), bhattapariNNA ( bhaktaparijJA ), tandulaveyAliya ( tandulavaicArika ), saMthAraga ( saMstAraka ), gacchAyAra (gacchAcAra), gaNivijA (gaNividyA), devindatthaya ( devendrastava ), maraNasamAhI ( maraNasamAdhi ) / 6 cheyasutta (chedasUtra ) :-nisIha ( nizItha ), mahAnisIha ( mahAnizItha ), vavahAra ( vyavahAra) dasAsuyakkhandha (dazAzrutaskandha, athavA AcAradazA), kampa (kalpa, athavA bRhatkalpa ), paJcakappa ( paJcakalpa, kahIM para jIyakalpa= jiitklp)| 4 mUlasutta (mUlasUtra) : uttarajjhayaNa ( uttarAdhyayana), dasaveyAliya ( dazavaikAlika )", Avassaya ( Avazyaka ), piNDanijutti (piNDaniyukta, kahIM para ohnijtti=oghniyukti)6|| 1. isake lekhaka Arya zyAma mAne gaye haiN| 2. jainamAnyatA ke anusAra bhadrabAhu aura varAhamihira donoM pratiSThAna ke rahanevAle brAhmaNa the / varAhamihira ne candra-saryaprajJapti Adi Agama graMthoM ke AdhAra se vArAhIsaMhitA kI racanA kI, gacchAcAravRtti, 63-6 / 3. lekhaka viirbhdr| 4. chedasUtra ko uttama zruta mAnA gayA hai aura ise gopanIya kahA hai tamhA Na kaheyavvaM, AyariyeNaM tu pavayaNarahassaM / khettaM kAlaM purisaM, nAUNa pagAsae gujjha / / -nizIthacUrNI 16.6184, 6227, 6243 / 5. lekhaka zayyaMmbhava / 6. koI piNDanijjutti aura aohanijjutti ke sthAna para kramazaH zrohanijjutti aura pakkhiyasutta ( pAkSikasUtra ) kI mUlasUtroM meM gaNanA karate haiM / kahIM para piMDanijjutti aura zrohanijjutti kA chedasUtroM meM antarbhAva kiyA gayA hai| ... -

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja nandI' tathA aNuyogadAra' ( anuyogadvAra ) 3 | zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM hI sampradAya AgamoM ko svIkAra karate haiM / antara yahI hai ki digambara sampradAya ke anusAra kAladoSa se ye Agama naSTa ho gaye haiM, 4 jabaki zvetAmbara sampradAya meM samaya 28 1. lekhaka devavAcaka | 2. lekhaka zrAryarakSita / 3. nandIsUtra 43 TIkA, pRSTha 60-65 meM zruta ke do bheda kiye haiMaMgabAhya ( sthavirakRta ) aura aMgapraviSTa ( gaNadharakRta ) / zraMgavA ke do bheda haiM: - Avazyaka aura Avazyakavyatirikta / Avazyaka ke chaH, aura zrAvazyakavyatirikta ke do bheda haiM: - kAlika aura utkAlika / kAlika ko uttarAdhyayana zrAdi 31 aura utkAlika ko dazavaikAlika Adi 28 bhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai ( ina sUtroM meM aneka sUtra upalabdha nahIM haiM ) / aMgapraviSTa ke AcArAMga di 12 bheda haiM, jinheM dvAdazAMga kahA jAtA hai / koI AgamoM kI saMkhyA 84 mAnate haiM: - 11 aMga, 12 upAMga, 5 sUtra ( paMcakalpa ko ghaTAkara ), 5 mUlasUtra ( uttarajjhayaNa, dayAlaya. zrAvassaya, nandI, aNuyogadAra ), 30 paiNNA, pakkhiyasutta, khamaNAmutta, vaMdittusutta, isibhAsiya, pajjosaNakappa ( kalpasUtra ), jIyakappa, jaijIyakappa, saddhajIyakappa, 12 niryukti, visesAvassa bhAsa / caraNakaraNAnuyoga ( kAlikazruta ), dharmAnuyoga ( RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana Adi ). gaNitAnuyoga ( sUryaprajJapti, jaMbUdvIpaprajJapti Adi ) tathA dravyAnuyoga ( dRSTivAda ) ke bheda se zrAgama ke cAra bheda batAye gaye haiM / zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI AgamoM kI saMkhyA 32 mAnate haiM / 4. digambaroM ke anusAra AgamoM ke do bheda haiM: - aMga aura zraM bAhya / aMgoM meM 12 aMgoM ke vahI nAma haiM jo zvetAmbara paramparA meM mAnya haiM / dRSTivAda ke jo pA~ca bheda mAne gaye haiM, unameM digambara mAnyatA ke anusAra parikarbha ke candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, dvIpasAgaraprajJapti aura vyAkhyAprajJapti, tathA cUlikA ke jalagatacUlikA, sthalagata cUlikA, mAyAgatacUlikA rUpagatacUlikA, aura AkAzagatacUlikA nAmaka pA~ca bheda haiM / aMgabAhya ke nimnalikhita 24 prakIrNaka haiM: - sAmAyika, caturviMzatistava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, vinaya, kRtikarma, dazavaikAlika, uttarAdhyayana, kalpavyavahAra, kalpA kalpa, mahAkalpa, puNDarIka. mahApaNDarIka aura niSithika /

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dUsarA adhyAya : jaina Agama aura unakI TIkAe~ 26 samaya para viSaya aura bhASA Adi meM parivartana 'aura saMzodhana hote rahane para bhI vartamAna meM upalabdha Agama mAnya haiN| __ AgamoM kI vAcanAyeM mahAvIra-nirvANa (IsavI sana ke pUrva 527 ) ke lagabhaga 160. varSa pazcAt (IsavI san ke pUrva 367) candragupta maurya ke kAla meM, magadha deza meM bhayaMkara duSkAla par3ane para aneka jaina bhikSu bhadrabAhu ke netRtva meM samudrataTa kI ora prasthAna kara gaye, zeSa sthUlabhadra ( mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 219 varSa pazcAt svargagamana ) ke netRtva meM vahIM rahe / duSkAla samApta ho jAne para sthUlabhadra ne pATaliputra meM jaina zramaNoM kA eka sammelana bulAyA jisameM zrutajJAna kA 11 aMgoM meM saMkalana kiyA gyaa| dRSTivAda kisI ko smaraNa nahIM thA, ataeva pUrvagranthoM kA saMkalana na ho skaa| caturdaza pUrvo ke dhArI kevala bhadrabAhu the, jo isa samaya mahAprANavrata kA pAlana karane ke lie nepAla cale gaye the| pUrvo kA jJAna sampAdana karane ke lie jainasaMgha kI ora se katipaya sAdhuoM ko nepAla bhejA gyaa| inameM se kevala sthUlabhadra hI pUrvo kA jJAna prApta kara saka / zanaiH-zanaiH, pUrvo kA jJAna naSTa ho gyaa| jo kucha siddhAnta zeSa rahe unheM pATaliputra ke sammelana meM saMkalita kara liyA gyaa| ise pATaliputra-vAcanA ke nAma se kahA jAtA hai / kucha samaya pazcAt , mahAvIra-nirvANa ke lagabhaga 827 yA 840 varSa bAda (IsavI san 300-313) AgamoM ko punaH vyavasthita rUpa dene ke lie, Arya skaMdila ke netRtva meM mathurA meM dUsarA sammelana huaa| duSkAla ke kAraNa isa samaya bhI AgamoM ko bahuta kSati pahu~cI / duSkAla samApta hone para, isa sammelana meM jise jo kucha smaraNa thA use kAlika zruta ke rUpa meM saMkalita kara liyA gyaa| jaina AgamoM kI yaha dUsarI vAcanA thI jise mAthurI vAcanA ke nAma se kahA jAtA hai| ___ lagabhaga isI samaya nAgArjunasUri ke netRtva meM valabhI (vALA, saurASTra) meM eka aura sammelana bharA / isameM jo sUtra vismRta ho gaye the unakI saMghaTanApUrvaka siddhAMta kA uddhAra kiyA gayA / 1. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 187 / 2. nandIcUrNI pR0 8 / 3. kahAvalI 268, suni kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa aura jainakAla gaNanA, pR0 120 Adi se|

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. 30 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja jyotiSkaraMDaka kI TokA ke kartA AcArya malayagiri ke anusAra, anuyogadvAra Adi sUtra mAthurI vAcanA, aura jyotiSkaraMDaka valabhI vAcanA ke AdhAra se saMkalita kiye gaye haiN| ina donoM vAcanAoM ke pazcAt 'AryaskaMdila aura nAgArjuna sUri paraspara mila nahIM sake, ataeva jaina AgamoM kA vAcanA-bheda sthAyI banA rhaa| . tatpazcAt, mahAvIra-nirvANa ke lagabhaga 980 yA 993 varSa bAda (IsavI san 453-466 ) valabhI meM devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM aMtima sammelana bulAyA gayA jisameM vividha pAThAntara aura vAcanAbheda Adi ko vyavasthita kara, mAthurI vAcanA ke AdhAra se AgamoM ko saMkalita kara unheM lipibaddha kiyA gayA / ' dRSTivAda phira bhI upalabdha na ho sakA, ataeva use vyucchinna ghoSita kara diyA gyaa| zvetAmbara sampradAya dvArA mAnya vartamAna Agama isI aMtima saMkalanA kA pariNAma hai| AgamoM kA mahatva ye Agama mahAvIra bhagavAna ke sAkSAt upadeza mAne jAte haiM jo sudharmA gaNadhara dvArA pratipAdita kiye gaye haiN| inake prAcIna aMza ka mahAvIra jitanA ho prAcIna samajhanA caahie| IsavI san ko pA~cavIM. zatAbdI meM, valabho meM, AgamoM kA rUpa sunizcita karake unheM pustaka rUpa meM nibaddha kiyA gayA, ataeva inakA antima samaya IsavI san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI mAnanA. caahie| isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki isa vipula sAhitya meM lagabhaga 1000 varSa kI paramparAgata sAmagrI saMgRhIta hai jo aneka dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| Agama-sAhitya meM jaina zramaNoM ke AcAra-vicAra, vrata-saMyama, tapa-tyAga, gamanAgamana, roga-cikitsA, vidyA-mantra, upasarga-durbhikSa 1. sambhavataH isa samaya Agama-sAhitya ko pustakabaddha karane ke sambandha meM hI vicAra kiyA gayA / parantu hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM likhA hai ki nAgArjuna aura skaMdila Adi AcAryoM ne AgamoM ko pustakarUpa meM nibaddha kiyaa| phira bhI sAdhAraNatayA devardhigaNi hI 'putthe Agamalihio' ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiN| muni puNyavijaya, bhAratIya jaina zramaNa, pR0 17 / 2. bauddha tripiTaka kI tIna saMgItiyoM kA ullekha bauddha graMthoM meM milatA hai / pahalI saMgIti rAjagRha meM, dUsarI vaizAlI meM a ra antima saMgIti samrATa azoka ke rAjyakAla meM, IsavI san ke pUrva tIsarI zatAbdI meM, pATaliputra meM huI thii|

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dUsarA adhyAya : jaina Agama aura unakI TIkAe~ 31 tathA upavAsa-prAyazcita Adi kA varNana karane vAlI aneka paramparAoM, janazrutiyoM, loka-kathAoM aura dharmopadeza kI paddhatiyoM kA varNana hai / mahAvIra bhagavAn kA janma, unakI kaThora sAdhanA, sAdhu-jIvana, unake mUla upadeza, unakI vihAra caryA, ziSya-paramparA, Arya-kSetroM kI sImA, tatkAlIna rAje-mahArAje, anya tIrthika tathA matamatAntara aura unakI trivecanA sambandhI jAnakArI hameM yahA~ milatI hai / vAstuzAstra, vaizikazAstra, jyotiSavidyA, bhUgola-khagola, saMgIta, nATya, vividha kalAe~, prANivijJAna, vanaspativijJAna Adi anekAneka viSayoM kA yahA~ vivecana kiyA gayA hai / ina saba viSayoM ke adhyayana se tatkAlIna sAmAjika, dhArmika aura rAjanItika paristhitiyoM para mahatvapUrNa prakAza par3atA hai jisase hamAre prAcIna sAMskRtika itihAsa kI aneka truTita zRGkhalAe~ jA sakatI haiM / AgamoM kI bhASA bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se bhI Agama- sAhitya atyanta upayogI hai / jaina sUtroM ke anusAra mahAvIra bhagavAn ne ardhamAgadhI meM apanA upadeza diyA, aura isa upadeza ke AdhAra para unake gaNadharoM ne AgamoM kI racanA kI / paramparA ke anusAra bauddhoM kI mAgadhI kI bhA~ti ardhamAgadhI bhI Arya, anArya, aura pazu-pakSiyoM dvArA samajhI jA sakatI thI, tathA bAla, vRddha, strI aura anapar3ha logoM ko yaha bodhagamya thI / " AcArya hemacandra ne ise ArSaprAkRta kahakara vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se bAhya batAyA hai / trivikrama ne bhI apane prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana meM dezya bhASAoM kI bhA~ti ArSaprAkRta kI svatantra utpatti mAnate hue usake lie vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM btaayii| matalaba yaha ki ArSa bhASA kA AdhAra saMskRta na hone se vaha apane svatantra niyamoM kA pAlana karatI hai / ise prAcIna prAkRta bhI kahA hai / sAdhAraNatayA magadha ke Adhe hisse meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA hai / abhayadevasUri ke anusAra, isa bhASA meM kucha lakSaNa mAgadhI ke aura kucha prAkRta ke pAye jAte haiM, ataeva ise ardhamAgadhI kahA hai| isase mAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI bhASAoM kI 1. jaise pAtravizeSa ke AdhAra se varSA ke jala meM parivartana ho jAtA hai, vaise hI jina bhagavAn kI bhASA bhI pAtroM ke anurUpa hotI jAtI hai / vRhatkalpabhASya 1. 1204 /

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32 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja nikaTatA para prakAza par3atA hai / mArkaNDeya ne zauraseno ke samIpa hone se mAgadhI ko ho ardhamAgadhI batAyA hai| matalaba yaha ki pazcima meM zaurasenI aura pUrva meM mAgadhI ke bIca ke kSetra meM bolI jAne ke kAraNa yaha bhASA ardhamAgadhI kahI jAtI thI, mAgadho kA zuddha rUpa isameM nahIM thaa| kramadIzvara ne apane saMkSitasAra meM ise mahArASTrI aura mAgadhI kA mizraNa batAyA hai| kahIM isameM magadha, mAlava, mahArASTra, lATa, vidarbha Adi dezI bhASAoM kA saMmizraNa batAyA gayA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki Ajakala kI hindustAnI kI bhA~ti ardhamAgadhI jana-sAmAnya kI bhASA thI jisameM mahAvIra ne sarvasAdhAraNa ko pravacana sunAyA thA / zanaiH zanaiH isameM aneka dezI bhASAe~ mizrita hotI gayIM aura jaina zramaNoM ke lie dezI bhASAoM kA jJAna anivArya kara diyA gyaa| parivartana aura saMzodhana mahAvIra ke gaNadharoM dvArA saMkalita vartamAna rUpa meM upalabdha AgamoM kI bhASA kA yaha rUpa jaina zramaNoM ke athaka prayatnoM se hI surakSita raha skaa| phira bhI, 1000 varSa ke dIrghakAlIna vyavadhAna meM AgamoM ke mUla pAThoM meM aneka parivartana aura saMzodhana hote rhe| AgamoM ke bhASyakAroM aura TokAkAroM ne jagaha-jagaha isa parivartana kI ora lakSya kiyA hai| sUtrAdarzoM meM aneka prakAra ke sUtra upalabdha hone ke kAraNa unhoMne kisI eka Adarza ko svIkAra kara liyA hai. aura phira bhI sUtroM meM visaMvAda raha jAne para kisI vRddha sampradAya Adi kA ullekha karate hue apanI ajJatAsUcaka dazA kA pradarzana kiyA hai| sUtroM kA artha spaSTa karane ke lie kahIM para unheM AmUla saMzodhana aura parivartana karanA par3A hai| AgamoM ke TIkAkAroM ne AgamoM ke vAcanAbheda ke sAtha-sAtha unake galita ho jAne aura unako durlakSyatA kI 1. iha ca prAyaH sUtrAdarzeSu nAnAvidhAni sUtrANi dRzyante na ca 'TIkAsaMvAdyako'pyasmAbhirAdarzaH samupalabdho'taH ekamAdarzamaMgIkRtyAsmAbhirvivaraNaM kriyate, sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA, 2 zruta, 2, pR0 335 a / 2. azA vayaM zAstramidaM gabhIraM, prAyo'sya kUTAni ca pustakAni / abhayadeva, praznavyAkaraNaTIkA, prastAvanA /

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dUsarA adhyAya : jaina zrAgama aura unakI TIkAe~ 33 ora iGgita kiyA hai / " vyAkaraNa ke rUpoM kI ekarUpatA bhI AgamoM meM dRSTigocara nahIM hotI / udAharaNa ke lie, kahIM yazruti milatI hai, kahIM usakA abhAva hai, kahIM yazruti ke sthAna meM 'i' kA prayoga hai; eka hI zabda meM kahIM hrasva svara kA prayoga dekhA jAtA hai (jaise gutta ), kahIM dIrgha kA ( jaise gotta), kahIM mahAvIre kA prayoga huA hai, kahIM madhAvI kA, tRtIyA ke bahuvacana meM kahIM devehiM kA prayoga hai, aura kahIM devebhi kA / isI prakAra vyAkaraNa ke anya niyamoM kA pAlana bhI Agama-granthoM kI racanA meM dekhane meM nahIM AtA / uttarakAlIna AcAryoM ne, prAcIna prAkRta se sambandha viccheda ho jAne para, kitane hI zabdoM ke prayogoM meM manamAne parivartana kara DAle, tathA sampradAya viccheda ho jAne ke kAraNa vajjo ( vRjji jAti; lekina abhayadeva ne artha kiyA hai indra - va asya asti ), kAzyapa ( mahAvIra kA gotra; abhayadeva ne artha kiyA hai ikSurasa kA pAna karane vAlA - kAzaM ikSuH tasya vikAraH kAzyaH rasaH sa yasya pAnaM sa kAzyapaH ), andhakavRSNi, licchivi, AjIvika, kuttiyAvaNa ( kutrikApaNa ) Adi kitane hI zabdoM ke artha vismRta ho gaye / Agama- sAhitya meM gar3abar3I ho jAne se dRSTivAda Adi jaise mahattvapUrNa Agama sadA ke lie vyucchinna ho gaye, aneka AgamoM ke khaNDa, unake adhyayana aura prakaraNa Adi vismRta kara diye gaye, 14. " 1. satsaMpradAyahInatvAt sadUhasya viyogataH / sarvasvaparazAstrANAmadRSTerasmRtezca me 11 vAcanAnAmanekatvAt, pustakAnAmazuddhitaH / sUtrANAmatigAMbhIryAnmatabhedAcca kutracit // kSuNNAni saMbhavatIha, kevalaM suvivekibhiH / siddhAMtAnugato yo'rthaH so syAd grAhyo na cetaraH // abhayadeva, sthAnAMgaTIkA, pR0 466 - 500 / 2. udAharaNa ke lie, antaH kRddazAMga ke prathama varga meM Nami, mAtaMga, somila, rAmagutta, sudaMsaNa, jamAlI, bhagAlI, kiMkama, pallatetiya, phAla aura putta nAma ke dasa adhyayana hone cAhiye, lekina ye adhyayana anupalabdha haiM; sthAnAMgaTIkA 10, pR0 482 - a / anuttaropapAtika sUtra ke tRtIya varga meM bhI isI taraha kI gar3abar3I huI hai / praznavyAkaraNa, baMdhadazA, dvigRddhidazA, dIrghadazA, saMkSepikadazA ke adhyayanoM ke sambandha meM bhI yahI bAta hai / - 3 jai0 bhA0

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34 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja aneka sthAnoM para AmUla parivartana ho gayA, unakI viSayavastu' aura unake parimANa meM hrAsa ho gayA / kitanoM ke to nAma hI saMdehAspada bana gaye aura AgamoM kI saMkhyA bar3hate-bar3hate 84 taka pahu~ca gayI / AgamoM kI prAmANikatA aisI hAlata meM yaha nirvivAda hai ki vartamAna rUpa meM upalabdha jaina AgamoM ko sarvathA prAmANika rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA; lekina unheM aprAmANika bhI nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isa fare sAhitya meM aneka aitihAsika aura ardha- aitihAsika paramparAe~ saGkalita haiM jinase jaina saGgha ke aitihAsika vikAsakrama para mahattvapUrNa prakAza par3atA hai / jaina AcAryoM ne ina saba paramparAoM ko jyoM kI tyoM surakSita rakhane kA prayatna kiyA, inameM icchAnusAra parivartana nahIM kara DAlA, isase bhI Agama- sAhitya kI prAmANikatA para prakAza par3atA hai | kaniSka rAjA ke samakAlIna mathurA meM pAye gaye jaina zilAlekha isa dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM / ina zilAlekhoM meM ' kalpasUtra meM ullikhita jaina zramaNoM kI sthavirAvali ke bhinna-bhinna gaNa, kula aura zAkhAoM kA ullekha milatA hai, isase nissandeha jaina AgamoM kI prAmANikatA siddha hotI hai| vastutaH AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika, nizotha, vyavahAra, bRhatkalpasUtra Adi AgamoM meM jo bhASA aura viSayavastu kA rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai vaha kAphI prAcIna hai, jisako tulanA DAkTara viNTaranIja ke zabdoM meM, bhArata ke prAcIna 'zramaNa kAvya' se kI jA sakatI hai| durbhAgya se AgamoM ke jaise cAhiye vaise prAmANika saMskaraNa abhI taka prakAzita nahIM hue, aisI hAlata meM jaina bhaNDAroM ko hastalikhita prAcIna pratiyoM 1. AcArAMga Adi zrAgamoM kI viSayavastu ke lie dekhiye samavAyAMgaTIkA -136, pR0 66-123; nandIsUtraTIkA pR0 66 - 108 / nandI ( pR0 104) meM jJAtRdharmakathA ke sambandha meM kahA hai- prakaTArtham ityevaM guravo vyAcakSate, anye punaranyathA, tadabhiprAyaM punarvayaM pratigambhIratvAt nAvagacchAmaH, paramArthaM viziSTazrutavido vidaMti ityalaM prasaMgena / zrAgamasUtroM kI | padasaMkhyA meM bhI bahuta hAni-vRddhi ho gayI hai / vyAkhyAprajJapti kI padasaMkhyA samavAyAMga ke anusAra 84,000, nandI ke anusAra 288,000, ra abhayadeva ke anusAra 400,000 honI cAhiye /

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dUsarA adhyAya : jaina Agama aura unakI TIkAe~ 35 (udAharaNa ke lie pATaNa ke bhaNDAra meM bRhatkalpabhASya kI vikrama kI 12 vIM zatAbdI kI likhI huI prati maujUda hai ) meM bhASA kA jo rUpa upalabdha hotA hai, use AgamoM kI prAcInatama bhASA kA rUpa samajhanAM caahie| . AgamoM kI TIkAe~ pAli tripiTaka para AcArya buddhaghoSa ko aTThakathAoM kI bhA~ti Agama-sAhitya para niyukti, bhASya, cUrNI, TIkA, vivaraNa, vivRti, vRtti, dIpikA, avacUri, avacUrNI, vyAkhyA, AkhyAna, paJjikA Adi vipula vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya likhA gayA hai / AgamoM kA viSaya aneka sthaloM para itanA sUkSma aura gambhIra hai ki binA vyAkhyAoM ke use samajhanA kaThina hai| isa vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya meM 'pUrvaprabandha', 'vRddhasampradAya', 'vRddhavyAkhyA', 'kevaligamya' Adi ke ullekhapUrvaka vyAkhyAkAroM ne pUrvapracalita paramparAoM ko pratipAdita kiyA hai| bhASAzAstra ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI yaha sAhitya bahuta upayogI hai| niyukti, bhASya, cUrNI aura katipaya TIkAe~ prAkRta meM likhI gayI haiM jisase prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya ke vikAsa para prakAza par3atA hai / ina cAroM vyAkhyAoM ke sAtha mUla AgamoM ko milA dene se yaha sAhitya paJcAGgI sAhitya kahA jAtA hai| .. vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya meM niyuktiyoM (nizcitA uktiH niruktiH) kA sthAna sarvopari hai / sUtra meM nizcaya kiyA huA artha jisameM nibaddha ho use niyukti kahate haiM / niyukti AgamoM para AryA chanda meM prAkRta gAthAoM meM likhA huA saMkSipta vivecana hai| AgamoM ke viSaya kA pratipAdana karane ke lie isameM aneka kathAnaka, udAharaNa aura dRSTAntoM kA saMkSipta ullekha kiyA hai| isa sAhitya para TIkAe~ likhI gayI haiM / saMkSipta aura padyabaddha hone ke kAraNa ise AsAnI se kaNThastha kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArAGga, sUtrakRtAGga, sUryaprajJapti, vyavahAra, kalpa, dazAzrutaskandha, uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika aura RSibhASita ina dasa sUtroM para niyuktiyAM likhI gayI haiN| inameM viSayavastu kI dRSTi se Avazyakaniyukti kA sthAna vizeSa mahatva kA hai / piMDaniyukti aura oghaniyukti mUla sUtroM meM ginI gayI haiM, isase niyukti-sAhitya 1. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 461 /

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36 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja kI prAcInatA kA patA calatA hai ki valabhI-vAcanA ke samaya, IsavI san kI pAMcavIM-chaThI zatAbdI ke pUrva hI saMbhavataH yaha sAhitya likhA jAne lagA thA / anya svataMtra niyuktiyoM meM paMcamaMgalazrutaskaMdhaniyukti, saMsaktaniyukti, goviMdaniyukti aura ArAdhanAniyukti mukhya haiN| niyuktiyoM ke lekhaka paramparA ke anusAra bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiM, jo chedasUtra ke kartA aMtima zrutakevali se bhinna haiM / niyuktiyoM kI bhAMti, bhASya - sAhitya bhI prAkRta gAthAoM meM, saMkSipta zailI meM, AryA chaMda meM likhA gayA hai| kitane ho sthaloM para niyukti aura bhASya kI gAthAe~ paraspara mizrita ho gayI haiM, isalie alaga se unakA adhyayana karanA kaThina hai / niyuktiyoM kI bhASA ke samAna bhASyoM kI bhASA bhI mukhyarUpa se prAcIna prAkRta athavA ardhamAgadhI hI hai / aneka sthaloM para mAgadhI aura zaurasenI ke prayoga dekhane meM Ate haiM / sAmAnya taura para bhASyoM kA samaya IsavI san kI cauthI - pAMcavIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / nizotha, vyavahAra, kalpa, paMcakalpa, jItakalpa, uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, piMDa niyukti aura oghaniyukti ina sUtroM para bhASya likhe gaye haiM / inameM nizotha, vyavahAra aura kalpabhASya khAsakara jaina saMgha kA prAcIna itihAsa adhyayana karane kI dRSTi se atyanta upayogI haiN| ina tInoM bhASyoM ke kartA saMghadAsagaNa kSamAzramaNa haiM jo haribhadrasUri ke samakAlIna the aura vasudevahiNDI ke kartA saMghadAsagaNi vAcaka se bhinna haiM / Agamettara granthoM meM caityavaMdana, devavaMdanAdi aura navatattvagAthAprakaraNa Adi para bhI bhASyoM kI racanA huI / AgamoM ke Upara likhe hue vyAkhyA - sAhitya meM cUrNiyoM kA sthAna atyanta mahatva kA hai / yaha sAhitya gadya meM hai / saMbhavataH jaina tatvajJAna aura usase sambandha rakhane vAle kathA - sAhitya kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana karane ke lie padya - sAhitya paryApta na samajhA gayA / isake atirikta jAna par3atA hai ki saMskRta kI pratiSThA bar3ha jAne se zuddha prAkRta kI apekSA saMskRta-mizrita prAkRta meM sAhitya kA likhanA Avazyaka samajhA jAne lagA / isa kAraNa isa sAhitya kI bhASA ko mizra prAkRta bhASA kahA jA sakatA hai / AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyAprajJapti, kalpa, vyavahAra, nizItha, paMcakalpa, dazAzratiskaMdha, jItakalpa, jIvAbhigama, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka, dazavaikAlika, nandI aura

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dUsarA adhyAya : jaina Agama aura unakI TIkAe~ 37 * anuyogadvAra ina solaha AgamoM para cUrNiyAM likhI gayI haiM / inameM purAtatva ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se nizIthavizeSacUrNI ( athavA nizIthacUrNI) aura AvazyakacUrNI kA sthAna sarvopari hai / isa sAhitya meM deza-deza ke rIti-rivAja, mele-tyauhAra, duSkAla, cora-luTere, sArthavAha, vyApAra ke mArga Adi kA bar3A rocaka varNana hai / vANijyakulona koTikagaNoya vajrazAkhIya jinadAsagaNi mahattara adhikAMza cUrNiyoM ke kartA ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiM / inakA samaya IsavI san kI chaThI zatAbdI ke AsapAsa mAnA jAtA hai / kucha Agametara granthoM para bhI cUrNiyAM likhI gayI haiM / AgamoM para anya aneka vistRta TIkAeM aura vyAkhyAeM bhI likhI gayI haiN| adhikAMza TIkAeM saMskRta meM haiM, yadyapi katipaya TIkAoM kA kathA sambandhI aMza prAkRta meM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / niyuktiyoM kI bhAMti AgamoM kI antima valabhI- vAcanA ke pUrva hI TIkA-sAhitya likhA jAne lagA thaa| AgamoM ke pramukha TIkAkAroM meM yAkinIsUnu haribhadra, zIlAMka, zAMtisUri, nemicandra, abhayadevasUri aura malayagiri Adi AcAryoM ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| TIkAoM meM AvazyakaTIkA, uttarAdhyayana kI pAiya ( prAkRta ) TIkA Adi mukhya haiN| ina TIkAoM meM aneka laukika aura dhArmika kathAeM, prAcIna janazrutiyAM, ardha- aitihAsika aura paurANika paramparAeM, tathA nirgrantha muniyoM ke paramparAgata AcAravicAra Adi mahatvapUrNa viSaya pratipAdita kiye gaye haiM / vAstava meM Agama-siddhAMtoM para vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya kA itanI pracuratA se nirmANa huA ki vaha eka alaga sAhitya ho bana gayA / isa sAhitya ne uttarakAlIna kathA-sAhitya, carita - sAhitya aura dhArmika sAhitya ko vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita kiyA, isalie yaha sAhitya vizeSa upayogI hai| prastuta grantha meM Agama - sAhitya aura usa para likhe gaye vyAkhyAsAhitya ke AdhAra se tatkAlIna janajIvana ko 'prastuta karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai /

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vikiidh kaaph s-kr

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pahalA adhyAya kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA / jaina AgamoM meM cANakya ke arthazAstra athavA brAhmaNoM ke dharmasUtroM kI bhA~ti zAsana vyavasthA sambandhI vidhi-vidhAnoM kA vyavasthita ullekha nahIM miltaa| jo kucha saMkSipta ullekha yahA~ upalabdha hai vaha kevala kathA-kahAniyoM ke rUpa meM hI hai, aura ye kathA - kahAniyA~ sAdhAraNa - tayA tatkAlIna sAmAnya jIvana kA citraNa karatI haiN| zramaNa dharma ke anuyAyI hone ke kAraNa jaina vidvAnoM ne tapa, tyAga aura vairAgya ke Upara hI jora diyA hai, ihalaukika jIvana ke prati ruci unhoMne nahIM dikhAI | aisI hAlata meM, jaina AgamoM meM idhara-udhara bikharI huI saMkSipta sUcanAoM ke AdhAra para hI tatkAlIna zAMsana-vyavasthA kA citra upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai / rAjA aura rAjapada jaina paramparA ke anusAra, RSabhadeva prathama rAjA ho gaye haiM jinhoMne bhArata kI prathama rAjadhAnI ikSvAkubhUmi (ayodhyA) meM rAjya kiyaa| isake pUrva na koI rAjya thA, na rAjA, na daNDa aura na daNDavidhAna kA karttA / yaha eka aisA rAjya thA jahA~ sabhI loga apaneapane dharma kA pAlana karate hue sadAcAra aura AnandapUrvaka jIvanayApana karate the / isalie unameM kisI prakAra kA vaimanasya athavA lar3AI-jhagar3A nahIM thA, aura lar3AI-jhagar3A na hone se daNDa kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM thii| lekina tIsare kAla ke anta meM, jaba yatigaNa dharma se bhraSTa hue aura kalpavRkSoM kA prabhAva ghaTA tathA yugala-santAna kI utpatti hone para santAna ko lekara prajA meM vAda-vivAda hone lagA aura samAja meM avyavasthA phailane lagI, to loga ekatrita ho RSabhadeva ke pitA nAbhi ke pAsa pahu~ce aura unake anurodha para RSabha kA rAjapada para abhiSeka kiyA gayA / RSabha ne hI pahalI bAra zilpa

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42 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja Adi vividha kalAoM kA upadeza diyA aura daNDa-vyavasthA kA vidhAna kiyaa| ' jaina AgamoM meM sAta prakAra ko daNDanIti batAyI gayI hai| pahale aura dUsare kulakara ke samaya hakkAra nIti pracalita tho, arthAt kisI aparAdhI ko 'hA' kaha dene mAtra se vaha daNDa kA bhAgI ho jAtA thA / tIsare aura cauthe kulakara ke kAla meM 'mA' (mata ) kaha dene se vaha daNDita samajhA jAtA thA, ise makkAra nIti kahA gayA hai| pA~caveM aura chaThe kulakara ke samaya dhikkAra noti kA calana huaa| tatpazcAt , RSabhadeva ke kAla meM paribhASaNa (krodhapradarzana dvArA tAr3anA) aura parimaNDalabaMdha (sthAnabaddha kara denA), tathA unake putra bharata ke kAla meM cAraka (jela) aura chaviccheda (hAtha, paira, nAka Adi kA chedana) nAmaka daNDanItiyoM kA pracAra huaa| prAcIna bhArata meM prajA kA pAlana karane ke lie rAjA kA honA atyanta Avazyaka pratAyA gayA hai| rAjA ko sarvaguNa-sampanna honA cAhie / yadi vaha striyoM meM Asakta rahatA hai, dyUta ramaNa karatA hai, madyapAna karatA hai, zikAra meM samaya vyatIta kara detA hai, kaThora vacana bolatA hai, kaThora daNDa detA hai aura dhana saJcaya ke lie prayatnazIla nahIM rahatA to vaha naSTa ho jAtA hai| usakA mAtR aura pitR pakSa zuddha honA cAhiye, prajA se dasavAM hissA Taiksa lekara use saMtuSTa rahanA cAhie; lokAcAra, veda aura rAjanIti meM use kuzala tathA dharma meM 1. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 2.26; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 153-57 / mahAbhArata (zAntiparva 58 ) meM kahA hai ki samAja me arAjakatA phaila jAne para devagaNa viSNu ke pAsa pahuMce aura viSNu ne pRthu ko rAjapada para baiThAyA / sarvaprathama rAjA pRthu ne jamIna meM hala calavA kara 17 prakAra ke dhAnyoM kI khetI karAI / isa avasara para brahmA ne samAja ke kalyANa ke lie zata-sahasra adhyAya vAle eka grantha kI racanA kI jisameM dharma, artha aura kAma kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA / daNDanIti kA nirUpaNa bhI isI samaya huaa| 2. jambUdvIpaprajJapti: vahI; sthAnAMgasUtra 7.557 / 3. tasmAtsvadharma bhUtAnAM rAjA na vyabhicArayet ; kauTilya, arthazAstra 1.13.16, pR0 11 / 4. nizIthabhASya 15.4766 /

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pahalA adhyAya : kendrIya zAsana-vyavasthA. zraddhAvAna honA cAhie / ' campA kA rAjA kUNika (ajAtazatru ) eka pratApazAlI kSatriya rAjA thaa| use atyanta vizuddha, cirakAlIna rAjavaMza meM prasUta, rAjalakSaNoM se yukta, bahujanasammAnita, sarvaguNa-samRddha, rAjyAbhiSikta aura dayAlu batAyA gayA hai| vaha sImA kA pratiSThAtA, kSemakAraka aura janapada kA pAlaka thA, dAna-mAna Adi se vaha logoM ko sammAnita karatA tathA dhana, dhAnya, suvarNa, rUpya, bhavana, zayana, Asana, yAna, vAhana, dAsa, dAsI, gAya, bhaiMsa, mAla-khajAnA, koThAra aura zastrAgAra Adi se sampanna thaa| matalaba yaha hai ki zAsana kI suvyavasthA ke lie rAjA kA suyogya honA Avazyaka thaa| yadi rAjya meM kisI prakAra kI gar3abar3I hotI yA upadrava ho jAtA jisase arAjakatA phaila jAtI to prajA ko bahuta kaSTa hotA, aura viruddharAjya kI aisI dazA meM jaina sAdhuoM kA gamanAgamana ruka jaataa| zveta turaga para ArUr3ha, mukuTabaddha, candana se upalipta zarIravAle tathA aneka hAthI, ghor3e aura rathoM se parivRta, jayajayakAra ke sAtha gamana karate hue rAjA kA ullekha AtA hai| rAjA udrAyaNa ne ujjainI ke rAjA pradyota ko zramaNopAsaka jAna, usake mastaka para bane hue zvAna ke padacihna ko DhaMkane ke liye use suvarNapaTTa se bhUSita kiyA, taba se paTTabaddha rAjAoM ke rAja kA Arambha huA mAnA jAtA hai| usase pahale mukuTabaddha rAjA hote the|" . yuvarAja aura usakA uttarAdhikAra rAjA kA pada sAdhAraNatayA vaMza-paramparAgata mAnA gayA hai| yadi rAjaputra apane pitA kA ikalautA beTA hotA to rAjA kI mRtyu ke pazcAt prAyaH vahI rAjasiMhAsana kA adhikArI hotaa| lekina yadi usake koI sagA yA sautelA bhAI hotA to unameM paraspara IrSyA-dveSa hone lagatA aura rAjA kI mRtyu ke pazcAt yaha dveSa bhrAtRghAtaka yuddhoM meM pariNata ho jaataa| sAdhAraNatayA yadi koI anahonI ghaTanA na ghaTatI 1. vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 128-a Adi / 2. aupapAtika sUtra 6, pR0 20 / 3. bRhatkalpasUtra 1.37, nizIthasUtra 11-71 kA bhASya / 4. nizIthacUrNI, pR0 52 / 5. vahI 10.3185 cUrNI, pR0 147 / / . .

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja ......----. to pitA kI mRtyu ke bAda jyeSTha rAjaputra hI rAjapada ko zobhita karatA aura usake kaniSTha bhrAtA ko yuvarAja pada miltaa| jaina AgamoM meM sApekSa aura nirapekSa nAmaka do prakAra ke rAjA batAye gaye haiN| sApekSa rAjA apane jIvanakAla meM hI apane putra ko yuvarAja pada de detA jisase rAjya ko gRhayuddha Adi saMkaToM se rakSA ho jaatii| nirapekSa rAjA ke sambandha meM yaha bAta nahIM thii| usakI mRtyu ke bAda hI usake putra ko rAjA banAyA jAtA / yadi rAjA ke eka se adhika putra hote to unakI parIkSA kI jAtI, aura jo rAjaputra parIkSA meM saphala hotA, use yuvarAja banAyA jAtA / kisI rAjA ne apane tIna putroM kI parIkSA ke lie unake sAmane khIra kI thAliyAM parosakara rakkhoM aura jaMjIra meM baMdhe hue bhayaMkara kuttoM ko una para chor3a diyaa| pahalA rAjakumAra kuttoM ko dekhate hI khIra ko thAlI chor3akara bhAga gyaa| dUsarA unheM lakar3I se mAra-mArakara svayaM khIra khAtA rhaa| tIsarA svayaM bhI khIra khAtA rahA aura kuttoM ko bhI usane khilaaii| rAjA tIsare rAjakumAra se atyanta prasanna huA aura usane use yuvarAja banA diyaa|' kabhI rAjA kI mRtyu ho jAne para jisa rAjaputra ko rAjasiMhAsana para baiThane kA adhikAra milatA, vaha dIkSA grahaNa kara letA, aura isa hAlata meM usake kaniSTha bhrAtA ko rAjA ke pada para baiThAyA jAtA / ' kabhI dIkSita rAjaputra saMyama dhAraNa karane meM apane Apako asamartha pA, dIkSA tyAgakara vApisa lauTa AtA, aura usakA kaniSTha bhrAtA use apane Asana para baiThA, svayaM usakA sthAna grahaNa krtaa| sAketa nagarI meM kuMDarIka aura puNDarIka nAma ke do rAjakumAra rahA karate the| kuMDarIka jyeSTha thA aura puMDarIka kaniSTha / kuMDarIka ne zramaNa-dIkSA grahaNa kara lI, lekina kucha samaya bAda saMyama pAlana meM asamartha ho, 1. abhiSeka hone ke pUrva kI avasthA ko yauvarAjya kahA hai-doccaM juvarAyANaM NAbhisiMcati tAva juvarajjaM bhaeNati, nizIthacUrNI 11.3363 kI cUrNI / 2. vyavahArabhASya 2.327 / 3. vahI 4.206 zrAdi; tathA 4.267; tulanA kIjiye pAdaMjali jAtaka (247) ke saath| 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 246 /

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pahalA adhyAya : kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA 41 dIkSA chor3a vaha vApisa lauTa AyA / yaha dekhakara usakA kaniSTha bhratA use apane pada para baiThA, svayaM zramaNadharma meM dIkSita ho gayA / " kabhI rAjA yuvarAja kA rAjyAbhiSeka karane ke pazcAt svayaM saMsAra-tyAga karane ko icchA vyakta karatA, lekina yuvarAja rAjA banane se inkAra kara detA aura vaha bhI apane pitA ke sAtha dIkSA grahaNa kara letA / pRSThacampA meM zAla nAma kA rAjA rAjya karatA thA, usakA putra mahAzAla yuvarAja thA / jaba zAla ne apane putra ko rAjasiMhAsana para baiThAkara svayaM dokSA grahaNa karane kI icchA vyakta kI to mahAzAla ne rAjapada asvIkAra kara diyA aura apane pitA ke sAtha vaha bhI dIkSita ho gyaa| yadi rAjA aura yuvarAja donoM hI rAjapATa chor3akara dIkSA grahaNa kara lete aura unakI koI bahana hotI aura usakA putra isa yogya hotA to use rAjA ke pada para abhiSikta kiyA jAtA / uparyukta kathA meM zAla aura mahAzAla ke dIkSA grahaNa kara lene para, bahana putra gaggali ko rAjasiMhAsana para baiThAyA gayA / solaha janapadoM, tIna sau tirasaTha nagaroM aura dasa mukuTabaddha rAjAoM ke svAmI vItibhaya ke rAjA udrAyaNa ne apane putra ke hote hue bhI kezI nAma ke apane bhAnaje ko rAjapada sauMpakara mahAvIra ke pAdamUla meM jaina dIkSA svIkAra kI / " rAjya-zAsana kI vyavasthApikA striyoM ke ullekha, ekAdha ko chor3akara, prAyaH nahIM milate / mahAnizItha ( pR0 30 ) meM kisI rAjA kI eka vidhavA kanyA kI kathA AtI hai, jo apane parivAra kI kalaMka se rakSA karane ke lie satI honA cAhatI thI / lekina rAjakula meM satI hone ko prathA nahIM thI, isalie rAjA ne use roka diyaa| isake bAda rAjA kI mRtyu ho jAne para jaba koI uttarAdhikArI na milA to usa vidhavA kanyA ko rAjapada ( itthinariMda ) diyA gayA / " 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 16 / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 10, pR0 153 - zra 3. vahI / 4. vyAkhyAprajJapti 13.6 / 5. kaMDina jAtaka ( 13, pR0 202 ) meM kahA hai ki vaha deza nindanIya jahA~ striyA~ nyAyAdhIza haiM, aura jahA~ unakI zAsana vyavasthA calatI hai / isI taraha se ve puruSa bhI nindA ke yogya haiM jo striyoM ke vazIbhUta rahakara kArya

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jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja rAjA aura rAjaputroM ke sambandha rAjaputroM ke uttarAdhikAra prApta karane ko lolupatA ke kAraNa, rAjA unase zaMkita aura bhayabhIta rahatA, tathA una para kaThora niyaMtraNa rakhatA / phira bhI mahatvAkAMkSI rAjaputra maukA lagane para apane kucakroM meM saphala ho hI jAte / mathurA kA naMdivardhana nAma kA rAjakumAra apane pitA kI hatyA kara rAjasiMhAsana ko hathiyAnA cAhatA thA / usane eka nAI ko rizvata dekara kSaurakarma karate samaya rAjA kI hatyA kara dene kA SaDyaMtra racA, lekina Dara ke mAre nAI ne saba bheda khola diyA / rAjA ne phaurana hI naMdivardhana ko phAMsI para car3hAne kA hukma diyaa| kitanI hI bAra rAjaputra apanI kArastAnI meM saphala ho jAte aura rAjA kA vadha kara svayaM siMhAsana para baiTha rAja karane lagate / rAjagRha ke rAjA kUNika ne apane sautele bhAiyoM kI sahAyatA pAkara apane pitA zreNika ( bimbasAra ) ko pakar3avA, ber3I meM bAMdha jela meM DalavA diyA, aura apane-Apa rAjasiMhAsana para baiTha gayA / tatpazcAt apanI mAtA ke kahane-sunane para vaha parazu lekara rAjA kI ber3iyAM kATane calA, lekina rAjA ne samajhA ki kUNika use mArane A rahA hai, isalie kUNika ke Ane ke pahale hI tAlapuTa viSa khAkara usane apanA prANAnta kara liyA / " kisI rAjaputra dvArA, eka gar3arie kI sahAyatA se, rAjapada para AsIna apane jyeSTha bhrAtA kI A~kheM phur3avAkara svayaM rAjagaddI para baiThane kA ullekha uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM milatA hai / 46 karate haiM / lekina kucha aise bhI udAharaNa haiM jahA~ striyoM ke rAjya kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / udaya jAtaka ( 458, pR0 307 ) ke anusAra rAjA udaya kI mRtyu ho jAne para, usakI vidhavA rAnI ne zAsana kI bAgaDora apane hAtha meM lI / 1. kauTilya ke arthazAstra (1.17.13.1 ) meM rAjA ko apanI rAniyoM aura putroM se sadA sAvadhAna rahane ke lie kahA 1 2. vipAkasUtra 6, pR0 39 | 3. zrAvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 171 / bauddha paramparA ke anusAra ajAtazatru ne bimbasAra ko kaida karake tApanageha meM rakkhA thA, dekhie dIghanikAya TIkA 1, pR0 135 ityAdi / 4. 13, pR0 167 /

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pahalA adhyAya : kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA inhIM saba kAraNoM se kauTilya kA vidhAna hai ki rAjA ko kekar3e ke samAna apane putroM se sadA sAvadhAna rahanA cAhie, aura ucchRGkhala rAjakumAroM ko kisI nizcita sthAna athavA durga Adi meM banda karake rakhanA cAhie / ' aisI dazA meM rAjakumAra rAjA ke bhaya se pahale se hI kisI surakSita sthAna meM jAkara rahane lagate / rAjA zreNika apane pitA ke Dara se benyATa ke kisI vyApArI ke ghara jAkara rahane lagA thA / ujjainI kA rAjaputra mUladeva samasta kalAoM meM niSNAta thA; vaha udAracitta, zUravIra aura guNAnurAgI thA, lekina juA khelane kA use vyasana thA / rAjA ko usakI yaha Adata pasanda na thI / isalie usane mUladeva ko apamAnita karake ghara se nikAla diyA / ' zaMkhapura ke rAjakumAra agar3adatta ko bhI rAjA ne usake durvyasanoM ke kAraNa dezanikAlA de diyA thA / 47 uttarAdhikAra kA prazna uttarAdhikAra kA prazna bar3A jaTila aura gambhIra thA / yathAsaMbhava rAjA ke putra ko hI rAjagaddI kA uttarAdhikArI banAyA jAtA / lekina durbhAgya se yadi putravihIna rAjA ko mRtyu ho jAya to kyA kiyA jAye ? aisI dazA meM koI upAyAntara na hone para mantriyoM kI salAha se, dharmazravaNa Adi ke bahAne sAdhuoM ko rAjaprAsAda meM Amantrita kara, - unake dvArA santAnotpatti karAyI jAtI / " uttarAdhikArI khoja nikAlane ke lie yathAsambhava sabhI prakAra ke upAya kAma meM lie jaate| isa sambandha meM bRhatkalpabhASya meM eka manoraMjaka kathA AtI hai| kisI rAjA ke tIna putra the| tInoM hI ne 1. arthazAstra 1.17.13 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 546 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3 pR0 56 ityAdi / succaja jAtaka ( 320, pR0 234-35 ) meM rAjA apane putra se zaMkita hone ke kAraNa use banArasa jAkara rahane kI AjJA detA hai / rAjakumAra prAjJA kA pAlana chor3a kara karatA hai / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 83 - ityAdi / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.4658 / tulanA kIjie kusa jAtaka ( 531 ) ke sAtha

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jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja dIkSA grahaNa kara lI / saMyogavaza kucha samaya bAda rAjA ko mRtyu gayI / mantriyoM ne rAjalakSaNoM se yukta kisI puruSa kI khoja karanA Arambha kiyA, lekina saphalatA na milii| itane meM patA calA ki ukta tInoM rAjakumAra muniveSa meM vihAra karate hue nagara ke udyAna meM Thahare hue haiM / mantrIgaNa chatra, camara aura khaDga Adi upakaraNoM ke sAtha udyAna meM pahu~ce / rAjapada svIkAra karane ke lie tInoM se nivedana kiyA gyaa| pahale ne dIkSA tyAga kara saMsAra meM punaH praveza karane se manA kara diyA, dUsare ko AcArya ne sAdhviyoM ke kisI upAzraya meM chipA diyA / lekina tIsare ne saMyama ke pAlana karane meM asamarthatA vyakta kI / mantriyoM ne use nagara meM le jAkara usakA rAja - tilaka kara diyA / ' 48 uttarAdhikArI cunane kA eka aura bhI tarIkA thaa| nagara meM eka divya ghor3A ghumAyA jAtA aura vaha ghor3A jisake pAsa jAkara Thahara jAtA use rAjapada para abhiSikta kara diyA jAtA / putravihIna benyAtaTa ke rAjA kI mRtyu hone para usake mantriyoM ko cintA huI / ve hAthI, ghor3A, kalaza, camara aura daNDa ina pA~ca divya padArthoM ko lekara kisI yogya puruSa kI khoja meM nikle| kucha dUra jAne para unhoMne dekhA ki mUladeva eka vRkSa kI zAkhA ke nIce baiThA huA hai / use dekhate hI hAthI ne ciMghAr3a mArI, ghor3A hinahinAne lagA, kalaza jala ke dvArA usakA abhiSeka karane lagA, camara usake sira para Dolane lagA aura daNDa usake pAsa jAkara Thahara gayA / yaha dekhakara rAjakarmacArI jayajayakAra karane lage / mUladeva ko hAthI para baiThAkara dhUmadhAma se nagara meM lAyA gayA tathA mantriyoM aura sAmanta rAjAoM ne use rAjA ghoSita kiyA | rAjakumAra karakaNDu ke sambandha meM bhI isI prakAra kI 1. bRhatkalpabhASyaM 3.3760-71; tathA vyavahArabhASya 3.162, pR0 40 / 2. kathAkoza ( TaunI kA aMgrejI anuvAda, pR0 4 kA noTa ) meM jala kA kalaza lie hAthI sAta dina taka idhara-udhara ghUmatA-phiratA hai, usake bAda vaha jisa puruSa ke sAmane jAkara khar3A ho jAtA hai, use rAjA banA diyA jAtA hai / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 63 - zra / zrapapAtika sUtra 2, pR0 44 meM khaDga, chatra, upphesa ( mukuTa ), vAhaNa (pAdukA) aura vAlavyajana, ye pA~ca divya padArtha batAye gaye haiM / jAtaka ke antargata vidUrenidAna meM khaDga, chatra, pagar3I, pAdukA tathA vyajana ina pA~ca kakubhAMDoM kA ullekha hai, jAtaka prathamakhaNDa, pR0 66 /

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pahalA adhyAya : kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA 49 kathA hai| ghor3A rAjakumAra kI pradakSiNA karane ke bAda usake sAmane Akara khar3A ho gayA / tatpazcAt nAgarikoM ne usake zarIra para rAjalakSaNoM ko dekha jaya-jayakAra kiyA, phira nandighoSa sunAI dene lagA / ghoSa sunakara karakaNDu nIMda se uTha baiThA / gAje-bAje ke sAtha usase nagara meM praveza kiyA aura use kAMcanapura kA rAjA ghoSita kara diyA gayA / isI taraha nApita-dAsa nanda kI ora ghor3A pITha karake khar3A ho gayA aura use pATaliputra kA rAjA banA diyA gayA / corI ke aparAdha meM mUladeva ko giraphtAra kara use phAMsI para car3hAne ke lie le jA rahe the / isa samaya koI putrahIna rAjA mara gyaa| rivAja ke anusAra ghor3e ko nagara meM chor3A gayA, ghor3A mUladeva kI ora pITha karake khar3A ho gayA aura mUladeva ko phAMsI para na car3hAkara use rAjagaddI para baiThA diyA gayA / 1 rAjyAbhiSeka samAroha abhiSeka-samAroha bahuta dhUmadhAma se kiyA jAtA thA / jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM bharata cakravartI ke abhiSeka kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai / aneka rAjA-mahArAjA, senApati, purohita, aThAraha zreNI - prazreNI aura vaNik Adi se parivRta jaba bharata ne abhiSeka bhavana meM praveza kiyA to sabane sugaMdhita jala se unakA abhiSeka kiyA aura jaya-jayakAra kI ghoSaNA sarvatra sunAyI dene lagI / upasthita janasamUha kI ora se unheM rAjamukuTa pahanAyA gayA, roMyedAra, komala aura sugaMdhita tauliyoM se unakA zarIra poMchA gayA, mAlAeM pahanAyIM gayIM aura vividha AbhUSaNoM 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 6, pR0 134 / 2. zrAvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 180 / 3. vyavahArabhASya 4, 168 - 166, pR0 32 | darImuha jAtaka ( 378, pR0 368 ) meM ise phussaratha samAroha kahA gayA hai| rAjA kI mRtyu hone ke sAta dina bAda, yadi vaha santAnavihIna ho, to purohita caturaMgiNI senA lekara bAje-gAje ke sAtha phussaratha ko nagara meM ghumAtA hai| jisa kisI ke pAsa pahu~ca kara ratha Thahara jAye, use rAjA banA diyA jAtA hai / tathA dekhiye mahAjanaka jAtaka (536, pR0 36 ); kathAsaritsAgara, bhAga 5 adhyAya 65, pR0 175 - 77, 'paMca divyAdhivAsa' noTa; jarnala va riMTiela sosAyaTI, jilda 33, pR0 158-66 / --4 jai0 bhA0

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jaina zrAgama sAhisya meM bhAratIya samAja se unheM sajAyA gyaa| isa maMgala avasara para nAgarikoM kA kara mApha kara diyA gayA aura bar3I dhUmadhAma se bahuta dinoM taka nagara-bhara meM utsava manAyA jAtA rhaa|' rAjA bharata ko mardhAbhiSikta kahA gayA hai| sanatkumAra cakravartI ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke avasara para unheM hAra, vanamAla, chatra, mukuTa, cAmarayugma, dUSyayugma, kuNDalayugama, siMhAsana, pAdukAyugma aura pAdapITha bheMTa kiye gaye / jJAtRdharmakathA meM meghakumAra ke abhiSeka kA sarasa varNana hai| meghakumAra ne saMsAra se vairAgya dhAraNa kara dIkSA lene kA nizcaya kara liyA thA, lekina apane mAtA-pitA kI AjJA se kevala eka dina ke lie rAja-sampadA kA upabhoga karane ke lie ve rAjI hue / aneka gaNanAyaka, daNDanAyaka Adi se parivRta ho, unheM sone, cAMdI, maNi-muktA Adi ke ATha-ATha sau kalazoM ke sugaMdhita jala se snAna karAyA gyaa| mRttikA, puSpa, gaMdha, mAlya, auSadhi aura sarasoM Adi unake mastaka para pheMkI gayI, tathA daMdabhi bAjoM aura jaya-jayakAra kA ghoSa sunAI dene lgaa| rAjyAbhiSeka ho jAne para samasta prajA rAjA ko badhAI dene AtI, tathA sAdhu-santa darzana ke liye upasthita hote| caMpA, mathurA, vArANasI, zrAvastI, sAketa, kAMpilya, kauzAMbI, mithilA, hastinApura aura rAjagRha-ina dasa nAgariyoM ko abhiSeka-rAjadhAnI kahA gayA hai| rAjabhavana : rAjaprAsAda rAjA rAjabhavanoM yA prAsAdoM meM nivAsa karate the| devoM ke nivAsa sthAna ko prAsAda aura rAjAoM ke nivAsa sthAna ko bhavana kahA hai| prAsAda UMce hote haiM; unako UMcAI, caur3AI kI apekSA 1. 3.68, pR0 267-a-270, AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 205 / 2. nizIthabhASya 6.2468 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 8, pR0 240 / 4. 1, pR0 28 ityAdi / tathA dekhie mahAbhArata (zAntiparva 36); rAmAyaNa ( 2. 3, 6; 14, 15, 4. 26. 20 ityAdi ); ayodhara jAtaka (510 pR0 81-82) / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 248-a / 6. nizIthasUtra 6.16 / 7. abhayadeva, vyAkhyAprajJaptiTIkA 5. 7, pR0 228 (becaradAsa, anuvaad)|

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pahalA adhyAya : kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA 51 dugunI, aura bhavana kI UMcAI caur3AI kI apekSA kama hotI hai / bhavana IMTa ke bane hote haiM / ' prAcIna sUtroM meM ATha talavAle prAsAdoM kA ullekha hai; ye prAsAda sundara zikharoM se yukta tathA dhvajA, patAkA, chatra aura mAlAoM se suzobhita rahate aura inake pharzo meM bhAMtibhAMti ke maNimuktA jar3e rahate / vividha prakAra ke nRtya aura gAna yahAM hote rahate aura vAditroM kI madhura dhvani gUMjatI rahatI / campA nagarI apane dhavala aura zreSTha bhavanoM ke kAraNa vikhyAta thI / zItagRha zItakAla meM uSNa aura uSNakAla meM zIta rahate the / " cakravartI, vAsudeva, mAMDalika rAjA tathA sAdhAraNa janoM ke lie alaga-alaga prakAra ke bhavana banAye jAte the / nizIthacUrNI meM eka khaMbhevAle prAsAda kA ullekha hai / isa prAsAda ke nirmANa ke liye rAjA zreNika ne bar3hAI bulavAye / lakar3I kATane vAloM ne jaMgala kI ora prasthAna kiyA / lakSaNoM se yukta eka mahAvRkSa para unakI naz2ara pdd'ii| unhoMne use dhUpa dI aura tatpazcAt ghoSaNA kI yadi yaha vRkSa kisI bhUta Adi se parigrahIta ho to darzana de / bhUta ne rAtri ke samaya abhayakumAra ko darzana diye / abhayakumAra ne rakSakoM ko niyukta kara diyA jisase usa vRkSa ko koI na kATa sake / 7 * rAjA kA antaHpura rAjAprasAda meM antaHpura ( oroha = avarodha ) kA sthAna mahatvapUrNa thaa| deza ko Antarika aura bAhya rAjanItika uthala-puthala meM antaHpura 1. abhidhAnarAjendra koSa meM 'pAsAya' zabda | 2. rAjapraznIya, pR0 328 / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 22; uttarAdhyayanasUtra 16.4; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 186 meM saptabhUmika prAsAda kA ullekha hai / jAtakoM meM varNita viSaya ke lie dekhie ratilAla mehatA ko prI-buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 107 ityAdi / 4. papAtikasUtra 1 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 1. 2716 / 6. cakravartiyoM ke 108, vAsudevoM ke 64, mAMDalikoM ke 32 aura sAdhAraNa janoM ke 12 hAtha U~ce bhavana hote the, vyavahArabhASya 6.6, gAthA 46 / 7. nizItha cUrNI pIThikA, pR0 6 |

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52 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja 2 kA vizeSa hAtha rahA karatA / antaHpura aneka prakAra ke hote the / jIrNaantaHpura meM, jinakA yauvana Dhala gayA hai, aisI aparibhogya striyAM rahatI thIM, nava- antaHpura yauvanavatI paribhogya striyoM kA nivAsa sthAna thA, tathA kanyA - antaHpura meM yauvana ko aprApta kanyAeM rahatI thIM / rAjA ke antaHpuraH meM eka-se-eka bar3hakara saikar3oM striyAM nivAsa karatI thIM aura rAjA unake pAsa krama se jAtA thA / antaHpura ko adhikAdhika samRddha aura Adhunika banAne ke lie rAjA sadA yatnazIla rahatA, aura binA kisI jAtIya bhedabhAva ke sundara kanyAoM aura striyoM se use sampanna karatA rahatA / kahate haiM bharata cakravartI kA antaHpura 64 hajAra striyoM se zobhita thA / kAMcanapura ke rAjA vikramayaza ke antaHpura meM 500 rAniyAM thIM / usI nagara meM nAgadatta nAma kA eka sArthavAha rahA karatA thaa| rAjA usako rUpavatI patnI ko dekhakara mugdha ho gayA aura use apane antaHpura meM rakha liyA / nAgadatta ne rAjA se bahuta prArthanA kI ki vaha usakI patnI lauTA de, lekina rAjA ne eka na sunii| anta meM zoka se pAgala hokara nAgadatta ne prANa tyAga diye / avarakaMkA ke rAjA padmanAbha kA antaHpura 700 sundara mahiSiyoM se zobhita thA / use isa bAta kA garva thA ki usake antaHpura se bar3hakara aura koI antaHpura nahIM hai / eka dina ghUmate-ghAmate nAradajI (kacchulla nArada) vahA~ A pahu~ce / rAjA ne pUchA - "mahArAja ! kyA Apane mere antaHpura jaisA antaHpura aura kahIM dekhA hai ?" nArada ne haMsakara uttara diyA-"tuma kUpamaNDUka ho; rAjA drupada kI kanyA draupadI 1. nizIthacUrNI 6. 2513 kI cUrNI / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 6, pR0 142 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 232 - / baMdhanamokkha jAtaka ( 120, pR0 40 ) meM antaHpura meM 16,000 nartakiyoM kA ullekha hai / tathA dekhie arthazAstra 1.20.17; rAmAyaNa 2.10.12 ityAdi; 4.33.16 ityAdi / 4. uttarAdhyayamaTIkA 18, pR0 236 / tathA dekhiye dazavaikAlikacUrNI 3, pR0 105 | maNicora jAtaka ( 164 ) meM eka rAjA kI kahAnI hai jo bodhisatva kI patnI ko dekhakara usa para Asakta ho gyaa| rAjA ne kisI AdamI ko bhejakara bodhisatva kI gAr3I meM cupake se eka maNi rakhavA dI / phira rAjapuruSoM ne use cora ghoSita kara zUlI para car3havA diyA; tathA dhammapada

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pahalA adhyAya : kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA 53 ke paira ke aMgUThe ke barAbara bhI tumhArA antaHpura nahIM / " yaha sunakara rAjA soca vicAra meM par3a gayA, aura kisI vidyA ke bala se sotI huI draupadI kA apaharaNa kara use apane yahAM maMgavA liyA' / kAlakAcArya kI rUpavatI sAdhvI bhaginI sarasvatI kI kathA jaina sAhitya meM suprasiddha hai| ujjainI ke rAjA gardabhilla ne usake sundara rUpa para mohita ho use apane antaHpura meM rakha liyA thA / kAlakAcArya ke bahuta kahane-sunane para bhI jaba gardabhilla ne sarasvatI ko nahIM lauTAyA to pArasakUla ( parziyA ) ke 96 zAhoM kI sahAyatA se usane gardabhilla ko parAjita kara, sarasvatI ko punaH zramadharma meM dIkSita kiyA / eka bAra kRSNa vAsudeva gajasukumAra ke sAtha hAthI para savAra ho neminAtha kI bandanA ke lie jA rahe the / unhoMne somila brAhmaNa kI rUpavatI kanyA ko rAjamArga para geMda khelate hue dekhaa| usake rUpa-sauMdarya se vismita ho, kRSNa vAsudeva ne gajasukumAra ke sAtha usakA vivAha karane ke lie use antaHpura meM rakhavA diyaa| hemapura nagara meM hemakUTa nAma kA rAjA hema nAmaka rAjakumAra ke sAtha rAjya karatA thA / eka. bAra kI bAta hai, indramaha ke avasara para kula-bAlikAeM dIpa, dhUpa, puSpa Adi grahaNa kara indra kI pUjA karane jA rahI thIM / rAjakumAra unheM dekhakara mohita ho gayA aura usane una sabako rAjA ke antaHpura meM rakhavA diyaa| nAgarikoM ko jaba isa bAta kA patA calA to ve rAjA ke pAsa pahu~ce aura hAtha jor3akara unhoMne apanI kanyAoM ko vApisa lauTA dene kI prArthanA kii| lekina rAjA ne yaha kahakara unheM saMtoSa dilAyA ki kyA tuma loga rAjaputra ko apanA jAmAtA nahIM banAnA cAhate / 4 indrapura ke indradatta nAma ke bhI usane amAtya kI kanyA se ko bhI jJAta thI / * rAjA ke yadyapi bAIsa putra the, phira santAna paidA kI, aura yaha bAta amAtya 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 16 / 2. nizIthacUrNI 10.2860 kI cUrNAM, pR0 56 | 3. antaHkRddazA 3, pR0 16 ityAdi / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5153. 5. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 448-46 /

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jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja antaHpura ke rakSaka antaHpura se sadA khatarA banA rahatA, isalie rAjA ko bar3I sAvadhAnIpUrvaka usakI rakSA ke lie prayatnazIla rahanA par3atA thaa| napuMsaka aura vRddha puruSa antaHpura kI rakSA ke lie tainAta rhte|' vAtsyAyana ke anusAra sage-sambandhiyoM aura naukara-cAkaroM ke sivAya, anya kisI vyakti ko antaHpura meM praveza karane kI anumati nahIM thii| puSpa Adi dene ke lie brAhmaNa antaHpura meM jAte the, lekina parde ke bhItara se ho ve rAniyoM se bAtacIta karate the| __ jaina granthoM meM napuMsaka ko dIkSA ke ayogya batAyA gayA hai| napuMsakoM kA svabhAva mahilAoM jaisA hotA hai, unakA svara aura varNa bhinna rahatA hai, liMga unakA bar3A, vANI komala, tathA mUtra sazabda aura phenarahita hotA hai| cAla unakI striyoM jaisI hotI hai, tvacA komala aura zarIra chUne meM zItala lagatA hai|' napuMsaka banAne kI vidhiyoM kA ullekha bhI milatA hai| bAlaka ke paidA hote hI aMgUThe, pradezinI aura bIca kI uMgalI se usake donoM aNDakoSoM ko malakara tathA auSadhi Adi ke prayoga se use napuMsaka banAyA jAtA, aura napuMsaka karma kI zikSA dI jaatii| ise varSadhara kahA gayA hai| __ kaMcukI ko rAjA ke mahala meM Ane-jAne kI chUTa thii| vaha vinIta veSa dhAraNa karatA, tathA rAjA kI AjJApUrvaka antaHpura kI rAniyoM ke pAsa rAjA kA saMdeza lekara, aura rAniyoM kA saMdeza rAjA ke pAsa 1. kauTilya ne vRddhA striyoM aura napuMsakoM se antaHpura kI rakSA karane kA vidhAna kiyA hai, arthazAstra 1.21.17.31 / 2. cakaladAra, sTaDIz2a ina da kAmasUtra, pR0 176 / 3. bRhatkalpasUtra 4.4; bhASya 4.5144 / yahA~ caudaha prakAra ke napuMsakoM kA ullekha hai-paNDaka, vAtika, klIva, kumbhI, ISyAlu, zakunI, tatkarmasevI, pAkSikApakSika, saugandhika, Asikta; tathA dekhie vahI 5166; nizIthabhASya 11.3567 ityAdi; tathA nArada 12.11 ityAdi; kathAsaritsAgara, jilda 8, pariziSTa 'iNDiyana yUnaksa', pR0 316-326 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5166-67 vRtti; vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 16; nizIthabhASya 11.3600 /

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! pahalA adhyAya : kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA 55 lekara jAtA / ' mahattara antaHpura kA eka anya adhikArI thA / rAniyoM ko rAjA ke pAsa lAnA, Rtu snAna ke pazcAt unheM kahAnI sunAnA, unake kopa ko zAnta karanA tathA kopa kA kAraNa jJAta hone para rAjA se nivedana karanA - yaha usakA mukhya kArya thA / daNDadhara hAtha meM daNDa dhAraNa kara antaHpura kA paharA dete rahate, daNDArakSika rAjA kI AjJA se kisI strI athavA puruSa ko antaHpura meM le jAte, tathA dauvArika dvAra para baiThakara antaHpura kI rakSA karate / 3 itanI sAvadhAnI rakhate hue bhI, antaHpura kI rAniyA~ kisI anya vyakti ke sAtha sampralagna hokara anaitika AcaraNa karatI huI pAI jAtIM, jisakA pariNAma anarthakArI hotA / satata AvAgamana ke kAraNa rAjA ke mantrI. aura purohita kA antaHpura kI rAniyoM se 6 1. nizIthacUrNI 6. 2515 - 16, pR0 452 / vAcarapati ne apane koSa meM kaMcukI ke lakSaNa batAte hue kahA hai antaHpuracaro vRddho vipro guNagaNAnvitaH / sarvakAryArthakuzalo kaMcukItyabhidhIyate // 2. nizIthacUrNI 6, pR0 452 / vAtsyAyana ne kaMcukI aura mahattara kA ullekha kiyA hai / 3. abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa meM dekhie 'daNDadhara' zabda | * 4. vahI, dekhie 'daNDArakkhiya' zabda | 5. aupapAtikasUtra 6, pR0 25 / mAtaMga jAtaka ( naM0 467, pR0 560 > meM dauvArika ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki vaha cAMDAloM yA mahala ke andara jhAMkakara dekhane vAle badamAza logoM ko kisI lakar3I yA bAMsa se phaTakAratA, unakI gardana pakar3a letA aura unheM jamIna para paTaka detA / 6. tulanA kIjie - zraho sUryaM pazyAnAmapi yadrAjayoSitAm / zIlabhaMgo bhavatyevamanyanArISu kA kathA || --zRGgAramaMjarI 561, pR0 66 / 7. seyaviyA ke rAjA pradezI kA kathana thA ki yadi koI usakI rAnI se viSayabhoga kare to usake hAtha-paira kATakara use zUlI para car3hA diyA jAyegA, rAjapraznIyasUtra bhAga 2, paesikahArAya 40 / ghata jAtaka (355, pR0 330) meM eka mantrI ko kathA dI hai jise rAjA ke antaHpura ko dUSita karane ke kAraNa nagara se nikAla diyA gayA thA / vaha kozala deza meM pahu~cakara kozala ke rAjA kA mantrI bana gayA, aura kozala ke rAjA ko ukasAkara, usane apane pahale rAjA ke Upara car3hAI karavA dI / tathA dekhie mahAsIlava jAtaka ( 51 ) /

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56 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja sambandha ho jAtA, tathA naukaroM-cAkaroM ko ghUsa dekara vyApArI loga antaHpura meM ghusa jAte / kauzAMbI ke rAjA udayana ke purohita bRhaspatidatta kA antaHpura ko rAnI padmAvatI ke sAtha sambandha ho gayA / eka dina rAjA ne donoM ko dekha liyA, aura usane phaurana hI bRhaspatidatta ko phAMsI kA hukuma sunA diyA / " zrInilayanagara meM guNacandra nAmaka rAjA rAjya karatA thaa| kisI vaNika ne usake antaHpura kI rAniyoM ke sAtha sambandha sthApita kara liyaa| patA lagane para rAjA ne vaNika ko nagara ke caurAhe para khar3A karake phAMsI dilavA do / kisI kulaputra ke antaHpura meM anAcAra karane ke kAraNa, antaHpura meM praveza niSiddha kara diyA gayA / usakA rAjA zreNika ceTaka kI putrI sujyeSThA ko prApta karane meM asaphala rahA to usane apane maMtrI abhayakumAra ko vaizAlI ravAnA kiyA / abhayakumAra ne vaNik kA veSa dhAraNa kiyA, tathA apanA svara aura varNa badalakara vaha rAjA ke kanyA- antaHpura ke pAsa eka dukAna lekara rahane lagA / dAna, mAna Adi dvArA antaHpara kI dAsiyoM ko usane apane vaza meM kara liyaa| phira eka dina cupake se usane zreNika ke citrapaTa ko antaHpura meM bhijavA diyA jise dekhakara sujyeSThA aura cellaNA donoM bahaneM zreNika para mugdha ho gayIM / tatpazcAt abhayakumAra antaHpura taka eka suraMga khudavAI aura cellaNA ko prApta karane meM vaha saphala huA / 'bRhatkalpabhASya meM ullekha hai ki antaHpura ko kanyAeM vAtAyana meM baiThakara viputroM ke sAtha vArtAlApa kiyA karatI thiiN| unapara koI aMkuza na rahane ke kAraNa ve unake sAtha calI jAtIM / " bandara Adi kaMdarpabahula mAyAvI pazu-pakSiyoM kA praveza bhI antaHpura meM niSiddha thA, isase bhI yahI siddha hotA hai ki antaHpura kI rakSA ke lie rAjA ko atyanta sAvadhAnI rakhanI par3atI thI / 1. tripAkasUtra 5, pR0 34-35 / 2. piNDaniyukti 127 TIkA / 3. nizIthabhASya 5. 2152 kI cUrNAM / 4. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 165 ityAdi / 5. 1.661 ityAdi / 6. vahI 5.5623 /

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57 pahalA adhyAya : kendrIya zAsana-vyavasthA sautiyA DAha sauteM apanI DAha ke kAraNa sadA se prasiddha rahI haiN| antaHpura kI sapatniyoM meM lar3AI-jhagar3e prAyaH hote rahate jinakA pariNAma atyanta bhayaMkara hotA / koI arucikara bAta hone para rAniyA~ kopagRha meM jAkara baiTha jaatii|' supratiSTha nagara ke rAjA siMhasena ke antaHpura meM eka-seeka bar3hakara rAniyA~ thIM, lekina rAjA ko zyAmA sabase adhika priya thii| yaha dekha kara zeSa rAniyoM ko bar3I DAha hotii| apanI mAtAoM kI salAha se ve viSa, zastra Adi dvArA zyAmA kI hatyA kA SaDyaMtra racane lagIM, lekina saphalatA na milii| yaha khabara zyAmA ke kAnoM taka pahu~cI to usane rAjA se kahakara eka kUTAgArazAlA banavAyo aura usameM apano sapatniyoM kI mAtAoM ko bhojana-pAna ke lie nimaMtrita kiyA / AdhI rAta ke samaya kUTAgArazAlA meM Akara jaba ve ArAma se soI par3I thI to zyAmA ne Aga lagavA dI, jisase Aga meM jalakara unakI mRtyu ho gyii| kSitipratiSThita nagara ke rAjA jitazatru'ke eka-se-eka sundara aneka rAniyAM thIM, phira bhI usane citrakAra kI kanyA kanakamaMjarI kI buddhimattA se prabhAvita ho usase vivAha kara liyaa| rAjA bArI-bArI se antaHpura kI rAniyoM ke sAtha samaya yApana kiyA karatA thA / kanakamaMjarI ko bhI bArI AI / manoraMjaka AkhyAna sunAkara rAjA ko usane itanA mugdha kara liyA ki vaha chaH mahIne taka usI ke pAsa rahA / yaha dekhakara kanakamaMjarI kI sapatniyoM ko bar3I IrSyA huI; ve usakA chidrAnveSaNa karane lgii| eka dina sabane milakara rAjA se kanakamaMjarI kI zikAyata kI ki mahArAja, ApakI vaha lAr3alI Apake ho viruddha jAdU-TonA kara rahI hai| pUchatAcha karane para yaha bAta jhUThI siddha huii| usa dina se rAjA ne kanakamaMjarI ke mastaka ko par3ha se vibhUSita kara use paTTarAnI banA diyaa| upAsakadazA meM rAjagRha nagara ke mahAzataka gRhapati kI revatI Adi teraha patniyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| revatI apane pati ko sarvapriya bananA cAhatI thI, ataeva usane viSa Adi ke prayoga se apanI sapatniyoM ko maravA ddaalaa| 1. aAvazyakacUrNI pR0 230 / 2. vipAkasUtra 6, pR0 54-52 / - 3. uttarAdhyayanaTokA 6, pR0 141-zra Adi / ___4, 8, pR0 62 /

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jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja sapatniyAM apane sautele putroM se IrSyA karatI thiiN| rAjakumAra guNacandra apane pitA ke mara jAne para jaba sAketa kA rAjA ho gayA to usakI sautelI mAM usase bahuta IrSyA karane lagI / usane guNacandra ke. khAne ke lie eka viSailA laDDU bhijavAyA / usa samaya vahA~ guNacandra ke do sautele bhAI bhI maujUda the / unake laDDU mA~gane para guNacandra ne unheM AdhA-AdhA de diyA / laDDU khAte hI unake sAre zarIra meM viSa phaila gayA aura unakI mRtyu ho gayI / ' kuNAla jaba ATha varSa se kucha adhika kA huA to samrATa azoka ne use pAThazAlA bhejane ke lie patra likhA - zIghraM adhIyatAM kumAraH ( kumAra ko zIghra hI vidyAdhyayana ke lie bhejA jAya ) / lekina kuNAla kI sautelI mA~ kuNAla se IrSyA karatI thI / usane cupacApa patra kholakara 'a' ke Upara anusvAra lagA, use banda kara diyA / rAjakarmacAriyoM dvArA patra kholA gayA to usameM likhA thA - aMdhIyatAM kumAraH - arthAt kumAra ko aMdhA kara diyA jAye / mauryavaMza kI AjJA kA pAlana karanA anivArya thA, isalie svayaM kuNAla ne garma-garma zalAkA se apanI A~kheM A~ja liiN| 58 yn kabhI rAnI bhI rAjA kI avagaNanA kara usase IrSyA karane lagatI thI / setavyA kA rAjA pradezI zramaNopAsaka banakara jaba rAjakAja kI ora se udAsa rahane lagA to usakI rAnI sUryakAntA ne viSa prayoga * se use maravA DAlA / " 1. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 462 ityAdi / 2. rAjakIya patroM ke Upara mohara ( daNDikA ) lagAyI jAtI thI, dekhie, bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 165 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3275 vRtti / 4. viSayukta bhojana se apanI rakSA karane ke lie rAjA bhojana ko pahale agni aura pakSiyoM ko khilAkara bAda meM svayaM khAtA thA, kauTilya, arthazAstra 1.21.18.6 / 1 15. rAjapraznIyasUtra 203 ityAdi / koTilya ne paramparAgata aisI aneka striyoM kA nAmollekha kiyA hai jinhoMne apane patiyoM ke viruddha SaDyantra racakara unheM maravA DAlA / prAyaH zastradhArI striyA~ rAjaprAsAda kI rakSA ke lie tainAta rahatI thIM aura rAnI kI nirdoSatA se acchI taraha santuSTa ho jAne para hI vaha prAsAda meM praveza karatI thI / zrataeva rAniyoM ko muMDI, jaTI, vaMcaka puruSa aura

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pahalA adhyAya : kendrIya zAsana-vyavasthA 56 rAjA ke pradhAna puruSa jaina granthoM meM rAjA, yuvarAja, amAtya, zreSThi aura purohita-ye pA~ca pradhAna puruSa batAye gaye haiN| pahale kahA jA cukA hai, rAjA kI mRtyu ke pazcAt yuvarAja ko rAjapada para abhiSikta kiyA jAtA; vaha rAjA kA bhAI, putra athavA anya koI sagA-sambandhI hotaa| yuvarAja. aNimA, mahimA Adi ATha prakAra ke aizvarya se yukta hotA, bahattara kalAoM, aThAraha dezI bhASAoM, gIta, nRtya tathA hastiyuddha, azvayuddha, muSTiyuddha, bAhuyuddha, latAyuddha, rathayuddha, dhanurveda Adi meM vaha nipuNa hotaa|' samasta Avazyaka kAryoM ko karane ke pazcAt vaha sabhAmaNDapa meM pahu~ca rAjakAja kI dekhabhAla karatA / rAjakumAra ko yuddha-nIti kI Arambha se hI zikSA dI jAtI, aura yadi koI par3osI rAjA upadrava karatA to use zAnta karanA rAjakumAra kA kartavya hotaa| rAjyAdhiSThAna meM amAtya athavA mantrI kA pada atyanta mahatvapUrNa thA / vaha apane janapada, nagara aura rAjA ke sambandha meM sadA cintita rahatA, tathA vyavahAra aura nIti meM nipuNa hotaa| rAjA zreNika kA pradhAna mantrI abhayakumAra zAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda meM kuzala, vazyAoM Adi ke avAMchanIya samparka se mukta rakhA jAtA thA, arthazAstra 1.20.17 / 1. aupapAtikasUtra 40, pR0 185 ityAdi / hinduoM ke prAcIna zAstroM meM yuvarAja kI gaNanA 18 tIrthoM meM kI gayI hai / use rAjA kA dAhinA hAtha, dAhinI A~kha aura dAhinA kAna kahA gayA hai, vI0 zrAra0 rAmacandra dIkSitAra, hindU eDaminisTreTiva insTiTyUzansa, pR0 106 ityAdi / tathA tulanA kIjie kurudhamma jAtaka ( 276 pa0 66 ) ke sAtha / yahAM para yuvarAja sandhyA ke samaya rAjA kI sevA meM upasthita ho, prajA kI zubhakAmanAe svIkAra karatA hai| 2. zrAvassayAI kAuM so puvvAI tu niravasesAI / .atyANImajjhagato pecchai kajjAI juvraayaa|-vyvhaarbhaassy 1, pR0 126 / 3. paccaMte khubhate duddante savvato davemANo / __ saMgAmanItikusalo kumAro eyAriso hoI |:-vhii, pa0 131-shr| 4. sajaNavayaM puravaraM ciMtato atthai naravatiM ca / vavahAranItikusalo, amacco eyAriso ahavA ||-vhii / tathA dekhie kauTilya, arthazAstra 1.8-6. 4-5 /

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja nItizAstra meM paNDita, gaveSaNA Adi meM catura, arthazAstra meM vizArada tathA autpattikI, vainayiko, kArmika aura pAriNAmiko nAmaka cAra prakAra kI buddhiyoM meM niSNAta thaa| rAjA zreNika usase apane aneka kAryoM aura gupta rahasyoM ke bAre meM mantraNA kiyA karatA thaa|' mantrI rAjA ko zikSA detA tathA khAsa paristhitiyoM meM ayogya rAjA ko haTAkara usake sthAna meM dUsare rAjA ko gaddI para baitthaataa| vasantapura kA rAjA jitazatru apanI rAnI sukumAliyA ke prema meM itanA pAgala thA ki jaba rAja-kAja kI ora se vaha udAsIna rahane lagA to usake mantriyoM ne use nirvAsita kara rAjakumAra ko siMhAsana para baiThA diyaa| keMdrIya zAsana kI vyavasthA meM pariSadoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thaa| jaina AgamA meM pA~ca prakAra kI pariSadoM kA ullekha hai| rAjA jaba yAtrA ke lie bAhara jAtA aura jaba taka vApasa lauTa kara na A jAtA, taba taka rAja-karmacArI usakI sevA meM upasthita rahate / isa pariSad ko pUrayaMtI pariSad kahA gayA hai| chatravatI pariSad ke sadasya rAjA ke sira para chatra dhAraNa karate aura rAjA kI bAdha zAlA taka ve praveza kara sakate, usake Age nhiiN| buddhi pariSad ke sadasya loka, veda aura zAstra ke paNDita hote, loka-pracalita aneka pravAda unake pAsa lAye jAte, jinakI ve chAnabIna karate / cauthI pariSad mantrI pariSad kahI jAtI thii| isa pariSad ke sadasya kauTilya Adi rAjazAstroM ke paNDita hote, aura unake paitRka vaMza kA rAjakula se sambandha na hotaa| ye hita cAhane vAle, vayovRddha tathA svatantra vicAroM ke hote aura rAjA ke sAtha ekAnta meM baiThakara mantraNA karate / pA~cavIM pariSad kA nAma hai rAhasyikI pariSad / yadi kabhI rAnI rAjA se rUTha jAtI, rajasvalA hone ke bAda snAna karato, yA koI rAjakumArI vivAha ke yogya hotI, to ina saba bAtoM kI sUcanA rAhasyikI pariSad ke sadasya rAjA ke pAsa pahu~cAte / rAniyoM ke gupta prema tathA ratikarma Adi ko sUcanA bhI ye loga rAjA ko dete rahate / . 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR3 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 534; nizIthacUNI 11.3765 cUrNI / tathA dekhie saccaMkira jAtaka (73) / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 378-383 /

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pahalA adhyAya : kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA 61 Antarika upadravoM aura bAhya AkramaNoM se rAjya kI rakSA karane ke lie maMtrIgaNa guptacaroM ko dhana Adi dekara niyukta karate / sUcaka antaHpura ke rakSakoM sAtha maitrI karake antaHpura ke rahasyoM kA patA lagAte, anusUcaka nagara ke paradezI guptacaroM kI talAza meM rahate, pratisUcaka nagara ke dvAra para baiThakara darjI Adi kA choTA-moTA kAma karate hue duzmana kI ghAta meM rahate, tathA sarvasUcaka, sUcaka, anusUcaka aura pratisUcaka se saba samAcAra prApta kara amAtya se nivedana karate / ye guptacara kabhI puruSoM aura kabhI mahilAoM ke rUpa meM sAmanta rAjyoM aura sAmanta nagaroM tathA apane rAjya, apane nagaroM aura rAjA ke antaHpura meM gupta rahasyoM kA patA lagAne ke lie ghUmate rahate / ' rAjA ke pradhAna puruSoM meM maMtrI kA sthAna sabase mahatva kA hai / vaha jaise bhI ho, zatru ko parAjita kara, rAjya kI rakSA ke lie satata prayatna - zIla rahatA / kabhI kUTanIti se rAjA maMtrI ko jhUTha-mUTha hI sabhAsadoM ke sAmane apamAnita kara rAjya se nikAla detA / yaha maMtrI vipakSI rAjA se jA milatA, phira vahAM zanaiH-zanaiH usakA vizvAsa prApta kara, use parAjita karake hI lauTatA / bhRgukaccha ke rAjA nahapAna aura pratiSThAna ke rAjA zAlivAhana donoM meM noMka-jhoMka calA karatI thI / nahapAna ke pAsa mAla - khajAnA bahuta thA aura zAlivAhana ke pAsa senA | eka bAra, zAlivAhana ne nahapAna kI nagarI para AkramaNa kara use cAroM ora se ghera liyA / lekina nahapAna ne aise avasara para apane khajAne ke dvAra khola diye| jo sipAhI zatru ke sainikoM kA sira kATa kara lAtA, use vaha mAlAmAla kara detA / isase zAlivAhana ke sainikoM ko bahuta kSati uThAnI par3I; aura vaha hAra kara lauTa gayA / isa taraha kaI varSa taka hotA rahA / eka dina zAlivAhana ne apane maMtrI se lar3abhir3akara use deza se nikAla diyA / maMtrI bhRgukaccha pahu~ca kara nahapAna se mila gayA / dhIre-dhIre rAjA kA vizvAsa prApta kara vaha maMtrI ke pada para AsIna ho gayA / vahAM rahate hue usane stUpa, tAlAba, vApI, devakula Adi ke nirmANa meM nahapAna kA adhikAMza dhana lagavA diyA, aura jo 1. vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 130 - ityAdi / mahAbhArata (zAntiparva 680. 12) meM guptacaroM kI niyukti rAjA kA pramukha karttavya mAnA gayA hai| unheM nagaroM, prAntoM aura sAmanta pradezoM meM niyukta karane kA vidhAna hai ! tathA dekhie arthazAstra 1. 11-12. 7-8 /

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62 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja bacA usase rAniyoM ke AbhUSaNa banavA diye / isa prakAra sArA mAla - khajAnA khAlI ho jAne ke bAda usane zAlivAhana ke pAsa khabara bhijavA do / zAlivAhana senA lekara car3ha AyA aura nahapAna hAra gayA / ' vyavahAra aura nIti ke kAmoM meM salAha-mazvirA lene ke lie jaise rAjA ko maMtrI ko AvazyakatA hotI, vaise ho dhArmika kAryoM meM purohita ko hotI / vipAkasUtra meM jitazatra rAjA ke mahezvaradatta nAmaka purohita kA ullekha hai jo rAjyopadrava zAnta karane, rAjya aura bala kA vistAra karane aura yuddha meM vijaya prApta karane ke lie aSTamI aura caturdazI Adi tithiyoM meM navajAta zizuoM ke hRdayapiNDa se zAntihoma kiyA karatA thA / zreSTho ( NigamArakkhia = nagara seTha) aThAraha prakAra kI prajA kA rakSaka kahalAtA / rAjA dvArA mAnya hone ke kAraNa usakA mastaka devamudrA se bhUSita suvarNapaTTa se zobhita rahatA / " isake atirikta grAmamahattara, rASTramahattara ( raTThauDa = rAThaur3a ); * gaNanAyaka, daNDanAyaka, talavara, koTTapAla ( nagara rakkhia ), kauTumbika, gaNaka ( jyotiSI ), vaidya, ibhya ( zrImaMta ), Izvara, senApati, sArthavAha, saMdhipAla, pIThamarda, mahAmAtra ( mahAvata ), yAna 1. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 200 ityAdi / tulanA kIjie bauddha sAhitya ke mahAmAtya varSakAra ke sAtha jisakI kUTanIti ke kAraNa vajji logoM kI ekatA bhaGga ho gayI. dIrghanikAya kathA 2, pR0 522 ityAdi / meM paMcendriya ratnoM meM senApati, gRhapati, kI gaNanA kI gayI hai / 2. sthAnAMga sUtra ( 7.558 ) vardhakI, purohita, strI, azva aura hasti 3. 5, pR0 33 / tulanA kIjie ghoNasAkha jAtaka ( 353, pR 32223 ) ke sAtha / yahA~ eka mahatvAkAMkSI purohita kA ullekha hai jo rAjA ko kisI ajeya nagara ko jItane meM sahAyatA karane ke lie yajJa-yAga kA anuSThAna karatA hai / parAjita rAjAoM kI A~kheM aura unakI aMtar3iyA~ nikAla kara unheM devatA kI bali car3hAne ke lie vaha rAjA se nivedana karatA hai / tathA dekhie ricarDa phika, da sozala oNrganAiz2ezana ina nArtha-IsTa iNDiyA ina buddhA TAima, adhyAya 7, 'da hAusa prIsTa oNva da kiMga / ' 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3757 vRtti; rAjapraznIyaTIkA, pR0 40 / 5. nizItha bhASya, 4.1735 / 6. yapratimo cAmaravirahito talavaro bhaNyati, nizIthabhASya 9.2502 /

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pahalA adhyAya : kendrI : zAsana-vyavasthA 63 zAlika, vidUSaka, dUta, ceTa, vArtAnivedaka, kiMkara, karmakara, asigrAhI, dhanugrAhI, koMtagrAhI, chatragrAhI, cAmaragrAhI, vINAgrAhI, bhANDa, abhyaMga lagAne vAle, ubaTana malane vAle, snAna karAne vAle, veSa-bhUSA se maMDita karane vAle, paira dabAne vAle Adi kitane hI karmacArI rAjA kI sevA meM upasthita rahA karate / " 1. milindaprazna ( pR0 114 ) meM sajapuruSoM meM senApati, purohita, akkhadassa, bhaNDAgArika, chattagAhaka aura khaggagAhakoM kA ullekha hai /

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dUsarA adhyAya nyAya-vyavasthA nyAyAdhIza nyAya-vyavasthA calAne ke lie nyAyAdhIza kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| prAcIna jaina graMthoM meM nyAyAdhIza ke lie kAraNika athavA rUpayakSa (pAli meM rUpadakSa ) zabda kA prayoga huA hai| rUpayakSa ko bhaMbhoya (? athavA aMbhIya; 'lalitavistara' meM AMbhIrya kahA gayA hai), Asurukkha (? 'lalitavistara' meM Asurya ), mAThara ke nItizAstra aura kauDinya ko daNDanIti meM kuzala honA cAhie, use lAMca nahIM lenI cAhie aura nirNaya dete samaya niSpakSa rahanA caahie| lekina nyAya 1. vyavahAra bhASya 1. bhAga 3, pa0 132 / rUpeNa mA yakSA iva rUpayakSAH, mUrtimanto dharmaikaniSThA devA ityarthaH, abhidhAnarAjendra koSa 'ruupykss'| nyAyakartA ke sambandha meM mRcchakaTika 6, pa0 256 meM kahA hai- . , zAstrajJaH kapaTAnusAra kuzalo vaktA na ca krodhanastulyo mitraparasvakeSu caritaM dRSTvaiva dattottaraH / klIbAnpAlayitA zaThAnvyathayitA dharyo na lobhAnvito dvArbhAve paratatvabaddhahRdayo rAjJazca kopApahaH // -nyAyakartA ko zAstroM kA paNDita, kapaTa ko samajhane meM kuzala, vaktA, krodha na karane vAlA, apane mitra aura amitra meM samAna bhAva rakhane vAlA, caritra dekhate hI uttara de dene vAlA, kAyaroM kA rakSaka, mUkhoM ko kaSTadAyaka, dhArmika aura lobhazUnya honA caahiye| dIghanikAya kI aTThakathA ( 2, pR0 516 ) meM vaizAlI kI nyAya-vyavasthA kA ullekha hai / jaba vaizAlI ke zAsaka vajiyoM ke pAsa aparAdhI ko upasthita kiyA jAtA, taba sabase pahale use vinizcaya-amAtya ke pAsa bhejA jaataa| yadi vaha nirdoSa hotA to use chor3a diyA jAtA, nahIM to vyAvahArika ke pAsa bhejA jAtA / vyAvahArika use sUtradhAra ke pAsa, sUtradhAra aSTakula ke pAsa, aSTakula senApati ke pAsa, senApati uparAjA ke pAsa aura uparAjA use rAjA ke pAsa bheja detaa| tatpazcAt 'praveNIpustaka' ke AdhAra para usake lie daNDa kI vyavasthA kI jaatii|

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dUsarA adhyAya : nyAya-vyavasthA vyavasthA ke kaThora niyama rahate hue bhI, nyAyakartA rAjA bar3e niraMkuza hote aura unake nirNaya nirdoSa na hote / sAdhAraNa-sA aparAdha ho jAne para bhI aparAdhI ko kaThora se kaThora daNDa diyA jaataa| aneka bAra to niraparAdhiyoM ko daNDa diyA jAtA aura aparAdhI chUTa jaate|' - mukadame corI, DakaitI, paradAra-gamana, hatyA aura rAjA kI AjJA kA ullaMghana Adi aparAdha karane vAloM ko rAjakula (rAula ) meM upasthita kiyA jAtA / koI mukadamA (vyavahAra ) lekara nyAyAlaya meM jAtA, to usase tIna bAra vahI bAta pUchI jAtI; yadi vaha tInoM bAra eka hI jaisA uttara detA to usakI saccI bAta mAna lI jaatii| ___ eka bAra do sautoM ke bIca jhagar3A ho gayA / eka sauta SutravatI thI, dUsarI ke putra nahIM thaa| jisake putra nahIM thA, vaha 'putravAlI sauta ke lar3ake ko bar3e lAr3a-cAva se rkhtii| dhIre-dhIre vaha lar3akA apanI sautelI mAM se itanA hila gayA ki vaha usI ke pAsa rahane lgaa| eka dina lar3ake ko lekara donoM meM lar3AI ho gyii| donoM hI lar3ake ko apanA batAne lgii| jaba koI phaisalA na ho sakA to ve nyAyAdhIza ke pAsa gayo / nyAyAdhIza ne lar3ake ke do Tukar3e kara donoM sautoM ko 1. uttarAdhyayana 6.30 / jAtaka (4, pa0 28) meM kisI niraparAdha saMnyAsI ko zUlI para laTakAne kA ullekha milatA hai| mRcchakaTika ke cArudatta ko bhI binA aparAdha ke hI daNDa diyA gayA thaa| isIlie kauTilya ne kahA hai ki rAjA ko ucita daNDa denevAlA ( yathArhadaNDaH ) honA cAhie, arthazAstra 1.4.13 / 2. manusmRti (8.4-7) meM nimnalikhita mukadamoM kA ullekha hai:RNa kA mAMganA, apanA dhana dUsare ke pAsa rakhanA, binA mAlika ke mAla bikrI kara denA, sAjhe meM vyApAra karanA, dAna diye hue dhana ko vApisa lenA, vetana kA na denA, ikarAranAme ko na mAnanA, kisI vastu kA kraya athavA vikraya kara use radda kara denA, pazuoM ke mAlika aura pazuoM ke pAlaka meM vivAda honA, sImA sambandhI vivAda, daNDa dvArA tADana, vacana kI kaThoratA, dhana kI corI, jabardastI dhana kA apaharaNa, kisI strI ke sAtha parapuruSa kA sambandha, strI-puruSa ke kartavya, paitRka dhana kA vibhAga, dyUtakrIr3A meM dAMva / 3, nizIthacUrNI 20, pR0 305 / - 5 jai0 bhA0

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja AdhA-AdhA bAMTa dene kA hukuma diyaa| yaha sunate hI lar3ake kI mAM bahuta ghbdd'aayii| nyAyAdhIza se usane nivedana kiyA-"mahArAja, mujhe putra nahIM cAhie, vaha merI sauta ke ho pAsa rhe|" nyAyAdhIza samajha gayA ki lar3akA kisakA hai| lar3ake kI mAM ko usakA lar3akA mila gyaa| eka bAra, do seThoM kI kanyAyeM snAna karane gaI huI thii| unameM se eka dUsaro ke kImatI AbhUSaNa lekara caMpata huI / mAmalA rAjA ke darabAra meM phuNcaa| lekina koI gavAha nahIM thaa| anta meM dAsa-ceTiyoM ko bulAkara mukadame kA phaisalA kiyA gyaa| eka bAra kI bAta hai, koI kisAna apane eka mitra se hala meM jotane ke lie baila mAMgakara le gyaa| zAma ko jutAI kA kAma samApta ho jAne para vaha bailoM ko apane mitra ke bAr3e meM chor3akara calA gyaa| usa samaya kisAna kA mitra bhojana kara rahA thaa| usane baila dekha lie the, lekina vaha bolA kucha nahIM / thor3I dera bAda, baila bAr3e se nikalakara kahIM cale gaye aura unakA patA na lgaa| kisAna kA mitra kisAna se apane baila mAMgane gayA, aura jaba usane kahA ki baila usane lauTA diye haiM to vaha use rAjakula meM le gayA / rAste meM jAte-jAte unheM eka ghur3asavAra milaa| acAnaka hI ghor3A ghar3asavAra ko girAkara bhAga gyaa| ghur3asavAra kI 'mAro-mAro' kI AvAja sunakara kisAna ne itanI jora se lAThI pheMkakara mArI ki vaha ghor3e ke marmasthAna meM lagI aura ghor3A mara gyaa| kisAna kA yaha dUsarA aparAdha thaa| ghur3asavAra bhI use pakar3akara rAjA ke pAsa le calA / Age calakara jaba tInoM nagara ke bAhara pahu~ce to vahA~ naToM ne par3Ava DAla rakkhA thaa| kisAna ne socA ki aba to use avazya hI Ajanma kArAvAsa kI sajA milegI, to vaha kyoM na phA~sI laTakAkara mara jaaye| yaha socakara kisAna gale phaMdA meM DAlakara baragada ke per3a para laTaka gyaa| durbhAgya se phaMdA TUTa gayA aura vaha naToM ke Upara Akara girA jisase naToM kA mukhiyA mara gyaa| naToM ne kisAna ko aparAdhI ThaharAyA aura ve bhI use rAjA ke pAsa le cle| 1. dazavaikAlikacUrNI, pR0 104 / 2. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pa0 116 / 3. tulanA kIjiye gAmaNIcaMDa jAtaka ( 257 ), 3 pR0, 28 ityAdi /

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dUsarA adhyAya : nyAya-vyavasthA 67 nyAyAlaya meM pahu~cakara tInoM abhiyoktAoM ne apane-apane bayAna diye aura rAjA se prArthanA kI ki abhiyukta ko ucita daNDa diyA jAye / abhiyukta ne rAjA ko saba bAteM saca-saca kaha diiN| abhiyukta kI bAta sunakara rAjA ne apanA phaisalA sunAyA / bailoM ke mAlika se usane kahA ki abhiyukta usake baila vApisa degA, lekina pahale vaha use apanI A~kheM nikAla kara de / ghur3asavAra se kahA ki abhiyukta use ghor3A vApisa degA, lekina pahale vaha use apanI jIbha kATa kara de / naToM se usane kahA ki abhiyukta ko prANadaNDa diyA jAyegA, lekina isake pahale vaha baragada ke per3a ke nIce so jAye aura una logoM meM se koI apane gale meM phaMdA lagAkara per3a para se girane ke lie taiyAra ho / koI kisAna apanI gAr3I meM anAja bharakara zahara meM becane jA rahA thA / usakI gAr3I meM tItara kA eka piMjar3A ba~dhA thaa| zahara pahu~cane para gaMdhI ke putroM ne kisAna se pUchA - " yaha gAr3I - tItara (gAr3I meM laTake hue piMjar3e kA tItara, athavA gAr3I aura tItara) kaise becate ho ?" usane kahA - " eka kArSApaNa meM / " gaMdhI ke putra eka kArSApaNa dekara usakI gAr3I aura tItara donoM lekara calate bne| kisAna ko bar3A dukha huA ki kevala eka kArSApaNa meM usakI anAja se bharI gAr3I aura tItara donoM hI cala diye| usane rAjakula meM mukadamA kiyA, lekina vaha hAra gayA / jaba kisAna rAjakula se lauTa rahA thA to rAste meM use eka kulaputra milA / kisAna ne kulaputra se apane Thage jAne kA saba hAla kahA / kulaputra ne kahA - " cintA na kro| dekho, tuma apane baila lekara gaMdha ke putroM ke pAsa jAo aura unase kaho ki gAr3I to mero aba calI hI gaI, ye baila bhI tumhIM le lo| inake badale kevala do pAyalI sattu de do to maiM khuza ho jAU~gA / lekina yaha sattu maiM alaMkAravibhUSita tumhArI mAtezvarI se svIkAra karU~gA, kisI dUsare se nahIM / " kisAna se vaisA hI kayA / gaMdhIputra kisAna ko sattu dene ko taiyAra ho gayA / lekina gaMdhI kI mAtezvarI ne jyoMhI kisAna ko satta dene ke 1. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 555-56 /

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja lie hAtha bar3hAyA, kisAna usakA hAtha pakar3akara le claa| gaMdhIputra cillAe-"yaha kyA kara rahe ho ?" kisAna ne uttara diyA-"kucha nahIM, do pAyalI satta le jA rahA huuN|" loga ikaTThe ho gye| bar3I muzkila se bIca-bacAva kiyA gyaa| kisAna ko apanI gAr3I vApisa mila gyii| __kabhI sAdhAraNa-sI bAta para bhI loga mukadamA lekara rAjakula meM pahu~ca jaate| karakaMDu aura kisI brAhmaNa meM eka bAMsa ke DaMDe ke Upara jhagar3A ho gyaa| donoM kAraNika (nyAyAdhIza) ke pAsa gaye / bAMsa karakaMDu ke zmazAna meM ugA thA, isalie vaha use de diyA gyaa| eka bAra kisI lATa dezanivAsI (gujarAto) aura mahArASTra-nivAsI meM chAte ko lekara jhagar3A ho gyaa| donoM ne nyAyAlaya kI zaraNa lii| kabhI jaina zramaNoM ko bhI rAjakula meM upasthita honA par3a jaataa| jaba vajrasvAmI chaH mahIne ke the, tabhI jaina zramaNa unheM dIkSA ke lie lega ye / vajrasvAmI kI mAtA sunandA ne jaina zramaNoM ke viruddha rAjakula meM mukadamA kara diyaa| rAjA pUrva dizA meM, jainasaMgha ke sadasya dakSiNa dizA meM tathA vajrasvAmI ke sage-sambandhI rAjA kI bAIM tarapha baitthe| sArA nagara sunandA kI tarapha thaa| sunandA ne apane bAlaka ko khilaunA Adi dikhAkara taraha-taraha se AkarSita karanA cAhA, lekina bAlaka usake pAsa na aayaa| isa samaya pahale se hI zramaNa-dharma meM dIkSita vanasvAmI ke pitA ne jo jaina zramaNoM kI ora se mukadame kI pairavI kara rahe the-bAlaka ko bulAyA aura use rajoharaNa le lene ko khaa| bAlaka ne apane pitA kI AjJA kA pAlana kiyaa| yaha dekhakara rAjA ne vajrasvAmI ko usake pitA ke supurda kara diyA / ' ___ kabhI rAtri ke samaya vezyAe~ jaina-zramaNoM ke upAzraya meM praveza kara upadrava mcaatiiN| aise samaya use vahAM se nikAla bhagAne ke sAre prayatna 1. dazavaikAlikacUrNI, pR0 58; vasudevahiMDI, pR0 57; tathA dekhie zrAvazyakacUrNI pR0 116 / / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 6, pR0 234 / 3. vyavahArabhASya 3.345 Adi, pR0 66 / 4. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 361 ityAdi /

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dUsarA adhyAya : nyAya-vyavasthA niSphala ho jAne para, sAdhu use baMdhana meM bAMdha, rAjakula meM le jAte aura rAjA se use daNDa dene kA anurodha krte|' __ mukadamoM meM jhUThI gavAhI (kUDasakkha) aura jhUThe dastAvejoM (kUDale- .. hakaraNa ) ko kAma meM lAyA jaataa| 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 4,4623-25; taNa uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 72-shr| 2. upAsakadazA, pR0 10, tathA noTsa, pR0 215; AvazyakaTIkA ( haribhadra ) pR0-820 /

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tIsarA adhyAya aparAdha aura res caurakarma caurakarma eka mahatvapUrNa vidyA thI / ise taskaramArga bhI kahA gayA hai / corazAstra, steyazAstra athavA steyasUtra isa viSaya ke pramukha graMtha the, jinameM avazya hI corI karane kI vidhi kA ullekha rahA hogA / mUladeva jise mUlabhadra, mUlazrI, kalAMkura, karNisuta, goNiputraka athavA goNikasuta Adi nAmoM se ullikhita kiyA gayA hai, steyazAstra kA pravartaka thA ' mUladeva lokavikhyAta, vaibhavazAlI, atyanta mAyAvI, samasta kalAoM meM pAraMgata, vaMcaka, pratAraka aura dhUrtaziromaNi ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai / kanDarIka (kaMdali), elASAr3ha, zaza aura khaNDapANA Adi usakI maNDalI ke mukhya sadasya the jo baiThakara gappASTakeM lar3AyA karate the / 1. dekhie kathAsaritsAgara ( jilda 2, pR0 183 - 4 ) meM 'noTa oNna sTIliMga / ' 2. saMghadAsagaNi ke nizIthabhASya aura haribhadrasUri ke dhUrtAkhyAna meM mUladeva, kaNDarIka. elASAr3ha, zaza aura khaNDapANA nAma ke pA~ca dhUrtoM kA ullekha hai / haribhadra ke upadezapada meM mUladeva aura kaNDarIka, aura bailagAr3I meM apanI patnI ke sAtha baiThakara jAte hue eka taruNa kI manoraMjaka kathA zrAtI hai / kSemendra ke kalAvilAsa meM mUladeva ko atyanta mAyAvI aura samasta kalAoM meM pAraMgata dhUrtarAja kahA hai| eka bAra koI sArthavAha apane putra ko dhUrtavidyA kI zikSA dene ke lie mUladeva ke ghara lAyA / mUladeva usa samaya kaMdala Adi apane ziSyoM ke sAtha baiThA huA thA / sArthavAha kA putra bhI vahA~ baiTha gayA / mUladeva ne dambha kA vivecana karate hue kahA - " dambha nidhAna kA kumbha hai / hariNarUpI bhole-bhAle prANI isameM pha~sa jAte haiM / jaise jala meM machalI kI gati jAnanA kaThina hai, vaise hI dambha kI gati bhI nahIM jAnI jAtI / aise mantra ke bala se sarpa, kUTayantra se hariNa aura jAla se pakSI pakar3a liye jAte haiM, vaise hI daMbha se manuSya pakar3e jAte haiM / mAyA daMbha kA stambha hai / " /

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tIsarA adhyAya : aparAdha aura daNDa 71 brAhmaNoM granthoM meM skanda ( kumAra kArtikeya ) ko coroM kA devatA aura coroM ko skandaputra kahA gayA hai| mRcchakaTika ( 3, pR0 73 ) meM zarvilaka ne apane Apako kanakazakti, bhAskaranandi aura yogAcArya kA prathama ziSya mAnA hai| ina AcAryoM kI kRpA se hI zarvilaka ne yogarocanA nAmaka siddha-aMjana prApta kiyA thA jisase vaha adRzya ho sakatA thA / rAtri ke samaya jaba cora coro ke liye prasthAna karate to ve apane iSTadevatA kharapaTa,' prajApati, sarvasiddha, bali, zaMbara, mahA. kAla aura katyAyanI ( kumAra kArtikeya kI mAtA) kA smaraNa krte| coroM ke prakAra uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM AmoSa, lomahara (jAna se mArakara sarvasva bhojadeva kI zRGgAramaMjarI meM kahA hai ki mUladeva atyanta lappaTa ora mAyAcArI thA tathA bar3e-bar3e catura puruSoM aura dhUrtI ko ThagatA huA vaha ujjainI meM nivAsa karatA thA / striyoM ke prati atyanta zaMkAzIla hone ke kAraNa vaha vivAha nahIM karatA thaa| eka dina rAjA vikramAditya ne vivAha karane ke lie usase bahuta prAgraha kiyA / maladeva ne uttara meM kahA-"mahArAja ! striyA~ atyanta kaThinatA se prasanna hotI haiM, unakA zrAzaya spaSTa nahIM jAnA jA sakatA, unakA svabhAva caMcala hotA hai, kaThinAI se unakI rakSA kI jA sakatI hai, kSaNabhara meM unheM vairAgya ho jAtA hai aura nIca puruSoM kA ve anugamana karatI haiN|" lekina rAjA ne striyoM kI prazaMsA karate hue unheM yaza, dhana aura saMtAna zrAdi kA sAdhana batAyA / aMta meM rAjA ke atyaMta zrAgraha karane para maladeva ne vivAha kara liyaa| lekina kucha samaya bAda mUladeva kI strI kisI dUsare se prema karane lgii| itanA hI nahIM, svayaM rAjA vikramAditya kI rAnI kA rAjA ke mahAvata se prema ho gyaa| tathA dekhiye kSemendra, bRhatkathAmaMjarI ( viSamazIla meM mUladeva kI kathA, pR0 432); daNDI, dazakumAracarita, dUsarA ucchavAsa; bANa, kAdambarI; dIghanikAya aTThakathA, 1.86 / 1. mattavilAsaprahasana (pR0 15) meM kharapaTa ko corazAstra kA praNetA. kahA gayA hai (kharapaTAyeti vaktavyaM yena caurazAstraM prnniitN)| isakI grIsa ke devatA markarI ora iMgalaiNDa ke seNTa nikolasa ke sAtha tulanA kIjie, rAdhAgoviMda basaka, iNDiyana hisTorikala kvATI, 5, 1626, pR0 312 ityAdi / 2. dekhie bhAsa, cArudatta ( 3, pR0-56 ); avimAraka ( 3, pR0 46 ); blUmaphIlDa, da ArTa oNva sTIliMga, amerikana jarnala oNva phAilolojI, jilda 44, pR068-6|

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72 - jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja 1 apaharaNa karane vAle ), granthibhedaka aura taskara nAma ke coroM kA ullekha hai / ' anyatra AkrAnta, prAkRtika, grAmastena, dezastena, antarastena, adhvAnastena aura khetoM ko khanana karanevAle coroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| cora bar3e sAhasI aura nirbhIka hote, tathA jo bhI sAmane AtA, use mAra DAlate / ve rAjA ke apakArI, jaGgala, gAMva, nagara, patha aura gRha Adi ke vidhvaMsa kartA, jahAjoM ko lUTa lene vAle, yAtriyoM kA dhana apaharaNa karane vAle, juArI, jabardastI kara vasUla karane vAle, strI ke veSa meM corI karane vAle, seMdha lagAne vAle, gaMThakatare, gAya ghor3A, dAsa-dAsI, bAlaka aura sAdhviyoM kA apaharaNa karane vAle tathA sArtha ko mAra DAlane vAle huA karate the / cora vikAla meM gamana karate, kiMcit dagdha mRta kalevara, athavA jaGgalI jAnavaroM kA mAMsa yA kandamUla bhakSaNa kiyA karate / corI karane vAle ko hI nahIM; balki corI kI salAha denevAle, corI kA bheda jAnane vAle, curAI huI vastu ko kama mUlya meM kharIdane vAle, cora ko anna-pAna yA aura kisI prakAra kA Azraya denevAle ko bhI cora kahA hai|' cora meM vizvAsa kI 1. 6.28 / aMguttaranikAya 2, 4, pR0 127 meM agni, udaka, rAja aura corabhaya kA ullekha hai / 2. nizItha bhASya 21.3650 / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA, 18, pR0 206 / bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3603 ityAdi / bauddha jAtakoM meM aise coroM kA ullekha hai jo corI kA dhana garIboM meM bA~Ta dete aura logoM kA karja cukA dete / pesanaka ( preoSaNaka = saMdezA bhejane vAle ) caura pitA-putra donoM ko bandI banAkara rakhate, tathA pitA se dhana prApta hone ke pazcAt hI putra ko chor3ate ( pAnIya jAtaka 456, pR0 315 ) / udyAna- poSaka cora zrAvastI ke udyAna meM ghUmate-phirate the / udyAna meM kisI sote hue vyakti ko dekhakara ve use Thokara mArate / yadi Thokara lagane para vaha soyA rahatA to ve use lUTa lete; divyAvadAna, pR0 175; mahAvagga 1.33.61, pR0 78 meM dhvajAbaddha coroM kA ullekha hai / tathA dekhie bI0 sI0 lAhA, iNDiyA DiskrAibDa ina alI TaiksTsa braoNva buddhijma eNDa z2ainijma, pR0 172 ityAdi / 4. caura: caurArthako mantrI bhedajJaH kANakatrayI / annadaH sthAnadazcaiva cauraH saptavidhaH smRtaH // - praznavyAkaraNaTIkA 3, 12 50 53 /

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tIsarA adhyAya : aparAdha aura daNDa 73 bhAvanA paidA kara, usakI kuzala-kSema pUchakara, use saMketa dekara, na pakar3avAne meM usakI madada kara, jisa mArga se cora gayA ho usa mArga kA ulaTA patA batAkara, tathA use sthAna, Asana, bhojana, tela, jala, agni aura rassI Adi pradAna kara cora kA hausalA bar3hAyA jAtA thA, aura aisA karanevAloM ko acchI najara se nahIM dekhA jAtA thaa|' saMdha lagAnA . . prAcIna granthoM meM seMdha lagAne ke vividha prakAra batAye gaye haiN| kapizIrSa ( kaMgUrA), kalaza, nandAvarta, kamala, manuSya aura zrIvatsa ke AkAra kI seMdha lagAI jAtI thii| eka bAra kisI cora ne seMdha lagAkara usameM se ghara ke andara praveza karanA caahaa| vaha pAMvoM ke bala andara ghusA hI thA ki makAna-mAlika ne usake pAMva pakar3akara khIMca lie| idhara se cora ke sAthiyoM ne usakA sira pakar3akara khIMcanA Arambha kiyA / itane meM kapizIrSa ke AkAra kI seMdha TUTa kara gira par3I, aura cora usI meM dabakara mara gyaa| cora pAnI kI mazaka (dakabasti) 1. vhii| 2. aMguttaranikAya kI aTThakathA (1, pR0 265) meM nandiyAvatta kA artha eka bar3A matsya kiyA gayA hai, malAlasekara, DikzanarI oNva pAlI propara nemsa 2, pR0 26 / 3. uttarAdhyayana 4, pR0 80 ityAdi, pR0 87 / mRcchakaTika (3.14) meM padyavyAkoza, bhAskara, bAlacandra, vApI, vistIrNa, svastika aura pUrNakumbha nAmaka 'seMdhoM kA ullekha hai / bhagavAn kanakazakti ke AdezAnusAra yadi pakkI iMToM kA makAna ho to iMToM ko khIMcakara, kaccI iToM kA ho to iMToM ko tor3akara, miTTI kI iToM kA ho to IMToM ko gIlA kara tathA lakar3I kA makAna ho to lakar3I ko cIrakara seMdha lagAnI cAhiye (vahI, pR0 72-73) / bhAsa ke cArudatta nATaka (3.9, pR0 56) meM siMhAkrAnta, pUrNacandra, jhaSAsya, candrArtha, vyAghravaktra aura trikoNa AkAra kI seMdhe batAyI gayI haiN| jAtaka granthoM meM kahA hai ki seMdha isa prakAra lagAnI cAhie jisase binA kisI rukAvaTa ke ghara meM praveza kiyA jA sake / cora ko corI karate samaya yathAsambhava nirdayatA se kAma lenA cAhie tathA corI kA mAla le jAte samaya ghara kA koI zrAdamI pakar3a na le isalie aise AdamiyoM ko pahale se hI khatma kara denA cAhie (mahilAmukha jAtaka 26) / dazakumAracarita (2, pR0.77, 134) meM ullekha hai ki phaNimukha aura uragAsya nAmaka aujAroM se seMdha lagAI jAtI thii|

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74 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja aura tAlodghATinI vidyA Adi upakaraNoM se sajjita ho prAyaH rAtri ke samaya apane dalabala ke sAtha niklte|' .. coroM ke gAMva cora apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha corapalliyoM meM rahA karate / purimatAla nagara ke uttara-pUrva meM eka gahana aTavI thI; yahA~ viSama parvata kI guphA meM sanniviSTa, bAMsoM kI bAr3a aura gaDDhoM ko khAI se ghirI huI eka corapallI thii| isake AsapAsa pAnI milanA durlabha thA, aura bAhara jAne ke yahAM aneka gupta mArga the| vijaya nAma kA cora-senApati 500 coroM ke sAtha yahAM nivAsa karatA thaa| vaha adhArmika, zUravIra, dRr3haprahArI, zabdavedhI aura talavAra ke hAtha dikhAne meM nipuNa thA tathA usake hAtha khUna se raMge rahate the| vaha grAma aura nagaroM kA nAza kara, gAyoM ko pakar3akara, logoM ko bandI banAkara aura unheM mArgabhraSTa kara kaSTa pahu~cAtA thaa| aneka cora-ucakke, paradAragAmI, gaMThakatare, seMdha lagAne vAle tathA juArI aura zarAbI usake yahA~ Akara zaraNa lete| __rAjagRha ke pAsa siMhaguhA nAmaka eka dUsarI corapallI thI, isake cora-senApati kA nAma bhI vijaya thaa| vaha bar3A nirdayI aura raudra svabhAva kA thaa| A~kheM usakI lAla aura dAr3he bIbhatsa thIM, dAMta bar3e hone se oTha khule rahate the, lambe keza havA meM idhara-udhara ur3ate the, aura raMga usakA kAlA syAha thaa| sarpa ke samAna vaha ekAMta-dRSTi, chare ke samAna ekAMta-dhAra, gRdhra ke samAna mAMsa-lolupa, agni ke samAna sarvabhakSI aura jala ke samAna sarvagrAhI thA / vaMcanA, mAyA aura 1--jJAtRdharmakathA 18, pR0 210 / ghara ke andara praveza karane ke pahale cora kAkalI (eka prakAra kA vAdya) bajAkara dekhate ki koI AdamI jAga to nahIM rahA hai / ve loga saMDasI, lakar3I kA banA puruSa-zira, mApane kI rassI, karkaTa-rajju, dIpaka kA Dhakkana, dIpaka bujhAne kI pataMgoM kI DibiyA (bhramarakaraMDaka-ise AgneyakITa bhI kahA gayA hai, dekhie rAdhAgoviMda basaka, iMDiyana hisTorikala kvArTarlI, jilda 5, 1626, pR0 313); tathA adRzya hone ke lie, guTikA aura aMjana Adi sAja-sAmAna lekara calate, dazakumAracarita, 2, pR0, 7 7; bhAsa, cArudatta 3, pR0 58 / / 2. vipAkasUtra 3, pR0 20-21; praznavyAkaraNa 11, pR0 46-46 /

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tIsarA adhyAya : aparAdha aura daNDa 75 kUTa-kapaTa meM kuzala tathA dyUta, madya aura mAMsa bhakSaNa meM vaha Asakta rahatA thaa| vaha rAjagRha ke pravezamArga, nirgamana-mArga, gopura, dyUtagRha, pAnAgAra, vezyAlaya, caurAhe, devakula, pyAU, hATa-bAjA aura zUnyagRha Adi sthAnoM meM cakkara lagAtA rahatA / rAjyopadrava hone para, athavA kisI utsava yA parva Adi ke avasara para pramatta dazA meM, logoM ke chidrAnveSaNa karatA huA, nagara ke udyAna, puSkariNI, bAvar3I Adi sArvajanika sthAnoM meM bhramaNa karatA huA, vaha sadA lUTa-khasoTa kI tAka ne rahA karatA / rAjagRha nagara meM dhanya nAma kA eka sArthavAha rahatA thA / usake devadatta nAmaka zizu ko eka dAsaceTa khilAyA karatA thaa| eka dina vijaya ne sarvAlaMkAra- vibhUSita devadatta ko udyAna meM khelate dekha use uThA liyA, aura apane uttarIya vastra se use Dha~ka, nagara ke pichale dvAra se nikala bhaagaa|' jIrNodyAna ke kisI bhagna kUpa ke pAsa pahu~cakara usane zizu ko mAra DAlA aura usake AbhUSaNa utAra lie| phira vaha mAlukAkakSa meM chipakara rahane lagA / udhara dAsaceTa ne zizu ko vahA~ na dekha cIkhanA- cillAnA zurU kiyA / bahuta talAza karane para bhI jaba zizu kahIM nahIM milA to vaha khAlI hAtha ghara lauTA / ghara pahu~cakara vaha apane mAlika ke pairoM meM gira par3A aura rote-bilakhate usane saba hAla sunAyA / putra haraNa kA samAcAra sunakara dhanya sArthavAha zoka se abhibhUta ho pRthvI para pachAr3a khAkara gira par3A / hoza Ane para usane idhara-udhara putra kI khoja kI jaba kahIM patA na lagA to vaha bahuta-sI bheMTa lekara nagara-rakSakoM ke pAsa pahu~cA aura unase putra ke patA lagAne kA anurodha kiyA / nagara-rakSaka kavaca dhAraNa kara, apanI bAhuoM meM camar3e kI paTTiyA~ bA~dha aura astra-zastroM se susajjita ho, dhanya ko sAtha lekara, cora ko hU~ r3hate-DhA~r3hate jIrNodyAna ke bhagna kUpa ke pAsa pahu~ce / isa kUpa meM se bAlaka kI lAza nikAlakara unhoMne dhanya ke supurda kara dii| isake bAda 1. mRcchakaTika ( 4.6 ) meM dhAiyoM ke goda meM khelate hue baccoM ke curAye jAne kA ullekha hai / 2. aMguttaranikAya 1, 3, pR0 141 meM nadI - parvata Adi viSama sthAnoM meM rahane vAle, vRkSa-mahAvana Adi meM chipa kara rahane vAle tathA rAjA - mahAmAtya Adi balavAn puruSoM ke zrAzraya meM rahane vAle coroM kA ullekha hai /

Page #97
76 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja .. cora ke padacihnoM kA anugamana karate hue jaMgala meM Aye jahA~ corasenApati chipA huA baiThA thaa| unhoMne use grovA-bandhana se pakar3a liyA tathA haDDI, cUMsoM aura lAtoM se usako khUba marammata kI aura usako muzka bA~dha lii| ___cora-senApati ko ve nagara meM le Aye tathA caurAhoM aura mahApathoM para use kor3oM Adi se mArate-pITate aura usake Upara khAra, dhUla aura aura kUr3A-kacarA pheMkate hue, jora-jora se ghoSaNA karane lage-"yaha cora gRdhra kI bhA~ti mAMsabhakSI aura bAlaghAtaka hai| yadi koI rAjA, rAjaputra yA rAjamantrI isa taraha kA aparAdha karegA to use apane kiye kA phala bhoganA hogaa|" isake bAda cora ko kArAgRha meM DAla diyA gayA, jahA~ vaha kaSTamaya jIvana bitAne lgaa| . kucha dinoM bAda dhanya sArthavAha kA dAsaceTa cilAta apane mAlika ko chor3akara calA gayA aura rAjagRha kI siMhaguhA nAmaka corapallI meM pahu~ca, vijaya cora-senApati kA aMgarakSaka bana gayA / cilAta hAtha meM talavAra lie vijaya kI rakSA kiyA karatA, tathA jaba vaha lUTapATa ke lie bAhara jAtA, to vaha corapallI kI dekhabhAla karatA / vijaya ne cilAta se prasanna ho use coramaMtra, coravidyA aura coramAyA Adi ko zikSA dekara corakarma meM niSNAta kara diyA thaa| kAlAntara meM vijaya kI mRtyu ho jAne para saba coroM ne ekatrita ho bar3I dhUmadhAma se cilAta ko senApati ke pada para abhiSikta kiyaa| cilAta rAjagRha ke dakSiNa-pUrva meM sthita janapadoM ko lUTatA-pATatA samaya yApana karane lagA / eka dina usane corapallI ke 500 coroM kA vipula azana, pAna aura surA Adi dvArA satkAra kara, unake samakSa dhanya ke ghara DAkA DAlane kA prastAva rakkhA / senApati kI AjJA pAkara cora gomukhI, talavAra dhanuSa-bANa aura tUNIra Adi se sajjita ho, AI carma pahana, apano jaMghAoM meM ghaMTiyAM bAMdha, bAje-gAje ke sAtha corapallI se ravAnA hue| kucha dUra calakara ve eka jaMgala meM chipakara baiTha gaye / phira AdhI rAta hone para unhoMne rAjagRha meM sthita dhanya ke ghara dhAvA bola diyaa| pAnI kI mazaka (udakabasti) meM se pAnI lekara unhoMne kivAr3oM para chIMTe diye, phira tAlodghATinI 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 2, pR0 47-54 / /

Page #98
tIsarA adhyAya : aparAdha aura daNDa 77 vidyA kA AhvAna kara kivAr3a khole / cilAta ne ghoSaNA kI ki vaha dhanya ke ghara DAkA DAlane AyA hai, jo koI mAI kA lAla nayo mAM kA dUdha pIne kI icchA rakhatA ho vaha sAmane Athe / DAkuoM kI yaha ghoSaNA sunakara dhanya apane pAMcoM putroM ko sAtha le, ghara se nikala bhAgA; kevala usakI kanyA suMsumA vahIM chUTa gyii| DAkU pracura dhana aura suMsumA ko lekara bhAga gye| dhanya ne nagara-rakSakoM ke pAsa pahu~ca unase coroM kA patA lagAne kA anurodha kiyaa| nagara-rakSaka apane dala-bala aura astra-zastroM se susajjita ho corapallI kI ora ravAnA hue| corapallI ko unhoMne cAroM ora se ghera liyaa| yaha dekha cora saba dhana-sampatti vahIM chor3akara bhAga gaye, aura cilAta suMsumA ko lekara jaMgala kI ora calA / dhanya aura usake putroM ne cilAta kA pIchA kiyA aura usake pada-cihnoM kA anugamana kara ve usake pIche-pIche cle| cilAta jaba susamA ko lekara adhika dUra na jA sakA to usane apanI talavAra se usakA sira dhar3a se alaga kara diyaa| tatpazcAt tRSA se vyAkula ho vaha mArga bhraSTa ho gayA, aura corapallo pahu~cane ke pUrva hI usake prANoM kA anta ho gyaa| ___ cora AsAnI se pakar3a meM nahIM Ate the, aura rAjA kI senA taka unase hAra kara bhAga jAtI thii| purimatAla nagara ke uttara-pUrva meM abhaggaseNa nAma kA eka cora-senApati rahatA thaa| vaha AsapAsa ke janapadoM meM lUTamAra kara logoM ko bahuta kaSTa phuNcaataa| eka dina purimatAla kI prajA rAjA mahAbala kI sevA meM yogya bheMTa lekara upasthita huI, aura usane zAlATavI ke cora-senApati abhaggaseNa ke lomaharSaka atyAcAroM kA varNana kiyA / rAjA ne turanta hI apane daNDanAyaka ko balAyA aura abhaggaseNa ko jIvita pakar3a lAne kA hukma diyaa| * rAjA ko AjJA pAkara daNDanAyaka apane dala-bala sahita zAlATavI kI ora ravAnA huaa| lekina abhaggaseNa ko apane guptacaroM dvArA isa abhiyAna kA patA pahale hI laga cukA thA / cora-senApati azanapAna Adi vipula sAmagrI ke sAtha apane coroM ko lekara eka ghane 1. vahI. 18, pR0 208-212 ! 2. mahAvIra bhagavAn ke purimatAla meM rahate samaya hI vipAkasUtra meM varNita abhaggaseNa cora-senApati kI ghaTanA ghaTita huI, tandulavaicArika TIkA, pR0 2 /

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jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja jaMgala meM chipakara baiTha gayA aura rAjya sainya ke Agamana kI pratIkSA karane lgaa| donoM ora se DaTakara mukAbalA huA aura anta meM rAjA kI senA hArakara bhAga gayI / 78 daNDanAyaka ne nagara meM lauTakara rAjA se nivedana kiyA ki mahArAja, cora-senApati ko caturaMga sainya bala se nahIM jItA jA sakatA, use to zAma, dAma athavA bheda ke dvArA kisI bhI taraha vizvAsa meM lekara parAjita karanA hogA / yaha bAta rAjA kI samajha meM A gayI / usane eka bar3I kUTAgAra - zAlA kA nirmANa karAyA, aura dasa dina taka rAjya bhara meM Amodapramoda manAne kI ghoSaNA kii| isa avasara para abhagga seNa ko bhI AmaMtrita kiyA gayA / abhagga seNa rAjA ke lie bahumUlya bheMTa lekara upasthita huA / rAjA ne use sammAnapUrvaka apanI kUTAgArazAlA meM ThaharAyA tathA usake lie vipula azana, pAna, surA Adi kA prabandha kiyA / cora-senApati madya-mAMsa Adi kA sevana karatA huA jaba pramatta bhAva se samaya yApana kara rahA thA to rAjA ne use dhokhe se giraphtAra karAkara zUlI para car3hA diyA / " I apanI nirdayatA aura kUratA ke lie prasiddha the| coroM ke bhaya se loga rAstA calanA banda kara dete aura mukhya-mukhya rAstoM para pulisa kA paharA laga jAtA / eka bAra, kisI brAhmaNo ke ghara cora Aye / brAhmaNI apane hAthoM aura pairoM meM AbhUSaNa pahane hue thI / jaba cora AbhUSaNoM ko na nikAla sake to ve brAhmaNI ke hAtha-paira kATakara calate bne|' corI ke mAla kA patA laga jAne ke bhaya se apane priya kuTumbIjanoM taka ko mauta ke ghATa utArane meM ve nahIM hicakate the / koI cora apane ghara meM kUpa khodakara usameM corI kA dhana bhara diyA karatA thaa| lekina use isa bAta kI sadA AzaMkA banI rahatI ki kahIM usakI stro aura usakA putra kUpa kA bheda na khola deN| isa AzaMkA se usane apanI strI ko mArakara kUpa meM DAla diyA / yaha dekhakara usake putra ne zora macA diyA aura cora pakar3a liyA gayA / 1. vipAkasUtra 3, pR0 24-28 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2775 / 3. uttarAdhyayanacUrNI, pR0 124 | 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 80 - /

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76 tIsarA adhyAya : aparAdha aura daNDa cora jaina sAdhuoM ke upAzraya meM ghusa jAte aura ratnakambala (bahumUlya kambala) Adi ke lobha se unheM jAna se mAra DAlane kI dhamakI dete| saMgha ke AcArya ko pakar3akara ve parezAna karate / ' AryikAoM aura kSullakoM ko uThAkara bhI ve le jAte / / strI-puruSoM kA apaharaNa ve kara lete| eka bAra ujjainI ke kisI sAgara ke putra kA haraNa kara coroM ne use eka rasoiye ke hAtha beca diyaa| mAlavA ke bodhika cora prasiddha the; ve mAlava parvata para rahate the| coroM ke pAkhyAna benyAtaTa nagara meM maNDita nAma kA koI cora rahA karatA thA / rAta ko vaha coro karatA aura dina meM darjI (tunnAga) kA kAma karake apano AjIvikA claataa| maNDita apanI bahana ke sAtha kisI udyAna ke bhUmigRha meM rahA krtaa| isa bhUmigRha meM eka kuA~ thaa| jo koI vyakti corI kA mAla Dhokara yahA~ lAtA, use pahale to maMDita kI bahana Asana para baiThAkara usakA pAda-prakSAlana karatI aura phira use kue~ meM Dhakela deto| ___ mUladeva jaba rAjA bana gayA to usane maNDita cora ko pakar3ane kA bahuta prayatna kiyA, parantu usakA patA na claa| eka dina maladeva nIlavastra dhAraNa kara cora ko khoja meM niklaa| vaha eka sthAna para chipa kara baiTha gyaa| thor3I dera bAda jaba vahA~ maNDita AyA to pache jAne para mUladeva ne apane Apako kApAlika bhikSu batAyA / maNDita ne kahA, cala maiM tujhe AdamI banA duuN| mUladeva usake pIche-pIche cala diyA / maNDita ne kisI ghara meM seMdha lagAkara corI kI aura corI kA mAla mUladeva ke sira para rakha kara vaha use apane ghara livA laayaa| maNDita ne apanI bahana ko bulAkara atithi ke pAda-prakSAlana karane ko khaa| lekina maNDita kI bahana ko mUladava ke Upara dayA A gayI 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 4. 3604, 1.850-3; nizIthacUrNI 2.671. kI cUrNI / 2. vyavahArabhASya 7, pR0 71-a| --.. 3. uttarAdhyayanacUrNI, pR0 174 / 4. nizIthabhASya 2.335 /

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80 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja aura usane use kue~ meM na Dhakela, bhAga jAne kA izArA kara diyA / mUladeva bhAga kara eka zivaliMga ke pIche chipa gayA / maNDita ne a~dhere meM zivaliMga ko cora samajhakara talavAra se usake do Tukar3e kara DAle / prAtaHkAla hone para maNDita roja kI bhA~ti rAjamArga para baiThakara darjI kA kAma karane lagA / mUladeva ne maNDita ko rAjadarabAra meM bulvaayaa| maMDita samajha gayA ki rAta vAlA bhikSu aura koI nahIM, rAjA mUladeva thA / mUladeva ne maNDita kI bahana se zAdI karake bahutasAdhana prApta kiyA aura phira maNDita ko zUlI para car3havA kara mAra DAlA / " bhujaMgama banArasa kA rahanevAlA eka zaktizAlI cora thA / eka bAra banArasa kI prajA ne rAjA se zikAyata kI ki coroM ne nagara - vAsiyoM ko bahuta parezAna kara rakkhA hai / yaha sunakara rAjA ne nagararakSakoM ko bulAkara bahuta DAMTA / usa samaya vahA~ zaMkhapura kA rAja - kumAra agadatta maujUda thaa| usane sAta dina ke andara andara cora kA patA lagAne kA praNa kiyA / agaDadatta vezyAlayoM, pAnAgAroM, dyUtagRhoM, bAjAroM, udyAnoM, maThoM, mandiroM aura caurAhoM para cora kI khoja karatA phirane lagA / eka dina agaDadatta atyanta nirAzabhAva se baiThA huA thA ki itane meM use koI parivrAjaka dikhAI diyA / parivrAjaka ne gerue vastra pahana rakkhe the, sira usakA muNDA huA thA tathA tridaNDa, kuNDI, camara aura mAlA usake hAtha meM thii| usakA rUpa-raMga dekhakara agaDadatta ko usa para sandeha huaa| parivrAjaka ke pUchane para rAjakumAra ne uttara diyA ki vaha eka daridra puruSa hai aura dhana kI khoja meM idhara-udhara ghUma rahA hai / parivrAjaka ne kahA- cala maiM terA dAridrya dUra karU~ / rAta ke samaya parivrAjaka apanI talavAra khIMcakara corI ke lie cala diyA / kisI dhanI vaNik ke ghara usane seMdha lagAyI, phira TokariyoM meM bhara-bhara kara dhana ikaTThA kiyA / parivrAjaka agaDadatta se dhana kI TokariyAM uThavAkara apane ghara kI ora calA / isa bIca meM 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 65 / 2. vahI, 4, pR0 86 |

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___ tIsarA adhyAya : aparAdha aura daNDa 81 avasara pAkara agaDadatta ne use apanI talavAra se mAra DAlA / ' , duryodhana nAma kA cora zaMkhapura ke rAste meM par3anevAle eka mahAn jaGgala meM nivAsa karatA thaa| kaMTaka aura sukaMTaka nAma ke cora senApatiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / daNDavidhAna corI karanepara bhayaMkara daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| rAjA coroM ko jIte jI lohe ke kuMbha meM baMda kara dete, unake hAtha kaTavA dete aura zUlI para car3hA denA to sAdhAraNa bAta thii| eka bAra kI bAta hai, kisI brAhmaNa ne eka baniye kI rupayoM kI thailI curA lii| rAjA ne hukuma diyA ki aparAdhI ko sau kor3e lagAye jAyeM, nahIM to viSThA khilAI jAye / brAhmaNa ne kor3e khAnA maMjUra kara liyA, lekina kor3oM kI mAra na saha sakane ke kAraNa usane bIca meM hI viSThA bhakSaNa karane kI icchA vyakta kii| rAja-karmacArI coroM ko vastrayugala pahanAte, gale meM kanera ke puSpoM ko mAlA DAlate, aura unake zarIra ko tela se sikta kara usa para bhasma lagAte / phira unheM nagara ke caurAhoM para ghumAyA jAtA, cUMsoM, lAtoM, DaMDoM aura kor3oM se pITA jAtA, unake AMTha, nAka aura kAna kATa 1. mUladeva aura rohiNeya Adi coroM ko kathAe~ bhI jaina-graMthoM meM AtI haiM / jaba rohiNeya ke pitA kA dehAnta ho gayA to rohiNeya kI mA~ ne apane putra ko pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI se cale Ate hue corI ke peze ko svIkAra karane ke lie khaa| sabase pahalI corI ke avasara para rohiNeya kI mA~ ne apane beTe ke sira para hAtha pherakara sAta battiyoM kA dIpaka jalAyA aura mastaka para tilaka kara ke use zrAzIrvAda diyaa| Age calakara, bauddha-graMthoM ke aMgulimAla kI bhA~ti, rohiNeya bhI zramaNadharma meM dIkSita ho gyaa| dekhie vyavahArabhASya 2.304, hemacandra, yogazAstraTIkA, pR0 116-a Adi; eca0 ema0 jaoNnasana kA lekha, jarnala oNva oriNTiyala sosAiTI, jilda 44, pR0 1-10; yAjJavalkyasmRti, 2.23.273 / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 4, pR086-a| 3. vahI, 13, pR0 162-a / ---- 4. AcArAMgacUrNI 2, pR0 65 / . 6 jai0 bhA0 .......

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82 . jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja lie jAte, rakta se lipta mAMsa ko unake muMha meM DAlA jAtA aura phira khaNDa-paTaha se aparAdhoM kI ghoSaNA kI jaatii| ___ isake sivAya, lohe yA lakar3I meM aparAdhiyoM ke hAtha-paira bAMdha diye jAte ( aMDugabaddha), khor3a meM paira bAMdhakara tAlA lagA diyA jAtA ( haDibaddhaga), hAtha, paira, jIbha, sira, gale kI ghaMTI athavA udara ko chinna kara diyA jAtA, kalejA, AMkha, dAMta aura aNDakoza Adi marma sthAnoM ko khIMcakara nikAla liyA jAtA, zarIra ke choTe-choTe Tukar3e kara diye jAte, rassI meM bAMdhakara gaDDhe meM aura hAtha bA~dhakara vRkSa kI zAkhA meM laTakA dete, hAthI ke paira ke nIce DAlakara roMdavA dete, caMdana kI bhAMti patthara para ragar3ate, dahI kI bhAMti mathate, kapar3e kI bhAMti pachAr3ate, ganne kI bhAMti perate, mastaka ko bheda dete, khAra meM pheMka dete, khAla udher3a dete, liMga ko maror3a dete, Aga meM jalA dete, kIcar3a meM dhaMsA dete, garma zalAkA zarIra meM ghuser3a dete, kSAra, kaTu aura tikta padArtha jabardastI pilAte, chAtI para patthara rakhakara tor3ate, lohe ke DaMDoM se vakSasthala, udara aura guhya aGgoM kA chedana karate, lohe kI mugdara se kUTate, cAMDAloM ke muhalle meM rakha dete, deza se nirvAsita kara dete, lohe ke piMjare meM banda kara dete, bhUmigRha, aMdhakUpa yA jela meM DAla dete, aura zUlI para car3hAkara mAra DAlate / striyA~ bhI daNDa kI bhAgI hotI thIM, yadyapi garbhavatI striyoM ko kSamA kara diyA jaataa| kisI purohita ne apanI garbhavatI kanyA ko ghara se nikAla diyA, vaha kiso gaMdhI ke yahA~ naukarI karane lgii| maukA pAkara usane apane mAlika ke bahumUlya bartana aura kapar3e curA liye / giraphtAra kara liye jAne para, prasava ke bAda, rAjA ne use mRtyudaNDa kI AjJA dii| 1. vipAkasUtra 2, 13, 3, 21; praznavyAkaraNa 12, pR0 50-a-54 / tathA dekhiye aMguttaranikAya 2, 4, pR0 128 / 2. praznavyAkaraNa 12, pR0 50 -51, 54-54 a; vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 13; 3, pR0 21; aupapAtika sUtra 38, pR0 162 Adi; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA pR0 160 a; tathA dekhie arthazAstra 4.8-13, 83-88, 28; milindaprazna, pR0 167 / 3. gacchAcAravRtti 36 /

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tIsarA adhyAya : aparAdha aura daNDa 82 coroM kI bhAMti durAcAriyoM ko bhI ziromuMDana, tarjana, tADana, liMgacchedana, nirvAsana aura mRtyu Adi daNDa diye jAte the|' vANiyagrAma-vAsI ujjhita nAma kA koI yuvaka kAmadhvajA vezyA ke ghara nitya niyama se jAyA karatA thaa| rAjA bhI vezyA se prema karatA thaa| eka dina ujjhita kAmadhvajA ke ghara pakar3A gyaa| rAjakarmacAriyoM ne usakI khUba marammata kii| usake donoM hAtha usakI pITha pIche bAMdha, nAka-kAna kATa, usake zarIra ko tela se siMcita kara, maile-kucaile vastra pahanA, kanera ke phUloM kI mAlA gale meM DAla, use apane hI zarIra kA mAMsa khilAte hue, khokhare bAMsa se tAr3anA karate hue, use vadhyasthAna ko le gaye / sagaDa aura sudarzanA vezyA ko bhI kaThora daNDa kA bhAgI honA par3A / sudarzanA rAjA ke maMtrI ko rakhela thI, aura sagaDa chipakara usake ghara jAyA karatA thaa| pakar3e jAne para rAjA ne donoM ko mRtyudaNDa kA hukuma sunaayaa| sagar3a ne Aga se tapatI huI eka strI kI mUrti kA AliMgana karate hue prANoM kA tyAga kiyaa| podanapura ke kamaTha kA apane bhrAtA kI patnI ke sAtha anucita sambandha ho jAne ke kAraNa use miTTI ke kasoroM kI mAlA pahanA, gadhe para baiThA, sAre nagara meM ghumAkara nirvAsita kara diyA gayA / ' kauzAMbI ke rAjA udayana ke purohita bRhaspatidatta, tathA zrInilayanagara ke vaNika ko daNDa diye jAne kA ullekha pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| hA~, brAhmaNoM ko daNDa deta samaya soca-vicAra se kAma liyA jAtA thaa| vyavahArabhASya meM eka brAhmaNa kI kathA AtI hai jise apanI patohU yA kisI cAMDAlI ke sAtha vyabhicAra karane para, kevala vedoM kA sparza karAkara chor3a diyA gayA / 1. sUtrakRtAMga 4.1.22; nizIthacUrNI 15, 5060 kI cUrNI; manusmRti 8.374; yAjJavalkyasmRti 3.5. 232 meM prAcAryapatnI aura apanI kanyA ke sAtha viSayabhoga karane para liGgaccheda kA vidhAna hai| 2. vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 13, dekhie kaNavIrajAtaka (318); sulasA jAtaka (416, pR0 65); tathA yAjJavalkyasmRti (3.5. 232 zrAdi ); manusmRti (8.372 aadi)| 3. vipAkasUtra 4, pR0 31; 10, pR0 56 / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 23, pR0 285 Adi; dekhie gahapatijAtaka (166) / striyoM ko bhI isa prakAra kA daNDa diyA jAtA thA, manusmRti 8.370 / 5. pIThikA, gAthA 17, pR0 10 / tulanA kIjie gautamadharmasUtra 12.1;

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- jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja corI aura vyabhicAra kI bhAMti hatyA bhI mahAn aparAdha ginA jAtA thA / hatyA karanevAle arthadaNDa ( jurmAnA ) aura mRtyudaNDa ke bhAgI hote the / ' mathurA ke naMdiSeNa nAmaka rAjakumAra kI kathA pahale A cukI hai| rAjA ke nAI ke sAtha milakara usane rAjA ko hatyA kA SaDyaMtra racA, lekina jaba SaDyaMtra kA bheda khula gayA to rAjakumAra ko garma lohe ke siMhAsana para baiThAkara, tapta lohe ke kalazoM meM bhare hue khAre tela se tapate hue lohe kA hAra aura mukuTa use pahanA diye gaye, aura isa prakAra naMdiSeNa mRtyudaNDa kA bhAgo huA / hatyA karane vAlI striyoM ko bhI daNDa diyA jAtA thA / rAjA puSpanaMdi ko rAnI devadattA apanI se 'bahuta IrSyA karatI thI / usane apanI sAsa ko tape hue lohe ke DaNDe se dAgakara maravA DAlA / patA lagane para rAjA ne devadattA ko pakar3avAkara, usake hAthoM ko pITha pIche baMdhavA, aura usake nAka-kAna kaTavA use zUlI para car3havA diyA | 3 sAsa 84 rAjA kA ekacchatra rAjya prAcIna bhArata meM rAjA kA ekacchatra rAjya thA / vividha prakAra se ve prajA ko kaSTa pahu~cAte / rAjAjJA kA ullaMghana karane vAle usake dAruNa kopa se nahIM baca pAte / pariSadoM kA apamAna karane vAloM ko bhinna-bhinna daNDa-vyavasthA kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| yadi koI RSi pariSad kA apamAna kare to use kevala amanojJa vacana kahakara chor3a denA cAhie, yadi koI brAhmaNa pariSad kA apamAna kare to usake mastaka para kuNDI yA kutte kA cihna banAkara nirvAsita kara yahA~ kahA gayA hai ki yadi koI zUdra kisI brAhmaNa ko apazabda kahe yA usake sAtha mArapITa kare to usake usI zraGga ko cheda denA cAhie, tathA 8. 12 zrAdi tathA kauTilya arthazAstra 4.8.83.32 ( sarvAparAdheSvapIDanIyo brAhmaNaH ) / 1. puruSavadha ke lie talavAra uThAne para 80 hajAra jurmAnA kiyA jAtA, prahAra karane para mRtyu na ho to bhinna-bhinna dezoM kI prathA ke anusAra jurmAnA denA par3atA, tathA yadi mRtyu ho jAya to bhI hatyAre ko 80 hajAra daNDa bharanA par3atA, bRhatkalpabhASya 4, 5104 / 2. vipAkasUtra 6, pR0 38-36 / vahI, pR0 46, 55 /

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tIsarA adhyAya : aparAdha aura daNDa 85 denA cAhie, yadi koI gRhapati-pariSad kA apamAna kare to use ghAsa-phUsa meM lapeTakara jalA denA cAhie, lekina yadi koI kSatriyapariSad kA apamAna kare to usake hAtha aura paira kATakara use zUlI para car3hAkara, eka jhaTake se mAra DAlanA cAhie / 2 rAjAjJA kI avahelanA karane vAloM ko teja khAra meM DAla diyA jAtA, tathA jitanI dera gAya ke duhane meM lagatI hai, utanI dera meM unakA kaMkAla-mAtra zeSa raha jaataa| IrAna ke zAhaMzAhoM (sAhANusAhi) dvArA apane adhIna rahane vAle zAhoM ke pAsa svanAmamudrita kaTAra bhejane kA ullekha milatA hai, jisakA artha hai ki unakA sira kATa liyA jaaye| rAjA bar3e zakko hote the, aura kisI para jarA-sA bhI zaka ho jAne para usake prANa lekara hI chor3ate the| nanda rAjAoM ko dAsa samajhakara jo loga unake prati Adara na jatAte unheM kaThora daNDa diyA jaataa| eka bAra nanda rAjA kA mantrI kalpaka apane putra ke vivAha kA utsava manA rahA thaa| nanda kA bhUtapUrva maMtrI kalpaka se dveSa rakhatA thaa| usane rAjA ke pAsa dAsI bhejakara jhUThamUTha kahalA diyA ki kalpaka apane putra ko rAjagaddI para baiThAne kI taiyArI kara rahA hai| itanA sunanA thA ki nanda ne kalpaka ko bulAkara, kuTumba-parivAra sahita use kueM meM DalavA diyaa| nauveM nanda ke mantrI kalpakavaMzotpanna zakaTAra ke viSaya meM bhI yahI huaa| apane putra ke vivAha ke avasara para jaba usane rAjA ke naukaroM-cAkaroM ko ekatrita kiyA to zakaTAra ke pratispardhI vararuci ne rAjA ke pAsa jAkara cugalI lagAyI ki zakaTAra rAjA kA vadha kara apane putra kA rAjatilaka kara rahA hai| yaha sunakara nanda ko bahuta krodha AyA / sAre parivAra para saMkaTa AyA . . arthazAstra 4.8.83.33.34 aura yAjJavalkyasmRti, 2, 23,270 meM bhI isakA ullekha hai| 2. rAjapraznIya 184, 10 322 / aMguttaranikAya 2,4, pR. 136-40 meM bhI cAra pariSadoM kA ullekha hai| 3. khArAMtake pakkhittA godohamitteNaM kAleNaM aSTisaMkaliyA sesA, AcArAMgacUrNI 7, pR0 38 / . 4. nizIthacUrNI 10,2860 cUrNI pR0 56 / 5. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 182 /

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86 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja dekha, zakaTAra ne apane putra ko samajhA-bujhAkara use apanI ( zakaTAra kI) hatyA karane ke lie bAdhya kiyA jisase mantrIkula kI rakSA ho sake / ' mahAmantrI cANakya ko bhI nanda kA kopabhAjana honA par3A / nandakA mantrI subandhu cANakya se mana-hI-mana bahuta dveSa rakhatA thaa| eka bAra usane rAjA ke pAsa jAkara jhUThamUTha kaha diyA ki cANakya ne rAjamAtA kA vadha kara diyA hai / rAjA ne dhAI se pUchA; dhAI ne subandhu kI bAta kA samarthana kiyaa| agale dina cANakya jaba rAjA ke pAdavaMdana ke lie AyA to rAjA ne usakI ora dekhA bhI nahIM / cANakya samajha gayA ki aba jIvita rahanA kaThina hai / isaliye apane putra-pautroM meM dhana kA baMTavArA kara vaha jaMgala meM gayA aura agni meM jalakara iGginImaraNa dvArA usane prANa tyAga diye / nanda rAjAoM kI bhAMti mauryavaMza ko AjJA bhI apratihata samajhI jAtI thI / candragupta jaba pATaliputra ke rAjya para abhiSikta huA to katipaya kSatriya loga use mayUrapoSakoM kI santAna samajhakara usakI avahelanA karane lage / isa para cANakya ne krodha meM Akara kSatriyoM ke gA~voM meM Aga lagavA dii| 3 bRhatkalpabhASya meM pratiSThAna ke rAjA zAlivAhana kI kathA AtI hai / eka bAra usane apane daNDanAyaka ko mathurA jItakara lAne kA Adeza diyaa| lekina mathurA nAma ke do nagara the, eka uttara mathurA aura dUsarA dakSiNa mathurA ( Adhunika madurA ) / daNDanAyaka samajha na sakA ki rAjA kA abhiprAya kauna-se nagara se hai / duvidhA- duvidhA meM 1. vahI, pR0 184 | 2. dazavaikAlika cUrNI, pR0 81 Adi / hemacandra ke sthavirAvalicarita ( 8. 377 - 414 ) meM candragupta kI rAnI durdharA kI kathA AtI hai / vaha garbhavatI thI aura rAjA ke sAtha baiThakara bhojana kara rahI thI / cANakya ke zrAdezAnusAra rAjA ke bhojana meM kiJcit mAtrA meM viSa mizrita kiyA jAtA thA jisase rAjA ke zarIra para viSa kA asara na ho, lekina viSa kA prabhAva durdharA ke zarIra meM phailate dera na lagI / cANakya ne phaurana hI rAnI kA peTa cAka kara usameM se bAlaka ko nikAla liyA / tathA tulanA kIjie bindusAra ke sambandha meM bauddhaparamparA, malAlasekara, DikzanarI va pAli propara nemsa, bhAga 2, 'bindusAra' / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2486; tathA nizIthabhASya 16 . 5136 kI cUrNI /

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tIsarA adhyAya : aparAdha aura daNDa 87 hI apanI senA lekara usane prasthAna kiyA aura saubhAgya se usane donoM hI mathurAoM ko jIta liyaa| vijaya kA samAcAra jaba rAjA ke pAsa pahu~cA to usake haSa kA pArAvAra na rhaa| isI samaya putra-janma aura nidhi ke lAbha ke zubha samAcAra bhI rAjA ko mile| isase rAjA harSa se unmatta ho uThA aura apane zayana, stambha aura prAsAda kI vastuoM ko kUTane-pITane lgaa| maMtrI ne dekhA ki yaha acchI bAta nahIM, usane rAjA ko bodha prApta karAne ke lie prAsAda ke khambhe Adiko tor3anA zurU kara diyaa| yaha dekhakara rAjA ko bar3A krodha AyA, aura usane mantrI ko prANadaNDa kI AjJA dii| isI prakAra vArANasI ke rAjA zaMkha ne, kucha sAdhAraNa-sA aparAdha ho jAne para namuci nAmaka apane maMtrI kA pracchanna rUpa se vadha karane kA Adeza diyA / eka bAra indra-mahotsava para rAjA ne ghoSaNA karAyI ki saba loga nagara ke bAhara jAkara mahotsava manAyeM / lekina kisI purohita ke putra ne isa Adeza kI paravA na kI, aura vaha vezyA ke ghara meM chipa gyaa| patA lagane para rAjapuruSoM ne use giraphtAra kara liyaa| purohita apane putra kI rakSA ke lie apanA sArA dhana apeNa karane ko taiyAra ho gayA. lekina rAjA ne eka na sunI aura use zUlI para car3havA diyaa| ratnakUTa nagara ke rAjA ratnazekhara ne nAgarikoM ko AjJA dI ki ve apanIapanI striyoM sahita nagara ke bAhara jAkara kaumudI-utsava mnaayeN| kisI gRhastha ke putroM ne rAjA kI AjJA kA pAlana na kiyA, aura ve apane ghara meM baiThe rahe / patA lagane para rAjA ne unheM prANadaNDa ko AjJA dii| bahuta anunaya-vinaya karane para chaH meM se kevala eka putra ko rakSA ho sakI / mithilA ke rAjA kumbhaka ne rAjakumArI mallI ke TUTe hue kuNDala jor3ane ke lie nagara kI suvarNakAra-zreNI ko bulAyA, aura jaba ve yaha 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 6.6244-46 / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 285-zra; rAjA dvArA apane maMtriyoM ko daNDa diye jAne ke sambandha meM dekhie mahAbodhijAtaka ( 518) / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR082-a| 4. sUtrakRtAGgaTIkA 2.7, pR0 413 /

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88 __jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja kAma na kara sake to unheM nirvAsita kara diyA / ' rAjakumAra malladinna ne kisI citrakAra ko prANadaNDa kI AjJA sunaaii| koI vaidya kisI rAjaputra ko niroga na kara sakA, ataeva use prANoM se hAtha dhonA pdd'aa| aparAdhiyoM ko apanA nivAsa sthAna chor3akara, cANDAlAM ke muhalle meM rahane kA bhI daNDa diyA jAtA thaa|' ___ corI kA patA lagAne ke lie vividha upAyoM ko kAma meM liyA jAtA / sAdhu do prakAra ke cAvala bAMTate, eka khAlisa cAvala aura dUsare morapaMkha mizrita cAvala / koI sAdhu saba gRhasthoM ko eka paMkti meM baiThAkara unakI aMjali meM pAnI ddaaltaa| phira jisa sAdhu ne cora ko corI karate hue dekhA hai use khAlisa cAvala detA, aura jisane corI kI hai use morapaMkha mizrita cAvala detaa|" ___ kitanI ho bAra jaina-sAdhuoM ko bhI daNDa kA bhAgI honA pdd'taa| yadi unheM kabhI koI vRkSa ke phala Adi tor3ate hue dekha letA to hAtha, pAMva, yA DaNDe Adi se unakI tAr3anA kI jAtI, athavA unake upakaraNa chona liye jAte, yA unheM pakar3akara rAjakula ke kAraNikoM ke pAsa le jAyA jAtA, aura aparAdha siddha ho jAne para ghoSaNApUrvaka unake hAtha-paira Adi kA chedana kara daNDa diyA jaataa|6 jelakhAne ( cAraMga) jelakhAnoM kI atyanta zocanIya dazA thI aura unameM kaidiyoM ko dAruNa kaSTa diye jAte the| kaidiyoM kA sarvasva apaharaNa kara unheM jelakhAne meM DAla diyA jAtA, aura kSudhA, tRSA aura zIta-uSNa se vyAkula ho unheM kaSTamaya jIvana vyatIta karanA pdd'taa| unake mukha kI chAMva kAlI par3a jAtI, khAMsI, kor3ha Adi rogoM se ve pIr3ita rahate, nakha, keza aura roma unake bar3ha jAte tathA apane hI mala-mUtra meM par3e ve jela meM sar3ate rahate / unake zarIra meM kIr3e par3a jAte, aura unakA prANAnta hone 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 105 | 2. vahI pR0 107 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3256 zrAdi / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, pR0 160-a| 5.bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4638 / 6. vahI 1.600,604-5 /

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tIsarA adhyAya : aparAdha aura daNDa 86 para unake paira meM rassI bAMdha unheM khAI meM pheMka diyA jAtA / bher3ie, kutte, gIdar3a aura mArjAra vagairaha unheM bhakSaNa kara jAte / ' jelakhAne meM tAMbe, jaste, zIze, cUne aura kSAra ke tela se bharI huIM lohe kI kuMDiyAM garma karane ke lie Aga para rakkhI rahatIM, aura bahuta se maTake hAthI, ghor3e, gAya, bhaiMsa, U~Ta, bher3a aura bakarI ke mUtroM se bhare rahate / hAtha-paira bAMdhane ke lie yahA~ aneka kASThamaya baMdhana khor3a, ber3I, zrRMkhalA; mArane pITane ke lie bAMsa, beMta, valkala aura camar3e ke kor3e; kUTane-pITane ke lie patthara kI zilAe~, pASANa aura mudgara; bAMdhane ke lie rasse; cIrane aura kATane ke lie talavAra, AriyAM aura chure; Thokane ke lie lohe kI kIleM, bAMsa kI khappaceM; cubhAne ke lie sUI aura lohe kI zalAkAe~; tathA kATane ke lie churI, kuThAra, nakhaccheda aura darbhatRNoM Adi kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA / siMhapura nagara meM duryodhana nAma kA eka duSTa jelara rahA karatA thA / vaha jela meM pakar3akara lAe hue coroM, parastrI-gAmiyoM, ga~ThakataroM, rAjadrohiyoM, RNagrastAM, bAlaghAtakoM, vizvAsaghAtakoM, juAriyoM, aura dhUrtoM ko apane karmacAriyoM se pakar3avA, unheM sIdhA liTavAtA aura lohadaNDa se unake muMha khulavAkara unameM garma-garma tAMbA, khArA tela, tathA hAthI-ghor3oM kA mUtra DAlatA / aneka kaidiyoM ko ulaTA liTavAkara, unheM khUba piTavAtA, kisI ke hAtha-paira kASTha aura zrRMkhalA meM ba~dhavA detA, hAtha, paira, nAka, oMTha, jIbha Adi kaTavA letA, kisI ko veNu latA se piTavAtA, unakI chAtI para zilA rakhavA aura donoM ora se do puruSoM se lAThI pakar3avAkara jora-jora se hilavAtA / unakA sira nIce aura paira Upara karake gaDDhe meM se pAnI pilavAtA, asipatra Adi se unakA vidAraNa karavAtA, kSAra tela ko unake zarIra para cupar3avAtA, unake mastaka, gale kI ghaNTI, hathelI, ghuTane aura pairoM ke jor3a meM lohe kI kIleM ThukavAtA, bicchU jaise kA~ToM ko zarIra meM ghusAtA, sUI Adi ko hAthoM-pairoM kI u~galiyoM meM ThukavAtA, nakhoM se bhUmi khudavAtA, nakhacchedaka Adi dvArA zarIra ko pIr3A pahu~cavAtA, ghAvoM para gIle darbhakuza ba~dhavAtA aura unake sUkha jAne para tar3atar3a kI AvAja se unheM ukhar3avAtA / 1. praznavyAkaraNa 12, pR0 55 zrAdi / 2. vipAkasUtra 6, pR0 36-38 /

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jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja rAjagRha kA kArAgAra rAjagRha meM dhanya nAma kA eka sArthavAha rahatA thA / eka bAra koI aparAdha ho jAne para nagara-rakSakoM ne use pakar3akara jela meM DAla diyA / usI kArAgAra meM dhanya ke putra kA hatyArA vijaya cora bho sajA kATa rahA thA / donoM ko eka khor3a meM bA~dha diyA jAtA, isase donoM ko sadA sAtha-sAtha rahanA par3atA thA / dhanya kI strI grAtaHkAla bhojana taiyAra kara use bhojana-piTaka (Tiphina ) meM bhara dAsaceTa ke hAtha apane pati ke lie bhejA karatI / eka dina vijaya cora ne dhanya ke piTaka meM se bhojana mA~gA, lekina dhanya ne dene se manA kara diyA / eka dina bhojana ke uparAnta dhanya ko zauca kI hAjata huI; dhanya ne vijaya se ekAnta sthAna meM calane ko kahA / vijaya ne uttara diyA ki tuma to khUba khAte-pIte aura mauja karate ho, isalie tumhArA zauca jAnA svAbhAvika hai, lekina mujhe to roja kor3e khAne par3ate haiM, aura maiM sadA bhUkha-pyAsa se pIr3ita rahatA hU~ / yaha kahakara vijaya ne dhanya ke sAtha jAne se inkAra kara diyaa| thor3I dera bAda dhanya ne phira se vijaya se calane ko kahA / anta meM isa bAta para phaisalA huA ki dhanya use bhI apane bhojana meM se khAne ko diyA karegA / kucha dinoM bAda apane iSTa mitroM ke prabhAva se bahuta-sA dhana kharca karake dhanya kArAgAra se chUTa gayA / sarvaprathama kSaurakarma karAne ke lie vaha alaMkArika-sabhA' (sailUna ) meM gayA / vahA~ se puSkariNI meM snAna kara usane nagara meM praveza kiyA / use dekha kara usake sage-sambandhI bahuta prasanna hue aura unhoMne usakA Adara-satkAra kiyA / rAjA zreNika ko bhI rAjagRha ke kArAgAra meM kucha samaya taka kaidI banAkara rakkhA gayA thA / prAtaH kAla aura sAyaMkAla use kor3oM se pITA jAtA, bhojana-pAna usakA banda kara diyA gayA thA aura kisI ko usase milane kI AjJA nahIM thI / kucha samaya bAda usakI rAnI 60 9. alaMkArika-sabhA meM vetana dekara aneka nAI rakkhe jAte the / ye zramaNa, anAtha, glAna, rogI aura durbaloM kA alaMkAra-karma karate the, jJAtRdharmakathA 13, pR0 143 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 2, pR0 54-57; jAtakoM meM kaidiyoM ke kaThora jIvana ke lie dekhie ratilAla mehatA, prI-buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 156 /

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tIsarA adhyAya : aparAdha aura daNDa 61 cellA ko usase milane kI anumati dI gayI / vaha apane bAloM meM koI peya chipAkara le jAtI aura isakA pAna kara zreNika jIvita rahatA / ' putrotpatti, rAjyAbhiSeka Adi utsavoM ke avasara para prajA kA zulka mApha kara diyA jAtA, aura kaidiyoM ko jela se chor3a diyA jAtA / 1. zrAvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 171 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 20; tulanA kIjie arthazAstra 2.36.56.60 /

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cauthA adhyAya sainya-vyavasthA yuddha ke kAraNa usa yuga meM sAmanta loga apane sAmrAjya ko vistRta karane ke lie yuddha kiyA karate the / kSatriya rAjA avasara pAkara apane zaurya kA pradarzana karane meM na cUkate / adhikAMza yuddha striyoM ke kAraNa lar3e jAte / saMkaTa avasthA ko prApta striyoM kI rakSA karane ke lie, unake rUpasaundarya se AkRSTa ho, unheM prApta karane ke lie athavA svayaMvaroM ke avasaroM para prAyaH yuddha huA karate / prAcIna jainagranthoM meM sotA, draupadI, rukmiNI padmAvatI, tAsa, kAMcanA, raktasubhadrA', ahinnikA", suvarNAgulikA, kinnarI, surUpA, vidyanmatI aura " 3 1. sItA kI kathA vimalasUri ke paumacariya meM milatI hai / rAvaNa sItA ko haraNa karake le gayA, use prApta karane ke lie rAma ne rAvaNa ke sAtha yuddha kiyA / 2. draupadI kI kathA jJAtRdharmakathA ( 16 ) meM AtI hai| kaurava aura pANDavoM kA yuddha mahAbhArata ke nAma se prasiddha hai / 3. rukmiNI aura padmAvatI kRSNavAsudeva kI ATha gayI haiM / rukmiNI kuNDinInagara ke bhISmaka rAjA ke putra aura padmAvatI ariSTanagara ke rAma ke mAmA hiraNyanAbhi kI kanyA thI / kRSNa dvArA inake apaharaNa karane kA ullekha hemacandra ke triSaSTizalAkA puruSacarita ( 8.6 ) meM milatA hai / tArA sugrIva kI patnI thI / bAlI aura sugrIva kiSkindhApura ke rAjA zrAdityaratha ke putra the / sugrIva ko rAjya sauMpa kara bAlI ne dIkSA grahaNa kI thI / 1 mahiSiyoM meM ginI rukmiNa kI bahana 4. tArAsambandhI yuddha kA varNana triSaSTizalAkA puruSacarita ( 7.6 ) meM milatA hai / tathA dekhie vAlmIkirAmAyaNa 4.16 / " 5. TIkAkAra bhayadeva ke anusAra kAMcanA, ahinnikA, kinnarI, surUpA aura vidyunmatI kI kathAe~ ajJAta haiN| kucha loga rAjA zreNika kI agramahiSI cellA ko hI kAMcanA kahate haiM / prophesara vebara ne indra kI upapatnI ahalyA ko hinikA batAyA hai / 6. subhadrA kRSNavAsudeva kI bahana thI / arjuna dvArA subhadrA ke apaharaNa kI kathA, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita ( 8.6 ) meM milatI hai / 7. * suvarNagulikA kA asalI nAma devadattA thaa| vaha siMdhusauvIra ke rAjA

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cauthA adhyAya : sainya-vyavasthA 63 rohiNI' nAmaka mahilAoM ke ullekha haiM, jinake kAraNa saMhArakArI yuddha lar3e gye| mithilA kI rAjakumArI mallI' aura kauzAmbI kI mahArAnI mRgAvatI bhI yuddha kA kAraNa bno| kAlakAcArya kI sAdhvI bhaginI sarasvatI ko uyinI ke rAjA gadabhilla dvArA apaharaNa karake apane antaHpura meM rakha liye jAne ke kAraNa, kAlakAcArya ne IrAna ke zAhoM ke sAtha milakara, gardabhilla ke viruddha yuddha kiyaa| ____ eka rAjA dUsare rAjA para AkramaNa karane kI tAka meM rahatA, aura yadi koI bahumUlya vastu usake pAsa hotI to use prApta karane ke lie apanI sArI zakti lagA detA / ujjayinI ke rAjA pradyota aura kAMpilyapura ke rAjA durmukha ke bIca eka bahumUlya dIptivAna mahAmukuTa ko, lekara yuddha chir3a gayA / kahate haiM ki isa mukuTa meM aisI zakti thI ki use pahanane se durmukha do mu~ha vAlA dikhAI dene lgtaa| pradyota ne isa mukuTa kI mA~ga kI, lekina durmukha ne kahA ki yadi pradyota apanA nalagiri hAthI, agnibhIru ratha, zivA mahArAnI aura lohajaMgha patravAhaka dene ko taiyAra ho to hI vaha use mukuTa de sakatA hai| isa para udrAyaNa kI rAnI prabhAvI kI dAsI thii| guTikA ke prabhAva se vaha suvarNa ke raMga kI ho gayI thii| ujjaina kA rAjA pradyota hAthI para car3hAkara use apanI rAjadhAnI le gyaa| isa para udrAyaNa aura pradyota meM yaddha huaa| 1. rohiNI balarAma kI mAtA aura vasudeva kI patnI thii| rohiNI-yuddha kI kathA triSaSTizalAkASuruSacarita (8.4), tathA vasudevahiNDI meM milatI hai / 2. kAzI, kosala, aGga, kuNAla, kuru aura pAJcAla ke rAjAoM ne mithilA kI rAjakumArI mallI ke rUpaguNa kI prazaMsA sunakara mithilA para AkramaNa kara diyA / mithilA ke rAjA kumbha kA ina chahoM rAjAoM ke sAtha yuddha huA, jJAtRdharmakathA 8 / 3. mRgAvatI kauzAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka kI mahArAnI thii| koI citrakAra usakA citra banAkara ujjayinI ke rAjA pradyota ke pAsa le gyaa| citra ko dekhakara pradyota rAnI para mohita ho gyaa| usane zatAnIka ke pAsa dUta bhejA ki yA to vaha mRgAvatI ko bheja de, nahIM to yuddha ke lie taiyAra ho jAya, AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 88 zrAdi / 4. dekhiye nizIthacUrNI 10.2860 kI cUrNI / 5. rAjA ke dhAvanaka jarUrI patra lekara pavanavega ke samAna daur3a kara jAte the, bRhatkalpabhASya 6.6328 /

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4 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja donoM meM yuddha huA / yuddha meM pradyota kI jaya huI aura durmukha ko usake paira meM kar3A DAlakara bandI banA liyA gayA / ' campA ke rAjA kUNika kA vaizAlI ke gaNarAjA ceTaka ke sAtha secanaka gaMdhahasta aura aThAraha lar3I ke kImatI hAra ko lekara bhISaNa yuddha huA, jisameM vidhvaMsaka astra-zastroM kA prayoga kiyA gayA / sakala rAjya-pradhAna dhavala hastI ko lekara namirAjA kA apane bhAI candrayaza ke sAtha yuddha chir3a gayA / namirAjA kA hastI khambhA tur3Akara bhAga gayA thA, candrayaza ne use pakar3a liyA aura mA~gane para bhI nahIM diyA / candrayaza ne kahA ki kisI ke ratnoM para nAma nahIM likhA rahatA, jo unheM bAhubala se prApta kara le ve usI ke ho jAte haiM / prAyaH sImAprAnta ko lekara pratyanta rAjAoM meM yuddha Thana jAyA karate / kabhI videzI rAjAoM kA bhI AkramaNa ho jAtA / kSitipratiSThita nagara meM mleccha rAjA kA AkramaNa hone para vahA~ ke rAjA ne ghoSaNA karAI ki saba loga durga meM ghusakara baiTha jAyeM | 3 cakravartI rAjA apane dala-bala sahita digvijaya karane ke lie prasthAna karate aura samasta pradezoM para apanA adhikAra jamA lete / RSabhadeva ke putra prathama bharata cakravartI kI kathA jainasUtroM meM AtI hai / apanI AyudhazAlA ke cakraratna ko sahAyatA se unhoMne jambUdvIpa ke magadha, varadAma aura prabhAsa nAma ke pavitra tIrthoM aura siMdhudevI para vijaya prApta kI / carmaratna kI sahAyatA se unhoMne siMhala, babbara, aMga, kirAta, yavanadvIpa, Arabaka, romaka, alasaMDa ( elekz2a NDriyA ), tathA pikkhura, kAlamuha aura joNaka nAmaka mlecchoM, vaitADhya parvata ke dakSiNavAsI mlecchoM, tathA dakSiNa-pazcima pradeza se lagAkara siMdha sAgara taka ke pradezoM aura ramaNIya kaccha ko apane adhikAra meM kara liyA / tatpazcAt timisaguhA meM praveza kiyA aura isakA dakSiNa dvAra kholane ke lie apane senApati ko Adeza diyA / yahA~ para unhoMne ummaggajalA aura nimbhaggajalA nAma ko nadiyA~ pAra kIM, tathA avADa nAma ke vIra aura lar3AkU kirAtoM para vijaya prApta kI, jo ardhabharata ke uttarI khaNDa meM nivAsa karate the / phira kSudra himavata ko jIta kara ve RSabhakUTa parvata 1, uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 6, pR0 135 Adi / 2. vahI pR0 140 Adi / 3. nizIthabhASya 16.6076 /

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cauthA adhyAya : sainya-vyavasthA 65 kI ora bar3he aura yahA~ zilApaTTa para kAkaNI ratna se unhoMne apane prathama cakravartI hone kI likhita ghoSaNA kii| vaitADhya ke uttarakhaNDa meM nivAsa karane vAle nami aura vinami nAma ke vidyAdhara rAjAoM ne subhadrA nAmaka strIratna bheMTa kara unheM sammAnita kiyaa| usake bAda gaMgA nadI pAra karate hue ve gaMgA ke pazcimI kinAre para avasthita khaNDaprapAta guphA meM Aye aura apane senApati ko unhoMne isa guphA kA uttarI dvAra kholane kA Adeza diyaa| yahA~ unheM navanidhiyoM kI prApti huii| anta meM caturdaza ratnoM se vibhUSita ho bharata cakravartI vinItA ( ayodhyA ) rAjadhAnI ko lauTa gaye jahA~ bar3I dhUmadhAma se unakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gyaa| caturaMgiNI senA . yuddha meM saphalatA prApta karane ke lie ratha, azva, hasti aura padAti atyanta upayogI hote the| kanyA ke vivAha meM ye vastuyeM daheja meM dI jAtI thiiN| inameM ratha kA sabase adhika mahattva thaa| yaha chatra, dhvajA, patAkA, ghaNTe, toraNa, nandighoSa aura kSudra ghaNTikAoM se maNDita kiyA jAtA / himAlaya meM paidA honevAle sundara tinisa kASTha dvArA nirmita hotA aura isapara sone kI sundara citrakArI banI rhtii| isake cakke aura dhure majabUta hote tathA cakkoM kA gherA majabUta lohe kA banA hotA / isameM jAtavaMta sundara ghor3e jote jAte aura sArathi ratha ko hAMkatA / dhanuSa, bANa, tUNIra, khaDga, zirastrANa Adi astra-zastroM se yaha susajjita rhtaa| ratha aneka prakAra ke batAye gaye haiN| saMgrAmaratha kaTIpramANa phalakamaya vedikA se sajjita hotA, jaba ki yAnaratha para yaha vedikA na hotii| karNIratha eka viziSTa prakAra kA ratha thA jisapara 1. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 3.41-71; zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 182-228; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 232-a Adi; vasudevahiNDI pR0 186 Adi; tathA dekhie mahAbhArata 1.101 / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4 pR0 88 / 3. aupapAtika sUtra 31, pR0 132; AvazyakacUrNI pR0 188; bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 216; tathA dekhie rAmAyaNa 3.22.13 Adi; mahAbhArata 5.64.18 Adi / 4. maladhAri hemacandra, anuyogadvAraTIkA, pR0 146 /

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66 . jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja baiThane kA saubhAgya kisI zreSThI yA vezyA Adi ko hI prApta hotaa|" rAjAoM ke ratha sabase bar3hakara hote, unakI gaNanA ratnoM meM kI jaatii| ujjayinI ke rAjA pradyota ke agnibhIru ratha para agni kA koI asara nahIM hotA thaa| prAcIna jainagranthoM meM senApati, gRhapati, vardhakI, purohita aura strI ke sAtha-sAtha hasti aura azva ko bhI ratnoM meM ginA gayA hai| mauryakAla meM hAthI kA vadha karane kA niSedha thA, aura jo koI usakA vadha karatA use phAMsI kI sajA dI jaatii| ___ hAthiyoM kI aneka jAtiyA~ hotI thiiN| gaMdhahasti ko sarvottama batAyA gayA hai| airAvaNa indra ke hAthI kA nAma thaa| uttama hAthI ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki vaha sAta hAtha U~cA, nau hAtha caur3A, madhya bhAga meM dasa hAtha, pAda-puccha Adi sAta aGgoM se supratiSThita, saumya, pramANayukta, sira usakA uThA huA, sukha-Asana se yukta, pRSTha bhAga zUkara ke samAna, unnata aura mAMsala kukSi, pralambamAna udara, lambI sUMDa, lambe oMTha, dhanuSa ke pRSThabhAga ke samAna AkRti, suzliSTa pramANayukta dRr3ha zarIra, saTI huI pramANayukta puccha, pUrNa aura sundara kachue ke samAna caraNa, zukla varNa, nimala aura snigdha tvacA tathA sphoTa Adi 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 3, pR0 56; AvazyakacUrNI pR0 188 / hemacandra prAcArya ne abhidhAnacintAmaNi ( pR0 300 ) meM marudratha, yogyAratha, adhvaratha aura karNIratha kA ullekha kiyA hai| kauTilya ke arthazAstra 2.33.46-51.5 meM devaratha ( devI-devatAoM kI savArI ke lie kAma meM AnevAlA ), puSparatha ( vivAha Adi utsavoM ke avasara para kAma meM AnevAlA ), saMgrAmika ( yuddha meM kAma meM AnevAlA ), pariyAnika (sAdhAraNa yAtrA ke kAma meM AnevAlA ) tathA parapurAbhiyAnika ( zatru ke durga ko tor3ane meM upayogI ) aura vainayika (ghor3e Adi ko zikSita karane meM upayogI) rathoM kA ullekha milatA hai / 2. sthAnAMga 558 / 3. arthazAstra 2.2.20.6 / 4. zreNika ke secanaka hasti aura kRSNa ke vijaya hasti ko gaMdhahasti kahA. gayA hai| yaha hasti apane yUtha kA adhipati hotA thA aura apanI gaMdha se anya hastiyoM ko AkRSTa karatA thA, AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR. 170; jJAtRdharmakathA pR0 100 a| bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2010 meM zramaNasaMgha ke prAcArya ko 'zramaNa varagaMdhahastI' kahakara ullikhita kiyA hai /

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cauthA adhyAya : sainya-vyavasthA 67 doSarahita nakhoM vAlA hotA hai| bhadra, manda, mRga aura saMkIrNa, ye hAthI ke cAra bheda batAye gaye haiN| inameM bhadra hAthI sarvottama bhAnA jAtA thA / vaha madhu-guTikA kI bhA~ti piMgala natra vAlA, sundara aura dIghe pU~cha vAlA, agrabhAga meM unnata tathA sarvAMga-paripUrNa hotA thaa| sarovara meM vaha krIr3A karatA aura dA~toM se prahAra krtaa| manda hAthI zithila, sthUla, viSama tvacA se yukta, sthUla zira, pU~cha, nakha aura danta vAlA tathA harita aura piMgala netroM vAlA hotA thaa| dhairya aura vega Adi meM manda hone ke kAraNa use manda kahA gayA hai| vasanta Rtu meM vaha jalakrIr3A karatA aura sUMDa se prahAra karatA / mRga hAthI kRza hotA, usako grIvA, tvacA, dA~ta aura nakha kRza hote, tathA vaha bhIru aura udvigna hotA / hemanta Rtu meM vaha jalakrIr3A karatA, aura adharoM se prahAra karatA / saMkoNa hAthI ina sabakI apekSA nikRSTa mAnA jAtA thaa| vaha rUpa aura svabhAva se saMkIrNa hotA tathA apane samasta aMgoM se prahAra karatA / zazi, zaMkha aura kundapuSpa ke samAna dhavala hAthI kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| gaMDasthala se usake mada pravAhita hotA rahatA aura bar3e-bar3e vRkSoM ko vaha ukhAr3atA huA calA aataa|" hastiyUtha kA ullekha milatA hai| ye hAthI jaMgala ke agAdha jala se pUrNa tAlAboM kA jalapAna kara vicaraNa kiyA karate the| hAthI kI Ayu sATha varSa (saDihAyana) kI batAyI hai| rAjA apane hAthiyoM ke viziSTa nAma rakhate the| rAjA zreNika ke hAthI kA 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 35 / / 2. sarovara meM snAna karane ke bAda apane zarIra para dhUla DAlane vAle hAthiyoM kA ullekha hai, bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1147 / 3. arthazAstra 2.31.48.6 meM sAta hAtha U~ce, nau hAtha lambe aura dasa hAtha moTe cAlIsa varSa kI umra vAle hAthI ko sarvottama kahA hai| 4. sthAnAMga 4.281; tathA jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 36 / tathA dekhiye bRhatsaMhitA kA hastilakSaNa (66) nAmaka adhyAya; arthazAstra 2.31.48 / sammohavinodinI ( pR0 367 ) meM dasa prakAra ke hAthI batAye gaye hai:kAlAvaka, gaMgeyya, paMDara, taMba, piMgala, gaMdha, maMgala, hema, uposatha, chaddanta / tathA dekhiye rAmAyaNa 1.6.25 / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 4, pR0 60 a%; 9, pR0 104 / 6. nizIthacUrNI 10.2784 cUrNI, pR0 41 / 7 jai0 bhA0

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18. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja ..... . nAma secanaka thA / secanaka RSiyoM ke Azrama meM paidA huA thA, aura RSi-kumAroM ke sAtha apanI sUMr3a meM pAnI bharakara, puSpArAma kA siMcana kiyA karatA thaa| bar3e hone para secanaka ne yUthAdhipati ko mAra diyA aura AzramaM ko naSTa kara ddaalaa| yada dekhakara Azrama ke tapasviyoM ne use rAjA zreNika ko sauMpa diyaa|' zreNika ne apane jIte-jI secanaka hAthI aura aThAraha lar3I kA hAra kuNika ko na dekara usake bhAI vehallakumAra ko de diyA thaa| vehalla kumAra antaHpura kI rAniyoM ko hAthI para baiThAkara gaGgA meM snAna karane le jaataa| secanaka rAniyoM ko kabhI sUNDa se uThAtA, kabhI pITha, kabhI skaMdha, kabhI kumbha, kabhI sira aura kabhI apane dAMtoM para baiThAtA, kabhI sUNDa se uchAlatA, kabhI dAMtoM ke bIca pakar3a letA aura kabhI sUNDa meM jala bhara unheM snAna karAtA / yaha dekhakara kUNika kI rAnI padmAvatI ko bar3I IrSyA huI / usane kUNika se hAtho ko prApta karane kI icchA vyakta kii| kUNika ne eka dina vehalla ko bulAkara usase hAthI aura hAra maaNgaa| lekina vehalla ne uttara diyA ki yadi vaha AdhA rAjya dene ko taiyAra ho to vaha donoM cIjeM use de sakatA hai| dehalla ke mana meM zaMkA ho gayI aura campA chor3akara vaha apane nAnA ceTaka ke pAsa vaizAlI meM jAkara rahane lgaa| kUNika ne ceTaka ke pAsa dUta bhejakara hAthI aura hAra lauTA dene kA anurodha kiyA, lekina ceTaka ne uttara meM kahalA bhejA ki mere lie to donoM eka-jaise haiM, tathA yadi tuma AdhA rAjya dene ko taiyAra ho to hAthI aura hAra mila sakate hai| kUNika ne dUsarI bAra dUta bhejA ceTaka ne phira vahI uttara diyaa| ... yaha dekhakara kRNika ko bahuta krodha aayaa| usane tIsarI bAra dUta bhejaa| aba kI bAra dUta ne apane bAyeM paira se rAjA ke siMhAsana kA atikramaNa kara, bhAle kI noka para patra rakhakara ceTaka ko samarpita kiyaa| yuddha ke lie yaha khulA AhvAna thaa| kUNika ne kAla, sukAla Adi rAjakumAroM ko bulavAkara yuddha kI taiyArI karane kA Adeza diyaa| kUNika ne AbhiSekya hastiratna ko sajavAyA aura bIca-bIca meM par3Ava DAlate hue apane dala-bala ke sAtha vaizAlI pahu~ca gyaa| udhara ceTaka ne 1. zrAvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 170 Adi / 2. kauTilya, arthazAstra 1.16.12.16 meM rAjA ko dUtamukha (dUtoM ke dvArA apanI bAta dUsaroM ko sunAne vAle ) kahA hai|

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ha kosala ke nau licchavI / cauthA adhyAya : sainya-vyavasthA apane AjJAkArI kAzI ke nau mallakI aura rAjAoM ko bulAkara unake sAtha maMtraNA kI saba loga isa nirNaya para pahu~ce ki zaraNAgata kI rakSA karanA kSatriya kA dharma hai / yuddha kI ghoSaNA kara dI gayI / donoM ora se ghamAsAna yuddha huA / ceTaka ne kAla, sukAla Adi rAjakumAroM ko mAra girAyA / lekina anta meM gaNarAjA hAra gaye, aura ceTaka bhAgakara nepAla calA gayA / ' rAjA zreNika ke udAyo aura bhUtAnanda nAma ke do aura hAthI ye / ' yuddha meM parAjita hone ke bAda ceTaka ne secanaka ko jalate aMgAroM ke gaDDhe meM girAkara mAra DAlA; usakI jagaha kUNika ne bhUtAnanda ko paTTahasti ke pada para abhiSikta kiyaa| kauzAmbI ke rAjA udayana kI hathinI kA nAma bhadrAvatI thA / isa para vAsavadattA ko baiThAkara vaha use ujjayinI se haraNa karake lAyA thA / vijayagaMdhahasti kRSNa kA prasiddha hAthoM thA, isa para baiThakara ve bhagavAn neminAtha ke darzana ke lie jAte the / pradyota ke nalagiri kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / usake mUtra aura puroSa kI gaMdha se hAthI unmatta ho uThate the / hAthiyoM ko sannaddha-baddha karake, ujjvala vastra, kavaca, gale ke AbhUSaNa aura karNapUra pahanA, ura meM rajjU bAMdha, una para laTakatI huI jhUleM DAla, chatra, dhvajA aura ghaMTe laTakA, astra-zastra tathA DhAloM se zobhita kiyA jAtA vA / koI sahasrayodhI kavaca pahana, hAthI para baiThakara yuddha kara rahA thA / itane meM vRkSa para chipa kara baiThe hue zatrupakSa ke kisI sainika dvArA chor3A huA tIra usake Akara lgaa| use dekhate hI sahasrayodhI ne ardhacandra se usakA sira kATa diyA / " 1. zrAvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 172 - 3; nirayAvala 1 / 2. vyAkhyAprajJapti 17. P 3. zrAvazyakacUNIM, vahI / 4. vahI 2, pR0 161 Adi / 5. jJAtRdharmakathA 5, pR0 70 / 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 253 ; pR0 86 / 7. vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 13; zrapapAtika 30, pR0 117, 31, pR0 132 / tathA dekhie rAmAyaNa 1.53.18 / 8. nizIthacUrNI 11.3816 kI cUrNI /

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jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja . jaMgalI hAthiyoM ko pakar3a kara zikSA dI jAtI thii| vindhyAcala ke jaMgaloM meM hAthiyoM ke jhuNDa ghUmate-phirate the ! unheM nala ke vanoM meM pakar3A jAtA thaa| pahale ve apanI sUNDa se kASTha, phira choTe patthara, phira golo, phira bera aura phira sarasoM uThAne kA abhyAsa krte| hAthiyoM ko zikSA dene vAle damaga unheM vaza meM karate; meMTha hare ganne, TahanI (yavasa) Adi khilAkara unheM savArI ke kAma meM lete; aura Aroha yuddhakAla meM una para savArI karate / kauzAmbI kA rAjA udayana apane madhura saMgIta dvArA hAthiyoM ko vaza meM karane kI kalA meM niSNAta mAnA jAtA thaa| mUladeva ne bhI vINA bajAkara eka hathinI ko vaza meM kiyA thaa|' kabhI hAthI sAMkala tur3Akara bhAga jAte aura nagarI meM upadrava karane lagate jisase sarvatra kolAhala maca jaataa| aise samaya koI rAjakumAra yA sAhasI puruSa hAthI ko sUMDa ke sAmane golAkAra lipaTA huA uttarIya vastra pheMkakara usake krodha ko zAnta krtaa| mahAvata (mahAmAtra; hatthivAua ) hastizAlA (jaDDazAlA) kI dekhabhAla karate / aMkuza kI sahAyatA se ve hAthI ko vaza meM rakhate, tathA jhUla (uccUla), vaijayantI ( dhvajA), mAlA aura vividha alaMkAroM se unheM vibhUSita karate / hAthiyoM kI pITha para ambArI (gilli") rakkhI jAtI, jisa para baiThA huA manuSya dikhAI na pdd'taa| unheM stambha (AlANa) meM bAMdhA jAtA aura unake pAMvoM meM moTe-moTe rasse par3e rahate / 1 hAthiyoM kI bhA~ti ghor3oM kA bhI bahuta mahatva thaa| ve teja 1. piMDaniyukti 83 / kauTilya ne grISma Rtu meM 20 varSa yA isase adhika Ayu vAle hAthiyoM ko pakar3ane kA vidhAna kiyA hai, arthazAstra 2.31.48.7 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 231 / 3. nizIthacUrNI 6.23-25 tathA cUrNI / 4. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 161 / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 3, pR0 60 / 6. vahI, 13, pR0 186, 165; 4, pR0 85 / 7. vyavahArabhASya 10.484 / 8. dazavaikAlika 2.10; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR085 / 6. aupapAtika 30, pR0 117 / 10. rAjapraznIya 3, pR0 17 / 11. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR085 /

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cauthA adhyAya : sainya-vyavasthA 101 daur3ate, zatru-senA para pahale se hI AkramaNa kara dete, zatru kI senA meM ghusakara use vicalita kara dete, apanI senA ko tasallI dete, aura zatru dvArA pakar3e hue apane yoddhAoM ko chur3Ate, zatra ke koSa aura rAjakumAra kA apaharaNa karate, jinake ghor3e mara gaye haiM aise sainikoM kA pIchA karate tathA bhAgI huI zatru senA ke pIche bhAgate / ghor3e kaI kisma ke hote aura ve vividha dezoM se lAye jAte the / kaMboja deza ke AkIrNa aura kanthaka ghor3e prasiddha the| donoM hI daur3ane meM teja the / AkIrNa U~cI nasla ke hote, tathA kaMthaka patthara Adi kI AvAja se na Darate the / dazavaikAlika cUrNI meM azvatara aura ghoTaka kA ullekha milatA hai / vAhlIka deza meM pAye jAne vAle U~cI nasla ke ghor3e azva kahe jAte, inakA zarIra mUtra Adi se lipta na hotA thA / vijAti se utpanna khaccaroM ko azvatara kahA gayA hai; ye dIlavAliyA (?) se lAye jAte the | sabase nikRSTa ( ajaccajAtijAyA ) ghoTaka kahe jAte the / " galiyA azva kA ullekha milatA hai / use bAra-bAra cAbuka mAra kara aura ArI se calAne kI jarUrata hotI thI / vaha gAyoM ko dekhakara unake pIche daur3ane lagatA aura rassA tur3Akara bhAga jAtA / prati varSa vyAne vAlI ghor3iyoM ko thAiNI kahA jAtA thaa| pAMca sthAnoM meM zveta 1 1. arthazAstra 10.4.153-154.14 / bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3747 meM ghor3e ko baTTakhura ( vRttakhura = gola khuravAlA ) kahA hai / inheM pradhAna turaMga mAnA jAtA thA / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA kI TIkA meM zrAkIrNa ghor3oM ko 'samudramadhyavartI' batAyA hai / 3. uttarAdhyayana 11.16 aura TIkA; sthAnAMga 4.327; yahA~ kaMthaka ghor3oM ke cAra bheda batAye haiM / dhammapada aTThakathA 1, pR0 85 meM kaMthaka kA ullekha hai / tathA "dekhiye bRhatkalpabhASyaTIkA 3.3656 - 60 / sthAnAMgasUtra meM kha luMka ( vinIta ) ghor3e kA ullekha hai / ghor3oM ke ATha prakAra ke doSoM ke lie dekhie aMguttaranikAya kA assakhaluMkasutta 1, 3, pR0 267 Adi; 3,8, pR0 301 / 4. jambUdvIpaprajJasiTIkA 2, pR0 110 - uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 57 a; tathA dekhie rAmAyaNa 1.6.22 / 5. 6, pR0 213 / 6. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 1.12; 27 vA~ khaluMkIya adhyayana / 7. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3656 Adi / marAThI meM ghor3I ko ThANI kahate haiM /

