Agam aur Tripitak Ek Anushilan Part 2

Author(s): Nagrajmuni
Publisher: Arhat Prakashan
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002622/1

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(Agama aura tripiTaka eka anuzIlana khaNDa:2 bhASA aura sAhitya 080 rASTrasanta munizrInagarAjajI DI. liTa. 2010_05

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The greatest distinction of Muni Shri Nagarajji's book is that communal and religious bias nowhere finds a place in it. The author is an accomplished Jaina Muni and his comprehensive outlook has made this volume extremely significant. Another outstanding characteristic of the volume is the synthesis of an impartial outlook and depth of research. Not only will the book find a place of honour among the Jaina and Buddhist communities, but every scholar who is keen to study the two streams of SRAMANA culture, will express the highest admiration for it. 1 heartily welcome this book. also await with interest the 'appearance of its remaining three volumes which I hope Muni Shri Nagarajji will publish soon. It will be a great boon for scholars. -MAUNG NU (U. NU) Ex-Primeminister, Burma 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana ____ 2010_05

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2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa 2 : bhASA aura sAhitya ] lekhaka: rASTrasansa sunizrI nagarAjajI DI0 liT0 bhUmikA : rASTrasanta upAdhyAya zrI amara munijI eka avalokana: DA0 prabhAkara mAdhave nidezaka : bhAratIya bhASA pariSad, kalakattA bhU0 pU0 adhyakSa : sAhitya akAdamI, naI dillI sampAdaka: sva0 upAdhyAya munizrI mahendrakumArajI 'prathama' prakAzaka : arhat prakAzana saMcAlaka-a0 bhA0 jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI samAja 366-368, todI kaoNrnara, 32, ijarA sTrITa, kalakattA-700 001 ____ 2010_05

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prakAzaka: bimalakumAra jaina sAhitya maMtrI, arhat prakAzana saMcAlaka-pra0 bhA. jaina zve. terApaMthI samAja 366-368, todI kaoNrnara, 32, ijarA sTrITa, kalakattA-700001 prathama saMskaraNa : dIpAvalI, saMvat 2039 15 navambara 1982 pRSTha saMkhyA 735 mUlya : 100)00 ru0 sajjA evaM prUpha-saMzodhana : muharasiMha jaina rAmacandra sArasvata mudraka : mehatA phAina ArTa prasa 20, bAlamukunda makkara roDa, kalakattA-700 007 haralAlakA ArTa priMTarsa 42, pathariyA ghATa sTrITa, kalakattA-700006 2010_05

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AGAM AUR TRIPITAK : EK ANUSILAN (A Critical Study of the Jaina and the Buddhist Canonical Literature) . VOL. II ( LANGUAGE & LITERATURE 1 By RASHTRASANT MUNISHRI NAGARAJJI D. Litt. Preface by RASHTRASANT UPADDYAY SHRI AMAR MUNIJI A review by Dr. PRABHAKAR MACHAVE Director, Bhartiya Bhasa Parishad, Calcutta Ex. Chairman, Shitya Academy, New Delhi Edited by L. UPADDYAY MUMISHRI MAHENDRAKUMARJI 'PRATHAM' A . Published by ARHAT PRAKASHAN. A. B. Jain Swetamber Terapanthi Samaj 366-368, Todi Corner, 32 Ezra Street, CALCUTTA-700 001 2010_05

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Published by BIMAL KUMAR JAIN Secretary, Arhat Prakashan A. B. Jain Swetamber Terapanthi Samaj 366-368, Todi Corner, 32 Ezra Street, CALCUTTA-70 0001 First Edition : DIPAVALI, B. S. 2039 15, November 1982 Pages : 735 Price : Rs. 100.00 Display and proofs read by : Mohar Singh Jain Ramchandra Saraswat Printed by : Mehta Fine Art Press 20, Balmukund Macker Road, Calcutta-700 007 and Harlalka Art Printels 42 Patharia Ghatta Street Calcutta-700 006 2010_05

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prakAzakIya 'Agama aura tripiTaka eka anuzIlana' khaNDa : 1 kucha varSa pUrva prakAzita huA / yaha sarvavidita hai hI ki vaha sAhityika jagat meM apanI dizA kA eka kIrtimAna banA / nAnA vizvavidyAlayoM ne use apane-apane pAThyakrama meM rakhA tathA kAnapura vizvavidyAlaya ne mukhyataH usI grantha ke AdhAra para lekhaka munizrI nagarAjajI DI0 liT0 kI mAnada upAdhi se sammAnita kiyA / parama prasannatA kI bAta hai ki usI gauravapUrNa grantha ke dvitIya khaNDa ke prakAzana kA dAyitva hamAre arhat prakAzana saMsthAna ko milA / svargIya upAdhyAya munizrI mahendrakumArajI 'prathama' ke abhiniSkramaNa-kAla ke agale varSa san 1976 se hI isa prakAzana saMsthAna kA 'akhila bhAratIya jaina zvetAmbara terApaMthI samAja' ke dAyitva meM udaya huA / taba se aba taka lagabhaga 20 pustakeM hama prakAzita kara cuke haiM / aba isa vizAla grantha kA prakAzana kara hameM harSAnubhUti ho rahI hai / tathArUpa vizAla granthoM ke prakAzana meM mukhyataH do taraha kI kaThinAiyAM huA karatI haiN| eka prarthaM kI aura dUsarI prakAzana-zuddhi kI / hameM donoM hI kaThinAiyoM se nahIM gujaranA par3A hai / rASTrasanta munizrI nagarAjajI DI0 liT0 jaina-jainetara sabhI samAjoM meM zraddhAspada haiM / eka hajAra se pAMca hajAra taka kI yojanA banAkara hama cale the / jahAM bhI prastAva rakhA, saphalatA milI va prastuta prayojana se 10 hajAra taka ke sahayogI bhI hameM mile / Aja maiM una samasta Arthika sahayogiyoM ke prati AbhAra vyakta karatA hU~ / unake sahayoga se hI vartamAna mahaMgAI ke yuga meM bhI hama apanA lakSya pUrA kara pA rahe haiM / saMskRta, prAkRta, pAli, hindI, aMgrejI Adi nAnA bhASAtroM ke sandarbhoM se bhare-pUre grantha ke prUpha-saMzodhana kA kArya bhI kaThinatara thA, para hamAre abhyasta evaM anubhavI kAryakartA zrI muharasiMha jaina va zrI rAmacandra sArasvata ne usa durUha kArya ko bhI pUrNa jAgarUkatA se sahaja kara batAyA / mudraNa-vyavasthA kI dRSTi se haralAlakA ArTa priMTarsa praura mehatA phAina ArTa presa; ina do prasoM kA sahArA hameM lenA par3A / kalakattA ke vidyut saMkaTa ke kAraNa vilamba avazya huA, para zrI zaMkaralAlajI haralAlakA evaM mAnanIya zrI madanakumArajI mehatA kA grantha ko yathocita DhaMga se prakAzita karane meM ullekhanIya yogadAna rahA / zrI mehatA jI 2010_05

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svayaM vidvAn evaM mudraNa-vizeSajJa haiM hii| grantha ke zIghra prakAzana kI dRSTi se prApane kalakattA evaM ajamera ke apanI donoM presoM kA upayoga kiyaa| maiM saMsthA kI pora se ukta donoM mahAnubhAvoM ke prati prAbhAra vyakta karatA huuN| mAzA hai, samIkSaka pAThaka bandhu hamAre zrama kA yathocita aMkana kareMge va hameM protsAhita kreNge| dIpAvalI, 15 navambara 1982 kalakattA -bimalakumAra jaina sAhitya maMtrI-ahat prakAzana ____ 2010_05

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bhUmikA vAg-devatA ke varad-putra jisa kisI bhI gUDha, gambhIra evaM sUkSma viSaya ko apane cintana ko sUkSmatA evaM tIkSaNatA se sparza kara lete haiM, vaha vidvAnoM ko to kyA, sAdhAraNa jijJAsuoM taka ke lie bhI hastAmalavat spaSTa ho jAtA hai| sUrya-kiraNoM se jaise ki tamasAcchanna vastu-jagat sahasA Alokita ho uThatA hai, ThIka vaise hI sadsad vivekavatI pratibhA ke dhanI sarasvatI putroM kI cintana-prabhA se durUha se durUha pratipAdya bhI sahaja-sarala evaM subodhatA se pratibhAsita ho jAtA hai / svanAmadhanya manISI munizrI nagarAjajI aise hI vAg-devatA ke eka yazasvI varad-putra haiN| ukta kathana meM atizayokti jaisI koI bAta nahIM hai| yaha maiM apane priya snehI hone ke nAte hI nahIM kaha rahA huuN| unakA talasparzI adhyayana, cintana evaM lekhana hI aisA hai ki vaha kisI bhI sahRdaya udAra manISI ko aisA kahane ke lie sahaja hI mukhara kara detA hai| ___ munizrI apane pratipAdya viSaya ko kevala pratipAdana ke lie ho pratipAdita nahIM karate haiM, kevala likhane ke lie hI nahIM likhate haiN| ve jaisA ki unakA nAma 'nagarAja' ( meru ) hai| "yAdava buddhi balodayam' ke zakti sUtra ke anusAra kAphI gaharAI aura sAtha hI kAphI UMcAI taka apane abhISTa pratipAdya ko prathama AtmasAt karate haiM, tadanantara usake marma ko udghATita karate haiN| unakA adhyayana jaisA ki vizAla, gambhIra evaM bahumukhI hai, vaisA hI usako samubhAsita kara dene vAlA unakA cintana-manana bhI hai| yaha maNi-kAMcana yoga hI hai, jo apanI pUrNa AbhA se vyakti ke bhAsvara vyaktitva ko jana-mana meM prakAzamAna banAtA hai ; prataeva munizrI spaSTa hI mahAkavi murArI ke zabdoM meM zAna-sAgara ke ApAtAla-nimagna pIvaratanu manthAcala haiM, chalAMga lagAkara Upara hI Upara ur3ana gati se sAgara ko pAra karane vAle rAmAyaNa yuga ke vIra-vAnara nahIM "abdhilavita eva vAnara bhaTaH, vitvasya gambhIratAm / pApAtAla-nimagna-pIvaratanur, jAnAti manthAcalaH // " bahuta varSa pahale munizrI kA 'pAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana' grantha dekhane meM prAyA thaa| grantha mudraNa meM jitanA mahAkAya thA, utanA hI vaha apane pratipAdya viSaya meM bhI virAT thaa| yaha grantha vidvajjagat meM kAphI lokapriya rahA hai| phala-svarUpa unheM 2010_05

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isa para kAnapura vizvavidyAlaya dvArA 'DI0 liT0' kI mAnada upAdhi bhI prApta huI hai / grantha vastutaH hI zramaraNa-saMskRti kI do pramukha dhArAmroM - jaina zraura bauddha ke saMgama ke rUpa meM eka pANDityapUrNa' gambhIra tulanAtmaka vivecana prastuta karatA hai / ukta grantha ke dvArA tatkAlIna pratIta itihAsa ke aneka pravRtta tathyoM ko taTastha aitihAsika dRSTi se isa prakAra udghATita kiyA gayA hai, jisase paMDita sukhalAlajI jaise aneka suprasiddha vidvAn bhI munizrI ke prati prazaMsAmukhara hue haiM / ra arhatu prakAzana, kalakattA dvArA prakAzyamAna 'bhASA aura sAhitya' nAmaka prastuta mahAkAya grantha bhI upari nirdiSTa anuzIlana grantha ke anurUpa hai / ataH yaha usI ke dUsare khaNDa ke rUpa meM prakAzita bhI ho rahA hai / prastuta grantha meM bhI munizrI kI vidvattA evaM pratibhA ke camatkRtipUrNa darzana hote haiN| yahAM bhI munizrI kI tulanAtmaka evaM gaveSaNAtmaka zailI vidvajjagat kI aitihAsika manISA ko prAkRSTa kara letI hai| munizrI vayasA vRddha ho gaye haiM, parantu, lagatA hai, unakI pratibhA cira yauvanA hai / pahale kI taraha hI, apitu, pahale se hI kahIM adhika vaha dIptimatI hai ! grantha kI vistRta viSaya sUcI hI apane meM eka pustaka kA rUpa lie hue hai / bhASA vijJAna kI bhArata, yUnAna yUropa Adi zAkhAoM ke purAtana kAla se lekara prAdhunika kAla taka kI vikAsa-yAtrA kA talasparzI vizleSaNa aiso sarala, subodha zailI meM upasthita kiyA hai, jisase vidvAn to lAbhAnvita hoMge hI, sAdhAraNa zikSita jijJAsu jana yathAmati zrAtmatoSa prApta kara sakeMge / sAhitya kI vikAsa-yAtrA kA vizvatomukhI bahu prAyAmI lekhana kAphI dUra taka cintana kSitijoM kA sparza karatA hai / vaidika vAGmaya, vaidika saMskRta aura usakA prAkRta ke sAya sAdRzya -- jaina vAGamaya, prAkRta aura unake nAnA prakAra - bauddha sAhitya, pAli aura usakI vikAsa-yAtrA Adi kA jJAna-varddhaka, sAtha hI rocaka varNana hai, jisase ki munizrI adhyetAoM ke dvArA sahasA sAdhuvAdArddha ho jAte 1 lipi - vijJAna kI carcA meM to munizrI ne kamAla hI kara diyA hai / purAtana brAhmI lipi aura usase samudbhUta vibhinna lipiyoM kA vikAsa - kharoSThI lipi paura usakI vyutpatti - jaina aura bauddha vAGmaya meM usake prayoga - azoka aura usake pUrvavartI zilAlekha Adi kA itanA vistRta, gambhIra evaM pramANa purassara vivecana hai ki usameM adhyetA kA cintanazIla mana gaharA aura gaharA DUbatA hI jAtA hai / vaha lekhana hI kyA, jo svayaM bhI uthalA ho, sAtha hI pAThaka ke mana ko bhI uthalA hI banAye rakhe / grantha ke pratipAdya ko maiM yahAM vivecita nahIM karanA cAhatA / vaha to pAThaka ko grantha meM upalabdha hI hai / pAThaka kI jijJAsA ko prArambha ke purovacana prAdi meM roke 2010_05

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rakhanA kucha acchA nahIM hai ; prataH maiM jijJAsu sajjanoM se sAnurodha nivedana karUMgA ki ve avazya hI jarA lambA samaya nikAla kara munizrI ke prastuta grantha kA adhyayana kI dRSTi se sAdyanta avalokana kreN| bhASA aura sAhitya ke sambandha meM itanA pramANa purassara vistRta vivecana anyatra aura vaha bhI rASTrabhASA hindI meM kama hI upalabdha hai| grantha kI kucha avadhAraNAe aisI bhI ho sakatI haiM, jo tarkazIla uccatara manISiyoM ko sambhavataH mAnya na hoM aura yaha koI jarUrI bhI nahIM ki sabhI mAnyatAeM sabhI ko mAnya hoN| parantu, itanA avazya hai ki pratipAdya kI vivecanA meM aisA kucha hai, jo prabuddha pAThaka ko socane, samajhane aura vicArane ke lie bAdhya karatA hai| aura lekhaka kI saphalatA kA yahI bIja-mantra hai, jo munizrI ke lekhana meM spaSTataH parilakSita hai| kimadhikam ! mai munizrI ko hRdaya se sadhanyavAda, sAdhuvAda detA hU~ ki dera se hI sahI, unhoMne 'bhASA aura sAhitya' jaise mahatvapUrNa viSaya para eka mahAn grantha sAhitya jagat ko arpita kiyaa| yaha apane meM eka aisI aitihAsika dena hai, jo bhaviSya kI prabuddha manISA ko vaijJAnika dRSTi se bivecita satyArtha se prakAzamAna karatI rhegii| vIrAyatana, rAjagRha 30-7-82 -upAdhyAya amara muni ____ 2010_05

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eka avalokana DAkTara munizrI nagarAjajI jaina darzana aura itihAsa ke prakANDa vidvAn haiN| unakI 'pAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana' apane DhaMga kI ekamAtra pustaka hai| usakI samIkSA karane kA saubhAgya mujhe milA thaa| bAraha varSa bAda unhoMne 'vizva-bhASA-pravAha' nAmaka isa vRhad grantha kI racanA kI hai| unakI atyanta vyApaka aura udAra dRSTi ke kAraNa yaha eka taraha se bhAratIya bhASA-vijJAna ke itihAsa aura pragati kA saMkSipta vizvakoza hI bana gayA hai| isameM prArambhika khaNDa bhASA ke darzana kA hai| yAska, pANini, kAtyAyana, pataMjali ke sAtha-sAtha munizrI ne grIka, laiTina,, hibrU mAnyatAoM kA sAkSya prastuta kiyA hai| vaidika, bauddha aura jaina vicAra-dhArAeM bar3I sUkSmatA se prastuta kI haiN| unakI vivecanA tarka-saMgata aura prAmANika granthoM ke AdhAra para hI kI gaI haiM; ata: isa sArI sAmagrI meM matabheda kA kahIM prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| munizrI ne sArI saMbhAvya khaNDanamaNDanAtmaka bAteM svayaM sAmane rakha dI haiN| eka vyakti ke isa apAra parizrama aura dIrgha adhyavasAya ko dekhakara maiM vismita ho jAtA huuN| ekAnta aura ekAgra sAmagrI-cayana kA hI yaha pratiphala hai| bhASA ke prati vibhinna dharma aura matavAdoM kA kyA prAgraha rahA hai, yaha munizrI kI agalI vizleSaNAparaka mImAMsA kA viSaya rahA hai| yadyapi drAvir3a bhASAoM ke vaiyAkaraNoM kA mata yahAM chaTA-sA lagatA hai, phira bhI bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA samyak vicAra isa khaNDa meM hai| prAcIna bhASAoM ke bhaugolika aura aitihya sAMskRtika pravAsa para vidvAnoM meM paryApta mata-matAntara haiM-Arya bhArata meM hI the yA bAhara se Aye--yaha eka aisA hI viSaya hai| bahuta kucha hamArI dhAraNAeM pazcima ke vidvAnoM ke kAla-nirNaya nizcita karane aura unake apane pUrvAgraha ke kAraNa udhAra lI huI haiM aura unase ubarane ke lie hameM apane mUla utsoM kI pora jAnA caahie| Aja bhI durbhAgya se, bhArata ke pramukha vizvavidyAlayoM meM bhASA vijJAna vibhAgoM ke adhyakSa prAdi amerikA, iMglaiMDa, jarmanI, rUsa se hI apanA prakAza lete haiN| bahuta kama vibhAgAdhyakSa prAcIna bhAratIya yA eziyAI bhASAmoM ke adhikArI vidvAn haiN| pAli-prAkRta, apabhraza ke jAnakara to aura bhI kama haiN| 2010_05

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aisI sthiti meM munizrI ke grantha meM tIsare aura cauthe, pAMcaveM aura chaThe adhyAyoM kI sAmagrI bahuta mUlyavAn hai| bhArata meM ina viSayoM ke gine-cune adhikArI vidvAn the aura ve aba nahIM rahe--paM0 sukhalAlajI, DA. guNe rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pro0 upAdhye, vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, DA. sunItikumAra caTarjI, pro0 TI0 pI0 monAkSIsundaram pillai / jo jIvita vidvAn haiM, ve kisI eka zAkhA ke vizeSajJa mAtra haiN| sarvakAra dRSTi vAle, antarrASTrIya khyAti prApta pAli-prAkRta ke viziSTa jJAtA sAre deza meM eka darjana se Upara nahIM hoNge| munizrI unameM zIrSa-sthAnIya haiN| adhikAMza vivecana jise pazcimIya zabdAvalI meM 'DiskripTiva' aura 'hisTArikala liMgvisTiksa' kahA jAtA hai, usI koTi kA hai| * sAtaveM adhyAya se munizrI lipiyoM ke vikAsa kI ora mur3a gaye haiN| gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda aojhA aura sI0 zivarAmamUrti ke kArya se yaha prAge nahIM bar3ha pAyA hai| parantu isa vRhat grantha kA sarvAdhika maulika aura sthAyI mahatva kA aMza hai adhyAya pAThavAM-- "prArSa ( arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura pAgama vAGamaya" para munizrI ne digambara aura zvetAmbara mAnyatAoM kI sApekSa aura tulanAtmaka vivecanA kI hai| yahAM dhvanivijJAna, rUpa-vijJAna, artha-vijJAna, vAkya-vijJAna tathA vivecana-zAstra kI samUce sammatita anubhava aura jAnakArI kA uttama upayoga kiyA gayA hai| kaI naI-naI bAteM isa adhyAya ko par3hakara mujhe jAnane ko miliiN| prAkRta ke suprasiddha adhyetA evaM vaiyAkaraNa DA0 pizela ne 'uttarAdhyayana' tathA 'dazavakAlika' ko prAkRta ke bhASAzAstrIya adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa batalAyA thaa| munizrI ne usI Aloka meM aura bhI kaI sthApanAeM upasthita kI haiN| __ bastuta: bhASA-vijJAna kevala zabda-carcA yA vAkya-zavacchedana nahIM hai / vaha vyAkaraNa se adhika vyavahAra-karaNa hai| 'zAstrAd ruuddhirbliiysii'| eka-eka zabda yA racanA ke poche eka-eka pUrI sAMskRtika, sAmAjika, rAjanaitika, bhaugolika-aitihAsika pIThikA. hotI hai| usakI gaveSaNA karane se vaha samajha meM AtA hai ki koI bhI vicAra apane Apa meM ekAkI, aprabhAvita, alaukika nahIM hotaa| vaha mAnava-nirmita, mAnava-poSita mAnava dvArA sacetana yA acetana rUpa meM parivartita hotA rahatA hai| munizrI prAcIna tathA Adhunika jJAna-vijJAna ke samaSTi adhyetA haiM; ata: unake isa bRhad grantha kA vicAra-vaibhava hindI ke lie eka anupama dena hai| aMgrejI, jarmana, phreMca, rUsI meM jo isa sambandha meM vicAra upalabdha haiM, vaha kevala hindI bhASA-bhASI ke lie eka banda pustaka hai| yahAM taka ki bhArata kI vibhinna bhASAoM meM ina viSayoM para jo likhA gayA hai, vaha bhI pUrI taraha jAnane kI bar3I prAvazyakatA hai| tabhI hama koI naye niSkarSa nikAla skeNge| ___ 2010_05

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udAharaNArtha, darada bhASA-samUha ko leN| kazmIra meM kazmIrI bhASA ( 'ka' 'zIra') ko lekara do vicAradhArAeM haiN| paizAcI prAkRta aura saMskRta ke prabhAva ke sAtha-sAtha prAcIna kazmIrI para eka aora se pahalavI, pazto aura purAnI phArasI kA, vaise hI dUsarI pora tibbatI-maMgola bhASAoM kA bhI prabhAva hai| kaI dhvaniyAM aura zabda madhya-pUrva ke dezoM se jyoM-ke-tyoM liye gaye haiN| munizrI nagarAjajI kA maiM bahuta kRtajJa hUM ki unakI isa mahAna kRti kA maiM paricaya pA skaa| yaha grantha eka saMgrahaNIya aura sahaja paThanIya kRti bana gaI hai| isase Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vaijJAnika adhyayana-adhyApana meM bahuta sahAyatA le skeNge| maiM munijI ke isa grantha kI mahattA inhIM zabdoM meM kahUMgA ki jahAM-jahAM bhAratIya bhASA vijJAna ke grantha hoM, isa grantha jaisI pustaka se una granthAlayoM kI zobhA bddh'egii| kalakattA -prabhAkara mAcave 8-11-1982 ____ 2010_05

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prastAvanA 'pAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana' grantha ke prathama khaNDa kA viSaya thA-itihAsa aura prmpraa| prastuta dvitIya khaNDa kA viSaya hai- bhASA aura saahity| prAgamoM kI bhASA prAkRta aura tripiTakoM kI bhASA pAli kA vartamAna bhASA-vijJAna meM kyA sthAna hai, ve kisa bhASA-parivAra se sambaddha haiM, yaha grantha kI prAdi carcA kA viSaya hai| vartamAna bhASA-vijJAna bahuta vikasita ho calA hai va ho rahA hai| use samajhe binA hama prAkRta va pAli ke sahI svarUpa ko samajha pA rahe haiM, yaha hamArA bhrama hI ho sakatA hai| isI hetu se vartamAna bhASA-vijJAna ko bhI paryApta vistAra se yahAM likha denA par3A hai jo ki jainasAhitya meM sambhavataH prathama bAra hI prastuta huA hogaa| Aja pratyeka bAta va pratyeka vastu antarrASTrIya mahatva pA sakatI hai vaza ki use vizvajanIna mAna-daNDoM ke sandarbha se prastuta kiyA jA ske| prAkRta va pAli bhASAeM kevala dharma-zAstroM ke prAyAma taka hI sImita rakhI jAtI haiM to unakA dAyarA bahuta choTA raha jAtA hai, kevala jainoM va bauddhoM taka / bhASA zAstrIya sandarbha pAkara ve vizvamAnya bhASA parivAroM se sambaddha ho jAtI haiM arthAt ve sampradAya ke piMjare se nikala kara apane astitva bodha kA mukta-gagana pA letI haiN| Arya bhASAoM kA vivaraNa likhate saMskRta bhI avinAbhAvi rUpa se prastuta ho jAtI hai| usa para bhI maiMne bhASA zAstrIya vicAra kara diyA hai| Agama va tripiTaka sAhitya kI taraha veda, brAhmaNa grantha, AraNyaka, upaniSad Adi kA bhI digdarzana karA diyA hai| prAgama abhidhA se maiMne samagra paitAlIsa prAgama hI vivecita kiye haiN| battIsa va paitAlIsa ke sAmpradAyika bheda ko nagaNya mAnakara upekSita hI kiyA hai| digambara-zAstra pAgama nahIM kahalAte haiM, para unakA sambandha zaurasenI prAkRta se hI hai tathA Agamavat hI unakI gurutA sambandhita paramparA meM mAnI gaI hai; ata: unheM bhI maiMne apane vivecana meM samagrataH le liyA hai| jaina va bauddha, digambara va zvetAmbara ukta bheda-prabhedoM kI sataha se Upara rahakara hI mImAMsA karane kA merA lakSya rahA hai| maiM apane abhipreta meM kahAM taka saphala rahA hai, yaha to vijJa pAThakoM kI anubhUti kA viSaya hI ho sakatA hai| jaina yA bauddha, zvetAmbara yA digambara sabhI praNetA prAcAryoM ke prati mere mana meM samAna hI zraddhA-bhAva rahA hai| ataH tathya ____ 2010_05

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pratipAdana meM mAnasika uccAvacatA mere kahIM vAdhaka nahIM banI, aisI merI apanI anubhUti hai| bhASA evaM lipi kA anyonyAzrita sambandha hai| ataH eka pUrA adhyAya lipi-kalA ke udbhava aura vikAsa para hI likhA gayA hai| zilAlekhoM va stambha-lekhoM kI prAkRta para vicAra karate eka svataMtra adhyAya meM zilAlekhoM va stambhoM kA bhI pUrA lekhA-jokhA de diyA gayA hai / bhadrabAhu prathama, dvitIya, candragupta prathama, dvitIya, yApanIya saMgha, zvetAmbara va digambara paramparA ke sphuTa dhAraNA-bheda Adi nAnA viSaya ApAtata: cacita kara diye gaye haiM tAki vivAda-saMkula bAteM bhI samIkSAtmaka rUpa se spaSTa ho skeN| kula milAkara merA yahI abhiprAya rahA hai ki grantha vidvad-bhogya hone ke sAtha jana-bhogya bhI bana ske| durUha viSaya bhI pAThakoM ke saralatA va sarasatA se samajha meM A sake / prastuta dUsare khaNDa kA lekhana vi0 saMvat 2030 ke mere cUrU cAturmAsa meM huaa| usa samaya mere ananya sahayogI muni mahendrakumArajI 'prathama' va 'dvitIya' donoM meM se koI bhI mere pAsa nahIM the| 'prathama' kalakattA meM the tathA dvitIya' prAcArya zrI ke sAtha dillI meM / AvazyakatA prAviSkAra kI jananI hotI haiN| saMyogataH sAhitya premI va samAjasevI zrI sohanalAlajI hIrAvata ne DA0 chaganalAla zAstrI ko AmaMtrita kara liyaa| ve 2-3 mahIne mere pAsa rhe| unakA zlAghanIya yogadAna mere sAhitya-anusandhAna kArya meM rahA / kula 2-3 varSoM meM merA lekhana-kArya sampanna ho gyaa| sampAdana kI dRsTi se sArI lekha-sAmagrI muni mahendrakumArajI 'prathama' ke pAsa kramaza: kalakattA va banArasa jAtI rhii| mere abhiniSkrimaNa se pUrva hI sampAdana kArya bhI lagabhaga sampanna ho gyaa| grantha kA prathama khaNDa vi0 saMvat 2026 meM prakAzita ho gayA thaa| dUsarA khaNDa aba vi0 saMvat 2039 meM prakAzita ho rahA hai| itane lamve antarAla ke aneka kAraNa haiM / vi0 saMvat 2027 meM hama loga dillI prA gye| vahAM lagAtAra 3 varSa bhagavAn mahAvIra kI 2500 vIM nirvANa jayantI, rAyapura va curU ke agni-parIkSA-prakaraNa Adi kAryoM meM itane vyasta rahe ki dUsarA khaNDa prArambha karane kI bAta maiM soca hI nahIM sakatA thaa| tadanantara curU cAturmAsa tathA usake agale varSa zAdulapura cAturmAsa meM lekhana-kArya prAyazaH sampanna ho gyaa| mere jIvana meM lagabhaga yaha krama rahA hai-rAjadhAniyoM ke pravAsa meM jana-samparka va jana-hita aura gAMvoM va kasboM ke pravAsa meM svAntaH sukhAya saahity-saadhnaa| isI varSa saMvat 2031 meM muni mahendrakumArajI 'prathama' kA banArasa meM abhiniSkramaNa ho cukA thaa| kaI varSoM se calA A rahA sAmAjika saMgharSa pUrNataH jvAra para prA gyaa| sArI sthitiyAM saMdigdha ho gii| usa saMdigdha sthiti meM grantha kA prakAzana saMbhava bhI nahIM thA aura maiM cAhatA bhI nahIM thaa| ukta ghaTanA-prasaMga ke do varSa pazcAtU hI merA 2010_05

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abhiniSkramaNa ho gyaa| kalakattA taka kI sudUra yAtrA ho gii| kalakattA meM saMvat 2035 meM muni mahendrakumArajI 'prathama' kI vidyamAnatA meM hI arhat prakAzana kI ora se grantha kA prakAzana prArambha ho gyaa| 4 varSa kA pralamba samaya jo prakAzana-kArya meM lagA, usakA mukhya hetu to kalakattA kA vidyut-saMkaTa hI rahA hai| astu, pAThakoM kA cirapratIkSita grantha aba unake hAthoM meM A rahA hai, yaha santoSa kA viSaya hai| kitanA sundara hotA, sva0 upAdhyAya muni mahendrakumArajI 'prathama' kI vidyamAnatA meM hI yaha prakAzita hokara sAmane A paataa| vizru t vidvAn upAdhyAyapravara zrI amara munijI ne prastuta khaNDa para bhUmikA likhakara tathA vikhyAta bhASA zAstrI DA. prabhAkara mAcave ne 'eka avalokana' likha kara grantha ko va mujhe garimA pradAna kI hai, etadartha maiM AbhArI huuN| maiM una samasta lekhakoM ke prati bhI AbhAra vyakta karatA hU~, jinakI kRtiyoM ko maiMne apane lekhana meM saMdarbhita kiyA hai| ____ loka-saMgrAhaka pravRttiyoM se maiMne svayaM ko nivRtta prAya: kara liyA hai tathA anyAnya anivArya apekSAoM ko mere parama sahayogI muni mAnamalajI evaM muni maNikumArajI nibhA lete haiM; ata: 'pAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana' grantha ke pUrva nirdhArita tRtIya khaNDa kA lekhana kArya bhI zIghra sampanna ho sakegA, aisI AzA hai| -suni nagarAja luhArIvAlA bhavana kalakattA dIpAvalI vi0 saM0 2039 15 navambara 1982 ____ 2010_05

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2010_05

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viSayAnukrama (The Flow of World Languages) 3 bibhinna bhASAoM kI Azcaryajanaka nikaTatA bhASA-vijJAna kI zAkhAeM dhvani-vijJAna (Phonology) rUpa-vijJAna (Marphology) artha-vijJAna (Semantics) vAkya-vijJAna (Syntax) nirvacana-zAstra [vyutpatti-vijJAna] (Etymology) vaiyAkaraNoM kA abhimata niruktakAra yAska mahAn vaiyAkaraNa pANini pAlocaka kAtyAyana mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali vyAkaraNa kA uttaravartI srota ~ ~ ~ vyAkaraNetara zAstroM meM bhASA-tatva yUnAna va yUropa meM bhASA-vizleSaNa sukarAta kA igita pleTo : bhASA-tatva arastU kA kAvya zAstra grIka, laiTina aura hiba ~ ~ niSkarSa ~ ~ ~ 18 bhASA-vijJAna kI Adhunika paramparA pAzcAtya vidvAn Adi mAnyatAeM vaidika mAnyatA yAska kA sUkSma cintana jaina mAnyatA ~ ____ 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama 25 prAkRta-vidvAnoM kA abhimata romana kaitholika mAnyatA islAma kA abhimata mAnava kI mUla bhASA : katipaya prayoga prayogoM kA phalita mUlabhUta siddhAnta nirNaya-siddhAnta dhAtu-siddhAnta pro0 hesa, sTAinthAla aura maiksamUlara yAska dvArA prakhyAta-carcA anukaraNa-siddhAnta anukaraNana-siddhAnta manobhAvAbhivyaMjakatAvAda igita-siddhAnta jaoNnasana kA niSkarSa bhAva-saMketa : iMgita sUkSma bhAvoM kI abhivyaMjanA bhAva-saMketoM kA abhiprAya dhAtuoM ke Adi akSara : vizeSa artha visaMgati svITa kA samanvayAtmaka vicAra zabda : artha : yahacchA : pratIka sAra : samIkSA bhASA kI utpatti: avalambana : nirAzA khoja para pratibandha : vicitra nirNaya gaveSaNA nahIM rukI nirAzA kyoM ? vAk-prasphuTana parA, pazyantI, madhyamA aura vaikharI svara-yantra kA Avayavika svarUpa aura prakriyA zabda ke sUkSmatama prabhautika kalevara kI sRSTi d w 49 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama 50 51 52 jaina darzana kI dRSTi se sthUla aura sUkSma kI bheda-rekhA upasaMhati bhASAoM kA AkRtimulaka vargIkaraNa yogAtmaka bhASAe prayogAtmaka bhASAe yogAtmaka bhASAoM ke bhedopabheda azliSTa yogAtmaka bhASAe zliSTa yogAtmaka bhASAe prAkRti ke AdhAra para bhASAnoM kA parivAra 52 55 bhaugolika AdhAra para bhASAoM kA vargIkaraNa 58 B a . 6 sy s bhASA-parivAra pArivArika sAdRzya ke mukhya AdhAra bhAropIya parivAra bhAropIya parivAra ke vibhinna nAma bhAropIya kA prAdhAra bhArata-hittI kA tAtparya virosa : eka naI kalpanA AryoM kA mUla sthAna prAdi sthAna bhArata : eka abhimata samIkSA mUla sthAna bhArata se bAhara samIkSA : sthApanA mUla sthAna se abhiyAna do bhAgoM meM vibhAjana IrAna meM AvAsa : bhASA meM parivartana bhAropIya parivAra kI bhArata-IrAnI zAkhA avestI, prAcIna phArasI pahalavI kA udgama pahalavI ke do rUpa : huja vAreza, pAjaMda 69 73 74 74 ____ 2010_05

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22 viSayAnukrama 74 75 75 Adhunika phArasI : pariSkara yA vikAra pazto yA aphagAnI IrAnI kI darada zAkhA kAzmIrI bhASA kAzmIrI para saMskRta-prabhAva kA kAraNa kAzmIrI meM sAhitya-racanA kAzmIrI meM urdU kyA prArya eka sAtha Aye ? Arya eka bhASA lie Aye RcAoM ke nAda Rgveda aura avestA kI bhASA kA sAdRzya bhAropIya kI mUla dhvaniyAM vaidika saMskRta kI dhvaniyAM : vizeSatAe mUrdhanya vyaMjana : eka anupama vizeSatA 2. prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM (The Anciant Indian Arya Languages) w our 87-122 bhAratIya Arya bhASAnoM kA kAla-krama vaidika vAGamaya Rgveda .00 yajurveda 91 sAmaveda atharvaveda 9 0 0 brAhmaNa-grantha AraNyaka upaniSad veda-maMtroM ke pATha-krama 0 100 uccAraNa-svara vaidika bhASA ke vikAsa-stara laukika saMskRta 102 102 ____ 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama 111 vaidika aura laukika saMskRta 105 kucha bheda-rekhAe madhyavartI rUpa kriyA-pradhAna zailI 106 nAma-pradhAna zailI saMskRta kA vizAla vAGamaya kyA saMskRta bolacAla kI bhASA thI ? 3. madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM ( Middle Indo-ArayanL anguages ) 123-157 prAkRta 125 prathama yuga (khrista pUrva 400 I0 se khrista ke bAda 100 I0) 130 madhya yuga (khristIya 100 se 500 ) 130 zeSa yuga ( khristIya 500 se 1000 varSa ) prAkRta ke nAma-nAmAntara 131 prAkRta kA utpatti-srota 131 vaiyAkaraNoM kI mAnyatAeM 131 prAcArya siddhaSi kA abhimata dezya zabdoM kA udgama deza bhASA : vyApakatA 143 vaidika saMskRta tathA prAkRta kA sAdRzya prAkRta ke prakAra 150 prAkRtoM kA vikAsa : vistAra : pRSThabhUmi 4. pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGamaya ( Pali Language and The Buddhist Canonical Literature ) 156-224 pAli zabda kA itihAsa bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa 163 bhikSu siddhArtha DA0 maiksavelasera bhaNDArakara aura vAkeTanAgala rAjavAr3e 152 161 165 166 ____ 2010_05

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24 viSayAnukrama prAleya : prAleyaka : pAli 168 169 170 samIkSA pAli kI AdhArabhUta bhASA laMkA kI paramparA brahmadeza kI paramparA pro0 rAyasa DeviDsa ujjayinI bhASA aura pAli pAli aura vindhya pradeza kI bhASA sTaina kono kaliMga-bhASA aura pAli I0 mUlara samIkSA mAgadhI kI mukhya vizeSatAe. arddhamAgadhI aura pAli buddha-yuga : pAripAzvika sthitiyAM upasaMhAra pAli-dhvaniyoM kI vizeSatA 172 172 172 177 182 183 183 dhvani-parivartana 184 187 188 190 192 vyaMjana-parivartana pAli-vAGamaya tripiTaka kA saMkalana saMgAna kA prAzaya prathama saMgIti prathama saMgIti kI aitihAsikatA buddhaghoSa kA abhimata dUsarI saMgIti naye buddha-vacanoM kI sRSTi tIsarI saMgIti anullekha kA kAraNa saMgIti ke nirNaya 195 198 199 200 ____ 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama 20. 200 201 202 203 abhidhamma : paramparA tRtIya saMgIti kA eka mahatvapUrNa phalita tripiTaka kA lekhana Adhunika kAlIna saMgItiyAM niSkarSa tripiTaka vAGamaya : saMkSipta paricaya sutta-piTaka sutta-piTaka : variNata viSaya vinaya-piTaka abhidhamma-piTaka 206 206 207 abhidhamma-racanA 214 216 297 219 220 221 223 225-262 227 227 abhidhamma kA sthAna piTaka vAGmaya kA eka anya vargIkaraNa buddha-vacana kA navAMgI vargIkaraNa bahuvidha vibhAjana : paramparA 5. zilAlekhI prAkRta ( Inscriptional Prakritas ) [azoka ke zilAlekha va unakI bhASA ] zilAlekhoM kI bhASA : mahatva zilAlekhoM kA vargIkaraNa 1. do laghu zilAlekha 2. bhAbra zilAlekha 3. caturdaza zilAlekha 4. do kaliMga-zilAlekha 5. tIna guhA-lekha 6. tarAI ke do stambha-lekha 7. sapta stambha-lekha 8. laghu stambha-lekha zilAlekhoM kI bhASA : tulanAtmaka vivecana abhilekhoM kI bhASA : kucha sAmAnya tathya pUrva ke abhilekhoM meM tAlavya za kyoM nahIM ? 228 228 228 229 229 230 230 231 233 243 249 ____ 2010_05

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26 viSayAnukrama 260 261 vividha nAma anya prAkRta-abhilekha siMhala ke prAkRta-abhilekha bhASA kA jhukAva 6. saMkrAnti-kAla kI prAkRteM ( Prakritas of Transional Period ) bhArata se bAhara prApta prAkRta-lekha saMkrAnti-kAla eka dUsarA vibhAjana azvaghoSa ke nATaka : prAkRtoM kA prayoga tIna prAcIna prAkRteM prAcIna mAgadhI prAcIna zaurasenI prAcIna arddhamAgadhI 263-272 + 265 265 265 266 266 266 aspaSTatA yA alpa-spaSTatA 267 267 268 268 269 273-310 275 prAkRta ( kharoSThI ) dhammapada niya prAkRta niya prAkRta kI svarUpAtmaka vizeSatAe samIkSA : tulanA 7. bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa ( The Origin of Script and its Development in India) prAkRta-abhilekha : lipiyAM brAhmI lipi vaidika abhimata lalitavistara meM carcA jaina mAnyatA RSama dvArA lipi-zikSaNa lipi kA udbhava : kalpanA Adi mAnava kA eka abUjha upakrama 275 276 277 277 279 279 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama 281 281 vyavahAra-nirvAha aura bhAva-sthAyitva eka prAdhAra citra-lipi abhivyaMjanA parivartana bhI pUrNa sakSama nahIM akalAtmakatA aura citra : eka duvidhA pratIka-lipi bhAva-dhvanimUlaka lipi dhvanimUlaka-lipi dhvanimUlaka-lipi ke bheda vizva kI lipiyAM : do varga brAhmI kI utpatti: mata-matAntara yUnAnI se brAhmI phU ca vidvAn kupeTI uttarI semeTika lipi phiniziyana aura brAhmI naI sthApanA MAY MY X We 286 286 287 287 288 dakSiNI sameTika aura brAhmI 288 248 289 289 290 290 DA0 rAisa DeviDsa bhArata : brAhmI kA utpatti-sthAna DA0 caTarjI kA vicAra bhArata meM lipi-kalA Rgveda prabhRti veda upaniSad evaM brAhmaNa-grantha tatparaka itara vAGamaya bauddha vAGamaya meM akkhaTikA vinaya piTaka aura jAtaka grantha jaina vAGamaya meM cInI vizvakoza 291 291 292 292 292 293 295 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama ta 298 ma mahAmahopAdhyAya DA0 aojhA 297 azoka ke pUrvavartI do zilAlekha 297 upasaMhAra eka prazna-cihna ? 298 eka kalpanA 299 eka aura kalpanA 300 brAhmI se vibhinna lipiyoM kA vikAsa 301 prAcIna bhArata kI brAhmI lipi 303 kharoSThI lipi 304 kharoSThI : prayoga 304 jaina vAGamaya 304 kalpanAe : hetu 304 mrAmaka vyutpatti 305 kharoSThI kA udbhava pArmeika lipi meM kharoSThI kI utpatti 306 prAika va kharoSThI 307 brAhmI kA prabhAva 307 eka aparipUrNa lipi saMskRta-lekhana ke lie anupayukta 8. ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya (Arsa ( Ardha magadhi ) Prakrita and the Jaina Canonical Literature ) 311-506 dharma-dezanA 313 pratthAgama : suttAgama 314 mahAvIra ke gaNadhara : Agama saMkalana 315 gaNadhara : vizeSatAe gaNadhara kI tIrtha kara-sApekSatA gaNadhara kA eka vizeSa artha gyAraha gaNadhara : nau gaNa . 1 0 mm r m mmm 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama mahAvIra kI vidyamAnatA : nau garaNadharoM kA nirvAraNa dvAdaza aMgoM ke rUpa meM zruta-saMkalanA Arya sudharmA : zruta-saMvAhaka paramparA digambara- mAnyatA 2010_05 gautama paTTadhara kyoM nahIM ? zvetAmbara - paramparA : eka samAdhAna digambara- paramparA kA prAdhAra zrI dharmaghoSa sUri kA kathana yugapradhAna : sarvAtizAyI pratiSThApannatA yugapradhAna kI vizeSatAe yugapradhAna kA viruda kaba milatA ? dharmaghoSa kA ullekha : UhApoha Arya sudharmA : dvAdazAMga eka anya paramparA paTTAnukrama meM anya nAma : bhinnatA Arya sudharmA : eka paricaya vidvattA : vaibhava jijJAsA : mumukSA kA dvAra Arya sudharmA kA chadmastha - kAla : jJAnArAdhanA bhagavAn mahAvIra kA sAnnidhya saMgha- nAyaka ke rUpa meM Arya sudharmA kA virAT vyaktitva Arya sthavira jAti sampanna : kula sampanna vinaya - lAghavAdi sampanna projasvI : tejasvI : varcasvI : yazasvI krodhAdi vijetA veda - pradhAna udAra : ghora 29 316 317 318 318 319 319 319 320 320 321 321 322 323 323 324 326 326 328 329 329 329 330 330 331 332 332 332 333 333 333

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30 viSayAnukrama 334 335 335 337 w w s W llh 340 342 344 344 3 ghora brahmacaryavAsI kevalI aura paTTadhara nirvANa upasaMhAra Arya jambU parama jijJAsu praznottara-krama prazna-krama kA eka anya rUpa jambU ke sambandha meM ullekha vasudeva-hiMDI mAtA, pitA, janma, nivAsa Arya sudharmA se samparka bhAva jAgRti mAtA-pitA se nivedana vivAha sampanna taskararAja prabhava : prAgamana jambU aura prabhava : samvAda Arya jambU : kAla-krama eka aura kalpanA vIra kavi kA abhimata Arya jambU kA nirvANa jambU ke anantara katipaya viccheda tiloyapaNNattI kA eka vivecya prasaMga zruta : kaNThAgra : aparivartya zruta kA udbhava eka prazna : eka samAdhAna puSpamAlA kI taraha sUtramAlA kA grathana artha kI anabhilApyatA mAtRkA-pada pUrvAtmaka jJAna aura dvAdazAMga 345 346 347 349 349 350 mr 351 351 351 353 353 354 358 m 361 363 363 364 ____ 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama 364 364 365 365 367 367 370 371 371 371 372 372 372 pUrva-jJAna kI paramparA dvAdazAMgI se pUrva pUrva-racanA dRSTivAda meM pUrvo kA samAveza striyoM ke lie dRSTivAda kA varjana nArI aura dRSTivAda : eka aura cintana pUrva-racanA : kAla-tAratamya pUrva-vAGamaya kI bhASA pUrvagata : eka paricaya cUlikAeM cUlikAoM kI saMkhyA vastu-vAGamaya vastuoM kI saMkhyA Arya jambU ke bAda zruta-paramparA Arya prabhava pArya prabhava kA AcArya-kAla Arya zayyambhava pUoM ke AdhAra para racanA prAcArya-kAla Arya yazobhadra nandarAjAoM ko pratibodha prAcArya-kAla Arya yazobhadra ke pazcAt do uttarAdhikArI : eka navIna paramparA Arya sambhUtivijaya mahAn prabhAvaka AcArya bhadrabAhu varAhamihira se sambandha cheda-sUtroM ke racanAkAra pariziSTa parva bhadrabAhu aura candragupta kA sambandha AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA 373 374 374 374 375 375 376 377 377 377 377 370 378 ____ 2010_05

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32 viSayAnukrama 381 387 dakSiNa jAne kI kalpanA bhadrAbAhu dvArA pUrvo kI vAcanA prathama vAcanA ke adhyakSa yA nirdezaka ? prAcArya bhadrabAhu : digambara mAnyatA vRhatkathAkoza vizAkhAcArya kA dakSiNa-gamana bhadrabAhu caritra AkAzavANI kannar3a grantha rAjAvalI saMghAdhipatya prAcArya bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa AcArya sthUlabhadra dehAvasAna pUrva-viccheda-kAla digambara-mAnyatA tulanAtmaka paryavekSaNa gyAraha aMga : vidyamAnatA : vicchinnatA AgamoM meM anuyoga anuyoga kA artha anuyoga ke prakAra anuyoga : apRthaktA Arya rakSita dvArA vibhAjana Agama : anuyoga : sambandha digambara-grAmnAya meM anuyoga dvitIya Agama-vAcanA mAthurI vAcanA bAraha varSoM kA bhISaNa durbhikSa vAlabhI vAcanA eka hI samaya meM do vAcanAeM ? tRtIya vAcanA 50 mmmmmmmmmmmmm m m m m r r m mr m m mmm r r m 391 392 392 394 394 396 396 396 397 398 ____ 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama 6 aNuttarovavAiyadasAo ( anuttaropapAtika dazA ) 421 421 421 nAma : vyAkhyA vartamAna rUpa : aparipUrNa, prayathAvat 10. paNDavAgaraNAI ( praznavyAkaraNa ) nAma ke pratirUpa vartamAna rUpa vartamAna svarUpa : samIkSA 19. vivAgasya ( vipAkazruta ) 12. diTThavAya ( dRSTivAda ) sthAnAMga meM dRSTivAda ke paryAya 2010_05 bheda-prabhedoM ke rUpa meM vistAra anuyoga kA tAtparya dvAdaza upAMga upAMga aMga : upAMga : prasAdRzya vedoM ke aMga vedoM ke upAMga upavedoM kI parikalpanA prastuta sandarbha : jaina zrutopAMga 1. uvavAiya ( ovavAiya ) ( aupapAtika ) zrIpapAtika kA artha viSaya-vastu 2. rAyapaseNoa ( rAja- praznIya ) viSaya-vastu mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI eka UhApoha 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama vyAkhyA sAhitya 4. panavaNA (prajJApanA ) nAma : artha 33 422 422 422 422 423 425 425 426 426 427 427 427 428 428 428 429 430 430 430 430 430 43.1 431 432 433 433 433

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viSayAnukrama m Nxx m. in racanA 433 racanA kA prAdhAra : eka kalpanA 434 vyAkhyA-sAhitya 5. sUriyapannatti ( sUrya prajJapti ) nAma : anvarthakatA prAbhRta kA artha vyAkhyA-sAhitya 6. jambuddIvapannatti ( jambUdvIpaprajJapti ) svarUpa vakSaskAra kA tAtparya viSaya-vastu 437 7. candapannatti ( candraprajJapti ) 437 sthAnAMga meM ullekha 437 vartamAna saMskaraNa : eka prazna 437 rahasyamaya eka samAdhAna 438 eka UhApoha : eka kalpanA 439 saMkhyA-kramoM meM bhinnatA pAMca nirayAvaliyA 440 8 niravAliyA (nirayAvalikA)yA kappiyA(kalpikA) 441 vibhAjana viSaya-vastu 6. kappavaDaMsiyA ( kalpavataMsikA ) 442 10. puphiyA ( puSpikA ) tApasa-varNana 443 11. pupphacUlA ( puSpacUlA ) 444 12. vahidazA ( vRSNidazA ) 445 nAma viSaya-vastu 446 eka mahatvapUrNa sUcanA 446 cheda-sUtra 440 441 447 ____ 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama 35 448 448 448 448 449 449 45. 450 451 1. nisIha (nizItha ) nizItha zabda kA artha svarUpa : viSaya racanA : racanAkAra vyAkhyA-sAhitya 2. mahAnisIha ( mahAnizItha ) kalevara : viSaya-vastu aitihAsikatA 3. vavahAra ( vyavahAra ) kalevara : viSaya-vastu katipaya mahatvapUrNa prasaMga racayitA aura vyAkhyAkAra 4. dasAsuyakkhaMdha ( dazAzrutaskandha ) gariNa-sampadA racanAkAra : vyAkhyA-sAhitya 5. kappa ( kalpa athavA vRhatkalpa ) kalevara : viSaya-vastu katipaya mahatvapUrNa ullekha racanA evaM vyAkhyA-sAhitya 6. paMcakampa ( paMca-kalpa ) jIyakappasutta ( jItakalpa-sUtra ) racanA : vyAkhyA-sAhitya 453 453 455 455 456 457 458 450 459 mUlasUtra 459 460 460 460 mahatva mUla : nAmakaraNa kyoM ? pAzcAtya vidvAnoM dvArA vimarza pro0 zanTiyara kA abhimata DA0 bAlTara zubriga kA abhimata pro0 gerIno kI kalpanA 461 samIkSA 462 ____ 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama 463 463 464 uttarajjhayaNa ( uttarAdhyayana ) nAma : vizleSaNa vimarza niyuktikAra kA abhimata 'bhadrabAhunA proktAni' kA abhimata vimarza : samIkSA viSaya-vastu 469 470 dRSTAnta : kathAnaka vyAkhyA sAhitya Avassaya ( Avazyaka ) nAma : sArthakatA sAmAyika caturvizati-stava 470 470 470 vandana pratikramaNa 470 471 471 471 471 472 472 kAyotsarga pratyAkhyAna vyAkhyA-sAhitya dasaveAliya ( dasavai kAlika ) nAma : anvarthakatA saMkalana : AdhAra : pUrvazrata dUsarA aAdhAra : anya Agama cUlikAe rati-vAkyA viviktacaryA vizeSatA : mahatva vyAkhyA-sAhitya prathama prakAzana piMDanijutti ( piNDa-niyukti ) nAma : vyAkhyA 474 474 405 475 475 476 476 ____ 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama 9 477 477 478 478 478 479 479 48. 48. 480 481 481 481 482 482 kalevara : svarUpa kucha mahatvapUrNa ullekha ohanijjutti ( ogha niyukti ) nAma : vyAkhyA eka mahatvapUrNa prasaMga upadhi-nirUpaNa jinakalpI va sthavira kalpI ke upakaraNa sAdhvI yA prAyikA ke upakaraNa vyAkhyA-sAhitya pakkhiya sutta . pAkSika-sUtra ) khAmaNA sutta (kSAmaNA-sUtra ) vaMdittu sutta isibhAsiya ( RSi bhAsita ) nandI tathA anuyogadvAra nandI-sUtra : racayitA svarUpa . viSaya-vastu anuyoga dvAra sapta svara mahatvapUrNa sUcanAeM pramANa-carcA dasapaiNNaga ( daza prakorNaka ) prakIrNakoM kI paramparA prApta prakIrNaka 1. causaraNa ( catu. zaraNa ) 2. Aura-paccakkhANa (Atura pratyAkhyAna) nAma : prAzaya : viSaya 3, mahApaccavakhANa ( mahApratyAkhyAna ) nAma : abhiprAya viSaya-vastu 4. bhatta-pariNNA ( bhakta-parijJA ) 482 sl` 483 484 484 484 484 486 486 487 487 487 487 488 488 ____ 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama 488 489 489 489 490 491 492 493 493 494 494 494 495 nAma : prAzaya katipaya mahatvapUrNa prasaMga 5. tandulaveyAliya ( tandula-vaicArika ) nAma : artha nArI kA hIna rekhA-citra kucha vicitra vyutpattiyA~ 6. saMthAraga ( saMstAraka ) 7. gacchAyAra ( gacchAcAra ) vyAkhyA-sAhitya 8. gaNi-vijjA ( gaNi- vidyA ) 6. devida-thaya ( devendra-stava ) 10. maraNa-samAhI ( maraNa-samAdhi ) kalevara : viSaya-vastu upasaMhAra AgamoM para vyAkhyA-sAhitya prayojana vyAkhyAoM kI vidhAe nijjutti ( niyukti ) aitihAsikatA niyuktiyAM : racanAkAra bhAsa ( bhASya ) racanA : racayitA cuNi ( cUrNi ) udbhava : lakSaNa cUNiyoM kI bhASA prAkRta kI pradhAnatA cUNiyAM : racanAkAra mahatvapUrNa cUNiyA~ TIkAeM abhipreta . 496 497 497 498 498 499 499 500 500 500 501 502 ____ 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama . 504 504 504 504 504 505 TIkAeM : purAvartI paramparA himavat therAvalI meM ullekha pramukha TokAkAra prAcArya haribhadrasUri zIlAMkAcArya zAntyAcArya evaM nemicandrAcArya prAcArya abhayadeva prabhRti uttaravartI TIkAkAra vizeSatA : mahatva 1. zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya (Canonical Literature in shouraseni Prakrita) prastuta prakaraNa nihnavavAda viha nava kA artha . 509 509 509 510 sArAMza sthAnAMga tathA Avazyaka niyukti meM ullekha boTika nihnava zvetAmbara mAnyatA Avazyaka niyukti meM vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM maladhArI hemacandra dvArA prastuta kathAnaka prazna : uttara : asamAdhAna upasaMhAra 513 515 515 516 519 digambara mAnyatA darzanasAra meM ullekha bhAva-saMgraha ke anusAra zvetAmvara-udbhava sArAMza vRhatkathAkoSa kA kathAnaka 519 520 524 525 526 tAtparya saMgha-vibhAjana : eka bhinna paramparA ____ 2010_05

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40 2010_05 vicAraNIya pahalU prAcArya ratnanandI kA abhimata arddha phAlaka mata se zvetAmbara UhApoha ekAdhika bhadrabAhu digambara paramparA meM bhadrabAhu prathama bhadrabAhu dvitIya bhadrabAhu bhadrabAhu : guptagupti : candragupti tRtIya bhadrabAhu zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bhadrabAhu : prathama dvitIya bhadrabAhu zrAcArya bhadrabAhu : kucha aitihAsika tathya titthogAlIpainnA duHSamAkAlazrI zramaraNasaghastava kI kAla-gaNanA bhrAnti kA eka kAraNa vidvAnoM dvArA UhApoha sArAMza do dRSTikoNa AcArAMga : acelakatA : nirvastratA lajjA - nivRtti hetu kaTibandha kA svIkAra abhipreta eka zATaka : vastra kA prasaMga do vastroM kA prasaMga tIna vastroM kA prasaMga vastraSaNA uttarAdhyayana meM acelaka : sacelaka tAtparya pArzva - paramparA : mahAvIra-paramparA kezI aura gautama kA milana viSayAnukrama 527 528 528 532 533 534 534 534 535 536 536 537 537 537 538 539 539 540 540 541 542 543 543 543 544 545 545 546 547 547

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viSayAnukrama 551 554 555 555 557 558 559 559 565 vimarza: samIkSA prArya jambU taka donoM paramparAe antara : eka sambhAvanA Arya jambU ke vAda bheda kA ubhAra dvividha prakriyA prAcArya mahAgiri : eka prasaMga sArAMza upasaMhAra samanvaya kA eka abhinava prayatna yApanIya saMgha kA udbhava darzanasAra meM ullekha ratnanandI ke anusAra yApanIya saMgha indranandI ke vicAra zru tasAgara dvArA vizleSaNa guNaratna dvArA carcA yApanIya saMgha ke nAmAntara eka aura kalpanA yApanIya saMgha : aAkarSaNa : prabhAva pratiSThA : rAja-sammAna kucha mahatvapUrNa dAna-patra kAgavAr3a kA zilAlekha yApanIya saMgha kA aneka gaNoM meM vistAra yApanIya prAcArya : sAhityika dhArA : zvetAmbara-Agama zivArya : zivakoTi ArAdhanA : kucha prazna-ciha na ?? zAkaTAyana dvArA zivArya kI carcA aparAjita sUri kA vivecana zAkaTAyana : yApanIyayatigrAmAgraNI zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa meM zvetAmbara-pAgama sambandhI saMketa 565 566 567 568 571 571 572 573 573 574 576 ____ 2010_05

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42 viSayAnukrama 578 579 587 zAkaTAyana racita strI-nirvANa-kevali-bhukti-prakaraNa zAkaTAyana ke grantha kI vizeSatA vAdI devasUri evaM kumudacandra kA zAstrArtha kucha mahatvapUrNa pahala zru takevalI : dezIyAcArya umAsvAti kA sampradAya paM0 sukhalAlajI ke vicAra vimarza apanI-apanI ora khicAva saiddhAntika : vidha : do aura upAdhiyA~ sArAMza upasaMhAra Agama-vAGamaya : viccheda : kucha tathya zvetAmbaroM dvArA bhI svIkAra abhiprAya Agama : sampUrNa : upalabdha tiloyapaNNatti : eka vizeSa saMketa digamvara-paramparA meM aMga-praviSTa, aga-bAhya dhavalAkAra kA vivecana aMga-paNNatti ke anusAra parimAraNa sArAMza SaTakhaNDAgama : mahatva grantha kA nAma eka avismaraNIya ghaTanA AcArya dharasena kA svapna prAcArya kA cintana parIkSA : saphalatA parituSTa guru dvArA vidyA-dAna snAtakoM kA prasthAna : saMbhAvanAeM indranandi aura zrIdhara kA saMketa a 601 602 603 603 607 ga 608 609 610 ____ 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama aMkulezvara meM caturmAsya AcArya dharasena : tirodhAna 2010_05 SaTkhaNDAgama kA praNayana SaTkhaNDAgama kI sampannatA SaTkhaNDAgama kI pUjA : zruta-yaMcamI kA parva dhavalA : eka adbhuta kRti kaSAya prAbhRta SaTkhaNDAgama : granthAgAra kI kArA se mukti dakSiNApatha meM jaina dharma khAravela kA dharma-sammelana eka prazna : eka samAdhAna katipaya diggaja dakSiNAtya digambara AcArya jaina dharma kA prabhAva karnATaka meM jaina dharma kA prabhAva kadamba vaza gaMga vaMza karnATaka kA mahAn dharma-sevI cAmuNDarAya rASTrakUTa vaMza hoyasala vaMza sArAMza dakSiNa kI jaina kAzI : mUDabidrI mUDabidrI : itihAsa mUr3avidrI kA abhyudaya : abhivRddhi zabDa - vizleSaNa siddhAnta-vasadi : eka dantakathA mUDabidrI : bhaTTAraka- pITha mUDabidrI meM siddhAnta - grantha SaTkhaNDAgama: bahirniSkramaNa kI kahAnI paM0 ToDaramalajI ke samaya meM cintana seTha mANakacanda kI yAtrA : vicArodvelana 43 610 611 611 613 615 616 617 617 617 619 620 620 621 621 622 622 623 624 624 625 625 625 626 626 627 628 629 631 631 631

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viSayAnukrama 632 mmmmmm ly ly ly ly 642 seThajI kA prayAsa pratilipi kA prArambha bhI : sthagana bhI pratilipi : punarArambha-samApana kanAr3o meM bhI pratilipi mahAdhavalA kI pratilipi paM0 gajapati zAstrI dvArA atirikta pratilipi kanAr3I pratilipi kA bahirgamana kanAr3I se devanAgarI kucha aura pratilipiyAM SaTkhaNDAgama kA prakAzana prathama bhAga kA prakAzana : eka anya pratikriyA mUDabidrI kI pratiyAM AcArya dharasena : aitihAsika pariprekSya meM paTTAnukrama meM dharasena kA unullekha nandi-saMgha kI gurvAvalI meM mAghanandi kumbhakArI aura mAghanandi sArAMza nandi-saMgha kI prAkRta-paTTAvalI meM dharasena donoM kAlakramoM kI tulanA samIkSA eka sambhAvanA dUsarI sambhAvanA prAkRta-paTTAvalI kI prAmANikatA vRhaTTippaNikA meM ullekha joNipAhur3a : maMtra-kriyA kI eka vilakSaNa kRti niSkarSa dhaklA aura mahAdhavalA mahAn vidvAn : prakhara pratibhAnvita dhavalA kI racanA nAma anvarthakatA 645 647 647 649 651 652 653 654 654 655 656 656 658 659 ____ 2010_05

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viSayAnukrama . 662 dhavalA kA vaiziSTya samApana-samaya SaTkhaNDAgama : prAdhAra SaTakhaMDAgama : eka paricaya pahalA khaNDa dUsarA khaNDa tIsarA khaNDa cauthA khaNDa 664 pAMcavAM khaNDa 664 665 chaThA khaNDa 667 sArAMza kasAyapAhur3a (kaSAya prAbhRta) prAdhAra viSaya racanA vyAkhyA-sAhitya kalevara SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta kI mukhya vizeSatAeM upasaMhArAtmaka samIkSA prayukta-grantha sUcI 667 667 668 671 677 ____ 2010_05

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2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa : 2 [ bhASA aura sAhitya ] ___ 2010_05

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2010_05

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vizva bhASA-pravAha ( The Flow of World Languages) ____ 2010_05

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2010_05

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AgamoM kI bhASA prAkRta hai| tripiTakoM kI bhASA pAli hai| donoM bhASAoM meM adbhuta sAMskRtika aikya hai| donoM bhASAoM kA udgama-bindu bhI eka hai| donoM kA vikAsa-krama bhI bahuta kucha samAna rahA hai| donoM ke vikasita svarUpa meM bhI adbhuta sAmajasya hai| jo kucha vaiSamya hai, usake bhI nAnA hetu haiN| prAkRta aura pAli ke sAre sambandhoM va visambandhoM ko sarvAgINa rUpa se samajhane ke lie bhASA mAtra kI utpatti aura pravAha-krama kA samIkSAtmaka rUpa meM prastutIkaraNa Avazyaka hogaa| bhASAoM ke vikAsa aura prasAra kI eka lambI kahAnI hai| bhASAoM kA vikAsa mAnava ke bauddhika aura bhAvAtmaka vikAsa ke sAtha jur3A hai| mAnava ne saMskRti, darzana aura jJAna-vijJAna ke kSetra meM mahanIya abhiyAna claaye| phalataH vizva meM vibhinna saMskRtiyoM, dArzanika paramparAoM, sAhityika abhiyojanAoM tathA sAmAjika vikAsa kA eka pariniSThita rUpa pratiSThApanna huaa| bhASAoM meM inase sambandhita ArohoM-avarohoM kA mahatvapUrNa vivaraNa DUDA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki mAnava ke jIvana meM karma aura abhivyakti kA gaharA sambandha hai| karma ko tejasvitA gopita nahIM rahanA caahtii| sUrya kI razmiyoM kI taraha vaha phUTanA cAhatI hai| AkAza kI taraha use apanA kalevara phailAne ke lie sthAna yA mAdhyama caahie| vaha bhASA hai; ataH bhASAoM ke vaijJAnika anuzIlana kI bahuta bar3I AvazyakatA hai| vibhinna bhASAmoM ko Azcaryajanaka nikaTatA Azcarya hotA hai, sahasroM mIloM kI dUrI para bolI jAne vAlI phreMca, aMgrejI Adi bhASAoM se bhArata meM bolI jAne vAlI hindI, baMgalA, gujarAtI, marAThI, paMjAbI tathA rAjasthAnI Adi bhASAoM kA gaharA sambandha hai, jabaki bAhya kalevara meM ve unase atyanta bhinna dRSTigocara hotI haiN| dUsarA Azcarya yaha bhI hogA ki bhArata meM hI bolI jAne vAlI tamila, telagu, kannar3a tathA malayAlama Adi bhASAoM se uttara bhAratIya bhASAoM kA maulika sambandha nahIM judd'taa| .. bhArata kI prAcIna bhASA saMskRta, prAkRta tathA pAli Adi kA pazcima kI grIka, laiTina, jarmana Adi prAcIna bhASAoM ke sAtha vizeSa sambandha hai| eka dUsarI se sahasroM mIloM kI dUrI para pracalita tathA paraspara sarvathA aparicita-sI pratIta hone vAlI vizva kI aneka ____ 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 bhASAoM kA nikaTatA-pUrNa sambandha hai| jJAta hotA hai ki vizva ke vibhinna mAnava-samudAyoM meM atyanta prAcIna kAla se koI pArasparika sAmya calA A rahA hai| bhASAoM ke svarUpa aura vikAsa kA vaijJAnika dRSTi se tulanAtmaka tathA samIkSAtmaka rUpa meM adhyayana karane se ye tathya vizada rUpa meM prakaTa hote haiN| isI vicAra-saraNi ke sandarbha meM bhASAoM kA jo sUkSma aura gambhIra adhyayana-krama calA, vahI bhASA-vijJAna yA bhASA-zAstra bana gayA hai| bhASA-vijJAna kI zAkhAeM bhASA-vijJAna meM bhASA-tattva kA vibhinna dRSTikoNoM se vizleSaNa aura vivecana kiyA jAtA rahA hai, Aja bhI kiyA jAtA hai| dhvani-vijJAna, rUpa-vijJAna, artha-vijJAna, vAkyavijJAna, vyutpatti-vijJAna; Adi usakI mukhya zAkhAeM yA vibhAga hote haiM / vani-vijJAna ( Phonology ) __ bhASA kA mUla AdhAra dhvani hai| dhvani kA hI vyavasthita rUpa zabda hai| zabdoM kA sAkAMkSya yA paraspara-sambaddha samavAya vAkya hai| vAkyoM se bhASA niSpanna hotI hai; ataeva dhvani-vijJAna bhASA-zAstra meM atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| usake antargata dhvani-yantra, svara-tantrI tathA dhvani ko vyakta rUpa meM prasphuTita karane vAle vAgindriya ke mukha-vivara, nAsikA-vivara, tAlu, kaNTha, oSTha, danta, mUrdA, jihvA Adi avayava, unase dhvani utpanna hone kI prakriyA, dhvani-taraMga, zrotrendriya se saMsparzana yA saMgharSaNa, zrotA dvArA spaSTa zabda ke rUpa meM grahaNa yA zravaNa Adi ke sAtha-sAtha dhvani-parivartana, dhvani-vikAsa, usake kAraNa tathA dizAe Adi viSayoM kA samAveza hai| rUpa-vijJAna ( Morphology ) zabda kA vaha AkAra, jo vAkya meM prayukta kiye jAne yogya hotA hai, rUpa kahA jAtA hai| 'pada' kA bhI usI ke lie prayoga hotA hai| suprasiddha vaiyAkaraNa pANini ne suptiGantaM padam kahA hai| arthAt zabdoM ke anta meM su, au, jasa Adi tathA ti, as , anti Adi vibhaktiyoM ke lagane para jo vizeSya, vizeSaNa, sarvanAma tathA kriyAoM ke rUpa niSpanna hote haiM, ve pada haiN| nyAyasUtra ke racayitA gautama ne te vibhaktyantAH padam kahA hai / vibhakti-zUnya zabda (prAtipAdika ) aura dhAtuoM kA yathAvasthita rUpa meM prayoga nahIM hotaa| vibhinna sambandhoM ko vyakta karane ke lie unake sAtha bhinna-bhinna vibhaktiyAM jor3I jAtI haiN| vibhakti-yukta prAtipAdika yA dhAtu prayoga-yogya hote haiN| saMskRta ke suprasiddha kAmya-tatva-vettA kavirAja vizvanAtha ne pada kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai : "ve varNa yA varNa-samuccaya, jo prayoga ke yogya haiM tathA anAnvita rUpa meM kisI eka artha ke bodhaka haiM, pada 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha kahe jAte haiN|1 rUpa-vijJAna meM isa prakAra ke nAma va AkhyAta ( kriyA ) padoM ( rUpoM) ke vizleSaNa, vikAsa tathA avyaya, upasarga, pratyaya Adi kA tulanA maka vivecana hotA hai| artha-vijJAna ( Semantics ) zabda aura artha kA avicchinna sambandha hai| artha-zUnya zabda kA bhASA ke lie koI mahattva nahIM hotaa| zabda bAhya kalevara hai, artha usakI AtmA hai| kevala kalevara kI carcA se sAdhya nahIM sdhtaa| usake sAtha-sAtha usakI AtmA kA vivecana bhI atyanta Avazyaka hotA hai| zabdoM ke sAtha saMzliSTa artha kA eka lambA itihAsa hai| kina-kina sthitiyoM aura hetuoM se kina-kina zabdoM kA kina-kina arthoM se kaba, kaise sambandha jur3a jAtA hai; isakA anveSaNa evaM vizleSaNa karate haiM, to bar3A Azcarya hotA hai| vaiyAkaraNoM dvArA pratipAdita zabdAH kAmadudhAH isI tathya para prakAza DAlatA hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha thA ki zabda kAmadhenu kI taraha haiN| anekAneka artha dekara bhoktA yA prayoktA ko parituSTa karane vAle haiN| kahane kA prakAra yA krama bhinna ho sakatA hai, para, mUla rUpa meM tathya vahI hai, jo Upara kahA gayA hai| udAharaNArtha, jugupsA zabda ko leN| vartamAna meM isakA artha ghRNA mAnA jAtA hai| yadi isa zabda ke itihAsa kI prAcIna parte ughAr3e, to jJAta hogA ki kisI samaya isa zabda kA artha 'rakSA karane kI icchA' (goptumicchA jugupsA ) thaa| samaya biitaa| isa artha meM kucha parivartana aayaa| prayoktAoM ne socA hogA, jisakI hama rakSA karanA cAhate haiM, vaha to chipA kara rakhane yogya hotA hai; ataH 'jugupsA' kA artha gopana (chipAnA ) ho gyaa| manuSya satata mananazIla prANI hai / * usake cintana evaM manana ke sAtha naye-naye mor3a Ate rahate haiN| ukta artha meM phira eka nayA mor3a aayaa| sambhavataH socA gayA ho, hama chipAte to jaghanya vastu ko haiM, acchI vastue to chipAne kI hotI nhiiN| isa cintana ke niSkarSa ke rUpa meM jugupsA kA artha 'gopana' se parivartita hokara 'ghRNA' ho gyaa| vAstava meM zabda kA sraSTA evaM usakA prayoktA mAnava hai| prayoga kI bhinna-bhinna koTiyoM kA mAnava kI manaH-sthitiyoM se sambandha hai| zabda aura artha ke sambandha Adi para vicAra, vivecana aura vizleSaNa isa vibhAga ke antargata AtA hai| vartamAna ke kucha bhASA-vaijJAnika isako bhASA-vijJAna kA viSaya nahIM mAnate / ve ise darzana-zAstra se jor3ane kA prayatna karate haiN| prAcIna kAla ke kucha bhAratIya dArzanikoM ne bhI prasaMgavaza zabda aura artha ke sambandha kI carcA kI hai| para, jahAM svataMtra rUpa se bhASA-zAstra ke sAMgopAMga vizleSaNa kA prasaMga ho, vahAM ise anivAryataH uso 1. vargAH padaM prayogAhAnvitakAryabodhakAH / -sAhitya darpaNa; 2.2 ____ 2010_05

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6] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 ko lenA hogA / usake binA kisI bhI bhASA kA vaijJAnika dRSTi se parizIlana apUrNa rahegA / artha-vijJAna ke antargata varNanAtmaka, samIkSAtmaka, tulanAtmaka tathA itihAsAtmaka; sabhI dRSTiyoM se artha kA adhyayana karanA apekSita hotA hai / artha- parivartana, artha-vikAsa, artha- hrAsa tathA artha- utkarSa Adi aneka pahalU isameM sahaja hI A jAte haiM / vAkya-vijJAna (Syntax) bhASA kA prayojana apane bhAvoM kI abhivyaMjanA tathA dUsare ke bhAvoM kA yathAvat rUpa meM grahaNa karanA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM ise ( bhASA ko ) vicAra-vinimaya kA mAdhyama kahA jA sakatA hai | dhvani, zabda, pada, ye sabhI bhASA ke AdhAra haiM / para, bhASA jaba vAkya kI bhUmikA ke yogya hotI hai, taba usakA kalevara vAkyoM se niSpanna hotA hai / pada vAkya meM prayukta hokara hI abhIpsita artha prakaTa karane meM sakSama hote haiM / vAkya meM padoM yA zabdoM kA sthAnika mahatva bhI hotA hai; ataH artha-yojana meM sthAna nirdhAraNa bhI apekSita rahatA hai / udAharaNArtha, I go to school aMgrejI ke isa vAkya meM 'Go' kriyA dUsare sthAna para hai / Go to school isa vAkya meM bhI 'Go kriyA kA prayoga hai| yahAM Go pahale sthAna para hai | para, sthAna-bheda ke kAraNa isa kriyA ke artha meM bhinnatA A gayI hai / pahale vAkya meM yaha kriyA jahAM sAmAnya vartamAna kI dyotaka hai, vahAM dUsare vAkya meM AjJA dyotaka hai / vAkya- vijJAna se sambaddha isI prakAra ke aneka viSaya haiM, jo vAkya racanA kI vividha apekSAoM para Tike hue haiM / una sabakA isa vibhAga ke antargata vivecana aura vizleSaNa kiyA jAtA hai / nirvacana - zAstra [ vyutpatti-vijJAna ] ( Etymology ) zabdoM kI utpatti, unakA itihAsa Adi kA isa vibhAga meM samAveza hai / zabdoM kI utpatti kI aneka koTiyAM tathA vidhAe~ haiM, jinake anveSaNa se aura bhI aneka tathya prakaTa hote haiM / mAnava ke sAMskRtika evaM sAmAjika jIvana se unakA gaharA sambandha hai / prAcIna kAla meM bhASA-vijJAna kA isa prakAra kA adhyayana vyavasthita evaM vistRta rUpa meM nahIM huA / bhAratavarSa aura yUnAna meM eka sImA taka isa sandarbha meM prayatna cale the / yUnAna meM bahuta sthUla rUpa meM isa para carcA huI / para, bhAratIya manISI usa samaya kI sthitiyoM aura anukUlatAoM ke anusAra adhika gaharAI meM gaye the / vizva meM upalabdha sAhitya meM vaidika vAGamaya kA aitihAsika dRSTi se bahuta mahatva hai / vedoM meM prayukta bhASA aura tadgata artha va paramparA sadA akSa NNa banI rahe, isake lie vidvAnoM ne zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, chandaH zAstra, jyotiSa aura nirukta 6 zAstra aura pratiSThita kiye, 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha jo vedAMga' kahe jAte haiN| ___ zikSA (dhvani-vijJAna ) kA veda kI saMhitAoM se gaharA sambandha hai| vaidika saMhitAoM kA zuddha uccAraNa kiyA jA sake, unakA svara-saMcAra yathAvat raha sake, isake lie aneka niyama gaThita kiye gye| jina granthoM meM inakA vizeSa varNana hai, ve prAtizAkhya kahalAte haiN| prAtizAkhya pratizAkhA se banA hai| pRthak-pRthak vedoM kI bhinna-bhinna zAkhAe mAnI gayI haiN| una zAkhAoM se sambaddha saMhitAoM ke zuddha uccAraNa kA bhinnabhinna prAtizAkhya granthoM meM ullekha hai| prAtizAkhyoM kA sarjana vizva kA prAcInatama bhASA-vaijJAnika kArya hai| isakA mukhya uddezya mAtrA kAla, svarAghAta, uccAraNa kI viziSTatAoM kA pradarzana, saMhitAoM ke rUr3higata uccAraNa kI surakSA, vaijJAnikatA evaM sUkSmatA ke sAtha dhvaniyoM kA vivecana tathA dhvani-aMgoM kI jAnakArI denA thaa| prAtizAkhyoM ke atirikta katipaya zikSA grantha bhI haiM, jo kalevara meM choTe haiN| veda kA yaha aMga bhASAvijJAna se bahuta adhika sambaddha hai| dhvani-vijJAna-sambandhI aneka praznoM kA samAdhAna eka sImA taka isameM prApta hai| udAtta, anudAtta tathA svarita ke rUpa meM svaroM ke uccAraNa ke vizeSa krama bhI dhvani-vijJAna se sUkSmatayA sampRkta haiM / kalpa pAribhASika zabda hai, jo karma-kANDa-vidhi ke lie prayukta huA hai| dUsare se chaThe taka pAMca aMgoM meM cauthA 'nirukta' bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiM / nirukta ke racayitA mahAn vidvAn yAraka the| unakA samaya lagabhaga I0 pU0 800 mAnA jAtA hai / vaiyAkaraNoM kA abhimata niruktakAra yAska ___yAska ne nirukta yA vyutpatti-zAstra kI racanA kara bhAratIya vAGamaya ko vAstava meM bar3I dena dii| unake dvArA racita vyutpatti-zAstra vibhinna zabdoM kI utpatti ke sambandha meM jo sUcanAe detA hai, ve bahuta mahatvapUrNa haiN| yAska ke sAmane usa samaya bhASA ke do rUpa vidyamAna the, vaidika bhASA aura laukika bhaassaa| vaidika bhASA se unakA tAtparya usa saMskRta sahai, jisakA vedoM meM prayoga huA hai| ve use nigama, chandas , Rk Adi nAma bhI dete haiN| laukika bhASA ke lie ve kevala 'bhASA' vyavahRta karate haiN| unake anusAra paidika saMskRta mUla bhASA hai tathA laukika bhASAe usase nikalI haiM / ___Aja ke bhASA-vaijJAnika eka aisI bhAropIya parivAra kI atyanta prAcIna mUla bhASA kI bhI kalpanA karate haiM, jo vaidika saMskRta tathA tatsamakakSa anyAnya tatparivArIya prAcya va 1. zikSA vyAkaraNaM chando niruktaM jyotiSaM tthaa| kalpazceti SaDaMgAni vedasyAharmanISiNaH // ____ 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 pratIcya bhASAoM kA udgama-sthAna thii| yAska jina paristhitiyoM meM the, unake lie yahAM taka pahuMca pAnA sambhava nahIM thaa| bhaugolika kaThinAiyAM bhI thIM, yAtAyAta ke sAdhana tathA anya anukUlatAe bhI nahIM thiiN| aisI sthiti meM apane nirvacana meM ve bhArata se bAhara kI bhASAoM ko bhI dRSTigata rakha pAte, yaha sambhava nahIM thaa| usa samaya yadyapi upabhASAoM kA pracalana paryApta saMkhyA meM thA aura yAska ne bhI usa prakAra ke saMketa kiye haiM, para, unakA byutpatti ke sandarbha meM bhASAtmaka anusandhAna-kArya unhIM pracalita bhASAoM kI sImA meM hai, jo unake samakSa thiiN| jo bhI huA, jitanA bhI huA, usa samaya kI sthitiyoM ke / paripArzva meM stutya kArya thA / saMsAra ke bhASA-zAstrIya vikAsa ke itihAsa meM usakA anupama sthAna rhegaa| - nighaNTu ke rUpa meM yAska ke sAmane veda ke zabdoM kI sUcI vidyamAna thI, jisaka pAMca adhyAya haiN| nirukta meM nighaNTu meM ullikhita pratyeka zabda kI pRthaka-pRthak vyutpatti pradarzita kI gaI hai| niruktakAra ne nighaNTu ke zabdoM kA artha sthApita karane kA vAstava meM saphala prayAsa kiyA hai| unhoMne apane dvArA sthApyamAna artha kI puSTi ke hetu sthAna-sthAna para pedika saMhitAoM ko bhI uddhRta kiyA hai| artha-vijJAna ke sandarbha meM isa prakAra ke adhyayana kA vizva meM yaha pahalA prayAsa thaa| bhAratavarSa meM yAska ke samaya taka artha-vijJAna Adi se sambandhita viSaya bahuta carcita ho cuke the / yAska ne svayaMaudumbarAyaNa, vArSyAya Ni, gArya, gAlava, zAkaTAyana Adi apane se pUrvavartI yA samasAmayika AcAryoM kA ullekha karate hue unake matoM ko uddhRta kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha, yAska ne pada ke cAra bheda kiye hai-nAma, AkhyAta, upasarga aura nipAta / usa prasaMga meM unhoMne apane pUrvavartI AcArya audumbarAyaNa kA mata uddhRta karate hue zabda ke nityatva aura anityatva jaise gahana viSaya kI carcA kI hai|' yAska ke anusAra AkhyAta bhAva-pradhAna hai / usake sandarbha meM unhoMne bhAvadhikAra ke viSaya meM AcArya cAAyaNi ke vicAra upasthita kara apanA abhimata pradarzita kiyA hai| vAstava meM yAska kA nirUpaNa-krama anusandhAnAtmaka aura samIkSAtmaka paddhati para AdhRta hai| utaravartI bhASA-vaijJAnikoM ke lie vaha ni:sandeha preraNAdAyaka siddha huaa| ..... yAska ke vyaktitva kI mahattA isase aura siddha ho jAtI hai ki aspaSTa zabdoM ke lie unhoMne Agraha nahIM kiyA, apitu udAratApUrvaka svIkAra kara liyA ki ve zabda unake lie spaSTa nahIM haiN| unhoMne zabdoM para vicAra karate hue bhASA kI utpatti aura gaThana Adi para bhI jahAM-tahAM kucha saMketa kiyA hai| sabase pahale unhoMne yaha sthApanA kI ki pratyeka saMjJA kI vyutpatti dhAtu se hai| yadyapi yaha mata samAlocanIya hai, para, isakA apanA mahattva avazya hai / Age calakara mahAn vyAkaraNa pANini ne bhI dhAtu-siddhAnta ko pratipAdita kiyA / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha - yAska dvArA vivecita vyutpatti-krama ko jAnane ke lie eka udAharaNa upayogI hogaa| AcArya zabda kI vyutpatti karate hue ve likhate haiM : AcAryaH kasmAt ? AcArya AcAra grAhyati, AcinotyarthAn Acinoti buddhimiti vaa| jo AcAra-grahaNa karavAtA hai athavA arthoM kA Acayana karatA hai, antevAsI ko padArthoM kA bodha karavAtA hai athavA antevAsI meM buddhi kA saMcaya karatA hai, vaha AcArya kahA jAtA hai| - 'zmazAna' zabda kI vyutpatti karate hue yAska likhate haiM : zmazAnam zmazayanam / zama = zarIram / zarIraM shRgaate| zamnAteH vaa| zma zarIra jahAM zayana karatA hai, cirA nidrA meM sotA hai, vaha zmazAna kahA jAtA hai / mahAna vaiyAkaraNa pANini _____ yAska ke anantara mahAn vaiyAkaraNa pANini ko bhASA-vijJAna ke vikAsa ke sandarbha meM : sammAna ke sAtha smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| pANini ne saMskRta vyAkaraNa ke gaThana ke antargata pada-vijJAna Adi kA bhI gambhIra aura vaijJAnika vivecana kiyaa| unhoMne apane pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNoM Apizali, kAzakRtsna Adi kA bhI ullekha kiyaa| pANini ke pUrvavartI eka bahuta bar3e vaiyAkaraNa indra the| taittarIya-saMhitA inheM prathama vaiyAkaraNa siddha karatI hai| vahAM likhA hai : "devatAoM ne indra se kahA-hameM bhASA ko vyAkRta kara smjhaaie|" . - indra ne vaisA kiyaa| indra kA vaiyAkaraNa-sampadAya pANini ke pUrva evaM pazcAt bhI calatA rhaa| vartamAna meM jo prAtizAkhya prApta haiM, ve isI sampradAya ke haiN| pAtikakAra kAtyAyana bhI isI sampradAya ke the| pANini ne pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNoM ke mahatvapUrNa zodha-kArya kA sAra aSTAdhyAyI meM samAviSTa kiyaa| unhoMne katipaya prasaMgoM meM udIcya aura prAcya sampradAyoM kI bhI carcA kI hai| kathAsaritsAgara meM somadeva ne likhA hai ki pANini ke guru kA nAma upAdhyAya varSa thaa| kAtyAyana, vyADi aura indradatta inake sahapAThI the| pANini ne mAhezvara sUtroM ke rUpa meM vyAkaraNa evaM bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM bahuta bar3I dena dI hai| mAhezvara sUtroM kI kucha anupama vizeSatAeM haiN| unameM dhvaniyoM kA sdhAna evaM prayatna ke anusAra jo dhargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai, vaha dhvani-vijJAna kA utkRSTa udAharaNa hai| pANini kI ullekhanIya vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne kevala caudaha sUtroM ke AdhAra para - 1. vAgve prAcya vyAkRtA'vadat / te devA indramabhavannimAM no vAcaM vyaakuuviti| tamindro madhyato'vakramya vyAkarot / 2010_05

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10 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 . pratyAhAra Adi ke sahAre saMskRta jaisI jaTila aura kaThina bhASA ko saMkSepa meM bAMdha diyaa| DAI hajAra varSa ke pazcAt bhI vaha bhASA kiMcit bhI idhara-udhara nahIM ho sakI, apane pariniSThita rUpa meM yathAvat banI raha skii| unhoMne nAma, AkhyAta, upasarga evaM nipAta ke rUpa meM yAska dvArA kiye gaye pada-vibhAgoM ko nahIM mAnA / zabda ko subanta aura tiGanta, ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| Aja taka saMsAra meM bhASA-vijJAna yA vyAkaraNa ke kSetra meM zabdoM ke jitane bhI vibhAjana kiye gaye haiM, unameM vaijJAnika dRSTi se isa nirUpaNa kA sarvAdhika mahatva hai| vargoM ke spRSTa, ISatspRSTa, saMvRta, vivRta, alpaprANa, mahAprANa, poSa, aghoSa Adi kaNTha, tAlu, mUrdhA, danta, auSTha Adi uccAraNa-sthAna prabhRti aneka aise viSaya haiM, jo dhvanivijJAna ke kSetra meM pANini kI adbhuta upalabdhiyAM haiN| vaidika saMskRta evaM laukika saMskRta kA tulanAtmaka vizleSaNa pANini kA sabase mahatvapUrNa kArya hai| unake varNana se yaha spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki chandas kahI jAne vAlI vaidika saMskRta aura bhASA kahalAne vAlI laukika saMskRta meM paraspara usa samaya taka bahuta antara A gayA thaa| sAra rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki pANini vizva ke sarvazreSTha vaiyAkaraNa the| aSTAdhyAyI jaisA unakA grantha Aja taka kisI bhI bhASA meM nahIM likhA gyaa| unhoMne vyAkaraNa ko anupama sUkSmatA dene ke sAtha-sAtha darzana kA svarUpa bhI pradAna kiyaa| unakI sUtra-paddhati ne vyAkaraNa ko zuSkatA ko sarasa tathA kaThinatA ko sarala banA diyA / Adhunika bhASA-vijJAna ke janaka pAzcAtya vidvAn blUma phIlDa Language pustaka meM, jisakA Aja ke bhASA-vijJAna meM atyadhika mahatva hai, pANini ke sambandha meM likhate haiM : "pANini kA vyAkaraNa ( aSTAdhyAyI ) jisakI racanA lagabhaga I0 pU0 350-250 ke madhya huI thI, mAnavIya buddhi ke prakarSa kA sabase unnata kIti-stambha hai| Aja taka kisI bhI anya bhASA kA itane paripUrNa rUpa meM vivecana nahIM huA hai| 1 harvarDa vizvavidyAlaya ke prAdhyApaka jaoNna bI0 kerola ne likhA hai : "pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne pahale pahala jaise hI hindU vaiyAkaraNa pANini kI varNanAtmaka paddhatiyoM kA paricaya pAyA, ve pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se unase prabhAvita hue tathA unhoMne bhASAoM kA vivecanAtmaka evaM aitihAsika adhyayana prastuta karanA prArambha kiyA / " 1. This grammer wich dates from some where round 350 to 250 B. C. is one of the greatest Monuments of human intelegenceNo other language to this day has been so perfectly described. Western scholars were for the first time exposed to the descrip. tive methods of the Hindu grammarian Panini, influenced either directly or indirectly by Panini, began to produce descriptive and historical studies........ ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha Alocaka kAtyAyana pANini ke pazcAt anya bhI kaI vaiyAkaraNa hue| kAtyAyana unameM bahuta prasiddha haiN| kathAsaritsAgarakAra ne inheM pANini kA sahapAThI batalAyA hai| vaha ucita nahIM jAna pdd'taa| kAtyAyana kA samaya lagabhaga I0 pU0 pAMcavI-cautho zatAbdI honA caahie| kAtyAyana ne pANini ke sUtroM kI AlocanA kI, unameM doSa dikhalAyA tathA zuddha niyama nizcita kiye| isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai ki kAtyAyana ne jinheM doSa kahA, ve vastutaH doSa nahIM the| pANini tathA kAtyAyana ke bIca lagabhaga 150 varSa kA samaya par3atA hai| usa bIca bhASA meM jo parivartana AyA, use hI kAtyAyana ne azuddha yA duSTa maanaa| itanA spaSTa hai ki kAtyAyana ke vArtikoM se bhASA ke vikAsa se sambaddha kaI tathya jJAta hote haiM, jo artha-vijJAna eva dhvani-vijJAna se jur3e haiN| mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali kAtyAyana ke pazcAt pataMjali Ate haiN| unakA samaya I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI hai| ve pANini ke anuyAyI the| unhoMne mahAbhASya kI racanA kI, jisakA uddezya kAtyAyana ke niyamoM meM doSa dikhAkara pANini kA maNDana karanA thaa| unhoMne jo niyama banAye, ve iSTi kahalAte haiN| pataMjali ke mahAbhASya kA mahatva niyama-sthApanA kI dRSTi se bahuta adhika nahIM hai| usakA mahatva to bhASA ke dArzanika vizleSaNa meM hai| unhoMne dhvani ke svarUpa, vAkya ke bhAga tathA dhvani-samUha va artha kA pArasparika sambandha Adi bhASA-vijJAna-sambandhI mahatvapUrNa viSayoM para gahana cintana upasthita kiyaa| vyAkaraNa tathA bhASA-vijJAna jaise viSaya ko pataMjali ne jina sarala, sughar3a aura hRdya zabdoM se varNita kiyA hai, vaha vAstava meM adbhuta hai| unakI zailI atyanta lalita tathA hetu-pUrNa hai| sarala, sarasa va prAMjala bhASA tathA prasAdapUrNa zailI kI dRSTi se samagra saMskRta vAGamaya meM AcArya zaMkara kRta zArIrika bhASya ke atirikta aisA eka bhI grantha nahIM hai, jo isa mahAbhASya ke samakakSa ho| vyAkaraNa kA uttaravartI srota mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ke anantara pANinIya zAkhA ke antargata uttarottara aneka vethAkaraNa hote gaye, jinameM jayAditya tathA vAmana ( sAtavIM zatI pUrvAdha ), bhatRhari ( sAtavIM zatI), jinendra buddhi ( AThavIM zatI pUrvArdha), kayyaTa ( gyArahavIM zatI ), haradatta (bArahavIM zatI) mukhya the| unhoMne pANini kI vyAkaraNa-paramparA meM aneka svatantra granthoM tathA vyAkhyA-granthoM kA praNayana kiyA, jinameM bhASA aura vyAkaraNa ke aneka pakSoM para talaspazI vivecana hai| unake anantara isa zAkhA meM jo vaiyAkaraNa hue, unhoMne kaumudI kI paramparA 2010_05

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12 ] : Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 kA pravartana kiyaa| vyAkaraNa para itane adhika grantha likhe jA cuke the ki unako bodha-gamya banAne ke liye kisI abhinava krama kI apekSA thii| kaumudI-sAhitya isakA pUraka hai| vimala sarasvatI ( cavadahavIM zatI ), zamacandra ( pandrahavIM zatI), bhaToji dIkSita ( satarahavIM zatI) tathA varadarAja ( aThArahavIM zatI) isa paramparA ke mukhya granthakAra the| bhaToji dIkSita kI siddhAnta kaumudI aura varadarAja kI laghu komudI kA saMskRta adhyetAoM meM Aja bhI sarvatra pracAra hai| pANini ke vyAkaraNa ke atirikta bhAratavarSa meM vyAkaraNa kI katipaya anya zAkhAe bhI pracalita thIM, jinameM jainendra, zAkaTAyana, hemacandra, kAtantra, sArasvata tathA bopadeva Adi zAkhAoM kA kahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| vyAkaraNetara zAstroM meM bhASA-tatva dhyAkaraNa-granthoM ke atirikta saMskRta meM race gaye nyAya, kAvya-zAstra tathA mImAMsA Adi meM bhI bhASA ke sambandha meM prAsaMgika rUpa meM vicAra upasthita kiye gaye haiM / baMgAla meM nadiyA naiyAyikoM yA tAkikoM kA gar3ha rahA hai| vahAM ke naiyAyikoM ne apane granthoM meM bhASA ke manovaijJAnika pakSa para vicAra kiyaa| zrI jagadIza tarkAla kAra ke zabdazakti prakAzikA grantha meM " meM zabdoM kI zakti para naiyAyika dRSTi se UhApoha kiyA gayA hai| usase artha-vijJAna para kucha prakAza par3atA haiN| kAvya zAstrIya vAGamaya meM kAvya prakAza, dhvanyAloka, candrAloka aura sAhitya - darpaNa Adi grantha bahuta prasiddha haiN| inameM zabda-zaktiyoM tathA alaMkAroM ke vizleSaNa ke prasaMga meM bhASA ke zabda, artha Adi tatvoM para sUkSmatA : se vicAra kiyA gayA hai / . bhAratIya darzanoM meM mImAMsA darzana kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| mImAMsA darzana kA varNya viSaya yadyapi karmakANDa aura yajJavAda hai, para, vidvAn AcAryoM ne inake vivecana ke lie jo zailI apanAI hai, vaha atyanta naiyAyika yA tArkika hai| unhoMne zanda-svarUpa, zabdArtha, vAkyasvarUpa, vAkyArtha Adi viSayoM para gaharAI se vimarSaNa kiyA hai| . bhAratIya vidvAnoM dvArA kiye gaye bhASA-tattva-sambandhI gaveSaNA-kArya kA yaha saMkSipta lekhA-jokhA hai, jo bhAratIya prajJA kI sajagatA para prakAza DAlatA hai| prAcIna kAla meM jaba samIkSAtmaka rUpa meM parizIlana karane ke sAdhanoM kA prAyaH abhAva thA aura na Aja kI taraha gaveSaNA-sambandhI navIna dRSTikoNa hI samakSa the, taba itanA jo kiyA jA sakA, kama stutya nahIM hai| vizva meM apanI koTi kA yaha asAdhAraNa kArya thaa| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA pravAha yUnAna va yUropa meM bhASA T- vizleSaNa purAtana saMskRti, sAhitya tathA darzana ke vikAsa meM prAcya dezoM meM jo sthAna bhArata kA hai, usI taraha pAzcAtya dezoM meM grIsa ( yUnAna ) kA hai / bhAratavarSa ke anantara yUnAna meM bhI bhASA-tattva para kucha cintana calA / yadyapi vaha bhAratavarSa kI tulanA meM bahuta sAdhAraNa thA, kevala UparI sataha ko chUne vAlA thA, para, pAzcAtya dezoM meM isa kSetra meM sabase pahalA prayAsa thA, isalie usakA aitihAsika mahatva hai / 2010_05 sukarAta kA iMgita unakA sukarAta ( I0 pU0 466 se I0 pU0 366 ) yUnAna ke mahAn dArzanika the / viSaya tattva jJAna thA; ataH bhASA-zAstra ke sambandha meM unhoMne lakSyapUrvaka kucha nahIM likhA, para, anya viSayoM kI carcA ke prasaMga meM isa viSaya kI ora bhI kucha iMgita kiyA / sukarAta ke samakSa yaha prazna AyA ki zabda aura artha meM paraspara jo sambandha hai, vaha svAbhAvika hai yA ise isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai ki kisI eka vastu kA jo nAma pracalita hai, usa (nAma) ke sthAna para yadi koI dUsarA nAma rakha diyA jAe, to kyA vaha asvAbhAvika hogA ? sukarAta kA isa sandarbha meM yaha cintana thA ki kisI vastu aura usake nAma kA dUsare zabdoM meM artha aura zabda kA koI svAbhAvika sambandha nahIM hai 1 hai / yadi kisI vastu kA usake nAma se svAbhAvika sambandha sarvavyApI hotA, deza - kAla ke bheda se vyAhata nahIM hotA / jisa kisI bhASA kA eka zabda sabhI dUsarI bhASAoM meM artha kA apanI bhASA meM dyotaka hai / arthAt, saMsAra meM hotI / pleTo ne bhASA aura vicAra ke sambandha para bhI aura bhASA meM kevala itanA hI antara hai ki vicAra [ 13 pleTo : bhASA-tatva sukarAta ke pazcAt unake ziSya pleTo ( 429 I0 pU0 se 347 I0 pU0 ) yUnAna ke bahuta bar3e vicAraka hue / unakA bhI apane guru kI taraha bhASA - vijJAna se koI sAkSAt sambandha nahIM thA / unhoMne yathA-prasaMga bhASA tatvoM ke sambandha meM jahAM-tahAM apane vicAra prakaTa kiye haiM, jinakA bhASA vijJAna ke itihAsa meM kucha-na-kucha mahatva hai / unhoMne dhvaniyoM ke vargIkaraNa kA mArga dikhAyA tathA grIka bhASA kI dhvaniyoM ko ghoSa aura aghoSa; ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA / yUropa meM dhvaniyoM ke vargIkaraNa kA yaha sabase pahalA prayatna thA / vaha mAnava dvArA svIkRta sambandha hotA, to vaha zAzvata hotA, aisA hone para saMsAra meM sarvatra usI artha kA dyotaka hotA, jisa sabakI svAbhAvika bhASA eka hI carcA kI hai / unake anusAra vicAra AtmA kA adhvanyAtmaka yA niHzabda

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14 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 vArtAlApa hai aura jaba vaha dhvanyAtmaka hokara mukha-vivara se vyakta hotA hai, to usakI saMjJA bhASA ho jAtI hai / sArAMza yaha hai, pleTo ke anusAra bhASA aura vicAra meM mUlataH aikya hai / kevala vAhya dRSTi se dhvanyAtmakatA aura adhvaniyAtmakatA ke rUpa meM antara hai / pleTo vAkya - vizleSaNa aura zabda-bheda ke sambandha meM bhI kucha Age bar3he haiM / uddezya, vidheya, vAcya, vyutpati Adi para bhI unake kucha saMketa milate haiM, jo bhASA vijJAna-sambandhI yUnAnI cintana ke vikAsa ke pratIka haiM / arastU kA kAvya zAstra prakAza DAlA hai / yUnAna ke tIsare mahAn dArzanika, kAvyazAstrI aura cintaka arastu the / unakA bhI mukhya viSaya bhASA nahIM thA, para, prAsaMgika rUpa meM bhASA para bhI unhoMne apanA cintana diyA / arastU kA eka suprasiddha grantha poyaTiksa ( kAvyazAstra ) hai, jisameM unhoMne trAsadI, kAmadI Adi kAvya-vidhAoM kA mArmika vivecana kiyA hai / poyaTiksa ke dUsare bhAga meM arastU ne jahAM zailI kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai, vahAM bhASA para bhI kucha yadyapi vaha bhASA-vijJAna se sAkSAt sambaddha nahIM hai, para, mahatvapUrNa hai unake anusAra varNa avibhAjya dhvani hai / vaha svara, antastha aura sparza ke rUpa meM vibhakta hai / dIrgha, hrasva, alpaprANa tathA mahAprANa Adi para bhI unhoMne carcA kI hai| unhoMne svara kI jo paribhASA dI, vastutaH vaha kucha dRSTiyoM se vaijJAnika kahI jA sakatI hai / unhoMne batAyA ki jisakI dhvani ke uccAraNa meM jihavA aura auSTha kA vyavahAra na ho, vaha svara hai / / uddezya, vidheya, saMjJA, kriyA Adi para bhI arastU ne prakAza DAlA hai / kArakoM tathA unako prakaTa karane vAle zabdoM kA bhI unhoMne vivecana kiyA hai, jo yUropa meM isa koTi kA sabase pahalA prayAsa hai / pleTo ne zabdoM ke zreNI vibhAga ( Parts of Speech ) kA jo prayatna Arambha kiyA thA, use pUrA kara ATha taka pahuMcAne kA zreya arastU ko hI hai / unhoMne liMga (strIliMga, pulliMga, napuMsaka liMga ) -bheda tathA unake lakSaNoM kA bhI vizleSaNa kiyA / grIka, laiTina aura hi jinameM pahale tha~ksa grIka vaiyAkaraNoM ne tadanantara prastuta viSaya ko aura Age bddh'aayaa| ( I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI ) haiM / grIsa aura roma meM jaba pArasparika saMparka bar3hane lagA, taba vidyAoM kA AdAna-pradAna bhI prAraMbha huA / phalataH romavAsiyoM ne grIsa kI bhASA adhyayanapraNAlI ko grahaNa kiyA aura leTina bhASA ke vyAkaraNoM kI racanA hone lagI / leTina kA sabase pahalA prAmANika vyAkaraNa laureMzasa vAla nAmaka vidvAn dvArA likhA gayA / vaha IsAIdharma ke prabhAva kA samaya thA; ataH grIsa aura roma meM olDa TesTAmeMTa ( Old testament ) 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 15 ke adhyayana kA eka vizeSa krama calA / usa bIca vidvAnoM ko grIka,leTina aura hibrU bhASAoM ke tulanAtmaka tathA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana kA vizeSa avasara prApta huaa| ___ olDa TesTAmeMTa kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa usa samaya hibra ko vahAM sabase prAcIna tathA saba bhASAoM kI jananI mAnA jAtA thaa| phalataH vidvAnoM ne yUropa kI anya bhASAoM ke vaise zabdoM kA anveSaNa Arambha kiyA, jo hibra ke tadarthaka zabdoM ke sadRza yA milatejulate the| aise koza banane lage, jinameM isa prakAra ke zabdoM kA saMkalana thaa| una sabhI zabdoM kI vyutpatti hibra se sAdhya hai, aisA pramANita karane kA bhI prayAsa calane lgaa| isa sandarbha meM tatkAlIna vidvAnoM kA arabI tathA sIriyana Adi bhASAoM ke parizIlana kI ora bhI dhyAna gyaa| pandrahavIM zatI gUropa meM vidyAoM aura kalAoM ke utthAna yA punarujjIvana kA samaya mAnA jAtA hai / sAhitya, saMskRti Adi ke vikAsa ke lie jana-mAnasa jAgRta ho uThA thA tathA aneka Andolana yA sabala prayatna pUre vega ke sAtha calane lage the| bhinna-bhinna dezavAsiyoM kA apanI-apanI bhASAoM ke abhyudaya kI ora bhI cintana kendrita huA / pariNAmasvarUpa bhASAoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA jitanA jaisA saMbhava thA, upakrama calA / bhASAadhyetAoM ne isa sandarbha meM jo upalabdhiyAM prApta kI, unameM se kucha thIM : * vidvAnoM ko aisA AbhAsa huA ki grIka aura laiTina bhASAe sambhavataH kisI eka hI srota se prasphuTita huI haiN| * bhASAoM ke pArivArika vargIkaraNa kI dRSTi se yaha, cAhe ati sAdhAraNa hI sahI, eka preraka saMketa thaa| * vidvAnoM ko cAhe halkI hI sahI, aisI bhI pratIti huI ki ho sakatA hai, zabdoM kA AdhAra dhAtueM hoN| * bhASAoM ke adhyayana kI ora usa samaya yUropa meM kitanI unmukhatA ho calI thI, yaha isI se spaSTa hai ki suprasiddha dArzanika libanija ne bhI isa ora dhyAna diyA / zAsaka varga bhI isase prabhAvita huaa| phalata: pITara mahAn ne tulanAtmaka zabdoM kA saMgraha krvaayaa| rUsa kI mahArAnI katharina dvitIya ne bhI pI0 esa0 pallasa (1741-1811) ko eka tulanAsmaka zabdAvalI tayAra karane kI AjJA dii| phalataH unhoMne yUropa aura eziyA; donoM mahAdvIpoM kI aneka bhASAoM ke 285 tulanAtmaka zabda saMkalita kiye| isake dUsare saMskaraNa meM kucha aura vikAsa huaa| lagabhaga assI bhASAoM ke sAdRzya mUlaka zabdoM kA usameM aura samAveza kiyA gyaa| ... 2010_05

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16 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 - pazcima meM bhASA-tatva para hue adhyayana-anuzIlana kA yaha saMkSipta vivaraNa hai| isameM koI sandeha nahIM, bhASA-vaijJAnikoM kI agalI pIr3hI ke lie yaha kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM preraka siddha huaa| niSkarSa prAcya aura pratIcya donoM bhU-bhAgoM meM bhASA-tattva para kI gayI gaveSaNA aura vivecanA kI pRSTha-bhUmi prApta thI hI, jisa para Age cala kara bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM bhASA ke vividha pakSoM ko lete hue sUkSma tathA gahana adhyayana-kArya huA aura ho rahA hai| bhASA-vijJAna isa samaya mAnaviko adhyayana ke kSetra meM eka atyanta mahatvapUrNa svatantra viSaya ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hai| isa para kAphI gaveSaNA aura anusandhAna huA hai, para, yaha viSaya bahuta vistIrNa hai, jisakI vyApti sAre vizva taka hai| vizva kI vibhinna prAcIna aura arvAcIna bhASAoM kA jyoM-jyoM aura adhika talasparzitApUrvaka vaijJAnika evaM aitihAsika dRSTi se adhyayana-krama Age bar3hatA jAyegA, bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM to bar3A kAma hogA hI, vizva ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM samaya-samaya para prAdubhUta sAMskRtika cetanA, sAmAjika vikAsa, rAjanaitika va prazAsanika parivartana, utAra-car3hAva Adi se jur3e hue aneka adhyakta tathya bhI prakaTa hoNge| bhASA-vijJAna kI Adhunika paramparA pAzcAtya vidvAma ___ bhASA-vijJAna zabda Aja jisa artha meM pracalita hai, usa dRSTi se bhASA ke sAtha saMzliSTa aneka sUkSma pakSoM kA vyApaka aura vyavasthita adhyayana lagabhaga pichalI do zatAbdiyoM se ho rahA hai| adhyayana kI isa sUkSma vizleSaNapUrNa va samIkSAtmaka paramparA ko Arambha karane kA mukhya zreya yUropIya vidvAnoM ko hai, jinhoMne pAzcAtya bhASAoM ke sAtha-sAtha prAcya bhASAoM kA bhI ukta dRSTikoNa se gahana adhyayana kiyaa| vizeSata: bhAropIya-bhASAoM ke adhyayana meM to ina vidvAnoM ne jo kArya kiyA, vaha atyanta preraka aura udbodhaka hai| . . pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM niHsandeha anusandhitsA kI vizeSa vRtti rahI hai| pAzcAtya manISI sara viliyama jA~nsa isake mUrta udAharaNa kahe jA sakate haiN| ve (18 vIM zatI) kalakattA meM bhArata ke sarvocca nyAyAlaya ke mukhya nyAyAdhIza the| bhAratIya vidhi-vidhAna, nyAya tathA prazAsana Adi ko sUkSmatA se jAnane kI unheM jijJAsA huI, tAki ve bhAratIyoM ko unakI apanI paramparAoM ke anurUpa sahI nyAya de skeN| isake lie saMskRta kA adhyayana parama Avazyaka thaa| sara viliyama jaoNnsa ke mana meM saMskRta par3hane kI utkaTa icchA jAeta huii| unhoMne saMskRta ke kisI acche vidvAn kI khoja prArambha kI, jo unheM par3hA skeN| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 17 bar3I kaThinAI thii| koI vidvAna unheM par3hAne ko taiyAra nahIM ho rahA thaa| una dinoM brAhmaNa vidvAnoM meM yaha rUr3ha dhAraNA thI, kisI vidharmI ko deva-vANI kase par3hAI jA sakatI hai ? bahuta prayatna se eka vidvAn taiyAra hue, para, unhoMne kaI zarte rkhiiN| jisa kamare meM ve par3hAyeMge, use pratidina par3hAne se pUrva gaMgA ke jala se dhonA hogaa| unake lie par3hAte samaya pahanane ke hetu rezamI kapar3oM kI vyavasthA karanI hogii| jA~nsa mahodaya bhI par3hate samaya rezamI vastra dhAraNa kreNge| bhUmi para baiThakara par3hanA hogaa| sara viliyama jaoNnsa ne yaha saba saharSa svIkAra kiyaa| una dinoM bhArata ke mukhya nyAyAdhIza ke pada kI garimA kA sahaja hI anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| para, mAna-prApta karane kI to utkaNThA ke samakSa usa videzI adhikArI ne kisI bhI aupacArikatA ko bilakula bhulA diyA aura apane vidvAn adhyApaka dvArA nirdezita vyavasthA-krama kA yathAvat pAlana karate hue par3hanA Arambha kara diyaa| jisa lagana, niSThA aura tanmayatA se sara viliyama jA~nsa ne saMskRta vidyA kA adhyayana kiyA, vaha vidyArthiyoM ke lie vAstava meM anukaraNIya hai| samudroM pAra kA eka vyakti, jise saMskRta kA koI pUrva saMskAra na thA, na jisake dharma kI vaha bhASA thI, aisI tar3apa aura lagana se gambhIra jJAna arjita karane meM apane Apa ko jor3a de, yaha kama mahatva kI bAta nahIM thii| satata adhyavasAya aura lagana ke kAraNa saMskRta vidyA kI aneka zAkhAoM kA sara viliyama jaoNnsa ne talasparzI jJAna arjita kiyA / yAjJavalkya Adi smRti-granthoM aura mitAkSarA prabhRti TIkA va vyAkhyA-sAhitya kA bhI unhoMne sAMgopAMga pArAyaNa kiyaa| bhAratIya samAja aura vidhi-vidhAnoM kA to sara viliyama jA~nsa ne vistIrNa jJAna pAyA hI, sAtha hI eka phalita aura huA, jisakA bhASA-vijJAna ke itihAsa meM ullekhanIya sthAna hai| sara viliyama jaoNnsa grIka, laiTina, gAthika Adi purAnI pAzcAtya bhASAoM ke bhI vidvAna the| saMskRta sAhitya kI zAkhAoM ke parizIlana ke samaya unake samakSa aneka aise zabda Aye, jinakA unheM dhvani, gaThana Adi kI dRSTi se leTina, grIka Adi se sUkSma sAmya pratIta huaa| unake mana meM bar3A Azcarya aura kutUhala jaagaa| unhoMne saMskRta ke aise aneka zabda khoja nikAle, jinakA grIka, laiTina Adi pratIcya bhASAoM ke sAtha bahuta sAdRzya thaa| gahana adhyayana, vizleSaNa tathA anusandhAna ke niSkarSa ke rUpa meM unhoMne prakaTa kiyA ki merA anumAna hai ki zabda, dhAtu, vyAkaraNa Adi kI dRSTi se saMskRta, laiTina, grIka, gAthika, kAlTika tathA purAnI phArasI kA mUla yA Adi srota eka hai| san 1796 meM sara viliyama jaoNnsa ne kalakattA meM rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI kI sthApanA kii| usa avasara para unhoMne kahA : "saMskRta bhASA kI prAcInatA cAhe kitanI 2010_05

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1] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa : 2 ho rahI ho, usakA svarUpa niHsandeha Azcaryajanaka hai| vaha grIka se adhika paripUrNa, leTina se adhika samRddha tathA ina donoM se adhika parimArjita hai|" ghejJAnika evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa meM bhASAoM ke adhyayana kA mArga prazasta karane vAloM meM sara viliyama jaoNnsa kA nAma sadA zIrSastha rhegaa| bhASA-vijJAna ke sUkSma evaM gambhIra parizIlana kA lagabhaga usI samaya se vyavasthita krama calA, jo uttarottara abhinava upalabdhiyoM kI ora agrasara hotA rhaa| yaha krama vizva ke aneka dezoM meM calA aura Aja bhI cala rahA hai| isa sandarbha meM yaha smaraNa karate hue Azcarya hotA hai aura sAtha hI preraNA bhI milatI hai ki aneka pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhArata kI prAcIna aura arvAcIna bhASAoM kA gahana adhyayana hI nahIM kiyA, apitu una bhASAoM kA bhASA-vaijJAnika dRSTi se tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka rUpa meM sUkSma vizleSaNa bhI kiyA, jo bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM kArya karane vAle manISiyoM, anusandhitsuoM aura adhyetAoM ke liye sadaiva udbodha-prada rhegaa| Adi mAnyatAeM bhASA kA udbhava kaba huA, kisa prakAra huA aura vaha kina-kina vikAsa-kramoM meM se gujaratI huI vartamAna avasthA taka pahuMcI, yaha eka prazna hai; jo Aja se nahIM, cirakAla se hai| vAstava meM isakA sahI-sahI samAdhAna de pAnA bahuta kaThina hai, kyoMki bhASA bhI lagabhaga utanI hI cirantana hai, jitanI ki mAnava-jAti / mAnava-jAti anAdi hai, usI prakAra bhASA bhI anAdi hai, isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai| para, buddhizIla mAnava svabhAvataH jijJAsu hai, itane mAtra se kaise parituSTa hotA ? jIvana ke sAtha satata saMlagna bhASA kA udbhava kaise huA, vaha vikAsa aura vistAra ke patha para kisa prakAra agrasara huI, yaha jAnane kI utsukatA usake mana meM sadA se banI rahI hai| isa prazna kA samAdhAna pAne ko vaha cintita rahA hai| phalataH aneka prayatna cle| samAdhAna bhI pAye, para, bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke| Aja bhI bhASA kI utpatti kI samasyA kA sarvasammata samAdhAna nahIM ho pAyA hai| yahAM prastuta prazna para aba taka hue cintana kA vihaMgAvalokana karate hue kucha UhApoha apekSipta hai| vibhinna dharmoM ke logoM kI udbhAvanAoM para vicAra karanA pahalI apekSA hogii| samAdhAna khojane vAloM meM kaI prakAra ke vyakti hote haiN| unakI apanI kucha pUrva saMcita dhAraNAeM hotI haiM aura atizaya-prakAzana kI bhAvanA bhii| bhASA ke udbhava ke prazna para prAyaH vizva ke sabhI dharmoM ke anuyAyiyoM ne apane-apane mantavya prastuta kiye haiN| 1. The Sanskrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copicus than the Latin and more exquisitely refined than either.... ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 19 vaidika mAnyatA ___ jo veda meM vizvAsa karate haiM, unakI mAnyatA hai ki veda mAnava-kRta nahIM haiM, apauruSeya haiN| Izvara ne jagat kI sRSTi kI, mAnava ko banAyA, bhASA kI racanA kii| RSiyoM ke antarmana meM jJAna kA udbhAsa kiyA, jo veda kI RcAoM aura mantroM meM prasphuTita huaa| inakI bhASA chandas yA vaidika saMskRta hai, jo anAdi hai, IzvarakRta hai, isaliye ise deva-bhASA kahA jAtA hai| saMsAra kI sabhI bhASAe isI se nikalI haiN| yaha mAnava ko Izvara-datta bhASA hai| saMskRta ke mahAna vaiyAkaraNa, aSTAdhyAyI ke racayitA pANini ne bhI bhASA kI IzvaratatA ko eka dUsare prakAra se siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| unhoMne vyAkaraNa ke aiuNa Adi sUtroM ke viSaya meM likhA hai : "sanaka Adi RSiyoM kA uddhAra karane ke lie arthAt unheM zabda-zAstra kA jJAna dene ke liye naTarAja bhagavAn zaMkara ne tANDava nRtya ke pazcAt caudaha bAra apanA DamarU bajAyA, jisase caudaha sUtroM kI sRSTi huii|" inhIM caudaha sUtroM para sArA zabda-zAstra TikA hai| yAska kA sUkSma cintana pANini se pUrvavartI niruktakAra yAska ( I0 pU0800) ke usa kathana para isa prasaMga meM vicAra karanA upayogI hogA, jo zabdoM ke vyavahAra ke sambandha meM hai| bhASA kI utpatti kI samasyA para bhI isase kucha prakAza par3atA hai| nAma, AkhyAta, upasarga aura nipAta; ina cAra pada-bhedoM kA vivecana karate hue prAsaMgika rUpa meM unhoMne zabda kI bhI carcA kI hai| unhoMne likhA hai : "zabda aNIyAn hai; isalie loka meM vyavahAra (kAma calAne) ke lie vastuoM kA saMjJAkaraNa (nAma yA abhidhAna ) zabda dvArA huA / ' unhoMne bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM svatantra rUpa meM kucha bhI nahIM likhA hai| ho sakatA hai, unheM yaha Avazyaka nahIM lagA ho| isa viSaya meM ve kisI pUrva kalpanA yA dhAraNA ko lie hue hoN| zaukika janoM ko pArasparika vyavahAra calAne ke lie koI eka mAdhyama caahie| saMketa 1 aiuNa 1 / Rllaka 2 / eoG 3 / aiauca 4 / hayavaraT 5 / laNa 6 / amaGaNanam 7 / jhabhaja 8 / ghaDharghaSa 9 / jabagaDadaz 10 / khaphachaThathacaTata 11 / kapaya 12 / zaSasara 13 / hala 14 // 2 nRttAvasAne naTarAjarAjo, nanAda DhakkAM navapaMcavAram / uddhartukAmaH sanakadisiddhAnetadvimarza zivasUtrajAlam // 3 aNIyastvAcca zabdena saMjJAkaraNaM vyavahArArthaloke / -nirutaH 1,2 ____ 2010_05

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20 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 Adi usake yatheSTa pUraka nahIM ho sakate taba manuSya vibhinna vastuoM kI bhinna-bhinna saMjJAaiM karanA cAhatA hai / etadarthaM vaha zabdoM ko niSpanna karatA hai / zabda dvArA " saMjJAkaraNa" kA jo kathana niruktakAra karate haiM, usase yaha spaSTa jhalakatA hai ki unakI AsthA kisI Izvara-kRta bhASA ke astitva meM nahIM thI / yadi koI bhASA Izvara-kRta hotI, to usameM vibhinna vastuoM ke artha- dyotaka zabda hote hI / vaisI sthiti meM vastuoM ke saMjJAkaraNa yA unheM nAma dene kI mAnava ko kyA AvazyakatA par3atI ? vyavasthita aura Izvara - kRta bhASA meM kisI bhI prakAra kI aparipUrNatA nahIM hotI / vastuoM ke nAmakaraNa kI tabhI AvazyakatA par3atI hai, jaba bhASA jaisA koI prakAra mAnava ko prApta nahIM ho / yAska kA kathana isI sandarbha meM pratIta hotA hai / bhASA ke ananya aMga zabda kI utpatti ke sambandha meM yAska jo mAnava - kRtatA kI ora iGgita karate haiM, yaha unakA vastutaH bar3A krAntikArI cintana hai / unake uttaravartI mahAn baMyAkaraNa pANini taka bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM purAtana baddhamUla rUDha dhAraNA se Age nahIM bar3ha sake, jaba ki yAska ne unase tIna zatAbdI pUrva hI uparyukta saMketa kara diyA thA / isase spaSTa hai ki yAska apekSAkRta adhika samIkSaka evaM anusandhitsu the / yAska ke samakSa usa samaya saMskRta bhASA thI, jo deva-bhASA kahalAtI thI / Aja bhI kahalAtI / yAska ne deva-bhASA kI siddhi bar3e camatkArapUrNa DhaMga se kI hai / ve likhate haiM: "manuSya vastuoM ke lie jo nAma kA prayoga karate haiM, devatAoM ke lie bhI ve vaise hI haiM / " 1 tAtparya hai, manuSya kI bhASA ko devatA bhI usI rUpa meM samajhate haiM / isase mAnavabhASA deva bhASA bhI hai, aisA siddha hotA hai / saMskRta ke liye isI kAraNa deva bhASA zabda vyavahRta hai, yahAM yAska kA aisA abhiprAya pratIta hotA hai / 1 bauddha mAnyatA bauddha dharma kA tripiTaka ke rUpa meM sArA mUla vAGamaya mAgadhI meM hai, jo Age cala kara pAli ke nAma se prasiddha huI / bauddhoM meM siMhalI paramparA kI prAmANikatA abAdhita hai / sabase pahale siMhala ( laMkA ) meM hI vinaya piTaka, sutta piTaka tathA abhidhamma piTaka lipibaddha kiye gaye 1 siMhalI paramparA kA abhimata hai ki samyaka sambuddha bhagavAn tathAgata ne apanA dharmopadeza mAgadhI ( pAli ) meM kiyA / unake anusAra mAgadhI saMsAra kI Adi bhASA hai / AcArya buddhaghoSa ne isa tathya kA spaSTa zabdoM meM udghoSa karate hue likhA hai : "mAgadhI sabhI satvoM-- jIvadhAriyoM kI mUla bhASA hai | "2 1. teSAM manuSyavadda vatAbhidhAnam / 2. mAgadhikAya savvasattAnaM mUlabhAsAya / 2010_05 - - nirukta, 1, 2 visuddhimagga

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA pravAha [21 mahAvaMsa ke parivarddhita aMza cUlavaMsa kA bhI isI prakAra kA eka prasaMga hai / revata sthavira ke Adeza se AcArya buddhaghoSa laMkA gaye / vahAM unhoMne siMhalI aTThakathAoM kA mAgadhI meM anuvAda kiyA / usakA ullekha karate hue vahAM kahA gayA hai : "sabhI siMhalI aTukathAe mAgadhI bhASA meM parivartita - anUdita kI gayIM, jo ( mAgadhI ) samasta prANI varga kI mUla bhASA hai / '' 1 mAgadhI yA pAlI ke sambandha meM jo siMhalI paramparA kA vizvAsa hai, vaisA hI barmI paramparA kA bhI vizvAsa hai / itanA hI nahIM, pAli tripiTaka meM vizvAsa rakhane vAle prAya: sabhI bauddha dharmAnuyAyI apanI dhArmika bhASA pAli yA mAgadhI ko saMsAra kI mUla bhASA svIkAra karate haiM / jaina mAnyatA jaina paramparA kA bhI apane dharma-granthoM kI bhASA ke sambandha meM aisA hI vizvAsa hai / jainoM ke dvAdazAMgamUlaka samagra Agama arddha - mAgadhI meM haiM / unakI mAnyatA hai ki jaina Agama tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke mukha se nikale upadezoM kA saMkalana haiM, jo unake pramukha ziSyoMgaNadharoM dvArA kiyA gayA thA / unake anusAra addha mAgadhI vizva kI Adi bhASA he | sUtrakRtAMga niyukti para racita cUrNi meM ullekha hai : " prAkRta bhASA ( arddhamAgadhI ) jIva ke svAbhAvika guNoM se niSpanna hai / " " yahI ( addhamAgadhI ) devatAoM kI bhASA hai, aisA jainoM kA vizvAsa hai / kahA gayA hai : "addha mAgadhI ASaM evaM siddha vacana hai, devatAoM kI bhASA hai|" tIrthaMkara jaba dharma dezanA karate haiM, unake samavasaraNa ( virATa zrotR-pariSad ) meM manuSyoM devatAoM Adi ke atirikta pazu-pakSiyoM ke upasthita rahane kA bhI ullekha hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI dezanA addhamAgadhI meM hotI hai / usa ( tIrthaMkara bhASita-vANI ) kA yaha atizaya yA vaiziSTya hotA hai ki zrotR-vRnda dvArA dhvanyAtmaka rUpa meM gRhIta hote hI vaha unakI apanI bhASA ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAtI hai arthAt ve use apanI bhASA meM samajhate haiM / upasthita tiryaMca ( pazu-pakSI - gaNa ) bhI usa dezanA ko isI ( apanI bhASA meM pariNata ) rUpa meM zravaNa 1. parivatta si savvApi sIhalaTThakathAtadA / savvesaM mUlabhAsAya mAgadhAya nirUtiyA || -cUlavaMsa, pariccheda, 37 2. jIvassa sAbhAviyaguNehiM te pAgatabhAsAe / 3. Arisa vayaNo siddha devAnaM addhamAgahA bANI / 2010_05

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22 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 karate haiN| eka prakAra se yaha bhASA kevala mAnava-samudAya tathA deva-vRnda taka hI sImita nahIM hai, pazu-pakSiyoM taka vyApta hai| prAkRta-vidvAnoM kA abhimata jaina zAstrakAroM yA vyAkhyAkAroM ne hI nahIM, apitu katipaya uttaravartI jaina-arjana prAkRta vidvAnoM ne bhI isa sambandha meM isI prakAra ke udgAra prakaTa kiye haiN| gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke suprasiddha alaMkAra zAstrI nami sAdhu ne prAkRta kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai : "prAkRta, vyAkaraNa Adi ke saMskAra se nirapekSa samasta jagat ke prANiyoM kA sahaja vacana-vyApAra-- bhASA hai / ............ prAkRta kA artha prAk kRta = pUrva kRta athavA Adi sRSTa bhASA hai| vaha bAlakoM, mahilAoM Adi ke liye sahajatayA bodhagamya hai aura saba bhASAoM kA mUla hai|"1 bhoja-racita sarasvatI kaNThAbharaNa ke vyAkhyAkAra Ajar3a ne bhI isI prakAra kA ullekha kiyA hai| unake anusAra prAkRta samasta jagat ke prANiyoM kA svAbhAvika vacana-vyApAra hai, zabdazAstrakRta vizeSa saMskArayukta hai tathA baccoM, gvAloM va nAriyoM dvArA sahaja hI prayoga meM lene yogya hai| sabhI bhASAoM kA mUla kAraNa hone se vaha unakI prakRti hai arthAt una bhASAoM kA vaha (usI prakAra) mUla kAraNa hai, jisa prakAra prakRti jagat kA mUla kAraNa hai| prasiddha kavi vAkpati ne gauDavaho kAvya meM prAkRta kI vizeSatAoM kA ullekha karate hue kahA hai : "jaise jala-nadiyAM samudra meM milatI haiM aura usI se ( vASpa rUpa meM ) nikalatI haiM, usI taraha bhASAe prAkRta meM hI praveza pAtI haiM aura usI se nikalatI haiN|" romana kaitholika mAnyatA IsAI dharma meM bhI bhASA ke viSaya meM isI prakAra kI mAnyatA hai| isa dharma ke do sampradAya haiM-romana kaitholika aura prottesttenntt| romana kaitholika prAcIna hai| unakA sarvamAnya grantha olDa TesTAmeMTa hai, jo hina meM likhA gayA hai| unake anusAra paramAtmA ne sabase pahale pUrNa vikasita bhASA ke rUpa meM ise Adama aura havvA ko pradAna kiyaa| unakA 1. sakalagajjantUnAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhita saMskAraH sahajo vacanavyApAraH prakRtiH, tatra bhavaM saiva vA prAkRtam / ............."prAk kRtaM prAkRtaM bAlamahilAdisubodhaM sakalabhASAnibandhanabhUtaM vacanamucyate / 2. sakalabAlagopAlAMganAhRdayasaMcArI nikhilajagajjantUnAM zabdazAstrIkRtavizeSasaMskAraH sahajo vacanavyApAraH samastetarabhASAvizeSANAM mUlakAraNatvAt prakRtirivaprakRtiH tatra bhavA saiva yA prkRtiH| 3. sayalAo iyaM vAyAvisaMti eto ya gati vaayaao| eti samuha ciyaHNeti sAyarAo cciya jalAI // 93 // ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 23 vizvAsa hai ki vizva kI yaha Adi bhASA hai| sabhI bhASAoM kA yaha udgama-srota hai| svarga ke deva-gaNa isI bhASA meM sambhASaNa karate haiM / hibra se sabhI bhASAoM kA udgama siddha karane ke lie grIka, laiTina Adi pAzcAtya bhASAoM ke aise aneka zabda saMkalita kiye gaye, jo usase milate-julate the| isa prakAra yUropIya bhASAoM ke aneka zabdoM kI vyutpatti hibra se siddha kiye jAne ke bhI prayAsa hue| isake liye dhvani-sAmya, artha-sAmya Adi ko AdhAra banAyA gayA ! jo bhI ho, tulanAtmaka adhyayana kA bIja rUpa meM eka krama to calA, jo uttaravartI bhASA-zAstrIya vyApaka adhyayana ke liye kisI rUpa meM sahI, utsAhaprada thaa| islAma kA abhimata ____ Adi bhASA ke sambandha meM islAma kA mantavya bhI uparyukta paramparAoM se milatA-julatA hai| islAma ke anuyAyiyoM ke anusAra kurAna, jo arabI bhASA meM hai, khudA kA kalAma hai| misra meM bhI prAcIna kAla se vahAM ke nivAsiyoM kA apanI bhASA ke sambantha meM isI prakAra kA vicAra thA / islAma kA pracAra hone ke anannara misravAsI arabI ko Izvara-datta Adi bhASA mAnane lge| bhASA ko lekara pichalI zatAbdiyoM taka dharma ke kSetra meM mAnava kI kitanI adhika rUr3ha dhAraNAe banI rahIM, misra kI eka ghaTanA se yaha vizeSa spaSTa hotA hai| TelIphona kA AviSkAra huaa| saMsAra ke sabhI pramukha dezoM meM usakI lAineM bichAI jAne lgii| mitra meM bhI TelIphona lagane kI carcA aaii| misravAsiyoM ne jaba yaha jAnA ki saikar3oM mIla kI dUrI se kahI huI bAta unhIM zabdoM meM sunI jA sakegI, to unako bar3A Azcarya huaa| misra ke maulaviyoM ne isakA virodha kiyaa| unakA tarka thA ki insAna kI AvAja itanI dUra nahIM pahuMca sktii| yadi pahuMcegI, to vaha insAna kI AvAz2a nahIM, apitu zaitAna kI AvAz2a hogI; arthAt insAna kI bolI huI bAta ko zaitAna pakar3egA, Age taka phuNcaayegaa| jana-sAdhAraNa kI maulaviyoM ke prati aTUTa zraddhA thii| unhoMne maulaviyoM ke kathana kA samarthana karate hue kahA ki ve zaitAna kI AvAja nahIM suneNge| unake yahAM TelIphona kI lAineM na bichAI jaayeN| prazAsana stabdha thA, kaise kare ? bahuta samajhAyA gayA, para ve mahIM maane| anta meM ve eka zarta para mAnane ko saharSa prastuta hue| unhoMne kahA, kurAna kI AyateM khudA kI kahI huI haiN| manuSya unako bola sakatA hai, zaMtAna unakA uccAraNa nahIM kara sktaa| yadi dUravartI manuSya dvArA bolI huI kurAna kI AyateM TelIphona se sahI rUpa meM 2010_05

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24 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 sunI jA sakeM, to unheM vizvAsa hogA ki vaha zaitAna kI AvAja nahIM hai, insAna kI hai| aisA hI kiyA gyaa| tadanantara mitravAsiyoM ne TelIphona lagAnA svIkAra kiyaa| ___pleTo jaise dArzanika aura tattva-vettA kA bhI isa sambandha meM yaha abhimata thA ki jagat meM sabhI vastuoM ke jo nAma haiM, ve prakRti-datta haiN| sArAMza yaha hai ki dUsare rUpa meM sahI, pleTo ne bhI bhASA ko devI yA prAkRtika dena mAnA; kyoMki vastu aura kriyA ke nAmoM ko samanvita saMkalanA hI bhASA hai| bhASA ke udbhava ke sambandha meM vibhinna AsthAvAdiyoM ke mantavyoM se jijJAsA aura anusandhitsA-pradhAna logoM ko santoSa nahIM huaa| isa para aneka zaMkAe utpanna huii| sabakA dAvA apanI-apanI bhASA kI prAcInatA aura Izvara yA prakRti kI dena batAne kA hai / yadi bhASA Izvara-datta yA janmajAta hai, to deza-kAla ke AdhAra para thor3A-bahuta bheda ho sakatA hai, para, sasAra kI bhASAoM meM paraspara jo atyanta bhinnatA dRSTigocara hotI hai, vaha kyoM hai ? isa prakAra ke anya prazna the, jinakA samAdhAna nahIM ho pA rahA thA / mAnava kI mUla bhASA : katipaya prayoga ativizvAsI jana-samudAya ke mana para vizeSa prabhAva pdd'aa| ve mAnane lage, zizu janma ke sAtha hI eka bhASA ko lekara AtA hai| para, jisa prakAra ke deza, vAtAvaraNa, parivAra evaM samAja meM vaha bar3A hotA hai, anavarata samparka, sAnnidhya aura sAhacarya ke kAraNa vahIM kI bhASA ko zanaiH-zanaiH grahaNa karatA jAtA hai| phalataH usakA saMskAra parivartita ho jAtA hai aura vaha apane deza meM pracalita bhASA ko sahaja rUpa meM bolane lagatA hai| svabhAvataH prApta bhASA usake lie avyakta yA vismRta ho jAtI hai aura vaha jo kRtrima bhASA apanA letA hai, vaha usake lie svAbhAdhika ho jAtI hai| samaya-samaya para uparyukta tathya ke parIkSaNa ke lie kucha prayoga kiye gye| I0 pU0 pAMcavIM zatI ke prasiddha lekhaka heroDoTausa ke anusAra misra ke rAjA samiTikosa (Psammitochos) ne isa sandarbha meM eka prayoga kiyaa| jahAM taka itihAsa kA sAkSya hai, bhASA ke udbhava ke sambandha meM kiye gaye prayogoM meM vaha pahalA prayoga thaa| svAbhAvika bhASA yA Adi bhASA ke rahasyodghATana ke sAtha-sAtha isase prAcIna yA Adima mAnava-jAti kA bheda khulane kI bhI AzA thii| isa prakAra socA gayA ki bacce svAbhAvika rUpa meM jo bhASA bolane lageMge, bahI vizva kI sabase prAcIna mUla bhASA siddha hogI aura jina logoM kI, jisa jAti ke logoM kI vaha bhASA hogI, nizcita hI vaha vizva kI Adima jAti mAnI jaayegii| parIkSaNa isa prakAra hmaa| do navajAta baccoM ko liyA gyaa| unake pAsa Ane-jAne 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 25 vAloM ko kaThora Adeza thA ki vahAM ve kucha na boleN| una zizuoM ke paricAraka ko bhI kar3A Adeza thA ki vaha unake khAne-pIne kI vyavasthA aura dekhabhAla karatA rahe, para, muha se kabhI eka zabda bhI na bole / krama calatA rahA / bacce bar3e hote gye| unheM kucha bhI bolanA nahIM aayaa| unake muha se kevala eka zabda sunA gayA-'bekosa' ( Bekos) / yaha zabda phrIjiyana bhASA kA hai| isakA artha roTI hotA hai| una baccoM ke khAna-pAna kI vyavasthA karane vAlA naukara phrijiyana thaa| aisA mAnA gayA ki kabhI roTI dete samaya bhUla se naukara ke muha se 'bekosa' zabda nikala gayA ho, jisako baccoM ne pakar3a liyA ho| bArahavIM zatAbdI meM isI prakAra kA prayoga pheDarika dvitIya ne kiyA, para, apekSita pariNAma nahIM niklaa| usake anantara pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM skATalaiNDa ke rAjA jemsa caturtha ne bhI isI taraha kA prayoga kiyA, para, kucha siddha nahIM ho paayaa| bhArata meM solahavIM zatAbdI meM bAdazAha akabara ne bhI parIkSaNa kiyaa| vizeSa sAvadhAnI baratI gyii| bar3I utsukatA se pariNAma kI pratIkSA rhii| anta meM yaha dekhakara saba cakita the ki sabhI bacce mUka raha gye| eka bhI zabda bolanA unheM nahIM AyA / prayogoM kA phalita prayogoM se spaSTa hai ki saMsAra meM koI bhI bhASA Izvara-kRta nahIM hai aura na janma se koI kisI bhASA ko sIkheM hue AtA hai| yaha mAnyatA zraddhA aura vizvAsa kA atireka hai| mahatva kI eka bAta aura hai| yadi bhASA svAbhAvika yA IzvarIya dena hotI, to vaha Adi kAla se hI paripUrNa rUpa meM vikasita hotii| para, bhASA kA aba taka kA itihAsa sAkSI hai ki zatAbdiyoM kI avadhi meM bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM ke rUpa kyA-se-kyA ho gaye haiN| unameM uttarottara vikAsa hotA gayA hai, jo kisI eka bhASA ke zatAbdiyoM pUrva ke rUpa aura vartamAna rUpa kI tulanA se spaSTa jJAta ho sakatA hai| isa dRSTi se vidvAnoM ne bahuta anusandhAna kiyA hai, jisake pariNAma-dhikAsa kI zRkhalA aura pravAha kA pralamba itihAsa hai| - * aThArahavIM zadI meM zrI je0 jI0 harDara nAmaka vidvAn hue| unhoMne san 1772 meM bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM zodhapUrNa nibandha likhaa| bhASA kI devI utpatti ke bAre meM unhoMne usameM samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kiyA aura use yukti evaM tarkapUrvaka amAnya tthhraayaa| para, svayaM unhoMne bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM kisI Thosa siddhAnta kI sthApanA nahIM kii| devI siddhAnta kA unhoMne khaNDana to kiyA, para, sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA ki bhASA manuSya-kRta nahIM hai| manuSya ko usakI AvazyakatA thI, svabhAvataH usakA vikAsa hotA gyaa| 2010_05

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26 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 ajJAta ko jJAta karanA prajJA kA svabhAva hai| bhASA ke udbhava ke sambandha meM devIutpatti kA siddhAnta prajJAzIla mAnava ko samAdhAna nahIM de skaa| mAnava ne buddhi aura anumAna ke AdhAra para taba samAdhAna DhUMDa nikAlane kA prayatna kiyaa| yahI jJAna ke vikAsa kA krama hai| apane prayatna meM kauna kitanA saphala ho sakA, yaha samIkSA aura vizleSaNa kA viSaya hai, para, itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki ve prayatna jijJAsA kI ora Age bar3hane vAloM ke lie bar3e preraka siddha hue| saMkSepa meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhASA ke udbhava ke sambandha meM adhikAMzata: kalpanAoM ke AdhAra para samAdhAna DhUr3he jAte rahe haiM, kyoMki dUsarA koI Thosa AdhAra nahIM thaa| mUlabhUta siddhAnta nirNaya-siddhAnta ___eka mata hai, jaba bhASA nahIM thI, to loga paraspara meM hAtha Adi ke saMketoM se kisI taraha apanA kAma calAte the| para, isase unako santoSa nahIM thaa| uttarottara jIvana vikAsa pAtA jA rahA thaa| sAdhana-sAmagrI meM vividhatA aura bahulatA A rahI thii| vikAsamAna paristhiti mana meM aneka prakAra ke naye-naye bhAvoM ko utpanna karatI thii| para, ina saba ke lie abhivyakti ke hetu mAnava ke pAsa kucha thA nhiiN| sabake lie isakI bar3I khinnatA thii| saba ekatra hue| abhivyakti ke lie koI sAdhana DhaDhanA thA / vibhinna vastuoM, kriyAoM Adi ke pratIka yA saketa ke rUpa meM kucha dhvaniyAM yA zabda nizcita kiye / unake sahAre ve apanA kAma calAne lge| zabdoM kA jo prayoga-krama cala par3A, usane aura naye-naye zabda gar3hane tathA vyavahAra meM lAne kI ora mAnava ko udyama rkhaa| bhASA-vijJAna meM ise 'nirNaya-siddhAnta' kahA jAtA hai| pro0 rUso isake mukhya samarthaka the| ise pratIkavAda, saMketavAda yA svIkAravAda bhI kahate haiM; kyoMki isameM zabdoM kA pratIka yA saMketa ke rUpa meM svIkaraNa huaa| kalpanA sundara hai, para, yuktiyukta nahIM hai| yadi koI bhASA nahIM thI, to sabase pahale yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki ve ekatra hI kase hue ? ekatra hone ke lie bhI to kucha kahanA-samajhAnA par3atA hai| binA bhASA ke kahane kI bAta kase banI ? ekatra ho bhI jAe, to vicAra-vinimaya kaise hotA? vicAra-vinimaya se hI kisI nirNaya para pahuMcA jAtA hai| vibhinna bastuoM aura kriyAoM ke lie saMketa yA dhvaniyoM kA svIkAra yA nirNaya bhI ghinA bhASA ke sambhava kaise hotA? isa koTi kA vicAra-vimarza bhASA ke binA kevala saMketoM se sambhava nahIM thaa| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA pravAha [ 27 dUsarA mahatvapUrNa prazna yaha hai ki yadi ve ekatra ho sake, dhvaniyoM yA zabdoM ke rUpa meM nAmoM kA nirNaya kara sake, to unake pAsa, cAhe apUrNa, avikasita yA TUTI-phUTI hI sahI, koI bhASA avazya hI hogI / usake abhAva meM yaha saba sambhava nahIM thA / yadi kisI bhI prakAra kI bhASA kA honA mAna leM, to phira nAmoM kI khoja ke lie ekatra hone kI AvazyakatA nahIM rahatI / usI apUrNa bhASA ko pUrNa yA vikasita banAyA jA sakatA thA / dhAtu - siddhAnta bhASA ke udbhava ke sandarbha meM eka aura vicAra AyA, jo bar3A kutUhala -janaka hai / vaha bhASA-vijJAna meM 'dhAtu - siddhAnta' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isake anusAra saMsAra meM jitanI bhI vastue haiM, unakI apanI-apanI dhvaniryA haiM | udAharaNArthaM, yadi eka kAMsI kI thAlI para DaMDe se mAreM to jhana-jhana kI dhvani hogI / pItala kI thAlI para mArane se jo saft hogI, vaha kAMsI kI thAlI se bhinna prakAra kI hogI / lohe ke TIna para yA sandUka para mArane se dhvani kA dUsarA rUpa hogA / isI prakAra kAgaja, kATha, kAMca, kapar3A, camar3A, patthara Adi bhinna-bhinna vastuoM se bhinna-bhinna dhvaniyAM mileMgI / aisA kyoM hotA hai ? yaha dhvanyAtmaka bhinnatA kyoM hai ? uparyukta siddhAnta ke anusAra saMsAra ke pratyeka padArtha kI apanI eka svAbhAvika dhvani hai, jo samparka, saMgharSa, Takkara yA AghAta se sphuTita hotI hai / itanA hI nahIM, isa siddhAnta ke puraskarttAoM ne yahAM taka mAnA ki pratyeka manuSya meM eka vizeSa prakAra kI svAbhAvika zakti hai / vaha jaba jina vastuoM ke samparka meM AtA hai, dUsare zabdoM meM unase TakarAtA hai yA saMspRSTa hotA hai, taba sahasA sammukhIna yA saMspRSTa bastuoM ke anurUpa usake muMha se bhinna-bhinna dhvaniyAM nikalatI haiM / isa prakAra samaya-samaya para mAnava ke mukha se jo dhvaniyAM prasphuTita huI, ve hI mUla dhAtueM thiiN| prArambha meM ve dhAtue saMkhyA meM bahuta adhika thiiN| para, saba surakSita nahIM raha pAI / zanai: zaneH lupta hotI gayIM / unameM bahuta-sI paraspara paryAyavAcI thiiN| bahusaMkhyaka meM yogyatamAvazeSa ( Survival of the fittest ) ke anusAra kucha hI vidyamAna raha pAte haiM / isa prakAra lagabhaga cAra sau pAMcasau tu zeSa rahIM / unhIM se kriyA, saMjJA Adi zabda niSpanna hue aura bhASA kI nirmiti huI 1 isa vicAradhArA ke udbhAvaka aura poSaka mAnate the ki dhAtuoM kI dhvani aura tadgamya artha meM eka rahasyAtmaka sambandha Mystic Harmony ) hai / kahane se sambhavataH yaha tAtparya rahA ho ki vaha anumeya aura anumAtya hai, vizleSya nahIM / rahasyAtmaka uparyukta zakti ke sambandha meM isa mata ke samarthakoM kA yaha bhI mAnanA thA ki mAnava meM purAtana samaya meM jo dhvanyAtmaka abhivyaMjanA kI zakti thI, uttaravartI kAla meM yathAvat rUpa meM vidyamAna nahIM raha sakI; kyoMki bhASA ke nirmita ho jAne ke anantara vaha apekSita 2010_05

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28] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 nahIM rahI, ata: vyavahAra yA upayoga kA viyaya na rahane se vaha kramazaH vilupta yA vismRta hotI gyii| Aja ke mAnava meM vaha zakti kisI bhI rUpa meM nahIM raha pAyI hai / pro0 hesa, sTo inthAla aura maiksamUlara jarmana pro0 hesa ne pahale-pahala isa siddhAnta kA udghATana kiyA thaa| pro0 hesa ne likhita rUpa meM ise prakaTa nahIM kiyaa| apane kisI bhASaNa meM unhoMne isakI carcA kI thii| isake bAda DA0 sTAinthAla ne ise vyavasthita rUpa meM lekha-baddha kiyA aura vidvAnoM, ke samakSa rkhaa| sTAinthAla bhASA-vijJAna aura vyAkaraNa ke to vizeSajJa the hI, taka zAstra aura manovijJAna ke bhI pror3ha vidvAna the| bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM ve pahale vidvAn the, jinakA mata thA ki manovijJAna kA sahArA liye binA bhASA kA vaijJAnika adhyayana nahIM ho sakatA / unhoMne apanI eka pustaka meM vyAkaraNa, tarkazAstra aura manovijJAna ke pArasparika sambandhoM kA vizada vivecana kiyaa| bhASA ke manovaijJAnika pakSa para unhoMne aura bhI kaI pustakeM likhiiN| pro0 maiksamUlara ne bhI isI siddhAnta para carcA kii| ve saMskRta ke aura vizeSataH vedoM ke bahuta bar3e vidvAn the| unakA mukhya viSaya sAhitya evaM darzana thaa| para bhASA-vijJAna para bhI unhoMne kArya kiyaa| ne bhAratIya vidyAoM ke pakSadhara the| bhArata kI saMskRti, sAhitya, tatvajJAna tathA bhASA kI prakRSTatA se saMsAra ko avagata karAne meM unakA nAma sarvAgraNI hai| unakI vivecana zailI atyanta rocaka thii| san 1861 meM bhASA-vijJAna para unhoMne kucha bhASaNa diye| bhASA-vijJAna jaise zuSka aura nIrasa viSaya ko unhoMne itane manoraMjaka aura sundara prakAra se vyAkhyAta kiyA ki adhyayanazIla vyakti isa ora AkRSTa ho utthe| taba se pUrva bhASA-vijJAna kevala vidvAnoM taka sImita thaa| sAmAnya loga isase sarvathA aparicita the| isakA zreya pro0 maiksamUlara ko hai ki unake kAraNa isa ora jana-sAdhAraNa ko ruci jAgRta huii| prArambha meM pro0 maiksamUlara ko dhAtu-siddhAnta samIcIna jaMcA aura unhoMne apanI pustakoM meM isakI carcA bhI kI, para, bAda meM adhika gaharAI meM utarane para vizvAsa nahIM rahA aura unhoMne ise nirarthaka kahakara asvIkAra kara diyaa| aisA lagatA hai, bhASA ke udbhava ke sambandha meM taba taka koI siddhAnta jama nahIM pAyA thaa| upayukta siddhAnta eka naye vicAra ke rUpa meM vidvAnoM ke sAmane AyA, isalie sambhavataH bahuta gaharAI meM utara kara sahasA unhoMne isakA aucitya mAna liyA, para, vaha mAnyatA sthAyI rUpa se Tika nahIM paaii| sUkSmatA se vicAra kareM, to yaha kalpanA zUnya meM vicaraNa karatI huI sI pratIta hotI hai| ____ 2010_05 *

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 29 kalpanA abhinava cintana kI sphuraNa hai, para, yahA~ kavitAmUlaka kalpanA nahIM hai| usake pIche Thosa AdhAra caahie| bhASA kA vikAsa vaijJAnika pRSThabhUmi para AghRta hai| kyA thA, kaise thA, kaise huA, kaisA hai; bhASA ke sandarbha meM ina sabakA samAdhAna honA cAhie / kavitA meM aisA nahIM hotA, jaisA ki vikhyAta kAvyazAstrI arastU ne trAsadI (Tragedy) aura kAmadI (Comedy) ke prasaMga meM batalAyA ki jo nahIM hai, kalpanA yA anukRti dvArA usako upasthita karanA kAvya hai; ataH kAvya kI sRSTi jAgatika yathArtha se pare hotI hai| para, bhASA-vijJAna meM aisA nahIM hotaa| dhAtuoM kI kalpanA ke mAdhyama se bhASA ke udbhava kA siddhAnta saMgata nahIM lgtaa| dhAtuoM ke sandarbha meM kucha aura kathanIya hai| zabda jinase bhASA niSpanna hotI hai, kevala dhAtuoM se nirmita nahIM hote| upasarga, pratyaya Adi kI bhI apekSA rahatI hai, jinakI isa siddhAnta meM koI carcA nahIM hai| bhAropIya, sAmI Adi bhASA-parivAroM meM to dhAtuoM kA bodha hotA hai, para, aneka aise bhASA-parivAra bhI haiM, jinameM dhAtuoM kA patA hI nahIM cltaa| yadi 'dhAtuvAda' ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra bhI kara liyA jAye, to vizva kI aneka bhASAoM kI utpatti kI samasyA jyoM-kI-tyoM banI rhegii| dhAtuoM kI mAnyatA ke sambandha meM eka bAta aura bar3e mahatva ko hai| jina bhASAoM meM dhAtueM haiM, una bhASAoM ke vikasita hone ke bahuta samaya bAda dhAtuoM kI khoja huI / ve svAbhAvika nahIM haiM, kRtrima haiN| vyAkaraNa tathA bhASA-vijJAna ke paNDitoM ke prayujyamAna bhASA ke saMghaTana ko vyavasthita rUpa dene ke sandarbha meM dhAtu, pratyaya, upasarga Adi dvArA zabda banAne kA krama svIkAra kiyaa| yaha pracalita bhASA ko parimArjita aura pariskRta rUpa meM pratipAdita karane kA vidhi-krama kahA jA sakatA hai, jo vaiyAkaraNoM aura bhASA-vaijJAnikoM ne sUkSma tathA gambhIra anuzIlana ke anantara upasthApita kiyaa| pro0 maiksamUlara jaise praur3ha vidvAn ne isa siddhAnta ko eka bAra svIkAra karake bhI phira asvIkAra kara diyaa| usake pIche isI taraha kI kAraNa-sAmagrI tho, jo bhASA kI utpati ke prasaMga meM koI Thosa pRSThabhUmi prastuta nahIM karatI thii| yAska dvArA AyAta-carcA zabdoM kI dhAtuoM se niSpatti ke sambandha meM yAska ne nirukta meM carcA karate hue kahA"nAma ( zabda ) AkhyAta-kriyA (dhAtu ) se utpanna hue haiM, yaha nirukta-vAGa gamaya hai| vaiyAkaraNa zAkaTAyana bhI aisA hI mAnate haiN| AcArya gArya tathA anya katipaya gheyAkaraNa nahIM mAnate ki sabhI zabda dhAtuoM se bane haiN| unakI yuktiyAM haiM, jisa zabda meM svara, dhAtu, pratyaya, lopa, ' Agama Adi saskAra-saMgata hoM, dUsare zabdoM meM vyAkaraNa-zAstra kI prakriyA ke ___ 2010_05

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30 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 anurUpa hoM, ve zabda AkhyAtaja yA dhAtu-niSpanna haiM / para, jahAM aisI saMgati nahIM hotI, ve zabda saMjJA-vAcI haiM, rUr3ha haiM, yaugika nahIM, jaise - go, azva, puruSa, hastI / "sabhI zabda yadi dhAtu- niSpanna hoM, to jo vastu ( prANI ) jo kama kare, vaisA ( kama ) karane vAlI sabhI vastue usI nAma se abhihita honI cAhie / jo koI bhI adhva ( mArga ) kA azana- vyApana kareM, zIghratA se daur3ate hue mArga ko pAra kareM, ve saba 'azva' kahe jAne cAhie / jo koI bhI tardana kareM, cumeM, ve tRNa kahe jAne cAhie | para, aisA nahIM hotA / eka bAdhA yaha AtI hai, jo vastu jitanI kriyAoM meM samprayukta hotI hai, una sabhI kriyAoM ke anusAra usa ( eka hI ) vastu ke utane hI nAma hone cAhie, jaise--sthUNA ( makAna kA khambhA ) darazayA (cheda meM sone vAlA - khambhe ko cheda meM lagAyA jAtA hai) bhI kahA jAye, kintu aisA nahIM hotA / "eka aura kaThinAI hai, yadi sabhI zabda dhAtu-niSpanna hote, to jo zabda jisa rUpa meM vyAkaraNa ke niyamAnusAra tadarthaM bodhaka dhAtu se niSpanna hote, usI rUpa meM unheM pukArA jAtA, jisase artha - pratoti meM suvidhA rahatI / isake anusAra puruSa purizaya kahA jAtA, azva aSTA kahA jAtA aura tRNa tardana kahA jAtA / aisA bhI nahIM kahA jAtA hai / hotA, to prayoga yA pRthivI zabda kA udA isa vyutpatti para usakA AdhAra "artha - vizeSa meM kisI zabda ke siddha yA vyavahRta ho jAne ke anantara usakI vyutpatti kA vicAra calatA haiM, amuka zabda kisI dhAtu se banA / aisA nahIM vyavahAra se pUrva bho usakA nirvacana kara liyA jAnA cAhie thA / haraNa le prathanAt arthAt phailAye jAne se pRthivI nAmakaraNa huA / kaI prakAra kI zaMkAeM uThatI haiM / isa (pRthivI) ko kisane phailAyA ? kyA rahA arthAt kahAM Tika kara phailAyA / pRthvI hI sabakA AdhAra hai / phailAye, use apane lie koI AdhAra cAhie / tabhI usase yaha ho sakatA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki zabdoM kA vyavahAra dekhane para mAnava vyutpatti sAdhane kA yatna karatA hai aura sabhI vyutpattiyAM niSpAdaka dhAtu ke artha kI zabda ke vyavahRta yA pracalita artha meM saMgati siddha nahIM karatIM / jise jo puruSa " zAkaTAyana kisI zabda ke artha ke anvita - anugata na hone para tathA usa ( zabda ) kI saMghaTanA se saMgata dhAtu se sambaddha na hone para usa zabda kI vyutpatti kisI-na-kisI prakAra se sAdhane ke prayatna meM aneka padoM se usa ( zabda ) ke aMzoM kA saMcayana kara use banAte haiM / jaise - 'satya' zabda kA nirmANa karane meM 'iNa' ( gatyarthaMka ) dhAtu ke preraNArthaka (Nijanta) rUpa Ayaka ke yakAra ko anta meM rakhA, asU ( honA ) dhAtu ke Nijanta-rahita mUla 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha [31 rUpa sat ko prArambha meM rakhA, isa prakAra jor3a-tor3a karane se 'satya' zabda niSpanna huA / yaha sahajatA nahIM hai| "kriyA kA astitva yA pravRtti dravyapUrvaka hai arthAt dravya kriyA se pUrva hotA hai| dravya ke spandana, Andolana yA halana-calana kI abhivyaMjanA ke hetu kriyA astitva se AtI hai| aisI sthiti meM bAda meM hone vAlI kriyA ke AdhAra para pahale hone vAle dravya kA nAma nahIM diyA jA sktaa| yahAM 'azva' kA udAharaNa le sakate haiN| vyutpatti ke anusAra zIghra daur3ane ke kAraNa eka prANI vizeSa 'azva' zabda se saMjJita hotA, to yaha saMjJA usakI ( zIghra daur3anA rUpa ) kriyA ke dekhane ke bAda use dI jAtI, para, vastu-sthiti isase sarvathA bhinna hai| azvAbhidha prANI ke utpanna hote hI, jaba vaha calane meM bhI akSama hotA hai, yaha saMjJA use prApta hai| aisI sthiti meM usako vyutpatti kI saMgati ghaTita nahIM hotii| zabdoM kI niSpatti phalataH bhASA kI saMracanA meM dhAtu-siddhAnta kA kitanA yoga hai, isa para yaha sahasrAbdiyoM pUrva ke tarka-vitarka kA eka udAharaNa hai| isase jahA~ eka ora bhArata ke manISiyoM ke AlocanAtmaka cintana kA paricaya milatA hai, vahAM dUsarI ora bhASA aura zabda jaise viSayoM meM, jinakI gaharAI meM jAne meM loga vizeSa ruci nahIM lete, unake talasparzI avagAhana kA eka spRhaNIya udyoga dRSTigocara hotA hai| 1 tatra nAmAnyAkhyAtajAnIti zAkaTAyano nairuktasamayazca / na sarvANIti gAryovaiyAkara nnaanaanycaike| tadyatra svara saMskArau samarthau prAdezikena guNenAnvitau syAtAm / saMvijJAnAni tAni, yathA gaurazvaH puruSo hastIti / / atha cet sarvANyAkhyAtajAni nAmAni syuryaH kazcanatatkarma kuryAtsarva tatsatvaM tathAcakSIran / yaH kazcAdhvAnamaznuvItAzvaH sa vacanIyaH syAt yatkiMcitRndhAttaNaM tat / athApi cetsarvANyAkhyAtajAni nAmAni syuryAvadbhibharviH samprayujyeta tAvadbhyo nAmadheya pratilambhaH syAt / taitravaM sthUNA, darazayAvAMjanI ca smAt / athApi ya eSAM nyAyavAnkArbhanAmikaH saMskAro yathA cApi pratItArthAni syustaithatAnyAcakSIran / puruSaM purizaya ityAvacakSoran, aTetyazvaM, tardanamiti tRNam / athApi nisspnne'bhivyaahaare'bhivicaarynti| prathanAtpRthivityAhuH ka enaamprthyissytkimaadhaarshceti| athAnanvite'rthe prAdezike vikAre padebhyaH padetarArdhAnsaMcaskAra zAkaTAyanaH ete kAritaMca yakArAdiJcAntakaraNamasteH zuddha ca sakArAdiM ca / athApi satvapUrvo bhAta ityaahuH| aparasmAd bhAvAtpUrvasya pradezo nopapadyata iti / -nirukta; pAda 4 2010_05

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32 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 yadyapi yAska gAyaM kI ina yuktiyoM se parAsta nahIM hue / unhone apane samAdhAna prastuta kara apanI ora se AkhyAta (dhAtu) - siddhAnta kI sthApanA kA pUrA prayatna kiyA, jisakA ullekha yahAM apekSita nahIM hai, para, gArgya ke tarka prabhAva zUnya nahIM ho sake / sahasrAbdiyoM ke bAda Aja bhI jaba dhAtu siddhAnna kI samIkSA aura AlocanA kI jAtI hai, to gArgya ke tarka abhedya durga kI taraha sammukha khar3e dikhAI dete haiM / prAkRta aura pAli ke sandarbha meM kiye jA rahe bhASA-vaijJAnika vivecana ke krama meM gAyaM kI yuktiyoM dvArA sahasroM varSa pUrva kI eka vicAra- saraNi se avagata ho sakeM, isa prayojana se kama prAsaMgika hote hue bhI isa viSaya ko yahAM upasthita kiyA gayA hai / bhASA kI utpatti meM jo mata, cAhe thor3e hI sahI, kAryakara hue, unakA saMkSepa meM samIkSAtmaka vivecana prastuta prasaMga ke lie upayogI hogA / anukaraNa siddhAnta bhASA kI utpatti kisI eka kAraNa yA AdhAra se nahIM huI hai / usakA nirmANa kaI prakAra ke AdhAroM kI bhUmi para TikA hai / unameM eka siddhAnta 'anukaraNa' kA hai / pazupakSI manuSya ke nikaTa ke sAthI haiM / unakI apanI-apanI bolI hai, jo paraspara eka-dUsare se pazu yA pakSI jaba prasanna mudrA meM hote haiM, taba jo AvAz2a karate haiM, vaha sambhavataH bhinna hotI hai, jo ve duHkha, pIr3A yA avasAda meM karate haiM / anya bhI aneka bhinna hai 1 usa AvAz2a bhAva ho sakate haiM, jinameM bahuta spaSTa na sahI, pazu-pakSiyoM kI bolI meM kucha-na-kucha bhinnatA sambhAvita hai| eka prakAra se ise pazu-pakSiyoM kI bhASA kahA jA unakI dhvani ko sakatA hai / bhASAvihIna manuSya ne pazu-pakSiyoM ko bolate hue sunA / pakar3A | jisa pazu yA pakSI se jo dhvani AI, usane usakA va usakI bolau kA vaisA nAma de diyA / usake AdhAra para usase milatI-julatI aura bhI dhvaniyAM yA zabda AviSkRta kiye, jo usake apane jIvana kI halacala yA pravRtti se jur3e hue the / udAharaNArtha, mAnava ne jaba billI ko bolate sunA, no 'myAU' zabda usakI pakar3a meM AyA / usane 'myAU' zabda ko billI kI bolI meM saMketita kara liyA aura billI ke lie bhI vaha isakA prayoga karane lagA / hindI meM isa zabda kA isI rUpa meM pracalana hai / 'myAU' kA muMha kauna pakar3e' ityAdi prayoga isake sAkSI haiM / cInI bhASA meM myAU' ke sthAna para 'miAU' prayukta hotA hai / misrI bhAgA meM billI ke lie 'mAU' kA vyavahAra hotA hai / anya bhI kaI bhASAoM meM kucha parivartita uccAraNa ke sAtha isakA prayoga sambhAvita hai / kAka, ghugghu, meMmeM ( bher3a kI bolI ), bebe ( bakarI kI bolI ), hinahinAnA ( ghor3e kI bolI ), dahAr3anA ( siMha kI AvAz2a ), phar3aphar3AnA (paMkho kI AvAz2a ) jhIMjhIM ( jhIMgura kI AvAz2a ) Adi isI prakAra ke zabda se bibiyAnA Adi kriyApada niSpanna kara liye gaye / haiM / ' meM meM' se mimiyAnA, 'be be' 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA pravAha [ 33 dehAtI bacce moTara ko 'poM-poM,' moTara sAikila ko 'phaTaphaTiyA' kahate sune jAte haiM / bhoMpU bhI isI prakAra kA udAharaNa hai, jisakA AdhAra dhvani hI hai / aMgrejI kA Cuckoo zabda isI prakAra kA hai / niruktakAra yAska ne 'kAka' kI vyAkhyA meM kAka 'iti zabdAnukRti: ( arthAt jo kA kA karatA hai, vaha kAka hai ), jo ullekha kiyA hai, vaha isI tathya ko samarthita karatA hai / isa sandarbha meM saMskRta ke agrAMkita zabda vizeSa vimarSaNIya haiM / aisA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai, sambhavataH ye athavA inameM se adhikAMza zabda dhvani yA AvAja ke AdhAra para bane haiM : ghUka, khaMjana, khaMjarITa, kaMka, trRka, kukuTTa, caTakA, pika, kAka, krauMca, koka, corI, jhillikA, bhIrukA, mayUra, kekI, bhRMga / kurara, kucha bhASA-vaijJAnikoM dvArA isa siddhAnta kA virodha huA / unakA kahanA thA ki uparyukta zabdoM kA AdhAra dhvaniyoM kA anukaraNa hotA, to saMsAra kI sabhI bhASAoM meM inake dyotaka zabda eka jaise hote; kyoMki kisI deza-vizeSa ke pazuoM yA pakSiyoM kI dhvani meM antara nahIM dekhA jAtA / taba una ( dhvaniyoM ) kI anukRti para bane zabdoM meM bheda nahIM honA cAhie / sthiti isake viparIta hai / bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM meM uparyukta dhvaniyoM ke AdhAra para bane zabdoM meM kucha-na-kucha bhinnatA hai / para, kucha gaharAI meM utarane para yaha virodha yathArtha nahIM lagatA / dhvaniyoM ke anukaraNa meM sarvathA samAnatA honA kadApi sambhava nahIM hai / deza va jala-vAyu kA vAgindriya para prabhAva par3atA hai / isase uccAraNa meM bhinnatA AnA svAbhAfar hai / dhvaniyoM kA bhI anukaraNa saba sarvathA eka rUpa meM kara sakeM, yaha asvAbhAvika hai / dUsarI bAta yaha hai, anukaraNa apane Apa meM kabhI pUrNa nahIM hotA; isalie na yaha sambhava hai aura na Avazyaka hI ki nirmIyamAna zabda dhvani ke sarvathA anugata hoM / dhvani kA jisake dvArA jitanA sAdhya hotA hai, utanA athavA thor3A-bahuta anukaraNa rahatA hai / zabda - nirmANa meM safe kA AdhAra sthiti ke anurUpa eka sImA vizeSa taka hai, sampUrNa nahIM / bhASAvijJAnavid svITa kA bhI kahanA thA ki dhvaniyoM ke anukaraNa para banane vAle zabda dhvani ke sarvathA anurUpa hoM, yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai / * pro0 maiksa mUlara ko yaha siddhAnta bar3A aTapaTA lagA / unhoMne isa para vyaMgya kasate hue ise Bow- Now Theory ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA / aMgrejI meM Bow-W kutte kI AvAja ko kahate haiM / kutte ke pille ko bhI aMgreja isI nAma se pukArate haiM / ' 'pAvA' ke pUrvottarI kinAre para jo bhASA bolI jAtI hai, usameM bhI dhvani ke AdhAra para kutte ko Bow Jow kahA jAtA hai / pro0 maiksa mUlara ne pAvA kI taTIya bhASA ke isa zabda ke AdhAra para ukta parihAsa kiyA, para, yaha vaisI niSprayojya bAta nahIM hai / isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki vizva ko adhikAMza bhASAoM meM aneka zabda aise haiM, jo ukta prakAra kI PerfoyoM ke AdhAra para bane haiM / jo bhASA vaijJAnika kevala dhvaniyoM kI anukRti para bane 2010_05

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34 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 zabdoM se hI samagra bhASA kI niSpatti mAnate haiM, vaha tathyapUrNa nahIM hai| dhvani-niSpanna zabdoM ke atirikta aneka zabda aise haiM, jinakA dhvani se koI sambandha nahIM hai| dhvaniniSpanna zabdoM se ve kaI gune adhika haiN| sAtha-hI-sAtha yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki kucha bhASAe aisI bhI haiM, jinameM dhvani-niSpanna zabdoM kA sarvathA abhAva hai, jaise uttarI amerikA kI athavaskana bhaassaa| anukaraNana-siddhAnta . 'anukaraNa-siddhAnta' ke samakakSa 'anuraNana-siddhAnta' ke nAma se eka anya vicAradhArA kI carcA bhASA-vijJAna meM aura AtI hai| pAnI, dhAtu, kATha, per3a ke patte Adi vanaspatijagat, dhAtu-jagat aura nirjIva padArthoM ke saMsparza, saMgharSa, Takkara, patana Adi se jo dhvani nikalatI hai, usake anukaraNa para jo zabda banate haiM, unheM anuraNana-niSpanna zabda kahA jAtA hai| anukaraNa ke sthAna para yahAM anuraNana zabda kA upayoga huA hai| artha kI sUkSmatA kI dRSTi se anukaraNa aura anuraNana meM paraspara antara hai| pazu-pakSI jaisA bolate haiM, mAnava apane muha se usI prakAra bolane kA jo prayatna karatA hai, vaha anukaraNa hai| jala-pravAha bahatA hai, 'nad-nad' nAda hotA hai| vaha anuraNana hai| isa siddhAnta ke AdhAra para nad (dhAtu ) se nada yA nadI zabda banate haiM / vRkSa se pattA giratA hai ( patati ), taba pat-pat ke rUpa meM jo AvAja nikalatI hai, pat dhAtu aura patra zabda kA nirmANa usI se hotA hai| kutte ke bhauMkane ke artha meM buk dhAtu kA svIkAra isI koTi kA udAharaNa hai| kala-kala, chala-chala, jhana-jhana, khaTapaTa Adi hindI zabda tathA Mur-Mer Adi aMgrejI zabda isI prakAra ke haiN| aise zabda saMsAra kI prAya: sabhI bhASAoM meM prApta hote haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki anukaraNa aura anuraNana meM vAstava meM koI maulika bheda nahIM hai| kevala vastu-bheda mUlaka sthUla antara hai, jo nagaNya hai| anukaraNa ke kucha aura bhI rUpa haiM, jo isI meM A jAte haiN| udAharaNArtha, dIpaka jalane aura tAre camakane ke dRzyoM ke anukaraNa para jagamagAhaTa, camacamAhaTa Adi zabda nirmita hue| ina sabakA upayukta siddhAnta meM samAveza ho jAtA hai| niSkarSa yaha hai ki bhASA meM zabdoM kA eka aisA varga hai, jisakA AdhAra pazuoM va pakSiyoM kI dhvaniyoM kA anukaraNa, vastuoM kA anuraNana tathA dRzyoM kA paridarzana hai| vastutaH sabhI anukaraNa ke hI rUpa haiN| bhASA ke nirmAtR-tatvoM meM aMzataH isa siddhAnta kA bhI sthAna hai| manobhAvAbhivyaMjakatAvAda manobhAvAbhivyaMjakatAvAda ke anusAra aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki AdikAla yA prArambha meM mAnaSa buddhi-pradhAna nahIM thA, bhAva-pradhAna thaa| pazu bhI lagabhaga isI koTi ke hote haiM / unameM vicAra-kSamatA nahIM hotI, bhAvanA hotI hai| Adi mAnava viveka yA prajJA kI dRSTi se pazuoM se vizeSa U~cA nahIM thaa| viveka aura vitarka kI kSamatA bhale hI na ho, prANimAtra ____ 2010_05

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635 bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha meM bhAvoM kA udreka nizcaya hI hotA hai| harSa, viSAda, krodha, ghRNA, IrSyA, vismaya Adi kA Adhikya sahaja hI mAnava ko bhASAveza meM lA detA hai| prAcIna kAla kA mAnava jaba isa prakAra bhAvAviSTa ho jAtA, anAyAsa hI kucha zabda usake mukha se nikala pdd'te| yaha eka svAbhAvika pravRtti thI, ataeva aprayatna-sAdhya thii| oha, Aha, upha, chiH, dhat Adi zabda isI prakAra ke haiN| saMskRta meM A:1 ( kopa, pIr3A ), ghiGa (nirbhatsanA, nindA ), basa 3 (kheda, anukampA, santoSa ), hanta ( harSa, anukampA, viSAda ), sAbhi ( jugupsita ), joSaM (nIravatA, sukha ), alaM' ( paryApta, zakti vAraNa-niSedha ), hUM (vitarka, pariprazna ), hA (viSAda), ahaha! ( adbhutatA, kheda ), hiraruGa ( varjana ', Aho, utAho12 (vikalpa ), ahA, hI13 ( vismaya ) tathA U14 (prazna, anunaya ) ityAdi Akasmika bhAvoM ke dyotaka haiM / inakI utpatti meM bhI upayukta siddhAnta kisI apekSA se saMgata ho sakatA hai| aMgrejI meM Ah, Oh, Alas, (Surprise, fear or regret = vismaya, bhaya yA kheda), Rish ( Contempt = avajJA ), Pooh ( disdain or contempt = ghRNA yA avajJA tathA Fie ( Disgurt = jagapsA ) Adi kA prayoga upayukta sandarbha meM hotA hai| aMgrejI vyAkaraNa meM ye Interjections ( vismayAdibodhaka ) kahalAte haiN| isI kAraNa yaha siddhAnta ( Interjectional Theory) ke nAma se vizruta hai| isa siddhAnta kA 1. Astu syAt koppiidd'yoH| -amarakoza, tRtIya kANDa, nAnArthavarga, pRSTha 240 2. ghiGa nirbhtsnnindyauH| -vahI, pR0 240 3. khedAnukampA santoSavismayAmantraNe bt| -vaho, pR0 244 4. hanta harSa anukampAyAM vAkyArambhaviSAdayo : / -vahI, pR0 244 5. sAbhi tvaddhe jugupsite / -vahI, pR0 249 6. tuSNImarthe sukhe joSam / -vahI, pR0 251 7. alaM..."paryAptazaktivAraNavAcakam / --vahI, pR0 252 8. huM vitarke priprshne| -vahI, pR0 252 9. hA viSAdAzugatiSu / -vahI, pR0 256 10. ahahetyadbhute khede| -vahI, tRtIya kAMDa, avyaya varga, zlo0 7 11. hiraGanAnA n--vrjne| -vahI, zlo0 7 12. Aho utAho kimuta vikalpe kiM kimuta ca |--bhii, zlo0 5 13. aho hI ca vismaye |-vhii, zlo0 9 14. U prazne 5 nunaye tvayi / -vahI, zlo0 18 ____ 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 abhiprAya thA ki zabdoM ke udbhava aura vikAsa kI yaha pahalI sIr3hI hai| inhIM zabdoM se uttarottara naye-naye zabda banate gaye, bhASA vikasita hotI gyii| isa siddhAnta ke udbhAvakoM meM kaMDilaka kA nAma ullekhanIya hai| __ DA0 bholAnAtha tivArI ne isa sambandha meM vicAra karate hue likhA hai : "isa siddhAnta ke mAnya hone meM kaI kaThinAiyAM haiN| pahalI bAta to yaha hai ki bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM meM aise zabda eka hI rUpa meM nahIM milte| yadi svabhAvataH Arambha meM ye niHsRta hue hote to avazya hI sabhI manuSyoM meM lagabhaga eka jaise hote| saMsAra bhara ke kutte duHkhI hone para lagabhaga eka hI prakAra bhauMka kara rote haiM, para, saMsAra bhara ke AdamI na to duHkhI hone para eka prakAra se 'hAya' karate haiM aura na prasanna hone para eka prakAra se 'vaah'| lagatA hai, inake sAtha saMyoga se hI isa prakAra ke bhAva sambaddha ho gaye haiM aura ye pUrNataH yAdRcchika haiN| sAtha hI ina zabdoM se pUro bhASA para prakAza nahIM pdd'taa| kisI bhASA meM inakI saMkhyA cAlIsa-pacAsa se adhika nahIM hogI / aura vahAM bhI inheM pUrNataH bhASA kA aMga nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| benaphI ne yaha ThIka hI kahA thA ki aise zabda kevala vahAM prayukta hote haiM, jahAM bolanA sambhava nahIM hotaa| isa prakAra ye bhASA nahIM haiN| yadi inheM bhASA kA aMga bhI mAnA jAye to adhika-se-adhika itanA kahA jA sakatA hai, kucha thor3e zabdoM kI utpatti kI samasyA para hI inase prakAza par3atA hai|" / sUkSmatA se isa siddhAnta para cintana karane para anumita hotA hai ki bhASA ke eka aMza kI pUrti meM isakA kucha-na-kucha sthAna hai hii| bhASA ke sabhI zabda inhIM Interjectional ( vismayAdibodhaka ) zabdoM se niHsRta hue, ise sambhava nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| aMzataH isa siddhAnta kA aucitya pratIta hotA hai| vaha isa prakAra hai-vibhinna bhAvoM ke Aveza meM Adi mAnava ne unheM prakaTa karane ke lie jaba jaisI bana par3IM, dhvaniyoM uccArita kI hoN| bhASA kA astitva na hone se bhAva aura bani kA koI nizcita dyotya-dyotaka sambandha nahIM thaa| eka hI bhAva ke lie eka pradezavAsI mAnavoM ke mukha se eka hI dhvani nikalatI rahI ho, yaha sambhava nahIM lgtaa| bhASA ke binA taba koI vyavasthita sAmAjika jIvana nahIM thaa| isalie yaha atakyaM nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki eka hI bhAva ke lie kaI vyaktiyoM dvArA kaI dhvaniyAM uccArita huI hoN| phira jyoM-jyoM dhvaniyoM yA zabdoM kA kucha vikAsa huA, dhvaniyoM kI vibhinnatA yA bheda anubhUta hone lagA, taba sambhavataH kisI eka bhASa ke lie kisI eka zabda kA prayoga nizcita ho gayA ho| DA0 tivArI pazuoM kI bolo ko carcA karate hue jo kahate haiM ki dezagata bheda usa 1. bhASA vijJAna, pR0 33 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha ( unakI bolI ) meM koI bhinnatA nahIM lA pAtA, usI prakAra yadi ye Akasmika bhAvadyotaka dhvaniyAM ( Interjections ) svAbhAvika hotIM, to saMsAra bhara ke mAnava eka hI rUpa meM unakA prayoga karate, vaha Alocya hai| bhASA ke sandarbha meM pazu aura mAnava ko sarvathA eka koTi meM nahIM liyA jA sktaa| pazuoM kI bolI kA eka sasIma rUpa hai| hajAroM-lAkhoM varSa pUrva bhI sambhavataH vahI thA, jo Aja hai| para, mAnava eka vikAsazIla prANI hai / vizva-mAnava bhASAoM kI dRSTi se kitanA vikAsa kara cukA hai, vaha usake dvArA prayukta sahasroM bhASAoM se spaSTa hai| yaha vikAsa kA vistAra hai| usakA bIja mAnava meM pahale bho vidyamAna thA / vizeSa rUpa meM to zarIra-zAstra ke marmajJa batalA sakate haiM, para, sthUla dRSTi se anumAna hai ki mAnava kI vAgindriya tathA kutte Adi pazuoM kI vAgindriya meM sambhavataH svara-yantrasamvandhI tantriyoM yA snAyuoM meM pUrNa sAdRzya nahIM hotaa| totA, koyala Adi kucha pakSI sikhAye jAne para manuSya kI bolI kA anukaraNa karate haiN| isase lagatA hai, unakA mAnava ke sAtha vAgindriya-samvandhI kucha-kucha sAmya hai| para, unake atirikta anya pakSI yA pazu meM aisA nahIM hai| bhinna dezoM meM rahane vAle logoM kI Akasmika bhAva dyotaka dhvaniyAM eka jaisI hotIM, vaha kaiMse sambhaba ho sakatA hai ? jala-vAyu Adi ke kAraNa manuSya ke svara-yantra ke spandana, pravartana, saMkoca, vistAra kI taratamatA ke atirikta yaha bhI socane yogya hai ki kisa vyakti ne kisa pariprekSya, kisa sthiti, kisa vAtAvaraNa aura kisa koTi kI bhAvanAoM se abhidruta hokara sahasA kisI dhvani kA uccAraNa kiyaa| sahasroM mIloM kI dUrI para rahane vAle manuSyoM meM nRvaMzagata aikya ke uparAnta bhI na jAne anya kitanI bhinnatAe haiN| kyA gvani-niHsRti para unakA svalpa bhI prabhAva nahIM hotA ? / prastuta carcA ke AdhAra para kisI eka deza meM eka bhAva ke lie koI eka ho zabda nikalA ho, yaha nizcita nahIM hai| bhinna-bhinna samaya bhinna-bhinna vyaktiyoM dvArA jaba jisa rUpa meM sambhava ho pAyA, eka bhAva ke lie vividha dhvaniyAM niHsRta huI hoN| ve Aja saba kahAM raha pAI haiM ? jo raha pAI haiM, unameM se bahuta thor3I-sI haiM / sArAMza yaha hai, cAhe saMkhyA meM kama hI sahI, jo Akasmika bhAva-dyotaka dhvaniyAM bhASA meM haiM, unakA bhASA kI nirmiti meM eka sthAna hai| DA0 bholAnAtha tivArI ne isa siddhAnta ke viSaya meM kucha aura sambhAvanAe prakaTa ko haiN| unakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki ye Interjectional dhvaniyAM yadyapi sImita thIM, TUTephUTe rUpa meM inase bhAva vyakta kiye jAte rahe hoMge, para, inake satata prayoga se mAnava ko anya 2010_05

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38 j Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 dhvaniyoM ke uccAraNa kA bhI abhyAsa huA hogaa| isa krama se calate rahane se bhASA ke vikAsa meM sahArA milA hogaa| ina dhvaniyoM ke prayoga se anya dhvaniyoM ke uccAraNa kA abhyAsa bar3hane kI jo sambhAvanA DA0 tivArI karate haiM, vaha cintya hai| vastusthiti yaha hai, anya dhaniyAM una vividha sthUla va sUkSma padArthoM tathA bhAvoM se sambaddha haiM, jinakA inase koI tAratamya nahIM judd'taa| kisI dhvani kA sahasA nikala par3anA tathA cintanapUrvaka usakA niSkAsana donoM bhinna-bhinna haiN| donoM meM saMgati nahIM hai| pratIta hotA hai, anya dhvaniyoM kA udbhava aura vikAsa kinhIM bhinna sthitiyoM aura AdhAroM se huA hai| iMgita-siddhAnta bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM jo siddhAnta parikalpita kiye gaye, unameM igita siddhAnta (Gestural Theory ) kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| sabase pahale pAlineziyana bhASA ke pramukha vidvAn DA0 zaye ne isa ora saMketa kiyA / vikAsavAda ( Theory of Evolution ) ke AviSkartA DAvina.ne bhI isa para vicAra kiyaa| unhoMne chaH aisI bhASAe loM, jinakA paraspara sambandha nahIM thaa| unakA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA aura usake AdhAra para isa siddhAnta kI prAmANikatA btaaii| isa siddhAnta para UhApoha vartamAna zatAbdI taka calatA rahA / san 1930 ke Asa-pAsa ricarDa ne isa siddhAnta kI punaH carcA kii| ricarDa kI pustaka mAnava kI bhASA ( Human Speech ) hai, jisameM isa siddhAnta kA maukhika igita siddhAnta ( Oral Gesture Theory ) ke nAma se ullekha kiyA hai tathA isa ora bhASAvijJAna ke paNDitoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai| prastuta viSaya kI mahattA isI se siddha ho jAtI hai ki lagabhaga isI samaya AIsa laiMDika bhASA ke vidvAn alekjeNDara jaoNnasana ne bhI isa para vicAra kiyaa| unhoMne bhAropIya bhASAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| usa boca isa prasaMga (igita-siddhAnta ) kI carcA karate hue unhoMne isakI sArthakatA svIkAra kii| tadanantara unhoMne apanI dUsarI pustakoM meM isakA vistAra se vivecana kiyaa| tathyaparIkSaNa aura samIkSaNa ke sandarbha meM jahAM unhoMne bhAropIya bhASAoM ko AdhAra ke rUpa meM liyA, vahAM hiba, (prAcIna ) turkI, cInI tathA katipaya anya bhASAoM ko bhI liyA / vivejya prasaMga meM usako carcA vizeSa upayogI rhegii| jaoNnasana kA niSkarSa jaoNnasana ne cAra sopAna svIkAra kiye, jinase bhASA kA vikAsa huaa| unake anusAra pahalA sopAna hai-bhAvavyaMjaka dhvaniyAM / babhUkSA, tRSA, kAmecchA, prasannatA, aprasannatA, bhIti, kopa Adi bhAva japa manuSya ke mana meM ubharate haiM, taba vaha unheM vyakta karanA cAhatA hai / bhASA use prApta nahIM hai, isalie bandara Adi pazu jaise ina bhAvoM ko kucha dhvaniyoM se prakAzita karate haiM, manuSya bhI inakI abhivyakti ke lie kucha mukha-dhvaniyoM kA upayoga karatA hai| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] vizva bhASA-pravAha bhASA ke vikAsa kA yaha Adi-caraNa hai| ve dhvaniyAM amuka-amuka bhAvoM kI abhivyaMjanA kI igita yA pratIka bana jAtI haiN| pUrva carcita manobhAvAbhivyaMjanavAda ( Interjectional Theory ) se yaha sthApanA pRthak hai| vahAM Akasmika bhAvodrekavaza sahasA muMha se nikala par3ane vAlI dhvaniyoM kA vivecana hai aura yahAM AvazyakatA, utsukatA, asahiSNutA, kAmaiSaNA Adi se abhibhUta hokara jaba mAnava dhvaniyAM prakaTa karane kA prayatna karatA hai, pariNAma svarUpa usake muMha se jo dhvaniyAM ni:sRta hotI haiM, unakA samAveza hai| sahasA dhvani kA nikala par3anA aura Avazyaka mAna kara dhvaniyAM nikAlanA; donoM pRthak-pRthak haiN| bhASA ke vikAsa kA dUsarA sopAna anukaraNAtmaka zabdoM kA hai| pazuoM va pakSiyoM kI boliyoM ke anukaraNa tathA nirjIva vastuoM ke anuraNana ke nAma se jo vivecana kiyA gayA hai, jaoNnasana kA lagabhaga vahI abhiprAya hai| bhAva-saMketa : iMgita jaoNnasana tIsarA sopAna bhASa-saMketoM yA igitoM kA batalAte haiN| inakA bhI AdhAra anukaraNa hI hai, para, yaha anukaraNa bAhya padArthoM, pazu-pakSiyoM yA vastuoM se sambaddha nahIM hai| yaha anukaraNa jihvA Adi dvArA aMgoM kA, aMga-saMketoM kA, unameM bhI pramukhataH hAthoM kA hai| jaoNnasana ise Unconscious Imitation kahate haiM, arthAt yaha aisA anukaraNa hai, jisakA anukartA ko svayaM bhI koI bhAna nahIM rhtaa| unakA aisA abhiprAya pratIta hotA hai ki mana meM jaba-jaba eka vizeSa prakAra kA bhAva ubhAra meM AtA hai, deha ke aMgoM meM eka vizeSa prakAra kA spandana hotA hai| krodha aura duHsAhasa kI manodazA meM manuSya tanakara khar3A ho jAtA hai, usakA sInA tana jAtA hai, hoTha phar3akane lagate haiM, bhayAkrAnta hone para vaha dubaka jAtA hai| sikur3a jAtA hai), ullAsapUrNa milana-mudrA meM bAheM phailA detA hai, dRr3ha nizcaya, pratijJA yA AkramaNa ke bhAvAveza meM bhujAe uThA letA hai, cunautI ke bhAva meM sAmane kI vastu para hathelI de mAratA hai| ye AMgika kriyA-prakriyAe hotI rahatI haiM aura unake anukaraNa para ananubhUta rUpa meM Unconsciously vAgindriya dvArA kucha zabda uccArita hote rahate haiN| aneka bhAvoM ke prakAzaka zabdoM ke udbhava kA vaha prakAra hai| jaoNnasana sambhavataH yahI kahanA cAhate haiN| sUkSma-bhAvoM ko abhivyaMjanA sUkSma bhAvoM ke dyotaka zabdoM ke udbhava ke sambandha meM jaoNnasana kA kahanA hai ki jyoM-jyoM mAnava kA uttarottara mAnasika vikAsa hotA gayA, zanaiH-zanaiH sUkSma bhAvoM kI abhiSyajanA ke lie bhI kucha dhvaniyAM yA zabda udbhAvita karatA gyaa| bhASA ke cAra sopAnoM meM yaha 2010_05

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40 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa:2 antima sopAna hai| jaoNnasana ne bhASA ke aneka pahaluoM para vistAra se vicAra karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| svaroM aura vyaMjanoM kA vikAsa kisa prakAra huA, isa para bhI prakAza DAlA hai| dhvaniyoM ke sAtha arthoM ke sambandha kI sthApanA para bhI carcA kI hai| udAharaNArtha, unake anusAra jina dhAtuoM ke Arambha meM RkAra yA rakAra hotA hai, ve dhAtue gatyarthaka hotI haiM, kyoMki RkAra yA rakAra ke uccAraNa meM jihvA vizeSa gatizIla hotI hai yA daur3atI hai| isI prakAra aura bhI unhoMne vizleSaNa kiyA hai| eka vizeSa bAta jaoNnasana yaha kahate haiM ki Adi mAnava ne apane zarIra meM taraha-taraha ke Curves = AkuMcana-mor3a dekhe| unakA anukaraNa karate hue usane katipaya mUla bhAvoM ko sUcita karane vAle zabdoM kA sarjana kiyaa| bhAva-saMketoM kA abhiprAya prastuta prasaMga meM jaoNnasana ne tIsare sopAna meM jo bhAva-saketoM kI carcA kI hai, usa para sUkSmatA se vicAra karane kI AvazyakatA hai| mAnava ne apane deha ke hAtha Adi aMgoM ke paricAlana ke AdhAra para vividha dhvaniyoM kI sRSTi kI, yaha samajha meM Ane yogya nahIM hai| aMga-vizeSa ke halana-calana yA spandana se dhvani-vizeSa kA sambandha jur3anA kalpanAtIta lagatA hai| jaise, yadi koI vyakti krodhAveza meM ho, dAMta pIsane lage, AkramaNa kI mudrA meM hAtha uThA le, to samajha meM nahIM AtA, kisI dhvani dvArA kyA ise prakaTa kiyA jA sakatA hai ? dhvani kA apanA kSetra hai, deha-cAlana se koI vizeSa AvAja to nikalatI nahIM, phira kisa rUpa meM usakA anukaraNa sambhava hai ? jaoNnasana ne aMga-paricAlana ke sAtha dhvani-uccAraNa kA tAlamela biThAne kA jo prayatna kiyA hai, vaha apane-Apa meM navIna avazya hai, para, yukti-saMgata nahIM lgtaa| dhAtuoM ke mAdi akSara : vizeSa artha : visaMgati ___ dhAtuoM ke Adi akSaroM kA vizepa arthoM ke sAtha tAla-mela biThAnA bhI sUkSma paryAlocana karane para yathArtha siddha nahIM hotaa| RkAra yA rakAra se prArambha hone vAlI dhAtuoM kA jo ullekha gatyarthakatA ke sandarbha meM kiyA gayA thA, unake samakakSa jo dUsarI gatyarthaka dhAtue haiM aura jinakA prArambha RyA ra se nahIM hotA, unakA kyA hogA? gam dhAtu gatyarthaka hai| vaha 'ga' se prArambha hotI hai| 'ga' ke uccAraNa meM vAgindriya kA koI aMga 'ra' ke uccAraNa kI taraha daur3atA nahIM, phira upayukta sthApanA kI saMgati kaisI hogI ? gam kI taraha anya bhI kitanI hI dhAtueM hoMgI, jo gatyarthaka haiM, jinakA prArambha R yA ra se nahIM hotaa| RyA ra se prArambha hone vAlI aisI dhAtue bhI haiM, jo gatyarthaka nahIM haiM / saMskRta kI 'rAj' dhAtu, jo zobhita hone ke artha meM hai, ra se hI usakA Arambha hotA hai| grIka ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 41 Adi anya bhASAoM meM bhI isake udAharaNa mila sakate haiN| pUrva-carcita dhAtu, pratyaya, upasarga, nAma, sarvanAma Adi ke rUpa meM bhASA kA vyAkRta svarUpa usake vikasita hone ke bAda kA prayatna hai| jaba bhASA ke pariSkaraNa aura parimArjana kI apekSA huI, taba usameM prayukta zabdoM kI zalya-cikitsA kA prayatna vizeSa rUpa se calA / vyAkaraNa-zAstra, vyutpatti-zAstra Adi ke sarjana kA sambhavataH vahI preraka sUtra thA / ye viSaya mAnava kI takaNA-zakti para AdhRta haiN| AdikAla ke mAnava meM tarka-zakti itanI vikasita ho pAI thI, yaha sambhava nahIM lgtaa| vastutaH mAnava kA tArkika aura prAtibha vikAsa aneka sahasrAbdiyoM ke adhyavasAya aura yatna kA phala hai| svITa ko samanvayAtmaka vicAra __svITa unnIsavIM zatI ke suprasiddha bhASA-vijJAna-vettA the| unhoMne bhASA kI utpatti kI samasyA kA samAdhAna DhUr3hane kA prayatna kiyaa| unhoMne bhASA kI utpatti kisI eka AdhAra se nahIM maanii| unake anusAra kaI kAraNoM yA AcAroM kA samandhita rUpa bhASA ke udbhava meM sAdhaka thaa| unhoMne prArambhika zabda-samUha ko tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyaa| unake anusAra pahale ve the, jinakA AdhAra anukaraNa thaa| unhoMne dUsarI zreNI meM una zabdoM ko rakhA, jo manobhAvAbhivyaMjaka haiN| unake anusAra tIsarI zreNI meM ve zabda Ate haiM, jinheM pratIkAtmaka ( Symbolic ) kahA gayA hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki bhASA meM prArambha meM isa zreNI ke zabda saMkhyA meM bahuta adhika rahe hoNge| zabda : artha : yadRcchA : pratIka svITa ke anusAra pratIkAtmaka zabda ve haiM, jinakA apanA koI artha nahIM hotaa| saMyogavaza jo kisI vizeSa artha ke jJApaka yA pratIka bana jAte haiN| una arthoM meM unakA prayoga calatA rahatA hai| phalataH bhASA meM unake sAtha una vizeSa arthoM kI sthApanA ho jAtI hai / udAharaNArtha, eka zizu hai / vaha mAM ko dekhatA hai| kucha bolanA cAhatA hai| isa prayatna meM usake hoTha khula jAte haiN| anAyAsa 'mA mA' dhvani nikala par3atI hai| taba taka 'mAmA' (Mama) dhvani kA kisI artha se sambandha nahIM hai / saMyogavaza zizu ke muMha se mAtA ke sAmane bAra-bAra yaha dhvani nikalatI hai / isakA uccAraNa sarala hai| mAtA isa dhvani ko apane lie gRhIta kara letI hai| pariNAma svarUpa yaha zabda mAtA kA jJApaka yA pratoka bana jAtA hai| isa prakAra isake sAtha eka nizcita artha jur3a jAtA hai| yahI 'pApA' ( Papa ) Adi kI sthiti hai| saMskRta ke mAtA, pitA, bhrAtA grIka ke Meter, Phrater, Pater leTina ke Mater, Pater. Frater, aMgrejI ke Mother, Father, Brother phArasI ke mAdara, pidara, birAdara tathA hindI ke mAtA, pitA, cAcA, kAkA, dAdA, bhAI, bAI, dAI sambhavataH mUla 2010_05

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42 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 rUpa meM isI zreNI ke zabda rahe hoMge / ina sAMyogika dhvaniyoM meM se adhikAMza ke Adya akSara auSThya haiM / sahasA koI baccA koI dhvani uccArita karane ko jyoM hI tatpara hotA hai, hoTha khula jAte haiM / anAyAsa usake muMha se jo dhvani niHsRta hotI hai, prAya: auSThya hotI hai; kyoMki vaisA karane meM use apekSAkRta bahuta kama zrama hotA hai / + svITa ne pratIkAtmaka zabdoM kI zreNI meM katipaya sarvanAma zabdoM ko bhI samAviSTa kiyA hai / unakI niSpatti sAMyogika hai, para una arthoM ke lie ve gRhIta ho gaye / phalataH unakA eka nizcita artha ke sAtha jJApya jJApaka sambandha sthApita ho gayA / udAharaNa ke lie saMskRta ke tvam (tuma) sarvanAma ko liyA jA sakatA hai / grIka meM yaha To, laiTina meM fu, hindI meM tU aMgrejI meM Thow hotA hai / isI prakAra saMskRta meM yaha aura vaha vAcaka sarvanAma 'idam' aura 'adasa haiM 1 aMgrejI meM isake sthAna para This aura That haiM tathA jarmana meM Dies aura Das I svITa ne bahuta-sI kriyAoM ko niSpati ke sambandha meM bhI pratIkAtmakatA ke AdhAra para vicAra kiyA hai / sAra: samIkSA bhASA ke sandarbha meM yaha mAnava kI Adima avasthA kA prayAsa thA / isake anusAra sambhava hai, Arambha meM 'pratIka' koTi ke aneka zabda niSpanna hue hoMge / unakA prayoga bhI calatA rahA hogA / unameM se jo zabda abhIpsita artha kI abhivyaMjanA meM sarvAdhika sakSama, uccAraNa aura zravaNa meM samIcIna nahIM rahe hoge, dhIre-dhIre ve miTate gaye hoMge aura jo (zabda) ukta artha meM adhika sakSama evaM saMgata pratIta hue hogeM, unhoMne bhASA meM apanA amiTa sthAna banA liyA hogA / jaise, prakRti-jagat aura jIva-jagat meM sarvatra Survival of the fittest = yogyatamAvazeSa kA siddhAnta lAgU hai, usI prakAra zabdoM ke jagat meM bhI vaha vyApta hai / vahAM bhI yogyatama yA upayukta kA hI astitva rahatA hai, anya saba dhIre-dhIre astitvahIna hote jAte haiM | pratIkAtmaka zabda jo bhASA meM surakSita raha pAye haiM, ve Adi sRSTa zabdoM meM se thor3e se haiM / svITa ne jina tIna sopAnoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, eka sImA vizeSa taka bhASA kI saMracanA meM unakI upayogitA hai / isa prasaMga meM itanA Avazyaka hai ki svITa ne vibhinna dhAtuoM tathA sarvanAmoM ke rUpoM kI pratIkAtmakatA se jo saMgati biThAne kA prayatna kiyA hai, vaha yathArtha kA sparza karatA nahIM lagatA / isake atirikta eka bAta aura hai, svITa dvArA ukta tInoM sopAnoM ke antargata jina zabdoM kA udbhava vyAkhyAta huA hai, usake bAda bhI una ( tInoM ) se kaI gune zabda aura haiM, jinake astitva meM Ane kI kAraNa paramparA ajJAta raha jAtI hai / anukaraNa, manobhAvAbhivyaMjana tathA pratIka; ina tInoM koTiyoM meM ve nahIM Ate / pUrva carcita anukaraNa aura Akasmika bhAva prasUta zabda saMkhyA meM thor3e se haiM / usI prakAra 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 43 pratIkAtmaka zabda bhI prAya: pArivArika sambandhoM kI jJApakatA se bahuta dUra nahIM jaate| ve bhI saMkhyA meM sImita hI haiN| pratIkAtmaka Adi prArambha meM prayujyamAna zabdoM ke sAdRzya ke AdhAra para anyAnya zabda astitva meM Ate gaye, bhASA vikAsa kI ora gatizIla rahI, aisI kalpanA bhI sArthaka nahIM lgtii| jaise, pratIkAtmaka zabdoM ke viSaya ko hI leN| baccoM kA eka sasIma jagat hai| unake sambandha aura AvazyakatAe' sImita haiN| unakI AkAMkSAoM ke jagat kA sambandha mAtra khAnA, pInA, pahananA, or3hanA, sonA Adi nisagaMja mUla lipsAoM se dUra nahIM hai| isa sthiti ke pariprekSya meM jo sAMyogika dhvaniyAM yA zabda prAdurbhUta hote haiM, unake dvArA jJApyamAna artha bahuta sImita hotA hai| unase kevala atyanta sthUla padArthoM aura bhAvoM kA sUcana sambhava hai| sUkSma bhAvoM kI paridhi meM ve nahIM pahuMca pAte / ___ bhASA kI utpatti : avalambana : nirAzA bhASA kI utpatti ke sambandha meM isa prakAra aneka mata AvirbhUta hue, carcita hue, parivartita hue, para, aba taka kisI sarvasammata niSkarSa para pahuMcA nahIM jA skaa| isakI pratikriyA kucha mUrdhanya vidvAnoM ke mana para bar3I pratikUla huii| unheM lagA ki bhASA ke udgama yA mUla jaise viSaya ko khoja karanA byartha hai; kyoMki aba taka kI gaveSaNA aura anuzIlana ke uparAnta bhI kisI vAstavika tathya kA udghATana nahIM ho skaa| kolambiyA vizvavidyAlaya ke prAdhyApaka eDagara sTUpiNTa ne likhA hai : "atyadhika nirarthaka taka-vitaka ke uparAnta bhASA vijJAna-vettA isa niSkarSa para pahuMce haiM ki mAnavIya bhASA ke udgama ke sambandha meM prApta sAmagrI koI sAkSya upasthita nahIM krtii|"] iTalI ke suprasiddha vidvAn moriyo-pAI kA bhI isa sambandha meM isI prakAra kA vicAra hai| unhoMne likhA hai : "vaha eka tathya, jisa para sabhI bhASA vaijJAnika pUrNatayA sahamata haiM, yaha hai ki mAnavIya bhASA ke udgama kI samasyA kA abhI taka samAdhAna ho nahIM pAyaryA hai|" 1. After much futile discussion linguists have reached the conclu sion that the data with which they are concerned yield little or no evidence about the origin of human speech. An Introduction to Linguistic Science, P. 40, New Haven, 1948. 2. If there is one thing on which all linguistics are fully agreed, it is that the problem of the origin of human speech is still unsolved. --The story of Language, P. 18, London, 1952. ____ 2010_05

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44 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 amerikana bhASA-zAstrI je0 paNDiesa ne isI bAta ko ina zabdoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai : "bhASA ke udgama kI samasyA kA koI bhI santoSajanaka samAdhAna nahIM ho pAyA hai|" 1 vidvAnoM ke upayukta vicAra nirAzAjanaka haiN| kisI viSaya para eka dIrgha avadhi taka anavarata kArya karate rahane para bhI jaba abhIpsita pariNAma nahIM AtA, taba kucha thakAna kA anUbhava hone lagatA hai| thakAna ke do phalita hote haiM-eka vaha hai, jahAM AzA murajhA jAtI hai| usake pazcAt Age usI joza ke sAtha prayatna cale, yaha kama sambhava hotA hai| dUsarA vaha hai, jahAM thakAna to Ato hai, para jo adamya utsAha ke dhanI hote haiM, ve thakAna ko, vazrAma banA lete haiM tathA bhaviSya meM adhika tanmayatA evaM lagana se kArya karate jAte haiN| khoja para pratibandha : vicitra nirNaya lagabhaga eka zatAbdI pUrva kI eka ghaTanA se jJAta hogA ki saMsAra ke bhASA vaijJAnika bhASA kI utpatti kA AdhAra khojate-khojate kitane Uba gaye the| bahuta prayatna karate rahane para bho jaba bhASA kI utpatti kA samyaktayA patA nahIM cala sakA, to vidvAnoM meM usa ora se parAGamukhatA hone lgii| kucha kA kathana thA ki bhASA kI utpatti-sambandhI yaha viSaya bhASAvijJAna ke kSetra kA nahIM hai| yaha nRvaMza-vijJAna yA mAnava-vijJAna kA viSaya hai| mAnavajAti kA vividha sandarbho meM kisa prakAra vikAsa huA, usakA eka yaha bhI pakSa hai| kucha kA vicAra dUsarI dizA kI ora rahA / unake anusAra yaha viSaya prAcIna itihAsa se sambaddha hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA abhimata thA ki bhASA-vijJAna eka vijJAna hai| bhASA kI utpatti kA viSaya isase sambaddha hai| isa para vicAra karane ke lie vaha Thosa sAmagrI aura AdhAra cAhie; jinakA vaijJAnika vizleSaNa kiyA jA sake / kalpanAoM para vijJAna nahIM ttiktaa| isake vaijJAnika parIkSaNa aura anusandhAna ke lie Aja pratyakSataH koI sAmagrI prApta nahIM hai / bhASA kaba utpanna huI, koI bhI samaya ko iyattA nahIM bAMdha sktaa| ho sakatA hai, yaha lAkhoM varSa pUrva kI bAta rahI ho, jisakA lekhA-jokhA kevala anumAnoM ke AdhAra para kalpita kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaijJAnika kasauTI para kase jA sakane yogya AdhAra na hone ke kAraNa bhASA kI utpatti kA viSaya bhASA-vijJAna kA aMga nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie / isa para socane meM aura upakrama calate jAne meM koI sArthakatA pratIta nahIM hotii| bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM upayukta vicAroM ne eka sanasanI paidA kara dii| perisa meM I. san 1866 meM bhASA-vijJAna pariSad kI pratiSThApanA huii| usake niyamopaniyama banAye gye| Azcarya hogA, unake antargata yaha bhI thA ki aba se bhASA ko utpati ke prazna para 1. ...........The problem of the origin of language does not admit of only satisfactory solution. -J.Kendryes Language, p.315, London,1952 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 45 koI vicAra nahIM karanA hogA / arthAt bhASA kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM socane para pariSad ke saMsthApakoM ne pratibandha lagA diyaa| isa prakAra eka taraha se isa prazna ko sadA ke lie samApta kara diyA gyaa| pratibandha lagAne vAle sAdhAraNa vyakti nahIM the, saMsAra ke diggaja bhASA-zAstrI the| sambhava hai, unheM lagA ho, jisakA koI pariNAma nahIM Ane vAlA hai, usa prakAra ke viSaya para vidvAn vRthA zrama kyoM kareM ? gaveSaNA nahIM rukI ___ yaha bhI kama Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai, pratibandha laga gayA, para prastuta viSaya para anavarata kArya cAlU rhaa| itanA hI nahIM, prAyaH hara daza varSa ke bAda bhASA kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM koI nayA vAda yA siddhAnta prasphuTita hotA gyaa| yaha ThIka hI hai / mAnava svabhAvataH jijJAsA-pradhAna aura mananazIla prANI hai| jijJAsA-pratibandha se avaruddha nahIM hotii| vaha pratibhA sampanna, udbuddhacetA vyakti ko abhISTa kI gaveSaNA meM sadA unmukha banAye rakhatI hai| vijJAna zabda bhautika vijJAna ke rUpa meM eka pAribhASika artha lie hue hai| bhautika vijJAna kArya-kAraNa-paramparA para AdhRta hai| kAraNa kI pariNati kArya meM hotI hai / kAraNasAmagrI ke binA kArya nahIM hotaa| kAraNa-sAmagrI hai, to kArya kA honA rukatA nhiiN| yaha nirbAdha niyama hai| vijJAna ke isa pAribhASika artha meM bhASA-vijJAna eka vijJAna ( Science ) nahIM hai| para, vaha kalpanA-janita nahIM hai, isalie use kalA ( At ) bhI nahIM kahA jA sktaa| bar3I ulajhana hai, kalA bhI nahIM, vijJAna bhI nahIM, to phira vaha kyA hai ? bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne isa pahalU para bhI vicAra kiyA hai| mana bhASa-saMkula huaa| antaH-sphuraNA jgii| kalpanA kA sahArA milaa| zabda-samavAya nikala pdd'aa| yaha kavitA hai / bhASa-prasUta hai, bhAva-saMsparzI hai; ataH manojJa hai, sarasa hai, para, isakA yathArtha vastu-jagat kA yathArtha nahIM hai, kalpanA kA yathArtha hai; ataeSa yaha kalA haiN| isameM saundarya pahale hai, satya tadanantara / bhASA-vijJAna isase pRthak koTi kA hai| vijJAna kI taraha usakA TikAva bhauptika kAraNa-sAmagrI para nahIM hai, para, vaha kAraNa-zUnya evaM kAlpanika bhI nahIM hai| zabda bhASA kA daihika kalevara hai| ve mukha se niHsRta hote haiM / para, kalpanA kI taraha jaise-taise hI nahIM nikala pdd'te| zabda akSaroM kA samavAya hai| galasthita dhvani-yantra, svara-tantriyAM, mukha-vivara-gata uccAraNa-avayava Adi ke sAtha zvAsa yA mUlAdhAra se utthita vAyu ke saMsparza yA saMgharSa se akSaroM kA udbhava bahuta sUkSma va niyamita kAraNa-paramparA tathA eka sunizcita vaijJAnika krama para AdhRta hai| yaha saraNi itanI yAMtrika va vyavasthita hai ki isameM tila mAtra bhI idhara-se-udhara nahIM hotaa| ise eka nirapa 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana 46 ] vAda vaijJAnika vidhi krama kahA jA sakatA hai / bhASA kA vikAsa yadyapi zabdotpatti kI taraha sarvathA nirapavAda vaijJAnika kAraNa-zrRMkhalA para to nahIM TikA hai, para, phira bhI vahAM eka krama-baddhatA hetumattA tathA vyavasthA hai / vaha sApavAda to hai, para, sAdhAraNa nahIM hai / aise hI kucha kAraNa haiM, jinase yaha bhASAoM ke vizleSaNa kA zAstra bhASA-vijJAna kahA jAtA hai, jo bhautika vijJAna se pRthak hotA huA bhI usakI taraha kArya-kAraNa- paramparApUrvaka yukti aura tarka dvArA vizleSya aura anusandheya hai / [ khaNDa : 2 2010_05 nirAzA kyoM ? bhASA - vijJAna ko jaba vijJAna viziSTa jJAna ) mAnate haiM, to bhASA, jisakA yaha vijJAna hai, usake antargata usase sambaddha sabhI pakSoM kA adhyayana evaM anusandhAna honA cAhie / usake aba taka ke itihAsa, vistAra, vikAsa Adi ke sAtha-sAtha usake udbhava para bhI vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai / gaveSaNA ke hetu apekSita sAmagrI va AdhAra nahIM prApta ho sake, isalie usa viSaya ko hI bhASA vijJAna se nikAla kara sadA ke lie samApta kara diyA jAye, yaha ucita nahIM lagatA / vaijJAnika aura anveSTA kabhI kisI viSaya ko isalie nahIM chor3a dete ki usake anveSaNa ke lie unheM upakaraNa va sAdhana nahIM mila rahe haiM / anuzIlana aura anveSaNa kA kArya gatizIla rahegA, to kisI samaya Avazyaka sAmagrI upalabdha hogI hI / sAmagrI abhI nahIM mila rahI hai, to Age bhI nahIM milegI, aisA kyoM soceM ? isa prasaMga meM saMskRta ke mahAn nATakakAra bhavabhUti kI yaha ukti niHsandeha bar3I preraNAspada hai : kAlo hyayaM niravadhirvipulA ca pRthvIH arthAt yaha kAla niHsIma hai aura pRthvI bahuta vizAla hai / isameM na jAne kaba, kauna utpanna ho jAye, jo duSkara aura duHsAdhya kAryaM sAdha lene kI kSamatA se sampanna ho / bhaviSya kI lambI AzAoM ke sahAre jo manasvI kAryarata rahate haiM, ve kisI dina saphala hote hI haiM / kArya ko roka denA yA chor3a denA to bhaviSya kI saba sambhAvanAoM ko miTA detA hai| upayukta vivecana ke pariprekSya meM sArarUpa meM bhASA ke udbhava para kucha aura cintana apekSita hogA / + vAk-prasphuTana mAnava jaise-jaise jIvana ke vibhinna kSetroM meM vikAsa kI maMjiloM ko pAra karatA huA Age bar3hatA gayA, vaise-vaise bhASA kA bhI vikAsa hotA gayA / vaha jyoM-jyoM sadhana bhAva saMkulatA kI sthiti meM AtA gayA, tyoM-tyoM apane antaratama kI abhivyakti ke lie AkulatA yA utAvalApana bhI usameM vyApta hotA gayA / "AvazyakatA AviSkAra kI jananI hai" ke anusAra abhivyakti kA mAdhyama bhI jaisA bana par3A, Akalita hotA gayA / yaha anukaraNa, manobhAvAbhivyaMjana tathA i gita Adi ke AdhAra para dhvani udbhAvanA aura ( aMzata: ) bhASA

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 47 saMracanA kI Adima dazA kA paricaya hai / parA, pazyantI, madhyamA aura vaikharI ___ vAgindriya se bAk-ni:sRti ke krama para kucha saMketa pUrva pRSThoM meM kiyA gayA thaa| yahAM usakA kucha vistAra se vizleSaNa kiyA jA rahA hai| vaidika vAGamaya meM parA, pazyantI, madhyamA tathA vaikharI; ina nAmoM se cAra prakAra kI vANI varNita huI hai| mahAbhASyakAra pataMjalI ne mahAbhASya ke prArambha meM hI Rgveda kI eka paMkti 1 uddhata karate hue isa ora igita kiyA hai| sAhitya-darpaNa ke TIkAkAra prasiddha vidvAn mahAmahopAdhyAya paM0 durgAprasAda dvivedI ne varNa kI vyAkhyA ke prasaMga meM parA, pazyantI Adi vAk rUpoM kA saMkSepa meM sundara vizleSaNa kiyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai : "jJAna meM Aye hue artha kI vivakSA se AtmA tadbodhaka zabda ke niSpAdana ke lie aMtaHkaraNa ko prerita karatA hai| antaHkaraNa mUlAdhAra sthita agniammA-teja ko saMcAlita karatA hai| agni ke dvArA tatsthalavatI vAyu spandita hotA hai| isa prakAra spandita vAyu dvArA vahAM sUkSma rUpa meM jo zabda udbhUta hotA hai, vaha 'parA' vAk kahA jAtA hai| tadanantara nAbhi pradeza taka saMcAlita vAyu ke dvArA usa deza ke saMyoga se jo zabda utpanna hotA hai, use 'pazyantI' vAk kahA jAtA hai| ye donoM / vAk ) sUkSma hotI haiM ; ataH ye paramAtmA yA yogI dvArA jJa ya haiN| sAdhAraNajana unheM karNa-gocara nahIM kara skte| vaha vAyu hRdaya-deza taka parisRta hotI hai aura hRdaya ke saMyoga se jo zabda niSpanna hotA hai, vaha 'madhyamA' vAk kahalAtA hai| kabhIkabhI kAna banda kara sUkSmatayA dhvani ke rUpa meM janasAdhAraNa bhI use adhigata kara sakate haiN| usake pazcAt vaha vAyu mukha taka pahuMcatI hai, kaNThAsanna hotI hai, mUrddhA ko Ahata karatI hai, usake pratighAta se vApisa loTatI hai tathA mukha-vivara meM hotI huI kaNTha bhAdi ATha uccAraNa sthAnoM meM kisI eka kA abhighAta karatI hai, kisI eka se TakarAtI hai| taba jo zabda utpanna hotA hai, vaha 'kharI' vAk kahA jAtA hai|" ka 1. guhA trINi nihitA neGgayAnti turIyaM vAco manuSyA vadanti / -Rgveda, 13164 / 45 2. cetanena jJAtArthavivakSayA tadbodhaka zabda niSpAdanAya preritamantaHkaraNaM mUlAdhArasthita manalaM cAlayati, taccAlito'nalastatsthalavartivAyucAlanAya prabhavati, taccAlitena vAyunA tatraiva sUkSmarUpeNotpAditaH zabdaH parA vaagitymidhiiyte| tato nAbhidezaparyantacalitena tena taddezasaMyogAdutpAvitaH zabdaH pazyantIti vyvssttiyte| etaddvayasya sUkSmasUkSmataratayezvarayogimAtrAmyatA, nAsmadoyatra tigocrtaa| tatatenaisva hRdayadezaM parisaritA hRdayasaMyogena niSpAditaH zabdo mdhymetyuccte| sA ca svakarNapidhAnena dhvanyAtmakatayA sUkSmarUpeNa ____ 2010_05

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48 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 pANinIya zikSA meM bhI zabda-sphuTana kA mUla isI taraha vyAkhyAta kiyA gayA hai| zabda-niSpatti kA yaha eka zAstrIya krama hai| bhautika vijJAna ke sAdhanoM dvArA isakA parIkSaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vaikharI vAka se pUrva taka kA krama sarvathA sUkSma yA abhautika hai| phira bhI yaha eka aisI kArya-kAraNa paramparA ko lie huye hai, jo apane Apa meM kama vaijJAnika nahIM hai / bhASA vijJAna meM yadyapi adyAvadhi yaha krama sampUrNataH svIkRta nahIM hai, tathApi yaha eka atyanta mahatvapUrNa viSaya hai, jo dArzanika dRSTi se zabda-niSpatti kA mArga prazasta karatA hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki jaba mAnadha (AtmA) antaH-sthita vicAra yA bhAva, jise ukta uddharaNa meM jJAta artha kahA gayA hai, kI vivakSA karatA hai, use vANI dvArA prakaTa karanA cAhatA hai, to vaha apane antaHkaraNa ( vicAra aura bhAvanA ke sthAna ) ko prerita karatA hai aura yaha cikIrSA tatkSaNa usase jur3a jAtI hai| usake bAda anala aura anila ke prerita evaM calita hone kI bAta AtI hai| yaha eka sUkSma Avayavika prakriyA hai| yaha sarva vidita hai aura sarvasvIkRta bhI ki dhvani-niSpAdana meM vAyu kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| para, vAyu ko UrdhvagAmI karane ke lie jora lagAne kI yA dhakelane kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| mUlAdhAra sthita agni ( teja, oja ) dvArA vAyu ke nAbhi deza kI ora cAlana kA yahI abhiprAya hai| nAbhi-deza se pavana yA zvAsa phira UdhvaMgAmI hotA hai / vastutaH zravaNa-gamya vAk kA mUla zvAsa ke utthAna meM hai / vaha ( zvAsa ) UvaMgamana karatA huA dhvani-yantra yA svara-yantra (Vocal Chord ) se TakarAtA hai / svara-yantra kA Avayavika svarUpa mora prakriyA gale ke bhItara bhojana aura jala kI nalI ke samakakSa zvAsa kI nalI kA vaha bhAga, jo abhikAkala-svarayantrAvaraNa ( Epiglo tis ) se kucha nIce hai, dhvani-yantra yA svara-yantra kahA jAtA hai| gale ke bAhara kI ora kaNThamaNi yA ghAMTI ke rUpa meM jo ubharA huA, dubale-patale manuSyoM ke kucha bAhara nikalA huA kaThora bhAga hai, vahI bhItara svara-yantra kA sthAna hai| zvAsa-nalikA kA yaha ( svara-yantra-gata ) bhAga kucha moTA hotA hai / prakRti kA kucha aisA hI prabhAva hai, jahAM jo cAhie, use vaha sampAdita kara detI hai| svarayantra yA dhbani-yantra meM sUkSma jhillI ke bane do lacakadAra parde hote haiN| unheM svaratantrI yA svara-rajjU kahA jAtA hai| svara-tantriyoM ke madhyavartI khule bhAga ko svara kadAcivasmAkamapi smdhigmyaa| tato mukhaparyantamAkrAmatA tena kaNThadezamAsAdyamUrdhAnamAhatya tatpratighAtena parAvRtya ca mukha-vivare kaNThAdikeSvaSTasu sthAneSu svAbhighAtetotpAditaH zabda verIti kthyte| -sAhitya darpaNa, pR0 29 1. AtmA buddhyA sametyArthAn mano yuGkte vivakSayA / manaH kAyAgnimAhanti sa prerayati mArutam // ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 46 yantra-mukha yA kAkala ( Glottis) kahate hai| jaba hama sAMsa lete haiM yA bolate haiM, taba vAyu isI se bhItara-bAhara AtI-jAtI hai / mAnava ina svara-tantriyoM ke sahAre aneka prakAra kI dhvani utpanna karatA hai / tAtparya yaha hai, zvAsa yA pavana ke saMsparza, yA saMgharSa se svara-tantriyoM yA svara-yantra ke ina lacIle donoM paryoM meM kaI prakAra kI sthitiyAM banatI haiN| kabhI ye parde eka-dUsare ke samIpa Ate haiM, kabhI dUra hote haiN| sAmIpya aura dUrI meM bho taratamatA rahatI hai--kaba eka pardA kitanA tanA, kitanA sikur3A, dUsarA kitanA phailA, kitanA saTA ityaadi| isa prakAra phailAva, tanAva, kampana Adi kI vividhatA dhvaniyoM ke aneka rUpoM meM prasphuTita hotI hai| jaise, vINA ke bhinna-bhinna tAra jyoM-jyoM aMguli dvArA saMspRSTa aura Ahata hote jAte haiM, bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke svara utpanna karate jAte haiN| vahI bAta svara-yantra ke sAtha hai, jo eka vyavasthita aura niyamita krama lie hue hai| svara-yantra se niHsRta dhvaniyAM mukha-vivara meM Akara apane-apane svarUpa ke anukUla mukhagata uccAraNa avayava-kaNTha, tAlu, mUrddhA, danta, auSTha, nAsikA Adi ko saHspRSTa karatI huI mukha se bAhara niHsRta hotI haiM, vAyu se TakarAtI haiN| jaisA-jaisA unakA sUkSma svarUpa hotA hai, ve vAyu meM vaise prakampana yA tarageM paidA karatI haiN| ve taraMgeM dhvani kA saMvahana karatI huI unheM karNagocara banAtI haiN| zabda ke sUkSmatama abhautika kalevara kI sRSTi dhvani kI abhivyakti kA vyApAra mUlAdhAra se prArambha hokara mukha-vivara se niHsUta hone taka kina-kina pariNatiyoM meM se gujaratA hai, yaha bar3I sUkSma prakriyA hai| parA, pazyantI, madhyamA aura ghekharI ke vivecana ke antargata jo batalAyA gayA hai, usakA niSkarSa yaha hai ki jaba artha-vizeSa kA saMsphuraNa yA bhAvodvelana vyakta hone ke lie zabda kI mAMga karatA hai, artha kI bodhakatA ke anurUpa usa zabda kA sUkSmatama abhautika kalevara tabhI bana jAtA haiM, jisakI pAribhASika saMjJA 'parA' vAka hai| 'parA' vAk arthAt vaha bahuta dUravartI vANI yA zabda, jo hamArI pakar3a ke bAhara hai| tadanantara nAbhi-deza ke saMyoga yA saMsparza dvArA jo zabda utpanna hotA hai, vaha bhI pahale se kucha kama sahI, sUkSmAvasthA meM hI rahatA hai / isa padhana-saMzliSTa sUkSma vAk kA aura vikAsa hotA hai / sUkSma-amUrta zabda mUrtatva adhigata karane kI ora bar3hatA hai / * sUkSma zabda kA thor3A-sA sthAna sthUla zabda le letA hai / para, jaisA ki kahA gayA hai, vaha vyakta, sphuTa yA indriya-grAhya nahIM hotA / yaha sUkSma aura sthUla vANI kA madhyavartI rUpa hai, jahAM se sUkSmatA ke ghaTane aura sthUlatA ke bar3hane kA abhiyAna Arambha hotA hai| isIlie sambhavataH ise 'madhyamA' kahA gayA ho| 'madhyamA' ___ 2010_05

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50 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 kA uttaravartI rUpa 'vaikharI'' hai, jo mAnava ke vyavahAra-jagat kA aMga hai / 'kharI' ke prasphuTita hone kA artha hai-zabda dvArA eka AkAra kI prApti / bahuta jaTila se pratIta hone vAle uparyukta vivecana kA saMkSepa meM sArAMza yaha hai ki zabdamAtra ke prasphuTita yA prakaTa hone meM mukhya kriyAzIla tattva padhana yA zvAsa hai| mUlAdhAra meM utpanna sUkSmatama se prArambha hokara nAbhideza meM udbhUta sUkSmatara meM se gujarate hue hRdaya-deza meM prakaTita-vyakta-avyakta sUkSma svarUpa ko prApta zabda ke zvAsa-saMzliSTa hone kA hI sambhavataH yaha prabhAva honA cAhie ki zvAsa vibhinna sthiti, rUpa, krama evaM parimANa meM svara-yantra ke pardo kA saMsparza karatA huA unake vividhatayA tanane, phailane, sikur3ane, milane, bhaddhamilita, alpamilita, ISanmilita Adi avasthAe prApta karane, phalataH tadanurUpa svara, vyaMjana zabda-gaThaka akSara parisphuTita karane kA hetu banatA hai| pANI ke prAdurbhAva kA jo krama pratipAdita huA hai, vAstava meM bar3A mahatvapUrNa hai aura vaijJAnika saraNi liye hue hai| vAgutpatti jaise viSaya para bhI bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne kitanI gaharI DubakiyAM lIM, isakA yaha paricAyaka hai| jaina darzana kI dRSTi se ____jaina darzana tIna prakAra kI pravRttiyAM-yoga svIkAra karatA hai-mAnasika, pAcika tathA kAyikA / jaba manuSya manoyoga yA manaHpravRtti meM saMlagna hotA hai, to usa ( manoyoga ) ke dvArA sUkSma karma-pudgala ( kama-paramANu ) AkRSTa hote haiM / ye kama-paramANu mUta hote haiM, para, unakA atyanta sUkSma AkAra hotA hai| mana kI pravRtti yA cintana jisa prakAra kA hogA, usI ke anurUpa bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke karmANu AkRSTa hoNge| manoyoga yA mAnasika cintana kisI bhI udbhUyamAna karma kI prathama va sUkSma saMracanA hai| cintana ke anantara vAcika abhivyakti kA krama AtA hai, jisake lie zabdAtmaka bhASA kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| manoyoga jaba vAk-yoga meM pariNata honA cAhatA hai, to ve manaHpravRtti dvArA AkRSTa karma-paramANu dhvani-niSpatti-krama para vizeSa prabhAva DAlate haiN| vaha prabhAva AkRSTa yA saMcita karma-paramANuoM kI bhinna-bhinna dazAoM ke anusAra vividha prakAra kA hotA hai, jaisA honA svAbhAvika hai| phalataH vibhinna manobhAvoM ke anurUpa bhinna-bhinna prakAra kI dhvaniyAM yA zabda vAk-yoga ke rUpa meM nikala par3ate haiN| 1. vizeSeNa ravaM rAti = rA+ ka + a + DIpa arthAt jo vizeSa rUpa se AkAza ko rakha-yukta kare-ninAdita kre| ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha sthUla aura sUkSma kI bheda-rekhA anukaraNa, manobhAvAbhivyaMjana, igita yA pratIka Adi siddhAnta jinakA pahale vivecana kiyA gayA hai, sthUla bhAva-bodhaka zabdoM kI utpatti meM kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM sahAyaka baneM, yaha sarvathA sambhava pratIta hotA hai / sUkSma bhASoM ke parisphuraNa kA samaya sambhavataH mAnava ke jIvana meM taba AyA hogA, jaba vaha mAnasika dRSTi se vizeSa vikasita ho gayA hogA / vaisI dazA meM parA, pazyantI Adi ke rUpa meM vAk-niSpatti ke krama tathA jaina-darzana sammata vAkyoga ke kriyAnvayana kI saraNi se sUkSma-bhAva-bodhaka zabdoM kI utpati ke sandarbha meM kucha prakAza prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai / eka prazna kA ubharanA svAbhAvika hai ki parA, pazyantI Adi ke udbhava-krama ke antargata sRSTa sUkSma zabdAkAroM yA manaHpravRtti dvArA AkRSTa vibhinna pudgala-paramANuoM se niHsAyaMmANa dhvani yA zabda prabhAvita hote haiM, to phira samasta jagat ke logoM dvArA prayujyamAna zabdoM meM, bhASAoM meM paraspara antara kyoM hai ? tathya yaha hai ki saMsAra bhara ke mAnava eka hI sthiti, prakRti, jala-vAyu, upakaraNa, sAmAjikatA Adi ke pariveza meM nahIM rhte| unameM atyadhika bhinnatA hai| uccAraNaavayava tathA uccAyaMmANa dhvani-samavAya usameM aprabhAvita kaise raha sakatA hai ? dUsarA vizeSa tathya yaha hai ki uparyukta vAk-niSpatti-krama kA sambandha vizeSataH sUkSmArthabodhaka zabdoM kI utpatti ke sAtha sambhAvya hai, jaba ki sthUla bhAva-jJApaka zabda saMsAra kI bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM meM bana cuke the| jo-jo bhASAe apanA jisa prakAra kA sthUla rUpa liye hue thIM, sUkSma bhAva-bodhaka zabdoM kI saMracanA kA DhalAva bhI usI ora ho, aisA sahaja pratIta hotA hai| isa prakAra ke aneka kAraNa rahe hoMge, jinase bhinna-bhinna bhU-bhAgoM kI bhASAoM ke svarUpa bhinna-bhinna sAMcoM meM Dhalate gaye / DapasaMhAta dArzanika pRSThabhUmi para vaijJAnika zailI se kiyA gayA uparyukta vivecana eka UhApoha hai| vAstava meM bhASA ke udbhava aura vistAra kI kahAnI bahuta lambI evaM ulajhana bharI hai| bhASA ko vartamAna rUpa taka pahuMcAne meM vikAsazIla mAnava ko na jAne kitanI maMjileM pAra karanI par3I haiM / mAnava-mAnava kA pArasparika samparka, jantu-jagat kA sAhacarya, prakRti meM viharaNa tathA apane kRtitva se udbhASita upakaraNoM kA sAhAyya prabhRti aneka upAdAna mAnava ke sAtha the, jinhoMne use pragati aura vikAsa ke patha para satata gatizIla rahane meM sphUrti pradAna kii| udIyamAna evaM vikAsamAna bhASA bhI usa pragati kA eka aMga rhii| usI kA pariNAma hai ki vizva meM Aja apha samRddha bhASAe vidyamAna haiM, jo zatAbdiyoM aura 2010_05

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52 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 sahasrAbdiyoM ke jJAna-vijJAna kI amUlya dhArA ko apane meM saMjoye hue haiN| bhASAoM kA AkRtimUlaka vargIkaraNa __ bhASAoM kI apanI-apanI AkRti hai| unakI racanA kA apanA prakAra hai| AkRti ke AdhAra para bhASAoM kA jo vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, use AkRtimUlaka vargIkaraNa kahate haiN| usake anusAra saMsAra kI bhASAoM ke do varga hote haiM-yogAtmaka bhASAe aura ayogAtmaka bhaassaae| yogAtmaka bhASAeM jina bhASAoM meM artha-tattva aura sambandha-sattva kA yoga hotA hai, ve yogAtmaka bhASAe kahalAtI haiN| pada aura unase bane hue vAkya bhASA ke gaThaka haiM / pada meM mUkhyataH do bAteM hotI haiM-artha-tattva aura sambandha-tattva / zabda jisa artha kA jJApaka hai, vaha artha-tattva kahA jAtA hai| jisase vAkyagata zabdoM kA sambandha jor3A jAtA hai, use sambandha-tattva kahA jAtA hai| sambandha-tattva ke yoga ke binA vAkya nahIM bana sktaa| bhinna-bhinna zabda apane bhinna-bhinna artha jJApita karate rheNge| unakI samanviti nahIM hogii| jaise-asmad, yuSmad, vastra, dA (dhAtu ) ye cAra zabda haiN| cAroM kA apanA-apanA artha hai, para, paraspara koI saMpati nahIM hai| yadi ise vayaM yuSmabhyaM vastrANi adama, aisA rUpa de diyA jAe, to eka saMgata tathya prakaTa hotA hai| aisA karane meM vibhaktiyoM, pratyayoM Adi kA yoga huA hai, yahI sambandha-tattva hai| vayam, yuSmabhyam, vastrANi tathA adadma-ye asmad, yuSmad, vastra aura dA ke rUpa haiM / rUpa banAne kI eka vizeSa paddhati yA zailI hai| yogAtmaka bhASA-varga meM saMskRta Adi kucha bhASAe aisI haiM, jinameM artha-tattva aura sambandhatattva ke yoga se niSpanna vibhaktyanta aura pratyayAnta padoM ko vAkya meM kisI eka sunizcita krama ke anurUpa hI rakhA jAe, aisA Avazyaka nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki upayukta vAkya vayaM yuSmabhyaM vastrANi adadma ko vastrANi adadma yuSmabhyaM vayam, adadma vastrANi yuSmabhyaM vayam tathA yuSmabhyaM vayaM vastrANi adadma ityAdi aneka prakAra se parivartita kara sakate haiN| artha meM koI antara nahIM aataa| para, bahuta-sI yogAtmaka bhASAe aisI haiM, jinameM isa prakAra nahIM ho sktaa| unameM artha-tattva aura sambandha-tattva ke yoga ke sAtha-sAtha kartA, karma, kriyA bhAdi ko pAkya meM rakhane kA eka vizeSa krama hai, jisakA anuvartana Avazyaka hai / jaise, ukta vAkya ko hama aMgrejI meM We gave you the clothes isa prakAra anUdIta kreNge| We, gave, you, clothes Adi vAkya-gata padoM ko hama saMskRta kI taraha Age-pIche yatheccha rUpa meM nahIM rakha sakate / hindI meM bhI prAyaH aisA hI hai| ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha prayogAtmaka bhASAe jina bhASAoM meM artha-tattva aura sambandha-tattva kA koI yoga nahIM hotA, ve ayogAtmaka bhASAe' kahalAtI haiN| inameM zabda ke sAtha vibhakti, pratyaya, upasarga Adi kucha mahIM jur3ate / abhIpsita ayaM ko jJApita karane ke lie tadbodhaka zabdoM ko eka vizeSa krama se rakha denA yatheSTa hai| unhIM zabdoM kA sthAnika krama badala kara tatsambandha anya aneka Azaya prakaTa kiye jA sakate haiN| ayogAtmaka bhASA varga meM cInI bhASA mukhya hai| udAharaNa ke lie usa bhASA ke tIna zabda haiM-no, ta, ni| go kA artha maiM, ta kA mAranA tathA ni !kA tuma hai| "maiM tuma ko mAratA hU~"; yaha prakaTa karane ke lie cInI bhASA meM nago ta ni kahanA hogaa| "tuma mujhe mArate ho" aisA kahane ke lie ni ta ngo kahanA hogaa| isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki kartA kAraka kA bhAva prakaTa karane kelie kevala itanA-sA apekSita huA ki jisakA kartRtva khyApita karanA hai, usa zabda ko vAkya ke prArambha meM rakha diyA gyaa| karma kAraka kA bhAva prakaTa karanA ho to mAtra itanA karaNIya hai ki karma-sthAnika saMjJA yA sarvanAma ko kriyA ke bAda rakha diyA jaae| kartA, karma Adi kArakoM kA bhAva sthAna ke eka nizcita parivartana se vyakta ho jAtA hai| abhiprAya yaha hai ki jo zabda jisa rUpa meM bhASA meM hai, usameM kabhI koI parivartana nahIM hotA; vibhakti, pratyaya tathA upasarga Adi kA usake sAtha koI yoga nahIM hotaa| cInI bhASA kA eka udAharaNa aura leN| ta lai-vaha AtA hai| yaha vartamAna-kAlabodhaka vAkya hai| ise yadi bhUtakAla kA banAnA ho to lai kriyA ke rUpa meM koI parivartana nahIM hogaa| isa kriyA ke Age eka zabda liona ( Lion ) jisakA artha samApta hai, aura rakha diyA jaaegaa| taba vaha vAkya isa prakAra hogA ta lai ( Lal ) liona arthAt usane AnA samApta kiyA, vaha aayaa.| liona kA artha-tatva hai-samApta karanA, para, ta lai liona meM vaha sambandha-tatva kA dyotaka ho gayA hai| liona ( Lion ) ke sthAna para yadi liAva ( Liao ) jisakA artha pUrNa yA pUrNatA hai, rakha diyA jAe, to bhI bhUtakAla kA artha prakaTa ho jaaegaa| uparokta udAharaNoM se siddha hotA hai ki bhinna-bhinna zabda sarvathA aparivartita rahate hue sthAna, prayoga Adi ke eka vizeSa krama ke kAraNa artha-tatva aura sambandha-tatva kA apekSita nivAha bhalI-bhAMti kara pAte haiM / ayogAtmaka bhASAoM meM sabase adhika mahatva vAkya meM pAbdoM ke krama kA hai, para, svara, lahaje ( Tone ) aura nipAta kA bhI abhivyakti meM svAma hai| saMsAra meM ayogAtmaka bhASAe bahuta thor3I-sI haiN| ayogAtmaka bhAvAnoM meM cInI 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 bhASA jaise sthAna-pradhAna hai, usI prakAra aphrIkA kI sUDAnI bhASA meM bhI vAkyagata zabdoM ke krama yA sthAna kA mahatva hai| anAmI svara-pradhAna hai / barmI, syAmI tathA tibbatI nipAtapradhAna hai| yogAtmaka mASAnoM ke bhedopabheda ___ yogAtmaka bhASAoM ke mukhyataH tIna bheda haiM : prazliSTa yogAtmaka, azliSTa yogAtmaka aura dilaSTa yogAtmaka / prazliSTa meM artha-tatva aura sambandha-tattava kA itanA mela ho jAtA hai ki ve spaSTa sarva meM pRthak-pRthak pahacAne nahIM jA skte| jaise-zAli se zAleya 1, upaga se aupagava', pRthivI se pArthiva , vAyu se vAyavya ', zulkazAlA se zolkazAlika , vatsa se vAtsya 6, mRdu se mAdava , vinatA se vainateya , nadI se nAdeya , bRhaspati se bAhaspatya 10, mudga se maudgIna [, tulA se tulya [", diti se daitya 1:", kuzAmba se kauzAmbI 14, gau se gavya 15 tathA agni se Agneya / ; ityAdi / 1. vIhizAlyoDhaka |-paanniniiy aSTAdhyAyI, 22 2. upagoridam-aupagavam / tasyedam |-vhii, 4 / 3 / 120 3. pRthivyA iishvrH--paarthivH| tsyeshvrH| vahI, 521142 4. vATavRtupitruSaso yat |-vhii, 4 / 2 / 31 5. zulkazAlAyA AgataH-zolkazAlikaH / ThagAyasthAnebhyaH / --vaho, 4 / 3 / 75 6. vatsasya apatyam-vAtsyaH / gargAdibhyo yaJ |-vhii, 4 / 1 / 105 7. mRdorbhAva:--mArdavam / igantAcca laghupUrvAt / - vahI, 5211131 8. strIbhyo Dhak |--vhii, 413150 9. nadyAdibhyo Dhak |vhii, 4 / 2 / 97 10. bRhaspatirdevatA asya-bArhaspatyam / sA'sya devtaa| -vahI, 412 / 24 11. bhavatyasminniti bhavanam / mudgAnAM bhavanam -maudganInam / dhAnyAnAM bhavane kSetre kham |-vhii, 5 // 2 // 1 12. tulayA samitam-tulyam / nauvayodharmaviSamUlamUlasItAtulAbhyastAryatulyaprApyavadhyAnA bhyasamasamitasaMmiteSu |--vhii, 4 / 4 / 11 13. diteH aptym-daityH| dityadityAdityapatyuttarapadANNyaH / -pANinIya aSTAdhyAyo, 4.1085 14. kuzAmbena nirvRttA ngro-kaushaambii| tena nivRttam |-vhii, 42 // 68 15. gopayasoryat |-vhii, 4 // 3 // 160 16. agneH vikaarH-aagneyH| tasya vikaarH| -vahI, 433134 ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 55 spaSTa hai ki yahAM artha-tatva tathA sambandha-tatva atyanta dhula-mila gaye haiN| tAtparya yaha hai ki prazliSTa yogAtmaka bhASAoM meM artha-tatva ke bhItara hI sambandha-ta:va-garbhita parivartana, parivaddhana Adi hote haiN| isalie bhartha-tatva aura sambandha-tatva kA pArthakya pilupta ho jAtA hai| azliSTa yogAtmaka bhASAeM bhASAoM meM prayujyamAna padoM meM artha-tatva aura sambandha-tatva kA yoga to hotA hai, para, donoM tila-taNDulavat pRthak-pRthak bane rahate haiM, azliSTa yogAtmaka bhASAoM ke varga meM AtI haiN| tila aura cAvala acchI taraha milA diye jAne para bhI ekAtmaka nahIM hote| azliSTa yogAtmaka bhASAoM meM artha-tatva aura sambandha-tatva kI paraspara aisI hI sthiti hai| dravir3a parivAra kI bhASAe azliSTa yogAtmaka varga ke antargata haiN| azliSTa yogAtmakatA ko spaSTa karane ke lie kannar3a aura tamila kA eka-eka udAharaNa paryApta hogaa| ___ artha-tatva aura sambandha-tatva ke pRthak-pRthak dRSTigocara hote rahane kA jo ullekha kiyA gayA hai, usakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki vacana, kAraka Adi ko vyakta karane ke lie isa bhASA-dharga meM zabda ke Age jo vibhakti, pratyaya Adi jor3A jAtA hai, vaha jyoM-kA-tyoM banA rahatA hai, tatsaMyukta zabda ( artha-tatva ) to aparivartita rahatA hI hai| udAharaNArtha, kannar3a bhASA ke sevaka zabda ke rUpa uddhata kiye jA rahe haiM : ekavacana bahuvacana kartA seSaka-ru karma seSaka - rannu karaNa sevaka - nu sevaka - nannu sevaka - niMda seSaka - nige sevaka - na sevaka-riMda sampradAna sevaka -rige sambandha sevaka - ra adhikaraNa sevaka - nalli sedhaka - ralli kannar3a bhASA meM kartA eka vacana kA nu, bahuvacana kA ru, kama eka vacana kA nannu, bahuvacana kA rannu, karaNa eka vacana kA ninda, bahuvacana kA rinda, sampradAna eka vacana kA nige, bahuvacana kA rige, sambandha eka vacana kA na, bahuvacana kA ra tathA adhikaraNa eka vacana kA nalli, bahuSacana kA galli cihna thA dhibhakti hai / artha-tatva aura sambandha-tatva ina rUpoM meM jyoM-ke-tyoM sthita haiM; ataH spaSTataH pratIta hote haiN| ____ 2010_05

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56 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 tamila ke 'kovela = mandira zabda ke rUpoM kA udAharaNa aura prastuta kiyA jAtA hai| usake rUpa isa prakAra caleMge : kartA ekavacana kovela kovela-eI kovela-udIya bahuvacana kovela-gala kovela -gala-eI kovela-gala-udIya karma sambandha tamila meM 'gala' bahuvacana dyotaka hai| ekavacana se bahuvacana banAne ke lie use ekavacana ke Age jor3a diyA jAtA hai| tamila meM eI karma kAraka kA tathA udIya sambandha kAraka kA cihna ( vibhakti) hai| ekavacana se jisa kAraka ko upasthita karanA ho, usake anusAra ye vibhaktiyAM usake Age jor3a dI jAtI haiN| yadi bahuvacana bodhita karanA ho, to bahuvacana dyotaka gala, jo ekavacana-sUcaka zabda ke anta meM jur3A hai, ke anantara ye kAraka-cihna jor3a diye jAte haiN| Upara ullikhita 'kovela' zabda ke rUpoM se yaha prakaTa hai| azliSTa yogAtmakatA kA svarUpa isase aura spaSTa ho jAtA hai / zliSTa yogAtmaka bhASAe~ . prazliSTa yogAtmaka bhASAoM ke vivecana ke prasaMga meM yaha spaSTa huA ki sambandha tatva artha-tava meM isa prakAra lIna ho jAtA hai ki bAhya dRSTi se usakI pratIti nahIM hotii| zliSTa yogAtmaka bhASAoM meM bhI artha-tatva aura sambandha-tatva kA yoga hotA hai, artha-tatva meM kucha vikAra aura parivartana bhI AtA hai, para, phira bhI sambandha-tatva prazliSTa kI taraha artha-tatva meM lIna nahIM hotaa| usakA spaSTa rUpa tathA artha-tatva aura sambandha-tatva kA bheda spaSTatayA to nahIM dIkhatA, para, sambandha-tatva kI kucha jhalaka yA AbhAsa avazya milatA hai / jaise-kama se karmaNya', kaNTha se kaNThya , saMvatsara se sAMvatsarika, pANini se pANinIya, dharma se dhArmika, dadhi se dAdhika, dhanuSa se dhAnuSka', nikaTa se nakaTika, akSa se 1. karmaNi sAdhuH karmaNyaH / tatra saadhuH| -pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI, 4 / 4 / 98 2. zarIrAvayavAcca / vahI, 4 // 3 // 55 3. kAlAThaJ |-vhii, 4 // 3 // 11 4. pANininA proktam-pANinIyam / tena proktam / -vahI, 4 / 3 / 101 5. dharma carati / vahI, 4 / 4 / 41 6. badhnA saMsRSTam-dAdhikam / saMsRSTe |-vhii, 4 / 4 / 22 7. dhanuH prhrnnmsy-dhaanusskH| praharaNam |-vhii, 414157 8. nikaTe vsti-naikttikH| nikaTe vasati |-vhii, 41473 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA pravAha [ 57 AkSika, uDupa se auDupika 2, tathA dhenu se dhenuka; ityAdi / ina udAharaNoM meM arthatatva yadyapi yathAvat nahIM rahA hai, para, usameM sambandha-tatva sarvathA lupta nahIM huA, aMzata: vaha upalabhya hai / arabI bhASA meM mArane ke artha meM 'kU-tU-la' dhAtu hai / usase kutala= khUna, kAtila = khUna karane vAlA tathA killa = zatru Adi zabda banate haiM / saMskRta ke pUrvokta udAharaNoM kI taraha inameM bhI artha - tatva aura sambandha-tatva kA yoga hai, para, sambandha-tatva kI yat kiMcit pahacAna banI huI hai / yaha bhI zliSTa yogAtmaka kA udAharaNa hai / vizva kI bhASAoM meM vikAsa aura samRddhi kI dRSTi se zliSTa yogAtmaka bhASAoM kA atyadhika mahatva hai | AkRti ke AdhAra para bhASAoM ke parivAra AkRtimUlaka vargIkaraNa ke AdhAra para zabda- samUha, sambandha-tatva va dhvani-sAmya ke anusAra saMsAra kI bhASAoM ko aneka bhAgoM yA parivAroM meM bAMTA jAtA hai| kauna-kauna-sI bhASAeM kauna se parivAroM se sambaddha haiM, bhASAoM ke vyApaka rUpa meM tulanAtmaka tathA aitihAsika adhyayana ke pazcAt hI yaha nirNaya kiyA jA sakatA hai | yaha bahuta lambe tathA gambhIra adhyayana kA viSaya hai / bahuta kama bhASA-parivAroM kA isa prakAra kA adhyayana ho pAyA hai; ata: saMsAra meM saikar3oM kI saMkhyA meM jo bhASAeM haiM, unakA spaSTa pArivArika nirNaya aura adhika gaveSaNA evaM adhyayana - sApekSa hai / phira bhI vidvAnoM ne bhASAoM aura unake parivAroM ke sambandha meM bahuta kAma kiyA hai 1 unnIsavIM zatI ke do dazakoM ke bAda jarmana vidvAn vilahelma phAna hambolDaTa ne prastuta viSaya para vistAra se vicAra kiyA aura unhoMne saMsAra kI bhASAoM ko teraha parivAroM meM bAMTA | anyAnya vidvAnoM ne apane-apane adhyayana ke pariNAma svarUpa parivAroM kI saMkhyA bhinna-bhinna nirdhArita kI / pArTiz2a ne daza parivAra mAne / phreDarika mUlara Adi bhASAvaijJAnikoM ne isa saMkhyA ko sau taka pahuMcAyA / kucha vidvAnoM kA vicAra hai ki kevala amerikA meM hI eka sau bhASA-parivAra vidyamAna haiM 1 rAisa ne kahA hai ki saba bhASAoM kA parivAra eka hI haigra ke anusAra vizva kI bhASAeM chabbIsa parivAroM meM vibhakta haiM / bhAratIya bhASA vaijJAnikoM ke vicAra bhI bhASA-parivAroM ke sambandha meM bhinna bhinna haiM / 1. akSairdIvyati khanati jaryAta jito vA AkSikaH / tena dIvyati khanati jayati jitam / - pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI, 41412 2. uDupena tarati - auDapikaH / tarati / - vahI, 41415 3. hasusuktAntAtkaH / bahI, 7 / 3 / 51 2010_05

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56 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 bhASA-parivAroM kI ye saMkhyAeM bar3A kutUhala utpanna karatI haiM / eka se sau taka kI samAdhiyAM kama Azcaryajanaka nahIM haiN| isase spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki vizva kI bhASAoM kA aba taka aitihAsika evaM tulanAtmaka dRSTi se sAMgopAMga adhyayana nahIM ho pAyA hai; isalie upayukta nirNAyaka saMkhyAeM anumAnoM ke AdhAra para parikalpita haiM / DA0 bholAnAtha tivArI ke anusAra sthUla dRSTi se saMsAra ke pramukha bhASA-parivAra 1- bhAropIya, 2- semiMTika, 3- hemeTika, 4-bhUrAla - alTAika, 5 - cInI yA ekAkSarI, 6-dravir3a, 7-malaya-pAlinIziyana, 8- bAMTU, ha-buzamaina, 10- sUDAnI, 11 -AsTreliyana - pApuvana, 12 - reDaiNDiyana, 13 - kAzI, 14 - jApAnI - koriyAI haiM / bhaugolika AdhAra para bhASAnoM kA vargIkaraNa bhASAoM ke vargIkaraNa kA eka prakAra aura hai, jisakA AdhAra bhaugolika hai / isakA Azaya yaha hai ki saMsAra ke jina-jina bhU-khaNDoM meM jo-jo bhASAeM bolI jAtI haiM, una vRhat ikAiyoM ke AdhAra para bhU-khaNDoM kA vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai / isa vargIkaraNa meM kucha adhika spaSTatA rahatI hai / eka tathya dhyAtavya hai, eka bhU-khaNDa meM kisI eka hI parivAra kI bhASAe hoM, aisA nahIM hotA / usa bhU-khaNDa meM aneka parivAroM kI bhASAe ho sakatI haiM / unameM parivAra gata bhinnatA ke kAraNa bheda rahanA svAbhAvika hai, para bhaugolika nikaTatA ke kAraNa paraspara dhvaniyoM evaM zabdoM kA bhI AdAna-pradAna hotA rahA hai / isa dRSTi se vizva ke bhASA-khaNDa cAra prakAra ke mAne gaye haiM- 1 - aphrIkAkhaNDa, 2 - yUreziyA - khaNDa, 3 - prazAnta mahAsAgarIya khaNDa aura 4- amerikA-khaNDa | bhASA-parivAra saMsAra kI bhASAeM aneka bhASA-parivAroM meM vibhakta haiM / jisa prakAra mAnava kA apanA parivAra hotA hai, usI prakAra eka srota se udbhUta, vikasita aura prasRta bhASAoM kA eka samudAya hotA hai, jise bhASA vijJAna meM bhASA-parivAra kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai / eka udAharaNa se yaha tathya vizeSa spaSTa hotA hai / kalpanA kareM, vizva ke kisI bhU-khaNDa meM prAcIna kAla meM koI jAti AbAda thI / usakI apanI bhASA thI, jisase usakA dainandina kAma calatA thA / samaya bItatA gayA, vahAM ke nivAsiyoM kI jana-saMkhyA bar3hatI gayI / unameM se anekoM ko lagA hogA, hamArA jIvana nirvAha yahAM sukha-suvidhApUrvaka nahIM ho rahA hai / hameM apane lie koI aura sthAna khoja lenA cAhie / dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki unake mana meM vijigISA kA bhAva jagA ho / 1. kucha vidvAn saMkhyA 7, 11 tathA 14 ke do-do parivAra mAnate haiM / 2010_05

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vizva bhASA - pravAhaM [ 5e bhASA aura sAhitya ] jo bhI ho, unameM se aneka loga apane mUla sthAna se eka samUha ke rUpa meM kisI dizA kI ora prasthAna karate haiM / bahuta dUra cale jAne para ve kahIM apane AvAsa kI anukUlatA dekhate haiM aura ruka jAte haiM / usa bhU-bhAga kI bhASA, jahAM ve Tike haiM, unakI apanI bhASA se bhinna hai / koI vyakti yA samudAya, jahAM bhI rahatA hai, use vahAM ke nivAsiyoM se sambandha rakhanA Avazyaka hotA hai / rahana-sahana, khAna-pAna, lena-dena Adi meM sambandhita AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hetu vahAM rahane vAloM se samIpatA bar3hAye binA kAma nahIM cala sakatA; ataH vaha samAgata samudAya apanI bhASA meM kucha aise zabdoM, dhvaniyoM Adi ko svIkAra kara letA hai, jo usa bhU-bhAga ke nivAsiyoM kI bhASA ke hote haiM / isa prakAra eka milI-julI naI bhASA kA janma ho jAtA hai, jo Ane vAle logoM kI apanI bhASA se kucha-kucha bhinna ho jAtI hai, para, usakA maulika rUpa naSTa nahIM hotA / jo bheda AtA hai, vaha adhikAMzataH bAhya sthUla kalevara taka sImita rahatA hai / isa naI milI-julI bhASA se Agata samudAya apanA kAma calAne lagatA hai / usa pradeza ke mUla nivAsI bhI usa ( naI ) bhASA dvArA prayojana kI bAteM lagabhaga samajhane lagate haiM | sAtha hI mUla nivAsiyoM kI bhASA para bhI usakA kucha prabhAva hotA hai / samaya bItatA jAtA hai / jana saMkhyA bar3ha jAtI hai| bAhara se Akara base hue logoM ko puna: kisI aura naye bhU-khaNDa meM jAne kI AvazyakatA pratIta hone lagatI hai / unameM se kAphI sakhyA meM loga eka samudAya ke rUpa meM Age kI ora cala par3ate haiM / calate-calate phira kisI eka sthAna ko suvidhAjanaka samajha kara Thahara jAte haiM, vahAM AbAda ho jAte haiM / vahAM bhI pichalI sthiti kI punarAvRtti hotI hai| navAgata aura usa bhU-khaNDa ke nivAsI; donoM kI bhASAbhoM ke mile-jule rUpa kI eka aura naI bhASA bana jAtI hai / navAgata janoM aura usa sthAna ke vAsiyoM ke pArasparika vyavahAra, kAma-kAja Adi ke lie usakA upayoga hotA hai, jisase donoM ko apanA kAma calAne meM suvidhA ho jAtI hai / dvArA naI bhASA para kucha vicAra kareM, jise naye pravAsI bolate haiM, jo prAktana vyaktiyoM bhI vyavahRta hotI hai / eka bhASA vaha thI, jisakA prayoga ina naye pravAsiyoM ke Adi-sthAna ke pUrvajoM dvArA hotA thA / dUsarI bhASA vaha thI, jo mUla sthAna se cale samudAya ke pahale par3Ava yA AvAsa para banI | jaisA ki saMketa kiyA gayA hai, yaha bhASA navIna avazya thI, para, mUla bhASA yA Adi bhASA se sarvathA bhinna nahIM ho sakI thii| dUsare AvAsa para jo bhASA banI, vaha mUla bhASA se tathA prathama AvAsa meM nirmita bhASA se nayA rUpa liye hue thI, para, vaha bhI Adi sthAna kI bhASA tathA pahale AdhAsa kI bhASA se bilakula pRthaka nahIM ho gayI thI / itanA avazya huA, jo svAbhAvika thA ki Adi sthAna kI bhASA se vaha kucha adhika bhinna thI tathA pahale AvAsa kI bhASA se kucha kama bhinna 1 2010_05

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60 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 vastusthiti yaha hai ki naye sthAna para basane vAle loga naye zabda aura dhvaniyAM apanI bhASA meM avazya grahaNa kara lete haiM, para, apane prAktana bhASA tatva ko chor3a nahIM sakate the; ataH mUla bhASA ke sAtha naye-naye AvAsoM meM banane vAlI bhASAoM kA anta:- sAdRzya banA rahatA hai / punaH Adi sthAna para dRSTi nikSepa kiyA jAe, jahAM se pahalA samudAya calA thA / sambhava hai, usake cale jAne ke kucha samaya pazcAt usI sthAna se eka aura samudAya pahale se viparIta dizA kI ora ravAnA huA ho / yaha dUsarA samudAya bhI, pahale kI taraha Age bar3hatA gayA ho / usa samudAya ke loga jahAM-jahAM basate gaye, naI-naI ( milI-julI ) bhASAeM astitva meM AtI gayIM / gaharAI meM utarane se jJAta hotA hai, eka kendra se bhASAoM kI do dhArAeM vikAsa pAtI gyiiN| donoM ke vikAsa ke sthAna bhinna-bhinna rahe / sthitiyAM bhinna thIM, loga bhinna the aura una-una sthAnoM kI bhASAeM bhI bhinna thIM, jinake mela-jola se ye naI ubharatI aura panapatI bhASAeM astitva meM A skiiN| isalie yaha svAbhAvika thA ki do viparIta dizAoM kI rare bhUmiyoM meM sRSTi aura vikasita bhASAoM ke kalevara kI bhinnatA meM varatamatA ho 1 para, yaha saba hote hue bhI una donoM dizAoM kI bhASAoM ko sarvathA visadRza nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / una sabakA prArambhika srota eka hone se unameM dhvani, zabda- gaThana, rUpa nirmANa tathA vAkya-racanA Adi kI dRSTi se eka sAdRza vidyamAna rahatA hai, jisakI vyApti bhASA ke bahirdaha meM apekSAkRta kama dRSTigocara hotI hai, para usake antardaha ( Spirit ) meM vaha nizcaya hI banI rahatI hai / kisI samaya jo mUla (Adi ) bhASA rahI thI, do viparIta dizAoM meM prasRta bhASAMsamUha kA Adi udgama srota thI, usake itastataH, dUra-dUra taka phailA huA, usakI zAkhA, upazAkhA prazAkhA Adi ke rUpa meM vidyamAna bhASA - samudAya eka bhASA parivAra kahA jAtA hai, jisake prasRta aura vistRta hone meM zatAbdiyAM hI nahIM, sahasrAbdiyoM taka laga jAtI haiM / yaha bar3e mahatva kI bAta haiM ki kisI bhASA-parivAra kA aitihAsika dRSTi se samokSAtmaka rUpe meM adhyayana karane para sahasrAbdiyoM kI lambI avadhi ke madhya sarjita, vikasita aura vistRta mAnava saMskRti ke kitane hI parta udghATita hote haiM vaha kyoM-jyoM jAgRta jaura vikasita hotA jAtA hai, usakI letI jAtI hai, jinheM bhASA abhivyakti pradAna karatI hai / vartanoM tathA vikAsa-staroM meM se gujaratI huI supratiSTha hotI hai, mAnava ke adhyavasAya, pauruSa evaM utkrAnti kI ora bar3hate caraNoM ke itivRtti kA sabase adhika prAmANika sAkSya liye rahatI hai| pUrva saMketita bhASA-parivAroM ke sUkSma adhyayana se aise phalita prasphuTita ho / bhASA kA prayoktA mAnava hai / vicAra- cetanA naye naye AyAma isalie bhASA jo aneka pari 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] . vizva bhASA-pravAha sakate haiM, jo mAnavIya sabhyatA, darzana, cintana, samAja-vikAsa evaM sAhitya-sarjana ke aneka garimAnvita pakSoM ko prakAza meM lAne vAle hoN| pArivArika sAdRzya ke mukhya AdhAra zabda-samUha ( zabda aura artha ) racanA-krama athavA sambandha-tatva ( vyAkaraNa ) tathA dhvani; ye tIna viSaya aise haiM, jinakA eka bhASA-parivAra meM kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM vyakta, kiMcid vyakta yA adhyakta sAdRzya yA sAmya hotA hai| eka parivAra kI bhASAoM ke uttarottara udbhava tathA vikAsa kI eka bahuta lambI zRkhalA hai| prayoktAoM ke aneka sthAnoM meM se gujarane, vibhinna bhU-bhAgoM meM Thaharane tathA basane ke anantara arthAt eka lambI avadhi, jo zatAbdiyoM taka kI ho sakatI hai, ke bAda jaba koI bhASA supratiSTha hotI hai, taba taka usameM prayujyamAna zabdoM kI dhvaniyAM bahuta kucha parivartita ho jAto haiN| sAhasA unheM dekhane para yaha kalpanA karanA sambhava nahIM hotA ki amuka bhASAoM kA usake sAtha parivAra-gata sambandha hai| para, anya AdhAroM ke kAraNa dhvani-sambandhI prakaTa asamAnatA ke antaratama meM samAnatA ke bIja DhUr3he jA sakate haiN| eka parivAra kI bhASAoM meM prayukta hone vAle zabdoM meM bhI deza-bheda, kAla-bheda tathA vyakti-bheda Adi ke kAraNa bahuta bhinnatA A jAtI hai| udAharaNa ke liye phreMca aura hindI ko le sakate haiN| yadyapi donoM kA parivAra eka hai, para, donoM ke zabdoM meM bahuta adhika bhinnatA A gayI hai| isake viparIta eka anya niSkarSa phalita hotA hai, bhinna parivAra kI bhASAoM kA prayoga karane vAle loga sthAnika dRSTi se yadi nikaTa rahate haiM, to unameM donoM ora kI bhASAoM ke zabdoM kA parasparA AdAna-pradAna hotA rahatA hai| isase parivAra-gata bhinnatA ke hote hue bhI una donoM bhASAoM ke zabda-samUha meM kucha sAdRzya A jAtA hai| udAharaNa ke lie marAThI aura kannar3a ko liyA jA sakatA hai| ye do bhinna parivAroM kI bhASAe haiM, parantu, aisA hote hue bhI unake zabdoM meM kahIM-kahIM samAnatA prApta hotI hai| . eka parivAra kI bhASAoM meM sabase adhika samAnatA mUlaka jo sthAyI tatva hai, vaha hai, vyAkaraNa yA racanA-krama kI smaantaa| kisI bhI parivAra kI bhASAoM meM satata vikAsa hotA jAtA hai, jo svAbhAvika hai| vikAsa meM parivartana avazyambhAvI hai| yaha hote hue bho kisI bhASA kI vyAkaraNika AkRti yA racanA-krama para isakA prabhAva bahuta dhImA hotA hai| bhAropIya parivAra pAli va prAkRta bhASAe AkRtimUlaka vargIkaraNa ke antargata mAne gaye 'caudaha bhASA ___ 2010_05

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62 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 parivAroM meM bhAropIya parivAra se tathA bhaugolika AdhAra para vargIkRta bhASA-khaNDoM meM yUreziyA khaNDa se sambaddha haiN| ina bhASAoM para carcA karane se pUrva bhAropIya parivAra para bhI saMkSepa meM vimarSaNa Avazyaka hogaa| vizva ke bhASA-parivAroM meM bhAropIya parivAra para bhASA-vijJAna-sambandhI bahuta kArya huA hai| saMskRta isI parivAra kI bhASA hai, jisakA adhyayana karate samaya pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ko bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM kArya karane kI vizeSa preraNA prApta huii| bhAropIya parivAra ko aba vidvAn bhArata hittI ( Indo-Hitti ) parivAra kahate haiM / phira bhI yaha parivAra Az2a bhI bhAropIya ke nAma se adhika prasiddha hai; kyoMki yaha varSoM se isI nAma se bolA jAtA rahA hai| saMsAra ke bhASA-parivAroM meM yaha parivAra atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| saMsAra meM isa parivAra kI bhASAoM ko bolane vAle loga saMkhyA meM sabase adhika haiN| yaha parivAra saMsAra ke eka bar3e bhU-bhAga meM phailA hai| saMskRti, sabhyatA aura sAhitya ke abhyudaya, vikAsa aura prakarSa kA saMvahana karane kI dRSTi se yaha bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| isa parivAra kA vistAra mukhyata: pazcima meM briTena aura briTiza dvIpoM se lekara pUrva meM uttara bhArata taka hai| madhyavartI yUrAla-alTAika tathA vAska ke bhU-bhAga isase chUTa jAte haiN| ve isa parivAra meM nahIM Ate / vastutaH isa parivAra kA nAmakaraNa aba taka ThIka nahIM ho pAyA hai; isalie isake nAma samaya-samaya para badalate rahe haiN| bhAropIya parivAra ke vibhinna nAma sabase pahale bhAropIya parivAra inDojarmanika ( Indo-Germanisch ) nAma se prasiddha huaa| usake pIche yaha vicAra thA ki isa parivAra ke pUrvI kinAre para bhAratIya bhASAe aura pazcimI kinAre para jarmana bhASAeM haiN| kintu, pazcima meM jarmanI taka hI yaha parivAra sImita nahIM hai| usake bhI pazcima meM isa parivAra kI eka zAkhA aura pracalita hai, jisakA nAma kelTika hai| isa sthiti meM "iNDojarmanika' nAma vidvAnoM ko upayukta nahIM lgaa| use chor3a diyA gyaa| parantu, jarmana vidvAn Aja bhI isa parivAra ke lie isI nAma kA prayoga karate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki yahI yathArtha nAma hai / jarmanI kA mahatva ghaTAne ke lie isa nAma ko haTAyA gayA / kucha vidvAnoM ne isa bhASA-parivAra ko Arya-parivAra ke nAma se bhI sambodhita kiyaa| isakA AdhAra unhoMne yaha batAyA ki isake bolane vAle Arya jAti ke loga haiN| parantu, Age jo gaveSaNAe huI, unase siddha huA ki Arya zabda dvArA una saba logoM kA bhAna nahIM hotA, jo isa parivAra ke vizAla dAyare meM haiN| kucha Age bar3hakara vidvAnoM kA aisA mata banA ki Arya kevala IrAna aura bhArata ke logoM ke lie hI prayukta huA hai, isalie samUce 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha parivAra kA nAma Arya-parivAra rakhanA kadApi saMgata nahIM hai / isa nAma kI saMgati bhAropIya yA bhArata-hitI parivAra kI eka zAkhA bhArata-IrAnI parivAra ke lie hI ho sakatI hai| saMskRta isa parivAra kI mukhya bhASA rahI hai; ataH pahale kucha vidvAnoM kA jinameM bhAratIya mukhya the, yaha abhimata thA ki saMskRta hI isa parivAra kI mUla bhASA thI / usI se isa parivAra kI sArI bhASAe nikliiN| una logoM kI dRSTi meM isakA nAma "saMskRtaparivAra" rahanA samucita thaa| para, saMsAra ke vidvAnoM dvArA use mAnyatA nahIM dI gii| bhAropIya ko AdhAra aneka nAma Aye, para, bhASA-vijJAna ke kSetra meM 'bhAropIya parivAra' hI aba taka pracalita hai| isakI bhASAe vizeSataH yUropa se lekara bhArata taka phailI huI haiM, isI abhiprAya se yaha nAmakaraNa huA / amerikA, AsTreliyA, aphrIkA Adi bhU-khaNDoM ke kinhIM bhAgoM meM bhI aMgrejI, phreMca, Daca Adi bhASAe, jo bhAropIya parivAra kI haiM, pahuMca gayI haiN| yUropa se bhArata taka vyApti kI bAta isalie akSarazaH saMgata nahIM hotI, para, mukhyatA aura vyApaka pracalana kI dRSTi se isI ( nAma ) kA vyavahAra hai| bhArata-hitI kA tAtparya hittI bhASA kA unnIsavIM zati ke antima dazaka meM patA calA, jaba eziyA mAinara ke bogAjakoI nAmaka sthAna kI khudAI meM kucha kIlAkSara lekha prApta hue| bIsavIM zatI ke prathama dazaka meM puna: khudAI huI, jisameM kolAkSaroM ke atirikta aura bhI citra, lipi bhAdi sAmagrI milii| inake AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne hittI ko I0 pU0 do hajAra se I0 pU0 pandraha sau taka kI bhASA mAnA / usake parivAra-nirdhAraNa meM vidvAnoM ne lambe samaya taka gaveSaNA aura parizolana kiyA / antataH yaha lagabhaga sarvamAnya nirNaya rahA ki hittI bhAropIya kI bahina hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki Adi udgama-srota se bhASAoM ke do samudAya nikle| eka bhAropIya parivAra kI bhASAoM kA thA aura dUsarA enAToliyana zAkhA kI bhASAoM kaa| IrAnI, pahaladhI, saMskRta, prAkRta, pAli, apabhraMza, hindI, baMgalA, gujarAtI, marAThI, Adi bhASAe jahAM bhAropIya zAkhA ke antargata haiM, vahAM hittI, lIDiyana, lIsiyana, hIroglAphika hiTTAiTa, paleika tathA ludhiyana bhASAe enAToliyana zAkhA ke antargata haiN| enAToliyana zAkhA meM hitI bhASA kA sarvAdhika mahatva hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vidvAnoM ne bhAropIya parivAra ke saMzodhita nAma bhArata-hittI parivAra meM hittI zabda jor3A hai| bhASA-vaijJAnikoM kA abhimata hai ki jisa mUla bhASA se ukta donoM zAkhAe' udgata 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa:2 huI, usakA samaya I0 pU0 do hajAra cArasau se pahale kA hai| kucha vidvAn isameM thor3A saMzodhana karate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki mUla bhArata-hittI kA samaya I0 pU0 do hajAra nausau tathA I0 pU0 do hajAra cArasau ke madhya honA cAhie / abhiprAya yaha hai, ve vidvAn mUla bhArata-hittI kI avasthiti usa sthAna para lagabhaga pAMca sau varSa pUrva se mAnate haiM / virosa : eka naI kalpanA mUla bhASA se udgata hokara bhArata-hittI-parivAra yA bhAropIya-parivAra kI bhASAeM saMsAra ke vistRta bhU-bhAga meM prasRta huI, usake lie eka vizeSa nAma kI kalpanA kI gayI hai| unhoMne isa kalpanA kA AdhAra saMskRta vIra, leTina Uir, Vir, prAcIna Ayariza FER tathA jarmana VER Adi ko maanaa| jina mUla-sthAna-ghAsiyoM meM kabhI yaha bhASA pracUta thI, unheM bhI vorosa ( wIROS ) nAma se sambodhita kiyA gyaa| pUrva carcita bhAropIya yA bhArata-hittI parivAra ke nAmoM ke sambandha kA sAra yaha hai ki nAma kI samasyA aba taka bhI santoSajanaka rUpa meM samAhita nahIM ho sakI hai| DA0 bholAnAtha tivArI ne isa viSaya meM eka sujhAva upasthita kiyA hai, jo ullekhanIya hai / unhoMne likhA hai : yadi hama una mUla logoM ko "virosa' kaha rahe haiM, to usI AdhAra para usa mUla-bhASA ke parivAra ke lie 'virosa parivAra' ( Wiros Family ) kA prayoga kara sakate haiN| sabhI dRSTiyoM se yaha nAma dUsaroM kI apekSA upayukta hai| hAM, yaha bAta dUsarI hai ki bhAropIya yA ( Indo-European ) ke pUrNa pracalana ho jAne ke bAda aba kisI acchese-acche nAma ke bhI pracalana kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai / "1 Aryo ko mUla sthAna 'virosa' bhASA jahAM pracalita thI, usako bolane vAle loga jahAM rahate the, vaha sthAna kauna-sA thA, isa para vizva ke aneka vidvAnoM ne jalavAyu vijJAna, bhASA- vijJAna, purAtana sAhitya, bhUgola, purAtatva aura jyotiSa Adi ke AdhAra para bahuta kucha cintana manthana kiyA hai| bhinna-bhinna vidvAnoM ne apane vicAra prastuta kiye haiN| unameM kAphI matabheda haiM / bahuta kucha prayatna karane para bhI aba taka vizva ke vidvAn dhirosa bhASA aura logoM ke nivAsa sthAna ke sambandha meM kisI eka bhata' para nahIM A sake / vAstava meM jJAna aura gaveSaNA kA mArga bar3A durgama hai| usameM tapasyA aura sAdhanA cAhie / AzA hai, vartamAna vidvAn aura Age bhAne vAle vidvAnoM kI pIr3hI isa prazna kA samAdhAna DhUMDha nikAlane meM taba taka prayatnazIla rahegI, jaba taka eka nirbAdha nirNaya nahIM ho jAyagA / 1. bhASA vijJAna, pR0 125 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA pravAha [ 65 viros nAma kI kalpanA bahuta prAcIna nahIM hai / kucha hI samaya pUrva yaha kI gaI hai / usase pahale una logoM ko, jaisA ki pahale saMketita huA hai, Arya kahA jAtA thA / aba bhI vaha nAma pracalita hai / Adi sthAna bhArata : eka abhimata viros ( Arya ) logoM kA Adi sthAna bhArata meM hI thA, yaha eka mata hai / isake anusAra Arya kahIM bAhara se nahIM Aye / ho sakatA hai, ve yahAM se bAhara ke dezoM meM gaye hoM / bhArata eka vizAla deza hai / usameM kisI sthAna - vizeSa kA nizcaya kara lenA hogA ki Arya prAcInakAla meM vahAM basate the / bhArata ko AryoM kA mUla sthAna mAnane vAloM meM pramukha bhAratIya vidvAn hI haiM / bhArata meM AryoM ke kisI eka nizcita sthAna ke viSaya meM unakA abhimata eka nahIM hai / zrI ela0 DI0 kallA kazmIra yA himAlaya meM unakA Adi sthAna svIkAra karate haiM / khyAtanAmA manISI mahAmahopAdhyAya DA0 gaMgAnAtha jhA ke anusAra AryoM kA Adi sthAna brahmarSi deza hai / manusmRti meM brahmarSi deza ke sambandha meM ullekha hai : "kurukSetra, matsya, pAMcAla aura zUrasena pradeza brahmarSi deza ke antargata haiM / " isa paribhASA ke anusAra kurukSetra ke AsapAsa kA sthAna alavara, bairATha Adi ke paripAda kI bhUmi, mathurA yA brajabhUmi kA pradeza, paMjAba, jammU aura himAcala ke bIca kA kSetra brahmarSi deza meM AnA cAhie / 'I pramukha itihAsavettA zrI DI0 esa0 trivedI ke anusAra devikA usakI ghATI meM sthita mulatAna kA kSetra AryoM kA Adi sthAna thA / zabda kI vyutpatti mUla sthAna se jor3ate haiM / AryoM kA mUla sthAna hone ke anusAra isa kSetra kA mulatAna nAmakaraNa huA / itihAsa ke eka dUsare bar3e vidvAn zrI avinAzacandra dAsa ne 'Rgvedika iNDiyA' nAmaka pustaka meM AryoM kA mUla nivAsa sthAna sarasvatI ke sarasvatI ke taTIya pradeza ko batAyA hai / udgama sthala himAlaya athavA nadI ke taTa para yA kucha vidvAn mulatAna se hI una vidvAnoM sarasvatI aura dRSadvatI vaidika kAla kI nadiyAM thiiN| Rgveda aura tANDya brAhmaNa meM unakA varNana hai / ye paMjAba aura rAjasthAna ke uttarI bhAga meM pravahamAna thIM / dinoM inakA taTIya pradeza bahuta udhera tathA samRddha thA / una 1. kurukSetraM ca matyAzca paMcAlAH zUrasenakAH / eSa brahmarSidezo ve brahmAvartAdanantaraH // manusmRti, 2 / 19 2. Rgveda, 3 / 23 / 4 2010_05

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66 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [ khaNDa : 2 uttarI rAjasthAna taka inakI avasthiti ke sambandha meM rAjasthAna jilA gaijeTiyara, cUrU meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai : " kahA jAtA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM cUrU jile ke samIpavartI gaMgAnagara jile ke bhU-bhAga meM sarasvatI aura dRSadvatI nAmaka nadiyAM bahatI thIM, jinase rAjasthAna ke isa kSetra meM AryoM kI upasthiti pramANita hotI hai / gaMgAnagara jile ke raMgamahala, kAlI baMgA, baDopAla tathA nohara Adi sthAnoM meM purAtatva kI dRSTi se jo khudAI huI hai, usase prakaTa hotA hai ki sindhu ghATI kI sabhyatA isa kSetra taka phailI huI thI / "" donoM nadiyAM Aja prApta nahIM haiN| sarasvatI ke sambandha meM ema0 moniyara viliyama ne saMskRta-aMgrejI zabda-koza meM ullekha kiyA hai : "eka suprasiddha choTI nadI, jise hindU pavitra mAnate haiM, jo Aja 'surasutI' se pahacAnI jA sakatI hai aura jo dRSadvatI ke sAtha AyaM deza aura usake eka maNDala brahmAvarta kA sImAMkana karatI hai| 2 RRgveda 7,95, 2 meM batAyA gayA hai ki yaha nadI samudra meM milatI hai| para, uttaravartI kiMvadantiyoM ke anusAra yaha bhUmi meM lupta ho jAtI hai aura ilAhAbAda meM gaMgA aura yamunA meM mila jAtI hai / " 1. We are told that in the ancient times two Vedic rivers-Saraswati and Drishadwati flowed in the contiguous areas of the district i. e., in Ganganagar, which testifies to the presence of the Aryans in this part of Rajasthan. Recent archaeological excavations, carried out in the adjoining district of Ganganagar at Rangmahal, Kalibanga, Bedopal Nohar etc. indicate that the Indus valley civilization extended upto this area. -Rajasthan District Gazetter, Churu, P. 15. 2. Manusmriti ; 2117 3. N. of well-known small river ( held very sacred by the Hindus; identified with the Modern Sursooty, and formerly marking with the Drishadavati one of the boundaries of the region Arya-Desha and of the sacred district called Brahmavarta ( See Mn. II, 17 ); in R. V. VII 95, 2; this river is represented as flowing into the sea, although later legends make it disappear underground and join the Ganges and Jumna at Allahabad, Sanskrit-English Dictionary by Sir Monier-Williams M.W.A; K. C. I.E. 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha [67 vAmana zivarAma ApTe ne apane koza' meM sarasvatI kA marusthala kI reta meM lupta honA likhA hai| ___ dRSadvatI ke sambandha meM ema0 moniyara viliyamsa' kA ullekha hai ki vaha sarasvatI meM milatI hai| ___ ApTe isa nadI ke viSaya meM kahate haiM : "eka nadI kA nAma jo AryAvarta kI pUrva sImA banAtI hai tathA sarasvatI nadI meM milatI hai|"3 ___ ema0 moniyara viliyamsa ne sarasvatI kI jo 'surasUtI' ke nAma se pahacAna karAI hai, vaha cintya pratIta hotI hai| rAjasthAna meM ghagghara nAma se prasiddha varSA Rtu meM prAyaH bahane bAlI nadI sarasvatI sambhAvita hai| ___ upayukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki sarasvatI ke taTa para ati prAcIna kAla meM kabhI AryoM kA AvAsa thaa| para, isase yaha siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki AryoM kA yahI mUla sthAna thaa| rAjasthAna ke gaMgAnagara jile ke kAlIbaMgA, raMgamahala Adi sthAnoM kI khudAI aura vahAM se prApta vastuoM se purAtattva ke vidvAnoM aura anusandhitsuoM ko yaha preraNA avazya lenI cAhie ki ve sindhu ghATI kI sabhyatA ke bAre meM gahana adhyayana aura anuzIlana kareM, jo yahAM vizeSa rUpa se parivyApta thii| sambhava hai, aisA hone para aneka naye tathya prakAza meM AyeM, prAk AyaMkAlIna saMskRti ke sambandha meM bhI kucha igita prApta hoN| ___ kucha bhAratIya vidvAn, jinameM DA0 sampUrNAnanda kA nAma mukhya rUpa se liyA jA sakatA hai; vedoM, purANoM tathA tatsambaddha sAhitya ke AdhAra para upayukta mata se milatA-julatA mata prakaTa karate haiN| kisI nizcita sthAna kA itthaMbhUta saMketa to ve nahIM karate, para, unakA prabala tarka yaha hai ki jaba prAcIna bhAratIya Arya-sAhitya meM AryoM ke bAhara se Ane kA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM hai, taba kyoM nahIM unheM bhAratavarSa ke hI mUla nivAsI mAnA jaae| samIkSA prastuta mata ke ubhAvaka aura poSaka vyaktiyoM meM ucca koTi ke vidvAn hai / isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki unhoMne bhAratIya vAGamaya kA gambhIra anuzIlana kiyA hai, para, AryoM ke mUla sthAna 1. ApTe : saMskRta-hindI-koza , pR0 1087 2. Name of a river which flows into the Saraswati. -Sanskrit-English Dictionary,P.492. 3. ApTe : saMskRta-hindI-koza , pR0 471 2010_05

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68] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 ke sambandha meM unakA jo mantavya hai, vizva ke aneka praur3ha vidvAnoM tathA anusandhAtAoM ke vicArAnusAra bhASA-vijJAna tathA mAnava ke vikAsa-abhiyAna Adi ke sUkSma parizIlana se saMgata nahIM jAna pdd'taa| ho sakatA hai, isa mata ke pratipAdana meM thor3A-bahuta bhAvukatA kA bhI sthAna rahA ho| bhArata kA cira atIta niHsandeha saMskRti, darzana, sAhitya, kalA, nirmANa Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se unnayana aura vikAsa ke caramotkarSa para pahuMcA thaa| para, usakA atizayita citra, jo tathyAnveSaNa meM bhI bAdhaka ho, katipaya prAcInatA-priya bhAratIyoM ke mastiSka para Acchanna hai, kyA usakA prabhAva bhI isa mAnyatA para nahIM A pAyA, yaha cintana aura samIkSA-yogya hai| kucha sUkSmatA se una pahaluoM kA bhI parIkSaNa kareM, jinase upayukta mAnyatA kI prAmANikatA vyAhata hotI hai / yadi bhAropIya parivAra kI bhASAoM ke vistAra para dRSTipAta kareM, to yaha spaSTatayA parijJAta hogA ki unakA vistAra bhAratavarSa ke paripArzva meM hI nahIM, apitu unameM se adhikAMza yA to yUropa meM phailI huI haiM yA eziyA, yUropa ke milane ke sthAna ke Asa-pAsa / aisI sthiti meM kyA yaha kalpanA kareM ki bhAratavarSa se Arya (virosa) pazcima kI ora bar3hate gaye, aneka bhASAeM banatI gyiiN| yaha kalpanA yukti-yukta aura nyAya-saMgata pratIta nahIM hotii| bhArata se itanI dUra taka jAne kA AryoM kA koI uddezya honA caahie| bhAratavarSa kI bhUmi bahuta ura rahI hai| usa samaya jana-saMkhyA bhI kama thii| jIvana-nirvAha kI koI samasyA nahIM thii| phira yUropa ke dUra dezoM taka cala kara loga gaye, vahAM AbAda hue, samajha meM Ane yogya nahIM hai| isake atirikta prAcIna vAGamaya meM bhAratIyoM ke isa prakAra ke abhiyAna yA bahirgamana kA koI ullekha prApta nahIM hotaa| aisI sthiti meM kyA yaha adhika sambhava nahIM lagatA ki koI eka samudAya pazcima se pUrva kI ora calA ho aura calate-calate kucha ThaharAvoM ke bAda, jinameM usake aneka sAthI una ThaharAdhoM ke sthAnoM para AbAda bhI ho gaye hoM, bhAratavarSa ke uttara-pazcima bhAga meM pahuMcA ho, vahAM basa gayA ho / unameM se katipaya kucha samaya pazcAt AsapAsa kI dUsarI dizAoM meM bhI cale gaye hoN| bhAratavarSa meM bhAropIya, dravir3a, Agneya Adi parivAroM kI bhASAe pracalita haiN| uttara bhArata meM paMjAba se lekara asama taka tathA bhArata ke madhyavartI bhAga meM paMjAbI, hindI, rAjasthAnI, gujarAtI, maithilI, bhojapurI, baMgalA, ur3iyA, AsAmI, marAThI Adi bhAropIya parivAra kI bhASAeM bolI jAtI hai| baMgAla, bihAra va madhyapradeza ke kucha bhU-bhAgoM, khAsIjayantI kI pahAr3iyoM tathA tamilanADu ke gaMjAma jile meM muDA ( kanAvarI, kheravArI, kukU', khar3iyA, juAMga, zAbara, gadavA Adi ) bhASAoM kA pracalana hai, jo Agneya parivAra kI bhASAe haiN| dakSiNa meM Andhra, tamilanADu, kerala, karnATaka Adi ke atirikta lakSadvIpa 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] vizva bhASA-pravAha aura laMkA Adi meM bhI dravir3a-parivAra kI ( tamila, telugU, malayAlama, kannar3a, tulu, kuDAgU, ToDA Adi ) bhASAoM kA pracalana hai| isakA Azaya yaha hai ki kisI pradeza meM dravir3aparivAra kI koI eka bhASA bolI jAtI hai, dUsare meM koI anya / jaise, Andhra meM telugU, tamilanADu meM tamila, laMkA meM jo tamila bhASI loga base hue haiM. unameM tamila, kerala meM malayAlama tathA karnATaka meM kannar3a bolI jAtI hai| Arya jAti kA mUla sthAna yadi bhAratavarSa hotA, to yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dvArA prayukta bhASA-parivAra kI bhASAe hI samagna bhArata meM vyavahRta hotiiN| aisA nahIM huA, isakA eka sambhAvita kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki dravir3a-parivAra kI bhASAeM bolane vAle pahale se hI yahAM base hue hoM, jinakI apanI bhASAe bhI kucha vikasita rahI hoM / tadanantara AryoM kA Agamana huA ho / taba unake dvArA prayujyamAna bhASA-parivAra ko vividha bhASAe bhArata ke samagra uttaro bhAga meM kramazaH vistAra pAtI gayI hoN| mohana-jo-dar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se kucha naye tathya udvATita hote haiN| inakA samaya Rgveda se pahale kA hai| vahAM prApta sAmagrI ke AdhAra para vidvAnoM ne usa sambandha meM vizeSa gaveSaNA kI hai| unhoMne anumAna lagAyA hai ki mohana jo-dar3o AryoM ke bhArataAgamana se pUrva kI kisI samRdva sabhyatA kA bhagnAvazeSa hai / usa sabhyatA ke logoM ko apano bhASA, saMskRti tathA eka vyavasthita jIvana-praNAlI thii| isa sandarbha meM udghATita tathyoM yA niSkarSoM ke anusAra aisA sambhAvya ho sakatA hai ki mohana-jo-dar3o se sambaddha sabhyatA, saMskRti dravir3oM kI rahI ho, unakI apanI bhASA bhI rahI ho, jisakA vikAsa Aja tamila, telugU tathA kannar3a Adi ke rUpa meM pAte haiN| prAcIna bhU-vijJAna, jala-vAyu-vijJAna, bhASA-vijJAna tathA nRvaMza-vijJAna Adi para hue gaveSaNAtmaka aura samIkSAtmaka adhyayana se prApta pramANoM ke AdhAra para AryoM kA mUla sthAna vartamAna kAla meM bhAratavarSa kI jo sImAe haiM, unase kahIM bAhara honA caahie| suprasiddha bhAratIya vidvAn lokamAnya bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka Adi ne bhI AryoM kA mUla sthAna bhAratavarSa se bAhara hI mAnA hai| mUla sthAna bhArata se bAhara yaha viSaya atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai; ataH isa para bahuta gaharAI se cintana huA hai, aba bhI hotA hai / yahAM isa sambandha meM vizva ke vibhinna vidvAnoM ke nAnA abhimata viziSTa sthAna rakhate haiN| una para kucha vicAra karanA upayogI hogaa| saMskRta bhASA vedoM ke mahAna vidvAn pro0 maiksa mUlara dvArA pAmIra kA pleTo tathA usake AsapAsa madhya eziyAM, skaiMDaneviyana bhASAoM ke vidvAn DA0 le dhama ( Ladham ) dvArA skeMDaneviyA, iTalI ke ___ 2010_05

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70 ] mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa: 2 mAnavazAstravettA serjI ( Sergi ) dvArA eziyA mAinara ke paThAra, lokamAnya tilaka dvArA uttarI dhrava ke pAsa, sara desAI dvArA rUsa meM bAlkana jhIla ke pAsa, DA0 gAilja (Giles) dvArA haMgarI ke kArapeziyana pahAr3a ke AsapAsa, harTa dvArA polaiMDa meM vizculA nadI ke taTa para, nehariMga dvArA dakSiNI rUsa maca Adi vidvAnoM dvArA pazcimI bAlTika ke kinAre, slAva bhASAoM ke vidvAn pro. zreDara ( Schrader ) dvArA dakSiNI rUsa meM volgA nadI ke muhAne tathA kaispiyana sAgara ke uttarI taTa ke pAsa, DA0 brAndentAina ( Brandenstein ) dvArA yUrAla parvatamAlA ke dakSiNa ( dakSiNa-pazcima rUsa ) meM Aryo kA mUla sthAna hone kI parikalpanAe kI gaI haiN| kucha vidvAnoM ne jarmanI, lithuvAniyA, mesopoTAmiyA, rUsI turkistAna, parasiyA, bAlTika sAgara ke dakSiNI-pUrvI taTa Adi ko AryoM kA mUla sthAna batalAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra eka mAnyatA yaha bhI hai ki tibbata mAnava-sRSTi kA Adi sthAna hai| mAnava-jAti kA isI sthAna para udbhava huaa| yahIM se vaha sAre vizva meM phailii| isa mAnyatA ke anusAra tibbata triviSTapa kA parivartita rUpa hai| triSiSTapa kA artha tInoM lokoM kA samUha hai| sArI mAnava-jAti kA utpatti-sthAna jaba tibbata hai, taba Arya-jAti sahaja hI vahAM kI siddha ho jAtI hai| AryoM ke mUla-sthAna ke viSaya meM itane mata-matAntaroM ke madhya sahI sthAna kA ati prAmANika nirNaya de pAnA sarala nahIM hai| samIkSA : sthApanA ___ uparyukta matoM para jaba taTastha bhAva se vicAra karate haiM, to sabase pahale eka tathya kI ora dhyAna jAtA hai, jisa para pahale bhI yathAprasaMga kucha igita kiyA gayA hai| nizcaya hI buddhi aura bhAvukatA paraspara viparIta tattva haiN| bhAbukatA se moha utpanna hotA hai| moha kA pariNAma kisI viziSTa vastu kI ora jhukAdha hai| yaha sarvathA sambhava hai, sUkSma viveka vahAM kucha kSINa ho jAtA hai| AryoM ke mUla-sthAna ke nirdhAraNa meM bhI kucha vidvAnoM kI manovRtti para isakA prabhAva pratIta hotA hai / bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne bhArata ko jo AryoM kA Adi sthAna batalAyA, usakA AdhAra bhAratIya vAGamaya thaa| pro. zreDara ne slAgha-bhASAoM ke kSetra ko Aryo kA mUla sthAna ghoSita kiyaa| pro0 zreDara slAva-bhASAoM ke vidvAn the| unakA anusandhAna aura anuzIlana mukhyataH slAva-bhASAoM ke AdhAra para humA / unhoMne apane mata kI sthApanA tathA dRr3hIkaraNa meM unhIM bhASAoM ke uddharaNa upasthita kiye / DA0 laidhama skeMDemeSiyana bhASAoM ke paNDita the| unhoMne etadviSayaka apane adhyayana-anveSaNa ke pariNAma svarUpa AryoM kA mUla sthAna - 1. trayANAM viSTapAnAM samAhAra :-triviSTapam 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 71 skeMDeneviyA siddha karane kA prayatna kiyaa| ina vidvAnoM kI taM.noM zreNiyoM kA AryoM ke mUla sthAna kI sthApanA meM apanI-apanI bhASAoM ke kSetra arthAt apane-apane dezoM kI ora cintana kendrita huaa| isameM kucha-na-kucha mama va kI jhalaka AtI hI hai| ___bhAropIya-parivAra kI bhASAoM kA pUrva aura pazcima meM vistAra, vibhinna sthitiyAM, dhvaniyoM kA tAratamya, bhaugolikatA tathA bhASAoM ke uttaravartI vikAsa kI vividha pariNatiyAM Adi aneka pakSa isa sandarbha meM carcita hue| niSkarSataH katipaya dhariSTha bhASA-vaijJAnikoM kA mata brAndenztAina ke pakSa meM rahA / bhAratavarSa ke mahAn bhASA-vijJAnavettA DA0 sunItikumAra caTarjI ne bho brAndeztAina ke mata kA samarthana kiyaa| tadanusAra yUrAla parvatamAlA ke dakSiNa kA pradeza AryoM kA Adi sthAna parikalpita kiyA gyaa| suprasiddha bhASA vaijJAnika DA0 baTakRSNa ghoSa Adi kucha vidvAn brAndenztAina ke mata ke bahuta se pahalU svIkAra nahIM karate, parantu, adhikAMza vidvAnoM kA jhukAva isI ora hai| mUla sthAna se abhiyAna yUrAla parvata ke dakSiNI bhU-bhAga ko Aryo yA viros logoM kA mUla sthAna mAna kara aba hama cintana kreN| brAndenztAina kA vicAra hai ki zabdoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ye ( AyaM yA viros ) kisI eka hI sthAna meM avibhakta rUpa meM nivAsa karate the| samaya bItane para unameM se kucha loga dakSiNa-pUrva kI ora cala par3e, jinheM hama bhArata-IrAnI logoM ke pUrva-puruSa kaha sakate haiN| mUla sthAna se ve sIdhe IrAna pahuMce yA bIca meM kahIM ruke, nizcita rUpa meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isa sandarbha meM bhArata ke pramukha bhASA-vaijJAnika DA0 bAbUrAma saksenA ke vicAra mananIya hai : "itihAsa meM Arya jAti kA AvibhISa anyoM ( misrI, subherI, akkadI, asIrI, cInI Adi ) kI apekSA arvAcIna hai| anumAna hai ki mAdima AryoM kA prathama samparka uttarI mesopoTemiyA kI tatkAlIna sabhya jAtiyoM se, IsA se pUrva teIsavIM yA bAIsavIM sadI meM humA, I0 pU0 2000 varSa ke AsapAsa unakI sthiti mesopoTemiyA meM pAI jAtI hai| prAyaH I0 pU0 1400 ke bogAjakoI lekha meM AryoM kA prathama sarvathA spaSTa ullekha hai|"] isase yaha bhI sambhava pratIta hotA hai ki AryoM kA pahalA mukAma mesopoTemiyA meM huA ho / do bhAgoM meM vibhAjana abhiyAna kA pahalA pariNAma yaha huA ki apane mUlasthAna se viros yA pAyaM sahaja hI do bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho jAte haiN| eka ve, jo dakSiNa-pUrva kI ora Age bar3he tathA dUsare 1. sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna, pR0 325 ___ 2010_05

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72 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 ve, jo unake cale jAne para pIche raha gye| jo loga pIche rahe, ve yA unameM se adhikAMza usa sthAna ko chor3a kara kinhIM naye sthAnoM kI khoja meM pazcima, dakSiNa-pazcima Adi anyAnya dizAoM kI ora cala par3e hoN| Age bar3hate gaye hoN| bhinna-bhinna dizAoM meM Age bar3hate rahane tathA bhinna-bhinna bhU-bhAgoM meM AbAda hote jAne ke kAraNa naI-naI bhASAe nirmita hotI gayI hoN| IrAna meM bhAvAsa : bhASA meM parivartana dakSiNa-pUrva hotI huI pUrva kI ora bar3hane vAlI zAkhA ke loga jaba IrAna meM basa jAte haiM, taba vahAM para unakI mUla bhASA kA rUpa parivartita hone lagatA hai| IrAna AryANAm kA parivartita rUpa hai, yaha ThIka hI pratIta hotA hai / sambhavataH AryoM ke usa bhU-bhAga meM basane ke pazcAt usa ( deza ) kA yaha nAma pracalita huA ho / bhASA-parivAra ke vivecana ke prasaMga meM jaisA kahA gayA hai, jo loga bAhara se Ate haiM, unheM, jahAM Akara ve Tikate haiM, vahAM ke mUla logoM kI bhASA se kAphI le lenA hotA hai| isa prakAra eka milI-julI bhASA bana jAtI hai| IrAna meM aisA hI huA / bhAropIya parivAra kI bhArata-IrAnI zAkhA IzAna Ane ke pazcAt AryoM kI bhASA kI jo dhArA pravAhita hotI hai, use bhAropIyaparivAra kI Arya-zAkhA yA bhArata-IrAnI zAkhA kahA jAtA hai| bhAropIya - parivAra meM isa zAkhA kA bar3A mahatva hai| Age calakara Rgveda jaise sAhitya kA isI meM praNayana hotA hai, jo vizva ke upalabdha vAGamaya meM sabase prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| prAcInatA ke sAtha-sAtha Rgveva kI bhASA - sambandhI vizeSatA ko saMsAra ke prAyaH sabhI pramukha vidvAn svIkAra karate haiN| isake sAtha - sAtha bhArata-IrAnI parivAra kI bhASAoM kA rUpa-gaThana tathA vAGamaya bhI aneka dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa hai| pazcima meM bhASA-vijJAna ke vyApaka tathA bahumukhI adhyayana evaM anveSaNa kA jo krama gatizIla huA, usakA AdhAra bhI mukhyataH ye hI Aya-parivAra kI bhASAe haiN| ina bhASAoM ke sUkSma anuzIlana aura vizleSaNa ke prasaMga meM pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA dhyAna vizva kI vibhinna bhASAoM ke dhvanyAtmaka, zabdAtmaka tathA tmaka sAmya kI ora AkaSTa haa| kalakattA sthita bhArata ke sarvocca nyAyAlaya ke mukhya nyAyAdhIza sara viliyama jaoNnsa ke paricaya-prasaMga meM isa dizA meM jo prakAza DAlA gayA hai, usase yaha tathya pramANita hotA hai| AryoM ke IrAna meM A jAne tathA basa jAne ke anantara jo naI bhASA astitva meM 1. agnima prakaraNa meM yathAprasaMga yaha carcA kI jaayegii| ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha AI, usase jahAM Ane vAloM ko apane vicAra vyakta karane meM suvidhA huI, vahAM mUla nivAsiyoM ko bhI Agata janoM ke sAtha apanA vyavahAra bar3hAne meM vaha bhASA sahAyaka siddha huI / koI bhASA jaba pariniSThita rUpa le letI hai, to usameM sAhitya kA sarjana hone lagatA hai| aisA anumAna hai ki IrAnI meM bhI kAphI sAhitya likhA gayA thaa| para, Aja vaha saMsAra ko upalabdha nahIM hai| I0 pU0 323 meM yavana-samrATa, sikandara ne IrAna para AkramaNa kiyaa| vidhvaMsa aura lUTapATa ke sAtha - sAtha usane IrAna ke granthAlaya bhI jalA ddaale| I0 651 meM IrAna para araba kA AkramaNa huaa| AkrAmakoM ne jahAM usa deza ko naSTa-bhraSTa kiyA, vahAM ke granthAlayoM ko bhI achUtA nahIM chodd'aa| unheM agnideva ko bheMTa kara diyaa| ___do bAra meM isa prakAra vaha sAhityika nidhi, jo manISiyoM kI prajJA aura zrama se sarjita thI, mAnava ke unmAda kA zikAra hokara zUnya meM vilIna ho gyii| sakheda prazna hotA hai ki ye AkrAntA AkrAnta deza ke granthAgAroM ko kyoM jalA DAlate haiM ? isase na kevala AkrAnta deza kI hI hAni hotI hai, apitu vizva kI bahuta bar3I sAhityika va sAMskRtika upalabdhiyAM sahasA vidhvasta ho jAtI haiN| para, kyA kiyA jAe, jaba mAnava kA mana unmAda-grasta ho jAtA hai, taba vaha jo na kara, thor3A hai| jo kucha baca pAyA, vaha thA pArasiyoM kA dharma-grantha avestA aura I0 pU0 600 ke harumAnI bAdazAhoM ke shilaalekh| avestA kA samaya I0 pU0 7 vIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai| yahI IrAna kA prAcInatama upalabdha sAhitya hai| avestA ko bhASA Rgveda kI bhASA se milatIjulatI hai| avestA meM Rgveda kI taraha prArthanAe~ haiN| jisa bhASA meM avestA kI racanA huI hai, use avesto kahA jAtA hai| vaha ( avestI ) kucha samaya taka vaikTriyA ko rAjabhASA bhI rahI thI; ataH use prAcIna paikTriyana bhI kahA jAtA hai / avestI, prAcIna phArasI IrAnI kI do zAkhAe mAnI jAtI haiM-avesto aura prAcIna phaarsii| donoM ke pravRtta hone meM samaya kA bahuta adhika antara nahIM hai| sambhavataH prAcIna phArasI avestI ke kucha bAda kI ho| IrAna kA pazcimI bhAga phArasa kahA jAtA thaa| purAnI phArasI kA vahIM pracalana thaa| phArasa meM pracalita hone ke kAraNa isakA nAma phArasI par3A ho, aiso sambhAvanA hai| purAnI phArasI meM koI sAhitya upalabdha nahIM hai| kucha kIlAkSarIya abhilekha prApta haiM, jo ekameniyana zAsakoM dvArA I0 pU0 pAMcavIM-chaThI zatI meM utkIrNa karavAye gaye the| 2010_05

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74 / Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 pahalavI kA udgama avesto jaba jana-bhASA ke rUpa meM prayujyamAna na rahI, taba usakA sthAna madhyakAlIna phAraso yA pahalavI ne le liyaa| prAcIna phArasI se madhyakAlona phAraso yA pahalavI kA udgama huaa| dUsare zabdoM meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki pahalavI prAcIna phArasI kA vikAsata rUpa hai| avesto bhASA ke apracalita ho jAne se avestA kucha durbodha pratIta hone lagA; ataH usa para pahalavI bhASA meM eka TIkA likhI gayI / use z2andenda kahate haiM / janda kA artha hI TIkA hai| z2anda va avestA donoM ko milA kara jandAvestA kahA jAtA hai| pahalavI meM TIkA kaba likhI gaI, isakA ThIka samaya to nahIM batAyA jA sakatA, para, itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki I0 pU0 tIsarI zatI taka pahalavI kA pramalana ho cukA thaa| I0 pU0 tIsarI zatI ke kucha sikke mile haiM, jina para pahalavI * ullekha hai / yaha pahalavI kA prAcInatama rUpa kahA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna phArasI aura madhyakAlIna phArasI yA pahalavI ke bIca kA arthAt prAcIna phArasI ke pahalavI ke rUpa meM pariNata hone ke pUrva kA, donoM ke madhyavartI rUpa kA koI likhita sAhitya upalabdha nahIM hotA / pahalavI meM tIsarI zatI se sAhitya-racanA kA krama dRSTigocara hotA hai| usase pUrva kA sAhitya nahIM miltaa| pahalavI ke do rUpa : huA.vAreza, pAjaMda pahalavI ke do rUpa prApta haiM / eka vaha hai, jisameM arabI ( semeTika parivAra ) ke zabdoM kA Adhikya hai, jisakA hetu islAma kA prabhAva hai / isakI lipI bhI arabI hai / ise hu.vAreza kahA jAtA hai| dUsarA vaha hai, jo semeTika parivAra ke prabhAva se mukta hai| ise pAjaMda yA pArasI kahA jAtA hai| bhArata meM jo pArasI basate haiM, unakI yahI mAtR-bhASA hai / pArasI adhikAMzata: bambaI meM haiN| gujarAtI-bhASiyoM se unakA adhika samparka rahA hai; ataH gujarAtI para pAjada kA kucha prabhAva lakSita hotA hai / Adhunika phArasI : pariSkAra yA vikAra phArasI kA tIsarA rUpa Adhunika phArasI hai, jo IrAna meM bolI jAtI hai| mahAkavi phiradauso (I0 sa0 940-1020) kA zAhanAmA nAmaka mahAkAvya isI bhASA meM hai| isameM to arabI zabda kama hI prayukta hue haiM, para, isake pazcAt Adhunika phArasI meM arabI zabdoM ke Ane kA tAMtA baMdhA rhaa| abhI pichale kucha samaya se IrAna ke sAhityika kSetra meM rASTrIyatA 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 75 ko eka naI lahara vyApta ho rahI hai / phArasI-sAhitya meM jo arabI zabda prayukta haiM, unheM cuna-cuna kara nikAlA jA rahA hai aura unake sthAna para AyaM parivArIya IrAnI zabda pratiSThita kiye jA rahe haiN| rASTrIyatA kI bAta to ThIka hai, para, aisA karane se sAhitya kA aitihAsika rUpa kSuNNa hotA hai| jo bhI kAraNa ho, semeTika parivAra ( arabI) ke zabda, jo phArasI-bAGamaya meM prayukta ho gaye haiM, ve eka prakAra se usake aMga bana gaye haiN| una zabdoM kA vidyamAna rahanA jahAM eka ora bhASA ke utAra-car3hAva ke itihAsa ko batAtA hai, vahAM jAtIya abhikramoM para bhI prakAza DAlatA hai; ataH kisI ke bhA purAtana rUpa ko dhvasta karanA kyA upayogitA kA hanana nahIM hai ? pazto yA aphagAnI pradeza yA sthAna-bheda se kisI bhI bhASA ko boliyAM uttarottara banatI jAtI haiM, badalatI jAtA haiM / Adhunika phArasI kI bhI aneka boliyAM haiN| unameM kina-kina boliyoM kA avestA se aura kina-kina kA phArasI se udgama hai, isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM ke bhinna-bhinna bhata haiM, jina para yahAM carcA apekSita nahIM hai| ina boliyoM meM pazto kA sthAna mahatvapUrNa hai| yaha aphagAnI yA aphagAnistAnI bhI kahalAtI hai| ise kucha vidvAna sIdhe avestI se udbhUta mAnate haiM, para, yaha mata sarvamAnya nahIM hai| pazto aphagAnistAna kI bhASA hai / IrAnI kI prAyaH kisI bhI bolI meM sAhitya-sajana lagabhaga nahIM huaa| yadi huA bhI, to nahIM ke tulya / kevala paztI ho isakA apavAda hai / solahavIM zatI se isameM sAhitya-racanA hone lagI thii| pazto para bhAratIya-dhvani, vAkya-racanA Adi kA vizeSa prabhAva par3A hai| eka prakAra se yaha IrAnI aura bhAratIya ko bIca kI bhASA kahI jA sakatI hai| IrAnI ko darada sAkhA IrAnI bhASA kI boliyoM kI eka aura mahatvapUrNa zAkhA hai, jisakA vistAra pAmIra aura pazcimottara paMjAba ke madhya meM hai, jo aba pAkistAna kA bhAga hai| ve darada bhASAoM ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| svarUpa-saghaTana kI dRSTi se ye bhI pazto kI taraha IrAnI aura bhAratIya kI madhyavartI kahI jA sakatI hai| pazto meM aura inameM paraspara itanA-sA antara hai-pazto kA jhukAva prAya: IrAnI kI ora hai aura darada bhASAe bhAratIya bhASAmoM kI ora jhukI saMskRta meM 'darada' parvata ko kahA jAtA hai| parvatIya bhUmi meM prayukta hone ke kAraNa sambhavataH ina bhASAoM kA 'darada' nAma par3A ho / paMjAbI, sindhI, marAThI Adi bhAratIya bhASAoM meM bhI inake zabda prApta hote haiN| isase yaha anumAna karanA asvAbhASika nahIM lagatA ___ 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [khaNDa : 2 ki kabhI darada bhASA-bhASI paMjAba, sindha, mahArASTra Adi pradezoM meM rahe hoM; anyathA saikar3oM mIloM kI dUrI para vidyamAna bhASAoM ke zabda itara bhASAoM meM kaise A jAte ? bhASAoM ke pArasparika sambandha tathA prabhAva mAnavIya karma-cetanA ke kisa prakAra dyotaka haiM, isase anumeya hai| purAtana samaya meM bhArata meM aisA mAnA jAtA rahA hai ki darada bhASAe bhAratIyaparivAra kI bhASAe haiN| unheM paizAcI prAkRta ke antargata samajhA jAtA thaa| para jyoMjyoM isa sandarbha meM anusandhi su bhAva se adhyayana-anuzIlana hotA gayA, yaha mAnyatA parivartita ho gyii| aba bhASA-vaijJAnikoM kA inheM IrAno se niHsRta mAnane meM prAyaH aikamatya hai / kAzmIrI bhASA ___ kAzmIrI bhASA ko zabda saMghaTana, vAkya-racanA, dhvani-tatva Adi kI dRSTi se aneka vidvAn IrAnI kI 'darada' zAkhA ke antargata mAnate haiM, para, bhArata ke suprasiddha bhASAvaijJAnika DA0 pI0 DI0 guNe Adi katipaya vidvAn ise bhAratIya zAkhA ke antargata mAnate rahe haiN| unakA yaha bhI kathana rahA hai ki kAzmIrI kA pezAcI apanaza se vikAsa huA hai| kAzmIrI para saMskRta-prabhAva kA kAraNa kAzmIrI para saMskRta kA bahuta prabhAva par3A hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki kAzmIra prAcIna kAla se hI saMskRta vidyA kA prabala aura prabuddha kendra rahA hai| saMskRta vidyA meM niSNAta hone ke lie vidyAbhyAso jahAM kAzI jAkara par3hate the, vahAM apanI vidyA kI sampannatA ke lie ve kAzmIra bhI jAte the| yahAM kA pITha bahuta vizruta thaa| saMskRta vADa maya kI vibhinna vidhAoM meM racanA karane vAle aneka vidvAn vahAM hue, jinhoMne saMskRta ke bhANDAgAra ko apane amUlya grantha-ratnoM se bhraa| isa koTi ke vidvAn eka-do nahIM, saikar3oM hue, jinameM se kAvyAlaMkArasUtra ke racayitA vAmana ( rAjA jayApIr3a 776-816 I0 san ke Azrita ), mAmahAlaMkAra-vivaraNa (jo aba prApta nahIM hai ) tathA alaMkArasAra saMgraha ke lekhaka udbhaTa ( jayApIr3a ke Azrita ), haravijaya mahAkAvya ke praNetA ratnAkarA ( rAjA jayAditya aura avanti dharmA 850 I0 ke Azrita ), kappaNAbhyudaya ke lekhaka bhaTTa zivasvAmI ( avanti varmA ke Azrita ), dhvanyAlokalocana, pratyabhijJAvAva, abhinava bhAratI Adi anekAneka mahatvapUrNa vizleSaNa-granthoM ke praNetA abhinava gupta (1000 I0 ke Asa pAsa ), bhAratamaMjaro, rAmAyaNa. maMjarI, bRhatkathA maMjarI, dazAvatAracarita, padyakAvamvaro tathA aucitya-vicAra-carcA Adi ke lekhaka abhinava gupta ke ziSya kSemendra ( 11 vIM zatI kA madhyakAla ), kathAsaritsAgara ke racayitA somadeva (1063-1081 I0), suprasiddha itihAsa-grantha rAjataraMgiNI ke lekhaka kalhaNa (1150 I0), somapAlavilAsa kAvya ke kartA jalhaNa (1150 I.) tathA ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha [ 77 zrIkaNThacarita kAvya ke kartA maMkha ( rAjA jayasiMha 1126-1150 I0 ke Azrita ) Adi kucha haiN| ___kAzmIra meM vibhinna viSayoM para hajAroM saMskRta grantha likhe gye| sAre pradeza meM saMskRta kA eka vAtAvaraNa rahA hai / yadyapi saMskRta kA prasAra evaM prayoga ziSTa jana-samudAya meM thA, para, AsapAsa meM rahane vAle jana-sAdhAraNa kI bhASA para bhI prabhAva to hotA ho hai| saMskRta-prabhAvita kSetra kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa hI sambhavataH katipaya bhAratIya vidvAnoM kA jhukAva kAzmIrI ko bhAratIya bhASA-zAkhA meM jor3ane kA rahA hai / para, isakI prakRti, racanAkrama, dhvani-vinyAsa Adi kA vizeSa sambandha darada zAkhA se adhika samabhavita jAna par3atA hai| kAzmIrI meM sAhitya-racanA 14 vIM zatI se kAzmIrI meM sAhitya-racanA kA krama cAlU huA, aisA pratIta hotA hai| usase pUrva kAzmIrI kevala bolacAla meM prayukta hotI thii| sAhitya-sarjana kA mAdhyama saMskRta bhASA thii| rAjasamAdRta hone se rAjakIya kAryoM meM saMskRta kA upayoga hotA thA / 14 vIM zatI meM kazmIrI meM likhane vAlI eka suprasiddha kavayitrI lallA thii| Linguistic Survey of India jaise vizAlakAya mahatvapUrNa grantha ke lekhaka sara jAjaM abrAhama griyasana ne 1. sara jArja abrAhama griyarsana bihAra meM eka prazAsanika adhikArI ke rUpa meM aaye| bhAratIya bhASAoM para kArya karane kI unameM ruci jgii| varSoM ke anavarata zrama aura lagana se unhoMne bhArata kI bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM tathA boliyoM kA anyatra gambhIra jJAna arjita kiyaa| unake bhASA-sambandhI vyApaka jJAna kA anumAna isI se lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki kaI so bhASAoM aura boliyoM kI unheM paripUrNa jAnakArI thii| unhoMne apanA kArya bihArI bhASAoM ke adhyayana se prArambha kiyaa| bihAro bhASAoM ke sAta vyAkaraNa likhe, jo san 1883 se 1887 taka prakAza meM aaye| bhASAoM ke sarvekSaNa ke kSetra meM unakA asAdhAraNa kArya Linguistic Survey of India nAmaka mahatvapUrNa kRti hai, jise unhoMne san 1894 meM prArambha kiyA aura taiMtIsa varSa ke ghora parizrama se san 1927 meM ve use samApta kara ske| yaha mahAn aura vizAla grantha bIsa khaNDoM meM prakAzita huA hai| isameM prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya bhASAoM aura boliyoM kA udAharaNa-sahita vyAkaraNa upasthita kiyA gayA hai| unhoMne bhAratIya bhASAoM aura boliyoM kI kula saMkhyA kramazaH 179 tathA 544 ginAI hai, jo Arya, dravir3a, Agneya, tibbatI-barmI ( ekAkSara ) bhASA-parivAroM se sambaddha hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki vizva ke kisI bhI deza meM aba taka bhASAoM kA aisA sarvekSaNa nahIM huA hai| ____ 2010_05

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78 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 kavayitro lallA kI racanA kA landana se prakAzana kiyaa| kAzmIrI kA sAhitya Age aura vikasita hotA gyaa| phalataH isa samaya isa bhASA kA sAhitya bahuta samRddha aura samunnata hai| kAzmIrI bhASA ko kaI upabhASAe boliyAM haiN| kucha boliyoM kA kSetra paMjAba kA nikaTavartI bhU-bhAga hai; ataH unameM paMjAbI kA mizraNa jaisA ho gayA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa unakA vAstavika rUpa nahIM raha pAyA hai, kucha vicitra-sA rUpa bana gayA hai / kAzmIra meM DaI ___ kAzmIra meM isa samaya bolacAla meM urdU kA adhika prayoga hotA hai| kAzmIrI bhASA usakI tulanA meM upekSita jaisI lagatI hai| bAdazAha akabara ne jaba kAzmIra ko mugalasAmrAjya meM milA liyA, sambhavataH taba se vahAM urdU kA sUtrapAta huA hogaa| taba taka kAzmIrI bhASA kA hI adhika pracalana thaa| Age calakara urdU adhika prasAra pAtI gayI, kAzmIrI simaTatI gyii| janatA meM aba apanI paramparA-prasUta bhASA ke prati puna: AtmIyatA ubhara rahI hai| kAzmIrI IrAnI kI darada zAkhA kI bhASA hote hue bhI saMskRta se prabhAvita kyoM hai; isakA yahI spaSTa kAraNa parilakSita hotA hai| mAnava kI sadA se yaha kAmanA rahI hai ki vaha sukha, suvidhA aura samRddhi ke sAtha jiie| bar3e-bar3e abhiyAnoM, duHsAhasika kAryoM aura parAkramoM ke pIche usakI yahI manovRtti kArya karatI rahI hai| viros-vIra yA Arya jAti ke loga kabhI yUrAla pahAr3a ke dakSiNa meM arthAt rUsa ke dakSiNI pazcimI bhAga meM basate the| usameM bahuta bar3e-bar3e maidAna haiN| taba taka vahAM kRSi kA vikAsa nahIM ho pAyA thaa| brAndentAina kA mata hai ki viros sUkhI caTTAnoM vAlI pahAr3iyoM para rahate the| vahA~ hare-bhare vana nahIM the| kevala kucha gulma aura bAMjha Adi vRkSa the| jana-saMkhyA kI vRddhi, jIvana-nirvAha ke sImita sAdhana, Aryo ke lie unake bahiya abhiyAna ke preraka sUtra bane hoNge| ve cala par3e hoMge, sAhasa aura umaMga ke sAtha / grantha ke prArambha meM griyarsana ne vidvattApUrNa vistRta bhUmikA do hai, jisameM unhoMne bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA prAmANika itihAsa prastuta karane kA prayatana kiyA hai| isa vizAla kArya ke atirikta bhASAoM ke sambandha meM ve aura bhI mahatvapUrNa kArya karate rahe / 1906 meM pizAca bhASA para eka grantha tathA 1911 meM kAzmoro para do bhAgoM meM unakA eka grantha prakAzita huaa| ye grantha bar3e prAmANika mAne jAte haiN| unhoMne kAzmIrI bhASA kA eka koza bhI taiyAra kiyA, jo san 1924 meM cAra bhAgoM meM prakAzita huaa| bhArata se sahasroM mIla dUra kA eka vyakti, vaha bho prazAsanika adhikArI bhASAmoM para itanA vizAla kArya kare, niHsandeha atyanta Azcaryajanaka hone ke sAthasAtha vidvAnoM ke lie preraka bhI hai| ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ! vizva bhASA pravAha [ 76 yUrAla ke dakSiNI maidAnoM meM kahIM unheM azva milA hogA / use unhoMne prazikSita kiyA hogA / ve use vAhana aura bhAra vahana ke upayoga meM lene lage hoNge| RRgveda meM azva kI bar3I prazaMsA kI gayI hai / usakI RcAoM meM azva kA jo mahatva hai, vaha gAya kA nahIM hai / AryoM ko gAya kA paricaya aura usakI upayogitA kA jJAna sambhavataH bAda meM huA hogA / vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai ki usa samaya mesopoTemiyA meM bela, UMTa aura gadhe kA upayoga hotA thA / sphUrti aura gati meM azva ke samakSa ve pazu nahIM Tika sake / yahI kAraNa hai ki azva ke sAtha unakA ( AryoM kA ) abhiyAna uttarottara saphala aura vijayazIla hotA gayA / / unake abhiyAna ko saphalatA kA eka aura hetu unakA saMgaThana bhI thA / AryoM ke sAmAjika saMgaThana, vyavasthA tathA jIvana krama ke sambandha meM DA0 bAbUrAma saksenA ne likhA hai : "vIroM ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki pazu-pAlana aura zikAra inakI jIvikA ke mukhya sAdhana the / khetIbArI inhoMne dakkhina ke pradezoM meM Akara ina pradezoM ke tatkAlIna manuSyoM se siikhii| tabhI inheM gAya aura baila kA mahatva mAlUma huA 1 inake mUla sthAna meM phaloM ke vRkSa bhI na the / phaloM kA adhikAdhika prayoga bhI inhoMne inhIM jAtiyoM se sIkhA I vIroM meM samAja kA saMgaThana: pitR pradhAna thA / bahu-vivAha kI prathA na thI / kaI kula milA kara eka gotra banatA thA / inakA dimAga U~ce darje kA thA / saMgaThana acchA thA / strI-puruSa ke paraspara vyavahAra meM yatheSTa saMyama thA / strI jAti kA samucita Adara thA / kanyA kA vivAha pitA, bar3e bhAI Adi kI icchA aura AjJA se hotA thA / dharma ke kSetra meM inako alakSita devI sattA para vizvAsa thA aura isakI vividha deva-zaktiyoM ke rUpa meM kalpanA kI gayI thI / pRthvI loka ke pare dyoloka devI zaktiyoM kA nivAsa sthAna thA / dyauH, pitA, savitA, pRthvI, uSA Adi devatAoM kI saMkhyA parimita hI thI, misrI aura merI jAtiyoM kI taraha inake devI-devatA bahutere na the / spaSTa hI haiM ki taraha isa susaMgaThita aura saMyamI, zarIra, mana aura AtmA ke hRSTapuSTa vIra jahAM bhI gaye, vahAM apanI zakti kI sthApanA kara sake aura apanI vANI kA prabhutva anya prANiyoM para sthApita kara sake 11 * zArIrika, mAnasika tathA cAritrika vizeSatA liye Arya IrAna hote hue bhArata pahuMce / IrAna meM Agamana aura AvAsa ke sambandha meM pIche ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / ve bhArata meM sabase pahale paMcanada tathA sarasvatI va dRSadvatI dvArA parivRta bhU-khaNDa meM Tike ! kyA Arya eka sAtha Aye ? eka prazna isa prasaMga meM aura vicAraNIya hai / AryoM ke bhArata Ane ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM ke aneka mata haiM / kucha mAnate haiM, eka hI bAra meM Arya bhArata meM A gaye aura ve hI Age phailate sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna, pR0 327 1. 2010_05

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8.] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 gye| kucha kI mAnyatA hai ki do bAra meM yA kaI bAra meM aneka ToliyoM ke rUpa meM ve bhArata meM Aye aura basate gye| pahale pahala Ane vAle Arya pazcima bhArata meM basa cuke the tathA madhyapradeza va pUrvI bhAga meM kucha phailate jA rahe the ; ataH bAda meM Ane vAlI ToliyoM ko aura pUrva meM magadha, videha, aMga, gauDa Adi pradezoM meM basanA par3A ho / eka prazna aura hai, jo Arya bhArata meM Aye, kyA ve sabhI eka hI jAti ke the ? athavA kaI jAtiyoM ke the? . DA0 sunItikumAra caTarjI ne AryoM ke bhArata Ane ke prasaMga meM likhA hai : "bhArata meM jo Arya bhASA-bhASI Aye the, ve zArIrika gaThana kI dRSTi se eka hI jAti ke the, aisA nahIM pratIta hotaa| anumAna kiyA jAtA hai, inameM do bhinna-bhinna jAtiyoM ke bhinna-bhinna prakAra ke zArIrika gaThana vAle jana-samUha the| eka Nordic 'nADika' arthAt uttara pradeza ke mAnava the| ye dIrghakAya, sapheda yA gaura varNa, hiraNyakeza, nIla cakSa, sarala nAsika aura lambe siya vAle the| bahutoM ke matAnusAra ye hI vizuddha indo-yUropIya yA maulika Arya haiM / aura dUsarI jAti ke loga Alpine 'Alpa parvatIya' yA madhya yUropIya jAti ke batAye jAte haiN| ye apekSAkRta laghukAya, piMgalakeza yA kRSNakeza aura cipaTe sira vAle the| bhArata meM AI huI isa AlpIya zreNI kI jAti mUlataH AryabhASI tho yA nahIM, isa viSaya meM sabhI eka mata nahIM haiM / lekina, bhArata meM kahIM-kahIM, jaise gujarAta aura baMgAla meM, Arya bhASI loga isa cipaTe sira vAlI AlpIya NI ke antargata haiM / paMjAba, rAjapUtAnA aura uttara-hindustAna meM Nordic yA uttarI zreNI ke bRhatkAya, lambe sira vAle AryoM kA nivAsa adhika huA thA, aisA pratIta hotA hai / AryabhASI upajAti-samUha ne bhinna-bhinna kAla meM tathA bhinna-bhinna daloM meM bhArata meM praveza kiyaa| inakI bhinna-bhinna upajAtiyoM yA gautroM meM pracalita maukhika yA bolacAla kI bhASA meM thor3A bahuta pArthakya ho gayA thaa| lekina, ina saba bola-cAla kI bhASAoM ke Upara kavitA yA sAhitya kI eka bhASA inameM bana gayI thI, jisakA nidarzana hameM Rgveda meM milatA hai| uttara paMjAba meM AryoM kA pahalA nivAsa huaa| isake bAda Arya jAti aura bhASA kA prasAra pUrva kI ora huaa| sindhu aura paMcanada se sarasvatI aura dRSadvatI ke doAba se hokara ve gaMgA-yamunA ke deza kI ora bddh'e| drAvir3a aura AsTrika ( Agneya ) bhASAe Arya bhASA ke vistAra ke sAtha hI sAtha parityakta hone lgii|" katipaya anya vidvAnoM kA bhI AryoM ke bhArata Agamana ke sambandha meM lagabhaga isI prakAra kA vicAra hai ki ve kaI daloM meM, kaI bAra meM bhArata aaye| jAja griyasana kA abhimata hai ki ve kama-se-kama do bAra meM avazya Aye / 1. bhArata kI bhASAeM aura bhASA sambandhI samasyAeM, pR0 33-35 ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] Arya eka bhASA liye Aye DA0 caTarjI bhArata Ane vAle AryoM ko Nordic nADika arthAt uttara deza ke mAnava aura Alpine Alpa parvatIya yA madhya yUropIya jAti ke isa rUpa meM jo do prakAra ke batalAte haiM, ho sakatA hai, aisI sambhAvanA ho / para aisA mAnane meM eka kaThinAI avazya AtI hai / do bhinna jAtiyoM ke loga, jinakI bhASAeM bhinna honI hI cAhie, jinheM ve apane sAtha liye Aye / bahuta mAmUlI sA pArthakya, jo sugamatA se zIghra hI miTa jAe, do bhinna-bhinna pradezoM kI bhinna jAtiyoM kI bhASAoM meM kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai, yaha sUkSmatA se vicAra karane yogya hai / ho, eka bAta ho sakatI hai; yUrAla parvata ke dakSiNa meM arthAt dakSiNa-pazcima rUsa meM, jise AryoM kA Adi sthAna mAnakara hama cintana kara rahe haiM, ye do bhinna jAtiyAM rahatI rahI hoN| donoM kI bhASA eka ho gaI ho, jise bhASA- 'jJAnikoM ne aba kalpita nAma viros diyA hai / para ina donoM jAtiyoM meM kisa jAti ke loga vahAM ke mUla nivAsI the, kisa jAti ke loga bAda meM vahAM Akara unameM mila gaye, isa sambandha meM itihAsa kucha nahIM batAtA / kevala kalpanA hI ko jA sakatI hai / vizva nAvA- pravAha prastuta prayojya bhASA sambandhI vizleSaNa hai; ataH yaha mAnakara calanA saMgata hogA ki bhArata meM bAhara se jo loga Aye, unakI bhASA mUlataH eka thI / vibhinna ToliyoM va gotroM kI boliyoM meM kiMcita pArthakya ho sakatA hai, jo nagaNya hai / RSAoM ke nAda / Arya paMcanada meM Aye / prakRti suramya thI / bhUmi udhara thI / svaccha salilA saritAe bahatI thIM / yUrAla ke dakSiNavartI maidAnoM se calakara yahAM taka pahuMcane ke bIca AryoM ne vibhinna bhU-bhAgoM meM basane vAlI vibhinna jAtiyoM ke samparka se taba taka kRSi karma jAna liyA hogA / ve parizramI aura laganazIla the / kRSi - kArya meM juTa gaye hoMge phasaloM se bhUmi lahalahA uThI hogI | aise sundara aura manojJa vAtAvaraNa ne AryoM ko moha liyA hogA, jisakI pratidhvani Rgveda kI RcAoM meM prApta kara sakate haiN| Rgveda ke sUrya, candra, pRthvI, vAyu, agni, dyau, upA; ina saba meM devatva kI pratiSThA kara inakI stuti maura prazasti 2 meM harSa - vibhora ho uThate haiM / bhUmi: mAtA putro'haM pRthivyAH jaise vAkya unake antaratama kI sukhada anubhUti ke paricAyaka haiM / 2010_05 [1 1. oM agnidevatA vAto devatA sUryyo devatA candramA devatA / vasavo devatA bityA devatA mahato devatA vizvedevA devatA bRhaspati devatA indro devatA varuNo devatA / 2. oM dyoH zAntirantarikSa thaM zAntiH pRthivI zAntirApaH zAntiroSadhayaH zAntiH vanaspatayaH zAntirvizvedevAH zAntirbrahma zAntiH sarvaM zAntiH zAntireva zAntiH sA mA zAntireSi /

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12 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 Rgveda aura avestoM kI bhASA kA sAhazya Rgveva jisa bhASA meM likhA gayA, vaha AryoM kI boliyoM kA eka pariniSThita sAhityika rUpa thaa| bhASA kI dRSTi se Rgveda aura avestA kA kAphI sAdRzya hai, jo tulanAtmaka rUpa meM upasthita kiye gaye agrAMkita zabdoM se spaSTa haivaidika saMskRta mavestA (IrAnI) vaidika saMskRta rAnI avesA anya anu asi anu ahi masti asura ahara bhasthi ApaH bhapa ojas ojaH kapham zadhAta yatUm kapham khatuz jAnU dadAmi gAthA jAnuH kSatrAta gAthA jaMdhA dahati dhArayat jaMgA daz2ahati daregam dadAmi dIrgham nabhas bharati dArayata puzra bavaiti bhavati bhUmi navaha bhubi bUmi yaz2a bahizta brAtA bhrAtA riNakti yaja pasiSTa harinasti cispa vizva sakhA sapta sasAha haphatA sindha hindu DA0 baTakRSNa ghoSa dvArA avestI aura saMskRta kA nekaTya prakaTa karane kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA avestA kI yasnA 108 kA saMskRta rUpAntara yahAM aura uddhata kiyA jA rahA hai : avestA : yo yathA puTaram unam hobham bandae~ tA mshyo| . saMskRta : yo yathA putraM taruNaMsomaM vandeta matyaH / avestA : phA ArdhyA tanubryA homo bIsaite bae zajAi / saMskRta : pra AmmastanUbhyaH somo vizate bheSajAya / sUkSamatA se dekhane para yaha spaSTa AbhAsa hogA ki donoM bhASAoM meM dhvani, zabda, rUpa, vAkya-racanA Adi kI dRSTi se bahuta kucha samAnatA hai| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva bhASA-pravAha bhAropIya ko mUla dhvaniyAM bhASA parivartanazIla hai| parivartana kA hI dUsarA nAma vikAsa hai| bhAropIya kI mUla dhvaniyAM pedika saMskRta taka Ate - Ate kitanI parivartita ho gayI thIM, ise spaSTa karane ke lie donoM phA tulanAtmaka vivecana Avazyaka hai| vidvAnoM ne mUla bhAropIya bhASA kI dhvaniyoM ko nimnAMkita rUpa meM anumAnita kiyA hai : kavarga-(1) ka, kha, ga, gha, (2) ka., kha., ga., gha. (3) kv , khva, gv , . __ bhAropIya meM kavarga tona prakAra se thaa| prathama kavarga ko kucha vidvAn sAmAnya kavarga mAnate haiN| para, kucha vidvAn ise tAlu kI gauNa sahAyatA se uccarita kiyA jAne vAlA mAnate haiN| tadanusAra isakA kya, khya, gya aura dhya ke rUpa meM uccAraNa hotA thaa| DA. caTarjI kA mata isa sambandha meM bhinna hai| ve ise tAlavya nahIM mAnate, puraH kaNThya (Advanced Velar) mAnate haiN| dUsarA kavarga arabI ke ka., kha. Adi ke samAna kahA jA sakatA hai| yUropIya vidvAn kaNThya (velaa) kahate haiM, parantu DA0 caTarjI kI mAnyatA ke anusAra yaha pazcakaNTya ( Back Velar ) athavA alijiha voya ( Uvular ) hai| tIsare prakAra ke kavarga ke uccAraNa meM oSTha kI bhI gauNa sahAyatA lI jAtI thii| isake uccAraNa meM kavarga kI vAstavika dhvani mukhya thI ora va dhvani bahuta hI alpa aura gauNa thii| DA0 caTarjI prabhRti katipaya bhASA - vaijJAnika ukta tIna prakAra ke kavargoM ke k , kha, ga, gha, vargoM ke sAtha tIna prakAra ke Ga, kI bhI kalpanA karate haiM, parantu, bahuta se vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki 'n' dhvani ho ina bhinna-bhinna kavargoM ke sAtha inake anusAra rUpa dhAraNa kara letI thii| tavarga-t, th, da, dhU pavarga-pa, pha, ba, bhU USma-s USma s yadi do svaroM ke bIca AtA to usakA uccAraNa saghoSa -z2a hotA / antaHstha vyaMjana : yU , , la , v , na, ma , antaHstha svara : i, R, la, u, na, ma 1. vaahyprytnstvekaadshdhaa| vivAraH saMvAraH zvAso nAdo ghoSo'ghoSo'lpaprANo mahA prANa udAtto'nudAttaH svritshceti| kharoH vivArAH zvAsA adhoSAzca / hazaH saMvArA nAdA ghoSAzca / vargANAM prathamatRtIyapaMcamA ynnshcaalppraannaaH| vargANAM dvitIya-caturthoM zalazca mhaapraannaaH| -aSTAdhyAyI, sUtra 11119 kI vRtti 2010_05

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mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka manuzIlana svara ( mUla hasva ): a, ai, o svara (mUla dIrgha ) : A, e, au svara (mizra hasta) : ai, aR, mala, bau, anu, amR eNi, eNR, eNla, eNu, eNna, eNma oi, oR, bola, ou, aunu, boma svara (mizra dIrgha) : Ai, AR, Ala. Au, Anu, Ama ei, eR, ela. eu, ena , ema. oi, oR, ola, ou, onu, oma anunAsika dhvaniyAM vyaMjanoM ke rUpa meM m aura n ; ye do thiiN| vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki tIna prakAra ke kavargoM meM prathama zreNI ke kavarga - vargoM ke pUrva n kA uccAraNa J aura bAkI ke do zreNiyoM ke kavarga-vargoM ke pUrva n kA uccAraNa sambhavataH Ga, rahA hogaa| zabdoM meM vizeSa sthAna para Ane kI sthiti meM na aura m kA svara rUpa na aura ma ho jAtA thaa| antaHstha vyaMjana aura antaHstha svara ke rUpa meM antaHstha ke jo do prakAra kahe gaye haiM, usakA Azaya yaha hai ki ya, ra, la, va kisI zabda meM apanI sthiti ke anukUla i, u, R, la ke rUpa meM pariNata ho jAte the, taba unakI saMjJA antaHstha svara ho jAtI thii| vAstava meM bAdima bhASA meM i, u, R, la. mUla rUpa meM svara nahIM the, kintu, ve svara-sthAnika antaHstha varNa the| havani ke sambandha meM bhASA - vaijJAnikoM ke kaI mata haiN| kucha kA abhimata hai ki bhAropIya meM yaha dhvani nahIM thii| kucha vidvAn hiTTAiTa yA hittI ke AdhAra para aisA kahate haiM ki isakA eka rUpa thaa| vaise ha, varNa saghoSa hai, para, kucha vidvAn isake saghoSa aura aghoSa; donoM rUpoM kI kalpanA karate haiN| vaidika saMskRta kI dhvaniyAM : vizeSatAeM vaidika saMskRta kI sampUrNa dhvaniyAM nimnAMkita haiM : mUla svara : a, A, i, I, u, U, R, R, la, e, au saMyukta svara : ai, ( aha), au ( au ) kaNTha ya : ka, kha, ga, gha, Ga. tAlavya : ca, cha., ja, jha, J mUddhanya : TU, , D, dU, La, Laha, Na dantya ka. thU, i, 5., na 2010_05

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mAvA aura sAhitya ] oSThya dantoSTha ya antaHstha : p, pha uu, b bh m gha. y, r, lU, v (2) : zuddha anunAsika anusvAra saMgharSI vizva bhASA pravAha : zU, Sa, sa, ha, jihvAmUlIya upadhmAnIya bhAropIya ko dhvaniyoM ke sAtha vaidika saMskRta kI dhvaniyoM kI tulanA karane para prakaTa hotA hai ki Adi sthAna se yahAM taka pahuMcane para dhvaniyoM meM bahuta parivartana ho gayA thA / parivartana kI kucha vizeSa dizAeM isa prakAra hai : bhAropIya meM jahAM kavarga kI tIna zreNiyAM thIM, vaidika saMskRta meM kevala eka raha gayI / vyaMjanoM meM cavarga aura Tavarga, jo bhAropIya meM nahIM the, vaidika saMskRta meM naye rUpa meM A gaye / 3 bhAropIya meM USma yA saMgharSI dhvani kevala s thI, jo vaidika saMskRta meM zU s, ha. Adi ke rUpa meM vistAra pA gayI / [ 85 vaidika saMskRta kI dhvaniyoM kI jo tAlikA dI gayI hai, usameM e aura o ko mUla svaroM meM dikhalAte hue kevala ai aura au ko saMyukta svaroM ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai| yahAM kucha jJAtavya hai / saMskRta - vyAkaraNa meM e, ai, o, au ko saMyukta svara mAnA jAtA rahA hai; ataH ye dIrgha svaroM meM gine jAte rahe haiN| inakA uccAraNa - e = ai, o = au, ai = Ai, bhau | = Au mAnA jAtA rahA hai / parantu aba bhASA-zAstra ke bahuzruta vidvAn yaha svIkAra nahIM karate / jaisA ki bhAropIya meM hai, unakA kahanA hai ki e aura o mUla svara haiM / I hrasva aura dIrgha donoM rUpoM meM prayoga hotA thA / uccAraNa kramazaH ai aura au thA / 1. ka 2. kha iti kakhAbhyAM prAgadhaM visargasadRzo jihvAmUlIyaH / iti paphAbhyAM prAgardhavisargasadRza upadhmAnIyaH / --aSTAdhyAyI, 1/109, vRtti 3. evAmapi dvAdaza tevAM isvAbhAvAt, aSTAdhyAyI, 1218 vRtti 2010_05 bU, mUrddhanya vyaMjana : eka anupama vizeSatA vaidika saMskRta kI eka bahuta bar3I vizeSatA hai / vahAM vyaMjanoM meM mUddha nya dhvaniyoM ke varga kA astitva hai / bhAropIya parivAra kI anya kisI bhI bhASA meM yaha varga ( Ta vagaM--, Tha uu, Da uu, Da uu) nahIM pAyA jAtA / inakA saMyukta svara kevala ai aura au haiM, jinakA

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86 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 vaidika saMskRta meM yaha mUddha nya vyaMjanoM kA varga kisa prakAra AyA, isa sambandha meM kucha vidvAnoM kA mantavya hai ki dravir3a parivAra kI bhASAoM meM ye dhvaniyAM vidyamAna thIM / AryoM ke bhArata meM basane se pUrva dravir3a jAti ke loga yahAM AbAda the, itihAsa ke vidvAn aisA mAnate haiM / navAgantuka AryoM kA prAcInavAsI dravir3oM se sAmIpya bar3hatA gayA / phalataH donoM kI bhASAoM meM bhI paraspara AdAna-pradAna huaa| donoM ora se kucha zabda eka dUsarI bhASA meM gaye, dhvaniyoM para bhI prabhAva par3A / udAharaNArtha, saMskRta meM prayukta mIna aura nIra Adi zabda dravir3a parivAra se Aye hue haiM; aisA mAnA jAtA hai / dravir3a bhASAoM meM bhI saMskRta ke zabda AtmasAt kiye / usI AdAna-pradAna ke krama ke bIca, sambhava hai, mUddha nya vyaMjana dhvaniyAM dravir3a parivAra se vaidika saMskRta meM A gayI hoM 1 mUrddhanya vyaMjanoM meM jo chU aura chaha do Aye haiM, unakA tAtparya yaha hai ki LU alpaprANa hai aura LUha LakA mahAprANa rUpa hai | antaHstha v aura dantoSThya va ; ye do bhinna dhvaniyAM haiM / aMgrejI meM jo V dhvani hai, dantoSThya usake samakakSa hai / yaha phU kA ghoSa rUpa hai / vaidika saMskRta meM dantoSTha ya va kA bhI prayoga hotA thA / - ha aura ha. - jo do rUpa Aye haiM, unameM pahalA to sAmAnya hai hai ho, dUsarA ha. visarga ( : ) sthAnIya hai / sAmAnya ha ghoSa hai / yaha ( hai ) usakA aghoSa rUpa hai 1 jihvAmUlIya jihvAmUlIya aura upadhmAnIya kA bhI vaidika saMskRta meM prayoga rahA hai / kA uccAraNa qha kI taraha thA aura upadhmAnIya kA pha kI taraha 1 vaidika saMskRta kI dhvaniyoM kA yaha saMkSipta varNana hai / bhAratIya Arya bhASA-parivAra kI bhASAoM ke dhvani-samudAya kA ye hI mUla AdhAra hai / 1. RTuraSANAM bhUrddhA / - aSTAdhyAyI, 11119 vRtti 2. vargANAM prathamatRtIyapaMcamA paNazcAlpaprANAH / 3. dargANAM dvitIyacaturthau zalazca mhaapraannaa|| -aSTAdhyAyI, 11119 vRtti 2010_05

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prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM (The Anciant Indian Arya-Languages ) ____ 2010_05

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2010_05

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bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA kAla-krama AryoM ke bhArata-Agamana ke pazcAt yahAM Arya-bhASAoM kA jo vikAsa huA, use kAla kI apekSA se bhASA-vaijJAnika tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta karate haiM : 1. prAcIna bhAratIya Arya-bhASA-kAla ( I0 pU0 1500 se I0 pU0 500 taka) 2. madhyakAlIya bhAratIya Arya-bhASA-kAla ( 500 I0 se 1000 I0 taka ) 3. Adhunika bhAratIya Arya-bhASA-kAla ( 1000 I0 se bIsavIM zatAbdI taka ) yaha kAla-krama sau-do sau varSoM ke pUrvApara parivartana ke sAtha prAyaH adhikAMza vidvAnoM dvArA svIkRta hai| bhASA-vaijJAnika prAcIna bhAratIya Aya-bhASA-kAla meM vaidika saMskRta aura laukika saMskRta kI gaNanA karate haiN| vaidika saMskRta ke lie 'chandas' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA rahA hai| pANini ne Aja kI laukika saMskRta ke lie 'bhASA' zabda kA vyavahAra kiyA hai| sAdhAraNatayA aba saMskRta zabda vaidika tathA laukika; donoM ke lie prayoga meM AtA hai| katipaya bhASAvijJAna-vettAoM kA abhimata hai ki I0 pU0 2000 varSa isa bhASA kA samaya hai / pro0 maiksa mUlara kA mata isase bhinna hai| ve isa kAla ko adhika Age le Ate haiN| saba vedoM meM isa bhASA kA prayoga huA hai| yadyapi usakA sarvathA eka rUpa to nahIM hai, para, maulika bheda bhI nahIM hai / zAbdika kalevara tathA prayoga Adi meM yatra-tatra kucha bhinnatA hai| kAla-pravAha ke sAtha vaidika bhASA zanaiH - zanaiH parimArjita hotI gyii| isa parimArjana yA pariSkAra-kAla ke antarvartI bhASA ke samasta rUpa-rUpAntara to nahIM milate, para, usase paravartI kAla meM chandas kA kramazaH brAhmaNoM, AraNyakoM, , upaniSadoM aura yAska ke nirukta kI bhASA ke rUpa meM jo pariSkAra yA vikAsa huA, vaha prApta hai| inakI bhASA eka prakAra se vaidika bhASA kI paramparA meM AtI hai, para, vAstava meM vaha vaidika aura laukika saMskRta kA madhyavartI rUpa hai| vaidika bhASA kA saMskAra yA sammAna kara use vyAkaraNa dvArA niyantrita aura vyavasthita rUpa dene vAle mahAn payAkaraNa pANini haiN| tadanantara bhAratavarSa meM isa paramparA ke antargata vidhAmA meM sAhitya racA gayA hai, vaha laukika saMsata kI zreNI meM bhAtA hai| 2010_05

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10] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana / khaNDa : 2 vaidika vAGamaya bhArata kI Arya-parivArIya bhASAoM ke upalabdha sAhitya meM veda sarvAdhika prAcIna mAne gaye haiN| 'veda' zabda vid dhAtu se banA hai, jisakA artha jJAna hai| vedoM ke suprasiddha bhASyakAra sAyaNa ne taittirIya saMhitA meM veda kA artha spaSTa karate hue likhA hai : iSTaprAptyaniSTaparihArayoralaukikamupAyaM yo grantho vedayati sa vedaH arthAt jo iSTa-prApti aura aniSTa nivRtti kA alaukika upAya jJApita karatA hai, vaha grantha veda hai| ve saMkhyA meM cAra haiN| unheM do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai-karma-kANDa aura jJAna-kANDa / karma-kANDa meM saMhitA-bhAga, brAhmaNa-granthoM aura AraNyaka-granthoM kA samAveza hai tathA jJAna-kANDa meM upaniSadoM kA / inakA vizeSa vizleSaNa Age kiyA jaaegaa| bagveda vaidika vAGamaya meM prAcInatA kI dRSTi se Rgveda kA pahalA sthAna hai| isakI bhASA, racanA, zelI Adi se yaha prakaTa hai| isameM jo bhASA vyavahRta huI hai, vaha bhAropIya bhASAparivAra ke upalabdha sAhitya meM sabase adhika purAtana bhASA kA udAharaNa hai| isakI racanA padyoM se huI hai, jinheM mantra, Rk yA RcA kahA jAtA hai| vahAM gAyatrI, anuSTup, bRhatI, paMkti, triSTup, jagatI Adi chandoM kA prayoga huA hai| inameM adhikAMza cAra caraNoM ke chanda haiM, kucha tIna caraNoM ke bhii| aneka mantra prArthanAparaka haiN| unake atirikta yajJa aura dArzanika bhAva se sambaddha mantra bhI haiN| Rgveda daza bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai / ve 'maNDala' kahe jAte haiN| vibhAjana kA eka aura krama bhI hai, jo ATha bhAgoM meM sannihita hai| isake pratyeka bhAga kI 'aSTaka' saMjJA hai| adhika pracalana isI kA hai| batAyA jAtA hai ki prArambha meM Rgveda kI pAMca zAkhAe thIM-1-zAkala, 2-vAkala, 3-AzvalAyana, 4-zAMkhyAyana tathA 5-maanndduukey| isa samaya kevala zAkala zAkhA hI prApta hai| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai ki samagra Rgveda kI racanA kisI eka hI sthAna pasa nahIM huii| unake anusAra Rgveda ke dvitIya maNDala se saptama maNDala taka kA bhAga paMcanada pradeza meM racA gyaa| avaziSTa bhAga arthAt prathama, aSTama, navama tathA dazama maNDala unake pUrva kI ora Age bar3ha jAne ke bAda bne| isakA yaha kAraNa batAyA jAtA hai ki prathama bAra meM bane bhAga meM gaMgA nadI, zesa aura cAvala kA ullekha nahIM hai, kyoMki paMcanada meM inakA astitva nahIM thaa| tatpazcAt bane bhAga meM inakA ullekha hai; kyoMki pUrva meM ye saba the| yajurveda yajurveda meM kucha Rgveda ke mantra haiM aura kucha dUsare / mAryoM dvArA kiye jAne vAle vibhinna ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM [61 yajJa, unakA mahatva, vAjapeya, rAjasUya, azvamegha prabhRti bhinna-bhinna yajJoM meM veda-mantroM kA yathAsthAna pATha Adi viSayoM kA isa veda meM vistRta evaM vyavasthita vivecana hai| yaha gadyapadyAtmaka hai| vizeSataH isakA vyAkhyA-bhAga gadyAtmaka hai| zukla yajurveda aura kRSNa yajurveda ke nAma se do zAkhAe haiN| yadyapi mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ne isakI eka sau eka zAkhAoM kI carcA kI hai, para, ve prAyazaH aprApta haiN| zukla yajurveda-vaidika paramparA meM aisI mAnyatA hai ki sUrya ne ise prakaTa kiyA thA / sUrya jyotirmaya, ujjvala yA zukla hai; ataH zukla yajurveda nAmakaraNa ho gyaa| eka kAraNa aura bhI batAyA jAtA hai isameM mantra krama-baddha tathA spaSTa rUpa meM Akalita haiM / vyavasthApana kI spaSTatA yA svacchatA hone se yaha zukla yajurveda kahA gyaa| isameM ve mantra samAviSTa haiM, jinakA vaidika yajJoM ke sandarbha meM uccAraNa kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| zukla yajurveda kI do zAkhAe-kANva aura mAdhyandina prApta haiN| ___ kRSNa yajurveda-zukla yajurveda meM mantroM kI avasthiti meM krama-baddhatA va spaSTatA hai; vahAM kRSNa yajurveda isake pratirUpa hai| vahAM mantra yathAvat krama ke sAtha nahIM diye gaye haiN| syAt isI aspaSTatA yA asvacchatA ke kAraNa usakA nAma kRSNa yajurveda par3a gayA ho / zukla yajurveda se eka anya antara bhI hai| zukla yajurveda kI taraha bhinna-bhinna yajJoM ke sandarbha meM uccAraNIya mantra ko isameM haiM hI, sAtha-hI-sAtha yajJoM ke sambandha meM vicAra-carcA bhI hai| yaha isakA vaiziSTya hai| kRSNa yajurveda kI cAra zAkhAe haiM--kAThaka-saMhitA, kApiSThalakaTha saMhitA, maitrAyaNI saMhitA, taittirIya sNhitaa| veda-bhASyakAra mahIdhara ne yajurveda-bhASya kI bhUmikA meM isa prasaMga meM bar3I rocaka va adbhuta kathA likhI hai / usake anusAra maharSi vyAsa ke ziSya vaizampAyana ne yAjJavalkya Adi apane ziSyoM ko cAroM veda pddh'aaye| eka dina koI aisI ghaTanA ghttii| paizampAyana yAjJavalkya para bahuta Rddha hue aura bole-"tUne jo kucha mujhase par3hA hai, use chor3a de|" yAjJavalkya bhI yaha sunakara krodhAviSTa ho gye| unhoMne jo kucha par3hA thA, use ugala diyA / guru (vaizampAyana ) kI AjJA se anya ziSyoM ne tittira bana kara use khA liyaa| yahI udvAnta (vamana kiyA huSA ) -jJAna taittirIya saMhitA hai| katipaya bhAratIya vidvAnoM kA vizvAsa hai ki rAvaNa vedoM kA bar3A vidvAn thaa| usane veda-bhASya rcaa| usake sAtha milA huA yajurveda kA bhAga kRSNa yA kAlA yajurveda khlaayaa| sAmaveda sAmaveda saMgIta-pradhAna hai| isameM adhikAMzataH Rgveda ke mantra saMgRhita haiN| isameM svatantra mantra bahuta kama haiM, kevala pacahattara haiN| isakA saMkalana yajJoM meM kiye jAne vAle ____ 2010_05

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12 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 sAma-gAna kI dRSTi se huA hai; ataH mantroM kI punarAvRti bahuta hai| kula 1,810 mantra haiM / yadi punarAvRtta mantroM ko nikAla diyA jAe, to Adhe se thor3e se adhika 685 mantra baca jAte haiM, pUrvAddha meM 585 aura uttarArddha meM 400 / sAmaveda do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| usakA pUrvAddha AciMka tathA uttarAddha uttarAdhika kahA jAtA hai| Arcika zabda Rk yA RcA se banA hai, jisakA artha RcAoM kA samUha hai| utarAciMka kI apanI eka vizeSatA hai| usameM mantroM ko bar3e sundara krama se rakhA gayA hai| jina mantroM kA kisI eka yajJa meM upayoga hotA hai. unheM eka sthAna para rakhA gayA hai| isase yajJa vizeSa meM prayojya mantroM ko pRthaka-pRthaka DhUMr3hanA nahIM pdd'taa| pRthak-pRthaka yajJoM ke lie apekSita mantra pRthaka-pRSaka sthAnoM para ekatra prApta ho jAte haiN| isI prakAra jina mantroM kA jisa devatA se sambandha hai, ve ekatra saMgrahIta haiM / jo mantra kisI eka hI chanda meM racita haiM, unako ekatra rakhA gayA hai| isase mantroM ke prayoga meM vizeSa suvidhA hotI hai| gAna-sambandhI mahatvapUrNa vAGamaya isa saMhitA ke antargata samAviSTa hai, jisameM mantroM ke gAna kA prakAra, gAna ke samaya isva mAtrAoM kA dIgha athavA lupta ke rUpa meM parivartana, layAtmakatA kI dRSTi se zabdoM kI punarAvRtti, svara, vizrAma, mUcchaMnA Adi saMgItopayogI kramoM ke sambandhoM meM niyama diye gaye haiN| bhAratIya saMgIta kA jo bahumukhI vikAsa huA, sAmaveda usakA mukhya AdhAra rahA, vidvAnoM kI aisI mAnyatA hai| paramparayA aisA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki kabhI sAmaveda kI hajAra zAkhAeM vidyamAna thiiN| Aja usakI kevala do zAkhAe sampUrNa rUpa meM tathA eka AMzika rUpa meM prApta hai| prathama 'rANAyanIya' hai, jo pUrI prApta hai| dvitIya zAkhA kA nAma 'kauthuma' hai, jisakA kevala sAtavAM adhyAya prApta hai| avaziSTa aMza naSTa ho gayA hai| tRtIya zAkhA 'jeminIya' ke nAma se vizruta hai, jo sampUrNatayA prApta hai| atharva veda atharva veda meM prAyaH aise mantroM kA saMgraha hai, jinakA sambandha zatru-nAzana, mAraNa, uccATana Adi se hai| isameM vipatti, pApa, azubha evaM durbhAgya se apane bacAva ke lie racita aneka prArthanAe bhI haiN| apane lie maMgala tathA dUsaroM-apane zatruSoM ke lie amaMgalajanaka 1. paM brahmA varuNendravamarutaH stunvanti divyaiH stavai vaMdaiH sAMgapadakramopaniSadairgAyanti yaM saamgaaH| dhyAnAvasthitatadgatena manasA pazyanti yaM yogino, yasyAntaM na viduH surAsuragaNAH devAya tasmai namaH // 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM sAmagrI isameM Akalita hai| isI kAraNa piNTaranitja ne ise TonA-ToTakA aura yantra-mantra karane vAle purohitoM kI racanA kahA hai| anya vedoM kI taraha upayukta sAmagrI ke atirikta isameM dhArmika saMskAroM meM prayukta hone vAle kucha sUkta tathA devatAoM ke abhinandana va prazasti meM racita prArthanAe bhI haiN| atharva veda ko atharvAGgiyA, bhRgvAGgirA tathA brahmaveda bhI kahA jAtA hai / sambhavataH aMgirA zabda kA prayoga hAni aura vinAza karane vAle kAryoM ke lie hai| atharvA zabda kA artha purohita hai, vizeSataH vaha purohita, jo mantra Adi ke prayoga meM siddha ho / isa veda ko 'zonaka' aura 'pappalAda' nAmaka do zAkhAe haiM, jinameM vizeSataH prathama kA hI adhika pracalana hai| amaMgala, azubha aura vinAzaparaka viSayoM se sampRkta hone ke kAraNa kucha loga atharva veva ko AsurI vidyA meM ginate haiM / yahI kAraNa hai ki ise vedatrayI meM nahIM ginA jAtA rahA hai| vastutaH vizuddha vedoM ke rUpa meM Rk, yajuSa aura sAma kI hI gaNanA thii| bahuta samaya taka yahI paramparA rhii| AcArya puSpadanta racita suprasiddha mahimnaH stotra ke nimnAMkita zloka se yaha prakaTa hai : trayI sAMsyaM yogaH pazupatimaMtaM vaiSNavamiti, prabhinne prasthAne paramidamadaH pathyamiti ca / rucInAM vaicitryAdRjukuTilanAnApathajuSAM, nRNAmeko gamyastvamasi payasAmarNava iti // pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke anusAra yaha veda sabake anta meM banA, sambhavataH AryoM ke baMgAla meM pahuMcane ke pazcAt / vahA~ jAdU-mantra, Tone-ToTake Adi pahale se hI pracalita rahe hai| bahuta . samaya bAda ise vedoM meM parigaNita kiyA gayA / brAhmArA-mAntha yAjJika karma-kANDa kA eka vistRta vidhi-krama yA pUrA zAstra hai| vaidika vidvAnoM ne brAhmaNa-granthoM meM isakA vizada vivecana kiyA hai / yajamAna', purohita, hotA , udgAtA', 1. yajJa karane vAlA gRhastha / 2. ucca tathA spaSTa svaroM se mantroM kA uccAraNa kara devatAoM ko AhvAna karane vAlA / 3. saMgIta ke niyamoM ke anusAra sAmaveda ke mantroM kA gAna kara deva-stuti karane vaalaa| ____ 2010_05

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14 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 adhvayu'', brahmA Adi yajJa-sampAdana meM bhAga lene vAle viziSTa vyaktiyoM ke kArya, vidhi, yazavedI kA nirmANa yaza-sampAdakoM kI avasthiti, bhinna-bhinna yajJoM meM bhinna-bhinna mantroM kA viniyoga, yajJoM aura mantroM kA sambandha, mantroM kI vyAkhyA prabhRti niyamoM kA ina granthoM meM bar3A sUkSma aura vistRta ullekha hai| inameM prasaMga-krama se aneka AkhyAnoM kA bhI samAveza hai| Age calakara adhikAMzataH ye hI bhAkhyAna purANoM ke rUpa meM vikasita hue hoM; aisI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai| vedoM ke jina-jina viSayoM se jo-jo brAhmaNa-grantha sambaddha haiM, ve una-una vedoM kI unauna zAkhAoM ke brAhmaNa kahe jAte haiN| veda-mantroM ke artha nirdhAraNa meM niHsandeha ina granthoM ko bahuta bar3I upayogitA hai| unakI sahAyatA se hI veda-mantroM kA hAdaM yathAvat rUpa meM samajhA jA sakatA hai| AraNyaka __ AraNyaka bhI vedoM ke karma-kANDAtmaka bhAga ke antargata svIkRta haiN| brAhmaNa-granthoM meM jahAM yAjJika vidhi-vidhAnoM kA vistRta, gambhIra aura paramparAnusyUta vizleSaNa hai, AraNyakoM meM arthavAda ke AdhAra para talasparzI vyAkhyA-vivecanA hai| vaidika yajJa-vidhAna ke antargata karaNIya kAryoM ke uddezya, lAbha Adi ke bahumukhI vizleSaNa ke sAtha-sAtha AraNyakoM meM vedoM ke una sthaloM kA ullekha hai, jinase yAjJika vidhi-bhAga meM kiye gaye nirdezoM kA tAtparya spaSTa hotA hai| ___ kahA jAtA hai, brahmacarya meM nimagna RSiyoM dvArA vaidika yajJa-yAga se sambaddha gambhIra viSayoM para 'araNyoM'-dhanoM meM cintana kiye jAne ke kAraNa ye arthavAda-pradhAna grantha AraNyaka zabda se abhihita hue / athavA araNya eva pAThyAt AraNyakamitIryate ke anusAra araNyoM meM par3hAye jAne ke kAraNa inakI AraNyaka saMjJA huii| sambhavataH isI kAraNa inakA upayoga vizeSataH vAnaprasthiyoM ke lie mAnA gayA hai| vAnaprastha meM araNya-vAsa kA vidhAna hai, jahAM vyakti laukika jIvana se zAzvata Ananda kI ora agrasara hone ko prayatnazIla hotA hai / para, vaha ekAeka gRhI jIvana ke saMskAroM se chUTa sake, yaha kama sambhava hotA hai| AraNyaka 1. anucca svara se mantra uccAraNa karate hue puroDAsa prabhRti yAjJika dravyoM ko taiyAra karane vAlA aura devatAoM ko uddiSTa kara Ahuti dene vaalaa| 2. cAroM vedoM kA pUrNa jJAtA, yajJoM ke vidhi-krama va niyamopaniyama ko sUkSmatA se janane vAlA; ataH yajJa saMlagna sabhI purohitoM ke kAryoM kA nirIkSaNa tathA apekSita hone para pariSkAra karane vaalaa| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe' [ 95 vAnaprasthI sAdhakoM ko aisA mArga upadiSTa karate haiM, jisase kramazaH brAhmo sthiti kI ora gati kara skeN| brAhmaNa-granthoM kI taraha AraNyakoM kI racanA bhI sarala, saMkSipta aura kriyA-bahula hai| bhinna-bhinna vedoM se sambaddha bhinna-bhinna AraNyaka haiM / upaniSad upaniSad vaidika vAGamaya ke zAna-kANDa ke antargata haiM / yadyapi vahAM vaidika yajJayAgAdi karma-kANDoM kA niSedha nahIM hai, para svargakAyoyajeta ke anusAra inakA phala mAtra svarga-prApti hai| svarga-phala zAzvata nahIM hai| puNya-kSaya ke anantara svarga se punaH matyaloka meM AnA par3atA hai| Azaya yaha hai ki yajJa-yAgAdi karma-kANDa-paraka kAryoM se AvAgamana nahIM miTatA, zAzvata sukha nahIM miltaa| jo svargika sukha milatA hai, vaha bhI bhoga-pradhAna hai| bhoga kA avasAna sukha meM nahIM hai, duHkha meM hai| AvAgamana-janma-maraNa, bhautika anukUlatA, pratikUlatA, vaibhava, vilAsa aura samRddhi, ina sabase pare eka sthiti hai, jise upaniSad kI bhASA meM brahmAnanda kahA jAtA hai| vaha kevala jJAna dvArA sAdhya hai / jJAna ke binA bandhana se kabhI chuTakArA nahIM ho sktaa| upaniSad-sAhitya kA yahI viSaya hai, jisa para vibhinna dRSTiyoM se sUkSma cintana aura paryAlocana kiyA gayA hai| upaniSad ke jJAna kA kitanA adhika mahatva samajhA jAtA rahA hai, isa sandarbha meM chAndogya upaniSad kA eka prasaMga haiM : aneka vidyAoM meM niSNAta devarSi nArada sanatkumAra ke pAsa Ate haiM aura unase abhyarthanA karate haiM-"mujhe adhyayana karavAie, zikSA diijie|" isa prakAra kahakara ve ziSya-bhAva se unake sAnnidhya meM upasanna hote haiN|" ___ sanatkumAra ne kahA-"Apa jo kucha jAnate haiM, mujhe batalAe / tadanantara maiM Apako Age kahUMgA, upadeza kruuNgaa|" nArada bole-"bhagavan ! maiMne Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda aura cauthA atharvaveda par3hA hai| itihAsa aura purANa jo paMcama veda kahe jAte haiM, maiMne par3he haiM / vyAkaraNa, pitRkalpa-zrAddhakalpa, gaNita-zAstra, utpAta-jJAna, mahAkAlAdi nidhizAstra, tarka-zAstra, nIti-zAstra, deSa vidyA-nirukta, brahmavidyA-Rgveda, yajurveda aura sAmaveda kA zikSA zAstra, vaidika saMhitAoM ke zuddha uccAraNa aura svara-prayoga ke lie nirdhArita niyamoM ke udbodhaka grantha-prAtizAkhya, kalpa-karmakANDavidhi, chanda-zAstra, bhautika vijJAna, dhanurveda, sarpavidyA, devajanavidyA-nRtya, gAna, vAdya aura zilpa Adi vijJAna bhI maiMne par3he haiN|" . 1. kSINe puNye matyalokaM vizanti / 2. Rte zAnAnna muktiH / ____ 2010_05

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96 ] mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 - "bhagavan ! baha meM yaha saba jAnate hue bhI kevala mantra-vetA-zabdArthamAtra kA jAnane vAlA hUM, Atma-bettA nahIM hai| maiMne Apa jaisoM se sunA hai, vAtmaSit zoka ko pAra kara letA hai| bhagavAn ! maiM zokAnvita huuN| Apa mujhaM zoka ke pAra kara dIjie / " sanatkumAra ne kahA-"Apa jo kucha jAnate haiM, vaha mAtra nAma hI hai|' paricaya-sambhASaNa ke bAda Atma-vettA sanatkumAra nArada ko Atma-jJAna ( brahma-jJAna ) kA upadeza karate haiN| vRhadAraNyakopaniSad kA prasaMga hai / yAjJavalkya praznajita honA cAhate haiN| unake do patniyAM thIM-maitreyI aura kAtyAyanI / yAjJavalkya ne maitreyI se kahA-"maiM gRhastha Azrama se sanyAsa Azrama meM jAnA cAhatA hUM, isalie kAtyAyanI ke sAtha terA baMTavArA kara duuN|" maitreyI ne kahA-"bhagavan ! yadi yaha dhana se paripUrNa sArI pRthvI merI ho jAe, vo kyA meM usase amara ho sakatI hUM ?" yAjJavalkya ne kahA-"aisA nahIM ho sktaa| usase tumhArA jIvana vaisA hI hogA, jaisA dUsare sAdhana-sampanna vyaktiyoM kA hotA hai| dhana se amaratva kI AzA nahIM kI jA sktii|" maitreyI bolI-"jise lekara maiM amara nahIM ho sakatI, usakA maiM kyA karU ? amRtatva kA jo sAdhana Apa jAnate haiM, vaha mujhe btlaae|" 1. oM avIhi bhagava iti hopasasAda sanatkumAraM nAravasta 7 hIvAca yaddhatya tena nopasIda tatasta Urdhva vakSyAmIti sa hovAca / RgvedaM bhagavo'dhyemi pajurveda 7 sAmavedamArgaNaM caturthamitihAsapurANaM paMcamaM vedAnAM vedaM pitrya vaM rAzi dainaM nidhi vAkovAkyamekAyanaM devavidyAM brahmavidyA bhUtavidyAnakSatravidyAM sapedevajanavidyAmetad bhagavo'dhyemi / so'haM bhagavo mantravidevAsmi nAtmavicchUta 7 ha yeva me bhagavadRzaibhyastarati zokamAtmaviditi so'haM bhagavaH zocAmi taM mA bhagavAJchokasya pAra tArayatviti ta tha hovAca yadvai kiJcetadadhyagISThA nAmaivaitat / -chAndogyopaniSad, saptama adhyAya, prathama khaNDa, 1-3 2. maitreyIti hovAca yAjJavalkya udyAsyayA are'hamasmAtsthAnAdasmi hanta te'nayA kAtyAnyataM karavANoti / sA hovAca maitreyI / yantu ma iyaM bhagoH sarvA pRthivI pittana pUrNA syAtkathaM tenA' mRtA 2010_05 |

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM [ 97 maitreyI kI tIvra utkaN- pUrNa jijJAsA para yAjJavalkya use Atma-jJAna kA upadeza dete haiM, jo prastuta upaniSad kA mahatvapUrNa bhAga hai| muNDakopaniSad kA prasaMga hai / "zaunaka nAmaka mahAgRhastha-samRddha tathA bhare-pUre parivAra vAlA gRhastha aMgirA ke pAsa AyA aura usane unase pUchA-kisake jAna liye jAne para saba kucha vijJAta ho jAtA hai ?" aMgirA ne kahA-brahmavettA kahate haiM, do vidyAe jAnane yogya haiM - eka parA aura dUsarI aparA / Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda, atharvaveda, zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, chandazAstra aura jyotiSa apayA vidyA haiM / parA vidyA vaha hai, jisase akSara-brahma kA svarUpa adhigata hotA hai / " upaniSad parA vidyA ke udbodhaka haiN| unameM brahma, jIva, prakRti unake svarUpa se sambaddha aneka viSayoM kA vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai| vaidika paramparA meM tattva-jJAna kI dRSTi se upaniSadoM kA sarvAdhika mahatva hai| isa paramparA ke antargata sabhI sampradAyoM meM unakA samAna rUpa se Adara kiyA jAtA hai| itanA avazya hai, bhinna-bhinna matAnuyAyI unakI vyAkhyA meM apane-apane vicAroM kI puTa lagA dete haiN| upaniSadoM ke tattva-jJAna se katipaya pAzcAtya vidvAna bhI prabhAvita hue / pro0 maiksa mUlara ne isa sambandha meM likhA hai : "upaniSad vedAnta darzana ke Adi srota haiN| ye aisI syAmiti neti hovAca yAjJavalkyo yathaivopakaraNavatAM jIvitaM tathaiva te jovitayaM syAdamRtatvasya tu nAzAsti vitta neti / sA hovAca maitreyI yenAhaM nAmRtA syAM kimahaM tena kuryA yadeva bhagavAnveda tadeva me hoti| -vRhadAraNyakopaniSad, dvitIya adhyAya, caturtha brAhmaNa, 1-3 1. zaunako ha vai mahAzAlo'DigarasaM vidhivadupasannaH pprcch| kasminnu bhagavo vijJAte sarvamidaM vijJAtaM bhvtoti| tasmai sa hovAca / vidya veditavye iti ha sma yadbrahmavido vadanti parA caivAparA ca / tatrAparA Rgvedo yajurvedaH sAmavedo'tha vedaH zikSA karapo yAkaraNaM nizvataM chado jyotiSamiti / atha parA payA tvkssrmdhigmyte| . -muNDakopaniSad, prathama khaNDa, 3-5 2010_05

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98] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 racanAe haiM, jinameM mujhe mAnavIya bhAvanA apane uccatama zikhara para pahuMcI huI pratIta hotI hai|" 1 zopenahara ne likhA hai : "saMsAra meM isa prakAra kA koI adhyayana (tattva-cintana ) nahIM hai, jo upaniSadoM ke samAna lAbhaprada tathA unnayana kI ora le jAne vAlA ho| ve uccatama mAnavIya meghA kI upaja haiM / zIghra yA bilamba se eka dina aisA honA hI hai ki yahI janatA kA dharma hogaa|' vedoM ko smaraNa rakhane kI vizeSa paramparA rahI hai| cAroM vedoM ko AdyopAnta akSarazaH evaM svarazaH kaNThAgra rakhane vAle vedapAThI brAhmaNa hote rahe haiM kucha Aja bhI mila sakate hai / dvivedI, trivedI, caturvedI Adi brAhmaNoM kI jAtIya upAdhiyAM, sambhava hai, kabhI vedoM ke abhyAsa ke kAraNa hI pravRtta huI hoM / ziSya guru se zravaNa kara veda ko grahaNa karatA thA / veda, jo zruti kahe jAte haiM, isI Azaya kI ora saMketa karate haiN| vidyA ko guru se sunakara hRdgata tathA AtmasAt karane kA prAcIna kAla meM bahuta bar3A mahatva rahA hai / bala yA satva-sampanna vyakti kisa prakAra jJAnopAsanA ke krama meM agrasara hotA huA vijJAtRtva taka pahuMcatA thA, isakA chAndogyopaniSad meM sundara vivecana kiyA gayA hai| vahAM kahA gayA hai : ".."jaba puruSa bala yA satva-sampanna hotA hai, tabhI vaha utthAnonmukha hotA hai| utthAnonmukha hotA huA vaha paricaryAzIla hotA hai| paricaritA hokara yaha upasadana karatA hai-guru ke sAnnidhya meM upasthita hotA hai| upasanna hokara vaha AcArya kA darzana karatA haiM arthAt unake jIvana kA ekAgra bhAva se dRSTA banatA hai / taba zrotA, unake kathana kA tanmaya bhAva se zravaNa karane vAlA, banatA hai / AcArya kA kathana-pratipAdana isa prakAra upapanna hai, aisA manana karatA hai / manana karane para vaha tathya kA bauddhA-jJAtA-yaha tattva aisA hI hai, isa prakAra jAnane vAlA hotA hai| jJAna kI pariNati anuSThAna meM hotI hai| vaha paisA AcaraNa karatA hai / Aparita jIvana meM sahaja hI anubhUta 1. The upanished are the..........Sources of -the vedant philoso phy, a system in which human speculation seems to me have reached its very acme. -kalyANa, varSa 7, saMkhyA 8, 'brahmavidyA rahasya' zIrSaka lekha se 2. In the world there is no study.........80 beneficial and so elevan ting as that of upanished.........( They ) are a product of the highest wisdom.........it is destined sooner or later to become the faith of the people. -kalyANa, varSa 7, saMkhyA 8, 'brahmavidyA rahasya' zIrSaka lekha se 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM [ 99 banatA hai / anubhava hI vijJAna-viziSTa jJAna hai / isa prakAra vaha puruSa vijJAtA kI sthita meM pahuMcatA hai / " AcArya ke caraNoM meM baiThakara paricaryA, darzana, zravaNa, manana tathA bodha ke sopAnoM se uttarottara bar3hate-bar3hate sAdhaka ke vijJAtR-dazA taka pahuMcane kA yaha krama purAkAla kI jJAnopAsanA ke zraddhA, vinaya, sevA, zrama evaM anubhUti sampRkta patha kA saMsUcaka hai / veda-mantroM ke pATha-kama __ vaidika mantroM ke uccAraNa meM jarA bhI truTi na raha pAe aura veda-mantra yuga-yugAntara taka yathAvat rUpa meM veda-pAThiyoM kI smRti meM bane raheM, isake lie paidika vidvAnoM ne kaI prakAra ke upAya kiye| unameM unake dvArA vedoM ke pATha ke sambandha meM kiyA gayA kramavibhAga bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| unhoMne veda-pATha ke pAMca prakAra nirdhArita kiye : 1-saMhitApATha, 2-pada-pATha, 3-krama-pATha, 4-jaTA-pATha, 5-dhana-pATha / saMhitA-pATha-veda meM jo mantra jisa prakAra sthita haiM, unakA jyoM-kA-tyoM yathAvat pATha karanA saMhitA-pATha kahA jAtA hai| pada-pATha-veda ke kisI mantra ko alaga-alaga padoM meM vibhakta kara usakA pATha karanA pada-pATha kahA jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha, eka mantra ke pratIka ke rUpa meM kakhaga ko lete haiN| isakA saMhitA-pATha hogA-kakhaga aura pada-pATha hogA-ka, kha, ga / donoM kA bheda spaSTa hai| saMhitA-pATha meM kakhaga ke rUpa meM mantra ke sabhI pada eka sAtha haiM tathA pada-pATha meM ve pada alaga-alaga haiM / jo pada alaga-alaga kiye jAte haiM, unameM prArambha tathA anta meM svara-parivartana ke bhinna-bhinna niyama lAgU hote haiM / veda-pAThI ke lie una niyamoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| tabhI pATha zuddha bana pAtA hai| niyamoM kA samyaktayA avalambana kara kiye gaye pada-pATha se puna: saMhitA-pATha pUrNa rUpeNa zuddha banatA hai; jaisA vaha mantra ko pRthak-pRthak vibhakta karane se pUrva thaa| krama-pATha-pada-pATha ke zabdoM ko arthAt 'pratyeka pada ko eka-eka bAra liyA jAtA thA aura isa krama meM pahale pada ke zabda ko bhI liyA jAtA thA tathA agale pada ke zabda ko bhii| yaha krama uttarottara calatA rahatA thaa| udAharaNArtha, kisI mantra ke pratIka-rUpa meM kakhagagha 1. ......." sa yadA balo bhavati, atha utthAtA bhvti| uttiSThan paricaritA bhavati paricaran upasattA bhavati / upasIdan draSTA bhavati / zrotA bhvti| mantA bhavati / boddhA bhavati / kartA bhvti| vijJAtA bhavati / -chAndogyopaniSad, aSTama khaNDa, 1 -chAnyAyAlaya ____ 2010_05

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100 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 leN| isakA pada-pATha ka, kha, ga, gha- isa prakAra hogA, jo krama-pATha meM kakha, saga, gagha ke rUpa meM parivartita hogaa| jaTA-pATha-krama-pATha ke trividha mela ko milAne se jaTA-pATha niSpanna hotA hai arthAt jaTA-pATha meM pahalI bAra meM prathama pada, dvitIya pada, dUsarI bAra meM dvitIya pada, prathama pada, tIsarI bAra meM prathama pada, dvitIya pada, cauthI bAra meM dvitIya pada, tRtIya pada, pAMcavIM bAra meM tRtIya pada, dvitIya pada, chaThI bAra meM dvitIya pada, tRtIya pada uccArita hogaa| pratIka rUpa meM kakha. khaka, kakha, gakha, khaga se ise samajhA jA sakatA hai| ghana-pATha-jaTA-pATha meM do-do padoM ke tIna mela banAye gye| ghana-pATha meM inake sthAna para do-do padoM ke do aura tIna-tIna padoM ke tIna mela banA kara mantra-pATha ke pAMca rUpa taiyAra kiye jAte haiN| pratIka rUpa meM ise kakha, khaka , kakhaga, gakhaka, kakhaga se samajhA jA sakatA hai| saMhitA-pATha ko ina pATha-kramoM ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna prakAra se cAra bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA thaa| krama itanA vyavasthita ora niyamita thA ki bhinna-bhinna prakAra se bhinna-bhinna khaNDoM meM uccarita pATha ko puna: saMhitA-pATha meM parivartita karane meM kucha bhI kaThinAI nahIM hotI thii| yaha vidhi-krama yadyapi durUha aura abhyAsa-sAdhya to thA, para, vedoM ke pATha ko sahasrAbdiyoM taka sarvathA zuddha, pUrNatayA aparivartita banAye rakhane meM bahuta lAbhaprada siddha huA / isI kAraNa kahA jAtA hai ki sahasroM varSa pUrva jisa bhASA yA zabdAvalI meM vedoM ke mantra racita hue, unakA ThIka vaisA hI rUpa Aja bhI upalabdha hai| bhASA-vaijJAnika dRSTi se yaha bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| uccAraNa svara ghedika mantroM kI dhvaniyoM ko sarvathA vizuddha banAye rakhane ke lie svara-vidhAna vaidika sAhitya kA mahatvapUrNa prasaMga hai| caMdikI prakriyA meM tIna svara mAne gaye haiM : udAtta, anudAtta aura svrit| kaNTha, tAlu Adi uccAraNa-aghayava mukha ke bhItara sthita haiN| ina uccAraNa-avayavoM ke Upara tathA nIce ke do-do bhAga yA rU.NDa hai; isalie ye saha.NDa kahe jAte haiN| antaH prerita vAyu svara-yantra ko saMspRSTa yA saMghRSTa karatI huI jaba ina (uccAraNaadhayaSoM ) para bhAghAta karatI hai, taba varNa utpanna hote haiN| jaba koI svara ina uccAraNaaSayadhoM ke Upara ke bhAga se utpanna hotA hai, taba vaha apekSAkRta ucca pratIta hotA hai| usI kA nAma udAtta hai| jaba koI rabara uccAraNa-.dhayaSoM ke nIce ke bhAga se ucarita hotA 1. uccasvAttaH // aSTAdhyAyI 112 // 29 // tAlvAdiSu samAgeSu sthAnacha bhAge nimmAno'judAttarazaH syAt / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya 1 prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM [ 101 hai, taba use anudaatt| kahA jAtA hai| jisa svara ke uccAraNa meM udAttatva tathA anudAttatva; donoM kA mizraNa ho arthAt jo svara kaNTha, tAlu Adi uccAraNa-avayavoM ke madhya bhAga se uccarita hoM, vaha svarita' kahalatA hai / stharoM ke pRthak-pRthak cinha bhI mAne gaye haiN| katipaya vaidika pATha sacinha upalabdha hote haiN| isase uccAraNa meM paripUrNa zuddha bane rahane meM bar3I sahAyatA prApta hotI hai| vaidika mantroM ke uccAraNa meM svara-zuddhi para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| itanA hI nahIM, svaroM ke viparIta uccAraNa ko dUSita ke sAtha-sAtha aniSTa-kAraka bhI batalAyA gayA hai| daityarAja vRtra kA kathAnaka svara-prayoga ke peparItya ke duSphala para paryApta prakAza DAlatA hai| daityarAja vRtra ne devarAja indra ke dhadha ko uddiSTa kara yajJa kiyaa| AhutiyoM ke sampuTa meM indrazatravardhasva vAkya rakhA gyaa| isakA abhiprAya yaha thA ki indra kA zatru ( nAzaka ) bar3he / daitya-guru zukra isa sampuTa ke sAtha AhutiyAM dete the| uccAraNa-krama meM eka truTi bnii| indrazatru pada meM tatpuruSa samAsa hai| niyamataH yahAM antya akSara udAtta hotA hai| para, Ahuti-dAtA ne pUrvapada meM udAta kara diyaa| isase yaha samasta ( indrazatru ) pada tatpuruSa ke sthAna para bahuvrIhi ho gyaa| kyoMki bahuvrIhi meM pUrva pada meM udAtta hotA hai| bahunIhi hote hI pada kA bhAzaya ekadama parivartita ho gyaa| bahuvrIhi hone para indrazatruH pada kI dhyutpatti isa prakAra hotI hai-indra hai zatru (nAzaka) jisakA, vaha indrazatru / ' samAsa badalate hI donoM padoM ke artha meM sarvathA viparItatA ho gyii| tatpuruSa meM indrazatru pada vRtra ke liye indra ke zAtayitA yA nAzaka rUpa meM uddiSTa thA, bahuvrIhi ho jAne para zAtayiha-bhAva ( nAzakatva ) indra ke sAtha jur3a gyaa| pariNAmataH vardhasva kA phala indra ko milA, vRtra ko nahIM / saMgrAma meM vRtra mArA gayA, indra vijayI huA, paddhita huaa| isIlie kahA gayA hai: 1. nIcairanudAttaH // 12 // 30 // tAlgAviSu sabhAgeSu sthAneSvadhobhAge niSpAnno' v anudAttasaMzaH syAt / 2. samAhAraH svaritaH // 12 // 31 // udAttAnudAttatve varNadharmoM samAhIyete yatra sau'c svaritasaMjJaH syAt // 3. indrasya zatruH-zAtayitA // 4. samAsasya // 6 // 1 // 223 // anta udAttaH syAt / 5. bannIhau prakRyA pUrvapadam // 6 // 2 // 1 // udAttasvaritayogipUrvapadaM prakRtyA syAt / 6. indraH zatruryasya sa indrazatruH 2010_05

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102 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana mantro hInaH svarato varNato vA, mithyAprayukto na tamarthamAha / sa vAgvajro yajamAnaM hinasti, yathendrazatruH svarato'parAdhAt // ' " yadi mantra svara aura varNa se hIna ho, usameM svara aura varNa kA zuddha prayoga na ho, mithyA yA azuddha prayoga ho, to vaha abhIpsita artha ko vyakta nahI kara sakatA / mithyA prayukta svara vAgvajra bana jAtA hai / vaha yajamAna kA vadha kara DAlatA hai svara-prayoga meM hue aparAdha yA bhUla kA pariNAma yajamAna vRtra kA maraNa thA / indrazatruH pada meM safniyoM ke uccAraNa meM sarvathA yathAvatA aura jarA bhI idhara se udhara na hone kI sthiti banAye rakhane ke lie vaidika vidvAn kitane dRr3ha saMkalpa the, yaha isa kathAnaka se spaSTa hai / [ khaNDa : vaidika bhASA ke vikAsa-stara aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki Rgveda pahale aura dazaveM maNDala ke atirikta bhASA kI dRSTi se atyanta prAcIna hai / Rgveda aura avestA kI kI gayI tulanA inhIM ( prathama va dazama ko chor3akara anya maNDaloM ) aMzoM se saMyojita karanI caahie| Rgveda ke prathama evaM dazama maNDala kI bhASA paravartI pratIta hotI hai / pAzcAtya vidvAn pro0 AntyAM maiyye Adi kA abhimata hai ki vaidika saMskRta kA prAcInatama rUpa AryoM ke paMjAba ke Asa-pAsa Ane taka ke samaya kA hai / ina vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra vaidika saMskRta kA dUsarA rUpa usa samaya kA hai, jaba Arya madhya deza taka agrasara ho cuke the| isa bIca ve una una bhU-bhAgoM meM apane se pahale basane vAle logoM ke samparka meM A cuke the, jinakI bhASAoM kA AryoM kI bhASA para prabhAva par3anA anivArya thA / vaidika saMskRta ke eka tIsare rUpa kI aura kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai, jo taba vikasita huA, jaba Arya madhya deza se Age bar3hate hue pUrvIya bhU-bhAga meM pahuMca cuke the| vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki yaha kAla sambhavataH I0 pU0 800-900 ke samIpa rahA hogA / 1. pANinIya zikSA, 52 2010_05 laukika saMskRta veda aura loka; yaha zabda-yugala prAcIna vAGamaya meM eka vizeSa artha ke sAtha prayukta hai / jisa kArya, vidhi-vidhAna, paramparA, bhASA Adi kA sambandha, apauruSeya yA IzvarIya jJAna ke pratIka veda ke sAtha rahA, unake pIche vaidika vizeSaNa jur3A aura jo kArya aihika aura

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe [ 103 azAzvata loka, saMsAra yA samAja se sambaddha haiM, ke sAtha laukika vizeSaNa lgaa| bhASA ke sAtha bhI aisA hI huaa| eka bhASA thI, jisake dvArA samagra vaidika vidhi-vidhAna, kArya-kalApa tathA karmakANDa calate the| chandas yA vaidika bhASA ke nAma se aneka dRSTiyIM se isakA vivecana-vizleSaNa kiyA jA cukA hai| eka aisI bhASA kI AvazyakatA anubhUta huI, jo rUpa-bAhulya se mukta ho, prAMjala tathA pariSkRta ho, subodhya ho, loka meM kAryakara ho / loka-prayojya bhASA to taba thI hii| usake ziSTa, parimArjita aura saMskAramaya rUpa kI AvazyakatA po, jisakI pUrti mahAn dhayAkaraNa pANini ne kii| vaidika saMskRta ke jina tIna rUpoM kI Upara carcA kI gayI hai, aisA svAbhAvika pratIta hotA hai ki ina tInoM rUpoM ke samakakSa jana-sAdhAraNa dvArA bolI jAne vAlI bhASA ke bhI tIna rUpa rahe hoNge| vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai ki laukika saMskRta bolacAla kI bhASA ke jisa rUpa para AdhRta hai, vaha una tInoM meM prathama-uttara kI bolacAla kI bhASA kA rUpa hI sambhAvita hai| laukika saMskRta, sambhava hai, Age calakara anya do rUpoM se bhI prabhASita huI ho| isa sandarbha meM mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali likhate haiM : "zabdoM ke prayoga kA viSaya atyanta vizAla hai| bhinna-bhinna zabda bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM meM apanA-apanA nizcita artha liye hue dikhAI dete haiN| jaise, gatikamaka zavati kA prayoga kamboja-deza meM hI hindUkuza kI ghATiyoM meM hI pracalita hai / Arya loga isake vikAra-isase bane hue kRdanta rUpa zava kA prayoga karate haiM / gatyartha meM saurASTra meM hammati, prAcya tathA madhya deza meM raMhati kA pracalana hai, parantu, Arya gam kA hI prayoga karate haiN| prAcya deza meM kATane ke artha meM vAti kA prayoga calatA hai, parantu, uttara ke logoM meM kRdanta nAma-dAtra kA prayoga hI pracalita hai|"] ___ mahAbhASyakAra ne kamboja, prAcya, madhya, saurASTra aura udIcya ke nAma se bhArata ke bhinnabhinna bhU-bhAgoM athavA vahAM ke nivAsiyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai tathA.AryoM ke nAma se alaga carcA kI hai| unameM ( bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM ke logoM meM ) eka hI kriyA yA tadartha-sambaddha prayogoM ke viSaya meM jo antara hai, usakI vyAkhyA hai| yahAM jijJAsA hotI hai, AryoM ko imase bhinna batAkara mahAbhASyakAra kyA prakaTa karanA cAhate haiM ? ukta pradezoM ke logoM dvArA kiye gaye zabda-prayoga ke bheda kI ve carcA karate haiN| yahA~ bheda mAtra zanda-prayoga kA hai, una 1. etasmiMzcAti mahati zabdasya prayogaviSaye te te zabdAstatra tatra niyataviSayA dRzyante / tadyathA zavatirgatikarmA kambojeSveva bhASito bhavati / vikAramenamAryA bhASante zava iti / hammatiH surASTra Su, raMhatiH prAcyamadhyeSu, gamimeva tvAryAH prayujate / dAtirlavanArthe prAcyeSu, dAtramudIcyeSu / mahAbhASya, prathama Ahika, pR0 33 ___ 2010_05

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104 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [khaNDa : 2 sabakI bhASA to eka hI thI, jinakA mahAbhASyakAra nirUpaNa kara rahe haiN| aisA lagatA hai, mahAbhASyakAra kA mAryoM se una logoM kA Azaya hai, jo bhASA ke ziSTa yA pariniSThita rUpa kA prayoga karate the, jo usa samaya bhASA kA stara ( Standerd ) thA / sambhavataH bhaugolika dRSTi se ve pazcimottara pradeza ke loga rahe hoN| jAtIya dRSTyA to sabhI AyaM hI the aura Arya-bhASA hI bolate the| dhAtu Adi ke prayoga meM prAdezika bheda ke kAraNa jo kucha bhinnatA A gayI thI, usase una-una pradezoM meM pracalita loka-bhASAoM kA saMskRta para prabhAva par3anA samarthita hotA hai| pANini dvArA saMskAra aura sammAna prApta kara ziSTa bhASA ke rUpa meM laukika saMskRta kA udbhava huaa| Age cala kara ise kevala saMskRta ke nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAne lgaa| 'saMskRta nAma pANini ke kAla se calA athavA unase pUrva hI pravRtta ho calA thA, nizcita rUpa meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / bhASA ke artha meM saMskRta zabda kA sabase pahalA prayoga vAlmokI rAmAyaNa meM prApta hotA hai / sundara kANDa kA prasaMga hai / hanumAna sItA se vArtAlApa Arambha karane se pUrva soca rahe haiM ki unheM unase kisa bhASA meM bAtacIta karanI hai| usa prasaMga meM ullekha hai : ahaM hyatitanuzcaiva vAnarazca vizeSataH / vAcaM caudAhariSyAmi mAnuSImiha saMskRtAm // 1 -merA zarIra bahuta choTA hai tathA maiM vizeSataH bandara huuN| maiM mAnavocita saMskRta bhASA meM boluuNgaa| vAcam pada ke sAtha jur3A huA yahAM saMskRtAm pada vyakti-vAcaka saMjJA hai yA guNavAcaka vizeSaNa, yaha vicAraNIya hai| mAnuSI saMskRtAM vAcam kA artha majI huI loka-bhASA bhI ho sakatA hai| vastusthiti kyA hai, nizcaya kI bhASA meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA, para, zAbdika kalevara kI dRSTi se to saMskRta zabda prayukta huA hI hai| aMgrejI meM laukika saMskRta kA anuvAda Classical Sanskrit kiyA gayA hai| loka aura Class zabda kI saMgati nahIM pratIta hotii| sambhavataH eka vizeSa varga-suzikSita brAhmaNa varga kI bhASA yA ziSTa bhASA kA Azaya dhyAna meM rakha kara yaha aMgrejI zabda diyA gayA ho| Classical zabda ke AdhAra para kucha vidvAn laukika saMskRta ke sthAna para zreNya saMskRta kA prayoga bhI karane lage haiM / 1. sugdara kANDa, sarga 30, zloka 17 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya / prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe [ 105 vaidika aura laukika saMskRta kucha bheda-rekhAeM Arya bhASA ke vistRta vivecana ke prasaMga meM bhAropIya dhvaniyoM ke sAtha paidika saMskRta kI dhvaniyoM kI tulanA kI gayI thii| lokika saMskRta ko dhvaniyAM ghedika saMskRta kI dhvaniyoM se kucha hI bhinna haiN| vaidika saMskRta aura laukika saMskRta meM jo bhinnatA hai, usa sambandha meM nimnAMkita tathya vizeSa rUpa se jJAtavya hai : dhedika saMskRta meM La, LaTa, jihvAmUlIya aura upahamAnIya dhvaniyAM thIM / laukika meM unakA lopa ho gyaa| vaidika saMskRta kA dantoSThya va, jo aMgrejI ke samAna dhvani hai, laukika meM lupta ho gyaa| laukika saMskRta meM jo 'va' prayukta hai, vaha tAlavya hai / vaidika saMskRta meM anusvAra zuddha anunAsika dhvani mAnA gayA thaa| vaha sthara hai yA vyaMjana, isa sambandha meM bhinna-bhinna mata rahe haiN| kucha vidvAnoM ne ise svara tathA kucha ne vyaMjana maanaa| laukika saMskRta meM isa sambandha meM mAnyatA badala gyii| vahA~ anunAsika kA uccAraNa anunAsika sthara ke samAna hone lgaa| vaidika saMskRta meM dhAtu-rUpoM kI bahalatA thii| laukika saMskRta meM vaha na raha paaii| udAharaNArtha, vaidika saMskRta meM jahAM hama imasi tathA imaH donoM pAte haiM, vahAM lokika meM kevala imaH milatA hai / isa prakAra aura bhI aneka udAharaNa haiM / ghedika saMskRta meM jahAM smasi aura smaH donoM rUpa milate haiM, laukika saMskRta meM vahAM smaH hI milalA hai| vaidika saMsAsa meM ISTaye, ISTe, Ize tathA Izate; ye cAra rUpa pracalita haiM, vahAM laukika saMskRta meM kevala ISTe kA prayoga milatA hai| vaidika saMskRta meM zrRddhi, zruNuhi tathA zRNodhi; bhU dhAtu ke loT lakAra madhya puruSa ekavacana ke ye tIna rUpa vyavahRta haiM, jaba ki lokika saMskRta meM kevala zaNu kA hI vyavahAra hotA hai| vaidika saMskRta meM zeye aura zete; donoM rUpoM kA pracalana hai, para lokika saMskRti meM kevala zete kA prayoga hotA hai| sArAMza yaha hai ki paidika saMskRta meM vaikalpika rUpoM kA jo bAhulya thA, laukika saMskRta meM vaha miTa gyaa| dhAtuoM kI taraha prAtipadikoM kI vibhaktiyoM ke rUpoM kI ghedika saMskRta meM bahulatA thI, lokika saMskRta meM vaha ghilupta ho gyii| pedika saMskRta meM akArAnta pulliga zabdoM ke prathamA vibhakti ke bahuvacana meM jasa vibhakti ke do rUpa banate the-mAH, mAsaH; brAhmaNAH, brAhmaNAsaH; devAH, devAsaH / laukika saMskRta meM mAH, brAhmaNAH, devAH; ye eka-eka rUpa hI raha gaye / akArAnta pulliga zandoM ke tRtIyA bahuvacana kI bhis vibhakti ke vaidika saMskRta meM devebhiH, devaiH, pUrvemiH, pUrvaH; isa prakAra do. ____ 2010_05

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106 / Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 do rUpa banate the, jabaki laukika saMskRta meM devaiH tathA pUrveH hI baca pAye / vaidika saMskRta meM saptamI vibhakti meM agnau aura agnAM Adi do-do rUpa banate the, laukika saMskRta meM kevala agnau hI baca pAyA / vaidika saMskRta meM kriyA ke gyAraha lakAra hote the| yahAM sambhAvanA tathA AjJA ke lie leT lakAra aura thaa| jaise, bhavAti, patAti, tAriSata; aadi| laukika saMskRta meM leT lakAra nahIM miltaa| vaho daza hI lakAra rhe| vaidika saMskRta meM tuman ( Infinitive ) ke rUpa calane kI parampayA thii| tuman ke artha meM aura bhI kaI pratyayoM kA prayoga hotA thaa| jaise, tanai --pAtagai, dhye-madhye, ase-jIvase ityAdi / laukika saMskRta meM tuman se niSpanna hone vAlA eka hI rUpa bcaa| jaise, gantum, mantuma, calitum, adhyetum; Adi / vaidika saMskRta meM loT lakAra madhyama puruSa bahuSacana meM ta, tana, thana, tAta; ye cAra pratyaya prApta haiM, jinase ziNota, sunotana, yatiSThana, kRNutAta jaise, rUpa banate haiM / laukika saMskRta meM kevala ta pratyaya hI raha gayA / jaise, shinnut| paivika saMskRta meM yu pratyaya se bane aneka zabda prApta hote haiN| jaise yajyu, devayu, vAjayu; Adi / lokika saMskRta meM ve prAyaH lupta ho gaye / dasyu jaise eka-do zabda hI prApta haiN| vedika saMskRta meM Atmanepada aura parasmaipada; donoM gaNoM meM jo dhAtue nirUpita haiM, unameM se katipaya laukika saMskRta meM kevala Atmanepada meM hI milatI hai| vaidika saMskRta meM tvad sarvanAma bhI prApta hai| laukika saMskRta meM kevala tad hI milatA hai| vaidika saMskRta meM stiI ke rUpa calate the| svastaye rUpa se yaha pramANita hai / laukika saMskRta meM svasti ko adhyaya! mAnA gayA hai| inake rUpa nahIM clte| paidika saMskRta meM udAtta, anudAtta aura svarita; tIna prakAra ke svara prApta haiM / laukika saMskRta meM unakA prayoga nahIM hotaa| vaidika saMskRta meM saMgItAtmakatA hai, jaise ki grIka meM hai| laukika saMskRta meM saMgItAtmakatA kA abhAva ho gyaa| dhaidika saMskRta meM ya aura va ke sthAna para iya aura uva kA prapoga bhI dekhA jAtA hai| jaise, laukika saMskRta ke vIryam zabda ke samakakSa pIriyam bhI hai aura tvam ke samakakSa tuvam bhii| vaidika saMskRta kA katvAna pratyaya laukika saMskRta meM lupta ho gayA hai| vaidika saMskRta meM saptamI ke ekavacana meM Di kA lopa ho jAtA hai| jaise, vyoman / laukika saMskRta meM vyomami hotA hai| paidika saMskRta meM upasarga kriyA se dUra rahate haiN| jaise; pra babhravai zivatimAya zivatIce laukika saMskRta meM ve ThIka kriyA ke pUrva pAye jAte haiN| vaidika saMskRta meM svara ke kAraNa samAsa meM antara ho jAtA hai| jaise, yadi AdyodAtta ho to bahuvIhi samAsa hotA hai aura yadi antyodAtta ho, to tatpuruSa / jaise, indrazatra / vaMdika saMskRta meM causaTha varNa prApta hote haiM tathA lokika saMskRta meM pacAsa / 1. sadRzaM triSu liMgeSu sarvAsu ca vibhaktiSu / vacaneSu ca sarveSu yanna dhye te tavavyayam // - ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya } prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM [ 107 purAkAlIna Aya-bhASA ke vaidika bhASA se laukika saMskRta ke rUpa meM eka nUtana AkAraprakAra lene ke pIche kaI kAraNa rahe hoNge| unameM eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki vaidika bhASA mukhyataH Rgveda kI bhASA sthira bana gayI thii| usake samakAlIna anya Arya-bhASAe, jo deza-bheda se bolacAla meM prayukta hotI thIM, kramazaH kAlAnusAra badalatI gayIM, vikasita hotI gayoM, arthAt vikAsa, jo kisI bhASA kI jIvitatA kA lakSaNa hai, vidyamAna rhaa| vaidika bhASA meM yaha sambhaba nahIM thA / phalataH yaha jana-sAmAnya se dUra hotI gyii| aisA hote hue bhI rASTra meM usakA sAhityika mahatva thA, isalie usakA adhyayama-adhyApana avaruddha nahIM hubhaa| phira bhI sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM vedika bhASA ke eka sarala, saMkSipta tathA subodhya rUpa kI apekSA thii| phalataH laukika saMskRta kA abhyudaya huaa| ghedika aura lokika saMskRta ke jo bhedamUlaka tathya upasthita kiye gaye haiM, unase spaSTa hai ki laukika saMskRta vaidika saMskRta kA saralIkRta rUpa hai| vaidika saMskRta meM jahAM rUpoM kI bahulatA aura vaikalpikatA kI pracuratA thI, lokika saMskRta meM unakA lopa yA saMkSiptIkaraNa humA / vaidika bhASA se sambandha jana-samudAya ke vaMzajoM ne isa nUtana bhASA ko apanA liyaa| yaha una AryoM kI sAhityika bhASA bana gayI, jo bhAratavarSa meM dUra-dUra taka phaile hue the| ___ uttara kI yA uttara-pazcima kI jana-bhASA sambhavataH laukika saMskRta kA mukhya mApAra raho ho / phalataH bhASA kI zuddhi, stara Adi kI dRSTi se uttara kA vaiziSTya mAnA jAtA hai| kahA gayA hai-uttara dizA kA bhASA-prayoga adhika veduSya-pUrNa hai / bhASA yA vANI kI zikSA lene ke lie loga uttara ko jAte haiN| athavA jo vidvAna uttara se Ate haiM, vidyotsuka jana unase pANI ke sambandha meM zravaNa karate haiN| uttara ke logoM dvArA pANI ke zuddha prayoga karane kI jo carcA kI gayI hai; yaha samrATa azoka ke uttara-pazcimI zilAlekhoM se bhI prakaTa hotI hai| eka samaya thA, kAzmIya saMskRta vidyA ke sarvapradhAna kendra ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thaa| saMskRta-vAGamaya ke atyanta mahatvapUrNa granthoM kA vahA~ praNayana huA / uparyukta nirUpaNa isase samarthita hotA hai| madhyavartA rUpa vaidika aura laukika saMskRta kI bheda-rekhAoM kA jo vivaraNa upasthita kiyA gayA hai, usa prakAra kI bhinnatA donoM bhASAoM ke madhya eka hI bAra meM nahIM ho pAI thii| kramazaH vaMsA hotA gayA, jisakI pariNati laukika saMskRta ke vyAkara niyantrita, pariniSThita rUpa meM huI / isa parivartana-krama ke tIna stara mAne jA sakate haiN| bhAratIya mAya-bhASA pA 2010_05

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108 ] Agama aura tripiTaka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 vedika saMskRta kA pahalA rUpa Rgveda va tatsamakakSa purAtana vAGamaya meM prApta hotA hai| vahAM rUpa- bahulatA, vikalpa pracuratA jaisI prAyaH sabhI bAteM milatI haiM / brAhmaNa-granthoM meM isa bhASA kA dUsarA rUpa prApta hotA hai| RRgveda ke aitareya brAhmaNa aura zukla yajurveda ke zatapatha brAhmaNa kA isa sandarbha meM ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai / brAhmaNa-granthoM ke parizIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki durUha arthaM vAle zabdoM ke prayoga se bacane kA vahAM prayatna hai / dhAtuoM ke gaNAtmaka vibhAjana meM jahAM bhASA ke prathama rUpa meM vyavasthA nahIM dIkhatI, yahAM gaNa - vibhAjana vyavasthita pratIta hotA hai / : se bhASA ke prathama rUpa va dvitIya rUpa ke bIca mukhyataH jina pahaluoM meM parivartana huA, unameM kucha isa prakAra haiM : prathama stara kI bhASA meM akArAnta puliMga prathamA bahuvacana meM devAH aura devAsaH jaise do rUpa vyavahRta the, brAhmaNoM meM kevala devA: jaise eka hI prakAra ke rUpa raha gaye / tRtIyA bahuvacana meM devaiH aura devebhiH; ina do prakAra ke rUpoM meM brAhmaNoM meM kevala veba: jaise eka hI prakAra ke rUpa vyavahRta hone lage / brAhmaNoM meM leT lakAra kA prayoga bhI prAyaH aprApta hai / tumanarthaka aneka pratyaya, jo bhASA ke prathama rUpa meM prayukta the / brAhmaNoM meM lupta ho gaye 1 kevala tum ( tumun ) hI bacA rhaa| brAhmaNoM meM LaDa lakAra ke rUpa tathA artha meM pANinIya vyAkaraNa se sarvathA sAdRzya pratIta hotA hai / brAhmaNoM kI bhASA vaidika saMskRta se laukika saMskRta ke rUpa meM pariNata hone ke krama meM se gujara rahI thI, yaha uparokta vivecana se spaSTa hotA hai| para, sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI jJAtathya hai ki taba taka zabdoM ke prayoga, vibhaktiyoM ke artha va vyavahAra tathA katipaya dhAtuoM ke rUpa Adi meM brAhmaNa-grantha vaidika bhASA kA anusaraNa karate rahe haiM / brAhmaNa-grantha bhAratIya Arya bhASA kA tIsarA rUpa yAska ke nirukta meM prApta hotA hai / veda ke antargata gine gaye haiM / nirukta ke lie aisA nahIM hai / usakI racanA vaidikI prakriyA ke niyamoM ke AdhAra para nahIM huI hai / vaha saMskRta meM racita hai | para laukika saMskRta kA jo bhI sAhitya upalabdha hai, bhASA kI dRSTi se usameM nirukta bahuta prAcIna hai| nirukta kA sUkSma dRSTi se parizIlana karane para yaha avagata hotA hai ki usameM aneka aise zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai; jo uttarakAlIna sAhitya meM aprApta hai / DA0 indracandra zAstrI ne isa prakAra ke katipaya zabdoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo nimnAMkita haiM : upajana mAsa pAsa ) upekSitavya ( parIkSitavya yA prAptavya ) karman (abhiprAya ) 1. bhArata kI Aye- bhASAeM, pR0 73-74 2010_05

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[ 106 bhASA aura sAhitya ] prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM yatho (yathA ) upadezAya glapayantaH ( adhyApana meM asamartha ) zizikSa rAjyena ( rAjya para Arur3ha kiyA ) bilma ( vividhatA ) naghaNTuka ( gauNa ) anirvAha ( brahmacarya ) kucha pAribhASika zabda, jo uttarakAlIna sAhitya meM nahIM milate : faefe F977 (weak terminations ) upajana (Prepositions ) upabandha ( bhAgama ) nAmakaraNa ( saMjJAoM se Ane vAle pratyaya ) niruktakAra yaska ke samaya se saMskRta ke svarUpa meM zailI kI dRSTi se parivartana dikhAI detA hai| use do prakAra kI zailiyoM ke rUpa meM AMkA jA sakatA hai-kriyA-pradhAna zailI aura nAma-pradhAna shailii| kriyA-pradhAna zailI nAma ora kriyA pAkya ke mukhya bhAga hote haiN| kisI bhI vyakti kA dina bhara kA astitva kriyAmUlaka hotA hai| hara samaya vaha kisI-na-kisI prakAra kI kriyA ke sampAdana meM saMlagna rahatA hai| jaba vyakti kI kriyAzIlatA abhivyakti kA rUpa letI hai, to vAkya meM svatantra aura viziSTArthaka kriyAoM kA prayoga hotA hai| vahAM artha-pratipAdana mukhya hotA hai; ataH vAkya choTe-choTe hote haiM, subodhya hate haiM, tAki sIdhe rUpa meM artha nirUpita ho sake / ise kriyA-pradhAna zailI kahA jA sakatA hai| yAska aura pANini ke samaya saMskRta-sAhitya meM isI prakAra kI zailI kA pracalana thaa| usa samaya racita sAhitya meM vAkya choTe-choTe haiM, kriyApadoM kI bahulatA hai, racanA meM saralatA hai / nAma-pradhAna zailI ___kriyA ke dvArA abhibodhita bhASa kI vyaMjanA ko phora jaba adhika jhukAva hotA hai, to vAkya meM kriyA-padoM kA prayoga Avazyaka hotA hai, para jaba tatkartRka vyakti kA vaiziSTya mukhya aura kriyA kI pragati gauNa ho jAtI hai, taba kriyA-padoM kA pUrvokta prakAra kA prayoga avaruddha ho jAtA hai, kama ho jAtA hai athavA kriyAoM kA prayoga vizeSaNoM ke rUpa meM hone lagatA hai| ____ 2010_05

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110 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 ___ dhAtu svarUpa meM prAyaH do tattva sannihita rahate haiM-kriyA aura usake sampAdana kA prakAra / udAharaNa ke lie dRz dhAtu ko leN| dRz prekssnne| dRpA dhAtu prekSaNa artha meM hai| prekSaNa kA Azaya IkSaNa-dekhanA mAtra nahIM hai, prakRSTatApUrvaka IkSaNa hai| tAtparya yaha hai ki dRz dhAtu meM dekhane rUpa kriyA kA abhiprAya bhI sannihita hai aura dekhane ke prakRSTa prakAra kA vizeSa bhAzaya bhii| yadi prakRSTa prakAra ko gauNa kara deM, to kriyA kA vizeSa mahatva nahIM raha jaataa| karoti, asthi, bhavati jaisI sAmAnya kriyAe bhI vahAM kAma de sakatI hai| sAtha-hI-sA yaha bhI hai, aisI kriyAoM kI vidyamAnatA, avidyamAnatA kA koI vizeSa artha nahIM raha jaataa| phalata: vAkya meM kriyAoM kA sthAna sarvathA gauNa ho jAtA hai athavA ve Avazyaka na rahane se gauNa yA adRSTa ho jAtI haiN| ise nAma-pradhAna zailI kahA jA sakatA hai| isameM dhAtu ko vizeSaNa tathA sAmAnya kriyA meM pariNata karake bhI vAkya banA liyA jaataahai| vibhaktiyoM kA bhI vizeSaNoM ke rUpa meM pariNamana ho jAtA hai| kucha udAharaNa dhyAtavya haiM : kriyA-pradhAna nAma-pradhAna naro rathamArUDhaH tairmatam naro rathamArurukSat te'manyanta sa yantraM cAlayati ahaM granthamapaTham sa krIDati ahaM vivadAmi dharma AcAryate pustakaM paThyate sa bhASate te stunvanti zAstrasya vArtA kumbhakAreNa kRta: ghaTaH rogeNa kRtA pIr3A yantracAlakaH saH ahaM granthaM paThitavAn sa krIDAM karoti ahaM vivAdaM karomi dharma Acarito bhavati pustakaM paThitaM bhavati sa bhASaNaM karoti te stutiM kurvanti zAstrasambandhinI vArtA kumbhakArakartRkaH ghaTaH rogakartRkA pIr3A uttaravartI saMskRta-sAhitya meM isa zailI kA vizeSa rUpa se pracalana huaa| isameM samAsoM kA adhika prayoga hone lagA / samagra vAkya kA vizeSaNa meM saMkSiptIkaraNa kiyA jAne lgaa| saMskRta ke purAkAlIna sAhitya meM kriyA-pradhAna zailI kA pravartana thaa| vaidika sAhitya ke brAhmaNa-pranyoM meM yaha zailI dRSTigata hotI hai| yAska aura pANini kI carcA kI hI jA cukI hai| pataMjali ke mahAbhASya meM bhI kriyA-pradhAna zailI kI mukhyatA hai| para, sAtha-hI-sAtha 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM [ 111 yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki taba se nAma pradhAna zailI kriyA-pradhAna zailI kA sthAna lene laga gayI thI / eka hI bAta ko vibhinna prakAra se yathAvat rUpa meM vyakta kara sakane kI saMskRta kI apanI anupama vizeSatA to isase siddha hotI hI hai / darzana, tarka aura bhASya-sambandhI granthoM meM kriyA-pradhAna zailI kA vizeSa vikAsa huA / itihAsa, purANa, smRti Adi grantha nAma pradhAna zailI meM likhe gaye / gautama ke nyAyasUtra para vAtsyAyana-racita bhASya, mImAMsAsUtroM para jemiti dvArA racita zAbara bhASya zrota sUtroM ke anyAnya bhASyoM meM nAma pradhAna zailI kA vyavahAra huA hai / vahAM racanA meM saralatA aura sajIvatA hai / para, Age calakara navya nyAya ke yuga taka pahuMcate-pahuMcate yaha zailI bahuta kaThina tathA durUha ho gayI / kriyAoM kA prayoga bahuta kama ho gayA / vibhaktiyoM meM bhI prAyaH prathamA aura paMcamI kA hI adhika prayoga hone lagA / jaise - iyaM pRthivI, gandhavatvAta, ayamagniH, dhUmavatvAt ityAdi / kahane kA Azaya yaha hai ki vicArAbhivyakti kA mAdhyama vizeSaNa aura bhAvavAcaka saMjJAeM hI raha gayIM / avyayoM kA prayoga bhI lupta jaisA ho gayA / saMskRta ke paMDita Aja bhI vizeSataH naiyAyika vidvAn zAstrArtha meM isI zailI kA upayoga karate haiM / pANDitya to isameM avazya hI hai, para, lokopayogitA nahIM hai; kyoMki isameM bhASA kI sahajatA ke sthAna para pANDitya pradarzana ke nimitta sarvathA kRtrimatA dRSTigocara hotI hai / saMskRta kA vizAla vAGmaya vaidika aura laukika saMskRta ke bIca ke kAla kI do mahAn racanAeM haiM-- rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata / ye aitihAsika mahAkAvya kahe jAte haiM / raghuvaMza, kumArasambhava, zizupAlabadha, kirAtArjunIya, abhijJAna zAkuntala, uttararAmacarita, anardharAghava jaise anekAneka mahatvapUrNa kAvyoM aura nATakoM ke ye hI upajIvya rahe haiM / inakI bhASA laukika saMskRta ke kAphI sahA hai, para zabdoM ke prAcIna rUpa, zailI kI saralatA, Atmanepada tathA parasmaipada kI vibhaktiyoM ke vizeSa bheda ke binA dhAtuoM ke rUpoM kA svatantra prayoga Adi aneka aise pahalU bhI haiM, jinake kAraNa inakI bhASA vaidika saMskRta ke bhI nikaTa hai / bhASA kI dRSTi se donoM ko jor3ane bAlI kar3I ke rUpa meM inheM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| donoM grantha tatkAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, loka-jIvana, sAmAjika paramparAmoM aura nItiyoM ke sajIva citra upasthita karate haiM / itihAsa, AkhyAna, purANa jaise zabda vaidika kAla se hI cale A rahe haiM / vaidika sAhitya meM pururavA va urvazI tathA zunaH zeSa Adi ke kathAnaka prApta haiM, jo mAnava kI itivRttAtmaka sarjana kI abhiruci ke sUcaka haiN| itihAsa kI eka vizeSa vyAkhyA prAcIna kAla se svIkRta hai / usake anusAra jisameM 2010_05

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112 ] bhAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kA upadeza athita ho, jo pUrva-vRttoM aura kathAoM se yukta ho, vaha itihAsa kahA jAtA hai| rAmAyaNa aura mahAmArata isa kasauTI para khare utarate haiN| itihAsapurANAbhyAM vedaM samupavRhayet jaisI uktiyoM se prakaTa hai ki itihAsa aura purANa, vaidika jJAna kA upavahaNa ( saMbaddhana ) karane vAle mAne gaye / rAmAyaNa-maryAdA puruSottama rAma ke jIvana ke mAdhyama se isa mahAkAvya meM Adarza zAsana, kartavya-niSThA, nyAya, sadAcAra, nIti, sahRdayatA, karuNA, tyAga, sevA, samarpaNa, sneha tathA Adarza gRhI-jIvana kA eka mohaka citra upasthita kiyA gayA hai| isake racayitA vAlmIki the| eka vyAdha dvArA AhvAda evaM kriyA-rata krauMca ke mAra DAle jAne para krauMcI ke antarvedhaka vilApa ko sunakara vAlmIki kA hRdaya dravita ho uThatA hai aura unakA zoka zloka bana jAtA hai-zokaH zlokatvamAgataH / sahasA unake muha se zabda nikala par3ate haiM: mA niSAda ! pratiSThAstvamagamaH zAzvatIH sbhaaH| yatkrauMcamithunAdekamavadhoH kAmamohitam / ' ye zoka-prasUta zabda sahaja bhAva se anuSTup chanda kA rUpa liye Ate haiN| mahAbhArata aneka kaSiyoM kI lekhinI se niHsRta bhaneka kAvya-kRtiyoM kA eka pirATa vizvakoza hai, rAmAyaNa vaisI racanA nahIM hai| yaha sArA kAvya prAyaH eka hI manISI dvArA praNIta huA hai| vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki vaidika sAhitya ke bAda mAnava kaSi kA racA huA yaha prathama kAvya hai| yahI kAraNa hai, isake racanAkAra vAlmIki Adi kavi haiM aura yaha unakA Adi-kAvya / vidvAnoM dvArA kiye gaye parIkSaNa, samIkSaNa aura paryAlocana se yaha siddha huA hai ki niHsandeha alaMkRta kAgya vidhA ke granthoM meM yaha sabase pahalA grantha hai| isameM kavitva kA prazasta prasphuTana huA hai / zailI kI sukumAratA, sarala evaM pracalita zabdoM kA prayoga, alaMkAroM kA sahaja samAveza, sabhI rasoM kA samyak paripAka, caritra-citraNa kI sUkSmatA Adi maulika vizeSatAe haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki vizva ke samagra vAGamaya meM isa prakAra ke lokajAtIya kAvya-grantha kama haiN| rAmAyaNa ke kalevara ke sambandha meM svayaM vAlmIki ne likhA hai : dharmArthakAmamokSANAmupadezasamanvitam / pUrvavRrAkathAyuktamitihAsaM pracakSate // 2. rAmAyaNa, vAlakANDa, 2, 40 3. vahI, bAlakANDa, 2, 15 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM' caturvizatsahasrANi zlokAnAmuktavAnRSiH / tathA sargazatAn paMca SaT kANDAni tathottaram // 1 - RSi ne rAmAyaNa meM 24 hajAra zlokoM kI racanA kI tathA use pAMcasau sargoM aura chaH kANDoM meM vibhakta kiyA / vartamAna meM prApta rAmAyaNa meM caubIsa hajAra se kucha adhika zloka haiM / sargoM kI saMkhyA 645 hai | usase yaha spaSTa hai ki rAmAyaNa kI mUla sAmagrI kucha idhara-udhara avazya huI hai / kucha prakSipta aMza jur3e haiM, kucha sagaM lupta ho gaye haiM, kucha naye A gaye haiM; ataH prApta rAmAyaNa ko akSaraza: vAlmIki-racita to nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, para, usakA bahuta adhika bhAga maulika hai aura kucha hI bhAga prakSipta yA naye rUpa meM yojita hai / nizcaya hI isake kalevara meM utanA mizraNa nahIM huA hai, jitanA mahAbhArata meM / zodhapUrNa chaMTanI se sambhava hai, kucha bhAga chaMTa jAye, para, adhikAMza bhAga yathAvat raha sakatA hai / pro0 TAlasvAyaz2a pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke rAmAyaNa ke sambandha meM aneka mata-matAntara haiM / bauddha grantha dazaratha jAtaka aura homara ke iliyaDa para AdhArita mAnate haiM / RR veda meM prApta indra aura vRtra kI kathA se isakI samAnatA sthApita karate haiM / holara kA mantavya hai ki 13 vIM zatI meM vijayanagara sAmrAjya ke saMsthApakoM dvArA jo dakSiNa vijaya kiyA gayA, rAmAyaNa usa para AdhArita hai / lesena aisA mAnate haiM, AryoM dvArA dakSiNa bhArata kI vijaya kA jo prathama abhiyAna huA, rAmAyaNa usakI padyAtmaka abhivyaMjanA hai| vastutaH ye mata ekAMgI haiM, aparipakva adhyayana ke dyotaka haiM / bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne isa viSaya meM bahuta likhA hai; ataH yahAM vizeSa UhApoha apekSita nahIM hai / [ 113 1. rAmAyaNa, 1, 4, 2, 2. mahAbhArata, Adi parva, 62-26 3. yanna bhArate sanma bhArate 2010_05 mahAbhArata - bhArataH paMcamo vedaH kahakara mahAbhArata ko rAmAyaNa se bhI viziSTa sthAna diyA gyaa| bhArata meM vaidika paramparA meM veda-vAkya se adhika prAmANika koI bhI vAkya nahIM mAnA jAtA / mahAbhArata ko paMcama veda kahakara bhAratIya mAnasa ne ise apanI sarvocca zraddhA arpita kii| mahAbhArata kI svayaM ko apanI ghoSaNA hai ki dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa ke sambandha meM usameM jo pratipAdita huA hai, anyatra bhI vahI prakArAntara se varNita huA hai : yadi - hAsti tadanyatra yannehAsti na tat kvacit " jo mahAbhArata meM nahIM hai, vaha kama-se-kama bhAratavarSa meM to aura kahIM nahIM hai / " yaha kevala atiraMjana nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie / mahAbhArata ke eka choTe se aMza gItA kA vizva sAhitya meM jo sthAna hai, usase yaha anumeya 2 baMbara ise pro0 jaikobI

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114 ] Agama aura tripiTaka eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 hai / vyAsadeva ne Adi parva meM svayaM ise itihAsa ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai : jayo nAmetihAso' yaM zrotavyo vijigISuNA / itihAsa ke rUpa meM svIkRta rahA hogA / uhiSTa kara unakA vacana hai : kRtaM mayedaM unase kahA : tvayA ca kAvyamityuktaM tasmAt kAvyaM bhaviSyati / aisA lagatA hai, prAktana samaya meM mahAbhArata hI vyAsadeva svayaM ise kAvya bhI kahate haiM / brahmA ko bhagavan ! kAvyaM paramapUjitam / brahmA ne uttara meM AlaMkArika paramparA ke anekAneka mahAkAvyoM ke janmadAtA isa mahAbhArata ko suprasiddha 'kAvyazAstrI AcArya Anandavardhana ne mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA / unhoMne mahAbhArata ke antaHsparzI evaM bhAva-vihvala aMzoM ko sthAna-sthAna para uddhata kara unakI vyaMjanAoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA aura yaha sthApanA kI ki yadyapi anyAnya rasa bhI vahAM upasthita haiM, para, zAnta rasa hI mahAbhArata kA pradhAna rasa hai / vizva ke itihAsa - sAhitya meM guNa aura vistAra; donoM hI apekSAoM se mahAbhArata sabase bar3A mahAkAvya hai | vidvajjana vyAsa kI homaya aura dAnte se tulanA karate haiM, parantu homara ke iliyaDa tathA ADisI; donoM ko milAkara bhI dekhA jAye, to mahAbhArata unase kahIM ATha gunA vistRta siddha hogA / isameM aThAraha parva haiM / zAntiparva sabase bar3A hai / eka hI parva meM 14 sahasra zloka haiN| harivaMza ko mahAbhArata kA pariziSTa bhAga yA 16 va parva mAnA jA sakatA hai / mahAbhArata meM kauravoM tathA pANDavoM aura harivaMza meM kRSNa tathA yAdavoM kA aneka dRSTiyoM se vistRta varNana hai / harivaMza ko milAne para mahAbhArata meM eka lAkha zloka hote haiM / mahAbhArata niHsandeha bahuta mahatva aura bhAravattA - ativizAlatA liye hue hai / isIlie usake nAma ke vizleSaNa meM kahA gayA hai : mahatvAd bhAravatvAcca mahAbhAratamucyate / 2 samagra mahAbhArata dArzanika vivecana, rAjanaitika, sAmAjika aura Arthika viSayoM se sambaddha nigUr3ha tatvoM se otaprota hai / varNAzrama dharma sambandhI vidhi-vidhAna, kartavya tathA dharma aura mokSa tasva-sambandhI mArmika vizleSaNoM se bharA hai / zabdoM ke prAcIna rUpoM kA pracuratA se prayoga huA hai / bhASA prAMjala tathA pravAhapUrNa hai / yadyapi rAmAyaNa jaisA yahAM efore to nahIM hai, para zabdoM tathA lokoktiyoM ke bar3e sundara prayoga sthAna-sthAna para prApta hote haiM, jo rAmAyaNa kI chApa ke paricAyaka haiN| vyAsadeva kI zailI ke mukhya guNa haiMojasvitA aura spaSTatA / unake pAtroM ke caritra meM ojas aura spaSTatA kI sahaja vyAsi 1. mahAbhArata, Adi parva, 62, 22 2. mahAbhArata, Adi parva, 1.300 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM [ 115 parilakSita hotI hai / mahAbhArata kA bahuta bar3A bhAga parisaMvAdoM kA hai / vyAsa parisaMvAda likhane meM niHsandeha asAdhAraNa pratIta hote haiM / vyAsadeva kI eka aura anupama vizeSatA yaha hai ki ve mAnava-caritra kI vicitratA kA bar3A sUkSma tathA mArmika citraNa karane meM siddhahasta haiM / eka prasaMga hai / azvatthAmA dvArA dropadI ke pAMcoM putroM ke mastaka kATa DAle gaye / sabhI putroM kI hatyA kI asahya vedanA aura aparisIma vyathA se dropadI cItkAra kara uThatI hai / arjuna azvatthAmA ko DhUMr3ha letA hai aura use pazu kI taraha bAMdha kara ghasITatA huA draupadI ke sAmane lAtA hai / jaba arjuna azvatthAmA kA sira kATane ko udyata hotA hai, to draupadI usake caraNoM meM bicha jAtI hai aura azvatthAmA ko kSamA kara detI hai / mahAbhArata meM mAnavIya saMvedanA, bhAvanAoM kI komalatA, vicAroM kI udAttatA ke na jAne aise kitane prasaMga haiM, jinheM par3ha kara, suna kara vajropama kaThora hRdaya bhI dravita ho jAtA hai / dharmaprANa, zAntipriya deza ke mahAn kavi vyAsadeva ne mahAbhArata ke anta meM apanA mArmika sandeza ina zabdoM meM prastuta kiyA hai : na jAtu kAmAnna bhayAnna lobhAd dharmaM tyajejjIvitasyApi hetoH / -- kAma se, bhaya se, lobha se aura jIvana kI kImata para bhI dharma ko nahIM chor3anA cAhie / gadyAtmaka bhAga bhI prApta haiM / ve gadyAMza bhinnavana parva aura zAnti parva meM sAta-sAta haiM / vartamAna meM upalabdha mahAbhArata meM kucha bhinna parvoM meM haiN| Adi parva meM tIna haiM / anuzAsana parva meM tIna haiM / isa prakAra kula saMkhyA meM bIsa hai / zailI aura bhASA ASaM hai / afaaizataH vibhinna maharSiyoM dvArA varNita upAkhyAna haiM / unakI bhASA se spaSTa hai, ye ArSa gadyAtmaka aMza prAcIna haiM; ataH inake AdhAra para pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA mantavya ki mahAbhArata rAmAyaNa se prAcIna hai| para, eka pahalU vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya hai / mahAbhArata meM rAmAyaNa kI ghaTanAeM aneka sthAnoM para ullikhita yA saMketita haiM / yadi mahAbhArata rAmAyaNa se pahale kA hotA, to yaha kaise hotA ? yaha anumAna karanA asaMgata nahIM hai ki ye gadyAMza bahuta prAcIna kAla meM likhe gaye aura bAda meM mahAbhArata meM jor3e gaye / vizeSa parizIlana se anumita hotA hai ki mahAbhArata meM bahuta sArA bhAga bAda meM milA hai | vyAsa ne kauravoM aura pANDavoM kI kathA ke rUpa meM isa mahAkAvya kA praNayana kiyA / unake dvArA rakhA huA nAma jaya thA / aisA lagatA hai, Adi parva ke 65 veM adhyAya se vyAsadeva ne mahAbhArata kA Arambha kiyA / isase pahale kA aMza bAda kA pratIta hotA hai / 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 65 va adhyAya meM kSatriyoM kI utpatti kA nirUpaNa hai / Age cala kara mahAbhArata meM jitanA jo milAyA jAtA rahA, usase yaha nikAla pAnA bar3A kaThina ho gayA ki vastutaH bhyAsadeva kI yathArtha racanA kitanI hai aura kauna-sI hai| kauravoM aura pANDavoM kI mRtyu ke pazcAt vyAsa ne isa grantha ko prasRta kiyaa| ise grantha kA prathama saMskaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| arjuna kA pautra aura abhimanyu kA putra parIkSita thaa| zRgI RSi ke zApa ke kAraNa sarpa-daMza se usakI mRtyu huI / usake putra kA nAma janamejaya thaa| usane samagra so ko naSTa karane ke lie nAga-yajJa kiyaa| kahA jAtA hai, maharSi vyAsa bhI isa yajJa meM upasthita hue the| janamejaya ne unase prArthanA kI ki usake pUrvajoM-pANDavoM tathA kauravoM ke yuddha kA varNana kRpA kara sunAe / vyAsadeva ne svayaM to apanA jaya mahAkAvya nahIM sunAyA, para, apane ziSya vaizampAyana ko vaisA karane kI AjJA dii| guru ke Adeza se vaizampAyana ne vesA kiyaa| vaizampAyana ukta grantha sunAte jAte the| janamejaya bIca-bIca meM kucha jijJAsAe evaM prazna karate jAte the| vaizampAyana unakA samAdhAna karate jAte the| aisA pratIta hotA hai, paizampAyana jo samAdhAna dete the, ve vyAsa-racita mahAbhArata meM nahIM the / dhezampAyana apanI ora se aisA karate the yA kisI dUsare sthAna se unheM ve prApta the, yaha jJAta nahIM hai| vyAsa ke mUla bhAga ke sAtha ye samAdhAnAtmaka aMza mila gaye yA milA diye gaye / isa prakAra mahAbhArata kA eka dUsarA saMskaraNa taiyAra ho gayA, jo pahale se vistRta thA / vaizampAyana ke mAdhyama se parivaddhita isa saMskaraNa kA nAma bhArata saMhitA par3A / Adi parva meM isa sambandha meM ullekha hai : caturvizatisAhasrI cakra bhAratasaMhitAm, upAkhyAnavinA tAvad bhArataM procyate budhaiH / upAkhyAnoM ko chor3akara bhArata saMhitA meM 24 sahasra zloka haiN| isase anumAna hotA hai ki vyAsa ne jo jaya mahAkAvya kI racanA kI, usameM 24 sahasra se kama zloka rahe hoNge| parantu, 'bahuta kama nahIM ho skte| vaizampAyana ne kucha hI aMza jor3A hogaa| kucha hI samaya bAda eka aura prasaMga bnaa| zaunaka RSi ne naimiSAraNya meM bAraha varSa taka calane vAle eka yajJa kA Ayojana kiyaa| aneka vedapAThI vidvAn, jJAnIjana aura RSigaNa usameM upasthita hue| Agapta RSiyoM meM romaharSaNa RSi ke putra soti RSi bhI the| sauti parIkSita ke putra janamejaya dvArA kiye gaye nAga-yajJa meM bhI sammilita hue the aura unhoMne vahAM vaizampAyana dvArA upasthApita mahAbhArata ke pATha kA bhI zraSaNa kiyA thaa| sauti ne mahAbhArata kA vaha pATha vahAM sunaayaa| sAtha-hI-sAtha upAkhyAna bhI sunaaye| mahAbhArata kI kathA sunAte samaya sauti ne bIca-bIca meM jahAM apekSita 1. mahAbhArata, Adi parva, 1,78 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] prAcIna bhAratIya Aya bhASAe [ 117 humA athavA jahAM jijJAsAe kI gaI, apane vicAra tathA bhAva bhI vyakta kiye / isa prakAra mahAbhArata kA eka tIsarA saMskaraNa taiyAra ho gayA, jisameM harivaMza bhI saMyukta hai| prArambha meM bhI sauti ne kucha nayA aMza jor3a diyaa| vaha mahAbhArata kI eka prakAra se prastAvanA, prAkkathana yA viSayAnukrama kahA jA sakatA hai| isa prakAra sampUrNa grantha kA kalevara eka lAkha zlokoM kA ho gyaa| grantha ke bhAga-vibhAjana ko bhI sauti ne eka nayA krama diyaa| mahAbhArata mUlataH eka sau paryoM meM vibhakta thaa| sauti ne viSayoM kA sUkSmatA se parizIlana karate hue ise aThAraha bar3e paryoM meM vibhakta kiyaa| parvo ko adhyAyoM meM baaNttaa| isa prakAra mahAbhArata kA ati vizAla aura bhArI kalevara taiyAra ho gyaa| mahatvAd bhAravatvAcca mahAbhAratamucyate yaha ukti sambhavata: isa saMskaraNa kI prastuti hone para astitva meM AI ho| prazna uThanA svAbhAvika hai ki mahAbhArata ko itanA vizAla AkAra kyoM diyA gayA, jisase mUla hI pahacAna se bAhara ho jAe / mUla kA ajJAta ho jAnA lAbha-prada nahIM kahA jA sktaa| usase bhASA kI ekarUpatA bhI miTa jAtI hai / para, yaha saba huaa| isake pIche aneka kAraNa ho sakate haiN| sambhavataH eka vicAra yaha rahA hogA ki mahAbhArata jJAnavijJAna, AcAra-zAstra tathA nIti-zAstra kA eka prakAra kA vizvakoza bana jAe; isalie prayatnapUrvaka isameM una sabhI viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA jAtA rahA hogA, jinase ukta lakSya kI pUrti ho / tabhI to yadihAsti tat sarvatra yannehAsti na tat kvacit kI ukti phalita ho sakatI thii| eka aura kAraNa bhI rahA ho, samaya pAkara mUla mahAbhArata kA kucha aMza naSTa ho gayA ho| use pUrA karane ke lie vidvAnoM ne aneka zloka, adhyAya Adi jor3a diye hoNge| kitanA naSTa huA, kitane se usakI pUrti ho, ityAdi vahAM goNa ho gayA ho, yaha svAbhAvika thaa| usa krama meM apekSita, anapekSita bahuta sAre aza jur3a gaye hoN| isakA acchA pariNAma to yaha huA ki mahAbhArata ko nIti-zAstra, kartavya-zAstra, AcAra-zAstra, tattva-jJAna, darzana, dharma ityAdi sabhI viSayoM ke jJAna-vijJAna kA vizAla vizva-koza banA DAlane kI yojanA kI bahuta sImA taka pUrti huii| para, bhASA-tattva kI dRSTi se eka apUraNIya kSati bhI huI / mahAbhArata kI mUla bhASA itane vizAla kalevara meM isa prakAra samA gayI hai ki use bahuta spaSTa rUpa meM saMcIrNa kara pAnA vAstava meM kaThina ho gayA hai| mahAbhArata ke parivaddhana meM ullikhita ghaTanAoM ke anusAra tInoM saMskaraNoM ke taiyAra hone meM bIca kA vyavadhAna bahuta lambA nahIM rahA; ata: bhASAtmaka stara Adi meM bahuta bar3A bheda nahIM socA jAnA cAhie, para, isake sAtha-hI-sAtha pariSaddha'na se sambaddha jo ghaTanAkrama vyAkhyAta hue haiM, vahIM taka yaha krama samApta ho jAtA, taba taka to yaha samucita thA, para, aisA anumAna hai ki Age bhI vaha krama calatA rahA, jisase navIna sAmagrI kA milanA 2010_05

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118 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 rukA nhiiN| vistRta viSaya-vastu kA sUkSmatA se parizIlana karane para yaha bhI vidita hotA hai ki zramaNa-saMskRti ke ahiMsA, nirveda, dharAgya, titikSA aura adhyAtma jaise tattva bhI isameM mizrita ho gye| saMskRta-dhAGamaya meM mahAbhArata kA jo mahatva hai, vaha sadA akSuNNa rahemA / bhASA-tattva, darzana tathA saMskRti ke tulanAtmaka evaM gaveSaNAtmaka parizIlana ko dRSTi se usameM paryApta sAmagrI bharI hai| rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke AdhAra para tathA svatantra rUpa meM Age saMskRta meM jo vizAla sAhitya nirmita huA, vizva ke vAGamaya meM usakI aneka dRSTiyoM se apratima vizeSatAeM haiM / rAmAyaNa mahAbhArata kAla se mugala bAdazAha zAhajahA~ ke kAla taka saMskRta meM vibhinna viSayoM para ucca koTi ke sAhitya-graMtha race jAte rahane kA eka avizrAnta srota rahA hai| eka sImA taka, vartamAna kAla paryanta usakI gati akuNThita astitva liye hue hai| sthA saMskRta bolacAla kI bhASA thI ? saMskRta kA jana-sAdhAraNa ke dainandina vyavahAra meM pracalana thA yA nahIM, isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM ke do prakAra ke abhimata haiN| pAzcAtya vidvAnoM meM haoNrnalI, jAja griyarsana tathA vebara Adi kI mAnyatA hai ki saMskRta kA jana-sAdhAraNa dvArA apane pArasparika vyavahAra yA bolacAla meM prayoga nahIM hotA thaa| isake viparIta DA0 sara rAmakRSNa gopAla bhANDArakara tathA DA0 pI0 DI0 guNe Adi ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki saMskRta kabhI bolacAla kI bhASA thii| unhoMne aisA na mAnane vAle pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ke mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| unake anusAra dUra se AhvAna, abhivAdana, paricaya, vArtAlApa Adi se sambaddha katipaya aise niyama vyAkaraNa meM prApta haiM, jo kisI bolacAla kI bhASA para hI lAgU ho sakate haiN| sAhitya meM prayukta bhASA aura bolacAla meM prayukta bhASA kA kiMcit bheda ve avazya svIkAra karate haiM; kyoMki sAhityika bhASA maryAdAnugata tathA niyamAnubaddha adhika hotI hai aura usI kA bolacAla kA rUpa apekSAkRta kama niyantrita aura kama maryAdita hotA hai| phira bhI unameM paraspara utanI bhinnatA nahIM hotI ki unheM do kaha ske| saMskRta kA jo rUpa pANini ne pratiSThita kiyA, ThIka usI rUpa meM saMskRta sarvasAdhAraNa meM bhASitaM thI, aisA to sambhava nahIM lgtaa| usase sambaddha, sannikaTastha yA milate-julate pracalita bhASA ke rUpa ko bolacAla kI saMskRta mAna liyA jAye, taba bhale hI aisA ho / para, aisA mAnA nahIM jA sktaa| kyoMki vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se apratibaddha aura eka sImA taka svacchanda bhASA ko saMskRta nahIM kahA jA sakatA / aisA hone para usakA saMskRtatva yA saMskAravattA sthira nahIM raha paatii| vAstava meM bhASA kA sAhitya-prayukta rUpa hI aisA ho sakatA hai, jo niyamoM ke niyantraNa meM raha ske| bolacAla ke rUpa meM aisA rahane kI 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe [ 116 sambhAvanA nahIM banatI / bolacAla kI bhASA sadA vikAsonmukha hotI hai| bhASA ke vikAsa ko dhikAra bhI kahA jAtA hai / usakA artha bhI bhinna rUpa letA hai, kutsita nhiiN| ___saMskRta ke svarUpa-gaThana meM yaha spaSTa pratIta hotA hai ki vaha ziSTa bhASA rahI hai / paha varga jo vizeSata: vidyA-niSNAta thA, jaba kabhI paraspara milatA, isakA avazya prayoga karatA rahA hogaa| Aja bho yadA-kadA aisA dekhA jAtA hai, jaba paNDitavRnda milate haiM, to isakA pArasparika vArtAlApa meM upayoga karate haiM / Ayurveda ke granthoM meM bhI aisA nirdeza prApta hotA hai ki vaidya jaba paraspara meM vArtAlApa kareM, to ve saMskRta kA vyavahAra kreN| saMskRta vyAkaraNa-pariSkRta bhASA to thI, para, bolacAla kI bhASA se atyadhika dUra nahIM thI; ataH aisA sambhava jAna par3atA hai ki purAtana yuga meM ziSTa aura vidvavanda dvArA prayukta saMskRta bhASA ko sAdhAraNa janatA sAmAnyataH samajha to letI thI, para, use bola nahIM sakatI thii| usakA sudRr3ha pramANa uttaravartI kAla ke saMskRta nATakoM meM prApta hotA hai / vahAM vibhinna pAtroM dvArA bhASAoM ke prayoga kI eka vizeSa vyavasthA hai| parivrAjaka, brAhmaNa, rAjA, nyAyAdhIza, amAtya, senApati Adi ucca varga ke vyaktiyoM dvArA nATakoM meM saMskRta-bhASA kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| strI, zUdra, kisAna, majadUra, dAsa, dAsI, dukAnadAra Adi dUsarI zreNI ( sAdhAraNa yA nimna varga Aja kI bhASA meM jise jana-sAdhAraNa yA Ama janatA kahA jA sakatA hai ) ke vyaktiyoM dvArA vibhinna prAkRtoM kA prayoga karane kA vidhAna hai / jaba eka bhRtya rAjA se vArtAlApa karatA hai, to vaha rAjA dvArA saMskRta meM kathita bAta ko sunakara usakA prAkRta meM uttara detA hai| yadi vaha rAjA dvArA saMskRta meM kathita bAta ko acchI taraha nahIM samajhatA, to usakA utara kaise de pAtA ? isase nizcaya hI yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki saMskRta ke kAla meM jana-sAdhAraNa ke bolacAla ke upayoga meM jo bhASA AtI thI, vaha saMskRta nahIM thI, saMskRta ke bahuta nikaTa avazya thii| ___ saMskRta ke jo nATaka kahalAte haiM, vAstava meM unameM prAkRta kA bhAga kama nahIM, pratyuta adhika hai| nATaka meM saMskRta bolane vAle pAtroM kI apekSA prAkRta bolane vAle pAtra bhI prAyaH adhika milate haiN| udAharaNArtha, zUdraka ke mRcchakaTika meM tIsa pAtra haiM, jinameM kevala cAra pAtra' saMskRta bolate haiM, bAkI ke chabbIsa pAtra prAkRta / kabhI-kabhI kinhIM nATakoM meM prAkRta-bhASI pAtra bIca meM kisI prasaMga meM thor3I-sI saMskRta bolate hue bhI dikhalA diye jAte haiM / udAharaNArtha, bhAsa ke cArudatta meM nAyaka cArudatta kI patnI kulajA hone ke kAraNa saMskRta bolatI huI bhI dikhalAI gayI hai, para, sAdhAraNatayA vaha prAkRta hI bolatI hai| nATakoM ke isa krama se sahaja hI yaha anumAna hotA hai ki sAmAnyatayA prAkRtoM kA loka 1. nAyaka cAzvatta, viTa, Aryaka aura brAhmaNajAtIya taskara zarSilaka / 2010_05

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120 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 bhASAoM ke rUpa meM pracalana thA aura ucca kahe jAne vAle vyaktiyoM meM saMskRta kA prayoga calatA thA, para, kAdAcitka aura sAtha-hI-sAtha prayatnapUrNa / loka prayukta bhASA jIvita hotI hai| jIvita bhASA meM sarvatra ekarUpatA nahIM hotI / sthAna -bheda, jAti-bheda, vyavasAya-bheda Adi aise kAraNa haiM, jinase usakA rUpa kucha-kucha parivartita ho jAtA hai aura vaha bhI bhinna-bhinna prakAra se / nATya zAstra ke praNetA AcArya bharata ne nATaka meM kina-kina pAtroM dvArA kina-kina prAkRtoM kA upayoga kiyA jAnA cAhie, isakA vistRta byaurA diyA hai| prastuta viSaya ke spaSTIkaraNa ke hetu usakI carcA yahAM apekSita hai / bharata ne agrAMkita rUpa meM prastuta viSaya meM sUcana kiyA hai ' pAtra bhRtya ( naukara ) rAjaputra seTha dhU hAthI, ghor3e, bakare, UMTa Adi ke ghoSa sthAna meM basane vAle loga - khasa, zakAkSya, ghoSaka tthaa| isa prakAra ke anya vyakti pulkasa takAra, nagara-rakSaka, subhaTa vanacara rAjA ke antaHpura meM suraMga khodane vAloM kA dhyAna rakhane vAlA, azva-rakSaka, Apadgrasta nAyaka vidUSaka prabhRti udIcya aGgArakAra, AkheTaka, kASThayantropajIvI }} 1. nATya zAstra, 17, 51-58 nAyikA, sakhI bhASAoM ke ye jo aneka nAma sUcita Adi para AvRta prAkRtoM ke aneka rUpa haiN| 2010_05 } bhASA addhamAgadhI avantijA AbhIra athavA zAbarI khasa deza kI bhASA ( khAsI ) cANDAlI dAkSiNAtyA drAmaDI mAgadhI prAcyA cAhnika zakAra bhASA ( zakArI ) azataH dhanauvAsI zaurasenI kiye gaye haiM, ve sthAna bheda, varga-bheda, vyavasAya-bheda bhAja bhI dekhA jAtA hai, eka hI pradeza kI bhASA

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM [ 121 bhinna-bhinna kSetroM, vyavasAyoM, jAtiyoM va vargoM ke logoM dvArA thor3I-bahuta bhinnatA ke sAtha brAhmaNa jAti ke logoM ke bolane kA kucha alaga vizeSatA rahatI hai, jabaki vyApArI samAja liye rahatA hai / vahI bhASA harijana jAtiyoM unakI apanI vizeSatA tathA auroM se bolI jAtI hai| eka hI nagara yA gAMva meM lahAjA, thor3I-sI bhinna zabdAvalI Adi kI kA bolane kA prakAra kucha apanI vizeSatAe meM paraspara bolI jAtI hai, taba usameM bhinnatA rahatI hai / upayukta vivecana kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki nATakoM meM loka-bhASAoM ke prayoga kI jo itanI vividhatA nirdiSTa kI gayI hai, usase yaha siddha hotA hai ki ziSTajanoM aura sAmAnya logoM kI bhASA meM eka antara thA / ziSTajana saMskRta kA prayoga karane meM gaurava bhI anubhava karate rahe hoMge, kyoMki saMskRta ko bahuta samaya taka rAjyAzraya bhI prApta rahA / vaidika AmnAya meM AsthA rakhane vAle rAjAoM ne ise vedoM aura dharma zAstroM kI bhASA hone se pavitra mAnA / phalataH use rAja-bhASA kA sthAna milA / tAmra patroM, dAna-patroM, prazasti-patroM Adi meM isI kA prayoga calatA rhaa| jahAM bhAratIya rAjAoM ne anya dezoM meM apane upaniveza tathA sambandha pratiSThApita kiye, vahAM ke lie bhI samparka bhASA saMskRta hI rahI / vahAM kI bhASAoM para bhI saMskRta kA kucha-na-kucha prabhAva avazya pdd'aa| yahI kAraNa hai, tibbata, cIna, jApAna, koriyA, aphagAnistAna tathA pUrvI dvIpa samUha Adi dezoM kI bhASA meM saMskRta ke zabda prApta hote haiM / ziSTajana prayojya bhASA hone ke kAraNa saMskRta meM sAhitya sarjana kI eka avicchinna paramparA calatI rhii| isI kA pariNAma hai ki saMskRta kI adbhuta pratibhAoM se isa koTi kA sAhitya prasUta huA, jo vizva ke samRddhatama sAhityoM meM ginA jAtA hai| saMskRta ne kAlidAsa, mAgha, bhAravi aura zrIharSa jaise kavi utpanna kiye, jinakI vizeSatAeM apane Apa meM apratima haiM / 2010_05

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madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe ( Middle-Indo-Arayan Languages ) ____ 2010_05

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prAkRta bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne bhAratIya AryabhASAoM ke vikAsa kA jo kAla-krama nirdhArita kiyA hai, usake anusAra prAkRta kA kAla I0 pU0 500 se prArambha hotA hai / para, vastutaH yaha nirdhAraNa bhASA ke sAhityika rUpa kI apekSA se hai / yadyapi vaidika bhASA kI prAcInatA meM kisI ko sandeha nahIM hai, para, vaha apane samaya meM jana-sAdhAraNa kI bolacAla ko bhASA rahI ho, aisA sambhava nahIM lagatA / vaha RSiyoM, vidvAnoM tathA purohitoM kI sAhitya bhASA thI / yaha asambhava nahIM hai ki usa samaya vaidika bhASA se sAmaMjasya rakhanevAlI aneka boliyAM pracalita rahI hoM / mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ne prAdezika dRSTi se eka hI zabda ke bhinna-bhinna rUpoM ke prayoga ke sambandha meM mahAbhASya meM jo ullekha kiyA hai, sambhavataH vaha isI tathya ko puSTa karatA hai ki kucha pradezoM meM vaidika bhASA ke katipaya zabda una-una pradezoM kI boliyoM ke saMsarga se kucha bhinna rUpa meM athavA kinhIM zabdoM ke koI vizeSa rUpa prayoga meM Ane lage ye / yaha bhI asvAbhAvika nahIM jAna par3atA ki inhIM boliyoM meM se koI eka bolI rahI ho. jisake purAvartI rUpa ne parimArjita hokara chandas yA vaidika saMskRta kA sAhityaka svarUpa prApta kara liyA ho / katipaya vidvAnoM kA aisA anumAna hai ki vedoM kA racanA - kAla AryoM ke dUsare dala ke bhArata meM praviSTa hone ke bAda AtA hai / dUsare dala ke Arya paMcanada tathA sarasvatI va dRSadvatI ke taTavartI pradeza meM hote hue madhyadeza meM Aye / isa krama ke bIca veda kA kucha bhAga paMcanada meM tathA sarasvatI va dRSadvatI kI ghATI meM banA aura bahuta sA bhAga madhyadeza meM praNIta huA / athavaveda kA kAphI bhAga, jisake viSaya meM pUrva iMgita kiyA gayA hai, jo paravartI mAnA jAtA hai, sambhavataH pUrva meM banA ho / pahale dala ke AryoM dvArA, jinheM dUsare dala ke AryoM ne madhyadeza se khader3a diyA thA, veda kI taraha kisI bhI sAhitya ke race jAne kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki madhyadeza ke cAroM ora loga jina bhASAoM kA bolacAla meM prayoga karate the, unakA koI bhI sAhitya Aja upalabdha nahIM hai / isalie unake prAcIna rUpa kI vizeSatAoM ko nahIM jAnA nA sakatA, na anumAna kA hI koI AdhAra hai / vedika yuga meM pazcima, uttara, madhyadeza aura pUrva meM jana-sAdhAraNa ke upayoga meM Ane vAlI ina boliyoM ke baMdika yuga se pUrvavartI bhI 2010_05

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126 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 koI rUpa raheM hoMge, jinake vikAsa ke rUpa meM inakA udbhava huaa| vaidika kAla ke pUrva kI ora samavartI jana-bhASAoM ko sara jAjaM niyasana ne prAthamika prAkRtoM ( Primary Pras) ke nAma se ullikhita kiyA hai| inakA samaya I0 pU0 2000 se I0 pU0 60. .. mAnA jAtA hai| aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki ye prAthamikatA prAkRteM svaroM evaM . .noM ke uccAraNa, vibhaktiyoM ke prayoga Adi meM vaidika bhASA se bahuta samAnatAe rakhatI thiiN| ina bhASAoM se vikAsa pAkara uttaradhartI prAkRtoM kA jo sAhityika rUpa astitva meM AyA, usase yaha pramANita hotA hai| __ mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ne mahAbhASya ke prArambha meM vyAkaraNa yA zabdAnuzAsana ke prayojanoM kI carcA kI hai| duSTa zabdoM ke prayoga se bacane aura zuddha zabdoM kA prayoga karane para bala dete hue unhoMne zloka upasthita kiyA hai : pastu prayukte kuzalo vizeSe, zabdAn yathAvad vyavahAra kaale| so'nantamApnoti jayaM paratra vAgyogavid duSyati cApazabdaiH / / arthAt jo zabdoM ke prayoga ko jAnatA hai, vaisA karane meM kuzala hai, vaha vyavahAra ke samaya unakA yathocita prayoga karatA hai, vaha paraloka meM ananta jaya-utkarSa-abhyudaya prApta karatA hai| jo apazabdoM kA prayoga karatA hai, vaha dUSita-doSa-bhAgI hotA hai| duSTa zabdoM yA apazabdoM kI ora saMketa karate hue Age ve kahate haiM : eka-eka zabda ke apabhraza haiN| jaise, gau zabda ke gAvo, gauNI, gopotalikA ityAdi haiN| apabhraMza zabda kA yahAM prayoga una bhASAoM ke artha meM nahIM hai, jo pAMcavIM zatI se lagabhaga dazavIM zatI taka bhArata ( pazcima, pUrva, uttara aura madhyamaNDala ) meM prasRta rahIM, jo prAkRtoM kA uttaravartI vikasita rUpa thiiN| yahAM apanaza kA prayoga saMskRtetara lokabhASAoM ke zabdoM ke lie hai, jinheM usa kAla ko prAkRteM kahA jA sakatA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai, taba loka-bhASAoM ke prasAra aura prayoga kA kSetra bahuta vyApaka ho calA ho| unake zabda sambhavataH vaidika aura laukika saMskRta meM praveza pAne laga gaye hoM; ataH bhASA kI zuddhi ke pakSapAtI purohita vidvAn usa para roka lagAne ke lie bahuta prayatnazIla hue hoN| patajali ke vivecana kI dhvani kucha isI prakAra kI pratIta hotI hai| 1. mahAbhASya, prathama Aha nika, pR0 7 2. ekaikasya zabdasya bhvo'pbhrNshaaH| adyayAgaurityetasya zabdasya gAvI goNI gopotaliketyevamAdayo / pnshaaH| -mahAbhApya, prathama Aha nika, pR0 8 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe [ 127 pataMjali kucha Age aura kahate haiM-"sunA jAtA hai ki "yaNiH tarvANaH" nAmaka RSi the| ve pratyakSa dharmA-dharma kA sAkSAtkAra kiye hue the| para aura apara-parA aura aparA vidyA ke jJAtA the| jo kucha jJAtavya-jAnane yogya hai, use ve jAna cuke the| ve vAstavikatA ko pahacAne hue the| ve AdarAspada RSi "yad vA na: tad vA naH"-aisA prayoga jahAM kiyA jAnA cAhie, yahAM "yarvANaH tarvANaH" aisA prayoga karate / parantu, yAjJika kama meM apabhASaNa-azuddha zabdoM kA uccAraNa nahIM karate the| asuroM ne yAjJika kama meM apabhASaNa kiyA thA; ataH unakA parAbhava huaa|" pataMjali ke kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki pedika paramparA ke vidvAn paNDita bhI kabhIkabhI bolacAla meM loka-bhASA ke zabdoM kA prayoga kara lete the| ise to ve kSamya mAna lete haiM, parantu, isa pahalU para jora dete haiM ki yajJa meM azuddha bhASA kadApi vyavahRta nahIM honI caahie| vaisA hone se artha kA anartha ho jAtA hai| unake kathana se yaha abhivyaMjita hotA hai ki isa bAta kI bar3I cintA vyApta ho gayI thI ki loka-bhASAoM kA uttarottara bar3hatA humA pravAha yAjJika karma-vidhi taka kahIM na pahuMca jaaye| ve yahAM taka kahate haiM : "yAjJikoM ke zabda haiM ki yadi AhitAgni ( yAjJika agnyAdhAna kiye hue vyakti ) dvArA apazabda kA prayoga ho jAye, to use usake prAyazcita-svarUpa sArasvatI-dRSTi-sArasvata ( sarasvatI devatA ko uddiSTa kara ) yajJa karanA caahie|" eka sthAna para pataMjali likhate haiM : ........ jina pratipAdakoM kA vidhi-vAkyoM meM grahaNa nahIM kiyA gayA hai, unakA bhI svara tathA varNAnupUrvI ke zAna ke lie upadeza-saMgraha iSTa hai, tAki zaza ke sthAna para SaSa, palAza ke sthAna para palASa aura maJcaka ke sthAna para maJjaka kA prayoga na hone lge|"3 1. evaM hi zrUyate-yaNastarvANo nAma RSayo babhUvuH pratyakSadharmANaH parAvarajJA vidita veditavyA adhigtyaathaatthyaaH| te tatra bhavanto yaddhAna iti prayoktavye yarvANastarvANa iti prayuMjate. yAjJa punaH karmaNi naapbhaassnte| taiH punarasurairyAne karmaNyapabhASitam, tataste praabhuutaaH| -mahAbhASya, prathama mAha nika, pR0 37-38 1. yAzikAH paThanti AhitAgnirapazabda prayujya prAyazcittIyAM sArasvatImiSTiM nirvapet / -vahI, pR. 14 2. .... yAni taha ryagRhaNAni prAtipadikAni, eteSAmapi svaravarNAnupUrvI mAnArtha upadezaH kartavyaH / zazaH SaSa iti mA bhUt / palAzaH palASa iti mA bhUt / maJcako maJjaka iti mA mUt / ____ 2010_05 -vahI, pR048

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128 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 pataMjali ke samakSa eka prazna aura AtA hai| vaha una zabdoM ke sambandha meM hai, jo unake samaya yA unase pahale se hI saMskRta meM prayoga meM nahIM A rahe the, yadyapi ve the saMskRta ke hI / USa, terA, cakra tathA peca; ina cAra zabdoM ko unhoMne udAharaNa ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA hai / unhoMne USa ke sthAna para uSitAH, te ke sthAna para torNAH, cakra ke sthAna para kRtavantaH tathA peca ke sthAna para pakvavantaH ke rUpa meM jo prayoga pracalita the, unakI bhI carcA kI hai / " " ina zabdoM ke aprayoga kA parihAra karate hue ve punaH likhate haiM: "ho sakatA haiM, ve zabda jinheM aprayukta kahA jAtA hai, anya dezoM--sthAnoM meM prayukta hote hoM, hameM prayukta hote nahIM milate hoN| unheM prApta karane kA yatna kiijie| zabdoM ke prayoga kA kSetra bar3A vizAla hai / yaha pRthvI sAta dvIpoM aura tIna lokoM meM vibhakta hai / cAra veda haiM / unake chaha aMga haiM / usake rahasya yA tattvabodhaka itara grantha haiM / yajurveda kI 101 zAkhAeM haiM, jo paraspara bhinna haiN| sAmaveda kI eka hajAra mArga - paramparAeM haiN| RgvediyoM ke AmnAya - paramparAkrama ikkIsa prakAra ke haiM / athavaveda nau rUpoM meM vibhakta hai / vAkovAkya ( praznottarAtmaka grantha ) itihAsa, purANa, Ayurveda ityAdi aneka zAstra haiM, jo zabdoM ke prayoga ke viSaya haiM / zabdoM ke prayoga ke itane vizAla viSaya ko sune binA isa prakAra kahanA ki amuka zabda apayukta haiM, kevala duHsAhasa hai 12 pataMjali ke upayukta kathana meM mukhyataH do bAteM vizeSa rUpa se pratIta hotI haiM / eka yaha hai - saMskRta ke katipaya zabda loka bhASAoM ke DhAMce meM Dhalate jA rahe the| usase unakA vyAkaraNa-zuddha rUpa akSuNNa kaise raha sakatA ? loka bhASAoM ke DhAMce meM DhalA huA - kiMcit parivartita yA saralIkRta rUpa saMskRta meM prayukta na hone lage, isa para ve bala dete haiM; kyoMki 1. aprayogaH khalvapyeSAM zabdAnAM nyAyyaH / kutaH prayogAnyatvAt / yadeSAM zabdAnAmarthe' nyAJchandAnprayuMjate / yadyathA USetyasya zabdasyArthe Sava yUyamuSitAH, teretyasyArthe k yUyaM tIrNAH, cakra tyasyArthe kva yUyaM kRtavantaH, pecetyasyArthe kva yUyaM pakvavanta iti / - mahAbhASya; prathama Aha nika, pR0 31 2. sarve khalbapyete zaradA dezAntareSu prayujyante / na caivopalabhyante / upalabdhau yatnaH kriyatAm / mahAJchabdasya prayoga viSayaH / saptadvopA vasumatI, trayo lokAH, catvAro vedA: sAMgA : sarahasyA:, bahudhA bhinnA ekAdazamadhvaryuzAkhA:, sahasravarmA sAmavedaH, ekaviMzatidhA bAha-vRcyaM, navadhA'tharvaNo veda:, vAkovAkyam, itihAsa, purANam, vaidyakamityetAvAJchandasya prayogaviSayaH / etAvantaM zabdasya prayogaviSayamananunizamya santyaprayuktA iti vacanaM kevalaM sAhasamAnameva / 2010_05 -vahI, pR0 32-33