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102 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja ........ (puMDra ) varNa vAle ghor3I ke bacce ko paMcapuMDa kahate the|' ghor3e kavaca se sajjita rahate, uttarakaMcuka dhAraNa kiye rahate, A~kheM unako phUla kI kalI ke samAna zukla varNa kI hotI, mu~ha para AbharaNa laTakA rahatA, aura unakA kaTibhAga cAmaradaNDa se maMDita rhtaa| ghor3oM ko jIna thillI kahI jAtI thii| ghur3asavAra (AsavAra ) AyudhoM se laisa rahate / ghor3oM ko zikSA dI jAtI tho|' bahali (vAhnIka ) ke ghor3oM ko zikSA dene kA ullekha milatA hai / zikSA dene ke sthAna ko vAhiyAli kahA jAtA thaa| aMzvadamaga, azvameMTha aura azvAroha zikSA dene kA kAma karate , tathA solaga ghor3oM kI dekhabhAla kiyA karate the| kAliya dvIpa ke ghor3e prasiddha the| vyApArI loga apane dala-bala sahita ghor3e pakar3ane ke lie yahA~ AyA krte| ye loga vINA Adi bajAkara, aneka kASTha aura guMthI huI AkarSaka vastue~ dikhAkara, koSTha, tamAla patra, cuvA, tagara, caMdana, kuMkuma, Adi suMghAkara, khANDa, gur3a, zakarA, mizrI, Adi khilAkara, kaMbala, prAvaraNa, jona, pusta Adi chuAkara unheM AkRSTa karate / phira azvamardaka lagAma ( ahilANa ), jIna (paDiyANa) Adi dvArA unake mu~ha, kAna, nAka, bAla, khura aura TAMga bAMdhakara, kor3oM se unheM vaza meM karate aura lohe kI garma salAI se unheM dAgate ( aNknnaa)| 1. nizIthabhASya 13.4408 / 2. vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 13; aupapAtika 31, pR0 132 / 3. kahIM para do ghor3oM kI gAr3I ko thillI kahA gayA hai, jambUdvIpaprajJaptiTIkA 2, pR0 123 / 4. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 481 / 5. haribhadra ne bahali se lAye hue ghor3oM ko zikSA dene kA ullekha kiyA hai; AvazyakaTIkA, pR0 261; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 343-44; tathA rAjapraznIyasUtra 161 / 6. nizIthacUrNI 6.23-24 / arthazAstra 2.30.47.50 meM bhI isakI carcA hai| 7. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2066 / 8. jJAtRdharmakathA 17, pR0 205 /

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cauthA adhyAya : sainya-vyavasthA 103 ghor3e para car3hakara loga azvavAhanikA' ke lie jaate| laMghana ( kUdanA ), valgana ( golAkAra ghUmanA ), utplavana, dhAvana, dhoraNa ( dulakI, sarapaTa Adi cAla se calanA ), tripadI ( jamIna para tIna paira rakhanA', javinI (vegavatI) aura zikSitA gatiyoM se ghor3e calate / sarva lakSaNoM se sampanna ghor3oM ke ullekha milate haiM / sAmaMta rAjAoM kI ina ghor3oM para A~kheM lagI rahatI thIM / ghor3oM ko azvazAlA meM rakkhA jAtA, tathA yatrasa aura tuSa' Adi unheM khAne ke lie diye jAte / sanatkumAra cakravartI apane jaladhikallola nAmaka ghor3e para savAra hokara bhramaNa kiyA karatA thA / vaha paMcamadhArA gati se itanA zIghra bhAgatA ki kSaNa bhara meM adRzya ho jAtA / bharata cakravartI ke azvaratna kA nAma kamalAmelA thA / padAti caturaMgiNI senA kA mukhya aGga thA / kauTilya ne maula (sthAnIya), bhRta ( vetanabhogI ), zreNi ( prAnta meM bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM para rahane vAle), mitrabala, amitrabala ( zatru senA ) aura aTavIbala nAma ke padAtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / ve loga hAtha meM talavAra, bhAlA, dhanuSa, bANa Adi lekara calate tathA bANa Adi ke prahAra se rakSA ke lie sannaddha-baddha hokara, varma aura kavaca dhAraNa kiye rahate, bhujAoM para carmapaTTa bAMdhe rahate tathA unakI grIvA AbharaNa aura mastaka vIratAsUcaka paTTa se zobhita rahatA / " yoddhA loga dhanuSa-bANa calAte samaya AloDha, pratyAlIDha, vaizAkha, maMDala aura samapAda nAma ke Asana svIkAra karate the / 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 103 / 2. aupapAtika sUtra 31, pR0 132; uttarAdhyayana 4.8 kI TIkA, pR0 66; tathA dekhie arthazAstra, 2.30.47.37-43 / 3. nizIthabhASya 20.6366 kI cUrNI / 4. vyavahArabhASya 10.484 / azvazAlA ke lie dekhie kauTilya, arthazAstra 2.30.47.4-5 / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, 5066 / 6. vahI, 18, pR0 236 a / " 7. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 166 / * 8. arthazAstra, 2.33.46-51.6 / 6. zrapapAtika 31, pR0 132; vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 13 / 10. nizIthabhASya 20.6300 /

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja kauzAMbI ke rAjA zatAnIka ne jaba caMpA para AkramaNa kiyA to rAjA dadhivAhana ke bhAga jAne para zatAnIka kA a~TasavAra dadhivAhana kI rAnI dhAriNI aura usakI kanyA vasumatI ko lekara calatA banA / ' samasta senA senApati ( balavAuya ) ke niyaMtraNa meM rahatI tathA senA meM vyavasthA aura anuzAsana kAyama rakhane ke lie senApati saceSTa rahatA / yuddha ke avasara para rAjA kI AjJA pAkara vaha caturaMgiNI senA ko sajjita karatA aura kUca ke lie taiyAra rahatA | bharata cakravartI suSeNa senApatiko vizrutayaza, mleccha bhASA meM vizArada, madhurabhASI, aura arthazAstra ke paMDita ke rUpa meM ullikhita kiyA hai / yuddhanIti 104 Ajakala kI bhAMti una dinoM bhI loga yuddhoM se bhayabhIta rahate the| pahale yathAsaMbhava zAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda kI nIti kAma meM lI jAtI; isameM saphalatA na milane para hI yuddha lar3e jAte / yuddha ke pahale samajhautA karane ke liye dUta bheje jAte / phira bhI yadi vipakSI koI paravA na karatA to rAjadUta rAjA ke pAdapITha kA apane bAMye paira se atikramaNa kara, bhAle kI noka para patra rakhakara use samarpita karatA / tatpazcAt yuddha Arambha hotA / loga yuddha ke kalA kauzala se bhalI bhAMti paricita the / caturaMgiNI senA tathA AvaraNa aura praharaNa ke sAtha-sAtha kauzala, nIti, vyavasthA aura zarIra kI sAmarthyako bhI yuddha ke lie Avazyaka samajhA jAtA thA / ' skandhAvAra-niveza" yuddha kA eka Avazyaka aGga thA / skaMdhAvAra ko dUra se AtA huA dekha sAdhu loga anyatra gamana kara jAte / nagarI ko IMToM se dRr3ha banAkara aura koThAroM ko anAja se bharakara yuddha kI taiyAriyA~ kI jAtIM / 1. zrAvazyaka cUrNI, pR0 318 / 2. aupapAtikasUtra 26 / 3. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 190 / 0 63; zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 452 / 4. uttarAdhyayanacUrNI 3, 5. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 111; 16, pR0 160 | tathA dekhie arthazAstra 10.1.147; mahAbhArata 5.152 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 556 / 7. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 86

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cauthA adhyAya : sainya-vyavasthA 105 - yuddha aneka prakAra se lar3e jAte the| jainasUtroM meM yuddha', niyuddha, mahAyuddha, mahAsaMgrAma Adi aneka yuddha batAye gaye haiN| rAjA bharata aura bAhubali ke bIca dRSTiyuddha, vAkyuddha, bAhuyuddha, muSTiyuddha aura daNDayaddha hone kA ullekha milatA hai| kUNika aura ceTaka ke bIca honevAle yuddha ke sambandha meM pahale kahA jA cukA hai| isa mahAsaMgrAma meM kUNika kI ora se garuDavyUha aura ceTaka kI ora se zakaTavyUha racA gayA / phira donoM meM mahAzilAkaMTaka aura rathamuzala nAmaka yuddha hue| kahate haiM isa mahAsaMgrAma meM lAkhoM sainikoM kA vidhvaMsa huaa| vyUharacanA meM cakravyUha, daNDavyUha aura sUcivyUha kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa|" yuddha Arambha karane ke pUrva AkramaNakArI rAjA zatru ke nagara ko cAroM ora se ghera letA thaa| phira bhI yadi zatru AtmasamarpaNa ke lie taiyAra na ho to donoM pakSoM meM yuddha hone lgtaa| rAjA kUNika dvArA bArabAra dUta bhejane para bhI jaba ceTaka halla aura behalla ko vApisa bhejane ko taiyAra na huA to videha janapada ke dezaprAnta para skaMdhAvAra-nivezana 1. nizIzacUrNI 12.4133 kI cUrNI meM yuddha aura niyuddha kA nimnalikhita lakSaNa kiyA hai-aDDiyapavvaDDiyAdikAraNehiM juddhaM / savvasandhivikkhohaNaM NijuddhaM / puvvaM juddhaNa jujjiuM pacchA saMdhIzro vikkhobhijjati jattha taM juddhaM NijuddhaM / 2. nizIthasUtra 12.27 meM DiMba, Damara, khAra, vera, mahAyuddha, mahAsaMgrAma, kalaha aura bola kA ullekha hai| arthazAstra 2.33.46-51.11 meM zrATha prakAra ke yuddhoM kA ullekha hai-nimnayuddha, sthalayuddha, prakAzayuddha, kUTayuddha, khanakayuddha, zrAkAzayuddha, divAyuddha aura rAtriyuddha / 3. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 210 / kalpasatra 7, pR0 206-a ttiikaa| 4. nirayAvaliyAno 1, pR. 28 / kauTilya ne bhI arthazAstra 10.6.158156.12,24 meM zakaTavyUha aura garuDavyUha kA ullekha kiyA hai| tathA dekhie manusmRti 5.187 Adi; mahAbhArata 6.56, 75; dAte, da ArTa oNva vAra ina aiMziyeMTa iNDiyA, pR0 72 zrAdi / 5. zraupapAtika 40, pR0 186; tathA dekhie praznavyAkaraNa 3, pR0 44 / rAjA pradyota aura dumukha ke yuddha meM garur3avyUha aura sAgaravyUha race jAne kA ullekha hai, uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 6, pR0 135-6 /

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106 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja kara, kUNika ceTaka ke Agamana kI pratIkSA karane lagA / ' bhRgukaccha ke rAjA nahapAna ko parAjita karane ke lie pratiSThAna kA rAjA zAlivAhana prativarSa bhRgukaccha ko ghera letA thA / kAzI-kosala Adi ke chaha rAjAoM ke dUtoM ko mithilA ke rAjA kumbhaka ne jaba apamAnita karake lauTA diyA to unhoMne mithilA ko cAroM ora se ghera liyA, jisase nagaravAsI idhara-udhara bhAga kara na jA sakeM / inhIM saba bAtoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue rAjA apane nagara kI kilebandI bar3I majabUtI se kiyA karate the / nagara ke cAroM ora parakoTA ( prAkAra ), parikhA, tathA gopura ( kile kA daravAjA ) aura aTTAlikAeM Adi banAyI jAtIM, tathA cakra, gadA, musuMDhI, avarodha, zataghnI aura kapATa Adi lagAkara nagara kI rakSA ko jAtI / " yuddhoM meM kUTanIti kA bar3A mahatva thA / yuddhanIti meM niSNAta mantrI apanI caturAI, buddhimattA aura kalA-kauzala dvArA aise aneka prayatna karate jisase zatrupakSa ko AtmasamarpaNa ke lie bAdhya kiyA jA sake / ujjainI ke rAjA pradyota ne jaba rAjagRha para AkramaNa karane kA irAdA kiyA to rAjA zreNika ke kuzala mantro abhayakumAra ne pradyota kI senA ke par3Ava ke sthAna para pahale se hI lohe ke kalazoM meM dInAreM bharavA kara gar3avA dIM / pradyota jaba apane AkramaNa meM saphala ho gayA to abhayakumAra ne pradyota ke pAsa dUta bhejakara kahalavAyA - " tuma nahIM jAnate zreNika ne pahale hI tumhAre sainikoM ko rizvata dekara apane pakSa meM kara liyA hai|"3 cArakarma kUTanIti kA mukhya aGga thA / zatrusenA kI 1. zrAvazyaka cUrNI 2, pR0 173 / 2. zrAvazyakaniyukti 1266; AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 200 Adi / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 111-112 / 4. prAkAra kaI prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM / dvArikA nagarI kA prAkAra pASANa kA, nandapura kA IMToM kA aura sumanomukha nagara kA prAkAra mRttikA kA banA the / gA~voM kI rakSA ke 1 huA thA / bahuta se nagaroM ke prAkAra kASTha ke bane rahate lie usake cAroM ora bAMsa athavA babUla ke kAMTe bhASya 1. 123 / lagA dete the / bRhatkalpa 5. uttarAdhyayana 6.18; aupapAtika 1, pR0 5 / 6. zrAvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 156 /

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cauthA adhyAya : sainya-vyavasthA 107 gupta bAtoM kA patA lagAne ke lie guptacara kAma meM liye jAte / ye loga zatrusenA meM bhartI hokara unakI saba bAtoM kA patA lagAte rahate the / kUlavAlaya RSi ko sahAyatA se rAjA kUNika vaizAlI ke stUpa ko naSTa karAkara, rAjA ceTaka ko parAjita karane meM saphala huA thA / astra-zastra 3 yuddha meM aneka astra-zastroM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA / inameM mugdara, 3 mudi (eka prakAra kI mugdara), karakaya ( krakaca = ArI, zakti ( trizUla ), hala, gadA, mUsala, cakra, kunta ( bhAlA ), tomara ( eka prakAra kA bANa ), zUla, lakuTa, bhiMDipAla ( mugdara athavA moTe phalavAlA kunta ), zabbala ( lohe kA bhAlA ), paTTiza ( jisake donoM kinAroM para trizUla hoM ), carmeSTa" ( carma se AveSTita pASANa ), asikheTaka ( DhAla sahita talavAra ), khaDga, cApa ( dhanuSa), nArAca ( lohabANa ), kaNaka ( bANa ), kartarikA, vAsI ( lakar3I chIlane kA aujAra = basolA ), parazu ( pharasA ) aura zataghnI mukhya haiM / " yuddha 1. guptacara puruSoM kI sthApanA ke lie dekhie kauTilya arthazAstra 1.11.8 / " 2. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 174 / jaina sAdhuoM ko guptacara samajha kara giraphtAra kara liyA jAtA thA; dekhie uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 47; arthazAstra 2.35.54-55,15-16 / 3. mugTara lohe kI bhI banI hotI thI, uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 34 zra / 4. mahAbhArata 2.70.34 meM isakA ullekha hai / 5. carmeSTakAH iSTakA zakalAdibhRtacarma kutaparUpAH, yadA karSaNena dhanurdharAH vyAyAmaM kurvanti, upAsakadazATIkA 7, pR0 85 / 6. uttarAdhyayana 6.18 meM bhI ullekha hai / tathA dekhie rAmAyaNa 1.5.11 / kauTilya ke arthazAstra 2.18.36.7 ke anusAra zataghnI sthUla aura dIrgha kIloM se yukta eka mahAstambha hotA thA jise prAkAra ke Upara lagAyA jAtA thA / mahAbhArata 3.261.24 meM isakA ullekha hai / yaha eka camakadAra aura andara se khokhalA yantra hotA thA jisameM ghaNTiyA~ lagI rahatI thIM / talavAra yA bhAle kI bhA~ti ise hAtha se calAyA jAtA thA; haoNpakinsa, jarnala oNva amerikana oriMTiyala sosAyaTI, jilda 13, pR0 300 | 7. praznavyAkaraNa, pR0 17 - 44; uttarAdhyayana 16.51, 55, 58, 61 zradi / tathA dekhie hemacandra, abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi 3.446-451 ;

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108 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja ke lie kavaca atyanta upayogI hotA thA / vajrapratirUpaka abhedya kavaca dhAraNa kara kUNika ne ceTaka ke sAtha yuddha kiyA thaa| bANoM meM nAga-bANa, tAmasa-bANa, padma-bANa, vahni-bANa, mahApuruSabANa aura mahArudhira-bANa Adi mukhya haiN| ina bANoM ko adbhuta aura vicitra zaktidhArI kahA gayA gayA hai| nAga bANa ko jaba dhanuSa para car3hAkara chor3A jAtA to vaha jalatI huI ulkA ke daNDarUpa meM zatra ke zarIra meM praveza kara, nAga banakara use cAroM ora se lapeTa letaa| tAmasa-bANa chor3ane para raNabhUmi meM andhakAra hI andhakAra phaila jaataa| mahAyuddha meM mahoraga, garuDa, Agneya, vAyavya aura zaila Adi astroM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| - dhvajA aura patAkA bhI raNabhUmi meM upayogI hotI thI / paTaha aura bheriyoM kA zabda yoddhAoM ko protsAhita krtaa| sainika apane bANoM dvArA dhvajA ko chinna-bhinna kara dete aura zatra ke hAtha meM dhvajA par3a jAne para yuddha kA anta ho jaataa|' kRSNavAsudeva kI kaumudikI, arthazAstra 2.18.36 ; rAmAyaNa 3.22.20 Adi; pusAlakara, bhAsae sTaDI, adhyAya 16, pR0 414; banarjI pI0 ena0, pablika eDaminisTrezana ina aiziyeMTa iNDiyA, pR0 204 zrAdi; ratilAla mehatA, prI-buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 171; dAte jI0 jI0, da ArTa oNva vAra ina aiMzitheTa iNDiyA; zroparTa gustAva, vepeMsa eNDa ArmarI ArganAijezana / 1. vyAkhyAprajJapti 7.6 / 2. jIvAbhigama 3, pR0 153, 283; jambUdvIpaprajJapti 2, pR0 124-a; tathA rAmAyaNa 1.27.16 zrAdi / 3. citraM zreNika ! te bANA bhavanti dhnuraashritaaH| . ulkArUpAzca gacchantaH zarIre nAgamUrtayaH / / kSaNaM bANA kSaNaM daNDAH kSaNaM paashtvmaagtaaH| AkarA vastrabhedAste yathAciMtitamUrtayaH // jIvAbhigama, 3, pR0 283 / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 238 / 5. tulanA kIjie vyAkhyAprajJapti 7.6 / dhvajA ke varNana ke lie dekhie kalpasUtra 3.40 / tulanA kIjie rAmAyaNa 3.27.15; mahAbhArata 5.83.46 Adi / 6. mahAbhArata 1.251.28 meM kaumudikI ko kRSNa kI eka gadA batAyA hai, jisase daityoM kA nAza ho jAtA thaa|

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. cauthA adhyAya : sainya-vyavasthA 106 saMgrAmikI, durbhUtikA aura azivopazamino nAmaka bheriyoM kA ullekha prAcIna sUtroM meM milatA hai| ye cAroM hI gozIrSa candana kI banI haI thiiN| kahate haiM ki jaba azivopazAminI bherI bajAyI jAtI to chaha mahIne ke lie samasta roga zAnta ho jAte / ' kRSNa kI dUsarI bherI kA nAma sannAhikA thaa| isa bherI kA zabda sunakara unake saba sainikoM ne ekatrita ho rAjA padmanAbha ke viruddha kUca kiyA thaa| bherIpAla bherI bajAne kAma karatA thaa| kRSNa ke pAsa pAMcajanya zaMkha thA jisakA zabda sunakara zatru senA bhAga jAtI thii| ariSTanemi dvArA isa zaMkha ke phUke jAne para samasta bhuvana badhira ho jAtA tathA deva, asura aura manuSya kA~pane lagate the / ' 1. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 356 / / 2. mahAbhArata 1.244.38 meM isakA ullekha hai| 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 160 / 4. vahI, pR0 162 / / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 16, pR0 277 shr| . /

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pAMcavAM adhyAya rAjakara-vyavasthA kAnUnI Taiksa lagAna aura kara ke dvArA rAjya kA kharca calatA thaa| vyavahArabhASya meM sAdhAraNatayA paidAvAra ke dasaveM hisse ko kAnUnI Taiksa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vaise paidAvAra kI rAzi, phasala kI kImata, bAjAra-bhAva aura khetI kI jamIna Adi ke kAraNa Taiksa kI dara meM antara hotA rahatA thaa| kheta aura gAya Adi ke atirikta pratyeka ghara se bhI Taiksa vasUla kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjagRha meM kisI vaNik ne pakko IToM kA ghara banavAyA, lekina gRhanirmANa pUrA hote hI vaNika kI mRtyu ho gayI / vANika ke putra bar3I muzkila se apanI AjIvikA calA pAte the| lekina niyamAnusAra unheM rAjA ko eka rupayA kara denA Avazyaka thA / aisI hAlata meM kara dene ke bhaya se ve apane ghara ke pAsa eka jhopar3I banAkara rahane lage; apanA ghara unhoMne jaina-zramaNoM ko rahane ke lie de diyaa| jAna par3atA hai, zUrpAraka nagara ke vaNika logoM meM kara dene kI prathA nahIM thii| yahA~ vaNikoM ke 500 parivAra rahate the| eka bAra rAjA ne pratyeka parivAra ke Upara eka-eka rupayA kara lagA diyA / vANikoM ne socA ki yadi yaha kara cala par3A to una kI pIr3hI dara pIr3hI ko ise dete rahanA pdd'egaa| yaha socakara ve agni meM praveza kara gye| __ vyApAriyoM ke mAla-asabAba para bhI kara lagAyA jAtA thaa| bikrI 1. vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 128-a| gautamadharmasUtra 10.24 meM khetI se vasUla kiye jAnevAle tIna prakAra ke karoM kA ullekha hai:-dasavAM, aAThavA~ aura chaThA hissA; tathA dekhie manusmRti 7.130 zrAdi / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4770; piMDaniyuktiTIkA 87, pR0 32-a meM pratyeka ghara se prativarSa do dramma lie jAne kA ullekha hai| 3. nizIthabhASya 16.5156 /

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pAMcavA adhyAya : rAjakara-vyavasthA 111 ke mAla para lagAye jAnevAle Taiksa ko zulka kahate the| kisI vyApArI ke pAsa bIsa kImatI bartana the, unameM se eka bartana rAjA ko dekara vaha kara se mukta ho gayA / ' campA nagarI ke potavaNik bAhara se dhana kamAkara lauTe aura gaMbhIrapotapaTTana meM utara mithilA nagarI meM Aye / rAjA ke lie vahumUlya kuNDalayugala kA upahAra lekara ve usase bheMTa karane cle| rAjA kuNDalayugala dekhakara atyanta prasanna huaa| usane una logoM kA vipula azana, pAna Adi dvArA satkAra kiyA aura unakA zulka mApha kara diyaa| Ajakala kI bhAMti una dinoM bhI vyApArI loga mAla ko chipA lete aura Taiksa se bacane kI koziza karate / acala nAma kA koI vyApArI pArasakula se dhana kamAkara benyAtaTa lauTA / hiraNya, suvarNa aura motiyoM kA thAla bharakara vaha rAjA ke pAsa pahu~cA / rAjA paMcakuloM ko sAtha le usake mAla kI parIkSA karane AyA / acala ne zaMkha, supArI, caMdana, aguru, maMjITha Adi apanA mAla dikhA diyA; lekina rAjA ne jaba boroM ko tulavAyA to ve bhArI mAlUma diye / rAjakarmacAriyoM ne pA~va kI Thokara aura bAMsa kI DaMDI se patA lagAyA tA mAlUma huA ki maMjITha ke andara sonA, cAMdI, maNi, muktA aura pravAla Adi kImato sAmAna chipA huA hai| yaha dekhakara rAjA ne acala ko giraphtAra karane kA hukma diyA / ____aThAraha prakAra kA kara jaina sUtroM meM aThAraha prakAra ke karoM kA ullekha milatA hai:-gokara ( gAya becakara diyA jAne vAlA kara ), mahiSakara, uSTakara, pazukara, chagalIkara ( bakarA), tRNakara, palAlakara (puvAla), busakara (bhUsA), kASThakara, aGgArakara, sItAkara (hala para liyA jAne vAlA kara), uMbarakara (dehalI athavA pratyeka ghara se liyA jAne vAlA kara), jaMghAkara (athavA jaMgAkara =carAgAha para liyA jAne vAlA kara), balI 1. nizIthabhASya 20.6521 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 1.2 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pa064 / kauTilya ne arthazAstra 2.21.38, 38 meM batAyA hai ki bar3hiyA mAla ko chipAnevAle kA sArA mAla jabta kara lenA caahie| 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4770 meM isakA ullekha hai|

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112 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja vardakara (baila), ghaTakara, carmakara, cullagakara (bhojana ) aura apanI icchA se diyA jAnevAlA kara / ye kara gAMvoM meM hI vasUla kiye jAte the, aura nagara ( na+kara) inase mukta rahate / kara vasUla karanevAle karmacArI zulkapAla (gomiyA suMkiyA) kahe jAte the| putrotpatti, rAjyAbhiSeka Adi ke avasaroM para kara mApha kara diyA jAtA / __ rAjakoSa ko samRddha banAne ke anya upAya rAjakoSa ko samRddha banAne ke aura bhI upAya the| rAjagRha kA nanda nAmaka maniyAra zreSThI nagara meM eka puSkariNI khudavAnA cAhatA thaa| apane mitroM se pariveSTita ho vaha koI mahAn upahAra lekara rAjA zreNika ke pAsa gayA, aura puSkariNI khudavAne kI anumati prApta kii| campA nagarI ke suvarNakAra kumAranandi ne paMcazaila dvIpa ke lie prasthAna karane kI ghoSaNA karane ke pUrva rAjA kI anumati prApta karanA Avazyaka smjhaa| suvarNa Adi kA bahumUlya upahAra lekara vaha rAjA kI sevA meM upasthita huA aura anumati mila jAne para yAtrA ke lie ravAnA huaa| . isake sivAya, yadi kabhI sampatti kA koI vArisa na hotA, yA kahIM gar3I huI nidhi mila jAtI to usa para bhI rAjA kA adhikAra ho jAtA / candrakAntA nagarI ke rAjA vijayasena ko jaba patA lagA ki kisI vyApArI kI mRtyu ho gayI hai aura usakI saMpatti kA koI vArisa nahIM rahA to usane karmacAriyoM ko bheja kara usa sampatti para kabjA 1. Avazyakaniyukti 1078 Adi, haribhadraTIkA; tathA dekhie malayagiri kI TIkA bhI 1083-4, pR0 566 / kauTilya ke arthazAstra 2.6.24.2 meM bAIsa prakAra ke rAjakara batAye gaye haiN| 2. natthetya karo nagara ( vRhatkalpabhASya 1.1086 ); abhayadeva, vyAkhyAprajJaptiTIkA 3.6, pR0 106 ( becaradAsa, anuvaad)| abhayadeva ne grAma kA nimnalikhita lakSaNa kiyA hai-grasati buddhayAdIn guNAn iti grAmaH / yadi vA gamyaH zAstraprasiddhAnAM aSTAdazakagaNAm / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 71; nizIthabhASya 2.671 cUrNI / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 13, pR0 142 / / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 251-shr|

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pAMcavAM adhyAya : rAjakara-vyavasthA 113 kara liyaa|' rAjA brAhmaNoM kA pakSapAta mI kara letA thA / udAharaNa ke lie, kisI vaNik ko nidhi kA lAbha hone para rAjA ne use daNDa diyA aura usakI nidhi jabta kara lI, lekina brAhmaNa ko nidhi milane para usakA satkAra kiyA gyaa| jurmAne kI vasUlI se bhI rAjA ko dravya kI prApti hotI thii| kara vasUla karane vAle karmacAriyoM ke saMbaMdha meM adhika sAmagrI upalabdha nahIM hotI / kalpasUtra meM rajjukasabhA kA ullekha milatA hai / yaha sabhA pAvApurI ke hastipAla rAjA kI thI jahAM zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne nirvANa prApta kiyA thA / rajjuka lAThI meM bAMdho huI rassI ke chora ko pakar3akara khetoM ko mApane kA kAma kiyA karatA thA / " zulkapAloM kI nirdayatA zulkapAla kara vasUla karane meM nirdayatA se kAma lete aura janasAdhAraNa unase saMtrasta rahA karate / apane adhIna rAjAoM se kara vasUla na hone ke kAraNa rAjA prAyaH una para AkramaNa kara dete / " zUrpArika kA rAjA vyApAriyoM ( naigama ) se kara vasUla karane meM jaba asamartha ho gayA to apane zulkapAloM ko bheja kara usane unake ghara jalA dene kA Adeza diyA / vijaya vardhamAna nAma kA kher3A pA~ca sau 1. kalpasUtraTIkA 1, pR0 7 / tulanA kIjie avadAnazataka 1, 3, pR0 13; tathA mayhakajAtaka ( 360 ) / 2. nizIthabhASya 10.6522 / tulanA kIjie gautamadharmasUtra 10.44; yAjJavalkyasmRti 2.2.34 Adi; manusmRti 7.133 / 3. kurudhammajAtaka ( 276 ) meM ise rajjugAhaka zramacca tathA azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM rAjuka ke rUpa meM ullikhita kiyA hai / tathA dekhie-phika ricarDa, da sozala ArganAiz2ezana ina nArtha-IsTa iNDiyA ina buddhAz2a TAima, pR0 148 - 152; mehatA, prI-buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 142-144 / 4. dekhiye bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5104 / 5. zrAvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 160 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2506 Adi / tathA dekhie mahApiMgala jAtaka ( 240 ) yahA~ vArANasI ke rAjA mahApiMgala ko bar3A anyAyI aura kolhU meM pere jAnevAle ganne ko bhA~ti prajA kA zoSaka kahA gayA hai / tathA phika, vahI, pR0 120 ityAdi / 8 jai0 10 bhA0

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114 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja gA~voM taka phailA huA thaa| yahA~ ikkAI nAma kA rASTrakUTa ( rAThauDa ) rahA karatA thA, jo kheta, gAya Adi para lagAye hue kara, bhara ( sImAzulka ), vyAja, rizvata, parAbhava, deya ( anivArya kara ), bhedya ( daNDakara ), kuMta ( talavAra ke jora se ), laMchapoSa (laMcha nAmaka coroM ko niyukta karake), AdIpana ( Aga lagavA kara ), aura paMthakoTTa ( rAhagIroM ko katla karAkara ) dvArA prajA kA utpIr3ana aura zoSaNa kiyA karatA thA / " 1. vipAkasUtra 1, pR0 7 /

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chaThA adhyAya sthAnIya zAsana gA~va-zAsana kI ikAI prAcIna bhArata meM grAma zAsana kI ikAI samajhI jAtI thii| Ajakala kI bhA~ti una dinoM bhI jana-samudAya gA~voM meM ho rahA karatA thaa| ye gAMva itane pAsa-pAsa hote ki eka gA~va ke muge athavA sA~Da dUsare gA~va meM bar3I AsAnI se A-jA sakate the (kukkudd'sNddeygaampuraa)| nagara athavA rAjadhAnI kI bhA~ti kilebando yahA~ nahIM rahatI thii| uttarApatha meM, mathurA nagarI ke sAtha 96 gA~va lage hue the| gA~va kI sImA batAte hue kahA gayA hai : (ka) jahA~ taka gAyeM carane jAtI hoM, (kha ) jahA~ se ghasiyAre athavA lakar3ahAre ghAsa aura lakar3I kATa kara zAma taka lauTa Ate hoM, (ga) jahA~ taka gA~va ko sImA nirdhArita kI gayI ho, (gha) jahA~ gA~va kA udyAna ho, (Ga) jahA~ gA~va kA kuMA ho, (ca) jahA~ devakula sthApita ho aura (cha) jahA~ taka gA~va ke bAlaka krIr3A ke lie jAte hoN| yahA~ uttAnakamallakAkAra, avAGa mukhamallakAkAra, saMpuTamallakAkAra, khaNDamallakAkAra, uttAnakakhaNDamallakasaMsthita, avAGa mukhakhaNDamallakasaMsthita, saMpuTakakhaNDamallakasaMsthita, paDalikAsaMsthita, valabhIsaMsthita, akSayapATakasaMsthita, rucakasaMsthita aura kAzyapasaMsthita nAma ke gA~va batAye haiN|' gA~voM meM yadyapi vibhinna varNa aura jAtiyoM ke loga rahate the, lekina katipaya grAmoM meM mukhyatayA eka hI jAti athavA pezevAle rahA 1. rAjapraznIyasUtra 1, pR0 4 / jina gA~voM ke AsapAsa bahuta dUra taka koI gaoNva na ho use maDaMba kahA gayA hai; bRhatkalpabhASyaTIkA 1.1086 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1776 / ___3. vahI 1103-1108 / kauTilya, arthazAstra 2.1.16.2 meM batAyA hai ki jahA~ zUdra aura kisAna hI prAyaH adhika hoM, aise kama-se-kama sau gharavAle aura adhika se adhika pAMca so gharavAle gA~va ko basAye / ina gA~voM meM eka yA do kosa kA antara honA caahie| .

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116 jaina aAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja karate the / udAharaNa ke lie, vaizAlo nagarI tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta thIbaMbhaNagAma, khattiyakuNDaggAma aura vANiyagAma; inameM krama se brAhmaNa, kSatriya aura vaNik logoM kA nivAsa thaa| kucha gA~voM meM mukhyatayA mayUra-poSaka' (mayUroM ko zikSA denevAle ) athavA naTa' rahA karate the| corapalli meM cora rahate the| sImAprAnta ke gA~va pratyantagrAma ( paccaMtagAma ) kahalAte the, jo upadravoM se khAlI nahIM the| kabhI-kabhI par3ausI gA~voM meM mArapITa hone para logoM kI jAna calI jAtI thii| gA~va kA pradhAna gA~voM ke madhya bhAga meM sabhAgRha hotA thA jahA~ gA~va ke pradhAna puruSa ArAma se baiTha sakate the / yahA~ loga mahAbhArata Adi kA paThana aura zravaNa kiyA karate the| gA~va ke pradhAna bhojika kahe jAte the| kisI rAjA ne eka bhojika se prasanna hokara use grAma-maNDala pradAna kara diyaa| grAmavAsI bhojika kI saralatA se bahuta prasanna hue| unhoMne usase nivedana kiyA ki aba hama pIr3hI dara pIr3hI taka Apake sevaka bana gaye haiM, ataeva kRpA karake hamAre Taiksa meM kamI kara dIjiye / bhojika ne svIkRti de dii| lekina dhIre-dhIre grAmavAsiyoM ne usakA sanmAna karanA chor3a diyaa| isa para ruSTa hokara bhojika ne una sabako daNDita kiyaa| 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 57 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 544 / 3. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 168 / tulanA kIjie cullanArada jAtaka (477 ), pR0 421 ke sAtha / 4. nizIthabhASya 13.4401-2 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1066 Adi; anuyogadvAraTIkA, sUtra 16, pR021 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2166 / 7. vahI 3.4458 /

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riib ttraaph 331k-

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pahalA adhyAya utpAdana -- Arthika sAdhana, prAcIna kAla se saMsAra ke itihAsa meM mukhyatayA patha-pradarzana kA jariyA rahA hai| durbhAgya se, Arthika paristhitiyoM kA digdarzana karAnevAlI sAmagrI bahuta alpa hai, ataeva prAcIna bhArata ke nivAsiyoM kI dazA se sambandhita pratyeka tathya kA vyavasthita lekhAjokhA yahAM prastuta karanA asaMbhava hai| phira bhI, AzA hai ki jo thor3I-bahuta sAmagrI ekatrita kI jA sakI hai, vaha upayogI siddha hogii| pratyeka kArya jisase dhana-sampatti utpanna hotI hai, utpAdaka kahA jAtA hai| bhautika padArthoM ko prakRti hI paidA karatI hai, manuSya to eka paramANu bhI nahIM utpanna kara sakatA / vaha kevala unakA rUpa athavA pariNAma badala detA hai jisase una padArthoM kI kImata bar3ha jAtI hai| udAharaNa ke lie, lohA athavA koyale kA manuSya utpAdana nahIM karatA, lekina zaharoM meM pahu~ca jAne para unake mUlya meM vRddhi ho jAtI hai| bhUmi bhUmi, zrama, pUjI tathA prabandha dhana ke utpAdana meM mukhya kAraNa haiM, jinheM arthazAstra meM utpAdana ke sAdhana kahA gayA hai / bhAratavarSa ke gAMvoM kI artha-vyavasthA, mukhyatayA gAMvoM meM rahane vAle kheta ke mAlika kisAnoM para hI nirbhara rahatI AyI hai| sAmAnyatayA grAmINajanoM kA pezA khetIbArI rahA hai| __ khetIbArI : khetI karane ke upAya gAMvoM ke cAroM ora kheta (khetta) yA carAgAha hote the, aura ye vRkSapaMkti, vana, vanakhaMDa, vanarAji aura kAnana se ghire rahate the| kheta ko dasa prakAra ke bAhya parigrahoM meM ginA gayA hai:-kSetra, vAstu, dhana, dhAnya, saMcaya (tRNa, kASTha Adi kA saMgraha), mitra aura sambandhI, vAhana, zayana-Asana, dAso-dAsa aura kupya (bartana ) / kheta ko setu 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.825 / -... --

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120 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja ---- [tR* khaNDa aura ketu nAmake do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| setu ko rahaTa Adi ke jala se sIMcA jAtA hai, jabaki ketu meM varSA ke jala se dhAnya kI utpatti hotI hai|' siMcAI ke lie bahuta se upAya kAma meM lie jAte the| udAharaNa ke lie, lATa deza meM varSA se, sindhu deza meM nadI se, dravir3a deza meM tAlAba se, uttarApatha meM kuoM se aura Dibharelaka (?) meM mahirAvaNa (?) kI bAr3ha se khetoM kI siMcAI kI jAtI thii| kAnana dvIpa (?) meM nAvoM para dhAnya rAMpe jAte the; mathurA meM kheto nahIM hotI thI, vahA~ banija-vyApAra kI hI pradhAnatA thii| kahIM kisAna loga nAlI ( sAraNI) ke dvArA bArI-bArI se apane khetoM ko sIMcate the| ve chipakara bhI apane khetoM meM pAnI de lete the| khetI ke lie varSoM kA honA Avazyaka thA / udghAta (kAlI bhUmi) aura anurAta ( patharIlI bhUmi ) nAma kI bhUmi batAI gaI hai / kAlo bhUmi meM atyadhika varSA hone para bhI pAnI vahoM kA vahIM raha jAtA thA, bahatA nahIM thaa|" ___ haloM meM baila jotakara khetI kI jAtI thii| ThIka samaya para hala jotane (kisikamma) se bahuta acchI khetI hotI thii|6 jaMgaloM ko jalAkara khetI karate the| prAcIna kAla meM haladevatA ke sammAna meM sItAyajJa (sItAjanna) nAma kA utsava manAyA jAtA thaa| khata meM 1. vahI 1.826 / 2. vahI 1.1236 / 3. nizIthacUrNI, pIThikA 326 / 4. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 77 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya poThikA 338 / 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 1, pR0 10 a| 7. bRhattkalpabhASya 4.4861 / 8. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3647 / gRhyasUtroM ( udAharaNa ke liye, gobhila 4.4.28 ityAdi, sekreDa buksa oNva Ta IsTa, jilda 30 meM sItA ko haladevatA kahA hai, vI0 ema0 zrApTe, sozala eNDa rilIjiyasa lAipha ina da gRhyasUtrAz2a, 10, pR0 126 / tathA dekhiye mahAbhArata 7.105.16; rAmAyaNa 1.66.14 Adi; silavana levI, prI-Aryana aura prI-draviDiyana ina iNDiyA,, pR08-15|

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tR0 khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 121 hala calAne ko sphoTakarma ( phoDIkamma ) kahA hai| ise 15 karmAdAnoM meM ginA gayA hai| campA nagarI kI setusImA buddhimAna aura kuzala kRSakoM dvArA saikar3oM-hajAroM haloM se jotI jAtI thI, aura ye loga Ikha, jau aura cAvala kI khetI karate the| kisI gAMva meM rahane vAle pArAzara gRhapati kA ullekha hai| kRSi meM kuzala hone ke kAraNa vaha kRSi-pArAzara kahA jAtA thaa| vANijyagrAma ke Ananda gRhapati kI dhanasampatti meM 500 haloM kI ginatI kI gayI hai; eka hala ke dvArA sau nivartana (niyattaNa = 40,000 varga-hAtha ) bhUmi jotI jA sakatI thii| jainasUtroM meM hala, kuliya" aura naMgala nAma ke haloM kA ullekha milatA hai|6 kudAlI ( kudAla) se khodane kA kAma kiyA jAtA thA / khetoM kI rakSA karane ke lie kRSaka-bAlikAe~ "TiTTi' 'TiTTi' cillAkara bachar3oM aura hariNa Adi ko, tathA lAThI mArakara sAMDoM ko bhagAyA karatI thiiN| sUara Adi jaGgalI jAnavaroM se khetI kI rakSA ke liye sIMga bajAyA jAtA thaa| RjuvAlikA nadI ke kinAre zyAmAka gRhapati ke kaTThakaraNa nAmaka kheta meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ko kevalajJAna kI prApti huI thii| khetoM kI phasala prAcIna bhArata meM cAvala (zAli) kI khetI bahutAyata se hotI thii| kalamazAli' pUrvIya prAntoM meM paidA hotA thaa| isakI bali devI 1. upAsakadazA 1, pR0 11 / 2. aupapAtika satra 1; AvazyakaTIkA (haribhadra) 647, pR0 426-zra / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 45 / / 4. upAsakadazA 1, pR0 7 / 5. saurASTra meM isakA pracAra thaa| do hAtha pramANa lakar3I meM lohe kI kIleM lagI rahatIM aura unameM eka lohapaTTa jar3A rhtaa| yaha khetoM kI ghAsa kATane ke kAma meM AtA thA, nizIthacUrNI pIThikA 60 / 6. AvazyakacUNI, pR0 81 / 7. upAsakadazA 2, pR0 23 / 8. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 77 / 6. nizIthacUrNI pIThikA 12 / -- ...... 10. AvazyakacUrNA, pR0 322 / 11. upAsakadazA 1, pR0.8; bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3368 / /

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122 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa devatAoM ko dI jAtI thii|" raktazAli, mahAzAli aura gaMdhazAli cAvala kI dUsarI bar3hiyA kismeM thiiN| barSA hone para choTI-choTI kyArI banAkara cAvaloM (zAli akSata ) ko khetoM meM boyA jAtA, phira dotIna bAra karake unheM eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para ropate aura kheta ke cAroM ora bAr3a lagAkara unako rakSA karate / kucha samaya bAda, jaba hare-hare dhAna paka jAte, unakI masta gandha sarvatra phailane lagatI, unameM dUdha bhara AtA, phala laga jAte aura ve pIle par3a jAte, to unheM tIkSNa daMtiyA se kATa lete| phira unheM hAtha se mala aura char3a-pichor3akara kore ghar3oM meM bharakara rakha dete| ina ghar3oM ko lIpa-potakara una para mohara lagA, unheM koThAra (koTTAgAra ) meM rakha diyA jaataa| saMbAdha ( athavA saMvAha ) bhI eka prakAra kA koThAra hI hotA thA jise parvata ke viSama pradezoM meM banAyA jaataa| kisAna apanI phasala ko surakSita rakhane ke lie use yahA~ Dhokara le jAte / " ghara ke bAhara, jaMgaloM meM dhAnya ko surakSita rakhane ke lie phUsa aura pattiyoM ke buMge (valaya ) banAte, aura inake andara kI jamIna ko gobara se lopA jaataa|6 anAja ke golAkAra Dhera ko puMja, aura lambAkAra Dhera ko rAzi kahate the| dIvAla ( bhitti) aura kuDya se lagAkara Dhera banAye jAte; inheM rAkha se aMkita kara, Upara se gobara lIpa diyA jAtA, athavA unheM apekSita pradeza meM rakhakara bAMsa aura phUsa se Dhaka diyA jaataa| varSA Rtu meM anAja ko miTTI athavA bAMsa (palla ) ke bane hue koThoM ( koTTha), bA~sa ke khambhoM ( maMca ) para bane 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1212 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3301 vRtti, 3367 / zAli ke anya bhedoM ke liye dekhiye suzruta 1.46.3 / / 3. sthAnAMga ( 4.355 ) meM cAra prakAra kI khetI batAI gaI haivApitA ( dhAnya kA eka bAra bo denA ), parivApitA ( do-tIna bAra karake eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para ropanA ), niMditA ( khetoM kI ghAsa Adi nirAkara dhAnya bonA ), pariniMditA ( do-tIna bAra ghAsa Adi nirAnA ) / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 7, pR0 86 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1062 / 6. vahI 2.3268 / 7. vahI 2.3311 zrAdi / .....

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123 tR0 khaNDa ] . pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana hue koThoM, athavA ghara ke Upara bane hue koThoM ( mAlA ) meM rakkhA jAtA; dvAra para lagAye jAne vAle Dhakkana ko gobara se, aura phira use cAroM tarapha se miTTI se pota diyA jaataa| tatpazcAt use rekhAoM se cihnita kara aura miTTI kI mohara lagAkara chor3a diyA jaataa|' isake sivAya, kumbhI, karabhI, pallaga (palla), muttolI ( Upara aura nIce sakIrNa aura madhya meM vizAla koThA ), mukha, idura, alinda aura ocAra (apacAri) nAma ke koThAroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| gaMjazAlA meM dhAnya kUTe jAte the| cAvaloM ko okhalI ( udUkhala) meM char3A jAtA; unako malakara sApha karane ke sthAna ko khalaya kahate / / gokilaMja (eka prakAra kI phaeNDa ) meM pazuoM ko sAnI kI jAtI; sUpa (suptakattara ) dvArA anAja sApha kiyA jaataa| satraha prakAra ke dhAnya jainasUtroM meM 17 prakAra ke dhAnyoM kA ullekha hai:-brIhi (cAvala), yava (jau), masUra, godhUma (gehU~), mudga (mUMga), mApa ( ur3ada ), tila, caNaka ( canA ), aNu ( cAvala kI eka kisma ), priyaMgu (kaMganI), kodrava ( kodoM), akuSThaka (kuTTa ), zAli ( cAvala ), ADhakI, kalAya ( maTara ), kulattha (kulathI) aura saNa ( sana ) / anya dhAnyoM meM 1. bRhatkalpasUtra 2.3, tathA bhASya 2.3364-65 / nizIthasUtra 17.124 meM koThI ( koThiA ) kA ullekha hai| 2. bRhatkalpasUtra 2.10 meM kumbhI aura karabhI kA ullekha hai| mu~ha ke zrAkAra kI koThI ko kumbhI aura ghaTa ke AkAra kI koThI ko karabhI kahA gayA hai / rAmAyaNa 2.61.71 meM bhI inakA ullekha hai| 3. majjhimanikAya 1,10, pR0 76 meM ullekha hai| 4. anuyogadvArasUtra 132 / 5. nizIthasatra 6.7 / 6. vyavahArabhASya 10.23; sUtrakRtAMga 4.2.12 / 7. upAsakadazA 2, pR0 23; sUtrakRtAMga 4.2.7-12 / 8. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3342 meM sapheda tiloM (seDagatila) kA ullekha hai| 6. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 1.828; bRhatkalpasatra 2.1; prajJApanA 1.23; vyAkhyAprajJapti 6.7 / vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 132 meM aNu, priyaMgu. akuSThaka, zrADhakI aura kalAya ke sthAna para rAlaga, mAsa, cavala, tuvarI aura niSpApa

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124 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR* khaNDa niSpApa,' AlisaMdaga ( athavA siliMda ), saDiNa (arahara), palimaMthaka ( kAlA canA ), atasI (alasI), kusuMba (kusuMbI), kaMgu, rAlaga ( kaMgu kI eka jAti ), tuvarI (tUara ), kodUsA (kodoM kI eka jAti), sarSapa ( sarasoM ), hirimaMtha (gola canA), bukkasa aura pulAka (nissAra anna) ke nAma Ate haiN| dhAnyoM ko koTi kumbhoM meM bhara kara koThAra meM saMcita karane vAloM ko naiyatika kahA jAtA thA / " masAle masAloM meM zRMgavera ( adaraka ), suMTha (sUMTha), lavaMga (lauMga), haridrA ( haldI), vesana ( TIkA-jIrakalavaNAdi ), mariya ( mirca ), pippala (popala) aura sarisavatthaga (sarasoM) kA ullekha milatA hai| gannA cAvala kI bhAMti gannA ( ucchU) bhI yahAM kI mukhya phasala thii| dazapura (maMdasaura ) meM eka ikSugRha ( ucchughara ) kA ullekha milatA hai| ikSugRhoM meM jaina sAdhu ThaharA karate the / gannA kolhuoM ( mahAjanta; kA ullekha hai / tathA dekhie nizIthabhASya 20.6382, dazavaikAlikacUrNI, pR0 212; tulanA kIjie arthazAstra 2.24.41.17-18; milindaprazna pR0 267; mArkaNDeya purANa pR0 244 / 1. ise valla bhI kahA gayA hai, yaha mAdaka hotA hai (bRhatkalpabhASya 5.6046 ); moniyara viliyamsa kI saMskRta-iMgliza DikzanarI meM ise eka prakAra kA gehUM batAyA hai / 2. eka prakAra kA cavalA / 3. koradUSaka ko mahAbhArata ( 3.163.16 ) meM eka acche kisma kA dhAnya kahA gayA hai, jaba ki suzruta 1.46.21 meM isakI gaNanA kutsita dhAnyoM meM kI gaI hai| 4. vyAkhyAprajJapti 6.7; 21.2, 21,3; tathA uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 58-a uttarAdhyayanasUtra 8.12; nizIthabhASya 2.10 26-30 / 5. vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 131-a| 6. vyAkhyAprajJapti 8.3; prajJApanA 1.23.31, 43-44 / 7. piMDaniyukti 54 / 8. AcArAMga 2, 1.8.268 / 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 23 /

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tR0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 125. kolluka ) meM perA jAtA thA; ina sthAnoM ko yaMtrazAlA (jaMtasAlA ) 3 kahA hai | yaMtrapIDana kI gaNanA 15 karmAdAnoM meM kI hai; isake dvArA gannA, sarasoM Adi pere jAte the / Ikha ke kheta ko siyAra khA the; unase bacane ke lie kheta kA mAlika kheta ke cAroM ora khAI khudavA diyA karatA / ' pazuoM aura rAhagIroM se rakSA karane ke lie kheta ke cAroM ora bAr3a lagavA dI jAtI thI / puNDravardhana pauDe phasala ke lie prasiddha thA / ganne ko kATakara usakI porI ( pavva ) banAI jAtI, unheM golAkAra kATakara unake Tukar3e ( Dagala ) kiye jAte aura ganne kA chilakA utAra kara ( moya ) use khAte / ghAsa - pattI vAle ganne ko coya kahate, aura usake chilake ko sagala kahA jAtA / gaMDeriyoM kA ullekha milatA hai; inheM loga ilAyaco, kapUra Adi DAlakara kAMTe (zUla ) se khAte the / " matsyaMDikA, puSpottara aura padmottara' nAma kI zakkaroM kA ullekha milatA hai / . 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 16.53; bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 575 / 2. vyavahArabhASya 10.484 / 3. upAsakadazA 1, pR0 11; jaMbUdvIpaprajJasiTIkA 3, pR0 193 zra bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3468 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 721 / 5. vahI, 1.688; nizIthabhASya 15.4848 aura cUrNI / 6. tandulavaicArikaTIkA, pR0 26- / baMgAla meM do kisma ke ganne hote the, eka pIlA ( puNDra ) aura dUsarA kAlA baiMganI yA kAlA jise kAjoli yA kajoli kahA jAtA thA / puNDra se gaMgA ke pUrva meM sthita puNDradeza tathA kajoli se gaMgA ke pazcima meM sthita kajolaka nAma par3A, Arkiyolojikala sarve oNva iNDiyA, riporTa 1876 - 80, bihAra eNDa baMgAla, jilda 15, 1882, pR0 38 / ikSu ke prakAroM ke liye dekhiye suzruta (1.45.146-50) / nizIthasUtra 16.8 - 11; bhASya 16.5411-12 / 7. 61 - 8. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 6. jJAtRkarmakathA 17, pR0 203; prajJApanAsUtra 17.227 / arthazAstra 2.15.33.15 meM matsyaMDikA ( mIjA~ khAMDa ) aura khaMDazarkarA ( gujarAtI meM khAMDasarI ) kA ullekha hai / tathA dekhie caraka 1,27 242 pR0 350 / puSpottara kA ullekha vaidyakazabdasindhu meM milatA hai / yahA~ ise puSpazarkarA ( gujarAtI meM phUla sAkhara ) kahA gayA hai / padmottara sambhavataH padma (kamala) se /

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126 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja kapAsa di sUta kI phasaloM meM kapAsa ( kappAsa; phalahI ) sabase mukhya thI / anya phasaloM meM rezama, UrNA' (Una ), kSauma ( chAlaTo ) aura sana kA ullekha milatA hai / zAli athavA zAlmali ( siMbalipAyava ) ke vRkSoM se bhI rezamI sUta taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA / nizIthasUtra meM ikSu, zAli, kapAsa, azoka, saptaparNa, caMpaka aura Amra ke banoM kA ullekha milatA hai / bharukacchaharaNI nAmaka grAma meM eka kisAna rahatA thA jo eka hAtha se hala calAtA huA, dUsare se apanI bAr3o meM se kapAsa tor3atA jAtA thA / " [tR0 khaNDa 6 raMge hue kapar3e pahanane kA rivAja thA / raMgoM meM kRSNa, nIla, lohita, haridra aura zukla raMgoM kA ullekha hai, isase patA lagatA hai ki rAsAyanika raMga taiyAra kiye jAte the / tAMbUla' aura pUgaphalo (supArI) khAne kA rivAja thA / jAyaphala, sItalacInI ( kakkola ), kapUra, lauMga aura supArI ko loga pAna meM DAlakara khAte the / ' sAga-bhAjI meM baiMgana, kakar3I, mUlI, pAlaka ( pAlaMka), karelA ( karella), kaMda ( Aluga ), siMghAr3A (zRMgATaka ), lahasuna, pyAja ( palAMDu ), sUraNa, " tuMbI (alAU) " Adi kA ullekha 50 banAkara taiyAra kI jAtI thI / moniyara viliyamsa kI DikzanarI meM isakA ullekha hai / 1. UrNA ko lATa deza meM gaDDara kahA jAtA thA, nizIthacUrNI 3, pR0 223 / 2. bRhatkalpasUtra 2.24 meM jaMgiya, bhaMgiya, sANaya, pottaya ( kapAsa kA banA huA ) aura tirIpaTTaka nAma ke pAMca prakAra ke vastra ginAye haiM / 3. prajJApanAsUtra 1.23; uttarAdhyayanasUtra 16.52 ; sUtrakRtAMga 6.18 / 4. 3. 78-79 / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 78- / 6. rAjapraznIya 3, pR0 20 / 7. upAsakadazA 1, pR0 6 / 8. prajJApanA 1.23 / 6. nizIthabhASya 12.3663 aura cUrNaM / 10. vahI, 1. 23; uttarAdhyayanasUtra 36.66 Adi : 11. jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 163 /

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tR0 khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 127 hai / tuMbI (mIThA kaha.) Ikha ke sAtha boyI jAtI thI, aura loga use gur3a ke sAtha khAte the|' tumbe meM sAdhu bhikSA grahaNa karate the| bAr3oM (kaccha) meM mUlI, kakar3I Adi zAka-bhAjo boyI jAtI thii| vRkSa, guccha, gulma, latA aura valli Adi ke ullekha milate haiN| duSkAla itanA saba hone para bhI, varSA Adi ke abhAva meM bhISaNa duSkAla par3A karate / samrATa candragapta maurya ke kAla meM pATaliputra ke bhayaMkara duSkAla kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| vajrasvAmI ke samaya uttarApatha meM duSkAla par3ane se sAre rAste ruka gaye the|" dakSiNApatha meM bhI bAraha varSa kA duSkAla par3A thA, jaba ki AvAgamana ke mArga baMda ho gae the| eka bAra kozala deza meM durbhikSa par3ane para kisI zrAvaka ne bahuta-sA anAja ikaTThA kara apane koThe meM bhara liyaa| usa samaya vahA~ kucha jaina sAdhu Thahare hue the / zrAvaka ne unake lie AhAra kI vyavasthA kara dI aura unheM anyatra vihAra nahIM karane diyaa| lekina kucha samaya bAda, anAja kA dAma mahaMgA ho jAne para, lobha meM Akara, usane anAja ko U~cI kImata para beca diyaa| aisI hAlata meM jaina-sAdhuoM ko bhojanapAna ke abhAva meM AtmaghAta karane ke lie bAdhya honA par3A, aura unake mRta zarIra ko gIdha bhakSaNa kara gye| duSkAla ke samaya loga apane bAla-baccoM taka ko beca DAlate the| aise saMkaTa ke samaya aneka logoM ko dAsa-vRtti svIkAra karanI par3atI thii|' 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 5, pR0 103 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2886 / / 3. aAcArAMgaTIkA 2, 3.3.350 / 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 36.66 / 5. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 366; nizIthacUrNI pIThikA 32 cUrNI / 6. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 404 / 7. vyavahArabhASya 10.557-60 / 8. mahAnizItha, pR0 28 / 6. vyavahArabhASya 2, 207; mahAnizItha, pR0 28 / kAzI meM durbhikSa par3ane para logoM ne kautroM, yakSoM aura nAgoM ko bali denA banda kara diyA thA, vIraka jAtaka (204), 2, pR0 318 /

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128 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa varSA Rtu meM vaNik dhAnya kI bikrI karate, sAdhAraNa loga apane gharoM para chappara DAlate, aura kisAna khetoM meM hala claate|' lekina varSA ke abhAva meM phasala naSTa ho jAne se hAhAkAra maca jaataa| titthogAli meM pATaliputra kI bAr3ha kA bar3A romAMcakArI varNana kiyA gayA hai| vyavahArabhASya meM kAMcanapura meM bAr3ha Ane kA ullekha milatA hai / acirAvatI ( rAptI ) meM bAr3ha A jAne se sArA zrAvastI nagara hI baha gayA thaa| sindhu deza meM bhI bahuta bAr3ha AyA karatI thii|" udyAna-kalA udyAna-kalA yA bAgavAnI vikAsa dazA meM thii| jainasUtroM meM ujANa ( udyAna ), ArAma aura NijjANa kA ullekha milatA hai| udyAna puSpa vAle aneka vRkSoM se zobhita rahatA, tathA utsava Adi ke avasara para loga vastrAbhUSaNa dhAraNa kara yahA~ bhojana ke lie ekatrita hote / yahA~ aneka prakAra ke abhinaya-nATaka kiye jAte aura zRMgAra-kAvya par3he jAte / yaha sthAna nagara ke pAsa hone se yAna-vAhana kA krIr3Asthala hotaa| ArAma meM vRkSa aura latA Adi ke kuMja bane rahate, jahA~ dampati athavA dhanADhya loga taruNiyoM ke sAtha krIr3A kiyA karate / ArAma ko nAlI ke pAnI se sIMcA jaataa| kucha udyAna kevala rAjAoM ke lie hI surakSita rahate, inheM NijjANa kahA jAtA thA / sUryodaya aura candrodaya nAma ke udyAnoM meM koI rAjA apane antaHpura sahita 1. nizIthacUrNI 10.3152 / 2. kalyANavijaya, vIranirvANa aura jainakAla gaNanA, pR0 42 Adi / 3. 10.450 / 4. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 601; haribhadra, zrAvazyakaTIkA, pR. 465; malayagiri, AvazyakaTIkA, pR0 567; TonI; kathAkoza, pR06 Adi / 5. nizIthacUrNI, 2.1225 kI cUrNI / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3170-1; nizIthasUtra 8.2, tathA cUrNI; vyAkhyAprajJaptiTIkA 5.7, rAjapraznIyaTIkA 1, pR0 5; anuyogadvAracUrNI, pR0 53 / / 7. vyAkhyAprajJaptiTIkA 5.7, pR0 227-228 (becaradAsa, anuvAda ); rAjapraznIyaTIkA, vhii| 8. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 3.4522; ArAmo sAraNIe pAijjai /

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tR0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 126 krIr3A ke lie jAyA karatA thA / ' anya udyAnoM meM agrodyAna, azokavanikA, guNazila, jIrNodyAna, tiMduka Adi aneka nAma Ate haiM / nagaroM meM eka yA eka se adhika bAga-bagIce lagAye jAte, aura inameM bhAMti-bhAMti ke phala-phUla khilate / jainasUtroM meM padma, nAga, azoka, caMpaka, cUta (Amra ), vAsanto, atimuktaka, kunda, aura zyAmA Adi latAoM kA ullekha milatA hai / puSpoM meM navamAlikA, koraMTaka, baMdhujIvaka, kanera, kubjaka ( sapheda gulAba ), jAti, mogara (belA), yUthikA ( jUhI ), mallikA, vAsantI, mRgadaMtikA, caMpaka, kunda, zyAmalatA' Adi kA ullekha hai / tRNa, muMja, beMta, madanapuSpa, picchI, boMDa ( kapAsa ke DaMThala ), sIMga, zaMkha, hAthIdAMta, kaur3I, haDDI, kASTha, patra, puSpa, phala, bIja aura harita Adi se mAlAe~ taiyAra kI jAtI thIM / phaloM meM Ama, jAmuna, kapittha ( kaitha ), phaNasa ( kaTahala ); dADima (anAra), kadalIphala ( kelA ), khajUra, nAriyala Adi ke nAma milate haiM / 6 sahasra Ama ke vRkSa vAle sahasrAmravana udyAnoM kA ullekha milatA hai| Ama kI pezI, bhitta ( AdhA Tukar3A), sAlaga (chilakA), DAlaga (gola Tukar3e), aura coyaga ( ruMchA) kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / ' jaMgala ke phaloM ko jahA~ sukhAne ke lie lAyA jAtA, usa sthAna ko ko kahate haiM / phaloM ko sukhAne ke bAda unheM gAr3I meM bharakara 1. piMDa niyukti 214-15 | 2. rAjapraznIyasUtra 1, pR0 5; 3, pR0 18; jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 10 / 3. prajJApanA 1.23.23 - 25 | puSpoM aura paudhoM ke lie dekhie rAmAyaNa 2.64.8 zrAdi / 4. nizIthasUtra 7.1 / 5. kadalI phala ko gaMThima ( jisameM gAMTha yA bIja nahIM hoM ) kahA gayA hai / mahArASTra meM yaha bahuta hotA thA, bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3063 / 6. prajJApanA 1.23.12 - 17; AcArAMga 2, 1.8.266; bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3063, tathA dekhiye suzruta 1.46.136 / 7. upAsakadazA 7, pR0 47; tathA dekhie esa0 ke0 dAsa, ikonomika hisTrI va aiMziyeMTa iNDiyA, pR0 207 ityAdi / 8. nizIthasUtra 15.6 / 9 jai0 bhA0 1

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130 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa yA gaTThara meM bAMdhakara nagara meM bikrI ke lie le jAte / ' kacce phaloM ko pakAne ke lie aneka upAya kiye jaate| Ama Adi ko ghAsa, phUsa athavA bhUse ke andara rakhakara garmI pahu~cAyI jAto jisase ve jaldI ho pakakara taiyAra ho jaayeN| isa vidhi ko iMdhanaparyAyAma kahA gayA hai / tinduka Adi phaloM ko dhUAM dekara pakAyA jAtA / pahale eka gaDDhA khodakara usameM kaMDe kI Aga bhara dI jAto; isa gaDDhe ke cAroM ora aura gar3e banAye jAte aura unheM kacce phaloM se bhara diyA jAtA / ina gar3oM meM chidra bane rahate jo bIca ke gar3e se jur3e rahate / isa prakAra kaMDe kI Aga kA dhUAM saba gaDDhoM meM pahu~catA rahatA aura isakI garmI se phala paka kara taiyAra ho jAte / isa vidhi kI dhUmaparyAyAma kahA gayA hai / kakar3I, khIrA aura bijaurA Adi ko pakke phaloM ke sAtha rakha diyA jAtA jisase pakke phaloM kI gaMdha se kacce phala bhI paka jaate| ise gaMdhaparyAyAma kahA hai| bAko phala samaya Ane para svayaM hI vRkSoM para paka jAte, isa vidhi ko vRkSaparyAyAma kahA gayA hai| __koMkaNa ke nivAsI phUloM aura phaloM ke bahuta zaukIna the, aura inheM becakara ve apanI AjIvikA calAte the| utsavoM ke avasara para puSpagRhoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA / ___ phala-phUla ke atirikta, kuMkuma ( kesara ), kapUra, lauMga, lAkha, candana, kAlAguru (agara ), kundarakka,, turukka, aura madhu Adi kA ullekha bhI jainasUtroM meM milatA hai|" mAkSika ( madhumakkhiyoM ke chatte se nikAlA huA), kuttiya ( kotrika) aura bhrAmara (bhauroM ke chatte se prApta ) madhu kA ullekha hai| khetI ke kAma meM na AnevAlI jamona baMjara kahalAtI thI / jamIna 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.872 / 2. vahI, 1.841 aadi| 3. vahI 1.1236 / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR063,65, 103 / 5. vahI 1, pR0 3, 10 / 6. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 316; tathA dekhie carakasaMhitA 1, 27, 245 pR0 351 / suzruta ( 1.45. 134-36) meM pauttika, bhrAmara. kSaudra, mAkSika, chAtra, zrA aura auddAlaka madhuoM kA ullekha hai| pauttika kA lakSaNa hai-piMgalAmakSikA mahatyaH puttakA, tadbhavaM pauttikam /

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tR0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 131 1 meM murde jalAye aura gAr3e jAte the / adhikAMza jamIna vana aura jaMgaloM se ghirI thI / aneka sthAnoM para lohA, sonA, cAMdI Adi kI khAneM ( Akara ) thIM / nadI taTa kI jamIna prAyaH khetI ke kAma meM nahIM AtI thI / carAgAhoM (daviya ) meM gAya, baila, bher3a, bakarI Adi pazu carA karate the / dAvAgni ( jaMgala meM Aga lagAnA ) kI gaNanA pandraha karmadAnoM meM kI gaI hai, isase khetI ke lie jamIna taiyAra kI jAtI thI / gvAle ( govAla ) aura gar3arie ( ajApAla; chAgaliya ) apanI gAyoM aura bher3a-bakariyoM ko carAne ke lie carAgAhoM meM le jAte the / uttarAdhyayanaTIkA meM eka pazupAla kA ullekha milatA hai jo bakariyoM ko vaTavRkSa ke nIce baiThAkara apanI dhanuhI ( ghaNuhiyA ) para bakariyoM kI leMr3I car3hA, unake dvArA vRkSa ke pattoM ko chedatA " rahatA thA / pazupAlana aura dugdhazAlA prAcIna bhArata meM pazu mahatvapUrNa dhana mAnA jAtA thA tathA gAya, baila, bhaiMsa aura bher3eM rAjA kI bahumUlya saMpatti ginI jAtI thI / prajJApanAsUtra meM azva, azvatara, ghoTaka, gardabha, uSTra ( karaha = karama), gAya, nIlagAya, bhaiMsa, mRga, sAbara, varAha, zarabha Adi pazuoM kA ullekha milatA hai / " pazuoM ke samUha ko braja ( vaya ), gokula, athavA saMgilla kahA jAtA thA; eka vraja meM dasa hajAra gAyeM rahatI thIM / gAyoM kI bImArI kA ullekha milatA hai / ' kaMcanapura ke rAjA karakaMDu ko gAya ( gokula ) pAlane kA bahuta zauka thA, aneka gokuloM kA vaha svAmI 9 1. AcArAMgaTIkA 2, 3.2.350 / 2. upAsakazA 1, pR0 11 / 3. 5, pR0 103 / 4. papAtika sUtra 6; tathA haribhadra, zrAvazyakaTIkA, pR0 128 / 5. 1.34; dasa prakAra ke catuSpadoM ko ullekha nizIthabhASya 2.1034 meM hai; tathA nizIthasUtra 6.22 / 6. vyavahArabhASya 2.23 / 7. upAsakadazA 1, pR0 6; tathA bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4268 / 8. nizIthacUrNI 5, pR0 360 / 6. rAjA zreNika ke sarvaratnamaya vRSabha maujUda thA, AvazyakacUrNI pR. 371

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132 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa thA / yahA~ U~ce sIMga vAle gaMdhavRSabha kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jo apane tIkSNa sIMgoM se pazuoM ke sAtha jUjhatA huA masta phirA karatA thaa|' samAna khura aura pUchavAle, tulya aura tIkSNa soMgavAle, rajatamaya ghaMTiyoMvAle, sUta kI rassIvAle, kanakakhacita nAthavAle aura nIlakamala ke zekhara se yukta bailoM kA ullekha milatA hai| bailoM ko haloM meM jotakara unase khetI kI jAtI aura rahaTa meM jotakara khetoM kI siMcAI ke lie kuoM se pAnI nikAlA jaataa| unheM mAlaasabAba se bharI huI gAr3I meM jotate, cAbuka se hA~kate, dA~toM se pU~cha kATa lete aura ArI se mArate / aisI hAlata meM kabhI ar3iyala baila jue~ ko chor3a alaga ho jAte jisase gAr3I kA mAla nIce gira pdd'taa| AvazyakacUrNI meM vadhamAnaka nAma ke gAMva meM dhanadeva vaNika kA ullekha hai| vaha apanI bailagAr3iyoM meM mAla bharakara vyApAra ke lie jAyA karatA thaa| eka bAra, vegavatI nadI pAra karate samaya usakA eka baila rAste meM gira par3A, aura use vaha vahIM chor3akara Age bar3ha gyaa|" ___ gopAlana kA bahuta dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| AbhIra (ahora) gAyabhaisoM ko paalte-poste| inake gAMva alaga hote the| gvAle dhvajA lekara gAyoM ke Age calate aura gAyeM unakA anusaraNa krtiiN| dahI mathane (sulaNa ) kA ullekha AtA hai| mathurA kI koI ahIranI kisI gaMdhI ko dUdha aura dahI diyA karatI thii| eka bAra kI bAta hai, apane putra ke vivAhotsava para usane gaMdhI aura usakI strI ko nimaMtrita kiyA / lekina gaMdhI vivAha meM sammilita na ho sakA; usane vara-vadhU ke lie aneka sundara vastra aura AbhUSaNa upahAra meM bheje| yaha dekhakara ahIra loga bar3e prasanna hue aura isake badale unhoMne gaMdhI ko tIna 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 6, pa0 134-a| * 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 3, pR0 60 / 3. vRhatkalpabhASyaTIkA 1.1216 / 4. vahI 1.1268; uttarAdhyayana 27. 3-4 / 5. AvazyakacUrNI; pR0 272; tathA nizIthacUI 10. 3163 cUrNI / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2166 / 7. vahI 4.5202 / 8. piNDaniyukti 574 /

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tR0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 133 barasa ke kambala aura sambala nAmake do haTTe-kaTTe bachar3e bheMTa kiye / " gAya apane bachar3e se bahuta prema karatI aura vyAghra Adi se saMtrasta hone para bhI apane bachar3e ko chor3akara na bhAgatI pazuoM ko khAne ke lie ghAsa, dAnA aura pAnI ( taNapANiya ) diyA jAtA | hAthiyoM ko nala eka tRNa ), ikSu, bhaiMsoM ko bA~sa kI komala pattiyA~, ghor3oM ko harimantha ( kAlA canA ), mUMga Adi, tathA gAyoM ko arjuna Adi khAne ke liye diye jAte gAya, baila aura bachar3e gozAlAoM ( gomaMDapa ) meM rakkhe jAte / cora ( kUTagrAha ) gozAlAoM meM se, rAta ke samaya, cupacApa pazuoM kI corI kara lete / / kisI gRhapati ke pAsa bhinna-bhinna jAti ko gAyeM thIM / gAyoM kI saMkhyA itanI adhika thI ki eka hI bhUmi meM carane ke kAraNa eka jAta kI gAyeM dUsarI jAta kI gAyoM meM mila jAtIM jisase gvAloM meM lar3AIjhagar3A hone lagatA / idhara gvAle jhagar3A TaMTA karane meM lage rahate aura udhara jaMgala ke vyAghra Adi gAyoM ko uThAkara le jAte, yA ve kisI durgama sthAna meM jAkara phaMsa jAtIM aura vahA~ se na nikala sakane ke kAraNa mara jAtIM / yaha dekhakara gRhapati ne apanI kAlI, nolI, lAla, sapheda aura citakabarI gAyoM ko alaga-alaga gvAloM ke supurda kara diyA / " ghI-dUdha paryApta mAtrA meM upalabdha hotA thA / bAr3oM ( dohaNavADaga ) meM gAyoM kA dohana kiyA jAtA thA / prAyaH mahilAe~ hI dUdha dUhane kA kAma karatI thIM / " dahI, chAcha, makkhana aura ghI ko gorasa kahate, aura gorasa atyanta puSTikAraka bhojana samajhA jAtA / gAya, bhaiMsa, U~Ta, bakarI aura bher3oM kA dUdha kAma meM liyA jAtA / dahI ke maTakoM 1. zrAvazyakaniryukti 471; AvazyakacUrNI pR0 280 Adi / 2. bRhatkalpabhApya 1.2116 / 3. nizIthabhASyacUrNI 4.1638 / 4. vipAka sUtra 2, pR0 14 Adi; tathA dekhie bRhatkalpabhASyaTIkA 1.2762 / 5. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 44 / 6. nizIthabhASya 2.1166 / 7. nizIthacUrNI 11.3576 cUrNI / 8. zrAvazyakacUrNI, 2 pR0 316 |

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134 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ tR0 khaNDa ko garma pAnI se tara rakkhA jaataa|' bakarI ke takra kA ullekha milatA hai|` kSIragRha ( khIraghara ) meM paryApta mAtrA meM dUdha ke bane padArtha upalabdha hote / gA~va ke ahIra apanI gAr3iyoM meM ghI ke ghar3e rakhakara unheM nagaroM meM becane le jAte / pazuoM ke camar3e, haDDiyA~, dAMta ( hAthIdAMta ) aura bAloM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA / " kasAIkhAnoM ( sUnA ) meM pratidina saikar3oM bhaiMsoM Adi kA vadha hotA thA / bher3a, bakarI Adi pazuoM ko bAr3oM meM rakkhA jAtA inakI Una kAma meM lI jAtI / mer3a kI Una se aura U~Ta ke bAloM se jaina sAdhuoM kI rajoharaNa tathA kambala banAye jAte / ' loga bher3a ko mArakara usameM . tela aura kAlImirca DAla use bhakSaNa karate / uttarAdhyayana namaka, meM aurazrIya (urabhra = meMr3hA ) adhyayana meM batAyA hai ki loga meMr3hoM ko cAvala, mUMga, ur3ada Adi dekara khUba pAlate - posate, unake zarIra ko haldI ke raMga se raMgate aura phira unheM mArakara apane atithiyoM ko khilAte / " uSTrapAloM kA ullekha milatA hai / " pazuoM kI cikitsA kI jAtI thI / karISa agni ( upale kI Aga ) kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / sUtra 13 vRkSa-vijJAna hamAre deza kA adhikAMza bhUbhAga vana, jaMgala aura araNya se ghirA 1. nizIthacUrNI 4.1663 / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 246 / 3. nizIthasUtra 6.7 1 4. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 360-361 | 5. piNDaniryukti 50 / 6. zrAvazyakacUrNI 2. pR0 166 | 7. vipAkasUtra 4, pR0 30 / 8. vRhatkalpasUtra 2.25, bhASya 3.3614 / 6. sUtrakRtAMga 2, 6.37 / 10. 7.1; bRhatkalpabhASyaTIkA 1. 1812; tathA nizIthacUrNI 13.4346 11. nizIthacUrNI 11.3667 cUrNI / 12. vahI 20, pR0 304 / 13. uttarAdhyayana 12.43 /

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tR0 khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 135 huA thA / jaMgaloM se sambandha rakhane vAle vana, vanakhaNDa, vanarAji, kAnana, aTavI aura araNya Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| rAjagRha nagara ke pAsa aThAraha yojana lambI eka mahAaTavI thI, jahA~ bahuta se cora nivAsa karate the|' aTavI meM pathika loga prAyaH rAstA bhUla jAte / cora-DAkU pulisa ke Dara se yahA~ chipakara baiTha jAte the / kSIravana aTavI tathA kosaMba ( kozAmra) araNya aura daMDakAraNya' ke nAma ullikhita hai| vanoM meM bhAMti-bhAMti ke vRkSa, guccha, gulma, latA, vallI, tRNa, valaya, harita aura auSadhi vagairaha pAyI jAtI thIM / vRkSoM meM nIma, Ama, jAmuna, sAla, aMkora (hindI meM DherA), pIlu, zleSAtmaka, sallakI, mocako, mAluka, bakula, palAsa, karaMja, putraMjIva, arIThA, baher3A, harI, . bhilAvA, kSIriNI ( gaMbhArI), dhAtakI, priyAla, pUtikaraMja, sosama, punnAga (nAgakesara ), nAgavRkSa, zrIparNI aura azoka Adi, tathA tinduka, kapitthaka, aMbADaka ( AmrAtaka=Ama jaisA phala ), mAtuliMga (bijaurA ), bela, A~valA, phaNasa, dADima, azvattha (pIpala ), uduMbara, bar3a, nyagrodha (jisake cAroM ora choTe-choTe vaTa phaile hoM), naMdivRkSa (eka prakAra kA popala kA vRkSa ), pippalI (pIpalI), zatarI (eka prakAra kA pIpala), pilakkhu (plakSa =pilakhana), kAkoduMbarI (eka prakAra kA uduMbara ), kustumbarI (eka prakAra ke jaMgalI aMjIra kI jAti ), devadAlI ( devadAru ), tilaka, lakuca (hindI meM vaDahara ), chatraugha, ziroSa saptaparNa, dadhipaNa, lodhra, dhava, candana, arjuna, nIma ( bhUmikadaMba), kuTaja (indrajava) aura kadaMba Adi vRkSoM ke ullekha milate haiM / babUla (babbUla) kA ullekha AtA hai| U~Ta apanI gardana 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 8, pR0 125, pR0 62 / 2. vahI, 23, pR0 287 / / 3. nizIthacUrNI 8.2343 kI cUrNI / 4. vahI 16,5743 kI cUrNI / 5. prajJApanAsUtra 1.23, rAjapraznIya 3, pR0 12; bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1712-13; atharvaveda meM ullikhita vividha vRkSoM ke lie dekhie esa0 ke0 dAsa, da ikonomika hisTrI oNva aiMziyaMTa iMDiyA, pR0 68-103, 105-108, 204-206 / tathA rAmAyaNa 3.15.15 Adi; 4.1.76 zrAdi; mahAbhArata 2.57.44 Adi; suzruta 1.46.163 /

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136 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR* khaNDa U~cI kara babUla kI pattiyoM ko bar3e zauka se khAtA thaa|' dUdha ke vRkSoM (khIraduma ) meM bar3a, uduMbara aura pIpala ke nAma milate haiN| naMdiphala nAma ke vRkSa dekhane meM sundara lagate the lekina unake bIja bhakSaNa karane se manuSya mara jAtA thaa| vRkSoM kI bikrI hotI thii| ___ gucchoM meM vAiMgiNI ( marAThI meM bAMgo; hindI meM baiMgana), sallakI, dhuMDakI (bondako ), kacchurI, jAsumaNA, rUpI, ADhakI ( tUara ), nolI, tulasI, mAtuliMgI, kustumbharI, pippalikA (pIpala ), alasI, vallI, kAkamAcI, paTolakaMdalI, badara ( bera), javasaya ( javAsA), nirguNDI, sana, zyAmA, siMduvAra, karamarda (karoMdA ), adarUsaga ( aDUsA), karIra, bhaMDI ( majITha ), jIvantI, ketakI, pATalA aura aMkolA Adi kA ullekha hai| gulmoM meM navamAlikA, koraMTaka, baMdhujIvaka, manojJa (belA kI eka jAti ), kaNera, kubjaka ( sapheda gulAba), mogarA (belA ), yUthikA ( jUhI), mallikA, vAsaMtI, mRgadaMtikA, caMpaka, kuMda Adi kA ullekha hai| latAoM meM padmalatA, nAgalatA, azokalatA, caMpakalatA, cUtalatA, vanalatA, vAsaMtIlatA, atimuktakalatA, kundalatA aura zyAmalatA ke nAma milate haiM / balliyoM meM kAliMgI (tarabUja kI bela ), tuMbI, trapusI (kakar3I ko bela ), elavAluGkI / eka prakAra kI kakar3I), ghoSAtako (kar3avI ghIMsor3I ), paMDolA, paMcAMgulikA, nIlI ( galI), karelA, subhagA ( mogarI kI eka jAti ), devAdAru, nAgalatA (nAgaravela), kRSNA (jaTAmAMsI), sUryavallI (sUrajamukhI), mRdvIkA ( aMgUra ), guMjAvallI (guMjA kI bela ), mAlukA Adi balliyoM ke nAma Ate haiN| .. * tRNoM meM darbha, kuza, arjuna, ASADhaka, kSuraka Adi, tathA valaya meM tAla, tamAla, zAlmali, sarala (cIr3a), jAvato, ketakI, kadalI (kelA), bhojavRkSa (bhojapatra vRkSa ), hiMguvRkSa, lavaMgavRkSa, pUgaphalI (supArI), khajUra aura nAriyala ke nAma Ate haiM / harita vanaspatiyoM 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 6, pR0 142-shr| 2. nizIthacUrNI, pR060|| 3. AvazyakacUNI, pR0 506 / .. 4. nizIthacUrNI 15, pR0 581 / ..5. kakar3I ko vAluMka athavA cimbhiDa ( cIbhaIgujarAtI meM ) kahA gayA hai, bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 376 /

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tR0 khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 137 meM mAjarika, pAlaka, jalapopala, mUlI, sarasoM, jIvaMtaka, tulaso, maravA, zatapuSpa, indIvara Adi kA ullekha hai / vaMza, veNu aura kanaka ye bA~sa kI tIna jAtiyA~ batAyI gayI haiN| sana (bAga), nAriyala ke tRNa ( payaDo), mUMja, kuza, beMta aura bA~sa se jaina sAdhuoM ke chIMke banAye jAte the|2 vRkSoM kI lakar3iyA~ ghara aura yAna-vAhana Adi banAne ke kAma meM AtI thiiN| unase sAdhuoM ke daMDa, yaSTi, avalekhanikA (kIcar3a haTAne ke liye), deNU (bA~sa) Adi taiyAra kiye jAte / vanakarma aura aMgArakarma kA ullekha milatA hai / vanakarma meM rata zramika loga jaMgala ke vRkSoM ko girAkara unase lakar3I prApta karate the| aMgArakarma dvArA lar3akiyoM ko jalAkara koyale taiyAra kiye jAte the; pakkI IMTeM banAyI jAtI thiiN| ___lakar3ahAroM (kaTThahAraka ), jaMgala meM se sUkhe patte cunanevAloM ( pattahAraka ), aura ghasiyAroM (taNahAraka) kA ullekha milatA hai, jo jaMgala meM dina bhara lakar3I kATate rahate, patte cugate rahate, aura ghAsa khodate rahate the| _ AkheTa - mAMsa ke lie AkheTa kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjA apane dalabala ke sAtha jaMgala meM mRgayA ke lie jAte / kAMpilya kA rAjA saMjaya apane azva para baiThakara, caturaMgiNI senA ke sAtha, kesara nAma ke udyAna meM mRgayA ke lie calA, aura vahA~ pahu~cakara, bhayabhIta aura saMtrasta hokara idhara-udhara bhAgate hue mRgoM kA zikAra karane lgaa| vyAkhyAprajJapti meM mRgavadha kA ullekha hai| mRgalubdhika pazuoM ko pakar3akara unheM 1. prajJApanAsUtra 1.23 / . 2. nizIthabhASya 1.640 / 3. nizIthasUtra 1.40 / 4. upAsakadazA 1, pR0 11; tathA vyavahArabhASya 3.86 zrAcArAMga 2, 2.303 / 5. jJAtRdharmakathA 13, pR0 143; bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1067; anuyogadvArasUtra 130 / 6. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 18.2 Adi / 7. 1.8 /

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138 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa mArate aura unakA mAMsa vikraya kara apanI AjIvikA calAte / zikAra ke lie zikArI kuttoM ko kAma meM liyA jAtA / ' kutte 'cho cho' karane para jaMgalI jAnavaroM ke pIche unheM pakar3ane ke lie daudd'te| zikArI kuttoM kI sahAyatA se zikAra karanevAloM ko soNiya (zaunika) aura jAla lagAkara zikAra pakar3anevAloM ko vAgurika kahA jAtA thaa| pAza aura kUTa jAloM ko zikAra pakar3ane ke kAma meM liyA jaataa| tRNa, muMja, kASTha, carma, beMta, sUta aura rassI ke pAza banAye jAte / " gar3ariyoM (chAgaliya ) ke bAr3oM meM aneka bakare, meMDhe, baila, sUara, hariNa, mahiSa Adi ba~dhe rhte| aneka naukara-cAkara unakI dekhabhAla krte| ve unake mAMsa ko talate aura bhUnate tathA rAjamArga para jAkara becate / 6 loga hAthiyoM kA bhI zikAra karate the| hastitApasa dhanuSa-bANa se hAthI kA zikAra kara usakA mAMsa mahInoM taka bhakSaNa karate the| cir3iyoM kA zikAra karanevAle cir3ImAra kahe jaate| pakSiyoM meM bhAraMDa, jIvaMjIva, samudravAyasa (jalakAka) DhaMka, kurala, vAyasa, cakravAka, haMsa, rAjahaMsa, baka, krauMca, sArasa, mayUra, vaMjulaga, tittara (tItara ), bataka, lAvaga, kapota, kapiMjala, ciDaga (ciDDA ), zuka (totA), mora, kokila sehI Adi pakSiyoM kA ullekha hai| rAjahaMsa kI cihvA ko amla batAyA gayA hai jisase dUdha phaTa jAtA thaa| zikArI dhanuSa-bANa se tItara, bataka, baTera, kabUtara aura kapiMjala Adi pakSiyoM kA zikAra karate / pakSiyoM ko pakar3ane ke lie bAz2a (vidaMzaka), jAla tathA vajralepa (lepya ) Adi kA upayoga kiyA 1. sUtrakRtAMga 2, 2.31 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1585; nizIthacUrNIbhASya 4.1633 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2766; vyavahArabhASya 3, pR0 20-shr| 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 16.63; 5.5 / 5. nizIthasUtra 12.1 / 6. vipAkasUtra 4, pR0 26,30 / 7. sUtrakRtAMga 2, 6,6.2 / 8. prajJApanAsUtra 1.57; rAjapraznIyasUtra 3, pR0 15; nizIthasUtra 6.22 / 6. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 123 / 10. sUtrakRtAMga 2, 2.31 zrAdi /

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tR0 khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana jaataa|' tItaroM ko pha~sAne ke liye bAz2a ( voralla) ke pA~va meM tA~ta bA~dha kara use tItaroM meM chor3a dete / aNDoM kA vyApAra hotA tathA aNDoM ke vyApArI pratidina kudAlI aura TokarI lekara apane karmacAriyoM ko jaMgala meM bhejate, jahA~ ve kaue, ullU , kabUtara, TiTTibha, sArasa, mora, kukkuTa (murgA) Adi ke aNDoM kI talAza meM rhte| ina aNDoM ko ve tave, kavallI (miTTI kA tavA), kanduya aura bharjana Adi meM bhUnate aura Aga meM tlte| tatpazcAt rAjamArga aura dukAnoM para baiThakara unheM becate / mayUra-poSakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| loga gRha-kokila', tItara, zuka aura madanazAlikA (mainA) Adi ko paalte| macchImAra machaliyA~ pakar3ane kA pezA karate / machaliyoM meM saha (zlakSNa ) khavalla, muMga, vijjhiDiya, hali, magari, rohita, halIsAgara, gAgara, vaDa, vaDagara, gabbhaya, usagAra, timi, timigila, nakra, taMdula, kaNikA, sAli, satthiyA (svastika), laMbhana, patAkA aura patAkAtipatAkA nAma ko machaliyoM ke ullekha milate haiN| gala (bar3izamachalI pakar3ane kA kAMTA) aura magarajAloM ko machalI pakar3ane ke kAma meM liyA jAtA / lohe ke kAMTe meM mAMsa ke Tukar3e lagAkara, eka lambI rassI ko pAnI meM DAlakara machaliyA~ " pakar3I jAtI / machaliyoM ko pakar3akara unheM sApha kiyA jAtA, aura phira unakA mAMsa bhakSaNa kiyA jaataa| soriyapura nagara ke uttara-pUrva meM macchImAroM kI eka bAr3o ( macchaMDhavADaga ) thI jahA~ bahuta se macchImAra rahA karate the| ye loga yamunA nadI meM machalI pakar3ane jAte / vahA~ nadI ke jala ko chAnakara (dahagAlaNa), mathakara (dahamahaNa) aura pravAhita kara (dahapavahaNa ), tathA ayaMpula, paMcapula, macchaMdhala, macchapuccha, jaMbhA, 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 16.65 / 2. nizIthabhASya 2.1163 kI cUrNI; 4.1672 kI cUrNI / 3. vipAkasUtra 3, pR0 22 / / 4. vyavahArabhASya 3, pR0 2. -a; jJAtRdharmakathA 3, pR0 62 / 5. zrodhaniyukti, 323, pR0 126 / 6. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 558 / 7. prajJApanAsUtra 1.50 / 8. nizIthabhASyacUrNI 4.1805 / 6. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 16.64 /

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140 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa tisirA, bhisirA, ghisarA, visirA, hillirI, jhillirI, jAla, gala, kUTaSAza, vakrabaMdha, sUtrabaMdha, bAlabaMdha Adi prakAroM dvArA machaliyA~ pakar3A karate / machaliyoM se ve apanI nAveM bhara lete, unheM kinAre para lAte; phira dhUpa meM sukhA, unheM bAjAra meM beca dete / ' isI prakAra kacchapa, grAha, magara aura suMsumAroM ke sambandha meM bhI kahA gayA hai / macchImAra inheM pakar3akara inakA mAMsa bhakSaNa krte| utpAdanakartA vastra-katAI aura bunAI kRSi ke pazcAt bunAI eka mahatvapUrNa udyoga ginA jAtA thA / pA~ca zilpakAroM meM kuMbhakAra, citrakAra, luhAra, (karmakAra) aura nAI ( kAzyapa ) ke sAtha vastrakAra ( NaMtika ) bhI ginAye gaye haiN| naladAma nAma ke vastrakAra (kuviMda ) kA ullekha AtA hai| vastrakAroM meM dUSya (dussa; hindI meM dhussA) kA vyApAra karanevAloM ko dosiya (mahArASTra aura gujarAta ke dozI), sUtra kA vyApAra karane vAloM ko sottiya ( sautrika ) aura kapAsa kA vyApAra karane vAloM ko kappAsiya ( kAsika) kahA jAtA thaa| isake atirikta, tunnAga (tUmane vAle), tantuvAya (bunakara ), paTTakAra ( paTTakUla yAnI rezama kA kAma karane vAle paTave), tathA sIvaga (sIne vAle darjI) aura chipAya (hindI meM chipI ) Adi ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| pahale kapAsa (seDuga ) ko oTakara (ruMcaMta ) usakI ruI banAyI jAtI, phira use pIjate (piMjiya) aura usase pUnI ( pelu ) taiyAra ko jaatii| kapAsa, dugulla aura mUMja ( vaccaka; muMja) ke 1. vipAkasUtra 8, pR0 46 zrAdi, vyavahArabhASya 3, pR0 20-a|" 2. prajJApanAsUtra 1.50 / 3. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 156 / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 58 / 5. prajJApanAsUtra 1.66-70 / 6. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 2, pR0 163-a| 7. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2666; piNDaniyukti 574 / 8. nizIthacUrNI 7, pR0 366; sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA 2, 6, pR0 388 / /

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tR0 khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 141 kAtane kA ullekha AtA hai| bunakaroM kI zAlAoM (tantuvAyazAlA) meM kapar3A bunA jAtA thA / nAlaMdA ke bAhara isa prakAra kI eka zAlA meM jJAtuputra mahAvIra aura maMkhaliputra gozAla sAtha-sAtha rahe the| vastroM ke aneka prakAroM kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM milatA hai / vastroM kA niyamita vyApAra hotA thaa| ___ kapar3e dhone aura kapar3e raMgane ke udyoga-dhaMdhe kA pracAra thA / aThAraha zreNiyoM meM dhobiyoM kI gaNanA kI gayI hai| khAra (sajjiyAkhAra ) se maile kapar3e dhoye jAte the / pahale, khAra meM kapar3e bhigoye jAte, phira unheM bhaTTI para rakhakara garma kiyA jAtA aura usake bAda sApha pAnI se nikhArakara unheM dho DAlate / maile kapar3oM ko patthara para pITA jAtA ( acchoDa), unheM ghisA jAtA, ragar3A jAtA, aura jaba kapar3e dhulakara sApha ciTTe ho jAte to unheM dhUpa dekara sugaMdhita kiyA jaataa| dhobI (NillevaNa ) kama maile kapar3oM ko ghara meM hI ghar3oM ke pAnI se dhokara. sApha karate / yadi kapar3e adhika maile hue to tAlAba, nadI Adi para jAte tathA gomUtra, pazuoM kI leMDI, kSAra Adi se kapar3oM ko dhote / " rajakazAlAoM kA ullekha milatA hai|6 ___ tauliye Adi vastroM ko kASAya raMga se raMgA jAtA / raMge hue vastra garma mausama meM pahane jAte / parivrAjaka gerue raMga ke vastra dhAraNa krte| rajaka kapar3e dhone ke sAtha-sAtha kapar3e raMgane kA bhI pezA krte| khAna aura khanija vidyA khanija padArthoM kI bharamAra thI, isalie prAcIna kAla meM khAnoM kA udyoga mahatvapUrNa mAnA jAtA thaa| khAnoM meM se lohA, tAMbA, 1. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 282 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 5, pR0 74; AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 61; nizIthacUrNI 10.3251 / 3. piMDaniyukti 34 / 4. vahI 34; AcArAMga 2, 5.1.367; bRhatkalpasUtra 1.45 / 5. nizIthabhASya 20.6564-65 / - 6. vyavahArabhASya 10.484 / 7. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 7; bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 613 /

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142 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR* khaNDa jastA, sIsA, cA~dI (hiraNya athavA rUpya ), sonA (suvarNa), maNi, ratna aura vajra upalabdha hote the|' dhAtuoM ke utpatti sthAna ko Akara kahA gayA hai| kAliyadvIpa apanI hiraNya, suvarNa, ratna aura vana kI khAnoM ke lie prasiddha thaa| bhArata ke vyApArI yahA~ kI bahumUlya dhAtuoM ko apane jahAjoM meM bharakara svadeza lAte the / anya khanija padArthoM meM lavaNa (namaka), Usa (sAjImATI), geru, haratAla, hiMgulaka (siMgarapha), maNasila (manasila), sAsaga (pArA), seDiya ( sapheda miTTI), soraTThiya aura aMjana Adi ke nAma milate haiN| AbhUSaNa aura ratna Adi striyAM AbhUSaNoM kI zaukIna thiiN| ve sone-cAMdI ke AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karatI thIM, ataeva sunAroM (suvaNNakAra) kA vyApAra khUba calatA thaa|' kumAranandI caMpA kA eka prasiddha sunAra thaa| usane rAjakula meM suvarNa ko bheMTakara, paTaha dvArA ghoSaNA kI thI ki jo koI usake sAtha paMcazaila ko yAtrA karegA use vaha bahuta-sA rupayA degaa| mUsiyadAraya teyalipura kA dUsarA suprasiddha suvarNakAra (kalAya) thaa| sunAra beImAnI bhI karate the; kisI ne eka sunAra se sone ke moraMga (kuMDala) ghar3ane ko kahA, lekina usane tAMbe ke banAkara de diye| caudaha prakAra ke AbhUSaNoM kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM milatA hai : 1. nizIthasUtra 5.35; 11.1; prajJApanA 1.17; sthAnAMga 4.346 / 2bRhatkalpabhASyaTIkA 1.1060 / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 17, pR0 202 / 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 36.74; sUtrakRtAMga 2, 3.61; prajJApanA 1.17; nizIthasUtra 4.36 / 5. bauddhasUtroM ke anusAra vizAkhA ke AbhUSaNa taiyAra hone meM cAra mahIne lage the, jisameM pAMca sau sunAroM ne dina aura rAta kAma kiyA thA, dhammapada aTThakathA 1, pR0 384 zrAdi / 6. AvazyakacUrNA, pR0 367 / 7. jJAtRdharmakathA 14 / 8. nizIthacUrNI 11.3700 kI cUrNI /

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tR0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana hAra ( aThAraha lar3I vAlA), ardhahAra ( nau lar3I kA hAra), ekAvali (eka lar3I kA hAra ), kanakAvali, ratnAvali, muktAvali ( motiyoM kA hAra ), keyUra, kaDaya ( kar3A), tuDiya (bAjUbaMda), mudrA ( aMgUThI), kuNDala, urasUtra, cUDAmaNi aura tilaka / hAra, ardhahAra, tisaraya (tIna lar3I kA hAra), pralaMba ( nAbhi taka laTakane vAlA hAra), kaTisUtra (karadhaunI), aveyaka (gale kA hAra ), aMgulIyaka ( aMgUThI), kacAbharaNa (keza meM lagAne kA AbharaNa), mudrikA, kuNDala, mukuTa, valaya (vIratvasUcaka kaMkaNa), aMgada (bAjUvaMda), pAdapralaMba (paira taka laTakane vAlA hAra ), aura muravi (AbharaNa vizeSa )" nAmaka AbhUSaNa puruSoM dvArA dhAraNa kiye jAte the, tathA nUpura, mekhalA (karadhauno), hAra, kaDaga ( kar3A), khuddaya (aMgUThI), valaya, kuNDala, ratna aura dInAramAlA striyoM ke AbhUSaNa mAne jAte the| suvarNapaTTa se zreSThiyoM kA mastaka bhUSita kiyA jAtA aura nAmamudrikA aMgulI meM pahanI jAtI thii| hAthI aura ghor3oM ko bhI AbhUSaNoM se sajjita kiyA jAtA / hAthiyoM ke gale meM suvarNa aura maNi-muktA se jaTita hAra tathA gAyoM ko mayUrAMgacUlikA pahanAyo jaatii| rAjA-mahArAjA aura dhanika loga sone ke bartanoM meM bhojana karate; inameM thAla, parAta (thAsaga) Adi mukhya the| baiThane ke por3he (pAvoDha), 1. rAjA zreNika ke pAsa aThAraha lar3I vAlA sundara hAra thA; usakI utpatti ke lie dekhie AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 170 / cAlIsa hajAra ke hAra ke lie dekhie uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 191-shr| 2. jambUdvIpaprajJaptiTIkA 3, pR0 216-1; nizIthasUtra, 7.7 / Tikkida (TIkA) kA ullekha uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 54 meM milatA hai| 3. aupapAtikasUtra 31, pR0 122; kalpasUtra 4.62 / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 30 / 5. rAjapraznIyasUtra 137 / / 6. kalpasUtra 3.36 pR0 56; nizIthasUtra 7. 7; tathA dekhie dhammapada akathA 1, pR0 364 / / 7. haribhadra, AvazyakaTIkA, pR0 700 / 8. vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 13 / 6. vyavahArabhASya 3.35 / 10. tRNa, palAla, chagaNa (gobara) aura kASTha ke pIr3hoM kA ullekha nizIthasatra 12.6 meM kiyA gayA hai| .....

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144 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ tR0 khaNDa Asana aura palyaMga ( palaMga ) Adi suvarNa se jar3e hue rahate the / ' sone bhRMgAra ( jhArI ) kA upayoga hotA thA / madhyama sthiti ke loga cA~dI kA upayoga karate the / kImatI ratnoM aura maNiyoM meM karketana, vajra, vaiDUrya, lohitAkSa, masAragalla, haMsagarbha, pulaka, saugaMdhika, jyotirasa, aMjana, aMjanapulaka, rajata, jAtarUpa, aMka, sphaTika, riTa indranIla, marakata, sasyaka, pravAla, candraprabha, gomeda, rucaka, bhujamocaka, jalakAMta aura sUryakAMta ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / nanda rAjagRha kA eka suprasiddha maNikAra ( maNiyAra ) thA | maNikAra maNi, muktA Adi meM DaMDe se cheda karane ke liye use sAna para ghisate the / bhAMDAgAra meM maNi, muktA aura ratnoM kA saMcaya kiyA jAtA thA / " kImiyA banAnevAloM (dhAtuvAiya) kA ullekha 1. jJAtRdharmakathATIkA 1, sUtra 21, pR0 42 - dekhie prItidAna kI sUcI / 2. zrAvazyakacUrNI pR0 147 / 3. rAmAyaNa 3.43.28 aura mahAbhArata 7.16.66 meM isakA ullekha hai | masAragalla masAra pahAr3I se maMgAyA jAtA thA; rAisa DeviDsa, miliMda - prazna kA anuvAda, pR0 177, noTa 6 / sammohavinodinI pR0 64 meM ise kabaramani kahA hai / DAkTara sunItikumAra caTajIM ne nyU iNDiyana aiNTIkverI, jilda 2, 1636-40 meM, isakA mUlasthAna cIna batAyA hai / 4. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 36.75 Adi; prajJApanA 1.17 ; nizothabhASya 2.1031-32 / caubIsa ratnoM ke liye dekhiye dazavaikAlikacUrNI, pR0 212, tathA dekhie bRhatsaMhitA 76, 4 Adi; divyAvadAna 18, pR0 226; milindaprazna, pR0 118 | udAna kI kathA paramatthadIpanI, pR0 103 meM nimnalikhita ratna-maNiyoM kA ullekha hai : - vajira, mahAnIla, indanIla, marakata, belUriya, padumarAga, phussarAga, kakketana, phulaka, vimala, lohitAMka, phalika, pavAla, jotiraMga, gomutaka, gomeda, saugaMdhika, suttA, saMkha, aMjanamUla, rAjAvaTTa, amatabbAka, piyaka, brAhmaNI; tathA dekhie luI phino kI le lepidiyera diyoM pR0 137 para agastimata kI sUcI, perisa 1866 / 5. jJAtRdharmakathA 3 pR0 141 / 6. nizIthacUrNI 1.508 cUrNI / 7. nizothasUtra 6.7 /

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tR0 khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 145 milatA hai|' dhAtu ke pAnI se tAMbe Adi ko sikta karake suvarNa banAne kI mAnyatA pracalita thii|| luhAra, kumhAra Adi krmkr| luhAroM ( kammAra= karmAra ) kA vyApAra unnati para thaa| ye loga khetIbArI ke lie hala aura kudAlI Adi tathA lakar3I kATane ke lie pharasA, vasUlA Adi banAkara becate the| lohe kI kIleM, DaMDe aura ber3iyA~ banAyI jAtI thI / lohe, trapusa , tAmra, jaste, sIse, kAMse, cA~dI, sone, maNi, daMta, soMga, carma, vastra, zaMkha aura vajra Adi se bahamUlya pAtra taiyAra kiye jAte the| anya pAtroM meM thAla, pAtrI, thAsaga (hindI meM tAsA), mallaga (pyAle), kaiviya (camacA), avapakka ( choTA tavA ), karoDiA (hindI meM kaTorI) kA ullekha milatA hai| bhojana banAne ke bartanoM meM tavaya (tavA ), kavalli (hindI meM khapar3A ) aura kandua (eka prakAra kA tavA) ullekhanIya haiN| caMdAlaga (hindI meM kaMDAla ) tAMbe kA bartana hotA thaa| lohe se ispAta banAyA jAtA aura usase aneka prakAra ke aujAra, hathiyAra, kavaca, vama Adi taiyAra kiye jAte / ispAta se sAdhuoM ke upayoga meM Ane vAle kSura (pippalaga), suI ( sui, Ariya ), ArA, nahanI (nakkhaccanI) tathA zastrakoza Adi banAye jAte / luhAroM kI dukAnoM (kambhArasAlA; aggikamma) kA ullekha milatA hai| vaizAlI kI kammArasAlA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra Thahare the|" 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4. pR0 83; dazavaikAlikacUrNI 1, pR0 44 / 2. nizIthacUrNI 13.4313 / 3. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 16.66; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 526 / 4. zrIpapAtikasUtra 38, pR0 173 / TIkA meM kAcaveDantiga (?), vRttaloha ( baTaloi ), kaMsaloha, hArapuTaka aura rItikA kA ullekha hai| tathA nizIthasUtra 11.1; 12.4043; 10.3060 bhASya / 5. jJAtRdharmakathATIkA 1, pR0 42-a meM prItidAna kI sUcI dekhie / 6. vipAkasUtra 3, pR0 22; vyAkhyAprajJapti 11.6 / 7. sUtrakRtAMga 4.2.13 / 8. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.883 Adi / 6. vyavahArabhASya 10.484 / 10. zrAvazyakacUrNI. pR0 262 / 10 jai0 bhA0

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146 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ tR0 khaNDa luhAra kI dukAnoM ko samara' athavA Aesa' kahA gayA hai| lohe kI bhaTTiyoM meM kaccA lohA pakAyA jAtA thaa| garma pakate hue lohe ko saMr3asI se pakar3akara uThAyA jAtA, aura phira lohe ko neha (ahikaraNI) u para rakhakara kUTA jAtA / lohe ko hathaur3e se kUTate-pITate aura kATate aura usase upayogI vastue~ taiyAra karate / " 3 kaMsere (kaMsakAra ) kAMse ke bartana banAte the; unakI ginatI nau kAruoM meM kI gayI hai / " saMdeza Adi likhane ke lie tAmrapaTToM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA / hAthIdA~ta bahuta kImatI mAnA jAtA thA / hAthI kA zikAra karane ke lie pulindoM ( jaMgala meM rahane vAlI AdivAsI jAti) ko dravya diyA jAtA aura ve hAthiyoM ko mArakara unake dA~ta nikAlate / anya loga bhI hAthIdA~ta ke lie hAthiyoM kA zikAra karate the / ' hAthIdA~ta kI mUrtiyAM banAyI jAtI thiiN| hAthI dA~ta kA kAma karane vAloM ko zilpa - AryoM meM ginA gayA hai / " haDDI, sIMga aura zaMkha se vividha vastueM banAyI jAtIM / bandaroM kI haDDiyoM se loga mAlAe~ taiyAra karate aura unheM baccoM ke gale meM pahanAte / hAthI- dA~ta aura kaur3iyoM se bhI mAlAe~ banAyI jAtIM / " kumhAra (kumbhakAra ) miTTI se aneka prakAra ke ghar3e, maTake Adi banAte / saddAlaputta polAsapura kA eka prasiddha kumbhakAra thaa| zahara ke bAhara usakI pA~ca sau dukAneM thIM jahAM bahuta se naukara-ca karate the / kumhAra lauMga pahale miTTI meM pAnI DAlakara use sAnate; usameM -cAkara kAma 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 1.26 / 2. zrAcArAMga 2, 2.303 / 3. vyAkhyAprajJapti 1 16.1 / 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 16.67 / 5 jambUdvIpaprajJapti 3, pR0 163-a | 6. haribhadra, AvazyakaTIkA, pR0 683 / 7. AvazyakacUrNI, 2, pR0 266 / 8. vahI, pR0 166 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2466 / 10. prajJApanA 1.70 / 11. nizIthasUtra 7.1 - 3 kI cUrNI /

Page #168
tR0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 147 rAkha aura gobara milAte / phira isa miTTI ke loMde ko cAka para rakhakara ghumAte aura icchAnusAra karaya (hindI meM karavA),' vAraya, pihaDaya, ghaDaya, addhaghaDaya, kalasaya ( kalasA ), aliMjara, jaMbUla, uTTiya ( auSTika ) Adi bartana taiyAra karate / tIna prakAra ke kalazoM (kuDa ) kA ullekha hai-niSpAvakuTa (gujarAtI meM vAla), telakuTa aura ghRtakuTa / gIle bartanoM ko dhUpa meM yA AgameM rakhakara sukhAte / kumbhakArazAlA (pharusageha )4 ke kaI vibhAga rahate / paNyazAlA meM bartanoM kI bikrI kI jAtI, bhAMDazAlA meM unheM ikaTThA karake rakkhA jAtA, karmazAlA meM unheM taiyAra kiyA jAtA, pacanazAlA meM unheM pakAyA jAtA, aura IdhanazAlA meM bartana pakAne ke lie ghAsa, gobara Adi saMcita kiye jaate|" julAhoM aura luhAroM ko zAlAoM kI bhAMti kumbhakArazAlA meM bhI jainazramaNa ThaharA karate the|6 polAsapura kA kumhAra saddAlaputta jainadharma kA suprasiddha anuyAyI thaa| hAlAhala zrAvastI kI prasiddha kumhAranI tho / maMkhaliputra gozAla ke mata ko vaha anuyAyinI thI, aura gozAla usakI zAlA meM ThaharA karate the| 1. jaina zramaNa karaka athavA dharmakaraka ko pAnI rakhane ke kAma meM lAte the, bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2882 / cullavagga ( 5.7.17, pR. 207) meM bhI isakA ullekha hai| isameM pAnI chAnane ko channA lagA rahatA thA jisase pAnI jaldI hI chana jAtA thA / sambhavataH yaha pAtra lakar3I kA hotA thaa| 2. upAsakadazA 7, pR0 47-8; anuyogadvArasUtra 132, pR0 136 / tathA dekhie kusajAtaka (531), pR0 372 / . 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 73 / AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 122 meM cAra prakAra ke ghaToM kA ullekha hai :-chiddakuDDa, boDakuDDa, khaMDakuDDa aura sagala / 4 nizIthabhASyaM 10.3228 / 5. vahI 16.5360; bRhatkalpabhASya 2,3444 Adi / 6. dekhie AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 285; haribhadra, AvazyakaTIkA, pR0 484 Adi / 7. vyAkhyAprajJapti 15 / ...........

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148 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa gRha-nirmANa vidyA gRhanirmANa kalA kA vikAsa huA thaa| rAja aura bar3haI kA kAma mukhya dhandhe gine jAte the / makAnoM, prAsAdoM, bhavanoM, jInoM ( daddara )', talagharoM, tAlAboM aura mandiroM kI nIva rakhane ke lie aneka rAjagira aura bar3haI kAma kiyA karate the| kASTha kI mUrtiyA~ banAyI jAtI thiiN| kRSNacitra kASTha uttama kASTha samajhA jAtA thaa|' bar3haI loga baiThane ke lie Asana, pIr3he, palaMga, khATa, khUTI, sandUka, aura baccoM ke khela-khilaune Adi bnaate| kASTa ke bartanoM meM AyamaNI ( luTiyA ) aura ullaMkaa, Doya (gujarAtI meM Doyo), dabvI (DoI ) Adi kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| kuzala zilpo aneka prakAra ke vRkSoM kI lakar3iyoM se khar3AU~ ( pAuyA) taiyAra karate, aura unameM vaiDraya tathA sundara riSTa aura aMjana jar3akara camakadAra bahumUlya ratnoM se unheM bhUSita karate / isake atirikta, jahAja, nAva, vividha prakAra ke yAna, gAr3I, ratha aura yantra taiyAra kiye jAte / rathakAra kA sthAna sarvopari thA, aura rAjaratnoM meM usakI ginatI kI jAtI thii| rathakAra vimAna Adi bhI taiyAra karate the| zUrpAraka kA kokkAsa bar3haI eka kuzala zilpakAra thA aura usane apanI zilpavidyA ke dvArA yantramaya kabUtara banAkara taiyAra kiye the / ye kabUtara rAjabhavana meM jAte aura vahA~ ke gaMdhazAli cugakara lauTa Ate / bAda meM rAjA kA Adeza pAkara usane eka sundara garur3ayantra bnaayaa| isa yantra meM rAjA-rAno baiThakara AkAza meM bhramaNa kiyA karate the| kaliGgarAja ke anurodha para usane sAta talle ke eka sundara bhavana kA nirmANa kiyA thaa| 1. gujarAtI meM dAdara; piMDaniyukti 364 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 115 / 3 bRhatkalpabhASya 3960 TIkA / 4. nizIthacUrNI 12.4113; piNDaniyukti 250 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4067 / 6. kalpasUtra 1.14; tulanA kIjie mahAvagga 5.2.17 pR0 206; dhammapada ahakathA 3, pR0 330, 451 / 7. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 56 / 8. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 . 541; vasudevahiMDI; pR0 62 Adi; tathA dekhie dhammapada aTThakathA 3, pR0 135 /

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tR0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 146 .makAna banAne ke lie IMTa ( iTTikA )', miTTI ( pur3havI), zarkarA (sakarA), bAlU (bAluyA) aura patthara ( upala) Adi kI AvazyakatA par3atI thii| pakke makAnoM meM cUnA potane (sudhAkammaMta ) kA rivAja thA / pattharoM ke ghara ( selovaTuANa ) banAye jAte the| - sUryAsta ke bAda dIpaka jalAkara prakAza kiyA jAtA thaa| dIpaka prAyaH miTTI ke hote / kucha dIpaka sArI rAta jalAye jAte aura kucha thor3e samaya ke liye / avalaMbana, utkaMpana aura paMjara nAma ke dIpakoM kA ullekha milatA hai / avalaMbana dIpa zRMkhalA se baMdhe rahate, utkaMpana Urdhva daNDa meM laTake rahate aura paMjara phAnasa yA kaMdIla kI bhAMti golAkAra abaraka ke ghaTa meM rakkhe rahate / skanda aura mukunda ke caityoM meM rAtri ke samaya dIpaka jalAye jAte, aura aneka bAra kuttoM yA cUhoM ke dvArA dIpaka ke ulaTa diye jAne se devatAoM kI kASThamayI mUrtiyoM meM ArA laga jaato|6 mazAleM (dIpikA) jalAI jAtI; mazAlacI ( dIviyaggAha ) mazAla jalAkara julUsa ke Age-Age calate the / gobara aura lakar3I ko Idhana ke kAma meM liyA jaataa| ___ anya kArIgara Adi hAtha ke kArIgara caTAI (chaviya = charvikAH = kaTAdikArAH) bunate, mUja kI pAdukAeM banAte (muMjapAdukAkAra), rasse baMTate ( varur3a), tathA chAja ( suppa) aura TokariyA~ bnaate| isake sivAya, tAr3apatroM se paMkhe ( tAlavRnta; bAlavIjana )", palAzapatra aura bAMsa kI khappacoM, 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1123; 3.4768, 4770 / 2. sUtrakRtAMga 2,3.61 / 3. zrAcArAMga 2, 2.303 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3461 / 5. jJAtRdharmakathATIkA 1, pR0 42-a; dekhie prItidAna kI sUcI / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3465 / 7. nizIthasUtra 6.26 / 8. prajJApanA 1.70 / / 6. nizIthacUrNI 11.3707 ko cUrNI / 10. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 138; jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 11 /

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150 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa se chAte ( vAsattANa ) tathA jhADueM (veNusaMpacchaNI ) aura bA~sa kI peTiyA~ ( veNuphala ) banAyI jAtI thIM / chauMkoM (sikkaka ) kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| chIMkoM meM, pAtra ke abhAva meM, jaina zramaNa phala Adi bharakara le jAte / bahaMgI ( kApotikA ), AvazyakatA par3ane para AcArya, bAlaka athavA gambhIra roga se pIr3ita kisI sAdhu ko eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para le jAne ke kAma meM aatii| darbha aura muJja se sAdhuoM kI rajoharaNa, aura boriyA~ (goNI) banAI jaatii|' kammaMtazAlAoM meM darbha, chAla aura vRkSoM Adi ke dvArA aneka vastue~ taiyAra kI jaatii| bhojapatra (bhujjapatta ) para saMdeza Adi likhakara bhejA jaataa| anya udyoga-dhandhe anya udyoga-dhandhoM meM raMga banAne kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| cikura (pIta varNa kA eka gandha dravya ), haratAla, sarasoM, kiMzaka ( kesU), japAkusuma aura baMdhujIvaka ke puSpa, hiMgula ( siMdUra ), kuMkuma ( kesara), nIlakamala, zirISa ke puSpa tathA aMjana Adi dravyoM se raMga banAye jAte the| haldI, kusuMbhA aura kardama raMga ke sAthasAtha kiramicI (kimirAya ) raMga kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| lAkSArasa bhI eka mahatvapUrNa udyoga thA; lAkha 'se striyA~ aura bAlaka apane hAtha aura paira raMgate the| jo loga gRdhrapRSTha-maraNa svIkAra karate, ve apane pRSTha aura udara ko lAkha ke lAla raMga se raMjitakara, mare 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4067 / 2. rAjapraznIyasUtra 21, pR0 63 / 3. sUtrakRtAMga 4.2.8 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 1. 2886 zrAdi / 5. vahI 2.3675 / 6. AcArAMga 2, 2.303 / 7. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 530 / 8. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 10, tathA vyAkhyAprajJapti 18.6 / 6. nizIthabhASya 10.3161; anuyogadvArasUtra 37; haribhadra, AvazyakaTIkA, pa0 366-a| 10. vahI; upAsaka 1, pR0 11; haribhadra, vahI, pR0 368 /

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tR0 khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 151 hue godar3oM Adi ke sAtha leTa jaate|' bartanoM para pAliza karanevAle pattharoM (ghuTTaka) kA ullekha milatA hai|' carmakAra carmakAra athavA padakAra camar3e kA kAma karate the| ve loga camar3e se pAnI kI mazaka (deyaDA-dRtikArAH), carmeSTa (camar3e se veSTita pASANa vAlA hathiyAra)' tathA kiNika ( eka vAdya) taiyAra karate the / ye aneka prakAra ke jUte bhI banAte the / katti (kRtti= carmakhaNDa) jaina sAdhuAM ke upayoga meM AnevAlA camar3e kA eka upakaraNa thaa| phaloM Adi kI, dhUla-miTTI se rakSA karane ke lie phaloM ko isa para phailA dete the / vastra ke abhAva meM bhI isakA upayoga kiyA jA sakatA thaa| jaina sAdhviyoM ke lie nirloma carma dhAraNa karane kA vidhAna hai| gAya, bhaiMsa, bakarI, bher3a aura jaMgalI jAnavaroM ke camar3e kA ullekha prAcIna jaina sUtroM meM milatA hai| sAdhviyoM ke rugNa ho jAne para unake lie vyAghra (dIvi ) aura taraccha (vyAghra ko eka jAti ) ke carma ke upayoga karane kA vidhAna hai|'' kutte ke camar3e kA ullekha milatA hai| puSpamAlAyeM Adi udyAnoM meM pracura mAtrA meM phala-phUla lagate the / mAlI (mAlAkAra ) / eka-se-eka sundara mAlA aura puSpaguccha gUMthakara taiyAra karate the 1. nizIthacUrNI 11, pR0 262 / 2. piMDaniyuktiTIkA 15 / 3. nizIthacUrNI 11, pR0 271 / 4. prajJApanA 1.70 / 5. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 262 / / 6. vyavahArabhASya 3, pR0 20-shr| 7. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.288 / 8. bRhatkalpasUtra 3.3; bhASya 3.3810 / 6. vahI, 3.3824 / 10. vahI, 3.3817 Adi / 11. vahI, 1.1016 / - -

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152 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ tR0 khaNDa eka bAra, sAketa ke rAjA paDibuddhi kI rAnI ne bar3I dhUmadhAma nAgayajJa manAyA / isa avasara para bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke sugandhita puSpoM ke dvArA eka atyanta manojJa puSpamaNDapa banAyA gayA, aura isa maNDapa meM digdiganta ko apanI sugandhi se vyApta karatA huA eka zrIdAmagaMDa ( mAlAoM kA samUha ) laTakAyA gayA / ' rAjagRha meM arjunaka nAma kA eka suprasiddha mAlAkAra rahatA thA / vaha apane puSpArAma (puSpoM kA bagIcA) meM pratidina phUloM kI TokarI ( patthiya; piDaga ) lekara phUla cunane ke lie jAtA, aura phira unheM nagara ke rAjamArga para baiThakara becatA / phUloM ko TokarI ke lie pupphachajjiyA ( puSpacchAdikA), pupphapaDalaga (puSpapaTalaka ) aura puphacaMgerI Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / bar3a ke pattoM ke done ( khallaga) banAye jAte the / * puSpoM ke atirikta, tRNa (udAharaNa ke lie, mathurA meM vIraNa = khasa kI paMcaraMgI sundara mAlAe~ banAyI jAtI thIM), muMja, vetta ( baMta ), madanapuSpa, bheMr3a, morapaMkha, kapAsa kA sUtA ( poMDiya), sIMga, hAthIdAMta, kaur3I, rudrAkSa aura putraMjIva Adi kI bhI mAlAeM ( malla; dAma ) banAyI jAtI thIM / " phUloM se mukuTa taiyAra kiye jAte the / vivAha athavA anya utsava Adi ke avasaroM para dvAroM ko vaMdana - mAlAoM se sajAyA jAtA / zarIra poMchane ke tauliyoM ( ullaNiyA ) tathA dAtauna ( dantavaNa ), abhyaMga (tela Adi ), ubaTana ( uvvaTTaNa ), snAna ( majjana ), vastra aura vilepana, puSpa, AbhUSaNa, dhUpa aura mukhavAsa kA ullekha milatA hai / kI 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 65; kalpasUtra 3.37 / 2. antaHkRddazA 3, pR0 31 Adi / 3. rAjapraznIyasUtra 23; tulanA kIjie zrAvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 62 / 4. piMDaniyukti 210 / 5. nizIthasUtra 7 . 1 tathA cUrNI / 6. dazavaikAlikacUrNI, pR0 76 / 7. aMguttaranikAya 2, 5 pR0 486 meM bhikSutroM ke liye dAtauna karane hue usake pAMca guNa batAye haiM / anujJA dete 8. upAsakadazA 1 pR0 78 /

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tR0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 153 sugaMdhita dravya vividha prakAra ke sugandhita tela aura itra Adi taiyAra kiye jAte the / alasI, kusuMbhA aura sarasoM ko ghANI meM pera kara tela nikAlA jAtA thaa|' maru parvata se tala lAyA jaataa| zatapAka aura sahasrapAka nAmaka teloM ko aneka jar3I-bUTiyoM ke tela meM saikar3oM bAra ubAlakara vidhipUrvaka taiyAra kiyA jAtA / haMsa ko cIra kara usameM se mUtra aura purISa nikAla DAlate, phira usake andara auSadhiyAM bhara kara use sI dete aura tela meM pakAte / yaha haMsa tela kahA jAtA thaa| aura bhI anya prakAra ke puSTidAyaka aura ullAsaprada teloM kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM milatA hai| loga apane zarIra para caMdana kA lepa karate the| aneka prakAra kA sugaMdhita jala kAma meM lAyA jaataa| dardara aura malayAcala se AnevAle sugandhita dravyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| gozIrSa candana himavanta ( himAlaya) parvata se lAyA jAtA thA / " isase pratimAyeM banAI jAtI thIM / haricandana (zveta caMdana ) kA ullekha milatA hai| sugaMdhita dravyoM meM kUTa ( kuTTha ), tagara, ilAyacI (elA), cUA (coya), caMpA, damaNa, kuMkuma, caMdana, turuSka, usIra (khasa), maruA, jAti, jUhI (jUhiyA), bhallikA, snAnamallikA, ketakI, pATali 1. AvazyakacUNI 2, pR0 316; piMDaniyukti 40 / 2. nizIthacUrNI pIThikA 348 kI cUrNI / 3. aupapAtikasUtra 31, pR0 121 Adi / divyAvadAna 17, pR0 403 meM dUdha, kukuma aura kapUra Adi sugandhita dravyoM kA ullekha hai jinase sugandhita jala taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| 4. jJAtRdhamakathA 1, pR. 30; tathA dekhie rAmAyaNa 2.61.24 / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTokA 18, pR0 252-a; 23, pR0 288-a / dekhiye arthazAstra 2.11.26.45 / / 6. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 368,66 / 7. AcArAMgacUrNI pR0 166 / 8. kuSTha kA ullekha atharvaveda meM milatA hai / yaha uttara meM barphIle pahAr3oM para hotA thA aura vahAM se pUrvIya pradezoM meM le jAyA jAtA thaa| Ajakala yaha kazmIra meM hotA hai|

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154 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa NemAliya, agaru, lavaMga, vAsa aura karpUra kA ullekha hai|' ilAyacI, lavaMga, kapUra, kakola ( sItalacInI) aura jAyaphala ko pA~ca sugandhita padArthoM meM ginA gayA hai| caityoM, vAsabhavanoM aura nagaroM meM dhUpa jalAyI jAtI thii| dhUpadAna ko dhUpakaDacchu athavA dhUpaghaTI nAma se kahA gayA hai| sugandhita dravya bAjAroM meM bece jAte the / ina dravyoM ko becanevAloM ko gaMdhI, aura unakI dUkAnoM ko gaMdhazAlA kahA jAtA thA / __ loga apane pairoM ko malavAte, dabavAte, unapara tela, ghI yA majjA kI mAliza karAte; lodhra, kalka (kakka), cUrNa aura varNa kA upalepa karAte, phira garma yA ThaMDe pAnI se unheM dho DAlata, tatpazcAt caMdana Adi kA lepa karate aura dhUpa dete|" striyoM kI prasAdhana sAmagrI striyoM kI prasAdhana-sAmagrI meM suramedAnI (aMjanI )", lodhracUrNa, lodhrapuSpa, guTikA, kuSTha, tagara, khasa ke sAtha kUTakara milAyA huA agaru , muMha para lagAne kA tela aura hoMTha racAne kA cUNe (naMdicuNNa) mukhya hai / isake sivAya, sira dhone ke lie AMvaloM (Amalaga), mAthe para bindI lagAne ke lie tilakakaraNI, A~khoM ko AMjane ke 1. rAjapraznIyasUtra 36, pR0 61; bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3074 / 2. upAsakadazA 1, pR06| 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 66; rAjapraznIyasUtra 100 / tathA dekhie girijAprasanna majUmadAra kA 'iNDiyana kalcara' 1, 1-4, pR0 658 Adi meM prasAdhana sambandhI lekha / / ___4. vyavahArabhASya 6 .23 / udAna kI TIkA paramatyadIpanI (pR0 300) meM dasa gaMdha dravyoM kA ullekha hai-mUla, sAra, pheggu, taca, papaTikA, rasa, puppha, phala, patta, gaMdha / 5. AcArAMga 2, 13.365 pR0 383; tathA bRhatkalpabhASya 5.6035 / 6. dekhie rAmAyaNa 2.61.76 / 7. mauyoM ke khajAne meM isakA saMgraha kiyA jAtA thA; tathA dekhie arthazAstra, 2.11.61, pR0 165 /

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/ pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana tR0 khaNDa ] 155 lie salAI ( aMjanasalAgA ) 2 tathA 'klipa' ( saMDAsaga ), kaMghA ( phaNiha ), 'ribana' ( sIhalipAsaga ), zIzA ( AdasaMga ), supArI (pUyaphala) aura tAMbUla (taMbolaya) Adi kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA / anya pezevara loga Upara kahe hue khetIbArI, pazupAlana yA vyApAra-dhaMdhe se AjIvikA calAne vAle logoM ke atirikta aura bhI bahuta se pezevara loga the, jinakI gaNanA zramika varga meM nahIM jA sakato, phira bhI ve samAja ke lie upayogI the / inameM AcArya, cikitsaka ( vaidya ), vAstupAThaka, lakSaNapAThaka, naimittika ( nimittazAstra ke vettA ), tathA gAMdharvika, naTa, nartaka, jalla ( rassI kA khela karanevAle ), malla (malla yuddha karanevAle), mauSTika ( muSTiyuddha karanevAle), viDaMbaka ( vidUSaka ), kathaka ( kathAvAcaka ), plavaka ( tairAka ), lAsaka ( rAsa gAnevAle), AkhyAyaka (zubhAzubha bakhAna karanevAle), laMkha (bA~sa para car3hakara khela dikhAnevAle), maMkha ( citrapaTa lekara bhikSA mAMgane vAle), tUNailla ( tUNA bajAnevAle), tuMbavINika ( vINAvAdakaM ), tAlAcara ( tAla denevAle), bhujaga (saMpere), mAgadha ( gAne-bajAnevAle) hAsyakAra ( haMsI-majAka karanevAle), Damarakara ( masakhare), cATukAra, darpakAra tathA kautkucya ( kAya se kuceSTA karanevAle) Adi kA ullekha hai / rAjabhRtyoM meM chatragrAhI, siMhAsanagrAhI, pAdapIThagrAhI, pAdukAgrAhI, yaSTigrAhI, kuMtagrAhI, cApagrAhI, camaragrAhI, pAzakagrAhI, pustakagrAhI, phalakagrAhI, pIThagrAhI, vINAgrAhI, kutupagrAhI, haDapha ( dhanuSa ) grAhI, dIpikA (mazAla) grAhI Adi kA ullekha milatA hai / * d 1. mahAvagga (6. 2.6. pR0 221) meM pAMca prakAra ke aMjanoM kA ullekha hai :-kRSNa aMjana, rasa ajana, sota (srota) aMjana, geruka jana zraura kapalla ( dIpaka ko syAhI se taiyAra kiyA huA) aMjana | 2. cullavagga 5.13.35, pR0 225 meM isakA ullekha hai / 3. sUtrakRtAMga 4.2.7 Adi | taMbUla ke lie dekhie girijAprasanna majumadAra kA 'iNDiyana kalcara' 1, 2-4, pR0 416 meM lekha / 4. zraupapAtikasUtra 1, pR0 2 / 5. baho, pR0 130; nizIthasUtra 6.21 /

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156 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa zrama prAcIna bhArata meM zrama kI vyavasthA ke sambandha meM ThIka-ThIka jAnakArI nahIM milatI / jainasUtroM meM kama, zilpa athavA jAti se hona (juMgiya) samajhe jAnevAle logoM kA ullekha hai| karma aura zilpa se hIna samajhe jAnevAloM meM strI, mora aura murge pAlanevAle, carmakAra, nAI (hAviya), dhobI (sohaga; Nilleva)', naTa nartaka, laMkha, rassI kA khela dikhAnevAle bAjIgara, vyAdha, khaTIka aura macchImAroM ko gaNanA kI gayI hai| isake sivAya, nimnalikhita 15 karmAdAnoM ko nikRSTa kahA hai-aMgArakarma ( koyalA banAne kA vyApAra ), vanakarma ( jaMgala kATane kA vyApAra) zakaTakama (gAr3I se AjIvikA calAnA), bhATakarma (baila-gAr3I bhAr3e para calAnA ), sphoTakarma (hala calAkara khetI karanA ), dantavANijya, lAkSAvANijya, kezavANijya, rasavANijya, viSavANijya, yantrapIr3anakarma, nirlAchanakarma ( bailoM ko badhiyA karanA ), dAvAgnidApana (jaMgaloM meM Aga lagavAnA), sarovara, draha aura tAlAba kA zoSaNa tathA asatIpoSaNa / dAsa aura naukara-cAkara ghara meM kAma karanevAle naukara-cAkaroM meM karmakara (kammakara), ghoTa (caTTa), preSya (pesa), kauTuMbika puruSa, bhRtaka, dAsa aura gopAlakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| ye loga dharma-karma ke mAmaloM meM sAdhAraNatayA utsAhI nahIM the| jaina sAdhuoM ko ye aksara majAka ur3AyA karate / kitanI hI bAra ghara ke naukaroM-cAkaroM aura sAdhaoM meM kahAsunI ho jAtI aura naukaroM ke kahane para gRhastha loga sAdhuoM ko apane gharoM se haTA dete / dAsaprathA kA calana thaa| dAsa aura dAsI ghara kA kAma-kAja karate hue apane mAlika ke parivAra ke hI sAtha rahate / kevala rAjA' 1. siMdhudeza meM dhoSiyoM kI gaNanA jugupsita jAtiyoM meM nahIM kI jAtI yI / dakSiNApatha meM luhAra aura kalAla jugupsita samajhe jAte the, nizIthacUrNI 4. 1618 kI cUrNI, 11.3708 kI cUrNI / 2. nizIthacUrNI 4.1618 kI cU'; 11.3706-8 kI cUrNI / 3. upAsakadazA 1 pR0 11 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2634 / 5. tulanA kIjie aupapAtika 6, pR0 20 /

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tR0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana . 157 aura dhanI-mAnI loga hI dAsoM ke mAlika nahIM the, balki anya loga bhI apane parivAra kI sevA ke lie dAsa-dAsI rakhate the| kSetra, vAstu hiraNya aura pazu ke sAtha dAsoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ina cAroM ko sukha kA kAraNa ( kAmakhaMdha) batAyA hai| dAsa aura dAsI kI gaNanA dasa prakAra ke bAhya parigrahoM meM kI gayI hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM chaha prakAra ke dAsa batAye haiM kucha loga janma se hI dAsavRtti karate haiM (garbha), kucha ko kharIdA jAtA hai (krIta), kucha RNa na cukA sakane ke kAraNa dAsa banA liye jAte haiM (RNaka), kucha durbhikSa ke samaya dAsavRtti svIkAra karate haiM, kucha jurmAnA Adi na de sakane ke kAraNa dAsa bana jAte haiM aura kucha karjA na cukA sakane ke kAraNa bandIgRha meM DAla diye jAte haiN| do palI tela ke liye gulAmI kozala deza ke sammata nAmaka kisI kuTuMbI ne jaina dIkSA grahaNa kara lI thii| jaba vaha sAdhu avasthA meM paribhramaNa karatA huA apane gAMva pahuMcA to usake kuTuMba meM kevala usakI eka vidhavA bahana bacI thii| bahana ne harSita hokara apane bhAI kA svAgata kiyaa| kisI baniye kI dUkAna se vaha do palI tela udhAra lAyI aura usane apane bhAI ke AhAra kA prabandha kiyA / usa dina vaha apane bhAI se dharma zravaNa karatI rahI, isalie koI majadUrI vagairaha na kara sakane ke kAraNa, baniye kA tela vApisa na kara skii| dUsare dina, usakA bhAI vahAM se vihAra kara gyaa| usakA sArA dina zoka meM hI bItA, isalie agale dina bhI vaha koI kAma na kara skii| tIsare dina, vaha apanA khAnA-pInA juTAne meM lagI rahI, isalie tIsare dina bhI baniye ke RNa se mukta na ho sakI / yaha RNa pratidina dugunA-dugunA hotA jAtA thaa| do palI se bar3hate-bar3hate yaha tela eka ghaTapramANa ho 1. uttarAdhyayana 3.17 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.825 / 3. 4, pR0 161-1; nizIthacUrNI, 11.3676 / manusmRti (8.415) meM sAta prakAra ke aura yAjJavalkyasmRti (14, pR0 246) meM caudaha prakAra ke dAsa ginAye gaye haiM / arthazAstra (3.13. 1-46, pR0 65 ityAdi meM bhI dAsoM ke sambandha meM vivecana milatA hai| ...

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158 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa gayA / dUkAnadAra ne usase kahA, yA to tuma karja cukAo, nahIM to gulAmI karanI pdd'egii| vidhavA ne lAcAra hokara dUkAnadAra kI gulAmI svIkAra kara lii| RNadAsa jise RNagrasta hone ke kAraNa dAsavRtti svIkAra karanI par3I ho, aisA vyakti yadi dIkSA grahaNa karanA cAhe to use dIkSA kA niSadha hai| aise vyakti ko yadi kahIM paradeza meM dIkSA de dI jAye aura saMyogavaza sAhUkAra use pahacAna le, aura use jabardastI se apane ghara le jAnA cAhe to AcArya ko cAhie ki vaha guTikA Adi ke prayoga se apane dIkSita ziSya ke svara meM parivartana paidA kara, athavA vidyA, maMtra athavA yoga ke bala se use anya sthAna ko bhejakara, yA kahIM chipAkara usakI rakSA kare / aura yadi isa taraha ke sAdhana na hoM to nagara ke pradhAna ko vaza meM karake, pAkhaMDI sAdhuoM kI sahAyatA lekara, athavA sArasvata, malla Adi balavAna gaNoM kI sahAyatA prApta kara, apane ziSya kI rakSA meM pravRtta honA caahie| yaha saba sambhava na hone para vidyA Adi ke bala se dhana kamAkara aura usakA karjA cukAkara dIkSita sAdhu ko dAsavRtti se mukta karane kA vidhAna hai| durbhikSadAsa durbhikSakAla meM banAye hue dAsa ko bhI chur3Ane kA ullekha hai| mathurA ke kisI vaNik ne apanI kanyA ko apane eka mitra ko sauMpakara jaina dIkSA grahaNa kara lI / kucha samaya ke bAda usakA mitra mara gayA / nagara meM durbhikSa par3A aura vaNika kI kanyA ko dAsavRtti svIkAra karane ke lie bAdhya honA par3A / isa bIca meM kanyA kA pitA sAdhuveza meM bhramaNa karatA huA vahAM A phuNcaa| usane apanI kanyA kata dAsavRtti se chur3Ane ke lie aneka prayatna kiye / pahale to usane kanyA ke mAlika ko samajhAyA-bujhAyA, na mAnane para dhamakI dI aura use burA-bhalA kahA / ina upAyoM se saphalatA na milane para, kisI taraha 1. piNDaniyukti 317-316 / arthazAstra (3.13.22, pR0 67) meM ullekha hai ki RNa cukA dene para dAsa Aryatva ko prApta kara letA hai / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 6.6301-6 /

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tR* khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 156 dravya kI prApti kara, kanyA ke mAlika ko usakA dravya vApisa kara, kanyA ko chur3Ane kA vidhAna hai|' ruddhadAsa ruddha dAsoM meM mahAvIra bhagavAn kI prathama ziSyA candanabAlA kA udAharaNa diyA jA sakatA hai| kauzAmbI ke dhanAvaha seTha kI patnI malA ne campA ke rAjA dadhivAhana kI kanyA caMdanabAlA ko IrSyAvaza usakA sira ustare se muMDavAkara, apane ghara ke andara banda kara diyA / kucha samaya bAda vahAM se mahAvIra ne vihAra kiyA aura caMdanabAlA ne unheM kulathI kA AhAra dekara unakA abhigraha pUrNa kiyaa| vItibhaya ke rAjA udrAyaNa ne ujjainI ko jItakara jaba vahAM ke rAjA pradyota ko bandI banAyA to usake mastaka ko zvAna ke pada se cihnita kiyaa| dAsaceToM kI kathAyeM zUrpAraka nagara meM kokAsa nAma kA eka rathakAra rahatA thaa| usakI dAsI ke kisI brAhmaNa dvArA eka putra utpanna huA jo dAsaceTa kahalAyA / kokAsa ke bho eka putra thA, lekina lAr3a-pyAra meM usane zilpavidyA kA adhyayana nahIM kiyA, jaba ki dAsIputra ne kokAsa kI samasta vidyA sIkha lii| pariNAma yaha huA ki kokAsa ke marane para usake samasta dhana kA mAlika dAsIputra hI banA / ' rAjagRha ke cilAta nAmaka dAsaceTa kI kathA jainasUtroM meM ullikhita hai / dhanya sArthavAha ke bAlakoM ko vaha khilAtA thaa| cilAta. bar3A hRSTa-puSTa aura baccoM ko khilAne kI kalA meM kuzala thaa| nagara ke udyAna meM jAkara vaha aneka bAlaka-bAlikAoM ke sAtha krIr3A kiyA karatA / vaha unako kaur3iyAM, lAkha kI goliyA~, gillI (aDoliyA), geMda, gur3iyA (pottullaya), vastra aura AbharaNa Adi curA letA / kisI ko vaha mAratA, DAMTatA aura kisI para gusse se lAla-pIlA ho jAtA / 1. vyavahArabhASya bhAga 4, gAthA 2.206-7 ityAdi; tathA dekhie mahAnizItha, pR0 28 / 2. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 316-20 / / 3. nizIthacUrNI, 10.3184 cUrNI, pR0 146 / 4. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 540 /

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160 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa bacce rote-rote apane mA~-bApa ke pAsa jAte aura phira unake mAM-bApa dhanya sArthavAha ke pAsa jAkara cilAta kI zikAyata karate / dhanya apane dAsaceTa ko burA-bhalA kahatA, bAra-bAra DAMTatA aura phaTakAratA, lekina vaha na sunatA / eka bAra aisI hI kisI bAta para dhanya ne dAsaceTa ko bahuta DAMTA-phaTakArA aura mArakara ghara se nikAla diyaa| cilAta svacchanda bhAva se madya, mAMsa Adi kA sevana karane lagA, juA khelane lagA aura vezyAoM ke ghara rahane lgaa| dhIre-dhIre vaha coroM kA saradAra bana gayA aura dhanya sArthavAha kI kanyA suMsumA kA apaharaNa kara usane dhanya se badalA liyaa| paMthaka nAmaka dAsaceTa rAjagRha meM dhanya ke devadatta bAlaka ko khilAyA karatA thaa| eka bAra kI bAta hai ki devadatta kI mAM ne apane bAlaka ko nahalAyA-dhulAyA, usake kautuka-maMgala kiye aura alaGkAroM se vibhUSita kara use paMthaka ke hAtha meM de diyaa| paMthaka use rAjamArga para le gayA, aura use eka tarapha baiThAkara anya bAlakoM ke sAtha krIr3A karane lgaa| itane meM, vijaya nAma kA cora vahAM upasthita huA aura maukA pA devadatta ko uThA le gyaa| thor3I dera ke bAda jaba paMthaka ne vahAM bAlaka ko na dekhA to vaha bahuta ghabarAyA, aura rotA-bilakhatA apane mAlika ke pAsa AyA, aura gir3agir3Akara usake pairoM meM gira pdd'aa| apane bacce kA apaharaNa sunakara dhanya pachAr3a khAkara gira pdd'aa| kucha samaya ke bAda kisI aparAdha ke kAraNa, dhanya ko jela kI havA khAnI pdd'ii| isa samaya dhanya kI patnI bhojanapiTaka ('Tiphina') para mohara lagA aura eka bartana meM pAnI bhara, pratidina paMthaka ko detI aura use vaha jela meM apane mAlika ke pAsa le jaataa| / aggiyaa, pavvayaa aura sAgaraa ( sAgaraka ) Adi dAsaceToM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai| 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 18, pR0 207; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 467 / 2. mRcchakaTika 4.6 meM ullekha hai ki cora dhAiyoM kI goda meM se bacce ucaka kara le jAte the| 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 2, pR0 51 / 4. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 446 /

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tR0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 161 dAsaceTiyA~ dAsaceToM kI bhA~ti dAsaceTiyA~ bhI ghara meM kAma karane ke lie rakkhI jAtI thiiN| ve khAdya, bhojya, gandha, mAlya, vilepana aura paTala Adi lekara apanI svAminI ke sAtha yakSa Adi ke mandiroM meM jAtI thoN|' Ananda gRhapati kI bahaliyA nAma kI dAsI usakI rasoI ke bartana sApha kiyA karatI thii| eka bUr3hI dAsI prAtaHkAla lakar3I bonane ke liye gii| bhUkhI-pyAsI vaha dupahara ko lauTakara aaii| lekina lakar3iyA~ bahuta thor3I thI, isaliye usake mAlika ne use mArapITa kara phira se lakar3I cugane ke liye bheja diyaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ko TIkA meM dAsImaha kA ullekha milatA hai jisase patA lagatA hai ki dAsiyA~ bhI dhUmadhAma se utsava manAkara manabahalAva kiyA karatI thiiN| jainasUtroM meM aneka dAsiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| ye dAsiyA~ videzoM se ma~gAyI jAtI thiiN| ve iMgita, cintita, prArthita Adi meM kuzala hotIM tathA apane deza kI vastrabhUSA Adi dhAraNa kara jaba sabhA meM upasthita hotI to bahuta AkarSaka jAna pdd'tiiN| ina dAsiyoM meM kubjA, kirAto, vAmanA (baunI), vaDa bhI (jinakA peTa Age ko nikalA huA ho ), tathA barbarI (barbara deza kI ), bakuzI ( bakuza deza kI), yonikA ( jonaka deza kI), palaviyA ( pahnava deza ko), IsanikA, dhorukinI (athavA thArukinI, vAruNiyA, vAsiiNI), lAsiyA ( lAsaka deza), lakusikA (lakuza deza ), drAviDI ( draviDa deza ), siMhalI (siMhala deza ), ArabI ( araba deza), puliMdI ( puliMda deza), pakkaNI, muruMDI, zabarI, pArasI ( parziyA) Adi dAsiyoM ke nAma ginAye gaye haiN| prItidAna ke samaya vividha prakAra ke vastrAbhUSaNoM ke sAtha dAsiyoM ko bhI bheMTa dene kA rivAja thaa| gA~va ke mukhiyA 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 12, pR0 173-a / 2. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 300 / 3. vahI, pR0 332 / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 8, pR0 124 / 5. nizIthasatra 6.28, uttarAdhyayana TIkA 2, pR0 36; jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 21; vyAkhyAprajJapti 6.6, pR0 836 / 6. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 23 / 11 jai0 bhA0

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162 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa (gAmauDa ) dAsiyoM ke sAtha vyabhicAra karane meM saGkoca na karate the| pA~ca prakAra kI dAiyA~ dAiyA~ bhI bacce khilAne ke lie rakkhI jAtI thii| jainasUtroM meM mukhyatayA pA~ca prakAra kI dAiyoM kA ullekha hai :-dUdha pilAnevAlI (kSIra ) alaGkAra Adi se vibhUSita karanevAlI ( maNDana ), nahalAne vAlo ( majaNa ), krIr3A karAne vAlI ( krIDApana ), aura bacce ko goda meM lekara khilAne vAlI ( aGka) / dAsavRtti se mukti putrajanma athavA utsavoM Adi ke avasara para dAsoM ko dAsavRtti se mukta kara diyA jAtA / kadAcit ghara kA mAlika prasanna hokara bhI dAsiyoM kA mastaka prakSAlana kara unheM svatantra kara detA thaa| __majadUrI para kAma karanevAle bhRtya bhRtya paisA athavA jinsa lekara majadUrI karate the| inakI dazA bhI kucha acchI nahIM thI, phira bhI dAsoM kI apekSA inheM adhika svatantratA thI / dAsoM ko jIvanabhara ke lie kharIda liyA jAtA, jaba ki bhRtyoM ko mUlya dekara kucha samaya ke lie hI naukarI para rakkhA jAtA thA / cAra prakAra ke bhRtyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai :-roz2AnA majadUrI lekara kAma karanevAle (divasabhRtaka), yAtrA paryanta sahAyatA karanevAle ( yAtrAbhRtaka ), Theke para kAma karanevAle (uccatAbhRtaka) aura amuka kAma pUrA karane para amuka majadUrI lenevAle (kabbAla bhRtk)| kauTumbika puruSa ghara meM rahate hue ghara kA kAma-kAja dekhatebhAlate the / apane mAlika ko AjJA kA ve pAlana karate the| kucha loga 1. zrAvazyaka cUrNI pR0 284 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA pR0 21, nizIthabhASya 13.4376-4361; piMDaniyukti TIkA 418 ityAdi / divyAvadAna, 32, pR0 475 meM cAra dhAiyoM kA ullekha hai--aMka, mala, stana aura krIDApanikA tathA dekhiye suzrutasaMhitA, zArIrasthAna 10.25, pR0 284, mUgapakkhajAtaka (538). bhAga 6, pR0 5 ityAdi lalitavistara, 100 / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 20; vyavahArabhASya 6.208 / nAradasmRti (sekreDabuksa Ava da IsTa. 1886) 5.42 zrAdi meM bhI isakA ullekha hai / 4. sthAnAMga 4.271 / 5. nAradasmRti 5.24 bhI dekhie /

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tR0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 163 gobara haTAne aura cUlhe meM se rAkha nikAlane kA kAma karate the, kucha saphAI kA aura sApha kiye hue sthAna para pAnI chir3akane kA kAma karate the; kucha paira dhone aura snAna karane ke lie pAnI dete tathA bAhara Ane-jAne kA kAma karate the| kucha anAja kUTane-pITane, char3ane aura dalane Adi kA kAma karate, kucha bhojana pakAte aura parosate the|' ceTa aMgarakSaka banakara rAjA ke pAdamUla meM tainAta rahatA thA / anya naukaroM-cAkaroM meM azvapoSaka, hastipoSaka, mahiSapoSaka, vRSabhapoSaka, siMhapoSaka, vyAghrapoSaka, ajapoSaka, mRgapoSaka, potapoSaka zUkarapoSaka, kukkuTapoSaka, meMDhapoSaka, tittirapoSaka, haMsapoSaka, mayUra poSaka Adi kA ullekha milatA hai / pU~jI bhUmi ko chor3akara bAkI saba prakAra kA dhana pU~jI ke antargata AtA hai / paise ko paisA kamAtA hai; paise ke binA dhana kA upArjana yA to bahuta nagaNya hogA, yA phira vaha atyanta purAne DhaMga kA kahA jAyagA / pU~jI utpAdana kA sAdhana hai| jisa sampatti se AmadanI ho, use pU~jI kahate haiN| . __una dinoM bar3e paimAne para dhana kA upArjana nahIM hotA thA; sahakArI saMsthAoM kA Andolana bhI nahIM thaa| rAjya ke pAsa rASTrIya dhana kA kAphI hissA maujUda rahatA thA jise rAjA Taiksa aura jurmAne Adi ke rUpa meM prajA se vasUla karatA thaa| rAjA kI ora se audyogika vikAsa meM dhana nahIM lagAyA jAtA thaa| kucheka dhanI vyApAriyoM ko chor3akara kama hI loga pU~jIpati kahe jAte the, aura ina logoM ke pAsa paryApta mAtrA meM hiraNya, suvarNa, dhana, dhAnya, bala, vAhana, koza, koSThAgAra, ratna, maNi, mauktika, zaMkha, vidrama Adi rahate the| yaha dhana-sampatti prAyaH unake bApa-dAdAoM se calI AtI thii| dhanavanta loga eka koTi hiraNya, maNi, muktA aura vidrama ke svAmI hote the|" 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 7, pR0 88 / 2. aupapAtikasUtra 6, pR0 26 / 3. nizIthasUtra 6.22 / 4. aupapAtikasUtra 6, pR0 20; uttarAdhyayana sUtra 6.46 / 5. koDiggaso hiraeNaM maNimuttasilappavAlarayaNAI / ajjayapiupajjAgaya erisayA hoMti dhaNavaMtA / / -~-vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 131-a|

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164 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa ibhya' aura zreSThI bhI dhanavAnoM meM gine jAte the| zreSThI ke mastaka para suvaNe-paTTa ba~dhA rahatA thaa| ye loga apane atirikta dhana ko bhoga-vilAsa tathA dAna Adi meM kharca karate yA phira use gAr3akara yA vyAja-baTTe para car3hAkara usakI rakSA karate / vANijyagrAma ke Ananda gRhapati ne cAra koTi hiraNya jamIna meM gAr3akara rakkhA thA aura cAra koTi vyAja para car3hAyA thaa| vaha 4 braja ( cAlIsa hajAra gAyeM ), 500 hala, 500 gAr3iyA~ tathA aneka vAhana, yAnapAtra Adi kA mAlika thaa|' prabandha ' prabandhako kA kAma hai udyoga-dhandhe kI yojanA banAnA, bhUmi, zrama aura pU~jI ko ucita anupAta meM ekatrita karanA tathA jarUrata hone para nukasAna sahane ke lie taiyAra rahanA / vaha vyApAra kI nIti nizcita karatA hai aura vyApAra para apanA niyantraNa rakhatA hai| aThAraha zreNiyA~ yaha adbhuta bAta hai ki una dinoM udyoga-dhandhe bahuta kamajora hAlata meM the aura audyogika kAryoM meM rokar3a lagAne ke lie paise kA abhAva thA, phira bhI vyApArika saMgaThana maujUda the| suvarNakAra, citrakAra aura rajaka (dhobI ) jaise mahattvapUrNa kArIgaroM kA saMgaThana thA, jise zreNI kahA jAtA thA / bauddha sUtroM kI bhA~ti jainasUtroM meM bhI 18 prakAra kI zreNiyoM kA ullekha hai| jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM kahA hai ki 1. yadravyastUpAMtaritaucchitakadalikAdaNDo hastI na dRzyate te ibhyA iti zrutiH--sthAnAMgaTIkA 6,336-a / 2. zrIdevatAmudrAyukta suvarNapaTTavibhUSitottamAMgaH, rAjapraznIyaTIkA, sUtra 148, pR0 285 / 3. upAsakadazA 1, pR0 7 / 4. jambUdvIpaprajJaptiTIkA 3.163 meM kumbhAra, paTTailla ( jainAcArya zrI vijayendra sUri ne 'tIrthaMkara mahAvIra' bhAga 2 meM isakA artha rezama bunanevAlA kiyA hai jo ThIka mAlUma hotA hai ), suvaNNakAra, sUvakAra, gandhavva, kAsavaga, mAlAkAra, kacchakAra (kAchI) aura taMbolika nAma ke nau nArU, tathA carmakAra, yaMtrapIlanaka (telI), gaMchiya, chipAya, kaMsakAra, sIvaga, gubAra (gvAlA), bhilla aura dhIvara nAma ke nau kArU kA ullekha hai| mahAumagga jAtaka (546), meM

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tR0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : utpAdana 165 cakraratna kI pUjA karane ke lie bharata cakravartI ne 18 zreNI-prazreNI ko bulavAyA aura unheM Adeza diyA ki prajA kA kara aura zulka mApha kara diyA jAye, koI rAja-karmacArI japtI ke lie kisI ke ghara meM praveza na kare tathA kisI ko kisI prakAra kA daNDa na diyA jaave|| jainasUtroM meM suvarNakAra', citrakAra aura rajaka zreNiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai, zeSa zreNiyoM ke viSaya meM adhika kucha jJAta nahIM hotaa| zreNiyoM ke kartavya, vidhAna athavA saMgaThana ke sambandha meM yadyapi hameM vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM milatI, phira bhI itanA avazya hai ki Ajakala kI yUniyanoM kI bhA~ti ye loga apane-apane daloM meM saMgaThita the aura inheM vidhAna banAne, nirNaya dene tathA vyavasthA karane ke adhikAra prApta the|' zreNo apane sadasyoM ke hita ke lie prayatnazIla rahatI aura zreNI ke pramukha sadasya rAjA ke nikaTa pahu~cakara nyAya kI mAMga karate / rAjakumAra malladinna ne kisI citrakAra ko mallIkumArI kA pAdAMguSTha citrita karane ke kAraNa dezanikAlA de diyaa| yaha sunakara citrakAroM kI zreNI ekatrita hokara rAjakumAra ke pAsa pahu~cI / zreNI ke sadasyoM ne rAjakumAra ke sAmane sArI bAta nivedana koM, jinheM sunakara malladinna ne citrakAra ko kSamA kara diyA / 6 isI prakAra rajakoM kI zreNI ke bhI rAjA ke pAsa nyAya mA~gane ke lie jAne kA ullekha milatA hai|" daraasala zreNI eka prakAra kA aisA saMgaThana thA jisameM eka yA vibhinna jAtiyoM ke loga hote the, lekina unakA vyApAra-dhandhA hI thaa| eka ye zreNiyA~ rAjya ke jana-samudAya kA pratinidhitva karatI aura isase cAra zreNiyoM kA ullekha hai / tathA dekhie majUmadAra, kaoNraporeTiva lAipha ina aiMziyeTa iMDiyA, pR0 18 zrAdi; rAmAyaNa 2.83.12 Adi / 1. jambUdvIpaprajJaptiTIkA 3.43, pR0 163 zrAdi / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 105 / 3. vahI, pR0 107 / 4. aAvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 182 / 5. dekhie esa0 ke0 dAsa, da ikonomika hisTrI oNva aiMziyeMTa iMDiyA, pR0 244 / 6. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 107 / 7. zrAvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 182 / 8. majUmadAra, kaoNraporeTiva lAipha ina aiMziyeMTa iMDiyA, pR0 17 / ...

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166 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa rAjA ko unake vicAra aura unako bhAvanAoM ko sammAnita karane ke lie bAdhya honA par3atA / ' I zilpakAroM kI zreNiyoM kI bhA~ti vyApAriyoM kI bhI zreNiyA~ thIM jinameM nadI yA samudra se yAtrA karanevAle vyApArI sArthavAha zAmila the / kitane hI sArthoM ke ullekha milate haiM jo vividha mAla asabAba ke sAtha eka deza se dUsare deza meM Ate-jAte rahate the / sArthavAha rAjA kI anujJApUrvaka gaNima ( ginane yogya; jaise jAyaphala, supArI Adi), dharima ( rakhane yogya; jaise kaMku, gur3a Adi ), meya ( mApane yogya; jaise ghI, tela Adi ) aura paricchedya ( pariccheda karane yogya jaise ratna, vastra Adi ) nAmaka cAra prakAra kA mAla lekara dhana kamAne ke lie paradeza gamana karate the / 2 sArthavAha apanI gAr3iyoM mAla bharakara apane sArtha ke sAtha mArga meM Thaharate hue calate the / sArthavAha ko gaNanA pramukha rAjapuruSoM meM kI gayI hai; dhanurvidyA aura zAsana meM vaha kuzala hotA thA / gamana karane ke pUrva ye loga munAdI karAkara ghoSaNA karate ki jo koI unake sAtha yAtrA para calanA cAhe to usake bhojana, pAna, vastra, bartana aura auSadhi Adi kI vyavasthA muphta kI jAyegI / vAstava meM una dinoM meM vyApAra ke mArga surakSita nahIM the, rAste meM cora DAkuoM aura jaMgalI jAnavaroM Adi kA bhaya rahatA thA, isalie vyApArI loga eka sAtha milakara kisI sArthavAha ko apanA netA banA, paradeza yAtrA ke lie nikalate / zreSThI 18 zreNizreNiyoM kA mukhiyA mAnA jAtA thA / " 1. dekhie dIkSitAra, hindU eDaminisTreTiva iMsTiTyUzansa, pR0 336-47 / 2. anuyogadvAracUrNI, pR0 11; tathA bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3078 / 3. nizIthasUtra 6.26 kI cUrNI / 4. zrAvazyakaTIkA (haribhadra), pR0 114 - zra Adi / 1 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3757; tulanA kIjie rAisa DeviDsa, kaimbrija hisTrI va iMDiyA, pR0 207 / bauddha granthoM meM zrAvastI ke anAthapiMDaka nAmaka eka atyanta dhanI zreSThI kA ullekha hai, jo bauddha saMgha kA bar3A prabhAvaka thA /

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dusarA adhyAya vibhAjana vibhAjana cAra prakAra kA kamAye hue dhana kA athavA apanI vArSika Aya kA apane peze se sambandhita logoM meM ba~TavArA karanA vibhAjana kA mukhya hetu hai| dekhA jAya to vibhAjana ke sAdhana eka hI vyakti athavA vyaktiyoM dvArA niyantrita kiye jAte the jisase ki utpAdana ke sAre hisse usI ke pAsa pahu~cate the / isa prakAra, kula milAkara, una dinoM vibhAjana kA prazna ho nahIM uThatA thA jaisA ki hama samAjavikAsa ke bAda kI avasthA meM dekhate haiN| vibhAjana kI cAra mukhya avasthAe~ haiM-kirAyA, majadUrI, vyAja aura lAbha / kirAyA kisI vastu kA bhAr3A dene ke lie samaya-samaya para paise kA bhugatAna kiyA jAtA hai, vaha kirAyA hai| durbhAgya se vibhAjana ke siddhAnta kisa prakAra niyantrita hote the, isa sambandha meM hameM bahuta kama jAnakArI hai / vyAja ke sambandha meM pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki usakI rAzi kisa prakAra mukhyatayA zulka ke Upara nirbhara karatI thii| khetI kI paidAvAra kA nauvAM hissA rAjA ke pAsa calA jAtA tathA prAyaH bAkI bace hisse ko anya logoM meM bA~Ta diyA jAtA thaa| vetana-majadUrI kisI ke zrama ke lie bhattA denA, vetana-majadUrI kahA jAtA hai| vetana yA majadUrI se sambandha rakhanevAle bhRtyoM ke sambandha meM pahale kahA jA cukA hai / kucha rojAnA majadUrI lekara aura kucha Theke para kAma karate the / majadUroM ko unakA vetana jinsa athavA rupaye-paise ke rUpa meM diyA jAtA thA; sAdhAraNatayA jinsa hI unheM dI jAtI thii| kisI gvAle ko, dUdha duhane ke badale, dUdha kA cauthA hissA diye jAne kA ullekha milatA hai / kisI dUsare gvAle ko AThaveM dina, gAya yA 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3581 /

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168 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa bhaiMsa kA eka dina kA dUdha usakI majadUrI ke rUpa meM milatA thaa| hissedAroM ko AdhA, cauthAI yA munAphe kA chaThA hissA diyA jAtA thaa| byAja kisI kAma meM pU~jI lagA dene se usakI jo kImata yA vetana milatA hai, use vyAja kahate haiN| karja aura sUdakhorI kI prathA maujUda thii| karjadAra (dhAraNIya ) yadi apane hI deza meM ho to use karja cukAnA par3atA thA, lekina yadi vaha samudra-yAtrA para bAhara calA gayA ho aura mAge meM jahAja DUba jAya aura vaha kisI taraha eka dhotI se taira kara apanI jAna bacA le to vaha RNa cukAne kA adhikArI nahIM samajhA jAtA thaa| jainasUtroM meM ise vaNika-nyAya kahA gayA hai| tathA yadi karjadAra ke pAsa karja cukAne ke lie paisA to hai, lekina itanA nahIM ki vaha sArA karja cukatA kara de, to aisI hAlata meM sAhUkAra usa para mukadamA karake usase apanA AdhA-cauthAI karja vasUla kara sakatA hai, aura yaha bhugatAna pUre karja kA hI bhugatAna samajhA jaayegaa| aura yadi yaha karja samaya para na cukAyA jA sake to karjadAra ko karja ke badale meM sAhUkAra kI gulAmI karanI hogii| kisI baniye kA do palI tela samaya para na cukA sakane ke kAraNa, eka vidhavA strI ko baniye kI gulAmI karanI par3I thI, isakA ullekha pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| ___jainasUtroM meM vRddhi ( vaDhi ) zabda kA prayoga milatA hai, jisakA artha hai lAbha aura byAja / vANiyagAma ke Ananda gRhapati kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai, usake pAsa vyAja para dene ke lie cAra karor3a kA suvarNa surakSita thaa| lAbha utpAdana ke cauthe hisse arthAt saMgaThana kI dekhabhAla karanevAle 1. piMDaniyukti 369; tulanA kIjie nArada 6.10 / 2. jIvAbhigama 3, pR0 280; sUtrakRtAMga 2,2, pR0 330-a; sthAnAMga 3.128; nizIthacUrNI 20.6404-5 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2660 Adi; 6.6306 / 4. vhii|

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tR0 khaNDa] dUsarA adhyAya : vibhAjana 166 ke pArizramika ko lAbha kahA gayA hai| kirAyA, vetana aura vyAja cukA dene para jo atirikta dhana vyApArI ke pAsa bacatA hai, vaha lAbha hai / prabandhakartA, utpAdanakartA aura vyApArI ke bIca sambandha jor3anevAle hote the, jo atirikta utpAdana ko utpAdanakartA se thoka bhAva para kharIda kara choTe-choTe vyApAriyoM ko beca dete the| zraSThI athavA dhanI vyApArI hI yaha kAma kara sakate the, aura ve loga jala aura sthala mArgoM dvArA dUra-dUra kI yAtrA kiyA karate the|

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tIsarA adhyAya vinimaya Arthika vyavasthA meM vinimaya kA mahattvapUrNa hAtha rahatA hai| hareka vyakti ko apanI AvazyakatAe~ pUrI karane ke lie dUsaroM para nirbhara rahanA par3atA hai / jo cIja jo AdamI svayaM paidA nahIM karatA, use svayaM paidA kI huI cIja ke badale use dUsaroM se lenA par3atA hai| antardezIya vyApAra vaNik loga mUladhana kI rakSA karate hue dhanopArjana karate the|' kucha loga eka jagaha dukAna lagAkara vyApAra karate (vaNi), aura kucha binA dukAna ke, ghUma-phira kara vyApAra karate (vivaNi ) / 2 kakkhapuDiya nAma ke vaNika apanI gaTharI bagala meM dabA kara calate the| buddhi, vyavasAya, puNya aura pauruSa ko parIkSA ke lie eka-eka hajAra kArSApaNa lekara deza-dezAntara meM banija-vyApAra ke lie jAnevAle vaNikaputroM kA ullekha milatA hai| varSA kAla meM loga vyApAra ke lie nahIM jAte the|" ratnoM kA koI vyApArI videza meM eka lAkha rupaye ke ratnoM kA upArjana kara svadeza lauTa rahA thaa| mArga meM zabara, puliMda Adi vanya jAtiyoM ne usa para AkramaNa kiyA, aura ratnoM kI jagaha phUTe patthara dikhAkara, bar3I baddhimattApUrvaka usane apane dhana kI 2kSA kii| loga rAjA kA Adeza pAkara apanI gAr3iyA~ lekara jaMgala meM jAte aura vahA~ se lakar3iyA~ kATakara lAte / kumhAra apanI gAr3iyoM 1. nizIthacUrNI 11.3532 / 2. nizIyabhASya 16.5750 ko cUrNI / 3. nizIthacUrNI 10.3226 / 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 7.15 TIkA, pR0 116 zrAdi: 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4251 / 6. nizIthacUrNI 10.2662 / 7. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 128 /

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tR0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : vinimaya 171 meM miTTI ke ghar3e aura AbhIra (ahIra) ghI ke ghar3e bharakara nagaroM meM becane ke lie le jAte the| jala aura sthala mArgoM se vyApAra huA karatA thA / Anandapura (baDanagara, uttara gujarAta), mathurA aura dazANapura (eracha, jilA jhAMsI) ye sthalapaTTaNa" ke udAharaNa prastuta kiye gaye haiM, jahA~ sthalamArga se mAla le jAyA jAtA thaa| isI prakAra dvIpa, kAnadvIpa (?), aura purima (puriya, jagannAthapurI, ur3IsA) ye jalapaTTaNa ke udAharaNa diye gaye haiM, jahA~ jalamArga se vyApAra hotA thA / bhRgukaccha (bhar3auca) aura tAmralipta ( tAmaluka ) droNamukha kahe jAte the, jahA~ jala aura sthala donoM mArgoM se vyApAra hotA thA / jahA~ ukta donoM hI prakAra se mAla ke Ane-jAne kI suvidhA na ho, use kabbar3a" kahA gayA hai| caMpA prAcInakAla meM udyoga-vyApAra kA bahuta bar3A kendra thaa| mithilA se yaha jur3A huA thA / yahAM ahaMnnaga Adi kitane hI 1. nizIthacUrNI 10.3171 cUrNI / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 51 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 1.1060 / 4. AcArAMgacUrNI 7, pR0 281 / 5. nizIthasUtra 5.34 kI cUrNI / / 6. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 1.1060 / yaha sthAna saurASTra ke dakSiNa meM samudra kI ora eka yojana calakara avasthita hai, nizIthacUrNI 1.658 kI cUrNI / 7. aAcArAMgacUrNI, vahI / 8. nizIthacUrNI, vhii| 6. bRhatkalpabhASyabRtti, vaho / 10. jalanirgamapravezaM yathA koMkaNa deze sthAnakanAmakaM puraM, vyavahArabhASya 1.3, pR0 126 shr| 11. kabbar3a kunagaraM, jattha jalatthalasamunbhavavicittabhaMDaviNiyogo Nasthi, dazavaikAlikacUrNo, pR0 360 / kucha loga droNamukha aura karvaTa ko eka hI mAnate haiM, hemacandra, abhidhAnacintAmaNi, pR0 3 / 12. nizIthasUtra meM campA, mathurA, vArANasI, zrAvastI, sAketa, kAMpilya, kauzAMbI, mithilA, hastinApura aura rAjagRha-ina ATha rAjadhAniyoM kA ullekha hai, 6.16 /

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172 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa potavaNika rahate the| eka bAra ina logoM kA vicAra huA ki vividha prakAra kA mAla gAr3iyoM meM bharakara jahAja dvArA lavaNasamudra (hinda mahAsAgara) ko yAtrA kreN| ina logoM ne vividha prakAra kA mAlaasabAba apane chakar3oM meM bharA / phira zubha tithi, karaNa, nakSatra aura muhUta meM vipula azana-pAna Adi taiyAra kara apane iSTa-mitroM ko Amantrita kiyA / tatpazcAt apane chakar3oM ko jotakara ve gaMbhIrapotapaTTaNa (eka baMdaragAha) para pahu~ce / vahAM pahu~ca kara unhoMne chakar3oM ko chor3a diyA, potavahana ko sajjita kiyA, use taMdula, ATA, tela, gur3a, ghI, gorasa, jala, jala ke pAtra, auSadha, tRNa, kASTha, AvaraNa, praharaNa Adi apane lie Avazyaka sAmagrI se bhraa| usake pazcAt pota ko puSpabali pradAna kara, sarasa rakta caMdana ke pAMca uMgaliyoM ke chApe mAra, dhUpa jalAkara, unhoMne samudra-vAyu kI pUjA kii| phira patavAroM ko ucita sthAna para rakhA, dhvajA ko Upara laTakAyA, zubha zakuna grahaNa kiye aura rAjA kA Adeza prApta hote hI vaNika loga nAva para savAra ho gaye / stutipAThakoM ne maMgalagAna kiyA aura nAva ke vAhaka, karNadhAra, kukSidhAra (DAMDa calAnevAle) aura garbhijjaka (khalAsI) Adi karmacArI apane-apane kAma meM vyasta ho gaye, unhoMne laMgara chor3a diyA aura nAva tItra gati se lavaNasamudra meM Age bddh'ii| isa prakAra kaI dina aura rAta yAtrA karane ke pazcAt vaNik logoM ne mithilA nagarI meM praveza kiyaa| campA meM mAkaMdI nAma kA eka sArthavAha rahatA thaa| usake jinapAlita aura jinarakSita nAma ke do putra the| unhoMne bArahavIM bAra,lavaNasamudra kI yAtrA kI / lekina isa bAra unakA jahAja phaTa gayA aura ve ratnadvIpa meM jA lage / yahA~ pahu~cakara unhoMne nAriyala ke tela se zarIra kI mAliza kii| ___ chaha mahIne taka jahAja ke samudra meM DolAyamAna hote rahane kA ullekha milatA hai / aise saMkaTa ke samaya vaNik loga dhUpa Adi dvArA devatA kI pUjA kara, use zAnta rakhate the|' 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 67 Adi / 2. vahI, 6, pR0 121 Adi / 3. nizIthacUrNI 10.3184 cUrNI, pR0 142 /

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tR0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : vinimaya 173 campA ke dUsare sArthavAha kA nAma thA dhanya / eka bAra usane afar - vyApAra ke lie ahicchatrA jAne kA vicAra kiyA / usane vividha prakAra ke mAla se apane chakar3e bhare tathA caraka, cIrika, carmakhaMDika, bhicchaMDa, pAMDuraMga, gautama Adi sAdhuoM ko sAtha lekara prasthAna kiyA / ' pAlita yahAM kA dUsarA vyApArI thA jo pota para savAra hokara vyApAra ke lie pihuMDa (khAravela zilAlekha kA pithuDaga; cikAkola aura kaliMgapaTama ke andara meM hisse meM sthita ) gayA thA / ujjainI ke logoM ko sat aura asat kA viveka karane meM ati kuzala kahA hai / yaha sthAna vyApAra kA dUsarA bar3A kendra thA / dhanavasu yahAM kA eka suprasiddha vyApArI thA, jisane apane sArtha ke sAtha vyApAra ke lie caMpA prasthAna kiyA thA / mArga meM DAkuoM ne 'usake sArtha para AkramaNa kara diyA / ujjainI se pArasakUla (IrAna) * bhI Ate-jAte the / acala nAma ke vyApArI ne apane vAhanoM ko mAla se bharakara pArasakUla ke lie prasthAna kiyA / vahA~ usane bahuta-sAdhana kamAyA aura kira benyAtaTa para laMgara DAlA / " rAjA pradyota ke jamAne meM ujjainI meM ATha bar3I-bar3I dUkAneM ( kutrikApaNa; pAli sAhitya meM antarApaNa) zrIM jahAM pratyeka vastu mola milatI thI / mathurA uttarApatha kA dUsarA vyApArika kendra thaa| yahAM loga nija vyApAra se hI nirvAha karate the, khetI-bArI yahAM nahIM hotI thii| yahAM ke loga vyApAra ke lie dakSiNamathurA (madurA ) Ate-jAte rahate the / uttarApatha ke TaMkaNa ( Takka) mlecchoM ke viSaya meM kahA hai ki parvatoM meM rahane ke kAraNa ve durjaya the tathA sonA aura hAthIdA~ta Adi 1. jJAtRdharmakathA, 15, pR0 156 / 2. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 21.2 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 60 / 4. zrAvazyaka niyukti 1276 zradi / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 64 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4220 Adi / vahI, vRtti 1.1939 / 7. 8. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0-472 /

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174 __ jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa bahumUlya vastue~ lekara vyApAra ke lie dakSiNApatha ko yAtrA kiyA karate the| ye loga dakSiNavAsiyoM kI bhASA nahIM samajhate the, isalie hAtha ke izAroM se mola-tola hotA thaa| jaba taka apane mAla kI ucita komata na mila jAya taba taka TaMkaNa apane mAla para se hAtha nahIM uThAte the|' daMtapura nagara meM dhanamitra nAmaka vaNik apanI patnI ke liye hAthIdA~ta kA prAsAda banavAnA cAhatA thaa| usakA koI mitra puliMdoM ke yogya vastra, maNi, AlatA aura kaMkaNa lekara aTavI meM gyaa| ina cIjoM ke badale usane hAthodA~ta khriidaa| lekina jaba vaha hAthIdA~ta ko ghAsa-phUsa meM chipAkara gAr3I meM bharakara lA rahA thA to nagara-rakSakoM ko patA laga gayA aura unhoMne use giraphtAra kara liyaa| zUrpAraka ( soppAraya, nAlA sopArA, jilA ThANA) vyApAra kA dUsarA kendra thA, yahA~ bahuta se vyApAriyoM (negama ) ke rahane kA ullekha hai / bhRgukaccha aura suvarNabhUmi (barmA) ke sAtha inakA vyApAra calatA thaa| __ saurASTra ke vyApArI vArivRSabha jahAja se samudra ke rAste pAMDu. mathurA ( madurA) AyA-jAyA karate the| dhana, kanaka, ratna, janapada, ratha aura ghor3oM se samRddha dvArakA (bAravai) saurASTra kA pradhAna nagara thaa| vyApArI yahA~ teyAlagapaTTaNa ( verAvala ) se nAvoM ke dvArA apanA mAla lekara Ate the| ghor3e ke vyApAriyoM dvArA ghor3e lekara yahA~ Ane kA ullekha milatA hai| vasantapura ke vyApArI vyApAra ke lie caMpA jAyA karate the|' 1. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 120; sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA 3.3.18; malayagiri, AvazyakaTIkA, pR0 14.- / / 2. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 154 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2506 / 4. avadAna, 2.476 (13 aadi)| 5. zrAvazyakacarNI 2, pR0 167 / 6. vasudevahiMDI, pR0 77; tathA uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, 36-a / 7. nizIthacUrNI, pIThikA, pR0 66 / 8. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 553 / 6. vahI, pR0 531 /

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tR0 khaNDa] tIsarA adhyAya : vinimaya 175 kSitipratiSThita nagara ke vyApAriyoM kA vasantapura jAne kA ullekha milatA hai|' sAketa kA koI vyApArI dezATana ke liye koTivarSa gayA / usa samaya vahA~ kisI kirAta kA rAjya thaa| vyApArI ne rAjA ko bahumUlya vastra tathA ratnamaNi dikhAye, jinheM dekhakara vaha atyanta prabhAvita huaa| hatthisIsa vyApAra aura udyoga kA dUsarA kendra thA / yahA~ aneka vyApArI rahA karate the| yahA~ ke vyApArI kAliyadvIpa vyApAra ke lie jAte the| yaha dvIpa sone, ratna aura hIre kI samRddha khAnoM tathA dhArIdAra ghor3oM ke lie prasiddha thaa|' pArasadvIpa meM prAyaH vyApAriyoM kA AnA-jAnA lagA rahatA thA; siMhaladvIpa ( zrIlaMkA ) meM vyApArI ThaharA karate the| siMhala, pArasa; barbara (bArbarikona), joNiya ( yavana= yava ), damila (tamila ), araba, pulinda, bahalI ( vAhnIka, bAlkha, aphagAnistAna meM) tathA anya anArya dezoM se dAsiyoM ke lAye jAne kA ullekha pahale kiyA jA cukA hai / kRpaNa-vaNikoM kA ullekha milatA hai / AyAta-niryAta kaunasI vastue~ bAhara bhejI jAtI thIM, kaunasI bAhara se AtI thIM, aura kaunasI vastuoM kA Antardezika vinimaya hotA thA, ina saba bAtoM ke sambandha meM hameM ThIka-ThIka jAnakArI nahIM / Antardezika vyApAra kA jahA~ taka sambandha hai, hama samajhate haiM ki bahuta-sI vastuoM kA vinimaya hotA thaa| Upara kahA gayA hai ki jaba campA ke vyApAriyoM ne paradeza jAne kA irAdA kiyA to unhoMne apane chakar3oM meM supArI, 1. AvazyakaTIkA (haribhadra), pR0 114-a| 2. zrAvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 203 / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 17, pR0 201 zrAdi / kAliyadvIpa kI pahacAna jaMjIbAra se kI jAtI hai, DAkTara motIcanda, sArthavAha, pR0 172 / / 4. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 448 / 5. AcArAMgaTIkA 6.3, pR0 223-a| vasudevahiNDI (pR0146) meM cIna (cINatthANa), suvarNabhUmi; yavanadvIpa, siMhala aura babbara kI yAtrA kara yAnapAtra dvArA saurASTra lauTa Ane kA ullekha hai| 6. nizIthacUrNI 12.4174 cUrNI /

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176 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa zakkara, ghI, cAvala tathA kapar3A aura ratna Adi Avazyaka sAmAna bharA tathA apane lie cAvala, ATe, tela, ghI, gur3a, gorasa, pAnI, pAnI ke bartana, davA-dArU, tRNa, lakar3I, vastra aura astra-zastra Adi ko vyavasthA kara, ve mithilA ke lie prasthAna kara gye| pahale kahA gayA hai ki sonA aura hAthIdA~ta uttarApatha se dakSiNApatha meM bikane ke liye Ate the / vastra kA bar3e parimANa meM vinimaya hotA thaa| mathurA aura vidizA (bhelasA) vastra-utpAdana ke bar3e kendra the|' gaur3a deza rezamI vastroM ke lie prasiddha thaa| pUrva se Ane vAlA vastra lATa deza meM Akara U~cI kImata para bikatA thaa| tAmralipti, malaya, kAka, tosali, sindhu', dakSiNApatha aura cIna se vividha prakAra ke vastra Ate the| naipAla rueMdAra bahUmUlya kambala ke lie prasiddha thA / jaina sAdhu ise apane vaMzadaNDa ke bhItara rakhakara lAte the|" mahArASTra meM UnI kambala adhika kImata para bikate the / 2 jJAtRdharmakathA meM aneka prakAra ke vastroM kA ullekha hai jinheM vyApArI loga apanI gAr3iyoM meM bharakara bikrI ke lie le jAyA karate the| ghor3oM kA vyApAra calatA thaa| kAliyadvIpa apane sundara ghor3oM ke lie prasiddha thA, aura yahA~ sone, cA~dI, ratna aura hIre kI khAneM thIM, 1. zrAvazyakaTIkA, ( haribhadra ) pR0 307 / 2. zrAcArAMgaTIkA 2, 5, pR0 361 shr| jAtakoM meM kAzI se AnevAle vastra ( kAsivattha ) kA ullekha milatA hai / 3. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 3.3884 / 4. vyavahArabhASya 7.32 / / 5 anuyogadvArasUtra 37, pR0 30 / 6. nizIthasUtra 7.12 kI cUNIM / 7. vhii| 8. zrAcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 364; zrAcArAMgaTIkA 2, 1, pR0 361-a / 6. aAcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 363 / 10. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3662 / 11. vahI, vRtti 3.3824; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 30 a / 12. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3614 13. jJAtRdharmakathA 17, pR0 203 /

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tR0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : vinimaya 177 isakA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / kamboja ke ghor3e bahuta uttama hote the| inakI cAla bahuta teja hotI aura kisI bhI taraha kI AvAja se ye Darate nahIM the|' uttarApatha apane jAtivaMta ghor3oM ke lie prasiddha thaa| ghor3oM ke vyApAriyoM kA dvArakA jAne kA ullekha hai| anya kumAroM ne unase moTe aura bar3e ghor3e kharIde jaba ki kRSNa vAsudeva ne kamajora lekina lakSaNasampanna ghor3e mola liye / dIlavAliyA (?) ke khaccara acche samajhe jAte the| puNDa ( mahAsthAna, jilA bogarA, baMgAla) apanI kAlI gAyoM ke lie prasiddha thA; gAyoM ko khAne ke lie ganne diye jAte the|" bheraNDa ( ? ) meM gannA bahuta hotA thaa| mahAhimavanta gozIrSa candana ke lie vikhyAta thaa| pArasaula (IrAna) se zaMkha, pUgIphala (supArI), candana, aguru, maMjITha, cA~dI, sonA, maNi, muktA, pravAla Adi bahumUlya vastue~ AyAta hotI thiiN| videzoM se mAla lAne vAle vyApArI rAjakara se bacane ke lie chala-kapaTa karane se nahIM cUkate the| rAjapraznIya meM ullekha hai ki aMkaratna, zaMkha aura hAthIdA~ta ke vyApArI Taiksa se bacane ke lie sodhe mArgoM se yAtrA na kara durgama mArga se ghUma-ghUmakara, iSTa sthAna para pahu~cate the| benyAtaTa ke vyApArI acala kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| pArasakUla se dhana kamAkara jaba vaha svadeza lauTakara AyA to vaha vikramarAjA ke pAsa sone, cA~dI aura motiyoM ke thAla lekara upasthita huaa| rAjA ne paMcakula ke sAtha usake mAla kA svayaM nirIkSaNa kiyaa| acala ne zaMkha, supArI, caMdana Adi mAla dikhA diyA, lekina rAjA ke karmacAriyoM ne jaba pAdaprahAra aura bAMsa ko lakar3iyoM ko boriyoM (colla) meM khU cakara dekhA to majITha Adi ke andara chipAkara rakkhe 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 11.16 / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 6, pR0 141 / 3. zrAvazyakacUrNI pR0 553 / 4. dazavaikAlikacUrNI 6, pR0 213 / 5. tandulaveyAliyaTIkA pR0 26-zra / 6. jIvAbhigama 3, pR0 355 / 7. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 252-shr|... ... .. 8. vahI, 3, pR0.64-shr| 6. sUtra 164 / 12 jai0 bhA0

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178 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ tR0 khaNDa hue sone, cA~dI, maNi, muktA Adi dikhAI diye / yaha dekhakara rAjA ko bahuta krodha AyA / usane phaurana hI acala ko giraphtAra karane kA hukma diyaa| bikrI kI anya vastuoM meM vINA, vallakI, bhrAmarI, kacchabhI, bhaMmA, SaDbhrAmarI Adi vAdyoM, tathA lakar3I ke khilaune ( kaTukamma ), masAle ke bane khela khilaune, ( potthakamma ), citrakarma ( cittakamma ), lepya karma, gUMthakara banAyI huI mAlAyeM ( ganthima ), puSpa ke mukuTa jaise Anandapura meM banAte haiM (veDhima ), chedavAlI gola kuMDo ko puSpoM se bharanA (pUrima), sAMdha kara taiyAra kI huI vastuyeM - jaise striyoM ke kaMcuka ( saMghAima )' Adi kA nAma AtA hai| isake alAvA, koSTha ( kUTa), tamAlapatra, coya ( cuvA ), tagara, ilAyacI, hirivera ( khasakhasa ) Adi, tathA khAMDa, gur3a, zarkarA, matsyaMDikA ( bUrA ), puSpottara, padmottara Adi kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / kastUrI, hiMgU, zaMkha aura namaka kI bikrI kI jAtI thI / panavAr3I loga pAna becate the / yAna - vAhana vyApAra aura udyoga-dhandhoM ke vikAsa ke lie zIghragAmI aura saste AvAgamana ke sAdhanoM kA honA parama Avazyaka hai / kauTilya ne yAtAyAta ke lie jalamArga aura sthalamArga ke nirmANa kI AvazyakatA batAyI hai / " jainasUtroM meM zRMgATaka ( siMghADaka), trika ( tiga ), catuSka ( cakka; cauka ), catvara ( caJcara ), mahApatha aura rAjamArga kA ullekha hai jisase patA lagatA hai ki una dinoM bhI mArga kI vyavasthA thii| uttarAdhyayanaTIkA meM hutavaha nAma kI rathyA kA ullekha hai / yaha rathyA garmI ke dinoM meM itanI adhika tapatI thI ki koI vahA~ se jAne kA sAhasa nahIM karatA thA / phira bhI, mArgoM kI dazA santoSa 1. dazavekAlikacUrNI 2, pR0 76 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 17, pR0 203 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3074 / 4. nizIthabhASya 20.6413 / 5. arthazAstra 2.1.21, pR0 62 / 6. rAjapraznIyasUtra 10; bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2300 | 7. 12, pR0 172 - zra /

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tR0 khaNDa] tIsarA adhyAya : vinimaya 176 janaka pratIta nahIM hotI / ye mArga jaMgaloM, registAnoM aura pahAr3iyoM meM se hokara jAte the, isalie yahA~ ghora varSA, cora-luTere, duSTa hAthI, zera Adi jaMgalI jAnavara, rAjya-avarodha, agni, rAkSasa, gaDDe, sUkhA, duSkAla, jaharIle vRkSa Adi kA bhaya banA rahatA thA / ' kabhI jaMgala kA rAstA pAra karate hue varSA hone lagatI aura kIcar3a Adi ke kAraNa sArtha ke logoM ko vahIM para varSAkAla bitAnA pdd'taa| kitane hI mArga bahuta bohar3a hote, aura ina mArgoM ke guNa-doSoM kA sUcana yAtrI zilA athavA vRkSoM para kara diyA karate / viSama mArga se yAtrA karate samaya gAr3I kA dhurA TUTa jAne ke kAraNa saMtapta eka bahalavAna kA ullekha milatA hai| AvazyakacUrNI meM kahA hai ki siNavalli (sinAvana, jilA mujaphpharagar3ha, pAkistAna) ke cAroM ora vikaTa registAna thA, vahA~ na pAnI milatA thA aura na chAyA kA hI kahIM nAma thaa| pAnI ke abhAva meM yahA~ kisI sArtha ko atyanta kaSTa huaa|" isI taraha, kucha sAdhu kaMpillapura (kaMpila jilA pharukhAbAda ) se purimatAla (puruliyA, bihAra ) jA rahe the; pAnI na milane ke kAraNa unheM apane prANoM se hAtha dhonA par3A / registAna kI yAtrA karane vAle, sunirmita mArga ke abhAva meM, rAste meM kIleM gAr3a diyA karate the jisase dizA kA patA laga ske| registAna ke yAtrI rAta ko jaldI-jaldI yAtrA karate, tathA bAlaka aura vRddha Adi ke lie yahA~ kAvar3a hI kAma meM lI jaatii| AvazyakacUrNI meM dhanya nAma ke eka vyApArI ko kathA AtI hai| apanI 500 gAr3iyoM meM vaha becane kA sAmAna bhara kara claa| 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 15, pR0 160; bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3073, zrAvazyakaTIkA ( haribhadra ), pR0 384; tathA phala jAtaka, 1, pR0 352, Adi; apaeNaka jAtaka (1), 1, pR0 128 Adi; avadAnazataka 2, 13, pR0 71 / 2. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 131 / 3. vahI pR0 511 / 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 5.14 5. pR0 553; 2, pR0 34 / 6. aupapAtika 36, pR0 178 aadi| 7. sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA, 1.11, pR0 166 / 8. nizIthabhASya 16,5652 kI cUrNI /

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180 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa rAste meM vegavatI nadI pAra karate samaya usakA eka baila mara gyaa|' tosali bhaiMsoM ke lie, aura koMkaNa apane jaMgalI jAnavaroM, vizeSakara jaMgalI zeroM ke lie, prasiddha thA / ina saba kaThinAiyoM ke kAraNa una dinoM vyApArI loga sArtha banAkara yAtrA kiyA karate the| jainasUtroM meM pA~ca prakAra ke sArthoM kA ullekha milatA hai:-(1) gAr3iyoM aura chakar3oM dvArA mAla Dhone vAle (bhaMDI), (2) U~Ta, khaccara aura bailoM dvArA mAla Dhone vAle (vahilaga), (3) apanA mAla svayaM Dhone vAle (bhAravaha), (4) apanI AjIvikA ke yogya dravya lekara eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para bhramaNa karane vAle (odariyA ), tathA (5) kApArTika sAdhuoM (kApaDiya) kA sArtha / ' anyatra kAlotthAyI, kAlanivezo, sthAnasthAyI aura kAlabhojI nAma ke sAtha ginAye gaye haiN| kAlotthAyI sUryodaya hone para gamana karate the, kAlanivezI sUrya ke udaya hone para yA prathama pauruSo (jisa kAla meM puruSa-pramANa chAyA ho ) meM kahIM Thaharate the, sthAna sthAyI gokula Adi meM Thahara jAte the, tathA kAlabhojI madhyAhna sUrya ke samaya bhojana karate the|" sArtha ke loga anuraMgA ( ghaMsikA=gAr3I), pAlako, ghor3e, bhaiMse, hAthI aura baila lekara calate the jisase ki calane meM asamartha rogiyoM, ghAyaloM, bAlakoM aura vRddhoM ko ina vAhanoM para car3hakara le jA ske| usa sArtha ko prazaMsanIya kahA gayA hai ki jo varSA, bAr3ha Adi Akasmika saMkaTa ke samaya, upayoga meM AnevAlI dantikka / modaka, maMDaka, azokavartI Adi-TokA ), gehU~ ( gora), tila, bIja, gur3a, ghI Adi vastuoM ko apane sAtha bharakara calate hoN| gAr3I yA chakar3oM ( sagaDIsAgaDa ) ko yAtAyAta ke upayoga meM liyA jAtA thA / do pahie, do uddhi (gujarAtI meM udha) aura dhurAye gAr3I ke pA~ca mukhya aMga mAne gaye haiN| majabUta kASThavAlI tathA 1. pa0 272 / 2. AcArAMgacUrNI pa0 247 / 3. nizIthacUrNI pIThikA 286 kI cUrNI / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3066 Adi / 5. vahI 1.3083 aadi| 6. vahI 1.3071 / 7. vahI 3073 tathA 3075 zrAdi /

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tR0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : vinimaya 181 vakIla aura lohapaTTa se yukta gAr3I bhAravahana karane meM samartha samajhI jAtI thI / ' nizIthabhASya meM bhaMDI ( gAr3I ), bahilaga, kAya ( baMhagI ) aura zIrSa kA ullekha hai - ina se mAla DhoyA jAtA thA / gAr3I ke pahiyoM ke dhure meM tela dekara pahiyoM ko auMgA jAtA thA / vANiyagAma ke gRhapati Ananda ke pAsa dUragamana ( disAyatta ) ke lie 500, aura sthAnIya kAryoM ( saMvahaNIya ) ke lie 500 gAr3iyA~ thIM / " yAnazAlAoM kA ullekha milatA hai / yAna vAhaka yAna aura vAhanoM kA dhyAna rakhate the / upayoga meM lAne se pahale ve vastra haTAkara unheM jhAr3U-poMchakara sApha karate aura AbhUSaNoM se sajAte / yAnoM meM baila jote jAte, aura bahalavAna ( paoadhara = pratotradhara ) unheM hAMkate samaya nokadAra char3I ( paodalaTThi = pratotrayaSTi ) kA upayoga karate / " bailoM ke sIMga todaga hote, aura unameM ghaMTiyA~ aura suvarNakhacita sUtra kI rassiyA~ ba~dhI rahatIM / unake mu~ha meM lagAma ( paggaha = pagahA ) par3I rahatI, aura nIla kamala unake mastaka para zobhAyamAna rahatA / ' bailoM ko badhiyA karane ( nillaM chaNakamma) kA rivAja thA / gAr3iyoM, ghor3oM, nAvoM aura jahAjoM dvArA mAla eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para jAyA jAtA / " bar3hiyA kisma ke yAnoM meM meM ratha kA ullekha milatA hai; rathoM meM ghor3e jote jAte the / cAra ghor3oM vAle rathoM kA ullekha milatA hai / " zivikA ( zikhara ke AkAra kI DhakI huI pAlakI ) " aura syandamAnI 1. nizIthabhASya 20.6533 kI cUrNI / 2. 3.1486 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 8, pR0 128; bRhatkalpabhASya 4. 5204 / 4. upAsakadazA 1, pR0 7 / papAtika 30, pR0 120 / rAmAyaNa 3.35.4 meM bhI yAnazAlA kA 5. ullekha hai / 6. jJAtRdharmakathA 3, pR0 60 / 7. upAsakadazA 1, pR0 11 / 8. bRitkalpabhASya 1.1060 / 6. zrAvazyakacUrNI pR0 18 / 10. kUTAkArAcchAditaH jaMpAnavizeSaH, rAjapraznIyaTIkA pR0 6 /

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182 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa ( puruSapramANa pAlakI ) kA upayoga rAjAoM aura dhanikoM dvArA kiyA jAtA thA / anya yAnoM meM yugya (jugga), gilliI aura thillI kA ullekha milatA hai / do hAthapramANa caukoNa vedI se yukta pAlakI ko yugya kahate haiM; golladeza ( goli, gunTUra jilA ) meM isakA pracAra thA / do puruSoM dvArA uThAkara le jAyI jAne vAlI DolI ko gillI, tathA do khaccaroM vAle yAna ko thillo kahA jAtA hai / " rAjAoM kI zivikAoM ke vizeSa nAma hote the / mahAvIra ne candraprabha zivikA meM savAra hokara dIkSA grahaNa kI thI / " rAjA azvasena ke pAsa vizAla nAma ko eka atizaya sundara zivikA thI / dgaNa nAmaka yAna kA ullekha bRhatkalpabhASya meM milatA hai / nadI aura samudra ke vyApArI nadiyoM ke dvArA bhI nAvoM se mAla DhoyA jAtA thA / nadI taTa para utarane ke lie sthAna bane hue the, tathA novoM dvArA nadiyoM ko pAra kiyA jAtA thA / nAvoM ko agaTTiyA, antaraMDakagoliyA ( DoMgI ), koMcavIraga ( 'jalayAna ) Adi nAmoM se kahA jAtA thA / AzrAviNI nAva meM chidra hone ke kAraNa usameM jala bhara jAtA thA, isalie usake dvArA nadI pAra nahIM jA sakate the / nirAzrAviNI nAva 1. puruSapramANa: jaMpAnavizeSaH, vahI / 2 . vahI / 3. puruSadvayonditA DolikA, jambUdvIpaprajJasiTIkA 2, pR0 123 | kahIM para hAthI ke Upara khakhI huI bar3I aMbArI ko bhI gillI kahA gayA hai, abhayadeva, 3.4 vyAkhyAprajJaptiTIkA / 4. nizIthabhASya 16.5323 / lATa deza meM ghor3e kI jIna ko thillI kahA gayA hai, abhayadeva, vahI / 5. zrAvazyakacUrNI pR0 258 / 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 23, pR0 262 - zra / 7. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3171 / 8. ekaThA nAva nepAla se zrAtI thI jisameM taka anAja bharA jA sakatA thA, epha bukhanana, eka bAra meM 40 se 50 mana aina ekAuNTa zraoNva bihAra eNDa paTanA, 1811-27, pR0 705 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 1,2367 | nizIthacUrNI 16.5323 meM kahA gayA -sagaDapakkha sAricchaMM jalajANaM koMcavIragaM /

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tR0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : vinimaya 183 se nadI pArakara sakate the / ' kucha nAva hAthI kI sUMDa ke AkAra kI hotI thIM / nizothabhASya meM cAra prakAra kI nAvoM kA ullekha hai :anulomagAminI, pratilomagAminI, tiricchasaMtAraNI ( eka kinAre se dUsare kinAre para sarala rUpa meM jAne vAlI ) aura samudragAminI / samudragAminI nAva se loga teyAlagapaTTaNa ( Adhunika verAvala ) se dvArakA kI yAtrA kiyA karate the / samAjavikAsa kI Adima _ avasthA meM ( dRti = daiya = mazaka ), aura bakare kI khAla para baiThakara bhI loga nadI pAra karate the / isake atirikta, cAra kASThoM ke konoM para cAra ghar3e bA~dhakara, mazaka meM havA bharakara, tumbI ke sahAre, ghiranaI ( uDupa ) para baiThakara, tathA paNNi nAmakI latAoM se bane do bar3e TokaroM ko bA~dhakara unase nadI pAra kI jAtI thI / " nAva meM lambA rassA bA~dhakara use kinAre para khar3e hue vRkSa athavA lohe ke khU~Te meM bA~dha diyA jAtA / muMja yA darbha ko athavA pIpala Adi kI chAla ko kUTa kara banAye hue piMDa ( kuTTaviMda ) se athavA vastra ke cIthar3oM ke sAtha kUTe hue piMDa ( celamaTTiyA ) se nAva ko chidra baMda kiyA jAtA / bharata cakravartI kI digvajaya ke avasara para unakA carmaratna nAva ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gayA aura usa para savAra hokara unhoMne siMdhunadI ko pAra karate hue siMhala, barbara, yavana dvIpa, araba, elaikz2aiNDrA Adi dezoM ko yAtrA kI / " vyApArI jahAjoM se samudra kI yAtrA kiyA karate the; aura samudrayAtrA khataroM se khAlI nahIM thI / kucha vyApArI jahAja ( pravahaNa ) ke " 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 23.71 / 2. mahAnizItha 41, 35; gacchAcAravRtti, pR0 50- Adi / 3. nizIthabhASya pIThikA 183 / nizIthasUtra 18.12-13 meM cAra nAvoM kA ullekha hai :- UrdhvagAminI, adhogAminI, yojanavelAgAminI aura ardhayojana velAgAminI / 4. piMDaniryukti 42; sUtrakRtAMga 1.11, pR0 166 / 5. nizIthabhASya pITikA 185, 161,237 12.4206 | nizIthabhASya pIThikA 161 meM thAhavAle jala ko saMgha ( ghuTanoM taka kA jala ), lepa ( nAbhipramANa jala ) aura lepopari ( nAbhi se Upara jala ) ke bheda se tIna prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai / 6. nizothasUtra 18.10 - 13 kI tathA 18.6017 kI cUrNAM / 7. zrAvazyakacUrNI pR0 161 /

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184 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ tR0 khaNDa dvArA vItabhaya (bherA, jilA zAhapura, pAkistAna ) kI yAtrA kara rahe the / mArga meM itane upadrava hue ki jahAja chaha mahIne taka cakkara kATatA rahA / ' devI-devatAoM aura bhayaMkara A~dhI-tUphAna ( kAliyavAya ) Adi ke kAraNa itane upadrava hote jisase vyApAriyoM kA jIvana khatare meM par3a jAtA / jJAtRdharmakathA se patA calatA hai ki jahAja phaTa jAne ke kAraNa, bar3I kaThinAI se do vyApArI eka paTTa ( phalagakhaMDa ) ke sahAre ratnadvIpa meM utare / kAliyAvAta se rahita pazcimottara vAyu (gajjabha ) ke calane para kuzala niryAmakoM kI sahAyatA se niricchadra pota kA iSTa sthAna para pahu~cane kA ullekha milatA hai / 3 caMpA ke arhannaga Adi dezAntara jAne vAle vyApAriyoM kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / ina logoM ne jahAja ko vividha prakAra ke mAlaasabAba se bharA aura zubha muhUrta dekhakara bAje-gAje ke sAtha, mithilA ke lie prasthAna kiyA / bidAI ke avasara para unake mitra aura sambandhI bhI unheM pahu~cAne Aye the / ve saba unakI rakSA ke lie aura unheM kuzalapUrvaka zIghra ho vApisa lauTa Ane ke lie bhagavAn samudra kI manautI kara rahe the / unakA dila bhara-bharakara A rahA thA, aura unake netra AMsuoM se Ardra ho gaye the / jahAja DUbane ke varNana jainasUtroM meM milate haiN| eka bAra kI bAta hai, pratikUla vAyu calane para AkAza meM bAdaloM kA gambhIra garjana sunAI dene lagA / yAtrI bhaya ke mAre eka dUsare se saTakara baiTha gaye, tathA indra, skanda, rudra, ziva, vaizramaNa, nAga, bhUta, yakSa Adi kI upAsanA meM lIna ho gaye / jahAja ke saMcAlaka aura karNadhAra ghabar3A uThe, ThIka dizA kA jJAna unheM nahIM rahA aura unakI samajha meM nahIM AyA ki aise saMkaTa ke samaya kyA kiyA jAye / jone kI AzA chor3a atyanta dInabhAva se ve nirAza hokara baiThe rahe / 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 252-a / 2. 6, pR0 123 / 1 3. zrAvazyakacUrNI pR0 512 / yahA~ 16 prakAra kI vAyuoM kA ullekha hai / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 17, pR0 201 / aise saMkaTa ke samaya samudra ko ratna car3hAye jAte the / kAThiyAvAr3a meM samudra taTa para agni jalAne tathA samudra ko dUdha, makkhana aura zakkara car3hAne kI prathA thI, kathAsaritsAgara penjara, jilda 7, adhyAya 101, pR0 146 |

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tR0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : vinimaya 185 jahAja ke lie pota, potavahana, bahana aura pravahaNa Adi zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai / pANDumathurA ke rAjA pANDusena kI do kanyAoM kA vArivRSabha nAma ke jahAja se saurASTra pahu~cane kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / " jahAja pavana ke jora (pavaNabalasamAhaya ) se calate the; unameM DAMDe aura patavAra lage rahate the / pAla ke sahAre ve Age bar3hate, aura laMgara DAlakara unheM ThaharAyA jAtA | nAva ke DaMDe ko alitta, choTo nAva ko droNI aura nAva ke chidra ko uttiMga kahA gayA hai / niryAmaka ( nijjAmaya ) loga jahAja ko khete the / jahAja ke anya karmacAriyoM meM kukSivAraka, karNadhAra aura garbhaja ( jahAja para choTA-moTA kAma karane vAle ) ke nAma ginAye gaye haiM / paradeza yAtrA ke lie rAjA kI AjJA ( rAyavarasAsaNa = pAsaporTa ) kA prApta karanA Avazyaka thaa|` vyApArI loga subaha kA nAztA ( pAyarAsehiM ) karake mArga meM Thaharate hue yAtrA karate the / iSTa sthAna para pahu~ca jAne para ve upahAra Adi lekara rAjA kI sevA meM upasthita hote / rAjA unakA kara mApha kara detA aura unake Thaharane kI ucita vyavasthA karatA / kArobAra kI vyavasthA pratyeka gAMva meM vyApArI hote the, tathA mAla kA becanA aura kharodanA sIdhe utpAdanakarttA aura upabhoktA ke bIca huA karatA thaa| yaha vyApAra alaga-alaga dukAnoM para yA bAjAra kI maMDI meM hotA thA, aura yadi bikrI ke bAda mAla baca jAtA to vaha deza ke anya vyApArika kendroM meM bheja diyA jAtA / 1. zrAvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 167 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 68 / zrAcArAMga 2.3.1.342 meM litta (DA~Da), prIya (patavAra ), baMsa ( bA~sa ), valaya, avaluya aura rajju kA ullekha hai / nizIthabhASya 18.6015 meM litta, zrAsatya, thAha lene kA bAMsa aura calaga (raNa ) kA ullekha milatA hai / laMgara ( nAvAlakanaka ), mastUla ( kUpa ), niyAmaka aura nAvika ( kammakara ) ke lie dekhie milindaprazna, pR0 377 Adi / 3. nizIthabhASya 18.6015-6016 | 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 68 / 5. vahI, 15, pR0 160 / 6. vahI 8, pR0 102 /

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186 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa vyApAra ke kendra nagara campA nagarI ke bAjAra (vivaNi ) zilpiyoM se AkIrNa rahA karate the|' yahA~ kitanI hI dukAneM thIM jinapara vividha prakAra kI eka se eka upayogo vastue~ bikatI thiiN| karmAntazAlA ( kammaMtasAlA ) meM ustare Adi para dhAra lagAyo jAtI thii| pANAgAra (rasAvaNa= rasApaNa ) meM zarAba becI jAtI thii| isI prakAra cakrikAzAlA meM tela, goliyazAlA meM gur3a, goNiyazAlA meM gAya, dosiyazAlA meM dUSya ( vastra ), sottiyazAlA meM sUta, aura gaMdhiyazAlA meM sugandhita padArtha bece jAte the| halavAI kI dukAnoM ko poia kahA gayA hai| yahA~ aneka prakAra ke khAdya padArtha milate the|' kumhAroM kI zAlAoM meM paNitazAlA (jahA~ kumhAra apane bartana becate haiM ), bhAMDazAlA ( jahA~ bartana surakSita rUpa meM rakkhe jAte haiM), karmazAlA (jahA~ kumhAra bartana banAtA hai ), pacanazAlA (jahA~ varSA meM bartana pakAye jAte haiM ), aura IMdhanazAlA ( jahA~ tRNa, kaMDe Adi rahate haiM ) kA ullekha milatA hai|" isake sivAya, mahAnasazAlA (jahA~ vividha prakAra ke bhojana taiyAra kiye jAte hoM), gandharvazAlA, gaMjazAlA, rajakazAlA, pATahikazAlA, caTTazAlA, tathA maMtrazAlA, guhyazAlA, rahasyazAlA, maithunazAlA, Adi ke nAma ginAye gaye haiN| pATaliputra meM dezadezAntara se Aye hue kuMkuma Adi ke puTa khole jAte the (puttbhednk)| 1. aupapAtikasUtra 1 / 2. nizIthasUtra 8.5-6 aura cUrNI / . 3. vhii| 4. nizIthacUrNI 10.3047 cUrNI / 5. vahI, 8.5-6 kI cUrNI / 6. kuNDagrAma ke rAjA naMdivardhana ne deza-deza meM aneka mahAnasazAlAyeM sthApita kI thI, AvazyakacUrNI pR0 250 / 7. nizIthacUrNI, 6.7; vyavahArabhASya 6, pR0 5 / 8. nizIthasUtra 8.5-6, 16, 6-7 / hemacandra prAcArya ne abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi meM aneka zAlAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 6. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 1063; tathA paramatthadIpikA, udAna-aTakathA pR0 422 /

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187 tR0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : vinimaya ApaNagRha ke cAroM ora dukAneM banI rahatI thIM / antarApaNa ke eka ora yA donoM ora bAjAra ko vothiyAM rahatI thiiN|' paNiyaya meM paNa yA bAjI lagAkara loga ghata khelate the| kisI baniye ne zarta lagAI ki jo koI mAgha ke mahIne meM rAta bhara pAnI meM baiThA rahegA, use eka hajAra inAma milegaa| mUlya vastuoM kI kImateM nizcita nahIM thiiN| yAtAyAta ke manda hone se utpAdana para eka hI vyakti kA adhikAra hone se, tathA utpAdana ke sAdhanoM ke bahuta purAtana hone se mAla kI pUrti jaldI nahIM hotI thii| lene-becane meM milAvaTa (pratirUpakavyavahAra )3 aura beImAnI calatI thii| mAyAvI mitra apane sIdhe-sAdhe mitroM ko Thaga lete the|" mudrA kImateM rupaye-paise ke rUpa meM nirdhArita thIM, aura rupayA-paisA bhArata meM bahuta prAcIna kAla se vinimaya kA mAdhyama thaa| jainasUtroM meM aneka prakAra kI mudrAoM evaM sikkoM kA ullekha hai| sunAra ( hairaNyaka ) aMdhere meM bhI khoTe sikkoM ko pahacAna sakate the| upAsakadazA meM hiraNya suvarNa kA eka sAtha ullekha hai; vaise suvaNe kA nAma alaga se bhI AtA hai| anya mudrAoM meM kArSApaNa (kAhAvaNa), 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2301 zrAdi / 2. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 523 / 3. upAsakadazA 1, pR0 10 / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR081-1; tathA AvazyakacUrNI pR0 117 / 5. aAvazyakacUrNI pR0 128 / 6. AvazyakaTIkA (haribhadra), 647, pR0 420-zra; tathA sammohavinodinI, pR061 zrAdi / 7. 1, pR0 6 / 8. nizIthasUtra 5.35; AvazyakaTIkA ( haribhadra ) pR0 64-shr| 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 7, pR0 118 / / uttarAdhyayanasatra 20.42 meM khoTe (kUTa ) kArSApaNa kA ullekha hai| kArSApaNa rAjA bimbasAra ke samaya se rAjagRha meM pracalita thaa| apane saMgha ke niyama banAte samaya buddha ne ise sTaiNDarDa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA thA, samantapAsAdikA, 2, pR0 267 / yaha sone, cA~dI aura tAmbe kA hotA thaa|

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188 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa mAsa, addhamAsa, (ardhamAsa), aura rUpaka kA ullekha hai|' khoTe rUpakoM kA calana thaa| paNNaga aura pAyaMka' mudrAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM suvaNNamAsaya (suvaNemASaka ) kA nAma AtA hai;" isako ginatI choTe sikkoM meM kI jAtI thii| ___ bRhatkalpabhASya aura usakI vRtti meM aneka mudrAoM kA ullekha hai| sabase pahale kaur3I (kavaDaga) kA nAma AtA hai| tAMbe ke sikkoM meM kAkiNI kA ullekha hai, jo sambhavataH sabase choTA sikkA thA aura dakSiNApatha meM pracalita thaa| cAMdI ke sikkoM meM dramma kA nAma AtA hai aura bhillamAla (bhinamAla, jilA jodhapura) meM yaha sikkA pracalita thaa| sone ke sikkoM meM dInAra athavA kevaDika kA ullekha hai jisakA pracAra pUrva deza meM thA / mayUrAMka rAjA ne apane 1. sUtrakRtAMga 2, 2, pR0 327-a; uttarAdhyayanasUtra 8.17 / mAsaka aura ardhamAsa kA ullekha mahAsupina jAtaka (77), pR0 443 meM bhI milatA hai / lohamAsaka, dArumAsaka aura jatumAsaka kA ullekha khuddakapATha ko aTThakathA paramatthajotikA 1, pR0 37 meM milatA hai| 2. AvazyakarNI pR0 550 / 3. vyavahArabhASya 3.267-8 / kAtyAyana ne mASa ko paNa bhI kahA hai, yaha kArSApaNa kA bIsavAM hissA hotA thaa| bhAMDArakara, aiMziyeMTa iNDiyana nyUmismeTiksa, pR0 118 / ___4. AvazyakaTIkA ( haribhadra ) pR0 432 / 5. uttarAdhyayana 8, pR0 124 / suvarNamASaka kA vajana tola meM 1 mAsA hotA thA bhAMDArakara, vahI, pR0 63 / 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 7.11, pR0 118 / yaha eka bahuta choTA tA~be kA sikkA hotA thA jo tA~be ke kArSApaNa kA cauthAI hotA thaa| tathA dekhie arthazAstra, 2.14.32.8, pR0 164 / - 7. yaha grIsa kA eka sikkA thA jise grIka bhASA meM dracma (Drachma) kahA gayA hai| grosa logoM kA bhArata meM I0 pU0 200 se lekara 200 I0 taka zAsana rahA / 8. IsavI san kI prathama zatAbdI meM, kuzAnakAla meM, roma ke Dineriyasa nAma ke sikke se yaha liyA gayA hai|

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tR0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : vinimaya 186 nAma se cihnita dInAroM ko gAr3akara rakkhA thA / ' bRhatkalpabhASya meM dvIpa (saurASTra ke dakSiNa meM eka yojana samudra dvArA calane para sthita) ke do sAbharaka ko uttarApatha ke eka rUpyaka ke barAbara, uttarApatha ke do rUpyaka ko pATaliputra ke eka rUpyaka ke barAbara, dakSiNApatha ke do rUpyaka ko kAMcIpurI ke eka nelaka ke barAvara, tathA kAMcIpurI ke do nelaka ko kusumapura (pATaliputra ) ke eka nelaka ke barAbara kahA gayA hai| _kraya-zakti __una dinoM rupaye kI krayazakti, athavA sAmAnya vastuoM kI kImata ke sambandha meM hameM vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM milatI / idhara-udhara jo ikkedukke ullekha milate haiM, isI se hameM isa viSaya kA thor3A-bahata jJAna hotA hai| udAharaNa ke lie, tItara eka kArSApaNa meM mila jAtA thA; mAlUma hotA hai ki yahAM tAMbe ke kArSApaNa se hI tAtparya hai / kisI daridra vyakti ne dhIre-dhIre karake eka hajAra kArSApaNa ikaTThe kara lie / tatpazcAt kisI sArtha ke sAtha usane apane ghara ke lie prasthAna kiyA / usane eka rupaye kI bahuta-sI kAkiNo bhunAI aura pratidina eka-eka kAkiNI kharca karane lgaa| gAya kA mUlya 500 sikke tathA kambaloM kA mUlya 18 rUpyaka se lagAkara 1 lAkha rUpyaka taka thaa| koI ahIranI do rupaye lekara kisI vANika ko dukAna para kapAsa 1. nizIthabhASya 13.4315 / sikkoM para morachApa kA prArambha kumAragupta se hotA hai| usake bAda skandagupta aura bhAnugapta ke sikkoM meM bhI mora . kA calana rahA / 2. kapadaM mArgayitvA tasya dIyate / tAmramayaM vA nANakaM yad vyavahriyate yathA dakSiNApathe kaakinnii| rUpamayaM vA nANakaM bhavati yathA bhillamAle drammaH / pItaM nAma suvarNa tanmayaM vA nANakaM bhavati, yathA pUrvadeze diinaarH| 'kevaDiko' nAma yathA tatra va pUrvadeze ketarAbhidhAno nANakavizeSaH, bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1666, 3.3891 zrAdi, aura bRtti / tathA nizIthabhASya 10.3070 aura cUrNI; 1.658-56 / 3. dazavaikAlikacUrNI pR0 58 / 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 7.11 TIkA / .. -....... 5. zrAvazyakacUrNI pR0 117 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3860 /

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160 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa kharIdane gyo| una dinoM kapAsa mahaMgI milatI thI / vaNika ne eka rupaye kI kapAsa do bAra tolakara usake palle meM DAla dii| ahoranI ne samajhA ki vaNik ne do rupaye kI tola kara dI hai| vaha gaTharI bAMdhakara ghara le gayI / lekina vaNik ne do rupaye kI jagaha eka kA hI mAla diyA thA, isalie vaha bar3A khuza huaa| ghara pahuMcakara usane usa rupaye ko sIvaI, gur3a tathA ghI kharIdakara AnandapUrvaka bhojana kiyaa| udhAra loga vizvAsa ke Upara udhAra dete the| una dinoM baiMkoM kI vyavasthA nahIM thI, isalie dhana kA adhikAMza bhAga sone Adi ke rUpa meM saMcita kiyA jAtA, athavA jamIna meM gAr3akara (nihANapautti) rakkhA jAtA thaa| loga apane mitroM ke pAsa bhI dharohara ke rUpa meM apanA dhana rakha diyA karate the, lekina usakI surakSA kI koI gAraMTI nahIM thii| kitanI hI bAra isa dhana ko loga vApisa nahIM dete the (nAsAvahAra nyAsApahAra ) / ___ AvazyakatA par3ane para loga udhAra lete the| lenadena aura sAhUkArI aura ImAnadArI kA pezA samajhA jAtA thA / vANiyagAma kA gRhapati Ananda yaha pezA karatA thA, isakA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / rupayA udhAra lete samaya rukke-parce likhane kA rivAja thaa| loga jhUThe rukke parce (kUDaleha) bho likha diyA karate the| yadi koI vaNik karja cukA sakane meM asamartha hotA to usake ghara para eka mailI-kucailI jhaMDI lagA dI jaatii|" mApa-taula jainasUtroM meM pAMca prakAra ke mApoM kA ullekha milatA hai-mAna, unmAna, avamAna, gaNima aura patimAna / mAna do prakAra kA batAyA 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR082 / 2. upAsakadazA 1, pR06| 3. AvazyakaTIkA ( haribhadra ), pR0 820 / 4. vahI; upAsakadazA pR0 10 / 5. nizIthabhASya 11.3704 /

Page #212
tR0 khaNDa] tIsarA adhyAya : vinimaya 161 gayA hai-ghanamAnapramANa aura rasamAnapramANa / ghanamAnapramANa (jisase dhAnya Adi kI mApataula kI jAtI hai) ke aneka bheda haiN| udAharaNa ke lie, asaI (asati), pasaI (prasRti), setikA, kuDava, prastha, ADhaka, droNa' aura kumbha ke dvArA muktolI (Upara aura nIce kI ora saMkarI tathA bIca meM bar3e AkAra kA koThA), mukha, idUra, Alindaka, aura apacAra Adi koThAroM ke anAja kA mApa kiyA jAtA thaa| mANikA dvArA tarala padArthoM kA mApa kiyA jAtA thaa| unmAna meM aguru, tagara, coya Adi vastueM AtI haiM jinake mApa ke lie karSa, pala, tulA aura bhAra kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| __ avamAna meM hasta, daMDa, dhanuSka, yuga, nAlikA, akSa aura muzala kI gaNanA hotI hai jinase kueM, ITa kA ghara, lakar3I, caTAI, kapar3A aura khAI vagairaha mApI jAtI thii| ____ gaNima arthAt ginanA / isake dvArA eka se lagAkara eka karor3a taka ginatI kI jAtI thii| pratimAna meM guMjA, kAkiNI, niSpAva, karmamASaka, maMDalaka, aura suvarNa kI ginatI kI jAtI hai jinake dvArA sonA, cAMdI, ratna, motI, zaMkha aura pravAla Adi taule jAte the| dUrI mApane ke lie aMgula, vitasti, ratni, kukSi, dhanuSa, aura gavyUta, tathA lambAI mApane ke lie paramANu, trasareNu, rathareNu, bAlAgra, likSA, yUkA aura yava kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| samaya mApane ke lie samaya, AvalikA, zvAsa, ucchvAsa, stoka, lava, muhUrta, ahorAtra, pakSa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara, yuga, varSazata (zatAbdI) se lekara zIrSaprahelikA taka kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA hai|" 1. droNa, ADhaka, prastha aura kumbha ke lie dekhie arthazAstra 2.16. 37.35-38, pR0 234-35 / 2. sammohavinodinI pR0 256 meM kumbha kA ullekha hai / 3. anuyogadvArasUtra 132 / / 4. vahI, 133 / tulanA kIjie arthazAstra 2.20.38, pR0 237 / 5. vahI 2.20.38, pR0 241 Adi /

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162 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa samaya mApane ke lie nAlikA athavA zaMkucchAyA kA upayoga karate the| tulA kA ullekha milatA hai| dUsare kI A~kha bacAkara kamajyAdA taulane (kUDatulla) aura mApane kA kAma calatA thaa| 1. dazavaikAlikacUrNoM 1, pR0 44; bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 261 / arthazAstra, vahI pR0 241 meM nAlikA kA ullekha hai| 2. upAsakadazA 1, pR0 10; nizIthacUrNI, pIThikA 326 cI /

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cauthA adhyAya . upabhoga dhana ke upabhoga kA artha hai, apanI AvazyakatAoM aura icchAoM ko pUrti ke lie dhana kA upayoga / utpAdana Arthika kriyAoM kA sAdhana hai jaba ki upabhoga una sabakA anta hai| udAharaNa ke lie, kapar3oM kA utpAdana kiyA jAtA hai, phira pahanane ke bAda jaba ve phaTa jAte haiM to yaha unakA upabhoga kahalAtA hai| upabhoga kA nizcaya hotA hai jIvana ke stara dvArA, jo kisI vyakti yA samAja dvArA apane lie sthira kiyA jAtA hai| upabhoga kI vastue~ tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kI jA sakatI haiM-jIvana kI AvazyakatAe~,' ArAma aura bhogvilaas| khAdya padArtha ____ jIvana ko mukhya AvazyakatAe~ haiM bhojana, vastra aura rahane ke lie ghara / hamAre deza meM khetI-bArI ko bahutAyata thI, isalie bhojana kI kamI yahA~ nahIM tho| yaha bAta avazya hai ki sAmAnya manuSya ko uttama bhojana nahIM milatA thaa| cAra prakAra ke bhojana kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM upalabdha hotA hai-azana, pAna, khAdya (khAima) aura svAdya ( saaim)| bhojya padArthoM meM dUdha, dahI, makkhana, ghI, tela, madhu, madirA, gur3a, mAMsa, pakkAnna (ogAhimaga), zaSkulI (hindI meM lUcI), rAba (phANiya), bhune hue gehU~oM se banA khAdya padArtha 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 7, pR0 84 / anya prakAroM meM pazubhakta, mRtakabhakta, kAMtArabhakta, durbhikSabhakta, damagabhakta, glAnabhakta Adi kA ullekha hai, nizIthasUtra 6.6 / 2. AvazyakacUNI 2, pR0 316 / --- 3. ise chuTTagulla (ArdraguDa ) athavA khuDagalla bhI kahA gayA hai| piMDa guDa ko pAnI se gIlA kara dene para use daviya ( dravita ) kahA jAtA hai| ye donoM hI phANita kahe jAte haiM, bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3476 kI cUrNI tathA TIkA / 13 jai0 bhA0

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164 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR* khaNDa ( pUya ) aura zrIkhaNDa (zikhariNI) ke nAma milate haiN| modaka logoM kA priya khAdya padArtha thaa| naye cAvaloM ko dUdha meM DAlakara khIra pakAI jAtI thii| khIra meM ghI aura madhu DAlakara use svAdiSTa banAyA jAtA thaa| loga satta meM ghI DAlakara khAte the / ' namaka banAne kA kAma bahuta mahattvapUrNa thaa| namaka ke aneka prakAroM kA ullekha milatA hai-sauvarcala, saindhava, lavaNa, roma (khAnoM se nikAlA huA), samudra, pAMsukhAra (miTTI se banAyA huA) aura kAlA namaka ( kAlAloNa)6 / jisa deza meM namaka upalabdha na hotA vahA~ kSArabhUmi ko miTTI ( Usa ) kAma meM lI jAtI thii| __ isake atirikta, odana, sema (kulmASa) aura sattu kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| nimnalikhita 18 prakAra ke vyaMjanoM ke nAma milate haiM :-sUpa, odana (cAvala), yava (jau), tona prakAra ke mAMsa (jalacara, thalacara aura nabhacara jIvoM ke), gorasa, jUsa (mUMga Adi kA rasA), bhakSya (khaMDakhAdya; jisameM mizrI kA upayoga bahutAyata se kiyA gayA ho), gulalAvaNiyA (gujarAtI meM golapApar3I), mUlaphala, hariyaga (jorA Adi), zAka, rasAlU ( rAjA ke yogya banAyA huA bhojana, jise do pala ghI, eka pala zahada, AdhA ADhaka dahI, bIsa dAne kAlI mirca, aura dasapala khaMDagur3a DAlakara taiyAra kiyA jAtA hai ), pAna (madirA), pAnIya (pAnI), pAnaka (drAkSAsava), zAka (maTThA DAlakara banAye hue dahIbar3e Adi ) / ye saba vyaMjana hAMDI meM pakAkara 1. zrAcArAMga 2,1.4.247; tathA bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3475 Adi / 2. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 356 / 3. vahI pR0 283 / kuDukka ke loga khIra ko pIlu kahate the, vahI pR0 27 / 4. vahI, pR0 288 / 5. nizothabhASya 14.4515 / 6. dazavaikAlikasUtra 3.8; tathA carakasaMhitA 1,27.302-6, pR0 35660; suzruta 1.46.313 / 7. nizIthasUtra 11.61 / 8. Avazyaka cUNI 2, pR0 317 /

Page #216
165 tR0 khaNDa] cauthA adhyAya : upabhoga (thAlIpAgasuddha) apane mAtA-pitA, svAmI aura dharmAcArya ko sanmAna ke sAtha pradAna kiye jAte the|' anya khAdya padArthoM meM gur3a aura gho se pUrNa roga (bar3I roTI) peya (pIne yogya; mAMDa, rasA Adi), havipUta athavA ghRtapUrNa (ghayapuNNa; hindI meM ghevara), pAlaMgamAhuraya (Ama yA nIMbU ke rasa se banAyA huA mIThA zarbata), sohakesara, moraNDaka,6 gulapANiya, (tila kI banI miThAI ), maMDaka (gur3a bharakara banAyI huI roTI, jo sUryodaya ke avasara para agrasthita brAhmaNa mAnakara dhUlijaMgha (jisake pairoM meM ghUli lago ho) ko dI jAtI hai; (pUraMpUrI), gho, iTTagA (sevaI), aura pApar3a (pappaDiya), bar3A, pUA Adi kA ullekha milatA hai| kalyANa (kallaNaga) cakravartiyoM kA bhojana hotA thA jise kevala cakravartI hI bhakSaNa kara sakate the / kAMpilyapura ke brahmadatta cakravartI ke purohita ne eka bAra yaha bhojana karane kI icchA vyakta kii| brahmadatta ne gusse meM Akara use agale dina apane mitroM ke sAtha Ane ke lie nimaMtrita kiyaa| lekina bhojana khAkara purohita unmatta ho gayA aura moha kI tIvratA se pazudharma kA AcaraNa karane lgaa| AhaDiyA eka khAsa miSTAnna hotA thA jo upahAra ke rUpa meM kisI 1. sthAnAMga 3, 135; tathA carakasaMhitA, kRtAnnavarga, 1, 27, pR0 353 Adi / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 63 / 3. nizIthabhASya 4.1803 / 4. upAsaka 1, pR0 9 / 5. antaHkRddazA, pR0 10 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3281 / / 7. nizIthabhASya 4.1663, gulo jIe kavallIe kaDhiti tattha jaM pANiyaM kayaM tattamatattaM vA taM gulapANiyaM / 8. nizIthacUrNI 11.3403 kI cUrNI / 9. piMDaniyukti 556, 637 / 10. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3476 / - 11. nizIthacUrNI 1.572 tathA cUrNI, pR0 21 /

Page #217
166 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa ke ghara bhejA jAtA thA / vivAha ke pazcAt vara ke ghara meM vadhU ke praveza karane para, kiye jAne vAle bhojana ko AheNaga, tathA apane pIhara -vadhU dvArA lAye jAne vAle bhojana ko paheNaga kahA jAtA hai / zrAddha Adi ke samaya mRtaka bhojana ko, athavA yajJa Adi kI yAtrA ke samaya kiye jAte hue bhojana ko hiMgola kahate haiN| apane sage-saMbaMdhiyoM aura iSTa mitroM ko ekatrita kara, khilAye jAte hue bhojana ko saMmela kahate haiM / pulAka eka viziSTa prakAra kA bhojana hotA thA / guTikA ( guliyA ) kasaile jhAr3a ke cUrNa se sAdhuoM ke lie taiyAra kI jAtI thI / gorasa meM bhigokara sukhAye hue vastroM ko khola kahate haiM / yadi sAdhu kahIM dUra sthAna kI yAtrA kara rahe hoM aura unheM prAsuka (nirdoSa ) jala na mila sake to ina vastroM ko dhokara inake jala kA pAna kara sakate the / yadi khola na hoM to uparyukta guTikA ke sevana karane kA vidhAna hai / ' 1 bhojana banAne kA ullekha hai" / rAjAoM aura dhanikoM ke ghara meM rasoiye ( mahANasiya) vividha prakAra kA bhojana - vyaMjana banAte the / rasoiyoM kI gaNanA nau nAruoM meM kI gayI hai / sAga-bhAjI tela (neha) meM pakAI jAtI thI' / rasoIghara meM sAgabhAjI aura ghI ke prabandha karane ko AvApa, tathA bhojana pakakara taiyAra ho gayA hai yA nahIM, isa bAta kI carcA ko nirvANa kahate haiM / bhojana karane kI bhUmi ko hariyAlI 1. bRhatkalpasUtra 2. 17, bhASya 2. 3617 / 2. AcArAMga 2, 1.3.245, pR0 304; nizIthasUtra 11.80, tathA cUNIM / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 5.6048 Adi / 4. vahI 1.2882, 2892 / vizeSacUrNI meM guliya kA artha valkala, khola kA artha sIsakhola kiyA hai jisake dvArA sAdhu loca kiye hue apane sira ko DhaMka lete the / 5. jJAtRdharmakathA 7, pR0 88 / 6. vipAkasUtra 8, pR0 46 / 7. jambUdvIpaTIkA 3, pR0 193 / 8. jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 162 / 9. sthAnAMga 4.282 / AvazyakacUrNI 2. pR0 81 meM ativAva, NivvAva, Arambha aura miTThANa - ye cAra bhaktakathA ke prakAra batAye gaye haiM / tatha dekhiye nizIthabhASya pIThikA 122-123 /

Page #218
tR0 khaNDa] cauthA adhyAya : upabhoga 167. se lIpa-potakara usapara kamala ke patte bichAye jAte, aura puSpa bikhere jAte / usake bAda karoDaya ( kaTorA), kaTThoraga aura maMkuya Adi pAtra yathA-sthAna rakkhe jAte / tatpazcAt loga bhojana karane baitthte| mahAnasazAlA meM azana, pAna, khAdya, svAdya Adi vividha prakAra ke bhojana taiyAra hote, tathA sAdhu-santoM, anAthoM, bhikhAriyAM Adi ko bAMTe jAte / prapA meM rAhagIroM aura parivrAjakoM ko yatheSTa annapAna diyA jaataa| . madirApAna ___ madya aura mAMsa kI ginatI zreSTha bhojanoM meM kI jAtI thii| prAcIna samAja meM madyapAna sarvasAmAnya thaa| kauTilya ke anusAra, utsava, mele aura yAtrA Adi ke avasara para cAra dina taka zarAba banAne kA adhikAra thA / jainasUtroM meM 18 prakAra ke vyaMjanoM meM madya aura mAMsa kA ullekha hai, yaha bAta kahI jA cukI hai| zarAba bar3e parimANa meM taiyAra kI jAtI thI, aura khapata bhI isakI bahuta thI / madyazAlAoM ( pANAgAra; kappasAlA) meM taraha-taraha kI zarAba banAkara becI jAtI thI / rasavANijya (zarAba kA vyApAra) kA pandraha karmAdAnoM meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai| mahArASTra meM rivAja thA ki zarAba kI dukAnoM (rasApaNa) para dhvajA lagI rahatI thii| jJAtRdharmakathA meM ullekha hai ki draupadI ke svayaMvara para rAjA drupada ne vividha prakAra kI surA, madya, sIdhu, prasannA aura mAMsa Adi ke dvArA rAjA-mahArAjAoM kA satkAra kiyA / dvArakA (bAravaI) ke rAja. 1. nizIthacUrNI pIThikA, pR0 51 / 2. nizIthasUtra 9.7; jJAtRdharmakathA 13, pR0 143 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 188 / 4. arthazAstra, 2.25.42.36, pR0 273 / rAmAyaNa, 2.91.51; 5.36.41; 7.42.21 Adi / tathA mAMsa odana ke liye dekhiye mahAbhArata, 1.77.13 Adi; 1.174.13 Adi; 1.177.10 Adi; 2.4.8 Adi; dhammapada aTThakathA 3, pR0 100; surApAnajAtakaM (81), 1, pR0 471; Ara0 ela0 mitra, iNDo-Aryana, 1, pR0 396 Adi / 5. nizIthabhASya, 9.2535; vyavahArabhASya 10. 485 / ... 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3539 / 7. 16, pR0 179 /

Page #219
168 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ tR0 khaNDa kumAra madyapAna meM atyanta Asakta rahate the, aura kAdambarI' nAmaka madya dvArakA ke sarvanAza meM kAraNa huA / striyoM dvArA madyapAna kiye jAne ke ullekha milate haiM / 4 bRhatkalpasUtra ke anusAra, jaina bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM ko usa sthAna meM Thaharane kA niSedha hai jahA~ madya ke kumbha rakkhe rahate hoM / dhyAna rakhane kI bAta hai ki jaina sAdhuoM ko madyapAna kA sarvathA niSedha thA, ' lekina upasarga, durbhikSa, AtaMka, bur3hApA, roga Adi upasthita hone para, apavAda mArga kA anusaraNa kara ve madyapAna kara sakate the" / jJAtRdharmakathA meM zailaka RSi kI kathA AtI hai| rUkSa aura tuccha bhojana karane ke kAraNa unake zarIra meM tIvra vedanA hone lgii| eka bAra, vihAra karate hue ve subhUmibhAga meM Aye / vahA~ maMDuka rAjA ne unheM apanI yAnazAlA meM Thaharane kA nimaMtraNa diyA jisase ki vahA~ rahakara unakI cikitsA ho sake / vaidyoM ne zailaka RSi kI cikitsA karanA Arambha kiyA / unhoMne madyapAna kA vidhAna kiyA / isase roga to zAnta ho gayA, lekina zailaka RSi ko madyapAna kA casakA laga gayA bRhatkalpabhASya meM madya ko svAthya aura dIpti kA kAraNa batAyA hai" / cAvala athavA ganne ke rasa se zarAba (viyaDa = vikaTa ) banAyI jAtI thI / yaha do prakAra kI hotI thI, surAvikaTa aura sauvIravikaTa | ATe ( piTTha; marAThI pITha ) se banI huI zarAba ko surAvikaTa, tathA ATe 1. harivaMzapurANa, 2.41.13 meM isakA ullekha hai / kadaMba ke pake phala se ise taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA / tathA dekhiye uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, * pR0 37 | yahAM karketana ratna ke samAna isakI kAMti batAI gaI hai / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 36 - a Adi / tathA dekhiye ghaTajAtaka ( 454 ), 4, pR0 288 / 3. upAsakadazA 8, pR0 63 / 4. kalpasUtra 9.17 meM vidhAna hai ki paryuSaNa parva meM svastha jaina bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyA~ dUdha, dahI, navanIta, ghI, tela, gur3a, madhu, madya aura mAMsa kA sevana na kareM / madyajanya doSoM ke liye dekhiye nizIthacUrNI pIThikA 131; kuMbhajAtaka ( 512 ), 5, pR0 102-109 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3413 / 6. 5, pR0 80 Adi / 7. bRhatkalpabhASya 5.6035 /

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tR0 khaNDa ] cauthA adhyAya : upabhoga 166 ke sivAya gur3a Adi ke dvArA banI huI zarAba ko sauvIravikaTa, (madya ) kahA gayA hai| isake sivAya, gauDI (gur3a se banAyo huI; ise meraka athavA sIdhu bhI kahA hai ), paiSTI (jau athavA cAvala ke ATe se banAyo huI; ise vAruNI bhI kahA hai ),3 vAMzI (bAMsa ke aMkuroM se banAI huI ), phalasurA (tAr3a, drAkSA aura khajUra Adi se banAI huI ; ise prasannA athavA sauvIra bhI kahA gayA hai), tAlaphala ( tAr3a se banAyI huI ), aura jAti (jAti puSpa se banAI huI) zarAboM ke nAma ullikhita haiM / tatpazcAt prajJApanA Adi sUtroM meM candraprabhA, maNizalAkA, varasodhu, varavAruNI, Asava, madhu, meraka, riSTAbha athavA jaMbUphala 1. vahI, 2.3412 aadi| 2. ise Adhe ubAle hue cAvala, jau, kAlI mirca, nIMbU kA rasa, adaraka aura garma pAnI se taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| cAvala aura jau ko pahale do dina taka garma pAnI meM bhigoyA jAtA, phira usameM dUsarI cIjeM milAyI jAtI / usameM se khamIra nikalatA aura phira usakI bhApa se zarAba taiyAra kI jaatii| surA kA ullekha vaidika sAhitya meM milatA hai, dekhiye vaidika inaDeksa, 2, pR0 458 / sammohavinodinI, pR0 381 meM pA~ca prakAra kI surA batAyI gayI hai:-piThisurA, pUvasurA, odantasurA, kiNNapakkhittA aura sNbhaarsNyuttaa| 3. surA aura vAruNI ke nAma par3ane ke kAraNa ke liye dekhiye kuMbhajAtaka (512), 5, pR0 98 Adi / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3412 / 5. tAr3a ke pake phala se yaha zarAba banatI hai, isameM danti aura kakubha kI / pAttayA~ DAlI jAtI haiM, Ara0 ela0 mitra, iMDo-Aryana, 1, pR0 412 / 6. vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 14 / 7. arthazAstra, 25.2.42.19, pR0 270 ke anusAra, 100 pala kApattha, 500 pala phANita ( rAba), aura 1 prastha madhu ko mizrita karane se Asava taiyAra hotA thaa| 8. drAkSA ke rasa ko madhu ( aMgUrI zarAba) kahA jAtA hai, vahI, pR0 271; tathA dekhiye Ara0 ela0 mitra, vahI, 1, pR0 411 / 9. meSazRMgI ke kAr3he meM gur3a, lambI mirca, kAlI mirca aura triphalA ke cUrNa ko mizrita karane se maireya taiyAra kI jAtI hai, vahIM / ise gaur3I bhI kahA jAtA hai, vaho, pR0 412 /

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ tR0 khaNDa 2 kalikA, dugdhajAti, prasannA tallaka ( nellaka athavA mellaga), zatAyu, kharjUrasAra, mRdvIkAsAra, kApizAyana, a supakva aura ikSusAra nAma kI zarAboM ke nAma pAye jAte haiM / isameM se adhikAMza zarAboM ke nAma unake raMgoM para se rakkhe gaye haiM / bahuta-sI zarAbeM vividha prakAra ke phaloM ke rasa se taiyAra kI jAtI thIM / zatAyu nAma kI zarAba meM bAra pAnI milA dene para bhI usakA asara kama nahIM hotA thA / " mAMsabhakSaNa 200 4 madyapAna kI bhAMti mAMsabhakSaNa kA bhI rivAja thA / zikArI, cir3ImAra, kasAI aura macchImAroM kA vyApAra joroM se calatA thA tathA ve aneka prakAra kA mAMsa, matsya aura zoravA taiyAra karake becA karate the| mAMsa talakara ( taliya ), bhUjakara ( bhajjiya), sukhAkara ( parisukka ) aura namaka milAkara ( lavaNa ) taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA / rAjA ke yahA~ kAma karane vAle rasoiyoM kA ullekha hai jo aneka macchImAra, cir3ImAra aura zikArI Adi ko bhojana - vetana dekara 1. 12 ADhaka ATA ( piSTa) aura 5 prastha kiNva meM jAtisaMbhAra tathA putra kI chAla aura usake phala mizrita karane se prasannA taiyAra hotI hai, vahI; arthazAstra 2.25.42.17, pR0 132 / 2. ise khajUra se taiyAra karate the / pakI huI khajUra meM kaThahala, adaraka aura somalatA kA rasa mizrita karane se kharjUrasAra taiyAra kI jAtI hai / 3. isakA ullekha bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3408 meM milatA hai / yaha durlabha zarAboM meM ginI jAtI thI / 4. yaha ganne ke rasa se banatI thii| isameM kAlI mirca, bera, dahI aura namaka mizrita kiye jAte the / ariSTa aura pakarasa Adi madyoM ke lie dekhiye carakasaMhitA, 1.27, 180 Adi, pR0 340 - 41 / 5. yA zatavArAn zodhitApi svasvarUpaM na jahAti, jIvAbhigama 3, 265, pR0 145-a TokA; tathA jambUdvIpaprajJapti sUtra 20 TIkA, pR0 99 Adi; prajJApanA 17, 4.45 pR0 1104 Adi / cellaNA rAnI apane kezoM ko zatA se bhigokara kArAgRha meM rAjA zreNika se milane jAtI thI, aura vahA~ apane kezoM ko dhokara zreNika ko usa jala kA pAna karAtI thI, AvazyakacUrNI - 2, pR0 171 / madyoM ke prakAra ke liye dekhiye suzruta 1.45. 972 - 195 / 6. vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 14; 3, pR0 22 /

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tR0 khaNDa ] cauthA adhyAya : upabhoga 201 aneka prakAra ke matsya,' bakare, meMr3he, sUara, hariNa, tItara, murge, mora Adi pazu-pakSiyoM ko mArakara maMmavAte, unake choTe-bar3e aura gola Tukar3e karate, maDhe, AMvale, mRdvIkA, dADimaAdi meM bhUnakara taiyAra karate, unase matsyarasa, tittirarasa, mayUrarasa Adi banAte aura phira bhojana-maMDapa meM pratIkSA karate hue rAjA ko parosate / jahA~ mA~sa sukhAyA jAtA usa sthAna ko maMsakhala kahA gayA hai| sUryaprajJapti meM ullekha hai ki amuka nakSatra meM cAsaya, mRga, cItA ( dIvaga ), meMDhaka, nakhavAle jantu, varAha, tItara aura jalacara jIvoM kA mAMsa bhakSaNa karane se siddhi prApta hotI hai| isake sivAya, saMkhaDiyoM (bhoja) kA ullekha milatA hai jahA~ jIvoM ko mArakara unake mAMsa ko atithiyoM ko parosA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra kI saMkhar3iyoM meM jaina bhikSu yA bhikSuNI ko sammilita hone kA niSedha thaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM ariSTanemi kI kathA AtI hai| jaba ve apanI bArAta lekara rAjA ugrasena ko kanyA rAjImatI ko byAhane jA rahe the to rAste meM pazuoM kA karuNa zabda sunakara unhoMne apane sArathi se isa sambandha meM prazna kiyA / sArathi ne uttara diyA, mahArAja! Apake barAtiyoM ko khilAne ke liye mAre jAne vAle pazuoM kA yaha cItkAra hai| yaha sunakara ariSTanemi ko vairAgya utpanna ho gayA aura saMsAra kA tyAga kara unhoMne zramaNa dIkSA dhAraNa kii| rAjagRha ke zramaNopAsaka mahAzataka kI patnI revatI mAMsa-bhakSaNa meM atyanta Asakta rahatI thI / vaha surA, madhu, maireya, madya, sodhu aura prasannA kA bhakSaNa kara prasanna hotI, tathA apane pIhara ke gokula meM se prAtaH 1. matsyoM ke prakAroM meM khavalla, vijjhaDiya, hali, laMbhaNa, paDAgAipaDAga Adi kA ullekha hai, vahI, 8, pR0 46 / / 2. bhUnane kI anya vidhiyoM meM himapakka, sIyapakka, jammapakka, vegapakka, vAyupakka, mAruyapakka, kAla, heraMga, mahiha Adi kA ullekha hai, vhii| 3. vahI / tathA dekhiye nizIthabhASya 15.4843 kI cUrNI / 4. nizIthasUtra 11.80 / 5. 51, pR0 151 / . . 6. AcArAMga, 2, 1.3.245 / 7. 22.14 Adi /

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202 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ tR0 khaNDa kAla do bachar3e mArakara lAne kA apane naukara ko Adeza deto / ' isase pratIta hotA hai ki sAdhAraNa logoM meM mAMsa bhakSaNa kA rivAja thA / sAdhAraNatayA jaina zrAvaka yA jainasAdhu ke lie mAMsa bhakSaNa kA sarvathA niSedha hai / AvazyakacUrNI meM dvArakA ke arahamitta zrAvaka ke putra jinadatta kI kathA AtI hai| eka bAra, vaha kisI bhayaMkara roga se pIr3ita huA / vaidyoM ne mAMsa bhakSaNa batAyA, lekina vaha apane vrata para dRr3ha rahA / usane kahA, jalatI huI Aga meM mara jAnA acchA hai, lekina cirasaMcita vrata kA bhaMga karanA ThIka nahIM / mRtyu zreSTha hai, lekina jIvana meM zIla kA skhalana karanA acchA nahIM / bauddhAM aura hastitApasoM ke sAtha zAstrArtha hote samaya bhI ArdrakakumAra sAdhu mAMsa bhakSaNa kI nindA hI kI hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki jainadharma meM mAMsa bhakSaNa niSiddha thA / lekina kabhI kucha saMkaTakAlIna paristhitiyA~ aisI bhI A jAtIM jaba ki vivaza hokara mAMsa bhakSaNa ke lie bAdhya honA par3atA / rAjagRha ke dhanya sArthavAha kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| apane pA~coM putroM ko sAtha lekara usane jaMgala meM bhAgate hue cilAta cora kA pIchA kiyA / saba loga bhAgate-bhAgate thaka gaye, aura kSudhA tRSA se por3ita ho uThe / usa samaya lAcAra hokara mRta suMsumA ke mAMsa kA bhakSaNa kara aura usake rakta kA pAna kara unhoMne apanI kSudhA aura tRSA zAnta kI / isI taraha kI kathA bRhatkalpabhASya meM AtI hai / cAra brAhmaNa kisI vedAdhyayana pAragAmI brAhmaNa ke sAtha paradeza kI yAtrA kara rahe the / mArga meM inheM bahuta bhUkha-pyAsa lagI / inake sAtha eka kuttA bhI thA / vedapAragAmo brAhmaNa ne kahA ki hameM isa kutte ko mArakara khA lenA cAhie, ApattikAla meM yaha vedoM kA rahasya hai / pahale brAhmaNa ne yaha bAta svIkAra kara lo, dUsare ne sunakara apane kAnoM para hAtha rakkhe, 1. upAsakadazA 8, pR0 63 / 2. varaM praveSTuM jvalitaM hutAzanaM, na cApi bhagnaM cirasaMcitaM vrataM / varaM hi mRtyuH suvizuddhakarmaNo na cApi zIlaskhalitasya jIvitaM / -- AvazyakacUNa 2, pR0 202 / 3. sUtrakRtAMga 2, 6.37-42 / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 18, pR0 213 /

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203 tR0 khaNDa] cauthA adhyAya : upabhoga tIsarA kahane lagA ki yaha to akRtya hai lekina kyA kiyA jAye, cauthe ne kevala kutte ke mAMsa kA hI bhakSaNa nahIM kiyA, balki vaha gAya aura gadhe Adi ke mAMsa kA bhI bhakSaNa karane lgaa| aTavI pAra karane ke pazcAt saba ko prAyazcitta diyA gyaa| pahale brAhmaNa ko thor3A sA prAyazcita dekara zuddha kara liyA / dUsarA bhUkha se mara gayA / tIsare ke sira para kutte kA carma rakhakara use caturvedI brAhmaNoM ke pAdavaMdana ke lie Adeza diyA gayA / cauthA mAtaga cAMDAloM meM mila gyaa|' jaina sAdhu aura mAMsabhakSaNa jaina sAdhuoM ke sambandha meM bho lagabhaga yahI bAta huI / sAdhuoM ko diye jAne vAle bhikSApiMDa meM dUdha, dahI, makkhana, ghI, gur3a, tila aura madhu Adi ke sAtha madya aura mAMsa kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| isa ullekha ke saMbaMdha meM TIkAkAra ne likhA hai ki madyamAMsa ko vyAkhyA chedasUtra ke abhiprAya se karanI cAhie, athavA ho sakatA hai ki koI atyanta lolupI sAdhu pramAda ke kAraNa madya-mAMsa kA bhakSaNa karanA cAhe, ataeva bhikSApiMDa meM inheM bhI sammilita kiyA gayA hai| mAMsa yA matsya ko pakatA huA dekhakara sAdhu ke lie usakI yAcanA na karane kA vidhAna hai lekina yadi vaha kisI roga Adi se AkrAnta ho to yaha niyama lAgU nahIM hotaa| aisI hAlata meM yadi koI usake bhikSApAtra meM bahuta haDDI vAlA mAMsa ( bahu aTThiya puggala) DAla de to usase kahanA cAhie ki yadi yahI denA tumheM iSTa hai to pudgala (mAMsa) hI do, asthi nahIM / yaha kahane para bhI yadi vaha bhikSAnna jabadastI pAtra meM DAla ho de to bhikSA ko ekAnta meM le jAkara, mAMsa aura matsya kA bhakSaNa kara asthi aura kaMTaka ko alaga kara de| isa sambandha meM punaH TIkAkAra kA kathana hai ki yaha vidhAna kisI acche vaidya ke upadeza se lUtA Adi roga ke zAnta karane ke lie kiyA huA hI samajhanA caahie| corapalli athavA zUnya grAma meM se hokara jAte hue sAdhuoM ke lie bhI matsya-mAMsa kA vidhAna saMbhava 1. 1.1013-16; nizIthabhASya 15.4874 Adi / 2. AcArAMgasUtra 2, 11.4.247 TIkA / . 3. AcArAMgaTIkA, vahI; tathA 2, 1.9.274 /

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204 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa kahA gayA hai| isake atirikta , katipaya dezoM meM matsya aura mAMsabhakSaNa kA rivAja thA / udAraNa ke lie, siMdhu deza meM loga mAMsa se nirvAha karate the, tathA AmiSa-bhojI vahA~ bure nahIM samajhe jAte the| aisI hAlata meM, deza-kAla ko apekSA ho ukta sUtra kA vidhAna samajhA jAnA cAhie / vastutaH sAmAnyatayA jaina bhikSuoM ke lie madya-mAMsa kA niSedha hI batAyA gayA hai| buddha bhagavAna ne trikoTi-zuddha mAMsa-bhakSaNa kA vidhAna kiyA hai, arthAt jisa dekhA na ho, ( adRSTa) jisake sambandha meM sunA na ho (azrata ) aura jisake bAre meM zaMkA na ho ( aparizaMkita )-aise mAMsa kA bhakSaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki una dinoM mAMsabhakSaNa ke sambandha meM itane kaThora vidhAna nahIM the| roga se pIr3ita hone para yA durbhikSa se AkrAnta hone para yA koI anivArya upasarga Adi upasthita ho jAne para, dharmasaMkaTa jAna, zramaNa bhikSu, zarIra tyAga karane kI apekSA, mAMsa bhakSaNa kara, saMyama-nirvAha karane ko zreyaskara samajhate the / avazya ho aisA karane ke kAraNa ve prAyazcita ke bhAgI hote the| bhagavAn mahAvIra aura maMkhaliputra gozAla kI kathA kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / gozAla ne jaba mahAvIra ke Upara tejolezyA chor3I to pita-jvara ke kAraNa unheM khUna ke dasta hone lage / yaha dekhakara siMha anagAra ko bahuta dukha huaa| mahAvIra ne use meMDhiyagrAmavAsI revatI ke ghara bhejA aura Adeza diyA-"revatI ne jo do kapota taiyAra kara rakkhe haiM, unheM maiM nahIM cAhatA, vahA~ jo parasoM ke dina taiyAra kiyA huA anya mArjArakRta kukkuTamAMsa rakkhA hai, use le aao|" ise bhakSaNa kara mahAvIra kA roga zAnta huA / ' 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 2906-11; nizIthacUrNI, pIThikA pR0 149 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1. 1239 / 3. dekhiye mahAvagga 6.19,35, pR0 253; suttanipAta, AmagaMdhasutta, 2.2; prophesara dharmAnanda kozAMbI, purAtattva 3.4, pR0 323 Adi / 4. duve kAvoyasarIrA uvakkhaDiyA tehiM no aTTho, asthi se anne pAriyAsie majjArakaDae kukkuDamaMsae tamAharAhiM / abhayadevasUri ne isakI

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tR0 khaNDa] cauthA adhyAya : upabhoga 205 vastroM ke prakAra bhojana ke pazcAt jIvana kA Avazyaka aMga hai vastra / sUtI kapar3e pahanane kA sarvasAdhAraNa meM rivAja thaa| loga sundara vastra, gandha, mAlya aura alaMkAra dhAraNa karate the|' sabhA meM jaya prApta karane ke liye zukla vastroM kA,dhAraNa karanA Avazyaka kahA hai| cAra prakAra ke vastroM kA yahA~ ullekha hai :-vastra jo pratidina pahanane ke kAma meM Ate haiM, jo snAna ke pazcAt pahane jAte haiM, jo utsava, mele Adi ke samaya pahane jAte haiM aura jo rAjA-mahArAjA Adi se bheMTa karane ke samaya dhAraNa kiye jAte haiN| TIkA karate hue likhA hai-'ityAdeH zrayamANamevArtha kecinmanyate ( kucha loga zrUyamANa artha arthAt mAMsa-paraka artha ko hI svIkAra karate haiM ) / anye tvAhu:-kApotakaH pakSivizeSastadvad ye phale varNasAdhamyotte kapote-kUSmAMDe hrasve kapote kapotake, te ca zarIre vanaspatijIvadehatvAt kapotakazarIre, athavA kapotazarIre iva dhUsaravarNasAdhAdeva kapotazarAre kUSmAMDakaphale eva te upasaMskRte-saMskRte ( kucha kA kathana hai ki kapota kA artha yahA~ kUSmAMDa-kumhar3A karanA caahie)| 'tehiM' no aho' tti bahu pApatvAt / 'pAriAsiye' tti pArivAsitaM hyastanamityarthaH / 'majjArakaDae' ityAderapi zrUyamANamevArthaM manyante (mArikRta kA bhI kucha loga pracalita artha ho svIkAra karate haiN)| anye tvAhuH-mArjAro vAyuvizeSaH tadupazamanAya kRtaM saMskRtaM mAjorakRtaM ( kucha kA kathana hai ki mAjAra koI vAyu vizeSa hai, usake upazamana ke lie jo taiyAra kiyA gayA ho vaha 'mArikRta' hai)| apare tyAhuH-mArjAro virAlikAbhidhAno vanaspativizeSastena kRtaM-bhAvitaM yattattathA / kiM tat ? ityAha kukuTamAMsaM bojapUrakaM kaTAham ( dUsaro ke anusAra mArjAra kA artha hai virAlikA nAma kI vanaspati, usase bhAvita bIjapUra yAno bijaurA ) / 'bAharAhi' tti niravadyatvAt, vyAkhyAprajJakti 15, pR0 662-shr| tathA dekhie ratilAla ema0 zAha, bhagavAn mahAvIra ane mAMsAhAra, pATaNa, 1656%; muni nyAyavijayajI, bhagavAn mahAvIranu auSadhagrahaNa, pATaNa, 1656 / buddha bhagavAn 'sUkaramaddava' kA bhakSaNa kara bhayaMkara roga se pIr3ita ho kuzInAra ke liye vihAra kara gaye, dekhiye dIghanikAya 2, 3, pR0 68-6 / 1. kalpasUtra 4. 82 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 5. 6035 / 3. vahI, pIThikA, 644 /

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206 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa aizo-ArAma se rahane ke lie bar3hiyA vastroM kI AvazyakatA hotI thii| AcarAMga meM vastroM kI prAcIna sUcI dI huI hai / jaMgiya athavA jAMghika ( Una se bane kambala Adi ), bhaMgiya, sANiya (sana se bane hue), pottaga (tAr3a Adi ke pAtroM se bane hue ), khomiya' ( kapAsa ke bane) aura tUlakaDa" nAmaka vastroM kA yahA~ ullekha milatA hai / vidhAna hai ki jaina bhikSu athavA bhikSuNI jarUrata par3ane para ina vastroM ko mA~ga sakate haiN| __nimnalikhita vastroM kI gaNanA bahumUlya vastroM meM kI jAtI thI, aura jaina bhikSuoM ko unake dhAraNa karane kA niSedha thA:-AINarga (ajina; pazuoM kI khAla se bane hue vastra), sahiNa (sUkSma; bArIka bane hue vastra), sahiNakallANa (sUkSmakalyANa; bArIka aura sundara vastra ), Aya (Aja; bakare ke bAloM ke vastra), 1. 2, 5. 1. 364, 368, tathA milindaprazna, pR0 267 / 2. bhAMgeya kA ullekha mUlasarvAstivAda ke vinayavastu meM bhI milatA hai, pR062 / yaha vastra bhAga vRkSa ke taMtuoM se banAyA jAtA thA; abhI bhI uttara pradeza ke kumAU~ jile meM isakA pracAra hai aura ise bhAgelA nAma se kahA jAtA hai, DAkTara motIcanda, bhAratI vidyA, 1, bhAga 1, pR0 41 / 3. potameva potakaM kArpAsika, bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti, 2. 3660 / - 4. mahAvagga 8.6. 14 pR0 268 meM khoma, kappAsika, koseyya, kaMbala, sANa aura bhaMga nAmake chaha cIvaroM kA ullekha hai| dekhie girajAprasanna majUmadAra kA lekha, inDiyana kalcara, 1, 1-4, pR0 166, Adi / 5. bRhatkalpasUtra 2. 24; tathA sthAnAMga, 5. 446 meM tUlakar3a ke sthAna para tirIDapaTTa kA ullekha hai, jo tirIDa vRkSa kI chAla se banAyA jAtA thaa| tathA dekhie mUlasarvAstivAda kA vinayavastu, pR0 64; / mahAvagga 2 cIvara skandhaka, tIsarA prakaraNa / moniyara viliyamsa ne apane koza meM tiroDa kA artha zirovastra kiyA hai| 6. dekhie mahAvagga 5. 10.21 pR0 211 / una dinoM zera, cItA, tenduzrA, gAya aura hariNa kI khAla ke vastra banAye jAte the| 7. nizIthasatra 7. 12 kI cUrNI meM kahA hai ki tosali deza meM bakaroM ke khuroM meM lagI huI zaivAla se vastra banAye jAte the| lekina isa kathana kA koI pramANa nahIM milaa|

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tR* khaNDa] cauthA adhyAya : upabhoga 207 kAya' (nIlo kapAsa ke bane vastra), khomiya (kSaumika; kapAsa ke bane vastra), dugulla2 (dukUla; dukUla paudhe ke tantuoM se bane vastra ), paTTa (paTTa ke tantuoM se bane vastra), malaya, patunna (patroNa; vRkSa kI chAla ke tantu se niSpanna ), aMsuya (aMzuka ), cINAMsuya (cInAMzuka ), desarAga (raMgIna vastra), amila* ( sApha ciTTe vastra ), gajjaphala (pahanate samaya kar3a-kar3a zabda karane vAlA vastra), phAliya (sphaTika; sphaTika 1. nizIthacUrNI 7, pR0 366 ke anusAra kAka deza meM honevAle kAkajaMghA nAma ke paudhe ke tantuoM se banAye jAte the| lekina yaha bAta buddhigrAhya nahIM jAna pdd'tii| 2. lekina prAcArAMga ke TIkAkAra ke anusAra, gaur3a deza meM utpanna hone vAlI eka khAsa taraha kI kapAsa se ye vastra banate the| 3. anuyogadvAra sUtra (37) meM kITaja vastroM ke pAMca bheda batAye gaye haiM:-paTTa, malaya, aMsuga, cInAMsuya aura kimirAga ( suvaraNa, bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3662 meN)| TIkAkAra ke anusAra, kisI jaMgala meM saMcita kiye hue mAMsa ke cAroM ora ekatrita kIr3oM se paTTa vastra banAye jAte haiN| malaya vastra malaya deza meM paidA hotA hai / aMzuka cIna ke bAhara, tathA cInAMzuka cIna meM paidA hotA hai| bRhatkalpabhASya ke TIkAkAra kA kahanA hai ki aMzuka eka prakAra kA rezama hai jo komala tantuoM se banAyA jAtA hai, jaba ki cInAMzuka kotrA rezama yA cInI rezama se banatA hai| suvarNa sunahare raMga kA eka dhAgA hotA hai jo khAsa prakAra ke rezamI kIr3oM se taiyAra hotA hai / rezama ko mahAbhArata meM kITaja kahA gayA hai, yaha cIna aura vAhalIka se aAtA thaa| maikriNDala ke anusAra, kaccA rezama eziyA ke bhItarI hissoM meM kosa nAma ke sthAna meM taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| tathA dekhiye bhagavatIaArAdhanA 562 kI AzAdhara kI TIkA / kRmirAga ke lie dekhiye DAkTara e0 ena0 upAdhye, bRhatkathAkoSa kI prastAvanA, pR0 88 / 4.patrorNa kA ullekha mahAbhArata, 2, 78.54 meM hai| kauTilya ke arthazAstra 2.11.26. 112 ke anusAra yaha magadha, puNDraka tathA suvarNakuDyaka ina tIna dezoM meM utpanna hotA thaa| 5. zrAcArAMga ke TIkAkAra zIlAMka ne amila kA artha U~Ta kiyA hai ! 6. paribhujjamANA kaDakaDeti, nizIthacUrNI, vhii|

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208 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa ke samAna svaccha vastra ), koyava' ( kotava: rue~dAra kambala ), kambalaga (kambala ) aura pAvAra (prAvaraNa; labAdA) vastroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta, udda' ( udra siMdhu deza meM paidA hone vAle udra nAmaka matsya ke carma se niSpanna ), pesa (siMdhu deza meM paidA hone vAle pazu vizeSa ke carma se niSpanna ), pesala (pezala; jisa para pesa carma ke belabUTe kar3he hoM), kaNhamigAiNa ( kRSNamRgAjina; kRSNa mRga ke cameM se niSpanna ), nIlamigAjina ( nIlamRgAjina; nIla mRga ke came se niSpanna ), goramigAjina (gauramRgAjina; gaura bhRga ke carma se niSpanna ), kanaka (sone ko pighalAkara usake rasa meM raMge hue sUtra se niSpanna ). kanakakAMta (jisakI kinAriyAM sone kI bhAMti camakatI hoM), kanakapaTTa (jisako kinAriyA~ sone kI hoM), kanakakhacita (sunahale dhAge ke belabUToM vAlA vastra), kanakaspRSTa (jisapara sunahale phUla kar3he hoM), vaggha ( vyAghra-carma se niSpanna ), vivaggha ( cIte ke carma se niSpanna ), AbharaNa (patra Adi eka hI prakAra ke namUnoM se 1. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 2.3662; anuyogadvAra sUtra 37 kI TIkA / TIkAkAroM ke anusAra yaha vastra bakare athavA cUhe ke bAloM se banAyA jAtA thA / dekhiye mahAvagga 8.8.12 pR0 268 / 2. taittirIyasaMhitA meM udra kA ullekha hai, yaha eka prakAra kA jala-bilAva hotA thA, vedika inDaiksa, 2, pR0 89; tathA dekhiye kauTilya, arthazAstra 2.11 26.66 pR0 166 / 3. vaidika yuga meM, pesa ke sunahale belabUToM vAlA kalAtmaka vastra hotA thA / pezakArI striyoM ise banAyA karatI thIM, vedika inDaiksa 2, pR0 22 / 4. suvaraNe dute suttaM rajati teNa jaMkataM, nizIthacUrNI, vhii| 5. kaNagena jassa paTTA katA, vhii| 6. kaNagasutteNa phulliyA jassa pADiyA, vahI / 7. kaNageNa jassa phullitAu dieNAu / jahA kaddameNa uDDeDijjati, vahI / aMgrejI meM ise 'Tinsala priMTiMga' kahate haiM, isakI chApane kI vidhi ke lie dekhie sara jArja vATa, iMDiyana ArTa aiTa dillI, 1603, pR0 267 Adi / ::.. 8. patrikAdi ekAbharaNena maMDitA, nizIthacUrNI, vaho /

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206 tR0 khaNDa ] cauthA adhyAya : upabhoga niSpanna ), AbharaNavicitra' (patra, candralekhA, svastika, ghaMTikA aura mauktika Adi aneka namUnoM se niSpanna ) Adi vastroM kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM upalabdha hotA hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra meM kappAsiya ( kArpAsika ), paTTa, aura dugulla (dukUla ) ke atirikta, vaDaga nAma ke vastra kA bhI ullekha hai| TokAkAra ne isakA artha Tasara kiyA hai| anuyogadvAra sUtra meM pAMca prakAra ke vastroM ke nAma ginAye gaye hai :-aMDaja, boMDaya ( kapAsa ko baoNDI se niSpanna ), koTaja ( kIr3oM se niSpanna ), vAlaya (bAloM se niSpanna ) aura vAgaya ( vRkSoM kI chAla se nisspnn)|" dRSya-eka kImatI vastra dUsa athavA dUSya kImatI vastra hotA thaa| devadUsa ( devadUSya; devoM dvArA diyA huA vastra) kA ullekha milatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jaba zramaNa-dIkSA grahaNa kI to ve isa vastra ko dhAraNa kiye hue the / isa vastra kA mUlya eka lAkha ( sayasahassa) kUtA gayA thaa| vijayadRSya eka anya prakAra kA vastra thA jo zaMkha, kuMda, jaladhArA aura samudraphena ke samAna zveta varNa kA hotA thaa| vRhatkalpabhASya meM pA~ca prakAra ke dUSya vastra batAye gaye haiM :koyava (rUI kA vastra), pAvAraga' prAvAraka; kambala ), dAr3hi 1. patrikacaMdalehikasvastikaghaMTikamauktikamAdIhiM maMDitA, vahI / 2. zrAcArAMgasUtra, vahI; nizIthacUrNI, vahI / 3. 11.11, pR0 547 / 4. sambhavataH aNDI nAmaka vastra; TIkAkAroM ne isakA, artha aNDAjjAtaM (aNDe se utpanna ) kiyA hai| 5. satra 37 / 6. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 268; mahAvagga (8.8.12 pR0 268) meM siveyyaka vastra kA ullekha hai / yaha vastra zivi deza se zrAtA thA aura eka lAkha meM milatA thaa| majjhimanikAya 2, 2 pR0 16 meM dussayuga kA nAma aAtA hai| 7. rAjapraznIya 43, pR0 100 / 8. rUtapUritaH paTaH, loke 'mANikI' iti prasiddhA / 6. nepAlAdiralvaNasemA bRhatkaMbalaH / . 14 jai0 bhA0

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210 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [tR0 khaNDa Ali' (dAMtoM kI paMkti ke samAna zveta vastra ), pUrikA ( TATa athavA hAthIkI jhUla Adi jo moTe kapar3e se bunI gayI ho ), aura viralikA ( duhare sUta se bunA huA vastra, jaise dutaI Adi) / sthAnAMga sUtra meM pUrikA aura viralikA ke sthAna para palhavi athavA pallavi (hAthI kI jhUla ) aura navayaa ( Una ko cAdara ) kA ullekha hai / " dUSyoM kI dUsarI sUcI meM upadhAna ( athavA bibboyaNa; pAli meM bimbohana; haMsa ke roma adi kA banA takiyA ), tUlo ( poMjI huI rUI athavA Akhe ko rUI ke gadde; rajAI Adi ), AliMganikA ( puruSapramANa hotI hai, jo sote samaya jAnu - koppara Adi meM lagAyI jAtI hai ), gaMDopadhAna ( gAloM para rakhane ke takiye ), aura masUraka" ( carma - vastra se banAye hue gola rUI ke gadde ) kI gaNanA kI gayI hai / ' anya vastra tatpazcAt zayanIya ( sayaNijja ), cAdara (rayattANa = rajattrANa ), gadde, tozaka Adi kA ullekha hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mAtA trizalA kI zayyA manuSyapramANa ( sAliMgaNavaTTio) gaddoM se zobhita thI, usake donoM ora takiye ( bibboyaNa ) lage the, donoM ora se yaha Upara ko uTho thI aura madhya bhAga meM polI thI / yaha atyanta komala thI, kSauma aura dukUla vastra se AcchAdita thI, belabUTe nikalI huI rajastrANa 1. yathA mukhamadhye yamalitobhayadaMtapaMktirUpA dAr3hikAliH - dantAvalIrnirIkSyate evaM dhautapotikA'pi dvijasatkasadaza vastra paridhAnarUpA dRzyamAnA dADhikAlikhi pratibhAti / 2. pUryate stokairapi tantubhiH pUrNI bhavatIti pUrikA - sthUlazaNaguNamAtmikA yA dhAnyagoNikA kriyante hastAdyAstaraNAni vA / 3. dvisarasUtrapATI / 4. 3. 3823 Adi, tathA TIkA / 5. 4. 310 TIkA, pR0 222 / 6. mahAvagga 5.6. 20, pR0 211 meM bhI ullekha / uccAsana aura mahAzayana ke liye dekhiye aMguttaranikAya 1. 3. pR0 168 / 7. mahAvagga 1, ( 5. 4. pR0 322 ) aura cullavagga ( 6. 1.4, pR0 243 ) meM vividha takiyoM Adi kA ullekha hai / 8. bRhatkalpabhASya, 3. 3824; nizIthabhASya 12. 4001-4002 /

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tR0 khaNDa] cauthA adhyAya : upabhoma , 211 isa para bichI thI, tathA loma-carma, kapAsa, tantu aura navanIta ke samAna komala raktAMzuka se yaha DhaMkI huI thii|' sukumAra, komala, grandhapradhAna kaSAyarakta zATikAoM ( aMgoche) ke dvArA snAna karane ke pazcAt zarIra poMchA jAtA thaa| yavanikA ( javaNiyA) kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| suprasiddha nagaroM meM taiyAra kiye hue ratna tathA kImatI hIre-javAharAtoM se yaha sajjita thI, isake komala vastra para saikar3oM DijAina bane hue the, tathA vRka, bRSabha ghor3e, nara, pakSI, sarpa, kinnara, zarabha, camarI gAya, hastI, vRkSa aura latA se ve zobhita the| celacilamiNi dUsarI prakAra kI yavanikA (kanAta ) thI jo jaina sAdhuoM ke upayoga meM AtI thii|" yaha pAMca prakAra kI batAyo gayI hai :-sUta kI banI huI (suttamaI), rassI kI banI huI ( rajumaI ), vRkSoM ko chAla kI banI huI (vAgamaI ), DaNDoM kI banI huI (daMDamaI) aura bAMsa kI banI huI ( kaDagamaI ) / yaha kanAta pA~ca hAtha lambI aura tIna hAtha caur3I hotI thii| jaise lATa deza meM kaccha (kachoTA) pahanane kA rivAja thA, vaise hI mahArASTra kI kanyAe~ bhoyar3A pahanatI thiiN| ise ve vivAha hone ke pazcAt garbhavatI hone taka dhAraNa kiye rahatI thIM, tatpazcAt koI utsava manAyA jAtA jisameM sage-sambandhiyoM ko nimaMtrita kiyA jAtA, aura phira bhoyar3A nikAla diyA jaataa| loga nUtana ( ahaya) aura bahumUlya (sumahaggaha =sumahAghaka) vastra phnte| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vastra ( paTTayugala) itane bArIka aura komala the ki ve nAka ke zvAsa se ur3a jAte the| kisI prasiddha 1. kalpasUtra 3. 32; jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR. 4 / 2. aupapAtikasUtra 31, pR0 122 / 3. kalpasUtra 4.63 / 4. bRhatkalpasUtra 1. 18; bauddhoM ke cullavagga 6. 1. pR0 243 meM ise cilimikA kahA gayA hai| 5. dekhiye nizIthabhASya 1.655-56 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2374 zrAdi; 3.4804, 4811, 4815, 4817 / 7. nizIthacUrNI pIThikA, pR0 52 / . 8. zrIpapAtikasUtra, 31, pR0 122 /

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212 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ tR0 khaNDa nagara se taiyAra hokara ve Aye the, kuzala zilpiyoM dvArA prazaMsita the, ghor3e ke phena jaise komala the, kuzala kArIgaroM ne una para sunahare belabUTe kAr3he the, tathA haMsa-lakSaNa se ve zobhAyamAna the / ' loga do hI vastra dhAraNa karate the, eka Upara kA ( uttarIya ) aura dUsarA nIce kA ( antarIya ) / uttarIya vastra bahuta sundara hotA thA, usa para laTakate hue motiyoM ke jhUmake lage rahate the; akhaNDa vastra se yaha banA ( eka zATika ) hotA thA / sIne kA rivAja thA / suI aura dhAge ( suIsutta) kA pracAra thA / sAdhuoM ko apane phaTe hue vastroM meM sIne kI anujJA thI bAMsa ( veNUsUiya ), lohe aura sIMga kI banI suiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai / " phaTe hue kapar3e ko adhika na phaTane dene ke liye usameM gA~Tha mAra dI jAtI thI / jaina sAdhu aura unake vastra pArzvanAtha ne jaina sAdhuoM ke lie adhovastra ora uttarIya vastra (santaruttara) dhAraNa karane kA vidhAna kiyA hai, yaha bAta kahI jA cukI hai / " jaina sAdhu ko tIna vastra dhAraNa karane kI anujJA thI :- kSauma ke bane do adhovastra ( omacela ) tathA Una kA banA eka uttarIya / 1. AcArAMga, 2, bhAvanA adhyayana, pR0 360 / tathA rAmAyaNa 1.73.31 / 2. aupapAtika pR0 45 / 3. sUtrakRtAMga 4.2.12 / 4. zrAcArAMga 2,5.1.364 | dekhiye cullavagga 5.5.14, pR0 204 / vidhipUrvaka sIne ke gaggaraga, daMDi, jAlaga, dukkhIla, egakhIla aura gomuttiga, tathA vidhipUrvaka sIneke egasariMga, bisariga aura RsaMkaTa ( RSakaMTaka ) nAma ke meda batAye gaye haiM, nizIthabhASya 1.782, pR0 60; bRhatkalpabhASya 3662 TIkA / 5. nizIthasUtra 1.40, pR0 48; bhASya 718, pR0 50 | 6. nizIthasUtra 1.50 / 7. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 23.26 ; tathA dekhiye mUlasarvAstivAda kA vinayavastu, pRSTha 64 / 8. AcArAMga 7.4.208 / buddha ne bhI tIna vastra dhAraNa karane kI zranujJA dI thI - saMghATa, uttarAsaMga, antaravAsaka; mahAvagga 8.15.21, pR0 305 /

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tR.khaNDa ] cauthA adhyAya : upabhoga 213 jo sAdhu acela ( vastrarahita ) nahIM raha sakate the, unheM apane guhya pradeza ko AcchAdita karane ke lie kaTibandha ( athavA aggoyara) rakhane kA vidhAna hai| yaha vastra cAra aMgula caur3A aura eka hAtha lambA hotA thaa| Age calakara isa vastra ko colapaTTaka kahA jAne lgaa| bauddha sAdhuoM kI bhAMti jaina sAdhuoM ke lie bhI raMge hue :vastra dhAraNa karane kA niSedha thaa| jaina sAdha kinAra ( dasA) vAle vastra bhI dhAraNa nahIM kara sakate the| unake lie vidhAna hai ki thUNA ( thAnezvara) meM kRtsna ( akhaNDa) vastra pahananA cAhie, lekina kinArI kATakara hI / AvazyakatA par3ane para tAlAcara ( naTa, nataka Adi ), devachatradhArI, vaNika, skandhAvAra, sainya, saMvarta ( coroM ke bhaya se kisI nAyaka ke netRtva meM jahA~ bahuta se grAma ekatrita hoM), lAkuTika, gokulavAsI, sevaka, jAmAtA aura pathikoM se vastra grahaNa karane kA vidhAna hai| ye loga naye vastra lekara purAne vastroM ko zramaNoM ko de dete the| vastroM ke vibhAga karane ko vidhi batAI gaI hai| pAsA DAla kara bhI vastroM kA vibhAjana kiyA jAtA thaa| ___ vastra ke abhAva meM maggapAlI Adi sAdhviyAM carmakhaMDa, zAka Adi ke patra, aura darbha dvArA athavA hAtha se apane guhaya aGgoM kI rakSA karatI thiiN| nirgranthiniyoM ko acela rahane kI anujJA nahIM thI, ve nimnalikhita vastra dhAraNa karatI thIM:-1 uggahaNaMtiga'-guhya aMgoM ko DhaMkane ke lie isakA upayoga hotA thaa| AkAra meM yaha vastra nAva kI bhA~ti hotA thA, bIca meM caur3A aura donoM tarapha se patalA / yaha vastra komala hotA thaa| 2 paTTa-yaha chare ke samAna cipaTA hotA thA / ise dhAgoM se kasakara bAMdha diyA jAtA aura kamara ko DhaMkane ke lie yaha kAphI thA / yaha caur3AI meM cAra aMgula strI ke 1. AcArAMga 7.6.220 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3605 Adi / mUlasarvAstivAda ke vinayavastu meM channadaza aura dIrghadaza kA ullekha hai, pR0 65 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4268 Adi / 4. vahI 3.4323-26 / 5. nizIthabhASya 5.1682 / 6. uggaha arthAt yonidvAra /

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214 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja ... [tR0 khaNDa kaTipramANa hotA hai| isase uggahaNaMtaga ke donoM chora DhaMka jAte haiN| kaTi meM ise bA~dhA jAtA hai aura AkAra meM yaha jAMghiye kI bhA~ti hotA hai / bhagandara aura arza ( bavAsIra ) ityAdi se pIr3ita hone para yaha vizeSa upayogI hotA thA' 3 addhoruga ( urukAdha)-isase kamara DhaMka jAtI hai tathA yaha uggahaNaMtaga aura paTTa ke Upara pahanA jAtA hai| chAtI ke donoM ora kasakara yaha bA~dha diyA jAtA hai| 4 calanikA-ghuTanoM taka AnevAlA binA sIyA vastra / 5 abhitaraniyaMsiNI-kamara se lagAkara AdhI jAMghoM taka laTakA rahane vAlA vastra / vastra badalate samaya sAdhviyA~ isakA upayoga karatI thIM, jisase vastrarahita avasthA meM dekhakara loga parihAsa na kara skeN| 6 bahiniyaMsiNI-ghuTTiyoM taka laTakA rahanevAlA vastra / DorI ke dvArA ise kaTi meM bA~dhA jAtA thaa| isake alAvA, anya vastra bhI zarIra ke UparI bhAga meM pahane jAte the:-1 kaMcuka-vakSasthala ko DhaMkane vAlA binA sIyA vastra, jo kamara ke donoM tarapha kasakara bA~dhA jAtA hai| kApAlika ke kaMcuka ke samAna yaha ar3hAI hAtha lambA aura eka hAtha caur3A hotA hai| 2 ukkacchiya ( aupakakSikI)-yaha kaMcuka ke samAna hI hotA thaa| yaha caukora aura Der3ha hAtha kA hotA thaa| isase chAtI, dakSiNa pAzca aura kamara DhaMka jAtI thI, tathA vAma pAzva kI bhora isakI gAMTha lagatI thii| 3 vegacchiya (vaikakSikI)-kaMcuka aura ukkacchiya donoM ko DhaMkanevAlA vastra / 4 saMghATI-saMghATI cAra hotI thIM / eka do hAtha kI, do tIna hAtha kI aura eka cAra hAtha kI / pahalI saMghATo pratizraya ( upAzcaya ) meM, dUsarI aura tIsarI bAhara jAte samaya aura cauthI samavazaraNa meM pahanI jAtI thii| 5 khaMdhakaraNI-yaha cAra hAtha lambA aura caukora vastra teja vAyu Adi se rakSA karane ke lie pahanA jAtA thaa| isase kaMdhA aura sArA zarIra DhaMka jAtA thaa| ise kisI rUpavatI sAdhvI kI pITha para rakhakara use baunI banAkara dikhAyA jA sakatA thaa| 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4102 / 2. vahI 3.4082-61 tathA TIkA; AcArAMga 2, 5.1.364; nizIthabhASya 2.1400-1407 / isa sambandha meM muruNDa rAjA ke hasti tathA nartakI zrAdi ke dRSTAMta ke liye dekhiye bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4121-28 /

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cauthA adhyAya : upabhoga jUte vastroM ko bhA~ti jUtoM kA ullekha bhI jaina sUtroM meM milatA hai / bRhatkalpabhASya meM jaina sAdhuoM ke lie upayoga meM Ane vAle jUtoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / vaise jaina sAdhuoM ko carma rakhane kA niSedha hai, lekina apavAda mArga kA avalambana kara, mArgajanya kaMTaka, tathA sarpa aura zIta ke kaSToM se bacane ke lie, rugNa avasthA meM arza kI vyAdhi se pIr3ita hone para, sukumAra rAjA Adi ke nimitta, paira meM phor3A Adi ho jAne para, A~kheM kamajora hone para, bAlasAdhuoM ke nimitta, tathA anya koI isI taraha kA kAraNa upasthita ho jAne para, jUte dhAraNa karane kA vidhAna hai / taliya jUtoM kA upayoga mArga meM gamana karate samaya, kaMTakoM se rakSA karane ke lie kiyA jAtA thA / ina jUtoM ko pahanakara sAdhu, cora athavA jaMgalI jAnavaroM se apanI rakSA ke liye zIghratA se gamana kara sakate the / sAmAnyatayA sAdhuoM ko ekatale ke jUte ( egapuDa ) dhAraNa karane kA vidhAna hai, lekina ve cAra tale ke jUte bhI pahana sakate the / sakalakRtsna (sakalakasiNa) jUte kaI prakAra ke hote the / puDaga ( puTaka ) athavA khallaka' jUte sardI ke dinoM meM pahane jAte the aura unase bivAI (vivaci) kI rakSA ho sakatI thI / ardhakhallaka Adhe paira ko aura samastakhallaka sAre paira ko DhaMka lete the / jo jUtA uMgaliyoM ko DhaMkakara Upara se pairoM ko DhaMka letA, use vagguro kahate the / pAMva kI uMgaliyoM ke nakhoM kI rakSA ke lie kosaga kA upayoga hotA thA / khapusA' ghuTanoM taka pahanA jAtA thA / isase sardI, sAMpa, barpha, aura kA~ToM se rakSA ho sakatI thI / ardhajaMghA AdhI jaMghA ko aura jaMghA samasta jaMghA ko DhaMkane vAle jUte kahalAte the / camar3e kI rassiyoM ko gophaNa kahA jAtA thA / camar3e ke anya upakaraNoM meM varddha ( TUTe hue taliya Adi jUtoM ko jor3ane ke liye ), kRtti ( phala Adi ko tR0 khaNDa ] 215 1. khallakabaMdha zrAdi jUtoM kA ullekha mahAvagga 5.4.10, pR0 205 meM milatA hai| 1 2. yaha IrAniyoM kA 'kAphisa' athavA madhya eziyA kA 'kApisa kipisa' jUtA ho sakatA hai, DAkTara motIcanda kA janarala oNva da iNDiyana sosAyaTI oNva da oriTiela ArTa, jilda 12, 1644 meM lekha /

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216 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ tR0 khaNDa phailAne kA camar3A ), sikkaka ( chauMkA) aura kApotikA (baMhagI) kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai|' - ghara jaise jIvana-rakSA ke lie bhojana aura zarIra-rakSA ke lie vastra Avazyaka hai, vaise hI varSA, sardI, garmI aura A~dhI se rakSA karane ke lie ghara bhI Avazyaka hai| jaina sUtroM meM vatthuvijjA ( vAstuvidyA = gRha-nirmANa kalA) kI 72 kalAoM meM gaNanA kI gayI hai| ghara sAmAnyatayA IMTa aura lakar3I ke banAye jAte the| gharoM meM daravAje, khambhe, dehalI aura saMkala-kuMDe rahate the| inakI carcA Age calakara kI jaayegii| dhanI aura samRddha loga AlIzAna mahaloM meM nivAsa karate the| Amoda-pramoda . loga prAyaH aiza-ArAma se rahate the, jaisA ki kahA jA cukA hai| ve ubaTanA malakara snAna karate, aneka dezoM se lAye hue bahumUlya sundara vastra aura AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karate, sugandhita mAlAoM se apaneApako vibhUSita karate, bhAMti-bhAMti ke viziSTa vyaMjanoM kA asvAdana karate, madyapAna karate, gozISa candana, kuMkuma Adi kA vilepana karate, vividha vAdyoM ko bajAte, nRtya karate, nATaka racAte, sundara gIta gAte, tathA uttama gandha aura rasa Adi kA upabhoga karata / prAcIna kAla meM kezoM ko kATane aura sajAne kI ora vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thaa| bAlaka kA janma hone para colopaga (cUlo 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1. 2883 zrAdi; 3.3847 zrAdi; nizIthabhASya 1.508; 11.3431-37 / 2. svaM zrAbharaNavihiM, vatthAlaMkArabhoyaNe gaMdhe / zrAojjaNaTTaNADaga, gIe ya maNorame suNiyA ||-nishiithbhaassy 16.5204 / tathA dekhie bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2557 / udAna ko TIkA paramatthadIpanI, pR0 7 meM kahA hai-sunahA suvalittA kappitakesamastu shraamuttmaalaabhrnnaa| 3. rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke ullekhoM ke lie dekhie Ara. ela. mitra, iNDo-Aryana, jilda 2, pR0 210 Adi /

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217 tR0 khaNDa ] cauthA adhyAya : upabhoga panayana ) saMskAra kiyA jAtA thA / saMsAra tyAga kara zramaNa dIkSA svIkAra karate samaya bhI cAra aMgula kezoM ko kATA jAtA thA / ' alaMkArikasabhAoM ( sailUna ) 2 kA ullekha milatA hai, jahA~ aneka naukara-cAkara zramaNa, brAhmaNa, anAtha, rugNa aura kaMgAla puruSoM ko sevA-suzrUSA meM lage rahate the / hajAmata banAne ke kArya ko nakhaparikarma ( parikamma ) kahA gayA hai / 4 loga sonA, cAMdI, hIre-javAharAta aura AbhUSaNoM kA upayoga karate the / rAje-mahArAje tathA dhanika puruSa apane naukaroM-cAkaroM se pariveSTita hokara calate the / naukara-cAkara unake sira para koraMTaka ke phUloM kI mAlA se sajjita chatra dhAraNa kiye rahate / " jaba ve bAhara nikalate pAlakI meM baiThakara nikalate aura bAje bajate calate, aura unake pIche-pIche julUsa calatA jisameM sundara ramaNiyAM camara DulAtI rahatIM, paMkhe se havA karatI rahatoM, aura maMgala ghaTa unake hAtha meM hotA dhanika mahaloM meM nivAsa karate, aneka striyoM se vivAha karate, bar3e-bar3e dAna dete, vezyAoM ko manamAnA zulka pradAna karate aura ThATa-bATa se utsava manAte / 1 madhyama varga ke loga bhI ArAma kA jIvana vyatIta karate the / ve loga dAna-dharma meM apanA paisA kharca karate tathA dharma aura saMgha kI bhakti karate / sabase dayanIya dazA thI nimna varga kI / ye loga bar3I kaThinAI se dravya kA upArjana kara pAte aura isa kAraNa inakI AjIvikA muzkila se hI calatI / kodoM kA bhAta unheM nasIba hotA / zramajIvI sAhUkAroM dvArA zoSita kiye jAte, tathA karjA na cukA sakane ke kAraNa unheM jIvana bhara unakI gulAmI karatI par3atI / 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 26 Adi / 2. paramatthadIpanI, pR0 333 meM alaMkArazAstra kA ullekha hai jisameM bAla kATane ke niyama batAye gaye haiM / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 13, pR0 143 | 4. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 458 / 5. anta:kRddazA 3, pR0 16; zrapapAtikasUtra 27-33 / 6. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 30 Adi /

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ 0 khaNDa prAtaH kAla hone para gAyeM carane jAtIM, pheMcevAle apane vyApAra ke liye nikala par3ate, luhAra apane kAma meM laga jAte, kisAna apane khetoM meM cale jAte, macchImAra machalI pakar3ane ke lie ravAnA ho jAte, khaTIka lAThI lekara kasAIkhAne meM pahu~cate, mAlI apanI TokarI lekara bAga meM jAte, rAhagIra rAstA calane lagate aura telI Adi apane yaMtroM meM tela perane lagate / 218 1. nizItha bhASya 1.522 /

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cauthA khaNDa sAmAjika vyavasthA

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pahalA adhyAya sAmAjika saMgaThana bhAratIya sAmAjika siddhAnta ke anusAra, jIvana eka lambI yAtrA hai jo mRtyu ke bAda bhI ananta aura avicala rahatI hai / samAja kA pratyeka vyakti apane kalyANa ke lie prayatnazIla rahatA hai, dyapi usakI abhiruciyA~ samAja kI abhiruciyoM ke viruddha nahIM jAtIM / kisI vyakti vizeSa dvArA apanAyA huA mArga pRthaka ho sakatA hai, lekina sabakA uddezya eka ho hai - " adhikatama logoM kA adhikatama sukha / " varNa aura jAti varNa-vyavasthA prAcIna bhAratIya samAja kA merudaNDa thA / jaina sUtroM meM Arya aura anArya jAtiyoM meM bheda kiyA gayA hai / vaidika sAhitya ke anusAra, donoM jAtiyoM meM mukhya zArIrika bheda varNa kA thA / Arya vijetA gauravarNa ke the, jaba ki anArya unake adhIna aura kRSNavarNa ke the / ' jaina sUtroM meM AryoM kI pA~ca jAtiyA~ batAyo gayI haiM :kSetra- Arya, jAti-Arya, kula-Arya, karma-Arya, bhASA Arya aura zilpa- Arya | sAr3he paccIsa Arya-kSetroM kA ullekha Age calakara kiyA jAyegA / jAti-AryoM meM chaha ibhya jAtiyA~ batAI gaI haiM :- abaSTha, 4 kalinda, videha, vedaga, harita aura cuMcuNa ( athavA tuntuNa ) / 1. senArTa, kAsTa ina iNDiyA, pR0 122 zrAdi / jAti kI utpatti ke vividha siddhAntoM ke lie dekhiye sensasa iNDiyA, 1939, jilda 1, bhAga 1, pR0 433 Adi / 2. prajJApanA 1 67-71 / 3. jAti meM mAtRpakSa kI aura kula meM pitRpakSa kI pradhAnatA batAyo hai / 4. aura videha ko nIcI jAtiyoM meM bhI ginA gayA hai /

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222 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa kula-AryoM meM ugra, bhoga, rAjanya, ikSvAku (RSabhadeva ke vaMzaja), jJAta ( nAta, prathama prajApati ke vaMzaja), aura kauravya (mahAvIra aura zAMti jina ke pUrvaja ) kA ullekha hai| ___ karma- AryoM meM dosiya (dauSyika = kapar3e ke vyApArI), sottiya ( sautrika = sUta ke vyApArI), kappAsiya ( kAsika = kapAsa ke vyApArI), suttaveyAliya (sUta ke vyApArI), bhaMDaveyAliya ( kariyAne ke vyApArI), kolAliya ( kumhAra ), aura NaravAhiNaya ( pAlakI uThAne vAle) kA ullekha milatA hai| zilpa-AryoM meM tunnAga ( raphU karane vAle ), tantuvAya ( banane vAle), paTTAgAra (paTave ), deyaDa ( mazaka banAne vAle), varuDa ( piMchI banAne vAle, athavA rassA ba~Tane vAle ), chavviya ( caTAI bunane vAle), kaTThapAuyAra ( lakar3o ko pAdukA banAne vAle ), muMjapAuyAra ( muMja kI pAdukA banAne vAla), chattakAra (chatarI banAne vAle,) vajjhAra (bAhya kAra = vAhana banAne vAle ), potthAra ( miTTI ke putale banAne vAle ), leppakAra (palastara ko vastue~ banAne vAle ), citrakAra, zaMkhakAra, daMtakAra, bhAMDakAra ( kaMsere ), jijjhagAra (?), sellagAra (bhAlA banAne vAle ) aura koDigAra (kaur3iyoM kA kAma karane vAle ) kA ullekha milatA hai| 1. kalpasUtra 2.25 meM kahA hai ki arahaMta, cakravartI aura baladeva anta, panta, tuccha, daridra, kRpaNa, bhikSAka ( bhIkha mA~ganevAle ) aura brAhmaNa kuloM meM utpanna na hokara, ugra, bhoga, rAjanya, kSatriya, ikSvAku, kSatriya, harivaMza Adi vizuddha kuloM meM hI utpanna hote haiN| ugra, bhoja, rAjanya, ikSvAku, harivaMza, esitra ( goSTha), vaizya, gaMDaka ( ghoSaNA karanevAlA ), koTTAga ( bar3haI ), grAmarakSakula aura bokkasAliya ( tantuvAya) Adi ke ghara se bhikSA grahaNa karane kA vidhAna hai; tathA AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 236 / 2. karma, binA kisI prAcArya ke upadeza se kiyA jAtA hai, jaba ki zilpa meM prAcArya ke upadeza ko AvazyakatA hotI hai| 3. anuyogadvArasUtra, 136-a meM tRNahAraka, kASThahAraka aura patrahAraka Adi ko bhI karma-zrAryoM meM ginAyA gayA hai| tathA dekhie milindaprazna, pR0 331 / ___4. rAmAyaNa (2,83.12 zrAdi) meM maNikAra, kumbhakAra, sUtrakarmakRt , zastropajIvI, mAyUraka, krAkacika, rocaka, dantakAra, sudhAkAra, gaMdhopajIvI,

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ca0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : sAmAjika saMgaThana 223 / cAra varNa jaina dharma aura bauddha dharma meM brAhmaNoM ke Upara kSatriyoM kA prabhutva svIkAra karate hue varNa vyavasthA kA virodha kiyA hai| lekina isase yaha socanA ki mahAvIra aura buddha ke kAla meM jAti aura varNa-bheda sarvathA naSTa ho gayA thA, ThIka nahIM / jaina sUtroM meM baMbhaNa, khattiya, vaissa aura sudda nAma ke cAra varNoM kA ullekha hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra, RSabhadeva ke kAla meM rAjya ke Azrita logoM ko kSatriya tathA jamIMdAra aura sAhUkAroM ko gRhapati kahA jAtA thaa| tatpazcAt , agni utpanna hone para RSabhadeva ke Azrita rahane vAle zilpI vaNik kahe jAne lage, tathA zilpa kA vANijya karane ke kAraNa ve vaizya ke nAma se prasiddha hue / bharata ke rAjyakAla meM, zrAvaka dharma utpanna hone para, brAhmaNoM ( mAhaNa ) kI utpatti huI / ye loga atyanta sarala svabhAvo aura dharmapremI the, isalie jaba ve kisI ko mArate-pITate dekhate to kahate -'mata mAro' (mAhaNa ); tabhI se ye mAhaNa ( brAhmaNa kahe jAne lge| bhinna-bhinna vargoM ke saMmizraNa se banI huI mizrita jAtiyA~ bhI usa samaya maujUda thiiN| suvarNakAra, kaMbaladhAvaka, snApaka, vaidya, dhUpaka, zauMDaka, rajaka, tunnavAya, grAmamahattara, ghoSamahattara, zailUSa aura kaivartaka kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| tathA dekhiye dIghanikAya 1, sAmaJaphalasutta pR0 44 / 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 25.31; vipAkasUtra 5, pR0 33; zrAcArAMganiyukti 16-27 / 2. AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 5; tathA AvazyakacUNI pR0 213 Adi vasudevahiNDI pR0 184 / 3. prAcArAMganiyukti 20-27 meM nimnalikhita jAtiyoM kA ullekha hai :-ambaSTha (brAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna ) ugra, (kSatriya-zUdra ), niSAda (brAhmaNa-zUdra), ayogava (zUdravaizya ), mAgadha ( vaizya-kSatriya), sata (kSatriya-brAhmaNa), kSattA (zUdra-kSatriya ), vaideha (vaizya brAhmaNa), caNDAla (shuudr-braahmnn)| inake varNAntara ke saMyoga se zvapAka ( ugra-kSattA), vaiNava (videha-vattA), bukkasa ( niSAda-ambaSTha ) aura kukkuraka (zUdra-niSAda ) utpanna hote haiM / tulanA kIjie manusmRti 10.656; gautama 4.16 aadi|

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224 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa brAhmaNa jainasUtroM meM sAdhAraNatayA brAhmaNoM ke prati avagaNanA kA bhAva pradarzita kiyA gayA hai, aura yaha dikhAyA hai ki ve loga jainadharma ke virodhI the| brAhmaNoM ke lie dhijjAi (dhikajAti; vaise yaha zabda dvijAti se banA hai ) zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| brAhmaNoM ko babhukSA-pradhAna kahA hai| jaina sUtroM meM, jaise kahA jA cukA hai, brAhmaNoM kI apekSA kSatriyoM ko zreSThatA pradAna kI gayI hai / jainadharma meM koI bhI tIrthaMkara kSatriya kula ko chor3akara anya kisI kula meM utpanna hue nahIM batAye gaye haiN| svayaM mahAvIra bhagavAna pahale devAnandA nAma kI brAhmaNI ke garbha meM avatarita hue, kintu indra ne unheM trizalA kSatriyANI ke garbha meM parivartita kara diyA / lekina dhyAna rakhane kI bAta haiM ki yadyapi jaina kathA-kahAniyoM meM kSatriyoM kI apekSA 'brAhmaNoM ko nimna ThaharAyA gayA hai, phira bhI samAja meM brAhmaNoM kA sthAna U~cA thaa| nizIthacUrNI meM kahA hai ki brAhmaNa svarga meM devatA ke rUpa meM nivAsa karate the, prajApati ne isa pRthvI para unheM devatA ke rUpa meM sarjana kiyA, ataeva jAti-mAtra se sampanna ina brahma-bandhuoM ko dAna dene se mahAna phala kI prApti hotI hai| jainasUtroM meM zramaNa (samaNa) aura brAhmaNa ( mAhaNa ) zabda kA kitane hI sthaloM para eka sAtha prayoga kiyA gayA hai, isase yaho siddha 1. dekhie nizIthacUI pIThikA 487 kI cUrNI / AvazyakacUrNI pR0 466 meM ullekha hai-ego dhijjAizro paMDitamANI sAsaNaM khisati / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR062|| 3. kalpasUtra 2.22 zrAdi; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 236 / bauddhoM ko nidAnakathA 1, pR065 meM kahA hai, buddha khattiya aura brAhmaNa nAma ko U~cI jAtiyoM meM hI paidA hote haiM, nIcI jAtiyoM meM nahIM / yahA~ para bhI cAra varNoM meM kSatriyoM kA nAma brAhmaNoM se pahale liyA gayA hai; tathA lalitavistara pR0 20 zrAdi / tulanA kIjie vAjasaneyasaMhitA 38.16; kaThaka 28.5; yahA~ bhI kSatriyoM ko brAhmaNoM se zreSTha kahA hai / vaziSTha (brAhmaNa ) aura vizvAmitra (kSatriya ) meM kisakI jAti zreSTha hai, isake lie dekhie DAkTara jI0 esa0 ghurye, kAsTa eNDa resa ina iNDiyA, pR0 63 Adi / ___4. 13.4423 cUrNI / purANoM meM brAhmaNoM ke paira dhokara pIne kA ullekha hai, hajArA, purANika rikADsa oNna hindU rAiTsa eNDa kasTamsa, pR0 258 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : sAmAjika saMgaThana 225 hotA hai ki donoM ko AdaraNIya sthAna prApta thaa|' yaha bhI dhyAna dane yogya hai ki mahAvIra ko jainasUtroM meM mAhaNa athavA mahAmAhaNa, mahAgopa. mahAsArthavAha Adi kahakara sambodhita kiyA gayA hai / brAhmaNoM ke sambandha meM jaina mAnyatA bauddhoM kI bhAMti, jaina AcAryoM ne bhI janma kI apekSA karma ke Upara adhika jora diyA hai / jainasUtroM kA kathana hai ki sira muMDAne se koI zramaNa nahIM hotA, oMkAra kA jApa karane se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, jaMgala meM rahane se koI muni nahIM hotA, kuza-cIvara dhAraNa karane se koI tApasa nahIM hotA, balki hara koI samatA se zramaNa, brahmacarya se brAhmaNa, jJAna se muni aura tapa se tapasvI hotA hai; vAstava meM karma se brAhmaNa, karma se kSatriya, karma se vaizya aura karma se ho manuSya zUdra kahA jAtA hai| harikezIya adhyayana meM harikeza nAmaka cAMDAla muni ko kathA AtI hai| harikeza vihAra karate-karate ekabAra kisI brAhmaNa ke yajJavATaka meM gaye, aura yajJa ke lakSaNa batAte hue usase kahA-"vAstavika agni tapa hai, agnisthAna jIva hai, zruvA ( cammacanumA lakar3I kA pAtra jisameM Ahuti dI jAtI hai ) mana, vacana aura kAya kA yoga hai, karISa (kaMDe kI agni) zarIra hai, samidhA karma hai, homa, saMyama, yoga aura zAnti hai, sarovara dharma hai aura vAstavika tIrtha brahmacarya hai|" tAtparya yaha hai ki jainoM ne varNa aura ____1. AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 63 / tulanA kIjie saMyuttanikAya, samaNabrAhmaNasutta, 2, pR0 126 Adi; 236 Adi; 4, pR0 234 zrAdi; 5, pR0 1 / / 2. sUtrakRtAMga 6.1 / milindaprazna (hindI anuvAda, pR0 274) meM buddha ko brAhmaNa kahA hai| 3. upAsakadazA 7, pR0 55 / 4. uttarAdhyayana 25.26 Adi / bauddhoM ne bhI isI prakAra ke vicAra vyakta kiye haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki janma aura jAti ahaMkAra paidA karate haiM, guNa hI sabase zreSTha hai; khattiya, baMbhaNa, vessa, sudda, cAMDAla aura pukkasa devatAoM kI duniyA meM jAkara saba eka ho jAte haiM, yadi isa loka meM unhoMne dharma kA prAcaraNa kiyA ho, suttanipAta, 1.7, 3, 6, phika; da sozala oNrganAiz2ezana ina naurtha-IsTa iNDiyA ina buddhAz2a TAima, pR0 26; majUmadAra, kaoNraporeTa lAipha ina aiMziyeTa iNDiyA, pR0-354-63 / 5. uttarAdhyayana, 12.44 zrAdi / dIghanikAya 1, kUTadantasutta, 15 jai0 bhA0

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226 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa jAti ko jI-bharakara nindA kI, lekina phira bhI ve jAtipAMti ke baMdhanoM se apane Apako sarvathA mukta na kara ske| unhoMne jAti-Arya aura jAti-juMgita (jugupsita), karma-Arya aura karma-juMgita tathA zilpa-Aya aura zilpa-jaMgita meM bheda batAkara U~ca-nIca ke bheda ko svIkAra kiyA hai| brAhmaNoM ke vizeSAdhikAra jaina AgamoM kI TIkAoM meM ullekha hai ki bharata cakravartI brAhmaNoM ko pratidina bhojana karAte, tathA kAkiNI ratna se cihnita kara unhoMne una logoM ko dUsarI jAtiyoM se pRthaka kiyA thaa| rAjA loga dAnamAna se sammAnita kara unake prati udAratA vyakta karate the| pATaliputra ke nanda rAjAoM ne brAhmaNoM ko bahuta-sA dhana dekara unake prati Adara vyakta kiyA thaa| vararuci nAma ke brAhmaNa ko rAjA kI prazaMsA meM zloka sunAne ke badale puraskAra svarUpa pratidina 108 dInAreM milatI thiiN| rAjA hI nahIM, anya loga bhI brAhmaNoM ko godAna Adi se sammAnita karate" aura unheM Adara kI dRSTi se dekhate / janma-maraNa Adi aneka avasaroM para brAhmaNoM kI pUcha hotI, aura bhojana Adi dvArA unakA satkAra kiyA jaataa| cANakya jaba naMdoM ke darabAra meM pahu~cA to vaha kuMDI, daMDa, mAlA (gaNettiya ) aura yajJopavIta lie hue thaa| pa0 121 meM ghI, tela, navanIta, dadhi, madhu aura phANita dvArA yajJAnuSThAna kA vidhAna hai| 1. bauddhoM meM bhI apane hI vaMza meM vivAha karake, rakta ko zuddha rakhane kA prayatna hai, dekhie, phika, vahI, pR0 52 / tulanA kIjie ghurye, kAsTa eNDa resa ina iNDiyA, pa0 66 / sammohavinodinI, pa0 410 meM karma aura zilpa ko U~ca aura nIca meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| 2. zrAvazyakacUNI, pR 213 zrAdi / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTokA, 3, pR0 57 / 4. vahI, 2, pR0 27-shr| 5. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 123 / 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 13, pR0 164-zra / 7. vahI 3, pa0 57 /

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227 ca0 khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : sAmAjika saMgaThana __ anya vizeSAdhikAra bhI brAhmaNoM ko prApta the| udAharaNa ke lie, unheM kara nahIM denA par3atA thA aura phAMsI kI sajA se ve mukta the| nidhi Adi kA lAbha hone para bhI rAjA brAhmaNoM kA Adara-satkAra karatA, jaba ki vaizyoM ko nidhi jabta kara lI jAtI, yaha bAta pahale kahI jA cukI hai| adhyayana-adhyApana brAhmaNa SaT-aMga ( zikSA, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, chaMda, jyotiSa aura kalpa), cAra veda (Rgveda, yujarveda, sAmaveda aura atharvaveda), mImAMsA, nyAya, purANa aura dharmazAstra-ina caudaha vidyAoM meM niSNAta hote the|' ve yajana, yAjana, adhyayana, adhyApana, dAna aura pratigraha nAmaka chaha karmoM meM rata rahA karate the| rAjA unheM apane yahA~ rakhate aura unakI AjIvikA kA prabandha karate the| caudaha vidyAoM meM parAMgata kAsava nAmakA brAhmaNa kauzAmbo ke jitazatra nAma ke rAjA kI sabhA meM rahA karatA thaa| usakI mRtyu ho jAne para usakA sthAna eka dUsare brAhmaNa ko de diyA gayA / adhyApaka apane vidyArthiyoM (khaMDiya) ko sAtha lekara paribhramaNa karate the| magadha kA prakhyAta paMDita indrabhUti apane ziSya-parivAra ke sAtha majjhimA nagarI meM AyA thaa|' yajJa-yAga brAhmaNoM meM yajJa-yAga kA pracalana thA / zramaNa-dIkSA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt , apane vihAra ke samaya, mahAvIra bhagavAn ne campA ke eka brAhmaNa kI agnihotravasahI meM cAturmAsa vyatIta kiyA thaa| uttarAdhyayana meM yajJIya nAmaka adhyayana meM, jayaghoSa muni aura ------------------- 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 56-shr| brAhmaNoM ko zakunIpAraga kahA gayA hai; zakunI arthAt caudaha vidyAsthAna, bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4523 / zrAcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 182 meM unheM saMskRta ke vidvAn aura prAkRta ke mahAkAvyoM ke jAnakAra kahA gayA hai / 2. nizIthabhASya 13.4423 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 8, pR0 123-a| 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 12.18-19 / 5. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 334 / 6. vahI pu0 320 -

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226 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa vijayaghoSa brAhmaNa kA saMvAda AtA hai| jayaghoSa jaba vijayaghoSa ke pAsa bhikSA ke lie upasthita hue to vijayaghoSa ne kahA-"vedoM meM pAraMgata, yajJArthI, jyotiSazAstra aura chaha aMgoM ke jJAtA brAhmaNoM ke lie ho yaha bhojana hai, anya kisI ko yaha nahIM mila sktaa|" isapara jayaghoSa ne use sacce brAhmaNa kA lakSaNa pratipAdita kara svadharma meM dIkSita kiyaa|' Arya zayyaMbhava ke viSaya meM pahale kahA jA cukA hai / jaba prabhava ke ziSya unake pAsa pahuMce to ve yajJa-yAga meM saMlagna the / rAjA bhI yajJa-yAga ke lie apane yahAM brAhmaNoM ko niyukta karate the / mahezvaradatta cAra vedoM kA paMDita thA, aura vaha rAjA kI azubha nakSatroM se rakSA karane ke lie mAMsapiMDa se yajJa-yAga kiyA karatA thaa| majjhimA nagarI ke somalijja brAhmaNa ko yajJa kA pratiSThAtA kahA gayA hai| kabhI kisI devatA ko prasanna karane ke liye Agantuka puruSa ko mAra DAlate aura jahA~ vaha mArA jAtA usa ghara ke Upara gIlI vRkSazAkhA kA cihna banA diyA jaataa| brAhmaNoM ke anya peze isake atirikta, brAhmaNa svapnapAThaka hote, aura jyotiSa vidyA ke dvArA bhaviSya kA bakhAna karate the| rAjA ke putra-janma ke avasara para brAhmaNoM ko AmaMtrita kara unase bhaviSya pUchA jAtA tathA lakSaNA ke paMDita brAhmaNa tila, masA Adi zarIra ke lakSaNa dekhakara bhaviSya kA bakhAna karate the| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma hone para, gaNarAjA siddhArtha ne vividha zAstroM meM kuzala ATha mahAnimitta ke paMDita brAhmaNoM ko rAnI trizalA devI ke svapnoM kI vyAkhyA karane ke liye amaMtrita kiyA thaa| svapnapAThakoM ne upasthita hokara bAlaka ke sambandha meM bhaviSyavANI kii| eka dUsare jyotiSI ne potanapura ke rAjA ke sira para indra kA vajra girane ko bhaviSyavANI kI / brAhmaNoM se pUchakara patA lagAyA jAtA ki yAtrA ke lie kauna-sA dina zubha hai aura 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 25 / 2. vipAkastra 5, pR0 33 / 3. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 324 / / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1456 / 5. kalpasUtra 4.66 aadi| 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 242 /

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ca0 khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : sAmAjika saMgaThana . 226 kauna-sA azubha, aura brAhmaNa AzIrvAdapUrvaka muhUrta kA pratipAdana karate / ' khattiya (kSatriya) jaise brAhmaNoM ke granthoM meM brAhmaNoM ko prabhutA kA pradarzana kiyA gayA hai, vaise hI jainoM ne bhI kSatriyoM ke prabhutva kA bakhAna kiyA hai| kSatriya 72 kalAoM kA adhyayana karate aura yuddha-vidyA meM kuzalatA prApta karate the / apane bhujabala dvArA deza para zAsana karane kA adhikAra ve prApta karate / aise kitane hI kSatriya rAjAoM aura rAjakumAroM kA ullekha milatA hai jinhoMne saMsAra kA tyAga kara siddhi prApta kI; inameM ugra, bhoga, rAjanya, jJAta, aura ikSvAku Adi mukhya haiM / - gAhAvai ( gRhapati ) gRhapatiyoM ko prAcIna bhArata ke vaizya hI samajhanA caahie| ve dhanasampanna hote, jamIna-jAyadAda aura pazuoM ke mAlika hote tathA vyApAra dvArA dhana kA upArjana karate / jainasUtroM meM kitane hI gRhapatiyoM kA ullekha hai jo jainadharma ke anuyAyI ( samaNovAsaga) the, aura jinhoMne saMsAra kA tyAgakara nivoNa prApta kiyA thaa| vANiyagrAma ke dhana-sampanna aura jamIMdAra Ananda gRhapati ke sambandha meM kahA jA cukA hai| usake pAsa aparimita hiraNya-suvarNa, gAya-baila, hala, ghor3AgAr3I, vAhana, yAnapAtra Adi maujUda the aura vaha vividha bhogoM kA upabhoga karate hue samaya-yApana kiyA karatA thaa| pArAsara eka dUsarA gRhapati thA jo kRSikarma meM kuzala hone ke kAraNa kisipArAsara nAma se vikhyAta thA / 600 haloM kA vaha svAmI thA / kuiyaNNa (kuvikarNa) ke pAsa bahuta-sI gAyeM thiiN| gosaMkhI kuTumbI ko AbhIroM kA svAmI kahA gayA hai| usakA putra apanI gAr3iyoM ko ghI 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR068| 2. gRhapatiyoM ko ibhya, zreSThI aura koTumbika nAma se bhI kahA gayA hai| inheM rAjaparivAra kA aGga mAnA jAtA thA, zropapAtikasUtra 27; phika, bahI, pR0 256 zrAdi / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 45 / - --- 4. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 44 /

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230 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca. khaNDa ke ghar3oM se bharakara campA meM becane ke lie jAyA karatA thaa|' nanda rAjagRha kA eka prabhAvazAlI zreSThI thA jisane bahuta-sA dhana vyaya karake puSkariNI kA nirmANa karAyA thaa|2 bharata cakravartI kA gRhapatiratna sarvaloka meM prasiddha thA; zAli Adi vividha dhAnyoM kA vaha utpAdaka thA aura bharata ke ghara saba prakAra ke dhAnyoM ke hajAroM kumbha bhare rakkhe rahate the| zreNI saMgaThana __ Arthika jIvana kA adhyayana karate samaya zramikoM aura vyApAriyoM ke saMgaThana ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA gayA hai| unakA paramparAgata saMgaThana hone ke kAraNa ina logoM ke kucha kAyade-kAnUna bhI the jisase patA lagatA hai ki sAmAjika saMgaThana meM ina logoM kA apanA alaga sthAna thaa| isake atirikta, bahuta se utpAdanakartA, naTa, bAjIgara, gAyaka, aura paribhramaNa karane vAle loga the jo gA~va-gA~va meM ghUmakara, apanI kalA kA pradarzana karate hue apanI AjIvikA calAte the / dhannaura (dhanyapura ) kA naTa apanI kalA meM niSNAta thaa|' vizvakarmA naTa rAjagRha kA nivAsI thaa|' ujjayinI ke pAsa naToM kA eka gA~va thA, jahA~ bharata nAma kA naTa rahA karatA thaa| usake putra kA nAma rohaka thaa| rohaka kI pratyutpanna mati kI aneka kahAniyAM jaina AgamoM kI TIkAoM meM varNita haiM / gAruDika ( sA~pa kA viSa utArane vAle) tathA bhUtavAdI Adi bhI eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para gamana kiyA karate the| prAcInakAla meM saMgha, gaNa aura gacchoM kA ullekha AtA hai / jaina zramaNa apanA saMgha banAkara vicaraNa kiyA karate the / gaNoM meM malla, 1. vahI, pR0 267 / 2. jJAtRdhamakathA 13, pR0 141 / 3. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 167-68 / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTokA 18, pR0 250 / 5. piNDaniyukti 474 Adi / 6. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 544-46 / tathA dekhiye jagadIzacandra jaina, do hajAra barasa purAnI kahAniyA~ / 7. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 12, pR0 174 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : sAmAjika saMgaThana 231 hastipAla,' sArasvata, ' vajji Adi ke ullekha milate haiM | mala apanI ekatA ke lie prasiddha the / ye loga kisI anAtha malla kI mRtyu ho jAne para usako antya - kiyA karate tathA apane saMgaThana ke dIna-hIna logoM kI sahAyatA karate / bauddhasUtroM meM vajjigaNa kA ullekha AtA hai / ye loga kisI bAta kA nirNaya karane ke lie ekatrita hokara baiThakeM ('sannipAta) karate aura paraspara hila - milakara kArya karate / 4 jainasUtroM meM godAsa, uttaraballirasaha, uddeha, cAraNa (? vAraNa), koTika, mANava Adi aneka gaNoM kA ullekha AtA hai / ye gaNa aneka kula aura zAkhAoM meM vibhakta the / kuloM ke samUha ko gaNa kahA gayA hai / " isake sivAya, gvAle, zikAro, macchImAra, ghasiyAre, lakar3ahAre Adi ke nAma lie jA sakate haiM / mleccha jainasUtroM meM virUva, dasU ( dasyu ), aNAriya ( anArya ), milakkhU ( mleccha) aura pacaMtiya ( pratyaMtika ) nAmaka anAryoM kA ullekha milatA hai / ye loga vividha veSa dhAraNa karane aura aneka bhASAe~ bolane ke kAraNa virUpa, krodha ke Aveza meM dAMtoM se kATane ke kAraNa dasyu, AryoM kI bhASA na samajha sakane ke kAraNa tathA hiMsA Adi duSkRtya karane ke kAraNa anArya tathA avyakta athavA asphuTa vANI bolane ke kAraNa mleccha kahe jAte the / isI prakAra rAtribhojana karane ke kAraNa akAlaparibhogI, aura ladUdharma meM ruci na hone ke kAraNa duHpratibodhI kahe jAte the / ye loga prAyaH sImA- pradezoM para nivAsa karate the, ataeva unheM pratyaMtika bhI kahA jA thA / puliMda jaMgaloM aura 1 1. vyavahArabhASyaTIkA 7.456 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 6.6302 / 3. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNI, pR0 28; tathA malAlasekara, DikzanarI va pAli praupara nemsa, 'malla' zabda / 4. dIghanikAya kathA, 2, pR0 516 Adi ( mahApariNivvANa suttavaNNanA ) / 5. kalpasUtra 8 pR0 226 zra Adi / 6. nizIthasUtra 16.26 / 7. nizIthabhASya 16.5727-28 cUrNAM /

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232 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa pahAr3oM meM rahate the, tathA maro huI gAya kA bhakSaNa karate the|' nIca aura aspRzya zUdra ArambhakAla se hI bar3I upekSita dazA meM rahate Aye haiN| mahAvIra aura buddha ne unakI dazA sudhArane kA prayatna kiyA, lekina phira bhI varNa aura jAti sanbandhI pratibandha dUra nahIM kiye jA sake / uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM citta aura sambhRta nAma ke do mAtaMga dArakoM kI kathA AtI hai| donoM atyanta sundara the aura sAtha hI gaMdharva-vidyA meM nipuNa bhii| eka bAra, madana mahotsava ke avasara para donoM bhAiyoM kI TolI gAtI-bajAtI banArasa meM se hokara nikalI, jisane sabhI ko mugdha kara diyaa| lekina brAhmaNoM ko bahuta IrSyA huii| pariNAma yaha huA ki donoM mAtaMga putroM ko khUba mArA gayA, poTA gayA aura nagara se nikAla diyA gayA / jaina kathA-kahAniyoM meM aspRzya samajhe jAne vAle mAtaMga aura cAMDAloM kI aura bhI bahuta-sI kathAe~ AtI haiN| jAti-jugupsitoM meM pANa, DoMba aura morattiya kA ullekha hai| mAtaMgoM ko jAti kA kalaMka mAnA jAtA thaa| pANoM ko cAMDAla bhI kahA gayA hai / ye loga binA ghara-bAra ke kevala AkAza kI chAyA meM nivAsa karate the aura murde Dhone kA kAma kiyA karate the|" DoMboM ke ghara hote the; ve gIta gAkara aura sUpa Adi banAkara apanI AjIvikA calAte the| unheM kalahazIla, roSa karanevAle aura cugalakhora batAyA hai|6 kiNika vAdyoM ke cAroM ora tAMta lagate, aura vadhya-sthAna ko le jAye jAte hue puruSoM ke sAmane bAjA bajAte / sovAga (zvapaca ) kuttoM kA mAMsa pakAkara khAte, aura tA~ta kI bikrI karate / varur3a rasse baMTa kara AjIvikA calAte / harikeza 1. vahI 15.4853 kI cUrNI / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 185-a%; tathA dekhie cittasaMbhUtajAtaka ( 458) / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 186 / 4. tulanA kIjie antaHkRddazA 4, pR0 22; tathA manusmRti 10.50 zrAdi / 5. dekhie antaHkRddazA 4, pR0 22 / 6. nizIthacUrNI 4.1816 kI cUNIM /

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ca0 khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : sAmAjika saMgaThana 233 aura luhAroM kI bhI jAti-jugupsitoM meM ginatI kI gayI hai|' ye saba jAtiyAM aspRzya kahI jAtI thiiN| ___karma aura zilpa se jugupsita spRzya jAtiyoM meM, strI-poSaka, mayUrapoSaka, kukkuTa-poSaka, naTa, laMkha, vyAdha, mRgalubdha, vAgurika, zaukarika, macchImAra, rajaka Adi karma-gupsita, tathA carmakAra, paTave, nAI, dhobI Adi kI zilpa-jugupsitoM meM gaNanA kI gayI hai| 1. vyavahArabhASya 2.37, 3.92, nizIthabhASya 11.3707-3708 kI cUrNI; 4.1618 / aMguttaranikAya 2.4 pR0 86 meM nIca kuloM meM caMDAla, vena, nesAda, rathakAra aura pukkusa kuloM kA ullekha hai| 2. vyavahArabhASya 3.64, nizIthacUrNI, vhii|

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dUsarA adhyAya kuTumba - parivAra pArivArika jIvana kauTilya ke anusAra, parivAra ke sadasyoM ke bharaNa-poSaNa ke lie, parivAra kA mukhiyA hI uttaradAyI hai| parivAra meM bAlaka, strI, mAtA, pitA, choTe bhAI-bahana aura vidhavA striyoM kA samAveza hotA hai / " parivAra ke saba loga eka hI sthAna para rahate, eka hI jagaha pakAyA huA bhojana karate tathA sarva-sAmAnya jamIna-jAyadAda kA upabhoga karate / striyA~ char3ane-pichAr3ane, posane-kUTane, rasoI banAne, bhojana parosane, pAnI bharane aura bartana mAMjane Adi kA kAma karatIM / pitA athavA prapitA sAre parivAra kA mukhiyA tathA svAmI hotA, aura saba loga usakI AjJA kA pAlana krte| usakI patnI gRhasvAminI hotI, jo parivAra ke saba kAmoM kA dhyAna rakhatI aura apane svAmI kI AjJAkAriNI hotI / nanada aura bhAvajoM ke bIca jhagar3eTaMTe calA karate | 3 rAjagRha ke dhanya nAma ke eka samRddha vyApArI ke cAra putra aura cAra patohue~ thIM / eka dina usake mana meM vicAra AyA ki yadi maiM kahIM cAla jAU~, bImAra ho jAU~, kisI kAraNa se ghara ke kAma-kAja kI dekhabhAla na kara sakU~, yA kahIM mara jAU~ to ghara kA kAma kauna saMbhAlegA | yaha socakara usane apane sage-sambandhiyoM ko bhojana ke lie nimantrita kiyA aura bhojana ke uparAnta apanI patohuoM ko cAvala ke dAne dekara unakI parIkSA lo / mAtA-pitA, svAmI aura dharmAcArya kA yatheSTa sammAna kiyA jAtA thA / putra apane mAtA-pitA ko zatapAka aura sahasrapAka tela tathA 1. arthazAstra, 2.1.16. 34 pR0 63 / 2. bRhatkalpabhApya 4.5147 TIkA / 3. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 526 / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 7, pR0 84 Adi / tathA dekhiye aMguttaranikAya 1, 2, pR0 56 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] dUsarA adhyAya : kuTumba - parivAra 235 sugandhita ubaTana se abhyaMgita karate, sugandhita, zIta aura uSNa jaloM se snAna karAte, sarvAlaMkAra se vibhUSita karate, aSTAdaza vyaMjanoM se satkAra karate, tathA yAvajjIvana unheM apane skaMdha para dhAraNa karake calate, to bhI mAtA-pitA ke upakAra kA badalA cukAne meM asamartha rahate / prAcIna bhArata meM pitA ko Izvaratulya mAnA jAtA thA / putra aura putriyA~ prAtaHkAla apane pitA kI pAda-vandanA karane ke lie upasthita hotIM / rAjagRha kA dhanya sArthavAha jaba jaMgala meM apane putroM kI rakSA ke lie apanA mAMsa aura rakta pradAna karane ko taiyAra ho gayA to usake jyeSTha putra ne nivedana kiyA - " pitAjI, Apa hamAre jyeSTha haiM, saMrakSaka haiM, isaliye yaha kaise ho sakatA hai ki hama ApakA balidAna karake apanA bharaNa-poSaNa kareM / ataeva Apa loga mujhe mAra kara apanI bhUkha-pyAsa zAnta kara sakate haiM / " anya putroM ne bhI apane pitA se yahI nivedana kiyA / jaina kathAoM meM mAtAoM ke udAtta prema ke ullekha milate haiM jahA~ ki unake karuNA aura premamaya citra upasthita kiye gaye haiM / mahAvIra bhagavAn kA upadeza sunakara jaba meghakumAra ne zramaNadIkSA svIkAra kI to usakI mAtA aceta hokara lakar3I ke laTThe kI bhA~ti gira par3I / yaha dekhakara usake svajana sambandhiyoM ne usake Upara jala chir3akA, tAlavRnta se havA kI aura vividha prakAra se use Azvasta karane lage / usakI A~kheM DabaDabA AyIM, aura atyanta karuNAjanaka zabdoM meM vaha apane putra se saMsAra ke viSaya-bhogoM kA tyAga na karane ke lie bArabAra anurodha karane lgii| rAjA puSyanandI apanI mAtA kA atyanta bhakta thA / vaha usake caraNoM kI vandanA karatA, zatapAka-sahasrapAka tela kI mAliza karatA, paira dabAtA, ubaTana malatA, snAna karAtA, tathA vipula azana-pAna se use bhojana karAkara phira svayaM bhojana karatA / " 1. sthAnAMga 3.135 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 13; 16, pR0 176 | 3. vahI, 18, pR0 213 / 4. vahI 1, pR0 25 Adi; tathA uttarAdhyayanasUtra 16 / 5. vipAkasUtra 6, pR0 54 Adi /

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236 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa sambandhI aura mitra aneka svajana aura sambandhiyoM kA ullekha jaina Agama granthoM meM milatA hai / mitra, jJAti, nijaka, svajana, sambandhI aura parijanoM kA ullekha yahA~ kiyA gayA hai|' ___ jaise-jaise pitA vayovRddha hotA jAtA, parivAra kI dekharekha kA bojha jyeSTha putra para pdd'taa| loga apane putroM ko ghara kA bhAra sauMpakara dIkSA dhAraNa krte| ___ janma, vivAha, maraNa tathA vividha utsavoM ke avasara para svajanasaMbaMdhiyoM ko nimaMtrita kiyA jaataa| mahAvIra bhagavAna ne jaba janma liyA to unake mAtA-pitA ne apane aneka mitroM, saMbaMdhiyoM, svajanoM aura anuyAyiyoM ko AmaMtrita kiyA aura khUba Ananda mnaayaa| campA ke nivAsI do brAhmaNa bhAiyoM kA ullekha AtA hai; ve krama-krama se eka-dUsare ke ghara bhojana kiyA karate the| bAlaka-nanhe bAla-bacce ghara ko zobhA mAne jAte the| jo mAtAe~ baccoM ko janma detIM, unheM khilAtI, pilAtI, unheM stanapAna karAtIM, unakI totalI bolI sunatIM aura apanI goda meM lekara unake sAtha kror3A karatIM, ve dhanya samajhI jaatii| mAtAyeM apane bAlakoM ke mAliza karatI, ubaTana lagAtI, garma pAnI se snAna karAtI, pairoM meM AlatA lagAtI, A~khoM meM aMjana DAlatI, tilaka karatI, oSTha racAtoM, hAthoM meM kaMkaNa pahanAtI tathA unake khelane ke liye khela aura khAne ke liye bhojana detI / vandhyA (nindU ) mAtAoM ko acchA nahIM samajhA jAtA thA / ataeva santAna prApti ke lie ve indra, skaMda, nAga, yakSa Adi aneka devI-devatAoM kI pUjA-upAsanA karatI, unheM prasAda car3hAtIM aura unakA jIrNoddhAra karAne kA vacana detiiN|" bhadrilapura ke nAga gRhapati kI bhAryA sulasA bacapana se hI hariNegameSI kI pUjA 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 2, pR0 51 / 2. kalpasUtra 5.104 / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 162 / 4. nirayAvaliyAzro 3, pR0 51 / 5. jJAtRdharmakathA 2, pR0 46; zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 264; dekhiye avadAnazataka 1, 3, pR0 14 / /

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ca0 khaNDa] dUsarA adhyAya : kuTumba-parivAra 237 upAsanA kiyA karatI tho, aura usakI kRpA se usake santAnotpatti huii|' piudatta gRhapati kI siribhaddA bhAryA mRta bAlakoM ko jamma deto thii| kisI naimittika ne batAyA ki yadi usa bAlaka ke zoNita meM khIra ( pAyasa ) pakAkara kisI sutapasvI ko khilAyI jAya to santAna sthira raha skegii| rAjagRha ke nAga nAmaka rathakAra kI bhAryA sulasA ne bahuta-sA dravya kharca karake tIna kuDava tela pakavAyA aura use indra, skaMda Adi devatAoM ko samarpita kiyaa| deva ne prasanna hokara battIsa goliyAM dI jisase sulasA ko santAna ko prApti huii| ___yadi kisI bAlaka kI pAMcoM indriyAM paripUrNa hoM, zubhacihnoM, lakSaNoM, vyaJjanoM aura sadguNoM se vaha yukta ho, AkRti meM acchA lagatA ho, sarvAGga suMdara ho, taula meM pUrA aura U~cAI meM ThIka ho to vaha zreSTha samajhA jAtA thA / svapna putra janma ke samaya, svapnoM kA atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa|' svapnazAstra ( sumiNasattha ) eka vyavasthita zAstra thA aura isa viSaya para aneka pustaka likho gayI thiiN| svapnazAstra kI ATha mahAnimittoM meM gaNanA kI gayI hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti meM svapnoM para eka svataMtra adhyAya hai, jisameM pAMca prakAra ke svapna batAye gaye haiN| yahAM kahA gayA hai ki yadi koI svapna ke aMta meM ghor3oM, hAthI yA bailoM kI paMkti dekhatA hai, athavA unake Upara savArI karatA hai to use nirvANa kI prApti hotI hai| isI prakAra samudra, bar3A rassA, aneka raMgoM ke sUta, lohe, tA~ve, 1. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 357 / suzrutasaMhitA, zArIrasthAna, 10.61 meM meM naigameSApahRta kA ullekha hai| isakA artha hai ki nAgodara yA upazuSkaka meM garbhadhAraNA hone ke pazcAt kucha samaya taka garbhavRddhi hokara bAda meM vaha ruka jAtI hai / vAstava meM vAtavikRti kA yaha pariNAma hai, lekina bhUta-pizAca meM vizvAsa karanevAle isa vikAra ko naigameSApahRta kahate haiN| 2. zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 288 / 3. vahI 2, pR0 164 / 4. kalpasUtra 1.8 / - 5. dekhiye mahAsupina jAtaka (77 ) 1, pR0 435 zrAdi / 6. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 15.7

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238 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa zIze, cAMdI aura sone ke Dhera, lakar3I, pattiyA~, camar3A, ghAsa, phUsa, rAkha aura dhUla kI rAzi, zarastambha Adi ghAsoM kI vividha jAtiyAM, dUdha, dahI, ghI, madhu, madirA, tela aura carbI kA ghar3A, kamala se AcchAdita jalAzaya, ratnoM kA prAsAda aura ratnoM kA vimAna dekhane se bhI nirvANa milatA hai|' svapna meM sajAvaTa vAle padArtha, hAtho aura zveta vRSabha dekhane se kIrtilAbha hotA hai, tathA jo mUtra aura lAla puroSa visarjana ke bAda jAga uThatA hai use dhana kI hAni hotI hai| ___ mahAvIra bhagavAn ne kevalajJAna prApta karane ke pUrva nimnalikhita dasa svapna dekhe the:-bhayaMkara pizAca ko parAjita karanA, zveta varNa kA puruSa-kokila, citra-vicitra puruSa-kokila, sugaMdhita mAlAoM kI jor3I, gAyoM kA samUha, kamaloM kA jalAzaya, bhujAoM dvArA samudra ko pAra karanA, daidIpyamAna sUrya, mAnottaSara parvata ko cAroM ora se ghera lenA tathA meru parvata kA ArohaNa / sthavira baMbhagutta ne svapna dekhA ki usake dUdha se bhare hue bhikSA-pAtra ko kisI siMhazAvaka ne khAlI kara diyA hai| isakA tAtparya thA ki koI bAhara kA vyakti unake pAsa jaina Agama-siddhAMta kA abhyAsa karane se lie AnevAlA hai| jainasUtroM meM ullekha hai ki mAtAeM arahaMta yA cakravartI Adi ke garbhadhAraNa karane ke pUrva kucha svapna dekhatI haiN| jaba mahAvIra garbha meM avatarita hue to unakI mAtA ne svapna meM caudaha' padArtha dekhe :gaja, vRSabha, siMha, abhiSeka, mAlA, candramA, sUrya, dhvajA, kuMbha, kamaloM kA sarovara, sAgara, vimAnabhavana, ratnarAzi aura agni / zreNika rAjA 1. vyAkhyAprajJapti 16.6 / 2. uttarAdhyayana 8.13, zAntisUrIya TIkA / TIkAkAra nemIcandra ne svapnoM kI vyAkhyA karate hue prAkRta ko katipaya gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiN| isase patA lagatA hai ki svapnazAstra sambandhI prAkRta meM sAhitya maujUda thaa| isakI kucha gAthAoM kI tulanA jagadeva ke svapnacintAmaNi ( sampAdita DAkTara negeliyana dvArA ) se kI jA sakatI hai, zAnTiyara, uttarAdhyayana, noTsa, pR0 310 aadi| 3. vyAkhyAprajJapti 16.6 pR0 706; aAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 274 / 4. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 364 / 5. kezava kI mAtAe~ inameM se sAta, baladeva kI cAra aura mAMDalikoM kI mAtAeM kevala eka svapna dekhatI hai, uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 23, pR0 287 shr| 6. kalpasUtra 3.32.46; aAvazyakacUrNI pR0 236 zrAdi /

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ca0 khaNDa ] dUsarA adhyAya : kuTumba - parivAra 23e kI rAno dhAriNI ne bhI rAtri ke pUrvabhAga ke aMta meM aura pazcima bhAga ke Arambha meM svapna dekhA ki sAta hAtha U~cA zubhra hAthI usake mukha meM praveza kara rahA hai / svapna dekhakara vaha jAga uThI / svapna ko usane bhalIbhAMti grahaNa kiyA / vaha zayanIya se uThakara pAdapITha se nIce utarI tathA atvarita gati se rAjA zreNika ke pAsa pahuMca, use apanA svapna sunA diyA / svapna sunakara rAjA ne kahA ki tumhAre kulakIrtikara putra kA janma hogA / rAnI apane zayanIya para lauTa gaI aura subaha honetaka dhArmika viSayoM kI carcA karatI raho / ' garbhakAla yaha samaya striyoM ke lie bahuta nAjuka hotA hai / isa samaya unheM uThane-baiThane aura khAne-pIne Adi meM bar3I sAvadhAnI baratanI par3atI hai / rAnI dhAriNI garbha kI rakSA ke lie atyanta yatnapUrvaka uThatI- baiThato, khar3I hotI aura sotI thI / vaha atyanta tIkhA, kaDuvA, kasailA, khaTTA aura mIThA bhojana nahIM karatI thI, balki deza-kAla ke anusAra hita, mita aura pathya bhojana hI grahaNa karatI thI / vaha atyaMta ciMtA, zoka, dainya, moha, bhaya aura trAsa se dUra rahatI thI, tathA yukta AhAra, gaMdha, mAlya aura alaMkAroM kA sevana karatI huI garbha-vahana karatI thI / garbhakAla meM dohada kA bahuta mahattva thA / garbhasthiti ke do yA tIna mahIne bIta jAne para striyoM vicitra dohada hote the / udAharaNa ke lie, zreNika kI rAnI dhAriNI devI ko garbhAvasthA ke tIsare mahIne meM akAla megha kA dohada utpanna huA / usakI icchA huI ki rimajhimarimajhima varSA ho rahI ho, meghoM kA garjana ho rahA ho, bijalI camaka rahI ho, mayUroM kA manohara zabda sunAyI de rahA ho, meDhakoM ko TaraTarra sunAyI par3a rahI ho, aura aise samaya hAthI para savAra ho vaibhAragiri kA paribhramaNa kiyA jAya / dhAriNI kA dohadapUrNa na hone ke 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 8 Adi AvazyakacUrNAM pR0 238 Adi / gautama buddha kI mAtA mAyA bhI apane zarIra meM praveza karate hue hAthI kA svapna dekhatI hai, nidAnakathA 1, pR0 66 Adi / bharahuta stUpa ko zilpakalA di meM yaha citrita hai / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA, 1, pR0 16; tulanA kIjie avadAnazataka, 1, 3, pR0 15 /

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240 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa kAraNa vaha bImAra rahane lgii| vaha bahuta udAsa huI aura dinapara dina kRza hotI calI gayI / zreNika ko jaba isa bAta kA patA lagA to vaha atyaMta udAsa huaa| aMta meM usake kuzala maMtrI abhayakumAra ne apanI vimAtA kA dohada pUrNakara use satuSTa kiyA / ' cellaNA devI rAjA zreNika kI dUsarI rAnI thii| use dohada huA apane pati ke udara ke mAMsa ko bhUna aura talakara, surA Adi ke sAtha bhakSaNa karane kA / yahA~ bhI abhayakumAra kI buddhimatA kAma aayii| usane kasAIkhAne ( ghAtasthAna ) se tAjA mAMsa, rudhira tathA udara kI aMtar3iyA~ mNgvaayoN| usake bAda usane rAjA ko sIdhA leTa jAne ko kahA / rAjA ke udara-pradeza para mAMsa aura rudhira rakha diyA gayA aura aisA pradarzita kiyA gayA ki sacamuca usake hI udara se mAMsa kATA jA rahA hai| isa prakAra rAjA ke mA~sa kA bhakSaNa kara cellaNA ne dohada pUrNa kiyaa| ____ anya bhI aneka dohadoM kA ullekha jaina AgamoM kI TIkA meM kiyA hai, jinheM pUrNa kara garbhavatI striyoM ne santAna ko prasava kiyaa| kisI ko gAya-baila ke susvAdu mAMsa-bhakSaNa karane kA, kisI ko citralikhita hariNoM kA mAMsa bhakSaNa karane kA, kisI ko candrasudhA pAna karane kA, kisI ko puruSa ke vastra dhAraNa kara Ayadha Adi se sajjita ho corapalli ke cAroM ora bhramaNa karane kA, aura kisI ko dAMtoM ke pAsoM se kor3A karane kA dohada hotA, aura puruSa yathAzakti ina dohadoM ko pUrNa kara apanI priyatamAoM kI icchA pUrI karate / 1. jJAtRdharmakathA, 1, pR0 10 Adi; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 6, pR0 132--shr| 2. dUsarI paramparA ke anusAra, kharagoza kA mAMsa maMgAyA gayA thA, zrAvazyakacUNIM 2, pR0 166 / bauddha paraMparA ke anusAra, kozalarAja ko putrI ko bimbisAra kI jaMghA kA raktapAna karane kA dohada huA thA, thusa jAtaka (338), 3, pR0 286 / 3. nirayAvaliyAno 1, pR06-11 4. vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 14-15 / 1. piNDaniyukti 80 / 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 57 / 7. vipAkasUtra 3, pR0 23 // 8. vyavahArabhASya 1, 3, pR0 16-a / dohada ke lie dekhie carakasaMhitA,

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241 ca0 khaNDa] dUsarA adhyAya : kuTumba-parivAra garbhapAta striyoM dvArA garbhapAta kiye jAne ke bhI udAharaNa milate haiN| miyaggAma nagara ke vijaya kSatriya kI bhAryA mRgAdevo jaba garbhavatI huI to usake zarIra meM bahuta pIr3A rahane lagI, aura tabhI se vaha vijaya ko apriya ho gyii| usane aneka kSAra, kaTraka, aura kasailI auSadhiyA~ khAkara garbha girAne kA prayatna kiyA, lekina saphala na huii| anta meM usane janmAMdha putra ko janma diyaa| putra janma hone ke bAda usane dAI ko bulAkara use gAMva ke bAhara eka kUr3I para chor3a Ane ko khaa| lekina dAI ne vijaya kSatriya ke pAsa jAkara yaha bheda khola diyaa| yaha sunakara vijaya bahuta nArAja huA aura phaurana hI mRgAdevI ke pAsa jAkara usane kahA ki dekho yaha tumhArA prathama putra hai, yadi ise kUr3I para chor3a dogI to bhaviSya meM tumhArI santAna jIvita na rhegii| rAnI cellaNA ke dohada ke sambandha meM kahA jA cukA hai| jaba usake garbha se kuNika kA janma huA to usane apanI dAsaceTI ko bulAkara use kUr3o para chor3a Ane ko kahA / dAsaceTI ne apanI svAminI kI AjJA zirodhArya kara, azokavana meM jA navajAta zizu ko kUr3I para DAla diyaa| rAjA zreNika ko jaba isakA patA lagA to kUr3I para se usane zizu ko uThavA ma~gAyA / use lekara vaha cellaNA ke pAsa pahuMcA, aura use bahuta burA-bhalA kahA / rAnI bahuta zArIrasthAna 1,4.16, pR0 668; suzrutasaMhitA, zArIrasthAna 3, pR0 6062; tathA mahAvaggaM 10.2.8, pR0 373; kathAsaritsAgara, pariziSTa 3, 221-8 / 1. vipAkasUtra 1, pR. 6 Adi; aAvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 166; zrAvazyakacUI pR0 474 / 2. mahAvagga 8.1.2, pR0 287 meM bhI kUr3o para DAlane kA ullekha aAtA hai| 3. subhadrA ke mRta santAna paidA hotI thii| santAna paidA hote hI vaha use kUr3I para chur3avA detI aura phira turanta hI-maMgavA letI, vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 17 / isI prakAra bhadrA apanI mRta santAna ko zakaTa ke nIce DalavAkara use vApisa maMgavA letI, vahI, 4, pR0 30 / 16 jai0 bhA0

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242 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa lajjita huI aura phira vaha bacce kA bhalI-bhAMti pAlana-poSaNa karane lagI / putrajanma prAcIna bhArata meM putrajanma kA bar3A utsava manAyA jAtA thA / nau mahIne sAr3he sAta dina pUrNa hone para dhAriNI devI ne sukumAra zarIravAle nayanAbhirAma meghakumAra ko janma diyaa| aMga-praticArikAoM ne jaba putrajanma kA samAcAra zreNika ko diyA to vaha atyanta prasanna huA / aMga-praticArikAoM kA usane madhura vacanoM tathA puSpa, gaMdha, mAlya aura alaMkAra se satkAra kiyA, aura apane sira ke mukuTa ko chor3akara samasta alaMkAra unako pradAna kara diye / rAjA ne unake mastaka kA prakSAlana kiyA, aura unheM dAsIpane se mukta kara diyA / rAjA ne kapane kauTumbika puruSa ko bulAkara jela ke saba kaidiyoM ko chor3e dene ( cAragasohaNa) kA Adeza dete hue, sAre nagara ko puSpoM aura mAlAoM se sajjita karane kA Adeza diyA / vastuoM ke dAma ghaTA diye gaye aura 18 zreNI-prazreNI ko dasa dina taka ThiivaDiya ( sthitipatitA ) utsava manAne kA Adeza diyA gayA / isa kAla meM nagara ko zulka rahita aura kararahita karane kI ghoSaNA kara dI gayI, rAja- karmacAriyoM ko japtI ke lie gharoM meM praveza karane ko manAyo kara dI gayI, prajA ko daNDa aura kudaNDa se rahita kara diyA gayA aura karja mApha kara diyA gayA / sarvatra mRdaMgoM kI dhvani sunAyI dene lagI aura jagaha-jagaha gaNikAoM Adi ke sundara nRtya hone lage / ' pahale dina jAtakarma manAyA gayA jabaki bAlaka kA nAla kATakara use jamIna meM gAr3a diyA gyaa| dUsare dina jAgarikA ( rAtri 1. nirayAvala 1, pR0 14 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, 20 Adi / RSabhadeva kI janma-mahimA ke liye dekhiye zrAvazyakacUrNI, pR0 135 Adi; mahAvIra ke janma mahotsava ke liye, vahI, pR0 243 Adi; pArzvanAtha ke janma mahotsava ke liye uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 23,0288 Adi / 3. AvazyakacUrNI meM abhyaMgana, snApana, agnihoma, bhUtikarma, rakSApoTalIbandhana aura kAnoM meM 'Ti Ti' kI AvAja karane Adi kA ullekha hai, pR0 136 -40 | zAkinI Adi duSTa devatAoM kI najara se bacane ke liye rakSApoTalI bAMdhI jAtI thI, jambUdrIpaprajJapti 5, pR0 364 //

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ca0 khaNDa ] dUsarA adhyAya : kuTumba-parivAra 243 jAgaraNa) aura tIsare dina candra-sUrya darzana kA utsava manAyA gayA / bAkI ke sAta dina nagara meM saMgIta, nRtya aura vAditra kI dhvani ke sAtha Ananda-maMgala kI dhUma macI rhii| gyArahaveM dina zucikarma sampanna huA aura Aja se sUtaka kI samApti mAnI gyii| bArahaveM dina vipula azana, pAna Adi taiyAra karake mitra aura svajana sambandhiyoM ko AmaMtrita kiyA gayA / ina saba atithiyoM kA, bhojana aura vastra Adi se satkAra kiyA gayA, aura tatpazcAt bAlaka kA nAmasaMkaraNa Adi sampanna huaa| . ___ isake atirikta, aura bhI bahuta se saMskAroM kA ullekha AtA hai| bAlaka jaba ghuTano calane lagatA hai to paraMgamaNa saMskAra, jaba pairoM calanA sIkha jAtA hai to caMkramaNa saMskAra, jaba vaha prathama dina bhojana kA AsvAdana karatA hai to jemAmaNa saMskAra, pahale-pahala jaba bolanA sIkhatA hai to prajalpana saMskAra, aura jaba usake kAna bIghe jAte haiM to karNavedhana saMskAra manAyA jAtA hai| usake pazcAt saMvatsarapratilekhana ( varSagAMTha), colopaNa (cUr3Apanayana ), upanayana aura kalA grahaNa Adi saMskAra sampanna kiye jAte the| bAlakoM ke tilaka lagAyA jAtA, unake hAthoM, pairoM aura gale meM AbhUSaNa pahanAye jAte / unako dekhabhAla ke lie aneka dhAiyA~ rahatI jinameM aneka kuzala dhAiyA~ videzoM se bulAyI jaatii| pA~ca prakAra ko dhAiyoM kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| dUdha pilAne vAlI dAI yadi sthavira ho to usake stanoM meM se kama dUdha AtA hai aura isase baccA vRkSa ke samAna patalA raha jAtA hai| yadi usake stana sthUla hoM to bAra bAra unameM muha lagane se bacce kI nAka cipaTI raha jAtI hai; yadi vaha maMdakSIra ho to paryApta dUdha na milane se baccA kamajora raha jAtA hai; aura yadi usake stana hathelI ke madhya bhAga kI bhA~ti 1. janma ke bAda dasa dina kA sUtaka aura maraNa ke bAda dasa dina kA pAtaka mAnA gayA hai, vyavahArabhASyapIThikA, 17, pR0 10 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA, 1, 21 zrAdi; kalpasUtra 5, 102-108; aupapAtika 40, pR0 185 / 3. vyAkhyAprajJati 11.11, pR0 543 a| dainika kRtyoM ke lie dekhie vardhamAnasUri kA prAcAradinakara; iNDiyana eMTIkverI, 1603, pR0 460 aadi| 4. nizIthabhASya 13.4386 /

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244 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa cipaTe hoM to bacce ke dAMta Age ko nikala Ate haiM aura usakA mu~ha suI jaisA ho jAtA hai / isI prakAra snAna karAne vAlI dAI dvArA yadi bAlaka ko pAnI meM utplAvana karAyA jAya to vaha jalabhIru ho jAtA hai, atyanta jala ke bhAra se usakI A~kheM kamajora ho jAtI haiM aura lAla rahane lagatI haiM / maMDana karanevAlI dAI bAlaka ko najara se bacAne ke liye tilaka Adi lagAtI hai tathA usake hAthoM, pairoM aura gale meM AbhUSaNa pahanAtI hai| khilAnevAlI dAI kA svara yadi jora kA ho to baccA bhI jora se bolane lagatA hai, aura yadi usakA svara dhomA ho to baccA aspaSTa bolatA hai athavA ga~gA ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra yadi godI meM khilAnevAlI dAI bAlaka ko apanI sthUla kaTi meM le to usake paira phaila jAte haiM, yadi zuSka kaTi meM le to usakI kaTi bhagna ho jAtI haiM, nirmAsa kaTi meM lene se usakI haDDiyAM dukhane lagatI haiM, aura yadi mAMsavihIna kaThora hAthoM se use liyA jAye to vaha bhIru bana jAtA hai| - 1. nizIthacUrNI 13.4383-91; piNDaniyukti 418-26 / dekhiye suzruta, zArIrasthAna 10.25, pR0 284; tathA mUgapakkha jAtaka (538 ), 5 /

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tIsarA adhyAya striyoM ko sthiti striyoM ke prati sAmAnya manovRtti striyoM ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki ve vizvAsaghAtI, kRtaghna, kapaTI aura avizvAsI hotI hai, isalie una para kaThora niyaMtraNa rakhane kI AvazyakatA hai| eka ukti hai ki jisa gAMva yA nagara meM striyA~ zaktizAlI haiM vaha nizcaya hI nAza ko prApta hotA hai| manu mahArAja ke zabdoM meM jainasUtroM meM kahA hai-"jaba strI paidA hotI hai to pitA ke adhIna rahatI hai, jaba usakA vivAha ho jAtA hai to pati ke adhIna ho jAtI hai, aura jaba vidhavA hotI hai to putra ke adhIna ho jAtI hai-tAtparya yaha ki nArI kabhI svataMtra nahIM raha sktii|" ___koI vadhU apane ghara kI khir3akI meM baiThI-baiThI nagara kI sundara vastue~ dekhA karatI thii| kabhI vaha koI jUlUsa dekhatI, to kabhI idharaudhara bhAgate hue ghor3e yA ratha se hone vAlI halacala dekhtii| dhIredhIre para-puruSoM meM usakI ruci hone lgii| yaha dekhakara usake zvasura ne use rokA, para vaha nahIM maanii| usakI nindA kI, phira bhI koI asara na huaa| tatpazcAt kor3e se tAr3anA kI, phira bhI na maanii| anta meM use ghara se nikAla diyaa| striyoM ko mArane-pITane kA rivAja thA, aura striyA~ isa apamAna ko cupacApa sahana kara letI thiiN| kisI gRhastha ne apanI cAroM striyoM ko mArakara ghara se nikAla diyaa| usakI pahalI patnI ghara se nikala kara dUsare ke ghara calI gayI, dUsarI apane kulagRha meM jAkara . 1. vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 130 / 2. jAyA pitivvasA nArI dattA nArI pativvasA / vihavA puttavasA nArI natthi nArI sayaMvasA ||-vyvhaarbhaassy 3.233 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1259 aadi| 4. dekhie piNDaniyukti 326; tathA jJAtRdharmakathA, 16, pR0 166: tathA arthazAstra 3.3.59.10 /

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246 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa yadi kadAci rahane lagI, tIsarI apane pati ke kisI mitra ke ghara pahu~ca gayI, lekina cauthI pITe jAne para bhI vahIM rhii| pati apano cautho patnI se bahuta prasanna huA aura usane use gRhasvAminI banA diyA / striyoM ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki jaise murgI ke bacce ko bilAr3I se sadA bhaya rahatA hai, vaise hI brahmacArI ko striyoM se bhayabhIta rahanA cAhie / brahmacArI ko cAhie ki striyoM ke citroM se zobhita bhitti athavA alaMkAroM se zobhita nArI kI ora na dekhe / usa ora dRSTi par3a bhI jAye to jaise hama sUrya ko dekhakara dRSTi kara lete haiM, vaise ho bhikSu ko bhI apanI dRSTi saMkucita kara lenI cAhie / lUlI, laMgar3I athavA nakaTI aura bUcI aisI sau. varSa kI bur3hiyA se bhI bhikSu ko dUra hI rahanA caahie| 3 striyoM ko prakRti se viSama, priyavacanavAdinI, kapaTa premagiri kI taTinI, aparAdhasahasra kI gRhiNI, zoka kI utpAdaka, bala kI vinAzaka, puruSoM kA vadha-sthAna, baira kI khAni zoka kA zarIra, duzcaritra kA sthAna, jJAna kI skhalanA, sAdhuoM kI vairiNI, matta gaja kI bhA~ti kAma ke paravaza, bAghina kI bhA~ti duSTa, kRSNa sarpa ke samAna avizvAsanIya, vAnara kI bhA~ti caMcala, duSTa azva kI bhAMti durdamya, aratikara, karkazA, anavasthita, kRtaghna Adi vizeSaNoM se sambodhita kiyA hai / use nArI kahA gayA hai, kyoMki usake samAna puruSoM kA koI ari nahIM ( nArI samA na narANaM aroo ), aneka prakAra ke karma aura zilpa dvArA ve puruSoM ko mohita karaletI haiM ( nANAvihehiM kammehiM sippaiyA - ehiM purise mohaMti ) isalie unheM mahilA kahA hai, puruSoM ko matta banA dene ke kAraNa (purise matte kareMti ) unheM pramadA, mahAn kalaha karane ke kAraNa ( mahaMtaM kaliM jaNayaMti ) mahilayA, puruSoM ko hAvabhAva Adi dvArA mohita karane ke kAraNa ( purise hAvabhAvamAiehiM ramaMti) rAmA, zarIra meM rAga-bhAva utpanna karane ke kAraNa (pura 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 5, 5761 / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 1, pR0 9-a ke eka uddharaNa meM mAtA, bahana aura kanyA ke sAtha ekAnta meM eka Asana para baiThane kA niSedha hai / aMguttaranikAya 1, 1, pR0 3 meM kahA hai ki strIrUpa, strIzabda, strIgaMdha, strIrasa aura strIsparza puruSoM ke citta ko barabasa AkarSita karatA hai / 3. dazavaikAlikasUtra 8.54-6 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 247; aMgArA kariti) aMganA, aneka yuddha, kalaha, saMgrAma, zIta-uSNa, duHkhakleza Adi utpanna hone para puruSoM kA lAlana karane ke kAraNa ( nANAvihesu juddhabhaMDaNa saMgAmADavIsu mahAraNagiNhaNasIunhadukkhakilesa mAi supurise lAlaMti ) lalanA, yoga-niyoga Adi dvArA puruSoM ko vaza meM karane ke kAraNa (purise joganiyogehiM vase ThAviMti ) yoSit, ' tathA puruSoM kA aneka rUpoM dvArA varNana karane ke kAraNa (purise nANAvihiM bhAvehiM vaNNati ) vanitA kahA gayA hai / striyoM ke sambandha meM aneka uktiyA~ haiM- "gaMgA ko bAlU ko, sAgara ke jala ko aura himAlaya pahAr3a kI vizAlatA ko buddhimAna loga jAnate haiM, lekina mahilAoM ke hRdaya ko ve nahIM samajhate / ve svayaM rotI haiM, dUsaroM ko rulAtI haiM, mithyA bhASaNa karatI haiM, apane meM vizvAsa paidA karAtI haiM, kapaTajAla se viSa kA bhakSaNa karatI haiM, ve mara jAtI haiM lekina sadbhAva ko prApta nahIM hotIM / mahilAe~ jaba kisI para Asakta hotI haiM to ve ganne ke rasa ke samAna, athavA sAkSAt zakkara ke samAna pratIta hotI haiM / lekina jaba ve virakta hotI haiM to nIma se bhI adhika kaTu ho jAtI haiN| yuvatiyA~ kSaNa bhara meM anurakta aura kSaNabhara meM virakta ho jAtI haiN| unake prema ke sthAna bhinna-bhinna hote haiM, haldI ke raMga kI bhA~ti unakA prema asthAyI hotA hai / hRdaya se ve niSThura hotI haiM, tathA zarIra, vANI aura dRSTi se ve ramya jAna par3atI haiM / yuvatiyA~ sunaharI churI ke samAna haiM / "3 jainasUtroM meM striyoM ko maithunamUlaka batAyA gayA hai, jinako lekara 1. aMguttaranikAya 38, pR0 306 meM kahA hai kiM striyAM ATha prakAra se puruSa ko bAMdhatI haiM -- ronA, ha~sanA, bolanA, eka tarapha haTanA, bhrUbhaMga karanA, gandha, rasa, aura sparza / 2. tandulavaicArika, pR0 50 Adi / tathA dekhiye kuNAla jAtaka (536), pR0 509 Adi; asAtamaMta jAtaka ( 61 ), 1, pR0 374 / striyoM ko vaza meM karane ke liye AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 462 meM nimna zloka uddhRta hai-- annapAnaiharedvAlAM, yauvanasthAM vibhUSayA / vezyAstrImupacAreNa vRddhAM karkazasevayA // 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 93; tathA bhagavatI ArAdhanA 938 - 1002 / aMguttaranikAya 2, 2, pR0 498 meM striyoM ko atikrodhI, badalA lenevAlI, ghoraviSa, dvijihna aura mitradrohI kahA hai /

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ra8 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa kitane hI saMgrAma hue haiN| isa sambandha meM sItA, draupadI, rukmiNI, padmAvatI, tArA, kaMcanA', raktasubhadrA, ahinnikA, suvannaMguliyA, kinnarI, surUpA, aura vidyunmati" ke udAharaNa diye gaye haiM / anya bhI aneka striyoM ke udAharaNa milate haiM, jinhoMne anya puruSa ke prati Asakta hokara apane pati se vizvAsaghAta kiyA / vArANasI ke pradhAna zreSThI kI vivAhitA kanyA madanamaMjarI agaDadattakumAra kI ora kaTAkSayukta hAva-bhAva pradarzita karatI, tathA usakA dhyAna AkarSita karane ke lie usa para puSpa, phala, patra Adi pheMkatI / yadyapi agaDadatta kA vivAha rAjakumArI kamalasenA se ho gayA thA, lekina phira bhI vaha madanamaMjarI ke prema se AkRSTa ho use apane sAtha le gyaa| ekabAra kI bAta hai, zaMkhapura pahu~cane para ve donoM kisI devakula meM Thahare hue the ki madanamaMjarI kisI dUsare puruSa ke prati Asakta ho gayI aura usane agaDadatta ko mArane kA SaDyaMtra rcaa| yaha dekhakara agaDadatta ko rAgya ho AyA aura usane zramaNa-dIkSA svIkAra kI / " dazakAlika cUrNI meM kisI seThAnI kI kathA AtI hai / vaha apane pati ke sAtha rahate hue bhI kisI anya puruSa se prema karane lagI thii| strI ke zvasura ne apane putra se yaha bAta kahI, lekina use vizvAsa na huA / usakI parIkSA ke lie use yakSamaMdira meM bhejA gayA / strI ne maMdira meM sthita pizAca ko saMbodhita karate hue kahA- he pizAca ( usakA premI pizAca rUpa meM vahA~ rahane lagA thA ), jisa puruSa ke sAtha merA vivAha huA hai, use chor3akara yadi maiMne aura kisI se prema kiyA ho to tuma hI jAnate ho | yakSamaMdira kA niyama thA ki yadi koI aparAdhI hotA to vaha vahIM raha jAtA aura nirdoSI bAhara nikala jAtA / ukta sambodhana sunakara pizAca vicAra meM par3a gayA ki isane to mujhe hI Thaga liyA / isa bIca meM usakI premikA yakSa maMdira se bAhara nikala AyI, aura logoM ne usake zvasura ko bahuta burA - bhalA kahA / " 1. kucha loga kAMcanA ko hI cellaNA athavA celanA kahate haiM / 2. 2, 3, 4, 5 ina cAroM ke sambandha meM vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM milatI / 6. praznavyAkaraNa 16, pR0 85-a - 89 - a / 7. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 83 - a Adi / 8. pR0 89-91 / zukasaptati meM bhI yaha kahAnI milatI hai, 15, pR0

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ca0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 249 striyoM ko dRSTivAda sUtra par3hane kA niSedha hai| isa sUtra meM sarvakAmaprada vidyAtizayoM kA varNana hai, tathA strI svabhAva se durbala, ahaMkAra-bahula, caMcala-indriya aura mAnasa se durbala hotI hai, ataeva mahAparijJA, aruNopapAta Adi aura dRSTivAda paThana karane kA use niSedha hai|' vAstava meM dekhA jAya to jaina aura bauddha dharma meM bhikSuoM kI apekSA bhikSuNiyoM ke lie adhika kaThora saMyama aura anuzAsana kA vidhAna hai| jainasUtroM meM ullekha hai ki tIna varSa kI paryAyavAlA nimrantha tosa varSa kI paryAyavAlI zramaNo kA upAdhyAya tathA pA~ca varSa kI paryAyavAlA nirgrantha sATha varSa kI paryAyavAlI zramaNI kA AcArya ho sakatA hai| ___ dhyAna rakhane kI bAta hai ki striyoM ke sambandha meM jo nindAsUcaka ullekha Upara kiye gaye haiM, ve sAmAnyatayA sAdhAraNa samAja dvArA mAnya nahIM haiM, isase yahI jAna par3atA hai ki striyoM ke AkarSaka saundarya se kAmukatApUrNa sAdhuoM kI rakSA karane ke lie, strI-caritra ko lAMchita karane kA yaha prayatna hai| anya dharmiyoM ke tatkAlIna lekhoM ke adhyayana se yaha pratIta nahIM hotA ki striyAM ekadama se kaise duniyA bhara ke doSoM kI khAna ho gayIM, so bhI vizeSakara jaina aura bauddhakAla meN| bRhatsaMhitA ke kartA varAhamihira ne bar3e sAhasapUrvaka ullekha kiyA hai-"jo doSa striyoM meM batAye jAte haiM ve puruSoM meM bhI maujUda haiN| antara itanA hI hai ki striyAM unheM dUra karane kA prayatna karatI haiM jaba ki puruSa unase behada udAsIna rahate haiN| vivAha kI pratijJAeM vara-vadhU donoM hI grahaNa karate haiN| lekina puruSa unheM sAdhAraNa mAnakara calate haiM, jaba ki striyAM una para AcaraNa karatI haiN| kAma-vAsanA se kauna adhika pIr3ita hotA hai ? puruSa-jo vRddhAvasthA meM bhI vivAha karate haiM-yA strI-jo bAlyAvasthA meM vidhavA ho jAne para bhI 56, ricArDa zmita dvArA sampAdita, lIpaz2iga, 1893 / apanI patnI kI gulAmI karanevAle chaha adhama puruSoM ke liye dekhiye nizIthabhASya 13.4451 / 1. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA, 146; tathA vyavahArabhASya 5.139 / 2. vyavahAra 7.15-16; 7.407 / bauddhadharma meM ATha gurudharmoM ke antargata batAyA gayA hai ki yadi koI bhikkhunI sau varSa kI paryAyavAlI ho to bhI use abhI hAla ke pravrajita bhikkhU kA abhivAdana karanA cAhie aura use dekhakara uThanA cAhie, cullavagga, 10,1.2 pR0 374-5 /

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250 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa sadAcaraNa kA jIvana vyatIta karatI haiM ? puruSa, jaba taka unakI patniyAM jIvita rahatI hai, taba taka unake sAtha nissandeha prema kI vArtAlApa karate rahate haiM, lekina unake marate hI ve dUsare vivAha kA soca-vicAra karane lagate haiN| isake viparIta, striyAM apane patiyoM ke prati kRtajJatA kA bhAva pradarzita karatI haiM, tathA unakI mRtyu ke bAda, dAmpatya prema se prerita hokara, unakA anugamana karatI huI citA para bhasma ho jAtI haiN| taba phira prema meM kauna adhika niSkapaTa hai ? stro yA puruSa ? puruSa ke lie yaha kahanA ki striyAM caMcala hotI haiM, durbala hotI hai aura avizvasanIya hotI haiM, dhRSTatA aura kRtaghnatA ko caramasImA hai| isase una kuzala coroM kI yAda AtI hai jo pahale to apanA lUTA huA dhana anyatra bhijavA dete haiM, aura phira niraparAdhI puruSoM ko cunautI dete hue unase usa dhana kI mAMga karate haiN|" dUsarA pakSa striyoM kA dUsarA pakSa bhI hai jisakI hama upekSA nahIM kara skte| hameM aiso satI-sAdhvI striyoM ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiM jo pAtivrata dhAraNa karatI huI prema aura AnandapUrvaka jIvana-yApana karatI hai / tIthaMkara Adi zalAkApuruSoM ko janmade nevAlI striyAM hI haiN| aiso aneka striyoM ke ullekha milate haiM jo gatapatikA, mRtapatikA, bAlavidhavA, parityaktA, mAtRrakSitA, pitarakSitA, bhrAtRrakSitA, kulagRharakSitA aura zvasurakularakSitA haiM, nakha aura keza jinake bar3ha gaye haiM, snAna na karane ke kAraNa sveda Adi se paritapta haiM, dUdha-gho-dahI-makkhana-tela-gur3a-namaka-madya-mAMsa-madhu kA jinhoMne tyAga kara diyA hai, tathA jinakI icchA atyanta alpa hai, phira bhI ve kisI upapati kI ora muMha uThAkara nahIM dekhtiiN| striyoM ko cakravartI ke caudaha ratnoM meM ginA gayA hai| mallikumArI ne strI hokara bhI tIrthaMkara ko padavI prApta kii| striyoM ke saMbaMdha 1. bRhatsaMhitA 76.6.12, 14, 16, 16; tathA e0 esa0 Altekara, da pojIzana oNva vImaina ina hindU siviliz2ezana, pR0 387 / 2. aupapAtikasUtra 38, pR0 167-68 / ____3. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 3.67; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 247-a / dekhie dIghanikAya 1, ambahasutta pR0 77 / yahA~ cakka, hatthi, assa, maNi, itthi, gahapati aura pariNAyaka ratnoM kA ullekha hai| 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 8 / dhyAna rakhane kI bAta hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA ke

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251 ca0 khaNDa] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti meM kathana hai ki jala, agni, cora, duSkAla kA saMkaTa upasthita hone para sarvaprathama strI kI rakSA karanI caahie| isI prakAra DUbate samaya bhikSubhikSuNI meM se pahale bhikSuNI ko, aura kSullaka-kSullikA meM se pahale kSullikA ko bacAnA caahie| bhojarAja ugrasena kI kanyA rAjImatI kA nAma jaina AgamoM meM bar3e AdarapUrvaka liyA jAtA hai| vivAha ke avasara para bAr3oM meM baMdhe hue pazuoM kA cItkAra suna, jaba ariSTanemi ko pairAgya ho AyA to rAjImatI ne bhI unake caraNa-cihnoM kA anugamana kara zramaNa-dIkSA grahaNa ko| ekabAra kI bAta hai, ariSTanemi, unakA bhAI rathanemi aura rAjImatI tInoM giranAra parvata para tapa kara rahe the / isa samaya varSA ke kAraNa rAjImatI ke vastra gIle ho gye| usane apane vastroM ko nicor3akara sukhA diyA aura vaha pAsa kI eka guphA meM khar3I ho gayo / saMyogavaza, isa samaya rathanemi bhI usI guphA meM dhyAna meM avasthita the| rAjImatI ko nirvastra avasthA meM dekha unakA mana calAyamAna ho gyaa| unhoMne rAjImatI ko bhoga bhogane ke lie nimantrita kiyA / rAjImatI ne isakA virodha kiyaa| usane madhu aura ghRta yukta peya kA pAnakara Upara se madanaphala khA liyA, jisase use vamana ho gayA / rathanemi ko zikSA dene ke lie vamana kiye hue peya ko usane rathanemi ko pradAna kara vratapAlana meM dRr3hatA pradarzita kii| isa prakAra ke udAharaNa bhI milate haiM jaba puruSa apanI striyoM ke satItva ke viSaya meM zaMkAspada rahate the| eka bAra, rAjA zreNika bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vandanA karake sAyaMkAla ke samaya ghara lauTa rahe the / mAgha kA mahInA thA / mArga meM cellaNA ne eka sAdhu ko pratimA meM sthita dekhA / ghara Akara vaha so gayo / rAta ko sote-sote usakA hAtha nIce laTaka gayA aura vaha ThaMDa se sunna ho gyaa| isase cellaNA ke sAre zarIra meM zIta vyApta ho gayI / yaha dekhakara rAnI ke muMha se acAnaka hI nikala par3A-"usa becAre kA kyA hAla hogA ?" rAjA ne samajhA, anusAra ( kalpasUtraTIkA 2, pR0 32 a-42 a ), striyoM dvArA nirvANa prApta karane ko dasa AzcaryoM meM ginA gayA hai| digambaroM ke anusAra malli ko mallikumAra mAnA gayA hai aura isa paramparA meM strImukti kA niSedha hai / 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.4334-46 / / 2. vahI 4.4349 / 3. dazavaikAlikasUtra 2.7-11; dazavaikAlikacUrNI 2, pR0 87; uttarAdhyayanasUtra 22 //

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252 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ caM0 khaNDa avazya hI rAnI ne kisI puruSa ko Ane kA saMketa de rakhA hai| basa, krodha meM Akara usane abhayakumAra ko aMtaHpura meM Aga lagA dene kA Adeza diyaa| usake bAda apano zaMkA ko nivRtti ke lie zreNika ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa pahu~ca kara prazna kiyA- "mahArAja, cellaNA ke eka pati hai yA aneka ?" mahAvIra ne uttara diyA - "eka / " yaha sunakara zreNika turanta hI vApisa lauTA / Ate hI usane abhayakumAra se pUchA - " kyA tumane aMtaHpura meM Aga lagavA dI ?" abhayakumAra ne kahA - "hAM mahArAja / " zreNika ne kahA - " tuma bhI usameM kyoM na jala mare ? " abhaya ne uttara diyA- "mahArAja, maiM to yaha saba kAMDa dekhakara pravrajyA lene jA rahA hU~ / "" campA ke jinadatta zrAvaka kI kanyA satI subhadrA kA vivAha kisI bauddha upAsaka se huA thaa| usa para doSAropaNa kiyA gayA ki zvetapaTa bhikSuoM ke sAtha usakA avaidha sambandha hai / yaha bAta usake pati se kahI gayI, lekina use vizvAsa na huA / ekabAra, kisI kSapaka ( jaina sAdhu ) kI AMkha meM cAvala kA kaNa gira pdd'aa| subhadrA ne usakI pIr3A zAnta karane ke lie usa kaNa ko apanI jIbha se nikAla diyA / aisA karate samaya, subhadrA aura kSapaka kA mastaka eka-dUsare se sparza kara gayA, aura subhadrA ke mastaka para lagA huA lAla tilaka ( cINapiTTha) kSapaka ke mastaka para bhI laga gayA / yaha cihna subhadrA pati ko dikhAyA gayA ora usane logoM kI bAtoM para vizvAsa kara liyA / anta subhadrA ke satItva kI parIkSA kI gayI, aura kahate haiM ki usake zIla ke prabhAva se campA nagarI ke cAroM dvAra apane-Apa khula gaye, aura chalanI meM se pAnI giranA ruka gayA / dekhA jAya to jaina aura bauddhadharma donoM ke ho anusAra strItva nirvANasiddhi meM bAdhaka nahIM thA / jainasUtroM meM brAhmI, suMdarI, caMdanA, mRgAvatI Adi aisI kitanI hI mahilAoM ke udAharaNa milate haiN| jinhoMne saMsAra kA tyAga kara siddhi prApta kI aura janatA ko hita kA upadeza diyaa| AryacandanA, mahAvIra kI prathama ziSyA thI / zramaNiyoM meM unakA bahuta U~cA sthAna thA; aneka sAdhviyoM ne unake netRtva meM 1. bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 172, pR0 58 / 2. dazavaikAlikacUrNI 1, pR0 49 Adi / 3. dekhie antaHkRddazA 5, 7, 8; jJAtRdharmakathA 2 zrutaskandha, 1-10, pR0 220-30 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 253 rahakara, samyakcAritra kA pAlana karate hue mokSa kI prApti kI / " jayantI, kauzAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka kI bhaginI thI / amUlya vastroM kA tyAga kara vaha sAdhvI bana gayI thI / vivAha hinduoM ke anusAra, vivAha strI aura puruSa meM kevala ThekAbhara nahIM, balki eka AdhyAtmika ekatA hai aura ekatA kA vaha pavitra baMdhana hai jo daivI vidhAna se sampanna hotA hai / isa prakAra ke vivAha kA eka uddezya yaha bhI thA ki vaMza kI bela jArI rahe aura isake lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki vara, prApya uttama kanyA ko, tathA kanyA, prApya uttama vara ko prApta kare / vivAha ke pazcAt pati aura patnI meM sampUrNa sAmaMjasya rahanA Avazyaka hai / 1 vivAha kI vaya jaina AgamoM meM vivAha ke yogya nizcita avasthA kI jAnakArI hameM nahIM milatI / hAM, itanA avazya kahA gayA hai ki vara aura vadhU ko samAna vaya honA caahie| jAna par3atA hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM bar3I avasthA meM vivAha honA hAniprada samajhA jAtA thA / eka lokazruti udghRta kI gayI hai ki yadi kanyA rajasvalA ho jAya to jitane usake rudhira ke bindu gireM, utanI hI bAra usakI mAtA ko naraka kA duHkha bhoganA par3atA hai / vivAha ke prakAra 1 jainasUtroM meM vivAha ke tIna prakAroM kA ullekha milatA hai - vara aura kanyA donoM pakSoM ke mAtA-pitAoM dvArA Ayojita vivAha, svayaMvara vivAha tathA gAMdharva vivAha / pracalita vivAha donoM pakSoM ke mAtA-pitAoM dvArA Ayojita kiyA jAtA thA / sAdhAraNatayA apanI ho jAti meM vivAha karane kA rivAja thA / bauddha jAtakoM kI bhAMti, jaina AgamoM meM bhI samAna sthiti tathA samAna vyavasAya vAle logoM ke sAtha vivAha sambandha sthApita kara, apane vaMza ko zuddha rakhane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai jisase ki nimna jAtigata tattvoM ke sammizraNa se kula 1. dekhie antaHkRddazA 8; kalpasUtra 5.135 / 2. vyAkhyAprajJapti 12.2, pR0 556 / 3. putrArthA hi striyaH--arthazAstra 3.2.59.53 / 4. piNDaniryuktiTIkA 509 /

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254 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa kI pratiSThA bhaMga na ho| sAmAnyatayA vara ke mAtA-pitA samAna kula vAle parivAra se hI kanyA grahaNa karate the| meghakumAra ne samAna vaya, samAna rUpa, samAna guNa aura samAna rAjocita pada vAlI ATha rAjakumAriyoM se pANigrahaNa kiyaa| vaise isa apavAda ke udAharaNa bhI aneka sthAnoM para milate haiN| udAharaNa ke lie, rAjamaMtrI teyaliputra ne eka sunAra kI kanyA se, kSatriya gajasukumAla ne brAhmaNa kI kanyA se, rAjA jitazatra ne citrakAra kI kanyA se," tathA rAjakumAra brahmadatta ne brAhmaNa aura vaNikoM kI kanyAoM se, pANigrahaNa kiyaa| vividha dharmAvalambiyoM meM bhI vivAha hote the / vItimaya kA rAjA udrAyaNa tApasoM kA bhakta thA aura usakI rAnI prabhAvatI zramaNopAsikA thii| isI taraha zramaNopAsikA subhadrA kA vivAha kisI bauddhadharmAnuyAyI ke sAtha huA thaa| vivAha-zAdI ke mAmale meM prAyaH ghara ke bar3e-bUr3he eka-dUsare se salAha-mazavirA karate, aura phira apane nirNaya ko apanI santAna se kahate / lar3ake kA mauna vivAha kI svIkRti kA sUcaka samajhA jAtA / campA nagarI ke vyApArI jinadatta ne sAgaradatta kI rUpavatI kanyA ko sone kI geMda ( kaNagatindusaya) se khelate hue dekhaa| yaha dekhakara jinadatta apane lar3ake ke sAtha sAgaradatta kI kanyA ke vivAha kA prastAva lekara sAgaradatta ke pAsa pahu~cA / usake bAda jinadatta ne ghara jAkara apane lar3ake ke sAmane yaha prastAva rakhA, aura usane apane mauna se isa sambandha ko anumati pradAna kii| 1. dekhie phika, vahI, pR0 51 Adi / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 23 / 3. vahI, 14, pR0 148 / 4. antaHkRddazA 3, pR0 16 / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 9, pR0 141-a Adi / 6. vahI, pR0 188-a, 192-a| manu ke kAla meM antarjAtIya vivAha Ajakala kI apekSA bahuta adhika lacIlA thaa| anuloma vivAha IsavI san kI 8 vIM zatAbdI taka asAdhAraNa nahIM hue the, altekara, vahI, pR0 88 / 7. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 399 / 8. dazavaikAlikacUrNI, pR0 48-49 / 9. jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 168 Adi; tathA antaHkRddazA 3, pR0 16 /

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ca0 khaNDa] tosarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 255 vivAha ke liye zulka vivAha meM vara athavA usake pitA dvArA, kanyA ke pitA athavA usake parivAra ko zulka denA par3atA thaa| kanakaratha rAjA ke mantrI teyalIputra kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| poTTilA mUSikAdAraka nAmaka sunAra kI eka sundara kanyA thii| eka dina snAna Adi kara aura sarvAlaMkAra bhUSita ho, apane prAsAda para baiThI huI apanI ceTiyoM ke sAtha vaha geMda khela rahI thii| idhara se teyaliputra azva para ArUr3ha ho, azvavAhanikA ke lie jA rahe the / teyaliputra poTTilA ke rUpa-lAvaNya ko dekhakara mugdha ho gayA / usane apane vizvasta puruSoM ko bulAkara mUSikAdAraka ke pAsa kanyA ko maMganI ke lie bhejaa| unhoMne jaba kanyA ke zulka ke sambandha meM prazna kiyA to kanyA ke pitA ne uttara diyA-"merA yahI zulka hai ki svayaM maMtrI merI kanyA se vivAha karanA cAhate haiN|" kucha samaya bAda, zubha tithi meM poTTilA ko snAna Adi karA aura pAlako meM baiThAkara mUSikAdAraka apane iSTa-mitroM ke sAtha teyaliputra ke ghara gyaa| vahAM vara aura vadhU donoM eka paTTa para baiThe, zveta aura pIta kalazA se unheM snAna karAyA gayA, agnihoma huA aura tatpazcAt donoM kA pANigrahaNa sampanna huaa| koI vyApArI apanI strI se isalie aprasanna thA ki na to vaha naukaroM se ThIka taraha kAma karA sakatI thI aura na unheM ThIka samaya para bhojana hI detI thii| usane use ghara se nikAla diyA aura bahuta-sA zulka dekara dUsarA vivAha kiyA / kisI cora ke pAsa bahuta-sA dhana thA, usane yatheccha zulka dekara kisI kanyA se vivAha kiyaa|3 aMga deza ke rAjA candracchAya ne mithilA kI rAjakumArI malli kI kImata AMkate hue batAyA ki sArA rAjya usake lie paryApta hogaa| caMpA ke kumAranaMdI suvarNakAra ne pA~ca-pA~ca sau suvarNa dekara aneka sundarI kanyAoM ke sAtha vivAha kiyA / 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 14, pR0 148 Adi; tathA vipAkasUtra 9, pR0 52-55 / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 97 / 3. uttarAdhyayanacUrNI, pR0 110 / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 103 / 5. AvazyakacUrNI, pR089|

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja prItidAna meghakumAra kA ATha rAjakanyAoM ke sAtha vivAha kiye jAne kA ullekha Upara A cukA hai| isa avasara para mevakumAra ke mAtA-pitA ne apane putra ko vipula dhana, kanaka, ratna, maNi, muktA, zaMkha, vidrama, aura padmarAga Adi prItidAna meM diye jinheM meghakumAra ne apanI AThoM patniyoM meM bAMTa diye / prItidAna kI vistRta sUtrI yahAM dI jAtI hai : : -ATha koTi hiraNya, ATha koTiM suvarNa, ATha mukuTa, ATha kuMDala, ATha hAra, ATha ardhahAra, ATha ekAvali, ATha muktAvali, ATha kanakAvali, ATha ratnAvali, ATha kar3oM ( kaDaya ) kI jor3I, ATha bAjUbaMdoM (tuDiya) kI jor3I, ATha kArpAsika vastroM kI jor3I, ATha Tasara ( vaDaga ) ke vastroM kI jor3I, ATha rezamI vastroM (paTTa) kI jor3I, ATha dukUla vastroM kI jor3I, ATha zrI hI dhRti- kIrti-buddhi-lakSmI ina chaha deva pratimAoM kI jor3I, ATha gola lohe ke Asana (naMdA ), mUDhe (bhadrA), talA ( ? tAlavRkSa - TIkAkAra), aura dhvajAoM kI jor3I, ATha gAyoM ke braja, battIsa-battIsa pAtroM vAle 8 nATaka, ATha ratnamaya azva, ATha ratnamaya hastI, ATha yAna, ATha yugya, ATha zibikA, ATha syaMdamAnI, ATha gillI, ATha thillI, ATha anAcchAdita vAhana, ATha ratha, ATha grAma, ATha dAsa, ATha dAsI, ATha kiMkara, ATha kaMcukI, ATha mahattara, ATha varSadhara, ATha dIpaka, ATha thAla, ATha pAtrI, ATha thAsaga ( parAMta), ATha mallaga ( pAtravizeSa ), ATha camace (kavi ), ATha avaeja ( pAtravizeSa ), ATha avapakva (tavI), ATha pAvIDha (Asana), ATha bhisikA, ATha karoDiA ( loTA ), ATha palyaMka ( palaMga ), ATha paDisijjA ( choTI zayyA ), ATha haMsa-krauMca-garur3a-avanata - praNata- dIrgha-bhadra-pakSa-magara-padma- disAsotthiya Asana, ATha tela-kuSTha-patra - coya - tagara - elA haratAla - hiMgula-manazilA-sarasoM ke samudraka ( Dibbe ), ATha kubjA - kirAtI - vAmanA vaDabhIbarbarI - bakuzI-yonikA pahviyA-IsaNiyA-dhorukinI-lAsiyA-lakusikAdrAviDI - siMhalI- ArabI-puliMdo - pakkaNI - muruMDI - zabarI - pArasI ATha chatra-cAmara-tAlavRnta - sthagikA ( pAnadAna) dhAraNa karane vAlI, ATha kSIra-maMDana-majjana- krIDApana aMka nAmaka dAiyAM, ATha aMgamardikAunmardikA - vimaMDikA, ATha varNa aura cUrNa pIsane vAlI, ATha krIr3AkarI, ATha davagArI ( haMsAne vAlI ), ATha AsthAna - maMDapa khar3I rahane vAlI ( uvatthANiyA athavA ucchAviyA), ATha nATaka racAne vAlI dAsiyAM, 256 [ ca0 khaNDa

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ca0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti : 257 ( nADailla ), ATha sAtha jAne vAlI ( koDuMbiNI ), ATha rasoI karane vAlo ( mahANasiNI ), ATha bhaNDAra dekhane vAlI ( bhaNDArI ), ATha baccoM ko le jAne vAlI ( ajjhadhAriNI ), ATha puSpadhAriNI, ATha pANIya ( jala ) dharI, ATha balikArI, ATha zayyAkArI, ATha abhyantarikA, ATha bahiriyA ( bAhyadhArI), ATha pratihArI, ATha mAlAkArI aura ATha samAcAra le jAne vAlI ( pesaNakArI) Adi / ' daheja kI prathA una dinoM daheja kI prathA thI, tathA striyA~ mAla aura milkiyata ke rUpa meM bahuta-sA daheja zAdI meM apane sAtha lAtI thiiN| rAjagRha ke gRhapati mahAzataka ke revatI Adi 13 patniyA~ thIM / inameM revatI apane pitA ke ghara se ATha koTi hiraNya aura ATha braja lekara AyI, zeSa striyA~ eka-eka koTi hiraNya aura eka-eka braja lekara AyI thiiN| isI taraha vArANasI ke rAjA ne apane jamAI ko 1,000 gA~va, 100 hAthI, bahuta-sA mAla-khajAnA ( bhaNDAra ), eka lAkha sipAhI aura 10 hajAra ghor3e daheja meM diye the| vivAha-samArambha mAtA-pitA dvArA Ayojita vivAha meM sAdhAraNatayA vara kanyA ke ghara jaataa| ariSTanemi ne saba prakAra kI auSadhiyoM se snAna kara, kRtakautuka maMgalayukta ho, divya vastra dhAraNa kara, AbhUSaNoM se vibhUSita ho, aura gaMdhahasti para savAra hokara vivAha ke lie prasthAna kiyaa| tatpazcAt vivAhotsava ( bArejamahasava ) ke avasara para rAjImatI ko sarvAlaMkAra se vibhUSita kiyA gayA, aura ariSTanemi bhI divya ramaNiyoM ke sAtha hAthI para savAra hue| maMgala vAdya bajane lage, dhvajAyeM phaharAyI gayIM, zaMkhoM kI dhvani sunAI dI, maMgala-gIta gAye jAne lage 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, sUtra 21, pR0 42-a Adi tathA TIkA; vyAkhyAprajJapti 3, pR0 244 Adi, becaradAsa kA saMskaraNa; 11.11, pR0 545-46 a, abhayadeva kI TIkA; antaHkRddazA, pR0 33-35, bArneTa kA saMskaraNa / 2. upAsakadazA 4, pR0 61; tathA Altekara, vahI, pR0 82-4 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 4 pR0 88; tathA rAmAyaNa 1.74.4 Adi; mehatA, prI-buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 281 / / 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 22.9-10 / 17 jai0 bhA0

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258 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa aura mAgadhagaNa jaya-vijaya se badhAI dene lge|' yadyapi aise bhI udAharaNa haiM jaba ki kanyA ko vara ke ghara jAnA pdd'taa| utsava ke liye zubha muhUrta aura zubha tithi dekhI jAtI, tathA vara aura bArAta ko bar3e Adara-satkAra ke sAtha bhojana-pAna karAyA jAtA / campA ke sAgara ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki snAna, balikama, kautuka aura prAyazcitta karane ke pazcAt usane apane zarIra ko alaMkAroM se vibhUSita kiyA, tathA apane mitra aura sage-sambandhiyoM ke sAtha sukumAliyA se vivAha karane ke lie vaha sAgaradatta ke ghara phuNcaa| sAgara aura sukumAliyA donoM ko eka paTTa para baiThAyA gayA, zveta aura pIta kalazoM dvArA unheM snAna karAyA gayA, agni kI Ahuti dI gayI, tathA sadhavA striyoM dvArA gAye hue maMgala-gItoM aura cumbanoM ke sAtha vivAhotsava sampanna huaa| .. ___ svayaMvara vivAha aise aneka udAharaNa jaina sUtroM meM upalabdha hote haiM jaba ki yauvana avasthA prApta kara lene para kanyAyeM, sabhA meM upasthita vivAhArthiyoM meM se kisI eka ko apanA pati cuna letI thiiN| draupado kAMpilyapura ke rAjA drupada ko putrI thii| eka dina, antaHpurikAoM ne vibhUSita kara use rAjA ke pAda-vaMdanArtha bhejii| rAjA ne bar3e prema se use goda meM baiThAyA, aura usake rUpa-lAvaNya se vismita ho usakA svayaMvara racAne kA vicAra kiyaa| isake pazcAt drupada rAjA ne apane dUtoM ko bulavAyA, tathA dvArakA, hastinApura, campA, mathurA, rAjagRha, vairATa Adi nagaroM meM jAkara kRSNavAsudeva, samudravijaya, baladeva, ugrasena, pANDu aura unake pAMca putra, duryodhana, gAMgeya, vidura, azvatthAmA, aMga ke rAjA karNa, zizupAla, damadanta, jarAsaMdha ke putra sahadeva, rukmi aura kocaka Adi rAjAoM-mahArAjAoM ko svayaMvara meM padhArane kA nimaMtraNa dene kA Adeza diyaa| tatpazcAt rAjA ne gaMgA nadI ke pAsa saikar3oM stambha gAr3akara, krIr3A karatI huI putaliyoM sahita svayaMvara-maNDapa sajAne ko kahA / atithiyoM ke Thaharane ke lie sundara AvAsoM kA prabandha kiyA gyaa| usake bAda kRSNavAsudeva Adi kA Agamana sunakara drupada rAjA 1. vahI, pR0 278-a| 2. tathA dekhiye nizIthacUrNI 3.1686 / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 169 /

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ca0 khaNDa] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 259 apane hAthI para savAra ho, arghya Adi le unake svAgata ke lie claa| vipula azana, pAna, surA-madya, mAMsa, sIdhu, prasannA tathA bhAMti-bhAMti ke sugaMdhita puSpa, vastra, gaMdha, mAlya aura alaMkAroM se unakA satkAra kiyA gayA / isake pazcAt nagara-bhara meM paTaha dvArA draupadI ke svayaMvara kI ghoSaNA kI gyo| svayaMvara-maNDapa bhAMti-bhAMti ke puSpoM, puSpagucchAM aura sugaMdhita mAlAoM se mahaka rahA thA; agara, kundarukka aura turuSka kI gaMdha saba jagaha phaila rahI thI tathA atithiyoM ke baiThane ke lie sundara gailariyAM (maMcAtimaMcakalita ) banAyI gayI thoM / zIghra hI Agantuka rAjA-mahArAjA apane-apane nAmAMkita AsanoM para Akara baiTha gaye aura draupadI ke Agamana kI pratIkSA karane lge| udhara snAna Adi karane ke pazcAt draupadI ne jinagRha meM praveza kiyA aura jina bhagavAna kI pUjA-upAsanA karane ke bAda vaha antaHpura meM gyo| antaHpurikAoM ne use sarvAlaMkAroM se vibhUSita kiyaa| phira vaha apanI ceTikAoM ke sAtha ratha para savAra huI, tathA krIDApanikA aura lekhikA dAsiyoM ko lekara svayaMvara-maNDapa meM phuNcii| vahA~ pahu~cakara kRSNavAsudeva Adi rAjAoM ko usane praNAma kiyaa| draupadI svayaMvara mAlA lekara Age bddh'ii| krIr3ApanikA dAsI bhI usake sAtha-sAtha cala rahI thii| usake bAyeM hAtha meM eka sundara darpaNa thA, aura usameM jisa rAjA kA pratibimba par3atA thA, usake vaMza, bala, sAmathye, gotra, parAkrama, lAvaNya, zAstrAbhyAsa, mAhAtmya, rUpa, yauvana tathA kula aura zIla kA vaha paricaya detI calatI thii| calate-calate jaba draupadI pAMca pANDavoM ke pAsa Ayo to vahAM rukI aura unake gale meM usane varamAlA DAla dii| yaha dekhakara kRSNavAsudeva Adi rAjAoM ne prasannatA vyakta kii| isake bAda draupadI pA~ca pANDavoM ke sAtha apane ghara A gyii| vahAM una sabako eka paTTa para baiThAkara zveta aura pIta kalazoM dvArA unakA abhiSeka kiyA gayA, agnihoma huA, prItidAna diyA gayA aura isa prakAra pANigrahaNa kI vidhi sampanna huii|' ___ mathurA ke rAjA jitazatru ne apanI kanyA nivvui (nirvRti ) ko apanI mana-pasanda zAdI karane ke lie kahA / apane pitA kA Adeza pAkara nivvui svayaMvara kI sAmagrI ke sAtha indrapura nagara meM aayii| vahAM rAjA indradatta apane bAIsa putroM ke sAtha rahatA thaa| rAjA indradatta 1. vahI, 16, pR0 176-82 /

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260 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa ne jaba yaha samAcAra sunA to vaha atyanta prasanna huaa| usane aneka rAjAoM ko svayamvara meM upasthita hone ke lie nimaMtraNa bhijvaayaa| patAkA Adi se nagara ko sajjita kiyA gayA, aura vahA~ raMga-maNDapa banavAyA gyaa| pahiye ke eka dhure ( akkha ) meM, ATha cakroM ke Upara eka putalI sthApita kI gayI aura ghoSaNA kI gayI ki jo koI usa putalI kI AMkha kA chedana kara de, vahI kanyA kA adhikArI hogA aura AdhA rAjya use diyA jaayegaa| rAjA indradatta apane putrA ke sAtha svayaMvara-maNDapa meM upasthita huA, lekina usake putroM ko dhanuvidyA kA abhyAsa nahIM thaa| koI to dhanuSa bhI ThIka se nahIM pakar3a sakatA thaa| yaha dekhakara rAjA bar3A nirAza huA / anta meM rAjA ke mantrI ne usakA dhyAna rAjA ke eka anya putra kI ora AkarSita kiyA jo maMtrI kI kanyA se utpanna huA thaa| anta meM jaba use khar3A kiyA gayA to sabhA-bhavana meM cAroM ora se zora macane lgaa| eka ora se AvAja AyI ki yadi putalI kI AMkha na bIMdha sakoge to dhar3a se sira ur3A diyA jAyegA / lekina ina saba bAtoM ke kahane-sunane kA koI asara usa para na huA aura usane pulikA kA bedhana kara varamAlA prApta kii| mAlUma hotA hai ki prAyaH rAjA-mahArAjA hI apanI kanyAoM ke lie svayaMvara racAte the| sambhavataH madhyama varga ke logoM meM svayaMvara kI prathA nahIM thii| hAM, kucha aise ullekha avazya milate haiM jinase patA lagatA hai ki nimna-varga ke logoM meM yaha prathA thii| udAharaNa ke lie, tosali deza meM vyAgharaNazAlA hone kA ullekha milatA hai / yaha zAlA gAMva ke bIcobIca banI thii| isameM eka agnikuNDa sthApita kiyA jAtA thA, jahAM svayaMvara ke lie hamezA agni jalatI rahatI thI / isa zAlA meM eka svayaMvarA dAsaceTI aura bahuta se dAsaceTaka praveza karate the, aura jisa ceTaka ko kanyA pasanda kara letI, uso ke sAtha usakA vivAha ho jAtA thaa| gaMdharva vivAha isa vivAha meM vara aura kanyA apane mAtA-pitA kI anumati ke binA hI, binA kisI dhArmika vidhi-vidhAna ke, eka-dUsare ko pasanda 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 3, pR0 65-a aadi| 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3446 / /

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ca0 khaNDa] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 261 kara lete the| subhadrA kRSNavAsudeva kI bhagino thii| vaha pAMDu ke putra arjuna ko cAhane lgii| isIlie jaina paramparA meM use raktasubhadrA nAma se kahA gayA hai| eka dina raktasubhadrA arjuna ke samIpa calI gyo| kRSNa ne use vApisa bulAne ke lie senA bhejI, lekina koI prayojana siddha na huaa| usake mAtA-pitA ko anumati ke binA hI arjuna ne usake sAtha vivAha kara liyaa| isI prakAra gaMdharva deza ke puMDavardhana nAmaka nagara ke siMharAja kI kathA kA ullekha AtA hai| eka bAra uttarApatha se usake yahAM do ghor3e bheje gaye / eka para svayaM rAjA savAra huA, dUsare para rAjaputra / rAjA kA ghor3A rAjA ko bahuta dUra le gayA / rAjA ne ghor3e se utara kara use eka vRkSa ke nIce bAMdha diyaa| vahAM parvata ke zikhara para sAta tala kA eka prAsAda thA jisameM eka yuvatI rahatI thii| rAjA ne usake sAtha gaMdharva vivAha kara liyaa| taraMgalolA meM taraMgavatI kI kathA AtI hai| vatsa deza ke dhanadeva seTha ne apane putra padmadeva ke lie taraMgavatI kI maMganI kI / lekina taraMgavatI ke pitA ne inakAra kara diyA / isa para taraMgavato ko bar3I nirAzA huI / apanI sakhI ko lekara vaha padmadeva ke ghara phuNcii| vahAM se donoM nAva meM baiThakara yamunA nadI ke usa pAra cale gaye, aura vahAM donoM ne gaMdharvavidhi se vivAha kara liyaa| vivAhita yA avivAhita kanyAoM ko 'apaharaNa karane ke ullekha bhI jainasUtroM meM upalabdha haiN| isa bAta ko lekara aneka bAra yuddha bhI ho jAyA karate the / sItAharaNa kI kathA suprasiddha hai / padmAvatI ariSTanagara ke hiraNyanAbha kI kanyA thii| usake svayaMvara ko sunakara rAma, kezava Adi aneka rAjakumAra upasthita hue| unameM padmAvatI ko lekara yuddha hone lagA aura usakA apaharaNa kara liyA gyaa|' ___ tArA kA vivAha kiSkindhApura ke vidyAdhara rAjA Adityaratha ke putra sugrIva ke sAtha huA thaa| koI dUsarA vidyAdhara sugrIva kA rUpa banAkara rAjA ke antaHpura meM praviSTa ho gyaa| tArA ko do sugrIva dekhakara bar3A Azcarya huaa| donoM ko nagara se nikAla diyA gyaa| 1. praznavyAkaraNaTIkA 4, 16, pR0 85 / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 9, pR0 141, 13, pR0 190 / 3. taraMgalolA pR0 42-57 / 4. praznavyAkaraNaTIkA, 4.16 pR0 87-a| . .