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM [ 129 vasA hone para saMskRta kI zuddhatA sthira nahIM raha sakatI thii| zaza-SaSa, palAza-palASa, maJcaka-maJjaka, jo ullikhita kiye gaye haiM, ve nizcaya hI isake dyotaka hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki saMskRta ke kucha zabda loka-bhASAoM meM itane ghula-mila gaye hoMge ki unameM unakA prayoga sahaja ho gayA / sAmAnyataH ve loka-bhASA ke hI zabda samajhe jAne lage hoN| saMskRta ke kSetra para isakI pratikUla prati kriyA huii| vahAM unakA prayoga banda ho gyaa| ho sakatA hai, mApAtataH saMskRtajJoM dvArA unheM loka-bhASA ke hI zabda mAna liye gaye hoM yA jAnabUjha kara unase durAva kI sthiti utpanna kara lI gayI ho| pataMjali ke mastiSka para sambhavataH ina bAtoM kA asara rahA ho; isalie ve ina zabdoM kI aprayuktatA ke kAraNa hone vAlI bhrAnti kA pratikAra karane ke lie prayatnazIla pratIta hote haiN| zuddha vAka-jJAna, zuddha vAk-prayoga, zuddha vAk-vyavahAra ko akSuNNa banAye rakhane kI unako kitanI cintA thI, yaha unake usa kathana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai, jisameM unhoMne akSara-samAmnAya ke jJAna ko parama puNya-dAyaka evaM zreyaskara batAyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai : "yaha akSara-samAmnAya hI vAksamAmnAya hai arthAt vAk-vANI yA bhASArUpa meM pariNata hone vAlA hai| isa puSpita, phalita tathA candramA va tAroM kI taraha pratimaNDita akSarasamAmnAya ko zabda rUpa brahma-tattva samajhanA caahie| isake jJAna se saba vedoM ke adhyayana se milane vAlA puNya-phala prApta hotA hai| isake adhyetA ke mAtA-pitA svarga meM gauravAnvita hote haiN|" sAdhAraNatayA bhASA-vaijJAnika prAkRtoM ko madhyakAlIna Arya-bhASA-kAla meM lete haiN| ve I0 pU0 500 se 1000 I0 taka ke samaya kA isameM nirdhAraNa karate haiN| katipaya vidvAn I0pU0 600 se isakA prArambha tathA 1100 yA 1200 I0 taka samApana svIkAra karate haiM / sthUla rUpa meM yaha lagabhaga milatA-julatA-sA tathya hai| bhASAoM ke vikAsa-krama meM kAla kA sarvathA itthaMbhUta anumAna sambhava nahIM hotaa| madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya-bhASA-kAla ko prAkRta kAla bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha pUrA kAla tIna bhAgoM meM aura bAMTA jAtA hai-prathama prAkRta-kAla, dvitIya prAkRta-kAla, tRtIya praakRt-kaal| prathama prAkRta-kAla prArambha se arthAt I0 pU0 500 se I0 san ke Arambha taka mAnA jAtA hai| isameM pAli tathA zilAlekhI prAkRta ko liyA gayA hai| dUsarA kAla I0 san se 500 I0 taka kA mAnA jAtA hai / 1. so ' yamakSarasamAmnAyo vAksamAmnAyaH puSpitaH phalitazcandratArakavatpratimaNDito ritavyo brahmarAziH, sarvavedapuNyaphalAvAtizcAsya jJAne bhavati, mAtApitarau cAsya svarga loke mhiiyete| . -mahAbhASya, dvitIya Aha nika, pR0 113 ____ 2010_05

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130 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 isameM pravRtta bhASA prAkRta ke nAma se abhihita kI gayI hai| prAkRta ke antargata kaI prakAra kI prAkRtoM kA samAveza hai, jinake svatantra rUpa spaSTa ho cuke the| tIsare kAla kI avadhi 500 I0 se 1000 I. taka mAnI jAtI hai| isakI bhASA kA nAma apabhraMza hai, jo prAkRtoM kA uttaravartI vikAsa thaa| paM0 haragovindadAsa TI0 seTha ne bhI pAiasahamahaSNavo kI bhUmikA meM isa prAkRta-kAla ko, jise unhoMne, dvitIya stara kI prAkRtoM kA samaya kahA hai, tIna yugoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| prastuta prasaMga meM yaha vizeSa upayogI hai; mataH yahA~ uddhata kiyA jA rahA hai : prathama yuga ( rivrasta pUrva 400 I0 se rivrasta ke bAda 100 I0) (ka) hInayAna bauddhoM ke tripiTaka, mahAvaMza aura jAtaka prabhRti granthoM kI pAli bhaassaa| (kha) paizAcI aura phUlikA paishaacii| (ga) jaina bhAgama-pranthoM kI addhamAgadhI bhASA / (gha) aMga-grantha-bhinna prAcIna sUtroM ko aura paumacariu Adi prAcIna granthoM kI jaina mahArASTrI bhaassaa| (cha) azoka-zilAlekhoM kI evaM pasvartI-kAla ke prAcIna zilAlekhoM kI bhASA / (gha) azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI bhaassaa| madhyayuga (rivastIya 100 se 500 ) (ka) trivendram se prakAzita bhAsaracita nATakoM aura bAda ke kAlidAsa prabhRti ke mATakoM kI zaurasenI, mAgadhI paura mahArASTrI bhaassaae| () setubandha, gAthA saptazatI Adi kAvyoM kI mahArASTrI bhaassaa| (ga) prAkRta-vyAkaraNoM meM jinake lakSaNa mora udAharaNa pAye jAte haiM, ve mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA padAcI bhaassaae| (gha) digambara jaina granyoM kI zaurasenI aura paravartI-kAla ke zvetAmbaroM kI jena mahArASTrI bhaassaa| (ka) paNDa ke vyAkaraNa meM nirdiSTa maura vikramorvazIya meM prayukta apabhraMza bhASA / zeSayuga (rivastIya 500 se 1000 varSa) bhinna-bhinna pradezoM kI paravarti-kAla kI apanaza bhaassaae| ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM [ 131 paM0 haragovindadAsa TI0 seTha kA yaha vibhAjana prAkRta ke bhedoM para vistAra se prakAza DAlatA hai| prAkRta ke nAma-nAmAntara prAkRta ke lie pAiya, pAia, pAuya, pAuDa, pAgaDa, pAgata, pAgaya, pAyama, pAgaya, pAyaDa jaise aneka nAma prApta hote haiM / jaina aMga-sAhitya ke tosara aMga syAnAMga sUtra meM pAgata zabda vyavahRta huA hai| kSamAzramaNa jinabhadragaNikRta vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI TIkA meM bhAcArya hemacandra ne pAgaya zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| rAjabhekhara dvArA racita kapUramaMjarI nAmaka saTTaka meM pAua zabda AyA hai| vAkpatirAja ne gauDavaho nAmaka prAkRta-kAvya meM pAyaya zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| ye sabhI zabda prAkRta ke artha meM haiN| nATyazAstra ke racayitA AcArya bharata ne nATyazAstra meM prAkRta ke nAma se isa bhASA ko abhihita kiyA hai| prAkRta ko utpati-jhota ___ bhASA-jJAnika sAdhAraNatayA aisA mAnate A rahe haiM ki Arya bhASAoM ke vikAsa-krama ke antargata vaidika bhASA se saMskRta kA vikAsa huA aura saMskRta se prAkRta kA udbhava huaa| isIlie bhASA vaijJAnika isakA astitva saMskRta-kAla ke pazcAt svIkAra karate haiN| isa sambandha meM vistAra se vivecana apekSita hai| vaiyAkaraNoM kI mAnyatArA suprasiddha prAkRta gheyAkaraNa bhAcArya hemacandra ne prAkRta kI paribhASA karate hue kahA hai: "prakRtiH saMskRtam, tatra bhavaM tata Agata vA prAkRtam"-prakRti saMskRta hai; yahAM hone vAlI yA usase Ane vAlI bhASA prAkRta hai| mArkaNDeya ne prAkRta-sarvasva meM prAkRta kA "prakRti : saMskRtam, tatra bhavaM prAkRtamucyate"---prakRti saMskRta hai, vahAM hone vAlI bhASA arthAt usase niSpanna hone vAlI bhASA prAkRta kahI jAtI hai, aisA lakSaNa kiyA hai| prAkRta-candrikA meM "prakRtiH saMskRtam, tatra bhavatvAt prAkRtaM smRtam"-prakRti saMskRta hai, vahIM hone se yA usase udbhUta hone se yaha bhASA prAkRta kahI gayI hai, aisA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| narasiMha ne 1. sthAnAMgasUtra, sthAna 7, sUtra 553 2. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 1466 kI TIkA 3. karpUra maMjarI, javanikA 1, zloka 8 4. gauDavaho, gA0 92 5. nATayazAstra, a0 17, zlo0 1 ____ 2010_05

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132 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 SaDabhASAcandrikA meM "prakRteH saMskRtAyAstu vikRtiH prAkRtI matA"-saMskRta rUpa prakRti kA vikAra-vikAsa prAkRta mAnA gayA hai, aisA vivecana kiyA hai| prAkRta saMjIvanI meM kahA gayA hai ki "prAkRtasya sarvameva saMskRtaM yoniH" -prAkRta kA mUla srota sarvathA saMskRta hI hai| nATyazAstra ke prasiddha vidvAn dhanika ne dazarUpaka meM "prakRtiH AgataM prAkRtam, prakRti saMskRtam"-jo prakRti se mAgata hai, vaha prAkRta hai aura prakRti saMskRta hai, aisA vizleSaNa kiyA hai / siMhadevagaNI ne vAgbhaTAlaMkAra ko TIkA meM "prakRteH saMskRtAt AgataM prAkRtam"saMskRta rUpa prakRti se jo bhASA AI-udbhUta huI, vaha prAkRta hai, aisI vyAkhyA kI hai| kAvyAdarza ke TIkAkAra premacandra takaMvAgIza ne likhA hai : "saMskRtarUpAyAH prakRteH utpannatvAta prAkRtam"-saMskRtarUpa prakRti se utpannatA ke kAraNa yaha bhASA prAkRta nAma se abhihita huI hai| nArAyaNa ne rasika-sarvasva meM prAkRta aura apanaza ke udbhava kI carcA karate hue kahA hai : "saMskRtAt prAkRtamiSTam tato'pabhraMzamASaNam"-saMskRta se prAkRta aura usase apana astitva meM aaii| prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNoM tathA kAvyazAstrIya granthoM ke katipaya TIkAkAroM ke upayukta vicAroM se sAmAnyataH yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki una saba kI prAyaH eka hI dhAraNA thI ki saMskRta se prAkRta kA udbhava huA hai| sabase pahale yaha vimarSaNIya hai ki saMskRta kA artha hai saMskAra, parimArjana yA saMzodhana kI huI bhASA hai, taba usase prAkRta jaisI kisI dUsarI bhASA kA udbhUta honA kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ? yA to prAkRta ke upayukta vaiyAkaraNoM aura kAvyazAstrIya vidvAnoM ne bhASA-tasva yA bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se socA nahIM pA yA unake kahane kA abhiprAya kucha anya thA / prakRti zabda kA mukhya artha jana-sAdhAraNa yA svabhAva hotA hai / jana-sAdhAraNa kI bhASA yA svAbhAdhika bhASA-vastutaH prAkRta kA aisA hI artha honA cAhie / agrima prakaraNoM meM kI gayI kucha vidvAnoM ke matoM ko carcA se yaha saMgata pratIta hogaa| upayukta vidvAnoM ne yadi vastutaH saMskRta ko prAkRta kA mUla srota svIkAra kiyA ho, isI artha meM saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti kahA ho to yaha vicAraNIya hai| jaisA ki siddha hai, saMskRta bhASA vyAkaraNa se sarvathA niyamita evaM pratibaddha ho cukI thii| aisA hone ke anantara bhASA kA apanA svarUpa so yathAvat banA rahatA hai, para, usakA vikAsa ruka jAtA hai / usase kisI naI bhASA kA prasUta honA sambhava nahIM hotA, kyoMki vaha svayaM kisI bolacAla kI bhASA (jana-bhASA) ke AdhAra para saMskAra-yukta rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai / AcArya hemacandra jaise vidvAn, jinakI dhArmika paramparA meM prAkRta ko jagat kI Adi bhASA taka kahA gayA hai, ise saMskRta se niHsuta mAne, paha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ? bhAcArya hemacandra bhAdi gheyAkaraNoM ne saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti ke rUpa meM jo nirUpita kiyA hai, usakA 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe' eka vizeSa bhAzaya pratIta hotA hai| ye vaiyAkaraNa tathA kAvyazAstrIya TIkAkAra prAyaH prAkRta-kAla ke pazcAdvartI haiN| inakA samaya apabhrazoM ke anantara Adhunika bhASAoM ke udgama tathA vikAsa ke nikaTa kA hai| taba prAkRta kA paThana-pAThana lagabhaga banda ho gayA thaa| yahAM taka ki prAkRta ko samajhane ke lie saskRta-chAyA se kAma lenA par3atA thaa| purAtana bhASAoM ke sIkhane kA mAdhyama saMskRta bhASA thii| isakA mukhya kAraNa yaha hai ki saMskRta yadyapi loka-bhASA kA rUpa kabhI bhI nahIM le sakI, parantu, bhArata kI AryabhASAoM ke Adi-kAla se lekara aneka zatAbdiyoM taka yaha bhArata meM eka ziSTa bhASA ke rUpa meM pravRtta rhii| isa dRSTi se usakI vyApti aura mahatva kSINa nahIM huaa| tabhI to kAla-kramavaza jana-jana ke lie aparicita banI prAkRta jaisI bhASA ko, jo kabhI sabaMjanapracalita bhASA thI, samajhane ke lie saMskRta jaisI ziSTa bhASA kA avalambana lenA pdd'aa| sambhavataH prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNoM ke mana para isI sthiti kA asara thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne prAkRta kA AdhAra saMskRta btaayaa| yahAM taka huA, jaina vidvAn, jaina zramaNa, jinakA maulika vAGamaya prAkRta meM racita hai, apane ArSa granthoM ko samajhane meM saMskRta chAyA aura TIkA kA sahayoga Avazyaka mAnane lage the| AcArya hemacandra ke prAkRta-vyAkaraNa ke sambandha meM kucha aura vizeSatA bApanIya hai| AcArya hemacandra ne koI svatantra prAkRta-vyAkaraNa nahIM likhaa| unhoMne siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana ke nAma se vRhata saMskRta-vyAkaraNa kI racanA kii| usake sAta adhyAyoM meM saMskRta-pyAkaraNa ke samagra viSayoM kA vivecana hai| AThaveM adhyAya meM prAkRta-vyAkaraNa kA varNana kiyA gayA 1. AcArya hemacandra kI vyAkaraNa-racanA ke sambandha meM eka ghaTanA hai| gurjarezvara siddharAja jayasiMha gurjaradeza ko kAzmIra, kAzI aura mithilA ko taraha saMskRta-vidhA kA prazasta pITha dekhanA cAhatA thaa| usane apane rAjya ke vidvAnoM se yaha anurodha kiyA ki ve eka nUtana vyAkaraNa kI racanA kareM, jo apanI koTi ko atyanta mahatvapUrNa kRti ho| siddharAja jayasiMha ko vizeSataH yaha preraNA taba milI, jaba usane apane dvArA jIte gaye mAlava deza ke lUTa ke mAla meM Aye eka grantha-bhaNDAra kI gaveSaNA krvaaii| usameM dhArAdhIza bhoja dvArA racita eka vyAkaraNa-grantha para siddharAja kI dRSTi par3I, jisa (anya) kI paNDitoM ne bar3I prazaMsA kii| siddharAja ko sAhityika spardhA jgii| phalataH usane vidvAnoM se ukta anurodha kiyaa| siddharAja ko rAjasamA meM mAcArya hemacandra kA sarvAtizAyI sthAna thaa| ye apratima pratimA ke dhanI the, aneka viSayoM ke mArmika vidvAn the| prabhAvakavarita meM isa prasaMga kA ullekha isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai : sarve sambhUya vidvAnso, hemacandra vyalokayan / mahAmasyA rAjJAsAvabhyarcya prArthi ( tastatA) // 2010_05

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134 1 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki prAkRta vyAkaraNa kA vizleSaNa grantha kA mukhya viSaya nahIM thaa| yuga-pravAha ko dekhate hue unheM sambhavataH yahI samIcIna lagA ho ki saMskRta ke mAdhyama se prAkRta taka pahuMcA jAye / prAkRta ko sIdhe vyAkhyAta karanA unheM rucikara bhI nahIM lagA hogA, kyoMki bolacAla meM prAkRta kA vyavahAra nahIM rhaa| itanA hI nahIM, balki usake svatantra adhyayana kI pravRtti bhI kSINa ho cukI thii| usakA adhyayana saMskRta-sApekSa bana hI gayA thaa| lagatA hai, isIlie unheM prAkRta ke AdhAra ko svIkAra karanA samayAnukUla aura adhyayanAnukUla pratIta huA hai| zabdoM ke saMskRta rUpa ina-ina parivartanoM se prAkRta rUpa bama jAte haiM; yahI prAkRta bhASA meM praveza pAne kA sugamatama mArga thaa| astu; isI paripAvaM meM unheM saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti kahanA ucita lagA hai, yaha suspaSTa pratIta hotA hai| AcArya hemacandra prAkRta kI utpatti ke sambandha meM prAnta nahIM the| kAvyAnuzAsana kI pahalI kArikA meM ve kahate haiM : akRtrimasvAdupadAM, paramArthAbhidhAyinIm / sarvabhASApariNatAM, jainIM vAcamupAsmahe // alaMkAracUr3AmaNi nAmaka svopajJa vyAkhyA meM isakA spaSTIkaraNa karate hue ve likhate haiM : akRtrimANi-asaMskRtAni ataeva svAdUni mandadhiyAmapi pezalAni padAni yasyA miti vigrahaH / ......"tathA suranaratirazyA vicitrAsu bhASAsu pariNatAM tanmayatAM gatAM sarvabhASApariNatAm / zabdavyutpattikRcchAstraM nirmAyAsmanmanoratham / pUrayasva maharSe ! tvaM, binA tvAmatra kaH prabhuH // yazo mama tava khyAtiH, puNyaM ca muninAyaka / vizvalokopakArAya, kuru vyAkaraNa navam // -prabhAvakacarita 12, 81, 82, 84 bhAcArya hemacandra ke isa vyAkaraNa kI gujarAta meM tathA anyatra bahuta prazasti huii| isa sambandha meM nimnAMkita zloka bahuta prasiddha hai : kiM stumaH zabdapAyodhehemacandrayatematim / ekenApi hi yenehA , kRtaM zabdAnuzAsanam // suprasiddha jaina vidvAn jinamaNDala ne bhI isI prakAra ke udgAra vyakta kiye haiM : jayasiMhadevavapaNAu nimmiyaM siddhahemavAgaraNaM / nIsesa saddalaNakhaNanihANa mimiNA muNideNaM // (jayasiMhapacanAt nirmitaM siddhahaimavyAkaraNam / vizeSazAnidhAnamanena muniindrg||) 2010_05

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aura sAhitya ] madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM' [ 135 meerrst hi bhagavanto'dharmAgadhIbhASA vArivavimuktavArivad AzrayAnurUpatayA pariNamati / " isa tathya ko aura puSTa karane ke lie ve nimnAMkita padya bhI vahIM uddhata karate haiM : devA devIM narA nArI zabarAzcApi zAvarIm / tiryaco 'pi hi sairazvoM menire bhagavadgiram // AcArya hemacandra dvArA svayaM apanI vyAkhyA meM kiye gaye isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki ve saMskRta ko kRtrima bhASA mAnate the / prAkRta unakI dRSTi meM akRtrima --- svAbhAvika yA prAkRtika bhASA thii| astu, isa vicAradhArA meM vizvAsa rakhane vAlA manISI yaha sthApanA kaise kara sakatA hai ki prAkRta saMskRta se nikalI hai / AcArya hemacandra ke pUrvavartI mahAn naiyAyika evaM kaSi AcArya siddhasena divAkara ne bhI isa prakAra ullekha kiyA hai : akRtrimasvAdupaderjanaM jinendraH sAkSAvivapAsi bhASitaiH / " AcArya hemacandra ne isI paramparA kA anuzaraNa kiyA hai| yahAM taka ki AcArya siddhasena divAkara ke zabdoM ko bhI yathAvat rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai / suprasiddha alaMkAra zAstrI nami sAdhu ne mahAkavi rudraTa ke kAvyAlaMkAra para apane dvArA racI gaI vRtti meM dvitIya adhyAya ke 12 veM zloka kI vyAkhyA karate hue jahAM 'prAkRta' zabda AyA hai, vivecana kiyA hai : "sakalajagajjantUnAM vyAkaraNAdibhiranAhita saMskAraH sahajo vacanavyApAraH prakRtiH, tatra bhavaM saiva dA prAkRtam / ""prAk pUrva kRta prAkRtaM bAlamahilAfayari sakalabhASA nibandhabhUtaM vacanamudhyate / "3 nami sAdhu ne yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki jisa prakAra bAdala se giyA huA pAnI yadyapi eka rUpa hotA hai, para, bhUmi ke bheda se vaha aneka rUpoM meM parivartita ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra vaha ( prAkRta bhASA ) aneka rUpoM meM pariNata ho jAtI hai / vahI pANini Adi ke vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se saMskAra pAkara -- sammArjita hokara saMskRta kahalAtI hai / 4 nami sAdhu ukta vizeSaNa ke sandarbha meM eka bAta kI aura carcA karate haiM, jo bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai / ve kahate haiM : mUla granthakAra AcArya rudraTa ne vivecana-krama ke madhya prAkRta kA pahale tathA-saMskRta Adi kA bAda meM nirdeza kiyA hai| yaha spaSTa hai, isa prakAra kahakara ve isa 1. dvAtriMzadvAtriMzikA; 1 / 18 2. 4. 5. ****** prAkRta - saMskRta-mAgadha-pizAcamASAzca zaurasenI ca / SaSTho'tra bhUribhedo dezavizeSAdapabhraMzaH // pAi asadda mahaNNavo, upodghAta, pR0 24 ......... "meghanirmukta jalamivaikasvarUpaM tadeva vimedAnApnoti / vyAkaraNodita zabdalakSaNena saMskaraNAt saMskRtamucyate / 2010_05 000 ataeva zAstrakRtA prAkRtamAdau nirdiSTaM tadnusaMskRtAdIni / pANinyAdi

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136 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 tathya para bala denA cAhate hai ki prAkRta pUrvadhartI hai tathA saMskRta tatpazcAdva: / bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se unake vicAra mahatvapUrNa aura mananIya haiN| pUrvoddhata vaiyAkaraNoM tathA kAvyazAstrIya granthoM ke TIkAkAroM se ye mela nahIM khaate| nami sAdhu prAyaH ina sabhI se pUrvavartI the| rAjazekhara jaise ajena vidvAnoM ne bhI isI ora iMgita kiyA hai| unakA samaya lagabhaga nauvIM IsvI mAnA gayA hai| bAla rAmAyaNa meM eka prasaMga para ve likhate haiM : yad yoniH kila saMskRtapya sudRzAM jihvAsu yanmodate, yatra zrotrapathAvatAriNi kadurbhASAkSarANAM rasaH / gadya cUrNapadaM padaM ratipatestat prAkRtaM yadvadhaH, tAllATallilitAMgi pazya nudatI dRSTenimeSavratam // jo saMskRta kA utpatti-thAna hai, sundara nayanoM vAlI nAriyoM ko jihvAboM para jo pramoda pAtI hai, jisake kAna meM par3ane para anya bhASAoM ke akSaroM kA rasa kaDumA lagane lagatA hai, jisakA sulalita padoM vAlA gadya kAmadeva ke mada jaisA hRdya hai, aisI prAkRta bhASA jo bolate haiM, una lATa deza ( gujarAta ) ke mahAnubhAvoM ko he sundari! apalaka nayanoM se dekha / __prAkRta kI vizeSatAoM ke varNana ke sandarbha meM rAjazekhara ne isa ullekha meM prAkRta ko jo saMskRta kI yoni-prakRti yA udgama-srota batAyA hai, bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se yaha mahatvapUrNa hai| gauDavaho meM vAkpatirAja ne prAkRta kI mahattA aura vizeSatA ke sambandha meM jo kahA hai, usakA ullekha kiyA hI jA cukA hai| unhoMne prAkRta ko sabhI bhASAoM kA udgama-srota' batAyA hai| prAkRta ke sandarbha meM unhoMne eka bAta aura kahI hai, jo bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi 1. bAla rAmAyaNa, 48-49 2. sayalAo imaM pAyA visaMti eto panti vaayaao| enti samudda cipa genti sAyarAo cciya jlaaii|| -gauDavaho, kavi-prazaMsA, 93 ( saphalA etad vAco vizanti itazca niryAnti vaacH| AyAnti samudrameva niryAnti sAgarAdeva jalAni // ) isa (prAkRta) bhASA meM saba bhASAeM praveza pAtI haiN| isI se saba bhASAeM nikalatI haiN| pAnI samudra meM hI praveza karatA hai aura samudra se hI ( vASpa ke rUpa meM) nikalatA hai| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya.] madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe' [ 137 se mananIya hai| unhoMne kahA hai : 'prAkRta kI chAyA-prabhAva se saMskRta-vacanoM kA lAvaNya udghATita yA udbhAsita hotA hai / saMskRta ko saMskArotkRSTa karane meM prAkRta kA bar3A hApa hai|" saMskRta bhASA kI vizeSatA saMskArotkRSTatA hai, isa ukti se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki utkRSTatApUrvaka usakA saMskAra-pariSkAra yA parimArjana kiyA huA hai| aisA hone kA kAraNa prAkRta hai| dUsare zabdoM meM prAkRta kAraNa hai, saMskRta kArya hai| kArya se kAraNa kA pUrvabhAvisva svAbhAvika hai| rAnazekhara tapA vAkpatirAja ke kathana para gaura karanA hogaa| ve jaina paramparA ke nahIM the, ghedika paramparA ke the| jaina lekhaka prAkRta ko apane dharma-zAstroM kI bhASA mAnate hue apanI paramparA ke nirvAha athavA usakA bahumAna karane kI dRSTi se aisA kucha kaha sakate haiM, para, jahAM ajaina vidvAna aisA kahate haiM, vahAM avazya kucha mahatva honA caahie| donoM kA kathana niHsandeha prAkRta ke astitva, svarUpa Adi ke yathArtha aMkana kI dRSTi se hai| AcArya sirSa kA abhimata saMskRta vAGamaya ke mahAn kathAzilpI AvAya siddharSi ne 'upamitimavaprapaJcakayA nAmaka mahAn saMskRta-kathA grantha meM bhASA ke sambandha meM carcA kI hai, jo prastuta viSaya meM bar3I upayogI hai| ve likhate haiM : "saMskRta aura prAkRta; ye do bhASAe pradhAna haiN| unameM saMskRta durvidagdha janoM ke hRdaya meM sthita hai| prAkRta bAlakoM ke lie bhI sadbodhakara hai tathA karNapriya hai| phira bhI unheM ( durvidagdha janoM ko) prAkRta rucikara nahIM lgtii| aisI sthiti meM, jaba upAya hai, (saMskRta meM anya racane kI merI kSamatA hai ) taba sabhI ke citta kA raMjana karanA cAhie / isI tathya ko dRSTigata rakhate hue meM saMskRta meM paha racanA kruuNgaa|" 1. ummilaI lAyaNaM payayacchAyAe sakkayavayANaM / sakkayasakArukarisaNeNa payayassa vi pahAvo // -gauDavaho; 65 ( ummIlyate lAvaNyaM prAkRtacchAyayA saMskRtapadAnAm / __saMskRtasaMskArotkarSaNena prAkRtasyApi prabhAvaH // ) 2. saMskRtA prAkRtA ceti, bhASe pradhAnyamahataH / tatrApi saMskRtA tAvadda vidagdhahRdi sthitaa| bAlAnAmapi sadbodhakAriNI krnnpeshlaa| tathApi prAkRtA bhASA na teSAmapi bhAsate / upAye sati kartavyaM sarveSAM cittaraMjanam / atastadanurodhena saMskRteyaM kariSyate // -upamitibhavaprapaJcakathA, prathama prastAva, 51-53 ____ 2010_05 ___

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138 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 ____ spaSTa hai, AcArya siddhaSi saMskRta ko duvidagdha logoM ke hRdaya meM sthiti mAnate haiM / prAkRta unakI dRSTi meM bAlakoM dvArA bhI samajhe jA sakane yogya hai aura karNapriya hai| koza ke anusAra durvidagdha' kA artha paNDitaMmanya yA garviSTha hai| paramparayA yaha zabda zreyAn artha meM prayukta nahIM hai| isakA prayoga dambhitA yA alaMkAritA jaise kutsita artha meM hai| yadyapi AcAya' siddharSi kA yaha vizvAsa thA ki prAkRta sarvalokopayogI bhASA hai, para, ve yaha bhI jAnate the ki pANDityAbhimAnI janoM ko prAkRta meM racA grantha rucemA nhiiN| kAraNa spaSTa hai, unakA samaya ( 10 vI, 11 vIM zatI ) usa prakAra kA thA, jaba prAkRta kA prayoga lagabhaga banda ho cukA thA aura pranthakAra siddhAntataH prAkRta kI upayogitA mAnate hue bhI saMskRta ko aura jhukate lage the| aisA karane meM unakA yaha Azaya pratIta hotA hai ki unakI racanA vidvajjanoM meM samAhata bane; ataeva saMskRta meM; jo Lingua franca kA rUpa liye hue pI, pracanA karane meM unheM gaurava kA anubhava hotA thaa| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki prAkRta ko jo sarvajanopayogI bhASA kahA jAtA thA, vaha usake atIta kI jhalaka thii| usa samaya prAkRta bhI saMskRta kI taraha durbodha ho gayI thii| durbodha hote hue bhI saMskRta ke paThana-pAThana kI paramparA taba bhI akSuNNa thii| prAkRta ke lie aisA nahIM thA; ataH saMskRta meM grantha likhane kA kucha artha ho sakatA thA, jaba kI prAkRta meM likhanA utanA bhI sArthaka nahIM thaa| aise kucha kAraNa the, kucha sthitiyAM thIM, jinase prAkRta bhASA vAstava meM loka-jIvana se itanI dUrA calo gaI ki use gRhIta karane ke lie saMskRta kA mAdhyama apekSita hI nahIM, Avazyaka ho gyaa| saMskRta ko prAkRta kI prakRti batAne meM yAkaraNa jisa pravAha meM bahe haiM, usa sthiti kI eka jhalaka hameM AcArya siddhaSi kI upayukta ukti meM dRSTigata hotI hai| yahI pravAha Age itanA vRddhiMgata huA ki logoM meM yaha dhAraNA baddhamUla ho gayI ki saMskRta prAkRta kA mUla udgama hai| paM0 haragobindAsa TI0 saiTha ne prAkRta kI prakRti ke sambala 4 ukta mAghArthoM * vicAroM kA samIkSaNa aura paryAlodhana karane ke anantaya prAkRta kI jo vyutpatti kI hai, vaha paThanIya hai| unhoMne likhA hai- "prakRtyA svabhAvena siddha prAkRtam" athavA "prakRtInAM sAdhAraNajanAnAmidaM prAkRtam / " yaha vAstava meM saMmata pratIta hotI hai| prAkRta ke dezya zabda : eka vicAra prAkRta meM jo zabda prayukta hote haiM, prAkRta peyAkaraNoM ne unheM tIna bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai : 1. zAnalabadurvidagdhaM brahmA'pi taM naraM na raMjayati / -bhartRharikRtanItizataka, 3 2. pAipasahamahaNNabo; prathama saMskaraNa kA upodghAt, pR0 23 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe / 139 (1) tatsama, (2) tadbhava, (3) dezya (deshii)| tatsama-tat yahAM saMskRta ke lie prayukta hai / jo zabda saMskRta aura prAkRta meM ekajaise prayukta hote haiM, ve tatsama kahe gaye haiM / jaise--rasa, vAri, bhAra, sAra, phala, parimala, navala, vimala, jala, nIra, dhavala, hariNa, Agama, IhA, gaNa, gaNa, timira, toraNa, tarala, sarala, haraNa, bharaNa, karaNa, varaNa Adi / tadbhava-vargoM ke samIkaraNa, lopa, bhAgama, parivartana Adi vArA jo zabda saMskRta zabdoM se utpanna hue mAne jAte haiM, ve tadbhava' kahe jAte haiN| jaise-dharma> dhamma, karma> kamma, pakSa> jaksa, bAhmaNa> bamhaNa, kSatriya > khattima, dhyAna>mANa, dRSTi> vichi, rakSati> rakkhai, pRcchati> pucchai, asti> asthi, nAsti- natthi; ityAdi / dezya (dezI)-prAkRta meM prayukta hone vAle zabdoM kA eka bahuta bar3A samudAya aisA hai, jo na saMskRta-zabdoM ke sadRza hai aura na unase udbhUta jaisA pratIta hotA hai / vaiyAkaraNoM ne una zabdoM ko dezya kahA hai| unake udgama kI saMgati kahIM se bhA nahIM judd'tii| jaiseuapazya, muMDa-sUkara, tomarI latA, khuppai-nimajjati, hutta abhimukha, phuTA=kezabandha, biTTa-putra, DAla zAkhA, TaMkA-jaMghA, dhayaNa-gRha, jhaDappa-zIghra, cukkar3a-bhrazyati, kanvoTTa-kumuva, ghaDha-stUpa, viccha-samUha / dezya zabdoM para kucha vidhAra apekSita hai| isase prAkRta kI utpatti ko samajhane meM sahAyatA milegI, jo eka sImA taka aba bhI vivAdAspada banI huI hai| padi prAkRta saMskRta se 1. prAkRta meM jo tatsama zabda pracalita haiM, ve saMskRta se gRhIta nahIM haiN| ve usa purAtana loka bhASA pA prathama stara kI prAkRta ke haiM, jisase vaidika saMskRta tathA dvitIya stara kI prAkRtoM kA vikAsa huaa| ataeva ina uttaravartI bhASAoM meM samAna rUpa se ve zabda prayukta hote rahe / vaidika saMskRta se ve zabda laukika saMskRta meM aaye| 2. prathama stara kI prAkRta se uttaravartI prAkRtoM meM Aye hue pUrvokta zabdoM meM eka bAta aura ghaTita huii| aneka zabda, jo jyoM-ke-tyoM bane rahe, tatsama khlaaye| para, prAkRteM to jIvita bhASAeM thiiN| kucha zabdoM ke rUpa unameM parivartita hote gye| padyapi ve zabda saMskRta aura prAkRta meM prathama stara kI prAkRta se samAna rUpa meM Aye the, para, vyAkaraNa se niyamita aura pratibaddha hone ke kAraNa saMskRta meM ve zabda jyoM-ke-tyoM bane rhe| prAkRta meM vaisA rahanA sambhava nahIM thaa| ve hI parivartita rUpa vAle zabda tadbhava kahalAye, ataH tadbhava kA abhiprAya, jaisA ki sAmAnyatayA samajhA jAtA hai, yaha nahIM hai ki ve saMskRta zabdoM se nikale haiN| 2010_05 |

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140 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 nikalI hotI, to dezya zabdoM kA saMskRta ke kinhIM-na-kinhIM zabdoM se to aghazya sambandhasrota judd'taa| para, aisA nahIM hai| yadyapi saMskRta-prabhAvita katipaya gheyAkaraNoM ne ina dezya zabdoM meM se aneka nAmoM tathA dhAtuoM ko saMskRta ke nAmoM aura dhAtuoM ke sthAna para Adeza dvArA pratiSThApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ke prAkRta-bAkaraNa meM isa prakAra kA upakrama draSTavya hai| etatsambaddha kucha sUtra yahAM uddhata kiye jAte haiM : vRkSamitayo machuDhau // 2 // 127 / vRkSakSiptayoryavAsaMkhya' sakkha chuDha ityAdezau vA bhavataH / vRkSa aura kSipta zabdoM ko (vikalpa se) kramaza: rukkha aura chUr3ha Adeza hote haiM / yathA vRkSa:rupaso, kSisam-chUDhaM, utkSisam-ucchUDhaM / mArasya maMjaravaMjarI // 2 // 132 // mArjArazabdasya maMjara vaMjara ityAdezo vA bhvtH| mArSApa zabda ko ( vikalpa se ) maMjara aura baMjara Adeza hote haiM / yathA-mAri:-maMjaro, vNjro| prastasya hitya-taTThau // 2 // 136 / prastazabdasya hitya taha ityAdezo vA bhavataH / trasta zabda ko ( vikalpa se ) hitya aura taha bAdeza hote haiM / yathA-vastam-hityaM, tttuN| aghaso her3ha // 2141 / adhas zambasya heTha ityayamAdezo bhvti| adhasa pada ko he Adeza hotA hai / yathA-adhaH - hetttthN| gauNAvayaH // 1174 / goNAdayaH zabdA anuktaprakRtipratyayalopAgamavarNavikArA bahulaM nipAtyante / jinake prakRti, pratyaya, lopa, mAgama tathA varNa-dhikAra avyAkhyAta haiM, aise goNAdi zabda nipAta se siddha hote hai| yathA-go = gauNo; gAvI, gAva: = gAvImo; palIva = baillo; mApaH = AUH, paMcapaMcAzat = paMcAvaNNA, paNapannA, vyutsargaH = viusagau; vyutsarjanam = posiraNam', vahimaithunaM vA = bahiddhA; apasmAra: = bamhalo; utpalam = kantuLaM; dhikadhik = chi chi; sthAsakaH = cacicakka; nilayA = nihelaNaH janma = janmaNaM; kSullakaH = khuDo, kutUhalam = kuTu'; viSNuH = maTTio; zmazanam = karasI; asurAH = agayA; poSyaM ramaH = tigicchi; vinam = allaM, samarthaH = pakkalo; paNDakaH = Nelaccho; karpAsaH = palahI; balI = ujjalo, tAmbUlam = jhasuraM; puMzcalo = chichaI; zAkhA = sAhulI, ityaadi| katharvajjara-pajjaroppAla-pisuNa-saMgha-bolla-cava-jampa-sIsa-sAhAH // 4 // 2 // katherdhAtorvajjarAyo mAdezA vA bhvnti| katha dhAtu se (vikalpa se) vajjaya nAdi daza Adeza hote haiM / se-vajArai, pajjarai, uppAlai, pisuNai, saMghaI, bollai, cavaha, jampai, sIsai, sAhai, 1. mitravavAgamaH, shtrubdaadeshH| ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe [ 141 uages iti tatpUrvakasya bukka bhASaNe ityasya / ete cAnyairdezISu paThitA api usmAbhirdhAtvAdezIkRtA vividheSu pratyayeSu pratiSThantAmiti tathA ca vajjaritau kathitaH, vajjariUNa kathayitvA vajjaraNaM kathanam, vajjara to kathayan vajjariadhvaM kathayitavyamiti rUpasahasrANi siddha yanti / saMskRta dhAtubacca pratyayalopAgamavidhiH / duHkhe givvaraH ||4|4| duHkhaviSayasya katherNivvara ityAdezo vA bhavati / Nivvarai - duHkhaM kathayatItyartha: / duHkhaviSayaka kath dhAtu ko ( vikalpa se) Nimbara Adeza hotA hai / jaise-- jivraha - duHkha kA kathana karatA hai / pijja: Dalla - paTTa - ghoTTAH || 4|11 | pibaterete catvAra AdezA vA bhavanti / piba ko (vikalpa se ) pijja, Dalla paTTa tathA ghoTTa; ye cAra Adeza hote haiM / jaise -- pibati - pijjai, Dallai, paTTa, ghoTTaI nidrAterohorodhau ||4|12| nipUrvasya drAteH ohIra uMgha ityAdezo vA bhavataH / ni pUrvaka drAti ko ( vikalpa se) ohIra aura uMdha Adeza hote haiM / jaise- nidrAti-ohIrai, uMghai / vaiyAkaraNoM ne AdezoM dvArA dezI zabdoM aura kriyAoM ko saMskRta ke sAMce meM DhAlane kA jo prayatna kiyA, vaha vastutaH kaSTa kalpanA thI, jise samIcIna nahIM kahA jA sakatA AcArya hemacandra ke sodAharaNa pUrva uddhata sUtroM se do tathya prakAza meM Ate haiN| eka yaha hai ki anya prAkRta- vaiyAkaraNoM kI taraha ve bhI AdezoM ke rUpa meM usI prakAra kI kaSTa kalpanA ke pracAha meM baha gaye | dUsarA yaha hai ki hemacandra ke prAkRta vyAkaraNa ke praNayana, uddezya, kathana - prakAra Adi para pichale pRSThoM meM jo carcA kI gayI hai, usI sandarbha ko yahAM jor3A jA sakatA hai arthAt AcArya hemacandra saMskRta ke pula se prAkRta ke taTa para pahuMcAnA cAhate the; isalie dezI zabdoM ke AdhAra, vyutpatti, srota Adi kucha bhI na prApta hone para bhI unheM vyAkaraNa ko paripUrNatA dene kI dRSTi se Avazyaka lagA hai ki dezI zabdoM aura dhAtumoM ko bhI kyoM chor3A jAe ? unake lie kucha jor3a-tor3a kI jA sakatI hai / sambhavataH isI kA pariNAma AcArya hemacandra dvArA nirUpita Adeza haiM / vyAkaraNa ke caturtha pAda ke dUsare sUtra meM AcArya hemacandra kath dhAtu ke sthAna para hone vAle AdezoM kA ullekha kara eka anya saMketa karate haiM / yadyapi dUsare ( sambhavataH unase pUrvavartI ) vaiyAkaraNoM ne inako dezI ( rUpoM ) meM ginA hai, para, ve ( hemacandra ) ghAtvAdezapUrvaka inheM vividha pratyayoM meM pratiSThita karane kI vyavasthA kara rahe haiN| AcArya hemacandra ke isa kathana se yaha spaSTa hai ki pUrvavartI vaiyAkaraNa aneka dezI zabdoM aura dhAtuoM ko dezI ( rUpoM ) meM par3ha dete the / ve sabhI dezI rUpoM ko siddha karane kA prayAsa nahIM karate the / AcArya hemacandra ne to kathA ke artha meM prayukta hone vAle daza dezI kriyA rUpoM ko upasthita kara digdarzana 2010_05

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142 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 mAtra kAyA hai / abhya bhI aise aneka dezI rUpa rahe hoMge, jinheM purAvartI vaiyAkaraNa dezI meM ginAte rahe hoM / yaha vastusthiti thI / saMskRta ke DhAMce meM prAkRta ko sampUrNataH DAlane ke abhipreta se calA yaha AdezamUlaka krama bhASA vijJAna kI dRSTi se samucita nahIM thA / balAt vyAkaraNa ke sAMce meM utArane se bhASA ke vAstavika svarUpa ko samajhane meM bhrAnti utpanna ho jAtI hai| para, kyA kiyA jAtA, yuga kA mor3a ho sambhavataH besA thA / saMskRta-nATakoM para dRSTipAta karane se isa tathya para aura prakAza par3atA hai / prasaMgopAtatayA jaisI ki carcA kI gayI hai, saMskRta - prAkRta-racita nATakoM meM sambhrAnta yA ucca kulotpanna puruSa pAtra saMskRta meM bolate haiM tathA sAdhAraNa pAtra ( mahilA, bAlaka, bhRtya Adi) prAkRta meM bolate haiM / nATakoM ko yaha bhASA sambandhI paramparA prAkRta kI jana bhASAtmakatA kI dyotaka hai / yahAM jJAtavya yaha hai ki ina ( uttaravartI kAla meM racita ) nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRtoM kA sukSmatA se parizIlana karane para pratIta hotA hai ki socA saMskRta meM gayA hai aura usa ( socI huI zabdAvalI ) kA prAkRta meM anuvAda mAtra kara diyA gayA hai| bhAracayaM taba hotA hai, jaba nATakoM ke kaI prakAzanoM meM yahAM taka dekhA jAtA hai ki prAkRta bhAga kI saMskRta-chAyA to moTe TAipa meM dI gayI hai aura mUla prAkRta choTe TAipa meM / abhiprAya spaSTa hai, prAkRta ko sarvathA gauNa samajhA gayA / mukhya paThanIya bhAga to unake anusAra saMskRtachAyA hai / nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRta svAbhAvika kama pratIta hotI haiM, kRtrima adhika prAkRtoM ko nATakoM meM rakhanA nATyazAstrIya paramparA kA nirvAha mAtra raha gayA / sArAMza yaha hai ki jahAM sAhitya-sarjana kA prasaMga upasthita hotA, sarjaka kA dhyAna sIdhA saMskRta kI ora jAtA / dezya zabdoM kA udgama kiyA hai / unameM se kaiyoM kA socanA hai, AryoM kA pahalA samudAya, dezya bhASAoM ke udgama srota ke sambandha meM aneka vidvAnoM ne aneka dRSTiyoM se vicAra jo paMcanada va sarasvatItI kI ghATI se hotA huA madhyadeza meM AbAda ho cukA thA, jaba bAda meM Ane vAle mArthoM ke dUsare dala dvArA vahAM se khader3a diyA gayA, taba vaha madhyadeza ke cAroM mora basa gyaa| pahalA samUha mukhyataH paMcanada hotA huA madhyadeza meM rahA, jahAM vaidika vAGamaya kI sRSTi huI / jo mAyaM madhyadeza ke cAroM aura ke bhUbhAga meM rahate the, unakA vAkhyavahAra apanI prAdezika prAkRtoM meM calatA thA / pradeza bheda se bhASA meM bhinnatA ho hI jAtI hai / isalie madhyadeza meM rahane vAle bhAryoM kI prAkRta se madhyadeza se bAhara rahane vAle AryoM kI prAkRte kinhIM aMzoM meM milatI thIM, kinhIM aMzoM meM nahIM / madhyadeza ke AryoM dvArA bolI jAne vAlI bhASAeM chandas ke adhika mikaTa rahI hoMgI; kyoMki candas usI bhUbhAga kI 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya } madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe [ 143 yA usake Asa-pAsa kI kisI prAktana loka bhASA kA pariniSThita rUpa thIM / madhyadeza ke bAhara kI loka- bhASAeM yA prAkRta apane prAdezika bheda tathA vaidika paramparA se basaMlagnatA ke kAraNa chandas se apekSAkRta dUra thIM / prAkRta-sAhitya meM jo dezya zabda gRhIta hue haiM, unakA srota sambhavataH ye hI madhyadeza ke bAhara kI prAdezika bhASAe haiM / ina loka bhASAoM kA koI bhI prAktana yA tatkAlIna rUpa vaidika bhASA kA AdhAra yA udgama srota nahIM thA; ataH inase Aye hue zabdoM ke, jo dezya nAma se abhihita kiye gaye, anurUpa saMskRta meM zabda nahIM milte| deza bhASA : vyApakatA dezI bhASA yA dezabhASA bahuta prAcIna nAma hai / prAcIna kAla meM vibhinna pradezoM kI loka- bhASAeM yA prAkRta dezI bhASA yA dezabhASA ke nAma se pracalita thIM / mahAbhArata meM skanda ke sainikoM aura pArSadoM ke varNana ke prasaMga meM ullekha hai "ve sainika tathA pArSada vividha prakAra ke dharma apane deha para lapeTe hue the| ve aneka bhASAbhASI the / dezabhASAoM meM kuzala the tathA paraspara apane ko svAmI kahate the / "1 nATya zAstra meM isI prakAra deza bhASAoM ke sambandha meM carcA hai / vahAM ullekha hai / "aba maiM dezabhASAoM ke vikalpoM kA vivecana karUMgA athavA dezabhASAoM kA prayoga karane vAloM ko svecchayA vaisA kara lenA cAhie / " 2 kAmasUtra meM bhI likhA hai : "loka meM vahI bahumata yA bahusamAhata hotA hai, jo goSThiyoM meM na to adhika saMskRta meM aura na adhika dezabhASA meM kathA kahatA hai / "3 1 udAhara na vAGamaya meM aneka sthAnoM para dezI bhASA-sambandhI ullekha prApta hote NArtha, samrAT zroNika ke putra meghakumAra ke varNana ke prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai : "taba vaha megha 1. nAnA - carmAbhirAcchannA nAnAbhASAzca bhArata / - kuzalA dezabhASAsu jalpanto'nyonyamIzvarAH // -- mahAbhArata, zalyaparva, 45, 103 ata Urdhva pravakSyAmi dezabhASA vikalpanam / athavAcchandataH kAryA dezabhASAprayoktRbhiH // --nATyazAstra, 17, 24-26 nAtyantaM saMskRtenaiva nAtyantaM dezabhASayA / kathAM goSThISu kathayaMlauke bahumato mavet // - kAmasUtra, 1.4. 50 2. 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana aThAraha prakAra kI dezI bhASAoM meM pravINa huA / "1 jJAtRSamaMkathAsUtra kA eka dUsarA prasaMga hai : " vahAM campA nagarI meM devadattA nAmaka gaNikA nivAsa karatI thI / vaha dhana sampanna tathA aThAraha dezI bhASAoM meM nipuNa thI / "" 'vaha dRr3hapratijJa bAlaka" 'aThAraha 144 ] kumAra".". jaina vADamaya ke aura bhI aneka prasaMga haiM / jaise ". prakAra kI dezI bhASAoM meM vizArada thA / "3 .......... har3apratijJa bAlaka 'aThAraha dezI bhASAoM meM catura thaa|" "vahA~ vANijyagrAma meM kAmoddha vA nAmaka vezyA thI, jo aThAraha dezI bhASAoM meM kuzala pI / "5 ina prasaMgoM se yaha anumita hotA hai ki bhinna-bhinna pradezoM meM jo lokajanIna bhASAe yA paM0 haragovindadAsa TI0 seTha ke zabdoM meM prathama stara kI prAkRta, jinheM sara jArja griyarsana ne Primary Prakrits kahA hai, pracalita thIM, unheM devabhASA yA dezIbhASA ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM katipaya pAzcAtya bhASA-vaijJAnikoM kA mata hai ki prAkRta bhASAoM meM jo dezI zabda aura dhAtueM pracalita haiM, ve vAstava meM dravir3a parivAra tathA Agneya parivAra se AI haiM, jo anArya bhASA-parivAra haiM; kyoMki AryoM ke bhArata Ane se pUrva yahAM mukhyataH dravir3a parivAra tathA Agneya parivAra kI bhASAeM bolane vAle loga basate the / AryoM dvArA bhArata kI bhUmi jyoM-jyoM adhikRta kI jAtI rahI, ve ( anAyaM) 1. tate gaM se mehekumAre " hotyA / "aTThArasavihipagAradesI mAsAvisArae - zAtRdharmakathA sUtra, a0 1 2. tatya NaM caMpAe nayarIe devadattA mAma gaNiyA parivasai aDDhA " 0.00 visArayA / 3. tae Na baDhapaddaSNe bArae -jJAtRdharmakathA sUtra, 38.92 ****** ... aTThA rasa vihade sippagArabhAsA visArae / - rAjapraznIya sUtra, patra 148 - 4. tana baDhapaNe dArae... aTThArasadesIbhAsAvisArae / - aupapAtika sUtra, avataraNa 109 2010_05 [ laNDa : 2 5. lakSya Na vANiyagAme kAmajjhayA NAmaM gaNiyA hotyA. aTThArasavesImAsA visArayA / - vipAka zruta, patra 21.22 2004 'aTThA rasavesImAtA

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe [ 145 anya surakSita sthAnoM kI ora sarakate rahe / bAda meM vahAM bhI AyaM 1 pahuMca gaye / saMgharSa ke bAda Arya, anAyeM donoM jAtiyoM ke loga vahAM sthira ho gaye / sAtha-sAtha rahane se pArasparika samparka bar3hanA svAbhAvika thA / phalataH anArya bhASAoM ke kucha zabda AryoM kI bolacAla kI bhASAoM ( yA tatkAlIna prAkRtoM ) meM samA gaye 1 mahAbhArata kA jo uddharaNa deza-bhASAoM ke sambandha meM pahale upasthita kiyA gayA hai, usake sandarbha para gaura karane se ukta tathya paripuSTa hotA hai / una sainikoM aura pArSadoM kI veSa-bhUSA, cAla-DhAla, 2 Adi se prakaTa hai ki ve sambhavataH anAyaM jAti ke loga the / devatAoM ke senApati aura asuroM ke vijetA ke rUpa meM skanda hindU-zAstroM meM samAdRta haiM I 1. sambhavataH ye ve Arya the, jo AryoM ke dUsare dala ke madhyadeza meM A jAne para vahAM se bhAga uThe the aura madhyadeza ke pAzvavartI kSetroM meM basa gaye the / isa sambandha meM yathAprasaMga carcA kI jA cukI hai / 2. nAnAveSadharAzcaiva nAnAmAlyAnulepanAH / nAnAvastradharAzcaiva carmavAsasa eva ca // uSNISiNo mukuTinaH sugrIvAzca suvarcasaH / kirITina: paMcazikhAstathA kAMcanamUrdhajAH // trizikhA dvizikhAzcaiva tathA saptazikhA: pare / zikhaNDino mukuTino muNDAzca jaTilAstathA // citramAlAdharAH kecit kecit rAmAnanAstathA / vigre harasA nityamajeyAH surasattamaiH // kRSNA nirmA savatrAzca dordhapRSThAsta darAH / pralambodara mehanAH // sthUlapRSThA hrasvapRSThA mahAbhujA hrasvabhujA hasvagAtrAzca vAmanAH / kubjAzca hrasvajaMghAzca hastikarNa zirodharAH // hastinAsA kUrmanAsA vRkanAsAstathApare / dIrghocchvAsA dordhajaMghA vikarAlA hRyadhomukhAH // mahAdaMSTrA hasvadaMSTrAzcaturvAstathA pare / vAraNendra nibhAzcAnye bhImA rAjan sahasrazaH // suvibhaktazarIrAzca dIptimantaH svalaMkRtAH / piMgAkSA: zaMkukaNAzca raktanAsAzca bhArata / pRthudaMSTrA mahAdaMSTrA sthUlauThA harimUrdhajAH / nAnA pAdauSThadaMSTrAzca nAnAhastazirodharAH // 2010_05 - mahAbhArata, zatya parva, 145. 93-102

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146 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 aisA anumAna hai ki AdivAsiyoM kI vibhinna jAtiyoM ko unhoMne saMgaThita kiyA ho / mahAbhAratakAra una bhinna-bhinna jAtiyoM ke logoM kA vistRta varNana kara dene ke bAda unheM deza-bhASAoM meM kuzala batalAte haiM / ___ArthoM aura anAryoM ke pArasparika samparka tathA sAhacarya se prAdezika bhASAoM ne eka vizeSa rUpa liyA ho / sambhavataH unheM hI yahAM deza-bhASA se saMjita kiyA gayA ho / paM0 haragovindadAsa TI0 seTha dravir3a-parivAra tathA Agneya-parivAra kI tamila, kannar3a, muNDA Adi bhASAoM se dezI zabdoM ke Ane para sandeha karate haiM / unake kathana kA abhiprAya hai ki aisA tabhI svIkArya hotA, yadi anArya bhASAoM meM bhI ina dezI zabdoM tathA dhAtuoM kA prayoga prApta hotA / sambhavataH aisA nahIM hai| ___ isa sambandha meM eka bAta aura socane kI hai ki ye dezI zabda anArya bhASAoM se jyoM-ketyoM prAdezika ( mukhyataH madhyadeza ke catuHpAzrvavartI ) prAkRtoM meM A gaye, aisA na mAna kara yadi isa prakAra mAnA jAe ki anArya bhASAoM tathA una vibhinna prAdezika prAkRtoM ke samparka se kucha aise naye zabda niSpanna ho gaye, jinakA kalevara sampUrNata: na anArya-bhASAoM para mAdhRta thA aura na prAkRtoM para ho| una dezI zabdoM ke dhvanyAtmaka, saMghaTanAtmaka svarUpa ke viSaya meM nizcata rUpa meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / dezI zabdoM, deza-bhASAoM yA dezI bhASAoM ke paripAzvaM meM itane vistAra meM jAne kA eka hI abhiprAya thA ki prAkRta ke udbhava aura vikAsa para kucha aura prakAza par3e; kyoMki yaha viSaya Aja bhI sandigdhatA kI koTi se mukta nahIM huA hai| vaidika saMskRta tathA prAkRta kA sAdRzya prAkRtoM arthAt sAhityika prAkRtoM kA vikAsa bolacAla kI jana-bhASAoM, dUsare zabdoM meM asAhityika prAkRtoM se huA, ThIka vaise hI jaise vaidika bhASA yA chandasa kA / yahI kAraNa hai ki vaidika saMskRta aura prAkRta meM kucha aisA sAdRzya, khoja karane para prApta hotA hai, jaisA prAkRta aura laukika saMskRta meM nahIM hai| udAharaNArtha, saMskRta RkAra ke badale prAkRta meM akAra', AkAra', ikAra' tathA ukAra hotA hai| RkAra ke sthAna meM ukAra kI pravRtti 1. Rtot // 8 / 1 / 126 AdekArasya atvaM bhvti| -siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsanam 2. AtkRzA-mRduka mRdutve vA // 8 / 1 / 127 eSu Adeta Ada vA bhvti| -vahI itkRpAdau // 8 / 1 / 128 kRpA ityAdiSu zabdeSu AdeRta itvaM bhvti| --vahI 4. uddatvAdau // 8 / 1 / 132 Rtu ityAdiSu zabdeSu Adeta udbhvti| -vahI ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe [ 147 vaidika vAGamaya meM bhI prApta hotI hai| jaise, Rgveda 1. 46. 4 meM kRta ke sthAna para kuTha kA prayoga hai| anya bhI isa prakAra ke prayoga prApya haiN| prAkRta meM antya vyaMjana kA sarvatra lopa hotA hai| jaise-yAvat = jAva, tAvat = tAva, yazas = jaso / tamas = tmo| vaidika sAhitya meM yatra-tatra aisI pravRtti dRSTigocara hotI hai| jaise-pazcAt ke lie pazcA ( atharvaveda saMhitA 10.4.11 ), uccAt ke lie ucacA ( taittirIya saMhitA 2.3.14 ), nIcAt ke lie nIcA ( taittirIya saMhitA 4 5.61 ) / prAkRta meM saMyukta ya, ra, 7, za, Sa, s kA lopa ho jAtA hai aura ina lupta akSaroM ke pUrva ke hasva svara kA dIrgha' ho jAtA hai| jaise--pazyati = pAsai, kazyapaH = kAsavo, Avazyakam = Avasaya, zyAmA = sAmA, vizrAbhyati = vIsamai, vizrAmaH = visAmo, mizram = mIsaM, saMsparza: = saMphAso, pragalbha = pagalbha, durlabha = dulaha / paidika bhASA meM bhI isa koTi ke prayoga prApta hote haiN| jaise-apragalbha = apagalbha ( taittirIya saMhitA 4.5.61 ), tryaca = trica ( zatapatha brAhmaNa 1.3.3.33 ), durlabha = dUlabha ( Rgveda 4.6.8) durNAza = dUNAza ( zukla yajuH prAtizAkhya 3.43 ) / prAkRta meM saMyukta vargoM ke pUrva kA dIrgha svara hrasva ho jAtA hai| jaise, tAmram = tambaM, virahAgniH = virahaggI, AsyaM = assaM, munIndraH = muNindo, tortham = titthaM, cUrNaH = cuNNau; ityAdi / vaidika saMskRta meM bhI aisI pravRtti prApta hotI hai| jaise-rodasIprA = rodasiprA (Rgveda 10.88.10), amAtra = amatra ( Rgveda 3.36.4 ) / - prAkRta meM saMskRta da ke badale aneka sthAnoM para Da4 hotA hai| jaise-dazanam = DasaNaM, dRSTaH = DaTTho, dagdhaH = DaDr3ho, dolA = DolA, daNDa = DaNDo, daraH = Daro, dAhaH = DAho, dambha = Dambho, darbhaH = Dabbho, kadanam = kaDaNaM, dohadaH = ddohlo| vaidika saMskRta meM bhI yatra-tatra isa prakAra kI sthiti prApta hotI hai| jaise-durdabha = dUDabha ( vAjasaneya 1. antyavyaMjanasya / 8 / 1 / 11 "zabdAnAM yad anvyaMjanaM tasya luga bhvti| -siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsanam 2. lupta ya - ra - va - za - Sa - sAM dIrghaH // 8 / 1 / 43 prAkRtalakSaNavazAlluptA yAdyA upari adho bA yeSAM zakAraSakArasakArANAM teSAmAde: svarasya dIrdhA bhavati / -vahI 3. hasvaH saMyoge // 8 / 1 / 84 dIrghasya yathAdarzanaM saMyoge pare hrasvo bhavati / -vahI 4. dazana - daSTa - dagdha - dolA - daNDa - dara - dAha - dambha - darbha - kadana - dohade do vA DaH // 8 / 1 / 217 eSu dasya Do vA bhvti| -siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsanam 2010_05

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148 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 saMhitA 3.36 ), purodAsa = puroDAza ( zukla yajuH prAtizAkhya 3. 44 ) / prAkRta meM saMskRta ke kha, gha, tha tathA bha ko taraha dha kA bhI ha' hotA hai / jaise-sAdhu: = sAhu, vadhiraH = bahiro, bAdhate = bAhai, indradhanuH = indahaNU, sabhA = shaa| vaidika vAGamaya meM bhI aisA prApta hotA hai| jaise--pratisaMdhAya = pratisaMhAya ( gaupatha brAhmaNa 2. 4 ) prAkRta ( mAgadhI ko chor3a kara prAyaH sabhI prAkRtoM ) meM akArAnta pulliMga zabdI ke prathamA vibhakti ke ekavacana meM gho' hotA hai| jaise--mAnuSaH = mANaso, dharmaH = dhmmo| etat tathA tat sarvanAma meM bhI vikalpa se aisA hotA hai| jaise--saH = so, eSaH = eso| vaidika saMskRta meM bhI kahIM-kahIM prathamA ekavacana meM bo dRSTigocara hotA hai| jaisesaMvatsarau ajAyata ( Rgveda saMhitA 10.160.2 ) so cit ( Rgveda saMhitA 1. 161 - saMskRta akArAnta zabdoM meM si' (paMcamI) vibhakti meM jo devAt, narAta, dharmAt Adi rUpa banate hai, unameM antya t ke sthAna para prAkRta meM chaH Adeza hote haiN| unameM eka ta kA lopa bhI hai| lopa ke prasaMga ko isa prakAra bhI samajhA jA sakatA hai ki paMcamI 1. kha - gha - 2 - dha bhAm // 8 / 1 / 187 svarAtpareSAmasaMyuktAnAmanAdibhUtAnAM kha gha tha dha bha ityeteSAM varNAnAM prAyo ho bhavati / -vahI 2. ataH sejhaiH // 8 / 3 / 2 / akArAntAnnAmaH parasya syAde: seH sthAne Do bhvti| - vahI 3. vetattadaH / 8 / 3 / 3 etattadorakArAtparasya syAdeH sejhai bhvti| -vahI 4. svaujasamauTchaSTAbhyAMbhisaGa bhyAMbhyasaGasibhyAMbhyasGa sosAmGa yossup| -aSTAdhyAyI 4 / 1 / 2 su au jas iti prathamA / am auTa zas iti dvitIyA / TA bhyAM bhis iti tRtiiyaa| hu myAM bhyas iti caturthI / isi bhyAM bhyas iti paMcamI / usa ausa Am iti SaSThI / Giau sa sup iti sptmii| 5. Dases ttau - do - du - hi - hinto - lukaH // 3 / 1 / 8 . ataH parasya useH tau do du hi hinto luk ityete SaDAdezA bhavanti / jaise-vatsAt = vacchato, vacchAo. vacchAu, vacchAhi, vacchAhinto vcchaa| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAeM [149 vibhakti meM ekavacana meM ( akArAnta zabdoM meM ) A pratyaya hotA hai| jaise--devAt = devA, narAt = NarA, dharmAt = dhammA; Adi / vaidika vAGamaya meM bhI isa prakAra ke katipaya paMcamyanta rUpa prApta hote haiM / jaise--uccAt = uccA, nIcAt = nIcA, pazcAt = pshcaa| prAkRta meM paMcamI vibhakti bahuvacana meM bhis1 ke sthAna para hi Adi hote haiN| jaisedevehiH aadi| vaidika saMskRta meM bhI isake anurUpa devebhiH, jyeSThebhiH; gambhIrebhiH Adi rUpa prApta hote haiN| ___ prAkRta meM ekavacana aura bahuvacana hI hote haiM, dvivacana nahIM hotaa| vaidika saMskRta meM vacana to tIna haiM, para isa prakAra ke aneka udAharaNa milate haiM, jahAM dvidhacana ke sthAna para bahuvacana ke rUpoM kA prayoga huA hai| jaise--indrAvaruNau = indrAvaruNA:, mitrAvaruNau = mitrAvaruNA:, narau = narA, surathau = surathAH, rathitamau = rathitamAH / vartamAna yuga ke prAkRta ke mahAn jarmana vaiyAkaraNa DA. pizala ne vizAla grantha Compara. tive grammar of the Prakrit Language meM saMskRta se prAkRta ke udgama kA khaNDana karate hue prAkRta tathA vaidika bhASA ke sAdRzya ke dyotaka katipaya udAharaNa prastuta kiye haiM, jinameM se kucha isa prakAra haiM : tvana prAkRta bhASA vaidika bhASA ttaNa strIliMga SaSThI ke ekavacana kA rUpa 'Ae' Aye tRtIyA bahuvacana kA rUpa ehi ebhiH bohi ( AjJAvAcaka ) bodhi tA, jA, ettha tAta, yAt, itthA amhe asme baggUhiM vagnubhiH 1. bhiso hi hi hiM // 3 / 17 ataH parasya bhisaH sthAne kevalaH sAnunAsikaH, sAnusvArazca hirbhavati / -siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsanam 2. ......This sanskrit was not the baris of the Prakrit dialects, which indeed dialect, which, on political or religions grounds, was rained to the states of a literary medium, But the difficulty is that it does not seem useful that all the Prakrit dialects sprang out from one and the same source, At least they could not have 2010_05

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150 ] [khaNDa : 2. . saddhi Agama aura bripiTaka : eka anuzIlana saghrIm viduH ghrasa viu ghisu rukSava upayukta vivecana se yaha siddha hotA hai ki prAkRtoM kA udgama vaidika bhASA-kAla se prAgvartI kinhIM bolacAla kI bhASAoM yA boliyoM se huA, jaise ki unhIM meM se kisI bolI ke AdhAra para vaidika bhASA astitva meM aaii| prAkRta ke prakAra prAkRteM jIvita bhASAe' thiiN| bhinna-bhinna pradezoM meM bole jAne ke kAraNa svabhASapta: unake rUpoM meM bhinnatA aaii| una ( bolacAla ko bhASAoM yA boliyoM ) ke AdhAra para jo sAhityika prAkRta vikasita huI; unameM bhinnatA rahanA svAbhAvika thaa| isa prakAra prAdezika yA bhaugolika AdhAra para prAkRtoM ke kaI bheda hue / unake nAma prAyaH pradeza-vizeSa ke AdhAra para rakhe gaye / nAcArya bharatA ne nATyazAstra meM prAkRtoM kA varNana karate hue mAgadhI, avantijA, prAcyA, sUrasenI, ardhamAgadhI, vAhnIkA aura dAkSiNAtyA nAma se prAkRta ke sAta bhedoM kI carcA kI hai| prAkRta ke upalabdha vyAkaraNoM meM sabase prAcIna prAkRtaprakAza' ke praNetA pararuci ne mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI aura pezAcI; ina bhedoM kA varNana kiyA hai| caNDa ne mAgadhI ko mAgadhikA aura paizAcI ko paizAcikI ke nAma se ullikhita kiyA hai| developed out of Sanskrit, as is generally held by Indian Scholars and Hobber, Lassen, Bhandarkar and Jacoby, All the Prakrit languages have a series of comman grammatical and lexical characteristics with the vedic language and suchare signifi cantly missing from Sanskrit. 1. mAgadhyavantijA prAcyA sUrasenyardhamAgadhI / vAlokA dAkSiNAtyA ca sapta bhASAH prkortitaaH|| -nATyazAstra; 17-18 2. prAkRtaprakAza, 10. 1-2, 11. 1, 12. 32 3. paizAcikyAM raNayolanau / mAgavikAyAM rasayolazo // -prAkRta-lakSaNa 3. 38-39 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Aya bhASAeM [ 151 chaThI zatI ke supasiddha kAvyazAstro daNDI ne kAvyAdarza' meM prAkRtoM kI bhI carcA kI hai| unhoMne mahArASTro ( mahArASTrAzrayA ), zaurasenI, gaur3I aura lATI; ina cAra prAkRtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| __ AcArya hemacandra ne vararuci dvArA vaNita cAra bhASAmoM ke atirikta ArSa, cUlikA pezAcI aura apabhraza; ina tInoM ko prAkRta bhedoM meM aura batAyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne addhamAgadhI ko ArSa kahA hai| trivikrama, lakSmIdhara, siMharAja aura narasiMha Adi vaiyAkaraNoM ne AcArya hemacandra ke vibhAjana ke anurUpa hI prAkRta-bhedoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| antara kevala itanA-sA hai, inameM trivikrama ke atirikta kisI ne bhI ArSa kA vivecana nahIM kiyA hai| vastutaH jaina paramparA ke AcArya hone ke nAte hemacandra kA, addhamAgadhI ( jo jaina AgamoM kI bhASA hai ) ke prati vizeSa AdarapUrNabhAva thA, ataeva unhoMne ise ArSa- nAma se abhihita kiyA / mArkaNDeya ne prAkRta-sarvasva meM prAkRta ko solaha bhedopabhedoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai| unhoMne prAkRta ko bhASA, vibhASA, apanaza aura paizAca; ina cAra bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai| ina cAroM kA vibhAjana isa prakAra hai : 1. bhASA-mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, prAcyA, avantI aura mAgadhI / 2. vibhASA-zAkArI, cANDAlo, zabarI AbhIrikA aura TAkkI / 3 apabhraMza-nAgara, brAcar3a tathA upanAgara / 4. paizAca-kaikaya, zaurasena evaM pAMcAla / nATyazAstra meM vibhASA ke sambandha meM ullekha hai ki zakAra, AbhAra, cANDAla, zabara, dramila, Andhrotpanna tathA vanecara kI bhASA dramila kahI jAtI hai| mArkaNDeya ne bhASA, vibhASA Adi ke varNana ke prasaMga meM prAkRta-candrikA ke katipaya zloka uddhata kiye haiM, jinameM ATha bhASAoM, chaH dhibhASAoM, gyAraha pizAca-bhASAoM tathA sattAIsa apabhraMzoM ke sambandha meM carcA kI hai| inameM mahArASTrI, AdhantI, zaurasenI, addha1. mahArASTrAzrayAM bhASAM, prakRSTa prAkRtaM viduH / sAgaraH sUktiratnAnAM, setubandhAdi yanmatham // zaurasenI ca gauDo ca, lATI cAnyA ca taadRshii| . yAti prAkRtamityevaM, vyavahAreSu sannidhim // -kAvyAdarza, 234-35 2. RSINAmidamArSam / 2010_05

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152 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 mAgadhI, vAhIkI, mAgadhI, prAcyA tathA dAkSiNAtyA; ye mATha bhASAeM, chaH vibhASAo meM se drAvir3a aura oja; ye do vibhASAe, gyAraha pizAca bhASAoM meM se kAMcIdezIya, pANDhya, pAMcAla, gaur3a, mAgadha, brAcar3a, dAkSiNAtya, zaurasena, kaikaya aura drAvir3a; ye daza pizAca-bhASAe tathA satAIsa apabhraMzoM meM brAcar3a, lATa, vaidarbha, bArbara, Avantya, pAJcAla, TAkka, mAlava, kaikaya, gauDa, uDU, haiva, pANDya, kauntala, siMhala, kAliMga, prAcya, kArNATa, kAJca, drAvir3a, gorjara, AbhIra aura madhyadezIya; ye taibIsa apabhraMza vibhinna pradezoM ke nAmoM se sambaddha haiN| jina-jina pradezoM meM prAkRtoM kI jina-jina boliyoM kA pracalana thA, vaM boliyAM una-una pradezoM ke nAmoM se abhihita kI jAne lgiiN| itanI lambI sUcI se AzcaryAndhita hone ko AvazyakatA nahIM hai| kisI eka hI pradeza kI eka hI bhASA usake bhinnabhinna bhAgoM meM kucha bhinna rUpa le letI hai aura pradeza ke nAmoM ke anurUpa una upabhASAoM yA boliyoM ke nAma par3a jAte haiN| yadyapi kisI eka bhASA kI isa prakAra kI upabhASAoM yA boliyoM meM bahuta antara nahI hotA, para, yatkiMcita bhinnatA to hotI hI hai| udAharaNa ke lie rAjasthAnI bhASA ko liyA jA sakatA hai| sAre pradeza kI eka bhASA rAjasthAnI hai| para, bIkAnera-kSetra meM usakA jo rUpa hai, vaha jodhapura kSetra se bhinna hai / jaisalamera kSetra kI bolI kA rUpa usase aura bhinna hai / isI prakAra cittaur3a, DUgarapura, bAMsavAr3A, ajamera-meravAr3A, koTA-bUdI Adi hAr3otI kA kSetra, jayapura yA DhUMDhAr3a kA bhAga, alavara sambhAga, bharatapura aura bolapura maNDala; ina sabameM jana-sAdhAraNa dvArA bolI jAne vAlI boliyAM thor3I-bahuta bhinnatA liye hue haiN| kAraNa yaha hai ki eka hI pradeza meM basane vAle loga yadyapi rAjanaitika yA prazAsanika dRSTi se eka ikAI se sambaddha hote haiM, parantu usa pradeza ke bhinna-bhinna bhUbhAgoM meM pAsa-par3osa kI sthitiyoM ke kAraNa apanI kSetrIya sAmAjika, sAMskRtika tathA bhaugolika bhinnatAoM yA vizeSatAbhoM ke kAraNa paraspara jo antara hotA hai, usakA unako boliyoM para pRthak-pRthak prabhAva par3atA hai aura eka hI bhASA ke antargata hone para bhI unake rUpa meM, kama hI sahI, pArthakya mA hI jAtA hai| pizAca-bhASAoM aura apanazoM ke jo aneka bheda ullikhita kiye gaye haiM, ve paizAcI prAkRta ke kSetra tathA apabhraMza ke kSetra kI anekAneka boliyoM aura upaboliyoM ke sUcaka haiN| prAkRta ke bhinna-bhinna rUpoM yA bhASAoM para vistRta vicAra Age kiyA jaaegaa| yahAM to kevala pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM sUcana mAtra kiyA gayA hai / prAkRtoM kA vikAsa : vistAra : pRSThabhUmi pUrva aura pazcima kI saMskRti tathA jIvana meM prAcIna kAla se hI kucha bheda upalabdha hote haiN| pazcima ke kRSNa aura pUrva ke jarAsandha jaise sAjAoM ke purANa-prasiddha yuddhoM kI 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Aya bhASAeM khalA isakI paricAyaka hai| AryoM ke bhArata meM Agamana, prasAra Adi ke sandarbha meM vibhinna prasaMgoM meM apekSita carcA kI gayI hai| usake prakAza meM kucha cintana apekSita hai| bhArata meM Ane vAle AyaM pazcima meM Tike, madhyadeza meM Tike, kucha pUrva meM bhI khader3a diye gaye / para sambhavataH magadha taka unakA pahuMcanA nahIM huA hogA / huA hogA to bahuta kama / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kauzala aura kAzI se bahuta Age sambhavataH ve nahIM bar3he / magadha Adi bhArata ke pUrSIya pradezoM meM vaidika yuga ke AdikAla meM yajJa-yAga-pradhAna vaidika saMskRti ke cihna nahIM prApta hote / aisA anumAna hai ki vaidika saMskRti magadha prabhRti pUrvI pradezoM meM bahuta bAda meM pahuMcI, bhagavAna mahAvIra tathA buddha se sambhavataH kucha zatAbdiyoM pUrva / vedamUlaka Arya-saMskRti ke pahuMcane ke pUrva magadha AryoM kI dRSTi meM nindha thaa| niruktakAra yAska ne magadha ko anAryoM kA deza kahA hai| Rgveda meM kIkaTa zabda mAyA hai, jise uttarakAlIna sAhitya meM magadha kA samAnArthaka kahA gayA hai / brAhmaNa-kAla ke sAhitya meM bhI kucha aise saMketa prApta hote haiM, jinase prakaTa hai ki taba taka pazcima ke AryoM kA magadha ke sAtha aspRzyatA kA - sA vyavahAra rahA thA / zatapatha brAhmaNa meM pUrva meM basane vAloM ko AsurI prakRti kA kahA gayA hai| Arya sambhavataH anAryoM ke lie isa zabda kA prayoga karate the, jisameM nimnatA yA ghRNA kA bhAva thaa| pahale dala meM bhArata meM Aye madhyadeza meM base AyaM jaba dUsare dala meM Aye AryoM dvArA madhyadeza se bhagA diye gaye aura ve madhyadeza ke cAroM oya. vizeSataH pUrva kI ora basa gaye, to unakA bhagAne vAle ( bAda meM dUsare dala ke rUpa meM Aye hue ) AryoM se vaicArika durAva rahA ho, yaha bahuta sambhAvya hai / unakA vahAM ke mUla nivAsiyoM se melajola bar3hA ho, isakI bhI sahaja hI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| melajola ke dAyare kA vistAra vaivAhika sambandhoM meM bhI huA ho, isa prakAra eka mizrita nRvaMza astitva meM AyA ho, jo sAMskRtika aura dhArmika dRSTi se pazcima ke AryoM se dUra rahA ho / vaidika vAGamaya meM prApta vAtya zabda sambhavataH inhIM pUrva meM base AryoM kA dyotaka hai, jo sAmAjika dRSTi se pUrva meM basane vAle mUla nivAsiyoM se sambaddha ho cuke the| vrAtya zabda kI vidvAno ne aneka prakAra se vyAkhyA kI hai| unameM se eka vyAkhyA yaha haiM ki jo loga yajJa-yAgAdi meM vizvAsa na kara pratadhArI yAyAvara sanyAsiyoM meM zraddhA rakhate the, prAtya kahe jAte the| vrAtyoM ke lie vaidika paramparA meM zuddhi kI eka myavasthA hai| yadi ve zuddha honA cAhate, to unheM prAyazcittasvarUpa zuddha yathaM yajJa karanA pdd'taa| bAtya-stoma meM usakA varNana hai| usa yajJa ke karane ke anantara ve bahibhUta Arya varNa-vyavasthA meM svIkAra kara liye jAte the| bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha se kucha zatAbdiyAM pUrva pazcima yA madhyadeza se ve mAya, vo 2010_05

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154 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 apane ko zuddha kahate the, magadha, aMga, baMga Adi pradezoM meM pahuMca gaye hoN| vrAtya-stoma ke anusAra prAyazcita ke rUpa meM yAjJika vidhAna kA krama, bahiSkRta AryoM kA varNa-vyavasthA meM punaH grahaNa ityAdi tazya isake paricAyaka haiN| pUrva ke logoM ko pazcima ke AryoM ne apanI paramparA se bahirbhUta mAnate hue bhI bhASA kI dRSTi se unheM bahirbhUta nahIM maanaa| brAhmaNa-sAhitya meM bhASA ke sandarbha meM vrAtyoM ke lie isa prakAra ke ullekha haiM ki ve adurukta ko bhI durukta 1 kahate haiM arthAt jisake bolane meM kaThinAI nahIM hotI, use bhI ve kaThina batAte haiM / vrAtyoM ke viSaya meM yaha jo kahA gayA hai, unakI saralatAnugAmI bhASA-priyatA kA paricAyaka hai| saMskRta kI tulanA meM prAkRta meM besI saralatA hai ho / isa sambandha meM vebara kA abhimata hai ki yahAM prAkRta-bhASAoM kI ora saMketa hai| uccAraNa sarala banAne ke lie prAkRta meM hI saMyuktAkSaroM kA lopa tathA usI prakAra ke anya parivartana hote haiN| vyAkaraNa ke prayojana batalAte hue duSTa zabda ke apAkaraNa, ke sandarbha meM mahAbhASyakAra pataMjali ne azuddha uccAraNa dvArA asuroM ke parAbhUta hone kA jo ullekha kiyA gayA hai; vahAM unhoMne una para hai araya: ke sthAna para hailayaH prayoga karane kA Aropa lagAyA hai arthAt unakI bhASA meM rA ke sthAna para la kI pravRtti thI, jo mAgadhI kI vizeSatA hai| isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki mAgadhI kA vikAsa yA prasAra pUrva meM bahuta pahale ho cukA thA / uttara pradeza ke gorakhapura jile ke antarvartI sahagaurA nAmaka sthAna se jo tAmra-lekha prApta huA hai, vaha brAhmI lipi kA sarvAdhika prAcIna lekha hai / usakA kAla I0 pU0 cauthI zato hai| yaha sthAna pUrvI pradeza ke antargata pAtA hai| isameM ra ke sthAna para la kA prayoga dRSTigocara hotA hai| ___ aisA bho anumAna hai ki pazcima ke Aryo dvArA magadha Adi pUrvIya bhUbhAgoM meM yAjJika saMskRti ke prasAra kA eka bAra prabala prayANa kiyA gayA hogaa| usameM unheM cAhe tathAkathita ucca varga ke logoM meM hI sahI, eka sImA taka saphalatA bhI milI hogii| para, jana-sAdhAraNa taka sambhavataH vaha saphalatA vyApta na ho skii| . . bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha kA samaya yAjJika vidhi-vidhAna, karmakANDa, bAhya zaucAcAra tathA janma-gata uccatA Adi ke pratikUla eka vyApaka Andolana kA samaya thaa| jana-sAdhA1. aduruktavAkyaM duruktamAhuH ! -tANThya mahAbrAhmaNa, paMcaviMza brAhmaNa 2. te'surA helayo hailaya iti kuvantaH parAbabhUvuH / tasmAd brAhmaNena na mlecchita ve nApabhASita 6. v| mleccho ha vA eSa ydpshbdH| -mahAbhASya, prathama mAha nika, pR0 6 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Aya bhASAeM [ 155 raNa kA isase prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika thA hI, samdhrAnta kuloM aura rAja-parivAroM taka para isakA prabhAva par3A | mahAvIra aura buddha ke samakAlIna kucha aura bhI dharmAcArya the, jo apane Apako tIrtha kara kahate the| pUraNa kazyapa, makkhali gosAla, ajitakesakaMbali, pakudha kaccAyana tathA saMjayavelaTThiputta Adi unameM mukhya the| bauddha vAGamaya meM unheM akriyAvAda, niyativAda, ucchedavAda, anyonyavAda tathA vikSepavAda ke pravataMka kahA gayA hai| yadyapi AcAra-vicAra meM unameM bheda avazya thA, para, ve sabake saba zramaNa-saMskRti ke antargata mAne gaye haiN| brAhmaNa-saMskRti yajJa-pradhAna yo aura zramaNa-saMskRti tyAga-vairAgya aura saMyama-pradhAna / zramaNa zabda ko vidvAnoM ne kaI prakAra se vyAkhyA kI hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne ise zrama, sama aura zama para AdhRta mAnA hai| phalataH tapazcaryA kA ugratama svIkAra, jAtigata janmagata uccatva kA bahiSkAra tathA nirveda kA poSaNa; ina para isameM adhika bala diyA jAtA rahA hai / zramaNa-paramparA ke antarvartI ye sabhI AcArya yAjJika tathA karmakANDa-bahula saMskRti ke virodhI the| yaha eka aisI pRSThabhUmi thI, jo prAkRtoM ke vikAsa aura vyApaka prasAra kA AdhAra bnii| bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha ne loka-bhASA ko apane upadezoM kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| sambhava hai, upayukta dUsare dharmAcAryoM ne bhI loka-bhASA meM hI apane upadeza diye hoNge| unakA koI sAhitya Aja prApta nahIM hai| ___ mahAvIra aura buddha dvArA loka-bhASA kA mAdhyama svIkAra kiye jAne ke mukhyataH do kAraNa sambhava haiM / eka to yaha ho sakatA hai, unheM AryakSetra meM vyApta aura vyApyamAna yAjJika va karmakANDI paramparA ke pratikUla apane vicAra 'bahujana hitAya bahujana sukhAya' janajana ko sIdhe pahuMcAne the, jo loka-bhASA dvArA hI sambhava thaa| dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki saMskRta ke prati bhASAtmaka uccatA kiMvA pavitratA kA bhAva thA, jo yAjJika paramparA aura karma-kANDa ke puraskartA purohitoM kI bhASA thI / usakA svIkAra unheM saMkIrNatApUrNa lagA hogA, jo jana-mAnasa ko dekhate yathArtha thaa| prAkRtoM ko apane upadeza ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM mahAvIra aura yuddha dvArA apanA liye jAne para unheM (prAkRtoM ko ) vizeSa vega tathA bala prApta huaa| unake samaya meM magadha ( dakSiNa bihAra ) eka zaktizAlI rAjya ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho cukA thaa| uttara bihAra meM vajjisaMdha ke katipaya gaNarAjya sthApita ho cuke the aura kauzala ke tarAI ke bhAga meM bhI aisI hI sthiti thI / mahAghora dhajjisaMgha ke mantaghartI licchavi gaNarAjya ke the aura buddha kauzala ke antarghartI mallagaNarAjya ke / yahAM se prAkRtoM ke uttarottara utkarSa kA kAla gatizIla hotA hai / taba taka prAkRta ( mAgadhI ) magadha sAmrAjya, jo magadha ke cAroM aura dUra-dUra taka phailA huA thA, meM rAja-bhASA ke pada para pratiSThita ho cukI thii| prAkRtoM kA utkarSa 2010_05

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156 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 kevala pUrvIya bhUbhAga taka hI sImita nahIM rhaa| vaha pazcima meM bhI phailane lgaa| loga prAkRtoM ko apanAne lge| unake prayoga kA hotra bar3hane lgaa| bolacAla meM to vahAM (pazcima) bhI prAkRteM pahale se thI hI, usa samaya ve dhArmika kSetra ke atirikta anyAya lokajanona viSayoM meM bhI sAhityika mAdhyama kA rUpa prApta karane lgii| vaidika saMskRti ke puraskartA aura saMskRta ke poSaka logoM ko isameM apane utkarSa kA vilaya AzaMkita hone lgaa| phalataH prAkRta ke prayoga kI uttarottara saMvaddha nazIla vyApakatA kI saMskRta para eka vizeSa pratikriyA huii| taba taka mukhyataH saMskRta kA prayoga paurohitya, karmakANDa, yAjJika vidhi-vidhAna tathA dhArmika saMskAra Adi se sambaddha viSayoM taka hI sImita thaa| usa samaya usameM aneka lokajanIna viSayoM para lokanIti, arthanIti, rAjanIti, sadAcAra, samAjavyavasthA, loka-raMjana; prabhRti jIvana ke vividha aMgoM kA saMsparza karane vAle sAhitya kI sRSTi hone lgii| prAkRta meM yaha saba cala rahA thaa| loka-jIvana meM racI-pacI hone ke kAraNa loka-cintana kA mAdhyama yahI bhASA thI; ataH usa samaya saMskRta meM jo loka-sAhitya kA sRjana huA, usameM cintana-dhArA prAkRta kI hai aura bhASA kA AvaraNa saMskRta kA / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM mahAbhArata kA nAma liyA jA sakatA hai| mahAbhArata samaya-samaya para uttarottara saMvaddhita hotA rahA hai| usameM zramaNa-saMskRti aura jIvana-darzana ke jo aneka pakSa cacita hue haiM, ve saba isI sthiti ke pariNAma haiN| bhASA-vaijJAnika evaM sAMskRtika dRSTi se anveSTAoM ke lie gaveSaNA kA eka mahattvapUrNa viSaya hai| . etanmUlaka (saMskRta) sAhitya prAkRta-bhASI jana-samudAya meM bhI praveza pAne lgaa| isa krama ke bIca prayujyamAna bhASA (saMskRta) ke svarUpa meM bhI kucha parivartana huA / yadyapi saMskRta vyAkaraNa se itanI kasI huI bhASA hai ki usameM zabdoM aura dhAtuoM ke rUpoM meM vizeSa parivartana kA avakAza nahIM hai, para, phira bhI jaba koI bhASA anya bhASA-bhASiyoM ke prayoga meM Ane yogya banane lagatI hai yA prayoga meM Ane lagatI hai, to usameM svarUpAtmaka yA saMghaTanAtmaka dRSTi se kucha aisA samAviSTa hone lagatA hai, jo una anya bhASA-bhASiyoM ke lie saralatA tathA anukUlatA lAne vAlI hotI hai| usameM sAdRzyamUlaka zabdoM kA prayoga adhika hone lagatA hai| usakA zabda-koza bhI samRddhi pAne lagatA hai| zabdoM ke arthoM meM bhI yatra-tatra parivartana ho jAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai, ve naye-naye artha grahaNa karane lagate haiN| vikalpa bora apavAda kama ho jAte haiN| sAtha-hI-sAtha yaha ghaTita hotA hai, jaba anya bhASA-bhASI kisI ziSTa bhASA kA prayoga karane lagate haiM, to unakI apanI bhASAoM para bhI usakA prabhAva par3e binA nahIM rhtaa| saba kucha hote hue bhI bhagavAn mahAvora aura buddha ke abhiyAna ke uttarottara gatizIla ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAe' [ 157 aura abhivRddhizIla hote jAne ke kAraNa saMskRta uparyukta rUpa meM saralatA aura lokajanInatA grahaNa karane para bhI prAkRtoM kA sthAna nahIM le skii| ataeva taduparAnta saMskRta meM jo sAhitya praNIta huA, vaha vizeSataH vidvadbhogya rahA, usakI loka-bhogyatA kama hotI gyii| lambe-lambe samAsa, durUha sandhi-prayoga, zabdAlaMkAra yA zabdADambara, kRtrimatApUrNa pada-racanA aura vAkya-racanA se sAhitya jaTila aura kliSTa hotA gyaa| sAmAnya pAThakoM kI pahuMca usa taka kaise hotI? upayukta vividha paristhitiyoM ke paripAzva meM prAkRta bhASA ke vibhinna pahaluoM para agrima adhyAyoM meM cintana karanA mukhya abhipreta hai| ____ 2010_05

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pAlI-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGamaya | Pali Language and The Buddhist Canonical Literature ) ____ 2010_05

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madhya bhAratIya Arya bhASA-kAla yA prAkRta-kAla kA samaya IsvI pUrva pAMcavI zatI se IsvI san ke Arambha taka kA mAnA gayA hai| isameM pAli aura zilAlekhI prAkRta lI gayI haiN| jisa bhASA meM bhagavAna buddha kI vANI tripiTaka ke rUpa meM avasthita hai, jisameM tatparaka tadupajovo vizAla vAGamaya bauddha bhikSuoM aura manISiyoM dvArA praNIta huA, vaha bhASA pAli ke nAma se prasiddha hai| parantu, bhASA ke lie pAli zabda kA prayoga bahuta prAcIna nahIM hai| piTaka-sAhitya meM usakI bhASA ke lie pAli kA kahIM bhI prayoga nahIM huaa| lagabhaga 14 vIM zatI ke anantara isa zabda kA prayoga bhASA ke artha meM Arambha huaa| pAli zabda kA itihAsa AcArya buddhaghoSa ( cauthI-pAMcavIM IsavI zatI ) ne visuddhimagga aura aTThakathAoM meM pahale-pahala pAli zabda kA bhagavAna buddha ke vacana yA mUla tripiTaka ke lie prayoga kiyA / doghanikAya ko aTa ThakathA sumagala vilAsinI ko sAmaaphalasuta, vaNanA, dhammasaMgaNi kI aTThakathA aTusAlinI tathA puggalapati aTThakathA meM bhI unhoMne pAli zabda kA isa abhiprAya se vyavahAra kiyA hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa pAli kA prayoga tripiTaka ke pATha ke artha meM bhI karate haiN| mUla tripiTaka yA tripiTaka-pATha koI bhinna nahIM hai, kevala kathana-prakAra kA antara hai| jahAM AcArya buddhavoSa ko tripiTaka ke pAThAntara ko saMketita karanA apekSita huA, vahAM unhoMne pATha ke lie pAli zabda kA vyavahAra kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha, sumaMgala vilAsinI ke sAmaJjaphalasuttavaNNanA meM mahaccarAjAnubhAvena pada AyA hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne isakA artha mahatA rAjAnubhAvena kiyA hai| 'mahacca' ke sthAna para mahaccA pATha bhI hai, aisA sUcita karane ke lie mahacca iti pi pAli arthAt mahaccA aisA pATha bhI hai, isa prakAra ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ___ cauthI zatAbdI meM laMkA meM dIpavaMza grantha likhA gyaa| yaha AcArya buddhaghoSa se kucha hI samaya pahale kI racanA hai / vahAM pAli zabda kA prayoga buddha-vacana ke artha meM huA hai / AcArya buddhaghoSa ke pazcAt laMkA meM bauddha AcArya aura lekhaka upayukta donoM arthoM meM, jo vastuta: eka hI haiM, pAli kA prayoga karate dekhe jAte haiN| udAharaNArtha, pAMcavIM-chaThI zatI meM hue AcArya dharmapAla ne khuddakanikAya ke katipaya granthoM kI aTa ThakathA ke rUpa meM paramatyadIpamo kI racanA kI / usameM unhoMne mUla tripiTaka ke artha meM pAli zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| terahavIM pAtI 2010_05

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162 / Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 meM race gaye cUlavaMsa meM bhI pAli zabda kA prayoga buddha-dhavana ke artha meM huA hai / cUlavaMsa mahAvaMsa (5vIM zatI) kA uttarakAlIna parivaddhita aMza hai| usake anantara 14vIM zatI meM racita saddhamasaMgaha meM bhI pAli zabda ko usI artha meM prayukta kiyA gayA hai| cauthI zatI se 14vIM zatI taka pAli zabda buddha-vacana yA tripiTaka ke pATha ke rUpa meM vyavahata hotA rahA hai| cauthI zatI se pUrva ke piTaka-sAhitya aura tadupajIvI sAhitya meM pAli zabda kA prayoga buddha vacana ke artha meM nahIM prApta hotA; ataH yaha vicAraNIya hai ki bhAcArya buddhaghoSa ne pAli zabda kA upayoga mUla tripiTaka yA tripiTaka-pATha ke artha kisa mAdhAra para kiyA ? vaha kauna-sI paramparA thI, jisakA avalambana dIpavaMsakAra aura AcArya buddhaghoSa ne liyA, isa para vizeSa rUpa se vicAra kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| zabdoM kI dhvaniyoM, rUpoM va artha kA saMkoca, vikAsa, parivartana Adi akasmAt nahIM hote| unake pIche bhASA vaijJAnika dRSTi se eka kAraNa-paramparA rahatI hai, jisakA bAhya rUpa spaSTa nahIM dIkhatA, para, gaveSaNA karane para usakA ora-chora mila jAtA hai / pAli sabda kI vyAkhyA vizleSaNa ___bhAratIya vidyA ( Indology ), vizeSata: saMskRta, pAli, prAkRta para vizeSa kArya karane pAle katipaya vidvAnoM ne pAli zabda kA aneka prakAra se vyAkhyAna-vizleSaNa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| saMskRta meM pAli zabda kA artha kti hai| paM0 vidhuzekhara bhaTTAcArya ne isI ayaM ko mukhyatA dete hue pAli zabda kI buddha-vacana yA tripiTaka-pATha ke sAtha artha-saMgati karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| pAli dhAmaya meM pAni zabda buddha-dhacana ke sAtha-sAtha paMkti artha meM bhI prayukta huA hai| zrI bhaTTAcArya ne ise spaSTa karate hue kahA hai ki paMktyarthaka pAli zabda Age cala kara anya kI paMkti ke artha meM svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki dIpavaMsakAra aura prAcArya buddhaghoSa ne tripiTaka yA tripiTaka-pATha ke artha meM ise apanA liyA / zrI bhaTTAcArya paMkti zabda pAli zabda taka pahuMcane kA krama isa prakAra mAnate haiM : paMkti> panti > patti> paTThi> palli>pAli / vidvAnoM ne isa mata para vizeSa UhApoha kiyA hai| bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne pAlimahAvyAkaraNa 1 meM isa mata kI samIkSA kI hai / unhoMne isameM tIna prakAra kI asaMgatiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| pAli yA paMkti kA grantha kI paMkti artha kiyA jAnA unheM saMgata nahIM lgaa| unakA kathana hai ki paMkti likhita grantha kI hotI hai| piTaka I0 pU0 prathama zatI se pahale lekha-baddha nahIM hue the; ataH usa samaya arthAt I0 pU0 prathama zatI se pahale tripiTaka ke pATha ke lie grantha-paMkti kI kalpanA saMgata nahIM ho sktii| pAli zabda ko paMkti-artha meM 1. pAli-mahAvyAkaraNa, pR0 8 ( vastukathA ) ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGmaya 163 ve sarvathA aprayukta mAnate haiM / padi pAli zabda kA artha paMkti hotA, to usa avasthA meM udAnapAli jaise prayogoM meM udAna-paMkti aisA artha karane se koI saMgata Azaya nahIM nikltaa| vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se eka pahalU para ve aura prakAza DAlate haiM ki pAli zabda paMktivAcI hotA, to usakA bahuvacana meM prayoga milanA cAhie thaa| para, aisA nahIM miltaa| DA. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ne isa prasaMga meM likhA hai-"bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne ko ApattiyAM uThAI haiM, unameM se prathama ke uttara meM AMzika rUpa meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki tripiTaka kI alikhita avasthA meM 'pAli' yA 'paMkti' zabda se tAtparya kevala zabdoM kI paThita paMkti se liyA jAtA rahA hogA aura usake lekha-baddha kara diye jAne para usakI likhita paMkti ho pAli kahalAI jAne lagI hogii|"1 paMkti zabda ke mAzaya ke sambandha meM DA0 upAdhyAya jo kalpanA karate haiM, vaha cintya pratIta hotI hai| alikhita grantha arthAt maukhika paramparA meM avasthita zAstra-vizeSa kA vibhAjana gAthAoM, zlokoM, padoM Adi meM hotA hai, paMktiyoM meM nhiiN| paMkti meM akSaroM ke parimANa kI koI iyattA nahIM hotii| patra kA jitanA vistAra hotA hai, usake anurUpa choTI yA bar3I paMkti hotI hai / bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne pAli-mahAvyAkaraNa meM pAli kA vyautpattika vizleSaNa karate hue ise 'pariyAya' zabda se jor3A hai| pariyAya zabda kA tripiTika meM aneka bAra prayoga huA hai-akele bhI aura 'dhamma' zabda ke sAtha bhii| bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne aneka saMdarbho se yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki pariyAya zabda kA prayoga buddha ke upadeza yA vacana ke artha meM huA hai| pariyAya zabda hI Age calakara paliyAya ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gyaa| azoka ke bhAva zilAlekha meM paliyAya zabda vyavahRta huA hai| vahAM azoka kA magadha ke bhikSa oM ko uddiSTa kara sandeza hai--'bhante ! ye dhammapaliyAya haiM / maiM cAhatA hUM ki sabhI bhikSu tathA bhikSaNiyAM, upAsaka tathA upAsikAeM inheM suneM, dhAraNa kreN|": * paliyAya zabda kA pUrvAddha 'pali', jo upasarga pratota hotA hai, kA prathama akSara 'pa' 'pA' ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gyaa| isa prakAra paliyAya kA pAliyAya bana gayA / saMkSiptIkaraNa kI dRSTi se usakA uttarAddha' lupta ho gayA aura pUrvAddha mAtra pAli bacA raha gyaa| usakA prayoga mUla tripiTaka ke artha meM baddhamUla ho gyaa| 1. pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 7, 8 2. imAni bhante dhammapaliyAyAni-etAni bhante dhammapaliyAyAni icchA mi kiM ti bahuke bhikhupAye cA bhibuniye yA abhikhinaM sunayu cA upadhAleyeyu caa| haivaM maiva upAsakA cA upAsikA cA / 2010_05

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164 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 bhikSu siddhArtha ..' bhikSa siddhArtha ne pAli zabda kA sambandha pATha zabda se batAyA hai| unakA mantavya hai ki vaidika paramparA meM pATha zabda kA vizeSa mahatva rahA hai| vastutaH saMhitA-pATha, pada-pATha, krama-pATha, jaTA-pATha aura dhana-pATha ke rUpa meM vedoM ke pATha kI eka vaijJAnika paramparA thii| bhikSa siddhArtha kA pratipAdana hai ki buddha ke samaya meM bhI veda-pAThI brAhmaNoM meM pATha zabda kA pracalana thaa| buddha ke dharma-saMgha meM jahAM kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra praviSTa hue, vahAM aneka brAhmaNa bhI usameM sammilita hue| kisI bhI jAti yA varga meM eka saMskAra hotA hai, jo dhArmika AsthA ke badalane ke bAda bhI badala nahIM paataa| bauddha dharma meM dokSita brAhmaNa jisa prakAra veda-vAkyoM ke lie pATha zabda kA prayoga karate rahe the, buddha-vacanoM ke lie bhI unhoMne pATha zabda kA prayoga karanA Arambha kara diyaa| buddha ke lie jahAM unake zraddhAlu anteSAsiyoM aura anuyAyiyoM dvArA aura aneka vizeSaNa diye gaye, vahAM unake lie vedajJa, vedAntaza jaise vizeSaNa bhI prApta hote haiN| ye vizeSaNa bahuta sambhava hai, brAhmaNa-paramparA se Ane vAle antevAsiyoM ne zraddhAbhinata hokara prayukta kiye hoN| anya bhI aise zabdoM ko bhikSu siddhArtha ne prastuta kiyA hai, jo mUlataH vaidika paramparA se sambaddha the, para, bAda meM naye svarUpa ke sAtha bauddha saMgha meM svIkRta ho gaye / udAharaNArtha, saMhitA, tantra aura pravacana vaidika paramparA ke zabda haiN| bauddha saMgha meM saMhitA ke sthAna para sahita, tantra ke sthAna para tanti aura pravacana ke sthAna para pAvacana ho gyaa| aisI sthiti meM pATha zabda bhI yadi bauddha saMskaraNa prApta kara le, use asambhava nahIM kahA jA sktaa| pAli-vyAkaraNa kA niyama hai ki sabhI mUddhanya vyaMjana ( Ta , , , , N ) pAli meM La ho jAte haiN| bhikSa siddhArtha kA kahanA hai ki isI niyama ke anusAra pATha kA pALa ho gyaa| vahI Age calakara pALi ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gyaa| bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se to aisA honA asambhava nahIM kahA jA sakatA; kyoMki pAli aura prAkRta meM antya-svara-parivartana kA krama dekhA jAtA hai| pAli zabda meM jo la vyaMjana hai, vaha antaHstha la nahIM hai, apitu vaidika bhASA meM vyavahRta mUddhanya La. dhvani ke samakakSa hai| Adhunika bhASAoM meM se kucha meM yaha dhvani lupta ho gyii| kucha meM isakA 'Da' ke rUpa meM vikAsa ho gyaa| sUkSmatA meM na jA kara La. aura lU ke uccAraNa meM bheda kiye jAne kI sthiti na rahI, vahAM mithyA sAdRzya ke AdhAra para pAli zabda ko pALi ke sAtha milA diyA gyaa| aisA hone para pALi ke sthAna para pAli zabda kA buddha-vacana ke lie vyavahAra cala pdd'aa| bhikSa siddhArtha ne pAli ke vikAsa kA jo itihAsa aura krama prastuta kiyA hai, bhASA ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGamaya vijJAna kI dRSTi se usameM aucitya hai| jisa prakAra bhikSa jagadIza kAzyapa kA mata dhvaniparivartana-sambandhI niyamoM para kharA utaratA hai, usI prakAra bhikSa, siddhArtha kA mata bhI dhvani-parivartana ke niyamoM ke anurUpa pratIta hotA hai| DA. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ne bhikSa, siddhArtha ke mata kI nirbalatA batAte hue likhA hai-"unhoMne pATha zabda kA vikRta rUpa pALa batAyA hai aura phira usase pALi yA pAli zabda kI vyutpatti kI hai| ise aitihAsika rUpa se ThIka hone ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki pALa zabda kA prayoga pAli-sAhitya meM upalabdha ho| tabhI usake AdhAra para pALi zabda kI vyutpatti kI sthApanA kI jA sakatI hai| aisA koI udAharaNa bhikSa siddhArtha ne apane ukta nibandha meM nahIM diyaa| AcArya buddhaghoSa kI aTThakathAoM se jo udAharaNa unhoMne diye haiM, unameM bho 'iti pi pATho' hI buddhaghoSokta vacana hai| DA0 upAdhyAya ne bhikSa siddhArtha ke mata kI jo AlocanA kI hai, vaha yathArtha hai| kevala vyAkaraNa ke AdhAra para kisI zabda ko siddha kara dene mAtra se koI prayojana phalita nahIM hotaa| zabda ke eka vizeSa rUpa ke kisI vizeSa artha ke sAtha jur3ane ke sambandha meM aitihAsika prAmANya kI nitAnta AvazyakatA hotI hai| itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki pATha zabda se pALi yA pAli banAne meM pALa zabda kA krama boca meM rahA ho, para, ho sakatA hai ki vaha prayoga meM na AyA ho| AyA bhI ho to sambhavata: bahuta hI kama AyA ho aura kAla ke lambe vyavadhAna ke binA pALa (pAli) zabda cala par3A ho, vahI vizeSataH prayukta hone lagA ho / para, ye kevala sambhAvanAe hI haiN| vAstava meM bhikSa, siddhArtha kA mata kama svAbhAvika pratIta hotA hai| DA0 maiksavelasera ____ jarmana vidvAn DA. maiksavelasera ne lagabhaga arddha zatAbdI pUrva pAli ke sambandha meM apanA nayA abhimata vyakta kiyA thaa| unhoMne pAli kA AdhAra pATali mAnA / unake anusAra pATali ke badale pADali bhI mAnA jA sakatA hai, unakA pratipAdana hai ki pATaliputra ( paTanA kSetra ) kI bhASA kA nAma pATali rahA ho| saMkSiptIkaraNa kI dRSTi se bIca ke Ta ko lupta kara 'pAli' banA diyA gayA ho| pATaliputra magadha sAmrAjya kA kendra thA, rAjagRha ke pazcAt rAjadhAnI bhI; isalie vahAM kI bhASA rAjabhASA yA kendrIya bhASA ke rUpa meM mAnya ho sakatI thI / 1. pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 6 2010_05 |

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 kyA pATali nAma kI koI bhASA rahI hai ? jitanA bhI sAhitya upalabdha hai, kahIM bhI usameM kisI bhASA vizeSa ke lie pATila zabda kA prayoga nahIM huA hai| yadi pATilaputra kSetra kI bhASA isa nAma se prasiddha hotI, to kahIM-na-kahIM usakA ullekha avazya hotA / vastutaH DA0 maiksavelasera kA mata kisI prabala pRSThabhUmi para nahIM TikA hai| ataeva yaha mata vidvatsamAja meM AdRta nahIM hai| isameM aitihAsika satya ke sthAna para hA0 maiksavelasera kA kalpanA-paTutva yA buddhi-vaicitrya hI adhika pratIta hotA hai| DA. thAmasa ne isa mata kA aneka yuktiyoM dvArA prativAda kiyA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne pAli zabda ko palli se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA hai| saMskRta meM palli kA artha choTA gAMva, jhopar3I, ghara yA par3Ava hai| unhoMne use palli kI bhASA yA gAMva kI bhASA batAnA cAhA hai| isa prakAra ise jana-sAdhAraNa kI bhASA se jor3ane kA unakA bhAva anumita hotA hai / sambhavataH unhoMne palli se pAlli aura pAlli se isake pAli ke rUpa meM vikasita hone kI udbhAvanA kii| yaha bhI eka mAtra kAlpanika-sA kathana hai| itihAsa aura paramparAlabhya pramANoM kA koI AdhAra isake sAtha nahIM hai / phalataH vidvajjagatU meM ise mAnyatA nahIM milii| bhaNDArakara aura vAkeTanAgala bhaNDArakara aura vAkeTanAgala ke matAnusAra pAli sabase purAnI prAkRta hai; ataH pAli zabda prAkRta se hI banA hai| jaise-prAkRta > pAkaTa > pAaDa > pAala > pAli / ise kucha aura pariSkRta rUpa meM upasthita kiyA jAye, to pAli taka vikAsa hone meM eka rUpa kA vyavadhAna aura bhI ho sakatA hai| jaise-prAkRta > pAkaTa > pAaDa > pAla > pAla > paali| yaha vyutpatti bhI vAstavika kama aura mAnumAnika adhika hai| prAkRta se vAstava meM koI eka bhASA nahIM samajhI jaatii| usake prAdezika dRSTyA kaI bheda haiN| pAli usake kisI eka bheda para AdhRta hai; isalie usa bheda ke sAtha zAbdika sambandha jAr3e jAne kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA, to eka bAta thii| para, sIdhe prAkRta se usakA zAbdika sambandha jor3akara eka kalpita vikAsa-krama kA svarUpa upasthita karanA aitihAsika aura vaijJAnika tathyoM se zUnya hai| rAjavADe rAjavADe ne pAli kA sambandha saMskRta ke 'prakaTa' zabda se jor3ane kI kalpanA kI hai| tavanusAra prakaTa > pAaDa> pAmala > pAli; isa prakAra pAli zabda kI vyutpatti 1. Indian Historical Quarterly, December 1928, P. 429-30. 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli bhASA ora piTaka-bAGmaya [ 167 sadhatI hai| isa vyutpatti kA kiMcit vistAra aura ho sakatA hai-prapaTa > pADa > pAala > pAla > paali| prAkRta zabda se kI jAne vAlI vyutpatti kI taraha yaha vyutpatti bhI vizeSa sArthaka nahIM hai; ataH vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM isakA prAmANya nahIM hai| prakaTa zabda aura pAli zabda ko artha-saMgati bhI nahIM bntii| kaSTa kalpanA dvArA cAhe jo kiyA jaaye| pAleya : prAleyaka : pAli kucha vidvAnoM ne prAleya yA prAleyaka zabda ke sAtha pAli kA sambandha jor3ane yA usakI vyutpatti batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai / prAleya yA prAlayaka zabda ke kaI artha haiM, jinameM eka parvata yA himAcchAdita parvata bhI hai| para, isa mata kI carcA karate hue DA. bholAnAtha tivArI aura DA0 bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ne prAleya yA prAleyaka kA artha par3osI likhA hai| pracalita artha to aisA pratIta nahIM hotaa| magadha ke pAsa ke ( uttara ke ) parvatIya bhAga kI bhASA yA magadha ke hI parvatIya bhAga ( rAjagRha Adi ) kI bhASA; isa prakAra dUrAnvita saMgati karate hue prAleya > pAleya > pAli; isa taraha kI vyutpatti kI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai| para, yaha tathyaparaka nahIM hai|| samIkSA pAli kI vyutpatti yA vikAsa ke sandarbha meM aneka vidvAnoM ke vicAroM kA samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se cintana apekSita hai / bauddha vADamaya meM abhidhAna dIpikA nAmaka eka prasiddha kozagrantha hai| usameM pAli zabda ke artha para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vahAM pAli zabda ko tantitantra, buddha-vacana aura paMkti kA artha-bodhaka mAnate hue unakI vyutpatti kI gaI hai| vahAM likhA gayA hai ki jo pAlana karatI hai, rakSA karatI hai, vaha pAli hai| Age prazna upasthita kiyA gayA hai ki kisakA pAlana karatI hai ? kisakI rakSA karatI hai ? isakA uttara dete hue vahAM likhA gayA hai-"atthaM pAti" arthAt artha kI rakSA karatI hai, buddha-vacanoM kI rakSA karatI hai / pAli ne buddha-vacanoM kA kisa prakAra pAlana kiyA ? kisa prakAra unakI rakSA 1. (ka) prAleya = hima, kuharA, osa, tuSAra, adri, zaila, himAcchAdita pahAr3a, himAlaya, razmi, candramA, kapUra, olaa| -saMskRta-hindI-koza, pR0 692, vAmana zivarAma aaptte| (kha) Hail, Snow, Frest, dew, snow-mountain, Hima-vat, frosty___rayed, the moon. -Sanskrit-English Dictionary, P. 702, by Sir Monier Williams. 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 kI ? vahAM eka uttara hai ki tripiTaka ke rUpa meM unakA saMkalana kara unakI rakSA kii| sAtha-hI-sAtha dUsarA uttara hai ki bauddha dharma ke parama bhakta aura unnAyaka laMkAnareza vaTTagAmaNi ke samaya meM tripiTaka ko lekha-baddha kara unakI rakSA kii| pAli buddha-vacana bhI hai aura pAli paMkti bhI hai| tripiTaka ke saMkalana ke rUpa meM pAli buddha-vacana hai aura unakI lekha-baddhatA kI apekSA se pAli paMkti hai| abhidhAnadIpikAkAra ne pAli zabda kA jo nirvacana kiyA hai, vaha usake itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai| eka bahuta mahatva kI bAta vahAM chUTa gayI hai| pariyAya zabda para abhivAna-dIpikAkAra ne koI vizeSa carcA nahIM kii| unhoMne vahAM kevala usakA paryAyapAyo "buddha-vacana" zabda hI de diyA hai| aisA ho sakatA hai ki pAli zabda kA nirvacana karate samaya pariyAya aura pAli ko bhASA vaijJAnika saMgati kI ora unakA dhyAna na gayA ho| -bhASA ke artha meM pAli ke prayoga ke sandarbha meM pichale pRSThoM meM pUrva vihita carcA se spaSTa hai ki pAli zabda kA prayoga 14vIM zatI taka kahIM bhI usa bhASA ke artha meM nahIM kiyA gayA, jisameM buddha-vacana haiN| spaSTa rUpa meM nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki bhASA ke lie yaha zabda kisa prakAra prayoga meM Ane lgaa| DA0 bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ne isa sambandha meM aisA mata dhyakta kiyA hai-"pahale 'tanti' zabda kA prayoga mUla tripiTaka yA usake kisI grantha ke lie pAli ke artha meM hone lagA, yathA 'vinaya-tanti' arthAt 'vinaya paali'| bAda meM tipiTaka kI bhASA ko ghotita karane ke lie siMhala meM tanti-bhASA' jaisA sAmAsika zabda pracalita humA / usI kA samAnArthavAcI zabda 'pAli-bhASA' bhI bAda meM prayukta hone lgaa| pAlibhASA' arthAt pAli ( buddha-vacana ) kI bhaassaa| bAda meM svayaM pAli zabda hI bhASA ke lie prayukta hone lgaa| Aja 'pAli' se tAtparya usa bhASA se liyA jAtA hai, jisameM sthaghirabAda bauddha dharma kA lipiTaka aura usakA sampUrNa upajIdhI sAhitya rakkhA huA hai|" - DA0 upAdhyAya ne jo krama prastuta kiyA hai, vaha bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| tanti-bhASA yA pAli-bhASA kA jo prayoga bauddha sAhitya meM hone lagA thA, vaha eka AdhAra hai, jo pAli ke vatamAna artha ko saMgati pradAna karatA hai / DA0 upAdhyAya ne spaSTa kiyA hai, tanti-bhASA yA pAli-bhASA kA artha thA, buddha ke vacanoM kI bhaassaa| yaha bAta sambhAvita pratIta hotI hai ki Age cala kara bhASA zabda sahaja hI haTa gayA ho aura mAtra pAli' zabda baca pAyA ho / pAli ko aAdhArabhuta bhASA ... pAli kI mAdhArabhUta bhASA kona sI thI, isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| jisa 1. pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 10 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGmaya [ 169 bhASA meM tripiTaka likhA gayA, usake lie mAgadhI, magadha bhASA, mAgadhA nirukti tathA mAgadhika bhASA jaise zabdoM kA ullekha huA hai| ina zabdoM se yaha vyakta hotA hai ki vaha bhASA magadha deza meM bolI jAne vAlI thii| laMkA kI paramparA bhI use magadha kI bhASA mAnatI hai| usake anusAra mAgadhI hI vaha mUla bhASA hai, jisameM samyak sambaddha bhagavAn buddha ne upadeza kiyaa| kaccAna vyAkaraNa meM bhI aisA hI ullekha hai| vahAM use saMsAra ko mUla bhASA' aura vaha bhASA kahA gayA hai, jisameM samyak sambuddha ne bhASaNa kiyaa| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne bhI aisA hI mAnA hai| samanta-pAsAdikA meM unhoMne likhA hai ki samyak sambaddha (bhagavAn buddha ke dvArA prayukta bhASA mAgadhI hI hai| apane dharma se sambaddha bhASA ke prati vyakti kA anurAga sahaja hI bar3ha jAtA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM vaha AsaMga yA Asakti kI somA meM calA jAtA hai| phalataH vyakti vastuparakatA ke sthAna para prazasti kI bhASA meM bolane lagatA hai| buddhaghoSa vidvAn hone ke sAtha-sAtha bauddha dharma ke AcArya bhI the, isIlie bahu-mAnavaza yahAM taka likha dete haiM ki mAgadhI saba prANiyoM kI mUla bhASA yA Adi bhASA hai| saMsAra kI Adi bhASA ke sandarbha meM yaha carcA kI jA cukI hai| laMkA kI paramparA laMkA meM Aja bhI yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ki jo bhASA pAli kahalAtI hai, vaha bhagavAn buddha ke samaya meM magadha meM bolI jAtI thii| laMkA ko paramparA meM bhagavAn buddha ke tripiTakAtmaka vacanoM kI bhASA ko to mAgadhI kahA hI gayA hai, bArahavoM-terahavIM zatI meM racita aTThakathAoM taka kI bhASA ko bhI vaha mAgadhI kahane meM tuSTi aura garimA kA anubhava karatI hai| terahavIM zatI kA eka suprasiddha grantha hai, cuulvgg| vaha mahAvaMsa kA parivaddhita saMskaraNa hai| usakA eka prasaMga hai| revata sthavira ne AcArya buddhaghoSa se kahA ki laMkA jAkara siMhalI aTThakathAoM kA mAgadhI meM anuvAda kro| usI prasaMga meM Age likhA gayA hai ki AcArya buddhaghoSa ne reSata sthavira ke Adeza ke anusAra aisA hI kiyaa| vahAM likhA gayA hai ki sabhI siMhalI aTThakathAoM kA mUla bhASA mAgadhI meM parivartana kara diyA gayA / isase kucha pUrva 12 vIM zatI meM mauggalAna ne pAli-vyAkaraNa kI racanA kii| vahAM unhoMne prArambha meM kahA hai ki ve mAgaghI kA zabda-lakSaNa yA vyAkaraNa vaNita kreNge| brahmadeza ko paramparA piTaka aura tadupajIvI vAGamaya kI bhASA ke sambandha meM siMhalI paramparA kA hI prAyaH 1. sA mAgadhI mUla bhAsA.... 'sambuddhA cApi bhAsare / 2. cUlavagga pariccheda 37, gAthA 229-230 2010_05

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17.] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 3 barmI paramparA meM anukaraNa huA hai| theravAda meM siMhala aura barmA kA sabase mahatvapUrNa sthAna mAnA jAtA hai| barmI paramparA meM bhI aisI mAnyatA hai ki magadha kI bhASA meM hI, jo usake anusAra vizva kI mUla bhASA hai, bhagavAn buddha ne upadeza kiyA, jo tripiTaka ke rUpa meM upalabdha hai| 16 vIM zato meM barmA meM vidhizAstra para pAli meM mohavicchedanI nAmaka grantha racA gyaa| barmI pAli-vAGamaya meM usakA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| usameM bhI aisA hI nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAna buddha ke upadeza ko bhASA ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM pracalita aneka mAnyatAoM meM se upayukta mata eka hai| anya matoM para bho saMkSepa meM prakAza DAlA jA rahA hai, tAki prastuta viSaya para samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se paryAlocana kiyA jA sake / pro0 rAyasa DeviDa sa ... pro. rAyasa DeviDsa ne pAli para bahuta kArya kiyaa| unake mantavya kA sArAMza hai ki bhagavAna buddha kauzala pradeza ke the| unakI mAtRbhASA vahI tho, jo kauzala pradeza meM pracalita thii| yaha svAbhAvika hai ki upadeSTA apanI mAtR-bhASA meM hI upadeza karatA hai; bhataH jise Aja pAli kahA jAtA hai, usakA AdhAra I0 pU0 chaThI-sAtavIM zatI meM kauzala pradeza meM pracalita bhASA thii| pro0 yAyasa DeviDsa kA yaha bhI kathana hai ki bhagavAn buddha ke parinirmANa ke pazcAt lagabhaga eka zatAbdI kI avadhi meM mukhyatayA unake upadeza kauzalapradeza meM hI saMkalita kiye gaye / ujjayinI-bhASA aura pala __ eka aisA mata hai, jisake anusAra pAli ujjayinI-pradeza, jise Aja mAlava kahA jAtA hai, kI bolI para AdhArita hai| isa mata ke udbhASaka vesTara gArDa aura I0 kuhana haiN| unhoMne mukhyatayA isake do kAraNa diye haiN| pahalA yaha hai ki giranAra ( saurASTra ) meM azoka ke zilAlekha kI bhASA se isakI sabase adhika samAnatA hai| dUsarA kAraNa ve yaha batalAte haiM ki samrATa azoka ke putra kumAra mahendra, jinhoMne siMhala meM bauddha dharma kA pracAra kiyA aura pAli tripiTaka ko pahuMcAyA, apane zaizava se hI ujjayinI-pradeza meM rahe the| vahIM kI bhASA unako mAtR-bhASA thI, jisameM ve tripiTaka ko le gaye / 1. The pali Literature of Burma, p. 88-89 (London, 1909) 2. History of pali Literature, vol. I, p. 50-56 ( Preface ) : Dr. Law 3. Budhistic Studies, P. 233, Edited by Dr. Law ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA mora piTaka-vAGamaya pali aura vindhya pradeza kI bhASA pAli ke udbhava ke sambandha meM eka mata yaha bhI hai ki baha vindhya pradeza kI bhASA ke AdhAra para vikasita hai| isa mata ke puraskartA Ara0 o0 phraiMka haiN| unhoMne isakA kAraNa yaha batalAyA hai ki pAli kI giranAra ke zilAlekha kI bhASA se sarvAdhika samAnatA hai| ___vesTara gArDa aura I0 kuhana ne bhI yahI kAraNa pAli ko ujjayinI kI bhASA para AdhArita batAte hue upasthita kiyA hai| yahAM prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kyA vindhya pradeza aura ujjayinI-pradeza kI bhASA eka thI yA bahuta kucha samAna thI ? Ara0 o0 phaka ne yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki madhyadeza ke pazcimI bhAga ke zilAlekhoM se pAli kA svarUpa bahuta mela khAtA hai| unhoMne unase kucha asamAnatAeM bhI batalAI haiM / vindhya pradeza madhyadeza kA hI eka bhAga hai| usakI bhASA kA sambhavataH pazcimI madhyadeza ( ujjayinIpradeza ) kI bhASA para vizeSa prabhAva rahA hogaa| yahI AdhAra Ara0 o0 pheMka ko pAli kA udgama-sthala vindhyadeza ke pazcimI bhAga ko mAnane meM sambhavataH utpreraka huA ho / sTaina kono sTaina kono' ne bhI vidhya pradeza ko hI pAli kA udbhava sthAna svIkAra kiyA hai| para unhoMne jo kAraNa diye haiM, ve pRthak haiN| unake vicAra Ara0 o0 ka se mela nahIM khAte / sTena kono kA kahanA hai ki pAli paizAcI prAkRta ke bahuta samAna hai| dUsarI bAta unhoMne yaha sthApita kI hai ki paizAcI prAkRta vindhya pradeza meM ujjayinI ke Asa-pAsa pracalisa thii| sTena kono ne paizAcI ke vindhya pradeza ke antargata ujjayinI ke paripArzva meM bole jAne kA jo ullekha kiyA hai, bhASA-vaijJAnikoM kI dRSTi meM vaha samIcIna nahIM hai| paizAcI ujjayinI yA mAlava meM prayukta nahIM thii| suprasiddha bhASA-tatvavid sara jArja griyasana ne paizAcI ko kekaya aura pUrvI gAndhAra kI bolI batalAyA hai| sTena kono kA mata priyasana ke pratikUla hai| vastutaH vidva samAja meM griyasana kA mata hI vizeSa samAdRta hai aura yukti pukta bhI hai| 1. Pali Literature and Language, p. 3-4 ( Preface ) Dr. Gaigar, 2. History of Indian Literature, vol. II, P. 604 2010_05

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172 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana kaliMga-bhASA aura pAli eka mata isa prakAra hai, jo pAli ko kaliMga deza kI bhASA ke AdhAra para vikasita mAnatA hai| isa mata ke udbhAvaka DA. olDana varga haiN| unake kahane kA tAtparya hai ki laMkA ke nikaTavartI hone ke kAraNa kaliMga se hI laMkA meM bauddha dharma kA saMcAra zatAbdiyoM taka hotA rhaa| unake anusAra taba jo kaliMga kI bhASA tho, ghahI kucha vikasita aura parivartita hokara pAli ke rUpa meM astitva meM AI aura bauddha dharma ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM laMkA, phuNcii| DA0 olDana varga ne dUsarI bAta yaha kahI hai ki kaliMga meM khaNDagiri (hAthI gumphA) meM khAravela kA jo zilAlekha hai, usako bhASA pAli ke bahuta nikaTa hai| khAravela kA lekha kaliMga kI tatkAlIna bhASA meM ho, yaha sarvathA svAbhAvika pratIta hotA hai| laMkA meM dharma-pracAra ke lie samrATa azoka kA putra mahendra aura putrI saMghamitrA gaye; yaha aitihAsikoM dvArA prAyaH svIkRta tathya hai / DA. olDana varga ise prAmANika nahIM mAnate / ve kaliMgavAsiyoM dvArA hI laMkA meM bauddha dharma ke pracArita hone ko prAmANikatA kI koTi meM lete haiN| unake anusAra kaI zatAbdiyoM taka kaliMgavAsiyoM kA laMkA meM bauddha dharma kA pracAra karane kA prayatna rhaa| I0 nulara DA. olDana bagaM ko taraha I0 mUlara kA bhI mata hai ki kaliMga hI pAli ke udbhava kA deza hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki kaliMga se hI sabase pahale ( bhAratIya ) laMkA meM jAkara base aura vahAM bauddha dharma kA pracAra kiyaa| samIkSA pAli kA AdhArabhUta bhASA ke sambandha meM mata-matAntaroM ke ullekha ke anusAra siMhalI paramparA mAgavo bhASA ko pAli kA jo AdhAra mAnatI hai, usase katipaya vidvAn sahamata nahI haiN| unake anusAra mAgadhI kisI bhI taraha pAli kA AdhAra nahIM hai| pro0 rAyasa DeviDsa kA mata siMhalI paramparA se eka apekSA se mela khAtA hai| pro0 rAyasa DeviDsa kA kahanA hai ki bhagavAn buddha kauzala meM utpanna hue| unhoMne mukhyataH magadha meM vihAra kiyaa| kauzala deza meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa unako mAtR-bhASA kauzala kI bolI thii| unakA vihAra aura kArya-sthala magadha rahA; ataH vahAM ke jana-jana ko samajhAne ke lie mAgadhI se bhI unakA sambandha jur3atA hai / mAtR-bhASA ke nAte eka niSkarSa yaha nikalatA hai ki ve kauzala kI bhASA 1. vinayapiTaka, DA0 olDana varga dvArA sampAdita, jilba 1, bhUmikA pR. 1-56 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-bAGamaya [ 173 meM bole hoN| dUsarA niSkarSa yaha nikalatA hai ki unheM magadha kI janatA ko samajhAnA thA; ata: bahuta sambhava hai ki unhoMne kauzala aura magadha kI bhASA ke mizrita rUpa kA vyavahAra kiyA ho| pro0 rAyasa DeviDsa ne isa sandarbha meM kahA hai ki azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM jisa bhASA kA prayoga huA hai, vaha I0 pU0 chaThI-sAtavIM zatI meM kauzala pradeza meM bolI jAne vAlo bhASA kA vikasita rUpa hai| isake-paripAvaM meM pro. rAyasa DeviDsa ne yaha bhI sambhAvanA kI hai ki azoka ke samaya meM kauzala pradeza ko TakasAlI bhASA ( Stardard Language ) hI magadha-sAmrAjya kI rASTra-bhASA (rAja-bhASA) rahI ho / . DA0 viNTaranitja ne pro. rAyasa DeviDsa ke isa mata para zaMkA karate hue kahA hai ki I0 pU0 chaThI-sAtavIM zatI meM kozala-pradeza kI bhASA kA kyA rUpa thA, isakI Aja jAnakArI hI kyA hai ? jAnakArI ke binA use pAli kA mUla kisa AdhAra para mAnA jA sakatA hai| pro0 rAyasa DeviDsa kI kalpanA ke asaMgata lagane kA eka dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki magadha-sAmrAjya apane yuga kA supratiSThita sAmrAjya thaa| vaha apanI rAja-bhASA ke lie kisI par3osI pradeza kI bhASA ko svIkAra kare, yaha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ? azoka ke samaya meM magadha-sAmrAjya unnati ke carama zikhara para pahuMcA huA thaa| aisI sthiti meM adhika samocIna yahI pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya magadha meM jo bhASA thI, use hI rAjabhASA kA gaurava prApta huA ho| itanA avazya hai ki jaba kisI kendrIya rAjya meM kaI dUsare pradeza sammilita ho jAte haiM, to jo rAja-bhASA banatI hai, usakA mukhya AdhAra to eka hI bolI hotI hai, para, anyAnya pradezoM kI boliyoM ke liye bhI usameM sthAna rahatA hai| koI rAja-bhASA yA kendrIya bhASA sarvasammata, sarvagrAhya tathA sarvopayogI tabhI ho sakatI hai; isalie kauzala pradeza kI bolI ko pAli kA AdhAra mAnanA yuktisaMgata pratIta nahIM hotA / isI prakAra vesTara gADaM, kuha na, phaMka aura sTena kono ke mata eka-eka apekSA ko liye hue haiN| unameM sarvAgINatA nahIM hai| vindhya pradeza kI bhASA ko pAli kA AdhAra mAnanA lagabhaga vaisA hI hai, jaisA kauzala kI bhASA ko pAli kA AdhAra maannaa| ina vibhinna matoM ke paripAzvaM meM pAli kI kucha aisI vizeSatAe yA usake kucha aise vizeSa lakSaNa pratIta hote haiM, jinase vibhinna pradezoM kI bhASAoM ke sAtha usako sambandha jor3ane ke AdhAra mila jAte haiN| isakA Azaya yaha huA ki kisI eka bolo ko mukhya AdhAra ke rUpa meM gRhIta karane para bhI use antantiIya rUpa lene ke lie Asa-pAsa ke pradezoM kI aneka boliyoM kI vizeSatAoM ko yathAsambhava svIkAra kara lenA par3A / 1. History of Indian Liteature, vol. II, P. 605 2010_05 |

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174 ] Agama ora tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 ____ phreMka ne eka bAta aura kahI hai, jo bar3I vicitra pratIta hotI hai| unake anusAra Aja jise pAli kahA jAtA hai, jisameM tripiTaka aura tadupajIvI sAhitya racA huA hai, vaha bhASA sAhityika pAli hai| buddhadeva ke samaya meM bhAratavarSa meM bolI jAne vAlI AryabhASAoM ko phaMka ne pAli kahA hai| phraMka kA yaha mata samIcInI aura yukti sagata nahIM lgtaa| bhagavAn baddha ke samaya bhAratavarSa meM jo Aya-bhASAe dainandina vyavahAra meM pracalita thIM, unake viSaya meM naI sthApanA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / ve to apane-apane pradezoM ke nAmoM ke anurUpa bhinna-bhinna nAma pAlI prAkRtoM ke rUpa meM suvidita haiM hii| una sabake lie pAli jaisA eka nAma kalpita karanA sarvathA asaMgata lagatA hai| tripiTaka kI bhASA ke lie pAli zabda ke sAtha sAhityika zabda jor3anA bhrAmaka jaisA hai| DA. olDana varga aura I* mUlara pAli ko kaliMga se siMhala pahuMcane kA ullekha karate haiM, vaha bhI kevala kalpanA mAtra pratIta hotA hai| yadi siMhala ko bhASAoM ke sAtha bhArata ke pUrvI pradeza tathA pazcimI pradeza kI bhASAoM kI tulanA kI jAe, to siMhala kI bhASAoM kA pUrvI bhASAoM ke sAtha nahIM, pratyuta pazcimI bhASAoM ke sAtha nekaTya pratIta hotA hai| pAli ke mUla AdhAra ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM dvArA taraha-taraha se UhApoha kiyA gayA hai| mAgadhI ko pAli kA AdhAra mAnane meM vibhinna vidvAnoM ke apane vizeSa cintana haiN| bhikSu siddhArtha, bhikSa jagadIza kAzyapa, jemsa elvisa, cAilDasaM, viDiza, viNTaraniraja, griyasana tathA gAyagaya Adi vidvAnoM ne bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNoM se mAgadhI ko pAli kA srota svIkAra kiyA hai| jemsa elvisa tathA cAilDasaM kA yaha mAnanA hai ki buddha ke samaya bhAratavarSa ke bhinnabhinna pradezoM meM solaha prAdezika boliyAM pracalita thiiN| unameM jo bolI magadha meM bolI jAtI thI, bhagavAn buddha ne apane upadezoM kA mAdhyama usI ko banAyA / viDiza ke bho lagabhaga ye hI vicAra haiN| viNTaranitja ne bhI isI vicAra ko prazraya diyA hai| unake mata meM thor3A-sA bheda avazya hai| unakA kathana hai ki pAli eka sAhityika bhASA yo| sAhityika bhASA kA vikAsa aneka prAdezika boliyoM ke mizraNa se hotA hai| viSTaranitja itanA avazya mAnate haiM ki una prAdezika boliyoM meM, jinake samanvaya se pAli astitva meM mAI, prAcIna mAgadhI kA mukhya sthAna thaa| sara jAna niyasana ne sAmAnyataH mAgadhI ko pAli kA AdhAra to mAnA hai, para, unhoMne pAli meM usa samaya kI pazcimI boliyoM kA prabhAva dekhate hue kahA hai ki pAli 1. History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, p. 13 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGmaya [ 175 kA AdhAra vizuddha mAgadhI nahIM hai| usakA AdhAra koI pazcimI bolI hai| griyarsana kI kalpanA aura Age bar3hatI hai| ve kahate haiM ki pAli kA AdhAra mAgadhI kA vaha rUpa hai, jo takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya meM pracalita po| unake anusAra usI meM tripiTaka kA saMskaraNa vahAM sampanna humA / DA0 kItha ne 'dI homa oNpha pAli' zIrSaka nibandha meM isakA khaNDana kiyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya meM zikSA ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM pAli ke vyavahRta hone ke sambandha meM griyasana yA kisI dUsare vidvAn ne aisI koI yukti nahIM dI hai, jo kATI na jA sake / tripiTaka ke vahAM saMkalita kiye jAne ke bAre meM bhI koI prAmANika AdhAra yA yukti unhoMne prastuta nahIM kI hai| vastuta: magadha aura takSazilA ke madhya bahuta adhika vyavadhAna hai| magadha se cala kara takSazilA pahuMcane taka boca meM aneka prAdezika boliyAM A jAtI haiN| aisI sthiti meM mAgadhI kA koI rUpa takSazilA jaise dUra pazcima ke sthAna meM prayukta rahA ho, aisA sambhAgya nahIM lgtaa| tripiTaka ke takSazilA meM saMkalita hone kA bhAdhAra bhI sarvathA anupalabdha hai| jarmana vidvAn DA* gAyagara ne prastuta prasaMga para jo mata upasthita kiyA hai, vaha kAphI khoja pUrNa aura vicAraNIya hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki mAgadhI kisI pradeza-vizeSa yA janapada-vizeSa kI bolI jAne vAlI eka aisI bhASA thI, jo antaraprAntIya rUpa liye hue thii| vaha bhagavAn buddha ke yuga ke pUrva se hI vikAsonmukha thii| eka antaraprAntIya yA sAmAnya bhASA ( Common Language ) ke vividha pradezoM meM bole jAne meM thor3I bhinnatA to sahaja ho hI jAtI hai, para, usakI maulika ekatA vicchinna nahIM hoto| bhagavAn buddha ne isI bhASA ko apane pravacana ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| jisa antaraprAntIya bhASA kI carcA kI jA rahI hai, yaha svAbhAvika thA ki usameM aneka prAdezika boliyoM ke tatva vidyamAna rheN| buddha magadha ke nahIM the, parantu, unake jIvana kA adhikAMza kArya bhI vahIM sampAdita huA; ataH yaha svAbhAdhika thA ki unakI bhASA magadha kI bolI se prabhAvita ho| sArarUpa meM DA0 gAyagara kA mata yaha hai ki pAli vizuddha mAgadhI to nahIM tho, para, mAgadhI para Azrita eka sAmAnya loka-bhASA thI, jisameM buddha ne apanA sandeza prasArita kiyaa| 1. R. G. Bhandarkar Commemoration, Volume, P. 117-123 ( 'dI homa oNpha liTarerI pAli' zIrSaka DA0 griyarsana kA lekha ) 2. Budhistic Studies, Edited by Dr. Law, P. 739 2010_05

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176 ] mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [khaNDa : 2 mAgadhI ke jo lakSaNa gheyAkaraNoM ne nirUpita kiye haiM, unake anusAra kyA pAli ko mAgadhI para AdhArita mAnA jA sakatA hai athavA mAgadhI kA koI dUsarA rUpa, jisakA spaSTa darzana prApta nahIM hai, usakA AdhAra rahA ho| isa sambandha meM samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra Avazyaka hai| bhASA pahale banatI hai aura dhyAkaraNa usake anantara / mAgadhI ke vyAkaraNa ke sAtha bhI yaha lAgU hai| vyAkaraNa kisI bhASA ko niyamita, maryAdita tathA tatsamakakSa anya bhASAoM se pRthaka karane kA upakrama hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki pazcAdvartI vyAkaraNoM dvArA bhASA ke pUrvavartI rUpa ko pakar3A nahIM jA sktaa| vyAkaraNa se bandha jAne ke pazcAt bhASA kI pravAhazIlatA-jIvitatA dhyAhata ho jAto hai| prAkRta vaiyAkaraNoM ne mAgadhI kA jo vizleSaNa kiyA hai, usake sAtha tripiTaka aura tadupajIvI sAhitya kI bhASA mela nahIM khaatii| katipaya abhilekhoM tathA nATakoM meM mAgadho kA jo prayoga huA hai, unake sAtha tulanA karane para yaha spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki pAli usase nizcaya hI bhinna hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki abhilekhoM, nATakoM aura prAkRtabyAkaraNoM kA astitva pAli ke bAda kA hai| mAgadhI kI mukhya vizeSatAeM mAgadhI meM 'ra' ke sthAna para 'la' hotA hai aura 'sa' ke sthAna para 'za' / ' pulliga akAra nta zabdoM kI prathamA vibhakti eka vacana meM a ke sthAna para e hotA hai athavA pulliMga prathamA ekavacana kA rUpa ekArAnta hotA hai| zUdraka-kRta mRcchakaTika kA nimnAMkita zloka mAgadhI ke lakSaNoM kA paricAyaka hai : kiM yAzi dhAvazi palAazi pakkhalantI, bAzU pazIda Na malizzazi ciTTha dAva / kAmeNa daNjhadi hu me haDake tavazzo, aMgAlalAzipaDide ia maMzakhaNDe // ( kiM yAsi dhAvasi palAyase praskhalantI, vAsu prasIda na mariSyasi tiSTha tAvat / kAmena dahyate khalu me hRdayaM tapasvi, aMgArarAzipatitamiva mAMsakhaNDam // ) 1. rasaulezau / / 8 / 4 / 288 mAgadhyAM rephasya dantyasakArasya ca sthAne yathAsaMkhyaM lakArastAlaThayazakArazca bhavati / -siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsanam 2. ata etsau pusi mAgadhyAm / / 8 / 4 / 287 mAgadhyAM bhASAyAM sau pare akArasya ekArau bhavati pusi pullige| -siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsanam / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-mASA aura piTaka-vAGamaya [ 177 pAli meM rakAra yapAvat banA rahatA hai| kabhI-kabhI aniyamita rUpa meM usakA lakAra meM parivartana ho jAtA hai| yaha sarvavyApI niyama nahIM hai, kAdAvika hai| udAharaNArtha, saMskRta kA taruNa zabda pAli meM taluNa ke rUpa meM bhI prayukta hotA hai aura taruNa ke rUpa meM bhii| pAli meM sa ( dantya ) za ( tAladhya ) meM parivartita hotA hI nhiiN| mAgadhI meM tAlavya za ko bahulatA hai| usameM dantya sa kI taraha mUrdhanya Sa bhI tAlavya bana jAtA hai| jaise, puruSaH-sulize, sa:ze / pulliga kI taraha akArAnta napuMsaka liMga zabdoM meM bhI prathamA vibhakti ke eka pacana meM ekArAnta rUpa banate haiN| pAli meM na pulliMga meM aura na napusaka liMga meM hI yaha niyama lAgU hotA hai| vahAM pulliMga meM okArAnta aura napusaka liMga meM anusvArAnta rUpa hote haiN| kahIM-kahIM kAdAcitkatayA ekArAnta rUpa bhI dekheM jAte haiM, para, vaisI niyama-baddhatA jarA bhI nahIM hai| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki pAli aura prAkRta saMskRta kI taraha vyAkaraNa ke jaTila aura kaThora niyamoM meM pratibaddha nahIM haiM; ata: yatra-tatra aisA bhI kucha ho jAtA hai, jo vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se saMgata nahIM hai| para, use kSamya aura sahya mAnA jAtA hai| kevala magadha pradeza taka hI sImita rahane vAlI bolI pAli kA eka mAtra AdhAra nahIM ho sktii| pAli usa milI-julI TakasAlI bhASA yA antara prAntIya ( Inter Provincial ) bhASA para hI AdhArita mAnI jA sakatI hai, jo madhyamaNDala yA madhyadeza kI bhASA thii| madhyadeza kA svarUpa sAdhAraNatayA sambhavata yaha rahA hogA-pazcima meM janapada arthAt Aja ke hariyANA ke pazcimI bhAga se lekara pUrva meM magadha arthAt dakSiNa bihAra, uttara meM AvastI ( seMTha maheTha-uttarapradeza ) se lekara dakSiNa meM avanto ( ujjaina yA mAlava ke kSetra) taka vistRta bhUbhAga / itane vizAla kSetra meM vaha bhASA, jo sAmAnya bhinnatA ke sAtha sarvatra samAna rUpa se kAma meM Ae, kisI eka hI pradeza se sambaddha nahIM ho sktii| itanA ho sakatA hai ki rAjanIti yA zAsana kI dRSTi se jo kendra-sthAna ho, usa kSetra kI bhASA kI vahAM mukhyatA rhe| usa yuga meM magadha rAjanaitika dRSTi se samagra uttara bhArata kA kendra thaa| yadyapi candragupta maurya se pUrva aisA samrATa magadha meM nahIM huA, jisakA Adhipatya samagra uttara bhArata meM avyAhata rUpa meM prasRta ho sakA ho, phira bhI magadha meM aneka aise zAsaka hote rahe haiM, jinakA magadha ke samIpavartI Asa-pAsa ke pradezoM para Adhipatya rahA thaa| yadi Adhipatya nahIM rahA, to unakA prabhAva to avazya hI thA; ataH sAre madhyamaNDala kI samanvita yA sammizrita bhASA para magadha kI bolI kA prabhAva rahanA asaMgata nahIM diikhtaa| kendrIya prAdhAnya ko dyotita karane kI dRSTi se usakA mAgadhI nAma pracalita rahA hai, yaha sehajatayA sambhava pratIta hotA hai / arddhamAgadhI aura pAli __ prAkRta ke bhedoM meM eka bheda addha' mAgadhI hai| baha jainoM ke aMga-sAhitya kI bhASA hai| 2010_05

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. 178 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana / khaNDa : 2 isa para vistRta vivecana agrima adhyAya meM kiyA jaayegaa| pAli ke sandarbha meM jo carcanIya hai, usase sambaddha vicAra kiyA jA rahA hai| addhamAgadhI kA sAmAnyatayA yaha artha hai ki vaha bhASA, jo zaurasenI aura mAgadhI bhASAe bole jAne vAle kSetra ke bIca ke bhAga meM bolI jAtI thii| isakA phalita yaha hotA hai, addhamAgadho vaha bhASA hai, jisameM mAgadhI aura zaurasenI donoM kA samanvita rUpa prApta hotA hai| addha mAgadhI kA artha eka dUsare prakAra se bhI kiyA jAtA hai| tadanusAra vaha bhASA, jisameM mAgadhI ke Adhe lakSaNa milate hoM, bhaddhamAgadhI hai| mAgadhI ke mukhyataH tIna lakSaNa haiN| usameM mUrdhanya Sa aura dana ya sa ke badale tAlavya za tathA ra ke sthAna para la kA prayoga hotA hai| akArAnta pulliMga zabdoM ke kartA kAraka eka vacana meM e pratyaya prayukta hotA hai| addha mAmadhI meM tAlavya za kA prayoga bilakula nahIM hotaa| ra ke sthAna meM la kA prayoga kabhI-kabhI hotA hai / akArAnta pulliMga zabdoM ke prathamA vibhakti ke ekavacana meM e pratyaya kA prayoga adhikAMzataH hotA hai| isa prakAra mAgadhI ke Adhe lakSaNa isameM milate haiN| isakI kAraka-racanA meM dUsarI vizeSatA yaha pAI jAtI hai ki adhikaraNa yA saptamo vibhakti meM e aura mmi ke atirikta aMsi pratyaya bhI prApta hotA hai| jaise, vaNe, vaNammi, vrnnsi| dazavakAlika sUtra ke nimnAMkita udAharaNa se yaha spaSTa hotA hai : lahAvitti sumaMtuThe appicche suhare siyA / Asuratta na gacchejjA socANaM jiNasAsaNaM / / ( rukSavRttiH sumantuSTaH alpecchaH sumaraH syAt / . . asuratvaM na gacchet zrutvA jinazAsanam / / ) lUDasa kA mata hai ki prAcona addhamAgadhI pAli kA mUla AdhAra hai| unake anusAra tripiTaka sAhitya addhamAgadhI bhASA meM likhA gayA / tatpazcAt usakA pAli meM rUpAntaraNa huA / lUDarsa pAli ko pazcimI bolI para Azrita mAnate haiM / unakA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki isa samaya tripiTaka meM jo pAli kA svarUpa prApta hai, usameM mAgadhI kA jo yatkiMcit darzana hotA hai, vaha prAcIna addha'mAgadhI ke avaziSTa aMzoM ke cale Ane se hai| pAli meM rUpAntaraNa karate samaya ye aMza bace raha gaye / / kItha ne lUDasaM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| unake kathana kA abhiprAya hai ki Age calakara addhamAgadhI kA vikAsa jisa sAhityika addhamAgadhI prAkRta meM huA, vaha lUDarsa dvArA parikalpita prAcIna addhamAgadhI thI, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / 1. 2. Budhistic Studies, P. 734 I bid; P. 734 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGmaya [ 179 lUDasa ne prAcIna addhamAgadhI ke rUpa meM jisa bhASA kA aMkana kiyA hai, vAstava meM usakA apanA svatantra rUpa prApta nahIM hai| lUDarsa ne azoka ke zilAlekhoM tathA azvaghoSa ke nATakoM ke avaziSTa aMzoM ke AdhAra para prAcIna addhamAgadhI kI kalpanA kI hai| para, ye AdhAra ucita nahIM kahe jA sakate; kyoMki ye pazcAdvartI haiN| azoka ke zilAlekhoM ke sambandha meM Age vistAra se carcA kI jaaegii| phrAMsa ke vidvAn silavAM levI kA bhI isI prakAra kA mata hai| unhoMne yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki pAli tripiTaka bhagavAna buddha ke maulika vacana nahIM haiN| vAstava meM pAli ke sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM jo matAnakya yA sandehAtmakatA rahI, usakA mukhya AdhAra pAli ke rUpa kI bahuvidhi vizeSatAe haiN| buddha ne aisI bhASA meM upadeza diyA, jo nAma se to mAgadhI kahalAtI thI, jisakA mukhya AdhAra magadha pradeza kI bolI thA, para, pazcima pradeza kI anyAnya boliyoM kA mizraNa bhI usameM thaa| isa pahalU para kucha dUsarI apekSAoM se bhI cintana Avazyaka hai| sAtha-hI-sAtha bhagavAn buddha ke yuga, unakA viharaNakSetra, ziSya-sampadA, paristhitiyAM, Adi ke sandarbha meM bhI prastuta viSaya ke parizIlana kiye jAne para kucha aura prakAza mila sake / buddha-yuga : pAripAzvika sthitiyAM bhagavAn buddha kuru janapada se magadha aura vindhya se himAlaya taka arthAt inake madhyavartI aneka pradezoM, janapadoM, kSetroM meM vihAra karate rahe the| bauddha vAGmaya meM 'majjhimesu' 'pavesu' ke nAma se isa bhUbhAga kA ullekha huA hai| yaha bhI sarvavidita hai ki bhagavAn buddha kA dharma-sagha jAtIya uccatA tathA nIcatA ke bhAva se pare thaa| unake dharma-saMgha meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, pazya, zUdra; sabhI jAtiyoM ke loga binA kisI bheda-bhAva ke sammilita hote rahe the| jisa prakAra bhinna-bhinna jAtiyoM aura vargoM ke loga bhagavAn buddha ke saMgha meM the, usI prakAra vibhinna pradezoM ke loga bhI the| buddha ke upadeza maukhika the| unake jIvana-kAla meM nahIM, prayuta unake parinirvANa ke do tIna sadiyoM ke bIca unake upadeza saMkalita hue| unakA lekhana to aura vilamba se huA / arthAt I0 pUrva pahalI zatAbdI meM ve laMkA meM likhe gaye / kAla kI itanI lambI avadhi meM unake rUpa meM aneka parivartana tathA parivardhana kyA sambhava nahIM haiM ? DA0 gAyagara ne vizeSa balapUrvaka yaha sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki bhASA tathA viSaya; donoM kI dRSTi se pAli-tripiTaka bhagavAn ke mUla pacana haiM / vinayapiTaka ke cullavagga meM eka kathA hai| do brAhmaNa bhikSa the| eka kA nAma yamelu aura dUsare kA tekula thaa| 2010_05

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180 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [ khaNDa : 2 ve vaidika paramparA se Aye the| bauddha bhikSu ho jAne para bhI unake mana para, kucha-kucha vaidika saMskAra the| ve dekhate haiM ki nAnA jAtiyoM aura gotroM ke bhikSu bhagavAn buddha ke vacanoM ko apanI-apanI bhASA meM rakha kara dUSita kara rahe haiN| vahAM cullavagga meM "sakAya niruttiyA buddha-vacanaM dUsenti" ina zabdoM kA prayoga hai| taba brAhmaNa bhikSa bhagavAna buddha ke pAsa jAte haiM aura unase nivedana karate haiM-"bhagavan ! acchA ho, hama Apake vacanoM ko chandasa meM rUpAntarita kara deN|' bhagavAn buddha ne unheM khaa-"nhiiN| aisA karanA aparAdha hogaa|" tadanantara unhoMne bhikSuoM ko vidhyAtmaka bhASA meM Adeza dete hue kahA-"bhikSa o| maiM apanI bhASA meM baddha-vacana kA parijJAna karane ko anujJA detA huuN|" prAktana saMskAravaza brAhmaNa-bhikSuoM kA loka bhASAoM ke prati kucha aruci kA bhAva paa| prAcIna paramparA aura pravRttivaza jisa chandas ko ve parama pavitra mAnate A rahe the, sahasA usake prati unakA Adara sarvathA miTa jAe, yaha sambhava nahIM thaa| tabhI to unhoMne bhagavAn baddha ke samakSa ukta prastAva rakhA thaa| AcArya buddhadhoSa ne "chandaso AropemAti" kA Azaya spaSTa karate hue likhA hai : "vedaM viya sakkaTabhAsAya vAcanAmaggaM Aropema' arthAt veda kI taraha saMskRta bhASA meM Aropita -rUpAntarita kara deN| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne yahAM jo 'sakkaTa bhAsA' pada kA prayoga kiyA hai, usake saMskRta meM do rUpa banate haiM-satkRta bhASA tathA saMskRta bhASA / DA. vimalAcaraNa laoN ne kevala saMskRta bhASA artha ko svIkAra kiyA hai aura AcArya buddhaghoSa kI AlocanA kI hai| DA0 bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ne DAH laoN ke vicAra ko samIkSA karate hue likhA hai : 'saMskRta zabda pANini ke bAda kA hai aura vaha laukika saMskRta kA vAcaka hai| chandas zabda usa prAcIna AryabhASA kA dyotaka hai, jisameM saMhitAe likhI gayI haiN| bhagavAn buddha ko yahI artha abhipreta ho sakatA thaa| svayaM tripiTaka meM "sAvitthI chandaso mukha" jaise prayogoM meM chandas zabda kA prayoga veda ke lie hI huA hai; ataH yahAM bhI buddha kA tAtparya veda kI bhASA se hI thA, jisake viparIta buddhaghoSa kA mata bhI nahIM hai / 3 DA0 upAdhyAya sakAya-niruttiyA kA artha spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM : "bhagavAn buddha kI cAroM varSoM kI zuddhi aura usake viSaya meM unakI AcArya-muSTi ( rahasya-bhAvanA ) 1. handa mayaM bhante buddhavacamaM chandaso AropemAti / 2. anujAnAmi bhikSave sakAyaniruttiyA buddhavacanaM priyaapunnitu| 3. pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 24 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGamaya 181 na hone ke kAraNa hama yaha to svAbhAvika hI mAna sakate haiM ki nAnA pradezoM se Aye hue bhikSa apanI apanI boliyoM meM hI buddha-vacanoM ko samajhane kA prayatna karate hoNge|"1 ____ buddha ne bhikSuoM ko 'sakAya niruttiyA' kA jo Adeza diyA, isa sambandha meM DA. gAyagara kA artha eka bhinna dizA meM jAtA hai| unhoMne batAyA hai ki bhagavAn buddha kI anujJA meM jo 'sakAya niruttiyA' zabda AyA hai, usakA anvaya 'bhikkhave' ke sAtha nahIM, buddha-vacana ke sAtha hai / sakAya niruttiyA kA anvaya bhikkhane ke sAtha hotA hai, to artha kI saMgati ke lie vo ( tumako ) pada AnA cAhie thaa| tabhI usakA artha bhikSuoM kI apanIapanI bhASA ho sakatA thaa| para mUla-pATha ke sAtha 'vo' zabda nahIM AyA hai; ataH yaha sahaja hI siddha hotA hai ki vyAkaraNa ke anusAra 'sakAya niruttiyA' zabda bUddha-vacana se sambaddha hogA / tadanusAra ukta vAkya kA artha yaha hogA ki "bhikSa o ! buddha-vacana ko usakIbuddha-vacana kI bhASA meM sIkhane kI maiM anujJA detA huuN|" isakA niSkarSa yaha huA ki vuddhavacana ko mAgadhI bhASA meM hI sIkhane kI buddhadeva ne AjJA dii|' AcArya buddhaghoSa ne 'sakAya niruttiyA' kI vyAkhyA isI prakAra kI hai : "yahAM sa kA nirutti-svakA nirukti-svakIya bhASA se samyak sambuddha dvArA prayukta mAgadhI bhASA ke vyavahAra kA tAtparya hai|" DA0 gAyagara ne isa tathya para bahuta bala diyA hai ki buddha-vacanoM ko maulika evaM prAmANika rUpa meM akSuNNa tathA aparivatyaM banAye rakhane kI usa samaya bahuta tatparatA thI aura yaha sambhava hai ki bAda meM bhI usakA anusaraNa hotA rhaa| unhoMne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki na to bhagavAn buddha kA hI aura na bhikSuoM kA hI mantavya isa prakAra kA ho sakatA thA ki ve ( bhinna-bhinna pradezoM ke bhikSu ) bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM meM buddha-ghacana adhigata kreN| DA* gAyagara ne 'sakAyanirutiyA' kI apanI-apanI bhASAparaka vyAkhyA ko anucita ThaharAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| bhikSu siddhArtha ne bho AcArya buddhaghoSa aura DA0 gAyagara ke mata kA anusaraNa kiyA / hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki jaba bhagavAn buddha ne saskRta jaisI parimArjita aura samAhata bhASA meM apane upadezoM ko rakhe jAne kI svIkRti nahIM dI, taba yaha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ki ve apane upadezoM ko sAdhAraNa bolacAla kI bhASA meM rakhe jAne kI anujJA dete| unake anusAra 1. pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 22 / 2. Pali Literature & Language P. 6-7 3. etya sakA nirutti nAma sambhA sambuddhana vuttappakAro mAgadhako vohaaro| 4. Pali Literature and Languages, P. 7 2010_05

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162 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana isase buddha-vacanoM ko maulikatA aura prabhAvazIlatA kaise Tikato? unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM vyakta kiyA hai ki isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki buddha ne apanA upadeza magadha deza kI TakasAlI bhASA meM hI diyaa| unake ziSyoM ne usI meM usako sIkhA aura usI meM dUsaroM ko sikhaayaa| saMskRta jaisI parimArjita bhASA meM buddha-vacana na rakhe jAne kA tarka prastuta karate hue bhikSu siddhArtha sAdhAraNa bolacAla kI bhASA meM unheM rakhe jAne ko anujJA kaise hotI, yaha jo hetu diyA hai, samIcIna nahIM lgtaa| saMskRta vyAkaraNa-baddha evaM rUr3ha bhASA hai| use bahuta kama loga samajha sakate the| usa bhASA meM buddha-vacana rakhe jAnA eka bhinna bAta hai aura bolacAla ko bhASA meM rakhA jAnA sarvathA anya / donoM meM sAdRzya nahIM hai| phira bhagavAn buddha to bolacAla kI bhASA ke pakSapAto the hI / mUla bAta apanI-apanI bhASAoM-aneka bolacAla kI bhASAoM meM buddha-vacana adhigata kiye jAne kI hai| bhikSu siddhArtha ne isI kA parihAra kiyA hai| para, hetu prastuta karate samaya unheM sUkSamatA kA dhyAna kama rahA hai| unhoMne niSkarSa rUpa meM jo vicAra vyakta kiye haiM, unakA Azaya eka vyApaka artha liye hue hai| para, AcArya buddhaghoSa, DA0 gAyagara aura svayaM unhoMne bhagavAna buddha ke upadezoM kI bhASA ko magadha kI bolacAla kI bhASA ke yathAvat rUpa se jor3ane kA jo prayAsa kiyA hai, vaha upayukta abhiprAya se mela khAtA huA nahIM diikhtaa| TakasAlI mAgadhI aura magadha pradeza kI bolacAla kI mAgadhI eka nahIM ho sktiiN| bhagavAn buddha ne apane upadezoM ke lie usa bhASA ko apanAyA jo kendrIya rAjya-sattA maNDala yA madhya deza kI TakasAlI bhASA thii| kyA unhoMne yaha apekSA nahIM ko ki bhinna-bhinna pradezoM ke bhRikSa, uso meM unake bacanoM kI anujJAta kreN| sAmAnyataH vaha kendra-bhASA, samparka-bhASA yA rASTra-bhASA sabhI sambaddha pradezoM meM samajhe jA sakane yogya thI hii| viNTaranitja ne sakAya niruttiyA ke sandarbha meM DA0 gAyagara kA khaNDana kiyA hai| unhoMne "bhikkhave' ke sAtha 'vo' pada jor3ane kI anivAryatA nahIM maanii| unhoMne kahA hai ki prasaMga se vaha svayaM samajhe jA sakane yogya hai| DA0 bI0 sI0 laoN aura DA0 kItha ne bhI DA0 gAyagara ke mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| DA. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ne bhI DA. gAyagara ke mata ko mAnyatA nahIM dI hai| DapasaMhAra tathAgata ko kiso bhASA vizeSa ke prayoga meM Agraha nahIM thA, para, eka stara-bhASA ko svIkAra karanA to unake lie Avazyaka jaisA thaa| bhikSugaNa cAhe kisI bhI pradeza ke hoM, 1. Budhist Studies, P. 649 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ! pAli bhASA aura piTaka - vAGamaya [ 183 buddha vacana kA parijJAna karane hetu kisI eka bhASA kA hI avalambana upayukta rahA hogA / bhaviSya meM yaha sambhAvanA to ho hI sakatI hai ki vibhinna pradeza ke bhikSuoM dvArA parijJAta yA gRhIta kiye gaye buddha vacana ke pATha meM kucha antara par3a jAe / para, aisA ho pAnA kama vyavahAryaM pratIta hotA hai / yadi buddha vacana ko isa prakAra bhinna-bhinna bhASAoM yA boliyoM meM sIkhe jAne kI sthiti hotI, to usameM eka rUpAtmakatAparaka samanvaya kabhI sambhava nahIM thA / pAli-dhvaniyoM kI vizeSatA saMskRta kI dhvaniyoM se tulanA karane para pAli-dhvaniyoM kI kaI vizeSatAeM jJAta hotI haiN| pAli meM R, R, lR, ai, au, ina pAMca svaroM kA prayoga nahIM pAyA jAtA / prAkRta meM bhI aisA hI hai / pAli meM R svara a, i, u meM se kisI eka meM parivartita ho jAtA hai / prAkRta meM bhI aisI hI pravRtti prApta hai / pAli meM hrasva e aura hrasva o ke rUpa meM do naye svara aura prApta haiM / prAkRta meM bhI aisA hI hai / pAli meM visarga kA vyavahAra nahIM hotA / prAkRta meM bhI visagaM prayukta nahIM hai / mUddha nya S aura tAlavya zpAli meM prayukta nahIM hote / mAgadhI ke atirikta anya prAkRtoM meM bho mUddha nya S aura tAlavya zvyavahRta nahIM hote / pAli meM La vyaMjana kA prayoga hotA hai / vaidika saMskRta meM bhI La kA prayoga milatA hai, para, laukika saMskRta meM yaha prayukta nahIM hotA / prAkRta meM isakA prayoga rahA hai / yahAM yaha jJAtavya hai ki mithyA sAdRzya ke kAraNa kahIM-kahIM la ke sthAna para bhI La kA prayoga ho jAtA hai / pAli meM ha svatantra rUpa meM prANa-dhvani vyaJjana mAnA gayA hai, kintu, yadi vaha y, r, l, v yA anunAsika se saMyukta ho, to usake uccAraNa meM eka vizeSa prakAra kA antara A jAtA hai / pAli-vyAkaraNoM meM isa prakAra ke ha ko orasa ( uras = hRdaya se utpanna ) kahA gayA hai / dhvani-parivartana pAli meM a, i, u, e tathA o; ye hrasva svara vidyamAna rahate haiM / prAyaH sabhI prAkRtoM meM bhI aisA hai / udAharaNArtha, saMskRta ke mukham zabda kA pAli rUpa mukhaM aura prAkRta rUpa muha hotA hai| yahAM hrasva donoM jagaha vidyamAna hai| isI prakAra saMskRta kA priya zabda pAli meM piya aura prAkRta meM bhI piya hotA hai / saMskRta meM yadi akAra saMyukta vyaMjana pahale ho, to pAli meM kahIM-kahIM usakA e ho jAtA hai / jaise, zayyA zabda kA pAli rUpa seyyA hogA aura prAkRta rUpa sejjA / 2010_05

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184 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [ khaNDa : 2 pAli ke ikArAnta aura ukArAnta zabdoM ke rUpa meM vibhaktyanta akAra tathA ukArA dIrgha ho jAte haiN| jaise, saMskRta ke tRtIyA vibhakti ke bahuvacana ke rUpa agnibhiH ke sthAna para pAli meM aggIhi hogaa| saptamI vibhakti bahuvacana ke agni ke sthAna para aggIsu hogaa| saMskRta meM saMyukta vyaJjana se pUrva jo i aura u hote haiM, pAli zabdoM meM ve kramazaH e aura o ho jAte haiN| jaise, saMskRta ke puSkara zabda kA rUpa pAli meM pokkhaya hogaa| ___R kA pAli tathA prAkRta meM kahIM a, kahIM i aura kahIM u ho jAtA hai| pAli meM lu kA bhI u ho jAtA hai| jaise, saMskRta kA klapta zabda pAli meM kuta hogaa| padAnta meM jahAM saMskRta meM dIrgha svara hotA hai, pAli meM vaha hasva ho jAtA hai| jaise, deva zabda kI SaSThi vibhakti kA rUpa devAnAm pAli meM devAnaM hogaa| __ saMyukta vyaJjana se pUrva saMskRta meM jina zabdoM meM dIrgha svara hotA hai, pAli meM vaha hasva ho jAtA hai / jaise, saMskRta ke jINaM zabda kA pAli rUpa jiNNa hogaa| prAkRta-rUpa bhI yahI hogaa| pAli meM svara-bhakti ke vyavahAra kA bAhulya hai| svara-bhakti meM jaba saMyukta vyaJjana asaMyukta yA pRthak kara diye jAte haiM, taba saMyukta vyaJjana se pahale Ane vAlA dIrgha svara pAli meM hasva ho jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha, caitya zabda kA pAli rUpa cetiya aura mauya' kA moriya hogaa| pAli aura prAkRta meM visarga kA prayoga nahIM hotaa| vahA~ visarga tIna taraha se parivartita hotA hai| zabda ke bIca meM yadi visarga ho, to Age Ane vAle vyaJjana meM usakA samAveza ho jAtA hai| jaise, duHsaha kA pAli rUpa dussaha hogaa| akArAnta ke Age sthita visarga pAli meM o meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| jaise, buddhH-buddho| ikArAnta aura ukArAnta zabdoM ke Age Ane vAle visarga lupta ho jAte haiM; jaise, agniH aggi| vyaMjana-parivartana vyaJjanoM ke sambandha meM parivartana-sambandhI katipaya mukhya niyama nimnAMkita rUpa sAmAnyataH saMskRta zabda ke prArambha meM vidyamAna asaMyukta vyaJjana pAli meM yathAvat bane rahate haiM / jaise, kR dhAtu ke vartamAnArthaka lUTa lakAra prathama puruSa eka vacana kA karoti rUpa pAli meM karoti hI rahatA hai| prAkRta meM vaha karedi ho jAtA hai| pAli aura prAkRta meM 'ka' bathAvata rahA hai| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli bhASA aura piTaka -bAGa mayaM [ 185 D, bh, N, n aura m; saMskRta ke ina pAMca anunAsika vyaJjanoM meM se kevala na aura ma ke atirikta anya vyaJjana zabda ke Adi meM prayukta nahIM hote| pAli meM bhI aisI hI sthiti hai | prAkRta meM nU kA Na ho jAtA hai / zabda ke prArambha meM sthita y r l v pAli meM yathAvat bane rahate haiM / kahIM-kahIM rl meM parivartita ho jAtA hai, jo mAgadhI prAkRta kI vizeSa pravRtti hai / udAharaNArtha, mAgadhI meM rAjA kA sarvatra lAjA hogA / pAli meM yaha kAdAcitka hai / saMskRta meM zabda ke Adi meM vidyamAna aghoSa alpaprANa vyaJjana ( k, t, p Adi ) pAli meM usI varga ke aghoSa mahAprANa ( kh th, ph Adi ) ho jAte haiM / udAharaNArtha, saMskRta ke kola, kujaH tathA parazu pAli meM khIlo, khujjo tathA pharasu ke rUpa meM parivartita hoMge | kahIM-kahIM isa niyama ko viparItatA bhI dRSTigata hotI hai / abhiprAya yaha hai ki saMskRta aghoSa mahAprANa vyaMjanoM ke sthAna para pAli meM usI varga ke aghoSa alpaprANa vyaJjana bhI ho jAte haiM / udAharaNArtha, bhagino ke sthAna para pAli meM bahinI aura bahiNI bhI dekhA jAtA hai / zabda ke madhya meM sthita saMskRta aghoSa sparza vyaJjana pAli meM usI ghagaM ke ghoSa sparza vyaJjanoM ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAte haiM / udAharaNArthaM, 'mAkandiya' kA 'mAgandiya' aura 'utAho' kA 'udAha' ho jAtA hai / zabda ke madhya meM vidyamAna vyaMjanoM meM aghoSa alpaprANa vyaMjana pAli meM usI varga ke aghoSa mahAprANa vyaMjana ho jAte haiM / jaise, sukumAra kA pAli rUpa sukhumAla ho jAtA hai / vyaMjana pAli meM kahIM-kahIM aghoSa bhI ho jAte haiM / jaise, saMskRta ke ghoSa sparza kuzIda = kusIta / kahIM-kahIM saMskRta ke dantya vyaMjana pAli meM prAyaH mUnya ho jAte haiM / arthAt ta, tha, ddhU, n, pAli meM T Th D lha aura Na ho jAte haiM / jaise, dAha=DAha, zakuna = saguNa, prathama = paThama ho jAtA hai / yaha niyama prAyaH Adi aura madhya donoM hI sthAnoM para sthita vyaMjanoM ke lie hai / zabda ke madhya meM sthita saMskRta ke tAlavya sparza varNoM ke sthAna para pAli meM kahIM-kahIM dantya sparza varNaM ho jAte haiM / jaise, cikitsA = tikicchA / zabda ke madhyavartI mUddha nya sparzaM varNoM ke sthAna para pAli meM kahIM-kahIM dantya sparza varSA ho jAte haiM / jaise, DiNDima - deNDim | 2010_05

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186 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 na ke sthAna para pAli meM kahIM-kahIM r yA la bhI hotA hai| jaise, nairaMjanA=neraMjarA, enel| saMskRta ke Na varNa ke sthAna para pAli meM kahIM-kahIM La hotA hai| jaise, vennu-belu| yaha niyama zabda ke madhya sthita vyaMjana kI apekSA se hai| saMskRta ke r varNa ke sthAna para pAli meM bahulatayA la ho jAtA hai, r bhI banA rahatA hai| udAharaNArtha, saMskRta ke taruNa zabda kA pAli rUpAntara taluNa bhI hai aura taruNa bhii| zabda ke madhyavartI la ke sthAna para pAli meM kahIM-kahIM r ho jAtA hai| jaise, Alambana-ArammaNa / zabda ke madhyavartI ya ke sthAna para pAli meM v ho jAtA hai| jaise, Ayudha Avudha / zabda ke madhya sthita v ke sthAna para pAli meM ya ho jAtA hai| jaise, dAva-dAya / yaha niyama sarvathA vyApaka nahIM hai; ataH kabhI dAva kA dAva bhI rahatA hai| saMskRta ke v varNa ke sthAna para pAli meM m bhI ho jAtA hai| jaise, drvidd-drmil| ThIka isake viparIta eka niyama yaha bhI hai, saMskRta ke m ke sthAna para pAli meM va ho jAtA hai| jaise, mImAMsA-vImAMsA : pAli meM varNa-viparyaya ke udAharaNa bahuta milate haiN| zabda ke bIca meM vidyamAna vyaMjana paraspara meM eka-dUsare ke sthAna lete hue bhI pAye jAte haiN| kiso khAsa varNa ke lie yaha niyama nahIM hai, para, adhikAMzataH isakA sambandha ra vyaMjana se hai| jaise, kareNu-kaNeru / ___ saMskRta kA s pAli meM kkha yA ccha ho jAtA hai| jaise, kakSa-kaccha, parIkSAparikkhA, azi-akkhi yA acchi / saMskRta ke haga , han, ham , haya , hava; ina saMyukta vyaJjanoM ke sthAna para pAli meM kramazaH Na ha., naha , mha , yaha , aura vaha ho jAte haiM / arthAt bAda meM Ane vAle Na n, m, ya aura v pahale cale jAte haiN| pahale vAle unake Age cale jAte haiN| jaise, aparAhaNa=aparaNha, cihana se cinha, jiha vA jivhA / saMskRta ke zan, zam, SaNa, m, sn, sam, yathAkrama aha , mha, Naha, maha., nha, aura maha, ho jAte haiN| se, prazna-paJha, azma=amha, uSNa-uNha, grAma=gimha, snAna-nhANa, vismaya=vimhaya / saMskRta zabdoM ke anta meM jo vyaJjana Ate haiM, pAli meM ve lupta ho jAte haiN| prAkRta meM bhI aisI hI pravRtti hai| udAharaNArtha, pAli meM bhagavAn kA bhagavA aura samyaka kA sammA hotA hai| ___ 2010_05 .

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aura sAhitya ] pAli 5- vAGa maya 1 pAli bhASA aura piTaka - vAGmaya pAli kA sabase prAcIna vAGamaya tripiTaka ke rUpa meM prApta hai / tripiTaka kA arthaM tIna piTAriyAM haiM / aisA anumAna karanA asaMgata nahIM lagatA ki bhagavAn buddha ke vacana saMgRhIta kiye jAne para pRthak-pRthak viSayoM ke anusAra tIna piTAriyoM meM rakhe gaye hoNge| kucha samaya pazcAt vaha vAGmaya alaga-alaga tIna piTakoM ke rUpa meM prasiddha ho gayA / [ 187 IsA se pAMca sau varSa pUrva kA samaya bhArata meM AdhyAtmika va dhArmika dRSTi se krAnti kA samaya thA / ye krAntiyAM pUrvI bhArata meM huI / aisA lagatA hai, yajJa-pradhAna vaidika saMskRta aura dhArmika paramparA vahAM jana mAnasa ko sambhavataH adhika parituSTa nahIM banAye rakha sakI hogii| loka-mAnasa meM kucha aisI mAMga rahI hoMgI, jisakA abhipreta zAnti kA mArga prApta karanA thA / phalataH mahAvIra aura buddha ke rUpa meM do mahAn krAntikArI vyaktitvoM kA udaya eka hI samaya meM huA yadyapi avaidika paramparA ke aura bhI katipaya krAntikArI AcArya the, jinake sambandha meM pahale iMgita kiyA gayA hai, para, vartamAna meM unakA koI bhI sAhitya prApta nahIM hai / kevala bhagavAn mahAvIra tathA tathAgata buddha kA sAhitya milatA hai / 2010_05 taba smRti meM rakhane kI vizeSa bhagavAn buddha ne upadezoM ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM loka bhASA ko svIkAra kiyA / unhoMne jana-jana ko apane sandezoM se AplAvita karane ke lie jIvana aura dharma ke tatva-jJAna para bahuta kucha kahA / unake samparka meM loga Ate the, unase prazna pUchate the / ve unakA uttara dete the / aneka dharma-pariSadeM hotI thIM, jinameM ve pravacana karate the / sahasroM loga unake pravacanoM kA zravaNa karate the / buddha kA apanI svayaM kI sAdhanA ke sAtha-sAtha yAvajjIvana yaha loka-kalyANa kA krama gatizIla rahA / tathAgata ke ve sabhI upadeza maukhika the / unake samaya meM unake upadezo kA lekhana nahIM huA / yadyapi usa samaya lekhana kalA yA lipi jJAna anadhigata nahIM thA, para aisA lagatA hai, dharmopadeza ko paramparA thI / prazna upasthita hotA hai ki yadi lekhana kalA isake lie koI santoSajanaka samAdhAna to nahIM milatA, para hai ki jisa taraha vaidika paramparA meM vedoM ko kaNThAgra rakhane kI eka vizeSa pravRtti thI, sambhavataH buddha ke vacanoM ke lie bhI yahI pravRtti rahI ho / buddha vacanoM ko dhAraNa karane vAle refbhakSu / isakA artha yaha huA ki buddha jaba-jaba bolate, tIvra smRti ke dhanI bhikSu unheM kaNThastha kara lete / aise bhikSuoM ke lie vinayadhara, dhammadhara, suttantika; mAtRkAdhara Adi vizeSaNa prApta hote haiM / jo bhikSu vinaya-piTaka yA vinaya athavA AcAra-sambandhI vacanoM kI dhAraNa karane vAle the; ve vinayadharA kahalAte the / isI prakAra jo dharma yA dharmaMsiddhAnta athavA suta-piTaka ko dhAraNa karane vAle the, ve dhammaghara yA suttantika kahalAte the / jJAta thI, to aisA kyoM ? itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA

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188 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [ khaNDa :2 jo tAtvika upadeza sambandhI anukramaNikAoM ko dhAraNa karane vAle the, unheM mAtRkAdhara kahA jAtA thaa| anukramaNikAoM ko hI mAtRkAe kahA jAtA thaa| Age cala kara abhidhammapiTaka kA vikAsa unase hI huaa| mahAvagga, cullavagga ,dodha-nikAya tathA aMguttaranikAya Adi meM etatsambandhI ullekha haiN| eka prazna svAbhAvika hai ki tripiTaka meM jo buddha-vacana Aja prApta haiM, kyA ve bhagavAn buddha dvArA diye gaye samasta upadeza haiM ? tripiTaka kA bhI svayaM kA aisA dAvA nahIM hai ki bhagavAn buddha ne jo kucha kahA, vaha sabakA saba unameM saMgRhIta hai| aneka aise bhI vacana ho sakate haiM, jo tathAgata ke mukha se uccarita hue, para, kaNThastha nahIM rakhe jA sake hoN| isake sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI samIkSaNIya hai ki tripiTaka meM jo kucha hai, kyA vaha akSarazaH buddha-vacana hI hai| tripiTaka ke lekhana se pUrva hue unake saMkalana para kucha vicAra apekSita hai, jisase ye tathya svayaM spaSTa ho jaayeNge| tripiTaka kA saMkalana bhagavAn buddha ke parinirvANa ke tIna mAsa bAda rAjagRha meM vebhAra parvata ke utarI pAzrva meM sthita saptaparNI guphA meM bauddha bhikSuoM ko sabhA huI, jisakA uddezya buddha-vacanoM kA saMgAnasaMkalana yA saMgraha thaa| buddha ke parinirvANa ke kevala tIna mAsa bAda hI aisA kyoM Avazyaka pratIta huA ki buddha ke vacana saMgRhIta kiye jAe ? buddha eka prajAtAntrika vyavasthA se Aye the| unhone apane bhikSu-saMgha meM usI prakAra kI vyavasthA kii| unhoMne koI uttarAdhikArI ghoSita nahIM kiyA aura na apane saMgha ke bhikSuoM ko kisI uttarAdhikArI ke nirvAcana ke lie AdiSTa hI kiyaa| dharma-saMgha para vyakti vizeSa ke zAsana meM sambhavataH unakI AsthA na rahI ho| unake dvArA upadiSTa dharma aura vinaya hI bhikSu-saMgha kI zAsana-vyavasthA kA AdhAra rahe, isa prakAra kA unakA Azaya thaa| eka prasaMga hai, gopaka moggalAna ne Ananda se prazna kiyA- "bhadra Ananda ! kyA koI esA bhikSu hai, jise tathAgata ne yaha kahate hue ki mere nirvANa ke anantara yaha tuma logoM kA AdhAra hogA, isakA tuma sahArA loge, manonIta kiyA ?" Ananda kA uttara thA-"koI aisA zramaNa yA brAhmaNa nahIM hai, jise pUrNatva prApta, svayaMbodhita bhagavAn ne yaha kahate hue ki mere nirvANa ke anantaya yaha tuma logoM kA sahArA hogA, jisakA avalambana hama loga le sake, manonIta kiyaa|" gopaka moggalAna ne punaH pUchA-"para, kyA Ananda ! aisA koI bhikSu hai, jise saMgha ne svIkAra kiyA ho aura aneka buddha bhikSaoM dvArA jinake sambandha meM yaha kahate hue vyakta kiyA 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli bhASA aura piTaka - vAGmaya [ 189 gayA ho ki tathAgata ke nirvANa ke anantara yaha hamArA sahArA hogA, jisakA tuma avalambana le sakate ho / " Ananda ne kahA- - " aisA koI bhI zramaNa-brAhmaNa nahIM hai, jise saMgha ne mAnA ho.... aura jisakA avalambana hama le sakate haiM / "1 bhagavAn buddha ke anantara vidhivat uttAdhikArI ke rUpa meM kisI bhI vyakti kA manonayana nahIM huA, jo bhikSu saMgha ke saMcAlana kA AdhikArika rUpa se kArya kara sake / kyA karanA cAhie, kyA nahIM karanA cAhie; isa sambandha meM bhikSu saMgha ke lie koI AdhAra thA to kevala buddha vacana hI / bhagavAn buddha ke upadeza maukhika the| unake antevAsI unheM sunate the, jana-samudAya bhI sunatA thA / antevAsiyoM kA sambhavataH yaha prayatna rahatA thA ki ve vacana unakI smRti meM raha sakeM; isalie ve sambhavataH isa aura vizeSa jAgarUka bhI rahate rahe hoMge / vastutaH bhikSuoM kA jIvana dhyAna aura sAdhanA kA jIvana thaa| buddha vacanoM ko ve smaraNa to rakhate the, para unakA isase bhI adhika prayAsa unheM jIvana meM utArane kI ora thA / bhautika kAyA se jaba bhagavAn buddha nahIM rahe, to dAyitvazIla bhikSuoM ko sahasA yaha cintA huI ki tathAgata ke vacana sthira rahane cAhie | unake jIvana kAla meM to ve Azvata the ki jaba bhI koI zaMkA, vicikitsA hogI, bhagavAn se samAdhAna pA leMge, kintu unake anantara aba to unake pAsa kevala bhagavAn ke vacana hI AdhAra the, jinase ve samAdhAna pA sakate the / ve jAnate the ki manuSya meM aneka durbalatAeM haiM / avasara pAte hI ve ubhaya uThatI haiM aura mAnava ke satva ko dabA letI haiM, use patha-bhraSTa kara DAlatI haiN| bar3I sAthadhAnI, tatparatA tathA viveka ke sAtha mana kA niyamana karanA hotA hai / inhIM saba kAraNoM se bhikSuoM ko yaha Avazyaka lagA ki buddha ke vacanoM kA saMgAyana ( saMgAna ) kiyA jAe / bhikSuoM ko yaha bhI cintA thI ki bhagavAn ke vacanoM kI dharohara ko aba taka to ve saheje hue haiM, Age kauna sahejegA ? mAnavIya durbalatA kI jo carcA kI gayI hai, vaha kalpanA nahIM hai, yathArtha hai / isa sambamdha meM dIva - nikAya kA eka prasaMga vizeSataH mananIya hai / bhagavAn buddha ke anupAdhi-zeSa nirvANa dhAtu meM praviSTa ho jAne ko sAta dina bhI nahIM hue the, sukha pAye the ki samudra nAmaka eka vRddha bhikSu ko yaha bhikSuoM ke zoka kahate hue sunA ke AMsU bhI nahIM gayA - - 'AyuSmAn The Middle Length Saying, Vol. III, P. 59-60 1. 2010_05

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16. ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 bhikSuo! bahuta huaa| ava zoka mata kro| parivedanA-cilApa mata kro| hama usa mahAzramaNa se sumukta ho gaye / hameM vaha upadruta-pIr3ita kiyA karatA thA--yaha tumhAre lie kalpanIya-vidheya hai, yaha nahIM kalpanIya-avidheya hai| aba hama logoM kI jo icchA hogI, hama kreNge| jo icchA nahIM hogI, nahIM kreNge|" / eka vRddha bhikSu ke ye vacana niHsandeha Azcarya utpanna karate haiN| vAstavikatA yaha hai ki jaba koI abhiyAna yA Andolana sabhAvRta ho jAtA hai, to usameM aise loga bhI sammilita hone lagate haiM, jinameM unake prati saccI niSThA yA AsthA to nahIM hotI, para, jo usase apanA svArtha sAdhanA cAhate haiM, suvidhAyeM bhoganA cAhate haiN| yadi isa prakAra ke avasaravAdI loga bar3ha jAte haiM, to yaha abhiyAna TUTane lagatA hai| usase hone ghAle jana-kalyANa kA patha avaruddha hone lagatA hai| aisA lagatA hai, bhagavAna buddha ke dharma saMgha meM aise loga bhI praviSTa ho cuke the| vRddha bhikSu subhadra to khula kara sAmane AyA, para, na jAne aura bhI aise kitane hI hoNge| aisI kucha sthitiyAM thIM, jinase viveka aura sAdhanA ke dhanI bhikSu cintita ho uThe the| cullavagga meM isa sandarbha meM Arya mahAkAzyapa kI antardhedanA kA bar3e mArmika zabdoM meM ullekha huA hai| AyaM mahAkAzyapa ke muha se kahalAyA gayA hai-"Aja hamAre samakSa adharma dIpta ho rahA hai| dharma pratibAdhita ho rahA hai| avinaya dIpatA jA rahA hai aura vinaya pratibAdhita hotA jA rahA hai| AyuSman bhikssuo| hama dharma aura vinaya kA saMgAna kreN| saMgAna ko Azaya baddha ke vacanoM ke saMgraha yA saMkalana meM jo saMgAna yA saMgIti zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, usakA sambhavataH eka vizeSa abhipreta rahA hai| yadyapi bhagavAn buddha ne antara prAntIya 1. alaM aavuso| mA socitth| mA pridevity| sumuttA mayaM tena mahAsamaNena / upadrutA ca hom| idaM vo kappati, idaM vo na kappatIti / idAni pana mayaM yaM icchissAma taM krispaam| yaM na icchissAma taM na karissAma / -mahAparinivvANa sutta, ( dIdha02 / 3 ), vinaya-piTaka cullavagga paMcasatika khandhaka / 2. pure adhammo dippati, ghammo paTibAhiyati avinayo dipati, vinayo paTibAhiyati handa mayaM Avuso ! dhammaM ca vinayaM ca saMgAyAma / --vinaya-piTaka, culla-bagga ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGamaya [ 191 mAgadhI meM apanA upadeza diyA; ataH jina bhikSuoM ne use sunA, smRti meM rkhaa| usameM vizeSa bhinnatA kI AzaMkA to nahIM kI jAnI cAhie, phira bhI ve bhikSu bhinna-bhinna pradezoM ke nivAsI the, bhinna-bhinna pradezoM meM dharma sandeza ko prasRta karane ke hetu vihAra karate the; ataH una-una pradezoM kI tathA apanI bolI kA prabhAva par3anA anivArya thaa| maulika tathyoM ke sambandha meM bheda nahIM ho sakA, para, vacanoM ke kalevara yA zAbdika svarUpa meM kucha-na kucha bheda avazya par3A hogaa| aisI sthiti meM vibhinna vizeSajJa smRtidhara bhikSoM ko jaisA-jesA smaraNa thA, usakA anumelana kara, eka sarvasammata svarUpa svIkAra karake usakA sAmUhika rUpa meM uccAraNa, sasvara yA layapUrvaka pATha kiyA gayA hogA / use saMgAna yA saMgIti isalie kahA gayA hogaa| vaidika paramparA meM svara aura laya pUrvaka veda-pATha kA eka vizeSa krama thA hii| sAma-gAna Adi zabda isake dyotaka haiN| aisA anumAna hai ki buddha vacana ke svarUpasamanvaya yA pATha nirNaya ke sandarbha meM eka sAtha sama svara se uccArita kiye jAne ke kAraNa sambhavataH saMgAna yA saMgoti zabda kA prayoga bauddha paramparA meM cala par3A ho / saMgAna-samyak gAna, saMgIti-samyak gIti kA aisA abhiprAya bhI ho sakatA hai ki tanmayatA pUrvaka otaprota bhAva se buddha-vacanoM kA uccAraNa kiyA gayA hogA / yaha padyabhAga aura gadyabhAga donoM ke lie lAgU ho sakatA hai / prathama saMgIti prathama saMgIti yA bhikSuoM kI pahalI pariSad bhagavAn buddha ke parinirvANa ke cauthe mAsa meM huI / buddha kA parinirvANa vaizAkha zuklA pUrNimA ko huA thaa| tadanusAra yaha pariSad sambhavataH bhAdra mAsa meM honI cAhie / sabhI vinayadhara evaM dhammadhara bhikSuoM ko Amantrita kiyA gayA / bauddha vAGamaya ke anusAra isameM pAMca sau bhikSu sammilita hue the; ataH ise paMcazatikA ke nAma se bhI abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| isakI adhyakSatA AyaM mahAkAzyapa ne kii| bhagavAn buddha ke nikaTatama antevAso Ananda bhI isameM upasthita the| bauddha paramparA meM Ananda ke lie 'dhammavara vizeSaNa prApta hotA hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki Ananda dhamma ( dharma ) ke viziSTatama jJAtA the / vinaya ke marmajJa mahApati upAli bhI isa pariSad meM upasthita the| upAli ke lie bauddha vAGmaya meM 'vinayadhara' vizeSaNa kA prayoga huA hai / vinaya bauddha paramparA kA pAribhASika zabda hai, jisakA artha mukhyataH AcAra-niyama hai / usI prakAra dhamma kA pAribhASika artha dhArmika siddhAnta hai| upAli bauddha AcAra ke parama vettA the| AyaM mahAkAzyapa ne Ananda se dharma ke sambandha meM tathA upAli se vinaya ke sambandha meM aneka prazna kiye, jinakA unhoMne jaisA tathAgata se sunA thA, uttara diyaa| AyaM mahAkAzyapa ke zabdoM meM dhammaJca vinayaMJca saMgAyeyyAma arthAt dharma aura vinaya kA saMgAna kareM; sabake 2010_05

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162 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 samakSa prastAva AyA / bhikSuoM ne dharma aura vinaya kA saMgAna kiyA / isakA yaha Azaya pratIta hotA hai ki Ananda aura upAli ne jo uttara diye, anyAnya smRtimAn aura meghAvI bhikSuoM ne apanI smRti ke AdhAra para unakA samarthana kiyA hogaa| kucha pariSkAra, parivartana, parivaddhana Adi bhI sujhAye gaye hoNge| phira tulanAtmaka aura samanvayAtmaka rUpa meM sabake kathanoM para vicAra karate hue dhamma aura vinaya kA svarUpa nizcita kiyA gayA hogaa| sabane svIkRta pATha kA samaveta svarUpa se uccAraNa kiyA hogA / yahI sutta-piTaka aura vinaya-piTaka kA eka prakAra se pahalA saMkalana hai| prathama saMgIti kI aitihAsikatA bauddha paramparA meM isa saMgIti kI prAmANikatA nirbAdha hai| culla vagga ( vinaya-piTaka ), bIpavaMsa, mahAvaMsa, samantapAsAdikA (vinaya-piTaka kI buddhaghoSa-racita aTThakathA ) kI nidAnakathA, mahAbodhivaMsa, mahAvastu aura tibbatI dulva meM isa pariSad kA varNana hai| yadyapi varNana meM thor3I-bahuta bhinnatA avazya hai, para, mUla sthiti meM antara nahIM hai| sabhA bulAye jAne ke uddezyoM meM pRthaka-pRthak varNanoM meM kucha-kucha antara hai, jisakA vizeSa mahatva nahIM hai| kisI ne vRddha bhikSu subhadra ke durbhASita para vizeSa jora diyA hai, kisI ne isakA ullekha bhI nahIM kiyA hai aura kisI ne koI dUsare sAdhAraNa kAraNa upasthita kiye haiN| dhamma aura vinaya ke svarUpa-nirdhAraNa meM isake atirikta kisa-kisa kA kitanA yogadAna thA, isa viSaya para bhI vidvAnoM meM mata-bheda hai / cullavagga meM isa sambandha meM jo varNana hai, usake anusAra samagra kArya Arya mahAkAzyapa, Ananda aura upAli dvArA ho sampAdita huaa| dIpavaMsa meM jo varNana hai, usake anusAra katipaya anya bhikSuoM kA bhI vizeSa yogadAna rhaa| una bhikSuoM meM aniruddha, baMgIza, pUrNa, kAtyAyana aura koTTita Adi mukhya the| vastutaH isa saMgIti meM mukhya bhAga Arya mahAkAzyapa, Ananda aura upAli kA to thA hI, anya smRtimAn bhikSa bhI sahAyaka bane; tabhI to isane saMgAna kA rUpa liyaa| anyathA saMgAna nahIM kahA jAtA, kevala AyaM mahAkAzyapa, Ananda aura upAli dvArA kiyA gayA buddha-vacana kA AvataMna mAtra hotaa| buddhaghoSa kA abhimata prathama saMgIti meM dhamma ( suta) aura vinaya kA saMgAna huaa| isa samaya prApta suttapiTaka aura vinaya piTaka meM vaha kahAM taka yathAvat rUpa meM hai, isa para Age vicAra kiyA jaayegaa| abhidhamma ke saMgAna kI prathama sagIti ke sandarbha meM kahIM carcA nahIM miltii| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGmaya [ 193 isase sahaja hI prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kyA abhidhamma kA saMkalana prathama saMgIti ke anantara huA ? bauddha paramparA aisA nahIM maantii| vaha tInoM piTakoM kI racanA meM kAlabheda svIkAra nahIM krtii| vaha unakA sAtha-hI-sAtha racA jAnA yA saMkalita kiyA jAnA mAnatI hai / AcArya buddhaghoSa ne to spaSTa likhA hai-"isa prakAra paMcazatika saMgIti ke samara meM samagra buddha-vacana kA vinaya-piTaka, sutta-piTaka, abhidhammapiTaka tathA caurAsI hajAra dharma skandhoM ke rUpa meM vibhAjana kara, vyavasthApana kara saMgAna kiyA gayA / "] AcArya buddhaghoSa ne sumaMgalavilAsinI tathA samantapAsAvikA kI nidAna kathA meM bhI abhidhamma-piTaka ke viSayoM kA saMketa karate hue prathama saMgIti ke avasara para hI usake Akalita hone kA ullekha kiyA hai / / suprasiddha cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga, jo varSoM taka bhArata meM rahe, nAlandA vidyApITha ke AcArya bhI rahe, ne bhI isa tathya kA samarthana kiyA hai| tripiTaka kA jo rUpa rAjagRha kI pariSad meM nirdhArita huA, akSaraza: vaha vartamAna tripiTaka meM surakSita hai, aisA to nahIM kahA jA sakatA, para, itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki vartamAna tripiTaka mUlataH usI para AdhArita hai| tripiTaka kI prAmANikatA ke sandarbha meM cullavagga kA eka prasaMga hai| jisa samaya rAjagRha ke vebhAra parvata para yaha saMgIti huI, purANa nAmaka eka bhikSu udhara vihAra karatA huA A niklaa| usase kahA gayA, vaha bho saMgoti meM bhAga le| usane uttara diyA- "sthadhiroM ne dhamma aura vinaya kA sundara rUpa meM saMgAna kiyA hai| kintu, jaisA maiMne svayaM zAstA ke muha se zravaNa kiyA hai, grahaNa kiyA hai, vaisA hI AcaraNa kruugaa|"3 kucha vidvAnoM ne isa ghaTanA ko lekara rAjagRha meM huI pariSad kI prAmANikatA meM sandeha kiyA hai| unakA socanA hai ki purANa kI isa ukti meM rAjagRha kI pariSad meM bhikSuoM 1. evametaM savvaM pi buddhavacanaM paMcasatikasaMgItikAle saMgAyantena ivaM vinayapiTakaM, idaM suttanta piTakaM, idaM abhidhammapiTakaM, imAni caturAsIti dhammakkhandhasahassAnI ti imaM pabhedaM vavatthayetvA va saMgItaM / -aTThasAlino, pR0 23 (pUnA saMskaraNa, 1942) 2. tato anantaraM-dhammasaMgaNi vibhaMgaJca, kathAvatyuzca puggala, dhAtu - yamaka - paTTAnaM, abhidhammAti vuccatIti / evaM saMviNitaM sukhuma NamocaraM, tantiM saMgAyitvA idaM abhidhamma piTakaM nAmAti vatvA paJca arahantasatAni sajjhAyamakaMsu / 3. vinaya-piTaka, cullavagga, buddhacaryA, pR0 552 ____ 2010_05

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164 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 dvArA saMgAna kiye gaye dhamma aura vinaya ke prati aprAmANikatA kA bhAva hai / sambhavataH sArA bhikSu saMgha isameM sahamata bhI na rahA ho| DA. ramezacandra majUmadAra kI dRSTi meM bhikSu saMgha ke lie yaha ghaTanA azubhAvaha thii| unhoMne ise saMgha ke lie khatare kI ghaNTI batAyA hai| DaoN0 bharatasiMha upAdhyAya ne ise vidvAnoM kA bhrama mAnate hue kahA hai : "purANa to eka sAdhaka puruSa thaa| ekAnta-sAdhanA kA bhAva usameM avazya adhika thA, jisake kAraNa vaha apanI usa dhyAna-bhAdhanA meM, jo use zAstA ke pratyakSa samparka se milI thI, kisI prakAra kA vikSepa nahIM Ane denA cAhatA thaa| dUsaroM ne buddha-mukha se jo kucha sunA hai, vaha saba ThIka rahe, satya rhe| kintu, purANa ko to apanA jIvana-yApana usI se karanA hai, jo usakI AvazyakatA ko dekhate hue svayaM bhagavAn ne use diyA hai| isa dRSTi se na to purANa kI ukti meM rAjagRha kI sabhA meM saMgAyana kiye hue buddha-vacanoM kI aprAmANikatA kI ora saMketa hai aura na vaha bhikSu-saMgha ke lie khatare kI ghaMTI hI thii| isa prakAra ke svatantra vicAroM ke prakAzana para bhikSu saMgha ne kabhI pratibandha nahIM lagAyA, yaha usakI eka vizeSatA hai| dharmavAdo bhikSuoM ne dharma kA vaisA hI saMgAyana kiyA, jaisA unhoMne svayaM bhagavAn se sunA thA aura jo unhoMne saMgAyana kiyA, usake hI darzana pAli sutta aura vinaya piTakoM meM milate haiM, yadyapi unake sAtha kucha aura bhI mila gayA hai|" DA. upAdhyAya jaisA ki likhate haiM, yaha bilakula sahI hai ki svatantra vicAroM ke prakAzana para bhikSu-saMgha meM kiso bhI prakAra kA niyantraNa nahIM thaa| para, bhikSu purANa ke "kintu, jaisA maine svayaM zAstA ke mukha se sunA hai, mukha se grahaNa kiyA hai, maiM to vaisA hI dhAraNa karUgA;" ina zabdoM para kucha gaharAI se socanA hogaa| ina zabdoM meM yadi saMgIti yA pariSad meM saMgAna kiye gaye buddha-vacanoM ke prati virodha kA bhASa nahIM hai, to samarthana kA bhAva bhI nahIM hai| "maiM to vaise hI dhAraNa karUgA;" ina zabdoM dvArA jo vizeSa dRr3hatA bhikSu purANa prakaTa karatA hai, usase usakA ukta saMgIti ke prati upekSA-bhAva yA arucibhAva bhI vyakta hotA hai| bhikSu siddhArtha ekAnta sAdhaka, dhyAnI jo kucha bhI ho sakatA hai, para, jahAM buddha ke vacana saMkalita kiye jA rahe hoM, vahAM AhUta kiye jAne para bhI upasthita na honA aura jaisA svayaM sunA hai, usake anusAra calate rahane kA dRr3ha nizcaya vyakta karanA, jahAM usakI apanI niSThA kA paricAyaka hai, vahAM saMgIti ke prati anAdara nahIM to upekSA kA bhASa to hai hii| 1. This was a danger signal for the Church. -Budhistic Studies, Edited by Dr. Law, P. 44 2. pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 61 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGmaya [ 165 saMgIti ke samasAmayika kucha aise bhikSu bhI rahe hoMge, jinakI dRSTi meM isakA bahuta adhika mahatva nahIM thaa| ve jo kucha tathAgata se suna cuke the, utane se parituSTa the| buddhavacanoM ke cira-sthAyitva aura usase sampatsyamAna loka-kalyANa kI cintA unheM nahIM thii| aura nahIM to kama-se-kama itanA to avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki mahAn karuNAzIla buddha ke mahAkaruNA ke siddhAnta kA paripoSaNa to isase nahIM hotaa| sAtha-hI-sAtha bauddha saMgha ke lie itanA mahatvapUrNa kArya ho rahA thA, usake prati sarvathA udAsInatA kA bhAva kyA yaha vyakta nahIM karatA ki jo bahuta prasiddha bhikSu the, unhoMne hI isa kArya ko prArambha kara diyA ho| samagna bhikSu saMgha kI sammatti sambhavataH nahIM prApta kI gayI ho| jo bhI ho, saMgIti kI prAmANikatA para isase koI AMca nahIM aatii| dusarI saMgIti buddha-vacana prathama saMgIti meM saMgRhIta kara liye gaye, yadyapi unakA rUpa maukhika hI thaa| tadanusAra bhikSu saMgha calatA rhaa| lagabhaga eka zatAbdI ke pazcAt puna: eka prasaMga banA, jisase yaha Avazyaka pratIta huA ki buddha-vacana kA puna: saMgAna kiyA jaae| culla vagga meM isa sambandha meM spaSTatayA sau varSa kA ullekha hai| natsAMga kI gaNanA ke anusAra yaha samaya eka sau daza varSa kA thaa| dvitIya saMgoti kA Ayojana vaizAlI ke bAlukArAma mAmaka sthAna meM kiyA gyaa| isameM sAta sau bhikSuoM ne bhAga liyaa| isalie ise saptazatikA bhI kahA jAtA hai| pariSad ke bulAye jAne kA kAraNa vinaya-AcAra se sambaddha kucha viSayoM ko spaSTa karanA thA, jo vivAdagrasta ho cuke the| vaizAlI ke bhikSuoM para Aropa thA ki ve daza AcAroM meM bauddha vinaya ke viruddha pravRtti karate haiM / ve daza AcAra the : 1. siMgiloNa-kappa ( zRMgi-lavaNa-kalpa )-sIMga meM lavaNa bharakara le jaanaa| 2. dvagula-kappa ( dvayaMgula-kalpa )-do aMgula chAyA bitA kara madhyAhna ke bAda bhI . bhojana karA lenaa| 3. gAmantara-kappa ( nAmAntara-kalpa )-grAmAntaya se arthAt kisI eka gAMva se dUsare gAMva meM jAkara eka hI dina meM punaH bhojana kara lenA / 4. AvAsa-kappa ( AvAsa-kalpa )-eka hI sImA meM sthita bahuta se AvAsoM meM uposapa krnaa| 5. anumati-kappa ( anumati-kalpa )-karma karane ke bAda anumati lenA / 1. vassasataparininchute bhagavati / www.jainelibri ____ 2010_05

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196] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 6. aciNNa-kappa ( AcIrNa-kalpa )-apane AcArya yA upAdhyAya dvArA Acarita kisI kArya ko apane lie kalpya-vihita banA lenA / 7. amathita-kappa ( amathita-kalpa )-bhojanottara aise dUdha kA pAna karanA, jo dahI jamane kI prakriyA meM thA, para, jo abhI dahI nahIM banA thA aura zuddha rUpa meM dUdha bhI nahIM rahA thaa| jalogI-pAna-tAr3I piinaa| 6. avasaka-nisIvana ( avazaka-niSIdana )-aise Asana kA prayoga karanA, jisake kinAre para magajI nahIM lagI huI ho|| 10. jAtarUpa-rajata-svarNa aura rajata grahaNa krnaa| vaizAlI ke bhikSu ina daza ke AcaraNa meM doSa nahIM mAnate the| ise lekara bhikSuoM meM do dala ho gaye-pAcInaka ( prAcInaka ) aura pAveyyaka (prAtIcInaka ) arthAt pUrva ke bhikSu tathA pazcima ke bhikSu / pUrva ke bhikSu vaizAlI ke bhikSuoM ke pakSa meM the tathA pazcima ke bhikSu vaizAlI ke bhikSuoM ke ukta AcaraNoM ko Alocya tathA sadoSa mAnate the| vaizAlI kI pariSad inhIM vivAdagrasta viSayoM kA nirNaya karane ke lie huii| yaha pariSad ATha mahIne taka clii| niSkarSa yaha rahA ki isa pariSad ne vaizAlI ke bhikSuSoM ke ukta AcaraNa ko vinaya ke pratikUla ghoSita kiyaa| vartamAna meM vinayapiTaka jisa rUpa meM prApta hai, usase ukta daza AcAra, jinake sambandha meM nirNaya karane ke lie vaizAlI meM dUsarI saMgIti kA Ayojana huA thA, buddha ke mantavyoM ke viparIta batalAye gaye haiN| isase kyA yaha sambhAvanA nahIM banatI ki vinaya piTaka kA jo saMskaraNa Aja prApta hai, vaha vaizAlI kI saMgIti ke pazcAt vinaya kA jo rUpa nizcita huA, ke AdhAra para nirmita huaa| usase pUrva, ho sakatA hai, vinayapiTaka kA rUpa kucha bhinna rahA ho| DaoN. ramezacandra majUmadAra prabhRti vidvAnoM ne isa sandarbha meM isa prakAra kA niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki vartamAna vinaya-piTaka vaizAlI kI saMgIti ke pUrva kA nahIM ho sakatA / / pezAlI kI saMgIti se pUrva yadi tripiTaka kA koI dUsarA svarUpa hotA aura usameM ve daza AcAra, jo usa saMgIti meM buddha-vacana ke pratikUla ThaharAye gaye, aniSiddha hote, to phira vivAda hI kaise uThatA ? vaizAlI ke bhikSuoM ke pAsa taba eka AdhAra hotA, jisase unakA mAcAra sahaja hI samarthita mAnA jAtA / pazcimI pradeza ke bhikSuoM ko unake AcAra ko duSita batAne kA sAhasa hI kaise hotA aura ATha mahInoM ke lambe vicAra-vimarza ke bAda aisA 1. Budhist Studies, Edited by Dr. Law, P. 62 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGamaya [ 197 nirNaya karane kI sthiti hI kaise AtI ki vaizAlo ke bhikSuoM kA AcAra dUSaNIya hai| ATha mahInoM ke zAstra-manthana tathA UhApoha ke pazcAt eka nirNaya hotA hai, . to yaha mAnanA hogA ki usake pIche bahuta sudRr3ha AdhAra avazya rahA hogaa| vaha AdhAra vinaya-sambandhI buddha-vacanoM ke atirikta aura kyA ho sakatA thA? yaha saMzayAspada nahIM lagatA ki vaizAlI ko saMgIti se pahale vinaya kA prAyaH vahI rUpa rahA ho, jo Aja vinaya-piTaka meM hai / gauNarUpeNa pariSkaraNa, parimArjana, parivartana Adi ko chor3a diyA jAye, jisa para Age vicAra kiyA jAyegA, vaMzAlo kI saMgoti se pUrva ke aura vartamAna ke vinayapiTaka meM koI maulika antara nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| para, isake sAtha yaha vicAraNIya hai ki yadi vaizAlI ko saMgoti se pUrvavartI vinayapiTaka meM ukta daza AcAroM kA varjana thA yA unakA samarthana nahIM thA, to phira pUrvI pradeza ke bhikSuoM ko unakA samarthana karane ke lie kauna-sA AdhAra prApta thA ? zatAbdiyoM taka piTaka alikhita rhe| maukhika rUpa meM unakA paThana-pAThana calatA rahA / maulikatA ke sAtha eka AzaMkA bhI banI rahatI hai| yathArtha dharma-niSThA se vicalita hokara yadi koI apane kisI avihita AcaraNa ko samarthita karanA cAhe, to zabdAvalI ko ulaTa-pulaTa karane, usameM parivartana, parivaddhana kA avakAza vaha nikAla letA hai| vaizAlI ke bhikSuoM aura unake samarthaka bhikSuoM ke sAtha bhI koI aisI hI sthiti rahI ho / ghezAlI pUrva bhArata kA rAjanaitika, dhArmika aura sAMskRtika kendra thaa| jaba pazcima pradeza ke bhikSuoM ne vaizAlI ke bhikSuoM kA virodha kiyA, to mAnavIya durbalatAvaza pUrva pradeza ke mitroM meM prAdezikatA kA bhAva ubhara AyA ho / yadyapi ye bahuta choTI bAteM haiM / bhikSu ke pavitra jIvana ke sAtha inakA mela nahI ho sakatA, para, bhikSu bhI sAdhAraNa jana-samAja se hI gaye the, unameM bhI yaha saba sambhAvita thaa| svarNa-rajata rakhane, tAr3I pIne, khAna-pAna meM lolupa banane ko chUTa bhagavAn buddha ke zAsana meM kaise sambhava ho sakatI thI? aisA anumAna karanA satya se pare nahIM lagatA ki vaizAlI ke bhikSuoM meM niHsandeha kucha durbalatAe panapI hoM aura unhoMne ina sadoSa kAryoM ko bhI nirdoSa pramANita karane kA Agraha rakhA ho| naye buddha-vacanoM kI sRSTi vaizAlI ke bhikSu aura unake samarthaka pUrva ke bhikSu vaizAlI kI pariSad meM parAjita hue / unake mantavya buddha-vacanoM ke pratikUla ghoSita kiye gye| isake do pariNAma sAmane Aye / pahalA thA-vinaya kA jo svarUpa thA, vaha spaSTa huA, avikRta rUpa meM vaha punargaThita huaa| dUsarA pariNAma nikalA-jo bhikSu parAjita hue, ve saMgIti ke nirNaya ke sAmane nahIM bhuke| unhoMne usakA bahiSkAra kiyA aura eka nayI mahA-saMgIti Ayojita kii| usameM naye buddhavacanoM kI sRSTi kI, jinheM unhoMne vAstavika kahA / apamAnita bhikSuoM kI uttejanA kA 2010_05

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168 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana | khaNDa :2 yaha phala niklaa| dIpavaMsa meM isa mahAsaMgIti kI bar3e kar3e zabdoM meM AlocanA kI gayI hai / "mahAsaMgIti Ayojita karane vAle bhikSuoM ne bhagavAn buddha ke zAsana ko dUsarA hI saMgha khar3A kara vahAM likhA hai viparIta banA DAlA / unhoMne mUla saMgha meM bheda paidA karake eka diyA / unhoMne dharma ke yathArtha Azaya ko bheda DAlA / unhoMne dUsare ho suttoM kA saMgraha kiyA, dUsare hI artha kiye| pAMca nikAryoM ke yathArtha Azaya aura dharma prarUpaNa ko unhoMne bheda DAlA 11 saba kucha huA to sahI, para, sthAyI nahIM bana pAyA / pAli tripiTaka ke samakSa usakI koI prAmANikatA sthApita nahIM ho sakI / phalataH Age cala kara usakA koI vizeSa mUlya bhI nahIM yaha pAyA / vaizAlI kI saMgIti meM vivAdAspada viSayoM para nirNaya ho jAne ke pazcAt prathama saMgIti kI taraha bhikSuoM ne mahAsthavira revata ke netRtva meM dhamma kA saMgAna aura saMkalana kiyA / AcArya buddhaghoSa ne jisa prakAra prathama saMgIti ke samaya buddha vacana ke saMgAna, tIna piTakoM meM vibhAjana Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai, usI prakAra dvitIya saMgIti ke samaya buddha vacana ke anusaMgAna kA ullekha kiyA hai / saMgAna aura anusaMgAna zabdoM ke prayoga se AcArya buddhaghoSa ne tripiTaka kI ekAtmakatA kI ora iGgita kiyA hai / tIsarI saMgIti bauddha dharma utarottara adhikAdhika vikAsa pAtA gayA / azoka dvArA diye gaye rAjyAzraya ke kAraNa usakI AzAtIta vRddhi huI / para, sAtha-hI-sAtha eka burAI yaha bhI AI ki azoka jaise dharmAnurAgI samrAT se bauddha dharma saMgha aura bhikSuoM ko prApya dAna, suvidhA, satkAra Adi ke kAraNa aneka svArthI loga jo vicAroM se bauddha nahIM the, usameM praviSTa hote gaye / isa prakAra dharma kA svarUpa vikRta hone lagA / azoka ke samaya taka bauddha dharma bhinna-bhinna aThAraha sampradAyoM meM vibhakta ho cukA thA / taba yaha Avazyaka pratIta huA ki saMgIti Ayojita kI jAe, dhamma aura vinaya kA punaH saMgAna ho, jisase jo anadhikArI dhamma saMgha meM ghusa Aye haiM, unakA saMgha se niSkAsana kiyA jA sake / phalataH samrAT azoka ke zAsana kAla meM bhagavAn buddha ke parinirvANa ke 236 varSa bAda pATaliputrastha azokArAma meM 1. mahAsaMgItikA bhikkhU vilomaM akaMsu sAsanaM / bhinditvA mUlasaMgha aJJaM akaMsu saMghaM // ajJattha saMgahitaM surAM attha akariMsu te / atyaM dhammaM ca bhindisu ye nikAyesu paMcasu // - dIpavaMsa, 5, 32-38 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli bhASA aura piTaka -vAGamaya [ 1ee tRtIya saMgIti kA Ayojana kiyA gayA / aThAraha sampradAyoM meM theravAdI ( sthaviravAdI ) yA vibhajyavAdI mukhya ( sampradAya ) thA / bauddha dharma kA vAstavika pratinidhi vahI sampradAya hai, aisA usakA dAvA thA / tRtIya saMgIti kA antima nirNaya bhI usI ke pakSa meM rahA arthAt vahI bauddha dharma kA vAstavika pratinidhi ghoSita kiyA gayA / the yA sthavira kA zabdArtha vRddha hotA hai / vRddha kevala avasthA ke artha meM prayukta nahIM hai; jJAna, tatva-darzana aura AcAra - jyeSThatA ke artha meM isakA prayoga huA hai / buddha ke prathama ziSyoM ko sthavira zabda se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / bhagavAn buddha ke mantavyoM ke sambandha meM unhIM kA mata prAmANika mAnA jAtA hai / sthavira bhikSuoM kI vibhajyavAda meM AsthA thI; ataH ve vibhajyavAdI bhI kahalAte the / vibhajyavAda se tAtparya usa darzana se hai, jo pratyeka padArtha kA vibhAjana karA arthAt usake saMdeza ko sat aura asaMdaza ko asat batalA kara vastu- satya kA nirUpaNa kare / vizeSa gaharAI meM jAe, to vibhajyavAda kA eka sUkSma tAtvika artha bhI hai / isake anusAra samasta mAnasika aura bhautika avasthAoM kA skandha, Ayatana aura dhAtu Adi meM vibhAjana karA vizleSaNa kiyA jAtA hai / dIpavaMsa, mahAvaMsa aura samantapAsAdikA meM isa saMgIti kA ullekha prApta hotA hai / mahAyAnI bauddha sAhitya meM isa saMgIti kA ullekha nahIM hai aura na hvenatsAMga ne hI isake viSaya meM kucha vivaraNa diyA hai / azoka ke kisI bhI zilAlekha meM isa saMgIti kI carcA nahIM hai / aisI sthiti meM minayepha, krItha, maiksa velesara, bArtha, phraiMka tathA silvAlevI jaise prasiddha vidvAnoM ne isakI aitihAsikatA meM zaMkA kI hai, jabaki pro0 rAyasa DeviDsa, zrImatI rAyasa DeviDsa, viSTaranitja evaM gAyagara Adi vidvAnoM ne isa pariSad kI aitihAsikatA aura prAmANikatA svIkAra kI hai / anullekha kA kAraNa azoka ke samaya taka bauddha dharma meM aThAraha sampradAya itihAsa meM A cuke the / sambhava hai, anya sampradAyoM ke anuyAyiyoM ne isa saMgIti ko kevala sthaviravAdI yA vibhajyavAdI sampradAya kI saMgIti mAnakara ise samasta bauddhoM kI saMgIti nahIM mAnA ho; isalie isakA ullekha na kiyA ho / samrATa azoka kI vidyamAnatA meM yaha saMgIti huI aura azoka dvArA kahIM bhI isakA ullekha na karAyA jAnA bhI Azcaryajanaka sA lagatA hai / para, yahAM yaha bhI smartavya hai ki svayaM samrATa azoka kA lagAva sthaviravAda se thA / azoka nahIM cAhatA hogA ki usake samarthana ko mahatva mile / vaha apane ko usa saMgIti se sarvathA nirlipta rakhanA cAhatA hogA, tAki usake dvArA ( saMgIta ) jo nirNaya ho, vaha rAja prabhAvita na mAnA jAe | azoka bauddha dharma kA sarvasammata yathArtha svarUpa udghoSita karavAnA cAhatA 2010_05

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200] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 hogaa| dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki usa saMgIti ke AyoktA tathA adhyakSa moggaliputta tissa, jo apane samaya ke bahuta bar3e vidvAn, tatva-draSTA aura parama sAdhaka the, ko hI isakA sArA zreya prApta ho, isa dRSTi se bhI azoka ne apane ko taTastha rakhA hogaa| use taTasthatA meM adhika lAbha pratIta huA hogaa| jo bhI ho, saMgIti kI aitihAsikatA ina kAraNoM se bAdhita nahIM hotii| saMgoti ke nirNaya aneka pradezoM ke bahuzruta bhikSuoM ne isameM bhAga liyaa| yaha saMgIti no mAsa taka calatI rhii| isameM bahuta gaharAI aura sUkSmatA se buddha-vacana ke yathArtha svarUpa ke prakAzana kA prayatna rahA hogaa| nau mahInoM ke UhApoha aura vicAra-vimarza ke anantara kucha mahatvapUrNa nirNaya isameM kiye gye| tadanusAra sthaviravAda ke atirikta jo sataraha anya sampradAya the unheM mithyAvAko ghoSita kiyA gyaa| theravAdI yA vibhajyavAdI sampradAya ko bauddha dharma kA saccA pratinidhi mAnA gayA / buddha-vacanoM kA antima rUpa se svarUpa-nizcaya kiyA gyaa| moggaliputta tissa ne kathAvatthu nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI, jisameM sataraha sampradAyoM kA khaNDana yA nirAkaraNa kiyA gayA hai, jinheM isa saMgIti ke phala-svarupa mithyAvAdI voSita kiyA gayA thA / kathAvatyu ko abhidhammapiTaka meM sthAna diyA gyaa| abhidhamma : paramparA kathAvatyu kA abhidhammapiTaka meM samAveza karA diye jAne se yaha zaMkA utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai ki svarUpa-gaThana meM lambA samaya lagA hogaa| AcArya buddhaghoSa aura hvenasAMga ne yaha spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai ki Arya mahAkAzyapa ke sabhApatitva meM sampanna prathama saMgIti meM hI isakA vinaya aura dhamma ke sAtha saMgAna kiyA gayA thaa| isameM sUkSma tAtvika yA dArzanika vivecana hai| bhagavAn buddha kA samaya isa prakAra kA thA, jaba sadAcAra, karuNA tathA dharma ke sarvajanagamya siddhAntoM ke prasAra kI AvazyakatA thii| isase vyApaka loka-kalyANa sambhAvita thA / bauddha paramparA meM dArzanika vikAsa kA yuga Age cala kara AtA hai| isalie aisA mAnanA adhika saMgata jAna par3atA hai ki aMzataH abhidhamma ko viSaya-vastu prathama saMgIti meM cacita huI hogI aura vinaya tathA dhamma ke sAtha usakA bhI sampUrNa na sahI, kucha svarUpa to avazya astitva meM AyA hogaa| usake saMghaddhana, saMyojana Adi kA krama bhI cAlU rahA hogaa| kathAvatya kA usameM samAviSTa kiyA jAnA aise anumAna ke lie AdhAra de detA hai| tRtIya saMgIti kA eka mahatvapUrNa phalita tRtIya saMgIti meM eka mahatvapUrNa nirNaya yaha kiyA gayA ki jana-jana ke kalyANa ke hetu bauddha bhikSa dharma-sandeza kA prasAra karane ke lie dUra-dUra ke prAntoM aura dezoM meM bheje jaae| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGamaya / 201 isake lie kAryakrama nirdhArita kiyA gyaa| dIpavaMsa, mahAvasa aura samantapAsAdikA meM una bhikSuoM kI nAmAvalI kA ullekha hai, jinheM pRthak-pRthak sthAnoM meM jAkara dharma-prasAra karane kA kArya sauMpA gayA thA / tripiTaka kA lekhana ___ samrATa azoka ne bauddha dharma ke lie jo kArya kiyA, usako apratima sevAe kIM, ve sadA svarNAkSaroM meM likhI rheNgii| samrATa ko apane isa kArya se bar3A paritoSa milA / kahA jAtA hai, samrATa ne eka bAra mahAsthavira tissa moggaliputta se kahA ki usane bauddhadharma ke lie jo kucha kiyA hai, vaha paryApta hai na ? mahAsthavira bole-"samrAT tumane dharma ke lie, dharma-saMgha ke lie bahuta kucha kiyA, jo stutya hai| parA, eka bahuta bar3e mahatva kA kArya abhI apaziSTa hai, jise tuma nahIM kara sake ho|" samrATa ne pUchA-"bhante ! kRpayA batalAe, vaha kauna-sA kArya hai, jise pUrA kara maiM paritoSa kA anubhava kara skuu|" mahAsthavira ne kahA-"rAja-parivAra kA kama-se-kama eka sadasya dharma-saMgha ( bhikSu-saMgha ) meM pravajita honA caahie|" samrATa ne zraddhA se mastaka jhukA liyA aura kahA-"bhante ! eka nahIM, maiM rAja-parivAra ke do sadasya dharma-saMgha ko bheja dUMgA-eka putra aura eka putrii|" tadanusAra samrATa azoka kA eka putra aura eka kanyA bauddha bhikSu tathA bhikSuNI ke rUpa meM dIkSita ho gaye, jo itihAsa meM mahendra aura saMghamitrA ke nAma se deza-dezAntara meM tathAgata ke dharma-samdeza ke prasAra ke nirNaya ke antargata mahendra aura saMghamitrA ko laMkA bhejA gyaa| rAjakukAra bhikSu aura rAjakumArI bhikSuNI apane sAthI bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke sAtha atyanta utsAha evaM ullAsapUrvaka tathAgata kA pAvana sandeza liye laMkA phuNce| tRtIya saMgIti meM antima rUpa se svIkRta tripiTaka ve apane sAtha lete gaye arthAt tripiTaka kA ve sAMgopAMga adhyayana kiye hue the, vaha unakI smRti meM thaa| taba laMkA kA rAjA devAnaMpiya tissa thaa| tathAgata ke dharma-sandeza-vAhaka bhAratIya bhikSuoM kA usane hArdika svAgata kiyaa| svAgata-satkAra hI nahIM, usane svaya tathAgata ke sandeza ko aMgokAra kiyaa| laMkA ke anurAdhApura nagara meM mahAvihAra kI sthApanA huI aura vahAM tripiTaka ke adhyayana kA vyavasthita krama prArambha kiyA gyaa| zatAbdiyoM taka vaha cAlU rahA, para, maukhika rUpa meM / laMkA ke gAjA paTTagAmaNi abhaya ( samaya I0 pUrva 26-17) ke zAsana-kAla meM laMkA 2010_05

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202 / Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [ khaNDa : 2 meM caturtha dharma-saMgIti kA Ayojana huaa| usameM tripiTaka ke parizIlana aura saMgAna ke anantara aisA nirNaya kiyA gayA ki use lekha-baddha kiyA jAe / tadanusAra tripiTaka kA tAr3apatroM para lekhana huaa| yaha vahI tripiTaka thA, jise rAjakumAra ( bhikSu ) mahendra aura rAjakumArI (bhikSuNo) saMghamitrA tathA unake sAthI bhArata se apane sAtha laMkA le gaye the| bhikSu mahendra ke laMkA-gamana aura laMkA-nareza vaTTagAmaNi abhaya ke samaya tripiTaka ke lekha-baddha kiye jAne ke madhya laMkA meM do aura saMnItiyAM huI thIM, para, unakA vizeSa mahatva nahIM samajhA jAtA; kyoMki unameM tripiTaka ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM koI vizeSa carcA nahIM huii| bhikSu mahendra jisa rUpa meM tripiTaka ko le gaye the, lagabhaga usI rUpa meM vahAM calate rahe the; ata: madhyavartI do saMgItiyAM tripiTaka kI bAvRtti-mAtra kahI jA sakatI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki pramukha saMgItiyoM meM unakI gaNanA nahIM kI jaatii| pahalI saMgIti devAna piya tissa (247-207 I. pUrva) ke samaya meM sampanna huI, jisane bhikSu mahendra aura saMghamitrA ke netRtva meM laMkA AI huI bhikSu-maNDalI kA hArdika svAgata kiyA thA aura svayaM bauddha upAsaka bana gayA thaa| dUsaro saMgIti rAjA duTThagAmaNi ke zAsana kAla meM huii| duTThagAmaNi kA samaya 101-77 I0 pUrva mAnA jAtA hai / laMkA meM tripiTaka ke lekha-baddha kiye jAne para usakA eka aparivatyaM ca sthAyI svarUpa nirdhArita ho gyaa| vahIM Aja prAmANika rUpa meM mAnya hai| Adhunika kAlIna saMgoliyAM sagItiyoM kA Ayojana jisa abhiprAya athavA uddezya se hotA rahA, tripiTaka ke lekhabaddha ho jAne ke pazcAt vaisI apekSAeM nahIM rhiiN| smRtigata pAThoM kA milAna, saMgAna Adi kA kArya lekha-baddhatA ke sAtha parisamApta ho jAtA hai / phira bhI tripiTaka ke sampAdana, pAThasaMzodhana Adi ko dRSTi se kucha kArya avaziSTa raha jAtA hai, jo unnIsavIM aura bIsavIM zatAbdI meM sampanna huaa| isake lie vidvAn bhikSuoM ko jo sabhAe yA goSThiyAM huI, unheM bhI aitihAsika paramparA ko kar3iyoM ke sAtha jor3ane ke lie saMgItiyAM kahA jAtA hai| isa prakAra kI do saMgItiyAM huI aura donoM hI brahmadeza meM huii| brahmadeza kA bhI siMhala kI taraha theravAdI bauddha dezoM meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| pahalI saMgIti brahmadeza ke mAMDale nagara meM huI, jise sajA miNDana kA saMrakSaNa prApta thaa| isameM pAli-tripiTaka kA sampAdana kiyA gyaa| sthAyitva kI dRSTi se vinayapiTaka, suttapiTaka aura abhidhamma piTaka ko saMgamarmara kI zilA-paTTikAmoM para utkIrNa karAyA gyaa| tInoM piTaka kramazaH 111, 410 aura 208 paTTikAoM para barmI lipi meM utkIrNa hue| san 1954-56 meM isake pazcAt brahmadeza ke raMgUna nagasa meM antima rUpa se tripiTaka kA ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGmaya [203 pATha saMzodhita karane ke abhiprAya se eka pariSad kA Ayojana huA, jise chaThI saMgIti kahA jAtA hai| usakI upalabdhi ke rUpa meM pAli - tripiTaka kA antima rUpa meM saMzodhita pATha taiyAra kiyA gayA tathA usakA barmI-lipi meM prakAzana kiyA gyaa| suprasiddha bauddha vidvAn bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ke sampAdakatva meM devanAgarI lipi meM jo pAli-tripiTaka kA saMskaraNa nikalA hai, vaha mukhyataH isI barmI tripiTaka ke pATha para AdhArita hai| niSkarSa tripiTaka ke svarUpa-gaThana ko do bhAgoM yA do kAloM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai| pahalA bhagavAna buddha se lekara laMkA - vaTTagAmaNi abhaya taka kA samaya, jaba tripiTaka tADapatroM para lekha-baddha hue| dUsarA lekha-baddha hone se lekara aba taka kA kAla, jabaki tripiTaka mudrita rUpa meM upalabdha haiN| pahalA kAla bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| isI meM ve tIna saMgItiyAM Ayojita huI, jo tripiTaka ke svarUpa - nirdhAraNa kI dRSTi se aitihAsika garimA liye hue haiM / saMgotiyoM kA krama kahane ke lie Age bhI calA, para, unakI koI aisI vizveSatA nahIM thI, jo ullekhanIya ho / Ayojita saMgItiyoM, unake kAraNoM Adi ke sambandha meM puna: samIkSA Avazyaka hai| buddha kauzala ke rAjakumAra the| magadha unakA mukhya kArya-kSetra thaa| ve jIvana - paryanta vizeSataH magadha meM vicaraNa karate rhe| jo unheM upalabdhi huI thI, jana-jana ko usase paricita karAne ke lie jaba bhI avasarA hotA, ve kucha bolate rhe| kisI pradeza kA vyakti yadi kisI dUsare pradeza meM rahatA hai, to vaha vahAM usI ziSTa bhASA meM bolatA hai, jo usake apane pradeza meM bhI ziSTa janoM dvArA vyavahRta hotI hai aura usa pradeza meM bhii| aisI ziSTa bhASA antaprAntIyastara liye hue hotI hai| udAharaNArtha, rAjasthAna, madhyapradeza, uttarapradeza tathA bihAra; ye sabhI hindI bhASI prAnta haiN| sAhityika stara aura ziSTa prayoga kI dRSTi se ina pradezoM ke nivAsiyoM kI eka hI bhASA hindI hai, jisakA purAnA nAma khar3I . bolI thaa| para, isake sAtha-sAtha isa antaraprAntIya yA ziSTa-bhASA kI aneka boliyAM haiM, jo bihAra, uttarapradeza, madhyapradeza aura rAjasthAna ke bhinna-bhinna bhAgoM meM bolI jAtI haiM / eka madhyapradezI, uttarapradezo yA rAjasthAnI kisI bihArI ke sAtha bAtacIta karane meM usa hindI yA khar3I bolI kA upayoga karegA, jo donoM pradezoM meM zikSita janoM meM samAna rUpa se vyavahRta hai| yahI bAta eka bihArI ke lie bhI hai| vaha bhI yadi madhyapradeza, rAjasthAna yA uttarapradeza meM yahAM ke kisI vyakti se bAtacIta karegA, to usakA mAdhyama hindI hogA, na ki madhyapradeza, rAjasthAna yA uttarapradeza kI koI eka kSetrIya bolii| yadyapi ina sabhI pradezoM kI kSetrIya upabhASAe yA boliyAM hindI kI hI boliyAM kahI jAtI haiM, para, ve 2010_05