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262. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa donoM meM yuddha hone lgaa| anta meM rAma ne apane zara se banAvaTI sugrIva kA vadha kara satyatA kA paricaya diyaa| . zreNika dvArA gaNarAjA ceTaka kI kanyA cellaNA kA apaharaNa karane kA ullekha milatA hai| kisI parivrAjikA ne cellaNA kA citra eka phalaka para citrita kara rAjA zreNika ko dikhAyA / zreNika citra ko dekhakara mugdha ho gyaa| usane yaha bAta apane maMtrI abhayakumAra se kaho / abhayakumAra rAjA ceTaka ke kanyA-antaHpura ke pAsa eka dukAna lekara rahane lgaa| eka bAra, usane cupake se sAmAna ke sAtha zraNika kA citra bhI dAsiyoM ke hAtha antaHpura meM bhijavA diyaa| sujyeSThA aura cellaNA citra dekhakara mugdha ho gyiiN| abhayakumAra ne apanI dukAna se lekara antaHpura taka eka bar3I suraMga khudvaaii| usane zreNika ko bulavA liyA / ceTaka kI donoM kanyAe~ zreNika ke sAtha calane ko taiyAra ho gayauM / lekina sujyeSThA vahIM raha gayo aura cellaNA usake sAtha calI AyI / tatpazcAt donoM kA vivAha ho gyaa| ujjainI ke rAjA pradyota ne kauzAmbI ke udayana ko apanI kanyA vAsavadattA ko vINA kI zikSA dene kA Adeza diyA thaa| lekina donoM meM prIti ho gayI aura udayana bhadrAvatI hathinI para baiThAkara use kauzAmbI le aayaa| sAmantavAda ke usa yuga meM kabhI aisA bhI hotA thA ki kisI rUpavatI kanyA ke rUpa-lAvaNya kI prazaMsA sunakara rAjA loga kanyA ke pitA ke pAsa kanyA ko maMganI ke lie dUta bhejate, aura yadi kanyA prApta na hotI to yuddha maca jaataa| malli mithilA ke rAjA kumbhaka kI rUpavatI kanyA thI / kozala ke rAjA paDibuddhi ne apane maMtrI subuddhi se, aMga ke rAjA candracchAya ne vyApAriyoM se, kAzI ke rAjA zaMkha ne suvarNakAroM se, kuNAla ke rAjA rukmi ne apane varSadhara se, kuru ke rAjA adInazatra ne citrakAroM se aura pAJcAla ke rAjA jitazatra ne kisI tApaso se malli ke rUpa-guNa kI prazaMsA sunI, to una sabane milakara kumbhaka ke Upara AkramaNa kara diyaa| rAjA kumbhaka hAra gayA aura ukta chahoM rAjAoM ne nagarI ke cAroM ora gherA DAla diyaa| 1. vahI, pR0 88 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI, 2, pR0 165-66 / 3. vahI, pR0 161 / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 8 /

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nca0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 263 maharSi nArada isa taraha ke jhagar3e-jhaMjhaToM ko prAyaH utsAhita karate rahate the / jainasUtroM meM unheM kacchulla nArada ke nAma se kahA gayA hai| eka bAra ve pANDavoM kI rAjasabhA meM hastinApura Aye / draupadI ne unakA yathocita satkAra nahIM kiyA / isa para nAradajI ko bahuta burA lagA aura unhoMne draupadI se badalA lene kI tthaanii| usa samaya amarakaMkA meM padmanAbha nAma kA rAjA rAjya karatA thA / eka-se-eka sundara sAta sau rAniyAM usake antaHpura meM rahatI thIM, isalie apane antaHpura kA use bahuta garva thA | eka bAra nAradajI bhramaNa karate hue vahA~ A pahu~ce / padmanAbha ne nAradajI se prazna kiyA, "mahArAja, kyA Apane kahIM aisA sundara antaHpura dekhA hai ?" nAradajI ne haMsakara kahA - " tuma to kUpamaMDUka ho / draupadI ke chinna pAdAMguSTha ke barAbara bhI tumhArA antaHpura nahIM hai / " itanA kahakara nAradajI adRzya ho gaye / padmanAbha nAradajI kI bAta sunakara bar3I cintA meM par3a gayA / usane kisI deva kI ArAdhanA kI aura avasvApinI vidyA ke bala se sotI huI draupadI ko apane antaHpura meM uThavA maMgavAyA / udhara jaba yudhiSThira ne draupadI ko na dekhA to usane paNDu rAjA se kahA / kuntI ko kRSNavAsudeva ke pAsa dvArakA bhejA gayA / anta meM kRSNa aura padmanAbha kA yuddha huA aura draupadI pANDavoM ko vApasa mila gayI / " rukmiNI kuNDinInagara ke rAjA rukmI kI bhaginI thI / usa samaya kRSNavAsudeva apanI rAnI satyabhAmA ke sAtha dvArakApurI meM rAjya karate the | eka bAra jaba nArada RSi padhAre to vyagratA ke kAraNa satyabhAmA unakA yathocita Adara-satkAra na kara sakI / use kisI kI sapatnI hone kA zApa dekara ve kuNDinInagara meM phuNce| vahA~ unhoMne rukmiNI ko kRSNa kI mahAdevI banane kA vara diyA / kRSNa ne rukmiNI kI maMganI kI, lekina usakA bhAI zizupAla ke sAtha usakA vivAha karanA cAhatA thA / idhara rukmiNI kI phUphI ne rukmiNI kA apaharaNa karake le jAne ke lie kRSNa ke pAsa eka gupta patra bhejA / rukmiNI apano phUphI ke sAtha apanI dAsiyoM se pariveSTita ho devatA kI arcanA ke lie jA rahI thI ki udhara se kRSNa apane ratha meM baiThAkara use calate bane | R 1. vahI, 16, pR0 184 Adi / 2. praznavyAkaraNaTIkA 4, pR0 87 /

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264: jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa baladeva nisaDha ke putra sAgaracaMda aura rAjakumArI kamalAmelA meM nAradajI ne eka-dUsare ke prati AkarSaNa utpanna kara diyaa| kamalAmelA nabhasena ko dI jA cukI thI, lekina vaha sAgaracaMda se prema karane lgii| sAgaracaMda ne zaMba se kisI taraha use prApta karane kA anurodha kiyaa| usane pradyamna se prajJapti vidyA grahaNa kI aura usake vivAha ke dina usakA haraNa kara laayaa| tatpazcAt raivataka udyAna meM sAgaracaMda ke sAtha kamalAmelA kA vivAha ho gyaa|' paraspara ke AkarSaNa se vivAha sro aura puruSa eka-dUsare ke saundarya ko dekhakara paraspara AkRSTa ho jAte, aura yaha AkarSaNa vivAha meM pariNata ho jAtA thA / apagatagaMdhA nAma ko kanyA ko eka ahIranI ne pAlane ke lie le liyaa| jaba usane yauvana meM padApeNa kiyA to vaha kaumudI mahotsava dekhane aayii| usa samaya rAjA zreNika bhI apane maMtrI abhayakumAra ke sAtha yaha mahotsava dekhane ke lie AyA huA thA / apagatagaMdhA ko dekhakara vaha mohita ho gayA / usane cupacApa apanI nAma-mudrikA apagatagaMdhA ke kapar3e ke chora meM bA~dha dI, aura abhayakumAra se kaha diyA ki usakI aMgUThI coro calI gayI hai| abhayakumAra samajha gayA, aura donoM kA vivAha ho gyaa| ___ AcArAMgacUrNI meM indradatta aura eka rAjakumArI kI kathA AtI hai / indradatta rAjakumArI ke Upara tAMbola pheMkakara calA gyaa| rAjakumArI ne use jAte hue dekha liyA thaa| rAjakarmacAriyoM ne indradatta kA pIchA kiyA aura use pakar3akara usakI khUba marammata kii| rAjA ko patA lagA to usane indradatta ke vadha ko AjJA sunAyI / lekina rAjakumArI ne usakI rakSA kI / anta meM donoM kA vivAha ho gyaa| kalA-kauzala dekhakara vivAha / kisI kanyA ke kalA-kauzala se prabhAvita hokara bhI puruSa usake sAtha vivAha karane ke lie utsuka ho jAte the| kSitipratiSThita nagara ke rAjA jitazatru ne apane prAsAda meM eka citrasabhA banavAnI Arambha kii| citrakAroM meM citrAMgada nAma kA eka vRddha citrakAra bhI thaa| usakI 1. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 172, pR0 57 / 2. nizIthacUrNI pIThikA 25, pR0 17 / ... ..... 3. AcArAMgacUrNI 5, pR0 186 / ................

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ca0 khaNDa] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 265 kanyA citrakalA meM nipuNa thii| usane mayUra-piccha ko pharza para isa khUbo se citrita kiyA ki rAjA use apane hAtha se uThAtA hI raha gayA, aura usake nAkhUnoM meM coTa laga gyii| yaha dekhakara rAjA kanyA kI guNa-garimA para mugdha ho gayA, aura antaHpura meM aneka rAniyoM ke hote hue bhI usane kanakamaMjarI ko paTTarAnI banA liyaa|' bhaviSyavANI se vivAha sAdhu-muniyoM aura jyotiSiyoM kI bhaviSyavANI ke AdhAra para bhI vivAha hote the| naTaTumatta vidyAdhara kI do bahanoM ko kisI muni ne kahA thA ki unakA vivAha unake bhrAtRvadhaka ke sAtha hogA / saMyoga se, kumAra brahmadatta unake bhAI kA vadha karake vahA~ upasthita huA aura usake sAtha donoM kA vivAha ho gyaa| isa prakAra ke aura bhI aneka uullekha milate haiN| vivAha ke anya prakAra ____ uparyukta vivAhoM ke atirikta, vivAhoM ke aura bhI prakAra jainaAgamoM meM ullikhita haiM, jo prAyaH brAhmaNa-paramparA meM mAnya nahIM haiN| mAmA kI lar3akI (mAuladuhiyA) ke sAtha vivAha jAyaja samajhA jAtA thaa| jamAli mahAvIra kA bhAnajA thA aura usakA vivAha unakI putrI priyadarzanA ke sAtha huA thaa| brahmadatta kA vivAha bhI usake mAmA kI kanyA puSpacUlA ke sAtha huA thaa| isa prakAra kA vivAha lATa aura dakSiNApatha meM vihita, tathA uttarApatha meM niSiddha mAnA jAtA thaa| lATa deza meM apane mAmA kI lar3akI se, tathA kahIM-kahIM apanI buA 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 6, pR0 141-a Adi / 2. vahI, 13, pR0 193-a| 3. dekhie, vahI, 13, pR0 188-a; 18, pR0 238 / 4. vahI, 3, pR0.68 a / 5. vahI, 13, pR0 189-a / 6. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 81 / baudhAyana meM isa vivAha kA ullekha hai| kumArilabhaTTa ne dAkSiNAtyoM kA majAka ur3AyA hai jo apane mAmA kI kanyA se vivAha karate haiM; cakaladAra, sozala lAipha ina aiziyeMTa iNDiyA, sTaDIz2a ina vAtsyAyansa kAmasUtra, pR0 133; dekhie sensasa iMDiyA, 1931, jilda 1,bhAga 1, pR0 458 / 7. AvazyakacUrNI, vhii| . .......

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266 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa athavA mausI kI lar3akI se bhI vivAha hotA thA / ' devara ke sAtha vivAha hone ke ullekha milate haiM / jainasUtroM meM bhAI-bahana kI zAdI ke bhI ullekha milate haiM / jainoM ke prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva ke samaya vivAha kI yaha prathA pracalita batAyI jAtI hai / svayaM RSabhadeva ne apanI bahana sumaMgalA ke sAtha vivAha kiyA thA / isI prakAra unake putra bharata aura bAhubali kA vivAha brAhmo aura sundarI nAma kI unakI bahanoM ke sAtha huA thA / puSpabhadrikA nagarI ke rAjA ne apane putra puSpacUla kA vivAha apanI kanyA puSpacUlA ke sAtha kiyA thA / ' ujjainI kA gardabha nAma kA yuvarAja apanI bahana aDoliyA para Asakta ho gayA aura apane amAtya dIrghapRSTha ke sujhAva para, bhUmigRha meM usake sAtha rahane lagA / " golla deza meM isa prakAra ke vivAha kA pracAra thaa| golla deza meM brAhmaNoM ko apanI sautelo mAtA ( mAisavattI ) ke sAtha vivAha karane kI chUTa thI / anyatra bhI mAtA aura putra ke paraspara sambhoga karane ke udAharaNa milate haiN| pitA aura putrI ke sambhoga kA ullekha bhI mila jAtA hai / prajApati dvArA apanI duhitA kI kAmanA kiye jAne kA ullekha brAhmaNa graMthoM kI bhA~ti jaina graMthoM meM bhI milatA 1. nizIthacUrNI pIThikA, pR0 51 / 2. piMDaniryuktiTIkA 167 // 3. Avazyaka cUrNI, pR0 153 / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 189-a / 5. vRhatkalpabhASya 1. 1155-59 / 6. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 81 / suttanipAta kI TIkA ( 1, pR0 357 ) zAkyoM kA ullekha hai jo kuttoM aura gIdar3oM Adi pazuoM kI bhAMti apanI bahanoM ke sAtha sambhoga meM rata rahate the, aura isa kAraNa koliya logoM ke upahAsa ke bhAjana banate the / tathA dekhie kuNAla jAtaka ( 536 ), 5, pR0 498 Adi; dIghanikAya 1, amba sutta, pR0 80; iNDiyana hisTorikala kArTaralI, 1926, pR0 563 Adi; bI0 sI0 lAhA, vImena ina buddhisTa liTarecara / 7. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 81; tulanA kIjie AvazyakaTIkA (haribhadra), pR0 580-a; kathAsaritsAgara, jilda 7, pR0 116 Adi / 8. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5220 - 23; AvazyakacUrNA, pR0 170 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti hai / ' kabhI yakSa banakara pitA apanI kanyA kA upabhoga karate the / gharajamAI kI prathA 267 kanyA ke mAtA-pitA apane jamAI ko apane ghara rakha lenA bhI pasanda karate the / baMgAla aura uttarapradeza meM Aja bhI isa prathA kA calana hai / nimnalikhita paristhitiyoM meM loga ghara jamAI rakhanA pasaMda karate the-- ( 1 ) lar3akI kA pitA dhanavAna ho aura usa dhana kI dekharekha karane vAlA koI putra na ho, ( 2 ) kanyA kA parivAra bahuta daridra ho aura use kisI balavAna AdamI ko AvazyakatA ho, (3) daridratA ke kAraNa jamAI kanyA kA zulka dene meM asamartha ho / campA nagarI ke sAgara aura sAgaradatta kI kanyA sukumAliyA ke pANigrahaNa kI carcA kI jA cukI hai| sAgaradatta ne sAgara ke sAtha apanI kanyA kA vivAha isa zarta para karanA svIkAra kiyA thA ki yadi vaha usakA gharajamAI banakara rahane ko taiyAra ho / kAraNa ki T mAliyA use atyanta priya thI aura kSaNa bhara ke lie vaha usakA viyoga sahana nahIM kara sakatA thA / ' pArasa deza meM bhI isa prathA calana thA / azvoM ke kisI mAlika ne kisI daridra AdamI ko apane ghor3oM kI saMbhAla ke lie naukara rakha liyA thA / usake yahAM prativarSa prasava karanevAlI ghor3iyAM thiiN| naukara ko usakI majadUrI ke badale eka varSa meM do ghor3e dene kA vAdA kiyA gayA / dhIre-dhIre usa naukara kA azvasvAmI kI kanyA se paricaya ho gyaa| isa bIca meM jaba usake vetana kA samaya AyA to usane azvasvAmI ko kanyA se pUchakara sarvottama lakSaNayukta do ghor3e chA~Ta liye / yaha dekhakara azvasvAmI soca-vicAra meM par3a gayA / Akhira usane naukara ke sAtha apanI kanyA kA vivAha kara use gharajamAI rakha liyA / " sATe meM vivAha aise bhI udAharaNa milate haiM jaba ki vivAha meM apanI bahana dekara 1. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 232 2. uttarAdhyayanacUrNI 2, pR0 89 / 3. sensasa iNDiyA, 1939, jilda 1, bhAga 1, pR0 250 Adi / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 169 / 5. bRhatkalpabhApya 3.3959 Adi / tulanA / kIjie kuMDakakucchisiMdhava jAtaka, ( 254 ), 2 /

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268 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa dUsare kI bahana le lI jAtI tho / devadatta aura dhanadatta donoM eka hI nagara ke rahanevAle the / devadatta kI bahana kI zAdI dhanadatta se aura dhanadatta kI bahana kI zAdI devadatta ke sAtha kara dI gyii| Ajakala bhI mathurA ke cauboM tathA uttarapradeza ke kucha hissoM meM yaha prathA maujUda hai / isa prathA kA kAraNa yahI hai ki amuka jAti meM lar3akiyoM kI kamI rahatI hai aura apanI jAti se bAhara vivAha kiyA nahIM jA sktaa| isa vivAha ko adalA-badalA bhI kahA gayA hai| bahupatnItva aura bahupatitva prathA kahA jA cukA hai ki saMtAnotpatti hiMdU vivAha kA eka mukhya uddezya samajhA jAtA thA / vaMzaparamparA putra se hI jArI raha sakatI hai, isalie putrotpatti Avazyaka mAnI jAtI thii| mokSa-prApti ke lie bhI putra kA hAnA Avazyaka thA / aisI hAlata meM hiMdU smRtikAroM ne eka se adhika vivAha karane kI anumati dI hai| bahupatnItva prathA kA yahI mukhya siddhAMta thA / yadyapi Age calakara isa uddezya kA hrAsa ho gayA tathA aneka striyoM se zAdI karanA, dhanavAnoM kA phaizana bana gyaa| prAcIna kAla meM, sAdhAraNatayA loga eka patnI se hI vivAha karate the, aura prAyaH dhanI aura zAsaka-varga ho eka se adhika patniyAM rakhate the / rAjA aura rAjakumAra apane antaHpura ko rAniyoM kI adhikAdhika saMkhyA rakhane meM gaurava kA anubhava karate the, aura yaha antaHpura aneka rAjAoM ke sAtha unake mitratApUrNa sambandha sthApita ho jAne ke kAraNa, unakI rAjanItika sattA ko zaktizAlI banAne meM sahAyaka hotA thaa| dhanavAna loga aneka patniyoM ko dhana-sampatti, yaza aura sAmAjika gaurava kA kAraNa samajhate the / isa saMbaMdha meM vizeSakara bharata cakravartI, 'rAjA vikramayaza, rAjA zreNika," gRhapati mahAzata Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya hai| 1. piMDaniyukti 324 Adi; tathA nizIthacUrNo 14.4495 / bauddha paramparA ke anusAra, rAjA biMbasAra aura prasenajit ko eka dUsare kI bahana byAhI thI; dhammapadaaTThakathA, 1, pR0 385 / 2. dekhie sensasa iNDiyA, 1931, jilda 1, bhAga 1, pR0 252 / 3. dekhie vailavalkara, hindU sozala iNsTiTyUzansa, pR0 193 / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 239 / / 5. antaHkRddazA 7, pR0 43 / 6. upAsakadazA 8, pR0 61 / .

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269 ca0 khaNDa] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti bahupatitva prathA ke udAharaNa mI khojane se mila jAte haiM / paMcabhartArI pAMcAlI draupadI kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai|' AvazyakacUrNA meM do bhAiyoM ko eka hI patnI kA ullekha milatA hai / jaunasArabAvara jAti meM abhI bhI yaha prathA pAyI jAtI hai|' vidhura-vivAha yadi kisI kAraNavaza koI puruSa apanI strI ko bhUla jAye, use ghara se nikAla bAhara kare yA koI kAraNa upasthita hone para vaha svayaM calI jAye to aisI avasthA meM puruSa ko dUsarA vivAha karane kI anumati prApta thii| kisI sArthavAha kI patnI apane zarIra ko sajAne meM itanI vyasta rahatI ki vaha apane ghara-bAra kI ora jarA bhI dhyAna na detI thii| pariNAma yaha huA ki eka ke bAda eka ghara ke saba naukara ghara chor3akara cale gaye / jaba strI kA pati pravAsa se lauTA to usane ghara kA yaha hAla dekha strI ko ghara se nikAla diyA aura dUsarA vivAha kara liyaa| vidhavA-vivAha - hindU vivAha ke Adarza ke anusAra, pativratA usI ko mAnA jAtA thA jo apane pati kI maujUdagI meM aura usakI mRtyu ke bAda bhI apane satItva kA pAlana kara ske| ataeva sAdhAraNatayA prAcIna bhArata meM vidhavA-vivAha ko mAnya nahIM kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi smRtikAroM ke mata meM nimnalikhita pAMca avasthAoM meM vidhavA-vivAha ko jAyaja batAyA gayA hai-yadi pUrva pati kA patA na lagatA ho, usakI mRtyu ho gayI ho, vaha sAdhu ho gayA ho, vaha napuMsaka ho, yA phira use jAti se bahiSkRta kara diyA gayA ho;" phira bhI kula milAkara vidhavAvivAha ko tiraskAra kI dRSTi se hI dekhA jAtA thA / 1. tathA dekhie altekara, vahI, pR0 132-34 / pAMcAlavAsI kAmazAstra ke adhyayana meM niSNAta mAne gaye haiM, cakaladAra, sTaDIz2a ina vAtsyAyanansa kAmasUtra, pR0 6 / 2. pR0 549 / 3. sensasa iNDiyA, 1931, jilda 1, bhAga 1, pR0 252 / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 97 / 5. nAradasmRti, 12.97 / / 6. dekhie vAlavalkara, vahI, vivAha sambandhI adhyAya; altekara, vahI, pR0 181-83 /

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270 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa aupapAtika sUtra meM vaidhavya-jIvana ke sambandha meM ullekha hai| kucha aisI vidhavAe~ thIM jinake pati mara cuke the, jo bAlyAvasthA se vaidhavya bitA rahI thIM, jo parityaktA thIM, apane mAtA-pitA Adi dvArA saMrakSita thIM, gandha aura alaMkAroM kA parityAga kara cukI thI, tathA snAna aura dUdha, dahI, madhu, madya aura mAMsa kA sevana jinhoMne chor3a diyA thA / ye striyA~ AjIvana brahmacarya dhAraNa karatIM aura vivAha kA kabhI nAma bhI na letii|' aneka bAla-vidhavAe~ (bAlaraMDA) saMsAra se saMtapta hokara zramaNiyoM kI dIkSA svIkAra kara letI thiiN| dhanazrI aura lakSaNAvatI Adi ke nAma isa sambandha meM ullekhanIya haiN| niyoga kI prathA prAcIna bhArata meM niyoga-prathA ke udAharaNa milate haiN| isa prathA ke anusAra, putrahIna vidhavA, apane pati kI mRtyu ho jAne para, apane devara yA anya kisI sage-sambandhI se putra utpanna karA letI thii| AvazyakacUrNI meM isa taraha kA ullekha hai, yadyapi vaha niyoga kI zreNo ke antargata nahIM AtA / kRtapuNya rAjagRha kA nivAsI thA / vezyAgAmI hone ke kAraNa vaha nidhana ho gayA aura vezyA ne use apane ghara se nikAla diyaa| isa bIca meM usake mAtA-pitA bhI paraloka sidhAra gaye / eka dina usane kisI sArtha ke sAtha vyApAra ke lie prasthAna kiyA / mArga meM vaha kisI devakulikA meM soyA huA thaa| isI samaya kisI vaNika-putra kI mAtA ne sunA ki jahAja phaTa jAne ke kAraNa, vyApAra ke lie gaye hue usake putra ko mRtyu ho gayI hai| use bhaya thA ki aputra hone se kahIM usakI dhana-sampatti para rAjA kA adhikAra na ho jAye, isalie ghUmatI-phiratI kiso AdamI kI khoja meM, vaha 1. 38, pR0 167; manusmRti, 9.65 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 526 / 3. mahAnizItha, pR0 24 / / 4. manusmRti ( 6.59 Adi ) meM ullekha hai ki jisa vyakti kI niyoga ke lie niyukti ho, use zarIra meM makkhana cupar3akara santAna utpanna karane ke lie kisI vidhavA ke pAsa pahu~canA cAhie, tathA use cAhie ki cupacApa eka putra utpanna kara de, dUsarA nahIM / phira niyoga kA prayojana siddha ho jAne ke pazcAt una donoM ko pitA aura putravadhU ke samAna rahanA cAhie / tathA dekhie gautama 18.4 Adi; altekara, vahI, pR0 168-76 /

Page #292
ca0 khaNDa ] . tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 271 usa devakulikA meM AyI / kRtapuNya usa samaya soyA par3A thaa| vaha use khaTiyA sameta uThavA kara apane ghara le aayii| ghara Akara usane apanI cAroM patohuoM se kahA ki yaha tumhArA devara bahuta dinoM ke pazcAt AyA hai| kutapuNya ne vahA~ rahakara bAraha varSa vyatIta kiye aura isa bIca meM pratyeka putravadhU se cAra-cAra santAna paidA kii| satI prathA jainasUtroM meM striyoM ke satI hone ke udAharaNa kama hI milate haiN| kevala mahAnizItha meM eka jagaha ullekha hai ki kisI rAjA kI vidhavA kanyA, apane parivAra kI apayaza se rakSA karane ke lie, satI honA cAhatI thI, lekina usake pitA ke kula meM yaha rivAja nahIM thaa| isalie usane apanA vicAra sthagita kara diyaa| parde kI prathA prAcIna kAla meM Adhunika artha meM pardA-prathA kA calana nahIM thA, yadyapi striyoM ke bAhara Ane-jAne ke sambandha meM kucha sAdhAraNa pratibaMdha avazya the| jainasUtroM meM yavanikA (javaNiyA) kA ullekha milatA hai| rAtri ke samaya svapna dekhane ke pazcAt trizalA apane svapna sunAne ke lie rAjA siddhArtha ke pAsa gaI / usa samaya AsthAnazAlA ke AbhyaMtara bhAga meM eka yavanikA lagavAyI gayI, aura vahAM para biche hue bhadrAsana para trizalA baiTha gaI / yavanikA ke dUsarI aura svapna ke pAThaka paNDita baiThe aura svapnoM kA phala pratipAdita kiyA jAne lgaa|3 zakaTAla kI kanyAoM dvArA bhI yavanikA ke bhItara baiThakara, rAjA kI prazaMsA meM loka-kAvya par3he jAne kA ullekha milatA hai| yaha saba hone para bhI, yahI kahanA hogA ki striyAM binA kisI pratibaMdha ke bAhara A jA sakatI thiiN| apane sage-sambandhiyoM se ve milane-julane jAtI, nagara ke bAhara yakSa, indra, skaMda Adi devatAoM kI pUjA-upAsanA karatIM, 1. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 466-69 / 2. pR0 29, Adi; satI prathA ke lie dekhie altekara, vahI, adhyAya cauthA / yaha prathA grIsa aura ijipTa Adi dezoM meM pracalita thI, kathAsaritsAgara, penz2ara, jilda 4, pariziSTa 1, pR0 255 Adi / 3. kalpasUtra 4.63-69; tathA jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 8 / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 28 /

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272 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa tathA utsavoM Adi ke avasara para binA roka-Toka bAhara jAtI / zreNika Adi rAjAoM kA apane antaHpura ko rAniyoM sahita mahAvIra ke darzana karane jAne kA ullekha jaina AgamoM meM milatA hai|' rAjakumAroM ke mahAvIra bhagavAn ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa karate samaya bhI, rAjA aura rAnI donoM milakara apane putra ko samarpita karate the| katipaya aise bhI udAharaNa haiM jaba striyAM apanA dohada Adi pUrNa karane ke lie puruSa-veza dhAraNa kara, kavaca pahana, Ayudha Adi le, jaMghAoM meM ghaNTiyAM bAMdha bhramaNa karatI thiiN|' avasara Ane para ve yuddha meM bhI sammilita hotI, aura apane svAmI kA veza pahana lar3AI meM jaatii| TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne caulukya-putriyoM ke sAhasa kI prazaMsA kI hai jo apane pati ke marane para agni meM praveza kara jAtI thiiN|'' gaNikAoM kA sthAna vezyAvRtti bhArata meM eka prAcIna saMsthA rahI hai| Rgveda meM nRtu zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai jisakA artha nartakI hotA hai| vAjasaneyI saMhitA meM vezyAvRtti ko eka pezA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, tathA smRtigraMthoM meM isa peze ko sammAna ke sAtha nahIM dekhA gyaa| lekina bauddhoM ke jAtakoM meM vezyAoM ko kevala udAra hI nahIM batAyA gayA, unheM Adara kI dRSTi se bhI dekhA gayA hai| kauTilya ke arthazAstra ke anusAra, vezyAe~ sammAnapUrvaka dekhI jAtI thIM, aura ve rAjA dvArA pradatta chatra, cAmara aura suvarNa-ghaTa ko dhAraNa karatI thIM / vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra meM vezyAoM para chaH adhyAya likhe gaye haiN| vezyAoM ko yahA~ kuMbhadAsI, paricArikA, kulaTA, svairiNI, naTI, zilpakArikA, prakAzavinaSTA, rUpAjIvA aura gaNikA ina nau vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| 1. aupapAtika sUtra 33, pR0 144 Adi / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 33 / 3. vipAkasUtra 3, pR0 23 / 4. vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 100-a / 5. sthAnAMgaTIkA 4, pR0 199 / 6. vedika iNDeksa, 1, pR0 457 / 7. yAjJavalkyasmRti kI TIkA, pR0 287 meM skaMdapurANa kA havAlA dete hue vezyAoM ko paMcamA jAti kahA hai-"paMcacUDA nAma kAzcanApsarasastatsaMtativezyAkhyA paMcamI jaatiH|"

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ca0 khaNDa] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 273 inameM sabase adhika sammAna yogya ve vezyAe~ hotI jo rAjA dvArA puraskRta kI jAtI tathA buddhimAna vyakti jinakI sarAhanA krte| __gaNikA gaNa kI sadasya mAnI jAtI thI, tathA usakA rUpa-lAvaNya Arthika athavA rAjanaitika gaNoM se sambandhita vyaktiyoM kI sarvasAdhAraNa sampati thii| prAcIna bhArata meM sAmAnya logoM dvArA gaNikA AdaraNIya mAnI jAtI thI / vAtsyAyana ke anusAra, vaha suzikSita aura susaMskRta hotI tathA vividha kalAoM meM pAragaMta hotI thii| gaNikA ko gaNikAoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra kI zikSA dI jAtI thii| gAMNakAoM kI utpatti kahA jAtA hai ki eka bAra bharata cakravartI ke pAsa sAmaMta rAjAoM ne upahAra svarUpa apanI-apanI kanyAe~ bhejoM / rAjA aura rAnI donoM ne unakA niriikssnnkiyaa| rAnI ne pUchA-"yaha kisakA skaMdhAvAra hai ?" bharata ne uttara diyA-"sAmaMta rAjAoM ne inheM mere lie bhejA hai|" rAnI ne socA-"anAgata ko hI cikitsA karanA ThIka hai| kauna jAne, rAjA para ye jAdU na kara deM ?" yaha socakara, rAnI ne prAsAda se girakara marane kI dhamakI do / bharata ne kahA-"yadi yahI tumhArA nizcaya hai to ye mere ghara ke andara praveza na kara skeNgii|" isake pazcAt una kanyAoM ko bharata ne gaNa-rAjAoM ko sauMpa diyA / jainoM ke anusAra, gaNikAoM kI utpatti ko yahI kathA hai|" 1. penz2ara, kathAsaritsAgara 1, epeMDiksa 4, pR0 138 Adi / tulanA kIjie udAna kI TIkA paramatthadIpanI (pR0 289) ke sAtha, jahAM use nagarasobhiNI kahA gayA hai| 2. dekhie, cakaladAra, sTaDIz2a ina vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra, pR0 199 Adi / manusmRti 4.209 meM kahA hai ki gaNa aura gaNikA dvArA diyA huA bhojana brAhmaNa svIkAra nahIM karate / tathA dekhie mUlasarvAstivAda kA vinayavastu, pR0 17 Adi; yahAM AmrapAli ko vaizAlI ke gaNa dvArA bhogya (gaNabhogya ) kahA gayA hai / AcArya hemacandra ke kAvyAnuzAna, viveka, pR0 418 meM ullekha haikalAprAgalbhyadhauAbhyAM gaNayati kalayati gaNikA / 3. cakaladAra, vahI, pR0 198; tathA bharata, nATyazAstra, 35: 59-62 / 4. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 297 / 5. vahI pR0 202; vasudevahiNDI, pR0 103 / 18 jai0 bhA0

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274 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa devadattA gaNikA campA nagarI kI devadattA nAmaka gaNikA kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM milatA hai / vaha dhana-sampanna, 64 kalAoM meM niSNAta, 29 prakAra se ramaNa karane vAlI, 21 ratiguNoM se yukta, 32 puruSopacAra meM kuzala, 18 dezI bhASAoM meM vizArada, navayauvanA aura zrRMgAra Adi se saMpanna thii| apanI dhajA ke sAtha vaha karNIratha para savAra hokara calatI thI, eka hajAra usako phIsa thI, rAjA ne use chatra aura cAmara pradAna kiye the, tathA aneka gaNikAoM kI vaha svAminI thii| eka dina nagara ke sArthavAhaputroM ne devadattA ke sAtha udyAna meM jAkara vihAra karane kA vicAra kiyaa| unhoMne apane naukaroM ko vipula azana, pAna Adi lekara naMdA puSkariNI para pahu~ca, eka sundara maMDapa banAne kA Adeza diyaa| tatpazcAt sArthavAha snAna Adi se nivRtta ho, suMdara bailoM ke ratha meM savAra hokara devadattA ke ghara pahu~ce / devadattA ne Asana se uThakara unakA svAgata kiyaa| usake bAda, vaha vastrAdi se vibhUSita ho aura yAna meM baiTha, campA nagarI ke bIca hotI huI naMdA puSkariNI para Ayo / yahAM para jalakrIr3A ko gayI aura phira saba loga maMDapa meM pahu~ce / vahAM azana, pAna Adi kA upabhoga karate hue ve devadattA ke sAtha vihAra karane lage / tatpazcAt devadattA ke hAtha meM hAtha DAlakara subhUmibhAga nAma ke udyAna meM gaye, aura vahAM bane hue kadalIgRha, latAgRha, AsanagRha, prekSaNakagRha, prasAdhanagRha, mohanagRha, jAlagRha, aura kusumagRha Adi meM bhramaNa karate hue AnaMdapUrvaka samaya yApana karane lge| vaizikazAstra vezyAeM vaizikazAstra kI paMDita hotI thiiN| isa zAstra kA adhyayana 1. kSemendra ne kalAvilAsa ( vezyAvRtta ) meM veza, nRtya, gIta, vakravIkSaNa, kAmaparijJAna, mitravaMcana, pAna, keli, suratakalA, AliMganAMtara, cumbana, nirlajAvegasaMbhrama, rudita, mAnasaMkSaya, svedabhramakaMpa, ekAntaprasAdhana, netranimIlana-niHsahanispaMda, mRtopama, nijajananIkalaha, sadgRhagamanotsava, gauravazaithilya, niSkAraNadoSabhASaNa, zUlakalA, abhyaMrakalA, kezaraMjana, kuTanIkalA Adi 64 kalAeM ginAyI haiM / tathA dekhie dhammapada aTThakathA 4, pR0 197 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 3, pR0 59 Adi / 3. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNI (pR0 140) meM vaizikataMtra kA uddharaNa diyA gayA hai

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ca0 khaNDa] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 275 karane ke lie kitane hI loga vezyAoM ke pAsa jAyA karate the| kahA jAtA hai ki dattaka yA dattAvaizika ne, vizeSakara pATaliputra kI vezyAoM ke lie, isa durlabha graMtha kI racanA kI thii| eka bAra kI bAta hai, kisI vezyA ne dattAvezika ko aneka prakAra ke hAva-bhAva dikhAkara vaza meM karane kI ceSTA kI, kintu vaha saphala na huI / isa para vezyA ne agni meM jalakara mara jAne kI dhamakI dii| dattAvaizika ne kahA ki avazya hI isa prakAra kI mAyA kA ullekha bho vaizikazAstra meM hogaa| isake bAda eka suraMga ke pUrva dvAra para lakar3I ke Dhera meM Aga lagAkara vaha suraMga ke pazcima dvAra se apane ghara pahu~ca gyii| dattaka cillAtA raha gayA, aura isa bIca meM logoM ne use uThAkara citA meM DAla diyaa| lekina usane phira bhI vezyAoM kA vizvAsa na kiyaa|' kalAoM meM niSNAta gaNikA vRhatkalpabhASya meM cauMsaTha kalAoM meM niSNAta eka gaNikA kA "durvijJeyo hi bhAvaH pramadAnAm" / vaizika kA ullekha bharata ke nATyazAstra (23), mRcchakaTika (1, pR02), zRGgAramaMjarI, lalitavistara pR0 156 Adi granthoM meM milatA hai| bharata ke anusAra, vaizika zabda kA artha hai samasta kalAoM meM vizeSatA paidA karanA, athavA vezyopacAra kA jJAna honA / vaizikavRtta kA jJAtA samasta kalAoM kA jAnakAra, samasta zilloM meM kuzala, striyoM ke hRdaya ko AkRSTa karane vAlA, zAstrajJa, rUpavAna, vIra, dhairyavAna, sundara vastra dhAraNa karanevAlA, miSTabhASI aura kAmopacAra meM kuzala hotA hai| zRGgAramaMjarI ke kartA bhojadeva ne vaizika upaniSad kA rahasya batAte hue likhA hai-yad vyAghrAdiva premNaH sAvadhAnatayA sarvadA evaM AtmA rakSaNIyaH / tatra rAgavazAt jagati bahavo bhujaMgA vezyAbhirvipralabdhAH-arthAt jaise kisI vyAghra se sadA DaranA cAhie, vaise hI vezyAoM ko kisI ke prati saccA prema pradarzita karane se DaranA cAhie / saMsAra meM isa prema ke kAraNa kitane hI bhujaMga vezyAoM dvArA Thage jA cuke haiM / vaizikatantra meM ullekha hai ki yadi jIvita kapaTa se dhana kI prApti na ho to maraNa-kapaTa kA prayoga kare, dekhie jagadIzacandra jaina, ramaNI ke rUpa, bhUmikA, pR0 15 aura 'kAmalatA kA maraNa-kapaTa' kahAnI, pR0 57 / 1. sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA 4.1.24 / AcArAMgacUrNI 2, pR0 97 meM kahA hai dazasUnA samaM cakraM, dazacakrasamo dhvajaH / dazadhvajasamA vezyA, dazavezyAsamo nRpH|| __ yaha zloka manusmRti 4.85 meM ullikhita hai|

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276 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa ullekha hai jisane apanI citrasabhA meM saba manuSyoM ke jAti-karma, zilpa tathA kupitoM ko prasanna karane ke sundara citra banavA rakkhe the / jaba koI usakA premI usake ghara AtA to pahale vaha usase citrasabhA kA nirIkSaNa karane ke lie kahatI | usa samaya use jJAta ho jAtA ki kauna vyakti kisa jAti kA hai, kauna-sA zilpa use acchA lagatA hai aura kupita - prasAdana meM vaha dAruNa svabhAva kA hai yA striyoM ke jaldI ho vaza meM jAtA hai| kAmadhvajA vezyA rAjA aura rAjA ke maMtrI bhI vezyAgamana karate the | vANiyagAma meM vividha kalAoM meM niSNAta kAmajjhayA ( kAmadhvajA ) nAma ko eka vezyA rahatI thI / usI nagara meM ujjhita nAma kA eka sArthavAha rahatA thA / jaba usake mAtA-pitA mara gaye to nagara -rakSakoM ne use ghara se nikAla bAhara kiyA aura usakA ghara dUsaroM ko de diyA / ujjhita AvArA hokara phirane lagA / eka dina vaha kAmajjhayA vezyA ke ghara gayA aura vahIM rahane lgaa| eka bAra vijayamitra rAjA kI rAnI ko yonizUla utpanna huA / usane ujjhita ko kAmajjhayA ke ghara se nikalavA diyA, aura svayaM usake sAtha rahane lagA / ujjhita ko yaha bAta bahuta burI lagI / maukA pAkara phira vaha cupake se kAmajjhayA ke ghara pahu~ca gayA / rAjakarmacAriyoM ko jaba isa kA patA lagA to ujjhita kI muzkaM air kara ve use vayasthAna ko le gaye / . vezyAyeM nagara kI zobhA jaina aura bauddha kAla meM vezyAe~ nagara kI zobhA mAnI jAtI thIM / rAjA unheM Adara kI dRSTi se dekhatA thA aura unheM apanI rAjadhAnI kA ratna samajhatA thA / mukhya-mukhya nagaroM meM pradhAna gaNikA kA bar3I dhUmadhAma se abhiSeka kiyA jAtA, tathA usake na rahane para dUsarI, aura dUsarI ke na rahane para tIsarI ko usa pada para niyukta kiyA jAtA / 4 1. pIThikA 262 / 2. vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 13; tathA 4, pR0 31 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 64 / 4. kisI rUpavatI saMyatI ko vazIkaraNa Adi dvArA vaza meM karake use gaNikA ke pada para niyukta karane kA prayatna bhI kiyA jAtA, bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2825 /

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ca0 khaNDa] tosarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 277 nandinI isI prakAra kI eka gaNikA thI jisake roga se AkrAnta hone para, usakI jagaha dUsarI gaNikA sthApita kI gayI, aura phira usakA sthAna tIsarI gaNikA ko milA / ' ina vezyAoM ke pAsa hara kiso ko jAne kI chUTa nahIM thii| unakA prema kisI ekAdha puruSa para hI kendrita hotA aura usake paradeza cale jAne para ve kula-vadhU ko bhAMti ekaveNI bAMdha kara virahiNI-vrata svIkAra krtii| kozA-upakozA kozA aura upakozA pATaliputra kI do prasiddha vezyAe~ thIM; donoM bahaneM thIM / kozA sthUlabhadra se aura upakozA vararuci se prema karatI tho / kozA ne sthUlabhadra ke sAtha bAraha varSa vyatIta kiye, isalie sthUlabhadra ko chor3akara vaha anya kisI puruSa ko nahIM cAhatI thii| isI samaya sthUlabhadra ghora tapa karane cale gaye / lekina eka bAra abhigraha grahaNa karake ve phira kozA ke ghara lautte| kozA ne samajhA ki tapa se parAjita hokara ve usake saath| rahane Aye haiN| apane udyAna-gRha meM rahane ke lie usane unheM sthAna de diyaa| tatpazcAt vaha rAtri ke samaya sarvAlaMkAra vibhUSita hokara sthUlabhadra ke pAsa AyI, lekina sthUlabhadra vahA~ cAra mahIne raha kara bhI apane vrata se vicalita na hue / ulTe unhoMne kozA ko upadeza diyA aura upadeza se prabhAvita hokara kozA ne zrAvikA ke vrata grahaNa kiye| usane aba nizcaya kara liyA ki rAjA ke Adeza se ho vaha kisI puruSa ke sAtha sahavAsa karegI, anyathA brahmacAriNI rhegii| ujjainI kI devadattA devadattA ujjainI kI dUsarI pradhAna gaNikA thI jise apane rUpalAvaNya kA bahuta garva thA aura jo sAdhAraNa puruSoM se raMjita nahIM hoto thii| idhara pATaliputra-vAsI samasta kalAoM meM kuzala mUladeva nAma kA rAjakumAra ghUmatA-ghAmatA ujjaino pahu~cA / jaba use patA lagA 1. AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 71 / 2. mRcchakaTika kI vasaMtasenA, kuTTinImata kI hAralatA, kathAsaritsAgara kI kamudikA Adi ke udAharaNa upasthita kiye jA sakate haiM / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 2, pR0 30 /

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278 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa ki devadattA bar3I garvIlI hai to mUladeva ne usake ghara ke samIpa pahu~ca apanA madhura saMgIta AlApanA prArambha kara diyA / saMgIta sunakara devadattA kSaNabhara ke lie pAgala bana gayI / usane turanta hI mAdhavI nAma kI apanI catura dAsI ko bhejakara mUladeva ko bulvaayaa| lekina mUladeva ne kahA- "vicitra viToM ke vaza meM rahane vAlo, madyapAna aura mAMsa bhakSaNa meM Asakta, ati nikRSTa, tathA vacanoM meM komala aura mana se duSTa aisI gaNikA kA viziSTa puruSa kabhI sevana nahIM karate | agni kI zikhA kI bhAMti vaha saMtApa utpanna karatI hai, madirA kI bhAMti mana ko mohita karatI hai, churI kI bhAMti zarIra ko kATatI hai aura sIMka kI bhAMti vaha nindanIya hai / " khaira, dAsI kisI prakAra samajhA-bujhAkara mUladeva ko apanI svAminI ke pAsa le gayo / mUladeva usake ghara rahane lagA aura donoM meM prIti bar3hatI gayI / acala nAma kA eka vyApArI devadattA kA dUsarA rA premI thA / vaha use mu~ha-mAMge vastra aura AbhUSaNa Adi dekara prasanna rakhatA thA / devadattA ko mA~ apanI beTI se kaMgAla mUladeva kA parityAga karane ke lie bahuta kahatI- sunatI, lekina usakI beTI yahI uttara detI ki vaha kevala dhana kI lobhI nahIM hai, guNoM kI bhI vaha kadra karatI hai / kucha samaya bAda, acala ne mUladeva ko apamAnita kara vahA~ se nikAla diyA, aura saMyoga se vaha benyAtaTa nagara kA rAjA bana gayA / idhara devadattA ne acala ke vyavahAra se asantuSTa ho use apane ghara se nikAla bAhara kiyA / usake bAda, usane rAjA ke pAsa pahu~cakara nivedana kiyA ki mUladeva ke sivAya anya kisI puruSa ko usake ghara na Ane diyA jAye / ' anya gaNikAe~ kRSNavAsudeva ne jaba kAMpilyapura ke lie prasthAna kiyA to unake sAtha anaMga senA Adi gaNikAe~ bhI calIM; isase bhI yahI patA lagatA hai ki usa samaya Ajakala kI bhAMti unheM nikRSTa nahIM samajhA jAtA rAjagRha ke rAjA jarAsaMdha kI do sarvapradhAna gaNikAyeM thIM; eka thA R 1. vahI 3, pR0 59-65 / 1 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 208 / bauddha granthoM kI bindumatI gaNikA ke satya ke prabhAva se gaMgA kA pravAha hI ulaTa gayA thA / samrAT azoka ne isakA kAraNa pUchA to usane uttara diyA ki mahArAja, jo mujhe dhana detA hai, cAhe vaha

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ca0 khaNDa] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 279 kA nAma thA magahasuMdarI aura dUsaro kA magahasiri / magahasirI magahasuMdarI se IrSyA karatI thii| eka dina jaba magahasuMdarI ke nRtya kA dina AyA to usane viSayukta sone ko bArIka suiyoM ko kanera ke vRkSa para DAla diyaa| magahasuMdarI kI mA~ ko patA lagA ki bhauMre kanera ke vRkSa para na baiTha kara, Ama ke vRkSa para baiThate haiM to use sandeha ho gayA, aura usane suiyoM ko haTAkara apanI putrI kI rakSA kI / " guMDapuruSa / vezyAgAmI guMDa (goDhilla) puruSoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / bar3e-bar3e nagaroM meM unakI ToliyAM (goTThI = goSThI) rahatI thiiN| ina ToliyoM ke sadasyoM ko rAjA kI ora se paravAnA milA rahatA, nagara vAsI unake anucita kAmoM ko bhI ucita mAnate, apane mAtA-pitA aura svajana sambandhiyoM dvArA ve upekSA dRSTi se dekhe jAte, ve apanI manamAnI karate, aura kisI ke vaza meM na aate| campA nagaro meM lalitA nAma kI eka goSThI thii| eka bAra isa goSThI ke pAMca sadasya kisI gaNikA ke sAtha udyAna meM krIr3Artha gye| eka ne gaNikA ko apanI goda meM baiThAyA, dUsare ne usa para chAtA lagAyA, tIsare ne puSpazekhara banAkara taiyAra kiyA, cauthe ne pAda-racanA ko aura pAMcavA~ usake Upara camara dulAne lgaa| kSatriya, brAhmaNa, vaizya yA zUdra koI bhI ho, vaha sabako samAna bhAva se dekhatI hai, milindaprazna, pR0 121 Adi / kurudhammajAtaka (276) 2, pR0 100-1 meM eka sadAcArI gaNikA kA ullekha hai jisane kisI vyakti se eka hajAra|mudrAeM svIkAra kara lIM thIM, lekina vaha tIna varSa taka lauTakara nahIM AyA / isa bIca meM usa gaNikA ne anya puruSa ke hAtha se pAna kA eka bIr3A taka na liyA / anta meM jaba vaha daridra avasthA ko pahu~ca gayI to nyAyAlaya meM jAkara usane nyAyAdhIzoM se pahale kI taraha jIvana yApana karane kI anumati mAMgI / kathAsaritsAgara (jilda 3, adhyAya 38, pR0 207-17 ) meM eka vezyA kI kathA AtI hai jisane pratijJA kI thI ki yadi usakA premI chaH mahIne ke andara lauTakara na AyA to vaha apanI saba sampatti kA tyAga kara degI aura agni meM jalakara prANa de degii| isa bIca meM brAhmaNoM ko dAna Adi dekara vaha apanA samaya yApana karatI rhii| ambApAlikA ke lie dekhie dIghanikAya 2, mahAparinibbANasutta, pR0 76 Adi; therIgAthA 252-70, mahAvagga 6, 17.29, pR0 246 / 1. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 209 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 174 /

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280 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa rAjagRha ko goSThI bhI isI nAma se prasiddha thii| eka bAra usake chaha sadasya moggarapANi yakSa ke Ayatana meM krIr3A karane gye| unhoMne puSpArcanA karane ke bAda, yakSa-maMdira meM se apanI mAlina ke sAtha nikalate hue mAlI ko dekhaa| unheM dekhakara ve kivAr3oM ke pIche chipa gye| phira mAlI ko bA~dhakara usakI mAlina ke sAtha unhoMne viSaya-bhoga kiyaa| sAdhvI striyA~ sAdhviyA~ mahAvIra ke caturvidha saMgha kI eka mahatvapUrNa aMga thiiN| sAdhuoM ko bhA~ti sAdhviyA~ bhI bhikSA para nirbhara rahatI thIM, yadyapi unakA jIvana adhika kaThora thA aura sAdhuAM ko apekSA unheM adhika anuzAsita aura niyaMtrita jIvana bitAnA par3atA thaa| unake lie vidhAna hai ki unheM sAdhuoM dvArA arakSita dazA meM akele nahIM rahanA cAhie, tathA saMdigdha caritra vAle logoM ke sAtha nivAsa nahIM karanA cAhie / jaba ve bhikSArtha gamana karatI to taruNa loga taraha-taraha ke upasarga karate, aura unake nivAsa sthAna ( vasati) meM ghusa baThate / unakA raktasrAva dekhakara loga unakA upahAsa karate, kApAlika sAdhu unheM vidyA-prayoga dvArA vaza meM karane kI ceSTA krte| isIlie sAdhviyoM ko Adeza hai ki kele kI bhA~ti apane-Apako vastra Adi se pUrNatayA surakSita rkkheN| lekina phira bhI taruNa loga unheM satAne se nahIM cUkate the| aisI dazA meM sAdhviyoM ko apanI vasati kA dvAra banda rakhane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| yadi kadAcit vasati ke kapATa na hoM to rakSA ke lie sAdhuoM ko baiThanA cAhie, yA phira svayaM sAdhviyoM ko hAtha meM DaMDA lekara dvAra para upasthita rahanA cAhie jisase ki upadravakAro upadrava na kara ske| yadi phira bhI viSayalolupa duSTa loga kisI taruNa sAdhvI kA pIchA karane se bAja na AyeM to koI sahasrayodhI taruNa sAdhu sAdhvI ke veza meM upasthita hokara una logoM ko daMDa de| vArANasI ke rAjA jitazatra kI putrI sukumAliyA ne sasaa aura bhasaa nAma ke apane do bhAiyoM ke sAtha dIkSA grahaNa ko thI / sukumAliyA atyanta rUpavatI thii| jaba vaha bhikSA ke lie jAtI to kucha manacale taruNa usakA pIchA karate 1. antaHkRddazA, 6, pR0 33 / 2. vRhatkalpabhASya 3.4106 Adi; 1.2443 Adi; 2085 /

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ca0 khaNDa] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 281 aura usako vasati meM ghuse cale Ate / yaha dekhakara pradhAna gaNinI ne isa bAta ko AcArya se nivedana kiyA / AcArya ke Adeza se sasaa aura bhasaa apanI bahana ke sAtha upAzraya meM rahane lge| yadi eka bhikSA ko jAtA to dUsarA sukumAliyA kI rakSA karatA / donoM bhAI sahasramalla the, ataeva yadi koI upadrava karatA to use ve ThokapITa kara ThIka kara dete| aise bhI udAharaNa milate haiM jaba ki gRhastha loga sAdhviyoM ko bahakAkara apane vaza meM kara lete, aura unase balAtkAra kara baiThate / ve unheM dekhakara ha~sI-majAka karate aura taraha-taraha ke gAne gaate| koI unakI zakala-sUrata kI tulanA apanI sAlI se aura koI apanI bhAnajI se karatA / eka bAra kisI puruSa ne kisI rUpavatI sAdhvI ko dekhA; usakA eka mitra bhI usake sAtha thaa| mitra kI patnI kI mRtyu ho gayI thii| puruSa ne apane mitra se kahA-"yaha tumhAre samAna vaya kI hai, isake sAtha tumhArA sambandha ho jAya to kaisA rahe ?" usa sAdhvo ke samakSa yaha prastAva rakkhA gayA gayA, lekina usane una donoM ko phaTakAra kara bhagA diyA / eka dina, vaha sAdhvI saMyoga se, usa mitra ke ghara bhikSA lene gyii| mitra ne dhUrtatA vaza usakA bar3A Adara-satkAra kiyaa| apanI mRta patnI ke bAla-baccoM ko usakA caraNa-sparza karane ko kahA aura hamezA AhAra-Adi dvArA usakA Atithya karane kA Adeza diyaa| sro-svabhAva ke kAraNa sAdhvI usake phusalAne meM A gayI, aura phira bAra-bAra ke gamanAgamana se donoM kA sambandha ho gyaa| aisI paristhiti meM vidhAna hai ki isa rahasya ko turanta guru se nivedana karanA cAhie / yadi sAdhvI garbhavatI ho gayI ho to use saMgha se bahiSkRta nahIM karanA cAhie, balki usa duSTa vyakti ko rAjA Adi se kahakara daNDa dilavAnA cAhie, yA svayaM daNDa denA cAhie jisase ki bhaviSya meM aisI ghaTanA na ghtte| yadi vaha ajJAta-garbhA ho to kisI zrAvaka Adi ke ghara rakha denA cAhie / yadi kadAcit usake gabha kA patA laga gayA ho to use upAzraya meM rakhanA cAhie aura use bhikSA ke lie na bhejanA caahie| yadi phira bhI agItArtha loga 1. vahI 4.5254-59 / 2. vahI 1, 2669-72 /

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282 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa TIkA-TippaNI karane se bAz2a na AyeM to unako samajhAnA cAhie ki aisI saMkaTa kI sthiti meM usakA parityAga kaise kiyA jA sakatA hai ? kahanA cAhie ki kisI anArya puruSa kA yaha kArya hai, hama isameM kyA kara sakate haiM? unheM samajhAne ke lie kezI aura satya kI' ke udAharaNa dene cAhie jo ArthikAoM ke sAtha puruSa sahavAsa ke binA hI paidA hue the| ina AryikAoM kA vratabhaMga isalie nahIM mAnA kyoMki unake pariNAma vizuddha the tathA jaise unmArgagAmI nadI kAlAntara meM apane mArga se bahane lagatI hai, aura kaMDe kI agni prajvalita hokara kucha samaya bAda zAnta ho jAtI hai, vaise hI yahA~ bhI samajhanA cAhie / jAtA, sAdhviyoM ko apaharaNa karane ke udAharaNa bhI jainasUtroM meM mila jAte haiM / kAlakAcArya ko sAdhvI bhaginI sarasvatI ko ujjaino ke 1. sujyeSThA vaizAlI ke gaNarAjA ceTaka kI kanyA thI / pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke bAda, eka dina vaha upAzraya meM AtApanA kara rahI thii| itane meM peDhAla nAmaka koI parivrAjaka apanI vidyA dene ke lie kisI yogya puruSa kI khoja meM upasthita huA / usane vahA~ kuhAsA ( dhUmiyA ) paidA kara sujyeSThA kI yoni meM bIja DAla diyA / kAlAntara meM usake garbha se satyakI utpanna huA, AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 175 / dvArA garbhadhAraNa karane kA 2. pA~ca prakAra se puruSa ke binA bhI striyoM ullekha hai -( 1 ) paridhAnavarjita baiThI huI strI ke zarIra meM puruSa kA zukra anAyAsa hI praviSTa ho jAye, (2) koI putrArthI puruSa apane zukra ko usako yoni meM praveza kara de, ( 3 ) yadi putra kI icchA se koI zvasura isa prakAra ke kArya meM pravRtta ho, ( 4 ) yadi raktanirodha ke lie zukrakaNoM se lipta kisI vastra ko yoni-AcchAdana ke kAma meM liyA jAya ( kezI kI utpatti isI prakAra huI thI ), (5) yaha zukramizrita jala ko pIne ke kAma meM liyA jAye, vRhatkalpabhASya 3.4128-39 / tulanA kIjie mAtaMgajAtaka ( 497 ) 4, pR0 586 ke sAtha | yahA~ ullekha hai ki kisI mAtaMga ne apane aMgUThe se apanI patnI kI nAbhi kA sarza kiyA aura vaha garbhavatI ho gayI / tathA dekhie dhammapada aTThakathA 3, pR0 145 / uppalavaraNA ke sAtha zrAvastI ke aMdhakavana meM kisI brahmacArI ne balAtkAra kiyA thA, taba se bhikSuNiyoM ne aMdhakavana meM rahanA chor3a diyA thA, vahI 2, pR0 49, 52 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4147 / ,

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ca0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 283 rAjA gardabhilla dvArA apaharaNa kara apane antaHpura meM rakhane kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / bhRgukaccha ke eka bauddha vaNika ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki katipaya saMyatiyoM ke rUpa-lAvaNya se AkRSTa ho, usane jaina zrAvaka banakara kapaTabhAva se unheM apane apane jahAja ( vahaNaTThANa) meM caityavandana ke lie Amantrita kiyA / lekina jaise hI unhoMne jahAja meM paira rakhA ki jahAja cala par3A / ' ___sAdhviyoM ko cora bhI kaSTa pahu~cAte the| kabhI ve bodhiya mlecchoM ke sAtha milakara unheM uThA le jAte / 2 kabhI ve unake vastroM kA apaharaNa kara lete| aisI avasthA meM kahA gayA hai ki saMyatiyoM ko carmakhaNDa, zAka ke patte, darbha tathA apane hAtha dvArA apane guhya pradeza kI rakSA karanI cAhie / isa sambandha meM maggapAlI nAma kI saMyatI kA udAharaNa diyA gayA hai / sAdhvI-parivAjikAtroM dvArA dautya-karma jainasUtroM meM aisI kitanI hI parivrAjikAoM kA ullekha hai jo prema-saMdeza le jAne kA kAma karatI thiiN| mithilA kI cokkhA paribrAjikA cAra veda tathA anya zAstroM kI paNDitA thI aura vaha aneka rAjA, rAjakumAra Adi ko dAnadharma, zaucadharma aura tIrthAbhiSeka kA upadeza karatI huI vihAra kiyA karatI thii| eka dina vaha tridaNDa, kuNDikA Adi lekara parivrAjikAoM ke maTha se nikalI tathA aneka parivrAjikAoM ke sAtha rAjA kumbhaka ke kanyA-antaHpura kI ora calI / vahA~ pahu~cakara vaha mallIkumArI ke pAsa aayii| jala se siMcita darbha ke Asana para vaha baiTha gayI, aura dAna-dharma kA upadeza dene lgii| usane batAyA ki jo koI padArtha azuci ho vaha miTTI aura jala se sApha karane se zuddha ho jAtA hai| isa samaya mallIkumArI ne cokkhA se koI prazna kiyA aura usakA uttara na dene ke kAraNa use apamAnita kara vahA~ se bhagA diyaa| vahA~ se cokkhA pAJcAla deza ke rAjA jitazatra ke antaHpura meM pahu~cI aura vahA~ mallI ke rUpa-lAvaNya kA bakhAna kara rAjA ko use prApta karane ke lie uksaayaa| 1. vahI 1.2054 / 2. vyavahArabhASya 7.416 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2986; nizIthacUrNI 5.1982 / . 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 108-110 /

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284 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa buddhila kI kanyA rayaNAvaI rAjakumAra brahmadatta ko dekhakara usakI ora AkRSTa huii| kisI pArivAjikA ke hAtha usane rAjakumAra ke nAma eka patra bhejA / usane rAjakumAra ke mitra varadhaNu ke pAsa pahu~ca, usake sira para akSata aura puSpa pheMkakara, 'use sahastra varSa jIvita rahane kA AzIrvAda diyA, aura use ekAnta meM le jAkara rayaNAvaI ko kI icchA vyakta kI / brahmadatta ne rayaNAvaI ke patra kA uttara diyA aura use lekara parivrAjikA vApisa Ayo / ___ puruSa bhI parivrAjikAoM dvArA prema kA sandeza bhijavAte the| koI yuvatI nadI para snAna karane gayI huI thii| eka yuvaka use dekhakara mugdha ho gyaa| pahale to usane bAlakoM ko phala Adi dekara usake ghara kA patA lagAyA, aura phira eka paribrAjikA ko usake ghara bhejaa| parivrAjikA jaba yuvatI ke ghara pahu~cI to vaha batena dho rahI thii| paritrAjikA kI bAta sunakara use gussA AyA aura bartana dhote-dhote usane syAhI lage hue apane hAthoM se usakI kamara para eka jora kA thappar3a mAra use bhagA diyA / kabhI striyA~ apane pati ko prasanna karane ke lie athavA putrotpatti ke lie bhI parivrAjikAoM kI zaraNa letI thiiN| teyaloputra amAtya kI patnI poTTilA apane pati ko iSTa nahIM thii| vaha viyula azana, pAna Adi dvArA zramaNa, brAhmaNa Adi kA satkAra karake apanA samaya yApana kiyA karatI thii| eka dina suvratA nAma kI AryikA vahA~ AyI / poTTilA ne bhikSA dekara usakA satkAra kiyaa| tatpazcAt usane nivedana kiyA-"Apa bahuta anubhavI haiM, bahuzruta hai, dUra-dUra bhramaNa karatI haiN| koI aisA upAya batAiye jisase mere patideva mujhase prasanna rahane lgeN| yadi Apake pAsa koI cUrNa, mantra, guTikA, auSadhi Adi ho jisase ki mere pati AkRSTa ho sakeM, to diijiye|" yaha sunakara suvratA ne apane kAnoM para hAtha rakkhe aura vahA~ se calatI bnii| 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 191-a Adi / 2. dazavaikAlikacUrNI 2, pR0 90 / tathA dekhiye cakaladAra, vahI, adhyAya 5, pR0 184 / 3. jJAtRvarmakathA 14, pR0 151 Adi; nirayAvali 3, pR0 48 Adi / tulanA kIjiye kathAsaritsAgara jilda 3, adhyAya 32, pR0 99 Adi /

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ca0 khaNDa ] tIsarA adhyAya : striyoM kI sthiti 285 kisI parivrAjikA ne eka strI ko apane pati ko vaza meM karane ke lie abhimantrita krUra ( cAvala ) khAne ke liye diyA / strI ne socA ki kahIM isake khAne se mere pati kI mRtyu na ho jAya / yaha socakara usane usa krUra ko eka kUr3I para phiMkavA diyA / saMyoga se use eka gadhe ne khA liyA aura vaha rAta bhara usa strI ke dvAra para Takkara mAratA rahA / " santAnotpatti ke lie bhI vidyAprayoga, mantraprayoga, vamana, virecana, bastikarma aura auSadhi Adi kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA / -wwwww 1. oghaniryuktiTIkA 597, pR0 193-a| 2. nirayAvala 2, pR0 48 Adi /

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cauthA adhyAya zikSA aura vidyAbhyAsa ories aura vidyArthI bhArata kI prAcIna zikSA paddhati kA uddezya thA caritra kA saMgaThana, vyaktitva kA nirmANa, prAcIna saMskRti kI rakSA tathA sAmAjika aura dhArmika karttavyoM ko sampanna karane ke lie udIyamAna pIr3hI kA prazikSaNa | adhyApaka bahuta Adara kI dRSTi se dekhe jAte the / jainasUtroM meM tIna prakAra ke AcAryoM kA ullekha hai: - kalAcArya, zilpAcArya aura dharmAcArya / kalAcArya aura zilpAcArya ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki unakA upalepana aura saMmardana karanA cAhie, unheM puSpa samarpita karane cAhie~, tathA snAna karAne ke pazcAt unheM vastrAbhUSaNoM se maMDita karanA caahie| tatpazcAt bhojana Adi karAkara jIvana bhara ke lie prItidAna denA cAhie, tathA putra-pautra taka calane vAlI AjIvikA kA prabandha karanA cAhie / dharmAcArya ko dekhakara unakA sammAna karanA cAhie aura unake lie bhojana Adi kI vyavasthA karanI cAhiye / yadi ve kisI durbhikSa vAle pradeza meM rahate hoM to unheM subhikSa deza meM le jAkara rakhanA cAhie, kAMtAra meM se unakA uddhAra karanA cAhie tathA dIrghakAlIna roga se unheM mukta karane kI ceSTA karanI caahie| isake sAtha hI adhyApakoM meM bhI vidyArthiyoM ko zikSA dene ke lie pUrNa yogyatA honI cAhie / jo prazna vidyArthiyoM dvArA pUche jAyeM unakA apanA bar3appana pradarzita kiye binA uttara denA cAhie, tathA kabhI asambaddha uttara nahIM denA cAhie / " 1. altekara, ejUkezana ina aizieNTa iNDiyA, pR0 326 / 2. rAjapraznIyasUtra 190, pR0 328 / 3. sthAnAMga 3.135; tathA manusmRti 2.225 Adi / 4. Avazyakaniryukti 136; tathA eca0 Ara0 kApar3iyA, da jaina sisTama oNva ejUkezana, jarnala oNva yunivarsiTI oNva bAmbe, janavarI, 1940, pR0 206 Adi /

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ca0 khaNDa ] cauthA adhyAya : zikSA aura vidyAbhyAsa 287 adhyApaka aura vidyArthiyoM ke sambaddha premapUrNa hote the, aura vidyArthI apane guruoM ke prati atyanta zraddhA aura sammAna kA bhAva rakhate the / acche ziSya ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki vaha gurujI ke par3hAye hue viSaya ko hamezA dhyAnapUrvaka sunatA hai, prazna pUchatA hai, praznottara sunatA hai, usakA artha grahaNa karatA hai, usa para cintana karatA hai, usakI prAmANikatA kA nizcaya karatA hai, usake artha ko yAda rakhatA hai aura tadanusAra AcaraNa karatA hai| koI suyogya ziSya apane adhyApaka ke prati kabhI aziSTatA kA vyavahAra nahIM karatA, kabhI mithyA bhASaNa nahIM karatA, tathA eka jAtimaMta azva kI bhA~ti vaha usakI AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai / yadi use patA lage ki usakA AcArya kupita ho gayA hai to priya vacanoM se use prasanna karatA hai, hAtha jor3akara use zAnta karatA hai, aura apane pramAdapUrNa AcaraNa kI kSamA mAMgatA huA bhaviSya meM vaisA na karane kA vacana detA hai / vaha na kabhI AcArya ke barAbara meM, na usake sAmane aura na usake pIche kI tarapha baiThatA hai| kabhI Asana yA zayyA para baiThakara vaha prazna nahIM pUchatA, balki yadi kucha pUchanA ho to apane Asana se uThakara, pAsa meM Akara, hAtha jor3akara pUchatA hai| yadi kabhI AcArya kaThora vacanoM dvArA ziSya ko anuzAsana meM rakhanA cAhe to vaha krodha na karake zAntipUrvaka vyavahAra karatA hai, aura socatA hai ki isase usakA lAbha hI hone vAlA hai| jaise kisI avinIta ghor3e ko calAne ke lie bAra-bAra kor3A mArane kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, vaise hI vidyArthI ko apane guru se bAra-bAra karkaza vacana sunane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI, balki jaise koI vinIta ghor3A apane mAlika kA kor3A dekhate hI daur3ane lagatA hai, vaise hI AcArya kA izArA pAkara suyogya vidyArthI satkArya meM pravRtta ho jAtA hai / vAstava meM vahI vinIta kahA jAtA hai jo apane guru kI AjJA kA pAlana karatA hai, usake samIpa rahatA hai aura usakA izArA pAte hI kAma meM laga jAtA hai| lekina avinIta vidyArthI bhI hote the / adhyApaka unheM anuzAsana meM lAne ke lie Thokara (khaDDyA ) aura capata (caveDA) mArate, daNDa 1. Avazyakaniyukti 22 / 2. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 1.2, 9, 12, 13, 18, 22, 27, 41 /

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288 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa Adi se prahAra karate aura AkrozapUrNa vacana kahate / ' avinIta ziSyAM kI tulanA galiyA bailoM ( khalu ka ) se ko gayo hai jo dhairya na rakhane ke kAraNa, Age bar3hane se javAba de dete hai / aise ziSyoM ko yadi kisI kArya ke lie bhejA jAye to ve icchAnusAra, paMkha nikale hue haMsazAvakoM kI bhA~ti, idhara-udhara ghUmate rahate hai / aise kuziSyoM ko atyanta kutsita gardabha (galigaddaha ) kI upamA dI gayI hai / AcArya aise ziSyoM se taMga Akara, unheM unake mAgya para chor3a dete aura svayaM vana meM tapa karane cale jAte / durvinIta ziSya durvinIta ziSya apane AcAryoM para bhI hAtha uThA dete the / indrapura ke rAjA indradatta ke bAIsa putroM kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| jaba unheM AcArya ke pAsa par3hane bhejA gayA to unhoMne kucha nahIM par3hA / AcArya yadi kabhI kucha kahate sunate to ve AcArya ko mArate-pITate aura durvacana bolate / yadi AcArya unakI tAr3anA karate to ve apanI mAM se jAkara zikAyata karate / mAM AcArya ke Upara gussA karatI aura tAnA mAratI ki kyA Apa samajhate haiM ki putra kahIM se aise hI A jAte hai / ziSya apane guru kA Adeza pAkara hAthApAI kara baiThate the / harikezI muni jaba kisI brAhmaNa ke yajJavATaka meM bhikSA ke lie gaye to apane adhyApaka kA izArA pAkara chAtragaNa (khaMDiya ) muni ko DaMDoM, beMtoM aura kor3oM se mArane-pITane lage, jisase ki use khUna kI ulTI hone lagI / " acche-bure ziSya ziSyoM ko zaila, kuTa, chalanI Adi ke samAna batAyA gayA hai / kucha ziSya zaila (parvata) ke samAna atyanta kaThora hote haiM, aura kucha kRSNabhUmi (kAlI miTTI vAlI jamIna ) ke samAna AcArya ke batAye hue artha ko grahaNa aura dhAraNa karane meM samartha hote haiM / kuTa 1. vahI 1.38 / 2. vahI 27.8, 13, 16 Adi / tathA dekhie eca0 Ara0 kApar3iyA, vahI, pR0 212-15 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3.65-a / 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 12.18-19 Adi /

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ca0 khaNDa ] cauthA adhyAya : zikSA aura vidyAbhyAsa 289 (ghaTa ) cAra prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM :-chidra-kuTa (jisa ghar3e kI talI phUTI huI ho), khaMDa-kuTa (jisake kanne TUTe hue hoM), boTa-kuTa (jisakA eka ora kA kapAla TUTA huA ho ) aura sakala-kuTa (jo ghar3A sampUrNa ho)| kucha ziSya chidra-kuTa ke samAna, kucha khaMDa-kuTa ke samAna, kucha boTa-kuTa ke samAna aura kucha sakala-kuTa ke samAna kahe gaye haiN| kucha ziSya cAliNI ( chalanI) ke samAna hote haiN| ve eka kAna se sunate haiM aura dUsare se nikAla dete haiN| isake viparIta, kucha ziSya khaura (khapura = tApasoM kA eka pAtra ) ke samAna hote haiN| jaise khapura meM bela aura bhilAve ke rasa kA lepa karane se, usameM se pAnI nahIM siratA, isI prakAra ziSya bhI AcArya ke kathana ko bhalI-bhAMti hRdayaMgama karatA hai / ziSyoM kI upamA paripUNaga (ghIdUdha chAnane kA channA) ke sAtha bhI dI gayI hai| jaise channe meM ghI chAnane se gho nIce calA jAtA hai aura maila Upara raha jAtA hai, isI prakAra kucha ziSya kevala doSa ho grahaNa karate haiM, guNoM ko ora ve dRSTi nahIM dete / isake viparIta, kucha ziSya haMsa ke samAna hote haiM jo nIramizrita kSIra meM se kSora ko grahaNa kara lete haiM ora nIra kA parityAga kara dete haiN| kucha ziSyoM ko usa mahiSa (bhaiMsA) ke samAna batAyA gayA hai jo kisI tAlAba meM ghusakara usake jala ko gaMdA kara detA hai, aura isa jala ko na vaha svayaM pI sakatA hai aura na usake sAthI / isI prakAra vyAkhyAna ke prArambha hone para, ziSya aneka prakAra kI vikathAoM se AcArya ko aisA thakA detA hai ki na to ve use vyAkhyAna de sakate haiM aura na kisI anya gaNa ko / lekina kucha ziSya meMr3he kI bhAMti bhI hote haiM, jo apane muMha ko Age kI ora jhukAkara, cupacApa jala pokara cale jAte haiM / aise ziSya AcArya ko uttejita na kara unase zikSA grahaNa karate haiN| kucha ziSya macchara ke samAna hote haiM jo baiThate hI kATa lete haiN| isake viparIta, katipaya ziSya zarIra ko kaSTa pahu~cAye binA hI cupacApa rudhira kA pAna karanevAlI jalugA (jalaukA = jokha) kI bhA~ti hote haiN| aise ziSya AcArya ko kaSTa pahu~cAye binA hI, zrutajJAna kA pAna karate haiN| kucha ziSyoM ko upamA mArjArI (bilAr3I) se dI gayI hai, jo dUdha ko jamIna para girAkara bAda meM use cATato hai| aise ziSya ahaMkAravaza, jaba maNDalI meM AcArya kA vyAkhyAna hotA hai taba to dhyAna dete nahIM, aura sabake uTha jAne para, jaba loga Apasa meM bAta karate haiM taba pAsa meM baiThakara sunane kI koziza karate 19 jai0 bhA0

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290 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa haiM / isake viparIta, thor3A-thor3A dUdha girAkara cATanevAle jAhaga (sehI) ke samAna ziSyoM ko prazasta kahA gayA hai| ye ziSya pUrva - gRhIta artha ko yAda karake prazna pUchate haiM aura AcArya ko kaSTa nahIM dete| Age calakara, cAra caturvedI brAhmaNoM ke sAtha ziSyoM kI tulanA kI gayI hai / kisI ne ina brAhmaNoM ko eka gAya dAna meM dI / ve cAroM bArI-bArI se use duhate | lekina hara koI socatA ki kala ise dUsarA AdamI duhegA, phira maiM ise ghAsa cArA kyoM dUM ? yaha socakara cAroM dUdha duhakara use chor3a dete, aura ghAsa cArA na DAlate / pariNAma yaha huA ki unakI lAparavAhI se vaha gAya mara gayI / usake bAda dubArA unheM kisI ne gAya dAna meM na dii| isI prakAra jo ziSya apane AcArya kI paricaryA nahIM karate aura unake bImAra par3a jAne para unakI paravA nahIM karate, ve zrutajJAna se vaMcita hI rahate haiM / ataeva ziSyoM ko apane AcArya ke prati zraddhA aura bhaktipUrvaka vyavahAra karanA cAhie / dUsarA udAharaNa gozIrSa candana-nirmita azivopazaminI bherI kA diyA gayA hai / yaha bherI kRSNa ke pAsa thI / isakA zabda sunane se chaH mahIne taka roga nahIM hotA thA aura yadi koI pahale hI roga se grasta ho to usakA roga zAnta ho jAtA thA / ekabAra paradeza se koI vaNika dvArakA AyA | vaha sira kI vedanA se atyanta vyAkula thA / vaidya ne use gozIrSa candana kA lepa batAyA thA, lekina gozIrSa caMdana bahuta prayatna karane para kahIM na milaa| anta meM usane bahuta-sA dravya kRSNa ke bherIpAla ko dekara bherI kA eka khaNDa kharIda liyA / isa prakAra jaba use AvazyakatA hotI, vaha usakA khaNDa bherIpAla se le jAtA / pariNAma yaha huA ki bherI khaNDita ho gayI, aura usakA bajanA banda ho gayA, aura prajA rogI rahane lagI / jaba kRSNa ko isakA patA lagA to usane bherIpAla ko bulAkara usake vaMza kA mUloccheda kara diyA / isI prakAra sUtrArtha ko khaNDita karanevAle ziSyoM ko kuziSya batAyA gayA hai / koI AbhIrI apanI gAr3I meM ghI ke ghar3e bharakara apane pati ke sAtha, unheM kisI nagara meM becane clii| sAtha meM aura bhI AbhIra the; ve bhI ghI becane jA rahe the / AbhIrI kA pati gAr3I ke Upara thA aura vaha nIce khar3I huI apanI patnI ko gho ke ghar3e pakar3A rahA thA / pati

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ca0 khaNDa] cauthA adhyAya : zikSA aura vidyAbhyAsa 291 ne samajhA ki AbhIrI ne ghar3A pakar3a liyA hai| AbhIrI ne samajhA ki abhI vaha usI ke hAtha meM hai| itane meM ghar3A girakara phUTa gyaa| AbhIrI kahane lagI-"tumane ThIka nahIM pakar3A, isalie phUTa gyaa|" AbhIra ne kahA-"tamane ThIka nahIM pkdd'aa|" isa taraha donoM meM jhagar3A hone lgaa| AbhIra ne gAr3I se utarakara AbhIrI ko khUba pITA / jo ghI bAkI bacA thA, use kucha kutte cATa gaye aura kucha jamIna pI gyii| isa bIca meM dUsare vyApArI apanA-apanA ghI becakara cale gye| ina donoM ne bhI apane bace hue gho kI bikrI ko, lekina unheM bahuta kama lAbha huaa| isI prakAra jo ziSya apane AcArya ke prati niSThura vacana kahatA huA kalaha karatA hai, vaha kabhI prazasta nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vidyArthI jIvana prAcIna yuga meM vidyArthiyoM ke bhojana-vastra aura rahane-sahane kA kyA prabandha thA, isa viSaya kA ThIka-Thoka patA nahIM cltaa| lekina jAna par3atA hai ki vidyArthI sAdA jIvana vyatIta karate the| kucha vidyArthI adhyApaka ke ghara rahakara par3hate, aura kucha nagara ke dhanavantoM ke ghara apane rahane-sahane aura khAne-pIne kA prabaMdha kara lete the| zaMkhapura kA agaDadatta nAma kA rAjakumAra vArANasI pahu~cA aura kalAcArya ke ghara rahatA huA vividha kalAoM ko zikSA prApta karane lgaa| kauzAmbI nagarI meM jitazatra nAma kA rAjA rAjya karatA thaa| usane caturdaza vidyAoM meM pAraMgata kAzyapa nAma ke brAhmaNa ko apane yahA~ niyukta kara rakkhA thaa| lekina usakI mRtyu ho gayI aura usakI jagaha rAjA ko dUsarA brAhmaNa niyukta karanA pdd'aa| kAzyapa ke putra kA nAma kapila thA / apane pitA ko mRtyu ke pazcAt , usane mana lagAkara vidyAdhyayana karane kA nizcaya kiyA, lekina vahA~ IrSyA ke kAraNa, use koI par3hAne ke lie taiyAra na huaa| use zrAvastI par3hane ke lie bhejA gyaa| vahA~ bhikSAvRtti karane ke sAtha-sAtha vidyAdhyayana usake lie kaThina ho gyaa| ataeva upAdhyAya ne nagara ke kisI zrImanta ke ghara usake rahane aura 1. Avazyakaniyukti 139; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 121-24; bRhatkalpabhASya, pIThikA 334-361 / ziSya dvArA AcArya ko vaMdana karane ke sambandha meM dekhiye vahI, 3.4471-95 / .. 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 83 a Adi /

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292 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa bhojana kA prabaMdha kara diyaa| vahA~ use eka dAsaceTI bhojana parosatI thI, kapila kA usase prema ho gyaa|' kabhI vidyArthI kA vivAha apane hI upAdhyAya kI kanyA se ho jAtA thaa| magadha deza ke acala grAma meM dharaNijaDha nAma kA eka brAhmaNa rahatA thaa| usake putra kA nAma kapila thaa| vaha ratnapura nagara meM gayA aura vahA~ upAdhyAya ke ghara rahakara vidyAbhyAsa karane lgaa| kucha samaya pazcAt , upAdhyAya ne apanI kanyA satyabhAbhA kA usase vivAha kara diyaa| anadhyAya anadhyAyoM ke dina pAThazAlAeM banda rahatI thIM / koI vAhya kAraNa upasthita ho jAne para bhI pAThazAlAoM meM chuTTI ho jAtI thii| yadi kabhI AkAza meM asamaya meM megha dikhAyI dete, megha garjanA sunAyI par3atI, bijalI camakatI, ghanaghora varSA hone lagatI, kuharA giratA, aMdhar3a calatA, yA candragrahaNa yA sUryagrahaNa lagatA, to pAThazAlAoM meM adhyApana kA kArya banda rhtaa| yadi kabhI do senAoM yA do grAmoM meM lar3AI Thana jAtI aura Asa-pAsa kI zAnti bhaMga ho jAtI, striyAM kalaha karane lagatIM, malla-yuddha hotA, yA grAmasvAmI yA grAmapradhAna Adi kI mRtyu ho jAtI to bhI svAdhyAya karane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai| isake atirikta, choTe-choTe kAraNoM ko lekara bhI par3hAI banda ho jaatii| udAharaNa ke lie, yadi billI cUhe ko mAra detI, mArga meM aMDA dikhAyI de jAtA, mohalle meM kisI bAlaka kA janma hotA to bhI svAdhyAya banda kara diyA jaataa| vidyArthiyoM kA sammAna vidyArthI jaba bAhara se vidyAdhyayana samApta karake ghara lauTate to unakA dhUmadhAma se svAgata kiyA jAtA / dazapura meM somadeva brAhmaNa kA rakSita nAma kA eka putra thaa| jaba vaha apane putra ko ghara na par3hA sakA to usane use pATaliputra par3hane ke lie bheja diyaa| vahAM rakSita ne 1. vahI, pR0 123-a Adi / 2. vahI 18, pR0 243 / tulanA kIjie mahAumagga jAtaka (546), 6, pR0 393 / 3. vyavahArabhASya 7.281-319 / tulanA kIjie yAjJavalkyasmRti 1.6. 146-53; tathA Altekara, vahI, pR0 105 /

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ca0 khaNDa] cauthA adhyAya : zikSA aura vidyAbhyAsa 293 cardatuza vidyAoM kA adhyayana kiyaa| vidyAdhyayana ke pazcAt jaba vaha apane ghara lauTA to nagara dhvajA-patAkAoM se sajjita kiyA gyaa| nagara kA rAjA svayaM usakA Adara-satkAra karane ke lie upasthita huA, aura usane rakSita ke gale meM hAra phnaayaa| hAthI para savAra hokara rakSita apane ghara aayaa| rakSita kA ghara candana-kalaza Adi se khUba sajAyA gayA thaa| usane ghara meM praveza kiyA, tathA bAhara kI upasthAnazAlA meM baiThakara logoM ke upahAra svIkAra kiye / usakA ghara dvipada, catuSpada, hiraNya aura suvarNa Adi se bhara gyaa| rakSita ke mitra aura sva jana sambadhI usane milakara atyanta prasanna hue| mahAvIra kA lekhazAlA meM praveza bhagavAn mahAvIra jaba ATha varSa ke hue to siddhArtha rAjA ne unheM lekhazAlA meM bhejane kA mahotsava mnaayaa| naimittakoM ko bulAkara usane muhUrta nikalavAyA aura svajanoM ko nimaMtrita kara bhojana Adi se unakA satkAra kiyaa| tatpazcAt vAgdevI kI pratimA ke pUjana ke ke lie usane nAnA ratnoM se jaTita suvarNa ke AbhUSaNa bnvaaye| adhyApaka ko bahumUlya vastrAbhUSaNa tathA nAriyala Adi bheMTa meM diye / lekhazAlA ke vidyArthiyoM ko maSipAtra, lekhanI, aura paTTo Adi do, tathA drAkSA, khaMDazarkarA, cirauMjI aura khajUra Adi vitaraNa kI / tatpazcAt tIrthajala se snAna kara, sarvAlaMkAra se vibhUSita ho, mahAchatra dhAraNa kiye hue, cAmaroM se vojyamAna, caturaMga senA se parivRta, gAje-bAje ke sAtha mahAvIra ne zAlA meM praveza kiyaa| isI prakAra meghakumAra aura dRr3hapratijJa Adi ke vidyAdhyayana ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai| 72 kalAoM kI zikSA prApta kara jaba meSakumAra ghara lauTA to usake mAtA-pitA ne kalAcArya ko vipula vastra, gaMdha, mAlya aura alaMkAra Adi pradAna kara, madhura vacanoM se usakA satkAra kiyA, aura use jIvana-bhara ke lie prItidAna diyaa| pAThyakrama veda bhAratIya sAhitya ko sabase prAcIna pustaka mAnI jAtI hai, ataeva vedoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka thaa| prAcIna jainasUtroM meM Rgveda, 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 22-a| 2. kalpasUtraTIkA 5, pR0 120 / .. 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 22 /

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294 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa yajurveda aura sAmaveda ina tIna vedoM kA ullekha milatA hai|' vaidika granthoM meM nimnalikhita zAstroM kA ullekha hai :-chaha vedoM meM Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda, athavaveda, itihAsa (purANa ) aura nighaMTu chaha vedAMgoM meM saMkhyAna ( gaNita ), zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, chanda, nirukta aura jyotiSa; chaha upAMgoM meM vedAMgoM meM varNita viSaya aura paSThitaMtra / utarAdhyayanasUtra ko TIkA meM nimnalikhita catardaza vidyAsthAnoM ko ginAyA gayA hai :-chaha vedAMga, cAra veda, mImAMsA, nyAya, purANa aura dharmazAstra / isake pazcAt , jaina AgamoM meM arvAcIna mAne jAne vAle anuyogadvAra aura nandisUtra meM nIce likhe laukika zruta kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai:-bhArata, rAmAyaNa, bhImAsurukkha, kauTilya ( koDi 1. sthAnAMga 3.185 / jaina paramparA ke anusAra, bharata ne Arya vedoM kI racanA kI thI jinameM tIrthaGkara kI stuti, yatidharma, zrAvakadharma aura zAntikarma Adi kA ullekha thA / usake pazcAt sulasA, yAjJavalkya, taMtugrIva Adi ne anArya vedoM kA nirmANa kiyA / ye hI veda Ajakala upalabdha haiM, AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 215; sUtrakRtAMgacUrNI, pR0 16; vasudevahiNDI pR0 182 Adi / dUsarI paramparA ke anusAra, dvAdaza aMga ko hI veda kahA hai, AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 185 / 2. vyAkhyAprApti 2.1; aupapAtika 38, pR0 172 / dekhiye dIghanikAya 1, aMbahasutta, pR0 76 / 3. 3, pR0 56-a / milindaprazna, pR0 3 meM 19 zilpoM kA ullekha hai-suti, sammuti, saMkhyA, yogA, nIti, visesikA, gaNikA (gaNita), gaMdhavvA, tikiccA (cikitsA ), catuvveda, purANa, itihAsa, jotisA, mAyA, hetu, maMtaNA, yuddha, chandasA, muddA; dIghanikAya 1, brahmajAlasutta, pR0 11 / tulanA kIjie yAjJavalkyasmRti 1. 3; mahAbhArata 12.122.31 Adi / 4. sUtra 40 Adi / 5. sUtra 42, pR0 193-a| 6. rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata pUrvAhna yA aparAhna meM par3he jAte the| donoM ko bhAvAvazyaka ( Avazyaka kriyAeM ) ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, anuyogadvArasUtra 25, pR0 25-26 / nizIthacUrNI 11.10 kI cUrNI meM bhArata aura rAmAyaNa ko pApazruta kahA hai| __7. bhaMbhI aura Asurukkha kA ullekha vyavahArabhASya, 1 pR0 132 meM milatA hai / yahAM mAThara kauNDinya kI daNDanIti kA bhI ullekha hai| tathA

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ca0 khaNDa] cauthA adhyAya : zikSA aura vidyAbhyAsa 295 llaya ) / ' ghoTakamukha (ghoDayamuha ), sagaDibhaddiAu, kappAsia, NAgasuhuma, kanakasaptati' (kaNagasattarI), baizika ( vesiya), vaizeSika (vaisesiya), buddhazAsana, kapila, lokAyata," SaSThitaMtra (saTTitaMta), mAThara, purANa, vyAkaraNa, nATaka, bahattara kalAyeM aura aMgopAMgasahita cAra veda / nandisUtra meM trairAzika, bhagavAn pAtaMjali aura puruSadeva kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| ____ sthAnAMgasUtra nau pApazruta svIkAra kiye haiM :-1. utpAta-rudhira kI vRSTi Adi athavA rASTotpAta kA pratipAdana karanevAlA zAstra, 2. nimittaatItakAla ke jJAna kA paricAyaka zAstra, jaise kUTaparvata Adi, 3. maMtrazAstra, 4. AkhyAyikA (Aikkhiya)-mAtaMgI vidyA jisase cAMDAlino bhUtakAla kI bAta kahatI hai, 5, cikitsA (Ayurveda), 6. lekha Adi 72 kalAeM, 7. AvaraNa (vAstavidyA), 8. aNNANa (ajJAna)-bhArata, kAvya, nATaka Adi laukika zrata, 9. micchApavayaNa (mithyApravAna) buddha-zAsana Adi / dekhie nemicandra, gommaTasAra, jIvakAMDa, 303, pR0 117; mUlAcAra, 5, pR. 60 Adi / mUlAcAra meM kahA hai-asavaH prANAsteSAM chedanabhedanatADanatrAsanotpATanamAraNAdiprapaMcena vaMcanAdirUpeNa vA rakSA yasmin dharme sa AsurakSo dhamA nagarAdhArakSiko pApabhUtaH / 1. koDillaya ko cANakkakoDilla bhI kahA gayA hai, sUtrakRtAMgacUrNI, pR0 208 / sUtrakRtAMga ( 9.17) meM aThvaya kA ullekha hai jisakA artha TIkAkAra ne cANakya kA arthazAstra kiyA hai / jaina sAdhuoM ko arthazAstra ke paThana-pAThana kA niSedha hai / vasudevahiNDI (pR0 45 ) aura oghaniyukti (pR0 152 ) meM arthazAstra kI eka prAkRta gAthA uddhRta kI gayI hai jisase prAkRta meM atthasattha hone kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai; AvazyakacUrNI pR0 156 / cUlavaMsa (64.3) meM koTalla kA ullekha hai| 2. ghoTakamukha kA ullekha cANakya ke arthazAstra 5.5.93,56, pR0 195 meM aura vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra (pR0 188) meM kiyA gayA hai| tathA dekhie majjhimanikAya 2,44, pR0 414 Adi / 3. IzvarakRSNa kI sAMkhyakArikA kA dUsarA nAma / 4. kapila aura Asuri ke liye dekhiye AvazyakacUrNI pR0 229 / 5. doghanikAya 1, brahmajAlasutta pR0 11 meM lokAyata kA ullekha hai| 6. sUtra 42 / 7. 9.678; tathA sUtrakRtAMga 2, 2.30 / tulanA kIjie sammohavinodinI

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296 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja bahattara kalAeM jainasUtroM meM 72 kalAoM kA ullekha aneka sthAnoM para kiyA gayA hai / ' inameM zilpa tathA jJAna-vijJAna kI paramparAgata sUcI dI gayI hai / lekina isakA yaha artha nahIM ki hara koI ina sabhI kalAoM meM fron hotA thA / ina kalAoM kA sampAdana karanA eka aisA uddezya thA jisakI pUrti zAyada hI kabhI ho sakatI ho / bahattara kalAoM kA vargIkaraNa nimna rUpa meM kiyA jA sakatA hai - 1. lekhana aura paThana-pAThana - lekha aura gaNita / 2. kAvya jisameM porakavva (zIghrakavitva), AryA, prahelikA, mAgadhikA, gAthA, gIta aura zloka kI racanA kA antarbhAva hotA hai / 3. rUpavidyA / 4. saMgIta jisameM nRtya, gIta, vAdya, svaragata ( SaDja, RSabha Adi kA jJAna ), puSkaragata ( mRdaMga Adi bajAne kA jJAna ) aura samatAla ( gIta Adi ke samatAla kA jJAna ) kA aMtarbhAva hotA hai / 5. mizrita dravyoM ke pRthakakaraNa kI vidyA-dagamaTTiya ( udakamRttikA ) / 6. dyata Adi khela, jisameM dyUta jaNavAya ( eka prakAra jUA ), pAsaya (pAsA), aSTApada ( caupar3a kA khela ), suttakheDa' ( sUtrakhela = DorI TUTa gayI ho yA jala gayI ho, lekina vaha TUTI yA jalI huI dikhAyI na de, athavA DorI se khIMcakara dikhAyA jAnevAlA putaliyoM kA khela ), vastrakrIr3A aura nAlikakheDa (eka prakAra dyata ) kA aMtarbhAva hotA hai / svAsthya, w [ ca0 khaNDa t " ( pR0 490 ) ke sAtha jahAM bhAratayuddha aura sItAharaNAdi ko pApakaM sutaM kahA hai / 1. dekhie jJAtAdharmakathA 1, pR0 21; samavAyAMga pR0 77 - a; aupapAtikasUtra 40 pR0 186; rAjapraznIyasUtra 211 jambUdvIpaprajJatiTIkA 2, pR0 136 Adi; becaradAsa, bhagavAna mahAvIra nI dharmakathAo, pR0 193 Adi; amUlyacandra sena, sozala lAipha ina jaina liTarecara, kalakattA rivyU mArca 1933, pR0 364 Adi; DI0sI0 dAsa gupta, jaina sisTama oNva ejUkezana, pR0 74 Adi, 1942 ; tathA dekhie kAdambarI, pR0 126, kAle kA saMskaraNa; dazakumAracarita, pR0 66, divyAvadAna, pR0 58, 100, 391; lalitavistara, pR0 156 / 2. khela-khela meM ( vehiM ramaMteNa ) akSarajJAna aura gaNita sikhAne kA ullekha milatA hai, AvazyakacUrNI pR0 553 / 3. sUtrakrIr3A kA ullekha kuTTinImata ( zloka 124 ) meM milatA hai /

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ca0 khaNDa ] cauthA adhyAya : zikSA aura vidyAbhyAsa 297 vilepana aura bhojana jisameM annavidhi ( pAkavidyA), pAnavidhi, vastravidhi, vilepanavidhi, zayanavidhi, hiraNyayukti, suvarNayukti, AbharaNavidhi, cUrNayukti, ' taruNIpratikarma ( yuvatiyoM ke varNa parivartana Adi kA parijJAna ), patracchedya ( patracchedana meM hastalAghava ), aura kaTacchedya ( bIca meM aMtara vAlI tathA eka hAra meM rahane vAlI vastuoM ke kramavAra chedana kA jJAna ) kA antarbhAva hotA hai / 8 -- vividha prakAra ke lakSaNa aura cihna Adi kA jJAna jisameM puruSa, strI, haya, gaja, gAya, kukkuTa, chatra, daNDa, asi, maNi aura kAkaNI' ke lakSaNoM kA antarbhAva hotA hai / " 9 - zakunavidyA meM zakunaruta ( pakSiyoM ke zabda kA jJAna ) kA antarbhAva hotA hai / 10 - jyotiSavidyA meM cAra ( gRhoM ko anukUla gati kA jJAna ) aura praticAra ( grahoM kI pratikUla gati kA jJAna ) kA antarbhAva hotA hai / 11 - rasAyanavidyA meM suvarNapAka ( sonA banAne kI vidyA ), hiraNyapAka, sajIva (mRta dhAtuoM ko sahaja rUpa meM lAne kA jJAna ) aura nirjIva ( suvarNa Adi dhAtuoM ke mAraNa kA jJAna ) kA antarbhAva hotA hai / 1. gaMdhayukti kA ullekha mRcchakaTika 8.13 tathA lalitavistara ( dekhie buleTina skUla oNva oriMTiela sTaDIz2a, jilda 6, pR0 515-17 meM I0 jI0 thaoNmasa kA lekha ) meM milatA hai / 1 2. kuTTinImata ( zloka 236 ) tathA kAdambarI ( vahI ) meM patracchedya kA ullekha hai | kAle ke anusAra, yaha bhitti athavA bhUmi para banAI huI citrakalA thI, jaba ki kaoNvela kA mAnanA hai ki yaha patroM ke chedana kI vidyA thI, dekhie I0 jI0 thaoNmasa kA uparyukta lekha / 3. varAhamihira kI bRhatsaMhitA ke 67, 65, 66, 60, 62, 72, 49 aura 79 veM adhyAyoM meM kramazaH puruSa, haya, gaja, gAya, kukkuTa, chatra, asi, maNi aura kAkiNI ke lakSaNoM kA varNana hai / asilakSaNa ke lie dekhie asilakkhaNa jAtaka ( 126 ), 1 pR0 65 / 4. bRhatsaMhitA ke 87 veM adhyAya meM isakA varNana hai / mUlasarvAstivAda ke vinayavastu pR0 32 meM bhI sarvabhUtaruta kA ullekha hai / zivAruta ke liye dekhiye AvazyakacUrNI pR0 562 / 5. caraka aura suzruta meM dhAtuoM ke mAraNa kI vidhi batAyI gayI hai / isa vidhi dvArA dhAtueM apanA varNa aura camaka Adi kho detI thIM, pI0 sI0 re,

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298 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa 12-vAstakalA meM vAstavidyA, skaMdhAvAramAna ( senA ke parimANa kA jJAna ) aura nagaramAna kA antarbhAva hotA hai| 13-yuddhavidyA meM yuddha, niyuddha, yuddhAtiyuddha, dRSTiyuddha, muSTiyuddha, bAhuyuddha, latAyuddha, Isattha (iSvastra = bANoM aura astroM kA jJAna ), charuppavAya (tsarupravAda-khaDgavidyA ), dhanurveda, vyUha, prativyUha, cakravyUha garur3avyUha aura zakaTavyUha kA antarbhAva hotA hai|' vidyA ke kendra prAcIna bhArata meM rAjadhAniyAM, tIrthasthAna aura maTha-maMdira zikSA ke kendra the / rAjA-mahArAjA tathA sAmanta loga, sAdhAraNatayA, vidyAkendroM ke AzrayadAtA hote the| samRddha rAjyoM kI rAjadhAniyoM meM dUra-dUra ke vidvAn loga Akara basate, aura ye rAjadhAniyAM vidyA-kendra bana jAtI thiiN| vArANasI zikSA kA mukhya kendra thaa| zaMkhapura kA nivAsI rAjakumAra agaDadatta vidyAdhyayana ke lie bArANaso gayA, aura vahAM apane upAdhyAya ke ghara rahakara usane zikSA prApta kI, isakA ullekha pahale A cukA hai| zrAvastI zikSA kA dUsarA kendra thaa| pATaliputra bhI loga vidyAdhyayana ke lie jAte the| dakSiNa meM pratiSThAna vidyA kA bar3A kendra thaa| takSazilA kA ullekha bauddha-kAla meM aneka sthAnoM para milatA hai; jainasUtroM meM isakA ullekha nahIM AtA / / ___ sAdhu aura sAdhviyoM ke upAzraya aura vasati-sthAnoM meM bhI hisTrI oNva hindU kemisTrI, bhAga 1, kalakattA, 1904, pR0 62 / tathA tulanA kIjie dazakumAracarita, 2, pR0 66, kAle kA saMskaraNa, 1925 / 1. hatthi, assa, ratha, dhanu, charu, muddA, gaNana, saMkhANa, lekhA, kAveyya, lokAyata aura khattavija nAma ke bAraha zilyoM ke lie dekhie udAna kI paramatthadIpanI nAma kI aTakathA, pR0 205 / jainoM kI 72 kalAoM aura kAmazAstra (1.3) meM ullikhita 64 kalAoM kI tulanA ke lie dekhie becaradAsa, bhagavAna mahAvIra nI dhamakathAo, pR0 193 Adi / tathA dekhie jambUdvIpaprajJapti kI TIkA, (2, pR0 139 Adi) striyoM kI 64 kalAoM ke lie; tathA DAkTara veMkaTa sunvihA, kalAz2a, janarala oNva raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI, 1914 / 2. kalpasUtraTIkA, 4, pR0 90-a / tathA dekhie DI0sI0 dAsagupta, vahI, pR0 20 Adi / jAtaka granthoM meM bauddha zikSApraNAlI ke lie dekhie DAkTara rAdhAkumuda mukarjI kA buddhisTa sTaDIz2a, pR0 236 Adi para lekha /

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ca0 khaNDa] cauthA adhyAya : zikSA aura vidyAbhyAsa 299 upAdhyAyoM ke dvArA paramparAgata zAstroM kI zikSA dene ke sAtha-sAtha zabda, hetuzAstra, chedasUtra, darzana, zrRMgArakAvya aura nimittavidyA Adi sikhAye jAte the| zramaNoM ke saMghoM ko calatI-phiratI pAThazAlAe~ ho samajhanA cAhie / vidyA ke vibhinna kSetroM meM zAstrArtha aura vAda-vivAdoM dvArA satya aura samyagajJAna ko Age bar3hAnA, zramaNoM kI zaikSaNika aura sAMskRtika pravRttiyoM ko Azcaryajanaka vizeSatA thii| vAda-puruSa apanI-apanI sthaliyoM aura sabhAoM meM baiThakara darzanazAstra kI sUkSmAtisUkSma carcAe~ kiyA karate the| jaina bhikSuoM aura raktapaToM (bauddhoM) meM isa prakAra ke sArvajanika zAstrArtha huA karate the| yadi koI jaina bhikSu svasiddhAMta kA pratipAdana karane meM pUrNarUpa se samartha na hotA to use dUsare gaNa meM jAkara tarkazAstra adhyayana karane ke lie kahA jaataa| tatpazcAt rAjA aura mahAjanoM ke samakSa paratIrthikoM ko niruttara karake bhikSu vAda meM jaya prApta karatA / ' koI parivrAjaka apane peTa ko lohapaTTa se bAMdhakara aura hAtha meM jambU vRkSa ko zAkhA lekara paribhramaNa karatA thaa| prazna karane para vaha uttara detA-"jJAna se merA peTa phaTa rahA hai, isalie maiMne peTa para lohe kA paTTA bAMdhA hai, aura isa jambUdvIpa meM merA koI prativAdI nahIM, isalie maiMne jambU kI zAkhA grahaNa ko hai"| dharma aura nItizAstra ke kathAkAroM meM kAthikoM kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| ye loga taraMgavatI, malayavatI Adi AkhyAyikAoM, dhartAkhyAna Adi AkhyAnakoM, gItapada, zrRMgArakAvya, vasudevacarita aura ceTakakathA Adi kathAoM tathA dharma, artha aura kAma saMbaMdhI kathAoM Adi kA pratipAdana kara nimna varga ke logoM meM ghama-ghUmakara dharma aura darzana kA pracAra karate the| 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5179, 5426-5431, vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 57-a aadi| 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 72 / tulanA kIjie suttanipAta kI ahakathA 2, pR0 538 Adi; cullakAliMga jAtaka (301), 3, pR0 172 Adi / 3. vRhatkalpabhASya 1.2564 /

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pAMcavA~ adhyAya kalA aura vijJAna (1) lekhana prAcIna bhArata meM loga likhane ko kalA se paricita the|' lekha ko 72 kalAoM meM ginatI kI gayI hai| rAjapraznIya meM lekhana-sAmagrI ke antargata patra ( pattaga ), pustaka kA puTThA ( kambiyA ), DorI ( dora ), gAMTha (gaMthi ), maSIpAtra (lippAsana ), Dhakana (caMdaNa), jaMjIra (saMkalA), zyAhI (maSi), lekhanI (lehaNo), akSara aura pustaka (potthaya ) kA ullekha milatA hai| lekhazAlA meM lekhAcArya vidyAoM ko par3hAte the| samavAyAMga kI TIkA meM patra, valkala, kASTha, danta, lohA, tA~bA" aura rajata Adi ke Upara akSaroM ke lekhana, utkIrNana, sone aura bunane kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ye akSara patra Adi ko chinna-bhinna karake, dagdha karake aura saMkramaNa ( eka-dUsare se milAnA ) karake banAye jAte the / bhojapatra para likhane kA calana thaa| cakravartI digvijaya karane ke 1. DAkTara gaurIzaMkara ojhA ke anusAra bhArata meM I0 pU0 pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM lekhana kA rivAja thA, bhAratIya lipimAlA, pR0 2 Adi / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3822 meM gaMDI, kacchavi, muThiM, saMpuTaphalaka aura chedapATI nAmaka pAMca prakAra kI pustakoM kA ullekha hai / inake vistRta vivecana ke lie dekhie muni puNyavijayajI, jainacitrakalpadrama; eca0 Ara0 kApar3iyA, AuTalAinsa oNva pailiogrAphI, jaranala oNva yUnivasiTI oNva bAmbe, jilda 6, bhAga 6, pR0 87 Adi; tathA ojhA, vahI, pR0 4-6, 142-158 / 3. sUtra 131; AvazyakaTIkA ( haribhadra ), pR0 384-a; nizIthabhASya 12.4000 / 4. AvazyakaniyuktidIpikA 1,76 pR0 90-a;AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 248 / 5. vasudevahiNDI, pR0189 meM tAmrapatra para pustaka likhane kA ullekha hai / 6. pR0 78 / 7. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 530 / baibiloniyA meM miTTI para likhane kA rivAja

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ca0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 301 pazcAt kAkiNI ratna dvArA apanA nAma parvata para likhate the / " sArtha ke loga bhI apanI yAtrA ke samaya zilA Adi para mArgasUcaka meM nizAna banA diyA karate the jisase yAtriyoM ke gamanAgamana meM suvidhA ho / ' yuddha meM saMlagna hone ke pUrva zatru ke pAsa dUta dvArA patra bhejane kA rivAja thA, isakI carcA kI jA cukI hai| rAjamudrA se mudrita patra aura kUTalekha kA ullekha milatA hai / " gupta lipi meM premapatra likhe jAte the / " 3 aSTAdaza lipiyAM nimnalikhita 18 lipiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai :: :: - baMbhI (brAhmI), javaNAliyA athavA javaNANiyA ( yavanI ), dosAuriyA, kharoTTiyA ( kharoSThI), pukkharasAriyA ( puSkarasAri ), paharAiyA, uccatariyA', akkharapuTThiyA, gaNitalipi, bhogavayatA, veNatiyA, niNhaiyA, aMkalipi, gaMdhavvalipi ( bhUtalipi), AdaMsalipi (Adarza), mAhesarIlipi, dAmilIlipi ( drAvir3I ) aura poliMdIlipi / thA / bhArata meM patra aura valkaloM para likhA jAtA thA / ye lekha syAhI kA upayoga kiye binA, utkIrNa karake likhe jAte the, rAisa DaiviDsa, buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 117 / 1. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 3.54 / bauddha sAhitya ke ullekhoM ke lie dekhie rAisa DeviDsa, buddhisTa iMDiyA, pR0 108 / 2. AvazyakaTIkA ( haribhadra ), pR0 384 -a| 3. bRhatkalpabhASya pIThikA 195; nizIthacUrNI 5, pR0 361 / 4. upAsakadazA 1, pR0 10 / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 191 - a; nizIthasUtra 6. 13; 6.2262 / 6. prajJApanA 1, 71, pR0 176 meM uccatariyA ke sthAna para antakkhariyA ( antAkSarI ), uyantarikkhiyA yA uyantarakkhariyA, tathA AdaMsa ke sthAna para AyAsa krA ullekha hai, jainacitrakalpadruma, pR0 6 / 7. samavAyAMga, pR0 33 / vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI TIkA ( 464 ) meM nimnalikhita lipiyoM kA ullekha hai : - haMsa, bhUta, yakSI, rAkSasI, uDDI, yavanI, turuSkI, kIrI, drAviDI, siMdhabIya, mAlavinI, nAgarI, lATI, pArasI, animittI, cANakyI aura mUladevI / aGka, nAgarI, cANakyI aura mUladevI lipiyoM ke lie dekhie puNyavijaya, vahI, pR0 6 noTa / anya sUcI ke lie dekhie lAvaNyasamayagaNi, vimalaprabandha, pR0 123; lakSmIvallabha upAdhyAya, kalpasUtra, TIkA; eca0 Ara0 kApar3iyA, vahIM, pR0 94 /

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja brAhmI aura kharoSTrI lipiyA~ brAhmo aura kharoSTrI lipiyoM kA ullekha jaina aura bauddha sUtroM meM milatA hai / ' brAhmI lipi bAyeM se dAhine aura kharoSTrI dAhine se bAyeM likhI jAtI thI / kharoSTro lipi kA prAdurbhAva I0 pU0 5 vIM zatAbdI meM aramaIka lipi meM se honA svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai / yaha lipi usa samaya bhArata ke uttara-pazcima meM pracalita thI, aura gaMdhAra kI sthAnoya lipi samajho jAtI thI / Age calakara kharoSTrI zanaiH-zanaiH adRzya ho gayI aura usakA sthAna brAhmI ne le liyA, jisase ki devanAgarI varNamAlA kA vikAsa huaa| buhalara ke anusAra, azoka ke adhikatara zilAlekha brAhmI lipi meM hI likhe gaye haiN| unakA kathana hai ki brAhmI kI varNamAlA dhvani-zAstriyoM athavA vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA vaijJAnika upayoga ke lie sthApita kI gayI thI / 3 302 [ ca0 khaNDa jainasUtroM meM 18 lipiyoM meM sabase pahale brAhmI ko sthAna diyA gayA hai / kahate haiM ki RSabhadeva ne apane dAhine hAtha se apanI putrI ko isa lipi kI zikSA dI, isIlie yaha brAhmI kahalAyI / vyAkhyAprajJapti meM ise AdarapUrvaka namaskAra kiyA gayA hai / samavAyAMga meM ullekha hai ki isa lipi meM 46 mUla akSara ( mAuyAkkhara = mAtRkAkSara) the jinameM R, R, lR, lR aura " akSara 1. lalitavistara, pR0 126 Adi meM 64 lipiyoM meM sabase pahale brAhmI aura kharoSTrI kA ullekha hai / 2. puNyavijaya, bhAratIya jaina zramaNa saMskRti ane lekhanakalA, pR0 8 / 3. ojhA, vahI, pR0 17-36, 1, 4, rAisa DaiviDsa, buddhisTa iMDiyA, pR0 124 / prAkRta dharmAda kharoSThI lipi meM, IsavI san 200 meM likhA gayA hai / isakI bhASA pazcimottara pradeza kI boliyoM se milatI-julatI hai| kharoSThI ke lekha cInI aura turkatAna meM bhI mile haiN| ina lekhoM kI bhASA kA mUlasthAna pezAvara ke AsapAsa pazmiottara pradeza mAnA jAtA hai| ye lekha IsavI san kI lagabhaga tIsarI zatAbdI ke mAne gaye haiM, jagadIzacandra jaina, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 15-16 / 4. abhayadeva kI TIkA, sUtra 2 pR0 4 - a / puNyavijayI kA mata hai ki jaina Agama pahale brAhmI meM hI lipibaddha kiye gaye the, vahI, pR05 / para kSa svIkAra karate haiM, 5. DAkTara gaurIzaMkara ojhA La ke sthAna vahI, pR0 46 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna sammilita nahIM kiye jAte the / ' kucha vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki brAhmI kisI lipi vizeSa kA nAma nahIM thA, balki 18 lipiyoM ke lie yaha sAmAnya nAma prayukta kiyA jAtA thaa| anya lipiyAM kucha lipiyAM kisI viSaya ko gupta rakhane, yA vaidya, jyotiSI aura maMtra-vAdiyoM dvArA saMkSipta karake kiye gaye varNa-parivartana ke sAtha prAdurbhUta huI mAnI jAtI haiN| udAharaNa ke lie, cANakya aura mUladeva rAjamAnya vidvAn the, isalie cANakyI aura mUladevI donoM lipiyoM ko atyanta prAcIna samajhA jAtA hai| ye donoM lipiyAM nAgarI lipi ke varNaparivartana mAtra se ho unpanna huI haiN| isa prakAra kI lipiyAM vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra kI 64 kalAoM meM 'mlecchita' lipiyoM meM ginAI gaI haiN| zeSa lipiyoM ke viSaya meM abhI taka vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM milI hai| ardhamAgadhI bhASA __ bhASAryoM kA ullekha pahile kiyA jA cukA hai| ye loga ardhamAgadhI bolate the aura brAhmI lipi se paricita the| bhagavAn mahavIra ne ardhamAgadho meM apane nirgrantha pravacana kA upadeza diyA thaa| bAla, vRddha aura anapar3ha logoM para anukampA karake, unake hitArtha samadarziyoM ne isa bhASA meM pravacana kiyA thA,6 tathA yaha bhASA Arya, anArya aura pazu-pakSiyoM taka ko samajhameM A sakatI thii| vAgbhaTa ne likhA hai. ki hama usa vANI ko namaskAra karate haiM, jo sabakI ardhamAgadhI 1. sUtra 46. pR0 65 / 2. tathA dekhie, puNyavijaya, vahI, pR05 / 3. puNyavijaya, vahI, pR0 6-9 ttippnnii| 4. prajJApanA 1.37 / 5. samavAyAMga, pR0 57; aupapAtika sUtra 34, pR0 146 / 6. AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 255 / / 7. samavAyAMga, vahI; aupapAtikasUtra, vhii| bauddhoM kI vibhaMga aTThakathA, pR0 387 Adi meM batAyA hai ki yadi bAlakoM ko bacapana se koI bhASA na sikhAyI jAye to ve svayaM hI mAgadhI bhASA bolane lagate haiN| yaha bhASA naraka, tiyaMca, preta, manuSya aura devaloka meM samajhI jAtI hai|

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304 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa hai, saba bhASAoM meM apanA pariNAma dikhAto hai, saba prakAra se pUrNa hai aura jisake dvArA saba kucha jAnA aura samajhA jA sakatA hai|' isase siddha hotA hai ki jaise bauddhoM ne mAgadhI bhASA ko saba bhASAoM kA mUla mAnA hai, vaise hI jainoM ne ardhamAgadhI ko, athavA vaiyAkaraNoM ne Arya bhASA ko mUla bhASA svIkAra kiyA hai / ardhamAgadhI jaina AgamoM kI bhASA hai, nATakoM meM isakA prayoga nahIM huA / dhvani tattva kI apekSA ardhamAgadhI pAli se bAda kI hai, phira bhI zabdAvalAvAkya-racanA aura zailI kI dRSTi se prAcInatama jainasUtroMkI yaha bhASA pAli ke bahuta nikaTa hai| jarmana vidvAn ricArDa pizala ne ardhamAgadhI ke aneka prAcIna rUpoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ___ bharata ke nATyazAstra meM mAgadhI, AvantI, prAcyA, zaurasenI, vAhrIkA aura dAkSiNAtyA ke sAtha ardhamAgadhI ko sAta prAcIna bhASAoM meM ginAyA hai| nizIthacUrNI meM magadha ke Adhe bhAga meM bolI jAnevAlI, athavA aThAraha dezI bhASAoM se niyata bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI kahA hai / " navAMgI TIkAkAra abhayadeva ke anusAra, isa bhASA meM kucha lakSaNa mAgadhI ke aura kucha prAkRta ke pAye jAne ke kAraNa ise ardhamAgadhI kahA hai| ___AcArya hemacandra ne yadyapi jainaAgamoM ke prAcIna sUtroM ko ardhamAgadhI meM likhe hue batAyA hai, lekina ardhamAgadhI ke niyamoM kA 1. alaMkAratilaka 1.1 / 2. hemacandra jozI dvArA anUdita prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa, pR0 33 / 3. 17.48 / 4. magadha, mAlava, mahArASTra, lATa, karNATaka, dravir3a, gaur3a, vidarbha Adi dezoM kI bhASAoM ko dezI bhASA kahA hai, bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1231 kI vRtti / udyotanasUri kI kuvalayamAlA meM golla, magadha, antarvedi, kIra, Dhakka, siMdhu, maru, gurjara, lATa, mAlavA, karNATaka, tAiya ( tAjika ), kozala, marahaTTa aura Andhra dezoM kI bhASAoM kA dezI bhASA ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai| ina bhASAoM ke udAharaNa bhI diye gaye haiM, jagadIzacandra jaina, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 427-28 / 5. magahaddhavisayabhAsAnibaddhaM addhabhAgahaM, ahavA aTThArasadesIbhAsANiyataM addhamAgaha, 11.3618 cUrNI / 6. vyAkhyAprajJapti 5.4 pR0 221; aupapAtikasUtraTIkA 34, pR0 148 / 7. porANamaddhamAgahabhAsAniyayaM havai suttaM, prAkRtavyAkaraNa, 8.4.287 vRtti|

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ca0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 305 unhoMne alaga se vivecana nahIM kiyA / unhoMne apane prAkRtavyAkaraNa meM prAkRta, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, aura aprabhraMza bhASAoM ke ho niyama diye haiM, ardhamAgadhI athavA Arya prAkRta ke nahIM / haribhadrasUri ne jaina AgamoM ko bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI na kahakara prAkRta kahA hai |' mArkaNDeya ke matAnusAra, zaurasenI ke samIpa hone se, mAgadhI ko hI ardhamAgadhI kahA jAtA hai| dekhA jAya to ardhamAgadhI kA yaha lakSaNa ucita mAlUma detA hai / yaha bhASA zuddha mAgadhI nahIM thI, tathA pazcima meM zaurasenI aura pUrva meM mAgadhI ke bIca ke kSetra meM bolI jAne ke kAraNa ise ardhamAgadhI kahA jAtA thA / ( 2 ) gaNita aura jyotiSa jaina AcAryoM ne gaNita aura jyotiSavidyA meM Azcaryajanaka pragati kI thI / jaina AgamoM ke antargata upAMgoM meM sUryaprajJapti aura candraprajJapti kA isa dRSTi se vizeSa mahatva hai / candraprajJapti kA varNana sUryaprajJapti ke varNana se milatA-julatA hai| sUryaprajJapti meM do sUryo kA ullekha hai / " jaba sUrya dakSiNa, pazcima, uttara aura pUrva dizAoM meM bhramaNa karatA hai to meru ke dakSiNa, pazcima, uttara aura pUrvavartI pradezoM meM dina hotA 1. bAlastrIvRddhamUrkhANAM nRNAM cAritrakAMkSiNAm / anugrahArthe tatvajJaiH siddhAMtaH prAkRtaH smRtaH // - dazavaikAlikavRtti, pR0 203 / 2. zaurasenyA adUratvAdiyamevArdhamAgadhI prAkRtaprakAza 12.38 / tulanA kIjie kramadIzvara ke saMkSiptasAra 5 98 se jahAM ardhamAgadhI ko mahArASTrI aura mAgadhI kA mizraNa batAyA hai / 3. jagadIzacandra jaina, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 16 - 20, becara - dAsa, ardhamAgadhI bhASA, purAtatva, 3 4 pR0 346, ahamadAbAda ; gujarAtI bhASA nI utkrAMti, pR0 107 - 20, bambaI, 1943; bI0 vI0 vApaTa, iMDiyana hisTorikala kvArTarlI, 1928, pR0 23; e0 bI0 kItha, da homa oNva pAli, buddhisTa sTaDIz2a, pR0 728 Adi / 4. bhAskara ne apane siddhAntaziromaNi aura brahmagupta ne apane sphuTasiddhAMta do sUrya aura do candra kI mAnyatA kA khaMDana kiyA hai / kintu DAkTara thIbo ne batAyA hai ki grIka logoM ke bhArata meM Ane ke pUrva jainoM kA ukta siddhAMta jilda sarvamAnya thA, dekhie jaranala oNva da eziyATika sosAiTI oNva baMgAla, 49, pR0 107 Adi, 181 Adi, 'Ana da sUryaprajJapti' nAmaka lekha / 20 jai0 bhA0

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306 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa hai / tatpazcAt bhramaNa karate hue donoM sUryoM meM paraspara kitanA antara rahatA hai, kitane dvIpa-samudroM kA avagAhana karake sUrya bhramaNa karatA hai, eka rAta-dina meM vaha kitane kSetra meM ghUmatA hai ityAdi viSayoM kA yahA~ varNana hai / isake atirikta, yahA~ sUrya ke udaya-asta, oja tathA candrasUrya ke AkAra, paribhramaNa Adi, nakSatroM ke gotra, sImA aura viSkaMbha, tathA sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra aura tAroM kI gati kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai|' vivAhapaTala (vivAhapaDala ) jyotiSavidyA kA eka grantha thA jo vivAhavelA ke samaya kAma meM AtA thaa| arghakAMDa ( aggha kaMDa ) meM mAla ke becane aura kharIdane ke sambandha meM carcA thii| inakA ullekha nizothacUrNI meM kiyA gayA hai| yoniprAbhRta' ( joNipAhuDa ) aura cUDAmaNi kA ullekha bhI prAcIna jaina granthoM meM milatA hai| ye donoM nimittazAstra ke grantha the / cUDAmaNi ke dvArA bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna kAla kA jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA thaa|' dhArmika utsavoM kA samaya aura sthAna nirdhAraNa karane ke lie jyotiSa kA jJAna Avazyaka samajhA jAtA thA / ' 1. dekhie viMTaranotsa, hisTro vi iMDiyana liTarecara, jilda 2, pR0 457; tathA thIbo, oNsTronomika oNsTrolojika eNDa maithemaiTika ina buhalarakIlahAnas grAunDresa Dera iNDo-erisacena phAilolaujI; jaranala oNva aiziyATika sosAyaTI vi baMgAla, jilda 49, bhAga 1, 1880; sukumAra raMjanadAsa, skUla oNva oNsTronaumI, iMDiyana hisTorikala kyATaloM, jilda 8, pR0 30 Adi, pR0 565 Adi / bauddhoM ke jyotiSa ke paricaya ke lie dekhie DAkTara I0 je0 thAmasa kA 'sUrya, candra aura tAre' nAmaka lekha (buddhisTa sa, haisTiMgsa ko ainasAiklopIDiyA oNva rilIjana eNDa ethiksa ) / 2. 13; pR0 400; tathA dekhiye bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5114 TIkA / 3. 4, pR0 281; bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1303; tathA piMDaniyuktibhASya 44-46 pR0 142; sUtrakRtAMgaTokA 8, pR0 165 a; jagadIzacandra jaina, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 673 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 1.1313 / 5. jambUdvIpaTIkA pR0 2; tulanA kIjie dIghanikAya 1, brahmajAlasutta pR0 11 / yahAM bauddha bhikSuoM ke lie jyotiSavidyA tathA anya kalAoM kA adhyayana niSiddha mAnA hai|

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ca0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 307 vyAkhyAprajJapti' aura utarAdhyayana meM saMkhyAna (gaNita ) aura joisa (jyotiSa) kA ullekha hai| ina donoM ko uparyukta caturdaza vidyAsthAnoM meM ginA gayA hai| prAcIna jaina aura bauddha sUtroM ke adhyayana se patA lagatA hai ki jyotiSa ne kApho unnati kI thii| ise nakSatravidyA bhI kahA gayA hai| jyotiSavidyA ke paMDita, AgAmI ghaTanAoM ke sambandha meM bhaviSyavANI karate the / mahAvIra ne gaNita aura jtotiSavidyA Adi meM kuzalatA prApta kI thii| gaNita ko 72 kalAoM meM sammilita kiyA gayA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki RSabhadeva ne apanI putrI sundarI ko isakI zikSA dI thii| gaNitAnuyoga ko cAra anuyogoM meM ginA gayA hai, jisameM sUryaprajJapti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti kA samAveza hotA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM dasa prakAra ke saMkhyAna (gaNita ) kA ullekha hai :-parikarma, vyavahAra, rajU (jyAmiti ), kalAsavaNNa ( kalAsavarNa), jAvaM tAvaM, varga, ghana, vargAvarga, aura viklp| (3) Ayurveda Ayurveda ko jIvana kA vijJAna aura kalA kahA gayA hai| isameM jIvana ko dArzanika aura jIva-vaijJAnika samasta dazAoM kA samAveza hotA hai, aura isameM rodhaka tathA roganAzaka auSadhi aura zalyakriyA sammilita kiye jAte haiM / Ayurveda prAcIna bhArata kI eka svAsthyadAyaka 1. 2. 1, pR0 112 / 2. 25. 7, 36 / 3. dazavaikAlika 8. 51 / 4. kalpasUtra 1. 10 / 5. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 156 / 6. dazavaikAlikacUrNI, pR0 2 / 7. 10. 747 / tathA dekhie vibhUtibhUSana datta, da jaina skUla oNva maithemaiTiksa, da buleTina oNva da kalakatA maithemaiTikala sosAyaTI, jilda 21, pR0 115 Adi, 129; sukumAra raMjanadAsa, e zaoNrTa kronolaujI oNva iMDiyana oNsTronaumI, iMDiyana hisTorikala kvArTI, 1931; eca0 Ara0 kApar3iyA, inTroDakzana TU gaNitatilaka (gAyakavAr3a auriMTiela sIrIja, 78); DI. ema0 rAya, ainelsa oNva da bhAMDArakara iMsTiTayUTa, 1926-27, pR0 145 Adi /

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308 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa kalA hai jisakA uddezya hai mArga aura sAdhanoM kA digdarzana karAkara, svAsthya kI rakSA karanA, tathA jIvana ko sukhI aura paropakArI banAnA / ' Ayurveda (athavA tegiccha = caikitsya ) ko nau pApazratoM meM ginA gayA hai / dhanvantarI isa zAstra ke pravartaka the| unhoMne apane vibhaMgajJAna se rogoM kA patA lagAkara vaidyakazAstra kI racanA kI, aura jina logoM ne isa zAstra kA adhyayana kiyA ve mahAvaidya kahalAye / vAta, pitta, zleSma aura sannipAta se hone vAle rogoM kA ullekha milatA hai / Ayurveda kI ATha zAkhAe~ mAno gayI haiM :- kaumArabhRtya (bAlakoM ke stanapAna sambandhI rogoM kA ilAja ), zAlAkya ( zravaNa Adi ' zarIra ke UrdhvabhAga ke rogoM kA ilAja ), zAlyahatya ( tRNa, kASTha pASANa, lohA, asthi, nakha Adi zalyoM kA uddharaNa), kAyacikitsA ( jvara, atisAra Adi kA upazamana ), jAMgula ( viSavAtaka tantra ), bhUtavidyA ( bhUtoM ke nigraha kI vidyA), rasAyana ( Ayu, buddhi Adi bar3hAne kA tantra) aura bAjIkaraNa ( vIryavardhaka auSadhiyoM kA zAstra ) |" vaidyakazAstra ke paMDita ko dRSTapAThI kahA gayA hai / vaidya apaneapane gharoM se zastrakoza lekara nikalate the, aura roga kA nidAna jAnakara abhyaMga, ubaTana, snehapAna, vamana, virecana, avadahana (garma 1 1. Ayurveda ko vedAdhyayana kI apekSA bhI viziSTa kahA hai / vedAdhyayana se kevala svarga prApti Adi pAralaukika zreya hI milatA hai, jaba ki Ayurveda se dhana-mAna Adi sAMsArika sukha tathA rogiyoM ko jIvana-dAna karane se pAralaukika sukha bhI prApta hotA hai, bhAskara govinda ghANekara, suzrutasaMhitA, bhAga 1, sUtrasthAna 1.1.4, pR0 3 / 2. suzruta 1. 1.1.18 ke anusAra, sarvaprathama brahmAjI ne isakA prarUpaNa kiyA | unase dakSa prajApati ne, dakSa prajApati se azvinIkumAra ne, azvinIkumAra se indra ne aura indra se dhanvaMtarIjI ne adhyayana kiyA / 3. nizIthacUrNI, 15, pR0 512 / 4. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 385 / tathA dekhiye bRhatkalpabhASya 3. 4408-10 / 5. sthAnAMga 8, pR0 404 - a vipAkasUtra 7, pR0 41 | dekhie suzrutasaMhitA 1.8, pR0 4 Adi / 6. nizIthacUrNI 4.1757 /

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ca0 khaNDa] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 309 lohe ko zalakA Adi se dAganA), avasnAna (auSadhiyoM ke jala se snAna karanA), anuvAsanA (yantra dvArA tela Adi ko apAna dvArA peTa me car3hAnA ), bastikarma (carma veSTana dvArA sira Adi meM tela lagAnA, athavA gudAbhAga meM battI Adi car3hAnA ), nirUha ( anuvAsanA, eka prakAra kA virecana ), zirAvedha (nAr3I bedhakara rakta nikAlanA), takSaNa (chure Adi se tvacA kATanA), pratakSaNa (tvacA kA thor3A-sA bhAga kATanA), zirobasti ( sira meM carmakoza bAMdhakara usameM saMskRta tela kA pUranA), tarpaNa ( zarIra meM tela lagAnA ), puTapAka (pAkavizeSa se taiyAra ko huI auSadhi ), tathA chAla, vallI (guMjA Adi ), mUla, kaMda patra, puSpa, phala, boja, zilikA (cirAyatA Adi kar3avI auSadha), guTikA, auSadha' aura bhaiSajya se rogo kA upacAra karate the| rogoM ke prakAra AcArAMga sUtra meM 16 rogoM kA ullekha hai :--gaMDI (gaMDamAlA, jisameM grIvA phUla jAtI hai ), kuSTha' (kor3ha), rAjayakSmA, apasmAra, kANiya (kANya, akSiroga), jhimiya (jar3atA), kuNiya (hInAMgatva), khujiya (kubar3Apana ), udararoga, mUkapanA, sUNIya (zarIra kA sUja jAnA ) gilAsaNi ( bhasmaka roga), vevai ( kampana ), pIDhasappi 1. vipAkasUtra 1, pR0 8 / nizothacUrNI 11.3436 meM pratakSaNazastra, aMgulizastra, zirAvedhazastra, kalpanazastra, lauhakaTikA, saMDasI, anuvedhazalAkA, vrIhimukha aura sUcImukha zastroM kA ullekha hai| 2. kuSTha 18 prakAra kA batAyA hai| inameM 7 mahAkuSTha aura 11 kSudrakuSTha hote haiN| mahAkuSTha samasta dhAtuoM meM praveza karane ke kAraNa asAdhya mAnA jAtA hai / isake sAta prakAra :-aruNa, auduMbara, nizya ( ? suzruta meM RSyajihva = hariNa kI jobha ke samAna khuradurA), kapAla, kAkanAda (suzruta meM kAkaNaka ), pauNDarIka ( suzruta meM puNDarIka ) aura dadru / 11 kSudrakuSThoM meM sthUlAruSka, mahAkuSTha, ekakuSTha, carmadala, parisarpa, visarpa, sidhma, vicarcikA ( athavA vipAdikA ), kiTibha, pAmA ( atidAha yukta pAmA ko kaccha kahate haiM ), aura zatAruka (suzruta meM rakasA aura caraka meM shtaaru)| dekhiye suzruta. saMhitA, nidAnasthAna, 5.4-5, pR0 342; carakasaMhitA, 2,7, pR0 1049 Adi / 3. gRhakokilA (chipakalI) ke mUtra se cakSuoM kI hAni batAyI hai, oghaniyuktibhASya 187, pR0 126 /

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310 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa ( paMgutva ), silIvaya (ilIpada = phIlapAMva kA roga), aura madhumeha / ' roga, vyAdhi aura AtaMka meM antara batAyA gayA hai| roga se manuSya dera meM mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai, kintu vyAdhi se usakA zIghra maraNa ho jAtA hai| nimnalikhita solaha prakAra kI vyAdhiyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai :-zvAsa, kAsa, ( khAMsI ), jvara, dAha, kukSizUla, bhagandara, arza, ajIrNa, dRSTizUla, mUrdhazUla, arocaka ( bhojana meM aruci ), akSivedanA, karNavedanA, kaNDU ( khujalI), jalodara aura kuSTha (koddh')| ____ anya rogoM meM dubbhUya ( durbhUta = Iti; TiDDI dala dvArA dhAnya ko hAni paha~cAnA), kularoga, grAmaroga, nagararoga, maMDalaroga, zISevedanA, oSThavedanA, nakhavedanA, daMtavedanA, zoSa (kSaya ), kacchU, khasara (khasarA), pAMDuroga, eka-do-tIna-cAra dina ke antarAla se Ane vAlA jvara, indragraha, dhanugraMha, skandagraha, kumAragraha, yakSagraha, bhUtagraha, udvega, hRdayazUla, udarazUla, yonizUla, aura mahAmArI valgulo' (jI macalAnA ), viSakuMbha (phuDiyA ) kA ullekha hai| rogotpatti ke kAraNa rogotpatti ke nau kAraNa batAye haiM :-atyanta bhojana, ahitakara bhojana, atinidrA, ati jAgaraNa, purISa aura mUtra kA nirodha, mArgagamana, bhojana kI aniyamitatA aura kAmavikAra / jaina AgamoM meM 1. 6.1.173; vipAkasUtra 1; pR0 7; nizIthabhASya 11.3646; uttarAdhyayanasUtra 10.27 / mutta sakkara ke ullekha ke liye dekhiye nizIthabhASya 1.599 / 2. vipAkasUtra, vahI; jJAtRdharmakathA 13, pR0 144; nizIthabhASya 11.3647 / 3. dhanurgraho'pi vAtavizeSo yaH zarIraM kubjIkaroti, bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 3.3816 / 4. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 24, pR0 120; jIvAbhigama 3, pR0 153; vyAkhyAprajJapti 3.6, pR0 353 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 5.5870 / 6. vahI 3.3907 / 7. sthAnAMga 9.667 / tulanA kIjie milindaprazna, pR0 135; yahAM roga ke dasa kAraNa batAye haiN|

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ca0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 311 kahA hai ki purISa ke rokane se maraNa, mUtra ke nirodha se dRSTihAni aura vamana ke nirodha se kuSTharoga kI utpatti hotI hai|' vaidyoM dvArA cikitsA aneka vaidyoM ke ullekha milate haiM jo apanI auSadhiyoM Adi dvArA rogiyoM ko cikitsA karate the| vijayanagara meM dhanvantarI nAma kA eka vaidya rahatA thA jo Ayurveda ke ATha aMgoM meM kuzala thA, tathA rAjA, Izvara, sArthavAha, durbala, mlAna, rogI, anAtha, zramaNa, brAhmaNa, bhikSuka, kApoTika Adi ko matsya, kacchapa, grAha, magara, saMsumAra, bakarI, meMr3hA, sUara, mRga, kharagoza, gAya, bhaisa, tItara, bataka, kabUtara, kukkuTa, mayUra Adi ke mAMsa bhakSaNa kA nirdezana kara unakI cikitsA karatA thaa| dvArakAvAsI kRSNa vAsudeva ke dhanvantarI aura vaitaraNI nAma ke do suprasiddha vaidya the| vijayavardhamAna nAmaka kher3a kA nivAsI ikkAI nAmaka rASTrakUTa pAMca sau gAMvoM kA mAlika thaa| jaba vaha aneka rogoM se pIr3ita huA to usane saba jagaha ghoSaNA karA dI ki jo vaidya (zAstra aura cikitsA donoM meM kuzala ), vaidyaputra, jJAyaka ( kevala zAstra meM kuzala ), jJAyakaputra, cikitsaka (kevala cikitsA meM kuzala ), aura cikitsakaputra usake roga ko dUra karegA, usakA vipula dhana se satkAra kiyA jaaygaa|' rAjavaidya rAjavaidyoM ko AjivikA kA prabandha rAjya kI ora se hotA thaa| lekina yadi koI rAjavaidya apanA kArya ThIka se na karatA to usakI AjIvikA banda kara dI jAtI thii| eka bAra kI bAta hai, kisI rAjavaidya ko jUA khelane kI lata par3a gyii| usake vaidyakazAsra aura zastrakoza donoM hI naSTa ho gaye, ataeva roga kA upacAra batAne meM vaha asamartha rahA / pUchane para usane kaha diyA ki usakI pustakeM corI calI gayI haiM 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4380 / 2. vipAkasUtra 7, pR0 41 / 3. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 460 / 4. vipAkasUtra 1, pR0 7 / tathA AvazyakacUrNI 2. pR0 67 / suzrata (1.4. 47-50; meM tIna prakAra ke vaidyoM kA ullekha hai :-kevala zAstra meM kuzala, kevala cikitsA meM kuzala, tathA zAstra aura cikitsA donoM meM kuzala /

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312 __ jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa aura usakA vaidyakazAstra naSTa ho gayA hai / rAjA ne apane karmacAriyoM se kahA ki yadi usakA vaidyakazAstra naSTa ho gayA hai to usake zastrakoza kI parIkSA kI jaaye| patA lagAne para mAlUma huA ki usake aujAroM ko jara laga gayA hai| yaha dekhakara rAjA ne usakI AjIvikA banda kara dii| __kisI rAjA ke vaidya ko mRtyu ho gayI / usake eka putra thA / rAjA ne use par3hane ke lie bAhara bheja diyA / eka bAra, bAr3e meM carate samaya, eka bakarI ke gale meM kakar3I aTaka gyii| bakarI vaidya ke pAsa lAyI gayo / vaidya ne prazna kiyA "yaha kahA~ cara rahI thI ?" uttara milA-"vAr3e meM (purohaDe ) / " vaidya samajha gayA ki usake gale meM kakar3I aTaka gayI hai| usane bakarI ke gale meM eka kapar3A bAMdhakara use isa taraha maror3A ki kakar3I TUTa gyii| vadya kA putra par3ha-likhakara rAja-darabAra meM lauttaa| rAjA ne samajhA ki medhAvI hone ke kAraNa vaha bahuta jaldI vidyA sokhakara lauTa AyA hai, isalie usakA Adara-satkAra kiyA, aura use apane pAsa rakha liyA / eka bAra ko bAta hai, rAnI ko galagaMDa ho gayA / vaidyaputra ne vaho prazna kiyA jo usake gurujI ne kiyA thA / vahI uttara milA / vaidyaputra ne rAnI ke gale meM vastra lapeTakara use aisA maror3A ki vaha mara gayI / yaha dekhakara rAjA ko bahuta krodha AyA; usane vaidyaputra ko daMDita kiyaa| kisI rAjA ko akSiroga ho gyaa| usane vaidya ko dikhaayaa| vaidya ne use A~kha meM A~jane ko goliyA~ diiN| lekina goliyoM ko A~kha meM lagAte samaya tIvra vedanA hotI thii| vaidya ne pahale hI rAjA se vacana le liyA ki vedanA hone para bhI vaha use daNDa na degaa| vyAdhiyoM kA upacAra vyAdhiyoM ko zAnta karane ke lie vaidya aneka upacAra kiyA karate the / bhagaMdara eka bhayaMkara vyAdhi ginI jAtI thii| bhagaMdara kA upazamana karane ke lie usameM se kIr3oM ko nikAlanA par3atA thaa| isake lie traNa ke aMdara mAMsa DAlA jAtA jisase ki kIr3e usa para cipaTa jAyeM / yadi mAMsa na ho to gehU~ ke gIle ATe (samiyA) meM madhu aura ghI 1. vyavahArabhASya 5.21 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 376 / 3. vahI, 1.1277 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 313 milAkara usakA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA / ' mahAmArI phailane para kisI seTha ke parivAra meM jaba daravAje ko logoM ne kAMToM se loga phaTAphaTa marane lagate / jIrNapura ke saba loga mara gaye to usake ghara ke jar3a diyA / kor3ha ho jAne para, jaina zramaNoM ko bahuta kaSTa bhoganA par3atA thA / yadi kahIM unheM galA huA kor3ha (galaMtakoDha) ho jAtA, yA unake zarIra meM kacchU ( khujalI ) yA kiTibha ( khAja yukta kSudra kor3ha) ho jAtA, yA jU~e paidA ho jAtIM to unheM nirloma carma para liTAyA jAtA / pAmA (ekz2imA ) ko zAnta karane ke lie meMr3he kI purISa aura gomUtra kAma meM liyA jAtA thA / " kimikuGa ( kRmikuSTha) meM kIr3e par3a jAte the / eka bAra, kisI jaina bhikSu ko kRmikuSTha kI bImArI laga gayo / vaidya ne tela, kaMbalaratna aura gozIrSa candana batAyA / tela to mila gayA, lekina kaMbalaratna aura candana na milaa| patA lagA ki ye donoM vastue~ kisI vaNik ke pAsa haiM / zatasahasra lekara loga vaNika ke pAsa upasthita hue, lekina usane binA kucha lie hI kaMbala aura caMdana de diye / sAdhu ke zarIra meM tela kI mAliza kI gayI jisase tela usake romakUpoM meM bhara gayA / isase kRmi saMkSubdha hokara nIce girane lage / sAdhu ko kaMbala ur3hA diyA gayA aura saba kRmi kaMbala para laga gaye / bAda meM zarIra para gozIrSa caMdana kA lepa kara diyA / do-tIna bAra isa taraha karane se kor3ha bilkula ThIka ho gyaa| vAyu Adi kA upazamana karane ke lie paira meM gIdha kI TA~ga bAMdhI jAtI thI / isake lie zUkara ke dAMta aura nakha tathA meMr3he ke romoM 1. nizIthacUrNopIThikA 288, pR0 100 | tela lagAne kA bhI vidhAna hai, AvazyakacUrNI pR0 503 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 465 / 3. jaMghAsu kAlAbhaM rasiyaM vahati, nizIthacUrNA 1.798 kI cUrNI / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3839-40 / mahAvagga 1.30.88, pR0 76 meM ullekha hai ki magadha meM kuSTha, gaMDa ( phor3A ), kilAsa ( carmaroga ), sUjana aura mRgI roga phaila rahe the / jIvaka kaumArabhRtya ko logoM kI cikitsA karane 1 kA samaya nahIM milatA thA, isaliye roga se pIr3ita loga bauddha bhikSu banakara cikitsA karAne lage / 5. oghaniyukti 368, pR0 134- a / 6. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 133 /

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa ko bhI kAma meM liyA jAtA thaa|' urdhvavAta, arza, zUla Adi rogoM se grasta hone para sAdhvI ko nirloma carma meM rakhane kA tathA pAgala kutte se kATe jAne para use vyAghra ke carma meM sulAne kA vidhAna hai| una dinoM soM kA bahuta jora thA, isalie yadi sapa kATa letA to usako cikitsA karAnA Avazyaka thaa| yadi sAMpa kATa letA, visUcikA ( haijA ) ho jAtI, yA sAdhu jvara se grasta ho jAtA to use sAdhvI ke mUtrapAna karane kA vidhAna hai| kisI rAjA ko mahAvipadhArI sarSa ne DaMsa liyA, lekina rAnI kA mUtrapAna karane se vaha svastha ho gyaa| sarpadaMza paMra mantra par3hakara kaTaka ( aSTadhAtu ke bane hue vAle ) bAMdha dete, yA muMha meM miTTI bharakara sarpa ke DaMka ko cUsa lete, yA usake cAroM ora miTTI kA lepa kara dete, yA phira rogo ko miTTI khilAte jisase ki khAlI peTa meM viSa kA asara na ho| kabhI sarpa se daSTa sthAna ko Aga se dAga dete, yA usa sthAna ko kATa dete, yA rogo ko rAta-bhara jagAye rakhate / isake sivAya, bamI ko miTTI, lavaNa aura pariSeka ( secana ) Adi ko bhI sarpadaMza meM upayogo batAyA hai| suvarNa ko viSaghAtaka mAnA gayA hai| sapa se daSTa puruSa ko suvarNa ghisakara usakA pAnI pilAte / aiso hAlata meM sAdhuoM ko suvarNa kI AvazyakatA hotI, aura use ve zrAvakoM se mAMga kara, yA dIkSA lene ke pUrva sthApita nidhi se nikAlakara yA yoniprAbhUta kI 1. oghaniyukti 368, pR0 134-a / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3815-17 / carma ke upayoga ke liye dekhiye suzrutasaMhitA, sUtrasthAna, 7.14 pR0 42 / 3. vRzcika, maMDuka, uraga aura nara ye cAra prakAra ke jAti-AzIvira batAye gaye haiM, sthAnAMga 4.341, pR0 250 / chaha prakAra ke viSa pariNAma ke lie dekhie, vahI, 6, pR0 355-a / 4. bRhatkalpasUtra 5.37; bhASya 5.5987-88 / 5. nizIthabhASyapIThikA 170 / bauddhoM ke mahAvagga 6.2.9, pR0 224 meM sarpadaMza para gobara, mUtra, rAkha aura miTTI ke upayoga kA vidhAna hai| 6. nizIthabhASyapIThikA 230 / 7. vahI 394; oghaniyukti 341 pR0 129-a, 366, pR0 134-a; piMDaniyukti 48 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 315 sahAyatA se prApta karate / kabhI jUoM ke kATane se unheM kSaya roga ho jAtA, athavA khAne ke bhAta meM jUM par3a jAne se vamana ( udhva) athavA jalodara ( Dauyara ) ho jaataa| braNa-cikitsA / vraNoM ( phor3oM) kI cikitsA kI jAtI thii| jainasUtroM meM do prakAra ke kAyavraNa batAye gaye haiM :-tadbhava aura AgaMtuka / tadbhava vraNoM meM kuSTha, kiTibha, dadra , vikiJcikA ( ? vici yA = vicarcikA = eka prakAra kI pAmA), pAmA aura gaNDAliyA (peTa ke kIr3e) ke nAma ginAye gaye hai / jo khaDaga, kaMTaka, sthANU (ThUTha ) yA zirAvedha se, yA sapa athavA kutte ke kATane se utpanna ho, use AgaMtuka traNa kahate haiM / vaidya phor3A ko pAnI se dhokara sApha karata aura una para tela, ghI, carbI aura makkhana Adi lagAte / phAr3oM para bhaiMsa, gAya Adi kA gobara lagAne kA bhI vidhAna hai| bar3a Adi kI chAla ko vedanA zAnta karane ke lie kAma meM lete the| isake sivAya, gaMDamAlA, pilaga (pAdagataM gaMDaM-cUrNI), arza (bavAsIra ) aura bhagaMdara Adi rogoM kA zastrakriyA dvArA ilAja kiyA jaataa| jaina sAdhuoM ko gudA aura kukSi ke kRmiyoM ko uMgalI se nikAlane kA niSedha hai| yuddha meM khaDga Adi se ghAyala hone para utpanna vraNoM (ghAvoM) ko marahama-paTTI vaidya karate the / saMgrAma ke samaya ve auSadha, vraNapaTTa, mAliza kA sAmAna, vraNa-saMrohaka tela, vraNa-saMrohaka cuNa, ati jINa ghRta Adi sAtha lekara calate, aura Avazyaka par3ane para ghAvoM ko sIte / gambhIra coTa Adi laga jAne para bhI vaidya vraNakarma karate the| sudarzana nagara meM 1-vyavahArabhASya 5.89 / AvazyakacUrNI pR0 492-93 meM viSamaya laDDU ke bhakSaNa kA asara zAMta karane ke liye vaidya dvArA suvarNa pilAne kA ullekha hai| 2. nizIthacUrNIpIThikA 265 / 3. nizIthabhASya 3.1501 / 4. nizIthasUtra 3.22-24; 12.32; nizIthabhASya 12.4199 / / 5. nizIthabhASya 12.4201 / 6. nizIthasUtra 3.34 / 7. vahI 3.40 / 8. vyavahArabhASya-5.100-103 /

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316 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa maNiratha nAma kA rAjA rAjya karatA thA; usakA sahodara bhAI yugabAhU yuvarAja pada para AsIna thaa| yugabAhU kI strI madanarekhA ko lekara donoM meM mana-muTAva ho gayA / eka dina maNiratha ne yugabAhU para talavAra kA vAra kiyA jisase vaha ghAyala hokara pRthvI para gira pdd'aa| usake ghAvoM kI cikitsA karane ke lie vaidya bulAye gye|' vividha ghRta aura tela ghAvoM ko bharane ke lie vaidya aneka prakAra ke ghRta aura teloM kA upayoga karate the| kalyANaghRta bahuta tikta hotA thaa| zatapAka aura sahasrapAka tela sau yA hajAra auSadhiyoM ko eka sAtha pakAkara banAyA jAtA, athavA eka ho auSadhi ko sau yA hajAra bAra pakAyA jaataa| haMsatela bhI ghAva ke lie bahuta upayogI thaa| marutela marudeza ke pavata se maMgAyA jaataa| ye saba tela thakAvaTa dUra karane, vAta roga zAnta karane, khujalI ( kacchU) miTAne aura ghAvoM ke bharane ke upayoga meM Ate the| zalyacikitsA zalyacikitsA kA bahuta mahatva thaa| nandipura meM soriyadatta nAma kA eka rAjA rahatA thA / eka bAra, machalI bhakSaNa karate samaya usake gale meM machalI kA kAMTA aTaka gyaa| usane ghoSaNA karAyI ki jo vaidya yA vaidyaputra kAMTe ko nikAla degA usakA vipula dhana Adi se satkAra kiyA jAyegA / ghoSaNA sunakara bahuta se vaidya upasthita hue aura unhoMne vamana, chadaina, avapIr3ana, kavalagrAha (sthUla grAsa bhakSaNa ), zalyoddharaNa, aura vizalyakaraNa dvArA kAMTe ko nikAlane kA prayatna kiyA, lekina saphalatA na milii| paira meM kAMTA cubha jAne para usakI cikitsA kI jAtI thii| kisI rAjA ke savelakSaNa-yukta eka ghor3A thA / kaMTaka se viddha hone ke kAraNa use bahuta kaSTa hotA thaa| rAjA ne vaidya ko bulAyA / parIkSA karane ke bAda vaidya ne kahA ki ise koI roga 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 9, pR0 137 / 2. kallANaghayaM tittagaM mahAtittagaM, nizIthacUrNI 4.1566 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 5.6028-31; 1.2995 kI vRtti; nizIthacUrNIpIThikA 348; 10.3197 / 4. vipAkasUtra 8, pR0 48 / 5. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 461 /

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ca0 khaNDa] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 317 nahIM, lekina mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha kisI adRzya zalya se pIr3ita hai| vaidya ne ghor3e ke zarIra para kardama kA lepa kraayaa| zalya kA sthAna jaldI hI sUkha gayA / usake bAda vaidya ne zalya ko nikAla diyaa|' kisI rAjA kI mahAdevI ko kakar3iyAM khAne kA zauka thaa| eka dina naukara bar3e AkAra kI kakar3I laayaa| rAnI ne use apane guhya pradeza meM DAla liyaa| kakar3I kA kAMTA rAnI ke guhya pradeza meM cubha gayA, aura usakA jahara phaila gyaa| vaidya ko bulAyA gyaa| usane gehU~ ke ATe (samiyA = kaNikkA ) kA lepa kara diyaa| kA~TevAle pradeza ke sUkha jAne para vahAM nizAna banA diyaa| tatpazcAt zastrakriyA dvArA use phor3a diyaa| pIpa nikalane ke sAtha hI kAMTA bhI bAhara nikala aayaa| kSiptacittatA bhUta Adi dvArA kSiptacitta ho jAne para bhI cikitsA kI jAtI thii| aisI dazA meM komala baMdhana se rogI ko bAMdhakara, jahAM koI zastra Adi na ho, aise sthAna meM rakha dene kA vidhAna hai| yadi kadAcit aisA sthAna na mile, to rogI ko pahale se khude hue kue~ meM DAla de, athavA nayA kuAM khudavAkara usameM rakha de aura kue~ ko Upara se DhaMkavA de jisase rogI bAhara nikalakara na jA ske| yadi vAta Adi ke kAraNa dhAtuoM kA kSobha hone se kSiptacittatA utpanna ho gayI ho to rogI ko snigdha aura madhura bhojana de, aura upaloM kI rAkha para sulAye / yadi koI sAdhu kSiptacitta hokara bhAga jAye to usakI khoja kI jAye, tathA yadi vaha rAjA Adi kA sagA-sambandhI ho to rAjA se nivedana kiyA jaaye| sAdhvI ke yakSAviSTa hone para bhI bhUtacikitsA kA vidhAna jaina AgamoM meM milatA hai| choTe-moTe rogoM kA ilAja isake atirikta, aura bhI choTe-moTe rogoM kI cikitsA kI jAtI 1. nizIthacUrNI 20.6396 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1051 / zalyacikitsA ke liye dekhiye suzruta, sUtrasthAna, 26.13, pR0 163 / 3. vyavahArabhASya 2.122-25; nizIthabhASyapIThikA 173 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 6.6262 / tathA dekhiye carakasaMhitA, zArIrasthAna 2. adhyAya 9, pR0 1088 /

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318 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa thI / phur3iyA hone para, usakI jalana miTAne ke lie miTTI kA siMcana kiyA jAtA thaa| vamana karane ke lie makkhI kI viSTA kA, aura AMkha kA kacarA nikAlane ke lie azvamakSikA kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| auSadhiyAM rakhane ke liye zaMkha aura sopI Adi kAma meM lI jAtI thiiN| zleSma kI bImArI meM sUMTha kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| auSadhiyoM kI mAtrA kA dhyAna rakkhA jAtA thaa|' . aspatAla aspatAloM ( tegicchayasAlA = cikitsAzAlA ) kA ullekha milatA hai| yahA~ vetanabhogI aneka vaidya, vaidyaputra, jJAyaka, jJAyakaputra, kuzala aura kuzalaputra Adi vyAdhigrastoM, glAnI, rogiyoM aura durbaloM kI, vividha prakAra kI auSadhiyoM, aura bheSajya Adi se cikitsA kiyA karate the| (4) dhanurvidyA dhanurveda ko chaThA veda svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna bhArata meM yaha vidyA unnati ke zikhara para tho, aura zUravIratA kA isase sambandha thaa| dhanurveda aura idhvastra kI gaNanA 72 kalAoM meM kI gayI hai| zikAriyoM kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai jo hAtha meM dhanuSa-bANa lie apane zikAra ko khoja meM idhara-udhara phirA karate the| dhanurvedI apane hAtha meM dhanuSa letA, nizAnA lagAne ke lie ucita sthAna para khar3A hotA, dhanuSa ko Doro ko kAnoM taka khoMcatA aura phira tIra chor3a detA / dhaNupiTTa ( dhanuSa kA pRSTha bhAga ), jIvA (dhanuSa kI DorI), hAru ( snAyu ), usu (iSu = bANa) aura ArAmuha ( nukole lohevAlA tora) kA ullekha milatA hai| 1. oghaniyukti, 341, pR0 129-a / 2. vahI, 367, pR0 134-a / 3. vahI, 366 / 4. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 405 / 5. vRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 289 / 6. jJAtRdharmakathA 13, pR0 143 / 7. dhanurmaha kA ullekha bhAsa ne kiyA hai, dekhie DaoNkTara e0 DI0 pusAlakara, bhAsa-e sTaDI, pR0 440 Adi / 8. vyAkhyAprajJapti 5.6, pR0 229 / 9. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 89 /

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ca0 khaNDa] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 319 rAjakumAroM ke lie dhanurveda kI zikSA prApta karanA Avazyaka thA / aneka rAjA aura rAjaputra isa vidyA meM niSNAta the| rAjA ceTaka kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / eka dina meM eka hI bANa chor3ane kA usakA praNa thA, lekina usakA vaha bANa amogha hotA thaa| ceTaka ne apane eka-eka bANa se kAla, sukAla Adi dasa rAjakumAroM ko mauta ke ghATa utAra diyA thA / jarAkumAra eka dUsare dhanurdhara the jinhoMne apane bANa se kRSNavAsudeva kA vadha kiyA thA / ' rAjakumAra agaDadatta bhI isa vidyA meM nipuNa the| rAjakumAra surendradatta ne apane bANa se puttalikA kI A~kha bIMdhakara svayaMvara meM rAjakumArI ko prApta kiyA thA, isakA ullekha ho cukA hai / eka gar3ariyA apanI dhanuhiyA se vaTa vRkSa ke pattoM meM cheda kiyA karatA thA, yaha bAta bhI pahale A cukI hai| koI jaina zramaNa bhI dhanurvidyA meM niSNAta ( kRtakaraNa ) hote the aura ve saMkaTa ke samaya, zatra se yuddha kara jaina saMgha kI rakSA karate the|2|| mahApuruSabANa, mahArudhirabANa, nAgabANa aura tAmasabANa Adi bANoM kI carcA kI jA cukI hai / zabdavedhI bANa ullekha milatA hai|' (5) saMgIta aura nRtya prAcIna bhArata meM saMgItavidyA kA bahuta mAna thaa| rAjA-mahArAjA aura abhijAta-varga ke loga hI nahIM, balki sAdhAraNa loga bhI gAne, bajAne aura nRtya ke zaukIna the| bahattara kalAoM kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| inameM nRtya, gIta, svaragata, vAditra, puSkaragata aura samatAla ke nAma Ate haiM / isakA tAtparya yahI hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM saMgIta aura nRtya kA pracAra thaa| utsavoM aura tyauhAroM ke avasara para prAyaH strI aura puruSa nAcagAkara apanA manovinoda karate the| vArANasI meM madana mahotsava khUba ThATha se manAyA jAtA thaa| loga apanI-apanI ToliyAM banAkara gAte, nAcate aura Ananda mnaate| citra aura saMbhUta nAma ke do mAtaMga 1. vahI, 1, pR0 40 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3014 / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 18, pR0 208; tulanA kIjie sarabhaMga jAtaka (522 ), 5, pR0 211 / 4. bhAratIya saMgIta ke lie dekhie kumArasvAmI, da DAnsa oNva ziva, pR0 72-81 /

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320 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa dAraka tisaraya, veNu aura vINA bajAte hue, apano TolI ke sAtha gaMdharva gAte hue nagara meM se gujare jisase saba loga mugdha ho gye| kaumudI mahotsava para bhI loga gAte-bajAte aura nRtya karate the / ' indra mahotsava khUba ThATa-bATa se manAyA jAtA thaa| isa avasara para nartikAoM ke sundara nRtya hote, sukaviyoM dvArA racita kAvyoM kA pATha kiyA jAtA, aura sarvasAdhAraNa nRtya aura gAna meM masta hokara apane ko bhUla jAte / rAjA udaya bahuta bar3A saMgItajJa mAnA jAtA thA, jo apane madhura saMgIta dvArA matta hAthI ko bhI vaza meM kara letA thaa| ujjainI ke rAjA pradyota ne use rAjakumArI vAsavadattA ko saMgIta ko zikSA dene ke lie niyukta kiyA thaa| vAsavadattA parde ke pIche baiThakara saMgIta sIkhane lagI, lekina eka dina donoM kI AMkheM cAra huI aura udayana vAsavadattA ko apane sAtha kauzAmbI le gayA / sindhu-sauvIra ke rAjA udrAyaNa bhI eka acche saMgItajJa the / ve svayaM vINA bajAte aura unakI rAnI nRtya krto| sarasoM kI rAzi para nRtya karane kA ullekha milatA hai|" vAdya, nATya, geya aura abhinaya ke bheda se saMgIta cAra prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai| isameM vINA, tala, tAlalaya, aura vAditra ko mukhya sthAna diyA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM sAta svaroM kA ullekha hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra, sAta svaroM aura gyAraha alaMkAroM kA varNana caturdaza pUrvo ke antagata svaraprAbhRta nAmaka grantha meM kiyA gayA thaa| durbhAgya se yaha grantha Ajakala upalabdha nahIM hai / vartamAna meM isa viSaya kA adhyayana bharata aura vizAkhila Adi granthoM se kiyA jA sakatA hai, jo grantha pUrvo ke AdhAra se hI likhe hue batAye gaye haiN|" 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 185-a / 2. vahI 9, pR0 136 / 3. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 161 / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 253 / 5. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 555 / 6. sthAnAMga 4.374, pR0 271 / 7. vahI 7, pR0 372 Adi; anuyoga dvAra pR0 117 a Adi /

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ca0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 321 svaroM ke prakAra jaina sUtroM meM SaDaja, RSabha, gAMdhAra, madhyama, paMcama, dhaivata aura niSAda nAmaka sAta svaroM kA ullekha hai / ina svaroM ke agrajihvA, ura, kaMThodgamana, madhya jihvA, nAsA, daMtoSTha aura mUrdhA ( anuyogadvAra meM bhUtakSepa ), ye kramazaH sAta svara-sthAna hote haiN| mayUra, kukkuTa, haMsa, gavelaga (gAya), kokila, krauMca aura hastI se ina svaroM kA uccAraNa hotA hai / mRdaMga, gomuhI ( kAhalA), zaMkha, jhallarI, godhikA ( cAra pairoM se bhUmi para rakkhA jAne vAlA vAdya), ADambara ( paTaha) aura mahAbhero, ina vAdyoM se ye svara nisRta hote haiN| isI prakAra svaroM ke lAbha, unake tIna grAma, grAmoM kI mUchanAe~ tathA unake guNa aura doSa kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| vAdya .. . .. . aneka prakAra ke vAdyoM kA ullekha jaina sUtroM meM upalabdha hotA hai| tata ( tantuvAdya; jaise vINA ), vitata (maMr3he hue vAdya; jaise paTaha Adi; hemacandra ne vitata ke sthAna para Anaddha liyA hai ), ghana (kAMsyatAla Adi), aura jhusira (zuSira; phUMka se bajane vAle vAdya; jaise bAMsurI Adi ) nAma ke cAra prakAra ke vAdya batAye gaye haiN| rAjapraznIyasUtra meM nimnalikhita vAdyoM kA ullekha hai / zaMkha, zRMga, zaMkhikA, kharamuhI, peyA, pIripiriyA, paNava (choTA paTaha), paTaha, bhaMbhA (DhakkA), horaMbha (mahADhakkA ), bherI, jhallarI, duMdubhi, muraja' ( saMkaTamukhI), 1. sthAnAMgasUtra 7, pR0 372-a Adi; anuyogadvAra, pR0.117-a Adi / 2. sthAnAMga 4, pR0 271-a|| 3. ina vAdyoM kI saMkhyA meM aneka pAThabheda haiN| rAjapraznIya ke mUlapATha meM inakI saMkhyA 49 hai, lekina pAThAnusAra yaha saMkhyA 59 hotI hai| isa zaMkA kA samAdhAna karate hue TIkAkAra ne likhA hai-mUlabhedApekSayA AtodyabhedI ekonapaJcAzat , zeSAstu eteSu eva antarbhavanti, yathA vaMzAtodyavidhAne vAlI veNupirilIbaddhagAH iti, pR0 128 / .. . .. 4. kolika (zUkara.) puTAvanaddhamukho vAdyavizeSaH, pR0 126 / 5. vRkSa ke eka bhAga ko bhedakara banAyA huA vAdya / 6. mahApramANo mrdlH| 21 jai0bhA0

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322 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa mRdaMga, naMdImRdaMga,' AliMga, kustuMba, gomukhI, mardala, vINA, vipaMcI (tritaMtrI vINA ), vallako (sAmAnya vINA,), mahatI (zatataMtrikA vINA ), kacchabhI, citravINA, baddhIsA, sughoSA, naMdIghoSA, bhrAmarI, SaDbhrAmarI, paravAdanI ( saptataMtrI vINA), tUNA, tuMbavINA, Amoda, jhaMjhA, nakula, mukuMda, huDukkI, vicikkI, karaTA, DiMDima, kiNita, kaDaMba, dadarikA ( gohiyA bhI), dardaraka, kalazo, maDuka, tala, tAla, kAMsyatAla, riMgisiyA, lattiyA, magarikA, susumAriyA, vaMza, veNu, vAlI, parillI aura bddhgaa| geya, nATya aura abhinaya vAdyoM kI bhAMti geya, nATya aura abhinaya kA bhI saMgIta aura nATyazAstra meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai| geya ke cAra prakAra batAye haiM :-ukkhitta ( utkSipta ), pattaya (pAdAtta), maMdaya (maMdaka ) aura roviMdaya athavA roiyAvasANa (rocitaavsaan)| 1. ekataH saMkIrNa anyatra vistRto murajavizeSaH, vyAkhyAprajJapti 2, pR0 271, becaradAsa saMskaraNa / 2. cAvanaddhapuTo vaadyvishessH| 3. sUtra 64 / bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 24 vRtti meM bAraha vAdyoM kA ullekha hai:-bhaMbhA, mukunda, maddala, kaDaMba, jhallari, huDukka, kAMsyatAla, kAhala, talimA, vaMza, paNava, aura zaMkha / tathA dekhie vyAkhyAprajJaptiTIkA 5.4 pR0 216 a; jIvAbhigama 3, pR0 145-a; jambUdvIpaprajJapti 2, pR0 100-a Adi; anuyogadvArasUtra 127; nizIyasUtra 17.135-138 / nizIthasUtra meM Damaruga, DhaMkuNa Adi vAdyoM kI atirikta saMkhyA ginAyI gayI hai| yahAM aneka nAma azuddha jAna par3ate haiN| AcArAMga (2,11.391 pR0 379) meM kirikiriyA ( bAMsa Adi kI lakar3I se banA vAdya ), aura sUtrakRtAMga ( 4.2.7 ) meM kukkayaya aura veNupalAsiya ( dAMtoM meM bAyeM hAtha se pakar3akara, vINA kI bhAMti dAhine hAtha se bajAyI jAnevAlI bAMsurI) nAmaka bAMsuriyoM kA ullekha hai| tathA dekhie saMgItaratnAkara, adhyAya; 6; rAmAyaNa 5.10.38 Adi meM maDaDuka, paTaha, vaMza, vipaMcI, mRdaGga, paNava, DiMDima, ADambara aura kalazI kA ullekha hai; mahAbhArata 7.82.4 / 4. utkSiptaM-prathamataH ArabhyamANaM / pAdAttaM-pAdavRddhaM vRttAdi caturbhAgarUpapAdabaddhaM iti bhaavH| maMdAya-madhyabhAge mUrchanAdi guNopetatayA maMda maMdaM gholanAtmakaM / rocitAvasAna-rocitaM yathocitalakSaNopetatayA bhAvitaM satyApitaM iti yAvat avasAnaM yasya tattathA, jambUdvIpaprajJaptiTIkA, 5, pR0 413-a /

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ca0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 323 nATya ke aMciya (aMcita), ribhiya (ribhita), ArabhaDa (ArabhaTa ) aura bhasola ye cAra prakAra batAye haiN| nATyavidhi meM abhinaya kA honA Avazyaka hai, isalie ditRtiya (dAntika ), pAMDusuta, sAmaMtovAyaNiya (sAmaMtopapAtanika) aura logamajjhAvasita (lokamadhyAvasita) nAma ke cAra abhinayoM kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM kiyA hai|' inameM se eka athavA ekAdhika abhinaya dvArA abhinetavya vastu ke bhAvoM ko prakaTa kiyA jAtA thaa| kabhI abhinayazUnya nATaka bhI dikhAye jAte the| udAharaNa ke lie utpAta (AkAza meM uchalanA), nipAta, saMkucita ,prasArita, bhrAnta, saMbhrAnta Adi nATakoM ke nAma liye jA sakate haiN| battIsa prakAra kI nATyavidhi rAjapraznIyasUtra meM nimnalikhita battIsa prakAra kI nATayavidhi kA ullekha milatA hai: (1) svastika (bharata ke nATyazAstra meM ullikhita ), zrIvatsa, maMdyAvata, vardhamAnaka (nATyazAma meM bhI), bhadrAsana, kalaza, matsya aura darpaNa ke pratIkoM kA pratinidhitva karane vAle divya abhinaya / prastuta abhinaya meM, bharata ke nATyazAstra meM ullikhita AMgika abhinaya dvArA nATaka karane vAle, svastika Adi ATha maMgaloM kA AkAra banAkara khar3e ho jAte haiM, aura phira hasta Adi dvArA usa AkAra kA pradarzana karate hai| ye loga vAcika abhinaya ke dvArA usa maMgala zabda kA uccAraNa karate haiM jisase ki darzakoM ke mana meM usa maMgala ke prati rati kA bhAva utpanna hotA hai| (2) Avarta, pratyAvarta, zreNI, prazreNI, svastika, sauvastika. pasa (puSya ), mANavaka, vardhamAnaka (kaMdhe para baiThe hue puruSa kA abhinaya ), matsyaMDa, makaraMDa, jAra, bhAra, puSpAvali, padmapatra ( nATyazAstra meM 1. sthAnAMga 4, pR0 271-a / bharata ke nATyazAstra meM AMgika, vAcika, AhArya aura. sAttvika abhinayoM kA ullekha hai| 2. jambUdvIpaprajJaptiTIkA 5, pR0 418 / / 3. nATyavidhi nAmaka prAbhUta meM ina vidhiyoM ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, kiMtu vaha Ajakala upalabdha nahIM hai, rAjapraznIyaTIkA, pR0 136 / 4. jambUdvIpaprajJaptiTIkA 5, pR0 414 / . 5. bhramabhramarikAdAnanattanam AvartaH, tadviparItaH pratyAvartaH, vahI /

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324 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa bhI ), sAgarataraMga, vasaMtalatA aura padmalatA ( nATayazAstra meM bhI) ke citroM kA abhinaya / (3) IhAmRga, vRSabha, naraturaga, magara (nATayazAstra meM bhI ), vihaga, vyAla, kiMnara, ruru, zarabha, camara, kuMjara (nATayazAstra meM gajadata), vanalatA aura padmalatA ke citroM kA abhinaya / / (4) ekato vakra,' dvidhA vakra, ekatazcakravAla, dvidhA cakravAla, cakrArdha cakravAla ke citroM kA pradarzana / (5) candrAlikA -pravibhakti, sUryAvalikA-pravibhikta, valayAvalikA-pravibhakti, haMsAvalikA-pravibhakti (nATyazAstra meM haMsavaktra aura haMsapakSa ), ekAlikA-pravibhakti, tArAvalikA-vibhakti, muktAvalikA-pravibhakti, kanakAvalikA-pravibhakti aura ratnAvalikA-pravibhakti kA prdrshn| (6) candrodgama aura sUryodgama darzana kA abhinaya / (7) candrAgama aura sUryAgamadarzana kA abhinaya / (8) candrAvaraNa aura sUryAvaraNa ke darzana kA abhinaya / (9) candrAsta aura sUryAstadarzana kA abhinaya / (10) candramaMDala-pravibhakti, sUryamaMDala-pravibhakti, nAgamaMDalapravibhakti, .yakSamaMDala-pravibhakti, bhUtamaMDala-pravibhakti, rAkSasamaMDalapravibhakti, mahoragamaMDala-pravibhakti aura gaMdharvamaMDala-vibhakti ( nATyazAstra meM maMDala meM 20 prakAra batAye haiM ) ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / / (11) RSabhamaMDala-pravibhakti, siMhamaMDala-pravibhakti, hayavilaMbitapravibhakti, gajavilaMbita-pravikti, hayavilasita-pravibhakti, gajavilasitapravibhakti, mattahaya-pravibhakti, mattagaja-pravibhakti, mattahayavilaMbita-pravibhakti, mattagajavilaMbita-pravibhakti aura dravilaMbita ke abhinaya kA prdshen| (12) sAgara-pravibhakti aura nAgara-pravibhakti ke abhinaya kA prdrshn| 1. ekato vaktraM-naTAnAM ekasyAM dizi dhanurAkArazreNyA nartanaM / dvidhAto vakra-dvayoH parasparAbhimukhadizoH dhanurAkArazreNyA nartanaM / ekatazcakravAlaekasyAM dizi naTAnAM maNDalAkAreNa nartanaM, vhii| 2. candrANAM AvaliH zreNiH tasyAH pravibhaktiH-vicchittiracanAvizeSastadabhinayAtmakaM, vhii|

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ca0 khaNDa] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna ... (13) naMdA ( zAzvata puSpakariNo )-pravibhakti aura campA-pravibhakti ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / (14) matsyaMDa, makaraMDa, jAra, bhAra-pravibhakti ke abhinaya kA pradarzana ( sabake abhinaya kA alaga-alaga pradarzana, pahale batAyA huA bhabhinaya mizrita thaa)| (15) ka-kha-ga-gha-Ga ko pravibhakti ke abhinaya kA pradarzana ( yahAM brAhmI lipi kA ka-varga samajhanA cAhie / isa lipi meM 'ka' ko AkRti hai + ) / (16) ca-varga kI pravibhakti ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / (17) Ta-varga ko pravibhakti ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / (18) ta-varga kI pravibhakti ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / (19) pa-varga ko pravibhakti ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / ' (20) azokapallava-pravibhakti, Amrapallava-pravibhakti, jambUpallavapravibhakti aura kozaMbapallava-pravibhakti ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / (21) padmalatA-pravibhakti, nAgalatA-pravibhakti, azokalatA-pravibhakti, caMpakalatA-pravibhakti, AmralatA-pravibhakti, vanalatA-pravibhakti, vAsaMtIlatA-pravibhakti, kundalatA-pravibhakti, atimuktakalatA-pravibhakti aura zyAmalatA-pravibhakti ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / (22) drata nATya (nATyazAstra meM druta nAmaka laya aura drutA nAmaka cAla kA ullekha hai) kA abhinaya / (23) vilaMbita nATya ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / (24) drutavilaMbita nATya ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / (25) aMcita nATya (nATayazAstra meM mastaka saMbaMdhI aura pAda saMbaMdhI abhinayoM meM isakA ullekha hai) ke abhinaya kA prdrshn| 1. yahAM svaroM tathA ya, ra, la, va Adi vyaJjanoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA gayA, yaha vicAraNIya hai| ___2. drutaM zIghraM gItavAdyazabdayoryamakasamakaprapAtena pAdatalazabdasyApi samakAlameva nipAto yatra, jambUdvIpaprajJaptiTIkA 5, pR0 417 / / 3. yatra vilaMbite-gItazabde svaragholanAprakAreNa yatibhedena vizrAnte vathaiva vAdyazabdo'pi yatitAlarUpeNa vAdyamAne tadanuyAyinA pAdasaJcAreNa nartanaM, vahI / . 4. puSpAdyalaMkAraiH pUjitastadIyaM tadabhinayapUrvakaM nATyamapi aMcitaM / anena kauzikavRttipradhAnAhAryAbhinayapUrvakaM nATyaM sUcitaM, vhii|

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja (26) ribhita' nATya ke abhinaya kA pradarzana | (27) aMcitaribhita nATya ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / (28) ArabhaTa ( nATyazAstra meM ullekha ) nATya ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / 326 [ ca0 khaNDa (29) bhasola nATyavidhi ( nATyazAstra meM bhramara ) ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / (30) ArabhaTabhasola nATayavidhi ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / (31) utpAta, nipAta, pravRtta, saMkucita, prasArita, raiyAraiya athavA riyAriya ( recaka - recita' jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM; nATyazAstra meM rekkaracita), bhrAnta, sambhrAnta kriyAoM kI nATayavidhi ke abhinaya kA pradarzana / ( 32 ) isa nATyavidhi meM naTa aura naTI eka paMkti meM khar3e hokara mahAvIra ke pUrvabhava, unakA cyavana, garbha-saMharaNa, janma, abhiSeka, bAlakrIr3A, yauvanAvasthA, kAmabhoga lIlA, niSkramaNa, tapazcaraNa, jJAna kI prApti, tIrtha pravartana aura parinirvANa sambandhI abhinayoM kA pradarzana karate haiM / anya nATyavidhiyAM isake atirikta anya nATyavidhiyoM kA ullekha bhI jainasUtroM meM upalabdha hotA hai / brahmadatta ke cakravartI kA pada prApta karane ke pazcAt, kisI naTa ne unheM madhukarIgIta nAmaka nATyavidhi kA pradarzana kiyA / " saudharma sabhA meM saudharma indra dvArA saudAminI ( soyAmaNi ) nAma ke 1. mRdupadasaJcArarUpamiti vRddhA, athavA rebhitaM kalasvareNa gItodgAtRtvaM, anena vAcikAbhinayayuktaM bhAratIvRttipradhAnaM nATyaM sUcitaM, vahI / 2. ArabhaTAH - sotsAhAH subhaTAsteSAmidaM ArabhaTaM / ayamarthaH mahAbhaTAnAM skaMdhAsphAlanahRdayolvaNanAdikA yA uddhatavRttistadabhinayaM / anena ArabhaTI vRttipradhAnaM AMgikAbhinayapUrvakaM nATayaM uktaM, vahI / 3. bhasaH--zRMgAraH paMktirathanyAyena zRGgArarasa ityarthaH, taM avartIti bhasostaM ratibhAvAbhinayena lAti-gRhNAti iti bhasolo naTastato dharmadharmiNorabhedopacArAt bhasolo nAma nATyaM, etena zRGgArarasasAtvikabhAvaH sUcitaH, vahI / 4. recakaiH -- bhramarikAbhiH recitaM niSpannaM, vahI / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 196 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 327 nATaka dekhe jAne kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai / piMDaniyukti meM rASTrapAla nATaka kA ullekha hai jo ASADhabhUti nAmaka jaina zramaNa ke dvArA pATaliputra meM khelA gayA thaa| isameM cakravartI bharata ke jIvana ke abhinaya kA pradarzana thA jise dekhakara aneka rAjA aura rAjakumAroM ne saMsAra kA tyAga kara zramaNa-dIkSA svIkAra kI thI / bAda meM yaha nATaka isalie naSTa kara diyA gayA ki kahIM yaha pRthvI kSatriyoM se khAlI na ho jaaye| naTa loga strI kA veSa dhAraNa kara nRtya karate the / rAsa (rAsaSekSaNa) kA ullekha AtA hai| (6)citrakalA prAcIna bhArata meM citrakalA kA paryApta vikAsa huA thaa| citrakAra citroM ke banAne meM apanI kuMcI (tuliyA) aura vividha raMgoM kA upayoga karate the / sarvaprathama ve bhUmi ko taiyAra karate aura phira use sajAte / mithilA ke malladatta kumAra ne hAva, bhAva, vilAsa aura zRMgAra ceSTAoM se yukta eka citrasabhA banavAyI thii| usane citrakAra zreNo ko bulAyA aura vaha citrasabhA banAne meM saMlagna ho gyii| inameM eka citrakAra bar3A vilakSaNa thA thA jo dvipada, catuSpada aura apada (vRkSa Adi ) ke eka hisse ko dekhakara usake sampUrNa rUpa ko citrita kara detA thaa| Alekhana vidyA meM nipuNa kiso naTaputra kA ullekha AtA hai jisane ziprA nadI ke kinAre galI-muhalloM sahita ujjainI nagarI ko citrita kara dikhAyA thaa| 1. vahI 18, pR0 240-a| 2. 474-80 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 250 / 4. vahI 18, pR0 251 / 5. kuTTinImata ( 124, 236 ) meM citra kA ullekha hai; isakI gaNanA vezyAoM dvArA sIkhane yogya kalAoM meM kI gayI hai| kAmasUtra meM citrakalA ke nimnalikhita chaha Avazyaka guNa batAye gaye haiM :-dRzya AkRtiyoM kA jJAna, yathArtha dRzya darzana, rUpoM kA parimANa aura unakA gaThana, rUpoM para manobhAvoM kA prabhAva, lAlitya kA nivezana, kalAtmaka pratirUpaNa tathA kUcI aura raMgoM ke upayojana meM sAdRzya aura kalAtmaka vidhi / tathA e0 ke0 kumArasvAmI, maiDivala siMhalIz2a ArTa, pR0 164 Adi / 6. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 106 Adi; uttarAdhyayana 35.4 / .. 7. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 544 /

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328 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa * nirdoSa aura sadoSa citrakarma kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / vRkSa, parvata, nadI, samudra, bhavana, dalli aura latAvitAna, tathA pUrNa kalaza aura svastika Adi mAMgalika padArthoM ke Alekhana ko nirdoSa citrakarma aura striyoM Adi ke Alekhana ko sadoSa citrakarma kahA hai|' citra, bhittiyoM aura paTTaphalaka ke Upara banAye jAte the| cauMsaTha kalAoM meM niSNAta eka vezyA kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai jisane apanI citrasabhA meM manuSyoM ke jAtikarma, zilpa aura kupita-prasAdana kA Alekhana karAyA thaa| paTTaphalaka para banAye hue citra prema ko uttejita karane meM kAraNa hote the| kisI paribrAjikA ne ceTaka kI kanyA rAjakumArI sujyeSThA kA citra eka phalaka para citrita kara rAjA zreNika ko dikhAyA, jise dekhakara rAjA apanI sudha-budha bhUla gyaa| sAgaracandra bhI kamalAmelA ke citra ko dekhakara usase prema karane lagA thaa| citrasabhAe~ prAcIna kAla ke rAjAoM ke lie garva kI vastu hotI thoM / saikar3oM khambhoM para ye khar3I kI jAtI thiiN| rAjagRha meM isa prakAra kI citrasabhA banAyo gayI thii| yaha kASThakama, masAle se banAyI gayI vastuoM (potthakamma), guMthI huI ( gaMThima = graMthima), veSTita kI huI (veDhim = veSTima ), bharakara banAyI huI ( pUrima ), lathA jor3a aura milAkara banAI huI mAlAoM (saghAima-saMghAtima) se sajAyo gayI thii| kSitipratiSThita nagara ke rAjA jitazatra kI citrasabhA meM aneka citrakAra kAma karate the| unameM citrAMgada nAma kA eka vRddha citrakAra bhI thaa| eka bAra, usakI kanyA kanakamaMjarI ne baiThe-baiThe pharza ( koTrimatala) para raMgoM se eka mayUrapiccha banA diyaa| mayUrapiccha kI racanA itanI sundara aura svAbhAvika thI ki rAjA ne use sacamuca kA paMkha 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2429 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 165 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 172 / 4. kuTTinImata (124) meM bhI isakA ullekha hai--pustaM kASThaputtalakAdiracanaM / taduktaM-mRdA vA dAruNA vA'tha vastreNApyaya carmaNA / loharatnaiH kRtaM vA'pi pustamityabhidhIyate / 5. zAtRdharmakathA 13, pR0 142 /

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ca0 khaNDa] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna jAnakara hAtha se uThAne kA prayatna kiyA, aura isa prayatna meM usake nakha kSata ho gaye / ' rAjA durmukha ne bar3haiyoM (thavai) ko bulavAkara citrasabhA kA kArya Arambha kiyA / tathA ucca zikharavAlI citrasabhA taiyAra ho jAne para, zubha muhUrta dekhakara usameM praveza kiyaa| (7) mUrtikalA mUrtikalA prAcIna bhArata meM bahuta samaya se calI AtI hai| bhArata ke zilpakAra tarAzane ke lie kASTha kA upayoga karate the / kASThakama kA ullekha Upara A cukA hai| kASTha kI putaliyAM banAyI jAtI thiiN| skanda aura mukunda Adi kI pratimAe~ bhI kASTha se banato thIM isaliye devakula meM jalanevAle dIpaka se unameM Aga laga jAne kI sambhAvanA rahatI thii| vyavahArabhASya meM vArattaka RSi kA ullekha hai; usake putra apane pitA kI rajoharaNa aura mukhavastrikA vAlI kASThamayI mUrti banAkara usakI pUjA kiyA karate the| isake atirikta, pusta (palastara Adi kA lepa), danta, zaila (pASANa) aura maNi Adi se bhI pratimAe~ taiyAra hotI thii| vaNakuTTaga loga kASTha se pratimA banAte the| videha kI rAjakumArI mallI kI suvarNamaya pratimA kA ullekha milatA hai / yaha eka maNipIThikA ke Upara sthApita kI gayI thI, tathA 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 9, pR0 141-a| 2. vahI 9, pR0 135 / dhanapAla ne tilakamaJjarI meM tIna prakAra kI citrazAlAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, dekhie sI0 sivarAmamUrti kA ArTa noTsa phraoNma dhanapAlsa tilakamaJjarI, iNDiyana kalcara, jilda 2, pR0 199-210 tathA kalcarala hairiTeja oNva iNDiyA, jilda 3, pR0 555 Adi; uparyukta lekhaka kA iNDiyana peNTara eNDa hiz2a ArTa nAmaka lekha / 3. mUrtikalA ke viziSTa lakSaNoM ke lie dekhie gopInAtha, da ailImeMTsa oNva hindU ikonogrAphI, pR0 33-37; o0 sI0 gaMgolI, iNDiyana skalpcara, da kalcarala hairiTeja oNva iNDiyA jilda 3, pR0 536-554 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3465 / 5. 2.11 / AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 200 ke anusAra vArattaka RSi kI mUrti caurAhe para sthita kisI yakSagRha meM sthApita thii| tIrthakaroM kI pratimAoM ke liye dekhiye AvazyakacUrNI pR0 225 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2469 / 7. nizIthacUrNI 10.3182, pR0 142 / /

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330 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa vaya, lAvaNya aura yauvana Adi meM hUbahU mallIkumArI jaisI lagato thii| isake mastaka meM eka chidra thA aura use padmapatra se DhaMka rakkhA thaa| yantramaya pratimAoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA; ye pratimAeM calatI-phiratoM aura palaka mAratI thiiN| pAdalipta AcArya ne kisI rAjA kI bahana kI pratimA banAyI thI, jo bhramaNa karatI thI, palaka mAratI thI aura hAtha meM vyajana lekara AcAryoM ke samakSa upasthita ho jAtI tho / yavana deza meM bhI kahate haiM ki AgantukAM kA isI prakAra strI banAkara chor3a diyA jAtA thaa| yantramaya hastiyoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA / gandharvakalA meM niSNAta udayana kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| ujjainI kA rAjA pradyota rAjakumArI vAsavadattA ko gandhavavidyA kI zikSA denA cAhatA thaa| usane yantra se calane vAlA eka hAthI banavAyA aura use vatsadeza ke sImAprAnta para chor3a diyaa| udhara se udayana gAtA huA nikalA aura usakA gAnA sunakara hAthI vahIM ruka gyaa| pradyota ke AdamI udayana ko pakar3akara rAjA ke pAsa le Aye / (8) sthApatyakalA gRhanirmANa-vidyA ( vatthuvijjA ) kA prAcIna bhArata meM bahuta mahattva thA / jaina AgamoM meM vAstupAThakoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo nagaranirmANa ke lie idhara-udhara sthAna kI khoja meM bhramaNa kiyA karate the| the / bar3haI (vaDhaI ) kA sthAna samAja meM mahatvapUrNa samajhA jAtA thA, aura usakI gaNanA caudaha ratnoM meM kI jAtI thii|" gRha-nirmANa karane ke pUrva sabase pahale bhUmi kI parIkSA kI jAtI thii| phira, bhUmi ko ikasAra kiyA jAtA, aura phira jo bhUmi jisake yogya ho, use dene ke lie akSara se aMkita mohara ( uMDiyA ) DAlI jAtI thii| tatpazcAt bhUmi ko khodA jAtA, aura IMToM ko mUMgarI se kUTakara, unake Upara iMTeM cinakara noMva rakkhI jAtI / usake bAda pIThikA taiyAra ho jAne 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 95 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.4915 / 3. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 161 / 4. vahI pR0 177 / 5. jambUdvIpaprajJaptisUtra 3.55, pR0 229 / tathA dekhie rAmAyaNa 2.80.1 aadi|

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ca0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna para usa para prAsAda khar3A kiyA jAtA / ' gRhamukha meM koSTha, suvidhi (cauMtarA), tathA maMDapasthAna (A~gana), gRhadvAra aura zaucagRha (vaJca) banavAye jaate| vAstu tIna prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai :-khAta (bhUmigRha), Usiya ( ucchrita; prAsAda Adi ), aura ubhaya (bhUmigRha se sambaddha prAsAda aadi)| rAjapraznIyasUtra meM sUryAbhadeva ke vimAna ( prAsAda ) kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jisase patA lagatA hai ki vAstuvidyA una dinoM paryApta rUpa se vikasita ho cukI thii| yaha vimAna cAroM ora se prAkAra (durga) se veSTita thA jo sundara kapizIrSakoM ( kaMgUroM) se alaMkRta thA / usake cAroM ora dvAra bane hue the, jo IhAmRga, vRSabha, naraturaga (manuSya ke siravAlA ghor3A), magara, vihaga (pakSI), sarpa, kinnara, ruru (hariNa ), zarabha, camara, kuMjara, dhanalatA aura padmalatA kI AkRtiyAM se zobhita zikhara (bhiyA) se alaMkRta the / unake Upara vidyAdhara-yugala kI AkRti vAlI vedikAe~ banI huI thiiN| ye dvAra uttaraNa (Nimma)', nIMva (paiTThANa), khambhe, dehalI (eluyA), indrakIla, dvArazAkhA (ceDA), uttaraMga (dvAra ke Upara kA kASTha ), sUcI (do takhtoM ko jor3anevAlI kIla), saMdhi (saMdhAna), samudgaka (sUcikAgRha), argalA (kivAr3oM meM lagAne kA mUsala), argalaprAsAda 1. bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 331-33; tulanA kIlie miliMdaprazna, pR0 331, 345 / 2. nizIthacUrNI 3.1534-35 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.827 / prAsAdabhUmi ko DAyAla kahA hai, nizIthacUrNI 1.631 / 4. isakA siMhala ke citrakAroM ne ullekha kiyA hai| kinnara Upara se manuSyoM ke samAna aura nIce se pakSiyoM ke samAna hote haiM, dekhie e0 ke0 kumArasvAmI, maiDivala siMhalIja ArTa, pR0 81 aadi| 5. nemA nAma dvArANAM bhUmibhAgAd UdhvaM niSkrAmantaH pradezAH, rAjapraznIyaTIkA / 6. pratiSThAnAmi mUlapAdAH vhii| :7. sUcikAgRhANi, vhii| . 8. yatra argalAH niyamyante, vahI /

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332 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa (mUsala lagAne kA sthAna), AvartanapIThikA' (kabje) aura uttarapArvaka (bAI ora ke pArzva) se zobhita the| dvAroM meM antararahita ghane kapATa (NiraMtariyaghaNakavADa ) lage hue the| unake donoM pAzvoM ke paTToM ( bhitti ) meM golAkAra pIThaka ( bhittiguliyA) aura baiThakeM (gomANasoyA) banI huI thIM / kror3A karatI huI aneka zAlabhaMjikAeM vahA~ suzobhita thiiN| dvAra ke Upara ke bhAga zikhara (kUDa), utsedha, ulloka, jAliyoM se yukta gavAkSa (jAlapaMjara), pakSa, pakSabAhu, bAMsa ( baMsa), kavalu (basakavelluya ), bAMsa ke Upara lagAyo jAnevAlI paTTiyAM (paTTiyA), paTTiyoM ko AcchAdana karanevAlI pidhAnI ( ohADaNI ),6 aura pidhAno ko DhaMkanevAlI tRNoM ko banI huI pUMchanI (utraripuMchaNo)" se alaMkRta the| ina dvAroM ke Upara aneka prakAra ke tilaka aura ardhacandra banAye hue the / dvAroM ke donoM ora khUTiyAM ( NAgadantaparivADo) aura una khUTiyoM para kSudraghaNTikAeM TaMgI thiiN| khUTiyoM para lambI-lambo mAlAeM aura chIMke ( sikaga) laTaka rahe the aura ina choMkoM para dhUpaghar3iyAM (dhUvaghaDI ) TaMgI thiiN| nATyazAlA yahAM kI nATayazAlA (prekSAgRhamaNDapa) aneka stambhoM ke Upara banAyI gayI thI, tathA vedikA, toraNa aura zAlabhaMjikAoMse zobhita 1. yondrakIlako bhavati, vahI / 2. cullavagga 5.8.18, pR0 209 meM AlaMbanavAha, uttarapAsaka, aggalavaTTika, kapisIsaka, sUcika, ghaTika Adi kA ullekha hai / 3. zAlabhaMjikAoM ke varNana ke lie dekhie sUtra 101 / avadAnazataka 6,53, pR0 302 meM ullekha hai ki zAlabhaMjikA kA utsava zrAvastI meM manAyA jAtA thaa| 4. mahatAM pRSThavaMzAnAmubhayavastiryakasthApyamAnA vaMzAH / 5. vaMzAnAmupari kNbaasthaaniiyaaH| 6. AcchAdanahetukaMboparisthApyamAnamahApramANakiliMcasthAnIyAH / 7. avaghATInAmuparipuMchanyo nibiddtraacchaadnhetushlkssnntrtRnnvishesssthaaniiyaaH| 8. rAjapraznIyasUtra 97 Adi / nizIthasUtra 13.9 meM thUNA (choTA stambha), giheluya (dehalI), usukAla (okhalI) aura kAmajala (snAnapITha ) kA ullekha milatA hai|

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ca0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 333 thii| isameM eka-se-eka sundara vaiDUrya ratna jar3e hue the aura pUrvokta IhAmRga, vRSabha, naraturaga Adi ke citra nirmita the / yahAM para suvarNa aura ratnamaya aneka stUpa the tathA raMga-biraMgI ghaNTiyoM aura patAkAoM se unake zikhara zobhAyamAna the / vidyAdhara- yugala bane hue the jo yantra kI sahAyatA se calate-phirate the / maNDapa ko lIpa-pota kara sApha-sutharA banAyA gayA thA / isake bAhara aura bhItara gozorSa aura raktacandana Adi sugandhita dravyoM ke chApe lage hue the| jagaha-jagaha caMdana - kalaza sthApita kiye hue the, aura dvAroM para toraNa laTaka rahe the / sugandhita mAlAeM zobhAyamAna ho rahI thIM, vividha varNoM ke puSpa mahaka rahe the, aura agara Adi padArthoM kI sugaMdhita dhUpa idhara-udhara phaila rahI thI / cAroM ora vAditroM kI dhvani sunAyI de rahI thI aura apsarAeM apanI ToliyoM meM idhara-udhara bhramaNa kara rahI thIM / prekSAmaMDapa ke madhya meM eka suMdara nATyagRha ( akkhADaga ) thA jo maNipIThikA se alaMkRta thA / maNipIThikA ke Upara maNiyoM se jaTita eka sundara siMhAsana banA huA thA jo cakra ( cakkala ), siMha, pAda pAdazIrSaka, gAtra aura saMdhiyoM se suzobhita thA / isa para pUrvokta IhAmRga, vRSabha aura naraturaga Adi ke citra bane hue the / isakA pAdapITha maNimaya aura ratnamaya thA, jisakA Asana (masUra) komala astara ( attharaga ) se AcchAdita thA / Asana kI laTakatI huI sundara jhAlara komala aura kesara ke tantuoM ke samAna pratIta hotI thI / yaha Asana rajastrANa se DhaMkA huA thA aura isa rajastrANa ke Upara dUkUlapaTTa bichA thaa| yahAM ke sundara sopAna uttaraNa ( Nimma ), pratiSThAna (mUla pradeza), stambha, phalaka, sUcI, saMdhi, avalambana aura avalambanabAhu se zobhita the| rAnI dhAriNI kA zayanAgAra rAjA zreNika kI rAnI dhAriNI kA zayanagRha ( varagRha) bAhya dvAra ke caukaThe ( chakkaTThaga ) se alaMkRta thA, aura usake pAliza kiye hue 1. rAjapraznIyasUtra 41 Adi / sudharmA sabhA tathA anya bhavanoM kA bhI isI prakAra kA varNana milatA hai, vahI, sUtra 120 - 31 / jJAtRdharmakathA meM rAjA ke prAsAda kA bhI lagabhaga yahI varNana hai, 1, pR0 22 / zivikA ke varNana ke lie dekhie vahI, pR0 31 / tathA mAnasAra, adhyAya 47 / 2. rAjapraznIyasUtra 30 / cullavagga 5.18.18 pR0 209 meM IMTa, patthara aura kASTha ke bane sopAnoM kA ullekha hai /

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334 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa khambhoM meM suMdara puttalikAeM ( zAlabhaMjikAeM), stUpikAeM, sarvocca zikhara (viDaMka = viTaMka = kapotapAlI = kabUtaroM ke rahane kI chatarI), gavAkSa (jAla), ardhacandra ke AkAravAle sopAna', khUMTI ( NijjUha ), jharokhe ( kaNayAli ) aura aTTAlikA ( caMdasAliyA) banI huI thI / vAsagRha khanija padArthoM ke raMgoM se putA huA thA aura bAhara sapheda cUne se potA gayA ( dUmiya ) thA / andara ke bhAga meM sundara citrakArI ho rahI thI, aura isakA pharza ( koTTimatala ) aneka prakAra ke raMgIna aura ratnoM se jaTita thA / isakI chata ( ulloya) padmalatA, puSpalla aura zreSTha puSpoM se zobhita thI / isake dvAra kanaka kalazoM se ramaNIya the jinameM sundara kamala zobhAyamAna ho rahe the| ye pratarda kAM ( gola patrAkAra AbhUSaNa ) se ramya the aura ina para maNimuktAoM kI mAlAeM laTaka rahI thIM / karpUra, lavaMga, caMdana, agara, kuMdurukka, turuSka aura dhUpa se yaha vAsagRha mahaka rahA thA, tathA upadhAna ( takiye ) aura zveta rajastrANa vAlI zayyA se atyanta ramaNIya jAna par3atA thA / prAsAda- nirmANa dhanI aura sampanna logoM ke lie UMce prAsAda ( avataMsaka ) banAye jAte the / sA tavA prAsAdoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / prAsAdoM ke zikhara gagana-tala ko sparza karate the, apanI zveta prabhAse ve haMsate se jAna par3ate the, tathA maNi, kanaka aura ratnoM se nirmita hone ke kAraNa bar3e citra-vicitra mAlUma hote the / unake Upara vAyu se caMcala patAkA phaharA rahI thI tathA chatra aura atichatra se ve atyanta zobhAyamAna jAna par3ate the / prAsAdoM ke skaMdha, staMbha, maMca, mAla aura tala ( harmya tala ) kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai|' rAjagRha apane patthara aura IMToM (kANiTTa ) ke bhavanoM ke lie vikhyAta thA / bharata cakravartI kA prAsAda apane AdarzagRha ( sosamahala ) ke lie 1 1. nizIthacUrNI meM sopAna ko padamArga kahA gayA hai / ye do prakAra se banAye jAte the--bhUmi ko khodakara aura iMTa-patthara Adi ko cinakara 1.620 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 3-4 | 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 189 / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 22 / 5. AcArAMga 2, 1.7.260 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4768 /

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0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 335 prasiddha thA / ' vardhakI ratna ( bar3haI) ke dvArA nirmita zItaghara meM varSA, garmI aura sardI kA asara nahIM hotA thA / bhUmigRha, 3 apadvAra* ( guptadvAra ), suraMga aura jatugRha ( lAkSAgRha ) kA ullekha milatA hai / jatugRha ko aneka stambhoM para pratiSThita aura gUr3ha nirgama-praveza vAlA kahA gayA hai / svayaMvaramaMDapa, vyAyAmazAlA Adi svayaMvaramaMDapa kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / draupadI ke svayaMvara ke lie banAyA huA maMDapa saikar3oM khambhoM para avasthita thA, aura aneka puttalikAoM se vaha ramaNIya jAna par3atA thA / vyAyAmazAlA ( aTTaNazAlA ) meM loga valgana, vyAmardana aura mallayuddha (kuztI) Adi aneka prakAra ke vyAyAma dvArA thakaMkara, zatapAka aura sahasrapAka teloM dvArA apane zarIra kA mardana karAte the / rAjA-mahArAjAoM ke majjaNaghara ( snAnagRha ) kA pharza maNi, muktA aura ratnoM se jaTita rahatA thA / usameM ratnajaTita snAnapITha' para baiThakara rAjA sukhapUrvaka puSpoM ke sugandhita jala Adi se snAna karatA, aura tatpazcAt sugaMdhita mulAyama tauliyoM se zarIra ko poMchatA / ubaTThANasAlA ' ( upasthAnazAlA = asthAnamaMDapa ), posahasAlA " ( prauSadhazAlA ), kUDAgAra sAlA " ( kUTAgArazAlA - zikhara ke AkAravAlA ghara ) aura pokkha 9 = 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 232-a / 2. nizIthacUrNI 10 2794 kI cUrNI / mahAvagga 1.8.25 pR0 18 meM hemanta, grISma aura varSAkAla meM upayoga meM AnevAle tIna prasAdoM kA ullekha hai| 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 185-a / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 111 / 5. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 165 / 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 188 / lAkSAgRha ke nirmANa ke lie dekhie mahAbhArata 1.156 / 7. garma pAnI ke snAnagRhoM (jaMtAghara ) kA ullekha cubhavagga 5.7.17, pR0 208 meM milatA hai / 8. kalpasUtra 4.62 Adi; jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 6-7 / 9. kalpasUtra 4.58; jJAtRdharmakathA, vahI / tathA dekhie udAna kI paramatthadIpanI TIkA, pR0 102 / 10. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 19 / 11. rAjapraznIya 94, pR0 150 /

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336 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa riNI' ( puSkariNI) Adi kA ullekha milatA hai / pAnI ke pula ke liye dagavINiya, dagavAha athavA dagaparigAla zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / dhArmika sthApatyakalA dhArmika sthApatyakalA meM devakuloM kA ullekha hai / inake sambandha meM hama itanA hI jAnate haiM ki yAtrI loga yahAM Akara ThaharA karate the / kisI vasati kA nirmANa karane ke liye pahale do dharana ( dhAraNA ) rakkhe jAte the, una para eka khaMbhA ( paTTIvaMsa ) tirachA rakhate the / phira donoM dharanoM ke Upara do-do mUlaveli ( chappara kA AdhArabhUta stambha ) rakkhI jAtIM / tatpazcAt mUlaveli ke Upara bAMsa rakhe jAte aura pRSThavaMza ko caTAI se Dhaka kara rassI bAMdha dI jAtI / usake bAda use darbha Adi se Dhaka diyA jAtA, miTTI yA gobara kA lepa kiyA jAtA aura usameM daravAjA lagA diyA jAtA / 3 caitya- stUpanirmANa caityoM aura stUpoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| mRtaka kA agnisaMskAra karake, usakI bhasma ke Upara yA AsapAsa meM vRkSa kA AropaNa karate, yA koI zilApaTTa sthApita karate; ise caitya kahA jAtA thA / mathurA nagarI apane maMgala caitya ke lie prasiddha thii| yahAM para gRha nirmANa karane ke bAda, uttaraMgoM meM arhat - pratimA kA sthApana kiyA jAtA thA / logoM kA vizvAsa thA ki isase gRha ke girane kA bhaya nahIM rahatA / " jIvaMta svAmI kI pratimA ko ciraMtana caitya meM ginA gayA hai| mRtaka ke sthAna para stUpa bhI nirmita kiye jAte the / aSTApada parvata para bharata dvArA Adi tIthaGkara RSabhadeva kI smRti meM stUpa banAne 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 13, pR0 142 Adi / rAjagRha meM vAstuzAstriyoM dvArA batAI huI bhUmi meM puSkariNI kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thA / 2. nizIthacUrNI 1.634 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 582 - 3; 1.1675 - 77 / 4. caitya ke liye dekhiye iMDiyana hisTorikala kArTalIM sitambara, 1938 meM vI0 Ara0 rAmacandra dIkSitAra kA lekha / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 1, 1774 vRtti / 6. vahI 1, 2753 vRtti / 7. iTTagAdiciyA viccA (ciccA) thUbho bhamaNNati, nizIthacUNa 3. 1535 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] pAMcavA~ adhyAya : kalA aura vijJAna 337 kA ullekha hai / ' devoM dvArA nirmita stUpa kA bhI ullekha AtA hai / isa prakAra kA eka stUpa mathurA meM nirmita kiyA gayA thaa| ise lekara jaina aura bauddhoM meM vivAda chir3A thA / vardhamAnaka grAma meM grAmavAsiyoM ko haDDiyoM para eka yakSa- maMdira banAyA gayA thA jisase gAMva kA nAma hI aTThiyagAma ( asthigrAma ) ho gayA thaa| mRtaka ke sthAna para banAye hue devakula ko mRtaka -layana athavA mRtaka gRha ke nAma se bhI kahA jAtA thA / mlecchoM ke gharoM ke andara hI mRtaka ko gAr3a dete the, jalAne kI prathA unameM nahIM thI / parvata meM utkIrNa ghara ( guphA ) ko layana kahA gayA hai / kArpATika Adi sAdhu yahAM nivAsa karate the / vividha Asana di vivAha kI prItidAna kI sUcI meM pIr3A ( pAvIDha ), Asana ( bhisiya), palaMga (pallaMka ) aura zayyA ( paDisijjA ) kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / vividha AsanoM ke nAma A cuke haiM / " daMDasaMpucchaNI aura veNusaMpucchaNI nAma kI lambI jhADuoM ke nAma Ate 1. AvazyakacUrNA pR0 223 Adi / tulanA kIjie tittira jAtaka ( 438 ), 3, pR0 198 ke sAtha / vihAra-nirmANa ke lie avadAnazataka 2,15, pR0 87; mahAvaMsa, adhyAya 28; e0 ke0 kumArasvAmI, iNDiyana ArkiTekcarala Tarmsa, je0 e0 o0 esa0 pR0 48-53, 1928 / 2. vyavahArabhASya 5.27 Adi / rAjamalla ke jambUsvAmIcarita meM mathurA meM 500 se adhika stUpoM kA ullekha hai / tathA dekhie bRhatkathAkoza 12.132 / rAmAyaNa 7.70.5 meM mathurA ko devanirmitA kahA gayA hai / 3. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 272 / 4. nizIthacUrNI, 3.1535; AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 370 / 5. maDayassa uvariM jaM devakulaM taM leNaM bhaNNati, nizIthacUrNI, vahI / 6. anuyogadvAra TIkA, pR0 145 / 7. tathA dekhie rAjapraznIyasUtra 113 ; kalpasUtra 4.49, 63 / upadhAna, rajastrANa, Asana Adi ke lie dekhie mahAvagga 5.9.20, pR0 211; cullavagga 6.1.4, pR0 243; iNDiyana kalcara jilda 2, julAI, 1935, pR0 271 Adi, girijAprasannakumAra majUmadAra kA 'pharnIcara' ke Upara lekha; mAnasAra, adhyAya 44,45; Ara0 ela0 mitra, iNDo-Aryana, jilda 1, pR0 249 Adi / 22 jai0 bhA0

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338 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa haiM, inheM bAMsa meM bAMdhakara ghara kI saphAI kI jAtI thii|' ghara ke anya sAmAna meM paMkhA (vIjana), chatta (chatra ),2 daMDa,3 camara, zIzA (AIsa ), sandUkaco ( maMjUSA ), DibbA ( samugga ), TokarI (piDaya) aura piMjare (paMjara) kA ullekha milatA hai| kilebaMdI nagaroM kI kilebandI kI jAtI thii| nagara ke cAroM ora vizAla parikhA ( phalihA ) banAyI jAtI jo Upara aura nIce se barAbara khudo huI rahatI / isameM cakra, gadA, musuMDhi, avarodha, zataghnI aura jur3e hue nizcchidra kapATa lage rahate jisase nagara meM koI praveza na kara pAtA / isake cAroM tarapha dhanuSa ke samAna vakra AkAra vAlA prAkAra banA rahatA, jo vividha AkAra vAle golAkAra kapizISeka, aTTAlikA, carikA (kile aura nagara ke bIca kA mArga), dvAra, gopura aura toraNoM se zobhita hotA / nagara ke parigha ( argalA) aura indrakIla ( dvAra kA eka avayava ) catura zilpiyoM dvArA nirmita kiye jAte the|" 1. rAjapraznIyasUtra 21 / 2. tIna prakAra ke chatra batAye gaye haiM-kaMbala Adi kI taha karake sira para rakhanA, sira ko vastra se avaguNThita karanA, aura vastra ko hAtha se uThAkara sira para tAnanA, nizIthabhASya 3.1527 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4097 / chatra, jUte, aura daNDa ke lie dekhie girijAprasanna majUmadAra kA 'Dresa' para lekha, iNDiyana kalcara, 1, 1-4, pR0 203-208 / 4. uttarAdhyayana 14.41 / 5. vahI 9.18-24; aupapAtika 1 /

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chaThA adhyAya rIti-rivAja jAdU-TonA aura andhavizvAsa jaina sAdhu aura maMtra-vidyA AdikAla se jAdU-TonA aura aMdha-vizvAsa prAcIna bhArata ke sAmAjika jIvana meM mahatvapUrNa rahe haiM / kitane hI maMtra, mohanI, vidyA, jAdU, ToTakA Adi kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM AtA hai jinake prayoga se rogI caMge ho jAte, bhUta-preta bhAga jAte, zatru hathiyAra DAla dete, premI aura premikA eka-dUsare kI ora AkarSita hote, striyoM kA bhAgya udaya hoM jAtA, yuddha meM vijaya lakSmI prApta hotI aura gupta dhana mila jAtA / jaina AgamoM ke antargata caturdaza pUrvo meM vidyAnuvAda pUrva kA nAma AtA hai jisameM vividha maMtra aura vidyAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / ' maMkhali gozAla ko ATha mahAnimittoM meM niSNAta kahA hai; logoM ke hAni-lAbha, sukha-dukha aura jIvana-maraNa ke sambandha meM vaha bhaviSyavANI karatA thA / kahate haiM ki mahAnimittoM kA jJAna usane chaha dizAcaroM se prApta kiyA thaa| paMcakalpacUrNI meM ullekha hai ki Arya kAlaka apane ziSyoM ko tapazcaryA meM sthira rakhane ke lie nimittazAstra ke adhyayana ke vAste AjIvikoM ke pAsa gaye the| Age calakara kAlaka AcArya pratiSThAna ke rAjA sAtavAhana kI sabhA meM apanI vidyA kA pradarzana 1. samavAyAMgaTIkA 14, pR0 25-a / 2. bhauma, utpAta, svapna, antarIkSa, aGga, svara, lakSaNa aura vyaJjana, sthAnAMga 8.608 / uttarAdhyayana 15.7 meM chinna, svara, bhauma, antarikSa, svapna, lakSaNa, daNDa, vAstuvidyA, aMgavicAra aura svaravijaya kA ullekha hai / inheM sUtra, vRtti aura vArtika ke bheda se 24 prakAra kA kahA hai / tathA dekhie sUtrakRtAMga 12.9; samavAyAMgaTIkA 26, 47; piMDaniyuktiTIkA 408 / AvazyakaTIkA ( haribhadra ), pR0 660 / tathA dIghanikAya 1, brahmajAlasutta pR0 10; bI0 sI0 lAhA, hisTrI oNva pAliliTarecara, 1, pR0 82, Adi; manusmRti 6.50 /

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340 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa kiyA jisase rAjA ne prasanna hokara unheM AbhUSaNa dene cAhe, lekina AcArya ne lene se inkAra kara diyA / ' AcArya bhadrabAhu eka mahAn naimittika mAne gaye haiM jo maMtravidyA meM ve kuzala the / unhoMne upasargahara stotra kI racanA karake use saMgha ke pAsa bhijavA diyA jisase ki vyaMtara deva kA upadrava zAnta ho sake / pAdalipta AcArya kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| unhoMne apanI vidyA ke bala se rAjA kI bhaginI kI taMtra - pratimA banAkara taiyAra kI thii| unhoMne pratiSThAna ke rAjA muruDa kI zirovedanA dUra kI thI / Arya khapuTa vidyAbala, bAhubalI aurasya ( AbhyaMtara ) bala, brahmadatta tejolabdhi aura harikeza sahAyalabdhi se sampanna mAne gaye haiM / zrIgupta AcArya vRzcika, sarpa, mUSaka, mRgo, vArAhI, kAkI aura zakunikA nAmaka sAta vidyAoM ke dhArI batAye gaye haiM / " AcArya rohagupta bhI mayUrI, nakulI, biDAlI, vyAghrI, siMha, ulUkI aura ulAvakI nAmaka vidyAoM se sampanna the / unhoMne abhimaMtrita rajoharaNa ke bala se vidyAdhArI kisI parivrAjaka ke sAtha zAstrArtha meM vijaya prApta kI / siddhasena AcArya dvArA yoniprAbhRta kI sahAyatA se azva utpAdana karane kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / " viSNukumAra muni ko to nirgratha pravacana ke anupama rakSaka ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| vidyA aura maMtra-taMtra kA niSedha yadyapi bauddhasUtroM kI bhAMti jainasUtroM meM bhI vidyA aura maMtra-taMtra kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai, phira bhI saMkaTa Adi upasthita hone para 9 1. dekhie kalyANavijaya, zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra, pR0 260 Adi / 2. gacchAcAravRtti, pR0 93-96 / 3. piMDaniryukti 497-98 / 4. nizIthacUrNI 10.2860 / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 72; nizIthabhASya 16.5602-4 / 6. vahI / 7. nizIthacUrNI 4, pR0 281; bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2681 / 8. vyavahArabhASya 1. 90 - 1, pR0 76 Adi / 9. maMtra, mUla, vividha prakAra kI vaidyasambandhI ciMtA, vamana, virecana, dhUma, netrasaMskAraka, snAna, Atura kA smaraNa aura cikitsA ko tyAgakara saMyama ke mArga meM saMlagna hone kA upadeza hai uttarAdhyayana 15.8 : 15.7; samavAyAMga

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ca0 khaNDa ] chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja 341 jaina zramaNoM ko unakA upayoga karanA par3atA thA / udAharaNa ke lie, saMkaTakAlIna paristhitiyoM meM maMtra aura yoga kI sahAyatA se bhikSA grahaNa karane ke lie ve bAdhya hote, ise vidyApiMDa kahA jAtA thaa'| jainasUtroM meM kahA hai ki samrAT candragupta ke samakAlIna do kSullaka apanI AMkhoM meM adRzya hone kA aMjana lagAkara candragupta ke sAtha bhojana karate the / yadi kabhI mahAmArI athavA galagaMDa Adi ke kAraNa loga marane lagate, zatru ke sainika nagara ke cAroM ora gherA DAla lete, yA bhukhamarI phaila jAtI to aisI dazA meM yadi puravAsI AcArya kI zaraNa meM jAkara rakSA ke lie prArthanA karate to AcArya aziva Adi ke upazamana ke lie eka putalA banAte aura maMtrapATha dvArA usakA chedana karate / isase kula devatA ke zAnta ho jAne se upadrava miTa jAtA | navakAra maMtra ko vyAdhi, jala, agni, taskara, DAkinI, vaitAla aura rAkSasa Adi kA upadrava zAMta karane ke liye parama zaktizAlI kahA gayA hai / " AvazyakatA hone para AcArya garbhadhAraNa aura garbhazAtana Adi ke lie bhI auSadha Adi kA prayoga batAte the / kabhI aTavI meM gamana karate samaya zramaNoM kA gaccha yadi mArga-bhraSTa ho jAtA to kAryotsarga dvArA vanadevatA kA Asana kaMpita karake usase mArga pUchA jAtA / yadi kabhI koI pratyanIka sArthavAha sAdhuoM ke TIkA 29,47 | lekina anyatra atizayasampanna, RddhidIkSita, dharmakathAvAdI, vAdI, AcArya, kSapaka, aSTAMganimitta saMpanna, vidyAsiddha, rAjavallabha, gaNavallabhaina ATha vyaktiyoM ko tIrtha kA prakAzaka kahA gayA hai, nizIthacUrNIpIThikA 33 / 1. manusmRti 6.50 meM nakSatrAMgavidyA Adi dvArA bhikSA grahaNa karane kA niSedha hai / 2. piMDaniryukti 497-511 / nizIthasUtra 13.72 ityAdi meM mAyApiMDa, lobhapiMDa, vidyApiMDa, maMtrapiMDa, cUrNapiMDa, antardhAnapiMDa aura yogapiMDa Adi kA ullekha hai / 3. zatru ko mardana karane, daNDita karane athavA vaza meM karane ke liye putalA banAne kA ullekha milatA hai, nizIthacUrNApIThikA 167 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5112-13, 5116 / 5. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 9, pR0 133 / 6. piMDaniryukti, 510-11 / 7. bRhatkalpabhASya, 1.3108 /

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342 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa gaccha ko nikAla detA, yA unakA bhakta-pAna banda kara detA to AbhicArukA' vidyA par3hakara use lauTAyA jaataa| isI prakAra vasati meM rahate hue yadi jala, agni athavA AMdhI kA upadrava hotA to staMbhanI vidyA kA prayoga kiyA jAtA / yadi sarpa Adi koI viSailA jantu vasati meM ghusa jAtA to apadrAvaNa ( uddavaNa) vidyA dvArA use anyatra pahuMcAyA jAtA / staMbhanI aura mohanI vidyAoM dvArA coroM kA staMbhana aura mohana kiyA jaataa| AbhoginI vidyA japane para dUsare ke mana kI bAta kA patA laga jAtA, tathA prazna, devatA aura nimitta dvArA coroM kA patA lagAyA jaataa| pravacana ko hAsyAspada hone kI sthiti se bacAne ke lie bhI aneka bAra maMtra aura vidyA kA prayoga karanA pdd'taa| eka bAra, kisI rAjA ne jaina zramaNoM ko brAhmaNoM ke pAdavaMdana karane kA Adeza diyA / isa para saMgha kI AjJA se, eka maMtrabid sAdhu ne kanera kI latA ko abhimaMtrita kara brAhmaNoM ke Upara chor3A jisase unake ziraccheda hone lge| yaha dekhakara rAjA bhayabhIta ho uThA aura vaha zramaNasaMgha ke pairoM meM gira pdd'aa| kisI purohita ne prAsAda ke Upara baiTha apane pAMva laTakAkara kisI jaina sAdhu kA apamAna karanA cAhA, kintu vidyA ke prayoga dvArA isakA badalA liyA gyaa| kitanI hI bAra dhanAjana Adi ke lie bhI jaina zramaNoM ko maMtra Adi kA Azraya denA par3atA thaa|' jaina zramaNoM kI RddhiyAM jaina zramaNoM ko Rddhi-siddhiyoM ke ullekha jainasUtroM meM milate haiN| koSThabuddhi kA dhAraka zramaNa eka bAra sUtra kA artha jAna lene para use 1. abhicArakaM NAma vasIkaraNaM uccAraNaM vA ragaNo vasIkaraNaM maMteNa homa kAyanvaM, nizIthacUrNIpIThikA 490 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 5.5982 / 3. vahI, 1.2744 / 4. vahI, 3.4809 / 5. vahI, 3.4633 / 6. nizIthacUrNIpIThikA 487 cUrNI / 7. uttarAdhyayanacUrNI, pR0 2,82 / 8. dhAtuvAda se arthopArjana karane aura mahAkAla maMtra se nidhi ke darzana karAne kA ullekha AtA hai, nizIthacUrNI 4.1577 kI cUrNI /

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ca0 khaNDa ] chaThA adhyAya : rIti rivAja 343 nahIM bhUlatA thaa| eka sUtrapada kA zravaNa karake zeSa azruta padoM ko dhAraNa karane vAlA padAnusAri kahA jAtA thaa| mUla artha ko jAnakara zeSa arthoM ko jAnanevAlA bojabuddhi kahalAtA thaa| jaMghAcAraNa' muni apane tapobala se AkAza meM gamana kara sakate the, aura vidyAcAraNa muni apanI vidyA ke bala se dUra-dUra taka jA sakate the| mahAvIra ke ziSyoM ko aneka labdhiyoM kA dhAraka batAyA gayA hai| kisI sAdhu ke sparzamAtra se roga zAnta ho jAtA ( AmargauSadhi ), kisI ko viSThA aura mUtra auSadhi kA kAma karate (viprauSadhi ), tathA koI apane zarIra ke mala (jallauSadhi) aura pasIne Adi se rogoM ko dUra kara detA / isI prakAra koI ziSya apane zarIra ko icchAnusAra parivartita kara letA (vaikurvika), koI thor3e se bhikSAnna se saikar3oM kA peTa bhara sakatA (akSoNamahAnasI) aura kisI kI vANI dugdha ke samAna miThAsavAlI bana jAtI (kSorAsravalabdhi ) / vidyA, maMtra aura yoga vidyA, maMtra aura yoga ko tIna atizayoM meM ginA gayA hai| tapa Adi sAdhanoM se siddha hone vAlI ko vidyA, aura paThana-mAtra se siddha hone vAle ko maMtra kahA hai| vidyA prajJApti Adi strI-devatA se, aura maMtra hariNegameSI Adi puruSa devatA se adhiSThita hote haiN| vidveSa, vazIkaraNa, ucchedana aura roga zAnta karane ke lie yoga kA prayoga karate the / yoga siddhi hone ke pazcAt caraNoM para lepa karane se AkAza meM ur3A jA sakatA thaa| jainasUtroM meM ullekha hai ki Aryavana pAdo. palepa dvArA meM gamana karate the aura payUSaNa parva ke avasara para puSpa lAne ke lie ve purIya se mAhezvarI gaye the| jainasaMgha ke uddhAraka muni viSNukumAra ne gaMgAmaMdira parvata se gajapura ke lie AkAza mArga se 1. hemacandra, yogazAstra 10.2; 12.2 / gautama gaNadhara ko yaha labdhi prApta thI, uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 10, pR0 154-a / 2. aupapAtikasUtra 15, pR0 52; gacchAcAravRtti 71-a-75, prajJApanAsUtraTIkA 21, pR0 424 Adi; AvazyakacUrNI pR0 68, 70-1; 395 Adi; pravacanasAroddhAra, pR0 168 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1235; nizIthacUrNI 11.3713; jJAtRdharmaTIkA 1, pR0 7 / tulanA kIjie dadhivAhana jAtaka (186) 2, pR0 264 / . AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 396 /

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344 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa vihAra kiyA thA / nizIthabhASya meM ullikhita brahmadvIpavAsI eka tApasa kulapati pAdalepa-yoga meM kuzala hone ke kAraNa pratyeka aSTamI aura caturdazI ko beNyA nadI para calakara nadI ke usa pAra jAtA thA / dazabaikAlikacUrNI meM kisI parivrAjaka kA ullekha hai jise AkAza - gAmI vidyA prApta thI / zrAkarSaNa, vazIkaraNa Adi vidyAprayoga aura maMtracUrNa ke atirikta, loga hRdaya ko AkarSita kara ke ( hiyayauDDAvaNa ), tathA saMgopana ( NiNhavaNa ), AkarSaNa ( paNDvaNa ), vazokaraNa aura abhiyoga dvArA bhI jAdU-mantara kA prayoga karate the / ' poTTalA jaba prayatna karane para bhI apane pati kA prema prApta na kara sakI to usane kisI cUrNayoga, mantrayoga, kArmaNayoga ( kuSThAdi roga utpanna karane vAlA), kAmyayoga, ( kamanIyatA meM kAraNa ), hiyayauDDANa ( hRdaya ko vaza meM karane vAlA ), kAuDDAvaNa ( kAyoDDAvana = zarIra kA AkarSaNa ), Abhiyogika (dUsare ke parAbhava meM kAraNa ), vazIkaraNa, mUla, kanda, chAla, vallI, siliyA (zilikA = cirAyatA Adi auSadhi), guTikA, auSadhi aura bhaiSajya dvArA use vaza meM karanA cAhA / maMtra Adi kI zakti vidyA, mantra, tapolabdhi, indrajAla, nimitta, antardhAna aura pAdale r 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 248-a / 2. nizIthacUrNI 13.4470 / 3. 3, pR0 100 / 4. vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 19 / nizIthasUtra 3.70 aura bhASya 3.1529 meM vazIkaraNasUtra ( tAbIja ) banAne kA ullekha hai / 5. kisI parivrAjaka dvArA dI huI guTikA ko muMha meM rakhane se varadhaNu acetana jaisA dikhAI diyA, aura rAjapuruSoM ne use mRta samajhakara chor3a diyA, uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, 13, pR0 190 a / rAjA udrAyaNa kI dAsI golI ke prabhAva se 'sundara bana gayI thI aura taba se vaha suvarNAGgulikA nAma se kahI jAne lagI, vahI, 18, pR0 253 - a / rAjakumAra mUladeva guTikA ke prabhAva se bInA ho gayA aura usane devadattA kI kubar3I dAsI kA kutrar3Apana dUra kara diyA, vahI 3, pR0 59-a / 6. jJAtRdharmakathA 14, pR0 152 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja 345 payoga Adi ko atyanta zaktizAlI batAyA gayA hai / " vidhipUrvaka mantra se parigRhIta yadi viSa kA bhI bhakSaNa kara liyA jAye to usase koI hAni nahIM hotI / mantra zakti kA prayoga karake homa aura japa Adi dvArA betAla ko bhI bulAyA jA sakatA hai / 1 vidyA, mantra aura auSadhi ko zakti se sampanna koI parivrAjaka nagara kI sundariyoM kA apaharaNa kara letA thA / jaba yaha samAcAra rAjA ke pAsa pahu~cAyA gayA to rAjA ne parivrAjaka ko pakar3a kara saba nagaravAsiyoM ko striyA~ lauTA dIM, kevala eka hI aisI bacI jo vApisa nahIM jAnA cAhatI thI / lekina parivrAjaka kI haDDiyAM dUdha meM ghisakara pilAne se vaha bhI apane pati ko cAhane lgii| koI sarajaska sAdhu kisI bagIce meM eka kuiyA ke pAsa rahatA thA / vahA~ bahuta-sI panihArina pAnI bharane AyA karatI thiiN| maukA pAkara usane unameM se eka strI ko vidyA se abhimantrita puSpa diye / strI ne una puSpoM ko ghara le jAkara eka paTare para rakha diyaa| lekina puSpoM ke abhimantrita hone ke kAraNa rAtri ke samaya gRhadvAra para khaTa-khaTa ko AvAja hone lagI / " vidyA se abhimantrita ghaTa kA ullekha AtA hai / logoM meM mAnyatA thI ki murge kA sira bhakSaNa karane se rAjapada prApta ho jAtA hai / " vividha vidyAyeM aneka vidyAoM ke nAma jainasUtroM meM Ate haiN| oNAmaNI ( avanAmanI ) vidyA ke prabhAva se vRkSa Adi ko DAleM jhuka jAtI thIM, aura uNNAmiNI (unnAminI) ke prabhAva se ve svayameva Upara calo tI thiiN| rAjagRha kA koI mAtaMga apanI strI ke Ama khAne ke akAla 1. nizIthacUrNI 11.3337 kI cUrNI / tApasa loga koMTalaveMTala ( maMtra, nimitta Adi ) se AjIvikA calAte the, AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 275 | ise pApazruta mAnA gayA hai, vyavahArabhASya 4, 3.303, pR0 63 / 2. nizIthacUrNI 15.4866 / 3. vahI 15.4870 / 4. sUtrakRtAMga 2, 2.336 TIkA / 5. nizIthacUrNI 15.5074 / 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 6, pR0 111 / 7. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 558 / 8. utpatinI kA ullekha kathAsaritsAgara 86, 158 meM milatA hai /

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346 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa dohada ko pUrNa karane ke lie rAjA zreNika ke bagIce meM AyA, aura apane vidyAbala se Ama tor3a-tor3a kara apanI strI ko khilAne lgaa| rAjA ko patA lagA to usane apane mantrI abhayakumAra se kahA / abhayakumAra ne apanI caturAI se cora pakar3a liyaa| cora ko pakar3akara rAjA ke pAsa lAyA gyaa| rAjA ne usase kahA-"yadi tuma apanI vidyA mujhe dene ko taiyAra ho to tumheM chor3a jA sakatA hai|" mAtaMga ne yaha bAta svIkAra kara lii| mAtaMga khar3A hokara rAjA ko vidyA dene lgaa| lekina usakA koI asara na huaa| kAraNa pUchane para mAtaMga ne uttara diyA--"mahArAja, maiM jamIna para hU~ aura Apa Asana para virAjamAna haiM, phira bhalA vidyA siddha kaise ho sakatI hai ??? mukhya vidyAoM meM gaurI, gAMdhArI, rohiNI aura prajJapti ke nAma ginAye gaye haiN| tAlodghATinI ( tAlA kholane kI), avasvApinI (sulAne vAlI), antardhAna ( adRzya karane vAlI), aura mAnasI vidyAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| vyavahArabhASya meM sarpaviSa ke upazamana ke lie dUtI, Adarza, vastra, AMta:purikI, darbhaviSayA, vyaMjanaviSayA, tAlavRnta aura capeTI vidyAoM ke nAma milate haiN|' AtharvaNI (AhavvaNI), kAliMgI, pAkazAsanI, vaitAlI, kuheDa___ 1. dazavaikAlikacUNAM 1, pR0 45 / tulanA kIjiye dhavaka jAtaka (309), 3, pR0 197-8 / 2. kathAsaritsAgara meM isakA ullekha hai, moniyara viliyamsa, saMskRtaiMgliza ddikshnrii| 3. kalpasUtraTIkA, 7 pR0 203 / 4. devAnaMdA brAhmaNI ko avasvAminI vidyA se sulAkara hariNegamaiSI ne mahAvIra kA garbhaharaNa kiyA thA, kalpasUtra 2,27 pR0 44-a / draupadI kA haraNa bhI isI vidyA ke dvArA kiyA gayA thA, jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 186 / 5. nizIthabhASyapIThikA 347, 409 / 6. moniyara viliyamsa, saMskRta-iMgliza DikzanarI, pR0 932 ke anusAra yaha vAstuvidyA honA caahie| 7. vyaMjanahArikA kA ullekha mArkaNDeyapurANa meM hai, mauniyara viliyamsa, saMskRta iMgliza DikzanarI / 8. vyavahArabhASya 5. 136-38 / 9. AthabhaNa kA ullekha suttanipAta, tuvaTakasutta 4. 14.13 meM milatA hai| 10. sUtrakRtAMga 2, 2-13, pR0 317-a /

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ca0 khaNDa] chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja . 347 vijjA' Adi aneka vidyAoM ke ullekha haiN| gardabhI vidyA ujjainI ke rAjA gardabhilla ko siddha thii| jaba yaha gardabhI zabda karatI to jisake kAnoM meM usakA zabda par3a jAtA, vaha rudhira vamana karatA huA bhaya se vihvala hokara gira pdd'taa| ucchiSTa vidyAyeM vidyAoM meM kucha vidyAoM ko ucchiSTa bhI kahA gayA hai / gaurI, gAMdhArI" Adi vidyAe~ mAtaMgavidyA mAnI gayI haiN|6 sUtrakRtAMga meM dAmilo (drAviDI ), sovAgI (zvapAkI athavA mAtaMgI), aura sovarI (zaMbarI) vidyAoM kA ullekha hai| pratyanIka sArthavAha ke dvArA jaina sAdhuoM ko bahiSkRta kiye jAne kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| aisI dazA meM kahA hai ki yadi koI sAdhu zauca gayA huA ho aura zauca zuddhi ke lie use prAzuka jala na mila sake to ucchiSTa vidyA kA jApa karake, mUtra Adi dvArA zauca-zuddhi kI jA sakatI hai| isI prakAra utkaTa zUla hone para athavA sarpadaMza hone para prAzuka jala Adi ke abhAva meM ucchiSTa mantra yA vidyA japakara mUtra (moya-moka) ke Acamana dvArA rogI ko acchA karane kA vidhAna hai| sarpa kA viSa utArane ke liye kinArIdAra vastra kA upayoga kiyA jAtA thA / vidyAdhara prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM vidyAdharoM kA sthAna mahatvapUrNa batAyA gayA hai| vidyAgharoM ko khecara (AkAzagAmI) bhI kahA hai; ve apanI 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 20.45 / 2. tathA dekhie vasudevahiMDI, pR0 7, 164 / 3. nizIthacUrNI 10. 2860 kI cUrNI / 4. divyAvadAna 33, 636 ityAdi meM ullikhita / 5. isakA ullekha dIghanikAya 1, kevaTTasutta, pR0 184 tathA divyAvadAna meM milatA hai| isa vidyA kI sahAyatA se manuSya adRzya ho sakatA thaa| 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 1. 2508 / 7. bharatezvarabAhubalibRtti 1, pR0 132-a meM ullekha hai| 8. sUtrakRtAMga 2, 2. 13, pR0 317-a / 9. bRhatkalpabhASya 5. 5982-83 / --- 10. vahI 3. 3907 / / 11. vidyAdharoM kA ullekha bharahuta ke zilAlekhoM ( 209) meM milatA hai|

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa icchAnusAra nirmita zreSTha vimAnoM ( varavimAna) meM yAtrA kiyA karate the | unheM prAyaH jainadharma ke bhaktoM ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai / jina bhagavan kI vandanA ke lie nandIzvara dvIpa athavA aSTApada ( kailAza) parvata kI yAtrA karate hue ve dikhAyI dete haiM / " kitane ho vidyAdhara zramaNa-dIkSA grahaNa karate hue pAye jAte haiM / vivAha ke avasara para kumArI kanyAoM kA ve apaharaNa kara lete haiM / vaitAvya parvata vidyAroM kA mukhya nivAsasthAna batAyA hai / kitane hI vidyAdhara rAjAoM kA ullekha jaina Agama - sAhitya meM milatA hai / " kaccha aura mahAkaccha ke putra nami aura vinabhi kA RSabhadeva ne apane putroM kI bhAMti pAlana-poSaNa kiyA thaa| lekina jaba RSabhadeva dIkSA grahaNa karane ko udyata hue aura unhoMne apane rAjya ko apane putroM meM bA~TA to nami aura vinami usa samaya upasthita nahIM the / bAda meM jaba ve RSabhadeva ke pAsa apanA hissA mAMgane pahu~ce to kahate haiM ki dharaNa ne unheM bahuta-sI vidyAeM dIM, jinameM mahArohiNI, paNNatta, gorI, vijjumuhI, mahAbAlA, tirakkhamaNI aura bahurUvA mukhya thIM / Age calakara vaitADhya ke uttara aura dakSiNa meM unhoMne aneka nagaroM ko basAyA / " 348 vidyAdhara ardhamAnava jAti kA rAjA hotA hai; vidyAdharoM ko maMtra vidyAoM kA jJAna hotA hai, aura ve himAlaya parvata ke vAsI hote haiM, hornala, rIDiMgsa phraoNma da bharahuta stUpa | dhajaviheTha jAtaka ( 391 ), 3, pR0 453 ityAdi meM unheM rAtri ke samaya premAlApa aura mohanI vidyA kA prayoga karate hue, tathA dina meM prAyazcitta svarUpa sUrya kI dhUpa meM TAMga uThAkara tapa karate hue dikhAyA hai / tathA tulanA kIjie samugga jAtaka ( 436 ), 3, pR0 187 / vAyupurANa ( 69 ) meM mukhyarUpa se vidyAdharoM ke tIna gaNa batAye haiM, aura inhIM se vyomacAriyoM ke aneka gaNoM kI utpatti huI, bharahuta iMskripzansa, pR0 89 ityAdi; tathA mArkaNDeyapurANa, pR0 401-4 / 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 9, pR0 137 a; 13, pR0 193-a / 2. vahI 9, pR0 138 / 3. vahI 9, pR0 137 - a; 13, pR0 4. dekhie vahI, 18, pR0 241 - a 189 - a; 18, pR0 238 | 18, pR0 238, 13, pR0 193 - a; 9, pR0 138 18, pR0 247 / 5. kalpasUtraTIkA, pR0 203; vasudeva hiNDI, pR0 164; tathA paumacariya 3, 144 Adi; 5. 13 Adi; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 161 Adi /

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ca0 khaNDa] chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja ... 346 jaina Agama-sAhitya ke adhyayana se patA lagatA hai ki vidyAdharoM aura mAnavoM ke boca sahAnubhUtipUrNa sambandha the; unameM zAdI-vivAha bhI hote the / rAjA zreNika kI kisI vidyAdhara se mitratA thI, aura zreNika ne usase apanI bahana kA vivAha kiyA thaa| brahmadatta, sanatkumAra' aura mahApadma nAmaka' cakravartiyoM dvArA bhI vidyAdhara-kanyAoM ke sAtha vivAha kiye jAne kA ullekha AtA hai| kahate haiM ki jaba namatta nAma kA vidyAdhara kisI rAjakumArI ke teja ko sahana na kara sakA to use vidyAnirmita prAsAda meM chor3a, vaha vaMza ke kuMja meM vidyA siddha karane calA gayA / vidyAdhara manuSyoM kI sevA meM upasthita rahate aura saMkaTa ke samaya unakI sahAyatA karate the| kabhI kisI bAta ko lekara donoM meM yuddha bhI Thana jAtA thaa| vidyAdhara aneka vidyAoM kA prayoga karane meM atyanta kuzala the| naTumatta vidyAdhara kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| vaha apanI vidyA ke bala se puSpacula rAjA kI kanyA ko uThAkara le gayA thaa| naTTamatta ne rAjakumArI ko saMkarI vidyA pradAna karate hue kahA-"yaha vidyA paThitasiddha hai tathA smaraNamAtra se sakhI aura dAsI sahita upasthita hokara tumhArI AjJA kA pAlana kregii| yaha zatru ko pAsa Ane se rokegI aura prazna karane para merI pravRttiyoM ke sambandha meM tumheM sUcita kregii|" vaitAlI vidyA kA bhI ye loga prayoga karate the| kahate haiM ki isa vidyA ke prabhAva se acetana kASTha bhI khar3A ho jAtA aura cetana vastu kI bhAMti pravRtti karane lagatA thaa| azanighoSa vidyAdhara apanI kanyA sutArA ko isa vidyA ke dvArA haraNa karake lAyA thaa|' vegavatI vidyA bhI apaharaNa karane ke kAma meM AtI thii| 1. AvazyakacUrNI 2. pR0 160 / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 194 / 3. vahI, 18, pR0 237 / 4. vahI, pR0 247 / 5. vahI 13, pR0 189-a / 6. vahI 18, pR0 238-a; tathA vasudevahiMDI, pR0 243 / 7. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 238-a, 18, pR0 247-a| . 8. vahI 13, pR0 189-a / 9. vahI 18, pR. 242-a| 10. vahI 18, pR0 247 /

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350 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa jAdU-TonA aura jhAr3a-phUMka jAdU-TonA ora jhAr3a-phUMka Adi kA vidhAna milatA hai| loga snAna karane ke pazcAt , prAyaH kautuka (kAjala kA tilaka Adi lagAnA ), maMgala ( sarasoM, dahI, akSata, aura dUrvA Adi kA upayoga) aura prAyazcitta Adi kiyA karate the|' prAcIna sUtroM meM kautuka, bhUtikarma, prazna, praznAtiprazna, lakSaNa, vyaMjana aura svapna Adi kA ullekha milatA hai / kautuka ke nau bheda batAye gaye haiM--(1) visnapanabAlakoM kI rakSA ke lie, athavA striyoM ko saubhAgyavatI banAne ke lie zmazAna athavA caurAhoM para snAna karAnA, (2) homa-zAnti ke lie agni kA homa karanA, (3) zirapariraya-sira (TokA meM hAtha ?) ko hilAte hue maMtrapATha karanA, (4) kSAradahana-vyAdhi ko zAnta karane ke lie agni meM namaka prakSepaNa karanA, (5) dhUpa-agni meM dhUpa DAlanA, (6) asadRzaveSagrahaNa-AyeM dvArA anArya athavA purupa dvArA strI kA .. veSa dhAraNa kiyA jAnA, (7) avayAsana-vRkSa Adi kA AliMgana karanA, (8) avastobhana-aniSTa kI zAnti ke lie thUthU karanA, (9) baMdha-najara se bacane ke lie tAboja Adi bAdhanA / zarIra kI rakSA ke liye abhimaMtrita kI huI bhasma malane athavA DorA Adi bA~dhane ko bhUtikarma kahate haiN| kabhI bhasma kI jagaha gIlI miTTI kA bhI upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| jaina zramaNa apanI vasati, zarIra aura upakaraNa Adi kI rakSA ke lie, coroM se bacane ke lie athavA jvara Adi kA staMbhana karane ke lie bhUti kA upayoga karate the| kahIM bhUtikarma ke pazcAt navajAta zizu ke gale meM rakSApoTalI ( rakkhApoliya) bAMdhI jAtI thii| prazna meM aMgUThe, ucchiSTa (kaMsAra Adi jo khAne se vAkI raha gayA 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 8; kalpasUtra 4.67 / 2. nizIthasUtra 13. 17-27 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1309 aura TIkA; nizIthabhASya 13, pR0 383 Adi / vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 116-a meM kautuka kA artha Azcarya kiyA gayA hai / isake dvArA koI mAyAvI muMha meM lohe ke gole rakhakara unheM kAnoM se nikAlatA hai / vaha nAka aura muMha se agni nikAlatA hai / athavA saubhAgya Adi ke lie snAna Adi karane ko kautuka kahA gayA hai| 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1310 / / 5. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 140 / rakSAvidhi kA varNana caraka, zArIrasthAna, 1, 8.51, pR0 729 Adi meM kiyA gayA hai|

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ca0 khaNDa ] chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja 351 ho ), paTa, darpaNa, khaDga, jala, bhitti athavA bAhu Adi meM avatarita devatA se prazna pUchA jAtA thA / praznAtiprazna meM svapna meM avatIrNa vidyA dvArA athavA vidyA se adhiSThita devatA dvArA prazna kA uttara diyA jAtA thA; athavA DombI ( AiMkhiNiyA ) ke kuladevatA ghaMTika yakSa dvArA prazna kA uttara kAna meM kahA jAtA thA / yaha uttara vaha DombI dUsaroM se kahatI thI / nimita dvArA bhUta, bhaviSya aura vartamAna meM lAbha aura hAni kA jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA thA / cUr3AmaNi nimittazAstra kA eka mahattvapUrNa graMtha thA / " nimittopajIvI kalka ( lodhra Adi se jaMghAoM kA ghisanA, athavA zarIra para lodhra Adi kA ubaTana malanA ), kurukucA ( zarIra kA prakSAlana ), 3 lakSaNa ( strI-puruSoM ke hasta, pAda Adi ke lakSaNoM kA kathana ), vyaMjana ( masA, tila Adi sambandhI kathana ), svapna ( zubha-azubha svapna kA phala ), mUla karma ( roga kI zAnti ke lie kaMdamUla athavA garbhAdAna aura garbhazAtana ke lie auSadhi Adi kA upadeza ), tathA maMtra aura vidyA Adi dvArA apanI AjIvikA calate the 1 3 vidyAsiddhi vidyA aura maMtra kI siddhi ke lie aneka japa-tapa Adi karane par3ate the / isake lie kRSNa pakSa kI caturdazI athavA aSTamI kI rAta ko sAdhaka loga zmazAna meM jAkara tapa karate the / koI zrAvaka zmazAna meM jAkara khecarI vidyA siddha karanA cAhatA thA / pahale to usane tIna pAMva kA chIMkA taiyAra kara usake nIce khadira vRkSa kA eka trizUla gAr3akara Aga jalAyI / phira, 108 bAra maMtra kA jApa kara chIMke kI ekaeka rassI kATatA gayA aura isa vidhi se usane cAra rassiyAM kATakara 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1311-13; nizIthacUrNI, vahI / 2. vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 117; nizIthacUrNI 13.4345 kI cUrNI / 3. nemicandra ke pravacanasAroddhAra meM kakkakurukA zabda kA artha 'nikRtyA - zAThyena pareSAM daMbhanaM' kiyA gayA hai / 4. yathAtathya, pradAna, cintA, viparIta aura avyakta nAma ke svapnoM ke lie dekhiye nizIthabhASya 13.4300 / 5. nizIthacUrNI 13.4345 kI cUrNI / yahAM nimitta se AjIvikA calAne vAle sAdhuoM ko kuzIla kahA hai /

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352 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa AkAzagAmI vidyA siddha kI / ' satyakI kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| mahArohiNI siddha karane ke lie usane zmazAna meM jAkara kisI anAtha murde kI citA meM Aga dI, aura gIlA carma or3hakara, bAyeM paira ke aMgUTha se taba taka calatA rahA jaba taka ki citA prajvalita na ho gayI / sAta rAtriyA~ vyatIta ho jAne para use vidyA siddha huI / " lakSaNayukta puruSa ko mArakara usake zarIra se vidyA maMtra kI siddhi kI jAtI thI / nadumatta kA ullekha A cukA hai / vaha bAMsa ke eka kuMja meM apane pairoM ko Upara bAMdhakara, ulTe laTaka, dhUmrapAna karatA huA vidyA siddha karane lagA / ' rAjA zreNika jaba taka siMhAsana para baiThA rahA aura mAtaMga bhUmi para khar3A rahA, taba taka vidyA siddha nahIM huI / lekina rAjA jyoM hI apanA Asana chor3akara mAtaMga ke sthAna para AyA, aura mAtaMga ko usane apane sthAna para baiThA diyA, to vidyA siddha hone meM dera na lagI / ' kahate haiM ki mithyA bhASaNa karane se vidyA kI zakti naSTa ho jAtI thii| : deva-ArAdhanA A kArya siddhi ke lie alaukika zakti sampanna devatAoM kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI thI / rAjA zreNika kI rAnI kA dohada pUrA karane ke lie maMtrI abhayakumAra deva kI ArAdhanArtha prauSadhazAlA meM gyaa| vahAM pahu~ca kara maNi, suvarNa, mAlA, candana vilepana, tathA kSurikA aura muzala Adi kA tyAgakara, vaha darbha ke Asana para AsIna huA, aura aSTama bhakta (tIna dina kA upavAsa ) pUrvaka devatA kI ArAdhanA karane lagA / kucha samaya pazcAt devatA kA Asana calAyamAna huA aura usane phaurana hI rAjagRha kI ora prasthAna kiyA / zIghra ho AkAza mevoM se Acchanna ho gayA aura varSA hone lgii| tatpazcAt rAnI ne hAthI para savAra hokara vaibhAra parvata ke AsapAsa bhramaNa karate hue apanA dohada 1. nizIthacUrNopIThikA 24 kI cUrNA, pR0 16 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 175 / 3. AcArAMgaTIkA 1.6, pR0 65-a / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 189-a / 5. dazavaikAlikacUrNI pR0 45 / tulanA kIjie chavajAtaka ( 309 ), 3, pR0 198-99 ke sAtha 6. dazavaikAlikacUrNI, pR0 100 | tulanA kIjie aMbajAtaka ( 474 ), 4, pR0 402 ke sAtha |

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0 khaNDa ] chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja 353 pUrNa kiyA / " avarakaMkA kA rAjA padmanAbha bhI apane kisI pUrvasaMgika deva kI ArAdhanA karane ke lie prauSadhazAlA meM pahu~cA, aura usake siddha ho jAne para use draupadI kA apaharaNa kara lAne ko kahA / deva lavaNasamudra se hokara sIdhA hastinApura pahu~cA aura avasvApinI vidyA kI sahAyatA se draupadI ko hara lAyA / draupadI ko avarakaMkA se lauTA lAne ke lie kRSNa-vAsudeva ne bhI susthita deva kI ArAdhanA kii| unakA aSTama bhakta samApta hone para deva ne upasthita hokara Adeza mAMgA / kRSNa ne ratha dvArA avarakaMkA pahu~cane ke lie lavaNasamudra kA pula bAMdhane kA Adeza diyA | zubhAzubha zakuna jainasUtroM meM aneka zubha-azubha zakunoM kA ullekha milatA hai / yahA~ jagaha-jagaha snAna, balikarma, kautuka, maMgala prAyazcitta kA ullekha hai / jaba loga kisI maMdira, sAdhu-saMnyAsI, rAjA yA mahAn puruSa ke darzanoM ke lie jAte to pahale snAna karate, gRha-devatAoM ko bali dete, tilaka Adi lagAte, sarasoM, dahI, akSata aura dUrvA Adi grahaNa karate aura prAyazcitta ( pAyacchitta, athavA pAdacchupta = netra roga dUra karane ke lie pairoM meM tela lagAnA ) karate / rAjagRha ke dhanya sArthavAha kI patnI bhadrA ke santAna nahIM hotI thI; vaha snAna karake Ardra vastra pahana puSkafraNI se nikalI aura nAga Adi devatAoM kI ArAdhanA karane calI / " sUryodaya hone para loga daMtaprakSAlana karate, phira sira meM tela lagA, bAloM meM kaMghI ( phaNiha ) kara, sarasoM ko sira para prakSipta kara, haratAla lagA, tAMbUla kA bhakSaNa kara, tathA sugaMdhita mAlA Adi dhAraNa karake rAjakula, devakula, udyAna, aura sabhA Adi ke lie prasthAna karate / aneka vastuoM kA darzana zubha aura aneka kA azubha mAnA gayA hai / udAharaNa ke lie, yadi bAraha prakAra ke vAdyoM kI dhvani eka sAtha 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 15 Adi / 2. vahI 16, pR0 186 / 3. vahI pR0 190 / 4. vahI 1, pR0 8 / mahAmaMgala jAtaka ( 453 ), 4, pR0 278 meM maitrI bhAvanA ko maMgala batAyA gayA hai / 5. jJAtRdharmakathA 2, pR0 50 / 6. anuyogadvArasUtra 19, pR0 21 / 23 jai0 bhA0

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354 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa sunAI de (nanditUrya), zaMkha aura paTaha kA zabda suna par3e, tathA pUrNa kalaza,' bhRMgAra, chatra, camara, vAhana, yAna, zramaNa, puSpa, modaka, dahI, matsya, ghaMTA aura patAkA kA darzana ho to use zubha batAyA haiM / yadyapi sAmAnyatayA zramaNoM ke darzana ko prazasta kahA hai, lekina raktapaTa (bauddha), caraka ( kANAda ) aura tApasoM ( sarajaska ) ke darzana ko acchA nahIM batAyA / isake sivAya, rogI, vikalAMga, Atura, vaidya, kASAya vastradhArI, dhUli se dhUsarita, malina zarIra vAle, jIrNa vastradhArI, bAyeM hAtha se dAhine hAtha kI ora jAne vAle snehAbhyakta zvAna, kubjaka aura baune, tathA garbhavatI nArI, vaDakumArI ( bahuta samaya taka jo kuMvArI ho ), kASThabhAra ko vahana karane vAle aura kucaMdhara ( kUMcaMdhara ) ke darzana ko apazakuna kahA hai; inake darzana se uddezya ko siddhi nahIM hotI / yadi cakracara kA darzana ho jAya to bahuta bhramaNa karanA par3atA hai, pAMDuraMga kA darzana ho to bhUkhe maranA hotA hai, tanika ( bauddha sAdhu ) kA ho to rudhirapAta hotA hai aura boTikakA darzana hone se nizcaya maraNa ho samajhanA cAhie / pATaliputra meM rAjA muruNDa rAjya karatA thA / eka bAra, usane apane dUta ko puruSapura bhejaa| lekina vahAM raktapaTa sAdhuoM ko dekha, usane rAjabhavana meM praveza nahIM kiyA / eka dina rAjA ke amAtya ne use batAyA ki yadi raktapaTa galI ke bhItara yA bAhara mileM to unheM apazakuna nahIM samajhanA cAhie / " 6 7 pakSiyoM meM jaMbUka, cAsa, mayUra, bhAradvAja aura nakula zubha 1. lekina cora aura kisAna ke lie khAlI ghar3e ko prazasta kahA gayA hai, bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 10 TIkA / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1549-50; oghaniyuktibhASya 108 - 110 / 3. lekina vAila nAmaka vaNika ne yAtrA ke lie prasthAna karate samaya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke darzana ko amaMgala sUcaka hI mAnA, AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 320 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 1547-48; oghaniyuktibhASya 82-4 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2292-93 / 6. tulanA kIjie AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 179 / tathA dekhie bRhatsaMhitA ke zivAsta ( 89 vAM adhyAya ), vAyasaviruta ( adhyAya 94 ) aura mRgaceSTita ( adhyAya 90 ) nAmaka adhyAya / 7. jahAM cAsa pakSo baiThA ho vahAM gRhanirmANa karane se rAjA ko ratnoM kI

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ca0 khaNDa ] . chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja 355 mAne gaye haiN| yadi ve dakSiNa dizA meM dikhAyI par3a jAyeM to sarva sampatti kA lAbha samajhanA caahie|' vRkSoM meM patrarahita vabUla, kAMToM vAle vRkSa aura jhAr3iyAM (jaise bera aura babUla Adi ), bijalI girane se bhagna hue vRkSa, aura kaDue rasavAle rohiNI, kuTaja aura nIma Adi vRkSoM ko amanojJa batAyA hai| eka porI vAle daMDa ko zubha, do porI vAle ko kalahakAraka, tIna porI vAle ko lAbhadAyaka aura cAra porI vAle daMDa ko mRtyu kA hetu batAyA hai| tithi, karaNa aura nakSatra prAcIna jainasUtroM meM tithi, karaNa aura nakSatra kA jagaha-jagaha ullekha AtA hai| loga zubha tithi, karaNa aura nakSatra dekhakara hI kisI kArya ke lie prasthAna karate the| yAtrA ke avasara para inakA vizeSarUpa se dhyAna rakkhA jAtA thaa| campA nagarI ke ahaMnnaga Adi vyApAriyoM kA ullekha pahale A cukA hai| ina logoM ne zubha muhUrta meM vipula azana, pAna Adi taiyAra karAkara apane svajana-sambandhiyoM ko khilAyA aura phira bandaragAha ke lie ravAnA huai| zubha zakuna grahaNa karane ke bAda saba loga jahAja para savAra ho gye| usa samaya stutipAThaka maMgala-vacanoM kA uccAraNa karane lage, aura puNya nakSatra meM mahAvijaya kA muhUrta samajha, jahAja kA laMgara khola diyA gayA / " jaina sAdhu bhI eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para vihAra karate samaya tithi, karaNa aura nakSatra kA vicAra karate the / gamana ke lie caturthI, SaSThI, aSTamI, navamI aura dvAdazI ko zubha batAyA hai, aura sandhyAkAlIna nakSatra ko varjita kahA hai| prApti hotI hai, dekhiye AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 179 / sarpa ke bhakSaNa karane se pazu-pakSiyoM kI bhASAe~ samajha meM Ane lagatI haiM, kathAsaritsAgara, jilda 2, adhyAya 20, pR0 108 phuTanoTa / 1. oghaniyuktibhASya 108 Adi / 2. vyavahArabhASya 1, 2 gAthA 125-30, pR0 40 Adi / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 9, pR0 133 a| 4. pasatthesu nimittesu pasatthANi samArabhe / appasatthanimittesu savvakajANi vajae ||-gnnividyaa 75 / 5. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 97 Adi / 6. vyavahArabhASya, vhii|

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356 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa zubha-azubha dizAe~ dizAoM ko bhI zubha aura azubha mAnA gayA hai| tIrthakara pUrva kI ora mu~ha karake baiThate haiM / jaba koI vyakti dIkSA grahaNa karane ke lie tIrthakara ke pAsa pahu~catA to use pUrvAbhimukha ho baiThAyA jAtA / kSatriyakumAra jAmAli ko usake mAtA-pitA ne siMhAsana para pUrva kI ora mu~ha karake baiThAyA thaa| zava ko jalAte samaya bhI dizA kA jJAna atyanta Avazyaka thaa| kisI sAdhu ke kAlagata ho jAne para, usake kriyA-karma ke vAste, sarvaprathama naiRta dizA dekhanI cAhie, nahIM to phira dakSiNa, pazcima, Agneya, vAyavya, pUrva, uttara aura uttara-pUrva dizA bhI cunI jA sakatI hai| mAnyatA hai ki naiRta dizA meM zavasthApana karane se sAdhuoM ko pracura anna, pAna aura vastra kA lAbha hotA hai / lekina naiRta dizA ke hone para yadi dakSiNa dizA cuno jAya to anna aura pAna prApta nahIM hote, pazcima dizA cunI jAya to upakaraNa nahIM milate, AgneyI cunI jAya to sAdhuoM meM paraspara kalaha hone lagatI hai, vAyavya cunI jAya to saMyata, gRhastha tathA anya torthikoM ke sAtha khaTapaTa kI sambhAvanA hai, pUrva dizA ko pasanda karane se gaNa yA cAritra meM bheda ho jAtA hai, uttara dizA ko pasanda karane se roga ho jAtA hai, aura uttara-pUrva dizA ko pasanda karane se dUsare sAdhu ke maraNa ko saMbhAvanA rahatI hai| uttara aura pUrva dizAoM ko loka meM pUjya kahA gayA hai, ataeva zauca ke samaya ina dizAoM kI ora pITha karake nahIM baiThanA caahiye| zubhAzubha vicAra sAdhu ke kAlagata hone para zubha nakSatra meM hI use le jAne kA vidhAna hai| nakSatra dekhane para yadi sArdhakSetra ( 45 muhUrta bhogya ) ho to DAbha ke do putale banAne cAhie, anyathA anya do sAdhuoM kA apakarSaNa hotA hai / yadi samakSetra (30 muhUrta bhogya ) ho to eka hI putalA banAnA cAhie aura yadi apArdha-kSetra ( 15 muhUrta bhogya ) ho 1. disApokkhI sampradAya ke astitva se bhI dizAoM kA mahatva sUcita hotA hai| 2. vyAkhyAprajJapti 9.6 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5505 Adi; tathA bhagavatI ArAdhanA 1970Adi / 4. bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 456-57 /

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ca0 khaNDa] . chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja 357 to eka bhI putalA banAne kI AvazyakatA nhiiN|' isake atirikta jisa dizA meM zava sthApita kiyA gayA ho, vahA~ gIdar3a Adi dvArA khIMcakara le jAye jAne para bhI, yadi zava akSata rahatA hai to usa dizA meM subhikSa aura sukha-vihAra hotA hai| jitane dina jisa dizA meM zava akSata rahe, utane hI varSa taka usa dizA meM subhikSa rahane aura paracakra ke upadrava kA abhAva batAyA hai| yadi kadAcit zava kSata ho jAye to durbhikSa Adi kI saMbhAvanA hai| kisI sAdhu ke rugNa ho jAne para yadi anya sAdhuoM ko vaidya ke ghara jAnA par3e to usa samaya bhI zakuna vicAra kara prasthAna karane kA vidhAna hai / udAharaNa ke lie, vaidya ke pAsa akele, dukele yA cAra kI saMkhyA meM na jAye, tIna yA pA~ca kI saMkhyA meM hI gamana karanA cAhiye / yadi calate samaya dvAra meM sira laga jAye aura sAdhu gira par3e, yA jAte samaya koI Toka de, yA koI chIMka de to ise apazakuna samajhanA cAhiye / svAdhyAyasambandhI zakuna sAdhuoM ke svAdhyAya ke sambandha meM bhI aneka vidhAna haiN| pUrva saMdhyA, apara saMdhyA, aparAhna aura ardharAtri meM svAdhyAya karane kA niSedha hai / saMdhyA ke samaya svAdhyAya karane se guhyakoM se Thage jAne kA bhaya batAyA gayA hai| cAra mahAmaha aura cAra mahApratipadAoM ke dina svAdhyAya kA niSedha kiyA hai| yadi kuharA par3a rahA ho athavA dhUla, mAMsa, rudhira, keza, ole Adi kI varSA ho rahI ho, bhUkampa AyA ho, candra yA sUrya grahaNa laga rahA ho, bijalI camaka rahI ho, lUkA (ulkA) gira rahI ho, sandhyAprabhA aura candraprabhA milakara eka ho gayI ho (jUvaga ), meghagarjana kI dhvani sunAyI par3a rahI ho, do senApatiyoM, grAma-mahattaroM, striyoM aura pahalavAnI ( malla ) meM yuddha ho rahA ho, rAjya para bodhika coroM kA AkramaNa huA ho to aisI dazA meM svAdhyAya kA niSedha hai| isI prakAra yadi vasati meM mAMsa 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5527 / 2. vahI 4.5554-56 / 3. vahI 1.1921-24 / 4. nizIthasUtra 19.8; bhASya 19.6054-55 / 5. vahI 19.11-12 / 6. nizIthabhASya 19.6079-6065; AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 218 aadi|

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358 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa par3A ho, billI cUhe ko mArakara DAla gayI ho, aMDA phUTakara gira gayA ho, mAMsa se lipta zvAna vasati ke pAsa A baiThA ho, TUTA huA dAMta par3A huA ho, athavA mAtaMgoM ke ADambara yakSa ke nIce kisI hAla meM hI mare hue kI haDDiyAM gAr3o gayI hoM, to svAdhyAya na kare / ' vastrasambandhI zakuna sAdhuoM ke vastroM ke sambandha meM bhI bahuta se vidhAna haiM | yadi vastra ke cAroM kone aMjana, khaMjana ( dIpamala = kAjala ) aura kIcar3a Adi se yukta hoM to use lAbhakArI batAyA hai / yadi vastra ko cUhoM ne khA liyA ho, agni se vaha jala gayA ho, dhobI ke kUTane-pITane se usameM cheda ho gayA ho, ati jIrNa hone se vaha phaTa gayA ho to use zubha aura azubha pariNAma vAlA kahA gayA hai / ' anya zubhAzubha zakuna anya bhI aneka prakAra ke zubha aura azubha zakunoM kA pracAra tatkAlIna samAja meM thA / udAharaNa ke lie, kisI mahotsava Adi meM Ate samaya jaina zramaNa kA darzana amaMgala-sUcaka mAnA jAtA thA / kabhI dhyAna meM avasthita nagna sAdhuoM ko dekhakara karmakara loga majAka meM kahate - "Aja to darpaNa ke dekhane se hamArA mukha hI pavitra ho gayA hai !" yA phira subaha hI subaha unheM dekhakara kucha loga Apasa meM bAtacIta karate - " Aja to prabhAta meM hI hama logoM ko darpaNa ke darzana hue haiM, phira hameM sukha kahAM nasIba ho sakatA hai ? 4 lekina zraddhAlu bhaktagaNa unheM atyanta Adara kI dRSTi se dekhate aura nUtana gRha Adi meM unakA praveza karAkara apanA ahobhAgya samajhate / " rAjA loga pApanAzana ke lie purohitoM ko niyukta karate the / sUtaka aura pAtaka dasa dina calate the| siMdhu deza meM agni ko aura anadhyAya ke liye dekhiye yAjJavalkya 1. nizIthabhASya 6100 - 6112 / smRti 6.144-53 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2830 - 31 / zArpeNTiyara uttarAdhyayana sUtra, pR0 336 / varAhamihira ne bRhatsaMhitA ke 70 veM adhyAya meM vastracchedalakSaNa kA kathana kiyA hai / tathA dekhie maMgala jAtaka ( 87 ), 1, pR0 485 Adi / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1451 / 4. vahI 1.2636 / 5. vahI 1.1679 / 6. vyavahArabhASyapIThikA 18 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja 359 lATa deza meM rassI ke jalane ko zubha mAnA jAtA thaa|' nUtana gRha meM kabUtaroM kA praveza amaMgalaka sUcaka samajhA jAtA thaa| navajAta zizu ko kUr3o para DAlanA, yA use gAr3I ke nIce rakha denA usako dIrghAyu kA kAraNa samajhA jAtA thaa| meghakumAra kI mAtA ne apane putra ke niSkramaNa mahotsava ke avasara para usake agra kezoM ko ekatrita kara eka zveta vastra meM bAMdha, use apane ratnoM kI piTArI meM rakhakara eka maMjUSA meM rakha diyaa| aneka tyohAroM aura utsavoM ke avasara para inheM dekha-dekha kara vaha apane putra kI yAda kiyA karatI thii| logoM kA vizvAsa thA ki suvarNa rasa ke pAna karane se daridratA dUra ho jAtI hai| Amoda-pramoda aura manoraMjana prAcIna bhArata ke nivAsI aneka prakAra se Amoda-pramoda aura manabahalAva kiyA karate the| maha, chaNa (kSaNa), utsava, yajJa, parva, parvaNI, goSThI, pramoda aura saMkhaDi Adi aise kitane hI utsava aura tyauhAra the jabaki loga jo-bharakara Ananda maMgala manAte the| kSaNa nizcita samaya ke lie hotA, aura usa dina pakavAna taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA, jabaki utsava kA samaya koI nizcita nahIM thA aura usa dina koI vizeSa bhojana banAyA jAtA thA / nAmakaraNa, cUDAkaraNa aura pANigrahaNa Adi ko utsava meM hI sammilita kiyA gayA hai| khela-khilaune choTe bAlaka aura bAlikAoM ke lie aneka khela-khilaunoM kA ullekha AtA hai| khullaya (kapardaka = eka prakAra kI kaur3I), vaTTaya 1. AvazyakaTIkA, pR0 5-a| 2. vyavahArabhASya 7.48 / tathA dekhie TrAibsa eNDa kAsTsa oNva paJjAba eNDa nautha baisTarna provinsa, jilda 1, pR0 223 Adi / 3. dekhie pIche, pR0 241 / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 30 / 5. nizIthacUrNI 10.2792, pR0 43 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASyavRttipIThikA 644 / vAtsyAyana ne kAmasUtra meM pA~ca prakAra ke utsavoM kA ullekha kiyA hai-vividha devatAoM sambandhI utsava ( samAja, yAtrA aura ghaTa), strI-puruSoM kI goSThiyA~, ApAnaka, udyAna-yAtrA aura samasyAkrIr3A, sUtra 26, pR0 44 /

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360 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa ( vartaka - lAkha kI golI ), aDoliyA ( gillI ), tindUsa ( geMda), pottalla ( gur3iyA ), aura sADollaya ( zATaka = vastra ) kA ullekha milatA hai / isake atirikta zarapAta ( dhanuSa ), gorahaga (baila), ghaTika ( choTA ghar3A ), DiMDima aura celagola ( kapar3e ko geMda) ke nAma Ate haiN| hAthI, ghor3A ratha aura baila ke khilaunoM se bhI bacce khelA karate the / 3 krIDA - udyAna praur3hoM ke krIr3A karane ke lie aneka udyAna aura ArAma Adi hote the / udyAna meM viTa loga vividha prakAra ke vastra Adi dhAraNa kara, hasta Adi ke abhinayapUrvaka zRMgAra kAvya kA paThana karate, tathA sundara vastra aura AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta strI aura puruSa vahAM krIr3A karane jAte / zreSThaputra yahAM apane-apane azvoM, rathoM, gorathoM, yugyoM aura sari (yAna vizeSa ) para ArUr3ha hokara itastataH bhramaNa kiyA karate / * rAjAoM ke udyAna alaga hote aura ve apane antaHpura kI rAniyoM ko sAtha lekara krIr3A ke lie vahA~ jAte / " ArAma meM daMpati Adi mAdhavIlatA ke gRhoM meM krIr3A kiyA karate the / campA ke do vyApAriyoM kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / ve devadattA nAma kI vezyA ke sAtha subhUmibhAga udyAna meM Akara AnandapUrvaka vihAra karane lage / rAjA apano rAniyoM ke sAtha pA~soM ( bukkaNNaya ) se khelate / " khoTe pAsoM se juA khelate the / aSTApada kA ullekha milatA hai / isake 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 18, pR0 207 / 2. sUtrakRtAMga 4.2.13 Adi / AvazyakacUrNI pR0 246 meM suMkalikaDaya nAma kI krIr3A kA ullekha hai / mahAvIra yaha khela bAlakoM ke sAtha khela rahe the / anya Amoda-pramodoM ke lie dekhie dIghanikAya 1, brahmajAlasutta, pR0 8; cUlavagga 1.3.21 pR0 20; sumaMgalavilAsinI, 1, pR0 84 Adi / 3. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 392 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3170-71 / 5. piMDa niyukti 214-15 / 6. rAjapraznIyaTIkA, pR0 5 / 7. nizIthacUrNIpIThikA 25 / 8. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 565 / 9. nizIthasUtra 13.12 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja 361 atirikta, loga nadImaha, taDAgamaha, vRkSamaha, caityamaha, parvatamaha, giriyAtrA, kUpamaha, vRkSAropaNamaha, caityamaha aura stUpamaha ke utsavoM meM sammilita hokara Ananda manAte the / ' parva ra utsava jainasUtroM meM aneka utsavoM aura parvoM ke ullekha milate haiM / puNNamAsiNI (paurNamAsI) kA utsava kArtika pUrNamAsI ke dina manAyA jAtA thA / ise kaumadI - mahotsava bhI kahate the / utsava meM jAte samaya yadi kadAcit jaina zramaNoM ke darzana ho jAte to loga amaMgala hI samajhate / sUryAsta ke bAda, strI-puruSa kisI udyAna Adi meM jAkara rAta vyatIta karate / madanatrayodazI ke dina kAmadeva kI pUjA kI jAtI ujjANiyA mahotsava ke avasara para nagara ke nara-nAro matta hokara vividha prakAra se krIr3A karate the / eka bAra yaha utsava siMdhunaMdana nagara meM manAyA jA rahA thA / usa samaya nara-nAriyoM kA kolAhala sunakara rAjA kA pradhAna hastI apane mahAvata ko mArakara julUsa kI bhIr3a meM A ghusA |" indra, skaMda, yakSa aura bhUtamaha ye cAra mahAutsava mAne gaye haiN| ina mahotsavoM para loga vividha prakAra ke azana-pAna kA upabhoga karate hue Amoda-pramoda meM apanA samaya vyatIta karate the / mathurA ke loga bhaMDIra yakSa ko yAtrA ke lie jAte the / bahumilakkha maha 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 23; jIvAbhigama 3, pR0 151-a / nizIthasUtra 12.16 meM grAma, nagara, kheDa, kannaDa, maDaMba, doNamuha, paTTaNa, AgAra, saMvAha aura sannivesamaha kA ullekha hai / parvatapUjA kA arthazAstra, 4.3.78.44, pR0 114 meM ullekha hai / nadI aura vRkSa pUjA ke lie dekhie roz2a kA TrAibsa eNDa kAsTsa oNva da paJjAba eNDa naurtha-vesTarna praoNvinsa, jilda 1, pR0 134 Adi / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1451 / tathA dekhie vaTTaka jAtaka ( 118 ), 1, pR0 33 Adi / 3. sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA 2.75, pR0 413 / dekhie cakaladAra, kAmasUtra, pR0 170 / 4. jJAtRdharmakathATIkA 2, pR0 80-a| 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 246-a / 6. nizIthasUtra 19.11 / 7. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 281 /

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362 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ ca0 khaNDa 4 ( bahumlecchamaha ) meM aneka mleccha ikaTThe hote the / ' zrAvastI meM dAsiyoM kA tyauhAra manAyA jAtA thA jise dAsImaha kahate the / thANuppA (sthAnotpAtika) nAmaka maha acAnaka kisI atithi ke A jAne para manAyA jAtA thA / iTTagA ( sevakikAkSaNa - TIkA ) sevaiyoM kA tyauhAra thA, jisakI tulanA uttara bhArata ke rakSAbaMdhana yA salUnoM se kI jA sakatI hai / kheta meM hala calAte samaya sItA ( halapaddhatidevatA - hala se par3ane vAlI rekhAyeM ) kI pUjA kI jAtI thii| isa avasara para bhAta Adi pakA kara yatiyoM ko diyA jAtA thA / " putrotsava putrotpatti kA utsava bar3I dhUmadhAma se manAyA jAtA thA / yaha dasa dina calatA thA aura isa bIca meM kara Adi vasUla karane ke lie koI rAja-karmacArI kisI ke ghara meM praveza nahIM kara sakatA thA / zrAvastI ke rAjA ruppI kI kanyA subAhU dvArA cAummAsiyamajjaNaya (cAturmAsikamajjanaka) manAne kA ullekha milatA hai / isa avasara para rAjamArga para eka puSpamaMDapa banAkara use puSpa mAlAoM se zobhita zrIdAmagaMDa (mAlAoM kA samUha) dvArA alaMkRta kiyA gayA / vividha prakAra ke paMcaraMgI taMduloM se nagara ko sajAyA gayA / puSpamaMDapa ke bIcoM bIca eka paTTa sthApita kiyA gayA / tatpazcAt rAjakumArI ko paTTa para baiThAkara zveta-pIta kalazoM se usakA abhiSeka kiyA gayA / saMvaccharapaDilehaNa ( saMvatsarapratilekhana ) eka prakAra kA janmadina thA jo prativarSa manAyA jAtA thA / mithilA ke rAjA kuMbhaka kI kanyA mallikumArI kA janmadina bahuta dhUmadhAma se manAyA gayA thA / purimatAla ke rAjA mahAbala ko kUTAgArazAlA ke taiyAra ho jAne para nagara meM dasa dina kA 1. nizIthacUrNI 12.4139 kI cUrNI / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 8, pR0 124 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1814 / 4. * piMDaniyukti 466; nizIthacUrNI 13.4443 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3647 / 6. dekhie pIche, pR0 242 / 7. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 103 / 8. vahI 8, pR0 96 /

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ca0 khaNDa] chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja 363 pramoda ghoSita kiyA gyaa| isa avasara para prajA kA kara mApha kara diyA gayA aura saba loga harSAtireka se jhUmane lge|' payUSaNa Adi pava dhArmika utsavoM meM panjosaNa (paryuSaNa) parva kA sabase adhika mahatva thaa| yaha parva pUrNimA, paMcamI aura dasamI Adi parva ke dinoM meM manAyA jAtA thaa| lekina AryakAlaka ke samaya se yaha paMcamI ke sthAna para caturthI ko manAyA jAne lagA | eka bAra, kAlaka ujjainI se nirvAsita hokara pratiSThAna padhAre | rAjA sAtavAhana ne bahuta ThATha ke sAtha unakA svAgata kiyaa| kAlaka ne bhAdrasudo paMcamI ko payUSaNa manAye jAne kI ghoSaNA kii| lekina rAjya kI ora se yaha tithi indramahotsava ke lie nizcita kI jA cukI thii| isa para yugapradhAna AyakAlaka ne paMcamI ko badala kara caturthI kara dI, aura tabase caturthI ko hI pardUSaNa manAyA jAne lgaa| mahArASTra meM yaha parva zramaNapUjA (samaNapUya) ke nAma se prasiddha huA / jainadharma ke mahAn pracAraka kahe jAne vAle rAjA samprati ke samaya anuyAna ( rathayAtrA) mahotsava bar3I dhUma-dhAma se manAyA jAtA thaa| isa avasara para samprati svayaM apane bhaTa aura bhojikoM ko lekara ratha ke sAtha-sAtha calatA aura ratha para vividha vastra, phala aura kaur3iyA~ cddh'aataa|' gharelU tyohAra aneka gharelU tyauhAra bhI manAye jAte the| vivAha ke pUrva tAMbUla Adi pradAna karane ko AvAha kahA gayA hai / " vivAha ke pazcAt vara ke ghara praveza kara, vadhU ke bhojana karane ko AheNaga kahate haiN| kucha samaya vara ke ghara rahane ke pazcAt jaba vaha apane pitA ke ghara lauTatI 1. vipAkasUtra 3, pR0 27 / / 2. ise pariyAyavatthaNA, pajjosavaNA, parivasaNA, pajjusaNA, vAsAvAsa, paDhamasamosaraNa, ThavaNA aura jeThoggaha nAma se bhI kahA gayA hai, nizIthabhASya 10.3138-39 / 3. nizIthacUrNI 10.3153 kI cUrNI, pR0 131 / . 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3285 / 5 jIvAbhigama 3, pR0 280-a, bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4716 / piyadasi ke 9 veM Adezapatra meM putra ke vivAha ko avAha aura kanyA ke vivAha ko vivAha kahA gayA hai; tathA dIghanikAya 1, aMbaThasutta, pR0 86 /

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364 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa hai to use paheNaga kahate haiN| prati mAsa mRtaka ke lie diye jAte hue bhojana ko hiMgola athavA karaDuyabhakta kahA hai|' piMDaNigara meM pitA kA zrAddha kiyA jAtA thaa| devatAoM ko arpita kiye jAne vAle anna ko nivedanApiMDa kahA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra, rAjA zreNika ke samaya se isakA calana Arambha huA thaa| sammela athavA goSThI meM apane sambandhiyoM aura mitroM ko bhojana ke lie nimaMtrita kiyA jAtA thaa| isa samaya gAMva ke aneka loga ikaTThe hote, tathA bhojana Adi karate / " goSThiyoM ko rAjA kI ora se paravAnA milA rahatA thA aura goSTho ke sadasya mAtA-pitA kI paravA na kara avArAgardI meM ghUmA karate the| goSThI meM mahattara, anumahattara, lalitAsanika, kaTuka ( daMDa kA nirNAyaka ) aura daMDapati kA pramukha sthAna rahatA thaa| pANAgAra (madyazAlA) aura dyatagRha meM loga madyapAna karate aura jUA khelate the | ujjANiyA kA tyohAra udyAna meM jAkara manAyA jAtA thaa| saMkhaDi ( bhoja) saMkhaDi athavA bhoja eka mahatvapUrNa tyauhAra thA / adhika saMkhyA meM jIvoM kI hatyA hone ke kAraNa ise saMkhaDi kahate the / yaha tyauhAra eka dina ( egadivasam ) athavA aneka dinI ( aNegadivasam ) taka manAyA jAtA thA | aneka puruSa milakara eka dina kI athavA 1. AcArAMga 2, 1.3.245, pR0 304; nizIthasUtra 11.80 kI cUrNI / 2. nizIthasUtra 8.14 kI cUrNI / pitRpiMDanivedanA kA ullekha AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 172 meM milatA hai / 3. nizIthasUtra 11.81 / 4. AvazyakacUrNA 2, pR0 172 / 5. nizIthasUtra 11.80 kI cUrNI; AcArAMga, vahI / 6. jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 174 / 7. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3574-76 / 8. nizIthacUrNI 8, pR0 433; AvazyakacUrNI pR0 295 / / 9. pAli meM saMkhati kahA gayA hai, majjhimanikAya 2,16 pR0 131 / 10. bhojjaM ti vA saMkhaDitti vA egaLaM, bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3179 kI cUrNI / 11. saMkhaDijjati jahiM AuNi jiyANa, bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3140; tathA nizIthasUtra 3.14 kI cUrNI; AcArAMga 2,1.2, pR0 298-a-304 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja 365 aneka dina kI saMkhaDi karate the / " sUrya ke pUrva dizA meM rahane ke kAla meM puraH saMkhaDi aura sUrya ke pazcima dizA meM rahane ke kAla meM pazcAt saMkhaDi manAyI jAtI thI / athavA vivakSita grAma Adi ke pAsa pUrva dizA meM manAye jAne vAle utsava ko puraH saMkhaDa aura pazcima dizA meM manAye jAne vAle utsava ko pazcima saMkhaDi kahA jAtA thA / yAvantikA, pragaNitA, kSetrAbhyaMtaravartino Adi ke bheda se saMkhaDi kaI prakAra kI batAyI gayI hai / yAvantikA meM taTika ( kArpATika) Adi se lekara cAMDAla taka samasta bhikSuoM ko bhojana milane kI vyavasthA hotI thI / pragaNitA meM zAkyoM, parivrAjakoM aura zvetapaToM kI jAti athavA nAma se gaNanA karake unheM bhikSA dI jAtI thI | sakroza ( kosa ) yojana ke bhItara manAyI jAnevAlI saMkhaDi ko kSetrAbhyaMtaravartanI, aura usake bAhara manAyI jAnevAlI ko kSetrabahirvartinI saMkhaDi kahA hai / caraka, parivrAjaka aura kArpATika Adi sAdhuoM se vyApta saMkha ko AkIrNa kahA gayA hai| isameM bahuta dhakkA-mukkI hone se hAtha, paira athavA pAtra Adi ke bhaMga hone kA Dara rahatA thA / pRthvIkAyika aura jalakAyika Adi jIvoM ke kAraNa mArga zuddha nahIM rahatA, isalie ise avizuddhapaMthagamanA saMkhaDi kahA gayA hai / pratyapAya saMkhaDi meM cora, zvApada Adi se vyAghAta hone kA bhaya rahatA hai / isameM pramatta huI carikA aura tApasI Adi bhikSuNiyoM dvArA brahmacarya bhaMga hone kI zaMkA banI rahatI hai / saMkhaDiyAM aneka sthAnoM para manAyI jAtI thiiN| tosali deza ke zailapura nagara meM RSitaDAga nAmaka tAlAba ke kinAre loga prativarSa ATha dina taka saMkhaDi manAte the / bhRgukaccha ke pAsa kuNDalameNTha nAma ke vyaMtara deva kI yAtrA ke samaya, prabhAsa tIrtha para aura arbudAcala ( AbU ) para bhI saMkhaDi manAne kA rivAja thA / AnaMdapura ke nivAsI sarasvatI nadI ke pUrvAbhimukha pravAha ke pAsa zarad Rtu meM yaha tyauhAra manAte the / giriyajJa Adi meM sAyaMkAla meM manAyI jAnevAlI 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3141-42 / 2. vahI 1.3143 | 3. vahI 1.3184-86 ; nizIthabhASya 3.1472-77 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3150 / 5. lATa deza meM ise varSA Rtu meM manAte the, bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2855 /

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366 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa saMkhaDi meM rAtri ko bhojana kiyA jAtA thA aura prAtaHkAla sUryodaya ke samaya dugdhapAna Adi kA rivAja thA / ' ujjayaMta (giranAra ), jJAtRkhaMDa aura siddhazilA Adi samyaktva-bhAvita tIrtho para prativarSa saMkhaDi manAyI jAtI thii| zayyAtara (gRhasvAmI) kI devakulikA ke aura naye ghara ke vyaMtara ko prasanna karane ke lie bhI saMkhaDi manAyo jAtI thii| jaina zramaNoM ko yathAsaMbhava saMkhaDiyoM meM jAne kA niSedha hai| kAraNa ki saMkhaDi kA nAma sunakara zAkya, bhauta aura bhAgavata Adi paratIrthika saMkhaDi meM sammilita hote haiM aura unake sAtha vAda-vivAda hone kI AzaMkA rahato hai / isake atirikta, pratyanIka upAsaka kabhI zramaNoM ke bhojana meM viSa Adi mizrita kara dete haiN| kabhI brAhaNa saMkhaDi ke svAmI se nArAja hokara bhojana nahIM karate, athavA utkRSTa dravya zramaNoM ko pahale kyoM diyA gayA, yaha socakara ghara meM Aga lagA dete haiM, yA kisI zramaNa para gussA hokara use mAra DAlate haiN| yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki saMkhaDi kA svAmo pahale brAhmaNoM ko bhojana karAkara bAda meM zramaNoM ko de / saMkhaDi meM upasthita jaina zramaNoM ko dekhakara loga yaha bhI kaha dete haiM ki rUkSa bhojana se Ubakara aba ye yahAM Aye haiM aura usase pravacana kA upahAsa hotA hai| saMkhaDi ke samaya kuttoM dvArA bhojana apaharaNa kiye jAne kI aura coroM ke upadrava kI AzaMkA rahatI hai| aise avasaroM para unmatta hue viTa loga vividha prakAra ke vastrAbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta ho, aneka abhinayoM se pUrNa zRMgArarasa ke kAvya par3hate haiM, aura matta hue strI-puruSa vividha prakAra kI krIr3AeM karate hai| saMkhoDa meM sammilita hone ke lie loga dUra-dUra se Ate hai aura bahuta-sA Adi zabda se kUpa, taDAga, nAga, gaNa aura yakSa sambandhI yajJa saMkhar3I samajhanA cAhie, nizIthacUrNI 11.3402 kI cUNIM / 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.4881 / tulanA kIjie mahAbhArata 2.53.22; harivaMzapurANa 2.17.11 Adi / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3192 / 3. vahI 2.3586 / 4. vahI 3.4769 / 5. vahI 1.3160 / 6. nizIthabhASya 3.1480 kI cUrNI | 7. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3156 / 8. vahI 1.3168-70 /

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ca0 khaNDa] chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAna bhojana kara vamana kara dete haiM aura vikAla meM sote rahate / ataeva glAna Adi apavAda avasthA meM hI jaina sAdhuoM ko saMkhaDiyoM meM sammilita hone kA vidhAna hai / mAMsapracura saMkhaDi meM mAMsa ko kATakATa kara sukhAyA jAtA hai / __ mallayuddha mallayuddha, kukkuTayuddha, azvayuddha Adi kitane hI yuddhoM kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM AtA hai jisase patA lagatA hai ki loga yuddhoM ke dvArA bhI apanA manoraMjana kiyA karate the / aDDiya aura pabaDDiya Adi ke dvArA mallayuddha kiyA jAtA thA / mallayuddha ke lie rAjA loga apane-apane malla rakhate the| siMhagiri soppAraya (zUrpAraka =nAlA sopArA, jilA ThANA ) kA rAjA thA, jo vijayI malloM ko bahuta-sA dhana dekara protsAhita kiyA karatA thaa| ujjaino kA aTTaNa nAma kA malla prativarSa zUrpAraka pahuMcakara patAkA jIta kara le jAtA thA / siMhagiri ko vaha acchA na lagA / usane eka machue ko mallayuddha sikhAkara taiyAra kiyA / aba kI bAra aTTaNa phira AyA lekina vaha parAjita ho gayA / vaha saurASTra ke bharukacchaharaNI nAmaka gAMva meM pahuMcA aura vahAM usane vamana-virecana Adi dekara eka kisAna ko mallayuddha ko zikSA dii| isakA nAma rakkhA gayA phalahiya (kapAsa vAlA ) malla | aba kI bAra aTTaNa phalahiya ko lekara zUrpAraka phuNcaa| phalahiya aura macchia ( machuA ) meM yuddha hone lagA / pahale dina donoM barAbara rahe / phalahiya ke jahAM-jahAM dukhana ho gayo thI, vahAM mAliza aura seka kI gyii| macchiya ke pAsa rAjA ne apane saMmardakoM ko bhejaa| dUsare dina phira mallayuddha huA, lekina phira donoM barAbara rhe| tIsare dina yuddha kI phira ghoSaNA huI / aba ko bAra azakta hokara macchiya daho mathane ke Asana ( vaisAhaThANa ) se khar3A ho gayA | aTTaNa ne phalahiya ko lalakArA aura usane macchiya ko pakar3akara paTaka diyaa| yaha dekhakara rAjA ne phalahiya kA Adara-satkAra kiyA / kucha samaya bAda aTaTaNa kauzAMbI pahu~cA aura rasAyana Adi kA sevana kara yaha phira se baliSTha ho gayA / yahAM ke yuddhamaha meM usane rAjamalla niraMgaNa ko harA 1. vahI 5.5838; nizIthacUrNI 10.2937 / - 2. AcArAMga 2, 1-2, pR0 304 / 3. nizIthacUrNI 12.23 kI cUrNI /

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368 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa diyaa| isa para rAjA ne prasanna hokara usakI maraNaparyanta AjIvikA bAMdha dI / malloM meM kucha malla aise bhI hote the jo eka hajAra AdamiyoM ke sAtha yuddha kara sakate the; inheM sahasramalla kahA jAtA thA / aise malloM ko parIkSA kara lene ke pazcAt hI rAjA unheM niyukta karatA thA / eka bAra kI bAta hai, avantIpati pradyota ke darabAra meM koI sahasramalla AyA / rAjA ne usakI parIkSA ke lie, use kRSNa caturdazI kI rAtri ko mahAkAla zmazAna meM bhejA aura kahA ki yadi vaha bakare kA mAMsa bhakSaNa kara aura surA kA pAna karake pizAca se bhayabhIta na ho to ho vaha use rakha sakatA hai| sahasramalla ne rAjA ke Adeza kA pAlana kiyA aura vaha rAja-darabAra meM rahane lgaa| rathavIrapura ke sahasramalla zivabhUti ko bhI niyukta karane ke pahale usakI isI prakAra parIkSA lI gayI thii| kukkuTayuddha kukkuTayuddha dvArA bhI manoraMjana kiyA jAtA thaa| kauzAMbI ke sAgaradatta aura buddhila nAmaka do zreSThoputroM ne zata-sahasra kI hor3a lagAkara kukkuTayuddha karAyA thaa| pahalI bAra sAgaradatta ke kukkuTa ne buddhila ke kukkuTa ko harA diyA / lekina dUsarI bAra pAsA ulaTa gayA, aura sAgaradatta ko eka lAkha dene pdd'e| lekina patA calA ki yuddha ke pahale buddhila ne apane kukkuTa ke pairoM meM lohe ko bArIka kI jar3a do haiM / sAgaradatta ne cupacApa ina kIloM ko nikAla diyA, aura usakA kukkuTa jIta gayA / ___ mayUrapota-yuddha mayUrapotoM se bhI yuddha karAyA jAtA thaa| eka bAra campA ke do sArthavAha udyAna meM kor3A ke lie gaye hue the| unhoMne dekhA ki vanamayUrI ne do aNDe diye haiN| unhoMne socA apanI kukkuTI ke aNDoM 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 78-a aadi| cANUra aura muSTika ke yuddha ke liye dekhiye ghaTa jAtaka (454), 4, pR0 283; tathA harivaMzapurANa 1.54.76 / 2. vyavahArabhASya 1,3, pR0 92-a-93 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTokA 4, pR0 74-a / 4. vahI 13, pR0 191 /

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ca0 khaNDa] . chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja 366 ke sAtha inakA bhI pAlana-poSaNa kreNge| inameM se eka aNDA to mara gayA, lekina dUsare aNDe meM se mayUrapota nikala Ane para, use mayUrapoSakoM ko pAlane ke lie de diyaa| mayUrapoSakoM ne use nATya Adi sikhAkara taiyAra kara diyaa| usake bAda nagara ke mayUrapotoM ke sAtha vaha yuddha karane lagA, aura apane mAlika ko dhana kamAkara dene lgaa| anya khela-tamAze isake atirikta, prAcIna sUtroM meM azvayuddha, hastiyuddha, uSTrayuddha, goNayuddha, mahiSayuddha aura zUkarayuddhoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai| aise kitane hI logoM ke nAma Ate haiM jo khela-tamAze Adi dikhAkara prajA kA manoraJjana kiyA karate the| udAharaNa ke lie, naTa, nartaka, jalla, malla, mauSTika, vidUSaka, kathAvAcaka, uchalane-kUdanevAle, tairAka, jyotiSI, gAyaka, bhA~Da, bA~sa para khela dikhAne vAle (laMkha), citrapaTa dikhAkara bhikSA mAMgane vAle ( maMkha), tuMba vINA bajAne vAle, viTa, mAgadha ( bhATa) Adi vividha prakAra se mana-bahalAva kiyA karate the / laMkha bA~sa ke Upara eka tirachI lakar3I rakha kara, usameM do kIla gAr3a lete| ina kIloM meM apanI khar3AUM phaMsA lete aura hAtha meM DhAla-talavAra le Upara uchalate aura phira se bAMsa meM lagI huI lakar3I para kUda jAte / rAjA-rAnI ina kheloM ko dekhane jAte the|4 . antyeSTi kriyA mRtaka kA dAha-karma karane ke pazcAt usake Upara caitya aura stUpa banAne kA rivAja thA / zava ko caMdana, aguru, turukka, ghI aura madhu DAla kara jalAyA jAtA, tathA mAMsa aura rakta ke jala jAne para, har3iyoM ko ikaTThAkara unapara stUpa banA diye jaate| RSabhadeva kA nirvANa hone para naMdanavana se gozIrSa caMdana aura kSIrodadhi se kSIrodaka lAyA gyaa| isa jala se tIrthaMkara ko snAna karAne ke pazcAt unake zarIra para 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 3, pR0 61-2 / 2. AcArAMga 2, 11. 392, pR0 379 a; nizIthasUtra 12.23 / tulanA kIjie dIghanikAya 1, brahmajAlasutta pR08; yAjJavalkyasmRti 17, pR0 255 / 3. rAjapraznIyasUtra 1 / 4. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 485 / tulanA kIjie dhammapada-aTThakathA jilda 4, pR0 59 aadi| 24 jai0bhA0

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370 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa gozIrSa caMdana kA lepa kiyA gyaa| phira zivikA dvArA vahanakara unheM citA para rakha diyA gayA, aura agni dvArA zarIra bhasma ho jAne para unakI asthiyoM para caitya-stUpoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| isa samaya se loga rAkha ko ikaTThI kara usake choTe-choTe DUMgara (DoMgara ) banAne lge|' mRtaka-pUjana aura rodana (ruNNasadda ) kA ullekha milatA hai| anAtha mRtaka kI haDDiyoM ko ghar3e meM rakhakara gaMgA meM sirAyA jAtA thaa| zava ko pazu-pakSiyoM ke bhakSaNa ke lie jaMgala Adi meM bho rakhakara chor3a diyA jAtA thaa| rAjA kA Adeza hone para sAdhu ke zava ko gar3e (agaDa), prAkAra ke dvAra, dIpikA, bahatI huI nadI athavA jalatI huI Aga meM rakha diyA jAtA thaa|* gRdhraspRSTa nAmaka maraNa meM manuSya apane-Apako puruSa, hAthI, U~Ta athavA gadhoM ke mRta kalevara ke sAtha DAla detA aura phira use gIdha Adi noMcakara khA jaate| athavA loga apane pRSTha yA udara Adi para alate kA lepakara, apane Apako gIdhoM se bhakSaNa karAte / aparAdhiyoM ko bhI gIdha aura gIdar3a Adi se bhakSaNa karAne ke lie chor3a diyA jAtA thaa| .. murdo ko gAr3a dene kA rivAja bhI thA; yaha vizeSakara mlecchoM meM pracalita thA / ye loga murdo ko mRtaka-gRha yA mRtaka-layana 1. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 222-24 / tulanA kIjie tittirajAtaka ( 438 ), pR0 138 meM vAlukAthUpa kA ullekha hai / tathA dekhie paramatthadIpanI nAma kI aTakathA, pR0 97, rAmAyaNa 4.25.16 aadi;| dIghanikAya 2.3, pR0 110, 126; bI. sI. lAhA. iMDiyA DiskrAibDa, pR0 193 / 2. AvazyakabhASya 26, 27, haribhadraTIkA, pR0 133; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 157, 222 Adi / 3. bRhatkalpabhASyaTIkA 4.5215 / 4. mahAnizItha, pR0 25 / tulanA kIjie lalitavistara, pR0 265 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4824 / 6. aupapAtikasUtra 38, pR0 162-63; nizIthasUtra 11.92; nizIthabhASya 11.3806 kI cUrNI / yaha prathA takSazilA ke AsapAsa maujUda thI, isakA ullekha sTraibo ne kiyA hai / pusAlakarabhAsa, adhyAya 20, pR0 469 / 7. dekhiye pIche, pR0 89 /

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ca0 khaNDa] chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja __ 371 meM gAr3a dete the| dova aura yavana dezoM meM yaha rivAja thaa| . jaina zramaNoM kI nIharaNa kriyA jaina sAdhu ke kAlagata hone para usakI noharaNa kriyA ko vistRta vidhi kA ullekha chedasUtroM meM milatA hai| sarvaprathama zava ko le jAne ke lie sAgArika ( upAzraya kA mAlika ) ke vahanakASThara aura sthaMDila' (mRtaka kA dagdhasthAna ) kA nirIkSaNa karanA caahie| mRtaka ko ar3hAI hAtha lambe dhavala sugandhita vastra se DhaMkanA caahie| eka vastra ko usake nIce bichAnA cAhie, dUsarA usake Upara DAlanA cAhie, aura zava ko rassI se bA~dhakara, phira use tIsare vastra se DhaMka denA cAhie / sAdhAraNatayA dina yA rAtri meM jaba bhI sAdhu kAlagata ho, use usI samaya nikAlanA caahie| lekina yadi rAtri meM bhayaMkara hima giratA ho, cora yA jaMgalI jAnavaroM kA bhaya ho, nagara ke dvAra banda hoM, nagara meM mahAn kolAhala macA huA ho, rAtri ke samaya mRtaka ko na nikAlane kI nAgarika vyavasthA ho, mRtaka ke sambandhiyoM ne kahA ho ki unase binA kahe mRtaka ko na nikAlA jAya, athavA mRtaka koI loka-vizruta mahAtapasvI ho, to use rAtri ke samaya nahoM le jAnA cAhie | isI prakAra yadi zuci aura zveta vastroM kA abhAva ho, rAjA athavA nagara kA svAmI nagara meM praveza kara rahA ho, athavA vaha bhaTa-bhojika Adi ke sAtha nagara se bAhara jA rahA ho, to mRtaka ko dina meM le jAne kA niSedha hai| yadi sAdhu abhI hAla meM kAlagata huA ho aura usakA zarIra jakar3a na gayA ho to usake hAtha aura pairoM ko lambe karake phailA de aura usakI A~kha aura mu~ha banda kara de| aisI dazA meM sAdhuoM ko rAtri meM jAgaraNa karanA caahie| hAtha aura pairoM ke aMgUThoM ko rassI se bA~dhakara mukhapotikA se mRtaka kA mu~ha DhaMka denA cAhie tathA yadi rAtri ko jAgaraNa karanA par3e to mRtaka kI akSata deha meM, usakI u~galI ko cIrakara use andara taka 1. AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 370; nizIthasUtra 3.72; nizothabhASya 3. 1535-36 / 2. bRhatkalpasUtra 4.29 aura bhASya / 3. sUtrakRtAMga 2, 1.9, pR0 275-a meM ise AsadIpaMcamA kahA hai / 4. chAracitivajitaM kevalaM maDayadaDDhahANaM thaMDilaM bhaNNati, nizIthacUrNI 3.1536 /

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372 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa cheda denA cAhie | phira bhI yadi zarIra meM koI vyaMtara yA pratyanIka devatA praviSTa kara jAya, to bAyeM hAtha meM usakA mUtra ( kAyiko ) lekara mRtaka ke zarIra kA siMcana karanA cAhie, aura kahanA cAhie-he guhyaka, saceta ho, saceta ho, pramAda mata kara, saMstAraka se mata uTha / ' ___ mRtaka ko le jAte samaya, kisI kore pAtra (pAtraka ) meM cAra aMgula pramANa, samAna kATe hue kuza lekara, pIche kI ora na dekhate hue, Age sthaMDila kI ora gamana karanA caahie| yadi darbha na mila to usakI jagaha kezara kA upayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi vahA~ kisI gRhastha kA zava ho to use rakhakara hAtha-paira Adi dhone caahie| jisa dizA meM gA~va ho usa ora zava ke paira rakhane se amaMgala samajhA jAtA hai, ataeva gA~va kI ora zava kA sira rakhanA cAhie / sthaMDila meM pahu~cakara vahA~ darbha kI muSTi se saMstAraka taiyAra karanA caahie| yadi darbha na mile to cUrNa, nAgakezara athavA lepa Adi ke dvArA kakAra aura usake nIce takAra banAnA caahie| tatpazcAt mRtaka ko usa para sthApita karake usake pAsa rajoharaNa,2 mukhapattI aura colapaTTa rakhanA cAhie | ina cihnoM ke na rakhane se kAlagata sAdhu mithyAtva ko prApta ho sakatA hai, athavA yadi rAjA ko patA laga jAya to yaha samajhakara ki ise kisI ne mAra diyA hai, vaha AsapAsa ke grAmoM ko uccheda karane ko AjJA de sakatA hai| ___ yadi kAlagata sAdhu ke zarIra meM yakSa praviSTa ho jAya to upAzraya, nivezana, mohallA ( sAhI), gAmA, grAma, maMDala, dezakhaNDa (kaMDa ), deza aura rAjya ke parityAga karane kA vidhAna hai / yadi kadAcit yakSAviSTa sAdhu eka-do yA saba sAdhuoM ke nAmoM kA uccAraNa kare to unheM loca, tapa aura upavAsa Adi karanA caahie| maMgala ke lie ajita nAtha aura zAMtinAtha ke stotroM kA pATha karanA cAhie / 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5499-5526; zivAya, bhagavatIArAdhanA 1976 / 2. zivArya kI bhagavatIArAdhanA kI vijayodayA TIkA meM 'sapiMchakaM zarIraM vyutsraSTavyaM' ullekha hai, lekina mUla gAthA meM piMchI kI bAta nahIM kahI gayI hai / paNDita AzAdhara ne likhA hai-anye tu dakSiNahaste pichaM sthApyaMte, gAthA 1986; tathA 1982 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5530-37 / 4. vahI 4.5541-47 /

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ca0 khaNDa ] chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja 373 yadi sAdhu mahAmArI Adi kisI chUta kI bImArI ( chevahao ) se kAlagata huA ho to jisa saMstAraka dvArA use le gaye hoM, usake Tukar3e karake usakA pariSThApana karanA cAhie / isI prakAra usakI anya upadhi yA aura koI vastu jo usake zarIra se chU gayI ho usakA bhI parityAgakara denA cAhie / " yadi sAdhu rAtri ke samaya kAlagata huA ho to upAzraya ke mAlika gRhastha ko uThAkara usakA vahanakASTha prApta karane kI AjJA lenI cAhie / yadi gRhastha na uThe to vahanakASTha se mRtaka kA karma karake use vApisa lAkara rakha denA cAhie / Anandapura meM saMyata muniyoM ko uttara dizA meM sthApita karane kA rivAja thA / kisI gAMva meM yadi saba jagaha kheta hoM to rAjapatha meM athavA do gAMvoM ke bIca kI sImA meM zava kA sthApana karanA cAhie / yadi aisA sthAna na mile to mRtaka ko zmazAna meM le jAnA cAhie / yadi vahA~ zmazAna-pAlaka dvAra para khar3A hokara kara mAMge to pahale to use upadeza dekara samajhAye, anyathA mRtaka ke vastra dekara zAnta kare / yadi vaha naye vastroM ke lie Agraha kare to mRtaka ko use sauMpakara gAMva meM se vastroM ko yAcanA kara use lAkara denA cAhie / yadi phira bhI na mAne to rAjakula meM upasthita hokara isa bAta ko kahanA caahie| yadi rAjA kA uttara mile ki zmazAna - pAlaka svataMtra hai, hama isameM kyA kara sakate haiM to phira asthaMDila haritakAya Adi ke Upara dharmAstikAya kI kalpanA kara, mRtaka ke zarIra ko sthApita kara denA cAhie | 3 sAdhu ke mRta zarIra ko vahana karake le jAne kA kAma bhI kama saMkaToM se bharA nahIM thA / sarvaprathama sAdhuoM ko zava ko vahana karanA cAhiye, unake na hone para gRhastha le jAyeM, athavA bailagAr3I dvArA usakA prabandha kiyA jAye, nahIM to malloM kI sahAyatA lI jAnI cAhie | gRhasthoM ko rAjakula meM pahu~cakara sahAyatA ke liye nivedana karanA caahie| yadi cAMDAloM se mRtaka ko uThavAne kI vyavasthA kI jAye 1. vahI 4.5552 / 2. vahI 4.5560-65 / 3. vyavahArabhASya 7.4: 2-46, pR0 75-a Adi / 4. manusmRti ( 10.55 ) meM anAtha vyaktiyoM ke zava ko cAMDAloM dvArA uThavAkara le jAne kA ullekha hai /

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374 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ca0 khaNDa to pravacana ke upahAsAspada hone kI AzaMkA rahatI hai| yadi vahana karane vAle saba milAkara cAra hoM aura unameM eka vasati kA svAmI ho to zeSa tIna bIca-bIca meM vizrAma karate hue mRtaka ko le jaayeN| AvazyakatA hone para paraliMga dhAraNa karake bho mRtaka ko pariSThApanA karane kA vidhAna hai| yadi vahana karane vAlA akelA ho to dUsare gAMva se asaMvegI sAdhu, sArUpika, siddhaputra yA zrAvakoM ko bulvaayeN| yadi ye na mile to striyoM kI sahAyatA leM, nahIM to mallagaNa, hastipAlagaNa aura kumbhakAragaNa ke pAsa jAnA cAhie / yadi yaha bhI saMbhava na ho to phira bhojika (grAma-mahattara ), saMbara ( kacarA uThAne vAle ), nakhazodhaka aura snAna karAne vAloM Adi kI sahAyatA prApta karanI cAhie / yadi binA kucha mehanata-majadUrI ke ye loga kAma karane se inkAra kareM to unheM dharmopadeza de, athavA vastra dekara santuSTa karanA caahie|' . anya mRtaka kRtya mRtakoM ko-baccoM ko bhI-noharaNa kriyA bar3e ThATa se hotI aura unake aneka mRta-kRtya kiye jAte the / subhadrA ne jaba sunA ki usake pati kA jahAja lavaNasamudra meM DUba gayA hai to vaha apane sage-sambandhI aura parijanoM ke sAtha rone aura vilApa karane lgii| tatpazcAt usane apane pati ke laukika mRta-kRtya kiye / vijaya cora-senApati ke kAladharma ko prApta hone para bhI bar3e sajadhaja ke sAtha ( iDiDhasakkAra ) usa kI antyeSTi kriyA sampanna kI gyii|" pitRpiMDa kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| mRtaka kA vArSika divasa manAyA jAtA aura dina brAhmaNoM ko bhojana karAyA jAtA thaa| 1. mallagaNa-dharma aura sArasvatagaNa-dharma Adi ko kudharma batAyA gayA hai, nizIthacUrNI 11.3354 / 2. vyavahArabhASya 7.449-62 / tathA dekhiye Avazyakaniyukti-dIpikA bhAga 2, 95 Adi pR0 71-a Adi, AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 102-109, bhagavatIArAdhanA 1974-2000 / tathA dekhiye bI0 sI0 lAhA, iNDiyA DiskrAibDa, pR0 193 / 3. dekhiye jJAtRdharmakathA 14, pR0 151 / 4. vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 17 / 5. vahI 3, pR0 24 / 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 164-a| tathA dekhie matakabhattajAtaka (18), 1, pR0 216; mahAbhArata 1.134; rAmAyaNa 6.114.101 Adi /

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chaThA adhyAya : rIti-rivAja zrAtmaghAta ke prakAra AtmaghAta ke aneka prakAroM kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM milatA hai / jaba rAjA ne apane maMtrI teyaliputta kA yathocita sanmAna nahIM kiyA to usane tAlapuTa' viSa kA bhakSaNa kara, apane kaMdhe para talavAra calAkara, bRkSa meM bAMdhe hue pAza meM laTaka kara, zilA ko grIvA meM bAMdha athAha jala meM kUda kara tathA sUkhe tRNa kI agni meM jalakara marane kI ThAnI / maraNa ke anya prakAroM meM pahAr3a se girane, vRkSa se girane, chinna parvata se jhUla jAne ( giripakkhaMdolaya ), vRkSa se jhUla jAne, meM kUda par3ane, viSa bhakSaNa karane, " zastra kA prahAra karane, aura vRkSa ko zAkhA Adi se laTaka jAne kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| isake sivAya, koI upasarga upasthita hone para, durbhikSa par3ane para, bur3hApA Ane para aura asAdhya roga Adi se pIr3ita hone para anna-pAna kA tyAga zarIra tyAga karane ko sallekhanA kahA hai| kitane hI jaina sAdhuoM dvArA isa vrata ko svIkAra karake nirvANa -prApti kA ullekha hai / jala ca0 khaNDa ] 375 1. jeNaMtareNa tAlA saMpUDijjaMti teNaMtareNa mArayatIti tAlapuDaM, dazavaikAlikacUrNI 8, pR0 2.92 / zatasahasravedhI viSa kA ullekha AvazyakacUrNI pR0 554 meM AtA hai / 2. cANakya ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki usane jaMgala meM jAkara dhUpa jalAyI, aura usake eka tarapha kaMDe rakhakara usake Upara aMgAre rakha diye / kaMDe jala uThe aura cANakya agni meM bhasma ho gayA. dazavaikAlikacUrNI 2, pR0 81-2 / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 14, pR0 156 / 4. kauzAmbI ke rAjA udayana ke sambandha meM ukti hai ki vaha apanI rAnI ke sAtha kisI pahAr3I kI coTI se gira par3A, pradhAna, kraoNMnolojI A~va aiMziyeMTa, iMDiyA, pR0 246; cullapadumajAtaka ( 193), pR0 281 Adi / 5. dekhie sthAnAMga 4.341; 6.533 : tathA bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4208; piMDaniryukti 274; prajJApanA 1, 53 pR0 144, jIvAbhigama 1, pR0 36-a; arthazAstra, 2.17.35. 12-13, pR0 221 / 6. nizIthasUtra 11.92, dekhie antaHkRddazA, pR0 8 Adi /

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qd rph dhArmika vyavasthA

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pahalA adhyAya zramaNa sampradAya bhAratavarSa AdikAla se dharmoM kA deza rahA hai| prArambha kAla se hI dharma prAcIna bhAratIya jIvana ke Adarza meM eka kendrIya bhAvanA rahI hai| zramaNa-brAhmaNa maigasthanIja ne bhAratIya RSiyoM ko brAhmaNa aura zramaNa ina do bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai; zramaNa jaMgaloM meM rahate the aura ve logoM ko parama zraddhA ke pAtra the| jaise kahA cukA hai, samaNa ( zramaNa ) aura mAhaNa (brAhmaNa) kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM bahuta Adara ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH prajA ke bhautika aura AdhyAtmika jIvana ko gar3hane meM zramaNoM kA bahuta bar3A hAtha rahA hai| sAmAnya janatA hI nahIM, balki rAje-mahArAje taka unase atyadhika prabhAvita the| zramaNa cAturmAsa ko chor3akara varSa meM lagabhaga ATha mahIne eka janapada se dUsare janapada meM vihAra (jaNavayavihAra ) karate hue dharma kA upadeza dete phirate / ve 1. dekhiye maikriNDala, da invez2ana oNva elekjeNDara da greTa, pR0 358 / dekhie paramatthinI nAmaka udAna kI aTakathA, pR0 338 / aMguttaranikAya (4, pR0 35; 1, 3, pR0 241) meM do prakAra ke parivrAjakoM kA ullekha haianmatitthiya paribAjaka aura brAhmaNa paribbAjaka, bI0 sI0 lAhA, hisTorikala glIniMgsa, pR0 9; lAhA, gautama buddha eNDa da parivrAjakAz2a, buddhisTa sTaDIz2a, pR0 89 Adi; viMTaranaz2a, jainAz2a ina iMDiyana liTarecara, iMDiyana kalcara, jilda 1, 1-4, pR0 145 / 2. AcArAMgacUrNI 2, pR0 63 meM zramaNa, brAhmaNa aura muni ko eka artha kA dyotaka batAyA hai| 3. jaba Ikha apanI bAr3a ke bAhara nikalane lage, tuMbI para phala laga jAyeM, bailoM meM tAkata A jAye, gA~voM kI kIcar3a sUkha jAye, rAstoM kA pAnI kama ho jAye aura rAhagIra rAstA calane lageM to jaina bhikSuoM ko samajhanA cAhiye ki vihAra kA samaya A gayA hai, oghaniyukti 170-71 /

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380 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa prAyaH sAmAnya janoM dvArA, pathikoM aura yAtriyoM ke lie nagara athavA grAma ke pAsa banAye hue caityoM athavA udyAnoM meM ThaharA karate / sAmAnya jana unheM zraddhA kI dRSTi se dekhate, udyAnoM meM unake darzanoM, ke lie jAte, unase jijJAsA karate, unake lie anna-pAna kA prabandha karate, tathA unheM rahane ke lie sthAna ( vasati ), Asana ( poTha ., kASThapaTTa : phalaka ), zayyA aura saMstAraka Adi Avazyaka vastueM pradAna karate / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA caMpA meM Agamana bhagavAn mahAvIra grAmAnugrAma vihAra karate hue campA meM Akara jaba pUrNabhadra nAmaka caitya meM utare aura isa bAta kA patA rAjA kUNika (ajAtazatru) ke vAtonivedaka ko calA to vaha phaurana ho, prasannacitta ho, snAna aura balikarma Adi se nivaTa, zuddha vastra dhAraNa kara ghara se nikalA, aura hAtha jor3akara rAjA kUNika ko mahAvIra ke Agamana kA usane zubha sandeza sunAyA / kUNika isa samAcAra se bahuta prasanna huA / harSotkarSa se usake kaMkaNa, mukuTa, kuMDala aura hAra Adi kampita hone lage / vaha zIghra ho siMhAsana se uThA, pAdapITha se utarA, usane pAdukAe~ utAroM, apane khaGga, chatra Adi pA~ca rAjacihnoM ko eka tarapha rakkhA, eka zATika uttarAsaMga dhAraNa kiyA, hAtha jor3akara sAta-ATha paga tIrthakara ke abhimukha gamana kiyA, phira bAyeM ghuTane ko mor3a, dAyeM ko pRthvI para rakkhA, tIna bAra mastaka ko jamIna para Teka kara uThA aura phira hAtha jor3akara namaskAra karane lgaa| kisI tIrthakara yA mahAna puruSa ke nagarI meM padhArane para nagarI meM kolAhala maca jAtA, tathA aneka ugra, ugraputra, bhoga, bhogaputra, rAjanya, kSatriya, brAhmaNa, zUra, yoddhA, dharmazAstrapAThI, mallakI, licchavI, rAjA, Izvara Adi tIrthaMkara ke darzanoM ke lie utAvale ho jAte / kucha loga pUjA ke lie, kucha vandanA ke lie, kucha kautUhala ke lie, kucha praznoM kA samAdhAna karane ke lie, kucha azrata ko sunane ke lie, aura kucha sunI huI bAta kA nizcaya karane ke lie usake pAsa jAte | loga vastrAbhUSaNa pahana aura caMdana kA lepakara apane-apane hAthI, ghor3oM, aura pAlakiyoM meM savAra hokara, aura kucha paidala calakara caitya meM upasthita hote, tathA pradakSiNA kara, abhivAdanapUrvaka tIrthakara ke pAsa baiTha jAte / 1. aupapAtikasUtra 11-2, pR0 42-47 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 381 rAjA bhI apanI caturaMgiNI senA taiyAra karAtA, tathA snAna Adi se nivRtta ho, sundara vastrAbhUSaNa dhAraNa kara, AbhiSekya hastiratna para savAra ho, jaya-jaya zabda ke sAtha prasthAna karatA / usakI rAniyAM apanI dAsiyoM aura kaMcukiyoM Adi ke sAtha yAnoM meM savAra hotIM aura tIrthaMkara ke pAsa pahu~ca atyanta vinayapUrvaka upAsanA karatIM / " aise mahAna puruSoM ke nAmagotra ( nAmagoya ) kA zravaNa bhI ahobhAgya samajhA jAtA, aura yadi kahIM unake sAkSAt darzana ho gaye aura unakI paryupAsanA karane kA avasara mila gayA to phira bAta hI kyA thI / zramaNoM ke prakAra nizIthabhASya meM zramaNoM ke pA~ca prakAra batAye gaye haiM- NiggaMtha ( khamaNa ), sakka ( rattapaDa ), tAvasa ( vaNavAsI), gerua ( parivvAyaa) aura AjIviya ( paMDarAbhikkhu; gozAla ke ziSya ) / 1 samaggiMtha ( zramaNa nirgrantha ) jo vyakti saMsAra kA tyAgakara sAdhu yA sAdhvI kA jIvana vyatIta karane kI icchA rakhate the, unheM kisI jAti-pAMti ke bhedabhAva ke binA, jaina saMgha meM praviSTa kara liyA jAtA thA / saMsAra - paribhramaNa se vyathita hue kevala sAmAnya strI-puruSa hI saMsAra kA tyAga nahIM karate the, balki aizvarya, vidvattA, zUravIratA aura parAkrama se sampanna uccavargIya kSatriya, zreSThI tathA rAjA aura rAjakumAra Adi bhI zramaNa-dIkSA svIkAra karane ke lie utsuka rahate the / ye loga sAMsArika viSayabhogoM ko tuccha samajha, dhana, dhAnya aura kuTumba - parivArakA tyAga kara dete, tathA jIvana ko jala ke budbudoM aura osakaNa ke samAna kSaNabhaMgura jAna, duniyA kI tar3aka-bhar3aka aura zAna-zaukata kI jagaha anagArika zramaNoM ke jIvana ko svIkAra karate / sAmAjika vyavasthA saMtoSajanaka na hone ke kAraNa cAroM ora 1. vahI, sUtra 27-33, pR0 107 - 45; jJAtRdharmakathA 5, pR0 73 / 2. aupapAtika 27, pR0 108 / 3. 13.4420; AcArAMgacUrNI 2.1, pR0 330; bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 1.1460 / AjIvaka, tApasa, parivrAjaka, taccanniya (bauddha) aura boTika ina pA~coM ko vaMdana karane kA niSedha hai, AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 20 / 4. aupapAtikasUtra 14, pR0 49 /

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382 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDarAjanItika saMgharSa calA karate the, jinakA anta niraMkuzatA aura avya vasthA meM hotA thA / eka varga dUsare vaga kA zoSaNa karatA thA, phaujadArI ke kAnUna atyanta niSThura the aura sUdakhoro kA vyApAra calA karatA thA / aisI dazA meM puSTa ko huI apanI icchAoM ko pUrti se nirAza hokara, saMsAra ke vaMcanApUrNa sukhoM aura pApAcAroM se dUra bhAgakara, mumukSugaNa mana kI zAnti prApta karane ke lie, jaMgala ke kisI nirjana kone ko zaraNa grahaNa karate the| kApilIya adhyayana meM prazna kiyA gayA hai "adhruva, azAzvata aura duHkhoM se paripUrNa isa saMsAra meM kauna-sA karma karUM jisase durgati ko prApta na hoUM?" uttara meM kahA gayA hai "pUrva-paricita saMyogoM kA parityAga karake, jo kahIM kisI vastu meM sneha nahIM karatA, sneha karane vAloM ke prati bhI jo sneha nahIM dikhAtA vaha bhikSu doSoM aura pradoSoM se mukta hotA hai|" nivRttipradhAna zramaNoM ke dharma kI yahI kuMjI hai| vairAgya ke kAraNa vairAgya ke aneka kAraNa batAye gaye haiN| sthAnAMgasUtra meM dasa prakAra kI pravrajyA batAI hai-(1) apanI icchAnusAra dhAraNa ko huI pravrajyA ( govindavAcaka kA bhA~ti ), (2) roSa se lo hui pravrajyA (zivabhUti kI bhAMti ), (3) daridratA ke kAraNa lI huI pravrajyA (kisI lakar3ahAre ko bhAMti ), (4) svapna dekhakara lI huI pravrajyA ( puSpacUlA kI bhAMti), (5) koI pratijJA pUrNa hone para lI huI pravrajyA (dhanyaka kI bhAMti ), (6) janmAntara ke smaraNapUrvaka lo huI pravrajyA (pratibuddhi Adi rAjAoM kI bhAMti), (7) roga ke kAraNa lI huI pravrajyA ( sanatkumAra kI bhAMti ), (8) apamAnita hone ke kAraNa lI huI pravrajyA ( naMdiSeNa kI bhAMti ), (9) devoM dvArA pratibuddha kiye jAne para lI huI pravrajyA ( zvetArya kI bhAMti ), aura (10) putrasneha ke kAraNa lI huI pravrajyA ( vajrasvAmI kI bhAMti ) / 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 8.1-2 / 2. putra aura striyoM ke jIvana nirvAha kA prabandha na karake yadi koI puruSa pravrajyA lenA cAhe to kauTilya ne use sAhasadaMDa dene kA vidhAna kiyA hai, arthazAstra 2.1.19.36 / 3.10.712 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 383 aura bhI kaI prakAra kI pravrajyAe~ batAyI gayI haiM / tuyAvaittA pravrajyA meM vyathA pahu~cAkara ( todayitvA ), puyAvaittA meM anyatra le jAkara ( plAvayitvA ) tathA buyAvaittA pravrajyA meM saMbhASaNapUrvaka ( saMbhASya ) dIkSA dI jAtI hai / " naTakhAditA, bhaTakhAditA, siMhakhAditA aura zRgAlakhAditA nAma kI pravrajyAoM kA bhI ullekha hai / " aneka aise udAharaNa milate haiM ki jaba thor3A-sA bhI uttejana milane para loga bhAvukatAvaza dokSA grahaNa kara lete the / ujjainI kaM rAjA devilAsata kI rAnI ne apane pati ke sira meM eka sapheda bAla dekhakara kahA ki mahArAja, dharmadUta A gayA hai / tatpazcAt bAla ko tor3akara usane apanI uMgalI meM lapeTa liyA aura kSaumayugala ke sAtha eka sone kI thAlI meM rakhakara nagara-bhara meM ghumaayaa| rAjA ne saMsAra chor3ane kA nizcaya kara apane putra kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA aura ghoSaNA karAyI ki hamAre pitAmaha bAloM ke sapheda hone ke pUrva hI dIkSA grahaNa kara lete the / phira rAjA ne apanI rAnI ke sAtha zramaNa-dIkSA svIkAra kI / isI prakAra bharata cakravartI ne jaba apanI mudrikA - zUnya u~galI kI ora dRSTipAta kiyA aura vaha unheM acchI na lagI, to unheM saMsAra se vairAgya ho AyA | kAMpilyapura ke rAjA durmukha ne bar3I dhUmadhAma se indra - mahotsava manAyA thaa| sAta dina ke pazcAt, indradhvaja kI pUjA samApta hone para, jaba dhvaja ko girA diyA gayA to usameM se durgandha Ane lagI / yaha dekhakara durmukha ko vairAgya ho AyA aura usane dIkSA le lI / " ariSTanemi ke sambandha meM kahA jA cukA to bAr3e meM baMdhe hue pazuoM kI cItkAra sunakara ve bArAta ke sAtha lauTa Aye aura unhoMne pravrajyA dhAraNa kara lii| rAjImatI ne bhI unakA anukaraNa kiyA / 1. sthAnAMga 3.157, pR0 122-a, pR0 262 / 2. vahI 4.355, pR0 261-a / 3. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 202 Adi / tulanA kIjie sthavirAvalicarita 1.94 Adi; makhAdevajAtaka ( 6 ), 1, pR0 179; cullasutasomajAtaka ( 525 ), 5, pR0 260; nimijAtaka ( 541 ), 6, pR0 147 | 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, 232-a / 5. vahI 9, pR0 136 |

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa dIkSA kA niSedha yadyapi nirgrantha-zramaNoM kI dIkSA kA dvAra hara kisI ke lie khulA thA, phira bhI kucha apavAda niyama bhI the| jaise ki paMDaka (napuMsaka ), vAtika ( vAta kA rogI ) aura klIba ko dIkSA kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra bAla, vRddha, jar3a, vyAdhigrasta, stena, rAjApakArI, unmatta, adarzana ( andhA ), dAsa, duSTa, mUDha, RNapIr3ita, jAtyaMga hona, avabaddha ( sevaka ), zaikSaniSpheTita ( apahRta kiyA huA), gurviNo ( garbhavatI ) aura bAlavatsA ko dIkSA dene kI manAyI hai| kama-se-kama cha varSa kI avasthA meM pravrajyA dI jA sakatI hai, vaise sAdhAraNatayA ATha varSa se kama avasthAvAle ko pravrajyA dene kA hai| bAlaka ko pravrajyA dene meM aneka doSa batAye gaye haiM- ( ka ) loga bAlaka ko zramaNoM ke sAtha dekhakara upahAsa karane lagate haiM ki yaha inake brahmacarya vrata kA phala mAlUma hotA hai / (kha) jaise lohe ke gole ko agni meM DAlane se jahA~-jahA~ vaha ghUmatA hai, vahA~ vahA~ jalane lagatA hai, usI prakAra bAlaka ko jahA~ bhI chor3a diyA jAya, vahIM para vaha cha kAya ke jIvoM kI virAdhanA karane lagatA hai, (ga) rAtri meM vaha bhojana mAMgatA hai, (gha ) loga kahate haiM ki bacapana se hI ise jela meM DAla diyA hai, aura ye zramaNa jelara ( nAragapAlaga ) kA kAma kara rahe haiM, (Ga) isase zramaNoM kA apayaza hotA hai / (ca) bAlaka ke kAraNa vihAra karane meM antarAya hotA hai / (cha) AThava se kama avasthAvAle bAlaka meM cAritra nahIM hotA, ataeva use pravrajyA denevAlA caritra se bhraSTa hotA hai / 384 bAla - pravrajyA itanA saba hone para bhI amuka paristhitiyoM meM bAlaka ko pravrajyA dene kA vidhAna hai - ( ka ) yadi samasta parivAra pratrajyA lene ke lie taiyAra ho, (kha) yadi kisI sAdhu ke sage-sambandhI mahAmArI Adi 1. vyavahArabhASya bhAga 4, 2.201 Adi meM gaNikA dvArA dIkSA grahaNa karane kA ullekha hai / 2. sthAnAMga 3.202; nizIthabhASya 11.3503 - 7 / tathA dekhiye mahAvagga, 1.31,88 Adi, pR. 76 Adi, upasaMpadA aura pravajyA ke niyama | 3. chabbariso pavvaio, vyAkhyAprajJaptiTIkA 5.3 / 4. nizIthabhASya 11.3531 - 32; dekhiye mahAvagga 1.41.99, pR0 80 - 1 /

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385 pAMcavAM khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya ke kAraNa kAladharma ko prAna ho gaye hoM, kevala eka bAlaka hI bacA ho, (ga) kiso samyagdRSTi ke pAsa koI anAtha bAlaka ho, (gha) kisI zayyAtara ke pAsa koI anAtha bAlaka ho, (Ga) kisI kAmAtura dvArA kisI AryA ko bhraSTa kara dene para bAlaka paidA huA ho, (ca) yadi kiso maMtrI dvArA kula, gaNa aura saMgha ke lAbha hone ko sambhAvanA ho| inhIM paristhitiyoM meM mahAvIra dvArA atimuktaka ko, caturdaza pUrvadhArI zayyaMbhava dvArA maNaga ko aura siMhagiri dvArA vajrasvAmI ko pravrajita kiyA gayA thaa| vRddha-pravrajyA bAlaka kI bhAMti vRddha ko bhI pravrajyA dene kA niSedha hai| phira bhI mahAvIra dvArA apane pUrva pitA somila brAhmaNa ko, jambU dvArA apane pitA RSabhadatta ko, aura navapUrvadhArI AryarakSita dvArA apane pitA somadeva ko jo pravrajyA dene kA ullekha hai; use apavAda ke ho antargata samajhanA cAhie / garbhAvasthA meM pravrajyA yadi saMyatiyA~ kisI kAraNa se garbhavatI (DiMDimabaMdha ) ho jAyeM to unakI bahuta samhAla rakhanI par3atI thI, yaha bAta pahale kahI jA cukI hai| campA ke rAjA dadhivAhana ko rAnI padmAvatI ne garbhAvasthA meM ho pravrajyA grahaNa kara lI thii| lekina jaba saMgha kI pravartinI ko isakA patA lagA to padmAvatI ne saba bAteM batA doN| padmAvatI ko chipAkara rakkhA gyaa| bAda meM prasUti ke samaya nAmamudrA aura kambalaratna ke sAtha bAlaka ko eka imazAna meM rakha diyA gyaa| anya saMyatiyoM ke pUchane para padmAvatI ne kaha diyA ki marA huA bAlaka paidA huA thA / Age calakara yahI bAlaka rAjA karakaMDu ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| pravrajyA ke liye mAtA-pitA kI anujJA pravrajyA, kezaloca aura upadeza Adi ke lie dravya ko apekSA zAli athavA Ikha ke kheta athavA caitya vRkSa ko, aura kSetra kI apekSA 1. nizIthabhASya 11.3537-39 / ---- 2. vahI 11.3536 / 3. vahI 11.3536 / / .. 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 9, pR0 133 Adi / , 25 jai0bhA0

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386 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa kamaloM ke tAlAba yA zikhara vAle caityagRha ko prazasta kahA hai / tithiyoM meM caturthI aura aSTamo ko chor3akara zeSa tithiyoM meM pravrajyA grahaNa karane kA vidhAna hai|' pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke lie mAtA-pitA athavA abhibhAvakoM kI anujJA prApta karanA Avazyaka hai| draupado kI anujJA milane ke pazcAt hI pANDava dIkSA grahaNa kara sake, aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ko jaba taka unake gurujanoM aura jyeSTha bhrAtA kI AjJA na milI taba taka ve gRhavAsa meM hI rhe| meghakumAra pravrajita hone ke lie jaba bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samIpa upasthita hue to unake mAtA-pitA ne ziSya-bhikSA dii| niSkramaNa-satkAra niSkramaNa-satkAra bahuta ThATa-bATa se manAyA jAtA thA / isa punIta avasara para logoM meM atyanta utsAha dikhAyI par3atA, aura rAjAmahArAjA bhI isameM sakriya rUpa se sammilita hote / kisI lakar3ahAre ne saMbhavataH daridratA se taMga Akara pravrajyA grahaNa kara lI thii| lekina pravajita hone ke bAda jaba vaha bhikSA ke lie jAtA to loga use cir3Ate / lakar3ahAre ne AcArya se kahIM anyatra le calane kA anurodha kiyA / zreNika ke mantrI abhayakumAra ko jaba isa bAta kA patA lagA to usane logoM kI parIkSA lI, tathA agni, jala aura apanI mahilA kA tyAga karake dokSA grahaNa karane vAloM ko bahuta-sA sonA puraskAra meM diyA / " ___ thAvaccAputra ne jaba nigrantha pravacana kA upadeza zravaNa kara pravrajyA grahaNa karane kI icchA prakaTa kI to usakI mAtA rAjA ke yogya bheMTa grahaNa kara, apane mitra Adi ke sAtha, kRSNavAsudeva ke darabAra meM upasthita huii| usane nivedana kiyA-"mahArAja, maiM apane putra kA niSkramaNa-satkAra karanA cAhatI hU~, ataeva ApakA atyanta anugraha ho yadi Apa chatra, mukuTa aura camara dene kA kaSTa kreN|" kRSNavAsudeva ne uttara diyA-"tuma nizcinta raho, tumhAre putra kA niSkramaNa-satkAra maiM kruuNgaa|" 1. bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 413 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 168 ! 3. kalpasUtra 5.110, pR0 121 a / rAhula kI pravrajyA ke liye dekhiye mahAvagga 1.46.105, pR0 86 / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 33; antaHkRddazA 5, pR0 28 / 5. dazavaikAlikacUrNI, pR0 83 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 387 tatpazcAt caturaMgiNo senA ke sAtha vijaya hastiratna para ArUr3ha ho, ve thAvaccAputra ke ghara Aye aura use bahuta smjhaayaa-bujhaayaa| jaba kisI hAlata meM vaha apane irAde se na DigA to kRSNa ne dvArakA meM ghoSaNA karAyo ki jo koI rAjA, yuvarAja, rAno, rAjakumAra, Izvara, talavara, kauTumbika, mADaMbika, ibhya, zreSTho, senApati aura sArthavAha zramaNa-dIkSA grahaNa karegA, usake kuTumba-parivAra kI dekhabhAla rAjya ko ora se kI jaaygii| yaha sunakara kitane ho strI-puruSa apanI-apanI pAlakiyoM meM savAra hokara dIkSA grahaNa karane ke lie upasthita hue| ___ jJAtRdharmakathA meM meghakumAra ke niSkramaNa-satkAra kA vistAra se varNana milatA hai| mahAvIra bhagavAn kA upadeza zravaNa karane ke pazcAt meghakumAra ke hRdaya meM saMsAra se varAgya ho aayaa| apane mAtA-pitA ko anujJA prApta karane ke vAste vaha apane bhavana meM AyA aura mAtApitA ke caraNoM meM girakara kahane lagA-'he mAtA-pitA, mujhe mahAvIra kA dharma atyanta rucikara huA hai, ataeva Apako anujJApUrvaka maiM zramaNa-dharma meM prajita honA cAhatA huuN|" yaha sunakara meghakumAra kI mAtA mUcchita hokara dharaNotala para gira pdd'ii| phira kucha samaya bAda hoza meM Ane para vilApa karatI huI bolI-"megha, tuma mere ikalaute putra ho, udumbara ke puSpa kI bhA~ti dulebha ho, maiM kSaNabhara ke lie bhI tumhArA viyoga sahana nahIM kara sakatI, ataeva hama logoM kI mRtyu ke pazcAt hI, pariNata vaya hone para, tuma dIkSA dhAraNa krnaa|" lekina meghakumAra ne uttara diyA-"yaha jIvana kSaNabhaMgura hai, na jAne pahale kauna kAla ko capeTa meM A jAye, isalie Apa mujhe abhI dIkSA grahaNa karane kI anumati pradAna kreN|" bahuta UhApoha hone ke pazcAt , dUkAna (kuttiyAvaNa) se rajoharaNa aura pAtra (paDiggaha) maeNgavAye gaye, tathA cAra aMgula chor3akara niSkramaNa ke yogya agra keza kATane ke lie nAI ko bulaayaa| surabhi gandhodaka se hAtha aura pairoM kA prakSAlana kara, cAra tahavAle zuddha vastra se apanA mu~ha DhaMkakara nAI ne meghakumAra ke keza kaatte| ina kezoM ko meghakumAra ko mAtA ne haMsacihna vAle ___ 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 5, pR0 70-71 / padmAvatI ke mahAniSkramaNa-abhiSeka ke liye dekhiye antaHkRddazA, pR0 27 Adi / 2. rAjImatI jaba apanI mAtA se dIkSA grahaNa karane kA anumati prApta karane gaI to usakI mAtA kA zarIra kA~pane lagA, usake kaMkaNa TUTa gaye aura vaha pRthvI para gira pdd'ii| uttarAdhyayana 22, pR0 279 a|

Page #409
388 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa paTa - zATaka meM grahaNa kiyA / phira unakA gandhodaka se prakSAlana kara, gozIrSa candana ke chIMToM se carcita kara, zveta vastra meM bAMdhA aura phira ratnoM kI piTArI meM banda kara apane sirahAne ( ussIsAmU le ) rakha liyA / tatpazcAt jala ke zveta-pIta kalazoM se meghakumAra ko snAna karAyA gayA, gozIrSa candana kA zarIra para lepa kiyA gayA, nAka kI va se ur3a jAnevAle haMsa-lakSaNa paTazATaka pahanAye gaye, tathA caturvidha mAlya aura AbhUSaNoM se use alaMkRta kiyA gyaa| isake bAda zivikA (pAlakI) taiyAra kI gayI / meghakumAra ko pUrvAbhimukha siMhAsana para baiThAyA gayA / usakI mAtA snAna Adi se alaMkRta ho apane putra ke dAhinI ora bhadrAsana para baiThI / usako bAyIM ora rajoharaNa aura pAtra lekara ambAdhAtR baiThI / donoM ora do sundara taruNiyA~ camara DulAne lagIM; eka sAmane kI ora tAlavRnta lekara aura dUsarI bhRMgAra ( jhArI) lekara khar3I ho gayI / prajAjana kI ora se abhinaMdana ke zabda sunAyI dene lage aura gurujanoM kI ora se AzIrvAda kI bauchAra hone lagI / meghakumAra guNazila caitya meM pahu~ca kara zivikA se utare aura unheM ziSya - bhikSA ke rUpa meM bhagavAn. mahAvIra ke sAmane prastuta kiyA gayA / meghakumAra ne apane vastra aura AbhUSaNa utAra DAle, tathA paJcamuSTi se apane kezoM kA loca karake bhagavAna ko pradakSiNA ko aura hAtha jor3akara unako payupAsanA meM lIna ho gaye / mahAvIra ne meghakumAra ko apane ziSya ke rUpa meM svakAra kiyA / nami rAjarSi aura zakra kA saMvAda mi rAjarSi aura zakra kA eka sundara saMvAda uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM AtA hai jisase patA lagatA hai ki rAjA loga bhI binA kisI vastu kI paravA kiye, nirmamatApUrvaka saMsAra kA tyAga karake vana kI zaraNa lete the / isa saMvAda kA kucha aMza dekhie zakra - he bhagavan, yaha agni aura yaha vAyu Apake bhavana ko jalA rahI hai / apane antaHpura kI ora Apa kyoM dhyAna nahIM dete ? nami - he indra, hama to bahuta sukha se haiM, kyoMki hamArA kisI 1. 1, pR0 24-34 / jamAli ke niSkramaNa ke lie dekhie vyAkhyA - prajJapti 9. 6; tathA dekhie AvazyakacUrNI pR0 266 - 7; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 257-a Adi / bauddhamatAnuyAyI rASTrapAla kI pravrajyA ke liye dekhiye majjima nikAya, raTThapAlasutanta /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 389 vastu meM mamatva bhAva nahIM hai| ataeva mithilA ke jalane se merA kucha bhI nahIM jltaa| ___zakra he rAjarSi, apane nagara meM prAkAra, gopura, aTTAlikA, khAI ( ussUlaga aura zataghnI Adi kA prabandha karane ke pazcAt , nirAkula hokara Apa saMsAra kA tyAga kreN| ___ nami-zraddhA rUpI nagara kA nirmANa kara, usameM tapa aura saMvara ke mUsale ( argala ) lagAkara, kSamA kA prAkAra banAkara, tIna guptiyoM rUpI aTTAlikA, khAI aura zataghnI kA prabandha kara, dhanuSa rUpI parAkrama tAnakara, IryAsamiti kI pratyaJcA bAMdha kara, dhairya kI mUTha ( ketana ) lagAkara aura tapa ke bANa se karmarUpI kaMcuka ko bhedakara, maiMne saMgrAma meM vijaya prApta kI hai, ataeva aba maiM saMsAra se chuTakArA pA gayA huuN| isa prakAra zakra ke aneka prakAra se samajhAne-bujhAne para bhI nami apane vrata meM dRr3ha rahe aura unhoMne zramaNa dIkSA grahaNa kii| zramaNa saMgha prAcIna bhArata meM jaina zramaNoM kA saMgha eka atyanta mahatvapUrNa aura advitIya saMgaThana thaa| vastutaH samasta bhArata ke itihAsa meM, boddha dhama ke udaya se bhA pahale, jaina saMgha eka saMgaThita saMgha rhaa| jaisA ki kahA jA cukA hai, jaina saMgha cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA-zramaNa, zramaNo, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA / prAcIna jainasUtroM meM isa prakAra ke aneka ullekha haiM jinase patA lagatA hai ki jaina sAdhu apane saMgha yA gaNa banAkara kisI AcArya ke netRtva meM, niyamoM aura vratoM kA pAlana karate hue, kisI upAzraya yA vasati meM eka sAtha rahate the / pArzvanAtha aura mahAvora ke isa prakAra ke aneka anuyAyI the jo saMghabaddha hokara unake sAtha bhramaNa kiyA karate the / AcArya vajrasvAmI ke gaNa meM 500 sAdhu ekatra vihAra karate the| jaina zramaNa apane-apane padoM ke bheda se AcArya, ____1. tulanA kIjiye mahAbhArata zAMti parva ( 12.178); sonaka jAtaka (529 ), 5, pR0 337-38 / 2. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 6 vA~ adhyAya / 3. vyavahArabhASya meM kahA hai ki jaise nRtya ke binA naTa nahIM hotA, nAyaka ke binA strI nahIM hotI, dhure ke binA gAr3I kA pahiyA nahIM calatA, vaise hI AcArya (gaNI) ke binA gaNa nahIM calatA, jagadIzacandra jaina, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 218 / 4. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 394 /

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390 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa - vRSabha, abhiSeka aura bhikSu ina cAra bhedoM meM vibhakta kiye gaye haiM / vrata-niyama pAlana kI duzvaratA zravaNa nirgranthoM ke vrata aura niyamoM kA pAlana parama duzvara ( paramaduccara) batAyA gayA hai / jaise, gaMgA ke pratisrota ko pAra karanA, samudra ko bhujAoM se tairanA, bAlU ke grAsa ko bhakSaNa karanA, asikI dhAra para calanA, lohe ke cane cabAnA, prajvalita agni kI zikhA pakar3anA, aura maMdaragiri ko tarAjU para tolanA mahAduSkara hai, isI prakAra zramaNadharma kA AcaraNa bhI mahAduSkara batAyA gayA hai / isa dharma ke pAlane meM sarpa kI bhAMti ekAnta dRSTi aura chure kI bhAMti ekAnta dhAra rakhate hue, yatnapUrvaka AcaraNa karanA par3atA hai / isalie kahA hai ki nirgrantha pravacana meM klIba, kAyara aura kApuruSoM, tathA ihalaukika icchAoM meM race-pace aura paraloka ke prati udAsIna logoM kA kAma nahIM / isakA pAlana to koI dhIra, dRr3hacitta aura vyavasAyI puruSa ho kara sakate haiM / 3 nirgrantha zramaNoM kI tapasyA atyanta vikaTa hotI thI / bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki AhAra karate samaya unheM cAhiye ki AhAra ko dAMye jabar3e se bAMye jabar3e kI ora aura bAMye jabar3e se dAMye jabar3e kI ora na le jAkara binA svAda liye hI use nigala jAyeM, tathA mAMsa aura rakta kA zoSaNa karate hue macchara Adi jantuoM ko na haTAyeM / jaba meghakumAra tapa tapane lage to unakA zarIra sUkhakara kAMTA ho gayA tathA usameM mAMsa aura rakta kA nAmamAtra bhI na rahA / isalie jaba ve calate yA uThate-baiThate to unakI haDDiyoM meM se kiTakiTa kI AvAja nikalatI | bar3I kaThinatApUrvaka ve cala pAte aura kucha bolate hue yA bolane kA prayatna karate hue unheM cakkara A jAtA / jisa prakAra aMgAra, kASTha, patra, tila aura eraMDa kI gAr3I sUrya kI garmI se sUkha 'jAne para kar3akar3a AvAja karatI hai, uso prakAra meghakumAra ke asthicarmAvazeSa zarIra meM se AvAja sunAyI dene lagI / " 1. nizIthabhASya 15.4633 / 2. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 16. 36-43 / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 28 / 4. AcArAMga 7.4.212, pR0 252 / 5. jJAtRdharmakathA 1, pR0 43 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya dhanya anagAra kI tapasyA dhanya anagAra kI tapasyA kA varNana karate hue kahA hai ki usake pAda, jaMghA aura Uru sUkhakara rUkSa ho gaye the, peTa picaka kara kamara se jA lagA thA aura donoM ora se uTha kara vikarAla kar3hAI ke samAna ho gayA thaa| usakI pasaliyAM dikhAyI de rahI thiiN| kamara kI har3iyAM akSamAlA kI bhAMti eka-eka karake ginI jA sakatI thIM, vakSaHsthala kI haDDiyAM gaMgA ko laharoM ke samAna alaga-alaga dikhAyI par3atI thI, bhujAe~ sUkhe hue sapaM kI bhAMti kRza ho gayI thI, aura hAtha ghor3e ke mu~ha para bAMdhane ke tobare ko bhAMti zithila hokara laTaka gaye ye / usakA sira vAtarogI ke samAna kAMpa rahA thA, muMha murajhAye hue kamala kI bhAMti mlAna ho gayA thA aura ghaTa ke samAna khulA hone se bar3A vikarAla pratIta hotA thA, nayana-koza andara ko dhaMsa gaye the, aura bolate samaya use mUrchA A jAtI thii| isa prakAra rAkha se Acchanna agni kI bhAMti apane tapa aura teja se vaha zobhita ho rahA thaa| kiso napasvI ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki tapta zilA para ArUr3ha hote hI usakA komala zarIra navanIta kI bhAMti pighala kara bahane lgaa| cilAta muni ke zarIra ko cIMTiyoM ne khAkara chalanI banA diyA thaa| jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa nimrantha zramaNa do prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM-jinakalpI aurasthavirakalpI / jinakalpo pANipAtrabhojI aura pratigrahadhArI ke bheda se do prakAra ke hote haiN| kucha pANipAtrabhojI aise hote haiM jo vastra nahIM rakhate, kevala rajoharaNa aura mukhavastrikA hI rakhate haiN| kucha aise hote haiM jo rajoharaNa aura mukhavatrikA ke sAtha-sAtha eka, do athavA tIna vastra ( kappa = kalpa) dhAraNa karate haiN| jo pratigrahadhArI hote haiM, yadi ve vastra dhAraNa nahIM karate, to nimnalikhita bAraha upakaraNa rakhate haiMpAtra, pAtrabandha, pAtrasthApana, pAtrakesarikA (pAtramukhavatrikA), paTala, rajastrANa, gocchaka, tona pracchAdaka (vastra), rajoharaNa aura mukhavatrikA / 1. anuttaropapAtikadazA 3.1 / buddha kI tapasyA ke lie dekhiye majjhimanikAya 1, 12, pR0 112 / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 1, pR0 21 / 3. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 467; tathA dekhiye nidAnakathA, pR0 87-88 /

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362 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa inameM mAtraka aura colapaTTa milA dene se sthavirakalpiyoM ke caudaha upakaraNa ho jAte haiN| anya pAtroM meM naMdobhAjana, patadgraha, vipatadgraha, kamaDhaka, vimAtraka aura prazravaNamAtraka ke nAma Ate hai / varSA Rtu ke yogya upakaraNoM meM Dagala ( TaTTI poMchane ke miTTI Adi ke Dhele), kSAra (rAkha), kuTamukha (ghar3e jaisA pAtra), tIna prakAra ke mAtraka, lepa, pAdalekhanikA, saMstAraka, pITha aura phalaka ke nAma ullekhanIya hai / zramaNa nigrantha pratidina bhikSA ke lie jAte aura kezaloca karate / kisI prakAra ko graMthi na rahane ke kAraNa ve nirgrantha kahe jAte the| ve nimnalikhita vratoM kA pAlana karate the-ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha aura rAtribhojana tyAgaH pRthvI, apa, teja, vAyu, vanaspati aura trasa jIvoM kI rakSA; abhakSya vastuoM kA tyAga, gRhastha ke pAtra meM bhojana karane kA tyAga, khATa (paliyaMka) aura Asana (nisajjA niSadyA ), tathA snAna aura zarIrabhUSA kA tyaag|5|| nirgranthoM ko nimnalikhita bhojana-pAna grahaNa karane kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai jo bhojana-pAna khAsataura se unake lie taiyAra kiyA gayA ho (AdhAkarma), jo uddiSTa ho, kharIdA gayA ho (krItakRta ) uThAkara rakkhA huA ho, aura unake lie banAyA gayA ho| isI prakAra durbhikSa-bhojana (durbhikSa-pIr3itoM ke lie rakkhA huA , kAMtAra-bhojana ( jaMgala ke logoM ke lie taiyAra kiyA huA), vadalikA-bhojana (varSA Rtu meM taiyAra kiyA huA), glAna-bhojana (bImAroM kA 1. nizIthabhASya 2.1390-97; bRhatkalpabhASya 3.3962 Adi; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 75; oghaniyukti 666-746 / sthavirakalpiyoM ke lie dekhie AcArAMgasUtra 7.4.208 Adi / paTala aura colapaTTa kA upayoga jananendriya ko DhaMkane ke lie bhI kiyA jAtA thA, bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2659 / digambara mAnyatA ke lie dekhie devasena, bhAvasaMgraha 119-33; kAmatAprasAda jaina, jaina eMTIkverI, jilda 6, naM0 11 / / 2. zithila sAdhuoM meM sArUpika, siddhaputra, asAvagna, pArzvastha Adi kA ullekha hai| dekhiye nizIthacUrNIpIThikA 346; 14.4587, vyavahArabhASya 8.288; gacchAcAraTIkA, pR0 84 a / 3. vyavahArabhASya 8.250 Adi / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4263 / 5. dazavaikAlikasUtra 6.8 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sanpradAya 363 bhojana ), tathA mUla, kaMda, phala, bIja aura harita bhojana-pAna / ' isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina zramaNoM ko saMyama meM sthira rakhane ke lie sUkSmAtisUkSma niyamoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, aura saMyamapAlana meM thor3A bhI pramAda hone se unake lie prAyazcita kA vidhAna hai| ina vratoM aura niyamoM ko sUkSma caco yahAM apekSita nahIM hai, kintu itanA avazya hai ki sAdhu ko kisa taraha bhikSAvRtti karanA, kahAM rahanA, kaise rahanA, bImAra ho jAne para kisa prakAra cikitsA karAnA, tathA upasarga athavA durbhikSa upasthita hone para, rAjya meM avyavasthA hone para aura mahAmArI Adi phailane para kisa prakAra apane cAritra aura saMyama ko surakSita rakhanA, ina saba bAtoM kA prAcIna jainasUtroM-vizeSakara chedasUtroM meM khUba vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| nissandeha isa varNana se tatkAlIna bhAratIya jIvana para prakAza par3atA hai| nirgrantha zramaNoM kA saMkaTamaya jIvana ___ saMgha-vyavasthA kI sthApanA ke pahale jaina zramaNoM ko apane cAritra kI rakSA ke lie eka se eka kaThina saMkaToM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thaa| una dinoM eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para AvAgamana kI aneka kaThinAiyAM thIM, cora-DAkU aura jaMgalI jAnavaroM ke bhISaNa upadrava huA karate the, viruddha rAjya hone para sarvatra avyavasthA phaila jAtI thI, darbhikSa aura mahAmArI Adi roga sarvanAza kara DAlate the, vasati (Thaharane ) kI kaThina samasyA thI, jaina zramaNoM tathA anya torthikoM-khAsakara brAhmaNoM-meM vAda-vivAda huA karate the, aura roga se pIr3ita hone para sAdhuoM ko bhayakara kaSTa sahane par3ate the| aiso saMkaTakAlIna sthiti meM bhI jaina zramaNa vrata, niyama aura saMyama kA dRr3hatApUrvaka pAlana karane ke lie dattacitta rahate the| aisA karate hue kitane hI nAjuka kSaNa aise Ate ki jovana-maraNa ko sthiti utpanna ho jAtI. aura usa samaya sukha-dukha ke prati samabhAva rakhate hue, zAMtipUrvaka prANoM kA tyAga karane meM ve apanA parama saubhAgya samajhate / adhvaprakaraNa zramaNoM kA gamanAgamana dharmapracAra kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga mAnA 1. jJAtRdharmakakathA 1, pR0 28 / 2. sAdhudrohI manuSyoM ke varNana ke lie dekhiye sUtrakRtAMga 2,2.32, 10 322 Adi /

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394 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa jAtA thA / ye loga eka varSa meM ATha mahIne eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para vihAra karate rahate / janapada-parIkSA prakaraNa meM kahA gayA hai ki jaina zramaNoM ko nAnA dezoM kI bhASAoM meM kuzala honA cAhie jisase ve deza-deza ke logoM ko unakI bhASA meM dharmopadeza de skeN| tathA unheM isa bAta kI bhI jAnakArI honI cAhie ki kisa deza meM kisa prakAra se dhAnya Adi ko utpatti hotI hai, aura kahAM banija-vyApAra se AjIvikA calato hai|' janapada-vihAra ke samaya zramaNa, vidvAn AcAryoM ke pAdamUla meM baiThakara sUtroM ke artha kA bhI nizcaya kara sakate the / lekina isake lie zramaNoM ko bahuta dUra-dUra ko yAtrAeM karanI par3atI thoM, tathA kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM ki una dinoM mArga bar3e arakSita aura khatare se khAlI nahIM the| mArgajanya kaSToM se AkrAnta ho kitane hI sAdhu bhoSaNa jaMgaloM meM pathabhraSTa ho jAte, jaMgalo jAnavara unheM mArakara khA jAte, bar3e-bar3e registAna, pahAr3oM aura nadiyoM ko unheM lAMghanA par3atA, barphIle pahAr3a aura kaMTakAkoNa durgama pathoM para calanA par3atA, cora-DAkuoM aura jaMgala meM rahane vAlI jAtiyoM kA upadrava sahana karanA par3atA, tathA bhojana-pAna ke abhAva meM apane zarIra kA tyAga karanA par3atA thA / vAta Adi roga se grasta hone ke kAraNa, sAdhu ke ghuTanoM ko vAyu pakar3a letI aura usakI jaMghAoM meM darda hone lagatA thaa| kabhI upakaraNoM ke bhAra se use calane meM kaSTa hotA aura bahuta se upakaraNa dekhakara cora Adi pIche laga lete the| kabho atyadhika varSA ke kAraNa nadI meM bAr3ha A jAne se bahuta dina taka mArga ruka jAtA, aura kabhI jaMgalI hAthI mArga roka kara khar3A ho jAtA thA / rAstA calate hue unake pairoM meM kAMTe, guThaliyA~ aura lakar3I ke ThUTha ghusa 1. bRhatkalyabhASya 1.1226-39 / 2. dekhiye vahI 1.2393-94, 2736; 2841-2668 / majjhinikAya 2, laTukikopamasutta, pR0 132 (rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, hindI anuvAda ) meM rAtribhojana-tyAga kA upadeza dete hue kahA hai ki mArga meM coroM kA Dara, gaDDhe meM girane kA Dara aura vyabhicAriNI striyoM kA Dara rahatA hai, ataeva bhikSu ko vikAlabhojana se virata rahanA caahiye| 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3055-57 / 4. vahI 1.3073 / varSAvAsa ke niyamoM ke liye dekhiye mahAvagga 3.1.1, pR0 144 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 395 jAte, lathA kIcar3a, U~ce-nIce mArga, guphA aura gahare gaDDoM meM girane se ve mUrcchita ho jAte yA unake darda hone lagatA; anAryoM kA Dara rahatA aura unako striyoM dvArA upasarga kiye jAne kI saMbhAvanA rahatI / ' . kitanI hI bAra sAdhuoM ko kisI sAthe ke sAtha gamana karanA par3atA thaa| kabhI sArtha ke loga jaMgalo jAnavaroM se rakSA karane ke lie bAr3a lagAte, to sAdhuoM ko bhI apanI rakSA ke lie sUkhe kAMToM kI bAr3a lagAnI par3ato, athavA sUkhI lakar3iyAM Adi jalAkara rakSA karanI pdd'tii| isI prakAra coroM se rakSA karane ke lie unheM vAgADaMbara (vayaNacaDagara ) kA Azraya lenA par3atA thaa| kabhI aise bhI avasara Ate ki kisI mahATavI meM zvApada athavA coroM Adi ke bhaya se sArtha ke loga idhara-udhara bhAga jAte aura sAdhu mArga-bhraSTa ho jAte, athavA vRkSa Adi para car3hakara unheM apanI rakSA karanI pdd'tii| aisI hAlata meM vanadevatA kA Asana kampAyamAna karake mAge pUchanA pdd'taa| kabhI bhojana Adi kama ho jAne para sArtha ke logoM ko kaMda, mUla aura phala kA bhakSaNa karanA par3atA aura sAdhuoM se bhI ve inhoM vastuoM ko khAne kA Agraha karate / yadi sAdhu bhakSaNa kara lete to ThIka, nahIM to ve unheM DarAne ke lie rassI dikhAte ki yadi hamArA sAtha na doge to rassI se laTakA kara prANa haraNa kara leMge / adhvagamana ke upayogI padArthoM meM sAdhuoM ke liye zakara athavA gur3AmAMzrata kele, khajUra, satta athavA piNyAka (pinnI) bhakSaNa karane kA vidhAna hai| nAva-gamana yadi kabhI jaina zramaNoM ko nAva dvArA nado pAra karane kI AvazyakatA par3atI to yaha bhI eka samasyA ho jaato| kabhI anukampAzIla nAva ke vyApAro, pahale se nAva para baiThe hue yAtriyoM ko utAra kara, unakI jagaha sAdhuoM ko baiThA lete, athavA nadI ke dUsare kinAre para sAdhuoM ko dekhakara ve apanI nAva vahAM le jAte / aisI hAlata meM nAva se utAre hue yAtrI sAdhuoM se dveSa karane lagate, aura unase badalA lene kA prayatna krte| eka bAra pATaliputra meM muruMDa rAjA gaMgA 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.881 / 2. dekhie AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 154 / / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3103-14; nizIthacUNIpIThikA 255 / 4. nizIthamASya 16.5684 /

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa meM snAna kara rahA thaa| isa boca meM dUsare kinAre para sAdhuoM ko khar3A dekha, apanI nAva lekara vaha svayaM unheM lAne calA / udhara se lauTate hue nadI ke pAra pahu~cane taka rAjA ne eka sAdhu se koI kathA sunAne ke lie kahA | sAdhu ne kathA sunAyo / rAjA ko kathA accho lgii| bAda meM rAjA ne usa sAdhu kI talAza karavAkara use apane antaHpura meM kathA sunAne ke lie bulvaayaa| kabhI koI zramaNa-vidveSI, dveSa ke kAraNa, sAdhuoM ke nAva para ArUr3ha hone ke pazcAt unheM kaSTa pahu~cAne ke lie apanI nAva ko nadI ke pravAha meM yA samudra meM DAla detA thaa| kabhI koI nAvika sAdhuoM athavA unakI upadhi para jala ke chIMTe DAlatA, yA sAdhu ko jala meM pheMka detaa| aisI hAlata meM magara Adi jalacara jIvoM aura samudra meM phiranevAle coroM kA unheM Dara rahatA / ___ kabhI nAva meM baiThe hue yAtrI nAvika se kahate ki yaha sAdhu pAtra ke samAna nizceSTa baiThA huA hai jisase nAva bhAro ho gayI hai, isalie isakA hAtha pakar3akara ise pAnI meM pheMka do| yaha sunakara sAdhu apane covara ko ThIka taraha se bAMdha letA yA use sira para lapeTa letaa| nAva ke yAtriyoM se vaha kahatA ki Apa loga isa taraha mujhe kyoM pheMka rahe haiM, maiM svayaM nAva se utarA jAtA huuN| yadi ve loga phira bhI usakI bAta na sunakara use jabadastI pAnI meM dhakela ho deM, to binA roSa kiye hue, use jala ko taira kara pAra kara lenA caahie| yadi aisA na kara sake to upadhi kA tyAga kara kAyotsaga karanA cAhie; nahIM to kinAre para pahu~cakara gIle zarIra se baiTha jAnA caahie| yadi jala ko jaMghA se pAra kiyA jA sake to jala ko Alor3ana karatA huA na jAye; eka pAMva jala meM aura dUsarA Upara rakhakara jala ko pAra kre| yadi kadAcit jala ke pravAha meM baha jAya to kAyotsargapUrvaka zarIra kA tyAga kre| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nAvArUr3ha hone para unheM aneka 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5623-26; nizIthabhASya 12.4215 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5629-33 / 3. AcArAMga 2, 3. 2, pR0 347-a Adi / zrAvastI kI airAvatI ( acirAvatI = rAptI ) nadI meM AdhI jaMghA taka jala rahatA thA / isa nadI ko eka paira jala meM aura dUsarA AkAza meM rakhakara pAra karane kA vidhAna hai, bRhatkalpasUtra 4.33; nizIthabhASya 12.4228 Adi / jaina sAdhu ko nAva ke

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pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 397 pAMcavAM khaNDa ] upasarga sahana karane par3e the / sAdhuoM ko kIcar3a pAra karake bhI jAnA par3atA thA / lattagapatha (thor3I ko bar3avAlA mArga; isa mArga meM itanI kIcar3a hotI tho jitano ki alate se paira racAne ke liye paryApta ho), khalugamAtra ( paira ko ghuMTI taka AnevAlI kIcar3a), ardhajaMcAmAtra, jAnumAtra aura nAbhi taka AnevAlI kardamayukta patha kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / 2 cora DAkuoM kA upadrava ( hRtAhRtaprakaraNa ) cora DAkuoM ke upadrava bhI kucha kama na the| ye loga jala aura sthala dvArA vyApAra karane vAle sArthavAhoM ko lUTa lete, sAdhuoM ko mAra DAlate aura sAdhviyoM ko bhagAkara le jAte / kabhI bodhika cora ( mleccha ) kisI AcArya yA gaccha kA vadha kara DAlate, saMyatiyoM ko jabardastI hara le jAte tathA caityoM aura unakI sAmagrI ko naSTa kara sted | isa prakAra ke prasaMga upasthita hone para, apane AcArya kI rakSA ke lie koI vayovRddha sAdhu gaNa kA netA bana jAtA, aura gaNa kA AcArya sAmAnya bhikSu kA veSa dhAraNa kara letA / " kabhI aisA bhI hotA ki AkrAntika cora curAye hue vastra ko dina meM hI sAdhuoM ko vApisa kara jAte, kintu anAkrAMtika cora rAtri ke samaya vastroM ko upAzraya ke bAhara mUtrasthAna ( prazravaNabhUmi ) meM DAlakara bhAga jAte / yadi kabhI koI cora senApati upadhi ke lobha ke kAraNa AcArya kI hatyA karane ke lie udyata hotA to dhanurveda kA abhyAsI koI sAdhu apane bhujabala se, athavA dharmopadeza dekara, yA maMtra, vidyA, cUrNa aura nimitta Adi kA prayoga kara use zAnta karatA / yadi kabhI agra bhAga athavA pRSThabhAga meM na baiThakara madhya bhAga meM baiThane kA vidhAna hai, nizIthacUrNIpIThikA 198-66 | 1. nizIthabhASya 12.4218 / 2 . vahI 12.4234 | 3. bRhatkalpasUtra 1.45 tathA bhASya / 4. nizIthacUNapIThikA 289 kI cUrNAM / aise samaya kahA gayA hai - evaM save asahI aTThAyamANA vavaroveyavvA / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3005 - 6 ; nizIthabhASyapIThikA 321 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3011 / 7. vahI 1.3014 Adi /

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398 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa bodhika coroM kA upadrava ho aura koI bhI upAya na ho sake to deza chor3akara jAne kA vidhAna hai / sAdhuoM ke kaMbalaratna ( kImato kaMbala ) ke Upara bhI coroM kI najara rahatI thI, aura aneka bAra ve churA dikhAkara, khaMDita kiye hue kaMbala ko unase silavA kara le lete the / 2 coroM dvArA sarvasva haraNa kara lie jAne para, bhayaMkara zIta ke samaya, unheM apane hAtha-pAMva ko Aga meM tApanA par3atA thA / 2 vairAjya - viruddha rAjya prakaraNa vairAjya athavA viruddha rAjya meM gamanAgamana se jaina zramaNoM ko dAruNa kaSToM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thA / vairAjya cAra prakAra kA batAyA gayA hai - (ka) rAjA kI mRtyu ho jAne para yadi dUsare rAjA aura yuvarAja kA abhiSeka na huA ho ( aNarAya ), ( kha pahale rAjA dvArA niyukta yuvarAja se adhiSThita rAjya; abhI taka dUsarA yuvarAja abhiSikta na kiyA gayA ho ( juvarAya ), (ga) dUsare rAjA kI senA ne rAjya ko ghera liyA ho (verajjaya = vairAjya), (gha) eka hI gotra ke do vyaktiyoM meM rAjyaprApti ke lie kalaha ho raho ho (verajja = dvairAjya ) / yadi kisI janapada meM vyApAriyoM kA gamanAgamana rahatA to sAdhu ko bhI usa janapada meM vihAra kara sakane ko anujJA tho, anyathA viruddha rAjya hone se vahAM gamanAgamana kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai / " aisI dazA meM kaMdhe para lAThI rakhakara calanevAle musAphiroM (attANa), coroM, zikAriyoM (meya), rAjA kI AjJA ke binA saparivAra bhAgakara jAnevAle bhaToM, rAhagIroM, aura guptacaroM ke sAtha gamana karane kI AjJA hai / " lekina kabhI nagararakSaka ( gommiya = gaulmika ), cora aura guptacaroM Adi ke bhaya se mArgoM ko rokakara rakhate the, aisI hAlata meM 1. vahI 1.3137 / 2 . vahI 3.3603 - 4 / 3. nizIthacUrNApIThikA 234 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2764-65 / 5. vahI 1.2766 / 6. ekalavihArI zrAvastI ke rAjakumAra bhadra ko vairAjya meM guptacara samajha kara pakar3a liyA gayA thA / use anAryoM se ba~dhavAkara usake zarIra meM tIkSNa darbhoM kA praveza kara, use asahya vedanA pahu~cAI gayI, uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 47 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 399 yadi sAdhu kisI unmArga se janapada meM praveza karate to unheM vadha-baMdhana Adi kA bhAgI honA par3atA / kintu darzana aura jJAna ke prasAra ke lie, AhAra-zuddhi ke lie, glAna sAdhu ko cikitsA ke lie athavA kisI AcArya se milane Adi ke lie sAdhu vairAjya aura viruddha rAjya meM bhI saMkramaNa kara sakate the| aisI dazA meM nagararakSaka (Arakkhiya), zreSThI, senApati, amAtya, athavA rAjA ko anumati prApta kara gamana karanA ho ucita batAyA hai| kabhI do rAjAoM meM kalaha hone para, koI rAjA apane pratidvandvI rAjA dvArA pratiSThita AcArya kA rAjapuruSoM dvArA apaharaNa karA letA thaa| aiso hAlata meM dhanurvedo sAdhu ko parAkrama dikhAkara AcArya ko chur3Ane kA vidhAna hai|' rAjA yadi nigrantha zramaNoM ke prati sadbhAva rakhatA taba to Thoka thA, lekina yadi vaha unase dveSa rakhatA to sAdhuoM ko dAruNa kaSToM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thA / yadi sAdhuoM ne rAjA ke antaHpura meM gharSaNa kiyA ho, rAjA athavA amAtya ke putra ko dIkSita kara liyA ho, rAjabhavana meM sAdhu ke veSa meM dhana Adi ke lobho sAhasI loga (abhimara) ghusa Aye hoM, sAdhuoM kA dazana aniSTa samajhA jAtA ho, kisI sAdhu ko kisI aviratikA ke sAtha anAcAra karate dekhA gayA ho, to aisI dazA meM pradviSTa hone ke kAraNa rAjA sAdhuoM ko dezanikAlA de sakatA hai, unakA bhojana-pAna banda kara sakatA hai, unake upakaraNoM kA haraNa kara sakatA hai tathA unake cAritra athavA jIvana kA satyAnAza kara sakatA hai / aisI hAlata meM rAjapuruSa bhikSA ke lie Aye hue sAdhuoM ko rokakara deza se bAhara kara dete haiM / bhakta-pAna roka diye jAne para sAdhuoM ko rAtri ke rakkhe hue bAsI bhojana, takra, khalI ( piMDI ), aura vAyasapiMDikA Adi kA Azraya lenA par3atA hai| rAjA ke dvArA vastra-pAtra Adi upakaraNoM kA apaharaNa kara lie jAne para, devakula Adi meM kAryATika sAdhuoM dvArA tyAge hue athavA kUr3I Adi para par3e hue vastroM ko grahaNa karane kA vidhAna hai| zIta lagane para tRNoM ko or3hane yA Aga meM tApane kA Adeza hai| rajoharaNa ke sthAna para mayUrapiccha, aura prastaraNa Adi ke sthAna para carma kA upayoga kare, palAza ke pattoM athavA hAtha meM bhojana grahaNa kare tathA haMsataila Adi ke utpAdana kI bhA~ti avasvApana aura tAloddhATana Adi ke prayoga dvArA vastra aura pAtra Adi ko prApta kare / 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2755-87 /

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400 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [cavAM khaNDa yadi rAjA ne jIvana se vaMcita karane kA nizcaya hI kara liyA ho to use vidyA, nimitta athavA cUrNa Adi ke prayoga se vaza meM kre| yadi yaha saMbhava na ho to jaMgala ke gahana vRkSoM athavA padmoM ke tAlAba Adi meM chipakara apanI rakSA kre| kabhI rAjA ke abhiSeka-samAroha para samasta prajA aura sabhI pAkhaNDI to upasthita hote, kevala zvetabhikSu na Ate, to aisI dazA meM rAjA unheM deza se niSkAsita kara detA / namuI ke rAjapada para abhiSikta hone para, zveta bhikSuoM ko chor3akara, sArI prajA use badhAI dene Ayo tho; yaha bAta rAjA ko accho na lgii| usane zveta bhikSuoM ko bulAkara kahA-'jise rAjapada prApta ho, vaha kSatriya ho yA brAhmaNa, use sabho sAdhuoM ko upasthita hokara badhAI denI cAhie, kAraNa ki rAjA tapovana ko rakSA karatA hai / tuma loga maryAdA kA pAlana nahIM karate, isalie rAjya ko chor3akara phaurana cale jaao|' yaha dekhakara eka sAdhu gaMgAmandira pavata para viSNukumAra muni ke pAsa pahu~cA / viSNukumAra AkAzavidyA kI sahAyatA se phaurana hI gajapura ke lie ravAnA ho gaye | ve sAdhuoM ko sAtha lekara namuI ke darzanArtha gye| lekina namuI ne kahA-'jo kucha mujhaM kahanA thA, maine kaha diyA hai, bAra-bAra kahane se koI lAbha nahIM / ' yaha dekhakara viSNukumAra ne rAjA se tIna paira jamIna ko yAcanA ko / rAjA ne tIna paira rakhane kI jagaha de do, lekina kahA ki yadi kahIM cauthA paira rakhA to sira kATa liyA jAyagA / yaha sunakara viSNukumAra ko bhI krodha A gayA / kopAgni se unakA zarIra bar3hatA calA gyaa| yaha dekha zramaNa saMgha ne unheM kisI prakAra zAnta kiyA / isa samaya se viSNukumAra trivikrama ke nAma se vikhyAta hue| 1. vahI. 1.3120-36 / 2. nizIthacUrNI 9.2573 / 3. vyavahArabhASya vRtti 1.90-91, pR0 76-77 meM ullekha hai ki jaise cANakya ne nanda rAjAoM kA aura naladAma julAhe ne makor3oM kA unmUlana kiyA, vaise hI pravacana se dveSa karane vAle rAjA kA samUla nAza kare / aise loga kevala zuddha hI nahIM kahalAte, balki zIghra hI unheM mokSa kI prApti hotI hai (acirAnmokSagamanaM) / yahA~ pravacana ke rakSaka ke rUpa meM viSNukumAra muni kA udAharaNa diyA hai / tathA dekhie vahI 7.545-47, pR. 64-a-65; nizIthacUrNI pIThikA 487 kI cUrNI, pR0 162-63 / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 249 /

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2 pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 40.1 aura bhI aneka prakAra ke rAjyopadrava huA karate the / kisI rAjA ke tInoM rAjakumAroM ne dokSA grahaNa kara lo, kintu saMyogavaza kucha samaya bAda rAjA kI mRtyu ho gayo / mantriyoM ne rAjA ke lakSaNoM se yukta kisI kumAra kA anveSaNa karanA Arambha kiyA / patA lagA ki dIkSita rAjakumAra vihAra karate hue nagara meM Aye haiM aura udyAna meM Thahare hue haiN| yaha sunakara amAtya chatra, camara aura khaDga udyAna meM pahu~ce | pahale rAjakumAra ne saMyama-pAlana meM asamarthatA prakaTa kI, dUsare ne upasarga sahakara bhI saMyama kA pAlana kiyA, aura tIsare ko AcArya ne saMyatiyoM ke upAzraya meM chipA diyA / ' kabhI rAjaputra aura purohita donoM hI pradveSa karanevAle hote the / koI sAdhu ujjainI meM vihAra kara rahA thA / bhikSA ke lie usane rAja bhavana meM praveza kiyA / kumAroM ne use nRtya karane ke lie khaa| lekina sAdhu ne uttara diyA ki yadi tuma loga bAjA bajAo to maiM nAca sakatA hU~ / kumAroM ne bajAnA zurU kiyA, lekina ve ThIka prakAra se nahIM bajA sake / sAdhu aura kumAroM meM jhagar3A ho gayA / mArapITa ke bAda sAdhu apane guru ke samIpa pahu~cA / pIche-poche rAjA apane dala-bala sahita upAzraya meM AyA / sAdhu ne rAjA ko phaTakArate hue kahA ki tuma kaise rAjA ho jo tumase apane putra bho vaza meM nahIM rakkhe jA sakate / upAzrayajanya saMkaTa nirgrantha zramaNoM ko Thaharane ko bahuta bar3I samasyA thI / aneka janapadoM meM rahane ke lie unheM sthAna kA milanA kaThina thA, aura aisI dazA meM unheM vRkSa, caitya yA zUnyagRha kI zaraNa lenI par3atI thI / lekina grAma ke bAhara devakula athavA zUnyaghara meM Thaharane se strI athavA napuMsaka dvArA upasarga kiye jAne kI AzaMkA rahatI thii| kabhI vahAM senA par3Ava DAlatI tho, athavA vyAghra Adi jaMgalI jAnavaroM kA AnA-jAnA lagA rahatA thA / aise sthAnoM para rAta ke samaya coroM kA bhaya rahatA, sarpa, makor3e Adi nikalate, maccharoM kA upadrava hotA aura kutte pAtra uThAkara le jAte / kabhI vahA~ ghUma-phira kara kotavAla Akara 1. dekhie Upara pR0 47-48; tathA nizIthabhASya 4. 1740-44 / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 25-a / 3. dekhiye bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2493 - 99 / 4. nizIthabhASya 5.1914 kI cUrNI; bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2330-33 / 26 jai0 bhA0 *

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402 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa so jAte aura kabhI vyApArI apanA sAmAna becakara so jAte / kArpATika aura sarajaska sAdhu tathA ku~vAre loga (vaMTha) yahA~ Akara vizrAma' karate / sAdhuoM ko apanI vasati kI dina meM tIna bAra dekhabhAla karane kA Adeza hai / kyoMki saMbhava hai ki koI strI apane navajAta zizu ko yA akAla Adi ke kAraNa mRta santAna ko upAzraya ke pAsa DAla jAye, yA koI kisI ko mAra kara yA curAye hue dhana ko vahA~ rakha jAye / yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki koI dRDhavratI athavA parISahoM dvArA parAjita sAdhu gale meM phaMdA laTakA kara prANoM ko tyAga de aura phira sAdhuoM ko nAhaka hI rAjakula meM ghasITA jAye / upAzraya ke abhAva meM vizeSakara sAdhviyoM ko bahuta kaSTa sahana karane par3ate the, ataeva unheM sabhA, pyAU (prapA) athavA devakula Adi AvAgamana ke sthAnoM meM ( AgamaNagiha), khule hue sthAnoM meM ( viyaDagiha ), ghara ke bAhara cabUtare Adi sthAnoM meM ( vaMsomUla ) aura vRkSa ke nIce Thaharane kA niSeva kiyA gayA hai / sAdhu ke lie vidhAna hai ki use kAnoM se nIce kI vasati meM na rahanA cAhie; isase jhukakara calane meM kuttebillI jananendriya ko tor3a lene kA prayatna kara sakate haiM, athavA Upara sira lagane se sAMpa-bicchU dvArA DaMse jAne kI AzaMkA rahatI hai / isI prakAra saMstAraka ko jamIna se eka hAtha Upara bichAne kA vidhAna hai, nahIM to nIce kI ora hAtha laTakA raha jAne se sarpa Adi ke car3ha Ane kA bhaya rahatA hai / ' rogajanya kaSTa bImAra par3ane para sAdhuoM ko cikitsA ke lie dUsaroM para ho avalambita rahanA par3atA thA / pahale to cikitsA meM kuzala sAdhu dvArA hI rogI kI cikitsA kiye jAne kA vidhAna hai, lekina phira bhI yadi bImArI ThIka na ho to kisI acche vaidya ko dikhAnA cAhiye / yadi glAna itanA adhika bImAra ho jAya ki use vaidya ke ghara le jAnA par3e aura mArga kI AtApanA sahana na karane ke kAraNa, kadAcit vaha prANa chor3a de to aisI hAlata meM AkrozapUrNa vacanoM se vaidya kaha sakatA 1. oghaniryukti 218, pRSTha 88-a / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4745-46 / 3. bRhatkalpasUtra 3.11 tathA bhASya 1 4. vRhatkalpabhASya 4.5673-77 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa] . pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 403 hai-"kyA tuma logoM ne merA ghara zmazAna-kuTI samajha rakkhA hai jo murda ko yahAM lekara Aye ho|" tatpazcAt vaidya mRtaka kA sparza kara sacela snAna karatA hai aura apanA ghara gobara se lipavAtA haiN| vaidya ke ghara zakuna dekhakara hI jAne kA vidhAna hai| yadi vaha eka dhotI (zATaka ) pahane ho, taila kI mAliza karA rahA ho, lodhra kA ubaTana lagavA rahA ho, hajAmata banavA rahA ho, rAkha ke Dhera yA kUr3o ke pAsa khar3A ho, Aparezana kara rahA ho, ghaTa yA tuMbo ko phor3a rahA ho, yA zirAbheda kara rahA ho to usa samaya koI prazna usase na pUche / hAM, yadi vaha zubha Asana para baiThA ho, prasanna mudrA meM vaidyakazAstra kI koI pustaka par3ha rahA ho, yA kiso ko cikitsA kara rahA ho to dharmalAbha pUrvaka usase rogI ke sambandha meM prazna karanA caahie| yadi vaidya svayaM glAna ko dekhane ke lie kahe to use upAzraya meM balAnA cAhie / vaidya ke upAzraya meM Ane para AcArya Adi ko uThakara glAna sAdhu ko use dikhAnA cAhie | AcArya ko pahale vaidya se bAtacIta karanA cAhie aura Asana Adi se use upanimaMtrita karanA cAhie | AvazyakatA hone para sAdhuoM ko vaidya ke snAna, zayana, vastra aura bhojana Adi kI vyavasthA bhI karanI cAhie | yadi vaidya apanI dakSiNA mAMge to sAdhu ne dIkSA lete samaya jo dhana nikuMja Adi meM gAr3akara rakkhA ho usase, athavA yoniprAbhRta kI sahAyatA se dhana utpanna kara use denA caahie| yadi yaha saMbhava na ho to yaMtramaya haMsa athavA kapota Adi dvArA upArjita dhana vaidya ko dakSiNA ke rUpa meM denA caahie| zUla uThane para athavA viSa, visUcikA yA sarpadaSTa se por3ita hone para sAdhuoM ko rAtri ke samaya bhI auSadha sevana karane kA vidhAna hai| durbhikSajanya upasarga una dinoM ati bhayaMkara duSkAla par3ate the, jisase sAdhuoM ko niyama-vihita bhikSA prApta honA duSkara ho jAtA thA / Arya vajrasvAmI kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| duSkAla ke samaya maMtra-vidyA ke bala se 1. tulanA kIjiye suzruta 1.26, 14-16 Adi / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1610-2013; vyavahArabhASya 5.89-90, pR0 20; nizIthasUtra 10.16-36; bhASya 2966-3122 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2873-74 /

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404 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa AhAra lAkara ve sAdhuoM kA peTa bharate the| darbhikSa ke samaya eSaNAzuddhi nahIM raha sakatI thI aura asamAdhi se maraNa ho jAtA thA | yaha / jAnakara ekabAra kisI AcArya ne apane gaccha ke samasta sAdhuA ko anyatra vihAra kara jAne kA Adeza diyaa| saba sAdhu to cale gaye, kevala eka kSullaka AcArya ke sneha ke kAraNa, jAkara bhI vApisa lauTa aayaa| tatpazcAt yaha socakara ki AcArya ko kyoM kaSTa diyA jAya, vaha svayaM bhikSA ke lie jAne lgaa| bhikSAvRtti karate samaya kisI proSitabhartRkA ne use usake sAtha hI rahakara bhoga bhogane ke lie nimaMtrita kiyA / kSullaka ne socA ki yadi isakI bAta na mAnU~gA to asamAdhi ke kAraNa prANoM se vaMcita honA par3egA, ataeva ve donoM pati-patnI ke rUpa meM rahane lge| brahmacaryajanya kaThinAiyA~ jainasUtroM meM jagaha-jagaha sAdhuoM ko upadeza diyA hai ki striyoM ke samparka se sadA bacanA caahie| jaise lAkha ko agni meM DAlane se vaha phaurana hI jala uThatI hai, usI prakAra sAdhu striyoM ke saMvAsa se naSTa ho jAtA hai| strI ko viSale kaMTaka ko upamAre dI gayI hai, tathA sAdhuoM ko la~gar3I, lUlo athavA bUcI aura nakaTo strI se bhI dUra hI rahane kA Adeza hai|' striyoM kA upasarga athavA zItasparza na saha sakane, ke kAraNa prANoM taka kA tyAga kara dene kA vidhAna hai|" lekina akhaMDa brahmacarya vrata kA pAlana AsAna kAma nahIM thaa| bhikSAvRtti karate samaya sAdhuoM ko strIjanoM ke samparka meM AnA par3atA thA / ve unase bhikSA grahaNa karate aura unhe saddharma kA upadeza dete / yadi koI sAdhu ekala-vihArI hotA to use striyoM ke caMgula meM par3ane ke adhika avasara Ane kI saMbhAvanA rhtii| kitanI hI bAra sAdhuoM ko gRhasthoM ke sAtha rahanA par3atA, aura aisI dazA meM gRhastha kI patnI, kanyA, patohU , dAI athavA dAsI unake pAsa pahu~cakara baliSTha saMtAna 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.4956-58 / 2. sUtrakRtAMga 4.1.27 / 3. vahI 4.1.11 / 4. dazavaikAlikasUtra 8.56 / 5. AcArAMga 1.212, pR0 252 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 405 ko prApti ke vAste viSayabhoga ke lie nimaMtrita krto'| koI strI kevala daridra, durbhaga aura kaThina zarIra vAle logoM ke hI yogya aise kaSTaprada saMyama ko tyAgakara unheM apane sAtha bhoga bhogane ke lie AmaMtrita krto| sUtrakRtAMga meM aisI sthiti kA atyanta svAbhAvika citraNa kiyA gayA hai| koI sAdhu kAmavAsanA ke kAraNa kisI strI ke vaza meM ho gayA; phira to dhIre-dhIre vaha use dhamakAne lago aura apane paira se usakI tAr3anA karane lago | kabhI vyaMgyapUrNa vacanoM se vaha usase kahatI-"ai priya, yadi tuma mujha jaiso sukezo strI ke sAtha nahIM rahoge to maiM ina kezoM kA loca karavA ddaaluuNgii| kisI bhI hAlata meM mujhe akelo chor3akara tuma mata rahanA / " tatpazcAt vaha sAdhu ko lakar3iyAM, AlatA, bhojana, pAna, vastra, AbhUSaNa, sugaMdhita dravya, aMjana, zalAkA, cUrNa (pAuDara), tela, guTikA, tilakakaraNI, chatra, paMkhA, kaMghA, zozA, dAtauna, pezAba kA bartana, (mocameha ), okhalo ora caMdAlaka ( tAmramaya pAtra) Adi ghara-gRhastho kA sAmAna lAne kA Adeza detI / yadi kahIM vaha garbhavatI ho gayI to eka dAsa ko bhAMti use usake dohada pUrNa karane ko kahato / yadi vaha santAna prasava karatI to saMtAna ko goda meM uThAkara calane ke lie kahatI, aura rAtri ke samaya donoM ho eka dAI kI bhAMti use thapaka-thapaka kara sulAte / aura ye kAma karate hue yadyapi donoM ko zarma lagatI, phira bho eka dhobo ko bhAMti ve usake vastra Adi dhote / __vyavahArabhASya meM isa sambandha meM kisI zreSThoputra ko vadhU kI eka zikSAprada kahAnI do gayI hai| kisI seTha kA putra apanI strI ko apane mAtA-pitA ke pAsa chor3akara dhanAjana karane ke lie paradeza calA gayA / isa bIca meM strI ko kAmavAsanA jAgRta huii| usane dAsI se apanI icchA vyakta kI / dAsI ne gupta rUpa se sArI bAta seTha aura seThAnI se kaha do / seTha ko bar3I ciMtA huii| usane jhUThamUTha seThAnI se lar3AI kara lI / aba ghara kA sArA bhAra usakI putravadhU para A pdd'aa| eka dina dAsI ne bahU ko pahalI bAta yAda dilAyo / bahU ne uttara diyA-"dAso, aba to marane taka kI phursata nahIM hai|" isa dRSTAMta dvArA sAdhuoM ko upadeza diyA gayA hai ki unheM sUtra-svAdhyAya Adi meM 1. AcArAMga 2, 2.1.294, pR0 332 Adi / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 1, pR0-20-a / 3. sUtrakRtAMga 4.2 / /