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204 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 boliyAM eka kSetra vizeSa taka sImita hotI haiM; ataH antarAntIya dRSTyA eka hI bhASAbhASI do bhinna pradezoM ke vyaktiyoM ke lie yaha sahaja hI sambhava nahIM hotA ki ve una bhinna kSetroM kI boliyoM ko ThIka-ThIka samajha ske| isI dRSTi-bindu ke sandarbha meM tathAgata ke kAla kA samIkSaNa karanA hogaa| bhagavAna buddha kI bhASA magadha kI ziSTa bhASA thii| niHsandeha ve apane yuga ke eka krAntikArI mahApuruSa the| bodhi lAbha ke anantara 'bahujana hitAya bahujanasukhAya' kA abhipreta liye unakA sandeza lagabhaga samasta uttara bhArata meM vyApta ho gayA thaa| aneka pradezI ke puruSa-striyAM unake saMgha meM pravajita hue| unakI apanI-apanI boliyAM thiiN| sambhavataH kArya-kSetra bhI unako bhinna-bhinna mile hoNge| yaha bhI ho sakatA hai, jo bhikSu jina-jina pradezoM se Aye the, adhikAMzataH una - una pradezoM meM dharma pracAra kA kArya unheM sauMpA gayA hogaa| vahAM jina logoM meM unhoMne tathAgata kA sandeza prasArita kiyA, sambhava hai, unako bhalIbhAMti hRdayaMgama karAne ke lie unhoMne una - una prAdezika bhASAoM yA boliyoM ko alpAMzataH hI sahI, kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM vyavahRta kiyA hogaa| bhikSuoM ko apanI ora se upadeza nahIM denA thA, unheM tathAgata ke vacanoM se jana - jana ko avagata karAnA thA; ataH una vacanoM kA zAbdika rUpa unheM una-una pradezoM ke sAdhAraNa janoM dvArA samajhI jA sakane yogya zailI meM prastuta karanA par3A hogaa| sArAMza yaha hai, bhikSuoM ne buddha-vacana smRtigata to kiyA usI zabdAvalI meM, jisameM svayaM tathAgata ne bhASita kiyA thA, para, usake rUpa meM maulikatayA to nahIM, parantu, zAbdika Adi dRSTi se goNatayA parivartana kI yatkiMcit sthiti avazya AI hogii| saMgItiyoM kI lambI kAlAvadhi se yaha dhvanita hotA hai ki vibhinna pradezoM se Ane vAle bhikSuoM kI smRti meM buddha-vacana ke jo pATha the, unheM tulanAtmaka rUpa meM milAyA jAtA rahA hogaa| bhedoM ke apAkaraNa ke lie eka sarvasammata pATha svIkRta kiyA jAtA rahA hogaa| isakA prayojana huA ki buddha vacanoM ke svarUpa meM pariSkAra AtA gayA; yadyapi tatvataH unakI maulikatA nahIM miTI / pariSkAra aura saMskAra to hotA gayA, para, buddhavacana meM koI bar3A parivartana jaisA nahIM huaa| buddha ne jisa ziSTa mAgadhI ( bhASA ) ko upadezoM kA mAdhyama banAyA thA, vaha bhI Asa-pAsa kI prAdezika boliyoM kA eka sammizrita jaisA rUpa liye hue thii| pahalI saMgIti ke lagabhaga eka zatI ke anantara jo dUsarI saMgIti dhaizAlI ke bAlukArAma meM huI, usameM ATha mAsa kA samaya lgaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai, rAjagRha meM vebhAra giri kI saMgoti meM ghinizcita tripiTaka kA pATha ina sau varSoM meM prAdezika anukUlatA ke kAraNa itanA rUpAntaya, adhikAMzataH cAhe zAbdika hI sahI, aghazya le cukA hogA ki pAThoM ke samanvaya tathA antataH nirdhAraNa meM vibhinna pradezoM se samAgata bhikSuoM ko itanI lambI avadhi taka ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya | pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGamaya [2.5 cintana-manana tathA UhApoha karanA par3A hogaa| yadyapi isa saMgIti ke Ayojita karane kA mukhya kAraNa vaizAlI ke bhikSuoM ke AcAra se sambaddha thaa| para, yadi kevala AcAra-nirNaya hI ekamAtra uddezya hotA, to harakoI soca sakatA hai, ATha mAsa kaise lagate ? saMgoti meM sammilita sAtaso bhikSuoM ko vaizAlika bhikSuoM ke AcAra para nirNaya denA to thA hI, sAtha-hI-sAtha usase bhI gurutara kArya, jo unake lie karaNIya thA, vaha thA, tripiTaka ke pATha kA samanvaya aura pariSkAra, jo unhoMne bar3I lagana se kiyaa| bauddha dharma kA vaha utkarSa-kAla thA / samaya bItane ke sAtha-sAtha bauddha dharma kI abhivRddhi hotI gyii| bhikSuoM kI vihAra-yAtrAe aura dUra-dUra hone lgiiN| buddha-vacanoM kA ghoSa vyApaka rUpa meM mukharita hone lgaa| para, dhIre-dhIre vahI saba kucha hotA gayA, jo pichalI saMgIti ke pazcAt huA thaa| pariNAmataH tIsarI saMgIti meM mithyAvAdiyoM ke nirAkaraNa aura niSkAsana kA kArya to huA hI, pATha-pariSkAra kA aitihAsika kArya bhI sampanna huaa| nau mahInoM kA lambA samaya lagane kA yahI rahasya hai| tIna saMgItiyoM kI samIkSA ke pazcAt eka dUsare mor3a para Ate haiN| rAjakumAra mahendra zaizava se hI ujjayino meM rahe the| pitA samrATa azoka kI bhAvanA kA Adara karate hue ve bhikSu-saMgha meM dIkSita ho jAte haiM aura tathAgata ke dharmadUta ke rUpa meM siMhala jAte haiN| mahendra magadha-nareza ke putra the, para, ujjayinI meM rahane ke kAraNa unakI bhASA mAgadhI nahIM thii| ujjayinI ko bolacAla kI bhASA-prAkRta, jo anivArya rUpa se pazcimI prabhAva liye hue thI, unakI mAtR-bhASA thii| mahendra tripiTaka sAtha meM lete gye| kyA yaha sambhAvita nahIM ho sakatA ki mahendra ke mAdhyama se laMkA pahuMcane vAle tripiTaka para ujjayinI kI bhASA kA kucha bhI prabhAva na rahA ho ? aneka sthitiyoM meM se gujarate hue tripiTaka laMkA pahuMcate haiM aura vahAM bhI lambe samaya taka unakA maukhika paThana-pAThana hI calatA hai| para, laMkA pahuMcane ke pazcAt unake svarUpa meM antara Ane kI sthitiyAM sambhavataH utpanna nahIM hotiiN| uttara bhArata ke vibhinna pradezoM meM pahuMcane para tripiTaka kI zabdAvalI meM na cAhate hue bhI jo rUpAntaraNa kI sthiti paidA ho jAtI thI, vaha laMkA meM nahIM rhii| mahendra dvArA tripiTaka ke laMkA pahuMcane aura laMkA-nareza vaDagAmaNi abhaya ke zAsana-kAla meM unake lipi-baddha hone ke bIca do saMgItiyAM huI, para, sambhavataH ve paramparA-nirvAha mAtra ke lie huI hoN| unakA mahatva kevala nAma mAtra kA thaa| tripiTaka ke sandarbha meM vizeSa kucha karaNIya nahIM thA, jo una saMgItiyoM meM kiyA jaataa| tathAgata ne apane upadezoM meM jisa mAgadhI ko grahaNa kiyA, vaha upalabdha tripiTaka meM kyA yathAvat rUpa meM vidyamAna raha sakI hai, nizcita rUpa meM kucha kahA nahIM jA sktaa| vidhAya, kapana 2010_05 |

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206 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 prakAra aura adhikAMzataH zabdAvalI kI bhI maulikatA usameM akSuNNa hai, aisA kahanA sandehAspada nahIM hai| tripiTaka vAGamaya : saMkSipta paricaya sutta-piTaka sutta-piTaka pAli-tripiTaka kA sabase adhika mahatvapUrNa bhAga hai| buddha dvArA dhamma kA yathAvat rUpa meM paricaya karAnA sutta-piTaka kA mukhya viSaya hai| mahAparinivvANa-sutta ( dIgha-nikAya 2, 3 ) meM bhagavAn buddha ne apane priya ziSya Ananda se kahA thA-"Ananda ! maiMne jo dharma aura vinaya upadiSTa kiye haiM, jJApita kiye haiM, mere anantara ( mere nirvANa prApta kara lene ke pazcAt ) ve hI tumhAre zAstA hoMge / " sutta-piTaka nissandeha bhagavAn buddha dvArA prajJApta dharma kA pratipAdana karane vAlA anupama vAGamaya hai| sutta kA saMskRta rUpAntara sUtra bhI hotA hai aura sUkta bhii| saMskRta bauddha granthoM meM pAli sutoM ke pratirUpa sUtra kahe gaye haiN| sutta kA artha sUtra, sUta yA dhAgA hotA hai| piTaka kA artha piTAsI hai| piTaka kA eka artha paramparA bhI hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne aTThasAlinI kI nidAna-kathA meM ina donoM arthoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| majjhima-nikAya ke caMkI -sutta tathA sandaka-sutta meM piTaka zabda-paramparA yA grantha-paramparA ke artha meM prayukta huA hai / ise dhyAna meM rakhate hue sutta kA piTaka 'arthAt sUtra (dhAge ) rUpI buddha-vacanoM kI paramparA aisA athaM kiyA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra sUta ke gole ko udher3ane para Age-se-Age khulatA jAtA hai, usI prakAra buddha-vacana sutta-piTaka meM Age-se-Age udghATita hote jAte haiM / AcArya asaMga ne ( caturtha zatI) mahAyAna-sUtrAlaMkAra meM 'sUcanAt sUtram' arthAt viSaya-vastu ko sUcita karane ke kAraNa sUtra saMjJA hotI hai; aisI vyAkhyA dI hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne aTusAlinI meM 'atthAnaM sUcanato-sutta' ti akkhAtaM' arthAt arthoM ke sUcana se yaha ( sutta ) sUtra zabda se AkhyAta huA hai, aisA vivecana kiyA hai| vaidika paramparA meM sUtra zabda kA pracuratA se prayoga hotA rahA hai| zabda kalpadrumakAra ne sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai-"jisameM kama akSara hoM, jo asandigdha ho, sArayukta ho, jisakA vizvajanIna upayoga ho, jo vistAra rahita ho, nirdoSa ho; sUtrajJa use sUtra 1. majjhima-nikAya, 2, 5, 5 2. vahI, 2, 3, 6 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAlI bhASA aura piTaka vAGamaya [207 kahate haiN| vistRta artha ko saMkSepa meM kahane ke abhiprAya se vaidika paramparA meM sUtrAtmaka zailI kA pravartana rhaa| pAli-vAGmaya meM jo sutta-sUtra zabda calatA hai, vaha isa artha meM nahIM hai| vahAM bahuta vistAra hai, jo sUtra zabda ke uparyukta ayaM ke pratirUpa hai| supta-piTaka : varNita viSaya __ sutta-piTaka meM bhagavAna buddha ke upadeza-vacana haiN| buddha ke kucha mukhya ziSyoM ke upadeza bhI usameM saMkalita haiM, jo buddha-vacanoM para AdhArita the| buddha-upadeza ke atirikta vahAM I0pU0 pAMcavIM-chaThI zatAbdI ke bhArata ke samAja evaM loka-jIvana kA jItA-jAgatA citra bhI prApta hotA hai| buddha ke samasAmayika dharma - pravartakoM, zramaNoM, parivAjakoM aura unake siddhAntoM ke viSaya meM prAsaMgika rUpa meM isameM vizada prakAza DAlA gayA hai| tatkAlIna jana-samudAya kI ruci, vyavasAya, vidyA, kalA, vijJAna, rAjanIti, grAma, nagara, janapada, logoM kA rahana-sahana, khetI, vyApAra, sAmAjika rItiyAM, samAja meM striyoM kA sthAnaM, dAsa-dAsiyoM aura naukaroM kI avasthA prabhRti aneka upayogI viSaya caciMta hue haiN| racanA gadya-padya-mizrita hai| __sutta-piTaka ke pAMca bar3e-bar3e vibhAga haiM, jo nikAya kahalAte haiN| ve haiM : (1) dIghanikAya, (2) majjhima-nikAya, (3) saMyukta-nikAya (4) aMguttara-nikAya (5) khuddaka-nikAya / dogha-nikAya : lambe-lambe upadezoM kA saMgraha hai| tIna vargoM ke antargata nimnAMkita cautIsa suta ( sUtra ) haiM jo isa prakAra haiM : (ka) sIlakkhandha-vagga 1. brahmajAla-sutta 8. kasspasohanAda-sutta 2. sAmaJaphala-sutta 6. soTThapAda-sUtta 3 ambaTTha-sutta 10. subha-sutta 4. soNadaNDa-sutta 11. kevaDDa ( kevaTTa )-sutta 5. kUTadanta-sutta 12. lohicca-sutta 6. mahAli-sutta 13. tevijja-sutta 7. jAliya-sutta svalpAkSaramasandigdhaM, sAravadvizvato mukham / astobhamanavadya ca, sUtraM sUtravido viduH / 2010_05

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208] Agama aura tripaTika : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa :2 (kha) mahAvagga 14. mahApadAna-sutta 16. mahAgovinda-suta 15. mahAnidAna-suta 20. mahAsamaya-sutta 16. mahAparinivANa (na)-sutta 21. sakkapaha-sutta 17. mahAsudassana-sutta 22. mahAsatipaTThAna-sutta 18. janavasabha-sutta 23. pAyAsirAjaja-sutta (pAyAsi-sutta) (ga) pATika-vamga 24. pATika-sutta ( pAthika-sutta ) 30. lakkhaNa-sutta 25. udumbarikasIhanAda-sutta(udumbarika-sutta) 31. siM (si) gAloSAda-sutta 26. cakkavattisohanAda-sutta (cakkatti-sutta) 32. ATAnAThiya-sutta 27. aggajJa sutta 33. sagItapariyAya-sutta (saMgIti-suta) 28. sampasAdanI (ni) sa-sutta 34. dasuttara-suta 26. pAsAdika-sutta solakkhandha-vagga ke antargata saMkhyA eka para sUcita brahmajAlasutta meM buddha ke samasAmayika bAsaTha dArzanika matoM kA ullekha hai, jo bhAratIya darzana aura itihAsa ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hai / sIlakkhandha vagga meM saMkhyA tIna para nirdiSTa sAmaaphala-sutta meM buddha ke samasAmayika dharma-pravartakoM kA varNana hai, jo apane ko tIthaMDara kahate the| unake nAma haiM : pUraNa kassapa, makkhali gosAla, ajitakesakambala, pakudhakaccAyana, nigaNThanAthaputta tathA saMjaya belaTThiputta / majjhimanikAya : cAra Arya satya, dhyAna, samAdhi, karma AtmavAda ke doSa, nirvANa Adi viSayoM kA vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yaha pandraha vargoM ke antargata eka sau bAvana suttantoM meM vibhakta hai| (ka) mUlapariyAya-vagga 1. mUlapariyAya-sutta 6. AMkakheyya-sutta 2. sabbAsava-sutta 7. vatyUpama-sutta 3. dhammadAyAda-sutta 8 sallekha-sutta 4. bhayabherava-sutta 6 sammAdiTThi-sutta 5. anaMgaNa-sutta 10 satipaTTAna-sutta ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya [206 11. cUlasohanAda-suta 12. mahAsohanAda-sutta 13. mahAhukkhakkhandha-sutta 14. cUladukkhakkhandha-suta 15. anumAna-suta pAli bhASA aura piTaka vAGamaya (kha) sohanAda-vagga 16. cetokhila-sutta 17. vanapattha-sutta 18. madhupiNDika-sutta 16. dvedhAvitaka-sutta 20. citakkasaMthAna-suta 21. kakacUpaya-sutta 22. alagaddapama sutta 23. vammika-suta 24. rathavinIta-sutta 25. nivApa-suta (ga) opamma-vagga 26. ariyapariyesana-sutta (pAsarAsi-sutta) 27. cUlahatthipadopama sutta 28. mahAhatthipadopama-suta 26. mahAsAropama-suta 30. cUlasAropama-sutta (gha) mahAyamaka-vagga 31. cUlagosiMga-sutta 32. mahAgosiMga-suta 33. mahAgopAlaka-sutta 34. cUlagopAlaka-sutta 35. cUlasaccaka-sutta 36. mahAsaccaka-sutta 37. cUlatahAsaMkhya-sutta 38. mahAtaNhAsaMkhaya-sutta 36. mahAUrasapura-sutta 40. cUlaassapura-sutta 41. sAleyyaka-sutta 42. verajJaka-sutta 43. mahAvedalla-sutta 44. cUlavedalla-sutta 45. cUladhammasamAdAna-sutta (Ga) cUlayamaka-vagga 46. mahAdhammasamAdAna-sutta 47. vImaMsaka-sutta 48. kosambiya-sutta 46. brahmanimaMtanika-sutta 50. mAratajjaniya-suta 51. kandaraka-sutta 52. aTTakanAgara-sutta (ca) gahapati-vaga 53. sekha-sutta 54. potaliya-suta ____ 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 210 ] 55. jIvaka-sutta 56. upAli-sutta 57. kukkukhatika-sutta 58. abhayarAjakumAra-sutta 56. bahuvedanIya-sutta 60. apaNNaka-sutta 61. ambala TikarAhulAvAda-sutta 62. mahArAhuloSAda-sutta 63. cUlamAlukya-sutta 64. mahAmAlukya-suttA 65. bhaddAli-sutta (cha) bhikkhu-vagga 66. laTukikopama-sutta 67. pAtuma-sutta 68. nalakapAna-sutta 66. gulissAni-sutta (goliyAni-sutta) 70. kITAgiri-sutta 71. tevijakachagotta-sutta 72. amgivaJchagotta-suta 73. mahApacchagotta-sutta 74. dIghanakha-sutta 75. mAgandiya-sutta / (ja) paribbAjaka-vagga 76. sandaka-suta 77. mahAsakuludAyi-sutta 78. samaNamaNDikA-sutta 76. cUlasakuludAyi-sutta 80. vekhanasa (ssa)-sutta (jha) rAja-vagga 81. ghaTi (TI) kAra-sutta 12. raTupAla-sutta 83. makhAdeva-sutta 84. madhura-sutta 85. bodhirAjakumAra-sutta 16. aMgulimAla-sutta 87. piyajAtika-sutta 88. bAhitika (ya)-sutta 86. dhammacetiya-sutta 10. kaNNakatthala-sutta 61. brahmAyu-sutta 62. sela-sutta 63. assalAyana-sutta 14. ghoTamukha-sutta 95. cakkI-sutta (Ta) brAhmaNa-vagga 66. esukArI-sutta 17. dhAnajAni-sutta 68. vAseThTha-sutta 66. subha-sutta 100. saMgArava-sutta ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] 101. devadaha-sutta pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGamaya [ 211 (Tha) devadaha-vagga 106. AneJjasappAya-sutta (ANaJjasappAya-sutta yA AvaJjasappAya-sutta) 107. gaNakamoggalAna-sutta 106. gopakamoggalAna-sutta 106. mahApuNNabha-sutta 110. cUlapuSNabha-sutta 102. paJcattaya-sutta 103. kinti-sutta 104. sAmagAma-sutta 105. sunakkhatta-sutta (Da) anupada vagga 111. anupada-sutta 112. chabbisodhana-sutta 113. sappurisa-suta 114. sevitabba-asevitabba-sutta 115. bahudhAtuka-sutta 116. isigili-sutta 117. mahAcattArIsaka-sutta 118. AnApAnasati-sutta 116. kAyAgatAsi-sutta 120. saMkhAruppatti-putta 121. cUlasuatA-sutta 122. mahAsuJatA-sutta 123. acchAriyanbhutadhamma-sutta 124. bakkula-sutta 125. dantabhUmi-sutta (Dha) sujatA-vagga 126. bhUmija-sutta 127. anuruddha-sutta 128. upakkilesa-sutta 126. vAlapaMDita-sutta 130. devadUta-sutta (Na) vibhaMga-vagga 137. saLAyatanavibhaMga-sutta 138. uddasavibhaMga-sutta 136. araNavibhaMga-sutta 140. dhAtuSibhaMga-sutta 141. saccavibhaMga-sutta 142. dakkhiNAdhibhaMga-suta 131. bhadde karatta-sutta 13. Anandabhadda karata-suta 133. mahAkaccAnabhadda karatta-suta 134. lobhAsakaMgiya-sutta 135. cUlakammavibhaMga-sutta 136. mahAkammavibhaMga-sutta (ta) saLAyatana-vagga 144. channovAda-sutta 143. anAthapiNDikoSAda-suta ___ 2010_05

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212 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [ khaNDa : 2 145. puNNevAda-sutta 146. mahAsaLAyata nika-sutta 146. nandakovAda-sutta 150. nagaravindeyya-sutta 147. cUlarAhulovAda-suta 151. piNDapAtapAdi-sutta 148. chachakka-sutta 152. indriyabhAvanA sutta saMyutta-nikAya : kula milA kara chappana saMyutta haiM, jo pAMca vargoM meM vibhakta hai : (ka) sanAtha-vagga 1. devatA-saMyutta 2. devaputta-saMyutta 3. kosala-saMyuta 4. mAra-saMyutta 5. bhikkhuNI-saMyutta 6. brahma-saMyutta 7. brAhmaNa-saMyutta 8. vaMgIsa-saMyutta 6. vana-saMyutta 10. yakkha-saMyutta 11. sakka-saMyutta 1. nidAna-saMyutta 2. abhisamaya-saMyutta 3. dhAtu-saMyutta 4. anamatagga-saMyutta 5. kassapa-saMyutta (kha) nidAna-vagga 6. lAbhasakkAra-saMyutta 7. rAhula-saMyutta 8. lakkhaNa-saMyutta 6. opamma-saMyutta 10. bhikkhu-saMyutta (ga) khandha-vagga 1. khandha-saMyutta 2. rAdha-saMyutta 3. diTThi-sayutta 4. okkantika-saMyutta 5. uppAda-saMyutta 6. kilesa-saMyutta 7. sAriputta-saMyutta 8. nAga-saMyutta 6. supaNNa-saMyutta 10. gandhabbakAya-saMyutta 11. ghalAha-saMyutta 12. vacchagotta-saMyukta 13. jJAna-saMyutta . (gha) saLAyatana-vagga . 1. saLAyatana-saMyutta 2. vedanA-saMyuta ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] , pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGmaya [ 213 3. mAtugAma-saMyutta 7. citta-saMyutta 4. jambukhAdaka-saMyutta 8. mAmaNi-saMyukta 5. sAmaNDaka-saMyutta 6. asakhata-saMyutta 6. moggalAna-saMyukta 10. avyAkata-saMyutta (Ga) mahAvagga 1. magga-saMyutta 7. iddhipAda-saMyutta 2 bojjhaga-saMyukta 8, anuruddha-saMyutta 3. satipaTTAna-saMyutta 9. jJAna-saMyutta 4. indriya-saMyukta 10. AnApANa-saMyutta 5. sammappadhAna-saMyutta 11. sotApanni-saMyutta 6. bala-saMyutta 12. sacca-saMyutta aMguttara-nikAya : gyAraha nipAtoM meM vibhakta hai| isakA vibhAjana saMkhyA ke AdhAra para hai| eka-eka saMkhyA se sambandha rakhane vAle, do-do saMkhyA se sambandha rakhane vAle, isa prakAra kramazaH gyAraha taka kI saMkhyA se sambandha rakhane vAle buddhopadezoM kA yathAkrama saMkalana hai| gyAraha nipAta isa prakAra haiM : 1. ekaka-nipAta 7. sataka-nipAta 2. duka-nipAta 8. aTThaka-nipAta 3. tika-nipAta 9. navaka-nipAta 4. catukka-nipAta 10, dasaka-nipAta 5. paMcaka-nipAta 11. ekAdasaka-nipAta 6. chakka-nipAta khuddaka-nikAya : isake antargata pandraha svatantra grantha haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM : 1. khuika-pATha 2. dhammapada 3. udAna 4. itivRttaka 5. sutta nipAta 6. vimAnavatthu 7. peta-vatthu 8. thera-gAthA 6. therI-gAthA 10. jAtaka 11. niddasa 12. paTisambhidA-magga 13. apAdAna 14. buddhavaMsa 15, cariyA-piTaka ____ 2010_05

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214] Agama aura triyaTika : eka anuzolana [khaNDa : ___dUsarI saMkhyA para sthita dhammapada niHsandeha bauddha vAGmaya meM sarvAdhika lokapriya grantha hai| saMsAra kI prAyaH samasta mukhya bhASAoM meM isakA anuvAda ho cukA hai| isameM 423 gAthAe haiM, jo bhagavAn buddha dvArA apane jIvana-kAla meM upadiSTa huI thiiN| ina gAthAoM meM dharma, sadAcAra, nIti aura prazasta jIvana ke sambandha meM bar3I manojJa zikSAe haiN| yaha chabbIsa vargoM meM vibhakta hai| pratyeka varga kA nAmakaraNa usameM varNita viSaya aura dRSTAntoM ke anurUpa hai| isakI racanA jahAM naitika dRSTi se atyanta gambhIra hai, vahAM zabdAvalI prasAdapUrNa aura hRdayasparzI hai| dhammapada ko yadi bauddhoM kI gItA kahA jAe, to koI atyukti nahIM hogii| laMkA meM boddhoM meM Aja bhI yaha paramparA pravRtta hai ki binA dhammapada kA pArAyaNa kiye kisI bhikSu kI upasampadA nahIM hotI / barmA, syAma, kamboDiyA aura lAosa meM bhI prAyaH pratyeka bhikSu ke lie yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki use dhammapada kaNThAgra ho / __ dhammapada kA zabdArtha hai-dharma sambandhI pd| pada zabda se yahAM gAthA, vAkya yA paMkti kA abhiprAya hai| buddha dvArA upadiSTa dharma se sambaddha gAthAoM, padoM yA vAkyoM ko bhikSu-bhikSuNiyAM unake jIvana-kAla meM kaNThastha karane lage the, aisA bauddha-sAhitya ke parizIlana se vidita hotA hai| dhammapada buddha ke jIvana-kAla meM sakalita eka aisA saMgraha pratIta hotA hai, jise pratyeka bhikSu kaNThastha karatA rahA ho| saMyukta nikAya meM bhI dhammapada zabda kA prayoga hai, jo sambhavataH iso artha kA dyotaka hai| svayaM dhammapada ko do gAthAoM meM dharma sambandhI padoM ke artha meM yaha zabda AyA hai| mAnyatA aura pratiSThA isI se prakaTa hotI hai ki 'nisa' aura 'kathAvatyu' jaise granthoM meM dhammapada ko kaI gAthAe udgha ta kI gayI haiM / IsavI san ke Arambha ke Asa-pAsa racita milindapaJho (milinda-prazna) grantha meM 'bhAsita petaM bhagavatA devAtidevena dhammapada' ina zabdoM ke sAtha do gAthAeM uddhata ko gayI haiM / vinaya-piTaka ___ bauddha vAGmaya meM vinaya niyama yA AcAra - niyama ke artha meM eka prakAra se bauddha bhikSu-saMgha kA saMvidhAna hai| bhikSu-jIvana meM AcAra kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thaa| tathAgata ne bhikSuoM aura bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA pAlana kiye jAne yogya niyamoM kA samaya-samaya para jo upadeza kiyA, usa sandarma meM aparAdhoM, doSoM, prAyazcittoM Adi kA bhI varNana kiyA, unakA isameM saMkalana hai / vastutaH yaha AcAra-pradhAna grantha hai / tatkAlIna bhAratIya samAja aura jIdhana kA digdarzana karAne kI dRSTi se isakI bar3I upayogitA hai| yadyapi yaha apane Apa meM eka paripUrNa grantha hai, kintu, vinaya-vastu kI dRSTi se suta-vibhaMga, khaMdhaka aura parivAra; ina tIna 1. milinda-paho, pR0 172, 399, bambaI vizvavidyAlaya saMskaraNa 2. vahI, gApA 32, 327 ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGmaya [ 215 bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| sutta-vibhaMga meM doSoM kA varNana hai| una niyamoM ke ullaMghanoM kA bhI varNana hai, jinheM bhikSu pratyeka mahIne kI amAvasyA aura pUrNimA ( uposatha ke dina ) ko duharAte the| inheM pATimokSa (prAtimokSa ) bhI kahA jAtA hai| prAtimokSa ke do bhAga haiM-bhikSu prAtimokSa oya bhikSuNI praatimokss| bhikSu prAtimokSa meM bhikSuoM dvArA aura bhikSuNI prAtimokSa meM bhikSuNiyoM dvArA hone vAle niyamollaMghana kA varNana hai| prAtimokSa kA pATha karate samaya jaise-jaise aparAdhoM kA vivaraNa AtA, usa sabhA meM upasthita pratyeka bhikSu aura bhikSuNI se yaha AzA kI jAtI thI ki yadi usane vaisA aparAdha kiyA hai, to vaha apane sthAna para uTha kara use svIkAra kare / aisA karane ke pIche yaha bhAva thA ki bhaviSya meM vaha paisA doSa na kre| bhikSu-jIvana meM prAtimokSa kA bar3A mahatva hai| mahAvagga meM isake sambandha meM kahA gayA hai : "prAtimokSa kuzala-dharmoM kA mAdi hai, mukha hai, pramukha hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vaha prAtimokSa kahalAtA hai|" eka prAcIna TIkAkAra ne prAtimokSa kA bar3e sundara zabdoM meM vizleSaNa karate hue likhA hai : "jo usa (prAtimokSa ) ko rakSA karatA hai, usake niyamoM kA paripAlana karatA hai, vaha ( prAtimokSa ) use apAya-asadgati Adi duHkhoM se chuTakArA dilAtA hai, mukta karatA hai, isalie vaha prAtimokSa kahalAtA hai|" khandhaka mahAvagga aura cullavagga; do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| bhikSuoM kA saMghIya jIvana kaisA honA cAhie, unheM kina-kina niyamoM kA pAlana karanA cAhie, Adi kA mahAbagga meM varNana hai| suta vibhaMga adhikAMzataH niSedhAtmaka zailI meM likhA gayA hai, jabaki mahAvagga usakA vidheyAtmaka rUpa hai| mahAvagga meM bhagavAna buddha ke sambodhi lAbha se lekara prathama saMgha ke saMsthApana taka kA vivaraNa bhI bar3e sundara rUpa meM diyA gayA hai| mahAvagga kA yaha aMza aitihAsika dRSTi se kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai| upasampadA, varSAvAsa, prAtimokSa, pravAraNA, covara raMganA Adi se sambaddha vidhi-krama aura niyamoM Adi kA bhI isameM vistRta varNana prApta hotA hai| culla-bagga eka prakAra se mahAvagga kA paripUraka hai| isameM bhikSu ke lie usake dainandina jIvana meM kyA vihita hai, kyA adhihita hai, use kaise calanA cAhie, kaise bolanA cAhie; 1. pAtimokkhaM ti AdimetaM mukhametaM pAmukhametaM kusalAnaM dhammAnaM tena vucdhati pAtimokkhaM ti| -gopaka moggalAna sutta, majjhimanikAya, 3 / 1 / 8 2. yo taM pATirakkhati taM mophleti moceti apAyakAvidukkhehi tasmA pAvimokkhaM ti vuccati / --A Comparative Study of Pratimoksha, P. 4, by Pachova. 2010_05

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216 / Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa :2 Adi viSayoM kA vivecana hai| anAtha piMDika kI dIkSA, jetavana-dAna, mahAprajApati gautamI kI dIkSA Adi bauddha itihAsa kI mahatvapUrNa ghaTanAoM kA bhI isameM samAveza hai| parivAra ko parivAra yA parivAra-pATha bhI kahA jAtA hai| yaha vinaya-piTaka kA antima bhAga hai| ise vinaya piTaka meM varNita viSaya vastu kI anukramaNikA kahA jAnA caahie| yaha unnIsa paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai| unameM abhidhamma kI zailI para vinaya-piTaka ke viSayoM kI AvRtti kI gayI hai; ataH viSaya ko samajhane ke lie isameM koI navInatA nahIM kI gayI hai| parantu, vinaya piTaka ko samajhane meM yaha grantha vizeSa sahAyaka hotA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne kaba, kise, kisa prasaMga meM amuka zikSA-pada kahe, madhya kyA hai, anta kyA hai, saMgha ke Antarika saMgharSa kitanI taraha ke hote haiM; Adi prazna isa grantha meM uThAye gaye haiM aura unake uttara diye gaye haiN| amuka samasyA, zaMkA yA prazna kA vinaya piTaka meM kyA samAdhAna hai, isa prakAra ke tathyoM kA jJAna pAne kI dRSTi se isa grantha kI apamI upayogitA hai / viMTaranitja ne parivAra kA vinayapiTaka ke sAtha vahI sambandha batalAyA hai, jo apanI anukramaNikA aura pariziSToM ke sAtha veda kA hai| isameM kucha aise ullekha haiM, jinase prakaTa hotA hai ki yaha vinaya-piTaka ke bAda kI racanA hai| piTakoM ke lipi-baddha kiye jAne kA bhI isameM ullekha hai| rAjakumAra bhikSu mahendra ke laMkA jAne, vahAM vinaya kI paramparA sthApita karane ke sAtha-sAtha siMhala ke una unatIsa bhikSuoM kA nAmollekha bhI kiyA gayA hai, jinhoMne tAmraparNI meM vinaya-piTaka kA prakAza kiyaa| ina saMketoM se sahaja hI yaha anumAna hotA hai ki parivAra yA parivAra-pATha ko racanA, jaisA vaha isa samaya prApta hai, laMkA meM bahuta samaya bAda huii| abhidhamma-piTaka __ abhidhamma-piTaka pAni-tripiTaka kA tIsarA mukhya bhAga hai| bauddha paramparA meM aisI mAnyatA hai ki abhidhamma piTaka dhamma kI atyadhika gaharAI meM jAtA hai| usakI racanA viziSTa adhikAriyoM ke lie huI hai, na ki sAdhAraNa logoM ke lie| aTusAlinI, manorathapUraNI aura vibhaMgaaTThakathA meM ullekha hai ki devatAoM aura manuSyoM ke zAstA tathAgata ne sarvaprathama abhidhamma kA upadeza trAyastriMza svarga meM sthita apanI mAtA devI mahAmAyA aura anya devatAoM ko diyA thaa| tadanantara unhoMne usI kI punarAvRtti apane mahAprAjJa antevAsI, dhamma senApati sAriputta ko uddiSTa kara kI thii| dhamma senApati sAriputta ne use anya pAMcaso bhikSuoM ko uddiSTa kara upadiSTa kiyaa| sutta-piTaka meM abhivinaya zabda ke sAtha-sAtha abhidhamma zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai| vahAM ye donoM zabda kramazaH vinaya aura dharma sambandhI gambhIra upadeza ke artha meM Aye haiN| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGmaya [ 217 AcArya buddhaghoSa ne aTusAlinI aura sumaMgalavilAsinI meM abhidhamma kA artha 'uccatama dhamma yA vizeSa dhamma' kiyA hai| usake anusAra 'abhidhamma' zabda meM sthita 'abhi upasarga atireka yA vizeSa kA vAcaka hai| mahAyAna sampradAya ke suprasiddha AcArya asaMga ne abhidhamma kI vyutpatti cAra prakAra se kI hai| unhoMne abhi upasarga kA pahalA artha 'abhimukhataH' karate hue satya, bodhi, sukha, nirvANa Adi ke abhimukha upadeza karane ke kAraNa ise abhidhamma batAyA hai / abhi kA dUsarA artha 'AbhIkSNyAt' karate hue unhoMne dharma kA aneka prakAra se vargIkaraNa karane yA bhedaprabheda dikhalAte hue vizleSaNa karane ke kAraNa ise abhidhamma kahA hai| unake anusAra abhi kA tIsarA artha 'abhibhavAt' bhI ho sakatA hai| anya matoM yA virodhI siddhAntoM kA abhibhava-khaNDana-nirAkaraNa karane ke kAraNa yaha abhidhamma hai| abhi kA cauthA artha unhoMne 'abhigatitaH' dikhalAte hue ise mUlata: sutta piTaka ke ho siddhAntoM kA abhigamanaanugamana karane ke kAraNa abhidhamma batAyA hai| - tathAgata ne jisa dharma kA sandeza diyA, tattvataH vaha eka hai| antara kevala nirUpaNa kA hai| sutta-piTaka meM vaha upadeza kI bhASA meM hai, dhinaya-piTaka meM anuzAsana, niyamana aura saMyamana ke rUpa meM hai tathA abhidhamma piTaka meM tatva ke rUpa meM / isakA kAraNa kevala adhikArabheda hai| sutta saba ke lie haiM; kyoMki vaha adhicitta zikSA ke rUpa meM hai, vaha vyavahAradezanA hai| abhidhamma meM bhI ve hI tatva hai, para, ve prAjJoM kI dRSTi se haiM; ataeva vahAM unakA rUpa aghiprajJa zikSA kA ho gayA hai| yaha paramArtha-dezanA hai| sutta sabake lie sujJeya hai; kyoMki vahAM buddha-vacana sIdhe rUpa meM Akalita haiN| abhidhamma meM buddha ke mantavyoM kA sUkSma aura tAtvika dRSTikoNa se bahuta prakAra se vargIkaraNa tathA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai; ataH vaha tatva-darzana ke gambhIra adhyetAoM kA viSaya hai| abhidhamma : racanA bauddha paramparA meM yaha svIkRta hai ki dhamma aura vinaya kI taraha abhidhamma kA bhI prathama saMgIti meM saMgAna huA thaa| yaha bhI utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitane sutta aura vinaya / AcArya buddhaghoSa isa sambandha meM Azvasta haiM ki buddha ke kAla meM sutta aura vinaya kI taraha abhidhamma bhI vidyamAna thaa| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki 'dhammakathika' zabda abhidhammika bhikSa ke lie hI prayukta huA hai| pATaliputra meM sampanna tRtIya saMgIti meM moggaliputta tissa ne usa samaya pracalita mithyA 1. mahAyAna sUtrAlaGkAra; 11. 3 2010_05

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218] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana 1 khaNDa : 2 vAdoM ke nirAkaraNa ke nimitta 'kathAvatyu' kI racanA kI, jise abhidhamma meM sammilita kara liyA gyaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha bAda kI racanA hai| abhidhamma meM isake sammilita kara liye jAne se yaha anumAna karane kA avasara prApta hotA hai ki mabhidhamma kI racanA yA svarUpa-gaThana sutta aura vinaya ke anantara samaya-samaya para saMyojita hokara pUrNa huaa| para, sthavira paramparA ko yaha kisI bhI sthiti meM svIkAra nahIM hai| usake anusAra kathAvatthu kI rUparekhA bhagavAn buddha, kyoMki ve sarvajJa the; ataH bhaviSya meM hone vAle mithyA matavAdoM ko jAnate hue unake nirAkaraNa ke lie pahale hI nizcita kara gye| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne isa: tathya ko balapUrvaka samarthita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| aTThasAlinI kI nidAna kathA meM unhoMne pratipAdita kiyA hai ki madhupiNDaka-sutta Adi bhagavAn buddha ke ziSyoM dvArA upadiSTa haiM, para, buddha dvArA anumodita hone ke kAraNa ve buddha-vacana hI kahalAte haiM / usI prakAra kathAvatthu ko abhidhamma piTaka kA hI grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai| paramparA ke prati vizeSa Adara yA bahumAna ke kAraNa yaha arthavAda yA prazasti kI bhASA hai| yadi prathama saMgIti ke avasara para abhidhamma kA svarUpa astitva meM AyA huA hotA, to sutta aura vinaya ke sAtha usakI avazya carcA rhtii| cullavagga meM jahAM prathama saMgIti meM buddha-vacana ke saMgAna kA prasaMga AyA hai, vahAM dhamma (suta) aura vinaya ke hI saMgAna kA ullekha hai, abhidhamma kA nhiiN| vaizAlI meM Ayojita dvitIya saMgIti ke avasara para abhidhamma ke sambandha meM sthaviravAdiyoM aura sarvAstivAdiyoM kA vivAda, sthaviravAdiyoM dvArA use sAkSAt buddha-vacana siddha karane kA prayAsa, dUsare sampradAyavAloM dvArA abhidhamma kI prAmANikatA kA virodha, aisI jo sthitiyAM banIM, unase yaha anumAna honA svAbhAvika hai ki prathama saMgIti ke anantara abhidhamma kA svarUpa-nirmANa hone lagA hogaa| prathama saMgIti ke avasara taka abhidhamma kA astitva kisI bhI prakAra siddha nahIM hotaa| usase pahale mAtikAoM (mAtRkAoM) kA varNana prApta hotA haiN| mAtRkAe vargIkaraNa, vizleSaNa Adi vividha rUpoM meM thiiN| aisA sambhava lagatA hai ki abhidhamma-piTaka kA gaThana ina mAtRkAoM ke AdhAra para huaa| tIsagI saMgIti ke anantara bhikSu mahendra jaba laMkA jAte haiM, to vinaya-dhamma (sutta) ke sAtha abhidhamma bhI vahAM le jAte haiN| aisA lagatA hai, taba taka abhidhamma-piTaka kA sampUrNataH svarUpa-nirdhAraNa ho cukA thaa| laMkA meM Ane ke bAda usameM kisI bhI prakAra kA koI parivartana huA ho, aisA pramANa nahIM miltaa| abhidhamma kA lekhana-kArya vinaya aura sutta ke sAtha-sAtha hI laMkA-nareza caTTagAmaNi abhaya ke samaya meM hI sampanna huaa| 1. vinayapiTaka 2010_05

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bhoSA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGamaya [ 219 abhidhamma kA sthAna sthaviravAdI yA theravAdI sampradAya meM abhidhamma-piTaka kA utanA hI mahatva hai, jitanA sutta-piTaka aura binaya-piTaka kaa| barmA meM abhidhamma-piTaka kA bahuta vyApaka adhyayana humA hai| laMkA meM bhI abhidhamma kA atyadhika Adara rahA hai| 'mahAvaMza' ke anusAra laMkA ke rAjA AdarapUrvaka abhidhamma kA zravaNa karate rahe haiM aura katipaya rAjA to aise hue haiM, jinhoMne svayaM abhidhamma kA upadeza bhI kiyA hai| dazavIM zatAbdI meM hue rAjA kAzyapa prathama ne samasta abhidhamma piTaka svarNa-patroM para utkIrNa krvaayaa| itanA hI nahIM, abhidhamma ke pramukha grantha 'dhammasaMgaNi' ko to usane mUlyavAna ratnoM se khacita krvaayaa| rAjA vijayabAhu prathama (1059-1114 IsvI ) abhidhamma-piTaka kA bahuta bar3A vidvAn thaa| usane dhammasaMgaNi ko siMhalI bhASA meM anUdita kiyaa| abhidhamma ke prati jahAM eka ora itanA Adara rahA, dUsarI ora sthavira-sampradAya se bhinna anya bauddha sampradAyoM meM isakI pramANikatA svIkRta nahIM hai| bahuta pahale se sthaviravAdiyoM meM bhI aise bhikSuoM ke eka varga kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai, jisake anusAra abhidhamma prAmANika buddha-vacana nahIM thaa| usa varga kA suttapiTaka meM hI sarvAdhika vizvAsa thA / aTThasAlinI meM do bhikSuoM ke vArtAlApa kA eka prasaMga bahuta mananIya hai| yaha vArtAlApa hai : "bhante ! Apa itanI lambI paMkti uddhata kara rahe haiM, mAno sumeru ko hI pheMka denA cAha rahe hoN| bhante ! yaha kisakI paMkti hai ?" "AyuSman ! yaha abhidhamma kI paMkti hai|" "bhante ! Apa abhidhamma kI paMkti ko kyoM uddhata karate haiM ? kyA yaha samucita nahIM ki Apa buddha dvArA upadiSTa kinhIM aura paMktiyoM ko uddhata krte|" "AyuSman ! abhidhamma kA upadeza kisakA hai ?" "nizcaya hI vaha buddha-bhASita nahIM hai|" uparyukta vizleSaNa aura UhApoha ke AdhAra para aisA mAnanA anaucitya kI sImA meM nahIM jA sakatA ki praNayana yA svarUpa nirdhAraNa ke samaya kI apekSA se abhidhamma sutta aura vinaya se nizcaya hI paravartI hai| abhidhamma ke grantha pAli abhidhamma ke nimnAMkita grantha haiM : 1. dhammasaMgaNi 2. vibhaMga 2010_05

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22.] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa:3 3 puggala-paJjati 6. yamaka 4. dhAtu-kathA 7. katthAvatthuppakaraNa 5. paTTAna dhammasaMgaNi abhidhamma-sAhitya kA sabase adhika mahatvapUrNa grantha hai| dhammasaMgaNi meM bhautika aura mAnasika jagat ko vyAkhyA isa sUkSmatA tathA vizadatA se kI gaI hai ki vidvAn adhyetA ko etatsambandhI samasta viSayoM kA acchA digdarzana prApta ho jAtA hai| karma ke kuzala, akuzala tathA avyAkRta vipAka, citta aura caitasika avasthAoM kA kuzala, akuzala tathA avyAkRta ke rUpa meM vizleSaNa prabhRti anekAneka viSayoM kA isameM jo talasparzI vivecana kiyA gayA hai, use dekhate hue kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddhamanovijJAna kI naitika vyAkhyA kA yaha anUThA digdarzaka hai| piTaka-vAGamaya kA eka anya vakiraNa dharma-tatva ko vividha prakAra se hRdayaMgama karAne ke abhiprAya se pAli-vADmaya kA aneka prakAra se vargIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| zrotA aura adhyetA dvArA dharma ke vibhinna pakSa vyavasthita tathA vizada rUpa meM samajhe jA sakeM, isa hetu kiye gaye vibhinna prakAra ke vargIkaraNa, vizleSaNa, vivecana aura vyAkhyAna sacamuca pAli-sAhitya kI apanI vizeSatA hai| para, sAtha-ho-sAtha samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para aisA jJAta hotA hai ki bauddhoM dvArA sAhitya kA jo anekavidha vargIkaraNa, vargIkaraNa kA punaH vargIkaraNa; isa prakAra vargIkaraNoM kI eka zRkhalA. sI khar3I kara dI gayI hai, usameM vizada vizleSaNa aura vyAkhyAna se kahIM adhika unakI vizleSaNa-priya vRtti kI preraNA pratIta hotI hai / tripiTaka aura usake upavibhAga yA tadantarvartI granthoM ke rUpa meM kiye gaye vibhAjana ke atirikta eka dUsare prakAra ke vibhAjana meM samasta buddha-vacanoM ko pAMca nikAyoM meM bAMTA gayA hai, jo isa prakAra haiM : 1. dIgha-nikAya 4. aMguttara-nikAya 2. majjhima-nikAya 5. khuddaka-nikAya 3. saMyutta-nikAya sutta-piTaka ke pAMca nikAyoM ke bhI ye hI nAma hai| para, donoM ke Azaya meM kucha antara hai| isa vibhAjana ke ina pAMca nikAyoM meM tInoM piTakoM ke samagra grantha samAviSTa kara liye gaye haiN| yaha vibhAjana viSayoM kI mukhyatA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| isake pahale cAra nikAya to sutta-piTaka ke prathama cAra nikAyoM ke samAna hI haiN| sutta-piTaka ke una 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ! pAli-bhASA aura piTaka - vAGamaya [ 221 nikAyoM meM jo grantha liye gaye haiM, ve hI ina cAra nikAyoM meM gRhIta hue haiM / donoM meM viSayAzrita saMgati hai / pAMcaveM khuddaka nikAya meM suttapiTaka ke khuddaka nikAya ke pandraha granthoM ke atirikta vinaya-piTaka tathA abhidhammapiTaka ke sabhI grantha samAviSTa kara liye gaye haiM / buddha vacana kA navaMgI vargIkaraNa buddha vacanoM ke vargIkaraNa kA eka aura prakAra navAMgoM ke rUpa meM hai / mahAyAna sampradAya ke saMskRta nibaddha sAhitya meM bhI navAMgAtmaka vibhAjana kI carcA hai / saddharma puNDarIka-sUtra meM buddha dharma-saMgraha ke mukha se kahalAyA gayA hai ki merA zAsana - dharmazAsana nau aMga vAlA hai| meM bhagavAn buddha ke pravacanoM ko navAMgAtmaka kahA hai / " ve nau aMga isa prakAra haiM : 1. sutta 2. gaiyya 3. vaiyyAkaraNa 4. gAthA 5. udAna 1. sutta - bhagavAn buddha ke ve upadeza, jo gadya meM saMkalita haiM, isa vibhAjana ke antargata sAmAnyataH sutta kahe jAte haiM / jaise, dIghanikAya, suttanipAta Adi meM samAviSTa bhagavAn buddha ke jo gadyAtmaka vacana / 2. gaiyya - buddha vacana kA gadya-padya - mizrita bhAga / 1. 6. itivattaka 7. jAtaka 3. vaiyyAkaraNa-yaha vyAkaraNa zabda kA pAli rUpa hai / isakA abhiprAya dharma-tattva kA vyAkaraNa, vizleSaNa, vimarSaNa yA vivecana hai | vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya isa vibhAga meM gRhIta kiyA gayA hai / abhidhammapiTaka tathA buddha vacana kA tatsadRza dUsarA aMza isameM sannihita hai / 4. gAthA - buddha vacana ke kevala padya - baddha bhAga 'gAthA' ke antargata haiM / gAthA zabda 2. abbhukta dhamma 6. dala navAMGgametanmama zAsana ca / - saddhamaM puNDarIka sUtra, pR0 34, DaoN0 ena0 ena0 datta kA devanAgarI saMskaraNa / 2010_05 navAM pravacanAni / - mahAyAnasUtrasaMgraha, prathama khaNDa pR0 332, mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA 1961 saMskaraNa /

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222 ] AryA chanda kA paryAya hai / cAhe vaha kisI bhI chanda meM ho, isa (gAthAtmaka) vibhAga meM dhammapada Adi grantha haiM, jo padyabaddha haiM / 5. udAna ---- saumanasya pUrNa avasthA meM tathAgata ke muMha se jJAnamaya gAthAoM ke rUpa meM jo udgAra nikale, jo bhAvAtmakatA aura prItyAtmakatA se sampRkta haiM, ve udAna kahe gaye haiM / Agama aura tripiTaka eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 para, bauddha aura jaina sAhitya meM tattacchAstroM ke padya mAtra ko, gAthA zabda se saMjJita karane kI paramparA hai / buddha vacanoM ke 6. itivRttaka - saMskRta rUpa 'ityuktakam' arthAt aisA kahA gayA hai| 'butrA hetaM = bhagavatA' - bhagavAn dvArA aisA kahA gayA; isase Arambha hone vAle buddha vacana 'itivRttaka' meM Ate haiM / 7. jAtaka - jAta yA jAtaka kA artha janmA huA hotA hai / buddha ke pUrva janma kI ghaTanAe jAtakoM meM saMgrahita haiM / jAtakoM ke atirikta ve tripiTaka meM anyatra bhI prApta hotI haiM / 8. abbhuta dhamma -- yogajanya vibhUtiyAM, alaukika, Azcaryajanaka yA adbhuta vibhUtiyoM tathA besI adbhuta vastuoM kA varNana / 6. vedalla---Antarika ullAsa aura tuSTi prApta kara prazna pUche jAte haiM, usa sandarbha meM jo prazna aura uttara ke rUpa meM upadeza haiM, ve vedalla saMjJaka haiM / cullaveballa- suttanta, mahAvedallasutanta, sammAdisurAnta, sakkapaJha- suttanta Adi isake udAharaNa haiM / aMgoM ke upayukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha vibhAjana kevala zailI yA kathanaprakAra ke AdhAra para hai / isake anusAra eka hI grantha ke bhinna-bhinna aMza kaI aMgoM ke namUne ho sakate haiM / yaha vibhAjana kevala itanA sA jJApita karatA hai ki isa isa prakAra se bhagavAn buddha ke upadeza haiM, jo piTaka vADmaya meM bhinna-bhinna sthaloM para saMgRhIta haiM / ke AcArya haribhadra ne bauddha saMskRta grantha abhisamayAlaMkAra kI TIkA meM buddha vacana aMgoM kI carcA kI hai / ve isa prakAra haiM : 1. sUtra 4. gAthA 7. itivRttaka 1. 2010_05 2. geya 5. udAna 8. nidAna yasyAH pAde prathame dvAdaza mAtrAstathA tRtIye'pi / aSTAdaza dvitIye caturtha paMcadaza sA'' // bAraha 3. vyAkaraNa 6. avadAna 9. vaipulya

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pAli-bhASA aura piTaka-vAGamaya [ 223 10. jAtaka 11. upadeza 12. adbhuta dharma eka aura vargIkaraNa bhI hai, jisake anusAra buddha vacana caurAsI hajAra dharma-skandhoM meM vibhakta hai| ati vistArapUrNa vargIkaraNa yA vibhAjana bauddhoM kI vistIrNa-vizleSaNa-priyatA ke ghotaka haiN| vastutaH adhyayana-krama Adi meM tIna piTaka tathA unake upavibhAga hI vyavahRta haiN| bahuvidha vibhAjana : paramparA tIna piTaka, pAMca nikAya, nau aMga tathA caurAsI hajAra skandhoM ke rUpa meM buddha-vacanoM kA yaha vibhAjana-krama kaba se hai, yaha jijJAsA svAbhAvika hai| tInoM piTakoM kA saMketa svayaM piTakoM meM bhI prApta hai| bhAva abhilekha meM samrATa azoka dvArA kucha dhamma paliyAyoM yA dharmapariyAyoM kA isa Azaya se ullekha karavAyA gayA hai ki sabhI bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyAM, upAsaka tathA upAsikAe unakA sadA zravaNa kareM, pAlana kreN| usa zilAlekha meM buddhavacanoM ke jina-jina aMzoM kA ullekha hai, ve kahIM-kahI zabdazaH aura adhikAMzatayA arthazaH una vibhAgoM se kucha-kucha jur3ate haiN| kauna-kauna dhamma ( dhamma-paliyAya ) kina-kina vibhAgoM meM AtA hai, isa para vidvAnoM ne acchA prakAza DAlA hai| vistAramaya se usakA yahAM ullekha nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| azoka ke bhAva abhilekha se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki I0 pUrva tIsarI zaptI meM tripiTaka apane vargIkaraNa yA vibhAjana ke nAmoM ke sAtha prAyaH usI rUpa meM vidyamAna the; jaisA ve Aja haiN| sutta-piTaka aura vinava-piTaka ke lie to sunizcita rUpa meM aisA mAnA hI jA sakatA haiN| bhAva -abhilekha ke atirikta usake pazcAddhartI soco aura bharahuta ( I0 pUrva dUsarI zatI) 1. sUtraM geyaM vyAkaraNaM gAyovAnAvadAnakam / itivRttakaM nidAnaM vaipulyaM ca sajAtakam // upadezAdbhutau dhauM dvAvazAGgamidaM vacaH / . -abhisamayAlaGkAra, pR0 35, bar3audA saMskaraNa 2. ........imAni mate ! dhaMmapaliyAyAni vinayasamukase, aliyavasAni, anAgatamayAni, munigAthA, moneyasUte, upatisapasine e cA lAghulovAde musAvAdaM adhigicya budhena mAsite / etAni bhaMte dhaMmapaliyAyAni icchAmi kiM ti bahuke bhikhupAye cA bhikhuniye cA abhikhinaM sunayu cA upadhAleyeyu caa| hevaM menA upAsakA cA upAsikA caa| etAni bhate ! imaM likhApayAmi abhipetaM me jAnaMtU ti / ____ 2010_05

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224 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa:2 ke stUpa-lekhoM meM paMcanekAyika, suttantika aura peTakI Adi zabda Aye haiN| paMcanekAyika pAMca nikAyoM ke, suttantika sutta-piTaka ke aura peTakI piTakoM ke jJAtA ke artha meM prayukta hai| vahAM jAtakoM ke kucha aise dRzya bhI dikhalAye gaye haiM, jinase piTakoM aura nikAyoM ke rUpa meM buddha vacana ke vibhAjana kI prAmANikatA sUcita hotI hai| vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai ki ina abhilekhoM ke yuga se pahale buddha-vacana kA tIna piTakoM aura pAMca nikAyoM ke rUpa meM Aja kI taraha vibhAjana nizcita ho gayA thaa| ina abhilekhoM ke anantara milinda panhoM, buddhaghoSa kI aTThakathAeM, dIpavaMsa, mahAvaMsa Adi meM isa sambandha meM spaSTa ullekha hai| ___caurAsI hajAra dharma-granthoM ke rUpa meM buddha-vacana ke vibhAjana kA jo eka svarUpa aura carcita huA hai, vaha bhI bahuta prAcIna mAlUma hotA hai| theragAthA meM Ananda ne kahA ki mujhe caurAsI hajAra upadezoM kA jJAna hai| unameM se bayAsI hajAra maiMne bhagavAn buddha se aura do hajAra sagha se sIkhe haiN| AcArya buddhaghoSa dvArA samantapAsAdikA meM kiye gaye ullekha ke anusAra prathama saMgoti meM ina (corAsI hajAra dharma-skandhoM) kA saMgAna huA thaa| mahAvaMsa kA isa sambandha meM eka prasaMga hai, "samrAT (azoka) ne sthavira moggaliputta tissa se pUchA- "bhagavAn buddha dvArA diye hue upadeza kitane haiM ?" sthavira ne uttara diyA"dharma ke caurAsI hajAra skandha ( bhagavAn buddha dvArA upadiSTa) haiN|" samrATa ne kahA"maiM pratyeka ke lie vihAra banavAkara una sabakI pUjA karUgA / " tadanantara samrAT ne caurAsI hajAra nagaroM meM vihAra banavAne Arambha kiye| bauddha paramparA meM samrATa azoka dvArA caurAsI hajAra vihAra banavAye jAne kI bahuta prasiddhi hai| 1. Buddhist India. Royas Devids. P. 167 2. samantapAsAdikA, prathama jilda, pR0 29 3. mahAvaMsa, 5. 76. 80 ____ 2010_05

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zilAlekhI prAkRta ( Inscriptional Prakritas ) [azoka ke zilAlekha va unakI bhASA ] ____ 2010_05

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bhArata ke itihAsa meM azoka kA nAma eka aise mahAn samrATa ke rUpa meM smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, jisane zastra-bala se hI nahIM, maitrI, karuNA aura sevA ke AdarzoM dvArA bhI bahuta bar3I vijaya-saphalatA prApta kii| samrATa azoka bauddha dharma kA mahAn seghI to thA hI, vaha anya dharmoM kA bhI sammAna karatA thaa| prANi-mAtra ke hita meM use AsthA thii| usa ora vaha jIvana-bhara prayatnazIla bhI rahA / azoka ke jIvana, dharma, vyavahAra, nIti, zAsana aura vyavasthA ke sambandha meM sabase bar3A pramANa usake zilAlekha haiN| usane vizeSataH apane sAmrAjya ke sImA-pAnoM tathA jana-saMkhyA. bahula antartI bhAgoM meM ye abhilekha utkIrNa karavAye / zilAlekhoM kA bhASA : mahatva bhArata kI prAcIna bhASA ke vizleSaNa tathA anusandhAna ke sandarbha meM ima lekhoM kA bahuta mahatva hai / jisa bhASA meM ye lekha likhe gaye haiM, vaha azoka ke sAmrAjya meM arthAt lagabhaga I. pUrva tIsarI zatI meM uttara bhArata meM pracalita bhASA kA eka sAhityika yA ziSTa rUpa prastuta karatI hai / uttara bhArata se yahAM vindhya ke uttara meM sthita pazcima, madhya aura pUrva bhArata se bhAzaya hai| ina abhilekhoM kI bhASA ke sambandha meM pahale vidvAnoM kA aisA abhimata rahA ki ye pAli bhASA meM likhe hue haiM / isa sambandha meM uttarottara anusandhAna evaM gaveSaNA calatI rahI aura antataH vidvAn isa niSkarSa para pahuMce ki ye abhilekha vAstava meM prAkRta bhASA meM likhe hue haiM, jo usa samaya yatkiMcit prAdezika bheda ke sAtha samagra uttara bhArata meM phailI huI thii| zilAlekhoM kA vargokaraNa prAkRta bhASA ke lipi-baddha prApta hone vAle ye abhilekha sabase prAcIna udAharaNa haiM / ye tIna rUpoM meM milate haiM / inameM se kucha caTTAnoM para, kucha guphAmoM kI dIvAroM para tathA kucha stambhoM para utkIrNa haiN| uttara meM himAlaya se lekara dakSiNa meM karnATaka taka aura pazcima meM uttara-pazcimI sImAprAnta ( pAkistAna ) se lekara bihAra aura ur3IsA taka phaile hue haiN| samayApekSayA ye abhilekhamATha samUhoM meM bAMTe jA sakate haiM / 2010_05

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228 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 1. do laghu zilAlekha I0 pUrva 258 yA 257 ke lagabhaga inakA lekhana huA / inameM se prathama zilAlekha karnATaka ke siddhapura, jatiMga rAmezvara aura brahmagiri, madhyapradeza ke jabalapura jile meM rUpanAtha tathA datiyA jile meM gurjarA grAma ke nikaTa, bihAra ke zAhAbAda jile meM sahasarAma, rAjasthAna ke jayapura jile meM vairATha tathA Andhra meM mAskI, gavimatha, pAlkIguDa va irAgur3I meM prApta hotA hai / sambhavataH azoka ke rAjya-kAla ke terahaveM varSa meM isakA lekhana huaa| isa (prathama laghu) zilAlekha kA artha lagAne meM vidvAnoM ko jitanI kaThinatA kA sAmanA karanA par3A, pesA aura kiso lekha ke sambandha meM nahIM huaa| samrATa azoka ke vyaktigata jIvana kA kucha vRttAnta isa zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai; ata: aitihAsika dRSTi se isakA vizeSa mahatva hai| dvitIya ladhu zilAlekha kevala uttarI karnATaka ke siddhapura, jatiMga rAmezvara aura brahmagiri; ina tIna sthAnoM meM prApta hotA hai / isameM azoka dvArA dharma ke vyAvahArika pakSa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| 2. bhAbU zilAlekha I.pUrva 257 ke lagabhaga usakA lekhana huaa| yaha jayapura (rAjasthAna ) jile ke antargata vairATha nAmaka sthAna meM eka pahAr3I kI caTTAna para prApta huA thaa| kahA jAtA hai ki cairATha vahI sthAna hai, jo mahAbhAratta-kAla meM matsya dezAdhipati mahArAja virATa kI rAjadhAnI thA, jahAM pAMDavoM ne eka varSa kA ajJAtavAsa vyatIta kiyA thaa| bauddha dharma ke itihAsa meM isa zilAlekha kA bahuta mahatva hai| isameM samrATa azoka ke bauddha dharma aura saMgha kI zaraNa grahaNa karane kA varNana hai| sAtha-hI-sAtha bauddha dharma-granthoM ke una sAta sthaloM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, jinheM samrATa azoka isa yogya mAnatA thA ki bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyAM tathA upAsaka va upAsikAe~ unakA anuzIlana kareM, una para vizeSa dhyAna deN| ve sAtoM sthala bauddha dharma ke granthoM meM yathAvat rUpa meM prApta haiM / aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki azoka ne jaba yaha zilAlekha utkIrNa karavAyA, taba vaha sambhavataH gherATha sthita kisI saMghAzAma meM pravAsa karatA thaa| 3. caturdaza zilAlekha I. pUrva 257 yA 256 ke Asa-pAsa ye zilAlekha likhavAye gaye the| ye ATha bhinnabhinna sthAnoM meM prApta haiM, jo isa prakAra hai : 1. zAhabAjagar3hI ( pezAvara se 40 mIka uttara-pUrva meM sthita ) 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya zilAlekhI - prAkRtaM [ 226 2. mAnaserA ( jilA hajArA-pAkistAna ) / 3. kAlasI ( maMsUrI se lagabhaga 15 mIla pazcima kI ora sthita jilA deharAdUna, uttarapradeza) 4. giranAra ( jUnAgar3ha ke samIpa, gujarAta ) 5. sopArA ( jilA thAnA, mahArASTra ) 6. dhaulI ( jilA kaTaka, ur3IsA) 7. jogar3ha ( gaMjAma, tamilanADu) 8. irAgur3I ( Andhra ) .. dharma, nIti, manuSyoM aura pazuoM kI cikitsA, sArvajanika kArya, rAjA ke kartavya, rAjA kI mahAnatA ke AdhAra, prAdezika adhikAriyoM ke kartavya, jana-sAdhAraNa se samparka, dhArmika sahiSNutA, vAstavika kIti, vAstavika dAna, kaliMga-vijaya, usake kAraNa, yuddha ke prati ghRNA, bhedI-ghoSa ke sthAna para dharma- ghoSa dvArA dezoM kI vijaya prabhRti viSayoM para ina zilAlekhoM meM azoka ke vicAra, mAdeza bhAdi ullikhita haiM / 4. do kaliMga - zilAlekha I0 pUrva 256 meM inakA lekhana humA thaa| ye lekha dhaulI aura jaugar3ha meM prApta hue haiN| ina donoM lekhoM kA sambandha nava-vijita kaliMga deza ke zAsana se hai| inameM samrATa azoka dvArA apane adhikAriyoM ko diye gaye una AdezoM kA ullekha hai, jinameM kaliMga deza aura usakI sImA para basane vAlI jaMgalI jAtiyoM para kisa prakAra zAsana kiyA jAnA caahie| ye lekha atyanta mahatvapUrNa haiM / vastutaH ye donoM lekha dhaulo aura jaugar3ha ke caturdaza zilAlekhoM ke pariziSTa ke samAna haiN| caturdaza zilAlekhoM ke likhe jAne ke pazcAt ye unameM jor3e gaye the| 5. tAna muhA-lekha ____ gayA (bihAra ) kI samIpavartI barAbara kI pahAr3iyoM meM ye prApta hue haiN| ye lekha azoka ke rAjya-kAla ke 13veM aura 20 varSa arthAt I. pUrva 257 aura 25.0 meM utkIrNa karavAye gaye the| inameM ullekha kiyA gayA hai ki rAjA priyadarzI ne apane rAjyAbhiSeka ke bAraha varSa pazcAt ye guphAe AjIvakoM ko pradAna kii| buddha aura mahAvIra ke samaya meM zramaNa-paramparA ke antargata AjIvaka bhI eka sampradAya thaa| usake bhikSa nighastra rahate the| maMkhali gozAla usa sampradAya ke adhinAyaka the| samrATa azoka svayaM bauddha thA, para, anya ___ 2010_05

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23. Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana sampradAyoM ke prati bhI usakA Adara thaa| dhArmika sahiSNutA kA yaha ekautkRSTa udAharaNa hai| isake atirikta Ajodhaka-sampradAya ke prati samrATa azoka ke AkarSaNa kA eka aura kAraNa bhI sambhAvita jAna par3atA hai| mahAvaMza satikA meM ullekha hai ki azoka kI mAtA dharmA thii| vaha mauryavaMzotpanna thii| vaha bindusAra kI agramahiSI yA paTarAnI thii| usakA pitR-kula AjIvaka-sampradAya kA anuyAyIthA / unake dharmAcArya kA nAma janasena thaa| yaha rAnI bhI apanI paitRka paramparA ke anusAra AjIvaka-sampradAya meM zraddhA rakhatI thii| DA. rAdhAkumuda mukoM kA kathana hai ki sambhavata: isI kAraNa azoka kA AjIvakoM ke prati jhukAva rahA ho| divyAvadAna meM azoka kI mAtAkA nAma zubhadrogI likhA hai| use eka brAhmaNa-kanyA batalAyA hai| jo bhI ho, azoka dvAzA AjIvakoM ko guphA-dAna kiye jAne ke prasaMga kA usakI mAtA ke AjIvaka-sampradAya kI anuyAyinI hone se jor3A jAnA adhika saMgata nahIM lgtaa| SaSTha stambha lekha meM azoka dvArA satva pAsaMDA me pUjitA jo kahA gayA hai, vaha usakI sabhI dharma-sampradAyoM ke prati udAstApUrNa noti aura bAdara kA spaSTa paricAyaka hai| 6. tarAI ke do stambha-lekha nepAla kI tarAI meM rumminadeI tathA niglIva yA niglIvA nAmaka gAMva meM ye lekha prApta hue haiM / isakA samaya I0 pU0 25. mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi kalevara meM ye lekha bahuta choTe hai, para, kaI aise kAraNa haiM, jinase inakA mahatva bar3ha jAtA haiN| ina lekhoM se nizcita rUpa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki azoka ne bauddha-dharma ke pavitra sthAnoM kI yAtrA kI thii| rumminadeI ke lekha se lumbinI vana kA patA cala jAtA hai, jahAM tathAgata ne janma grahaNa kiyA thaa| bauddha itihAsa meM isa sthAna kA vizeSa mahatva hai| niglIva kA lekha yaha prakaTa karatA hai ki samrATa azoka kI bhakti gautama buddha ke prati to thI hI, pUrva kAla ke buddhoM ke prati bho thI / sAthahI-sAtha ye lekha vyakta karate haiM ki nepAla ko tarAI taka azoka kI sAmrAjya-sImA thii| 7. sapta stambha-lekha I0 pU0 243 se 242 inakA samaya mAnA jAtA hai / ye lekha TopArA ( hariyAnA meM ambAlA ke nikaTa ), meraTha ( uttara pradeza ), kauzAmbI ( ilAhAbAda, uttara pradeza ). rAmapuravA ( campAraNa, bihAra ), lorIyA ( ayarAja, bihAra ), lauriyA ( nandanagar3ha, bihAya ) tathA ArA (bihAra) meM prApta hue haiM / TopArA aura meraTha sthiti stambhoM ko phiroja zAha dillI uThavA lAyA thA, jo isa samaya vahIM haiN| kauzAmbo ke lekha vAlA stambha isa samaya ilAhAbAda ke kile meM hai| vaha ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] zilAlekhI. prAkRta [ 231 kauzAmbI se ilAhAbAda lAyA gpaa| lagabhaga tIsa varSa taka rAjya karane ke bAda samrATa azoka ne apane jIvana ke antima bhAga meM ye stambha-lekha utkIrNa karavAye the| jina viSayoM kA caturdaza zilAlekhoM meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai, prAyaH unhIM kA ina stambha lekhoM meM zabdAntara se varNana hai| eka prakAra se ye catudaMza zilAlekhoM ke pariziSTa kahe jA sakate haiN)| ina stambha-lekhoM meM una upAyoM tathA vyavasthAoM kA ullekha hai, jinheM azoka ne apane sudIrgha zAsana-kAla meM dharma-prasAra ke hetu vyavahRta kiyA thA / ina lekhoM meM azoka kI dhArmika nIti, naitika Adarza, rAjyAdhikAriyoM ke kartavya, ahiMsA kI sArvajananIna tathA vyApaka kriyAnviti ke nimitta varSa ke antargata kucha dinoM ke lie vibhinna pazuoM kA vadha na karane ke sambandha meM Adeza Adi mahatvapUrNa viSayoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| 5. laghu stambha-lekha - aisA samajhA jAtA hai ki inakA utkIrNana I0 pUrva 248 se I0 pU0 232 ke madhya huaa| ye sApanAtha ( vArANasI ke samIpa, uttara pradeza ) meM prApta hue haiN| kauzAmbI kA stambha-lekha usI stambha para khudA hubhA hai, jo ilAhAbAda ke kile meM sthita hai| tInoM stambha-lekhoM meM kahA gayA hai ki jo bhikSu yA bhikSuNI saMgha meM phUTa DAleMge, unheM saMgha se pRthak kara diyA jaayegaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki samrATa azoka ke samaya bauddha dharmasaMgha meM bar3hate jA rahe vaimanasya, vidvaSa yA phUTa ko rokane ke lie jo sabhA huI thI, usameM kiye gaye nizcayoM ko prasArita karane kI dRSTi se ye lekha likhavAye gaye / samrATa azoka dharmasaMgha kI phUTa ko rokane ke lie kitanA cintita aura jAgarUka thA, isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai / ilAhAbAda ke kile meM sthita stambha para eka lekha aura hai, jo rAno ke lekha ke nAma se prasiddha hai / azoka kI dvitIya patnI kA nAma kAruSAkI thA, jo rAjakumAra tIvara kI mAtA thii| isa lekha meM pAnI kAruSAkI kI dAnazIlatA kA ullekha hai| azoka ke zilAlekhoM kA yaha saMkSipta paricaya hai| prastuta prayojana zilA-lekhoM kI bhASA kA vizleSaNa hai| isalie yaha Avazyaka hai ki pahale unakA sthAna-bheda tathA bhASAbheda kI dRSTi se vibhAjana kiyA jAye / isa apekSA se ye zilAlekha uttara-pazcima, pazcima, pUrva, pUrva-dakSiNa, madhya deza aura dakSiNa; sthUla rUpa se ima chaH bhAgoM meM bAMTe jA sakate haiM / azoka ne ye lekha apanI rAja-bhASA meM likhvaaye| usakI rAjadhAnI pATaliputra pUrva bhArata meM thii| usakI rAja-bhASA pUrvIya prAkRta pii| rAja-bhASA bolacAla kI bhASA kI apekSA ziSTatva kI ora jhukI rahatI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM yaha bomacAla kI bhASA se kucha parimArjita hotI hai, ataH azoka ke kAla meM pUrva bhArata meM no bhASA bolacAla meM prayukta thI, ___ 2010_05

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232 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNTa : 2 ko rAja-bhASA usase kucha bhinna, kucha pariniSThita rUpa liye hue thii| yadyapi rAja-bhASA kA kSetra samasta rAjya hotA hai| rAjya-sambandhI kAryoM meM usakA upayoga sarvatra hotA hai| bolacAla meM prAdezika bhedoM ke anusAra usameM kucha-kucha bhinnatA rahatI hai / samrATa azoka ne jo zilAlekha likhavAye, vahIM unakA dRSTikoNa thA ki jahAM-jahAM rAja-bhASA ko loga samajha sakate hoM, vahA~ usI meM AdezoM dha vicAroM kA utkIrNana ho; tAki jana-jana una zikSAoM tathA bhAvanAoM se avagata ho ske| azoka ke ve zilAlekha, jo pUrva bhArata meM haiM, usI bhASA meM haiM, jisakA usake rAjyakArya meM pracalana thaa| madhyadeza meM bhI usa bhASA ko samajhane meM asuvidhA nahIM thii| bolacAla meM yahAM kucha nagaNya bhinnatA avazya thii| isa prakAra gaMgA-yamunA kI ghATiyoM se lekara mahAnadI taka ke zilAlekhoM kI bhASA lagabhaga samAna hai| jahAM-tahAM kucha bheda hai, para, vaha bahuta mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai / __ azoka kA gAjya dUra-dUra taka phailA huA thaa| usameM aise bhAga bhI the, jahAM azoka kI rAja-bhASA arthAt pUrva kI bhASA logoM dvArA sugamatA se nahIM samajhI jA sakatI thI / vahAM kI bhASA bhinna thii| aise sthAnoM para jo zilAlekha likhavAye gaye, isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhA gayA ki unameM ghesI bhASA kA prayoga kiyA jAe, jise vahAM ke nivAsI jana-sAdhAraNa saralatApUrvaka hRdayaMgama kara sakeM / isakA artha yaha huA ki una-una sthAnoM kI prAdezika boliyoM se zilAlekhoM kI bhASA atyadhika prabhAvita huii| yaha tathya uttara-pazcima ke zAhabAjagar3hI tathA mAnaserA ke zilAlekhoM se spaSTa hai| yahAM kI tathA pUrva va anya sthAnoM ke zilAlekho kI bhASA meM sUkSma dRSTayA rahe hue antara ko vivecanA mAge ko jaayegii| . giranAra saurASTra : gujarAta ) meM sthita hai| yahAM kI bolacAla kI bhASA pUrva kI bhASA se apekSAkRta bhinna thii| giranAra ke zilAlekha ko bhASA pUrva ke zilAlekhoM kI bhASA se kucha bhinna honA svAbhAvika hI hai / usa para madhyadeza kI bolacAla kI bhASA kA kucha prabhAva avazya hai, jo usameM prayukta bhASA se spaSTa hai| dakSiNa-Aya-bhASA-parivAra kI bhASAmoM ke bAhara kA kSetra hai| azoka ke samaya meM bhI yahAM lamabhaga usI prakAra dravir3a-parivAra kI bhASAoM kA pracalana thA, jaisA mAna hai| itanA avazya hai, ve dravir3a parivArIya bhASAe' Aja kI ( dravir3a-parivArIya ) bhASAoM kI pUrvajA thiiN| bhASA-parivArIya bhinnatA ke kAraNa hI dakSiNa ke zilAlekhoM kI bhASA sthAnIya bhASA se aprabhAvita rhii| vahAM ke lekhoM kI bhASA meM pUrva kI bhASA se jo thor3I-bahuta bhinnatA dRSTigocara hotI hai, vaha paviSama kA prabhAva hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki dakSiNa ke zilAlekhoM kI gherATha, sAMcI bhaura rUpanAtha ke lekhoM se yatkiMcit samAnatA dRSTigata hotI hai| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zilAlekhI - prAkRta [ 233 una ( dakSiNa ke ) zilAlekhoM meM bhASA kI dRSTi se aura kucha vizeSa ullekhanIya nahIM hai / silAlekhoM ko bhASA tulanAtmaka vivecana : azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM caturdaza zilAlekha bhaugolika dRSTi se aise bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM para sthita haiM, jo eka-dUsare se bahuta dUra haiM, udAharaNArtha, zAhabAjagar3hI jahAM dUra uttara-pazcima meM sthita hai, vahAM ghaulI dUra pUrva-dakSiNa meM / isI prakAra kAlasI jahAM himAdri ke aMcala meM uttara meM sthita hai, vahAM jaugar3ha dUra dakSiNApatha meM / uttara-pazcima caturdaza zilAlekhoM kI bhASA meM sthUladRSTyA tIna rUpa prApta hote haiM kA, pUrva va madhya deza kA tathA pazcima kA 1 zAhabAjagar3hI aura mAnaserA ke zilAlekha eka vizeSa bhASA-rUpa ko liye hue haiM, jo IrAna Adi pazcima ke dezoM meM pracalita AryaparivArIya bhASAoM se prabhAvita aura saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa hai / giranAra kA zilAlekha pazcima bhArata kI bhASA se vizeSa prabhASita hai / inake atirikta anya zilAlekhoM kI bhASA inase kucha bhinna rUpa liye hue hai, jo azoka kI rAja-bhASA ke nikaTa kA rUpa hai / zAhabAjagar3hI aura mAnaserA ke abhilekha jisa bhU-bhAga meM sthita haiM, sambhavataH samrAT azoka ke sAmrAjya kI vaha uttara-pazcimI sImA thI / vaha prAkRtoM kA yuga thA / isa uttara-pazcimI bhU-bhAga meM koI eka prAkRta pracalita thI, jo pUrva kI prAkRta se apekSAkRta vizeSa bhinna thI / kahIM kI bhI jana-bhASA pAzrvavartI dezoM yA pradezoM kI bhASA se sadA prabhAvita rahatI hai / kyoMki use bolane vAle logoM kA sambandha, vyavahAra pAsa-par3osa ke logoM se nitya prati rahatA hai / isIlie uttara-pazcima sImA prAnta meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASA para pazcima deza kI bhASA kA prabhAva svAbhAvika thA / vaha cInI turkistAna ke antargata niya nAmaka sthAna para mile abhilekhoM kI prAkRta se, jise niya prAkRta kahA jAtA tathA khetAna meM mile prAkRta - dhammapada kI bhASA ke adhika nikaTa hai / azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA ke sambandha meM paripUrNa vivaraNa yA vizleSaNa to nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki usameM bahuta kucha gaveSaNIya hai, para jitanA jo kahA jA sakatA hai, tadanusAra abhilekhoM kI bhASA ke sambandha meM kucha tathya prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM : - 1. uttara-pazcima ke zilAlekhoM meM RkAra kA vikAsa ri aura ru ke rUpa meM do prakAra se dRSTigocara hotA hai / jaise, zAhabAjagar3hI ke abhilekhoM meM mRgaH kA go' tathA mAnaserA ke 1. mRgo so pi srugo no dhruvaM / 2010_05

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234 ] bhAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 abhilekhoM meM nige rUpa prApta hotA hai| kahIM-kahIM RkAra rakAra meM bhI parivartita huA hai| giranAra ke abhilekha meM sugo yA mrige ke sthAna para mago rUpa prApta hotA hai| isase prakaTa hai ki usa aura RkAra kA vikAsa akAra meM hone kI pravRtti thii| kAlasI aura jaugar3ha ke abhilekhoM meM mRgaH ke lie mige' rUpa prApta hotA hai / ye abhilekha prAyaH pUrva kI bhASA ke anurUpa haiM / pUrva meM R kA vikAsa i meM hone kI pravRtti rahI hai| zAhabAjagar3hI ke abhilekhoM meM rakAra ke prabhAva se usakA anugAmI tAlavya varNa mUrdhanya vaNa ke rUpa meM parivartita dRSTigocara hotA hai| jaise, vRddhaSu ke lie vahAM buDheSu prayoga hai, jaba ki mAnaserA ke abhilekhoM meM vRddhaSu ke lie budhraSu prayukta huA hai| sabhI zilAlekhoM meM tAlavya vargoM ke mUrdhanya vargoM meM parivartita hone kI niyAmakatA nahIM dikhAI detI / udAharaNArtha, dvitIya zilAlekha meM auSadhAni ke lie giranAra meM ausuDhAni kAlasI meM ausudhAni, jogar3ha meM ausadhAni, zAhabAjagaDI meM auSuDhAni tathA mAnaserA meM auSaDhini kA prayoga huA hai / caturtha zilAlekha meM vardhita: ke lie sarvatra vaDhito yA vaDhite 1. .."eke nige se pi cu nige no dhruvaM / (ekaH mRgaH saH api ca mRgaH na dhruvH|) -prathama zilAlekha 2. ..."eke mige se pi ca mige no dhruve| 3. eke mige se pi cu mige no dhruvaM / 4. buDheSu hita sukhaye dhramayutasa apalibodhe vapaTa............ 5. budhraSu hivaM sukhaye dhramayuta apaliyodhaye viyapuTa ............ ( .."vRddhaSu hitasukhAya dharmayuktasya aparibAdhAya vyApRtA: ") -paMcama zilAlekha 1. giranAra-ausuDhAni ca yAni manusopagAni ca ....... / kAlasI-ausadhAni munisopagAni cA........ / jaugar3ha-ausapAni Ani munisopagAni........ zAhabAnagar3hI-auSuDhAni manuzopakAni mnushopkaani........| mAnaserA-auSaDhini........ (auSadhAni manuSyopagAni ca....... / ) ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya zilAlekhI * prAkRta [ 235 prayukta huA hai| . uttara-pazcimI zilAlekhoM meM tAlavya za mUrdhanya va tathA dantya sa prAyaH pathAvat rUpa meM prApta hote haiN| jaise, doSaM, samajasa, priya-drazi, anudivasa, praNazatasahasrani, aramiyisu, pazopakAni, nasti, sanatra aadi| ___zAhabAjagar3hI ke abhilekha meM isakA apavAda bhI yatra-tatra dRSTigocara hotA hai| udAharaNArtha, dvitIya zilAlekha meM manuSya-cikitsA ke lie manuzadhikisa tathA manuSyopagAni ke lie manuzopakAni rUpa prApta hote haiM / zAhabAjagar3hI aura mAnaserA ke zilAlekhoM meM ra ke sthAna parivartana ke sambandha meM eka dhimeza krama dikhAI detA hai| repha apane se pUrvavartI yA uttaravartI varNa meM mila jAtA hai / 1. giranAra - atikAMtaM aMtara bahUni vAsasatAni vaDhito evaM praannaarNbho....| kAlasI-atikataM aMtalaM bahuni vAsasatAni baDhite va pAnAlame....... / dhaulI-atikataM aMtalaM bahUni vAsasatAni baDhite va paanaalNbhe........| jogar3ha-atikataM aMtalaM bahUni vAsasatAni vaDhite va pAnAla me........ / zAhabAjagar3ho-atikrataM aMtaraM bahani vaSazatAni vaDhitoba prnnrNbho..|| mAnaserA-atikrataM aMtara mahuni vaSa-zani vaDhite va prnnrNbhe........| (atikrAntamantaraM bahUni varSazatAni vardhita evaM prANAlAmaH... / ) 2. bahukahi boSaM samajasa devana priyo priyadazi rapa dakhati / - (bahukAn hi doSAn samAjasya devAnAM priyaH priyadarzI rAjA pshyti|) -prathama zilAlekha 3. ... anuvivaso bahuni praNazatasahasrani aramiyisu... / (.."anuvivasaM bahUni prANazatasahasrANi Alapsat..) -prathama zilAlekha 4. ... pazopakAni ca yatra-patra nasti savana haropita ca.... / (..."pazupagAni ca yatra yatra na santi sarvatra hAritAni ca.... / ) -dvitIya zilAlekha 5. ..."priyadazisa rajo duvi cikisa kiTa manuzacikiMsa pazucikisa ca / auSuDhAni manuzopakAni / ( priyadarzinaH rAjJaH cikitse kRte manuSyacikitsA ca pazucikitsA ca / mauSadhAni manuSyopagAni....... / ) ____ 2010_05

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236 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 jaise. dharma-lipi ke liye pramadipi', sarvatra ke lie sanatra tathA priyadarzinaH ke lie primdazisa prabhRti rUpa pAye jAte haiN| rakAra ke sthAna-parivartana kI aisI pravRtti anyatra dRSTigocara nahIM hotii| jina saMyukta vyaJjanoM ke anta meM yakAra hotA hai, usa ( yakAya ) kA lopa ho jAtA hai| yaha pravRtti uttara-pazcima ke zilAlekhoM meM prApta hotI hai| udAharaNArtha, vahAM kalyANa ke lie kalaNa tathA kartavya ke lie kaTava' AyA hai / yakAra-lopa kI yaha sthiti adhikAMzataH zAhabAz2agar3hI ke abhilekhoM meM prApta hotI hai| mAnaserA ke abhilekhoM meM isase bhinnatA bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai| jaise, bArahave aura pahale zilAlekha meM zAhabAjagar3hI meM jahAM kalyANa ke lie kalaNa aura kartavya ke lie kaTava AyA hai, mAnaserA meM kayaNa aura kaTaviya' kA prayoga huA hai| uttara-pazcimI abhilekhoM meM jina vyaMjanoM meM ra milA rahA hotA hai, ve vyaMjana prAyaH 1. (a) yaM dhramadipi devana priasa-rao likhpitu| ( iyaM dharmalipi: devAnAM priyeNa rAjJA lekhitaa|) -prathama zilAlekha 2. savatra vijite devanaM priyasa priyadazisa ye ca aNt....| ( sarvatra vijite devAnAM priyasya priyadarzinaH ye ca antAH.... / ) -dvitIya zilAlekha 3. pura mahanasi devanaM priyaasa priadrazisa ro| (purA mahAnase devAnAM priyasya priyadarzina: rAjJaH ...") _ -prathama zilAlekha 4. evaM hi devanaM priyasa icha kiti sanna pracaMDa bahuzru ta ca kalaNa vatavo... / (evaM hi devAnAM priyasya icchA kimiti sarvapASaNDAH bahuzru tAH ca klyaannvnt:|) -dvAdaza zilAlekha 5. hida no kici jive Aramita pryuhotviye| no pi ca samaja kaTaba / (iha na kazcit jIvaH Alabhya prahotavyaH / nApi ca samAja: kartavyaH / ) --prathama zilAlekha 6. evaM hi devanaM priyasa icha kiti sanna paSaDa bahuzruta ca kayaNa tviye...| 7. hida no ki ci jive Arabhita prayuhotabiye nopi ca samaja kaTaviya / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya zilAlekhI - prAkRta [ 237 yathAvat bane rahate haiN| jaise, praja, bramaNa, zramaNa' ityaadi| kahIM-kahIM apavAda svarUpa (dvayartha ke lie ) diyaTa' jaise rUpa bhI milate haiN| jina saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM la milA rahatA hai, unameM la kA prAyaH lopa ho jAtA hai / vizeSata: yaha pravRtti uttara-pazcima ke zilAlekhoM meM prApta hotI hai| anya zilAlekhoM meM aisA nahIM pAyA jaataa| isake anusAra kalpa ke lie kapa tathA alpa ke lie apa jaise prayoga prApta hote haiN| pazcimottara ke zilAlekhoM meM kSa ke lie cha kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| jaise, mochaye, chamitaviya, chamanaye / 1. ""tathaM ca me praja anuvtttu| ( ..."tathA ca me prajA anuvartantAm ) -paMcama zilAlekha 2 (ka) mitrasaMstuta atikanaM ca brmnnshrmnnn....| ( mitrasaMstuta jJAnInAM ca brAhmaNazramaNAnAM""1) -tRtIya zilAlekha (kha) tatra hi vasaMti bramaNa va zramaNa va." (tatra hi vasanti brAhmaNA vA zramamA vA" / ) -trayodaza zilAlekha 3. trayodaza zilAlekha 4. .."imaM avakapa prame zile ca tistiti dhrama anuzazizaMti / ( idaM yAvat kalpaM dharme zIle ca tiSThantaH dharmamanuzAsiSyanti / ) -caturtha zilAlekha ( zAha0 ) 5. apavayata apamaMData sadhu / ( alpavyayatA alpamANDatA sAdhu / ) -tRtIya zilAlekha 6 mauchaye iyaM anubdhN....| (.."mokSAya ca evamanubandha... / ) -paMcama zilAlekha 7 (ka) yo pi ca apakareya ti chamitaviyamate vo devanaM priyasa yaM zako chmnye| ( yo'pi ca apakaroti kSantavyamata eva devAnAM priyasya yaH zakyaH kSamaNAya / ) (kha) icchati hi devanaM priyo sababhUtana achati..." ( icchati hi devAnAM priyaH sarvabhUtAnAmakSati...) ... -trayodaza zilAlekha ____ 2010_05

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238 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 uttara-pazcima ke atirikta kSa ke lie kha ke prayoga kI pravRtti prAyaH sabhI zilAlekhoM meM prApta hotI hai / kahIM-kahIM uttara-pazcima ke zilAlekhoM meM bhI kSa ke lie kha prApta hotA hai / udAharaNArthaM, zAhabAjagar3hI aura mAnaseA ke dazama zilAlekha meM kSudraNa ke lie khudrakena' kA prayoga huA hai / uttara-pazcima ke zilAlekhoM meM za ke lie prAyaH Ja kA prayoga huA hai / jaise, ro tikanaM / anyAnya zilAlekhoM meM J aura nU; donoM prakAra ke prayoga prApta hote haiM / kahIM-kahIM uttara-pazcima ke zilAlekhoM meM bhI n AyA hai, para, bahuta kama / uttara-pazcima ke zilAlekhoM nya ke lie bhI prAyaH Ja kA prayoga huA hai / jaise ajUni aje' ityAdi / mAnaserA meM kvacit ya ke lie ga bhI prApta hotA hai / anyAnya abhilekhoM meM prAyaH nya ke sthAna para na prApta hotA hai / giranAra meM bhI milatA hai / 1. DukaraM tu kho eve khudrakena vagrana usaTena va 2. 4. ' ( duSkaraM tu khalu etat kSudrakeNa vargeNa uzatA ......... -zAhabAjagar3hI, vazama zilAlekha 5. ayaM pramadipi devana priasa rao likhayitu / ( iyaM dharma lipi: devAnAM priyeNa rAjJA lekhitA ) 3. mitra saMstutatikanaM zramaNabramaNanaM danaM praNanaM anaraMmo / (.... mitrasaMstutajJAtikAnAM zramaNabrAhmaNAnAM dAnaM prANAnAmanArlabha ) -zAhabAjagar3hI, ekAdaza zilAlekha ani ca vini rupani brazayitujanasa / ................ - zAhabAjagar3hI, prathama zilAlekha eSe atre ca bahuvidhe dhamacaraNe vardhite / ( etat anyat ca bahuvidhaM dharmacaraNaM varddhitam / ) - mAnaserA, caturtha zilAlekha " anyAni ca divyAni rUpANi darzayitvA janasya / ) - zAhabAjagar3hI, caturtha zilAlekha 6. imaye dhamanuza stiye yathaM aNaye pikramane / ( asye dharmAnuziSTyai yathA anyasmai api karmaNe / ) -- mAnaserA, tRtIya zilAlekha 2010_05 3

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zilAlekhI - prAkRta [ 239 pazcimottara ke abhilekhoM meM dantya aura mUrdhanya vargoM kI niyatatA dRSTigocara nahIM hotii| jaise, caturtha zilAlekha (zAhabAjagar3hI ) meM tiSThati ke liye tistiti bora zreSTham ke lie le prayukta huA hai| arthAt eka hI sthAna para dantya aura mUrdhanya donoM prApta hote haiN| uttara-pazcima ke abhilekhoM meM kucha prayoga aise milate haiM, jinameM ra kA lopa dRSTigocara hotA hai| jaise, SaSTha zilAlekha meM kRtam ke lie kiTaM rUpa prApta hotA hai / vAstava meM ina zilAlekhoM kI prayoga-paramparA ke anusAra kRta kA kriTa honA cAhie; jaisA ki pUrvollekha hubhA hai, RkAra kA vikAsa ina zilAlekhoM meM ri, ru aura kahIM-kahIM ra ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai| pUrva ke zilAlekhoM meM isa prakAra kI pravRtti nahIM hai| vahAM RkAra, ikAra ukAra yA akAra meM parivartita dRSTigocara hotA hai| pazcimottara ke zilAlekhoM meM kriTa ke sthAna para kiTa jaise prayoga ( arthAt rakAra kA lopa ) kI pravRtti pUrva se AI huI pratIta hotI hai| uttara-pazcima ke abhilekhoM meM AkAra ko kAra meM parivartita karane kI pravRtti vizeSa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotI hai / jaise, cikitsA ke lie cikisa', yathA ke lie yapa tathA . 1. dhrame zile ca tistiti pramaM anuzazizaMti / eta hi le kramaM yaM dhamanuzazanaM prama caraNaM pic| (....."dharme zIle ca tiSThantaH dharmamanuzAsiSyanti / etat hi zreSTha karma pat dharmAnuzAsanam ) -zAhabAjagar3hI, caturtha zilAlekha 2. taM maya evaM kiTa satra kalaM............) (tat mayA evaM kRtaM sarva kAlaM......) -zAhabAjagar3hI, SaSTha zilAlekha' 3. pripadrazisa ro duvi cikisa kiTa manuzacikisa pazucikisa ca / ( priyadarzinaH rAjJaH vi cikitse kRte manuSyacikitsA ca pazucikitsA ca / ) -zAhabAjagar3hI, dvitIya zilAlekha 4. .."imima dhramanuzasti yatha a ye pi kramaye / (-asye dharmAnuziSTaya yathA anyasmai api karmaNe / ) -zAhabAmagar3hI, tRtIya zilAlekha ____ 2010_05

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240] Agama aura tripaTika : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa :2 ke lie taka, adhunA ke lie adhuna, pazcAt ke lie pacha, tIvra ke lie tiva tathA aparAdhena ke lie aparadhena jaise prayoga hue haiN| - pazcimottara ke zilAlekhoM meM akArAnta nAmoM ke prathamA ekavacana meM o tathA e donoM milate haiN| vahAM koI nizcita niyAmakatA dRSTigocara nahIM hotii| giranAra ke zilAlekha meM o kA prayoga adhika huA hai, jabaki dhaulI, jogar3ha tathA kAlasI ke zilAlekhoM meM e adhika prayukta huA hai| . giranAra ke zilAlekhoM meM rAjA ke lie adhikAMzataH rAjA kA prayoga huA hai tathA kAlasI, dhaulI aura jogar3ha ke zilAlekhoM meM prAyaH rAjA ke lie lAjA' AyA hai / zaurasenI meM ra kA parivartana nahIM hotA, jaba ki mAgadhI meM ra la meM badala jAtA hai| 1. "sau ca puna tatha karataM bar3hatara' upahati atapraSaDaM / ( ........ saca punaH tathA kurvan vADhataramupahanti AtmapASaNDe / ) - zAhabAjagar3hI, dvAdaza zilAlekha 2. tato pacha adhuna lagheSu kaligeSu tine dhmln......| ... (tataH pazcAt adhunA labdheSu kaligeSu tIna dharmapAlane.......... -zAhabAjagar3hI, trayodaza zilAlekha 3. ..."saMkhayakaraNa va aloceti vipikarasa va aparadhena / (.........."saMkSepakAraNaM vA Alocayatu lipikarAparAdhena vA ) -zAhabAjagar3hI, caturdaza zilAlekha 4. devAnaM priyo piyavasi rAjA evaM Aha |-girnaar, tRtIya zilAlekha devAnaM piye piyavasi rAjA hevaM AhA |-kaalsii devAnaM piye pihadasi lAjA hevaM aahaa|-dhaulii devAnaM piye piyavaso lAjA hevaM AhA |--jaugddh' devAnaM priyo priyadazi raja ahati |-shaahbaajgddh'ii devAnaM priye priyadazi raja eva aha |-maanseraa devAnaM priyaH priyadarzI rAjA evamAha / ) 5. devAnaM pi......"piyavasi rAjA evaM Aha |-sssstth zilAlekha, giranAra devAnaM piye piyavasi lAjA haivaM AhA / - kAlasI devAnaM piye piyavazI lAjA hevaM AhA / -ghaulo ......."naM piye piyavasI lAjA hevaM aahaa| -jaugar3ha ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zilAlekhI - prAkRta [ 241 zAhabAz2agar3hI ke zilAlekhoM meM raja aura raya donoM rUpa milate haiN| isI prakAra kI sthiti mAnaserA ke zilAlekhoM meM hai| isa sambandha meM donoM hI sthAnoM meM koI niyAmakatA nahIM dikhalAI detii| mAnaserA ke caturtha zilAlekha meM rAjJaH ke lie rajine kA prayoga huA hai, jabaki zAhabAjagar3hI ke zilAlekha meM ra kA prayoga huA hai / pazcimottara ke zilAlekhoM meM prAyaH jJa ke lie Ja kA prayoga hI milatA hai| zAhabAjagar3hI aura mAnasevA ke abhilekhoM meM tu ke lie prAyaH cu kA prayoga huA hai| giranAra ke lekhoM meM aisA nahIM hai / vahAM tu yathAvat rahA hai, para, kAlasI, dholI aura jaugar3ha meM uttara-pazcima kI taraha cu' hI dRSTigocara hotA hai| saptama zilAlekha meM tu ke lie giranAra meM tu, kAlasI meM cu, dhaulI meM ca, jaugar3ha meM ca, 1. devanaM priyo priyadarzi raya evaM ahati |-shaahbaajgddh'ii devanaM priye priyadazi raja evaM aha |-maanseraa ( devAnAM priyaH priyadarzI rAjA evamAha / ) 2. .."tadize aja vaDhite devanaM priyasa priyadazisa rajo dhra manuzastiya anaraMbho prnnnN..| - zAhabAjagar3hI, caturtha zilAlekha tadize aja vaDhite devana priyasa priyadazine rajine dhramamuzastiya anaraMbhe prnnn...| -mAnaserA (......"tAdRzamamaghavarddhita: devAnAM priyasya priyadarzinaH rAjJaH dharmAnuziSTayA anAlaMbhaH prANAmAm....."1) 3. yo tu eta desa pi hAyesati so dukataM kAsati / --giranAra, paMcama zilAlekha e cu hetA desa pi hApayisaMti se dukaTa kachati |-kaalsii e......"heta desaM pi hApayisati se dukaTaM kachati |-dhaulo yo cu ato......."pi hayezati so duko kaSaMti |-shaahbaajgddh'ii ye cu atra deza pi hapezati se dukaTa kaSati / -mAnaserA ( ye tu atra dezamapi hApayiSyanti te duSkRtaM kariSyanti / ) ____ 2010_05

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242 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [ khaNDa :2 zAhabAjagar3hI meM cu aura mAnaserA meM cu AyA hai|' dhaulI aura jaugar3ha meM jo ca prayukta huA hai, usakA koI kAraNa dikhAI nahIM detA / sambhavataH lipi-doSa se aisA huA ho / dhaulI aura jaugar3ha ke zilAlekha meM, jaisA ki TippaNI meM udbhata kiyA gayA hai, janoM yA jane ke badale munisA kA prayoga huA hai, jo manuSya kA prAkRta rUpa hai| ina zilAlekhoM meM tu ke prasaMga meM hI prAyaH ta ke lie ca kA prayoga milatA hai, anyatra nahIM / para, caturtha zilAlekha meM kAlasI aura dhaulI meM tiSThantaH ke lie ciThitu kA prayoga huA hai / zAhabAjagar3hI aura mAnaserA ke zilAlekhoM meM lipi ke lie prAyaH ripi zabda kA prayoga huA hai / anyatra prAyaH sabhI sthAnoM para lipi yA lipI zabda AyA hai / - - - 1. jano tu kA ucAvacachaMdo ucAvacarAgo / --giranAra jane cu ucAvucAchaMde ucAvucalAge / -kAlasI munisA ca ucAvucachaMdA ucAvucalAga / -dhaulI munisA gha ucavucachaMdA ucaavuclaagaa| -jaugar3ha jano cu ucavucachaMdo ucvucrgo| -zAhabAjagar3hI jane cu ucavucachaMde uccvucrge| -mAnaserA ( jana : tu uccAbacacchandaH uccAvacarAgaH / ) 2. dhaMmasi silasi cA ciThitu dharma anusAsisaMti / -kAlasI dhamasi sIlasi ca ciThitu dharma anusAsisaMti / -dhaulI ( dharme zIle ca tiSThantaH dharmamanuzAsiSyanti / ) 3. (ka) (a) yaM bhramadipi devana priyaasa......."ro likhapitu / -zAhabAjagar3hI, prathama zilAlekha ayi dhramavipi ( de ) vana ( pri ) yena (priya ) da ( zina ) rana ( li ) khapita / -mAnaserA ( iyaM dharmalipi : devAnAM priyeNa priyadarzinA rAjJA lekhitA / ) (kha) etaye aThaye ayaM pramadipi vipista............ etaye adhraye ayi pramadipi likhita............ -mAnaserA ( etasmai arthAya iyaM dharmalipi: likhitaa........|) (ga) ayo dhramavipi ghevanaM priyena prizina ro dippito| ____-zAhabAjagar3hI, caturvaza zilAlekha ( iyaM dharmalipiH devAnAM priyeNa priyadarzinA rAjJA lekhitaa|) ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya / zilAlekhI - prAkRta [ 243 ina abhilekhoM meM saptamI vibhakti ke lie miha, si aura e; tInoM pratyaya prApta hote haiM / giranAra meM mhi, kAlasI, dhaulo Adi meM si tathA zAhabAjagar3hI aura mAnaserA meM e kA prayoga prApta hotA hai / udAharaNArtha, catuthe zilAlekha meM saptamI ke zIle rUpa ke lie giranAra meM solamhi', kAlasI meM silasi', dhaulI meM sIlasi', zAhabAjagar3hI tathA mAnaserA meM zile rUpa prApta hote haiM / abhilekhoM kI bhASA : kucha sAmAnya tathya pazcimottara ke zilAlekhoM ke atirikta prAyaH sabhI zilAlekhoM meM tAlavya za, mUrdhanya va aura dantya sa ke sthAna para dantya sakAra kA hI prayoga huA hai / kAlasI ke zilAlekha meM tAlavya za aura mUrdhanya Sa bhI milatA hai / kAlasI ke prathama nau zilAlekhoM meM to tAlavya za aura mUrdhanya ba ke sthAna para dantya sa prApta hotA hai, para, unake atirikta anya zilAlekhoM meM adhikAMzataH mUrdhanya Sa tathA kvacit tAlavya za prApta hotA hai| priyadarzI ke lie piyadaSI, yazaH ke lie yaSo, dharma-zuzrUSA ke lie dhamasusuSA, - 1. ... ......"dhamamhi solamhi tisto dhama anusAsisati / -giranAra, caturtha zilAlekha 2. dhamasi silasi cA ciThitu aMmaM anusAsisaMti / -kAlasI 3. dhaMma ( si ) sIlasi ca ( ciThi ) tu dharma anusAsisaMti ! -dhaulI 4. dhrame zile ca tistiti pramaM anuzazizaMti / ....... --zAhabAjagar3ho 5. prame zile ca tistitu dhrama anuzazizaMti / -mAnaserA ( dharme zole va tiSThantaH dharmamanuzAsiSyanti / ) 6. devAnaM piye piyadaSI lAjA yalo vA kiti vA na mahAthAvahA manati / ( devAnAM priyaH priyadarzI rAjA yazaH vA korti vA na mahArmavahaM manyate / ) -dazama zilAlekha 2010_05

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244 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana | khaNDa : 2 zuzra SatAm ke lie susuSAtu sarvam ke lie SavaM, apaparisravaH ke lie apapalASave, syAt iti ke lie SiyAtiti, eSAH ke lie aiSe, uzatA ke lie uSuTena, IdRzam ke lie heDiSe, yAdRzam ke lie AdiSa, dharmasaMvibhAgaH ke lie dhamaSaM vibhAge, dharmasambandha ke lie dharmaSa badhe, dASabhaTa (ta) kapi, samyak pratipatti ke lie SamyApaTipati, zuzrUSA ke lie puSuSA , saMstuta 1. dhaMmasusuSA susuSAtu me ti dhamavataM vA anuvidhIyatuti / (... - dharmazuzrUSAM zuzrUSatAM mama iti dharmavratamanuvidhasAmiti / / -dazama zilAlekha 2. ......ta SavaM pAlatikyAye vA............ / ( ..."tat sarva pAratrikAya eva..... .... / ) -dazama zilAlekha 3. kiti sakale apapalASave SiyAtiti / ( kimati sakala: apaparisravaH syAt iti ) -dazama zilAlekha 4. eSe cu palisave e apunai / __ (eSa tu parisravaH yat apuNyam / ) -dazama zilAlekha 5. .........."uSuTena vA anata agenA palakamainA SavaM palitiritu / (.... "uzatA vA anyatra agrayAt parAkramAt sarvaM parityajya / ) -dazama zilAlekha 6. nathi heDiSe dAne AdiSaM ghNmdaane...........| (.......... nAsti IdRzaM dAnaM yAvAM dhrmdaan........|) -ekAdaza zilAlekha 7. dhamaSaM vibhAge, dhmssNbNdhe............| (....... dharmasaMvibhAgaH dharmasambandhaH vA / ) -ekAdaza zilAlekha 8. tata aiSa dASabhaTakaSi SamyApaTipati mAtApitiSu ssussussaa........| ( tatra idaM bhavati-dAsamRtakeSu samyak pratipattiH, mAtApitrauH zuzruSA -ekAdaza zilAlekha ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zilAlekhI - prAkRta [ 245 ke lie thuta', svAminA ke lie SavAmikyena saH ke lie ze", prasUte ke lie pazavati', 1 pASaNDAn ke lie pASaMDani', sAravRddhi ke lie zAlavaDhi syAt ke lie ziyA, sarvapASaNDAnAm ke lie zavapAzaMDAnaM ", tasya ke lie taza 7, aprakaraNa ke lie apakalanazi, tasmin ke lie tazi, prakaraNa ke lie pakalanazi, sAdhu ke lie SAdhu, anyonyasya ke lie 1. mitaSa thutanAtikyAnaM samanabaMbhanAnaM dAne ( mitrasaMstuta jJAtikAnAM zramaNabrAhmaNAnAM dAnaM / ) - ekAdaza zilAlekha 2. pitinA pi pute pi bhAtinA pi SavAmikyena pi........| ( pitrApi putreNApi bhrAtrApi svAminA pi... 1) 3. ze tathAkalaMta hiMdalokikye ca Aladhe hoti / ( sa tathA kurvan ehalaukikaM ca ArAddhA bhavati / - ekAdaza zilAlekha 4. ........ palata ca anaMta puMna pazajati tenA dhaMmadAnenA / .........paratra ca anantaM puNyaM prasUte tena dharmadAnena / ) 7. taza cu iyaM mule a vacaguti' 8. 5. devAnA piye piyadaSi lAjA SavA paassNddni......| ( devAnAM priyaH priyadarzI rAjA sarvAn pASaNDAn ....... | ) - dvAdaza zilAlekha 6. athA kita zAlavaDhi ziyA ti zavapAzaMDAnaM / (........ yathA kimiti sAravRddhiH syAt sarvapASaNDAnAm / ) - dvAdaza zilAlekha ( tasya tu idaM mUlaM yA vacoguti - ekAdaza zilAlekha ziyA tazi tazi pakalanazi / "I - ekAdaza zilAlekha 1 ) - dvAdaza zilAlekha 'kiti ta atapAzaMDe pujA palapAzaMDagalahA va no zayA apakalanazi / lahakA bA 2010_05 (...... kimitiAtmapASaNDe pUjA parapASaNDagarhA vA na syAt aprakaraNe / laghutA vA syAt tasmin tasmin prakaraNe / ) - dvAdaza zilAlekha

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246 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 anamanA 1, zRNuyuH ke lie buneyu, zuzrUSeran ke lie SuSuSeyu, devAnAM priyasya ke lie devAnaM piyaSA, abhi ke lie aThavaSAbhisitaSA, prANazatasahasram ke lie pAnaSataSahaze, labdheSu ke lie ladheSu +, dharmAnuziSTaH ke lie dharmAnuSadhi, tat ke lie SaM, anuzayaH ke lie anuSaye, janasya ke lie janaSA, vasanti ke lie bati, yeSu 1. samavAye va bAdhu kiti aMnamanaSA dhamaM Suneyu cA SaSuSeyu cA ti / haivaM hi devAnaM piyavA ichA **** | ( samavAyaH eva sAdhuH kimiti anyonyasya dharmazRNumuH ca zuzrUSeran iti / evaM hi devAnAM priyasta icchaa"| 2. aThavasAbhisitaSA devAnaM piyaSa piyadaSine lAjine ... " ( aSTavaSAbhiSiktasya devAnAM priyasya priyadarzinaH rAjJaH .... | ) 3. diDhamAte pAnavataSa haze ye taphA apavRDhe " 4. tatA pachA adhunA ladheSu kaligyeSu tivra ......... ( tataH pazcAt adhunA labdheSu kaligeSu tIvra .... / - dvAdaza zilAlekha ( dUrghamAtra prANazatasahasra N yat tataH apavyUDhaM .... 8. 7. tatA vadha N vA malane vA apabahe vA janaSA ........ / 5. dhaMmavAye dhamakAmanA dhaMmAnuSathi vA devAnaM piyaNA ( dharmapAlanaM dharmakAmatA dharmAnuziSTiH ca devAnAM priyasya... 1) - trayodaza zilAlekha - trayodaza zilAlekha 6 ve athi anuSaye devAnaM piyaSA vijinitu kaligyAni / ( tat asti anuzayaH devAnAM priyasya vijitya kaliMgAn / *) - trayodaza zilAlekha 'varSAti baMbhanA va bama ( nA ) va ' **** ....basanti brAhmaNAH vA zramaNAH vA... ) 2010_05 - trayodaza zilAlekha " tatra vadhaH vA maraNaM vA apavAhaH vA janasya .........) trayodaza zilAlekha - trayodaza zilAlekha - trayodaza zilAlekha

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zilAlekhI , prAkRta [ 247 ke lie yezu', mitrasaMstutasahAyajJAtikeSu ke lie mitaSa thutaSahAyanAtikeSu , dAsamRta keSu ke lie dAzamatakaSi", teSAm ke lie teSa, snehaH ke lie Sinehe, vyasanaM ke lie viyaSane ', zramaNeSu ke lie bamane,, manuSyANAM ke lie manuSAnaM, ekatarasmin ke lie ekatalaSi, prasAdaH ke lie padhAde, zatabhAgaH ke lie pate bhAge, sahasrabhAgaH ke lie pahaSabhAge', saMyamam ke lie Sayama, samacaryA ke lie SamacaliyaM, alikasundaraH ke lie 1. ... yezu vihitA eSa agabhuta dhusuSA.... / ('...yeSu vihitA eSA agrayabhUtazuzrUSA--1) ---trayodaza zilAlekha 2. mitra thutaSahAyamAtikeSu dAzamatakaSi ssmyaaptthipti........| ( ......."mitrasaMstutasahAyajJAtikeSu dAsamRtakeSu samyak pratipattiH.........) -trayodaza zilAlekha 3. teSaM tatA hoti upadhAte vA vadhe vaa.......| (teSAM tatra bhavati upadhAtaH vA vadhaH vA ...) -trayodaza zilAlekha 4. ......."Sinehe avipahine etAnaM mitazaMthutaSahAyanAtiya viSane........ / ....."snehaH aviprahINaH eteSAM mitrasaMstutasahAyajJAtikA: vyasanaM / ) -trayodaza zilAlekha 5. ......."yatA nathi ime nikAyA AnaMtA yeneSa bahmane cA Samane cA... / (......"yatra na santi ime nikAyA anantAH , brAhmaNeSu ca zramaNeSu c...| -trayodaza zilAlekha ...."yatA nathi manuSAnaM ekatalaSi pi pASaDaSi nau nAmapaSAde .. .... / (......."yatra nAsti manuSyANAmaikatarasmin api pApaNDe nAma prasAdaH........) -trayodaza zilAlekha 7. tatA Sate bhAge vA SahaSamAge vA aja gulumate vA devAnaM piyaSA / ("tataH zatabhAgaH vA sahasrabhAgaH vA gurumata eva devAnAM priyasya / ) -~-trayodaza zilAlekha 8. ......"Sayama SamacaliyaM madava ti / (....."saMyama samacaryA mArdavamiti / ) trayodaza zilAlekha - 4 ____ 2010_05

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248 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 alikyAdalo', viSavajriA ke lie vizavaSi, nAmapaMktidhu ke lie nAmapaMtiSu bhoja pritinikeSu ke lie bhojapitinikyeSu, AndhrapulindeSu ke lie andhrapuliMdeSu , sarvatra ke lie pavatA, dharmAnuziSTi ke lie ghamAnuSathi, manyeran ke lie maniSu', zarAkarSiNaH ke lie Sayakadhi, vijaye ke lie vijayaSi lekhayiSyAmi ke lie lekhApezAmi tasya ke lie taSA, arthasya ke lie athaSA', syAt ke lie SiyA, saMkSepakAraNaM ke lie 1. alikyaSudale nAma nicaM cauDa paMDiyA avaM taMbapaniyA / (... alikasundara: nAma nIcAH cauDAH pANDyAH yAvat tAmraparNIyAH / -trayodaza zilAlekha 2. vizavaSi yaunakaMbojeSu nAmake nAmapaMtiSu....... (......"viSavarjiSu yavanakAMboja nAmakeSu nAmapaMktiSu ...."1) -trayodaza zilAlekha 3. bhojapitinikyeSu adhapaladeSu SavatA devAnaM piyaSA dhamAnuSathi anuvataMti / (......."mojapitinikeSu AndhrapulindeSu sarvatra devAnAM priyasya dharmAmuziSTimanuvartante / ) -trayodaza zilAlekha 4. . ."navaM vijaya ma vijayaMtaSiya maniSu / ( ...."navaM vijayaM mA vijatevyaM manyeran / ) -trayodaza zilAlekha 5. SayakaSi no vijayaSi khaMti cAlahudaMDatA cA locetu.......| ....... zarAkarSiNaH vijaye kSAnti ca laghudaNDatAM ca rocyntaaN......|) -trayodaza zilAlolA 6. bahu ca likhite lekhApezAmi caiva nikyaM / ( ......."bahu ca likhitaM lokhayiSyAmi caiva nityam / ) zalAlekha 7. puna puna lapi tathA tathA athavaSA madhuliyAye yena jane tathA paTipajeyA / (punaH punaH lapitaM tasya tasya arthasya mpadhuryAya yena janA tathA pratipayeta / -caturdaza zilAlekha 8. ......."Se SiyA ata kichi asamati likhite........| ( yat syAt ava kiMcit asamAptaM likhitaM .... ." / ) -caturvaza zilAlekha ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zilAlekhI - prAkRta [249 paM khepekAlane kA prayoga huA hai| SakAra aura zakAra ke isa prakAra ucchRkhala prayoga kI sthiti kaise banI, yaha vicAraNoya hai| anya kinhIM bhI abhilekhoM meM aisI sthiti prApya nahIM hai| lagatA hai, yaha sthiti lipidoSa jaise kisI kAraNa se huI ho; kyoMki kAlasI ke abhilekhoM meM za aura Sa kA jo prayoga milatA hai, vaha vyavasthita aura niyamita nahIM hai aura na hI usakI saMskRta ke za aura Sa ke sAtha koI saMgati jur3atI hai| uddhata aMzoM se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki kahIM-kahIM eka hI zabda meM do bhinna sthAnoM para tAlavya zakAra bhI AyA hai aura mUrdhanya SakAra bhii| kyA yahAM yaha sambhAvanA nahIM kI jA sakatI ki maMsUrI ke pAsa himAlaya ke aMcala meM avasthita kAlasI ke samIpavartI kSetra meM samrATa azoka ke samaya jo bolI pracalita thI, usameM bolane vAloM kI pravRtti ke kAraNa sambhavataH SakAra kA prayoga bahuta adhika hotA rahA hogA, zakAra kA usase kama tathA sakAra kA bahuta hI kama yA bilakula nahIM ? kyA isI kAraNa samrATa azoka ne vahAM ke abhilekhoM meM SakAra aura zakAra kA prayoga usI parimANa meM karavAyA ho ? eka hI zabda meM do bhinna sthAnoM para jo bhinna-bhinna mUrdhanya Sa bhI aura tAlavya za bhI milate haiM, unake lie bhI samAdhAna khojA jA sakatA hai / ho sakatA hai, una logoM meM kucha aise zabdoM kA pracalana rahA ho, jinameM mUrdhanya Sa aura tAlavya za donoM prayukta hote rahe hoN| kevala lipi-doSa jaise kisI bAhya kAraNa se aisA ho gayA ho, yaha samAdhAna-kAraka nahIM lgtaa| kAlasI aura TopA ke abhilekhoM meM eka vizeSatA aura prApta hotI hai| vahAM kaNThya ka aura ga kA tAlavyIkaraNa ho jAtA hai| yaha pravRtti ka meM adhika prApta hotI hai| tAlavyIkaraNa kA Azaya yaha hai ki vahAM apekSAkRta ka yA ga ya se yukta ho jAte haiM / jaise, ali kake liye alikya, kaliMga ke lie kaligya, jJAtika ke lie nAtikya, pAritrika ke lie pAlatikya jaise prayoga kAlasI ke abhilekhoM meM hue haiN| ToparA ke abhilekhoM meM bhI inake udAharaNa prApta hote haiN| pUrva ke abhilekhoM meM tAlavya za kyoM nahIM ? pUrva ke abhilekha azoka kI rAja-bhASA meM binA kisI parivartana ke utkIrNa karavAye gaye the; kyoMki vaha bhASA vahAM sujJeya thii| yaha bhI carcita huA hai ki azoka kI rAja-bhASA kA mukhya AdhAra mAgadhI thii| mAgadhI meM mUrdhanya Sa, tAlavya za aura dantya sa; tInoM ke lie 6. kheye kAlanaM vA alocayitu lipiklplaadhen| ( ......"saMkSepakAraNaM vA Alocayatu lipikarAparAdhena / ) -caturdaza zilAlekha 2010_05

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250 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa : 2 kevala tAlavya zakAra kA hI prayoga pracalita thaa| yaha paravartI mAgadhI nahIM hai, prAcIna mAgadhI meM bhI aisA hI thA, jo jogImArA-rAmagar3ha ke abhilekha se bhI prakaTa hai| yaha eka choTA-sA abhizekha, hai para, bhASA kI dRSTi se isakA vizeSa mahatva hai| yaha lagabhaga samrATa azoka kA samakAlIna hai| isameM mAgadhI ke prAyaH sabhI lakSaNa ghaTita hote haiM / yahA~ ra ke lie la kA prayoga huA hai| ka kA tAlavyIkaraNa huA hai / akArAnta prathamA eka vacana meM e pratyaya prayukta humA hai| sabase adhika vizeSatA yaha hai ki isameM za aura sa ke lie za kA prayoga huA hai| mAgadhI meM zakAra-pradhAna pravRtti rahI hai| azvaghoSa ke nATaka isake udAharaNa haiM / unameM mAgadhI kA bhI prayoga humA hai| pro. lyUDasaM ne azvaghoSa ke nATakoM ko mAgaSI ko prAcIna mAgadhI batAyA hai| ___ isa sandarbha meM Azcaryajanaka yaha hai ki samrATa azoka ke pUrva ke abhilekhoM meM zakAra kA prayoga prAyaH nahIM miltaa| tAlavya za ke lie vahAM dantya sa prApta hotA hai| mAgadhI-AdhRta rAja-bhASA meM mAgadhI kA mukhya lakSaNa ghaTita honA cAhie thaa| tadanusAra vahAM tAlavya, mUrdhanya aura dantya sakAroM ke lie tAlavya zakAra ho AnA cAhie thA / aisA na hone kA koI kAraNa avazya honA cAhie / suprasiddha bhASA-zAstrI DA. sunItikumAra caTarjI ne eka kalpanA kI hai / tadanusAra mAgadhI kA mukhya lakSaNa hone ke uparAnta bhI zakAra kA prayoga ziSTasammata nahIM ginA jAtA rahA hogA / use grAmyocita samajhA jAtA rahA hogA / anyAya prAkRtoM meM sarvatra bahu-pracalita dantya sakAra ko adhika ziSTa-sammatatA rahI hogii| isalie ho sakatA hai ki tAlavya zakAra azoka ke pUrva ke abhilekhoM meM sthAna na pA sakA ho / isa sambandha meM yadi sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA jAtA hai, to varNa-vizeSa kI ziSTa-sammatatA aura grAmyasammatatA kA koI tatkAlIna mApadaNDa to sAmane nahIM AtA, para, DA0 caTarjI kI kalpanA asArthaka bhI nahIM lgtii| kyoMki Age cala kara nATakoM meM prAkRtoM ke prayoga kI jo vyavasthA huI, usameM mAgadhI kA prayoga ucca pAtroM ke lie nahIM batAyA gyaa| upalabdha nATakoM meM azvaghoSa ke nATaka sabase prAcIna haiN| unake eka nATaka kA khala pAtra, jo duSTa nAma se abhihita hai, mAgadhI kA vyavahAra karatA hai| yadyapi azvaghoSa ke nATaka samrATa azoka ke abhilekhoM bhora jogImArA-rAmagar3ha ke abhilokha se tIna-cAra zatAbdI bAda ke haiM, phira bhI unase tulanIya haiN| kyoMki koI bhI sAhityika bhASA apane prAcIna stara se zIghra mukta nahIM 1. zutanuka mAma devadazikyi taM kamayitha balanazeye devapine nAma lupadale ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya zilAlekhI-prAkRta [ 251 ho sktii| usameM usa ( prAcIna stara ) kI jhalaka vidyamAna rahatI hai / azvaghoSa ko mAgadhI jogImArA-rAmagar3ha ke abhilekha se mela khAtI hai / azvaghoSa ke duSTa nAmaka pAtra dvArA jisa mAgadhI kA prayoga huA hai, vahAM dantya sakAra aura tAlavya zakAra ke lie kevala tAlavya zakAra hI prayukta humA hai / ra ke lie yahAM la AyA hai| akArAnta prathamA eka vacana ke lie vahAM e pratyaya kA prayoga huA hai| ye prAcIna mAgadhI ke lakSaNa haiM, jo azvaghoSa kI mAgaSI meM ghaTita hote haiM / itanA avazya hai, uttaravartI mAgadhI ke lakSaNoM se azvaghoSa kI mAgadhI kisI aMza meM kama mela khAtI hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki azvaghoSa kI mAgadhI prAcIna mAgadhI ke anurUpa hai| AcArya bharata ne nATaka meM prAkRtoM ke prayoga kA jo vidhAna kiyA hai, tadanusAra zAjAoM ke antaHpura meM rahane vAloM, suraMga khodane vAloM-seMtha lagAne vAloM, kalAloM-zarAba mikAlane vAloM,ghor3oM kI dekhabhAla karane vAloM ko nATaka meM mAgadhI kA prayoga karanA caahie| nATaka kA nAyaka yadi saMkaTa meM par3a jAye to vaha bhI apane ko bacAye rakhane ke lie mAgadhI kA vyavahAra kare / / bhAcArya bharata ne jina pAtroM ke mAgadhI-bhASI hone kA vidhAna kiyA hai, spaSTa hai, ye nimna koTi ke pAtra haiN| nAyaka ucca kulIna hotA hai| Apat meM use apane Apako chipAye rakhanA hotA hai| apanI bhASA se vaha pahacAnA jA sakatA hai| isalie yaha svAbhAvika hai ki vaha adhama janoM dvArA vyavahRta bhASA kA prayoga kre| isase apane bhApako bacAye rakhane meM use sahayoga milatA hai| DA. caTarjI ke kapana kA upayukta tathya poSaNa karate haiN| prAcIna kAla meM mAgadhI ke prati athavA tAlavya zakAra jaise usake kisI aMga-vizeSa ke prati grAmyatA, asundaratA yA agrAhyatA kA bhAva rahA ho, yaha kalpanAtIta nahIM lagatA / azvaghoSa dvArA mAgadhI ke vyavahAra aura bharata dvArA mAgadhI ke vyavahAra ke sambandha meM kiye gaye vidhAna se jo jhalaka milatI hai, vaha isI ora iMgita karatI hai| yaha bhI sambhAvya pratIta hotA hai ki mAgadhI kI anucatA kA vizeSa sambandha tAlavya 1. mAgadhI tu narendrANAmantaH puranivAsinAm / -nATyazAstra, 17.50 suraMgAkhanakAdInAM zuNDakArAvarakSiNAm / vyasane nAyakAnAM syAvAtmarakSAsu mAgadhI // -nATyazAstra, 17.56 ____ 2010_05

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252 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlama / khaNDa :2 zakAra ke prayoga ke sAtha kalpita kara liyA gayA ho / sAmAnyataH yadi Aja bhI dantya sa aura tAlavya za kI uccAraNa-sambandhI sarasatA-asarasatA ( sundaratA-asundaratA ) para gaura kiyA jAye, to tAlavya za kA bAra-bAra uccAraNa karanA kucha apriya-sA lagatA hai / isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai, dantya sakAra ke vizeSa abhyasta hoN| pUrva ke abhilekhoM meM tAlavya zakAra ke aprayukta rahane ke sambandha meM DA0 caTarjI ke nirUpaNa se bahuta kucha samAdhAna prApta ho jAtA hai| ke abhilekhoM meM svArthaka ka kA prayoga adhika prApta hai| kAlasI aura ToparA ke abhilekhoM meM isakA prayoga aura adhika bar3hA huA milatA hai| saMyukta vyaMjana meM ta aura va ke pazcAt jo ya AtA hai, vaha (ya) iya meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha, caturdaza zilAlekhoM meM prahotavyaH ke lie kAlasI meM pajohitaviye kA prayoga huA hai| jaugar3ha meM bhI pajohitaviye hI AyA hai| mAnaserA meM prayuhotadhiye vyavahRta humA hai| giranAra aura zAhabAjagar3hI meM yaha paramparA ghaTita nahIM dIkhatI / giranAra meM prajUhitaivaM mAyA hai, jisakA koI ora-chora nahIM miltaa| zAhabAjagar3hI meM prayuhotave kA prayoga huA hai, jo saMskRta ke adhika nikaTa hai| isI zilAlekha meM kartavyaH ke lie kAlasI meM kaTaviye, jogar3ha meM bhI kaTaviye tathA mAnasegA meM kaTaviya AyA hai / catudaMza zilAlekhoM ke antargata tRtIya zilAlekha meM alpavyayatA ke lie kAlasI meM apavipAtA tathA dhaulI meM apaviyati kA prayoga humA hai| arthAt t aura v ke anantara Ane vAle ya ke iya meM parivartita hone kI paramparA yahAM ghaTita hotI hai / para, giranAra, mAnaserA aura zAhabAjagar3hI meM etadanurUpatA dRSTigata nahIM hotii| giranAra meM apavyayatA kA prayoga huA hai, jisase spaSTa hai ki isa samasta-pada meM vyayatA jyoM-kA-tyoM raha gayA hai aura alpa kA apa ho gayA hai| zAhabAjagar3hI aura mAnaserA meM apavayata kA prayoga huA hai| mAskI ke prathama laghu zilAlekha meM draSTavyam ke lie dakhitaviye tathA vaktavyaH ke lie pataviyA kA prayoga huA hai / saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM vyaMjana kA anugamana karane vAle vakAra kA uva meM parivartana ho jAtA hai / prathama zilAlekha meM dvau ke lie kAlasI meM duve, jaugar3ha meM duve, mAnaserA meM duve tathA zAhabAjagar3hI meM duvi kA prayoga huA hai| yahAM vakAra ke uva meM parivartita hone kI bAta to 1. na haivaM dakhitavIye uDAlake va ima adhi gadde yA ti / khudake ca uDAlake ca vtiibyaa........| (na evaM dRSTavyamudArA eva ima madhigaccheyuH iti / kSudrakAH ca uvArakAH ca vaktavyAH:... 1) -mAskI, prathama laghu zilAlekha ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya zilAlekhIM - prAkRta [253 ghaTita hotI hai, para, va ke sAtha jur3e svaroM meM vaibhinya hai, jo ina zilAlekhoM ke sandarbha meM asambhAvya nahIM hai / kyoMki ina zilAlekhoM meM kisI bhI prakAra kI niyAmakatA yA paramparA meM sarvathA itthaMbhUtatA prApta nahIM hotii| caturtha zilAlekha meM dvAdazavarSAbhiSiktena pada ke antarvartI dvAdaza zabda ke lie kAlasI meM duvADasa, dhaulI meM duvAdasa tathA mAnaserA meM duvadaza kA prayoga humA hai| zAhabAjagar3hI ke abhilekhoM meM yaha zabda spaSTa nahIM hai| giranAra meM dvAdasa AyA hai| prathama zilAlekha meM Aye dvau ke lie bhI giranAra meM dvau AyA hai / tAtparya yaha hai ki giranAra meM aisI pravRtti nahIM hai| do ( giranAra meM utkIrNa ) rUpa saMskRta ke bahuta nikaTa haiM yA saMskRta jaise haiM / isakA kAraNa aisA pratIta hotA hai ki giranAra ke abhilekha kI bhASA zaurasenI prAkRta kA vizeSa rUpa se anusaraNa karatI huI hai| giranAra zaurasenI ke kSetra meM AtA hai / zoraseno kA saMskRta se nekaTya hone ke kAraNa usake kucha rUpa saMskRta ke samAna hI prApta hote haiM / nadhama zilAlekha meM svAmikena ke lie kAlasI meM suvimikenA, dhaulI meM suvAmikena tathA jogar3ha meM bhI sudhAmikena kA prayoga huA hai| inameM va ke uva meM parivartita hone kI paramparA ghaTita hotI hai / giranAra meM svAmikena AyA hai, jo saMskRta rUpa kA anugAmI hai / zAhabAjagar3hI aura mAnaserA meM spamikena zabda prApta hotA hai / yahAM sambhavataH lipi kI aspaSTatA bhI ho sakatI hai| sapta stambha lekhoM meM prathama stambha lekha meM svasmina ke lie suve' kA prayoga huA hai| ToparA, ilAhAbAda, loDiyA ararAja tathA laur3iyA nandanagar3ha meM yaha zabda samAna rUpa meM prayukta huA hai / meraTha aura rAmapuravA ke abhilekha meM yaha paMkti aspaSTa hai / caturtha stambha lekha meM isa sambandha meM bhinna sthiti prApta hotI hai / vahI svasthAH ke lie 1. dhamApekhA dhamakAmatA cA suve suve baDhitA.... .... -ToparA, prathama stambha lekha dhamApekhA dhamakAmatA ca suve suve vaDhitA........ -ilAhAbAda, prathama stambha-lekha dhamApekha dhamakAmatA ca suve suve vaDhitA....... -lauDiyA ararAja, prathama stambha lekha dhaMmApekha dhamakAmatA ca suve suve vddhit.......| -lauDiyA nandanagar3ha, prathama stambha lekha ......"dharmApekSA dharmakAmatA ca svasmin svasmin vardhitA".....) ____ 2010_05

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254 1 mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana asvaya' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| yaha vicitra sthiti pratIta hotI hai| aisA kyoM huA, koI kAraNa nahIM batAyA jA sakatA / kyA yaha sambhAvanA karanA asaMgata hogA ki jina sthAnoM meM ye abhilekha likhavAye gaye, vahAM do prakAra ke uccAraNa rahe hoM, jinameM eka meM aise zabdoM ke prArambha meM uccAraNa sukarAtA ke lie akAra ko jor3ane kI pravRtti calatI ho| spaSTa rUpa meM kucha kahA nahIM jA sakatA / yaha kalpanA mAtra hai / samrATa azoka ke tIna guhAlekhoM meM prathama tathA dvitIya meM daravasa zabda ke liye duvADasa' kA prayoga huA hai / kisI zabda ke antartI tva para ukta niyama lAgU nahIM hotaa| vahAM tva kA ta ho jAtA hai| jaise, catvAri> cttaali| sma aura dhama ke liye pha kA prayoga bhI abhilekhoM meM prApta hotA hai| jaise, dvitIya kaliMga zilAlekha meM puSmAsu ke liye tuphesu, 1. .... ... kiMti lajUkA asvatha abhotA kaMmAni pavatayevU ... / -ToparA, caturtha stambha lekha ..........."kiMti lajUka asvatha abhIta kamAni pvtyevuu......| -laur3iyA ararAja, caturtha stambha lekha .... ..."kiMti lajUka asvatha abhIta kamAni pvtyevuu......| -laur3iyA nandamagar3ha, caturtha stambha lekha (... ""kimita rajjukAH svasthAH abhItA karmANi pravartayeyuH...... 1 ) 2. lAjinA piyavasinA duvADasa ( vasAmisitenA ) iyaM ( nigo) ha kubhA di (nA ) A (jI.) vikehi / ( rAjJA priyadarzinA dvAdazavarSAbhiSiktena iyaM nyagrodha-guhA dattA AjIvakebhyaH / ) -prathama guhAlekha lAjinA piyadasinA duvADasavasAbhisitenA iyaM kubhA khalatika paratasi dinA ( A-) jiivikehi| ( rAjA priyadarzinA dvAyasavarSAbhiSiktena iyaM guhA khalatika-parvate dattA mAlIvakebhyaH / ) -dvitIya guhAlekha 3. .... .etasa athasa aM tuphesu manusa ( thi / / -naugaDha etasi uThasi aM tuphe ( su).......| -dhaulI (......"etasya arthasya yat yuSmAsu anuziSTiH ) 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zilAlelI - prAkRta [ 255 asmAsu ke liye aphesU,1 asmAkam ke lie aphAka', yuSmAn ke liye tuphemi maura tuke tathA prathama kaliMga zilAlekha meM yusmAbhiH ke liye tuphehi kA prayoga huA haiN| sAranAtha ke laghu stambha lekha meM yusmAkam ke liye tuphAkaM kA prayoga huA hai| sAranAtha ke isa lekha se eka vizeSa tathya para aura prakAza par3atA hai| vahAM yayam ke lie bhI (TippaNI meM uddhata paMkti meM) tuphe kA prayoga huA hai / isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki ma yA sma jahAM pratyakSa to nahIM hote, para, jinakA antaHsthita rUpa yA mUla zabda usa prakAra kA hai, vahAM 1. siyA aMtAna avijitAnaM ki chade su lAjA aphesU ti / -jogar3ha sipA aMtAnaM avijitAnaM kiM chaMda sulAja (a) phes......| -dhaulI ( sthAt antAnAmavijitAnAM kiM chandaH aso rAjA asmAsu iti / ) 2. heva pApunevU ti khamisati ne devAnaM piye aphAkaM .. ... (evaM ca prApnuyuH iti kSamiSyate naH devAnAM priyaH asmAkam ... / / -dhaulo 3. etAye ca aThAye hakaM tupheni anusAsAmi / -jaugar3ha etasi aThasi hakaM anusAsAmi tuphe| -dhaulo ( etasmai ca arthAya ahaM yuSmAn anuzAsmi / ) -dvitIya kaliMga, zilAlekha 4. tata tuphehi ichitaye kiti majha paTipAtayema / -jaugar3ha tata ichisabiye tuphehi kiMti majha paTipAdayema ti| -colI (tataH eSTavyaM yuSmAbhiH kimiti madhyaM pratipAvayema ti|) -prathama kaliMga, zilAlekha 5. Avatake ca tuphAkaM AhAle savata vivAsayAtha tuphe etena viyaMjanena / (pAvat ca yuSmAka mAhAraH sarvatra vivAsavata yUpametena vyaMjanena / ) -laghu stambha lekha, sAranAtha ____ 2010_05

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256] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana bhI yaha pravRtti prApta hotI hai| yadyapi saptamI vibhakti ke ekavacana ke pratyaya smin meM bhI sma hai, para, vahAM smaM ke pha meMparivartita hone kI paramparA nahIM hai| giranAra ke atirikta prAyaH sabhI abhilekhoM meM smin ke lie si kA prayoga huA hai| udAharaNArtha, brahmagiri ke prathama laghu zilAlekha meM jaMbubIpasi, bhAva zilAlekha meM budhasi, dhAMmasi, saMghasi, sAMcI ke stambhalekha meM anAsasi, caturdaza zilAlekhoM ke antargata prathama zilAlekha, kAlasI, jogar3ha, zAhabAjagar3hI tathA mAnaserA meM mahAnasasi tathA TopaNa ( dillI ) ke saptama stambha lekha meM dAnavisagasi, savasi, 1. iminA cu kAlena amisA samAnA munisA jNbudiipsi| ( amunA tu kAlena amRSA samAnAH manuSyAH jambUdvIpe mRSA devaiH / ) -brahmagiriH, prathama laghu zilAlekha 2. vidita ve bhaMte Avatake hamA budhasi dhamasi saMghasIti galave ca pasAde ca / (viditaM vo bhadantAH ! yAvat asmAkaM buddha dharme saMghe iti gauravaM ca prasAdaH ca / / 3. .... ye saMgha mokhati mikhu vA bhikhuni vA audAtAni dusAni sanaMghApayitu anAsasi visyetviye| ( yaH saMgha bhakSyati bhikSuH vA bhikSuNI vA avadAtAni dUSyANi saMnidhApya anAvAse AvAsayitavyaH / 4. pule mahAnasasi devAnaM piyasA priyadasitA lAjine ; anudivasaM bahuni pAnasahasAni aalbhiyisu......| -kAlaso puluvaM mahAnasasi devAnaM piyasa piyadasine lAjine anudivasaM bahUni pAnasatasahasAni Alabhiyisu....... -jaugar3ha pura mahanasasi devanaM priyasa priyadazisa rajo anudivaso bahu ni praNazatasahasrani arabhiyisu / -zAhabAz2agar3hI pura mahanasasi devana pisa priya.."zisa rajine anudivaH bahuni praNazatasahasrani ar......"su.......| -mAnaserA (purA mahAnase devAnAM priyasya priyadarzinaH rAjJaH anudivasaM bahuni prANazatasahasrANi Alapsata......") ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ]. Alodhanasi' Adi kA prayoga huA hai / zilAlekhI prAkRta dvitIya kaliMga zilAlekha meM kSaNe ke lie dholI meM khanasi' aura jaugar3ha meM khane kA prayoga huA hai / isI prakAra caturdaza zilAlekhoM ke antargata dvAdaza zilAlekha meM kAlasI meM pakalanazi, zAhabAjagar3hI meM prakaraNe tathA mAnaserA meM pakaraNasi kA prayoga huA hai / Azaya yaha hai ki saptamI ekavacana ke lie e pratyaya kA prayoga bhI ina zilAlekhoM meM patra- chatra hotA rahA hai / * giranAra ke abhilekha meM saptamI ekavacana ke lie prAyaH mhi kA prayoga huA hai / kahIMkahIM m kA anusvAra ho gayA hai, hi yathAvat rahA hai / ekatara mhi , dhamanhi, sIlamhi ", 1. ete ca ane ca bahukA mukhA dAnavisagasi biyapaTa se mama caiva devinaM ca savasi ca me Alodhanasi ......... 5. lahuka va siya tasi tasi prakaraNe / 6. lahuka va siya tasi tasi pakaraNasi / 7 ( ete ca anye ca bahukA: mukhyAH dAnavisarge vyApRtAH te mama caiva devInAM ca, sarvasmin ca mama avarodhana" ) 2. iyaM ca lipikhanasi aMtalA pi tisena ekena pi sotaviye / 3. iyaM ca lipI ...khane aMsalA pi tisena ekena pi sotaviyo / ( iyaM ca lipi....kSaNe antarA api tiSyena ekena api zrotavyA / ) 4. lahakA vA ziyA tazi tazi pakalanazi / laghutA vA syAt tasmin tasmin prakaraNe / > [ 257 7. ......... yatra nAsti manusAnaM ekatara mhi pAsaMDanhi na nAma prasAdo / yatra nAsti manuSyANAmekatarasmin api pASaNDe nAma prasAdaH / ) - caturtha zilAlekha ke antargata trayodaza zilAlekha 2010_05 8. Ava saMvaTa kapA dhaMmamhi solamhi tisTaMtau dharma anusAsisaMti | ( ........yAvat saMvat kalpaM dharme zIle ca tiSThantaH dharmamanuzAsiSyanti / ) - giranAra caturdaza zilAlekha ke antargata caturtha zilAlekha

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258 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 mahAnasaMhi', vijitaMhi' Adi isake udAharaNa haiN| ina abhilekhoM meM saptamI ekavacana ke lie e kA prayoga bhI yatra-tatra dRSTigocara hotA hai / jaise, vijite', vinaye' tathA prakaraNe Adi isake udAharaNa haiN| zAhabAjagar3hI tathA mAnaperA Adi sthAnoM ke anyAnya zilAlekhoM meM bhI kahIM-kahIM saptamI ekavacana meM ekAya prayukta huA hai; jaise, prame, zile' Adi / para, aisA bahuta kama huA hai| caturthI ekavacana ke etasmai, amuSmai Adi rUpa, jinameM sma yA ma hai, meM bhI saptamI 1. purA mahAnasaMhi devAnaM priyasa priyadAsino rA anudivasaM bahUni prANasatasahasrAni aarbhisu| (purA mahAnase devAnAM priyasya priyadarzinaH rAmaH anudivasaM bahUni prANazatasahasrANi Alapsat""""" -giranAra caturdaza zilAlekha ke antargata prathama zilAlekha .2. sarvata vijitaMhi devAnaM priyasa priyadasino rAjo..... / ) . ( sarvatra vijile devAnAM priyasya priyadarzinaH rAzaH.... / -caturdaza zilAlekha ke antargata dvitIya zilAlekha 3. sarvata vijite mama putA ca rAluke va prAdesike capaMcasu paMcasu vAsesu anusaMdhAna niyaatu....| (sarvatra vijite mama yuktAH rajjukAH prAdezikAH paMcasu paMcasu varSesu anusaMdhAnaM nisskrmntu|) -caturdaza zilAlekha meM tRtIya zilAlekha 4. sarasake eva vijaye chAti ca........ / (zarAkarSiNaH vijaye zAnti va........., zalAlekha meM prayodaza zilAleza 5. lakA va asa tamhi tamhi prkrnne| (laghukA vA syAt tasmin tasmin prakaraNe ) -caturdaza zilAlekha meM dvAdaza zilAlekha 1. .."avakapa prame zile- tistiti pramaM anuzazizaMti / -zAhabAjagar3hI caturdaza zilAlekha meM caturtha zilAlekha ........"avakapaM dhrame zile - tistitu pramaM anuzazizaMti / ( ......."yAvat kalpaM dharme zole va tiSThantaH dharmamanuzAsiSyanti / ) ____ 2010_05 For

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zilAlekhI - prAkRta [ 259 ekavacana ke smin kI taraha pha nahIM hotaa| etasmai ke lie etAya va etAye tathA amuSmai ke lie imAya' kA prayoga huA hai| lekha meM asmAkam ke lie hamA' tathA mayA ke lie hamiyAe kA prayoga huA hai| isa Adeza - vidhi para sUkSmatA se vicAra kiyA jAnA caahie| 1. etAya ThAya iyaM sAvaNe sAvApite / etasmai arthA idaM zrAvaNaM zrAvitam / -brahmagiri kA prathama laghu zilAlekha bahakA ca etAya athA......"vyApatA dhaMmamahAbhAtAM / ( bahukAH ca etasmai arthAya vyApRtAH dhrmmhaabhaatraa:........|) caturdaza zilAlekha meM dvAdaza zilAlekha, giranAra 2. etAye athAye iyaM lipi likhit......| -dhaulI, do kaliMga zilAlekha ke antargata prathama zilAlekha etAye ca atthaaye......| -jaugar3ha, do kaliMga zilAlekhoM ke antargata prathama zilAlekha ( etasmai arthAya iyaM lipiH likhitA....... ) etAye me aThAye dhaMmasAvanAni sAvApitAni........) -saptama stambha lekha, ToparA ( billI) ( etasmai arthAya dharmazrAvaNAni zrAvitAni...... / ) 3. yi imAya kAlAya budipasi amisA devA husu te dAni misA kttaa| ( ye amusmai amuSmai kAlAya jaMbUdvIpe amRSA devAH abhUvan, te idAnIM mRSA kRtaaH|) -rUpanAtha kA prathama laghu zilAlekha 4. vivitaM ve maMte Avatake hamA budhasi dhamasi saMghasIti galave ca prasAde ca / ( viditaM bo bhadantAH ! yAvat asmAkaM buddha dharme sadhe iti gauravaM ca prasAvaH / ) -bhAva zilAlekha 5. e cu kho bhaMte hamiyAye viseyA hevaM saMghame cila ThitIke hosatIti........ ( yat tu khalu madantAH ! mamA dizyate evaM saddharmaH cirasthitikaH bhaviSyati iti .... ) -bhAba zilAlekha 6. zatruvanAdeza: 2010_05

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26.] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa 2 azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA ke sandarbha meM aneka vidvAnoM ne kArya kiyA hai, jinameM phraka, senA tathA guNe Adi ke nAma mukhya haiN| isa ora gaveSaNA karane vAle vidvAnoM ke abhimata paraspara mela nahIM khaate| kinhIM ke anusAra azoka ke abhilekhoM meM do prakAra kI bhASA prApta hotI hai| kaI tIna prakAra kI bhASA kA honA mAnate haiN| kinhIM ke mata se cAra aura kinhIM ke mata se ukta abhilekhoM meM pAMca prakAra kI boliyAM prApta hotI haiN| nizcita aura iyatA kI bhASA meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| unameM gaveSaNA ke lie bahuta avakAza hai| bhinna-bhinna zilAlekhoM meM prayukta kucha viziSTa zabdoM kI carcA evaM vivecanA kI gayI hai / usa carcA ke prArambha meM sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki ukta abhilekhoM meM mukhyataH bhASA ke tIna rUpa dikhAI dete haiN| ve tInoM rUpa sarvathA vyavasthita aura niyamita hoM, aisA to nahIM hai, para, eka samAna-sI bhASA - saraNi ko avazya liye hue haiN| pazcimottara ke zilA-lekhoM kA anya zilAlekhoM se jo zabda - prayoga - sambandhI bheda hai, yaha vizeSa prakAra kA hai| usase yaha anumAna karanA sarvathA saMgata pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya uttara - pazcimI bhArata meM jo prAkRta pracalita thI, usakI apanI kucha vizeSatAeM thiiN| isa bhinnatA kA kAraNa AryaparivArIya nikaTavartI pazcimI bhASAoM kA prabhAva rahA ho| yaha vaha bhUbhAga thA, jo aphagAnistAna se lagA huA thA; ataH vahAM kI bolI kA bhI yahAM kI bolI para prabhAva par3anA svAbhASika thaa| ho sakatA hai, yaha paizAcI prAkRtta kA pradeza rahA ho| azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkta, kharoSThI ( prAkRta )-dhammapada kI prAkRta, tathA niya prAkRta se bhI ye zilAlekha bahuta kucha mela khAte haiM, jisake sambandha meM Age carcA kI jaaegii| pUrva bhArata aura madhyapradeza ke zilAlekhoM kI bhASA meM vizeSa antara nahIM hai| ve zilAlekha pUrva kI prAkRteM, jinameM mAgadhI mukhya hai, kA digdarzana karAte haiN| yadyapi pUrva aura madhya ke zilAlekhoM meM zabda prayoga-sambandhI yatkiMcit bheda avazya hai, para, yaha bhASAvijJAna kI dRSTi se gauNa hai| giranAra, jo saurASTra meM hai, zUrasena deza kI sImA ke bhantargata thaa| vahAM ke zilAlekhoM se zaurasenI ke purAne rUpa kI pratIti hotI hai / vividha nAma azoka ke abhilekhoM kI prAkRta kA nAma - nirdeza bhI vidvAnoM ne bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM kiyA hai / senA ne ise zilAlekhI prAkRta kahA hai| anya vidvAnoM ne ise asaMmata ThaharAyA hai; kyoMki azoka ke abhilekha kevala zilAoM para hI nahIM hai| pizela ne ise leNa-vibhASA ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| leNa layana kA prAkRta-rUpa hai| layana kA artha koTharI, 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] zilAlekhI-prAkRta [261 ghara yA guphA hotA hai| pihola kA mantavya hai ki azoka ke lekha guphAoM meM bhI haiM; ataH unakI bhASA ke lie yahI nAma saMgata hai| DA. guNe ke anusAra yaha saMgata nahIM hai| katipaya anya vidvAnoM ne ise 'lATa vibhASA' nAma bhI diyA hai| lATa zabda yaSTi zabda kA vikasita ( yaSTi > laTThi> lATa ) rUpa hai| azoka ke aneka lekha lAToM para utkIrNa haiM; ataH una vidvAnoM ne isa nAma ko upayukta batalAyA hai| kucha vidvAnoM ne ise azokIya prAkRta ( Ashokan Prakritas ) zabda se saMjJita kiyA hai| isa prakAra azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA kA kaI prakAra se nAmakaraNa huA hai, para, vaha zilAlekhI prAkRtta ke nAma se hI adhika prasiddha hai aura yaha nAma apekSAkRta adhika saMgata bhI lagatA hai| kyoMki yahAM prayukta zilA zabda pASANa - khaNDa ke artha meM na liyA jAkara vatkoTika sAmAnya (Common ) pASANIya lekhAdhAra ke rUpa meM liyA jAe, yaha adhika samIcIna hogaa| anya prAkRta-abhilekha azoka ke abhilekhoM ke atirikta prAkRta ke kucha aura abhilekha bhI prApta hote haiM / unameM kucha to vistRta aura kucha kevala eka- eka paMkti ke hI haiN| inakA samaya I0 pUrva 300 se 40. I0 taka kA hai| bar3e-choTe ye sabhI zilAlekha saMkhyA meM lagabhaga do hajAra taka pahuMca jAte haiN| unameM uttara baMgAla kA mahAsthAna kA zilAlekha ( Mahasthan Stone Plaque Inscription ) madhyapradeza kA jogImAra gaphA lekha (Jogimara Cave Inscription ) pazcimottara bihAtha kA sohagaurA tAmrapatra lekha ( Sohgaura Copper Plate Inscription ) gvAliyara kA besanagara stambha lekha ( Besnagar Pillar Inscription ) pazcimottara bhArata kA kharoSThI lipi meM zina kATa kAskeTa bekha ( Shinkot Casket Inscription ) ur3IsA ke samrAT khAravela kA hAthI gumphA lekha, udayagiri khaNDa giri ke zilAlekha tathA pazcimI bhArata ke AndhravaMzIya rAjAoM ke zilAlekha vizeSa prasiddha haiN| AkAra meM bhI bar3e haiN| siMhala ke prAkRta-abhilekha siMhala meM bhI I0 pUrva 100 se 300 I. taka ke prAkRta abhilekha prApta hote haiN| ye abhilekha guphAoM meM tathA prastaroM para prApta hote haiN| prastara-lekha prAya: sarovaroM ke taToM para milate haiM, jinameM mandioM ke nimitta sarovaroM ke dAna kA ullekha hai| bhASA kA sukAva siMhala meM prApta abhilekhoM kI bhASA kA jhukAva adhikAMza pUrva aura madhya ke zilAlekhoM kI ora hai| para, usakI apanI bhI kucha vizeSatAeM haiN| jaise, prathamA vibhakti ekavacana 2010_05

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262] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 ke lie madhya va pUrva meM adhikAMzataH prayukta e ke jie yahAM i kA prayoga huA hai| ___saptamI dhibhakti ekavacana meM yahAM si ke lie hi AyA hai| SaSThI vibhakti ekavacana meM 'ha' kA prayoga humA hai, jaise, apabhraza meM 'sa' kA prayoga hotA hai| kahIM-kahIM mUrdhanya Sa tAlagya za meM bhI parivartita humA milatA hai| gAigara ( Geiger ) ne ina abhilekhoM kI bhASA ko siMhalI prAkRta nAma diyA hai| azokIyetara jina abhilekhoM kI carcA kI gayI hai, unakA aitihAsika mahatva to hai hI, para, vistAra, bhASA-prayoga ke vaividhya-bhASA-tatva ke sandarbha meM puSkala sAmagrI Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se mazoka ke abhilekhoM kA hI sarvAdhika mahatva hai| 2010_05

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saMkrAnti-kAla kI prAkRteM (Prakritas of Transional Period) ____ 2010_05

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bhArata se bAhara prApta prAkRta - lekha pAli piTaka bAGmaya tathA prAkRta ( addhamAgadhI ) - jaina Agama vAGamaya kI prAcInatA aura mUlyavattA aneka dRSTiyoM se samakakSatA liye hue hai / kramAgata rUpa meM unase sambaddha yahAM vicAra kiyA jAnA cAhie, para, yaha adhika upayukta hogA ki bhArata se bAhara prApta prAkRtoM para pahale vicAra kareM / azoka ke zilAlekhoM - vizeSataH uttara-pazcimI zilAlekhoM se unakI vizeSa nikaTatA hai / saMkrAnti-kAla madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ( Middle Indo-Aryan Languages ) kA kAla I0 pU0 500 se 1000 I0 taka mAnA gayA hai| ise prAkRta kAla kahA gayA hai / yaha ( prAkRta- kAla ) bhI tIna bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai- 1. prathama prAkRta (Early Middle Indo-Aryan) kAla, 2. dvitIya prAkRta (Middle Middle Indo-Aryan ) kAla tathA 3. tRtIya prAkRta ( Later Middle Indo-Aryan Language ) kAla prathama prAkRta kAla kA samaya madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA-kAla ke prArambha se arthAt I0 pU0 500 se I0 san ke prArambha taka mAnA jAtA hai / zilAlekhI prAkRta ko liyA gayA hai / dvitIya prAkRta-kAla mAnA jAtA hai / isa kAla kI bhASA kA nAma prAkRta hai / zaurasenI, pezAcI, mahArArASTrI Adi prAkRte jAtI haiN| 1000 I0 taka mAnA jAtA hai / yaha apabhraMza ke udbhava, vikAsa eka dUsarA vibhAjana isa prathama kAla meM pAli aura IsavI san se 500 I0 taka usake antargata arddhamAgadhI, tRtIya prAkRta-kAla 500 I0 se aura prasAra kA samaya 1 - kucha vidvAnoM ne madhya bhAratIya bhAyaM bhASA kAla ke antarvartI vibhAjana meM eka bhinna krama bhI apanAyA hai / unake anusAra prathama prAkRta arthAt pAli aura zilAlekhI prAkRta kA kAla I0 pU0 700 se I0 pU0 200 taka yA cAra sau varSoM kA hai / dvitIya prAkRtakAla unake mantavyAnusAra 200 IsavI se 700 IsavI taka hai / isa prakAra I0 pU0 200 se 200 I0 taka kA bIca kA samaya baca jAtA hai, jise saMkrAnti-kAla mAnA gayA hai / 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 isa saMkrAnti-kAla meM ve prAkRta AtI haiM, jo bhArata se bAhara prApta huI haiN| bAhara se prApta prAkRta - sAmagrI tIna rUpoM meM hai-azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI prAkRta, dhammapada kI prAkRta aura niya praakRt| azvaghoSa ke nATaka : prAkRtoM kA prayoga azvaghoSa bauddha bhikSu, dArzanika aura kavi the| unakA racanA-kAla IsA kI prathama zatI mAnA jAtA hai| unake dvArA racita do saMskRta nATakoM kI khaNDita pratiyAM madhya eziyA meM prApta huI haiN| suprasiddha jarmana dhidvAn pro. lyUDasa ( Luders ) ne unakA vidvatApUrNa sampAdana kiyA hai| una nATakoM meM kucha pAtra prAkRta bolate haiN| uttaravartI nATakoM meM prAkRtoM kA jaisA prayoga, jo kRtrima adhika hai, svAbhAdhika kama, huA hai / azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM paisA nahIM hai| vahAM prayukta prAkRta prAcIna rUpa liye hue haiM, jo svAbhAvika hai| tIna prAcIna prAkRte pro0 lyUDasa me azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRtoM kA vizleSaNa karate hue jo batAyA hai, usake anusAra yahAM tIna prakAra kI prAkRta prayukta huI haiM : prAcIna mAgadhI, prAcIna zaurasenI tathA prAcIna addhmaagdhii| pro0 lyUDarsa ke anusAra duSTa saMjJaka pAtra kI bhASA prAcIna mAgadhI, vidUSaka tathA gaNikA kI bhASA prAcIna zaurasenI evaM gomasa-tApasa kI bhASA prAcIna bhaddhamAgadhI hai| paho prayukta bhASA azoka ke zilAlekhoM se bhI kucha mela jAtI hai| prAcIna mAgadhI duSTa saMzaka pAtra dvArA prayukta bhASA ke anuzIlana se jo tathya udghATita hote haiM, ve prAcIna mAgadhI ke svarUpa ke jJApaka haiN| vahAM ra ke sthAna para la kA prayoga huA hai| tAlavya zakAsa ke lie to za hai hI, mUrdhanya SakAra aura dantya sakAra ke lie tAlavya zakAra kA prayoga huA hai| prathamA ekavacana meM e vibhakti kA prayoga hai| aham ke lie ahakaM AyA hai, jo Age calakara hage bana gayA hai tathA SaSThI vibhakti ekavacana meM 'ho' pratyaya dhyapahRta huA hai| ye prayoga prAcIna mAgadhI ke svarUpa kA digdarzana karAte haiM, jo prAktana mabhilekhoM meM prayukta mAgadhI se tulanIya hai| prAcIna zaurasenI vidUSaka tathA gaNikA dvArA prayukta prAcIna zaurasenI kI vizeSatAe' isa prakAra hai :prathamA vibhakti ekavacana meM aH (su) ke lie o prApta hotA hai| aura nya ke lie vahAM akA prayoga humA hai| Rke liye imAyA hai| vya ke lie sva tathA kSa ke lie kha 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] saMkrAnti-kAla kI prAkRta [ 267 vyavahRta huA hai / bhavAn ke lie bhavAM, khalu ke lie khu , kRtvA ke lie kariya, tvam ke lie tuvaba jaise kucha vizeSa prayoga bhI prApta hote haiM / tvam ke liye jo tuvaba hotA hai, vaha prAcIna phArasI ke tuvam se, jo tvam ke artha meM hai, nulanIya hai| kartRvAcya meM AtmanepadI dhAtu ke sAtha saMyojita hone vAle, vartamAna kAlavAcI zAnaca pratyaya se niSpanna rUpa isa prAcIna zaurasenI meM apane prAkRta-pariveza meM susthiya haiM / mulamAno, pAThyamAno Adi isake udAharaNa hai| __ prAkRta meM AtmanepadI tathA parasmaipadI ke rUpa meM dhAtuoM kA vibheda pracalita nahIM hai; ataH isa bhASA meM prApta hone vAle zAnac pratyayAnta rUpoM para isa dRSTi se cintana kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| zAmac pratyaya kA prayoktamya rUpa Ana hai, jo zakAra aura kAra ko itsaMjJA hone se bacA rahatA hai| prAcIna addhamAgadhI gomasa-tApasa dvArA prayukta prAcIna arddhamAgadhI kI kucha vizeSatAeM isa prakAra haiM : mukhyataH prathamA ekavacana kI vibhakti a. (su) ke lie o prApta hotA hai| jaina bhAgamoM meM tathA uttaravartI addhamAgadhI meM prathamA ekavacana ke lie o tathA e donoM prAsa hote haiM / tAlamya zakAra kA prayoga vahAM prApta nahIM hotaa| vahAM ka, Aka tathA ika pratyaya bahulatayA prayukta haiM / ra ke lie vahAM la kA prayoga huA hai| aspaSTatA yA alpa-spaSTatA azvaghoSa ke nATakoM meM prayukta prAcIna mAgadhI, prAcIna zaurasenI tathA prAcIna bhadamAgadhI kI jo katipaya vizeSatAeM ullikhita kI gaI haiM, unase prAcIna mAgadhI aura prAcIna zaurasenI kA svarUpa jitanA spaSTa lagatA hai, paisA addhamAgadhI kA nhiiN| addhamAgadhI ke sandarbha meM kiye gae vivecana se usakA svarUpa koI vizeSa spaSTa to nahIM pratIta hotA, phira . bhI addhamAgadhI kI pravRtti ke kucha saMketa vahAM mAne jA sakate haiN| saMkSepa meM kaheM to kevala itanA-sA yahA~ gamya hai-ra kA la honA mAgadhI se bhaddhamAgadhI meM AI huI vizeSatA hai, jo anyatra upasamdha nahIM hai / zakAra ke prayoga kA abhAva koI vizeSa mahatva nahIM rakhatA; kyoMki mAgadhI ke atirikta prAyaH sabhI prAkRtoM meM kevala dantya sakAra kA hI prayoga hotA hai| 1. tasya lopH|| tasyeto lApa: syAt / -pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI, 1 // 3 // ____ 2010_05

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268 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana prAkRta (kharoSThI) dhammapada bhArata se bAhara arthAt khotAna meM ema0 duila da (M, dutreiul De Rhine) nAmaka phrAMsIsI yAtrI ko san 1862 meM kucha mahatvapUrNa lekha prApta hue / taba taka una lekhoM ke sambandha meM vizeSa kucha jJAta nahIM thaa| DI0 AlDenavarga nAmaka rUsI vidvAn ne una para anveSaNa-kArya kiyA tathA unake sambandha meM kucha spaSTIkaraNa prastuta kiye| eka dUsare phrAMsIsI ghidvAn senA ne usa kArya ko Age bar3hAyA tathA san 1897 meM ghoSita kiyA ki ye prAkRtalekhoM ke aMza haiM / tadanantara aMgreja tathA bhAratIya vidvAnoM kA isa ora dhyAna AkRSTa huaa| unhoMne una lekhoM ke sambandha meM gaveSaNA kA prayatna kiyaa| ina saba prayAsoM kA pariNAma yA ki san 1921 meM kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya se pro0 bI0 ema0 baruA tathA pro0 esa0 mitrA dvArA unakA prakAzana huA, jise prAkRta-dhammapada nAma diyA gyaa| kharoSThI lipI meM hone ke kAraNa khagoSThI-dhammapada bhI usakA nAmakaraNa ho gyaa| pro0 jyUlsa blAka ne isakI racanA, bhASA, dhvaniyoM Adi ke sambandha meM vizeSa anveSaNa kiyaa| unakA niSkarSa thA ki yaha mUla rUpa meM bhAratavarSa meM hI likhA gyaa| vahIM se yaha pazcima meM gyaa| pro. jyUlsa blAka kA mantavya saMgata pratIta hotA hai; kyoMki taba taka bauddha dharma bAhara bhI vistAra pA cukA thaa| yaha bhArata ke nikaTavartI pazcimI dezoM meM bhI pahuMcA, yaha sambhAvanA se pare nahIM hai| isake aura bhI pramANa prApta hote haiN| vahAM pahuMcane para yaha bhI sambhava hai ki usakI bhASA udhara kI bhASAoM se prabhASita huI ho| isakI bhASA kA azoka ke pazcimottara ke zilAlekhoM kI bhASA se bhI kucha-kucha sAdRzya hai| dhammapada bAraha paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai| kula 232 gAthAe haiM / racanA-kAla IsA kI dUsarI zatI ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai| niya prAkRta . bhArata ke bAhara prApta prAkRtoM meM niya prAkRta kA bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| conI turkistAna ke niya nAmaka pradeza meM sara A~rela sTena ko tIna bAra kI yAtrAoM meM kharoSThI lipI ke kucha lekha prApta hue| unakI pahalI yAtrA I. san 16001901 meM. dUsarI yAtrA 1606-1907 meM tathA tIsarI yAtrA 1913-1914 meM huI / arthAt 1900 se 1914 taka ke unake 15 varSa ke prayAsa kA yaha phala thaa| eka ajJAta tathya prakAza meM aayaa| vidvAnoM kA usa ora dhyAna gyaa| san 1920 meM e. ema. bvAyara ne, san 1927 meM I0 je0 repsana ne tathA san 1926 meM senATaM ne kharoSThI zilAlekhoM (Kharoshthi Inscriptions) ke nAma se inakA sampAdana kiyA / ina lekhoM para mahatvapUrNa anusandhAna kArya karane vAle TI0 baro the| unhoMne ina lekhoM ko kisI bhAratIya prAkRta meM likhita btlaayaa| unhoMne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA ki yaha vaha prAkRta hai, jo ____ 2010_05

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[269 bhASA aura sAhitya ] saMkrAnti-kAla kI prAkRte tIsarI zatI meM 'zanazana' nAmaka pradeza meM rAja-bhASA ke pada para adhiSThita thii| niya prAkRta ke svarUpa tathA gaThana ke paryavekSaNa se pratIta hotA hai ki isakA mUla sthAna sambhavataH pezAvara kA samIpavartI bhArata kA pazcimottara pradeza rahA ho| kharoSThI dhammapada ke sAtha yaha bhASA kucha mela khAtI hai| azoka ke pazcimottara ke zilAlekhoM se isakA vizeSa sAdRzya hai| isa kAraNa se bhI isake mUla sthAna se sambaddha sambhAvanA aura balavatI ho jAtI hai| adhikAMzataH ina lekhoM ke niya nAmaka pradeza meM prApta hone ke kAraNa yaha bhASA niya prAkRta ke nAma se abhihita kI jAne lgii| pazcimottara ke zilAlekhoM ke sAtha yaha bhASA tulanAtmakatayA vizeSa rUpa se vizleSaNIya hai / niya prAkRta meM jo lekha prApta hue haiM, unameM kucha aise ullekha haiM, jinameM zAsakoM (mAjAoM) kI ora se jilAdhikAriyoM ko diye gaye Adeza haiM / kraya-vikraya-sambandhI patra bhI unameM haiM / sAtha-hI-sAtha kucha nijI patra bhI unameM samAviSTa haiN| una lekhoM meM aneka prakAra kI sUciyAM bhI prApta haiN| ina sabase prakaTa hotA hai ki una lekhoM kA vizeSa sambandha zAsana-vyavasthA aura vyavasAya Adi se hai| kucha lipi-cinha bho isa bhASA meM prApta hote haiM, jo bhAratavarSa meM vyavahRta prAkRtoM meM nahIM pAye jAte / dIrgha svara, itara svara, saghoSa USma dhvaniyoM Adi para una lipi-cinhoM kA prayoga huA hai| yaha bhAratIyetara bhASAoM ke prabhAva kA pratiphala pratIta hotA hai| videza meM pracalita hone para kisI bhI bhASA para isa prakAra prabhAva par3anA svAbhAvika hai| bhASAvaijJAnika niya prAkRta kA samaya lagabhaga tIsarI zatAbdI svIkAra karate haiN| niya prAkRta ko eka dUsarI vizeSatA hai, dhvaniyoM kI dRSTi se usake vyAkaraNa kI atyanta viksittaa| sambhavata: isakA yaha kAraNa rahA ho, yaha bhArata se bAhara vyavahRta thI; ataH isa para saMskRta kA prabhASa nahIM par3a skaa| bhArata meM pracalita prAkRtoM ke sAtha aisA nahIM hai / una para saMskRta kA prabhAva par3atA rahA; ata: ivaniyoM Adi kI dRSTi se ve niya prAkRta kI taraha surakSita nahIM raha skiiN| niya prAkata kI svarUpAtmaka vizeSatAeM bhASA vaijJAnika dRSTi se niya prAkRta kA vizeSa mahatva hai; ataH usakI svarUpAtmaka vizeSatAe' adhyetavya haiM / "prAkRta-vimarza" meM niya prAkRta ke sambandha meM jo vivecana kiyA gayA hai, usake anusAra usake mukhya lakSaNa isa prakAra haiM : niya prAkRta ke antargata-ya-yA, - ye - i milatA hai| udA. samAdAya > samadi, bhAvaye> bhavai, mUlya> mUli, aizvarya > eshvri| madhya e>i kA prayoga hotA hai| udA. madhya eka janA samAdAya > samavi, 2010_05

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270 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 ime > imi, upetaH> uvito, kSetra> ch itra, anta> a>u kA vaikalpika prayoga milatA hai / udA0 prAtaH> prtu| svaramadhyavartI saze USama aura sparzasaMgharSI aghoSa vyaMjana saghoSa meM badala jAte haiM / USma ke atirikta anya vyaMjana kA lopa aura usake sthAna para i-yA ya ke prayoga milate haiN| udA0 yathA> yadhA, santike > sadii, tvacA> tvayA, prathama> paDhama, avakAza> avagajaa, koTi> koDi, gocare> goyari, bhojana> bhoyaMna / yadi saMyukta vyaMjana meM anunAsika athavA koI upama pani sanniviSTa ho, to aghoSa vyaMjana saghoSa kA rUpa le. letA hai| udA0 paMca> paja, siJca > sija, sampanna > sabanno, duSprakRti > dubakati, saMskAra> saghara, antara> avara, hanti> hadi Adi / saghoSa ke sthAna para aghoSa ke mI kucha udAharaNa milate haiM / udA0 virAga> viraku, samAgatA> samakata, vigAhma> vikaya, yoga> yoka, glAnaH> kilena, daNDa> taNTa, bhoga> yoga Adi / mahAprANa vyaMjanoM ke sthAna para alpaprANa vyaMjanoM kA prayoga IrAnI aura anArya bhASAoM ke prabhAva kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| udA0 bhUmi> bUma, dhanAnAm > tnnaa| zabda meM visarga ke anatara 'kha' aura svataMtra rUpa se 'kSa' kA parivartana ha meM milatA hai| udA0 duHkha> duha, anapekSiNaH> manavehino, apekSa> aveha dhaadi| __ zabda meM saghoSa USma dhvani rUpa meM uccAraNa ke kAraNa dha ke sthAna para Upama vyaMjama kA prayoga milatA hai| udA0 madhura> masuru, gAthAnAm > gazana, zithila> zizila, madhu> masu, adhimAtrA> asimatra Adi / tInoM USma dhvaniyoM za, Sa, sa kA prayoga hotA hai, parantu, inameM 'sa' kA prayoga adhika vyApaka milatA hai| saghoSa USma dhvani ja kA sa, jha likhita rUpa milatA hai| zabdoM meM R ke sthAna para a, i, u, rU, ri kA vikAsa milatA hai / udA. mRtaH> mutu, saMvRtaH> savato, smRti> svati, vRddha> viDha, kRta> kiDa, pRcchitavya> puchivayo aadi| saMyukta vyaMjana meM yadi - , -la saniviSTa hoM, to unakA parivartana nahIM hotaa| udA. prApnoti> pranodi, kIrti> kIrti, dharma> dharma, dhama, mArga> marga, parivrajati> parivayati, dIrdham> driyam, maitra> metra Adi / saMyukta vyaMjana kI eka anunAsika dhvani meM dUsarI niranunAsika dhvani kA samIkaraNa ho jAtA hai| udA0 paNDita> paNido, daNDa> vaNa, prApnoti> pranovi, gambhIra> gamira, kuMjaraH> kuMjaru, prazA>praJa, zUnya> zuJa, vijJapti> vinati Adi / saMyukta vyaMjana zra>Sa kA parivartana milatA hai| udA. zrAvaka - Savaka, zmazru> maSu / saMyukta vyaMjana kra, pra, tra, dra, pra, ba, bhra, sta kA prayoga sthira rahatA hai| udA. trimiH> trihi, priyApriya> priapria, saMbhrama>saMmramu Adi / saMyukta vyaMjana e, STha kA samIkRta rUpa ho jAtA hai| udA. zreSTha:> zeTho, dRSTi> diThI, 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] saMkrAnti-kAla ko prAkRteM [271 jyeSTha > jeTha bhAdi / sthA dhAtu meM stha >Tha milatA hai| udA0 sthAna> ThaNehi, utsthAna > uThana, kASTha > kaTha, uSTra> uTha / saMyukta vyaMjana meM yadi Ulma ivani nihita ho, to usakA parivartana nahIM hotaa| udA0 asti> asti, vatsa> vatsa Adi / dvitIyA eka0 -m aura prathamA eka0 -s kA lopa milatA hai| dvivacana kA prayoga kevala do udAharaNoM meM milatA hai| udA0 padenyAM aura pdeyo| SaSThI eka0 kA rUpa -asa vibhaktiyukta milatA hai| kriyAoM kI kAla-racanA meM vartamAna nizcayArtha, AjJA, vidhi, bhaviSya nizcayAthaM Adi ke rUpa milate / vartamAna, vidhi liMga ke rUpa azokI prAkRta ke sadRza milate haiN| udA0 kareyasi, phareyati, syati; azokI prAkRta meM upakareyati, siyati Adi rUpa milate haiN| bhUtakAla kA vikAsa karmavAcya kRdanta meM prathama pu* bahu. meM -nti aura uttama pu0, madhyama pu. meM vartamAna nizcayArtha kartRvAcya as ke sadRza vibhakti rUpoM ko jor3a kara kiyA jAtA hai| udA0 zru tosmi> zru temi, zrutaH smaH> zrutama, vattosi> disi Adi / katRvAcaka saMjJA kA vikAsa pazcimottara azokI prAkRta ke sadRza tvI, tvA aura i pratyayoM ke yoga se hotA hai| udA0 zru niti, apuchiti / pUrvakAlika kRdanta kA vikAsa kriyAka paMjJA ana ke caturthI eka0 ke rUpa se hotA hai| udA0 gacchanAya> gacchanae, deyaMnae / kucha rUpa tuman meM bhI milate haiN| udA0 kartu aura karaMnae, visajidUM aura visrjne| samIkSA : tulanA uttara-pazcima ke zilAlekhoM meM ya saMyukta vyaMjana aparivartita rahate haiM / niya prAkRta meM bhI yaha pravRtti dRSTigocara hotI hai| uttara-pazcima ke zilAlekhoM meM saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM ra ke sthAnaparivartana kI jo vizeSa pravRti prApta hotI hai, niya prAkRta meM vaisA bahuta kama hai, lagabhaga nahIM ke tulya hai aura na uttarakAlIna kharoSThI lekhoM meM hI aisA hai / prAkRta-dhammapada meM aisA avazya milatA hai| . utara-pazcima ke zilAlekhoM meM la-yukta saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM la-lopa kI pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai, kintu, niya prAkRta meM vaise zabdoM meM la-yukta rUpa prApta hote haiN| jaise, zAhabAjagar3hI aura mAnaserA meM alpa ke liye apa tathA kalpa ke lie kapa kA prayoga huA hai, kintu, udAharaNArtha, niya prAkRta meM alpa ke liye alpa tathA jalpita ke lie alpita hI milate haiM, na ki apa aura jpit| pazcimottara ke zilAlekhoM meM kucha apavAdoM ko chor3akara prAyaH kSa ke lie cha AtA hai| niya prAkRta meM bhI aisA hI hai / sa ke liye sa kA prayoga huA hai| jaise, cikitsA ke lie pahAM ciphisa AyA hai| niya prAkRta meM aisA nahIM hotaa| vahAM vatsa aura saMvatsara ke lie 2010_05

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272 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa 2 kramaza: vatsa aura saMvatsara kA hI prayoga humA hai / kahIM-kahIM apavAda bhI dRSTigocara hote haiM, para, bahuta kama / saptamI vibhakti kA smin pratyaya smi rahatA hai / niya prAkRta meM sma prAyaH mma ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai; ataH saptamI vibhakti ekavacana kA smin pratyaya yahI mima milatA hai| prAkRta dhammapada sma, sva aura sa tInoM ko vidyamAnatA dekhI jAtI hai| isase pazcimottara kI bhASA kI eka vizeSa pravRtti jhalakatI hai-vahAM saptamI vibhakti ke lie prayujyamAna rUpa meM bahuta baikalpikatA thI / sambandhaka bhUta kRdanta arthAt hindI vyAkaraNa ke anusAra pUrvakAlika kriyA kA pratyaya svI vaidika saMskRta meM bahulatayA prayukta rahA hai| laukika saMskRta meM paisA nahIM rahA / niya prAkRta meM yaha tvI pratyaya ti ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai / udAharaNArtha, vahAM zrutvA ke lie bhraniti aura apRSTvA ke lie apuchiti kA prayoga huA hai / isI prakAya dhammapada meM upajitvA ke lie upajiti aura parivarjayitvA ke lie paridhati AyA hai| hetvartha meM azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM aura niya prAkRta meM 'naye' pratyaya kA prayoga milatA hai| anyatra haitvartha meM tave kA prayoga dRSTigata hotA hai| niya prAkRta meM tuman pratyayAnta rUpa bhI milate hai, paya, bahuta kama / azoka ke pazcimottara ke zilAlekhoM meM prathamA ekavacana meM a aura e donoM pratyaya prApta hote haiM / zAhabAnagar3hI ke abhilekhoM meM au kA aura mAnaserA ke abhilekhoM meM e kA adhika prayoga huA hai| niya prAkRta meM bhI e kA pracalana adhika prApta hotA hai| uttarakAlIna kharoSThI lekhoM meM au aura e donoM kA prayoga rahA hai| sindhu nadI ke pazcima meM jo abhilekha prApta huye haiM, vahAM e adhika hai tathA anya sthAnoM para au| prAkRta dhammapada meM e kA prayoga prAyaH anupalabdha hai / au milatA hai aura u bhI milatA hai| u kA milanA Azcaryajanaka hai; kyoMki u uttaravartI kAla kI pravRtti hai, vizeSata: apabhraza-kAla kii| u kA samAveza arvAcInatA ke prabhAva kA dyotaka kahA jA sakatA hai| paMcamI vibhakti ekavacana meM prayukta tasil pratyaya, jisake ikAra aura lakAra kI itsaMjJA hokara lopa ho jAtA hai aura tas=taH ke rUpa meM bacA rahatA hai, ke lie bhI niya prAkRta meM e kA prayoga prApta hotA hai| yahAM yaha jJAtavya hai ki isa e pratyaya kA prayoga mAgadhI prAkRta kI apanI eka vizeSatA hai| niya prAkRta meM nAmoM (saMkAoM) ke saba rUpa prAyaH akArAnta nAmoM ke anusAra hote haiM / nAmoM ke anta meM a lagA kara aiso sthiti niSpanna kI gaI hai, jo uttaravartI apabhraza kI ora dhyAna AkarSita karatI hai| prathamA vibhakti tathA dvitIyA vibhakti meM koI pratyaya-bheda mahIM hai / apabhraza meM bhI aisI hI sthiti hai| tulanAtmaka vivecana se yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki saMkrAnti-kAlIna prAkRtoM meM, cAhe saMkar3I hI sahI, sAdRzya kI dhArA pravahamAna hai| 2010_05

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bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa ( The Origin of Script and Its Develop:nent in India ) ____ 2010_05

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prAkRta-abhilekha : lipiyAM prAkRta ke jo prAcIna abhilekha prApta huye haiM, ve mukhyataH brAhmI lipi meM haiN| eka anya lipi kA bhI unameM prayoga huA hai, jo kharoSThI ke nAna se prasiddha hai| azoka ke pazcimottaya zAhabAjagar3hI aura mAnaserA ke zilAlekha kharoSThI lipi meM haiM / kAMgar3A ke do aise zilAlekha haiM, jinameM kharoSThI lipi kA bhI prayoga huA hai aura brAhmI kA bhii| aisA anumAna hotA hai ki vahAM sambhavataH ina donoM lipiyoM kA vyavahAra rahA ho.| Azcarya hai, brAhmI lipi ke kSetra mathurA kA bhI eka prasiddha zilAlekha kharoSThI lipi meM hai| paTanA meM bhI isa prakAra kA eka zilAlekha hai| una abhilekhoM kI lipiyoM ke sandarbha meM bhArata meM lipi-kalA ke udbhava, vikAsa tathA vistAra mAdi para saMkSepa meM vicAra karanA Avazyaka hogaa| brAmI lipi bhAratavarSa meM prayukta lipiyoM meM brAhmI lipi sabase prAcIna hai / jisa prakAra bhAratavarSa ke bhinna-bhinna dharmoM meM AsthA rakhane vAloM ke apane-apane dharma-granthoM kI bhASAoM ke sambandha meM AtA yA anAditA ke sudhaka mata haiM, usI prakAra una sabakA brAhmI lipi ke sambandha meM vicAya hai / yahAM prazastiparakatA (Superlativeness) kI mAtrA adhika hai, tathyaparakatA kama / mAnava kI kucha isa prakAra kI durbalatA hai ki jise vaha 'sva' se jor3atA hai, use prazasta bhI batAnA cAhatA hai| vaidika abhimata baidika paramparA meM vizvAsa rakhane vAloM kA yaha abhimata hai ki brAhmI zabda brahmA se niSpanna huA hai| tridevoM meM brahmA jagata ke sraSTA yA vidhAtA hai| jisa prakAra jagat kI, samasta jAgatika padArthoM kI unhoMne racanA kI, lipi kA bhI unhIM se prAdurbhAva huaa| jagat ke sAtha-sAtha janmane vAlI vaha lipi brAhmI lipi thii| brahmA dvArA ta lipi 1. brahmA sarjaka, viSNu-pAlaka, ziva-saMhAraka 2010_05

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276 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa 2 racanA kI upAdeyatA kA varNana karate hue nArada-smRti meM likhA hai : "yadi brahmA likhita yA lekhana-kalA, dUsare zabdoM meM lipi rUpa uttama netra kA sarjana nahIM karate, to isa jagat kI zubha gati nahIM hotii|" lalitavistara meM carcA lalitavistara baudoM kA prasiddha saMskRta-grantha hai| usake dazama adhyAya meM lipiyoM kI carcA hai| vahAM causaTha lipiyoM kA ullekha hai, jinameM brAhmI pahalI hai| 64 nAmoM meM katipaya aise nAma haiM, jinakA AdhAra deza-vizeSa, pradeza-vizeSa yA jAtivizeSa hai| jaise, aMga-lipi, dhaMga-lipi, magadha-lipi, brahmavallI - lipi, drAvir3a-lipi, kanAri-lipi, dakSiNa - lipi, darada-lipi, khAsya-lipi, cIna-lipi, hUNa-lipi, deva-lipi, nAga-lipi, yakSa-lipi, gandhadha-lipi, kinnara-lipi, mahoraga-lipi, asura-lipi, gaDa-lipi, 1. nAkariSyadyavi brahmA likhitaM cakSuruttamam / tatrayamasya lokasya nAmaviSyacchubhA gatiH / / 2. 1. brAhmI, 2. kharoSThI, 3. puSkarasArI, 4. aMga-lipi, 5. baMga-lipi, 6 magadha lipi, 7. mAMgalya-lipi, 8. manuSya-lipi, 9. aMgulISa-lipi, 10. zakAra-lipi, 11. brahmavallI-lipi, 12. drAvir3a-lipi, 13. kanAri-lipi, 14. dakSiNa lipi, 15. ugra-lipi, 16. saMkhyA-lipi, 17 anuloma-lipi, 18. Urdhvadhamurlipi, 16. baradalipi, 20. khAlya-lipi, 21. cIna-lipi, 22. hUNa-lipi, 23. madhyAkSara-vistara-lipi, 24. puSpa-lipi, 25. deva-lipi 26. nAga-lipi, 27. pA-lipi, 28. gandharva-lipi, 29. kinnara-lipi, 30. mahoraga-lipi, 31. asura-lipi, 32. garur3a-lipi, 33. mRgacakralipi, 34. cakra-lipi, 35. vAyumada-lipi, 36 bhImadeva-lipi, 37. antarikSadeva-lipi, 38. uttarakurudvIpa-lipi, 36. aparagauDAdi-lipi, 40. pUrvavideha-lipi, 41. utkSepalipi, 42. nikSepa-lipi, 43. vikSepa-lipi, 44. prakSepa lipi, 45 sAgara-lipi, 46. bajra-lipi, 47. lekhapratilekha-lipi 48. anavrata-sipi, 46. zAstrAvarta-lipi, 50. gamAvarta-lipi, 51. utopAvarta-lipi 52. vikSepAvarta zipi, 53. pAvalikhita-lipi, 54. niruttarapabasavilikhita-lipi, 55. vazottara-padasandhilikhita-lipi, 56. adhyA hAriNI-lipi, 57. sarvakSatasaMgrahaNI-lipi, 58. vidyAnulyoma-lipi, 59. vimizritalipi, 60.Sitapastama sipi, 61. dharaNIprekSapaNa-lipi, 62. sarvoSadhaniSyanda-lipi, 63. sarvasArasaMgrahaNI-lipi, 64. sarvabhUtastagrahaNI-lipi / pUla 125-126 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa [ 277 uttarakurudvIpa-lipi, aparagoDAdi-lipi, pUrva videha-lipi / kucha aise nAma haiM, jo sambhavataH varNo ke AkAra, lekhana-vidhi yA lekhana-ziSTya se sambaddha haiM / jaise, anuloma-lipi, cakra lipi, utkSepa-lipi, prakSepa-lipi, lekha-pratilekha-lipi, pAdalikhita-lipi, dvirunara-sandhilikhita lipi, dazottarapadasandhilikhita-lipi, vimizritalipi, ityaadi| kucha nAma aise haiM, jo devaprazastimUlakatA tathA viSayavizeSa-prayojyatA Adi se sambaddha haiN| kucha nAma anyAnya kAraNoM para bhI Addha ta ho sakate haiM / jaina mAnyatA jaina granthoM meM bhI brAhmI lipi ke viSaya meM vizeSa rUpa se ullekha hai| jaina aMgavATa maya ke paMcama aMga vyAkhyAprajJapti ( bhagavatI ) sUtra ke prArambha meM jahAM arhat, siddha, AcArya, upAdhyAya tathA sAdhu ko namana kiyA gayA hai, vahAM brAhmI lipi ko bhI namana karane kA ullekha hai| vyAkhyAprajJapti jaise atyanta mAnya grantha meM brAhmI lipi kA ullekha niHsandeha usakI prAcInatA kA dyotaka haiM / RSabha dvArA lipi-zikSaNa ___ lipiyoM ke udbhava ke sambandha meM jana paurANika sAhitya meM ullekha hai ki zrAmaNya aMgIkAra karane se pUrva Adya tIrthaGkara bhagavAn RSabha ne jaba ve rAjA the, sabhI prakAra kI loka-vyavasthAoM kA pratiSThApana kiyaa| vidyAoM, kalAoM Adi kA bhI zikSaNa diyaa| kahA jAtA hai, RSabha ne apane jyeSTha putra bharata ko puruSa-prayojya bahattara kalAoM ko zikSA dI aura sAtha hI parama-tatva kA jJAna bhI diyaa| putra bAhubalI ko prANi-lakSaNa kA jJAna, putrI brAhmI ko aThAraha lipiyoM kA jJAna aura putro sundaro ko gaNita kA zikSaNa diyaa| vidyAoM tathA kalAoM ko AtmasAt karane vAle RSabha ke putroM aura putriyoM ne jagat meM unakA prasAra kiyaa| brAhmo dvArA prasArita lipiyoM meM jo mukhya lipi tho, usI ke nAma se yaha brAhmo khlaaii| - 1. gamo arahatANaM Namo siddhANaM, gamo AyariyANaM gamo uvajhAyANaM Namo loe sanya saahnnN| pano baMbhIe livIe / 2. leha libI vihANaM, jiNeNa baMbhIe vAhiNa kareNa / -anidhAna rAjendra koSa, paMcama bhAga, pR0 1254 2010_05

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278 / Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana samavAyAMga sUtra meM ullikhita aThAraha lipiyoM meM pahalA nAma brAhmI lipi kA hai| prazApanA sUtra meM varNita aThAraha lipiyoM ke nAma samavAyAMga sUtra se pUrI taraha to nahIM milate, para, bahulAMza meM sAdRzatA hai| unameM bhI pahalA nAma brAhmI lipi kA hai / vizeSAvazyaka TIkA' tathA kalpasUtra meM ullikhita aThAraha lipiyoM ke nAma samavAyAMgasUtra va prajJApanA sUtra meM diye gaye nAmoM se bhinna haiN| Azcarya hai, donoM meM dI gayI lipi nAmAvalI meM brAhmI lipi kA nAma hI nahIM aayaa| ina donoM sUciyoM meM jo nAma haiM, unase pratIta hotA hai ki ye nAma bahuta arvAcIna haiM. jaba isa deza meM brAhmI kA prayoga to avaruddha ho hI gayA thA, mahatva bhI samApta prAya: ho gayA thaa| vizeSAvazyaka kI TIkA meM Aye hue nAmoM meM yavanI, turukkI, dhir3I, siMdhadhIya, mAlavInI, nAgarI, lATa, pArasI Adi kucha aise haiM, jo dezoM aura pradezoM ke AdhAra para diye hue haiN| aisA lagatA hai, vizeSAvazyaka ke TIkAkAra ke samaya jina-jina bhU-bhAgoM meM jo bhinna-bhinna lipiyAM pracalita thIM, sambhavataH unhIM ke AdhAra para unake nAma de diye gaye / 1. 1. brAhmI, 2. yAvanI, 3. doSa uparikA, 4. kharoSTikA, 5. rUra-zavikA, 6. paharAtigA, 7. upacatarikA, 8. akSara pRSThikA, 9. bhaugavatikA, 1.. veNakiyA, 11. niNhavikA, 12. aMkalipi, 13. gaNitalipi, 14. gandharvalipi, 15. Adarza-lipi, 16. mAhezvarI, 17. dAmilipi, 18. boliva lipi -samavAyAMga sUtra, samavAya 18 2. 1. brAhmo, 2. yAvanI, 3. dosApuriyA, 4. kharoSThI, 5. pukkharAsAriyA, 6. bhogavatikA ( bhogavaiyA ), 7. paharAiyA 8. antakkhariyA, 6. akkharapuTiyA, 10. bainayikI, 11. nivikI, 12. aMka lipi, 13. gaNitalipi, 14. gandharbalipi, 15. AyaMsalipi, 16. mAhezvarI, 17. domi lipi, 18. polindI / -prajJApanA sUtra, pada 1, sUtra 37 / / 3. 1. haMsa, 2. bhUta, 3. pakSI, 4. rAkSasI, 5. uDDI, 6. yavanI, 7, surajI, 8. kIrI, 9. draviDI, 10. siMdhavIya, 11. mAlavInI, 12. naDi, 13. nAgarI, 14. lATa, 15. pArasI, 16 animittI, 17. cANakkI, 18. muuldevii| -pR0 464 4. 1. lATI, 2. causarI 3. bAhAlI, 4. kAnI, 5. gUjasI, 6. soraThI, 7. marahaTI, 8. koMkaNI, 9. khurAsAnI, 10. mAgadhI, 11. siMhalI, 12. hAr3I, 13. kIr3I, 14. hammIrI, 15. pArasI, 16. matI, 17, mAlavI, 18. mahAyodhI / 2010_05

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bhArata meM lipi kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa [ 276 mAvA aura sAhitya ] ina nAmoM meM spaSTa rUpa meM maghato, pArasI aura turukkI; tIna abhAratIya haiN| anya bahuta se nAma bhArata ke antata pradezoM ke AdhAra para diye hue pratIta hote haiM, jinakI bhinna-bhinna lipiyAM brAhmI se udbhUta huii| haMsa Adi kucha nAma aise haiM, jinakA spaSTa AdhAra dikhalAI nahIM par3atA / kalpasUtra meM mAye nAmoM meM lATI, caur3I', DAhAlI, kAnar3I, gujarI, saurahaThI, marahaThI, kokaNI, mAgadhI, hAr3I, mAlavI Adi nAma vizeSAvazyaka ke TIkAkAra dvArA prastuta adhikAMza nAmoM kI taraha bhArata ke pradezoM ke nAmoM para AdhRta lipi-nAma haiM / unake lie usI prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai, jaisA vizeSAvazyaka ke TIkAkAra dvArA prastuta nAmoM ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai| brAhmI aura kharoSThI para aneka lipi-vijJAna vettAoM ne anuzIlana aura anveSaNa kiyA hai / unake bhinna-bhinna mata haiN| una matoM kI carcA, vizleSaNa tathA samIkSA karane se pUrva yaha Avazyaka hai ki aba taka lipi ke udbhava aura vikAsa ke sambandha meM jo socA gayA hai, usakI kucha carcA kI jAe / lipi kA udbhava : kalpanA Adi mAnava kA eka abUjha upakrama vidvAnoM kA mantavya hai ki AdikAlIna mAnava vibhinna devatAoM kI pUjA meM vizvAsa karatA thA / TonoM-ToTakoM meM bhI usakI AsthA thI / taba taka usakI tarkaNA zakti vikasita nahIM ho pAI thI / para, svabhAvataH vaha kalpanAzIla to thA hI / apane iSTa devatA kA pratIka yA citra banAne kA usameM bhAva jagA ho / usane use pUrA karane kA kucha prayatna kiyA ho / kucha Ar3I-Ter3hI rekhAeM khIMcI hoM / isI prakAra saubhAgya aura zubha kI prApti, daurbhAgya aura azubha kI nivRtti ke hetu kucha jA mantra, Tone-ToTake sAdhane ke lie bhI usake dvArA kucha aisA hI prayatna calA ho| isa prakAra rekhAeM khIMcane, kucha cihna banAne ke prayatna kA eka anya kAraNa bhI sambhAvita hai / apane bartana mAr3e, ghar3e Adi vastue jaba kabhI kisI samAdoha Adi ke avasara para yA aura kisI kAraNa se ekatra rakhI jAtI hoM, taba lagabhaga eka jaisI hone se ve paraspara mila na jAe, bAda meM apanI-apanI vastu kI pahacAna meM kaThinAI ma ho, isake lie bhI ho sakatA hai, mAnava me kucha cihna banAye hoM / yaha upakrama, jisake pIche koI gaharA cintana nahIM thA, tAtkAlika kama vikasita samAja ke logoM kI eka bhAva-pravaNa preraNA thii| yaha krama calatA rahA / mAnava apane abhilaSita kI eka kalpita. paripUrti mAtA rahA / yaha eka sandarbha hai, jo lipi-kalA ke udbhava se sambaddha kahApoha meM upayogI hai / 1. caur3I lipi sambhavataH bola- rAjAoM dvArA zAsita rAjya kI lipi rahI ho / 2010_05

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280 1 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 3 vyavahAra-nirvAha aura bhAva-sthAyitva tAtkAlIna mAnava bhASA kA AviSkAra kara cukA thaa| sunakara bhora bolakara dUsaroM ke vicAra jAnane aura jJApita karane kI kSamatA usa yuga ke manuSya ko prApta thii| usakA kArya calatA rhaa| bhASA ke abhAva meM use vyavahAra meM jo kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA thA, vaha miTa gayA thaa| para, jyoM-jyoM vibhinna logoM ke sAtha usake vyavahAra kA betra vistRta hotA gayA, use kaThinAiyAM anubhava hone lgii| jina kinhIM ke sAtha usakA vyavahAra thA, ve saba usake sAmane upasthita hote yA hote rahate, to use pArasparika vyavahAra ko nibhAne meM kaThinAI nahIM hotI; kyoMki svayaM bolakara apane bhAva zApita kara detA aura unake chAyA bolakara vyakta kiye gaye bhAva jJAta kara letaa| para, yaha sambhava nahIM thaa| isalie tatkAlIna mAnaSa aisA koI mAdhyama khojane ke lie becaina ho uThA ho, jisase usakI yaha kaThinAI dUra ho ske| anya kAraNa bhI sambhAvya hai / jyoM-jyoM mAnava ko bauddhika cetamA ubuddha hotI gayI, vaha cintana tathA vicAra ke kSetra meM kucha Age bddh'aa| vaicArika dRSTi se vikasita hote mAnava ke mana meM svabhAvata: yaha bhAva uThatA hai, vaha apane vicAroM ko sthAyitva de ske| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se use aisA karane meM tuSTi prApta hotI hai| sAtha hI usake vicAroM se dUsare loga tabhI lAbhAnvita hote raha sakate haiM, jaba daihika dRSTi se usakI vicamAnatA na rahe; ataH prabuddhacetA mAnava ko bhI yaha khoja thI ki use koI aisA sAdhana yA sahArA prApta ho, jisase usakA yaha abhAva miTa jAye / eka AdhAra mAnava apano manobhAvanAoM, eSaNAoM aura kAmanAoM kI parituSTi ke lie kucha pratIkAtmaka tathA cAheM bahuta aspaSTa hI kyoM na ho, citrAtmaka Ar3o-Ter3hI rekhAe khIMcane meM pravRtta ho cukA thaa| apane bhAvoM ko mUrta rUpa dene ke abhilASaka mAnava kA usa prayatna kI ora jhukAva huaa| use zAnti milI ki usakA vaha upakrama usake lie AdhAra bana sakatA hai| vaha usa ora pravRta huaa| apanI bhAvanAoM ko citroM yA pratIkoM ke mAdhyama se, cAhe ve apUrNa, asta-vyasta va asundara jaise rahe hoM, prakaTa karane kA usameM utsAha jgaa| citralipi ke udbhava kI yaha kahAnI hai| citroM yA pratIkoM ko uddiSTa kara jisa prakAra khIMcI jAne vAlI Ter3hI-mer3hI rekhAoM ne lipi-kalA ke Adi-srota kA kAma kiyA, citra-kalA kA bhI unheM hI mUla AdhAra mAnA jA sakatA hai| anveSTAoM aura vidvAnoM ne aba taka lipi ke sambandha meM jo adhyayana tathA gaveSaNA ko hai, usake anusAra IsA se lagabhaga cAra sahamAndiyoM pUrva taka lipi jaisA koI vyavasthita 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa [281 rUpa astitva meM nahIM aayaa| vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki isa prakAra ke mAdhyama kI khoja mAnava ne IsA se lagabhaga daza sahasrAbdI pUrva prArambha kI thii| usake chaH sahasrAbdiyoM ke prayatna ke pariNAma svarUpa lipi aspaSTa aura mavyavasthita hI sahI, prAdubhUta huI, jo uttarottara vikasita hotI gyii| citra-lipi citroM ke mAdhyama se apane manobhAva vyakta karane ke upakrama ko citra-lipi ko saMjJA dI gyii| isa upakrama meM prArambha ke citra bahuta hI apUrNa aura bhadde rahe hoNge| usa samaya ke mAnava kA kSetra apekSAkRta sImita thA; ataH mAnava, mAnava ke sAthI pazu, jIva-jantu, usake dvArA prayojya vanaspatiyAM Adi ke citra usane banAye hoNge| isa prayatna meM kucha aise Ter3he-mer3he citra bhI bana gaye hoMge, jo kucha-kucha jyAmitIya AkAroM se milate-julate hoNge| devavAda kA yuga thaa| pUjA, upAsanA, tatsambandhI karmakANDa sampAdita karane ke hetu devI-devatAoM ke citra bhI bane hoNge| aise citra parvatIya kandarAoM, bhittiyoM Adi para bane hoNge| patthara, haDDI, pazuoM ke cama, vRkSoM kI chAla, miTTI ke bartana, hAthI-dAMta Adi kA bhI ina citroM ke hetu upayoga huA pratIta hotA hai| abhivyaMjanA avikasita dazA se vikAsa kI ora gati karanA mAnava kA svabhAva hai| Adi kAla meM mAnava kA adhikatama sambandha sthUla jagat se SA; ataH jina prANiyoM, padArthoM va vastuoM ke sambandha meM kucha prakaTa karanA hotA, to vaha una prANiyoM, padArthoM tathA vastuoM ke citra aMkita karane kA prayatna karatA / jaise, manuSya ke lie manuSya kA citra, usake aMgopAMgoM ke lie usake aMgopAMgoM ke citra, pazuoM ke lie pazuoM ke citra, sUrya-candra Sa tAroM ke lie bar3e-choTe gola AkAra / sUrya ko razmiyAM dyotita karane ke lie apekSAkRta bar3e gole se usake cAroM ora nikalatI huI rekhAe aMkita karanA, aisA kucha upakrama thaa| isa prakAra usa yuga meM mAnava ko apanA kucha batAne aura dUsaroM kA samajha lene meM kiMcit santoSa prApta ho jAtA / * aisA pratIta hotA hai; citrAtmaka AdhAra se mAnava kA kucha samaya kAma calA hogaa| eka tathya jJAtavya hai ki citra-lipi kevala sthUla vastu ko vyakta karane mAtra kI kSamatA ke kAraNa aparipUrNa thii| para, isameM sArvajanInatA aura saghadezIyatA avazya thI, kyoMki sthUla dRSTyA manuSya, pazu, parvata, nadI Adi prAya: sarvatra sadRza hote haiN| udAharaNArtha, unakA AkAra jo pazcima eziyA meM banatA, vaisA hI amerikA ke kisI deza meM banatA aura use usI artha meM samajha bhI liyA jAtA, yadyapi donoM ke bIca bahuta dUrI hotii| isa taraha eka prakAra se yaha lipi, cAhe jaisI hI sahI, vizvajanIna yA antarrASTrIya kahI jA sakatI hai| 2010_05

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282] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana parivartana bhI pUrNa sakSama nahIM citra-lipi bhAvAbhivyakti kA eka mAdhyama thA, para, bahuta sakSama nahIM / sthala padArthoM kA bodha to usase ho jAtA, para, tadgata yA tatsambaddha bhAvoM ko vyakta karane kA jaba prasaMga AtA, to mAnava ko kaThinatA anubhUta hotii| citra meM kucha saMyukta karane kA eka prayama aura huaa| yadi eka pyAsI gAya ko dikhAnA hai. to daur3atI huI gAya aura pAsa hI pAnI dikhA diyA jAtA / isI prakAra yadi durbhikSa kA bhAva vyakta karanA hotA, to aisA manuSya dikhAyA jAtA, jo dubaila dIkhatA, jisakI pasaliyAM nikalI huI hotii| duHkha yA viSAda kA bhAva dhyakta karanA hotA, to aisI AMkhoM kA citra prastuta kiyA jAtA, jinase AMsU Dhala rahe hoN| calane kA bhAva dikhAnA hotA, to kevala paira dikhA diye jAte, para, isase kAma nahIM claa| cIna meM prAcIna kAla meM citra-lipi kA pracalana thaa| vahAM bhI Antarika bhAvoM ko vyakta karane hetu kucha isI prakAra kA prayAsa huaa| yadi vahAM maitrI kA bhAva vyakta karanA hotA, to do mile hue hAthoM kA citra banA diyA jaataa| yadi sunane kA bhAva vyakta karanA hotA, to eka aise manuSya kA citra banA diyA jAtA, jo daravAje ke pAsa kAna lagAye khar3A ho| mina bhI cIna kI taraha prAcIna kAla se hI sabhyatA aura kalA kauzala meM unnata rahA hai| vahAM citra lipi kA pracalana rahA / bhAvAbhivyakti ke sandarbha meM vahAM bhI isI prakAra ke prayAsa hue, jo AvazyakatA ke bAstavika pUraka nahIM ho sake / unase eka sImA taka kAma to calatA rahA, para, vividha bhAvoM kI abhivyakti aise upAyoM se sambhava nahIM ho skii| dUsarI viseSa kaThinatA yaha bhI thI ki jAti-vAcaka saMjJAe to citroM dvArA vyakta kara dI jAtIM, jaise, kimo manuSya kA bodha karAnA hai, to manuSya kA citra banA diyA jAtA para, yadi kisI manuSya-vizeSa-amuka manuSya kA bodha karAnA ho to kaThinAI thI / arthAt vyaktivAcaka saMjJAoM ko vyakta karane kA koI mArga nahIM thaa| aneka nAmoM ke aneka vyakti, unake bhinna-bhinna rUpa, kabhI sambhava nahIM the, jo citroM dvArA prakaTa kiye jA skte| akalAtmakatA aura citra : eka duvidhA cAhe sundara na sahI, para, citra banAnA bhI to eka kalA hai / vaha sabase sadha sake, sambhava nahIM; ataH una logoM ko bar3I asuvidhA hotI, jo citra banAne meM akSama the| jo citra to banA sakate the, para, atizIghra koI abhivyakti karanI hotI, to zIghratA meM citra banAne meM unheM bar3I kaThinatA hotI / citra aura unake yoga dvArA kevala vartamAna kA bhAva vyakta hotA, para, atIta tathA bhaviSya kI abhivyaMjanA ke liye koI sAdhana nahIM thaa| citra-lipi ke yuga meM isa prakAra mAnava yena-kena-prakAreNa apane ko vyakta karane kA prayatma ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya | bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa [ 283 to karatA, para, use santoSa nahIM thA, aneka kaThinAiyAM thiiN| vaha kucha khoja meM thA, tAki yaha asantoSa, ve kaThinAiyAM miTa ske| pratIka-lipi citra-khoMcane meM asuvidhA thI aura sAtha-hI-sAtha amanonukUla kAlakSepa bhI thaa| satata gatizola mAnava lambe samaya taka kaise saha pAtA ! zIghrAtizIghra bhASa vyakta karane ke liye samaya bacAne ke lie vaha bahuta tatparatA se citra bnaataa| citra ThIka nahIM banate / vikRta citroM se bhI kucha kAla taka vaha kAma calAtA rahA / lekhinI kI zIghratA ke kAraNa citroM kA uttarottara ghasITa rUpa hotA gayA / taba pUre citra ke pratIka ke rUpa meM kucha rekhAoM kA prayoga hone lagA / udAharaNArtha, pahale parvata ko dikhAnA hotA to usakA eka rekhA-citra-sA banAyA jAtA, usakI coTiyAM rekhAoM dvArA vizeSa rUpa se dikhAI jaatiiN| para, Age cala kara yaha sArA kucha rekhAoM ke rUpa meM hI bacA rahA / isa prakAra citroM ke sthAna para pratIka-cihnoM se kAma calane lagA / citra meM samajhane kI dRSTi se eka suvidhA thii| use dekhate hI vastu samajha lI jAtI / pratIka cihnoM meM yaha nahIM rhaa| unheM smaraNa rakhanA par3atA, yaha cihna amuka vastu ke lie hai aura yaha kisI anya ke lie| citroM meM eka sImA taka sadRzatA thI; ataH unheM samajhAne meM bhinna-bhinna dezoM yA sthAnoM ke logoM ko kaThinAI nahIM hotii| rekhAcihnoM meM yaha bAta nahIM rahI / vahAM jisa vastu ke lie, jisa bhAva ke lie jo rekhA-cihna kalpita kara liye gaye, una cihnoM ko dekhane mAtra se vaisA kucha bAta nahIM hotA, jaba taka una cihnoM se sambaddha mAnyatA ko Atmagata na kara liyA jAtA / isa prakAra citroM dvArA tatkAlona lipi meM jo sArvajanInatA AI thI, vaha nahIM raha paaii| bhinna-bhinna dezoM ke vyaktiyoM ne bhinna-bhinna vastuoM ke lie eka hI samAna rekhA-cihna svIkAra kiye hoM, aisA bhI sambhava nhiiN| bhAva-vanimalaka lipi vastu aura bhASa donoM ke lie abhivyakti hetu prayukta pratIkAtmaka lipi meM agalA vikAsa huA ki kucha to bhAvamUlaka pratIka, jinase bhAvoM ke samajhane meM tatkAlIna mAnava kucha suvidhA anubhava karatA thA, jo citroM ke saMkSisa yA saMketaka rUpa the, vidyamAna rahe aura bucha pratIka bhAvoM ke parivartana meM dhvaniyoM ke sAtha saMyukta kara diye gaye / isa prakAra mAnava ko lipi-vikAsa ke abhiyAna meM kucha suvidhA milii| isa paddhati ko bhAva-dhvanimUlaka lipi kahA jAtA hai| dhvanimUlaka-lipi pratIka-bhiha bhASa aura pani; donoM ke lie prayukta the| donoM meM hone vAlI suvidhA 2010_05

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24 j Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana / khaNDa : 2 abuvidhA ko mAnava ne anubhava kiyaa| sambhavataH use pratIta huA, cihnoM kA prayoga dhvaniyoM ke lie adhika saMgata tathA samocona hai| jo cida jisa dhvani ke liye prayukta thA, usase sarvatra vahI bani samajhI jAto tho| bhAvamUlaka cihnoM meM bahuta spaSTa rUpa meM vaisI sthiti nahIM banatI thI; isaliye bhASa-dhvanimUlaka lipi kA vikAsa svanimUlaka lipi meM huaa| dhvanimulaka lipi ke bheda dhvanimUlaka lipi do prakAra ko hai| eka akSarAtmaka ( Syllabic ) aura dUsarI varNAtmaka ( Elphabetic ) / akSarAtmaka lipi-dharNa aura bhakSara meM eka antara hai| varNa eka dhvani kA udbodhaka hai maura akSara eka se adhika milita dhvaniyoM kA sUcaka hai / sthUla dRSTi se akSarAtmaka lipi ke prayoga meM koI abhAva dRSTigocara nahIM hotA, para, yadi bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se sUkSmatA meM jAyeM, to vahAM kucha nyUnatA lgegii| udAharaNa ke liye hindI ke 'priya' zabda ko leN| devanAgarI lipi meM isake 'pri' aura 'ya' do bhAga dRSTigocara hoNge| 'priya' zabda meM samasta vaNe kitane haiM, usake bAhya darzana se kucha jJAta nahIM hotaa| para, yaha zabda yadi romama lipi meM zilA jAyegA, to isameM P, R, I, Y tathA A; ve pAMca dhvaniyAM spaSTa dikhAI deNgii| saMskRta bhASA ke devanAgarI meM likhe huye zabdoM ke vargoM ko saMskRtaka tatkAla jAna sakate haiM, para, vaha rANDa apane kalevara se una vargoM kA pRthaka-pRthak svarUpa prakaTa nahIM kara sakatA; jaise saMskRta kA vRkSa zabda / bAhya dRSTi se dekhane para isameM kevala do bhAga haiM-- do akSara dikhAI dete haiM, para, pastutaH isameM ba, R, k, Sa, tathA a; ye pAMca varNa haiM, jo vRkSa zabda ke kalevara se pratIta nahIM hote / yaha lipi kI paripUrNatA meM eka kamo hai| Adhunika lipiyoM meM devanAgarI kI taraha baMgalA, gujarAtI, ur3iyA, tamila, telugu, arabI, phArasI Adi lipiyAM akSarAtmaka haiM / varNAtmaka lipi-lipi ke vikAsa meM jo uttarottara pragati hotI gaI, usako parAkASThA yA carama utkarSa varNAtmaka lipi hai| romana lipi isakA uskRSTa udAharaNa hai| varNAtmaka lipi ko yaha vizeSatA hai ki usakI pratyeka pani ke liye pRthaka-pRthaka cihna hote hai; isaliye usameM kisI bhI bhASA kA zabda jitane varSoM kA hogA, utane varSoM meM likhA jaayegaa| jahAM romana lipi meM likhe gaye zabdoM ke ucAraNa meM bhinnatA pAI jAtI hai, jaise aMgrejI ke Should, Could, Would Adi zabda apane antavartI vargoM ke uccAraNa ke anurUpa uccArita na hokara zuDa, kuDa, vuDa jaise vibhinna uccAraNoM meM bole jAte haiM, vahAM usa lipi meM likhI gayo bhASA kI nyUnatA hai yA usakI apanI vizeSa pravRtti hai, usameM lipi kA doSa nahIM hai| ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vizva kI lipiyA~: do varga bhArata meM lipi kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa I vizva ko lipiyoM apane svarUpa ke AdhAra para do vargoM meM vibhakta kI jA sakatI haiM pahalA varga una lipiyoM kA hai, jinameM cihna pRthak pRthak varNoM yA bakSaroM ke botaka nahIM haiM, eka zabdAtmaka dhvani ke dyotaka hai| dUsarA varga una lipiyoM kA hai, jinameM prayukta cihna AkAra pRthak-pRthak varNoM yA akSaroM ke dyotaka haiM / bhASA vaijJAnikoM ne isa dRSTi se unakA freafter rUpa meM vargIkaraNa kiyA hai : dUsarA pahalA varga - mukhya lipiyAM : 1. kyUnIphArma 2. hIro glAiphika 3. krITa kI lipiyAM 4. sindhu ghATI kI lipi 5. hiTTAiTa lipi 6. cInI lipi 7. prAcIna madhya amerikA tathA maiksiko kI lipiyAM varga - mukhma lipiyAM : 1. dakSiNa sAmI lipi 2. hibrU lipi 3. phiniziyana lipi 4. kharoSThI lipi 5. Armeika lipi 6. arabI lipi 7. bhAratIya lipi 8. grIka lipi 6. laiTina lipi - 2010_05 [ 265 brAhmI kI utpatti : mata-matAntara brAhmo ke sambandha meM jo mata-matAntara haiM, unakA vizleSaNa apekSita hai / yaha viSaya aisA hai, jisa para aneka vidvAnoM ne vicAra kiyA hai / para aba taka kisI sarvasammata mata patra nahIM pahuMcA jA sakA hai| sthiti aisI rahI hai, bhimna-bhinna vidvAnoM ne apane-apane tarkoM ke AdhAra para apane-apane mata pratiSThApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / aba bhI prastuta viSaya

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28.] bhAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana papa sUkSmatA se gaveSaNA kI jAnI apekSita hai| yUnAnI se brAhI kucha vidvAnoM kA abhimata hai ki brAhmI-lipi kA udgama-khota yUnAnI lipi hai| isa mata ke paripoSaka vidvAnoM meM DA. alpheDa mUlaya, jemsa prinsepa tathA senATa Adi mukhya haiN| senA ne isa sambandha meM jo vizleSaNa kiyA hai, usake anusAra siphandara ke bhArata-AkramaNa ke anantara yUnAniyoM tathA bhAratIyoM kA pArasparika samparka bar3hA / taba taka bhAratIyoM meM lekhana-kalA pracalita nahIM thii| unhoMne yUnAniyoM se use siikhaa| usake AdhAra para unhoMne vAhmI-lipi kI racanA kii| yUnAniyoM ke sAtha samparka jur3ane se bahuta pahale bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA prasAra thaa| yahAM ke nivAsI likhanA jAnane the; ataH yUnAnI lipi ke sAtha brAhmI kA sambandha jor3ane kI sthiti nahIM aatii| isa prakAra ke vicAra bUlara tathA DiriMjara Adi vidvAnoM ne vyakta kiye, jo mahatvapUrNa haiN| kyoMki candragupta maurya ke kAla ke Asa-pAsa brAhmI-lipi kI utpatti mAnI jAye to usake pautra azoka ke samaya taka vaha itanI vikasita va samunnata ho jAye, yaha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai ? phaca vidvAm kupeTI - kabhI kabhI prabuddha jana bhI kucha aisI kalpanAe kara lete haiM, jo spaSTatayA asaMgata hotI haiN| aisI hI eka kalpanA phreMca vidvAn kupeTI kI brAhmI lipi ke udbhava ke sambandha meM hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki brAhmI-lipi kI utpatti cInI lipi se huI / lipi-vijJAna para kArya karane vAle vidvAn tathA adhyetA jAnate haiM ki pInI aura brAhmI kA koI mela nahIM hai| cInI mUlataH cAhe kitanA hI parivartita sahI, eka prakAra se citra-lipi kA hI kalevara liye ie hai| jaisA ki pahale kahA gayA hai, cInI lipi meM varNAtmaka va akSarAtmaka dhvaniyAM nahIM haiN| usameM zabdAtmaka dhvaniyoM ke paricAyaka citrAtmaka ciha haiM / aise ciha usameM bahuta adhika haiN| ve cAlIsa-pacAsa hajAra kI sImA taka pahuMca jAte haiN| yadyapi aba cInI vidvAnoM ne unameM se sarvAdhika pracalita evaM prayukta cihnoM ko liyA hai, jinakI saMkhyA lagabhaga pAMca sau hai| unheM bhI jitanA ho sakA, sarala banAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura aba unhIM cihnoM se sArA kAma liyA jA rahA hai| yaha svayaM socA jA sakatA hai, brAhmI jaisI lipi se jisake cihna akSatAtmaka dhvaniyoM ke abhivyaMjaka haiM, dUsare zabdoM meM jo lipi bhakSaya-gaThita hai, pInI lipi kA kese mela ho sakatA hai ? mAnA ki pInI lipi bahuta prAcIna hai| cInI kiMvadantI ke anusAra I0 pUrva 3200 ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa [ 287 meM usakA AviSkAra huaa| dUsare mata ke anusAra vaha I. pUrva 2700 varSa meM nirmita huii| para, prAcInatA mAtra koI kAraNa nahIM hai, jisase saMgata-asaMgata saba kucha usake sAtha jor3a diyA jaaye| jahAM lipi-vizleSaNa aura samIkSA kA prazna bhAtA hai, ghidvAm isa mata kI carcA taka nahIM krte| uttarI semeTika lipi ___ bhASA-vijJAna meM semeTika aura hemeTika do zabda Ate haiM, jo do viziSTa bhASA-parivAroM ko vyakta karane ke hetu vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prayukta hote haiM, jaise semeTika bhASA-parivAra, hemettikbhaassaa-privaar| semeTika zabda lipi ke sAtha bhI jur3A hai| ___ kahA jAtA hai, hajarata nauha ( nUha ) ke do putra the| bar3e kA nAma sema aura choTe kA hema thaa| paramparayA sema ko dakSiNa-pazcima eziyA ke nivAsiyoM kA Adi puruSa mAnA jAtA hai| usa bhU-bhAga meM prasRta bhASA-parivAra sema ke nAma para semeTika kahalAyA / bhASA kI taraha vahAM prayukta prAcIna lipi ke sAtha bhI yaha vizeSaNa jdd'aa| semeTika kA hindI meM sAmI anuvAda kiyA gayA hai| semeTika bhASA-parivAra ke dakSiNI kSetra meM jo lipi prayukta hotI thI, use dakSiNI semeTika lipi kahate haiM / bahuta se vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki uttarI semeTika lipi se brAhmI kA sabhava huaa| unameM bUlara kA nAma vizeSa rUpa se liyA jA sakatA hai| bebara, bemaphe, vesTaragArDa hiTamI, jaoNnasana, viliyama jaoNnsa Adi vidvAnoM ke abhimata bhI bahuta kama bheda ke sAtha, lagabhaga isI prakAra ke haiN| bUlara ke mantavyAnusAra IsadhI san se lagabhaga ATha sau varSa pUrva semeTika akSaroM kA bhArata meM praveza huA 11 phiniziyama aura brAhI uttarI semeTika lipi kI eka mukhya zAkhA phiniziyana thii| phiniSiyA (deza) meM pracalita hone ke kAraNa yaha phiniziyana khlaaii| prAcIna kAla meM eziyA ke uttarapazcima meM sthita bhU-bhAga (sIriyA) phiniziyA kahA jAtA thaa| phiniziyA prAcIna kAla se hI zikSA, sabhyatA, kalA-kauzala va vyApAra Adi meM bahuta samunnata paa| bhAratIya loga vyApArAyaM phiniziyA Ate-jAte the| una vidvAnoM ke anusAra taba taka bhArata meM lekhanakalA kA prAdurbhAva nahIM haA thA; ataH pArasparika vyavahAra meM savidhA rahe. isa reta samheM phiniziyana lipi kA akSara sIkhanA Avazyaka lagA / unhoMne pesA kiyaa| unakI kaThinAI dUra ho gyii| una gyApAriyoM ke sAtha ve phiniziyana akSara bhArata naaye| ve akSaya 1. Indian Palaeography, P. 17 ___ 2010_05

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288 ] Amama maura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa:2 brAhmaNoM ke dvArA kramazaH parivartita, pariSkRta aura paridhArita hokara eka viziSTa akSaramAlA meM pariNata ho gye| saMskRta vaSA prAkRta ke likhane meM saralatA se prayukta hone lge| brAhmaNoM dvArA mUtana rUpa diye jAne ke kAraNa sambhavataH isa lipi kA nAma brAhmI pdd'aa| adhikAMza vihAn brAhmI ke phiniziyana se nikalane ke pakSa meM hai / naI sthApanA ___DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne eka maI sthApanA kI hai| unhoMne phiniziyA vAsiyoM ko mUlataH bhAratIya batAyA hai| unake anusAra bhArata se cala kara kucha loga phiniziyA basa gaye the| ve jAte samaya apanI brAhmI lipi bhI sAtha lete gye| vaha lipi vahAM anya lipiyoM aura sthitiyoM se prabhAvita hotI huI phiniziyana ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gii| yahI kAraNa hai ki phiniziyana aura brAhmI meM sAdRzya prApta hotA hai| DA. pANDeya ne Rgveda 6-51, 14, 61, 1 ke pramANoM se isa tathya ko siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| DA. pANDeya uccakoTi ke vidvAn haiN| tarka aura yukti se unhoMne prastuta sandarbha meM jo naI sthApanA karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, vaha niHsandeha lipi-vijJAna ke kSetra meM eka dizA-darzana hai, para, bhAratavAsI phiniziyA gaye, apanI lipi sAtha le gaye, unakI arthAt brAhmI lipi kA hI vikAsa phiniziyana lipi hai, ityAdi tathya bahuta mahatva ke haiN| unake lie kucha Thosa pramANa cAhie, kevala zAstrIya pramANa paryApta nahIM haiM / dakSiNI semeTika aura brAhI kucha vidvAnoM kA aisA abhimata hai ki brAhmI kA vikAsa dakSiNI semeTika lipi se huA hai| aisA mAnane vAloM meM Telara, seya bAdi ke nAma mukhya haiM / ___ kucha vidvAna brAhmI-lipi kA udbhava dakSiNI semeTika kI zAkhA arabI lipi se mAnate haiM / para, vastutaH dakSiNI semeTika lipi aura usakI zAkhA-lipiyoM se brAhmI kA sAdRzya nahIM hai| arabavAsiyoM kA bhAratIyoM ke sAtha purAnA sambandha rahA hai kevala isa AdhAra para arabI se bAlo ke udbhava kI kalpanA karanA saMgata nahIM hai| aitihAsika sAkSya hai ki arabavAsiyoM aura bhAratIyoM kA samparka itanA purAnA nahIM hai, jisase brAhmI lipi ke arabI lipi se nikalane kI kalpanA kI jA sake, jo samrATa azoka ke samaya eka samRddha lipi thii| Do0 rAisa DeviDsa DA. rAisa DeviDsa ne eka aisI lipi kI parikalpanA kI hai, jo semeTika akSaroM ke udbhava se pUrva hI yUpheTisa nadI kI ghATI meM jyavahRta thii| DA. rAisa DeviDsa ke anusAra 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa [289 brAhmI kA sIdhA sambandha usa prAktana lipi se hai, jo semeTika lipiyoM kI bhI janayitrI thii| isa abhimata ke samakSa bahuta se aise spaSTa prazna-cihna haiM, jo asamAdheya pratIta hote haiM; ataH isa para UhApoha saMgata nahIM lgtaa| bhArata : brAhmI kA utpakti-sthAna / katipaya pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya vidvAn yaha nahIM mAnate ki brAhmI kiso vaidezika lipi se udbhUta huii| unakA mantavya hai 6i brAhmI kA utpatti-sthAna bhAratavarSa hai| eDavarDa thAmasa, golDa sTUkara, rAjendralAla mitra, lAssena, DAsana, kanidhama Adi ke nAma isa sambandha meM vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai| isa vicAradhArA ke katipaya vidvAnoM ke anusAra prAcIna kAla meM bhAratavarSa meM AryabhASI janatA dvArA kisI citra-lipi kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| sambhavataH usI se brAhmI kA prAdurbhAva huaa| bUlara ne isakA virodha kiyA thaa| unakA kahanA thA ki bhArata meM jaba koI prAcIna citra lipi milatI hI nahIM, taba yaha kaise kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki brAhmI kA citra-lipi se vikAsa huaa| jaba bUlara ne yaha mata vyakta kiyA thA, taba taka mohana-jo-dar3o aura har3appA kA utkhanana nahIM ho pAyA thaa| isa utkhanana ke pariNAma svarUpa aise prazna aura zaMkAeM svayaM samAhita ho jAtI haiN| DA0 caTarjI kA vicAra bhArata ke mahAn bhASA-vijJAnavettA DA0 sunItikumAra caTarjI ke vicAra isa sandarbha meM aneka dRSTiyoM se mananIya haiN| unheM avikala rUpa meM yahAM uddhata kiyA jAtA hai : "bhArata kI jo lipiyAM abhI taka par3hI jA sakI haiM, unameM brAhmI-lipi sabase prAcIna hai| yahI bhAratIya AryabhASAoM se sambandhita prAcInatama lipi hai / hamArI hindU-sabhyatA kA itihAsa bahuta prAcIna hai| purANa IsA pUrva bahuta hajAra varSoM kI bAta batalAte haiM, lekina bhAratavarSa meM I. pU. 300 ke pUrva kI Arya-bhASA meM racita koI lekha abhI taka nahIM milA hai aura na par3hA ho gayA hai| maurya yuga kI brAhmI-lipi ko hI vartamAna kSetra meM Adhunika bhAratIya lipiyoM meM Adi-lipi kahanA par3atA hai| brAhmo-lipi kI utpatti ke bAre meM matabheda hai / aba taka karIba sabhI samajhate the ki yaha phinizIya akSaroM ( jo I0 pU0 1000 ke pahale hI sIriyA deza ke Phoenicia phiniziyA meM pracalita zaimoya parivAra kI phinizIya bhASA ke AdhAra para bane ), se utpanna huI; yA to dakSiNa-araba ke rAste, nahIM to IrAna kI khAr3I ke rAste, drAvir3a jAti ke vaNikoM kI mArphata ye akSara I0 pU0 800-600 ke lagabhaga bhArata meM lAye gaye aura bAda meM brAhmaNoM ke dvArA parivartita aura parivarddhita hokara isa akSaramAlA 2010_05