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja' [pAMcavAM khaNDa saMlagna rahanA cAhie jisase ki unako kAmecchA zAnta rhe| phira bhI aise kitane hI jaina zramaNoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo apane Upara niyaMtraNa na rakha sakane ke kAraNa cAritra se bhraSTa ho gye| ariSTanemi ke bhAI rathanemi kA ullekha Upara A cukA hai| sAdhvI rAjImatI ko nirAvaraNa dekhakara unakA mana calAyamAna ho gayA thaa| isI prakAra jaba sanatkumAra cakravartI apanI paTarAnI sunaMdA ko sAtha lekara saMbhUta muni kI vandanA karane gayA to muni ne rAnI ke alakoM ke sparza-sukha kA sAtizaya anubhava karate hue agale bhava meM bhogoM kA upabhoga karane ke lie cakravartI kA janma dhAraNa karane kA nidAna kiyaa| muni Ardraka ke sambandha meM ullekha hai ki unhoMne zramaNatva ko tyAga kara kisI sArthavAha kI kanyA se vivAha kara liyaa| usake bAda do putra ho jAne ke pazcAt Ardraka ne apanI patnI se punaH sAdhu jIvana vyatIta karane kI icchA vyakta kii| isa samaya vaha kAta rahI thii| usake bacce ne prazna kiyA-"mAM, kyA kara rahI ho ?" mAM ne uttara diyA"tumhAre pitA jI sAdhu honA cAhate haiM, isalie apane parivAra kA pAlana karane ke lie maiMne kAtanA zurU kiyA hai|" yaha sunakara bacce ne apane pitA ko bAraha bAra sUta ke dhAge se lapeTa diyA, jisakA matalaba thA ki Adraka ko 12 varSa taka gRhavAsa meM rahanA caahie|' muni ASADhabhUti kA ullekha pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| apane AcArya ke bahuta samajhAne-bujhAne ke bAvajUda unhoMne zramaNatva kA tyAgakara rAjagRha ke suprasiddha naTa vizvakarmA ko do putriyoM se vivAha kara liyA / parivAra ke saba loga milakara nATaka khelane lge| eka bAra ASAr3habhUti kI donoM patniyAM Asava pIkara bekhabara soyI huI thiiN| unheM isa 1. 3. 245-54 pR0 52 Adi / yahA~ isa prakAra se veda kI zAnti na hone para anya upAyoM kA avalaMbana lene kI vidhi kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / tathA dekhiye vahI, 3.267-8; 5.73-4, pR0 17; 6.21, pR0 4; vahI, 3.192-65 / tathA nizIthasUtra 6.1-77; tathA bhASya 2196-2286 tathA cUrNI; nizIthasUtra 7.1-91; bhASya 2288-2340 tathA cUrNI / .. 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 186-a Adi / 3. sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA 2, 6, pR0 388 / tulanA kIjie baMdhanAgAra jAtaka (201), 1, 10 307; tathA dhammapadaaTThakathA 1, pR0 306 Adi; 4, pR0 54 Adi /

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407 pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya avasthA meM dekhakara ASAr3habhUti ko phira se vairAgya ho AyA / ' vezyAjanya upadrava vezyAjanya upadravoM ko bhI kamo nahIM thii| kabhI rAtri ke samaya vezyA upAzraya meM Akara sAdhuoM ke sAtha rahane kA Agraha karato, to pahale to sAdhu use rokane kA prayatna krte| yadi vaha na mAnato to sAdhuoM ko upAzraya chor3akara zUnyagRha yA vRkSa ke nIce jAkara rahane kA vidhAna hai / yadi bAhara osa giratI ho, yA haritakAya yA trasajIva dikhAyI dete hoM, to bhI bAhara hI jAkara rahane kA Adeza hai| lekina yadi bAhara poroM aura jaMgalI jAnavaroM kA bhaya ho, yA varSA ho rahI ho, to kaThora vacanapUrvaka vezyA ko vahAM se nikala jAne ke lie kahanA cAhie | yadi vaha jAne se manA kare to kisI sahasrayodhI sAdhu ko cAhie ki use bAMdha kara rAjakula meM le jaaye| isa sambandha meM mAgadha gaNikA Adi gaNikAoM ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM jinhoMne kUlabAlaka Adi muniyoM ko cAritra se bhraSTa kiyA thA / vAda-vivAdajanya tathA anya saMkaTa dharma kA pracAra karane ke lie jaina zramaNoM ko anya tIrthakoM ke sAtha vAda-vivAda meM bhI jUjhanA par3atA thA aura isake liye unheM vAda, jalpa aura vitaMDA Adi kA Azraya lenA par3atA thaa| zrAvastI ke rAjakumAra skaMdaka kI bahana puraMdarajasA kA vivAha uttarApatha ke antargata kumbhakArakRta nagara ke rAjA daMDako ke sAtha huA thaa| eka bAra daMDakI kA dUta pAlaka zrAvastI nagarI meM aayaa| skaMdaka ke sAtha usakA vivAda ho par3A jisameM pAlaka hAra gayA / kucha samaya bAda skaMdaka ne zramaNa-dIkSA grahaNa kara lo aura saMyogavaza sAdhuoM ke sAtha vihAra karatA huA vaha kumbhakArakRta nagara meM phuNcaa| pAlaka ne usase badalA lene ke lie eka ikSuyaMtra meM sabako peranA zurU kara diyaa| mathurA ke stUpa ko lekara jaina bhikSuoM aura raktapaToM meM vivAda hone 1. piMDaniyukti 474 Adi / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.4923-25; nizIthabhASya 1.556-59 / 3. sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA 4.1.2 / 4. nizIthabhASya 5.2 . 26-31 / . 5. vahI 16.5740-43 aura cUrNI /

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408 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa kA ullekha pahale kiyA jA cukA hai|' rAjasabhA meM ahaMtapraNIta dharma ko mAnane vAle jaina sAdhuoM aura buddhapraNIta dharma ko mAnanevAle taJcanniya sAdhuoM meM vivAda huA karate the| AIka muni kA gozAla, zAkyaputroyoM, dvijAtiyoM, ekadaMDI sAdhuoM aura hastitApasoM ke sAtha vAda-vivAda hone kA ullekha hai| kisI rAjakSullikA ke kiso carikA Adi dvArA vAda meM parAjita kara diye jAne para usake kSiptacitta ho jAne kI saMbhAvanA rahatI thii| - isake sivAya, kabhI kisI rAjA ke mana meM vicAra udita hotA ki tapasviyoM ko rAtribhojana karAne se deza meM zAnti sthApita raha sakatI hai, isalie vaha una logoM ko rAtribhojana karAne ke avasara ko talAza meM rhtaa| isI prakAra vyaMtara deva bhI sAdhuoM ko rAtri. bhojana karAkara prasanna hote / aisI saMkaTamaya sthiti upasthita hone para kahA hai ki sAdhu ko bhojana kI poTalI hAtha meM lekara cupake se idharaudhara aMdhere meM DAla denA cAhie, yA bImAra hone kA bahAnA banA denA cAhie / yadi phira bhI koI na mAne to bhojana karane ke pazcAt muMha meM uMgalI DAlakara vamana kara denA caahie|'... __kabhI kisI sAdhu ko kiso AryA ke pAsa kAyotsarga meM sthita dekhakara loga kahane lagate ki hamane yahI manautI kI thI aura isase hamArA prayojana siddha hone vAlA hai| yaha socakara ve mahApazu (puruSa) kA yajJa karane ke lie sAdhu ko pakar3a kara vadha karane ke lie le jAte the| bagIce meM se phala Adi tor3a lene para bhI jaina sAdhuoM ko kaThora daMDa kA bhAgI honA par3atA thaa| 1. vyavahArabhASya 5.27-8 / 2. nizIthacUrNI 12.4023 kI cUrNI / 3. sUtrakRtAMga 2,6 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 6.6197 / 5. vahI 4.4962-66 / rAtribhojana ke guNa aura divAbhojana ke doSoM ke lie dekhiye nizIthabhASya 11.3365 / rAtribhojana ke doSoM ke lie dekhie, vahI, pIThikA 414-17, 454-55 / 6. vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 102-a-103 / 7. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.622-23 /

Page #430
pAMcavAM khaNDa] / pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya . nirgrantha zramaNoM kA Adarza jainasUtroM meM kathana hai ki sAdhu ko apane dharma aura vrata-niyama kA atyanta tatparatA se pAlana karanA caahie| kahA bhI hai, "cirasaMcita vrata ko bhagna karane kI apekSA jalato huI agni meM kUda kara prANa de denA zreyaskara hai, tathA kisI bhI hAlata meM zuddha karma karate hue mRtyu ko zaraNa lenA acchA hai, zIla ko khaMDita kara denA nahIM lekina isake sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai ki khAsakara zramaNa saMsthA ke vikAsa ke prArambhika kAla meM isa Adarza kA akSarazaH pAlana karanA kucha sAdhAraNa kAma nahIM thaa| chedasUtroM meM vidhAna hai ki jaise koI vaNika alpa lAbha ke mAla ko tyAgakara adhika lAbha vAle mAla ko grahaNa karatA hai, usI prakAra sAdhu ko cAhie ki vaha alpa saMyama kA tyAgakara bahutara saMyama ko grahaNa kare / kahA bhI hai "sarvatra saMyama kI rakSA karanI cAhie, lekina saMyama se bhI adhika apanI rakSA karanI caahie| jIvita rahane para hiMsA Adi pApoM se vaha prAyazcitta dvArA chuTakArA pA sakatA hai, aisI dazA meM vaha avirato nahIM kahA jaayegaa|"2 - ___"zarIra rUpI parvata se hI jalarUpI dharma kA srota pravAhita hotA hai, ataeva sarvaprayatna dvArA dharmasaMyukta zarIra ko rakSA kre"| jisa prakAra vidhi-vidhAnapUrvaka mantra se parigrahIta viSa-bhakSaNa bhI doSa utpanna nahIM karatA, isI prakAra mantra, yajJa aura jApa dvArA vidhipUrvaka kI huI hiMsA ko bhI durgati kA kAraNa nahIM btaayaa| isa dRSTAMta dvArA kalpya 1. varaM praveSTuM jvalitaM hutAzanaM, na cApi bhagnaM cirasaMcitaM vrataM / varaM hi mRtyuH suvizuddhakarmaNo, na cApi zIlaskhalitatya jIvitam // -vahI 4.4949 kI cUrNI / 2. savvattha saMjamaM saMjamAo appANameva rkkhNto| muccati ativAtAo puNo visohI Na tAviratI / / bhaNai ya jahA "tuma jIvaMto eyaM pacchitteNa visohehi si, aNNaM ca saMjamaM kAhisi / ' -nizIthacUNIpIThikA 451 kI cUrNI / 3. zarIraM dharmasaMyuktaM rakSaNIyaM prayatnataH / * zarIrAcchravate dharmaH, parvatAt salilaM yathA / / -bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2600 kI TIkA /

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410 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa ( karane yogya ) ko akalpya aura akalpya ko kalpya kahA gayA hai; " hA~, binA prayojana akaraNoya kRtya na karanA cAhie / yadi apavAda kA koI kAraNa upasthita ho, to akaraNIya kA niSedha nahIM hai, kyoMki tIrthakaroM ne 'satya ko hI saMyama' kahA hai / apavAda mArga kA avalambana jaina zramaNa saMgha ke zaizavakAla meM kitane hI avasara aise Ate the jabaki nirmantha aura nirgranthiniyoM ko duSTa rAjAoM, maMtriyoM aura purohitoM kI ora se jAna-bUjhakara kaSTa pahu~cAyA jAtA thA / aisI hAlata meM kahA gayA hai ki yadi upadravakArI zAMtipUrNa upAyoM se Thoka rAste para nahIM AtA to zramaNa saMgha kA kartavya hai ki usake ucita daNDa kI vyavasthA kI jAye / trivikrama rUpa se prakhyAta zramaNa saMgha ke uddhAraka muni viSNukumAra kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / viSNukumAra kI bhAMti jo loga pravacana kI rakSA meM satata saMlagna rahate haiM, na unheM kevala zuddha aura puNyAtmA kahA gayA hai, balki unheM zIghra hI mokSaprApti kA adhikArI batAyA gayA hai| aise aneka prasaMgoM kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai jaba ki utsarga mArga ko chor3akara jaina zramaNAM ko apavAda mArga kA avalambana karanA par3A hai| koMkaNa kI bhayAnaka aTavI kA eka prasaMga chedasUtroM meM AtA hai / sAdhuoM kA koI saMgha aTavI meM se gujara rahA thA / aTavI ko bhayAnaka jaMgalI jAnavaroM se AkrAnta jAna, saba sAdhu sandhyA ke samaya eka sthAna para Thahara 1 rAta hone para usameM se eka sahasrayodhI sAdhu lakuTa lekara paharA dene lagA / itane meM eka zera dikhAyI diyaa| sAdhu ne apanI lakuTa se use mAra bhgaayaa| dUsarI aura tIsarI bAra bhI usane aisA hI kiyA / prAtaH kAla hone para jaba saMgha ne vihAra kiyA to patA calA ki rAste 1. nizItha cUrNI 15.4866 kI cUrNI / 2. NikkAraNe akanaNijjaMNa kiMci aguNNAyaM, avavAyakAraNe upa akappaNijjaMNa kiMci paDisiddhaM NicchyavavahArato esa titthakarANA, "kajje sacceNa bhaviyavvaM" kajjaM ti avavAdakAraNaM, teNa jati akappaM paDi sevati tahAvi sacco bhavati, sacco tti saMjamo, vahI, 16.5248 kI cUrNI / tathA dekhie jItakalpacUrNI pR0 55; bhaMgavatI ArAdhanA ( gAthA 625 ) bhI prAyazcitta se asaMyama sevana kA nAza batAyA hai / 3. vyavahArabhASya 7.545 - 47 1.90 Adi, pR0 76 Adi /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 411 meM tIna zera mare par3e haiN| AcArya ne upadeza dete hue kahA ki jahA~ taka sambhava ho sAdhu ko avirAdhaka hI rahanA cAhie, lekina kucha paristhitiyA~ aisI AtI haiM jaba ki virAdhanA meM bhI doSa nahIM mAnA jaataa| kisI rAjA ke santAna nahIM thii| mantriyoM ne salAha dI ki kisI apara puruSa se isa taraha bIja-prakSepa kiyA jAya jisase lokApavAda bhI na ho aura santAna bhI ho jaaye| yaha socakara jaina zramaNoM ko antaHpura meM dharmakathA kahane yA ahat ke pratimA-vaMdana karane ke bahAne bulAne kI yojanA banAI gyii| jaba sAdha, rAjabhavana meM A gaye to taruNa sAdhaoM ko chor3akara bAkI ko vApisa bheja diyA gayA / tatpazcAt rAjapuruSoM ne inheM rAniyoM ke sAtha bhoga bhogane ke lie bAdhya kiyaa| jina sAdhuoM ne apane vrata kA bhaMga nahIM karanA cAhA unheM prANoM se vaMcita honA pdd'aa| zeSa sAdhuoM ne .AcArya ke pAsa jAkara saba kucha saca-saca kaha diyA / AcArya ne prAyazcitta kA vidhAna karate hue kahA ki yadi maithuna meM rAga Adi kA sarvathA abhAva ho to vaha nirdoSa hai, aura yatanAyukta sAdhuoM ke lie kevala alpa prAyazcita batAyA gayA hai|' . isI prakAra upasarga Adi anya kAraNoM ke upasthita hone para, sAdha ke lie Adeza hai ki vaha apanA veza badalakara anyatra calA jaaye| aisI asAmAnya paristhitiyoM meM use bhakSyAbhakSya kA vicAra nahIM raha pAtA aura buddha pratimA athavA buddha stUpa Adi kI vandanA ke ke lie bAdhya honA par3atA hai| lekina dhyAna rakhane kI bAta hai ki isa prakAra kA AcaraNa apavAda mArga ke andara hI AtA hai, utsarga athavA sAmAnya mArga ke andara nhiiN| vastutaH upazama ko hI zramaNa dharma kA sAra batAyA hai| yadi zramaNa dharma kA AcaraNa karate hue kisI ke kaSAyoM kI utkaTatA hotI hai to Ikha ke puSpa kI bhAMti usake vrata-niyama saba nirarthaka mAne gaye haiN| 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2664-68; nizIthacUrNIpIThikA 289 kI cUrNI / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.4947-54; nizIthabhASyapIThikA 367-8% 6.2242-44 / 3. vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 122-23 / 4. bRhatkalpasUtra 1.34; dazavaikAlikaniyukti 301 /

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412 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa (2) zAkya zramaNa zAkya zramaNoM ko rattavaDa (raktapaTa) athavA taccanniya (kSaNikavAdI) nAma se ullikhita kiyA gayA hai| unake paMca skandha ke siddhAnta kA ullekha milatA hai| anuyogadvAra aura naMdisUtra meM buddhazAsana ko laukika zrutoM meM ginA gayA hai| ArdrakakumAra aura zAkyaputroM ke vAda-vivAda ke sambandha meM pahale kahA jA cukA hai / nigranthoM aura zAkya zramaNoM ke boca aneka zAstrArtha huA karate the| (3) tApasa zramaNa vanavAsI sAdhuoM ko tApasa kahA gayA hai| tApasa zramaNa vanoM meM Azrama banAkara rahate the / ve apane dhyAna meM saMlagna rahate, yajJa-yAga karate, zarIra ko kaSTa dene ke lie paMcAgni tapa tapate, tathA apane dharmasUtroM kA adhyayana karate / unakA adhikAMza samaya kaMdamUla aura phaloM ke baTorane meM hI bItatA, aura ve eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para bhramaNa karate rahate / vyavahArabhASya meM tApasoM ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki ve okhalI (udUkhala) athavA dhAna sApha karane ke sthAna (khalaya) ke AsapAsa par3e hue dhAnoM ko bonate aura unheM pakA kara khAte / kabhI ve kevala itane ho dhAnya grahaNa karate jitane ki eka cammaca (darvI), daMDa, yA cukaTI se eka bAra meM uThAye jA sakate hoM, yA dhAnyarAzi para pheMke hue vastra para eka bAra meM lage raha jAte hoM / ' tApasa-AzramoM ke ullekha milate haiN| mahAvIra apanI vihAracaryA ke samaya morAga saMnniveza ke Azrama meM Thahare the / " uttaravAcAla meM sthita kanakakhala nAma ke Azrama meM pAMca sau tApasa rahA karate the| potanapura meM bhI tApasoM kA eka Azrama thA jahAM valkalacIro kA janma huA thaa| 1. sUtrakRtAMga 1.1.17 / 2. anuyogadvArasUtra 41; nandisUtra 42, pR0 163-a / 3. nizIthacUrNI 13.4420 kI cUrNI / 4. vyavahArabhASya 10.23-25, dekhiye vaTTakera, mUlAcAra 5.54 / 5. Avazyakaniyukti 463 / 6. AvazyakacUNI, pR0 278 / 7. vahI, pR0 457 / tulanA kIjie dhammapadaaTThakathA, 2, pR0 209 Adi meM ullikhita bAhiya dArucIriya ke sAtha / valkalacIrI Adi RSiyoM ko

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pAMcavAM khaNDa- ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 413 aupapAtikasUtra meM nimnalikhita vAnaprastha tApasa ginAye gaye haiM:hottiya (agnihotrI ), pottiya ( vastradhArI ), kottiya ( bhUmizAyI ), jaI ( yajJa karane vAle) saDDUI ( zraddhA rakhane vAle ), thAlaI ( apane bartana bhA~De lekara calane vAle), huMbaraTTha ( kamaNDala rakhane vAle; kuNDikAzramaNa - TIkA ), daMtukkhaliya' ( dAMtoM se okhalI kA kAma lene vAle; phalabhojo - TIkA ), ummajjaka' ( unmajjana mAtra se snAna karane vAle ), saMmajjaka ( aneka bAra DubakI lagA kara snAna karane vAle), nimajjaka ( snAna karate samaya kSaNabhara ke lie jala meM DUbe rahane vAle ), saMpakkhAla ( zarIra para miTTI ghisakara snAna karane vAle), dakkhiNakUlaga ( gaMgA ke dakSiNa taTa para rahane vAle ), uttarakUlaga ( uttara taTa para rahane vAle ), saMkhadhamaka ( zaMkha bajAkara bhojana karane vAle ), kUladhamaka ( kinAre para khar3e hokara zabda karane vAle ), miyaluddhaya ( jAnavaroM kA zikAra karane vAle ), hatthitAvasa ' ( hAthI ko mArakara bahuta samaya taka bhakSaNa karane vAle ), uDuMDaka' (daNDa ko nirgrantha pravacana meM anyaliMga se siddha mAnA gayA hai| ye RSi paMcAgni tapa karake, zIta udaka kA pAna kara athavA kandamUla phala Adi kA bhakSaNa karake siddhi ko prApta hue haiM, catuHzaraNaTIkA 64; sUtrakRtAMga 3.4.2, 3, 4, pR0 4-a- 95 / 1. daMtolukhalin aura unmajjaka kA ullekha rAmAyaNa 3.6.3 meM milatA hai / tulanA kIjie dIghanikAyaaTThakathA 1, pR0 270 / 2. karNadadhne jale sthitvA tapaH kurvan pravartate / unmajjakaH sa vijJeyastApaso lokapUjitaH // - abhidhAnavAcaspati / 3. ye loga eka varSa yA chaha mahIne meM apane bAgoM se eka mahAkAya hAthI ko mAra kara usase Aja vikA calAte the / inakA kahanA thA ki isase ve anya jIvoM kI rakSA karate haiN| TIkAkAra ke anusAra ye bauddha sAdhu the, sUtrakRtAMga 2,6 | lalitavistara, pR0 248 meM hastivrata nAma ke sAdhuoM kA ullekha hai / mahAvagga 6.10.22, pR0 235 meM durbhikSa ke samaya hasti Adi ke mAMsa bhakSaNa kA ullekha hai / 4. uDDaMgoM ko boDiya aura sarakkha ( sarajaska ) Adi sAdhuoM ke sAtha ginA gayA hai / zarIra hI unakA ekamAtra parigraha thA aura apane pANipuTa meM ve bhojana kiyA karate the, AcArAMgacUrNI, 5, pR0 169 /

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414 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa Upara uThAkara calane vAle ), disApokkho' ( jala se dizAoM kA siMcana kara phala, puSpa Adi baTorane vAle ), bakavAsI ( valkala dhAraNa karane vAle), aMbuvAsI ( jala meM rahane vAle ), bilavAsI ( bila meM 1. vyAkhyAprajJapti ( 11.6 ) meM hastinApura ke ziva rAjarSi kA upAkhyAna AtA hai / ve arane rAjya kA bhAra apane putra ko sauMpa kara tavA ( lohI ), lohe kI kar3AhI aura kar3achA Adi upakaraNa lekara gaMgA ke kinAre vAnaprastha tapasviyoM ke pAsa pahu~ce aura unhoMne dizAprokSiyoM kI dIkSA svIkAra kara lI / chama chaTTha tapa karate hue dikcakravAla tapa karma dvArA bhujAe~ uThA kara tapa meM - lIna ho gaye / prathama chaha tapa ke pAraNA ke dina ve AtApanA bhUmi se utare aura valkala ke vastra dhAraNa kara apanI kuTiyA meM aaye| vahA~ se bA~sa ke pAtra ( kiTiNa ) aura TokarI ( sAMkAyika, bhArodvahanayaMtra - TIkA ) lekara ve pUrva dizA kI ora cale / pUrva dizA kA udaka se unhoMne siMcana kiyA, phira pUrva dizA meM sthita soma mahArAjA kA AhvAna kara kanda, mUla, chAla, patra, puSpa, phala aura bIja se apanI TokarI bhara lI / tatpazcAt darbha, kuza aura samidha grahaNa kara, vRkSa ke patte tor3e aura apanI kuTiyA meM cale Aye / yahA~ Akara vedI ko jhAr3A-poMchA aura lIpa-potakara zuddha kiyA / phira darbha, aura kalaza lekara gaMgA meM snAna karane ke lie cle| vahA~ snAnapUrvaka Acamana kiyA, tathA devatA aura pitaroM ko jalAMjali arpaNa kara, darbha aura jala kA kalaza hAtha meM le, apanI kuTI meM Aye / yahA~ darbha, kuza aura bAlU kI vedI banAyI, maMthana - kASTha dvArA araNi ko ghisakara agni prajjvalita kii| tatpazcAt agni kI dAhinI ora nimnalikhita vastue~ sthApita kIM - sakathA ( eka upakaraNa ), valkala, agnipAtra ( ThANa ), zayyA kA upakaraNa, kamaNDalu aura daNDa; svayaM bhI Asana grahaNa kiyA / usake pazcAt madhu, ghI aura akSatoM se agni meM homa kiyA, phira caru pakAyA aura usase vaizvAnara devatA aura atithi kA pUjana kiyA, aura usake bAda svayaM bhojana grahaNa kiyaa| phira dUsarI bAra chaha tana kiyA / isa bAra dakSiNa dizA kA siMcana kara, yama mahArAja se rakSA ke lie prArthanA 1 1 kI / tIsarI bAra pazcima dizA meM pahu~ca kara varuNa mahArAja kI, aura cauthI bAra uttara dizA meM sthita vaizramaNa mahArAja kI pUjA-upAsanA kI / somila brAhmaNa ne Amra ke ArAma kA ropaNa kiyA, jahA~ usane mAtuliMga, bilva, kapiSTha, ciMcA Adi boye / phira, pUrva, dakSiNa, pazcima aura uttara kI dizAoM meM jAkara tapa kiyA, nirayAvaliyAo 3, pR0 37 - 45; tathA dekhiye vasudevahiDI pR0 17; dIghanikAya, sigAlovavAdasutta /

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415 pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya rahane vAle ), jalavAsI ( jala meM nimagna hokara baiThe rahane vAle ), velavAsI ( samudra taTa para rahane vAle ), rukkhamUlia (vRkSoM ke nIce rahane vAle ), aMbubhakkhI (jala bhakSaNa karane vAle ), vAubhakkhI ' (vAyu para rahane vAle ), aura sevAlabhakkhoM (zaivAla kA bhakSaNa karane vAle ) / isake sivAya, aneka tApasa mUla, kaMda, chAla, patra, puSpa aura boja kA sevana karate the, aura kitane hI sar3e hue mUla, kaMda, chAla Adi dvArA jIvana nirvAha karate the| bAra-bAra snAna karate rahane se unakA zarIra pIlA par3a gayA thaa| ye tApasa-zramaNa gaMgA ke taTa para rahate aura vAnaprastha Azrama kA pAlana karate the| anya tapasviyoM ko bhA~ti ye bhI samUha meM calate the / koDinna, dina aura sevAli nAma ke tApasoM kA ullekha AtA hai; ye loga pAMca-pAMca sau sAdhuoM ke sAtha paribhramaNa karate tathA kaMdamUla aura sar3e hue patra tathA zaivAla kA bhakSaNa kara jIvana-nirvAha karate the / ye aSTApada ( kailAza) kI yAtrA karane jA rahe the| (4) parivrAjakazramaNa geruA vastra dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa inheM gerua athavA gairika bhI kahA gayA hai| parivrAjaka-zramaNa brAhmaNa dharma ke pratiSThita paNDita hote the| vaziSThadharmasUtra meM ullekha hai ki parivrAjaka ko apanA sira muNDita rakhanA cAhie, eka vastra athavA carmakhaNDa dhAraNa karanA cAhie, gAyoM dvArA ukhAr3I huI ghAsa se apane zarIra ko AcchAdita karanA cAhie tathA jamIna para sonA caahie| ye loga Avasatha ( avasaha ) meM 1. rAmAyaNa ( 3.11.12 ) meM maMDakarNI nAmaka tApasa kA ullekha hai jo vAyu para jIvita rahatA thA; tathA mahAbhArata 1.66.42 / 2. dekhie lalitavistara, pR0 248 / 3. tulanA kIjiye, dIghanikAya 1, ambasutta pR0 88 / 4. aupapAtikasUtra 38, pR0 170, nirayAvaliyAo 3, pR0 39 / / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 10, pR0 154-a / 6. nizIthacUrNI 13.4420 kI cUrNI / 7. 10.6-11; malAlasekara, DikzanarI oNva pAlI praupara nemsa, jilda 2, pR0 159 Adi; mahAbhArata 12.190.3 /

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416 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa nivAsa karate tathA AcArazAstra aura darzana Adi viSayoM para vAdavivAda karane ke lie dUra-dUra taka paryaTana karate / parivrAjakazramaNa cAra veda, itihAsa (purANa), nighaMTu, SaSThitaMtra, gaNita, zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, chanda, nirukta, jyotiSazAstra tathA anya brAhmaNa-zAstroM ke vidvAna hote the| dAna-dharma, zauca-dharma aura tIrthasnAna kA ve upadeza karate the| unake matAnusAra jo kucha bhI apavitra hotA vaha jala aura miTTI se dhone se pavitra ho jAtA hai, aura isa prakAra zuddha deha ( cokSa ) aura niravadya vyavahAra se yukta hokara snAna karane se svaga ko prApti hotI hai| ina parivrAjakoM ko tAlAba, nadI, puSkariNI, vApI Adi meM snAna karane, gAr3I, pAlakI, azva, hAthI Adi para savAra hone, naTa, mAgadha Adi kA tamAzA dekhane, harita vastu Adi ko roMdane, strI, bhakta, deza, rAja aura caura kathA meM saMlagna hone, tumbo, kASTha aura miTTI ke pAtroM ke sivAya bahumUlya pAtra dhAraNa karane, gerue vastra ko chor3akara vividha prakAra ke raMgIna vastra pahanane, tA~be kI aMgUThI ( pavittiya ) ko chor3akara hAra, ardhahAra, kuNDala Adi AbhUSaNoM ko dhAraNa karane, karNapUra ko chor3akara anya mAlAeM pahanane aura gaMgA kI miTTI ko chor3akara aguru, candana Adi kA zarIra para lepa karane kI manAyI hai| unheM kevala pIne ke lie, eka mAgadha prasthapramANa jala grahaNa karane kA vidhAna hai, vaha bhI bahatA huA aura channe se chanA huA ( paripUya ) / isa jala ko ve hAtha, paira, thAlo yA cammaca Adi dhone ke upayoga meM nahIM lA sakate / jainasUtroM meM caraka' (jo jUthabaMdha ghUmate hue bhikSA grahaNa karate haiM, 1. aupapAtikasUtra 38, pR0 172-76 / 2. caraka parivrAjaka dhoI huI bhikSA grahaNa karate aura laMgoTI (kacchoTaka) lagAte, vyAkhyAprajJapti 1.2, pR0 49 / caraka Adi parivrAjakoM ko kapila muni ke putra kahA hai, prajJApanA 20, pR0 1214 / AcArAMgacUrNI 8, pR0 265 meM jaise upAsakoM ko zAkyoM kA bhakta kahA hai, vaise hI sAMkhyoM ko carakoM kA bhakta kahA hai / caraka Adi parivrAjaka prAtaHkAla uThakara skaMda Adi devatAoM ke gRha kA parimArjana karake, devatAoM para upalepana karate aura unake sAmane dhUpa khete, malayagiri, AvazyakaTIkA, bhAga 1, pR0 87 / vyavahArabhASya bhAga 4,2, pR0 29-a meM vAda-vivAda meM eka caraka dvArA kisI kSullaka ke harAye jAne kA ullekha hai / bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad meM caraka kA ullekha hai|

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 417 athavA jo khAte hue calate haiM), cIrika (mArga meM par3e hue vastra ko dhAraNa karane vAle athavA vastramaya upakaraNa rakhane vAle ), carmakhaMDika (carma or3hane vAle athavA carma ke upakaraNa rakhane vAle), bhicchaMDa (bhikSoNDa - kevala bhikSA se hI nirvAha karane vAle, godugdha Adi se nahIM / koI sugatazAsana ke anuyAyI ko bhikSoNDa kahate haiM) aura paMDuraMga' (jinakA zarIra bhasma se lipta ho ) Adi parivrAjakoM kA ullekha milatA hai| isake atirikta, saMkhA ( sAMkhya ), joi (yogI), kapila (nirIzvara sAMkhya ), bhiucca (bhRgu RSi ke ziSya ), haMsa (parvata ko guphAoM, rAstoM, AzramoM, devakuloM aura ArAmoM meM rahane vAle kevala bhikSA ke lie gAMva meM praveza karane vAle), paramahaMsa ( nadItaTa yA nado ke saMgamoM para vAsa karane vAle, aura anta samaya meM cora, kaupIna ora kuza kA tyAga karane vAle), bahUdaga (eka rAta gAMva meM aura pAMca rAta nagara meM rahane vAle ) kuDivvaya (kuTivrata = ghara meM rahakara ho krodha, lobha, moha aura ahaMkAra para vijaya prApta karane vAle), aura kaNhaparivvAyaga ( kRSNaparivrAjaka = nArAyaNa ke bhakta ) kA ullekha hai| tatpazcAt karakaMDa (Du), aMbaDa, dvIpAyana, parAzara," nArada Adi kI brAhmaNa parivrAjakoM, aura naggaI (nagnajit ), videha Adi kI kSatriya parivrAjakoM meM gaNanA ko gayI hai| 1. nizItha 13.4420 kI cUrNI ke anusAra, gozAla ke ziSyoM ko paMDarabhikkhu kahA gayA hai; 2.1085 kI cUrNI meM bhI ullekha hai| anuyogadvAracUrNI ( pR0 12 ) meM unheM sasarakkha bhikkhuoM kA paryAyavAcI mAnA hai| 2. anuyogadvArasUtra 20; zAtRdharmakathATokA 15 / 3. haMsa, paramahaMsa Adi ke lie dekhie haribhadra, SaDdarzanasamuccaya, pR0 8-a; eca0 eca0 vilsana, rilIjansa oNva da hindUz2a, jilda 1, pR0. 231 Adi / 4. aupapAtikasUtra 38, pR0 172 / 5. dvIpAyana aura parAzara ko zIta udaka aura bIjarahita Adi ke upabhoga se siddha mAnA gayA hai, sUtrakRtAMga 3.4.2, 3, 4, pR0 94 a-65 / dvIpAyana parivrAjaka kI kathA uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2 pR0 39 meM AtI hai / isa ke anusAra, dvIpAyana kA pUrva nAma parAzara thA / 6. aupapAtikasUtra pR0 172-176 / 27 jai0bhA0

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418 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa .. anya bhI aneka parivrAjakoM ke ullekha jainasUtroM meM pAye jAte haiN| kAtyAyanagotrIya Arya skaMdaka zrAvastI ke gahabhAla ke pramukha ziSya the| ye veda-vedAMga ke bar3e paMDita the| eka bAra inhoMne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke darzanArtha jAne kA vicAra kiyaa| pahale ve parivrAjakoM ke maTha meM gaye, vahAM se tridaMDa, kuMDikA' (kamaNDalu), rudrAkSa kI mAlA (kaMcaNiyA), miTTI kA kapAla (karoTikA), Asana (bhisiyA), sApha karane kA vastra ( kesariyA), tipAI (channAliyA), AMkar3I ( aMkuzakavRkSa ke patte tor3ane ke lie ), tAMbe kI aMgUThI (pavittaya ), aura kalAI kA AbharaNa (kalAcikA) lekara, gerue vastra dhAraNa kiye, chatarI lagAI aura jUte pahanakara cala pdd'e|2|| ___ zuka nAma ke eka dUsare parivrAjaka kA ullekha AtA hai| vaha cAra veda, SaSThitaMtra aura sAMkhyadarzana kA paMDita thaa| pAMca yamoM aura pAMca niyamoM se yukta vaha dasa prakAra ke parivrAjaka dharma, tathA dAnadharma, zaucadharma aura tIrthAbhiSeka kA upadeza karatA huA, gerue vastra pahana, tridaMDa, kuMDikA Adi lekara, pAMca sau parivrAjakoM ke sAtha saugandhiyA nagarI ke maTha meM utraa| yahAM vaha sAMkhya siddhAnta ke anusAra AtmA kA ciMtana karatA huA samaya yApana karane lgaa| zaucamUla dharma kA pratipAdana karate hue usane batAyA ki dravyazauca jala aura miTTI se, tathA bhAvazauca darbha aura maMtroM se hotA hai| isalie koI bhI apavitra vastu tAjo miTTI se mAMjane aura zuddha jala se dhone se pavitra ho jAtI hai, tathA jala ke abhiSeka se pavitra hokara prANiyoM ko svarga kI prApti hotI hai| ammaDa parivrAjaka aura usake sAta ziSyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ammaDa kAMpilyapura meM sau gharoM se bhikSA aura sau gharoM meM vasati prApta karatA thaa| prakRti se vaha atyaMta vinIta aura bhadra thA, 1. apane tridaMDa meM kuNDikA sthApana kara parivrAjaka dvArA prazna pUchane kA ullekha milatA hai, bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 374 / 2. vyAkhyAprajJapti 2.1, pR0 113 / tathA dekhie uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 4, pR0 86-a| 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 5, pR0 73 aadi| 4. dIghanikAya ke ambasutta meM ambaThTha nAma ke eka vidvAn brAhmaNa kA ullekha hai| mahAvIra bhagavAn ambaTa ko dharma meM sthira karane ke lie rAjagRha gaye the, nizIthacUrNIpIThikA, pR0 20 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 419 tathA chaTThama chaTTa tapokarma dvArA nirantara Urdhva bAhu karake sUryAbhimukha AtApanA-bhUmi meM tapazcaraNa kiyA karatA thaa| vaha kabhI ghuTanoM taka ke jala ko pairoM se calakara pAra na karatA, zakaTa Adi meM na baiThatA, gaMgA ko miTTI ke sivAya anya kisI vastu kA upalepana nahIM karatA, apane nimitta se pakAyA huA AhAra grahaNa na karatA, durbhikSa-bhakta, kaMtAra-bhakta, aura glAna-bhakta Adi bhojana svIkAra na karatA, tathA kanda, mUla, phala, bIja aura harita kAya kA sevana na karatA / ammaDa arhanta aura arhanta caityoM ke sivAya, anyayUthika zAkya Adi kA vaMdana nahIM karatA thaa| eka bAra, ammaDa ke sAta ziSya grISma Rtu meM kAMpilyapura se purimatAla vihAra kara rahe the| ve eka gahana aTavI meM praviSTa hue to unakA jala samApta ho gyaa| jaba unheM kahIM se bhI jala prApta hone ke lakSaNa dikhAyo na diye to unhoMne tridaMDa, kuMDikA, rudrAkSa ko mAlA Adi ko ekAnta sthAna meM rakkhA, aura gaMgA ke taTa para pahuMca, bhaktapAna kA tyAga karate hue, bAlukA para paryakAsana se pUrvAbhimukha baiTha, arahaMta, zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra aura apane dharmAcArya ammaDa parivrAjaka ko stuti karane lge| isa prakAra sarva prANAtipAta Adi kA tyAga kara, sallekhanApUrvaka unhoMne zarIra kA tyAga kiyaa| pudgala parivrAjaka kA ullekha vyAkhyAprajJapti meM AtA hai; ve AlabhiyA meM Thahare hue the| parivrAjakoM kI bhAMti pArivAjikAe~ bhI zramaNa dharma meM dIkSita hotI thIM / cokkhA pAribrajikA kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| vaha anya parivrAjikAoM ke sAtha mithilA nagarI meM paribhramaNa kiyA karatI thI / parivrAjikAe~ vidyA, maMtra, aura jar3o-bUTI detoM tathA jaMtara-maMtara karatI thiiN| (5) AjIvika zramaNa __ AjIvika mata maMkhali gozAla se pUrva vidyamAna thA; gozAla isa mata ke tIsare tIrthakara mAne gaye haiN| vyAkhyAprajJapti ke anusAra, AjIvika mata gozAla se 117 varSa pUrva maujUda thaa| isa kathana ke anusAra gozAla ne 22 varSa eNejjaga, 21 varSa mallArAma, 20 varSa maMDiya, 19 varSa roha, 18 varSa bhAradvAja aura 17 varSa arjunagoyamaputta ke zarIra meM vAsa kiyaa| 1. aupapAtikasUtra 36 Adi / 2. 11.12 / 3. vahI 15 /

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420 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa gozAla nimittazAstra ke bahuta bar3e paMDita the| isa mata ke anuyAyo sAdhu ugratapa, ghora tapa, ghRtAdi-rasaparityAga aura jihvendriya-pratisaMlInatA nAmaka cAra kaThora tapoM kA AcaraNa karate the| ye loga jovahiMsA se virakta rahate, tathA madya, mAMsa, kaMdamUla Adi tathA uddiSTa bhojana ke tyAgo hote the / ' dazAzrutaskaMdhacUrNI meM unheM bhAriya gosAla (guru ko avahelanA karane vAlA ) kahA gayA hai| __ aneka prakAra ke Ajovika sAdhuoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vahuta se do ghara chor3akara, tona ghara chor3akara athavA sAta ghara chor3akara bhikSA grahaNa karate the| kucha kevala kamala kI DaMThala khAkara hI nirvAha karate, kucha pratyeka ghara se bhikSA grahaNa karate, aura kucha bijalI girane para usa dina bhikSA grahaNa nahIM karate the| katipaya sAdhu uSTrikA nAma miTTI ke maTake meM praviSTa hokara tapa karate the| AjIvika mata ke 12 upAsakoM meM tAla, tAlapralaMba, udvidha, saMvidha, avavidha, udaya, nAmodaya, narmodaya, anupAlaka, zaMkhapAlaka, ayaMpula aura kAyarata nAma ginAye gaye haiM / ye upAsaka gozAla ko apanA deva ( arhata ) mAnate the, mAtA-pitA kI sevA karate the tathA uduMbara, bar3a, bera, satara (zatarI popala) aura popala ina pAMca udaMbara phaloM tathA pyAja, lahasuna aura kaMdamUla kA bhakSaNa nahIM karate the / ve binA badhiyA kiye hue aura binA nAka biMdhe bailoM se AjIvikA karate tathA pandraha prakAra ke karmAdAnoM se virakta rahate the| polAsapura kA prasiddha kumhAra saddAlaputta aura zrAvastI ko hAlAhalA nAma kI kumhArI - 1. dekhie Upara, pR0 16 / 2. jagadIzacandra jaina, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, 10 247 / 3. aupapAtika 41, pR0 166 / . 4. vyAkhyAprajJapti 7.10, pR0 323 meM anya upAsakoM ke sAtha udaya, nAmodaya, narmodaya, anupAlaka, ( annapAlaya ) aura zaMkhapAlaka kA ullekha hai| ayaMpula kA nAma 15ve zataka meM AtA hai| 5. bar3a, pIpala, gUlara, pilakhana aura kAkoduMbarI ina pA~ca vRkSoM ke phala, paaiysddmhnnnnvo| 6. vyAkhyAprajJapti 8.5, pR0 369-a| 7. upAsakadazA 7 / 8. vyAkhyAprajJapti 15 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 421 donoM AjIvika mata ke upAsaka the / jainasUtroM meM gozAla ko niyativAdI ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai, aura kahA hai ki gozAla utthAna, karma, bala, vIrya aura parAkrama ko svIkAra nahIM karate the / ' anya mata-matAntara jainasUtroM meM cAra prakAra ke mithyAdRSTiyoM kA ullekha hai :- - kriyAvAdI, akriyAvAdo, ajJAnavAdI aura vinayavAdI / kriyAvAdI kA artha hai jisameM kriyA kI pradhAnatA svIkAra kI gayI ho / zIlAMka ke anusAra, jo samyaka jJAna aura samyak cAritra ke binA kevala kriyA se mokSa mAnate haiM unheM kriyAvAdI kahate haiM / kriyAvAdI AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra karate haiM, aura jJAna ke binA kriyA kI pradhAnatA mAnate haiM / - kriyAvAdiyoM ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki jo naraka kI yAtanAoM se avagata haiM, pApa ke Asrava aura saMvara ko samajhate haiM, dukha aura dukha ke nAza ko jAnate haiM, ve hI isa mata kI sthApanA kara sakate haiM / kriyAvAda ke 180 bheda mAne gaye haiM / " akriyAvAdI AtmA ke astitva ko svIkAra nahIM krte| unake matAnusAra, pratyeka vastu kSaNasthAyo hai, ataeva jyoMhI kisI vastu kA utpAda hotA hai vaise ho vaha naSTa ho jAtI hai| aisI hAlata meM usameM koI kriyA hone kI sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI / 1. dekhiye Upara pR0 13 / gozAla ke 'caurAsI lAkha mahAkalpa' Adi siddhAntoM kA varNana vRddha AcAryoM ne bhI nahIM kiyA, ataeva saMdigdha hone se cUrNAMkAra bhI usa sambandha meM kucha nahIM likha sake, kevala zabdoM ke anusAra hI yatkicit likhA hai, vyAkhyAprajJapti 15, pR0 675-a TIkA / 2. sUtrakRtAMga 1.12.1 / 3. vahI, TIkA, pR0 218-a / 4. vahI, 1.12, pR0 208, pR0 223; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 230 / yaha paribhASA svayaM jainadharma para lAgU hotI hai / tulanA kIjie aMguttaranikAya 3.8 pR0 263 / yahA~ mahAvIra ko kriyAvAdI kahA gayA hai / 5. sUtrakRtAMganiryukti 12.119, pR0 208 - a / jIva, ajIva, Asava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA, mokSa, puNya aura pApa ko kAla, Izvara, AtmA, niyati aura svabhAva kI apekSA svataH, parataH, tathA nitya aura anitya rUpa meM svIkAra karane se 180 bheda (9x5x2x2 ) hote haiM, vahI /

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422 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa kSaNikavAda ko mAnane ke kAraNa inheM bauddha bhI kahA hai|' akriyAvAdiyoM ko viruddha nAma se bhI ullikhita kiyA hai, kAraNa ki unako mAnyatAe~ anya vAdiyoM ke viruddha par3atI haiN| inake 84 meM bheda haiM / a ajJAnavAdI mokSa prApti ke lie jJAna ko niSphala mAnate haiM / inake 63 bhedoM kA ullekha milatA hai / ' vinayavAdiyoM ko aviruddha nAma se bhI kahA hai / " isa mata ke anuyAyiyoM ne bAhya kriyAoM ke sthAna para mokSa prApti ke lie vinaya ko Avazyaka mAnA hai / ataeva vinayavAdI sura, nRpati, ryAta, hAthI, ghor3e, gAya, bhaiMsa, bakarI, godar3a, kauA aura bagule Adi ko dekhakara unheM praNAma karate haiN| inake 32 bheda haiM / " 1. sUtrakRtAMga 12.4-8 / 2. anuyogadvArasUtra 20; jJAtRdharmakathATIkA 15, pR0 194- a; aupapAtikasUtra 38, pR0 169 / 3. sthAnAMga ( 8.607 ) meM nimnalikhita ATha bheda batAye haiM- egavAI, aNegAvAI, miyavAI, NimmiyavAI, sAtavAI, samuccheyavAI, NiyayavAI, Na saMti para logavAI | tulanA kIjie dIghanikAya brahmajAlasutta ke vargIkaraNa ke sAtha; baruA, prI-buddhisTa iNDiyana philAsophI, pR0 167 / bauddhazAstroM meM pakudhakaccAyana ke siddhAMta ko akriyAvAda kahA hai, bI0 sI0 lAhA, hisTorikala glInigsa, pR0 33 / ukta vargIkaraNa meM se puNya aura pApa ghaTA dene para, jIva, ajIva, Asava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA aura mokSa ko kAla, Izvara, AtmA, niyati, svabhAva aura yadRcchAtaH kI apekSA svataH aura parataH rUpa meM svIkAra karane se 84 ( 76x2 ) bheda hote haiM, sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA 1.12, pR0 209 / 4. jIva, ajIva, Asrava, baMdha, saMvara, nirjarA, mokSa, puNya aura pApa ko sat, asat sadasat, avyakta, sadavaktavya, asadavaktavya aura sadasadavaktavya kI apekSA svIkAra karane se 63 bheda hote haiM / inameM sat, asat, sadasat aura avaktavya ke jor3a dene se 67 bheda ho jAte haiM, vahI / 5. aupapAtika, vahI; jJAtRdharmakathA, vahI / aMguttaranikAya 3, pR0 276 meM aviruddhakoM kA ullekha hai / 6. sUtrakRtAMga 1.12.2 Adi TIkA / 7. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 230 / 8. devatA, svAmI, yati, puruSa, vRddha puruSa, apane se choTe, mAtA aura pitA ko mana, vacana, kAya aura dAna dvArA sammAnita karane ke kAraNa isake 32 (8x4 ) bheda batAye gaye haiM, sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA 1.12, pR0 209 - a /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 423 vinayavAda ke anuyAyI aneka tapasviyoM kA ullekha jaina AgamasAhitya meM upalabdha hotA hai / jaba bhagavAna mahAvIra gozAla ke sAtha vihAra karate hue kummaggAma pahu~ce to vesiyAyaNa ( vaizyAyana) bAlatapasvI UbhvabAhu karake tapa kara rahA thaa| tejolezyA kA vaha dhArI thA, jisakA prayoga vaizyAyana ne gozAla ke Upara kiyA thaa| vaha prANAmA pravrajyA kA dhAraka thA, isalie vaha devatA, rAjA, mAtA, pitA aura tiyeca Adi kI samAna bhAva se bhakti karatA thA / 2 mauryaputra tAmalI eka dUsarA vinayavAdI thaa| vaha yAvajjIvana chaTThama cha? tapa karatA huA, UrdhvabAhu hokara sUrya ke abhimukha khar3A huA AtApanA kiyA karatA thaa| pAraNA ke dina AtApana-bhUmi se utara kara, vaha kASTha kA pAtra le, tAmralipti nagarI meM UMca, nIca aura madhya kuloM meM bhikSA ke lie bhramaNa karatA thA / bhikSA meM vaha kevala cAvala hI letA aura unheM ikkIsa bAra dhokara zuddha krtaa| prANAmA pravrajyA kA dhAraka hone ke kAraNa vaha iMdra, skaMda, rudra, ziva, kubera, AryA, caMDikA athavA rAjA, maMtrI, purohita, sArthavAha, yA kaue, kutte aura cAMDAla ko jahAM-kahIM bhI pAtA, vahIM praNAma karatA, U~ce dekhakara U~ce aura nIce dekhakara noce praNAma krtaa| isake atirikta, aura bhI aneka zramaNoM aura sAdhuoM kA ullekha jainasUtroM meM milatA hai / vanIpaka sAdhu AhAra ke bahuta lobhI hote the tathA zAkya Adi ke bhaktoM ko apane Apako dikhAkara ve bhikSA grahaNa karate the| athavA apano duHsthiti batAkara priya bhASaNa dvArA bhikSA 1. Avazyakaniyukti 494; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 268 / 2. aviruddho viNayakaro devAINaM parAe bhattIe / jaha vesiyAyaNasuo evaM annevi NAyavvA / -aupapAtikasUtraTIkA, pR0 169 / 3. vyAkhyAprajJapti 3.1 / pUraNa nAmaka tapasvI ko dAnAmA pravrajyA kA dhAraka batAyA gayA hai| vaha bhikSA ke cAra bhAga karatA thaa| pahale bhAga ko rAhagIroM ko, dUsaroM ko kauoM aura kuttoM ko, tIsare ko machalI aura kachuoM ko detA aura cauthA bhAga vaha svayaM khAtA thaa| usane apane upakaraNa tathA bhaktapAna kA tyAga kara sallekhanApUrvaka deha kA tyAga kiyA, vahI 3.2 / bauddhasAhitya meM pUraNakassapa ko bahujanasammata yazasvI tIrthaMkaroM meM ginA gayA hai| 4. piMDaniyukti 444-45 /

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa lene vAloM ko vanIpaka kahA hai| vanopakoM ( yAcakoM ) ke pAMca bheda haiM-zramaNa, brAhmaNa, kRpaNa, atithi aura zvAna / ___ pA~ca prakAra ke zramaNoM kA ullekha pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| brAhmaNoM ( mAhaNa) ko lokAnugrahakArI batAte hue kahA hai ki ve loga svarga meM devatA ke rUpa meM rahate the, prajApati ne unheM isa pRthvI para bhUdeva ke rUpa meM sirajA | jAtimAtra se sampanna ina brahmabandhuoM ko dAna dene se bahuta phala batAyA gayA hai, aura yadi ye yajJa, yAga, adhyayana, adhyApana, dAna aura pratigraha nAmaka paTakarmoM se sampanna hoM to phira kyA puuchnaa| dAridraya se pIr3ita, rogI, durbala, baMdhuvihIna, lUle, laMgar3e tathA sira, A~kha aura dAMta Adi kI vedanA se pIr3ita janoM ko kRpaNa kahA hai| rAstA calate-calate jo thaka gaye hoM, athavA jinake Agamana kI koI tithi nizcita na hoM, unheM atithi kahA hai| gAya Adi jAnavaroM ko ghAsa Adi kA milanA sulabha hai, lekina daNDa Adi se tAr3ita zvAnoM ke lie yaha bhI nhiiN| zvAna kailAza parvata para deva-bhavanoM meM rahane vAle deva haiM, jo martyaloka meM yakSoM ke rUpa meM Akara nivAsa karate haiM / jo unako pUjA karanA hai ve usakA hita karate haiM, aura jo pUjA nahIM karatA, usakA hita nahIM krte| ___ aupapAtikasUtra meM aneka pravrajita zramaNoM ke nAma Ate haiMgoama" (inake pAsa eka choTA-sA baila rahatA hai, jisake gale meM kaur3I aura mAlA Adi baMdhI rahatI haiN| logoM ke pAMva par3ane meM yaha zikSita rahatA hai| isa baila ko lekara ye sAdhu bhikSA-vRtti karate haiM), govvaia (gobatika = gAya kI bhAMti vrata rakhane vaale| jaba gAyeM gAMva se bAhara jAtI haiM to ye bhI sAtha cala dete haiM, aura jaba ve caratI haiM, pAnI pItI haiM, vApisa lauTato haiM aura soto haiM, taba ye bhI 1. sthAnAMgasUtra 5.454, pR. 324-a ttiikaa| .. 2. nizIthabhASya 13.4416; sthAnAMga, vahI; dazavaikAlikacUrNI, pR0 196 / yahAM piMDolaga kA bhI vanIpakoM meM ullekha hai| 3. lokANuggahakArIsu bhUmidevesu bahuphalaM dANaM / avi NAma baMbhabaMdhusu, kiM puNa chakammaNiraesu / -nizIthabhASya 13.4423 / 4. vahI 13.4424-27 / 5. gautama parivrAjaka kA ullekha AcArAMgacUrNI 2, 2, pR0 346 meM AtA hai| .

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425 pAMcavAM khaNDa ] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya uso taraha karate haiM / ye loga tRNa aura pattoM Adi kA hI bhojana karate hai), gihidhamma ( gRhastha dharma ko zreyaskara samajhakara deva, atithi aura dAna Adi svarUpa gRhastha dharma ko pAlane vAle ), dharmaciMtaka (dharmazAstra ke pAThaka athavA yAjJavalkya Adi RSiyoM dvArA praNIta dharma-saMhitAoM kA ciMtana karane vAle), aviruddha (vinayavAdI), viruddha (akriyAvAdI), vRddha (vRddha avasthA meM dokSA grahaNa karane vAle / RSabhadeva ke kAla meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa ye saba liMgiyoM meM Adi kahe jAte haiM), aura zrAvaka (dharmazAstra sunane vAle brAhmaNa / bharata cakravartI ke samaya ye loga zrAvaka kahe jAte the, bAda meM brAhmaNa kahe jAne lage ), dagabiiya (udagadvitoya-cAvala ko milAkara jala jinakA dvitIya bhojana ho), dagataiya (udagatRtIya), dagasattama ( udakasaptama ) aura dagaekkArasa (udakaekAdasa-cAvala Adi dasa dravyoM ko milAkara jala jinakA gyArahavAM bhojana ho)| __ anya prajita zramaNoM meM kaMdappiya ( aneka prakAra ke hAsya karane vAle), kukkuiyA ( kautkucyambhU, nayana, mukha, hasta aura caraNa Adi dvArA bhAMDoM ke samAna ceSTA karane vAle ), mohariya ( maukhirika-nAnA prakAra se asaMbaddha kRtya karane vAle), gIyaraipiya (gItaratipriya-gItarati jinheM priya ho), naccaNasola (natanazIla-nAcanA jinakA svabhAva ho), tathA attakkosiya ( AtmotkarSika-AtmaprazaMsA karane vAle), paraparavAiya (paraparavAdipha-paraniMdA karane vAle ), bhUimmiya (bhUtikArmika-jvara Adi rogoM ko zAnta karane ke lie bhabhUta dene vAle ) aura bhujjo bhujjo kouyakAraka (bhUyaH bhUyaH kautukakAraka saubhAgya ke lie bAra-bAra snAna Adi karAne vAle ) / " . bRhatkalpa, nizItha aura vyavahAra Adi sUtroM kI TIkA-TippaNiyoM 1. gAvI hi samaM niggamapavesasayaNAsaNAi pakareMti / bhuMjaMti jahA gAvI tirikkhavAsaM vihAvintA // -aupapAtikaTIkA, pR0 166 / 2. aupapAtikasUtra 38, pR0 168; anuyogadvArasUtra 20, pR. 21-a%B jJAtRdharmakathA 15, pR0 162-a, aura inakI ttiikaaeN| 3. aupapAtikasUtra, vahI / 4. vahI, pR0 171, dekhiye vyAkhyAprajJapti 1.2 kI TIkA; prajJApanA 20,1210 / 5. aupapAtikasUtra 41, pR0 196 /

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426 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa meM bhI aneka sAdhuoM aura tapasviyoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / sasarakkha ( sarajaska ) sAdhuoM ko uDuMDaMga aura boDiya (boTika = digambara jaina ) ke sAtha ginAyA gayA hai / ye tInoM hI kisI prakAra kA parigraha nahIM rakhate the aura pANitala meM bhojana karate the / ' sarajaska sAdhu vidyA-mantra Adi meM bhI kuzala hote the / " jaise varSA Rtu meM chitarika miTTI, aura boTika gobara aura namaka kA saMgraha karate the, vaise hI ye loga rAkha kA saMgraha karake rakhate the / asthisarajaskoM ke saMbaMdha meM kahA hai ki ve loga bahuta-sA bhojana kara lete, aura bahuta gaMde rahate the / | dasoriya ( udagazaukarika ) zucivAdI bhI kahe jAte the / yadi unheM koI sparza kara detA to ve 64 bAra snAna karate the / eka bAra kisI baila kI mRtyu ho jAne para karmakAroM ne upasthita hokara pUchA ki kyA kiyA jAya ? zucivAdI ne uttara diyA ki baila ko vahAM se haTA kara usa sthAna ko jala se dho diyA jAye / tatpazcAt cAMDAloM ne mare hue baila kI khAla nikAlane kI AjJA mAMgo | lekina zucivAdI ne nahIM do / usane svayaM karmakAroM ko hI yaha kAma karane ke liye kahA / usane baila ke mAMsa, carma, sIMga, haDDI, aura snAyu ko alaga-alaga upayoga meM lAne kA Adeza diyA / * koI dagasoyariya pUrva deza se Akara pAkhaMDi 'garbha mathurA nagarI ke nArAyaNa koSTha meM ThaharA / tIna dina ke upavAsa ke pazcAt usane gobara khAne kA DhoMga kiyA / strI zabda vaha kabhI muha se na nikAlatA aura mauna dhAraNa kiye rahatA / loga usakI tapasyA se itane prabhAvita the ki ve use subaha ho bharapUra anna-pAna Adi lAkara de dete / usI bIca eka dUsarA dagasoyariya uttarIya nArAyaNa koSTha meM Akara rahane lagA / donoM ghUmate hue eka-dUsare ko praNAma karate aura ekadUsare kI prazaMsA karate / " 1. AcArAMgacUrNI 5, pR0 169 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2819 / 3. vahI, vRtti 3.4252 / 4. vahI 5.5831 / 5. AcArAMgacUNIM, pR0 21 / 6. pAkhaMDa kA sAmAnya artha hai zramaNa, bhikSu, tApasa, parivrAjaka, kApAlika athavA pAMDuraMga / 7. AcArAMga cUrNI 5, pR0 163 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa] pahalA adhyAya : zramaNa sampradAya 427 ___ vArikhala parivrAjaka apane pAtroM ko bAraha bAra miTTI lagAkara, aura vAnaprastha (tApasa ) chaha bAra miTTI lagAkara sApha karate the|' cakracara bhikSA ke lie baMhago (sikkaka) lekara, aura karmakAra bhikSu devadroNI lekara calate the| tatpazcAt kuzola sAdhuoM meM gautama, govratika, caMDIdevaga (caMDI kA bhakta; cakradharaprAyAH-TokA), vAribhadraka (jala kA pAna aura zaivAla kA bhakSaNa karane vAle, tathA nitya snAna karane vAle aura bAra-bAra paira dhone vAle / ye loga zIta udaka ke sevana se mokSa mAnate haiM), agnihotravAdo ( agnihoma se svarga gamana ke abhilASI), aura bhAgavata (jala se zuddhi mAnane vAle ) Adi ko ginA gayA hai| piMDolaga sAdhu bahuta gaMde rahate the| unake zarIra se durgandha AtI aura unake bAloM meM jUMeM calA krtiiN| rAjagRha kA koI piMDolaga vaibhAra parvata para zilA ke nIce dabakara mara gayA thaa| kUrcaka sAdhu dAr3hI-mUcha bar3hA lete the| kUrcaka sAdhuoM kA asthisarajaska aura dagasogariya sAdhuoM ke sAtha ullekha kiyA gayA hai / asthisarajaska ( kApAlika ), saugata ( bhikSuka ), dagasogariya ( zucivAdI), kUrcandhara tathA vezyAoM ke ghara se vastra grahaNa karane kA jaina sAdhuoM ko niSedha hai| ___ isake sivAya, anya aneka tapasviyoM aura sAdhuoM kA ullekha milatA hai| koI namaka ke chor3ane se, koI lahasuna, pyAja, UMTanI kA dUdha, gomAMsa aura madya ina pAMca vastuoM ke tyAga karane se, tathA 1.bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1738 / 2. vahI vRtti 1.886 / 3. vahI 3,4321 / 4. sUtrakRtAMga 7, pR0 154 / 5. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNI, pR0 144 / 6. uttarAdhyayanacUrNI pR0 138 / piMDolaga ko eka atyanta pratiSThita bauddha sAdhu mAnA gayA hai, mAtaMgajAtaka (467), 4, pR0 583; suttanipAta kI aTakathA 2, pR0 514 Adi; cUlavagga 5.5.10, pR0 166 / ___7. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2822 / paMDita nAthUrAma premI ke anusAra, kUrcaka sAdhu digambara jainasampradAya ke the, anekAMta, agasta-sitambara, 1944 / 8. nizIthabhASya 15.5079 / 9. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2822 /

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428 , jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja . [pAMcavAM khaNDa koI vikAla meM snAna karane se mokSa kI prApti mAnate haiN| kucha loga araNya meM, jhoMpar3iyoM meM athavA grAma ke samIpa nivAsa karate the / ve prANihiMsA ko pApa nahIM mAnate the| unakI mAnyatA thI-"maiM brAhmaNa hUM, ataeva hantavya nahIM hUM, kevala zudra Adi hI hantavya haiM / zudra ko hatyA karake prANAyAma kara lenA paryApta hai| binA haDDI vAle gAr3I-bhare kSudra jIvoM ko mArakara yadi brAhmaNa ko bhojana karA deM to itanA prAyazcita basa hai|" ___ ajinasiddha RSi RSibhASita meM nArada, asitadevala, valkalacIro, aMgarisi bhAradvAja, kummAputta, maMkhaliputta, jaNNavaka (yAjJavalkya), bAhuka, gaddabhAla, rAmagutta, ammaDa, vArattaya, addaya, nArAyaNa, dvopAyana Adi RSiyoM ke ullekha milate haiN| inameM bahuta-soM ko ajinasiddha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| 1. sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA 7, pR0 158-60 / 2. vahI 2, pR0 314 / 3. uddaka rAmaputta kA ullekha mahAvagga 1, 6.10, pR0 10 meM milatA hai, tathA dekhiye vahI 6.23.42, pR0 259 / 4. tathA dekhie sUtrakRtAMga 3-4-2, 3, 4, pR0 94-a Adi; catuHzaraNaTIkA 64 /

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dUsarA adhyAya laukika devI-devatA dharma, tatva rUpa meM mastiSka kI bauddhika manovRtti kI apekSA sahaja jJAna aura manovega ke Upara adhika AdhArita hai| dharma kI sahAyatA se hI manuSya ne kiso nirantara vidyamAna kartRtva-jise vaha vizva kA niyAmaka samajhatA thA-ke astitva kI kalpanA karake prAkRtika zaktiyoM aura vizva ke tathyoM ko pratipAdana karane kA prayatna kiyA / isa prakAra vizva ke niyAmaka samajhe jAne vAle aneka devI-devatA aura purAtana pavitra AtmAoM kA prAdurbhAva huaa| devI-devatAoM kA astitva bhArata meM atyanta prAcIna kAla se calA AtA hai| jainasUtroM meM indra, skaMda, rudra, mukuMda, ziva, vaizramaNa, nAga, yakSa, bhUta, AryA aura koTTakiriyA maha kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| indramaha indra vaidika sAhitya meM atyanta prAcIna devatA mAnA gayA hai| vaha samasta devatAoM meM agraNI thaa| indra ko parastrIgAmI batAyA hai|' 1. pANinI ke kAla meM loga devI-devatAoM kI mUrtiyA~ banAkara apanI AjIvikA calAte the, gopInAtha, elImeMTsa oNva hindU ikonogrAphI, bhUmikA / 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 100; vyAkhyAprajJapti 3.1 / nizIthasUtra 8.14 meM indra, skanda, rudra, mukunda, bhUta, yakSa, nAga, stUpa, caitya, vRkSa, giri, dari, agaDa, taDAga, hRda, nado, sara, sAgara aura Akara maha kA ullekha hai| / 3. dekhie hApakinsa, ipika mAitholojI, pR0 135 / tulanA kIjie bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1856-59 / kahate haiM, eka bAra indra uDaMka RSi kI rUpavatI patnI ko dekhakara mohita ho gayA / RSi ne use zApa diyA jisase vaha brahmavadhyA kA pAtakI kahalAyA / indra Darakara kurukSetra meM calA gyaa| brahmavadhyA bhI kurukSetra ke AsapAsa cakkara kATane lgii| udhara indra ke binA svarga zUnya ho gayA / yaha dekhakara devagaNa indra ko svargaloka meM le calane ke lie kurukSetra pahu~ce / devoM

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430 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa kalpasUtra ke anusAra indra apanI ATha paTarAniyoM, tIna pariSadoM, sAta sainyoM, sAta senApatiyoM' aura AtmarakSakoM se parivRtta hokara svargika sukha kA upabhoga karatA thA / prAcIna kAla meM indramaha saba utsavoM meM zreSTha mAnA jAtA aura loga ise bar3I dhUmadhAma se mAnate the / nizIthasUtra meM indra, skaMda, yakSa aura bhUta nAmaka mahAmahoM kA ullekha hai jo krama se ASAr3ha,' Asoja, kArtika aura caitra kI pUrNimAoM ke dina manAye jAte the jaba ki loga khUba khAte, pIte, nAcate aura gAte hue Amoda-pramoda karate the / " ne indra se svargaloga calane kI prArthanA kI lekina indra ne kahA, aisA karane se mujhe brahmavadhyA laga jAyagI / isa para brahmavadhyA ko cAra hissoM meM bA~Ta diyA gayA-- striyoM ke RtukAla meM, jala meM laghuzaMkA karane meM, surApAna meM aura gurupatnI ke sAtha sahavAsa meM / usake bAda indra ko svargaloka meM jAne kI AjJA mila gayI / tathA dekhie mahAbhArata vanaparva 240 - 207 / 1. hariNegameSAM ko indra kI padAti senA kA eka senApati ( pAdAtAnIkAdhipati ) batAyA gayA hai / isI ne mahAvIra ke garbha kA parivartana kiyA thA, kalpasUtra 2.26 / antaHkRddazA 3, pR0 12 meM bhI hariNegameSI kA ullekha hai / santotti ke lie loga usakI manautI karate the / 2. 1.13 / 3. jaina paramparA ke anusAra, bharata cakravartI ke samaya se indramaha kA Arambha mAnA jAtA hai / kahate haiM ki indra ne AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta apanI u~galI bharata ko dI aura use lekara bharata ne ATha dina taka utsava manAyA, AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 213 | dekhie haoNpakinsa, vahI, pR0 125 / bhAsa ne bhI indramaha kA ullekha kiyA hai, pusAlakara, bhAsa: e sTaDI, adhyAya 19, pR0 440 Adi; tathA kathAsaritsAgara, jilda 8, pR0 144 - 53 ; mahAbhArata 1.64.33; tathA vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, raMgasvAmI aiyaMgara kamaimorezana vaoNlyUma, pR0 480 Adi meM lekha / 4. lATa deza meM yaha utsava zrAvaNa kI pUrNimA ke dina manAyA jAtA thA, nizItha 19.6065 kI cUrNI / rAmAyaNa 4.16.36 ke anusAra, gaur3a deza meM ise Asoja kI pUrNimA ko manAte the / varSA ke bAda jaba rAste svaccha ho jAte aura pUrNimA ke dina yuddha ke yogya samajhe jAne lagate, taba isa utsava kI dhUma macatI thI, haoNpakinsa, vahI, pR0 125 Adi / 1 5. nizIthasUtra 19.11-12 tathA bhASya /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa] dUsarA adhyAya : laukika devI-devatA 431 kAMpilyatura meM indramahotsava bar3I dhUmadhAma se manAyA jAtA thaa| durmukha rAjA ne nAgarikoM ko indraketu' khar3A karane kA Adeza diyA / tatpazcAt maMgala vAdyoM ke sAtha zveta dhvajapaTa aura kSudra ghaMTikAoM se alaMkRta, zreSTha mAlAoM se suzobhita, maNiratnamAlA se vibhUSita tathA aneka prakAra ke laTakate hue phaloM se samanvita indraketu sthApita kiyA gayA / nartikAe~ nRtya karane lagoM, kavigaNa kAvyapATha karane lage, janasamUha Ananda se nAcane lagA, aindrajAlika dRSTimohana Adi indrajAla dikhAne lage, tAMbola bAMTe gaye, kuMkuma aura karpUra-jala chir3akA jAne lagA, mahAdAna diye jAne lage, aura mRdaMgoM kI dhvani sunAI par3ane lagI / isa prakAra Amoda-pramoda meM sAta dina vyatIta ho gaye / usake bAda pUrNimA ke dina rAjA durmukha ne kusuma aura vastra Adi dvArA mahA vaibhava se gAje-bAje ke sAtha indraketu ko pUjA kii| _hemapura meM bhI indramaha manAyA jAtA thaa| yahAM indra-sthAna ke cAroM ora nagara kI pAMca sau kula bAlikAeM ekatrita ho, apane saubhAgya ke lie, bali, puSpa aura dhUpa Adi se indra ko pUjAupAsanA krtiiN| polAsapura meM bhI yaha mahotsava manAyA jAtA thA / indramaha Adi ke utsavoM para bahuta adhika zoragula aura gar3abar3I rahane se jaina sAdhuoM ko svAdhyAya ko manAI kI gayI hai / utsava ke lie taiyAra kiyA huA jo madyapAna Adi khAdya padArtha baca jAtA, use loga pratipadA ke jina upayoga meM lAte | utsava ke dinoM meM Amodapramoda meM unmatta rahane ke kAraNa jina sage-sambandhiyoM ko nimaMtrita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, unheM bhI pratipadA ke dina hI bulAyA jaataa|" indramaha ke dina loga dhobI ke ghara ke dhule hue svaccha vastra pahanate the|' 1. jJAtRdhamakathA 1, pR0 25 meM indalahi ( indrayaSTi ) kA ullekha hai; tathA dekhie vyAkhyAprajJapti 9.6 / tathA mahAbhArata 7.49.12 / vajrapANi indrapratimA kA ullekha dhammapada aTThakathA 1, pR0 280 meM AtA hai| 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 8, pR0 136 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5153 / 4. antaHkRddazA 6, pR0 40 / 5. nizIthacUrNI 19.6068 / / 6. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 181 /

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa skaMdamaha brAhmaNoM ko paurANika kathA ke anusAra, skaMda athavA kArtikeya' mahAdevajI ke putra aura yuddha ke devatA mAne gaye haiM / tAraka rAkSasa aura devatAoM ke yuddha meM skaMda senApati bane the / unakA vAhana mayUra mAnA gayA hai / skaMdamaha Asoja kI pUrNimA ko manAyA jAtA thA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya skaMda pUjA pracalita thI / mahAvIra jaba zrAvasto pahu~ce to alaMkAroM se vibhUSita skaMdapratimA ko ratha ko savArI nikAlI jA rahI thii| 432 skaMda aura rudra kI pratimAeM kASTha kI banAyo jAtI thIM / kabhI pradIpazAlA meM sthApita kI huI skaMda pratimAoM ke jala jAne kA Dara rahatA thA / kabhI zvAna ke dvArA jalate hue dopaka ko hilA-DulA dene se yA cUhe dvArA jalatI huI battI nikAla kara le jAne se, Aga laga jAne kI AzaMkA rahatI thI / aisI hAlata meM jaina sAdhu ke lie vasati meM hI rahane kA vidhAna hai / yadi zuddha vasati na mile to yatanApUrvaka pradIpazAlA meM rahe / yadi pratimA ke jala jAne kI AzaMkA ho to use vahAM se sarakAkara anyatra sthApita kara de / yadi yaha zakya na ho to stambha, kuDya Adi para lepa kara de jisase ArdratA ke kAraNa pratimA jala nahIM sake, anyathA dIpaka ko vahA~ se sarakA de | yadi kadAcit zrRMkhalAbaddha dIpaka ho aura use sarakAnA saMbhava na ho to dopaka kI batto ko Upara-nIce karate rahanA cAhie | kutte, gAya Adi ko vahAM se sisakArI mArakara yA daNDa Adi dikhAkara bhagA denA cAhie, yA phira battI ko kama kara denA cAhie, yA use nicor3a kara usakA tela nikAla DAlanA cAhie / * 1. mahAbhArata 2.35.4 meM kumAra kArtikeya ko rohItaka ( rohataka ) kA mukhya devatA mAnA gayA hai, tathA dekhie vahI 9.45 | mahArASTra meM khaMDobA nAma se isakI pUjA AratI kI jAtI hai| svAmI rAmadAsa kI AratI meM use hayavAhana, maNimalla, paJcAnana Adi vizeSaNoM se saMbodhita kiyA hai| dekhiye rA0 ci0 Dhere kI marAThI pustaka 'khaMDobA' / 2. haoNpakinsa, vahI, pR0 227 Adi / 3. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 315 / 4. vahI, pR0 115 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 2.3465-73 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] dUsasa adhyAya : laukika devI-devatA - rudra maha ___ hindU purANoM meM gyAraha rudra mAne gaye haiM / ve indra ke sAthI, ziva aura usake putra ke anucara tathA yama ke rakSaka batAye gaye haiN|' rudrAyatana kA ullekha ADambara yakSa (hirimikkha athavA hiraDika) aura cAmuNDA (mAtR ) ke Ayatana ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai / ina AyatanoM ke noce manuSya kI tAjI haDDiyA~ gAr3I jAtI thiiN| skanda kI pratimA ko bhA~ti rudra kI pratimA bhI kASTha se banAyI jAtI thii| . mukundamaha mahAbhArata meM mukunda athavA baladeva ko lAMgUlI athavA haladhara kahA hai| hala usakA astra hai| usake gale meM soM kI mAlA par3I huI hai aura usakI dhvajA meM tIna siroM ke nizAna haiN| baladeva kI hastarekhA se usakA madyaprema vyakta hotA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kAla meM mukunda aura vAsudeva ko pUjA pracalita tho / mahAvIra jaba gozAla ke sAtha vihAra karate hue Avatta grAma pahu~ce to vahA~ baladevagRhameM, hAtha meM hala ( naMgala) lie hue baladeva ko pratimA virAjamAna thii| maddaNA gA~va meM bhI baladeva kI pratimA maujUda thI / zivamaheM hindU purANoM meM ziva athavA mahAziva bhUtoM ke adhipati, kAmadeva 1. haoNpakinsa, vahI, pR0 173 / rudra-zivakI kalpanA ke vikAsa ke lie dekhie bhAMDArakara, vaiSNavijma, zaivima eNDa mAinara rilijiyasa sisTama, pR0 102 Adi / 2. vyavahArabhASya 7.313, pR0 55 a / 3. haoNpakinsa, kahI, pR0 212 / 4. Avazyaka niyukti 481; AvazyakacUrgI, pR0 294 / 5. patthara ke katipaya zivaliMga siMdhughATI meM mile haiM jisase patA lagatA hai * ki prAcIna kAla meM bhI kiMma-pUjA pracalita thii| prajiluskI ne apane 'naoNna-Aryana lonsa ina iNDo-Aryana' nAmaka lekha meM batAyA hai ki laMgUla (hala) aura liMga ye donoM zabda AsTrI-eziyAyI haiM aura vyutpatti kI dRSTi se donoM kA artha eka hai / Rgveda meM liMgapUjakoM ke lie nindAvAcI zabdoM kA prayoga hai, isase patA lagatA hai ki liMga-pUnA kI utpatti AryoM se huI hai, prI-Aryana ailImaiMTsa ina iNDiyana kalcara; atula ke0 sura, da kalakattA rivyU , navambara 28 jai0bhA0

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434 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa ke dahanakartA aura skanda ke pitA mAne gaye haiN| saMsAra ko dhvaMsa kara denevAle viSakA pAna karanA, dakSa ke yajJa ko naSTa kara denA aura AkAza se girato huI gaMgA ko apane jaTA-jUTa meM dhAraNa karanA-ye unake mukhya kArya mAne jAte haiN| parvata-devatA ke rUpa meM, unake sammAna meM, vaizAkha meM utsava manAyA jAtA hai| ziva ko umApati bhI kahA gayA hai|' jaina paramparA ke anusAra, ziva athavA mahezvara ceTaka kI putrI sujyeSThA ke putra the / sujyeSThA prabajita hokara kisI upAzraya meM AtApanA kara rahI thii| isI samaya peDhAla nAmaka parivrAjaka vidyA dene ke lie kisI yogya vyakti kI khoja meM niklaa| usane socA yadi kisI brahmacAriNI se putrotpatti ho to vidyA surakSita raha sakatI hai| yaha socakara peDhAla ne sujyeSThA ko dhUmikA se vyAmohita kara usameM bIja prakSipta kara diyaa| kAlAntara meM usake garbha se satyakI utpanna huA / satyako vidyAoM kA pAragAmI ho gyaa| mahArohiNI nAma kI vidyA ne usake mastaka meM eka chidra kiyA aura vaha usake zarIra meM praviSTa ho gyii| devatA ne isa chidra ko tIsarI A~kha meM pariNata kara diyA / kucha samaya ke pazcAt satyakI ne apane pitA peDhAla kA isalie vadha kara diyA ki usane rAjakumArI sujyeSThA ke satItva ko bhraSTa kiyA thaa| aba satyakI vidyAcakravartI ho gyaa| indra ne isakA nAma mahezvara rakhA / mahezvara brAhmaNoM se dveSa rakhatA thA, isalie usane brAhmaNoM kI saikar3oM kanyAeM bhraSTa kara ddaaloN| vaha rAjA pradyota ke antaHpura meM bhI usakI rAniyoM ke sAtha krIr3A kiyA karatA / zivA ko chor3a kara usane saba rAniyAM ko bhraSTa kara diyA thaa| isake pazcAt mahezvara ujjainI kI rUpavatI gaNikA umA ke sAtha rahane lgaa| eka bAra jaba mahezvara umA ke sAtha ramaNa kara rahA thA, pradyota ne apane naukara bhejakara usakI hatyA karA do| jaba mahezvara ke mitra naMdIzvara ko isakA patA lagA to vaha vidyAoM se adhiSThita hokara, eka zilA dvArA nagaravAsiyoM ko hatyA karane ke lie AkAza meM jA pahu~cA | yaha dekhakara rAjA nagaravAsiyoM ko sAtha le, gIle vastra pahana, naMdozvara ke disambara, 1932, pR0 264 Adi; tathA dekhie roz2a, TrAibsa eNDa kAsTsa oNva paMjAba eNDa nArtha vaisTarna provinsa, jilda 1, pR0 260 Adi / 1. haoNpakinsa, vahI, pR0 216-26 / .

Page #456
pAMcavAM khaNDa ] dUsarA adhyAya : laukika devI-devatA 435 paira pakar3akara, apane aparAdhoM kI kSamA mA~gane lagA / isa samaya se pratyeka nagara meM zivaliMga kI pUjA prArambha huii| skaMda aura mukunda kI pUjA kI bhA~ti zivapUjA bhI mahAvIra ke samaya pracalita thii| DhoMDhasivA kI pUjA ko jAtI thii| kiso parvata ke nijhara meM ziva kI pratimA vidyamAna thii| patra, puSpa aura gUgala se usako pUjA kI jAtI, usakA siMcana aura upalepana kiyA jAtA, tathA hastimada se use snAna karAyA jaataa| kASThanirmita ziva devatA kA ullekha milatA hai|" vaizramaNamaha vaizramaNa athavA kubera ko uttara dizA kA lokapAla tathA samasta mAla-khajAne kA kubera kahA gayA hai| usake tairate hue prAsAda ko guhyaka vahana karake le jAte haiM, jahA~ vaha ratnoM ko dhAraNa kiye striyoM se paraveSTita rahatA hai| vaha daidIpyamAna kuNDala dhAraNa karatA hai, atyanta dhanADhya hai, divya Asana aura pAdapITha kA dhAraka hai, tathA nandanavana aura alakAnalinI se AnevAlo sukhada samIra kA vaha upabhoga karatA hai| alakA kailAza parvata para sthita hai| vaizramaNa yakSa, rAkSasa aura guhyakoM kA adhipati kahA jAtA hai| jainasUtroM meM vaizramaNa ko yakSoM kA adhipati aura uttara dizA kA lokapAla kahA hai| nAgamaha brAhmaNa purANoM ke anusAra, sapaM devatA sAmAnyatayA pRthvI ke 1. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 175 aadi| 2. Avazyakaniyukti 506 / / 3. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 312 / bRhatkalpabhASya 5.5928 meM DhoMDhazivA ko acitta biMba kA udAharaNa batAyA gayA hai| hiMguziva ke kathAnaka ke lie dekhie dazavakAlikacUrNI pR0 47 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 804 kI cUrNI, phuttnott| 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4487 / 6. haoNpakinsa, vahI, pR0 142-48 / 7. jIvAbhigama 3, pR0 281 / 8. Ajakala nAgA jAti ke loga asama aura maNipura ke bIca meM rahate haiM / nAgAoM ke sambandha meM vizeSa jAnane ke lie dekhie hArDI, mainuala oNva buddhijma, pR0 45; tathA rAisa DaiviDsa, buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 220, Adi;

Page #457
436 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa adhastala meM nivAsa karate haiM, jahA~ zeSanAga apane sahasra phaNa se pRthvI kA bhAra sambhAle hue haiN|' jaina paramparA ke anusAra rAjA bhagIratha ke samaya se nAgabali kA pracAra huA | ayodhyA ke rAjA sagara cakravartI ke 60 hajAra putra the, jinameM jaNDukumAra sabase bar3A thA / eka bAra jaNhukumAra apane bhAIbaMdhuoM ke sAtha aSTApada parvata para jinacaityoM ko vandanA ke lie gayA / vahAM caityoM kI rakSA ke lie usane parvata ke cAroM ora eka khAI khodanA Arambha kiyA / khodate khodate daNDaratna nAga-bhavanoM meM jA lagA jisase nAgabhavana TUTa-phUTa gaye / yaha dekhakara nAgakumAra nAgarAja jvalanaprabha ke pAsa pahu~ce / nAgarAja kruddha hokara sagaraputroM ke pAsa AyA, aura kahane lagA ki tuma logoM ne nAgaloka meM jo upadrava kiyA hai vaha tumhAre sabake vadha kA kAraNa hogaa| jaNhukumAra ne nAgarAja se kSamA mAMga kara use zAnta kiyaa| jaNhukumAra ne aba daNDaratna se gaMgA ko bhedakara usa khAI ko bharanA cAhA, lekina yaha jala nAgabhavanoM meM bhara gyaa| nAgarAja krodha se Aga-babUlA ho gayA | aba kI bAra usane sagaraputroM ke vadha karane ke lie nayanaviSa mahAsarpa bheje jinheM dekhate hI sagara ke putra bhasma ho gaye / tatpazcAt sagara ne jahukumAra ke putra bhagIratha ko nAgarAja kI AjJA se gaMgA ko samudra maiM le jAkara DAlane kA Adeza diyA / nAgakumAroM ko pUjA dvArA yaha kArya sampanna kiyA gayA / isI samaya se nAgabali kA pracAra huA / " nAgayajJa kA ullekha milatA hai / sAketa nagaroM ke uttara-pUrva meM ke 0 atula sura, kalakattA rivyU, navambara disambara, 1632, 10 299; DAkTara . phogela, iMDiyana sarpeNTa lora, pR0 1 aadi| yahAM nAgapUjA ke vividha siddhAntoM kA ullekha hai / 1. haoNpakinsa, vahI, pR0 23-29 / 2. tulanA kIjiye jAtaka 256, 3, pR0 24 | 3. mahAbhArata meM nAga takSaka kA ullekha hai jisane apane viSa ke dvArA - vaTa vRkSa ko aura rAjA parIkSita ke bhavana ko jalAkara bhasma kara DAlA / nAgakAliya kI viSAgni ke dhue N se yamunA nadI ke pravAha ke AcchAdita hone kA ullekha milatA hai, DAkTara phogela, vahI, pR0 15 / 4. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 234- a Adi / 5. mathurA nAgapUjA kA mahatvapUrNa kendra thA; yahAM aneka nAgapratimAe milI haiM / kAzmIra meM vitastA nadI ko bAga takSaka kA gRha mAnA jAtA hai, 1

Page #458
pAMcavAM khaNDa] dUsarA adhyAya : laukika devI-devatA 437 eka mahAn nAgagRha' thA jo atyanta divya aura satya mAnA jAtA thaa| eka bAra rAnI padmAvatI ne bar3I dhUmadhAma se nAgayajJa manAne kI taiyArI kii| usane mAlo ko bulAkara puSpamaNDapa ko paMcaraMge puSpoM aura mAlAoM se sajAne ko kahA / haMsa, mRga, mayUra, krauMca, sArasa, caka. vAla, madanazAla aura kokila kI citra-racanA se puSpamaMDapa zobhita kiyA gyaa| tatpazcAt snAna karake, apane sage-sambandhiyoM ke sAtha, dhArmika yAna meM savAra ho, padmAvatI puSkariNI ke pAsa phuNcii| vahAM usane snAna kiyA aura gole vastra pahane hue kaMmala-patra tor3e, phira nAgagRha kI ora prasthAna kiyaa| usake pIche-poche aneka dAsiyAM aura ceTiyAM cala rahI thI; puSpapaTala aura dhUpapAtra unake hAtha meM the / isa prakAra bar3e ThATa se padmAvatI ne nAgagRha meM praveza kiyaa| lomahastaka se usane pratimA ko jhAr3A-poMchA, aura dhUpa jalAkara nAgadeva kI pUjA ko| nAgakumAra dharaNendra dvArA jainoM ke 23 veM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ko arcanA kiye jAne kA uulekha milatA hai| ___ yakSamaha prAcIna bhArata meM yakSa kI pUjA kA bahuta mahatva thA, isalie pratyeka nagara meM yakSAyatana bane rahate the| jaina granthoM meM ullekha hai ki zola kA pAlana karane se yakSa kI yoni meM paidA hote haiM," tathA yakSa, DAkTara phogela, vahI, pR0 41 Adi, 229; tathA dekhie roz2a, vahI, jilda 1, pR0 147 Adi / 1. arthazAstra, 5.2.90.49, pR0 176 meM sarpa kI mUrti kA ullekha hai| 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 95 Adi / 3. AcArAMganiyukti 335 TIkA, pR0 385 / mucilinda nAma ke sarparAja ne gautama buddha kI varSA aura havA se rakSA kI thI, phogala, vahI, pR0 102-4, 126 / 4. Ajakala bhI yakSoM ko gAMvoM kA rakSaka mAnakara sabhI jAti aura dharmA. nuyAyiyoM dvArA unakI pUjA kI jAtI hai| logoM kA vizvAsa hai ki aisA karane se gAMva saMkrAmaka rogoM se surakSita raha sakegA, DisTrikTa gajeTiyara Ava muMgera, 5. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 3.14 Adi / jayaddisa jAtaka (513), 5 ke anusAra yazoM kI A~kheM lAla rahatI haiM, unake palaka nahIM lagate, unakI chAyA nahIM par3atI aura ve kisI se Darate nahIM / yakSoM aura gandhoM Adi ke liye dekhiye dIghanikAya 3,9, pR0 150 /

Page #459
438 . jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa deva, dAnava, gaMdharva aura kinnara brahmacAriyoM ko namana karate haiN|' jainasUtroM meM pUrNabhadra, maNibhadra, zvetabhadra, haritabhadra, sumanobhadra, vyatipAtikabhadra, subhadra, sarvatobhadra, manuSyayakSa, vanAdhipati, vanAhAra, rUpayakSa aura yakSottama nAma ke teraha yakSa ginAye gaye haiN| inameM pUrNabhadra aura maNibhadra kA vizeSa mahatva hai| inheM nivedanApiMDa arpita kiyA jAtA thA / mahAvIra ke samaya inake caityoM kA ullekha milatA hai| campA nagarI ke uttara-pUrva meM sthita pUrNabhadra caitya kA varNana aupapAtikasUtra meM kiyA gayA hai / yaha caitya purAtana kAla se calA A rahA thA, pUrva-puruSoM dvArA nirUpita thA, atyanta prasiddha thA, Azrita logoM ko vRtti denevAlA thA, tathA usako zakti aura sAmarthya sabako jJAta the| yaha caitya chatra, dhvajA, ghaMTa aura patAkAtipatAkA se maMDita thA, lomamaya (rUMedAra) pramArjanI se yukta thA, yahAM vedikA banI huI thI, bhUmi gobara se lipI rahatI thI, bhittiyAM khar3iyA miTTI se putI rahatI thI, gozoSa aura rakta caMdana ke pAMca aMguliyoM ke chApe lage hue the, dvAroM para caMdana-kalaza rakkhe the aura toraNa baMdhe hue the| puSpamAlAoM ke samUha yahAM laTake hue the, paMcaraMge sugaMdhita puSpoM ke Dhera lage the tathA agara, kuMdaraka aura turuSka (lobAna) kI sugaMdhita dhUpa mahaka rahI thii| yahAM naTa, nataka, jalla (rassI para khela dikhAnevAle naTa), malla, mauSTika, velaMdhaka (vidUSaka ), plavaka (tairAka ), kathaka ( kathA kahane 1. uttarAdhyanasUtra 16.16 / / 2. abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa, 'jakkha' / 3. mahAmAyUrI ke anusAra, pUrNabhadra aura maNibhadra donoM bhAI the, aura ve brahmavatI ke pramukha devatA mAne jAte the, DAkTara silavana levI ke 'da. jyographikala kanTainTsa oNva mahAbhArata' nAmaka lekha kA DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla dvArA yU0 pI0 hisTorikala sosAyaTI, jilda 15, bhAga 2 meM anuvAda / mahAbhArata 2.10.10 meM bhI maNibhadra kA ullekha hai| tathA dekhiye saMyuttanikAya 1.10, pR0 209 / yakSoM meM sabase prAcIna mUrti maNibhadra ( prathama zatAbdI I0 pU0) kI hI upalabdha huI hai| matsyapurANa ( adhyAya 180 ) meM pUrNabhadra ke putra kA nAma harikeza yakSa batAyA gayA hai| .. 4. nizIthacUNI 11.81 kI cUrNI / . 5. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 320 /

Page #460
pAMcavAM khaNDa ] dUsarA adhyAya : laukika devI-devatA vAle), lAsaka ( bhAMDa), AkhyAyaka (jyotiSa), laMkha, maMkha, tUNailla (tUNAvat = tUNA bajAne vAle), tuMbavoNika ( tUMbA bajAne vAle), bhojaka (bhoja) aura mAgadha (stutipAThaka ) apane khela-tamAze Adi dikhAte the / yaha caitya caMdana aura gaMdha Adi se pUjanIya aura.arcanIya thA / cAroM ora se eka mahAn vanakhaNDa se yaha pariveSTita thA jisameM bhAMti-bhAMti ke vRkSa aura phala-phUla lage the| samilla nAmaka nagara ke bAhya udyAna meM sabhA se yukta eka devakulikA meM maNibhadra yakSa kA Ayatana thaa| eka bAra isa nagara meM zItalA kA prakopa hone para nAgarikoM ne yakSa kI manautI kI ki upadrava zAnta hone para ve aSTamo Adi ke dina udyApanikA kareMge / kucha samaya bAda roga zAnta ho gyaa| devazarmA nAmaka eka brAhmaNa ko vetana dekara pUjA karane ke lie rakha diyA gayA, aura vaha aSTamI Adi ke dina vahAM kI yakSa-sabhA ko lIpa-potakara sApha rakhane lgaa| aise bho aneka yakSoM ke ullekha jainasUtroM meM jAte haiM jo zubha kAryoM meM sahAyaka hote the| mahAvora bhagavAn apane vihAra-kAla meM jaba dhyAna meM avasthita ho jAte to bibhelaga yakSa unako rakSA kiyA karatA / azva rUpadhArI selaga (zailaka ) caturdazI, aSTamI, amAvasyA aura pUrNamAsI ke dina logoM kI sahAyatA karane ke lie udyata rahA karatA thA | campA ke jinapAlita aura jinarakSita nAma ke vyApAriyoM kI, ratnadvIpa kI devI se rakSA karane ke lie, unheM apanI pITha para baiThA, usane campA meM lAkara chor3a diyA thaa| vArANasI ke tiMduga udyAna kA gaMDotiMduga yakSa mAtaMga RSi kA bhakta thA aura ukta udyAna meM vihAra karane para yakSa ne unakI rakSA kI thii|" 1. aupapAtikasUtra 2 / 2. piNDaniyukti 245 Adi / ye loga devakulikA meM lagA huA makar3I kA jAlA Adi bhI sApha karate the, bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 1.1810 / tathA dekhiye kathAsaritsAgara, jilda 1, buka 2, adhyAya 8, pR0 162 (penz2ara kA anuvaad)| 3. Avazyakaniyukti 487 / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 9, pR0 127 / tulanA kIjie valAhassa jAtaka (196), 2, pR0 292 / 5. uttarAdhyayana 12 vAM adhyAya, tathA TIkA, pR0. 173-a||. ..

Page #461
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcayAM khaNDa santAnotpatti ke lie bhI yakSa kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI thI / dhanya sArthavAha kI patnI bhadrA ke koI santAna nahIM hotI thii| dhanya kI AjJA prApta kara snAna Adi se nivRtta ho, vaha rAjagRha ke bAhara nAga, bhUta, yakSa, indra aura skaMda Adi ke devakula meM aayii| usane pratimAoM kA abhiSeka-pUjana kiyA aura manautI kI ki yadi usake santAna hogI to vaha devatAoM kA dAna Adi se Adara-satkAra karego aura akSayanidhi se unakA saMvardhana kregii| tatpazcAt nAga, yakSa Adi ko upayAcita karato huI vaha kAla yApana karane lgii| kucha samaya bIta jAne para bhadrA ko abhilASA pUrNa huI / ' gaMgadattA ke bhI koI santAna nahIM thii| vaha vastra, gaMdha, puSpa aura mAlA Adi lekara, apane mitra aura sagesambandhiyoM ke sAtha uMbaradatta yakSa ke Ayatana meM phuNcii| morapaMkha kI kaMghI se usane yakSa kI mUrti ko sApha kiyA, jala se usakA abhiSeka kiyA, rUMedAra bala se use poMchA aura vastra phnaaye| tatpazcAt puSpa Adi se yakSa kI upAsanA ko aura phira santAna ke lie manauto karane lgo| subhadrA ne bho suraMbara yakSa ke Ayatana meM pahu~cakara yakSa ko manautI ko ki yadi usake putra hogA to vaha sauM bhaiMsoM ko bali cddh'aayegii| __ santAna kI abhilASA pUrNa karane meM hariNegameSo kA nAma khAsa kara liyA jAtA hai| mathurA ke jaina zilAlekhoM meM 'bhagavA nemeso' kahakara usakA ullekha kiyA hai| kalpasUtra meM zaka ke Adeza se hariNegameSI dvArA mahAvIra ke garbha parivartana kiye jAne kA ullekha pahale A cukA hai| kalpasUtra kI hastalikhita pratiyoM meM usake citra milate haiM / bhadilapura ke nAga gRhapati kI patnI kI ArAdhanA se hariNegameSo prasanna ho gyaa| usane sulasA aura kRSNa kI mAtA devako ko eka sAtha gabhavato kiyA / donoM ne sAtha hI sAtha prasava bho kiyA | sulasA ne mRta putroM ko janma diyA aura devako ne jovita putroM ko / lekina hariNegameSo ne donoM kA garbha 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 2, pR0 46 Adi; tathA AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 164 / 2. vipAkasUtra 7, pR0 42 Adi / tathA dekhie hathipAla jAtaka (509), 4, pR064-5 / 3. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 193 / 4. vaidika granthoM meM naigameSa ko hariNa-zirodhAraka indra kA senApati kahA hai| mahAbhArata meM use ajAmukha batAyA hai, e0 ke0 kumArasvAmI, yakSAja, pR0 12 /

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pA~ca khaNDa ] dUsarA adhyAya : laukika devI-devatA 441 badala diyA / Age calakara kRSNa dvArA hariNegameSI ko ArAdhanA kiye jAne para, devakI ke gajasukumAra nAmaka putra huA / ' yakSa hAni bhI pahu~cA sakate the, aura logoM kA vadha kara prasanna hote the / zUlapANi vardhamAnaka gAMva kA eka prasiddha yakSa thA / usane kruddha hokara gAMva meM mahAmArI phailA dI jisase loga gAMva chor3akara bhAgane laMge / mahAmArI kA upadrava phira bhI zAnta na huA / yaha dekhakara loga vApasa lauTa aaye| ve nagara-devatA ke samakSa vipula upahAra lekara upasthita hue aura usase kSamA mAMgane lage / yakSa ne kahA ki yadi tuma manuSyoM kI haDDiyoM para devakula banAne ko taiyAra ho to mahAmArI zAnta ho sakatI hai / gA~vavAloM ne yakSa ke devakula meM pUjA-arcanA karane ke lie indrazarmA nAma kA eka pujArI rakha diyA / usa samaya se yaha gA~va aTThigAma ( asthiprAma ) kahA jAne lagA / 3 sAketa ke uttara-pUrva meM surapriya yakSa kA Ayatana thA / vaha prati varSa citrita kiyA jAtA thA aura loga usakA mahAn utsava manAte the / lekina jo citrakAra use citrita karatA, yakSa use mAra DAlatA / yadi yakSa citrita na kiyA jAtA to vaha mahAmArI phailA detA / yaha. dekhakara jaba nagara ke saba citrakAra bhAgane lage to rAjA ne saba citrakAroM ko ikaTThA kiyA aura sabake nAma likhakara eka ghar3e meM DAla diye / ye nAma prati varSa ghar3e meM se nikAle jAte, aura jisa citrakAra kA nAma nikalatA use yakSa ko citrita karanA par3atA / eka bAra kauzAmbI se bhAgakara Aye hue kisI citrakAra ke lar3ake kI bArI Ayo / usane ujjvala vastra pahana, apanI nayo kUMcI se yakSa ko citrita kiyA / yakSa santuSTa hokara usase vara mAMgane ko kahA | citrakAra ne cAhA ki dvipada, catuSpada Adi prANiyoM ke kevala eka bhAga ko dekhakara vaha unheM pUrNa rUpa se citrita kara sake / yakSa ne prasanna hokara varadAna de diyA / " jainasUtroM meM indragraha, dhanurmaha, skaMdamaha, kumAragraha aura bhUtagraha ke 1. antaHkRddazA 2, pR0 15 / 2. jAtakoM ke lie dekhie mehatA, vahIM, pR0 324 / 3. AvazyakacUNI, pR0 272-74 / 4. vahI pR0 87 Adi /

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442 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa sAtha yakSagraha kA bhI ullekha AtA hai|' kitanI hI bAra jaina sAdhu aura jaina sAdhviyoM ko yakSa se AviSTa ho jAne para, kisI mAMtrika Adi ke pAsa jAkara cikitsA karAnI par3atI / rAjagRha ke mograpANi ( mudgarapANi) yakSa ke hAtha meM eka hajAra pala kI lohe ke eka bar3I bhArI mudgara thii| nagara kA arjunaka mAlI kula paramparA se isa yakSa kA bar3A bhakta thA / vaha pratidina apanI TokarI lekara nagara ke bAhara ke udyAna ( pupphArAma ) meM jAtA, puSpoM kA cayana karatA, puSpoM se yakSa kI arcanA karatA aura phira rAjamArga meM baiThakara apanI AjIvikA calAtA / eka dina mAlI apanI strI ke sAtha udyAna meM puSpa-cayana karane AyA / usa samaya vahA~ eka guMDoM kI TolI AyI huI thii| mAlI aura usakI strI ko dekha ve yakSAyatana ke kivAr3oM ke pIche chipa gaye / tatpazcAt maukA pAkara unhoMne mAlI ko bA~dha liyA aura usakI strI ke sAtha viSayabhoga karane lage / yaha saba dekhakara arjunaka ko yakSa para azraddhA ho gayI / yakSa ne mAlo ke zarIra meM praveza kiyA, tathA apanI mudgara se guMDoM kI TolI aura mAlina ko jAna se mAra diyA / ullekha bho yakSoM dvArA kanyAoM ke sAtha viSaya-bhoga karane ke milate haiN| kisI brAhmaNa kI kanyA atyanta rUpavatI thii| vaha usa para Asakta ho gayA / usane eka brAhmaNI ko dUtI banAkara apanI kanyA ke pAsa bhejA / brAhmaNI ne kahA ki hamAre kula meM yakSa dvArA kanyAoM kA upabhoga karane kA rivAja hai, ataeva jaba yakSa tumhAre pAsa Aye to tuma usakA apamAna na karanA, tathA vaha andhakAra meM hI praveza karatA hai, isalie usa samaya prakAza na karanA / lekina brAhmaNa kI kanyA bhI kama catura na thI / usane dIpaka jalAkara use miTTI ke bartana se Dha~ka diyaa| rAtri ke samaya yakSa kA Agamana huA / usane jaba dIpaka ke Upara se miTTI kA bartana uThAkara dekhA to sArA rahasya 1. jambUdvIpaprajJaptisUtra 24, pR0 120 / 2. bRhatkalpasUtra 6.12 tathA bhASya / 3. antaHkRddazA 6 / tathA dekhiye kathAsaritsAgara, penz2ara, jilda 1, adhyAya 4, pR0 37 tathA noTa prophesara blUmaphIlDa, 'Ana da ArTa oNva ainTariMga ainadarsa baoNDI' prosIDiMgja amerikana philaoNsaoNphikala sosAyaTI, 56.1 /

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pAMcavA khaNDa] dUsarA adhyAya : laukika devI-devatA 443 khula gyaa|' gaMDitiMduka yakSa kA ullekha A cukA hai| vaha kauzalarAja kI kanyA kA upabhoga karatA thaa| __ aura bhI aneka yakSoM ke ullekha milate haiN| bhaMDIra yakSa ko yAtrA kA mathurA meM vizeSa mAhAtmya mAnA jAtA thaa| nara-nArI ekatrita hokara yakSa kI yAtrA karane jAte the| unhoMne bhaMDoravaTa, bhaMDIrAvataMsaka caitya, bhaMDorAvataMsaka udyAna aura bhaMDIravana Adi yakSa ke smAraka banavAye the| mathurA meM jakkhaguhA ( yakSaguhA) kA ullekha hai; yahA~ AryarakSita ne vihAra kiyA thA / 4 sanatkumAra aura vaitAThyavAsI asitAkSa nAmaka yakSa ke yuddha hone kA," tathA potanapura meM rAjasiMhAsana para sthApita vaizramaNa yakSa ko pratimA kA indra ke vajra se naSTa hone kA ullekha milatA hai| isake sivAya, amoghadarzI, zvetabaddha, soriya, dharaNa, lepyaka,1 NiddhamaNa12 Adi aneka yakSoM ke nAma milate haiN| . manuSyoM ko bhA~ti yakSoM meM bhI U~ca-nIca jAtiyA~ mAno gayo haiN| ADaMbara (athavA hiraDika) yakSa mAtaMgoM kA aura ghaNTika yakSa DoboM kA yakSa mAnA jAtA thaa| ADaMbara yakSa kA Ayatana hAla meM 1. uttarAdhyayanacUrNI, pR0 89 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 281 / 3. vRndAvana kA prasiddha nyagrodha vRkSa bhAMDIra ke nAma se hI vikhyAta hai, mahAbhArata 11.53.8 / 4. abhirAjendrakoSa, 'jkkhguhaa'| . 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 237-a / 6. vahI, pR0 242 / 7. vipAkasUtra 3, pR0 20 / 8. vahI 5, pR0 32 / 9. vahI 8, pR0 45 / 10. vahI 9, pR0 49 / 11. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 468 / 12. nizIthacUrNI 10.3200 / 13. mUlasarvAstivAda ke vinayavastu (pR0 12 ) meM gale meM ghaNTIvAle yakSa kA ullekha hai, gilagita mainuskripTsa, jilda 3, bhAga 2, tathA dekhie mahAbhArata 9.46.54 / -

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444 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pAMcavAM khaNDa mare hue manuSyoM kI haDDiyoM para banAyA jAtA thaa|' prazna karane para, ghaMTika yakSa usakA uttara kAna meM cupake se phusaphusAtA thA / 2 vanamaMtara aura ka yakSa ke alAvA, vAnamaMtara, vAnamaMtarI aura guhyakoM Adi ke ullekha bhI milate haiN| aneka avasaroM para vAnamaMtaradeva ko prasanna karane ke lie subaha, dupahara aura sandhyA ke samaya paTaha bajAyA jAtA thA / kabhI gRhapatnI ke apane pati dvArA apamAnita hone para, yA putravatI sapatnI dvArA sammAna prApta na karane para, athavA atizaya rogI rahane ke kAraNa, athavA kisI sAdhu se koI jhaMjhaTa ho jAne para zAnti ke lie vAnamaMtara kI pUjA-upAsanA kI jAtI thI; aura vaha rAtri ke samaya jaina sAdhuoM ko bhojana karAne se tRpta hotA thA / nayA makAna banakara taiyAra ho jAne para bhI vAnamaMtaroM kI ArAdhanA kI jAtI thI / " kuMDalameNTha vAnamaMtara ko yAtrA bhRgukaccha ke AsapAsa ke pradeza meM kI jAtI thI / isa avasara para loga saMkhaDi manAte the / RSipAla nAmaka vAnamaMtara ne tosali meM RSitaDAga (isitaDAga ) " nAma kA eka tAlAba banavAyA thA, jahA~ prativarSa ATha dina taka utsava manAyA. jAtA thA / ' jaina sUtroM meM pizAca, bhUta, yakSa, rAkSasa, kiMnara, kiMpuriSa, mahoraga aura gandharva' ina ATha vyaMtara devoM ke ATha caityavRkSoM kA ullekha hai - pizAca kA kadaMba, yakSa kA vaTa, bhUta kA tulasI, rAkSasa kA kAMDaka, kinnara kA azoka, kiMpuruSa kA campaka, mahoraga kA nAga aura gandha kA teMduka 7 1. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 227 Adi / 2. vyavahArabhASya 7.313; AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 227; bRhatkalpabhASya 2.1312 / 3. dazavaikAlikacUrNI, pR0 48 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.4963 / 5. vahI 3.4769 / 6. vahI 1.3150 / 7. khAravela ke hAthIguMphA zilAlekha meM isakA ullekha haiM / 8. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4223 / 9. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 36.207 / 10. sthAnAMga 8.654 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] dUsarA adhyAya : laukika devI-devatA vAnamaMtariyoM meM sAlejjA mahAvIra bhagavAn kI bhakta thI, lekina kaTapUtanA ne unheM bahuta kaSTa pahu~cAyA thaa|2 DAkiniyAM aura zAkiniyAM bho upadrava macAtI rahatI thiiN| golla deza meM rivAja thA ki DAkinI ke bhaya se rogI ko bAhara nahIM nikAlA jAtA thaa|3| guhyakoM ke viSaya meM logoM kA vizvAsa thA ki ve kailAza parvata ke rahane vAle haiM, aura isa loka meM zvAnoM ke rUpa meM nivAsa karate haiN| kahate haiM ki devoM kI bhAMti ve pRthvI kA sparza nahIM karate aura unakI palaka nahIM lgtii|" yadi kabhI kAlagata hone ke pazcAt jaina sAdhu vyaMtara deva se adhiSThita ho jAtA to usake mUtra ko bAyeM hAtha meM lekara usake mRta zarIra ko sIMcA jAtA, aura guhyaka kA nAmoccAraNa kara usase saMstAraka se na uThane kA anurodha kiyA jAtA / / yakSAyatana ( caitya ) prAkRta aura pAli granthoM meM yakSa ke Ayatana ko ceiya athavA cetiya nAma se ullikhita kiyA hai| mahAbhArata meM kisI pavitra vRkSa ko athavA vedikA vAle vRkSa ko caitya kahA hai| devI, yakSoM aura rAkSasoM Adi kA nivAsa sthAna hone ke kAraNa ise hAni na pahuMcAne kA yahAM vidhAna hai| rAmAyaNa meM caityagRha, caityaprAsAda aura caityavRkSa kA ullekha hai| yAjJavalkyasmRti ke anusAra, caitya ko do gAvoM yA janapadoM ke bIca kA somAsthala mAnA jAtA thaa| kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM caitya ko devagRha kahA hai, aura isalie yahA~ caityapUjA ko mukhyatA dI gayI hai| jaina AgamoM ke TokAkAra abhayadevasari 1. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 294 / 2. vahI, pR0 490 / tulanA kIjie ayodhara jAtaka (510), 4, pR0 pR0 80-1, rAmAyaNa 5.24 / / 3. vRhatkalpabhASya 1.2380 kI cUrNI, phuTanoTa 3 / 4. nizIthabhASya 13.4427 / 5. oghaniyuktiTIkA, pR0 156-a / tulanA kIjie haoNpakinsa vahI, pR0 147 Adi / yahA~ kahA hai-"guhyakoM kA saMsAra unhIM ke lie hai jo vIratApUrvaka talavAra se mRtyu ko prApta hue haiN|" tathA dekhie kathAsaritsAgara 1, pariziSTa 1 / 6. bRhatkalpabhAdhya 4.5525 Adi / 7. vI0 Ara0 dIkSitAra, iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTI, pR0 440

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446 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa ne caitya ko devapratimA yA vyaMtarAyatana ke artha meM prayukta kiyA hai| hemacandra AcArya ne jinasadana ke artha meM isakA prayoga kiyA hai| jAna par3atA hai ki pratyeka nagara meM caitya hote the, jahA~ mahAvIra, buddha tathA anya aneka sAdhu-zramaNa ThaharA karate the| campA ke pUrNabhadra caitya kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| rAjagRha meM gaNasilaya aura AmalakappA meM aMbasAlavana nAmaka caitya the| caitya ke sthAnoM para yakSAdhiSThita udyAnoM kA bhI ullekha AtA hai| udAharaNa ke liye, vANiyagAma meM sudharma yakSAviSThita duIpalAsa (dyatipalAza), mathurA meM sudarzana yakSAdhiSThita bhaMDora aura vadhamAnapura meM maNibhadra yakSAdhiSThita vardhamAna nAmaka udyAna' the | ye yakSAyatana kabhI nagara ke bAhara udyAna meM, kabhI parvata para, kabhI tAlAba ke samIpa, kabhI nagara ke dvAra ke pAsa aura kabhI nagara ke andara ho hote the| katipaya caityoM kA nirmANa sthApatyakalA ko dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa mAnA. jA sakatA hai| inameM dvAra, kapATa aura bhavana Adi bane rahate the| koI devakulikA manuSya ke eka hAtha-pramANa aura pASANa ke eka khaNDa se banAyI gaI thii| devI-devatAoM kI mUrtiyAM prAyaH kASTha ko banI hotI, tathA kucha yakSoM kI mUrtiyoM ke hAtha meM lohe kI gadA rahatI thI / caitya Adi, sitambara 1938; kumArasvAmI, yakSAz2a, pR0 18; haoNpakinsa, vahI, pR0 70-72 / 1. vyAkhyAprajJapti 1 utthAna, pR0 7 / bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1774 Adi meM cAra prakAra ke caityoM kA ullekha haiM-sAdharmika, maMgala, zAzvata aura bhakti / khuddakapATha kI aTThakathA paramatthajotikA 1, pR0 222 meM tIna prakAra ke caitya batAye gaye haiM-paribhoga cetiya, uddissaka cetiya aura dhAtuka cetiya / cUlavaMsa (37.183 ) meM maMgala cetiya kA ullekha hai / tathA dekhie roz2a TrAibsa eNDa kAsTsa Adi, jilda 1, pR0 195 / 2. abhidhAnacintAmaNi 4.60 / nizIthacUrNI 12.4119 meM logasamavAyaThANaM AyataNaM aura paDimAgihaM cetiyaM kA ullekha hai| 3. vipAkasUtra 2, pR0 12 / 4. vahI 6, pR0 35 / 5. vahI 10, pR0 56 / 6. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 9, pR0 142 /

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] dUsarA adhyAya : laukika devI-devatA 447 ke sAtha sabhA bhI rahatI thI jise gobara se lopa-pota kara sApha rakkhA jAtA thaa| bhUtamaha bhUtoM ko nizAcara kahA gayA hai, jo yakSa aura rAkSasa Adi ke sAtha giroha banAkara nikalate the| hindU purANoM meM inheM bhayaMkara aura mAMsabhakSI kahA gayA hai / bhUtoM ko bali dekara prasanna kiyA jAtA hai, aura buddhimAna manuSya sone ke pahale unakA smaraNa karate haiN| mahAbhArata meM tIna prakAra ke bhUtoM kA ullekha hai :-udAsIna, pratikUla aura dayAlU / rAtri meM bhramaNa karane vAle bhUta pratikUla kahe gaye haiN| __ bhUtamaha kI gaNanA mahAmahoM meM kI gayI hai| yakSamaha kArtikIpUrNimA ko, aura bhUtamaha caitra pUrNimA ko manAyA jAtA thaa| bhUtagraha se pIr3ita manuSyoM ko cikitsA bhUtavidyA dvArA kI jAtI thI, jisake lie zAMti-karma tathA deva, asura, gaMdharva, yakSa, rAkSasa Adi devatAoM ko bali car3hAI jAtI thii| bhUtavidyA meM kuzala bhUtavAdiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| kisI rAjA ke darabAra meM roga kA upazamana karane ke lie tIna bhUtavAdI upasthita hue | pahale ne kahA-"mere pAsa eka mantrasiddha bhUta hai, jo sundara rUpa banAkara gopura kI galiyoM meM ghUmatA hai, lekina kisI ko usakI ora dekhanA nahIM cAhie | jo usakI ora dekhegA usase vaha ruSTa ho jAyegA aura use mAra ddaalegaa| tathA jo use dekhakara nIce kI ora muMha kara legA vaha roga se mukta ho jaayegaa|" dUsare ne kahA-"merA bhUta atyanta aizvarya vAlA hai, lambA usakA udara hai, capaTI nAka hai, kokha Age ko nikalI hai, vaha pAMca sira vAlA aura eka pairavAlA hai, zikhArAhata hai, aura bIbhatsa usakA rUpa hai| vaha aTTahAsa karatA huA, gAtA aura nAcatA huA apane vikRta rUpa meM bhramaNa karatA hai / usa samaya jo kruddha hotA hai, haMsatA hai yA 1. nizIthacUrNI 1.804 / dakSiNApatha meM grAmadevakulikAyeM banI rahatI thiiN| inameM vyataroM kA nivAsa mAnA jAtA thA, AcArAMgacUrNI pR0 260 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 162 meM ujjainI kI rAnI zivA dvArA bhUtabali diye jAne kA ullekha hai| 3. haoNpakinsa, vahI, pR0 36 Adi / bhUtoM ke zarIra kI chAyA nahIM par3atI, ve haldI sahana nahIM kara sakate aura hamezA nAka se bolate haiM, kathAsaritsAgara 1, pariziSTa 1 / tayA dekhie roz2a, vahI, jilda 1, pR0 205 Adi /

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448 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pAMcavAM khaNDa pravaMcanA karatA hai, usake sira ke vaha sAta Tukar3e kara DAlatA hai / tathA jo usase acchI taraha bolatA hai, usakA abhinaMdana karatA hai aura dhUpa, puSpa Adi dvArA usakI arcanA karatA hai; use vaha samasta rogoM se mukta kara detA hai|" tosare bhUtavAdo ne kahA-"rAjana , mere pAsa bhI eka isI prakAra kA bhUta hai, lekina usakA koI acchA kare yA burA, vaha darzanamAtra se saba rogiyoM kA acchA kara detA hai / " rAjA isa bhUtavAdI se prasanna huA aura usane use apane yahAM rakha liyaa|' ____ isake sivAya, aneka gArur3ikoM, bhogikoM (bhoiya), bhaTToM aura caTToM kA ullekha AtA hai| kauzalarAja kI kanyA jaba yakSapUjA ke lie yakSAyatana meM pahu~co to yakSapratimA kI pradakSiNA karate samaya, vaha yakSa se AviSTa ho gayo aura kucha-kucha bakane lagI, to rAjA ne gArur3ika, bhogika, bhaTToM aura caTToM ko bulAkara yaMtra, taMtra aura rakSAmaMDala Adi se usako cikitsA karAyo / logoM kA bhUta-pretoM meM bahuta adhika vizvAsa thA; unakA mAnanA thA ki bhUta dUkAnoM se kharIde jA sakate haiN| kahate haiM ki kuttiyAvaNa (kutrikApaNa ) se duniyA bhara kI sArI vastueM kharIdo jA sakato thIM; bhUta bho yahAM milate the / rAjA pradyota ke samaya ujjainI meM isa prakAra kI nau dUkAneM thIM; rAjagRha meM bhI thIM / eka bAra bhRgu. kaccha kA koI vaizya ujjainI ko dUkAna se bhUta kharIdane AyA / dUkAnadAra ne kahA, bhUta mila sakatA hai, lekina yadi use kAma na doge to vaha tumheM mAra ddaalegaa| vaizya bhUta kharIda kara cala diyaa| vaha use jo kAma batAtA, use vaha turanta kara DAlatA / Akhira meM taMga Akara vaizya ne eka khambhA gar3avA diyA aura usapara utarate. car3hate rahane ko kahA / isa bhUta ne bhaDoMca ke uttara meM bhUtataDAga nAma kA eka tAlAba bnaayaa| 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 1, pR0 5 / 2. vahI 12, pR0 174; tathA AvazyakaTIkA ( haribhadra), pR0 399-a Adi / ___3. isI prakAra kI kathA kathAsaritsAgara, penz2ara, jilda 3, adhyAya 28, pR0 32-3 meM AtI hai| 4. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 3.4214-22 / yahAM kutrikApaNa kI bar3I vicitra vyutpatti dI gayI hai-kuH iti pRthivyAH saMjJA, tasyAH trikaM kutrika-svarga

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pAMcavAM khaNDa ] dUsarA adhyAya : laukika devI-devatA . 449 bhUtoM ke sAtha pizAca bhI jur3e hue haiN| pizAca mAMsa kA bhakSaNa karate aura rudhira kA pAna karate / jJAtRdharmakathA meM tAlajaMgha nAmaka eka pizAca kA varNana AtA hai jo upadrava karane ke lie samudra ke vyApAriyoM ke samakSa AkAza meM upasthita huA thaa| dekhane meM vaha kAlA syAha thA, lambe usake oTha the, dAMta bAhara nikale the, yugala jihvAeM lapalapA rahIM thIM, gAla andara ko dhaMse the, capaTI nAka thI, kuTila bhauheM thIM, AMkhoM meM lAlo camaka raho thii| usakA vakSasthala * aura kukSi vizAla thI, tathA aTTahAsa karatA, nAcatA aura garjanA karatA huA, hAtha meM tIkSNa talavAra lie vaha A rahA thaa| pizAca prAyaH zmazAnoM meM rahate the, loga unheM amAvasyA ke dina bali car3hAte the / malla yoddhA kRSNa caturdazI kI rAtri ko zmazAna meM jAkara unheM bhojana karAte, aura yadi vahAM se ve vijayo hokara lauTa Ate to rAjA unheM apane yahA~ niyukta kara letA thA / AryA aura koTTakiriyAmaha AryA aura kodRkiriyA donoM durgA ke hI rUpa haiM, jise caMDikA yA cAmuNDA bhI kahA gayA hai / yuddha ke lie jAte samaya loga cAmuNDA ko praNAma karate the, tathA bakare, bhaiMse aura puruSa Adi kA vadhakara tathA pazuoM ke sira dvArA yAga Adi karake use prasanna karate the|" apane jamAI kI tIrthayAtrA kuzalatApUrvaka sampanna hone ke liye striyAM martyapAtAlalakSaNaM tasyApaNaH haTTaH / pRthivItraye yat kimapi cetanamacetanaM vA dravyaM sarvasyApi lokasya grahaNopabhogakSama vidyate tat ApaNe na nAsti; tathA AvazyakaTIkA ( malayagiri ), pR0 413 a / 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 99 / 2. vyavahArabhASya 1, pR0 62-a Adi; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 8, pR0 74-a| 3. brAhmaNa purANoM meM durgA ko madyapAyinI aura mAMsabhakSiNI ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai| durga athavA kaSToM se rakSA karane ke kAraNa use durgA kahA jAtA hai / usakA cihna mayUrapiccha hai tathA vaha mukuTa aura sarpa dhAraNa karatI hai | usake cAra bhujAe~ aura cAra mukha haiM; vaha dhanuSa, cakra, pAza Adi zastra dhAraNa kiye haiN| use kaiTabhanAzinI aura mahiSasRpriyA bhI kahA jAtA hai, haoNpakinsa, vahI, pR0 224 / / 4. piMDaniyuktiTIkA 441 / 5. AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 61; praznavyAkaraNa sUtra 7, pR0 37 / 29 jai0

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450 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja . [pAMcavAM khaNDa koTTAryA ko bakare kI bali car3hAyA karatI thii| jaina TIkAkAroM ne AryA aura koTTakiriyA meM antara batAte hue kahA hai ki jo kUSmAMDinI ko bhAMti khar3I rahatI hai vaha AryA hai, aura vahI jaba mahiSa kA vadha karane ke lie udyata ho jAtI hai, to koTTakiriyA kahalAtI hai| 1. nizIthacUrNI 13.4400 / 2. jJAtRdharmakathATIkA 8, pR0 138-a / durgAdevI kI aneka rUpoM meM upAsanA kI jAtI hai| jaba vaha eka varSa kI hotI hai to sadhyA ke rUpa meM, do varSa kI hotI hai to sarasvatI ke rUpa meM, sAta varSa kI hora hai to caMDikA ke rUpa meM, ATha varSa kI hotI hai to saMbhavI ke rUpa meM, nau varSa kI hotI hai to durgA yA bAlA ke rUpa meM, dasa varSa kI hotI hai to gaurI ke rUpa meM, teraha varSa kI hotI hai to mahAlakSmI ke rUpa meM aura jaba solaha varSa kI hotI hai to lalitA ke rUpa meM usakI upAsanA kI jAtI hai, gopInAtha, elImaiMTsa oNva hindU ikonogrAphI, pR0 332 Adi /

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siMhAvalokana 1-jainadharma kA itihAsa bhagavAn mahAvIra se prArambha na hokara pArzvanAtha se Arambha huA mAnA jAtA hai| pArzvanAtha eka yazasvI tIrthaMkara the jo mahAvIra ke 250 varSa pUrva IsavI san ke pUrva AThavIM zatAbdo meM janme the| unhoMne jainadharma ko saMgaThita karane ke lie savaprathama caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA kii| jainadharma ko zakti aura sAmarthya jainadharma ke anuyAyo zrAvaka aura zrAvikAoM ke Upara adhika AdhArita rahI hai, jo bAta prAyaH isa rUpa meM bauddhadharma meM dekhane meM nahIM AtI / jainadharma ke ujjIvita rahane kA dUsarA kAraNa thA usake anuyAyiyoM kA dharmagata rUr3hiyoM se saMlagna rhnaa| pariNAma yaha huA ki bauddhadharma kI bhAMti isa dharma meM tAntrikoM kA praveza na ho skaa| isa dharmaparAyaNatA ke kAraNa jainadharma ke maulika tattvoM aura siddhAntoM meM zAyada hI koI vizeSa parivartana huA ho, aura isalie yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki Aja se do hajAra varSa pahale jisa tatparatA ke sAtha jainadharma kA pAlana kiyA jAtA thA, vastutaH vaha tatparatA Aja bhI kama nahIM huI hai| vaiSNavadharma, zaivadharma tathA anya mata-matAntaroM ke naye AcAra-vicAra logoM meM koI vizeSa AkarSaNa paidA na kara sake, aura jainadharma apane purAne utsAha ko kAyama rakkhe rahA / bhArata meM dUra-dUra phaile hue prabhAvazAlI jainadharma ke anuyAyiyoM se isa kathana kA samarthana hotA hai| jina jaina-AgamoM ko AdhAra mAna kara yaha sAmagrI prastuta ko gayo hai, durbhAgya se ve saba Agama kisI eka kAla ko racanA nahIM hai| kucha AgamoM para to guptakAla kA prabhAva spaSTa dikhAyI par3atA hai| aisI hAlata meM isa pustaka kA vivecana kAla-kramAnusAra nahIM kahA jA sktaa| phira, IsavI sana ke pUrva cauthI zatAbdI se lekara IsavI san kI pA~cavoM zatAbdI taka ke bIca AgamoM ko tona vAcanAe~ huI jisase unameM hAni-vRddhi hotI rhii| dIrghakAla ke isa vyavadhAna meM nizcaya hI AgamoM ke viSaya aura bhASA Adi meM kAphI parivartana huA hogA | aiso dazA meM jaina-AgamagranthoM ko bauddhoM ke pAli tripiTaka jitanA prAmANika nahIM kahA jA sakatA / phira bho jo sAmAjika,

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452 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [siMhAvalokana sAMskRtika aura ardha-aitihAsika sAmagrI yahAM surakSita raha gayI hai, vaha bhArata ke adhUre itihAsa ko kar3iyA~ jor3ane ke lie atyanta upayogI haiM, isameM sandeha nhiiN| jaina AgamoM kI TIkA-TippaNiyoM kA samaya IsavI san kI prathama zatAbdI se lekara satrahavIM zatAbdI taka hai| spaSTa hai ki Agama granthoM ke kAla ko TIkA granthoM ke kAla se mizrita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / lekina yaha bhI dhyAna rakhane yogya hai ki binA TokAoM ke AgamasUtroM kA spaSTIkaraNa nahIM hotaa| isa TIkA-sAhitya meM aneka prAcIna paramparAe~ surakSita haiM / aneka sthAnoM para TIkAkAroM ne prAcIna sUtroM kI skhalanA Adi kI ora pAThakoM kA dhyAna AkarSita kiyA hai| matalaba yaha hai ki TokA-sAhitya meM ullikhita sAmagrI kA upayoga bhI yahA~ kiyA gayA hai / Agama-sAhitya meM ullikhita sAmagrI kI tulanA bauddha sUtroM tathA tatkAlIna prAcIna brAhmaNa granthoM se kI jA sakatI hai, ataeva isa sAmagrI ko aprAmANika athavA kama prAmANika mAnane kA koI kAraNa nhiiN| 2-usa samaya sArA deza choTe-choTe rAjyoM meM baMTA huA thA; ina rAjyoM kA mAlika koI rAjA hotA, yA yahAM gaNoM kA zAsana calatA thaa| rAjA bar3e niraMkuza hote the / sAdhAraNa se aparAdha ke lie ve kaThora se kaThora daNDa dene meM na cuukte| kitanI ho bAra to niraparAdhI mAre jAte aura doSI chUTa jAte the| rAjya meM SaDayaMtra calA karate aura rAjA sadA zaMkAzIla banA rahatA thaa| uttarAdhikAra kA prazna vikaTa thA aura rAjA ko apane hI putroM se sAvadhAna rahanA par3atA thA / antaHpura to eka prakAra se SaDyaMtra ke aDDe samajhe jAte the| kisI ke pAsa koI sundara vastu dekhakara rAjA use apane adhikAra meM le lenA cAhatA thA, aura isakA pariNAma thA yuddha / yuddha meM sAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda kI nIti kA Azraya liyA jAtA thaa| corI, vyabhicAra aura hatyAe~ hoto thIM, vizeSakara coroM ke upadrava sImA ko lAMgha gaye the / jeloM ko dazA atyanta dayanIya tho| jhUThI gavAhI aura jhUThe dastAveja calate the| rAjadhAnI rAjA kA nivAsa sthAna thA, yadyapi una dinoM bhI gAMvoM kI saMkhyA hI adhika thii| kara vasUla karane ke lie kAphI sakhtI se kAma liyA jAtA thaa| 3-logoM kI Arthika sthiti kharAba nahIM kahI jA sktii| deza dhana-dhAnya se samRddha thA, aura vyApArI loga banija-vyApAra ke lie

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siMhAvalokana 453 dUra-dUra kI yAtrA karate the / phira bhI sarva sAdhAraNa kI dazA bahuta acchI nahIM thI / vaise khAne-pIne, pahanane or3hane aura apano sAdhAraNa AvazyakatAoM ko pUrA karane ke lie koI kamI nahIM thii| khetoM meM cAvala aura gannA khUba hotA thA / kapAsa kI khetI hotI thI aura usase bhAMti-bhAMti ke vastra taiyAra kiye jAte the / varSA ke abhAva meM bhayaMkara duSkAla par3ate the / phala-phUla kAphI mAtrA meM hote the / pazupAlana kA loga dhyAna rakhate the aura ghI-dUdha paryApta mAtrA meM upalabdha hotA thA / zilpakalA unnati para thI / luhAra, kumhAra, julAhe, raMgareja aura carmakAra Adi apane-apane kAma meM vyasta rahate the / ucca varga ke loga aiza-ArAma meM DUbe rahate the / ve U~ce-U~ce prAsAdoM meM nivAsa karate, aneka striyoM se vivAha karate sugaMdhita ubaTana lagAkara snAna karate, bahumUlya vastrAbhUSaNoM ko dhAraNa karate, bhAMti-bhAMti ke svAdiSTa vyaMjanoM kA AsvAdana karate, madirApAna karate aura naukara-cAkaroM se ghire rahate / madhyama varga ke logoM kA jIvana bhI sukhamaya thA / vyApAra Adi dvArA ve dhana kA saMcaya karate tathA dharma aura saMgha ko dAna dekara puNya kA arjana karate / banija vyApAra unnati para thA / nimna varga kI dazA sabase dayanIya thI / dAsoM ko AjIvana gulAmI karanI pdd'tii| durbhikSa ke kAraNa aura sAhUkAroM kA RNa Adi na cukA sakane ke kAraNa unheM dAsavRtti svIkAra karanI par3atI / sAdhAraNa logoM ko AjIvikA muzkila se ho cala pAtI aura zoSaNa kI cakkI meM pisa rahate | : 4- varNa vyavasthA ke kAraNa samAja cAra varNoM meM baMTA huA thA / karma aura zilpa meM bhI UMca aura nIca kA bheda A gayA thA / samAja meM brAhmaNoM kA sthAna sarvopari thA, yadyapi jainoM ne kSatriyoM ko UMcA uThAne kA bharasaka prayatna kiyA thaa| zUdroM kI hAlata sabase kharAba thI / parivAra ko samAja kI ikAI samajhA jAtA thA / saMyukta parivAra kI prathA thI jisameM pitA ko parivAra kA mukhiyA mAnakara usakA Adara kiyA jAtA thA / putra-janma kA utsava bahuta ThATa se manAyA jAtA thA / striyoM kI sthiti bahuta santoSajanaka nahIM kahI jA sakatI / yadyapi jainoM ne puruSoM ke samakakSa rakhakara striyoM ko nirvANa kI adhikAriNI kahA hai, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA unakA doSapUrNa citraNa hI adhika hai / bahuvivAha kA calana thA / vivAha meM daheja kI prathA thI / gaNikAoM kA samAja meM viziSTa sthAna thA / parivrAjikAeM prema-sandeza ke le jAne

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454 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ siMhAvalokana Adi kA kAma karatI thIM / adhyApaka aura vidyArthiyoM ke sambandha premapUrNa hote the / koI vidyArthI jaba apanA adhyayana samApta kara bAhara se lauTakara AtA to dhUmadhAma se usakA svAgata kiyA jAtA thA / veda, vedAMga, vyAkaraNa, nyAya, mImAMsA, chaMda aura jyotiSa Adi ko zikSA do jAtI thI / bahattara kalAoM kA pAThyakrama meM viziSTa sthAna thA / vedoM ke adhyayana kI apekSA Ayurveda ko adhika mahattva diyA jAtA thA / vaidya loga vraNa cikitsA meM cora-phAr3a se kAma lete the / dhanurveda kA jJAna vizeSakara rAjaputroM ke lie Avazyaka thA / saMgIta, nRtya, citrakalA, mUrtikalA, sthApatyakalA Adi kalAe~ unnati para thiiN| jAdUTonA aura jhAr3a-phUMka meM logoM kA vizvAsa thA / vidyA aura maMtra kI sAdhanA kI jAtI thI / aneka prakAra ke aMdhavizvAsa logoM meM pracalita the / Amoda-pramoda ke sAdhana maujUda the, tathA loga aneka prakAra ke parva, utsava Adi manAkara manoraMjana kiyA karate the / mRtakoM kA kriyA-karma ThATa se kiyA jAtA thA / 1 5 -- samAja meM zramaNoM ko atyanta Adara ko dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thA / ye loga ghUma-ghUmakara janatA ko apane upadeza se lAbhAnvita karate the / nirvANaprApti ke lie saMsAra ko chor3a kara pravrajyA grahaNa karanA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thA / niSkramaNa-satkAra bar3I dhUmadhAma se manAte the / pakko sar3akoM Adi kA abhAva hone se, tathA cora DAkuoM Adi ke upadrava hone se zramaNoM ko saMkaTamaya jIvana yApana karanA par3atA thA / kitanI hI bAra viruddharAjya ke samaya unheM guptacara samajhakara pakar3a liyA jAtA | durbhikSakAla meM tathA kisI roga Adi se pIr3ita hone para unheM bhayaMkara kaSTa sahane par3ate / loga apanI manokAmanA pUrI karane ke lie indra, skanda, yakSa, bhUta aura AryA Adi devI-devatAoM kI manautI karate aura bolI bolate / 6 - itihAsa se jJAta hotA hai ki bhUgola kA vikAsa bhI zanaiHzanaiH huaa| jaise-jaise bhArata ke vyApArI anya dezoM meM banija-vyApAra ke lie gaye, vaise-vaise una dezoM kA jJAna hameM hotA gayA / mahAvIra ke samaya jainadharma kA pracAra sImita thA, aura usa samaya jaina zramaNa sAketa ke pUrva meM aMga-magadha, dakSiNa meM kauzAmbI, pazcima meM sthUNA, tathA uttara meM kuNAlA ( uttara kosala) kI sImA kA atikramaNa nahIM karate the| dUsare zabdoM meM, jaina zramaNoM kA vihAra kSetra Adhunika bihAra, pUrvIya uttarapradeza tathA pazcimI uttarapradeza ke kucha bhAga taka hI

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siMhAvalokana somita thA, isalie yahI kSetra Arya kSetra mAnA jAtA thaa| isake pazcAt rAjA samprati ke kAla se jaina zramaNoM ke vihAra-kSetra meM vRddhi huI tathA ve pazcima meM sindhu-sauvIra aura saurASTra, pUrva meM kaliMga, dakSiNa meM dravir3a, AMdhra, aura kuga tathA pUrvI paMjAba ke kucha bhAga taka gamana karane lge| mahAvIra ne lADha (pazcimI baMgAla) nAmaka anArya deza meM bihAra kiyA thA / sAmAnyatayA jainadharma ne apane samakAlIna bauddha dharma ko bhAMti, khAna-pAna ke pratibandha ke kAraNa, bhAratavaSa ko sImA ke bAhara kadama nahIM rakkhA / rAjA udrAyaNa ko dIkSita karane ke lie mahAvIra ke campA se sindhu-sauvIra gamana karane ko bAta bAda ko jor3o huI lagatI hai| 7-mahAvIra ke samakAlIna rAjAoM meM, zreNika, kUNika, pradyota aura udayana Adi ke nAma mukhya haiM, lekina durbhAgya se eva: / ka chor3akara unake sambandha meM vizeSa jAnakArI hameM nahIM miltii| isalie itihAsa kI dRSTi se yaha sAmagrI vizeSa upayogI nahIM kahI jA sktii| mahAvIra licchavI vaMza meM utpanna hue the aura gautama buddha kI bhAMti apane zramaNa saMgha ke niyamoM kA nirmANa karate samaya licchavI Adi gaNoM kI taMtravyavasthA se ve prabhAvita hue the| isa sambandha meM yaha bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai ki usa kAla ke pramukha rAjAoM ko jaina aura bauddha donoM ne apane-apane dharma kA anuyAyI batAyA hai / ina logoM ne mahAvIra athavA buddha ke upadeza se saMsAra kA tyAga kara zramaNa dIkSA svIkAra kii|

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pariziSTa 1 jaina AgamoM meM bhaugolika sAmagrI . paurANika bhUgola jaina bhUgola ke anusAra, madhya loka aneka dvopa aura samudroM se paripUrNa hai aura ye dvIpa-samudra eka-dUsare ko ghere hue haiN| sabase pahalA jambUdvIpa (eziyA ) hai jo himavan (himAlaya ), mahAhimavan , niSadha, nIla, rukmi aura zikharI-ina chaha parvatoM ke kAraNa bharata, haimavata, hari, videha, ramyaka, hairaNyavata aura airAvata nAma ke sAta kSetroM meM vibhAjita hai| ukta chaha parvatoM se gaMgA, sindhu, rohita, rohitAsyA, hari, harikAntA, sItA, sItodA, nArI, narakAntA, suvarNakUlA, rUpyakUlA, raktA aura raktodA nAma ko caudaha nadiyAM nikalatI haiN| bharata kSetra 52666 yojana vistAra vAlA hai| yaha kSudra himavanta ke dakSiNa meM tathA pUrva aura pazcima samudra ke bIca avasthita hai| bharata kSetra ke bIcoM-boca vaitADhya parvata hai| gaMgA-siMdhu nadiyoM aura vaitADhya parvata ke kAraNa yaha kSetra chaha bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai|' videha jise mahAvideha bhI kahate haiM, pUrvavideha, aparavideha, devakuru aura uttarakuru nAmaka cAra bhAgoM meM ba~TA hai| pUrva videha kA brahmANDapurANa meM bhadrAzva kahA hai / isameM sItA nadI ( cIna kI si-to, jo kAzagara kI retI meM vilupta ho jAtI hai ) bahatI hai, jo nola parvata se nikala kara pUrva samudra meM giratI hai| pUrvavideha aura aparavideha aneka vijayoM meM vibhakta haiN| jambUdvIpa ke bIcoM-bIca sumeru parvata hai| jambUdvIpa ko ghere hue lavaNasamudra (hinda mahAsAgara) hai| tatpazcAt dhAtakokhaNDa, kAlodasamudra puSkaravara dvIpa Adi anaginata dvIpa aura samudra hai jo eka-dUsare ko valaya kI bhAMti ghere hue haiN| puSkaravara dvIpa ke bIca meM mAnuSottara 1. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 1-10 // 2. bauddhoM ne ise simeru, meru, sumeru, hemameru aura mahAmeru nAma diyA hai; yaha saba parvatoM se U~cA hai / brAhmaNa purAgoM meM isakI U~cAI eka lAkha yojana batAyI hai, bI0 sI0 lAhA, iNDiyA DiskrAibDa, pR0 2 Adi /

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457 pariziSTa 1 parvata khar3A huA hai jisake Age manuSya nahIM jA sktaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, manuSya ko pahu~ca ar3hAI dvopa-jambUdvIpa, dhAtakIkhaNDa aura puSkarAdha-taka ho hai, isake Age nhiiN| AThavAM dvIpa nandIzvara dvIpa hai / yaha devoM ko bhUmi hai jahAM sundara udyAna bane hue haiN| antima dvIpa kA nAma svayaMbhUramaNa hai| saMkSepa meM yahI jaina paurANika bhUgola hai| vaijJAnika bhUgola kintu itihAsa se patA lagatA hai ki anya jJAna-vijJAna ko bhAMti bhUgola kA bhI kramazaH vikAsa huaa| jaise-jaise bhArata ke vyApArI anya dezoM meM banija vyApAra ke lie gaye, vaise-vaise una dezoM kA jJAna hameM hotA gyaa| dharmopadeza ke lie janapada-vihAra karanevAle zramaNoM ne bho bhUgola-viSayaka jJAna meM vRddhi kI / bRhatkatpabhASya (IsavI san kI lagabhaga cauthI zatAbdI) meM ullekha hai ki deza-dezAntara meM bhramaNa karane se sAdhuoM kI darzanavizuddhi hotI hai, tathA mahAn AcArya Adi kI saMgati prApta kara apane Apako dharma meM sthira rakkhA jA sakatA hai| dharmopadeza dene ke lie jaina zramaNoM ko vividha dezoM kI bhASAoM kA jJAna avazyaka batAyA hai jisase ki ve bhinna-bhinna dezoM ke logoM ko unakI bhASA meM upadeza de skeN| bhASA ke atirikta, deza-deza ke rIti-rivAjoM ko jAnanA bhI unake lie Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina zramaNoM kA vihAra-kSetra prAcIna jainasUtroM se patA lagatA hai ki Arya aura anArya mAne jAne vAle kSetroM meM jaina zramaNoM kA vihAra krama-krama se bddh'aa| mahAvIra kA janma kSatriyakuMDagrAma athavA kuMDapura ( Adhunika basukuMDa) meM huA thaa| isI nagara ke jJAtRkhaNDa udyAna meM unhoMne pravrajyA grahaNa kI, aura tatpazcAt pAvApurI (apApA athavA majjhimapAvA) meM nirvANa (527 I0 pU0 ) prApta kiyaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, bhagavAna mahAvIra kI pravRttiyoM kA kendra-sthala adhikatara aMga-magadha (bihAra) hI rhaa| 1. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 397 Adi; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 9, pR0 138 / 2. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 1,4; amUlyacandra sena, 'sama kausmolojikala Ai. DiyAz2a oNva da jainsa', iMDiyana hisTorikala kvArTI, 1632, pR0 43-48 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1226-39 /

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458 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pariziSTa 1 mahAvora jaba sAketa (ayodhyA) ke subhUmibhAga udyAna meM vihAra kara rahe the, to jaina zramaNoM ko lakSya karake unhoMne nimnalikhita satra pratipAdita kiyA-"nirgrantha aura nirgranthanI sAketa ke pUrva meM aMgamagadha taka, dakSiNa meM kauzAmbI taka, pazcima meM sthUNA (sthAnezvara) taka aura uttara meM kuNAlA (zrAvastI janapada) taka vihAra kara sakate haiN| itane hI kSetra AryakSetra haiM, isake Age nhiiN| kyoMki itane hI kSetroM meM sAdhuoM ke jJAna, darzana aura cAritra akSuNNa raha sakate haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki Arambha meM jaina zramaNoM kA gamanAgamana Adhunika bihAra tathA pUrvIya aura pazcimI uttarapradeza ke kucha bhAgoM taka hI sImita thaa| AryakSetroM kI sImA meM vRddhi parantu lagabhaga 300 varSa pazcAt , rAjA saMprati ( 220-211 I0 pU0 ) ke samaya jaina zramaNa-saMgha ke itihAsa meM abhUtapUrva krAnti huI jisase jaina bhikSu bihAra, baMgAla aura uttarapradeza kI sImA ko lAMgha kara dUra-dUra taka vihAra karane lge| rAjA samprati netrahIna kuNAla kA putra, tathA kuNAla samrATa candragupta kA prapautra, bindusAra kA pautra aura azoka kA putra thaa| rAjA samprati ko ujjainI kA atyanta prabhAvazAlI rAjA batAyA gayA hai| prAcIna jainasUtroM meM samprati ko Aryasuhasti aura AryamahAgiri kA samakAlIna kahA hai / saMprati Ayasuhasti ke upadeza se atyanta prabhAvita huA, aura isake phalasvarUpa usane nagara ke cAroM daravAjoM para dAnazAlAe~ khulavAyIM aura jaina zramaNoM ko bhojana-vastra dene kI vyavasthA kii| saMprati ne apane AdhIna AsapAsa ke sAmaMta rAjAoM ko nimaMtrita kara zramaNa-saMgha kI bhakti karane kA Adeza diyA / vaha apane daNDa, bhaTa aura bhojika Adi ko sAtha lekara rathayAtrA ke mahotsava meM sammilita hotA, tathA ratha ke Age vividha puSpa, phala, vastra aura kaur3iyAM car3hAkara prasanna hotA / avaMtipati samprati ne apane bhaToM ko zikSA dekara sAdhuveSa meM sImAMta dezoM meM bhejA jisase jaina zramaNoM ko ina dezoM meM zuddha bhojana-pAna ko prApti ho ske| isa prakAra usane Andhra, dravir3a, mahArASTra aura kuDukka (kurga ) Adi anArya mAne jAne vAle apAya bahula pratyaMta 1. bRhatkalpasUtra 1.50 /

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pariziSTa 1 459 dezoM ko jaina zramaNoM ke sukhapUrvaka vihAra karane yogya bnaayaa| samprati ke samaya se nimnalikhita 253 deza AryakSetra mAne jAne lage, arthAt ina kSetroM meM jainadharma kA pracAra huAjanapada rAjadhAnI magadha rAjagRha aMga campA baMga tAmralipta kaliMga saurASTra videha bhadrilapura vairATa kAMcanapura kAzI vArANasI kozala sAketa gajapura kuzAta soriya (zoripura) pAMcAla kAMpilyapura jAMgala ahicchatrA dvAravatI mithilA vatsa kauzAmbI zAMDilya nandipura malaya matsya varaNA acchA dazANa mRttikAvato zuktimatI siMdhu-sauvIra vItibhaya zarasena mathurA bhaMgi pApA vaTTA mAsapuro kuNAla zrAvasti lADha koTivaSa kekayI ardha zvetikA 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3275-89 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 1.3263, prajJApanAsUtra 1.66 pR0 173; pravacanasAroddhAra, pR0 446 / cedi

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460 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pariziSTa 1 sAr3he paccIsa AryakSetra 1-magadha ( bihAra ) IsA ke pUrva chaThI zatAbdI meM jaina aura bauddha zramaNoM kI pravRttiyoM kA mukhya kendra thaa| IsA ke pUrva cauthI zatAbdI se lekara IsavI san kI pAMcavI zatAbdI taka yaha eka samRddhizAlI pradeza rahA hai jabaki yahA~ kA kalA-kauzala unnati ke zikhara para pahuMca cukA thaa| cANakya ke arthazAstra aura vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra kI racanA yahIM para huI thii| yahAM ke zAsakoM ne jagaha-jagaha sar3aka banavAI tathA jAvA, bAli Adi sudUravartI dvopoM meM jahAMjoM ke ber3e bhejakara ina dvIpoM ko bsaayaa| jainasUtrAM meM magadha ko eka prAcIna deza mAnA gayA hai aura isakI gaNanA solaha janapadoM meM kI gayI hai|' magadha bhagavAn mahAvIra kI pravRttiyoM kA kendra thA, aura unhoMne yahAM ke janasAdhAraNa kI bolI ardhamAgadhI meM nirgrantha pravacana kA upadeza diyA thaa| magadha, prabhAsa aura varadAma kI gaNanA bhArata ke pramukha tIrthoM meM kI gaI hai, jo krama se pUrva, pazcima aura dakSiNa meM avasthita the| bharata cakravartI ke digvijaya karane para, yahAM ke pavitra jala se unakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gayA thaa| magadhavAsiyoM ko anya dezavAsiyoM kI apekSA buddhimAna kahA gayA hai| ve loga kisI bAta ko izAremAtra se samajha lete the, jabaki kauzalavAsI use dekhakara, pAMcAlavAsI use AdhA sunakara aura dakSiNadezavAsI use pUrA sunakara ho samajha pAte the| 1. zeSa janapadoM ke nAma haiM-aMga, baMga, malaya, mAlavaya, accha, vaccha, koccha, pADha, lADha, vajji, moli ( malla ), kAsI, kosala, avAha, saMbhuttara, ( sujhottara)-vyAkhyAprajJapti 15 / tulanA kIjie bauddhoM ke aMguttaranikAya 1,3 pR0 167 ke sAtha / yahAM aMga, magadha, kAsI, kosala, vajji, malla, ceti, vaMza, kuru, paMcAla, maccha, sUrasena, assaka, avaMti, gaMdhAra aura kamboja nAma milate haiN| 2. sthAnAMga 3.142; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 186; AvazyakaniyuktibhASyadIpikA 110, pR0 93-a / 3. vyavahArabhASya 10.162 / tulanA kIjie buddhirvasati pUrveNa dIkSiNyaM dakSiNApathe / paizUnyaM pazcime deze pauruSyaM cottarApathe // ___gilagita mainuskipTa oNva da vinayapiTaka, iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTI, 1638, pR0 416 / ..

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pariziSTa 1 461 brAhmaNoM ne magadha ko pApabhUmi batAte hue vahAM gamana karane kA niSedha kiyA hai / 18 vIM sadI ke kisI jaina yAtrI ne isa mAnyatA para vyaMgya karate hue likhA hai kAsovAsI kAga muui mugati lahai / magadha muo nara khara huI hai / ' arthAt, atyanta Azcarya hai ki yadi kAzI meM kauA bhI mara jAye to vaha sIdhA mokSa jAtA hai, lekina yadi koI manuSya magadha meM ko prApta ho to use gadhe kI yoni meM janma lenA par3atA hai ! Adhunika paTanA aura gayA jiloM ko prAcIna magadha kahA jAtA hai / mRtyu magadha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha ( Adhunika rAjagira ) thI jisakI gaNanA campA, mathurA, vArANasI, zrAvasti, sAketa, kAmpilyapura, mithilA aura hastinApura nAmaka prAcIna nagariyoM ke sAtha kI gayI hai / magadha deza kA pramukha nagara hone se rAjagRha ko magadhapura kahA jAtA thA / jaina graMthoM meM ise kSitipratiSThita, caNakapura, RSabhapura athavA kuzAgrapura nAma se bhI kahA gayA hai| kahate haiM ki kuzAgrapura meM prAyaH Aga laga jAyA karatI thI, ataeva magadha ke rAjA zreNika (bimbasAra ) ne usake sthAna para rAjagRha basAyA / 3 mahAbhArata kAla meM rAjagRha meM rAjA jarAsaMdha rAjya karatA thA / pAMca pahAr3iyoM se ghire rahane ke kAraNa ise girivraja kahate the / jaina paramparA meM ina pahAr3iyoM ke nAma haiM - vipula, ratna, udaya, svarga aura vaibhAra | ye pahAr3iyAM Ajakala bhI rAjagRha meM maujUda haiM aura pavitra mAnI jAtI haiM / inameM vaibhAra aura vipula kA jaina graMthoM meM vizeSa mahatva hai / vaibhAra pahAr3I ko atyanta manohara kahA hai / yaha pahAr3I aneka vRkSoM aura latAoM se zobhita thI tathA nagara ke nara-nArI yahAM 1. prAcIna tIrthamAlAsaMgraha, bhAga 1, pR0 4 / 2. nizIthasUtra 9.19; sthAnAMga 10.718 | dIghanikAya, mahAparinibbANasutta meM campA, rAjagRha, zrAvasti, sAketa, kauzAmbI aura vArANasI kA ullekha hai / 3. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 158 / 4. mahAbhArata (2.21.2 ) meM baihAra, vArAha, vRSabha, RSigiri aura caityaka; tathA suttanipAta kI aTThakathA 2, pR0 382 meM paMDava, gijjhakUTa, vebhAra, isagili aura vepulla nAma milate haiM /

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462 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pariziSTa 1 1 kror3A ke lie AyA karate the / vipula pahAr3I anya satra pahAr3iyoM se U~cI thI; yahAM se aneka jaina zramaNoM ko nirvANa -prApti batAI hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA yahAM samavazaraNa AyA thA / vaibhAra pahAr3I ke nIce tapodA athavA mahAtapopatIraprabha' nAmaka garma pAnI kA eka vizAla kuNDa thA, jo Ajakala bhI rAjagira meM maujUda hai aura tapovana ke nAma se prasiddha hai / mahAvIra ne rAjagRha meM aneka cAturmAsa vyatIta kiye the / jainasUtroM ke anusAra, yahAM gurNAsala, 3 maMDikuccha aura moggarapANa Adi caitya vidyamAna the; mahAvIra prAyaH guNasila ( vartamAna guNAvA ) caitya meM ThaharA karate the / rAjagRha banija vyApAra kA bar3A keMdra thA / dUra-dUra ke vyApArI yahAM se mAla kharIdane Ate the| yahAM se takSazilA, pratiSThAna, kapilavastu, kuzonArA Adi bhArata ke prasiddha nagaroM ko jAne ke mArga bane the / bauddhasUtroM meM magadha ke sundara dhAna ke khetoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / " buddha-nirvANa ke pazcAt rAjagRha kI avanati hotI calI gayo / jaba cInI yAtrI huenasAMga yahAM AyA to yaha nagara zobhA - vihIna ho cukA thA / caudahavIM zatAbdI ke jaina vidvAn jinaprabhasUri ke samaya rAjagRha meM 36 hajAra gRha the, jinameM lagabhaga Adhe bauddhoM ke the / pATaliputra ( paTanA ) magadha kI dUsarI rAjadhAnI thI / ise kusuma - pura, puSpapura athavA puSpabhadra nAma se bhI kahA gayA hai / pATaliputra kI gaNanA siddha kSetroM meM kI gayI hai| jaina AgamoM ke uddhAra ke lie yahAM jaina zramaNoM kA prathama sammelana huA thA, jo pATaliputra vAcanA ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isa nagara meM AcArya bhadrabAhu, AryamahAgiri, Arya suhasti, aura vajrasvAmI Adi ne vihAra kiyA thA / yaha nagara 1. vyAkhyAprajJapti 2.5 pR0 141; bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 2.3429 / 2. kalpasUtra 5.123; vyAkhyAprajJapti 7.4; 5.9; 2.5; Avazyaka niyukti 473, 492,518 / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 2, pR0 47 dazAzrutaskandha 10, pR0 364; upAsakadazA 8, pR0 61 / 4. vyAkhyAprajJapti 15 / 5. antaHkRddazA 6, pR0 31 / 6. Avazyakaniryukti 1279 TIkA; AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 155 /

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pariziSTa 1 463 vyApAra kA bar3A kedra thA, aura yahAM kA mAla suvarNabhUmi ( barmA ) taka jAtA thaa| nAlaMdA ( vartamAna bar3AgAMva ) rAjagRha ke uttara-pUrva meM avasthita thaa| bauddhasUtroM meM rAjagRha aura nAlaMdA ke bIca eka yojana kA phAsalA batAyA gayA hai| prAcIna kAla meM nAlaMdA eka samRddhizAlI nagara thA, jo aneka bhavanoM aura udyAnoM se maMDita thaa| zramaNoM ko yahAM yatheccha bhikSA milatI thii| nAlaMdA ke uttara-pazcima meM sesadaviyA nAma kI eka udakazAlA (pyAU) thI jisake uttara-pazcima meM sthita hastidvIpa nAmaka upavana meM mahAvIra ke pradhAna gaNadhara gautama ne sUtrakRtAMga ke antargata nAlaMdIya adhyayana kI racanA kI thii|' terahavIM zatAbdI meM nAlandA bauddhavidyA kA pramukha keMdra thaa| dezavideza se vidyArthI yahAM vidyA-adhyayana karane ke lie Ate the| cInI yAtrA huenasAMga ne yahIM AcArya zolabhadra ke nikaTa vidyA-adhyayana kiyA thaa| pAvA athavA madhyama pAvA ( pAvApurI) meM mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA thA / isa nagarI kA vistAra bAraha yojana batAyA gayA hai| yahAM mahAvIra cAturmAsa vyatIta karane ke liye hastipAla nAmaka gaNarAjA kI rajjugasabhA meM Thahare / cauthA mahInA lagabhaga AdhA bItane ko AyA / isa samaya kArtikI amAvasyA ke prAtaHkAla mahAvIra ne nirvANa-lAbha kiyaa| isa samaya kAzI-kauzala ke nau malla aura nau licchavi nAmaka aThAraha gaNarAjA maujUda ye / unhoMne isa puNya avasara para sarvatra dIpaka jalAkara mahAn utsava mnaayaa| jinaprabhasUri ke anusAra, mahAvIra ke nirvANa-pada pAne ke pUrva yaha nagarI apApA kahI jAtI thI, bAda meM isakA nAma pApA ( pAvApurI ) ho gayA / 2-aMga bhI eka prAcIna janapada thA / una dinoM aMga magadha ke ho AdhIna thA, isalie prAcona graMthoM meM aMga-magadha kA ekasAtha ullekha milatA hai / rAmAyaNa ke anusAra, yahAM mahAdeva jI ne aMga ( kAmadeva ) ko bhasma kiyA thA, ataeva isakA nAma aMga pdd'aa| jaina AgamoM meM aMgaloka kA ullekha siMhala (zrIlaMkA), babbara, kirAta, yavanadvIpa, 1. sUtrakRtAMga 2,7.70; sthAnAMgaTIkA 9.3, pR0 433-a / 2. kalpasUtra 5.128 /

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464 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pariziSTa 1 Arabaka, romaka, alasanda ( elekjeNDriyA ) aura kaccha ke sAtha AtA hai| bhAgalapura jile ko prAcIna aMga mAnA jAtA hai / campA aMgadeza kI rAjadhAnI thI; isakI gaNanA bhArata ko dasa rAjadhAniyoM meM kI gayI hai / mahAbhArata meM campA kA ullekha hai; isakA dUsarA nAma mAlinI thA / ise sammedazikhara Adi pavitra tIrthoM ke sAtha ginA hai / mahAvIra aura unake ziSyoM ne yahAM vihAra kiyA thA | yaha upAsakadazA aura antaH kRdRzA nAmaka aMgoM kA, AryasudharmA ne apane ziSya Arya jambU ko pratipAdana kiyA thA / vyAkhyAprajJapti ke kucha bhAga kA vivecana bhI yahAM kiyA gayA thA / zayyaMbhava sUri ne yahAM dazavaikAlikasUtra kI racanA kI thI / zreNika kI mRtyu ke pazcAt kUNika ( ajAtazatru) ko rAjagRha meM rahanA acchA na lagA, isalie campA ko usane rAjadhAnI banAyA / rAjA kUNika kA apanI rAniyoM sameta bhagavAna mahAvIra ke darzana ke lie jAne kA sarasa varNana aupapAtikasUtra meM milatA hai / dadhivAhana yahAM kA dUsarA ullekhanIya rAjA ho gayA hai / usakI kanyA vasumatI (caMdanabAlA ) mahAvIra kI prathama ziSyA thI, jo bahuta samaya taka jaina zramaNiyoM kI agraNI rahI / aupapAtikasUtra meM campA nagarI kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai yaha nagarI samRddhizAlI, bhayavarjita aura dhana-dhAnya se bharapUra thI / yahAM kI prajA khuzahAla thI / saikar3oM-hajAroM haloM dvArA yahAM ko jamIna kI jutAI hotI thI / Ikha, jau aura dhAna kI yahAM bahutAyata se khetI hotI thI / gAya, bhaiMsa aura bher3oM kI pracura saMkhyA thii| gAMva bahuta pAsa-pAsa the / eka se eka sundara caitya aura vezyAoM ke sanniveza bane the / naTa, nartaka, bAjIgara, malla, mauSTika, kathAvAcaka, rausa-gAyaka, bA~sa kI noka para khar3e hokara tamAzA karane vAle, citrapaTa dikhAkara bhikSA mAMganevAle aura vINA vAdaka Adi logoM kA yaha aDDA thA | yaha nagarI upadrava - rahita thI, rizvatakhora, Thatare, cora, DAkU aura zulkapAloM kA yahAM abhAva thA / paryApta bhikSA yahAM milatI tho / aneka parivAra yahAM vizvAsapUrvaka ArAma se rahate the | yaha nagarI, ArAma, udyAna, sarovara, bAvar3I Adi ke kAraNa 1. jambUdvIpaprajJAti 52, pR0 216 a AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 191 /

Page #486
.. pariziSTa 1 . 465 zobhita thI / vizAla aura gambhIra khAI isake cAroM ora khudo huI thii| cakra, gadA, musuMDhi, avarodha, zataghnI aura nizchidra kapAToM ke kAraNa zatru isameM praveza nahIM kara sakatA thaa| yahAM vakra prAkAra bane hue the / gola kapizIrSaka (kaMgUre), aTArI, carikA (ghara aura prAkAra ke bIca kA mAga), dvAra, gopura aura toraNa Adi se yaha ramya thii| isa nagarI ko agalA ( mUsala) aura indrakIla (oTa) catura zilpiyoM dvArA nirmita the| yahAM ke bAjAroM aura hAToM meM zilpiyoM ko bhIr3a lagI rahatI thii| zRMgATaka, trika, catuSka aura catvara bikrI ke yogya vastuoM aura dukAnoM se zobhAyamAna the| rAjamAga rAjA ke gamanAgamana se vyApta the / eka se eka sundara ghor3e, ratha, pAlakI aura gAr3I Adi yahAM kI parama zobhA mAnI jAtI thii| yahAM ke tAlAba kamaliniyoM se zobhita the / tAtparya yaha ki campA nagarI atyanta prekSaNIya, darzanIya aura manohAriNI jAna par3atI thii| . campA ke uttara-pUrva meM pUrNabhadra nAma kA manohara caitya thA jahAM mahAvIra apane ziSya-samudAya ke sAtha ThaharA karate the| campA banija-vyApAra kA bar3A kendra thaa| vaNika loga yahAM dUra-dUra se mAla kharodane Ate the / yahA~ ke vyApArI apanA mAla lekara mithilA, ahicchatrA aura pihuMDa (cikAkola aura kaliMgapaTTama kA eka pradeza) Adi nagaroM meM vyApAra ke lie jAte the| campA aura mithilA meM sATha yojana kA antara batAyA gayA hai| caMpA ke dakSiNa meM lagabhaga 16 kosa ko dUrI para maMdAragiri nAma kA eka jaina tIthe hai jo Ajakala maMdAra hila ke nAma se prasiddha hai| __bhAgalapura ke pAsa vartamAna nAthanagara ko campA mAnA gayA hai| 3-vaMga ( pUrvIya baMgAla ) kI gaNanA solaha janapadoM meM kI gayI hai| aMga-vaMga kA ullekha mahAbhArata meM AtA hai| prAcIna kAla meM vartamAna baMgAla bhinna-bhinna nAmoM se pukArA jAtA thaa| pUrvIya baMgAla ko samataTa, pazcimI ko lADha, uttarI ko puNDa, tathA asAma ko kAmarUpa kahA jAtA thA | baMgAla ko gaur3a bhI kahate th| tAmralipti ( tAmaluka) vyApAra kA kendra thA aura khAsakara yaha sundara vastra ke lie prakhyAta thaa| yahAM jala aura sthala 'donoM mArgoM se mAla AtA-jAtA thaa| kalpasUtra meM tAmalittiyA nAmaka jaina zramaNoM 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 97, 9, pR0 121; 15. pR0 159; uttarAdhyayanasUtra 21.2 / .....

Page #487
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pariziSTa 1 kI zAkhA kA ullekha milatA hai jisase mAlUma hotA hai ki jaina zramaNoM kA yaha kendra rahA hogaa| moriyaputta tAmali kA ullekha AtA hai jisane muMDita hokara pANAmA pravrajyA svIkAra kI thii| maccharoM kA yahAM bahuta prakopa thA / huenasAMga ke samaya isa nagara meM bauddhoM ke aneka maTha maujUda the| ___isake atirikta, baMgAla meM puNDravardhana aura komillA bho jainadharma ko pravRttiyoM ke kendra rahe haiM / puNDavaddhaNiyA jaina zramaNoM kI eka zAkhA rahI hai| yahAM kI gAyeM marakhanI hotI thoM aura khAne ke lie unheM pauDe diye jAte the| huenasAMga ke samaya yahAM digambara nigrantha rahA karate the / puNDravardhana kI pahacAna bogarA jile ke mahAsthAna pradeza se kI jAtI hai| khomalijjiyA (yA komalIyA) bho jaina zramaNoM kI eka zAkhA tho / isako pahacAna baMgAla ke caTagA~va jile ke komillA nAmaka sthAna se ko jA sakatI hai| 4-kaliMga ( ur3osA) kA nAma aMga aura vaMga ke sAtha AtA hai / ur3IsA ko oDra yA utkala nAma se bhI kahA jAtA thaa| jAtaka graMthoM ke anusAra dantapura, mahAbhArata ke anusAra rAjapura, mahAvastu ke anusAra siMhapura, tathA jainasUtroM ke anusAra kAMcanapura kaliMga ko rAjadhAnI batAyI gayI hai / tatpazcAt IsavI san ko sAtavIM zatAbdI meM kaliMganagara bhunezvara ke nAma se prasiddha huA aura Aja taka isI nAma se calA AtA hai / kAMcanapura ( bhuvanezvara ) jaina zramaNoM kA vihArasthala thA / vyApAra kA yaha kendra thA aura yahAM ke vyApArI zrIlaMkA taka jAte the| kaliMga janapada kA dUsarA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thA puro (jgnnaathpurii)| yahAM jIvantasvAmI pratimA hone kA ullekha hai| zrAvakoM ke yahAM aneka ghara the| brajasvAmo ne yahAM uttarApatha se Akara mAhesarI (mAhiSmatI) ke lie prasthAna kiyA thaa| usa samaya yahAM kA rAjA bauddha dharma kA anuyAyo thaa|" 1. tandulavaicArikaTIkA, pR0 26-a / 2. oghaniyuktibhASya 30 / 3. vasudevAhaNDI, pR0 111 / 4. oghaniyuktiTokA 119 / 5. Avazyakaniyukti 773; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 396 /

Page #488
pariziSTa 1 467 tosali (dhauli, kaTaka jilA ) bhI jaina zramaNoM kA kendra thA / mahAvIra ne yahAM vihAra kiyA thA aura unheM yahAM aneka kaSTa sahana karane par3e the / tosalika rAjA yahAM kI jinapratimA kI dekhabhAla kiyA karatA thA / tosali ke nivAsI phala-phUla ke bahuta zaukIna the / varSA ke abhAva meM nadiyoM ke pAno se yahA~ khetI hotI thI, kabhI atyadhika varSA se phasala bho naSTa ho jAtI thii| aisA saMkaTakAla upasthita hone para jaina zramaNoM ko tAr3a ke phala bhakSaNa kara gujara karanA par3atA thA / tosali meM aneka tAlAba ( tAlodaka ) the / yahAM kI bhaiMseM bahuta marakhanI hotI thIM; tosali AcArya ko apane sIMgoM se unhoMne mAra DAlA thA / " zailapura tosali ke ho antargata thA / RSipAla nAmaka vyaMtara ne yahAM RSitaDAga (isitaDAga ) nAma kA tAlAba banAyA thA, isakA ullekha pahale A cukA hai| yahAM para loga ATha dina taka saMkhaDi manAte the / isa tAlAba kA ullekha hAtho guMphA zilAlekha meM milatA hai / bhuvanezvara sTezana se lagabhaga cAra mIla para udayagiri aura khaMDagiri nAmaka prAcIna pahAr3iyAM haiM jinheM kATa-kATakara sundara guphAeM banAyI gayI haiM / yahAM lagabhaga sau guphAeM haiM jo mUrtikalA kI dRSTi se bahuta mahatva ko haiM / ye guphAeM IsavI san 500 varSa pUrva se lekara Isatro san 500 taka kI batAyI jAtI haiM / suprasiddha hAthIguMphA yahIM para hai jisameM samrAT khAravela (169 I0 pU0 ) kA zilAlekha hai / khAravela ne magadha se jinapratimA lAkara yahAM sthApita kI thI / magadha ke rAjA 5 - kAzI (vArANasI) madhyadeza kA prAcIna janapada thA / kAzI ke vastra aura caMdana kA ullekha bauddha jAtakoM meM milatA hai| kAzI ko jItane ke lie kozala ke rAjA prasenajit aura ajAtazatru meM yuddha huA thA, jisameM ajAtazatru kI vijaya huI aura kAzo ko magadha meM milA liyA gyaa| prAcIna jainasUtroM meM kAzI aura kozala ke aThAraha gaNarAjAoM kA ullekha milatA hai / 1. Avazyaka niyukti 510 / 2. vyavahArabhASya 6.115 Adi / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1236 vizeSacUrNI / 4. vahI, 1.1060-61 / 5. AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 247 /

Page #489
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [ pariziSTa 1 vArANasI kAzI kI rAjadhAnI thI / varaNA aura asi nAma kI do nadiyoM ke bIca avasthita hone ke kAraNa isakA nAma vArANasI pdd'aa| bauddhasUtroM meM vArANasI ko kapilavastu, buddhagayA aura kusInArA ke sAtha pavitra tIrthoM meM ginA gayA hai / brAhmaNa granthoM meM, pUrva meM vArANasI, pazcima meM prabhAsa, uttara meM kedAra aura dakSiNa meM zrIparvata ko parama tortha mAnA gayA hai / jaina granthoM ke anusAra yahAM bhelapura meM pArzvanAtha aura bhadainI meM supAzvanAtha tIrthaMkara kA janma huA thA / mahAvIra ne isa sthAna ko apane vihAra se pavitra kiyA thA / nagara ke uttara-pUrva meM mayaMgatIra ' ( mRtagaMgAtIra ) nAma ke eka tAlAba (hRda) kA ullekha milatA hai jahAM gaMgA kA bahuta-sA pAnI ekatrita ho jAtA thA / vArANasI vyApAra aura vidyA kA kendra thaa| yahAM ke vidyArthI takSazilA vidyAdhyayana karane ke lie jAte the / huenasAMga ke kAla meM yahAM aneka bauddha vihAra aura hindU maMdira maujUda the / jinaprabhasUri ke samaya vArANasI deva-vArANasI, rAjadhAnIvArANasI, madana-vArANasI ( madanapurA ) aura vijaya-vArANasI nAmaka cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta thI / deva-vArANasI meM vizvanAtha kA mandira thA, aura rAjadhAnI- vArANasI meM yavana rahate the / usa samaya yahAM daMtakhAta nAma kA prasiddha sarovara thA aura maNikarNikA ghATa yahA~ ke pavitra pA~ca ghAToM meM ginA jAtA thA, jahA~ RSigaNa paMcAgni tapa tapate the / AcArya hemacandra ke samaya kAzI aura vArANasI meM koI antara nahIM raha gayA thA / 468 6 - kozala athavA kozalapura (avadha ) jainasUtroM kA eka prAcIna janapada mAnA gayA hai| jaise vaizAlI meM janma lene ke kAraNa mahAvora kAM vaizAlika kahA jAtA thA, usI taraha RRSabhanAtha ko kauzalika ( kosaliya ) kahA jAtA thA / acala gaNadhara kA yaha janmasthAna thA, aura jovantasvAmI- pratimA yahA~ vidyamAna thI / kozala kA prAcIna nAma vinItA thaa| kahate haiM ki yahA~ ke nivAsiyoM ne vividha kalAoM meM kuzalatA prApta kI thI, isalie loga vinItA ko kuzalA nAma se 1. DaoNkTara motIcandajI ne isakI pahacAna bAnagaMgA se kI hai, kAzI kA itihAsa, pR0 10 - 4 | 2. jJAtRdharmakathA 4, pR0 65; uttarAdhyayanacUrNI 13, pR0 215; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 516 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 5.5824 /

Page #490
pariziSTa 1 469 kahane lge| yahAM ke loga sovora ( madirA) aura kUTa (cAvala) ke bahuta zaukIna the| kozala ke rAjA prasenajit kA ullekha bauddha sUtroM meM milatA hai| ___ sAketa ( ayodhyA) dakSiNa kozala ko rAjadhAnI thii| hindU purANoM meM ise madhyapradeza kI rAjadhAnI kahA hai| rAmacandrajI kI yaha janmabhUmi thii| rAmAyaNa meM ayodhyA kA varNana karate hue likhA hai-. "sarayU nadI ke kinAre para avasthita yaha nagarI dhana-dhAnya se pUrNa thA, sundara yahAM ke mArga the, aneka zilpo aura deza-videzoM ke vyApArI yahAM basate the / yahA~ ke loga samRddhizAlI, dharmAtmA, parAkramo aura dorghAyu the tathA unake aneka putra-pautra the|" - jaina paramparA ke anusAra ayodhyA ko Adi tIrtha aura Adi nagara mAnA gayA hai, aura yahAM kI prajA ko sabhya aura susaMskRta batAyA hai / mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya ayodhyA ko sAketa kahA jAtA thaa| sAketa ke subhUmibhAga udyAna meM vihAra karate hue mahAvIra ne jaina zramaNoM ke vihAra kI somA niyata kI thI, isakA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| ___ ayodhyA ko kozalA, vinItA, ikSvAkubhUmi, rAmapurI aura vizAkhA nAmoM se ullikhita kiyA gayA hai / jinaprabhasUri ne ghagghara (ghAgharA) aura sarayU ke saMgama para 'svargadvAra' hone kA ullekha kiyA hai| 7-kuru ( thAnezvara ) kA ullekha mahAbhArata meM AtA hai| yahA~ ke loga bahuta buddhimAna aura svastha mAne jAte the| gajapura ( hastinApura ) kuru ko rAjadhAnI thI / jAtakoM meM indraprastha (dillI) ko yahAM kI rAjadhAno kahA hai| gajapura kA dUsarA nAma nAgapura thA| vasudevahiNDo meM ise brahmasthala kahA gayA hai| yaha sthAna aneka jaina tIrthakara, cakravartI aura pAMDavoM ko janmabhUmi mAnA gayA hai, tathA atizaya kSetroM meM isako gaNanA kI gayI hai| ___ zrAvasti ko bhAMti yaha nagara bhI Ajakala ujAr3a par3A hai / naziyoM para tIrthaMkaroM kI caraNa pAdukAe~ banI haiN| 8-kuzAta zUrasena ( mathurA) ke uttara meM basA huA thaa| jaina granthoM meM ullekha hai ki rAjA zauri ne apane laghu bhrAtA suvIra ko .. 1. AvazyakaTIkA ( malayAgiri ), pR0 214 / 2. piMDaniyukti 619 / 3. pR0 165 /

Page #491
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pariziSTa 1 mathurA kA rAjya sauMpakara, kuzAta meM jAkara zauripura nagara basAyA' / yaha janapada pazcimI taTa ke kuzAta se bhinna hai| zauripura ( sUryapura athavA sUrajapura ) kuzAta kI rAjadhAnI thii| jaina AgamoM ke anusAra kRSNavAsudeva aura unake mamere bhAI neminAtha kI yaha janmabhUmi thii| yaha nagara yamunA ke taTa para .avasthita thA / zvetAmbara AcArya horavijaya sUri ke Agamana ke samaya isa tIrtha kA jIrNoddhAra kiyA gayA thA / prAcIna tIrthamAlA ke anusAra, AgarA jile ke zakurAbAda sTezana se yahAM pahuMcate haiM aura yaha sthAna baTesara ke pAsa yamunA ke dAhine taTa para avasthita hai| 9-pAMcAla ( ruhelakhaNDa ) prAcIna kAla meM eka samRddhizAlI janapada thA / mahAbhArata meM pAMcAla kA aneka sthAnoM para ullekha AtA hai| pAMcAla meM janma lene ke kAraNa draupadI pAMcAlo kahI jAtI thii| badAyUM , pharrukhAbAda aura usake irda-girda ke pradeza ko pAMcAla mAnA jAtA hai| gaMgA nadI ke kAraNa pAMcAla do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA, eka dakSiNa pAMcAla, dasarA uttara pAMcAla / mahAbhArata meM dakSiNa pAMcAla kI rAjadhAno kAMpilya aura uttara pAMcAla kI rAjadhAnI ahicchatrA batAyo gayI hai| __kAMpilyapura athavA kAMpilyanagara (kaMpila, jilA pharrukhAbAda ) gaMgA ke taTa para avasthita thA" | bar3I dhUmadhAma se yahAM drapada-kanyA kA svayaMvara racA gayA thaa| indra mahotsava yahAM bar3e ThATa se manAyA jAtA thaa| mAkaMdI dakSiNa pAMcAla kI dUsarI rAjadhAnI batAyI gayI hai| vyApAra kA yaha kendra thaa| haribhadrasUri ne samarAiccakahA meM isa nagarI kA varNana kiyA hai| kAnyakubja (kannauja ) dakSiNa pAMcAla meM pUrva kI ora avasthita 1. kalpasUtraTIkA 6, pR0 171 / 2. uttarAdhyayana 22 / 3. vipAkasUtra 8, pR0 45 Adi / 4. bhAga 1, bhUmikA, pR0 38; gajeTiyara oNva AgarA, pR0 137, 236, 5. aupapAtikasUtra 39 / 6. adhyAya 6 /

Page #492
pariziSTa 1 . 471 thaa| ise indrapura, gAdhipura, mahodaya aura kuzasthala' nAmoM se bhI kahA gayA hai| kAnyakubja 7vIM zatAbdI se lekara 10vIM zatAbdI taka uttarabhArata ke sAmrAjya kA kendra thaa| cInI yAtrI huenasAMga ke samaya samrATa harSavardhana yahA~ rAjya karatA thaa| usa samaya yaha nagara zUrasena ke antargata thaa| jainasUtroM meM aMtaraMjiyA kA bhI ullekha AtA hai| aMtaraMjiyA jaina zramaNoM ko zAkhA thii| Aine-akabarI meM ise kannauja kA paraganA batAyA gayA hai| aMtaraMjiyA kI pahacAna eTA jile ke kAlI nadI para sthita aMtaraMjiyA kher3e se kI jAtI hai| Ajakala yahAM purAtattva vibhAga kI ora se khudAI cala rahI hai| 10-jAMgala athavA kurujAMgala gaMgA aura uttara pAMcAla ke bIca kA pradeza thaa| ahicchatrA ( rAmanagara ) ko jainasUtroM meM jAMgala athavA kurujAMgala kI rAjadhAnI kahA gayA hai| yaha nagarI zaMkhavatI, pratyagraratha athavA zivapura nAma se bhI vikhyAta thii| isakI gaNanA aSTApada, Urjayanta (giranAra ), gajAgrapadagiri, dharmacakra ( takSazilA ) aura rathAvarta nAmaka tIrthoM ke sAtha kI gayI hai / jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra dharaNendra ne yahAM apane phaNa ( ahicchatra ) se pArzvanAtha ko rakSA kI thii| campA ke sAtha isakA vyApAra hotA thA / ' huenasAMga ke samaya yahAM nagara ke bAhara nAgahada thA jahAM buddha bhagavAna ne nAgarAja ko upadeza diyA thaa| jinaprabhasari ke samaya yahA~ IToM kA kilA. aura mIThe pAnI ke sAta kuNDa the jinameM snAna karane se striyAM putravatI hotI thiiN| nagarI ke bAhara aura bhItara aneka kueM, bAvar3I Adi bane the jinameM 'nahAne se kor3ha Adi roga zAnta ho jAte the / 1. abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi 4.39,40 / . 2. sthAnAMga 7.587; AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 424 / 3. kalpasUtra 8, pR0 231 / 4. bI0sI0 lAhA, TrAibsa ina aiMziyeTa iNDiyA, pR0 393 / 5. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR0 14 / 6. abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi 4.26 / 7. kalpasUtraTIkA 6, pR0 167 / 8. AcArAMganiyakti 335 / 6. jJAtRdharmakathA 15, pR0 158 /

Page #493
472 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pariziSTa 1 - 11-surASTra ( saurASTra = kAThiyAvAr3a ) kI gaNanA mahArASTra, Andhra, kuDukka (kurga) ke sAtha kI gayI hai, jahA~ rAjA samprati ne apane bhaToM ko bhejakara jainadharma kA pracAra kiyA thaa|' isase patA lagatA hai ki dhIre-dhIre yahA~ jainadharma kA pracAra huaa| kAlakAcArya yahAM pArasakUla (IrAna) se 96 zAhAM ko lekara Aye the, isalie isa deza ko 96 maMDaloM meM vibhakta kara diyA gayA thaa| surASTra vyApAra kA bar3A kendra thA, aura dUra-dUra ke vyApArI yahAM mAla kharIdane Ate the| dvArakA ( jUnAgar3ha ) saurASTra kI mukhya nagaro thii| isakA dUsarA nAma kuzasthalI thaa| mahAbhArata meM ullekha hai ki jarAsaMdha ke bhaya se yAdava loga mathurA chor3akara dvArakA meM A base the| ise aMdhakavRSNi' aura kRSNa kA nivAsa sthAna batAyA gayA hai| dvArakA eka atyanta sundara aura samRddha nagara thA jo cAroM ora se pASANa ke prAkAra se pariveSTita thaa| vasudevahiNDI meM dvArakA ko Anate, kuzAte, saurASTra aura zuSkarASTra kI rAjadhAnI kahA hai|' dvIpAyana RSi dvArA isa nagarI ke vinAza hone kA ullekha brAhmaNa aura jaina graMthoM meM milatA hai| yAdavoM kA atyadhika madirApAna isake vinAza meM kAraNa huA thaa| dvArakA vyApAra kA bar3A kendra thA jahA~ vyApArI loga teyAlagapaTTaNa ( verAvala ) se nAva dvArA Ate-jAte the| dvArakA ke uttara-pUrva meM raivataka parvata thA, jo dazAha rAjAoM ko atyanta priya thaa| ise Urjayanta bhI kahate the | rudradAma aura skaMdagupta ke giranAra-zilAlekhoM meM isakA ullekha hai| yahAM eka nandanavana thA jisameM surapriya nAmaka yakSa kA maMdira thA / raivataka ( ujjayaMta ) parvata 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3289 / 2. vahI 1.643 / 3. dazavaikAlikacUrNI, pR0 40 / 4. mahAbhArata, sabhAparva 14.53 / 5. antaHkRddazA 1, pR0 5 / 6. jJAtRdhamakathA 5, pR068 / 7. dekhie jJAtRdharmakathA 5, pR0 68; antaHkRddazA 1, pR0 4 Adi; nirayAvaliyAo 5; bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1123 / . 8. pR0 77 / 9. antaHkRddazA 5, pR0 25 / 10. nizIthacUNI, pIThikA 183, pR0 69 /

Page #494
pariziSTa 1 .. 473 aneka pakSI, latAoM Adi se suzobhita thaa| yahAM pAno ke jharane' the aura loga prativarSa saMkhaDi mAnane ke lie ekatrita hote the| yahAM bhagavAn ariSTanemi ne nirvANa prApta kiyA hai, isalie isakI gaNanA siddhakSetroM meM ko jAtI hai / rAjImatI (rAjula) ne yahAM tapa kiyA thaa| usako yahAM guphA banI huI hai| digambara paramparA ke anusAra, yahAM kI candraguphA meM AcArya dharasena ne tapa kiyA thA, aura yahIM bhUtabali aura puSpadaMta AcAryoM ko avaziSTa zratajJAna ko lipibaddha karane kA Adeza diyA thA / gujarAta ke prasiddha jaina maMtrI tejapAla ne yahAM aneka maMdiroM kA nirmANa karAyA hai| __prabhAsa ( somanAtha ) ko mahAbhArata meM sarvapradhAna tIrthoM meM ginA hai| ise candraprabhAsa, devapATana athavA devapaTTana bhI kahA hai| prayAga ko bhAMti AvazyakacUrNI meM prabhAsa ko jaina tIrtha mAnA hai| puMDarIka (zatrujaya ) jainoM kA Adi tIrtha mAnA gayA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra yahAM pAMca pAMDava tathA anya aneka RSi-muniyoM ne nirvANa prApta kiyaa| rAjA kumArapAla ke rAjya meM lAkhoM rupaye vyaya karake yahAM ke maMdiroM kA jIrNoddhAra kiyA gyaa| valabhI ( vaLA ) prAcIna kAla meM saurASTra kI rAjadhAnI thii| IsavI san kI chaThI zatAbdI meM devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa kI adhyakSatA meM jaina AgamoM ko saMkalita karane ke lie yahAM jaina zramaNoM kA antima sammelana huA thaa| yahAM prAcIna kAla ke aneka sikke aura tAmrapatra upalabdha hue haiM / huenasAMga ke samaya valabhI meM aneka bauddha vihAra vidyamAna the| - 12-videha (tirahuta ) magadha ke uttara meM avasthita thaa| brAhmaNa granthoM meM videha ko janaka kI rAjadhAnI kahA gayA hai / bauddhasUtroM meM jo 1. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 1.2922 / 2. Avazyakaniyukti 307; kalpasUtra 6.174, pR0 182; jJAtRdharmakathA 5, pR0 68, antaHkRddazA 5, pR0 28; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 22, pR0 280 / 3. isakI utpatti ke lie dekhie sorenasana, iNDaiksa TU mahAbhArata, pR0 553 / / 4. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 197 / dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki nizIthacUrNI 11.3354 ko cUrNI meM prabhAsa, prayAga, zrImAla aura kedAra ko kutIrtha kahA hai| 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 43, antaHkRddazA 2, pR0 7; 4, pR. 23 /

Page #495
474 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pariziSTa 1 vajjiyoM ke ATha kuloM kA ullekha hai, unameM vaizAlI ke licchavi aura mithilA ke videha mukhya the| kalpasUtra meM vajanAgarI (vRjinagara kI) nAmaka jaina zramaNoM kI zAkhA kA ullekha AtA hai| videhanivAsI hone ke kAraNa mahAvIra kI mAtA trizalA videhadattA', tathA videhavAsI celanA kA putra kUNika vajividehaputra kahA jAtA thA / videha vyApAra kA pramukha kendra thaa| mithilA ( janakapura ) videha kI rAjadhAnI thI / rAmAyaNa meM mithilA ko janakapurI kahA gayA hai| mahAvIra ne yahAM aneka bAra vihAra kiyA thA; unhoMne yahAM chaha varSAvAsa vyatIta kiye| maithiliyA jaina zramaNoM kI zAkhA thii| Aya mahAgiri kA yahAM vihAra huA thA / ' akapita gaNadhara ko yaha janmabhUmi thii|jinprbhsuuri ke samaya mithilA jagai nAma se prasiddha thii| usa samaya yahAM aneka kadalIvana, mIThe pAnI ko bAvar3iyAM, kueM, tAlAba aura nadiyAM maujUda thiiN| nagarI ke cAra dvAroM para cAra bar3e bAjAra the| yahAM ke sAdhAraNa loga bhI par3helikhe aura zAstroM ke paMDita hote the|" kisI samaya mithilA prAcIna sabhyatA aura vidyA kA kendra thA / IsavI san kI havIM sadI meM yahAM prasiddha vidvAn maMDanamizra nivAsa karate the, jinakI patnI ne zaMkarAcArya se zAstrArtha kara unheM parAjita kiyA thaa| prasiddha naiyAyika vAcaspati mizra kI yaha janmabhUmi thI, tathA maithila kavi vidyApati yahAM ke rAja-darabAra meM rahA karate the| __vaizIlI ( basAr3ha, jilA mujaphpharapura ) videha kI dUsarI mahatvapUrNa rAjadhAnI thii| yaha prAcIna vajjI gaNataMtra kI mukhya nagarI thI aura yahAM ke loga licchavi kahalAte the / ye loga Apasa meM ekatrita hokara rAjazAsana saMbaMdhI viSayoM kI carcA kiyA karate the / licchaviyoM kI ekatA ko buddha bhagavAna ne prazaMsA kI thii| mahAvIra ne yahAM bAraha cAturmAsa vyatIta kiye the / yaha nagarI mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi thI isalie ve 1. kalpasUtra 5.109 / 2. vyAkhyAprajJapti 7.9, pR0 315 / . 3. kalpasUtra 5.123 / 4. AvazyakaniyuktibhASya 132, pR. 143-a; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 3, pR0 71 / 5 vividhatIrthakalpa, pR0 32 / 6. kalpasUtra 5.123 /

Page #496
pariziSTa 1 475 vaizAlIya kahe jAte the | jainasUtroM meM vaizAlI kA rAjA ceTaka eka atyanta prabhAvazAlI rAjA mAnA gayA hai / gaNarAjAoM kA vaha mukhiyA thA, aura apanI sAta kanyAoM kA vibhinna rAjagharAnoM meM usane vivAha kiyA thA / ceTaka kI bahana trizalA mahAvIra kI mAtA thI / rAjA kUNika aura ceTaka meM mahAsaMgrAma hone kA ullekha jaina AgamoM meM AtA hai / isa saMgrAma meM ceTaka parAjita hokara nepAla calA gayA, aura kUNika ne vaizAlI meM gadhoM kA hala calAkara use kheta kara DAlA / vaizAlI madhyadeza kA sundara nagara mAnA jAtA thA / yaha nagarI aneka udyAna, ArAma, bAvar3I, tAlAba aura pokharaNiyoM se zobhita thI / aMbApAlI gaNikA yahAM kI parama zobhA mAnI jAtI thI / huenasAMga ke samaya yaha nagarI ujAr3a ho cukI thI / kuMDapura ( basukuNDa ) vaizAlI kA upanagara thA / yaha kSatriyakuMDagrAma aura brAhmaNakuMDagrAma nAmaka do mohalloM meM baMTA thA / pahale meM kSatriya aura dUsare meM brAhmaNa rahA karate the / kuMDapura ko mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi mAnA gayA hai| kuMDapura meM jJAtRkhaNDa ( nAyasaMDa ) nAma kA eka sundara udyAna thA jahAM mahAvIra ne dokSA grahaNa kI thii| isa udyAna kI gaNanA Urjayanta ( giranAra ) aura siddhazilA nAmaka tIrthoM ke sAtha kI gayI hai / vANiyagAma ( baniyA ) vaizAlo kA dUsarA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thA / vaizAlI aura vANiyagAma ke bIca gaMDaka nadI bahatI thii| yahAM Ananda Adi aneka jaina zramaNopAsaka rahate the / 4 13 - vatsa (prayAga ke AsapAsa kA pradeza ) kAzI se saTA huA janapada thA | bauddha sUtroM meM ise vaMza kahA gayA hai / vatsAdhipati udayana kA ullekha brAhmaNa, bauddha aura jaina graMthoM meM milatA hai / Arya ASAr3ha apane ziSyoM ke sAtha yahAM rahate the / " kauzAmbI (kosama, jilA ilAhAbAda ) vatsa kI rAjadhAnI thI / isa nagarI kA ullekha mahAbhArata aura rAmAyaNa meM AtA hai / kahate 1. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 164 Adi / 2. mahAvagga 6.17.29, pR0 246 / 3. vyAkhyAprajJapti 9.33; AvazyakacUrNI pR0 243; Avazyaka niyukti 384 / 4. upAsakadazA 1; tathA vyAkhyAprajJapti 11.11; 18.10 / 5. uttarAdhyayanacUrNI 2, pR0 87 /

Page #497
476 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pariziSTa 1 haiM ki hastinApura ke gaMgA se naSTa-bhraSTa ho jAne para rAjA parIkSita ke uttarAdhikAriyoM ne kauzAmbI ko rAjadhAnI bnaayaa| yahAM kukkuTArAma, ghoSitArAma, aMbavana Adi udyAnoM kA ullekha bauddhasUtroM meM AtA hai| bhagavAn buddha yahIM ThaharA karate the| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yahAM vihAra kiyA thA / rAjA zatAnIka kauzAmbI kA zAsaka thaa| eka bAra rAjA pradyota ne kauzAmbI para AkramaNa kara diyA / usa samaya zatAnIka atisAra se por3ita hokara mara gayA tathA rAnI mRgAvatI ne apane putra udayana ko rAjagaddI para baiThAkara svayaM dIkSA grahaNa kii| ___ kauzAmbI jainoM kA atizaya kSetra mAnA jAtA hai| yahAM mahAvIra kI prathama ziSyA caMdanabAlA aura rAnI mRgAvatI dIkSita huI thiiN| kosaMbiyA jaina zramaNoM kI zAkhA mAno gayI hai| ___ kauzAmbI ke pAsa prayAga ( ilAhAbAda ) thA / jaina graMthoM meM prayAga ko tIrthakSetra mAnA hai| prayAga ko ditiprayAga bhI kahA hai| pAli sAhitya meM payAgapatidvAna ke rUpa meM isakA ullekha AtA hai| supratiSThAnapura, pratiSThAnapura yA potanapura (jhUsI ke AsapAsa kA pradeza) isakI rAjadhAnI thii| bAdazAha akabara ke samaya se prayAga kA nAma ilAhAbAda rakkhA gyaa| 14-zAMDilya (saMDibbha athavA sAMDilya) kI rAjadhAnI kA nAma nandipura thA / arvAcIna jainagraMthoM meM sandarbha deza ke antargata naMdipura ke rAjA kA nAma padmAnana batAyA gayA hai| kyA uttara pradeza ke haradoI jile kA saMDIlA zAMDilya ho sakatA hai ? phaijAbAda jile meM RSi zAMDilya ke sAMDilya Azrama kA ullekha milatA hai| 15-malaya janapada paTanA ke dakSiNa meM aura gayA ke dakSiNapazcima meM avasthita thA / sundara vastroM ke lie yaha vikhyAta thaa| 1. AvazyakaTIkA (malayagiri), pR0 102 / 2. kalpasUtra 8, pR0 229-a / 3. AvazyakacUNI 2, pR0 179 / 4. vasudevahiNDI pR0 163; tathA dekhie raviSeNa, padmapurANa, 3.281; karakaMDucariu 6.6.5; tathA mahAbhArata 3.83.79 / 5. TaunI, kathAkoSa, pR0 124 / 6. nandalAla De, jyogrephikala DikzanarI, pR0 176 / 7. anuyogadvArasUtra 37, pR0 30; nizIthasUtra 7.12 kI cUrNI / .