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26.] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 ( brAhmI ) kI sampUrNatA sAdhita huii| koI-koI phinizIya akSaroM se brAhmI akSaroM kI utpatti svIkAra nahIM karate the| ve anumAna karate the ki bhAratavarSa kI mAyabhASI janatA dvArA sampUrNa svatantra rUpa se, kisI prakAra kI maulika citra-lipi se, brAhmI kI utpatti huI hai, samprati mohana-jo-dar3o aura har3appA meM milI saikar3oM mudrAlipiyoM se eka nayA mata pratipAdita ho rahA hai ki prAga-AyaM yuga kI citra-lipi kA vikAsa hI brAhmI-lipi hai| jo kucha bhI ho, yaha bAta ThIka hai ki I0 pU0 1000 ke lagabhaga, azoka Adi maurya samrAToM ke kAla meM vyavahRta hamArI prApta brAhmI-lipi kI pratiSThA kA kAla mAnA jA sakatA hai|" ___ DA. caTarjI ne kaI vicAradhArAoM kA navanIta upasthita karate hue yahAM jo saMketa kiyA hai, prastuta prakaraNa ke upasaMhAra meM samIkSAtmaka vivecana ke sandarbha meM yaha upayogI hogaa| bhArata meM lipi-kalA Rgveda prabhRti veda bhAratIya vAGamaya meM prAcInatA kI dRSTi se Rgveda kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| bhAratIya vAGamaya hI nahIM, bhAropIya bhASA parivAra ke samasta upalabdha sAhitya meM bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se usakA asAdhAraNa mahatva hai| Rgveda meM yatra-tatra isa prakAra ke saMketa DhUr3he jA sakate haiM, jo lekhana-paramparA ke astitva ko prakaTa karate haiN| udAharaNArtha, eka prayoga hai"sahasra me vadato aSTakarNya:' / yahAM ATha kAnoM vAlI hajAra gaue dene kA ullekha hai / aSTakarNya kA abhiprAya una gauoM se hai, jinake kAnoM para kisI kAraNa se, jo dhArmika paramparA se sambaddha ho sakatA thA athavA kisI zubha phala kA dyotaka ho sakatA thA, ATha kA aMka likhA jAtA rahA hogA / vasI gooM ko aSTakarNI kahA jAtA hogaa| ATha kA aMka likhane kA jJAna hone kA spaSTa Azaya yaha hai ki Rgveda ke kAla meM lekhana-paramparA yA lipi-kalA vikasita rUpa meM thii| Rgveda meM gAyatrI, uSNika Adi chandoM ke nAma prApta hote haiN| chandoM ke nAma prApta hone kA artha hai, dharNoM yA mAtrAoM kI eka nizcita saMkhyA-baddha paMkti-sUcaka racanA, jisase lipi-jJAna kA astitva siddha hotA hai| vAjasaneyI saMhitA arthAt zukla yajurveda saMhitA meM isa prakAra ke saMketa prApta hote haiM, jinase lipi ke astitva kA sUcana hotA hai| kRSNa yajurveda kI kASka saMhitA, maitrAyaNI saMhitA aura daitirIya saMhitA meM kaI chandoM kA ullekha hai tathA unake pAdoM ke vargoM kI saMkhyA 1. bhArata kI bhASAeM aura bhASA sambandhI samasyAe', pR0 170-71 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa [291 taka ginAI gayI hai| atharva-veda meM bhI isa prakAra ke saMketa prApta hote haiM, jinameM chandoM kI saMkhyA taka kA ullekha hai / vahAM eka sthAna para chandoM kI gyAraha saMkhyAe sUcita kI gayI haiN| upaniSada evaM brAhmaNa grantha chAndogyopaniSad meM akSara va IkAra, UkAra evaM ekAra saMjJAoM tathA taittirIya upaniSad meM varNa, svara, mAtrA va bala kI carcA hai| aitareha brAhmaNa meM oM ko akAra, ukAra tathA makAra ke saMyoga se niSpanna kahA hai / zatapatha brAhmaNa meM ekavacana, bahuvacana, tIna liMga Adi kA vivecana hai| paMcaviMza brAhmaNa Adi meM bhI aisI sUcanAeM prApta hotI haiM, jinase lekhana-kalA kA astitva pramANita hotA hai| ye grantha niruktakAra yAska aura maSTAdhyAyIkAra pANini se pUrvavartI mAne jAte haiM / isase anumita hotA hai ki vaidika kAla, upaniSadkAla aura brAhmaNa kAla meM bhAratavarSa meM lipi-kalA pracanti thii| tatparaka itara vAGamaya rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata bahuta prAcIna mAne jAte haiN| phira bhI unheM yadi utanA prAcIna na mAnA jAye to kama-se-kama I0 pU. 400-500 taka to unakA astitva sampUrNataH pratiSThita ho cukA thaa| unameM bhI lipi-kalA sUcaka ullekha haiN| saMskRta-vyAkaraNa kA sabase prAcIna grantha aSTAdhyAyI hai / usake racayitA pANini the| golDasTukara ne aSTAdhyAyo kA racanA-kAla buddha se pUrva mAnA hai| DA. bAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne usakA samaya I0 pU0 400-430 svIkAra kiyA hai| unhoMne pANini-kAlIna bhArata nAmaka mahatvapUrNa grantha meM prastuta viSaya para bhI prakAza DAlA hai, jo paThanIya hai| lipi, lipikara, unhIM ke parivartita rUpa libi, livikara Adi kA aSTAdhyAyI meM ullekha bhAyA hai| vahAM yavanAnI zabda banAne ke sambandha meM bhI niyamollekha hai / pAtikakAra kAtyAyana aura mahAbhASyakArA pataMjali ne yavanAnI kA tAtparya yavanoM ko lipi batalAyA hai| grantha Adi zabda bhI vahAM Aye haiM / ina sabase pANini ke samaya meM bhArata meM lipizAna thA, yaha sUcita hotA hai| pro0 maiksamUlara ne pANini kA samaya I0 pU0 cAra sau varSa mAnA haiN| unhoMne likhA hai ki aSTAdhyAyI meM aisA koI bhI ullekha nahIM hai, jisase lipi-jJAna kA astitva sUcita hotA ho / DA. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ke ukta grantha ke prakAzana ke pazcAt isa sambandha meM saba spaSTa ho gayA hai / vastutaH pro0 maiksamUlara kI ukta dhAraNA bhrAnta thii| sambhavataH TAdhyAyI kA usa dRSTikoNa se ve sUkSma anuzIlana na kara pAye hoN| 2010_05

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292] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM bhI aisI sUcanAeM prApta haiM, jo lipi-jJAna ko dyotaka haiM / arthazAstra kA samaya bho I0 pUrva cauthI zatI mAnA jAtA hai / vaziSTha dharmasUtra, manusmRti, vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra Adi anya prAcIna granthoM meM bhI lipi-saMketaka ullekha haiN| bauddha vAGamaya meM aTikA bauddha piTaka vAGamaya ke brahmajAlasutta nAmaka grantha meM kisI prasaMga meM eka khela kA varNana hai, jisakA nAma vahAM akkhaTikA diyA gayA hai| isakA saMskRta rUpa akSarikA hotA hai / ise isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai --eka vyakti dvArA AkAza meM kucha akSara likhe jAte yA kisI anya vyakti kI pITha para akSara likhe jAte, jinheM kisI dUsare vyakti ko pahacAnanA hotA / AkAza meM akSara likhe jAne kA Azaya hai, aMgulI se AkAza meM akSaroM ke AkAra banAne kA upakrama karanA / uso taraha kisI kI pITha para akSara likhane kA tAtparya bhI vaisA hI hai, aMgulI se pITha para akSara kA svarUpa AMkanA / dUsare vyakti ko use pahacAna kara batAnA hotA ki AkAza meM kyA likhA gayA ? jisakI pITha para aMgulI se akSara svarUpa aMkita kiyA jAtA, use bhI batAnA hotA ki ve kauna-kauna akSara the| pahacAna pAne aura na pAne para hI usa khela meM vijaya-parAjaya AghRta thii| yadi akSaroM ke svarUpa yA lipi kA pracalana nahIM hotA, to isa prakAra ke khela kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI thii| brahmajAlasutta, jisameM 'akkharikA' kA ullekha hai, suttapiTaka ke dogha nikAya ke antartI solakkhandha vagga kA prathama sUtra hai| vinaya piTaka aura jAtaka TrAndha piTaka vAGamaya ke pramukha aMga vinaya piTaka meM aise prasaga haiM, jinase lekhana-kalA kI prazasti tathA lekha, lekhaka Adi zabdoM kA sUcana prApta hotA hai / AlDana varga ne vinaya piTaka kI aitihAsikatA I0 pU0 cAra zatAbdI se pahale kI svIkAra kI hai| jAtaka grantha prAcIna bhArata ke samAja, jIvana, kalA, kauzala, vidyA, vyavasAya Adi kA citra upasthita karane vAlo mahatvapUrNa kRtiyAM haiN| mahAmahopAdhyAya DA0 gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA jaise vidvAnoM ke anusAra inameM lagabhaga I0 pUrva chaThI zatAbdI yA usase bho pahale ke bhAratIya jana-jIvana kA citra upasthita hai / jAtaka granthoM meM lekhinI, pustaka, pAThazAlA, lekha, lekhaka, akSara tathA kATha, bAMsa, patra, suvarNa-patra, kASThaphalaka Adi lekhanopayogI sAmagrI kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| inase spaSTatayA lekhana yA lipi-kalA kA saMketa milatA hai| ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa [293 jaina vAGamaya meM vyAkhyAprajJapti ( bhagavato ) sUtra meM brAhmI-lipi kA nAma AyA hai| samavAyAMga sUtra tathA prajJApanA sUtra meM 18 lipiyoM kA nAmollekha huA hai| lipiyoM ke nAma-sambandhI dUsare uddharaNa bhI pAda-TippaNa meM ullikhita kiye gaye haiN| jaina vAGamaya meM aura bhI aneka sthaloM para aise saMketa prApta hote haiM, jinase lekhana tathA usase sambaddha upakaraNoM para prakAza par3atA hai / rAjapraznIya sUtra meM sUryAbhadeva kA prasaMga hai / vahAM pustaka-ratna kA varNana hai / pustaka-ratna zabda ke prayoga kA tAtparya yaha pratIta hotA hai ki pustaka ko taba ratna kI taraha prazasta mAnA jAtA rahA ho / usa prasaMga meM ullekha hai : "taba sUryAbhadeva ke sAmAnika pariSad kA (sAmAnika pariSad se upapanna ) devatA sUryAbhadeva ko pustaka-ratna detA hai| sUryAbhadeva pustaka-ratna ko grahaNa karatA hai, pustaka-ratna ko kholatA hai, pustaka-ratna ko vidhATita karatA hai-patra ulaTatA hai, pustaka-ratna kA vAcana karatA hai, ( usase ) dhArmika vyavasAya grahaNa karatA hai, pustaka-ratna ko vApisa pratinikSipta karatA hai|" samavAyAMga sUtra meM brAhmI lipi ke chayAlIsa mAtRkAkSara-mUla akSara batalAye gaye haiN| vRhatkalpabhAdhya meM pustakoM ke pAMca bheda kiye gaye haiM : gaMDI, kacchavi, muTThi, saMpuTaphalaka tathA chedapATI / AcArya haribhadra racita dazavakAlika sUtra kI TIkA meM bhI prAcIna AcAryoM kI etadviSayaka mAnyatA ke sandarbha meM pAMca prakAra kI pustakoM kI carcA hai| nizItha-cUrNi meM bhI inakA ullekha hai| samavAyAMga sUtra kI TIkA meM tAmra, loha, kASTha, palkala, danta, patra, rajata Adi para akSara likhane, utkIrNa karane Adi kA varNana hai / vAsudeva hiNDI meM tAmnapatra para pustaka likhane-utkIrNa karane Adi kI carcA hai| 1. dekheM, isI adhyAya meM 'jaina mAnyatA' zIrSaka ke antargata paad-ttippnn| 2. taeNaM tassa sUriyAmassa devassa sAmANiya parisovavannago devo pottharayaNaM uvaNeMti, tateNaM sUriyAme deve potyarayaNaM giNhai, potthayaNaM muyaI, pottharayaNaM vihADei, pottharayaNaM vAeti, dhammivaM vavasAyaM giNhai pottharayaNaM paDiNikkhamati / -rAjapraznIya sUtra, pR0 167 3. baMbhIeNaM livIe chAyAlIsaM mAuyakkharA / -samavAyAMga sUtra, 46 4. vRhatkalpabhAjya, 3.3822 5. samavAyAMga sUtra TIkA, pR0 78 6. pR0, 189 -- 2010_05

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264 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana jaina paramparA meM aisA bhI prApta hotA hai ki cakravartI cakravartitva sAdha lene ke anantara parvata para apanA nAmollekhana karate haiN| jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM eka aisA hI prasaMga hai, jahAM bharata cakravartI dvArA aisA kiye jAne kA varNana hai| vahAM likhA hai :.........."tatpazcAt rAjA bharata ne apane azvoM ko nigRhIta kiyA, unheM mor3A aura vaha RSabhakUTa parvata ke pAsa aayaa| apane ratha ke agrabhAga se RSabhakUTa parvata kA tIna bAra sparza kiyA aura azvoM ko rokaa| phira chaH tala vAle, bAraha aMza vAle, ATha kone vAle, adhikaraNI' ke samAna AkAra vAle, sundara varNa vAle kAkiNI ratna ko liyaa| use lekara RSabhakUTa parvata kI pUrva dizA ke samatala bhAga meM likhA : ''maiM bharata nAmaka cakravartI huuN| isa avasarpiNIkAla meM tRtIya Are ke pazcima bhAga meM prathama rAjA huuN| bharata kSetra kA adhipati huuN| naravarendra huuN| merA koI pratizatru nahIM hai| maiMne bharata kSetra ko vijivata kiyA hai| isa prakAra usane Alekhana kiyaa| Alekhana kara apane ratha para lauTa aayaa|" kalpasUtra kI TIkA meM bhagavAn gahAvIra ke jIvana-vRtta ke prasaMga meM likhA hai ki jaba ve ATha varSa ke hue, taba unake pitA siddhArtha ne mahotsava pUrvaka unheM lekhazAlA bhejA / adhyApaka ko bahumUlya upahAra diye aura lekhazAlA ke vidyArthiyoM ko anyAnya vastuoM ke sAtha masIpAtra, lekhanI tathA paTTI (sleTa) Adi paThanopakaraNa bhI pradAna kiye 13 ___ anuyoga-dvAra sUtra meM Avazyaka para cAra nikSepoM ke prasaMga meM 'AgamataH drayAvazyaka' kA varNana karate hue anyAnya vizeSaNoM ke sAtha usake ahInAkSaNa, anatyakSara tathA avyAdhiddhAkSara, 5. lohAra kA eka upkrnn| -pAiasahamahaNNavo, pR0 96 1. taeNaM se bharahe rAyA turae NigiNhai 2 tA rahaM parAvattai 2 tA jeNeva usahakUDe teNeva uvAgacchai 2 tA usahakUDaM pavvayaM tikkhutto rahasireNaM phusai 2 tA turae NigiNhai 2 tA rahaM vei 2 tA chatalaM dugalasaMsiyaM aTThakaNNiya ahigaraNisaM ThiyaM sovaNNiyaM kAgaNirayaNaM parAmusai 2 tA usahakUDassa pavvayassa purathimillasi kaDagaMsi jAmagaM aauddei| assapiNI imIse, taiAi samAi pacchime bhaae| ahamaMsi cakkavaTTI, bharahoia nAmavijjeNa / ahamaMsi paDhama rAyA, ahamaM bharahAhivo prvriNdo| Natyi mahaM paDisatta , jiyaM bhae bhArahaM vaasN| iti kaTaTU NAmagaM AuDei 2 tA rahaM parAvattei ..... / -jambUdvIpaprajJapti, cakravartI-adhikAra, pR0 217-18 2. kalpasUtra TokA 5, pR0 120 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa 265 ye tIna vizeSaNa aura diye gae haiM, jinase akSaroM kA sUkSma prayoga dhvanita hotA hai| akSaroM kA sUkSma prayoga jahAM hogA vahAM lipi kA astitva na ho, yaha kaise sambhava hogA ? potthakamma aura potyakAra zabdoM kA prayoga bhI isI sUtra meM huA hai / 'potya' zabda 'pusta' kA prAkRta rUpa hai| pusta se hI svArthika ka prayaya lagAkara pustaka zabda banA hai| TokAkAra ne potthakamma kA artha tAr3apatra Adi para vartikA Adi se likhanA batAyA hai| isI prakAra pustaka kA prAkRta rUpa hai| TokAkAra ke anusAra isakA tAtparya pustaka ke dvArA jIvana nirvAha karane vAlA hai / pustaka ke dvArA jIvikA calAne kA artha pustaka ko lekha-baddha yA lipi baddha karake pArizramika prApta karanA hai| naI pustaka likhane kA abhiprAya yahAM nahIM hai / Aja kI bhASA meM use pratilipikAra yA Copyist kahA jA sakatA hai| bhArata meM bahuta prAcIna kAla se lekhana-kalA vidyamAna thI, yaha ina ullekhoM ke sAkSya se prakaTa hotA hai| vaidika aura bauddha vADa maya ke AdhAra para kiye gaye vivecana kI taraha ina prasaMgoM kI bhI apanI aitihAsika mahattA hai| cInI vizvakoza ___ cInI bhASA ke suprasiddha vizvakoza phA-bAna-zu-lina (racanA-kAla 668 I0) meM brAhmIlipI ke sambandha meM ullekha hai ki isakI racanA brahma yA brahmA nAmaka AcArya ne kI thii| brahma yA brahmA dvArA racita hone ke kAraNa isakA nAma brAhmo par3a gyaa| cInI vizvakoza kA ullekha aitihAsika dRSTi se vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| bhAratavarSa ko brAhmI kA udbhava-sthala mAnane vAle vidvAnoM meM eDavarDa thAmasa Adi ke mantavyAnusAra mUlata: brAhmo lipi kA AviSkAra drAvir3oM dvArA huA / DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| unakA abhimata hai ki dravir3oM kA mUla sthAna dakSiNa bhArata hai, na ki uttara bhArata / dakSiNa bhArata meM brAhmI-lipi ke abhilekha prApta nahIM hote, ve uttara bhArata meM hI pAye jAte haiN| yadi dravir3oM dvArA brAhmI-lipi AviSkRta hotI, to dakSiNa bhArata meM brAhmI ke abhilekha prabhRti sAmagrI milanI cAhie, jo nahIM miltii| DA0 pANDeya bhASA-vijJAna ko dRSTi se bhI isa prazna para vicAra karate haiN| dravir3a1. se kiM taM Agamao davyAvassayaM ? Agamao davAvassayaM-jassaNaM Avassaeti padaM sikkhitaM ThitaM jita mitaM parijitaM nAmasamaM ghosasamaM ahINakkharaM aNaccakkharaM avvAiddhakkharaM akkhaliyaM amiliyaM avaccAmeliyaM paDipuNNaM paDipuNNaghosaM kaMThovippamukkaM guruvAyaNovagayaM / --anuyogadvAra sUtra, pR0 7 2010_05

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296 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 bhASAoM meM tamila sabase prAcIna bhASA hai| unake kathana kA sAra hai ki tamila meM kavarga, ghavarga, Tavarga Adi dhargoM meM kevala pahale aura pAMcaveM vargoM kA hI uccAraNa hotA hai arthAt bIca ke varSoM kI dhvaniyAM tamila meM anuccArita rahatI haiN| brAhmI meM vargo ke pAMcoM varNa haiM / yadi brAhmI kA udbhava dravir3oM se hotA, to usameM tamila kA anusaraNa avazyambhAvI thA, jo nahIM milatA / DA0 bholAnAtha tivArI ne isakI AlocanA karate hue jo likhA hai, prastuta viSaya meM atyanta upayogI hai| ve likhate haiM : "kisI Thosa AdhAra ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA to sacamuca hI sambhava nahIM hai ki brAhmI ke mUla AviSkartA dravir3a hI the, para pANDeyajI ke tarka bhI bahuta yuktisaMgata nahIM dRSTigata hote / yaha sambhava hai ki dravir3oM kA mUla sthAna dakSiNa meM rahA ho, para, yaha bhI bahuta se vidvAn mAnate haiM ki ve uttara bhArata meM bhI rahate the aura har3appA aura mohana-jo-dar3o jaise vizAla nagara unakI ucca saMskRti ke kendra the / pazcimI pAkistAna meM brAhuI bhASA kA milanA ( jo dravir3a bhASA ho hai ) bhI unake uttara bhArata meM nivAsa kI aura saMketa karatA hai| bAda meM sambhavataH AryoM ne vahAM pahuMcakara unheM mAra bhagAyA aura unhoMne dakSiNa bhArata meM zaraNa lii|..........."paannddeyjii kI dUsarI Apatti tamila se brAhmI meM kama dhvani hone ke sambandha meM hai| aisI sthiti meM kyA yaha sambhava nahIM hai ki AryoM ne tamila yA dravir3oM se unakI lipi lI ho aura apanI bhASA kI AvazyakatA ke anukUla unameM parivaddhana kara liyA ho| kisI lipi ke prAcIna yA mUla rUpa kA apUrNa tathA avaijJAnika honA bahuta sambhava hai aura yaha bhI asambhava nahIM hai ki AvazyakatAnusAra samayasamaya para use vaijJAnika tathA pUrNa banAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA ho| kisI apUrNa-lipi se pUrNa lipi ke nikalane kI bAta tattvataH asambhava na hokara bahuta sambhava tathA svAbhAvika hai|"1 kyA Arya jAti ke loga vastutaH bhArata se bAhara ke the ? kyA dravir3a jAti ke loga hI bhArata ke mUla nivAsI the ? kyA mohana-jo-dar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se udghATita sahasroM varSa pUrva kI saMskRti dravir3a saMskRti thI ? kyA vahAM se prApta citra-lipi-sUcaka sAmagrI bhArata ke mUla nivAsiyoM dvArA prayukta kisI lekhana-krama kI dyotaka hai ? ityAdi aneka pahalU haiM, jina para sUkSma parizIlana aura gaveSaNA kI aba bhI bahuta AvazyakatA hai| yadi vidvajjanoM kA anavarata prayAsa rahA, to ho sakatA hai, kucha aise nUtana tathya prakAza meM AyeM, jinase aba taka jo tamasAvRta haiM, aise prazna samAdhAna pA sakeM, nayA Aloka prakaTa ho ske| isake atirikta aura kyA AzA kI jA sakatI hai| 1. bhASA vijJAna, pR0 502 2010_05

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mASA aura sAhitya ] bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa [267 mahAmahopAdhyAya DA0 ojhA mahAmahopAdhyAya DA0 gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA lipi-vidyA ke prasiddha vidvAn the| unhoMne bhArata kI prAcIna lipiyoM para mahatvapUrNa gaveSaNA-kArya kiyaa| isa sambandha meM prAcIna lipi-mAlA unakI bahuta prasiddha pustaka hai| brAhmI-lipi ke sambandha meM DA0 ojhA likhate haiM : "jitane pramANa mile haiM, cAhe prAcIna zilAlekhoM ke akSayoM kI zailo aura cAhe sAhitya ke ullekha, sabhI yaha dikhAte haiM ki lekhana-kalA apanI praur3hAvasthA meM thii| usake Arambhika vikAsa kA patA nahIM cltaa| aisI dazA meM yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki brAhmI-lipi kA AviSkAra kaise huA aura isa paripakva rUpa meM vaha kina-kina parivartanoM ke bAda pahuMcI |""nishcy ke sAtha itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa viSaya ke pramANa jahAM taka milate haiM, vahAM taka brAhmo-lipi apanI praur3ha avasthA meM aura pUrNa vyavahAra meM AtI huI milatI hai aura usakA kisI bAharI srota aura prabhAva se nikalanA siddha nahIM hotaa|" bahuta anveSaNa-anazIlana ke pazcAt DA. ojhA ne jo niSkarSa nikAlA, usake anusAra brAhmo-lipi aura phiniziyana lipi kA kevala eka hI akSara ( brAhmI kA ja aura phiniziyana kA gimela ) milatA hai| itane se AdhAra para kinhIM do lipiyoM kI paraspara sambaddhatA yA kisI eka ko TUsarI kA udgama mAnanA kaise sagata ho sakatA hai ? AdhAra bahuta sAdhAraNa tathA atyalpa aura usa para nirNaya itanA bar3A, kaise saMgata ho sakatA hai / DA0 ojhA niHsandeha apane viSaya ke adhikArI vidvAna the / unhoMne isa viSaya para anavarata kAma kiyaa| unake niSkarSa upekSya nahIM mAne jA sakate / una para aura cintana tathA anuzIlana kiyA jAnA caahie| azoka ke pUrvavartI do zilAlekha samrATa azoka ke hI zilAlekha prAcIna bhArata meM vyavahRta lipi ke prAcInatama vRhat pratIka haiM, para, choTe-choTe do zilAlekha aura prApta hue haiM, jinameM eka rAjasthAna meM ajamerA jile ke antargata badalI ( barlI ) nAmaka gAMva meM hai tathA dUsarA nepAla kI tarAI meM piprAdhA nAmaka sthAna meM 1 yadyapi inameM sAmagrI bahuta kama hai, para, jo hai, aitihAsika dRSTi se azoka ke abhilekhoM se bhI prAcIna hai ; ata: prAcIna lipi ke sandarbha meM unake AdhAra para kucha aura socane kA, thor3A hI sahI, avakAza milatA hai| DA0 ojhA ne unake sambandha meM likhA hai : "pahalA eka stambha para khude hue lekha kA 1. prAcIna lipimAlA 2010_05

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26 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [ khaNDa : 2 Tukar3A hai, jisakI pahalI paMkti meM 'vIra (1) ya bhagava (ta) ' aura dUsarI meM 'caturAsiti va (sa) khudA hai / isa lekha kA 84 vAM varSa jenoM ke antima tIrthaMkara vIrA ( mahAvIra ) ke nirvANa saMvat kA 84varSa honA cAhiye / yadi yaha anumAna ThIka ho, to yaha lekha I0 pU0 527 - 88 = 443 kA hogA / isakI lipi azoka ke lekhoM se pahale kI pratIta hotI hai / isameM 'borAya' kA 'vI' akSara hai / ukta 'vI' meM jo 'I' kI mAtrA kA cihna hai, vaha na to azoka ke lekhoM meM aura na unase pIche ke kisI lekha meM milatA hai, ataeva yaha cihna azoka se pUrva kI lipi kA honA cAhie, jisakA vyavahAra azoka ke samaya taka miTa gayA hogA aura usake sthAna meM nayA cihna vyavahRta hone laga gayA hogA / dUsare arthAt piprAvA ke lekha se prakaTa hotA hai ki buddha kI asthi zAkya jAti ke logoM ne mila kara usa stUpa meM sthApita kI thI / isa lekha ko bUlara ne azoka ke samaya se pahale kA mAnA hai / vAstava meM yaha buddha ke nirvANa-kAla arthAt I0 pU0 457 ke kucha hI pIche kA honA cAhiye ina zilAlekhoM se prakaTa hai ki I0 pU0 kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM likhane kA pracAra isa deza meM koI naI bAta nahIM thI / "" / DA0 ojhA ne jo vicAra vyakta kiye haiM, unake sandarbha meM sindhu ghATI meM mohana-jo-dar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana meM nikalI citra-lipi kI ora punaH hamArA dhyAna jAtA hai / yadyapi usa citra-lipi kA aba taka itanA vizleSaNa nahIM ho sakA hai, jisa para kahA jA sake ki brAhmI lipi usI kA vikasita rUpa hai, para, isa prakAra kI sambhAvanA hI hai / to balavattara hotI upasaMhAra eka prazna-cihna ? vidvAnoM dvArA kiye gae vaicArika UhApoha aura mata-sthApana ke vaividhya ke sandarbha meM prastuta viSaya para nizcita bhASA meM kucha kahA jA sake, yaha sambhava nahIM hai / para kucha pahalU haiM, jina para kucha vicAra karanA hai, jinameM eka yaha hai, jo eka prazna-cihna ke rUpa meM vidyamAna hai | zilAlekhoM ke rUpa meM prApta mile haiM, ve lipi kI dRSTi se brAhmI lipi ke spaSTa prAcInatama udAharaNa azoka ke haiM / bar3alI (barlI) aura piprAbA ke jo choTe-choTe abhilekha adhika aura spaSTa tathyaparaka nahIM haiM; ataH isa prakAra kahanA yathArtha se dUra nahIM hogA ki azoka ke zilAlekhoM se pUrvavartI koI Thosa - cakSugaMya AdhAra nahIM hai, jo brAhmI lipi 1. prAcIna lipimAlA, pR0 2, 3 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] bhArata meM lipi-zAlA kA udbhava aura vikAsa [26 kA sUcaka ho / yadi brAhmI lipi bahuta prAcIna kAla se bhArata meM pracalita rahI ho, to phira aisA kyoM hai ki azoka se pUrva kA koI bhI zilAlekha, guhAlekha, stambha lekha Adi nahIM milatA, jo brAhmI yA aura kisI lipi kA sUcaka ho / inake atirikta aura bhI koI aisI vastu nahIM milI, jisa para kucha likhA ho / dhArmika granthoM ke lie to kahA jA sakatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM unheM kaNThastha rakhane kI paramparA thI, isalie ve lipi-baddha nahIM kiye gaye; kyoMki vaisA karanA Avazyaka nahIM samajhA gayA / aisI bhI mAnyatA rahI ho ki zAstra-jJAna lekhana dvArA sarva-sulabha ho jAne se kahIM anAdhikArI ke pAsa na calA jAye, isalie sambhavataH zAstra-lekhana varjita rahA ho| para, dhArmika granthoM ke atirikta aura bhI aisI aneka sthitiyAM sambhAvya thIM, jahAM lipiprayoga ho sakatA thaa| tAmrapatra, suvarNapatra, rajatapatra, sikke, mudrAe Adi kucha bhI to nahIM milate / punaH-punaH yaha prazna uThatA hai, aisA kaise huA ? eka kalpanA bhAratavarSa meM eka pravRtti rahI hai, bahuta bar3e vidvAn, lekhaka yA sAhityakAra apanI racanA meM apanA nAma nahIM dete rahe haiM, jisakA aitihAsika dRSTi se sAhityika kSetra meM eka duHkhada pariNAma dekhA jA sakatA hai| unake aise mahatvapUrNa graMtha haiM, jo kartA aura kAla Adi kI dRSTi se sandigdha haiM / kevala kalpanA dvArA athavA idhara-udhara se baTore hue asta-vyasta AdhAroM dvArA racayitA aura racanA-kAla kA kucha anumAna bAMdhA jAtA hai| aisA karane ke pIche vidvAnoM kA abhiprAya apanI carcA se dUra rahanA thA, kyoMki ve Atma-pracAra, bhAtmailAdhA yA lokeSaNA se sadA bace rahanA cAhate the| kevala itanI-sI unakI bhAvanA rahA karatI, ve eka utkRSTa tathA upAdeya kRti kA sarjana karA ske| isa sandarbha meM kyA yaha kalpanA karanA atiraMjita hogA ki ho sakatA hai, vidvAnoM ke anusaraNa para prAcIna kAla ke samrAToM, zAsakoM aura viziSTa janoM kI bhI sambhavataH yaha pravRtti raho ho, ve uttamottama kArya to kareM, para, aisA koI mUrta yA sthUla pratIka khar3A na kareM, jo unakI prazasti aura kIrti ko ujjIvita banAye rakha sake / ___eka anya pahalU bhI vicAraNIya hai, zilAlekha Adi kevala prazastimUlaka hI hoM, aisA nahIM hai / ve ghaTanAmUlaka, satpracAramUlaka bho to ho sakate the| pesA hone meM kyA bAdhA thI? prazna yathArtha kI koTi se bAhara kA nahIM hai, para, vAstavika samAdhAna pakar3a meM nahIM AtA / DA0 caTarjI Adi vidvAnoM ke anusAra lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa I0 pU0 brAhmI apane vikasita rUpa meM thii| DA. ojhA bhI prAcIna kAla se hI isakI paripakvatA aura vyavahAyopayogitA kI puSTi karate haiN| ____ 2010_05

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300 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 Rgveda ke lipi-sUcaka saMketoM ke sandarbha meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki yadi vilambita se vilambita bhI mAneM to Rgveda kA antima maNDala I0 pU0 1200 se pazcAdvI nahIM hai, anya maNDala to aura bhI prAcIna haiN| isa prakAra I0 pU0 1200 se pahale brAhmI lipi kA astitva honA caahie| eka ora yaha saba, dUsarI ora azoka ke abhilekhoM ke pUrva vaisA kucha na milanA, jisase lekhana siddha ho, kucha nirAzA utpanna karatA hai| eka aura kalpanA kahIM aisA to nahIM huA ho, brAhmo kA pUrvavartI koI rUpa rahA ho, jo utanA samRddha aura vyavahArya na ho, jisakA abhilekhoM meM samIcInatA se prayoga ho sake / phiniziyA Adi pazcima eziyA ke dezoM ke logoM ke sAtha bhAratavAsiyoM kA vyAvasAyika prayojana se jo samparka bar3hA, taba yaha svAbhAvika thA, eka-dUsare kI vizeSatAoM kA AdAna-pradAna ho / usa prasaMga meM bhAratIyoM ne apanI lipi ko kucha pariSkRta kiyA ho| kyoMki unheM vaise vaidezika logoM ke sAtha vyavahAra calAnA thA, jinakI apanI lipi thii| usa pariSkAra ke pariNAma-svarUpa una ( bhAratIyoM ) ko lipi vikasita huI ho| zatAbdiyoM kI avadhi bItane para usakA aura adhika sammAna huA ho aura baha zilAlekha Adi meM prayoga-yogya ho gayI ho| ___ bhArata ke purAtana kalA-kauzala kI prazasti ke pakSapAtI isa kalpanA para anyathA bhI soca sakate haiN| sambhavataH aisA bhI unake mana meM A sakatA hai, yaha adhunAtana pAzcAtya movRtti kA dyotaka hai| kintu, prastuta prayojana aipA nahIM hai| jaba taka koI Thosa AMdhAra prApta nahIM hotA, usa taka pahuMcane ke prayatna meM kalpanAe. karanI hI hotI haiM, jo aneka prakAra kI ho sakatI haiM; ataH prastuta ullekha kevala kalpanA mAtra hai| bidvajjana isa pakSa para bhI vicAra kreN| kevala itane mAtra se Aja ke anusandhAna-pradhAna yuga meM kAma nahIM cala sakatA ki hamAre granthoM meM brAhmI kI prazasti prApta hai| vaha prAcIna kAla se parama samRddha rahI hai| anusaMdhAna aura gaveSaNA kA patha avarodha nahIM shtaa| vaha sadA gatizIla rahatA hai| vaha iyatA aura itthaMbhUtatA ke jar3a bandhana meM jakar3A nahIM rhtaa| vaha navanavonmeSazAlI hotA hai; isalie kevala prazasti kI bhASA ( Superlative Language ) meM hI nahIM kahanA hogA, nyAya aura yukti dvArA pramANita tathya prastuta karane hoNge| brAhmI-lipi ke prasaMga meM inhIM kucha karaNIyatAoM kI mAMga hai| AzA hai, anusandhitsu jana ise pUrA karane meM saMlagna hoNge| yaha kisI eka kA nahIM, saba kA kAma hai| ve jyoM-jyoM gambhIra parizIlana aura gaveSaNA ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa [ 301 meM Age bar3heMge aura nUtana tathya prakAza meM AyeMge, aisI AzA karanA anucita nahIM hogA / brAhI se vibhinalipiyoM kA vikAsa brAhmI ke akSara bahuta sarala the| unake likhane meM apekSAkRta adhika suvidhA thii| unameM mAtrAoM kI anAvazyaka bahulatA nahIM thii| akSaroM kI racanA grIka yA laiTina kaipiTala leTasa ( Capital Letters ) jaisI thii| nimnAMkita akSaroM ke udAharaNa se yaha bhalI-bhAMti prakaTa hotA hai : brAhmI devanAgarI brAhmI devanAgarI 500 + N AF : -1007 R1 vyaMjanoM se milane vAle svaroM ke vizeSa cihna vyaMjanoM ke mastaka, para, zarIra Adi para lagAye jAte the| isa paddhati kA prabhAva Aja bho bhAratIya akSaroM para prApta hotA hai| brAhmI-lipi ke akSara jaba taka prastara-zilAoM para chainI se utkIrNa kiye jAte rahe, taba taka koI parivartana nahIM AyA; kyoMki yaha kArya bahuta dhImI gati se hotA hai| yaha zIghratA kA kAma nahIM hai| . zilAlekhoM ke pazcAt vaha yuga AtA hai, jaba akSara bhojapatroM yA tAr3apatroM para likhe jAne lge| zilAlekhoM kI tulanA meM ina para likhe jAne kI gati meM antara aayaa| kIlaka yA lekhinI chainI se teja calatI hai| gati meM zIghratA yA tIvratA Ane ke kAraNa akSaroM kA rUpa kucha parivartita hone lgaa| brAhmI-lipi kA Adi rUpa adhikAMzataH sIdhI AkRti kA thaa| lekhana meM prayukta hone ke pariNAma-svarUpa vaha jaTila hone lgaa| bhArata ke bhinnabhinna pradezoM meM vibhinna prakAra kI prAdezika bhASAoM ke sAhacarya se brAhmo kI parivartita hotI huI akSaramAlA paraspara kucha-kucha jaTilatApUrNa bhinna rUpa lene lgii| yadi Aja vibhinna pradezoM meM vyavahRta hotI akSaramAlAoM kI brAhmI akSaroM se tulanA kI jAye, to yaha spaSTa ___ 2010_05

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302 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana pratota hogA / sArAMza yaha hai ki bhAratavarSa meM pracalita lipiyAM brAhmI se bhArata kI bhASAeM aura bhASA sambandhI samasyAeM nAmaka pustaka kumAra caTarjI ne brAhmI se vikasita lipiyoM kA eka mAnacitra diyA hai / upayogI hone se use yahAM diyA jAra hA hai : 2010_05 [ khaNDa : 2 vikasita huI haiM / meM DA0 sunIti vivecya prasaMga meM

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____ 2010_05 prAcIna bhArata kI brAhmI-lipi kuSANa lipi dakSiNa bhArata kI lipi (ghaTTa jha0 tu ) gupta lipi pallava grantha malayAlama tamila telugu kAnaDI brahma, kamboja aura zyAma ke akSaya madhya eziyA uttara-pazcima bhArata (zAradA) madhyadeza aura rAjasthAna gurjara ( nAgara) pUrva bhArata (kuTila) prAcIna kucI tathA khotAnI bhASA ke akSara devanAgarI, gujarAtI, kaithI bagalA, AsAmI, maithilI, nepAlI, ur3iyA yavadvIpa aura bali dvIpa Adi ke akSara (pUrva prabhASa ) kazmIrI, gurumukhI tibbatI

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304] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 brAhmI lipi ke vikAsa ke mAnacitra se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha bhArata se bAhara bhI prasUta huI / anya lipiyoM para usakA prabhAva bhI par3A 1 prAcIna kucI, khotAnI, yavadvIpa tathA balidvIpa Adi kI bhASAoM ke akSaroM kI niSpatti aura vikAsa meM vaha sahAyaka huI / gAndhAra deza, jisameM pezAvara, yAvalapiNDI tathA kAbula Adi kA kSetra rahA hai, maiM bhI yaha lipi pracalita thI / vahAM ke purAne dhvaMsAvazeSoM meM aise aneka sikke mile haiM, jina para brAhmo tathA kharoSThI donoM lipiyoM meM akSara khude hue haiM / sArAMza yaha hai ki eka aisA samaya rahA hai, jaba brAhmI bhArata kI rASTrIya lipi thI tathA usane Asa-pAsa ke dezoM ka lipiyoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA / kharoSThI lipi kharoSThI : prayoga brAhmI ke atirikta kharoSThI lipi meM bhI katipaya zilAlekha haiM, ata: usa lipi para saMkSepa meM vicAra karanA prasaMgopAtta hai / kharoSThI lipi ke prAcInatama udAharaNa azoka ke pazcimottara ke -- zAhabAjagar3hI aura mAnasevA ke zilAlekha haiM / kAMgar3A Adi ke bhI kucha zilAlekha haiM, jina meM kharoSThI kA prayoga huA hai / isa lipi kA prayoga vaidezika rAjAoM ke abhilekhoM tathA sikkoM Adi meM bhI hotA rahA hai / isa lipi ke prayoga kA samaya lagabhaga I0 pU0 cauthI zatI se IsvIM tIsarA zatAbdI taka kA hai arthAt sAta zatAbdiyoM taka isakA prayoga hotA rahA / kharoSThI iNDo- vekTriyana, vaikTriyana, baikTro-pAli, cekTro Aryana tathA kAbuliyana Adi nAmoM se bhI abhihita kI gayI hai / jaina vAGamaya 1 brAhmo lipi ke vivecana ke prasaMga meM jaina granthoM ke jo aMza uddhata kiye gaye haiM, unameM se kucha meM brAhmI ke sAtha-sAtha kharoSThI kA bhI ullekha hai, samavAyAMga sUtra meM jina aThAraha lipiyoM kA ullekha hai, unameM cauthe sthAna para kharoSThikA nAma AyA hai, jo kharoSThI kA paryAyavAcI hai / prajJApanA sUtra ke uddharaNa meM bho cauthe sthAna para kharoSThI kA ullekha hai / vizeSAvazyaka TIkA tathA kalpasUtra meM jisa prakAra brAhmo kA ullekha nahIM hai, usI prakAra kharoSThI kA bhI koI ullekha nahIM hai| I kalpanAeM : hetu isa lipi kA kharoSThI nAma par3A, isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM ne aneka prakAra se kalpanAeM kara use siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / isa lipi ke nAma ke zAbdika svarUpa ke AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM ne isa sambandha meM vizleSaNa kiyA hai / unake anusAra isameM kharA aura uSTra 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] bhArata meM lipi kAna kA udbhava aura vikAsa [305 do zabda mile hue hai / kharA kA gadhA ghoSa uSTra kA artha aTa hotA hai| isake akSara gadhe bhora UTa kI taha kAra meM kucha beDaMge the; ataH yaha kharoSTrI kahalAI / kharoSThI khapeSTrI kA hI vikAra hai| nara aura uSTra ke zAbdika AdhAra para vyAkhyA to ho gayo, para, isameM saMgati pratIta nahIM hotii| gadhe aura UMTa donoM ke AkAra kA koI mela nahIM hai / donoM ke AkAra paraspara meM sarvathA bhinna hai| kharoSThI ke AkAra kA donoM ( gadhe aura UMTa ke AkAra ) ke samanvaya se sAhazya ghaTita nahIM hotaa| yadi UMTa ke AkAra ke beDhaMgepana ke sAtha mela biThAne kI bAta hoto, to vaha kisI taraha sambhAgya thii| DA0 prajiluko ne bho isa zabda ke AdhAra para vicAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra isakA nAma kharapRSThI hai| gadhe ke camar3e para likhe jAte rahane ke kAraNa isakA yaha nAmakaraNa huA, jo bAda meM kharoSThI ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gyaa| ___ DA. rAjabalI pANDeya ne jo isako zAbdika vyAkhyA kI hai, usake anusAra isake adhikAMza akSara khara (gadhe) ke moSTha kI taraha hai| isa prakAra khara aura moSTha ke mela se kharoSThI khlaaii| DA0 sunotikumAra caTarjI ke anusAra kharoSThI nAma kharomeSa (Kharosheth ) ke saMskRta rUpa kharoSTha se banA hai / khayozeSa hima bhASA kA zabda hai, jisakA artha likhAvaTa hai| hina bhASA se yaha zabda idhara pAyA hai| cInI bhASA ke vizvakoza phA-bAna-zu-lina meM kharoSTha nAmaka vyakti ko isa lipi kA nirmAtA kahA hai / uso ke nAma para isa kA kharoSThI nAmakaraNa huaa| kucha vidvAnoM kA kahanA hai ki yaha lipi sImAprAnta ke kharoSTha saMjJaka adhe sabhya logoM dvArA vyavahRta rahI hai, isalie unake nAmAnurUpa isakA nAma kharoSTho par3a gyaa| . silavA leSI ke mantaNyAnusAra kAzagara kabhI isa lipi kA mukhya kendra rahA hai| cInI bhASA meM kAzagara kA nAma "kiyA -zu-tA-le" hai| usakA parivartana hote-hote kharoSTha ho gayA, jisase kharoSThI zabda bnaa| mAmaka vyutpatti kucha loga Armeika bhASA ke saro? zabda ke sAtha ise saMyukta karate hai| kabhI-kabhI bhrAmaka yutpatti ke kAraNa aisI gaDabar3I ho jAtI hai| do zabdoM kI pArasparika dhvani-samatA ko dekhakara kiso aura hI artha ke zabda ko anya samajha lenA aura tatsadRza kisI anyAyaka zabda 2010_05

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306] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 ko pariSkRtatA kI dRSTi se usake sthAna para rakha denA bhrAmaka vyutpatti hai| kharoTa ke sAtha bhI aisA hI huA, isa prakAra. kahA jAtA hai / kharoTa ko kharoSTha meM parivartita kara diyA gayA aura usase kharoSThI banA liyA gayA / vibhinna vidvAnoM ne kharoSThI ke nAma ke sambandha meM jo vicAra vyakta kiye haiM, ve adhikAMzataH apanI-apanI dRSTi se sambhAvanAtmaka kalpanAe haiM / aitihAsika tathya yA Thosa pramANa jaisA unake sAtha nahIM hai| Amaika bhASA ke kharo? zabda kI bhrAmaka vyutpatti kA jo ullekha kiyA gayA hai, vaha vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya hai| 'kharoSThI ke prAdurbhAva ke sambandha meM jaba Age vicAra kareMge taba Armeika kA prasaMga AyegA, jisase yaha pahalU kucha spaSTa hogaa| kharoSThI kA udabhava ___ DA. rAjabalI pANDeya kharoSTho ko bhAratavarSotpanna svIkAra karate haiN| Indian Palaeography ( bhAratIya prAcIna zilAlekhoM kA adhyayana ) nAmaka pustaka meM unhoMne apane isa mata kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| unakA mata vizeSataH tArkika UhApoha para AdhRta hai| prastuta viSaya ko yathArthataH siddha karane ke lie jaise pramANa cAhie, nahIM dikhAI dete| Amaika lipi meM kharoSThI kI utpatti aneka vidvAn kharoSThI lipi kA udbhava Armeika lipi se mAnate haiM / usakI do zAkhAe thIM-eka phiniziyana tathA dUsaro Armeika / Armeika lipi se aneka lipiyAM udbhUta huI, jinameM hibrU, pahalavI tathA nebAtena ke nAma vizeSa rUpa se liye jA sakate haiM / inameM nebAtena se sinetika nAmaka lipi kA udbhava huA aura usase purAno arabI kA / aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki I0 pUrva catuthaM yA paMcama zatAbdI meM Arme ika lipi eziyA mAinara se lekara gAndhAra taka arthAt lagabhaga samagra pazcima eziyA meM prasRta pArasIka sAmrAjya meM vyavahRta thii| prAcIna kAla se hI bhArata kA pazcima-eziyA ke dezoM se, vizeSata: IrAna Adi se sambandha rahA hai / I0 pU0 pAMcavIM zatI ( 558-530 ) meM IrAna meM sAirasa nAmaka bAdazAha huA, jo eka ugra vijayAbhilASI zAsaka thA / gAndhAya taka kA bhU-bhAga usane adhikRta kara liyA thaa| tatpazcAt IrAna ke bAdazAha dvArA (prathama) ne ( lagabhaga I0 pU0 500 meM ) bhAratavarSa kA sindhu nado taka kA pradeza apane adhikAra meM kara liyaa| aisA sambhAvya pratIta hotA hai, taba ina vijita pradezoM meM Amaika se vikasita kharoSThI kA prasAra huaa| kAla-krama se isameM uttarottara vikAsa hotA gayA aura ise prAkRta likhane yogya banA liyA gyaa| 2010,05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] Armeika va kharoSThI bhArata meM lipi kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa pro0 bUlara lipi-vijJAna ke viziSTa vettA the / unhoMne usa para bahuta kAma kiyA / kharoSThI para bhI unakA mahatvapUrNa kArya hai / isa sambandha meM unhoMne jo upalabdhiyAM prastuta koM, ve mamanIya haiM / unake anusAra Armeika lipi kharoSThI se pUrvavartI hai / unhoMne batAyA ki takSazilA meM Armeika lipi meM jo zilAlekha prApta huA hai, usase siddha hotA hai ki Armeika logoM kA bhAratavAsiyoM se samparka rahA hai / kharoSThI lipi kA krama dAhinI aura se bAI ora likhe jAne kA hai| ThIka vaisA hI krama Armeika lipi kA hai| kharoSThI lipi ke gyAraha akSaroM kI racanA aura dhvani kI Armeika lipi ke akSaroM se tulanA karate hue bUlara ne batAyA hai ki ve paraspara bahuta adhika milate-julate haiM / [ 307 bUlara ne jo hetu upasthita kiye haiM, ve khojapUrNa haiM, prAmANika haiM / mahAn lipi-vijJAnavettA mahAmahopAdhyAya DA0 gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda ojhA bhI ina vicAroM se sahamata haiM / yuga ke pramukha lipi - vijJAna vettA DiriMjaya ne bhI isI mata ko prazraya diyA hai / isa brAhmI kA prabhAva khoSThI Ama~ika, usase niHsRta arabI Adi kI taraha dAhinI ora se bAI ora likhI jAtI thI { usakA pazcimottara bhArata ke logoM meM pracalana huA / bhArata kI rASTrIya lipi brAhmI thI / kharoSThI para brAhmI kA prabhAva par3anA anivArya thA / phalataH kharoSThI brAhmo kI taraha bAIM ora se dAIM ora likhI jAne lagI / DiriMjara Adi vidvAnoM ne kucha aura tathyoM kA bhI anumAna kiyA hai, jo brAhmI ke sAhavayaM se kharoSThI meM Aye / mUlataH kharoSThI meM svara nahIM the / hrasva-svarAMkana hetu isameM akSaroM ke sAtha rekhA, vRtta Adi lagAne kA upakrama calA, jo brAhmI kA prabhAva kahA jA sakatA hai / isI prakAra bha gha Adi kucha varNa jo Armeika meM mUlata: nahIM the, ve kharoSThI meM bhI nahIM the / brAhmI ke AdhAra para ve kharoSThI meM bar3hAye gaye / 2010_05 eka paripUrNa lipi kharoSThI para brAhmI ke prabhAva se yaha prakaTa hai ki kharoSThI lipi - vijJAna kI dRSTi se eka paripUrNa lipi nahIM hai / lipi dyotaka hai, akSarAtmaka yA varNAtmaka dhvani dyotya / paripUrNa lipi meM koI dhvani adyotya nahIM hotI / kharoSThI meM vaisA hai / Upara kharoSThI kI jina kamiyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai, unake atirikta usameM aura bhI kamiyAM haiM / jese, usameM doghaM svarA bilakula nahIM haiM / saMyukta vyaMjanoM ke dyotaka akSara nagaNya se haiM; prAyaH nahIM haiM, aisA kahA jAnA cAhie / isake varNoM kI mUlataH kula saMkhyA 37 hai 1 *

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308] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDaH 2 saMskRta-lekhana ke lie anupayukta kharoSThI saMskRta bhASA ke likhe jAne ke lie upayukta nahIM hai| saMskRta meM saMyuktAkSara bahuta Ate haiM / sandhi-niyamoM ke anusaraNa ke kAraNa unakI saMkhyA aura bar3ha jAtI hai / unheM vyakta karane meM kharoSThI sakSama nahIM hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki saMskRta-grantha isameM bilakula nahIM likhe gye| tIsarI zatAbdI ke anantara kharoSThI kA koI abhilekha nahIM miltaa| arthAt pazcima eziyA ke vijetAokA zAsana samApta hone ke anantara kramaza: kharoSThI kA prayoga avaruddha hotA gayA / taba taka (tIsarI zatAbdI taka ) brAhmI kI bhI vaisI hI sthiti ho gayI thii| para, usase abhinava lipiyAM udbhUta hone lagI thIM aura ve kramazaH usakA sthAna lene lago thiiN| kharoSThI ke sAtha aisA nahIM thA / vaisI sthiti meM apane kSetra meM usakA prayoga cAlu rahanA cAhie thA, yadi vaha mUlata: bhAratIya lipi hotii| eka mahatvapUrNa pahalU aura hai / saMskRta likhe jAne ke lie kharoSThI yogya nahIM thii| yahAM yaha vicAraNIya hai ki mUlata: jo bhAratIya lipi ho aura saMskRta bhASA usameM na likhI jA sake, yaha kaise ho sakatA hai ? lipi kA sarjana bhASA ko mUrta rUpa dene ke lie hotA hai / yadi kharoSThI mUlataH bhAratIya lipi hoto, to usakA prArambha se hI isa prakAra kA gaThana hotA ki bhArata kI pramukha bhASA saMskRta ke liye vaha vyavahArya ho ske| aisA nahI hone se yaha siddha hotA hai ki isakA udgama kiso vaidezika srota se hai aura meika se isako sambhAvanA hai| brAhmaNa-dharma se sambaddha koI bhI grantha isa bhASA meM nahIM likhA gyaa| saMskRta meM grantha na likhA jAnA samajha meM AtA hai; kyoMki usameM tadanurUpa kSamatA nahIM thii| para, brAhmaNa-dharma ke kisI bhI grantha ke isameM lipi-baddha na kie jAne ke pIche eka aura hetu bhI ho sakatA hai| sambhavataH kharoSThI ke vaidezika srota ke kAraNa, use apavitra mAnate huye brAhmaNa vidvAnoM kA aisA prayatna rahA ho ki unake dharma kA koI bhI grantha usameM na likhA jAye / jainoM aura bauddhoM ke liye paisA nahIM thA, kyoMki unakA dRSTikoNa bhinna thaa| jaisA bhI rahA ho, brAhmaNoM dvArA isake sarvathA na apanAye jAne se yaha anumAna lagAnA svAbhAvika hai ki isameM jur3A huA koI kAraNa avazya thA, jisase isakI pavitratA bAdhita yo aura vaha kAraNa isakI vaidezikatA ke atirikta dUsarA nahIM ho sakatA / . samavAyAMga sUtra meM lipiyoM ke aThAraha nAmoM meM pahalA brAhmI kA, dUsarA yAvanI kA tathA cothA kharoTikA yA kharoSThI kA hai / yaha spaSTa hai ki yahAM yAvano lipi se yUnAna deza kI 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] bhArata meM lipi-kalA kA udbhava aura vikAsa [309 lipi kA Azaya hai / aiso hI sthiti pratApanA sUtra ke varNana ke sAtha hai| vahAM bhI brAhmI ke anantara arthAt dUparI saMkhyA para yAvanI kA nAma bhAyA hai tathA cauthI saMkhyA para kharoSThI kA / ina tAlikAoM meM aura bhI aiso lipiyAM ullikhita haiM, jo nAma se vaidezika pratIta hoto haiN| anya dezoM ko lipiyoM ke nAmoM se yaha Azaya spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki lipiyoM kI jo tAlikA samavAyAMga sUtra aura prajJApanA sUtra meM hai, vaha sArI bhAratIya lipiyoM se sambaddha ho, yaha sambhava nahIM hai / yadi aisA hotA, to 'yAvanI' jaisA zabda kyoM AtA, jo spaSTa hI yavanAnI lipi ke artha meM hai ? bhagavAn RSabha ne putrI brAhmI ko lipi-jJAna diyA, usakA yathArtha abhiprAya yahI ho sakatA hai ki taba taka jo-jo bhAratIya aura abhAratIya lipiyAM pracalita thIM, una sabakA jJAna unhoMne karAyA / vizeSAvazyaka TIkA meM ullikhita lipiyoM ke nAmoM meM pArasI lipi kA bho samAveza hai| vaha pArasoka sAmrAjya kI lipi honI cAhie, jo uttarI saimeTika lipiyoM kI Armeika zAkhA meM se koI eka lipi ho sakatI hai| kalpasUtra meM dI gaI lipiyoM kI sUcI meM do nAma khurAsAnI aura parasI vedezika lipiyoM se sambaddha pratIta hote haiM / payaso sambhavataH pAyasI ke lie vyavahRta huA hai / lalitavistara meM 64 lipiyAM batalAI gaI haiM, umameM darada-lipi, khAsya-lipi, cIna-lipi tathA hUNa-lipi ke bho nAma haiM / ye lipiyAM bhArata se bAhara kI pratIta hoto haiM / kharoSThI lipi kA mUla udgama-srota koI vedezika lipi thaa| bhArata ke kucha bhAga meM kucha samaya taka ghedezika zAsana pahane ke samaya isa lipi ko pallavana aura vistAra kA vizeSa avasara milA, jo bAda meM vaidezika zAsana ko samApti ke sAtha-sAtha kama hotA gayA / zAsaka varga kI lipi hone se unake zAsana kAla meM usakA samAdRta rahanA aura unake dvArA zAsita prajA meM isakA pracalita honA svAbhAvika thaa| zAsana ke cale jAne para bhI usake paripATha ora prazraya meM prasata koI vastu tatkAla nahIM miTa jaatii| kiso bhI pracalita paramparA ke miTane meM samaya lagatA hai, jisake lie saMkhyAtmaka dRSTi se zatAbdiyAM bhI adhika nahIM haiM; ata: pArasoka samrAToM ke zAsana ke unmUlita ho jAne para bhI kucha samaya taka kharoSTho kA pracalana yahA~ avaruddha nahIM huA / antata: to avaruddha huA ho, jo nizcaya hI honA thA / 7 ____ 2010_05 2010_05

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dharma-dezanA __ tIthaMDara addhamAgadhI meM dharma-dezanA dete haiN| unakA apanA vaiziSTaya hotA hai, viSiSa bhASA-bhASI zrotRgaNa apanI-apanI bhASA meM use samajha lete haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM ve bhAvAtmaka pudgala zrotAoM ko apanI-apanI bhASAoM meM pariNita ho jAte haiM / jaina vAGamaya meM aneka sthaloM para aise ullekha prApta hote haiM / samavAyAMga sUtra meM jahAM tIrthaGkara ke cauMtIsa atizayoM kA varNana hai, vahAM unake bhASAtizaya ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai : "tIrthakara addhamAgadhI bhASA meM dharma kA bhAkhyAna karate haiN| unake dvArA bhASyamAna paddha'mAgadhI bhASA Arya, anArya, dvipada catuSpada, mRga, pazu pakSI tathA sarIsRpa prabhRti jIvoM ke hita, kalyANa aura sukha ke lie unakI apanI-apanI bhASAoM meM pariNita ho jAtI hai|" prajJAphnA sUtra meM Arya kI bahumukhI vyAkhyA ke sandarbha meM sUtrakAra ne bhASA-bhAyaM kA varNana karate huye kahA hai : "bhASA-bAya kinheM kahA jAtA hai ? aneka prakAra ke bhASA-Arya prApta hue haiM-kahe gae hai; jaise-"jo addhamAgadhI bhASA bolate haiM aura brAhmI-lipi kA prayoga karate haiM ( ve bhASA-Aya haiM ) / " ____opapAtika sUtra kA prasaMga hai : "........taba bhagavAn mahAvIra anekavidha pariSada-parivRta (Nika ) bimbisAra ke putra kUNika (ajAtazatru) ke samakSa zarad Rtu ke nava stamitanUtana megha ke garjana ke samAna madhura tathA gambhIra, kauMca pakSI ke ghoSa ke samAna mukhara, dundubhi kI dhvani kI taraha hRdya vANI se, jo hRdaya meM vistAra pAtI huI, kaNTha meM dhatulita hotI huI tathA mastaka meM AkoNa hoto huI vyakta, pRthak-pRpaka spaSTa akSaroM meM uccArita, mammagA1. saMpa Adi reMga kara calane vAle praannii| 2. bhagavaM ca NaM avamAgahIe bhAsAe dhmmmaaikbi| sAvi ya gaM asamAgahI bhAsA mAsijjamANI tesiM sosiM AriyamaNAriyANaM duSpaya-caupaya-miSa-pasu-pakli-sarIsivANaM aspappaNo hiya-siva-suhadAya bhAsatAe pariNamai / -samavAyAMga, 34 3. se kiMta mAsAriyA ? bhAsAriyA agegavihA paNNatA / taM jahA-jeNaM mamAgahAe bhAsAe mAsai jatya viyaNaM baMmI livI pavattai / -prajJApanA, para 1.31 2010_05

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314 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 adhyakta vacanatA rahita, sarvAkSarasamanvayayukta, puNyAnurakta, sarvabhASAnugAminI, yojanaparyanta zrUyamANa addhamAgadhI bhASA meM bolate haiM, dharma kA parikathana karate haiM / bhagavAn vahAM upasthita sabhI AryoM, anAryoM ko aglAna rUpa meM dharma kA upadeza karate haiN| vaha addha'mAgadhI bhASA una sabho mAryoM, anAryoM kI apanI-apanI bhASAoM meM pariNata ho jAtI hai|' AcArya hemacandra ne jisa prakAra kAvyAnuzAsana ke maMgalAcaraNa meM jainI vAk, jisakI unhoMne svayaM addhamAgadhI bhASA ke rUpa meM vyAkhyA ko hai, ko sarvabhASApariNatAm pada se prazastatA prakara kI hai, usI prakAra alaMkAra-tilaka ke racayitA vAgbhaTa ne sarvajJAzrita addhamAgadhI bhASA kI stavanA karate hue bhAva vyakta kiye haiM : "hama usa addhamAgadhI bhASA kA AdarapUrvaka dhyAna-stavana karate haiM, jo saba kI hai, sarvajJoM dvArA vyavahRta hai, samagna bhASAoM meM pariNata hone vAlI hai, sArvajanIna hai, saba bhASAoM kA srota hai|" eka vizeSa kathana-paramparA ko jJApita karane ko dRSTi se upayukta prasaMga uddhata kaya gae haiM / bhASA-prayoga kI aneka vidhAe hotI haiM / jahAM zraddhA, prazasti tathA samAdara kA bhAva adhika hotA hai, vahAM bhASA arthavAda-pradhAna ( Super lative ) ho jAtI hai| ise dUSaNIya nahIM kahA jAtA / para, jahAM bhASA kA prayoga jisa vidhA meM hai, use yathAvat rUpa meM samajha leM, to kaThinAI nahIM hotii| iso dRSTikoNa se ye prasaMga za ya aura vyAkhyeya haiM / mahAvIra isa yuga ke antima toyaMkara the| isa samaya upalabdha addhamAgadhI Agama-vAGamaya unhIM kI dezanA para AdhRta hai| pratyAgama : suttAgama Agama do prakAra ke kahe gaye haiM- 1. atyAgama (arthAgama), 2. suttAgama (suutraagm)| 1. samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre kUNiyassa raNo bhaMmAsAra puttassa.............."sAradanavatthaNiya mahuragabhIra kocaNigyosaduMdubhissare uvevotthaDAe kare vaTiyAe sire samAINAe agaralAe amammaNAe savakharasaNivAIyAe puNaratAe sababhAsANu gAmaNie sarassaIe joyaNNahAriNAsareNaM adamAgahAe bhASAe bhAsaMti arihA dhamma parikaheMti tesiM sambe siM AriyamaNAriyANaM agilAe dhamma-mAikkhaMti / sA vi ya gaM arddha mAgahA mAsA tesi savvesiM AriyamaNAriyANaM apaNo sabhAsAe prinnmNti| -aupapAtika sUtra, pR0 117, 118 2. sarvArdhamAgadhoM sarva bhASAsu pariNAminIm / sArvIyAM sarvatovAcaM sArvajJoM praNidadhmahe // -alaMkAra-tilaka, 1.1 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] AvaM (addhamAgayo) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [315 tIrthakara prakIrNa rUpa meM jo upadeza karate haiM, vaha arthAgama hai| arthAt vibhinna arthoM-viSayavastuoM para, jaba-jaba prasaMga Ate haiM, torthakara prarUpaNA karate rahate haiN| unake pramukha ziSya jo gagadhaya kahe jAte haiM, tIrthakara dvArA arthAtmaka dRSTyA kiye gaye upadezoM kA sUtrarUpa meM saMkalana yA saMgrathana karate rahate haiM / AcArya bhadrabAhukRta Avazyaka niyukti meM isI Azaya ko agrAMkita zabdAvalo meM kahA gayA hai : "arhat artha kA bhASaNa yA vyAkhyAna karate haiN| dharmazAsana ke hita ke lie gaNadhara unake dvArA vyAkhyAta artha kA sUtra rUpa meM prathana karate haiN| isa prakAra sUtra pravRtta hotA hai|" mahAvIra ke gaNadhara : mAgama-saMkalana bhagavAn mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadhara the, jinake nAma isa prakAra haiM : 1. indUbhUti, 2. agnibhUti, 3. vAyubhUti, 4. vyakta, 5. suvarmA, 6. maNDita, 7. mauryaputra, 8. akampita, 6. acalabhrAvA, 10. metArya, 11. prabhAsa / bhagavAna mahAvIra kA zramaNa-saMgha no gaNoM meM vibhakta thA: 1. godAsa gaNa, 2. uttarabaliyassaya gaNa, 3. uddeha gaNa, 4. cAyaNa gaNa, 5. UvadhAtika gaNa, 6. vizvavAdi gaNa, 7. kAmarSika gaNa, 8. mANava gaNa tathA 6. koTika gaNa / / gaNadhara : vizeSatAeM gaNavara Agama-vAGamaya kA prasiddha zabda hai / AgamoM meM mukhyatayA yaha do arthoM meM vyavahRta huA hai / tArtha karoM ke pradhAna ziya gaNavara kahe jAte haiM, jo tIthaMkaroM dvArA arthAgama ke rUpa meM upadiSTa bAna kA dvAdaza agoM ke rUpa meM saMkalana karate haiN| pratyeka gaNavara ke niyatraNa meM eka gaNa hotA hai, jisake saMyama-jovitavya ke nirvAha kA gaNatraya pUmA dhyAna rakhate haiN| gaNatraya kA usase bhI adhika Avazyaka kArya hai, apane adhInastha gaNa ko Agama-vAcanA denaa| tIrthakara ayaM rUpa meM jo Aganopadeza karate haiM, unheM gaNapasa zabda-badva karate haiN| artha ko dRSTi se samasta Agama-vAGamaya eka hotA hai, parA, bhinna-minna gaNavoM dvAyA saMgrathita hone ke kAraNa vaha zAbdika dRSTi se sarvathA eka ho, aisA nahIM hotA / zAbdika antaya 1. samaNasya bhagavao mahAvorasta nava gaNA hotyaa| taM jahA-govAsa gaNe, uttarabali yassaya gaNe, uddeha gaNe, cAraNa gaNe, uDDhavAiya gaNe, vissavAi gaNe, kAmidivya gaNe, mANava gaNe, koDiya gnne| -sthAnAMga, 9.26 ____ 2010_05

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316 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khdd|2 svAbhAvika hai; ata: bhinna-bhinna gaNadharoM kI vAcanAe zAbdika dRSTi se sadRza nahIM hotii| tatvataH unameM aikya hotA hai| gaNadhara kI tIrthaMkara-sApekSatA gaNadhara kA jo sIdhA artha gaNa kA dhAraka, adhipati, pAvanAdAtA Adi hai, vaha eka vizeSa paramparA ko liye hue hai| isa zabda kA vyavahAra torthakara-sApekSa hai| tIrthakaroM kI vidyamAnatA meM unake pramukha ziSya gaNadhara saMjJA se abhihita hote haiN| tIrthakaroM ke anantara yA do tIrthaMkaroM ke samaya gaNadhara nahIM hote| isa prakAra kA gaNadhara kA eka pAribhASika artha meM prayoga hai| mAtra apane zabdAnugAmI sAdhAraNa artha meM gaNadhara zabda prayojya nahIM hai| gaNadhara kA eka vizeSa artha sthAnAMga sUtra kI vRtti meM gaNadhara kI eka vizeSa vyAkhyA kI gayI hai| vahAM use sAdhviyoM kA pratijAgaraka' kahA hai| isakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki gaNadhara kA eka yaha kArya bhI hotA thA ki yaha sAdhvIvRnda ko pratijAgRta rakhane-unheM saMyama-jIvitamma meM uttarottara gatizIla rakhane meM preraka rahe, unakA mArgadarzana kre| isa vyAkhyA se yaha pratIta hotA hai ki jaina saMgha meM sAdhdhiyoM kI pragati, adhyAtma-vikAsa evaM sukhapUrvaka saMyamottaya jovana-yApana kI ora sajagatA baratI jAtI rahI hai, jo jena AmnAya kI ubuddha cetanA kA paricAyaka hai| gyAraha gaNadhara : nau gaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke saMgha meM gaNoM aura gaNadharoM kI saMkhyA meM jo do kA antara thA, usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki pahale se sAtave taka ke gaNadhara eka-eka gaNa kI vyavasthA dekhate the, pRSak-pRthak use Agama-vAcanA dete the, para, Age cAya gaNadharoM meM do-do kA eka-eka gaNa thaa| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki ATha aura nauve gaNa meM zra..Na-saMkhyA kama thI; isalie po-do gaNaparoM para sammilita rUpa se eka-eka gaNa kA dAyitva thaa| tadanusAra akampita aura acalabhrAtA ke pAsa AThaveM gaNa kA uttaradAyitva thA tathA maitArya aura prabhAsa ke pAsa noveM gaNa kA / mahAvIra kI vidyamAnatA : nau gaNadharoM kA nirvANa kalpasUtra meM kahA gayA hai : "bhagavAn mahApora ke sabhI gyArahoM gaNadhara dvAdazAMga-vetA, 1. AryikApratijAgarako vA sAdhuvizeSaH samayaprasiddhaH / -svAnAgapUtra vRtti, 4. 3. 323 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] ArSa (arddha mAgadhI) prAkRta aura gama vAGamaya [317 caturdaza pUrta tathA samasta gaNi-piTaka ke dhAraka the| rAjagRha nagara meM mAsika anazana pUrvaka ve kAlagata hue, sabaMduHkha prahINa bane arthAt mukta hue| sthavira indrabhUti (gautama) tathA sthaSiya AyaM sudharmA; ye donoM hI mahAvIra ke siddhigata hone ke pazcAt mukta hue|| jyoM-jyoM gaNadhara kAlagata hote gaye, unake gaNa sudharmA ke gaNa meM antarbhAvita hote gaye / dvAdaza aMgoM ke rUpa meM bhUta-saMkalanA tIrthakara sarvajJatatva prApta karane ke anantara upadeza karate haiN| taba unakA jJAna sarvathA svAzrita yA Atma-sAkSAtkRta hotA hai, jise darzana kI bhASA meM pAramArthika pratyakSa kahA gayA hai| sarvajJa hone ke bAda bhagavAn mahAvIra ne samasta jagat ke samagra prANiyoM ke kalyANa tathA zreyasa ke lie dharma-dezanAeM diiN| unakI dharma-dezanAoM ke sandarbha meM bar3A sundara krama milatA hai| unake nikaTatama sudhinIta antevAsI gautama, yadyapi svayaM bhI bahuta bar3e jJAnI the, para, loka-kalyANa kI bhAvanA se bhagavAna mahAvora se aneka prakAra ke prazna pUchate the / bhagavAna unakA uttara dete the / zruta kA vaha pradhahamAna strota eka vipula jJAna-rAzi ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA addhamAgadhI meM upadiSTa arthAgama kA Arya sudharmA ne sUtrAgama ke rUpa meM jo saMgrathana kiyA, aMzataH hI sahI, dvAdazAMgI ke rUpa meM vahI prApta hai / zruta-paramparA ke (mahAvIra se uttaravartI) srota kA AyaM sudharmA se jur3ane kA hetu yaha hai ki ve hI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke uttarAdhikArI hue| isameM kucha paramparA-bheda hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI uttaravartI zramaNa-paramparA ke adhinAyaka Arya sudharmA hue; isalie Age kI sArI paramparA AyaM sudharmA ko (dharma-) apatya-paramparA yA (dharma.) vaMza-paramparA kahI jAtI hai| kalpasUtra meM likhA hai: "jo Aja zramaNa-nigrantha vidyamAna haiM, ve sabhI anAgAra Arya sudharmA kI apatyaparamparA ke haiM; kyoMki aura sabhI gaNadhara nirapatya rUpa meM nirvANa ko prApta hue|"3 1. savve ee samaNassa bhagavao mahAvIrassa ekkArasa vi gaNaharA duvAlasaMgiNo coddasapugviNo samasagaNipiDaga dharA rAyagihe nagare mAsieNaM bhateNaM apANaeNaM kAlagayA jAva savvaduksapAhINA / there iMdamUI there ajja suhamme siddhiM gae mahAbIre pacchA denni vi parinivvuyA // 203 // 2. bArahavAM aMga dRSTivAda abhI lupta hai| 3. je ime ajjatAte samaNA nigAthA viharati e e gaM savve ajja suhammassa aNagArassa __mAhAbaccijjA, bhavasesA naNaharA niravacyA pocchinnaa| 2010_05

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318] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 Arya sudharmA : bhUta-savAhaka paramparA kalpasUtra meM Arya-sudharmA ke paricaya meM kahA gayA hai : "kAzyapa-gotrIya zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke antevAsI AyaM sudharmA sthavira agnivaizyAyana gotrIya the| AyaM sudharmA kA janma I0 pU0 607 ke Asa-pAsa huaa| unakA pacAsa varSa kA jIvana-kAla gArhasthya meM botaa| tIsa varSa ve saMghIya zramaNa ke rUpa meM rahe / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke anantara gautama ke dvAdazavarSIya kebala-jJAna-kAla meM ve saMghAdhipati rahe / gautama ke nirvANa ke pazcAt ATha varSa taka ve kevala-jJAnI ke rUpa meM rahe / isa prakAra eka sau varSa kA unakA AyuSya hotA hai| digambara-paramparA meM unakA kevala jJAna-kAla daza varSa kA mAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra donoM paramparAoM meM do varSa kA antara rahatA hai| __ vayaM viSaya yadyapi yahAM addhamAgadhI Agama vAGamaya hai; ataH aitihAsika prasaMgoM kI vizada vivecanA grAhya nahIM hai, para kucha pahala aise haiM, jo jJAna saMvAhakatA ke srota se jur3e haiN| unako carcA chor3anA samucita nahIM hai / udAharaNArtha, bhagavAn mahAvIra ke uttarAdhikArI gautama the yA sudharmA, isa sambandha meM mata-vaibhinna hai| isa pahalU para saMkSepa meM vivecana apekSita hai| digambara-mAnyatA digambara-paramparA meM mAnA gayA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda gautama saMghAdhipati hue aura gautama ke kAlagana hone ke pazcAt sudharmA / IsvI dUsarI yA tIsarI zato ke yati vRSabha dvArA racita digambara-paramparA ke prasiddha grantha tiloyapaNNati meM sarvajJAniyoM (kevalajJAniyoM yA sarvajJoM) kI paramparA kA varNana karate hue kahA hai: "jisa dina mahAvIra siddhAvasthA ko prApta hue, gautama ko parama jJAna yA sarvajJatva prApta huaa| gautama ke nirvANa-prApta kara lene para sudharmA sarvajJa hue| sudharmA dvArA samasta karmoM kA uccheda kara diye jAne para yA vaisA kara mukta ho jAne para jambU svAmI ko sarvajJatva-lAbha huaa| jambU svAmI ke siddhi-prApta ho jAne ke pazcAt sarvajJoM kI anukramika paramparA vilupta ho gyii| gautama prabhRti jJAniyoM ke dharma-pravartana kA samaya piNDarUpa meM-sammilita rUpa meM bAsaTha varSa kA hai|" 1. samaNassa gaM bhagavao mahAvIrassa kAsavagottassa ajja suhamme there aMtevAtI aggivesaaynngote| 2 jAdo siddho vIro taddivase godamo parama nnaannii| jAde tassiM siddha sudhammasAmI tado jAdo // 1476 tammi kavakammaNAse jaMbU sAmi tti kevalI jAdo / tatya vi siddhipavaNNe kevaliNo Natthi aNubaddhA // 1477 vAsaThThI vAsANiM godama pahudoNa jANavaMtANaM / dhammapayaTTaNakAle parimANaM piMDarUveNaM // 1478 ____ 2010_05

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mASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddha mAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 319 tiloyapaNNattikAra ne gautama, sudharmA aura jambU ke kaivalyAvasthA ke samaya ko dharmapravartana-kAla zabda se saMzita kiyA hai| isake anusAra gautama ke bAraha varSa', sudharmA ke bAraha varSa tathA jambU ke ar3atIsa varSa kula bAsaTha varSa hote haiM / gautama paTTadhara kyoM nahIM? gautama bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nikaTatama antevAsI the| jIvana bhara unakA sAnnidhya paayaa| dainandina calate rahane vAle unake prazna aura mahAvIra ke uttara jena kAGamaya kI eka amUlya thAtI bana gaye / ve bhagavAn mahAvIra ke prathama gaNadhara the| yaha svAbhAvika thA ki dehika dRSTi se bhagavAna ke na rahate para saMgha kA uttaradAyitva una para aataa| ve use sambhAlate / yaha saba nahIM huA, isake pIche kyA tathya thA ? yaha vicAraNIya hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA : eka samAdhAna zvetAmbara-paramparA aisA vizvAsa karatI hai ki kaivalya prApta ho jAne ke anantara vaha zramaNa-kevalajJAnI saMghAdhipati, paTTadhara athavA AcArya jaisA koI bhI pada nahIM sambhAlatA / itanA avazya hai, yadi koI pada para rahate kevalI ho jAe, to vaha pada chor3anA Avazyaka nahIM hogaa| kevalI ke jJAna ko aparisImatA itanI bar3I hoto hai ki usameM kucha bhI jJeya avaziSTa nahIM raha jaataa| tabhI to ve sarvajJa kahe jAte haiN| sarvajJa ko bhASA sAkSAtkRta jJAna para Azrita hotI hai| usameM kisI bho pUrvavartI jJAnI kA sandarbha, uddharaNa yA AdhAra nahIM rahatA / kevalI yadi paTTAsIna ho jAe aura dharma-dezanA deM to ve isa bhASA meM nahIM bola sakate ki jaisA unhoMne tIrthaMkara (dharma-saMgha ke saMsthApaka; kaivalya prApta zramaNa ) se sunA hai, vaisA ve pratipAdita kara rahe haiN| unakI bhASA yahI hotI hai, jo ve sAkSAt jAna rahe haiM, paisA hI nirUpita kara rahe haiN| isakA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki tIrthakara dvArA jo vrata prasRta huA, jisakA srota Age bho pravahamAna rahanA cAhie, vaha avaruddha ho jAtA hai| sambhavataH isIlie zvetAmbara-paramparA ko gautama kA saMgha-nAyakatva yA mahAvIra ke uttarAdhikArI ke rUpa meM paTTadharatA svIkAra nahIM hai ; kyoMki jyoM hI mahAvIra kA nirvANa huA, gautama ko kaivalya-lAbha huaa| digamvara-paramparA ko AdhAra kevalI ke paTTadhara hone meM jisa bAdhA kI carcA kI gaI hai, digambara-paramparA meM vaisI bAdhA nahIM aatii| digambara tIrthakara ko dharma-dezanA kI zabdAtmakatA svIkAra nahIM karate arthAt tIrthakara upadeza kI bhASA meM kucha nahIM bolte| unake roma-roma se oMkAra kI dhvani ____ 2010_05

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320] mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana niHsata aura samavasaraNa meM prasRta hotI hai| vahI oMkAra-dhani zrotRgaNa kI apanI-apanI bhASA meM pariNata ho jAtI hai| usI ( bhASAtmaka ) rUpa meM zrotRgaNa use grahaNa karate haiM, samajhate haiN| zrI dharmaghoSa sira kA kathana zvetAmbara AcArya zrI dharmaghoSa sUri kI eka racanA hai sirisamAkAlamaNasaMghathayaM (zrI duHssmkaalshrmnnsNghstvH)| usakI avUcari meM ve likhate haiM : 'zro jina bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa-gamana kI rAtri meM ujjayinI meM caNDapraghota kA maraNa hone para pAlaka rAjA ke rUpa meM abhiSikta huaa| pATaliputra ke rAjA udAyI ke niSputra rUpa meM maraNagata ho jAne para usane koNika (ajAtazatru) kA pATaliputra kA rAjya bhI adhikRta kara liyaa| usake sATha varSa ke rAjya-kAla meM gautama 12 varSa, sudharmA 8 varSa tathA jambU 44 varSa taka yugapradhAna rhe|" avarikAra ne jo 60 varSa kI saMkhyA dI hai, vaha gautama, sudharmA tathA jambU ke yugapradhAna-kAla (12+8+44-64) se mela nahIM khaato| avacUrikAra ne Age ise spaSTa kara diyA hai| jambU kA 44 varSa kA yugapradhAna-kAla jo unhoMne batalAyA hai, usameM 40 varSa' to pAlaka ke rAjya ke haiM aura agale 4 varSa no nandoM ke rAjya ke haiN| jambU ke samagra kAla ko kahane ke lie aisA kiyA gayA hai| AcArtha dharma-ghoSa ne yahAM yugapradhAna ke rUpa meM jahAM sudharmA aura jambU ko liyA hai, gautama ko bho liyA hai| yugapradhAna zabda ke sAtha rahA Azaya vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya hai| yugapradhAna : sAtizAyI pratiSThApannatA yadyapi saMgha meM nirdhArita AcArya, upAdhyAya, gaNI, pravattaka Adi padoM kI taraha yugapradhAna koI pada nahIM thA, para, isake sAtha jo garimA, samAdara aura uccatA kA bhASa dekhate haiM, usase spaSTa hai ki yaha sarvAtizAyI pratiSThApannatA kA sUcaka thaa| kalpasUtra aura nandIsUtra meM sthavirAvaliyAM (paTTAvaliyA) varNita haiN| ve paraspara kucha bhinna haiM / isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki kalpasUtra meM do gayI spadhirAvalI sambhavataH paTTAnupaTTakrama yA AcAryAnukrama se do gayo hai aura nandIsUtra kI sthadhirAvalI yugapradhAnAnukrama se| ataeSa ina donoM meM jahAM-jahAM bhinnatA hai, usakA kAraNa nandIkAra dvArA kucha aise mahAn pramaNoM 1. avacUriH // 8 // sirijiNamivvANagamaNarayaNie ujjoNIe caMDapajjomamaraNe pAlo ___ rAyA ahisilo| teNa ya apurA udAimaraNe phogimarajaM pADalipuraM pimttiaN| tassa ya barisaM 60 rajje-goyama 12, suhamma 8, jambU 4 jugappahANA / - ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa ( arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [321 ko liyA jAnA hai, jo vaidhAnika dRSTyA AcArya-pada para avasthita nahIM the, para dhArmika abhyudaya kI dRSTi se yuga pravataMka the-yugapradhAna the| jo Acarya bhI the aura yugapradhAna bhI, aise nAma donoM paTTAvaliyoM meM sadRza haiM / yugapradhAna kI vizeSatAeM nandIkAra ne yugapradhAna sthavirAvalI ke samApana para do gAthAoM meM yugapradhAna kI vizeSatAoM kA varNana karate hue kahA hai : "jo tapa, niyama, satya, saMyama, vinaya, Azrave, zAMti aura mArdava meM abhirata haiM, jo zIla guNa se vidhuta haiM, jo sukumAra aura sukomala dehasampadA ke dhanI haiM, jo uttamottama lakSaNoM se tathA pravAcanIyatA Adi vizeSatAoM se yukta haiM, saikar3oM zramaNoM dvArA jo samAdRta haiM, maiM una yugapradhAnoM ko praNamana karatA huuN|" yugapradhAna kA viruda kaba milatA ? jaina parampazA meM samaya-samaya para mahAn gauravAspada, prabhAvaka, tejasvI, paramojjvala jJAna evaM cAritrya ke dhano zravaNa hote rahe haiM, jinakA virATa vyaktitva yuga ke lie preraNA kA divya srota rahA hai| isa prakAra ke mahApuruSa yuga ko eka nayA mor3a dete rahe haiM, jana-jana ko sat kI ora Age bar3hate jAne ko prerita evaM udbodhita karate rahe haiN| aise saMyamottara, manISipravara muniyoM kA sthAna samagra jaina saMgha meM bahuta ucca aura pavitra mAnA jAtA rahA hai| saMgha ke zAkhA-prazAkhAtmaka bheda unakI pratiSThA aura sammAna meM kabhI bAdhaka nahI bane, pratyut poSaka hI rahe / isa prakAra ke vidATa vyaktitva ke dhanI aura yuga ko jhakajhorane vAle mahAn zramaNa 'yugapradhAna' ke viruva se vibhUSita kiye jAte rahe haiN| yugapradhAna ke sAtha saMgha ke vibhinna sampradAyoM ke AcAryoM kA vyavasthAtmaka dRSTi se kisa prakAra kA sambandha rahA hai, isa viSaya meM vizeSa kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| itanA avazya kahA jA sakatA hai ki vibhinna sampradAyoM ke AcArya unakA Adara karate the, unako cA mAnate the| unakA netRtva svIkAra karate the| unakA sthAna kisI eka sampradAya, gaNa, gaccha, zAkhA Adi meM hI nahIM, samagra jaina saMgha-jisameM sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka evaM dhAvikA; isa catuSTaya kI samanviti thI, sarvotkRSTa thaa| 1. tava-Niyama-sacca-saMjama-viNayajjavakhaMtimaddavarayANaM / solaguNagahiyANaM, aNuoge jugappahANANaM / sukumAlakomalatale, tesiM paNamAmi lakkhaNapasatthe / pae pavAyaNINaM, pADitthagasa ehiM paNivai ehiN|| -nandosUtra, 48-49 ____ 2010_05

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322] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa:2 ___ yugapradhAna kA dhiruda yA pada samagra saMgha kI ora se upayukta viziSTAtiviziSTa guNoM ke dhAraka kisI mahAn zramaNa ko diyA jAtA hai| yugapradhAna apane vyaktitva kI vyApakatA, guNoM kI apratimatA Adi kI dRSTi se sarvamAnya to the, para, ve bhI dainandina saMyama-jIvitavya ke nirvAha kI dRSTi se kisI eka sampradAya yA zAkhA se jur3e rahate the, isalie samAcAyAtmaka dRSTi se unakA sambandha usa zAkhA se rhtaa| namdIsUtra kI yugapradhAna-paramparA para AdhRta sthavirAvalI se anumAna hotA hai ki uttarottara yugapradhAna manonIta karane kI paramparA sambhavataH jaina saMgha meM kAphI samaya taka calatI rahI ho| eka yugapradhAna ke divaMgata ho jAne para unake sthAna para sabhI sampradAyoM yA zAkhAoM meM se yogyatama, prabhAvaka zramaNa ko caturvidha saMgha yugapradhAna ke pada para adhiSThita karatA rahA hai| yaha paramparA niravacchinnatayA calI ho, nizcita rUpa meM pesA kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| ho sakatA hai, aisA bhI kabhI rahA ho, usa koTi kA mahimAmaNDita, paramocca vyaktitva kA dhanI zramaNa caturvidha saMgha ke sAmane na AyA ho aura kucha samaya taka yaha pada khAlI rahA ho yA isa virUda se vibhUSita vyakti kA abhAva rahA ho / dharmaghoSa kA Dallekha : UhApoha zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke muktigAmI hone ke pazcAt gautama bAraha varSa taka jIvita sche aura sudharmA bIsa varSa tk| jisa dina mautama kA nirvANa humA, usI dina sudharmA ko kaivalya-prApti huI / sudharmA kA kaivalya-kAla ATha varSa kA hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra sudharmA kA AcArya-kAla bIsa varSa kA hai; kyoMki mahAvIra kA nirvANa hote hI ve isa pada para A gaye the| AcArya dharmaghoSa ne jo ullekha kiyA hai, usake anusAra sudharmA 20 varSa taka saMgha ke AcArya-pada para adhiSThita rahe tathA ATha varSa taka AcArya aura yugapradhAna, donoM padoM ke dhAraka rhe| sudharmA ke prArambha ke bAraha varSa ke AcAya kAla meM yugapradhAna gotama rhe| isa para kucha sUkSmatA se vicAra karanA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-kAla meM gautama kA Agama-vAGamaya meM punaH-punaH ullekha prApta hotA hai, para, usake pazcAt vaisA nahIM hai / gautama mahAn the, parisIma prajJA ke dhanI the, pasmojjvala cAritrya ke dhAraka the| yaha saba kucha thA, para, yugapradhAna ke sAtha kucha jo aura hotA hai, jisakA sambandha lokonnayana, jana-jAgaraNa, dharma-prabhAvanA aura yuga-pravartana se hotA hai, unake sAtha sambhavataH na rahA ho athavA kama rahA ho / ho sakatA hai, unakA adhikatama jhukAva Atma-sAdhanA aura svarUpopalabdhi kI ora rahA ho| sahaja hI prAsaMgika rUpa meM jo loka-jAgaraNa kA kArya bana par3atA, paisA hotA rahA ho, usa aura vizeSa adhyavasAya na rahA ho; ataH yuga-pradhAnocita vizeSatAoM kI saMlagnatA sudharmA ke ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa ( arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 323 sAtha prApta hotI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anantara unake dvArA pravAhita zruta kI dhArA ko uttarottara gatizIla rakhate hue, caturvidha saMgha ko dharmAnuprANita karate huye adhyAtmotkarSa kI dRSTi se Arya sudharmA ne jo mahAn kArya kiye, ve jaina-paramparA ke itihAsa meM sadA svarNAkSaroM meM likhe rheNge| bhAcArya dharmaghoSa to svayaM zvetAmbara-paramparA meM AsthAvAn the, phira unhoMne aisA ullekha kaise kiyA, jisakI zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke sAtha saMgati nahIM baiThatI ? aisA sambhASya pratIta hotA hai ki AcArya dharmaghoSa para bhagavAn mahAvIra kI paTTadhara paramparA ke sambandha meM digambara-mAmyatA kA prabhAva par3A ho; kyoMki ve zvetAmbara the; ataH paTTAnupaTTatA ke krama meM to unake lie yaha zakya nahIM thA ki ve gautama kA samAveza kara sakeM, para, yugapradhAnoM ke krama meM unheM ( gautama ko ) jor3a dene meM unheM bAdhA nahIM thii| ho sakatA hai, aisI hI kucha sthiti banI ho| Arya sudhA : dvAdazAMga bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jo aba kahe, vyAkhyAta kiye, sudharmA ne dvAdaza aMgoM ke rUpa meM unakA Akalana kiyA / vartamAna jo jitanA baca pAyA hai, prApta hai; unhIM ke anugraha kA phala hai| dvAdaza aMga isa prakAra haiM : (1) vAcAroga (7) upAsakadazAMga (2) sUtrakRtAMga (8) antAdazAMga (3) sthAnAMga (E) anuttaropapAtika dazA (4, samavAyAMga (10) praznavyAkaraNa (5) vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatI) (11) vipAka (6) jJAtRdharmakayAMga (12) dRSTivAda eka anya paramparA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pazcAdvartI paTTAnukrama ke viSaya meM eka aura ullekha milatA hai, jisameM pUrvokta paramparA se kucha bhinnatA hai / pArzvanAtha vasati meM eka zilAlekha hai| usakA lekhana-kAla 522 zaka-saMvat ke Asa-pAsa kA hai| usakA eka aMza nimnAMkisa prakAra se hai : ........... mahAvIrasavitari parinirvRte bhagavatparamarSigautamagaNadharasAkSAcchiSyalohAryajambuviSNudevAparAjitagovarddha nabhadrabAhuvizAkhaproSThilakRttikAyajayanAgasiddhArthadhRtiSeNabuddhilAdiguruparamparINa vakra (kra) mAbhyAgatamahApuruSa santatisamavadyotitAnvayamadrabAhusvAmino ujyapanyA maSTAMga mahAnimittatatvahana traikAlyadarzinA nimittana dvAdazasaMvatsarakAlavaiSamyamuphlamya kathite sarvasaMgha uttarApathAd dakSiNApathaM prsthitH|" 2010_05

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324 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana prastuta zilAlekha meM gautama naNaghara ke pazcAt lohAya tathA tadanantara jambU kA ullekha AtA hai / sudharmA kA nAmollekha nahIM hai| isake anusAra gautama ke uttarAdhikAro lohAya' hue aura lohAya ke uttarAdhikArI jambU / sudharmA kA hI dUsarA nAma yA upanAma lauhArya rahA ho, aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai / yadi vastutaH aisA hI rahA ho, to digambara-paramparA se bhinnatA ko sthiti nahIM aatii| para, isa sambandha meM koI Thosa pramANa dekhane meM nahIM aayaa| paTTAmukrama meM anya nAma : bhimatA prastuta zilAlekha meM kramazaH jo aura nAma diye gaye haiM, ve bhI digambara-paramparA dvArA svIkRta paTTAnukrama se pUrNatayA mela nahIM khAte / isa sambandha meM tiloyapaNNatti eka prAmANika AdhAra mAnA jAtA hai / isakA racanA-kAla sambhavataH IsA kI dUsarI zatI hai| zilAlekha meM varNita AcAya-paramparA ke samakakSa tiloyapaNNatti meM varNita AcAya-paramparA isa prakAra hai : zilAlekha tiloyapaNNatti gautama sudharmA 1. gautama 2. lohAyaM 3. jambU 4. viSNu jambU nandI nandimitra 5. deva 6. aparAjita 7. govaddhana 8. bhadrabAhu aparAjita govarddhana bhadrabAhu vizAla proSThila kSatriya jaya 9. vizAla 10. proSThila 11. kRttikAya 12. jaya 13. nAga 14. siddhArtha 15. dhRtiSaNa 16. budila nAga siddhArtha dhRtiSeNa vijaya ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] ArSa ( arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [325 zilAlekha tiloyapaNNatti buddhila donoM nAmAvaliyoM meM dvitIya, caturtha, paMcama tathA ekAdaza saMkhyA para Aye hue nAma paraspara nahIM milte| pArzvanAtha-vasati ke zilAlekha meM buddhila solahavAM nAma hai tathA tiloyapaNNatti meM vaha satarahavAM hai| tiloyapaNNatti meM solahavAM nAma vijaya hai, jisakA zilAlekhIya nAmAvali meM koI ullekha nahIM hai / isa prakAra buddhila taka donoM nAmAvaliyoM meM eka kA antara par3atA hai| zilAlekha meM eka nAma kama hai| eka hI krama saMkhyA para donoM nAmAvaliyoM meM jo adRzya nAma milate haiM, unake sambandha meM sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki ye AcArya do-do nAmoM se prasiddha rahe hoN| para, sudharmA aura lohArya eka hI vyakti the, vidvAnoM ke lie yaha gaveSaNA kA viSaya hai| upayukta vidhecana ke sandarbha meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki bahuta thor3e se apavAdoM ke atirikta prAyaH sabaMza AyaM sudharmA hI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke uttarAdhikArI mAne gaye haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA pravartita zruta-srota Arya sudharmA ke mAdhyama se hI Age pravahaNazIla rhaa| 1. jAdo siddho vIro taddivase godamo paramaNANI / jAdo tassi siddha sudhammasAmI tado jAdo // tammi kavakammaNAse jaMbU sAmi tti kevalo jAdo / tatya vi siddhipavaNNe kevaliNo NatSi aNubaddhA // vAsaSTo vAsANi godamapahudINa jANavaMtANaM / dhammapayaTTaNakAle parimANaM piNDarUpeNaM / / gaMdo mA gaMdimitto bidio avarAjivo taijjo y| govaddhaNo cauttho paMcamI bhaddabAhu tti // paMca ime purisavarA caudasapuvI jagammi vikkhAdA / te bArasa aMgadharA titthe siri vaDhamANassa // paDhamo visAhaNAmo puThilo khattio jao gaago| siddhatyo dhiriseNo vijao buddhila gaMgadevA y|| ekaraso ya sudhammo dasa puvvadharA ime muvikkhAdA pAraMparimaovagavo tesIvi sadaM ca tANa vAsANaM / -tiloyapaNNatti, 1476-78, 82-83, 85-86 ____ 2010_05

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326 ) [khaNDa : 2 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana Arya sudharmA : eka paricaya janma - Arya sudharmA kA janma videha pradeza meM huA thaa| prAcIna mAnyatA ke anusAra uttara meM himAlaya, dakSiNa meM gaMgA, pUrva meM kauzikI aura pazcima meM gaNDako nadI se ghirA pradeza videha kahA jAtA thaa| Avazyaka-niyukti meM gaNadharoM ko jAti, gotra, mAtA-pitA, zarIra-sampadA, jJAnavaiziSTya Adi kA vistRta ullekha kiyA gayA hai| tadnusAra sudharmA agnivaizyAyana-gotrIya brAhmaNa-vaMza meM utpanna hue the| unake pitA kA nAma dhammila aura mAtA kA nAma bhaddilA thaa| niyuktikAra AcArya bhadrabAhu ne Arya sudharmA kA janma uttara phAlgunI nakSatra meM honA likhA hai| unhoMne sabhI gaNadharoM ke janma ke nakSatroM kA varNana kiyA hai| isase pratIta hotA hai, una dinoM (AcArya bhadrabAhu ke samaya ) logoM ko sambhavataH jyotiSa meM vizeSa abhiruci rahI ho athavA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki tIrthaMkaroM ke varNana meM anyAya pahaluoM ke sAtha unake janma ke nakSatroM kA bhI ullekha kiyA jAtA rahA ho| usI paddhati kA anukaraNa karate hue niyuktikAra ne gaNadharoM ke gotroM kA ullekha karanA Avazyaka samajhA ho / aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI janma ke muhUrta, nakSatra Adi kA ullekha karane kI upayogitA hai| 'kAla-gaveSaNA meM kisI apekSA se yaha sahAyaka hotA hai| vidvatA : vaibhava bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM rAjanaitika dRSTi se to videha vizeSa jAgRta thaa| vizva kI prAgitihAsakAlona gaNarAjyAtmaka zAsana-paddhati ke prayoga kA yaha sambhavataH sarvAdhika 1. bhAratIya saMskRti meM jaina dharma kA yogadAna, pR0 22 2. tinni ya goyamaguttA bhAraddA aggivesa vAsiThThA / kAsava goama hAria koDinnadugaM ca guttAi // -Avazyaka-niyukti , gAthA 649 3. vasubhUI dhaNamitto dhammila dhaNadeva morie caiv| deve ghasU a datte bale a piaro gaNaharANaM // -gAthA 647 4. jeTThA kattiya sAI savaNo hatthuttarA mahAo a| rohiNi uttarasAr3hA migasira taha assiNI pusso|| -Avazyaka-niyukti, gAthA 646 2010_05

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mASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa ( addhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 327 prAcIna bhU-bhAga thaa| para, una dinoM dharma aura adhyAtma kI dRSTi se logoM kI vicAra. cetanA kucha kuNThita jaisI banI jA rahI thii| purAtana paramparA kA netra mUde anusaraNa karate jAne meM loga abhyasta se hone lage the| karmakANDa aura yajJavAda kA prAbalya thaa| isa vAtAvaraNa ke paripArzva meM Aya' sudharmA kA lAlana-pAlana huA / ve eka vidvAn pitA ke putra the| veda, vedAMga Adi aneka viSayoM kA gambhIra adhyayana karane kA suavasara unheM milaa| niyuktikAra ne gaNadharoM kI jAti, vidyA Adi kA vivecana karate hue jo gAthA' kahoM hai, anyAnya vizeSaNoM ke sAtha eka vizeSaNa viU bhI hai| viU 'viva:' kA prAkRta rUpa hai| AcArya malayagiri ne isakA vizleSaNa karate hue likhA hai : . ___...........vidantIti vidaH-vidvAnAH, caturdazavidyAsthAna pAragamanAt / tAni caturdaza vidyAsthAnAnyamuni-aMgAni vedAzcatvAro, mImAMsA nyAyavistaraH / dharmazAstraM purANaM ca vidyA htaashcturdsh| tatrAMgAni tadyathA zikSA kalpo vyAkaraNaM niruvata chando jyotiSa ceti, eSa gRhasthAzrama uktaH / "" _ vidvaddhaza-paramparA meM utpanna hone ke nAte Arya sudharmA ne Rk, yajuS , sAma aura athavaM; ina cAroM vedoM, zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, chanda tathA jyotiSa; ina chahoM vedAMgoM, momAMsA, nyAya, dharma zAstra tathA purANi, Adi saba milakara ina cavadaha vidyAoM kA samyaktayA adhyayana kiyA, unake pUrNa adhikArI vidvAn bne| zAstrIya pANDitya ke prati logoM meM zraddhA tho, Adara thA; ataH unheM asAdhAraNa khyAti tathA pratiSThA bhI milI ho, aisA sambhAvya hai| __navona tathA krAntipUrNa cintana kA mAnasa logoM kA apekSAkRta kama thA, para, vibhinna zAstroM kA paramparA se vidhipUrvaka bahuzru ta guru ke pAsa adhyayana karane kI logoM meM abhiruci rahatI thii| vizeSataH brAhmaNa-jAti meM veda, vedAMga, mImAMsA, nyAya, purANa, dharmazAstra Adi ke adhyayana kA eka vyavasthita krama thaa| prAcIna vaidika-paramparA kI gurukula praNAlo pUrNatayA to nahIM, para, aMzata: pracalita thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki indrabhUti, sudharmA * Adi vidvAn sekar3o ziSyoM ke (vidyA) parivAra vAle the| Arya sudharmA ke pAMca sau ante. vAsI the, jo unake pAsa vidyAdhyayana karate the| sambhavataH unake yahIM rahate hoN| isase anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki unako vidyAzAlA, gRha-vyavasthA evaM sAmAjika sthiti 1. savve ya mAhaNA jaccA, savve ajjhAvayA viU / ___savve duvAlasaMgiA, savve caudasapugviNo // -Avazyaka-niyukti, gAthA 657 2. zrI AvazyakasUtram, dvitIya bhAgaH, pR0 339 ___ 2010_05

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328 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 kitanI samRddha tathA sampanna thii| jijJAsA : mumukSA kA dvAra ___ saumila brAhmaNa ke yahAM indrabhUti Adi anya vidvAnoM kI taraha Arya sudharmA bhI apane pAMca sau ziSyoM ke sAtha yajJa-bhUmi meM upasthita the| vahAM se bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAnnidhya meM upasthita honA, dhArmika dRSTi se eka utkrAMta mor3a lenA, zrAmaNya-dharma svIkAra karanA, ayanta jijJAsu tathA vinamra bhAva se bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caraNoM meM apane ko samarpita kara denA; saba aisI ghaTanAe thoM, jinase Arya sudharmA ke satyonmukha, niSpakSa evaM mumukSa-jodhana kA spaSTa paricaya prApta hotA hai / AhatI dIkSA svIkAra karane ke samaya Arya sudharmA kI Ayu pacAsa varNa kI thii| taba ve avasthA meM bhagavAna mahAvIra se lagabhaga ATha varSa jyAyAn the| isakA artha huA, ve taba taka bahuta praur3a ho cuke the, khyAti prApta to the ho| jina viSayoM meM unakA adhyayana thA, vaha bhI taba taka vizeSa paripakka ho cukA thA, para, jijJAsA kA bhAva unake antarmana meM usa samaya bhI parivyApta thaa| satya ko upalabdhi ke lie buddhi kA dvArA sarvathA unmukta thA; ataeva jyoM ho bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA prarUpita satya se ve avabuddha hue, binA kisI nanunaca yA saMkoca ke zizu kI taraha atyanta sarala aura vinIta bhAva se use apanAne ko tatpara ho gye| unake mana meM nahIM AyA, varSoM taka jina siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para jIvana calA hai, pratiSThA arjita kI hai, unakA sahasA kaise parityAga kiyA jAya / na yaha bhI bhAva unake mana meM utpanna huA ki apane anuyAyiyoM, zraddhAluoM evaM ziSyoM meM unakI kitanI khyAti aura yaza hai| unake (sudharmA )dvArA naye patha kA avalambana kara liye jAne se una sabake mana meM kyA AyegA ? kyA ve unakI dRSTi meM avahelanA ke pAtra nahIM baneMge ? yahI ve pratibandha, vighna yA antarAya haiM, jo mAnava ko unmukta rUpa se vikAsa ke patha para agrasara nahIM hone dete / AyaM sudharmA ina avarodhoM se, jinheM vastutaH durbalatA kahA jAnA cAhie, Upara uThe hue the| ve svAbhimAno the, para, ahaMkAyI nhiiN| svAbhimAna meM mAnava kA viveka ubuddha rahatA hai aura ahaMkAra meM mUcchita / Arya sudharmA ne por3hiyoM se svIkRta, pAlita aura poSita paramparA ko ayathArtha samajha liyA, usakA tatkSaNa parityAga kara diyaa| vAstava meM jinako antazcetanA jAgRta hotI hai, aise vyakti, kauna kyA kahatA hai, usase jarA bhI prabhAvita nahIM hote| vastu-satya yA tathya kyA hai, isakA unake jIvana para sIdhA prabhAva par3atA hai| antevAsiyoM para prabhAva Arya sudharmA ne jo mor3a liyA, usakI pratikriyA dUsaroM para bhI usI prakAra kI huI, ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa ( arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [329 jaisI eka satyAnveSaka ke mana para honI caahie| una ke pAMcaso antevAsI, jo unake sAnnidhya meM rahate hue vidyArjana karate the, unhoMne aisA nahIM socA, yaha unake AcArya kI parAjaya hai / kyoM nahIM, ve isakA pratizodha le ? jahAM apane dvArA svIkRta pakSa kA aikA ntika Agraha hotA hai, vahAM mAnava kA cintana mukta nahIM hotA, vaha pratibaddha banA rahatA hai| para, jahAM satya kA Agraha hotA hai, vahAM yaha saba nahIM hotaa| vahIM mAna-apamAna, satkAratiraskAra, Adara-anAdara kI tuccha bhUmikA apagata ho jAtI hai| yaha to nitAnta vyAvahArika kiMvA sthUla dRSTi hai, prabuddha mana isameM kaise ulajhegA ? pariNAma yaha huA, Arya sudharmA ke sabake saba antevAsiyoM ne apane AcArya ke sAtha zrAmaNya svIkAra kara liyaa| Arya sudharmA kA chadmastha-kAla : jJAnArAdhanA Arya sudharmA vidvAna the| unhoMne apanI zAstrIya vidvatA aura prajA ko adhyAtma se jor3a diyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra jaise sarvajJatA, savaMdraSTA, mArgadarzaka unheM mile / sAdhaka ko aura kyA caahie| unhoMne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAnnidhya meM jJAnArAdhanA aura cAritryArAdhanA meM apane ko lagA diyA / bahuta zIghra hI unhe bhagavAn mahAvIra se dvAdazAMga rUpa jAna kA prasAda prApta ho gyaa| bhagavAn ke ve pAMcaveM gaNadhara bane / Atma-sAdhanA meM saMlagna rahate hue ve apane anuzAsana aura dekha-rekha meM sthita gaNa ke zramaNoM ko adhyAtma kI sudhA pilAte raheM tathA jana-jana ko dharma kI ora prerita karate rahe / bhagavAna mahAvIra kA sAnidhya Arya sudharmA ko parama guru bhagavAn mahAvIra kA tIsa varSa taka sAkSAt sAnnidhya prApta rahA, jisa bIca unhoMne apane ArAdhya se bahuta kucha pAyA, pAte hI gaye / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apanI sAdhanA kA carama sAdhya sAdha liyaa| sAdhaka, sAdhanA aura siddhi kA tAdAtmya ho gayA, vibheda miTa gyaa| atyanta gauravazIla dina vaha thA, jaba adhyAtma ke ananta bhAloka kA kabhI na bujhane vAlA dIpa jalA, jisakI laukika smRti Aja kA dIpAvalI parva hai, jisa dina TimaTimAte dIpakoM kA prakAza usI aparisIma, apratima evaM ananta prakAza kI ora igita karatA hai, jisako prApti pratyeka sAdhaka ke jIvana kA uskRSTatama kiMvA pavitratama dhyeya hai| saMgha-nAyaka ke rUpa meM ____ bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANa ho jAne para Arya sudharmA unake uttarAdhikArI hue| samagra zramaNa saMgha kI vyavasthA, nirdezana, saMrakSaNa, saMvardhana Adi kA uttaradAyitva unake sabala kandhoM para aayaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke gyAraha gaNadhoM meM se nau gaNadhara unake jIvana ____ 2010_05

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330 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [khaNDa : 2 kAla meM hI nirvANa prApta kara cuke the| Aya sudharmA ko dIrghAyu aura sAtha-hI-sAtha bhAvI AcArya jAna ve nirvANa se pUrva apane-apane gaNa unheM sambhalAte jAte the| do gaNadhara-gautama aura sudharmA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirdhANa ke anantara vidyamAna rahe / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke dina gaNadhara gautama ko kaivalya prApta ho gayA; ataH bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zramaNa-saMgha ke adhinAyaka ke rUpa meM kArya karanA AyaM sudharmA ne aMgIkAra kiyaa| usa samaya Arya sudharmA kI Ayu asasI varSa kI thii| para, unakA dharmotsAha aparisIma thA tathA dharma-prabhAvanA va jana-jAgaraNa ke pAvana abhiyAna meM ve anavarata prayatnazIla the| bhagavAn mahAbora ke mirvANa ke anantara ve bIsa varSa taka sadeha vidyamAna rhe| ina bIsa varSoM meM unake prArambha ke bAraha varSa chadmasthatA ke aura antima ATha varSa sarvajJatA ke the| AyaM sudharmA kI asa jJAvasthA kA kArya-kAla bhI bar3A mahatva kA thaa| uttara bhArata ke aneka grAmoM, nagaroM, janapadoM meM unhoMne paryaTana kiyA, jana-jana ko adhyAtma se anuprANita kiyaa| jambU jaise suyogya mumukSa jana unase pranajita hue| Arya sudharmA kA virATa vyaktitva AyaM sudharmA eka bAra apane vihAra-krama ke bIca campA nagarI pdhaare| yaha bihAra ke bhAgalapurA nagara ke samIpa thaa| gAyadhammakahAo nAmaka SaSTha aMga kA prArambha isI ( AyaM sudharmA ke campA-Agamana ke ) prasaMga se hotA hai| vahAM AyaM sudharmA ke katipaya vizeSaNoM kA ullekha hai, jo unake virATa evaM ojasvI vyaktitva ke dyotaka haiN| Arya pahalA vizeSaNa AyaM hai| Arya zabda aneka dRSTiyoM se aneka arthoM meM prayukta hotA teNaM kAleNaM teNaM samaeNaM samaNassa bhagavao mahAvIrassa aMtevAsI ajja suhamme NAma therejAisaMpanne, kulasaMpanne, bala-rUva-viNaya-NANa-dasaNa-caritta-lAghavasaMpanne, oyaMsI, teyaMsI, vaccaMsI, jasaMsI, jiyakohe, jiyamANe, jiyamAe, jiyalohe, jii die, jiyanidde, jiyaparisahe, jIviyAsAmaraNamayaviSpamukke, tavappahANe, guNapahANe, evaM karaNa-caraNaNiggaha-Nicchapa-ajjava-maddava-lAdhava-khaMti-guttI-muttI vijjAmaMta-baMbhacera-veya-Naya - Niyamasacca-soyagANa-dasaNa-carittApahANe, orAle, ghore, dhoratrae, ghoratavasso, ghorabaMbhaceravAso, ucchUDhasarIre, sakhitteviulateyalese, cauddase puvI cauNANovagae ....................... vihrh| -jJAtRdharmakathA, prathama adhyayana ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] ArSa (arddha mAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [331 rahA hai| Agama-vAGamaya meM usakA vistRta vivecana prApta hotA hai| prajJApanA-TIkA meM kahA gayA hai : ArAt sarvaheyadharmebhyo yAtaH-prApto guNerityAryaH arthAt jo heya dharmoM se-tyAjya karmoM se dUra haTa gaye, jinhoMne unakA parityAga kara diyA, phalataH jo upAyagrahaNa karane yogya dharmoM se jur3a gaye, ve Arya kahe jAte haiN| prajJApanA meM Arya ke vivecana meM kSetra-Aya; jAti-AyaM, kula-Aya', karma-Aya' zilpaAya', bhASA-Aya', jJAna-Aya, darzana-Aya tathA cAritra-Aya Adi bhedoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| sudharmA ke vizleSaNa ke rUpa meM prayukta Aya zabda sAdhAraNatayA sAtvika, prazasta yA sadguNa-sampanna ke artha meM AyA hai| jaisA ki kahA gayA hai : pramAda mithyAtvakaSAyadoSA dArAd gataH sadguNarAzimAptaH / buddhaH pareSAM pratibodhako ya: tamAhurArya vibudhA gunnjnyaaH|| jo pramAda-dharma yA Atma-svabhAva ke prati anutsAha, mithyAtva, kaSAya Adi doSoM se rahita, aneka uttamottama guNoM se yukta, sthaya pratibuddha tathA dUsaroM ko pratibodha dene vAle haiM, unheM jJAnI aura guNI jana Aya' nAma se sambodhita karate haiN| Agama-vAGamaya meM Aya vizeSaNa prAya: sabhI mahApuruSoM ke nAma ke pahale prayukta hotA rahA hai| sthavira sudharmA kA dUsarA vizeSaNa sthavira hai, jo Aya kI bhAMti prAyaH sabhI uttama koTi ke zramaNoM ke nAma ke sAtha prayoga meM AtA rahA hai| yaha vizeSaNa cAritrika dRr3hatA, sthiratA aura nizcala bhAva kA dyotaka hai| sthavira svayaM to avicala bhAva se saMyama-rata hote hI haiM, auroM ko bhI usameM sudRr3ha banAye rakhane ke hetu prayatnazIla rahate haiN| mAnava meM, jaba taka vaha pUrNarUpeNa vikAsa nahIM kara pAtA, aneka durvalatAe samaya-samaya para ubharatI rahatI haiN| unake kAraNa sAdhanA-nirata vyakti bhI apane svIkRta patha se kabhI-kabhI vicalita hone lagate haiN| usa samaya kisI prabala, praur3ha evaM udAtta vyaktitva ke dhanI mahAn zramaNa dvArA dI gayI preraNA unake liye DUbate ko tinake kA sahArA siddha hotI hai| yaha kArya sthavira kA hai| 1. prajJApanA, pada 1; sthAnAMga, sthA0 4, uddezaka 2; dazavakAlika, adhyayana 6, AcArAMga, 1.5.2, vyavahAra, uddezaka 1; vRhatkalpa, 1 2. prajJApanopAMgam, pUrvArddham, pada 1, 34-35 2010_05

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332] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [khaNDa : 2 isI garimA ke kAraNa isakA AcAya', upAdhyAya jaise padoM para AsIna puruSoM ke liye bhI vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prayoga hotA rahA hai / prana jAti-sampanna : kula-sampanna Aya sudharmA kA mAtR-pakSa aura pitR-pakSa uttama thA, jo unake jAti-sampanna tathA kula-sampanna vizeSaNoM se prakaTa hotA hai| yahAM kula aura jAti zabda eka viziSTa pAribhASika artha meM prayukta hue haiN| jaisA ki kahA gayA hai : kulaM peiyaM mAiyA jAI arthAt pitRvaMza kula tathA mAtRvaMza jAti kahA jAtA hai| Age cala kara ina donoM zabdoM ke artha parivartita ho gaye, jise bhASA-vajJAnika dRSTi se artha-vistAra kahA jA sakatA hai| ___ jo mahAn aura prazasta vyaktitva ke dhanI hote haiM, unameM sabhI prakAra kI vizeSatAe hotI haiN| daihika suSThatA, dRr3hatA evaM sabalatA bhI unameM hotI hai, para, ina sabakA upayoga Atma-pariSkAra tathA antavijaya meM hotA hai| Arya sudharmA meM yaha saba thaa| eka vizeSa sabala, sudRr3ha zarIra-saMhanana ke dhAraka hone ke kAraNa ve daihika zakti-sampanna the| ghora tapa evaM sAdhanA-sambandhI aise aneka upakrama haiM, jo atyanta dRr3ha deha-saMhanana yA zArIrika gaThana ke binA sadha nahIM paate| vinaya-lAghavAdi sampanna vizeSaNa-krama ke madhya kahA gayA hai ki sudharmA vinaya, zAna, darzana, cAritra tathA lAghavasampanna the| lAghava zabda laghu se banA hai| laghu zabda ke do artha haiM-choTA tathA halkA / halkApana do prakAra kA hai-pAdArthika aura bhAvAtmaka / padArthoM yA vastuoM kI dRSTi se eka jaina zramaNa hone ke nAte Aya sudharmA bahuta kama upadhi yA upakaraNa rakhate the; ataeva ve laghu yA halke the| bhAvAtmaka dRSTi se ve gavaM, ahaMkAra yA abhimAna kA tyAga kara cuke the; ata: halke the| donoM hI dRSTiyoM se yaha vizeSaNa una para lAgU hotA thaa| ojasvI : tejasvI : varcasvI : yazasvI Aya sudharmA ojasvI, tejasvI, varcasvI, yazasvI the| tapa Adi ke kAraNa vyaktitva meM jo eka prabhAvapUrNa AbhA nikhara uThatI hai, use oja zabda se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai / Antarika aura bAhya tapa se vyakti meM jo dIptatA hotI hai, use teja kahate haiN| jaina pAribhASika dRSTi se tejasvI kA artha tejolezyA (vizeSa yaugika zaktiyAM ) Adi se yukta bhI ho sakatA hai| labdhiyoM yA vizeSa prakAra kI yaugika abhisiddhiyoM dvArA vyakti meM jo prabhAva-pravaNatA utpanna hotI hai, use varSa svitA kahA gayA hai| varcasvI ke lie mUla 1. laghobhaviH-lAghavam ____ 2010_05

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Ai ( a mAgadhI prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 333 -- vacasI AyA hai, pAThAntara meM usake sthAna para vaya sI bhI AyA hai, - vacanavAn -- Adaya, hitAvaha aura niravadya nirdoSa - niSpApa vacana bolane vAlA hotA hai / yazasvI vizeSaNa kA Azaya yaha hai ki utkRSTha sAdhaka ko yadyapi jA bhI yaza kI kAmanA nahIM hotI, para unakI ugra tapaHzIlatA, kaThora saMyama-caryA, titikSAmaya jIvana-paddhati, jJAna aura anubhUti kI divyatA Adi vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa svataH unakA yaza sarvatra prasphuTita hone lagatA hai / Aya sudharmA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke paTTadhara the / uttamottama guNoM se ve alaMkRta the; ataH sarvatra unakI khyAti, yaza aura prazasti kA prasRta honA svAbhAvika thA / isI apekSA se unake lie yazasvI vizeSaNa kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / krodhAdi vijetA AryaM sudharmA krodha, ahaMkAra, mAyA, pravaMcanA, indriya, nidrA tathA pariSahoM ko jIta cuke the / jIne kI AzA yA kAmanA tathA mRtyu kI bhIti se ve chUTa cuke the / tapa unake jIvana kA pradhAna aMga thA / ve guNoM se vibhUSita - suzobhita the| yahAM prayukta guNa zabda sayamamUlaka guNoM ke artha meM hai / ise isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai ki tapa dvArA pUrva sacita karmoM ke nirjaraNa tathA saMyama yA saMvara ke dvArA naye karmoM ke baMdhana kA nirodha karate hue ve apane pAvana patha para gatizIla the / AryaM sudharmA zAstra varNita piNDa vizuddha Adi uttara guNa rUpa karaNa, mahAvrata Adi mUla guNa rUpa karaNa meM satata jAgarUka the / ve indriya aura mana kA nigraha kara cuke the / jIva, ajIva Adi tatvoM ke jJAna meM unake nizcayAtmakatA thI arthAt unakA tatva jJAna sandeha - varjita thA / unameM svabhAvataH RjutA, mRdutA, nirabhimAnitA, kSamAzIlatA - sahiSNutA, gupti - akuzala mana, vANI aura kAya kA nivartanamana, vacana aura deha kI akuzala-azubha pravRttiyoM se nivRtti, nirlabhatA Adi udAtta guNa the / ve vidvAna the, mantravit the / brahmacArI -- brahma-AtmA meM caraNazola the| bhASA aura sAhitya ] arddhamAgadhI pATha jo jisakA artha vacasvI veda - pradhAna veda kA sAmAnya artha jJAna hai / jisase jIva, ajIva Adi kA svarUpa jAnA jAtA hai, use veda kahA jA sakatA hai| yahAM veda kA Azaya jaina Agama vAGamaya se hai / prastuta prasaMga meM veda kA dUsarA artha sva-siddhAntoM aura para-siddhAntoM kA jJAna hai / Aye sudharmA veda-pradhAna arthAt Agama- pradhAna, naya pradhAna, niyama-pradhAna tathA satya - pradhAna the / ve zaucazucitA - Antarika zuddhi se vizeSataH yukta the / ve jJAna, darzana aura cAritra se bhUSitavirAjita the / udAra : ghora Aya sudharmA udAra the| 2010_05 krodha Adi ko jIta lene ke kAraNa unake jIvana meM udAratA

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334] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa :2 evaM prazastatA parivyApta thii| udAra ke bAda dUsarA vizeSaNa ghora hai| jina tapoM ke AcaraNa meM bahuta kaThinAI holI hai, unakA sahajatayA AcaraNa karane ke kAraNa Arya sudharmA ghora kahe gaye haiN| ghora kA artha yahA~ bhayAnaka yA DarAdhanA nahIM hai| kyoMki Aya sudharmA to atyanta udAra, sarala aura komala vRttiyoM ke dhanI the| unameM kaThoratA yA ghoratA kaise ho sakatI thI? svakalpa-AtmabalI jina vratoM aura tapazcaryAoM ko bar3I kaThinAI se sAdha sakate the, Aya' sudharmA atyanta sahaja bhAva se unakA paripAlana karate jAne ke kAraNa isa vizeSaNa se vizeSita kiye gaye haiN| isI prakAra ghora tapasthI zabda bhI unake lie prayukta huA hai| ghora brahmacaryavAsI ___ Aya sudharmA kI brahmacarya-sAdhanA parama uccakoTi kI thI; ataH unheM ghora brahmacaya:vAsI-utkaTa brahmacArI kahA hai| apane deha ke prati ve sarvathA anAsakta the| unake lie apanA deha utkSipta yA parityakta jaisA thaa| unako tejolezyA jaisI vipula - vizAla aura dudhara siddhiyAM prApta thIM, para, unakA prayoga karanA to dUra, ve unheM samyaktayA saMgopita kiye rahate the| yadi aisA na hotA, to atitejastapta, prakhara sUrya' kI taraha unakI ora dekhanA kaThina ho jaataa| ve mati, zruta, avadhi aura manaHpaya va rUpa jJAna-catuSTaya tathA caturdaza pUrSoM ke dhAraka the| Avazyaka niyukti meM Arya sudharmA ko sabhI labdhiyoM se yukta kahA gayA hai| unakA dehika gaThana vaja-RSabha-nArAca saMhanana tathA samacaturasra saMsthAna maya thaa| 1. mAsaM pAovagayA savve'vi ya svvlddhisNpnnaa| vajjariMsahasaMghayaNA samacaurasA ya saMThANe // -Avazyaka-niyukti, gAthA 656 2. saMhananam-asthisaMcayavizeSaH, vajAdInAM lakSaNamidam-risaho ya hoi paTTo vajjaM puNa koliyaM viyANAhi / ubhaau makkaDabaMdho nArAyaM taM viyANA hi // ti tatra vajaM ca tat kIlikA-kIlita-kASThasaMpuTopamaM sAmarthyayuktatvAt, RSabhazca lauhAdimayapaTTabaddha kASThasaMpuTopama: sAmarthyAnvitatvAt, varSamaH, sa cAsau nArAcaM ca ubhayato markaTabandhanibaddhakASTha saMpuTopamaM sAmarthyopaitatvAt, varSabhanArAcam, tat sNhnnm-asthisNcyvishesso'nuttmsaamrthyyogaat| -bhagavatI, zataka 1, praznotthAna, pR. 34 3. nAbherupari adhazca sakalapuruSalakSaNopetAvayavatayA tulyam / tatva ca tat caturasra ca pradhAnaM samacaturasram / athavA samAH zaroralakSaNoktapramANa visaMvAdinyazcatasro'strayo yasya tat samacaturastram, astrayastviha caturdigvibhAgopalakSitAH zarIrAvayavA iti / anye tvAHsamA anyUnAdhikAzcatasro'pi atrayo yatra tat samacaturasram / atrayazca paryakAsanopaviSTasya jAnunorantaram, Asanasya lalATopari bhAgasya cAntaram, dakSiNaskandhasya vAmajAnunazcAntaram, vAmaskandhasya dakSiNajAnunazcAntaram / -vahI, pR0 34 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (addhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 335 jaisA ki yathAprasaMga igita kiyA gayA hai, dehika dRr3hatA kA bhI ugra tapa sAdhane evaM ghoga pariSaha sahane meM apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / yadyapi vahAM mukhya AdhAra to Atma-bala hI hotA hai, para, atyadhika pratikUla bhautika sthitiyoM-zIta, tApa, vRSTi Adi prabala prahAra sAghAta bhAdi sahane meM deha-saMhanana bhI sahAyaka hotA hai| saMskArI mahAn puruSoM ko pUrvAjita puNyAtmaka karmoM ke phalasvarUpa sahaja hI daihika zaktimattA, sugaThitatA tathA paripUrNatA prApta hotI hai| Arya sudharmA meM svabhAvataH ye saba vizeSatAe vidyamAna thiiN| kevalI aura paTTadhara kevalI paTTAsIna nahIM hote; ataH sahaja hI prazna upasthita hotA hai, jaba AyaM sudharmA ko kevala jJAna prApta ho gayA, to unakI kyA sthiti rahI ? jaba kevalI paTTadhara, saMgha-nAyaka yA AcArya kA pada svIkAra nahIM karate, to kevalI hone para phira ve paTTAsIna kaise rahate ? kevalI dvArA saMghAdhipati yA paTTadhara kA pada svIkAra kiyA jAnA aura saMghAdhipati rahate hue unheM kevala-jJAna prApta honA; ye do bhinna sthitiyAM haiN| pahalI sthiti meM saMghanAyaka yA AcArya hone meM jo bAdhA hai, vaha dUsarI sthiti meM nahIM hotii| kevalI ke paTTa para kevalI AsIna hoM, to dvAdazAMga rUpa jJAna kA paramparA prApta zRMkhalAgata srota yathAvat nahIM raha paataa| kyoMki paTTAsIna nava kevalI dvArA udghoSyamAna dezanA svayaM jJAta aura dRSTa sAkSAt-pratyakSa jJAna ke AdhAra para usI bhASA meM hotI hai| Aya' sudharmA kA bAraha varSa kA jo asarvajJatva-kAla thA, aisA mAnanA bahuta saMgata pratIta hotA hai ki ve taba taka apane antevAsI Arya' jambU ko sampUrNarUpeNa dvAdazAMgI kA jJAna de cuke hoN| dharma kI sAmAnya dezanA ujAgara karane meM kabhI kisI prakAra kA avarodha utpanna hotA nhiiN| sarvajJatA yA kaivalya adhigata karane ke pazcAt bhagavAn sudharmA janapada-vihAra karate hue apane vacanAmRta se jana-jana ko dharma kA divya sandeza dete rahe, jisa aura Agama-vAGamaya meM sthAnasthAna para saMketa prApta hote haiM / nirvANa nirvANa se pUrva Aya sudharmA eka mAsa taka pAdopagamana AmaraNa anazana meM rhe| niyuktikAra ne sabho gaNadharoM ke lie isI prakAra ke antima tapa kA ullekha kiyA hai| jahAM yAvajjIvana cAroM prakAra ke AhAra kA tyAga kara diyA jAtA hai, vaha caturvidha 1. mAsaM pAovagayA savve'pi ya svvlddhisNpnnaa| vajjarisahasaMghayaNA samacauraMsA ya sNddhaanne|| -Avazyaka-niryakti, gAthA 656 2010_05

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mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 AhAra'-tyAgajanita (AmaraNa) anazana hai| usakA eka bheda pAovagamaNa-pAdopagamana hai| niyuktikAra dvArA prayukta pAovagaya zabda isI se sambaddha hai| jambUdvIpaprajJapti sUtra meM bharata cakravartI ke dharNana-prasaMga meM prayukta isI zabda kA vivecana karate hue vRttikAra zAnti candra ne likhA hai : "pAda kA artha vRkSa kA jamIna meM gar3A huA jar3a kA bhAga hai| usakI taraha jisa ( gRhIta-anazana ) vyakti kI aprakampa sthiti hotI hai, use pAdopagata kahA jAtA pAdopagamana ke sthAna para kucha granthoM meM pAdapogamana mAna kara vyAkhyA kI gayI hai, jinakA sArAMza hai : "AmaraNa-anazana-prApta sAdhaka, jisameM pAdapa-vRkSa kI taraha parispandanakampana Adi se sapaMthA rahita ho jAtA hai, vaha pAdapopagamana anazana kahA jAtA hai|" isa anazana meM sAdhaka kI sarvathA nizcala sthiti hotI hai| anazana svIkAra karate samaya vaha pITha ke bala sIdhA leTa jAtA hai| jarA bhI hilatA-DulatA nhiiN| vaha jIvana bhara usI avasthA meM rahane ko dRr3hapratiza hotA hai| usake acaMcala yA kampana rahita avasthAna kA bodha karAne ke lie pAda yA pAdapa kI upamA dI gaI hai| usI ke AdhAra para usakA nAmakaraNa huA hai| pAdapa sthiratA yA aprakampAvasthA kA pratIka hai| usakI zAkhAoM, TahaniyoM Adi meM jo halacala dikhAI detI hai, vaha usakI apanI nahIM hai| vaha pacana Adi ke kAraNa hai| usI prakAra pAdapopagata-anazana-prApta vyakti apane kisI bhI aMga-upAMga ko apano ora se jarA bhI hilane Dulane nahIM detaa| kisI anya vyakti athavA vastu ke kAraNa sA ho jAnA anya bAta hai| 1 cauvihe AhAre paNNate, taM jahA-asaNe, pANe, khAime, saaime| -sthAnAMga sUtra, sthAna 4 azanaM maNDakauvanAdi, pAnaM caiva drAkSApAnAdi khAdimaM phalAdi, svAdimaM guDAdi-eSa AhAravidhizcaturvidho bhvti|| -abhidhAnarAjendra, bhAga 2, pR0 524 2. pAdo vRkSasya bhUgato mUlabhAgaH, tasyeva aprakampatayA upagatam-avasthAnaM yasya sa tathA / -jambUdvIpaprajJapti, vakSaskAra 3, sUtra 70 vRtti 3. (ka) pAdapo vRkSaH, upazabdazcopameyo pi sAdRzye pi dRzyate / tatazca pAdapamupagacchati sAdRzyena prApnotIti pAdapopagamanam paadpvnnishcle| -dharmasaMgraha saTIka, adhikAra 3 (kha) sarvathA parispandavarjite caturvidhAhAratyAganiSpanne nazanabhede / -paMcAzaka TIkA, vivaraNa 16 (ga) pAvapasyevopagamanamaspanvatayA vasthAnaM pAvapopagamanam / -magavatI sUtra, zataka 25, uddezaka 7 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] ArSa (ardhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura mAgama vAGamaya [337 jambUdvIpa-prApti ke vRttikAza zAnticandra ne pAdapa kI upamA ke bajAya jo pAda kI bhUmigata jar3a kI upamA dI hai, vaha syAt adhika saMgata hai| acaMcala, sthira tathA nizcala dazA vyakta karane meM jar3a adhika upayukta hai| bhUmi meM gar3e rahane se dUsare aise nimitta sAdhAraNatayA nahIM milate, jo use hilAe DulAe, jabaki vRkSa ke hilate-julate rahane ke barAbara prasaMga banate rahate haiN| pAdopagata AmaraNa anazana prApta sAdhaka ke hilane Dulane ke prasaMga prAyaH nahIM banate, bahuta kama banate haiN| dUsare loga bhI prAyaH dhyAna rakhate haiM tathA yathAprasaMga usake sAtha aisA kucha nahIM karate, jisase usakI avicala dazA bAdhita ho| Arya sudharmA ne eka dIrgha, pavitra aura saphala jIvana jIte hue zapta varSIya Ayu meM jIvana kA carama sAdhya, jise sAdhane ke lie ve sarvasva tyAga kara sAdhanA ke pAvana patha para cala par3e the, prApta kiyaa| unakA nirvANa magadha kI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha meM huaa|' upasaMhAra Arya sudharmA kA janma I. pU. 607 meM huaa| indrabhUti gautama kA bhI janma isI varSa mAnA jAtA hai| sudharmA 50 varSa kI Ayu taka gRhastha-paryAya meM rhe| 30 varSa taka sAdhuparyAya meM rahe / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa aura gautama ke kevalI hone para gautama ke jIvanakAla meM ve 12 varSa asajJa rUpa meM saMgha ke adhinAyaka rhe| jisa dina gautama kA nirvANa humA, sudharmA ko kevala-jJAna prApta humA / unakA ATha varSa kA kevali kAla hai; ataH isa avadhi meM kevalI ke rUpa meM saMgha-nAyaka rhe| . isa prakAra 50 varSa gRhastha jIvana +30 varSa sAdhu-jIvana +12 varSa asa rUpa meM saMghapradhAna tathA +8 varSa sarvajJa rUpa meM saMgha-pradhAna = kula 100 varSa kA SayomAna hotA hai| digambara-paramparA isase kucha bhinna hai| vahAM inakA kevali-kAla bAraha varSa kA mAnA jAtA hai| jambUsAmicariu ke racayitA ghora kadhi (11 vIM zatI) ne sudharmA ke 18 varSa taka kevalI ke rUpa meM rahane kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo digambara tathA zvetAmbara donoM paramparAoM ke viruddha hai| ho sakatA hai, vIra kadhi ke sAmane koI aisI paTTAvatI yahI ho, para vartamAna meM isa prakAra kA koI pramANa prApta nahIM hai / Arya khambU bhAyaM jambU isa yuga ke antima kevalI the| ve bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAkSAt ziSya mArya 1. parinivvuyA gaNaharA jIvaMte nAyae nava jaNA u| idamUI suhammo a rAyagihe nivvue viire| -Avazyaka-niryakti. gAthA 658 2010_05

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338 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 sudharmA ke antevAsI the / arddhamAgadhI Agama vAGamaya ke aba taka cale jAne vAle srota kA bahuta kucha zreya AyaM jambU ko hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne tripadI ke rUpa meM dharma dezanA dI / gaNadharoM dvArA sUtrAtmakatayA usakA grathana huA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne prAsaMgika rUpa meM apane nikaTatama antevAsI gaNadhara gautama Adi dvArA kiye gaye praznoM ke uttara rUpa meM bhI tatva vyAkhyAta kiyA / sAmaSTikarUpeNa yahI saba milA kara dvAdazAMgoM kA kalevara hai / parama jijJAsu bhagavAn mahAvIra ke anantara Agama vAGamaya ke uttaravartI mAdhyama gaNadhara sudharmA the / unake ananya annevAsI Arya jambU parama jijJAsu evaM mumukSu the / unake mAnasa meM jijJAsAe ubharatIM / ve apane zraddhAspada evaM pUjanIya guru Arya sudharmA ke samakSa unheM upasthita karate / sudharmA unakA samAdhAna dete / apanI ora se nahIM, jaisA unheM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vANI ke rUpa meM prApta thA, prAyaH vaisA kathana karate / isI prakAra kabhI bhagavAn ke prathama gaNadhara Aya gautama jijJAsu bhAva lie apane ArAdhya se pUchA karate the / anya gaNadhara yA jizAsu upA saka jana bhI pUchate / bhagavAn una sabakA samAdhAna karate / kucha apRSTa, para apekSita tathya bhI bhagavAn pratipAdita karate / inhIM saba kA Akalana zruta kI apratima nidhi ke rUpa meM jur3atA gyaa| AyaM sudharmA apane antevAsI jambU ko jaba uttara dete, to yaha Apta srota mukhyataH unakA AdhAra rahatA / jaina Agama vAGamaya ke aba taka jIvita rahane kA yaha eka puSTa AdhAra hai | AryaM jambU ke prazna, Aya sudharmA dvArA vivecana - zruta surasarI kA isa prakAra uttarottara saMprasAra, yaha jo sadhA, sacamuca jaina itihAsa kI eka avismaraNIya ghaTanA hai, jo AtI saMskRti ke vikAsa tathA vistAra kA mUla hai / praznottara - krama praznottara-krama kA manojJa rUpa prastuta karane ke liye nAyA dhammakahAo ke prArambha kA kucha aMza mananIya hai : "usa samaya bhAya sudharmA anagAra ke jyeSTha ziSya kAzyapagotrotpanna Arya jambU apane guru ke na bahuta dUra na bahuta samIpa, UrdhvaM jAnu, pravata mastaka, dharma-dhyAna va zukla dhyAna rUpI koSTha meM avasthita, saMyama aura tapasyA se apane ko pratibhAvita karate hue upasthita the / unako zraddhA, saMzaya aura kutUhala utpanna huA / ve utthe| jahAM AyaM sudharmA the, Aye / unheM tIna bAra AdakSiNA pradakSiNA kara vandana aura namana kiyaa| Arya sudharmA kena ati asanna - samIpa, na ati dUra, zuzrUSA se sammukha hote hue, aMjalipuTa kiye huedonoM jur3e hue hAthoM para lalATa rakhe hue, vinaya-pUrvaka abhyarthanA karate hue bole- bhagavAn ! zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra.... pAMcaveM (vyAkhyAprajJapti bhagavatI) aMga kA yaha arthaM vyAkhyAta kiyA, as rGga jJAtRdharmakathA (NAyadhammakahAo ) kA kyA artha hai ? kRpayA batalAie / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] Aye (mAgadhI prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya Arya sthavira sudharmA jambU ko sambodhana karate hue kahane lage ...]1 jambU dvArA pUche gaye prazna pUchane kI vidhi Adi se yaha prakaTa hai ki ve AcArya ke prati kitane zraddhAlu, bhaktizIla aura vinayAvanata the / jijJAsu ziSya kisa prakAra zraddhA, sammAna aura vinayapUrvaka apanI jijJAsA guru ke sammukha upasthita kare, prastuta prasaMga meM isakI gauravapUrNa jhalaka hai / Aye jambU ke hRdaya meM Aye sudharmA ke prati apratima zraddhA thI / AcArya se unheM satya kA Aloka prApta hogA, unakA aisA dRr3ha vizvAsa thA / jAyasaDDe vizeSaNa isI Azaya ko vyakta karatA hai / unakA prazna krama zraddhAnusyUta ho Age bar3hatA hai / unheM jo viSaya spaSTa karane haiM, unake sambandha meM unameM adagra jijJAsA kA bhAva ubharatA hai, jise sUtra meM jAyasa sae pada dvArA prakaTa kiyA gayA hai / yaha pada vAstava meM tatva sambandhI AsthA ke viSaya meM sandeha kA sUcaka nahIM hai / jambU artha kA vizeSa vizadIkaraNa yA sApaSTya cAhate haiM, attaeva jAtasaMsae pada vyavahRta huA hai / vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatI sUtra ) meM bhagavAn mahAvIra se gaNadhara gautama dvArA pUche gaye prazna ke sandarbha meM unake vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prayukta isI ( jAyasaMsae) pada kI vyAkhyA karate hue navAMgI TIkAkAra AcArya abhayadeva sUri likhate haiM: "tathA jAtaH saMzayo yasya sa jAtasaMzayaH, saMzayazcAnavadhAritArtha jJAnam, sa caivaM tasya bhagavato jAtaH / bhagavatA hi mahAvIreNa 'calamANe calie' ityAdau sUtre calan arthazcalito nirdiSTaH / tatra sa eva calan sa eva calita ityuktaH, tatazcaikArthaviSayAvetau nirdezau - calan iti ca vartamAnakAlaviSaya:, calita iti cAtItakAlaviSayaH / ato na saMzayaH - kathaM nAma yaH svArtho vartamAnaH, 1. teNa kAleNaM teNaM samaeNaM ajjasuhammassa aNagArassa jeTTha aMtevAsI ajjajaMbU nAmaM aNagAre kAsavagottaNaM jAba sattusse he ajjasuhammassa therassa adUrasAMbhate uDDhajANU ahausire jhANakoTThagae saMjameNaM tavasA appANaM bhAvemANe viharai / tae NaM se ajja jaMbU nAme jAyasaDDhe jAyasaMsae jAyako uhale saMjAya saDDhe saMjAyasaMsae saMjAyako uhale utpannasaDDhe uppannasaMsae uSpannako uhale samuppanna saDDhe samuppannasaMsae samuppannako uhale uTThAe, udvittA jemeva ajja hamme there teNAmeva uvAgaccha i, uvAgacchittA ajjasuhamme there tiSakhutto AyAhiNaM payAhiNaM karei baMdas namasai, vaMdittA namasittA ajja suhammaTsa therassa taccAsanne nAi dUre sussusamANe namasamANe abhimuhe paMjaliuDe viNaeNaM pajjuvAsamANe evaM evaM vayAsI - jai NaM bhaMte ! samaNoNaM bhagavayA mahAvIreNaM - paMcamasta aMgassa ayamaTTa pannatta, chaTussa NaM bhaMte! nAyAdhammakahANaM ke aTThe panno ? jaMbU tti ajjasuhamme there ajjajaMbUna mANaM aNagAraM evaM bayAsI / 2010_05 [ 339 -nAyAghammakahAo, adhyayana 1.6

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340 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana sa evAtIto bhavati ?" jo jJAna yathAvat adhadhArita nahIM hai arthAta yathArtharUpeNa jisakI dhAraNA nahIM hai, prAcArya abhayadeva sUri ke anusAra yaha yahAM saMzaya kahA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita calamANe calie kA udAharaNa dete hue AcArya abhayadeva sUri ne batalAyA hai ki 'calana' vartamAna kAla kA sUcaka hai aura calitaH atIta kaa| donoM eka kaise ho sakate haiM ? isa prakAra jo jijJAsA hotI hai, saMzaya kA abhiprAya usI se hai| isa prasaMga ko itanA spaSTa karane kA tAtparya yaha hai, Arya jambU vAstava meM sandigdhacetA nahIM the, ve utkaTa jijJAsu the| jAyakouhale vizeSaNa se yaha spaSTatayA vyakta hotA hai| kutUhala kA Azaya autsukya hai, vAstava meM utsukatA jijJAsu dhyakti ko hI hotI hai| saMzayagrasta vyakti viparIta dhAraNA banA letA hai| aisA hone para utsukatA kA bhASa mana se nikala khAtA hai| mAya jambU nAyAdhammakahAno ke ukta prasaMga meM jisa prakAra prazna karate haiM, prAyaH anyatra bhI ve lagabhaga usI zailI se prazna karate pAye jAte haiN| zabdAvalI meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM hai| prazna-krama kA eka anya rUpa sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM Arya jambU dvArA AyaM sudharmA se prazna kiye jAne kA eka aura prakAra prApta hotA hai / Arya jambU kahate haiM : pucchissu NaM samaNA mAhaNA ya, agAriNo ya paratityiA y| se kei gaMtahiyaM dhammamAhu, aNe lisaM sAhu smikkhyaae|| kahaM ca gANaM kaha saNaM se, sIlaM kahaM nAyasutassa aasi| jANAsi gaM bhikkhu jahAtaheNaM, ahAsuhaM bUhi jahA NisaMtaM // -zramaNa, brAhmaNa, gRhastha tathA anya tIrthI-anya sampradAyAnuyAyI mujha se pUchate haiM ki ekAnta rUpa se prANiyoM kA hita karane vAle dharma kA samyaktayA AkhyAna kisane kiyA ? 1. vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra, 1.1. praznotthAna 2. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1.6.1,2 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddha mAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [341 ve pUchate haiM ki jJAtaputra bhagavAn mahAvIya kA jJAna, darzana aura zola kaisA thA ? he bhikSo ! Apa ise yathAvat jAnate haiM / jaisA Apane sunA hai, tadanusAra btlaae| . ukta prasaMga se yaha spaSTa hai ki Arya jambU AyaM sudharmA ke mukhya ziSya the| isalie jijJAsu vyakti kabhI-kabhI sIdhe prazna pUcha lete the| uparyukta gAthAoM meM isI prakAra kA ullekha hai / jijJAsu zramaNoM, brAhmaNoM, gRhasthoM tathA uttara dharmAvalambI janoM ne unase jo jAnanA cAhA, vaha koI aisA viSaya nahIM jAna par3atA, jise AyaM jambU na jAnate hoN| para jambU sodhA apanI ora se uttara nahIM dete| ve zruta-srota ko paramparA kA nirvAha karate haiN| phalataH apane ArAdhya guruvaya sudharmA se pUchate haiM / isase unakA yaha abhiprAya spaSTa anumeya hai ki tothakarAnuprANita tathA gaNavarAnuprathita, zRMkhalAnugata zruta-srota avicchinna yA avyavahita rUpa se jana-jana taka phuNce| sUtrakRtAMga sUtra meM Arya sudharmA dvArA svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUche jAne kA ullekha hai| yaha prasaMga isa prakAra hai : pucchissa haM kevaliyaM mahesiM, kahaM mitAvA pAragA puratyA / ajANo me muNi bUhi jANaM, kahaM nu bAlA narayaM uviti // eva mae puDhe mahANubhAve, iNamobaNI kAsave Asupanne / pavedaissaM duhamadugNaM, AdoNiyaM dukkaDiyaM puratthA // 1 -Arya sudharmA kahate haiM, maiMne prApta-kavalya mahAmuni bhagavAna mahAvIra se pUchA ki naraka meM prANI kisa prakAra abhitapta hote haiM ? bAla-jJAna-gahita prANI kina-kina kAraNoM se naeka upAta karate haiM / prabho ! maiM nahIM jAnatA, Apa jAnate haiM, batalAe / mere dvArA isa prakAra pUche jAne para mahAn prabhAvazIla, kAzyapagotrotpanna, AzuprAjJa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne isa prakAra kahA-jo duHpUrNa hai, jo artha-durga-chadmasthoM yA asarvajJoM ke lie jisakA artha-yathAtathya durgama hai, jo dona-pApI-kaSTapUrNa jIvoM se parivyApta hai, jo duSkRtika hai-jahAM duSkarmoM kA phala bhoga hotA hai, usa (naraka) ke svarUpa kA AkhyAna kruuNgaa| isa prasaMga se yaha spaSTa hai ki Arya sudhamA bho jammU se jo kahanA cAhate haiM, vaha pArasparika srotAnugata ho, isa ora ve pUrNatayA jAgarUA pratIta hote haiN| bhagavAn se maiMne pUchA, 1. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1.5.1.1,2 2010_05

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342 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa :2 ve bole-ye zabda Arya sudharmA kA vivakSita viSaya para bhagavad-vANI ko yathAvat rUpa meM prastuta karane kA mAnasa sUcita karate haiM / mAyaM sudharmA jo kahate haiM, "ajANao meM muNi bUhi jANaM"-maiM ajJAtA hUM, mApa jJAtA hai, batalAe-vaha una (Aya sudharmA ke) asIma dhinaya, saralatA, zraddhA aura bhASa-pravaNatA kA dyotaka hai| atyanta unnata jJAna ke dhanI, mahanIya gaNadhara-pada ke adhikArI Arya sudharmA naraka ke duHkhoM aura kAraNoM ke sambandha meM nahIM jAnate the, yaha kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? yaha sarvathA upapanna hai ki ve jAnate-bUjhate bhI tIrthakara ke mukha se sAkSAt jJAta, dRSTa, anubhUta vANI sunanA cAhate rahe hoM aura unhIM ke yathAvat zabdoM meM kahanA bhii| jana darzana meM pramANa ke do bheda mAne gaye haiM-pratyakSa aura parokSa / jo jJAna indiyasApekSa aura mana-sApekSa na hokara ekamAtra Atma-sApekSa hotA hai, vaha pratyakSa hai| yaha sampUrNa rUpa meM kevala kevalI yA sarvajJa ke hotA hai| kyoMki unake jJAnAvaraNIya karma paripUrNarUpa meM kSINa ho cukate haiN| manaHparyavajJAnI aura avadhijJAno ke vaha (zAnAvaraNIya) aMzataH kSINa hotA hai arthAt unakA jJAna bho sodhA Ama-sApekSa hotA hai, parantu (AMzikatayA jJAnAparapIya kamai ke kSaya ke kAraNa) vaha sobhita hotA hai| isake atirikta mana aura indriya ke mAdhyama se jo jAnA jAtA hai, tatvataH vaha pratyakSa nahIM, parokSa hai / vyavahAra kI bhASA meM use pratyakSa kahA jAtA hai| isIlie jaina neyAyikoM ne use sakhyAvahArika pratyakSa ko saMjJA dI hai| taba taka Arya suvarmA ke jJAtAvaraNIya karma kA sarvathA vilaya yA sampUrNatayA kSaya nahIM ho pAyA thaa| ve sarvajJa nahIM hue the; ata: sAtA kI apekSA se unakA jJAna aparipUrNa thaa| syAt isa apekSA se unhoMne nArakIya duHkhoM ke na jAnane kI carcA kI ho / jaisA bhI ho, yahAM mukhya abhiprAya jJAna ko niSyavadhAna-dhArA yathAvat pravahaNazIla banAye rakhane kA jJAta hotA hai| AcAroga, samavAyAMga, sthAnAMga, vyAkhyA-prApti Adi aMga-sUtroM meM AyaM sudharmA dvArA vivakSita viSaya kA vivecana prAyaH nimnAMkita zabdAvalI kI pRbhUmi ke sAtha kiyA jAtA rahA hai : surya me aausN| teNa bhagavayA samasvayaM / arthAta AyuSaman / jesA maiMne sunA hai, bhagavAn mahAvIra ne (prasaMgopAta viSaya kA) isa prakAra AkhyAna -pratipAdana kiyA hai| isa Azaya ke bhASA-prayogoM se spaSTa hai ki Agama-bhrata kI paramparAnusyUti banAye rakhane ko ora vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAtA rahA hai / jambU ke sambandha meM ullekha upayukta praznanotara-sambandhI prasaMgoM ke atirikta paricayAtmaka dRSTi se kalpasUtra meM 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya | ArSa (arddha mAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 343 nirUpita sthavirAdhalI meM AyaM jambU ke sambandha meM itanA-sA ullekha hai : therassa NaM ajjasuhammassa aggivesAyaNa guttassa ajjajavunAmathere atevAsI kAmavagutteNa arthAt agnivaizyana gotrotpanna, sthavira AyaM sudharmA ke kAzyapagotrotpanna Arya jambU nAmaka sthavira antevAsI the| nando sUtra meM sthavirAvalo ke varNana ke antargata AyaM jambU kA Aya sudharmA ke paTTadhara ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai : suhammaM aggivesANaM, jambU nAmaM ca kAsavaM / / yaha stutyAtmaka racanA hai / isa gAthA, meM Arya sudharmA aura Arya jambU kA dvitIyA vibhaktyanta prayoga hai| gAthA ke uttarArdha meM cande pada AyA hai, jo inake sAtha bhI yojanIya hai| . Arya jambU ke sambandha meM aGga, upAMga tathA tatsambaddha Agama-vAGamaya meM Upara jo kucha kahA gayA hai, usase adhika varNana prApta nahIM hotaa| digambara-vAGamaya meM Aya jamba ke viSaya meM prAcInatama ullekha tiloyapaNNattI' meM hai| vahAM kevala nAmollekha mAtra hai| mohaka vyaktitva : kaviyoM aura lekhakoM kA AkarSaNa Arya jambU atyanta sundara, sukumAra, hRdya aura prazasta vyaktitva ke dhanI the| unakA daihika soSThadha bar3A AkarSaka thaa| choTI-sI Ayu meM aneka vidyAoM tathA kalAoM ke marmajJa the| paitRka paramparA se atula sampadA ke adhipati the| mAtA-pitA ke ikalaute putra the; isalie jo sneha evaM lAr3a-pyAra unhe milA, vaha kucha virale hI saubhAgyazAlI puruSoM ko prApta hotA hai / jambU kA jina ATha zreSThi-kanyAoM ke sAtha vivAha humA, ve anupama saundarya, prema aura sauhArda kI pratimUrti thiiN| jisake lie loga satRSNa bhAva se tarasate rahate haiM, aparizrAnta rUpa se aharniza udyama tathA prayatna karate haiM, vaha saba sampat, vaibhava, samRddhi jambU ko sahaja hI prApta thii| para, mumukSAnubhASita jambU ne ina sabakA anAyAsa hI parityAga kara diyaa| tInatama vairAgya aura utkRSTatama tyAga kA yaha eka aisA udAharaNa thA, jisakI samAnatA jagat meM bahuta kama mila sakatI hai / uddAma yauvana, aparimita 1. suhammaM aggivesANaM, jambU nAmaM ca kAsavaM / pabhavaM kaccAyaNaM vande, vaccha sijjaMbhavaM tahA // -nandIsUtra, sthavirAvalI, gAthA 25 2. tammi kadakammaNAse jaMbU sAmi ttikevalI jAdo / tasya vi siddhi pavaNNe kevaliNo Natyi aNubaddhA // -tiloyapaNNattI, 1477 2010_05

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344 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 bhogya vastueM ; yaha saba hote hue bhautika vAsanAoM, eSaNAoM aura abhisiddhiyoM kA asvIkAra, adhyAtma-arpita nitAnta nirapavAda sAdhaka dazA kA svIkAra - niHsandeha eka asAdhAraNa evaM AzcayaMkara ghaTanA thI / jambU ke isa parama punIta atyanta virala, sAhasa- saMvalita, Atma-sAdhanA kI amiTa lo se. uddIpta vyaktitva aneka kaviyoM, lekhakoM aura kathAkAroM ko AkRSTa aura prerita kiyA / phalataH Arya jambU ke jIvana para aneka bhASAoM va zailiyoM meM vipula sAhitya sarjita huA / unake jIvana se sambaddha dUsarI koTi kA sAhitya vaha hai, jahAM anya mahApuruSoM ke caritoM ke sAtha unakA caritra bhI samAviSTa hai / isa prakAra jambU jovana ke sambaddha aitihAsika tathyoM ke samAkalana ke lie sAhityika dRSTi se ukta do prakAra ke AdhAra prApta haiM / vasudeva- hiMDA upalabdha sAhitya meM vasudeva - hiMDI' sabase purAno racanA hai, jisameM Arya jambU kA bhI jovana vRttAnta varNita hai / vasudeva hiMDI ke racanAkAra zrI saMghadAsa gaNI haiN| unakA samaya vikrama kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / vasudeva hiMDI jaina mahArASTrI prAkRta kI sabase purAtana kRti hai / isake anantara jo Arya jaMbU viSayaka carita-sAhitya racA jAtA rahA, usakA mukhya AdhAra prAyaH yahI grantha yahA / isa grantha ke kathotpatti nAmaka prakaraNa Arya jambU kA itivRtta hai / Agama-vAGamaya ke pramukha saMvAhaka hone ke nAte yaha vAMchanIya hai ki Arya jambU ke casti se pAThaka avagata hoM; ataH yahAM vasudeva hiMDI ke anusAra sakSepa meM usakA sAtha upasthita hai / mAtA-pitA, janma, nivAsa vasudeva haMDIkA ne sarvaprathama magadha deza kI tathA usakI rAjadhAnI rAjagRha ko naisargika chaTA, vaibhava, jana-samudAya ke sampanna, samRddha evaM ullAsapUrNa jobana kA sajIva citra aMkita kiyA hai | vahAM ke rAjA zreNika kI mahattA, udAratA, vijigISutA aura yazasvitA kI carcA kI hai / zraNika kI paTarAnI cillaNA (callaNA) aura rAjakumAra koNika (ajAtaza ha) kA bhI yathAprasaMga ullekha kiyA hai / 1. prAkRta meM hiMDa dhAtu calane phirane yA paribhramaNa karane ke artha meM hai / ataH vasudeva hiMDI kA artha vasudeva (vAsudeva-kRSNa ke pitA) ke paribhramaNa - vRttAnta haiM / isa grantha meM vasudeva ke paribhramaNa yAtrAoM kA vizada varNana hai / ve ghara chor3akara ghUmane nikala jAte haiN| aneka varSoM taka paribhramaNa karate rahate haiN| aneka kanyAoM se unakA pariNaya hotA hai / ina saba vRntoM tathA natra nava anumatroM kA prastuta kRti meM karanA-raMjita sAhityika zailo meM varNana kiyA gayA hai / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 345 rAjagRha meM RSabhadatta nAmaka zreSThI thaa| usake pAsa usake pUrvajoM dvArA arjita pracura sampatti thI / vaha vinayavAn, vidvAn, kArya-kuzala, dayAvAn, satyapratijJa tathA dAnazIla thA / arhatu zAsana ( jaina dharma) meM usakA anurAga thA / usakI gRhaNI kA nAma dhAriNI thA / nirUpahata sphaTika maNi ke samAna usakA nirmala svabhAva thA / vaha zIlaalaMkRta thI / usane eka bAra sote hue addha' jAgRta avasthA meM pAMca svapna dekhe | uThI / ve svapna isa prakAra the : sadAcAra se vaha jAga 1. nighU agni 2. vikasita kamala, kumuda aura kucalaya samUha se suzobhita saroSaya / 3. phala-bhAga se jhukA huA dhAna kA kheta / 4. jo jala - vRSTi kara cuke haiM, aise bAdaloM ke samAna dhavala tathA apane samucchritaUrdhvakRta cAra dAMtoM se yukta gajarAja / 5. varNa, gandha tathA rasa pUrita jambU phala / dhAriNI ne apane svapna pati RSabhadatta ko sunaaye| RSabhadatta ne kahA ki ahaMta - sarvajJa dvArA aise svapnoM kA jo phala vyAkRta - vyAkhyAta kiyA gayA hai, usake anusAra tumheM eka prabhAvApanna putra ratna kI prApti hogii| isase dhAriNI kA hRdaya Ananda-vibhora ho gayA aura usane yaha utkaNThA prakaTa ko ki aisA hI ho, Apa Thoka ho kahate haiM / brahmaloka se yuta eka deva usake garbha meM AyA / dhAriNI ko ahaMtu pUjA aura sAdhuupAsanA kA dohada utpanna huA / apano vebhavapUrNa sthiti aura sampadA ke anurUpa dohada kI pUrti kI gayo / navamAsa pUrNa hone para dhAriNo ne putra ratna ko janma diyA | nava-jAta zizu zAyada zazI jaiso kAnti aura bhAnu jaisA dIpti se zobhita thA / zuddha sone ke kamala tathA karNikAra ke yasa snigdha kiMjalka jaisA usakA varNa thA / usake hasta, pAda tathA mukha para azubha varjita sAmudrika zAstrAnumodita zubha tathA prazasta cinha the / jAtakarma ko sampannatA ke pazcAt usakA nAmakaraNa saMskAra huA / mAtA dvArA svapna meM jambU phala dekhe jAne tathA jambU dvIpa ke adhiSThAtR-deva kI sannidhi ke kAraNa zizu kA nAma jambU rakhA gayA / dhAtrI dvArA pAlita poSita hotA huA zizu kramazaH bar3A huaa| usake pUrva janma ke saMskAra the; ataH usane dekhate-dekhate zIghra ho aneka kalAeM Ayatta karA lIM / Arya sudharmA se samparka jambU yuvA hue| unheM dekha logoM kI AMkhoM meM prasannatA fees utthtii| ve prazaMsAvilaSTa zabdoM meM kahate - ye kitane dayAvAn, madhura bhASo, dUradarzI tathA satpurUSoM ke prati Adaya va sevA ke bhAva rakhane vAle haiN| jambU vAstava meM magadha deza kI zobhA the / unakA 2010_05

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346 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [ khaNDa: 2 jIvana Ananda ullAsapUrNa thaa| jinezvara deva kI taraha gaNadhara sudharmA bhavya (mokSa jAne yogya) prANiyoM kA mana ullasita karate hue apane zramaNa-samudAya sahita rAjagRha aaye| ve vahAM guNazIla caitya meM ruke / jambU ne Arya suvarmA kA Agamana sunA / megha kA garjana sunakara jaise mayUra parama harSAnvita hotA hai, besA hI aparisIma harSa taba jambU ko huaa| ve ratha para baiThe, prayANa kiyA, vahAM Aye / kucha dUrI para vAhana se utara par3e / atyanta vairAgya bhAva liye gaNadhara sudharmA ke pAsa Aye / unheM tIna bAra pradakSiNA kI, mastaka se praNamana aura candana kiyA, baiThe / Arya sudharmA ne kumAra jambU tathA samaveta jana pariSad ko uddiSTha kara jIva, ajIva, Asrava, sambara, nirjarA, bandha tathA aneka paryAyAtmaka mokSa ke svarUpa kA vizleSaNa kiyA / gaNadhara sudharmA kA upadeza bacana suna jambU ke mana meM vairAgya bhAva jAgA / atyanta Atma-tuSTa hote hue ve uThe / vinamratApUrvaka banvana kiyA tathA unase nivedana karane lage- 'prabho ! Apase maiMne dharma-tatva zravaNa kiyaa| aba meM apane mAtA-pitA ko svIkRti lekara Apake zrIcaraNoM kA Azraya le Atma-kalyANa kA anuSThAna karUMgA / " 1 gaNadhara sudharmA bole - " bhavya janoM ke lie yaha karaNIya - karane yogya hai / " bhAva-jAgRti Arya sudharmA ko praNamana kara kumAra jambU ratha para ArUr3ha hue| jina mArga se Aye the / usI se prayANa kara sagarA ke dvAra para phuNce| vahAM sAmane unheM yAnoM kI bhIr3a dikhAI dI / socA, isa dvArA se jAne se anAvazyaka vilamba hogA / adhika acchA yaha hogA, nagara ke dUsare dvArA se praveza karU, tAki zIghra pahuMca sakU / ve sArathi se kahane lage ki ratha vApisa loTAo, dUsare dvArA se nagara meM praviSTa hotA hai / sArathi ne ghor3e hAMke / ratha dUsare dvArA para phuNcaa| vahAM jambU ne dekhA - zilA, zatvanI, kAlacakra Adi zastra rajju dvArA laTakAye hue haiM / ve zatru senA ke nAza ke lie the| unheM dekhane para jammU mana meM UhApoha karane lage, yadi saMyogavaza ye zastra mere yatha para gira jAe to kitanA burA ho, vrata svIkAra kiye binA hI meyAmaraNa ho jAe aura meM durgati meM jAUM / mana meM isa prakAra saMkalpa karate hue ve sArathi se bole ki ratha ko vApisa lauTA lo| maiM Arya sudharmA ke pAsa guNazIla cetya jAnA cAhatA / sArathi ne ratha lauTA liyA / kumAra jambU AyaM suvarmA ke pAsa phuNce| unase abhyarthanA kI--meM AjIvana brahmacArI rahUMgA / isa prakAra svecchApUrvaka unhoMne brahmacayaM -vrata svIkAra kiyA / ratha para ArUr3ha hue / nagara meM Aye / apane ghara pahuMce / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa ( arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 347 mAtA-pitA se nivedana kumAra jambU ratha se nIce utare / unakA mukha praphullita thaa| unhoMne mAtA-pitA ko praNAma kiyA / unase kahane lage-' maiMne Aja gaNadhara sudharmA se dharmopadeza sunA, prabhAvita huA / meM vaha pada prApta karanA cAhatA hU~, jahAM na vRddhAvasthA hai, na maraNa hai aura na roga va zoka hI / maiM zramaNa-pranajyA svIkAra karanA cAhatA huuN| mujhe AjJA diijie|" kumAra jambU kA nizcayAtmaka bhASA meM vacana suna kara mAtA-pitA ke mukha para bAMsU chA gye| ve kahane lage- "tumane dharmopadeza sunA, yaha acchA hai| dekho, hamAre pUrvaja bhI jinazAsana meM abhirata the, para, hamane nahIM sunA, unameM se kisI ne bhI pravrajyA svIkAra kI ho| hama loga bhI lambe samaya se dharma-zravaNa karate A rahe hai, parantu, hamArA aisA manobhAdha kabhI nahIM banA / tumane kevala eka dina meM aisI kauna sI vizeSatA prApta kara lI ki pravajyA lene kI ThAna lii| kumAra jambU ne mAtA-pitA ko samajhAte hue kahA- "kucha vyakti aise hote haiM ki bahuta kAla ke pazcAt bhI apane karaNIya kA nizcaya nahIM kara pAte haiM aura kaI vyakti aise hote haiM ki jo thor3e hI samaya meM use vizeSataH parikSAta kara lete haiN| jambU kumAra ne isa sandarbha meM mAtA-pitA ko vizeSa-parijJA ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM eka zreSThi-putra kA dRSTAnta dete hue dIkSA lene kI svIkRti dene ke hetu unase punaH anusodha kiyaa| mAtA-pitA ne kahA-"Arya sudharmA vihAra karate hue phira jaba yahAM padhAreM, acchA hogA, taba tuma pravrajita honA / " durlabha dharma-prAsi ke sambandha meM kumAra jambU ne kaI eka mitroM kA dRSTAnta sunAte hue avilamba saMyama-patha aMgIkAra karane ko tIva utkaNThA vyakta karate hue kahA-"jisa prakAra una mitroM ne tIrthakara kA upadeza zravaNa kara samavAraNa meM pragyA svokAra kara lI tathA jAma-maraNa kA anta kiyA, isI prakAra yadi meM abhI aisA na karU, to samaya botane para ho sakatA hai, viSayoM meM Asakta ho jAne ke kAraNa merA dharma ke prati AkarSaNa ho na rahe / isalie maiM cAhatA hUM, mujhe abhI svIkRti pradAna kreN| pitA RSabhadatta ne kahA-tumhAre pAsa vipula sampadA hai, jisase sabhI bhogya padArtha sulabha haiN| isalie acchA hai, bhogoM kA paryApta bhoga karo, taba dIkSA lo|" kumAra jambU ne indriyAsakti ke sambandha meM zilAjIta meM cipaka kara marane vAle eka makaMTa kA dRSTAMta prastuta karate hue kahA-"abhI bacapana ke kAraNa mujhe kevala khAne-pIne ke padArthoM kI Asakti rahatI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kevala jihvA ke svAda meM baMdhA hUM, jisase maiM 2010_05

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348 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [ khaNDa : 2 apane ko sugamatA se mukta kara sakatA hUM / para, jaba maiM pAMcoM indriyoM ke bhogoM meM Asakta aura grasta ho jAUMgA, taba jisa prakAra vaha bandara duHkha se mayA, kyA maiM bhI janma-maraNa kA bhAvo nahIM banUMgA ? maiM mauta ke bhaya se vibhIta hUM / pravrajyA kI AjJA cAhatA huuN|" jambU kumAra ke kathana para mAtA kahaNa krandana karane lgii| usane kahA - " putra ! mero cirakAla se yaha abhilASA yahI hai ki maiM vaya-veza meM tumhArA mukha dekhUM, para tumane aisA nizcaya kara liyA hai, jo mere manoratha kI siddhi ke pratikUla hai / yadi tuma meyI abhilASA pUrI karoge, to meM bho tumhAre sAtha-sAtha dIkSA grahaNa kara lUMgI / " jambU ne kahA - "mAM ! yadi Apako aiso utkaNDA hai, to bahuta sundara hai / maiM Apake vacana kA pratipAlana kruuNgaa| para, usa zubha velA ke vyatIta ho jAne para Apa mujhe nahIM yokeNgii|" mAtA parituSTa ho gyo| kahane lagI, jaisA tuma kahate ho, vaisA hI hogA / usane Age kahA - " jambU ! pahale se ho ATha zreSThi-kanyAoM kA tumhAre liye vAgdAna ho cukA hai / yahIM nivAsa karane vAle sumudrapriya, samudradata, sAgarAdata, kutre yadata, kutre rasena, vaizramaNadatta, vasusena tathA vasupAla nAmaka sArthavAha haiN| jina zAsana meM unakA anurAga hai| padmAvato, kanakamAlA, binayatrI, vanazrI, kanakabatI, zrIsenA, hImato tathA jayasevA nAmaka kramazaH unako patniyAM haiN| samudrazrI, sindhumatI, padmazrI, padmasenA, kana hatrI, vijayatrI, kamalAvato tathA yazomatI nAmaka unako putriyAM haiN| ye kanyAeM tumhAre anuvA haiM / tumhAre se inake pANigrahaNa kA pahale se hI nizcaya kiyA huA hai, isalie yaha Avazyaka hai ki unake pitAoM ko yaha saba kahalAeM " jambU ke mAtA-pitA kI ora se kanyAoM ko sandeza preSita kiyA gayA ki kumAra jambU kA aisA nizcaya hai ki ve vivAha sampanna hote hI saMyama grahaNa kara leMge / isa para Apa logoM kA kyA vicAra hai ? sArthavAhoM ne jyoM hI yaha sunA, unakA mana viSaNNa ho gayA tathA anato pakSiyoM ke sAtha isa sambandha meM ve vicAra-vimarza karane lage / unako kanyAoM ne vaha vArtAlApa suna liyA / sabhI kanyAoM ne eka jaisA ho nizcaya kiyA aura kahA - "Apane hameM (vacana dvArArA) kunAya jambU ko de diyA hai| dharmataH ve ho hamAre svAmI haiM / ve jaisA kareMge, jaise mArga ko grahaNa kareMge, hamArA bhI vaho patha hogA / " kanyAoM kA isa prakAra nizcita abhiprAya jAna kara unake pitA - sArthavAhoM ne zreSThI RSabhadatta ke pAsa vaha saMvAda bheja diyA / digambara-parampA meM ATha ke sthAna para cAya kanyAoM kA ullekha hai / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] ArSa ( arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [346 vivAha sampanna zubha divasa meM jambU kumAra ke pIThI lagAI gyii| kanyAoM ke bhI apane apane gharoM meM pIThI lgii| Avazyaka vidhi-vidhAna ke anantara kumAra jambU usI prakAra kanyAoM ke ghara gaye, jaise candra tArikAoM ke sannikaTa jAte haiN| kanyAoM ke sAtha ve isa prakAra ghara lauTe, mAno zrI, dhRtti, kIrti aura lakSmI ko sAtha liye Aye hoN| saikar3oM Ananda tathA ullAsapUrNa vidhi-vidhAnoM dvArA kumAra jambU ko snAna karAyA gayA tathA anekavidhi AbharaNoM se unheM alaMkRta kiyA gyaa| nAgara janoM dvArA kumAra jambU kA abhinandana kiyA gyaa| isa avasara para zramaNa-brAhmaNoM kA Adara-satkAra kiyA gayA / sandhyA samaya pArivArika janoM tathA nAgarikoM ko vizeSa bhoja diyA gayA / kumAra jambU mAtA-pitA tathA navodghAhitA vadhuoM ke sAtha apane vAsa gRha meM aaye| taskararAja prabhava : Agamana usI deza-kAla meM unhIM dinoM vahAM prabhava nAmaka eka prasiddha cora thaa| vaha vidhyarAja kA putra thA, jayapura nivAsI thaa| vaha aneka kalAoM kA mama-vettA thA / vindhyarAja ne usa (prabhava) ke choTe bhAI arthAt apane kaniSTa putra ko rAjya de diyA thaa| prabhava ne ise apanA apamAna mAnA / vaha ghara se nikala pdd'aa| vaha vindhyAcala kI durgama dhATiyoM meM rahane lagA aura corI dvArA jIvana calAne lgaa| usane sunA, kumAya jambU atyadhika bhavazAlI haiN| unake vaivAhika samAroha meM aneka samRddhizAlI vyakti sammilita haiM / vaha calA / vaha tAlodghATinI vidyA jAnatA thaa| usane usake dvArA kapATa khola liye / aneka taskara-yoddhAoM ke sAtha yaha kumASa jambU ke bhavana meM praviSTa huaa| vaha avasvApinI ghidyA bhI jAnatA thA / usake dvArA usane logoM ko avasupta kara diyaa| sabhI Ughane lge| taskara unake AbhUSaNa tathA ghastra utArane lage / kumAra jambU ne yaha dekhA / usane asambhrAnta-nirbhaya bhASa se taskaradamba ko kahA-atithiyoM ko na chUe / jambU ke kapanamAtra se leSya nirmita ( miTTI se bane ) pakSoM kI taraha ve taskara stambhita tathA cepTA-zUnya ho gye| prabhava ne dekhA, kumAra jambU vadhuoM sahita sukhAsana para baiThe hue aise lagate haiM, mAno tArikAoM se ghirA zarapUrNimA kA candra ho| jambU aura prabhava : samvAda sApI taskara yoddhAoM ko stambhita tathA nizceSTa dekhakara taskararAja prabhava ne kumAra jambU se kahA-"ma vindhyarAja kA putra prabhava taskara huuN| Apake prati sahaja hI mere mana meM maitri-bhAva udbhUta ho gapA hai| merA anurodha hai, Apa, mujhe stambhinI tathA mocanI nAmaka vidyAe sikhA deM, maiM Apako tAlodghATinI evaM avasvApinI vidyAe sikhalA duuNgaa|" 2010_05

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350 mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana kumAra jambU ne kahA-"prabhava ! suno, maiM samasta pArivArikoM tathA isa vipula vaibhava aura sampatti kA parityAga kara kala pravrajyA grahaNa karUMgA / maiMne bhAvAtmaka dRSTyA sabhI mAraMbha-samAraMbha tyakta kara diye haiN| maiM eka prakAra se apramatta bana gayA huuN| mujha para vidyA yA devatA kA prabhAva kAryakara nahIM hotaa| mujhe ina sAvadha-avadha sahita yA pApapaMkila vidhAoM se koI prayojana nahIM hai / ina vidyAoM kA pariNAma durgati hai| maiMne Arya sudharmA se saMsAra-vimocanI vidyA prApta kI hai|" prabhava ne yaha saba sunaa| usake vismaya kA pAra nahIM rahA / mana-hI-mana socane lagA, kitanA Azcarya ! jambU kumAra isa vipula sampadA kA parityAga karane jA rahe haiN| vAstava meM ye mahAn puruSa haiM, vandya haiN| prabhava vinayAbhinata ho gyaa| para, kahane lagA-"jambU kumAra! bhogya viSaya isa manuSya-loka meM sArabhUta haiN| sapatnIka unakA paribhoga kro| paNDitajana, jo sukha prApta haiM, unake parityAga kI prazaMsA nahIM krte| yaha Apake dIkSA lene kA samaya nahIM hai| asamaya meM aisA karane kI buddhi Apa meM kaise utpanna huI ? jo paripakva vRddha yA praur3ha avasthA ke haiM, ve yadi isa prakAra kA dharmAcaraNa svIkAra kareM, to gardA nahIM hai| kumAra jambU ne prabhava ko 'madhu-bindu' Adi dRSTAntoM dvArA bhoga kI tyAjyatA aura tyAga kI vareNyatA kA sAra hRdayaGgama kraayaa| phalataH kumAra jambU ke sAtha jahAM unakI navapariNItA patniyAM pravajita huI, taskararAja prabhava bhI antata: unake titikSu tathA mumukSa vyaktitva se prabhAvita ho apane taskarA-sAthiyoM sahita dIkSita ho gyaa| taskara-karma meM prabhava ne jahAM eka asAdhAraNa khyAti arjita kI thI, sAdhanA ke kSetra meM bhI usane vastutaH camatkAra kiyaa| vaha Arya jambU kA pramukha antevAsI huA tathA Arya jambU ke pazcAt AcArya prabhava ke rUpa meM unakA uttarAdhikArI, dharma-saMgha kA adhinAyaka tathA dvAdazAMgAtmaka zruta-saMpadA kA saphala saMvAhaka bhii| digambara paramparA meM prabhava ke sthAna para vidyuccara nAmaka taskara kA ullekha hai| para, jambU ke pradhAna viSya yA paTTadhara ke rUpa meM usakA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM hai| digambara-paramparAnusAra jambU ke paTTadhara viSNu yA nandI nAmaka bhAcArya haiN| Arya jambU : kAla-kama . Arya jambU ke jIvana kA kAla-krama sAmAnyataH nimnAMkita rUpa meM mAnA jAtA hai: janma : I0 pU0 543 dIkSA : I0 pU0 527 / 16 varSa kI Ayu meM, bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke kucha 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] mArSa (addhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura mAgama vAGamaya [351 kevala-zAna : I0 pU0 507 nirvANa : I0 pU0 463 / sampUrNa Ayu 80 varSa / eka aura kalpanA prAyaH adhikAMza jaina lekhakoM ne isa prakAra ullekha kiyA hai ki magadha nareza samrATa zreNika ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se yA gaNadhara gautama se jambU ke janma ke sambandha meM prazna kiye / isase yaha anumAna honA svAbhAvika hai ki jambU kA janma samrAT zreNika ke jovana-kAla meM yA usake dehAvasAna se kucha pUrva yA usake Asa-pAsa honA caahie| buddha kA nirvANa I0 pU0 544 meM huaa| usase ATha varSa pUrva ajAtazatru magadha ke rAjasiMhAsana para baiThA / lagabhaga usI samaya zreNika kI mRtyu kA samaya I0pU0 552 ke AsapAsa ThaharatA hai| upayukta vicAra ke sandarbha meM jambU kA janma bhI isI ke Asa-pAsa honA caahie| yadi aisA mAnA jAe to svokRta mAnyatA meM lagabhaga 10 varNa kA antara AtA hai| tadanusAra jambU kI Ayu 80 varSA kI na hokara 60 varSa kI hotI hai| vIra kavi kA abhimata ____ jaMbUsAmi cariu ke lekhaka vIra kavi ( 11vIM zatI ) ne tathA usake anusAra brahma jina dAsa (vi. 13 vIM zatI) tathA rAjamalla (di. 17 vIM zatI) ne bhI yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki kumAra jambU ne magadharAja zreNika ke rAjya-kAla meM dIkSA grahaNa kI thii| itanA hI nahIM, samrAT zreNika ne usakA dIkSotsava bar3e mAnandotsAha tathA vizAla samArohapUrvaka Ayojita kiyA thaa| isake anusAra jambU kA janma zreNika ke dehAvasAna ke samaya I0 pU0 552 se kama-se-kama pandraha-solaha varSa pUrva avazya honA cAhie / isa prakAra janma kA samaya lagabhaga I0 pU0 568-566 sambhAvita hotA hai / ise mAna kara caleM, to Arya jambU kI Ayu lagabhaga 105 varSa hotI hai| bhinna-bhinna pahaluoM ko lete hue yadyapi vidvAnoM ne kucha vicAra kiyA hai, para, gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTi se ina para aura adhika vicAra kiyA jAnA apekSita hai| AzA hai, vidvajana aisA kareMge / Arya jambU kA nirvANa zaurasenI SaTakhaNDAgama ke dhavalA TIkA ke racayitA vIrasena (AThavIM-mauvIM zatI), gommaTsAra ke kartA siddhAnta cakravartI nemicandrAcArya ( nauvIM zatI), uttarapurANa ke lekhaka guNadhara ( 868 I. se pUrva ), apabhraMza mahApurANa ( tisaTTimahApurisaguNAlaMkAru ) ke praNetA 1. inakA samaya IsA kI AThavIM zatI kA antima caraNa tathA nauvIM zatI kA prathama caraNa mAnA jAtA hai| ____ 2010_05

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352] . mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana puSpadanta (dazama zatI I0); digambara-paramparA ke ina sabhI vidvAnoM ne pIra nirmANa ke 12 varSa pazcAt gautama, usake 12 varSa pazcAt sudharmA tathA usake 40 varSa pazcAt jambU kA mokSa gamana mAnya kiyA hai| isa prakAra 12+12+40=vIra-nirvANa se jambU-nirvANa taka 64 varSa hote haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra bhI gautama, sudharmA aura jambU ke kaivalya kAla kI kula saMkhyA 64 varSa hotI hai / para, vaha isa prakAra hai-gautama kA kaivalya kAla 12 varSa, sudharmA kA kaMvalya kAla 8 varSa tathA jambu kA kaivalya kAla 44 varSa=kula 64 varSa / tiloyapaNNattIkAra yativRSabha yadyapi digambara paramparA se sambaddha the, para, prastuta viSaya meM unakI kAla- gaNanA bhinna hai| unhoMne gautama, sudharmA aura jambU kA keli-kAla 62 varSa kA batAyA hai| aprabhraza jaMbUsAmi cariu ke lekhaka vIra kavi (11vIM zatI) ne jambU ke kaivalya-kAla ke sambaddha meM eka naI kalpanA kI hai| unake anusAra jambU svAmI dIkSita hone ke aThAraha varSa bAda mAgha zukla saptamI ko prAtaH Arya sudharmA mokSagAmI hue| sudharmA ke nirvANa ke aThAraha varSa bAda jambU kA mokSa huaa| himavat thairAvalI meM vIra nirvANAbda 70 meM jambU kA nirvANa sUcita kiyA hai| isake anusAra gautama, sudharmA aura jambU kA sarvajJAvasyA kA samaya 70 varSa kA hotA hai| kucha aura braja ke dharma-sampradAyoM kA itihAsa ke prasaMga meM Arya jambU ke sambandha meM carcA kI hai| vahAM likhA hai :......."unhoMne 16 varSa kI kizorAvasthA meM hI apane vivAha ke tatkAla pazcAt mahAvIrajI ke paTTa ziSya sudharmA svAmI se pravrajyA lI thI aura jIdhana-paryanta brahmacarya vrata dhAraNa kiyA thaa| pravajyA lene ke anantara 20 varSa taka muni-vRtti dhAraNa karane para ve kevala-jJAnI hue the| bAda meM 44 varSa taka kevala-jJAnI rahane ke uparAnta 80 varSa kI Ayu meM unhoMne mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 12 ve varSa' meM mokSa-lAbha kiyA thaa| unakA dehAvasAna-kAla vi0pU0 saM0 408 mAnA jAtA hai| unhoMne mathurA ke "caurAsI" nAmaka sthAna meM tapasyA kara siddha-pada prApta kiyA thA aura vahAM para hI unakA nirvANa humA thaa| ve jaina-dharma ke antima kevala-jJAnI the| 1. vAsaTTo vAsANi govamapaTuvINa gANavaMtANaM / dhammapayaTTaNakAle parimANaM piMDasveNa // -tikoyapaNatI, 1478 2. braja kA sAMskRtika itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR0 55 2010_05

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mASA aura sAhitya ) ASa (ruddha mAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 353 lekhaka ne yahAM vIra-nirvANa ke 62 veM varSa meM 44 varSa kI kaivalyAvasthA ke anantara jambU ke nirvANa prApta karane kA jo ullekha kiyA hai, vaha cintya pratIta hotA hai / 62 varSa kI saMkhyA to tiloyapapNattI se milatI hai, para, jambU kA 44 varSa kA jo kevalikAla batAyA hai, vaha kaThinAI utpanna karatA hai| isake anusAra gautama aura sudharmA, donoM ke vevali-kAla ke 18 varSa bane rahate haiM, jinakI saMgati kisI bhI paramparA se nahIM baiThatI ! jamba ke anantara katipaya viccheda ___ jambU antima kevalI the| prAyaH sabhI jaina paramparAe isa sambandha meM ekamata haiM / jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra jambU ke pazcAt 1. manaHparyava jJAna, 2. parama avadhi jJAna, 3. pulAka labdhi, 4. AhAraka zarIra, 5. upazama zreNI, 6. kSapaka zreNI, 7. jinakalpa sAdhanA, 8. parihAra vizuddhi cAritra, 6. sUkSma samparAya cAritra, 10. yathAkhyAta cAritra, 11. kevala jJAna, 12. mokSa-gamana kA viccheda ho gayA / isa viccheda krama kA anyAnya hetuoM ke sAtha kAla prabhAva bhI eka kAraNa ho sakatA hai / tiloyapaNNattI kA eka vivecya prasaMga tiloyapaNNattI meM bhagavAn mahAvIra se Arya jambU taka kA jo kevali-krama varNita huA hai, vahAM anta meM ullekha hai ki jambU svAmo dvArA siddhi prApta kara liye jAne para anubaddha kevalI' nahIM hue| sAdhAraNatayA isakA yahI artha liyA jAtA hai ki jambU ke pazcAt kevala-jJAna kI paramparA gatizIla nahIM rhii| jambU ke anantara vicchinna hone vAle daza boloM meM kevala-jJAna kA viccheda hai hii| para, tiloyapaNNattI meM eka prasaMga aura AyA hai, jisameM antima kevalajJAnI, antima cAraNa RSi, antima prajJA-zramaNa, antima avadhi jJAnI tathA AhetI dIkSA se dIkSita antima mukuTadhArI samrAT Adi kA varNana hai| vahAM kahA gayA hai 1. maNa-paramohi-pulAe AhAraga-khavaga-uvasame kappe / saMjamatiya kevali sijhaNA ya jaMbUmmi vocchiNNA // --vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 2593 2. jAdo siddho vIro tadivase godamo paramaNANI / jAdo tarisa sidde sudhammasAmI tado jaado|| sammi kadakammaNA se jaMbU sAmi tti kevalo jAdo / tattha vi siddhipavaNNe kevaliNo gasthi aNubaddhA // -tiloyapaNNattI, 1476-77 2010_05

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354] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 ki kevala jJAniyoM meM antima zrIdhara kuNDalagiri para siddha hue| prazna upasthita hotA hai, yati vRSabha eka sthAna para jambU ke anantara ( anubaddha ) vevalI hone kA niSedha karate haiM aura yahAM zrIdhara ko ve antima vevalI batalAte haiM, isakI saMgati kaise ho ? gaharAI meM jAne para eka tathya pakar3a meM AtA hai| yati vRSabha ne kevalI ke pUrva jo anubaddha vizeSaNa diyA hai, vaha mahatvapUrNa pratIta hotA hai| yaha vizeSaNa sambhavataH isa artha kA dyotaka hai ki jambU ke pazcAt kramabaddha- anavarata kevalI nahIM hue arthAt kevali-paramparA satata cAlU nahIM rhii| isase dhvanita hotA hai ki zrIdhara, jo antima kevalI hue, anukrama meM na hokara jambU ke katipaya pIr3hiyoM ke pazcAt kevalI hue hoN| itanA hote hue bhI yaha tathya jambU ke pazcAt vicchinna hone vAle boloM meM ke pala jJAna ke viccheda kA jo ullekha hai, usake pratikUla hai hI1 zrIdhara ke samaya, apasthiti Adi para gaveSaNA kiyA jAnA vAMchanIya hai; kyoMki aba taka prAyaH yahI mAnyatA pracalita hai ki Arya jambU antima kevalajJAnI the| para, carama kevalI ke rUpa meM pati vRSabha ne no zrIdhara kA prasaMga upasthApita kiyA hai, usase vaha mAnyatA TakarAtI hai| zrata : kaNThAjhA : aparivatya vedoM ko zruti kahe jAne kA kAraNa sambhavataH yahI hai ki unheM sunakara, guru mukha se Ayatta kara smaraNa rakhane kI paramparA rahI hai / jena Agama-vAi maya ko bhI zru ta kahA jAtA hai| usakA bhI yahI abhiprAya pratIta hotA hai ki use sunakara, AcArya yA upAdhyAya se adhigata kara yAda rakhe jAne kA pracalana thA / sunakara jo smaraNa rakhA jAe, usameM sunI huI zabdAvalI kI yathAvatA sthira raha sake, yaha kaThina pratIta hotA hai| purA kAlIna manISiyoM ke dhyAna se yaha tathya bAhara nahIM thA; ataH ve Arambha se hI isa ora yatheSTa jAgarUkatA aura sAvadhAnI baratate rahe / vaidika vidvAnoM ne saMhitA-pATha, pada-pATha, krama pATha, jaTA-pATha tathA dhana-pATha ke rUpa meM veda-mantroM ke pAna yA uccAraNa kA eka baijJAnika abhyAsakrama 1. kaMDalagirimmi carimo kevalaNANIsu siridharo siddho| cAraNarisIsu carimo supAsacaMdAmidhANo y|| paNNasamaNesu carimo vairajaso NAma ohinnaanniisuN| carimo siriNAmo sudaviNayasusIlAdi sNpnnnno|| mauDadharesuM carimo jiNadivaM dharadi caMdagutto y| tatto mauDadharA duppavvajaM geva geNhati // -tiloyapaNNatI, 1476-81 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ASa ( arddha mAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 355 nirdhArita kiyA thaa| isa vaijJAnika pATha krama ke kAraNa hI vedo kA zAbdika kalevara Aja bhI akSuNNa vidyamAna hai| ___ jaina A gamajJoM ne ise bhalIbhAMti anubhava kiyaa| unhoMne bhI AgamoM ke pATha yA uccAraNa ke sambandha meM kucha aisI maryAdAeM, niyamana yA paramparAe' bAMdhIM, jinase pATha kA zuddha svarUpa aparivatyaM raha sake / 3 nuyogadvAra sUtra meM AgamataH dravyAvazyaka ke prasaMga meM sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki AgamapATha kI kyA-kyA vizeSatAe haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM : 1. zikSita- sAdhAraNatayA pATha sIkha lenA, usakA sAmAnyataH uccAraNa jAna lenaa| 2. sthita-sIkhe hue pATha ko mastiSka meM sthira karanA / 3 jita-kramAnurUpa Agama-vANI kA paThana krnaa| yaha tabhI sadhatA hai, jaba pATha ___ jima-varzagata-adhikRta yA svAyatta ho jAtA hai| 4. mita-mita kA artha mAna parimANa yA mApa hotA hai| pATha ke sAtha mitta vizeSaNa jur3ane kA Azaya pAThagata akSara Adi kI maryAdA, niyama, saMyojana Adi jAnanA hai| 5. parijita-anukramatayA pATha karanA sarala hai| yadi usI pATha kA vyatikrama se yA vyutkrama se uccAraNa kiyA jAe, to bar3I kaThinatA hotI hai| yaha tabhI sambhava hotA hai, jaba pATha parijita arthAt bahuta acchI taraha adhikRta ho / adhyetA ko vyatikrama yA vyutkrama se pATha karane kA bhI abhyAsa ho| 6. nAmasama-hara kisI ko apanA nAma pratikSaNa, kisI bhI prakAra kI sthiti meM samyaka smaraNa rahatA hai / vaha pratyeka vyakti ko AtmasAt ho jAtA hai / apane nAma kI taraha Agama-pATha kA AtmasAt ho jAnA / aisA hone para adhyetA kisI bhI samaya pATha kA yathAvat sahaja rUpa meM uccAraNa kara sakatA hai / 1. dekheM, prastuta grantha kA 'veda aura unakI bhASA' zIrSaka vivecana 2. Agamao vavvAvassayaM-jassa " Avassa eti pada-sikkhataM, ThitaM, jilaM, mitaM, parijitaM, nAmasamaM, ghosasamaM, ahoNakkhara, aNaccakkhara, abvAiddhaSakharaM, avakhaliyaM, amiliyaM, avaccAmeliyaM paDipuNNaM, paDipuNNaghosaM, kaMTThoTThavippamukkaM guru vAyaNovagayaM / -anuyogadvAra sUtra, 11 2010_05

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356] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [kha : 2 ghoSasama-ghoSa kA artha dhvani hai / pATha zuddha ghoSa yA dhvanipUrvaka uccarita kiyA jAnA cAhie / vyAkhyAkAroM ne ghoSa kA Azaya udAtta', anudAtta tathA svarita abhihita kiyaa| jahAM jisa prakAra kA svara uccarita honA apekSita ho, vahAM vaisA hI uccarita honA / veda-mantroM ke uccAraNa meM bahuta sAvadhAnI rakhI jAtI thii| ghoSasama ke abhiprAya meM itanA aura jor3A jAnA bhI saMgata pratIta hotA hai ki jina vargoM ke jo-jo uccAraNa sthAna hoM, unakA una-una sthAnoM se yathAvat uccAraNa kiyA jaae| vyAkaraNa meM uccAraNasambandhI jisa upakrama ko prayatna kiyA jAtA hai, ghoSasama meM usakA bhI samAveza hotA hai| 1. uccdaattH|2. nocairnudaatH|3. samavRtyA svritH| -vaiyAkaraNasiddhAnta kaumudI, 1.2 29-31 4. mantro hInaH svarato varNato vA, mithyA prayukto na tmrthmaah| sA vAgvajo yajamAnaM hinasti, yathendra zatruH svarato'parAdhAt // -pANinIya zikSA, 52 5. varNoM ke uccAraNa meM kucha ceSTA karanI par3atI hai, use 'yala' kahate haiN| yaha do prakAra kA hai| jo varNa ke mukha se bAhara Ane se pahale mukha ke bhItara hotA hai, usako abhyAntara kahate haiN| yaha mukha ke bhItara hotA haiM aura pahale hotA hai| binA isake bAhya yatna niSphala hai| yahI isakI prakRSTatA hai; ataeva ise prayatna kahA jAtA hai| 'prakRSTo yatnaH prapatnaH' yaha artha saMgata bhI isIlie hai / isakA anubhava uccAraNa karane vAlA hI kara sakatA hai; kyoMki usI ke mukha ke bhItara to yaha hotA hai| dUsarA yatna mukha se varNa nikalate samaya hotA hai; ataeva yaha bAhya kahA jAtA hai| isakA anubhava . sunane vAlA bhI kara sakatA hai / yatno dvidhA-Abhyantaro bAhazca / Adya: paMcadhAspRSTa-ISatspRSTa-ISadvivRta-vivRta-saMvRta mevAt / tatra spRSTaM prayatnaM sparzAnAm / ISatspRSTamantaHsthAnAm / ISadvivRtabhUSmaNAm / vivRtaM svarANAm / hasvasyAvarNasya prayoge savRtam , prakriyAvazAyAM tu vivRtameva / bAhyastvekAdazadhA-vivAraH saMvAraH zvAso nAdo ghoSo' ghoSo' lpaprANo mahAprANa udAtto'nudAttaH svaritazceti / kharo vivArAH zvAsA aghoSAzca / hazaH saMvArA nAdA ghoSAzca / vargANAM prathama tRtIyapaMcamA mnnshcaalppraannaa:| vargANAM dvitIyacaturthoM zalazca mhaapraannaaH|| -laghu siddhAnta kaumudI, saMjJAprakaraNam, pR0 18-20 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] ArSa ( arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [35. 8. ahInAkSara-uccAryamANa pATha meM kisI bhI varNa ko hIna arthAt gAyaba yA aspaSTa na karanA / pATha spaSTa honA caahie| 6. antyakSara-acAryamANa pATha meM jitane akSara hoM, ThIka ve hI uccarita hoM, koI atirikta yA adhika na mila jAe / 10. adhyAviddhAkSara-a+vi+A+viddha ke yoga se adhyAviddha zabda banA hai| viddha kA artha biMdhA huA hai aura usake pahale 'A' upasarga laga jAne se usakA artha saba ora se yA bhalI-bhAMti biMdhA huA ho jAtA hai| 'A' se pUrva lagA 'vi' upasarga biMdha jAne ke artha meM aura vizeSatA lA detA hai| akSara ke dhyAviddha hone kA artha hai, usakA apahata honA, pIr3ita honA / upahanana yA pIr3ana kA Azaya akSaroM ke viparIta yA ulTe paThana se hai| caisA nahIM honA caahie| 11. askhalita- pATha kA yathApravAha uccAraNa honA caahie| pravAha meM eka laya ( Rhythm ) hotI hai, jisase pATha dvArA vyajyamAna Azaya suSThutayA avasthita rahatA hai; ataeva pATha meM skhalana nahIM honA caahie| askhalita rUpa meM kiye jAne vAle pATha kI artha-jJApakatA vaizadya liye rahatI hai| 12. amilita - ajAgarUkatA yA asAvadhAnI se kiye jAne vAle pATha meM yaha AzaMkita rahatA hai ki dUsare akSara kadAcit pATha ke akSaroM ke sAtha mila jaae| ghesA hone se pAThoccAraNa kI zuddhatA vyAhata ho jAtI hai| vaisA nahIM honA caahie| 13. avyatyAneDita-a+vi+ati+AmeDita kA artha zabda yA dhvani kI AvRtti hai| isa zabda kA mUla rUpa 'avaccAmeliya' hai| 'a' upasarga niSedhA thaMka 'a' ke binA isakA rUpa 'vaccAmeliya' hai| pAiasaddamahaNNavo meM ___ 'baccAmeliya' aura 'viccAmeliya' donoM rUpa diye haiN| donoM kA eka hI artha hai| vahAM bhinna-bhinna aMzoM se mizrita 'asthAna meM hI china hokara cira prathita' tathA 'tor3a kara sAMdhA huA' artha kiyA gayA hai| sUtra Monier M. 1.(ka) saMskRta-hinbo koza, ApTe, pR0 115 (kha) Reduplication : Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Sir Williams, P. 147 2. pAiasaddamahaNNavo, pR0 776 2010_05

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358] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [ khaNDa : 2 vyAkhyAtAoM ne isakA artha anya sUtroM athavA zAstroM ke milate-julate yA sAmAnArthaka pATha ko cAlU yA kriyamANa-uccAryamANa pATha se milA denA kiyA hai, jo kozakAroM dvArA kI gayI vyAkhyA se milatA huA hai| zAstra pATha yA sUtroccAraNa meM AmraDana, atyadhika ArmeDana vyatyAnaMDana nahIM honA caahie| 14, pratipUrNa-zIghratA yA atizIghratA se asta-dhyastatA AtI hai| jisase uccAraNIya pATha kA aMza chUTa bhI sakatA hai| pATha kA pUrNarUpa se samagratayA, usake binA kisI aMza ko chor3e uccAraNa karanA cAhie / 15. pratipUrNa ghoSa - pAThoccAraNa meM jahAM laya ke anurUpa ( Rhythmically) bolanA Avazyaka hai, vahAM dhvani kA paripUrNa yA spaSTa uccAraNa bhI utanA hI apekSita uccAryamANa hai| pATha kA uccAraNa itane manda svara se na ho ki usake sunAI dene meM bhI kaThinAI ho| pratipUrNa ghoSa samocIna, saMgata, vAMchita svara se uccAraNa karane kA sUcaka hai / jaise, manda svara se ucchavAraNa karanA pajyaM hai, usI prakAra ati tIna svara se uccAraNa karanA bhI dUSaNIya hai / 16. kaNThoSThavipramukta-kaNTha+oSTha+vipra+mukta ke yoga se yaha zabda niSpanna huA hai| mukta kA artha chUTA huA hai| jahAM uccAraNa meM kama sAvadhAnI baratI jAtI hai, vahAM uccAyaM mANI varNa kucha kaNTha meM, kucha hoThoM meM bahudhA aTaka jAte haiN| jaisA apekSita ho, paisA spaSTa aura subodhya uccAraNa nahIM ho paataa| pAThoccAraNa ke sambandha meM jo sUcana kiyA gayA hai, eka ora vaha uccAraNa ke pariSkRta rUpa ora pravAha kI yathAvattA banAye rakhane ke yatna kA dyotaka hai, vahIM dUsarI ora uccAraNa, paThana, abhyAsa pUrvaka adhigata yA svAyata kiye gaye zAstroM ko yathAvat smRti meM TikAye rakhane kA bhI sUcaka hai| ina sUcanAoM meM anukrama, vyatikrama tathA ghutkA se pATha karanA, pATha meM kisI varNa ko luna na karAnA, adhika yA atirikta akSara na jor3anA, pAThagata akSaroM ko paraspara na milAnA yA kinhIM anya akSaroM ko pATha ke akSaroM ke sAtha na milAnA Adi ke rUpa meM jo tathya upasthApita kiye haiM, ve vastutaH bahuta mahatvapUrNa haiN| isake liye sambhavataH yahI bhAvanA rahI huI pratIta hotA hai ki pravaNa-paramparA se utarotara gati tola dvAdazAMgamaya Agama-bAGamaya kA srota kabho parivartita, vicalita tathA vikRta na hone pAe / zrata ko udbhava sarvajJa jJAna kI pahaSaNA yA abhivyasanA kyoM karate haiM, vaha Agama rUpa meM kisa prakAra ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] ASaM (addha mAgadhI) prAkRta aura mAgama vAGamaya [356 pariNata hotA hai, isakA vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM bahuta sundara varNana kiyA gayA hai : . 'tapa, niyama tathA jJAna rUpI vRkSa para ArUr3ha amita-ananta-sampanna kevala jJAnI bhavya janoM ko udbodhita karane ke hetu jJAna-puSpoM kI vRSTi karate haiN| gaNadhara use buddhirUpI paTa meM grahaNa kara usakA pravacana ke nimitta prathana karate haiN|'' vRkSa ke dRSTAMta kA vizadIkaraNa karate hue bhASyakAra likhate haiM : 'jaise, vipula dhanakhaNDa ke madhya eka ramya, unnata tathA pralamba zAkhAnvita kalpa-vRkSa hai| eka sAhasika vyakti usa para ArUr3ha ho jAtA hai| vaha vahAM aneka prakAra ke surabhita puSpoM ko grahaNa kara letA hai| bhUmi para aise puruSa haiM, jo puSpa lene ke icchuka haiM aura tadartha unhoMne vastra phailA rakhe haiN| vaha vyakti una phUloM ko phailAye hue vastroM para prakSipta kara detA hai| ve puruSa anya logoM para anukampA karane ke nimitta una phUloM ko gUthate haiN| isI taraha yaha jagat eka vana-khaNDa hai| vahAM tapa, niyama aura jJAnamaya kalpa-vRkSa hai| cauMtIsa atizaya-yukta sarvajJa usa para ArUr3ha haiM / ve kevalo paripUrNa jJAna-rUpI puSpoM ko chadmasthatA rUpa bhUmi para avasthita zAna rUpI puSpa ke arthI - icchaka gaNadharoM ke nimala buddhirUpo paTa para prakSipta karate haiN|" 1. taba-niyama nANarUvakhaM ArUDho kevalI abhiynaannii| to muyai nANabuTTi bhaviyajaNavibohaNAe // taM buddhimaeNa paDeNa gaNaharA givhiDaM niravasesaM / titthaparabhAsiyAhaM gaMthaMti tao pavayaNaTThA / / -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1064-65 2. rukkhAirUvayaniruvaNatya miha davvarukkha diDhato / jaha koI viulavaNasaM'majjhayArayiM ramma / tugaM viDalavaracaM sAisao kapparukkhamArUDho / pajjavagahiyabahuvihasusurabhikusumo 'NukaMpAe / kusumatthibhUmiciSTriya purisapasAriya paDesu pakkhivai / gaMyaMti te'vi gheta sesajaNANugahaDDhAe / 'logavaNasaMDamajjhe cauttiisaaisysNpdoveo| taba-niyama-nANAma iyaM sa kapparukkhaM samArUDho // mA hojja nANagahaNammi saMsao teNa kevaliggahaNaM / so'vi cauhA tao'yaM savaNNU abhiyanANitti // pajjatanANakusumo tAi chaumatthabhUmisaMthesu / nANakusumatyigaNaharasiyabuddhipaDesu pakkhivai / / -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1096-1101 2010_05

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360 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 eka prazna : eka samAdhAna bhASyakAra ne svayaM hI prazna upasthita karate huye isakA aura vizleSaNa kiyA hai, jo paThanIya hai : "sarvajJa bhagavAn kRtArtha hai| kucha karanA unake liye bheSa nahIM hai| phira ve dharmaprarUpaNA kyoM karate haiM ? sarvajJa sarva upAya aura vidhi-vettA haiM / ve bhavya janoM ko hI bodha dene ke lie aisA karate haiM, abhavyoM ko kyoM nahIM udbodhita karate ?" samAdhAna prastuta karate hue bhASyakAra kahate haiM : "tIrthakara ekAnta rUpa se kRtArtha nahIM haiM; kyoMki unake jina nAma kama kA udaya hai| vaha kama vandhya yA niSphala nahIM hai; ataH use kSoNa karane ke hetu yahI upAya hai| athavA kRtArtha hote huye bhI jaise sUrya kA svabhAva prakAza karanA hai, vaise ho dUsaroM se upakRta na hokara bhI paropakAraparAyaNatA ke kAraNa dUsaroM kA parama hita karanA unakA svabhAva hai / kamala sUrya se bodha pAte haiM-vikasita hote haiM to kyA sUrya kA unake prati rAga hai ? kumuda vikasita nahIM hote, to kyA sUrya kA unake prati dveSa hai ? sUrya kI kiraNoM kA prabhAva eka samAna hai, para, kamala usase jo vikasita hote haiM maura kumuda nahIM hote, yaha sUrya kA, kamaloM kA, kumudoM kA apanA apanA svabhAva hai| ugA huA bho prakAzadharmA sUrya ullu ke liye usake apane doSa ke kAraNa andhakAra rUpa hai, usI prakAra jina rUpI sUrya abhaSoM ke liye bodha-rUpI prakAza nahIM kara sakate / athavA jisa prakAra sAdhya roga ko cikitsA karatA huA vaidya rogI ke prati rAgo aura asAdhya roga kI cikitsA na karatA huA rogo ke prati dveSI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, usI prakAra bhavya janoM ke kama-roga ko naSTa karate hue jitendrarUpI vaidya usake prati rAgI nahIM hote tathA abhavya janoM ke asAdhya kama-rUpI roga kA apacaya na karane se usake prati ve dveSI nahIM kahe jA skte| jase, kalAkAra anupayukta kASTha Adi ko chor3a kara upayukta kATha Adi meM rUpa-ravA karatA huA anupayukta kASTha ke prati dveSI aura upayukta kASTha ke prati anurAgI nahIM kahA jAtA, usI prakAra yogya ko pratibodha dete hue aura ayogya ko na dete hue jinezvara deva na yogya ke prati rAgI aura na ayogya ke prati dvaSo kahe jA sakate haiM / 1 1. kosa kahei kayattho kiM vA bhaviyANa ceva bohatthaM / savopAyatrihiNNe kiM vA'bhavve na bohaii // negateNa kayattho jeNodinnaM jiNibhvanAma se / tadavaMjhaphalaM tassa ya kha vaNovAo'yameva jao // jaM va kayatyassa vi se aguvakayaparovagArisAbhava / paramahiyadesayattaM bhAsayasAbhavamiva raviNo / kiM va kamalesu rAo raviNo bohei jeNa so taaii| kumuesu va se doso jaM na vivujjhati se taaii|| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] ASaM ( arddha mAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [361 puSpamAlA kI taraha stramAlA ko nAthana bojAdi buddhi sampanna vyakti ( gaNadhara ; usa jJAnamayI puSpa vRSTi ko samagratayA grahaNa kara vicitra puSpa-mAlA kI taraha pravacana ke nimitta sUtra-mAlA-zAstra-mAlA grathita karate haiN| jisa prakAra mukta-bikhare hue puSpoM kA grahaNa duSkara hotA hai aura gUthe hue puSpoM yA puSpa-gucchoM kA grahaNa sukara hotA hai, vahI prakAra jina-vacana rUpI puSpoM ke sambandha meM hai| pada, vAkya, prakaraNa, adhyayana, prAbhRta Adi nizcita kramapUrvaka ve ( sUtra ) vyavasthita hoM, to yaha gRhIta hai, yaha gRhItavya hai, isa prakAra samIcInatA aura saralatA ke sAtha unakA grahaNa, jaM bohamaulaNAi sUrakarAmarisao smaannaao| kamalakumuyANa to taM sAbhavvaM tassa tesiM ca // jaha bolUgAINaM pagAsa dhammAvi so sadoseNa / uio'vi tamorUno evamabhavyANa jiNasUro // sajjha tigicchamANo rogaM rAgI na bhaNNae vejjo| muNamANo ya asajhaM nisehayaMto jaha ado adoso // taha bhavvakammaroga nAsaMto rAgava na jiNavejjo / na ya dosi abhavAsajhakammaroga nisehaMto // motta ajoggaM jogge dalie rUvaM karei ruuvaaro| na ya rAgadosillo taheva joge viboheto // -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1102-1110 1. jisa buddhi dvArA eka pada se aneka pada gRhIta kara liye jAte haiM, use bIja-buddhi kahate haiM / bIna-buddhi ke sApha pATha meM ullikhita Adi zabda koSTha-buddhi kA sUcaka hai / jaise, dhAnya koSTha apane meM akhaNDa dhAnya-bhaNDAra saMjoye rakhatA hai, usI prakAra jo buddhi akhaNDa sUtra-vADmaya ko dhAraNa karatI hai, vaha koSTha-buddhi kahI jAtI hai| pravacana kA abhiprAya prasiddha vacana yA prazasta vacana yA dharmasaMgha se hai athavA pravacana se dvAdazAMga zruta liyA jA sakatA hai / vaha ( dvAdazAMga zruta ) kisa prakAra ( udbhAvita ) ho, isa Azaya se dvAdazAMgAtmaka pravacana ke vistAra ke lie yA saMgha para anugraha karane ke lie gaNavara sUtra-racanA karate haiN| dvAdazAMga rUpa pravacana sukhapUrvaka grahaNa kiyA jA sake, usakA sukhapUrvaka guNana-parAvartana, dhAraNa-maraNa kiyA jA sake, sukhapUrvaka dUsaroM ko diyA jA sake, sukhapUrvaka pRcchA-vivecana, vizleSaNa, anveSaNa ki jA sake, etadartha gagadharoM kA sUtra-ravanA kA prayatna hotA hai| ____ 2010_05

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362] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 guNana-parAvartana, dhAraNa-smaraNa, dAna, pRcchA Adi sadha sakate haiN| isI kAraNa gaNadharoM ne zruta kI avicchinna racanA kii| unake lie besA avazya karaNIya thA, kyoMki una (gaNadharoM) kI vaisI maryAdA hai| gaNaghara-nAma-karma ke udaya se unake dvArA zruta-racanA kiyA jAnA anivArya hai / sabhI gaNadhara aisA karate rahe haiN|' spaSTIkaraNa ke hetu bhASayakAra jijJAsA-samAdhAna kI bhASA meM Age batalAte haiM : "tIrthakara dvArA AkhyAta vacanoM ko gaNadhara svarUpa yA kalevara dete haiN| phira unameM kyA vizeSatA hai ? yathArthatA yaha hai ki tIrthakara gaNadharoM kI buddhi kI apekSA se saMkSepa meM tatvA khyAna karate haiM, sarvasAdhAraNa hetuka vistAra se nhiiN| dUsare zabdoM meM arhat ( sUkSma ) arthabhASita karate haiM / gaNadhara nipuNatApUrvaka usakA ( vistRta ) sUtrAtmaka grathana karate haiN| isa prakAra dharma-zAstra ke hita ke lie sUtra pravartita hote haiN|" 1. taM nANakusumavuddhiM ghetuM bIyAibuddhao savvaM / gaMyaMti pavayaNaTThA mAlA iva cittakusumANaM // pagayaM vayaNaM pavayaNa miha suyanANaM kaha' taya hojjA / pavayaNamahavA saMgho gati tynnuggttttaae| ghetuM va suhaM suhaguNaNadhAraNA dAuM pucchiuM ceva / eehiM kAragehiM jIyaM ti kayaM gaNaharehi // mukkakusumANa gahaNAiyAI jaha dukkara kareu je| mucchANaM ca suhayara taheva jiNavayaNakusumANaM // paya-vaka-pagaraNa-ujhAya-pAhuDAiniyata kamapamANaM / tavaNusaratA suhaM ciya gheppai gahiyaM idaM gejha / evaM guNaNaM dharaNaM dhANaM pucchA ya tadaNusAreNa / hoi suhaM jIyaMti ya koyavvamiyaM jao'vassaM // savvehiM gaNaharehiM jIyaMti suyaM jao na vocchinna / gaNaharamajjAyA vA jIyaM savvANucinnaM vA // -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1111-17 2. jiNamaNii cciya sutuM gaNaharakaraNammi ko viseso ttha / so tadavikkho bhAsai na u vitthara au suya kiM tu|| atthaM bhAsai arahA suttuM gaMthaM ti gaNaharA niuNaM / sAsaNassa hipaDhAe to suttaM pavatteI // --vahI. 1118-19 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] artha ko anabhilApyatA artha ko vAbhagamyatA yA vAgagabhyatA ke sambandha meM spaSTIkaraNa karane ke abhiprAya se bhASyakAra likhate haiM: "ayaM anabhilApya hai - vaha abhilApa yA nibaMdhana kA viSaya nahIM hai / isalie zabdarUpAtmaka nahIM hai / aisI sthiti meM artha kA kisa prakAra kathana karA sakate haiM ? zabda kA phala artha - pratyAyana hai - vaha artha kI pratIti karAtA hai / isalie zabda meM artha kA upacAra kiyA gayA hai / isa dRSTikoNa se artha-kathana kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / punaH AzaMkA karate haiM---" taba aisA kahA jA sakatA hai, arhat artha - pratyAyaka sUtra hI bhASita karate haiM, artha nahIM / gaNadhara usI kA saMcayana karate haiM / taba dono meM kyA anya huA hai ?" ASa (addhamAgadhI prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya samAdhAna diyA jAtA hai - "arhat puruSApekSayA - gaNadharoM kI apekSA se stoka-thoDA sA kahate haiM, ve dvAdazAMgI nahIM kahate; ataH dvAdazAMgI kI apekSA se vaha (arhat-bhASita) artha hai tathA gaNadharoM kI apekSA se sUtra 11 mAtRkA pada utpAda, vyaya aur gate mUlaka tIna pada, jo mahaMtu dvArA bhASita hote haiM, mAtRkA pada kahe jAte haiM / usa sambandha meM bhASyakAra likhate haiM : "aMgAvi sUtra racanA se nirapekSa hone ke kAraNa (tIna) mAtRkA pada arthaM kahe jAte haiM / jisa prakAra dvAdazAMga praSacana- saMgha ke lie hitakara hai, usa prakAra ve ( mAtRkA pada ) hitakara nahIM haiN| saMgha ke lie vahI hitakara hai, jo sukhapUrvaka grahaNa kiyA jA sake / vaha gaNadharoM dvArA racita bAraha prakAra kA zruta hai| vaha nipuNa - niyataguNa yA nirdoSa, sukSma tathA mahAn - vistRta artha kA pratipAdaka hai / ' 2 1. naNu attho'Na bhilappo sa kahaM bhAsaha na saddarUvo so / sammi taduvayAro atthapaccAyaNaphala mmi // to suttameva bhAsaha atthapaccAyagaM, na nAmatthaM / gaNahAriNo'vi taM ciya kariMti ko paiviseso ttha / sau purisA veSakhAe thovaM bhaNai na u bArasaMgAI / atyo tadaviSakhAe suttaM ciya gaNaharANaM taM // - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1120-22 2. aMgAi suttarayaNAniravekkho jeNa teNa so attho / ahavA na sesapavayaNahiyautti jaha bArasaMgayiNaM // pavayaNa hiyaM puNa tayaM jaM suhagahaNAi gaNaharehiMto / bArasavihaM pavattas niuNaM suhumaM mahatyaM ca // niyayaguNaM vA niuNaM niddosaM gaNaharA'havA niuNA / taM puNa kimAi -pajjatamANamiha ko vA se sAro // vahI, 1123-25 2010_05 [ 363

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364 ] Agama aura tripiTaka eka anuzolana [ khaNDa: 2 bhASyakAra ne dvAdazAMgAtmaka Agama-racanA ke hetu, paramparA, krama, prayojana Adi ke sandarbha meM bahuta vistAra se jo kahA hai, unakA mAnasika jhukAva yaha siddha karane kI ora vizeSa pratIta hotA hai ki Agamika paramparA kA udgama srota tIrthaMkara hai; ataH gaNadharoM kA kartRtva kevala niyU haNa, saMkalana yA grathana mAtra se hai / vaidika paramparA meM veda apauruSeya mAne gaye haiM / paramAtmA ne RSiyoM ke mana meM veda -jJAnamaya mantroM kI avatAraNA ko / RSiyoM ne antazcakSuoM se unheM dekhA / phalata: zabdarUpa meM unhoMne unheM abhivyaMjanA dii| RSi mantra draSTA the, mantra sraSTA nahIM / isI prakAra bhASyakAra dvArA vyAkhyAta kiye gaye tathyoM se yaha prakaTa hotA hai, gaNadhara vAstava meM Agama sraSTA nahIM the, pratyut ve ahaMt-prarUpita zruta ke draSTA yA anubhavitA mAtra the / jo unake darzana aura anubhUti kA viSaya banA, unhoMne zabda rUpa meM usakI avatAraNA ko / bhAratavarSa kI prAyaH sabhI prAcIna dhArmika paramparAoM kA yaha siddha karane kA vizeSa prayatna dekhA jAtA hai ki unakA vADamaya apauruSeya, anAdi, Izvaroya yA ASaM hai / pUrvAtmaka jJAna aura dvAdazAMga jaina vAGamaya meM jJAniyoM ko do prakAra kI paramparAeM prApta hoto haiM : pUrvatraya aura dvAdazAMga tretA / pUrvI meM samatra zruta yA vAk-parisa jJAna kA samAveza mAnA gayA hai / ve saMkhyA meM caturdaza haiM / jaina zramaNoM meM pUrvatraroM kA jJAna ko dRSTi se ucca sthAna rahA hai / jo zramaNa caturdaza pUrvo kA jJAna dhAraNa karate the, unheM zruta kevala kahA jAtA thA / pUrva - jJAna kI paramparA eka mata aisA hai, jisake anusAra pUrva-jJAna bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUrvavartI samaya se calA A rahA thA / mahAvIra ke pazcAt arthAt uttaravartI kAla meM jo vAGamaya sarjita huA, usase pUrva kA hone se vaha (pUrvAtmaka jJAna ) 'pUrva' nAma se sambodhita kiyA jAne lagA / usakI abhighA ke rUpa meM prayukta 'pUrva' zabda sambhavataH isI tathya para Aghrata hai / dvAdazAMgI se pUrva pUrva - racanA eka dUsare abhimata ke anusAra dvAdazAMgI ko racanA se pUrva gaNavaroM dvArA ahaMdU bhASita tIna mAtRkA padoM ke AdhAra para caturdaza zAstra race gaye, jinameM samagra zruta kI avatAraNA kI gayI - Avazyaka- niyukti meM aisA ullekha hai 11 1. dhammovAo pavayaNamahavA putrAI desayA tassa / sajiNANa gaNaharA coTsaputrI u te tassa // sAmAiyAiyA vA vayajIvanikAya bhAvaNA paDhamaM / esa dhammovAdo jiNehiM savvehiM ubaTTo || 2010_05 - Avazyaka niyukti, gAthA 292-93

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bhASA aura sAhitya] ArSa ( arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [365 dvAdazAMgI se pUrva-pahale yaha racanA kI gaI; ata: ye caturdaza zAstra caturdaza pUoM ke nAma se vikhyAta hue / zrata-jJAna ke kaThina, kaThinatara aura kaThinatama viSaya zAstrIya paddhati se inameM nirUpita hue / yahI kAraNa hai, yaha vADamaya vizeSataH vidvatprayojya thA, sAdhAraNa buddhivAloM ke liye yaha durgama thA; ataeva isake AdhAra para sarvasAdhAraNa ke lAbha ke lie dvAdazAMgI kI racanA kI gaI / Avazyaka-niyukti-1 vivaraNa meM AcArya malayagiri ne isa sambandha meM jo likhA hai, paThanIya hai| dRSTivAda meM pUrvo kA samAveza dvAdazAMgI ke bArahaveM bhAga kA nAma dRSTivAda hai| vaha pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai1. parikama, 2. sUtra, 3. pUrvAnuyoga,4. pUrvagata aura 5. cUlikA / caturthaM vibhAga pUrvagata meM caturdaza pUrva-jJAna kA samAveza mAnA gayA hai / pUrvajJAna ke AdhAra para dvAdazAMgI ko racanA huI, phira bhI pUrva jJAna ko chor3a denA sambhavataH upayukta nahIM lgaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki antata: dRSTibAda meM use satriviSTa kara diyA gyaa| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki jaina tatva-jJAna ke mahatvapUrNa viSaya usameM sUkSma vizleSaNa pUrvaka bar3e vistAra se vyAkhyAta the| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM ullekha hai ki yadyapi bhUtavAda yA dRSTivAda meM samagra upayoga-jJAna kA avataraNa arthAt samagra vADa maya antabhUta hai| parantu, alpa buddhi vAle logoM tathA striyoM ke upakAra ke hetu usase zeSa zrata kA ni!haNa huA, usake AdhAra para sAre vAGamaya kA sarjana huaa| striyoM ke lie dRSTivAda kA varjana upayukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki striyoM ko dRSTivAda kA zikSaNa denA dhajita thaa| isa 1. nanu pUrva tAvat pUrvANi bhagavadbhirgaNadharairUpanibadhyante, pUrva karaNAt pUrvANIti pUrvAcAryapradarzitavyutpattizravaNAt, pUrveSu ca sakalavAGmayasyAvatAdo, na khalu tadasti yatpUrveSu nAbhihitaM, tataH kiM zeSAMgaviracenanAMgabAha viracanena vA ? ucyeta; iha vicitrA jagati prANinaH tatra ye durmedhasaH te pUrvANi nAdhyetumIzate, pUrvANAmatigambhIrArthatvAt, teSAM ca durmedhavatvAt, strINAM pUrvAdhyayanAnadhikAra eva, tAsAM tucchatvAdidoSabahulatvAt / -pR0 48, prakAzaka, Agamovaya samiti, bambaI 2. jaivi ya bhUyAvAe savvassa va ogayassa oyaaro| nijjUhaNA tahAvi hu dummehe pappa itthI y|| -vizeSAvazyaka bhAjya, gAthA 551 ____ 2010_05

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366 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 sambandha meM vizeSAvaNyaka bhASya meM jo ullekha kiyA gayA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai : "striyAM tuccha, garvonnata aura caMcalendriya hotI haiN| unakI meghA apekSAkRta durbala hotI hai; ataH utthAna, samutthAna Adi atizaya yA camatkAra-yukta adhyayana tathA dRSTivAda kA jJAna unake lie nahIM hai|" bhASyakAra ne striyoM kI kinhIM tathAkathita durbalatAoM ko ora lakSya kiyA hai| unakA tuccha, gavaMbahula svabhAva, capalendriyatA aura buddhimAndha bhASyakAra ke anusAra ve hetu haiM, jinake kAraNa unhe dRSTivAda kA zikSaNa nahIM diyA jA sktaa| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI gAthA 55 kI vyAsyA karate hue maladhArI bhAcArya hemacandra jo likhA hai, usakA sArAMza isa prakAra hai : "striyoM ko yadi kisI prakAra dRSTivAda zruta prApta karA diyA jAe, to tucchatA Adi se yukta prakRti ke kAraNa ve bhI dRSTivAda kI adhyetA haiM, isa prakAra mana meM abhimAna lA kara puruSa ke paribhava-tiraskAra Adi meM pravRtta ho jAtI haiM / phalataH unheM durgati prApta hotI hai| yaha jAnakara dayA ke sAgara, paropakAraparAyaNa tImakaroM ne utthAna, samutthAna Adi atizaya-camatkAra-yukta adhyayana tathA dRSTivAda striyoM ko dene kA niSedha kiyA hai| striyoM ko zruta-jJAna prApta karAyA jAnA cAhie, yaha una para anugraha karate hue zeSa gyAraha aMga Adi vAGmaya kA sarjana kiyA gyaa| bhAdhyakAra AcArya binabhadraga NI kSamAzramaNa tathA vRttikAra AcArya maladhArI hemacandra ne striyoM kI prakRti, pravRtti, meghA bhAdi kI jo bhAlocanA kI hai, vaha vimarza-sAkSepa hai, usa para tavyAnveSaNa kI dRSTi se UhApoha kiyA jAnA caahie| gavaM, cApalya tathA buddhidaurbalya yA pratibhA kI mandatA Adi strI-dharma hI haiM, yaha kahA jAnA to saMgata nahIM lagatA / para, prAcIna kAla se hI sAmAnya loka-mAnyatA kucha isI prakAra kI rahI hai / garva kA abhAvaRjutA, jitendriyatA aura buddhi-prakarSa saMskAra-lamya bhI haiM aura adhyavasAya-gamya bhii| ve kevala puruSa nAtyAzrita hI hoM, yaha kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? strI jahAM tIrthakara nAma karma taka kA bandha kara sakatI hai arthAt strI meM tIrthakara-pada, jo adhyAtma-sAdhanA kI sarvocca saphala koTi kI sthiti hai, taka adhigata karane kI kSamatA hai, taba usameM uparyukta durbalatAe Aropita kara use dRSTivAda-zruta kI adhikAriNI na mAnanA eka prazna-cihna upasthita karatA hai| 1. tucchA gAravabahulA caliMbiyA dubbalA ghiIe ya / iti AisesajjhaSaNA bhUyAvAo ya no tpINaM // -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 552 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa ( addha mAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 367 nArI aura haSTavAda : eka aura cintana prastuta viSaya meM katipaya vidvAnoM kI eka aura mAnyatA hai| usake anusAra pUrva-jJAna labdhyAtmaka hai| use svAyatta karane ke liye kevala adhyayana yA paThana ho yatheSTa nahIM hai, anivAryataH kucha vizeSa prakAra kI sAdhanAe bhI karanI hotI haiM, jinameM kucha kAla ke lie ekAnta aura ekAkI vAsa bhI Avazyaka hai| eka vizeSa prakAra ke daihika saMsthAna ke kAraNa strI ke liye yaha sambhava nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki use dRSTivAda sikhAne kI AjJA nahIM hai| yaha hetu avazya vicAraNIya hai| pUrva-racanA : kAla-tAratamya pUrSoM kI racanA ke sambandha meM AcArAMga-niyukti meM eka aura saMketa kiyA gayA hai, jo pUrva ke ullekhoM se bhinna hai| vahAM sarvaprathama AcArAMga kI racanA kA ullekha hai, usake anantara aMga sAhitya aura itara vAGamaya kA / jaba eka ora pUrva vAGamaya kI racanA ke sambandha meM prAya: adhikAMza vidvAnoM kA abhimata unake dvAdazAMgI se pahale race jAne kA hai, vahAM AcArAMga-niyukti meM sabase pahale AcArAMga ke sarjana kA ullekha eka bheda utpanna karatA hai / abhI to usake apAkaraNa kA koI sAdhaka hetu upalabdha nahIM hai; isaliye ise yahIM chor3ate haiM, para, isakA niSkarSa nikAlane ko ora vidvajjanoM kA prayAsa rahanA caahie| sabhI matoM ke pariprekSya meM aisA spaSTa dhvanita hotA hai ki pUrva-vAmaya kI paramparA sambhavataH pahale se rahI hai aura vaha mukhyataH tatvavAda kI nirUpaka rahI hai| vaha vizeSataH una logoM ke liye thI, jo svabhASataH dArzanika mastiSka aura tAtvika ruci-sampanna hote the| sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie usakA upayoga nahIM thaa| isIlie bAlakoM, nAriyoM, vRddhoM, alpamedhAviyoM yA gUr3ha tatva samajhane kI nyUna kSamatA vAloM ke hita ke lie prAkRta meM dharma-siddhAnta kI avatAraNA huI, jaisI uktiyAM astitva meM AI11 pUrva vAGamaya kI bhASA - pUrva dhADa maya apanI atyadhika vizAlatA ke kAraNa zabda-rUpa meM pUrA-kA-pUrA vyakta kiyA jA sake, sambhava nahIM mAnA jaataa| paramparayA kahA jAtA hai ki masI pUrNa kI itanI vizAla rAzi ho ki aMbArI sahita hAthI bhI usameM DhaMka jAye, usa masI-carNa ko jala meM gholA jAe aura usase pUrva likhe jAe, to bhI yaha kabhI zakya nahIM hogA ki ve lekha meM 1. nAlastrIvRddhamUrkhANAM nRNAM cAritrakAkSiNAm / anugrahArtha tatvajJaH siddhAntaH prAkRtaH kRtaH // -vazavakA lika vRtti, pR0 203 ____ 2010_05

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368 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 bAMdhe jA sakeM / arthAt pUrva jJAna samagratayA zabda kA viSaya nahIM hai / vaha labdhirUpaAtmakSamatA nusyUta hai / para, itanA sambhAvya mAnanA hI hogA ki jitanA bhI aMza rahA ho, zabda-rUpa meM usako avatAraNA avazya huI / taba prazna upasthita hotA hai, kisa bhASA meM aisA kiyA gayA? sAdhAraNatayA yaha mAnyatA hai ki pUrva saMskRta baddha the| kucha logoM kA isa sambandha meM anyathA mata bhI hai| ve pUrvo ke sAtha kisI bhI bhASA ko nahIM jor3anA cAhate / labriArUpa hone se jisa kisI bhASA me unakI abhidhyaMjanA sambhAdhya hai| siddhAntataH aisA bhI sambhAvita ho sakatA hai, para caturdaza pUrvadharoM kI, daza pUrvadharoM kI, kramazaH hIyamAna pUrvadharoM ko eka paramparA rahI hai| una pUrvadharoM dvArA adhigata pUrva-jJAna, jitanA bhI dhAga-viSayatA meM saMcIrNa huA, vahAM kisI-na-kisI bhASA kA avalambana avazya hI rahA hogaa| yadi saMskRta meM vaisA huA, to svabhAvataH eka prazna upasthita hotA hai ki jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra prAkRta (addhamAgadhI) Adi-bhASA hai| tIrthakara addhamAgadhI meM dharma-dezanA dete haiM, jo zrotR-samudAya kI apanI-apanI bhASA meM pariNata ho jAtI hai| devatA isI bhASA meM bolate haiN| arthAt vaidika paramparA meM vizvAsa rakhane vAloM ke anusAra chandas (vaidika saMskRta) kA jo mahatva hai, jaina dharma meM AsthA rakhane vAloM ke lie ASatva ke sandarbha meM prAkRta kA vahI mahatva hai| bhArata meM prAkRta-boliyAM atyanta prAcIna kAla se loka-bhASA ke rUpa meM vyavahRta rahI haiM / chandas sambhavataH unhIM boliyoM meM se kisI eka para AdhRta ziSTa rUpa hai| laukika saMskRta kA kAla usase pazcAddhartI hai / isa sthiti meM pUrva zruta ko bhASAtmaka dRSTi se saMskRta ke sAtha jor3anA kahA~ taka sagata hai ? kahIM paravartI kAla meM aisA to nahIM huA, jaba saMskRta kA sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM sarvAtizAyI gaurava punaH pratiSThApanna huSA, taba jaina vidvAnoM ke mana meM bhI vasA AkarSaNa jagA ho ki ve bhI apane Adi-vAGamaya kA usake sAtha lagAva siddha kareM, jisase usakA mahAtmya bar3he / nizcayAtmaka rUpa meM kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA, para. sahasA yaha mAna lenA samAdhAyaka nahIM pratIta hotA ki pUrva zruta saMskRta-nibaddha rhaa| parvagata : eka paricaya - pUrva gatta ke antargata vipula sAhitya hai| usake antarvartI caudaha pUrva haiM : 1. utpAda pUrva-samagra dravyoM aura paryAyoM ke utpAda yA utpatti ko adhikRta kara vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / isakA pada-parimANa eka karor3a hai| 2. anAyaNIya pUrva-ana tathA ayana zabdoM ke mela se agrAyaNIya zabda niSpanna haA hai| ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ASa ( addha mAgadhI) prAkRta aura mAgama vAGamaya [369 agra kA artha - parimANa aura ayana kA artha gamana-pariccheda yA vizadIkaraNa hai| arthAt isa pUrva meM saba dravyoM, saba paryAyoM aura saba jIvoM ke parimANa kA varNana hai| pada-parimANa chiyAnave lAkha hai| 3. vIryapravAda pUrva-sakarma aura akarma jIvoM ke chorya kA vivecana hai| pada-parimANa sattara lAkha hai| 4. masti-nAsti-pravAda pUrva-loka meM dharmAstikAya Adi jo haiM aura khara-dhiSaNAdi jo nahIM haiM, unakA isameM vivecana hai athavA sabhI vastue svarUpa kI apekSA se haiM tathA para-rUpa kI apekSA se nahIM haiM, isa sambandha meM vivecana hai| pada-pariNAma sATha lAkha hai| 5. jJAna-pravAda pUrva-mati Adi pAMca prakAra ke jJAna kA vistArapUrvaka vizleSaNa hai| pada-parimANa eka kama eka karor3a hai| 6. satya-pravAda pUrva-satya kA artha saMyama yA vacana hai / unakA vistArapUrvaka sUkSmatA se isameM vivecana hai / pada-parimANa chaH adhika eka karor3a hai| 7. Atma-pravAva pUrva-AtmA yA jIva kA naya-bheda se aneka prakAra se varNana hai| pada-parimANa-chabbIsa karor3a hai| 8. pharma-pravAda pUrva-jJAnAvaraNIya Adi ATha prakAra ke karmoM kA prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga, pradeza Adi bhedoM kI dRSTi se vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| pada-parimANa eka karor3a chiyAsI hajAra hai| 6. pratyAkhyAna pUrva-bheda-prabheda sahita pratyAkhyAna-tyAga kA vivecana hai / pada-parimANa caurAsI lAkha hai| 1. ana parimANaM tasya ayanaM gamanaM pariccheda ityrthH| tasmai hitamagrAyaNIyam, sarvavyAdi parimANaparicchedakAri - iti bhAvArthaH tathAhi tatra sarvaduvyANAM sarvaparyAyANAM sarvajIvavizeSANAM ca parimANamupavarNyate / -abhidhAna rAjendra, caturtha bhAga, pR0 2515 2. antaraMga zakti, sAmarthya, parAkrama / 3. yad vastu loke'sti dharmAstikAyA'di yacca nAsti kharabhaMgAdi tatpravavatItya stinAsti pravAdam / athavA sarva vastu svarUpeNAsti, pararUpeNa nAstIti astinAstipravAvam / -abhidhAna rAjendra, caturtha bhAga, pR0 2515 4. satyaM saMyamo vacanaM vA tatsatyasaMyama vacanaM vA prakarSaNa saprapaJca vavatIti satyapravAdam / -abhidhAna rAjendra, caturtha bhAga, pR0 2515 ____ 2010_05

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370 ; Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 10. vidyAnupravAda pUrva - aneka atizaya - camatkAra-yukta vidyAoM kA, unake anurUpa sAdhanoM kA tathA siddhiyoM kA varNana hai / pada-parimANa eka kor3a dasa lAkha hai / 11. avandhya pUrva vandhya zabda kA artha niSphala hotA hai / niSphala na honA avandhya hai / isameM niSphala na jAne vAle zubha phalAtmaka jJAna, tapa, saMyama Adi kA tathA azubha phalAtmaka pramAda Adi kA nirUpaNa hai / pada-pramANa chabbIsa karor3a hai | 12. prANAyupravAda pUrva-prANa arthAt pAMca indriya, mAnasa Adi tIna bala, uchUvAsaniHzvAsa tathA Ayu kA bheda prameda sahita vizleSaNa hai / pada - parimANa eka karor3a chappana lAkha hai / 13. kriyA-pravAda pUrva - kAyika Adi kriyAoM kA saMyamAtmaka kriyAoM kA tathA svacchanda kriyAoM kA vizAla- vipula vivecana hai / padaparimANa nau karor3a hai / 14. loka bindusAra pUrva - loka meM yA zruta-loka meM akSarA ke Upara lage bindu kI taraha jo sarvottama tathA sarvAkSara sannipAta labdhi hai, tuka hai, usa jJAna kA varNana hai / pada-parimANa sAr3he bAraha karor3a hai | cUlikAeM 2 cUlikAeM pUrvoM kA pUraka sAhitya hai / inheM parikramaM sUtra, pUrva gata tathA anuyoga (dRSTivAda ke bhedoM) meM ukta aura anukta artha ko saMgrAhikA grantha-paddhatiyAM " kahA gayA hai | dRSTivAda ke ina bhedoM meM jina-jina viSayoM kA nirUpaNa huA hai, una una viSayoM meM vivecita mahatvapUrNa arthoM - tathyoM tathA katipaya avivecita arthoM - prasaMgoM kA ina cUlikAoM meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai / ina cUlikAoM kA pUrva vAGamaya meM vizeSa mahatva hai / ye cUlikAeM zruta rUpI parvata para coTiyoM kI taraha suzobhita haiM / 1. loke jagati zruta-loke vA akSarasyopari binduriva sAraM sarvottamaM sarvAkSarasannipAtalabdhi hetutvAt loka bindusAram / -- abhidhAna rAjendra, caturtha bhAga, pR0 2515 2. yathA mero culAH, tatra cUlA hava dRSTivAde parikarmasUtrapUrvAnuyogotAmuktArthasaMgrahaparA - vahI, pR0 2515 ganyapadayataH / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [371 likAoM kI saMkhyA pUvaMgata ke antargata caturdaza pUrSoM meM prathama cAra pUrvo ke cUlikAe haiN| prazna upasthita hotA hai, dRSTibAda ke bhedoM meM pUrvagata eka bheda hai / usameM catudaMza pUrvo kA samAveza hai| una pUrvo meM se cAra-utpAda, agrAyaNIya, vIrya-pravAda tathA asti-nAsti-pravAda para cUlikAe haiM / isa prakAra inakA sambandha ina cAra pUrvo se hotA hai| taba inheM parikarma, sUtra, pUrvagata aura anuyoga meM ukta, anukta arthoM-viSayoM kI jo saMgrAhikA kahA gayA hai, vaha kaise saMgata hai ? vibhAjana yA vyavasthApana kI dRSTi se pUrSoM ko dRSTivAda ke bhedoM ke antargata pUrvagata meM liyA gayA hai / vastuta: unameM samana zruta ko avatAraNA hai; ataH parikama, sUtra tathA anuyoga ke viSaya bhI maulikatayA unameM anusyUta haiM hii| cAra pUrvo ke sAtha jo cUlikAoM kA sambandha hai, usakA abhiprAya hai ki ina cAya pUrvo ke sandarbha meM ina dhUlikAoM dvArA dRSTivAda ke sabhI viSayoM kA, jo vahAM vistRta yA saMkSipta rUpa meM vyAkhyAta haiM, kucha kama vyAkhyAta haiM, kucha kevala saMketita haiM, vizadarUpeNa vyAkhyAta nahIM haiM, saMgraha haiN| isakA Azaya hai ki paise dhUlikAoM meM dRSTivAda ke sabhI viSaya sAmAnyataH saMketita haiM, para, vizeSataH jo viSaya parikarma, pUtra, pUvaMgata tathA amuyoga meM vizadatayA vyAkhyAta nahIM haiM, unakA inameM prastutIkaraNa hai| pahale pUrva kI cAra, dUsare kI bAraha, tIsare kI ATha tathA cauthe kI dasa cUlikAeM mAnI gaI haiN| isa prakAra kula 4+13++1=34 dhUlikAeM haiN| vastu-voDa maya cUlikAmoM ke sAtha-sAtha 'vastu' saMjJaka eka aura vADa maya hai, jo pUrSoM kA vizleSaka yA viSardhaka hai / ise pUrvAntargata adhyayana-sthAnIya granthoM ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai| / zrotAoM kI apekSA se sUhama jIvAdi bhAva-nirUpaNa meM bhI vastu zabda abhihita hai| aisA bhI mAnA jAtA hai, saba dRSTiyoM kI usameM avatAraNA hai / vastuoM kI saMkhyA prathama pUrva meM daza, dUsare meM cavadaha, tIsare meM ATha, cauthe meM aThAraha, pAMca meM bAraha, 1. pUrvAntargateSu adhyayanasthAnIyeSu granthavizeSeSu / -abhidhAna rAjendra, SaSTha bhAga, pR0 876 2. zrotrapekSayA sUkSmajIvAvibhAvakathane / 3. sarvadRSTInAM tatra samavatArastasya jnke| -mabhidhAna rAjendra, caturtha bhAga, pR0 2516 ____ 2010_05

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372] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa:2 chaThe meM do, sAta meM solaha, AThave meM tIsa, nauveM meM bIsa, dazaveM meM pandraha, gyAraha meM bAraha, bArahaveM meM teraha, terahave meM tIsa tathA cavadaha pUrva meM paccIsa vastue haiN| isa prakAra kula 10+1++1+12+2+16+30+20+15+12+13+30+25-225 do sau paccIsa vastue haiN| vistRta vizleSaNa kA yahAM avakAza nahIM hai; ataH prasaMgopAttatayA pUrva bAGamaya kA saMkSipta vivecana prastuta kiyA gayA hai| Arya jambU ke bAda zruta-paramparA Arya prabhava eka durdama tathA kuzala taskara ke rUpa meM prabhava kA AyaM jambU se samparka humA / bArya jambU ke titikSAmaya upadeza suna, unakA saMyamonmukha jIvana dekha prabhava kA mana itanA badalA ki AyaM jambU kA padAnusaraNa karate hue usane bho yAtrajjIvana saMyama-patha para calate rahane kA dRr3ha saMkalpa kara liyaa| prabhava kA taskara-rUpa zrAmaNya meM parivartita ho gyaa| apanI jijJAsA va titikSAmaya ujjvala vRti tathA saMyamAnuprANita sAtvika caryA se vaha itanA Age bar3hA ki jambU ke anantara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dharma-saMgha kA samagra uttaradAyitva usI ke sabala kandhoM para mAyA / AyaM prabhava Arya jambU ke uttarAdhikArI hue| kalpasUtra meM unakA kevala itanA sA paricaya prApta hotA hai : "kAzyapagotrIya sthavira AyaM jambU ke antevAsI kAtyAyamagotrIya sthavira Aya prabhava the|"1 bAyaM jambU se samasta zruta-paramparA Arya prabhava ke mAdhyama se yathAvat rUpa meM gatizIla rhii| ve caturdaza pUrvadhArI, zruta-kevalI the| Arya prabhava kA AcArya-kAla Arya jambU ke uttarAdhikArI ke rUpa meM unakA kArya-kAla gyAraha varSa kA mAnA jAtA hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 75 varSa pazcAt ve svagaMgAmI hue / yahI samaya himavat therAvalI meM ullikhita hai| 1. therassa NaM ajja jambU nAmassa kAsavagottassa ajja pabhave there aMtevAsI kaccAyaNamagote .. / 2. puNo pADalIpure 11, 10, 13, 25, 25, 6, 6, 4, 55 navanaMda evaM varSa 155 rajje jambU zeSavarSANi 4, prabhava 11, zayyambhava 23, yazobhadra 50, sambhUtivijaya 8, bhadrabAhu 14, sthUlabhadra 45 (155) evaM vora-nirvANa 215 / . --zrI dharmaghoSasUri kRta duHSamAkAlazrIzramaNa saMgha stotram 3. muni kalyANavijayajI ke anusAra AcArya himavAn eka prasiddha sthavira the| prasiddha anuyoga-pravartaka skandilAcArya aura nAgArjuna vAcaka kA sattA-samaya hI himavAn kA sattA-samaya thA, isameM koI sandeha nhiiN| kyoMki devarddhigaNI kI nandI therAvalI meM ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (addha mAgadhI) prAkRta aura mAgama vAGamaya [373 digambara-paramparA meM taskara prabhava ke sthAna para taskara vidyuJcara kA ullekha hai / jambU ko uttarAdhikAra-parampayA meM prabhava kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| digambara-mAnyatA ke anusAra jambU ke uttarAdhikArI viSNu yA nando the| unakA AcArya-kAla caudaha varSa kA thaa| tiloyapaNNatI meM 'nandI' nAma kA ullekha hai| Arya zayyambhava Arya jambU ke pazcAt zrota-srotasvinI ke saMvAhaka evaM samprasAraka mArya zayyambhava the| ve apane yuga ke udbhaTa vidvAna the| ve vedajJa, yAjJika evaM karmakANDa-niSNAta the| kahA jAtA hai, Arya prabhava ko kucha aisI antaH preraNA huI ki unhoMne vidvAn zayyambhava ko pratiboSa dene ke hetu do muniyoM ko unake pAsa bhejaa| usa samaya zayyambhava yajJa-nirata the| ve muniyoM dvArA ubuddha evaM utprerita hue / Arya prabhava ke pAsa zramaNa-dIkSA svIkAra kii| pragAr3ha vidvAn to the hI, pratibhA aura medhA ke dvArA bhrata ko anavarata upAsanA kii| caturdaza pUrvo kA jJAna ajita kiyaa| zruta kevalI hue / jisa samaya zayyambhava dIkSita hue the, unakI dharmapatnI garbhavatI thii| yathAsamaya putra utpanna huaa| putra kA nAma manaka rakhA gayA / putra sayAnA humA / usane jAnA, usake pitA zramaNa haiN| vaha unake pAsa aayaa| unake tapaHpUta jIvana se prabhAvita huA aura dIkSita ho gyaa| apane viziSTa jJAna dvArA AcArya zayyambhava ne jAnA, manaka kA AyuSya bahuta kama hai| usakA jIvana kevala chaH mAsa kA hai| unhoMne usake kalyANa ke lie saMyama tathA sAdhanA-mUlaka zrutAgamoM meM se sAsa-sAra Akalita kara dazavakAlika kI racanA kI, jisase vaha navadIkSita zramaNa usakA parizIlana karatA huA apane saMyama-joSitavya kA saphalatApUrvaka nirvAha karatA jAe / AcArya zayyambhava kI zruta-jagata ko yaha eka mahatvapUrNa dena hai| inakA skandila ke bAda aura nAgArjana ke pahale ullekha hai aura prastuta therAvalI meM inako skandila kA ziSya likhA hai, para, yaha nizcaya honA kaThina hai ki yaha gherAvalo prastuta himavat-kRta hai yA anya kRta / isameM kaI prAcIna aura azrutapUrva aise ullekha haiM, jinakA prAcIna zilAlekhoM se bhI samarthana hotA hai / ina tathyoM kA pratipAdana isameM dekha kara yaha anumAna hotA hai ki syAt yaha prAcIna ho, para, katipaya ullekha aise bhI haiM, jo isa therAvalI ko himavat kartR katA meM zaMkA utpanna karate haiN| ataeva aba taka yaha anirNita jaisA hai ki vastutaH yaha therAvalo kisake dvArA racita hai| 1. gaMdI ya gaMvimittoM vidio avarAjido taijjo ya / govaddhaNo cauttho paMcamao bhaddabAhutti // -tiloyapaNNattI, 1482 ____ 2010_05

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374 1 mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana parvo ke AdhAra para racanA . dazavakAlika kI racanA ke sambandha meM aisA kahA jAtA hai ki yaha pUrvo para AdhRta hai| udAharaNArtha, vazavakAlika kA dharmaprajJapti nAmaka adhyayana Atma-pravAda pUrva ke, piNDeSaNA nAmaka adhyayana karma-pravAda pUrva ke, pAkya-zuddhi nAmaka adhyayana satya-pravAda pUrva ke tathA zeSa adhyayana pratyAkhyAna pUrva kI tRtIya vastu ke AdhAra para praNIta hue| kalpasUtra-sthavirASalI meM Arya zayyambhava ke lie kevala itanA-sA ullekha hai : "kAtyAyanagotrIya sthaghiya mArya prabhava ke antevAsI Arya zayyambhava the| ve vatsagotrIya the aura manaka ke pitA the|" AcArya-kAla bhAcArya zayyambhava teIsa varSa taka saMghanAyaka ( AcArya ) rhe| himavat therApalI meM unake svargavAsa kA samaya 18 vIra-nirvANAnda likhA hai, jo isase saMgata hai| digambaramAnyatA ke anusAra viSNu yA nandI ke paTTadhara arthAt jambU ke pazcAt dUsare paTTadhasa nandimitra the, jinakA saMgha-nAyaka-kAla solaha varSa kA mAnA jAtA hai| Arya yazobhadra bhAyaM yazobhadra mArya bhayyambhava ke anteSAsI the| kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM unake paricaya meM likhA hai : "manaka ke pitA, vatsagotrIya sthadhira zayyambhava ke antevAsI mA sthavira yazobhadra the| ve tugiyAyana gotrotpanna the|"3 AyaM zayyambhava ke pazcAt zruta-saMghAhana tathA saMgha-saMcAlana kA mahatvapUrNa uttaradAyitva AyaM pazobhadra para AyA, jisakA unhoMne atyanta saphalatApUrvaka nirvAha kiyaa| ve caturdaza pUrvadhara the| nandarAjAoM ko pratibodha kahA jAtA hai, Arya yazobhadra ne nandAjAoM ko pratibodha diyaa| phalataH unhoMne Aheta dhama svIkAra kara liyaa| himavat thesAvalI meM ullekha hai ki Arya yazobhadra ke samaya AThavA nanda magadha kA SA thaa| vaha bahuta lobhI thaa| usane virocana nAmaka brAhmaNa-mantrI kI preraNA se phaliMga deza 1. jaina Agama, paM0 dalasukha mAlapaNiyA, pR0 17 2 therassa gaM ajjappamavassa kaccAyaNasagottassa ajjasejjabhave aMtevAsImaNagapitA bcchsgotte| 3. therassa NaM ajja sejjamavassa maNapiuNo vacchasagottassa ajja jasama there aMtevAsI tuMgIyAyaNasa gott| - ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya / ArSa (arddha mAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [375 para car3hAI kii| use dhvasta-vidhvasta kara diyaa| sAtha-hI-sAtha usane magadha samrAT zreNika dvArA kumAra giri para nirmApita RSabha-prAsAda kA bhI dhvaMsa kiyA aura bhagavAn RSabha kI svarNamayI pratimA ko magadha le AyA / AcArya-kAla Arya yazobhadra kA saMghAdhipatyakAla pacAsa varSa kA mAnA jAtA hai| himavat therApalI meM 148 pIra nirvANAnda meM unake svargagAmI hone kA ullekha hai| unakA pacAsa varSa kA bhAcArya-kAla isase samarthita hai| digambara-mAnyatA ke anusAra jambU ke anantara tIsare AcArya arthAt Arya nandimitra ke uttarAdhikArI aparAjita haiN| unakA AcArya-kAla bAIsa varSa kA mAnA jAtA hai / Arya yazomana ke pazcAt ___ kalpasUtra ke anusAra Arya yazobhadra ke anantara sthaghirAvalI ke do rUpa haiM-saMkSipta aura vistRta / vahAM ullekha hai : "saMkSipta vAcanA ke anusAra Arya yazobhadra se Age sthavirAvalI isa prakAra hai-tugiyAyama gotrIya, sthavira Arya yazobhadra ke do ruthapiya antevAsI themADara gotrIya, sthavira Arya sambhUtivijaya tathA prAcIna gotrIya sthavira Arya bhadrabAhu / " 2 1. isa sandarbha meM kucha pahalU vicAraNIya haiM / yadi nandavaMzIya rAjA jaina dharmAnuyAyI the, to kaliMga ke jaina rAjA para kaise car3hAI karate, RSabha-prAsAda ko kaise dhvasta kiyA jAtA, bhagavAn RSabha ko svarNamayI pratimA ko kumAragiri se uThA kara magadha kyoM lAyA jAtA? vidvAnoM ke isa sambandha meM kaI prakAra ke abhimata haiN| kucha kA kahanA hai ki nanda rAjA kI jaina dharma ke prati zraddhA na hotI, to RSabha kI pratimA ko kaliMga se magadha kyoM le jAyA jAtA, use naSTa bhI kiyA jA sakatA thaa| vastutaH usa kAla kI rAja-manovRtti ke anusAra apane kisI dhArmika rAjA para AkramaNa karanA eka bAta thI aura dharma kI ArAdhanA va virAdhanA kA prazna usase pRthak thaa| jaina mAnyatAnusAra magadha-nareza kuNika - ajAtazatru jaina thA aura licchavi gaNAdhyakSa ceTaka bhI jaina thA, para, unameM paraspara bhISaNa saMgrAma huaa| phalataH janatantrAtmaka zAsana kA una dinoM kA eka utkRSTa pratIka licchavi-gaNarAjya sadA ke lie naSTa ho gyaa| 2.. saMkhittavAyaNAe ajja jasabhaddAo aggao evaM zerAvalI bhaNiyA, taM jahA-therassaNe ajjajasamaddassa TuMgiyAyaNagottassa aMtevAsI duve therA-there ajja saMbhUyavijae mADharasagotte, there ajja bhaddabAhU pAINasagotte / ____ 2010_05

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376 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 Arya yazobhadra dvArA nirvyUr3ha zrutaM paramparA tathA saMgha vyavasthA kArya sambhUtivijaya tathA Arya bhadrabAhu ke mAdhyama se gatizIla rahI / do uttarAdhikArI eka navIna paramparA AyaM yazobhadra taka dharma-saMgha ke adhinAyaka yA uttarAdhikArI ke rUpa meM eka hI vyakti kA manonayana kiyA jAtA rhaa| eka hI AcArya ke netRtva meM dharma saMgha kAryarata rahA / Arya yazobhadra ke anantara eka naI paramparA kA sUtrapAta huaa| Aryayazobhadra ko sambhavataH apane ziSyoM meM pUrvokta do bahuta hI yogya lage hoN| donoM kI asAmAnya yogyatA aura pAtratA ko dekhate hue sambhavataH unheM nirNaya lene meM kaThinatA kA anubhava huA ho, kise uttarAdhikArI manonIta kiyA jaae| donoM meM se kisI eka ke pakSa meM manonayana sambandhI nirNaya na le sakane ke kAraNa unhoMne donoM ziSya; sambhUtivijaya tathA bhadrabAhu ko hI uttarAdhikArI ghoSita kara diyaa| isa prakAra eka vizeSa paripATI kA pracalana huA / para, usakA pariNAma asukhAvaha nahIM huA / vidhikrama isa prakAra kA rahA ki eka paTTa para do saMghapatiyoM ke hone para bhI saMgha vyavasthA tathA saMcAlana meM koI duvidhA nahIM huI; kyoMki donoM kA nirapekSa uttarAdhikAra nahIM thA / saMghIya vyavasthA, saMcAlana, nirdezana Adi meM prathama yA jyeSTha paTTadhara kA sIdhA adhikAra thA / dvitIya yA kaniSTha paTTadharA unake jIvana kAla meM usameM kucha bhI hastakSepa nahIM karate / jyeSTha paTTadharA kA svargavAsa hone para kaniSTha paTTadharA ke hAthoM meM ve sAre adhikAra A gaye, jo jyeSTha paTTadhara ke pAsa the / kevala antara itanA-sA huA, eka hI uttarAdhikArI manonIta kiye jAne kI paramparA meM agrima uttarAdhikAcI yA saMghanAyaka ke manonayana kA adhikAra vartamAna saMghapati ko hotA, vahAM isa naI paramparA ke anusAra pahale uttarAdhikArI ke pazcAt dUsare uttarAdhikArI ke pAsa saMgha kA sAyA dAyitva svayameva A jAtA; kyoMki usakA manonayana pahale se ho kiyA huA thaa| isa dvi-AcArya - paramparA se saMghIya vyavasthA meM kisI bhI prakAra kI asvasthatA nahIM AI / dUsare, yaha sthiti to kAdAcitka thI, vastutaH adhikAMzata: eka hI AcArya yA uttarAdhikArI manonIta kiye jAne kI paramparA pracalita thI / Arya sambhUtivijaya Arya sambhUtivijaya jyAmAn the; ataH Arya yazobhadra ke pazcAt saMghanAyaka yA AcArya ve hI hue / ve catudaMza pUrvadhara the / unakA AcArya kAla ATha varSa kA mAnA jAtA hai / himavat therAvalI ke anusAra unakA svargavAsa 156 vIca nirvANAbda meM huA / digambara - AmnAya meM jambU ke pazcAt caturtha saMghanAyaka aparAjita ke uttarAdhikAcI AcArya poSaddhana mAne gaye haiM / unakA AcArya-kAla unnIsa varSa kA hai / 2010_05

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ArSa (arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 377 mahAn prabhAvaka AcArya bhadrabAhu paramparayA aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu kA dakSiNa meM pratiSThAna purA (peDana) meM eka brAhmaNa parivAra meM janma huA thA / unhoMne apanI vaMza-maryAdA ke anusAra aneka vidyAoM kA adhyayana kiyA / unake pAragAmI bane / kahA jAtA hai, unakI Arthika sthiti kaSTapUrNa thI / koI aisA prasaMga banA ho, AhaMt-darzana ke prati unakA AkarSaNa bar3hA tathA unhoMne zramaNa-dIkSA svIkAra kara lI / bhASA aura sAhitya ] varAhamihira se sambandha aisI bhI jana zruti pracalita hai, mahAn jyotirvid varAhamihira AcArya bhadrabAhu ke anuja the / para varAhamihirA ke prApta sAhitya ke AdhAra para unakA kAla vikrama kI SaSTha zatAbdI nizcita hotA hai | AcArya bhadrabAhu kA samaya vikrama ke bahuta pUrvavartI hai; ata: bhadrabAhu tathA varAhamihira kA jo sambandha kalpita kiyA jAtA hai, vaha asaMgata hai / cheda-sUtroM ke racanAkAra zruta vAGamaya meM nizItha, mahAnizotha, vyavahAra, dazAzu taskandha, kalpa (vRhatkalpa) tathA paMcakalpa (athavA jItakalpa) cheda sUtroM ke nAma se prasiddha haiM | vazA taskandha meM bhArata kA itihAsa kramabaddha vyavasthita rUpa meM prApta hotA hai / candragupta maurya jaina dharmAnuyAyI thA yA vaha vaidika dharma ko mAnatA thA, isa sambandha meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai / pariziSTa parva pariziSTa parva meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai ki mahAmAtya cANakya jaina thA / vaha candragupta ko jana banAne ke liye prayatnazIla thA / eka bAra usane do pariSadoM meM vibhinna dArzanika paramparAoM ke sAdhuoM ko samAhata kiyaa| eka pariSad meM jaina zramaNa bhI Amantrita the / candragupta jaina zramaNoM se prabhAvita huA / usane jaMna dharma svIkAra bhI kara liyA / prAyaH samasta zvetAmbara, digambara jaina vAGamaya meM candragupta ke solaha svapna prasiddha haiM, jinameM bhaviSya meM dharma-kSetra meM hone vAlI hAsonmukha sthitiyoM kA sUcana hai / candragupta kI rAja sabhA meM rahane vAle yUnAna ke rAjadUta megasthanIz2a ne jo ullekha kiyA hai, usake anusAra candragupta ne brAhmaNoM ke dharma-siddhAnta ke pratirUpa jaina zramaNoM ke siddhAnta yA dharmopadeza svIkAra kiye the / suprasiddha vidvAn TAmasa ke anusAra kevala candragupta hI nahIM, usakA putra bindusAra tathA pautra azoka bhI jaina thA / TAmasa ne mudrArAkSasa, tathA Aine akabarI Adi granthoM dvArA ise samarpita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| rAjatara giNI bauddha dharma 2010_05

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37. ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana granthoM ke anusAra candragupta ke putra bindusAra kA brAhmaNa dharma ke prati zraddhAvAna honA prakaTa hotA hai| azoka ke lie aisA sambhava ho sakatA haiM ki vaha pahale jena rahA ho| bAda meM usane dharma parivartana kara liyA ho / himavat therAvalI meM ullekha hai ki azoka rAjya-prApti ke cAra paSa pazcAt bauddha ho gayA thaa| usake zilAlekhoM meM ghoSaNAoM ke antargata nigranthoM ko dAna dene kA ullekha hai| isase pratIta hotA hai ki bauddha dharma svIkAra karane para bhI samrATa kA nirgamathoM ke prati Adara tathA zraddhA-bhAva thaa| anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai, usakA mukhya kAraNa samrATa kA kabho ninantha-matAnuyAyI rahanA hai / DA. lyUmaina, hAnale, smitha, rAisa DebiDsa, jAyasavAla prabhRti itihAsakAroM kA abhimata hai ki samrATa candragupta mauya jaina thaa| ve yaha bhI mAnate haiM ki samrATa AcArya bhadrabAhu kA ziSya thaa| bhadrabAhu aura candragupta kA sambandha AcAya' bhadrabAhu aura candragupta ke guru-ziSyAtmaka sambandha ke viSaya meM koI bahuta puSTa pramANa aba taka prApta nahIM ho sake haiN| yaha viSaya gaveSaNA aura vivecanA-sApekSa hai| pramukha itihAsa-adhyetA muni kalyANavijayajI kA bhI isI prakAra kA mata hai| unake anusAra abhI taka koI bhI usa prakAra kA Thosa pramANa prApta nahIM ho sakA hai, jisase yaha siddha kiyA jA ske| unakA kathana hai ki candragupta ke samaya meM jaba usake rAjya meM bhISaNa durbhikSa par3A, taba pATaliputra meM suTThima-susthita nAmaka vRddha pAcAya the, isa prakAra ke purAne lekha to prApta hote haiM, para, dazama zatI se pUrva kA koI bhI aisA lekha yA grantha upalabdha nahIM hai, jisase yaha pramANita ho ske| himavat therAvalI meM jo ullekha hai, usake anusAra AcArya bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa 170 vIra-nirvANAnda meM tathA candragupta kA dehAvasAna 184 pIranirvANAbda meM sUcita hotA hai| isa prakAra AcArya bhadrabAhu tathA candragupta ke deha tyAga meM caudaha varSa kA antara hai, jo unako samasAmayikatA ke sUcana ke lie paryApta hai| ina saba sthitiyoM ke hote hue bhI AcArya bhadrabAhu aura candragupta ke pArasparika sambandha ko lekara paravartI hI sahI, jaina sAhitya va jaina anuzrutiyoM meM jo itanI carcA hai, usa para aura gaharAI se socanA kama Avazyaka nahIM hai| AgamoM ko prathama vAcanA bhaneka lotoM se yaha vidita hotA hai ki candragupta maurya ke rAjya meM bAraha varSa kA bhISaNa durbhikSa par3A / janatA annAdi khAdya padArthoM ke abhAva meM trAhi-trAhi karane lgii| bhikSopajIvI zramaNoM ko bhI taba bhikSA kahAM se prApta hotii| sthapiyAvalI meM isa sambandha meM ullekha hai : "vaha duSkAla kAla-zani ke samAna kAla thaa| sAdhu-saMgha (bhikSApUrvaka) 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya | ASa (addha mAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama dhAmaya [379 jIvana-nirvAha hetu samudra-taTa para calA gyaa| adhIta kA guNana-AvRtti na kiye jAne ke kAraNa sAdhuoM ko zruta vismRta ho gyaa| abhyAsa na karate rahane se medhAvI janoM dvArA kiyA gayA adhyayana bhI naSTa ho jAtA hai| duSkAla kA anta huaa| sArA sAdhu-saMgha pATaliputra meM milaa| jisa-jisa ko jo aMga, adhyayana, uddezaka Adi smaraNa the, unheM saMkalita kiyA gayA / bArahaveM aMga dRSTipAda kA saMkalana nahIM ho skaa| saMgha ko cintA huii| AcArya bhadrabAhu caturdaza pUrvadhara the, ve nepAla ke mArga meM the / zrIsaMgha ne unheM bulAne ke lie do muni bheje|"1 AcArya haribhadra ke prAkRta upadeza pada meM bhI isI prakAra kA ullekha hai| mAvazyaka cUrNi meM bhI isI taraha kA varNana hai| dakSiNa jAne ko kalpanA nIranidhi athavA samudra-taTa para sAdhuoM ke jAne kA jo yahAM ullekha hai, usase zramaga-saMgha ke dakSiNI samudra-taTa yA dakSiNa deza jAne ko kalpanA ko jAtI hai| nIranidhi se dakSiNI samudra-taTa hI kyoM liyA jAe ? usase bagopasAgara (baMgAla kI khAr3I ) bhI liyA jA sakatA hai, jisake taTa para ur3IsA kI eka lambo paTTI avasthita hai, jahAM jaina dharma kA saMcAra ho cukA thaa| 1. itazca tasmin duSkAle, karAle kAlarAtrivat / nirvAhArtha sAdhusaMghastIraM nIranidheryayo / / aguNyamAnaM tu tavA, sAghunAM vismRtaM zrutam / anamyasanato nazyatyadhItaM dhImatAmapi // saMgho'tha pATaliputre, duSkAlAnte'khilo'milat / yadaMgAdhyayanoddezAdyAsId yasya tavAde // tatazcaikAdazAMgAni, zrIsaMgho'melayattadA / dRSTivAdanimitta ca, tasthau kiMcid vicintayan // nepAladezamArgastha, bhadrabAhuM ca pUrviNam / jJAtvA saMghaH samAhavAtuM, tataH preSonmunidvayam // --sthavirAvalI caritam, 6, 55-56 2. jAo a tammi samaye dukkAlo do ya dasama barisANi / savyo sAhusamUho gamo to jlhitiiresu|| tadubarame so puNaravi pADaliputte samAgao vihiyA / saMgheNaM suyavisayA ciMtA kiM kassa atyati // jaM jassa Asi pAse uddasa ujhayaNa mAisaMghaDiuM / taM savvaM ekkAraya aMgAI taheva tthvipaaii|| - ____ 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana 360 ] bhadrabAhu dvArA pUrvo kI vAghanA AdAya bhadrabAhu ke pAsa zrIsaMgha kA sandeza pahuMcA / ve mahAprANa dhyAna kI sAdhanA meM nirata the 1 unake lie pATaliputra A pAnA sambhava nahIM thA / usase unakI sAdhanA vyAhata hotI / isalie unhoMne svIkRti dI ki vahAM rahate hue ve samAgata adhyayanArthiyoM ko pUrvoM kI vAcanA de sakeMge--adhyApana karA sakeMge / kahA jAtA hai, tadanusAra zrIsaMgha ne pandraha sau zramaNoM ko nepAla bhejA / unameM pAMca sau vidyArthI zramaNa the tathA pratyeka adhyayanArthI zramaNa ke khAna-pAna Adi Avazyaka kAryoM ko vyavasthA, paricaryA Adi ke hetu do-do zramaNa niyukta the / isa prakAra kula eka hajAra paricAraka zramaNa the / [ khaNDa : 2 AcArya bhadrabAhu ne vAcanA denA prArambha kiyaa| Age uttarottara vAcanA calate rahane meM kaThinAI sAmane Ane lago / dRSTivAda - pUrva jJAna ko atyadhika durUhatA va jaTilatA tathA tadanurUpa ( tadapekSa ) bauddhika kSamatA va dhAraNA-zakti ko nyUnatA ke kAraNa adhyayanArthI zramaNa parizrAnta hone lage / antataH ve ghabarA gaye / unakI himmata TUTa gayI / sthUlabhadra ke atirikta koI bhI zramaNa adhyayana meM nahIM Tika sakA / sthUlabhadra ne apane adhyayana kA krama nirabAdha cAlU rakhA / daza pUrvo kA sUtrAtmaka tathA arthAtmaka jJAna unheM adhigata ho gyaa| Age adhyayana cala hI rahA thaa| isa bIca eka ghaTanA ghaTa gayI / unakI bahineM jo viyAM thIM, zramaNa bhAI kI zrutAAdhanA dekhane ke lie AI / sthUlabhadra ise pahale hI jAna gaye / bahinoM ko camatkAra dikhAne ke hetu vidyA-bala se unhoMne siMha kA rUpa banA liyA / bahineM bhaya se ThiThaka gayIM / sthUlabhadra tatkSaNa apane asalI rUpa meM A gaye / bahineM Azcaryacakita ho gayIM / AcArya bhadrabAhu ne saba kucha jAna liyA / ve vidyA ke dvArA bAhya camatkAra dikhAne ke pakSa meM nahIM the; ataH isa ghaTanA se ve sthUlabhadra para bahuta ruSTa hue / Age vAcanA denA banda kara diyA / sthUlabhadra ne kSamA mAMgI, bahuta anunaya-vinaya kiyA, taba unhoMne unako Age ke vAya pUrvI kA jJAna kevala sUtra rUpa meM diyA, artha nahIM batalAyA / sthUlabhadra ko caturdaza pUrvo kA pATha to jJAta ho gayA, para, ve artha daza hI pUrvoM kA jAna pAye; ataH unheM pATha kI dRSTi se caturdaza pUrvadhara aura artha kI dRSTi se daza pUrvadhara kahA jA sakatA hai / isa prakAra artha kI dRSTi se bhadrabAhu ke anantara cAra pUrvo kA viccheda ho gayA / 2010_05 prathama vAcanA ke adhyakSa yA nirdezaka ? gyAraha aMgoM kA saMkalana pATaliputra meM sampanna huA / ise prathama vAcanA kahA jAtA hai / isakI vidhivat adhyakSatA yA netRtva kisane kiyA, spaSTa jJAta nahIM hotA / AcArya bhadrabAhu viziSTa yoga sAdhanA ke sandarbha meM nepAla gaye hue the, ataH unakA netRtva to sambhava thA hI

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ArSa (arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya bhASA aura sAhitya ] [ 381 nahIM / bhadrabAhu ke bAda sthUlabhadra kI hI saba dRSTiyoM se varIyatA abhimata hai / yaha bhI ho sakatA hai, AcArya bhadrabAhu jaba nepAla jAne lage hoM, unhoMne saMgha kA adhinAyakatva sthUlabhadra ko sauMpa diyA ho / adhikatama yahI sambhAvanA hai, prathama Agama-vAcanA sthUlabhadra ke netRtva meM huI ho / AcArya bhadrabAhu : digambara- mAnyatA digambara-paramparA meM sAmAnyataH aisA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki magadha meM par3e dvAdaza varSIya duSkAla ke samaya AcArya bhadrabAhu jaina saMgha sahita dakSiNa cale gaye / samrAT candragupta bhI unake sAtha gayA, eka muni ke rUpa meM / zravaNabelagolA (karnATaka) ke candrAgiri nAmaka parvata para unakA svargavAsa huA / zravaNabelagolA (karnATaka) sthita pArzvanAtha vasati ke eka zilAlekha meM ullekha hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu ke vacana se jaina saMgha uttarApatha (uttara bhArata ) se dakSiNApatha ( dakSiNa bhArata ) gyaa| para, usa zilAlekha meM aisA koI saMketa nahIM milatA ki AcArya bhadrabAhu bhI unake sAtha dakSiNa gaye the / yaha zilAlekha zaka saMvat 522 ke Asa-pAsa kA likhA huA hai / vRhatkathA koSa vRhatkathAkoSa grantha meM bhI isa sambandha meM varNana hai / isake lekhaka AcArya hariSeNa hai aura racanA samaya zaka saMvat 853 hai / usameM jo vivaraNa hai, usakA saMkSipta sAra isa prakAra hai - AcArya bhadrabAhu kisI samaya vihAra karate hue ujjayinI phuNce| vahAM ziprA nadI ke kinAre eka udyAna meM Thahare / ve bhikSArtha nagara meM gaye / eka ghara meM dekhA, eka baccA jhUle meM jhUla rahA hai| bacce ne cillAkara kahA- nikala jAo / isa nimitta se unheM pratIta huA ki bAraha varSoM kA eka bhISaNa durbhikSa par3ane vAlA hai| unhoMne saMgha ko bulAyA aura sAre vRttAnta se avagata kraayaa| unhoMne kahA, acchA yahI hai, loga dakSiNa deza cale jAe / mujhe svayaM yahIM ThaharanA hogA; kyoMki merI Ayu aba kSINa ho cukI hai / " vizAkhAcArya kA dakSiNa-gamana isI kathAkoSa meM eka mahatvapUrNa ullekha yaha hai ki candragupta ne AcArya bhadrabAhu se zramaNa-dIkSA grahaNa kii| ve vizAkhAcArya ke nAma se prasiddha hue / guru kI AjJA se ve saMghasahita dakSiNa meM pannATa deza gaye / vahAM rAmilla, sthUlavRddha tathA bhadrAcArya ko apane-apane saMghoM sahita sindhu Adi dezoM meM bheje jAne kI carcA hai / vRhatkathAkoSa meM yaha bhI ullekha 1. ahamatraiva tiSThAmi kSINamAyurmamAdhunA / 2010_05

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382] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa:2 hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu ne ujjayinI ke bhAdrapada saMjJaka sthAna meM samAdhi-maraNa prApta kiyaa| bhaTTa bAhu caritra AcArya ratnanandi racita bhadrabAhu caritra (racanA kAla vikrama kI solahavIM zatAbdI) meM bhI lagabhaga vRhatkathA koSa ke sadRza varNana hai| vahAM likhA hai : "mAcArya bhadrabAhu bhikSArtha eka ghara meM gaye / usa sUne ghara meM eka sATha dina kA baccA jhUle meM jhUla rahA thaa| vaha muni ko udiSTa kara bolA-cale jAo, cale jaao|" . AcArya bhadrabAhu ne jhaTa pUchA-kitane varSa ke liye ? bacce ne kahA-bAraha varSa / " AcArya bhadrabAhu ne isa nimitta se bAraha varSoM ke bhayaMkara durbhikSa kI AzaMkA kii| ve svayaM bAraha sahasra zramaNoM sahita dakSiNa ko prayANa kara gaye / zrAvakoM ke vizeSa anurodha para unhoMne rAmalya, sthUlabhadra tathA sthUlAcArya ko vahIM chor3a diyaa| isI grantha meM ujjayinI ke sAjA dvArA AcArya bhadrabAhu se zramaNa-dIkSA svIkAra karane kA bhI ullekha hai| vahAM usakA nAma 'candragupta' ke sthAna para candragupti likhA hai| .1. prApya bhAdrapadaM dezaM, zrImadubjayanI bhavam / cakArAnazanaM dhIraH, sa dinAni bahUnyalam // samAdhimaraNaM prApya, bhadrabAhurvivaM yyau| 2. tatra zUnyagRhe caiko, vidyate kevalaM zizuH // jholikAntargataH SapTi-divasa pramitastadA / gaccha gaccha vaco vAdIttacchutvA muninA dutam // zizuruktA punastena, kiyanto'bdAH zizo! vada / dvAdazAbdA mune ! proce, nizamya taddhacaH punaH // -dvitIya pariccheda, zloka 58-60 3. vivitvA vizvasaMgho'sau guruNAmAzayaM punaH / rAmalyasthUlabhadrAkhyasthUlAcAryA diyoginH|| praNamya prArthayAmAsa bhaktyA saMsthitihetave / zrAddhAnAmuparodhena pratipannaM tu tadvacaH // rAmalyapramukhAstasthu shsrdvaadshrssyH| -vahI, 88-90 4. candrAvadAtasatkIrtizcandravanmovakRnnRNAm / candragupti pastatrA'cakaccAra guNodayaH // 2.7 candrazrI minI tasya candramaH shriirivaapraa| satI bhatallikA jAtA ruupaadigunnshaanilii|| 2.9 gaNino'nuzayA bhUpo hitvA saMgaM dvidhA sudhIH / jagrAha saMyama zuddha sAdhakaM shivshrmnnH|| -vahI, 56 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] ASa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [153 AkAzavANI AcArya bhadrabAhu saMgha-sahita dakSiNa kI ora bar3he jA rahe the ki eka jaMgala ko pAra karate samaya unheM AkAzavANI sunAI dii| usase unhoMne jAnA ki unakI Ayu bahuta kama bheSa rahI hai / unhoMne dazapUrva dhara vizAkhAcArya ko gambhIrya Adi aneka sadguNoM se yukta jAna kara dharmasaMgha kI sAraNA-vAraNA ke lie apane pada para adhiSThita kara diyA / gurubhakta, navadIkSita muni candragupti unakI sevA meM raha gayA / thor3e samaya bAda AcArya bhadrabAhu ne vahIM samAdhi-maraNa prApta kiyA / vizAkhAcAya dakSiNa kI ora bar3hate-bar3hate jaina zAsana ko uddIpta tathA nava-dIkSitoM ko adhyApita karate hue cola deza phuNce| unake dakSiNa deza meM paryaTana karate, pravAsa karate tathA dharma-prasAra karate hue bAraha varSa kA samaya vyatIta ho gyaa| tadanantara vizAkhAcAya ke netRtva meM saMgha vApisa (ujjayinI) loTa aayaa| pIche rahe sAdhuoM meM zithilatA A gayI thii| vizAkhAcAya ne una sAdhuoM ko samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA ki isa pratikUla (zAstraviruddha) caryA kA parityAga kara deN| para, ve suvidhA-bhogI muni nahIM mAne / jaba sthUlAcArya ne bhI unheM samajhAne kI ceSTA kI, to ve ubala par3e aura unheM DaNDoM se pITate-pItate gar3ha meM 1. athA'sau viharansvAmI bhadrabAhuH zanaiH zanaiH / prApanmahATavIM tatra zuzrAva gagana-dhvanim // zrutvA mahAdbhutaM zabdaM nimittajJAnataH sudhIH / AyuralpiSThamAtmIyamajJAsodbodhalocanaH // tadA sAdhuH samAhUya tatraiva sakalAnmunIn / vizAkhAcArya mApannaM jJAtvA sadguNasampadA // vazapUrvadharaM dhIraM gambhIryAdiguNAnvitam / svakIyagaNarakSArtha svapade paryakalpayat // -tRtIya pariccheda, 1-4 2. candraguptistadAvAdI dvinayAnnavadIkSitaH / dvAdazAMvdaM guroH pAdau paryupAse'ti bhaktitaH // guruNA vAryamANo'pi gurubhaktaH sa tasthivAn / guru ziSTivazAhanye tsmaaccelustpodhnaaH|| -vahI, 8-6 1. samAdhinA parityajya dehaM gehaM rujAM muniH / nAkilokapadaM prApto devadevInamaskRtam // -vahI, 39 ____ 2010_05

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384] mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [khaNDa: 2 pheMka diyA 11 kamar3a DAntha rAjAvalI kannar3a bhASA meM rAjAvalI nAmaka grantha hai, jisameM AcArya bhadrabAhu tathA candragupta kA kathAnaka hai| rAjAvalo zaka saMvat 1751 ko racanA hai| isake racayitA devacandra haiN| adhikAMza varNana bhadrabAhu-caritra jaisA hai| kucha naye samAveza bhI haiN| udAharaNArthabhadrabAhu caritrakAra ne ujjayinI ke rAjA candragupta (candragupti) ke solaha svapnoM kA varNana kiyA hai, vahAM rAjAvalIkAra ne una (svapnoM) kA sambandha pATaliputra ke rAjA candragupta se jor3A hai| bhinna-bhinna AdhAroM para jo ullekha kiyA gayA hai, usase yaha tathya samarthita nahIM hotA ki zrutakevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu-dakSiNa gaye, vahAM Tike, divaMgAmI hue| vRhatkathAkoSakAra AcArya bhadrabAhu ke ujjayinI kSetra meM divaMgata hone kA ullekha karate haiM, jaba ki bhadrabAhu. paritrakAra unakI dakSiNa-yAtrA ke bIca mArga meM unake samAdhi-maraNa kI carcA karate haiN| ye paraspara TakarAne vAle tathya haiN| vRhatkathAkoSakAra ne AcArya bhadrabAhu dvArA rAmilla, sthUlavRddha tathA bhadrAcArya ko sindhu mAdi dezoM meM bheje jAne kA saMketa kiyA hai aura bhadrabAhucaritrakAra ne unheM ujjiyinI meM hI rakhA hai| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne sthUlavRddha ko sthUlabhadra tathA bhadrAcArya' ko sthUlAcAya taka banA diyA hai / bhadrabAhucaritrakAra dvArA ye nAma paripartita rUpa meM kaise diye gaye, yaha eka mahatvapUrNa prazna ubharatA hai, jaba ki unase pUrvavartI lekhaka sthUlavRddha aura bhadrAcAya hI prayukta karate Aye haiN| candragupta se sambaddha eka vizeSa prazna upasthita hotA hai-usakA sambandha pATaliputra se thA yA ujjayinI se / digambara lekhakoM kA jhukAva candragupta ko ujjayinI kA mAnane kI ora adhika hai| kevala kannar3a gratha rAjAvalI ke lekhaka devacandra hI aise haiM, jinake anusAra SoDasa svapna-draSTA candragupta kA sambandha pATaliputra se thA-vaha vahAM kA rAjA thaa| 1. kupitAste tadA procurvarSIyAneSa vetti na / vaktItya vAtulIbhUto vArdhakye vA matibhramAt // vRddho'yaM yAvadatrAsti tAvanno na sukhasthitiH / iti saMcintya te pApAstaM hantuM matimAdadhuH / / duSTazcaNDeH ziSyaudaNDaidaNDaiha to haThAt / jIrNAcAryastato kSipto garte phUTena tatra vai|| -caturtha pariccheda, 16-18 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 385 AcArya bhadrabAhu taka yadyapi jaina dharma bhArata meM cAroM ora phaila cukA thA, para yaha aitihAsika tathya hai ki taba taka jaina dharma kA mukhya kendra magadha aura samIpavartI pradeza the / isaliye yaha sambhAvita mAnA jA sakatA hai ki sAmAnyataH AcArya bhadrabAhu kA bhI adhika pravAsa aura vihAra magadha va usake pAzvavartI bhU-bhAgoM meM hotA rahA ho / isa AdhAra para unase sambaddha samrAT candragupta kA pATaliputra meM sthita honA kahIM adhika saMgata haiM / pAzcAtya tathA bhAratIya itihAsajJoM ke abhimata bhI prAyaH candragupta ko pATaliputra se sambaddha mAnane kI ora adhika haiM / sabhI zvetAmbara lekhaka AcArya bhadrabAhu kA viziSTa yaugika sAdhanA ( mahAprANadhyAna ) kI dRSTi se nepAla jAnA svIkAra karate haiM / pATaliputra kSetra se nepAla jAnA sarvathA saMgata aura sambhAvya pratIta hotA hai / nepAla parvatIya pradeza hai| yoga sAdhanA ke anukUla hai / pATaliputra se bahuta dUra bhI nahIM hai / yaha bho kalpanA kI jAtI hai ki avantI- pradeza magadha sAmrAjya kA bhAga rahA ho / magadha sAmrAjya ke pazcimI bhAga kA kendra sthAna, prAdezika rAjadhAnI yA sAmrAjya kI uparAjadhAnI ujjayinI rahI ho / pATaliputra ( magadha ) - nareza candragupta apane jIvana ke utarAddha meM ujjayinI meM rahane lagA ho aura AcArya bhadrabAhu se sambaddha ghaTanAkrama usa samaya ke hoM / sthiti Akalana kA spaSTa rUpa isa sambandha meM isa prakAra hai- azoka ke samaya meM to aisA huA thA / pATaliputra magadha sAmrAjya kI kendrIya rAjadhAnI yA tathA ujjayinI kA stara bhI magadha sAmrAjya ke pazcimI bhAga pATanagara yA magadha sAmrAjya kI uparAjadhAnI jaisA thA / azoka ne apane putra kuNAla ko pazcima kA prAdezika zAsaka banA kara vahIM bhejA thA / himavat therAvalI meM bhI ullekha hai ki 246 vIra nirvANAbda meM saMprati azoka kA pautra ) ujjayinI calA gayA thaa| para, candragupta ne vaisA kiyA ho, vaha svayaM vahAM rahA ho, isa sambandha meM puSTa pramANa aprApta haiM; ataH yaha kalpanA asthAnIya hai / vastutaH candragupta maurya kA sambandha pATaliputra se hI saMgata pratIta hotA hai / phira bhI ise itthaMbhUta tathya na mAnate hue gaveSaNA-sApekSa mAnA jAnA cAhie / antataH isa prasaMga ko yahI ullekha karate hue samApta kiyA jAtA hai, AcArya bhadrabAhu dakSiNa gaye hoMge, para, sambhavataH ve dvitIya bhadrabAhu rahe hoMge / prathama bhadrabAhu ke sAtha dakSiNa jAne kA prasaMga vaTita nahIM hotA / saMghAdhipatya Arya jambU ke anantara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dharma-saMgha ke pAMcaveM adhikArI yA 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [khaNDa :2 saMghanAyaka AcArya bhadrabAhu zvetAmbarA tathA digambara donoM paramparAoM dvArA svIkRta haiN| kramazaH hone vAle pAMca paTTadharoM meM ekamAtra yahI paTTadhara haiM, jo zvetAmbara tathA digambara-donoM paTTAnukramoM meM eka haiN| inake saMghanAyakatva ke kAla ke sambandha meM donoM paramparAoM meM aikamatya nahIM hai| zvetAmbara AcArya bhadrabAhu kA Adhipatya-kAla caudaha varSa kA mAnate haiM, jaba ki digambaroM ke anusAra yaha kAla unatIsa varSa kA hai| zvetAmbara mAnyatAnusAra AyaM jambU ke mokSagAmI hone se lekara AcArya bhadrabAhu ke svagaMgAmI hone taka kA samaya (prabhava 11 varSa + zayyambhava 23 varSa + yazobhadra 50 varSa + sambhUtivijaya 8 varSa tathA bhadrabAhu~ 14 varSa = 106 varSa ) eka sau chaH varSa kA hotA hai| mahAdhIra-nirvANa se jambU-nirvANa taka kA samaya cauMsaTha varSa kA hai hii| isa prakAra (64+106-170) bhagavAna mahAvIra se AcArya bhadrabAhu taka kA samaya 170 varSa kA hotA hai| digambara-paramparAnusAra AyaM jambU ke pazcAt AcArya bhadrabAhu taka - viSNu yA nandI 14 varSa + nandimitra 16 varSa + aparAjita 22 varSa' + govaddha'na 19 varSa + bhadrabAhu 26 varSa = kula samaya 100 varSa kA hotA hai| ye pAMcoM AcArya zruta kevalo mAne jAte haiN| inake bAda bharata kSetra meM zrutakevalI honA ve svIkAra nahIM karate / / mahAvIra-nirvANa se jambU-nirvANa taka kA samaya 62 varSa' kA hai| isa prakAra (12+100=162 ) mahAvIra-nirvANa se AcArya bhadrabAhu taka kA samaya 162 varSa kA hotA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa AcArya bhadabAhu ke bAre meM digambara lekhakoM dvArA unake svargavAsa ke viSaya meM bhI carcA ko gayI hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA meM unake svagaMdhAsa ke sambandha meM jo saMketa prApta hote haiM, ve unase bhinna haiN| himavat therAvalI meM isa viSaya meM jo ullekha hai, usakA sArAMza isa prakAra 1. gaMdo ya gaMdimitto vidio aparAjido taijjoya / govaddhaNo cauttho paMcamao bhaddabAhu ti // paMca ime purisavarA udasapuvo jagammi vikkhAdA / bArasa aMgadharA titthe siri vaDaDhamANassa // paMcANaM meliyANaM kAlapamANaM havedi vAsasadaM / vIvammi ya paMcamae bharahe sudakevalo Natthi // -tiloyapaNNatI, 1482-84 2. bAsaTThI vAsANiM godama pahudoNa gANavatANaM / dhammapayaTTaNakAle parimANaM piNddruuvennN|| -tiloyapaNNattI, 1478 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa ( arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [387 hai : antima caturdaza pUrvadhara, zruta-kevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu ne sthUlabhadra ko apanA uttarAdhikArI manonIta kiyA, jo mahAmAtya zakaTAla ke putra the / isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke eka sau sattara varSa pazcAt unhoMne caturvidha AhAra kA tyAga karate hue AmaraNa anazana ( santhArA ) kiyaa| pandraha dina ke anazana meM unakA kaliMga pradeza ke kumAra nAmaka parvata para viziSTa dhyAnAvasthA meM svargavAsa huaa| merutuMga kI aMcalagaccha kI paTTAvalI meM bho isI taraha kA ullekha hai| AcArya sthUlabhadra kahA jAtA hai, magadha ke zAsaka nava nandoM meM prathama nanda kA kalpaka mahAmAtya thaa| vaha brAhmaNa thaa| jaina dharma meM usakI dRr3ha AsthA thii| navama manda kA mahAmAtya zakaTAla kalpaka kA ghaMzaja thaa| Avazyaka cUrNi tathA pariziS parva Adi meM ullekha hai ki zakaTAla dRr3ha AsthAvAn jaina thaa| isI kAraNa brAhmaNoM kA vaha dveSa-bhAjana bnaa| sthUlabhadra mahAmAtya zakaTAla ke putra the| inake sAta bahineM thiiN| sthUlabhadra ne tathA unakI sAtoM bahinoM ne zramaNa-dIkSA aMgIkAra kara lii| ___ kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI kI vistRta vAcanA yA varNana ke anusAra sthUlabhadra ne Arya sambhUtivijaya ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kii| vahAM likhA hai : mADhara gotrIya Arya sambhUtivijaya ke apatyavat ke bAraha antevAsI the : 1. nandanabhadra, 2. upanandana bhadra, 3. tiSyabhadra, 4. yazobhadra, 5. sumanabhadra, ( svapnabhadra ), 6. maNibhadra, 7. puNyabhadra (pUrNabhadra ), 8. sthUlabhadra, 6. Rjumati, 10. jambU, 11. dIgha bhadra tathA 12. pANDubhadra / AThaveM sthAna para sthUlabhadra kA ullekha hai| sthUlabhadra kI bahineM bhI Arya sambhUtivijaya se dIkSita huii| kalpasUtra kI vistRta sthaghirAvalI meM likhA hai : mADhara gotrIya Arya sambhUtivijaya ke apatyavat sAta antevAsiniyAM thIM : 1. yakSa, 2. yakSadattA, 3. bhUtA, 4. bhUtadattA, 5, seNA, 6. veNA tathA 7.rennaa| ___AyaM jambU ke pazcAt tIsare saMghapati-AcArya bhAyaM yazobhadra ne apane do uttarAdhikArI manonIta kiye| Arya yazobhadra ke divaMgamana ke bAda jyeSThatA ke kAraNa Aya sambhUtivijaya paTTAdhikArI hue, unake anantara AcArya bhadrabAhu / sthUlabhadra tathA unakI sAta bahineM Arya sambhUtivijaya ke AcArya-kAla meM unhIM se dIkSita huI thiiN| dehAvasAna AcArya dharmaghoSasUri kRta duHSamAkAla zrI zramaNa saMgha stotra ke anusAra AcArya sthUlabhadra kA saMghAdhipatya-kAla paiMtAlIsa varSa' kA hai| tadanusAra vIra-nirvANAbda do sau pandraha meM unakA svagaMdhAsa huaa| ___ 2010_05

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388] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa: 2 pUrva-viccheda-kAla zvetAmbara-mAnyatA ke anusAra AcArya sthUlabhadra ke dehAvasAna ke sAtha antima cAra pUrSoM ( jo unheM sUtrAtmaka rUpa meM prApta the, arthAtmaka rUpa meM nahIM ) kA viccheda ho gayA / tadanantara daza pUrvo kI paramparA Aya vaz2a taka calatI rhii| nandI sthavirAvalI ke anusAra Aya vajra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke 18 ve paTTadhara the| unakA dehAvasAna vIra-nirvANAbda 584 meM mAnA jAtA hai| Aya' vajra ke svargavAsa ke sAtha dazama pUrva vicchinna ho gyaa| AcArya sthUlabhadra se AcArya vaca taka jo daza pUrva-jJAna kI paramparA pravRtta rahI, tadgata jJAniyoM ke nAma aura samaya isa prakAra haiM : samaya 45 varSa 30 varSa 46 varSa 44 varSa nAma AcArya sthUlabhadra AcArya mahAgiri AcArya suhastI AcArya guNasundara AcArya kAlaka AcArya skandila AcArya revatImitra AcArya maMgU AcArya dharma AcaryA bhadragupta AcArya zrIgupta AcArya vana 41 varSa 38 varSa 36 varSa 20 varSa 24 varSa 36 varSa 15 varSa 36 varSa kula 414 varSa pahale ke 170 varSa 584 varSa Aya vaca ke paTTAdhikArI Aya rakSita hue / vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke dRttikAra maladhArI hemacanda ne 2511 vI gAthA kI vyAkhyA meM jo vivecana kiyA hai, usase pratIta hotA hai ki Aya rakSita ko nau pUrvo kA paripUrNa tathA dazama pUrva ke sirpha 24 yavikoM kA zAna thaa| Aya rakSita kA yugapradhAna-kAla 584-597 vIra-nirvANAbda mAnA jAtA hai| unake eka ziSya durbalikA puSyamitra the| kahA jAtA hai, unhoMne nau pUrvo kA jJAna prApta kiyA, para, yatheSTa abhyAsa na kara pA sakane ke kAraNa unheM nauvAM pUrva vistRta hone lgaa| ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (addhamAgadho) prAkRta aura mAgama vAGamaya [389 unake dehAvasAna ke sAtha navama pUrva kA jJAna vicchinna ho gyaa| unakA dehAvasAna vIranirvANAbda 604 meM mAnA jAtA hai| nandI sthavirAvalI meM durbalikA puSyamitra kA ullekha nahIM hai| nandI sthavirAvalI vastutaH yugapradhAna-krama para AdhRta hai| usameM sambhavataH unhIM kA ullekha hai, jo AcAya-paTTAdhikArI bhI the aura yugapradhAna bhii| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke anantara lagabhaga eka sahasra varSa paryanta pUrva-jJAna kA aMzataH astitva rhaa| tatpazcAt vaha vicchinna ho gayA / digambara-paramparA pUrva-jJAna ke viccheda ke sambandha meM digambara-paramparA meM svIkRta kAla-krama bhinna hai| digambara eka samaya-vizeSa ke anantara ekAdaza aMgoM kA bhI viccheda mAnate haiN| isa viSaya meM tiloyapaNNatI meM ullekha hai| (caturdaza pUrvadhara paramparA kA AcArya bhadrabAhu ke svargavAsa ke sAtha viccheda ho jAne ke anantara ) vizAla, propTila, kSatriya, jaya, nAga, siddhArtha, dhRtiSeNa, vijaya, buddhila, gaMgadeva aura sudharma; ye gyAraha AcArya daza pUrvadharoM ke rUpa meM vikhyAta hue| paramparA se inakA kAla eka sau tirAsI varSa kA hai| 2 kAlakrama se unake divaMgata ho jAne para phira bharata kSetra meM daza pUrvadhara-paramparA vicchinna ho gyii| gyAraha agoM ke dhAraka zramaNoM ko avasthiti ke sambandha meM tiloyapaNNatI meM ullekha hai : "nakSatra, jayapAla, pANDu, dhruvasena aura kasa; ye pAMca AcArya bhagavAn mahAvIra ke tIrtha meM (pUrvokta paramparA ke anantaya ) gyAraha aMgoM ke dhAraka hue| inake samaya kA parimANa piNDarUpa se kula do sau bIsa varSa kA hai| inake svagaMgAmI hone para phira bharata kSetra meM koI 1. bo (vo) loNammi sahasse, barisANaM vIramokkhagamaNAu / uttaravAyagavasame puvvagayasya bhave chedo // barisasahasse puNNe, titthoggAlI e badamANassa / , nAsihi I putvagataM, aNuparivADo e jaM jassa // -titthugAlI payannA, 801-2 2. paDhamo visAi NAmo puDhilo khattio jao gaago| siddhatyo dhiriseNo vijao buddhilagaMgadevA y|| ekkaraso ya sudhammo vasapuvvadharA ime suvikhaadaa| pAraMpariovagado tesIvi sadaM ca tANa vAsANaM // -tiloyapaNNasI, 1485-86 ____ 2010_05

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360] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana [khaNDa : 2 gyAraha aMgoM ke dhAraka nahIM rhe|"1 ___ AcArAMgadharoM ke viccheda ke sambandha meM tiloyapaNNatI meM likhA hai : "subhadra, yazobhadra, yazobAhu tathA lauhArya; ye cAra zramaNa AcArAMga ke dhAraka hue| ina cAroM ke atIta ho jAne para caudaha pUrva aura gyAraha agoM ke eka deza ke-AMzika dhAraka rhe| AcArAMgadharoM kA kAla-parimANa eka sau aThAraha varSa hai| ina ( AcArAMgavaroM ) ke svargagata ho jAne para phira bharata kSetra meM koI AcArAMga ke dhAraka nahIM hue| gautama se lekara taba taka kA kAla parimANa ( kevalI kAla 162 varSa + caturdaza pUrvadhara kAla 183 varSa + dazapUrvadhara kAla 220 varSa + AcArAMgaghara kAla 118 varSa = 683) chaH so tirAsI varSa kA hai / " tulanAtmaka paryavekSaNa kevala-jJAna kI avasthiti ke sambandha meM zvetAmbara tathA digambara; donoM kA aikamatya hai| donoM Arya jambU taka use svIkAra karate haiN| caturdaza pUrvo ke jJAna ke viSaya meM bhI donoM ke vicAra eka samAna haiN| donoM ke anusAra antima caturdaza pUrvadhara AcArya bhadrabAhu haiN| kevala kAla-gaNanA meM ATha varSa kA antara AtA hai| mahAvIya-nirdhANa se AcArya bhadrabAhu ke dehAvasAna taka kA samaya zvetAmbaroM ke anusAra eka sau sattara varSa hai aura digambaroM ke anusAra eka sau bAsaTha vrss| isake anantarA donoM dhArAoM meM bhinnatA dikhAI detI hai| zvetAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra Arya vajra ( svargavAsa pIra-nirvANAbda 584 ) taka daza pUrva rahe, jaba ki digambara-paramparA ke anusAra vIra-nirvANa se 345 varSa taka unakA astitva rahA / donoM paramparAoM meM 236 varSa kA antara AtA hai / digambae zvetAmbaroM 1. Nakkhatto jayapAlo paMDuyaghuvaseNakasa aairiyaa| ekkArasaMgadhArI paMca ime voratitthammi / doNNi sayA bIsa judA vAsANaM tANa piMDaparimANaM / tesu adIde Natthi hu bharahe ekkArasaMgadharA // -tiloSapaNNatI, 1488-89 2. paDhamo subhaddaNAmo jasamaddo tahaya hodi jsbaahuu| turiyo ya lohaNAmo ede AyAra aMgadharA // sesekkarasaMgANaM coddasaputvANa mekkdesdhraa| ekkasayaM aTThArasavAsajudaM tANa parimANaM // tesu adIdesu tadA AcAradharA Na hoMti bharahammi / godamamaNipahudINaM vAsANaM chassadANi tesIdI // -vahI, 1490-92 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ASaM ( addha mAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [361 se 236 varSa pUrva daza pUrvo kA viccheda mAnate haiN| zvetAmbara usake bAda bhI (vIra-nirvANAnda 584 taka) unakA astitva svIkAra karate haiM / Aya vajra ke pazcAt 20 varSa taka ve nau pUrvo ko vidyamAnatA mAnate haiN| usase Age tIna sau chiyAnave varSa taka ve pUrva-jJAna kA uttarottara hIyamAna astitva svIkAra karate haiM arthAt taba taka pIra nirvANAbda 1000 varSa taka jisa kiso aza meM ve pUrva-jJAna kI vidyamAnatA meM vizvAsa karate haiN| gyAraha aMga : vidyamAnatA : vicchinnatA zvetAmbara paramparA meM gyAraha aMgoM kI sthiti aba taka svIkAra kI jAtI hai, jaba ki digambara vIsa-nirvANAbda 565 taka unakA astitva mAnate haiN| usake pazcAt vIra-nirvANAbda 683 taka ve AcArAMgadharoM kI sthiti mAnate haiM / tatpazcAt na pUrvajJAna, na gyAraha aMga aura na AcArAMga ke paripUrNa vettA yahAM rahe / pUrvajJAna tathA gyAraha aMgoM kA AMzika astitva hI rhaa| zruta-kevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu ke pazcAdvartI zruta-pravartana ke sambandha meM zvetAmbara tathA digambara donoM paramparAoM meM bahuta adhika mata-bheda hai| donoM meM sabase bar3A antara yaha hai ki digambara-mAnyatA meM vartamAna meM aMgoM kA astitva asvIkRta hai aura zvetAmbara mAnyatA meM sviikRt| . ___ kyA anusandhitsu vidvAna isa khAI ko pATane kA koI yuktipUrNa aura nyAyasaMgata mArga nikAla sakate haiM ? jJAna aura gaveSaNA ko pravRtti aura Age bar3hegI tathA yaha AzA kI jAnI cAhie ki isa paripArzva meM bhI kucha naye dizA-bodha prastuta hoNge| AgamoM meM anuyoga anuyoga ko ma anuyoga zabda anu aura yoga ke saMyoga ke banA hai| anu upasarga yahAM AnukUlyArthavAcaka hai| sUtra ( jo saMkSipta hotA hai ) kA, artha (jo vistIrNa hotA hai| ke sAtha anukUla, anurUpa yA susaMgata saMyoga anuyoga kahA jAtA hai / AgamoM ke vizleSaNa tathA vyAkhyAna ke prasaMga meM prayukta viSaya-vizeSa kA dyotaka hai| 1. aNu sUtraM mahAnarthastato mahato'rthasyANunA sUtreNa yogo'nnuyogH| anuyojana manuyogaH / anurUpo yogo'nuyogH| anukUlo vA yogo'nuyogH| vyAkhyAne vidhipratiSedhAnyAmartha prruupnne| -abhidhAna rAjendra, prathama mAga, pR0.340 ____ 2010_05

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392 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 anuyoga ke prakAra ___anuyoga cAra bhedoM meM vibhakta kiye gaye haiN| : 1. caraNakaraNAnuyoga', 2. dhamakathAnuyAga, 3. gaNitAnuyoga tathA 4. dravyAnuyoga / AgamoM meM ina cAra anuyogoM kA vivecana hai| kinhIM meM koI vistAra se varNita hue haiM aura kinhIM meM saMkSepa se / anuyoga : apRthakatA ___ Arya baja taka Agama isa sthiti meM rahe ki vahAM anuyogAtmaka dRSTi se pRthakatA nahIM, thii| pratyeka sUtra cAroM anuyogoM dvArA vyAkhyAta hotA thaa| Avazyaka niyukti meM isa sambandha meM ullekha hai : "kAlika zruta (anuyogAtmaka) vyAkhyA ko dRSTi se apRthaka the arthAt unameM caraNakaraNAnuyoga prabhRti anuyoga catuSTaya ke rUpa meM avibhaktatA thii| Arya vaca ke anantara kAlika zruta aura dRSTivAda kI anuyogAtmaka pRthaktA ( vibhaktatA ) kI gayo / " AcArya malayagiri ne isa sambandha meM sUcita kiyA hai ki taba taka sAdhu tIkSNaprajJa the; ataH ( anuyogAtmaka dRSTayA ) avibhaktarUpeNa vyAkhyA kA pracalana thA-pratyeka sUtra meM caraNakaraNAnuyoga Adi kA avibhAgapUrvaka vartana thaa| niyukti meM jo kevala kAlika zrata kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, AcArya malayagiri ne ise spaSTa karate hue likhA hai ki mukhyatA ko dRSTi se yahAM kAlika zruta kA grahaNa hai anyathA anuyogoM kA to kAlika, utkAlika Adi meM sarvatra avibhAga thA hii| 1. cattAriu aNuogA, caraNe dhammagaNiyANuoge ya / daviyA'Nuoge ya tahA, jahakammaM te mahaDDhIyA / -abhidhAna rAjendra, prathama mAga, pR0 356 2. caraNa kA artha caryA, AcAra yA cAritrya hai| isa sambandha meM jahAM vivecana-vizleSaNa ___ho, vaha caraNakaraNAnuyoga hai| 3. dravyoM ke sandarbha meM sadasatparyAyAlocanAtmaka vizleSaNa yA vizada vivecana jisameM ho, vaha - dravyAnuyoga hai| 4. jAvaMta ajja vairA apuhuttaM kaaliaannuogss| teNAreNa puhuttaM kAlia sua diTTivAyaM y|| -Avazyaka-niyukti, 763 5. yAvadAryavajrA-AryavajrasvAmino mukho mahAmatayastavitakAlikAnuyogasya-kAlikazruta vyAkhyAnasyApRthaktvaM-pratisUtraM caraNakaraNAnuyogAdonAmavibhAgena vartanabhAsIt, tadA sAdhUnAM tIkSNa prajJatvAt / kAlikagrahaNaM prAdhAnyakhyApanArtham, anyathA sarvAnuyogasyApRthaktvamAsIt / -Avazyaka-niryakti, pR0 383, prakAzaka, Agamodaya samiti, bambaI 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (addha mAgadho) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [393 vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM isa sambandha meM vizleSaNa karate hue kahA gayA hai : Aya vana taka jaba anuyoga apRthak the, taba eka hI sUtra kI cAroM anuyogoM ke rUpa meM vyAkhyA hotI thii| __anuyoga vibhakta kara diye jAe, unakI pRthakkaraNa kara chaMTanI kara dI jAe, to vahAM ( usa sUtra meM ) ve cAroM anuyoga vyavacchinna nahIM ho jAege ? bhASyakArA samAdhAna dete haiM ki jahAM kisI eka sUtra kI vyAkhyA cAroM anuyogoM meM hotI thI, vahAM cAroM meM se amuka anuyoga ke AdhAra para vyAkhyA kiye jAne kA yahAM Azaya hai / Arya rakSita dvArA vibhAjana ___ anuyoga vibhAjana kA kArya Arya rakSita dvArA sampAdita huaa| Arya rakSita Arya vaca ke paTTAdhikArI the| ve mahAn prabhAvaka the, devendroM dvArA abhipUjita the| unhoMne yuga kI viSamatA ko dekhate hue kahAM kauna-sA anuyoga vyAkheya hai, isakI mukhyatA kI dRSTi se cAra prakAra se vibhAjana kiyA-sUtra-granthoM ko cAra anuyogoM meM bAMTA 11 Arya rakSita ne ziSya puSyamitra-durbalikA puSyamitra ko, jo mati , medhA aura dhAraNA Adi samagra guNoM se yukta the, kaSTa se zrutArNava ko dhAraNa karate dekhakara atizaya jJAnopayoga dvArA yaha jAnA ki loga kSetra aura kAla ke prabhAva se bhaviSya meM mati, meghA aura dhAraNA se parihIna hoNge| una para anugraha karate hue unhoMne kAlika Adi zrRta ke dimAga dvArA anuyoga kiye| 1 apuhutte aNuoge cattAri duvAra bhAsae ego| puhutANuogakaraNe te attha tao vi vocchinnA // kiM vaTTarehiM puhuttaM kayamaha tadaNaMtarehiM maNiyammi / tadaNaMtarehiM tadabhihiyagahiyasuttasthasArehiM // deviMdavaM diehiM mahANubhAvehiM rakhiyajjehiM / jugamAsajja vibhatto aNuogo to kao cauhA / / -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 2286-88 2. mati = avanodha-zakti 3. medhA = pATha-zakti 8. dhAraNA = avadhAraNa-zakti 5. aidayugona puruSAnugrahabuddha yA caraNakaraNa dravyadharmakathAgaNitAnuyoga bhedAccaturdhA / -sUtrakRtAMga TIkA, upodghAta 6. nAUna rakkhiyajjo maimehAdhAraNAsamagNa pi / kiccheNa dharemANaM suyaNNavaM pUsamitta ti // aisayakaovaogo mimehaadhaarnnaaiprihiinne| nAU gamessa purise khetta kAlANubhAvaM ca // sANuggaho'Nuoge vIsu kAsI ya suyavibhAgeNaM // -vizeSAbazyaka mAdhya, 2289-91 ____ 2010_05

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364 ] mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNa : 2 vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke vRttikAra malaghArI hemacandra ne 2511 vI gAthA kI vyAkhyA meM prasaMgopAttatayA yaha sUcita kiyA hai ki durbalikA puSyamitra ke atirikta Arya rakSita ke tIna mukhya ziSya aura the-vindhya, phalgurakSita aura goSThAmAhila / AcArya rakSita ne durbalikA puSyamitra ko Adeza diyA, ve vindhya ko pUrvo kI yAcanA deN| durbalikA puSyamitra pAcanA dene lge| para, punarAvRtti na kara pAne ke kAraNa navama pUrva kI vismRti hone lgii| AcArya rakSita ko usa samaya lagA, aise buddhizAlI vyakti ko bhI yadi sUtrArtha vismRta hone lage haiM, taba bhaviSya meM aura kaThinAI utpanna ho jaayegii| unhoMne isa vivazatA se prerita ho kara pRthak-pRthak anuyogoM kI vyavasthA kii| Agama : anuyoga : sambandha anuyogoM ke AdhAra para sUtroM kA vibhAjana nimnAMkita prakAra se huA 1 : 1. prathama-caraNakaraNAnuyoga meM gyAraha kAlika zruta-gyAraha aMga, mahAkalpa zruta tathA cheda sUtra / 2. dvitIya-dharmakathAnuyoga meM RSibhASita / 3. tRtIya-gaNitAnuyoga meM sUryaprajJapti Adi / 4. caturtha-dravyAnuyoga meM dRSTivAda / digambara-AmnAya meM anuyoga digambara-paramparA meM bhI cAra anuyoga mAne gaye haiN| zvetAmbaroM se unake nAma kucha bhinna haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM : 1. prathamAnuyoga-bodhi tathA samAdhi ke nidhAna-tadupajIvI pracura sAmagrI se yukta purANa, carita tathA kathAe-AkhyAna-pradhAna grantha / . 2. karaNAnuyoga-loka-aloka-vibhakti, gati-catuSka, jyotiSa, gaNita Adi se sambaddha grantha / 3. caraNAnuyoga-cAritrya kI utpatti, vRddhi tathA rakSaNa se sambaddha niyamoM va upa 1. kAliyasuyaM ca isimAsiyAI taiA ya suurpnntii| savvo ya diTThivAo cautyo hoi annuogo|| jaM ca mahAkappasuyaM jANi a sesANi cheyasuttANi / caraNakaraNANuogo ti kAliyatthe uvagayANi // -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 2294-95 ____ 2010_05

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mASA aura sAhitya | ASa (addha mAgadho) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [365 niyamoM ke pratipAdaka grantha; jo muniyoM aura gRhasthoM ke lie yathocitarUpeNa vAMchanIya hai| 4. dravyAnuyoga-jIva, ajIva, puNya pApa, bandha tathA mokSa Adi tatvoM ke vizleSaNa se sambandha rakhane vAle dArzanika kiMvA saiddhAntika grantha / / digambara-mAnyatA ke anusAra Agama luna haiM; isalie unhoMne apane uttaravartI granthoM ko jinheM prAmANika tathA zraddhAspada mAnate haiM, unake viSayAnurUpa ina cAra anuyogoM meM nighApita kiyA hai| prathamAnuyoga-mahApurANa, purANa Adi grantha / karaNAnuyoga-tiloyapaNNatI (trilokaprajJapti), trilokasAra bAdi / caraNAnuyoga--mUlAcAra Adi / dravyAnuyoga-pravacanasAra, gommaTasAra Adi / saMkSepa meM hI sahI, prAyaH sabhI sUtroM meM yatkiMcit sabhI anuyogoM se sambaddha vidArasAmagrI hai| kahIM kinhIM viSayoM yA vicAroM kI pradhAnatA hai, kinhIM kI gauNatA / vyAkhyAkrama sambhavata: aisA rahA ho, sUtravADmaya meM jo viSaya atyanta gauNa yA sAMketika rUpa meM sUcita haiM, unake vizada vizleSaNa tathA vistRta vivecana kI eka vizeSa paramparA yA paddhati tho| dUsare zabdoM meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki sUtroM meM mUla rUpa meM saMkSiptatayA saMketita una-una viSayoM se sambaddha, maukhika ho sahI, koI vyAkhyA-sAhitya rahA ho, jise una mUla viSayoM kA pUraka va vizleSaka sAhitya kahA jA sakatA hai tathA jise adhyetRgaNa paramparA se adhigata karate rahate the| usake AdhAra para eka hI sUtra meM cAroM anuyoga vyAkhyAta hote rahe / para, kArya jaTila thaa| jahAM mUla meM bahuta kama zabdAvalI ho, usake 1. prathamAnuyogamAkhyAnaM caritaM purANamavipuNyam / bodhisamAdhinidhAnaM bodhati bodhaH samIcInaH // lokAlokavibhakta yugapAravRttezcaturgatInAMca / Adarzamiva tathAmatiravaiti karaNAnuyogaca // gRhamedhyanagArANAM cAritrotpattivRddhirAMgam / caraNAnuyogasamayaM samyagjJAnaM vijAnAti // jIvAjIvasutatve puNyApuNye ca bandhamokSoca / dravyAnuyogavIpaH zrutavidyAlokamAtanute // -ralakarAvakAcAra, prathama adhikAra, 43-46 ____ 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa :2 yatheSTa, vistRta vizleSaNa ko yathAvat vyavasthA buddhi meM banAye rakhane meM avazya jaTilatA hotI hai| ataeva AyaM rakSita ko aisA lagA ho ki isase adhyayana tathA vyAkhyA svastha nahIM raha sakegI; kyoMki yaha zailI prakhara pratibhA, satata jAgarUkatA tathA anavarata abhyAsa-parAyaNatAgamya hai| isaliye unhoMne anuyoga-vibhAjana kiyA, jisake anusAra bhinna-bhinna sUtroM kA tadgata viSaya kI pradhAnatA kI dRSTi se kiso eka anuyoga meM parisImana ho jAtA hai| jaise, caraNa-karaNAnuyoga meM jina sUtra-granthoM kA samAveza hai, unameM mukhyataH caraNa-AcAra yA cAritrya kA vizleSaNa hai| isI prakAra dharmakathAnuyoga meM una granthoM kA grahaNa hai, jaisA ki isa nAma se hI spaSTa hai, jahAM mukhyataH dhama-nirUpaNa meM kathAoM kA mAdhyama parigRhIta hai| gaNitAnuyoga gaNita se sambaddha hai aurA. dravyAnuyoga padArtha-vijJAna se / yaha nUtana vibhAga-krama bar3A lAbhaprada siddha huA / medhA aura prajJA ko uttarottara hIyamAnatA ke hote hue bhI isase adhyetAoM kI zrutAnuzIlana meM samyak gati banI rhii| unakA zAstrAbhyAsa kA mArga isase sugama banA / jisa anuyogagata viSaya kA unheM adhyayana karanA ho, usake liye unheM eka sunizcita saraNi tathA parizIlanIya vAGamaya kA spaSTa darzana prApta huaa| dvitIya Agama-vAcanA mAdhurI vAcanA __ AgamoM kI prathama vAcanA pATaliputra meM AcArya sthUlabhadra ke netRtva meM sampanna huI thii| Avazyaka cUrNi ke anusAra mahAvIra-nirvANa ke 160 varSa pazcAt huii| usameM gyAraha aMga sakalita hue / guru ziSya-krama se ve zatAbdiyoM taka cAlU rahe, parA, phira vIra-nirvANa ke lagabhaga paune sAta zatAbdiyoM ke pazcAt aiso viSama sthiti utpanna huI ki AgamoM ke punaH saMkalana kA udyoga karanA pdd'aa| bAraha varSoM kA bhISaNa durbhikSa kahA jAtA hai, taba bAraha varSoM kA bhayAnaka durbhikSa pdd'aa| loka-jIvana asta-vyasta ho gyaa| logoM ko khAne ke lAle par3a gaye / zramaNoM para bho usakA pratikUla prabhAva par3A / khAna-pAna, rahana-sahana Adi ko anukUlatA miTa gyii| zrAmaNya meM sthira raha pAnA atyadhika kaThina ho gyaa| aneka zramaNa kAla-kavalita ho gaye / nandI cUNi meM isa sambandha meM ullekha hai-grahaNa, guNana, anuprekSA mAdi ke abhAva se zruta naSTa ho gyaa| kucha kA kahanA hai, zruta naSTa nahIM huA, adhikAMza zruta-vettA naSTa ho gye| hArda lagabhaga samAna ho hai| kisI bhI prakAra se ho, zruta-zRMkhalA vyAhata ho gayo / ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ) ArSa (addha mAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya ( 397 durbhikSa kA samaya biitaa| samAja kI sthiti sudhrii| jo bhramaNa baca pAye the, unheM cintA huI ki zruta kA saMrakSaNa kase kiyA jAya ? usa samaya AcArya skandila yuga-pradhAna the| unakA yugapradhAnatva-kAla itihAsa-vettAoM ke anusAra vIra-nirvANa 827-840 mAnA gayA hai / nandI sthavirAvalI meM AcArya skandila kA ullekha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke anantara caubIsaveM sthAna para hai / nandI-kAra ne unakI prazasti meM kahA hai ki Aja jo anuyogazAstrIya mathe-paramparA bhArata meM pravRtta hai, vaha unhI kI dena hai| ve parama yazasvI the| nagara-nagara meM unakI kIrti parityApta thii| nandI-sUtra devaddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa dvArA viracita mAnA jAtA hai| ve antima AgamavAcanA ( tRtIya vAcanA ) ke adhyakSa the| devaddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa ne AcArya skandila ke anuyoga ke bhArata meM pravRtta rahane kA jo ullekha kiyA hai, usakA kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki unhoMne apane netRtva meM samAyojita vAcanA meM yadyapi pichalI donoM ( mAthurI aura vAlabhI ) vAcanAoM ko dRSTigata rakhA thA, phira bhI AcArya skandila kI (mAtharI) vAcanA ko mukhya AdhAra-rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA thA; ataH unake prati Adara vyakta karane kI dRSTi se unakA yaha kahanA svAbhAvika hai| / ___mathurA taba uttara bhArata meM jaina tharma kA mukhya kendra thaa| vahAM AcArya skandila ke netRtva meM Agama-vAcanA kA Ayojana huaa| Agama vettA muni dUra-dUra se aaye| jinheM jaisA-jaisA smaraNa thA, saba samanvita karate hue kAlika zruta saMkalita kiyA gyaa| usa samaya AcArya skandila hI ekamAtra anuyogadhara the| unhoMne upasthita zramaNoM ko anuyoga kI vAcanA dii| yaha vAcanA mathurA meM dI gayI thI; ataH 'mAthuro vAcanA' khlaaii| isakA samaya vahI arthAt vIra nirvANAnda 827 aura 840 ke madhya honA cAhie, jo AcArya skandila kA yuga-pradhAna-kAla hai| vAlamI vAcanA hai lagabhaga mAthurI vAcanA ke samaya meM hI balabhI-saurASTra meM nAgArjuna sUri ke netRtva meM eka muni-sammelana Ayojita humA, jisakA uddezya vismRta zruta ko vyavasthita karanA thaa| upasthita muniyoM kI smRti ke AdhAra para zrutoddhAra kiyA gyaa| Agama tathA unake atirikta aura bhI jo-jo prakaraNa-grantha nAgArjuna sUri aura samAgata muniyoM ko smaraNa the, sampAdita-vyavasthita kiye gaye / jo atyanta vismRta pATha vAle sthala the, unakA bhalIbhAMti paryavekSaNa kara artha-saMgati ke anusAra unheM ThIka kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra jitanA upalabdha ho sakA, vaha sArA vAGamaya suvyavasthita kiyA gyaa| nAgArjana sUri ne samAgata sAdhuoM ko cAcanA dii| 2010_05

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398] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa :2 AcArya nAgArjuna sUri ne isa vAcanA ko adhyakSatA yA netRtva kiyaa| unakI isameM mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA thI, ataH yaha nAgArjunIya vAcanA kahalAtI hai| valabhI kI pahalI vAcanA ke rUpa meM bhI isakI prasiddhi hai| eka hI samaya meM do vAcanAeM ? kahA jAtA hai, ukta donoM vAcanAoM kA samaya lagabhaga eka hI hai| aisI sthiti meM yaha prazna uThanA svAbhAvika hai ki eka hI samaya meM do bhinna sthAnoM para vAcatAe kyoM Ayojita ko gayoM ? balabhI meM Ayojita vAcanA meM jo muni ekatra hue the, ve mathurA bhI jA sakate the| isakA eka kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki uttara bhArata aura pazcima bhArata ke zramaNa-saMgha meM syAt kinhIM kAraNoM se matakya nahIM ho| isalie palabhI meM sammilita hone vAle muni matharA meM sammilita nahIM hue hoN| unakA usa (mathurA meM Ayojita) vAcanA ko samarthana na rahA ho| isI koTi kI eka parikalpanA isa prakAra bhI kI jA sakatI hai ki mathurA meM hone vAlI vAcanA kI gatividhi, kAryakrama, paddhati tathA netRtva Adi se pazcima kA zramaNa saMgha sahamata na rahA ho| tIsarA kAraNa yaha bhI sambhAvya hai ki mAthI vAcanA ke samApta ho jAne ke pazcAt yaha dhAcanA Ayojita kI gayI ho / mAthurI vAcanA meM huA kArya idhara ke muniyoM ko pUrNa santoSajanaka na lagA ho; ata: Agama evaM tadupajIdhi vAGamaya kA usase bhI utkRSTa saMkalana tathA sampAdana karane kA vizeSa utsAha unameM rahA ho aura unhoMne isa vAcanA kI AyojanA kI ho / phalataH isameM kAlika zruta ke atirikta aneka prakaraNa-grantha bhI saMkalita kiye gaye, vistRta pATha vAle sthaloM ko artha-saMgati pUrvaka vyavasthita kiyA gayA / isa prakAra kI aura bhI karupanAe kI jA sakatI hai| para, itanA to mAnanA hI hogA ki koI-na-koI kAraNa aisA rahA hai, jisase samasAmayikatA yA samaya ke thor3e se vyavadhAna se ye vAcanAe Ayojita kI gyiiN| kahA jAtA hai, ina vAcanAoM meM vAGamaya lekha-vaddha bhI kiyA gyaa| donoM ghAcanAoM meM saMkalita sAhitya meM aneka sthaloM para pAThAntara yA vAcanA-bheda bhI dRSTigata hote haiM / grantha-saMkalana meM bhI kucha bheda rahA hai| jyotiSkaraNDaka kI TIkA' meM ullekha hai ki anuyogadvAra Adi sUtroM kA saMkalana mApurI ghAcanA ke AdhAra para kiyA gyaa| jyoti karaNDaka Adi grantha pAlabhI vAcanA se gRhIta hai / upayukta donoM vAcanAoM 1. pR0 41 ___JainEducation International 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] ASa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 399 ko sampannatA ke anantara AcArya skandila aura nAgArjuna sUri kA paraspara milanA nahIM ho skaa| isaliye donoM vAcanAoM meM saMkalita sUtroM meM yatra-tatra jo pATha-bheda cala rahA thA, usakA samAdhAna nahIM ho pAyA aura vaha eka prakAra se sthAyI bana gyaa| tRtIya vAcanA uparyukta donoM vAcanAoM ke lagabhaga DeDha zatAbdI pazcAt arthAt vIra nirvANAnantara 18. veM yA 993 ve varSa meM valabho meM phira usa yuga ke mahAn AcArya aura vidvAn devaddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM tosaro vAcanA' Ayojita huii| ise valabhI kI dUsarI vAcanA bho kahA jAtA hai| zruta-srota kI satata pravahaNazIlatA ke avaruddha hone kI kucha sthitiyAM paidA huI, jisase jaina saMgha cintita huaa| sthitiyoM kA spaSTa rUpa kyA thA, kucha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| para, jo bho ho, isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki zruta ke saMrakSaNa ke hetu jaina saMgha vizeSa cintita tathA prayatnazIla thaa| pichalI Der3ha zatAbdI ke antargata pratiphUla samaya tathA paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa zruta vAGamaya kA bahuta hvAsa ho cukA hogA, aneka pAThAntara tathA vAcanA-bheda Adi kA pracalana thA hI; ataH zruta ke punaH saMkalana aura sampAdana kI AvazyakatA anubhUta kiyA jAnA svAbhAvika thaa| usI kA pariNAma yaha vAcanA thii| pAThAntaroM, vAcanA-bhedoM kA samanvaya, pATha kI ekarUpatA kA nirdhAraNa, aba taka asaMkalita sAmagrI kA saMkalana Adi isa vAcanA ke mukhya lakSya the| sUtra-pATha ke sthirIkaraNa yA sthAyitva ke liye yaha saba apekSita thaa| vastutaH yaha bahuta mahatvapUrNa vAcanA thii| __ bhArata ke aneka pradezoM se AgamajJa, smaraNa-zakti ke dhanI munivRnda aaye| pichalI mAthurI aura pAlabhI vAcanA ke pAThAntoM, vAcanA-bhedoM ko sAmane rakhate hue samanvayAtmaka dRSTikoNa se vicAra kiyA gyaa| samAgata muniyoM meM jina-jina ko jaisA-jesA pATha smaraNa thA, usase tulanA kI gyii| isa prakAra bahulAMzatayA eka samanvita pATha kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jA skaa| prayatna karane para bhI jina pAThAntaroM kA samanvaya nahIM ho sakA, unheM TIkAoM, 1. pichalo donoM vAcanAoM ke sAtha jisa prakAra durbhikSa kI ghaTanA jur3I hai, isa vAcanA ke sAtha bhI vaisA hI hai / samA cArI zataka meM isa sambandha meM ullekha hai ki bAraha varSa bhayAvaha durmikSa ke kAraNa bahuta se sAdhu divaMgata ho gaye, bahuta-sA zruta vicchinna ho gayA, taba bhavya logoM ke upakAra tathA zruta ko abhivyakti ke hetu zrIsaMgha ke anurodha se devaDhigaNI amAzramaNa ne (980 vIra nirvANAnda) duSkAla meM jo baca sake, una saba sAdhuoM ko balamI meM bulaayaa| vicchinna, avaziSTa, nyUna, adhika, khaNDita, akhaNDita mAgamAlApaka unase suna bukhipUrvaka anukrama se unheM saMkalita kara pustakArUr3ha kiyaa| Jain.Education International 2010_05

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400 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 caNiyoM Adi meM saMgRhIta kiyA gyaa| mUla meM aura TIkAoM meM isa ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| jo katipaya prakIrNaka kevala eka hI vAcanA meM prApta the, unheM jyoM-kA-tyoM rakha liyA gayA aura prAmANika svIkAra kara liyA gayA / pUrvokta donoM vAcanAoM meM saMkalita vAGamaya ke atirikta jo prakaraNa-graMtha vidyamAna the, unheM bhI saMkalita kiyA gyaa| yaha sArA vAGamaya lipibaddha kiyA gyaa| isa vAcanA meM yadyapi saMkalana, sampAdana Adi sArA kArya tulanAtmaka evaM samanvayAtmaka zailI se huA, para yaha saba mukhya AdhAra mAthurI vAcanA ko mAnakara kiyA gyaa| Aja jo aMgopAMgAdi zrRta-vAGmaya upalabdha hai, vaha devaddhiMgaNI kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM sampanna isa vAcanA kA saMskaraNarUpa hai| bauddha saMgotiyAM : jaina vAcanAeM . ___ kaisA saMyoga banA, bauddha piTikoM kI saMkalanA ke hetu jahAM mukhyataH tIna saMgItiyAM Ayojita hotI haiM, jaina AgamoM kA saMkalana kArya antata: tIna vAcanAoM meM paripUrNa hotA hai| saMgoTiyoM aura vAcanAoM ke kAla-krama meM bahuta antara hai| tInoM bauddha-saMgItiyAM buddha parinirvANa ke anantara kevala 236 varSoM meM samApta ho jAtI haiM, jaba ki jaina vAcanAoM ko antima sampannatA mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 980 yA 663 varSa bAda meM hotI hai| bauddha-piTaka siMhala meM vahAM ke rAjA vaTTagAmaNi abhaya ke zAsana kAla meM I0 pU0 26-17 meM tAr3apatroM para lipi-baddha hote haiN| usa sambandha meM saMgIti bhI Ayojita huI, para, aisA pratIta hotA hai ki piTaka jisa rUpa meM rAjakumAra mahendra ke sAtha siMhala pahuMce the, usameM koI ullekhanIya parivartana nahIM huaa| kathanamAtra ke liye rAjakumAra mahendra ke laMkAgamana aura rAjA vaTTagrAmaNi abhaya ke samaya meM piTaka-lekhana ke bIca do saMgItiyAM aura bhI huI thiiN| bauddha-piTaka jaina AgamoM se lagabhaga sAr3he sAta sau varSa pUrva antima rUpa se saMkalita tathA lagabhaga pAMca sau varSa pUrva lipi-baddha kara liye gaye the| kAla-krama ke isa antara ko dekhate hue svabhAvataH yaha kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki bhASAtmaka dRSTi se jitanI prAcInatA aura prAmANikatA pAli-tripiTaka meM hai, vaisI jaina AgamoM meM kaise ho sakatI hai ? bauddha-sagItiyoM kA krama buddha-parinirvANa ke anantara bahuta zIghra hI prArambha ho jAtA hai / yahAM taka ki pahalI saMgIti kA Ayojana to buddha ke parinirvANa ke kevala cAra mAsa pazcAt ho ho gayA thaa| isase sahana hI yaha anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki taba taka, buddha ne jisa bhASA meM, jina zabdoM meM upadeza kiyA, usakI yathAvattA yA maulikatA adhika rahanI caahie| 1. 'vAcanAntare tu punaH', 'nAgArjunIyAstu evaM paThanti' ityAdi dvArA saMketita / 2. vistAra ke lie dekheM, isI pustaka kA 'tripiTaka vAGamaya' adhyAya / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 401 nii *ii nipii R RnnN buddha aura mahAvIra ke dharma kI paristhitiyAM bhinna-bhinna thiiN| itihAsajoM ke anusAra buddha ke jIvana-kAla meM hI unakA dharma madhyama pratipadA yA madhyama mArga kA avalambI hone ke kAraNa dUra-dUra ke pradezoM meM phaila gayA thaa| unake saMgha meM dIkSita bhikSu bhI aneka pradezoM ke, bhinna-bhinna bhASA-bhASI the| unake kArya-kSetra, pracAra-kSetra bhI bahuta dUra-dUra the, jahAM ve vihAra karate the| isalie yaha bahuta sambhAvita thA ki apanI mAtRbhASA kI bhinnatA, apane pracAra-kSetroM kI bhASAoM kI bhinnatA Adi ke kAraNa buddha-vANI meM, jisakA ve upadeza karate the, bhASA Adi kI dRSTi se anivAryataH parivartana, sammizraNa Adi hoN| yahI kAraNa hai ki buddha ke parinirvANa ko kevala cAra hI mAsa bIta pAye the ki bhikSutroM ko buddha-vacana kA saMgAna karanA Avazyaka pratIta huaa| jaina dharma bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAla meM bahuta vistAra pA cukA thA, para utanA nahIM, utane pradezoM meM nahIM, jitanA bauddha dharma ne pAyA / isakA mukhya kAraNa jaina dharma ke kaThora niyama, vrata-pAlana kI kar3I vyavasthA tathA utkRSTa saMyama va tapamUlaka sAdhanA thA, jinheM AtmasAt karanA utanA sarala nahIM thaa| jaina dharma meM dIkSita sAdhu bhI adhikAzataH videha, magadha, kauzala Adi samIpavartI pradezoM ke hI adhika the, jinakI bhASAoM meM bahuta adhika antara nahIM thaa| unakA pracAra-kSetra bhI utanA vizAla nahIM thA, jitanA bauddhoM kA; ataH mahAvIra kI vANI adhika vilamba se saMkalita hone para bhI apane sahI rUpa meM adhika surakSita raha sakI, aisA anumAna karanA ayuktiyukta nhiiN| samaya-samaya para duSkAla Adi ke kAraNa prAya: jaina zruta naSTa ho gayA thA yA zrutadhara muni bahuta kama raha gaye the / vaisI sthiti meM AgamoM kA jo saMkalana huA, usameM unakA svarUpa yathAvat kahAM taka raha sakatA thA ? saba kucha huA, phira bhI jaina Agama bhASAtmaka dRSTi se prAcInatA liye hue haiN| unameM aneka aise haiM, jinameM mahAvIra aura buddha ke kAla kI bhASA kA spaSTa darzana mila sakatA hai| isakA pradhAna kAraNa hai, jaina zramaNoM kI AgamoM ko kevala arthazaH hI nahIM, balki zabdazaH bhI smRti meM banAye rakhane kI atyadhika jaagruuktaa| jaina zAstroM meM uccAraNa sambandhI niyamoM kA jo vivecana hai, usase spaSTa hai ki zAbdika dRSTi se bhI zruta kI aparivartyatA kI ora bahuta dhyAna rakhA gyaa| yadyapi yaha to nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki unameM parivartana huA hI nahIM, ve jyoM-ke-tyoM haiM, para, itanA avazya hai ki prAkRta (jaina) AgamoM kI bhASA pAli-piTakoM kI apekSA nizcaya hI apane mUla svarUpa ko adhika surakSita rakhe hue hai, jo isa saura jaina zramaNoM ke atyadhika sAvadhAna tathA kRtaprayatna rahane kA pramANa hai| 2010_05

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412 [ Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 bauddha piTakoM kI racanA magadha meM huii| vahAM se ve siMhala gaye, eka aise rAjaputra ke sAtha jo pravantI meM palA-pusA thaa| yadyapi vaha magadharAja azoka kA putra thA, para, usakI mAtRbhASA mAgadhI na hokara prAvantI honA adhika sambhAvita hai| phira siMhala meM kucha zatAbdiyoM ke bAda ve lekha-baddha kiye gye| vahI saMskaraNa prAyaH anya tripiTaka-saMskaraNoM kA pramukha AdhAra hai| isase tathA pIche ullikhita kAraNoM se sugamatA se samajhA jA sakatA hai ki pAli-tripiTaka ke rUpa meM parivartana va mizraNa kyoM hotA gayA ? jaina AgamoM kI racanA jahAM magadha aura videha meM huI, vahAM unake saMkalanArtha vAcanAe magadha, zUrasena-vrajabhUmi tathA saurASTra meM huii| antataH unakA saMkalana saurASTra meM huA, una muniyoM dvArA jo paramparayA mUla pATha ko banAye rakhane ke lie sannaddha the| pUrvIya prAkRtoM ke kSetra meM pAgama racita hue aura pazcimI prAkRtoM (usa samaya apabhrazoM) ke kSetra meM saMkalita, sampAdita tathA lipi-baddha kiye jAne meM piTakoM kI taraha sthAnika dRSTi se lambA vyavadhAna nahIM thaa| isa vyavadhAna kA bhI (jitanA thA) bhASAtmaka dRSTi se prabhAva to kucha huA hI, para kama / aura bhI kucha aise hetu rahe haiM, jinase bhASA Adi kI dRSTi se bhAgama-vAGamaya meM kucha sammizraNa bhI huA, para, AgamoM ke sAtha, jaisA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, kucha aisI sthitiyAM rahIM, jisase sammizraNa, parivartana Adi kA parimANa pAlitripiTaka kI tulanA meM bahuta kama rhaa| isI kAraNa buddha aura mahAvIra-kAlIna bhASAoM ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se prAkRta-AgamoM kA pAli-tripiTaka kI apekSA kahIM adhika mahatva hai| apsaar' nthaa sr'aar' prAgama-vAGamaya ke pravahamAna srota ko aneka dRSTiyoM se carcA kI gayI / praNayana yA praNetA kI dRSTi se ise do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jA sakatA hai| 1. aMga-praviSTa tathA 2. aMgabAhya / AcArya jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa ne vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM aMga arthAt aMga praviSTa tathA anaMga arthAt aMgabAhya kA vizleSaNa karate hue likhA hai : "gaNadharakRta va sthavirakRta, AdezasRSTa (arthAt tIrthaMkara prarUpita tripadI-janita) va unmukta vyAkaraNa-prasUta (arthAt vizleSaNa-pratipAdana janita) dhra va-niyata va cala-aniyata ina dvividha vizeSatAoM se yukta vAGamaya aMgapraviSTa tathA aMgabAhya nAma se abhihita hai| / gaNadharakRta, Adezajanita tathA dhrava; ye vizeSaNa aMgapraviSTa se sambaddha haiM tathA sthavirakRta, unmukta vyAkaraNa-prasUta aura cala, ye vizeSaNa aMga bAhya ke lie haiM / 1. gaNaharaMtherakayaM vA AesA mukkavAgaraNao vA / dhuvacalavisesao vA aMgAraNaMgesu nAraNataM / / -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 550 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 403 plnnii auss baaN7 thaaikh| AcArya maladhArI hemacandra ne bhASya kI isa gAthA kA vizleSaNa karate hue likhA hai : "gautama Adi gaNadharoM dvArA racita dvAdazAMga rUpa zruta aMgapraviSTa zruta kahA jAtA hai tathA bhadrabAhu svAmI prAdi sthavira-vRddha AcAryoM dvArA racita Avazyaka-niyukti prAdizruta aMgabAhya zruta kahA jAtA hai| gaNadhara dvArA tIna bAra pUche jAne para tIrtha kara dvArA udgIrNa utpAda, vyaya va dhrauvya mUlaka tripadI ke AdhAra para niSpAdita dvAdazAMga zruta aMgapraviSTa zruta hai tathA artha vizleSaNa yA pratipAdana ke sandarbha meM niSpanna Avazyaka Adizruta aMgabAhya zruta kahA jAtA hai / dhra va yA niyata zruta arthAt sabhI tIrtha karoM ke tIrtha meM avazya hone vAlA dvAdazAMga rUpa zrata aMgapraviSTa zruta hai tathA jo sabhI tIrtha karoM ke tIrtha meM avazya ho ho, aisA nahIM hai, vaha tandulavaicArika Adi prakaraNa rUpa zruta aMgabAhya zruta hai / aaabaa pnnkhaasaar bdhii kthaa ___ nandI sUtra kI TIkA meM TIkAkAra AcArya malayagiri ne aMga-praviSTa tathA aMgabAhya zrata kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai ki sarvotkRSTa zrutalabdhi-sampanna gaNadhara racita mUlabhUta sUtra, jo sarvathA niyata haiM, aise prAcArAMgAdi aMgapraviSTa zruta hai| isake atirikta anya zruta-sthaviroM dvArA racita zruta aMgabAhya zruta hai| ___ aMgabAhya zruta do prakAra kA hai : (1) sAmAyika prAdi chaH prakAra kA Avazyaka tathA (2) tadvyatirikta / Avazyaka-vyatirikta zruta do prakAra kA hai : (1) kAlika evaM (2) utkAlika / jo zruta rAta tathA dina ke prathama prahara va antima prahara meM hI par3hA jAtA hai, vaha kAlika zruta hai tathA jo kAla-velA ko vajita kara saba samaya par3hA jAtA hai, vaha utkAlika zruta hai, jo dazavakAlika Adi aneka prakAra kA hai| unameM katipaya aprasiddha granthoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM : 1. kalpa-zruta, jo sthavirAdi kalpa kA pratipAdana karatA hai| vaha do prakAra kA hai-eka cullakalpa zruta hai, jo alpa grantha tathA alpa artha vAlA hai| dUsarA mahAkalpa zruta hai, jo- mahAgrantha aura mahA artha vAlA hai| 2. prajJApanA, jo jIva Adi padArthoM kI prarUpaNA karatA hai / 3. pramAdApramAda adhyayana, jo pramAda-apramAda ke svarUpa kA bheda tathA vipAka kA - jJApana karatA hai| 1. jisake lie kAla-vizeSa meM par3he jAne kI miyAmakatA nahIM hai / ____ 2010_05

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404 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 4. nandI, 5. anuyogadvAra, 6. devendrastava, 7 tandulavaicArika, 8. candrAvedhyaka, 9. sUrya prajJapti, 10. poriSImaNDala, 11. maNDala - praveza, 12. vidyAcaraNa - vinizcaya, 13. garividyA, 14. dhyAna-vibhakti, 15. maraNa- vibhakti 16. Atma-vizuddhi 17. vItarAgazruta, 18. saMlekhanA zruta, 19 vihAra- kalpa, 20. caraNavidhi, 21. zrAtura- pratyAkhyAna, 22. mahApratyAkhyAna Adi / ye utkAlika zruta ke antargata haiM / kAlika zruta aneka prakAra kA hai : 1. uttarAdhyayana, 2. dazAkalpa, 3. vyavahAra, 4. vRhatkalpa, 5. nizItha, 6. mahAnizItha, 7. RSibhASita grantha, 8 jambUdvIpa-prajJapti, 9. dvIpasAgara - prajJapti, 10. candra- prajJapti, 11. kSullaka vimAna - pravibhakti, 12. mahAvimAnapravibhakti, 13. aMgacUlikA, 14. vargacUlikA, 15. vivAha - cUlikA, 16. aruNopapAta, 17, varuNopapAta, 18. garuDopapAta, 19. dharaNopapAta, 20. vaizramaNopapAta, 21. velaMgharopapAta, 22. devendropapAta, 23. utthAna - zruta, 24. samutthAna- zruta, 25. nAga-parijJA, 26, nirayAvalikA, 27. kalpikA, 28. kalpAvataMsikA, 29. puSpikA, 30 puSpacUlA, 31. vRSNidazA; ityAdi caurAsI hajAra prakIrNaka grantha prathama tIrthaMkara bhagavAn RSabha ke samaya meM the / saMkhyAta hajAra prakIrNaka grantha bIca ke bAIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke samaya tathA caudaha hajAra prakIrNaka grantha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM the / athavA jisa tIrthaMkara ke autpAtikI zrAdi cAra prakAra kI buddhi se yukta jitane ziSya the, unake utane hajAra grantha the / pratyeka buddha bhI utane hI hote the / yaha ( uparyukta ) kAlika, utkAlika zruta zraMgabAhya kahA jAtA hai / aMga-praviSTa : aMga bAhya : samyaktA jaina darzana kA tatva jJAna jahAM sUkSmatA, gambhIratA, vizadatA Adi ke lie prasiddha hai, vahAM udAratA ke lie bhI usakA vizva - vAGgamaya (vizva darzana) meM anupama sthAna hai| vahAM kisI vastu kA mahatva kevala usake nAma para zradhuta nahIM hai, vaha usake yathAvat prayoga tathA phala para TikA hai / aMga praviSTa aura aMga bAhya ke sandarbha meM jina zAstroM kI carcA kI gayI hai, ve jaina paramparA ke mAnya grantha haiM / unake prati jainoM kA bar3A Adara hai / ina granthoM kI deyatA aura mahanIyatA inako graharaNa karane vAle vyaktitva para avasthita hai / yadyapi ye zAstra apane svarUpa kI dRSTi se samyak zruta haiM, para gRhItA kI dRSTi se ina para isa prakAra vicAra karanA hogA - yadi inakA gRhItA samyakhaSTi sampanna yA samyaktvI hai, to ye zAstra usake liye samyak zruta haiM aura yadi inakA gRhItA mithyA-dRSTisampRktamithyAtvI hai, to ye mAnya grantha bhI usake lie mithyA zruta kI koTi meM cale jAte haiM / itanA hI nahIM, jo prajaina zAstra, jinheM sAmAnyataH zrasamyak ( mithyA ) zruta kahA jAtA hai, yadi samyaktvI dvArA parigRhIta hote haiM, to ve usake lie samyak zruta kI koTi meM A jAte 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 405 haiN| isa tathya kA vizeSAvazyaka bhASyakAra ne tathA Avazyaka niyukti ke vivaraNakAra prAcArya malayagiri ne bar3e spaSTa zabdoM meM ullekha kiyA hai / suuHiinaa jaa hnnaa naamaa kr ? pratyeka padArtha astitva-dharmA hai, vaha apane svarUpa meM adhiSThita hai, apane svarUpa kA pratyAyaka hai| usake sAtha saMyojita hone vAle acche-bure vizeSaNa para-sApekSa haiN| arthAt dUsaroM-apane bhinna-bhinna prayoktAoM yA gRhItAoM kI apekSA se usameM samyak yA asamyak kA vyavahAra hotA hai| prayoktA yA gRhItA dvArA apanI prAsthA yA vizvAsa ke anurUpa prayoga hotA hai| yadi prayoktA kA mAnasa vikRta hai, usakI AsthA viparIta hai, vicAra dUSita haiM, to vaha acche-se-acche kathita prasaMga kA bhI jaghanyatama upayoga kara sakatA hai ; kyoMki vaha usake yathArtha svarUpa kA aMkana nahIM kara pAtA / jise burA kahA jAtA hai, usake gRhItA kA viveka udbuddha aura AsthA satparAyaNa hai to usake dvArA usakA jo upayoga hotA hai, usase acchAiyAM hI phalita hotI haiM; kyoMki usakI buddhi sadgrAhiNI hai / jaina darzana kA tatva-cintana isI Adarza para pratiSThita hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki aMgapraviSTa zruta aura aMgabAhya zruta jaise prArSa vAGamaya ko mithyA zrata taka kahane meM usako hicakicAhaTa nahIM hotI, yadi ve mithyAtvI dvArA parigRhIta haiN| vAstavikatA yaha hai, jisakA darzana-vizvAsa mithyAtva para TikA hai vaha usI ke anurUpa usakA upayoga karegA arthAt usake dvArA kiyA gayA upayoga mithyAtva-saMvalita hogaa| usase jIvana kI pavitratA nahIM scegii| mithyAtva-grasta vyakti ke kArya-kalApa prAtma-sAdhaka na hokara anAtma-pUraka hote haiM / isIlie samyak zruta bhI usake lie mithyA-zru ta hai| yahI apekSA samyakdRSTi dvArA gRhIta mithyA-zru ta ke sambandha meM hotI haiM / samyaktvI ke kArya-kalApa 1. ka) aMgAraNaMgapaviTTha sammasuyaM loiyaM tu micchasuyaM / Asajja u sAmittaM loiya-louttare bhyrnnaa| -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, gAthA 527 (kha) ........ samyak zrutam -aMgAnaMgapraviSTamAcArAvazyakAdi, tathA mithyAzru tam-purANa rAmAyaNabhAratAdi, sarvameva vA darzanaparigrahavizeSAt samyaka zruta-mitara vA, tathAhi-samyagdRSTau sarvamapi zrutaM samyak zrutam, heyopAdeyazAstrANAM heyopAdeyatayA parijJAnAt, mithyAdRSTau sarva mithyAzru tam, viparyayAt / / - Avazyakaniyukti, pR0 47, prakA0 Agamodaya samiti, bambaI 2010_05

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406 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 samyak yA Atma-sAdhaka, svapariSkAraka tathA zuddhimUlaka hote haiM / vaha kisI bhI zAstra kA upayoga apane hita meM kara letA hai| yaha ThIka hI hai, aise puruSa ke lie mithyA zruta bhI samyak zru ta kA kAma karatA hai| jaina-tatva-cintana kA yaha vaha vareNya pakSa hai, jo pratyeka prAtma-sAdhaka ke lie samAdhAnakAraka hai| r : Trir : veda : bhUla : saMkSipta paricaya aMga praviSTa tathA agabAhya ke rUpa meM jina bhAgama-granthoM kI carcA kI gayI hai, unameM kucha upalabdha nahIM haiN| jo upalabdha haiM, unameM kucha niyuktiyoM ko sannihita kara zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya 45 prAgama-granthoM ko pramANa-bhUta mAnatA hai| ve aMga, upAMga, cheda tathA mUla Adi ke rUpa meM vibhakta haiN| - aMga a-saMjJA kyoM ? artha rUpa meM ( tripadyAtmakatayA ) tIrthaMkara-prarUpita tathA gaNadhara-grathita vAGamaya aMgavAGamaya ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| ise aMga nAma se kyoM abhihita kiyA gayA ? yaha prazna svAbhAvika hai| uttara bhI spaSTa hai| zruta kI puruSa ke rUpa meM kalpanA kI gyii| jisa prakAra eka puruSa ke aga hote haiM, usI prakAra zruta-puruSa ke aMgoM ke rUpa meM bAraha zrAgamoM ko svIkAra kiyA gyaa| kahA gayA hai : "zruta-puruSa ke pAdadvaya, jaMghAdvaya, Urudvaya, gAMtradvaya-deha kA agravartI tathA pRSThavartI bhAga, bAhudvaya, grIvA tathA mastaka ( pAda 2+ jaMghA 2 + Uru 2 + gAtrArddha 2 + bAhu 2 + grIvA 1 +mastaka 1 = 12 ), ye aMga bAraha haiN| inameM jo praviSTa haiM, aMgatvena avasthita haiM, ve Agama zruta-puruSa ke aMga haiN|" bArahavAM aMga dRSTivAda vicchinna ho gyaa| isa samaya gyAraha aMga prApta haiN| 1. iha puruSasya dvAdaza aMgAni bhavanti tadyathA tu pAdau da jaMghe dvaM' UruNI dva', gAtrA dau bAMhU grIvA zirazca evaM zrutapuruSasyApi paramapuruSasyAcArAyoni dvAdazAMgAni krameNa veditavyAni tathA coktam-- "pAyadurga jaMghoru gAyadgaddhaM tu do ya bAhU y| govA siraM ca puriso bArasa aMgesu ya paviTTho // " zru tapuruSasyAMgeSu praviSTamaMgapraviSTam / aMgabhAvena vyavasthite zruta bhede ....... / -abhidhAna rAjendra, bhAga 1, pR0 38 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 407 1. AyAraMga ( AcArAMga) AcArAMga meM zramaNa ke prAcAra kA varNana kiyA hai| yaha do zruta-skandhoM meM vibhakta hai| pratyeka zruta-skandha kA adhyayanoM tathA pratyeka adhyayana kA uddezoM yA cUlikAoM meM vibhAjana hai| prathama zruta-skandha meM nau adhyayana evaM cauvAlIsa uddeza haiN| dvitIya zrutaskandha meM tIna cUlikAeM haiM, jo 16 adhyayanoM meM vibhAjita haiN| bhASA, racanA-zailI, viSaya-nirUpaNa Adi ko dRSTi se yaha spaSTa hai ki prathama zruta-skandha bahuta prAcIna hai| adhikAMzatayA yaha gadya meM racita hai| bIca-bIca meM yatra-tatra padyoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai| addha -mAgadhI prAkRta ke bhASAtmaka adhyayana tathA usake svarUpa ke avabodha ke lie yaha racanA bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| sAtaveM adhyayana kA nAma mahAparijJA nirdiSTa kiyA gayA hai, para, usakA pATha prApta nahIM hai| ise vyucchinna mAnA jAtA hai| kahA jAtA hai, isameM katipaya camatkArI vidyAoM kA samAveza thaa| lipi-baddha ho jAne se adhikArI, anadhikArI; sabake lie ve sulabha ho jAtI haiN| anadhikArI yA apAtra ke pAsa unakA jAnA ThIka na samajha zrI devaddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa ne Agama-lekhana ke samaya isa adhyayana ko chor3a diyaa| yaha eka kalpanA hai, vastusthiti kyA raho, kucha kahA nahIM jA sktaa| ho sakatA hai, bAda meM isa adhyayana kA viccheda ho gayA ho| navama upadhAna adhyayana meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI tapasyA kA mArmika aura romAMcakArI varNana hai / vahAM unake lADha (barddhavAna jilA), vanabhUmi (mAnabhUma aura siMhabhUma jile ) tathA zubhra bhUmi ( koDaramA, hajArIbAga kA kSetra ) meM vihAra-paryaTana tathA prajJa janoM dvArA kiye gaye vividha prakAra ke ghora upasarga-kaSTa sahana karane kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ghora tapasvI tathA apratima kaSTa-sahiSNa jIvana kA jo lekhA-jokhA isa adhyayana meM milatA hai, vaha anyatra kahIM bhI prApta nahIM hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI kaThora sAdhanA : pariSaha eka varSa aura kucha adhika mAsa, bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kandhe para indra dvArA prakSipta devadUSya rhaa| para, unhoMne kabhI yaha na socA ki maiM isase hemanta Rtu meM apanA zarIra ddhkuugaa| ukta kAla ke pazcAt usa vastra kA tyAga kara diyaa| gahasthI ke samparka meM kabhI unakA gRhastha-saMzliSTa pravAsa hotA, to striyAM mohita aura Asakta hokara unase kAma-prArthanA karatIM, para, ve apane ko virakti ke mArga meM lagAye dhyAna-nirata rahate / 2010_05

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400 / Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 gRhasthoM ke samparka meM rahane kA avasara prAne para bhI ve unase dhulate-milate nhiiN| unakI ora se dhyAna haTA dharma yA zukla dhyAna meM lIna rhte| unake pUchane para bhI uttara nahIM dete| abhivAdana karane para bhI bhASaNa nahIM karate / sarvasAdhAraNa ke lie aisA karanA bar3A duSkara hai| sabhA se kaSTa sahana __ jaba ve anArya-dezoM meM jAte, puNyahIna prANI unheM DaNDoM se pITate, unake bAla noMcate, para ve sama-bhAva se saba sahate / kutUhala tathA vismaya se dUra ___kathA, nRtya, gIta prAdi dekha kutUhala anubhava nahIM krte| daNDa-yuddha, muSTi-yuddha se vismita nahIM hote| kinhIM ko kAma-kathA lIna dekha na harSa karate, na zoka karate, apitu sarvathA taTastha rhte| aparigraha kI parAkASThar ___ bhagavAn acelaka aura pANipAtra the| ve dUsare kA diyA vastra yA pAtra svIkAra nahIM karate the| rasoM meM anAsakta : suvidhA se dUra ve dUdha dahI Adi rasoM meM prAsakti nahIM rakhate the| prAMkha meM raja Adi gira jAne para use nahIM poMchate the na hI nikAlate the, khujalI Ane para bhI zarIra ko nahIM khujalAte the / naam bRthaa ___ ve sAmane yuga-pramANa mArga kA avalokana kara calate the| idhara-udhara yA pIche nahIM dekhate the| kisI ke pUchane para uttara nahIM dete, mauna rahate the| zIta se abhIta deva-dUSya ke tyAga ke anantara zizira Rtu meM ve donoM hAtha phailAkara calate the| zIta se ghabar3A kara na ve hAtha sikor3ate aura unheM na kandhoM para hI rakhate / vihAra karate-karate jahAM carama pauruSI kA samaya prAtA, vahIM rAtri vyatIta karate / klaa aaann jiibn ? kabhI bhItavAle khAlI gharoM meM, sabhAoM - vizrAnti gRhoM meM, pAnI kI pyAU meM, dUkAnoM meM, lohakAra-zAlAoM meM, ghAsa se bane maMcoM-macAnoM ke nIce, gAMva ke bAhara ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya | ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 409 kAntArAgAroM-musAphira khAnoM meM, bagIce meM bane makAnoM meM, nagara meM, khaNDaharoM meM, vRkSa ke nIce pravAsa karate hue teraha varSa taka isa prakAra tapasyA-lIna nizcalacetA, ahaniza apramattarUpeNa saMyama meM udyata raha kisI prakAra kI zaMkA na karate hue samAdhipUrvaka dharmazukla-dhyAna meM saMlagna rhe| niraa-sith ii athng paakhnaa kadAcit nidrA pAtI, to ve utthita hokara apane ko jAgRta karate / aba maiM sau jAU; isa bhAva se bhagavAn ne kabhI zayana nahIM kiyaa| nidrA miTAne ke lie ve sIdhe tanakara baiThate / zItakAla kI kar3akar3AtI sardI meM rAtri meM bAhara nikala kara muhUrta bhara bhramaNa karate, punaH dhyAnastha ho jaate| pariSaha kI udIraNA kara pramAda ko haTAte / sUne gharoM meM upasarga ___ unheM sUne gharoM meM dhyAnastha dekha vahAM chipane yA gupta kArya karane ke liye Aye hue durAcArI-isa zaMkA se ki isane hameM dekha liyA hai, kisI se kaha degA, unheM kaSTa dete / kabhI grAma-rakSaka (sipAhI) apane zastroM dvArA unheM trAsa dete| jinnii duth annhii eh nith unakI manohara mukha-mudrA dekha mugdha huI striyAM va puruSa unheM upasarga (kaSTa) karate / kabhI dina va rAta meM kisI nirjana sthAna meM kAyotsarga meM sthita bhagavAn ko cora, jAra tathA anya loga pUchate-tuma kauna ho? kyoM khar3e ho ? uttara na pAkara, kruddha hokara ve unheM pITate / bhagavAn jaba dhyAna meM nahIM hote, to kisI ke pUchane para uttara dete-maiM bhikSu huuN| yadi vaha krodha se bhara vaha sthAna chor3ane ke lie kahatA, to ve use chor3a dete / zizira meM jaba loga zIta se thara-thara kAMpate, anya tIrthI sAdhu Aga sulagAte, garma kambala prAdi khojate, havA na pA sake, aisA banda sthAna DhUDhate, do-tIna vastra dhAraNa karane kA socate, taba bhagavAn vRkSa prAdi ke nIce zIta sahana karate / ___ ve tRNa ke tIkSNa sparza, zIta, USmA tathA DAMsa, macchara Adi ke DaMka samabhAva se shte| lA Adi meM upasarga durgama lADha deza, vajrabhUmi aura zubhrabhUmi nAmaka sthAnoM meM jaba bhagavAn vicarate, ____ 2010_05

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410 [ Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 taba unheM rahane ke lie sarvathA gaye bIte sthAna -- upadrava yukta khaNDahara Adi milate, zrAsana bhI dhUla Adi se bhare aura viSama milate / lADha deza ke anArya jana bhagavAn ko mArate aura dAMtoM se kATane daudd'te| vahAM bar3I kaThinAI se rUkhA-sUkhA prahAra milatA, kutte kaSTa dete, kATane ko jhpttte| vahAM aneka logoM meM se koI eka una kATane zrAte hue kuttoM ko rokatA / zeSa to kutUhalavaza chUchU kara kuttoM ko kATane ke lie prerita karate / vajrabhUmi meM anyatIrthI' bhikSu yaSTikA aura nAlikA ( zarIra- pramANa se cAra aMgula bar3I lakar3I ) rakhate the, isa para bhI kutte unheM kATate the / lADha deza meM grAma itane kama the ki sAyaMkAla taka calate-calate gAMva nahIM AtA thA, to vRkSa ke nIce Thahara kara bhagavAn rAta bitAte / kitaneka anArya loga gAMva se bAhara nikala, sAmane jA bhagavAn ko mArane lagate aura kahate- -yahAM se nikala jAno / lADha deza ke anArya jana lakar3I, mukke, bhAle kI noMka, IMTa-patthara athavA ghaTa ke khappara se unheM mArate the / ve kabhI-kabhI bhagavAn ke zarIra kA mAMsa bhI kATa lete / kabhI dhUla barasAte / kabhI bhagavAn ko U~cA uThA kara paTakate / kabhI bhagavAn dhyAna ke lie godohAsana yA vIrAsana meM baiTha hote, to ve dhakkA dekara lur3hakA dete / - titikSA kA vismAyaka rUpa bhagavAn niroga hone para bhI alpa bhojana karate / rogI hone yA na hone para cikitsA nahIM karAte / saMzodhana -- virecana, bamana, tela-mardana, snAna, saMvAhana ( zarIra dabavAnA ) tathA danta-prakSAlana - ina sabakA ve tyAga kiye hue the / meM dhyAna karate tathA grISma Rtu meM tApa ke sAmane zizira Rtu meM zItala chAyA zratApanA lete / rUkhe-sUkhe cAvala, bera kA cUrNa, urda aura nIrasa AhAra se nirvAha krte| ina tIna padArthoM para ve prATha mAsa taka rahe / aneka bAra pandraha-pandraha dina aura mAsa-mAsa taka AhAra to kyA jala taka nahIM lete / kabhI-kabhI do-do mAsa, kabhI-kabhI chaH-chaH mAsa taka zrAhAra- pAnI kA sarvathA tyAga karate / pAraNe meM bhI sadA nIrasa padArtha lete / kabhI-kabhI do-do dina ke antara se kabhI-kabhI tIna-tIna, cAra-cAra aura pAMca-pAMca dina ke antara se prahAra karate / jaba kahIM bhikSA ke lie jAte, pazu, pakSI tathA anya bhikSu Adi ko dekha dhIre se nikala jAte / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 411 jo bhI zuddha AhAra cAhe dUdha, dahI se prArdra ho, cAhe sUkhA-ThaNDA ho, cAhe bahuta dina ke pakAye urda hoM, ve samabhAva se lete / godohikA, utkaTika, vIra Adi AsanoM meM saMsthita ho nirvikAra-bhAva se dharma-dhyAna, zukla-dhyAna dhyAte / usameM Urdhva-loka, adholoka tathA tiryak loka ke svarUpa kA cintana karate / AcArAMga prathama zrata-skandha ke navama adhyayana ke AdhAra para kiye gaye isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki AcArAMga kI racanA, vivecana-paddhati, vastu-pratipAdana Adi meM apanI asAdhAraNa vizeSatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke utkRSTa sAdhaka-jIvana kA yaha jItA-jAgatA citra jahAM unake nitAnta sAdhanA-niSNAta tathA titikSonmukha jIvana kA paricAyaka hai, vahAM bhArata ke antarvartI kucha eka pradezoM kI tatkAlIna avasthiti kI bhI eka jIvita jhAMkI prastuta karatA hai| dvitIya zrutaskandha : racanA : phalevara dvitIya zruta-skandha meM zramaNa ke lie nirdezita vratoM va tatsambaddha bhAvanAoM kA svarUpa bhikSu-caryA, AhAra-pAna-zuddhi, zayyA-saMstaraNa-grahaNa, vihAra-caryA, cAturmAsya-pravAsa, bhASA, vastra, pAtra Adi upakaraNa, mala-mUtra-visarjana Adi ke sambandha meM niyama-upaniyama Adi kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki mahAkalpazruta nAmaka AcArAMga ke nizIthAdhyayana kI racanA pratyAkhyAna pUrva kI tRtIya prAcAra-vastu ke bIsaveM prAbhRta ke prAdhAra para huI hai / AcArAMga vAstava meM dvAdazAMgAtmaka vAGmaya meM sabase adhika mahatvapUrNa hai| "aMgANaM kiM sAro ? AyAro" jaise kathana isake paricAyaka haiN| vyAkhyA-sAhitya AcArAMga para prAcArya bhadrabAhu dvArA niyukti, zrI jinadAsa gaNI dvArA cUriNa, zrI zIlAMkAcArya dvArA TIkA tathA zrI jinahaMsa dvArA dIpikA kI racanA kI gyii| jaina vAGamaya ke prakhyAta adhyetA DA. harmana jekobI ne isakA aMgrejI meM anuvAda kiyA tathA isakI gaveSaNApUrNa prastAvanA likhI / pro0 epha0 maiksamUlara dvArA sampAdita "Sacred Books of the East' nAmaka granthamAlA ke antargata usake 22 veM bhAga meM usakA AksaphorDa se prakAzana huaa| AcArAMga ke prathama zruta-skandha kA prasiddha jarmana vidvAn 1. AcArAMga-niyukti, 291 ___ 2010_05

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412 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 pro. vAlTara zUbiMga ne sampAdana kiyA tathA san 1910 meM lipz2aga se isakA prakAzana kiyaa| prAcArya bhadrabAhukRta niyukti tathA prAcArya zIlAMka racita TIkA ke sAtha san 1935 meM Agamodaya samiti, bambaI dvArA isakA prakAzana huA / 2. sUyagaDaMga (sUtrakRtAMga) sugndhnaa au naam sUtrakRtAMga ke lie sUyagaDa, suttakaDa tathA sUyAgaDa; ina zabdoM kA prayoga huA haiN| sUyagaDa yA suttakaDa kA saMskRta-rUpa sUtrakRta hai| isakI zAbdika vyAkhyA isa prakAra haiartharUpatayA tIrthaMkaroM se sUtra kA udbhava huA, usase gaNadharoM dvArA kiyA gayA yA nibaddha kiyA gayA grantha / isa prakAra sUtrakRta zabda phalita hotA hai| athavA sUtra ke anusAra jisameM tatvAvabodha karAyA gayA ho, vaha sUtrakRta hai| sUyAgaDaM kA saMskRta rUpa sUtrAkRta hai| isakA artha hai-sva aura para samaya-siddhAnta kA jisameM sUcana kiyA gayA ho, vaha sUcAkRta yA sUyAgaDa hai| sUtra kA artha bhagavadbhASita aura kRta kA artha usake AdhAra para gaNadharoM dvArA kiyA gayA yA racA gayA-isa paridhi meM to samasta dvAdazAMgI ho samAhita ho jAtI hai| ataH sUtrakRtAMga kI hI aisI koI vizeSatA nahIM hai| sva-apane, para-dUsaroM ke samayasiddhAntoM yA tAtvika mAnyatAoM ke vivecana kA jo ullekha kiyA gayA hai, vaha mahatvapUrNa hai| vaisA vivecana isI prAgama meM hai, anya kisI meM nhiiN| sUtratA kA svarUpa : kalevara yaha do zruta-skandhoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama zruta-skandha meM solaha tathA dUsare meM sAta adhyAya haiN| pahalA zru ta-skandha prAyaH padyoM meM hai| usake kevala eka adhyayana meM gadya kA prayoga huaA hai| dUsare zruta-skandha meM gadya aura padya donoM pAye jAte haiN| isa Agama meM gAthA chanda ke atirikta indravajrA vaitAlika, anuSTup Adi anya chandoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai| 1. sUyagaDaM aMgANaM, bitiyaM tassa ya imANi nAmANi / sUyagaDaM suttakaDaM, sUyAgaDaM ceva goraNAi // sUtrakRta miti-etadaMgAnAM dvitIyaM tasya cAmUnyekAthikAni, tadyathA-sUtramutpannamartharUpatayA tIrthakRmyaH tataH kRtaM grantharacanayA gaNadharairiti tathA sUtrakRtamiti sUtrAnusAreNa tatvAvabodhaH kriyate'sminniti tathA sUcAkRtamiti svaparasamayArthasUcanaM sUtrA sAsmin kRteti / etAni cAsya guNaniSpannAni nAmAni / -abhidhAna rAjendra, saptama bhAga, pR0 1027 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 413 vibhinna vAdoM kA ullekha paMcabhUtavAda brahmakavAda-paddhata vAda yA ekAtmavAda, dehAtmavAda, ajJAnavAda, prakriyAvAda, niyativAda, Atma akartRtvavAda sadvAda, paMcaskandhavAda tathA dhAtuvAda Adi kA isake prathama skandha meM prarUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| tatpakSasthApana aura nirasana kA eka sAMketika-sA aspaSTa-sA krama vahAM hai| isase yaha bahuta spaSTa nahIM hotA ki una dinoM amuka-amuka vAda kisa prakAra kI dArzanika paramparAeM liye hue the| ho sakatA hai, ina vAdoM kA taba taka kisI vyavasthita tathA paripUrNa darzana ke rUpa meM vikAsa na ho pAyA ho| ina vAdoM para avasthita dArzanika paramparAoM ( Schools of Philosophy ) ke ye prArambhika rUpa rahe hoN| zramaNoM dvArA bhikSAcAra meM satarkatA, pariSahoM ke prati sahanazIlatA, narakoM ke kaSTa, sAdhunoM ke lakSaNa, brAhmaNa, zramaNa, bhikSu tathA nigrantha jaise zabdoM kI vyAkhyA udAharaNoM tathA rUpakoM dvArA acchI taraha kI gayI hai| ullikhita matavAdoM kI carcA sambandhita vyAkhyA granthoM meM vistAra se bhI milatI hai| dvitIya zruta-skandha meM para-matoM kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai-vizeSata: vahAM jIva va zarIra ke ekatva, IzvarakartRtva, niyativAda prAdi kI carcA hai| prastuta zruta-skandha meM AhAra-doSa, bhikSA-doSa Adi para vizeSa prakAza DAlA gayA hai| prasaMgavaza bhauma, utpAda svapna, svara, vyaMjana, strI-lakSaNa Adi viSayoM kA bhI nirUpaNa huA hai| antima adhyayana kA nAma nAlandIya hai| isameM nAlandA meM hue gautama gaNadhara aura pAvApatyika udaka peDhAlaputta kA vArtAlApa hai| anta meM udaka peDhAla putta dvArA caturyAma dharma ke sthAna para paMca mahAvrata svIkAra karane kA varNana hai / prAcIna matoM, vAdoM aura dRSTikoNoM ke adhyayana ke lie to yaha zru tAMga mahattvapUrNa hai ho, bhASA kI dRSTi se bhI vizeSa prAcIna siddha hotA hai / bhASA-vaijJAnika bhI isameM adhyayana kI pracura sAmagrI pAte haiM / vyAkhthA-sAhitya prAcArya bhradrabAhu ne sUtrakRtAMga para niyukti kI racanA kii| prAcArya zIlAMka ne bAhari gaNI ke sahayoga se TIkA likhii| cUNi bhI likhI gyii| harSa kula aura sAdhuraMga dvArA dIpikAoM kI racanA huii| DA0 harmana jaikobI ne aMgrejI meM anuvAda kiyA, jo Sacred Books of the East ke paiMtAlIsaveM bhAga meM AksaphorDa se prakAzita huaa| 3. ThANAMga ( sthAnAMga) daza adhyayanoM meM yaha zru tAMga vibhAjita hai / isameM 783 sUtra haiM / uparyukta do zra tAMgoM se isakI racanA bhinna koTi kI hai| isake pratyeka adhyayana meM, adhyayana kI saMkhyA ke anusAra vastu-saMkhyAeM ginAte hue varNana kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNArtha, pahale adhyayana meM ___ 2010_05

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414 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 kahA gayA hai-eka loka, eka aloka, eka dharma, eka adharma, eka darzana eka cAritra, eka samaya Adi / isI prakAra dUsare adhyayana meM una vastuoM kI gaNanA aura varNana AyA hai, jo do-do haiM--jaise do kriyAe~ praadi| isI krama se dasaveM adhyayana taka yaha vastu-bheda aura varNana daza kI saMkhyA taka pahuMca gayA hai| isa koTi ko varNana-paddhati kI dRSTi se yaha zru tAMga pAli bauddha grantha aMguttara nikAya se tulanIya hai| nAnA prakAra ke vastu-nirdeza apanI-apanI dRSTi se bar3e mahattva ke haiN| udAharaNArtha, Rk, yajuSa aura sAma; ye tIna veda batalAye gaye haiN| dharma-kathA, artha-kathA aura kAmakathA; tIna prakAra kI kathAoM kA ullekha hai| vRkSa tIna prakAra ke batalAye gaye haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tIrtha -dhana saMva meM hue sAta niha navoM (dharma zAsana se vimukha aura apalApaka-viparIta prarUpaNA karane vAloM) ko bhI carcA pAI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tIrtha meM jina nau puruSoM ne tIrthaMkara-gotra bAMdhA, yathAprasaMga unakA bhI ullekha hai| isa prakAra saMkhyAnukrama ke AdhAra para isameM vibhinna viSayoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai, jo aneka dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai / thaatbaa-laatthi AcArya abhayadeva sUri ( san 1063 ) ne sthAnAMga para TIkA likhI AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, tathA dRSTivAda (jo upalabdha nahIM hai) ke atirikta zeSa nau aMgoM para unakI TIkAeM haiN| ve navAMgI TIkAkAra kahalAte haiN| prAcArya abhayadeva ne TIkAkAra ke uttaradAyitva-nirvAha kI kaThinAiyoM kA usameM jo varNana kiyA hai, usase usa samaya ko zAstrAva-sthiti jJAta hotI hai| ve likhate haiM : "zAstrAdhyetR-sampradAyoM ke naSTa ho jAne, sad-Uha, sad-viveka, sad vitarkaNA ke viyoga, saba viSayoM ke vivecanaparaka zAstroM kI asvAyattatA, smaraNa-zakti ke prabhAva, vAcanAoM ke anekatva, pustakoM ke azuddha pATha, sUtroM kI ati gambhIratA tathA kahIM-kahIM matabheda; prAdi kAraNoM se truTiyAM raha jAnA sambhAvita haiN| vivekazIla vyaktiyoM ne zAstroM kA jo artha svIkAra kiyA hai, vahI hamAre lie grAhya hai, dUsarA nhiiN|" 1. sampradAyo gurukramaH / __ satsampradAyavahInatvAt sadvahasya viyogataH / sarvasvapara zAstrANAmadRSTerasmRtezca me / / vAcanAnAmanekatvAt pustakAnAmazuddhitaH : sUtrANAmatigAmbhIryAnmatabhedAcca kutracit / / kSaNAni sambhavantIha, kevalaM suvivekibhiH / siddhAnte'nugato yo'rthaH so'smRvagrAhyo na cetaraH // --pR0 499 ____ 2010_05

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ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya 4. samavAyAMga samavAya ' kA artha samUha yA samudAya hotA hai / isa sUtra kA varNana krama sthAnAMga jaisA hai / sthAnAMga meM eka se daza taka saMkhyAe~ pahuMcatI haiM, jaba ki isameM ve saMkhyAe~ eka se prArambha hokara kozcanukoTi ( koDA-koDI) taka jAtI haiM / samavAyAMga meM bAraha aMgoM saMkhyAkramika varNana ke antargata yathAprasaMga AcArAMga ke prathama zruta-skandha ke nau adhyayanoM sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zruta-skandha ke solaha adhyayanoM, uttra makAo ke prathama zruta-skandha ke unnIsa adhyayanoM, dRSTivAda ke katipaya sUtroM kA tathA unake viSayoM kA ullekha hai / rAzika 2 sUtra - paddhati se race jAne, uttarAdhyayana ke chattIsa adhyayanoM tathA cavAlIsa RSibhASita adhyayanoM, antima rAtri meM bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA prarUpita pacapana adhyayanoM tathA vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra ke caurAsI hajAra padoM Adi kA isameM ullekha hai / nandI sUtra kI bhI isameM carcA hai / ina ullekhoM se aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki dvAdazAMga ke sUtra - baddha ho jAne ke pazcAt isakA lekhana huA / vana-krama bhASA aura sAhitya ] samavAyAMga meM caubIsa kulakaroM, caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM, cakravartiyoM, baladevoM eva vAsudevoM kA, unake mAtA-pitA, janma sthAna Adi kA nAmAnukrama se varNana kiyA gayA hai / uttama zalAkA-puruSoM kI saMkhyA cauvana ( tIrthakara 24 + cakravartI 12 + vAsudeva 9 + baladeva 9 = 54 ) dI gayI hai, tiresaTha nahIM / vahAM prativAsudevoM ko zalAkA-puruSoM meM nahIM liyA gayA hai / isase yaha sambhAvita pratIta hotA hai ki unheM bAda meM zalAkApuruSoM meM svIkAra kiyA gayA ho / yaha sArA varNana samavAyAMga ke jisa aMza meM hai, use eka prakAra se saMkSipta jaina purANa ko saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai / jaina purANoM ke upajIvaka ke rUpa meM nizcaya hI isa bhAga kA bar3A mahatva hai / bhagavAn RSabha ko yahAM kauzalIya tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra ko vaizAlIya kahA gayA hai, isase bhagavAn mahAvIra ke vaizAlI ke nAgarika hone kA tathya puSTa hotA hai / samavAyAMga meM lekha, gaNita, rUpaka, nATya, gIti, vAdyatra Adi bahattara kalAoM kA varNana hai / brAhmI lipi Adi aThAraha lipiyoM tathA brAhmI ke chayAlIsa mAtRkA - akSaroM kI carcA hai| isa para prAcArya abhayadeva sUri ko TIkA hai / 1. duvAla saMge gaNiviDae pannate / taM jahA - AyAre, sUyagaDa, ThANe, samavAe, vivAhapannattI NAyAdharamakahAo, uvAsagadasAo, aMtagaDadasAo, araguttarovavAiyadasAo, paNahAvAgaraNAI vivAgasue, diTTivAe / se kiM taM AyAre ? AyAreNaM samaraNAraNaM niggaMthAgaMmAhijja || - - samavAyAMga sUtra, dvAdazAMgAdhikAra, pR0 231-32 2. maMkhaliputra gozAlaka kA mata 2010_05 [ 415

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 5. vivAha-paNNatti ( vyAkhyA-prajJapti ) - jIva-ajIva Adi padArthoM kI vizada. vistRta vyAkhyA hone ke kAraNa isa aMga kA nAma vyAkhyA-prajJapti' hai| saMkSepa meM bhagavatI sUtra bhI kahA jAtA hai| isameM ekatAlIsa zataka haiN| pratyeka zataka aneka uddezoM (uddezakoM) meM baMTA huA hai| prathama se ATha taka, bAraha se caudaha taka tathA aThAraha se bIsa taka ke zatakoM meM se pratyeka meM daza-daza uddezaka haiN| isake atirikta avaziSTa zatakoM meM uddezoM kI saMkhyAeM nyUnAdhika pAI jAtI haiN| pandrahaveM zataka kA uddezoM meM vibhAjana nahIM hai| usameM maMkhaliputra gozAlaka kA caritra hai| yaha apane Apa meM eka svatantra grantha jaisA pratIta hotA hai| vyAkhyA prajJapti kA sUtra-krama se bhI vibhAjana prApta hotA hai / isameM kula sUtra-saMkhyA 867 hai / 4rthn hiin vyAkhyA-prajJapti kI varNana-zailI praznottara ke rUpa meM hai| gaNadhara gautama jijJAsubhAva se prazna upasthita karate haiM aura bhagavAn mahAvIra unakA uttara dete haiM yA samAdhAna karate haiN| TIkAkAra prAcArya abhayadeva sUri ne ina praznottaroM kI saMkhyA chattIsa hajAra batalAI hai| unhoMne padoM kI saMkhyA do lAkha aThAsI hajAra dI hai| isake viparIta samavAyAMga meM padoM kI saMkhyA caurAsI hajAra tathA nandI meM eka lAkha cauvAlIsa hajAra batalAI gayI hai| ___ kahIM-kahIM praznottara bahuta choTe-choTe haiN| udAharaNArthaprazna- bhagavAn ! jJAna kA phala kyA hai ? uttara-vijJAna / prazna-vijJAna kA phala kyA hai ? uttara-pratyAkhyAna / prazna-pratyAkhyAna kA phala kyA hai ! uttara-saMyama / kahIM-kahIM aise praznottara bhI haiM, jinameM pUrA zataka hI pA gayA hai| maMkhaliputra gozAAlaka ke varNana se sambaddha pandrahavAM zataka isakA udAharaNa hai| 1. vividhAH-jIvAjIvAdipracuratarapadArthaviSayAH A...... abhividhinA kathAMcannikhila jJa yavyAptyA maryAdayA vA-parasparAsaMkIrNa-lakSaNAbhidhAnarUpayA khyAnAni-bhagavato mahAvIrasya gautamAdivineyAnpratipraznitapadArthapratipAdanAni vyAkhyAstAH prajJApyante - prarUpyante bhagavatA sudharmasvAminA jambUnAmAnamabhiyasyAm / ........'athavA vivAhAvividhA viziSTA vArthapravAhA nayapravAhA vA prajJApyante -prarUpyante prabodhyante vA yasyAma' -abhidhAnarAjendraH SaSTha bhAga, pR0 1238 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (addhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 417 jaina dharma kA vizvakoza praznottara-krama ke madhya jaina tatvajJAna, itihAsa, anekAneka ghaTanAoM tathA vibhinna vyaktiyoM kA varNana, vivecana itanA vistRta ho gayA hai ki unase sambaddha aneka pahaluoM kA vyApaka jJAna prApta hotA hai| isa apekSA se ise prAcIna jaina jJAna kA vizvakoza kahanA atiraMjana nahIM hogaa| ashb ashbii jaa pun vistAra meM jAte hue vivaraNa ko saMkSipta karane ke nimitta sthAna-sthAna para prajJApanA, jIvAbhigama, aupapAtika va nandI jaise granthoM kA ullekha karate hue unameM se una-una prasaMgoM ko le lene kA sUcana kiyA hai| nandIsUtra valabhI vAcanA ke prAyojaka evaM pradhAna devaddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai| usakA bhI isa grantha meM ullekha hone se tathA yahA~ ke vivaraNoM ko use dekhakara pUrNa kara lene kI jo sUcanA kI gayI hai, usase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki isa zrutAMga ko apanA vartamAna rUpa nandIsUtra race jAne ke pazcAt vIra nirvANa se lagabhaga 1000 varSa pazcAt I0 san 527 meM prApta huA hai| yahI sthiti anya zrutAMgoM ke sambandha meM bhI ghaTita hotI hai| aisA hote hue bhI isameM sandeha nahIM ki viSaya-vastu purAtana tathA prAcArya-paramparAnusyUta hai| nihaasik prsnggii bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvana-carita, unake aneka ziSya, zrAvaka-gRhastha anuyAyI tathA anya tIthikoM ke sambandha meM isa zrutAMga meM vivecana prApta hotA hai, jo itihAsa kI dRSTi se bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| sAtaveM zataka meM varNita mahAzilA kaMTaka saMgrAma tathA rathamUsala saMgrAma aitihAsika, rAjanItika tathA yuddha-vijJAna kI dRSTi se prAcIna bhArata kA eka mahatvapUrNa prasaMga hai / aMga, baMga, malaya,mAlavaya, acchA, vaccha, koccha, dAr3ha, lAr3ha, vajji, moli, kAsI, kozala, prabAha, sumuttara prAdi janapadoM kA ullekha bhArata kI tatkAlIna prAdezika sthiti kA sUcanA karatA hai| prAjIvaka sampradAya ke saMsthApaka, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke mukhya pratidvandvI maMkhaliputra gozAlaka ke jIvana, kArya prAdi ke sambandha meM jitane vistAra se yahAM paricaya prApta hotA hai, utanA anyatra nahIM hotA / sthAna-sthAna para pArzvapatyoM tathA unake dvArA svIkRta va pAlita cAturyAma dharma kA ullekha milatA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM teIsaveM tIrthakara pArzvanAtha ke yuga se cale pAne vAlA nimrantha sampradAya svatantra rUpa meM vidyamAna thaa| usakA bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA pratipAdita ___ 2010_05 :

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418 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana. [khaNDa : 2 paMcamahAvrata mUlaka dharma ke sAtha ghaniSTha sambandha thA tathA kramazaH usakA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAmnAya meM sammilita honA prArambha ho gayA thaa| prAcArya abhayadeva sUri kI TIkA ke atirikta isa para pravariNa tathA laghuvRtti bhI hai| laghavRtti ke lekhaka zrI dAnazekhara haiM / 6. NAyAdhammakahAo (jJAtA dharmakathA yA jJAta dhamakathA ) naam Rii baaNth| NAyAdhammakahAo ke tIna saMskRta-rUpAntara ho sakate haiM-jJAtA dharmakathA, jJAtRdharmakathA nyAya dhrmkthaa| abhidhAna rAjendra meM jJAtA dharmakathA kI vyAkhyA meM kahA gayA hai : "jJAta kA artha udAharaNa hai| isake anusAra isameM udAharaNa pradhAna dharmakathAe haiM / athavA isakA artha isa prakAra bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai-jisake prathama zruta skandha meM jJAta arthAt udAharaNa haiM tathA dUsare zruta-skandha meM dharma-kathAeM haiM, vaha jJAtA dharmakathA hai| jJAtRdharmakathA kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI jA sakatI hai : jJAtR arthAt jJAtR kulotpanna yA jJAtRputra bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa dharmakathAoM kA jisameM varNana hai, vaha jJAta dharmakathA sUtra hai / paramparayA isI nAma kA adhika pracalana hai|" tIsarA rUpa jo nyAyadharmakathA sUcita kiyA gayA hai, isake anusAra nyAya-jJAna athavA nIti-sambandhI sAmAnya niyamoM - vidhAnoM aura dRSTAntoM dvArA bodha karAne vAlI dharma kathAeM jisameM hoM, nyAya-dharma kathA sUtra hai| Ama kA svarUpa : kalevara do zruta-skandhoM meM yaha Agama vibhakta hai| prathama zruta-skandha meM unnIsa adhyayana haiM tathA dUsare meM daza vrg| prathama zruta-skandha ke prathama adhyayana meM rAjagRha ke rAjA zreNikabimbisAra ke dhAriNI nAmaka rAnI se utpanna rAjaputra meghakumAra kA varNana hai| jaba vaha kumAra apane vaibhava tathA samRddhi ke anurUpa aneka vidyAoM tathA kalAoM kI zikSA prApta karate hue yuvA huA, usakA aneka rAjakumAriyoM se vivAha kara diyA gyaa| eka bAra aisA prasaMga banA, rAjakumAra ne bhagavAn mahAvIra kA upadeza zravaNa kiyaa| 1. jJAtAni udAharaNAni tatpradhAnA dharmakathA jJAtAdharmakathA / athavA jJAtAni jJAtAdhyayanAni prathama taskandha, dharmakathA dvitIye, yAsu grantha-paddhatiSu tA jJAtAdharmakathAH / - abhidhAna rAjendra, caturtha bhAga, pR. 2009 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya | prArSa (arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 419 usake mana meM vairAgya huA / usane dIkSA svIkAra kara lI / zramaNa-dharma kA pAlana karate hue usake mana meM kucha durbalatA prAI, vaha kSubdha huA aura anubhava karane lagA, jaise usane rAja-vaMbhava chor3a zramaNa-dharma svIkAra kara mAno bhUla kI ho / kintu bhagavAn mahAvIra ne use usake pUrva bhava kA vRttAnta sunAyA, to usakA mana saMyama meM sthira aura dRr3ha ho gayA / anya adhyayanoM meM isI prakAra bhinna-bhinna kathAnaka haiM, jinake dvArA tapa, tyAga va saMyama kA udbodha diyA gayA hai / aThaveM adhyayana meM videha rAjakanyA malli tathA solahaveM adhyayana meM draupadI ke pUrva janma kI kathA hai / donoM kathAe~ bahuta mahatpUrNa haiM / dvitIya zruta-skandha daza vargoM meM vibhakta hai / ina vargoM meM prAyaH svargI ke indroM kI mahiSiyoM ke rUpa meM utpanna hone vAlI striyoM kI kathAeM haiM / prAcArya abhayadeva sUri kI TIkA hai| use droNAcArya ne saMzodhita kiyA thA / prAcArya abhayadeva sUri ne isa grantha kI prazasti meM jo likhA hai, usake anusAra taba aneka vAcanAeM pracalita rahI haiM / 7. uvAsaga dasAo ( upAsakadazA) nAmaH artha upAsaka kA artha zrAvaka tathA dazA kA zrarthaM tadgata aNuvrata Adi kriyA-kalApa se pratibaddha yA yukta adhyayana (grantha- prakaraNa ) hai / viSaya-vastu prastuta zratAMga meM daza adhyayana haiM, jinameM daza zrAvakoM ke kathAnaka haiN| ina kathAnakoM ke mAdhyama se jaina gRhasthoM dvArA pAlanIya dhArmika niyama samajhAye gaye haiM / sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI batalAyA gayA hai ki dharmopAsakoM ko apane dharma ke paripAlana ke sandarbha meM kitane hI vighnoM tathA pralobhanoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai, para ve unase kabhI vicalita yA dharmayuta nahIM hote / anta meM bAraha gAthAnoM dvArA dazoM kathAnakoM ke mukhya varNya viSayoM kA saMketa karate hue grantha kA sAra upasthita kiyA gayA hai| * AcArAMga kA pUraka isa zrutAMga ko eka prakAra se AcArAMga kA pUraka kahA jA sakatA hai / AcArAMga meM jahAM zramaNa-dharma kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, vahAM isameM zramaNopAsaka - zrAvaka yA gRhastha dharma nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / Ananda Adi mahAvaibhavazAlI gRhasthoM kA 1 upAsakAH zrAvakAstadgatAsuvratAdi kriyAkalApapratibaddhA dazAdhyayanAni upAsakadazA / - abhidhAna rAjendra, bhAga 2, pR0 2094 2010_05

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420 . Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2. jIvana kaisA thA, usa samaya deza kI samRddhi kaisI thI, ityAdi viSayoM kA isa zru tAMga se acchA paricaya milatA hai| prAcArya abhayadeva sUri kI isa para TIkA hai / 8. antagaDadasAo ( antakRdazA) nAmaH vyAkhyar jina mahApuruSoM ne ghora tapasyA tathA prAtma-sAdhanA dvArA nirvANa prApta kara janmamaraNa-pAvAgamana kA anta kiyA, ve antakRt khlaaye| una arhatoM kA varNana hone se isa zru tAMga kA nAma antakRddazAMga hai| isa zru tAMga meM ATha varga haiN| prathama meM daza, dvitIya meM ATha, tRtIya meM teraha, caturtha meM daza, paMcama meM daza, SaSTha meM solaha, saptama meM teraha tathA aSTama varga meM daza adhyayana haiM / isa zru tAMga meM kathAnaka pUrNatayA variNata nahIM pAye jAte / 'vaNNao' aura 'jAva' zabdoM dvArA adhikAMza varNana vyAkhyA-prajJapti athavA jJAtRdharmakathA Adi se pUrNa kara lene kI sUcanA mAtra kara dI gayI hai| eka UhApoha sthAnAMga meM antakRddazA kA jo varNana AyA hai, usase isakA vartamAna svarUpa mela nahIM khaataa| vahAM isake daza' adhyayana batalAye haiN| una adhyayanoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM : 1. nami adhyayana, 2. mAtaMga adhyayama, 3. somila adhyayana, 4. rAmagupta adhyayana, 5. sudarzana adhyayana, 6. jamAli adhyayana, 7. bhagAli adhyayana, 8. kiMkarmapallita adhyayana, 9. phAlita adhyayana, 10. maMDitaputra adhyayana / bahuta sambhAvita yaha pratIta hotA hai ki prArambha meM isa grantha meM upAsakadazAMga kI taraha daza hI adhyayana rahe hoNge| pIche pallavita hokara grantha apane vartamAna rUpa meM pacA ho| jisa prakAra upAsaka dazA meM gRhastha sAdhakoM yA zrAvakoM ke kathAnaka variNata haiM, usI taraha isa zra tAMga meM arhatoM ke kathAnaka vaNita kiye gaye haiM aura ve prAyaH eka jaisI zailI meM likhe gaye haiN| 1. vasa dasAo paNNattAo taM jahA kammavivAgadasAo, uvAsagavasAo, aMtagaDavasAo, araguttarovavAiyavasAo, AyAradasAo, paNhA vAgaraNadasAo, baMdhavasAo, dogiddhi vasAo, dohadasAo, sNkheviydsaao| -sthAnAMga sUtra, sthAna 10, 92 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (amAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 421 antakRddazA ke tRtIya varga ke aSTama adhyayana meM devakI-putra gajasukumAla kA kathAnaka hai, jo vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / yaha kathAnaka uttaravartI jaina sAhitya meM pallavita aura vikasita hokara avatArita huA hai| chaThe varga ke tRtIya adhyayana meM arjuna mAlAkAra kA kathAnaka hai, jo jaina sAhitya meM bahuta prasiddha hai / svatantra rUpa se isa kathAnaka para aneka racanAeM huI haiN| aSTama varga meM aneka prakAra kI tapovidhiyoM, upavA tathA vratoM kA varNana hai| 6. aNuttarovavAiyadasAo ( anuttaropapAtika dazA) nAbha: vyAkhyA zrutAMga meM katipaya aise viziSTa mahApuruSoM ke AkhyAna haiM, jinhoMne tapaHpUrNa dharmasAdhanA ke dvArA samAdhi-maraNa prApta kara anuttara vimAnoM meM janma liyA, vahAM se punaH kevala eka hI bAra manuSya-yoni meM prAnA hotA hai arthAt usI mAnava-bhava meM mokSa ho jAtA hai / anuttara praura upapAta (udbhava, janma) ke yoga se yaha zabda banA hai, jo anvarthaka hai / / tIna vargoM meM yaha zrutAMga vibhakta hai| prathama varga meM daza, dUsare varga meM teraha tathA tIsare varga meM daza adhyayana haiN| inameM caritroM kA varNana paripUrNa nahIM hai| kevala sUcana mAtra kara anyatra dekhane kA iMgita kara diyA gayA hai| prathama varga meM dhAriNI-putra jAli tathA tRtIya varga meM bhadrA-putra dhanya kA caritra kucha vistAra ke sAtha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| dhanya dvArA pranagAra kI tapasyA, tajjanita deha-kSINatA prAdi aise prasaMga haiM, jo mahAsohanAvasutta, kassapasohanAdasutta prAdi pAli-granthoM meM variNata buddha kI tapasyA-janita daihika kSINatA kA smaraNa karAte haiM / bnsaan 7 : apaahbuth, pthkhaan aisA anumAna hai ki isa grantha kA vartamAna meM jo svarUpa prApta hai, vaha paripUrNa aura yathAvat nahIM hai| sthAnAMga meM isake bhI daza adhyAyoM kI carcA pAI hai| pratIta hotA hai, prArambha ke upAsakadazA tathA antakRddazA kI taraha isake bhI daza adhyayana raheM hoM, jo aba kevala tIna vargoM ke rUpa meM pravaziSTa haiN| 1. agattarovavAivasAraNaM dasa ajnayaraNA paNNattA taM jahA isidAseya dhaNNeya, sunakkhattaya kittiye / saMThANe sAlibhaddae, ANaMde teyalI iya // basannabhaI aimutta emete dasa AhiyA // -sthAnAMga sUtra, sthAna 10, 96 2010_05

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422 ] nAma ke pratirUpa zrutAMga ke nAma meM prazna aura vyAkaraNa; ina do zabdoM kA yoga hai, jisakA artha hai, praznoM kA vizleSaNa, uttara yA smaadhaan| para, zrAja isakA jo svarUpa prApta hai, usase spaSTa hai ki isameM praznottaroM kA sarvathA abhAva hai / vartamAna rUpa Agama aura tripiTaka eka anuzIlana 10. paNDavAgaraNAI (praznavyAkaraNa) praznavyAkaraNa kA jo saMskaraNa prApta hai, vaha do khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai| pahale khaNDa meM pAMca prasravadvAra - himA, mRSAvAda (granya) gradana (caure ) grabrahmacarya tathA parigraha kA svarUpa bar3e vistAra ke sAtha batalAyA gayA hai / dvitIya khaNDa meM pAMca savaradvAra- zrahiMsA satya, datta (acaurya), brahmacarya tathA niSparigraha kI vizada vyAkhyA kI gayI hai / prAcArya abhayadeva sUri kI TIkA ke atirikta prAcArya nayavimala kI bhI isa para TIkA hai / 1. vartamAna svarUpa : samIkSA sthAnAMga sUtra meM praznavyAkaraNa ke upamA, saMkhyA, RSi-bhASita, zrAcArya-bhASita, mahAvIra bhASita, kSaumaka' prazna, komala prazna, prAdarza - prazna' tathA bAhuprazna ; adhyayanoM kI carcA hai / ina daza + 2. vidyA- vizeSa jisase vastra meM devatA kA AhavAna kiyA jAtA hai / - pAia sahamahAvo, pR0 281 4 [ khaNDa : 2 praznAzca pRcchAH, vyAkaraNAni ca nirvacanAni samAhAratvAt praznavyAkaraNam / tatpratipAdako granyo'pi praznavyAkararaNama / praznA aMguSThAdipraznavidyAstA vyAkriyante abhidhIyante yasminniti praznavyAkaraNam / pravacana puruSasya dazame'Gge / ayaM ca vyutpatyartho'sya pUrvakAlesbhUt / idAnIM tvAstravapaMcakasaMvarapaMcakavAkRtirevohopalabhyate - -1 -- abhidhAna rAjendra, paMcama bhAga, pR0 391 3. vidyA - vizeSa, jisase darpaNa meM devatA kA Agamana hotA hai / --- pAiasaddamahANNavo, pR0 51 2010_05 pAvAgaraNa dasANaM dasa ajjhayaraNApa0, taM. uvamA, saMkhA, isimAsiyAI, AyariyamAsiyAI mahAvIrabhAsiyAI, khomagaparigAI, komalapasiNAI, addAgapa siNAI, aMguTa upasaNAI, bAhupasirAI / --sthAnAMga, sthAna 10,90

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ASaM (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 423 nandIsUtra meM eka sau ATha prazna, eka sau grATha aprazna, eka sau ATha praznAprazna, aMguSTha ke prazna, bAhu ke prazna adarza (darpaNa) prazna, anya aneka divya vidyAe~ ( mantra - prayoga), nAgakumAra tathA svarNakumAra devoM ko siddha kara divya saMvAda prApta karanA Adi praznavyAkaraNa ke viSaya varita hue haiM / " sthAnAMga aura nandI meM prazna- vyAkaraNa ke svarUpa kA jo vizleSaNa huA hai, vaisA kucha bhI Aja usameM nahIM miltaa| isase yaha anumAna karanA anucita nahIM hogA, sthAnAgaM aura nandI ke anusAra isa kA jo maulika rUpa thA, vaha raha nahIM pAyA / sambhavataH usakA viccheda ho gayA hai / 11. vitrAgasya vivAkata ) azubha -- pApa aura zubha - puNya karmoM ke du khAtmaka tathA sukhAtmaka vipAka (phala) kA isa zrutAMga meM pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isI ke raNa yaha vipa va bhUta yA vipAka sUtra kahA jAtA hai / do zruta-skandhoM meM yaha zrutAMga vibhakta hai / pahalA zruta-skandha dukha-vipAka viSayaka hai tathA dUsarA sukha-viSayaka / pratyeka meM daza daza adhyayana haiM, jinameM jIva dvArA Acarita karmoM ke anurUpa hone vAle dukhAtmaka aura sukhAtmaka phaloM kA vizleSaNa hai / talasparzI evaM vizada vivecana huA hai, jaina darzana meM karma siddhAnta kA jo sUkSma, vizva ke darzana vAGmaya meM vaha ananya sAdhAraNa hai| usake sodAharaNa vizleSaraNa - vivecana dRSTi se yaha grantha bahuta upayogI hai| isameM jahAM kahIM laTThI Teka kara calatA huA, bhIkha mAMgatA huA koI andhA dikhAI detA hai, vahAM kahIM zvAsa, kAsa, kapha, bhagandara, khujalI, kuSTa Adi bhayAvaha rogoM se pIr3ita manuSya milate haiM / rAjapuruSoM dvArA nirdayatApUrvaka tAr3ita, pIDita tathA udvelita kiye jAte loga dikhAI dete haiM / garbhavatI striyoM ke dauhada, nara bali vezyAoM ke pralobhana, nAnA prakAra ke mAMsa saMskAra va miSTAna Adi ke viSaya meM bhI prastuta grantha meM vivaraNa prApta hote haiN| isase purAtana kAlIna mAnyatA pravRttiyoM, prathAnoM, aparAdhoM Adi kA sahaja hI paricaya prApta hotA hai / sAmAjika adhyana kI dRSTi se yaha zrutAMga bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai / 1. se kiM taM paNhAvAgaraNAI ? paNhAvAgaraNe suraNaM aTThattaraM pasiNasayaM aTThattaraM apasirAsayaM aThattaraM pariraNA pasirAsayaM taMjahA - aMguTThapasiragAI, bAhupasiragAI, addAgaparigAI. sayA nAga - suvahiM siddhi divvA saMvAyA Aghadijjati, paNhAvAgaraNArAM paritA vAyaNA saMvijjA aNuogadArA, saMkhijjA silogA | - nandI sUtra, pR0 185-86 2010_05

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424 ] mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 sthAnAMga meM kammavivAgadasAo ke nAma se ullekha huA hai| vahAM uvAsagadasAo, aMtagaDavasAo, aNu tarovavAiyavasAo tathA paNhAvAgaraNavasAo kI taraha isake daza adhyayana batalAye gaye haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM : 1. mRgAputra adhyayana, 2. gotrAsa adhyayana, 3. aNDa adhyayana, 4. zakaTa adhyayana, 5. brAhmaNa adhyayana, 6 nandiSeNa adhyayana, 7. saukarika adhyayana, 8. umbara adhyayana, 9. sahasdAha prAmalaka adhyayana, 1., kumAralakSmI madhyayana / vartamAna meM prApta vipAka sUtra ke prathama zruta-skandha ke dasa adhyayana' isa prakAra haiM1. mRgAputra adhyayana, 2. ujjhita adhyayana, 3. abhagga ( abhagna) sena adhyayana, 4. zakaTa adhyayana, 5. bRhaspati adhyayana, 6. nandi adhyayana, 7. umbara adhyayana, 8. zauryadatta adhyayana, 9. devadattA adhyayana, 10. aMju adhyayana / dvitIya zruta-skandha ke adhyayana isa prakAra haiM : 1. subAhu adhyayana, 2. bhadranandI adhyayana, 3. sujAta adhyayana, 4. suvAsava adhyayana, 5. jina dAsa adhyayana, 6. dhanapati adhyayana, 7. mahAbala adhyayana, 8. bhadranandi adhyayana, 9. mahAcandra adhyayana tathA 10. varadatta adhyayana / dvitIya zrata-skandha meM subAhukumAra se sambandhita prathama adhyayana vistRta hai / agrima nau adhyayana, atyanta saMkSipta haiN| unameM pAtroM ke carita kI sUcanAeM mAtra haiM / prAya: subAhukumAra kI taraha parijJAta karane kA saMketa kara kathAnaka kA saMkSepa kara diyA gayA hai| inheM kevala nAma mAtra ke adhyayana kahA jA sakatA hai / sthAnAMga sUtra meM variNata kammavivAgavasAo ke tathA vikApa sUtra prathama zruta-skandha ke nimnAMkita adhyayana prAyaH nAma-sAdRzya liye hue haiM : 1. kammavivAgadasAraNaM dasa ajjhayaNA paNNattA, taM jahA miyAputte ya guttAse aMDe sagaDei yAvare / mAhaNe naMdiseraNaya, sUrie ya uduMbare // sahasuddAhe Amalae, kumAre lacchaI ti ya / __ sthAnAMga, sthAna 10, 93 2. samaNaNaM AigareNaM jAva saMpatteNaM duhavivAgANaM dasa ajmayaNA paNNatA, taM jahA - miyAputte, unmiya e, abhagga, sagar3e, vahassai, naMdI, uMbara, soriyadatte ya, devadattA ya, aMjU y| -vipAka sUtra, prathama zruta-skandha, prathama, a0, 9 1. samaNaNaM jAva saMpateNaM suhavivAgANaM dasa ajjhayaNA paNNatA, taM jahA subAhu, bhaddaNaMdI, sujAe, suvAsave, taheNa jinnvaase| - dhaNapati ya mahabbalo, bhaddaNaMdI, mahacave varadatte // -vipAka sUtra, dvitIya zruta-skandha, prathama, a0 2 ____ 201005

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya sthAnAMga 1. mRgAputra adhyayana 4. zakaTa adhyayana 6. nandiSairaNa adhyayana 7. umbara adhyayana 7. udambara adhyayana tulanAtmaka vivecana se aisA anumAna asambhAvya koTi meM nahIM jAtA ki vipAka zruta ( sUtra ) kA svarUpa kucha yathAvat rahA ho, kucha parivartita yA zabdAntarita huA ho / adhyayanoM kI krama sthApanA meM bhI kucha bhinnatA AI ho / sthAnAMga meM dRSTivAda ke paryAya [ 425 vipAka sUtra prathama zruta-skandha 1. mRgAputra adhyayana 4. zakaTa adhyayana 6. nandi ( nandiSaiNa) adhyayana 12. divA ( dRSTivAda ) 1 pUrvo ke vivecana-prasaMga meM dRSTivAda ke viSaya meM saMketa kiyA gayA hai| ise vicchinna mAnA jAtA hai| sthAnAMga sUtra meM isake daza paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA ullekha huA hai : 1. dRSTivAda, 2. hetuvAda, 3. bhUtavAda, 4 tatvavAda, 5. samyakvAda, 6. dharmavAda, 7. bhASAvijaya, 8. pUrvagata, 9. anuyogagata 10. sarvaprANabhUtajIva satva sukhAvaha / samavAyAMga Adi meM dRSTivAda ke pAMca bhedoM kA ullekha hai : 1. parikarma, 2. sUtra 3. pUrvagata 4. anuyoga 5. cUlikA / 2010_05 sthAnAMga sUtra meM diye gaye dRSTivAda ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM AThavAM pUrvagata hai / yahA~ efSTavAda ke bhedoM meM tIsarA pUrvagata hai / arthAt pUrvagata kA prayoga dRSTivAda ke paryAya ke rUpa meM bhI huA hai aura usake eka bheda ke rUpa meM bhI / donoM sthAnoM para usakA prayoga * kyoMki dRSTivAda sAdhAraNatayA aisA pratIta hotA hai, bhinnArthakatA liye hue honA cAhie; samaSTyAtmaka saMjJA hai, isaliye usake paryAya ke rUpa meM prayukta pUrvagata kA yahI artha hotA hai, jo dRSTivAda kA hai / dRSTivAda ke eka bheda ke rUpa meM AyA huA 'pUrvagata' zabda sAmAnyataH dRSTivAda ke eka bhAga yA aMza kA dyotaka hotA hai, jisakA prAzaya caturdaza pUrvAtmaka jJAna hai / zAbdika artha kI dRSTi se dRSTivAda aura pUrvagata - caturdaza pUrva-jJAna eka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| para, sUkSma dRSTi se vicAra karanA hogA / vastutaH caturdaza pUrvoM ke jJAna kI 1. diTTivAyarasa gaM dasa nAmadhijjA pa0 ta0 diTTivAeivA hetu bAeivA bhUyavAeivA taccAvAeivA dhammAvAeivA mAsAvijayei vA pUvva gaeivA araNaogae ivA savvapANabhUjajIva sattasuhAva heivA / - sthAnAMga sUtra, sthAna 10, 77

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426 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa / 2 vyApakatA itanI adhika hai ki usameM saba prakAra kA jJAna samAviSTa ho jAtA hai| kucha bhI avazeSa nahIM rahatA / yahI kAraNa hai ki caturdaza pUrvadhara kI saMjJA zrata-kevalI hai / pUrvagata ko dRSTivAda kA jo eka bheda kahA gayA hai, vahA~ sambhavataH eka bhinna dRSTikoNa rahA hai| pUrvagata ke atirikta anya bhedoM dvArA vibhinna vidhAoM ko saMketita karane kA abhiprAya unake vizeSa parizIlana se pratIta hotA hai| kucha pramukha viSaya-jJAna ke katipaya viziSTa pakSa, jinakI jIvana meM apekSAkRta vizeSa upayogitA hotI hai, vizeSa rUpa se parizIlanIya hote haiM; ataH sAmAnya-vizeSa ke dRSTikoNa se yaha nirUpaNa kiyA.payA pratIta hotA hai / arthAt sAmAnyataH to pUrvagata meM samagra jJAna-rAzi samAI huI hai hI, para, vizeSa rUpa se tad-vyatirikta bhedoM kI vahA~ adhyetavyatA vivakSita hai| bheda-prabhedoM ke rUpa meM vistAra dRSTivAda ke jo pAMca bheda batalAye gaye haiM, unake bheda-prabhedoM ke bhI ullekha prApta hote haiN| unase adhigata hotA hai ki parikarma ke antargata lipi-vijJAna aura gaNita kA vivecana thA / sUtra ke antargata chinnachedanaya, vicchanna chedanaya tathA caturnaya Adi vimarzaparipATiyoM kA vizleSaNa thA / chinnachedanaya va caturnaya kI paripATiyAM nirgranthoM dvArA tathA acchinnachedanayAtmaka paripATI pAjIvakoM dvArA vyavahRta thii| Age cala kara ina sabakA samAveza jaina nayavAda meM ho gayA / anayoga kA tAtparya dRSTivAda kA caturtha bheda anuyoga hai, use prathamAnuyoga tathA gaNDikAnuyoga' ke rUpa meM do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai| prathama meM prarhatoM ke garbha, janma, tapa, jJAna prAdi se sambaddha itivRtta kA samAveza hai, jaba ki dUsare meM kulakara, cakravartI, baladeva, vAsudeva Adi mahApuruSoM ke carita kaa| jisa prakAra ke viSayoM ke nirUpaNa kI carcA hai, usase anuyoga ko prAcIna jaina purANa kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai| digambara-paramparA meM isakA sAmAnya nAma prathamAnuyoga hI prApta hotA hai / dRSTivAda ke paMcama bheda cUlikA ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai-cUlA ( cUlikA ) kA artha zikhara hai| jisa prakAra meru parvata ke cUlAe ( cUlikAe) yA zikhara haiM, usI prakAra dRSTivAda ke antargata parikarma, sUtra, pUrva aura anuyoga meM ukta aura anukta ; 1. ihaikavaktvyatArthAdhikArAnugatA vAkyapaddhatayo gaNDikA ucyante / tAsAmanuyogo'rthakathanavidhiNDikAnuyogaH / -abhidhAna rAjendra, tRtIya bhAga, pR0 791 ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 427 donoM prakAra ke arthoM -vivecanoM kI saMgrAhikA, grantha-paddhatiyAM tUlikAe haiN| cUNikAra ne batalAyA hai ki dRSTivAda meM parikarma, sUtra, pUrva aura anuyoga meM jo abhaNita yA avyAkhyAta hai, use cUlikAoM meM vyAkhyAta kiyA gayA hai| prArambha ke cAra pUrvo' kI jo cUlikAeM haiM, unhIM kA yahAM abhiprAya hai| digambara-paramparA meM aisA nahIM mAnA jaataa| vahAM cUlikA ke pAMca bheda batalAye gaye haiM : 1. jalagata, 2. sthalagata, 3. mAyAgata 4. rUpagata tathA 4. prAkAzagata / aisA anumeya hai ki ina cUlikA-bhedoM ke viSaya sambhavataH indrajAla tathA mantra-tantrAtmaka Adi the, jo jaina dharma kI tAtvika ( dArzanika ) tathA samIkSA-pradhAna dRSTi ke Age adhika samaya taka Tika nahIM sake; kyoMki inako adhyAtma-utkarSa se saMgati nahIM thii| dvAdaza upAMga upair prAcIna paramparA se zru ta kA vibhAjana aMga-praviSTa aura aMga-bAhya ke rUpa meM calA pA rahA hai| nandI sUtra meM aMga-bAhya kA kAlika aura utkAlika ke rUpa meM vivecana huA hai| jo sUtra-grantha aAja upAMgoM meM antargabhita haiM, unakA unameM samAveza ho jAtA hai / aMga-granthoM ke samakakSa utanI hI ( bAraha ) saMkhyA meM upAMga-granthoM kA nirdhAraNa huA / usake pIche kyA sthitiyAM rahIM, kucha bhI spaSTa nahIM hai| Agama-puruSa kI kalpanA kI gyii| jahAM usake aMga-sthAnIya zAstroM kI parikalpanA aura aMga-sUtroM kI tatsthAnika pratiSThApanA huI, vahAM upAMga bhI kalpita kiye gye| isase adhika sambhavataH koI tathya, jo aitihAsikatA kI koTi meM prAtA ho, prApta nahIM hai| prAcArya umAsvAti ke tatvArtha-bhASya meM upAMga zabda vyavahRta huA hai / r: 34T : 'asAdRzya __ aMga gaNadhara-racita haiN| unake apane viSaya haiN| upAMga sthavira racita haiN| unake apane viSaya haiN| viSaya-vastu, vivecana Adi kI dRSTi se ve paraspara prAya: asadRza yA bhinna haiM / udAharaNArtha, pahalA upAMga pahale aMga se viSaya, vizleSaNa prastutIkaraNa Adi kI dRSTi se sambaddha honA cAhie, para, vaisA nahIM hai| yahI lagabhaga sabhI upAMgoM ke sambandha (1) utpAda, (2) agrAyaNIya, (3) vIryapravAda, (4) asti-nAstipravAda / 2. atha kAstAzcUlAH ? iha cUlA shikhrmucyte| yathA merau cUlAH, tatra cUlA iva cUlA dRSTivAde parikarmasUtra pUvAnuyogoktAnuktArthasaMgrahaparA grnthpddhtyH| tathA cA'ha cUriNakRt-diThivAe jaM parikammasuttapuvANajoge cUliaM na bhariNayaM, taM cUlAsu bhariNayaM ti / atra sUrirAha cUlA AdimAnAM caturNA pUrvANAma. zeSANi pUrvANyacUlikAni, tA eva cUlAH.... -abhidhAnarAjendra, caturtha bhAga, pR0 2515 ____ 2010_05

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428 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 meM kahA jA sakatA hai / yadi yathArtha saMgati jor3eM, to upAMga aMgoM ke pUraka hone cAhie,jo nahIM haiN| phira isa nAma ko pratiSThApanA kaise huI, koI vyakta samAdhAna dRSTigata nahIM hotaa| vedoM ke aMga bhArata ke prAcIna vAGamaya meM vedoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| vedoM ke artha ko samajhane ke lie, vahAM vedAMgoM kI kalpanA kI gayI, jo zikSA ( vaidika saMhitAoM ke zuddha uccAraNa tathA svara-saMcAra ke niyama-grantha ), vyAkaraNa, chandaHzAstra, nirukta ( vyutpattizAstra.), jyotiSa tathA kalpa ( yajJAdi-prayogoM ke upapAdana-grantha ) ke nAma se prasiddha haiN|' inake samyag adhyayana ke binA vedoM ko yathAvat samajhanA tathA yAjJika rUpa meM unakA kriyAnvayana sambhava nahIM ho sakatA; ataH unakA adhyayana Avazyaka mAnA gayA / vedoM ke TNT vedArtha kI aura adhika spaSTatA tathA jana-grAhyatA sAdhane ke hetu uparyukta vedAMgoM ke atirikta vedoM ke cAra upAMgoM kI kalpanA kI gayI, jinameM purANa, nyAya, mImAMsA tathA dharsazAstra kA svIkAra huaa| yaha bhI prAvazyakatA ke anurUpa huA aura isase abhIpsita dhyeya sadhA bhii| phalata: vedAdhyayana meM sugamatA huii| upavedoM kI parikalpanA vaidika sAhitya meM cAroM vedoM ke samakakSa cAra upavedoM kI bhI kalpanA huI, jo prAyurveda, gAndharva veda ( saMgIta-zAstra ), dhanurveda aura arthazAstra ( rAjanIti-vijJAna ) ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiN| 1. chandaH pAdau tu vedasya, istau kalpo'tha paThyate / jyotiSAmayanaM cakSunirukta zrotramucyate / / zikSA prAraNaM tu vedasya, mukhaM vyAkaraNaM smRtam / / tasmAt sAMgamadhotyava, brahmaloke mahIyate // -pANinIya zikSA, 41-42 2. (ka) saMskRta-hindI koza : ApTe, pR0 214 (kha) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, by Sir Monier M. Williams, P. 213 purANanyAyamImAMsAdharmazAstrAMgamithitAH vedAH sthAnAni vidyAnAM dharmasya ca caturdaza / -yAjJavalkya smRti, 1-3 ____ 2010_05

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bhASa aura sAhitya ] ArSa (addhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya / 429 ___ vedoM ke aMgoM tathA upAMgoM kI pratiSThApanA kI to sArthakatA siddha huI, para, upaveda vedoM ke kisa rUpa meM pUraka hue ; dArzanika dRSTyA utanA spaSTa nahIM hai, jitanA honA caahie| udAharaNArtha, sAmaveda se gAndharva upaveda ko jor3A jA sakatA hai, usI taraha anya upavedoM kI bhI vedoM ke sAtha saMgati sAdhane se lie vivakSA ho sakatI hai| dUrAnvitatatayA saMgati jor3anA yA paraspara tAlamela biThAnA kahIM bhI duHsambhava nahIM hotaa| para, vaha kevala tarka kauzala aura vAda-na puNya kI sImA meM AtA hai| usameM vastutaH satyopapAdana kA bhAva nahIM hotaa| para, 'upa' upasarga ke sAtha niSpanna zabdoM meM jo 'pUrakatA' kA vizeSa guNa honA cAhie, vaha kahAM taka phalita hotA hai, yahI dekhanA hai| jaise, gAndharva upaveda sAmaveda se niHsRta yA vikasita zAstra ho sakatA hai, para, vaha sAmaveda kA pUrvaka ho, jisake binA sAmaveda meM kucha apUrNatA pratIta hotI ho, aisA kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ? prastu, sAmaveda aura gAndharva upaveda kI to kisI-na-kisI taraha saMgati baiTha bhI sakatI hai, para, auroM ke sAtha aisA nahIM ho sktaa| phira bhI aisA kiyA gayA, yaha kyoM ? isa prazna kA itthaMbhUta samAdhAna sulabha nahIM diikhtaa| ho sakatA hai, dhanurveda mAdi lokajanIna zAstroM ko TheTha vaidika vAGamaya kA aMza yA bhAga siddha karane kI utkaNThA kA yaha pariNAma huA ho| prastuta sandarbha : jena atIpAMga ___ aMga-praviSTa yA aMga-zruta sarvAdhika prAmANika hai ; kyoMki vaha bhagavatprarUpita aura gaNadhara-sarjita hai / tad vyatirikta sAhitya ( jo sthavirakRta ) kA prAmANya usake aMgAnugata hone para hai| vartamAna meM jise upAMga-sAhitya kahA nAtA hai, vaha saba aMga-bAhya meM sanniviSTa hai| usakA prAmANya , jaisA kahA gayA hai, aMgAnugatatA para hai, svatantra nahIM / phira bAraha granthoM ko upAMgoM ke rUpa meM liye jAne ke pIche koI vizeSa upayogitAvAdI, sArthakatAvAdI dRSTikoNa rahA ho, yaha spaSTa bhAsita nahIM hotaa| isa sambandha meM kucha vizeSa tathyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hI jA cukA hai| veda ke sahAyaka aMga tathA upAMga granthoM kI taraha jaina manISiyoM kA bhI apane kucha mahatvapUrNa aMga-bAhya granthoM ko upAMga nAma de dene kA vicAra huA ho| krama-sajjA nAma sauSThava Adi ke atirikta isake mUla meM kucha aura bhI rahA ho, yaha gaveSya hai ; kyoMki hamAre samakSa spaSTa nahIM hai| upAMgoM ( jaina zra topAMgoM ) ke viSaya meM ye vikIrNa jaise vicAra haiM, jinheM yahAM upasthita kiyA gayA hai / jaina manISiyoM para inake sandarbha meM vizeSa rUpa se cintana aura gaveSaNA kA dAyitva hai| 2010_05

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430 ] Agama aura tririTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 1. uvavAiya ( okvAiya ) ( aupapAtika ) jiibnnaan4/ kaa ath upapAta kA artha prAdurbhAva yA janmAntara-saMkramaNa hai| upapAta Urdhvagamana yA siddhigamana ( siddhatva-prApti ) ke lie bhI vyavahRta huaA hai| isa aga meM naraka va svarga meM utpanna hone vAloM tathA siddhi prApta karanevAloM kA varNana hai ; yaha isaliye aupapAtika hai / yaha pahalA upAMga hai / viSaya-vastu __ prastuta grantha meM nAnA pariNAmoM, vicAroM, bhAvanAoM tathA sAdhanAoM se bhavAntara prApta karanevAle jIvoM kA punarjanma kisa prakAra hotA hai, aneka udAharaNa prastuta karate hue isa pAgama meM hRdayagrAhI vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isa grantha kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki isameM nagara . udyAna, vRkSa, pRthvIzilA, rAjA, rAnI, manuSya-pariSad, deva-pariSad, bhagavAn mahAvIra ke guNa, unakA nakha-zikha zarIra, cauMtIsa atizaya, sAdhuoM ke guNa, sAdhuoM kI upamAeM, tapa ke 354 bheda, kevali-samuddhAta, siddha, siddha-sukha prAdi ke vizada varNana prApta hote haiM / anya ( zruta ) granthoM meM isI grantha kA ullekha kara yahAM se parijJAta karane kA saMketa kara unheM variNata nahIM kiyA gayA hai / zrata-vAGamaya meM varNanAtmaka zailI kI racanAoM meM yaha mahatvapUrNa sthAna rakhatA hai / 2. rAyapaseNIa (rAja-praznIya) deva pradhikAra, deva vimAna adhikAra, deva Rddhi adhikAra, paradezI rAjA adhikAra tathA dRr3hapratijJakumAra adhikAra, nAmaka pAMca adhikAroM meM yaha Agama vibhakta hai| prathama tIna adhikAroM meM sUryAbha deva kA, caturtha adhikAra meM paradezI rAjA kA tathA paMcama meM dRr3hapratijJakumAra kA varNana hai| viSaya-vastu gaNadhara gautama dvArA mahA samRddhi, vipula vaibhava, anupama dIpti kAnti aura zobhAsampanna sUryAbhadeva kA pUrva bhava pUche jAne para bhagavAn mahAvIra unheM unakA pUrva bhava batalAte 1. upapatanamupapAto devanArakajanma siddhigamanaM cAtastamadhikRtya kRtamadhyayanamaupapAtikamidaM caupAMga vrtte| -abhidhAna rAjendra, tRtIya bhAga, pR0 90 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 431 hue kahate haiM ki yaha pUrva bhava meM rAjA paradezI thaa| yahIM se rAjA paradezI kA vRttAnta prArambha ho jAtA hai, jo isa sUtra kA sabase adhika mahatvapUrNa bhAga hai| rAjA paradezI anAtmavAdI yA jar3avAdI thaa| usakA bhagavAn pArzva ke pramukha ziSya kezIkumAra ke samparka meM Ane kA prasaMga banatA hai| anAtmavAda aura AtmavAda ke sandarbha meM vistRta vArtAlApa hotA hai| rAjA paradezI anAtmavAdI, apunarjanmavAdI tathA jar3avAdI dRSTikoNa ko lekara aneka prazna upasthita karatA hai| zramaNa kezIkumAra yukti aura nyAyapUrvaka vistAra se usakA samAdhAna karate haiN| rAjA paradezI satya ko svIkAra kara letA hai aura zramaNopAsaka bana jAtA hai| dharmArAdhanApUrvaka jIvana-yApana karane lagatA hai| rAnI dvArA viSa-prayoga, rAjA dvArA kisI bhI taraha ke viddhiSTa aura vikSubdha bhAva ke binA AmaraNa anazana pUrvaka prANatyAga ke varNana ke sAtha yaha adhikAra samApta ho jAtA hai| prAtmavAda tathA jar3avAda kI prAcIna paramparAoM aura vimarza-paddhatiyoM ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se isa sUtra kA yaha bhAga atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| gaNadhara gautama ke pUche jAne para bhagavAn mahAvIra ne Age batAyA ki sUryAbhadeva apane agrima janma meM dRr3hapratijJakumAra hogaa| isa prakAra antima adhikAra dRr3hapratizakumAra kA hai, jisameM usake bhaviSyamANa jIvanavRtta kA ullekha hai| sNlth saamrshii sUryAbhadeva ke vimAna, jo usa (deva) kA vizAla, sundara, samRddha aura sarvavidha suvidhApUrNa susajja loka thA, ke racanA Adi ke prasaMga meM jo varNana pAyA hai, vahAM toraNa, zAlabhaMjikA, stambha, vedikA, supratiSThaka, phalaka, karaNDaka, sUcikA, prekSAgRha, vAdya, abhinaya Adi zabda bhI prApta hote haiN| vAstava meM prAcIna sthApatya, saMgIta, mAdi ke parizIlana kI dRSTi se yaha prasaMga mahatvapUrNa hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samakSa devakumAratathA devakumAriyoM dvArA battIsa prakAra ke nATaka pradarzita kiye jAne kA prasaMga prAcIna nRtta, nRtya' paura nATya prAdi ke sandarbha meM eka vizleSaNIya aura vivecanIya viSaya hai| eka ahaha 'nandI-sUtra meM rAyapaseNiya pAyA hai| prAcArya malaya giri ne isa nAma ko rAyapaseNIa mAnA hai| DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina ne isake lie rAyapaseNaiya kA prayoga kiyA hai| isa 1. nRttaM tAlalayAzrayama / tAla se mAtrA aura laya se druta, madhya tathA manda / jase, loka-nRtya, bhIloM kA garabA / 2. bhAvAzrayaM nRtyam-nRtya meM gAtra-vikSepa se bhaav-vyNjnaa| jaise, bharatanATyam katthaka nRtya udayazaMkara ke nRtya ! vizeSa-nRtta aura nRtya ke do-do bheda-lAsya-madhura, tANDava-uddhata / 3. avasthAnukRtirnATyam / AMgika, vAcika AhArya evaM sAtvika abhinayoM dvArA kisI kI avasthA kA anukaraNa / 2010_05

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432 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana ] khaNDa 2 usa mata - dvaidha kA kathAnaka kA mukhya sUtra ke pradhAna pAtra yA kathAnAyaka ke sambandha meM aikamatya nahIM hai / AdhAra yaha nAma bhI banA hai / paramparA se rAjA paradezI isa sUtra ke pAtra hai, para, DA0 viNTaranitja ke matAnusAra mUlataH isa prAgama meM kauzala ke itihAsa prasiddha rAjA prasenajit kI kathA thI / bAda meM use rAjA paradezI se jor3ane kA prayatna huA / rAyapaserIa tathA rAyapaseragaiya zabdoM kA sambandha to rAjA prasenajit se jur3atA hai, para, vartamAna meM prApta kathAnaka kA sambandha aitihAsika dRSTi se rAjA prasenajit se jor3anA sambhava pratIta nahIM hotA / yaha sArA kathA -krama kaise parivartita huA, kyA-kyA sthitiyA~ utpanna huIM, kucha kahA jAnA zakya nahIM hai / isalie jaba taka paripuSTa pramANa na mileM, taba taka kevala nAma - sAMgatya koI Thosa AdhAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / 3. jIvAjIvAbhigama upAMga ke nAma se ho spaSTa hai, isameM jIva, prajIva, unake bheda prabheda Adi kA vistRta varNana hai / saMkSepa meM ise jIvAbhigama bhI kahA jAtA hai / paramparayA aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki kabhI isameM bosa vibhAga the, parantu, vartamAna meM jo saMskaraNa prApta hai, usameM kevala nau pratipatiyAM 1 ( prakaraNa) milatI haiM, jo 272 sUtroM meM vibhakta haiN| ho sakatA hai, ve bIsa vibhAga yA unakA mahatvapUrNa bhAga yA lupta ho jAne se bacA huA bhAga ina nau pratipattiyoM meM vibhakta kara saMkalana kI dRSTi se naye rUpa meM prastuta kara diyA gayA ho| ye saba kalpanAeM aura anumAna haiM, jinase adhika vitarkaraNA karane ke sAdhana Aja upalabdha nahIM haiM / gaNadhara gautama ke prazna zraura bhagavAn mahAvIra ke uttara kI zrRMkhalA meM isa grantha meM rUpI, arUpI, siddha, saMsArI, strI, puruSa va napuMsaka veda, sAtoM narakoM ke pratara tiryaMca bhuvanapati, vyantara, jyotiSka deva, jambU dvIpa, lavaNa samudra, uttara kuru, nIlavantAdi draha, dhAtakI khaNDa, kAlodadhi, mAnuSottara parvata, manuSya loka, anyAnya dvIpa, samudra Adi kA varNana hai / kahIM-kahIM varNanoM kA vistAra huA haiM / prasaMgopAttatayA isameM lokotsava, yAna, alaMkAra, udyAna, vApikA, sarovara, bhavana, siMhAsana miSTAnna, madirA, dhAtu zrAdi kI bhI carcA hai / prAcIna bhArata ke sAmAjika jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM ke adhyayana kI eft se isakA mahatva hai / 1. jJAna, nizciti, avApti / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vyAkhyA sAhitya AcArya malayagiri ne isa para TIkA kI racanA kI / unhoMne isa upAMga ke aneka sthAnoM para vAcanA-bheda hone kA ullekha kiyA hai| sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI sUcita kiyA hai ki isake aneka sUtra vicchinna ho gaye / prAcArya haribhadra tathA devasUri dvArA laghu-vRttiyoM kI racanA kI gayI / eka aprakAzita cUriMga bhI batalAI jAtI hai / 4. pannavaNA ( prajJApanA ) ASaM (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 433 nAma : artha prajJApanA kA artha batalAnA, sikhalAnA yA jJApita karanA hai / isa upAMga kA nAma vastutaH anvarthaka hai / yaha jaina tatva jJAna kA utkRSTa udbodhaka grantha hai / yaha prajJApana sthAna, bahu vaktavya, kSetra, sthiti, paryAya, zvAsocchvAsa, saMjJA, yoni, bhASA, zarIra, parigAma, kaSAya, indriya, prayoga, lezya, kAya sthiti, dRSTi, kriyA, karma-bandha, karma- sthiti, karma - vedanA, karma - prakRti, AhAra, upayoga, saMjJI, avadhi, paricAraNA, vedanA - pariNAma, samudghAta prabhRti chattIsa padoM meM vibhakta hai / padoM ke nAma se spaSTa hai ki isameM jaina siddhAnta ke aneka mahatvapUrNa pakSoM para vivecana huA hai, jo tatvajJAna ke parizIlana kI dRSTi se bahuta upayogI hai / upAMgoM meM yaha sarvAdhika vizAla hai / aMgoM meM jo sthAna vyAkhyAprajJapti kA hai, upAMgoM meM vaisA hI sthAna isa Agama kA hai / vyAkhyA - prajJapti kI taraha ise bhI jaina tatva jJAna kA vRhat koza kahA jA sakatA hai / racanA aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki vAcakavaMzIya prArya zyAma ne isakI racanA kii| ve aMzata: pUrvadhara mAne jAte the / ajJAtakartRka do gAthAeM' ' prApta hotI haiM, jinase ye tathya puSTa hote haiM / unakA zrAzaya isa prakAra hai : " vAcakavaMzIya, Arya sudharmA kI tevIsavIM pIDhI meM sthita, dhairyazIla, pUrvazruta se samRddha, buddhi-sampanna zrArya zyAma ko vandana karate haiM, jinhoMne zrutajJAna rUpI sAgara meM se apane ziSyoM ko yaha ( prajJApanArUpa ) zruta- ratna pradAna kiyA / " Arya zyAma ke prArya sudharmA se tevIsavIM pIDhI meM hone kA jo ullekha kiyA hai, vaha kisa sthavirAvalI yA paTTAvalI ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai, jJAta nahIM hotA / nandI - sUtra 1. vAyagavaravaMsAo tevIsaimeNa dhIra puriseraga / duddharadhareNa muNiNA, puvvasuyasamiddhabuddhIgaM / suyasAgaravieUraNa, jeNa suyarayaNamuttamaM viSNaM / 1 - amolaka RSi dvArA anUdita prajJApanA sUtra, prathama bhAga meM pR0 2 para uddhata 2010_05

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434 ] __ Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 meM vaNita sthavirAvalI meM zyAma nAmaka prAcArya kA ullekha to hai, para, ve sudharmA se prAraMbha hone vAlI paTTAvalI meM bArahaveM' hote haiN| tevIsaveM sthAna para vahAM brahmadIpakasiMha nAmaka prAcArya kA ullekha hai| unheM kAlika zruta tathA cAroM anuyogoM kA dhAraka va uttamavAcakapada-prApta' kahA hai| kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvalI se Arya zyAma kI kramika saMkhyA mela nahI khaatii| racanA kA AdhAra : eka kalpanA prajJApanA sUtra ke prArambha meM lekhaka kI ora se stavanAtmaka do gAthAe haiM, jo bahuta mahatvapUrNa haiN| ve likhate haiM : "sUtra-ratnoM ke nidhAna, bhavyajanoM ke lie nirvRttakAraka bhagavAn mahAvIra ne saba jIvoM ke bhAvoM kI prajJApanA upadiSTa kii| bhagavAn ne dRSTivAda se nirdhArita, vividha adhyayanayukta isa zruta-ratna kA jisa prakAra vivecana kiyA hai, maiM bhI usI prakAra kruuNgaa|"3 ina gAthAo meM prayukta viTTinAyaNIsaMdaM pada para vizeSa gaura karanA hogaa| iSTivAda vyucchinna mAnA jAtA hai| zruta-kevalI AcArya bhadrabAhu ke pazcAt usake sampUrNa vettAoM kI paramparA miTa gyii| para, aMzataH vaha rahA / zyAmArya ke sambandha meM jina do vandanamUlaka gAthAoM kI carcA kI gayI hai, vahAM unheM pUrvajJAna se yukta bhI kahA gayA hai| sambhavataH Arya zyAma prAMzika dRSTyA pUrvajJa rahe hoN| ho sakatA hai, isI abhiprAyaH se unhoMne yahAM dRSTivAda nisyanda zabda jor3A ho, jisakA Azaya yaha rahA ho ki dRSTivAda ke mukhyatama bhAga pUrva jJAna se ise gRhIta kiyA gayA hai| 1. suhamma' aggivesAraNaM, jaMbUnAma ca kAsavaM / pabhavaM kaccAyaNaM vaMde. vacchaM sijjabhavaM tahA // jasabhadda tugIyaM vaMde saMbhuyaM, ceva mADhare / bhaddabAhu ca pAinnaM, thulabhadda ca goyabhA // elAbaccasagotta, vaMdAmi mahAgiri suhatthiM ca // tato kosiyagottaM bahu lassa balissaha vaMde // hAriyagottaM" sAyaM ca, vade mohAriyaM ca saamjj| -nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI, gAthA 25-28 2. ayalapurammi khette, kAliyasuya araNagae dhIre / baMbhaTTIvagasIhe, vAyagapayamuttamaM patte // -nandIsUtra sthavirAvalI, gAthA 36 sayarayaNanihAvaM. jiraNavareNa bhviynnnivvikrennN| uvadaMsiyA bhagavayA, paNNavaraNA savvabhAvAraNaM / / ajjhayaNamiNaM cittaM, suyarayaNaM diThivAyaraNIsaMdaM / jahavaNiyaM bhagavayA, ahamavi taha vaNNaissAmi // -prajJApanA, maMgalAcaraNa, 2, 3 ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya | prArSa (addhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 435 thaatb-saahitye ___AcArya haribhadra sUri ne pradezAkhyA laghuvRtti kI racanA kii| unhoMne kaThina padoM kI vyAkhyA kI hai| prAcArya malayagiri ne usI ke AdhAra para TIkA kI racanA ko| kulamaNDana ne ava vUri likhii| vyAkhyAkAroM ne etadgranthagata pATha-bhedoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| aneka sthaloM para katipaya zabdoM ko avyAkhyeya mAnate hue TIkAkAra ne unheM sampradAyagamya kaha kara chor3a diyA / sambhava hai, ve zabda spaSTArtha-dyotaka nahIM pratIta hue hoM; ataH AmnAya yA paramparA se samajha lene ke atirikta aura kyA kahA jA sakatA thA ? prajApanA kA gyArahavAM pada bhASA-pada hai| upAdhyAya yazovijayajI ne isakA vivecana kiyA hai / 5. sUriyapannati (sUryaprajJapti) nAma: : anvarthakatA dvisUrya siddhAnta, sUrya ke udaya, asta, prAkAra, proja, gati Adi kA vistAra se varNana hai, jisase isake nAma kI anvarthakatA prakaTa hotI hai| sAtha-hI-sAtha candra, anyAnya nakSatra Adi ke prAkAra, gati, avasthiti Adi kA bhI vizada vivecana hai| bIsa prAbhRtoM meM vibhakta yaha grantha eka sau pATha sUtroM meM sanni viSTa hai| prAbhRta prAkRta ke pAhur3a zabda kA saMskRta-rUpAntara hai| prAbhUta kA artha aneka granthoM ke adhyAya yA prakaraNa ke artha meM prAbhRta zabda prayukta pAyA jAtA hai / isakA zAbdika tAtparya upahAra, bheMTa yA samarpaNa hai| vyutpatti kI dRSTi se isakI vyAkhyA isa prakAra hai : "apane abhISTa-priya jana ko jo pariNAma-sarasa, deza-kAlocita durlabha vastu dI jAtI hai aura jisase priya jana kI citta-prasannatA prAsAdita kI jAtI hai, loka meM use prAbhRta kahA jAtA hai|" grantha ke prakaraNa ke sandarbha meM isakI vyAkhyA isa prakAra hai : "apane priya tathA vinaya Adi guNa-yukta ziSyoM ko deza aura kAla kI ucitatA ke sAtha jo grantha saraNiyAM dI 1. ucyate - iha prAbhRtaM nAma loke prasiddha yadabhISTAya puruSAya deza-kAlocitaM durlabhaM vastu pariNAmasundaramupanIyate tataH prAbhriyate-prApyate cittamabhISTasya puruSasyAneneti prAbhRtamiti vyutpttH| - abhidhAna rAjendra, paMcama bhAga, pR0 919 ____ 201005

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436 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 jAtI haiM, unheM bhI prAbhRta kahA jAtA hai|' zabda cayana meM jaina vidvAnoM ke mastiSka kI prakaraNa ke artha meM prAbhRta zabda vAstava meM sAhityika suSamA urvaratA isase spaSTa hai / liye hue hai / vyAkhyA - sAhityaM para, zra utakevalI prAcArya bhadrabAhu ne isa para niyukti kI racanA kI, aisA prasiddha hai / vaha prApta nahIM hai, kAla-kavalita ho gayI hai / zrAcArya malayagiri kI isa para TIkA hai / vAstava meM yaha grantha itanA durjJeya hai ki TIkA kI sahAyatA ke binA samajha pAnA sarala nahIM hai / sUrya, candra, nakSatra Adi se sambaddha prapane vizeSa prakAra ke vizleSaraNa ke kAraNa yaha grantha didvajjagat meM zrAkarSaNa kA kendra rahA hai| pro0 vebara ne jarmana bhASA meM isa para eka nibandha likhA, jo sat 1868 meM prakAzita huA / sunA jAtA hai. DA0 prA0 zAma zAstrI ne isakA A Brief Translation of Mahavir's Suryaprajnapti ke nAma se aMgrejI meM saMkSipta anuvAda kiyA thA, para vaha zraprApya hai / DA0 thIbo ne sUryaprajJapti para lekha likhA thA, jisameM unhoMne jainoM ke dvisUrya aura dvicandravAda kI bhI carcA kI thii| unake anusAra yUnAna ke logoM meM unake bhArata Ane ke pUrva yaha siddhAnta sarvaM svIkRta thA / Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. no. 49 meM vaha lekha prakAzita huA thA / 6. jambuddIvapannati ( jambUdvIpaprajJapti) svarUpa jambUdvIpa se sambaddha isa upAMga meM aneka vidha varNana haiM / isa grantha ke do bhAga haiMpUrvArddha aura uttarArddha / pUrvAddha cAra vakSaskAroM meM tathA uttarArddha tIna vakSaskAroM meM vibhakta hai / samagra grantha meM 176 sUtra haiM / vakSaskAra kA tAtparya vakSaskAra zabda yahAM prakaraNa ko bodhita karAtA hai| para, vAstava meM jambUdvIpa meM isa nAma ke pramukha parvata haiM, jinakA jaina bhUgola meM kaI apekSAnoM se bar3A mahatva hai / jambUdvIpa se sambaddha vivecana ke sandarbha meM granthakAra prakaraNa kA zravabodha karAne ke hetu vakSaskAra kA jo prayoga karate haiM, vaha sarvathA saMgata hai / 1. vivakSitA api ca granthapaddhatayaH paramadurlabhA pariNAma sundarAzvAbhISTebhyo vinayAdiguNakalitebhyaH ziSyebhyo dezakAlaucityenopanIyante / - abhidhAna rAjendra, paMcama bhAga, pR0 914 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 437 viSaya-vastu jambUdvIpastha bharata kSetra Adi kA isa upAMga meM vistRta varNana hai| unake sandarbha meM aneka durgama sthala, pahAr3a, nadI, guphA, jaMgala, Adi kI carcA hai / ___ jaina kAla-cakra-avasarpiNI-suSama-suSamA, suSamA, suSama-duHSamA, duHSama-suSamA duHSamA, duHSama-duHSamA tathA utsarpiNI-duHSama-duHSamA, duHSamA, duHSama-suSamA, suSama-duHSamA, suSamA, suSama-suSamA kA vistAra se varNana hai| usa sandarbha meM caudaha kulakara Adi, tIrtha kara RSabha,bahattara kalAeM, striyoM ke lie vizeSataH causaTha kalAe tathA aneka zilpa Adi kI carcA hai| isa koTi kA aura bhI mahatvapUrNa varNana hai| jaina bhUgola tathA prAgitihAsakAlIna bhAta ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se jambUdvIpaprajJapti kA vizeSa mahatva hai| 7. candapannatti (candraprajJapti) sthAmAMga meM ullekha sthAnAMga sUtra' meM sUryaprajJapti, jambUdvIpaprajJapti tathA dvIpasAgara prajapti ke sAtha candraprApti kA bhI aMgabAhya ke rUpa meM ullekha huA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki sUryaprajJapti tathA candraprajJapti donoM prAcIna grantha haiN| donoM kabhI pRthak-pRthak grantha the, donoM ke apaneapane viSaya the| vartamAna saMskarasa : eka prazna ___ vartamAna meM candraprajJapti kA jo saMskaraNa prApta hai, vaha sUryaprajJapti se sarvathA-akSarazaH milatA hai| bheda hai to kevala maMgalAcaraNa tathA grantha meM vivakSita bIsa prAbhRtoM kA saMkSepa meM varNana karane vAlI aThAraha gAthAoM kaa| candraprajJapti ke prArambha meM ye gAthAe haiM / tatpazcAt krama-nirdiSTa viSaya prArambha hotA hai| sUryaprajJapti meM ye gAthAeM nahIM haiM arthAt maMgalAcaraNa tathA vivakSita-viSaya-sUcana ke binA hI grantha prArambha hotA hai, jo AdyopAnta candraprajJapti jaisA hai| vAsta meM yadi ye do grantha haiM, to aisA kyoM ? yaha eka prazna hai, jisakA aneka prakAra se samAdhAna kiyA jAtA hai| 1. cattAri paNNatIo aMgabAhiriyAo paNNatAo, taM jahA-candapaNNattI, sUrapaNNattI, jambUddIvapaNNattI, dIvasAgarapaNNatI / -sthAnAMga sUtra, sthAna 4, 1.47 ____ 2010_05

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438 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 rahasthAmA : eka samAdhAna ____ atiparamparAvAdI dhArmika, jinheM svIkRta mAnyatA kI paridhi se bAhara nikala kara jarA bhI socane kA avakAza nahIM hai, sUryaprajJapti aura candraprajJapti ke paripUrNa pATha-sAmya ko dekhate hue bhI Aja bhI yaha mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM hote ki ye do grantha nahIM haiN| unakA vicAra hai ki sUrya, candra, katipaya nakSatra Adi kI gati, krama prAdi se sambaddha kaI aise viSaya haiM, jo pravRttita. eka samAna haiM; ataH unameM to bheda kI koI bAta hI nahIM hai / eka jaise donoM vargana donoM sthAnoM para lAgU hote haiN| aneka viSaya aise haiM, jo donoM meM bhinnabhinna haiM, yadyapi unakI zabdAvalI eka hai / eka hI zabda ke aneka artha hote haiM / sAmAnyataH pracalita artha ko hI loga adhikAMzata: jAnate haiN| apracalita artha prAyaH ajJAta rahatA hai| bahuta kama vyakti use samajhate haiN| yahAM kucha aisA hI huA pratIta hotA hai / vAstava meM donoM granthoM meM prayukta eka jaise zabda bhinnArthaka haiN| aisA kiye jAne ke piche bhI eka cintana rahA hogaa| bahuta se viSaya aise haiM, jinakA udghATana sahI adhikArI yA upayukta pAtra ke samakSa hI kiyA jAtA hai, anadhikArI yA apAtra ke samakSa nahIM; ata: unheM rahasyamaya yA gupta banAye rakhanA Avazyaka hotA hai / adhikArI ko unhIM zabdoM dvArA vaha jJAna de diyA jAtA hai, jinakA artha sAmAnyaH vyakta nahIM hai / aisI hI kucha sthiti yahA~ rahI ho, to prAzcarya nhiiN| kabhI paramparayA ina raharayoM ko jAnane vAle vidvAn rahe hoMge, jo, adhikArI pAtroM ke samakSa una rahasyoM ko prakAzita karate rahe hoN| para vaha paramparA sambhavataH miTa gyii| rahasya rahasya hI raha gye| yahI kAraNa hai, ina donoM upAMgoM ke sambandha meM isa prakAra ke prazna upasthita hote haiN| vAstava meM edaMyugIna jJAna ke alpatva ke kAraNa aisA hai| tathya yahI hai, donoM upAMga, jo vartamAna meM upalabdha haiM, yathAvat haiM aparivartita haiN| unheM bhinna-bhinna hI mAnA jAnA cAhie / ____ kahane ko svIkRta paramparA ke saMrakSaNa ke hetu jo kucha kahA jA sakatA hai, para viveka ke sAtha usakI yathArthatA kA aMkana karane kA prabuddha mAnava ko adhikAra hai| isalie yaha kahanA paramparA kA khaNDana nahIM mAnA jAnA cAhie ki rahasyamayatA aura zabdoM kI anekArthakatA kA sahArA paryApta nahIM hai, jo ina donoM upAMgoM ke anakya yA asAdRzya ko siddha kara sake / isa para pradhika yuktiyAM upasthita karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| vijJajana unmukta bhAva se cintana karege, to aisA sambhAvya pratIta hotA hai ki unameM se adhikAMza ko kisI rahasyamayatA tathA zabdoM ke baha varthakatA-mUlaka samAdhAna se tuSTi nahIM hogii| yaha mAnane meM koI anyathAbhAva nahIM pratIta honA cAhiye ki vartamAna meM upalabdha ye donoM grantha svarUpataH-zAbdika dRSTyA eka haiM aura tAtparyaMtaH bhI do nahIM pratIta hote / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 439 2eka ahApoha : eka kalpanA ___ho sakatA hai, kabhI prAcIna kAla meM kahIM kisI grantha-bhaNDAra meM sUryaprajJapti kI do hastalikhita pratiyAM par3I hoN| unameM se eka prati Upara ke pRSTha va usa para likhita sUryaprajJati nAma sahita rahI ho tathA dUsarI kA Upara kA patra-nAma kA patra nahIM rahA ho, naSTa ho gayA ho, kho gayA ho| nAmavAlI prati meM bhI prArambha kA patra, jisameM mAMgalika va viSayasUcaka gAthAoM kA ullekha thA, khoyA huA ho| arthAt aba donoM pratiyoM kA svarUpa isa prakAra samajhA jAnA cAhie-una donoM pratiyoM meM eka prati aisI tho, jisakA Upara kA pRSTha thA, usa para graMtha kA nAma thaa| para, usameM gAthAeM nahIM thii| pratha kA viSaya sIdhA prArambha hotA thaa| gAthAnoM kA patra lUpta thaa| dUsarI prati isa prakAra kI thI, jisameM Upara kA pRSTha, natha kA nAma nahIM thaa| grantha kA prArambha gAthAoM se hotA thaa| donoM meM kevala bheda itanA-sA thA, eka gAthAoM se yukta thI, dUsarI meM gAthAeM nahIM thIM, para, pAyAtataH dekhane para donoM kA prArambha bhinna lagatA thA, isase isa viSaya ko nahIM samajhane vAle vyakti ke lie asamaMjasatA ho sakatI thii| kisI vyakti ne bhaNDAra meM granthoM ko vyavasthita karane hetu yA sUcI banAne ke hetu granthoM kI chAna-bIna kI ho| jaina aMgoM, upAMgoM Adi ke paryavekSaNa ke saMdarbha meM ye donoM pratiyAM usake sAmane AI hoN| nAma sahita prati ke sambaMdha meM to use koI kaThinAI nahIM huI; kyoMki vaha nAma bhI spaSTa thA aura granthArambha bhii| Upara ke patra se rahita, binA nAma kI prati ke sambandha meM use kucha sandeha humA ho, usane UhApoha kiyA ho| sambhavataH vaha vyakti vidvAn na rahA ho| bhaNDAra kI vyavasthA yA dekharekha karane vAlA mAtra ho yA granthoM kI pratilipi karane vAlA sAdhAraNa paThita vyakti rahA ho| aisA sambhAvya hai ki prathama prati ko jisameM grantha-nAma thA, gAthAeM nahIM thIM, prakaraNa prArambha se cAlU hotA thA, usane yathAvat rahane diyaa| dUsarI prati, jisa para nAma nahIM thA, gAthAoM ke kAraNa jo bhinna grantha pratIta hotA thA, ke lie usane kalpanA kI ho ki vaha syAt candraprajJapti ho aura apanI kalpAnusAra vaisA nAma lagA diyA ho| vaha grantha ko bhItara se dekhatA, gaveSaNA karAtA, pATha milAtA, yaha saba to taba hotA, jaba vaha eka anusandhitsu vidvAn hotaa| sambhavataH candraprajJapti kA yathArtha rUpa taba taka naSTa ho gayA hogA ; ataH anyatra kahIM usakI sahI prati mila nahIM sakI ho aura usI prati ke AdhAra para, jisa para nAma lagAyA gayA thA, eka hI pATha ke grantha do nAmoM se cala par3e hoM, calate rahe hoN| zatAbdiyAM bItatI gayIM aura eka hI pATha ke do grantha pRthaka-pRthak mAne jAte rahe / dharma zraddhA bhI detA hai aura viveka bhii| viveka-zUnya zraddhA acakSuSmatI kahI jAtI hai| 2010_05

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440 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana Agana [ khaNDa : 2 para, dharma ke kSetra meM vaisA bhI hotA hai, jo pAlocya hai, prAdeya nahIM / prati zraddhA-pUrNa mAnasa ke bAhulya ke kAraNa prAgama-vettAnoM meM isa tathya ko jAnate hue bhI vyakta karane kA utsAha kyoM hotA ? jaba logoM ke samakSa yaha sthiti AI, to apanI mAnyatA aura paramparA ke parirakSaNa ke nimitta aise tarko kA, jisa aura iMgita kiyA gayA hai, jinheM tarka nahIM, tarkAbhAsa kahA jA sakatA hai, sahArA liyA jAne lgaa| vartamAna meM do kahe jAne vAle upAMgoM kA jo kalevara hai, use dekhate hue yaha mAnane meM dharma kI jarA bhI virAdhanA yA samyaktva kA hanana nahIM lagatA ki eka hI pATha ko do granthoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane kI bAta kucha aura gaveSaNA, cintana tathA parizIlana kI mAMga karatI hai, tAki yathArtha kI upalabdhi ho ske| thaa-Rnn ai mishn upAMgoM ke saMkhyA-krama meM jambUdvIpaprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti aura candraprajJapti kI sthAnApannatA meM kucha bheda / amolaka RSi ne jambUdvIpa prajJapti ko sAtavAM upAMga mAnA hai| viNa prajJapti kI gaNanA sUryaprajJapti se paha saMkrAnti-kAla kI prAkRteM ke candraprajJapti kA prAja jo rUpa hai| maiMne saMkhyA bUdvIpaprajJapti tathA prakritas of Transional Period) ka patA calatA hai, a to o (Prakritas of Transional Period) sUryaprajJapti apane yathAvat rUpa na pacanAga ha / 47 nAna guru usameM sUrya-sambandhI varNana apekSAkRta adhika hai| candra kA bhI varNana hai, para, vistAra aura vividhatA meM usase kama / candraprajJapti kA vartamAna saMskaraNa spaSTa hI maulikatA kI dRSTi se pAlocya hai| ataH use jambUdvIpaprajJapti ke pazcAt liyA gayA hai| prAcArya malayagiri ko isa para TIkA hai| pAMca nirayAva liyA nirayAvaliyA ( nirayAvalikA ) meM pAMca upAMgoM kA samAveza hai, jo isa prakAra haiM : 1. nirayAvaliyA yA kappiyA ( kalpikA ) 2. kappavaDaMsiyA ( kalpAvataMsikA ) 3. pupphiyA ( puSpikA ) 4. puSphacUliyA ( puSpacUlikA ). 5. vahi nadakSA ( vRSTi-dazA ) / 2010_05

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bhASa aura sAhitya ] ArSa (addha mAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 441 pahale kabhI sambhavataH ye pAMcoM eka hI nirayAvalikA sUtra ke rUpa meM rahe hoN| para, jaba aMgoM ke samakakSa upAMga bhI bAraha kI saMkhyA meM pratiSThita kiye jAne apekSita mAne gaye, to unheM pAMca upAMgoM ke rUpa meM pRthak-pRthaka mAnane kI paramparA cala pdd'ii| 8. nirayAvaliyA (nirayAvalikA) yA kappiyA (kalpikA) nishaan prastuta upAMga daza adhyayanoM meM vibhakta hai, jinake nAma isa prakAra haiM : 1. kAlakumAra - adhyayana, 2. sukAlakumAra - adhyayana, 3. mahAkAlakumAra-adhyayana, 4. kRSNakumAra-adhyayana, 5. sukRSNakumAra-pradhyayana, 6. mahAkRSNakumAra-adhyayana, 7. vIrakRSNakumAra-pradhyayana, 8. rAmakRSNakumAra-pradhyayana, 9. priyasena-kRSNakumAra-pradhyayana tathA 10. mahAsena kRSNakumAra-adhyayana / jina kumAroM ke nAma se ye adhyayana haiM, ve magadharAja zreNika ke putra tathA kUNika (ajAtazatru , ke bhAI the, jo vaizAlI gaNarAjya ke adhinAyaka ceTaka aura kUNika ke bIca hue saMgrAma meM ceTaka ke eka-eka bANa se kramaza: mAre gye| viSaya-vastu . prathama adhyayana kRSNakumAra ke prasaMga se prArambha hotA hai| usakI mAtA kAlIdevI kUriNaka ke sAtha yuddha meM gaye hue apane putra ke viSaya meM bhagavAn mahAvIra se prazna pUchatI hai / bhagavAn se yaha jAnakara ki vaha yuddha meM ceTaka ke bANa se mArA gayA hai, vaha bahuta duHkhita aura zokAnvita ho jAtI hai| kucha yathAvastha hone para vApisa lauTa jAtI hai| gaNadhara gautama taba bhagavAn mahAvIra se kAlakumAra ke agrima bhava aura vigata bhava ke sambandha meM prazna karate haiN| usakA bhagavAna jo uttara dete haiM, usa sandarbha meM kUNika-ajAtazatru ke jIvana kA itivRtta vistRta rUpa meM upasthita ho jAtA hai| zreNika kI garbhavatI rAnI cellaNA kA pati ke kaleje ke mAMsa ke tale hue zoloM / tathA madirA kA prasannatApUrvaka prAsvAda lene kA nighRNa dohada, abhayakumAra dvArA buddhimattApUrvaka usakI pUrti, kUNika kA janma, mAtA dvArA use ukuruDI (dhUre ) para phikavAyA jAnA, aMNika dvArA use vApisa lAyA jAnA, snehapUrvaka pAlA jAnA,bar3e hone para kUNika dvArA pitA zreNika ko bandI-gRha meM DAla rAjasiMhAsana hathiyAyA jAnA, zreNika dvArA duHkhAtireka se prAtmahatyA kiyA jAnA, apane choTe bhAI bohallakumAra ke kAraNa secanaka hastI Adi na lauTAye jAne se vaizAlI gaNarAjya ke adhipati ceTaka para kUNika dvArA car3hAI kiyA jAnA Adi 1. mUla pATha meM 'solehi' zabda AyA hai, jisakA saMskRta rUpa 'zolaH' hogaa| zUla yA kAMTe se tale jAne ke kAraNa usa prakAra ke mAMsa ke Tukar3oM ko zaula kahA jAtA hogA / 2010_05

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442 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 kA isa prasaMga meM varNana AtA hai| rathamUsala tathA mahAzilA-kaMTaka saMgrAma kA vahAM ullekha mAtra hai| usa sambandha meM vyAkhyAprajJapti sUtra kA saMketa kara diyA gayA hai / dUsare adhyayana kI sAmagrI kevala itanI-sI hai :--"usa samaya campA nagarI thii| pUrNabhadra caitya thaa| kUNika rAjA thA aura padmAvatI usakI rAnI thii| vahAM campA nagarI meM pahale rAjA zreriNaka kI bhAryA, kUNika kI kaniSThA mAtA sukumArAMgI sukAlI rAnI thii| sukAlI devI ke sukumArAMga sukAla kumAra huaa| tIna sahasra hAthiyoM ko liye yuddha meM gayA huA, kAlakumAra jisa prakAra mArA gayA, usI taraha kA samagra vRttAnta sukAlakumAra kA bhI hai| antataH sukAlakumAra bhI mahAvideha-kSetra meM saMsAra kA anta karegA-siddha hogaa|'' dUsare adhyAya kA vRttAnta yahIM samApta ho jAtA hai| tIsare se dasaveM taka ke adhyayanoM kA varNana bhI kevala itanI-sI paMktiyoM meM hai : "zeSa pAThoM adhyayanoM ko prathama adhyayana ke sadRza samajhanA caahie| putroM aura mAtAoM ke nAma eka jaise haiM / nirayAvalikA sUtra samApta hotA hai / ''2 6. kappavaDaMsiyA ( kalpAvataMsikA) kalpAvataMsa kA artha vimAnavAsI deva hotA hai| kalpAvataMsikA zabda usI se niSpanna humA hai| isa upAMga meM daza adhyayana haiM, jinameM rAjA zreNika ke daza pautroM ke saMkSipta kathAnaka haiM, jo svargagAmI hue| daza adhyayanoM ke nAma carita-nAyaka kumAroM ke nAmoM ke anurUpa haiM; jaise, 1. padmakumAra-adhyayana, 2. mahApadmakumAra-adhyayana, 3. bhadrakumAraadhyayana, 4. subhadrakumAra-adhyayana 5. padmabhadra kumAra-adhyayana, 6. padmasenakumAra-adhyayana, 7. padmagulmakumAra-adhyayana, 8. nalinIgulmakumAra-adhyayana, 9. AnandakumAra-adhyayana tathA 10. nandakumAra-pradhyayana / dazoM kumAra nirayAvalikA ( kalpikA ) meM variNata rAjA zreNika ke kAlakumAra prAdi 1. teNaM kAleNaM teNaM samaeNaM caMpA NAmaM eyarI hotyA, puNNabhadde ceie, kuriNaya rAyA, paumAvaI devii| tattharaNaM caMpA nayarIe seNiyassa raNo ajja koriNayassa raNNo cullamAuyA sukAlI nAma devI hotthA sukmaalaa| tIseNaM sukAlIe devIe putte sukAle nAme kumAre hotthA sukumaale| tate raNaM se sukAlekumAre annayAkayAi tihiM daMti-sahassehi jahA kAle kumAre niravisesaM taheva mahAvidehavAse aMte karehiti / -nirayAvaliyA, dvitIya adhyayana, pR0 63-64 2. evaM sesA vi aTTha ajjhayaNA / nAyavvA paDhamaM sarisA, NavaraM mAtAo sarisA gAmA / .. girayAvalIyAmao smmtaao| -nirayAvaliyA, samApti-prasaMga ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya 1 ArSa (arddhamAgadhI ) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 443 dazoM putroM ke kramazaH putra the / prathama adhyayana meM kAlakumAra ke putra padmakumAra ke janma, dIkSA grahaNa, svarga-gamana tathA antataH mahA-videha kSetra meM janma lekara siddhatva prApta karane taka kA saMkSepa meM lagabhaga cAra-pAMca pRSThoM meM varNana hai / dUsare adhyayana meM sukAlakumAra ke putra mahApadmakumAra kA saMkSiptatama vivaraNa hai / kevala usake janma ke vRttAnta kA pAMcasAta paMktiyoM meM sUcana kara zrAge prathama adhyayana kI taraha samajha lene kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai / tIsare gradhyayana se dazaveM adhyayana taka kI sUcanA kevala AdhI paMkti meM yaha kahate hue ki unheM prathama adhyayana kI taraha samajha lenA cAhie, de dI gayI hai / sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki unakI mAtAeM unake sadRza nAmoM kI dhAraka thIM / anta meM dazoM kumAroM ke dIkSA paryAya / kI bhinna-bhinna samayAvadhi tathA bhinna bhinna devaloka prApta karane kA ullekha karate hue upAMga kA parisamApana kara diyA gayA hai| yaha upAMga bahuta saMkSipta hai / magadha bhagavAn mahAvIra tathA buddha ke samaya meM pUrva bhArata kA eka prasiddha ekatantrIya ( eka rAjA dvArA zAsita ) rAjya thA / kalpikA tathA kalpAvataMsikA prAgitihAsakAlIna samAja kI sthiti jAnane kI dRSTi se upayogI haiM / 10. puSkriyA ( puSpikA ) prastuta upAMga meM daza zradhyayana haiM, jinameM aise strI-puruSoM ke kathAnaka haiM, jo dharmArAdhanA aura tapaH sAdhanA dvArA svarga gaye / apane vimAnoM dvArA vaibhava, samRddhi evaM sajjA pUrvaka bhagavAn mahAvIra ko vandana karane Aye / tApasa-vana tIsare adhyayana meM somila brAhmaNa ke kathAnaka ke sandarbha meM cAlIsa prakAra ke tApasoM kA varNana hai / unameM kucha isa prakAra hai : (ka) kevala eka kamaNDalu dhAraNa karane vAle / (kha) kevala phaloM para nirvAha karane vAle (ga) eka bAra jala meM DubakI lagAkara tatkAla bAhara nikalane vAle / (gha) bAra-bAra jala meM DubakI lagAne vAle / (Ga) jala meM hI gale taka DUbe rahane vAle / (ca) sabhI vastroM, pAtroM aura deha ko prakSAlita rakhane vAle / (cha) zaMkha-dhvani kara bhojana karane vAle (ja) sadA khar3e rahane vAle / 1. zramaraNa - jIvana 2010_05