Page #498
pariziSTa 1 477 bhadrilapura malaya kI rAjadhAnI thI / isakI gaNanA atizaya kSetroM meM kI gayI hai| isakI pahacAna hajArIbAga jile ke bhadiyA nAmaka gAMva se kI jAtI hai| yaha sthAna haMTaragaMja se chaha mIla ke phAsale para kuluhA pahAr3I ke pAsa hai / aneka khaMDita jaina mUrtiyAM yahAM milI haiN| __isa pradeza kA dUsarA mahatvapUrNa sthAna sammedazikhara (pArasanAtha hila) hai| ise samAdhigiri, samidagiri, mallaparvata athavA zikhara bhI kahA gayA hai / isa kI gaNanA za@jaya, giranAra, AbU aura aSTApada nAmaka tIrthoM ke sAtha ko gayI hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra 24 tIrthaMkaroM ne yahAM se nirvANa prApta kiyA hai / 16-matsya ( alavara ke AsapAsa kA pradeza ) janapada kA ullekha mahAbhArata meM bhI AtA hai|| vairATa yA virATanagara ( vairATa, jayapura ke pAsa) matsya kI rAjadhAnI thI / matsya ke rAjA virATa kI rAjadhAnI hone ke kAraNa ise vairATa yA virATa kahA jAtA thaa| pAMDavoM ne yahAM gupta vanavAsa kiyA thA / bauddha maThoM ke dhaMsAvazeSa yahAM upalabdha hue haiN| yahAM ke loga apanI vIratA ke lie vikhyAta mAne jAte the| puSkara ko jainasUtroM meM tIrthakSetra batAyA gayA hai| ujjayino ke rAjA caMDapradyota ke samaya yaha tIrtha vidyamAna thA / mahAbhArata meM isakA ullekha hai| yaha sthAna ajamera se lagabhaga chaha mIla kI dUrI para hai| bhillamAla athavA zrImAla ( bhinamAla, jasavaMtapura ke pAsa ) meM vajrasvAmI ne vihAra kiyA thaa| yahAM dramma nAma kA cAMdI kA sikkA calatA thaa| chaThI zatAbdo se lekara nauvIM zatAbdI taka yaha sthAna zrImAla gurjaroM ko rAjadhAnI rahI hai| vaha sthAna upamitibhavaprapaMcA kathA ke kartA siddhaSi aura mAghakavi ko janmabhUmi thI / / abbuya ( arbuda = AbU ) jainoM kA prAcIna tIrtha mAnA gayA hai| 1. DisTrikTa gajeTiyara hajArIbAga, pR0 202 / 2. Avazyakaniyukti 307; tathA jJAtRdharmakathA 8, pR0 120; AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 257. / 3. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 400 Adi; nizIthacUrNI, 10. 3184 kI cUrNI, pR0 146 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya vRtti 1.1969; nizIthacUrNI 10.3070 kI cUrNI; prabandhaciMtAmaNi 2, pR0 55 /

Page #499
478 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja [pariziSTa 1 yahAM saMkhaDi kA parva manAyA jAtA thaa| yahAM RSabhanAtha aura neminAtha ke vizvavikhyAta maMdira haiM jinheM lAkhoM rupayA kharca karake nirmANa kiyA gayA hai| inameM se eka 1032 I0 meM vimalazAha kA aura dUsarA 1232 I0 meM tejapAla kA banavAyA huA hai / donoM hI maMdira nIce se lagAkara zikhara taka saMgamarmara ke bane haiN| jinaprabhasUri ke samaya yahAM acalezvara, vaziSThAzrama Adi aneka laukika tIrtha maujUda the| 17-acchA ko gaNanA janapadoM meM ko gayI hai| bulandazahara ke AsapAsa kA pradeza acchA mAnA gayA hai| varaNA ( athavA varuNa ) acchA ko rAjadhAnI thI / vAraNa gaNa aura uccAnAgarI zAkhA kA ullekha kalpasUtra meM AtA hai, isase pratIta hotA hai ki yaha pradeza jaina zramaNoM kA kendra thA / mahAbhArata meM bhI isakA ullekha hai / varaNA kI pahacAna bulandazahara se kI jAtI hai, jo uccAnagara kA hI bhASAntara hai| Ajakala yaha vArana ke nAma se prasiddha hai| cIno sAdhu phAcyuAMga (424-453 I0) nagarahAra se vaidiza jAte samaya varuNa hokara gayA thaa| 18-dazANa (bhilasA ke AsapAsa kA pradeza) janapada kA ullekha mahAbhArata meM milatA hai| yahAM kI talavAreM bahuta acchI mAnI jAtI thii| mRttikAvato dazANa ko rAjadhAnI thii| brAhmaNoM kI harivaMzapurANa meM isakA ullekha AtA hai| yaha nagaro narmadA ke kinAre avasthita tho|" mAlavA meM banAsa nadI ke pAsa avasthita bhojoM ke deza ko mRttikAvatI kahA gayA hai| vaidisa athavA vidizA (bhilasA) ko meghadUta meM dazArNa kI rAjadhAno batAyA gayA hai| yahAM mahAvIra kI candananirmita mUrti thii| AcArya mahAgiri aura suhasti ne yahAM vihAra kiyA thaa| bharahuta ke 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3150 / 2. 8, pR0 232-a| 3. epigrAphikA iMDikA, jilda 1, 1892, pR0 379 / 4. da jyogrephikala kaNTaiNTsa oNva mahAmAyUrI, jaranala yU0 pI0 hisTorikala sosAyaTI, jilda 15, bhAga 2 / 5. harivaMzapurANa 1.36.15 / 6. Avazyakaniyukti 1278 /

Page #500
pariziSTa 1 479 zilAlekhoM meM vidizA kA ullekha milatA hai| vidizA aura mathurA ke vastra bahuta acche hote the| vidizA kA ullekha siMdhu deza ke sAtha kiyA gayA hai jahAM prajJapti kA par3hanA niSiddha batAyA hai| yaha nagarI vetravatI (betavA ) nadI ke kinAre avasthita thii| ___ dazArNapura dazArNa janapada kA dUsarA prasiddha nagara thaa| jainasUtroM meM isakA dUsarA nAma eDakAkSapura batAyA hai| bauddha granthoM meM ise erakaccha nAma se ullikhita kiyA hai| yaha nagara betavA nadI ke kinAre basA thA aura vyApAra kA pramukha kendra thaa| Arya mahAgiri ne yahAM vaidiza se vihAra kiyA thA, aura ve gajAgrapadagiri ( isakA nAma indrapada parvata bhI thA ) parvata para tapa karane cale gaye the| isako pahacAna jhAMso jile ke eracha nAmaka sthAna se kI jA sakatI hai| dazANapura ke uttara-pUrva meM dazANakUTa nAma kA parvata thaa| isakA dUsarA nAma gajAgrapadagiri athavA indrapada bhI thaa| yaha parvata cAroM ora se gAMvoM se ghirA huA thaa| AvazyakacUrNI meM isa parvata kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / kahA jAtA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yahAM rAjA dazArNabhadra ko dIkSA dI thii| dazArNa janapada kA dUsarA mahatvapUrNa nagara dazapura ( maMdasaura ) thaa| AryarakSita kI yaha janmabhUmi thii| yahAM se vidyAdhyayana karane ve pATaliputra gaye the|11 auSadha Adi prApta karane ke liye unheM dUra ke nagaroM meM kIcar3a meM hokara jAnA hotA thaa|22 jaina zramaNoM kI pravRttiyoM kA yaha kendra thA / 1. AvazyakaTIkA ( haribhadra), pR0 307 / 2. sUtrakRtAMgacUrNI, pR0 20 / 3. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 156 Adi / 4. petavatthu 2. 7, pR0 16 / / 5. AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 226 ; dekhiye gacchAcAra, pR0 81 Adi / 6. nizIthabhASya 10.3163 / . 7. Avazyakaniyukti 1278; AvazyakaTIkA, pR0 468 / 8. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 476; AvazyakaTIkA, pR0 468 / 9. bRhatkalpabhASya 3.4841 / / 10. dazapura nAma ke lie dekhie AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 401 aadi| 11. vahI, pR0 402 / 12. nizIthacUrNI 14.4536 /

Page #501
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pariziSTa 1 vidizA ke samIpa kuJjarAvarta aura rathAvarta nAma ke do parvatoM ke hone kA ullekha milatA hai| ye donoM parvata pAsa-pAsa the| kuMjarAvarta kA ullekha rAmAyaNa meM AtA hai| isa parvata para vajrasvAmI ne nirvANalAbha kiyA thaa| rathAvarta parvata ko mahAbhArata meM pavitra mAnA gayA hai| isa parvata para vajrasvAmo ke 500 zramaNoM ko lekara Ane kA ullekha hai / yahAM se ve tapa karane ke lie kuJjarAvarta parvata para cale gaye / mAlavA kI gaNanA pRthaka rUpa se Arya dezoM meM sambhavataH isalie nahIM kI gayI ki jainadharma ke parama uddhAraka kahe jAne vAle avaMtipati rAjA samprati yahIM ke nivAsI the, aura yahIM se unhoMne jainadharma kA pracAra karane ke lie apane karmacArI dUra-dUra taka bheje the / mAlavA ke bodhika coroM kA ullekha mahAbhArata tathA jainagranthoM meM AtA hai|' ye loga ujjainI ke logoM ko bhagAkara la jAte the| TaMka aura siMdhu dezavAsiyoM kI bhAMti yahAM ke nivAsI apanI kaThora bhASA ke lie prasiddha the|" huenasAMga ke samaya mAlavA vidyA kA kendra thA aura yahAM aneka maTha-maMdira bane hue the| avanti mAlavA kI rAjadhAnI thI / dakSiNApatha kI yaha mukhya nagarI mAnI jAtI thii| IsavI san kI sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva mAlavA avanti ke nAma se prakhyAta thaa| Age calakara avanti pazcimI mAlavA kA pradeza kahalAne lgii| yahAM kI miTTo kAlI hotI thI, ataeva bauddha bhikSuoM ko snAna karane aura jUta pahinane kI anumati thI / isakI pahacAna mAlavA, nimAr3a aura madhyapradeza ke kucha hissoM se kI jAtI hai| ___ ujjayinI dakSiNApatha kA sabase mahattvapUrNa nagara thaa| ise uttara avanti (mAlavA) kI rAjadhAnI kahA gayA hai| jIvantasvAmI 1. maraNasamAdhi 472 Adi, pR0 128-a / tathA dekhie vasudevahiNDI, pR0 122, rAmAyaNa 4.41 / ____2. maraNasamAdhi 470 Adi, pR0 128; malayagiri, AvazyakaTIkA, pR0 395-a| 3. 6.9.39 / 4. nizIthacUrNI 16.5725 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 6.6126; nizIthacUrNI 2.874 /

Page #502
pariziSTa 1 481 pratimA ke darzana karane ke lie yahA~ rAjA samprati ke samakAlIna Arya sahasti padhAre the| isake atirikta, AcArya caMDarudra, bhadrakagupta, AryarakSita, tathA Arya ASAr3ha Adi jaina zramaNoM ne yahAM vihAra kiyA thaa| jaina sAdhuoM ko yahA~ kaThora parISaha sahana karanI par3ato tho| caNDa pradyota kA yahA~ rAjya thaa| Age calakara samrATa azoka kA putra kuNAla yahA~ kA sUbedAra huA, aura isIke nAma se ujjayinI kA dUsarA nAma kuNAlanagara rakkhA gayA / kugAla ke pazcAt rAjA samprati kA rAjya huaa| AcArya kAlaka ne rAjA gardabhilla ke sthAna para IrAna ke zAhoM ko baiThAyA thaa| bAda meM rAjA vikramAditya ne apanA rAjya sthApita kiyaa| siddhasena divAkara vikramAditya ko sabhA ke eka ratna mAne gaye haiN| digambara jaina paramparA ke anusAra, samrATa candragupta ne yahA~ bhadrabAhu se dIkSA grahaNa kara dakSiNa kI yAtrA kI thii| ujjayinI vyApAra kA pramukha kendra thA / kisI samaya bauddhoM kA yahA~ jora thA aura aneka bauddha maTha yahA~ bane hue the| mAhessara aura zrImAla kI bhA~ti yahA~ ke nivAsI bhI madyapAna ke zaukIna the|' AcArya hemacandra ke samaya yaha nagarI vizAlA, avaMti aura puSpakaraMDinI nAma se bhI prakhyAta tho| 16-cedi ( bundelakhaNDa kA uttaro bhAga) meM rAjA zizupAla rAjya karatA thA / bauddha zramaNoM kA yaha kendra thA / - zuktimato cedi ko rAjadhAnI thii| mahAbhArata meM isakA ullekha hai / suttivaiyA jaina zramaNoM ko eka zAkhA tho| bAMdA jile ke AsapAsa ke pradeza ko zuktimatI kahA jAtA hai| 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3277 / 2. vahI 6.6103 Adi / 3. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 403 / / 4. dazavaikAlikacUrNI pR0 96 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASya 5.5706 / 6. saMstara 82, pR0 58 / / 7. Avazyakaniyukti 1276; AvazyakacUrNI 2,10 154 / / :.. 8. AcArAMgacUNI 2.1, pR0 333 / . 9. abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi 4.42 / 31 jai

Page #503
482 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja 20-sindhu-sauvIra janapada meM sindhu aura sauvIra donoM zAmila the| abhayadeva ke anusAra sauvIra (sindha ) sindhu nadI ke pAsa hone ke kAraNa sindhu-sauvIra kahA jAtA thaa| lekina bauddha granthoM meM sindhu aura sauvIra ko alaga-alaga mAnakara, roruka ko sauvIra kI rAjadhAnI kahA hai / sindhu deza meM bAr3ha bahuta AtI thI, tathA yaha deza carikA, parivrAjikA, kAryATikA, taccannikA ( bauddha bhikSuNo) aura bhAgavI Adi aneka pAkhaNDI zramaNiyoM kA sthAna thA, ataeva jaina sAdhuoM ko isa deza meM gamana karane kA niSedha hai| yadi kisI aparihArya kAraNa se vahAM jAnA ho par3e to zIghra hI lauTa Ane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| bhojana-pAna ko zuddhatA bhI isa deza meM nahIM thI; mAMsa-bhakSaNa kA yahA~ rivAja thA / yahA~ ke nivAsI madyapAna karate the aura madyapAna ke pAtra se hI pAnI pI liyA karate the| bhikSA prApta karane ke lie yahA~ svaccha vastroM kI AvazyakatA hotI thii| digambara paramparA ke anusAra, rAmilla, sthUlabhadra aura bhadrAcArya ne ujjayinA meM duSkAla par3ane para sindhu deza meM vihAra kiyA thA / vItibhayapaTTana sindhu-sauvIra ko rAjadhAnI thii| isakA dUsarA nAma kumbhAraprakSepa (kubhArapakkheva) batAyA gayA hai| yaha nagara siNavalli meM avasthita thA / siNavalli eka vikaTa registAna thA jahA~ vyApAriyoM ko kSudhA aura tRSA se pIr3ita ho apane jIvana se hAtha dhonA par3atA thaa| kyA pAkistAna meM mujaphpharagar3ha jile ke antargata sanAvana yA sinAvata sthAna siNavalli ho sakatA hai ? vItibhaya kI pahacAna pAkistAna meM zAhapura jile ke antargata bherA nAmaka sthAna se kI jA sakatI hai| isakA purAnA nAma bhadravatI thA / vijjhi nAmaka gAMva ke samIpa yahAM bahuta se khaNDahara pAye gaye haiN| 1. vyAkhyAprajJapti 13.6, pR0 620 / 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2881; 4.5441 Adi / 3. vahI 1.1239 / 4. nizIthacUrNI 15.5064 kI cUrNI / 5. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 37 / 6. vahI pR0 34,553 / 7. nizIthacUrNI meM vItibhaya aura ujjainI ke bIca 80 yojana kA antara batAyA gayA hai, jo vicAraNIya hai|

Page #504
483 pariziSTa 1 21-zUrasena ko brAhmaNoM ke anusAra rAmacandra ke laghubhrAtA zatrughna ne basAyA thA / zaurasenI yahAM kI bhASA thii| mathurA ke AsapAsa kA pradeza zUrasena kahA jAtA hai| __mathurA zUrasena kI rAjadhAnI thI / mathurA uttarApatha' kI eka mahattvapUrNa nagarI mAnI gayI hai / isakA dUsarA nAma indrapura thaa| isake antargata 96 grAmoM meM loga apane apane gharoM aura caurAhoM para jinendra bhagavAn ko pratimA sthApita karate the| yahAM suvarNa-stUpa hone kA ullekha hai, jise lekara jaina aura bauddhoM meM jhagar3A huA thA / kahate haiM ki anta meM isapara jainoM kA adhikAra ho gyaa| raviSeNa ke bRhatkathAkoza (12.132) aura somadevasUri ke yazastilakacaMpU meM ise devanirmita stUpa kahA hai| rAjamalla ke jambUsvAmicarita meM mathurA meM 500 stUpoM ke hone kA ullekha hai, jinakA uddhAra akabara bAdazAha ke samakAlIna sAhU ToDara ne karAyA thaa| yaha prAcIna stUpa Ajakala kaMkAlI Tole ke rUpa meM maujUda hai, jisakI khudAI se aneka purAtatva sambandhI bAtoM kA patA lagA hai| mathurA meM antima kevalo jambUsvAmo kA nirvANa huA thA, isalie siddhakSetroM meM isako gaNanA kI gayI hai| IsavI san ko cauthI zatAbdI meM jaina AgamoM ko yahAM saMkalanA huI thI, isa dRSTi se bhI isa nagarI kA mahattva samajhA jA sakatA hai| AryamaMgu aura Aya 1. yahA~ atyanta zIta par3ane ke kAraNa, vastra ke abhAva meM sAdharaNa loga Aga jalAkara rAta kATate the, nizothacUrNI pIThikA 175 / zIta kI bhA~ti garmI bhI yahAM bahuta adhika hotI thI, vahI 247 / yahAM ke loga rAtri meM bhojana karate the, vahI 455 / uttarAvaha dharmacakra ke liye prasiddha thA; vahI 10.2927 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 193 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1774 Adi / 4. vyavahArabhASya 5.27 Adi / mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle ko vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekhie Arkiyolojikala sarve riporTa sa, bhAga 3, plaiTasa 13-15; buhalara, dI iNDiyana saikTsa oNva da jainsa, pR0 42-60; viyanA auriMTiyala jaranala, jilda 3, pR0 233-40 jilda 4, pR0 313-31 / 5. tulanA kIjie rAmAyaNa 7.70.5 / 6. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 80 / .

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484 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja rakSita ne yahAM vihAra kiyA thaa| prAcIna kAla se ho aneka sAdhusantoM kA yaha kendra rahA hai, isalie ise pAkhaMDigarbha kahA hai| mathurA bhaMDora ( vaTa vRkSa ) yakSa ko yAtrA ke lie prasiddha thaa| jinaprabhasUri ne yahA~ 12 vanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| __ mathurA vyApAra kA mukhya kendra batAyA gayA hai, aura vastra ke lie yaha vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha thaa| yahA~ ke logoM kA mukhya pezA vyApAra ho thA, khetIbArI yahA~ nahIM hoto tho| rAjA kaniSka ke samaya mathurA se zrAvasti, banArasa Adi nagaroM ko mUrtiyA~ bhejo jAtI thiiN| ___ bauddha grathoM meM mathurA ke pAMca doSa batAye haiM-bhUmi kI viSamatA, dhUla kI adhikatA, kuttoM aura yakSoM kA upadrava aura bhikSA kI durlabhatA / lekina mAlUma hotA hai ki phAhiyAna aura huenasAMga ke samaya mathurA meM bauddha dhama kA jora thA, aura usa samaya vahAM aneka saMghArAma aura stUpa bane hue the| mathurA kI pahacAna mathurA se dakSiNa-pazcima meM sthita maholi nAmaka grAma se kI jAtI hai| 22-bhaMgi janapada malaya ke AsapAsa kA pradeza kahalAtA thaa| mahAbhArata meM isakA ullekha hai| isameM hajArIbAga aura mAnabhUma jile Ate haiN| __ pApA bhAMga kI rAjadhAnI thii| yaha pApA kuzInArA ke pAsa ko malloM kI pApA nagarI tathA mahAvIra ko nirvANa-bhUmi majjhimapAvA athavA pAvApurI se bhinna hai / sammedazikhara ke AsapAsa ko bhUmi ko pApA mAnA gayA hai| 23-vadrA kI rAjadhAnI mASapuro batAyI gayI hai| mASapurI jaina zramaNoM kI eka zAkhA thii| isa pradeza kA Thoka patA nahIM cltaa| 1. vahI pR0 411 / 2. AcArAMgacUrNI pR0 163 / 3. AvazyakaTIkA ( haribhadra ), pR0 307 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.1239 / 5. aMguttaranikAya 2,5, pR0 494 / mathurA ke varNana ke lie dekhie harivaMzapurANa 1.54.56 Adi / 6. kalpasUtra 8, pR0 230 /

Page #506
pariziSTa 1 485 24-kuNAla janapada ko uttara kozala nAma se bhI kahA gayA hai| sarayU nado boca meM par3ane ke kAraNa kozala janapada uttara kozala aura dakSiNa kozala do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thaa| zrAvasti ( saheTa-maheTa, jilA gAMDA) kuNAla janapada kI rAjadhAnI thii| yaha nagarI acirAvato (rAptI) nadI ke kinAre basI thii| jainasUtroM meM ullekha hai ki isa nadI meM bahuta kama pAnI rahatA thA; isake aneka pradeza sUkhe the aura jaina zramaNa ise pAra karake bhikSA ke lie jAte the| lekina jaba kabhI isa nadI meM bAr3ha Ato to logoM kA bahuta nukasAna ho jAtA thaa| eka bAra to yahAM ke suprasiddha bauddha upAsaka anAthapiMDaka kA sArA mAla-khajAnA hI nadI meM baha gayA thaa| ___ bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yahAM aneka cAturmAsa vyatIta kiye the| zrAvasti bauddhoM kA keMdra thaa| anAthapiMDaka aura mRgAramAtA vizAkhA buddha bhagavAn ke mahAn upAsaka the / maMkhali gozAla ko upAsikA hAlAhalA kumhArI zrAvasti ko hI rahane vAlI thii| pAzrvanAtha ke anuyAyI kezIkumAra aura mahAvIra ke anuyAyo gautama gaNadhara ke bIca cAturyAma aura paMcamahAvrata ko lekara yahAM aitihAsika carcA huI thii| __jinaprabhasUri ke anusAra, yahAM samudravaMzIya rAjA rAjya karate the, jo buddha ke parama upAsaka the aura buddha ke sanmAna meM varaghor3A nikAlate the | kaI kisma kA cAvala yahAM paidA hotA thaa| zrAvasti maheThi nAma se kahI jAto thii|" ___Ajakala yaha aitihAsika nagarI cAroM ora se jaMgala se ghirI huI hai| yahAM buddha kI eka vizAla mUrti hai jisake dazana ke lie bauddha upAsaka barmA, zrIlaMkA Adi dUra-dUra sthAnoM se Ate haiN| 25-lADha athavA rAr3ha kI gaNanA anArya dezoM meM kI jAtI thii| yaha deza vajjabhUmi (vanabhUmi = vorabhUma ) aura subbhabhUmi (suhma) 1. kalpasUtra 6.12 pR0 244 a; bRhatkalpasUtra 4.33; bhASya 4.5639, 5653; tulanA kIjie aMguttaranikAya 3,6 pR0 108 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI pR0 601; AvazyakaTIkA ( haribhadra ), pR0 465; malayagiriTIkA, pR0 567; TaunI kA kathAkoza, pR0 6 Adi / 3. dhammapadaaTThakathA 3, pR0 10; 1, pR0 360 / 4. uttarAdhyayana 23.2 Adi / 5. vividhatIrthakalpa, pR0 70 /

Page #507
486 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja nAmaka do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne yahAM vihAra kiyA thA aura unheM aneka kaSTa sahana karane par3e the / yahAM gAMvoM kI saMkhyA bahuta kama thI isalie mahAvIra ko rahane ke lie vasati milanA bhI durlabha hotA thaa| vajrabhUmi ke nivAsI rUkSa bhojana karane ke kAraNa svabhAva se krodhI hote the aura ve mahAvIra ko kuttoM se kaTavAte the| lADha ko suhma bhI kahA gayA hai / vyAkhyAprajJapti meM solaha janapadoM meM saMbhuttara ( sujhottara = suhma ke uttara meM , kI gaNanA kI gayI hai| Adhunika hugalI, hAvar3A, bAMkurA, bardavAna, aura midanApura jiloM ke pUrvIya bhAgako prAcIna lAr3ha batAyA hai| ___ koTivarSa lAr3ha janapada ko rAjadhAnI thii| koDivarisiyA nAmaka jaina zramaNoM ko zAkhA kA ullekha milatA hai| guptakAlIna zilAlekhoM meM isa nagara kA ullekha hai / koTivarSa kI pahacAna donAjapura jile ke bAnagar3ha nAmaka sthAna se ko gayI hai| __ 25||-kekaya janapada zrAvasti se pUrva kI ora nepAla kI tarAI meM sthita thA / uttara ke kekaya deza se yaha bhinna hai / isake Adhe bhAga ko Arya deza svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, isakA tAtparya hai ki isake Adhe pradeza meM hI jaina dharma kA pracAra huA thA, saMbhavataH bAkI ke Adhe meM AdimavAsI jAtiyAM nivAsa karatI hoN| seyaviyA ( zvetikA ) kekayo kI rAjadhAnI thii| bauddha sUtroM meM ise setavyA kahA hai aura ise kozala deza kI nagarI batAyA hai| zvetikA se gaMgA nadI pAra kara mahAvIra ke surabhipura pahu~cane kA ullekha milatA hai| jainadharma ke anya kendra ina sAr3he paccIsa Arya kSetroM ke atirikta, anya sthaloM meM bhI jainadharma kA pracAra huA thaa| bhadrabAhu, sthUlabhadra Adi jaina zramaNoM ne nepAla meM vihAra kiyA thaa| yahAM sthUlabhadra ne bhadrabAhu svAmI se pUrvo 1. Avazyakaniyukti 483; AcArAMga 9.3 / 2. Avazyakaniyukti 462; AcArAMga, vahI; dekhiye yahI pustaka 1.1. pR0 11 / 3. kalpasUtra 8, pR0 227-a / 4. dIghanikAya 2, pAyAsisutta, pR0 236 / 5. Avazyakaniyukti 469-70 / /

Page #508
487 pariziSTa 1 kA jJAna prApta kiyA thaa|' AcArya kAlaka pArasakUla (IrAna) jAkara vahAM ke zAhoM ko atane sAtha bhAratavarSa lAye the| rAjA samprati ke athaka prayatna se dakSiNApatha (gaMgA kA dakSiNa aura godAvarI kA uttarI bhAga) meM jainadharma kA prasAra huA thaa| dakSiNa bhArata ke pradezoM meM AMdhra deza jainoM kI pravRtti kA kedra thaa|' isakI rAjadhAnI dhanakaTaka (bejavAr3A) thii| godAvarI aura kRSNA nadI ke bIca ke pradeza ko prAcIna AMdhra mAnA gayA hai| damila athavA dravir3a deza meM jaina zramaNoM ko vasati kA milanA dulabha thA, isalie unheM vRkSa Adi ke noce ThaharanA par3atA thaa| kAMcIpura (kAMjIvaram ) yahAM kI rAjadhAnI thii| yahAM kA 'nelaka' sikkA dUra-dUra taka calatA thA / kAMco ke do nelaka kusumapura (pATaliputra) ke eka nelaka ke barAbara gine jAte the / digambara AcArya svAmI samaMtabhadra kI yaha janmabhUmi tho| tatpazcAt mahArASTra aura kuDukka (kurga) kA nAma AtA hai| kuDukka AcArya kA ullekha vyavahArabhASya meM milatA hai, isase pAtA lagatA hai ki zanaiH zanaiH kuDuka ( koDagU) jaina zramaNoM kI pravRtti kA kedra bana gayA thaa| mahArASTra ke aneka rIti-rivAjoM kA ullekha chedasUtroM , ko TokAoM meM milatA hai / mahArASTra meM nagna rahane vAle jaina zramaNa apane liMga meM veMTaka (eka prakAra ko aMgUThI) pahanate the| yahAM ke nivAsI ATe meM pAnI milAkara use kisI dopaka meM rakhate aura phira usa dopaka ko zIta jala meM rakha dete| pratiSThAna yA potanapura (paiThana) mahArASTra kA pradhAna nagara thA / bauddha graMthoM meM potana yA potali ko azmaka deza ko rAjadhAnI batAyA hai| pratiSThAna mahArASTra kA bhUSaNa ginA jAtA thaa| - ----- 1. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 186 / 2. nizIthacUrNI 10.2860, pR0 59; vyavahArabhASya 10.5, pR0 64 / 3. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3286 / 4. vahI, 3.3749 / 5. vahI, 3.3892 / 6. ise hehANi ( nimnabhUmi ) kahA hai, piMDaniyukti 616 / 7. 4.283; 1, pR0 221 -a / 8. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2637 / 9. nizIthacUI 17.5670 /

Page #509
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja yahAM zramaNapUjA (samaNapUya ) nAma kA bar3A bhArI utsava manAyA jAtA thA / ' yahAM kA rAjA sAtavAhana thA / pAdalipta sUri aura kAlakAcArya ne isa bhUmiko apane bihAra se pavitra kiyA thA / jinaprabhasUri ke samaya pratiSThAna meM 68 laukika tIrtha the / 488 koMkaNa meM jaina zramaNoM ne bihAra kiyA thA / isa deza meM atyadhika vRSTi ke kAraNa jaina zramaNoM ko chataro rakhane kA vidhAna hai| yahAM macchara bahuta hote the| yahAM ke loga phala-phUla ke zaukIna the / " giriyajJa nAma kA utsava yahAM manAyA jAtA thA / pazcimI ghATa tathA samudra ke bIca kA sthala prAcIna koMkaNa mAnA jAtA hai / yahA~ zUrpAraka ( soppAraya) vyApAra kA bahuta bar3A kendra thA / vajrasena, Arya samudra aura AryamaMgu Adi AcAryoM ne yahAM vihAra kiyA thA / mahAbhArata meM isa nagara kA ullekha AtA hai / bambaI ke pAsa ThANA jile ke sopArA nAmaka sthAna se isako pahacAna kI jAtI hai / golla deza kA ullekha jaina AgamoM meM aneka sthaloM para AtA hai / yahAM atyadhika zIta hone ke kAraNa jaina zramaNoM ko vastra dhAraNa karane kI anumati dI gayI hai / " yahAM Ama kI phA~ka karake unheM sukhAyA jAtA, aura phira unheM pAnI meM dhokara unase Amra-pAnaka banAyA jAtA" / jaina paramparA ke anusAra, caMdragupta kA maMtrI cANakya yahIM kA nivAsI thA / zravaNabelagolA ke zilAlekhoM meM golla aura gollAcArya kA ullekha milatA hai, isase patA lagatA hai ki yaha pradeza dakSiNa meM hI honA cAhie | gunTUra jile meM gallaru nadI para sthita goli ho prAcIna golla deza mAlUma hotA hai / 1. nizItha cUrNI, 10.3153, pR0 131 / 2. piMDa niyukti 497 Adi / 3. AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 366 4. sUtrakRtAMgaTIkA 3.1.12 / 5. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 1. 1239 / 6. vahI, 1.2855 / 7. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2506 / 8. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 406 / 9. vyavahArabhASya 6.239 Adi / 10. AcArAMgacUrNI, pR0 274 / 11. vahI, pR0 340 /

Page #510
pariziSTa 1 489 - AbhIra deza bhI jaina zramaNoM kA kendra rahA hai| Arya samita' aura brajasvAmI ne yahAM vihAra kiyA thaa| yahAM kaNhA (kanhana) aura veNNA ( vena ) nadiyoM ke bIca meM brahmadvIpa avasthita thA jahAM aneka tApasa rahA karate the| kalpasUtra meM baMbhadIviyA zAkhA kA ullekha AtA hai| tagarA isa deza kI rAjadhAnI thii| yahAM rADhAcArya ne vihAra kiyA thaa| tagarA kI pahacAna usmAnAbAda jile ke terA nAmaka sthAna se kI jAtI hai| lATa deza kA ullekha bhI jaina graMthoM meM milatA hai, yadyapi isakI gaNanA pRthaka rUpa se Arya dezoM meM nahIM kI gayo / yahAM varSARtu meM giriyajJa nAmaka utsava tathA zrAvaNa zuklA pUrNimA ke dina indramaha manAyA jAtA thaa| isa deza meM varSA se hI khetI hotI thii| bhRgukaccha ( bhaDoMca ) lATa deza kI zobhA mAnA jAtA thaa| vyApAra kA yaha bar3A kendra thaa| AcArya vajrabhUti kA yahAM vihAra huA thaa| mAmA kI lar3akI se yahAM vivAha jAyaja thA, mausA kI lar3akI se nhiiN|'' bhRgukaccha aura ujjaino ke bIca pacIsa yojana kA antara thaa| 11 uttara gujarAta meM AnaMdapura (bar3anagara ) bhI jaina zramaNoM kA kendra thA / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jainadharma kA udaya vihAra meM huA aura vaha vahIM phUlA-phalA / kramazaH uttarapradeza ke pUrvIya aura katipaya pazcimI 1. AvazyakaTIkA (malaya ), pR0 514-a / 2. AvazyakacarNI, pR0 397 / 3. AvazyakaTIkA ( malaya ), pR0 514-a / 4. 8, pR0 233 / 5. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 25 / 6. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.2855 / 7. nizIthacUrNI 19.6065, pR0 226 / 8. bRhatkalpabhASyavRtti 1.1239 / 9. vyavahArabhASya 3.58 / 10. nizIthacUrNIpIThikA 126 / .. 11, AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 160 / 12. nizIthacUrNI 5.2140, pR0 357 / . ..

Page #511
490 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja jiloM meM usakA pracAra huaa| phira vaha pazcimI baMgAla aura ur3IsA meM phailA / tatpazcAt saurASTra hotA huA rAjasthAna ( rAjasthAna aura gujarAta usa samaya alaga nahIM the) ke bhAgoM meM phaila gyaa| phira madhyapradeza hotA huA vidarbha aura mahArASTra meM hokara AMdhra, kurga Adi dakSiNa ke dezoM meM phailatA gayA / 1. vividhatIrthakalpa ke ApApAbRhatkalpa meM mahAvIra ke nimnalikhita 42 cAturmAsoM kA ullekha hai 1 asthigrAma, 3 campA aura pRSThacampA, 12 vaizAlI aura vANiyagAma, 14 nAlaMdA aura rAjagRha, 6 mithilA, 2 bhaddiyA, 1 AlabhiyA, 1 paNiyabhUmi, 9 zrAvasti, 1 madhyamapAvA ( antima ) /

Page #512
pariziSTa 2 Agama-sAhitya meM ullikhita rAjA-mahArAjA jaina AgamoM kI anuzrutiyA~ durbhAgya se jaina Agama-sAhitya meM ullikhita anuzrutiyA~ aura paramparAe~, hamAre itihAsa para vizeSa prakAza nahIM DAlatI, ataeva unheM prAmANikatA kI koTi meM nahIM rakkhA jA sktaa| kitanI ho paurANika paramparAe~ yahA~ aniyamita tathyoM ke sAtha jahAM-tahAM guMthI huI pAI jAtI haiM jinheM ki jaina zramaNa apane siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana karane aura vyAkhyAnoM ko rocaka banAne ke lie upayoga meM lAyA karate the| bauddhoM kI bhAMti hama yahAM bhI kitane hI rAjA-mahArAjA aura samrAToM kA darzana karate haiM jo zramaNa-dIkSA svIkAra kara, kaThora tapazcaryA karane ke pazcAt , kisI parvata se nirvANa pada prApta karate haiM / bauddhoM ke rAjA brahmadatta kI bhAMti yahAM rAjA jitazatru ke nAma ke sAtha aneka paurANika kathA-kahAniyA~ jor3o gayo haiN| rAjAoM kI aitihAsikatA prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke samasAmayika aneka rAjAoM kA ullekha milatA hai, lekina do-cAra ko chor3akara bAkI ke sambandha meM kucha bhI patA nahIM lgtaa| aura to kyA, kAzI aura kozala ke gaNarAjAoM ke pramukha zaktizAlI ceTaka jaise rAjA kA itihAsa meM kahIM nAma taka nhiiN| isI prakAra campA ke rAjA dadhivAhana, dazANa ke rAjA dazArNabhadra Ara vItibhaya ke rAjA udAyana (bauddhoM kA rudrAyana ) jaise rAjAoM ke sambandha meM bhI kucha jJAta nahIM hotA / rAjA udAyana kA ullekha mahAvIra dvArA dIkSita ATha rAjAoM ke sAtha AtA hai, lekina unake sambandha meM bhI itihAsa mauna hai| dhArmika kaTTaratA kA abhAva rAjA-mahArAjAoM ke sambandha meM dUsarI bAta dhyAna dene yogya yaha hai ki adhikAMza pramukha zAsakoM ko, jaise bauddhoM ne apane dharma kA 1. anya rAjAoM meM eNeyaka, vIraMgaya, vIrayasa, saJjaya, seya, siSa aura saMkha kA ullekha hai, sthAnAMga 8.621 /

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492 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja anupAyo batAyA hai, vaise ho jainoM ne bhI unheM jainadharma kA anuyAyI mAnA hai| isase yaho siddha hotA hai ki prAcIna bhArata ke zAsaka vibhinna sampradAyoM ke dharma guruoM ke prati samAna Adara kA bhAva pradarzita karate the, tathA sarva-sAdhAraNa janatA kaTTarapaMthI nahIM thI jaisA ki hama Age calakara pAte haiM / taresaTha zalAkA puruSa jainadharma ke anusAra, yugoM ko do kalpoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-avasirpiNI aura utsarpiNI / avasarpiNI kAla meM dharma ko avanati hotI jAtI hai, aura anta meM isa bhUmaNDala para pralaya chA jAtA hai, jaba ki utsarpiNI kAla meM dharma kI unnati hotI jAtI hai| ina kalpoM ko chaha bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-suSamA-suSamA, suSamA, suSamA-duSamA, duSamA-suSamA, duSamA aura duSamA-duSamA / suSamA suSamA nAma ke prathama kAla meM sukha hI sukha hotA hai, jaba ki yugaliyA saMtAna paidA hotI haiM aura unake paidA hote hI unake mAtA-pitA kA dehAnta ho jAtA hai / isa yuga meM kalpavRkSoM dvArA logoM kI samasta AvazyakatAeM pUrI hotI haiN| duSamA-duSamA nAmaka chaThA kAla sabase duHkhamaya kahA gayA hai / isa AgAmo kAla meM bhayaMkara AMdhI aura tUphAnoM kA jora hogA, saba jagaha dhUla hI dhUla chA jAyegI, meghoM se viSAkta jala ko varSA hogo, tathA vaitAvya parvata aura gaMgA-sindhu nadiyoM ko chor3akara zeSa saba vastue~ naSTa ho jAyeMgI, aura yaha bhUmaNDala Aga se prajvalita ho uThegA / isa kAla meM loga bhAga kara parvatoM ko gaphAoM meM rahane ke lie cale jAyeMge; ve machaliyAM aura kachue pakar3eMge tathA manuSya kA mAMsa aura mRta zarIra bhakSaNa kara apanI kSudhA zAnta kreNge| 1. udAharaNa ke lie magadha samrATa zreNika bimbasAra apane antima samaya taka buddha bhagavAn ke prazaMsaka rahe (dIghanikAya 2, 5, pR0 152 ); abhaya rAjakumAra ne bauddhadharma svIkAra kiyA ( majjhimanikAya, abhayarAjakumArasutta ), tathA Ananda ne kauzAmbI ke rAjA udayana aura usakI rAno ko bauddhadharma kA upadeza sunAyA ( cullavagga 11.8.111, pR0 493 ) / 2. udAharaNa ke lie, jaina sAdhu thAvaccAputta aura zuka parivrAjaka kA sogaMdhiyA ke nAgarikoM ne samAna bhAva se svAgata kiyA, jJAtRdharmakathA 5, pR0 73 / 3. dekhie jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUtra 18-40 /

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493 pariziSTa 2 . . caubIsa tIrthaMkara caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke sambandha meM sabase prAcIna ullekha samavAyAMga, kalpasUtra aura Avazyakaniyukti meM milatA hai| RSabhadeva aura bharata ne suSamA-duSamA nAmaka tIsare kAla meM janma liyA thA, jaba ki avaziSTa teIsa tIrthaMkara, gyAraha cakravartI, nau baladeva, nau vAsudeva aura nau prativAsudevoM ne duSamA-suSamA nAma ke cauthe kAla meM janma grahaNa kiyaa| RSabhadeva prathama rAjA, prathama sAdhu, prathama jina aura prathama tIrthakara mAne gaye haiN| unhoMne nAbhi aura unakI rAnI marudevo ke ghara ikSvAkubhUmi ( ayodhyA) meM janma liyA thaa| kahate haiM ki jaba RSabhadeva kA janma huA to indra ikSu ko lekara nAbhi rAjA ke pAsa pahu~cA aura RSabhadeva ne ise grahaNa karane ke lie hAtha phailaayaa| isI samaya se ikSvAkuvaMza kI utpatti huI / ___ isa kAla ke rivAja ke anusAra RSabhadeva ne sumaGgalA aura sunandA nAma kI apanI bahanoM se vivAha kiyA / kAlAntara meM sumaGgalA ne bharata aura brAhmo ko tathA sunandA ne bAhubali aura sundarI ko janma diyA / Rpabhadeva jaba vinItA ke siMhAsana para ArUr3ha hue to unhoMne ugra, bhoga, rAjanya aura kSatriya nAma ke cAra gaNoM kI sthApanA kii| ___isa kAla meM loga kacce kanda-mUla khAte the; RSabhadeva ne unheM miTTI ke bartanoM meM pakAkara khAnA sikhAyA / isa samaya kumhAra, luhAra, bunakara, bar3haI aura nAiyoM kI utpatti huii| RSabhadeva ne brAhmI ko varNamAlA, sundarI ko gaNita, bharata ko rUpakarma aura bAhubali ko citrakarma kI zikSA dI / isa prakAra puruSoM kI 72 kalA, striyoM kI 64 kalA tathA 100 sAdhAraNa zilpoM kA janma huaa| isa kAla meM nAgayajJa, indramaha, vivAhasaMsthA, tathA mRtakoM kI smRti meM stUpanirmANa kI paramparA pracalita huii| 1. usabha, ajiya, saMbhava, abhinandana, sumai, paumappabha, supAsa, candappaha, suvihi, pupphadaMta, sIyala, sejjaMsa, vAsupujja, vimala, ananta, dhamma, santi, kuMthu, ara, malli, muNisuvvaya, nAma, arihanemi, pAsa aura baddhamANa ye caubIsa tIrthakara kahe gaye haiM, samavAyAMgasUtra 24; kalpasUtra 6-7; Avazyakaniyukti 369 Adi; zUbiMga, DaoNkTrInsa oNva da jainsa, pR0 23 /

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jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja jaina paramparA ke anusAra, RSabhadeva asaMkhya varSoM taka rAjya kA saMcAlana karate rhe| tatpazcAt bharata ko rAjya sauMpakara unhoMne zramaNa dIkSA svIkAra kii| rAjA bharata vinItA ke prathama cakravartI ghoSita kiye gaye / RSabha ne apane sAdhu-jovana meM dUra-dUra taka pari* bhramaNa kiyaa| ve bahalI aura aDaMba (? aMbaDa) Adi meM bhramaNa karate hue hastinApura Aye jahAM ki bAhubali ke pautra rAjA zreyAMsa ne unheM ikSurasa kA AhAra diyaa| RSabha ne purimatAla ke zakaTamukha udyAna meM kavalajJAna prApta kiyA aura aSTApada pavata se mukti pAyo / ' malli ko jainadharma meM 19 vAM tIrthakara mAnA gayA hai| zvatAmbara sampradAya meM unheM strI tathA digambara sampradAya meM puruSa mAnA hai| kahate hai ki malli ke rUpa-guNa kI prazaMsA sunakara use prApta karane ke lie kozala, aMga, kAzI, kuNAla, kuru aura paMcAla ke rAjAoM ne malli ke pitA rAjA kumbhaka ke Upara car3hAyI kara dI thii| nami, jo rAjAMSa kahe jAte the, 20 ve tIrthakara ho gaye hai| ve yugabAhu aura madanarekhA ke putra the / yugabAhu ko jaba apane bhAI dvArA hatyA ko gayo to nami garbhAvasthA meM the / yaha kANDa dekhakara madanarekhA bhaya se jaMgala meM bhAga gayI ora usane vahAM putra ko janma diyaa| vahAM se mithilA kA rAjA padmaratha bAlaka ko uThA lAyA aura usane use apanI rAnI ko sauMpa diyaa| kucha samaya bAda, padmaratha ne dIkSA grahaNa kI aura nAma kA rAjasiMhAsana para abhiSeka kiyA gyaa| kAlAntara meM rAjA nami ne bhI dIkSA le lo| unakI gaNanA karakaMDu, durmukha aura nagnajit nAma ke pratyekabuddhoM ke sAtha ko gayI hai| cAroM kA kSitipratiSThita nagara meM Agamana huA thaa| 1. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUtra 2.30-3, kalpasUtra 7.205-228; Avazyakaniyukti 150 Adi; AvazyakacUrNI pR0 135-82, vasudevahiMDI pR0 15765, 185; triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita, pR0 100 Adi / 2. malli ke strItIrtha ko dasa AzcaryoM meM ginA gayA hai, bAkI ke nau Azcarya haiM-upasarga, garbhaharaNa, abhAvita pariSad , kRSNa kA avarakaMkA-gamana, candra-sUrya kA avataraNa, harivaMza kula kI utpatti, camara-utpAda, aSTazatasiddha tathA asaMyatoM kI pUjA, kalpasUtra, pR0 25-a / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 8 / 4. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 9 / 5. vahI 18.46 / nami kI pahacAna mahAbhArata ke rAjarSi janaka se kI

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pariziSTa 2 nemi athavA ariSTanemi 22 veM tIrthakara mAne gaye haiN| ve soriyapura ke rAjA samudravijaya ko rAnI zivA ke garbha se utpanna hue the / kRSNavAsudeva unake cacere bhAI the| ariSTanemi kA pANigrahaNa ugrasena ko kanyA rAjImato se hone jA rahA thA / lekina jaba ve apanI bArAta lekara mathurA pahuMce to rAste meM unheM barAtiyoM ke khilAne ke lie bAr3e meM bA~dhakara rakkhe hue pazuoM kI cItkAra sunAyo pdd'ii| yaha dekhakara ve mArga meM se ho lauTa par3e aura dIkSA grahaNa kara raivataka (giranAra) parvata para tapa karane lage / yahIM se unhoMne nirvANa-lAbha kiyaa| rAjImatI bhI isa parvata para Akara tapa karane lago / usane bhI yahIM se siddhi paaii| pAzrvanAtha 23 veM tIrthakara ho gaye haiN| unakA janma banArasa meM huA thA, aura sammedazikhara se unhoMne siddhi prApta ko| ___ vardhamAna mahAvIra, jinheM jJAtRputra' nAma se kahA gayA hai, jainoM ke antima tIrthaMkara the / bauddha grathoM meM unheM niggaMTha nATaputta kahA hai| ve gaNarAjA siddhArtha kI patnI trizalA ke garbha se caitra zukla trayodazI ko vaizAlo ke upanagara kSatriyakuNDagrAma meM paidA hue the| siddhArtha ko zreyAMsa athavA yazasvI (jasaMsa) bhI kahA hai| unakA gotra kAzyapa thA / mahAvIra kI mAtA trizalA vasiSTha gotra kI thI, aura ve videhadatA, athavA priyakAriNI bhI kaho jAtI thii| supAzva mahAvora ke cAcA, naMdivadhana unake jyeSTha bhrAtA, sudarzanA unakI bahana, kauDinyagotrIya yazodA unako patnI tathA priyadarzanA athavA anavadyA unakI kanyA thii| priyadarzanA kA vivAha jamAli ke sAtha huA thaa| usake garbha se zeSavatI athavA yazomatI kA janma huaa| jA sakatI hai| jAtakoM meM inheM mahAjanaka dvitIya kahA gayA hai| rAmAyaNa aura purANoM ke anusAra, nami mithilA ke rAjaparivAroM ke saMsthApaka the, ratilAla mehatA, prI buddhisTa iNDiyA, pR0 48 Adi; rAya caudhurI, poliTikala hisTrI Ava aiziyaTa iNDiyA, pR0 45; caraka 26, pR0 665 / 1. uttarAdhyayana 22 / 2. dekhie isI pustaka ke prathama khaNDa kA prathama adhyAya / 3. anya nAmoM ke lie dekhie zUbiMga, DAkTrInsa Ava da jainsa, pR0 29 / 4. kalpasUtra '5 / digambaroM kI mAnyatA ke anusAra, mahAvIra devAnandA brAhmaNI ke garbha meM avatarita nahIM hue| ve avivAhita hI rahe, tathA dIkSA grahaNa karate samaya unake mAtA-pitA jIvita the| dekhie jinasena, hari

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496 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja mahAvIra ne tosa varSa ko avasthA meM saMsAra tyAga kara dIkSA grahaNa ko | kahate hai ki eka vaSa se kucha adhika samaya taka mahAvIra ne savastra vihAra kiyA, usake bAda ve nagna avasthA meM vicaraNa karane lage / 12 varSa taka kaThora sAdhanA ke pazcAt unhoMne jabhiyagrAma ke bAhara RjuvAlikA nadI ke kinAre kevalajJAna prApta kiyaa| mahAvIra ne pAvA ke hastipAla rAjA kI rajjukasabhA meM antima cAturmAsa vyatIta kiyA aura 72 varSa ko avasthA meM kArtika vadI amAvasyA ke dina nirvANa pAyA / jisa rAtri ko mahAvIra ne nirvANa prApta kiyA, kAzo aura kozala ke 18 gaNarAjAoM ne prauSadhapUrvaka dIpaka jalAkara sarvatra prakAza kiyA | antima samaya meM mahAvIra ne zubha aura azubha karmoM se sambandhita pacapana aura azubha karmoM ke phala se sambandhita pacapana vyAkhyAna diye, tathA binA pUche hue praznoM ke 36 uttaroM kA pratipAdana kiyaa| bAkI ke tIrthaMkara prAyaH ayodhyA, hastinApura, mithilA aura campA Adi sthAno meM janme tathA sammedazikhara para unhoMne siddhi paayii| bAraha cakravartI cakravartiyoM kA sabase prAcIna ullekha samavAyAMga meM milatA hai| bharata ko prathama cakravartI kahA hai / ve RSabha aura sumaMgalA ke putra the, jaisA ki kahA jA cukA hai | bharata ne apane cakraratna ko sahAyatA se digvijaya ke lie prasthAna kiyA, tathA jambUdvIpa ke pUrva meM sthita magadha, dakSiNa meM sthita varadAma, aura pazcima meM sthita prabhAsa nAmaka pavitra tIrthoM, tathA sindhu devI, vaitAThya aura timisaguhA para vijaya pAyo / tatpazcAt carmaratna dvArA mahAn sindhu nadI ko pAra kara siMhala, barbara, aMga, cilAta (kirAta), yavanadvopa, Arabaka, romaka aura alasaMDa nAmaka vaMzapurANa, adhyAya dUsarA / lekina dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki uparyukta grantha meM (66.8) vIra ke yazodA ke sAtha 'vivAhamaGgala' kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| 1. dekhie, Avazyakaniyukti 382 Adi; uttarAdhyayanasUtra 6; uttarA. dhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 244 Adi; jJAtRdharmakathA 8; kalpasUtra 6.170-84; vasudevahiMDo pR0 300, 304, 340 Adi, 346 Adi / 2. unake nAma haiM-bharaha, sagara, maghava, saNakkumAra, santi, kuMthu, ara, subhoma, mahApauma, hariseNa, jaya aura baMbhadatta, sUtra 12; tathA Avazyakaniyukti 374. Adi; sthAnAMga 10.718 /

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pariziSTa 2 497 dezoM meM praveza kiyaa| yahAM pikkhura, kAlamukha aura joNaka nAmaka mlecchoM tathA vaitADhya parvata ke dakSiNa meM nivAsa karane vAloM mlecchoM ko jItA, tathA dakSiNa-pazcima se sindhusAgara taka ke pradeza aura anta meM atyanta ramaNIya kaccha deza para vijaya prApta kI / usake bAda timi guhA meM praveza kiyA aura apane senApati ko usake dakSiNI dvAra ko udghATana karane kA Adeza diyA / phira unmagnajalA aura nimagnajalA nAma kI nadiyoM ko pAra kiyA, aura AvAr3a nAmaka kirAtoM ko parAjita kiyaa| ye kirAta bharata ke uttarArdha meM nivAsa karate the, tathA ve dhanasampanna, ahaMkArI, zaktizAlo, jozole aura pRthvI para rahane vAle rAkSasoM ko bhAMti jAna par3ate the / tatpazcAt bharata ne kSudra himavaMta ko jItA aura RSabhakUTa parvata ko ora kadama bddh'aayaa| yahAM pahu~cakara unhoMne apane kAkaNI ratna dvArA apanA nAma likhA jisameM apane Apako prathama cakravartI ghoSita kiyaa| usake bAda vaitADhya parvata ke uttara kI ora cale jahAM nami aura vinami nAmaka vidyAdharoM ne unheM subhadrA nAmaka strIratna arpita kiyA / phira gaMgA ke Upara vijaya prApta kI aura ve gaMgA nadI ke pazcimI kinAre para sthita khaNDaprapAta nAmaka guphA kI ora mudd'e| yahAM pahu~cakara unhoMne apane senApati ko guphA kA uttarI dvAra kholane kA Adeza diyaa| yahAM para bharata ko navanidhiyoM kI prApti huI / isa prakAra bharata cakravartI caudaha ratnoM se vibhUSita ho apanI rAjadhAnI vinItA ko lauTa gaye, jahAM bar3I dhUmadhAma se unakA rAjyAbhiSeka sampanna huA / rAjasiMhAsana para ArUr3ha hone ke pazcAt bharata ne apane 98 bhAiyoM ke pAsa sandeza bhijavAyA ki yA to ve usakI sevA meM upasthita hoM, nahIM to deza chor3akara anyatra cale jAyeM / yaha sunakara saba bhAiyoM ne RSabha ke pAdamUla meM baiThakara jina dIkSA svIkAra kI / tatpazcAt bharata ne takSazilA ko rAjadUta bhejA / yahAM bAhubali rAjya karate the | bAhubali ko unhoMne cakravartI kI AjJA zirodhArya karane kA sandeza bhijavAyA / isa para donoM bhAiyoM meM yuddha Thana gayA, aura anta meM bAhubali ne apanA rAjya chor3akara dIkSA le lI / kAlAntara meM bharata ne bhI dIkSA svIkAra kI aura tapazcaraNa pUrvaka aSTApada parvata para mukti pAI / isI samaya se bharata ke nAma para hindustAna kA nAma bhAratavarSa par3A / ' 1. jambUdvIpaprajJapti 2.41-71; AvazyakacUrNI pR0 182-228; uttarA32 jai0

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498 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja sagara dvitIya cakravartI the| bharata ke samAna unhoMne bhI digvijaya kI aura bharata kSetra ke chaha khaNDoM ko apane vaza meM kiyaa| unake aneka putra hue| eka bAra unakA sabase jyeSThaputra jaNhakumAra, apane pitA kI AjJA lekara, apane laghu bhrAtAoM ke sAtha, pRthvI-paribhramaNa ke lie calA | vaha aSTApada parvata para pahu~cA / yahAM usane bharata cakravartI dvArA nirmita caityoM ke dazana kiye / usane socA ki caityoM kI rakSA ke lie parvata ke cAroM ora eka khAI khoda denA ThIka hogaa| yaha socakara vaha daNDaratna ko sahAyatA se apane bhAiyoM ke sAtha pRthvI khodane meM juTa gayA / isase pRthvI ke noce rahane vAle nAgoM ke nivAsasthAnoM ko kSati pahu~cI, aura bhayabhIta hokara ve daur3e-daur3e apane rAjA jvalanaprabha ke pAsa pahu~ce / gusse meM bharA jvalanaprabha sagara ke putroM ke pAsa phuNcaa| lekina jaNhukumAra ne nAgarAja ko bahuta anunayavinaya kara ke use zAnta kiyA ki hama logoM kA iradA Apako kaSTa pahu~cAne kA bilkula bhI nahIM thA, hama loga to caityoM ko rakSA ke lie khAI khoda rahe the / khaira, khAI taiyAra ho gayI, lekina jaba taka use pAnI se na bhara diyA jAye tabataka kisa kAma kI ? aisI hAlata meM jaNhukumAra ne apane daNDaratna se gaMgA ko phor3anA zurU kiyA / khAI jala se bhara gayI, lekina yaha jala nAgoM ke gharoM meM praveza kara gayA / jvalanaprabha ko aba ko bAra bahuta krodha aayaa| usane sagara ke putroM ke pAsa viSayukta bar3e-bar3e phaNadhAro sapa bheje jisase ve jalakara bhasma ho gye| kucha samaya pazcAt aSTApada ke AsapAsa rahane vAle loga ikaTTe hokara sagara ke pAsa pahu~ce, aura unhoMne nivedana kiyA ki mahArAja, gaMgA ke jala se gAvoM meM bAr3ha A gayI hai| yaha sunakara sagara ne apane pautra bhagIratha ko bulAyA aura usase phaurana hI aSTApada ke lie khAnA ho, gaMgA ke jala ko khoMca kara, pUrvI samudra meM le jAne kA Adeza diyA / bhagoratha ne AjJA kA pAlana kiyA aura lauTakara isakI sUcanA sagara ko do| sagara cakravartI ne saMsAra tyAgakara zramaNa dIkSA svIkAra ko / ' dhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 232-a, vasudevahiMDI pR0 186 Adi / tathA zUbiMga, vahI, pR0 22; tathA dekhie mahAbhArata 1.101 / 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 233-a Adi; vasudevahiMDI, pR0 300, 304 Adi tathA tulanA kIjie mahAbhArata 3.105 Adi; rAmAyaNa 1.38 Adi; cUlavaMsa 87.23 / /

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pariziSTa 2 sanatkumAra cauthe cakravartI ho gaye haiN| ve azvasena aura sahadevI ke putra the / kuruvaMza meM ve paidA hue the aura hastinApura meM rAjya karate the| sammedazikhara para unhoMne mukti paayii| subhauma AThaveM cakravartI the / kArtavIrya ke ve putra the| kArtavIrya ko hastinApura ke rAjA anatavIrya kA putra batAyA gayA hai / reNukA ( jamadagni kI patnI) ko bahana rAjA anaMtavorya kI rAnI thii| eka bAra jamadagni ne reNukA ko brahmacaru aura usakI bahana ko kSatriyacaru khAne ke lie diyA, lekina reNukA ne use apanI bahana se badala liyaa| kAlakrama se reNukA ne rAma aura usakI bahana ne kArtavIrya ko janma diyaa| Age calakara rAma ne anaMtavIrya kI hatyA kara dI aura kArtavIrya kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gyaa| rAma ke hI hAthoM kArtavIrya kI mRtyu huI aura usakI mRtyu ke pazcAt usakI patnI tArA ke garbha se subhauma kA janma huaa| Age calakara subhauma ne rAma se badalA lene ke lie usakI hatyA kara do, aura isa pRthvI ko ikkosa bAra vrAhmaNoM se hona karane ke bAda use zAnti milii| brahmadatta antima cakravartI ho gaye haiN| ve kAMpilyapura ke brahma aura culanI kI santAna the| culanI ko kozala ke rAjA dIgha, kAzI ke rAjA kaDaya, gajapura ke rAjA kaNerudatta aura campA ke rAjA puSpacUla se mitratA thI / brahma kI mRtyu ke bAda rAjA dIrgha kAMpilyapura ke rAjya kI dekhabhAla karane lagA | anta meM brahmadata aura rAjA dIrgha meM yuddha Thana gayA jisameM dIgha ko prANoM se hAtha dhonA pdd'aa| bAko ke cakravartiyoM ne hastinApura, kAMpilyapura, rAjagRha aura zrAvastI meM janma liyA, tathA ekAdha ko chor3akara prAyaH sabhI ne sammedazikhara se nirvANa prApta kiyaa|' 1. mahAbhArata 3.188.24; 1.69.24 meM sanatkumAra kA ullekha hai; tathA dekhie dIghanikAya 2.5, pR0 157 Adi / 2. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 520; vasudevahiMDI pR0 235-40 / tathA dekhie mahAbhArata 3.117 Adi; 12.48; rAmAyaNa 1.74-7 / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 187-a Adi / brahmadatta ke lie dekhie mahAumagga jAtaka; svapnavAsavadattA; rAmAyaNa 1.33.18 Adi / . 4. dekhie uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 13, pR0 187 Adi; 236-a-249; vasudevahiMDI pR0 128-31; 233-40; 340-43, 346-48 /

Page #521
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja baladeva-vAsudeva-prativAsudeva usake pazcAt nau baladeva, nau vAsudeva' aura nau prativAsudevoM kA janma huaa| isa sambandha kA sabase prAcIna ullekha AvazyakabhASya meM upalabdha hotA hai| baladeva ( athavA balabhadra ) aura vAsudeva ( athavA kezava ) hamezA bhAI ke rUpa meM utpanna hote haiM, tathA vAsudeva prativAsudevoM ke pratispardhI hote haiN| udAharaNa ke lie, rAma aura lakSmaNa donoM bhAI the, rAma ne baladeva ke rUpa meM aura lakSmaNa ne vAsudeva ke rUpa meM janma liyA / lakSmaNa ke hAthoM prativAsudeva rAvaNa kI mRtyu huI / isI prakAra rAma (baladeva) aura kRSNa ( vAsudeva ) kramazaH antima baladeva aura vAsudeva ke rUpa meM janme, aura kRSNa ne antima prativAsudeva kaMsa ko mArakara isa pRthvI kA uddhAra kiyA / kRSNa vAsudeva kRSNa ne yadukula meM janma dhAraNa kiyA thaa| yadu ke nAma se yAdavavaMza ko sthApanA huI / yadu ke sUra nAma kA eka putra thaa| usake do santAneM thIM-sorI aura vIra / sorI ne soriyapura (saryapura athavA sUrajapura, AgarA jile meM baTesara ke pAsa yamunA nadI ke kinAre) aura vIra ne sovIra (siMdha ) kI sthApanA ko / sorI ke do santAna huI-aMdhakavRSNi aura bhojavRSNi / aMdhakavRSNi pahale soriya 1. unake nAma haiM-ayala, vijaya, bhadda, suppabha, sudaMsaNa, AnaMda, naMdana, pauma, rAma / 2. unake nAma haiM-tiviThTha, diviThTha, saMyabhU , purisuttama, purisasIha, purisapuMDarIya, datta, nArAyaNa aura kRSNa / 3. unake nAma haiM-azvagrIva, tAraka, meraka, madhukaiTabha, nisuMbha, bali, prahlAda, rAvaNa, jarAsaMdha / 4. 41 ityaadi| 5. dekhie vAsudevahiMDI, pR0 240-45; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 255-a| 6. dekhie vasudevahiMDI; uttarAdhyayanasUtra 22 / 7. brAhmaNa paramparA meM aMdhaka aura vRSNi ko paraspara bhAI batAyA gayA hai| dekhie vedika iNDaiksa 2, pR0 286 Adi; rAyacaudhurI, poliTikala hisTrI Ava aiziyeMTa iMDiyA pR0 118 / tathA bauddha paramparA ke lie dekhiye!

Page #522
pariziSTa 2 501 pura' meM rAjya karate the, phira dvArakA meM rAjya karane lage / aMdhakavRSNi ke dasa putra ( jo dazAra - dazAha kahe jAte the ) the aura kuntI aura mAdrI nAma kI do putriyAM / dazArha rAjAoM meM samudravijaya pramukha the, bAkI ke nAma haiM akkhobha, thimia, sAgara, himava, ayala, dharaNa, pUraNa, abhicaMda aura vasudeva / pahale ve mathurA meM rAjya karate the, bAda meM jarAsaMgha ke bhaya se dvArakA cale Aye / bhojavRSNi ke ugrasena aura devaka nAma ke do putra the | bhogakula meM utpanna ugrasena ke baMdhu, subaMdhu, kaMsa aura rAyamatI (rAjomatI ) Adi, tathA devaka ke devakI nAma kI santAna huI | udhara, aMdhakavRSNi ke putra samudravijaya ke ariSTanemi aura rathanemi do putra hue| aMdhakavRSNi ke dUsare putra vasudeva the / unake vAsudeva, baladeva, jarAkumAra, akUra, sAraMga, suhadAraMga, aNAhiTThI, siddhattha, gayasukumAla Adi santAneM huIM / kRSNa ne pajjurANa, saMba, bhAnu, ghaTajAtaka ( 454) / jaina TIkAkAroM ne aMdhakavRSNi zabda kI vicitra vyutpattiyAM dI haiM - aMdhagavahiNoti aMhnipA - vRkSAsteSAM vahnayastadAzrayatvenetyaMhnipavahnayo bAdaratejaskAyikA ityarthaH / anye tvAhuH - aMdhakAH - aprakAzakAH sUkSma nAma karmodayAdye vahnayaste aMdhakavahnayo jIvAH, vyAkhyAprajJaptiTIkA 18.3, pRSTha 745-a / 1 - kalpasUtra TIkA 6, pR0 171 / 2 - antaHkRddazA 1, pR05 / 3 - dazAra rAjAoM kA varNana baMdhadazA ke cauthe adhyAya meM diyA gayA hai, yaha Agama Ajakala anupalabdha hai, sthAnAMga 10.755 / saMyuttanikAya 2, 20.7.7, pR0 222 meM unheM kSatriyoM kA eka varga kahA hai / dvaghoSa ke anusAra ve anAja kA dasavAM hissA grahaNa karane ke kAraNa dazArha kahe jAte the, saMyuktanikAyaTIkA 2, pR0 227 / tathA dekhie mahAbhArata 2.40.5 / 4. dazavaikAlika cUrNI, pR0 41 / 5. vahI, pR0 88 / dazavaikAlikasUtra ( 2.8 ) meM rAjImatI ne apane Apako bhogarAja kI kanyA batAyA hai aura haribhadrasUri ne bhogarAja aura ugrasena ko eka mAnA hai / 6. haribhadrasUri ne dazavaikAlikasUtra kI TokA ( 28 ) meM aMdhakabRSNa aura samudravijaya ko eka svIkAra kiyA hai, jaba ki uttarAdhyayana sUtra ( 22.4 ) meM ariSTanemi ko samudravijaya kI santAna mAnA hai /

Page #523
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja subhAnu Adi ko, tathA baladeva ne sumuhakumAra, dummuha, kUvadAraya, nisaTa kujjavAraa, aura DhaMDha Adi ko janma diyA / " 502 vasudeva ke do rAniyAM thIM, eka devako aura dUsarI rohiNI / devakI se kRSNa aura rohiNI se baladeva paidA hue| jarAkumAra ko kRSNa kA jyeSTha bhrAtA kahA gayA hai; vaha kRSNa ke vadha kA kAraNa huA / pAMDumathurA ke zAsaka paMca pAMDavoM ne dIkSA grahaNa karate samaya jarAkumAra ko rAjasiMhAsana para baiThAyA / jarAkumAra ke prapautra kA nAma jitazatru batAyA gayA hai / vaha vRSNikumAra sasaa aura bhasa nAma ke apane do putroM ke sAtha vaNavAsI meM rAjya karatA thA / kaMsa mathurA ke rAjA ugrasena kA putra thaa| jaba vaha paidA huA to use bhAgyahIna jAnakara eka sandUka meM rakha yamunA nadI meM bahA diyA gayA / soriya ke kisI vyApArI ke hAtha meM vaha par3A aura usane use rAjagRha ke rAjA jarAsaMdha ko sauMpa diyA / jarAsaMdha ne apanI kanyA jIvayazA se usakA vivAha kara diyA / kaMsa mathurA meM Akara rahane lagA; usane ugrasena ko baMdI banA liyA aura vaha mathurA kA rAjA bana baiThA / laghu kahate haiM ki eka bAra jIvayazA vasudeva ko patnI devakI ko apane kaMdhe para baiThAkara bar3e garva se nRtya kara rahI thI / itane meM kaMsa ke bhrAtA muni atimuktakakumAra ko Ate hue dekhakara, usane unheM bhI apane sAtha nRtya karane ke lie khaa| isa para atimuktakakumAra ne bhaviSyavANI kI ki devakI ke sAtaveM putra ke hAtha se kaMsa kA vadha hogA / yaha sunakara kaMsa ne vasudeva kI sAtoM santAnoM ko pahale se hI mAMga liyA | usane devakI ko chahoM santAnoM ko mAra DAlA | lekina 1. dekhie vasudevahiMDI, pR0 77-78 Adi; 110 Adi; 357 Adi; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 22 - 1 Adi, pR0 37, 39, 45 - a; antaHkRddazA 3, pR0 8, 22; kalpasUtraTIkA 6, pR0 172 - 78; nirayAvaliyAo 5 / 2. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 2, pR0 36 - a Adi / 3. vahI, pR0 42 a / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 4.5255 Adi / 5. dUsarI paramparA ke anusAra, devakI ne ATha putroM ko janma diyA, jinameM se chaha ko hariNegameSI ne bhadrilapura kI sulasA ke mRta putroM se badala diyA / sAtaveM putra kA nAma kRSNa vAsudeva aura AThaveM kA nAma gajasuku

Page #524
pariziSTa 2 503 jaba usake sAtavIM santAna paidA huI to devako ne jhaTa se nanda kI patnI yazodA kI kanyA se use badala liyaa| Age calakara kRSNa bar3e hue aura unhoMne kaMsa kA badha kiyaa| apane jamAI kA vadha sunakara jarAsaMdha ko bahuta krodha AyA / isa samaya jarAsaMdha ke bhaya se samudravijaya, kRSNa, balarAma, nemi Adi yAdavakumAra mathurA ke pazcima meM cale gaye, aura yahAM kRSNa kI patnI satyabhAmA ke bhAnu aura sabhAnu nAmaka putroM ne dvArakA ko basAyA / jarAsaMdha ne apanI senA ke sAtha dvArakA ko kUca kiyA aura yahAM kRSNa ke hAthoM usakA vadha huA / ___ kRSNa ke aneka mahiSiyAM thIM jinameM ATha mukhya batAyI gayI haiN| inameM ugrasena kI kanyA satyabhAmA unakI pahalI rAnI thI jisane bhAna aura subhAna ko janma diyaa| dUsaro rAnI padmAvato rAjA rudhira ko kanyA thii| tIsarI gaurI votibhaya ke rAjA meru kI, cauthI gAMdhArI puSkalAvatI ke rAjA nagnajit ko, pAMcavIM lakSaNA siMhaladvIpa ke rAjA hiraNyaloma kI, chaThI sasImA arakkhuro ke rAjA rASTravadhana kI, sAtavoM jAMbavatI jaMbavanta ke rAjA jamavanta kI, tathA AThavoM rukmiNI kuMDinI. pura ke rAjA bhISmaka kI kanyA thii| jAMbavatI ke garbha se saMba, aura rukmiNI ke garbha se pradyumna ( pajjunna ) kA janma huaa|" samudravijaya aura zivAdevI ke putra ariSTanemi kRSNa vAsudeva ke cacere bhAI the / yAdavoM ko ve atyanta priya the| eka bAra kI bAta hai ve kRSNa kI AyudhazAlA meM gaye aura unhoMne dhanaSa para bANa rakhakara chor3a diyA, jisase samasta pRthvI kAMpa uttho| phira unhoMne kRSNa kA pAMcajanya zaMkha phUMkA / yaha dekhakara kRSNa ko bhaya huA ki kahIM ve unake rAjya ko haraNa na kara leM / baladeva ne unheM samajhAyA bhI ki ve tIrthakara mAla rakkhA gayA / gajasukumAla ne kumAra avasthA meM hI zramaNa dIkSA grahaNa kI, anta:kRddazA 3 / 1. vasudevahiMDI pR0 368 Adi; kalpasUtraTIkA 6, pR0 173 aadi| . 2. kalpasUtraTIkA 6, pR0 176 Adi / brAhmaNa paramparA ke lie dekhie rAyacaudhurI, vahI, pR0 116 / 3. jJAtRdharmakathA 5, pR0 68 / 4. praznavyAkaraNa 4, pR0 88 meM hiraNyanAbha nAma diyA gayA hai| 5. dekhie sthAnAMga 8.627; vasudevahiMDI pR0 78 Adi 82, 64, 98 /

Page #525
504 . jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja haiM aura Apa vAsudeva, ataeva donoM meM yuddha ko saMbhAvanA nahIM hai lekina kRSNa ne ise svIkAra na kiyA / phalasvarUpa donoM meM bAhuyaddha huA jisameM kRSNa ko hAra mAnanI pdd'ii| - Age calakara ariSTanemi ne zramaNa dokSA grahaNa kI aura sAdhuavasthA meM ve vicaraNa karane lge| eka bAra janapada vihAra karate hue ariSTanemi dvArakA pdhaare| kRSNa vAsudeva apane parivAra sahita unake darzana ke lie gye| unhoMne prazna kiyA-"bhagavan , marakara maiM kahAM utpanna hoU~gA ?" ariSTanemi ne uttara diyA- "surA, agni aura dvIpAnaya RSi ke kopa se dvArakA kA nAza hogaa| tatpazcAt mAtA-pitA aura sage-sambandhiyoM se rahita baladeva ke sAtha, yudhiSThira Adi pAMca pANDavoM ke pAMDumathurA cale jAne para, tuma kozAmra vana meM, nyagrodha vRkSa ke nIce, eka zilApaTTa para pIta vastra pahane hue, jarAkumAra ke tIkSNa bANa se ghAyala hokara tIsare naraka jaaoge| vahAM se AgAmI utsarpiNI kAla meM, puNDra janapada meM amama nAma ke bArahaveM tIrthaMkara hokara nirvANa prApta kroge|" bhaviSyavANI sunakara kRSNa vAsudeva ko bahuta ciMtA huii| jarAkumAra ke Upara yAdava najara rakhane lage aura ve vanavAsa ko cale gaye / kRSNa ne dvArakA meM praveza karate ho nagarI meM ghoSaNA karA do ki surA ko kAdamba vana meM pheMka dI jaaye| rAjakarmacAriyoM ne phaurana hI AjJA kA pAlana kiyA / kadamba vana meM par3e rahane ke kAraNa yaha surA kAdambarI nAma se kaho jAne lago aura chaha mAsa meM pakakara svAdiSTa bana gyii| isa surA kA saMba Adi kumAroM ne pAna kiyA aura usake mada se unmatta ho unhoMne tapazcaraNa meM lIna dvIpAyana RSi kI khUba marammata ko| yaha samAcAra jaba kRSNa vAsudeva ke pahu~cA to baladeva ko lekara ve RSi ko manAne ke lie phuNce| lekina RSi krodha se santapta ho uThe the| unhoMne kahA-'tuma donoM ko chor3akara dvArakA ko jalA DAlane ko maiMne pratijJA ko hai, aba use koI nahIM roka sktaa|" dvIpAyana RSi kA upadrava Arambha ho gyaa| kRSNa ne prajA se tapa, upavAsa Adi meM saMlagna rahane kA anurodha kiyA aura ghoSaNA karA dI ki jo koI jina-dIkSA lenA cAhatA ho, usake kuTumba Adi kA pAlana-poSaNa, rAjya kI ora se kiyA jaaygaa| isa samaya 1. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 22, pR0 278-a /

Page #526
'pariziSTa 2 505 pajjunna, nisaDha, suya, sAraNa, saMba Adi yAdava kumAroM tathA rukmiNI aura anya kumAriyoM ne dokSA grahaNa ko / dvIpAyana RSi marakara agnikumAra devoM meM utpanna hue | unhoMne dvArakA ko jalAnA Arambha kara diyaa| dekhate-dekhate nagarI prajvalita ho uttho| kRSNa vAsudeva aura baladeva apane mAtA-pitA ko lene pahu~ce / unhoMne una donoM ko ratha para baiThA liyA, lekina ve svayaM jalane lge| isa bIca meM baladeva ke prANapriya carama dehadhAro kujavAraa ko devatAgaNa pahnava deza meM livA le gye| dvArakA chaha mAsa taka jalato raho / kRSNa vAsudeva aura baladeva ne pANDavoM ke pAsa dakSiNa samudra ke kinAre para sthita pAMDu mathurA jAne kA irAdA kiyaa| donoM saurASTra hote hue hathikappa (hAthaba, bhAvanagara ke pAsa ) nagara ke bAhara Aye | isa samaya kRSNa ko bahuta jora kI pyAsa lgii| baladeva apane bhAI ke lie jala lene gaye / kRSNa kauzeya vastra or3ha kara so gye| isa bIca meM bhramaNa karate hue jarAkumAra vahAM A pahu~ce / unhoMne hariNa samajha kara sote hue kRSNa ke Upara bANa calA diyA jo unake marma-sthAna meM jAkara lgaa| kRSNa ke vakSasthala para kaustubha maNi dekhakara jarAkumAra ko atyanta duHkha aa| unhoMne apane aparAdha ko kSamA maaNgo| lekina aba kyA ho sakatA thA ? isa bIca meM baladeva bhI jala lekara lauTe | apane priya bhrAtA ke mRta zarIra ko kaMdhe para uThAye ve bahuta dinoM taka phirate rahe / anta meM baladeva tuMgiyA pavata para pahuMcakara tapa meM lIna ho gye| kRSNa ko mRtyu kA samAcAra sunakara pAMDavAM ko atyanta duHkha huaa| jarAkumAra ko apanA rAjya sauMpa kara unhoMne zramaNa dokSA grahaNa kii|' ___ rAjA drupada kAMpilyapura meM rAjya karate the| apanI kanyA draupadI ke svayaMbara ke samaya unhoMne dUra-dUra ke rAjA-mahArAjAoM ko Amantrita kiyA / dvArakA se kRSNa vAsudeva, baladeva, ugrasena Adi, hastinApura se pAMca pANDavoM sameta paMDu rAjA, zuktimato ke rAjA damaghoSa aura unake putra zizuSAla, hastizISa ke rAjA damadaMta, rAjagRha ke rAjA jarAsaMdha ke putra sahadeva tathA kauDinya ke rAjA bhoSmaka ke putra rukmI Adi aneka rAjA-mahArAjAoM ne svayaMvara meM 1. antaHkRddazA pR0 27-9; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA pR0 39 /

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506 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja sammilita ho samAroha kI zobhA bddh'aaii| paMDurAjA kA vivAha aMdhakavRSNi kI kanyA kuMtI aura damaghoSa kA vivAha mAdrI se huA thaa| kauDinya ke rAjA bhISmaka kI kanyA zizupAla ko do gayI thI, lekina kRSNa ne usakA apaharaNa kara use apanI mahiSI banA liyA / " mahAvIra ke samakAlIna rAjA-mahArAjA rAjA zreNika zreNika ko seniya, bhaMbhasAra athavA bhibhisAra bho kahA gayA hai| kahate haiM ki rAjA prasenajit ke kAla meM kuzAyapura meM prAya: Aga laga jAyA karatI thI / eka bAra rAjA ke rasoiye kI asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa rAjamahala meM Aga laga gyii| Aga ke upadrava se bhayabhIta ho saba rAjakumAra mahala chor3akara bhaage| jaldI-jaldI meM koI hAthI, koI ghor3A aura koI maNimuktA lekara bhAgA, lekina zreNika ke hAtha eka saMbhA ( eka vAdya) AI aura ve use hI lekara calate bne| rAjA prasenajit " ke pUchane para unhoMne uttara diyA ki vaha vijaya kA cihna hai / taba se zreNika biMbasAra ke nAma se kahe jAne lage / jaina paramparA meM zreNika ko bhagavAn mahAvIra kA bhakta kahA gayA hai| mahAvIra se pUche hue unake kitane ho praznoM ke uttara jaina AgamoM meM surakSita haiN| unheM rAjasiMha (rAyasIha ) kahA gayA hai, " vAhiya kula meM unhoMne janma liyA thA / " 1. jJAtRdharmakathA 16 / bauddha paramparA ke lie dekhie kuNAlajAtaka ( 536 ) / 2. zAtRdharmakathA, vahI / 3. sUtrakRtAMga 3.1, pR0 79 / 4. jJAtRdharmakathA 16, pR0 178; praznavyAkaraNaTIkA 4, pR0 87 a / 5. bauddhadharma ke anusAra, vaha kosala kA rAjA thA aura magadha samrAT bisAra kA par3osI thA, majjhimanikAya, aMgulimAlasuttaMta / 6. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 158 / udAna kI TIkA paramatthadIpanI pR0 104 ke anusAra zreNika ke pAsa bahuta bar3I senA thI, athavA vaha seniya gotra kA thA, isalie seniya kahA jAtA thA / biMci ( sunaharA ) varNa kA hone ke kAraNa usakA nAma biMbisAra par3A / 7. uttarAdhyayanasUtra 20.58 / 8. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 165 /

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pariziSTa 2 . 507 rAjA zreNika kI teIsa rAniyoM ke nAma milate haiN| kahate haiM ki zreNika meM yuvarAja ke samasta guNa maujUda the, phira bhI usakA pitA use rAjapada nahIM detA thaa| yaha dekhakara zreNika ko cintA huI aura vaha bhAgakara venyAtaTa calA gayA / yahA~ usane kiso vaNika kI kanyA nandA se vivAha kara liyaa| kucha samaya bAda naMdA (athavA sunaMdA) garbhavatI huI aura zreNika rAjagRha lauTa gyaa| bAda meM naMdA kA pitA apanI kanyA ko lekara rAjagRha AyA aura yahAM naMdA ne abhayakumAra ko janma diyaa| Age calakara yaho abhayakumAra zreNika kA eka salAhakAra priya maMtrI banA / dhAriNI rAjA zreNika kI dUsarI rAnI thI, usake garbha se meghakumAra kA janma huaa| abhayakumAra meghakumAra ke janma ke samaya maujUda the| isakA vistRta varNana jJAtRdharmakathA ke prathama adhyayana meM AtA hai / cellaNA zreNika ko tIsarI rAnI thii| vaha vaizAlI ke gaNarAjA ceTaka kI sabase choTo kanyA thii| abhayakumAra ko sahAyatA se zreNika use cupacApa vaizAlI se apahRta karake lAyA thaa| apagatagaMdhA 1. nadA, naMdamaI, naMduttarA, naMdaseNiyA, maruyA, sumaruyA, mahamaruyA, marudevA, bhaddA, subhaddA, sujAtA, sumaNAiyA, bhUyadinnA, kAlI, sukAlI, mahAkAlI, kaNhA, sukaNhA, mahAkaNhA, vIrakaNhA, rAmakaNhA, piuseNakaNhA aura mahAseNakaNhA, antaHkRddazA 7, pR0 43 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 546; haribhadra, AvazyakaTIkA pR0 417-a / mUlasarvAstivAda jilda 3, bhAga 2, pR0 20 Adi ke anusAra abhayakumAra rAjA biMbisAra aura aMbApAli kA avaidha putra thaa| dUsarI paramparA ke anusAra, abhayakumAra ujjayinI kI gagikA padmAvatI kA putra thA, therIgAthA kI aTakathA, pR0 31-41 / majjhimanikAya ke abhayarAjakumArasutrAMta ke anusAra, vaha mahAvIra kA ziSya thA, lekina bAda meM vaha bauddhadharma kA anuyAyI bana gayA thA / 3. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 165 Adi / cellaNA vaidehI bhI kahI gayI hai| usakI bar3I bahana kA nAma sujyeSThA thA / bauddha paramparA meM unheM kramazaH celA aura upacelA kahA gayA hai| donoM licchaviyoM ke senApati siMha kI kanyAeM aura bibisAra ke mantrI gopa kI bhatIjiyAM thIM, dekhie mUlasarvAstivAda kA vinayavastu, pR0 12 Adi / pAli sAhitya meM kosalAdevI ( jAtaka 3, 283, pR0 123 ) ora khemA ( aMguttaranikAya kI aTThakathA manorathapUraNI 1, pR0 342 ) ko rAjA zreNika kI rAniyAM batAyA hai| kosalAdevI ajAtazatru kI mAtA thii|

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508 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja nAma kI zreNika kI eka anya rAnI kA ullekha AtA hai / ' ___ AvazyakacUrNI ke anusAra zreNika ke aneka putra the / anuttaropapAtikadazA (1) meM zreNika ke nimnalikhita dasa putroM ke nAma Ate haiMjAli, mayAli, uvayAli, purisaseNa, vAriseNa, dohadaMta, laTTadaMta, vehalla, vehAyasa aura abhayakumAra | inameM se pahale sAta dhAriNo, vehalla (athavA halla) aura vehAyasa ( athavA vihalla) cellaNA aura abhayakumAra naMdA ko kokha se paidA hue the| ukta Agama ke dUsare prakaraNa meM dohasena, mahAsena, laTThadaMta, gUDhadaMta, suddhadaMta, halla, duma, dumaseNa, mahAdumaseNa, sIhaseNa, mahAsIhaseNa aura puNNaseNa kA ullekha milatA hai| ina saba putroM ne jaina dokSA dhAraNa kara nirvANa-pada prApta kiyaa| kAla, sukAla, mahAkAla, kaNha, sukaNha, mahAkaNha, vIrakaNha, rAmakaNha, seNakaNha mahAseNakaNha nAma ke zreNika ke anya putra batAye gaye haiM, jo kAlI, sukAlI, mahAkAlI Adi rAniyoM se paidA hue the / kAla Adi dasa rAjakumAroM kA rAjA kuNika ke sAtha milakara, vaizAlI ke gaNarAjA ceTaka se yuddha karane kA ullekha milatA hai / " naMdiseNa aura kUNika (ajAtazatra ) zreNika ke anya putra the| naMdiseNa ke sambandha meM vizeSa jAnakArI nahIM miltii| hama kevala itanA ho jAnate haiM ki vaha zreNika ke priya hastI secanaka ko anuzAsana meM rakhatA thA aura usane jaina dIkSA grahaNa kara lI thii|' rAjA kUNika (ajAtazatru ) kUNika rAjA zreNika kA dUsarA putra thaa| halla aura vihalla usake sage bhAI the| tInoM rAnI cellaNA se paidA hue the| kUNika ko azokacandra, vajividehaputta athavA videhaputta bhI kahA gayA hai| kahate haiM ki jaba kUNika paidA huA to use nagara ke bAhara eka kUr3I para chor3a diyA gayA / vahA~ usakI kana uMgalI meM eka murga ko pUMcha se coTa laga gayo, aura isa samaya se vaha kaNika kahA jAne lgaa| dUsaro paramparA ke 1. nizIthacUrNI prIThikA, pR0 17 / / 2. 2, pR0 167 / 3. niryaavliyaao1| 4. vahI 2 / 5. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 171; vahI, pR0 559 / 6. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 166 /

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pariziSTa 2 509 anusAra, usake janma ke pazcAt jisa asogavaNiyA ( azoka vana ) meM kUNika ko chor3A gayA thA, vaha prakAzita ho uThI isase vaha azokacandra nAma se kahA jAne lagA | vyAkhyAprajJapti meM kUNika ko vajjo - videha putra kahA hai / isakA kAraNa thA ki usako mAtA cellaNA videha vaMza kI thii| AcArya hemacandra ne isa paramparA kA samarthana kiyA hai / aupapAtikasUtra meM * rAjA kUNika ko atyanta vizuddha, pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI se cale Ane vAle rAjakula meM utpanna, rAjA ke lakSaNoM se sampanna, bahujanoM dvArA saMmAnya, sarvaguNoM se samRddha, rAjyAbhiSikta, dayAlU, bhavanazayana-Asana-yAna aura vAhana se saMyukta, bahuta dhana-suvarNa aura rUpa se sampanna, dhanopArjana ke aneka upAyoM kA jJAtA, bahujanoM ko bhojana aura dAna dene vAlA, tathA aneka dAsa-dAsoM-go-mahiSa aura koSa- koSThAgAra-AyudhAgAra se samRddha batAyA hai| kUNika ne apane antaHpura kI rAniyoM sameta atyanta zraddhA aura bhaktibhAva pUrvaka kisa prakAra apane dala-bala sahita zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke darzana ke lie prasthAna kiyA, isakA sarasa aura vistRta varNana ukta sUtra meM diyA gayA hai / rAnI cehaNA dvArA rAjA zreNika ke mAMsa bhakSaNa karane ke dohada kA ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai| janma ke pazcAt jaba kUNika ko dAsI dvArA kUr3I para chur3avA diyA gayA to zreNika ne use vApasa ma~gavA liyA | lekina bar3e hone para kUNika ko icchA huI ki vaha zreNika ko mArakara svayaM rAjasiMhAsana para baiThe / usane kAla, sukAla Adi dasa rAjakumAroM ko bulavAyA aura unake sAmane prastAva rakkhA ki rAjA zreNika kA vadha kara hama loga usakA rAjya, rASTra, bala, vAhana, koSa, koSThAgAra aura janapada gyAraha bhAgoM meM bA~Ta lage / rAjakumAroM ne kUNika kA prastAva svIkAra kara liyA / eka dina avasara pAkara kUNika ne rAjA zreNika ko giraphtAra karA, kArAgRha meM DalavA diyA, aura rAjyAbhiSeka pUrvaka apane Apako rAjA 1. vahI / 2. 7.9 ttiikaa| bauddhasUtroM meM bhI ajAtazatru ko vedehiputta kahA hai / buddhaghoSa ne isa zabda kI vicitra vyutpatti dI hai : veda - iha, vedena ihati iti vedehi arthAt buddhijanya prayatna karanevAlA, dIghanikAya kI aTThakathA 1, pR0 139 / 3. 6, Adi, pR0 20 Adi /

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510 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja ghoSita kara diyA / usane 'pratidina pUrvAhna aura aparAhna meM zreNika ko sau kor3e mArane kA hukma diyA aura usakA bhojana-pAna banda kara diyA / cellaNA taka usase milane nahIM jA sakatI thI / bAda meM kahane-sunane para jaba usane cellaNA ko milane kI AjJA do to vaha apane kezoM ko surA meM bhiMgokara, unameM kulmASa chipAkara le jAtI thI | kArAgRha meM pahu~cakara vaha apane kezoM ko sau bAra jala se dhotI aura usakA pAna kara zreNika zakti prApta karatA / " eka dina kI bAta hai, kUNika apanI mAtA ke pAdavaMdana ke lie gayA | mA~ ko ciMtita dekha usane ciMtA kA kAraNa puuchaa| mA~ ne uttara diyA - "beTA, jaba tumane apane pitA ko jA tumheM jI-jAna se pyAra karatA thA, kaida kara rakkhA hai to mujhe kaise acchA laga sakatA hai ?" kUNika ne kahA- "vaha to mujhe jAna se mAra DAlanA cAhatA thA, phira tuma usake sneha kI kyA bAta karatI ho ?" isa para rAnI ne kUNika ke bacapana ko bAta sunAyI ki kisa taraha usake pitA ne use kUr3o para se uThAkara ma~gavAyA aura kisa prakAra vaha usakI uMgalI kI vedanA zAMta karane ke lie usakI pIpa cUsa letA thA / yaha sunakara kUNika ko 1. nirayAvaliyAo 1; AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 171 / bauddha mAnyatA ke anusAra, ajAtazatru ne apane pitA ko tApanageha meM rakkhA thA jahAM ki kevala usakI mAtA hI usase milane jA sakatI thI / Arambha meM vaha bhojana ko apane kezoM meM chipAkara le jAtI thI, bAda meM sunahale jUtoM meM rakhakara le jAne lagI / usake bAda vaha apane zarIra meM sugandhita jala cupar3ane lagI; zreNika ise apanI jIbha se cATa letA / lekina ise bhI banda kara diyA gayA, aura ajAtazatru ne apane naukaroM ko zra eNika ke pAMvoM ko cIrakara unheM namaka aura tela dvArA Aga para pakAne kA Adeza diyA / zreNika kA prANAMta ho gayA / isa samaya ajAtazatru ko putrotpatti kA samAcAra milA / samAcAra sunakara vaha atyanta prasanna huA / prasanna hokara usane apane pitA ko jela se chor3a dene kA hukma sunAyA, lekina aphasosa ki vaha aba isa duniyA meM nahIM thA, dIghanikAyaaTThakathA, 1, pR0 135 Adi / 2. dUsarI mAnyatA ke anusAra, eka bAra, kUNika aura rAnI padmAvatI ke putra udAyI ne, kUNika ke bhojana karate samaya, usakI thAlI meM mUta diyA / lekina utane hisse ko chor3akara kUNika bhojana karatA rahA / apanI mA~ se usane kahA--'mAM, kyA kisI aura kA bhI putra itanA pyArA hogA ?' yaha sunakara

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pariziSTa 2 511 apane kiye hue para atyanta saMtApa huA / vaha parazu hAtha meM lekara apane pitA ke baMdhana kATane ke lie calA / lekina zreNika ne samajhA ki vaha use mArane A rahA hai| yaha socakara, vaha tAlapuTa viSa khAkara mara gayA / apane pitA kI mRtyu kA samAcAra sunakara kUNika ko bahuta duHkha huA, aura rAjagRha chor3akara vaha campA meM Akara rahane lgaa| rAjA kUNika aba nizcita hokara rAjya karane lagA thaa| lekina apane sage jur3avAM bhAI halla aura vihalla kI ora se use abhI bhI bhaya banA rahatA thA / bAta yaha thI ki rAjA zraNika ne apanI jIvata avasthA meM hI apanA suprasiddha secanaka gandhahasti aura aThAraha lar3I kA kImatI hAra halla aura vihalla ko de diyA thaa| vihallakumAra apanI deviyoM ke sAtha hAthI para savAra ho gaMgA para jAtA, vahAM hAtho deviyoM ke sAtha bhAMti-bhAMti kI kror3Ae~ kara unakA manoraMjana karatA / yaha dekhakara kUNika kI rAnI padmAvatI ko bahuta IrSyA huI aura usane secanaka hAthI kI mAMga kii| ___ eka dina kUNika ne vihalla ko bulAkara usase hAthI aura hAra lauTAne ko khaa| lekina isake badale bihalla ne kUNika se Adha, rAjya maaNgaa| jaba kUNika ne rAjya denA svIkAra na kiyA to halla aura vihalla donoM bhAga kara apane nAnA ceTaka ke pAsa vaizAlI cale gaye / kUNika ne dUta bhejakara unheM lauTAne ke lie kahalavAyA, lekina koI pariNAma nahIM huaa| ceTaka ne uttara diyA ki usake liye donoM barAbara haiM, ataeva vaha kisI kA pakSapAta nahIM kara sktaa| Akhira donoM ora se yuddha Thana gayA / kUNika ne kAla, sukAla Adi dasa kumAroM ko sAtha le vaizAlI ko ghera liyaa| udhara se kAzI ke usakI mAM ne usake bacapana kI sArI bAteM use sunAyauM, aura use pitRdrohI batAyA, AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 172 / 1. nirayAvali 1; AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 171 / . 2. kUNika kI anya rAniyoM meM dhAriNI aura subhadrA Adi ke nAma Ate haiM, aupapAtika 7, pR0 23, 23, pR0 144 | 3. eka dUsarI paramparA ke anusAra cellaNA kUNika ke lie gur3a ke, aura illa vihalla ke lie khAMr3a ke laDDU bhejA karatI thI jisase kUNika apane bhAiyoM se IrSyA karane lagA, vahI, pR0 167 / /

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512 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja nau mallaki aura kozala ke nau licchavi rAjA A gaye / donoM ora se ghamAsAna yuddha huA / kAla, sukAla Adi kumAra mAre gye| anta meM vajIvidehaputta kaNika kI jaya huI tathA ceTaka hAra gyaa| ceTaka apane gale meM lohe ko pratimA laTakA kue~ meM kUda par3A aura vaizAlInivAsI nepAla jAkara rahane lge| halla aura vihalla ne mahAvIra ke pAsa jaina dIkSA grahaNa kara lI / kahate haiM ki timisaguhAvAsI kisI deva se Ahata ho kUNika kI mRtyu ho gayI aura mara kara vaha chaThe naraka meM gayA / mantrI abhayakumAra ___ abhayakumAra rAjA zreNika kA dUsarA putra thaa| zreNika kA vaha atyanta vizvAsabhAjana thA, aura pradhAna mantrI ke pada para vaha niyukta thA / usakI buddhimattA aura pratyutpannamati kI aneka kathAe~ jaina Agama granthoM meM milatI haiN|.. zreNika kA anya parivAra zreNika ke kanyAe~ bhI thiiN| apanI eka kanyA kA vivAha usane rAjagRha ke nivAsI kRtapuNya ke putra se kiyA thA, jisane magaramaccha se secanaka hAthI kI rakSA kI thii| zreNika ko senA nAma kI eka bahana kA bhI ullekha AtA hai| kisI vidyAdhara ke sAtha usakA vivAha huA thaa| senA ne kanyA ko janma diyA, aura usakI mAM kI mRtyu ke bAda use zreNika ke pAsa bheja diyA gyaa| Age calakara maMtrI abhayakumAra ke sAtha usakA vivAha huaa| 1. bauddhoM kI majjhimanikAya kI aTThakathA meM batAyA hai ki licchaviyoM ke peTa meM jo kucha jAtA, vaha Ara-pAra dikhAyI detA thA, jaise ki koI vastu mANa ke pAtra meM rakkhI ho, ataH ve loga nicchavi (licchavI = pAradarzaka ) kahe jAne lage / jJAtRdharmakathA ke TIkAkAra abhayadeva ne licchavI kA artha 'lipsavaH' ( vaNika ) kiyA hai| donoM hI vyutpattiyAM vAstavikatA se dUra haiN| 2. nirayAvali 1; AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 164-74; vyAkhyAprajJapti 7.9; vyavahArabhASya 10.535 Adi / bauddha paramparA meM ajAtazatru aura licchaviyoM ke yuddha ke lie dekhie dIghanikAya, mahAparinivvANasutta aura usakI aTThakathA | 3. AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 468 / 4. vahI 2, pR0 468 / bauddha paramparA ke anusAra seniya biMbisAra ne 52 varSa taka rAjya kiyA, mahAvaMza 2.30; bI0 sI0 lAhA, sama aiMziyeMTa iDiyana kiMgsa, buddhisTa sTaDIz2a, pR0 186 Adi /

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pariziSTa 1 513 rAjA udAyI rAjA kUNika ko mRtyu ke pazcAt usakA putra udAyo rAjagaddo para baitthaa| campA chor3akara vaha pATaliputra Akara rahane lagA thaa| usake koI santAna nahIM thii|' zreNika aura kUNika jaisA prabhAvazAlI vaha nahIM thaa| usake sAtha zizunAga vaMza ke rAjAoM kI paramparA hI samApta ho gyo| mahAvIra kA rAjagharAnoM se sambandha vaizAlI kA gaNarAjA ceTaka haihayavaMzI rAjA ceTaka vaizAlI meM rAjya karatA thA / kAzIkozala ke aThAraha gaNarAjA usake adhIna the| ceTaka kI bahana trizalA bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mA~ thii| usake sAta kanyAeM thIM jo prAyaH rAjagharAnoM meM byAhI thii| usakI kanyA prabhAvatI kA vivAha votibhaya ke rAjA udrAyaNa ke sAtha, zivA kA ujjaino ke rAjA pradyota ke sAtha, mRgAvatI kA kauzAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka ke sAtha, jyeSThA kA mahAvIra ke jyeSTha bhrAtA kuMDagrAmavAsI nandivardhana ke sAtha, padmAvatI kA campA ke rAjA dadhivAhana ke sAtha aura sabase choTI cellaNA kA rAjagRha ke rAjA zreNika ke sAtha huA thA; sujyeSThA avivAhita ho rhii| siMdhu-sovora kA rAjA udrAyaNa sindhu-sovIra kA rAjA udrAyaNa eka zaktizAlo rAjA thaa| use solaha janapadoM aura taresaTha nagaroM kA zAsaka tathA dasa mukuTabaddha rAjAoM kA svAmI batAyA gayA hai / tApasoM kA yaha bhakta thaa| usakI rAnI prabhAvatI se abhotikumAra kA janma huaa| kahate haiM ki udrAyaNa ke mana meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke darzana karane kA vicAra paidA huA aura bhagavAna turata caMpA se Akara vahA~ svayaM upasthita ho gye| yahA~ unhoMne udrAyaNa ko apane dharma meM dIkSita kiyA / udrAyaNa rAjarSi 1. nirayAvali 1; AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 179 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 164 / digambara vidvAn hariSeNa ke bRhatkathAkoza 97.36 ke anusAra ceTaka kI rAnI kA nAma subhadrA thA, usake sAta kanyAe~ thiiN| 3. vyAkhyAprajJapti 13.6 / 33 jai0

Page #535
514 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja ke nAma se vikhyAta the| zramaNa-dharma meM dIkSita hone vAle mukuTabaddha rAjAoM meM ve antima rAjA gine gaye haiN|' .. putra ke rahate hue bho, apane bhAnaje kezokumAra ko rAjasiMhAsana para baiThAne ke kAraNa abhotikumAra ko acchA na lgaa| ruSTa hokara vaha campA ke rAjA kUNika ke pAsa calA gayA aura vahAM rahane lgaa| isa bIca meM maukA pAkara kezo ne udrAyaNa ko daho meM viSa milAkara de diyA jisase usakA prANAnta ho gayA / 3 rAjA udrAyaNa eka kuzala yoddhA thA aura sAtha hI apanI Ana kA pakkA bhI / usake pAsa candananirmita mahAvIra kA eka sundara pratimA thI jisakI dekhabhAla devadattA nAma ko eka kubar3o dAsI kiyA karatI thii| eka bAra gaMdhAra kA koI zrAvaka pratimA ke darzana karane AyA / vaha devadattA se bahuta prasanna huA aura usane devadattA ko kucha goliyAM dI jinake khAne se vaha rUpavatI bana gayo / devadattA ne ujjayinI ke rAjA pradyota kA nAma suna rakkhA thaa| usane pradyota kA nAma smaraNa kara eka aura golo khA lo jisase pradyota apane nala gari hAtho para savAra hokara phaurana hI use lene A gyaa| devadattA apane rUpa ke kAraNa aba suvoMgulikA kahI jAne lgii| usane pradyota se candana ko pratimA bhI sAtha le calane kA kh|| subaha hone para udrAyaNa ko patA lagA ki na to vahA~ devadattA ho hai aura na pratimA ho| nalagiri 1. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 171 Adi / 2. vyAkhyAprajJapti 13.6 / / 3. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR. 36 / sthAnAMgaTokA, pR. 408-a; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 18, pR0 254-a / tulanA kojie divyAvadAna ( adhyAya 37) ke sAtha / bauddha paramparA ke anusAra, rudrAyana roruka kA rAjA thaa| usakI rAnI kA nAma candraprabhA aura putra kA nAma zikhaNDI thaa| kahate haiM ki rAjA biMvisAra ne rudrAyana ke pAsa buddha kI eka pratimA bhijavAI jisase ki vaha bauddha dharma se paricita ho sake / kucha samaya bAda candraprabhA ne pravrajyA grahaNa kara lI aura usakI mRtyu ho gyii| rudrAyana ne bhI pravrajyA le lii| rudrAyana ke pazcAt zikhaNDI rAjya kA svAmI banA / lekina usake maMtrI use ThIka-ThIka mArgadarzana nahIM karate the / yaha jAnakara rudrAyana apane putra ko salAha dene ke lie usake pAsa AyA lekina SaDyatra dvArA usakI hatyA kara dI gyii| tathA dekhie muni jinavijaya kA lekha, purAtatva 1, pR0 268 Adi / .

Page #536
pariziSTa 2 515 ke padacihna, usakI mUtra aura lIda dekhakara loga samajha gaye ki ujjayinI kA rAjA pradyota rAta meM cupacApa Akara donoM ko le gayA hai / udrAyaNa aura pradyota kA yuddha udrAyaNa ne pradyota ke pAsa dUta bhejakara kahalavAyA ki mujhe dAsI kI cintA nahIM, lekina pratimA lauTA do| lekina pradyota ne sunI anasunI kara dI / yaha dekhakara udrAyaNa ne apane dasa sAmanta rAjAoM ko sAtha le ujjayinI para car3hAI kara do| donoM ora se ghamAsAna yuddha hone lagA | pradyota hAra gayA aura udrAyaNa kI jota huI / eka paTTa para 'dAsopati' likhakara use pradyota ke mastaka para lagAyA gayA aura pradyota ko bandI banAkara votibhaya le Aye / kucha dina bAda, paryUSaNa ke avasara para udrAyaNa ne pradyota ke aparAdhoM ko kSamAkara use chor3a diyA / aura aba usakA mastaka suvarNapaTTa se vibhUSita kara diyA gayA | kahA jAtA hai ki isa samaya se rAjAoM ke mastaka ko paTTa se bhUSita karane kA rivAja cala par3A, isase pahale ve mukuTabaddha kahe jAte the / " campA kA rAjA dadhivAhana dadhivAhana apanI rAnI padmAvatI ke sAtha campA meM rAjya karatA thaa| jaba rAnI garbhavatI huI to vaha rAjA ke sAtha hAthI para savAra hokara vanakrIDA ke lie gayI / lekina hAthI jaMgala meM bhAga gayA aura rAjA ne vRkSa kI zAkhA pakar3akara kisI taraha apanI jAna bacAyI / udhara rAnI padmAvatI ne dantapura pahuMca kara dIkSA grahaNa kara lI / kucha samaya bAda usane eka putra ko janma diyA jisakA nAma karakaMDu rakkhA gayA | bar3A hokara karakaMDu kAMcanapura ke rAjasiMhAsana para baiThA, aura rAjA dadhivAhana ke sAtha usakA yuddha Thana gyaa| isa samaya padmAvatI ne bIca-bacAva karake kisI taraha yuddha rukavAyA / bAda meM dadhivAhana ne apanA rAjya karakaMDu ko sauMpakara zramaNa dIkSA grahaNa kii| 1. uttarAdhyayanaTokA 18, pR0 253 Adi; Adi / isa sambandha kI anya paramparAoM ke lie pR0 67, 123, 165 / 2. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 205 Adi; uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 9, pR0 132-a / AvazyakacUrNI, pR0 400 dekhie rAyacaudhurI, vahI,

Page #537
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja . rAjA zatAnIka kI campA para car3hAI eka bAra kI bAta hai, dadhivAhana ke jIte-jI kauzAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka ne campA para car3hAI kara dii| dadhivAhana ko senA hAra gayI tathA dadhivAhana kI kanyA vasumatI aura usakI rAnI dhAriNI zatAnIka ke eka U~Ta-savAra ke hAtha par3a gyo| U~Ta-savAra dhAriNI ko apanI patnI banAnA cAhatA thaa| donoM ko vaha kauzAmbI le aayaa| yahA~ Akara dhAriNo kA dehAnta ho gayA, aura vasumatI ko usane dhanadeva nAmaka vyApArI ke hAtha beca diyaa| vasumatI dhanadeva ke ghara rahane lagI, lekina dhanadeva ko patnI mUlA vasumato se bahuta ISyo karatI thii| usane vasumatI ke keza kaTavAkara use eka ghara meM banda kara diyaa| kucha samaya bAda usane mahAvIra bhagavAna kA abhigraha pUrNakara unheM AhAra se lAbhAnvita kiyA / vasumatI aba candanA athavA candanabAlA kahI jAne lgii| candanA ne mahAvIra ke pAdamUla meM baiThakara dokSA svIkAra ko aura vaha unake sAdhvI-saMgha kA netRtva karatI huI samaya bitAne lgii| kauzAmbI kA rAjA zatAnIka rAjA zatAnIka kauzAmbI meM rAjya karate the| unake pitA kA nAma sahasrAnoka, aura putra kA nAma udayana' thaa| udayana ceTaka kI kanyA mRgAvatI se paidA huA thaa| zramaNopAsikA mahAsatI jayantI sahasrAnIka kI putrI, zatAnoka kI bhagino aura udayana kI phUphI thii| nirgrantha sAdhuoM ke Thaharane ke lie vasati dene ke kAraNa vaha prathama zayyAtarI kahalAyI / jayantI ne mahAvIra se aneka prazna pUche the|3 1. Avazyakaniyukti 520 Adi; AvazyakaTokA, pR0 294 Adi / 2. bauddhoM kI dhammapada aTThakathA 1, pR0 165 meM udena ( udayana ) zabda kI bar3I vicitra vyutpatti dI hai| kahate haiM ki jaba udayana kI mAtA garbhavatI thI to koI rAkSasa use uThAkara le gyaa| usane allakappa ke pAsa kisI vRkSa ke Upara use rakha diyA / jaba bAlaka kA janma huA to bahuta tUphAna ( utu) cala rahA thA, isa kAraNa bAlaka kA nAma udayana rakkhA gyaa| tathA dekhie peMjara, kathAsaritsAgara jilda 1, pustaka 2, adhyAya 9, pR0 94-102 / 3. vyAkhyAprajJapti 12.2 /

Page #538
pariziSTa 2 . . 517 pradyota aura zatAnIka kA yuddha zatAnIka aura pradyota donoM sADhU the| pradyota jaba yuddha ke lie kauzAmbI pahu~cA to zatAnoka apanI senA ko yamunA ke dakSiNI kinAre se haTAkara uttarI kinAre para le gyaa| zatAnIka ke sipAhI ghor3oM para car3hakara pradyota ke zivira meM ghusa gaye aura pradyota ke sipAhiyoM ke nAka-kAna kATa lAye / isase pradyota hatAza hokara vApisa lauTa gayA / ' pradyota dvArA rAnI mRgAvatI kI mAMga pradyota tabhI se khAra khAye baiThA thaa| eka bAra kI bAta hai, rAjA zatAnIka ne eka citrakAra ko dezanikAlA de diyA / ghUmatAghUmatA vaha ujjainI pahuMcA aura usane zatAnIka kI rAno mRgAvatI kA eka sundara citra pradyota ko dikhaayaa| pradyota rAnI kA rUpa-sauMdarya dekhakara rIjha gyaa| usane phaurana ho kauzAmbI ko dUta ravAnA kiyA, aura zatAnIka ko kahalavAyA ki yA to vaha apanA rAnI usake havAle kara de, nahIM to yuddha ke lie taiyAra ho jAye / zatAnIka isa zarta ko svIkAra karane ke lie kaise taiyAra ho sakatA thA ? pradyota ne phira kauzAmbo ko ghera liyaa| isa samaya durbhAgya se atisAra ke kAraNa zatAnIka ko mRtyu ho gyii| mRgAvatI kI dIkSA jaba zatAnoka ko mRtyu huI to udayana bahuta choTA thaa| isalie rAjakAja ko sArI jimmevAro usakI mA~ rAnI mRgAvatI ke Upara A pdd'o| isa samaya rAjA pradyota ne phira se apanI mA~ga duharAte hue mRgAvatI ko vivAha ke lie khaa| lekina mRgAvatI ne uttara diyA ki jaba taka udayana rAjakAja samhAlane ke yogya na ho jAye taba taka isa prastAva ko sthagita rakhA jAye | usane pradyota se anurodha kiyA ki nagara kI zatru se rakSA karane ke lie kilebandI Adi dvArA use sudRr3ha banAyA jaaye| isa bIca meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA kauzAmbI Agamana huaa| mRgAvatI unake darzanArtha upasthita huI aura usana unake saMgha meM dIkSita hone kI abhilASA vyakta kii| rAjA pradyota bho usa samaya vahIM thaa| mRgAvatI ne dokSA ke lie pradyota kI 1. AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 159-63 / 2. vahI pR88 Adi /

Page #539
518 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja anumati cAho, aura vaha manA na kara skaa| mRgAvatI ne udayana ko pradyota ko sauMpa diyA aura pradyota kI aMgAravatI Adi ATha rAniyoM ke sAtha dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| udayana aura vAsavadattA eka bAra kI bAta hai ki rAjA pradyota kA nalagiri hAthI unmatta ho uThA aura vaha kAbU ke bAhara ho gayA / kisI ne sujhAyA ki isake lie kauzAmbI ke rAjA saMgItazAstra ke vettA udayana ko bulAyA jAye | pradyota jAnatA thA ki udayana ko hAthiyoM kA bahuta zauka hai, isalie usane eka yaMtramaya hAthI ke andara apane sipAhI baiThAkara use kauzAmbI ke pAsa jaMgala meM chur3avA diyA / jyAhI udayana ne hAthI ko dekhA, usane gAnA zurU kara diyaa| jaba gAtA gAtA udayana hAthI ke pAsa pahuMcA to jhaTa se rAjA ke karmacAriyoM ne use giraphtAra kara liyaa| udayana kA pradyota ke pAsa lAyA gyaa| pradyota ne use rAjakumAro vAsavadattA ko saMgIta ko zikSA dene ke lie khaa| lekina udayana ko sAvadhAna kara diyA gayA ki vAsavadattA eka A~kha se kAno hai isalie use vaha dekhane kA prayatna na kare / vAsavadattA ko bhI apane zikSaka ke kor3hI hone ke kAraNa usakI tarapha dekhane kI manAhI kara do gyo| donoM ke bIca eka paradA ( yavanikA ) DAla diyA gayA aura parade ke pIche se saMgIta kI zikSA dI jAne lagI / vAsavadattA zikSaka ke kaNTha se nikale hue madhura svara ko sunakara usako ora AkarSita huI aura use sAkSAt dekhane kA avasara khojane lgii| eka dina, usane gAne ko kucha azuddha par3ha diyA, jise sunakara udayana krodha se cillA uThA-"arI kAnI, tU itanA bhI nahIM samajhato ?" vAsavadattA ne uttara diyA-"are koDhI, kyA tU apane Apako nahIM jAnatA ?" itane meM paradA haTA aura donoM kI A~kheM cAra huii| mAlUma huA, na koI kAnA hai aura na koI koddh'ii| __ eka dina nalagiri khaMbhA tur3Akara bhAga gyaa| udayana ko use vaza 1. vahI, pR0 91 Adi / 2. vAsavadattA aMgAravatI kI kanyA batAyI gayI hai, AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 161 / bhAsa ke pratijJAyaugaMdharAyaNa aura kathAsaritsAgara ke ullekhoM se isakA samarthana hotA hai / dekhie guNe, pradyota, udayana eNDa zreNika-e jaina lIjeNDa, ainelsa Ava bhAMDArakara oriMTiela iMsTiTyUTa, 1920-21 /

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516 pariziSTa 2 meM karane ke lie kahA gyaa| udayana ne prastAva rakkhA ki vaha rAjakumAro vAsavadattA ke sAtha bhadrAvatI' hathino para savAra hokara gAye | pradyota ne svIkRti de do / nalagiri pakar3A gayA, lekina udayana aura vAsavadattA bhAga nikle| ujjayinI kA rAjA pradyota . pradyota ujjayinI kA eka balazAlI rAjA thaa| vaha apane pracaNDa svabhAva ke kAraNa caNDapradyota nAma se prakhyAta thaa| ceTaka kI kanyA zivA usakI priya rAniyoM meM se thI aura usake cAra bahumUlya ratnoM meM gino jAtI thI; anya ratnoM ke nAma haiM-nalagiri hAthI, agnibhIru ratha aura lohajaMgha patravAhaka / rAjA pradyota ke gopAla aura pAlaka nAma ke do putra the; pAlaka ko rAjapada milA | usake avaMtivardhana aura 1. bauddha sA hatya meM bhaddavatikA aura kAka nAmaka dAsa ke atirikta, pradyota ke ghelakaraNI aura muMjakesI nAma kI do ghor3iyoM aura nAlAgiri nAmaka hAthI kA ullekha hai| bhaddavatikA eka dina meM pandraha yojana jAtI thii| udayana isI para savAra hokara vAsavadattA ke sAtha bhAgA, dhammapada aTThakathA 1, pR0 166 Adi / 2. dUsarI paramparA ke anusAra, nalagiri ke vaza meM ho jAne para pradyota apane krIr3A-udyAna meM calA gayA / udayana ke maMtrI yaugaMdharAyaNa, jo vahA~ pahale se AyA huA thA, ko bahuta acchA maukA hAtha lgaa| usane cAra ghar3oM ko mUtra se bharA, tathA pradyota kI kaMcanamAlA nAmaka dAsI, vasaMta nAmaka mahAvata, ghoSavatI nAmaka vINA, tathA udayana aura vAsavadattA ke sAtha bhadrAvatI para savAra hokara vaha ujjayinI se bhAga niklaa| pradyota ne apane karmacAriyoM ko hukma diyA ki nalagiri kI sahAyatA se una logoM kA pIchA kiyA jaaye| lekina jaba nalagiri bhadrAvatI ke pAsa pahu~catA to udayana kA maMtrI matra kA eka ghar3A phor3a detA jisase nalagiri ruka jaataa| itane meM ve paccIsa yojana kA rAstA nApa lete / isa prakAra tIna ghar3e phor3akara unhoMne ujjayinI se kauzAmbI taka kA 75 yojana kA rAstA taya kiyA, AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 160 Adi / anya paramparAoM ke lie dekhie bhAsa, svapnavAsavadattA; cullahaMsajAtaka; kathAsaritsAgara; rAyacaudhurI, vahI, pR0 164 Adi; iMDiyana hisTorikala kvArTI, 1930 pR0 670-700 / 3. mahAvagya-8.6.9, pR0 295 meM bhI use caNDa kahA gayA hai|

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520 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja rASTravardhana nAma ke do putra hue | rASTravardhana ke putroM ke nAma the avaMtisena aura maNiprabha / ___ rAjA pradyota ne aneka yuddha ldd'e| kisI ke pAsa koI sundara vastu dekhakara use prApta karane kI abhilASA vaha saMvaraNa nahIM kara sakatA thaa| jaise devadattA aura candananirmita mahAvIra kI pratimA ko lekara vItibhaya ke rAjA udrAyaNa ke sAtha, rAnI mRgAvatI ko lekara kauzAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka ke sAtha tathA suMsumArapura ke rAjA dhuMdhumAra ko kanyA aMgAravato ko lekara usake pitA ke sAtha usakA yuddha huA, isI prakAra mahAmukuTa ke lie kAMpalyapura ke rAjA dumukha se vaha bhir3a gayA / durmukha ne kahalavAyA thA ki yadi pradyota apane cAroM ratna dene kA taiyAra ho to hI use mahAmukuTa mila sakatA hai| lekina gava ke naze meM cUra pradyota ne eka na suno / Akhira donoM meM yuddha huA jisameM pradyota hAra gyaa| use bando banAkara kAMpilyapura le jAyA gayA jahA~ rAjakumArI madanamaMjarI se usakA prema ho gayA aura donoM kA vivAha ho gayA / __ pradyota rAjA zreNika ke Upara bhI car3hAI karane se na cUkA / lakina zreNika ke maMtrI abhayakumAra ne use khUba chakAyA / jahA~ pradyota kI senA par3Ava DAlane vAlI thI, vahA~ usane pahale se hI ghar3oM meM dInAra bhara kara gar3avA dI / jaba pradyAta apanI senA lekara vahA~ pahu~cA to abhayakumAra ne usake sainikoM para vizvAsaghAta kA AropaNa karate hue, jamIna meM gar3e hue svarNa kI dInAroM ke ghar3oM ko dikhaayaa| pradyota ne jamIna khudavAkara dekhA to vahA~ sacamuca dInAroM ke ghar3e the| isI bIca meM zreNika ke sainikoM ne pradyota ke sainikoM para AkramaNa kara / dayA aura pradyota ko vApisa bhAganA pdd'aa| 1. Avazyakaniyukti 1282; bhAsa, pratijJAyaugaMdharAyaNa, kathAsaritsAgara, jilda 1, pustaka 3, pR0 87 Adi / 2. AvazyakacUrNI 2,199 Adi / 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 6 pR0 535 Adi / anya paramparAoM ke lie dekhie, ratilAla mehatA, prIbuddhisTa iMDiyA, pR0 48; rAyacaudhurI, vahI, pR. 61,70,114 / 4. majjhimanikAya (3.8.1, pR068) ke anusAra, ajAtazatru ne rAjagRha kI isalie kilebaMdI karAyI ki use bhaya thA ki kahIM pradyota AkramaNa na kara de /

Page #542
pariziSTa 2 521 ujjayinI lauTana para use abhayakumAra kI cAlAkI kA patA lagA to vaha bahuta zarmindA huaa| usane apanI cAlAkI se abhayakumAra ko rAjagRha se pakar3avA ma~gAyA, lekina abhayakumAra bhI kucha kama nahIM thaa| vaha pradyota ko eka khaTiyA se bA~dhakara rAjagRha le gyaa| zreNika pradyota para bahuta gussA thaa| vaha use apano talavAra se mAra DAlanA cAhatA thA, lekina abhayakumAra ne use bacA liyaa|' mauryavaMza nandoM kA rAjya rAjA kUNika ke putra udAyi ko mRtyu ke pazcAt pATaliputra kA rAjya nApitadAsa ko milaa| yaha prathama nanda khlaayaa| lekina daNDa, bhaTa aura bhojika Adi kSatriya use dAsaputra samajhakara usakA ucita sammAna nahIM karate the| isa para nApitadAsa ko bahuta krodha aayaa| isa prakAra ke kucha logoM ko usane maravA diyA aura kucha ko pakar3a kara jela meM DalavA diyaa| kapila nAmaka brAhmaNa ke putra kalpaka ko usane apanA kumArAmAtya niyukta kiyA / prathama nanda kI mRtyu ke pazcAt mahApadma nAma kA nauvA nanda huaa| usane kalpaka ke vaMza meM utpanna zakaTAla ko maMtrI bnaayaa| zakaTAla ke sthUlabhadra aura zriyaka nAma ke do putra, tathA jakkhA , jakkhadinnA, bhUyA, bhUyadinnA, seNA, veNA aura reNA nAma ko sAta kanyAeM thiiN| samrATa candragupta candragupta cANakya dvArA pratiSThita mauryavaMza kA prathama rAjA ho gayA 1. dekhie AvazyakacUNoM 2, pR0 159-63 / 2. dekhie vahI 2, pR0 179 Adi | 3. yaha ghaTanA mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 60 varSa bAda ghaTita huI, sthavirAvalicarita 6.231-43 / naMda aura usake vaMzaja taba taka magadha kA zAsana karate rahe jaba taka ki cANakya ne apane buddhi-bala se antima naMda rAjA ko padacyuta na kara diyA / yaha ghaTanA mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 155 varSa bAda ghaTI, vahI 339 / 4. AvazyakacUrNI pR. 181 Adi / tathA dekhie kathAsaritsAgara, jilda 1, adhyAya 4 / naMdoM ke sambandha meM bauddha paramparA ke lie dekhie mahAvaMsa 5.15; tathA sayacaudhurI, vahI, pR0 187 Adi /

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522 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja hai / naMda rAjAoM ke mayUrapoSakoM ke kisI gA~va ke mukhiyA kA vaha putra thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki cANakya nanda rAjAoM dvArA apamAnita hokara rAjapada ke yogya kisI vyakti ko khoja meM ghUmatA- ghAmatA isa gA~va meM AyA aura usane caMdragupta ko apane adhikAra meM le liyA / bar3e ho jAne para cANakya ne use sAtha meM le pATaliputra ke cAroM ora gherA DAla diyA / nanda ke sipAhiyoM ne usakA pochA kiyA aura cANakya candragupta ko lekara bhAga gyaa| tatpazcAt himatakUDa ke rAjA parvataka ke sAtha milakara cANakya ne phira se nandoM para car3hAI kI aura abakI bAra vaha vijayI huaa| cANakya nanda rAjAoM ko sakuTumba maravAne kI yojanA meM saphala huA aura candragupta kA rAjya niSkaMTaka ho gayA / mauryavaMza kI jau ke sAtha tulanA mauryavaMza kI jau ke sAtha tulanA kI gayo hai / jaise jau boca meM moTA tathA Ada ora anta meM hona hotA hai, vaise ho mauryavaMza ko bhI batAyA gayA hai | prathama maurya samrATa caMdragupta ko bala, vAhana Adi vibhUti se hIna kahA hai / candragupta ke bAda usakA putra bindusAra, usakA putra azoka, usakA kuNAla aura phira usakA putra samprati huA / ye saba Age-Age eka dUsare se mahAn hote gaye / samprati ke pazcAt mauryavaMza kI avanati hotI calo gayI / * ujjayinI kA zAsaka samprati kuNAla azoka kA putra thA / ujjayinI nagarI use AjIvikA ke 1. bauddhoM ke mahAvaMsa kI TIkA ( vasatyapakAsinI), 1, pR0 180 meM bhI maurya aura mora meM saMbaMdha batAte hue kahA hai ki mauryoM dvArA nirmita bhavanoM meM moroM kI gardana jaisA nIle raMga kA patthara lagAyA jAtA thA / eliyana ke anusAra pATaliputra ke mauyoM ke prAsAda meM pAlatU mora rakkhe jAte the, rAyacaudhurI, vahI pR0 216 | 2. bauddha paramparA meM, mahAvaMsaTIkA, pR0 181 Adi ke anusAra, ko aMtima naMda dhanananda kA uttarAdhikArI kahA hai / pabbata 3. uttarAdhyayanaTIkA, pR0 57 Adi; AvazyakacUrNI, pa0 563 Adi / tathA dekhie kathAsaritsAgara, jilda 1, pustaka 2, adhyAya 5 / 4. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3278 Adi / azoka ke sambandha meM anya paramarAoM ke lie dekhie rAyacAcurA, baho, pR0 4,249; bo0 so0 lAhA, sama aiziyeMTa iMDiyana kiMgsa, buddhisTa sTaDIz2a, pR0 205 Adi /

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pariziSTa 2 523 lie (kumArabhutI ) dI gayI thI / jaba vaha ATha varSa kA huA to usakI sautelI mA~ ne IrSyAvaza usakI AMkheM phur3avAkara use aMdhA kara diyA | kucha samaya pazcAt kuNAla samrAT azoka ke darabAra meM upasthita huA aura usane apane putra samprati ke lie rAjya kI yAcanA ko / azoka ne usakI prArthanA svIkAra kI / samprati ujjayinI kA zAsaka ho gayA dhIre-dhIre usane dakSiNApatha jota liyA aura sImAprAnta ke kSetroM ko apane vaza meM kara liyA / jaina dharma meM samprati ko jaina zramaNa saMgha kA parama prabhAvaka batAyA gayA hai| nagara ke cAroM dvAroM para usane dAna kI vyavasthA kI aura zramaNoM ko vastra Adi dAna meM diye / bhojanAlayoM meM dIna, anAtha aura pathikoM ke khAne se jo bhojana avazeSa rahatA, use vaha jaina sAdhuoM ko dilavAtA thA ( jaina sAdhuoM ke lie rAjapiMDa kA niSedha hai ) / bhojana ke badale rasoiyoM ko vaha usakA mUlya de detA thA / pratyanta dezoM ke rAjAoM ko bulAkara usane zramaNoM ke prati bhaktibhAva pradarzita karane kA Adeza diyA thA / apane daNDa, bhaTa aura bhojikoM ko sAtha lekara vaha rathayAtrA ke sAtha calatA, tathA ratha para puSpa, phala, gaMdha, cUrNa, kapardaka ( kaur3I ) aura vastra Adi car3hAtA / caityagRha meM sthita bhagavAn kI pratimA kI pUjA vaha bar3e ThATa se karatA anya rAjA bhI apaneapane rAjyoM meM rathayAtrA kA mahotsava manAte / rAjAoM se vaha kahA karatA ki dravya kI use AvazyakatA nahIM, yadi ve loga use apanA svAmI mAnate haiM to unheM zramaNoM kI pUjA bhakti karanI cAhie | usane apane rAjya meM amAghAta ( mata mAro ) kI ghoSaNA kI aura jaina caityoM kA nirmANa kraayaa| apane yoddhAoM ko sAdhu veSa meM bhejakara usane AMdhra, dravir3a, mahArASTra aura kuDukka ( kurga ) Adi pratyaMta dezoM ko jaina zramaNoM ke sukhapUrvaka vihAra karane yogya banAyA / vastutaH / usake Adeza se 1. bRhatkalpabhASyapIThikA 292 Adi; 1.3275 Adi; nizIthacUrNI 5.2154 kI cUrNI, pR0 361 / bauddha paramparA ke lie dekhie bI0sI0 lAhA, jyAgraphikala aissez2a, pR0 44 Adi / - 2. bRhatkalpabhASya 1.3278-89; nizIthacUrNI 16.5754-58, pR0 131; tathA dekhie sthavirAvalicarita 11 /

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524 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja jo sthAna bauddha paramparA meM samrATa azoka kA hai, vahI sthAna rAjA samprati kA jaina paramparA meM batAyA gayA hai| . AcArya kAlaka ke samakAlIna rAjA ujjayinI kA zAsaka rAjA gardabhilla vikramAditya kA pitA batAyA gayA hai| usane kAlakAcArya ko rUpavatI bhaginI ke rUpa sauMdarya se AkRSTa ho, useapane antaHpura meM rakhavA diyA / kAlakAcArya ne rAjA ko bahuta samajhAyA-bujhAyA, lekina jaba vaha na mAnA to AcArya ne pArasakUla ( parziyA ) ke lie prasthAna kiyA, aura vahA~ se 66 zAhoM ko lekara ve lautte| donoM ora se ghamAsAna yuddha haa| anta meM gadamilla kI hAra huI aura ujjayino meM zakoM kA rAjya ho gyaa| ___ kucha samaya ke pazcAt gardabhilla ke putra vikramAditya ne videziyoM ko mArakara phira apanA rAjya sthApita kiyA / jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra gardabhilla kA rAjya teraha, aura zakoM kA rAjya cAra varSa taka kAyama rhaa| pratiSThAna kA rAjA zAlivAhana ( sAtavAhana athavA hAla ) isa samaya kA eka dUsarA ullekhanIya zAsaka ho gayA hai| usake maMtrI kA nAma kharaka thaa| usakI senA bahuta zaktizAlo thI bhRgukaccha ke rAjA nahavAhaNa ( nahapAna ) se usakI noMka-jhoMka calA karato tho| vaha prativarSa bhRgukaccha para AkramaNa kiyA karatA / lekina nahavAhasa ke pAsa itanA dravya thA ki usakA jo sipAhI zatru ke sipAhiyoM kA sira kATakara lAtA use vaha mAlAmAla kara detaa| aisI hAlata meM zAlivAhana nirAza hokara pratiSThAna lauTa jaataa| eka bAra kI bAta hai, zAlivAhana ne apane maMtrI ko bulAkara usake sAtha eka SaDyaMtra rcaa| rAjA ne maMtrI kA apamAna kara use deza se nikAla diyA | mantrI sodhA bhRgukaccha pahu~cA aura vahA~ vaha nahavAhaNa ke mantrI pada para niyukta ho gyaa| dhIre-dhIre rAjA kA vizvAsa prApta kara usane rAjakoSa kA dhana 1. nizIthacUrNI 10, pa0 571 Adi ; vyavahArabhASya 10.5, pR0 94 / 2. dekhie sI0 je0 zAha, jainijma ina nArtha iMDiyA, pa0 28,188 / / 3. nabhovAhana ke sambandha meM anya paramparA ke lie dekhie caturviMzatiprabaMdha 15, pR0 136 Adi; prabaMdhaciMtAmaNi 1 10 17; tathA arlI hisTrI Ava Dekana, pR0 29-32; rAyacaudhurI, vahI, pR0 405 Adi /

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pariziSTa 2 525 mandiroM, stUpoM, sarovaroM, puSkariNiyoM aura khAiyoM ke 'nirmANa meM lagavA diyA, jo bAkI bacA usase rAniyoM ke AbhUSaNa gar3havA diye / usake bAda rAjA zAlivAhana ke pAsa usane eka gupta sandeza bhejA aura rAjA ne apane dala-bala sahita upasthita hokara rAjA ko jota liyaa| rAjA zAlivAhana ko kAlakAcArya kA parama upAsaka mAnA gayA hai / usake anurodha para kAlakAcArya ne paryUSaNa parva ko tithi bhAdrapada sudI paMcamI se badala kara caturthI kara dI thii| isI samaya se mahArASTra meM zramaNapUjA nAmaka utsava Arambha huA mAnA jAtA hai / rAjA zAlivAhana prAkRta kA bahuta bar3A vidvAn thA / prAkRta kI gAthAsaptazatI kA vaha saMkalanakartA mAnA jAtA hai / isa kAvya meM abhivyaMjanA se pUrNa eka-se-eka sundara 700 muktakoM kA saMgraha hai / 1. nizIthacUrNI 10, pR0 632 Adi / 2. Avazyaka niyukti 1299; AvazyakacUrNI 2, pR0 200 Adi /

Page #547
pariziSTa 3 bRhatkalpabhASya (bR.), vyavahArabhASya (vya0 ), nizIthabhASya (ni0; sU = sUtra, - cU= cUrNI ), piMDaniyukti (piM0) aura oghaniyukti (o0) ke bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se cune hue katipaya mahatvapUrNa zabda | aNuraMgA=gAr3I 1616 (60) aMgAdANa =jananendriya (aMgaMsarIraM atara (ayara)=rogI 3862 (bR0) siramAdINi vA aMgANi tesiM atANa = kandhe para lAThI rakhakara AdANaMaMgAdANaMprabhavo prasUtiH) calane vAle musAphira 2766 (60) (ni0 sU0 1. 2 cU0) atthaggha =athAha 166 (ni.) aMgohali ( aMghoLa marAThI aura atthAria = naukara-cAkara 6. 208 gujarAtI meM; aMga + hoLa)=snAna (vya0) __10.380 ( vya0 TIkA) addaNNa =viSAdayukta 2686 (ni0) aMguTThapora= porave 1127 (ni0) adAga-Adarza-darpaNa 812 (60) aMbakujja-pA~va kA talavAha28 (ni0) appajjha=Atmavaza 3732 (60) / appadaNNa =AtmarakSA meM tatpara vilI=imalI 3766 (bR.) 1153 (60) akkhADa=akSavATa = akhAr3A | appAhaNa-saMdeza denA 236 (bR0) 1107 (bR.) amilA=bher3a 2535 (60) agaMThima=jisameM gAMTha na ho = arahaTTarahaTa 826 (60) kelA 3063 (60) aruga-vraNa 4104 (60) acchoDa= kapar3oM ko patthara para alasa=gaDUla (gAMDULa marAThI meM) pITakara dhonA 34 (pi.) -susaNAga kecuA171 (ni.) ajANaga=na jAnane vAlA 637 | | avataMsa= puruSavyAdhi nAmaka (bR.) roga 6336 (60) aTThAhiyA =aThAMhI ( aSTAhnikA avasAvaNa = kAMjI ( usAvaNa nAmaka eka jaina parva) 3150 (60) (10) gujarAtI meM ) 3066 (60) aDoliyA = uMdoiyA = gillI | avogilla - jo vAcAla na ho 1157 (bR0) 7. 126 (vya0) aDaviyaDa ardavita 4622 (bR0) avvo=appo (appa kannar3a meM)aNala=ayogya 5783 (bR.) pitA 6116 (bR0). aNiya ( aNiyA marAThI meM )= asaMkhaDa = kalaha 547 (60) agrabhAga 677 (ni0) ... ! asAriya-nirjana 5154 (bR0 TI0)

Page #548
asilAya = visvara 4572 (bR0 ) assatara=tregasara=bhaccara 51 ( bR0 ) ahimara - sAhasI cora 130 (bR0) A Acusijja = cUsanA 170 pariziSTa 3 (ni0 cU0 ) ADhA = Adara 2679 ( bR0 ) ANaTThavaNa = AjJA sthApana 2486 (bR0 ) Adesa = pAhunA 544 ( bR0 ) Ara = saMsAra 316 ( bR0 ) AlavaNa = Alapana 1571 ( bR0) AsiyAvaNa = apaharaNa 2786 ( bR0 ) AhaTTa = pahelI 1301 ( bR0 ) i ikkaDa = lATa deza meM hone vAlA eka prakAra kA tRNa 887 (ni0) iDDara = gAr3I 476 ( o0 ) ittiriya = thor3e samaya ke liye 330 (ni0 ) ilaya = churI 32 (ni0 cU0 ) iliyA = illI 120 (ni0 ) apota = AkIrNa 3172 (bR0 ) . uMDima = lekha kI mudrA 186 (bR0) uduya =uMduka=sthAnam 1223 bR0) " | uMdura = uMdIra ( marAThI ) = cUhA 800 (ni0 ) ukkuruDa ( ukaraDI gujarAtI ) = kUraDI = kacare kA Dhera 1625 (bR0) ukkha - jaina sAdhviyoM kA eka vastra (paricANavatthassa abbhitaracUlAe 527 uvarikaNNo nAbhiTThA ubakho bhaNNai ) 2067 ( bR0 ) ukkha ( uccha ) = baila 3. 150 ( vya0 ) ukkhala = - udUkhala = okhalI 2642 ( bR0 ) ukkhaliyA = thAlI 808 (ni0 ) ugghADa = ughADanA 235 (ni0 ) ucchuddha = parityakta 3132 (bR0 ) ujjalla - atyanta malina zarIra vAlA 2457 (bR0 ) ujjhAyaNA = durgandhi 3667 (bR0) uDDaMcaka = upahAsa 548 ( bR0 ) uDDa = ur3anA 100 (bR0 ) uDDaNa = aGgIkAra 3.72 (vya0 ) uDDayara = jo zauca karate samaya caMcalatA ke kAraNa zauca meM apanA hAtha kharAba kara letA hai 1741 ( bR0 ) uDDahana = gadhe Adi para car3hAnA 2500 (bR0 ) uttaroTTharoma = mUMcha 356 (ni0 sU0 ) uttiMga = cIMTiyoM kA bila 7. 74 (ni0 sU0 cU0 ) >) uttaia = garviSTha 2. 307 (vya0 utteDA = bindU 16 ( pi0 ) uddaddara = anaMtaroktam 278 ( vR0) udasI = udazvit = maTThA 5604 ( bR0 ) uduNDaka = upahAsa ke yogya 4002 (bR0 ) udUDha = curAyA huA 2616 (bR0) uppalajjaM = utpalArya = sAdhu 2642 ( bR ) 0

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528 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja / uppeya = tela Adi kI mAliza | olI paMkti 2216 (60) 6. 61 ( vya0) ... -- osa =osa 558 (ni.) unbhaMDa = nagna, nirlajja 6151 osaraNa =sAdhuoM kA ekatrita _ (bR0) honA 6103 ( bR0) ubhAbhaga=parastrIgAmI 2358 ohAra=eka prakAra kI machalI (bR0) 5633 ( bR0) umaMga =alAyaM-lukA 226 (ni0) ka ummarIya (uMbaraThA marAThI)= kauya - veSa parivartana karane vAlA dehalI 4770 (60) 5352 (60) ullaMDaka miTTI kA golA 4254 kaMkaDaya = kAMkaTakaH (kuDakU hindI) (bR0). = na sIjhane vAle, ur3ada, cane ullA=Ardra=AllA (pazcimI Adi 215 (bR0) uttarapradeza kI bolI meM ) 326 kaMcikka = kaMcitka = napuMsaka ra (60) 5183 (bR.) ullugacchI=suI kI noka 3686 kaMTaila = kaMTIle 3248 ( bR0) (ni0) kaMDana ( kaMDiya ) = char3anA 171 uva=khAI 721 (60) (piM0) uvai uvaiga-samuddehikA= dImaka kakkar3I = kakar3I 1. 1051 (bR0) 261 (ni0) kaTTara = kar3hI meM DAlA huA ghI kA uvaga (ovaga ) khaDDA =kusAro bar3A 625 ( piM0) 415 ( ni0) | kaTTarigA = kaTArI 2860 ( nicU0) uThavaNa =ubaTana 1811 (60) uvvara=ovarI (ovarI marAThI kaTThala - hala dvArA jotI huI bhUmi 12 (piM0) meM = koTharI) 173 (ni0) kaDahU = eka vRkSa 653 (ni0) uhara = choTA 7. 316 (vya) | kaDucchikA = kar3achI 256 (o0 bhA0 TI0) ekakhuraghor3I Adi eka khuravAle kaDuhaMDapolika = gale meM dAruNa pazu 2168 (60) kurUpa poTalI vAlA kAlA bakarA ekkAvaNNa =ikyAvana 3085 (60) 6.8 (vya0) eraMDadUe=har3akAyA kuttA 2626 kaDDilla = nizcchidra 2. 27(vya0) (bR0) kaDaDhaNa = kAr3hanA 866 (60) elAluga-khIrA-kakar3I 2442 (bR0) kaDhiyaM = kaDhAyA huA 1484 (bR0) o kaNhagomI= kRSNa zRgAla 6.317 oma=durbhikSa 1455 (bR0) / (vya0)

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pariziSTa 3 529 kattaMtI = kAtane vAlI 574 (piM0)| kAhala = phalguprAya 284 ( bR0) kattha = kahAM (kothAya baMgAlI meM) kiDhI=dAsI athavA vRddha zrAvikA 1205, 1656 (60) kappaTThaga = bAlaka 4. 33 (bR.) kappaTThI = kabbaTThI = jaina sAdhu kIe = krItaH = kharIdA huA 1. ko rahane kA sthAna dene vAle 606 (60) gRhastha kI kanyA athavA yuvatI | kIDa = kIr3A 612 (bR.) yA kula badhu 355 (ni0) | kuMcavIraga = eka prakAra kA jalayAna kappara = khappara 511 (ni0) | 5323 (ni0) kayala = kelA 1712 (60) | kuMDaya = cAvaloM kI kaNI 148 kayavara = kacarA 314 (60) (ni0) karaga = pAnI kA bartana ( karavA ) kukammiga = bartana, zAli, dAla 604 (ni0) Adi kA apaharaNa karane vAlA kallaM = kala 1541 (60) 3606 (60) kallAla = kalAla 6047 ( nica0) | kukkuDI = (kUkar3I gujarAtI) murgI 3. 32 ( vya0) kaliMca = tRNa ke pUle 1468 (60), 7 | kuTTaNI = kUTane vAlI 2663 kaliMca = bAMsa kI khappaca 506 (60) (ni0) kaDaMga = jisa vana meM tuMbI paidA kalI = prathama 1084 (bR.) hotI ho 4034 (60) / kalluga = nadI ke patthara 5646 / (bR0) kuDaMDa = bAMsa kA TokarA 6214 kavaDDaga = kaur3I 1666 (60) (60) kasaTTa = kacarA 557 ( o0) kuDuMbhaga = jala kA meMDhaka 164 / kahakahakaha = kahakahA lagAnA (ni0 cU0) ___ 1266 (60) kuDui = kubjA 4061 (bR.) / kahaNA = kahanA = kahaNA (pazcimI kuNI = jisake hAtha na ho (TUMDA) uttarapradeza kI bolI meM) 1160 3018 (60) . (bR0) kutava = kutapa = jIna 3662 (60) kANiTTa = patthara (lohe kI vya0 kuppAsaya = kUrpAsika = kaMcuka 4.555 TI0 meM) kI IMTeM 4768 3654 (60) kAmagahaha = kAmagardabha (brAhmaNa kuriNa = bar3A jaMgala 447 (o0) ke lie prayukta 446 (piM0) | kuruNa = rAjA yA kisI anya kA kAyikI = mUtra 2072 (bR0) / dhana 2. 23 (vya0 TI0) 34 jai0 bhA0

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530 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja kuvaNaya ( koNaa ) = lAThI 615 | khagga = geMDA 202 (ni0) (bR.) khaggUDa = kuTila 322 (piM0) kusaNa = mUMga-dAla Adi kA pAnI | khaggUDa = snigdha madhura AhAra Adi 4037 (bR.)| meM laMpaTa; nidrAlu 1526, 1543 kusIlava = naTa 641 (60) kuhADa (kohADaga ) = kuhADA khaTTika = khaTIka 522 (nicU0) 226 ( bR0) | khaDakkikA = khir3akI 622 (o0 kUyara = kucara = jAra,upapati TI0) 2656 (60) | khaDugA = khalukkA = Takkara 6413 kRviyA = kUjakA = kUjA = kuppI (ni0) 116 ( pi0) | khaddha = pracura 1488 (60) koTiMTaba = nAva 3578 (ni0) / khaddhAdANi = Rddhi-sampanna 3186 koDiya = saMkocita 4011 (60) | (ni.) koDha = kor3ha 1024 (60) | kharakammiya = rAjapuruSa = daMDapAkoNa = konA 666 (bR0) zika = kotavAla 3767 (60) katthalakArI=bhramarI 1787 (bR0) | kharamuhI = napuMsaka dAsI 6. 66 konAlI = goSThI 2366 (bR0 / (vya0) koyava =rUI se bharA vastra 3823 .. (60) khari = dvayakSarI-dAsI 2418 (bR0) kolluga ( kolhA marAThI ) = | khalakhila-nirjIva 6. 366 (vya0) gIdar3a 1346 (ni0) khalahANa = khalihAna-3180 kolhuka = kolhU 3648 (60) (ni0) khallaa = khallaka = pattoM kA donA 2714 (bR0) khaMjaNa = kAjala ( dIpamala ) / khudu = kSullaka 4. 316 (vya0) 2832 (60) khurappaga = khurapA 3022 (ni0cU0) khaMDI = choTA dvAra 2264 (bR0) khula = rUkSa bhojana karane se durbala khaMta = pitA 4626 (60) 1556 (60) khaMtalakkhaNa = vRddha vyAja 236 khulakheta - jahAM bahuta kama loga (bR0) bhikSA dene vAle hoM 1256 (60) khaura = cikkaNa dravya ( khaira vagairaha khuLaya = patte kA donA 2. 26 kA cikanA rasa ) = goMda 3828 | (vya0 sU0) . (bR0) khisijja = khIMsanA 1260 (60) khauria = kaluSita 3730 (60) | kheri = nAza 3357 ( bR0)

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pariziSTa 3 531 | khoDa = lakar3I kA khUMTA ( marAThI meM khor3a ) 1123 ( bR0 ) khoDI = lakar3I kI peTI 3.88 guvilA = gambhIra 4541 ( bRH ) geMduga = geMda 4137 (ni0 cU0 ) geru = geruka = parivrAjaka 374 (bR0 ) ( vya0 ) kholA = rAjA dvArA niyukta guptacara 127 ( piM0 ) kholla = koTara = khola 612 (bR0) ga gaMThI = gAMTha 63 ( bR0 ) gaMDaya = ghoSaNA karane vAlA puruSa gora = gehU~ 3072 ( bR0 ) 7. 341 (vya0 ) gaDDA = gar3aDhA 2167 ( bR0 ) gamaNI = jUte 254 (ni0 ) gara = akAlamAraka viSa 414 galladharaNa = kullA karanA 10. goNI = gAya 171 ( bR0 ) goNI = gUNI = borI 3675 (bR0) gophaNa ( gophaNa marAThI ) = gophana 508 (ni0 ) gomhI ( goma marAThI ) = kAnakhajUrA 1245 (ni0) gha (ni0 ) ghaghaTTa - ghI kA maila 1711 (bR0) ghayaNa = bhAMDa 6325 ( bR0 ) ghADiya = ghATikaH = mitra 2175 (bR0 ) ghANa = tilapIDana yaMtra = ghANIM 40 (piM0 ) 416 ( vya0 ) gallola = hastimad 14 (ni0 cU0) gAra (gAra marAThI ) = kaMkaDa - patthara 5646 ( bR0 ) gAsa = grAsa = ghAsa 116 ( bR0 ) gihimatta ghaTikA Adi pAtra 12.10 (ni0 sU0 ) = guMTha = duSTa ghor3A 5663 ( ni0 ) guMTha = mAyAvI 3. 340 ( vya0 gujjhaMga = mRgIpada = yoni :) 1753 (ni0 cU0 ) gumakkhiNI svAminI 5.5704 ( bR0 ) gula ( gULa marAThI ) = gur3a 128 ( vR0 ) guliya = golI 1. 1277 ( bR0 ) gorua = prazasta gAya (goru baMgAlI meM ) 1537 (ni0 ca) gobbara = gobara 1731 ( bR0 ) ghANA ( ghANa marAThI ) = ghina 2376 ( bR0 ) ghisisiravAsa = grISma 310 ( o0 bhA0 ) ghuTTaka lepa kiye hue pAtra ko ghisane kA patthara 15 (piM0 ) ghusulaNa ( ghusalaNeM marAThI ) mathana 574 ( piM0 ) - ghoTTa = AsvAdana 366 ( bR0 ) - ghoDa = caTTa 2066 ( bR0 ); paMcAlacaTTA 3606 ( bR0 ) ghoDayakaMDUiya = do sAdhuoM kA paraspara prazna 4. 105 ( vya0 )

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532 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja .. ca cu llI( cUla marAThI ) = cUlhA 231 caMgoDa 5115 ( bR0) (ni0 cU0) cakra = tilayaMtra 3648 (60) cokkha = cokhA 5510 (70) caDapphaDaMta = bAra-bAra idhara-ughara | coppa - mUrkha 373 (bR.) ghUmanA 6322 (60) | coppAla = caupAla 4770 (60) caDDa = eka pAtra 1651 (60) collaya = bhojana 3127 (60) caDuga = tela kA pAtra (cADaM gujarAtI meM) 5776 (ni0) chaMdiya = nimaMtrita 2856 (60) caDutaraM car3hanA-utaranA 4220 char3iya = char3e hue 1211 (60) - (bR0) char3a = chor3anA 2003 (60) cappaDaa = capaTA 844 (ni0) chappai = chaha paira vAlI-jUM 1537 cappuDiyA = cuTakI bajAnA 7. (60) ___ 233 (vya0) chabbaya = bAMsa kI piTArI 558 camaDhaNa = mardana 163 (piM0) / (o0) cAula = cAvala kA dhovana 4037 challI = chAla 171 (bR.) (bR0) chAilla = dIpaka (chAyA vAlA) cADo = bhAga jAnA 1337 (bR0) 7. 356 ( vya0) cAliNi = chalanI (cALaNa kiMDikA = bAr3e kA chidra 2653 marAThI meM ) 343 (bR.) cikkaNa - cikanA 66 (piM0) chikka = chUA huA 2648 (60) cikkhalla (cikhala marAThI)= chikkovaNa = jise jaldI gussA kIcar3a 1173 (bR0) AtA ho 6157 (60) cippaka = kUTA huA (cepo chinnA = chinnAlA (jisake hAtha, gujarAtI meM ) 3673 (60) pAMva aura nAka kATa liye gaye cibbhiDa = khIrA (cIbhaDaM hoM) = kulaTA 2315 (60) gujarAtI meM ) 843 (bR.) chihali = zikhA 3611 (ni0) cirika = carma kA bhAjana (mazaka) chu = haTa 5365 (ni0) 3273 (60) chevaga = mahAmArI 5.76 ( vya0) ciliNa = azuci 165 (piM0) cIyata = prItikara 1051 (60) jakkha = zvAna 474 (60) cukka = cUkanA 5181 (bR.) 1 ( jaDa hastI 1586 (60) cuDaNa = jIrNatA 25 (piM0) jaNa = jana athavA jaNa 1472 cuDuli = ulkA 4464 (60) / (60)

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pariziSTa 3 .. . 533 jalla =( jALa marAThI)=zarIra DagaNa = eka yAna 3171 (60) kA maila 534 (ni0) DagarA = pAdamUlikA 4853 / / jAu (jAyu) = yavAgU 625 (piM0) (ni0 ca0) jAuga (jAU marAThI) = jyeSTha yA | Dagala (Dagalaka) = TaTTI poMchane devara kI patnI 1725 (70) ke patthara ke Dhele 441 (60) jAvasiAghAsavAhaka 238 (piM0) Dabbahattha = bAyAM hAtha (DAvU jimhaM = lajjanIya-mAyAvI 2706 gujarAtI meM ) 5525 (60) (bR0) | DAga-pattoM kI bhAjI 808 (ni0) jiyagaddattaNaM - jisane lajjA ko DAyAla = prAsAda kI bhUmi 631 jIta liyA hai 2338 (60) (ni0) jugaM = jUA 604 (ni0) DiDima = garbha 4143 (60) junna = jIrNa (gujarAtI meM jUnA ) | DiMDIbaMdha = garbhasaMbhava 4116 (bR0) 1456 (70) DiMbha = bAlaka 3337 (60) jUva (yUpaka) = beTaka nAma kA | | DuMba-hAthI kA mahAvata 387 (piM0) jala-madhyavartI taTa 2413 (60) Deviti = upabhoga karate haiM 2455 joikkha = dIpaka 7. 356 (vya0) (bR0) jovaNa = dhAnyamardana 60 Doya-lakar3I kA hAthA (gujarAtI (piM0 bhASya) meM Doyo ) 250 (piM0) jovaNaM = rathakAra Adi2560 (60) Dola (ToLa marAThI) = tiDuka = TiDDhA 2376 (60) jhaMjhaDiyA = RNa na cukAne para vaNikoM meM gAlI-galauja dvArA | DhakkaNa = Dhakkana 2642 (60) kalaha honA 3704 (ni0) DhakkaMti = DhaMkate haiM 1362 (60) jhaDaDharaviDaDhara = maMtra-taMtraAdi kA DhiMkuNa = khaTamala ( DhekUNa marAThI prayoga 3. 232 ( vya0) meM) 5376 (bR0) jhijhiri = vRkSa vizeSa 850 (60) NaMtaga = vakha 2280 (60) DaMDaa = DaMDA 3214 (bR.) NattU = nAtI 5251 (60) DaMDaNayA = daNDa 356 (60) Nahasiha = nakhAgra 1514 (ni0) Daura (Daoyara) = jalodara 4258 Nahoraga = nihorakaM 4482 (60) . (60) NiNNa = khaDDA 4736 (ni0) Dakka = DaMka mArA huA 654 (60)| NiseNI = nasainI 4453 (ni0)

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534 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja vhANa = snAna (hANa pazcimI | uttarapradeza kI bolI meM ) 1251 / daMDaparihAra = bar3I purAnI kaMbalI 2677 (60) daMtakhaja = dAMtoM se khAne yogya taka - udAsI - chAsa (khAnadeza tila Adi 3364 (60) meM bolI jAne vAlI AbhIroM | daMtavaNa ( dAMtavaNa marAThI) = kI bhASA meM)=maTThA ( tAka dAtauna 1520 ( nica0) marAThI meM) 1706 (60) datikka = dAMta se tor3akara khAye taNNaga = bachar3A 2116 (60) . jAne vAle modaka Adi, athavA taliyA gamaNI-jUtA 254 (ni0) cAvala kA ATA 3072 (60) titiNI = bar3abar3AnA 3.85 (vya0) dahara = jInA ( dAdara marAThI aura tuMDa = muMha (toMDa marAThI meM) 346 | gujarAtI meM ) 364 (piM0) (bR0) daddaraya = tela ke bartana vagairaha para taMDiya = thiggala = thegalA 1.41 | bAMdhA jAne vAlA vastra 1658 (ni0 sU0) tuppa (tuppa kannar3a) = mRta kalevara davadavassa ( dabadaba marAThI) - kI carbI 201 (ni0) . zIghra 2281 (bR.) tumaMtumA = tU-tU 1506 (bR.) vvI = choTI kaDachI (DoI) 250 tUrapai = naToM kA mukhiyA 641 / / (piM0) (bR.) dasA (dazI choTA dhAgA marAThI tUha = tIrtha 4860 (bR0) meM ) = kinArI 3605 (60) dADhiyA = DAr3hI 1514 (ni00) thalI = ghor3e Adi kA sthAna dAlI = rekhA 323 ( o0) dAvara = dUsarA 1004 ( bR0) 7. 237 (vya0) thAiNi = ghor3I (ThANI marAThI meM) dIhasuttaM karei = kAtatA hai 5. 24 3656 (60) (ni0 sU0) thAliya = thAlI 3187 (ni00) dukhura = do khura vAle gAya, bhaiMsa thiggala = jor3a (thegalA hindI) Adi jAnavara 2168 (bR.) 8. 157 (vya0) dugghAsa = durbhikSa 4346 (bR.) thibuka = bindu 302 (ni0 cU0) ducakkamUla = do cakke vAlI gAr3I thura = sthUla ( thora marAThI meM) 467 (60) * 1666 (bR0) duvakkharaya = do akSara vAlA-dAsa thejavaI = pRthvI 180 ( bR0) / 4430 (60)

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pariziSTa 3 535 dussiya (gujarAta yA mahArASTra ke } patI = paMkti = (paMtI gujarAtI meM) dozI)-dauSyika-vastra becanevAlA 1822 (60) (dhussA hindI meM) 3281 (bR.) pauNai = praguNIbhavati = acchA devakhati = dekhatA hai 1878 honA 68 (60) (ni0 cU0) pauliyA = pakva 1076 (60) doddhia = laukI (dUdhI marAThI) pakhAla = pakhavAlI 104 (60) 10.464 (vya0) paghaMsa-snAna karane ke bAda kuMkumadora = DorI 3866 (bR.) cUrNa Adi se zarIra ko ghisanA 2367 (60) paccovaNI agavAnI ke lie AnA dhAraNio-RNadhArI 2660 (60) 4407 (ni0 cU0) dhovaNa = dhonA 1636 (bR0)| pacchayaNa-pAtheya 1161 (ni00) paDAli = ghara ke Upara caTAI Adi kI banI kaccI chata 7.505(vya0) navaraMga 2882 (60) | paDiyA (pAr3I hindI ) = choTI nAliera = nAlikera = nAriyala bhaiMsa 3. 34 (vya0) 852 (60) nAvApUraya = cullU 456 (60) | paDucchi = bhaiMsa 87 ( o0) niggholiya = khAlI kiyA huA patthara = patthara 67 (bR.) 3366 (60) patthiya = bAMsa kI bar3I peTI 476 (o0) nicchakka = nirlaja 2256 (60) padamagga-sopAna 1. 11 (ni0sU0) nicchalliya = chAlarahita 1657 . (bR.) panarasa = paMcadaza 1443 (60) nittuppa = binA cupar3A huA 1706 pappaDiya = cAvala kI pApar3I 556 OM (bR0) (priM0) nIlakesI = taruNI 4.124 (vya0) pamaddamANa - rUI se pUnI banAnA neUNa = le jAkara ( neUna marAThI 574 (piM0) meM ) 1776 (60) paritthaDa = vRttAMta 13 (ni0 cU0) | paripUNaga = ghI-dUdha chAnane kA channA 345 (60) paMcapuMDa = paMcapuMDra = kizora (pAMca pariyAraNa = kAmabhoga 2. 321 sthAnoM meM zveta vaNa vAlA) 43 | (vya0) . (piM0 bhASya) pariyAriyA jisake sAtha viSayapaMtavattha = jIrNavastra 3508 (bR0) bhoga kiyA gayA ho 543 (ni0) paMtAvaNA = tADaNA 866 (bR0) parivacchi = nirNaya 2142 (60)

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536 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja parihAra = saMjJA = zauca 747 (vR0) / pIDhaga ( peDha ) = pIr3hA 3238 palAsa = palAza = bar3a Adi ke | -- (ni0) komala patte (DhAka) 612 (ni0) pIDhamada = mu~ha se priyabhASI 6. 46 pallaMka = palaMga 830 (60) (vya0) pavvaya = Dogara (DuMgara gujarAtI meM) pIDhasappI = paMgu 3253 (60) 2406 (ni0) puTTa = peTa (poTa marAThI meM) 1464 pavvoNi = saMmukha 6.261 (vya0) (60) pahuga (pihaga ) = pRthuka = caule putAi = putAkI = udbhrAmikA = (pohA marAThI meM ) 3647 (bR0) kulaTA 6053 (bR.) pAgayajaNa = sAdhAraNa jana 1214 puttalaga = putalA 167 (ni0) (bR0) purohaDa = ghara ke pIche kA bhAga = pANaMdhi (pANaddhi) = mArga 2. 23 / bAr3A 2060 (bR.) (vya0) pusayati (pusaNe marAThI) = pUMchatA pAdaposa = pAyuposa = apAnadvAra / hai 456 (bR0) 1108 (ni0) pUliyA = pUlI 55 (ni0 ca0) pAradocca-jahAM cora kA bhaya na ho pUvaliyakhAo-pUpalikAkhAdakaH 3605 (60) pUA khAte samaya jo kevala cabapAlu = apAna 3.40 (ni0 sa0) caba-zabda karatA hai / 60 varSa kA pAsavaNa = prasravaNa = mUtra 1. 16 yaha vRddha khATa se na uTha sakane (bR0 sU0) ke kAraNa 'khaTvAmalla' kahA pAse = pAsa 864 (60) jAtA hai| khAMsane aura thakane pAhuDiyA = bhikSA 1331 (ni0) meM bhI use kaSTa hotA hai 2623-5 pAhuNa = prAghUrNaka = pAhunA 1481 (60) ' (bR.) peDaNa = morapaMkha 4638 (bR.) piMjiya = pIjanA 2666 (bR0) pelava = niHsatva 2285 (bR.) paTa sarati = jo bahuta TaTTI- 'pelu (peLa marAThI)= pUnI 2666 pezAba karatA hai 5685 (60) (60) piTTha = piTThI ( pITha marAThI meM) poAla (poLa marAThI) = sAMDa 3620 (60) / 2. 71 ( vya0) piTuMta-apAnadvAra 6. 14 (ni0sU0) poccaDa ( pocaDa marAThI ) = maila pihaDa = bartana 1, pR0 102 a 3704 (ni0) (vya0) poTTala = poTalI 4666 ( bR0 ). pihujaNo = pRthagjana = loga 36 / poma = puSpa 286 (ni0) (bR0) posa= mRgIpada = yoni 6. 14

Page #558
pariziSTa 3 537 | bukkaNNaya = pAMse 25 (ni0 cU0) phaNasa-kaTahala (phaNasa marAThI meM) | beTTiyA = beTI = rAjakanyA 4615 (60) pharusaga = kumbhakAra 135 (ni0) beDha = baiThA 174 (o0 bhA0) phalla = sUtI kapar3A 5668 (60) bohiya = bodhika= pazcima dizAphavvIha = yacheccha bhakta-pAna kA vAsI mleccha 47 (60) lAbha 2216 (60) boDa = muMDa 217 (piM0) phillasiya (phellasaNa) = phisala borI-bera kA per3a (bora marAThI meM) jAnA 3307 TIkA (60) 4178 (60) phuphuga (phuphumA) = phUM-phUM karanA, | bola = vRMda 2273 (60) phUMka mAranA 2285 (60) | bolei = bolatA hai 1666 (60) phuTTapatthara = phUTe hue patthara 2662 (ni0) phurAveMti = apaharaNa karate haiM 3. bhaMDaNa-kalaha (bhAMDaNa marAThI meM) 163 (vya0) 2706 (60) phella = daridra 3726 (ni0) | bhaMDI = gaMtrI = gAr3I 1030 (60) phoDita = jIrA, hIMga se baghArA bhaMDu = churA 3611 (ni0) huA 6. 54 (vya0) bhaccaya (bhAcA marAThI) = bhAgineya / 5115 (60) bhaja = yjanA 574 (ni0)| bailla = baila 3163 (ni0) bhAsuMDaNA = bhraMzanA 2241 (60) baDua = brAhmaNa 6166 (60) bhulla =bhUlanA 5. 22 vya0 bappa = bApa 3187 (ni0 cU0) bhusa = bhUsA 1537 (ni0 cU0) bahilaga = UMTa, khaccara, baila Adi bhUNaa = putra 4626 (60) pazu 3066 (6) bhUNiyA - putrI 5154 (60) bahuphoDa-bahubhakSaka 161 (o0bhA0) bheMDiA = bhiMDikA = trADI 4627 bADaga (bAr3I bAlA ) = muhallA (60) 1485 (ni0) bhoiya=bhojikA-bhAryA (bhojayati bAyAlA = bayAlIsa 274 (60) bhartAraM )866 (60) bAhADa = gharSita 4126 (60) | bhoja = bhoja 3176 (60) bijala (vijala) = zithila kardama bhoyaDA = kaccha-laMgoTa (mahArASTra 565 (ni0) meM lar3akiyAM bacapana se pahanatI bIyA = bIja (bIya gujarAtI meM) haiM aura zAdI hone taka pahane 828 (60) / rahatI haiM ) 126 (ni0)

Page #559
538 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja muggachivADI-komala mUMga kI phalI maMDaga = mAMDA 1706 (60) - 664 (60) makkaDI-baMdarI (mAkaDa marAThI meM) | mudiyA = dAkha 674 (bR0 ) . 2545 (60) muddhi = haraNa Adi 77 (60) makkoDaga = makaur3A 2630 (ba) mUDa (muDA marAThI) = anna kA maggu = jalakAka 183 (60) 3 (ba eka mApa 4. 183 ( vya0 TI0) macchiyA = makkhI-mAchI 262 mehuNa (mehuNA=bahanoI, yA (ni0) sAlA marAThI meM ) mAmA kA maDapphara = gamana meM utsAha 4.60 putra (bhAnajA)2822 (ka) (vyaH) mehuNi = mAmA yA buA kI lar3akI maNUsa-manuSya (mANusa gujarAtI- yA sAlI marAThI meM bhI 5775 marAThI meM) 102 (60) (ni0) madhumuha = miThabolA ( darjana) moa = moka = kAyikI = matra 4117 (bR0) 747 (60) madhUlA = pAdagaMDa 3865 (60) / - mogaraga = geMde kA phUla ( mogarA mappaka = mApa 326 (ni0 ca0) marAThI meM) 678 (60) maruga = brAhmaNa 1013 (ba) moraMDa = tila Adi ke laDaDU mala = jo hAtha se ghisakara utArA | 3281 (60) moraga = kuMDala 5227 (bR0). jAye 534 (ni0) mahariyA = gaNinI 5256 (bR.) mAugAma = strIsamUha ( mahArASTa meM raTThauDa = rAThaur3a 3757 (60) strI ke artha meM pracalita; bhojaparI raDaNa = ronA (raDavaM gujarAtI meM) maugI) 2066 ( bR0) 4571 (60) mAla = mAlA, talA 2246 (bu0) rana = araNya (rAna gujarAtI va miMTha = mahAvata 2066 (70) marAThI meM ) 1.872 (60) mi = maiM ( marAThI meM 'mi' ) 4164 rasavai = rasoI 54 ( ombhAdhya ) (bR.) rAula = rAjakula 2636 (60) mIrA = bar3A cUlhA 4706 rikkhA = rekhA 1838 (bR0 ) (ni0 ca0) rIDhA = icchAnusAra 2162 (60) mIrAkaraNa = caTAiyoM dvArA dvAra ruMca = oTanA 574 (ni.) kA AcchAdana 2043 (60) ruMda = vistIrNa (ruMda marAThI meM) muiMga (muyiMga) = cIMTI (muMgI - 2375 (60) marAThI meM ) 261 (ni0) roTra = cAvala kA ATA363 (o0)

Page #560
pariziSTa 3 539 rohiNijjA-antaHpura kI svAminI | vaDDubaka = vaDuMbaka-bahuta se 376 (60) sambandhI 5187 (60) vattI = khar3iyA 158 ( bR0) laMda = kAla 1438 (60) vaddala = bAdala 742 (bR0) laDaha - manojJa 2305 (bR0) / varaMDaga = barAmadA 4824 (60) lasuNa (lasUNa marAThI) = lahasuna valaya = dhAnya Adi bharane kA 867 ' bR0) koThAra 3268 (bR0) lAuNAlo = vIMTI 511 (ni0) | | valavA (var3avA marAThI) = ghor3I lAuliga = DaMgara-lAThI liye hue 2283 (60) 4268 (60) vAi = eka prakAra kA madya 462 lAyA = lAjA 487 (ni0) . (ni0) lAlA = battI 3465 (60) vAulaNA-vyAkulatA 1175 (60) lUha = rUkSa 1358 (60) vAulagga-puruSa kA putalA (bAhulI lecchAria = lipta 6108 (ni0)| marAThI meM) 155 (ni0) leva = bartana para raMga karanA 330 vADI - bADa 1066 (bR0 ) (ni0) vANigiNI = proSitabhartRkA 2847 loDhaNa = kapAsa oTanA 474 (bR0) (o0) vAraya = ghaTa 2048 (60) lohI = kavallI = kar3AhI 2651 | vAravAreNa = bArabAra 512 (60) (ni0) vAlaciya = puruSa 405 (piM0) vAluMka = kakar3I 376 (60) viMTaya = aMgUThI (bITI marAThI meM) vaMTha = jisakA vivAha na huA ho | 2252 ( bR0) __218 ( o0) vikaDu = kar3avI auSadhi 1010 vai (bai marAThI ) = bAr3I 276 (60) (ni0) | viguruvviya = vastrAdi se alaMkRta vakkhara = bhAMDa 4477 (60) 2201 (60) vaccAgi = cArvAka 3. 344 (vya0) vicchU = bicchU 616 (60) vaTTakhura = gola khuravAlA ( ghor3A) vijala (dekhie bijala) 3747 (60) viyaNa ( viyaNi )=paMkhA (bIjanA vaDa = vibhAga 6142 (ni0 cU0) hindI meM) 242 ( ni0) vaDaga = bar3A 637 (piM0) viyaraga = kUpikA 2816 (60) vaDasAlA = DAlI 135 (ni0). | viyAyA = prasUtA ( byAnA hindI) vaDAra = baMTavArA 655 ( o0) / 7. 304 (vya0)

Page #561
540 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja viraMga = vicitra raMga 3032 (60) | sakkhI = sAkhI 1644 (60) viralla = vistAra 4. 46 (vya0) | sagala-saba ( sagaLA marAThI meM) viraMgaNa = nAsikAdi kA kATanA 1080 (60) 2500 (60) sagorahaga = bachar3e se yukta (gorahaga vilaolaya-luTerA 2615 (60) | =baila ) 2346 (60) vivacci = bivAI 2884 (bR.) sacoppaDaya-cupar3akara 524 (bR0) vissaMbhara = eka prakAra kA jaMtu sanjitthA = zakti 225 (ni0) 323 (o0) sajjhila = sagA bhAI 4806 (bR.) viha = mArga 742 (60) | saTTara = AlajAla 5284 (60) vIralla = olAyaka = olAvaa = saNNi = zrAvaka 10. 557 (vya0) halAyaka-zyena-bAz2a 3544 (bR0) sapAya = sagapAya : saNNAmattaka vIsaM viSvaka-pRthak 1048 (bR0) (saMjJAmAtraka) 3.80 (ni0cU0) vIsubhia = vizvagbhUta = kAlagata samA = varSA 1218 (60) 3760 (bR.) samitima gehU~ ke ATe kA banA vucchaM = vinaSTa 1271 (bR.) ... huA mAMDA 3066 (60) / veMTala-vazIkaraNAdi prayoga 2767 saraDU = jisameM abhI guThalI na (bR0) vesaNayA praveza karane yogya 4646 par3I hI aise phala 1082 (60) (ba) sassiya = kisAna 3631 (60) vesavAra (vesavAra marAThI) = dhaniyA sahoDha ( savihoDha) = corI kA Adi masAlA 1464 (ni0 cuu0)| mAla liye hue (raMge hAthoM) 623 vessA = dveSyA = vezyA 6256 / . (bR0) (bR.) sAgAriya = upAzraya kA mAlika 2083 (60) saMkha = saMgrAma 4122 (60) sAmatthaNa = paryAlocana 2142 (60) saMgilla = gAyoM kA samudAya 2.23 (vya0) sAraNa = upadeza 2662 (60) saMghADI-eka vastra 512 (ni0 cU0) sAraNI = NikkA = kyArI 326 saMDeva = pASANa Adi 31 (o0)| (ni0) saMbhali = dUtI 5. 73 (vya0) sAravaNa = premArjana 5548 (60) saMvara = kacarA uThAne vAle 7.456 sAserA = yaMtramayI nartakI 6230 (vya0) (60) saijjhiya-par3ausI (zejArI marAThI sAhI (sAhIya) = gharapaMkti 1485 meM) 1536 (60) (ni0)

Page #562
pariziSTa 3 541 sAhulI-vRkSa kI DAlI 238 (ni0)| suppa sUpa 236 (ni0) siMdUra = sindUra se lAla devakula suvihI = AMgana kA choTA maMDapa 2507 (60) 6055 (60) siMdUra = sabhAghara 5157 (ni0) seDuya = kapAsa 2666 (60) siMdhavaNNa = sapheda raMga kA 4170 seDhi = sIr3hI 107 (bR.) soTTA = zuSka kASTha (soTA pazcimI sii = sIr3hI 10. 408 (vya0) | uttarapradeza kI bolI meM ) 3516 sigga = zrAnta 1585 (bR0) siNhA = osa 3503 (60) solaga = ghor3e kI dekhabhAla karane sisANa = gaMdhI kI dUkAna para vAle 2066 (60) zarIra kA ghisanA 1. 5 (ni0cU0) sugehI = sundara ghara vAlI ( bayA) 3252 (bR0) | haMsolINaM = kaMdhe para car3hanA 25 suDhiya-atyanta Ahata 2672 (bR0) (ni0 cU0) suDhiya = zrAnta 2155 (bR0) hatthakamma-hastamaithuna 467 (ni0) suNha = putravadhU (sUna marAThI meM) | hiMDa = hiMDanA 1466 (60) 1258 (bR0 / / hoDha = gAr3ha 6122 (60)

Page #563

Page #564
AdhArabhUta grantha jaina Agama AcArAMga (AyAraMga) -niyukti, bhadrabAhu - cUrNI, jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma, 1641 -TIkA, zIlAMka, sUrata, 1635 - aMgrejI anuvAda, harmana jaikobI, sekreDa buksa oNva da IsTa, 22, 1884 anuttaropapAtikadazA (aNuttarovavAiyadasAo) - saMpAdana, pI0 ela0 vaidya, pUnA, 1932 - TIkA, abhayadeva; ema0 sI0 modI, ahamadAbAda, 1632 anuyogadvAra ( aNuyogadAra ), AyarakSita - cUrNI, jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma, 1628 -TIkA, haribhadra, ratalAma, 1628 - TIkA, maladhArI hemacandra, bhAvanagara, 1631 antaHkRddazA ( antagaDadasAo) - saMpAdana pI0 ela0 vaidya, pUnA, 1632 -TIkA, abhayadeva; ema0 sI0 modI, ahamadAbAda, 1632 - aMgrejI anuvAda, ela0 DI0 bAraneTa, laMdana, 1907 Avazyaka ( Avassaya) -niyukti, bhadrabAhu - bhASya - cUrNI, jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma, 1628 -TIkA, haribhadra, Agamodayasamiti, bambaI, 1916 -TIkA, malayagiri, Agamodayasamiti, bambaI, 1628 -niyuktidIpikA, mANikyazekhara, sUrata, 1636 - uttarAdhyayana ( uttarajjhayaNa) . . - -niyukti, bhadrabAhu - cUrNI, jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma, 1633 - TIkA, zAntisRri, bambaI, 1616 ..