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444 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa / 2 (jha) mRga-mAMsa ke bhakSaNa para nirvAha karane vaale| (Ta) hAthI kA mAMsa khAkara rahane vaale| (Tha) sadA U~cA daNDa kiye rahane vAle / (Da) valkala-vastra dhAraNa karane vAle / (Dha) sadA pAnI meM rahane vAle / (Na) sadA vRkSa ke nIce rahane vAle / (ta) kevala jala para nirvAha karane vaale| (tha) jala ke Upara Ane vAlI zaivAla khA kara jIvana calAne vaale| (da) vAyu-bhakSaNa karane vaale| (dha) vRkSa-mUla kA AhAra karane vAle / (na) vRkSa ke kanda kA AhAra karane vAle / .. (pa) vRkSa ke pattoM kA AhAra karane vAle / (pha) vRkSa kI chAla kA AhAra karane vaale| (ba) puSpoM kA AhAra karane vAle / (bha) bIjoM kA pAhAra karane vAle / (ma) svataH TUTa kara gire hue patroM, puSpoM tathA phaloM kA prAhAra karane vAle / (ya) dUsaroM dvArA pheMke hue padArthoM kA AhAra karane vAle / (ra) sUrya kI mAtApanA lene vaale| (la) kaSTa saha kara zarIra ko patthara jaisA kaThora banAne vAle / (va) paMcAgni tApane vaale| (za) garma bartana para zarIra ko paritapta karane vaale| tApasoM ke ve vibhinna rUpa usa samaya kI sAdhanA-praNAliyoM kI vividhatA ke dyotaka haiM / sAdhAraNataH inameM se kucha kA jhukAva haThayoga yA kAya-kleza mUlaka tapa kI mora adhika pratIta hotA hai| ina sAdhanAoM kA sAMgopAMga rUpa kyA thA, inakA kina dArzanika paramparAoM yA dharma-sampradAyoM se sambandha thA, una dinoM bhArata meM usa prakAra ke unase bhinna aura bhI sAdhanA-krama the kyA, unake pIche tatva-cintana kI kyA pRSTha-bhUmi thI, ityAdi viSayoM ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se ye sUcanAeM upayogI haiN| 11 puSphalA ( puSpacUlA ) 1. zrIdevI-adhyayana, 2. hrIdevI-adhyayana, 3. dhRtidevI-adhyayana, 4. kIrtidevI-madhyayana 5. buddhidevI-adhyayana 6. lakSmIdevI-adhyayana 7. ilAdevI-adhyayana, 8. surAdevI-adhyayana, 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ]- ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 445 9. rasadevI-adhyayana, 10. gandhadevI-adhyayana ; ye daza adhyayana haiN| prathama adhyayana, meM zrIdevI kA varNana hai| vaha devI, devI-vaibhava, samRddhi tathA sajjA ke sAtha apane vimAna dvArA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke darzana ke lie pAtI hai| gaNadhara gautama bhagavAn mahAvIra se usakA pUrva bhava pUchate haiN| bhagavAn use batalAte haiM / isa prakAra zrIdevI ke pUrva janma kA kathAnaka upasthita kiyA jAtA hai| dUsare se dasaveM taka ke adhyayana kevala saMketa mAtra haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM : "jisa prakAra prathama adhyayana meM zrIdevI kA vRttAnta vaNita huA hai, usI prakAra avaziSTa nau deviyoM kA samajha leM / una deviyoM ke vimAnoM ke nAma unake apane-apane nAmoM ke anusAra haiN| sabhI saudharma-kalpa meM nivAsa karane vAlI haiN| pUrva bhava ke nagara, caitya, mAtA-pitA, unake apane nAma saMprAhiNI gAthA' ke anusAra haiM / apane pUrva-bhava meM ve sabhI bhagavAn pArzva ke samparka meM AI, puSpacUlA AryA ko ziSyAeM huii| sabhI zarIra prAdi kA vizeSa prakSAlana karatI thIM, zauca-pradhAna thiiN| sabhI devaloka se cyavana kara mahAvideha kSetra meM siddhi prApta kreNgii| isa prakAra puSpacUlA kA samApana huaa|"2 12. vahinadazA ( vRSNidazA ) naam nandI-cUriNa ke anusAra isa upAMga kA pUrA nAma andhaka-vRSNi dazA thaa| andhaka zabda kAla-krama se lupta ho gayA, kevala vaSNi-dazA bacA rahA / aba yaha upAMga isI nAma se prasiddha hai| isameM bAraha adhyayana haiM, jinameM vRSNivaMzIya bAraha rAjakumAroM kA varNana hai| unhIM rAjakumAroM ke nAma se ve adhyayana haiM : 1. niSadhakumAra-adhyayana 2. anIkakumAra-adhyayana, 3. prahvakumAra-adhyayana, 4. vedhakumAra-adhyayana, 5. pragatikumAra-adhyayana, 6. muktikumAra-adhyayana, 7. dazarathakumAra-adhyayana, 8. dRr3harathakumAra-adhyayana, 9. mahAdhanuSkumAra-adhyayana, 10. saptadhanuSkumAra-adhyayana, tathA 11. dazadhanuSkumAra-adhyayana, tathA 12. zatadhanuSkumAra-adhyayana / 1. saMgrAhiNI gAthA, jisameM pUrva-bhava ke nagara, nAma, mAtA-pitA Adi kA ullekha rahatA hai, vicchinna pratIta hotI haiN| 2. evaM sesANa vi NAvaNhaM bhariNayabvaM, sarisaraNAmA vimAraNA, sohamme kappe / puSvabhave nagare ceiya piyamAINaM appaNo yA nAmai jahA saMgaharaNIe / savvA pAsassa aMtigaM nikkhaMtAo, pupphacUlAraNaM sisiraNIyAo sarIrapAusiraNIyAo saccAo avaMtaraM cahacaittA mahAvidehevAse sijjJihiM ti / evaM khalu nikkhevo| pupphacUlAo smmttaao| -pupphacUlA, antima aMza 2010_05

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446 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa 2 viSaya-vastu prathama adhyayana meM baladeva aura revatI ke putra niSadhakumAra ke utpanna hone, bar3e hone, zramaNopAsaka banane tathA bhagavAn ariSTanemi se zramaNa-pravrajyA grahaNa karane Adi kA varNana hai| usake vigata bhava tathA bhaviSyamANa do bhavoM va antataH (dUsare bhava ke anta meM) mahAvideha kSetra meM siddhatva prApta karane kA bhI varNana hai / yadyapi isa adhyayana meM vAsudeva kRSNa kA varNana prasaMgopAtta hai, para, vaha mahatvapUrNa hai| vAsudeva kRSNa ke prabhutva, vaibhava, sainya, samRddhi, garimA, sajjA Adi kA vistAra se ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vRSNivaMza yA yAdava kula ke rAjya, yAdavavaMza kA vaipulya, Aja ke saurASTra ke prAgitihAsakAlIna vivaraNa Adi ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se isa upAMga kA yaha bhAga upayogI hai| anya gyAraha adhyayana kevala sUcanA mAtra haiN| jaise- "isI prakAra (prathama kI taraha) avaziSTa gyAraha adhyayana samajhane caahie| pUrva bhava ke nAma Adi saMgrahaNI gAthA se jJAtavya hai / ina gyAraha kumAroM kA varNana niSadhakumAra ke varNana se na nyUna hai aura na adhika / isa prakAra vRSNidazA kA samApana huaa|" 1 eka mahatvapUrNa sUcanA vRSNi-dazA ke samApta hone kA kathana karane ke anantara anta meM ina zabdoM dvArA eka aura sUcana kiyA gayA hai : "nirayAvalikA zruta skandha samApta huaa| upAMga samApta hue / nirayAvalikA upAMga kA eka hI zruta-skandha hai| usake pAMca varga haiN| ve pAMca dinoM meM upadiSTa kiye jAte haiN| pahale se cauthe taka ke vargoM meM daza daza adhyayana haiM aura pAcaveM varga meM bAraha adhyayana haiN| nirayAvalikA zruta-skandha samApta huaa|" 2 isa ullekha se bahuta spaSTa hai, vartamAna meM pRthak-pRthak pAMca gine jAne vAle nirayAvalikA (kalpikA, kalpAvataMsikA, puSpikA puSpacUlA tathA vRSNidazA ) ye upAMga kabhI eka hI grantha ke rUpa meM pratiSThita the| 1. evaM sesA vi ekArasa ajjayaNA neyvvaa| saMgahaNI aNusAreNaM ahINamaharita ekkArasa su vi| iti vaNhidasA sammattaM / -vRSNivazA sUtra, antima aMza / 2. niravAliyA suyakhaMdho smmto| sammatAriNa ya uvaMgANi / nirayAvali uvaMgeNaM ego suyakhaMdho paMca vaggA paMcasu divasesu uddisti| tattha suvayasu dasa udda sagga, paMcasavagge bArasa uddsgaa| nirayAvali suyakhaMdho smmto|| -nirayAvaliyA, (vahi nadasA), antima bhAga ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 447 cheda-sUtra bauddha vAGamaya meM vinaya piTaka kI jo sthiti hai, jaina vAGamaya meM cheda-sUtroM kI lagabhaga usI prakAra kI sthiti hai| inameM jaina zramaNoM tathA zramaNiyoM ke jIvana se sambaddha AcAra-viSayaka niyamoM kA vizleSaNa hai, jo bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA nirUpita kiye gaye the tathA prAge bhI samaya-samaya para unakI uttaravartI paramparA meM nirdhArita hote gaye the| niyama-bhaMga ho jAne para sAdhu-sAdhviyoM dvArA anusaraNIya aneka prAyazcitta vidhiyoM kA inameM vizeSataH vizleSaNa hai| zramaNa-jIvana kI pavitratA ko banAye rakhane kI dRSTi se cheda-sUtroM kA vizeSa mahatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki inheM uttama zruta kahA gayA hai| bhikSu-jIvana ke samyak saMcAlana ke hetu cheda-sUtroM kA adhyayana atyanta Avazyaka samajhA gayA hai| prAcArya, upAdhyAya jaise mahatvapUrNa padoM ke adhikArI cheda-sUtroM ke marma-vettA hoM, aisA apekSita mAnA jAtA rahA hai| kahA gayA hai, koI bhI prAcArya cheda-sUtroM ke gambhIra adhyayana ke binA apane zramaNa-samudAya ko lekara grAmAnugrAma vihAra nahIM kara sktaa| nizItha-bhASya meM batalAyA gayA hai ki cheda-sUtra aIt-pravacana kA rahasya udbodhita karane vAle haiM, guhya-gopya haiM / ve alpa sAmarthyavAn vyakti ko nahIM diye jA sakate / pUrNa pAtra hI unake adhikArI hote haiN| bhASyakAra kA kahanA hai ki jisa prakAra aparipakva ghaTa meM rakhA gayA jala ghaTa ko naSTa kara detA hai, usI prakAra cheda-sUtroM meM sannihita siddhAntoM kA rahasya anadhikArI vyakti ke nAza kA kAraNa hotA hai| vinaya-piTaka ke sambandha meM bhI isI prakAra kI guhyatA (gopanIyatA) kI carcA prApta hotI hai / milinva-prazna meM ullekha hai ki vinaya-piTaka ko chipAkara rakhA jAnA cAhie, jisase apayaza na ho| kahane kA Azaya yaha hai ki prAyazcitta-prakaraNa meM bhikSuoM aura bhikSuNiyoM dvArA pramAda yA bhogAkAMkSA ke ubhara Ane ke kAraNa sevita una cAritrika doSoM kA bhI varNana hai, jinakI vizuddhi ke lie amuka-amuka prAyazcitta karane hote haiM / jana-sAdhAraNa taka usa sthiti kA pahu~canA lAbhakara nahIM hotA / jo vastu-sthiti ke paripUrNa jJAtA nahIM hote, unameM isase zramaNa zramariNayoM ke prati aneka prakAra kI vicikitsA tathA azraddhA kA utpanna honA AzaMkita hai| sambhavataH isI kAraNa gopyatA kA saMketa kiyA gayA pratIta hotA hai| 1. nisIha (nizItha ), 2. mahA nisIha / mahAnizItha ), 3. vavahAra ( vyavahAra ), 4. dasAsuyakkhaMdha ( dazAzrutaskandha ), 5. kappa ( kalpa ), 6. paMca-kappa athavA jIyakappa (paMca kalpa athavA jIvakalpa ) prabhRti chaH cheda-sUtra mAne gaye haiN| 2010_05

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448 [ Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 1. nisIha (nizItha) nizItha zabda kA artha ___ nizItha zabda kA artha andhakAra, aprakAza yA rAtri hai| nizIthabhASya meM isakA vizleSaNa karate hue kahA gayA hai : "aprakAza yA andhakAra loka meM nizItha zabda se abhihita hotA hai| jo aprakAzadharma-rahasyabhUta yA gopanIya hotA hai, use bhI nizItha kahA gayA hai / " / isa vyAkhyA kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jisa prakAra rahasyamaya vidyA, mantra, tantra, yoga Adi anadhikArI yA aparipakva buddhivAle vyaktiyoM ko nahIM batAye jA sakate arthAt unase unheM chipA kara yA gopya rakhA jAtA hai, usI prakAra nizItha sUtra bhI gopya hai-hara kisI ke samakSa udghATya nahIM hai / svarupa : viSaya nizotha AcArAMga sUtra ke dvitIya zruta-skandha se sambaddha mAnA jAtA hai| ise AcArAMga ke dvitIya zruta-skandha kI paMcama cUlA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, jise nizItha-cUlAadhyayana kahA jAtA hai| nizIza ko AcAra-prakalpa ke nAma se bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai| nizItha sUtra meM sAdhuoM aura sAdhviyoM ke prAcAra se sambaddha utsarga-vidhi tathA apavAda-vidhi kA vivecana hai evaM unameM skhalanA hone para AcaraNIya prAyazcittoM kA vivecana hai| isa sandarbha meM vahA~ bahuta sUkSma vizleSaNa huaA hai, jo apane saMyamajIvitavya kA samyak nirvAha karane kI bhAvanA vAle pratyeka nirgrantha tathA nirgranthinI ke lie paThanIya hai| aisI mAnyatA hai ki yadi sAdhu nizItha sUtra vismRta kara deM to yAvajjIvana prAcArya-pada kA adhikArI nahIM ho sakatA / racanA : racanAkAra nizItha sUtra kI racanA kaba huI, kisake dvArA huI, yaha nirvivAda nahIM hai| bahuta pahale se isa sambandha meM mata-bheda cale A raheM haiM / nizItha bhASyakAra kA abhimata hai ki pUrvadhArI zramaNoM dvArA isakI racanA kI gyii| arthAt yaha pUrva-jJAna ke prAdhAra para nibaddha hai| isakA aura adhika spaSTa rUpa isa prakAra mAnA jAtA hai ki navama pratyAkhyAna pUrva ke mAcAra-saMjJaka tRtIya adhikAra ke bIsaveM prAbhRta ke prAdhAra para yaha (nizItha sUtra ) racA gyaa| 1. jaM hoti appagAsaM, taM tu nisIhaM ti logsNsiddhaaN| ja appagAsadhamma aNNaM pi tayaM nisiidhti| -- gAthA 69 / ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 449 cUriNakA ra jinadAsa mahattara kA mantavya hai ki visAhagaNi ( vizAkha gaNi ) mahattara ne isakI racanA kI, jisakA uddezya apane ziSyoM-praziSyoM kA hita-sAdhana thaa| paMcakalpa cUriNa meM batAyA gayA hai ki prAcArya bhadrabAhu nizItha sUtra ke racayitA the| nizI -sUtra meM bIsa uddezaka haiM / pratyeka uddezaka bhinna-bhinna saMkhyaka sUtroM meM vibhakta hai| vyAkhyA-sAhitya __nizItha ke sUtroM para niyukti kI racanA huii| paramparA se AcArya bhadrabAhu niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM prasiddha haiM / sUtra evaM niyukti ke vizleSaNa hetu saMghadAsa gariNa ne bhASya kI racanA kii| sUtra, niyukti aura bhASya para jinadAsa mahattara ne vizeSa cUNi ko racanA kI, jo atyanta sAra-gabhita hai| pradya mna sUri ke ziSya dvArA isa para avacUriNa kI bhI racanA kI gyii| isa para vRhad bhASya bhI racA gayA, para, vaha prAja prApta nahIM hai| sanmati jJAnapITha, AgarA dvArA nizItha sUtra kA bhASya evaM cUNi ke sAtha cAra bhAgoM meM prakAzana huA hai, jisakA sampAdana suprasiddha vidvAn upAdhyAyazrI amaramunijI tathA munizrI kanhaiyAlAlajI 'kamala' dvArA kiyA gayA hai| 2. mahAnisIha ( mahAnizItha ) mahAnizItha ko samagra prAt pravacana kA sAra batAyA gayA hai| para, vastutaH jo mUla rUpa meM mahA-nizItha thA, vaha yathAvat nahIM raha skaa| kahA jAtA hai ki usake panne naSTabhraSTa ho gaye, unheM dImaka khA gye| tatpazcAt prAcArya haribhadra sUri ne usakA punaH pariSkAra yA saMzodhana kiyA aura use eka svarUpa pradAna kiyaa| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki vRddhavAdI, siddhasena, yakSasena, devagupta, yazovardhana, ravigupta, nemicandra tathA jinadAsa gaNi prabhRti prAcAryoM ne use samAdRta kiyaa| vaha pravartita huaa| sAdhAraNatayA nizItha ko laghu nizotha aura ise mahAnizItha kahA jAtA hai| para, vAstava meM aisA ghaTita nahIM hotA; kyoMki uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki mahAnizItha kA vAstavika rUpa vidyamAna nahIM hai| kalevara : viSaya-vastu mahAnizItha chaH adhyayanoM tathA do cUlAoM meM vibhakta hai / prathama adhyayana kA nAma zalyoddharaNa hai| isameM pApa rUpa zalya kI nindA aura pAlocanA ke sandarbha meM aThAraha pApa-sthAnakoM kI carcA hai| dvitIya adhyayana meM karmoM ke vipAka tathA tApa-karmoM kI mAlocanA kI vidheyatA kA varNana hai| tRtIya aura caturtha adhyayana meM kutsita zIla yA prAcaraNa vAle sAdhuoM kA saMsarga na kiye jAne ke sambandha meM upadeza haiM / prasaMgopAttatayA grahAM navakAra mantra kI bhI carcA hai aura batAyA gayA hai ki Arya vajra ne navakAra mantra kA 2010_05

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450 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa / 2 uddhAra kiyA aura ise mUla sUtra meM sthAna diyA / navanItasAra saMjJaka paMcama adhyayana meM guru-ziSya ke pArasparika sambandha kA vivecana hai / usa prasaga meM gaccha kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki gacchAcAra nAmaka prakIrNaka kI racanA isI ke AdhAra para huii| SaSTha adhyayana meM pAlocanA tathA prAyazcitta ke kramazaH daza aura cAra bhedoM kA varNana hai| pati kI mRtyu para strI ke satI hone tathA yadi koI rAjA niSputra mara jAe, to usakI vidhavA kanyA ko rAjya-siMhAsanAsIna kiye jAne kA yahAM ullekha hai| aitihAsikatA isa sUtra kI bhASA tathA viSaya ke svarUpa ko dekhate hue isakI gaNanA prAcIna bhAgamoM meM kiyA jAnA samIcIna nahIM lgtaa| isameM tantra sambandhI varNana bhI prApta hote haiN| jaina prAgamoM ke atirikta itara granthoM kA bhI isameM ullekha hai| anya bhI aise aneka pahalU haiM, jinase yaha sambhAvanA puSTa hotI hai ki yaha sUtra arvAcIna hai / 3. vavahAra ( vyavahAra) zruta-vAGamaya meM vyavahAra sUtra kA bahuta bar3A mahatva hai| yahAM taka ki ise dvAdazAMga kA navanIta kahA gayA hai| yadyapi saMkhyA meM cheda-sUtra chaH haiM, para, vastuta: unameM viSaya, sAmagrI, racanA prAdi sabhI dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa tIna hI haiM jinameM vyavahAra sUtra mukhya hai / avaziSTa do nizItha aura vRhatkalpa haiM / kalevara : viSaya-vastu . isameM daza uddezaka haiM, jo sUtroM meM vibhakta haiN| kalevara meM yaha zra ta-grantha nizItha se choTA aura vRhata kalpa se bar3A hai| bhikSuSoM, bhikSuNiyoM dvArA jJAta-ajJAta rUpa meM prAcarita doSoM yA savalanAnoM kI zuddhi yA pratikAra ke lie prAyazcitta, pAlocanA prAdi kA yahAM bahuta mArmika varNana hai| udAharaNArtha, prathama uddezaka meM eka prasaMga hai / yadi eka sAdhu apane gaNa se pRthak hokara ekAkI vihAra karane lage aura phira yadi apane garaNa meM punaH samAviSTa honA cAhe, to usake lie Avazyaka hai ki vaha usa gaNa ke prAcArya, upAdhyAya Adi ke samakSa apanI gardA, nindA, AlocanA-pUrvaka prAyazcitta agIkAra kara prAtma-mArjana kre| yadi prAcArya yA upAdhyAya na mile, to sAmbhogika, vidyAgamI sAdhuoM ke samakSa aisA kre| yadi vaha bhI na mile, to sUtrakAra ne anya sAmbhogika 1. yahAM yaha jJAtavya hai ki digambara AmnAya meM navakAra mantra ke viSaya meM bhinnamA yatA hai| SaTkhaNDAgama ke dhavalA TIkAkAra vIrasena kA amimata hai ki AcArya puSpadanta- navakAra mantra ke sraSTA haiN| ____ 2010_05

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bhASa aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 451 itara sampradAya ke vidyAgamI sAdhu ke samakSa vaisA karane kA vidhAna kiyA hai| usake bhI na milane para sUtrakAra ne anya viziSTa vyaktiyoM ke vikala upasthita kiye haiM, jinake sAkSya se pAlocanA, nindA, gardA dvArA anta: pariSkAra kara prAyazcitta kiyA jaae| yadi vaisA koI bhI na mila pAe, to sUtrakAra kA nirdeza hai ki grAma, nagaraM, nigama, rAjadhAnI kher3a, karpaTa, maDamba, paTTaNa, droNamukha Adi ke pUrva yA uttara dizA meM sthita ho, apane mastaka para donoM hAthoM kI aMjali rakha isa prakAra kahate hue Atma-paryAlocana kare ki maiMne aparAdha kiye hai, maiM sAdhutva meM aparAdhI-doSI banA huuN| maiM arhatoM aura middhoM ke sAkSya se AlocanA karatA huuN| prAtma-pratikrAnta hotA hUM, prAtma-nindA tathA gardA karatA hU~, prAya-. zcitta svIkAra karatA huuN| prAtma-pariSkRti yA antaHzodhana kI yaha mahatvapUrNa prakriyA hai, jo zrAmaNya ke zuddhanirvahana meM niHsandeha udbodhaka tathA utpreraka hai| vyavahAra-sUtra meM isa prakAra ke aneka prasaMga haiM, jinakA zramaNa-jIvana evaM zramaNa-saMgha ke vyavasthA-krama, samIcInatayA saMcAlana tathA pAvitrya kI dRSTi se bar3A mahatva hai| byaan pr'th pthe sb pAyazcittoM ke vizleSaNa kI dRSTi se dUsarA uddezya bhI vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| anavasthApya, pAraMcika Adi prAyazcittoM ke sandarbha meM isa meM aneka mahatvapUrNa tathyoM kA vivecana humA hai| eka sthAna para varNana hai - ''jo sAdhu rogAkrAnta hai, vAyu Adi ke prakopa se jisakA citta vikSipta hai, kAraNa-vizeSa ( kandarpodbhava Adi ) se jisake citta meM vaikalpa hai, yakSa Adi ke prAveza ke kAraNa jo glAna hai, zaivya Adi se atyAkrAnta hai, jo unmAda-prApta hai, jo devakRta upasarga se grasta hone ke kAraNa asta-vyasta hai, krodha Adi kaSAya ke tIvra prAveza ke kAraNa jisakA citta asthira evaM glAna hai, adhika prAyazcitta kI prAzaMkA se jisakA citta khinna hai, usako-una sabako jaba taka ve svastha na ho jAe, taba taka unheM gaNa se bahiSkRta karanA prakalpya hai|" isa prakAra ke aura bhI aneka prasaMga haiM / ___ gaNa-dhArakatA ke lie apekSita sthitiyAM, vihAra-caryA ke vidhi-niSedha, padAsInatA, bhikSA-caryA, sambhoga-visambhoga kA vidhikrama, svAdhyAya ke sambandha meM sUcanA Adi aneka vivaraNa haiM, jo zramaNa-jIvana ke sarvAgINa adhyayana evaM anuzIlana kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiN| ___ sAtavAM uddezaka sAdhuoM aura sAdhviyoM ke pArasparika vyavahAra kI dRSTi se adhyetavya hai| vahAM ullekha hai ki tIna varSa ke dIkSA-paryAya vAlA arthAt jise pravrajita hue kevala tIna varSa hue haiM, vaisA sAdhu usa sAdhvI ko, jise dIkSA grahaNa kiye tIsa varSa ho gaye haiM, upAdhyAya ke rUpa meM prAdeza-upadeza de sakatA hai| isI prakAra kevala pAMca varSa kA dIkSita ____ 2010_05

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452 ] : eka anuzIlana Agama aura fafter[ khaNDa : 2 sAdhu sATha varSa kI dIkSitA sAdhvI ko zrAcArya rUpa meM upadeza de sakatA hai / ye vidhAna vinayapiTika ke usa prasaMga se tulanIya haiM, jahAM sau varSa ko upasampadA prApta bhikSuNI ko bhI usI dina upasampanna bhikSu ke prati abhivAdana, pratyutthAna, aMjali praraNati zrAdi karane kA vidhAna hai / sAdhutroM evaM sAdhviyoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra sambandhI tAratamya aura bhedarekhA kI dRSTi se ye prasaMga vizeSa rUpa se mananIya evaM samIkSaNIya haiN| navama udde zaka meM sAdhu kI pratimAoM tathA abhigraha kA aura dazama adhyayana meM yavamadhyacandra pratimA, vajramadhya-candra pratimA Adi kA varNana hai / dazama adhyayana meM zAstrAdhyayana kI maryAdA evaM niyamAnukrama kA vivecana hai, jo pratyeka sAdhu-sAdhvI ke lie jJAtavya hai / usake anusAra nimnAMkita dIkSA - paryAya - sampanna sAdhu nimnAMkita rUpa meM zAstrAdhyayana kA adhikArI hai : dIkSa-paryAya tIna varSa cAra varSa pAMca varSa ATha varSa daza varSa gvAraha varSa bAraha varSa teraha varSa caudaha varSa pandraha varSa solaha varSa sataraha varSa aThAraha varSa unnIsa parSa bIsa varSa 2010_05 zAstra AcAra-kalpa sUtrakRtAMga dazA taskandha, kalpa aura vyavahAra sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga vyAkhyA - prajJapti kSullikA -vimAna- pravibhakti, mahatI vimAna -pravibhakti aMgacUlikA, vaMga ( varga ) - cUlikA evaM vyAkhyA - cUlikA arupapAta, garuDopapAta, varuNopapAta, vaizramaNopapAta, velagharopapAta / utthAna-zruta, samutthAna-zruta, devendropapAta, nAgapariyApanikA svapna- adhyayana cAraNa - bhAvanA - zradhyayana veda - nisarga AzIviSa- bhAvanA - zradhyayana dRSTi-viSa- bhAvanA - aMga dRSTivAda aMga sabhI zAstra

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 453 isa uddezaka meM prAcArya, upAdhyAya, sthavira tapasvI, nava dIkSita zaikSa (ziSya ), vArdhakya Adi ke kAraNa glAna ( zramaraNa ), kula, gaNa, saMgha tathA sArmika ; ina daza ke vaiyAvRtya-daihika sevA prAdi kA bhI ullekha hai / haanaa sh thaaikhaab vyavahAra sUtra ke racanAkAra bhAcArya bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiN| unhIM ke nAma se isa para niyukti hai| para, sUtrakAra tathA niyuktikAra bhadrabAhu eka hI the, yaha vivAdAspada hai / bahuta sambhava hai, sUtra tathA niyukti bhinnakartRka hoM; isa nAma ke do bhinna prAcAryoM kI racanAe hoN| vyavahAra sUtra para bhASya bhI upalabdha hai, para, niyukti tathA bhASya paraspara mizrita se ho gaye haiN| prAcArya malayagiri dvArA bhASya para vivaraNa kI racanA kI gayI hai| vyavahAra sUtra para cUriNa aura avacUri kI bhI racanA huii| aisA abhimata hai ki isa para vRhad bhASya bhI thA, para, vaha Aja upalabdha nahIM hai / 4. dasAsuyakkhaMdha (dazAzrutaskandha) yaha cheda-sUtroM meM cauthA hai| ise dazA, prAcAra-dazA yA dazAzru ta bhI kahA jAtA hai / yaha daza bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, jinheM dazA nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| AThavAM bhAga adhyayana nAma se saMketita hai| _prathama dazA meM asamAdhi ke bIsa sthAnoM kA varNana hai| dvitIya dazA meM zabala ke ikkIsa sthAnoM kA vivecana hai| zabala kA artha dhabboM vAlA, citakabarA yA sadoSa hai| yahAM zabala kA prayoga dUSita pAcaraNa-rUpa dhabboM ke artha meM hai| tRtIya dazA meM prAzAtanA ke tetIsa prakAra Adi kA ullekha hai / gAzi-sampadA caturtha dazA meM gaNI yA prAcArya kI pATha sampadAoM kA varNana hai| ve ATha sampadAeM isa prakAra haiM : 1. AcAra-sampadA, 2. zruta-sampadA, 3. zarIra-sampadA. 4. vacanasampadA, 5. vAcanA-sampadA, 6. mati-sampadA, 7 prayoga-sampadA, 8. saMgraha-mampadA / pratyeka sampadA ke bhedoM kA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai, vaha zramaNa-saMskRti se prApyAyita virATa vyaktitva ke svarUpa ko jAnane kI dRSTi se bahuta upayogI hai; ataH una bhedoM kA yahAM ullekha kiyA jA rahA hai| prAcAra-sampadA ke cAra bheda : 1. saMyama meM dhruba yogayukta honA, 2. ahaMkArarahita honA, 3. aniyatavRtti honA, 4. vRddhasvabhAvI (pracaMcala svabhAva vAlA) honaa| 2010_05

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454 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 zruta-sampadA ke cAra bheda : 1. bahuzru tatA, 2. paricitazra tatA, 3. vicitrazrutatA, 4. ghossvishuddhikaarktaa| zarIra-sampadA ke cAra bheda : 1. zarIra kI lambAI-caur3AI kA samyak anupAta, 2. alajjAspada zarIra, 3. sthira saMgaThana, 4. pratipUrNondiyatA / vacana-sampadA ke cAra bheda : 1. Adeya vacana ( grahaNa karane yogya vANI), 2. madhura vacana, 3. anizcita ( pratibandha rahita , vacana, 4. asandigdha vacana / pAcanA-sampadA ke cAra bheda : 1. vicAra pUrvaka vAcya viSaya kA uddeza-nirdeza karanA, 2. vicAra pUrvaka vAcanA karanA, 3. upayukta viSaya kA hI vivecana karanA, 4. artha kA sunizcita nirupaNa karanA / mati-sampadA ke cAra bheda : 1. avagraha-mati-sampadA, 2. IhA-mati-sampadA, 3. pravAya-mati-sampadA, 4 dhAraNa-mati-sampadA / prayoga-sampadA ke cAra bheda : 1. aAtma-jJAnapUrvaka vAda-prayoga, 2. pariSadjJAnapUrvaka vAda-prayoga 3. kSetra-jJAnapUrvaka vAda-prayoga, 4 vastu-jJAnapUrvaka vAda-prayoga ! saMgraha-sampadA ke cAra bheda : 1. varSARtu meM saba muniyoM ke nivAsa ke lie yogya sthAna kI parIkSA karanA, 2. saba muniyoM ke lie prAtihArika pITha-phalaka-zayyA saMstAraka kI vyavasvA karanA, 3. niyata samaya para pratyeka kArya karanA, 4. apane se bar3oM kI pUjA-pratiSThA karanA / paMcama dazA meM citta-samAdhi-sthAna tathA usake daza bhedoM kA varNana hai| SaSTha dazA meM upAsaka yA zrAvaka kI daza pratimAoM kA nirUpaNa hai| usa sandarbha meM sUtrakAra ne mithyAtva-prasUta akriyAvAda tathA prArambha-samArambha-mUlaka kriyAvAda kA vistAra se vizleSaNa karate hue droha, rAga, moha, prAsakti, vaimanasya tathA bhogaSaNA, laukika sukha, lokaSaNA-loka-prazasti prAdi se udbhUta anekAneka pApa-kRtyoM kA vizleSaNa karate hue unake nArakIya phaloM kA romAMcaka varNana kiyA hai| saptama dazA meM dvAdazavidha bhikSu-pratimA kA vivecana hai| jaise, prathama eka mAsika bhikSa-pratimA meM pAlanIya prAcAra-niyamoM ke sandarbha meM vihAra-pravAsa ko uddiSTa kara -batalAyA gayA hai ki eka mAsika bhikSu-pratimA-upapanna bhikSu, jisa kSetra meM use pahacAnane vAle hoM, vahAM kevala rAtri-pravAsa kara vihAra kara jaae| jahAM koI pahacAnane vAlA na ho, vahAM eka rAta, adhika ho to do rAta pravAsa kara jaae| aisA na karane para vaha bhikSu dIkSA-cheda athavA parihArika tapa ke prAyazcitta kA bhAgI hotA hai| pratyeka pratimA ke 2010_05

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mASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI , prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 455 sambandha meM vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai, jo pratyeka saMyama evaM tapa-rata bhikSu ke lie parizIlanIya hai| aSTama adhyayana meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke cyavana, garbha-saMharaNa. janma, dIkSA, kevala-jJAna, mokSa prAdi kA varNana hai| ise pajjosaraNa-kappa yA kalpa-sUtra ke nAma se bhI abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| usa para aneka prAcAryoM kI TIkAe hai, jinameM jinapriya, dharmasAgara, vinayavijaya, samayasundara. ratnasAgara, saMghavijaya, lakSmIvallabha Adi mukhya haiN| paryuSaNa ke dinoM meM sAdhu pravacana meM isako par3hate haiN| cheda-sUtroM kA pariSad meM paThana na kiye jAne kI paramparA rahI haiN| kyoMki unameM adhikAMzataH sAdhu-sAdhviyoM dvArA jAna-anajAna meM huI bhUloM, doSoM Adi ke sammArjana ke vidhi-krama haiM, jinheM vizeSataH unheM ho samajhanA cAhie, jinakA unase sambandha ho| paryuSaNa-kalpa cheda-sUtra kA aMga hote hue bhI eka apanI bhinna sthiti liye hue hai; ataH usakA paThana antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke itihAsa kA avabodha karAne ke hetu upayogI hai| kimvadantI hai ki vikramAbda 523 meM prAnandapura ke rAjA dhra vasena ke putra kA maraNa ho gyaa| use tathA usake pArivArika janoM ko zAnti dene kI dRSTi se taba se isakA vyAkhyAna meM paThana-krama prArambha hmaa| racanAkAra : vyAkhthA-sAhitya dazAzru tarakandha ke racayitA AcArya bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiN| unhIM ke nAma se isa para niyukti hai| para, jaisA ki vyavahAra-sUtra ke varNana ke prasaMga meM ullekha huA hai, sUtra maura niyukti kI ekakartRva tA sandigdha hai| isa para riNa kI bhI racanA huii| brahmarSi pArzvacandrIya-praNIta vRtti bhI hai| 5. kappa (kalpa athavA vRhatkalpa) dazAzru taskandha ke aSTama adhyayana ke sandarbha meM paryuSaNa-kalpa kI carcA kI gayI hai, usase yaha bhinna hai| ise kalpAdhyayana bhI kahA jAtA hai| kalpa yA kalpya kA prathaM yogya va vihita hai| sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke saMyama-jIvana ke nimitta jo sAdhaka prAcaraNa haiM, ve kalpa yA kalpya haiM aura usameM bAdhA yA vighna upasthita karane vAle jo prAcaraNa haiM, ve prakalpa yA prakalpya haiN| prastuta sUtra meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke saMyata caryA ke sandarbha meM vastra, pAtra, sthAna Adi ke viSaya meM vizada vivecana hai| ise jaina zramaNa-jIvana se prAcInatama prAcAra-zAstra kA mahAn grantha mAnA jAtA hai| nizItha aura vyavahAra kI taraha usakA bhI bhASA, viSaya Adi kI dRSTi se bar3A mahatva hai| isakI bhASA vizeSa prAcInatA liye hue hai| para, TIkAkAroM dvArA yatra-tatra parivartana, parivardhana Adi kiyA jAtA rahA hai, jaisA ki anyAnya AgamoM meM bhI huA hai| 2010_05

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456 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana kalevara : viSaya-vastu chaH uddezakoM meM yaha sUtra vibhakta hai| zramaNoM ke khAna-pAna, rahana-sahana, vihAra-caryA Adi ke gahana vivecana kI dRSTi isa meM parilakSita honI hai| prasaMgopAttatayA isake prathama uddezaka meM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke vihAra-tra ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki unheM pUrva meM aMga aura magadha taka, dakSiNa meM kozAmbI taka, pazcima meM thAnezvara-pradeza taka tathA uttara-pUrva meM kuNAla-pradeza taka vihAra karanA kalpya hai| itanA prArya-kSetra hai| isase bAhara vihAra kalpya nahIM hai| isake anantara kahA gayA hai ki yadi sAdha pro ko apane jJAna, darzana tathA cAritrya kA vighAta na pratIta hotA ho, logoM meM jJAna, darzana va cAritrya kI vRddhi hone kI sambhAvanA ho, to ukta sImAnoM se bAhara bhI vihAra karanA kalpya hai| tIsare uddezaka meM sAdha proM aura sAdhviyoM ke eka-dUsare ke Thaharane ke sthAna meM prAvAgamana kI maryAdA, baiThane, sone, pAhAra karane, svAdhyAya karane, dhyAna karane Adi neSadha prabhRti kA varNana hai| zramaNa-pravrajyA svIkAra karane ke samaya upakaraNa-grahaNa kA vidhAna, varSA-kAla ke cAra tathA avaziSTa prATha mAsa meM vastra-vyavahAra prAdi aura bhI aneka aise viSaya isa uddezaka meM vyAkhyAta hue haiM, jo satata jAgarUka tathA saMyama-rata jIvana ke samyaka nirvAha kI preraNA dete haiN| caturtha uddezaka meM prAcAra-vidhi tathA prAyazcittoM kA vizleSaNa hai| usa sandarbha meM anuddhAtika, pAraMcika tathA anavasthApya Adi kI carcA hai / ruun ptrnnuth or __ prAsaMgika rUpa meM caturtha uddezaka meM ullekha huA hai ki gaMgA, yamunA, sarayU, kosI aura mahI nAmaka jo bar3I nadiyAM haiM. unameM se kisI bhI nadI ko eka mAsa meM eka bAra se adhika pAra karanA sAdhu -sAdhvI ke lie kalpya nahIM hai| sAtha-hI-sAtha vahAM aisA bhI kahA gayA hai : "jaise, kuNAlA meM erAvatI nadI hai| vaha kama jala vAlI haiN| prataH eka paira ko pAnI ke bhItara aura dUsare ko pAnI ke Upara karate hae pAnI dekha-dekha kara (nitAra-nitAra kara ) use pAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| use eka mAsa meM do bAra, tIna bAra pAra karanA bhI kalpya hai| para, jahAM jala kI adhikatA ke kAraNa vaisA karanA zakya mahIM hai, vahAM eka bAra se adhika pAra karanA akalpya hai| ___ chaThe uddezaka meM eka prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai ki kisI sAdhu ke pAMva meM kIlA, kAMTA, kAca kA tIkhA TukaDA gar3a jAe. sAdha use svayaM nikAlane meM sakSama na ho, nikAlane vAlA anya sAdhu bhI pAsa meM na ho, to yadi sAdhvI use zuddha bhAva pUrvaka nikAle, to vaha ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhilya] ArSa-(adamAgadhI) prAkRta aura mAgama pAramaya [457 tIrthakara kI prAzA kA atikramaNa nahIM krtii| isI prakAra sAdhu kI mAMkha meM koI jIva-bhunagA, bIja, raja-kaNa prAdi par3a jAe, use vaha svayaM na nikAla sake aura na vaisA kara sakane vAlA koI dUsarA sAdhu pAsa meM ho, to sAdhvI zuddha bhAva se vaisA karatI huI tIrthakara kI prAjJA kA pratikramaNa nahIM krtii| sAdhvI kI bhI vaisI hI sthiti ho, jaisI sAdhu kI patalAI gayI hai, to sAdhu zuddha bhAva se sAdhvI ke paira se kIla, kAMTA, kAca kA Tukar3A Adi nikAla sakatA hai / pAkha meM se kITANu, bIja, raja-kaNa bhAdi haTA sakatA hai| vaisA karatA huA vaha tIrthakara kI AjJA kI virAdhanA nahIM krtaa| eka aura prasaMga hai, jisameM batalAyA gayA hai ki yadi koI sAdhvI kisI durgama sthAna sai, viSama sthAna se, parvata se skhalita ho rahI ho, gira rahA ho; use bacA sake, baMsI koI dUsarI sAdhvI usake pAsa na ho to sAdhu yahi use pakar3a kara, sahArA dekara bacAe, to vaha tIrthakara kI AzA kA atikramaNa nahIM krtaa| isI prakAra yadi koI sAdhu nadI meM, jalAzaya maiM, kIcar3a meM phaMsI sAdhvI ko pakar3a kara nikAla de, to vaha tIrthakara kI prAzA kA ullaMghana nahIM krtaa| isI prakAra naukA meM car3hate-utarate samaya sAdhvI ke lar3akhar3A jAne, par3ane lagane, vAta Adi doSa se vikSita ho jAne ke kAraNa apane ko na samhAla pAne, harSAtireka yA zokAtireka se gusta-citta ho kara prAtma-dhAta Adi ke lie udyata hone, yakSa, bhUta, preta Adi se AviSTa ho jAne ke kAraNa asta-vyasta dazA meM ho jAne jaise aneka prasaMga upasthita karate hue sUtrakAra ne nirdiSTa kiyA hai ki ukta sthiti meM sAdhu sAdhvI ko pakar3a kara baghA sakatA hai| vaisA karane meM use koI doSa nahIM aataa| spaSTa hai ki sUtrakAra ne ina prasaMgoM se zramaNa-jIvana ke vividha pahaluoM ko sUkSmatA se parakhate hue eka vyavasthA nirdezita kI hai, jo zrAmaNya ke zuddhipUrvaka nirvahaNa-hetu apekSita evaM upayukta suvidhAoM kI pUraka hai| racanA wa vyAkhyA-sAhitya kalpa yA vRhatkalpa ke racanAkAra AcArya bhadrabAhu mAne jAte haiN| prAcArya malayagiri ne likhA hai ki pratyAkhyAna saMjJaka navama pUrva kI AcAra nAmaka tRtIya vastu ke bIsaveM prAbhRta ke prAyazcitta-sambandhI vivecana ke prAdhAra para isakI racanA kI gayI / pUrSa-zAna kI paramparA usa samaya astonmukha thI; ataH prAyazcitta-vidhAna, jinheM pratyeka zramaNa 2010_05

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458] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana zramaNI ko bhalIbhAMti jAnanA cAhie, kahIM ucchinna yA lupta na ho jAe, etadartha AcArya bhadrabAhu ne vyavahAra sUtra aura kalpa-sUtra race / kalpa para bhadrabAhukRta niyukti bhI hai, jisakI kartR'katA asandigdha nahIM hai| isa para saMghadAsa gaNI ne laghu bhASya kI racanA kii| malayagiri ne ullekha kiyA hai ki prAcArya bhadrabAhu kI niyukti tathA saMghadAsa gaNI kA bhASya; donoM isa prakAra paraspara vimizrita jaise ho gaye haiM ki una donoM ko pRthak-pRthak sthApita karanA asambhava jaisA hai / bhASya para prAcArya malayagiri ne vivaraNa kI racanA kii| para, vaha racanA pUrNa nahIM thii| lagabhaga do zatAbdiyoM ke pazcAt kSemakIrti sUri ne use pUrA kiyaa| vRhatkalpa para vRhad bhASya bhI hai, vaha pUrNa nahIM hai, kevala tRtIya uddezaka taka hI prApya hai| isa para vizeSa cUNi kI bhI racanA huii| 6. paMcakappa (paMca-kalpa) paMcakalpa sUtra aura paMcakalpa-bhASya; ye do nAma pracalita haiM, jinase sAmAnyataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sambhavataH ye do grantha hoN| para vAstava meM aisA nahIM hai| nAma do haiM, grantha eka / malayagiri aura kSemakIti ke anusAra paMcakA bhASpa vastutaH vRhatkalpa-bhASya kA hI eka aMza hai| isakI vaisI hI sthiti hai, jaisI piNDa-niyukti aura augha-niyukti kI hai / piNDa-niyukti koI mUlataH pRthak grantha nahIM hai, vaha dazavakAlika niyukti kA hI bhAga hai| usI prakAra audha-niyukti bhI svatantra grantha na hokara Avazyaka-niyukti kA hI bhAga hai| viSaya-vizeSa se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa pAThakoM kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se unheM pRthak-pRthak kara diyA gayA hai| vRhatkalpa-bhASya kA aMza hone ke nAte paMcakalpa sUtra yA paMcakalpa-bhASya saMghadAsa gaNI dvArA racita hI mAnA jAnA cAhie / isa para cUNi kI bhI racanA huii| jIyakappasutta (jItakalpa-sUtra) jIna, joya yA jIta kA artha paramparAgata se Agata AcAra, maryAdA, vyavasthA yA prAyazcitta se sambandha rakhane vAlA eka prakAra kA rivAja Adi hai / isa sUtra meM jaina. A pAia-saha-mahaNNado, pR0 358 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (adamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [459. dhamaNoM ke sandarbha meM prAyazcittoM kA vidhAna hai| isa sUtra meM eka sau tIna gAthAeM haiM / isameM prAyazcitta kA mahatva, Atma-zuddhi yA antaH-pariSkAra meM usakI upAdeyatA Adi viSayoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| prAyazcitta ke daza bhedoM kA vahAM vivecana hai : 1. prAlIcanA, 2. pratikramaNa, 3. mizra-AlocanA-pratikramaNa, 4. viSeka, 5. vyutsarga, 6. tapa, 7. cheda, 8. mUla, 9. amavasthApya, 10. pAraMcika / aisI mAnyatA hai ki prAcArya bhadrabAhu ke anantara antima do anavasthApya aura pAraMcika nAmaka prAyazcitta vyucchanna ho gye| Pear: rear-sAhitya suprasiddha jaina lekhaka, vizeSAvazyaka-bhAjya jaise mahAn grantha ke praNetA jinabhadragaNI bhamAzramaNa (saptama vi. zatI) isa sUtra ke racayitA mAne jAte haiM / kSamAzramaNa isake bhASyakAra bhI kahe jAte haiM, para, vaha bhASya vastutaH koI svatantra grantha na ho kara bRhatkalpa-bhAvya, vyavahAra-bhASya, paMcakalpa-bhASya, tathA piNDa-niyukti prabhRti granthoM kI viSayAnurUpa bhinnabhinna gAthAoM kA saMkalana mAtra hai| AcArya siddhasena ne isa grantha para cUNi kI racanA kii| zrIcandra sUri (1228 vikramAbda meM) usa (cUriNa) para viSama-pada-vyAkhyA nAmaka TIkA kI racanA kii| zrItilakAcAryapraNIta vRtti bhI isa para hai| yati-jItakalpa aura bhAra-jItakampa nAmaka grantha bhI jotakalpasUtra se hI sambaddha yA tad viSayAntargata mAne jAte haiM / yati-jItakalpa meM yatiyoM yA sAghuoM ke AcAra kA varNana hai aura zrAddha-jItakalpa meM zrAddha-zramaNopAsaka yA zrAvaka ke prAcAra kA vivecana hai| yati-jItakalpa kI racanA somaprabhasari ne kii| sAdhuratna ne usa para vRtti likhii| prAda-jItakalpa kI racanA dharmaghoSa dvArA kI gayI / usa para somatilaka ne vRtti kI racanA kii| mUla sUtra uttarAdhyayana, dazavakAlika, Avazyaka, piNDa-niyukti tathA ogha-niyukti ko sAmAnyataH mUla sUtroM ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai / yaha sarvasammata tathya nahIM hai| kucha vidvAn uttarAdhyayana, dazarvakAlika tathA Avazyaka; ina tIna ko hI mUla sUtroM meM ginate haiM / ve piNDa-niyukti tathA ogha-niyukti ko mUla sUtroM meM samAviSTa nahIM karate / jaisA ki pahale iMgita kiyA gayA hai, piNDa-niyukti dazavakAlika niyukti kA tathA ogha-niyukti Avazyaka-niyukti kA aMza hai / katipaya vidvAn ukta tIna mUla sUtroM meM piNDa-niyukti ko sammilita kara unakI saMkhyA cAra mAnate haiM / kucha ke anusAra, jaisA ki prArambha meM sUcita 2010_05

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460] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khama:2 kiyA gayA hai, mogha-niyukti sahita ve pAMca haiN| katipaya vidvAn uparyukta tIna meM se Avazyaka ko haTA kara tathA anuyogadvAra va nandI ko unameM sammilita kara; cAra kI saMkhyA pUrI karate haiN| kucha loga pavikhya suta (pAkSika sUtra) kA bhI inake sAtha nAma le saMyojita karate haiN| mahatva mUla sUtroM meM vastutaH uttarAdhyayana aura dazavakAlika kA jaina vAGamaya meM bahuta bar3A mahatva hai / vidvAn inheM jaina Agama-vAG maya ke prAcInatama sUtroM meM ginate haiM / bhASA kI dRSTi se bhI inakI prAcInatA akSuNNa hai| viSaya-vivecana kI apekSA se ye bar3e samRddha haiN| ye suttanipAta va dhammapada jaise suprasiddha bauddha granthoM se tulanIya haiN| jaina darzana, AcAravijJAna tathA tatsammata jIvana ke vizleSaNa kI dRSTi se adhyetAoM aura anveSTAoM ke lie ye grantha vizeSa rUpa se parizIlanIya haiN| muul : naashthaa ? ? mUla-sUtra nAma kyoM aura kaba pracalita huA, kucha kahA nahIM jA sktaa| prAcIna prAgama-granthoM meM mUla yA mUla sUtroM ke nAma se kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM hai / pazcAdvartI sAhitya meM bhI sambhavataH isa nAma kA pahalA prayoga bhAvadevamUri-racita jainadharmavarastotra ke tIsaveM zloka kI TIkA meM hai| vahAM "atha uttarAdhyayana-Avazyaka-piNDaniyukti-ogha-niyuktidavezakAlika iti catvAri mUla sUtrANi" isa prakAra kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| pr'aahkhaate bichaanaa dbaaraa pbis 2 gahana adhyayana, talasparzI anusandhAna aura gaveSaNA kI dRSTi se yoropIya dezoM ke katipaya vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya vAGamaya para jisa ruci aura aparitrAnta adhyavasAya va lagana ke sAtha jo kArya kiyA hai, niHsandeha vaha stutya hai| kArya kisa sImA taka ho sakA, kitanA ho sakA, usake niSkarSa kitane upAdeya haiM; ityAdi pahalU to svatantra rUpa meM cintana aura AlocanA ke viSaya haiM, para, unakA zrama, utsAha aura satata prayatnazIlatA bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke lie bhI anukaraNIya hai / jaina vAGamaya tathA prAkRta bhASA ke kSetra meM jarmanI Adi pazcimI dezoM ke vidvAnoM ne adhika kArya kiyA hai / jaina Agama-sAhitya para anusandhAna kartA vidvAnoM ke prastuta viSaya para jo bhinna-bhinna vicAra haiM, unheM yahAM upasthita kiyA jAtA hai| 2010_05

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[461 bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRti aura Agama vAGamaya 80 saathe gdhaa sn ___ jarmanI ke suprasiddha prAcya-adhyetA pro. zanTiyara (Prof. Charpantier) ne uttarAdhyayana sUtra kI prastAvanA meM isa sambandha meM jo likhA hai, usake anusAra inakA mUla sUtra nAma par3ane kA kAraNa inameM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mUla zabdoM kA (Mahavira's own words) kA saMgRhIta honA hai| isakA Azaya yaha hai ki inameM jo zabda saMkalita hue haiM, ve svayaM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mukha se niHsRta haiM / o naaN rs paa aasn jaina vAGamaya ke vikhyAta adhyetA jarmana ke vidvAn DA. vAlTara zubriga (Dr. Walter Schubring) ne Lax Raligion Dyainal nAmaka (jarmana bhASA meM likhita) pustaka meM isa sambandha meM ullekha kiyA hai ki mUla sUtra nAma isalie diyA gayA pratIta hotA hai ki sAdhuoM aura sAdhviyoM ke sAdhanAmaya jIvana ke mUla meM-IIII meM unake upayoga ke lie inakA sarjana huaa| s+0 ghiinii dhbii naa ___ jaina zAstroM ke gahana anuzIlaka iTalI ke prophesara gerIno (Prof. Guerinot) ne isa sambandha meM eka dUsarI kalpanA kI hai| vaisA karate samaya unake mastiSka meM grantha ke do rUpa mUla tathA TIkA kA dhyAna rahA hai| ataH unhoMne mUla kA Azaya Traites Original se liyA / arthAt pro. gerIno ne mUla grantha ke artha meM mUla sUtra kA prayoga mAnA; kyoMki ina granthoM para niyukti, cUNi, TokA, vRtti prabhRti aneka prakAra kA vipula vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya racA gayA hai| TIkA yA vyAkhyA granthoM meM usa grantha ko sarvatra mUla kahA jAtA hai, jisakI ve TIkAeM yA vyAkhyAeM hotI haiM / jaina Agama vAGmaya-sambandhI pranthoM meM uttarAdhyayana aura vazavakAlika para atyadhika TIkA-vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya racA gayA hai| jinameM pro. gerIno ke anusAra TIkAkAroM ne mUla grantha ke artha meM mUla sUtra kA prayoga kiyA ho / usI paripATI kA sambhavataH yaha pariNAma rahA ho ki inheM mUla sUtra kahane kI paramparA prArambha ho gayI ho| ____ 2010_05

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ra samIkSA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne jo kalpanAeM kI haiM, unake pIche kisI apekSA kA AdhAra hai, para, samIkSA kI kasauTI para kasane para ve sarvAMzataH kharI nahIM utrtiiN| pro. zarpenTiyara ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mUla zabdoM ke sAtha inheM jor3ate hue jo samAdhAna upasthita kiyA, use uttarAdhyayana ke lie to evaM apekSA se saMgata mAnA jA sakatA hai, para, dazavekAlika Adi ke sAtha usakI bilakula saMgati nahIM hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mUla yA sAkSAt vacanoM ke AdhAra para yadi mUla sUtra nAma par3atA, to yaha AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga jaise mahatvapUrNa raMga-granthoM ke sAtha bhI jur3atA, jinakA bhagavAn mahAvIra kI dezanA ke sAtha (garaNadharoM ke mAdhyama se ) sIdhA sambandha mAnA jAtA hai / para vahAM aisA nahIM hai; ataH isa kalpanA meM nihita bhUla zabda kA vaha Azaya yathAvat rUpa meM ghaTita nahIM hotA / Agama aura faftee : eke anuzIlana DA. vAlTara zubriMga ne zramaNa-jIvana ke prArambha meM mUla meM pAlanIya zrAcArasambandhI niyamoM, paramparAyoM evaM vidhi-vidhAnoM ke zikSaNa kI dRSTi se mUla sUtra nAbha diye jAne kA samAdhAna prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaha bhI mUla sUtroM ke antargata mAne jAne bAle saba granthoM para kahAM ghaTatA hai / dazavekAlika kI to lagabhaga vaisI sthiti hai, para, anyatra bahulazitayA vaisA nahIM hai / uttarAdhyayana meM, jo mUla sUtroM meM sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa hai, zramaraNa-caryA se sambaddha niyamopaniyamoM tathA vidhi-vidhAnoM ke atirikta unameM jaina dharma aura darzana -sambandhI aneka viSaya - vyAkhyAta kiye gaye haiM / aneka dRSTAnta, kathAnaka tathA aitihAsika ghaTanAkrama bhI upasthita kiye gaye haiM, jo zramaNa-saMskRti aura jaina tatva-dhArA ke vividha pahaluoM se jur3e hue haiM / isalie DA. vAlTara zukriMga ke samAdhAna ko bhI ekAMgI cintana se adhika nahIM kahA jA sakatA / mUla sUtroM meM jo sannihita hai, zubiMga kI vyAkhyA meM vaha sampUrNatayA antarbhUta nahIM hotA / 2010_05 [khaNDa : 2 iTAliyana vidvAn pro. gerIno ne mUla aura TIkA ke AdhAra para mUla-sUtra nAma par3ane kI jo kalpanA kI hai, vaha bahuta sthUla tathA bahirgAmI cintana para ghRta hai / usameM sUkSma gaveSaNA yA gahana vimarza kI dRSTi nahIM pratIta hotI / mUla sUtroM ke atirikta anya sUtroM para bhI aneka TIkAeM haiN| parimANa kI nyUnatA - adhikatA ho sakatI hai| usase koI vizeSa phalita niSpanna nahIM hotA; ataH isa vizleSaraNa kI anupAdeyatA spaSTa hai / uparyukta UhApoha ke sandarbha meM vicAra karane para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaina darzana,

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI prAkRta aura Agama vAG maya [ 463 dharma, AcAra evaM jIvana ke mUlabhUta AdarzoM, siddhAntoM yA tathyoM kA vizleSaNa apane Apa meM saheje rakhane ke kAraNa sambhavataH ye mUla - sUtra kahe jAne lage hoM / mukhyataH uttarAdhyayana evaM dazakAlika kI viSaya-vastu para yadi dRSTipAta kiyA jAe, to yaha spaSTa pratibhAsita hogA / nAma : vizleSayA uttarAdhyayana zAbdika dRSTi se uttara aura adhyayana; ina do zabdoM kI samanviti se banA hai / uttara zabda kA eka artha pazcAt yA pazcAdvartI hai / dUsarA artha utkRSTa yA zreSTha hai / isakA artha prazna kA samAdhAna yA uttara to hai hI / uttarabhayaraNa (uttarAdhyayana) pazcAdvartI artha ke AdhAra para uttarAdhyayana kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI jAtI hai ki isakA adhyayana AdhAraMga ke uttara-kAla meM hotA thA / zrutakevalI AcArya zayyambhava ke anantara isake adhyayana kI kAlika paramparA meM antara zrAyA / yaha dazavekAlika ke uttarakAla meM par3hA jAne lgaa| para, 'uttarAdhyayana' saMjJA meM koI parivartana karanA apekSita nahIM huA; kyoMki donoM hI sthAnoM para pazcAduvartitA kA abhiprAya sadRza hI hai / uttara zabda kA utkRSTa yA zreSTha artha karane ke AdhAra para kucha vidvAnoM ne isa zabda . kI yaha vyAkhyA kI ki jaina zruta kA isameM asAdhAraNa rUpa meM utkRSTa evaM zreSTha vivecana hai; ataH isakA uttarAdhyayana abhidhAna anvarthaka hai / pro. lyUmaina (Prof. Leumann) ne uttara aura adhyayana zabdoM kA sIdhA artha pakar3ate hue uttarAdhyayana kA Azaya Later Readings arthAt pazcAt yA pIche race hue adhyayana kiyaa| pro. lyUmaina ke anusAra ina adhyayanoM kI yA isa grAgama kI racanA aMga-granthoM ke pazcAt yA uttara-kAla meM huI; ataeva yaha uttarAdhyayana ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jAne lagA / - kalpasUtra meM tathA TIkAgranthoM meM ullekha hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane antima samaya maiM prapRSTa - anapUche chattIsa praznoM ke sandarbha meM vizleSaNa - vivecana kiyaa| isa AdhAra para una adhyayanoM kA saMkalana 'apRSTa vyAkaraNa' nAma se abhihita huaa| usI kA nAma 2010_05

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mAgama aura vipiTaka : eka anuzIlana [at:2 apRSTa praznoM kA uttara-rUpa hone ke kAraNa uttarAdhyayana ho gayA 'apRSTa vyAkaraNa' kI carcA AcArya hemacandra ne apane viSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita' mahAkAvya meM bhI kI hai| bishkh kalpasUtrakAra tathA TIkAkAroM dvArA diyA gayA samAdhAna tathA pro. lyUmaina dvArA kiyA gayA vivecana; donoM paraspara bhinna haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne binA pUche chattIsa praznoM ke uttara diye, unakA saMkalana huA-uttarAdhyayana ke astitva meM pAne ke sambandha meM yaha kalpanA paramparA-puSTa hote hue bhI utanI hRd-grAhya pratIta nahIM hotii| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apRSTa praznoM ke uttara diye, isake sthAna para yaha bhASA kyA adhika saMgata nahIM hotI ki unhoMne antima samaya meM kucha dhArmika upadeza, vicAra yA sandeza diye / phira vahAM uttara zabda bhI ma Akara 'vyAkaraNa' zabda AyA hai, jisakA artha vizleSaNa hai| yadi antima ke artha meM uttara zabda kA prayoga mAnA jAtA, to phira bhI kucha saMgati' hotii| para, jabAba ke artha meM uttara zabda kA yahAM grahaNa uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke svarUpa ke sAtha sambhavataH utanA mela nahIM khAtA, jitanA honA caahie| uttarAdhyayana meM dRSTAnta haiM, kathAnaka haiM, ghaTanAkrama haiM-yaha saba uttara zabda ke abhiprAya meM antarbhUta ho jAeM, kama saMgata pratIta hotA hai| sAhityika raSTi se bhI uttara zabda vastutaH prazna-sApekSa hai| prazna ke binA jo bhI kucha kahA jAe, baha vyAkhyAna, vivecana, vizleSaNa, nirUpaNa Adi saba ho sakatA hai, para, use uttara kaise kahA jAe ? niyuktikAra ne uttarAdhyayana kI racanA ke sambandha meM jo likhA hai, usase yaha tathya bAdhita hai| pro. lyUmaina ne jo kahA hai, usakI tArkika asaMgati nahIM hai| bhASA-zAstriyoM ne jo parizIlana kiyA hai, usake anusAra uttarAdhyayana kI bhASA prAcIna hai, para, usase pro. lyUmaina kA kathana khaNDita nahIM hotaa| kyoMki unhoMne isakI koI vizeSa arvAcInatA to sthApita kI nahIM hai, ise aMga-granthoM se pazcAdvartI batAyA hai| vaisA karane meM koI asambhAvyatA pratIta nahIM hotii| 1, SaTtriMzasamApraznavyAkaraNAnyabhidhAya ca / pradhAna nAmAdhyayanaM jagadgururabhAvayat // -parva 10, sarga 13, ralo. 224 2. bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane uttara yA antima kAla meM ye adhyayana upaviSTa kiye| ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (addhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 465 ___ eka prazna aura uThatA hai, aMga-granthoM ke pazcAdvartI to aneka grantha haiM, pazcAdvartitA yA uttaravartitA ke kAraNa kevala ise hI uttarAdhyayana kyoM kahA gayA ? isa sambandha meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha aMga-granthoM ke samakakSa mahatva liye hue hai / racanA, viSaya-vastu, vizleSaNa Adi kI dRSTi se unhIM kI koTi kA hai; ataH ise hI vizeSa rUpa se isa abhidhA se saMzita kiyA gyaa| yaha bhI eka anumAna hai| usase adhika koI Thosa tathya isase prakaTa nahIM hotaa| saMkSepa meM vizAla jaina tatva-jJAna tathA AcAra-zAstra ko vyakta karane meM AgamavAGamaya meM isakA asAdhAraNa sthAna hai| bhagavad gItA jisa prakAra samagra vaidika dharma kA niSkarSa yA navanIta hai, jaina dharma ke sandarbha meM uttarAdhyayana kI bhI vahI sthiti hai| kAvyAtmaka hRdayasparzI zailI, lalita evaM pezala saMvAda, sAtha-hI-sAtha svabhAvataH sAlaMkAra bhASA prabhRti isakI aneka vizeSatAeM haiM, jinhoMne samIkSaka tathA anusandhitsu vidvAnoM ko bahuta AkRSTa kiyA hai / DA. viNTaranitja ne ise zramaNa-kAvya ke rUpa meM nirUpita kiyA hai tathA mahAbhArata, suttanipAta, dhammapada Adi ke sAtha isakI tulanA kI hai| uttarAdhyayana kA yaha mahatva kevala ina zatAbdiyoM meM hI nahIM ubharA hai, pratyuta bahuta pahale se svIkAra kiyA jAtA rahA hai / niyuktikAra ne tIna gAthAeM ullikhita karate hue isake mahatva kA upapAdana kiyA hai : "jo jIva bhavasiddhika haiM--bhavya haiM, parittasaMsArI haiM, ve uttarAbhyayana ke chattIsa adhyayana par3hate haiM / jo jIva abhavasiddhika haiM-prabhavya haiM, granthikasatva haiM jinakA granthi-bheda nahIM huA hai, jo anantasaMsArI haiM, saMkliSTakarmA haiM, ve uttarAdhyayana par3hane ke ayogya haiN| isalie (sAdhaka ko) jinaprajJapta, zabda aura artha ke ananta paryAyoM se saMyukta isa sUtra kA yathAvidhi (upadhAna Adi tapa dvArA) gurujanoM ke anugraha se adhyayana karanA caahie|1 1. je kira bhavasiddhIyA, parittasaMsArimA ya bhaviA ya / te kira pati dhIrA, chattIsa uttarAyaNe // huti prabhavisiddhIyA, gaMthiasattA arNatasaMsArA / te saMkilikammA, abhaviya uttaramAe / samhA jiNapancaro, aNaMtagamapajjavehi sNjutte| bhajmAe jahAjoga, gurupasAyA ahinimajjA 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana utsarAdhyayana sUtra chattIsa adhyayanoM meM vibhakta hai| samavAyAMga sUtra ke chattIsaveM samavAya meM uttarAdhyayana ke chattIsa adhyayanoM ke zIrSakoM kA ullekha hai, jo uttarAdhyayana meM prApta adhyayanoM ke nAmoM se milate haiN| uttarAdhyayana ke jIvAjIvavibhakti saMjJaka chattIsaveM adhyayana ke anta meM nimnAMkita zabdoM meM isa ora saMketa hai : "bhavasiddhika jIvoM ke lie sammata usarAdhyayana ke chattIsa adhyayana prAdurbhUta kara jJAtaputra, sarvajJa bhagavAn mahAvIra parinivRta-mukta ho gaye / "] uttarAdhyayana ke nAma-sambandhI vizleSaNa ke prasaMga meM yaha viSaya cacita huA hI hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane anta samaya meM ina chattIsa adhyayanoM kA AkhyAna kiyaa| nithukaar' 4/aa apshn niyuktikAra AcArya bhadrabAhu kA abhimata upayukta pAramparika mAnyatA ke pratikUla hai| unhone isa sambandha meM niyukti meM likhA hai : "uttarAdhyayana ke kucha adhyayana aMgaprabhava haiM, kucha jina-bhASita haiM, kucha pratyeka buddhoM dvArA nirdezita haiM, kucha saMvAda-prasUta haiM / isa prakAra bandhana se chUTane kA mArga batAne ke hetu usake chattIsa adhyayana nirmita hue|" cUriNakAra jinadAsa mahattara aura vRhadvRttikAra vAdivetAla zAnti sUri ne niyUMktikAra ke mata ko svIkAra kiyA hai| unake anusAra uttarAdhyayana ke dUsare pariSahAdhyayana kI racanA dvAdazAMgI ke bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke karmapravAdasaMjJaka pUrva ke 70veM prAbhRta ke AdhAra para huI hai| aSTama kApilIya adhyayana kapila nAmaka pratyeka buddha dvArA pratipAdita hai / dazavAM dra mapuSpikA adhyayana svayaM arhat mahAvIra dvArA bhASita hai| teIsavAM kezigautamIya adhyayana saMvAdarUpa meM Akalita hai| 1. iha pAukare buddha, NAyae prinnvvue| chattIsaM uttarajjhAe, bhavasiddhiya sammae / 2. jaina-paramparA meM aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki dIpAvalI ko antima rAtri meM bhagavAna ____ mahAvIra ne ina chattIsa adhyayanoM kA nirUpaNa kiyaa| 3. aMgappabhavA jiNabhAsiyA ya patte ybukhsNvaayaa| . . .. baM mukkhe ye kayA, chattIsaM uttarAyaNA // -niyukti, gAyA 4 ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya | ArSa (aba mAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGmaya / 467 paanaa siikaani' / aaamaakh bhadrabAhunA proktAni bhadrabAhavAni uttarAdhyayanAni- isa prakAra kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai, jisase kucha vidvAn socate haiM ki uttarAdhyayana ke racayitA AcArya bhadrabAhu haiM / sabase pahale vicAraNIya yaha hai ki uttarAdhyayana kI niyukti ke lekhaka bhadrabAhu haiM / jaisA ki pUrva sUcita kiyA gayA hai, ve uttarAdhyayana kI racanA meM aMga-prabhavatA, jina-bhASitatA, pratyeka buddha-pratipAditatA, saMvAda-niSpannatA Adi kaI prakAra ke upapAdaka hetuoM kA AkhyAna karate haiN| uparyukta kathana meM bhadrabAhunA ke sAtha proktAni kriyA-pada prayukta huA hai| proktAni kA artha racitAni nahIM hotA / prakarSeNa uktAni-proktAni ke anusAra usakA artha vizeSa rUpa se vyAkhyAta, vivecita yA adhyApita hotA hai / zAkaTAyana aura siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsana' Adi vyAkaraNoM meM yahI Azaya spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| isa vivecana ke anusAra AcArya bhadrabAhu usarAdhyayana ke prakRSTa vyAkhyAtA, pravaktA yA prAdhyapayitA ho sakate haiM, racayitA nhiiN| kucha vidvAn aisA mAnate haiM, uttarAdhyayana ke pUrvAddha ke aThAraha adhyayana prAcIna haiM tathA uttarArddha ke aThAraha adhyayana arvAcIna / isake lie bhI koI pramANa-bhUta yA itthaMbhUta bheda rekhA mUlaka tathya yA Thosa AdhAra nahIM milte| bimkh : asii samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se cintana kareM, to yaha samagra Agama bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA hI bhASita huA ho yA kisI eka vyakti ne isakI racanA kI ho, aisA kama sambhava pratIta hotA hai| kAraNa spaSTa hai, yahAM sarvatra eka jaisI bhASA kA prayoga nahIM huA hai| zraddhamAgadhI prAkRta kA jahAM atyanta prAcIna rUpa isameM surakSita hai, vahAM yatra-tatra bhASA ke arvAcIna rUpAtmaka prayoga bhI dRSTigocara hote haiN| isase yaha anumAna karanA sahaja ho jAtA hai ki 1. Ta : prokte 3 / 1 / 69 -zAkaTAyana 2. tena prote 6 / 3 / 10 !... -sivahamazabAnazAsapana 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana isa Agama kI racanA eka hI samaya meM nahIM huI / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki samaya-samaya para isameM kucha jur3atA rahA hai| isa prakAra saMkalita hotA huA yaha eka paripUrNa Agama ke rUpa meM astitva meM AtA hai / para, aisA kaba-kaba huA, kina-kina ke dvArA huA, isa viSaya meM abhI koI bhI akATya pramANa upasthita nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| sAra rUpa meM isa prakAra kahanA yuktiyukta lagatA hai ki isakI racanA meM aneka tatva-jJAniyoM aura mahApuruSoM kA yogadAna hai, jo sambhavataH kisI eka hI kAla ke nahIM the| viSaya-vastu jIvana kI azAzvatatA, duSTa karmoM ke dUSita pariNAma, ajJAnI kA dhyeya, zUnya jIvana, bhogAsakti kA kaluSita vipAka, bhogI kI bakare ke sAtha tulanA, adhama gati meM jAne vAle jIva ke viziSTa lakSaNa, mAnava-jIvana kI durlabhatA, dharma-zruti, zraddhA, saMyamonmukhatA kA mahatva, gRhI sAdhaka kI yogyatA-saMyama kA svarUpa, sadAcaraNa-sampanna vyakti kI gati, devagati ke sukha, jJAnI evaM ajJAnI ke lakSaNa, jJAna kA sundara pariNAma, jAtivAda kI heyaptA, jAtivAda kA duSpariNAma, Adarza bhikSu, brahmacarya-samAdhi ke sthAna, pApI zramaNa, zramaNajIvana ko dUSita karane vAle sUkSma doSa, ATha prakAra kI pravacana-mAtAeM, saccA yajJa, yAjaka, yajJAgni Adi kA svarUpa, sAdhanA-nirata bhikSu kI dinacaryA, samyaktva-parAkrama kA svarUpa, Atma-vikAsa kA patha, tapazcaryA ke bhinna-bhinna prayoga, caraNa-vidhi-grAhya, pariheya, upekSya prAdi kA viveka, pramAda-sthAna-tRSNA, moha, krodha, rAga, dveSa Adi kA mUla, karma-vistAra, lezyA, anAsaktatA, loka-padArtha, niSphala mRtyu, saphala mRtyu prabhRti aneka viSayoM kA vibhinna adhyayanoM meM bar3A mArmika evaM talasparzI vyAkhyAna-vizleSaNa hamA hai| STAnta : kathAnaka dUsarA mahatvapUrNa aMza hai, isakA rUpaka, dRSTAnta va kathAnaka-bhAga / isake mAdhyama se tatva-jJAna aura AcAra-dharma kA vizada vivecana huA hai, jisakA aneka dRSTiyoM se bar3A mahatva hai / paccIsavAM adhyayana isakA udAharaNa hai, jahAM adhyAtma-yajJa, usake aMgopAMgoM evaM upakaraNoM kA bahuta hRdayasparzI vivecana hai| isa prakAra ke aneka prakaraNa haiM, jahAM upamAnoM tathA rUpakoM kA aisA sundara aura sahaja sanniveza hai ki vivecya viSaya pAThaka ke mAge sAkSAt upasthita ho jAtA hai| navama adhyayana meM indra aura rAjarSi nami kA prakaraNa banAsakta titikSa evaM mumukSu jIvana kA eka sajIva tathA sAdhAraNa citra prastuta karatA hai| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] ArSa (amAgadhI) prAkRta aura mAgama vAramaya bArahavAM harikezIya adhyayana utarAhAhAna kA eka krAntikArI adhyAya hai, jahAM cANDAlakulotpanna muni harikezabala ke tapaHprabhAva aura sAdhanA-nirata jIvana kI garimA itanI utkRSTatayA upasthApita hai ki jAti, kula Adi kA mada, dAbha maura pahuMkAra svayameva nisteja tathA nistathya ho jAte haiM / bAIsavAM rathanemIya adhyayana prAtma-parAkrama, brahma-proja jAgRta karane kI pUrakatA ke sAtha-sAtha aneka raSTiyoM se bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai| tIrthakara ariSTanemi kI jIvana-jhAMkI, unake dvArA laukika eSaNA aura kAmanA kA parityAga, zramaNa rathanaimi kA antadaurbalya, vAsanA kA ubhAra, rAjImatI dvArA udbodhana prabhRti aise romAMcaka prasaMga haiM, jinakI bhAvanA mora prajJA donoM ke prakarSa kI dRSTi se kama garimA nahIM hai| - teIsA kezigautamIya adhyayana hai, jo bhagavAn pArzva kI paramparA ke zramaNa mahAmuni kezI tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ananya antevAsI gaNadhara gautama ke paraspara milana, praznotara-saMvAda Adi bahumUlya sAmagrI liye hue hai / teIsaveM tIrthakara bhagavAn pArca ko paramparA caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra kI paramparA meM kisa prakAra samanvita rUpa meM vilIna hotI jA rahI thI, prastuta adhyayana isakA jvalanta sAkSya hai| cAturyAma dharma aura paMcamahAvratoM ke tulanAtmaka parizIlana kI dRSTi se bhI yaha adhyayana paThanIya hai| baabaa-tthtb uttarAdhyayana sUtra para vyAkhyAtmaka sAhitya vipula parimANa meM vidyamAna hai / prAcArya bhadrabAhu ne isa para niyukti likhii| jinadAsa mahattara ne cUNi kI racanA kI / thArApadragaccha se sambaddha vAdivatAla virudAlaMkRta zAnti sUri ne pAiya yA ziSyahitA nAmaka TIkA kI racanA kI, jo uttarAdhyayana-vRhad-vRtti bhI kahalAtI hai| zAnti sUri kA svargavAsaIsavI san 1040 mAnA jAtA hai| isa TIkA ke AdhAra para devendragaNI ne, jo Age cala kara nemicandra sUri ke nAma se vikhyAta hue, sukhabodhA nAmaka TIkA likhI, jo san 1073 meM samApta huI / uttarAdhyayana para TIkAeM likhane vAle aneka jaina vidvAn haiM, jinameM lakSmIvallabha, jayakIrti, kamalasaMyama, bhAvavijaya, vinayahaMsa tathA harSakUla Adi ke nAma vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| ___ pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne bhI isa para kArya kiyA hai| udAharaNArtha, pro. zanTiyara ne mUla pATha aMgrejI prastAvanA sahita prastuta kiyA hai| Agama-vAGamaya ke vikhyAta anveSaka 2010_05

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470 ] Agama aura aifter : eka anuzIlana [:.2. DA. jaikobI, isakA aMgrejI meM anuvAda kiyA, jo pro. maiksamUlara ke sampAdakatva meM Sacred Books of the East ke paiMtAlIsaveM bhAga meM AksaphorDa se san 1895 meM prakAzita huA / zrAvaya (prAvazyaka) nAma : sArthakata avazya se Avazyaka zabda banA hai / zravazya kA artha hai, jise kiye binA bacAva nahIM, jo jarUra kiyA jAnA caahie| isake anusAra zrAvazyaka kA zrAzaya zramaNa dvArA karaNIya una bhAva-1 va kriyAnuSThAnoM se hai, jo zramaraNa-jIvana ke nirbaMdha tathA zuddha nirvahaNa kI dRSTi se zrAvazyaka hai / ve kriyAnuSThAna saMkhyA meM chaH haiM; ataH isa sUtra ko SaDAvazyaka bhI kahA jAtA hai / yaha chaH vibhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, jinameM kramazaH sAmAyika, caturviMzati-stava, vandana, pratimaraNa, kAyotsarga aura pratyAkhyAna kA varNana hai / sAmAyika antaratama meM samabhAva kI avatAraNA sAmAyika hai / etadarthaM sAdhaka mAnasika, vAcika tathA kAyika dRSTi se kRta, kArita evaM anumodita rUpa se samagra sAvadha - sapApa yogoMpravRttiyoM se parAGmukha hotA hai / prathama Avazyaka meM isI kA varNana hai / caturviMzati-stava dvitIya Avazyaka meM loka meM dharma kA udyota karane vAle caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM kA bandana hai, jisase AtmA meM tadanurUpa divyabhAva kA udra eka hotA hai / vandana tIsarA Avazyaka vandana se sambaddha hai / ziSya guru caraNoM meM sthita hotA hai, unase kSamA-yAcanA karatA hai, unake saMyamopakaraNabhUta deha kI sukha-pRcchA karatA hai / pratikrama cauthe Avazyaka meM pratikramaNa kA vivecana hai / pratikramaNa kA artha barhigAmI jIvana se antargAmI jIvana meM pratyAvRtta honA hai arthAt sAdhaka yadi pramAdavaza zubha yoga se calita 2010_05

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mAvA aura sAhitya ] .bhA (amAgadhI) prAkRta aura gama bAGamaya [ 1 hokara azubha yoga ko prApta ho jAe, to vaha punaH zubhayoga meM saMsthita hotA hai / yari usake dvArA jJAta-ajJAta rUpa meM zramaNa-dharma kI virAdhanA huI ho, kisI ko kaSTa pahuMcAyA gayA ho, svAdhyAya mAdi meM pramAdAcaraNa huA ho, to vaha (atikramaNa karane vAlA sAdhaka) unake lie micchAmi dukkar3a-mithyA me duSkRtam-aisI bhAvanA se udbhAvita hotA hai, jisakA abhiprAya jIvana ko saMyamAnukUla, pavitra aura sAtvika bhAvanA se prApyAra yita banAye rakhanA hai| kAla. pAMcavAM Avazyaka kAyotsarga se sambaddha hai| kAyotsarga kA prAzaya hai--deha-bhAva kA visarjana aura Atma-bhAva kA srjn| yaha dhyAnAtmaka sthiti hai, jisameM sAdhaka daihika cAMcalya aura asthairya kA varjana kara nizcalatA meM sthita rahanA cAhatA hai| baahtbaan chaThe Avazyaka meM sAvadha-sapApa kAryoM se nivRttatA tathA prazana, pAna, khAdya, svAdya Adi ke pratyAkhyAna kI carcA hai| vyAkhyA-sAhitya prAcArya bhadrabAhu ne Avazyaka para niyukti kI racanA kii| isa para bhASya bhI racA gyaa| AcArya jinabhadragaNI kSamAzramaNa dvArA atyanta vistAra aura gambhIratA ke sAtha vizeSAvazyakabhASya kI racanA kI gayI, jo jaina sAhitya meM niHsandeha eka adbhuta kRti hai| jinadAsa mahattara ne cUNi kI racanA kii| prAcArya haribhadra sUri ne isa para TIkA likhI, jo ziSyahitA ke nAma se vizru ta hai / isameM Avazyaka ke chaH prakaraNoM kA paitIsa adhyayanoM meM sUkSmatayA vivecana-vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / vahAM prAsaMgika rUpa meM prAkRta kI aneka prAcIna kathAeM bhI dI gayI haiM / AcArya malayagiri ne bhI TIkA kI racanA kI / mANikyazekhara sUri dvArA isakI niyukti para dIpikA kI racanA kI gyii| tilakAcArya dvArA isa para laghuvRtti kI racanA huii| dasaveyAliya (dazavakAlika) nAbha : anvarthakatA yaha nAma daza aura vaikAlika; ina do zabdo ke yoga se isa nAma kI niSpatti hai| 2010_05

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mAgama aura vipiTaka : eka anuzIlana sAmAnyataH daza zabda daza adhyayanoM kA sUcaka hai aura vakAlika kA sambandha racanA, ni'. haNa yA upadeza se hai| vikAla kA artha sandhyA hai| vaikAlika vikAla kA vizeSaNa hai| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki sandhyA samaya meM adhyayana kiye jAne ke kAraNa yaha nAma pracalita huprA / aisI bhI mAnyatA hai ki daza vikAloM yA sandhyAoM meM racanA, ni!' haNa yA upadeza kiyA gyaa| usa kAraNa yaha pazavakAlika kahA jAne lgaa| isa vazavakAlika ke racanAkAra yA ni! haka prAcArya zayyambhava the, jinhoMne apane putra bAla muni manaka ke lie isakI racanA kI / aMgabAhyagata utkAlika sUtroM meM dazavakAlika kA prathama sthAna hai| daza adhyayanoM tathA do pUlikAoM meM yaha sUtra vibhakta hai| daza adhyayana saMkalanAtmaka haiM / cUlikAeM svatantra racanA pratIta hotI haiN| cUlikAoM ke race jAne ke sambandha meM do prakAra ke vicAra haiM / kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra ve AcArya zayyambhavakRta hI honI cAhie / itanA sambhAvita ho sakatA hai, cUlikAoM kI racanA daza adhyayanoM ke ni' haNa ke pazcAtU huI ho / sUtra aura cUlikAoM kI bhASA itanI visadRza nahIM hai ki usase do bhinna racayitAoM kA sUcana ho| kucha vidvAn isa mata ko svIkAra nahIM krte| unake anusAra cUlikAeM kisI anya lekhaka kI racanAeM haiM, jo daza adhyayanoM ke sAtha jor3a dI gii| saMkalana : mAghAra : pUrva zruta prAcArya bhadrabAhu dvArA niyukti meM kiye gaye ullekha ke anusAra dazavakAlika ke caturtha adhyayana kA AdhAra prAtma-pravAda-pUrva, paMcama adhyayana kA AdhAra karma-pravAda-pUrva, saptama adhyayana kA AdhAra satya-pravAda-pUrva tathA anya adhyayanoM kA AdhAra pratyAkhyAna pUrva kI tRtIya vastu hai| hai aaaghaa : a aaass zrutakevalI prAcArya zayyambhava ne anekAneka prAgamoM kA dohana kara sAra rUpa meM dazavakAlika ko saMgrathita kiyA / dazavakAlika meM variNata viSayoM kA yadi sUkSmatA se parIkSaNa kiyA jAe, to pratIta hogA ki ve vividha Agama-granthoM se bahuta nikaTatayA saMlagna haiM / dazavakAlika ke dUsare adhyayana kA zIrSaka zrAmaNyapUrvaka hai| usameM zramaNa ko kAmarAga yA viSaya-vAsanA se bacate rahane kA upadeza kiyA gayA hai / usa sandarbha meM rathanemi aura rAjImati kA prasaMga bhI saMkSepa meM saMketita hai| yaha adhyayana uttarAdhyayana ke bAIsaveM rathomIya adhyayana ke bahuta nikaTa hai| uttarAdhyayana meM rathanemi aura rAjImati kA itivRtta apekSAkRta vistAra se varNita hai, para, donoM kI mUla dhvani eka hI hai / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [473 caturtha adhyayana kA zIrSaka SaDjIvanikAya hai| isameM SaTkAyika jIvoM kA saMkSepa meM varNana karane ke uparAnta umakI hiMsA ke pratyAkhyAna kA pratipAdana hai / isase saMlagna prathama ahiMsA mahAvrata kA vivecana hai| tadanantara pAMca mahAvatoM kA varNana hai| prArambha-samArambha se pApa-bandha kA pratipAdana karate hue usase nivRtta hone kA sundara citraNa hai / yaha adhyayana bhAcArAMga sUtra ke dvitIya zruta-skandha ke pandrahaveM adhyayama ke uttarArddha se tulanIya hai / isa adhyayana ke pUrva bhAga meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jIvana-vRtta vistAra se ullikhita hai tathA uttara bhAga meM bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA gautama Adi nirgranthoM ko upadiSTa kiye gaye pAMca mahAvratoM tathA pRthvIkAya prabhRti SaD-jIva-nikAya kA vizleSaNa hai| bazarvakAlika ke caturtha adhyayana kI sAmagrI kA saMkalana AcArAMga ke isI adhyayana se huA ho, aisA sambhAvya pratIta hotA hai| paMcama adhyayana kA zIrSaka piNDaSaNA hai| isameM zramaNa kI bhikSA-caryA ke sandarbha meM . sabhI pahaluoM para bar3A sundara prakAza DAlA gayA hai| bhikSA ke lie kisa prakAra jAnA, nahIM jAnA, kisa-kisa sthiti meM bhikSA lenA, kisa-kisa meM nahIM lenA; ityAdi kA samIcIna vizada rUpa meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai / isa adhyayana kI viSaya-vastu AcArAMga ke dvitIya zruta-skandha ke prathama adhyayana se Akalita pratIta hotI hai| usakI saMjJA bhI piNDeSaNA hI hai| sAtaveM adhyayana kA zIrSaka vAkya-zuddhi hai| isameM zramaNa dvArA kisa prakAra kI bhASA prayojya hai, kisa prakAra kI aprayojya; isa varNana ke sAtha-sAtha saMyamI ke vinaya aura pavitra AcAra para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| jisa-jisa prakAra ke bhASA-prayoga pora vyavahAra-caryA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, vaha zramaNa ke anAsakta, nirlipta, pramUcchita, jAgarUka tathA Atma-lIna jIvana ke vikAsa se sambaddha hai| AcArAMga ke dvitIya zra ta-skandha ke caturtha adhyayana kA nAma bhASA jAta hai| usameM sAdhu dvArA prayoga karane yogya, na karane yogya bhASA kA vizleSaNa hai| dazavakAlika ke ukta adhyayana meM kisI apekSA se isakI avatAraNa huI ho, aisA anumeya hai| . vinaya-samAdhi navama adhyayana hai / isameM guru ke prati ziSya kA vyavahAra sadA vinayapUrNa rahe, isa para sundara rUpa meM prakAza DAlA gayA hai / vinayapUrNa vyavahAra ke sulAbha aura avinaya-pUrNa vyavahAra ke durlAbha hRdya upamAoM dvArA variNata kiye gaye haiN| yaha adhyayana uttarAdhyayana ke prathama adhyayana vinaya-zruta se vizeSa milatA-julatA hai, jahAM guru ke prati ziSya ke vinayAcaraNa kI upAdeyatA aura avinayAcaraNa kI varNyatA kA vivecana hai| ___ 2010_05

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474] mAgama aura vipiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa: 2 dazama adhyayana kA zIrSaka sa bhikSuH hai| arthAt isa adhyayana meM bhikSu ke jIvana, usakI dainandina caryA, vyavahAra, saMyamAnuprANita adhyavasAya, prAsakti-varjana, alolupatA bhAdi kA sajIva citraNa hai / dUsare zabdoM meM bhikSu ke yathArtha rUpa kA eka rekhAMkana hai, jo sAdhaka ke lie bar3A utpreraka hai| uttarAdhyayana kA pandrahavAM adhyayana bhI isI prakAra phA hai / usakA zIrSaka bhI yahI hai / donoM kA bahuta sAmya hai / bhAva hI nahIM, zabda-racanA tathA chanda-gaThana meM bhI aneka sthAnoM para ekarUpatA hai / aisA anumAna karanA asvAbhAvika nahIM hai ki dazavakAlika kA dazavAM adhyayana uttarAdhyayana ke pandrahaveM adhyayana kA bahuta kucha rUpAntaraNa hai| cUlikAeM rati-vAvathA dazama adhyayana kI samApti ke anantara prastuta sUpa meM do cUlikAeM haiM / pahalI cUlikA rativAkyA hai / adhyAtma-rasa meM page vyaktiyoM ke lie bhikSu-jIvana atyanta AhlAdamaya hai / para, bhautika dRSTi se usameM aneka kaThinAiyAM haiM, pada-pada asuvidhAeM haiM / kSaNa-kSaNa pratikUlatAoM kA sAmanA karanA par3atA hai| daihika bhoga agrAhya haiM hii| ye saba prasaMga aise haiM, jinake kAraNa kabhI-kabhI mAnava-mana meM durbalatAeM ubharane lagatI haiM / yadi kabhI koI bhikSu aisI manaH-sthiti meM prA jAe, vaha zrAmaNya se muMha mor3a punaH gArhasthya meM praviSTa hone ko udyata ho jAe, to use saMyama meM TikAye rakhane ke lie, usameM punaH dRr3ha manoSala jagAne ke lie use jo antaH preraka tathA udbodhaka vicAra diye jAne cAhie, vahI saba prastuta cUlikA meM vivecita hai| sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA, viSamatA, bhogoM kI niHsAratA, alpakAlikatA, pariNAma-virasatA, anityatA, saMyamI jIvana kI sAramayatA, pavitratA, prAdeyatA prAdi vibhinna pahaluoM para vizada prakAza DAlA gayA hai tathA mAnava meM prANapaNa se dharma kA pratipAlana karane kA bhAva bharA gayA hai / vaiSayika bhoga, vAsanA, laukika suvidhA aura daihika sukha se prAkRSTa hote mAnava ko unase haTA Atma-ramaNa, saMyamAnupAlana tathA titikSAmaya jIvana meM punaH pratyAvRtta karane meM bar3I manovaijJAnika nirUpaNa-zailI kA vyavahAra huA hai, jo rocaka hone ke sAtha zakti-saMcAraka bhI hai / saMyama meM rati-anurAga-tanmayatA utpanna karane ke vAkyoM kI saMracanAmaya hone ke kAraNa hI sambhavataH isa cUlikA kA nAma ratiprAkyA rakhA gayA ho| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] mArSa (addhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama bAGamaya [475 vividhatA dUsarI cUlikA viviktacaryA hai| vivikta kA artha viyukta, pRthak, nivRtta, ekAkI, ekAntasthAna yA vivekazIla hai| isakA Azaya usa jIvana se hai, jo sAMsArikatA se pRthak hai / dUsare zabdoM meM nivRtta hai; ataeva vivekazIla hai| isa cUlikA meM zramaNa-jIvana ko uddiSTa kara anusrota meM na baha pratisrotagAmI banane, AcAra-pAlana meM parAkramazIla rahane, alpa-sImita upakaralA rakhane, gRhastha se vaiyAvRtya-zArIrika sevA na lene, saba indriyoM kI susamAhita kara saMyama-jIvana ko sadA surakSita banAye rakhane Adi ke sandarbha meM aneka aise ullekha kiye gaye haiM, jinakA anusaraNa karatA huprA bhikSu pralibuddhajIvI banatA hai| vizeSatA : mahatva ati saMkSepa meM jaina-tatva darzana evaM prAcAra-zAstra vyAkhyAta karane kI apanI asAdhAraNa vizeSatA ke sAtha-sAtha zabda-racanA, zailI tathA bhASA-zAstra kI dRSTi se bhI isa sUtra kA kama mahatva nahIM hai / isameM prayukta bhASA ke aneka prayoga ati prAcIna pratIta hote haiM, jo AcArAMga tathA sUtrakRtAMga jaise prAcInatama Agama-granthoM meM hue bhASA-prayogoM se tulanIya haiM / isarAdhyayana meM hue bhASA ke prAcInatA dyotaka prayogoM ke samakakSa isameM bhI usI prakAra ke aneka prayoga prApta hote haiM / yaha arddhamAgadhI bhASA-vijJAna se sambaddha eka svatantra viSaya hai, jisa para vizeSa carcA karanA prasaMgopAtta nahIM hai / prAkRta ke suprasiddha adhyetA evaM vaiyAkaraNa DA0 pizala ne uttarAdhyayana tathA dazavakAlika ko prAkRta ke bhASA zAstrIya adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa batalAyA hai / werer-rhitya dazavakAlika sUtra para prAcArya bhadrabAhu ne niyukti kI racanA kii| agastya-siMha tathA jinadAsa mahattara dvArA pUNiyAM likhI gyiiN| prAcArya haribhadra sUri ne TIkA kI racanA kI / samayasundara gaNI ne dIpikA likhii| tilakAcArya yA tilakasUri, sumatisUri tathA vinayahaMsa prabhRti vidvAnoM dvArA vRttiyoM kI racanA huii| yApanIya saMgha ke aparAjita sUri, jo vijayAcArya ke nAma se bhI khyAta haiM, ne bhI TIkA kI racanA kI, jisakA unhoMne vijayodayA nAmakaraNa kiyaa| apane dvArA viracita bhagavatI ArAdhanA TIkA meM unhoMne isa sambandha meM ullekha kiyA hai| jJAnasamrAT tathA rAjahaMsa mahopAdhyAya ne isa para gujarAtI TIkAmoM kI racanA kI / jJAnasamrAT dvArA racita TIkA bAlAvarodha ke nAma se vizruta hai| 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 prthm sndhaahaan pAzcAtya vidvAnoM kA prAcya vidyAoM ke antargata jaina vADamaya ke parizIlana kI mora bhI jhukAva rahA hai| unhoMne usa prora vizeSa adhyavasAya bhI kiyA hai, jo isa eka udAharaNa se spaSTa hai ki jarmana vidvAn DA0 arnesTa lyUmana (Dr. Ernest Leumann) ne I0 san 1892 meM jarmana prAriyanTala sosAyaTI ke jarnala (Journal of the German Oriental Society) meM sabase pahale dazavakAlika kA prakAzana kiyaa| usase pahale yaha grantha kevala hastalikhita pratiyoM ke rUpa meM thA, mudrita nahIM ho pAyA thaa| usake pazcAt bhArata meM isakA prakAzana huA / Age uttarottara isake aneka saMskaraNa nikalate gaye / san 1932 meM suprasiddha jarmana vidvAn, jaina Agama-vAGamaya va prAkRta ke pramukha adhyetA DA0 zukiMga ke sampAdakatva meM prastAvanA Adi ke sAtha isakA jarmanI meM prakAzana huaa| piMDanijjutti (piNDa-niyukti) nAma : vyAkhyA piNDa zabda jaina pAribhASika dRSTi se bhojanavAcI hai| prastuta grantha meM AhAra kI eSaNIyatA, aneSaNIyatA Adi ke vizleSaNa ke sandarbha meM udgama-doSa, utpAdana-doSa, eSaNA-doSa aura grAsa-eSaNA-doSa Adi zramaNa-jIvana ke AhAra, bhikSA prAdi mahatvapUrNa pahaluoM para vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai / mukhyataH doSoM se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa isa prantha kI aneka gAthAeM suprasiddha digambara-lekhaka vaTTakera ke mUlAcAra kI gAthAoM se milatI haiN| phalevara : svarUpa prastuta grantha meM chaH sau ikahattara gAthAeM haiN| yaha vAstava meM koI svatantra grantha nahIM hai / dazavakAlika ke paMcama adhyayana kA nAma piNDaSaNA hai| isa adhyayana para prAcArya bhadrabAhu kI niyukti bahuta vistRta ho gayI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki ise piNDa niyukti ke nAma se eka svatantra Agama ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gyaa| niyukti aura bhASya kI gAthAoM kA isa prakAra vimizraNa ho gayA hai ki unheM pRthak-pRthak chAMTa pAnA kaThina hai| piNDa-niyukti ATha adhikAroM meM vibhakta haiM, jinake nAma udgama, utpAdana, eSaNA, 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI prAkRta aura Agama vAG maya 477 saMyojanA, pramANa, aMgAra, dhUma tathA kAraNa haiM / bhikSA se sambaddha aneka pahaluoM kA vistRta tathA sAtha-hI-sAtha rocaka varNana hai / vahAM udgama aura utpAdana doSa ke solahasolaha tathA eSaNA - doSa ke daza bhedoM kA varNana hai / bhikSAgata doSoM ke sandarbha meM sthAnasthAna para udAharaNa dekara spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki amuka muni vaise doSa kA sevana karane ke kAraNa prAyazcitta-bhAgI hue / gRhastha ke yahAM se bhikSA kisa-kisa sthiti meM lI jAe, isa sambandha meM mahatvapUrNa carcAeM haiN| batAyA gayA hai ki yadi gRha svAminI bhojana kara rahI ho, dahI bilo rahI ho, ATA pIsa rahI ho, cAvala kUTa rahI ho, ruI dhuna rahI ho, to sAdhu ko usase bhikSA nahIM lenI cAhie / isI prakAra atyanta nAsamajha bAlaka se, azakta vRddha se, unmatta se, jisakA zarIra kAMpa rahA ho, jo jvarAkrAnta ho, netrahIna ho, kuSTapIr3ita ho, aise vyaktiyoM se bhI bhikSA lenA avihita hai / bhaviSya kathana, cikitsA - kauzala, mantra, tantra, vazIkaraNa Adi se prabhAvita kara bhikSA lenA bhI varjita kahA gayA hai / kucha mahatvapUrNa ullekha prasaMgopAttatayA sarpa daMza Adi ko upazAnta karane ke lie dImaka ke ghara kI miTTI, vamana zAnta karane ke lie makkhI kI bIMTha, TUTI huI haDDI ko jor3ane ke lie kisI kI haDDI, kuSTa roga miTAne ke lie gaumUtra kA prayoga Adi sAdhuoM ke lie nirdiSTa kiye gaye haiM / sAdhu jihvA svAda se aspRSTa rahatA huA kisa prakAra anAsakta tathA amUcchita bhAva se bhikSA grahaNa kare, gRhastha para kisI bhI prakAra kA bhAra utpanna na ho, vaha unake lie asuvidhA, kaSTa yA pratikUlatA kA nimitta na bane, usake kAraNa gRhastha ke ghara meM kisI prakAra kI avyavasthA na ho jAe; ityAdi kA jaisA manovaijJAnika evaM vyAvahArika vivecana isa grantha meM huA hai, vaha jaina zramaraNa-caryA ke anusandhAna ke sandarbha meM vizeSataH paThanIya hai / piNDa - niyukti para AcArya malayagiri ne vRhad vRtti kI racanA kI / vIrAcArya ne isa para laghu vRtti likhI / 2010_05

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58 j Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana ohanijjutti (ogha-niyukti) naam| thaahtbaa bodha kA artha pravAha, sAtatya, paramparA yA paramparA-prApta upadeza hai / isa grantha meM sAdhu-jIvana se sambaddha sAmAnya samAcArI kA vizleSaNa hai / sambhavataH isIlie isakA yaha nAmakaraNa huaa| jisa prakAra piNDa niyukti meM sAdhuoM ke AhAra-viSayaka pahaluoM kA vivecana hai, usI prakAra isameM sAdhu-jIvana se sambaddha sabhI AcAra-vyavahAra ke viSayoM kA saMkSepa meM saMsparza kiyA gayA hai| piNDa-niyukti dazavakAlika niyukti kA jisa prakAra aMza mAnA jAtA hai, usI prakAra ise Avazyaka-niyukti kA eka aMza svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, jisake racayitA AcArya bhadrabAhu haiM / isameM kula 811 gAthAeM hai / niyukti tathA bhASya kI gAthAeM isa prakAra vimizrita ho gaI haiM ki unheM pRthak-pRthaka kara pAnA duHzakya hai| ___ odha-niyukti pratilekhana-dvAra, piNDa-dvAra, upaghi-nirUpaNa, anAyatana-varjana, pratisevanA-dvAra, AlocanA-dvAra tathA vizuddhi-dvAra meM vibhakta hai| prakaraNoM ke nAmoM se spaSTa hai ki sAdhu-jIvana ke prAyaH sabhI caryA-aMgoM ke vizleSaNa kA isameM samAveza hai| bdh shr'thaa ss eka cira-carcita prasaMga hai, jisa para isameM bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai / vaha prasaMga hai: Atma-rakSA-jIvana-rakSA kA adhika mahatva hai yA saMyama-rakSA kA ? donoM meM se kisI eka ke nAza kA prazna upasthita ho jAe, to prAthamikatA kise denI cAhie ? isa viSaya meM prAcAryoM meM matabheda rahA hai| kucha ne saMyama-rakSA hetu mara miTane ko Avazyaka batalAyA hai aura kucha ne jIvana-rakSA kara phira prAyazcitta kara lene kA sujhAva diyA hai| . ogha-niyukti meM batAyA gayA hai ki zramaNa ke saMyama kA pratipAlana sadA pavitra bhASa se hI karanA cAhie, para,yadi jIvana miTane kA prasaMga bana jAe, to vahAM prAthamikatA jIvana-rakSA ko denI hogii| yadi jIvana baca gayA, to sAdhaka eka bAra saMyama-cyuta hone para bhI prAyazcitta,tapa Adi dvArA prAtma-zuddhi yA antaHsammAna kara punaH yathAvastha ho skegaa| pariNAmoM kI sAtvikatA yA bhAva-vizuddhi hI to saMyama kA AdhAra hai| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (ardhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGmaya [479 vizeSa balapUrvaka Age kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka kI deha saMyama-pAlana ke lie hai, bhoga ke lie nahIM hai / yadi deha hI nahIM rahI, to saMyama-pAlana kA prAcAra-sthala hI kahAM bacA ? ataH deha-rakSA yA zarIra ko naSTa na hone dene kA artha deha ke prati Asakti nahIM hai, pratyuta saMyama ke pratipAlana kI bhAvanA hai| ataH deha-pratipAlana iSTa hai| nizItha-cUNi meM bhI yaha prasaMga vyAkhyAta huA hai| vahAM bhI variNata hai ki jahAM taka ho sake, saMyama kI virAdhanA nahIM karanI cAhie, para, yadi koI bhI upAya na ho, to jIvana rakSA ke lie vaisA kiyA jA sakatA hai| obaab-nbthaa saMyamI jIvana ke nirvAha hetu jo nyUnatama sAdhana upakaraNa apekSita hote haiM, unheM upadhi kahA jAtA hai / prastuta prakaraNa meM isa viSaya kA vivecana hai, vastra, pAtra Adi upakaraNa zramaNa dvArA dhAraNa kiye jAne cAhie yA nahIM kiye jAne cAhie; jaina paramparA ke antargata zvetAmbaroM tathA digambaroM meM yaha eka vivAdAspada prasaMga hai, jisake sandarbha meM donoM ora se dvividha vicAra-dhArAeM evaM samAdhAna upasthita kiye jAte haiM / prastuta grantha ke isa prakaraNa kA tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka parizIlana isa viSaya meM anusandhitsA rakhane vAloM ke lie vastutaH bar3A upayogI hai / isa prakaraNa meM jinakalpI zramaNa, sthavira kalpI zramaNa tathA AryikA yA sAdhvI ke lie prayojya upakaraNoM kA vivaraNa hai / jndhii o aniN Rnnii ii ohthaa ___ jinakalpI ke lie jo upakaraNa vihita haiM, unakA isa grantha meM isa prakAra ullekha hai: 1. pAtra, 2. pAtra-bandha, 3. pAtra-sthApanA, 4. pAtra-kesarikA ( pAtra-mukha-vastrikA ), 5..paTala, 6. rajastrANa, 7. gocchaka, 8-10. pracchAdaka-traya, 11. rajoharaNa tathA 12. mukha-vastrikA / prApta sUcanAoM se vidita hotA hai ki paTala nAmaka vastra kA upayoga bhojana-pAtra ko AvRta karane ke lie tathA apekSita hone para guhyAMga ko Dhakane ke lie bhI hotA thaa| sthavira-kalpI zramaNoM ke lie bAraha upakaraNa to the hI, unake atirikta colapaTTa aura mAtraka nAmaka do upakaraNa aura the| isa prakAra unake lie caudaha upakaraNoM kA vidhAna thaa| 2010_05

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* 1 sAdhvI yA ArthikA ke upakara jina - kalpI ke lie nirdezita bAhara upakaraNa, sthavira - kalpI ke lie nirdezita do adhika upakaraNoM meM se eka -- mAtraka; ina teraha upakaraNoM ke atirikta nimnAMkita bAraha anya upakaraNa sAdhvI yA ArthikA ke lie nirdiSTa kiye gaye prApta hote haiM / unake lie kula paccIsa upakaraNa ho jAte haiM / ve isa prakAra haiM : 14. kamaDhaga, 15 uggahAMtaga ( guhya aMga kI rakSA ke lie nAva kI AkRti kI taraha), 16. paTTaka ( uggaharaNaMtaga ko donoM bhora se Dhakane vAlA jAMghiye kI AkRti kI taraha), 17. addhoruga ( uggaharAMtaga aura paTTaka ke Upara pahanA jAne vAlA ), 18. calanikA (binA silA huA ghuTanoM taka pahanA jAne vAlA / bAMsa para khela karane vAle pahanate the 1), 19. bbhitara niyaMsaraNI ( yaha AdhI jAMghoM taka laTakA rahatA hai / vastra badalate samaya loga sAdhviyoM kA upahAsa nahIM karate / ), 20. bahinisaraNI (yaha ghuTanoM taka laTakA rahatA hai aura ise DorI se kaTi meM bAMdhA jAtA hai), 21. kaMcuka ( vakSasthala ko DhAMkane vAlA vastra), 22. ukkacchiya (yaha kaMcuka ke samAna hotA hai), 23. vekacchiya ( isase kaMcuka aura ukkacchiya donoM Dhaka jAte haiM), 24 saMghAr3I ( ye cAra hotI haiM -- eka pratizraya meM, dUsarI va tIsarI bhikSA zrAdi ke lie bAhara jAte samaya aura cauthI samavasaraNa meM pahanI jAtI thI), 25. khandhakaraNI ( cAra hAtha lambA vastra jo vAyu Adi se rakSA karane ke lie pahanA jAtA hai / rUpavatI sAdhviyoM ko kubjA jaisI dikhAne ke lie bhI isakA upayoga karate the|) 1 ina vastropakaraNoM kA svarUpa, upayoga, apekSA, vikAsa prabhRti viSaya zramaraNa-jIvana ke aparigrahI rUpa tathA sAmAjikatA ke pariprekSya meM vizeSa rUpa se adhyetavya hai / vyAkhyA - sAhitya - niyukti para race gaye vyAkhyA - sAhitya meM droNAcArya racita TIkA vizeSa mahatva - pUrNa hai| usakI racanA cUrNi kI taraha prAkRta kI pradhAnatA lie hue hai arthAt vaha prAkRtasaMskRta ke mizrita rUpa meM praNIta hai / AcArya malayagiri dvArA vRtti kI racanA kI gayI / avari kI bhI racanA huI / Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana 2010_05 pakkhiya sutta (pAkSika-sUtra ) Avazyaka sUtra ke paricaya tathA vizleSaNa ke antargata pratikramaNa kI carcA huI hai / 1. niyukti, 674-77; bhASya, 313-320 khaNDa : 2

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (addhamAgadhI prAkRta aura Agama vAGmaya AtmA kI svasthatA - apane zuddha svarUpa meM avasthiti, antaH pariSkRti tathA Atma- jAgaraNa kA vaha ( pratikramaNa ) parama sAdhaka hai| jaina paramparA meM pratikramaNa ke pAMca prakAra mAne gaye haiM - 1. devasika, 2. rAtrika, 3. pAkSika, 4. cAturmAsika tathA 5 sAMvatsarika / pAkSika sUtra kI racanA kA AdhAra pAkSika pratikramaraNa hai| ise Avazyaka sUtra kA eka aMga hI mAnA jAnA cAhie athavA usake eka aMga kA vizeSa pUraka / prastuta kRti meM ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya tathA aparigraha; ina pAMca mahAvratoM ke sAtha chaThe rAtri - bhojana ko milA kara chaH mahAvratoM tathA unake praticAroM kA vivecana hai / kSamAzramaraNoM kI vandanA bhI isameM samAviSTa hai / prasaMgataH isameM bAraha aMgoM, saiMtIsa kAlika sUtroM tathA aTThAIsa utkAlika sUtroM ke nAmoM kA sUcana hai / prAcArya yazodeva sUri ne isa para vRtti kI racanA kI, jo sukhavi bodhA ke nAma se prasiddha hai / khAmaraNA-suta (kSAmaraNA-sUtra ) pAkSika kSAmaNA sUtra ke nAma se bhI yaha racanA prasiddha hai / isameM koI ullekhanIya vizeSatA nahIM hai / ise pAkSika sUtra ke sAtha ginane kI paramparA bhI hai aura pRthak bhI / vaMdittu sutta isa sUtra kA prArambha vaMditta savvasiddha isa gAthA se hotA hai aura yahI isake nAmakaraNa kA AdhAra hai / aisI mAnyatA hai ki isakI racanA gaNadharoM dvArA kI gyii| aneka AcAryo ne TIkAoM kI racanA kI, jinameM devasUri, pArzvasUri, jinezvara sUri, zrIcandrasUri tathA ratnazekhara sUri Adi mukhya haiN| cUriMga kI bhI racanA huI, jo isa para race gaye vyAkhyA - sAhitya meM sarvAdhika prAcIna hai / isake racayitA vijayasiMha the 1183 vikramAbda hai / vaMdita sutta kI apara saMjJA zrAddha pratikramaNa sUtra Avazyaka se sambaddha hI mAnA jAnA cAhie / / racanA - kAla bhI hai / ise isimAsi ( RSibhASita) RSi se yahAM pratyeka buddha kA Azaya hai / yaha sUtra pratyeka buddhoM dvArA bhASita yA nirUpita mAnA jAtA hai / tadanusAra isakI saMjJA RSibhASita ho gyii| isake paiMtAlIsa adhyayana haiM, jinameM pratyeka buddhoM ke caritra varNita haiM / isake katipaya adhyayana padya meM haiM tathA katipaya gadya meM / kahA jAtA hai ki isa para niyukti kI bhI racanA kI gayI, para vaha aprApya hai / 2010_05

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d Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana nandI tathA anuyogadvAra nandI-sUtra : racayitA nadI sUtra ke racayitA dUSyagaNI ke ziSya devavAcaka mAne jAte haiM / kucha vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra devavAcaka devaddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa kA hI nAmAntara hai / devavAcaka aura devagiraNI kSamAzramaNa do vyakti nahIM haiM, eka hI haiM, para, etatsambaddha sAmagrI se yaha spaSTatayA siddha nahIM hotA, donoM do bhinna-bhinna gacchoM se sambaddha the, kucha isa prakAra ke puSTa sAkSya bhI haiM / ka 2 svarUpa : viSaya-vastu grantha ke prArambha meM pacAsa gAthAeM haiN| prathama tIna gAthAoM meM granthakAra ne antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ko praraNamana karate hue maMgalAcaraNa kiyA hai / isake pazcAt cauthI gAthA se unnIsavIM gAthA taka eka sundara rUpaka dvArA dharma saMgha kI prazasti evaM stavanA kI hai / bIsavIM aura ikkIsavIM gAthA meM zrAdya tIrthaMkara bhagavAn RSabha se antima tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra taka; caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ko sAmaSTika rUpa meM vandana kiyA gayA hai / bAIsavIM, teIsavIM aura caubIsavIM gAthA meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke gyAraha garaNadharoM tathA dharma-saMgha kA varNana hai / paccIsavIM gAthA se saiMtAlIsavIM gAthA taka prArya sudharmA se lekara dRSyagaNI taka sthavirAvalI kA prazastipUrvaka varNana hai / ar3atAlIsavIM se pacAsavIM gAthA taka tapa, niyama, satya, saMyama, vinaya, Arjava, kSAMti, mArdava, zIla Adi uttamottama guNoM se yukta, prazasta vyaktitva ke dhanI yugapradhAna zramaNoM tathA zruta- vaiziSTya - vibhUSita zramaraNoM kI stavanA kI hai / isase prakaTa hai ki yaha sthavirAvalI yuga-pradhAna paripATI para AdhRta hai / tadanantara sUtrAtmaka varNana Arambha hotA hai / sthAna-sthAna para gAthAoM kA prayoga bhI huA hai / 2010_05 jJAna ke vizleSaraNa ke antargata mati zruta, avadhi, manaH paryava tathA kevalajJAna kI vyAkhyA kI gayI haiM / unake bheda-prabheda, udbhava, vikAsa zrAdi kA talasparzI tAtvika vivecana kiyA gayA hai / samyak zruta ke prasaMga meM dvAdazAMga yA gaNi-piTaka ke AcArAMga, sutrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga prabhRti bAraha bheda nirUpita kiye gaye haiN| prAsaMgika rUpa meM vahAM mithyA zruta kI bhI carcA kI gayI hai / gaNika, Agamika, aMga-praviSTa, aMga - bAhya prAdi ke rUpa meM zruta kA vistRta vizleSaraNa kiyA gayA hai / Agamika vAG maya ke vikAsa

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bhASA aura sAhitya | ArSa (aba mAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGmaya 483 tathA vistAra ke parizIlana kI dRSTi se nandI sUtra kA yaha aMza vizeSataH paThanIya hai| jinadAsa mahattara ne nandI sUtra para cUNi kI racanA kii| AcArya haribhadra tathA prAcArya malayagiri ne isa para TIkAoM kA nirmANa kiyaa| anukhiilaar' nandI kI taraha yaha sUtra bhI arvAcIna hai, jo isakI bhASA tathA varNana-krama se gamya hai| isake racayitA Arya rakSita mAne jAte haiN| prastuta sUtra meM vibhinna anuyogoM se sambaddha viSayoM kA Akalana hai / vizeSataH saMkhyA-krama-vistAra, jo gaNitAnuyoga kA viSaya hai, kA isameM vizada vivecana hai / yaha grantha prAyaH praznottara kI zailI meM racita hai| sapta svara prasaMgopAta isameM SaDja, RSabha, gAndhAra, madhyama, paMcama, dhaivata tathA niSAda saMjJaka sAta svaroM kA vivecana hai / svaroM ke utpatti-sthAna ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki SaDna svara jihvA ke agra-bhAga se uccarita hotA hai| RSabha svara kA uccAraNa-sthAna hRdaya hai| gAndhAra svara kaNThAna se niHsRta hotA hai| madhyama svara kA uccAraNa jihvA ke madhya bhAga se hotA hai / paMcama svara nAsikA se bolA jAtA hai| dhaivata svara dAMtoM ke yoga se uccarita hotA hai / niSAda svara netra-bhRkuTi ke AkSepa se bolA jAtA hai / sAtoM svaroM ke jIva-niHsRta aura ajIva-niHsRta bheda-vizleSaNa ke antargata batAyA gayA hai ki mayUra SaDja svara, kukkuTa RSabha svara, haMsa gAMdhAra svara, gAya-bher3a Adi pazu madhyama svara, vasanta Rtu meM koyala paMcama svara, sArasa tathA krauMca pakSI dhavata svara aura hAthI niSAda svara meM bolatA hai| mAnava kRta svara-prayoga ke phalA-phala para bhI vicAra kiyA gayA hai| prastuta prasaMga meM grAma, mUrchanA Adi kA bhI ullekha hai| pATha vibhaktiyoM kI bhI carcA hai / kahA gayA hai, nirdeza meM prathamA, upadeza meM dvitIyA, karaNa meM tRtIyA, sampradAna meM caturthI, apAdAna meM paMcamI, sambandha meM SaSThI, AdhAra meM saptamI tathA AmantraNa meM aSTamI vibhakti hotI hai / prakRti, pAgama, lopa, samAsa, taddhita, dhAtu prAdi anya byAkaraNa-sambandhI viSayoM kI bhI carcA kI gayI hai / prasaMgataH kAdhya ke nau rasoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai / palyopama, sAgaropama Adi ke bheda-prabheda tathA vistAra; saMkhyAta, asaMpAta, ananta ____ 2010_05

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484 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa 2 Adi kA vizleSaNa, bheda-prakAra; Adi kA vistAra se varNana hai / jaina pAribhASika parimAraNakrama tathA saMkhyA-krama kI dRSTi se isakA vastutaH mahatva hai / sitho shunaa __ kuprAvacanika, mithyA zAstra, pAkhaNDI zramaNa, kApAlika, tApasa, parivrAjaka, pANDuraMga Adi dharmopajIviyoM,tRNa, kASTha tathA patte Dhone vAloM, vastra, sUta, bhANDa Adi kA vikraya kara jIvikopArjana karane vAloM, julAhoM, bar3haiyoM, citeroM, dAMta ke kArIgaroM, chatra banAne vAloM Adi kA yathAprasaMga vivecana huA hai| pramAraNa-carcA pramANa-varNana ke prasaMga meM pratyakSa, anumAna, upamAna tathA Agama kI vizada carcA kI gayI hai| do bheda batalAye gaye haiM : indriya-pratyakSa tathA no-indriya-pratyakSa / indriya-pratyakSa ke pAMca bheda kahe gaye haiM-zrotrendriya-pratyakSa, cakSuH-indriya-pratyakSa, ghrANendriya-pratyakSa, rasanendriyapratyakSa tathA sparzanendriya-pratyakSa / no-indriya-pratyakSa kA varNana karate hue use avadhi-jJAna-pratyakSa, manaHparyava-jJAna-pratyakSa tathA kevala-jJAna-pratyakSa; isa prakAra tIna prakAra kA batalAyA gayA hai / anumAna kA varNana karate hue usake pUrvavat tathA dRSTi-sAdharmya nAmaka tIna bhedoM kI carcA kI gayI hai| pramANa kI taraha nayavAda kI bhI vistAra se carcA huI hai / ina varNanakramoM se isake arvAcIna hone kA kathana paripuSTa hotA hai / prastuta grantha para jinadAsa mahattara kI cuNi hai / AcArya haribhadra tathA maladhArI hemacandra dvArA TIkAoM ko bhI racanA kI gyii| dasa paiNNaga (daza prakIrNaka) . prakIrNaka kA Azaya idhara-udhara bikharI huI, chitarI huI sAmagrI yA vividha viSayoM ke samAkalana athavA saMgraha se hai / jaina pAribhASika dRSTi se prakIrNaka una granthoM ko kahA jAtA hai, jo tIrthaMkaroM ke ziSya udbuddhacetA zramaNoM dvArA adhyAtma-sambaddha vividha viSayoM para rakhe jAte rahe haiN| sndhiithaabdii dhbii bNshgr'hnn manbI sUtra meM kiye gaye ullekha ke anusAra prathama tIrthakara bhagavAn RSabha ke ziSyoM 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] Arya (arddhamAgadhI prAkRta aura Agama vAG maya [ 485 dvArA caurAsI sahasra prakIrNakoM kI racanA kI gayI / dUsare se teIsaveM taka ke tIrthaMkaroM ke ziSyoM dvArA saMkhyeya sahasra prakIrNaka race gaye / caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ziSyoM dvArA caudaha sahasra prakIrNaka granthoM kI racanA kI gayI / nandI sUtra maiM isa prasaMga meM aisA bhI ullekha hai ki jina-jina tIrthaMkaroM ke autpAtikI, aft, kArmika tathA pAriNAmikI; cAra prakAra kI buddhi se upapanna jitane bhI ziSya hote haiM, unake utane hI sahasra prakIrNaka hote haiN| jitane pratyeka buddha hote haiM, unake bhI utane hI prakIrNaka-prantha hote haiM / mandI sUtra ke TIkAkAra prAcArya malayagiri ne isa sambandha meM isa prakAra spaSTIkaraNa kiyA hai ki arha prarUpita zrata kA anusaraNa karate hue unake ziSya bhI grantha racanA karate haiM, use prakIrNaka kahA jAtA hai| athavA arhat upadiSTa zrata kA anusaraNa karate hue unake ziSya dharma dezanA Adi ke sandarbha meM apane vacana kauzala se grantha paddhatyAtmaka rUpa meM jo bhASaNa karate haiM, vaha prakIrNaka-saMjJaka haiM / 2 prakIrNaka granthoM kI racanA tIrthakaroM ke ziSyoM dvArA hone kI jaba mAnyatA hai, to yaha sthiti pratyeka-buddhoM ke sAtha kaise ghaTita hogI; kyoMki ve kisI ke dvArA dIkSita nahIM hote / ve kisI ke ziSya bhI nahIM hote| isakA samAdhAna isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai ki pravrAjaka yA pravrajyA dene vAle AcArya kI dRSTi se pratyeka-buddha kisI ke ziSya nahIM hote, para, tIrthaMkaroM dvArA upadiSTa dharma zAsana kI pratipannatA yA tadanuzAsana - sampRktatA kI 1. evamAiyAI caurAsIiM paiNNaga- sahassAI bhagavao arahao usa hasAmiyassa Aititthayarassa / tahA saMkhiujAI paiNNagasahassAiM majjhimagANaM jiNavarANaM / cauddasapaiNNagasahassANi bhagavao vaddhamANasAmissa / ahavA jassa jattiyA sIsA uppattiyAe dustry kammiyAe pariNAmiyAe caubvihIe buddhie uvaveyA, tassa tattiyAI paiNNagusahassAiM / patteya buddhA vi tattiyA ceva / - nandI sUtra, 51 ... iha yadbhagava barhadupadiSTaM zrutamanusRtya bhagavataH zramaNA viracayanti tatsavaM 'prakIrNakamucyate / athavA zrutamanusaranto yadAtmano vacanakauzalena dharmadezanA''diSu pranthapaddhatirUpatayA bhASante tadapi sarvaprakIrNam / -abhidhAna rAjendra, paMcama bhAga, pR0 3 2010_05

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Agama aura vipiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa:2 apekSA se athavA unake zAsana ke antarvatI hone se ve aupacArikatayA tIrthakara ke ziSya kahe bhI jA sakate haiM; ataH pratyeka-buddhoM dvArA prakIrNaka-racanA kI saMgatatA vyAhata nahIM hotii| saadaa siithaa vartamAna meM jo mukhya-mukhya prakIrNaka saMjJaka kRtiyAM prApta haiM, ve saMkhyA meM daza haiM : 1. causaraNa (catuH zaraNa), 2. Aura-paccakkhANa (Atura-pratyAkhyAna), 3. mahApaccakkhANa (mahApratyAkhyAna), 4. bhatta-pariSNA (bhakta-parijJA), 5. tandulaveyAliya (tandula-vaicArika), 6. saMthAraga (saMstAraka), 7. gacchAyAra (gacchAcAra), 8. gaNivijjA (gaNi-vidyA), 9. deviMda-thaya (devendra - stava), 10. maraNa-samAhI (maraNa-samAdhi) / 1. causa raNa (catu : zaraNa) jaina paramparA meM arhat, siddha, sAdhu aura jina-prarUpita dharma; ye cAra zaraNa AzrayabhUta mAne gaye haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina saMskRti ke ye AdhAra-stambha haiM / inhIM cAra ke AdhAra para isa prakIrNaka kA nAma catuHzaraNa rakhA gayA hai / - duSkRta tyAjya hai, sukRta grAhya; yaha dharma kA sandeza hai| isa prakaraNa meM duSkRtoM ko nindita batAyA gayA hai aura sukRtoM ko prazAnta, jisakA Azaya hai ki manuSya ko asat kArya na kara satkArya karane meM tatpara rahanA caahie| isako kuzalAnubandhI adhyayana bhI kahA jAtA hai, jisakA abhiprAya hai ki yaha kuzala-sukRta yA puNya kI anubaddhatA kA sAdhaka hai| ise tInoM sandhyAoM meM dhyAna kiye jAne yogya batAyA gayA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha prakIrNaka vizeSa upAdeya mAnA jAtA rahA hai| catuHzaraNa kI antima gAthA meM vIrabhadra kA nAmollekha hai, jisase anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki ve isake racayitA rahe hoN| bhuvanatuga dvArA vRtti kI racanA ko gayI aura guNaratna dvArA avacUri kii| 1. ."pratyekabuddhAnAM ziSyabhAvo viruddha yate, tadetavasamIcIna, yataH pravrAjakA''cAryamevAdhi kRtya ziSyabhAvo niSidhyate, na tu tIrthakaropaviSTazAsanapratipannatvenApi, sato na kshciddossH| -abhidhAna rAjendra, paMcama bhAga, pR04 ____ 2010_05

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457 bhAzA aura sAhitya] ArSa (ardhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya 2. pAura-pacakkhANa (prAtura-pratyAkhyAna) naag ; paahaakh : bishb prAtura zabda sAmAnyataH roga-grasta- vAcI hai| AturAvasthA meM manuSya kI do prakAra kI mAnasika avasthAeM sambhAvita haiM / jinheM deha, daihika bhoga aura laukika eSaNAoM meM Asakti hotI hai, ve sAMsArika mohAcchanna manaHsthiti meM rahate haiM / bhukta bhogoM kI smRti aura aprApta bhogoM kI lAlasA meM unakA mana Akula banA rahatA hai| isalie apane antima kAla meM bhI ve pratyAkhyAnonmukha nahIM ho pAte / saMsAra meM adhikAMza loga isI prakAra ke haiM / antataH maranA to hotA hI hai, mara jAte haiN| vaisA maraNa 'bAla-maraNa' kahA jAtA hai| yahAM bAla kA abhinAya ajJAnI se hai| __dUsare prakAra ke ve vyakti haiM, jo bhoga tathA deha kI nazvaratA kA cintana karate hue Atma-svabhAvonmukha banate haiN| dainika kaSTa tathA roga-janita vedanA ko ve Atma-bala se sahate jAte haiM aura apane bhautika jIvana kI isa antima avasthA meM khAdya, peya Adi kA parivarjana kara, AmaraNa-anazana, jo mahAn Atma-bala kA dyotaka hai, apanA kara zusa catanya meM lIna hote hue deha-tyAga karate haiM / jaina paribhASA meM yaha 'paNDita-maraNa' kahA jAtA hai| prastuta prakIrNaka meM bAla-maraNa tathA paNDita-maraNa kA vivecana hai, jisakI sthiti prAyaH AturAvasthA meM banatI hai| sambhavataH isI pRSTha-bhUmi ke AdhAra para isakA nAma Atura-pratyAkhyAna rakhA gayA ho| isameM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki pratyAkhyAna se hI sadgati yA zAzvata zAnti sadhatI hai / catuHzaraNa kI taraha isake bhI racayitA vIrabhadra kahe jAte haiM aura usI kI taraha bhuvanatuga dvArA vRtti tathA guNaratna dvArA avacUri kI racanA kI gyii| 3. mahApaccAkkhAraNa (mahA pratyAkhyAna) naam : aaagsaath - asat, azubha yA prakaraNIya kA pratyAkhyAna yA tyAga hI jIvana kI yathArtha saphalatA kA paripoSaka hai| yaha tathya hI vaha aAdhAra-zilA hai, jisa para dharmAcaraNa TikA hai| 2010_05

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488 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [2 prastuta kRti meM isI pRSThabhUmi para duSkRta kI nindA kI gaI hai| tyAga ke mahAn Ada kI upAdeyatA kA isameM vizeSa rUpa se ullekha kiyA gayA hai / sambhavata: isI kAraNa isakI saMjJA mahA pratyAkhyAna kI gayI / vijaNa-catu paugalika bhogoM kA moha yA lolupa bhAva vyakti ko pavitra tathA saMyata jIvana nahIM apanAne detA / paudgalika bhogoM se prANI kabhI tRpta nahIM ho sktaa| unase saMsAra - bhramaNa uttarottara bar3hatA hI jAtA hai / etanmUlaka viSayoM kA vizleSaNa karate hue prastuta kRti maiM mAyA kA varjana, titikSA evaM vairAgya ke hetu, paMca mahAvrata, ArAdhanA Adi viSayoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / antataH yahI siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki pratyAkhyAna hI siddhi prApta karane kA hetu hai / prastuta prakIrNaka meM eka sau bayAlIsa gAthAeM haiM / 4. bhatta- pariNNA (bhakta-parijJA) nAma : Aziya bhakta bhojana vAcI hai aura parikSA kA sAmAnya artha jJAna, viveka yA pahacAna hai / sthAnAMga sUtra meM parizA kA eka vizeSa artha 'jJAnapUrvaka pratyAkhyAna' kiyA gayA hai / jaina dharma meM bhakta-parijJA anazanapUrvaka maraNa ke bhedoM meM eka hai / zrAtura pratyAkhyAna ke sandarbha meM jaisA ki vivecana kiyA gayA hai, rugNAvasthA meM sAdhaka AmaraNa anazana svIkAra kara paNDita - maraNa prApta karatA hai, bhakta-parijJA kI sthiti usase kucha bhinna pratIta hotI hai / vahAM daihika asvasthatA kI sthiti kA vizeSa sambandha nahIM hai / sadasad vivekapUrvaka sAdhaka AmaraNa anazana dvArA deha tyAga karatA hai / dharmasaMgraha nAmaka jaina AcAra - viSayaka grantha ke tRtIya adhikararaNa meM isa sambandha meM vizada varNana hai / prastuta prakIrNaka meM anyAnya viSayoM ke sAtha-sAtha bhakta-parijJA kA vizeSa rUpa se varNana hai / mukhyataH usI ko AdhAra mAna kara prastuta prakIrNaka kA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai / isa prakIrNaka kA kalevara eka sau bahattara gAthAmaya hai / isameM bhakta-parijJA ke sAtha-sAtha iMginI aura pAdopagamana kA bhI vivecana hai, jo usI (bhakta-parijJA) kI taraha vivekapUrvaka azana- tyAga dvArA prApta kiye jAne vAle maraNa-bheda haiM / isa koTi ke paNDita-maraNa ke ye tIna bheda mAne gaye haiM / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [489 katipaya mahatvapUrNa prasaMga isa prakIrNaka meM darzana (zraddhA-tatva-AsthA) ko bahuta mahatvapUrNa batAyA gayA hai / kahA mayA hai ki jo darzana-bhraSTa ho jAte haiM, unheM nirvANa-lAbha nahIM ho sakatA / sAdhakoM ke aise aneka udAharaNa upasthita kiye gaye haiM, jinhoMne asahya kaSToM tathA pariSahoM ko prAtma-bala ke sahAre jhelate hue antataH siddhi lAbha kiyA / manonigraha para bahuta bala diyA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai ki sAdhanA meM sthira hone ke lie mana kA nigraha yA niyamvaraNa atyanta Avazyaka hai| yahAM mana ko markaTa kI taraha capala tathA kSaNabhara bhI zAnta nahIM raha sakane vAlA batAyA hai| usakA viSaya vAsabhA se pare honA duSkara hai| striyoM kI isa prakIrNaka meM kar3e zabdoM meM carcA kI gayI hai| unheM sarpiNI se upamita kiyA gayA hai| unheM zoka-sarit, avizvAsa-bhUmi, pApa-guhA aura kapaTa-kuTIra jaise hIna nAmoM se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| isa prakIrNaka ke racanAkAra vIrabhadra mAne jAte haiN| guNaratna dvArA avadhUri kI racanA kI gyii| 5. tandulaveyAliya (tandula-vaicArika) nAma : artha tandula aura vaicArika; ina do zabdoM kA isameM samAveza hai| tandula kA artha cAvala hotA hai aura vaicArika spaSTa hai ho / prastuta prakIrNaka ke isa nAma ke sambandha meM kalpanA hai ki sau varSa kA vRddha puruSa eka dina meM jitane tandula khAtA hai, unakI saMkhyA ko upalakSita kara yaha nAmakaraNa huaA hai / / * kalpanA kA Azaya bahuta spaSTa to nahIM hai, para, usakA bhAva yaha rahA ho ki sau varSa ke vRddha puruSa dvArA pratidina jitane cAvala khAye jA sakate haiM, ve gaNanA-yogya hote haiM / kyoMki vRddhAvasthA ke kAraNa sahaja hI usakI bhojana-mAtrA bahuta kama ho jAtI hai arthAt eka satI saMkhayA-kapa isase pratidhvanita hotA hai / 1. tanvutAnAM varSazatAyuSkapuruSapratidinabhogyAtA saMkhyAvicAreNopalakSitaM sndulbNcaarikr| -abhidhAna rAjendra, caturtha bhAga, pR0 2168 2010_05 ___

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490 -mAgama aura bripiTaka : eka anuzIlana yaha prakIrNaka pAMca sau chayAsI gAthAnoM kA kalevara liye hue hai| isameM jIvoM kA garbha meM AhAra, svarUpa, zvAsocha vAsa kA parimAraNa, zarIra meM sandhiyoM kI sthiti va svarUpa, mAr3iyoM kA parimANa, romakUpa, pitta, rudhira, zukra Adi kA vivecana hai / ye to mukhya viSaya haiM hI, sAtha-sAtha garbha kA samaya, mAtA-pitA ke aga, jIva kI bAla, krIr3A, manda mAdi daza dazAe', dharma meM adhyavasAya Adi aura bhI aneka sambaddha viSaya variNata haiN| naahii aa n ilaa prastuta prakIrNaka meM prasaMgopAtta nArI kA bahuta ghRNotpAdaka va bhayAnaka varNana kiyA gayA hai| kahA gayA hai ki nArI sahasroM aparAdhoM kA ghara hai| vaha kapaTa-pUrNa prema rUpI parvata se nikalane vAlI nadI hai / vaha duzcaritra kA adhiSThAna hai / sAdhuoM ke lie vaha zatrurUpA hai / vyAghrI kI taraha vaha krU rahRdayA hai| jisa prakAra kAle nAga kA vizvAsa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, usI prakAra vaha avizvasya hai / ucchRkhala ghor3e ko jisa prakAra damita nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, usI prakAra vaha durdama hai| kuda vicita vyatpattiyAM nArI-nindA ke prasaMga meM nArI-artha-dyotaka zabdoM kI kucha vicitra vyatpattiyAM dI gaI haiM / jaise, nArI ke paryAyavAcI pramadA zabda kI vyutpatti karate hue kahA gayA hai : purise bhatte karaMti ti pamayAo arthAt puruSoM ko matta-kAmonmatta banA detI haiM, isalie ve pramadAe kahI jAtI haiN| mahilA zabda kI vyutpatti isa prakAra kI gayI hai : nANA vihehi kamme hi sippaiyAehiM purise mohaMti tti mhilaao| aneka prakAra ke zilpa Adi karmoM dvArA puruSoM ko mohita karane ke kAraNa ve mahilAe kahI jAtI haiM / prAkRta meM mahilA ke sAtha mahiliyA prayoga bhI nArI ke artha meM hai| svArthika ka jor3akara yaha zabda niSpanna huA hai / isakA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai : mhaMtaM kali jaNayaMti tti mahiliyAo, ve mahAn kalaha utpanna karatI haiM, isalie unheM mahiliyAo saMjJA se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| rAmA kI vyutpatti karate hue kahA gayA hai : purise hAvabhAvabhAiehiM ramaMti tti raamaao| hAva, bhAva prAdi dvArA puruSoM ko ramya pratIta hone ke kAraNa ve mA kahI jAtI haiN| ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 491 aMganA kI vyutpatti isa prakAra kI gayI hai : purise aMgArAe kariti tti aMgaNAo arthAt puruSoM ke aMgoM meM anurAga utpanna karane ke kAraNa ve aMganAeM kahalAtI haiM / bArI zabda kI vyutpatti meM kahA gayA hai : nArIsamA na marANaM azao si mAo / mAriyoM ke sadRza puruSoM ke lie koI ari-zatru nahIM hai, isa hetu ve nArI zabda se saMjJita haiM / ina vyutpattiyoM se granthakAra kA yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa spaSTa pratibhAsita hotA hai ki nArI kevala kAmopakaraNa hai / nArI ko eka kutsita aura bIbhatsa bhogya padArtha ke rUpa maiM citrita karane ke pIche sambhavataH yahI Azaya rahA ho ki mAnava kAma se kAminI se itanA bhayAkrAnta ho jAe ki usa ora usakA AkarSaNa hI miTa jaae| astu, yaha eka prakAra to hai, para, sUkSma manovaijJAnika dRSTi se isakI upAdeyatA sandigdha evaM vivAdAspada hai / prastuta prakIrNaka para eka vRtti kI racanA huI, jisake lekhaka vijayavimala haiM / 6. saMthAraMga (saMstAraka) jo bhUmi para saMstIrNa yA prAstIrNa kiyA jAe- bichAyA jAe, vaha saMstAra yA saMstAraka kahA jAtA hai| jaina paramparA meM isakA eka pAribhASika artha hai / jo paryanta kriyA karane ko udyata hote haiM, Atmonmukha hote hue anazana dvArA deha tyAga karanA cAhate haiM, ve bhUmi para darbha zrAdi se saMstAra - saMstAraka arthAt bichaunA taiyAra karate haiM / usa para leTate haiM / usa saMstAraka para deha tyAga karate hue ve jIvana kA vaha sAdhya sAdhane meM saphala hote haiM, jisake lie ve yAvajjIvana sAdhanA- nirata tathA yatnavAn rahe / usa bichaune para sthita hote hue ve saMsAra sAgara ko taira jAte haiM; ataH saMstAraka kA artha saMsAra sAgara ko terA dene vAlA, usake pAra lagAne vAlA kareM, to bhI asaMgata nahIM lagatA / prastuta prakIrNaka meM antima samaya meM AtmArAdhanA- nirata sAdhaka dvArA saMyojita isa prakriyA kA vivecana hai / eka sau teIsa gAthAoM meM yaha prakIrNaka vibhakta hai / isameM saMstAraka kI prazastatA kA bar3e sundara zabdoM meM varNana kiyA gayA hai / kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra maNiyoM meM vaiDUrya 1. saMstIryate bhUpIThe zayAlubhiriti saMstAraH sa eva saMstArakaH / paryantakriyAM kurvadirdarbhA - dirbhAvarastaraNe, tatkriyApratipAdana rUpe prakIrNakagranthe / -abhidhAna rAjendra, saptama bhAga, pR0 195 2010_05

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492 ] Agama aura fafpaTaka : eka anuzIlana [ ww: { mariNa, surabhimaya padArtho meM gozIrSa candana tathA ratnoM meM hIrA usama hai, usI prakAra sAdhanA-kramoM meM saMstAraka parama zreSTha hai / zraura bhI bar3e udbodhaka zabdoM meM kahA gayA hai ki tRNoM kA saMstAraka bichA kara usa para sthita hudhA zramala mokSa-sukha kI anubhUti karatA hai / isa prakIrNaka meM aise aneka muniyoM ke kathAnaka diye gaye haiM, jinhoMne saMstAraka para AsIna hokara paNDita maraNa prApta kiyA / guNaratna ne isa para avacUri kI racanA kI / 7. gacchAyAra (gacchAcAra) gaccha eka paramparA yA eka vyavasthA meM rahane vAle yA calane vAle samudAya kA sUcaka hai, jo AcArya dvArA anuzAsita hotA hai / jaba aneka vyakti eka sAtha sAmudAyika yA sAmUhika jIvana jIte haiM, to kucha aise niyama, paramparAeM, vyavasthAeM mAna kara calanApar3atA hai, jisase sAmUhika jIvana samIcInatA, svasthatA tathA zAnti se calatA jAe / zramaraNasaMgha ke lie bhI yahI bAta hai / eka saMgha yA gaccha meM rahane vAle sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko kucha vizeSa paramparAnoM tathA maryAdAoM ko lekara calanA hotA hai, jinakA sambandha sAdhvAcAra, anuzAsana, pAramparika sahayoga, sevA aura saumanasyapUrNa vyavahAra se hai / sAmaSTika rUpa meM vahI saba sampradAya, gaNa yA gaccha kA AcAra kahA jAtA hai / Adhunika bhASA meM use saMghIya AcAra saMhitA ke nAma se abhihita kiyA jA sakatA hai / prastuta prakIrNaka meM inhIM saba pahaluoM kA varNana hai / isa prakIrNaka meM kula eka sau saiMtIsa gAthAeM haiM, jinameM katipaya anuSTup chanda meM racita haiM tathA katipaya AryA chanda meM / mahAnizItha, vRhatkalpa zrIra vyavahAra Adi cheda-sUtroM kA varNana pahale kiyA hI gayA hai, jinameM sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ke prAcAra, unake dvArA jJAtaajJAta rUpa meM sevita doSa, tadartha prAyAzcita vidhAna prAdi se sambaddha viSaya variMgata haiM / kahA jAtA hai, ina granthoM se yathApekSa sAmagrI saMcI kara eka gaccha meM rahane vAle sAdhusAdhviyoM ke hita kI dRSTi se isa prakIrNaka kI racanA kI gyii| isameM gaccha ke sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAcArya, una sabake pArasparika vyavahAra, niyamana Adi kA vizada vivecana hai / gaccha ke nAyaka yA AcArya ke varNana prasaMga meM eka sthAna para ullekha hai ki jo AcArya svayaM grAcAra bhraSTa haiM, bhraSTAcAriyoM kA niyaMtraNa nahIM karate arthAt AcAra bhraSTatA kI upekSA karate haiM, svayaM unmArgamAgI haiM, ve mArga aura gaccha kA nAza karane vAle haiM / jyAyAn evaM kanIyAn sAdhuoM ke pArasparika vaiyAvRtya, vinaya, sevA, Adara, sadbhAva Adi kA bhI isa grantha meM vivecana kiyA gayA hai / 2010_05

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WWE aura sAhit] bhArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura ogama vAG maya [ 493 brahmavarya pAlana meM sadA jAgarUka rahane kI ora zramaNavRnda ko prerita kiyA gayA hai / batAyA gayA hai ki vaya se vRddha hone para bhI zramaNa zramaNiyoM ke sAtha vArtAlApa meM saMlagna nahIM hote / zramaNiyoM kA saMsarga zramaraNoM ke lie viSa-tulya hai / viSaya ko aura adhika spaSTa karate hue ullekha kiyA gayA hai ki ho sakatA hai, Dar3hacetA sthavira ke citta meM sthiratA -- dRr3hatA ho, para jisa prakAra ghRta agni ke samIpa rahane para dravita ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra sthavira ke saMsarga se sAdhvI kA citta dravita ho jAe, usameM durbalatA ubhara aae| vaisI sthiti meM, jaisA ki AzaMkita hai, yadi sthavira apanA dhairya kho baiThe, to vaha ThIka vaisI dazA meM Apatita ho jAtA hai, jaise kapha meM Alipta makSikA / antataH yahAM taka kahA gayA hai ki zramaraNa ko bAlA, vRddhA, bahina, putrI aura dauhitrI taka kA naikaTya nahIM hone denA cAhie / vyAkhyA : sAhitya prAnandavimala sUri ke ziSya zrI vijayavimala garaNI ne gacchAcAra para TIkA kI racanA kI / TIkAkAra ne eka prasaMga meM ullekha kiyA hai ki varAhamihira prAcArya bhadrabAhu ke bhAI the / isa sambandha meM AcArya bhadrabAhu ke itivRtta ke sandarbha meM carcA kI jA cukI hai, yaha itihAsa sammata tathya nahIM hai / itihAsa para prAmANikatA, gaveSaNA tathA samIkSA kI dRSTi se dhyAna na diye jA sakane ke kAraNa isa taraha ke aprAmANika ullekhoM kA pracalana rahA ho, aisA sambhAvita lagatA hai / TIkAkAra ne yaha bhI carcA kI hai ki varAhamihira ne candraprajJapti, sUryaprajJapti Adi zAstroM kA adhyayana karake vArAhI saMhitA nAmaka grantha kI racanA kI / 8. gariNa- vijjA (gaNi- vidyA) zrApAtataH pratIta hotA hai, isa prakIrNaka ke nAma meM AyA huA gaNi zabda garaNa ke pradhipati yA AcArya ke artha meM ho; kyoMki prAkRta meM sAmAnyataH gariNa zabda kA pracalita prarthaM aisA hI hai / saMskRta meM bhI gaNinu zabda isI artha meM hai / samAsa meM na kA lopa hokara kevala gaNi raha jAtA hai / vAstava meM prakIrNaka ke nAma meM pUrvAddha meM jo gaNi zabda hai, vaha gaNanAyaka ke artha meM nahIM hai / gaNi zabda kI eka anya niSpatti ina pratyaya lagA kara gaNanA ke artha meM gaNi zabda banAyA jAtA hai| hai; kyoMki prastuta prakIraNaMka meM gaNanA sambandhI viSaya varNita hai / bhI hai / gaNa, dhAtu ke yahAM usI kA abhipreta yaha prakIrNaka bayAsI 2010_05

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44 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana gAthAoM meM vibhakta hai / isameM tithi, vAra, karaNa, muhUrtta, zakuna, lagna, nakSatra, nimitta Adi jyotiSa sambandhI viSayoM kA vivecana hai / ghaNTe ke artha meM yahAM horA zabda kA prayoga huA hai / i C. deviMda -thaya (devendra - stava) eka zrAvaka caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ko vandana karatA huA bhagavAn mahAvIra kI stavanA karatA hai / taba zrAvaka kI gRhiNI apane pati se indra Adi ke viSaya meM jijJAsA karatI hai / vaha zrAvaka taba kalpopapanna tathA kalpAtIta devatAoM Adi kA varNana karatA hai / yahI saba isa prakIrNaka kA varNya viSaya hai / khaNDa : 2 pichale kaI prakIrNakoM kI taraha isa prakIrNaka ke racanAkAra bhI zrI vIrabhadra kahe jAte haiM / isameM tIna sau sAta gAthAeM samAviSTa haiM / 10. maraNa samAhI ( maraNa- samAdhi) jisase sabhI sadA bhayA maraNa, jisakA kabhI na kabhI sabako sAmanA karanA par3atA hai, kAnta rahate haiM, jisake smaraNa mAtra se deha meM eka siharana sI daur3a jAtI hai, ko parama sukhamaya banAne ke hetu jaina darzana ne gambhIra aura sUkSma cintana kiyA hai tathA usake lie eka prazasta mArga-darzana diyA hai tAki mRtyu mAnava ke lie bhIti ke sthAna para mahotsava bana jAe / samAdhi-maraNa usI kA upakrama hai / mAnasika sthiratA, AtmonmukhatA, zuddha cintanapUrvaka dehAsaktivajita maraNa samAdhimaraNa hai| vahAM khAna-pAna Adi saba kucha sahaja bhAva se parityakta ho jAte haiN| sAdhaka AtmaanAtma ke bheda - vijJAna kI koTi meM pahuMcane lagatA hai / aisI grantaH sthiti utpanna ho, jIvana meM yathArthagAmitA vyApta ho jAe, etadartha cintanazIla jaina manISiyoM ne kucha vyavasthita vidhi - krama diye haiM, jo unake na kevala zAstrAnuzIlana, apitu unake jIvana-satya ke sAkSAkAra se prasUta hai / isa prakIrNaka meM samAdhi-maraNa, usake bheda Adi kA isI pariprekSya meM tAtvika evaM vizada vivecana hai / kalevara : viSaya-vastu 2010_05 prastuta prakIrNaka cha : sau tiresaTha gAthAoM kA zabda kalevara lie hue hai / parimANa meM dazoM prakIrNaka granthoM meM yaha sabase bRhat hai / varNya viSaya se sambaddha bhakta-parijJA, Atura -

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya / 495 pratyAkhyAna, mahA-pratyAkhyAna, maraNa-vibhakti, maraNa-vizodhi, ArAdhanA prabhRti anekavidhi zrata-samudaya ke AdhAra para isa prakIrNaka kA sarjana huA hai| guru aura ziSya ke saMvAda ke sAtha isa grantha kA prArambha hotA hai| ziSya ko samAdhimaraNa ke sambandha meM jijJAsA hotI hai| guru usake samAdhAna meM ArAdhanA, AlocanA, saMlekhanA, utsarga, avakAza, saMstAraka, nisarga, pAdopagamana Adi caudaha dvAroM ke mAdhyama se samAdhi-maraNa kA vistRta vizleSaNa karate haiM / anazana-tapa kI vyAkhyA, saMlekhanA-vidhi, paNDita-maraNa ke svarUpa Adi kA isa prakIrNaka meM samAveza hai, jo Atma-sAdhakoM ke lie kevala paThanIya hI nahIM, Antarika dRSTi se bhI vicAraNIya hai / prAsaMgika rUpa meM isameM una mahApuruSoM ke dRSTAMta upasthita kiye gaye haiM, jinhoMne pariSahoM ko samabhAva se sahate hue pAdopagamana Adi tapa dvArA siddhi prApta kI / dharma-tatvopadeza ke sandarbha meM aura bhI aneka dRSTAnta upasthita kiye gaye haiM / bAraha bhAvanAoM ke vivecana ke sAtha yaha prakIrNaka samApta hotA hai / daza prakIrNakoM para yaha saMkSipta UhApoha hai| inake atirikta aura bhI katipaya prakIrNaka haiM, jinameM RSi-bhASita, tIrthodgAra-parijJA, AjIva-kalpa, siddhaprAbhRta, ArAdhanA-pratAkA, dvIpa-sAgara-prajJapti, jyotiSa-karaNDaka, aMga-vidyA tathA yoni-prAbhRta; Adi ullekhanIya haiM / upasaMhAra zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka sampradAya dvArA mukhyatayA nimnAMkita paiMtAlIsa pAgama svIkRta haiM, jinakA pichale pRSThoM meM vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai : aMga-11, upAMga-12, cheda-6; mUla-4, nandI-anuyogadvAra-2, prakIrNaka-10 / kula 45 / anya prakIrNaka granthoM ke milAne para inakI saMkhyA caurAsI taka ho gyii| kisI samaya zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka * sampradAya ke gacchoM kI saMkhyA bhI caurAsI thii| ho sakatA hai, isa saMkhyA ne bhI vaisA karane kI preraNA dI ho| zvetAmbara sampradAyoM ke antargata sthAnakavAsI sampradAya tathA terApaMtha sampradAya dvArA uparyukta paiMtAlIsa AgamoM meM battIsa Agama prAmANika rUpa meM svIkAra kiye jAte haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM: aMga-11 upAMga-12 ____ 2010_05

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***i Hit aura faves : eka anuzIlana cheda- 4 - 1. nizItha, 2. vyavahAra, 3 vRhatkalpa, 4. dazAzru taskandha mUla - 4 --- 1. dazarvakAlika, 2. uttarAdhyayana, 3, anuyogadvAra, 4. nandI Avazyaka - 1 | kula 32 zrAgamoM para vyAkhyA - sAhitya prathojana zrArya bhASA-parivAra ke antargata chandas ke vizleSaNa tathA jaina upAMga- sAhitya ke vivecana ke sandarbha meM vedoM ke aMga, upAMga Adi kI carcA kI gayI hai / vedoM ko yathAvat rUpa meM samajhane ke lie unake chaH aMga, upAMga yA vidyA-sthAna purANa, nyAya, mImAMsA evaM dharma - zAstra kA prayojana hai / sAtha-sAtha brAhmaNa-granthoM tathA unase udbhuta sUtra granthoM evaM sAyaNa Adi prAcAryoM dvArA racita bhASyoM kI bhI upayogitA hai / isa vADmaya kA bhalIbhAMti adhyayana kiye binA yaha zakya nahIM hai ki vedoM kA hArda sahI rUpa meM prAtmasAta kiyA jA sake / vedoM ke sAtha jo sthiti uparyukta aMgopAMga evaM bhASya - sAhitya kI hai, vahI pAlipiTakoM ke sAtha prAcAryaM buddhaghoSa, AcAyaM buddhadatta tathA AcArya dhammapAla zrAdi dvArA racita aTThakathAoM kI hai / piTaka - sAhitya ke talasparzI jJAna ke lie ina aTThakathAnoM kA adhyayana nitAnta Avazyaka hai / 2 prAkRta jaina zrAgamoM ke sAtha unake vyAkhyA - sAhitya kI bhI isI prakAra kI sthiti 'hai| usakI sahAyatA yA AdhAra ke binA zrAgamoM kA hArda yathAvat rUpa meM gRhIta kiyA jAnA kaThina hai| jaina AgamoM kI apanI vizeSa pAribhASika zailI hai, aneka AgamoM meM pratyanta sUkSma tathA gambhIra viSayoM kA nirUpaNa hai; ataH yaha kama sambhava hai ki unheM sIdhA samyaktayA samajhA jA ske| inake atirikta AgamoM kI durUhatA bar3ha jAne kA eka aura kAraNa hai / unameM vAcanA-bheda se sthAna-sthAna para pATha-bhinnatA bhI dRSTigocara hotI hai / tadviSayaka paramparAeM grAma prApta nahIM haiM; prataH Agama-gata viSayoM kI samucita saMgati biThAte hue 1. sUtra - prantha rathUla rUpa meM cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai : 1. zrautasUtra, 2. gRhyasUtra, 3. dharmasUtra tathA 4. zulva sUtra / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya | Arya (aba mAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama bAi maya [467 unakA abhiprAya yathAvat pakar3a pAnA sarala nahIM hai / vyAkhyAkAroM ne isa sandarbha meM sthAnasthAna para spaSTIkaraNa dene kA prayAsa kiyA hai, jisase Agama-adhyetAoM ko unake adhyayana, anuzIlana aura unakA abhiprAya svAyatta karane meM suvidhA ho| vyAkhyAnoM kI vidhA . jaina prAcAryoM kA isa ora satata prayatna rahA ki Agama-gata tatva pAThakoM dvArA sahI rUpa meM AtmasAt kiyA jAtA rhe| yahI kAraNa hai ki AgamoM ke vyAkhyA-paraka sAhitya ke sarjana meM ve sadA kRta-prayatna rahe / phalataH niyukti, bhASya, cUNi, TIkA, vRtti, dIpikA, vyAkhyA, vivecana, vivaraNa, avacUri, paMjikA, vacanikA tathA TabbA Adi vividha prakAra kA vipula vyAkhyA-sAhitya prApta hai| bahuta-sA prakAza meM AyA hai tathA anya bahuta-sA prakAzana kI pratIkSA meM bhaNDAroM meM, maMjUSAoM tathA puTThoM meM, Aja bhI pratibaddha hai| vyAkhyA-sAhitya meM niyuktiyoM tathA bhASyoM kI racanA prAkRta bhASA meM huii| cUriyA yadyapi prAkRta-saMskRta kA mizrita rUpa liye hue haiM, para, vahAM mukhyatayA prAkRta kA prayoga hai| kucha TIkAeM bhI prakRta-nibaddha yA prAkRta-saMskRta-mizrita haiM / adhikAMza TIkAeM saMskRta meM haiM / isa prakAra AgamoM ke atirikta unase sambaddha prAkRta-sAhitya kI ye cAra vidhAeM paura haiM / AgamoM sahita usake pAMca prakAra hote haiM, jise paMcAMgI sAhitya kahA jAtA hai| prAkRta ke vikAsa ke vibhinna staroM, rUpoM Adi kA avabodha, bhASAzAstrIya dRSTi se prAkRta kA sUkSma parizIlana, Agamagata jaina darzana evaM prAcAra-zAstra ke vividha pakSoM ke prAmANika tathA zodhapUrNa adhyayana Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se isa paMcAMgI sAhitya ke vyApaka paura gambhIra parizIlana kI vAstava meM bahuta upayogitA hai| nijjutti (niyukti) vyAkhyAkAra prAcAryoM va vidvAnoM ke anusAra sUtroM meM jo niyukta haiM, nizcita kiyA huA hai, vaha artha jisameM nibaddha ho--samIcInatayA sannivezita ho-yathAvat rUpa meM nirdiSTa ho, use niyukti kahA jAtA hai / niyuktikAra isa nizcaya ko lekara calate haiM ki ve sUtroM kA sahI tathya yathAvat rUpa meM prastuta kareM, jisase pAThaka sUtragata viSaya sahI rUpa meM hRdgata kara sakeM / para, jisa saMkSipta aura saMketamaya zailI meM niyuktiyAM likhI gayI haiM, usase yaha kama sambhava lagatA hai ki unheM bhI binA vyAkhyA ke sahajatayA samajhA jA sake / yadyapi nivecya viSayoM ko samajhAne ke hetu aneka udAharaNoM, dRSTAntoM tathA kathAnakoM kA unameM 2010_05 |

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498 } Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa: prayoga huA hai, para, unakA saMketa jaisA kara diyA gayA hai, spaSTa aura vizada varNana nahIM milatA / aisI mAnyatA hai ki niyuktiyoM kI racanA kA AdhAra guru- paramparA - prApta pUrvamUlaka vAG maya rahA hai / zrama vRnda gamika viSayoM ko sahajatayA mukhAgra rakha sakeM, niyuktiyoM kI racanA ke pIche sambhavataH yaha bhI eka hetu rahA ho / ye AryA chanda meM racita gAthAoM meM haiM; isalie inheM kaNThastha rakhane meM apekSAkRta adhika sugamatA rahatI haiM / kathAeM, dRSTAnta Adi kA bhI saMkSepa meM ullekha yA saMketa kiyA huA hai / usase ve mUla rUpa meM upadeSTA zramaNoM ke dhyAna meM A jAte haiM, jinase ve unheM vistAra se vyAkhyAta kara sakate haiM / aitihAsikatA vyAkhyA - sAhitya meM niyuktiyAM sarvAdhika prAcIna haiM / piNDa - niyukti tathA aughaniyukti kI gaNanA zrAgamoM ke rUpa meM kI gayI hai / isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki pAMcavIM I0 zatI meM valabhI meM huI Agama-vAcanA, jisameM antataH AgamoM kA saMkalana evaM nirdhAraNa huA, usase pUrva hI niyuktiyoM kI racanA Arambha ho gayI thI / pramukha naiyAyika dvAdazAranaya-candra ke racayitA prAcArya mallavAdI ne apanI racanA meM niyukti-gAthA uddhRta kI hai, jisase mallavAdI se pUrva niyuktiyoM kA racA jAnA pramANita hotA hai / mallavAdI kA samaya vikrama kA paMcama zataka mAnA hai | niyuktiyAM racanAkAra 1. AcArAMga, 2. sUtrakRtAMga, 3, sUryaprajJapti, 4. vyavahAra, 5. kalpa, 6. dazAzrutaskandha, 7. uttarAdhyayana, 8. Avazyaka, 9. dazavaikAlika, 10. RSibhASita; ina daza sUtroM para niyuktiyoM kI racanA kI gayI hai / sUryaprajJapti tathA RSibhASita kI niyuktiyAM prApta haiN| niyuktikAra ke rUpa meM AcArya bhadrabAhu kA nAma prasiddha hai| para, zrutakevalI ( antima caturdaza pUrvadhara) AcArya bhadrabAhu, jinhoMne cheda - sUtroM kI racanA kI aura niyuktikAra prAcArya bhadrabAhu eka nahIM haiM / eka bahuta bar3I kaThinAI yaha AtI hai ki aneka nAgamoM para racita niyukti tathA bhASya kI gAthAeM sthAna-sthAna para eka-dUsare se itanI mila gayI haiM ki unheM pRthak kara pAnA duHzakya hai / cUriMNakAra bhI vaisA nahIM kara pAye / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] ArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAgamaya / 499 niyuktiyoM meM prasaMgopAttatayA jainoM ke paramparA-prApta AcAra-vicAra, jaina tatva-jJAna ke aneka viSaya, aneka paurANika paramparAeM, aitihAsika ghaTanAeM (aMzataH aitihAsika aMzataH paurANika), isa prakAra kI vimizrita mAnyatAeM variNata huI haiN| jaina-saMskRti, jIvana-vyavahAra tathA cintana-krama ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se niyuktiyoM kA mahatva hai| niyuktiyoM meM vizeSataH arddha-mAgadhI prAkRta kA vyavahAra huA hai| prAkRta kI bhASAzAstrIya gaveSaNA ke sandarbha meM bhI ye vizeSataH adhyetavya haiN| bhAsa (bhASya) AgamoM ke tAtparya ko aura adhika spaSTa karane ke hetu bhASyoM kI racanA huI / inakI racanA-zailI bhI lagabhaga vaisI hai, jaisI niyuktiyoM kI / ye prAkRta-gAthAoM meM likhe gaye haiM / niyuktiyoM kI taraha inameM bhI saMkSipta vivecana-paddhati ko apanAyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra niyuktiyoM kI racanA meM arddha- mAgadhI prAkRta kA prayoga huA hai, inameM kahIM-kahIM arddha-mAgadhI ke sAtha-sAtha mAgadhI aura zaurasenI prAkRta ke rUpa dRSTigata hote haiM / bmbnaa : haabinaa mukhyatayA jina sUtroM para bhASyoM kI racanA huI, ve isa prakAra haiM-1. nizItha, 2. vyavahAra, 3. vRhatkalpa, 4. paMca-kalpa, 5. jIta-kalpa, 6. usarAdhyayana, 7. Avazyaka, 8. vazavakAlika, 9. piNDa-niyukti tathA 10. augha-niyukti / nizItha, vyavahAra aura vRhatkalpa ke bhASya aneka dRSTiyoM se atyadhika mahatva liye hue haiM / inake racayitA zrI saMghadAsa gaNI kSamAzramaNa mAne jAte haiM / kahA jAtA hai, ye yAkinImahattara-sUnu prAcArya haribhadra sUri ke samasAmayika the / Avazyaka sUtra para laghubhASya, mahAbhASya tathA vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kI racanAeM kI gyiiN| aneka viSayoM kA vizada samAveza hone ke kAraNa vizeSAvazyaka bhASya kA jaina sAhitya meM atyanta mahatva hai| isake racayitA zrI jinabhadragaraNI kSamAzramaNa haiM / jItakalpa tathA unake svopajJa bhASya ke kartA bhI zrI jinabhadra gaNI kSamAzramaNa hI haiN| bhASya-sAhitya meM prAcIna zramaraNa-jIvana aura saMgha se sambaddha aneka mahatvapUrNa sUcanAeM prApta hotI haiM / nirgranthoM ke prAcIna AcAra, vyavahAra, vidhi-krama, rIti-nIti, prAyazcittapUrvaka zuddhi; ityAdi viSayoM ke samIkSAtmaka adhyayana evaM anusandhAna ke sandarbha meM nizIya ____ 2010_05 .

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5..1 Agama aura vipiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDe / 3 vyavahAra aura vRhatkalpa-mASya kA adhyayana nitAnta upayogI hai| inameM vividha prasaMgoM para isa prakAra ke upayogI saMketa prApta hote haiM, jinase nirgranthoM kI AcAra-zRkhalA ko jor3ane vAlI aneka kar3iyAM prakAza meM AtI haiM / cuNNi (cU riNa) osb ; sthaa AgamoM para niyukti tathA bhASya ke rUpa meM prAkRta-gAthAoM meM vyAkhyAparakha granthoM kI racanA huI / unameM AgamoM kA prAzaya vistAra tathA vizadatA ke sAtha adhigata kiyA jA sake, vaisA zakya nahIM thA; kyoMki donoM racanAeM padyAtmaka thIM / prastuta: vyAkhyA jitanI spaSTa, bodhagamya tathA hRdya gadya meM ho sakatI hai, padya meM vaisI ho sake, yaha sambhava nahIM ho paataa| phira donoM (niyukti tathA bhASya) meM saMkSiptatA kA AzrayaNa thA; ataH pravacanakAra pravaktA yA vyAkhyAtA ke lie, jaisA ki ullekha kiyA gayA hai, vaha (zailI) lAbhakara thI, para spaSTa aura vizada rUpa meM AgamoM kA hArda adhigata karane ke icchuka adhyetAoM ke lie unakA bahuta adhika upayoga nahIM thaa| ataeva gadya ke rUpa meM AgamoM kI vyAkhyA race jAne kA eka krama pahale se rahA hai, jo cUriNayoM ke rUpa meM prApta hai| ___ abhidhAna-rAjendrakAra ne cUNi kA lakSaNa evaM vizleSaNa karate hue likhA hai : pravRtti, apravRtti tathA vibhASA ke rUpa meM jo artha-bahula ho, heya-upAdeya artha kA pratipAdana karane kI mahattA yA vizeSatA se jo saMyukta ho, jisakI racanA hetu, nipAta tathA upasarga ke samanvaya se gambhIratA lie hue ho, jo avyavacchinna-zlokavat virAma rahita ho, jo gama-naigama-nayAnuprANita ho, use caurNapada-cUriNa kahA jAtA hai| ekhaakhii Rii paann| cUriNakAra ne bhASA ke sambandha meM eka nayA prayoga kiyA hai| prAkRta jaina dRSTi se 1. vyAkaraNa ke anusAra zAbdika racanA kI sthitiyAM / 2. atyabahulaM mahatthaM, heunivAovasaggargabhIraM / bahupAyamavojchinnaM, gamaNayasuddha tu cunapayaM // ..... .... ............................................ -abhidhAna-rajendra tRtIya bhAga, pR0 1195 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] mArca (amAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGmaya (501 bhArSa vAk hai, ataH use to unhoMne liyA hI hai, para, saMskRta ko bhI unhoMne grahaNa kiyA hai / darzana aura tatvajJAna Adi gambhIra evaM sUkSma viSayoM ko vidvadbhogya tathA vyutpanna zailI meM vyAkhyAta karane meM saMskRta kI apanI apratima vizeSatA hai / usakA zabdakoza vaijJAnika dRSTi se vizAla hai tathA usakA vyAkaraNa zabdoM ke nava sarjana kI urvaratA lie hue hai| usakI apanI kucha viziSTa zabdAvalI hai, jisake dvArA saMkSepa meM vistRta aura gahana artha vyAkhyAta kiyA jA sakatA hai| usakI vivecana-sarariNa meM prabhAvApannatA aura gambhIratA hai| sUkSma aura pAribhASika (Technical) vizleSaNa kI dRSTi se usakI apanI asAmAnya kSamatA hai| cUrNikAra dvArA bhASAtmaka mAdhyama ke rUpa meM prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha saMskRta saMyojana ke pIche sambhavataH isI prakAra kA dRSTikoNa rahA ho, arthAta saMskRta kI ima vizeSatAnoM se lAbhAnvita kyoM na huaA jAe? dhUNiyoM meM kiyA gayA prAkRta-saMskRta kA mizrita prayoga 'maNi-pravAla-nyAya' se upamita kiyA gayA hai / maNiyoM aura mUgoM ko eka sAtha milA diyA jAe, to bhI ve pRthakpRthak spaSTa dIkhate rahate haiM / yahI sthiti yahAM donoM bhASAoM kI hai| rndhn Rii sghaann| cUNiyoM meM saMskRta aura prAkRta kA sammilita prayoga to huA, para, phira bhI unameM pradhAnatA prAkRta kI rahI / pUNiyoM meM yathAprasaMga aneka prAkRta-kathAe dI gayI haiM, jo dhArmika, sAmAjika kiMvA laukika jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM se sambaddha haiN| cUriNakAra ko jo zabda vizeSa vyAkhyeya yA vizleSya lage haiM, unakI vyutpatti bhI prAyaH prAkRta meM hI prastuta kI gayI hai| __ varNya viSaya ke samarthana tathA paripuSTatA ke hetu sthAna-sthAna para prAkRta va saMskRta ke vibhinna viSayoM se sambaddha padya uddhata kiye gaye haiM / prAkRta bhASA kI kSamatA, abhivyaMjanAzakti, pravAhazIlatA, lokajanInatA Adi ke sAtha bhASA-zAstrIya dRSTi se pUNiyoM ke adhyayana kI vAstava meM atyadhika upayogitA hai / phibaa| (naandhaar AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, vyAkhyA-prApti, vRhatkalpa, vyavahAra, mirza tha, paMcakalpa, dazAzru taskandha, jItakalpa, jIvAbhigama, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, uttarAdhyayana, Avazyaka, dazavakAlika, nandI tathA anuyogadvAra para cUNiyoM kI racanA huI hai| 2010_05

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bhAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana piNDa ___ cUNiyoM ke rUpa meM jaina sAhitya ko hI nahIM, pratyuta bhAratIya vAGamaya ko anupama dena dene vAle manISI zrI jinadAsa gaNI mahattara the| ve vANijya-kuloppanna the| dharma-sampradAya kI dRSTi se ve koTika gaNa ke antargata vajra-zAkhA se sambaddha the| itihAsajJoM ke anusAra unakA samaya SaSTha zatI IsavI ke lagabhaga mAnA jAtA hai / jaisalamera ke bhaNDAra meM dazavakAlika cUNi kI eka prAcIna prati milI hai, jisake racayitA sthavira agastyasiMha haiM / unakA samaya vikrama kauM tRtIya zatI mAnA jAtA hai, jisase prakaTa hotA hai ki devaddhigaNI kSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM samAyojita vAlabhI vAcanA se lagabhaga do-tIna zatI pUrva hI racI jA cukI thii| Agama-mahodadhi svargIya muni puNyavijayajI dvArA usakA prakAzana kiyA gayA hai| zrI jinadAsa gaNI mahattara dvArA racita daza vaikAlika cUNi ke nAma se jo kRti vizru ta hai, use prAcArya haribhadra sUri ne vRddha-vivaraNa ke nAma se pabhihita kiyA hai| sNbnnuthaa durthaathaa bhAratIya loka-jIvana ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se sabhI cUNiyoM meM yatra-tatra bahuta sAmagrI vikIrNa hai, para. nizItha kI vizeSa cUNi tathA Avazyaka cUNi kA unameM atyanta mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| inameM jaina itihAsa, purAtatva. tatkAlIna samAja Adi para prakAza DAlane vAlI vizAla sAmagrI bharI par3I hai| logoM kA khAna-pAna. veza-bhUSA, prAbhUSaNa, sAmAjika, dhArmika evaM laukika rItiyAM, prathAeM, samAja dvArA svIkRta naitika mAna-daNDa, samaya-samaya para parva dinoM ke upalakSya meM Ayojita hone vAle mele, samAroha, janatA dvArA manAye jAne vAle tyauhAra, vyAvasAyika sthiti, vyApAra-mArga, eka samudAya ke sAtha vyApArArtha dUra-dUra samudra pAra taka jAne vAle bar3e-bar3e vyavasAyI (sArthavAha), upaja, dubhikSa, dasyu, taskara Adi aneka jJAtavya viSayoM kA vividha prasaMgoM ke bIca ina cUNiyoM meM vivecana huaA hai| spaSTataH patA calatA hai ki jaina prAcArya tathA santa jana-jana ko dharma-pratibodha dene ke nimitta kitane samudyata rahe haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki unakA loka-jIvana ke sAtha atyanta nikaTatApUrNa samparka rahA hai| tabhI to usa kAla ke loka-jIvana kA eka sajIva citra upasthita kara pAnA unake lie sahajatayA sambhava ho skaa| jana-samparka ke sAtha-sAtha ve kitane vyavahAra-nipuNa the, prastuta sAmagrI se yaha bhI prakaTa hotA hai| jaina santoM kA apane darzana tathA dharma kA gahana adhyayana to thA hI, adhyayana kI anyAnya niSThAtroM meM bhI unakI gaharI pahuMca thii| vAstava meM unakA adhyayana bar3A vyApaka tathA sArvajanIya thA / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] mArSa (arddhamAgadhI) prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [503 loka-jIvana tathA loka-sAhitya ke gaveSaNApUrNa adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI pUNiyoM kA apanA apratima mahatva hai / Agama-pranthoM ke atirikta tatsambaddha sAhitya ke itara granthoM para bhI cUNiyAM likhe jAne kA krama rhaa| udAharaNArtha, karma-grantha, zrAvaka-pratikramaNa jase granthoM para bhI cUNiyAM racI gyiiN| TokAeM abhipreta prAgama hI jaina saMskRti, dharma, darzana, AcAra-vicAra; saMkSepa meM samagra jaina jIvana ke mUla prAdhAra haiM; ataH unake Azaya ko spaSTa, spaSTatara aura subodhya banAne kI ora jaina prAcAryoM tathA manISiyoM kA prArambha se hI prayatna rahA hai / phalataH jahAM eka ora niyuktiyoM, bhASyoM aura cUNiyoM kA sarjana huA, dUsarI ora TIkAnoM kI racanA kA krama bhI gatizIla rahA / niyuktiyoM va bhASyoM kI racanA prAkRta-gAthAoM meM huI tathA cUriNayAM prAkRtasaMskRta-gadya meM likhI gayauM, vahAM TIkAeM prAya: saMskRta meM racita huii| zabda-sarjana kI urvaratA, vyotpattika vizleSaNa kI vizadatA tathA abhivyaMjanA kI asAdhAraNa kSamatA Adi saMskRta kI kucha asAmAnya vizeSatAeM haiM, jinhoMne jaina tathA bauddha lekhakoM ko vizeSa rUpa se AkRSTa kiyaa| phalata: uttaravartI kAla meM jaina tathA bauddha siddhAnta jaba vidvadgamya, prAMjala tathA praur3ha stara evaM dArzanika pRSTha-bhUmi para abhivyakta va pratiSThita kiye jAne lage, taba unakA bhASAtmaka pariveza adhikAMzataH saMskRta-nibaddha rhaa| jaina vAGamaya meM AcArya siddhasena ke sanmati-tarka-prakaraNa ke atirikta prAyaH pramANazAstrIya grantha saMskRta meM race gaye / yahI saba hetu the ki jaina dArzanika-kAla ke pUrva se hI vidvAn prAcAryoM ne AgamoM kI TIkAoM kI bhASA ke rUpa meM saMskRta ko svIkAra kiyA / arhad-vANI kI saMvAhikA hone ke kAraNa prAkRta ke prati jo zraddhA thI, usakA itanA prabhAva to TIkA-sAhitya meM avazya pAyA jAtA hai ki TIkAoM meM kahIM-kahIM kathAeM mUla prAkRta meM hI uddhRta kI gayI haiM / kucha TIkAeM prAkRta-nibaddha bhI haiM, para, bahuta kama / tthaandhaa : suhaanii ehsh niyuktiyAM, bhASya, cUNiyAM evaM TIkAeM vyAkhyA-sAhitya ke kramika vikAsa ke rUpa nahIM haiM, balki sAmAnyataH aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki inakA sarjana svatantra aura nirapekSa rUpa meM apanA-apanA dRSTikoNa liye calatA rahA hai| vAlabhI vAcanA ke pUrva se TIkAoM 2010_05

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504 1 . bhAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana ra ke race jAne kA krama cAlU thaa| dazavakAlika cUNi ke lekhaka sthavira agastyasiMha, jinakA samaya vikrama ke tRtIya ghAtaka ke Asa-pAsa thA, apanI racanA meM kaI sthAnoM para prAcIna dIkAnoM ke sambandha meM iMgita karate haiM / himavat therAvalI meM ullekha himavat therAvalI meM kiye gaye ullekha ke anusAra Arya madhumitra ke amghAsI tathA tatvArtha mahAbhASya ke racayitA Arya gandhahastI ne Arya skandila ke anurodha para dvAdazAMga para vivaraNa likhA, jo Aja aprApya hai / Agama-mahodadhi muni puNya vijayajI ke amumAra AcArAMga kA vivaraNa sambhavataH vikrama ke do zataka bAda likhA gyaa| vivaraNa vastutaH saMskRta-TIkA kA hI eka rUpa hai / isa prakAra TIkAoM kI racanA kA krama eka prakAra se bahuta pahale hI cAlU ho cukA thaa| pramukha TIkAkAra praaghaath bishH khub ___ jana jagat ke mahAn vidvAn, adhyAtma-yogI prAcArya haribhadra sUri kA Agama-TIkAkAroM meM mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| unakA samaya AThavIM I0 zatI mAnA jAtA hai / unhoMne Avazyaka, dazavaikA laka, nandI, anuyoga-dvAra tathA prajJApanA para TIkAoM kI racanA kI / TIkAoM meM unakI vidvattA tathA gahana adhyayana kA spaSTa darzana hotA hai / TIkAtroM meM kathA-bhAga ko unhoMne prAkRta meM hI yathAvat upasthita kiyaa| isa paramparA kA katipaya uttaravartI TIkAkAroM ne bhI manusaraNa kiyA, jinameM vAdivaitAla zAnti sUri, nemicandra sUri tathA prAcArya malaya giri Adi mukhya haiN| zIlA kArya zIlAMkAcArya ne dvAdazAMga vAGamaya ke atyanta mahatvapUrNa grantha AcArAMga tathA sUtrakRtAMga para TIkAoM kI racanA kii| inameM jaina-tatva-jJAna tathA prAcAra-krama se sambaddha aneka mahatvapUrNa tathya udghATita hue haiN| zIlAMkAcArya kA samaya lagabhaga navama IsavI zatI mAnA jAtA hai| zAntyAcArya evaM nemicandrAcArya IsA kI gyArahavIM zatI meM vAdivatAla prAcArya zAnti sUri tathA prAcArya nemicandra 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya 1 Arya (arddhamAgadhI prAkRta aura Agama vAGamaya [ 505 sUri nAmaka pramukha TIkAkAra hue| zAnti sUri ne uttarAdhyayana para pAiya yA ziSyAhitA saMjJaka TIkA kI racanA kI, vaha uttarAdhyayana- vRhada-vRtti ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hai / nemi - candrasUri ne isI TIkA ko mukhya AdhAra banA kara eka TIkA kI racanA kI, jise unhoMne sukha-bodhA saMjJA dI / " jJAcArya zAnti sUri ne jahAM prAkRta-kathAyoM kI udadhRta kiyA hai, yahAM 'aisA vRddhasampradAya hai' 'yauM vRddhAvAda haiM', 'abhya isa prakAra kahate haiM' ityAdi mahatvapUrNa sUcanAeM kI haiM, jo anusandhirasutroM ke lie bar3I upayogI haiM / inase anumeya hai ki prAcIna kAla se ina kathAoM kI paramparA calI A rahI thI / kathA - sAhitya ke anuzIlana kI dRSTi se ina kathAoM kA niHsandeha bar3A mahatva hai / pAiya tathA sukhabodhA saMjJaka TIkAoM meM kucha kathAeM to itanI vistRta ho gayI haiM ki unakI pRthak svatantra pustaka ho sakatI hai / brahmadatta kI kathAeM isI prakAra kI haiN| ear arata prabhRti uttaravartI TIkAkAra bArahavIM - terahavIM I0 zatI meM aneka TIkAkAra hue, jinhoMne TIkAnoM ke rUpa meM mahatvapUrNa vyAkhyA - sAhitya kA sarjana kiyaa| prAcArya abhayadeva sUri ne sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyAprajJati, jJAtRdharmakathA, upAsakadazA, antakRddazA, anuttaraupapAtikadazA, prazna vyAkaraNa, tathA vipAka zruta; ina nau aMga-granthoM para vidvattApUrNa TIkAoM kI racanA kI, jinakA jaina sAhitya meM bar3A samAdata sthAna hai / nau aMgoM para TIkAeM racane ke kAraNa ye navAMgI TIkAkAra ke nAma se vizruta haiM / inakA samaya bArahavIM I0 zatAbdI hai / bArahavIM - terahavIM zatI ke TIkAkAroM meM droNAcArya, maladhAri hemacandra, malayagiri evaM kSemakIrti Adi ke nAma ullekhanIya haiM / solahavIM zatI ke antima bhAga meM hue zAntier bhI vizruta TIkAkAra the / - vizeSatA : mahatva TIkAoM ne zrAgama-gata nigUr3ha tatvoM kI abhivyakti aura vizleSaraNa kA to mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA hI, eka bahuta bar3I sAhityika nidhi bhI prastuta kI, jisakA asAdhAraNa mahatva hai / vidvAn TIkAkAroM ne mAnava jIvana ke vibhinna aMgoM aura pahaluoM kA jo vivecanavizleSaNa kiyA, vaha manovaijJAnika, dArzanika, sAhityika, sAmAjika zrAdi aneka pahaluoM kA mArmika saMsparza liye hue hai / 2010_05

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506 mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana . [khaNDa : 2 yaha vizAla vAGamaya uttaravartI sAhitya ke sarjana meM niHsandeha bar3A upajIvaka evaM preraka rahA / phalataH jaina-vAGamaya kA srota prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza tathA anyAnya lokabhASAoM kA mAdhyama liye uttarottara pallavita, puSpita evaM vikasita hotA gyaa| itanA hI nahIM, jainetara sAhitya kI bhI aneka vidhAeM isase prabhAvita tathA anuprANita huIM, jo svatantra adhyayana kA viSaya hai| ____ 2010_05

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: & : zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAG maya (Shouraseni Prakrita and its Cononical Liturature) 2010_05

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2010_05

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prastuta prakara - pichale pRSThoM meM jina addha mAgadhI AgamoM kA vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai, vahAM aisA bhI saMketa kiyA gayA hai ki digambara jaina sampradAya meM ve prAmANika rUpa meM svIkRta nahIM haiM / digambaroM ke anusAra bhagavad-udgIrNa, gaNadhara-grathita AgamoM (dvAdazAMgoM) kA viccheda ho gyaa| digambara-sampradAya meM jo grantha Agamavat pramANabhUta mAne jAte haiM, jinakI racanA zaurasenI prAkRta meM huI, ke sambandha meM prastuta prakaraNa meM vistAra se carcA kI jaayegii| kyoMki prAkRta vAGamaya meM unakA aneka dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| prastuta viSaya ke sandarbha meM aisA apekSita pratIta hotA hai ki jaina paramparA digambara tathA zvetAmbara, do dhArAoM meM kisa prakAra vibhakta huI, isa para bhI kucha carcA kI jaaye| nihnavavAda jaina paramparA meM kucha eka aise vyakti hue haiM, jinhoMne kisI eka viSaya ko lekara pratikUla siddhAnta sthApita kiye| unheM nihnava kahA gayA hai| nihnava kA prayoga vahAM tatsiddhAnta aura tad-vyakti-donoM arthoM meM hotA rahA hai / niha nA kA artha nihnava zabda sAmAnyataH gopana artha meM prayukta huA hai / jaina paramparA meM yaha zabda eka vizeSa artha lie hue hai| Avazyaka-niyukti ke eka vyAkhyA-prasaMga meM AcArya malayagiri ne isakA vizleSaNa karate hue likhA hai : jo abhiniveza- Asakti yA aAgraha ke kAraNa tIrthaMkara-bhASita artha kA apalapana karate haiM, ve nihnava kahe jAte haiM; kyoMki ve sUtroM ke artha kA apalApa yA pratikUla pratipAdana karate haiN| kahA gayA hai-jo sUtra meM kahe gaye eka bhI akSara ke prati arucizIla yA niSThArahita ho jAtA hai, vaha mithyASTi hai / kyoMki tIrthaMkara-prarUpita sUtra hI hamArA pramANa hai / 2010_05

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510 Agama aura fafpaTaka / eka anuzIlana t: khaNDa: I ye hniva aMzata: visaMvAdI hote haiM / bAhya veSa-bhUSA meM inakA ( jaina zramaraNoM se ) bheda nahIM hotA / isI prasaMga meM boTika nihnava kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai / kahA gayA hai ki ve (boTika) sarva visaMvAdI arthAt lagabhaga sabhI viSayoM meM viparIta mata lie hue haiM / 1 sArAMza isa vyAkhyA se spaSTa hai ki zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra jaina paramparA meM samayasamaya para kucha aise vidrohI hote rahe haiM, jinakA siddhAnta ke kisI vizeSa pahalU para matabheda huA / unhoMne apane matavAda kA prasAra kiyA / unakA apanA sampradAya banA / inakA sva-sva-gRhIta pakSoM ke atirikta prAyaH anya sabhI bAtoM meM jaina siddhAnta se aikamatya thA / veSabhUSA meM bhI inameM jaina zramaNoM se antara nahIM thA / yahI kAraNa hai, inheM jaina paramparA ke sarvathA bahirbhUta na mAnakara nihnava arthAt apalApI kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / boTika kI abhidhA se digambara bhI vahAM saMketita haiM, jinakI yathAprasaMga vizada carcA kI jAyegI / sthAnAMga tathA Avazyaka- niyukti meM ullekha sthAnAMga sUtra ke saptama sthAna meM sAta nihnavoM kA ullekha huA hai / " Avazyaka niyukti meM usI viSaya ko kucha vistAra se upasthita kiyA gayA hai| usake anusAra 1. tIrthaMkara bhASitamarthamabhi nivezAt nihnavate prapaMcato'palapantIti niha, navAH, ete ca mithyAdRSTayaH sUtroktArthApalapanAt uktaM ca 2, "sUtroktasyaikasyApyarocanAdakSarasya bhavati naraH / mithyAdRSTiH sUtraM hi naH pramANaM jinAbhihitam // " khalviti vizeSaNe, kiM vizinaSTi ? ete sAkSAdupAttA upalakSaNasUcitAzca dezavisaMvAdino dravyaliMgenAbhedino ni, navAH, boTikAstu vakSyamANAH sarvavisaMvAdino dravyagato'pi bhinnA niha navA iti tIrthe baddha mAnasya / - Avazyaka-niryukti kI 778vIM gAthA para vRtti samasse NaM bhagavao mahAvIrassa tityaMsi satta pavayaNa - niNhavA pannatA - 1. bahurayA, 2. jIvapaesiyA, 3. abbattiyA 4 sAmuccheiyA, 5. dokiriyA, 6. terAsiyA, 7. abaddhiyA / eesiNaM sattaNhaM pavayaNanihagANaM satta dhammAyariyA hotthA - jamAlI, tosagutte, AsADhe, Asamitte, gaMge, challue goTTAmAhile / eesiNaM sattaNhaM pavayaNaniNha 2010_05

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X bhASA aura sAhitya [] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakI vAGamaya [511 bhagavAn mahAvIra ke tIrtha meM bahuratavAda, jIva- pradezavAda, avyaktavAda, sAmucchedavAda. vivAda, trairAzikavAda tathA abaddhikavAda; yoM sAta prakAra kA nihnavamata pravRtta huA / bahuratavAda kA jamAli se, jIvapradezavAda kA tiSyagupta se, avyaktavAda kA AsADha se, samucchedavAda kA prazvamitra se, dvakriyavAda kA gaMga se, trairAzikavAda kA SaDulUka (rohagupta ) se tathA baddhikavAda kA goSThAmAhila se udbhava huA / bahuratavAda kA udbhava - sthAna zrAvastI, jIvapradezavAda kA RSabhapura, avyaktavAda kA zvetavikA, samucchedavAda kA mithilA, dva kriyavAda kA ullukAtIra, trairAzikavAda kA antaraJjikA tathA abaddhikavAda kA dazapura thA / ina sAtoM udbhava sthAnoM ke atirikta boTika ( digambara) - nihna ke utpatti-sthAna kA bhI vahAM (malayagiri-vRtti meM) jikra hai / 1 gANaM satta uppalinagare hotyA - taM jahA - sAvatthI, usabhapuraM, seyAviyA, mihilA, ullugAtIraM purimaMtaraMji, vasapuraM, niShagauSpattinagarAI / -sthAnAMga sUtra 7, pR0 708-709 1, bahuraya-paesa - avvatta-samuccha duga-tiga-abaddhiA ceva / satte e niNhagA khalu titthammi u baddhamANassa // gAthA 778 1. bahuratAH, 2. jIvapradezAH, 3. avyaktAH (avyaktamatAH), 4. sAmucchedAH, 5. tu kriyAH, 6. vairAzikAH, 7. abaddhikAH / sAmprataM yembha ete sapta utpannAstAn pratipAdayakAha bahuraya- jamAlipabhavA jIvapaesA ya tIsaguttAo / avyatAsssADhAo sAmucche A''samittAo / / 779 // gaMgAo vokiriyA chalugA terAsiANa uppattI / therA ya guTumAhila puTThamabaddha paviti // 780 // bahuratA jamAliprabhavAH, jamAlerAcAryAt prabhavo yeSAM te tathAvidhAH, jIvapradezAH punastiSyaguptAdutpannAH, avyaktA ASADhAt sAmucchevA azvamitrAt, gaMgAt dvaM kriyAH, SaDulUkAt vairAzikAnAmutpattiH / sAmpratamete hi navA yeSu sthAneSUtpannAstAnipratipAdayannAha sAvatthI usabhapuraM seaviA mihila ullugAtIraM / purimaMtaraMji vasapura rahavIra puraM ca nayarAI // 781 // 2010_05

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512 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana 2 ___ kauna-kauna se nihnavavAda kaba-kaba pravRtta hue, isa sambandha meM vahAM kahA gayA hai : "bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kevalajJAna utpanna hone ke cavadaha varSa bAda bahuratavAda, solaha varSa bAda jIvapradezavAda, ekasau cavadaha varSa bAda avyaktavAda, dosau bIsa varSa bAda sAmucchedavAda, dosau aTThAIsa varSa bAda ji.yavAda, pAMcasI cavAlIsa varSa bAda pairAzikavAda, pAMcasau caurAsI varSa bAda abaddhikavAda tathA chaHsau nau varSa bAda boTikavAda utpanna huaa|1 biindhi niN,nr' zvetAmbaroM ke anusAra sAta ke atirikta jo eka aura nihnava huA, vaha boTika thA / pahale iMgita kiyA hI gayA hai, ukta sAta nihnavoM tathA boTika nihnava meM mukhya bheda yaha thA jamAliprabhavAnAM niha navAnAmutpatti sthAnaM zrAvastI, tiSyaguptaprabhavAnAmRSabhapuram, adhyaktamatAnAM zvetavikA, sAmucchedAnAM mithilA, dve kriyANAmullukAtIram, nairAzikAnAM puramantaraMjikA goSThAmAhilasya dazapuram sarvApalApinAM boTikAnAM rathavIrapuram, vakSyamANAnAmapi boTikAnAmutpattisthAnAbhidhAnaM lAghavArtham / etAni yathAkramaM niha navAnAmutpattisthAnAni-nagarANi / -Avazyaka-niyukti, malayagiri-vRtti 1. caubasa solasa vAsA, cauksa vIsuttarA ya duNNi syaa| - aTThAvIsA ya duve, paMceva sayA ya coAlA // 782 // :: paMcasayA culasIA, chacceva sayA navuttarA iMti / nANuppattIi duve uppannA nivvue sesA // 783 // bhagavato varddhamAnasvAmino jJAnotpatterArabhya yAvaccaturdazavarSANi atikrAntAni tAvavatrAntare bahuratAH samutpedire, evaM pratipadamakSara gamanikA kAryA / bhAvArthassvayam---- jJAnotpatterevArabhya SoDazavarSAtyaye jIvapradezAH samutpannAH, bhagavati nivRte caturdazottaravarSazatAtikrame avyaktamatA, viMzatyuttara dvivarSazatAtikrame sAmucchedAH, aSTAviMzatyuttaradvivarSazatAtityaye va kriyAH, catuzcatvAriMzadadhika paMcavarSazatAtyaye rAzikAH caturakSItyadhikapaMcavarSazatAtyaye abaddhikAH, SaT caiva zatAni navottarANi boTikAnAm / 'nANuppattII' tyAdi, Adhau dvau niha navI jamAlitiSya guptAbhidhau yathAkrama zAnotpaterArabhya caturdazaSoDazavarSAtikrame jAtau zeSAstvavyaktAdayo nirvRte bhagavati yathoktakAlAtikrame iti| -Avazyaka niyukti, malayagiri vRtti ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya poratenI prAkRta aura usakA pAGamayaM 513 ki ve sAta nihnava to kisI eka-eka viSaya meM visaMvAda yA viparIta mAnyatA apanAye hue the tathA boTika nihnava kA lagabhaga sabhI viSayoM meM visaMvAda thA / isIlie use ukta sAta nihvavoM se pRthak-vat ginA jAtA rahA hai / zvetAmbaroM ke anusAra isI boTika nihnava se digambara mata kA prAdurbhAva huaa| jisa prakAra zvetAmbara digambaroM kI utpatti ko vikRti-mUlaka mAnate haiM, digambara bhI zvetAmbaroM kI utpatti ko lagabhaga usI koTi meM lete haiM, jisakA yathAprasaMga Age ullekha kiyA jAyegA / likhane kA Azaya yaha hai ki donoM paramparAeM apane ko mUla mAnatI haiM aura eka dUsarI ko usase siddhAnta-cyuta hokara nikalI huI batAtI haiN| prastuta viSaya para samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se cintana karane se pUrva donoM paramparAoM dvArA svIkRta abhimata yahAM upasthita kiye jAte haiM / mbara-mAnyatA Avazyaka-niyukti meM Avazyaka-niyukti meM uddhRta mUla pATha kI 146 vI gAthA ke vizleSaNa ke sandarbha meM yaha prasaMga pAyA hai, jahAM vRttikAra AcArya malayagiri ne isa gAthA kI vyAkhyA karate hue likhA hai : "rathavIrapura nAmaka nagara meM dIpaka nAmaka udyAna thaa| Arya kRSNa nAmaka prAcArya vahAM padhAre / vahAM AcArya dvArA kI jA rahI jinakalpa sambandhI prarUpaNA ke avasara para zivabhUti ne upadhi ke sambandha meM unase pRcchA kI / prAcArya ne samAdhAna kiyaa| para, mithyAtva ke udaya se zivabhUti nahIM maanaa| jaina siddhAnta meM use azraddhA ho gaI / usane vastra chor3a diye aura upAzrama se bAhara calA gyaa| uttarA nAmaka usakI bahina (sAdhvI) thii| vaha apane bhAI (muni) ko vandana karane udyAna meM aaii| apane bhAI kI vaisI (nagna) avasthA dekha, usake anurAga (moha) se usane bhI vastra tyAga diye| phira ve donoM bhikSA ke lie nagara meM gaye / eka vezyA ne uttarA ko vaisI sthiti meM dekhA / loga jaba striyoM kA aisA vIbhatsa rUpa dekheMge, ve hamAre prati virakta hoMge, yaha socakara usa vezyA ne use vastra pahanA diye| uttarA ko yaha acchA nahIM lgaa| usane punaH vastra haTA diye / taba usa vezyA ne usake vakSa tathA kaTi pradeza meM eka-eka vastra lagA diyaa| jaba vaha unheM bhI haTAne lagI, 1. zramamocita upakaraNa ____ 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana / sN| 2 to usake bhAI ne use dekhA aura kahA-rahane do, ise deva-pradatta jAno ....... 11. :: ___vRttikAra AcArya malayagiri ne ise aora spaSTa karate hue mUla bhASya kI 147 vIM tathA 148 vIM gAthA kI vyAkhyA meM kahA hai ki isa prakAra zivabhUti aura uttarA ne mithyAdarzanamUlaka boTika mata kA rathavIrapura meM apanI tarka-buddhi dvArA praNayana kiyA / sAra rUpa meM kahA jAye to boTika-liMga-digambara-mata kI utpatti kA mUla zivabhUti hai / zivabhUti ke ziSya kauNDinya tathA koTTavIra se yaha paramparA Age clii| 1. rahavIrapura nagaraM dIvagamujjANamajjakaNhe ya / sivabhUissuvahimmI pucchA therANa kahaNA ya // 146 // (mUla bhASya) rathavIrapure nagare dIpakaM nAma udyAnam, tatra AryakRSNo nAmAcAryaH samavasRtaH, tatra zivabhUtejinakalpikaprarUpaNAvasare upadhau pRcchA, sthavirANAM ca AryakRSNAnAM kathaneti gAthAsaMkSepArthaH, bhAvArthaH praagevoktH| sa ca zivabhUtistathA sthaviraiH prajJApyamAno'pi mithyAtvodayAt kuliGgabhAvo jinamatamazraddadhAnazcIvarANi parityajyopAzrayAdvinirgataH / tasyottarA bhaginI, sA udyAne sthitaM vanditumAgatA, taM ca tathAbhUtaM dRSTvA tayA'pi cIvarANi tadanurAgaNa parityaktAni / tato dvAvapi tau bhikSArtha prvissttau| gaNikayA ca tadavasthA dRssttaa| sA'cintayat-nUnamevaM strINAM vIbhatsa rUpaM dRSTvA loko'smAkaM virakto bhaviSyatIti / tatastayA sA paripUrNa pridhaapitaa| sA naicchaditi muktavatI / tato balAdapi tasyA urasi kaTipradeze caikaM vastraM snddhe| tadapi tyajantI mAtrA kathamapi dRSTvA bhaNitA-tiSThatvetattava devatayA dattam,.............. / -Avazyaka niyukti, malayagiri-vRtti 2. UhAe pannatta, boDia sivabhUiuttarAhi imaM / micchAdaMsamiNamo, rahavIrapure samuppannaM // 147 // (mUla bhASya) UhayA-svatarkabuddhayA prajJaptam-praNItaM boTika zivabhUtyuttarAbhyAm / 'iNamotti' etacca mithyAdarzanaM kSetrato rathavIrapure samutpannam / boDaasivabhUIo boDialiMgassa hoi uppttii| koDinakuTTavIrA paraMparAphAsamuppannA // 148 // (mUla bhASya) boTikazivabhUteH sakAzAta boTikaliGgasya-boTikadRSTerbhavatyutpattiH / vartamAnanirdezaprayojanaM prAgvat, pAThAntaraM vA boDialiMgassa Asi uppattI / tatU kauNDinyazca koTTavIrazca kauNDinyakoTTavIraM samAhAro dvandvastataH paramparA-sparzam-AcAryaziSyasambandhalakSaNamadhikRtyotpannA-saJjAtA boTikadRSTiriti vAkyazeSaH / --- Avazyaka niyukti, malayagiri putti . ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasena prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [ 515 bikhshbaahr' pr'aath # vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra siddhigata hone ke chaHsau no varSa bAda rathavIrapura meM boTika-dRSTi-digambara-mata kI utpatti huii| isake bAda mUla bhASya kI vahI do gAthAeM dI gaI haiM, jinakA ullekha Avazyaka-niyukti ke udvaraNa ke sandarbha meM huA hai| lmbaahii ausdhH 5aahaa pln khaan4/ vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke vRttikAra maladhArI hemacandra ne zivabhUti kI kathA kA vistAra se ullekha kiyA hai, jo isa prakAra hai : "eka bAra kI ghaTanA hai, rathavIrapura nAmaka nagara meM Arya kRSNa nAmaka AcArya praaye| usa nagara meM zivabhUti nAmaka eka rAja-sevaka thaa| usakA dUsarA nAma sahasramalla thaa| vaha rAjA kA vizeSa kRpA-pAtra thA; ataH nagara meM mauja-maje karatA ghUmatA rhtaa| do pahara rAta bIte apane ghara AtA / nityaprati usakA vaisA pAcaraNa dekha usakI patnI bahuta duHkhita huI / usane eka dina apanI sAsa se, jisakA usake prati bar3A sneha thA, kahA ki ApakA putra (merA pati) rAta meM kabhI bhI samaya para nahIM AtA / unakI pratikSA meM maiM bhojana nahIM karatI, jAgatI rahatI huuN| maiM bar3I duHkhI huuN| usakI sAsa bolI-beTI ! yadi hara roja aisA hotA hai, to tumane aba taka mujhe yaha saba kyoM nahIM batAyA ? khaira, cintA mata kro| tuma Aja so jAo / tumhAre badale maiM jAgUgI aura usa avinIta lar3ake ko zikSA duuNgii|" __ sAsa ke kahane se bahU usa dina so gaI aura bur3hiyA jAgatI baiThI rahI / do pahara rAta gaye zivabhUti aayaa| usane daravAjA kholane ke lie AvAja lgaaii| mAtA kruddha ho utthii| vaha roSapUrvaka bolI-"unmArgagAmI ! uddhata lar3ake ! itanI rAta bIte nagara meM bhaTaka kara Aye ho ? isa samaya jahAM daravAjA khulA ho, vahIM jaao| maiM tumheM bulAne tumhAre pIche nahIM AUMgI, na tumhAre binA maiM mara hI jaauuNgii|" mAtA ke aise krodha aura ahaMkArapUrNa vacana zivabhUti ko bahuta bure lge| vaha mAtA se ruSTa hokara vahIM se vApisa lauTa gyaa| vaha nagara meM phirane lgaa| phirate-phirate usa 1. chavvAsasayAI navuttarAI taiAsiddhi gayassa vIrassa / to boDiyANa viTThI rahavIra pure samuppaNA // -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 2550 ____ 2010_05

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516 ] mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 samaya sAdhuoM kA upAzraya khulA dekhaa| zivabhUti sAdhuoM ke pAsa gyaa| unheM vandana kara saMyama-vrata grahaNa karAne kI abhyarthanA kii| sAdhuoM ne usakA sArA vRttAnta sunaa| yaha jAnakara ki yaha rAjA kA priya (kRpA-pAtra) hai, mAtA Adi pArivArika janoM ne ise unmukta nahIM kiyA hai, unhoMne use dIkSA nahIM dii| isa para sahasramalla (zivabhUti) ne vahAM rakhI rAkha le svayaM apanA ke za-lucana kara ddaalaa| yaha dekha muniyoM ne use sAdhu-veza de diyaa| __agale dina ve saba muni anyatra vihAra kara gye| kucha samaya bItane para, aisA saMyoga banA, ve punaH usI nagara meM aaye| una saba ke Agamana kI bAta sunakara rAjA ne muni zivabhUti ko eka ratna-kambala pradAna kiyA; kyoMki rAjA kA usase apUrva sneha thaa| ___ AcArya ne yaha dekhaa| ve zivabhUti se bole-mune ! isa prakAra kA bahumUlya vastra sAdhuoM ke lie kalpya nahIM hai / mArga Adi meM isase aneka anartha sambhAvita haiM; ataH ise rakhanA ucita nahIM hai| zivabhUti usa kambala para Asakta thA; ata: guru ke kathanoparAnta bhI usane use chipAkara rkhaa| itanA hI nahIM, pratidina bhikSA se Akara use samhAlatA / use kabhI vyavahAra meM nahIM laataa| guru ne jaba usakA vaisA vyavahAra dekhA, to socA ki isakI ratna-kambala para pragAr3ha mUrchA ho gaI hai, use miTAyA jAnA cAhie / prAcArya ne eka dina, jaba zivabhUti bAhara gayA huA thA, usa kambala ke choTe-choTe Tukar3e karake pratyeka sAdhu ko paira pauMchane ke lie eka-eka de diye / zivabhUti ko yaha saba jJAta huA to usake citta meM bar3A kaSAya utpanna huA, para vaha kucha bolA nhiiN| eka bAra aisA prasaMga banA, AcArya prAryakRSNa upadhi - vibhAga ke antargata jinakalpa kA varNana kara rahe the / zivabhUti ne usa sandarbha meM pRcchA kii| AcArya ne samAdhAna diyaa| zivabhUti kaSAya ke prAveza meM thA, samAhita kaise hotA ? prazna : utta3 : asamAdhAna vizeSAvazyaka bhASyakAra ne isa prasaMga meM jo likhA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai: "zivabhUti ne prAcArya se pUchA--isa samaya jina-kala kyoM nahIM saMbhAvya hai ?"1 1. uvahivibhAgaM souM sivabhUI ajjakaNhagurumUle / jiNakappiyAiyANaM bhaNai guru kIsa neyANi // --vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 2553 2010_05

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mAvA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA bAG maya [ 517 guru ne kahA - "vaha (AyaM jammU ke nirvANa ke sAtha hI ) Aja vyucchita hai / " zivabhUti bolA- "jima - kalpa kA uccheda asatvavAn durbalacetA vyakti ke lie ho sakatA hai / sAmarthyazIla puruSa ke lie vaha kaise vyucchinna hogA ? | for pUche eka ratna - kambala ko phAr3a diye jAne ke kAraNa vaha kaSAya- kaluSita to thA hI, kahane lagA-'zAstra meM (vastrAdi ) parigraha ke aneka doSa kahe gaye haiM, isIlie vahAM parigraha kA vidhAna hai / vastutaH jinakalpa ho AcaraNIya hai / " muni labjA, jugupsA, zItoSNAdi; ina tInoM sthAnoM-- apekSAnoM se nirvastrasvarUpa pariSaha ke vijetA hote hai / phalataH ve vastra dhAraNa nahIM karate / vAstava meM acalekatAnirvastratA hI zreyaskara hai / " guru ne kahA- "yadi (vastrAdi) parigraha kaSAya kA hetu haiM to yaha deha bhI to kaSAya Adi ke utpanna hone kA kAraNa ho sakatA hai / jo koI bhI vastu kaSAya kA kAraNa bana sake, use taba kyoM dhAraNa kiye rahanA cAhie ? itanA hI nahIM, vaisA mAna lene para dharma bhI nahIM apanAyA jA sakatA / "8 1. jiNaka ppo'Nucarijjai vIcchinno tti bhaNie puNo bhaNai / tadasattasso cchrijjau vocchjjii kiMka samatthassa / / 2554 / / - vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 2. puvvamaNapuccha chiNNa kaMbalakasAyakalusio caiva / so bei pariggahao kasAyamucchAbhayAIyA // / 2555 / / dosA jao subahuyA sue ya bhaNiyamapariggahattaM ti / jamavelA ya jiNidA tadabhihio jaM ca jiNakappo / / 2556 // jaM ca jiyAcelaparIsaho muNI jaM ca tIhi ThAroha / vatthaM dharejja negaMtao tao'celayA seyA / / 2557 // - vahI 3. guruNA'bhihio jai jaM kasAyaheU pariggaho so te / to so deho cciya te kasAya-utpatti heutti / / 2558 // asthi va kiM kiMci jae jassa va tassa va kasAyavIyaM jaM / vatyuM na hojja evaM dhammo'vi tume na ghetavvo / / 2559 // - vahI 2010_05

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51 Agama aura vipiTaka : eka anuzIlana ( jo jina-zAsana ke pratikUla haiM, unake lie dharma, dharma-parAyaNa sAdhu tathA jina-mata (dvAdazAMgAtmaka)-jaina siddhAnta-ye saba kaSAya ke nimitta ho sakate haiM / gauzAlaka, saMgama mAdi ke lie bhagadhAm mahAvIra bhI kaSAya ke nimitta ho gaye the; ataH zarIra prAdi padArtha mokSa-sAdhana kI mati se prayukta hone ke kAraNa parigraha nahIM kahe jA sakate / usI prakAra vastra Adi bhI mokSa-sAdhana kI buddhi se vidhivata parigrahIta hoM to parigraha kaise mAne lA sakate haiM ?" "bahuta prakAra se zivabhUti ko samajhAyA gayA, para mithyAtva ke udaya se usakA citta mAkula-asthira thaa| jina-mata meM usakI zraddhA nahIM ttikii| usane vastroM kA parityAga kara diyaa| usake anurAga se usakI bahina (uttarA nAmaka sAdhvI) me bhI bastroM kA tyAga kara diyA / eka gaNikA ne jaba use usa rUpa meM dekhA to use vastra pahanA diye, para usane punaH unheM utAra diyaa| phira usa vezyA ne usake vakSa-sthala para eka vastra bAMdha diyaa| use bhI vaha chor3ane lagI to usake bhAI zivabhUti ne kahA-khaira, ise rahane do| taba vaha use dhAraNa kiye rhii| ___ zivabhUti ne kauNDinya aura koTTavIra nAmaka do ziSyoM ko praznajita kiyaa| unase usakI uttaravartI paramparA clii|" 1. jeNa kasAya nimitta jiNo'vi gosAlasaMgamAINaM / dhammo dhammaparA'vi ya paDiNIyANaM jiNamayaM ca // 2560 // aha te na mokkhasAhaNamaIe gaMtho kasAyaheU, vi / vatthAi mokkhasAhaNamaIe suddha kahaM gaMtho // 2561 // -vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 2. iya paNNavio'vi bahuM so micchttodyaakuliybhaave| jiNamayamasaddahaMto chaDiyavattho samujjAo // 2606 // tassa bhagiNI samujmiyavatthA taha ceva tavaNurAgeNaM / saMpatthiyA niyatthA to gaNiyAe puNo muyai // 2607 // tIe puNo'vi baddhoraseNavatthA pugo vichddddttii| acchau te teNaM ciya samaNNuNAyA dharesI ya // 2608 // koDinakoTTavIre pavAvesI ya doNi so sIse / tatto paraMparAphAso'vasesA samuppannA // 2609 // 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] upasaMhAra . zvetAmbara - paramparA meM digambaroM ke sambandha meM prAyaH sarvatra isI kathAnaka kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai, jaba ki digambara-paramparA meM zvetAmbaroM ke udbhava ke sambandha meM kaI kathAnaka pracalita haiM, jinakA mAge ullekha kiyA jAyegA / zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya Avazyaka niyukti kI vRtti meM tathA vizeSAvazyaka bhASya va vRtti meM varita kathAnakoM meM saMkSepa, vistAra ke atirikta koI khAsa antara nahIM hai / kevala itanA-sA hai--malayagiri ne vezyA dvArA dUsarI bAra sAdhvI uttarA ke vakSa tathA kaTi, donoM aMgoM para vastra lagAye jAne kA ullekha kiyA hai| vahAM kari-pradeza adhyAhRta mAnA jA sakatA hai / 519 uttarA ke prasaMga kA niSkarSa yaha rahA ki boTika-mata yA tathAkathita digambara-mata meM usa samaya sAdhvI yA zrArthikA kA svIkAra to huA, para kevala eka yA do vastroM ke sAtha 1 yadi vahI paramparA Age baDhI to phira AryikA ke lie adhika vastra kaise svIkAra hue / vastutaH aise kathAnaka aitihAsikatA kI koTi meM nahIM te / ve kyoM gar3ha lie jAte haiM, isa sambandha meM pAye yathAprasaMga samIkSA kI jAyegI / digambara- mAnyatA darzanasAra meM ullekha zrAcArya devasena racita darzanasAra digambara-sampradAya kI eka mamArata pustaka hai / usameM zvetAmbara - sampradAya ke prAdurbhAva kA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai : "samrAT vikramAditya ke dehAvasAna ke ekasau chattIsa varSaM pazcAt saurASTra ke calabhI' nAmaka nagara meM zvetapaTa - zvetAmbara saMgha prAdurbhUta huA 1 zrI bhadrabAhu gagI ke ziSya zAntyAcArya the / unakA jinacandra nAmaka ziSya thA / vaha cArivya meM zithila tathA dUSita 2010_05 1. racanA-kAla vi0 saM0 190 2. gujarAta ke pUrva bhAga meM sthita bhAbhA nagara ke samIpa yaha prAcIna nagara basA huA thA / prAcIna kAla meM yaha nagara atyanta samRddha evaM vizAla thA / IsA kI sAtavIM zatI meM bhArata meM Aye cInI paryaTaka hve natsAMga ne apane yAtrA vivaraNa meM isakA ullekha kiyA | taba yaha nagara sundara rUpa meM vidyamAna thA / kahA jAtA hai ki Aja saurASTra kA 'calA ' grAma jahAM hai, vahIM yaha nagara avasthita thA / zvetAmbara jaina AgamoM kA saMkalana evaM sampAdana vahIM huA /

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120 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa : 2 thA / usane isa-zvetAmbara mata kA pravartana kiyaa| usane sthApanA kI ki striyoM kI usI bhava (strI-paryAya) meM mukti ho sakatI hai| kevalI kakalAhAra karate haiM aura ve rugNa bhI hote haiN| savastra mati-zramaNa bhI siddhatva prApta kara sakatA hai| usane yaha bhI sthApanA kI ki bhagavAn mahAvIra kA garbhApahAra huaA thA (pahale ve brAhmaNI devAnandA ke garbha meM Aye the aura bAda meM deva dvArA kSatriyANo trizilA ke garbha meM pratiSThita kiye gaye) / jinasammata veSa ke atirikta itara veSa meM bhI mukti ho sakatI hai| (muni dvArA) prAsuka-azvitta bhojana saba kahIM se liyA jA sakatA hai| usane aura bhI isa prakAra ke siddhAntoM ko lekara prAgama-viruddha mithyA-zAstroM kI racanA kI thii| vaha mara kara prathama naraka meM gyaa|" bhA-saMgraha ke anusAra zvetAmbara-bhaka ___darzanasAra ke racayitA devasena ke atirikta eka devasena aura haiM, jinakA bhAva-saMgraha nAmaka grantha digambara-sampradAya meM prasiddha hai| usameM zvetAmbara-saMgha kI utpatti kA jo varNana kiyA gayA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai : "samrAT vikramAditya ke dehAvasana ke ekasau chattIsa varSa pazcAt saurASTra pradeza ke valabhI nAmaka nagara meM zvetapaTa-zvetAmbara-saMgha kA prAdurbhAva huA / ujjayani namara meM 1. chattIse varisasae vikkamarAyassa varaNapattassa / soraThe valahIM e uppaNI sebaDo saMgho // 11 // siribhahabAhu gaNiNo sIso NAmeNa saMti aairio| tassa ya sIso ducho jiNacaMdo maMdacAritto // 12 // teNa kiyaM mayameyaM itthIgaM atthi tasbhave mokkho| kevalaNANINa pumo adRkkhANaM tahA roo|| 13 / / aMbarasahio vi jaI sijjhai vIrassa ganbhacArata / paraliMge vi ya muttI phAsuyabhojaM ca savvattha / 14 // aNNaM ca evamAi AgamabuTThAI mitthasatthAI / viraittA appANaM. pariThaviyaM paDhamae garae // 15 // -darzanasAra (devasena) 2. chattIse barisasae vikkamarAyassa maraNapattassa / soraTe uppaNNo sevaDasaMgho hu vallahIe // 52 // -bhAvasaMgraha ____ 2010_05

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mAzA aura sAhitya ] .. zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya // 121 mAcArya bhadravAhu avasthita the / ve vikhyAta nimittavettA the / naimittika jJAna dvArA unheM kucha AnAsa huA; ataH unhoMne apane zramaNa-saMgha se kahA--"jaba taka bAraha varSa pUre hoMge, yahAM dubhikSa rhegaa| isalie muniyoM ko cAhie ki ve apane-apane saMgha sahita dezAntara cale jaayeN|" "AcArya bharabAhu kA yaha vacana sunakara saba saMghanAyaka apane-apane saMghoM ke sAtha una pradezoM kI aura vihAra kara gaye, jahAM subhikSa thaa|'' - "zAnti nAmaka eka saMghanAyaka apane bahuta se ziSyoM ke sAtha suramya saurASTra meM sthita balabhI nagara meM Aye / " "vahAM cale to gaye, para vahAM bhI dAruNa tathA pratyanta ghora durbhikSa kI sthiti utpanna ho gaI / yahAM taka ki kSudhA se pIr3ita dIna-jana bhojana kiye hue logoM ke udara cIra-cIra . kara vahAM sthita anna nikAla-nikAla kara khAne lge|" "aisI sthiti utpanna ho jAne para prAcArya zAnti ke sabhI sAdhuoM ne bAdhya hokara kambala, daNDa, tumbikA yA laukI kA pAtra tathA dehAvaraNa hetu zveta vastra dhAraNa kara liye| - 1. AsI ujjeNINayare Ayariyo bhaddabAhu NAmeNa / . jANiya suNimittadharo bhaNio saMgho pio teNa // 53 // hohai iha bhikkhaM bArahabarasANi jAva puNNANi / desaMtarAe gacchaha Niya Niya saMgheNa saMjuttA // 54 // 2. soUNa iyaM dhayaNaM NANAvesehi gaNaharA sve| . giya-Niya-saMgha-pauttA vihariA jattha subhikkhaM // 55 // 3. ekka puNa saMti NAmo saMpatto balahI NAma NayarIe / bahusIsasaMpautto visae soraTThae ramme // 56 // 4. tattha ci gayassa jAyaM dubhikkhaM dAruNaM mahAghoraM / jattha viyAriya uyaraM khaddo rakehi kurutti / / 57 / 5. taM lahiUNa Nimitta gahiyaM savehi kambali daMDaM / buddiyapattaM ca tahA pAvatthaM seyavatthaM ca // 58 // -bhAvasaMgraha ____ 2010_05

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522 ] Agama aura bripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [2 "unhoMne zramarocita AcAra tyAga diyaa| ve dInatA se bhikSA lene lage / icchAnusAra gharoM meM jA-jAkara, vahAM baiTha-baiThakara bhojana karane lage / 1 yoM vartana karate hue unakA kitanAka samaya vyatIta ho gayA / durbhikSa miTA, subhikSa huA / taba AcArya zAnti ne saMgha ko brAhvAna kiyA / saba ko kahA - " yaha kutsita bhAmbAra tyAga deN| isakI nindA va ga karate hue pazcAttApa -- prAyazcita kareM aura punaH kareM / " 2 muniyoM kA zuddha cAritrya svIkAra "yaha suna zrAcArya zAnti kA prathama pradhAna ziSya bolA ki grAja isa prakAra kA durdhara -- pratyanta kaThina AcaraNa kauna nibhA sakatA hai ? isake antargata upavAsa, bhojana kI maprApti, anyAnya duHsaha antarAya - vighna, eka sthAna, nirvastratva, zAnta bhAva, brahmacaryaM bhUmi-zayana, do-do mahinoM ke antara se asahya keza-lucana tathA bAIsa pariSaha - hama sabako svIkAra karanA bahuta kaThina hai| hama logoM ne isa samaya jaisA jo AcaraNa svIkAra kara rakhA hai, vaha isa loka meM sukhaprada hai / isa duHSama kAla meM use nahIM chor3A jA sakatA "8 1. cattaM risi- AyaraNaM gahiyA bhikkhA ya dINavittaue / uvavisiya jAiUNaM bhutta basaTThIsu icchAe // 59 // 2. evaM vaTTa tANaM kittiya kAlammi cAvi pariyalie / saMjAyaM subhikkhaM jaMpai tA saMti Ayario // 60 // AvAhiUNa saMgha bhaNiyaM chaMDeha kutthiyAyaraNaM / frfar garahiya giNhaha puNaravi cariyaM muNidANaM // 61 // 3. taM vayaNaM soUNaM utta soseNa tattha paDhameNa / ko sakkai dhAreDaM evaM ai buddharAyaraNaM // 62 // uvavAsoya alAbho aNNe dussahAi aMtarAyAI / ekaTThANamacela ajjAyaNaM baMbhaceraM ca // 63 // bhUmIsayaNaM locce be be mAsehi asahiNijjo hu / bAvIsa parisahAI asahiNijjAi niccaM pi // 64 // jaM puNa saMpai gahiyaM evaM amhehiM kiMpi AyaraNaM / iha loyasuvakhayaraNaM Na chaMDiyo hu dussame kAle // 65 // -bhAvasaMgraha 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zauraseno prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya . [523 isa para prAcArya zAnti ne kahA ki isa prakAra ke caritra-bhraSTa janoM kA jIvana isa loka meM kisa kAma kA / vaha to jina-mArga kA dUSaNa evaM kalaMka hai| jinendra deva ne nimranthapravacana-pArhat-darzana ko parama zreSTha kahA hai| use chor3akara dUsare mata kA pravartana mithyAtva "yaha saba sunakara prAcArya kA pradhAna ziSya roSa meM A gyaa| usane eka lambA DaNDA liyA aura sthavira zAnti AcArya ke mastaka para prahAra kiyaa| usI coTa se sthavira kA dehAnta ho gayA aura ve eka vyantara deva ke rUpa meM utpanna hue|" "prAcArya zAnti kA vaha (hatyArA) pradhAna ziSya saMgha kA adhipati ho gayA / vaha vetAmbara bana gayA, jo prakaTa rUpa meM pAkhaNDa hai| baha isa prakAra ke dharma kA pAkhyAna pArane lagA ki sagrantha-vastra, pAtra Adi parigraha dhAraNa karane vAlA bhI nirvANa prApta bhAra sakatA hai|" "usane evaM usake anusAnoM ne aise-aise zAstroM kI racanA kI, jo una dvArA apanAye gaye pAkhaNDoM ke anurUpa the / ve logoM meM unakI vyAkhyA karate hue usa prakAra ke AcaraNa kA prasAra karane lge| ve nirgrantha-mArga para doSa lagAte, usakI nindA karate, mUda janoM se mAyA, chalanA yA pravaMcanA dvArA bahuta-sA dravya prApta karate / "4 1. tA saMtiNA pautta cariyapabhohiM jIviyaM loe / eyaM Na hu sundarayaM dUsaNayaM jaiNamaggassa // 66 // NiggaMthaM pavvayaNaM jiNavaraNAheNa akkhiyaM paramaM / / taM chaMDiUNa aNNaM pavattamAraNeNa micchatta // 67 // 2. tA rUsiUNa pahao sIse sIseNa dohadaMDeNa / thaviro dhAeNa muo jAo so vitaro devo // 68 // 3. iyaro saMghAhivai payaDia pAsaMDa sevaDo jaao| ___ akkhai loe dhamma saggaMthaM atthi NivvANaM // 69 // 4. satthAi viraiyAI nniynniypaasNddghiysrisaaiN| vakkhANiUNa loe pavattio tArisAyaraNo // 70 // NiggaMtha dUsittA NidittA appaNaM psNsittaa| jIve mUDhae loe kayamAe gehiyaM bahudavvaM // 71 // . . -bhAvasaMgraha 2010_05

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524 ] Agama aura tripiTaka eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 "prAcArya zAnti kA jIva, jo vyantara rUpa meM vidyamAna thA, unake lie aneka prakAra - tuma logoM ko jaina dharma prApta hai| tuma mithyAtva --- kA upadrava karane lagA / vaha unase kahatAke mArga para mata calo / vaise sukha-suvidhA pUrNa pracAra ko chor3a denA to kahAM zakya thA, para ve bahuta bhayabhIta ho gaye / ve usa vyantara- deva kI saba prakAra ke (pUjApekSita) dravyoM se praSTavidha pUjA karane lage / yoM jinacandra ne taba jo pUjA kI racanA kI, vaha zrAja bhI pravRtta hai / sabase pahale usI vyantara ke nAma se pUjA kI jAtI hai / vaha vyantara zvetAmbara - sampradAya kA pUjanIya kuladeva hai / " yaha patha bhraSTa zvetAmbaroM kI utpatti kA varNana hai / sArAMza darzanasAra tathA bhAvasaMgraha -- donoM ke racayitAnoM kA nAma devasena hai, para donoM bhinnabhinna vyakti haiM / darzanasAra kI gyArahavIM gAthA aura bhAvasaMgraha kI bAvanavIM gAthA, jinase zvetAmbara mata ke prAdurbhAva kA varNana zurU hotA hai, lagabhaga samAna -sI haiN| gAthA ke uttarAddha ke zabdoM ke sthAnika krama meM thor3A-sA antara hai, svarUpa meM nahIM / nahIM kahA jA sakatA, bhAvasaMgrahakAra ne darzanasAra se yaha gAthA lI yA darzanasAra ke lekhaka ne bhAvasaMgraha se / kucha loga kalpanA karate haiM, zAyada bhAvasaMgraha se yaha gAthA lI gaI ho, tadanusAra bhAvasaMgraha sambhavataH darzanasAra se pUrva racita ho / para jaisA cAhie, sAdhaka pramANa prApta nahIM hai / vaisA koI Thosa, donoM granthoM meM variNata ghaTanA krama kA utsa bhinna pratIta nahIM hotA / darzanasAra meM 1. iyaro vitaradevo saMti laggo uvaddavaM kAuM / jaMpai mA micchata gacchaha lahiUNa jiNadhammaM // 72 // moehi tassa pUA aTThavihA sayaladadhvasaMpuSNA / jA jiNacaMda - raiyA sA ajja vi viNiyA tassa // 73 // ajja vi sA baliyA paDhamayaraM diti tassa NAmeNa / so kuladevo utto sevaDasaMghassa pujjo so // 74 // 2. iya uppattI kahiyA sevaDayANaM ca maggabhaTTANaM / ecco ur3aDhaM vocchaM NisuNaha aNNANamicchatta // 75 // - bhAvasaMgraha 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [525 bahuta saMkSepa meM yaha varNana huA hai, jaba ki bhAvasaMgraha meM apekSAkRta vistAra ke sAtha / donoM meM bhadrabAhu, unake ziSya AcArya zAnti aura praziSya jinacandra kA samAna rUpa se nAmollekha hai| darzanasAra meM bhadrabAhu prakhyAta nimitta-vettA ke rUpa meM vaNita nahIM haiM, sambhavataH saMkSepa kI dRSTi se vaisA kiyA gayA ho| varzanasAra meM sIdhe jinacandra ko zithila evaM dUSita pAcAravAn kahakara usase zvetAmbarasaMgha ke prAdurbhAva kI bAta kahI gaI hai| vahAM koI vizada varNana nahIM hai| bhAvasaMgraha meM duSkAla kI ghaTanA, usake phalita, sAdhuoM ke zithilAcArI tathA suvidhAvAdI hone kA ullekha karate hue zvetAmbara-sampradAya kI utpatti kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| donoM varNanoM meM samaya kA nirdeza spaSTa hai / unake anusAra vi0 saM0 136, tadanusAra vIra-nirvANa saM0 606 meM zvetAmbara-saMgha kA udbhava huA / isase yaha spaSTa hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu ne vi0 saM0 136 se 12 varSa pUrva arthAt vi0 saM0 124 tadanusAra vIranirvANa samvat 594 meM sambhavataH duSkAla kI ghoSaNA kI hogii| zvetAmbaroM dvArA svIkRta digambara-sampradAya kI utpatti tathA digambaroM dvArA svIkRta zvetAmbara-sampradAya kI utpatti ke samaya meM kevala tIna varSa kA antara hai / saMghavibhAjana kI ghaTanA ko digambara tIna varSa pahale mAnate haiM aura zvetAmbara bAda meM / khondhiinn Rthaangdh hariSeNa-racita vRhatkathAkoSa meM 131 veM kathAnaka ke antargata zruta-kevalI prAcArya bhadrabAhu ke vRttAnta ke prasaMga meM zvetAmbara-sampradAya ke udbhava kI carcA prAI hai / pichale pRSThoM meM yathAprasaMga vRhatkathAkoSa ke anusAra prAcArya bhadrabAhu ke jIvanabRtta kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / prAcArya bhadrabAhu ke ujjayinI jAne, bhikSArtha nagara meM jAne para zizu dvArA vyakta apazakuna, AcArya dvArA bhAvI dvAdazavarSIya durbhikSa kI ghoSaNA, vizAkhAcArya ke netRtva meM zramaNa-saMgha ke dakSiNa ke punnATa deza meM jAne, rAmilla, sthUlavRddha evaM bhadrAcArya ke apane-apane saMghoM sahita sindhu deza meM jAne, prAcArya bhadrabAhu dvArA avantI ke bhAdrapada nAmaka udyAna meM samAdhi-maraNa prApta karane, durbhikSa miTane para muni-saMca ke vApisa lauTane Adi kI vahAM vizada carcA kI gaI hai; ataH yahAM unheM punarAvRtta karanA apekSita nahIM hai / kevala vivecya viSaya para saMketa-mAtra kiyA jA rahA hai| 1. racanA-kAla zaka saMvat 153 ___ 2010_05