Page #565
544 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja uttarAdhyayana (uttajjhayaNa) - TIkA, nemicandra, bambaI, 1637 - aMgrejI anuvAda, haramana jaikobI, sekreDa buksa oNna da IsTa, 45, 1865 - saMpAdana, je0 zArpeNTiyara, upAsalA, 1622 upAsagadazA ( uvAsagadasAo) - sampAdana, pI0 ela0 vaidya, pUnA, 1630 - TIkA, abhayadeva - aMgrejI anuvAda, hornela, kalakattA, 1818 RSibhASita (isibhAsiya ), sUrata, 1627 / / oghaniyukti (ohanijjutti) -bhASya - TIkA, droNAcArya, bambaI, 1616 aupapAtika (ovAiya) - TIkA, abhayadeva, dvitIya saMskaraNa, vikrama saMvat 1614 kalpasUtra (pajjosaNAkappa) - TIkA, samayasuMdaragaNi, bambaI, 1636 - aMgrejI anuvAda, haramana jaikobI, sekreDa buksa oNva da IsTa, 22, 1884 gacchAcAra (gacchAyAra) - TIkA, vijayavimalagaNi, ahamadAbAda, 1624 catuHzaraNa (causaraNa) - avacUrNI, vIrabhadra, devacaMda lAlabhAI jambUdvIpaprajJapti ( jaMbuddIvapannatti ) -TIkA, zAMticandra, bambaI, 1920 jItakalpa (jIyakappa) - bhASya, jinabhadragaNi; puNyavijaya, ahamadAbAda, vikrama saMvat 1614 jIvAbhigama - TIkA, malayagiri, bambaI, 1616 jJAtRdharmakathA (nAyAdhammakahA) -TIkA, abhayadeva, Agamodaya, bambaI, 1616 . - saMpAdana, ena0 vI0 vaidya, pUnA, 1640

Page #566
jJAtRdharmakathA (nAyAdhamma kahA ) * bhagavAn mahAvIra kI dharma kathAo, becaradAsa, ahamadAbAda, 1631 tandulavaicArika (tandulaveyAliya ) TIkA, vijayavimala, devacandra lAlabhAI dazavaikAlika ( dasaveyAliya ) - AdhArabhUta grantha -- dazAzrutaskaMdha ( dasassuyakhaMdha ), lAhaura, 1636 cUrNI, bhAvanagara, saM0 2011 nandi, devavAcaka kSamAzramaNa -- cUrNI, jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma, 1628 - TIkA, haribhadra, ratalAma, 1628 - TIkA, malayagiri, bambaI, 1624 nirayAvalayA ( kappiyA ) - niyukti, bhadrabAhu 'cUrNI, jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma, 1633; agastyasiMha, prAkRta TaiksTa sosAyaTI TIkA, haribhadra, bambaI, 1618 sampAdana, DablyU, zUbriMga, ahamadAbAda, 1932 -- - - TIkA, candrasUri, ahamadAbAda, 1638 sampAdana, gopANI eNDa cauksI, ahamadAbAda, 1634 nisIha ( nizItha ) bhASya cUrNI, jinadAsagaNi; upAdhyAya kavi amaramuni aura muni kanhaiyAlAla, sammatijJAnapITha, AgarA, 1657 - 1660 prakIrNaka (dasa) : catuHzaraNa ( causaraNa ), AturapratyAkhyAna ( Aura paccakkhANa ), mahApratyAkhyAna ( mahApazJcakkhANa ), bhaktaparijJA (bhattapaiNNA), tandulavaicArika ( taMdula veyAliya), saMstAra ( saMthAra ), gacchAcAra ( gacchAyAra ), gaNividyA ( gaNivijjA), devendrastava ( deviMdatthava ), maraNasamAdhi ( maraNasamAhi ), bambaI, 1627 piMDa niyukti (piMDanijjutti ) 545 bhAdhya - TIkA, malayagiri, sUrata, 1618 prajJApanA (paNNavaNA ) - * TIkA, malayagiri, bambaI, 1918 - 16 35 jai0 bhA0

Page #567
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja prajJApanA (paNNavaNA) -gujarAtI anuvAda, bhagavAnadAsa, ahamadAbAda, vikrama saMvat 1961 praznavyAkaraNa (paNhavAgaraNa) - TIkA, abhayadeva, bambaI, 1616 - amUlyacandra sena, ekriTikala inTroDakzana TU da paNhadhAgaraNAI, burjavarga, 1636 bRhatkalpa ( kappa) -bhASya, saMghadAsagaNi - TIkA, malayagiri aura kSemakIrti; puNyavijaya, AtmAnaMda jaina sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1633-38 bhagavatI (dekhie vyAkhyAprajJapti) mahAnizItha ( mahAnisIha) - DablyU. zUbiMga, barlina, 1618 - gujarAtI anuvAda, narasiMha bhAI ( hastalikhita ) rAjapraznIya (rAyapaseNaiya) -TIkA, abhayadeva - gujarAtI anuvAda, becaradAsa, ahamadAbAda, vikrama saMvat 1664 vyavahAra (vyavahAra) - bhASya - TIkA, malayagiri, bhAvanagara, 1626 vipAkasUtra ( vivAgasuya) - TIkA, abhayadeva, bar3audA, vikrama saMvat 1922 - sampAdana, e0 TI0 upAdhye, beLagAMva, 1635 vyAkhyAprajJapti - TIkA, abhayadeva, Agamodayamamiti, bambaI 1621, ratalAma, ...1637 - gujarAtI anuvAda, becaradAsa, ahamadAbAda, vikrama saMvat 1676-88 samavAyAMga -TIkA, abhayadeva, ahamadAbAda, 1938 sUtrakRtAMga (sUyagaDaM) -niyukti, bhadbAhu

Page #568
pariziSTa 3 547 - cUrNI, jinadAsagaNi, ratalAma, 1941 / - TIkA, zIlAMka, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI, 1917 - aMgrejI anuvAda, harmana jaikobI, sekreDa buksa oNba da IsTa, 45, 1865 sUryaprajJapti ( sUriyapannatti ) . - TIkA, malayagiri, bambaI, 1616 sthAnAMga ( ThANAMga) - TIkA, abhayadeva, ahamadAbAda, 1637 (2) Agama-bAhya jaina grantha aMgavijjA, prAkRta TaiksTa sosAyaTI, vArANasI, 1657 abhidhAnaciMtAmaNi, hemacandra, bhAvanagara, vIra saMvat 2441 abhidhAnarAjendrakoSa, vijayarAjendra sUrI ratalAma, 1613-34 caturviMzatiprabandha, rAjazekhara, bambaI, 1632 triSaSTizalakA-puruSacarita, hemacandra anuvAda eca0 ema0 jaoNnsana, 1630 paumacariya, vimalasUri, bhAvanagara, 1614 pariziSTaparva, harmana jaikobI, kalakattA, 1632 pAiyasahamahaNNavo, prAkRta TaiksTa sosAyaTI, vArANasI, 1963 prabandhacintAmaNi, merutuGga, bambaI, 1632 . pravacanasAroddhAra, nemicanda, bambaI, 1922-26 prAcIna tIrthamAlA saMgraha, bhAga 1, bhAvanagara, saMvat 1978 bRhatkathAkoSa, hariSeNa, e0 ena0 upAdhye, bambaI, 1943 bhagavatIArAdhanA, zivakoTi, devendrakIrtigranthamAlA, zolApura, 1635 vasudevahiMDI, saMghadAsagaNi vAcaka, AtmAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara, 163:-31 vividhatIrthakalpa, jinaprabhasUrI, bambaI, 1934 (3) bauddha grantha aMgutaranikAya 4 bhAga, . nAlaMdA-devanAgarI-pAli granthamAlA, banArasa, 1660 -aTThakathA (manorathapUraNI), 4 bhAga, laMdana, 1924-40 avadAnazataka, 2 bhAga, seMTa pITarsavarga, 1606

Page #569
548 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja udAna-aTThakathA ( paramatthadIpanI ), laMdana, 1626 . khuddakapATha-aTThakathA ( paramatthajotikA ), laMdana, 1615 cUlavaMza, 2 bhAga, laMdana, 1625 / cUlavagga, nAlaMdA-devanAgarI pAli granthamAlA, banArasa, 1656 jAtaka ( hindI anuvAda), 6 bhAga, bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, prayAga theragAthA, therIgAthA, raMgUna, 1937 theragAthA-aTThakathA (paramatthadIpanI) laMdana, 1640 therIgAthA-aTThakathA ( paramatthadIpanI), laMdana, 1863 DikzanarI oNva pAli praupara nemsa, 2 bhAga, jI0 pI0 malAlasekara, laMdana, 1637-38 divyAvadAna, kaimbrija, 1886 / dIghanikAya, 3 bhAga, nA0 de0 pA0, granthamAlA, banArasa, 1658 - aTThakathA (sumaGgalavilAsinI), 3 bhAga, laMdana, 1886-1932 dhammapada-aTThakathA, 5 bhAga, pAli TaiksTa sosAiTI, 1606-15 majjhimanikAya, 3 bhAga, nA0 de0 pA0, granthamAlA, banArasa, 1658 - aTThakathA ( papaMcasUdanI, 5 bhAga, laMdana, 1622-38 mahAvagga, nA0 de0 pA0 granthamAlA, banArasa, 1656 mahAvaMsa ( TIkA ), laMdana, 1608 milindapaJha, Trenkanera, laMdana, 1880 lalitavistara, laMdana, 1602 aura 1608 vibhaMga-aTThakathA ( sammohavinodinI) , laMdana, 1623 vinayapiTaka-aTThakathA (samaMtopAsAdikA), 4 bhAga, laMdana, 1624-38 vinayavastu, gilagiTa, mainuskripTa, jilda 3, bhAga 2, zrInagara kAzmIra, 1642 saMyuktanikAya, 4 bhAga, nA0 de0 pA0 granthamAlA, banArasa, 1656 - aTThakathA ( sAratthapakAsinI), 3 bhAga, laMdana 1626-37 suttanipAta aTThakathA ( paramatthajotikA ), 4 bhAga, laMdana, 1616-18 (4) brAhmaNa grantha ApastaMba dharmasUtra, kAzI saMskRta sIrIz2a banArasa, 1632 kathAsaritsAgara, somadeva, sampAdana peMjara, bhAga 1-10, laMdana, 1624-28

Page #570
pariziSTa 3 gautama carakasaMhitA, 2 bhAga, haridatta zAstrI lAhaura, 1640 dazakumAracarita, kAle, bambaI, 1625 bRhatsaMhitA, 2 bhAga, vArAhamihira, sampAdana, sudhAkara dvivedI, banArasa, saMvat 1680 bharatanATyazAstra, bharata, gAyakavAr3a oriMTiyala sIrIz2a, 1624; 1636; kAzI saMskRta sIrIz2a, 1626 manusmRti, nirNayasAgara, bambaI, 1646 mahAbhArata, TI0Ara0 kRSNAcArya, bambaI, 1606-6 mRcchakaTika, Ara0 DI0 karamarakara, pUnA, 1637 yAjJavalkyasmRti, vijJAnezvara kI TIkA, cauthA saMskaraNa, bambaI, 1936 rAmAyaNa, TI0 Ara0 kRSNAcArya, bambaI, 1611 vaidika inDeksa, 2 bhAga, maikaDonala eNDa kItha, 1612 zatapatha brAhmaNa, 5 bhAga, bambaI, 1640 suzrutasaMhitA, bhAskara govinda ghANekara, lAhaura, 1636, 1641 549 ( 5 ) sAmAnya grantha AcArya pI0 ke0 : DikzanarI oNva hindU ArkiTekcara, AksaphorDa yunivarsiTI presa, 1627 ApaTe vI0 ema0 : sozala eNDa rilIjiyasa lAipha ina da gRhyasUtrAz2a, ahamadAbAda, 1636 AlTekara e0 esa0 : ejUkezana ina aiMziyeMTa iMDiyA, banArasa, 1934 : da pojIzana Ava vImaina ina hindU sivilajezana, banArasa, 1938 ojhA gaurIzaMkara : bhAratIya prAcIna lipimAlA, ajamera, vikrama saMvat 1675 kaniMghama e0 : aiMziyeMTa jyographI Ava iMDiyA, kalakattA, 1624 kalyANa vijayamuni zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra, jAlaura, vikrama saMvat 1688 kApar3iyA eca0 Ara0 : e hisTrI oNva kainonikala liTarecara oNva da jainsa, bambaI, 1641 : AgamonuM digdarzana, bhAvanagara, 1648 kumArasvAmI e0 ke0 : da yakSAz2a, vAziMgaTana, 1628, 1631 : da DAnsa oNva ziva, nyUyArka, 1624

Page #571
550 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja glAsanaipa : jainijma (gujarAtI anuvAda ); ahamadAbAda / ghurye jI0 esa0 : kAsTa eNDa resa ina iMDiyA, laMdana, 1632 cakladAra eca0 sI0 : sozala lAifa ina aiMziyeMTa iMDiyA-sTaDIz2a ina vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra, kalakattA, 1626 jaina jagadIzacandra : lAipha ina aiMziyeMTa aija DipikTeDa ina jaina kainansa, bambaI, 1947 : prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, banArasa, 1661 : do hajAra barasa purAnI kahAniyA~, kAzI, 1646 :prAcIna bhArata kI kahAniyA~, bambaI, 1946 : bhArata ke prAcIna jaina tIrtha, banArasa, 1652 : ramaNI ke rUpa, jabalapura, 1961 De nandalAla : da jyographikala DikzanarI oNva aiMziyeMTa eNDa maiDIvala __iMDiyA, laMdana, 1927 dAte jI0 TI0 : da ArTa oNva vAra ina aiMziyeMTa iMDiyA, laMdana, 1626 dAsa esa0 ke0 : da ikonaumika hisTrI oNva aiMziyeMTa iMDiyA, kalakattA, 1637 dIkSItAra bI0 Ara0 rAmacandra : hindU eDaminisTreTiva iMsTiTyUzansa, madrAsa, 1926 deva esa0 bI0 : jaina maunesTika jurispUDeMsa, banArasa, 1660 nArmana brAuna DablyU0 : da sTorI oNva kAlaka, vAziMgaTana, 1633 pAjiTara epha0 I0 : aiMziyeMTa hisTorikala TraiDIzana, landana, 1622 pizala : prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa, anuvAdaka, hemacandra jozI, paTanA, 1658 puNyavijaya muni : jaina citrakalpadruma, ahamadAbAda, vikrama saMvat 1662 : bRhatkalpasUtra chaThe bhAga kI prastAvanA, bhAvanagara, 1642 pusAlakara e0 DI0 : bhAsa-e sTaDI, lAhaura, 1640 phika ricArDa : da sozala ArganAijezana ina nArtha-isTa iMDiyA ina . buddhAna TAima, kalakattA 1620 / phogala je0 : iMDiyana sarpeNTa lora, laMdana, 1926 banarjI pI0 ema0 : pablika eDaminisTrezana aiMziyeMTa iMDiyA, 1616 bAgacI pI0 sI0 : prI-Aryana eNDa prI-vir3iyana ina iMDiyA, sitvana levI, kalakattA, 1926 byUlara : da iMDiyana saikTa oNva da jainsa, laMdana, 1603

Page #572
pariziSTa 3 bharatasiMha upAdhyAya : pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, prayAga, saMvat 2008 : buddhakAlIna bhAratIya bhUgola, prayAga, saMvat 2018 bhAMDArakara Ara0 jI0 : vaiSNaviSama, zaiviSama eNDa mAinara rilIjiyasa sisTams, sTrAsabarga, 1613 55-1 bhAgavata (misa ) DI0 ena0 : arlI buddhisTa jurispraDeMsa, pUnA majUmadAra Ara0 sI0 : kaoNraporeTa lAipha ina aiMziyeMTa iMDiyA, punA, 1622 mitra Ara0 ela0 : iNDo-Aryana, 2 bhAga, kalakattA, 1881 mehatA ratilAla : prI-buddhisTa iMDiyA, bambaI, 1641 rAisa DaiviDsa TI0 DablyU : buddhisTa iMDiyA, laMkuna, 1917 rAyacaudhurI eca0 sI0 : paoNliTikala hisTrI oNtra eNziyeMTa iMDiyA, kalakattA, 1632 rAva gopInAtha : ailImeNTsa oNva hindU ikaunogrAphI, madrAsa, 2614 raipsana I0 je0 : kaimbrija hisTrI oNva iMDiyA, bhAga 1, kaimbrija, 1622, 1635 hA bI0 sI0 : jyaoNgraphikala aisseja, kalakattA, 1638 : mahAvIra, hiz2a lAifa eNDa TIciMga, laMdana, 1637 : hisTorikala glInigz2a, kalakattA, 1922 : iMDiyA aija DiskrAibDa ina arlI TaiksTsa oNba buddhijma eNDa jainijma, laMdana, 1951 : buddhisTika sTaDIz2a, kalakattA, 1931 : TrAibsa ina aiMsiyeMTa iMDiyA, pUnA, 1643 vAlvalkara pI0 eca0 : hindU sozala iMsTiTyUzansa, bambaI, 1636 viNTaranIz2a maurisa : hisTrI oNna iMDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, kalakattA 1633 zAha umAkAnta pI0 : sTaDIz2a ina jaina ArTa, banArasa, 1955 zAha sI0 je0 : jainijma ina nArtha iMDiyA, laMdana, 1632 zUbiMga DablyU0 : DAkTrInsa oNva da jainsa, banArasa, 1962 sena amUlya candra: skUlsa aiNDa saikTsa ina jaina liTarecara, vizvabhAratI, sTaDIz2a 3, apraila, 1631 haoNpakinsa I0 DablyU0 : ipika mAithaoNlaoNjI, sTrAsabarga 1615

Page #573
552 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja (6) patra-patrikAeM anekAnta Arkiolojikala sarve oNva iNDiyA riporTsa AzutoSamukurjI silcara jubilI vAlyUmsa oriMTielisa, bhAga 1-3 iMDiyana aiTIkverI iMDiyana kalcara iMDiyana hisTorikala kvArTI impIriyala gajeTiyara epigrAphiA iMDikA ainasAiklopIDiyA oNba ithiksa eNDa rilIjana ainalsa oNva bhAMDArakara oriMTiyala risarva iMsTiTyUda kalakattA rijyU kalcarala hairiTeja oNva iMDiyA, rAmakRSNa senTanarI memoriyala vAlyUma 3 jarnala oNva da amarikana oriMTiyala sosAyaTI jarnala oNra da iMDiyana sosAyaTI oNva oriMTiela ArTa jarnala oNpa da bihAra eNDa orisA risarca sosAyaTI jarnala oNna da yunivarsiTI oNva bambaI jarnala oNpa da yU0 po0 hisTorikala sosAyaTI jaina iMDiyana aiMTIkaberI DisTrikTa gajeTiyara oNba baMgAla, bihAra eNDa ur3IsA, yunAiTeDa prAvinsez2a, paMjAba Adi nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA purAtatva (gujarAtI) bhAratIya vidyA

Page #574
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja zabdAnukramaNikA a aMka (ghor3oM kA dAnA ) 102 aMkuza 100 aMkuza ( AMkar3I ) 418 aMga (kAmadeva ) 463 aMga (janapada) 93 noTa, 94, 225, 258, 262, 463, 464, 494, 496 aMga 26, 28 noTa - dvAdazAMga gaNipiTaka pravacanabheda aMgapraviSTa 28 noTa aMgabAhya 28 noTa aMga-magadha 22, 457, 458, 463 aMga risi 428 aMga-vaMga 465 aMgaloka 463 aMgArakarma 137 aMgAravatI ( rAnI ) 25, 518, 518 moTa aMgAravatI ( dhuMdhumAra kI kanyA ) 520 aMgulimAla ( cora ) 81 noTa aMjana ( pAMca ) 155 noTa aMjana salAgA (salAI ) 155 aMjanI (suramedAnI) 154 501, 501 noTa 506 ag ( brAhmaNa vidvAn ) 418 noTa aMbaDa 417494 aMbasAlavana 446 aMtrApAlI 475 aMbumakkhI 415 aMbuvAsI 414 aMbhI ( bhI ) 64 akaMpita ( gautama gotrIya ) 17,474 36 jai0 bhA0 akabara 476, 483 akalaMka 24 akkha (dhurA) 260 akkhADaga ( nATyagRha ) 333 akriyAvAda (ATha) 422 noTa akriyAvAdI ( viruddha ) 421, 422, 425 akSarajJAna ( khela-khela meM ) 296 noTa akSaralekhana 300 akSiroga 309, 312 akSINamahAnasI 343 aThima (kelA) 129 noTa agaTTiyA ekaThA nAva ) 182 noTa aMgabaddha 82 aMtaraMjiyA 471 aMtaraMDakagoliyA (DoMgI ) 182 aMdhakavana 282 noTa 278 aMdhakavRSNi 472, 500, 500 noTa | acalabhrAtA (hAritagotrIya ) 17, 468 acalezvara 478 182, agaDadatta 47, 80, 81, 248, 291, 319 agAsiyA ( rAMcI jile meM ) 9 agghakaMDa (ardhakAMDa ) 306 agnikuMDa 260 agnibhIrU ( ratha ) 93, 96, 519 agnibhUti 17 agnihotravAdI 427 acala grAma ) 292 1 acala (vyApArI ) 111, 173, 178, acittavitra 435 noTa acirAvatI (rAptI) 128, 396 noTa, 485

Page #575
554 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja acela 4, 8, 11, 20, 20 noTa, 25, 213 adhyApaka aura vidyArthI 286-88 adhyApaka kA sammAna 293 acchA (janapada) 478 ajAtazatru ( kUNika) ajapAla ( gar3ariyA ) 131 ajitake kaMbalI 12 ajitanAtha 372 ajina siddhaRSi 428 ajhadhAriNI (baccoM ko le jAne vAlI) 257 ajJAnavAdI 421, 422, 422 noTa aTTaNa (malla) 367 aTTaNazAlA ( vyAyAmazAlA ) 335 aTTAlikA ( aTArI ) 106, 338, 389, 465 aTThakathA 35 aTThAya (arthazAstra ) 295 noTa agegAma ( asthikagrAma ) 12, 337, aThAraha zreNiyAM 49, 164-166 aDoliyA (gardabha kI bahana ) 266 aDoliyA (gillI ) 159, 360 aDDiya367 aDhAI dvIpa 457 aNDoM kA vyApAra 139 atithi 424 atimuktaka 385 441 aThAraha lar3I kA hAra 94, 98, 143 anumahattara 364 noTa, 511 atimuktakakumAra 502 atizaya ( tIna ) 343 attA ( musAphira ) 398 attakkosiya 425 attharaga ( komala astara ) 333 adInazatru 262 adhvaprakaraNa 393-95 adhvAnastena 72 anaMga senA (gaNikA) 278 anaMtavIrya 499 anadhyAya 292 anavadyA ( priyadarzanA ) 10 anAja ko surakSita rakhane ke upAya aya 428 addhamAsa 188, 188 noTa adhamapuruSa (chaha ) 249 noTa adhyayana-adhyApana 227 122-3 anAthapiMDaka 166 noTa, 485 anArya jAti 6, 9, 221 anArya deza 11 anArya veda 294 noTa anuttaropapAtikadazA 508 anuttaropapAtika ke tRtIya varga meM gar3abar3I 33 noTa anudvAta ( patharIlI bhUmi ) 120 anuyAna ( rathayAtrA ) 363 anuyogadvAra 30, 209, 294, 412 anuraMgA ( ghaMsikA=gAr3I ) 180 anusUcaka (guptacara ) 61 anekAMtavAda 25 antaHkRddazA 464 antaHkuzAMga ke prathama varga meM gar3abar3I 33 noTa antaHpura ( tIna ) 52, 57 antaHpura ke rakSaka 54-6 antaraMjiyA 19 antarastena 72 antarApaNa (dukAna) 173, 187 antarIya (vastra) 212 antardezIya vyApAra 170 -5 antardhAna 344, 346 antyeSTikriyA 369-71, 374 andhakavRSNi ( aMdhakavRSNi ) 33, 500, 501

Page #576
zabdAnukramaNikA anyayUthika 419 arAjakatA 42 noTa, 43 apagatagaMdhA 264, 507 ariSTanagara 92 noTa, 261 apadvAra (guptadvAra) 335 ariSTanemi (neminAtha)5, 109, 201, apabhraMza 305 251, 257, 383, 406, 473, aparAjita (zrutakevalI) 20 478, 495, 501, 501 noTa, aparAdha aura daNDa 70-91 503, 504 apavAda mArga 410-11 aruNopapAta 249 apArdha kSetra 356 argala(lA) (mUsalA) 389, 465 abaddhavAda 19 arjuna (pAMDuputra) 92 noTa, 261 abbuya ( arbuda = AbU ) 477 arjunaka (mAlAkAra) 152, 442 abhaggasega ( cora) 77.77 noTa arjunagoyamaputta 419 / abhayadevasUri 31, 33, 34 noTa, 37, arthadaNDa (jurmAnA)84 92 noTa 272, 304, 445, 482 / / | arthazAstra 41, 60. 104, 119 272, abhayarAjakumAra (abhayakumAra ) 10, 295 noTa, 445, 460 25, 51, 56, 59, 106, 240, 252, | arthazAstra (jaina sAdhuoM ko par3hane kA 262, 264, 346, 352, 386, niSedha) 295 noTa 492 noTa, 507, 507 noTa, 508, arthazAstra (prAkRta meM ) 295 noTa 512, 520, 526 ardhacandra 99 abhijAti (lezyA) 16 ardhacandra 332, 334 abhinaya (cAra) 323, 323 noTa ardhaphAlaka 21 abhinayazUnya (nATaka) 323 ardhabharata 94 abhimara (sAhasI loga) 319 ardhamAgadhI 12, 25, 31, 32,(prAcIna abhiyoga 344 prAkRta)36,303-5, 460 abhiSeka-rAjadhAnI (dasa).50 arbudAcala (AbU) 365, 477 abhItikumAra 513, 514 arhatpratimA 336 amama (tIrthaMkara) 504 arhanta 419 amAghAta 523 arhannaga (potavaNika) 171, 184,355 amAtya 59 alaMkAra (gyAraha) 320 amoghadarzI ( yakSa) 443 alaMkArazAstra 217 noTa ambArI (gillI) 100 alaMkArikasabhA ('sailUna' ) 90, 217 ammaDa (parivrAjaka) 418,419,428 | alakA 435 ayodhyA 4, 11, (vinItA) 95, | alakAnalinI 435 (ikSvAkubhUmi) 4, 41, 436, alasaMDa(da) (elekjeiNDyiA ) 94, 469, 496 183, 464, 496 ayodhyA ke nAma 469 alitta (nAva kA DAMDa)185, 185 noTa araba161, 175 alinda (koThAra) 123 aramaIka (lipi)302 avaMti (avanti) 480 arahamitta (zrAvaka)202 . | avaeja (eka pAtra) 256

Page #577
556 avataMsaka ( prAsAda ) 334 avapakka ( tavI ) 256 avarakaMkA 52, 263, 353 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja avarodha 106 avarodha ( oroha = antaHpura ) 51 avasarpiNI 3,492 avasaha ( Avasatha ) 415 58, 278 noTa, 458, 481 azokacandra ( ajAtazatru ) 509 avasvApana 399 asikheTaka 107 avasvApinI (vidyA) 263, 346, asigrAhI 63 asitadevala 428 346 noTa, 353 avADa ( kirAta ) 94 asitAkSa (yajJa) 443 asi baMdhaka putra 10 vAha ( putra kA vivAha ) 363 noTa aviruddha (vinayavAdI) 422 avyaktavAdI 19 azanighoSa ( vidyAdhara ) 349 azivopazaminI (bherI ) 290 azoka. ( samrAT ) 16, 22, 30 noTa, azmaka 487 azva (galiyA ) 101, 631 azva utpAdana karanA 340 azvatara ( khaccara) 101, 131, 177 azvatthAmA 258 azvadamaga 102 azvamakSikA 318 azvamardaka 102 azvamitra 19 azvameMTa 102 azvayuddha 367 aSTApada (kailAza ) 4, 336, 348, 415, 436, 479, 477, 494, 497, 498 azvavAhanikA 103 azvazAlA 103, 103 noTa azvasena (rAjA) 6, 182 azvAroha 102 aSTamabhakta 352, 353 aSTAMgamahAnimitta (ATha mahAnimitta ) 8, 15, 237, 339, 339 noTa aSTAdaza vyaMjana 194, 235 aSTApada ( caupar3a kA khela ) 296, 360 asama 435 noTa asabhogika ( zramaNa ) 22 asi 468 astra-zastra 107-9 asthAnamaMDapa ( upasthAnazAlA ) 335 asthisarajaska 426, 427 aspatAla ( tegicchriyasAlA ) 318 ahalyA 92 noTa ahikaraNI (neha ) 146 ahiMsA 7, 7 noTa ahicchatra (phaNa ) 471 ahicchatrA 6, 173, 465, 470, 471 ahinnikA 92 92 noTa, 248 ahilANa (lagAma ) 102 ahIra (AbhIra) 132, 134, 171 / ahIranI (AbhIrI ) 132, 189, 190, 264, 290, 291 A AMtarika (vidyA) 346 AMbhIrya ( bhI ) 64 AkhiyA (DombI) 351 Aine akabarI 471 Asa (luhAra kI dukAna ) 146 Akara 142 AkarSaNa, vazIkaraNa Adi 344 AkAzagAmI (vidyA) 341, 352 AkAzavidyA 400 AkIrNa (ghor3e ) 101 (samudra madhyavartI ) 101 noTa

Page #578
AkrAnta (cora) 72 AkheTa 137 - 140 AkhyAyaka (jyotiSa ) 439 AkhyAyikAyeM 299 Agantuka (vraNa) 315 AgarA 5 Agama- siddhAnta 26 Agama (cAra) 28 noTa AgamoM kI TIkAeM 35-37 AgamoM kI padasaMkhyA 34 noTa AgamoM kI bhASA 31-2 AgamoM kA mahatva 30-31 AgamoM kI vAcanAeM 29-30 AgamoM kI saMkhyA 26-28 AgamoM kI saMkhyA kA hrAsa 34 AgamoM kI prAmaNikatA 34-5 AgamoM kI viSayavastu 34 noTa AgamoM meM ullikhita rAjA-mahArAjA zabdAnukramaNikA 491-525 AgamoM meM parivartana aura saMzodhana AcArAMga 34, 206 AcArAMgacUrNI 264 AcArya ( tIna ) 286 AcArya va 19 32-34 AgamoM meM visaMvAda 32-33 AgamaNa igaha 402 AbhIra (deza) 489 AgneyakITa (bhramarakaraNDaka ) 74 noTa AbhIra ( ahIra ) 132, 171 ADambara yakSa (hira Dikka ) 358, 433, 443 AtmaghAta ke prakAra 375 AbhaNa (vidyA) 346 noTa AdaMsa (zIzA) 338 Adarza (vidyA) 346 AdarzagRha (sIsamahala ) 334 Adi tIrthaMkara (AdinAtha ) 3-4 Adi tIrthaMkara (RSabhadeva ) Adityaratha ( rAjA ) 92 noTa, 261 Ananda ( buddha ke ziSya ) 492 noTa Ananda gRhapati 14, 121, 164, 168, 181, 190, 229, 475 Ananda gRhapati 161 Anandapura 178, 365, 373, 489 Andhra 458, 472, 487, 523 ApaNagRha 187 ApattikAla meM vedoM kA rahasya 202 AbhicArukA ( vidyA ) 342 Abu ( arbudAcala ) Abhiyogika 344 abhiSekya hastiratna 98 419-21 dharma AjamagaMja 9 AjIvika 5 noTa, 13, 15, 16, 17, AbhUSaNoM kA upayoga 217 33 AbhoginI 342 AjIvika mata ke upAsaka 420, 420 AmazaSadhi 343 noTa 557 AbhIrI ( ahIranI ) 290, 291 AbhUSaNa aura rana Adi 142-5 AbhUSaNa ( caudaha ) 142-3 AbhUSaNa (vizAkhA ke ) 142 noTa AbhUSaNa ( hAthI-ghor3oM ke ) 143 AmalakappA 446 amoda-pramoda 216 -8, 359 AmoSa (cora) 71 AjIvika sAdhu 420 AjIvikoM ke tapa 16 noTa AjIviya ( AjIvaka ) zramaNa 381, Amra-pezI, bhitta ( AdhI phAMka ), sAlA (chilakA), DAlaga (gola Tukar3e ), coyaga (chA ) 129

Page #579
558 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja AmrapAli 273 noTa Arya samudra 488 AyAta-niryAta 175-8 Arya sudharmA 18, 19, 464 AyudhazAlA 94 Arya suhasti (suhasti) 458, 462 Ayurveda 307-18 Arya skaMdaka (kAtyAyanagotrIya) 456 Ayurveda (ATha zAkhAeM)308 AryA 423, 449-50 Arakkhiya (nagarakSaka)399 AryA chanda 35, 36 Arabaka 94, 464, 496 AryAmaha 449-50 ArAdhanAniyukti 36 AyikAoM aura kSullakoM kA apaharaNa 79 ArAma 128 360 AryikAoM kA vratabhaMga 282 ArAmuha (nukIlA tIra) 318 AlaM( la )bhiyA 12, 419 Aroha (yuddhakAla meM hAthI para savArI | AlANa ( staMbha) 100 karane vAle) 100 AlekhanavidyA 327 AdrakakumAra (muni ) 202, 406, AvantI (prAcIna bhApA)304 __408, 412 AvazyakacUrNI 37, 132 202, 269, Arya kAlaka (kAlakAcArya) 339 / 270, 473, 479, 508 Arya kSetra (sAr3he paJcIsa) 22 noTa, | AvazyakaTIkA 37 459-486 Avazyakaniyukti 493 Arya kSetroM kI sImA meM vRddhi 458-59 AvazyakabhApya 500 Arya jambU ( jambUsvAmI ) 18, 19, AvADa (kirAta) 497 AvApa 196 464 Arya jAti 221-2 AvAha 363 Azcarya (daza)221 noTa, 494 noTa -kSetra 22, 221 AzrAviNI (nAva) 182 -jAti 221 ASAr3habhUti 327, 406, 407 -kula 222, 222 noTa ASAr3AcArya 19 475, 480 -karma 222 Asana ( nAmAMkita )259 -bhASA 303-5 -zilpa 222 Asana 337, 337 noTa Aya deza ( sAr3he paJcIsa ) 22, 22 Asuri 295 noTa Asurukkha (AsurakSa)64, 294 noTa, noTa, 221 Arya prAkRta (ardhamAgadhI ) 31, 305 295 noTa Arya bhASA 304 Asurya 64 Arya maMgu 483, 488 AsthAnazAlA 271 Arya mahAgiri 20 noTa, 458, 462 / / AhaDiyA (eka miSTAnna) 195 AyeM rakSita (navapUrvadhArI) 20 noTa. AhabvaNI ( AtharvaNI) 346 | AheNaga 196 23, 28 noTa, 385, 443, 479, 481, 484 Aryaveda 294 noTa iMginImaraNa 86 Arya samita 489 iMdhanaparyAyAma 130

Page #580
zabdAnukramaNikA ikAI (rASTrakUTa) 114, 311 ikSu ( Ikha) 126, 127 Ikha ke kheta 125 ikSuyaMtra (kolhU) 407 IryAsamiti 389 ikSurasa 494 IrAna ke zAha 23, 85, 93, 481, 524 icvAkubhUmi (ayodhyA) 4, (prathama Izvara 62, 387 rAjadhAnI) 41, 493 ijipTa 271 noTa IzvarakRSNa 295 noTa ikSvAkuvaMza 4, 6, 222, 493 uMDiyA (mohara) 330 iTTagA (maha)362 uMbarakara (pratyeka ghara se liyA jAne igA (sevaI) 195 iTTikA ( iMTa) 149 vAlA kara) 111 iDhisakkAra 374 uMbaradatta ( yakSa) 440 ugra (kSatriya rAjA) 25, 222, 380, idura ( koThAra ) 123 indalaTi (indrayaSTi) 436 noTa 493 ugraputra 380 indra 10 noTa, 92 noTa, 184, 228, 236 237, 271, 423, 429-31, ugrasena (bhojarAja) 5, 251, 258, 433, 440, 443, 493 495, 501, 501 noTa, 502. 505 indra (parastrIgAmI) 429, 429 noTa uccAnAgarI (zAkhA) 478 indrakIla (oTa) 338, 465 uccUla (hAthI kA jhUla) 100 indraketu 431 ucchiSTa 350 ucchiSTa maMtra 347 indragraha 441 indrajAla 344 ucchiSTa vidyAeM 347 indradatta (AcArya) 23 ucchU (gannA) 124, 125 indradatta (rAjA) 53, 259, 260, 288 ucchughara (icagRha) 124 indradatta 264 ujayaMta (raivataka = giranAra ) 5,366, 472 indrapura (mathurA) 483 ujjayinI ( ujjaina = ujjainI) indrapura 53, 259, 288 ujANiyA (mahotsava)361, 364 indraprastha (dillI) 469 ujjaina (ujjainI) 21, 23 (ujjayinI), indrabhUti (gautama indrabhUti) 23, 24, 43, 47, 53, 71 noTa, indramaha 4, 23, 53, 439-31, 489, 79, 93, 93 noTa, 96, 99, 106, 493 indra mahotsava 87, 320, 363, 383, 159, 173, 230, 262, 266, 430 noTa, 470 277, 320, 327, 330, 363, indrazarmA (pujArI) 441 367, 401, 434, 447 noTa, 448, indriyanigraha 7 458, 477, 480, 482, 489, 514 ibhya (zrImaMta) 62, 164, 387--- / ujainI ke anya nAma 481 iNvastra (Isattha)298, 318 ujjainI ke loga 173 isitaDAga (RSitaDAga) 444,467 | ujjhita 83 ispAta 14pa. uDaMka (RSi) 429 noTa

Page #581
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja uda uDupa ( ghiranaI ) 183 savadattA 518-19, uDuMDaka (ga) 413, 413 noTa, 426 519 noTa uNNAmiNI (unnAminI)345 udAyI (hAthI) 99 utkala (uDIsA)466 udAyI (kUNika kA putra) 510 noTa, utkAlika 26 noTa, 28 noTa uttama hAthI 9 udUkhala (okhalI) 123, 412 uttaraMga 331, 336 uttarakaMcuka 102 uddhAta (kAlI bhUmi) 120 uddaka rAmaputta 428 noTa uttarakUlaga 413 uttarakosala (kuNAla ) 22, 484 uddavaNa (apadrAvaNa) 342 uddiSTabhojanatyAga 16 uttarapradeza 267, 268 uttaravAcAla 412 .. uddhi 180 uttarAdhikAra kA prazna 47-49 udyAna 128, 360 uttarAdhyayana 28 noTa, 34, 71, 134, udyAna ( yakSAdhiSThita ) 446 udyAna ( rAjAoM ke ) 360 201, 227,307, 388 uttarAdhyayanaTIkA (pAiyaTIkA )37 udyAna-kalA (bAgavAnI) 128-131 uttarAdhyayanaTIkA 46, 131, 161, udyAnoM ke nAma 129, 446 178, 232, 294 udyApanikA 439 uttarApatha 115, 120, 127, 173, | udrAyaNa ( udAyana)24, 43, 45, 93 176, 177, 189, 261, 265, noTa, 159, 254, 320, 344 noTa, 407, 483 491, 553, 520 uttarAsaMga 380 uttarIya ( vastra)212 udrAyaNa aura pradyota 515 uttiga (nAva kA chidra) 185 udhAra 190 upako zA (vezyA) 277 utpAdaka 119 upadezapada 70 noTa utpAdana 119-166 utpAdana ke mukhya kAraNa 119 upadhAna (takiye) 334, 337 noTa upanayana (saMskAra )243 utpAdanakartA 140-155 upabhoga 193-218 utsarpiNI 3, 492, 504 upamitibhavaprapaMcAkathA 477 utsava 359 utsava (pAMca)359 noTa upazama 411 udaMbara phala (pAMca) 420, 420 noTa upasargaharastotra 340 udakapeDhAla putra (medAryagotrIya)8 upasthAnazAlA 293, 335 udakabasti ( dakavasti) 76 upAMga ( bAraha) 26-27, 26 noTa udakazAlA 463 upAMga (chaha) 294 udayagiri 467 upAli 10 udayana 24, 56, 83, 99, 500, 262, upAzraya 68, 79, 372, 434 upAzrayajanya saMkaTa 401-2 320, 375 noTa, 475, 476, 492 noTa, 516, 516 noTa upAsakadazA 57, 464

Page #582
zabdAnukramaNikA 561 . uppalavaNNA 282 noTa o umA (gaNikA) 434 ocAra (apacAri-koThAra) 123 umAsvAti 24 oDU (ur3IsA) 466 ummaggajalA (unmagnajalA)94, 497 | | oNAmaNI (avanAmanI) 345 ummanjaka 413 odariyA (sArtha) 180 ulkA (lUkA )357 ohADaNI 332 ullaNiyA (tauliye) 152 ullukAtIra 19 aupapAtika 270, 413, 424, 438, unloya (chata) 334 464, 509 uvaThThANasAlA (upasthAnazAlA) aurabhrIya (urabhra meMDhA ) 134 uvaripuMchagI 332 uSTrapAla 134 uSTrikA (miTTI kA bartana) 420 Rgveda 272, 433 noTa usu (iSu) 318 RjuvAlikA 11, 121, 496 usukAla (okhalI) 332 noTa RNadAsa ko dIkSA kA niSedha 158 ussIsAmUla (sirahAnA)388 RSabhakUTa 94, 497 ussUlaga (khAI) 389 RSabhadatta 10 noTa RSabhadatta (jambU ke pitA)385 RSabhadeva (nAtha) 3, 4, 4 noTa, UMTa 135 (prathama rAjA) 41, 42,94, 223, UMTasavAra 104, 516 266, 302, 307, 336, 348, 369, Una (UrgA) 126, 134 425, 478, 493, 494, 496, 497 Urjayanta (giranAra ) 471, 472, 475 RSabhadeva (janmamahimA)242 noTa UrNA (gaDura) 126 noTa RSabhapaMcamI 4 noTa Usiya 331 RSitaDAga 365, 444, 467 RSipaMcamI 4 noTa RSi-pariSad 84 ekadaNDI 17, 408 RSipAla (vAnamaMtara) 444, 467 eDakAkSapura (erakaccha) 479 eNejaga 419 eracha (eDakAkSapura) kaMkAlI TIlA 483 elASAr3ha 70, 70 noTa kaMcaNiyA (rudrAkSa kI mAlA)418 eluyA (dehalI) 331 kaMcanA 248 elekjeNDrA (alasaMDa) kaMcukI 54, 55 noTa eSaNAzuddhi 404 kaMTaka (cora)81 +kaMDa (dezakhaNDa)372 kaMthaka (ghor3e) 101 airAvaNa ( indra kA hAthI) 96 .. -cAra prakAra 101 noTa airAvatI (acirAvatI rAptI) 396 noTa | kaMdappiya 425

Page #583
* 562 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja kaMdali ( kaMDarIka ) 70, 70 noTa / kaNikkA (samiyA)317 kaMpillapura (kAMpilyapura), 93, 137, | kaNerudatta (gajapura kA rAjA) 499 179, 195, 258, 278, 383, | kaNhaparivAyaga 417 / / 418, 419, 431, 470, 499, 505 | kaNhA (kanhana ) 489 kaMbala (bachar3A) 133 katAI aura bunAI 140-1 kaMbala 134, 176, 189 katti (kRti = camakhaNDa) 151, 215 kaMbalaratra 313, 398 kathaka 438 kaMboja 101, 177 kathAyeM (cAra) 416 kaMsa (prativAsudeva ) 500, 501, 502, kathAvAcaka 369, 464 503 kathAsaritsAgara 277 noTa kaMsakAra ( kaserA) 146 kadalIphala (kelA) 129 kaiviya (camace)256 kanakakhala 412 kakubhAMDa (pAMca) 48 noTa kanakamaMjarI (paTarAnI) 57, 265, 328 kakkurukA 351 noTa kanakaratha (rAjA) 225 kakkha puDiya (gaTharI bagala meM dabAkara kanakazakti ( bhagavAn ) 71, 73 noTa calane vAle vyApArI) 170 kaniSka 34, 484 kaccha 94, 348, 464, 497 kanDarIka (kaMdali) 70, 70 noTa kaccha (kacha TA)211 kannauja 470-471 kacchullanArada (nArada)52 kanyA-antaHpura 52, 56, 262, 283 kacchU 309 noTa, 310, 313,316 / / kapar3e dhonA aura raMganA 141 kacchoTaka (gaMTolalI) 416 noTa | kapardaka (kaur3I) 523 kajolaka 125 noTa kapATa 106 kacchoTaka (laMgoTI) 416 noTa kapAsa kA mUlya 190 kaTaka (aSTadhAtu nirmita bAle) 314 | kapAsa kI phasala 126 kaTapUtanA 445 kapAsa se pUnI banAnA 140 kaTibandha (aggoyara) 213 kapila (nirIzvara sAMkhya) 417 kaTuka (daNDanirNAyaka)364 kapila (muni) 416 noTa kaTAra (svanAmamudrita) 85 kapila (vidyArthI) 291 kaTakaraNa (kheta) 121 kapila (vidyArthI )292 kaTapAuyAra (kATha kI pAdukA banAne kapila (zAstra) 295 vAle) 222 kapila aura Asuri 295 noTa kaTTahAraka (lakar3ahAre) 137 kapilavastu 462, 468 kaDaya (kar3e)256 | kapizIrSaka (kaMgUre)331, 338, 465 kaDaya (kAzI kA ra.jA) 499 kappa ( vastra)391 kaNaka (bAga) :07 | kappaDiya (kAryATika sAdhu) 180 kaNagatindusaya (sone kI geMda) 254 kappAsa ( phalahI = kapAla) 126 kaNagasattarI (sAMkhyakArikA) 295 kappAsibha (kArpAsika) 140, 222 kaNayAli (jharokhe) 334 | kappAsia (laukika zruta) 295

Page #584
zabdAnukramaNikA 563 kabUtara (nUtana gRha meM )359 / / / karma se jAti 225, 225 noTa kabbaDa (karvaTa) 171, 171 noTa kamakAra (bhinnu) 427 kamaTha 83 karmAdAna (pandraha) 16, 121, 125, kamalasenA 248 131, 156, 420 kamalAmelA (azvaratna) 103 | kalamazAli 121 kamalAmelA ( rAjakumArI)264, 328 / kalaza ( tIna prakAra ke) 147 kambiyA (pustaka kA puTThA)300 kalA aura vijJAna 300-38 kammaMtasAlA (jahAM ustare para dhAra kalAMkura (mUladeva)70 ___ lagAyI jAtI ho) 150, 186 kalA (bAhattara)3, 293, 295, 296kammakara (karmakara) 63, 156 8,298 noTa, 300, 318,319 kammAra (karmAra = luhAra) 145 kalAyeM (cauMsaTha) 3, 274 noTa, kammArasAlA (aggikamma) 145 298 noTa kara (Taiksa) se bacanA 111 / / kalAgrahaNa (saMskAra ) 243 kara (tIna prakAra kA) 110 noTa kalAcikA (kalAI kAAbharaNa) 418 kara (aThAraha prakAra ) 11-2 kalAcArya 286, 291, 293 kara (makAna kA) 110 kalAya (sunAra) 142 kara vasUla karane vAle karmacArI 113 | kalAvilAsa 70 noTa, 274 noTa karaka (dharmakaraka) 147 noTa kaliMga (ur3IsA) 466 karakaNDu 48, 49, 68, 131, 234, | kaliMganagara (bhuvanezvara ) 466 385, 417, 494, 515 / kaliMgarAja 148 karakaya (krakaca= ArI) 107 kalka 351 karaDuyabhakta 364 | kalpa (chaha) 492 karabhI 123, 123 noTa kalpaka (maMtrI) 85, 521 karaya (karavA) 147 kalpabhASya (bRhatkalpabhASya)36 karISa (upale kI Aga) 134, 225 kalpavRkSa 41, 492 karoTikA (miTTI kI kA kapAla) 418 | kalpasUtra 10 noTa, 15,34, 113, 430, karoDiyA (loTA)256 440, 474, 489, 493 karkaTaraja 74 noTa kalyANa (kallaNaga= cakravartiyoM kA karja na cukA sakane para ghara para mailI bhojana) 195 _ jhaMDI 190 kalyANaghRta 316 karNa 258 kavaca 108 karNavedhana (saMskAra)243 kavaDaga (kaur3I) 188 karNisuta (mUladeva) 70 kavalagrAha (sthUla grAsa bhakSaNa)316 karNIratha 95, 274 kavallI (miTTI kA tavA) 139 katarikA 107 kaSAyamAbhRta 24 noTa, 26 noTa karma-Arya 222, 226 kAMcanapura 49, 52, 131, 515 karma-juMgita (karma se hIna) 156, kAMcanapura meM bAr3ha 128 221, 223 / kAMcanapura (bhuvanezvara ) 466

Page #585
564 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja kAMcanA 92 92 noTa purI (ra) 189, 487 kAMTAniyA (caubIsa paraganA ) 9 kAMpilyapura (kaMpillapura ) kAuDDANa 344 kAka (deza) 176, 207 noTa kAlI (vAdya ) 74 noTa kAkaNI ( ratna ) 95, 226, 301, 497 kAkiNI (tAMbe kA sikkA ) 188, 188 noTa, 189, 189 noTa kAjola ( kajola ) 125 noTa kAThiyAvAr3a 184 noTa kANiTTa (iMTa) 334 kAtanA 141 kAtyAyanI 71 kAdhika 299 kAdambarI (madirA) 198, 504 kAnana dvIpa 120 kAnyakubja 470 (bahaMgI) 181 kAyacikitsA 308 kAyikI (mUtra ) 372 kAraNika ( nyAyAdhIza ) 64, 68, 88 kAru (nau) 146, 164 noTa kArobAra 185 kArtavIrya 499 kArpATika 337, 365, 402 kArpATikA 482 karmayoga 344 kArSApaNa 67, 187, 187 noTa, 189 kAla (rAjakumAra ) 98, 99, 319, 511 kAlakAcArya 15, 23, 53, 93, 339, 363, 472, 481, 487, 488, 524-25 kAlanivezI 180 kAlabhojI 180 kAlamuha ( kha ) 94, 497 kAlAguru (agara ) 130 kAlAsavesiyaputta ( mahAvIra ke anuyAyI ) 7 kAliMgI (vidyA) 346 kAlika ( zruta) 26 noTa, 28 noTa, 29 kAliya dvIpa ( ke ghor3e ) 102, 142, kAnyakubja nAma 471 kApAlika bhikSu 79 kApAlika (sAdhu) 280 kApilIya adhyayana 382 kApotikA ( bahaMgI = kAbar3a ) 150, kAvyAnuzAsana 273 noTa 179, 181, 216 kAmajala ( snAnapITha ) 332 noTa kAmadeva kI pUjA 361 kAmadhvajA (vezyA) 83, 276 kAmarUpa (asama) 465 kAmasUtra 272, 303, 327 noTa, 460 kAmyayoga 344 176 kAliyavAya (AMdhI-tUphAna ) 184 kAlI (mahArAnI ) 25 kAlI gAya 177 kAlotthAya 180 kAvaDa (kApotikA) 179 kAzagara 456 kAzI 93 noTa, 99, 262, 467, 468, 475, 494, 511 kAzI meM durbhikSa 127 noTa kAzI kA vastra 176 noTa kAzI- kozala 12, 106, 463, 496, 513 kAzmIra 436 noTa kAzyapa (brAhmaNa ) 227, 291 kAzyapa ( mahAvIra ) 14, 33 kAzyapa (nAI) 140 kASTha kI khaDAU ( pAuyA ) 148 kI mUrti 148 kATa ke bartana 148

Page #586
kASTakarma 328, 329 kAsava (kAzyapa) kiMkara 63 kiTibha 309 noTa, 313, 315 kaThiNa (bAMsa kA pAtra ) 414 noTa kiNika (eka vAdya ) 151 kinnara 331, 331 noTa, 438 kinnarI 92, 92 noTa, 248 kimakuTTa 313 mirAga (vastra) 207 noTa kimirAya (kiramicI raGga ) 150 kirAta 94, 175463, ( cilAta ) 496 kirAyA 167 zabdAnukramaNikA kilebandI 106, 338 kiSkindhApura 92 noTa, 261 kisikamma (kRSikarma) 120, 121, 229 kIcaka 258 kITaja (rezama) 207 noTa kuMjavarta 480 kuMDagrAma ( kuMDapura = kSatriyakuMDagrAma ) 9 kuMDapura ( kuMDagrAma ) 9, 186 noTa, 475 kuMDarIka 44 kuMDa ( kuNDa) lameNTha 365, 444 kuMDikA 418, 418 noTa, 419 kuMtI 501, 506 kuMdakunda 24 kuMda (kunda) rukka 259, 234, 438 kuMbhaka (kumbhaka rAjA ) 87, 93, noTa, 106, 262, 283, 362, 494 kukkuiyA 425 kukkuTayuddha 367, 368 kukSi ke kRmi 315 kuccaMdhara ( kUcaMdhara) 354, 327 kujjavAraa 505 kuTamukha 392 kuTumba parivAra 234 -44 kuTTinImata 277, noTa, 327 noTa kuDinvaya 417 kuDukka (kurga ) 194 noTa, 458, 472 487, 523 kuDukka (AcArya) 487 kuDya 122 kuNAla 58, 458, 481 kuNAlanagara (ujjayinI ) 481 kuNAla (lA) ( zrAvastI janapada ) 93 noTa, 262, 458, 494 kuNDalayugala 111 kuNDinInagara 92 noTa, 263 kuNDI 84 kutIrtha 473 noTa kuttiyAvaNa ( kutrikApaNa ) 33, 173, 3 : 7, 448, 448 noTa kutte kA camar3A 151 kutte kA cihna banAkara nirvAsita 84 kudAlI 121, 145 kunta ( bhAlA ) 107 kubera ( vaizramaNa ) 423, 435 565 kumAragraha 441 kumAranandi (ndI) (suvarNakAra ) 112, 142 kumArapAla ( cAlukya rAjA ) 14, 473. kumArapravrajita 10 noTa kumArabhutti 523 kumArazramaNa kezI ( caturdaza pUrvadhArI ) 8, 485 'kumArasiMha' 10 noTa kumArilabhaTTa 265 noTa kumudikA (vezyA) 277 noTa kumbhakArakRta 407 kumbhakAragaNa 374 kumbhakArazAlA 8, 13, 147 - vibhAga 147, 186 kuTTaviMda ( chAla ko kUTakara banAyA kumbhI 123 huA piMDa ) 183 kummaggAma ( kUrmagrAma ) 13, 423

Page #587
566 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja kUra ( krUra ) kUrcaka 427, 427 noTa kUrcandhara ( kuccaMdhara ) kUrmagrAma (kummaggAma) kummAputta 228 kumhAra (kumbhakAra ) 146, 170, 222 kuru ( thAnezvara / 93 noTa, 262, 469, 494 kurukucA 351 kurukSetra 429 noTa kuruvaMza 499 kula (pitR pakSa kI pradhAnatA ) 221 noTa kRtakaraNa ( dhanurvidyA meM niSNAta ) 319 kulakara (pandraha ) 3, 42 kRtapuNya 270, 271, 512 kuladevatA 341, 351 kUladhamaka 413 kUlavAlaya (RSi) 107, 407 kUSmAMDinI 450 kUTAgArazAlA 57, 78, 335, 362 kUDatulla ( kama-jyAdA tolanA ) 192 kUDalehakaraNa ( kUTalekha=jhUThe dastAveja ) 69, 190, 301 kulaputra 67 kuliya (hala ) 121, 121 noTa kulahA (pahAr3I ) 477 kuviMda (vastrakAra ) 140 kuzalA ( vinItA ) 468 484 kuzasthalI (dvArakA) 472 kuzAgrapura 506 kuzArta (do ) 469, 470 kuzInArA (kusInArA) 462, 468 kuzIla sAdhu 351 noTa, 427 kuSTha (aThAraha ) 309, 309 noTa, 313 kusumapura (pATaliputra ) 189, 487 kuheDa (vidyA) 346 kUTa ( sugaMdhita dravya ) 153, 153 noTa ketu 120 kUTagrAha (cora) 133 kUTanIti 106 kUDasakkha (jhUThI gavAhI ) 69 kUDAgArasAlA ( kUTAgArazAlA ) kUNika ( ajAtazatru = azokacandra = vajji videhaputta = videhaputta ) 24, 43, 46, 46 noTa, 94, 98, 105, 106, 107, 108, 241, 380, 464, 467, 508- 512, 513, 514 -kUpa-maNDUka 52, 263 kRpaNa 424 kRpaNa vaNik 175 kRSipArAzara ( kisipArAsara ) 121, 229 kRSNacitra (kASTha) 148 kRSNa vAsudeva 5, 53, 92 noTa, 96 noTa, 99, 108, 109, 177, 258, 259, 261, 263, 278, 290, 311, 319, 353, 386, 387, 440, 470, 472, 495, 500 - 506 kRSNa kI saMtAna 501-2 kRSNa kI mahiSiyAM 503 keka (janapada) 486 ketana ( mUTha ) 389 kedAra 468 has (tara) 188, 189 noTa kevalajJAna 4, 6, 11, 18, 121, 494, 496 'kevaligamya' 35 kezakartana 216 - 217 kezaloca 392 kezava 261 kezI ( udrAyaNa kA bhAnajA ) 45, 514 kezI 282, 282 noTa kezI ( kumArazramaNa ) kesariyA 418 kaiTabhanAzinI 449 noTa kaidiyoM ko jela se chor3anA 91

Page #588
zabdAnukramaNikA kailAza (aSTApada ) 4, 224, 435, 445 | kozAmra ( araNya ) 135, 504 koMkaNa 171 noTa, 410, 488 koMkaNa ke zera 180 koSTha (koThA) 331 koSThaka caitya 14 koMkaNa meM phala phUla 130 kavIraga (jalayAna ) 182 kolaveMTala 345 noTa katagrAhI 63 ( bar3haI ) 148, 159 koTikagaNa 37 koTivarSa ( bAnagar3ha ) 175, 486 koTTaka (jaMgalI phala sukhAne kA sthAna) 129 ko kiriyAmaha 449-50 koTTapAla 62 koTTAryA 450 294, 295 noTa asarisiyA ( zAkhA ) 486 koDuMbiNI ( sAtha jAne vAlI ) 257 kottiya ( bhUmizAyI ) 413 komalIyA (komillA ) 466 koyava ( kotava = kambala) 208 kolAliya (kumhAra) 222 koliya 266 noTa koTTimatala 328, 334 kAgAra ( koThAra) 122 koThAroM ke prakAra 123, 123 noTa koDigAra (kaur3iyoM kA kAma karanevAle) 222 koDina 415 koDillaya (cANakkakoDilla = kauTilya) kaurava 92 noTa koSTabuddhi 342 kosa (sthAnavizeSa ) 207 noTa ko saMbiyA 476 kosaliya (RSabhadeva ) 468 kauDinya ( AcArya ) 19 kauMDinya 505, 506 kauMDinya ( kI daNDanIti ) 64 kauMDinya ( kauNDinya ) ( mAThara ) 294 noTa kollAsaMnniveza 17 kollaka ( mahAjanta=kolhU ) 124, 125 kozala ( kosala ) 17, 55 noTa, 93 noTa, 99, 127, 157262, 467, 567 kauTilya 47, 58 noTa, 60, 65 noTa, 103, 178, 197, 272, 382 noTa, 445 kauTuMbika ( kauTumbika ) 62 kauTuMbika puruSa 162-3 kauDiyAM (car3hAnA ) 363 kautuka (nau) 350, 350 noTa, 353 kaumArabhRtya 308 kaumudI utsava 87, 264, 320, 361 kaurava (vya ) (kSatriya rAjA ) 25, 222 kauzalavAsI 460 kauzAMbI (kauzAmbI) 6, 11, 22, 24, 56, 83, 93, 93 noTa, 99, 100, kauzAMbI ke udyAna 476 kauzeya (vastra) 505 kaustubhamaNi 505 kramadIzvara 32 krayazakti 189-90 468, 469, 486 kozalarAja kI putrI 240 noTa, 443, kriyAvAdI 421, 421 noTa 448 krIDA - udyAna 360-61 krIDApanikA ( dAsI ) 259 kozA (vezyA) 277 104, 159, 227, 253, 262, 291, 320, 367, 368 375 noTa, 441, 458, 475, 476, 492 noTa, 516

Page #589
568 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja kara (kUra = cAvala) 285, 469 / khaNDapANA 70, 70 noTa kSaNikavAda 422 khaNDaprapAta (guphA)95, 497 kSatriya 493 khattiyakuNDaggAma (kSatriyakuNDagrAma) kSatriyakuNDagrAma (khattiyakuNDaggAma= kuNDagrAma basukaMDa) 9, 10, 10, khupuTa (Arya) 340 noTa, 457, 475, 495 khapusA (IrAniyoM kA kAphisa') 211,, kSatriyacaru 499 215 noTa kSatriyoM kA prabhutva 223, 224, 224 | khamaNa (nigraMtha)381 noTa, 229 kharaka (maMtrI) 524 kSapaka (jaina sAdhu) 252 kharapaTa (corazAstra kA praNetA) 71, kSaya 315 71 noTa kSAra (rAkha) 392 kharoSTrI (kharoTThI-kharoSThI lipi) 301, kSArabhUmi 194 302, 302 noTa kSitipratiSThita (nagara) 57, 94, 175, khalaya (anAja sApha karane kA sthAna ) 264, 494 123, 412 kSiptacittatA 317 khaluka ( avinIta ghor3A) 101 noTa tIragRha (khIraghara) 134 | khaluka (galiyA baila) 288 kSIravana (aTavI) 135 khAdya padArtha 193-7 kSIrAzra(sra)valabdhi 23, 343 khAna aura khanijavidyA 141-2 tud himavaMta 94, 456, 497 khAra (sajiyAkhAra ) 14 tullaka 416 noTa khAravala 467 tullaka AcArya 404 khilaune 178, 359-60 kSetra (sAta) 456 khIraduma ( dUdha ke vRkSa) 136 kSemendra 70 noTa, 79 noTa, 274 noTa | khullaya (kapardaka ) 351 kSauma (chAlaTI) 126 khecara (vidyAdhara )347 kSaurakarma 90 khecarI (vidyA) 351 kheta-setu aura ketu 119-20 kheta ( dasa prakAra ke parigrahoM meM ) 119 khaMjana (kAjala)358 khetI (cAra prakAra kI) 122 noTa khaMDagiri 467 khetIbArI 119-28 khaMDazarkarA (khAMDasirI gujarAtI meM) khetI karane ke upAya 119-21 125 noTa khetoM kA khanana karane vAle (cora) 72 khaMDiya (vidyArthI) 227, 288 khetoM kI phasala 121-3 khaMDobA 432 noTa khetoM kI rakSA 121 khaura (eka pAtra) 289 khetoM kI siMcAI 120, 132 khaccara 177 khela-khilaune 359-60 khaDga 107 khela-tamAze 369 khaDDayA (Thokara)287 khoTe pAse 360

Page #590
zabdAnukramaNikA khomalijiyA (komalIyA ) 466 khola (vastra ) 196, 196 noTa ga gaMgadattA 440 gaMgA 95, 258, 370, 414 noTa, 415, 419, 436, 471, 497, 498, 511 gaMgAcArya 19 gaMgA mandira (parvata) 343, 400 gaMgA-sindhU 492 gaMjazAlA 123, 186 Thima (thima) 178, 328 gaMDaka 475 gaMDItiMduka ( yakSa ) 439, 443 gaMDerI 125 gaMdha (gAMTha) 300 gaMdha (gaMThima ) gaMdhadravya ( dasa ) 154 noTa gaMdhaparyAyAma ( phaloM kI gaMdha se kacce phala pakAne kA tarIkA ) 130 gaMdhava deza 261 gaMdharvavidyA 232 gaMdharvazAlA 186 gaMdhavRSabha ( zreSTha jAti kA baila ) 132 gaMdha (lipi) 301 gaMdhazAlA (gaMdhiyazAlA ) 154, 186 gaMdhazAli 122, 148 gaMdhahastI ( secanaka) 94, 96, 96 noTa, 257 gaMdhAra ( kA zrAvaka ) 514 gaMdhAra kI lipi 302 gaMdhI 154 gajabha ( pazcimottara vAyu ) 184 gaDDara (Una ) 126 noTa 569 gaNa 230, 231 gaNa (cAra) 493 gaka ( jyotiSI ) 62 gaNadhara 6, 17, 18, 26, 31 gaNanAyaka 50, 62 gaNarAjA (aThAraha) 9, 12, 24, 94, 99, 273, 433, 467, 475, 491, 496 gaNikA ( kalA meM niSNAta ) 275-76 gaNikA ( gaNabhogya ) 273 noTa gaNikAoM kA AcAra 273 gaNikAoM kA sthAna 272-73 gaNikAoM kI utpatti 273 gaNikAoM kI dIkSA 384 noTa gaNikAeM (anya ) 278-79 gaNita 4, 193 gaNita ( dasa prakAra kA ) 307 gaNita aura jyotiSa 305-7 gaNitAnuyoga 307 gaNinI 281 gaNapiTaka 18, 26 gaNI (AcArya) 389 noTa gaNDAliyA (peTa ke kIr3e ) 315 gar3hA 106, 107 gaddabhAla 418, 428 gadde, takiye Adi vastra 210, 210 noTa gandharva 437 noTa, 438 gandharvakalA 330 gannA ( itu ) 124, 125, 125 noTa, 177 garur3ayaMtra 148 garur3a vyUha 105, 105 noTa gardabha (yuvarAja ) gardabhilla 23, 53, 93, 283, 347, gaMdhIputra 67, 132 gaMbhIrapotapaTTaNa 111, 172 gagali (rAjA) 45 gajapura (hastinApura) 343, 400, 469 gajasukumAra (la) 53, 254, 441, 501, 481, 524 gardabhI (vidyA) 347 garbhakAla 239-40 502 noTa, 503 noTa gajAgrapadagiri ( indrapada ) 471, 479 | garbhapAta 241-42 37 jai0 bhA0

Page #591
570. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja garbhAvasthA meM pravrajyA 385 guTikA 74 noTa, 93 noTa, 344, 344 galaMtakoDha 313 gala (baDiza-machalI pakar3ane kA kAMTA) | guNacandra (rAjA) 58 139 guNacandra (rAjA)56 galagaMDa 312, 341 guNazila (guNasilaya) 388, 446, galigadaha (kutsita gardabha ) 288 galiyA (azva) guNAvA 462 gAMgeya 258 guptakAla 451 gAMdhArI (kRSNa kI rAnI) 503 guptacara (sUcaka, anusUcaka, pratisUcaka, gAMdhArI (vidyA) 346, 347 sarvasUcaka) 61, 107, 107 noTa, gAMva-zAsana kI ikAI 115 398 gAMva kA pradhAna (bhojika) 116 guptacaroM kI niyukti 61 noTa gAMva kI sImAe~ 115 gupta lipi 301 gAMvoM ke prakAra 115 gurviNI ko pravrajyA kA niSedha 384 gAMvoM meM eka hI jAti athavA peze gulalAvaNiyA (golapApar3I) 194 ke loga 115-6 gulma 136 gAr3I ke mukhya hisse 180, 181 / / guhyaka 357, 435, 445 noTa gAthAsaptazatI 525 guhyazAlA 186 gAmauDa (gAMva kA mukhiyA) 162 gUgala 435 gAya kA mUlya 189 gRdhraspRSTa (maraNa) 150, 370 gAyeM (marakhanI) 466 gRhakokila (chipakilI) 139, 309 gAyoM kA dohana 133 noTa gAyoM kI bImArI 131 gRhadvAra 331 gAruDika 230, 448 gRhanirmANa vidyA 148-149 giranAra (raivataka)5, 251, 477 gRhapati 223, 229, 229 noTa giranAra-zilAlekha 472 gRhapatiratna 230 giripakkhaMdolaya 375 gRhamukha 331 giriyajJa 365, 488, 489 'gRhasthapravrajita' 10 noTa girivraja (rAjagRha) 461 geya (cAra ) 322 gillI (aMbArI) 100, 182, 182 noTa geya, nATya aura abhinaya 322-23 gihidhamma 425 gerua (gairika parivrAjaka) 16, 381, giheluya (dehalI) 332 noTa 415-419 gItapada 299 gairika (zramaNa) 16 gIyaraipiya 425 gokilaMja (phaeNDa ) 123 guMDapuruSa 279-80 gokula ( pazuoM kA samUha) 131 guMDoM kI TolI 442 gohilla 279 guccha 136 | goTThI (goSThI) 279, 359, 364 guTikA (guliyA) 196, 196 noTa goNikasuta (mUladeva) 70

Page #592
goNaputra ( mUladeva) 70 goNiyazAlA 186 goNI (borI) 150 gopAlana 132 gopura 106, 465 gobbara (grAma) 17 gomaMDapa ( gozAlA ) 133 gomANasIyA (baiThaka) 332 zabdAnukramaNikA gomiya ( zulkapAla) 112 gommiya ( nagararakSaka ) 398 gomukhI ( a ) 76 gomUtra 313 gora (gehU~ ) 180 gorasa 133 gorahaga (baila) 360 goliyazAlA (gur3a kI dukAna ) 186 golladeza 182, 266, 445, 488 gollAcArya 488 govardhana ( zrutakevalI ) 20 govAla ( gvAle) 131, 132 goviMdaniryukti 36 govva (gotika ) 424, 427 gozAla ( gosAla ) 8 noTa, 12, ( moghapuruSa ) 13 noTa, 408, 417 noTa, 420, 421, 421 noTa, 423, 433 333, 369, 370, 388 gozIrSa ( nirmita bherI ) 290 goSThamahila 19 gosaMkhI (AbhIroM kA svAmI ) 229 gosAla (bhAri ) 420 gaur3a 176, 207 noTa, 430 noTa, 465 gautama (parivrAjaka ) 173, 424, 424 noTa, 427 gautama indrabhUti 8, ( gautama gotrIya ) 17, 18, 19, 227, 463, 485 gautama buddha (buddha) 437 noTa gaurI (vidyA) 341, 347, 348 gaurI (kRSNa kI rAnI ) 503 granthibhedaka ( gaMThakatarA ) 72 grAma (gA~va) 112 noTa, 115- 116, 372 grAmadevakulikA 447 noTa grAmamaNDala 116 grAmamahatara 62 grAmArdha 372 grAmastena 72 grIsa 271 noTa gvAloM meM lar3AI-jhagar3A 133 gozAlA 12, 133 gozIrSa candana 109, 153, 177, 313, ghRtapUrNa ( ghevara ) 195 ghoTa (caTTa) 156 ghaTaka (nikRSTa jAti ke ghor3e ) 101, 571 gha ghaMTika yakSa 351, 443, noTa, 444 ghaTa ( abhimaMtrita ) 345 ghaTa ( cAra prakAra ke ) 147 noTa, 289 ghaTika ( choTA ghar3A ) 360 ghar3A (khAlI) 354 noTa ghara 216 gharajamAI 267 ghAgharA ( ghagghara ) 469 ghAtasthAna ( kasAIkhAnA ) 240 ghI-dUdha 133 ghuTTaka ( patthara ) 151 ghur3asavAra ( AsavAra ) 102 ghusuluNa (dahI mathanA ) 132 131 ghoDamuha (ghoTakamukha) 295, 295 noTa ghor3A (divya ) 48 ghor3e ( jAtivaMta ) 177 ghor3e ( sarva lakSaNasampanna ) 103, 316 ghor3oM kA mahatva 100-1 ghor3oM kA vyApAra 175 ghor3oM kA sAja 102 ghor3oM kI kismeM 101

Page #593
572 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja ghor3oM kI cAleM 103 ghor3oM kI zalyacikitsA 316-17 ghor3oM ke ATha doSa 101 noTa ghor3oM ke zikSaka 102 ghor3oM ko dAganA 102 ghor3oM kI zikSA 102 ca caMkramaNa (saMskAra) 243 pradyota (pradyota ) 519 caMdra 481 caMDikA 423, 449 caMDIdeva 427 caMda ( Dhakkana ) 300 caMdanabAlA (AryaMcaMdanA = vasumatI = mahAvIra kI prathama ziSyA ) 25, 159, 252, 464, 476, 516 caMdasAliyA (aTTAlikA ) 334 caMdAlaka (pAtra ) 405 caMdracchAya 255 caMpA (campA ) 4, 11, 12, 24, 43, 51, 94, 104, 111, 112, 121, 159, 171, 172, 173, 174, 184, 186, 227, 230, 236, 252, 254, 255, 258, 267, 274, 279, 355, 360, 368, 380, 385, 439, 446, 464, 465, 491, 496, 511, 513, 514 cakra 106, 107, 338 cakracara 354, 427 cakradhara 427 cakraratna 94, 496 cakravartI (bAraha ) 496-19 cakravartI rAjA 94 cakrikAzAlA 186 caTagAMva 466 caTTa 156, 448 caTTazAlA 186 caturaMgiNI senA - ratha, azva, hastI, padAti 95-104 caturdaza pUrva 18, 339 caturvidha saMgha 25, 389 caturvedI brAhmaNoM kI kathA 290 catuSka 465 catuSpada (dasa) 131 noTa catvara 465 candrakAntA (nagarI) 112 candragupta 21, 22, 24, 29, 86, 127, 341, 458, 481, 488, 521-22 candraguphA 473 candracchAya 262 candraprajJapti ( candapaNNatti ) 27, 305 candraprabha (zivikA ) 182 candrayaza 94 candrasUryadarzana 243 candra-sUrya prajJapti 27 noTa candrodaya (udyAna) 128 capeTI (vidyA) 346 camara 338 caraka ( kANAda ) 354 caraka (sAdhu) 173, 365, 416, 416 noTa carAgAha 111, 131 carikA 338, 465 cArikA ( sAdhvI ) 365, 408, 482 carma kA upayoga ( vyAdhi meM ) 151, 314, 354 noTa carmakAra 151 carmakhaMDika 173, 417 carmaratna 183, 496 caSTa 107 caver3A ( capata ) 207 cAMDAla 6 noTa, 223, noTa, 232 cAMDAloM dvArA zavavahana 373, 373 noTa cAMDAloM ke muhalle meM rahanA ( daNDa ) 88 cAummAsiyamajaNaya 362 cANakkakoDilla (koDillaya = kauTilya ) 295 noTa

Page #594
cANakya (arthazAstra kA kartA ) 41, 460 cANakya ( mahAmaMtrI) 86, 86 noTa, 226, 400 noTa, 488, 521, 521 noTa, 522 cANakya kI mRtyu 86 cANakya (lipi) 301 noTa, 303 cANUra (yoddhA) 368 noTa cAturyAma dharma ( saMvara) 7, 7 noTa, 8, cUrNayoga 344 25, 485 cApa 107 zabdAnukramaNikA cAmaragrAhI 63 cAmuNDA 449 cAmuNDA Ayatana 433 cAra kaThora tapa 420 cArakarma 106 cAraga ( cAraka = jela ) 42, 88.90 cAragasohaNa ( kaidiyoM kA jela se chor3anA) 242 573 cInI 302 noTa cIrika ( sAdhu ) 173, 417 cIvara ( chaha ) 206 noTa tulanI 499 cullagakara ( bhojana kA kara ) 112 cUr3AkaraNa 359 cUr3AmaNi 206, 351 citrakalA 327 - 29 citrakalA ke chaha guNa 327 noTa citrakAra 164, 165, 222, 327, 328 citrakAra zreNI 164, 165, 327 citrazAlA (tIna prakAra kI ) 329 noTa citrasabhA 264, 276, 327, 328, 329 citrAMgada (citrakAra ) 264,328 cilAta (dAsaceTa) 76, 77, 159, 160 cilAta ( muni ) 391 cIpa (tilaka) 252 cUrNI ( solaha ) 36, 37 cUrNI sAhitya 36 ceya ( caitya = yajJAyatana ) 445-46 ceTa ( rAjA kA aMgarakSaka ) 63, 163 ceTaka ( gaNarAjA ) 24, 56, 94, 98, 99, 105, 106, 107, 108, 262, 282 noTa, 319, 328, 434, 475, 491, 507, 508, 511, 512, 513 cArapAlA (jelara ) 89, 384 cArudatta 65 noTa cAligI (chalanI ) 289 cAvaloM kI khetI 122 cAsa (pakSI) 354 noTa cir3ImAra 138 citta (citra; mAtaMgadAraka ) 232, 319 celamaTTiyA 183 citrakarma 4, 178, 493 citrakarma ( sadoSa-nirdoSa ) 328 ceTaka kI kanyAoM kA vivAha 24, ceTakakathA 299 ceDA ( dvArazAkhA ) 331 cedi (janapada) 481 celagola ( kapar3e kI geMda ) 360 cilamiNi ( kanAta ) 211 - pAMca prakAra kI 513 celanA (cellaNA ) 34, 46, 91, 92 noTa, 240, 241, 251, 507, 507 noTa, 508, 509, 510 cellaNA ( kA apaharaNa ) 262 cellaNA ( celanA ) caitya (ceiya) 336, 336 noTa, 445-46 caitya ( tIna ) 446 noTa caitya ( cAra ) 446 noTa caityagRha 386, 445 caitya nirmANa 336-37, 446, 523 caityapUjA 445 caityaprAsAda 445 cIna 144 noTa, 175 noTa, 176, 207 caityamaha 361 noTa caityavaMdana 283

Page #595
574 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja caityavaMdanabhASya 36 | chaTThamachaTTha (tapa) 414 noTa, 419, caityavRkSa (ATha) 444, 445 ... - caitya-stUpa 370 chaNa (kSaNa-utsava) 359 cokkhA (parivrAjikA) 283, 419 chattakAra (chatarI banAne vAle) 222 cokSa (zuddha deha ) 416 chatra 338, 338 noTa coya 125 chatragrAhI 63 coyaga 129 chatravatI (pariSad )60 cora (bauddha jAtakoM meM ) 72 noTa channAliyA (tipAI ) 418 cora ( aMguttaranikAya meM) 75 noTa charuppavAya (khaDgavidyA) 298 corakarma (caurakarma) 70-1, 76 / / chaviccheda 42 cora-DAkuoM kA upadrava 397-98 / | chabviya (caTAI bunane vAle) 222 corapallI 74, 76, 77, 116, 203 chaha dizAcara 13 coramaMtra 76 chaha parvata 456 coramAyA 76 chAgaliya 131, 138 coravidyA 76 chipAya (chipI) 140 corazAstra 70 chinnapAdAMguSTha 263 corasenApati ko daNDa 76 chedasUtra (cheyasutta) 27, 27 noTa 299, corasenApati para vijaya 78 371, 409, 410 corI kA sAja-sAmAna 73, 74,74 noTa chedasUtra ke abhiprAya se madya-mAMsa kI corI kA patA lagAne ke upAya 88 vyAkhyA 203 coroM kI nirdayatA 78 chedopasthApanA 8 noTa coroM ke AkhyAna 79-81 cheyasutta (chedasUtra chaha ) 27, 27 noTa, coroM ke gAMva 74-79 coroM ke prakAra 71-73 chevahao (chUta kI bImArI) 373 coroM ko daNDa 81-2 choTe-moTe rogoM kA ilAja 317-18 colapaTTaka (colapaTTa) 213, 372, 392 noTa jaMghAkara (carAgAha para liyA jAne colopaNa (cUlopanayana ) 216, 243 vAlA kara)111 colla (borI) 177 jaMghAcAraNa (muni)343 caudaha vidyA 227, 294 jaMtAghara ( snAnagRha)335 noTa caube 268 jaMbhiyagrAma 11, 496 caurakarma (corakarma) 70-71 jakkhaguhA ( yakSaguhA) 443 caurAsI lAkha mahAkalpa 421 noTa jagai (mithilA) 474 caulukyaputrI 272 jaDDazAlA ( hastizAlA) 100 jaNavayavihAra 379 chakar3e-gAr3I 172, 173, 180 jaNavAya ( eka jUA ) 296 chakar3oM meM bharane yogya sAmAna 176 jaNNaI ( yajJakartA) 413 chakkaTThaga (caukaThA) 333 jaNNavakka (yAjJavalkya ) 428

Page #596
zabdAnukramaNikA . 575 jaNhukumAra 436, 498 | jAMgala (kurujAMgala) 471 jatugRha (lAkSAgRha) 335 jAMgula 308 janaka 473 jAMbavatI (kRSNa kI rAnI) 503 janapada (solaha ) 14, 45, 460, 460 | jAgarikA (rAtrijAgaraNa ) 242 noTa, 465 jAtaka (bauddha) 272 466, 467 janapadaparIkSA 394 jAtakarma 242 jamadagni 499 jAti (mAtRpakSa kI pradhAnatA) 221 jamAlI 10, 18, 265, 356, 388 noTa noTa 495 jAti-Arya 226 jambU (jambUsvAmI) 18, 19, 385, jAti AzIviSa (cAra)314 noTa 483 jAti-juMgita (jAti se hIna) 156, jambUdvIpa (eziyA) 94, 299, 456, 226, 232 496 jAdU-TonA aura aMdhavizvAsa 339-340 jambUdvIpaprajJapti ( jaMbuddIvapaNNatti) 27, jAdU-TonA aura jhAr3a-phUMka 350-51 49, 164, 307, 326, jAnavaroM kA camar3A 151 jambUsvAmIcarita 483 jAla (gavAkSa )334 jayaghoSa (muni) 227 jAvA 460 jayantI (mahArAnI) 25, 253, 516 / jAhaga ( sehI) 290 jarAkumAra 319, 501, 502, 504, jijjhagAra 222 ... 505 jitazatru 57, 60, 62, 227, 254,259, jarAsaMdha 258, 278, 461, 472, 501, 262, 264, 491 502, 503, 505 jitazatru (kauzAmbI kA rAjA) 291 jalacara jIvoM kA mAMsa 201 jitazatru (pAMcAla kA rAjA) 283 jaladhikallola (ghor3A) 103 jitazatru ( vArANasI kA rAjA)280 jalapaTTaNa 171 jitazatru (jarAkumAra kA prapautra) 502 jalamArga 178 jinakalpa 9, 20 noTa, 21 jalamArga se vyApAra 171 jinakalpa aura sthavirakalpa 391-93 jalavAsI 415 jinakalpiyoM ke upakaraNa (bAraha) jalugA (joMka ) 289 391 jalodara 310, 315 jinadatta (arahamitra zrAvaka kA putra) jalla 369, 438 202 jallauSadhi 343 jinadatta 252, 254 javaNiyA ( yavanikA) 271 jinadAsagaNi mahattara 37 jahAz2a (pravahaNa-vahaNaTThANa) 183, 185, | | jinapAlita 172, 439 283 | jinaprabhasUri 462, 463, 468, 469, jahAz2a DUbanA 184 471, 474, 478, 444, 485, 488 jahAz2a kA phaTanA 172, 184. .. ... jinarakSita 172, 439 jahAz2a ke saMcAlaka 184, 185 jinasadana 446

Page #597
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja 576 jinApalApI ( gozAla ) 14 jIrNapura 313 jIvaMta svAmIpratimA 336, 466, 480 jIvaka kaumArabhRtya 313 noTa jIvayazA 502 jIvA (dhanuSa kI DorI ) 318 jUte 151, 215 jemAmaNa ( saMskAra ) 243 jela meM daNDa ke vividha prakAra 89 jelakhAne 88-90 jaikobI (prophesara ) 25 jaina AgamoM meM bhaugolika sAmagrI jaunasArabAvara 269 456-490 jaina sAdhuoM ke chIMke 137, 216 jaina sAdhuoM ko daNDa 88 468, jaina sAdhviyoM ke lie carma kA upayoga jaina AgamoM kI anuzrutiyA~ 491 jaina AcAryoM kI paramparA 22-24 jainadharma aura gozAla mata ke siddhAnta 15-16 jainadharma ke anya kendra 486 - 90 jaina bhaNDAra 34 jaina zramaNa saMgha (cAra) 3 / 9-90 jaina zramaNa aura saMkhaDi 366 jaina zramaNoM kA darzana ( amaMgala ) 358, 361 jaina zramaNoM kA vihAra kSetra 454-55, 457-59 jaina zramaNoM kI RddhiyAM 342-43 jainasaMgha 18, 20, 22, 29, 68, 389 jaina sAdhu aura unake va 212 - 214 - tIna vastra dhAraNa karane kI anujJA 212 - kinAra vAle bastra 213 - vastroM ke vibhAga kI vidhi 213 jaina sAdhu aura maMtravidyA 339-40 jaina 151 jaina sAdhviyoM ke vastra 213-14 jUvaga 357 joi (yogI) 417 joisa (jyotiSa) 294, 307 joNaka (gleccha ) 94, 497 pAhuDa (yonipAhuDa ) 306, 340 joNiya (jonava= yavana=yava= yavanadvIpa) 161, 175, 175 noTa jyeSThA ( ceTaka kI kanyA) 24, 513 jyotiSavidyA 31, 228, 305 - 307 jyotiSkaraMDaka 30 jvalanaprabha ( nAgarAja ) 436, 498 jJAtR (kSatriya rAjA 25, 222 jJAtRkula 9 jJAtRkhaNDa ( udyAna) 11, 366, 7, 475 jJAtRdharmakathA 50, 197, 198, 387, 449, 507 jJAtRputra ( mahAvIra ) 9, 15, 141, 495 Ta TaMkaNa ( Takka= TaMka mleccha ) 173, 174, 480 Takka (TaMkaNa ) 'TiTTi TiTTi' ( khetoM kI rakSA ke lie ) 121 TIkA ( Tikkida ) 143 noTa TIkA - sAhitya 37 Taikka kI vasUlI 111, 113 5 sAdhu aura mAMsabhakSaNa 203-4 jaina sAdhuoM kA grahaNa 21 jaina sAdhuoM ke upakaraNa 145 ( anipAtra ) 414 noTa jaina sAdhuoM ke upayoga meM Ane vAle | ThANI ( ghor3I ) 101 noTa viDiya ( sthitipatitA ) 242 jUte 215

Page #598
zabdAnukramaNikA 577 / taJcannika (bauddha sAdhu) 354, 408, Dauyara (jalodara)315 412 DagaNa (yAnavizeSa )360 taJcannikA 482 Dagala (ganne ke Tukar3e) 125 taTika ( kAryATika)365 Dagala (Dhele)392 taNahAraka ghasiyAre) 137 DAkinI 445 tadbhava (vraNa)315 DAma ke putale 356 tantuvAya (bunakara) 140, 222 DAyAla ( prAsAdabhUmi )331 noTa tantuvAyazAlA 141 DAlaga (gola Tukar3e) 129 tapa 7, 7 noTa DiDima 360 tapodA (mahAtapopatIraprabha) 462 DiMDimabaMdha 385 tapolabdhi 344 DiMbharelaka 120 taraMgalolA 261 DoMgara (DUMgara ) 370 taraMgavatI 261 DoMboM kA yakSa 443 taresaThazalAkA puruSa 492-506 DombI 351 talavara 62 Doya 148 taskara 72 taskaramArga (caurakarma)70 DhoMDhasivA 435, 435 noTa tAMbUla 126 tAr3a ke phala 467 tApanageha 46 noTa, 510 noTa NaMtikka ( vastrakAra) 140 tApasa 16, 364, 412-15 jaravAhiNaya (pAlakI uThAne vAlA) 222 tApasa-Azrama 412 NAgadaMta 332 tApasI 365 jiggaMtha (samaNa) 381-411 tAmalittiyA 465 NijANa 128 tAmalI (mauryaputra) 423 NijjUha ( khUTI) 334 tAmralipti (tAmaluka) 173, 423, 465 NiNhavaNa 344 tAraka ( rAkSasa) 432 giddhamaNa ( yakSa) 443 tArA 92, 92 noTa, 248, 261, 499 jimma ( uttaraNa)331, 333 tAlajaMgha (pizAca) 449 AhAru (snAyu)318 tAlapuTa (viSa) 46, 375, 511 tAlavRnta (vidyA)346 taMtugrIva 214 noTa tAlodaka (tAlAba) 467 taMtuvAya (tantuvAya) tAlodghATinI (vidyA)74, 76, 346 taMtuzAlA 13 tAvasa (tApasa- vaNavAsI) 381, taMtrapratamA 340 taMdula (paMcaraMgI) 362 titthogAli 128 takSazilA 462, 468, 471, 497. tiMduga (udyAna ) 439 tagarA (terA)489 tithi, karaNa aura nakSatra 355

Page #599
578 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja tinisa (kASTha) 95 tindUsa (geMda ) 360 timisaguhA 94, 496, 497, 512 tirakkhamiNI (vidyA) 348 tilakakaraNI 405 tiloyapaNNatti 10 noTa 96 tIrthaprakAzaka (ATha) 341 noTa tuMgiyasaMniveza 17 tiSyagupta 19 trikoTizuddha mAMsa 204 tisaraya 320 tridaMDa 418, 418 noTa, 419 tIrthaMkara 12, 224, ( caubIsa ) 493 - tripiTaka 26, 30 noTa, 35 tuMgiyA (parvata) 505 vaNika 439 bA 127 bI (mIThA kaddU ) 127 tuMbI ke sahAre nadI pAra karanA 183 Di (bAjUbaMda) 256 nAga (darjI) 79, 140, 222 turuka ( lobAna ) 259, 334, 438 turkistAna 302 noTa tulA 192 tuliyA (kuMcI ) 327 tupa 103 tolika ( rAjA ) 467 tauliye 335 tauliye Adi ko raMganA 141 tyohAra ( gharelU ) 363-64 tUNailla 439 gaccha ( caikasya ) 308 tejapAla 473 tejolezyA 14, 204, 423 teliputta 254, 255, 284, 375 telapura 142 tRNa 136 trika 465 teloM ke prakAra 153 tomara (bANa) 107 toraNa 332, 338, 465 tosali176, 365, 444, 467 tala kI bhaiMseM 180 tosali ke vastra 206 noTa toli (AcArya) 467 trirAzivAda 15, 19 trivikrama ( vaiyAkaraNa ) 31 trivikrama (viSNukumAra ) 400, 410 trizalA (videhadattA athavA priyakAriNI ) 9, 10 noTa, 210, 224 228, 474, 475, 495, 513 trizalA kI zayyA 210 trairAzika 15, 295 tha thavai (baDDhaI = bar3haI ) 329, 330 prativarSa byAnevAlI ghor3I ) thAi 413 thAlIpAgasuddha 195 thAvaccAputta 386, 387, 492 noTa thAsaga ( parA~ta ) 256 thAha vAle jala ko pAra karanA 183 noTa thillI (jIna ) 102 yAgapaTTaNa (verAvala ) 174, 183, thillI ( do ghor3oM kI gAr3I ) 102 472 noTa, 182, 182 noTa thUNA (choTA stambha ) 332 noTa thU (sthAnezvara ) 213, 458 bhiyA (zikhara) 331 101 thANu pAiya (maha) 362 thAlaI (apane bartana lekara calane vAle ) da daMDa ( daNDa ) 338, 338 noTa, 523 daMDa ( daNDa-zubha-azubha ) 355

Page #600
zabdAnukramaNikA daMDaka (daNDaka AraNya ) 135 | dagavINiya (pula) 336 daMDakI (daNDakI rAjA) 407 dagasattama 425 daMDadhara (daNDadhara)55 dagasoyariya (dakasaukarika) 426, 427 daMDanAyaka ( daNDanAyaka) 50, 62, 77, dattaka (dattavaizika) 275 78, 86 daddara (jInA) 148 daMDanIti ( daNDanIti) 4, 42, 64, dadhivAhana 24, 25, 104, 159, 385, 294 noTa 464, 491, 513, 515 daMDanIti ( daNDanIti) kA grantha 42 dantapura 174, 466.515 noTa dantikka (modaka) 180 daMDapucchaNI (daNDapucchaNI) (laMbI jhADU) | dambha 70 noTa 337 | damaga (hAthiyoM ko vaza meM karane vAle) daMDayuddha (daNDayuddha) 105 100 daMDaratna ( daNDaratna) 436, 498 damaghoSa 505, 506 daMDavidhAna (daNDavidhAna ) 81-84 | damadanta 258, 505 daMDavyavasthA ( daNDavyavasthA) 42, 64 | damila (tamila dravir3a) 161, 175, noTa, 65 487 daMDArakSika ( daNDArakSika) 55 dardara (parvata) 153 daMtakAra 222 darbhaviSayA (vidyA)346 daMtakhAta (sarovara ) 468 darvI (cammaca) 412 daMtukkhaliya 413 darzanavizuddhi 457 daiya (dRti-mazaka) 183 davagArI ( haMsAne vAlI) 256 dakabasti (pAnI kI mazaka) 73, 76 | | daviya (carAgAha) 131 dakkhiNakUlaga 413 dazapura (maMdasaura) 19, 23, 124, 292 dakSiNa dezavAsI 460 479 dakSiNavAsiyoM kI bhASA 174 / / | dazaratha (azoka kA prapautra) 16 dakSiNa mathurA (pAMDumathurA-madurA) 86, | dazavakAlikasUtra 34, 464 173 dazavaikAlikacUrNI 101, 248, 344 dakSiNApatha 127, 174, 176, 188, dazAra (dazAha ) 472, 501, 501 noTa 189, 265, 447 noTa, 480, 487 | dazArNa 22 noTa, 478, 479, 491 dakSiNApatha meM luhAra aura kalAla 156 dazArNakUTa (parvata) 479 noTa dazArNapura (rAjadhAnI) 22, 479 dagaekkArasa 425 dazArNabhadra (rAjA) 479, 491 dagaNa (yAna) 182 dazAha (dazAra) 472, 501 . dagataiya 425 dazAzrutaskaMdhacUrNI 420 dagaparigAla (pula) 336 -dahI ke maTake 133 dagaviiya 425 . daheja kI prathA 257 dagamaTTiya (udakamRttikA) 296 | dAiyA~ (pA~ca) 162, 162 noTa, 256 dagavAha (pula) 336 dAkSiNAtyoM kA majAka 265 noTa

Page #601
580 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja dAtauna 152, 152 noTa dAnazAlAyeM 458. dAnAmA ( pravrajyA ) 423 noTa dAmilI ( drAvir3I ) 347 dArucI ra 412 noTa dAsa ( chaha prakAra ke ) 157 dAsa ( caudaha prakAra ke ) 157 noTa dAsa aura naukara-cAkara 156 - 160 dAsa aura bhRtya 162 dAsaneTa 75, 76 dAsoM kI kathAeM 159-60 dAsoM ke nAma 160 dAsaceTI ( svayaMvarA ) 260 dAsa ceTiyAM 161-2 dAsa-dAsI (bAhya parigrahoM meM ) 157 dAsaprathA 156 dAsavRtti ( do palI tela ke liye ) dIva (deza) 371 vAcI 16 digambara zvetAmbara utpatti 21 digambara zvetAmbara matabheda 19 - 20, 20 noTa, 21 noTa dizAeM ( zubha-azubha ) 356 dizAcara (chaha ) 13 noTa, 339 disApokkhI ( dizAprokSI sampradAya ) 356 noTa, 414, 414 noTa disAyatta ( dUragamana) 181 dIkSA kA niSedha 384 dInAra 106, 188, 189 noTa, 226, digambara saMpradAya meM mahAvIra 10 noTa digambara saMpradAya ke Agama 28, 28 noTa 520 dInAramAlA ( AbhUSaNa ) 143 dIpakoM ke prakAra 149 dIpikA (mazAla) 149 dIrgha ( kozala kA rAjA ) 499 dIrghatapasvI 10 dIrghadazA ke adhyayana 33 noTa dIrghapRSTha (amAtya) 266 dIlavAliyA 101,177 157-8 dAsavRtti se mukti 162 dAsiyA~ 161, 256 dAsIpati (pradyota ) 515 dAsImaha 161, 362 dugulla (dUkUla ) 207 durAcAriyoM ko daNDa 83 durgA 449, 449 noTa, 450 noTa durdharA (rAnI) 86 noTa dAhakarma 4, 369 digambara nirgrantha 466 digambara mata AjIvika mata kA paryAya durbhikSajanya upasarga 403-4 durbhidAsa 158 durmukha 93, 94, 105 noTa, 383, 494, 520 496-97 ditiprayAga (prayAga) 476 dinna 415 divAbhojana 408 noTa divya padArtha (pAMca) 48 dIviggAha ( mazAlacI ) 149 duipalAsa ( tipalAza ) 446 dukUlapaTTa 333 duryodhana (cora) 81 duryodhana ( jelara ) 89 duryodhana 258 duSkAla 127 digvijaya ( cakravartI kI ) 14, 300 duSkAla meM dAsavRtti 127 duSkAla meM jaina sAdhuoM kA maraNa 127 duSkAla meM bAla-baccoM kI bikrI 127 dussayuga 209 noTa dUta 63, 98, 104 dUtasukha 98 noTa

Page #602
zabdAnukramaNikA dUtI (vidyA)346 devAnandA 10 noTa, 224, 346 noTa, dUmiya (cUne se potA gayA) 334 495 noTa . dUrabhavya (gozAla) 16 dezastena 72 dUpya (dussa-dhussA) dezIbhASA (aThAraha)59, 204, 304, dUSya (pA~ca prakAra ke)209-10 304 noTa dRSya (vijaya)209 dora (DorI)300 dUpyoM kI dUsarI sUcI 210 dosiya ( vastra ke vyApArI) 140, 222 dRSTapAThI 308 dosiyazAlA 186 dRr3hapratijJa 293 dohaNavADaga (gAya duhane ke bAr3e) dRSTiyuddha 105 133 dRSTivAda 15, 26, 26 noTa (bhUtavAda), dohada 239, 240, 272, 346, 352 29, 30, 33 dauvArika 55, 55 noTa dRSTivAda (par3hane kA niSedha )249 yutagRha 364 deulabhIrA (bAMkur3A)9 dramma 110 noTa, 188, 188 noTa, 477 deyar3a (dRtikAra=mazaka banAne vAle) dravir3a (damila) 120, 458, 523 151, 222 drupada 197, 258, 505 drupadakanyA (draupadI) 470 deva-ArAdhanA 352-53 droNamukha 171 devaka (bhojavRSNi kA putra) 501 droNI (choTI nAva) 185 devakI 440, 441, 501, 502 draupadI (paMcabhartArI) 53, 92, 92 noTa, devakula 336, 337, 401, 440 197, 248, 258, 259,263, 269, devakulikA 270, 271, 366, 439, 335, 346noTa, 353, 386, 505 439 noTa, 446 dvAdazAMga 18, 26, 28 noTa devadatta 268 dvArakA (dvArikA dvArikApurI) 106 devadatta (zizu)72, 160 noTa, 174, 177, 183, 197, 198, devadattA (rAnI)84 258, 263, 290,311,387, 472, devadattA (gaNikA)274, 360 ___501, 503, 504, 525 devadattA ( ujjainIvAsI vezyA) 277, | dvigRddhidazA ke adhyayana 33 noTa __278, 344 noTa dvijAti 400 devadattA (suvarNagulikA) 92 noTa, 344 dvIpa (saurASTra meM) 189 noTa, 514, 520 dvopAyana 417, 417 noTa, 428, 472, devadroNI 427 504, 505 devanAgarI varNamAlA 302 dvaikriyavAdI 19 devara ke sAtha vivAha 266 devardhigaNi kSamAzramaNa 24, 30, 473 dha . devavaMdanAdi bhASya 36 dhaNupiTa 318 devavAcaka 28 noTa .... dhaNuhiyA (dhanuhI) 131, 319 devazarmA 439 dhanakaTaka (bejavAr3A) 487 devasena (digaMbara AcArya) 21 / dhanagupta 19

Page #603
582 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja dhanadatta 268 dhAtuvAiya (kImiyA banAne vAle) 144 dhanadeva (vaNika) 132 dhAtuvAda 342 noTa dhanadeva (seTha)261 dhAnya (sataraha) 42 noTa, 123, 123 dhanamitra (vaNika) 104 noTa dhanavanta 163 dhAnyoM ke prakAra 125, 124 noTa dhanavasu ( vyApArI)173 dhAraNA (dharana)336 dhanazrI 270 dhAraNIya (karjadAra) 168 dhanAvaha (seTha) 159 dhAriNI (rAnI) 104, 516 dhAriNI (zreNika kI rAnI) 239, 507 dhanugrAhI 63 dhArmika kaTTaratA kA abhAva 491-92 dhanurgraha 441 dhikkAranIti 42 dhanurmaha 318 noTa dhijAi (brAhmaNa ) 224 dhanurvidyA 318-19 dhUpa 154 dhanurveda (chaTA veda) 318, 319 dhUpadAna (dhUpakaDacchu-dhUpaghaTI) 154 dhanurvedI 318 dhUpapAtra 437 dhanuSa bANa 318 dhUmaparyAyAma (dhueM se pakane vAle phala) dhannaura (dhanyapura) 230 - 130 dhanya anagAra kI tapasyA 391 | dhUmiyA (kuhAsA) 282 noTa dhanya (sArthavAha) 75, 76, 77, 159, | dhUrtavidyA 70 noTa 160, 234, 235, 440 | dhUrtaziromaNi ( mUladeva) 70 dhanya (caMpA kA sArthavAha ) 173 | dhUrtAkhyAna 70 noTa, 299 dhanya (anyatra dhanadeva 132) 179 dhUvaghar3I 332 dhanyaka 382 dhobI (pillevaNaH rajaka) 141, 164, dhanvantarI 308, 308 noTa, 311 dhanvantarI (vaidya)311 dhobI (aThAraha zreNiyoM meM) 141 dharaNa (yakSa) 443 164, 165 dharaNijaDha (brAhmaNa) 292 dhvajA 108, 108 noTa dharaNendra 9, 437, 471 dhvajAbaddha (cora) 72 noTa dharasena (AcArya) 473 dharmacakra (takSazilA) 471, 483 noTa naMgala (hala) 121, 433 dharmacakravartI (RSabhadeva )3 | naMda (nanda nApitadAsa) 49, 85, 86, dharmaciMtaka 425 226, 400 noTa dharmatIrthakara 6, 11 naMdoM kA rAjya 521 dharmadUta 383 naMda (yazodA kA pati) 503 dharmasAgara upAdhyAya 20 noTa naMda (nanda maniyAra) 112, 144, 230 dharmAcArya 234 naMdana vana 369, 435 dharmAstikAya kI kalpanA 373 naMdA (sunaMdA= zreNika kI rAnI) 507 dhavala (hastI)94, 97 naMdA (Asana) 256 dhAiyAM (dAiyA~) 162 noTa, 243 / naMdA (puSkariNI) 274

Page #604
zabdAnukramaNikA nandinI (gaNikA) 277 nandipura 316 naMdAvarta (naMdiyAvatta) 73, 73 noTa naMdipura 476 naMdiphala | vRkSa ) 136 naMdiSeNa sthavira 8 naMdiSeNa ( rAjakumAra ) 25 naMdiSeNa (anyatra naMdivardhana 46 ) 84 naMdiSeNa 382 dise (zreNika kA putra ) 508 nakSatra ( zubha-azubha ) 355, 356 nakSatravidyA 307 nakSatrAMgavidyA 341 noTa parikarma (hajAmata banAnA ) 217 nagara ( na + kara ) 112, 112 noTa nagara (tIna sau tirasaTha ) 45, 513 nagarahAra 478 nagarI (prAcIna dasa ) 461, 461 noTa naladAma 400 noTa navakAra maMtra 341 nagai (nagnajit ) 417, 494 nacca sIla 425 naTa 116, 230, 233, 369, 438 naTaputra 320 naToM ke gA~va 116, 230 namatta ( vidyAdhara ) 265, 349, 352 nadiyA~ (caudaha ) 456 nadI aura samudra ke vyApArI 182-5 nandapura 106 noTa nandicuNa (hoTha racAne kA cUrNa) 154 nandirya 354 napuMsaka dIkSA ke ayogya 54 napuMsaka banAne kI vidhi 54 nabhasena 264 nandiyAvata (nandAvartta ) 73 noTa nandivardhana (mahAvIra ke bar3e bhrAtA) 10, 11, 24, 186 noTa, 495 nandI ( zrutavalI ) 20 nandIzvara dvIpa 348 napuMsaka ( caudaha prakAra ke ) 54 noTa 583 bhovAhana (nahapAna ) 23, 61, 62, 106, 524, 524 noTa namaka ke prakAra 194 mi ( vidyAdhara ) 95, 348, 497 namirAjA 94 ma rAjarSi aura zakrasaMvAda 388-89, 494, 494 noTa, 495 noTa namuci ( namui; maMtrI ) 87,400 nayanaviSa ( mahAsarpa) 436 nartaka 369, 438 narmadA 478 nalagiri (hAthI) 93, 99, 518, 519 nAgagRha 437 nAga gRhapati 440 nAga takSaka 436 noTa nAgadatta ( sArthavAha ) 52 nandivardhana (naMdiSeNa ) 46 nAgapura ( gajapura ) nandisUtra 15, 26 noTa, 82, 294, 295, nAgapUjA 9, 436 noTa 412 nAgapratimA 436 noTa nAgabali 436 nAgabANa 108 nAgabhavana 436 navakAra maMtra kA uddhAra 23 navajAta zizu ko kUr3I para DAlanA 359 navatatva gAthAprakaraNa bhASya 36 navanidhi 95, 497 nahapAna (nahavAhaNa ) 23, 61, 62, 106, 524 havAhaNa (nahapAna ) nAga ( rathakAra ) 237 nAga (devatA) 184, 236, 353, 440 nAga kAliya 436 noTa nAgakumAra 436, 437

Page #605
584 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja nigaMThanATaputta ( nirgrantha jJAtRputra ) 10, 12, 12 noTa, 495 nidhi kA lAbha 113 nindU (vandhyA ) 236 nimaggajalA (nimagnajalA ) 94, 497 nimajjaka 413 nimitta 342, 344, 351, 351 noTa nimittavidyA 299 prakAra kI ) nimittazAstra 15, 306, 339, 351, nAgamaha 435-37 nAgayajJa 4, 152, 436, 437, 493 nAgarAja 436, 471, 498 nAsti (AcArya) 24, 24 noTa nAgA jAti 435 noTa nAgArjuna 24, 29 nATaka 295 nATya ( cAra prakAra ) 323 nATyavidhi (battIsa 323-26 nATyavidhiyA~ (anya ) 326 27 nATyavidhiprabhRta 323 noTa nATyazAlA 332-333 nATyazAstra ( bharata kA ) 304, 323, 324, 325, 326 nADailla ( nATaka racAne vAle ) 257 nAthanagara 465 nAbhi 3, 41, 493 nAgoya ( nAmagotra ) 381 nAmamudrikA 143, 264 nAmasaMskaraNa ( nAmakaraNa ) 243, 359 saMDa (jJAtRkhaMDa) nArada ( kacchulla nArada) 52, 263, 264, 417, 428 nArAca ( lohabAna ) 107 nArAyaNa 428 nArAyaNakoSTha 426 nAriyala kA tela 172 nAru (nau) 164 noTa, 196 nAlandA 12, 13, 141, 463 nAva (cAra prakAra kI ) 183, 183 noTa nAva (hAthI kI sUMr3a ke AkAra kI ) 183 nAva kA chidra banda karanA 183 nAva ke karmacArI 172 nAva khene ke Avazyaka aujAra 185, 185 noTa nAvagamana 395-97 nAsAvahAra ( dharohara kA vApisa na lauTAnA) 190 420 nimittopajIvI ( kuzIla sAdhu ) 351, 351 noTa nimna varga kA jIvana 217 niyativAda 13, 17 niyativAdI 421 niyuddha 105, 105 noTa niyoga kI prathA 270-71, 270 noTa niraMgaNa ( rAjamalla ) 367 nirAzraviNI ( nAva ) 182 nirgrantha (nigaMTha sAdhu ) 16, 381, 392 nigranthajJAtRputra (nigaMThanAyaputta ) nirgrantha dharma 9 nirgrantha pravacana 25 nigrantha zramaNoM kA Adarza 409-10 nirgrantha zramaNa ke saMkaTa 393 -408 nirgranthoM kA bhojana-pAna 392-93 nirgranthoM ke vrata 392 niyukti (dasa) 35 niryukti sAhitya 35, 36 nirloma carma 151 nirloma carma ( upacAra ke lie ) 314 nirvApa 196 nivedanApiMDa 364 frogs (kanyA) 259 nizAcara (bhUta) 447 nizIthacUrNI 16, 37, 51, 224, 304 306 nizIthavizeSacUrNI (nizIthacUrNI )

Page #606
nizIthabhApya 70 noTa, 6 44 nizIthasUtra 34, 425, 430 niSkramaNamahotsava 359 niSkramaNasatkAra 386-88 nisar3ha (baladeva) 264, 502, 505 nihANapautti ( dhana ko jamIna meM paMcapuMDa (ghor3A) 102 paMcabhartArI (draupadI) paMcamaMgalazrutaskaMdhaniryukti 36 paMcadhArA / ghor3e kI cAla ) 103 paMcamahAvrata 7, 8, 485 paMcamA jAti (vezyA) 272 noTa paMcamuSTi (kezaloca) 388 gAr3akara rakhanA) 190 nihna 15, (sAta) 18 - 19, (AThavAM ) paMcazaila ( dvIpa ) 112, 142 21 nIca aura aspRzya 232-3 paMcaskandha 412 paMcAMgI sAhitya 35 paMcAgni tapa 413 noTa nItizAstra ( mAThara kA ) 64 nIrakriyA (jaina zramaNoM kI ) paMcAnana 432 noTa paMcendriya ratna 62 noTa paMjara (piMjarA ) 338 paMDaka (napuMsaka ) 384 paMDara bhikkhu ( gozAla ke ziSya ) 381, 417 noTa paMDuraMga 417 paMthaka (dAsace ) 160 zabdAnukramaNikA 371-74 raNakriyA (baccoM kI ) 374 nRtu (nartakI) 272 nRtya ( sarasoM kI rAzi para ) 310 gama (naigama ) nemi (ariSTanemi = neminAtha ) nemicandra 37, 238 noTa nemicandra siddhAntacakravartI 24 neminAtha 5, 10 noTa, 53, 99, 470, 503-4 nelaka (sikkA) 189, 487 naigama (negama = vyApArI ) 113, 174 naigameSa 440 noTa naigameSApahRta ( kA artha ) 237 noTa nepAla (nepAla) 29, 99, 176, 475, 486, 512 naimittika 237, 293 naiyattika 124 naukara-cAkara 163 nyAyakartA 64 noTa nyAya vyavasthA 64-69 nyAya-vyavasthA ( vaizAlI kI ) 64 noTa nyAyAdhIza 64-5 pa paMcakalpacUrNI 339 paMcakula 111, 177 38 jai0 bhA0 585 paiTThANa (pratiSThAna=nIMva ) 331, 333 pannA ( prakIrNaka dasa ) 27 paumacariya 92 noTa 1. paodalaTThI ( pratotrayaSTi char3I ) 181 paoadhara (pratotradhara = bahalavAna) 181 pakudhakacyAyana 12, 422 noTa pakkaNI ( pakkaNa deza kI dAsI ) 161 pakSiyoM kA zikAra 138, 139 pakkhiyasutta 27 noTa pakSI 138 paggaha | pagahA = lagAma ) 181 josaNa ( paryuSaNa ) 363, 525 paTala 391, 392 noTa paTazATaka ( haMsa cihnayukta ) 388 paTaha 108, 354 paTTa (rezamI vastra ) 207, 207 noTa paTTayugala 211 paTTakAra ( rezama kA kAma karane vAle ) 140 paTTahasti 99

Page #607
586 paTTAgAra (paTave) 222 paTTiza 107 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja paTThIvaMsa ( khaMbhA ) 336 paDiggaha (pAtra ) 387 Dibuddhi (rAjA) 152, 262 paDiyANa (jIna ) 102 paDasijA ( choTI zayyA ) 256, 337 paNiyabhUmi 12 paNDu 263, 505, 106 paNa (mudrA) 188, 188 noTa paNatti (prajJapti) paNa (latA) 183 paNhavaNa 344 patavAra 172 patAkA 108 pativratA 269 pattA (patra) 300 pattahAraka ( patte cugane vAle ) 137 pathiya ( TokarI ) 152 patracchedya 297, 297 noTa padamArga (sopAna ) 334, 334 noTa padAti (paidala ) 103 padAtiyoM ke Asana 103 padAtiyoM ke prakAra 103 padAnusArI 23, 343 padmadeva 261 padmaratha 494 padmanAbha (rAjA) 52, 109, 263, 353 padmAnana ( rAjA ) 476 padmAvatI (ceTaka kI kanyA ) 24, 513 padmAvatI (rAnI ) 23 padmAvatI ( rAjA udayana kI rAnI ) 56 padmAvatI ( kUNika kI rAnI ) 98,510 noTa, 511 padmAvatI ( kRSNa kI paTarAnI ) 92, 92 noTa, 503 dmAvatI (hiraNyAbha kI kanyA) 248, 261 padmAvatI ( rAjA dadhivAhana kI rAnI ) 385, 515 padmAvatI 387 noTa padmAvatI (rAnI) 437 padmottara (zarkarA ) 125 noTa, 178 panavAr3I 178 paDI ( nAriyala ke tRNa ) 137 yAgapatiTThAna (prayAga ) 476 paraMgamaNa (saMskAra) 243 parakoTA ( prAkAra ) 106, 106 noTa, 338, 465 paradezayAtrA ke lie pAsaporTa (rAyavarasAsa) 185 paraparavAiya 425 paramahaMsa 417, 417 noTa parazu 107 parAzara 417, 417 noTa parikhA 106 parigha 338 paripUNaga (channA) 289 paripU ( chAnA huA ) 416 paribhASaNa 42 parimaNDalabaMdha 42 parivrAjaka 80, 141, 365 parivrAjaka ( do prakAra ke ) 379 noTa parivrAjaka dharma (dasa) 418 parivrAjikA 482 parivAjikAyeM 419 parivrAjikAoM kA dautyakarma 283-85 parivrAjikAoM kI zaraNa ( putrotpatti ke liye) 284 parivrAjikAoM ke maTha 283 parivvAyaa ( parivrAjaka ) 381, 415-19 pariSad ( pAMca ) 60 - pUrayaMtI, chatravatI, buddhi, maMtrI, rAhakI 60 pariSadoM ( kA apamAna ) 84, 85 parIkSita ( rAjA ) 436 noTa, 476 pardA 54

Page #608
parde kI prathA 271-72 paryAsana 419 paryUSaNa (josa ) parva 23, 343, 525 paryUSaNa ke anya nAma 363 noTa yUSaNa Adi parva 363 parva 359 parva aura utsava 361-62 zabdAnukramaNikA parvaNI 359 parvata (chaha ) 456 parvata devatA 434 parvata pUjA 361 noTa parvataka ( rAjA ) 522 parvatamaha 361 paliyaMka 392 pallaMka ( palyaMka = palaMga ) 256, 337 pallakoTTha (miTTI athavA bA~sa kA pazuoM kA ghAsa cArA 133 pazuoM kI cikitsA 134 pazuoM kI corI 133 pazuoM ke camar3e Adi kA upayoga 134 pazuhiMsA 7 noTa pazcAta saMkhaDi 365 pahAr3iyAM (pAMca) 461 paheNaga 196, 364 pahnava (anArya deza ) 161, 505 pAMcajanya (zaMkha) 503 pAMca divya padArtha 48 pAMca bhAvanA 9 pAMca mahAvrata 8 pAMca zramaNa 16, 381-421 koThA) 122 pallaga ( koThAra ) 123 pavaNabalasamAhaya ( pavana kA jora ) 185 pATaliputra 23, 24, 29, 30 noTa, 49, pavittiya ( aMgUThI ) 416 418 pavva (porI ) 125 pavaDiya 367 pazupAlana 131 pazupAlana aura dugdhazAlA 131-4 pAMca zrutakevalI 20 pAMcAla ( pAJcAla ) 93 noTa, 262, 283, 470, 471, 494 pAMcAla (do) 470 587 pAMcAlavAsI ( kAmazAstra meM niSNAta ) 269 noTa, 460 pAMcAlI (draupadI) 269, 470 pAMDumathurA ( dakSiNa mathurA = madurA ) 173, 174. 185, 502, 504, 505 pAMDuraMga (sAdhu) 173, 354, 426 noTa pAMDusena ( pANDusena ) 185 pAMDava (pANDava) 92 noTa, 259, 263, 386, 473, 477, 502, 504, 505 pAMDu (pANDu ) 258, 261 pAiTIkA ( prAkRtaTIkA ) 37 pAkazAsanI (vidyA) 346 pAkhaMDi ( kA artha ) 426 noTa pAkhaMDigarbha (mathurA) 426, 484 pATaNa ke bhaMDAra 35 86, 127, 186, 189, 226, 275, 292, 327, 354, 395, 479, 513, 522 pATaliputra ( paTanA ) 462 -kusumapura - puSpapura - puSpabhadra pATaliputravAcanA 29 pATaliputra kI bAr3ha 128 pATahikazAlA 186 pAThyakrama 293-95 pANAgAra ( rasAvaNa = madyazAlA ) 186, 197, 364 pANAmA (prANAmA) pravrajyA 423, 466 pANigrahaNa 259, 359 pANipAtrabhojI 391 pAtaMjali (bhagavAn) 295 pAtaka 243 noTa, 358 pAtra (bartana) 145 145 noTa, 197

Page #609
588 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pAtrakesarikA 391 pichI 372 noTa pAdalipta (AcArya) 24, 330, 340, | piMDa (vividha ) 341 noTa 488 piMDaNigara 364 pAdalekhanikA 392 piMDaniyukti 327 pAdalepayoga 344 piMDI (khalI) 399 pAdAtAnIkAdhipati (senApati ) 430 piMDolaga 424 noTa, 427, 427 noTa noTa piudatta (gRhapati) 237 pAdopalepa 343 pikkhura (mleccha)94, 497 pAna kA masAlA 126 piDaga(ya) ( TokarI) 152, 338 pApazruta (nau)295, 308,345 noTa piNyAka (pinnI)395 pApA (malloM kI pAvA) 484 pitA (Izvaratulya ) 235 pAmA 309 noTa, 313, 335 pitRpiMDa 374 pAyaMka (mudrA) 188 pitRpiMDanivedanA 364 noTa pAyarAsa (subaha kA nAztA) 185 pizAca 449 pAraNA 423 pihitAzrava 8 noTa pArasa (kUla)(parziyA) 53, 111,173, pihuMDa 173, 465 175, 177, 267, 472, 487, 524 pITha (Asana)380 pArasanAtha hila 4, 9, 477 pIThamarda 62 pArasI (pArasa deza kI dAsI) 161 pIr3he (pAvIr3ha) 143, 143 noTa, 256 pArAzara gRhapati (kRSi-pArAzara) 121 pIlu (khIra ) 194 noTa pArivArika jIvana 234-35 puMja ( anAja kA Dhera) 122 pArzvanAtha 5-9, 10 noTa, 20 noTa, paMDarIka ( zatraMjaya ) 473 212, 437, 451, 468, 485, 495 | paMDavaddhaNiyA 466 pArzvanAtha (janmamahotsava) 242 noTa | puggala (mAMsa)203 pArzvastha 24 noTa puTabhedanaka 186 pArthApatya (pAsAvaJcija) puNDarIka (rAjakumAra) 44 pAlaMgamAhuraya (mIThA zarbata) 195 puNDU ( uttarI baMgAla) 465 pAlaka (dUta) 407 puNDraka 207 noTa pAli 304, 472, 476 puNDradeza 125 noTa, 177, 466 pAlita (vyApArI) 173 puNDUvardhana (puNDU deza) pAlitripiTaka 35, 451 puNDUvardhana (gaMdharva deza meM )261 pAvA (apApA ; pAvApurI; manijhamAH | puNNamAsiNI ( kA utsava)361 madhyamapAvA) 12, 12 noTa, 17, putalA banAnA 341, 341 noTa 113, 228, 457, 463, 484 puttalikA (zAlabhaMjikA)334, 335 pAvIr3ha (pIr3hA) 143, 256, 337 puttalikAvedhana 260, 319 pAzoM ke prakAra 138 putrajanma 242-44 pAsaya (pAsA)296 . | putrotpatti kA utsava 91, 362-63 pAsAvacija (pArthApatya) 7, 8, 14 noTa | putrotpatti (Avazyaka) 268

Page #610
pudgala ( parivrAjaka ) 419 punnATa 21 phArAma (udyAna ) 442 puraMdarajasA 407 purANa 294, 295 purima (purIya ? ) 23, 343 purimatAla ( ayodhyA kA upanagara ) 4, 494 purimatAla 74, 77, 77 noTa, 362 purimatAla 179, 419 purisAdAnIya (puruSazreSTha ) 6, 7 purI (jagannAthapurI) 466 purIya (purima) puruSadeva 295 puruSapura 354 puruSamedha 7 noTa zabdAnukramaNikA puruSavadha 84 noTa purohaDa ( bAr3A ) 312 purohita 49, 59, 62, 62 noTa, 96, 358 puraH saMkhaDi 365 pulAka ( bhojana ) 196 pulinda 146, 161, 174, 175, 231 puSkara 477 puSkariNI 75, 112 puSpoM ke prakAra 129 puSpagRha 130 puSpacUla ( caMpA kA rAjA ) 499 puSpacUla (rAjakumAra ) 266 puSpacUla (rAjA) 349 puSpacUlA (bhikSuNI) 6 puSpacUlA (kanyA) 265 puSpacUlA (kanyA) 266 puSpacUlA 382 puSpadaMta 26 noTa, 473 puSpapaTala 437 puSpabala 172 puSpabhadrikA (nagarI) 266 puSpamaMDapa 152, 362, 437 puSpamAlAeM 151-2 puSpazarkarA ( phUla sAkhara ) 125 noTa puSpArAma (puSpoM kA bagIcA ) 152 puSpottara (puSpazarkarA) 125 noTa, 178 puSyanandi (puSpanandi ? ) 84, 235 pustaka (pA~ca) 300, 300 noTa pUMjI 119, 163-4 pUMjIpati 163-4 pUgaphalI (supArI) 126 pUjyapAda 24 589 pUraNa (tapasvI ) 423 noTa pUraNakassapa 8 noTa, 12, 423 noTa pUrima 328 pUrNa kalaza 354 pUrNabhadra (caitya ) 438, 438 noTa, 446, 465 pUrvadeza 188 'pUrva prabandha' 35 pRthu (rAjA ) 42 noTa pRSThacampA 12, 45 peDhAla (parivrAjaka ) 434 pela (pUnI ) 140 pezakArI striyA~ 208 noTa pesaNakArI ( samAcAra le jAne vAlI ) 257 paizAcI 305 poia ( halavAI kI dukAna ) 186 pokkhariNI ( puSkariNI ) 335, 336, 336 noTa pohilA ( telIputra kI patnI ) 255, 284 potana ( potali ) 487 potanapura 228 potanapura 412 potanapura 443 172 potavaNika 111, potavAhana (jahAja) 172, pottiya (vastradhArI ) 413 pollaya (potulla= gur3iyA ) 159, 360 potthakamma 328

Page #611
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja pradezI ( rAjA ) 58 590 porathaya (pustaka) 300 pothAra (miTTI ke putale becane vAle) pradyumna 264 222 podanapura 83 porakanva ( zIghrakavizva ) 296 polAsapura 146, 147, 420, 431 posahasAlA ( prauSadhazAlA ) 335, 352, 353 pauMDA (puNDra = pIlA ) 125, 125 noTa, pradyota ke cAra ratna 519 466 prapA 197 prajalpana (saMskAra) 243 prabandha 164 prajA ( aThAraha prakAra kI ) 62 prabhava 18, 20, 228 kA utpIr3ana ( kara Adi dvArA ) prabhAvatI ( rAnI ) 24, 93, noTa, 254 114 prajApati 71, 224 prajApati dvArA apanI kanyA kI kAmanA 266 prajJapti 479 prajJapti (vidyA) 264, 346, 348 prajJapti (strIdevatA ) 343 prajJApanAsUtra 131 pratardaka (gola patrAkAra AbhUSaNa ) 334 pradyota (caMDa pradyota ) 24, 43,93, 93 noTa, 94, 96, 99, 105 noTa, 106, 159, 173, 262, 320, 330, 368, 434, 448, 476, 477, 481, 514, 515, 519-21 pradyota aura zatAnIka kA yuddha 517 pradyota ke anya yuddha 520-21 pratigrahadhArI 391 pratibuddhi 382 pratimA (yaMtramaya ) 330 pratimAyeM (vividha) 329 187 prativAsudeva (nau) 493, 500, 504 pratiSThAna ( potanapura = paiThana ) 23, 27 noTa, 61, 86, 106, 339, 340, 363, 462, 487, 524 pratiSThAnapura 476 pratisUcaka (guptacara ) 61 pratyaMtagrAma 116 pratyanIka devatA 372 prathama cakravartI ( bharata ) 95, 497 prathama rAjadhAnI ( ayodhyA ) 4 pradIpazAlA 432 513 prabhAsa ( kauMDinya gotrIya ) 17 prabhAsa (somanAtha tIrtha ) 94, 365, 468, 473, 473 noTa, 496 prabhAsa ke anya nAma 473 pravacanaveda 26 praveNI pustaka 64 noTa pravrajita zramaNa 424-25 pravrajyA ( aneka prakAra kI ) 383 pratirUpakavyavahAra (mAla meM milAvaTa ) pravrajyA ke lie anujJA 385-86 prazna 350 praznavyAkaraNa ke adhyayana 33 noTa praznAtiprazna 350, 351 prasravaNabhUmi 397 pramukha tIrtha 460 pramoda dasa dina kA ) 363 pramoda 359 prayAga 476 prasannA 197, 199, 259 prasenajit 268 noTa, 467, 506 prAkAra ( aneka prakAra ke ) 106 noTa, 338, 465 prAkRta 31, 305 prAkRta (mizra) 36 prAkRta dharmapada 302 noTa prAcInatIrthamAlA 470

Page #612
prAcIna prAkRta (ardhamAgadhI ) 36 prAkRta vyAkaraNa 305 prAkRtazabdAnuzAsana 31 prAkRtika (cora) 72 prAcIna bhASAyeM ( sAta ) 304 prAcyA 304 prANAtipAta (pANAtipAta ) 7, 419 prANAmA ( pravrajyA ) 423, 466 prANivijJAna 31 phussarathasamAroha 49 noTa phUloM kI TokarI 152 ba baMgAla 9, 11, 267, 455, 465, 466, 490 baMjara bhUmi 130 baMdhadazA ke adhyayana 33 noTa bhagu ( sthavira ) 238 baMbhaNagAma (brAhmaNakuNDagrAma ) baMdIviyA ( zAkhA ) 489 prAyazcitta 350, 353 prAsAda 51, ( saptabhUmika) 51 noTa, baMsakavellaya ( kavalu ) 331 261, 333 noTa prAsAda ( tIna ) 335 noTa prAsAdanirmANa 334-35 prAsAda ( vimAna ) 331 prAsAda bhUmi 331 noTa priyadarzanA ( anavadyA = mahAvIra kI baTesara 470, 500 zabdAnukramaNikA kanyA ) 10, 265, 495 prItidAna (vivAha meM ) 256-57, 259, 337 prItidAna meM dAsiyoM kI bheMTa 161 prekSAmaMDapa 332, 333 premapatra 30 1 preSaNaka (cora) 72 noTa proSitabhartRkA 404 prauSadhazAlA 335, 352, 353 plavaka 438 pha phaNiha (kaMdhI ) 353 pharusageha (kumbhakArazAlA ) 147 phalaka ( kASThapaTTa ) 380 phalahiya ( kapAsavAlA ) 367 phalihA ( parikhA) 106, 338 phaloM ke nAma 129 phaloM ke pakAne kI vidhi 130 yuga 478 phANita 193, 193 noTa phAhiyAna 484 591 bakarI kA takra 134 bakare kI khAla kI nAva 183. bakavAsI 414 kuza (anArya deza ) 161 baccoM ke khela 159 aisa (machalI pakar3ane kA kAMTA) 139 bar3haI kA kAma 148 banArasa 11, 47 noTa, 40, 484, 495 banAsa (nadI) 478 babUla 135 bambara ( barbara=bArbarikona ) 94, 161, 175, 175 noTa, 183, 463, 496 bartana ( pAtra ) 143, 145 baladeva ( balabhadra ) 158, (nau) 493, 500, 500 noTa, 503, 504, 505 baladeva kI saMtAna 502 baladeva (mukunda ) 433 baladevagRha 433 balarAma 93 noTa, 503 balavAuya ( senApati ) 104 bali (devatA) 71 balikarma 353 kuMDa - basolA ( vasUlA ) bahali (lI) (bAhrIka = bAhakha ) 102, 102 noTa, 175, 494

Page #613
| buddhaghoSa 35 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja bahilaga (bahilaga) 180, 181 buddhakIrti (muni) 8 noTa bahutara saMyama kA grahaNa 409 buddhagayA 468 bahupatitva 268, 269 bahupatnItva 268 buddhapratimA kA vandana 411 bahumilakkhamaha 361 buddhazAsana 295, 412 / bahumUlya vastra 211-2 ... . buddha (pariSad )60 bahurata sampradAya 18 buddha (cAra)60 bahurUvA (vidyA) 348 buddhila 284, 368 bahuliyA ( dAsI)161 bulandazahara (uccAnagara) 478 bahUdaga 417 .. buhalara 302 bAMsa kI jAtiyAM 137 bRhajjAtaka 17 bAjIkaraNa 308 . .. bRhatkathAkoSa 483 bANoM ke prakAra 108, 319 bRhatkalpabhASya (kalpabhASya)35, 36, bAnagaMgA 468 noTa . . 47,56, 86, 182, 189, 198, bAravaDa (dvArakA) 202, 209, 215, 275, 457 bAreja mahasava (vivAhotsava ) 257 bRhatkalpasUtra 34, 35, 198, 425 bAlaka-nanheM 236-37 bRhatsaMhitA 249 bAlaka ( zreSTha) 237 / bRhaspatidatta (purohita.)56, 83 | betAla 345 bAlapravajyA 384-85 . bAlaraMDA 270 : benyAtaTa (beNNA= beNyA) 23, 47, bAli (dvIpa) 460 79, 111, 173, 177, 278, 344, 489,507 bAlI 92 noTa behalla (vehalla) bAhuka 428 . baila 132, 181 bAhubali 3, 4, 105, 266, 340, 493, | bala (ar3iyala) 132 . 497 / / bailoM ko badhiyA karanA (nillaMchaNakamma) 181 biMbasAra (zreNika) 240 noTa, 268 baizAlI (vaizAlI)9 . boTika (boDiya = digambara) 21, bikrI kI vastuyeM 174 354, 413 noTa, 426 bindumatI (gaNikA )278 noTa bodhika (bodhiya = cora) 79, 283, bindusAra 86 noTa, 458 357, 397, 398, 480 vibhelaga (yakSa) 439 bodhisatva 52 noTa bilavAsI 414 bauddhadharma 451 bIjabuddhi 343 bauddha vaNika 283 bukkaNNaya (pAMse)360 bauddhasaMgha 25 buddha (caubIsa) 5 noTa, 11 noTa, 204, byAja 168 .. 391, noTa, 437 noTa, 446, 455, | byAja-baTTA 164 469, 471, 476, 485, 422 noTa | brahmagupta 305 noTa bAhuyuddha 5, 105 noTa

Page #614
zabdAnukramaNikA ... . 593 brahmacaru 499 / | bhaMbhI 294 noTa brahmacaryajanya kaThinAiyAM 404-7 bhaMbhIya 64 brahmadatta (kumAra) 254, 265, 284 bhagaMdara 310, 312,315 brahmadatta (cakravartI) 195, 326, 249, 'bhagavA nemeso' ( hariNegameSI) 440 499 bhaginI-vivAha 3,3 noTa, 266,266 noTa brahmadatta (muni)340 bhagIratha (rAjA) 436, 498 brahmadatta rAjA) 491 bhaTTa-caTTa 448 brahmadvIpa (vAsI)344, 489 . bhar3oMca (bhRgukaccha) 448 brahmavadhyA 429 noTa, 430 noTa bhaNDArI ( bhaNDAra dekhane vAlI) 257 brahmasthala (gajapura)469 bhadainI 468 brahmA 42 noTa, 215 bhaddiyA 11 brahmAjI (Ayurveda ke pravartaka) 308 noTa bhahilapura (bhadilapurambhadiyA) 236, brAhmaNa (mAhaNa) 223, 224 440, 477, 502 noTa brAhmaNa (brahmabandhu)224, 424 bhadra (rAjakumAra)398 noTa brAhmaNakuNDagrAma (baMbhaNagAma) 9, 10 bhadrakagupta 481 noTa, 116, 475 bhadrabAhu 20, 20 noTa, 21, 22, 27 brAhmaNazAstra 416 __ noTa, 29, 36, 340, 481, 486 brAhmaNoM ke saMbaMdha meM jaina mAnyatA 225-6 bhadrA (gozAla kI mAtA) 12 brAhmaNoM ke anya peze 228 | bhadrA 241 noTa brAhmaNoM ke vizeSAdhikAra 226-7 . bhadrA (dhanya kI patnI) 440 brAhmaNa ko prApta nidhi 113 . bhadrA (mUr3he )256 bAhmaNA kA daNDa (kvala vadA kA spaza) bhadrAcArya 21, 482 | bhadrAvatI ( hathinI) 99, 262, 519, brAhmI 3, 4, 252, 266, 302, 493 .. ___519 noTa brAhmI (lipi) 302, 302 noTa, 303 | bhaya (cAra) 72 noTa bAhmI (jaina AgamoM kI lipi) 302 bharata (cakravartI) 3, 4,42, 49, 50, . . noTa. .. . . .. 52,94, 95, 103, 104, 105, 165, 183, 226, : 230, 266, 268, 273,294, noTa, 327,334, bhaMgi (janapada) 484 . 383, 425, 430 noTa, 460, 493, bhaMDaveyAliya (kariyAne ke vyApArI) 494, 496-197, 498 222 bharata aura bAhubali kA yuddha 105 bhaMDI 180, 181 bharata (muni)275 noTa, 304, 320 bhaMDIra (udyAna) 446 bharata (naTa)230 bhaMDIra yakSa 361 bharatakSetra 456 bhaMDIravaTa 443, 484 bhaMDIravana 443 . . .. bharukacchaharaNI (grAma) 126, 367 bhaMDIrAvataMsaka udyAna 443 bhavana 51, 51 noTa bhaMDIrAvataMsaka caitya 443 bhasaa 280, 281,502 bAhmaNoM . bharahuta-478

Page #615
594 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja bhAMDakAra (kaMsere )222 | bhUta (tIna prakAra ) 447 bhAMDAgAra 144 bhUtagraha 441 bhAMDIra (nyagrodha vRkSa ) 443 noTa bhUtacikitsA 317 bhAI-bahana kA vivAha 266, 266 noTa | bhUtatar3Aga 448 bhAgalapura 464,465 bhUtadatta ( AcArya) 24 bhAgavata 366, 427 bhUta-preta 448 bhAgavI 482 bhUtabali (kaSAya prAbhRta ke kartA) 26 bhAdasudI paMcamI (paryuSaNa divasa) 363 | noTa, 473 bhArata (mahAbhArata )294, 294 noTa, | bhUtabali 447 noTa 295 bhUtamaha 447-49 bhAratavarSa 497 bhUtavAda (dRSTivAda)26 noTa bhAradvAja 419 bhUtavAdI 230, 447, 448 bhAradvAja ( ajinasiddha ) 428 bhUtavidyA 308, 447 bhAravaha (sArtha) 180 bhUtAnanda (hAthI)99 bhAvAvazyaka 294 noTa bhUtikarma 350 bhASya (dasa)36 bhUmi 119-155 bhASyasAhitya 36 bhUmigRha 335 bhAskara 305 noTa bhUmiparIkSA 330 bhAskarAnandi 71 bhaMgAra (jhArI) 144, 388 bhiDipAla 107 bhRgukaccha (bhar3auMca) 23, 61, 106, bhiucca (bhRgu ke ziSya) 417 171, 174, 283, 365, 444, bhikSuNI saMgha 6 noTa 448, 489, 524 bhicchuDa (sAdhu)173, 417 bhRtya (cAra prakAra ke) 162 bhitti 122 bher3a kA mAMsa 134 bhitti 332 bher3a-bakarI 134 bheraNDa 177 bhillamAla (zrImAla) 188, 477 | bherA (bhadravatI) 482 bhisiya (bhisikA=Asana) 256, bherI (cAra)-kaumudikI, saMgrAmikI, 337, 418 dubhUtikA, azidhopazaminI 108, bhImAsurukkha 294, 294 noTa 109,290 bhISmaka (rAjA)92 noTa, 505, 506 bhujaMgama (cora)80 bhelupura 468 bhujapatta (bhojapatra) 150, 300 bhaiMse kI bali 9,440 bhujo bhujo kouyakAraka 425 bhaiMseM (marakhanI)467 bhuvanezvara 466 bhoDaya (bhogika) 448 bhUikammiya 425 bhoga (kSatriya rAjA) 25, 222, 380, bhUgola (paurANika) 456-57 493, 501 noTa bhUgola (vaijJAnika) 457 bhogakula 501 bhUta 184, 440 bhogaputra 380 bhittiguliyA 332 109,29

Page #616
zabdAnukramaNikA bhoja ( saMkhaDi ) 364, 367 bhojaka (bhoja) 439 bhoja kA deza 478 bhojadeva ( zRGgAramaMjarI ke karttA ) 71 noTa, 275 noTa maMtra 343, 344, 345, 351 maMtrayoga 344 maMtrazakti 344 - 345 maMtrazAlA 186 maMtrI 61, 62, 106 | maMtrI ( pariSad ) 60 maMdAragiri ( maMdAra hila ) 465 maMdAragiri 390 bhojana banAnA 196 bhojana piTaka ( 'Tiphina' ) 90, 160 bhojapatra 300 makAna banAne kA sAmAna 149 sakkAra nIti 42 bhojavRSNi 500, 501 'makkhali' kI vyutpatti 13 noTa bhojaka (gA~va kA pradhAna) 116, 374, makkhali (maMkhali ) gozAla 5 noTa, 523 8 noTa, 11, 12-17, 141, 147, 204, 485 bhoDA (choTA) 211 bhauta (paratIrthika ) 266 bhramarakaraNDaka (agneyakITa) 74 noTa bhojana ( cAra prakAra kA ) 193, 193 noTa ma maM (Arya ) 24 noTa (cAra) 12 noTa, 369 maMkhakhala (mAMsa sukhAne kA sthAna) 201 maMkhali ( makkhali= gozAla ) 12, 17, 339, 419-21 khaliputta 428 vidyA 12 maMgala 350, 353, 353 noTa maMgala caitya 336 (Arya) 24, 24 noTa, 483 maMcAtimaMca (gailarI ) 259 maMjUSA ( sandUkacI ) 338 maMDaka (pUpUrI ) 195 rNI (tApa) 415 noTa maMDana mizra 474 maMDapasthAna ( AMgana ) 331 maMDala 372 maMDikuccha (caitya ) 462 maMDita (vAziSTha gotrIya ) maMDiya 419 maMDuka (rAjA) 194 595 magadha 17, 31, 32, 94, 207 noTa, 227, 292, 304, 460 - 62, 467, 473, 496 - ( pApabhUmi ) 461 magadha meM duSkAla 22, 29 magadha meM roga 313 noTa magadha sundara dhAna 462 magadhavAsI 460 magarajAla 139 mahasara (vezyA) 279 magaha sundarI (vezyA) 278 maggapAlI (sAdhvI ) 213 macchaMdavADA (macchImAroM kI bAr3I ) 139 maccha ( machuA ) 397 machaliyA~ pakar3ane ke tarIke 139 - 140 machaliyoM ke nAma 139 majjaNaghara (snAnagRha ) 335 majjhimapAvA (majhiApAvA=pAvApurI) 12, 227, 228, 463, 484, 496 maDaMba 115 noTa maNikarNikA (ghATa) 468 maNipura 435 noTa maNibhadra (jaina AcArya ) 16 maNibhadra 438, 438 noTa, 439, 446

Page #617
596 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja 78 maNimalla 432 noTa mayUra (vAhana ) 432 maNiyAra (maniyAra) 112, 144 mayUrapiccha 449 noTa maNiratha (rAjA) 316 mayUrapota-yuddha 368-69 maNDita (cora) 79, 80 mayUrapoSaka 86, 16, 139, 369, 522 mata-matAntara 421-28 mayUrAMka (rAjA) 188 matsya (janapada)477 maraNa ke anya prakAra 375 matsyaMDikA (mIjAM khAMDa) 125, 125 | marutela 153, 316 . noTa, 178 marudevI (mahArAnI) 3, 493 matsyoM ke prakAra 201 noTa marudeza 316 mathurA 5,20, 23, 24 noTa, 29, 34, maru parvata 153 84,86, 87, 120, 132, 152, 158, 173, 176, 258,259,268, makarI (devatA) 71 noTa 336, 337, 361, 407, 436 noTa, malaya (deza) 176, 207 noTa 440,443, 446, 469,470,472, malaya (janapada) 476, 484 479, 483, 484, 495, 501, malayagiri 30, 37, . 502,503 malayAcala 153 mathurA ke 96 gAMva 115, 483 mathurA (uttara)86 malla (gaNa) 158, 374, 374 noTa mathurA (dakSiNa)86 malla (yoddhA) 357, 369, 438, mathurA (devanirmitA)337 noTa 449, 464 madanatrayodazI 361 mallakI 12, 99, 380, 512 madanaphala 251 mallaga (eka pAtra) 256 madanamaMjarI 248 malladatta (malladinna) 88, 165, madanamahotsava 232, 319 - madanarekhA 316, 494 . mallayuddha 335, 367-68 madanazAlikA (mainA) 139 mallavAdI 24 madirApAna 197-200 . .. | mallArAma 419 mahaNA (gAMva) 433 mallikumAra 251 noTa, madyajanyadoSa 198 noTa ... malli (mallI) kumArI 10 noTa, 87, 93, 93 noTa, 165, 250, 255, madyoM ke prakAra 198-200 262, 283, 329, 330, 362, 494 madyapAna 198,481 | maSi (zyAhI) 300 madyazAlA (kappasAlA)197 .. | masAragalla (ratna) 144, 144 noTa madhAvIra (mahAvIra) 33 . masAle 124 madhu (tIna prakAra) 130, 130 noTa - | masUraya (Asana)333 madhukarI gIta (nATyavidhi) 326 maskarIpUrana 8 noTa madhyadeza 467, 475 maha 359, 361, 361 noTa maha (gyAraha) 429 madhyama varga kA jIvana 271 mahattara 55, 55 noTa, 364 manasA (sarpa devatA)9 mahAaTavI 135 mayaMgatIra (mRtagaMgAtIra) 468 | mahAutsava (cAra)361 madhyapradeza 469

Page #618
zabdAnukramaNikA 257 ~ mahAkaccha 348 mahArohiNI (vidyA) 348, 352, 434 mahAkAla (devatA)71 mahAvastu 466 mahAkAla (zmazAna) 368 mahAvIra (vardhamAna) 7, 8, 9-18, 19 mahAkAla maMtra 342 noTa 22, 31, 77 noTa, 113, 121, 141,145, 182, 209, 224, mahAgiri 15, 19, 20 noTa, 21, 462, / 225, 227, 235, 236, 238, 474, 478, 479 252, 265, 272, 303, 307, mahANasiNI (rasoI karane vAlI) 326, 360 noTa, 386, 388, 396, 412, 418,418 noTa, 419, 421 mahANasiya (rasoiyA) 196 noTa, 423, 430 noTa, 432, 433, mahAtapopatIraprabha 462 435, 438, 439, 445, 446,451, 457, 460,462, 463,464,467, mahAdeva 432, 463 468, 469,374, 475, 476,478, mahAnasazAlA 186, 186 noTa, 197 479, 485, 486, 491, 495 noTa, mahAnimitta (ATha) 228, 237, 339, 496, (vIra)496 noTa, 506,512, 339 noTa 513, 514, 516,517 / mahAnizItha 45, 271 . mahAvIra (garbhaharaNa)346 noTa mahApadma (nauvAM naMda) 521 mahAvIra (janmamahotsava) 242 noTa mahApadma (cakravartI) 349 : mahAvIranirvANa 12, 18, 19, 21, 29, mahAparijJA 249 | mahAvara caMpA meM 380-81 mahApazu (puruSa)408 mahApiMgala (rAjA) 113 noTa | mahAvIra kA darzana (amaMgalasUcaka) mahAprajApati gautamI 6 noTa 354 noTa mahApratipadA (cAra)357 mahAvIra kA rAjagharAnoM meM prabhAva 24mahAprANavata 29 25, 513 mahAvIra kA nirgrandhadharma 25 mahAbala (rAjA)77, 362 mahAvIra kI lekhazAlA 293 mahAbalA (vidyA )348 / mahAbhArata 92 noTa, 116, 294 noTa, | mahAvIra ke gaNadhara 17-18 433,445, 461, 464, 465, 466, mahAvIra ke cAturmAsa 12, 490 noTa 469,470, 472, 473, 475, 477, mahAvIra ke vastra 211-12 478, 480, 481, 484, 488, 494 | mahAvIra ke ziSya 343 mahAvIra aura maMkhaliputra gozAla 12mahAmaha (cAra) 357, 361, 430 17, 204 mahAmAtra (mahAvata) 62, 100 / mahAvaidya 308 mahAmArI 313, 341, 373, 441 mahAzataka (gRhapati) 57, 201, 257, mahAmukuTa 93, 520 268 mahAzAla (yuvarAja) 45 mahAyuddha 105, 105 noTa mahAyuddha meM astroM kA prayoga 108 mahAzilAkaMTaka (yuddha) 105 . mahArASTra 32, 68, 129 noTa, 176, mahAsaMgrAma 105, 105 noTa, 475 197, 211, 363, 432 noTa, 458, mahAsena vana 17 472, 487, 523, 525 mahAsthAna 466 mahArASTrI 32, 305 noTa . | mahAhi mavanta 177, 456 noTa

Page #619
598 mahirAvaNa 120 priyA (durgA) 449 noTa jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja maThI (zrAvastI) 485 mahezvara (mahAdeva) 434 mahezvaradatta 62, 228 mAMtrika 442 mAMsabhakSaNa 203 - 204 mAMsa bhUnane ke prakAra 201 noTa mAyAkkhara (mAtRkAtara ) 302 mAkaMdI 470 kaMdI (sArthavAha) 172 mAgadha gaNikA 407 305, 305 noTa mAgha kavi 477 mAgadha ( bhAMTa) 258, 369, 439mAgadha (prastha ) 416 mAgadhI 31, 32, 36, 303 noTa, 304, mASapurI 484 mAThara 64, 294 noTa, 295 mAbika 387 mAtaMga 6 noTa, 232, 345, 346 mAtaMga RSi 439 mAtaMga vidyA (mAtaMgI ) 347 mAtaMgoM kA yakSa 443 mAtA-putra kA saMbhoga 266 mAthurIvAcanA 29, 30 mAdI 501, 506 mAdhavI (dAsI) 278 mAnabhUma 9 mAnasI (vidyA) 346 (pAMca prakAra ke ) 190 - 1 mApataula 190 - 2 mAmA kI lar3akI se vivAha 265 mAyA (gautama buddha kI mAtA) 239 noTa raMga ( pahAr3a kA devatA ) 9 mAraNavidhi 297 noTa mArkaNDeya 32 mArga meM kIleM gAr3anA 179 -mArgasUcaka nizAna 301 'mArjArakRta kukkuTamAMsa' 15, 15 noTa, 204, 205 noTa mAla (cAra prakAra kA ) 166 mArga (vibhinna ) 178-9 mArgabhaya 479 mArga (kIcar3a vAle) 397 mAlava (deza) 32 mAlava (parvata) 79 mAlavA 79, 478, 480 mAlAkAra 151, 152 mAlAyeM 129, 146, 152, 178 mAlAyeM (tRNa Adi kI ) 129 mAlAyeM (bandaroM kI haDDiyoM kI ) 146 mAlinI (caMpA ) 464 mAlukAkakSa 75 mAsa (mudrA) 188, 188 noTa mAha (brAhmaNa ) 223, 224, 225, 424 mAhezvarI (nagarI) 23, 343, 466 mAhesarI (mAhiSmatI) 466 mAhessara 481 miTTI ke bartana 147 mithilA (janakapura) 4, 11, 12, 17, 19,87,93, 93 noTa, 106, 111, 171, 171 noTa, 172, 176, 184, 255, 262, 283, 327, 262, 419, 465, 474, 494, 495 noTa, 496 mithyAdRSTi (cAra) 421 miyagAma (nagara) 241 middhaya ( tApasa ) 413 mizra jAtiyA~ 223, 223 noTa mizra prAkRta 36 muMja pAuyAra (muMja kI pAdukA banAne vAle) 222 mukadame 65 - 69, 65 noTa mukuTabaddha rAjA 43, 45, 513, 514, 515 mukunda 149, 329, 435

Page #620
zabdAnukramaNikA 599 mukundamaha 433 mRgalubdhika 137 mukha (koThAra) 123 mRgavadha 137 mukhapattI 372 mRgAramAtA vizAkhA 485 mukhapotikA 371 mRgAdevI (bhAryA )241 mukhavastrikA 329, 391 mRgAvatI 25, 93, 93 noTa, 252, 476, mucilinda (sarparAja) 437 noTa 517-518, 520 muttasakkara 310 noTa mRcchakaTika 65 noTa, 71, 277 noTa muttolI (koThAra) 123 mRtaka kA vArSika divasa 374 / mudra 107, 107 noTa, 442 mRtaka ko gAr3anA 370 mudrA 187-9 mRtaka kRtya 374 municandra 8 mRtaka-gRha 337, 370 muruMDa (rAjA) 214 noTa, 340,354, mRtaka pUjana 370 395 mRtakalayana 337,370 muruMDI ( muruDa deza kI dAsI) 161 mRtakasmRti 493 murga kA sira bhakSaNa 345 mRttikAvatI 478 muSTika (yoddhA)368 noTa mRtyudaNDa 82, 83, 84, 87, 88 muSTiyuddha 105 meMTha (hAthiyoM ko savArI ke kAma meM musuMDhI 106, 107,338, 465 lene vAle mahAvata) 100 mUtrapAna 314 meMDhiyagrAma 15, 204 mUrtikalA 329-30 mer3hoM kA pAlana 134 mUrdhAbhiSikta (rAjA)50 meghakumAra 25, 50, 235, 242, 254, mUla akSara (chiyAlIsa) 302 256, 293, 359, 386, 387, mUlakarma 351 388,390, 507 mUladeva (rAjakumAra) 47, 48, 49, | meghadUta 478 79, 80, 100, 277, 278, 344 meghavijayagaNi 20 noTa noTa mUladeva (steyazAstrapravartaka = mUlabhadra, metArya (kauMDinyagotrIya) 17 mUlazrI, kalAMkura, karNisuta, goNi- | | meya (zikArI)398 putraka, goNikasuta) 70, 70 noTa, | | maigasthanIz2a 379 71 noTa, 81 noTa maithiliyA 474 mUladevI (lipi)301 noTa, 303 maithunazAlA 186 moggarapANi 280, 442, 462 mUlaveli 336 moghapuruSa (gozAlA)13 noTa mUlazrI (mUladeva) 70 | mocameha (pezAba kA bartana) 405 mUlasutta (mUlasUtra-cAra)27, 27 noTa | mUlA (dhanAvaha kI patnI) 159 modaka 194 mUlya 187 moya 125 mUsala 107 moya (moka-mUtra)347 mUsiyadAraya (mUSikAdAraka = sunAra) moraMga (kuNDala) 142 142, 255 morapaMkha 440

Page #621
600 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja ... morAgasaMnniveza 412 .. | yajJIya adhyayana 227 moriyaputta tAmali 423, 466 -- -- yatigaNa 41 moriyasaMnniveza 17 yativRSabha AcArya 10 noTa mohanI (vidyA) 342 yadukula 5,500 mohara (daNDikA)58 noTa yama 433 mohariya (maukharika) 425 yama-yamI saMvAda 3 noTa mauryakAla 96 yamunA 436 noTa, 470, 500, 502 mauryaputra (kAzyapagotrIya) 17 / yavana deza 330, 371 mauryavaMza 58, 86, 521-24 / yavanadvIpa 94, 183, 463, 496 mauryavaMza kI jau ke sAtha tulanA 522 | yavanikA (javaNiyA) 211, 271, 518 mauSTika 369, 438, 464 | yavasa (hAthI kA cArA) 100, 103 mausI kI lar3akI se vivAha 266 yazastilakacaMpU 483 mleccha (milakkhu)231 | yazodA (nanda kI patnI)503 mleccha bhASA 104 | yazodA (kauMDinyagotrIya) 10, 10 mleccha (rAjA)94 __noTa, 495, 496 noTa mlecchoM meM murdai gAr3ane kA rivAja 370 yazobhadra 18, 20 glecchita (lipi) 303 yazomatI (zeSavatI) 10, 495 yazruti 33 yaMtrapIr3ana 125 yAjJavalkya 294 noTa, 425 yaMtramaya kabUtara (kapota) 148, 403 yAjJavalkyasmRti 445 yaMtramaya haMsa 403 .yAdava 5, 472, 500, 503 yaMtrazAlA (jaMtasAlA) 125: / yAdavakumAra 503, 505 - . yAnaratha 95 yakSa 184, 236, 271, 445-46, 447 yAna-vAhana 178-82 yakSa (teraha) 438. .. yAnazAlA 181, 198 yakSa banakara kanyA kA upabhoga 267 yAnazAlika 62-63 yakSagRha 329 noTa yuktiprabodha 20 noTa yakSagraha 442 yugabAhU (yuvarAja) 316, 494 yakSapUjA 448 yugya 360 yakSapratimA 448 yuddhanIti 104-107 yakSamandira 248, 280 yuddhamaha 367 yakSamaha 437-47 yuddhavidyA 298 yakSamUrtiyA~ 446 yuddha kalA-kauzala 104 ... yakSasabhA 439 yuddha ke kAraNa 92-95 yakSAyatana 437, 442,445-47, 448 yuddha ke prakAra 105, 105 noTa, 369 yajJa ke lakSaNa 225 yudhiSThira 263 yajJa-yAga 227-220 / yuvarAja 59, 59 noTa yajJavATaka 288 . yuvarAja aura usakA uttarAdhikAra 43yajJa-saMkhaDI 366 noTa

Page #622
zabdAnukramaNikA 601 yuvarAja kA abhiSeka 45 ratnapura 292 'yaniyana' (zreNI) 165 | ratnamaNi 144 noTa yoga 343 ratnazekhara (rAjA) 87 yogarocanA (siddhaaMjana ) 71 ratha 95, 96, 148, 181 yogazAstra 30 noTa rathoM ke prakAra 95-6, 96 noTa yogAcArya 71 rathakAra (rAjaratna) 148, 237 yoniprAbhRta 314, 340, 403 rathanemi 251, 406, 501 yauvarAjya 44 noTa rathamuzala (yuddha) 105 rathayAtrA 23, 458, 523 raMga taiyAra karanA 150 rathavIrapura 21 raMgIna vastra 126 rathAvarta (parvata) 23, 471, 480 raktapaTa (rattapaDa = rattavaDa = bauddha) 299, | ramaNI ke rUpa 275 noTa 354, 381, 407, 412 rayaNAvaI (buddhila kI kanyA) 284 raktazuddhi 226 noTa raviSeNa 483 raktasubhadrA (subhadrA)92, 248, 261 rasAyana 308 rakSApoTalI 242 noTa, 350 rahaTa 132 rakSAbandhana (salUno) 362 rahasyazAlA 186 rakSAvidhi 350 noTa rAkSasa 435, 447 rakSita (brAhmaNaputra )292 rAjakara se bacanA 177 rajaka 141, 164, 165 | rAjakara-vyavasthA 110-14 rajakazAlA 141, 186 rAjakula 65, 66, 67, 88 rajastrANa 333, 334, 337 noTa rAjakoSa ko samRddha banAnA 112-13 rajoharaNa 68, 134, 150, 329, 340, llikA 408 . 372, 351 rAjagRha 6, 11, 17, 18, 19, 24, 30 rajjuka (rAjuka) 113, 113 noTa noTa, 46, 57, 74, 75, 76, 90, rajjugasabhA 12, 113, 463 496 106, 110, 112, 135, 144, rajjugAhaka amaJca 113 noTa 952, 159, 160, 201, 234, ra uDa (rAThaur3a)62 . 235, 237, 257, 258, 270, rattapaDa (rattavaDa-zAkya) 381, 412 / 278, 328, 345, 352, 353, ratna (sAta)-senApati, gRhapati, 499, 5.2, 505, 507,511, 512 vardhakI, purohita, strI, hasti, azva | rAjanya 222, 493 rAjapiMDa 523 ratna (caturdaza ) 95, 497 rAjapraznIyasUtra 300, 331 ratna (caubIsa) 144 noTa rAjapraznIyasUtra (meM vAdya) 321, 321 noTa ratna (kImatI) 144 rAjabhavana (rAjaprAsAda) 50-51 ratnakambala 79 rAjamalla 483 ratnakUTa (nagara)87 rAjamudrA 301 ratnadIpa 184, 439 / / | rAjavaidya 311-12 . 36 jai0 bhA0

Page #623
jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja rAjahaMsa 138 rASTramahattara 62 rAjA (sarvaguNasaMpanna)42 rAsapekkhaNa (rAsa)327 rAjA (paTTabaddha) 43 rAsAyanika raMga 126 rAjA (mukuTabaddha) 43, 45 rAhasyikI pariSad 60 rAjA (zakkI)85 rAhula 386 noTa rAjA (sApekSa) 44 ricArDa pizala 304 rAjA (nirapekSa) 44 rIti-rivAja 339-75 rAjA aura rAjapada 41-43 rukkhamUlia 415 rAjA aura rAjaputroM ke saMbaMdha 46-47 rukmi 258, 262, 263, rAjA kA antaHpura 51-53 rukmiNa (? rukmI)92 noTa rAjA kA ekacchatra rAjya 84-88 rukmiNI 92, 92 noTa, 248, 263, rAjA kI AjJA kA ullaMghana 84-88 503, 505 rAjA ke karmacArI 62-3, 63 noTa, 155 | rukmI 505 rAjA ke dhAvanaka 93 noTa rugNasaha (rodana) 370 rAjA ke pradhAna puruSa (pAMca) 59-63 ruddhadAsa 159 rAjAoM kI aitihAsikatA 491 rudra 184, 423 rAjImatI (rAjula) 5, 251, 257, rudramaha 433 383, 387 noTa, 406, 473, 495, rudra kI pratimA 432, 433 501, 501 noTa rudrAkSa 418, 419 rAjyAbhiSeka samAroha 49-50, 91, 95 | rudrAyatana 433 rAjyopadrava 401 rudrAyana (udrAyaNa ) 514 noTa rAr3ha (lADha) 11, 485-16 ruppI (rAjA)362 rAtribhojana 9,408, 408 noTa rUpaka 188 rAtribhojanatyAga 394 noTa rUpakarma (sthApatya vidyA) 4, 493 rAniyoM ko avAMchanIya saMparka se mukta rUpadakSa (nyAyAdhIza)64 rakhanA 58 noTa rUpayakSa ( nyAyAdhIza)64 rAma 499 rUpyaka 189 rAma 92 noTa, 261 registAna 179, 482 rAma (baladeva)500 reNukA 499 rAmagutta 428 revatI (zrAvikA) 15, 25 rAmacandra 469, 483 revatI (mahAzataka kI patnI) 57, rAmAyaNa 294, 294 noTa, 445, 463, 201, 257 469, 474, 475, 480, 495 noTa | revatI 15, ( meM DhiyagrAmavAsI), 204 rAmilla 21, 482 | rezama 126 rAyavarasAsaNa (pAsaporTa) 185 rezamI vastra 176, 256 rAvaNa 92 noTa, (prativAsudeva) 500 rezamI sUta 126 rAzi ( anAja kA Dhera) 122 | raivataka (ujjayaMta=giranAra) 5,472, 495 rASTrapAla (nATaka)327, 388 noTa raivataka (udyAna ) 264

Page #624
zabdAnukramaNikA roga (solaha )309-310 lAkSArasa 150 roga, dhyAdhi aura AtaMka meM antara 310 lATa 3, 3 noTa, 32, 68, 120, 126 rogoM kA upacAra 308-1 noTa, 176, 182 noTa, 211, 265, rogoM ke prakAra 309-10 359, 365 noTa, 430 noTa, 489 rogajanya kaSTa 402-3 lAr3ha (rADha=pazcima baMgAla) 11, 14, rogI ko vaidya ke ghara le jAnA 402-3 465, 485-486 rogotpatti ke kAraNa 310-11 lAbha 168-9 roTTaga 195 lAvArisa saMpatti kA mAlika rAjA 112 romaka 94, 464, 496 lAsaka (anArya deza) 161 roruka 482, 514 noTa lAsaka (bhAMDa) 439 rohaka (naTa) 230 liMgaccheda 83 noTa rohagupta 15, 19 (athavA SaDuluka) liMgapUjA 433 noTa rohagupta 340 likhanA (miTTI para)300 noTa rohiNI 93, 93 noTa,502 likhanA (patra aura valkala para) rohiNI (vidyA)346 301 noTa rohiNeya (cora) 81 noTa licchavI 9, 12, 33, 99, 380, 474, rohItaka (rohataka) 432 noTa 512, 512 noTa lipi ( aThAraha )301-3 laMkha 369, 439 lipiyAM (anya )303 laMgara (jahAja kA) 172, 185 lippAsana (maSIpAtra)300 lakar3I ke khilaune 178 luhAra, kumhAra Adi karmakara 145-7 lakuTa 107 lekhana 300-5 lakusa (anArya deza) 161 lekhanasAmagrI 300 lakSaNa 350, 351 lekhazAlA 300 lakSaNa aura cihna 297, 297 noTa lekhAcArya 300 lakSaNA (kRSNa kI rAnI) 503 lekhikA (dAsI) 259 lakSaNAvatI 270 lena-dena aura sAhUkArI 190 lakSmaNa 500 leppakAra (palastara kI vastueM banAne latAoM ke nAma 129, 136 vAle) 222 layana (guphA) 337 lepyaka (yakSa)443 lalitavistara 64 lezyA ( abhijAti)16 lalitA (goSThI) 279 lehaNI (lekhanI)300 lalitAsanika 364 lokapAla 435 lavaNasamudra (hinda mahAsAgara) 172, lokAyata 295, 295 noTa 353, 374 lomahara 71 lAMgUla (hala) 433 noTa lomahastaka 437 lAMgUlI (baladeva) 433 lohajaMgha (patravAhaka) 93, 519 lAkSAgRha (jatugRha)335, 335 noTa | lohapaTTa 299

Page #625
604 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja lohadaMgA 9 vaNavAsI 502 - lohe ke aujAra Adi 145 vaNavAsI (tApasa) 381, 412 . laukika devI-devatA 429-50 vaNi (eka jagaha dUkAna lagAkara laukika zruta 294 ___ vyApAra karanA) 170 vaNika 223 vaMga (pUrvIya baMgAla) 465-66 vaNikanyAya 168 vaMTha (kuMvAre) 402 vaNikaputra 170 vaMdanamAlA 152 vatthuvijA ( vAstuvidyA) 216, 330 vaMza (vatsa) 475 vatsa (deza) 261, 330, 475 vaMzadaNDa 176 vanakarma 137 vasImUla 402 vanadevatA 341 vaidisa (vidizA) 478 vanavAsI (vaNavAsI). vaisAhaThANa (mathane kA Asana )367 vanaspativijJAna 31 vaisesiya (vaizeSika ) 295 vanIpaka 423, 424 bacca (zaucagRha ) 331 vandhyA (nindU) 236 vaJcaka (mUMja) 140 vamana 315, 318 vajanAgarI 474 vayaNacaDagara (vAgADaMbara ) 395 vajabhUmi ( vajrabhUmi) 485, 486 varagRha (zayanagRha ) 333 vajividehaputra (kUNika) 474, 508 varaNA 468 varaNA (varuNa) 478 509, 512 vajI 33, 474 varadAma 94, 496 vajI-videha 9 varadhaNu 284, 344 noTa vajjhAra (vAhana banAne vAle) 222 vararuci (maMtrI) 85, 226, 277 vajrapratirUpaka (kavaca) 108 varavimAna 348 vajrabhUti 489 varAhamihira 27 noTa, 249 vajrasena 488 varuDa (pichI banAne vAle) 222 vajrazAkhA 37 varNa (cAra) 223, 224 noTa vajrasvAmI 343, 23, 24, 68, 127, varNa aura jAti 221-2 (Arya vajra)382, 385,389,403, vardhakI ratna (bar3haI)335 462, 477 480, 489 vardhamAna (udyAna) 446 vaTTakhura (vRttakhura = ghor3A) 101 noTa vardhamAna mahAvIra (mahAvIra) 6, 9-12 vaTTaya (lAkha kI golI) 360 vardhamAnaka (aTTiyagAma) 132,337, 441 vardhamAnapura 446 vaDA 484 vaDaga (Tasara ) 256 varSakAra (mahAmAtya) 62 noTa vaDukumArI (vRddhakumArI) 354 / varSadhara 54, 256 vaDr3haI (bar3haI-caturdaza ratnoM meM) 330 varSA 128 vaDiLa (vRddhi-lAbha aura vyAja) 168 | valabhI 21, 29, 30, 473 / vaNakuTTaga 329 | valabhovAcanA 30,36, 37

Page #626
balaya (buMge ) 122 calaya 136 valkalacIrI 412, 412 noTa, 428 calli 136 vazIkaraNa 344 vasaMtasenA 277 noTa vasati ( nivAsasthAna ) 280, 298, zabdAnukramaNikA 501, 502 vasudeva ke putra 501 vasudevacarita 299 vasudevahiNDI 469, 472 vasumatI (caMdanabAlA) 25, 104, 464, 516 vasUlA ( basolA ) 107, 145 (vidyA) 346 380 vasantapura 174, 175 vasiSThadharmasUtra 415 vasiSThAzrama 478 vasu ( AcArya ) 19 vasudeva (aMdhakavRSNi kA putra) 93 noTa, vAda-vivAdajanya saMkaTa 407-8 aa (cAra prakAra ke ) 205 vastra ( pA~ca prakAra ke ) 126 noTa, 209 vastra ( vividha prakAra ke ) 208-9 vastra (kITaja - pA~ca prakAra ke) 207 noTa, vastra ( bahumUlya ) 206-8, 206 noTa, 207 noTa 208 noTa vastra kA vinimaya 176 vastrasambandhI zakuna 358 vastroM kI anujJA (buddha ) 212 noTa troM kI prAcIna sUcI 206, 206 noTa vastroM ke prakAra 205-9 kAra ( kuviMda) 140 catrakAra ( tikka) 140 vahaTThANa (jahAja) 283 cahanakASTha 373 liga (bahila ) 180, 181 vAbhakkhI 415 vAkyuddha 105 vAgurika ( jAla lagAkara zikAra pakar3ane vAle) 138 vAgdevI ( kI pratimA ) 293 vAgbhaTa 303 vAjasaneyI saMhitA 272 vANijya kula 37 vANiyagrAma ( vANijyagrAma ) 12, 83, 116, 121, 164, 168, 181, 190, 229, 276, 446, 475 vAtsyAyana 54, 272, 273, 303, 460 vAda-puruSa 299 605 vAdya 321-22 vAdyoM ke prakAra 321-22, 322 noTa vAnaprastha tApasa 413 - 415, 427 vanamaMtara aura guhyaka 444-45 vAnamaMtarI 445 vAmA 6 vAyasa paMDikA 399 vAyu ( solaha prakAra kI ) 184 noTa vAyu kA upazamana 313-14 vAyubhUti 17 varaNa ( gaNa ) 478 vArattaka (ya) 329, 428 vArana 478 vArANasI 6, 87, 113 noTa, 257, 280, 291, 319, 439, 468 (cAra) vArAhI saMhitA 27 noTa vArikhala (parivrAjaka ) 427 vAribhadraka 427 vArivRSabha (jahAja) 174, 185 vArtAnivedaka 63, 380 vAsagRha 334 sattA ( chAte ) 150 vAsavadattA 99, 262, 320, 330, 518 vAsI ( basolA ) 107

Page #627
606 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja vAsudeva (kezava) (nau) 500, 504 | videhadattA ( vizAlA ) vAsudeva 433 vAsupUjya 10 noTa vAstu (tIna prakAra ) 331 vidyA (sAta) 340 vidyA ( caturdaza ) 294 vidyAyeM (vividha) 342-47 vAstupAThaka 330 vAstuzAstra ( vAstuvidyA = vatthuvijA ) vidyA ke kendra 298-99 31, 330 -vidyApiMDa 341 bAhiya (kula) 506 vidyA, maMtra aura yoga 343 - 44 vAhiyAli ( ghor3oM ko zikSA dene kA vidyAcakravartI ( satyakI ) 434 sthAna ) 102 vI (bali) 101, 102, 207 noTa vAhlIkA (prAcIna bhASA ) 304 vikramayaza (rAjA) 52, 268 vidyAcAraNa 343 vidyAdhara 347 - 49, 348 noTa vidyAnanda 24 vidyAnuvAda ( pUrva ) 339 vidyApati 474 vidyArthI ( avinIta ) 287 vidyArthIjIvana 291-92 vijaya (kSatriya) 241 vijaya ( corasenApati ) 74, 75, 76, vidyArthiyoM kA sammAna 292-93 90, 160, 374 vijaya gaMdhahastI 96 noTa, 99, 387 vijayaghoSa ( muni) 228 -vidyA 340, 343, 344, 345, 351 vikrama rAjA 177 vikramAditya 21, 71 noTa, 481, 524 vijaya mitra 276 vijayavardhamAna (kher3A ) 113, 311 vijayasena (rAjA) 112 vijjuhI (vidyA) 348 viTa 360, 366 viTaputra 56 viDaMka ( kapotapAlI ) 334 viNTaranIz2a (DAkTara) 34 vitastA 436 noTa vidyAsiddhi 351-52 vidyAsthAna ( caturdaza) 294-307 vidyA aura maMtra-taMtra kA niSedha 340-42, 340 noTa vidyunmatI 92 92 noTa, 248 vidhavAvivAha 269 vidhuravivAha 269 vinami ( vidyAdhara ) 95, 348, 497 vinayavAda 423 vinayavAdI (aviruddha) 421, 422, 423 vinimaya 170 - 92 vinItA (ayodhyA = kuzalA ) 95, 468, vidaMzaka (bAz2a ) 138 494 vidizA ( bhelasA ) 23, 176, 479, vipAkasUtra 62, 77 noTa vipula ( pahAr3I ) 461-2 viprauSadhi 343 480 vidura 258 vidUSaka 63, 369 videzoM kI dAsiyA~ 161 videha (janapada) 105, 329, 417, vimalazAha 478 473,474 vimalasUri 92 noTa videha ( mahAvideha - cAra bhAga ) 456 | viyaDa ( madya ) 198 - 9 vibhaMgajJAna 308 vibhAjana - cAra 167-69

Page #628
zabdAnukramaNikA viyaDagiha 402 viruddha ( akriyAvAdI ) 422, 425 viruddha rAjya 43 viruddha rAjyaprakaraNa 398 - 401 vivacci (bivAI ) 215 vihAra nirmANa 337 noTa vIjana (paMkhA ) 338 vivaNi ( ghUma-phira kara vyApAra karanA) vINA 178, 320, 322 170 vivaNi (bAjAra ) 186 vivAha 253 - 270 vivAha 363, 363 noTa vivAha (anuloma ) 254 noTa vivAha ke prakAra 253-4 vivAha ( AkarSaNa se ) 264 vivAha (kalA-kauzala dekhakara) 264-65 vivAha (gaMdharva) 260-64 vivAha ( bhaviSyavANI se ) 265 vivAha (vidhavA) 269-70 vivAha (vidhura ) 269 vivAha ( sATe meM ) 267-68 vivAha ( svayaMvara) 258- 60 vivAha ( anya prakAra ) 265-66 vivAha samArambha 257-258 vivAhasaMsthA 4, 493 vivAha kI vaya 253 vivAha ke lie zulka 255 vivAhapaDala 306 'vivAhamaMgala' 10 noTa, 496 noTa vividha ghRta aura tela 316 vizAkhAcArya 21 vizAkhA ke AbhUSaNa 142 noTa vizAkhila 320 vizAla (zivikA ) 182 vizuddha kuloM meM utpanna 222 noTa vizvakarmA (naTa ) 230, 406 vizvanAtha 468 viSNu (zrutavalI) 20, viSNu (bhagavAna) viSNukumAra ( muni) 240, 343, 400, 400 noTa, 410 vihalla ( vehallakumAra ) vihAra kA samaya (jaina zramaNoM ke) 379 noTa 607 voNAgrAhI 63 vItabhaya (kuMbhAraprakSepa) 24, 45, 159, 184, 254, 482, 491 vIra (sUra kA putra ) 500 vIraNa (khasa kI paMcaraMgI mAlA ) 152 vIrabhadra 27 noTa vIrabhUma (vajrabhUmi ) 9, 485 vIralla (bAz2a ) 139 vRkSa 135, 135 noTa vRkSa ( amanojJa ) 355 vRkSaparyAyAma 130 vRkSavijJAna 134-7 vRkSoM kI lakar3iyoM kA upayoga 137 vRddha (vRddhAvasthA meM dIkSA lene vAle ) 425 vRddha AcArya 421 noTa vRddha pravrajyA 385 'vRddha vyAkhyA' 35 vRddha-sampradAya 32, 35 vRSabha ( sarvaratnamaya ) 131 noTa vRSabhadeva (RSabhadeva ) 3 vRSNikumAra 502 veMTa (aMgUThI ) 487 vegavatI (nadI) 132, 180 vegavatI (vidyA) 349 vedama 328 veNu 320 veNuphala (bAMsa kI peTI ) 150 driya (bAMsa kI lambI jhADU ) 150, 337 vetana-majadUrI 167-168 vetravatI ( betavA ) 479 veda ( dvAdaza aMga ) 294 noTa

Page #629
608 veda - tIna 293-94 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja - cAra 294, 295, 416, 418 -chaha 294 vedapATha 6 noTa ai (cha) 294 vedehiya (ajAtazatru ) 509 noTa Par (prophesara ) 92 noTa veja (dvairAjya ) 398 verajjaya (vairAjya ) 398 ve laMbaka (vidUSaka ) 438 velavAsI 415 vezyA ( 64 kalAoM meM niSNAta ) 205, vaizeSikasUtra 295 328 vezyA (paMcamA jAti ) 272 noTa vezyA ( sanmAna ke yogya ) 273 vezyA ( nagara kI zobhA ) 276 - 17 vezyAoM ke nAma 272 vezyAjanya upadrava 407 vezyAvRtti 272 'vaisiya (vaizika ) 295 vesiyAyaNa ( bAlatapasvI ) 423 hallakumAra ( villa ) 98, 105, 508, 511, 511 noTa, 512 vehAyasa (vihalla) | vaibhAragiri 239, 352, 427, 461 - vairAgya ke kAraNa 382-83 vairA (virATanagara ) 258, 477 vaizAlI ( baizAlI ) 11, 12, 24, 30 noTa, 56, 98, 107, 116, 145, 273 noTa, 282 noTa. 468, 474475, 495, 507, 508, 511, 512 vaizAlika (mahAvIra ) 468 vaizika upaniSad 275 noTa vaizikataMtra 274 noTa vaizikazAstra 31, 274-75, 275 noTa 456, 492, 496, 497 vaitAlI (vidyA) 346, 349 vaidiza (vidizA ) 478, 479 vaidehI ( celanA ) 507 noTa vaidya 62 vaidya ( tIna ) 311 noTa vaidya ke ghara prasthAna 357 vaidya (saMgrAma meM sAtha ) 315 vaidya dvArA cikitsA 311 vaidyakazAstra 308, 312, 403 vaidhavyajIvana 270 vaizya 223, 229 zramaNa ( yakSAdhipati ) 184, 435 vaizramaNamaha 435 vyaMjana (aThAraha) 194, 197 vyaMjana 350, 351 vyaMjana viSayA (vidyA) 346 vyaMnahArikA (vidyA) 346 noTa vyaMtara 365, 444, 447 noTa vyaMtarAyatana 446 vyakta (bhAradvAjagotrIya ) 17 vyavahAra (mukadamA ) 65 vyavahArabhASya 36, 83, 110, 128, 329, 346, 405, 412, 487 vyavahArasUtra 34, 425 343 vaitaraNI (vaidya ) 311 vaitADhya parvata 94, 95, 348, 443, vyAkaraNa 294, 295, 416 vyAkhyA prajJapti 137, 209237, 302, 307, 419, 464, 486, 509 vyAgharaNazAlA 260 vyAghracarma (upacAra ke lie ) 314 vyAdhi ( solaha ) 310 vyAdhiyoM kA upacAra 312-15 vyApAra ke keMdra 186-7 vyAyAma ke prakAra 335 vyAyAmazAlA 335 vyUharacanA 105 vyomacArI 348 noTa

Page #630
609 zabdAnukramaNikA.. vraja (pazuoM kA samUha ) 131 zabbala (lohe kA bhAlA) 107 . vraga (do prakAra )315 zayanagRha (dhAriNI kA) 333 vragacikitsA 315-16 zayyaMbhava 18, 20, 27 noTa, 228, vrata-niyama pAlana kI duzvaratA 390 385, 464 zayyA 334, 380 zaMkarAcArya 474 | zayyAtara (gRhasvAmI)366 zaMkha (gajA) 87, 262 zarapAta (dhanuSa)360 zaMkha (zrAvaka )25 zarvilaka (ziSya)71 zaMkhakAra 222 zalyakriyA 307 zaMkhapura 47, 80, 81, 248, 291 zalyacikitsA 316-17 zaMba 264 zava ko jaMgala meM chor3anA 370 zaMbara 71 zava kI sthApanA 356, 357 zakaTamukha 494 zaza 70, 70 noTa zakaTavyUha 105, 105 noTa zastra (AyurvedasaMbaMdhI)309 noTa zakaTAra (zakaTAla)22, 85,86 zastrakriyA dvArA upacAra 315 zakaTAla 271, 521 | zAMDilya (saMDibbha sAMDilya) 476 zakuna 353-54, 403 zAMDilya (RSi) 476 zakunavidyA 297.297 noTa zAMtinAtha 372 zakunI (caudaha vidyAsthAna )227 noTa | zAMtisUri 37 zakunIpAraga (brAhmaNa)227 noTa | zAkinI 445 zakurAbAda 470 zAkya 3 noTa, 16, 365, 366, zakkaroM ke prakAra-matsyaMDikA, puSpottara, | 419, 423 padmottara 125, 125 noTa, 178 zAkyoM meM bhaginI-vivAha 266 noTa zakti (trizUla) 107 zAkyaputra 412 zataka (zrAvaka)25 zAkyaputrIya 408 zataghnI 106, 107, 107 noTa, 338, zAkyazramaNa 412 389, 465 zATikA (aMgoche)211 zatapAka (tela) 153, 234, 235, zAntihoma 62. 316,335 zAla (rAjA) 45 zatasahasra 313 -kalama, rakta, mahAgaMdha 121-22 zatasahasravedhI (viSa) 375 noTa zAlabhaMjikA 332, 332 noTa, 334 zatAnIka 24, 93, noTa, 104, 253, zAlAkya 308 476, 516, 520 zAlATavI 77 zatAnIka aura dadhivAhana kA yuddha | zAli (cAvala) 121, 123, 126 516-517 zAlivAhana (sAtavAhana) 61, 62, zatraMjaya 21 noTa, 473, 477 ------ - 86, 106, 524-525, . . zatrughna 483 zAlmali (sebhala ) 126 zabarI (zabara deza kI dAsI.)161 zAlyahatya 308

Page #631
610 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja zAsana-vyavasthA (kendrIya ) 41-63 / zuka (parivrAjaka ) 418, 492 noTa zAha (chiyAnaveM) 53, 93, 481,524 zuktimati 481, 505 zikAra pakar3anA 138 zucikarma 243 zikArI 138 | zucivAdI 426 zikArI kutte 138 zubha-azubha dizAe~ 356 zikSA aura vidyAbhyAsa 286-99 zubhazakuna 172, 355 ziprA 327 zubhAzubha vicAra 356-57 zilpa 41, 493 zubhAzubha zakuna 353-59 zilpa (bAraha) 298 noTa zulka (kara) 111 zilpa (unnIsa) 291 noTa zulkapAla 112 zilpa-Arya 146, 226 zulkapAloM kI nirdayatA :13-4 zilpa muMgita (zilpa se hIna ) 156 zUrasena (mathurA) 469, 471, 483 226, 233 zUrpAraka 24 nATa, 110, 113, 148, zilpakAra (pAMca ) 140, 148 159, 174, 367, 488 ziva 184, 423, 433-35 zUrpAraka meM kara nahIM 110 ziva (skaMda ke pitA) 434 zUla 107 ziva (mahAziva) 433 zUlapANi (yakSa) 441 ziva (rAjarSi)414 noTa zeSavatI ( yazomatI) 10, 495 zivapratimA 435 zaikSaniSpheTita 384 zivabhUti 21, 368, 382, zailaka (RSi) 198 zivamaha 433-35 zailapura 365, 467 zivaliMga 80, 433 noTa, 435 - zaucadharma 416 zivA (samudra vijaya kI rAnI) 5, zaucamUla (dharma) 418 495, 503 | zaurasenI 32, 36, 304, 305, 483 zivA (pradyota kI rAnI) 24, 93, | zauri (rAjA) 469 434, 447 noTa, 59 zauripura 470 zivi deza 209 noTa zmazAna 449 zivikA (pAlakI) 181, 333 noTa, | zmazAnapAlaka 373 388 zyAma (Arya) 24, 27 noTa zizunAga (vaMza)513 zyAmA (rAnI) 57 zizupAla 258, 263, 481, 505, 506 zyAmAka gRhapati 11, 121 ziSya (acche-bure) 288-91 zrama 119, 156-163 ziSya (suyogya )287 zramaNa (pAMca)381, 424 ziSya (durvinIta)288 zramaNoM (pAMca) ke vandana karane kA zItagRha (zItaghara)51, 335 niSedha 381 noTa zItalA 439 zcamaNoM kI tapasyA 390 zIlabhadra 463 'zramaNa-kAvya 34 zIlAMka 16, 37 zramaNadharma 7

Page #632
zabdAnukramaNikA zrama nirgrantha (samaNaNiggaMtha ) 381 - 411/ zreNIsaMgaThana 230 zramaNa brAhmaNa 379, 379 noTa zreyAMsa 494 zramaNapUjA (samaNapUra) 363, 488, 525 zreSThI ( nagara seTha ) 62, 164 zramaNavaragaMdhahastI 96 noTa zreSThIputra 360 zramaNa saMgha 389 - 411 zramaNasampradAya 379-421 zravaNabelagolA 488 zrAvaka 425 zrAvastI ( saheTa-maheTa ) 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 147, 166 noTa, 282 noTa, 291, 362, 396 noTa, 398 noTa, 407, 418, 432, 469, 484, 485, 486, 499 zrAvasti meM bAr3ha 128, 485-486 zrIkhaNDa ( zikhariNo ) 194 zrIgupta (AcArya) 19, 340 zrIdAmagaMDa ( mAlAoM kA samUha ) 152, 362 zrI nilayanagara 56, 83 zrIparvata 468 zrImAla 481 zrIlaMkA 466 zrutakevali 20, zrRMgATaka 465 zRMgArakAvya 299, 366 zRMgAra maMjarI 71 noTa, 271 noTa zreNika ( biMbasAra = biMbisAra = bhaMbhasAra=bhibhisAra=seniya ) 24, 46, 47, 51, 56, 59, 60, 90, 92, noTa 96 noTa, 98, 99, 106, 187 noTa, 238, 239, 262, 264, 268, 272, 346, 349, 352, 364, 386, 461, 464, 492 noTa, 506 36 6.11 zvAna 424 vanapada se cihnita (mastaka) 43, 84, 159, zvetapaTa bhikSu 252, 365, 400 zvetabaddha ( yakSa ) 443 zvetAmbara paramparA meM tIrthaMkara 10 noTa zvetAmbara aura digambara matabheda 19-20 zvetArya 382 paTakhaMDAgama 26 noTa SaSThitantra ( sahita) 294, 295, 416, 418 sa saMkarI (vidyA) 349 saMkalA (jaMjIra ) 300 saMkSiptasAra 32 saMkSepikadazA ke adhyayana 33 noTa saMkhaDa (bhoja) 201, 359, 364 67, 444, 467, 473, 478 saMkhaDa ke prakAra 365, 366 noTa saMkhati (pAli meM ) 364 noTa saMkhadhamaka 413 saMkhA (sAMkhya ) 417 saMkhyAna ( gaNita ) 294, 307 saMgila ( pazuoM kA samUha ) 131 saMgIta 31 saMgIta ( cAra prakAra kA ) 320 saMgIta dvArA hAthI ko vaza 320 saMgItavidyA 319 saMgIta aura nRtya 319-227 saMgIti ( bauddhoM kI ) 30 noTa saMgrAmaratha 95 8, 510, 511 zreNika kI rAniyAM 507-8 zreNika ke putra 508 zreNika kI kanyAyeM 512 zreNI zreNI (aThAraha ) 49, 242 saMgha, gaNa aura gaccha 230-31 saMghadAsagaNi kSamAzramaNa 36 zreNiyAM (aThAraha) 164 - 6, 164 noTa | saMghadAsagaNi vAcaka 36, 70 noTa

Page #633
612 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja saMghAima 328 satI-sAdhvI striyA~ 250 saMjaya (rAjA) 137 satyakI 282, 282 noTa, 352, 434 saMjayabelaTriputta 12 satyabhAmA (kRSNa kI rAnI) 263, 503 saMDIlA 476 satyabhAmA (upAdhyAya kI kanyA) 292 saMthAla jAtiyA~ 9 sadAcArI gaNikA 279 noTa saMdarbha deza 476 sahAlaputta (kumhAra )146, 117, 420 saMdhipAla 62 sana 126, 137 saMpakkhAla 413 | sanatkumAra cakravartI 50, 103, 349, saMprati (samprati) / 382, 406, 443, 499 saMbaMdhI aura mitra 236 santAnotpatti ke lie upAya 285 saMbala (bachar3A) 133 sannAhikA (bherI) 109 saMbhuttara ( suhmottara) 486 sabhA 402 saMbhUta (zrutakevalI) 18, 20, 406 | samaMtabhadra 24, 487 saMbhUta (mAtaMgadAraka) 232, 319, 406 | samakSetra 356 saMmajaka 413 samataTa (pUrvIya baMgAla) 465 saMyatiyoM ke upAzraya meM sAdhuoM ko samara (Aesa-luhAra kI dukAna) 146 ___ chipAnA 401 samavAyAMga 300, 302, 493, 496 saMvaccharapaDilehaNa (saMvatsara pratilekhana% samarAiccakahA 470 __ janmadina) 243, 362 samAdhizikhara ( sammedazikhara) 4, 6, saMvAha (saMbAdha = koThAra) 122 464, 471,484, 495, 496, 499 saMsaktaniyukti 36 samiyA (gehU~ kA gIlA ArA) 312, saMskAra 242-43 317 saMstAraka 380 samilla (nagara) 439 sakathA ( upakaraNavizeSa) 414 noTa samugga (samudka-DibbA)256, 338 sakka (zAkya)381, 412 samucchedavAdI 19 sagaDa (vezyApremI)83 samudgaka (sUcikAgRha)331 sagaDabhahiAu 295 samudra (Arya ) 24, 24 noTa sagaDIsAgaDa 180 samudra (bhagavAn ) 184 sagara (cakravartI) 436, 498 samudra kI pUjA 184, 184 noTa sagaraputra 436, 498 samudrayAtrA 183-4 sagala (ganne kA chilakA) 125 samudravAyu 172 sacela 4, 8, 11 samudravijaya 5, 258, 495, 501, sacelasnAna 403 ____501 noTa, 503 sazcaka 10 samprati (rAjA) 22, 24, 363, 459, sajiyAkhAra 141 472, 480, 481, 484, 487 sahitaMta (SaSThitaMtra)295 -zramaNasaMgha kA prabhAvaka 522-24 saDDhaI (zraddhA rakhane vAle) 413 | sambhUta (saMbhUta) satIprathA 45, 271 / sammata 157

Page #634
zabdAnukramaNikA 613 sammedazikhara (samAdhizikhara ) 4, 6, / sAgaradatta (kauzAMbI kA zreSTiputra) 368. 464, 477, 495, 496, 499 . . sAgaraputrakA apaharaNa 79. . sammedazikhara ke anya nAma 477 sAgaravyUha 105 noTa sammela (goSThI)364 sAgArika (upAzraya kA mAlika) 371 sarakkha (sarajaska = sasarakkha) 345, ( sATe meM vidAha 267-68 354, 402, 413 noTa, 417 noTa, sADollaya ( vastra) 360 426 sAtavAhana (zAlivAhana ) 23, 363, 488 sarayU 469 sAdhu (zithila ) 392 noTa sarasvatI ( kAlakAcArya kI bhaginI) sAdhvI (garbhavatI) 281 53, 93, 282 sAdhviyA~ 280-83 sarasvatI (nadI) 365 sAdhviyoM kA apaharaNa 282-83 sagaka (zrAvaka)9 sarpacikitsA 314 sAdhviyoM kA dautyakarma 283-84 sAdhviyoM dvArA guhya pradeza kI rakSA 283 sarpadevatA 435 sAbharaka 189 sabhakSaNa 355 noTa sarpaviSa 346, 347 sAmAjika saMgaThana 221-233 sarvasiddha 71 sAraNI (nAlI) 120 sArasvatagaNa 158, 231, 374 noTa sarvasUcaka (guptacara ) 61 sArtha (pA~ca) 180 sallekhanA 375, 419, 423 noTa sArthavAha 62, 166 sasaa 280, 281, 502 sArdhakSetra 356 sahadeva 258. 505 sAlejjA (vAnamaMtarI) 445 sahasrapAka (tela) 153, 234, 235, sAhI (mohallA)372 316,335 siMdhasAgara 94 / sahasramalla 281, 368 siMdhughATI 433 noTa sahastrayodhI 99 . siMdhudevI 94, 496 sahasrayodhI (sAdhu) 401, 410 siMdhudeza (21, 120, 176, 358, 479, sahasrAmravana 5, 129 480, 482 sAMkAyika (TokarI) 414 noTa siMdhudeza meM dhobI 156 noTa sAMkhya (carakabhakta) 416 noTa siMdhudeza meM bAr3ha 128 sAMkhyadarzana 418 siMdhudeza meM mAMsabhakSaNa 204 sAMbhogika (zramaNa) 22 siMdhunadI 183, 482, 496 sAketa 6, 22, 44, 58, 152, 175, siMdhunaMdana (nagara)361 . 441, 458, 469 siMdhusAgara 497 sAgabhAjI 126 siMdhu-sauvIra 92 noTa, 320, 482, 500, sAgabhAjI ke bAr3e 127 513 sAgara (caMpA kA nivAsI)258, 267 siMha (mahAvIra kA ziSya) 15 sAgaracanda (sAgaracandra) 264, 328. siMhagiri (rAjA)367 sAgaradatta 254, 258, 267. ....: / siMhagiri (AcArya)385 .

Page #635
614 siMhaguhA (corapallI ) 76 siMhapura (nagara ) 89 siMhapura 466 siMhabhUma 9 siMharAja 261 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja sIha 10 sahabAhu 3 noTa sukaMTaka (cora) 81 siMhaladvIpa (zrIlaMkA) 94, 161, 175, 175 noTa, 183, 463, 496 siMhasena (rAjA) 57 siMhAvalokana 451-55 sikke 187-9 sikkoM para morachApa 189 noTa Hraa (ga) (chIMke) 150, 216, 332 sikkaka (baMhagI ) 427 silli 179, 482 sito (nadI) 456 siddhaaMjana 71 siddhakSetra 462, 473, 483 siddharSi 477 siddhazilA 366, 475 siddhasena divAkara 24, 481 siddhasena 340 siddhAnta ziromaNi 305 noTa siddhArtha (sijaMsa athavA jasaMsa ) 9, 10 noTa, 228, 271, 293, 495 siddhArthagrAma 13 sirigutta 10 siribhaddA 237 siliyA (zilikA ) 344 siveyyaka (vastra) 209 noTa sItA 92 92 noTa, 248 sItAkara ( hala para liyA jAnevAlA kara) 111 sItApUjA (hala kI pUjA ) 362 sItAyajJa 120 sItAharaNa 261 sIne kA rivAja 212, noTa 212 sImAprAMta ke kAraNa yuddha 94 sIvaga (sone vAle ) 140 kalikaDa 360 noTa sukiyA ( zulkapAla) 112 suMdarI 307, 493 suMsumA 77, 160, 202 suiyoM ke prakAra 212 suisA 9 suIsutta (suI aura dhAgA ) 212 sukAla (rAjakumAra ) 98, 99, 319, 508, 509, 511, 512 sukumAliyA 60, 258, 267, 280, 281 sugaMdhita dravya 153 - 4 153 noTa sugaMdhita padArtha (pA~ca) 154 sugrIva 92 noTa, 261 sujyeSThA 56, 262, 282 noTa, 328, 434, 507 noTa sutArA 349 suttakattara (? suppakattara = sUpa) 123 suttakheDa (sUtrakrIr3A ) 296, 296 noTa suttaveyAliya 222 446 sutiyA (zAkhA) 481 sudarzana (nagara) 315 sudarzana ( yakSa sudarzanA 10, 495 sudarzanA (vezyA) 83 sudharma (yakSa ) 446 sudharmA (agnivaizyAyanagotrIya ) 17, 18, 19, 30 sudharmA sabhA 333 noTa sudhAkaramaMta (cunA potanA ) 149 sunandA 3,493 sunandA ( vajrasvAmI kI mAtA ) 68 sunandA ( paTTarAnI ) 406 sundarI 3, 4, 252, 266, 493 supArzva 10, 495

Page #636
zabdAnukramaNikA 615 supArzvanAtha 468 / suvarNa (viSaghAtaka)314 supratibaddha 23 suvarNa pilAnA 315 noTa supratiSTha (nagara) 57 suvarNa banAnA 145 supratiSThAnapura (pratiSThAnapura-potanapura) suvarNakuDyaka 207 noTa 476 suvarNakAra-zreNI 87 subandhu (maMtrI) 86 suvarNajaTita pIDhe, Asana aura palaMga subAhu (kanyA)362 143-4 subuddhi 262 subyabhUmi (.suhma) 485 suvarNapaTTa 62, 143 subhadrA (kRSNa kI bhaginI) 92 noTa, suvarNabhUmi (barmA) 23, 174, 175 noTa, 463 261 subhadrA (strI-ratna) 95, 497 suvarNamASaka 188, 188 noTa suvarNarasapAna 359 subhadrA 211 noTa subhadA (satI) 252, 254 suvarNastUpa 483 subhadrA 374 suvarNAgulikA (devadattA) 92, 92 noTa, subhadrA 440 248, 344 noTa, 514 subhUmibhAga 198, 274, 360, 458, suvidhi (cauMtarA) 331 | suvIra 469 subhauma 499 suvratA (AryikA) 284 sumaMgalA (RSabhadeva kI bahana )3, suSeNa (senApati ) 104 ... 266, 493, 496 susImA (kRSNa kI rAnI)503 sumanomukha 106 noTa susthita ( AcArya) 23 sumeru 456, 456 noTa susthita (deva)353 suraMga 335 suhasti 22, 23, 478, 481 suraMbara (yakSa) 440 suhya 485, 486 surapriya ( yakSa) 441 sUcaka (guptacara ) 61 sarabhipura 486 sUtaka 243 noTa, 350 surA 197, 198, 199 noTa, 201, 259 sUtrakRtAMga 8. 34, 347, 405, 463 sarASTra (maurASTra kAThiyAvAr3a) 472, 473 sUnA (kasAIkhAnA) 134 surendradatta ( rAjakumAra) 319 | sUra (yadu kA putra) 500 surUpA 92, 92 noTa, 248 / sUrya (do)305, 305 noTa sulasA (zrAvikA) 25 sUryakAntA (rAnI)58 sulasA (nAga gRhapati kI bhAryA) sUryapura 5, 500 236, 237, 440, 502 noTa | sUryaprajJapti 201, 305, 307 sulasA (anArya vedoM kI kI) / sUryAbhadeva kA vimAna 331-32 294 noTa sUryodaya (udyAna) 128 suvaNNakAra (suvarNakAra sunAra ) 142, | seMdha lagAnA 73-4 164, 165 seMdha lagAne ke aujAra 73 noTa suvannaMguliyA (suvarNAgulikA) | seMdha ke prakAra 73, 73 noTa

Page #637
[ 616 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja secanaka ( gaMdhahastI ) 94, 96 noTa, | soriyadatta 316 98, 99, 508, 511, 512 Duga (kapAsa) 140 seDagatila (sapheda tila ) 123 noTa seNTa nikolasa 71 noTa tavyA (seviyA) 19, 55, noTa sarapura (sUryapura) 5, 495, 500 soriyapura 139 sorI (sUra kA putra ) 500 solaga (ghor3oM kI dekhabhAla karane vAle ). 102 58, 486 sovarI ( zaMbarI) 347 sovAgI ( zvapAkI ) 347 setu 120 setusImA 121 vIra (madirA) 198, 199, 469 saugata ( bhikSuka ) 427 saugandhiyA (nagarI) 418, 492 noTa sautiyA DAha 57-58 senApati ( balavAuya ) 62, 104 seviyA (setavyA ) selaga (azvarUpadhArI yakSa ) 439 sevA (pattharoM ke ghara ) 149 sellagAra ( bhAlA banAne vAle ) 222 sevaiyoM kA tyauhAra 362 - sautelI mAtA ke sAtha vivAha 266 sautoM kA jhagar3A 65-66 saudharma indra 326 saudharma sabhA 326 sevAbhakkhI 415 sevAli ( tApasa ) 415 sadaviyA (udakazAlA ) 463 sainyavyavasthA 92 - 109 saurASTra 29, 121 noTa, 171 noTa, 174, 185, 189, 367, 472, 473, 505 sauvIra (siMgha ) 482 soNiya ( zaunika = zikArI kuttoM kI skanda 149, 184, 236, 237, 271, soriya ( vyApArI ) 502 soriya (yakSa ) 443 sahAyatA se zikAra ) 138 sottiya ( sautrika = sUta kA vyApAra karane vAle ) 140, 222 sottiyazAlA 186 sopAna 333, 333 noTa soppAraya ( zUrpAraka = sopArA) somadeva ( brAhmaNa ) 292 skandaputra (cora) 71 skaMdapurANa 272 noTa somadeva (AryarakSita ke pitA ) 385 skaMdapratimA 432 desUra 483 somalija (brAhmaNa ) 228 somila (somalija 228 zrImaMta brAhmaNa ) 17 somila (brAhmaNa ) 53 stUpa 369, 407 somila (mahAvIra ke pUrva pitA ) 385 stUpa ( devanirmita mathurA meM) 337, 337 somala (brAhmaNa ) 414 noTa soyAmaNi (saudAminI ) 326 noTa, 483 stUpanirmANa 4, 336-37, 493 steyazAstra 70 steyasutra 70 329, 423, 440 skanda ( kumAra kArtikeya ) coroM kA devatA 71 kaMda (rAjakumAra ) 407 skaMdagraha 441 skaMdamaha 432 skaMdila 24, 29, 30 noTa yajJakartA skaMdhAvAraniveza 104, 105 staMbhanI (vidyA) 342

Page #638
zabdAnukramaNikA 617 striyA~ (caudaha ratnoM meM )250 / snAnagRha 335, 335 noTa striyA~ nyAyAdhIza 45 noTa snAnapITha 335 / striyA~ puruSa ko bA~dhane vAlI 247 noTa / sphuTasiddhAnta 375 noTa striyA~ maithunamUlaka 247-48 sphoTakarma (hala calAnA) 121 striyoM kA upasarga 404-6 syaMdamAnI 181 striyoM kA garbhadhAraNa (puruSa-sahavAsa svapna 237-39, 350, 351 ke binA)282 noTa svapnoM ke bheda 351 noTa striyoM kA svabhAva 246 svapnapAThaka 228, 271 triyoM kI prasAdhana sAmagrI 154-5 svapnazAstra (sumiNasastha) 237 svapnazAstra (prAkRta meM) 238 noTa triyoM kI sthiti 245-85 svayaMbhUramaNa 457 striyoM ke saMbaMdha meM uktiyA~ 247 svayaMvara (vivAha)258-60 striyoM ke aneka nAma 246-47 svayaMgharamaNDapa 258, 259, 260, 335 striyoM ke kAraNa yuddha 92 svara (sAta) 320 striyoM ke prati sAmAnya manovRtti svaraprAmRta (pUrvagrantha) 320 245-50 svarasthAna 321 triyoM ko daNDa 82, 83, 84 svaroM kA ucAraNa 321 / striyoM se bhaya (brahmacArI ko)246 svaroM ke prakAra 321 strI-narendra 45 svaroM ke lAbha 321 sthaMDila (mRtaka kA dagdha sthAna)371 svAdhyAyasambandhI zakuna 357-8 sthaMDila kI ora gamana 372 sthagikA (pAnadAna)256 haMsa (parivrAjaka) 417, 417 noTa sthalapaTTaNa 171 haMsatela 153, 316, 399 -Anandapura, mathurA, dazArNapura sthalamArga 170 hakkAranIti 42 hajArIbAga 4 sthalamArga se vyApAra 171 haDibaga 82 sthavirakalpa 20 noTa hatthikappa (hAthaba)505 sthavirakalpI 391-392 | hasthitAvasa 413 sthavirakalpiyoM ke upakaraNa (caudaha) hasthivAua (mahAvata)100 hatthisIsa 175 sthavirAvali (gaNa, kula, zAkhA) 34 hatyAroM ko daNDa 84 sthAnakapura (ThANA) 171 noTa hathaur3A 146 sthAnasthAyI 180 sthAnAMgasUtra 210, 295, 307, 320 | hayavAhana 432 noTa harikeza (zI)(cAMDAla muni) 25 sthAnIya zAsana 115-6 288 sthApatyakalA 330-38 harikeza 340 sthApatyakalA (dhArmika) 336 harikeza (yakSa) 438 noTa sthApatyavidyA 4 harikezIya adhyayana 225 sthUNA 22, 458 haricandana ( zvetacandana) 153 sthUlabhadra 18, 21, 22, 29, 277, | hariNegameSI 236, 342, 11 482, 486, 521 / 430 noTa, 440, 441, 502 noTa 40 ja0 A0 ra 346 noTa,

Page #639
618 jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja harita vanaspati 136 | hAthiyoM ke viziSTa nAma 97-99 haribhadra 24, 36, (yAkinIsunu)37, hAthiyoM ko vaza meM karanA 100 70 noTa, 102 noTa, 305, 470, | hAthIguMphA 467 501 noTa harivaMzapurANa 10 noTa, 478 hAthIdAMta 173, 176 hAthIdAMta kA kAma 146 hayaMtaa 334 harSavardhana 471 hAthI-dA~ta kA prAsAda 174 hala (astra) 107, hala 433 hAralatA (vezyA) 277 noTa haloM ke prakAra 121 hAla (zAlivAhana)524 - hAlAhalA (kumhAranI) 13, 147, 420, haladevatA 120 hiMguziva 435 noTa hala (rAjakumAra) 105, 508, 511, hiMgola 196, 364 511 noTa, 512 hasti (yaMtramaya ) 330 hiMsA (vedavihita) hastitApasa (hasthitAvasa) 138 203, | hindustAnI 32 himavanta (himavan himAlaya) 95, 408, 413 153, 456 hastidvIpa 463 , himavantakUDa 522 hastinApura 4, 6, 258, 263, 353, 414 noTa, 476, 494, 496, 499, | hiyayauDDAvaNa 344 hiraNyanAma (hiraNyanAbhi ?) 92 hastipAla 12, 113, 463, 496 noTa, 261 hastipAlagaNa 374 hirimaMtha (harimaMtha ? 133; gola canA) hastiyUtha 97 124 hastivrata ( sAdhu) 413 noTa hirimikkha (hiraDikka) 433 hastizAlA (jaDuzAlA) 100 hIravijayasUri 470 hastizIrSa 505 hu~bauTTha (kamaNDaladhArI) 413 hAtha ke kArIgara 149, 150 huenasAMga 462, 466, 468, 471, 473, 475, 480, 484 hAtha-paira Adi kA chedana 88 hutavaha (rathyA) 178 hAthI kI Ayu (sATha varSa)97, 97 noTa | hRtAhRtaprakaraNa 397-98 hAthI ke cAra prakAra-bhadra, manda, mRga, hetuzAstra 299 saMkIrNa 97 hemakUTa 53 hAthI ke dasa prakAra 97 noTa hemacandra (kalikAlasarvajJa) 24, 30 hAthIvadha kA niSedha 96 noTa, 31, 92 noTa, 273 noTa, hAthiyoM ko pakar3anA 100, 100 noTa 304, 446, 468, 481, 509 hAthiyoM kA zikAra 138, 146 hemapura 53, 431 hAthiyoM kI jAtiyA~ 96-97 hairaNyaka (sunAra )187 hAthiyoM kI jhula (uccUla) 100 haihayavaMzI (ceTaka) 513 hAthiyoM kI sajAvaTa 99 hottiya 413 hAthiyoM ke alaMkAra 100 hrada (tAlAba) 468 505

Page #640
zuddhipatra paMkti 3 8 phuTanoTa 2 ayu pUramAkassapa tantuzAlA nirayAlalikA puSpika zuddha pUraNakassapa tantuvAyazAlA nirayAvalikA puSpikA ko puSpanaMdi rukmiNa hiraNyanAbhi .. 93 // 122 123 131 131 131 132 himavata gaMdhazAli suptakattara ghaNuhiyA karama puSyanaMdi rukmI hiraNyanAma kumbhaka himavaMta gaMdhazAli suttakattara dhaNuhiyA karabha kAMcanapura dhanya hirimantha hAlAhalA gRdhraspRSTa kaMcanapura 133 147 150 158 ko 161 190 195 222 dhanadeva harimantha hAlAhala gRdhrapRSTha kata vaDa bhI patimAna hai (pUraMpUrI) kaMsere vItimaya avapakva amarakaMkA mahAzata jokha mithyApravAna aDhavaya 254 256 263 268 289 vaDabhI pratimAna hai| pUraMpUrI) kasere vItibhaya avapakka avarakaMkA mahAzataka joka mithyA pravacana aTThAvaya 7. svAsthya mArgasUcaka udayana naMdyAvarta asthikagrAma prajJapti 295 295 phu0 296 svAsthya 301 320 323 . 15 5 .17. mArgasUcaka meM udaya -- maMdyAvarva asthigrAma prajJApti

Page #641
pRSTha 355 356 370 phu0 381 418 431 435 phu0 441 443 448 460 phu0 465 466 469 474 486 494 495 499 501 phu0 524 paMkti 17 5 12 13 8 9 3 12 1 9 10 27 26 1 21 19. 12 17 5 10 9 29 19 2 27 6 6 33 2 573 576 99 2 33 595 ." 2 4 20 m ( 620 ) 2 33 azuddha puNya jAmAli 524 527 kAlama 1 533 99 2 537 99 1 553 99 2 555 99 2 556 " 1 557 99 1 16 560 99 1 24 567 99 2 16, 17 kauTuMmbika pusAlakarabhAsa paMDa bhikkhu pavittaya kAMpilyatura Gavar agAma ( asthigrAma) kauzalarAja kauzalarAja dakSiNyaM asAma brajasvAmI kUTa vaizIlI baa paMcAla videhadatA anatavIrya ghoSa garda mila nahavAhasa bhancara bakha checcha maMmIya elekz2a NDriyA avapakva prAmaNikatA uttiga tulanI Taikka majhiApArA * zuddha puSya jamAli pusAlakara, bhAsa paMDarabhikkhu pavittiya kAMpilyapura DhaDha sivA aTThiyagAma ( asthikagrAma ) kozalarAja kozalarAja dAkSiNyaM aMsama vajrasvAmI kUra vaizAlI kekaya pAMcAla videhadattA anaMtavIrya buddhaghoSa gardabhilla nahavAhaNa khaccara vastra yatheccha bhaMbhIya. elekz2aiNDriyA - avapakka prAmANikatA uttiMga kauTumbika culanI Taiksa majhiA = pArA

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hamAre katipaya navIna prakAzana RgvedasaMhitA | sAyaNabhASya sahita / saM0 maiksamUlara, 1-4 bhAga 140-00 kAvyenduprakAzaH / sampAdaka-zrI bAbUlAla zukla kRSNabhaktikAvya meM sakhIbhAva | zrI zaraNabihArI gosvAmI 25-80 caturvedIyasaMskRtaracanAvalI / (ma0 ma0 giridharazarmA nibandhAvalI) 20-00 jainanyAyakhaNDakhAdyam / vimAkhya hindI vyAkhyA sahita 8-00 / paramatattvamImAMsA ( matipratikSazAstram ) zrIkRSNa jozI 4-50 hindI rasagaGgAdhara / 'candrikA' saMskRta-hindI vyAkhyA sahita / utprekSAlaGkArAnta 25-00 atizayoktyalaGkArAdi samApti paryanta 20-00 jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja | DaoN. jagadIzacandra jaina 25-00 puruSArtha | DaoN0 bhagavAnadAsa bhArataratna (dvi0 saMskaraNa ) 12-00 bhAratIya sAhityazAstra aura kAvyAlaMkAra | DaoN0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa 8-00 vijJaptimAtRtAsiddhiH vizatikArikAvRttizca / / 6-80 vaidika sAhitya kI rUparekhA | pro0 rAjahaMsa agravAla 2-00 saMskRta sAhitya meM maulikatA evaM anuharaNa / umezaprasAdarastogI8-00 bhAminIvilAsaH-hindI vyAkhyAkAra-zrI rAdhezyAma mizra 10-00 gautamadharmasUtrANi-hindI vyAkhyAkA ra-zrI umezacandra pANDeya 10-00 nalopAkhyAnam-hindI vyAkhyAkAra-zrI kAzInAtha dvivedI -50 zukasaptAtaH-hindI vyAkhyAkAra zrI ramAkAnta tripAThI 10-00 kAvyAlaMkAraH rudraTapraNItaH-hindI vyAkhyAkAra-zrI paM0 rAmadeva zakla 50-00 smRtiyA~ aura kRtiyA~-zAntipriya dvivedI 4-00 vedakAlIna samAja-DA. zivadatta jozI 25-00 nalacampU:-kailAzapati tripAThI 11-00 bArhaspatya rAjya-vyavasthA / DaoN0 rAghavendra vAjapeyI mAnasollAsa : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana | DaoN. zivazekhara mizra 25-80 vAlmIkirAmAyaNakoza | DaoN. rAmakumAra rAya 20-00 mahAbhAratakoza | DaoN0 rAmakumAra rAya / 1-2 bhAga 40-00 zeSa bhAga zIghra prakAzita hoMge kAvyAtmamImAMsA | DaoN0 jayamanta mizra 16-00 saMskRta bhASA / ( TI0 baro) anu0 bholAzaMkara vyAsa 30-00 hindI dhvanyAloka' bhAratIya itihAsa raka / saMpUrNa 16-00 pratibhAdarzana yA saMskRta sAhitara 25-80 bhAratIya itihAsa 10-00 saMskRta sukavi saMskRta sAhitra nya 20-00 prAptisthAnam-cAra saMskRta sukavi 20-00 prAptisthAnam-cAkhambA vidyAbhavana, cAka, vArANasI-1 20-0