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526 j Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa : 6 isa kathAnaka ke anusAra vizAkhAcArya ke dakSiNa se vApisa lauTane para saMgha-vibhAjana kA rUpa sAmane AtA hai| jaisA ki vahAM likhA hai : "rAmilla, sthUlavRddha tathA bhadrAcArya-ye tInoM jo atyanta vairAgyavAn the, vizAkhAcArya ke pAsa aaye| unake mana meM bhava-bhramaNa kA trAsa parivyApta thaa| unhoMne tatkSaNa arddha-karpaTa kA tyAga kara diyA tathA Atma-bala saMjoye nirgrantha muniyoM kA veSa svIkAra kara liyaa| saMsAra-sAgara ke pAra lagAne vAlA guru-vacana jinheM nahIM rucA, jinhoMne maramArtha ko nahIM samajhA, unhoMne jina-kalpa tathA sthavira-kalpa kI dvividha parikalpanA kii| ve addhaphAlaka dhAraNa kiye rhe| una kAyara evaM prAtmabala-rahita vyaktiyoM ne isa tIrtha-zvetAmbaramata kI sthApanA kii|" tAtparya vRhatkathAkoSakAra ne ghaTanA ko zruta-kevalI bhadrabAhu se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA hai| digambara-paramparA ke anusAra zruta-kevalI bhadrabAhu ke svargavAsa kA samaya vIra-nirvANa samvat 162 tathA zvetAmbara-paramparA ke anusAra vIra-nirvANa samvat 170 mAnA jAtA hai / yadi zruta-kevalI bhadrabAhu ke samaya kI yaha ghaTanA mAnI jAye to saMgha-vibhAjana kA kAla bahuta pIche calA jAtA hai| arthAt darzanasAra tathA bhAvasaMgraha meM nirdezita samaya (vIra nirvANa 606) se lagabhaga sADhe cAra zatAbdiyoM kA antara par3atA hai| kucha eka digambara paramparAoM kA aura ullekha kara isa para vicAra kreNge| . . saMgha-vibhAjana : eka bhinne paramparA ... pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM rayadhU yA raidhU nAmaka eka apabhraza kavi hue| ve paramparayA digambara 1. rAmillaH sthaviraH scuul-bhdraacaarystryo'pymii| mahAvairAgyasaMpannA vizAkhAcArya mAyayuH // 65 // tyaktvAddha karpaTaM sadyaH saMsArAt trastamAnasAH / nanthyaM hi tapaH kRtvA muni rUpaM dadhustrayaH // 66 // iSTaM na yagurorvAkyaM saMsArArNavatArakam / jinasthavirakalpaM ca vidhAya dvividhaM bhuvi // 67 // arddha phAlakasaMyukta majJAta paramArthakaiH / tarivaM kalpitaM tIrtha kAtaraiH zaktivajitaH // 68 // -vRhatkathAkoSa 2. I0 san 1439 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurazainI prAkRta aura usakA vAGmaya / 527 mata ke anuyAyI the| unhoMne apane dvArA racita mahAvIra-carita nAmaka grantha meM isa prasaMga ko carcita kiyA hai| unhoMne prasaMgopAttatayA cANakya dvArA candragupta ko samrAT ke pada para adhiSThita kiye jAne ke ullekha ke sAtha-sAtha kramazaH candragupta ke uttarAdhikArI bindusAra, azoka aura kuNAla kA varNana kiyA hai / IrSyAlu vimAtA dvArA chala se kuNAla ko andhA kara diye jAne kI bhI vahAM carcA hai| kuNAla ke putra kA nAma raidhU ne candragupti likhA hai / aisI sambhAvanA kI jAtI hai ki samprati kA hI yaha nAmAntara ho / raidhU ne likhA hai ki azoka ne candragupta ko bar3e utsAha se rAjyAbhiSikta kiyA / candragupti (samprati) ne jaina dharma ke vyApaka prasAra ke lie bahuta bar3A prayAsa kiyaa| isa ghaTanA se Age raidhU zruta-kevalI bhadrabAhu ko jor3ate haiN| candragupta ke nAma se jina solaha svapnoM kI jaina sAhitya meM khUba carcA hai, raidhU ke anusAra ve candragupti (samprati) ke svapna the / Ane vAle kusamaya ko socakara vairAgyapUrvaka candragupti prAcArya bhadrabAhu se dIkSita ho jAtA hai / Age kA varNana lagabhaga bahuta kucha pahale uddhRta kathAnakoM jaisA hI hai / zizu dvArA apazakuna, bAraha varSoM ke dAruNa durbhikSa kI ghoSaNA, sAdhu-saMgha kA dakSiNa jAnA, prAcArya bhadrabAhu kA divaMgamana, sthUlAcArya Adi zramaNoM dvArA vastra, pAtra. daNDa Adi dhAraNa kiyA jAnA, durbhikSa kI samApti ke bAda sAdhu-saMgha kA milanA, zvetAmbara-digambara ke rUpa meM saMgha kA vibhakta honA, prabhRti ghaTanAeM vahAM varNita haiM / bibaahthiith bndhu . mahAkavi raidhU ne zruta-kevalI bhadrabAhu ko jo candragupti yA samprati ke sAtha jor3A hai, vaha saMgata pratIta nahIM hotaa| dharmaghoSasUri racita duHSamAkAlazrIzramaNasaMghastava ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke anantara 215 varSa taka nava nandoM kA rAjya rahA / tatpazcAt 108 varSa taka mauryoM kA rAjya rhaa| isa prakAra yaha samaya vIra-nirvANa saMvat 323 taka AtA hai / yadi zruta-kevalI bhadrabAhu candragupti yA samprati ke samasAmayika hote to isa kAla-gaNanA ke anusAra unakA samaya vIra-nirvANa samvat 300 se pahale nahIM hotA, kucha bAda hI hotA / aisA hone kA artha hai, zruta-kevalI bhadrabAhu viSayaka digambara evaM zvetAmbara donoM mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana, jisake lie koI sabala, Thosa pramANa prApta nahIM hai| bhadrabAhu ko lekara jo samaya sambandhI vicikitsA dekhane meM AtI hai, usakA mukhya kAraNa bhadrabAhu nAma ke kaI prAcAryoM kA honA hai| isakA spaSTIkaraNa yathAprasaMga mAge kiyA jaayegaa| 2010_05

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528] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : abth hnnii / asisn - bhAvasaMgraha, vRhatkathAkoSa prAdi meM dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla kI samApti ke anantara munisaMgha ke milane para saMgha-vibhAjana hotA hai, jisakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki vahIM se digambarazvetAmbara kI bheda-rekhAeM khacita ho jAtI haiN| ratnanandI' isa prasaMga ko kucha aura spaSTa karate haiN| unake anusAra durbhikSa ke pazcAt muni-saMgha ke milane para nirvastratA aura akhaM phAlakatA ke AdhAra para bheda par3atA hai| zvetAmbaratva taba taka astitva meM nahIM aataa| isake lie ratnanandI ne eka ghaTanA aura jor3I hai, jise yahAM uddhRta kiyA jAtA hai| aIphAlaka mata se zvetAmbara ..durbhikSa ke anantara saMgha-bheda ke samaya arddha phAlaka-saMjJaka jo nUtana mata utpanna ho gayA thA, usakA prAcArya ratnanandI isa prakAra varNana karate hai : "vaha vicitra arddha phAlaka mata kA sahArA pAkara loka meM usI prakAra ubhara AyA, jisa prakAra jala para taila ubhara AtA hai| . addha phAlaka matAnugoM ne jinendra-vANI kI anyathA kalpanA kI aura usake anusAra ke ajJAnI janoM ko durmArga meM pravRtta karane lge| ve pAMcoM indriyoM ke bhogoM meM Asakta the, niraMkuza the| unhoMne apane lie svayaM vrata gar3he / apanI buddhi ke anusAra unheM sUtroM meM grathita kara ddaalaa|" "yoM arddha phAlaka mata ko calate kAphI samaya vyatIta ho gyaa| eka ghaTanA haiujjayinI meM candramA ke samAna ujjvala kIrtizAlI candrakIti nAmaka rAjA thaa| usakI 1. prastuta grantha meM AcArya bhadrabAhu ke itivRtta ke sandarbha meM AcArya ratnanandI aura unake bhadrabAhucaritra kA prasaMga AyA hai| 2. ato'rddha phAlakaM loke vyAnase matamadbhutam / - kalikAlabalaM prApya salile tailabinduvat // zrIjjinendracandrasya sUtraM saMkalpyate'nyathA / vartayanti sma durmArge janAna mUDhatvamAzritAna // ....yathA svayaM samArabdhaM vrataM paMcAmalolupaiH / . niraMkuzastathA sUne sUtritaM nijbuddhitH|| -bhadrabAhucaritra, pariccheca 4, zloka 30-32 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya mahArAnI kA nAma candrazrI thaa| unake eka kanyA utpanna huI, usakA nAma candralekhA rakhA gyaa| usa kanyA ne arddha phAlaka mata ke tathAkathita sAdhuoM se zAstra pddh'e| vaha kanyA buddhi, rUpa, lAvaNya Adi aneka guNa-yukta thii|" "saurASTra pradeza meM valabhI nAmaka uttama nagara thaa| vahAM prajApAla nAmaka nItijJa rAjA thaa| usa rAjA ke teja se usake samasta zatru paritapta the| usakI mahArAnI kA nAma prajAvatI thA / vaha uttama lakSaNa-yukta thii| usake lokapAla nAmaka putra thA / vaha saumya guNoM se paripUrNa thaa| vaha rUpavAn, saubhAgyazAlI tathA jJAna-vijJAna kA pAragAmI thaa|" "rAjA prajApAla ne ullAsapUrvaka apane putra ke lie rAjA candrakIti se usakI ujjvala guNa-yukta putrI candralekhA kI mAMga kii| rAjakumAra kA usa navayuvatI rAjakumArI se vivAha ho gayA / devarAja indra jisa prakAra zacI ke sAtha sukhopabhoga karatA hai, usI prakAra vaha usake sAtha sAMsArika sukha bhogane lagA / yathAkrama pitA kA vizAla rAjya use prApta huaa| 1. evaM bahutare kAle vytikraante'bhvtpure| ujjayinyAM vizAMnAthazcandravat candrakotibhAk // candrabhI zrIrivAjyAtA tasyApramahiSI shubhaa| bampatyozcandralekhAkhyA tayorjAtAtmajA zubhA // sAbhyAse munimanyAnA zAstrANi samapIpaThat / vicakSaNA'bhava pa-lAvaNyAdi guNAnvitA // -bhaprabAhucaritra, pariccheda 4, zlo0 33-35 2. saurASTravijaye'thAsti balabhIpurabhuttam / dharezitA prajApAla-nAmA tatra nayAnvitaH // nijapratApatApena taapitaa'khilshtrvH| prajAvatI girA rAjI tasyA'soccAra lkssnnaa|| lokapAlAbhidhasto kastayozcAra guNo'bhavat / rUpasaubhAgyasampanno jJAnavijJAnapAragaH // ... -bahI, zlo0 36-38 ____ 2010_05

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50 usane candralekhA ko paTarAnI banAyA / "2 "lokapAla apanA nAma sArthaka karatA huA apane vizAla rAjya kA pAlana karane lagA / vaha itanA pratApI thA ki saba rAjA usake samakSa nata the / eka dina mahArAnI ne, jaba mahArAja prasanna the, nivedana kiyA - nAtha ! kAnyakubja nAmaka nagara meM hamAre guru rahate haiM / jagatpUjya / Apa anurodhapUrvaka unheM yahAM AmaMtrita kareM / rAjA ne apanI priyatamA kA Agraha mAna liyA / "" 3 Agama aura bripiTaka / eka anuzIlana "rAjA ne una sAdhuoM ko lAne ke lie apane vyaktiyoM ko vahAM ravAnA kiyA / ve vahAM gaye / vahAM sthita arddha phAlaka mata ke sAdhuoM kI bhaktipUrvaka bAra-bAra abhyarthanA kii| taba jinacandra prabhRti sAdhu valabhI nagara meM Aye / rAjA ne sAdhu-saMgha kA Agamana sunA / rAjA sAmantavRnda, maMtrIgaNa tathA nAgarika janoM se parivRtta ho, vividha vAdyoM kI madhura dhvani se dizAoM ko parivyApta karatA huA yathAzIghra sAdhuoM ko vandana karane gayA / ' 113 1. prajApAlaH svaputrArthaM candrakItinRpAtmajAm / pramodAt prArthayAmAsa candralekhAM guNojjvalAm // upayabhya kumAro'sau tAM kanyAM navayauvanAm / bobhujIti tayA bhogAn zacyeva suranAyakaH // kramAt saMprApya puNyena prAjyaM rAjyaM piturmudA / cakAra candralekhAM tAM sadagramahivIpade // 2010_05 - bhadrabAhucaritra, pariccheda 4, zlo0 39-41 2. lokapAlo nRpaH sArthaM kurvannAmAtmano bhRzam / vidhatta vizadaM rAjyaM natAzeSamahIpatiH // ekavA''nandacitto'sau rAjJyA vijJApito nRpaH / nAthA'smadguravaH santi kAnyakubjAkhyapattane // tAnAnAyaya vegena jagatpUjyAnU madAgrahAt / priyApriyatayA bhUpastadvaco mAnayanu mudA // vahI, zloka 42-44 3. taullA praSayAmAsa tatraivAtmIyasajjanAn / patvA natvA bhRzaM bhaktyA guru ste tatra saMsthitAn // khaMDa 12

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mAvA aura sAhitya i zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya 531 "rAjA ne dUra se hI sAdhuoM ko dekhA / vaha socane lagA, yaha kaisA nindanIya mata hai, jo svayaM hI apanI viDambanA kara rahA hai / aise sAdhu nahIM dekhe jAte, jo nagna bhI hoM aura vastra bhI rakhate hoM / yaha to koI nayA mata dikhAI detA hai / inake pAsa jAnA ucita nahIM hai| rAjA vahAM se apane mahala meM lauTa aayaa| rAnI ne tatkAla rAjA ke mana kI bAta bhAMpa lI / "1 "rAnI ne atyadhika bhakti ke kAraNa apane guruoM ke lie vastra bhijavAye / unhoMne (sAdhuoM ne ) rAnI ke kathanAnusAra saharSa vastra dhAraNa kara liye / taba rAjA ne unakA bhaktipUrvaka sammAna tathA pUjana kiyA / striyoM ke prema meM Asakta vyakti kyA akArya nahIM karate ? una sAdhuoM ne taba jo vastra dhAraNa kiye, ve zveta varNa ke the; ataH usa dina se unakA mata arddha phAlaka ke sthAna para 'zvetAmbara' nAma se vikhyAta ho gayA / " " taiH samabhyathitA bhUyo vinayAbaddha phAlakAH / jinacandrAdayaH prApurvalabhIpurabhedanam // AkaussgamanaM sAdhu-saMghasya dharaNIzvaraH / vanditu niHsasArAzu parAnandAca tAmitaH // turya trikavarArAvavadhirIkRtaviGa mukham sAmantA'mAtyaparatya parivAra 1 pariSkRta : // - bhadrabAhucaritra, pariccheda 4, zloka 45-48. 1. vilokya dUrataH sAbuna vismayAdityacintayat / P kimetaddarzanaM nindya loke'tra svaviDambakam // nagnA vastreNa saMviktA nekSyante yatra sAdhavaH / gantu N na yujyate no'tra nRtnadarzanadarzanAt // vyAghuTya bhUpatistasmAnnijamandirameyivAt / jJAtvA rAzI narendrasya mAnasaM sahasA sphuTam // 2010_05 - vahI, zloka 49-51 2. guruNAM guru bhaktyA sA prAhiNotsicayoccayam / tairgRhItAni vAsAMsi mudA tAni taduktitaH //

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532 1 mAgama aura nipiTaka : eka anuzIlana "" isa prakAra rAjA vikramAditya ke marane ke 136 varSa pazcAt zvetAmbara-sampradAya prakaTa huaa| jinacandra isa sampradAya kA pramukha thA / usa mUr3ha ne jainAgama ke pratikUlakevalI kavalAhAra karate haiM , striyoM kA usI (strI-) paryAya meM mokSa ho sakatA hai, khAdya mAdi parigraha-pAsakta sAdhuoM kA bhI mokSa hotA hai- jaise siddhAntoM kI racanA kii|" ahApoha ratnanandI ke varNana se aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki durbhikSa ke pazcAt vastra Adi dhAraNa kiye rahane para jo sAdhu aDiga rahe, unhoMne vastra to dhAraNa kiyA, para bahuta kama / nagnatA badastUra kAyama rahI / ve kevala uttarIya yA Upara or3hI jAne vAlI caddara lapeTe rahate the| tabhI to valabhI-nareza lokapAla asamaMjasa meM par3a gyaa| lagatA hai, usake mana meM aisA UhApoha utpanna huA hogA---yaha kaisA mata hai, ye sAdhu nagna bhI haiM aura nAmamAtra kA vastra bhI dhAraNa kiye hue haiM , arthAt na to inameM sarvathA nagnatA hai aura na yathAvat savastratA hii| rAnI dvArA bheje gaye zveta vastra dhAraNa kara lene ke bAda rAjA sAdhuoM ke prati zraddhAlu ho jAtA hai, unakA svAgata-satkAra karatA hai / isase spaSTa dhvanita hotA hai ki rAjA ko baha (addha phAlakatAmaya) veSa kisI bhI paramparA kA pratIka yA paricAyaka nahIM lgaa| upayukta vivecana se yaha bhI anumAna karanA asaMgata nahIM dIkhatA ki rAjA ke mana meM nagna aura savastra donoM prakAra ke sAdhunoM kI kalpanA rahI ho aura ve arddha phAlaka tataste bhUbhRtA bhaktyA pUjitA mAnitA bhRzam / kimakAryanna kurvanti rAmArAgeNa raJjitAH / / dhRtAni zvetavAsAMsi taddinAtsamajAyata / zvetAmbaramataM khyAtaM ......."tato'ddha phAlakAt // __ -bhadrabAhucaritra, pariccheda 4, zloka 55-57 mRte vikramabhUpAle patizadadhie zate / gate'mdAnAmabhUlloke mataM zvetAmbarAbhidham // bhunakti kevalajJAnI strINAM mokSo'pi tadbhave / sAdhUnAM ca sasaGgAnAM garbhApaharaNAdikam / / higAgamasandoha-viparItaM jinoditam / parIracatta mUDhAtmA jinacandro gaNAmaNI / / -bahI, zloka 52-54 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [ 533 sAdhu use donoM hI parasparAoM se milate na lage hoN| rAjA kA yadi kevala nAgnaya ke prati Adara evaM zraddhA-bhAva hotA to zveta vastra dhAraNa kara lene para rAjA ne jo svAgatasatkAra kiyA, vaisA nahIM banatA / 14 yadyapi ratnamandI ne eka vAkya se apanA bacAva to kiyA hai ki mArI-prema meM Asakta vyakti kauna-sA anucita kArya nahIM kara sakatA / arthAt rAjA ne una zveta vastra dhAraNa kiye hue sAdhuoM kA mAna-sammAna kiyA, usakA kAraNa apanI mahArAnI ko prasanna karanA thaa| para, yaha bAta samIcIna evaM saMgata pratIta nahIM; kyoMki yadi kevala mahArAnI ko hI prasanna karanA hotA to pahalI bAra rAjA una sAdhuoM ke zraddha phAlaka-veSa ko dekhakara katarAtA nahIM / ratnanandI kA bhadrabAhu caritra aitihAsika dRSTi se vaise koI bahuta prAmANika kRti nahIM mAnI jAtI; ataH usameM vyakta kiye gaye tathyoM para aura adhika chAnavIna kI utanI apekSA nahIM hai / ratnanandI ne bhI apane kathAnaka kA sambandha zruta- kevalI bhadrabAhu ke sAtha jor3A hai, para vikramAbda 136 kI zruta - kevalI bhadrabAhu ke kAla ke sAtha kaise saMgati hogI ? ekAdhika bhadrabAhu digambara- paramparA meM zvetAmbara mata ke udbhava ke sambandha meM jo mukhya-mukhya kathAnaka pracalita haiM, unakA Upara ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / unase spaSTa hai ki vibhinna digambara lekhaka ukta prasaMga meM AcArya bhadrabAhu kA nAma lete haiM, para unake samaya ko lekara unameM samanvaya nahIM hai aura na samaya ke sandarbha meM aitihAsika iyattA kI ora unakA jhukAva hI dikhAI detA hai / isase spaSTa hai ki ukta prasaMgoM meM aitihAsika dRSTikoNa ke sthAna para kathAnaka kA kAlpanika rUpa adhika sAmane AtA hai / bhadrabAhu ke samaya ko lekara asamaMjasa meM par3a jAne kA eka kAraNa aura hai / vaha hai, bhadrabAhu nAma ke kaI AcAryoM kA honA / sthira aitihAsika dRSTikoNa lie binA calane vAle lekhakoM ke lie isase bhrAnti utpanna ho jAtI hai / prastuta sandarbha meM yaha upayogI hogA ki bhadrabAhu nAma se digambara evaM zvetAmbaraparamparA meM kitane-kitane aura kauna-kauna AcArya hue, unakI saMkSepa meM carcA kI jAye / 1. kimakArya kurvanti rAmArAgeNa raJjitAH / 2010_05

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k341 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana bishbb-bNshr' m sbaai digambara-sAhitya ke parizIlana se jJAta hotA hai ki isa paramparA meM bhadrabAha nAma ke kaI AcArya hue haiM, unakA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai / prthm pr'aai zrata-kaivalI bhadrabAhu prathama bhadrabAhu the, jinake sambandha meM pIche yathAprasaMga prakAza DAlA jA cukA hai / tiloyapaNNattI Adi granthoM ke anusAra unake svargavAsa kA samaya vI. ni: saM0 162 hai / ve bhagavAn mahAvIra ke aAThaveM paTTadhara the| digambara paramparA meM ye taSTya prAyaH sarvasammata haiN| dvitIya bhadrabAhu tiloyapaNatI meM zruta-jJAna ke hIyamAna-krama kA varNana karate hue, una-una zru tAMgoM ke dhAraka prAcAryoM kA jo sUcana kiyA gayA hai, usake anusAra subhadra, yazobhadga, yazobAhu evaM lohArya-ye cAra AcArAMgadhara kahe gaye haiM / 1. (ka) kevalI-3 bhuta-kevalI-5 dazapUrvadhara-11 ekAdaza aMgadhara-5 AcArAMgadhara-4 samaya 62 varSa samaya 100 varSa samaya 183 varSa samaya 220 varSa samaya 118 varSa kula samaya 683 varSa ekAdaza aMgadhara taka kA samaya 565 varSa (kha) kevalI-3 1. gautama, 2, sudharmA, 3. jambU zruta-kevalI-5 1. nandi, 2. nandimitra, 3. aparAjita, 4. govaddhana, 5. bhadrabAhu dazapUrvadhara-11 1. vizAkha, 2. proSThila, 3. kSatriya, 4. ja', 5. naga, 6. siddhArtha, 7. dhRtiSaNa, 8. vijaya, 9. buddhila, 10. gaMgadeva, 11. sudharma ekAdaza aMgadhara-5 1. nakSatra, 2. jayapAla, 3. pANDu, 4. dhra vasena, 5. kaMsa AcArAMgadhara-4 1. sumana, 2. pazobhana, 3. yazobAhu, 4. lohArya ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAmaya / 535 tiloyapagNattI ke anusAra vIra-nirvANa saMvat 565 taka ekAdazAMgadharoM kA astitva rahA / tatpazcAt kevala AcArAMga ke dhAraka hue, jinakA samaya tiloyapaNNattIkAra ne 118 varSa kA batalAyA hai| yoM AcArAMgadharoM kA kAla vIra-nirvANa saMvat 565 tathA 683 ke madhya prAtA hai arthAta ina 118 varSoM meM subhad, yazobhad, yazobrAhu evaM lohAmaMme cAra bhAcArSa hote haiN| ina cAroM meM tIsare yazobhadra digambara-paramparA meM bhaddhAhu bhI kahe jAte haiM / mAdIbhAmnAya ko prAkRta-paTTAvali meM unheM yazobAhu ke sthAna para bhadrabAhu kahA gayA hai / parantu itanA antara avazya hai, tiloyapaNNattIkAra jahAM unheM AcArAMgadhara ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAta karate haiM, isa paTTAvali meM unheM aSTAMgadhara kahA gayA hai| parantu isameM jarA bhI sandeha nahIM hai ki eka hI vyakti ke lie ye do prakAra ke kathana haiM; kyoMki tiloyapaNatI meM jahAM yazobAhu sattAIsaveM sthAna para pAte haiM, vahAM isa paTTAvali meM bhadrabAhu bhI sattAIsaveM sthAna para pAte haiN| nandi-prAmnAya kI isa paTTAvali ke kucha vivecya viSaya, jinakA Age ke prakaraNa se sambandha hai, yathAprasaMga spaSTa kiye jAyeMge / bhadrabAhu: gupta guptiH candragupti nandIsaMgha kI saMskRta-gurvAvali meM prAcArya bhadrabAhu ke paTTadhara guptagupti' kA ullekha hai / pUrvApara prasaMga ke paryAlocana se pratIta hotA hai ki ye vahI bhadrabAhu haiM, jinheM tiloyapaNNattI meM AcArAMgadharoM meM yazobAhu ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai / 1. subhadaM ca jasobhaI bhaddabAhu kameNa ca / lohAcamya muNIsaM ca kahiyaM ca jiNagame / / 13 // chaha aTThArahavAse tevIsa vAvaNa (paNAsa) vAsa muNiNAhaM / - basa Nava aTuMgadharA dusadavIsa sadhesu / / 14 // -jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, bhAga 1, kiraNa 4, sana 1913 meM uddhata zrImAnazeSanaranAyakavanditAMghriH, zrIguptigupta iti vizru tanAmadheyaH / yo bhadrabAhumunipuMgavapaTTapamaH, sUryaH sa vo dizatu nirmalasaMghavRddhim // 1 // -vahI, 1.4, pR0 51 para uData 2010_05 |

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536 ] Agama aura vipiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa ra yahAM eka bAta vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya hai- jahAM pIche ullikhita kathAnakoM meM prAcArya bhadrabAhu ke sAtha ujjayinI ke rAjA candragupti kA o nAma AyA hai, vaha sambhavataH guptagupti ho| gurvAvalikAra ne gupta gupti ke lie jo azeSanaranAyakavanditAdhiH (jinake caraNa samasta rAjanya varga se pUjita haiM) vizeSaNa diyA hai, vaha unake rAjatva se zramaraNajIvana meM Ane kI aura iMgita karatA hai / donoM nAmoM ke uttarAddha meM Aye hue gupti zabda se bhI yaha anumeya hai ki jise candragupti ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai, vaha zAyada guptagupti hI ho| ata: pUrvokta kathAnakoM kA sambandha candragupti ke bajAya guptagupti se mAnA jAye--yaha bhI gaveSaNIya hai| aisA lagatA hai ki mUla kathAnaka bhrAntivaza kAla-kama se parivaddhita evaM atiraMjita hote hue prApta rUpoM taka pahuMce hoN| nniir' pr'aa - vIra-nirvANa saMvat 683 meM ekAdazAMga ke viccheda hone ke anantara eka bhadrabAhu AcArya aura hote haiM, jo nimitta-zAstra ke mahAn vettA the| pichale kathAnakoM meM bhadrabAhu ko yatra-tatra jo mahAn naimittika ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai, vaha bhramavaza huA pratIta hotA hai, kyoMki vikramAbda 136 meM ghaTita ghaTanA se jina bhadrabAhu kA sambandha jor3A jAtA hai, ve naimittika bhadrabAhu kaise ho sakate haiM ? tiloyapaNNattI ke anusAra ve to AcArAMgadhara the aura lohAcArya se pUrvavartI the / para nAma sAmya se bhrama para bhrama bar3hate cale gaye / saMketa kiyA hI gayA hai, ina kathAnakoM kI racanA meM aitihAsikatA kI ora kama-se-kama dhyAna rahA hai| hnnaa-thbaa ai srkaaH / zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bhI prathama bhadrabAhu vahIM haiM, jo zra ta-kevalI the| unhoMne cheda-sUtroM kI racatA kii| unake samaya ke sambandha meM pIche kahA gayA hai, bIra-nirvANa ke 170 varSa pazcAt ve divaMgata hue / AcArya hemacandra ne bhI pariziSTa parva meM unake divaMgamana kA yahI samaya sUcita kiyA hai| 1. vIramokSAvarSazate saptatyagre gate sati / bhadrabAhurapi svAmI yayau svarga samAdhinA / / -pariziSTa parva, sarga 9, zloka 112 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] taya baha dvitIya bhadrabAhu ve the, jinhoMne daza niyuktiyoM kI racanA kI, jo upasarga-hara-stotra ke raciyatA the / ve bhadrabAhu saMhitA ke bhI karttA mAne jAte haiM / ve nimitta zAstra ke mahAn vettA the / ataeva vai naimittika bhadrabAhu ke nAma se prasiddha haiM / yaha bhI janan ti hai ki mahAn jyotirvida varAhamihira ne paMcasiddhAntikA ke anta meM jo sUcita kiyA hai, vaha zaka saMvat Y=27 hai / tadanusAra varAhamihira kA samaya vikrama saMvat 562 (vIra - nirvAraNa saMvat 1032) hotA hai / jyotirvida varAhamihira ke bhAI hone ko jana zruti ko yadi mAnya kiyA jAye to ina naimittika bhadrabAhu kA samaya bhI isI ke Asa-pAsa honA cAhie / zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA bAGamaya zvetAmbara - paramparA meM digambara-mata kI utpatti ke sambandha meM pracalita kathAnaka kA bhadrabAhu ke sAtha koI sIdhA sambandha nahIM hai / prasaMgopAtta hone se yahAM bhadrabAhu ke sambandha maiM zvetAmbara - mAnyatA kI dRSTi se saMketa mAtra kiyA gayA hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu : kucha aitihAsika tathya itihAsa kA eka ulajhA huA pahalU hai - zruta- kevalI AcArya bhadrabAhU tathA candragupta maurya ko samasAmayikatA / donoM ko kucha vidvAn samasAmayika kahate haiM / isa saMdarbha meM zvetAmbara jaina vAGmaya meM kucha aitihAsika tathya prApta haiM, jinakI yahAM carcA upayogI hogI / tityogAlIpainA titthogAlIpanA meM likhA hai ki tIrthakara mahAvIra jisa rAta ko muktigAmI hue, usI rAta ko avantI meM pAlaka kA rAjyAbhiSeka huA / pAlaka kA rAjya 60 varSa taka rahA / usake pazcAt nandoM kA rAjya 155 varSa taka calA / nanda- rAjya ke anantara mauryo kA rAjya AyA, jisakI avasthiti 108 varSa taka rahI / mauryoM ke bAda puSyamitra kA rAjya huA, jo 30 varSa taka claa| isa kAla-gaNanA ke anusAra mauryoM ke rAjya kA Arambha vIranirvANa saMvat 215 meM hotA hai / 1. saptAzvivedasaMkhyaM, zakakAlamapAsya caitrazuklAdo adhastimite bhAnau, yavanapure saumyadivasAdya // ( sapta = 7, azvi = 2, veda 4 arthAt 427 ) 2. jaM raryANi kAlagao, arihA [ 537 titthaMyaro mahAvIro / taM rayaNimavaMtIe, abhisitto pAlao rAyA // 2010_05

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: 538] - Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa:2 :ss|byaasnggii thaaghn Rii byaag-gthaanaa : AcArya zrI dharmaghoSa sUri ke duHSamAkAlazrIzramaNasaMghastava ke anusAra bhI kAlagaNanA isI bhAMti hai / unhoMne bhI pAlaka ke 60 varSa, nandoM ke 155 varSa, mauryoM ke 106 varSa tathA puSyamitra ke rAjya ke 30 varSa likhe haiM / rAjya-kAla kI yaha gaNanA kendrIya sattA kI dRSTi se kI gaI pratIpta hotI hai / yadyapi pAlaka avantI kA rAjA thA, para prAcArya dharmaghoSa ke anusAra udAyI ke niSputra marane para koNika-ajAtazatru ke pATaliputra'-rAjya para bhI usane adhikAra kara liyA / isa prakAra vaha uttara bhArata kI kendrIya sattA para A gayA thA / prAcArya zrI dharmaghoSa sUri ne kina-kina rAjyoM ke jaina dharma ke kauna-kauna saMghAdhipati the, yaha bhI saMketa kiyA hai| unake saMgha-stava ke ullekha ke anusAra pAlaka tathA nava nandoM ke rAjya ke samaya AcArya jambU (cAlIsa+cAra varSa), AcArya prabhava (gyAraha varSa) AcArya zayyaMbhava (tebIsa varSa), AcArya yazobhadra (pacAsa varSa), prAcArya sambhUti vijaya (ATha varSa), AcArya bhadrabAhu (cavadaha varSa) tathA prAcArya sthUlabhadra (paitAlIsa varSa) saMgha ke adhinAyaka the / maurya-rAjya meM isa stava ke anusAra Arya mahAgiri (tIsa varSa), Arya suhastI (chiyAlIsa varSa) tathA prAcArya guNasundara (battIsa varSa) jaina saMghAdhipati rahe / AcArya dharmaghoSa sUri ne rAjya ke zAsana-kAla tathA saMghanAyakoM ke dharma-zAsana-kAla ko bhI pUrA milAyA hai| isa kAla-gaNanA ke anusAra bhadrabAhu nandoM ke rAjya-kAla meM hote hai / prAcArya dharmaghoSa sUri ne no nandoM meM se pratyeka kA alaga-alaga zAsana-kAla diyA hai / tadanusAra sAtaveM nanda taka pAlagaraNNo saTThI, paNapaNasayaM viyANi gaMdANaM / muriyANamaTThisayaM, tIsA puNa pUsamittANaM // sirijiNanivvANagamaNarayaNIe ujjoNIe caMupajjomamaraNe pAlao rAya ahisitto| teNa ya aputta udAimaraNe koNiarajjaM pADalipuraM pi ahiTThiyaM / tassa ya varisa 60 jje--- gorA 12 hamma 8, jaMbU 44, jugappahANA ' puNo pADalipure 11, 10, 13, 25. 25, 6, 6, 4, 55 nava naMdA evaM varisa 155 rajje-jaMbU zeSa varSANi 4, prabhava 11, zayyaMbhava 23, yazobhadra 50, saMbhUtivijaya 8, bhadrabAhu 14, sthUlabhadra 45 evaM dhIra nirvANa 215 ! moriarajjaM 108 tatra mahAgiriH 30, suhastI 46, guNasundara 32,.........."puSyamitra 30............ ! 2. yahAM magadha rAjya se tAtparya hai, jisakI rAjadhAnI udAyoM ke samaya meM pATaliputra thii| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [ 539 vIra-nirvANa ke 156 hote haiM / AcArya bhadrabAhu kA prAcArya-kAla 14 varSa kA hai / 170 vIra-nirvANAbda meM ve svargavAsI ho jAte haiN| isase siddha hotA hai ki unakA cAra varSa kA prArambha kA AcArya-kAla AThaveM nanda ke rAjya kAla meM rahA tathA Age kA daza varSa kA AcArya-kAla nauve nanda ke rAjya kAla meM rahA / tatpazcAt unake pada para prAcArya sthUlabhadra pAte haiM, jo navama nanda ke rAjya-kAla ke anta taka arthAt 45 varSa taka dharma-zAsana ke adhipati rahate haiN| baura-nirvANa saM0 215 meM nandoM kA rAjya samApta hotA hai, prAcArya sthUlabhadra kA svargavAsa hotA hai, candragupta (cANakya kI sahAyatA se) maurya-sAmrAjya kI sthApanA karatA hai| isase spaSTa hai ki candragupta kA samaya prAcArya bhadrabAhu 'ke hI nahIM, prAcArya sthUlabhadra ke bhI pazcAt siddha hotA hai / . gnn ruu7 Waahthaa candragupta ko zru ta kevalI prAcArya bhadrabAhu kA samasAmayika mAnane kI jo bhrAnti par3I, usakA eka kAraNa AcArya hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva kA vaha ullekha hai, jisameM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mukti-lAbha ke 155 pazcAt candragupta ke rAjA hone kA saMketa hai| uparokta kAla-krama ke anusAra vIra nirvANa 215 varSa taka to nandoM kA rAjya calatA hai / usa bIca vIra nirvANa 155 meM candragupta kaise huA ? pUrva nidarzita kAla-gaNanA zvetAmbara-paramparA meM bahuta prAmANika mAnI jAtI hai / naanii dbaath oaathii anveSTA vidvAnoM ne prAcArya hemacandra ke ukta ullekha para bahuta UhApoha tathA vimarSaNaanveSaNa kiyA hai, para, koI aisA Thosa aitihAsika prAdhAra nahIM mila sakA, jisase AcArya hemacandra kA kathana siddha hotA ho / himavat thegAvalI meM to kucha isa prakAra kA ullekha avazya hai, jisameM prAcArya hemacandra ke kathana ko kucha sahArA milatA hai / yahAM kahA gayA hai ki vIra nirvANa 154 meM candragupta magadha kA rAjA bnaa| vIra nirvANa 170 meM 1. evaM ca zrImahAvIra-mukta varSazate gate / paJcapaJcAzadadhike candragupto'bhavannRpaH // -pariziSTa parva, 339 2010_05

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540 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 AcArya bhadrabAhu kA svargavAsa huA / vIra nirvANa 184 meM candragupta kI mRtyu huI / para titthogAlI pannA tathA duHkhamAkAlazrIzramaNasaMghastava kI tulanA meM himavat therAvalI kI prAmANikatA saMdigdha hai / gaveSaka vidvAnoM kA aisA cintana hai ki zrAcArya hemacandra ne pariziSTa parva meM candragupta ke rAjyArohaNa kA jo samaya diyA hai, vahAM unheM kAla-gaNanA meM kucha bhrAnti huI hai / vIra nirvANa ke pazcAt 60 varSa taka jo pAlaka kA rAjya rahA, sambhavataH zrAcArya hemacandra kI gaNanA meM vaha chUTa gayA / 1 unhoMne sIdhe nava nandoM ke 155 le liye aura tadanusAra candragupta ke rAjyAbhiSikta hone kA ullekha kara diyA / sArAMza candragupta maurya ne vIra nirvAraNa 215 tadanusAra 312 I0 pUrva meM nanda vaMza kA vidhvaMsa kara rAjya prApta kiyA / candragupta ke mahAn pautra azoka ke rAjyAbhiSeka kA samaya aitihAsika dRSTi se spaSTa hai, jo I0 pUrva 269 hai / candragupta aura azoka ke bIca 43 varSoM kA zAsana-kAla zrAtA hai, jisameM 18 varSa candragupta ne rAjya kiyA tathA 25 varSa bindusAra ne aisA mAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra candragupta kA kAla ( rAjyArohaNa vIra nirvAraNa 215 + rAjya kAla 18 ) = vIra nirvAraNa 233 meM samApta hotA haiM / * du:SamAkAlazrIzramaNasaMchastava meM maurya - rAjya meM AcArya mahAgiri kA saMdhAdhipatyakAla 30 varSa batAyA gayA hai / tadanusAra AcArya mahAgiri vIra nirvAraNa saMvat 215 se vIra nirvAraNa saMvat 245 taka saMghAdhipati ke pada para rahate haiM / candragupta morya kA zAsana - kAla isI meM A jAtA hai, jisase yaha siddha hotA hai ki candragupta maurya AcArya mahAgiri ke samasAmayika the, na ki AcArya bhadrabAhu ke 1 do dRSTiko pichase pRSThoM meM digambara zvetAmbara ke rUpa meM jaina zramaNa saMgha ke vibhakta hone ke sandarbha meM donoM paramparAoM ke vicAra, kathAnaka Adi upasthita kiye gaye haiM / jaisA ki batAyA gayA hai, donoM ora ke varNana zrAgraha tathA abhiniveza se mukta nahIM hai / aba hama isa sandarbha meM prApta vAG maya ke AdhAra para samIkSA kI dRSTi se kucha zrora vicAra kareMge / 1. Hemchandra must have ommitted by oversight to Count the Period of sixty years of Kinga Palaka after mahavira. --Epitome of Jainism Appendix A, Page IV 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya 54 ___ donoM mAmnAyoM ke dRSTikoNa meM eka sabase bar3A bheda hai / digambaroM kA ekAnta-rUpa se yaha kathana hai ki muni-dharma meM nirvastratA sarvathA anivArya hai| koI eka dhAgA mAtra bhI rakha le to vaha kisI bhI sthiti meM munipada kA adhikArI nahIM ho sakatA; kyoMki parimANa meM kitanA hI kyoM na ho, vaha parigraha hai / isake viparIta zvetAmbara jina-kalpa evaM sthavira-kalpa ke rUpa meM nirvastratA tathA savastratA- donoM ko svIkAra karate haiM / anAsakta bhAva se vihita vastra dhAraNa kiye rahane se munitva vyAhata nahIM hotaa| unake sAhitya meM bhI isa prAzaya ke ullekha haiM, jinake anusAra vihita vastra parigraha meM nahIM Ate / zvetAmbaroM kA yaha pahalU kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai / isa para sUkSma dRSTi se parizIlana tathA vimarSaNa apekSita hai| zvetAmbara-pAgama-vAGamaya meM isa sambandha meM jo ullekha hai, aMzataH use prastuta karate hue yahAM usa para UhApoha kiyA jA rahA hai| Arrrr : avelakatA : niaar AcArAMga meM bar3e udbodhaka zabdoM meM kahA gayA hai : "jo bhikSu acelaka hotA hai, use yaha nahIM socanA hotA ki merA vastra jIrNa ho gayA hai, maiM vastra kI, dhAge kI, sUI kI yAcanA karU', vastra yoM sAMdhU-joDU, silAI karU, use bar3A karU', choTA karU, use pahanU, pros / nirvastra bhikSu ke tRNa, ghAsa prAdi tIkSNa vastuoM ke sparza (mAghAta), zItasparza, uSNa-sparza, DAMsa, macchara Adi kITANuoM dvArA khulI deha para daMza-ityAdi aura bhI vividha prakAra ke anukUla-pratikUla pariSaha hote haiM, jinheM vaha lAghavapUrvaka-paravAha na karate hue upekSA bhAva se sahana karatA hai tathA apane tapasvI jIvana ko bar3hAye calatA hai|" sUtrakAra ke kathana ke yahAM do dRSTikoNa pratIta hote haiM / pahalA yaha hai ki jaba koI vastu rakhI jAtI hai, to usake sambandha meM samaya-samaya para aneka prakAra ke saMkalpavikalpa uThate rahate haiN| yadi vaha vastu hI nahIM hai to tatsambaddha saMkalpa-vikalpa uThane kA 1. je acele parivusae, tassa NaM bhikkhussa go evaM bhavai-parijiSNe me vatthe, vatthe . jAissAmi, sutta jAissAmi, sUI jAissAmi, saMdhissAmi, sIvissAmi, ukkasissAmi, - cokkasissasAmi, pariharissAmi, pAuNissAmi / aduvA tattha parakkamaMtaM bhujjo acela - taNaphAsA phusati, sIyaphAsA phusati, teuphAsA phusati, vaMsamasagaphAsA phusaMti, egayare annayara vizvaruve phAse ahiyAseti, acele lAghavaM AgamamANe, tavese abhisamaNNAgae bhavati / -AcArAMga sUtra, prathama zrutaskandha, a0 6, udde0 3, 2-3 2010_05

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D Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana 42 | prazna hI nahIM rahatA / phalataH jo muni nagna rahate haiM, unake mana meM vastra ke sambandha meM koI kalpanA hI nahIM uThegI arthAt acelakatA -- nirvastratA kI mukhya upayogitA yaha hai ki usase vastra-saMpRkta AvazyakatAoM tathA tadudbhuta ceSTAoM kA avakAza hI nahIM rahatA, jabaki savastra muni ko, vastroM meM Asakta na hote hue bhI AvazyakatA kI dRSTi se, jaisA ki sUtrakAra ne iMgita kiyA hai, vaisA socanA to hotA hI hai / khaNDa : 2 sUtrakAra kA dUsarA Azaya yaha hai ki pariSaha vijaya aura daihika- kaSTa sahana kI dRSTi se nirvastra muni se adhika zrAzA kI jAtI hai| khulI deha para sahasA zrA par3ane vAle kaSToM ko samabhAva se, sahajatA se sahate jAne ke lie use sadA sannaddha rahanA hotA hai, jo bar3e sAhasa evaM Atma-dRr3hatA se sAdhya hai / yoM pariSaha tathA pratikUla sthiti meM apane mana ko jarA bhI bhArI banAye binA halkepana se jo unheM sahatA jAtA hai, usakA tapasvI jIvana uddIpta hotA jAtA hai / lajjA-nivRtti hetu kaTibandha kA svIkAra acelaka bhikSu ke jIvana ke eka prasaMga ko uddiSTa kara AcArAMga meM varNana hai : "jo bhikSu nirvastra rahatA hai, vaha soce, maiM tRNa-sparza, zIta-sparza, uSNa-sparza, DAMsa, macchara zrAdi ke daMza tathA aura bhI vaise aneka prakAra ke jo pariSaha yA kaSTa haiM, unheM to khuzIkhuzI saha sakatA hUM, para lajjA kA parihAra nahIM saha sakatA - lajjA ko maiM nahIM jIta pAyA to usa bhikSu ko kaTibandha - colapaTTA dhAraNa kara lenA cAhie / phira yadi vaha lajjA - vijaya meM samakSa ho jAye to use cAhiye ki vaha usa vastra ko chor3a de tathA tRraNasparza, zIta- sparza, uSNa-sparza, DAMsa va macchara prAdi daMza jaise pariSahoM ko sahaja bhAva se sahatA jAye / apane tapa ko prazasta karatA jAye / "1 2010_05 saMcAemi ahiyAsattae, 1. je bhikkhu acele parivasite, tassa NaM evaM bhavati-cAemi ahaM taNaphArsa ahiyAsittae, sophA ahiyAsitae, teuphAsaM ahiyAsittae, samasagaphAsaM ahiyAsittae, egatare annatare viruvaruve phAse ahiyAsittae, hiripaMDicchAvaNaM ca No evaM se kappati kaDibaMdhaNaM dhAritae aduvA tattha parakkamaMtaM phusaMti, siyaphAsA phusaMti, teuphAsA phusaMti, vaMsamasagaphAsA farara phAse ahiyAseti, acele lAghaviSaM AgamamANe, tabe se abhisamannAgae bhujjo acelaM taNaphAsA phusaMti egayare aNNayare bhavati / - AcArAMga sUtra, prathama zra taskandha, adhyayana va uddezaka 7.1

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [543 abhipreta bhayAvaha tathA dAruNa kaSTa saha jAne vAlA bhI lajjA ko jIta pAne meM apane ko asamartha pAtA hai, kitanA Azcarya hai| vastutaH lajjA ke sAtha cAhe suSupta hI sahI, ahaM kA bhAva jur3atA hai / maiM kaisA dIkhUgA, merA vyaktitva phabegA yA nahIM, maiM kahIM hIna tathA kutsita to nahIM lagUgA, kucha aise manobhAva hote haiM, jo dAruNa va bhISaNa daihika kaSToM ko haMsate-haMsate jhela lene vAle ko bhI vicalita kara dete haiN| bhikSu isa prakAra ke vicalana se UMcA uTha jAye, sUtrakAra ne ise bAMchita mAnA hai aura punaH acelaka hone kI bAta kahI hai / sAthasAtha phira yaha smaraNa karAyA hai ki use tRNa, zIta, uSNa, DAMsa, macchara Adi se utpanna kaSToM ko Atma-bala ke sAtha sahate jAnA hai| daihika kaSTa tathA prAtikUlya se AtmA kA- sva kA pArthakya mAnate jAne kI manobhUmi sAdhaka kI banatI jAye, sUtrakAra kA aisA abhipreta hai| . . eka zATaka : stra kA prasaMga AcArAMga meM ullekha hai : "jo bhikSu eka pAtra ke sAtha eka hI vastra dhAraNa kiye rahane kI pratijJA lie hue hai, use yaha cintA nahIM hotI ki maiM dUsare vastra kI yAcanA karU / yadi apekSita ho--vaha eka vastra bhI usake pAsa na rahe to vaha eSaNIya-lene yogya nirdoSa vastra kI yAcanA kare / jisa prakAra kA nirdoSa vastra mila jAye, dhAraNa kare / jaba grISmakAla pratipanna ho jAye-A jAye to usa parijIrNa vastra ko paraTha de athavA eka zATakavastra yukta rahe athavA acelaka-pravastra rhe| isa prakAra apane tapasvI jIvana ko vaddhita karatA jaaye| dI vastroM kA prasaMga .. zramaNa ke do vastroM ke sambandha meM AcArAMga meM isa prakAra varNana kiyA gayA hai : "jo bhikSu eka pAtra tathA do vastra dhAraNa kiye rahane kA niyama lie hue hai, usako yaha cintA nahIM hotI ki maiM tIsare vastra kI yAcanA kruu| yadi usake niyamAnurUpa vastra 1. je bhikkhU egeNa vattheNa parivusite pAyabitieNa, tassa go evaM bhavai-bitiyaM vayaM jAissAmi / se ahesaNijjaM vatthaM jAejjA, ahApariggahiyaM vA vatthaM dhArejjA, jAva gimhe paDivanne ahAparijubhaM vatthaM pariThavejjA, aduvA ega sADe aduvA acele lAviyaM AgamamANe jAva sammattameva samabhijANiyA / -AcArAMga sUtra, prathama zru taskandha, adhyayana 8, uddezaka 6.1 2010_05

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544 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa : 2 usake pAsa na raheM to vaha eSaNIya vastroM kI yAcanA kreN| yaha sAdhu-prAcAra hai / jaba vaha jAne ki aba hemanta-kAla vyatIta ho gayA hai, grISma-kAla A gayA hai, taba vaha parijIrNa vastra pariSThApita kara de| kucha-unameM se jo ThIka ho, use rakha le / vastra lambA ho to use choTA kara le athavA eka zATaka-eka vastra yukta rahe athavA nirvastra rhe| yoM sarvathA lAghava-halkepana se sahaja bhAva se AcaraNa karatA huA bhikSu apane tapa kI vRddhi karatA hai|" tIna vastroM kA prasaMga tIna vastroM ke sambandha meM isa prakAra carcA hai : "jisa bhikSu ke eka pAtra evaM tIna vastra rakhane kI pratijJA hai, usake mana meM aisI cintA nahIM hotI ki maiM cauthe vastra kI yAcanA karU / yadi usake apane niyamAnusAra parimANa meM vastra na hoM to vaha eSaNIya vastra kI yAcanA kreN| jaise mila jAye, pahana le / kintu vaha unheM dhoe nahIM, raMge nahIM, dhoe hue tathA raMge hue vastra pahane nahIM / jaba grAmAnugama vicaraNa kare, apane vastra chipAye nhiiN|' yaha sAdhu kA prAcAra hai| yadi bhikSu aisA jAne ki hemanta-kAla vyatikrAnta ho gayA hai, grISma-kAla pratipanna hai to vaha apane parijIrNa vastra paraTha de| unameM se kucha--jo upayoga meM lene yogya hoM rakha le / athavA do vastra rakha le yA eka vastra rakha le yA sarvathA nirvastra rahe / aisA kara vaha apane tapa ko uddIpta banAtA hai|" 1. je bhikkhU vohiM vatthehi parivuseti pAya taiehi, tatsa go evaM bhavati-titiyaM vatthaM jAissAmi / se ahesaNijjAI vatthAI jAejjA jAva / evaM khalu tassa bhikkhussa sAmaggiyaM / aha puNa evaM jANejjA-uvakte khalu hemaMte, gimhe paDipanne, ahAparijunnAI vatthAI parivejjA, aduvA saMtatttare, aduA omacelae, aduvA egasADe, aduvA acele, lAghaviyaM AgamamANe tave se abhisamaNNAgae bhavati / ---AcArAMga sUtra, prathama a taskandha, adhyayana 8, uddezaka 5.1-2 2. yahAM atyanta sAdhAraNa, alpa-mUlya vastra kA Azaya hai, jise cora, dasyu Adi ke bhaya se chipAnA na pdd'e| 3. je bhikkhU tivayahi parisite pAya catutthehi tassa NaM No evaM bhavati-utthaM vatthaM jAissAmi se ahesaNijjAI vatthAI jaaejjaa| ahApariggahiyAI vatthAI dhArejjA, jo dhovijjA, No raejjA, No dhotarattAI vatthAI dhArejjA, apaliuMcamANe gAmaMtaresu, bhomacelae / evaM khu vatva dhArissa saamggi| aha puNa evaM jAyejjA-ubatikkate khalu ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] vastreSa zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGmaya AcArAMga ke dvitIya dha tu-skandha ke paMcama adhyayana kA nAma vastraiSaNA hai / usameM sAdhuoM aura sAdhviyoM ke lie vastra grahaNa ke sambandha meM aneka prakAra ke vidhi-niSedha haiM / zramaNa kisa-kisa prakAra ke vastra graharaNa kara sakatA hai, isa viSaya meM isa adhyayana ke prArambha meM carcA hai : "jaba bhikSu yA bhikSuNI ko vastra kI abhikAMkSA - AvazyakatA ho, unheM eSaNIya - nirdoSa vastra kI yAcanA karanI caahie| Una, pATa, sana, rezama, prAka kI rUI Adi kA vastra bhikSu ke lie grAhya hai / jo bhikSu taruNa, nirUpadrava, niroga tathA sthira saMhanana ho, use eka vastra dhAraNa karanA cAhie, dUsarA nahIM / sAdhvI ko cAra vastra dhAraNa karanA cAhie - eka do hAtha vistAra kA, do tIna-tIna hAtha vistAra ke tathA eka cAra hAtha vistAra kA / yadi aise vastra avidyamAna hoM- ---prApta na ho sakeM to eka ke sAtha dUsare ko sIM lenA cAhie / "1 uttarAdhyayana meM acelaka : veka 1. uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM acelaka -- pravastra, sacelaka --- savastra kA varNana karate hue kahA hai : "kabhI jina - kalpAvasthA meM bhikSu vastra dhAraNa nahIM karatA tathA kabhI sthavira-kalpAvasthA meM vaha vastra dhAraNa karatA hai / isa prakAra ke -- jina kalpa sthavira kalpa-rUpa hitAvaha dharma ko jo jAnatA hai, vaha kheda - khinna nahIM hotA / "3 | rav hemaMte, gimhe paDivanne, adhAparijulAI vasthAiM pariTThavijjA, aduvA saMtaruttare, aduvA omacele, aduvA egasADe, aduvA acele, lAghavIyaM AgamamANe / tave se abhimanAe bhavati / - AcArAMga sUtra, prathama a ta skandha, adhyayana 8, uddezaka 4.1-2 sebhikkhu vA bhikkhuNI vA abhikalejjA vatthaM esittae / se jjaM puNa vatthaM jAjjA saMjahA-- jaMgiyaM vA, bhaMgiyaM vA, sAyaM vA, pottayaM vA, khomiyaM vA, tUlakarDa vA tahappagAraM vatthaM / je NiggaMthe taruNe, jugavaM balabaM, appAyaM ke, thirasaMghapaNe se evaM vatthaM dhArejjA, No bitiyaM / jA NiggaMthI sA cattAri saMghADIo dhArejjA-egaM vuhatthavitthAraM, do tihatyavitthArAo, egaM cauhatyavitthAraM, eehiM vatthehi avijjamAroha aha pacchA egamegaM sesIvijnA / 2010_05 -AcArAMga sUtra, dvitIya zruta-skandha, adhyayana 5, udde zaka 1.1 egayA acelae hoi, sacele yA vi egayA / eyaM cammahiyaM NanyA, gANI NoM paridevae // - uttarAdhyayana sUtra, adhyayana 2.13

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546 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa : 3 tAtparya AcArAMga sUtra meM vastra dhAraNa karane, kitanA kaunasA karane tathA na karane Adi ke sambandha meM mahatvapUrNa vivecana kiyA gayA hai, jo Upara nirdiSTa katipaya uddharaNoM se spaSTa hai| uparyukta varNana meM vastra ke grahaNa-agrahaNa ke AdhAra para mUla sAdhutva kI dRSTi se uccatA-anuccatA kA bhAva dRSTigata nahIM hotaa| sAdhu ke sarva-sAmAnya, sarva-svIkRta, mUlaguNAdhRta stara meM isase bheda nahIM pdd'taa| para, jaina dharma to tapaHpradhAna dharma hai / usake sAdhaka kA adhikAdhika karma-nirjarA kI ora sadaiva dhyAna rahatA hai| kyoMki usakA carama dhyeya antataH kRtsna karma-kSaya se hI sadhane vAlA hai| ataH acelakatA yA nirvastratA kA jisa bhAva se varNana huA hai, jahAM usa ora vizeSa rUpa se nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, vahAM sAdhaka ko nirjarA yA tapa kI ora adhikAdhika unmukha karane kA mukhya abhiprAya rahA hai| dAruNAtidAruNa pariSahoM ko sahaja bhAva se saha jAne vAle sAdhaka kI jo apanI tapomUlaka tathA sahiSNutA-saMbhRta vizeSatA hotI hai, usakA to mahatva hai hii| bhikSuoM ke lie vastroM kI saMkhyA, mApa Adi kI adhikatama sImA kA apanA vidhAna hai, para eka vastra, do vastra, tIna vastra Adi rakhe jAne ke jo Upara ullekha hue haiM, ve isa bAta ke dyotaka haiM ki adhika kI svIkRti ke bAvajUda sAdhaka bhikSu apanI vairAgyamaya, titikSu-vRtti ke kAraNa paridheya vastroM kI saMkhyA aura bhI kama karate jAte the| koI tIna se kAma calAtA thA, koI do se kAma calAtA thA aura koI mAtra eka hI se| sUtrakAra ne tIna vastra, do vastra, eka vastra Adi ke varNana ke sandarbha meM zramaNa ko vastra kA sarvathA tyAga karane kA jo saMketa kiyA hai, vahAM bhI unakA bhAva kramazaH vikAsonmukha nirjarA ke mArga para sAdhaka ko agrasara karane kA hai| aMguttara-nikAya meM eka zATaka-vastra dhAraNa karane vAle nirgranthoM kI carcA AI hai| mahAvIra aura buddha kI samasAmayikatA ke kAraNa donoM ke vAGamaya meM eka-dUsare ke sambandha meM kiye gaye ullekha gaveSaNA kI raSTi se kAphI mahatvapUrNa samajhe jAte haiN| aMguttara-nikAya meM Aye isa ullekha se dhvanita hotA hai ki mahAvIra ke zramaNoM meM usa samaya kama-se-kama vastra se kAma calAne kI vRtti adhika ubhara rahI thii| 1. aMguttara-nikAya, jilva 3, pR0 353 2010_05

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547 bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya baah-bhaa : saabiih-shbaa jaina zramaNa ke nirvastratA evaM savastratAmUlaka AcAra-pakSa para vidvAnoM ne kAphI UhApoha kiyA hai, karate A rahe haiM / katipaya vidvAnoM kA aisA abhimata hai ki nirvastra zramaNAcAra kA pravartana vastutaH bhagavAn mahAvIra se huaa| unase pUrva bhagavAn pArzva kI paramparA savastra thii| unake anusAra mahAvIra ke zramaNoM ke lie prayukta nirgrantha zabda nirvastratA yA vastrAtmaka parigraha se nirgatatA kA sUcaka hai / kii jiib piins jaa pinn pArzva-paramparA tathA mahAvIra-paramparA ke vivAdAspada viSayoM ke samAdhAna para prakAza DAlane vAlA uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM pariNata eka mahatvapUrNa prasaMga hai| usake usa aMza kI, jo prastuta viSaya se sambaddha hai, yahAM carcA kara rahe haiN| prasaMga isa prakAra hai : "jagatpUjya, sambuddhAtmA, sarvajJa, dharma-tIrtha ke pravartaka pArzva nAmaka tIrthaMkara hue|" "jagat meM dharma kA udyota karane vAle bhagavAn pAzvaM ke mahAyazasvI kezI nAmaka ziSya the, jo jJAna evaM cAritra ke pAragAmI the| ve avadhijJAnI tathA zruta-jJAnI the| grAmAnugrAma vihAra karate hue ve eka bAra apane ziSya-samudAya sahita zrAvastI nagarI meM mAye / usa nagara ke upakaNTha meM tinduka nAmaka udyAna thaa| vahAM zramaNa kezI prAsukajIva-jantu rahita-nirdoSa sthAna meM Tike va pravAsa karane lge|" 1. jiNe pAsitti nAmeNaM, arahA loga io| saMbuddhappA ya samvannU, dhammatitthayare jiNe // -uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 23.1 2. tassa logapadIvassa, AsI sIse mahAyase / kesIkumAra samaNe, vijAcaraNapArage // mohinANasue buddha, sIsasaMghasamAule / gAmANagAmaM rIyaMte, sAvasthi nagarimAgae // tinduyaM nAma ujANaM, tammI nagaramaNDale / phAsue sijjasaMdhAre, tattha vAsumuvAgae // -bahI, 23.2-4 ____ 2010_05

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vI Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa : 2 "usa samaya samasta loka meM vizruta, dharma- tIrtha ke pratiSThApaka, rAga-dveSa-jayI bhagavAn vardhamAna ( mahAvIra ) tIrthaMkara the / loka meM dharma kA prakAza karane vAle bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ziSya bhagavAn gautama the, jo atyanta kIrtizAlI tathA jJAna va cAritya meM parama ujjvala the / ve dvAdaza aMgoM ke vettA the, prabuddha the / apane ziSyoM sahita grAmAnugrAma vihAra karate hue zrAvastI nagarI meM Aye / " 1 "usa nagara ke samIpa koSThaka nAmaka udyAna thA, jisameM prAsuka sthAna dekhakara ve hiM / parama yazasvI zramaNa kezIkumAra tathA gautama -- donoM, jo vijitendriya evaM zrAtma-samAdhi yukta the, zAnta the, usa nagarI meM vicaraNa karane lge| donoM ke ziSya-vRnda, jo saMyata, tapasvI tathA guNI the, meM vicikitsA utpanna huI / " " (ve UhApoha karane lage / ) "hamArA dharma kaisA hai ? inakA dharma kaisA hai ? hamArA AcAra, kriyA-kalApa tathA maryAdA kisa prakAra kI hai, inakI kisa prakAra kI hai ? bhagavAn pArzva ne jisa dharma kI dezanA dI, vaha cAturyAmamUlaka hai tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra ne jo dharmaM upadiSTa kiyA, vaha paMca zikSAtmaka (paMca mahAvratamUlaka) hai / "8 1. aha teraNeva kAleNaM, dhammatitthayare jile / bhagavaM vaddhamANitti, savvalogammi vissue // tassa logapatIvassa, Asi sIse mahAyase / bhagavaM goyame nAmaM, vijjAcaraNapArage // sIsasaMghasamAule | gAmAyugAmaM rIyaMte, sevi sAvatthimAgae // mArasaMgavibuddha, 2. koTThagaM nAma ujjANaM, tammI nayaramaNDale / phAsue sijjasaMthAre, tattha vAsamuvAgae || kesIkumArasamaraNe, goyame ya mahAyase / umao vi tattha viharasu, allINA susamAhiyA // umao sIsasaMghANaM, saMjayANaM tavastiNaM / tattha cintA samuppannA, guNavantANa tAiNaM // 3. keriso vA imo dhammo, imo dhammo tha keriyo / bhAyAradhammapaNihI, imA vA sA va kerisI // 2010_05 -uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 23.5-7 vahI, 27.8-10

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAG maya [ 549 "eka (mahAvIra) kI paramparA meM nirvastratA svIkRta hai tathA dUsare ke yahAM savastratA / donoM ora ke bhramaraNa eka hI kArya yA uddezya ko sAdhane meM saMpravRtta haiM, phira yaha bheda kyoM ? zramaNa kezI aura gautama ne jaba apane ziSyoM ke ina tarka-vitarkoM ko jAnA to donoM ne paraspara milane kA nizcaya kiyA / 21 "gautama vinaya paramparA ke vijJa the / zramaraNa kezI jyeSTha ( tebIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAn ziSya - samudAya sahita dekhA to unake gaurava parva kI paramparA ke) kula ke haiM, yaha dekhate hue gautama apane tinduka udyAna meM zrAyai / zramaNa kezIkumAra ne jaba gautama ko Ate ke anurUpa bahumAna evaM bhaktipUrvaka unakA svAgata-satkAra kiyA / usa udyAna meM jo prAsuka palAla, tRNa, kuza Adi the, Aye gautama ke baiThane ke lie avilamba prAstRta kara diye / "* "mahA yazasvI zramaNa kezIkumAra tathA gautama - donoM baiThe hue isa prakAra zobhita the, mAno candra aura sUrya hoM / aneka anya matAvalambI, aneka kautuka - darzanArthI - tamAzabIna, aneka ajJAnI tathA hajAroM nAgarika ekatra ho ge| deva, dAnava, gandharva, yakSa, rAkSasa evaM cAujjAmoya jo dhammo, jo imo paMcasikkhio / desio baddhamAroNa, pAseNa ya mahAmunI // 1. acelago ya jo dhammo, jo imo saMtaruttaro / egajjapavannANaM, visese kiM nu kAraNaM // aha te tattha sIsANaM, vinnAya pavitakkiyaM / samAgame kayamaI, ubhao kesigoyamA // 2. goyame paDivanna, sIsasaMghasamAjale / je kulamavekkhato, tiduyaM vaNamAgao // 4 kesIkumAra samaNe, goyama dimAgayaM / paDirUvaM paDivatti, sambhaM saMpaDivajjaI // palAla phAsUyaM tattha, paMcamaM kusataNANi ya / gomasta nisijjAe, khiSpaM saMpaNAmae // 2010_05 - uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 23.11-12 --vahI, 23, 13-14 -vahI, 23.15-17

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550 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana avazya bhUta-preta bhI vahAM upasthita ho gaye / / "kezI ne gautama se kahA- mahAbhAga ! maiM Apa se prazna pUchU ? kezI ke yoM pUchane para gautama ne unase kahA-bhante ! Apa jaisA cAheM, pUche / kezI yoM gautama se anujJAta hokara pUchane lage ................................. eka muni dharma acelaka hai, jahAM nirvastratA svIkRta hai, jo mahAvIra dvArA upadiSTa hai aura dUsarA sacelaka hai, jahAM savastratA kA svIkAra hai, jise pArzva ne upadiSTa kiyA aisA kyoM ?" "donoM paramparAmoM ke sAdhaka eka hI lakSya sAdhane meM juTe haiM, phira yaha bhinnatA kyoM ? prabuddha gautama ! yoM do prakAra ke veSa dekha Apako saMzaya utpanna kyoM nahIM hotA ? kezI ke yoM kahane para gautama ne kahA- apane viziSTa jJAna dvArA jAnakara hI arhata ne dharma ke sAdhaka ke upakaraNoM ko abhIpsita batAyA hai|" 1. kesIkumAra samaNe, goyame ya mahAyase / ubhao niruNNA sohaMti, caMda sUra samappamA // rAmAgayA bahUtattha, pAsaMDA kougA miyA / gihatyANaM aNegAo, sAhassIo samAgayA / devadANavagaMdhavA, jakkharakkhasakinnarA / avissANaM ca bhUyANaM, AsI tattha smaagmo|| --uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 23.18-20 2. pucchAmi te mahAbhAga, kesI goyamamabbavI / tao kesi buvaMtaM tu, goyamo iNamabbavI // puccha bhante ! jahicchaM te, kesi goymmbbvii| tao kesI aNunAe, goyama iNamabbavI // -vahI, 23.21-22 3. acelago ya jo dhammo, jo imo sNtruttro| desio baddhamAraNeNa, pAseNa ya mahAjasA / -vahI, 23.29 4. ekajjapavannANa visese ki nu kAraNa / liMge duvihe mehAvI ! kaha vipaccao na te // kesi evaM buvANaM tu, goyamo iNamabbavI / vinnAroNa samAgamma, dhambhasAhamicchiya // -vahI, 23.30-31 ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRtaM aura usakA vAmaya [551 "logoM ke pratyaya-pahacAna ke lie, saMyama-yAtrA-saMyata jIvana ke nirvAha ke hetu, jJAna Adi ke grahaNa ke lie loka meM veSa kA prayojana hai| vAstava meM bhagavAna pArzva tathA bhagavAn mahAvIra- donoM tIrthaMkaroM kA udbodhana yahI hai ki jJAna, darzana tathA cArina hI mokSa ke yathArtha sAdhana haiM / (zramaNa kezIkumAra dvArA kRtajJatA-jJApana) gautama ! Apa dhanya haiM / merA saMzaya nimUla ho gayA / mana aura............. ... |" vimarza : samIkSA uttarAdhyayana ke isa prakaraNa se kaI tathya prakAza meM Ate haiN| isa uddharaNa se spaSTa hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM pAva-paramparA vidyamAna thii| pAzva-paramparA ke zramaNa mahAvIra ke zramaNa-samudAya se bhinna samudAya ke rUpa meM vicaraNa karate the| zramaNa kezIkumAra kA sasaMgha zrAvastI ke tinduka udyAna meM tathA gautama kA zrAvastI ke koSThaka udyAna meM TikanA isakA dyotaka hai| - donoM paramparAoM ke zramaNoM meM dharma ke maulika siddhAntoM kI dRSTi se koI vyakta matabheda jaisI sthiti nahIM thI, para donoM apane ko veSa, vrata-vidhAna Adi ko lekara pRthaka mAnate the| isa pArthakya kA loka-mAnasa para kama prabhAva nahIM thaa| jaba zramaNa kezI tathA gautama kI zAstra-carcA kA prasaMga upasthita hotA hai to sahasroM manuSya sunane, dekhane ke lie upasthita ho jAte haiM / jahAM zraddhAvAn logoM ko jijJAsA thI, vahAM auroM ko kutUhala tathA utsukatA thI ki dekheM kyA hotA hai / yaha saba thA, phira bhI donoM paramparAoM ke zramaNoM meM paraspara sadbhAvanA evaM sahRdayatA thii| pUrvavartI tIrthakara kI paramparA se sambaddha hone ke nAte zramaNa kezIkumAra ke prati gautama kA bahumAna evaM Adara-bhAva thA; ataH ve svayaM calAkara tinduka udyAna meM unake sthAna para 1. paccayatthaM ca logassa, nANAviha-vigappaNaM / jattatthaM gahaNatthaM ca, loge liMgapaoyaNaM // aha bhave painnA u, mokkhsbbhuuysaahnnaa| nANaM ca saNaM ceva, caritta ceva nicchae / sAhu goyama ! pannA te, chinno me saMsao imo| anno vi saMsao majjhaM, taM me kahasu goyamA! -vahI, 23.32-34 ___ 2010_05

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552] Agama aura vipiDhaka : eka anuzIlana jAte haiM / zramaNa kezI bhI unakA abhyutthAna, Asana-upasthApana mAdi dvArA svAgata-satkAra karate haiN| sUtrakAra dvArA kezI eka jijJAsu prAznika ke rUpa meM citrita kiye gaye haiM aura gautama uttaradAtA yA samAdhAyaka ke rUpa meM / sambhavataH isakA yaha kAraNa ho sakatA hai ki gautama isa kAla ke antima tIrthakara kI paramparA se sambaddha the; ataH dharma ke antataH svIkRta rUpa ke ke sAkSAt vettA the| pArzva kI paramparA ke sAdhuoM kA sacailakatA ko aura adhika jhukAva pratIta hotA hai, jaba ki mahAvIra kI paramparA ke sAdhuoM kA acelakatA kI aora / prastuta prasaMga meM sacailaka dharma pAvaM dvArA dezita tathA acelaka dharma mahAvIra dvArA dezita kahA gayA hai, jo gaharAI se vicArane yogya hai| jaba jaina zramaNa saMgha meM sacelakatA-savastratA tathA acelakatA-nirvastratA ke rUpa meM donoM prakAra kI paramparAeM thIM, taba acelaka dharma ke dezanAkAra kevala mahAvIra hI kyoM kahe gaye tathA sacelaka dharma kI dezanA se kevala pArzva ko hI kyoM sambaddha kiyA gayA ? bhagavAn mahAvIra kula-paramparA se pApityika the| unake mAtA-pitA pAzvaM paramparA ko mAnate the; ataH unakI paramparA pArzva kI paramparA se sarvathA bhinna ho, yaha kaise sambhava ho sakatA hai| jaina paramparA kI aisI mAnyatA hai ki sabhI tIrthakara mUlataH eka hI tatva-jJAna kA upadeza karate haiM, para logoM kI jar3atA, prajJatA, vakratA,RjutA Adi meM bheda se tatvopadeza kI paddhati, vrata-vibhAjana Adi meM bheda pratIta hotA hai, jo Antarika bheda nahIM hai, kevala bAhya kalevara kI bhinnatA hai / sacelaka, acelaka sambandhI prazna kA samAdhAna bhI gautama ne isI bhAvanA se kiyA hai / use unhoMne logoM kI pahacAna meM upayogI, jIvana-yAtrA ke nirvAha meM sahayogI Adi kahakara samAhita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai aura antataH yaha kahakara isa prazna ko samApta kara diyA hai ki vAstava meM sAdhutva jJAna, darzana evaM cAritra para TikA hai / uttarAdhyayanakAra ne gaNadhara gautama ke mukha se ukta prazna kA samAdhAna to karAyA hai, para yaha pUrA samajha meM nahIM AtA / prazna kucha asamAhita-sA pratIta hotA hai / yadi jaina AmnAya meM pahale se hI jina-kalpa evaM sthavira-kalpa ke rUpa meM nirvastrasavastra muni-paramparA calI A rahI thI to pArzva kI paramparA ke muniyoM ko, jo savastra the, mahAvIra ke nirvastra muniyoM ko dekha vicikitsA kyoM hotI ? vahI bAta mahAvIra ke muniyoM ke lie hai / unheM pArzva ke savastra muniyoM ko dekha anyathA bhAva kyoM hotA hai ? ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAG maya [ 553 yadi mahAvIra kI paramparA meM jina - kalpI aura sthavira-kalpI donoM hI prakAra ke sAdhu hote to unheM svayaM samAdhAna ho jAtA / eka sambhAvanA aura kI jA sakatI hai, bhagavAn mahAvIra parama prabhAvaka the / unase usa samaya kA dhArmika jagat bahuta prabhAvita thA / pArzva - paramparA ke zramaraNa mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita hone ko AkRSTa hue hoM / yoM mahAvIra ke anuyAyI zramaNoM tathA pAzrvaMparamparA ke bhramaNoM ke samanvaya aura sammilana kA prazna upasthita huA ho / kucha pAvapi - tyika zramaraNa acelakatA svIkAra karane ko taiyAra ho gaye hoN| unameM se kucha taba bhI vaisA vAhate rahe hoM ki ve savastra raheM; kyoMki zAyada ve apane meM utanI dRr3hatA na saMjoye hue hoM ki ve nirvastra raha sakeM / ataH eka kaThinAI upasthita huI. jisake samAdhAna meM jinakapa tathA sthavira - kalpa ke rUpa meM zramaNAcAra kI pratiSThA kI gii| tadanusAra pArzva- paramparA ke adhikAMza zramaraNa mahAvIra ke saMgha meM mila gye| jina - kalpa yA sthavira - kalpa - jinako jaisA rucA, svIkAra karate gaye / ataeva zvetAmbara - Agama-vAG maya dvArA donoM kalpa samarthita haiM / isa sambhAvanA kA svIkAra jaina paramparA ke tatva srota kI maulika ekatA ke vizvAsa para AghAta karatA hai / digambara to mahAvIrakAlIna dvAdazAMgI kA sarvathA viccheda mAnate hI haiM, zvetAmbaroM ke anusAra bhI mahAvIra ke pUrva ke sAhitya kI koI paramparA zrAja prApta nahIM hai; ataH mahAvIra se pUrva jaina saMgha kI kyA sthiti thI, yaha dekhane ke lie kevala anumAna evaM sambhAvanAeM hI raha jAtI haiM / kahIM aisA to nahIM huA ho, mahAvIra ne titikSA, vairAgya aura tapazcaryA ko adhikAdhika bala pradAna karane ke lie jina kalpa para hI vizeSa bala diyA ho / tadanusAra sambhavataH vezI aura gautama ke saMvAda ke prasaMga tathA mahAvIra ke yahAM dIkSita sAdhu lagabhaga saba ke saba jina - kalpI rahe hoM / ataeva usa samaya pArzvapatyikoM aura mahAvIra ke zramaNoM ke samparka kA prasaMga zrAvastI meM banA, taba mahAvIra ke zramaNoM ke mana meM sthavira - kalpa kA dhyAna hIna rahA ho / vaisI hI bAta pArzvapatyikoM ke lie jina - kalpa ke sambandha meM haiM / ve savastra the / unake yahAM koI nirvastra thA hI nahIM; ataH sAdhutroM ke jina - kalpAcAra yA nAgnya jaisI kalpanA unakI bhI kaise rahatI / isakA tAtparyaM yoM samajhA jA sakatA hai- mahAvIra se pUrva arthAt pArzva ke samaya jina - kalpa lupta prAyaH thA mahAvIra ne atyadhika tapomUlaka, dAruraNa - pariSaha- sahiSNutAmaya zramaNa jIvana ko vizeSa bala evaM vikAsa dene ke lie jina - kalpa para vizeSa jora diyA / para, Age calakara samanvaya kI dRSTi se aisA Avazyaka pratIta huA ki kevala eka hI 2010_05

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55vj mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [paNDa / 2 kalpa para jora na diyA jAye, donoM ko prastuta kiyA jAye / jisa sAdhaka ko jaisA utsAha ho svIkAra kare / tatpazcAt mahAvIra ke zramaNa-saMgha meM donoM kalpoM kA vikAsa huA ho| pth khu ngdh baanii bNshhnn yaha sahI hai ki nirvastra-zramaNa-jIvana apekSAkRta adhika kaSTapUrNa hai| daihika kaSToM, pratikUlatAmoM aura uttApoM ko samabhAva ke sahanA niHsandeha bar3e sAhasa kA kAma hai| para, eka bAta usake sAtha hai, jisa para dhyAna denA Avazyaka hai| samAja ko kucha laukika maryAdAeM evaM vyavasthAeM hotI haiM / unake anusAra eka nagna zramaNa ko dharma-prasAra ke punIta uddezya se bhI samAja ke saba aMgoM ke sAtha ghulane-milane, samparka sAdhane prAdi meM kucha vyAvahArika kaThinAiyAM hotI haiN| apane anuyAyioM kI dRSTi se to yaha bAta nahIM haiM; kyoMki ve unake prati asIma zraddhA lie rahate haiM / ataH unakI dRSTi meM unakA nAgnya nahIM, tyAga rahatA hai| para, jahAM anuyAyI nahIM haiM, vahAM kaThinAiyAM avazya utpanna hotI haiN| ise saMkSepa meM yoM samajhA jA sakatA hai ki jina kalpArUr3ha yA nirvastra-zramaNa kA kArya-kSetra adhikAMzataH prAtma-sAdhanA hotA hai / jinakalpI sAdhaka kA jIvana-caryA se sambaddha vidhividhAnoM se bhI yaha tathya siddha hotA hai| jana-samudAya meM dharmodyota tathA adhyAtma-jAgaraNa kA kArya karane kI savastra zramaNa ko adhika suvidhA evaM anukUlatA rahatI hai / kyoMki samAja ke sAtha ghulane-milane meM unheM kaThinAI nahIM hotI; prataH syAt vyavahAra aisA ho, anavarata adhyAtma-sAdhanA, dhyAna Adi meM ruci rakhane vAle zramaNa yadi cAhate to jinakalpa apanAte / samAja se unakA vizeSa samparka nahIM rhtaa| ve jJAnopAsanA evaM tapazcaryA prAdi meM lIna rahate / jana-samudAya meM dharma-jAgRti utpanna karane kA dAyitva una zramaNoM para prAtA, jo savastra the| ve zramaNa-jIvana ke maulika evaM anivArya niyamoM kA pAlana karate, jJAnArAdhanA tathA dhyAna Adi meM bhI yathAsambhava samaya dete aura sAtha-hI-sAtha ve logoM meM dharma ke AdarzoM kA prasAra karate, dharma-prabhAvanA krte| yaha bhI bar3A Avazyaka kArya thaa| yoM eka saMgha ke do vargoM para do prakAra ke dAyitva the, jinakA ke niSThA evaM tanmayatApUrvaka bhalIbhAMti nirvAha karate jAte / eka varga jahAM Atma-pariSkAra kI dRSTi se asAdhAraNa thA, dUsarA Atma-sAdhanA ke sAtha-sAtha jana-jana meM dharma kI jyoti jagAne kI dRSTi se apanI vizeSatA lie hue thaa| ataeva kauna adhika kaSTa sahatA hai, kauna suvidhAeM bhogatA hai-ityAdi bAteM gauNa thIM / samAja meM donoM kA pratiSThApanna sthAna thaa| bhagavAna 2010_05

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mASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasena prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [555 mahAvIra se prArya jambU taka yaha krama sundara rUpa meM calatA rahA, para, jambU ke pazcAt usameM antara aayaa| antara : eka sambhAvanA jaba taka jIvana meM pUrNatA nahIM AtI, taba taka vikAsa yA Udhrvagamana kI sambhAvanAmoM ke sAtha-sAtha hrAsa yA adhogamana kI kucha durAzaMkAeM bhI banI rahatI haiM, kyoMki jaba taka sAdhaka eSaNA-vijaya nahIM kara pAtA, taba taka jaba kabhI usameM ahaM kA ubhAra hone kI sthiti rahatI hI haiN| . aisA saMbhAvya pratIta hotA hai, Arya jambU ke anantara saMgha ke zramaNoM meM kucha khIMcAtAna huI ho| usa varga ke, jo nirvastra thA, jisakA jIvana ugra tapomUlaka thA, jo duHsaha pariSaha sahatA thA, mana meM kucha aisA AyA ho ki samAja meM nirvastra aura zramaNoM kA darjA samAna kyoM ? isa (nirvastra-zramaNa-varga) kA sthAna apekSAkRta ucca kyoM nahIM mAnA jAye, jo asAdhAraNa daihika kaSTa tathA lajjA jaise pariSaha kA vijetA hai| kriyA apane anurUpa pratikriyA lAtI hai| virodha tathA avahelanA mUlaka kriyA kI pratikriyA tIvra virodha evaM tiraskriyA meM hotI hai| jinakalpiyoM kI isa vicAraNa kI pratikriyA sthavirakalpiyoM para vaisI hI huI hogii| unhoMne socA hogA, ye nagna muni yadi apane ugra tapomaya jIvana kA dambha karate haiM, to jana-jana meM dharma-prabhAvanA evaM dharmodyota kI dRSTi se unake dvArA kiyA jAne vAlA kArya, jo pArhat-saMskRti ke vikAsa tathA prasAra kA mahAna kArya hai, kyA kama mahatva rakhatA hai ? ye kyA jAneM, usake lie hameM kitanA zrama va prayAsa karanA hotA hai| yadi ye nagna muni dAruNa pratikUla pariSaha sahate haiM, hama pratikUla aura anukUla-donoM prakAra ke pariSaha sahana karate haiN| samRddha tathA bhogamaya jIvana ke samIpa rahate hue bhI usameM sarvathA nirlipta hI nahIM, pratyut usameM virakti evaM tyAga kA saMcAra karanA kisI se kama mahatva kA kArya nahIM hai| sambhavataH donoM ora isa koTi kA UhApoha calA hogA, jisakA pariNAma Age calakara usa gaharI khAI ke rUpa meM pAyA, jisane jaina saMgha ko nirvastra aura savastradigambara evaM zvetAmbara ke rUpa meM bAMTa diyaa| Arya jambU ke bAda bheda kA ubhAra digambara evaM zvetAmbara-donoM kI prArya jambU taka kI paramparA lagabhaga sadRza hai| __ 2010_05

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156 ] mAgama maura bipiTaka / eka manuzIlana nagaNya jaisA bheda hai / digambara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pazcAt gautama, lIhArya evaM jambUye tIna pIr3hiyAM mAnate haiN| jaba ki zvetAmbara bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pazcAt sudharmA tathA jambU-ye do pIr3hiyAM svIkAra karate haiM / gautama ke paTTAdhikAra ke sambandha meM isa grantha meM pahale vistAra se prakAra DAlA jA cukA hai / ataH use yahAM punarAvRtta karane kI AzvayakatA nahIM hai / paTTAdhikArI ke rUpa meM nAma kA svIkAra na karate hue bhI zvetAmbara AmnAya meM bhI gautama ko vahI garimsa aura mahimA hai, jo digambara AmnAya meM hai| digambara-paramparA meM gautama ke bAda unake uttarAdhikArI kA nAma kahIM sudharmA likhA hai aura kahIM lohArya / udAharaNArtha-tiloyapaNNatti, nandI-aAmnAya kI prAkRta paTTAvalI harivaMza purANa, zru tAvatAra, zravaNavelagolA (karnATaka) ke zilAlekha saMkhyA 105 meM 'sudharmA' nAma kA prayoga huaA hai / dhavalAkAra ne SaTkhaMDAgama ke prArambhika bhAga satprarUpaNA-khaNDa meM tathA prAge vedanA khaNDa meM gautama ke bAda unake uttarAdhikArI ke rUpa meM lohArya kA ullekha kiyA hai / usI taraha zravaNavelagolA (karnATaka) ke zilAlekha saMkhyA 1 tathA 2 meM gautama ke pazcAt lohArya likhA hai| dhavalAkAra dvArA racita jayadhavalA meM lohArya na pAkara sudharmA mAyA hai| vastutaH ye sudharmA aura lohArya-do vyakti nahIM haiN| lohArya sudharmA kA hI nAmAntara hai / zvetAmbara-paramparA meM kevala eka nAma sudharmA kI hI prasiddhi hai, jaba ki digambaraparamparA meM donoM nAmoM kI / jaMbUdIpa -paNNatti (digambara-paramparA kI) meM isa sambandha meM jo ullekha hai usase eka hI vyakti ke lie ina do nAmoM kI prasiddhi siddha hotI hai| __ sudharmA yA lohArya ke paTTAdhikArI jambU hote haiM, jo donoM paramparAoM dvArA svIkRta haiM / yo Arya jambU saka donoM paramparAeM yathAvat rUpa meM calatI haiN| nirvastratA tathA savastratA mUlaka AcAra-krama ko lekara samanvaya kA bhAva banA rahatA hai, para Age vaha sthiti badala jAtI hai, jisakA pramANa jambU ke bAda donoM paramparAoM kI paTTAvaliyoM kI bhinnatA hai| 1. teNa vi lohajjassa ya lohajjeNa ya sudhammaNAmeNa / gaNadhara-sudhammaNA khalu jaMbUNAmassa nniddisstttth||10|| 2010_05

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zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAG maya ra jambU se antima zruta- kevalI bhadrabAhu taka digambara- paTTAvalI ke anusAra nandI (viSNu) nandimitra, aparAjita, govardhana tathA bhadrabAhu ye pAMca zruta- kevalo hote haiM / zvetAmbaraparamparA meM jambU ke pazcAt bhadrabAhu taka prabhava, zayyaMbhava, yazobhadra, vijaya tathA bhadrabAhu -- ye pAMca zruta- kevalI hote haiM / bhASA aura sAhitya ] - donoM paramparAoM meM bhadrabAhu ke atirikta cAroM zrAcAryoM ke nAma bhinna-bhinna haiM / isase yaha anumAna lagAnA asaMbhAvya koTi meM nahIM jAtA ki kinhIM muddoM ko lekara jaina saMgha meM jambU ke bAda bheda par3a gayA thA / jinameM sambhavataH mukhya muddA nirvastratA evaM vastratA kA rahA hogA / bhadrabAhu ke bAda kI paTTAvalI to bhinna hai hI / vividha prakriyA jaba kisI paramparA, paddhati yA rIti-nIti ke nirvAha kI cintA hotI hai, taba mAnava arefoot sandhAnonmukha rahatA hai / vaha saba kucha vaisA karatA hai, jisase sthiti sadhe, TUTe nahIM / jaba kisI paramparA meM bheda par3a jAtA hai, vaha ekAdhika bhAgoM meM baTa jAtI hai, to pratyeka baMTe hue bhAga kA dRSTikoNa prAyaH badala jAtA hai / vaha usa prAktana paramparA meM nihita sArI mahimA ko svayaM apane meM sameTa lenA cAhatA hai, yadyapi vaisA karane meM vaha pUrA saphala to nahIM hotA / isa manovRtti ke pratiphala kaI rUpoM meM prasphuTita hote pratyeka vibhakta aMza apane ko paramparA kA mUla batAtA hai, dUsare ko usase vikRta hokara nikalA huA / zvetAmbaro tathA digambaroM dvArA eka-dUsare ke udbhava ke sandarbha meM gar3he gaye kathAnakoM se yahI saba prakaTa hotA hai / / : pratyeka sampradAya kA vaicArika AdhAra usake zAstra haiM / unhIM ke bala para vaha sampradAya panapatA hai, vikasatA hai / zrataeva vaha apane zAstroM ko parirakSita banAye rakhane kI cintA ko sarvathA chor3a nahIM sakatA / bauddhoM tathA jainoM kI zrAgama saMgItiyAM isake udAharaNa haiM / jisa sampradAya kA jina zAstroM se maNDana nahIM hotA, pratyut khaNDana hotA hai, yaha svAbhAvika hai, vaha antataH una zAstroM kA bahiSkAra kara detA hai / unheM kalpita, prakSipta yA kRtrima karAra de detA hai| tAki na rahe bAMsa aura na baje bAMsurI -- una zAstroM ke AdhAra para zAstrArthaM karane kA avakAza hI miTa jAye / digambara paramparA dvArA zvetAmbaraparamparA-sammata gyAraha aMgoM ke sarvathA vicchinna ho jAne kI udaghoSaNA karate hue una aMgoM ke samprati prApta aMza ko kRtrima aura aprAmANika batAne ke pIche kahIM aisI manaHsthita ne to kArya nahIM kiyA ? yaha sUkSma dRSTi se gambhIratApUrvaka parizIlanIya hai / 2010_05

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.558] Agama aura bipiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 3 zvetAmbara-AgamoM meM jina-kalpa tathA sthavira-kalpa ke rUpa meM nagna aura savastra-donoM muni-prAcAra-vidhiyoM kA nirUpaNa haiM / phalataH isase zvetAmbara-zramaNa-AcAra ke sAthasAtha digambara-zramaNa-prAcAra ko bhI puSTi milatI hai / digambara jina zAstroM ko aprAmANika kaheM, unhIM zAstroM se digambara-AcAra kA samarthana ho, yaha svAbhAvika thA, zvetAmbaroM ko kaba svIkAra hotA ? yaha asaMbhAvya nahIM jAna par3atA ki kahIM isI prakriyA ke phalasvarUpa to zvetAmbaroM ne prArya jambU ke pazcAt jina-kalpa kA viccheda ghoSita na kara diyA ho, jisase unakA zAstrIya samarthana asAmayika evaM anupAdeya bana jAye / anveSaka evaM samIkSaka viddhAn jAnate hai ki dharma-sampradAya ke itihAsa meM aisI ghaTanAeM aghaTanIya nahIM hotiiN| aaakhaa sptaah : gndh - Arya jambU ke sAtha jina-kalpa-viccheda kI mAnyatA ke uparAnta bhI zvetAmbara-paramparA meM jina-kalpI-sAdhaka kA eka aura prasaMga AtA hai| ve the-prAcArya mahAgiri / AcArya sthUlabhadra ke ve uttarAdhikArI the| jaisA ki yathAprasaMga sUcita kiyA gayA hai, vIra-nirvANa saM0 215 meM sthUlabhadra kA svargavAsa huaa| taba mahAgiri dharma-zAsana ke adhinAyaka bane / aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki kucha samaya ke pazcAt unhoMne dharma-saMgha kA netRtva va vyavasthA-bhAra apane satIrthya suhastI ko sauMpa diyA aura svayaM jina-kalpa sAdhanA meM juTa gaye / jina-kalpa ke viccheda ke bAda bhI unhoMne aisA kiyA, kyA isase svIkRta paramparA vyAhRta nahIM hotI ? yaha eka prazna hai| prAcArya hemacandra ne mahAgiri ke jina-kalpa svIkArane kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA sAtha-hI-sAtha vicchinna paramparA kI rakSA kA bhI prayatna kiyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai| "prAcArya mahAgiri ne apanA gaccha suhastI ko sauMpa diyaa| apane mana meM jina-kalpasAdhamA kA avadhAraNa kara ekAkI vihAra svIkAra kiyaa| jina-kalpa kA viccheda thA, isalie ve gaccha kI nezrAya meM rahate hue jina-kalpocita vRtti se vihAra karate the|" 1. mahAgirinijaM gacchamanyadAvAtsuhastine / vihatuM jinakalpena tveko'bhUnmanasA svayam // vyucchevAjinakalpasya gacchanizrAsthito'pi hi / jinakalpAhayA vRtyA vijahAra mahAgiriH // -pariziSTa parva, sarga 11.3.4 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasainI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya / 556 ___ mahAgiri ko gaccha ke netrAya meM rakhakara hemacandra ne unakI jina-kalpa-sAdhanA kA samarthana kiyA hai / phira bhI yaha samIcInatayA samAdhAyaka pratIta nahIM hotaa| jaba jinakalpa vicchinna hI thA, taba mahAgiri use svIkAra kyoM karate ? sthavira-kalpa meM rahate hue bhI yadi ve cAhate to paramotkRSTa sAdhanA meM apane ko lagA sakate the| vahAM bhI isake lie avakAza thaa| mahAgiri ke prasaMga se aisA anumAna hotA hai ki zvetAmbaroM meM bhI jina-kalpa (jahAM anivAryataH nirvastra rahanA hotA thA) kI ora jhukAva taba taka pUrNataH samApta nahIM ho pAyA thaa| aahaahaa jaisA ki yathAprasaMga carcita huA hai, mahAgiri kA AcArya-kAla tIsa varSa kA thaa| unake prAcArya-kAla kA avasAna vIra-nirvANa saMvat 245 meM hotA hai| vahI unake dehAvasAna kA kAla mAnA jAtA hai| isase aisA anumeya hai ki mahAgiri ne kucha varSa saMgha ke prAcArya ke rUpa meM apanA dAyitva nibhAyA ho| yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA, vaha kitane varSa kA kAla thA / usa bIca unake mana meM jina-kalpa kI kaThora sAdhanA kA bhAva udita huA ho aura apane satIrthya suhastI ko saMgha kA uttaradAyitva sauMpa ve usameM juTa gaye ho| saMgha kA netRtva to suhastI karate rahe hoM, para mahAgiri ke jIvana-kAla meM AcArya ke rUpa meM mahAgiri kA hI nAma rahA hoM; kyoMki suhastI kA prAcArya-kAla vIra-nirvANa saMvat 245 ke pazcAt prArambha hotA hai / upasaMhAra jaina zramaNa saMgha meM prArya jambU ke anantara jo manobheda prArambha huA, jisake vibhinna pahalU pichale pRSThoM meM carcita hue haiM, uttarottara bar3hatA hI gyaa| yoM calate-calate vIra-nirvANa saMvat 600 ke lagabhaga A pahuMcane para vaha bheda aura dRr3ha tathA sthira bana jAtA hai, jisakI pariNati digambara evaM zvetAmbara-do bhinna sampradAyoM ke rUpa meM hotI hai / zvetAmbaraAgama digambaroM dvArA sarvathA asvIkRta kara diye jAte haiN| ashth paa bndh aaasnr' smbl digambara-zvetAmbara paramparA ke rUpa meM jaina saMgha meM bheda par3a gyaa| vaha bhI itanA gaharA, cise pATa sakanA taba bhI duHzakya thA, Age bhI duHzakya rahA, aura hai / jaina 2010_05

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560 mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana : paramparA ke udAtta, vyApaka tathA prazasta rUpa kI dRSTi se yaha jo huA, acchA nahIM huaa| para, kaune kyA karatA ? usa samaya kucha aise zramaNa raheM hoM, jinakA mana isase bahuta vyathita huA ho| unheM lagA ho, jaina paramparA kI do dhArAeM jisa AdhAra para pRthak huI haiM, kabhI mila na paayeNgii| unake anusAra ve do atireka the, jinheM ina pRthagbhUta dhArAoM ne pakar3a liyA thaa| unameM eka thA- gyAraha aMgoM ke rUpa meM prApta bhagavAn mahAvIra kI paramparA ke mahatvapUrNa vAGamaya kA sarvathA asvIkAra tathA dUsarA thA-tapazcaryA aura vairAgya ke udana ke pratIka jina-kalpa ke viccheda kI ghossnnaa| yoM cintana karane vAle zramaNoM ne kucha aisA vyAvahArika prayatna logoM ke samakSa upasthita karane kA socA ho, jisase ye donoM atireka tirohita ho jaayeN| yaha cintana calatA rahA ho, aura bhI prabuddha loga isa ora AkRSTa hue hoN| yApanIya saMgha kA udbhava ___uparyukta rUpa meM cala rahI cintanadhArA kI pariNati antataH yApanIya saMgha ke udbhava ke rUpa meM huii| ise pratiSThApita karane vAloM ne samanvaya kA eka adbhuta rUpa upasthita kiyaa| unhoMne veSa digambaroM kA apanAyA arthAt ve nagna rahane lage tathA adhikAMza zvetAmbara-AgamoM ko unhoMne prAmANika prApta-vANI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| unhoMne dekhA ho-ve jo apanA rahe haiM, vaha madhyama mArga hai| isameM donoM atirekoM kA samAdhAna hai / paramparA se prApta mahimAzAlI vAGamaya kI pratiSThA tathA rakSA jahAM isase sadhegI, vahAM utkRSTa saMyamamaya jIvana-saraNi vilaya se bcegii| yaha ghaTanA saMgha-bheda ke bahuta bAda kI nahIM honI cAhie, aisA anumAna hai / isa sampradAya ne digambara evaM zvetAmbara-donoM kI kucha-kucha bAteM liiN| phala yaha huA, donoM hI isake virodhI rahe / digambaroM ne isameM zvetAmbaroM kA hI pracchanna rukha dekhA tathA zvetAmbara ko isameM digambaroM se koI vizeSa bheda dRSTigata nahIM humA / yahI kAraNa hai, isake udbhava ke sambandha meM donoM hI sampradAyoM meM jo ullekha hue haiM, ve pakSapAta se zUnya nahIM haiM / unameM sAmpradAyika abhiniveza bhI hai| ____ yahAM yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki yApanIya saMgha vaha sampradAya hai, jo bAhya pariveza meM zvetAmbaroM se sarvathA bhinna hote hue bhI una dvArA svIkRta adhikAMza AgamoM meM niSThA evaM vizvAsa rakhatA hai| usake zramaNa apane pravrajita jIvana kA AdhAra unhIM ko mAnate haiN| etadartha isa prasaMga meM unake sambandha meM carcA karanA upayogI hogaa| 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA bAGamaya / 566 bhn # devasena dvArA yApanIya saMgha ke udbhava ke sambandha meM kiye gaye ullekha ke anusAra vikrama ko hue 205 varSa vyatIta hone para kalyANa nAmaka nagara meM zrIkalaza nAmaka zvetAmbara sAdhu se yApanIya saMgha pravartita huaa| devasena kA yaha bhAva spaSTa hai ki yaha zvetAmbara-prasUta mata hai / arthAt isake zramaNa nirvastra haiM, para unameM zvetAmbara-darzana kI puTa hai / devasena ne, jaisA ki pahale ullekha humA haiM, zvetAmbara-mata ke udbhava kA samaya 136 vikramAbda batAyA hai| usase 69 varSa bAda kI yaha ghaTanA hai / ho sakatA hai, vaicArika pRSTha-bhUbhi ke taiyAra evaM paripakva hone meM itanA samaya vyatIta ho gayA ho / tadanantara una vicAroM kA pratiphalana isa prakAra ke eka bhinna sampradAya ke rUpa meM huA ho| varzanasAra kI eka anya prati meM Upara carcita zloka ke dvitIya caraNa ke 'duNi sae paMca uttare jAve' ke sthAna para 'satta sae paMca uttare jAde' hai, jisake anusAra yApanIya saMgha kA udbhava vi0 saM0 205 ke sthAna para vi0 saM0 705 meM hotA hai| para, yaha saMgata pratIta nahIM hotA; kyoMki usase kAphI pahale zAkaTAyana prabhRti yApanIya saMgha ke ati vizruta AcArya ho cuke haiM / ataH 'duNNi sae paMca uttare jAde'--yahI pATha vAstavika pratIta hotA hai| lenii ai anur' aannniith sn ____ ratnanandI ne bhadrabAhu-caritra meM zvetAmbara mata kI utpatti kA varNana samApta karate hue vahIM se yApanIya saMgha kI utpatti kA vRttAnta zurU kiyA hai| yApanIya saMgha kI utpatti ke sambandha meM jo kathAnaka ve kahanA cAhate haiM, use zvetAmbara-mata sambandhI kathAnaka se jor3ate hue ve Age bar3hate haiN| ve likhate haiM : "rAjA lokapAla aura rAnI candralekhA zvetAmbaramata ke bhakta the| unake eka putrI huI, jo sundara lakSaNoM se yukta thii| usakA nAma nakulA devI rakhA gyaa|" usane apane guru se aneka zAstroM kA adhyayana kiyaa| vaha yathAkAla 1. kallANe varaNayare, duNisae paMca uttare jaave| jAvaNiyasaMghamAvo, sirikalasAvo hu sevar3avo // -darzanasAra, 29 2. tabhaktalokapAlAkhya-mahIkSiccandralekhayoH / sutA nRkuladevyAcyA babhUva vara lakSaNA // -bhadrabAhuvarita pariccheda, 4.135 2010_05 |

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562 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana yuvajanapriya navayauvana ko prApta huI / usakI svarNa jaisI deha-kAnti thii| devAMganAoM se par3hakara usakA rUpa thaa| vaha kalA-niSNAta thii|" "karahATAkSa (karahATaka) nAmaka eka samRddha nagara thaa| bhUpAla nAmaka vahAM kA rAjA thaa| vaha apratihata pratApazAlI thA / usane ullAsapUrvaka usa rAja-kanyA se vivAha kiyaa| apane puNya-phala se vaha saba rAniyoM meM pradhAna ho gii| vaha buddhizIla rAjA usake sAtha puSkala sAMsArika sukhopabhoga karane lgaa|"" "eka dina anukUla avasara dekhakara rAnI ne rAjA se nivedana kiyA--svAmI ! mere pitA ke nagara meM mere mahAn guru haiM / dharma-kArya abhivRddhi ke lie unheM Amantrita kreN| rAjA ne rAnI kA vacana sunaa| apane buddhisAgara nAmaka maMtrI ko tatkAla bulAyA aura use una sAdhuoM ko AdarapUrvaka lAne ke lie bhejaa| vaha guruoM ke pAsa phuNcaa| unake prati bhakti-bhAva tathA atizaya vinaya pradarzita kiyaa| sAdhuoM ko apane rAjA ke nagara meM calane kI bAra-bAra abhyarthanA kara maMtrI unheM le AyA / unakA Agamana sunakara rAjA ko bahuta prasannatA huii|" 1. mahArASTra pradeza ke antargata satArA jile ke karAr3ha se isakI pahacAna kI jAtI haiN| 2. adhyeSTA'nekazAstrANi samIpe svagurostu saa| kalAkalakanakakAntiH rUpApAstasurAGganA // avApa tAra-tAraNyaM tAraNyotanRpriyam / athAsti karahATAkSaM dvagaM draviNasaMbhRtam / / sacchAstA'vAryavIryo'bhUda bhUpobhUpAlanAmabhAk / kanyAM tAM kamanIyAMgoM pramovAtpariNItavAn / sA'sIta sakalarAjJISu mukhyA puNyavipAkataH / tayA'mA vipulAna bhogAna bhuGkte'sau vipulA mtiH|| -bhadrabAhucaritra pariccheda, 4.136-39 3. atha yadA'vasaraM prApya rAjyA vijJApito nRpaH / svAminu ! madguravaH santi guravo'smatpituH pure // AnAyayatu tAn bhaktyA dharmakarmAbhivRddhaye / nizamya tat vaco bhUbhR-vAhuyA'mAtyamaJjasA / ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya j zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGmaya 566 "rAjA bahuta bar3e ADambara ke sAtha sAdhuoM ko vandana karane calA / usane dUra se hI sAdhuoM ko dekhA / use bar3A acaraja huaa| yaha kyA nirvastratA-nagnatA zUnya koI nayA mata hai, jisake sAdhu pAtra, daNDa Adi dhAraNa kiye hue haiM ? inake pAsa jAnA samucita nahIM hai| rAjA vahAM se lauTa calA / apane mahala meM aayaa| usane mahArAnI se kahA ki tumhAre guru kumArga-gAmI haiM / unakA prAcAra jina-prarUpita siddhAntoM se bahirbhUta darzana para AdhRta hai / ve parigraha meM phaMse hue haiM / hama unheM nahIM maante|'' "mahArAnI ne rAjA ke mana kA bhAva samajha liyaa| vaha apane guruvRnda ke sAnnidhya meM upasthita huI, unheM namana kiyaa| vinaya se apanA mastaka jhukA kara nivedana kiyAbhagavan ! mere Agraha se (vastra, pAtra Adi kI) Asakti kA tyAga kara pavitra, devavandita, nirgrantha-nirvastra muni kA svarUpa dhAraNa kreN|" buddhisAgara nAmAnamatraM SollAtumAvarAta / AsAdyA'sau guruna bhaktyA prvrprshryaanvitH|| bhUyo'bhyarthanayAjamAtyaH pattanaM nijamAnayat / nizabhyAgamanaM teSAM mudamApa parAM nRpaH // -bhadrabAhacaritra pariccheda, 4.140-43 1. mahatADambareNAsAvacAlIda vanvitu gurun / bUrAvAlokya tAnU sAdhUna vadhyAditi suvismyaatuu|| aho ! nirganyatAzUnyaM kimivaM nautanaM matam / na me'tra yujyate gantuM pAnavaNDAvimaNDitam // vyAdhuTya bhUpastasmAdAgatya jinamandiram / bhASate sma mahAdevI guravaste kumArgagAH / / jinobitabahita-varzanAzritavRttayaH / parigrahapahaprastAnnatAnU manyAmahe vayam // -bahI, 4.144.47 2. sA tu manogataM rAjJo jJAtvA'gAda gurusannidhim / nasvA vijJApayAmAsa vinayAnatamastakA // bhagavana ! mavAgrahAvetAM gRhaNItA'marapUjitAm / nirganyapavavIM pUtAM hitvA saMgaM mudAkhilam / -bahI, 4.148-49 ____ 2010_05

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564 // Agala aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa:3 "una sAdhuoM ne rAnI kA vijJa-janocita kathana svIkAra kara vastra Adi sAre parigraha kA tatkSaNa tyAga kara diyA / zveta vastra dhAraNa karane vAle una sAdhuoM ne hAtha meM kamaNDala tathA jina-mArgoMcita picchikA dhAraNa kI / yoM unhoMne jina-mudrA-digambara muni kA veSa svIkAra kara liyaa| taba rAjA atyadhika AdarapUrvaka unake sAmane AyA / bhaktipUrvaka namana kiyA tathA unheM nagara meM le aayaa| isa prakAra ve sAdhu rAjA se tathA anyAnya logoM se pUjita tathA sammAnita hue / unakA rUpa digambaroM jaisA thA tathA AcAra zvetAmbaroM kA-sA / guruupadeza binA ve naTa kI taraha digambara-svarUpa dhAraNa kiye hue the| una kumArga-gAmiyoM se yApanIya saMgha udbhUta huaa|"1 ratnanandI ne yApanIyoM ko veSa se digambara tulya, para prAcAra se zvetAmbaravat kahakara zvetAmbara-mata kA eka vikRta rUpa lie hue batAyA hai / unake anusAra ve sAdhutva ke mUla AdhAra-AcAra se virahita haiM, kevala pariveza meM digambaratva kA pradarzana hai / nii ii nishaa indranandI (I0 11 vIM zatAbdI ) ne nItisAra meM pAMca prakAra ke jainAbhAsoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM gopucchaka, zvetAmbara, dravir3a, niSpicchaka tathA yApanIya kA 1. uparIkRtya te rAjyA vacanaM viSAcitam / tatyajuH sakalaM saMgaM vasanAdikamaJjasA // kare kamaNDalu kRtvA picchikAM ca jinoditAm / janahujinamunA te dhavalAMzukadhAriNaH // vizAMpatistato gatvA'bhimukhaM bhUrisaMbhramAt / natvAtibhaktitaH sAdhUna madhye. pattanamAnayat // tavAsibelaM bhUpAcaMH pUjitA mAnitAzca te / ghRtaM bigvAsasA rUpamAcAraH sitavAsasAm // guruzikSAtigaM ligaM naTavabhaNDimAspadam / tato yApanasaMgho'bhUteSAM kApayavartinAm // -bhatrabAhucaritra pariccheva, 4.150-54 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [ 565 ullekha hai / indramandI ke anusAra jisa prakAra zvetAmbara Adi sacce jaina nahIM haiM, unameM jainatva kA AbhAsa mAtra hai, ve kevala kahane bhara ko jaina haiM, usI prakAra yApanIya bhI usI raNI meM Ate haiM / unameM vAstavika jainatva nahIM hai / zrutasAgara dvArA vizleSayA zrutasAgara (vikramAbda 16 vIM zatI) ne indramandI dvArA abhihita uparyukta pAMca jainAbhAsoM kA vizleSaNa karate hue likhA hai : "taM jainAbhAsA AhAradAnAdike'pi yogyA na bhavanti, kathaM mokSasya yogyA bhavanti / gopucchikAnAM mataM yathA, uktaM ca- hatthIgaM puraNa dikkhA khullaloyassa vIracariyasa' / kakkasakesagAhaNaM chaTTha N ca guNavvadaM nAma / / zvetavAsasaH sarvatra bhojanaM gRha, rAnti prAsukaM -mAMsabhakSiraNAM gRhe doso nAstIti varNakopaH kRtaH / tanmadhye zvetAmbarAbhAsA utpannAste tvatIva pApiSThA devapUjAdikaM kali pApakarmedamiti kathayanti maNDalavat sarvatra bhANDa - prakSAlanodakaM pibanti -- hatyAdi bahudoSavantaH / drAvir3a / : sAvaca N prAsukaM ca na manyante, udbhojanaM nirAkurvanti / yApanIyAstu, vesarA havobhayaM manyante, ratnatrayaM pUjayanti kalpaM ca vAcayanti strINAM tadbhave mokSa, kevilajinAnAM kavalAhAraM, parazAsane sagranthAnAM mokSaM ca kathayanti / niSpicchikA mayUrapicchAdikaM na manyate / "2 zrutasAgara ke isa ullekha se yaha spaSTa hai ki kalpasUtra kA hInatApUrNa citra upasthita karanA cAhate haiM / saMskRta meM vesara kA artha khaccara' hai / guNAratna dvArA carcA yAkinI - mahattarA - sUn zrAcArya sUri (vi0 750 - 827) dvArA racita SaDdarzanasamuccaya para guNaratna (vi01400 se 1475 ) kI tarka rahasya - dIpikA nAmaka TIkA hai / SaDdarzanasamuccaya ke caturtha adhikAra ke prArambha meM TIkAkAra ne jaina mata ke antargata liMga, veSa, AcAra Adi kA vivecana kiyA hai| vahAM zvetAmbara evaM digambara jainoM ke do bheda batalAte hue unhoMne prasaMgopAtta rUpa meM digambaroM kA isa prakAra varNana kiyA hai : "digambarAH 1. gopucchakaH zvetavAsA, dravir3o yApanIyakaH / niSpicchazceti paJcaite, jainAbhAsAH prakIrtitAH // 2. SaTprAbhRta TIkA, pR0 11 3. saMskRta - hindI - koza, vAmana zivarAma ApTe, pR0 978 2010_05 --nItisAra, 10

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566 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa 2 punarnAgnyiliMgAH pANipAtrAzca / te caturdhA kASThAsaMgha mUlasaMgha- mAthurasaMgha - gopyasaMgha medAt / kASThAsaMghe camarIbAlaiH picchikA, mUlasaMghe mAyUrapicche : picchikA, mAthurasaMghe mUlato'pi picchikA mAhatA, gopyA mAyUra picchikAH / AdyAstrayo'pi saMdhA vandyamAnA dharmavRddhi bhaNanti, strINAM mukti, kevalinAM bhukti sadvratasyApi sacIvarasya mukti ca na manvate, govyAstu vandyamAnA dharmalAbhaM bhaNanti, strINAM mukti, kevalinAM bhuktiM ca manyate / gopyA yApanIyA ityapyucyante / sarveSAM ca bhikSATane bhojane ca dvAtriMzavantarAyA malAzca caturdaza varjanIyAH / zeSamAcAre gurau ca deve ca sarvaM zvetAmbaraistulyam, nAsti teSAM mithaH zAstreSu tarkevvaparI bhedaH / 1 guNaratna ke anusAra gopya aura yApanIya paryAyavAcI haiM / gopyoM arthAt yApanIyoM ke siddhAntoM meM yahAM strI-mukti tathA kevali bhukti kI carcA kI gaI hai, jo sarvathA zvetAmbarasammata siddhAnta hai / digambara - sampradAya kI kisI bhI zAkhA, upazAkhA dvArA ye svIkRta nahIM haiM / itanA hI nahIM, zvetAmbaroM ke sAtha digambaroM kA jina vizeSa pahaluoM ko lekara mata dUdha hai, unameM ye mukhya haiM / yaha saba hote hue bhI guNaratna yApanIyoM ko spaSTatayA digambaroM ke bhedoM meM ginAte haiM / aisA lagatA hai, guNaratna ke cintana ke AdhAra sambhavataH yApanIyoM kA bAhya svarUpa adhika rahA hai / siddhAntoM kI ora sambhavataH unhoMne utanA adhika dhyAna na diyA ho aura nAgnya ke kAraNa unheM sahaja hI digambaroM meM le liyA ho / para, jaisA ki pahale saMketa kiyA hI gayA hai, digambaroM ne bhI nagnatA ke bAvajUda unheM apanA aMga nahIM mAnA / sampradAyoM kA mApadaNDa kucha isI prakAra kA rahA hai, aneka bAtoM va siddhAntoM meM milate hue bhI jo sampUrNataH mela nahIM khAtA, use prAMzika samarthana bhI nahIM diyA jAtA / kyA isa sandarbha meM anekAntavAdI darzana ke vyAvahArika prayoga meM kucha sasImatA ke darzana nahIM hote -- vidvAnoM ke lie yaha eka anuzIlanIya pahalU hai / thApanIya ke nAmAntara prAkRta bhASA, vAGmaya evaM jaina jagat ke labdhipratiSTha vidvAn DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye 1. ( ka ) SaDdarzanasamuccaya saTIka, pR0 160-61 (kha) maladhArI rAjazekhara kA bhI isI Azaya kA eka zloka hai : digambarANAM catvAro, bhedA nAgnyavrataspRzaH / kASThAsaMgho mUlasaMgha, saMghau mAthuragopyakau // 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya 567 ne yApanIya ke artha meM prayukta aneka zabda sUcita kiye haiN| jaise-yApanIya, jApanIya (yapanI), pApanI, ApanIya, yApuliya, Apuliya, jApuli, jAvuliya, jAviliya, jAvaliya, jaavligey| unhoMne isakI artha-gaveSaNA ke prayatna meM sambhAvanA upasthita kI hai ki syAt isakA yAma yA jAma zabda se sambandha ho| tadanusAra isakA pArva ke najaz2z2Aya yA caturyAma dharma se sambhavataH kucha tAMtA jur3a ske| eka aura kalpanA bauddhoM meM hInayAma aura mahAyAna ke rUpa meM mukhyatayA do zAkhAeM mAnI jAtI rahI haiN| . unake nAmakaraNa kA itihAsa bar3A vicitra hai / bauddha paramparA meM usa sampradAya ne, jisane kevala vaiyaktika mukti para hI bala na de samasta mAnava-samudAya kI mukti, kalyANa aura sevA ke lie mahAkaruNA kI avatAraNA kI, apane Apako mahAyAna kahA / jo sampradAya vaiyaktika nirvANa para vizeSa jora detA thA, use unhoMne svArthI kaha apane se hona-succhachoTA mAnA; ataH unhoMne use hInayAna kI saMjJA se abhihita kiyA / Age calakara usa prAktana zAkhA kA vahI nAma prasiddha ho gyaa| kutsA ke artha meM diyA gayA nAma, usake svarUpa kA vAcaka ho gyaa| ___ nAma ke sandarbha meM yahI ghaTanA kahIM yApaniyoM ke sAtha na ghaTa gaI ho ? yApanIya eka saMskRta zabda hai, jisakA eka artha hInatA-dyotaka bhI hai arthAt eka vyakti, samudAya yA mata, jo avahelanA yogya yA bahiSkAra karane yogya hai, use yApanIya' kahA jA sakatA hai| yApanIya nAma se pracalita dharma-sampradAya jaisA ki vivecita huA hai, digambara evaM 1. Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol LV, Poona, 1974, Page, 12. 2. saMskRta meM yApanIya aura yApya eka hI artha ke sUcaka hai / saMskRta-hindI-koza : vAmana zivarAma ApTe, pR0 834; yApya zabda ke artha-haTAye jAne ke yogya, nikAle jAne ke yogya athavA asvIkAra kiye jAne ke yogya, nIca, tiraskaraNIya, mAmUlI, anAvazyaka / Sanskrit-English Dictionary : Sir M. Monier-williams, Page 850. yApya : To be Caused to go, to be expelled or discharged (as a witness), gaut, to be removed, or cured (as a disease), trifling, unimportant. 2010_05

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568 ] mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa / 2 vitAmbara-donoM dvArA asvIkRta hI nahIM tiraskRta thaa| ataH ho sakatA hai, donoM hI sampradAya tiraskAra ke rUpa meM apanA roSa vyakta karane kI dRSTi se use aise nAma se sambodhita karane lage hoN| Age jAkara vaha nAma itanA pracalita ho gayA ho ki nAma-kartAoM kI tiraskriyA kA usameM sarvathA laya ho gayA ho aura vahI nAma unake vAstavika nAma ke rUpa meM chala par3A ho| unhoMne use yathAvas svIkAra kara liyA ho / bhASA-zAstra ke aise aneka udAharaNa haiM, jinake sAtha isI koTi ke vRtta ghaTita hote rahe haiN| baadhnii ath : akaathaa paab digambara-zvetAmbara ke rUpa meM jaina saMgha meM jo vibhAjana huA hai, usakI jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM para aneka prakAra kI pratikriyAeM huI hoNgii| 'dehadukhaM mahAphalam' ke prAdarza meM vizvAsa rakhane vAle logoM kA jhukAva nirvastra-paramparA ke muniyoM kI aura apekSAkRta adhika huA ho / AdhyAtmika AdarzoM ke sAtha-sAtha jo sAmAjika samparka tathA samAja meM zramaNoM ke apekSAkRta adhika praveza kI AvazyakatA samajhate the| unako savastra-paramparA Thaka lagI ho / kucha aise bhI loga rahe hoM, jo donoM dhArApnoM ke siddhAntoM ko anucita samajhate hoN| isa prakAra ke anekavidha vicAra calate rahe hoN| loga apanI-apanI ruci ke anurUpa una-una dhArmika kriyA-kalApoM meM bhAga lete rahe hoN| isa bIca eka zatAbdI ke bhItara hI yApanIya saMgha ke rUpa meM eka abhinava dhArmika abhiyAna logoM ke samakSa AyA ho / jo pichalI donoM paramparAoM ke kaTTarapana se parituSTa nahIM the, unhoMne, unase sambaddha logoM ne, anya prabhAvita hue vyaktiyoM ne yApanIya mata ko svIkAra kara liyA ho| eka vizeSa prakAra kI vicAradhArA lie koI bhI nayA sampradAya khar3A hotA hai, taba prArambha meM usake upadezakoM tathA anuyAyiyoM meM apane vicAroM ko lokavyApI banAne kA eka vizeSa prakAra kA utsAha dikhAI detA hai| yApanIya saMgha ke saMdarbha meM bhI saMbhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai, aisA hI huA ho| vaisA hone meM eka suvidhA bhI thI, kyoMki vaha sampradAya prAMzikatayA digambara tathA zvetAmbara-donoM paramparAoM ke AdarzoM ko lie hue thA, isalie donoM ke anuyAyiyoM taka saralatA se usakI pahuMca thii| phalataH yApanIya saMgha uttarottara phailatA gayA / uttara bhArata kI apekSA dakSiNa bhArata meM yApanIya mata adhika phailA / itanA phailA ki kucha zatAbdiyoM taka to vaha jaina paramparA ke mukhya pratIka ke rUpa meM vahAM samAita rhaa| 2010_05

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bhAvA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAG maya [ 569 dakSiNa meM zurU se hI digambara-mata kA bahuta pracAra thA / digambara - bahula kSetra meM yApanIyoM ko adhika saphalatA milane kA eka vizeSa kAraNa thA / yadyapi digambaroM ne yApanIyoM ko jainAbhAsa yA pracchanna zvetAmbara mAmA, para, phira bhI veSa ke atirikta nagnamUrti-pUjA, bAhya caryA Adi aneka bAtoM meM digambaroM se unakA naikaTaya thA / zvetAmbara aMga-vAGamaya kI svIkAra karane kA abhiprAya strI-mukti, kevali-bhukti jaise dArzanika viSayoM meM zvetAmbaroM jaise vicAra rakhanA thA / dArzanika vicAroM ko gaharAI taka bahuta kama loga pahuMcate haiM; kyoMki vaha prakRSTa prajJA aura cintana-sApekSa hai| adhikAMza loga to bAhya pariveza, svarUpa, cAla-DhAla Adi dekhate haiN| yoM unakA digambaroM meM praveza apekSAkRta sarala thA / apane mata kA prasAra karane kI dRSTi se dakSiNa yApanIyoM ko bahuta upayukta kSetra lagA ho / ve kAryarata ho gaye hoM / khUba prayatnazIla rahe hoM / usa samaya pracalita digambara-sampradAya ke hote hue bhI yApanIyoM kA dakSiNa meM prabhAva bar3hane lagA / usakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki yahAM ke digambara muni sthitipAlaka adhika rahe hoM / yApanIya kimI apekSA se krAntikArI the| adhikAMza zvetAmbara nAgamoM ko prAmANika mAnane kI ghoSaNA karanA, taba aura vizeSataH digambara kSetra meM koI sAdhAraNa kArya nahIM thA / vAstava meM yaha eka sAhasika kArya thA / isa prakAra kA sAhasa karane vAloM ke prati ubuddhacetA janoM meM svataH eka vizeSa AkarSaNa utpanna hotA hai / ataH taba vahAM digambara- matAnuyAyI jana samudAya ne unheM digambara-sampradAya kA hI eka krAntikArI parivartita rUpa mAnA ho / krAnta-draSTA digambara muniyoM ke rUpa meM unakI apekSAkRta adhika pratiSThA huI ho / pratiSThA : rAja-sammAna isa prakAra ke aneka pramAza prApta haiM, jinase yaha siddha hotA hai ki vikrama kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI se cavadahavIM zatAbdI taka yaha mata bhArata meM sasammAna jIvita thA / karnATaka pradeza meM kabhI yaha bahuta pratiSThita evaM rAja- mAnya rahA / zrAja ke dhAravAr3a, belayAMva, gulabarga tathA kolhApura Adi jile isake mukhya pracAra kSetra the / kucha mahatvapUrNa dAna-patra DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye ne apane eka lekha meM yApanIyoM ke sambandha meM kucha mahatvapUrNa dAna-patra Adi kI carcA kI hai, jinase dakSiNa meM yApanIyoM kI sudRr3ha evaM sammAnita sthiti kA patA calatA hai / DA0 upAdhye ne likhA hai: "kadambavaMzIya mRgeza varman ( 475-490 I0 ) 2010_05

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570 bAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlama ne yApanIyoM, nirgranthoM aura kUrcakoM ko eka jAgIra pradAna kii| usa sandarbha meM dAna-patra meM varNita prAcArya kA nAma dAmakIrti hai| tadanantara mRgeza varman ke putra ne (497-537 I.) jAgIra meM eka gAMva, jisakI prAya se pUjA kI tathA cAtumasi meM yApanIya sAdhuoM ke AhAra kI vyavasthA kI jAtI rahe, pradAna kiyaa| vahAM dAmakIrti, jayakIrti, bandhusena tathA kumAradatta nAmaka prAcAryoM kA ullekha hai / sambhavataH ve sabhI yApanIya the| devavarman ke putra kRSNa varman (475-480 I0) ne yApanIya saMgha ke sAdhuoM ko unake deva-sthAna kI vyavasthA ke lie eka grAma pradAna kiyaa|"1. ina ullekhoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki karnATaka ke zAsaka yApanIyoM ke prati zraddhAzIla the / yApanIyoM ke apane deva-sthAna mandira the / vahAM kI saMcAlana-vyavasthA yApanIya sAdhu dekhate the| yApanIyoM ke deva-sthAnoM kI pUjA Adi kI suvyavasthA tathA sAdhuoM ko cAturmAsa meM AhAra Adi kA kaSTa na ho, isa aura zAsakoM kA vizeSa dhyAna rahatA thaa| isa hetu vai jAgIra meM grAma prAdi dete rahate the| vizeSa carcA kA prasaMga to nahIM hai, kevala eka bAta yahAM dekhane kI hai, yApanIya zramaNoM ke AhAra Adi kI suvidhA ke lie rAjA logoM dvArA jAgIra Adi ke anudAna unheM kaise grAhya hote the ? isase dhvanita hotA hai ki dainandina prAcAra meM yApanIya sAdhuoM meM dRr3hatA aura kaSTa-sahiSNutA kama hotI jA rahI thii| 1. Mradesh varman (475 10 490 A.D.) of the Kadamba dynesty has given a grant to Yaraniyas, Nigranthas and Kurcakas. The teacher mentioned in the plate is Damakirti. Further his son (497-537 A.D.) also made a grant of village, out of the income of which the Puja etc. were to be performed and the Yapaniya ascetics to be fed for four months. The teachers mentioned here are Damakirti, Jayakirti, Bandhusena and Kumardatta. Possibly all of them Yapaniyas. Further Devavarman, the son of krisnavarman (475480 A.D.) made a donation of a village to the members of the Yapaniya Sangh in favour of their temple for its maintenance. -Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol, LV, Poona 1974, Page 12. ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAmamaya [571 sbaa / hisaab| belagAMva jile ke antargata kAgavAr3a nAmaka sthAna meM eka jaina mandira ke bhU-garbha-gRha (bhohare) meM bhagavAn neminAtha kI eka vizAla pratimA hai| usake nikIdhikA-prastara para eka lekha hai / vahAM prakita tithi ke anusAra yaha zilAlekha 1394 I0 san kA hai| usameM yAphnIya saMgha tathA punAgavRkSamUla ke prAcArya nemicandra, dharmakIti tathA nAgacandra kA ullekha hai / yApanIya AcArya nemicandra vahAM 'tuluva-rAjya-sthApanAcArya' ke rUpa meM abhihita kiye gaye haiN| ___ isa varNana se yaha aura spaSTa hotA hai ki dakSiNa ke rAjavaMzoM para kabhI ina pAyanIya AcAryoM kA bar3A prabhAva thaa| rAjyoM ke mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA-kramoM ke paTAkSepa ke pIche ina AcAryoM kI zakti aura prabhutva mahatvapUrNa bhUmikAeM adA karate the| nemicandra kA 'tuluvarAjya-sthApanAcArya' vizeSaNa yApanIya prAcAryoM ke isa prakAra ke prabhAvaka vyaktitva kA sUcaka hai| prastuta zilAlekha meM yApanIya saMgha ke sAtha-sAtha jo punnAgavRkSa-mUlagaraNa kA ullekha hunA hai, vaha aura koI nahIM, yApanIya saMgha kA hI eka vizeSa bheda thaa| thaaniith ath paa an4/ pthaa? ai bishb jaba koI sampradAya khUba vistIrNa aura vyApaka ho jAtA hai, taba usakI aneka zAkhAeM tathA bhedopabheda nirmita ho jAte haiM / yApanIya saMgha bhI samaya pAkara kAphI phaila gayA thaa| phalataH vaha aneka gaNoM meM vibhakta hotA gyaa| DA0 upAdhye ne isa sambandha meM carcA karate hue kumuligaNa (kumudigaNa), (koTi), maDuvagaNa, kaNdUra yA kANUragaNa, punnAgavRkSa-mUlagaNa, vandiyUragaNa, kAreyagaNa, nandigaccha tathA mailapAnvaya kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA yaha bhI saMketa kiyA hai ki yApanIya mata kramazaH karnATaka tathA usake irda-girda prasAra pAtA gyaa| 1. ..."The Yapaniya Sangh is associated with ganas like Kumuligana (or Kumudigana), (Koti), Maduvagana, Kandura or Kanuragana, Punnagavriksamulagana (also linked with Mula Sangha) Vandiyuragana, Kareyagana and Nandigaccha and Mailapanvaya. This Contemination with different ganas indicates that the Sangha gradually got itself expressed through ganas which, as account of ___ 2010_05

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572] mAgama aura vipiTaka / eka anuzIlana [jAra kahA nahIM jA sakatA, ve gaNa usa sampradAya kI kisI kendrIya prabhusattA ke antargata the yA sarvathA svatantra / ve kevala vyavasthA kI dRSTi se pRthak hue yA saiddhAntika yA prAcArasambandhI bheda par3a jAne se vaisA huA, kucha spaSTa nahIM hai, para, itane sAre gaNoM ke astitva se yaha to spaSTa hai ki yApanIya saMgha kA kArya-kSetra yA prasAra-kSetra bahuta vistAra pA cukA thaa| thaaniikh aaashaa : aaakhi aaahnn : imaah-aalm yApanIya saMgha ke AcAryoM ne sAhitya ko mahAn sevAeM kii| unhoMne bar3e mahatvapUrNa evaM mArmika grantha race / kAraNa yaha thA, jaisA ki kahA gayA hai, bhArata meM vizeSataH dakSiNa bhArata meM unake utkarSa kA eka mahatvapUrNa kAla AyA, jaba ve zAsakoM, sambhrAnta logoM tathA jana-sAdhAraNa para pUrI taraha chA gaye / unakI bar3I prazasti thii| rAjA aura prajA kA unake prati bahumAna evaM Adara thaa| unake aneka mandiroM ke pIche bar3I-bar3I jAgIreM thIM, jinake kAraNa vahAM nirvAha-sambandhI suvidhAeM evaM anukUlatAeM thiiN| yApanIya muni vidyAvyasanI the / phalataH unake sthAna vidyA ke mahatvapUrNa kendra bana gaye / vidyAdhyayana evaM sAhitya-sarjana kA zatAbdiyoM taka eka sundara krama vahAM calatA rahA / yahA~ katipaya pramukha yApanIya AcAryoM tathA una dvArA apane sAhitya meM kiye gaye zvetAmbara-AgamoM ke upayoga ke sandarbha meM kucha carcA kareMge, jisase isa sutarAM jJAtavya viSaya para spRhaNIya prakAza par3a sake / zivArya, jinheM zivakoTi bhI kahA jAtA hai, dvArA racita ArAdhanA digambara-paramparA kA prAcIna grantha mAnA jAtA hai| ise bhagavatI ArAdhanA bhI kahate haiM / yaha prAcAra-pradhAna grantha hai / isameM samyak darzana, samyak jJAna, samyak cAritra tathA samyak tapa-ina cAra ArAdhanAoM kA vizada vizleSaNa hai| kSullaka jinendra varNI ne jaina siddhAnta koza meM zivakoTi (zivAyaM) kA samaya IsA kI the Ganabheda shows, were becoming more prominent in Karnat aka and round about. -Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. LV, Poona 1974, Page 17. 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya / 573 prathama zatI kA madhdha likhA hai| yadyapi samaya kI nizcitI ke sambandha meM koI Thosa evaM vizvasta pramANa prApta nahIM hai, phira bhI zivArya kAphI prAcIna haiN| digambara-zvetAmbara ke rUpa meM jaina saMgha ke vibhakta ho jAne ke pazcAt yApanIya saMgha ke astitva meM Ane ke anantara zivArya kA samaya sambhAvita ho sakatA hai / mArAdhanA : ke prazna - cinha 11 yadyapi ArAdhanA yA bhagavatI ArAdhanA digambara-paramparA kA grantha mAnA jAtA hai, para usameM variNata viSayoM kA parizIlana karane se patA calatA hai ki ve digambara-mAmnAya dvArA svIkRti siddhAntoM se sampUrNataH mela nahIM khaate| digambara-sampradAya ke mantavyoM se kucha bhinnatA bhI vahAM dRSTigata hotI hai / DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina ne isa sambandha meM likhA hai: ".... dhyAna rakhane kI bAta hai ki bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI aneka mAnyatAeM digambara muniyoM ke AcAra-vicAra se mela nahIM khaatiiN| udAharaNa ke lie, rugNa muniyoM ke vAste anya muniyoM dvArA bhojana-pAna lAne kA yahAM nirdeza hai| isI prakAra vijahanA adhikAra meM muni ke mRta zarIra ko jaMgala meM chor3a Ane kI vidhi batAI hai| zvetAmbaroM ke kalpa, vyavahAra, AcArAMga aura jItakalpa kA bhI ullekha yahAM milatA hai / "Avazyaka-niyukti, vRhatukalpa-mASya prAdi zvetAmbaroM ke prAcIna granthoM se bhagavatI ArAdhanA kI aneka gAthAeM milatI haiM." isase prakaTa hotA hai ki zivArya kucha isa koTi ke manISI haiM, jinake vicAra digambara tathA zvetAmbara-donoM paramparAoM se saMpRkta haiM / aisA anumAna hai ki sambhavataH ve yopanIya paramparAoM ke rahe hoM / yadi aisA nahIM hotA to ve usa prakAra kA ullekha kaise karate, jisase zvetAmbara-AgamoM kI prAmANikatA kI puSTi hotii| yaanggaathn baa bibaath Rii baa zAkaTAyana, jo svayaM yApanIya the, jinake sambandha meM vizeSa rUpa se Age likhA jAyegA, apane vyAkaraNa kI svopajJa amogha vRtti meM zivArya kI bar3e Adara ke sAtha carcA karate haiM, bo nimnAMkita uddharaNoM se spaSTa hai : zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa sUkha 2 / 11 kI vRtti ke antargata 1. jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 1, pR0 335 2. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR. 304 2010_05

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574 j Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa: iti zivAryam / tacchivAryam / aho zivAyaM vartate / zivArya zabdo loke suSTha prakata ityarthaH / sUtra 1.3.168 kI vRtti meM zobhanaH siddhavinizcayaH zivAryasya zivAryeNa vA / zAkaTAyana ne strI-mukti ke prasaMga meM bhI zivArya ke siddhivinizcaya kA ullekha kiyA hai / vahAM unhoMne unakI do kArikAe uddhRta kI haiM / jo isa prakAra haiM : yata saMyamopakArAya vartate proktametadupakaraNam / dharmasya hi tata sAdhanamato'nyavadhikaraNamAhAhan / / astainya bahiravyutsargavivekaSaNAdisamitInAm / upadezanamupadezo hya padheraparigrahatvasya / / vastra dharmopakaraNa hai yA parigraha-isa pahalU kI vizeSataH ina kArikAoM meM carcA hai / yahAM vastra ko saMyama kA upakaraNa batAte hue use dharma kA sAdhana batAyA hai| yaha zvetAmbara dRSTikoNa hai, jo ina kArikAoM meM samarthita huA hai / ye kucha aise pramANa haiM, jinase zivArya ke yApanIya hone kA anumAna sahI pratIta hotA hai| aparAjita sUri nAmaka vidvAn kI ArAdhanA para TIkA hai| usake bhI aneka aise prasaMga haiM, jinase zivArya ke yApanIya mata se sambaddha hone kI sambhAvyatA prakaTa hotI hai / athbaan puh 4/aa bien aparAjita sUri IsA kI sAtavIM zatAbdI ke prAsa-pAsa ke vidvAn the| unakA dUsarA nAma vijayAcArya thaa| eka mora jahAM unhoMne ArAdhanA para TIkA likhI, dUsarI ora vazavakAlika sUtra para bhI TIkA kI racanA kii| vazavakAlika sUtra ke varNana-prasaMga meM usakI carcA kI gaI hai / unhoMne donoM TIkApoM kA nAma vijayodayA rkhaa| bhagavatI ArAdhanA, jo adhikAMzataH digambara-paramparA se sambaddha hai tathA dazavakAlika, jo zvetAmbaroM ke mUlasaMjJaka mAnya granthoM meM mukhya hai, para TIkA racane tathA udgata viSayavivecana Adi se pratIta hotA hai ki aparAjita sUri yApanIya saMgha ke the| udAharaNArtha 1, ArAdhanA kI 1197 vIM gAyA kI vyAkhyA ke antargata aparAjita sUri dvArA ullekha "vazavakAlikaTIkAyAM zrI vijayovayAyAM prapaMcitA udgamAdidoSA iti neha pratanyate / ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya 575 ArAdhanA kI nimnAMkita gAthA kI aparAjita sUri ne apanI TIkA meM jo vyAkhyA kI hai, jisase isa sutarAM jJAtaka viSaya para prakAza par3a sakegA : "Acelakkudde siyasejjAhara rAyapiMDakii kamme / vayajeTThapaDikkamaNe mAsaM pajjosavaNakappo // 421 // " arthavaM manyase pUrvAgameSu vastrapAtrAdigrahaNamupadiSTam / tathAhi AcArapraNidhau bhaNitam'pratilikhetU pAtrakambalaM dhra vam' iti / asatsu pAtrAdiSu kathaM pratilekhanA dhra vaM kriyate ? AcArasyApi dvitIyo'dhyAyo lokavica(ja)yo nAma, tasya paJcame uddeze evamuktam'paDilehaNaM pAdapuchaNaM uggahaM kaDAsaNaM aNNadaraM udhi pAvejja' iti / tathA vatthesaNAe vutta-'tattha ese hirimaNe segaM vatvaM vA dhArejja paDilehaNagaM tadiyaM / tattha ese juggide de (?) se duve vatthANi dharijja paDilehaNagaM vidiyaM / tattha ese parissahaM aNadhihAsassa tao vatthANi dhArejja paDilehaNaM cautthaM / ' tathA pAyesaNAe kathitam--'hirimANe vA juggide vAvi aNNage vA tassa NaM kappadi vatthAdikaM pAdacArittae' iti / punazcoktaM tavaivaalAbupatta vA dArugapatta vA maTTigapattaM vA appapANaM appa sa (ha) ridaM, tathA a (taha) ppakAraM pAtraM na lAbhe sati paDigahissAmi' iti / vastrapAne yadi na grAhma kathametAni sUtrANi nIyante ? bhAvanAyAM yoktam-'varisaM cIvaradhArI teNa paramacelake tu jiNe' iti / tathA sUtrakRtasya puNDarIke'dhyAye kathitam-'Na kahejjA dhammakahaM vatthapAdihedu' iti / niSeye = (nizIthe) 'pyuktam-kasiNAI vatthakaMvalAI jo bhikkhu paDiggahidi pajjadi mAsigaM lahugaM' iti / evaM sUtranirdiSTe cele acelatA kayam ? iti / atrocyate-AyikANAmAgame'nujJAtaM vastram, kAraNApekSayA bhikSaNAm, hrImAnayogyazarIrAvayavo duzcarmAbhilambamAnabIjo vA pariSahasahane vA akSamaH sa gRha NAti / "1 aparAjita sUri ne ArAdhanA kI isa gAthA kA vizleSaNa karate hue sAdhu dvArA vastra-pAtra kI grAhyatA ke sandarbha meM jo vizleSaNa kiyA hai, zvetAmbara-Agama-vAGmaya ke atyanta mAnya AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga tathA nizItha jaise granthoM ke uddharaNa prastuta kara ise samarthita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, usase spaSTa hai ki ina Agama granthoM ke prati ve niHsandeha zraddhAvAn the / sAtha-sAtha yaha bhI dhvanita hotA hai ki mUla gAthAkAra zivArya ke mastiSka meM bhI gAthA racate samaya bahuta sambhava hai, ye tathA tatsambaddha anya zvetAmbara-Agama-grantha rahe hoN| kyoMki digambaroM ke mAnya granthoM meM sAdhu dvArA vastra-pAtra kI grAhyatA ke sambandha meM samarthana nahIM prApta hotaa| 1. ArAdhanAH vijayovayA uchvAsa 4, pR0 611-12 2010_05

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576 ) mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 pArivezika dRSTi se nirvastratA kA svIkAra tathA saiddhAntika dRSTi se zvetAmbara-sammata savastratA ke samarthana kA yaha vicitra samanvaya kyA yaha mAnane ke lie paryApta nahIM hai ki zivArya evaM aparAjita yApanIya saMgha se sambaddha the ? zivArya kI ArAdhanA meM kucha aisI bAteM bhI haiM, jinakA samarthana na digambara-zAstroM dvArA hotA hai aura na zvetAsbara- AgamoM dvArA hii| isase bhI yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki ve ina donoM hI paramparAoM se sambaddha nahIM the| kisI tIsarI hI paramparA se unakA sambandha praa| vaha yApanIya ke atirikta aura kauna-sI ho sakatI hai ? yaathn : thaaniithaanaashaapth ___zAkaTAyana jaina jagata ke mahAn vaiyAkaraNa, dArzanika evaM AgamavettA the| unakA dUsarA nAma pAlyakIrti thaa| ve rASTrakUTavaMzIya nareza amoghavarSa ke samasAmayika the| unake svayaM ke isa prakAra ke ullekha haiM, jinase yaha puSTa hotA hai| jaise, vyAkaraNa ke 'khyAte hazye' sUtra ko svopajJa-vRti meM ve udAharaNa dete hue likhate haiM : "aruNA devaH pANDayam / avahabamoghavarSA'rAtIn / " suprasiddha vidvAn svargIya DA0 mahendrakumAra nyAyAcArya ne nyAyakumudacandra dvitIya bhAga kI bhUmikA meM zAkaTAyana ke samaya ke sambandha meM carcA kI hai| amoghavarSa kA samaya I0 san 814-877 mAnA jAtA hai| tadanusAra unhoMne zAkaTAyana kA samaya I0 san 800-875 ke madhya sambhAvita mAnA hai|| zAkaTAyana yApanIya saMgha ke mahAn AcArya the, isa prakAra ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / vikrama kI bArahavIM-terahavIM zatAbdI ke mahAn TIkAkAra AcArya malayagiri ne nanvI sUtra kI TIkA meM zAkaTAyana ko 'yApanIyayatimAmApraNI' kahA hai / yaaddhaadhr' shpthaa brNplkh kssii kr jaina vaiyAkaraNoM meM zAkaTAyana kA apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| AcArya hemacandra dvArA 1. zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa, 4.3.208 2. amoghavarSa ke zatruoM ko dagdha kara ddaalaa| 3. zAkaTAyano'pi yApanIyayatimAmAgraNI svopazazabdAnuzAsanavRttAvArI bhagavatA stutimevAha--'zrIvIramamRtaM jyotinatvAdi srvvevsaam| -016A . ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya / 577 suprasiddha vyAkaraNa siddhahaimazabdAnuzAsana para bhI usakA prabhAva hai, usake parizIlana se aisA prakaTa hotA hai / paThana-pAThana kI dRSTi se zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa digambara-samAja meM kAphI samAhata rahA hai| zAkaTAyana ne apane vyAkaraNa ke vibhinna sUtroM kI vRtti meM tadbodhita prakriyAoM ke udAharaNa-svarUpa sthAna-sthAna para zvetAmbara-Agama-vAGamaya kI ora jo saMketa kiye haiM, unase AgamoM ke prati unakI niSThA tathA Adara prakaTa hotA hai| yadi ve digambara-paramparA ke hote to aisA kabhI sambhava nahIM hotA; ataH malaya giri dvArA unheM 'yApanIyayatigrAmAgraNI' ke viruda se vizeSita kiyA jAnA sarvathA saMgata pratIta hotA hai| zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa ke uktavidha udAharaNoM meM se kucha nimnAMkita haiM : "etkmaavshykmdhyaapy|"1 "immaavshykmdhyaapy|" "prAmnAtI dvaadshaangge|" "sUtrANyadhISva / " "SaDjIvAnikAyamadhIte / sa piNDaiSaNAmadhIte / " "bhadrabAhuka proktAni bhAdrabAhvANi uttarAdhyayanAni / ' "atha tvaM sUtramadhISva / "7 "atha tvamanuyogamAghatsva / "8 "bhavAn khalu chedasUtra vahet / " "niyuktIradhISva / "10 1. zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa, 1.2.203 2. vahI, 1.2.204 3. vahI, 1.3.171 4. vahI, 1.4.120 5. vahI, 2.1.18 6. vahI. 3.1.169 7. vahI, 4.3.288 8. vahI, 4.3.289 9. vahI, 4.4.133 10. bahI, 4.4.140 2010_05

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578 ] Agama aura fafter : eka anuzIlana prasaMgopAttatayA zAkaTAyana ne zvetAmbara- kAlika sUtroM ke anadhyAya ke sandarbha meM candragraharaNa, sUrya grahaNa, nirghAta, bhUkampa, garjana, vidya ut, alkAdAha, mazAnAbhyAsa, azuci, utsava tathA sandhyA- - ye daza adhyAya-kAla' kahe haiM / yaha zvetAmbara - paramparA ke anurUpa haiM / zAkaTAyana ke yApanIya-darzana- sammata vicAra evaM AsthA kA paricaya pAne kI dRSTi se uparyukta vivararaNa kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai / zAkaTAyana razcita strI-ni-kevali-mukti-prakarazA digambaroM tathA zvetAmbaroM ke bIca sthita aneka vivAdAsprada viSayoM meM strI - nirvAraNa tathA kevalI - kavalAhAra -- ye do bahuta mahatvapUrNa viSaya haiM / jaisA ki ullekha huA hai, zvetAmbaroM meM ye donoM bAteM haiM, digambara inheM svIkAra nahIM krte| isa sambandha meM yApanIya AcAryoM kA mantavya zvetAmbaroM ke sAtha hai / 2 zrAgama - sAhitya meM to ye viSaya yathA - prasaMga carcita hue hI haiM, para zAkaTAyana pahale AcArya haiM, jinhoMne dArzanika zailI meM saMskRta meM inakA vivecana kiyA / zAkaTAyana ke usa mahatvapUrNa grantha kA nAma 'strI- nirvANa kevali bhukti - prakaraNa ' " hai / lekhaka kI isa para svopajJa - vRtti bhI hai / ina viSayoM kA zAkaTAyana ne apanI prakRSTa prajJA dvArA apanI sabala evaM mArmika lekhanI se jaisA vivecana kiyA hai, vaha asAdhAraNa hai / bhUmikampanam / tRtIyaM garjitaM vidya dulkAvAho vizAM tathA // zmazAnAbhyAsamazucirutsavo daza sandhyayA / iti kAlikasRsthAnadhyAyadezakAlAH paThitAH // hamAre kathana kA yaha abhiprAya nahIM hai ki zAkaTAyana se pUrva ke granthakAroM ne ina viSayoM kI koI carcA hI nahIM kI ho / zAkaTAyana se pUrva yApanIya manISiyoM ne bhI isa para likhA hai / AcArya haribhadra sUri-racita lalitavistarA 1 meM strI - nirvANa ke sandarbha meM 1. candrasUryoparAgazca nirdhAto khaNDa : 3 ( 3.2.74 ke sandarbha meM) 2010_05 2. yaha grantha vi0 saM0 2030 meM muni jambUvijayajI ke sampAdakatva meM AtmAnanda jaina sabhA, bhAvanagara (gujarAta) se prakAzita huA hai / 3. AcArya haribhadra-racita, caitya-vambana-sUtra-vRtti kA nAma lalitavistarA hai /

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579 bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGmaya yApanIya taMtra kA uddhAraNa upasthita kiyA gayA hai| isase siddha hotA hai ki yApanIya mata kA yApanIya taMtra nAmaka koI prAcIna grantha rahA hai, jisameM yApanIya mata ke siddhAntoM kA vivecana rahA hogA / vaha grantha prAkRta meM thA, aba prApta nahIM hai / aabdaabn ai sbshb *ii khnaa zAkaTAyana ke strI-nirvANa-krevali-bhukti-prakaraNa grantha kI kucha vizeSatAeM haiN| vaha prAMjala saMskRta meM racita hai / dArzanika viSayoM ko tAkika zailI dvArA saMkSipta zabdAvalI meM prabhAvaka rUpa meM vyAkhyAta karane meM saMskRta kI apanI vilakSaNatA hai| zAkaTAyana ne prastuta grantha meM usakA pUrA upayoga kiyA hai / dArzanika-paddhati se pUrva-pakSa-nirasana pUrvaka uttara pakSa yA siSAdhayiSita viSaya kA sthApana, datartha Agama, niyukti, bhASya Adi ArSa va ArSopama granthoM ke apekSita prasaMgoM kA upasthApana Adi dvArA zAkaTAyana ke strI-nirvANa aura kevali-kavalAhAra kA itanA mArmika, talasparzI evaM sUkSma vizleSaNa kiyA hai ki zatAbdiyoM taka yaha grantha ina viSayoM ke yuktiyukta tathA sabala nirUpaNa kI dRSTi se pratiSThApA rahA / kevala yApanIya hI nahIM, zvetAmbara vidvAnoM ne bhI isa grantha kA pUrA upayoga kiyA / ukta do viSayoM meM svapajJasthApana kI dRSTi se zvetAmbara vidvAnoM ke lie yaha eka AdhArabhUta grantha banA rahA / zvetAmbara lekhaka ukta viSayoM ke pratipAdana ke sandarbha meM apanI kRtiyoM meM isakA upayoga karate rahe / r'aadhii khub r' sbr'r' yaatb siddharAja jayasiMha (vi0 saM0 1143-1199) vidyArasika aura tattvAnurAgI rAjA thaa| usakI rAja-sabhA meM eka zAstrArtha huA / nivadiSita viSayoM meM mukhya strI-nirvANa 1. .......... strI grahaNaM tAsAmapi tadbhava eva saMsArakSayo bhavatIti jJApanArtha vacaH yathokta yApanIya-tantra-No khalu itthI ajIvo, Na yAvi amavvA, Na yAvi daMsaNavirohiNI, NoM amAnusA, No aNAri (ya) uppattI, No asaMkhejjAuyA, No akUramaI, No Na ubasantamohA, No Na suddhAcArA, No asuddhaboMdI, No vavasAyavajjiyA, jo apuSvakaraNavirohiNI, No NavaguNaTThANarahiyA, No ajoggA laddhIe, No akallANamAyaNaM tti kahaM na uttama-dhammasAhigatti / -lalitavistarA, pR0 402 2010_05

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280 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana caNDe / kA viSaya thA / eka ora zvetAmbara AcArya vAdI devasUri the tathA dUsarI ora digambara AcArya kumudacandra / prabhAvaka-carita meM isa zAstrArtha kI carcA hai| vahAM likhA hai : "zAntisUri dvArA uttarAdhyayana para racita TIkA, jo prativAdI rUpI nAgoM ko maMtra-ruddha-sA kara dene vAlI thI, se adhigata strI-nirvANa sambandhI yuktiyAM upanyasta kara municandra ke ziSya devasUri ne siddharAja jayasiMha ke samakSa digambara vidvAn (kumudacandra) ko jIta liyaa|" 'strI-nirvANa-kevali-bhukti-prakaraNa' ke sampAdaka muni jambUvijayajI ne aisI saMbhAvanA kI hai ki zAntisUri (thArApadragacchIya vAdivetAla zAntasUri) (11vIM zatI I0) ne uttarAdhyayana sUtra kI jo pAiya nAmaka TIkA racI, jisake sahAre vAdI devasUri (12vIM zatI I0) ne kumudacandra ko parAjita kiyA, kA strI-nirvANa-sambandhI aMza likhate samaya, ho sakatA hai, unhoMne zAkaTAyana dvArA vivecita strI-nirvANa-sambandhI prakaraNa ko apane samakSa rakhA ho| yaha saMbhAvanA bahuta saMgata jAna par3atI hai / isa ghaTanA ko yahAM upanyasta karane kA prayojana ukta viSayoM ke tArkika va dArzanika vizleSaNa tathA UhApoha ke sambandha meM upasthita prasaMgoM para zAkaTAyana kA ukta grantha kitanI mahatvapUrNa pRSThabhUmi detA rahA, ise spaSTa karanA hai| zvetAmbara granthakAroM meM abhayadeva (11vIM zatI I0) vAdI devasUri (12vIM zatI I0) tathA yazovijaya (17vIM zatI I0) Adi ne apane dvArA racita granthoM meM strI-nirvANa tathA kevali-kavalAhAra ke vivecana ke prasaMga meM prAyaH zAkaTAyana kA hI anusaraNa kiyA hai| jahAM zvetAmbara vidvAnoM ne ukta viSayoM ke poSaNa aura puSTIkaraNa ke lie isa grantha kA sahArA liyA, vahAM digambara vidvAnoM ne strI-nirvANa tathA kevali-kavalAhAra ke khaNDana kA prasaMga pAne para zAkaTAyana ke nirUpaNa ko hI pUrva pakSa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| yoM ukta viSayoM ke maNDana tathA khaNDana-donoM apekSAoM se isa grantha kA upayoga hotA rhaa| 1. uttarAbhyayana-pragya-TIkA zrI zAntisUribhiH / vivarSa vAbinAgendra-sannAgadamanI hi sA // ziSyeNa municandrasya sUreH bhiidevsuurinnaa| tanmayata upanyasta-strI nirvANavalAgiha / / puraH bhIsiddharAjasya jiTho bAve digmbrH| tabIyavacasA mizrA vidvaduH sAdhasAdhikA // -prabhAvaka-parita, 19-91 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA bAramaya [51 udAharaNArtha, prameya- mala-mArtaNDa tathA nyAya-kumuda candra Adi granthoM ke racayitA, suprasiddha naiyAyika digambara prAcArya prabhAcandra (925-1023 I0) ne apane granthoM meM strI-mukti tathA kevali-bhukti ke prasaMga meM prAyaH isI grantha ke prakaraNoM ko sAmane rkhaa| kucha mahatvapUrNa pahala zAkaSTAyana ne apane grantha meM vivecya viSayoM ke nirUpaNa, vizleSaNa tathA poSaNa Adi ke sandarbha meM jo zvetAmbara-AgamoM ke pATha uddhRta kiye haiM, ve kahIM-kahIM zvetAmbaroM ke prApta pATha se kucha-kucha bhinna bhI haiN| tadatirikta anya yApanIya granthakAroM ne vividha prasaMgoM para zvetAmbara prAgamoM ke pATha liye haiM, vahAM bhI vaisA sambhAvita hai| anusandhAtR-vidvAnoM ke lie yaha mahatva kA viSaya hai| isameM se yaha saMbhAvanA nikalatI hai ki yApanIyoM dvArA svIkRta tathA prayujyamAna jo Agama-saMskaraNa the, unameM zvetAmbaroM dvArA svIkRta pAgamoM se kucha pATha-bheda rahA ho, paramparA-bheda rahA ho| acchA ho, zvetAmbara prAgamoM para kArya karane vAle vidvAna isa para gaura kreN| ho sakatA hai, gaveSaNAtmaka adhyavasAya se AgamapATha kI koI bhinna paramparA prApta ho jAye, jisase aneka nUtana tathya prakAza meM Ane saMbhAvita haiN| zAkaTAyana dvArA apane grantha meM aura bhI katipaya aise viSaya upasthita kiye gaye haiM, jo zvetAmbara tathA digambara; donoM paramparAmoM meM nahIM haiN| ye yApanIyoM kI apanI vizeSatAeM haiN| upadhi' ke sambandha meM zAkaTAyana ne ogha, aNu tathA aupanahika ke rUpa meM usake tIna bheda kiye haiM / isameM dUsare bheda aNu kA sambandha kevala yApanIyoM se hI pratIta hotA hai| yaha .1. abhidhAna-rAjendra meM upadhi ke do bheda-ogha tathA avagaha kA varNana ohe uvaggahammi ya, duviho uvahI u hoi nAyavyo / ekkekko vi ya duviho, gaNaNApamANao ceva / pArasa coddasa paNavIsa, u ya oghovadhI muNeyavyo / jiNakappo therANa ya, addhANaM ceva kappammi / oghoSadhI jiNANaM, therANohe avaggaho ceva / ohovadhimajjANaM, uvaggahio aNNA tavvo // -abhidhAna rAjendra, bhAga 2, pR0 1060 2010_05

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582 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa / 2 unakI apanI vizeSatA lagatI hai / aura bhI isa prakAra ke aneka viSaya haiM, jinakA vidvAnoM tathA anveSTAoM dvArA parizIlana evaM parIkSaNa kiyA jAnA cAhie / zrutakevalI : dezIthAcArya zAkaTAyana ne apane vyAkaraNa ke samApana kA sUcana jisa zabdAvalI meM kiyA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai : " iti zAkaTAyanasya kRtau zabdAnuzAsane zAkaTAyana ne yahAM apane lie zruta- kevalI tathA dezIyAcArya- ina do vizeSaNoM kA prayoga kiyA hai / aisA lagatA hai, yApanIya prAcArya ina vizeSaraNoM dvArA itara jaina paramparAnoM se apanA pArthakya jJApita karate the / zrI kevala dezIyAcAryasya DA0 upAdhye ne siddhasena divAkara (vi0 5vIM zatI) ke sambandha meM bhI aisI kalpanA kI ki bahuta sambhava hai, ve yApanIya mata ke AcArya 1 rahe hoM / DA0 upAdhye kA kahanA hai ki isIlie sambhavataH AcArya haribhadra ne unheM zruta- kevalI kahA ho / umAsvAti kA sampradAya tattvArtha sUtra ke racanAkAra prAcArya umAsvAti ko bhI eka digambara- zilAlekha * meM zruta-kevalI va dezIya kahA hai / umAsvAti ke sambandha meM yaha saMbhAvanA kI jAtI hai ki ve zAyada yApanIya mata se sambaddha rahe hoM / svargIya paM0 nAthUrAmajI premI ne apanI jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa nAmaka pustaka meM isakI vizada carcA kI hai tathA umAsvAti ke yApanIya mata se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa bhI upasthita kiye haiM / " 1. Dr. Upadhye's Introduction to the Siddhasena Divakara's Nyaya Vatara and other works. Published by Jain Sahitya Vikasa Mandala, Bombay 1971. 2. tattvArtha sUtrakartAramumAsvAtimunIzvaram / zrutakevalidezIyaM vande'haM guNamandiram || 2010_05 - zilAlekha saMkhyA 46, nagara tAllukA

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA bAramaya [583 paM0 sukhalAlajI ke vicAra paM0 sukhalAlajI saMghavI umAsvAti ko yApanIya nahIM maante| una dvArA likhe gaye vivecanA sahita prakAzita tattvArtha sUtra meM 'bhAratIya vidyA' zIrSaka meM jo prAkkathana hai, yahAM unhoMne isa prasaMga kI carcA kI hai, jo isa prakAra hai : "premIjI kA 'bhAratIya vidyA'-siMghI smAraka aMka meM 'vAcaka umAsvAti kA samASya tattvArtha sUtra aura unakA sampradAya' nAmaka lekha prasiddha huaA hai / unhoMne dIdhaM UhApoha ke bAda yaha batalAyA hai ki vAcaka umAsvAti yApanIya saMgha ke prAcArya the / unakI aneka dalIleM aisI haiM, jo unake mantavya ko mAnane ke lie AkRSTa karatI haiM / isalie unake mantadhya kI vizeSa parIkSA karane ke lie saTIka bhagavatI ArAdhanA kA khAsa parizIlana paM0 zrI dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ne kiyaa| usa parizIlana ke phalasvarUpa jo noMdhe unhoMne taiyAra kI, una para unake sAtha milakara maiMne bhI vicAra kiyaa| vicAra karate samaya bhagavatI ArAdhanA, usakI TIkAeM aura vRhatkalpa-bhASya Adi granthoM kA Avazyaka avalokana bhI kiyaa| jahAM taka saMbhava thA, isa prazna para mukta mana se vicAra kiyaa| Akhira meM hama donoM isa natIje para pahuMce ki vAcaka umAsvAti yApanIya na the, ve sacela paramparA ke the, jaisA ki hamane paricaya meM darasAyA hai| hamAre avalokana aura vicAra kA niSkarSa saMkSepa meM isa prakAra hai : 1. bhagavatI ArAdhanA aura usake TIkAkAra aparAjita-donoM yadi yApanIya haiM to unake grantha se yApanIya saMgha ke AcAra viSayaka nimna lakSaNa phalita hote hai : (ka) yApanIya prAcAra kA autsargika aga acelatva arthAt nagnatva hai| , (kha) yApanIya saMgha meM muni kI taraha AryAoM kA bhI mokSa-lakSI sthAna hai aura avasthA-vizeSa meM unake lie bhI nivasanabhAva kA upadeza hai| (ga) yApanIya mata meM pANitala-bhojana kA vidhAna hai aura kamaNDalu-piccha ke sivAya aura kisI upakaraNa kA autsargika vidhAna nahIM hai / ukta lakSaNa umAsvAti ke bhASya aura prazamarati jaise granthoM ke varNana ke sAtha bilkula mela nahIM khAte; kyoMki unameM spaSTa rUpa se muni ke vastra-pAtra kA varNana hai aura kahIM bhI nagnatva kA autsargika vidhAna nahIM hai, kamaNDalu-piccha jaise upakaraNa kA to nAma bhI nhiiN| 2010_05

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584] Agama aura vipiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khancha / 2 2. zrI premIjI kI dalIloM meM eka yaha bhI hai ki puNya prakRti Adi viSayaka umAsvAti kA mantavya aparAjita kI TIkA meM pAyA jAtA hai| parantu gaccha tathA paramparA kI ttatva-jJAna-viSayaka mAnyatAoM kA itihAsa kahatA hai ki kabhI-kabhI eka hI paramparA meM paraspara viruddha dikhAI dene vAlI sAmAnya aura choTI mAnyatAeM pAI jAtI haiN| itanA hI nahIM, balki do paraspara virodhI mAnI jAne vAlI paramparAoM meM bhI kabhI-kabhI aisI sAmAnya va choTI-choTI mAnyatAoM kA ekatva pAyA jAtA hai / aisI dazA meM vastrapAtra ke samarthaka umAsvAti kA vastra-pAtra ke virodhI yApanIya saMgha kI amuka mAnya. tAoM ke sAtha sAmya pAyA jAya to koI acaraja kI bAta nhiiN|"1 bish prastuta viSaya para vizeSa carcA karanA to viSayAntara hogA; ataH bahuta saMkSepa meM kucha saMketa kiye jA rahe haiM / tattvArtha sUtra ko zvetAmbara tathA digambara-donoM mAnate hai, para donoM dvArA svIkRta pATha meM kucha-kucha antara hai aura donoM kI sUtra-saMkhyA" kucha bhinna hai / sUtra-pATha meM antara bhI mukhyata: vahAM hai, jahAM donoM paramparAtroM meM saiddhAntika mata dvedha hai| tattvArtha sUtra aura usa para bhASya-ina donoM ke kartA zvetAmbaroM ke anusAra eka haiN| digambara sUtra aura bhASya ko bhinna kartRka mAnate haiN| digambaroM meM tasvArtha sUtra ke sabase prAcIna vyAkhyAkAra prAcArya pUjyapAda apara nAma devanandi haiM / unakA samaya vikrama kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha se chaThI zatAbdI ke 1. tattvArtha sUtra vivecana sahita, lekhaka kA vaktavya, pR0 14-15 2. digambara-paramparA dvArA dazoM adhyAyoM kI svIkRta sUtra-saMkhyA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 33' 53' 39' 42' 42' 27' 39' 26' 47' 2 = kula sUtra-saMkhyA 357 zvetAmbara-paramparA dvArA dazoM adhyAyoM ko svIkRta sUtra-saMkhyA 3333. 15. 33 . 36.6.66. %Dkula sUtra-saMkhyA 344 ____ 201005

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] pUrvAddha ke madhya bhAga taka mAnA jAtA hai / AcArya pUjyapAda ne sarvArtha siddhi meM tasvArthaM kA jo pATha svIkAra kiyA hai, vahI tasvArtha rAjavArtika ke racayitA AcArya zrakalaMka (I0 7 vIM zatI) tathA tatvArtha- zlokabhAti ke racayitA zrAcArya vidyAnanda ( I0 775-640) ne mAnA hai / anyAnya digambara zrAcArya tathA vidvAn usI pATha ko lekara cale haiN| zvetAmbara ke mAdhya kA pATha svIkAra karate haiM / apanI-apanI jara khiMcara tavAyaM para likhane vAle digambara vidvAnoM ne prAyaH umAsvAti ( umA' svAmI) ko digambara siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai aura tasvArtha para likhane vAle zvetAmbara vidvAnoM kA unheM zvetAmbara siddha karane kA prayAsa rahA hai / pATha-svIkAra meM bhinnatA kA saMbhavataH yaha bhI eka kAraNa ho sakatA hai / zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGmaya mUlataH tasvArtha ke sUtra ubhaya- paramparA -paraka rahe hoM. para sAmpradAyika Agraha ke vAtAvaraNa meM vaha bAta sthira nahIM raha sakI ho| apanI-apanI paramparAoM se saMgata pATha donoM sapradAyoM ne svIkAra kara lie hoM, apanI paramparAnoM se asaMgata pAThoM ko parivartita, parizodhita yA pariSkRta kara liyA gayA ho / yadi tattvArtha sUtra ke gahana tala meM jAyeM to adhika saMgata yahI pratIta hotA hai ki umAsvAti eka aise zrAcArya rahe hoM, jinhoMne apanI kRti - tatvArthaM dvArA donoM paramparAoM kA samanvita rUpa prastuta karanA cAhA ho / isa prakAra kI vicAradhArA rakhane vAle AcArya ke yadi yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha hone kA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai to vaha asaMbhAvakatA kI koTi meM nahIM jAtA; ataH svargIya paM0 premI ko kalpanA tathA DA0 upAdhye" ke etanmukhI cintana ke paripArzva meM vidvAnoM tathA 1. sarvArthasiddhi prastAvanA, pR0 88 2.. 3. [ 585 digambaroM meM isa nAma kA bhI pracalana hai / The Sutras and Bhasya show some clear-cut differences with the Ardhamagadhi canon and Pujyapada is not very happy with the text of the Sutras in Onany places. That late Pt. Premi has given some valid reasons why Umasvati must have belonged to the Yapaniya Sangha......... --Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. LV, Poona 1974, P. 20. 2010_05

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586 ] mAgama aura bipiTaka : eka manuzIlana anveSTAoM dvArA aura adhika sUkSmatApUrvaka gaveSaNA ho, yaha vAMchanIya hai| sevAntika : Rvidha : dI aura upAdhiyA~ zru takevalI evaM dezIyAcArya ke atirikta yApanIya prAcAryoM dvArA apane lie prayukta 'vidha' evaM 'saiddhAntika'--ye upAdhiyAM aura dRSTigata hotI haiN| DA0 upAdhye ne isa sambandha meM saMketa kiyA hai ki ina upAdhiyoM dvArA unakA bhAva apane SaTkhaNDAgama Adi ke adhyayana kA Azaya vyakta karanA rahA ho / ' saahaayy yApanIya saMgha bhArata meM khUba phalA,phUlA, phailA / usake tattvAvadhAna meM sAhitya-sarjana kA virATa kArya huaA / zatAbdiyoM taka yApanIyoM kA bhArata meM pratiSThApanna sthAna rahA / para, pAzcarya itanA prasRta, pratiSThita aura samArata sampradAya samaya pAkara nAmazeSa ho gayA / na Aja kahIM umake zramaNa haiM aura na kahIM usa saMgha kA hI nAmonizAna hai| isake aneka kAraNa rahe hoMge / ho sakatA hai, yApanIya jisa utkaTa dharma-bhAvanA, titikSA Adi se prerita ho kArya-rata the, apane abhiyAna kI apratyAzita saphalatA ke bAda vaha saba kama hotA gayA ho / bhaktivaza rAjAoM tathA samRddha bhaktajanoM dvArA upahRta jAgIroM evaM sampatti kA zAyada atireka ho gayA ho, jisase yApanIya sAdhunoM kI kAryonmukhatA va rujhAna ne apanI dizA kucha badala lI ho| tyAga, vairAgya, jJAna evaM upAsanA ke sthAna para suvidhA-pradhAna jIvana ho gayA ho / phalataH logoM meM unake prati rahI zraddhA nyUna aura nyUnatara hotI gaI ho / aisI sthiti meM anukUla avasara pAkara digambara evaM zvetAmbara-donoM ne ucchinna karane kI ThAna lI ho; kyoMki aneka bAtoM ke sAmya ke bAvajUda antata: ve (yAmanIya) donoM paramparAoM ke pratigAmI to the hii| isa prakAra kI aneka saMbhAvanAeM kI jA sakatI haiN| vastutaH yaha itihAsa kA viSaya hai| itihAsa ke adhyetA evaM anuzIlaka isa para gambhIratA se cintana evaM zodha kareM, yaha vAMchita hai / 1. Titles like Saiddhantika, Traibi iya used by some Yapaniya Acharyas indicate their studies of Satkhandagama etc. This point needs further investigation. --Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. LV.Poona 1974, P. 21. ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasena prAkRta aura usakA vAG maya [ 587 dakSiNa meM yApanIyoM ke kabhI aneka mandira the, jo uparyukta saMkrAnti-kAla meM digambara mandiroM meM isa prakAra vilIna ho gaye ki Aja unameM koI bheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, jinake sambandha meM rUr3ha paramparA - grasta digambara vidvAn kahate the ki yApanIyoM dvArA pratiSThita aura pUjita mUrtiyoM kI pUjA hI nahIM karanI cAhie / jagata kA itihAsa kucha aisA hI hai, samaya, paristhiti, mAmasa, adhyavasAya ko karavaTeM kaba kidhara kA mor3a leM aura kyA se kyA ho jAye, kucha kahA nahIM jA sakatA / upasaMhAra zvetAmbara - digambara zvetAmbara - AgamoM ke sarvatomukhI parizIlana ke samdarbha meM hamane ke rUpa meM jaina saMgha ke vibhAjana kI carcA kii| usake pratikriyA svarUpa prAdurbhUta yApanIya saMgha kI bhI carcA kI / yadyapi carcA kucha vistRta ho gaI hai, para hamArA vicAra hai ki Agama - vAG maya ke astitva, svarUpa, hrAsa, Akalana, parirakSaraNa, usake vizleSaraNa - vivecana meM praNIta sAhitya, usake AdhAra para sRSTa mAnasa, parigaThita evaM pravRtta dhArmika abhiyAna Adi ke sambandha meM bhI samIkSAtmaka dRSTikoNa se jAnanA kama Avazyaka nahIM hai / Agama tathA zAstra jIvana ke lie haiM / unake sahAre loka-jIvana kaba, kaisA mor3a letA hai, yaha jahAM sAmAjika itivRtta kA eka mahatvapUrNa pahalU hai, vahAM Agama va zAstra - garbhita vicAra-: darzana kI loka-jIvana meM saphala-viphala kriyAnvita ke itihAsa kA eka jvalanta pRSTha bhI hai, jo anadekhA nahIM rahanA cAhie / aMga-vAGamaya: viccheda : kucha tathya digambara- mata ke anusAra dvAdazAMga vAG maya ke viccheda-krama tathA antataH vIra nirvANa : saM0 683 meM usake sarvathA viccheda zrAdi ke viSaya meM pichale pRSThoM meM yathAprasaMga ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / yahAM usa sambandha meM kucha aura tathya upasthita kiye jA rahe haiM / zvetAmbaroM dvArA bhI svIkAra bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke viccheda ke sambandha meM zvetAmbara bhI sahamata haiM hI / devagiNI kSamAzramaraNa ke bAda dhAraka ko dRSTi se pUrva jJAna kA astitva samApta ho gayA / titthogAlIpannA prabhRti granthoM meM isa sambandha meM ullekha ' hai / 1. bolINammi sahasse, barisANa vIramokkhagamaNAo / uttarabAyagavasabhe, puvvagayassa bhave chedo // 2010_05 - titthogAlI pannA, gAthA 805

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566 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [2 avaziSTa gyAraha aMgoM ke sandarbha meM digambaroM kI taraha sarvathA to nahIM, para ( gyAraha aMga ) uttarottara kramaza: vicchinna evaM hasita hote jAyeMge, aisA zvetAmbara bhI svIkAra karate haiM / titthogAlIpanA meM isa sambandha meM jo varNana hai, vaha isa prakAra hai: "dinnagariNapuSyamitra ke dehAvasAna ke sAtha vIra nirvANa saM0 1250 meM vyAkhyA prajJapti sUtra kA myuccheda ho jAyegA / "1 titthogAlIpalAkAra vyAkhyA prajJapti ke antima sampUrNa vaittA puSyamitra kI vizeSatA kI carcA karate hue likhate haiM : "zramaNocita guNoM meM niSlAta, Atmabala sampanna puSyamitra antima vyAkhyA prajJaptidhara hoMge / caubIsa hajAra padoM se yukta, guNaniSpanna vyAkhyA - prajJapti sUtra rUpa vRkSa ke vyucchinna ho jAne para loga sahasA unakI vizeSatAoM ke phaloM se vaMcita ho jAyeMge / " " vIra-nirvANa ke 1300 varSa pazcAt mADhara gotrotpanna saMbhUti nAmaka yati (sAdhu) ke ke maraNa ke sAtha samavAyAMga kA vyavaccheda ho jAyegA / vIra nirvAraNa ke 1350 varSa pazcAt Arjava nAmaka muni ke divaMgamana ke sAtha sthAnAMga sUtra kA dhyuccheda ho jAyegA, aisA jinendra bhagavAn kA nirdeza hai / ' 11'8 1. paNNAsA varisehi, ya bArasabarisasaehi vocchedo / diNNagaNi pUsamila, savivAhANaM chalaM mANaM // 2. tAmeNa pUsamitto, samaNo samaNaguNaniuNacitto / hohI apacchimo kira, vivAhasuyadhArako vIro / taMmiya vivAharukkhe, culasIti payasahassaguNakilio / sahasaM cciya saMbhaMto, hohI guNaniSphalo logo // 3. samavAya vavacchedo, terasahi satehiM hohi vAsANaM / mADharagottassa ihaM, saMbhUtijatissa maraNaMmi // terasavarisasahi, paNNAsA samahiehiM vocchedo / ajjava tissa maraNe, ThANassa jirohi niddiTTho // 2010_05 - titthogAlIpannA, gA0 807 - vahI, gA0 808-9 - vahIM, gA0 6100811

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bhASA aura sAhitya zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGmaya 52 "vIra-nirvANa saM0 1500 meM gautama gotrotpanna, Atma-bala ke mahAn dhanI zramaNa phalgumitra ke svargavAsa ke sAtha vazAba taskandha vicchinna ho jAyegA, aisA kahA gayA hai|" "vIra-nirvANa saM0 1900 meM bhAradvAja gotrotpanna mahAzramaNa nAmaka muni ke pazcAt sUtrakRtAMga kA vyuccheda ho jaayegaa|"" "vIra-nirvANa saM0 2000 meM hArIta gotrotpanna viSNu nAmaka muni ke maraNoparAnta AcArAMga kA vyuccheda ho jaayegaa|" "tadanantara duHSamA saMjJaka isa pAMcaveM Are ke zeSa kAla arthAt usake samApta hone meM thor3A-sA samaya bAkI rahane para duHpresaha nAmaka zramaNa hoMge / ve kSamA, tapa Adi guNoM se zobhita hoNge| bhAratavarSa meM ve mantima AcArAMgadhara hoNge| unake dehAvasAna ke sAtha AcArAMga sUtra aura cAritra niHzeSa ho jAyeMge-mUlataH ucchinna ho jAyeMge / ----- --- 1. maNibo basANa chedo, panarasasaehi hoi varisANaM / samaNammi phaggumita, goyamagota mahAsatte // -titthogAlIpannA, gA0 813 2. bhArahAyasaguta, sUyagaDaMga mahAsamaNa nAme / aguNamvIsasatehi, jAhI varisANa vocchitti // -vahI, gA0 814 3. viNtumuNimmi marate, hArita gottammi hoti viisaae| barisANa sahassehi, ApAraMgassa vocchedo // -vahI, gA0 816 4. (ka) aha dusamAe sese, hohI nAmeNa duppasaha samaNo / bhaNagAro guNagAro, khamAgAro tvaagaaro|| so kira AyAradharo, apacchimo hohIti bharahavAse / teNa samaM AyAro, nissIhI samaM carittaNa // -vahI, gA0 817-18 () titthogAlIpAinnA kI 816vIM tathA 817vIM gAthA meM AcArAMga ke vicchinna hone ke sandarbha meM jo kahA gayA hai, usakA Azaya yoM samajhA jAnA cAhie ki vIranirvANa saM0 20000 meM hArItamotIya viSNu muni ke svargavAsa ke sAtha bhAcArarAMga aMzataH - vikchina hogA tathA vIra-nirvANa saM0 21000 meM zramaNa prasaha ke behAvasAna ke sAtha vaha sarvathA ucchinna ho jaayegaa| ____ 2010_05

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59.] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana / aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki yaha ghaTanA vIra-nirvANa saM0 21000 ke Asa-pAsa ghaTita hogii| aisA bhI kahA jAtA hai ki jisa dina paMcapa Are kI samApti hogI, usake pahale prahara meM AcArya duHprasaha divaMgata ho jAyeMge / unake divaMgamana ke sAtha hI AcArAMga bhI pUrNataH vicchinna ho jaayegaa| yoM Agama-viccheda kI antima kar3I taka pahuMca paiNNAkAra usakA phalita spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM : "vAstava meM AcArAMga hI vaha sAdhana hai, jo zramaNoM ko cAritra-dharma kA yathAvat bodha karAtA hai| AzAroga kA praNAza ho jAne para saba prora anAcAra vyApta ho jaayegaa| sarvatra ajJAna-tamisrA kA sAmrAjya phaila jAyegA / taba zramaNoM kA astitva bhI nahIM raha paayegaa|"1 tisthogAlIpainnA meM viccheda-krama ke bIca bace rahane vAle prAgama-vAr3a maya ke sambandha meM itanA aura likhA hai : "vIra-nirvANa ke pazcAt 21000 varSa taka yahAM bhAratavarSa meM vazavakAlika artha rUpa meM vidyamAna rahegA / duHprasaha muni ke svargArohaNa ke sAtha vaha vinaSTa hogaa| isI prakAra vIra-nirvANa se 21000 varSa taka, jaba taka tIrtha-jaina paramparA vidyamAna rahegI, Avazyaka sUtra bhI avyucchinna rhegaa|" 1. azaomacchiNNAyAro, aha samaNagaNassa baabiyaayaaro| AyArammi paNa?, hohIti taiyA annaayaaro|| caMkamiraM varataraM timisa guhAe tmNdhkaaraae| ma ya taiyA samaNANaM, AyAra-sute paNami // - -titthogAlopainlA, gA0 819-20 2. vAsANa sahasseNa ya, ikabIsAe ihaM bharahavAse / basaveyAliya atyo, duppasahajaiMmi vAsihiti // 50 // igavIsasahassAI, vAsANaM viirmokkhgmnnaao| bhanyocchinnaM hohI, mAvassagaM jAva titya tu // 51 // -titvogAlIpainnA 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGmaya / 595 abhiprAya titthogAlIpainnA meM diye gaye varNana se yaha siddha hotA hai ki zvetAmbara AcArya bhI AgamoM ke viccheda-krama se asahamata nahIM rahe haiM / antara kevala itanA hai, digambara AcAryoM ne prAgamoM ko jahAM sarvathA vicchinna evaM vilupta mAna liyA, vahAM zvetAmbara unakA AMzika vilaya tathA prAMzika astitva svIkAra karate rahe / Aja zvetAmbara ekAdazAMgI kA jo, jitanA kalevara prApta hai, samagra sAmagrI kA bahuta thor3A-sA aMza hai| vijJa pAThakoM ko isakA yathAvat paricaya ho sake, etadartha Agamagata sAmagrI kA samagra parimAraNa tathA upalabdha aza kA tulanAtmaka ullekha kiyA jA rahA hai / Agama: sampUzA : 4palabdha 1. AcArAMga kI mUla pada-saMkhyA 18000 mAnI jAtI hai| Aja jitanA aMza prApta hai, usakA kalevara 2500 zloka-pramANa hai| pahale ullekha huA hI hai, AcArAMga kA mahAparijJA saMjJaka saptama adhyayana anupalabdha hai| 2. sUtrakRtAMga kI mUla pada-saMkhyA 36000 thI, aisA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai / Aja 2100 zloka-pramANa pATha prApta hai| 3. sthAnAMga kI pada-saMkhyA 72000 thI, aisI mAnyatA hai / isa samaya usameM 3770 zloka-pramANa sAmagrI upalabdha hai| 4. samavAyAMga meM mUla pada-saMkhyA 1,44000 thI, aisA abhimata hai| isa samaya isakA kalevara 1667 zloka-pramANa hai| 5. vyAkhyA-prajJapti kI pada-saMkhyA ke viSaya meM do prakAra kI mAnyatAeM haiN| nandIsUtra ke anusAra usameM 2,88,000 tathA samavAyAMga ke anusAra 84,000 pada the| para vartamAna meM 15752 pada prApta haiN| yaha aMga 101 zatakoM meM vibhakta thA, jinameM se Aja kevala 41 zatakaM upalabdha haiN| 6. mAtRdharmakathA meM samavAyAMga sUtra tathA nanvI sUtra ke anusAra saMkhyAta sahasra pada mAne jAte haiM, para ina donoM kI vRttiyoM meM usakI pada-saMkhyA 5,76,000 ullikhita kI gaI hai / isa samaya isakA kalevara 5,500 zloka-pramANa hai / isake aneka kathAnaka kAla-krama se lupta ho gye| ____ 2010_05

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"552 ] aura eka anuzIlana vaya : 2 7. upAsakadazA kI pada saMkhyA samavAyAMga sutra aura nandI sUtra ke anusAra saMkhyAta sahasra mAnI jAtI hai, para ina donoM kI vRttiyoM meM usakI pada saMkhyA 11,52,000 ullikhita kI gaI hai / isa samaya isakA kalevara 812 zloka- pramANa hai / 8. aMtakRddazA meM saMkhyAta sahasra pada mAne jAte haiM, para samavAyAMga sUtra evaM nandI sUtra kI vRtti meM isake 23,04,000 pada hone kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vartamAna meM isameM 900 zloka - pramANa sAmagrI upalabdha hai / 9. anuttaraupapAtika dazA kI pada saMkhyA saMkhyAta sahasra mAnI jAtI hai| samavAyAMgasUtra tathA nandI sUtra kI vRtti ke anusAra vaha 46,08,000 hai / vartamAna meM usakA kevala 192 zloka- pramAraNa kalevara prApta hai / 10. praznavyAkaraNa sUtra meM saMkhyAta sahasra pada mAne gaye haiM / samavAyAMga sUtra tathA nandI sUtra kI vRtti meM isake padoM kI saMkhyA 92,16,000 batalAI gaI hai| vartamAna meM isameM 1300 zloka - pramANa sAmagrI hai / jaisA ki pahale ullekha kiyA hI gayA hai, nandI sUtra meM praznavyAkaraNa sUtra kA jo svarUpa batalAyA gayA hai, vartamAna meM prApta praznavyAkaraNa sUtra kA svarUpa usase sarvathA bhinna hai / 11. vipAka sUtra kI pada saMkhyA saMkhyAta sahasra mAnI jAtI hai / samavAyAMga sUna evaM mambI sUtra kI vRtti ke anusAra isakI pada saMkhyA 1,84,32000 hai / isa samaya yaha 1216 zloka - pramANa rUpa meM upalabdha hai / tilIyapayayAti : eka vizeSa saMketa digambara- paramparA meM yaha spaSTa mAnyatA hai ki vIra - nirvANa saM0 683 meM dvAdazAMgI kA viccheda ho gayA / tiloyapaNatti meM gAthA 1482 se 1492 taka zruta- viccheda krama carcita huA hai, jisakA pichale pRSThoM meM yathAprasaMga vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yaha saba likhane ke bhAvajUda yati vRSabha eka bAta aura kahate haiM : "dharma-pravartana ke hetu zruta-tIrthaM (cAhe prazika rUpa meM hI sahI) vIra - nirvAraNa ke 20317 varSaM (jo duHSamA kI samApti se kucha pahale kA samaya hai) taka saMpravRtta rahegA / tadanusAra vaha kAla-doSa se vyucchinna ho jAyegA / "1 1. bIsasahassaM tisadA, sattArasa vaccharANi sudatitthaM / dhammapayaTTaNaheta, motivi 2010_05 kAlavoseNaM / / 1493 // -tiloyapampatti

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vADamaya / 593 mahApurANa meM isa tathya ko aura spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| vahAM kahA gayA hai : "yadyapi tapaH zIla zruta-jJAniyoM kI paramparA miTa jAyegI, para phira bhI AcArya vIrasena tathA tadanugAmI jinasena prabhRti zrata-vaibhava ke dhanI, tapasvI zramaNoM dvArA zru ta ke eka dezapraza kA duHSamA kI samApti se pUrva taka saMvartana rhegaa|" aise ullekhoM ke bAvajUda digambara-paramparA meM aMga-sAhitya ke sampUrNa viccheda kI bAta bar3I bar3hatA aura spaSTatA se kahI jAtI hai / yaha samIkSaNIya hai / bishbb-bbshn # jl-saani, alaakh jisa prakAra zvetAmbara Agama-vAGamaya aMga-praviSTa evaM aMga-bAhya ke rUpa meM do bhedoM meM vibhakta haiM, digambara-paramparA meM bhI inhIM do bhedoM meM usakA vibhAjana hai| donoM paramparAtroM dvArA svIkRta nAmoM meM bhI kAphI sAdRzya hai / ghr'shaandhaa Raa bien pakhaNDAgama ke dhavalA-TIkAkara prAcArya vIrasena ne apanI TIkA meM aMga-bAhya tathA aMga-praviSTa ke sambandha meM isa prakAra ullekha kiyA hai : "arthAdhikAra do prakAra kA hai1. aMga-bAhya, 2. aMga-praviSTa / unameM aMga-bAhya ke cavadaha arthAdhikAra hai : 1. sAmAyika, 2. bhaMga caturvizati-stava, 3. vandanA, 4. pratikramaNa, 5. vainayika, 6. kRti-karma, 7. dazavakAlika, 8. uttarAdhyayana, 9. kalpa-vyavahAra, 10. kalpyAkalpya, 11. mahAkalpya, 12. puNDarIka, 13. mahApuNDarIka, 14. niSiddhikA / " 1. zruta tapobhRtAmeSAM praNezyati paraMparA / zeSairapi bhuta-jJAnasyaiko dezastapodhanaH // 527 // jinasenAnugarvIrasenaH prAtamahabibhiH / samApte duHSamAyAHprAk, prAyazo vartayiSyate // 528 // -mahApurANa (uttara purANa, parva 1) 2. asthAhiyAro buSiho, aMgabAhiro aMga-paiTTho cevi / tattha aMgabAhirassa coisa atyA hiyaaraa| taM jahA-1. sAmAiyaM, 2. cauvIsatthao, 3. vaMkSaNA, 4. paDikkamaNaM, 5. beNaiyaM, 6. kiriyamma, 7. basaveyAliyaM, 8. uttarAyaNaM, 9. kappayavahAro, 10. kappAkappiyaM, 11. mahAkappiyaM, 12. puMDarIyaM, 13. mahApuMDarIyaM, 14. Nisihiya cedi| -padamAgama, pa , bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 16 ____ 2010_05

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Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa:2 aMga-praviSTa ke sambandha meM AcArya vIrasena ne nimnAMkita rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai: "aMga-praviSTa ke arthAdhikAra bAraha prakAra ke haiM-1. AcAra, 2. sUtrakRta, 3. sthAna, 4. samavAya, 5. vyAkhyA-prajJapti, 6. jJAtRdharmakathA, 7. upAsakAdhyayana, 8. antakRddazA, 9. anuttaropapAtika dazA, 10. prazna-dhyAkaraNa, 11. vipAka sUtra, tathA 12. dRSTivAda / inameM se AcArAMga aThAraha hajAra padoM ke dvArA--kisa prakAra calanA cAhie ? kisa prakAra baiThanA cAhie ? kisa prakAra zayana karanA cAhie ? kisa prakAra bhojana karanA cAhie ? kisa prakAra saMbhASaNa karanA cAhie aura kisa prakAra pApa-karma nahIM bandhatA hai ? (isa taraha gaNadhara ke praznoM ke anusAra) yatna se calanA cAhie, yatnapUrvaka khar3e rahanA cAhie, yatna se baiThanA cAhie, yatnapUrvaka zayana karanA cAhie, yatnapUrvaka bhojana karanA cAhie, yatna se saMbhASaNa karanA cAhie / isa prakAra AcaraNa karane se pApa-karma kA bandha nahIM hotA hai // 70-71 // ityAdi rUpa se muniyoM ke prAcAra kA varNana karatA hai| sUtrakRtAMga chattIsa hajAra padoM ke dvArA jJAna, vinaya, prajJApanA, kalpyAkalpya, chedopasthApanA aura vyavahAra-dharma-kriyA kA prarUpaNa karatA hai tathA yaha sva-samaya aura para-samaya kA bhI nirUpaNa karatA hai / sthAnAMga bayAlIsa hajAra padoM ke dvArA eka ko Adi lekara uttarottara eka-eka adhika sthAnoM kA varNana karatA hai| usakA udAharaNa-mahAtmA arthAt yaha jIva-dravya nirantara caitanyarUpa dharma se upayukta hone ke kAraNa usakI apekSA eka hI hai| jJAna aura darzana ke bheda se do prakAra kA hai| karma-phala-cetanA, karma-cetanA aura jJAna-cetanA se lakSyamAna hone ke kAraNa tIna bheda rUpa hai| athavA utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya ke bheda se tIna bheda rUpa hai / cAra gatiyoM meM paribhramaNa karane kI apekSA se isake cAra bheda haiM / praudayika Adi pAMca pradhAna guNoM se yukta hone ke kAraNa isake pAMca bheda haiN| bhavAntara meM saMkramaNa ke samaya pUrva, pazcima, uttara, dakSiNa, Upara aura nIce-isa taraha chaH saMkramalakSaNa apakramoM se yukta hone kI apekSA se chaH prakAra kA hai / asti, nAsti ityAdi sAta bhaMgoM se yukta hone kI apekSA se sAta prakAra kA hai| jJAnAvaraNAdi ATha prakAra ke karmoM ke Asrava se yukta hone kI apekSA se ATha prakAra kA hai| athavA jJAnAvaraNAdi ATha karmoM tathA ATha guNoM kA Azraya hone kI apekSA se ATha prakAra kA hai| jIvAdi nau padArthoM ko viSaya karane vAlA athavA jIvAdi nau prakAra ke padArtha-rUpa pariNamana karane vAlA hone kI apekSA se nau prakAra kA hai| pRthvIkAyika, jalakAyika, agnikAyika, bAyukA yika, pratyeka vanaspatikAyika, sAdhAraNa-vanaspatikAyika, dvIndriya-jAti, trIndriya 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAG maya 595 jAti, caturindriya-jAti aura paMcendriya-jAti ke bheda se daza sthAnagata hone kI apekSA se daza prakAra kA kahA gayA hai / / 72-73 / / samavAya nAma kA aMga eka lAkha cauMsaTha hajAra padoM ke dvArA sampUrNa padArthoM ke samavAya kA varNana karatA hai arthAt sAdRzya - sAmAnya se dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se jIvAdi padArthoM kA jJAna karAtA hai / vaha samavAya cAra prakAra kA hai - dravya - samavAya, kSetra - samavAya, kAla - samavAya aura bhAva- samavAya / unameM se dravya - samavAya kI apekSA se dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, lokAkAza aura eka jIva ke pradeza samAna haiM / kSetra - samavAya kI apekSA se prathama naraka ke prathama paTala kA sImantaka nAmaka indraka bila, DhAI dvIpa pramANa manuSya kSetra, prathama svarga ke prathama paTala kA Rju nAmaka induka vimAna aura siddha kSetra samAna haiM / kAla kI apekSA se eka samaya eka samaya ke barAbara hai aura eka muhUrta eka muhUrta ke barAbara hai / bhAtra kI apekSA se kevala - jJAna kevala darzana ke samAna jJeya-pramANa hai, kyoMki jJAna- pramANa hI cetanA - zakti kI upalabdhi hotI hai / vyAkhyA prajJapti nAma kA aMga do lAkha aTThAIsa hajAra padoM dvArA -- kyA jIva hai ? kyA jIva nahIM hai ? ityAdika rUpa se sATha hajAra praznoM kA vyAkhyAna karatA hai / nAthadharmakathA athavA jJAtRdharmakathA nAma kA aMga pAMca lAkha chappana hajAra padoM dvArA sUtra pauruSI arthAt siddhAntokta vidhi se svAdhyAya kI prasthApanA ho- etadarthaM tIrthaMkaroM kI dharma dezanA kA, sandeha - prApta gaNadharadeva ke sandeha dUra karane kI vidhi kA tathA aneka prakAra kI kathAoM va upakathAoM kA varNana karatA hai / upAsakAdhyayana nAmaka aMga gyAraha lAkha sattara hajAra padoM ke dvArA darzanika, vratika, sAmAyikI, proSadhopavAsI, sacittavirata, rAtribhuktivirata, brahmacArI, Arambha - virata, parigraha - virata, anumati - virata aura uddiSTa - virata -- ina gyAraha prakAra ke zrAvakoM ke lakSaNa, unake vrata dhAraNa karane kI vidhi aura unake AcararaNa kA varNana karatA hai / antakRddazA nAmaka aMga tebIsa lAkha aTThAIsa hajAra padoM ke dvArA eka-eka tIrthaMkara ke tIrtha meM nAnA prakAra ke dAruNa upasargoM ko sahana kara aura prAtihArya arthAt atizayavizeSa prApta kara nirdhAraNa ko prApta hue daza daza antakRt kevaliyoM kA varNana karatA hai / tatvArtha bhASya meM bhI kahA hai : "jinhoMne saMsAra kA anta kiyA, unheM antakRt kevalI kahate haiM / varddhamAna tIrthaMkara ke tIrtha meM nami, mataMga, somila, rAmaputra, sudarzana, yamalIka, balIka, kiSkivila, pAlamba, aSTaputra - ye daza antakRt kevalI hue haiN| isI prakAra 2010_05

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596 ] bhAgama aura fafeka : eka anuzIlana [ / RSabhadeva Adi tebIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke tIrtha meM dUsare daza-daza anagAra dAruNa upasargoM ko jItakara sampUrNa karmoM ke kSaya se antakRt kevalI hue| ina sabakI dazA kA jinameM varNana kiyA jAtA hai, use antakRddazA nAmaka aMga kahate haiN|" anuttaropapAvikadazA nAmaka aMga bAnave lAkha cavAlIsa hajAra padoM dvArA eka-eka tIrya meM nAnA prakAra ke dAruNa upasargoM ko sahakara aura prAtihArya arthAt atizaya-vizeSa prApta kara anuttara-vimAnoM meM gaye hue daza-daza anuttaraupapAdikoM kA varNana karatA hai / tatvArtha-bhASya meM bhI kahA hai : "upapAda-janma hI jinakA prayojana hai, unheM praupapAdika kahate haiM / vijaya, vaijayanta, jayanta, aparAjita aura sarvArtha siddhi--ye pAMca anuttara-vimAna haiM, jo anuttaroM meM upapAda-janma meM utpanna hote haiM, unheM anuttaropapAdika kahate haiM / RSidAsa, dhanya, sunakSatra, kArtikeya, Ananda, nandana, zAlibhadra, abhaya, bAriSeNa aura cilAtaputra-ye daza anutarIdapAdika varddhamAna tIrthakara ke tIrtha meM hue haiN| isI taraha RSabhadeva Adi tebIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke tIrtha meM anya daza-daza mahAn sAdhu dAruNa upasargoM ko jItakara vijayAdika pAMca anuttaroM meM utpanna hue| isa taraha anuttaroM meM utpanna hone vAle daza sAdhuoM kA jisameM varNana kiyA jAya, use anuttaropapAvikadazA nAmaka aMga kahA jAtA hai| prazna-jyAkaraNa nAmaka aMga tirAnave lAkha solaha hajAra padoM dvArA AkSepaNI, vikSepaNI, saMvedanI aura nivedanI-ina caturvidha kathAoM tathA (bhUta, bhaviSya va vartamAna kAla saMbaMdhI dhana, dhAnya, lAbha, alAbha, jIvita, maraNa, jaya evaM parAjaya sambandhI praznoM ke pUchane para, unake) upAya kA varNana karatA hai| jo nAnA prakAra kI ekAnta dRSTiyoM ke tathA dUsare samayoM kI nirAkaraNa pUrvaka zuddhi kara chaH dravyoM tathA nava padArthoM kA prarUpaNa karatI hai, vaha AkSepaNI kathA kahI jAtI hai| jisameM pahale para-samaya ke dvArA sva-samaya meM doSa batalAye jAte haiM, tadanantara para samaya kI AdhArabhUta aneka ekAnta dRSTiyoM kA zodhana kara sva-samaya kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai tathA chaH dravyoM va nava padArthoM kA prarUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai, use vikSepaNI kathA kahate haiM / puNya ke phala kA varNana karane vAlI kathA ko saMvedanI kathA kahA jAtA hai| zaMkA-puNya ke phala kauna se haiM ? samAdhAna-tIrthaMkara, gaNadhara, RSi, cakravatI, baladeva, vAsudeva, deva aura vidyAdharoM kI khiyAM puNya ke phala haiM / 2010_05

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mAmA aura sAhitya] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA bAramaya pApa ke phala kA varNana karane vAlI kathA ko nivedanI kathA kahate haiN| zaMkA-pApa ke phala kauna se haiM ? samAdhAna-naraka, tithaMca tathA kumAnuSa kI yoniyoM meM janma, jarA, maraNa, dhyAdhi, vedanA evaM dAridrana Adi prApta honA pApa ke phala haiN| athavA saMsAra, zarIra tathA bhogoM meM vairAgya utpanna karane vAlI kathA nivedanI kathA kahI jAtI hai / kahA bhI hai : tatvoM kA nirUpaNa karane vAlI prAkSepaNI kathA hai / yathArtha tatva se bhinna dizA ko prApta huI dRSTiyoM kA zodhana kara arthAt para-samaya kI aikAntika dRSTiyoM kA zodhana kara sva-samaya kI sthApanA karane vAlI vikSepaNI kathA hai| vistAra se tharma kA phala-varNana karane vAlI saMveginI kathA hai| vairAgya utpanna karane vAlI niveginI kathA hai| ina kathAoM kA pratipAdana karate samaya, jo jina-vacana ko nahIM jAnatA-jisakA jina-vacana meM praveza nahIM hai, aise puruSa ko vikSepaNI kathA kA upadeza nahIM karanA cAhie; kyoMki jisane sva-samaya ke rahasya ko nahIM jAnA hai, para-samaya kA pratipAdana karane vAlI kathAnoM ke sunane se vyAkula-citta hokara vaha kahIM mithyAtva svIkAra na kara le-etadartha svasamaya kA rahasya nahIM jAnane vAle puruSa ko vikSepaNI kathA upadeza na dekara zeSa tIna kathAnoM kA upadeza denA cAhie / utta tIna kathAnoM dvArA jisane sva-samaya ko bhalI-bhAMti samajha liyA hai, jo puNya aura pApa ke svarUpa ko jAnatA hai, jina-zAsana meM jisakI asthi aura majjA taka anurakta hai, jina-vandana meM jisake kisI prakAra kI vicikatsA-zaMkAsandeha nahIM hai jo bhogAnurakti se virakta hai, jo tapa, zIla evaM niyamoM se yukta hai, isa prakAra ke puruSa ko vikSepaNI kathA kA upadeza karanA cAhie / yo prarUpaNA karane vAle ke lie aura prajJApita hone vAle ke lie yaha akathA kathA ho jAtI hai / ataH puruSa ko dekha kara hI zramaNa ko kathA kA upadeza karanA caahie| yaha prazna-vyAkaraNa nAmaka aMga praznAnurUpa hata, naSTa, muSTi, cintA, lAbha, alAbha, sukha, duHkha, jIvita, maraNa, jaya, parAjaya, nAma, dravya, Ayu tathA saMkhyA kA bhI prarUpaNa karatA hai| vipAka sUtra nAmaka aMga eka karor3a caurAsI lAkha padoM ke dvArA puNya tathA pApa-rUpa karmoM ke phaloM kA varNana karatA hai| gyAraha aMgoM ke kula padoM kI jor3a cAra karor3a pandraha 2010_05

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/ / 2 598] Agama aura vipiTaka : eka anuzIlana lAkha do hajAra pada hai|"1 1. aMgapaviTThassa atyAdhiyAro bArasa biho| taMjahA-AyAro, sUvapadaM, ThANaM, samavAyo, viyAhapapNattI, NAhadhammakahA, uvAsayajjhayaNaM, aMtayaudasA, anusarovavAdiyadasA, paNhAvAparaNaM, vivAgasutta, diTTivAdo cedi / esthAyAraMga maTThAraha-pada-sahasse hi 18000 kadhaM care kadhaM ciTTha kadhabhAse kadhaM se| kadhaM bhujejja bhAsejja kadhaM pAvaM NA bajjhaI // 70 // jadaM care jadaM ciDhe jadabhAse jadaM se| jadaM bhujejja bhAsejja evaM pAvaM Na bajmaI // 71 // evamAdiyaM muNoNayAyAraM vaNNedi / sudayadaM NAma aMga chattIsa-pada 000 jANaviNaya-paNNAvaNA-kappAkappa. cchedo-vaTThAvaNa-vavahAradhammakiriyAo paravei sasamaya-parasamaya-sarUvaM ca phvei| ThANa NAma aMgaM bAyAlIsa-pada-sahassehiM 42000 egAdi-eguttara-TThANANi varagedi / tassodAharaNaM ekko ceva mahappo so duviyappo tilakkhaNo bhaNio / cadu-saMkamaNA-jutto paMcagga-guNa-ppahANo ya // 72 // chakkAvakkama-jutto kamaso so stt-bhNgi-sbmaavo| aTThAsavo NavaTTho jIvo dasa-ThANiyo bhaNiyo // 73 // samavAyo NAma aMgaM causaTTi-saharasabhahiya-ega-lavakha-padehi 164000 rUbvapayatthANaM samavAyaM vaNraNedi / so vi samabAyo cau'vyaho, dava-khetta-kAla-bhAva samavAyo cedi / tattha davva-samavAyo dhammatthiya-adhammatthiya-logAgAsa-egajIvapadesA ca smaa| khettado sImaMtaNiraya-mANusakhetta-uDuvimANa-siddhikhettaM ca smaa| kAlado samayo samaeNa muhutto muhutte Na smo| bhAvado kevalaNANaM kevaladaMsapeNa samaM peyappamANaM nnaannmettceynnov-lNbhaado| ___ viyAhapaNNattI NAma aMgaM dohi lakkhehi aTThAvIsa-sahassehi padehi 228000 kimathi jIvo, ki patthi jIvo, iccevamAiyAI sahi-vAyaraNa-sahassANi parUvedi / NAhadhammakahA NAma aMgaM paMca-lakkha-chappaNNa-sahassa padehi 556000 suttaporisIsu titthayarANaM dhammadesaNaM gaNaharadevassa jAda-saMsayassa saMdeha-chidaNa-vihANaM, bahuvihakahAo uvakahAo ca vaNNedi / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasemI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [599 sattvArtha sUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi vRtti meM prAcArya pUjyapAda ne bhI aga-bAhya tathA aMga uvAsayajjhayaNaM NAma aMga ekkArasa-lakkha-sasari-sahassa-padehi 117000 / vaMsaNa-bada-sAmAiya-posaha-saccitta-rAhabhatte ya / bamhAraMbha-pariggaha-aNumaNa-uddiTTa-desaviradI ya // 74 / / idi ekkArasaviha-uvAsagANaM lakkhaNaM tesiM ceva vadarovaNavihANaM tesimAcaraNa ca vmnnevi| aMtayaDadasA NAma aMgaM tebIsa-lakkha-aTThAbIsa-sahassapadehi 2328000 ekkekkamhi ya titthe dAraNe bahuvihovasagge sahiUNa pADiheraM laLUNa NivvANaM gade basa dasa vaSNedi / uktaM ca tattvArtha bhASye saMsArasyAntaH kRto yaiste'ntakRtaH namimataGga-somila-rAmaputra-sudarzana-yamalokavalIka-kiSkivila-pAlambASTapuvA iti ete daza varddhamAna-tIrthakara-tIrthe / evamRSabhAdonAM yoviMzatestIrtheSvanye'nye, evaM daza dazAnagArA dAruNAnupasargAgnijitya kRtsnakarmasayAdantakRto dazAsyAM varNyanta iti antakRddazA |annuttrovvaadiydsaa NAma aMgaM vANaudi-lakkha-copAla-sahassa padehi 9244000 eko kamhi ya titthe dAruNe bahuvihovasagge sahiUNa pADiheraM laddha Na aguttara-vimANaM gade dasa dasa vaNNevi / uktaMca tattvArtha bhASye upapAdo janma prayojanameSAM ta ime aupapAdikAH, vijaya-vaijayanta-jayantAparAjitasarvArthasiddhAkhyAni paMcAnuttarANi / anuttareSvaupapAdikA anuttaraupapAdikAH, RSidAsadhanya-sunakSatra-kArtikeyAnanda-nandana-zAlibhadrAbhaya-vAriSeNa-cilAtaputrA ityete daza barddhamAnatIrthakaratIrthe / evamRSabhAvInAM trayoviMzatestIrtheSvanye'nye evaM daza dazAnagArA vAruNAnupasargAnijitya vijayAdyanuttaredhUtpannA ityevamanuttaraupapAdikA dazAsyAM varNyanta ityunuttroppaadikdshaa| paNhAvAyaraNaM NAma aMgaM teNaudi-lakkha-solaha-sahassa padehi 9316000 akkhevaNI NikkhevaNI saMveyaNI NivveyaNI cedi cauvihAo kahAo vaNNedi / tattha akkhevaNI NAma cha-dRzya-Nava-payatthANaM sarUvaM digaMtara-samayAMtara-NirAkaraNaM suddhi kareMtI parUvedi / vikkhevaNI NAma para-samaeNa sa-samayaM dUsaMtI pacchA digaMtara-suddhi kareMtI parUvedi / vizkhevaNI NAma para-samaeNa sa-samayaM dUsaMtI pacchA digaMtara-suddhi kareMtI parUvedi / sa-samayaM thAvato cha-dRzva-Nava-payatthe paruvedi / saMveyaNI NAma puNNa-phala-saMkahA / kANi 2010_05

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69.1 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana praviSTa kI carcA kI hai| puNa-phalANi ? titthayara-gaNahara-risi ckkvtttti-bldev-vaasudev-sur-vijjaahrriddhiio| NiveyaNI NAma pAda-phala-saMkahA / kANi pAva-phalANi ? Niraya-tiriya-kumANusajoNIsu jAi-jarA-maraNa-vAhi-veTa NA-drAli hAdINi / saMsAra sarIra-bhogesu veragupAiNI NiveyaNI NAma / ukta ca mAkSepaNI tattvavidhAnabhUtAM, vikSepaNI tattvavigantazuddhim / saMveginoM dharmaphalaprapaMcAM niginI cAha kA virAgAm // 75 // etya vikkhevaNI NAma kahA jiNavayaNa-mayANaMtassa Na kaheyavvA / agahiva-sasamaya-sambhAvo para-samaya-saMkahAhi vAulida-citto mA micchattaM gacchejja tti teNa tassa vikkhevaNIM mottaNa sesAo tiNNi vi kahAo kheyvvaao| tado gahidasamayassa uvaladdhapuNNapAvassa jiNa-sAsaNe aDhi-majjANurattassa jiNa-vayaNa-Nivvidigicchassa bhoga-rai-viradassa tava-sIla-Niyama-juttassa pacchA vivakhevaNI kahA kaheyavvA / esA akahA vi paNNavayaMtassa parUvayaMtassa tadA kahA hodi / tamhA purisaMtaraM pappa samaraNa kahA kaheyavvA / paNhAdo hada-gaDha-muTThi-cintA-lAhAlAha-suha-dukkha-jIviya-maraNa-jayaparAjaya-NAma-vavvAyusaMkhaM ca parUvedi / vivAgasutta NAma aMgaM ega-koDi-caurAsIdi-lakkha-padehi 18400000 puNNa: pAva-kammANaM vivAyaM vayedi / ekkArasaMgANaM savva-pada-samAso cattAri koDIo paNNAraha-laSakhA-be-sahassaM ca 41502000 / -SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 99-107 1. ....... dvimevamanekabhevaM dvAdazabhedamiti / dvibhedaM tAvat-aGgabAhyamaGgapraviSTamiti / aGgabAhyamanekavighaM vazavakAlikottarAdhyayanAdi / aGgapraviSTaM dvAdazavidham / tadyathA1. AcAraH, 2. sUtrakRtam, 3. sthAnam, 4. samavAyaH, 5. vyAkhyAprajJaptiH, 6. jJAtRdharmakathA, 7. upAsakAdhyayanam, 8. antakRzam, 9. anuttaraupapAdikadazam, 10. prazna vyAkaraNam, 11. vipAkasUtram, 12. dRSTivAda iti / -sattvAcaM sUtra sarvArthasiddhi vRtti 2010_05

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/ 601 bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGmaya 's-pththaan ai anushaah baabsthaa aMga-pagNatti meM aMga-granthoM kI pada - saMkhyAoM ke sAtha-sAtha zloka-saMkhyAeM evaM prakSara-saMkhyAe bhI nirdiSTa kI gaI haiM, jinakA vijJa tathA anusandhitsu pAThakoM kI jAnakArI ke lie yahAM ullekha kiyA jA rahA hai : 1, AcAra : pada-saMkhyA 18000 zloka-saMkhyA 91959231187000 akSara saMkhyA 299269541984000 pada-paMkhyA 36000 2. sUtrakRta : zloka-saMkhyA 18391846374000 akSara-saMkhyA 588539083968000 3. sthAna : pada-saMkhyA 42000 zloka-saMkhyA 21457154103000 akSara-saMkhyA 686628931296000 pada-saMkhyA 164000 4. samavAya: zloka-saMkhyA 83785077926000 akSara-saMkhyA 2681122493632000 vyAkhyA-prajJapti : pada-saMkhyA 228000 zloka-saMkhyA 116481693702000 akSara-saMkhyA 3727414198464000 6. jJAtRdharmakathA : pada-saMkhyA 556000 zloka-saMkhyA 284051849554000 akSara-saMkhyA 989659185728000 7. upAsakAdhyayana : pada-saMkhyA 1170000 zloka-saMkhyA 597735007155000 akSara-saMkhyA 19127520228960000 1. isake lekhaka AcArya zubhacandra haiM, jo prakANDa vidvAna the / digambara-paramparA meM unakI vividha-vidyA (vyAkaraNa, nyAya evaM paramAgama)-dhara tathA SaT-bhASA-kavi-cakravartI ke / nAma se khyAti hai / aMga-paNNatti meM dvAdaza aMgoM tathA caturdaza pUrvo kA varNana hai| ____ 2010_05.

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602 ] 8. antakRdRzA : 9. anuttaraupapAdikadazA : pada saMkhyA 9244000 10. prazna vyAkaghaNa : 11. vipAka sUtra : 12. dRSTivAda : Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana pada saMkhyA 2328000 zloka saMkhyA 1189339398852000 akSara saMkhyA 38058860763234000 " zloka saMkhyA 472261744146000 akSara-saMkhyA 15112375811667000 pada saMkhyA 9316000 zloka saMkhyA 4751401133894000 akSara-saMkhyA 152300836284608000 pada saMkhyA 18400000 zloka - saMkhyA 9400277035600000 akSara saMkhyA 300808865139200000 sArAMza aga - praviSTa tathA aMga bAhya granthoM ke nAma, uparyukta vivecana Adi se yaha asaMdigdha rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai ki digambara evaM zvetAmbara - donoM paramparAnoM dvArA svIkRta vAG maya meM kAphI naikaTaya va sAdRzya rahA hai| donoM vAG maya dhArAoM ke udgama srota kA aikya bhI isase siddha hotA hai / 2010_05 pada saMkhyA 1086856005 zloka saMkhyA 555258018739427107 akSara saMkhyA 17768256599661661667440 udAharaNArtha eka prasaMga upasthita kiyA jAtA hai / dhavalA TIkAkAra AcArya vIrasena ne AcArAMga ke viSaya evaM kalevara kA varNana karate hue muni AcAra se sambaddha jo nimnAMkita, do gAthAeM uddhRta kI haiM : kathaM care kathaM ciTThe, kadhamAse kadhaM sae / kathaM bhujejja bhAsejja, kadhaM pAvaM Na bajjhaI // 70 // jadaM care jadaM ciTThe, jadamAse jadaM sae / jadaM bhujejja bhAsejja, evaM pAvaM Na bajjhaI // 71 // " [ khaNDa 2 1. SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1. pustaka 1, pR0 99

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [603 lagabhaga isI prakAra kI zabdAvali meM isI bhAva kA nirUpaNa karate hue vazavakAlika meM kahA gayA hai : "kahaM care kahaM ciTTha, kahamAse kahaM sae / kahaM bhUJjanto bhAsantI, pAvaM kammaM na baMdhaI // jaya care jayaM ciTTha, jayamAse jayaM sai| jayaM bhuJjanto bhAsanto, pAvaM kammaM na baMdhaI // " digambara-paramparA-sammata AcArAMga kI bhASA jaina zaurasenI hai tathA zvetAmbara-sammata dazavakAlika kI bhASA arddhmaagdhii| uddhata gAthAnoM meM kevala itanA-sA bhASAtmaka isI prakAra digambara paramparA ke uttaravartI sAhitya bhagavatI-ArAdhanA, mUlAcAra Adi granthoM ke varNya viSaya tathA vahAM prayukta gAthAeM vRhatkalpa-bhASya, Avazyaka niyukti, piNDa-niyukti, maraNa-samAdhi, bhakta-parijJA, saMstAraka prAdi zvetAmbara-sAhitya se aneka sthaloM para milatI hai| SaTkhaNDAgama : mahatva dvAdazAMga vAGamaya ke saMbaMdha meM digambara-cintana-dhArA ko prastuta karane ke anantara aba hama usa mahatvapUrNa grantha kI carcA karane jA rahe haiM, jo SaTkhaNDAgama ke nAma se vizruta hai, digambara-paramparA meM, jise dvAdazAMga zruta se sIdhA sambaddha mAnA jAtA hai / isakI racanA zaurasenI prAkRta meM sUtrAtmaka zailI meM huI hai| samagra digambara-sampradAya meM SaTkhaNDAgama ke prati asIma zraddhA, aparimita Adara evaM pUjA kA bhAva rahA hai| jaina-tatva-jJAna se sambaddha karmavAda prabhRti viSayoM ke gambhIra tAsvika vivecana kI dRSTi se bhI isa grantha kA asAdhAraNa mahatva hai| gl ii naam mUla sUtroM meM to grantha kA koI nAma diyA huA pratIta nahIM hotaa| para, isake TIkAkAra prAcArya vIrasena ne dhavalA TIkA meM ise khaNDa siddhAnta ke nAma se saMzita kiyA hai| - 1. dazavakAlika, 4.7-8 2. tavo evaM khaMDa-siddhataM paDucca bhUdabali-pupphayaMtAiriyA vi kattAro uccati / -SadakhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 51 ____ 2010_05

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604 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzolana unhoMne vahAM isake chaH khaNDoM kI carcA kI hai / isa prakAra prAcArya vIrasena dvArA yaha grantha SaT khaNDa siddhAnta ke rUpa meM abhihita huA hai / Age calakara SaT khaNDa siddhAnta ke sthAna para yaha Agama, paramAgama tathA SaTkhaNDAgama ke nAma se vizeSa rUpa se vizu ta huaa| apabhrazaM ke mahAm kavi, mahApurANa ke racayitA puSpadanta ne ise Agama siddhAnta' kahA hai / gommaTasAra kI TIkA meM ise paramAgama kahA gayA hai| indranandi ne zru tAvatAra meM isakI SaTkhaNDAgama ke nAma se carcA kI hai / Agama zabda eka vizeSa prAzaya lie hue hai, usakA AdhAra prApta-vAkyatA hai / yukti aura tarka kA sthAna vahAM gauNa hai / sarvathA yuktiyukta aura pramANa-sammata tathya ko siddhAnta kahA jA sakatA, Agama nahIM, yadi usakA srota prAptavAkyatA nahIM hai / jaina paramparA meM prAgama-koTi meM ve hI grantha pAte haiM, jinakA sIdhA sambandha sarvajJa-bhASita se hotA hai, dUsare zabdoM meM sarvajJa-vANI jinakA udgama-srota hai / isa dRSTi se digambara-vizvAsa ke anusAra isa grantha ke 'Agama' abhidhAna kI niHsandeha sArthakatA hai| eka avismaraNIya ghaTanA __ bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANa hue chaH zatAbdiyoM se adhika samaya vyatIta ho cukA thaa| digambara-paramparA ke anusAra prAgama-viccheda kA kAla lagabhaga Ane vAlA thA / adhikAMza 1. idaM puNa jIvaTThANaM khaMDa-siddhataM paDucca puvANuputhvIe dvidaM chaNhaM khaMDANaM paDhamakhaMDaM jiivtthtthaannmidi| -SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 74 2. Na u bujjhiu Ayamu maddadhAm / siddhatu dhavalu jayadhavalu NAmu // --mahApurANa 1.9.8 3. evaM vizatisaMkhyA guNasthAnAdayaH prarUpaNA bhagavadarhadgaNadharaziSyapraziSyAdigurupUrvAgatayA paripATyA anukrameNa bhaNitAH paramAgame pUrvAcArya: prtipaaditaaH| -gommaTasAra, jIva kANDa, TIkA 21 4. SakhaMDAgamaracanAbhiprAyaH puSpadantaguroH / -zru tAvatAra 137 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAG maya 605 Agama-zrata vicchinna ho cukA thA / bahuta kama avaziSTa raha pAyA thA / usa samaya AcArya dharasena usake saMvAhaka the / nandi - saMgha kI prAkRta- paTTAvalI meM prAcArya dharasena ko AcArAMga kA pUrNa jJAtA kahA gayA hai / dhavalAkAra ne unheM pragoM tathA pUrvI ke eka deza kA jJAtA kahA " hai / jaisA bhI rahA ho, vastutaH ve eka viziSTa jJAnI AcArya the, sAtha-hI-sAtha viziSTa sAdhaka bhI / ve saurASTra ke antargata girinagara kI candra nAmaka guphA meM viziSTa dhyAna-sAdhanA meM saMlagna the / unhoMne socA - jo viziSTa zruta unheM prApta hai, vaha kahIM unake bAda lupta na ho jAye, yogya evaM adhikArI pAtra ko diyA jAnA caahie| unhoMne mahimAnagarI ke muni- sammelana (saMbhavata: taba vahAM koI vaisA sammelana cala rahA ho ) ko patra preSita kiyA tathA apanI bhAvanA una taka phuNcaaii| isa prasaMga kA ullekha dhavalA - TIkAkAra AcArya vIrasena ne nimnAMkita rUpa meM kiyA : " grantha arthAt avaziSTa zra uta-jJAna, jo unheM svAyatta hai, kA kahIM uccheda na ho jAye, yaha socakara AcArya dharasena ne jo saurASTra deza meM girinagara nAmaka zahara kI candra guphA meM sthita the, jo aSTAMga mahAnimitta ke pAragAmI the, arhat pravacana ke prati jinakA vAtsalya thA, mahimAnagarI meM sammilita dakSiNApatha ke AcAryoM ke pAsa lekha bhejA / AcArya dharasena dvArA lekha meM abhivyakta vacana ko vyavadhArita kara unhoMne do sthita veNA nadI ke taTa se girinagara kI ora ravAnA kiyA, jo (ve do sAdhu) zruta ke grahaNa-dhAraNa meM sakSama the, ujjavala - nirmala vinayAcAra se vibhUSita the, zIla rUpI mAlA dhAraNa kiye hue the, jinake lie guru kA nirdeza bhojanavat tRptiprada thA, jo deza, kula evaM jAti se zuddha the, samagra kalAoM ke pAragAmI the, apane AcArya se tIna bAra pUchakara sAdhuoM ko Andhra 1. paMcasaye paNaseThe aMtima jiNa-samaya- jAdesu / uppaNA paMca jaNA iyaMgadhArI muNeyavvA / / 15 / / ahivalli mAghanaMdi ya dharaseNaM puNyayaMta bhUdabalI / uDavIi igavIsaM ugaNIsaM tIsa vIsa vAsa puNo // 16 // 2. tado savvesimaMgapuvvANamegadeso Airiya-paraMparAe AgacchamANo gharaseNAiriyaM saMpatto / - SaTkhaNDAgama khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR067 3. jise Ajakala giranAra kahA jAtA hai / 2010_05

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606 / Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa:2 AjJA lene vAle the|"1 __ Age AcArya dharasena kI zrutonmukhI zubhAzaMsA, vidyArthI muniyoM kI pAtratA kI parIkSA, muniyoM dvArA apane yogyatva kA samApana, zru tAdhyayana kA zubhAraMbha Adi ke sambandha meM dhavalAkAra ne jo ullekha kiyA hai, vaha vastutaH paThanIya hai; ataH use yahAM upasthita kiyA jA rahA hai / AcArtha dharasena kA svapna dhavalA ke anusAra-mahimAnagarI se ravAnA hue donoM muni calate-calate pahuMcane vAle the| idhara AcArya dharasena ne rAta ke antima pahara meM eka svapna dekhA--kunda, candra tathA zaMka jaise ujjvala varNa vAle, sabhI zubha lakSaNoM se yukta do vRSabha Ate haiM, ve tIna bAra unakI (prAcArya dharasena kI) pradakSiNA karate haiM aura atyanta namratApUrvaka unake caraNoM meM par3a jAte haiN| yaha svapna dekha AcArya dharasena parituSTa hue tathA sahasA unake muMha se nikala par3Azruta devatA kI jaya ho / usI dina ve donoM vidyArthI-muni AcArya dharasena kI sevA meM phuNce| unhoMne prAcArya kI caraNa-vandanA Adi kRti-karma kiye / do dina susatAye / tIsare dina vinayapUrvaka prAcArya dharasena se nivedana kiyA-isa (zrutAdhyayana) ke kArya (uddezya) se hama Apake zrIcaraNoM meM upasthita hue haiN| prAcArya dharasena bole-yaha suSTha hai, bhadra (kalyANakArI) hai aura unhoMne samAgata muniyoM ko AzvAsana diyaa|" 1. teNa vi soraTTha visayagiriNayarapaTTaNacaMvaguhAThieNa aTuMgamahAnimittapArasaNa ganthavocchevo hohavitti jAvabhaeNa pavayaNa-vacchaleNa dakSiNAvahAiriyANaM mahimAe miliyANaM leho pesido| leha-TThiya-dharaseNa-vayaNamavadhAriya tehi vi Airiehi ve sAhU gahaNadhAraNasamatthA dhavalAmalabahuviha-viNayavihUsiyaMgA solamAlAharA gulyesaNA-saNatittA desakulajAisuddhA sayalakalApArayA tikluttA bucchiyAiriyA aMdhavisayaveNNayaDAdo pesivA / -SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 67 2. tesu AgacchamANesu rayaNIe pacchime bhAe kuTu-saMkha-vaNNA savvalakkhaNasaMpugNA appaNo kaya-hippayAhiNA pAesu NisuThiya-padiyaMgA ve basahA sumiNaMtareNa dharaseNa-maDAraeNa vitttthaa| evaMviha sumiNaM baDha Na tu?Na dharaseNAirieNa 'jayau suya-devadA' tti saMlaviyaM / taddiyase ceya te do vijaNA saMpattA dharaseNAriyaM / tado dharaseNamayavado kidiyammaM kAUNa poNi divase bolAviya tariya-divase viNaeNa dharaseNa-bhaDArao tehiM viNNatto-'apeNa 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] AcArya kA cintana AcArya gharasena ne zubha svapna dekhA / agale hI dina usakI phala - prasUti bhI dekhI / AcArya ke sAmane prazna thA - ve apanI durlabha vidyA samAgata muniyoM ko pradAna kareM yA nahIM / unakA vizvAsa thA - - savidyA satpAtra meM hI sannihita kI jAnI cAhie / asat pAtra meM nihita uttama vidyA bhI kabhI sukhAvaha nahIM ho sakatI / prAcArya ke antaHkaraNa meM vicAro lana hone lagA zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAG maya " jo zikSayitA guru mohavaza parvata ke megha, phUTe hue ghaTa, sAMpa, cAlanI, bhaiMse, meMDhe, joM, zuka, miTTI tathA macchara ke sadRza zrotAoM ke Age zruta kA vyAkhyAna karatA hai-- aisoM ko zruta kA zikSaNa detA hai, vaha garva se pratibaddha, viSaya- lolupatA ke viSa se mUcchita ho bhaTakatA huA, bodhi - ratnatraya (jJAna, darzana, cAritra) ke lAbha se bhraSTa hokara cirakAla taka bhava-kAntAra meM paribhramaNa karatA rahatA hai| isa vacana kA Acolana karate hue AcArya ke mana meM zrAyA ki svacchanda vyaktiyoM ko vidyA denA bhava- bhramaNa evaM bhIti bar3hAne vAlA hai / yadyapi AcArya dharasena ne zubha svapna dvArA samAgata munidvaya kA hArda samajha liyA thA, phira bhI unhoMne unakI parIkSA karanA prAvazyaka samajhA / ve jAnate the, suSThurIti se kI huI parIkSA hRdaya meM paritoSa utpanna karatI hai / 1 [ 60d kajjeNamhA vo vi jaNA tumhaM pAdamUlamuva gayA' ti / 'saTTu bhadda" tti bhaNiUNa dharaseNabhaDAraeNa vo vi AsAsidA / 1. sela - ghaNa - bhagga - ghaDa - ahi cAlaNi mahisA -'-vi- jAhaya - suehi / maTTiya-masaya- samANaM -SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 67-68 2010_05 vakkhANai jo sudaM mohA // 62 // visayAmisa-visa baseNa ghumto | dhava- gArava - paDibaddho so maTTa-bohi- lAho bhramai ciraM bhava-vaNe mUDho // 63 // iti vayaNAvo jahAchaMbAINaM vijjAdANaM saMsAra bhayabaddhagAmidi citiUNa suha-sumiNadaMsaNeNeva avagaya- purisatareNa dharaseNa-bhayavadA puNaravi tANaM parikkhA kAumADhattA'suparikkhA hiyaya-nimvui kareti' / -SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 68-70

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j 608 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana i parIkSA : saphalatA AcArya dharasena ne uparyukta rUpa meM nizcaya kara zrutArthI muniyoM kI isa prakAra parIkSA kI -- "unhoMne unako do vidyAeM diiN| unameM eka adhikAkSarA thI, dUsarI hInAkSarA / unhoMne muniyoM se kahA- SaSTha-bhakta-upavAsa -- belA kara vidyAeM sAdheM / muniyoM ne vidyAnoM kI sAdhanA kI / vidyA kI adhiSThAtrI deviyAM unake samakSa prakaTa huiiN| unameM eka devI ke dAnta muMha se bAhara nikale hue the aura dUsarI eka AMkha se kAnI thii| muni vicArane lagedevatAoM meM aisA kaise ? unameM to vikalAMgatA nahIM hotI / donoM muni maMtra - vizleSaNa - zAstra meM pravIraNa the / ata: unhoMne hInAkSarA vidyA ke maMtroM se apekSita akSara milAkara tathA adhikAkSarA vidyA ke maMtroM meM se anapekSita adhika akSara haTAkara unakI punaH sAdhanA kI / sAdhanA phalita huii| donoM vidyAoM kI adhiSThAtrI deviyAM apane svAbhAvika saubhya rUpa meM unheM dikhAI dIM / muni AcArtha dharasena ke pAsa Aye, yathocita vinayapUrvaka vidyArAdhanA sambandhI vRttAnta unheM nivedita kiyA / AcArya bahuta parituSTa hue aura unheM zubha tithi, zubha nakSatra tathA zubha vAra meM grantha zAstra par3hAnA Arambha kiyA / 1 2010_05 khaNDa / 2 parituSTa guru dvArA vidyA-dAna uparyukta vivecana se yaha spaSTa hai ki AcAryaM dharasena ne vidyA graharaNa hetu samAgata sAdhuoM ko parIkSA meM saphala pAyA / unheM vizvAsa evaM paritoSa huA ki ve donoM suyogya pAtra evaM samartha adhikArI haiM / ve unheM sotsAha vidyA dene lage / vidyAdAtA kA hArdika anugraha tathA vidyA gRhItA kI tanmayatA, lagana evaM parizrama vidyA kI yathAvat prApti meM niHsandeha asAdhAraNa sahAyaka hote haiM / aisA hI huA / puSpadanta aura bhUtabali bar3I niSThA, bhakti tathA vinayapUrvaka vidyA grahaNa karane lage / prAcArya dharasena ne, jo viziSTa zruta unheM Ayatta thA, saharSa apane ziSyoM ko diyA / ziSya vidyA niSNAta ho gaye / -- 1. tado tANaM teNa vo vijjAo diNNAo / tattha eyA ahiyakkharA avarA vi hoNakkharA / edAo chaThThovavAseNa sAhehu ti / tado te siddhavijjA vijjAdevatAo pecchaMti, eyA uddaturiyA avareyA kANiyA / aiso devadANaM sahAvo Na hodi tti citiUNa maMtabvAyaraNa sastha - kusaleha hoNAhiya-kkharANaM chuhaNAva-NayaNa-vihANaM kAUNa paDhatehi vo vi devadAo sahAva- rUva-TThiyAo diTThAo / puNo tehi dharaseNa bhayavaMtassa jahAvittaNa vieNa Nivedive suSThu tu TuNa dharaseNa-bhaDAraeNa soma-tihi Nakkhatta-vAre gaMtho pArakho / -SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 70

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAka maya / 601 dhavalAkAra ne likhA hai, jisa dina vidyAdhyayana samApta huA, vaha ASAr3ha zuklA ekAdazI kA dina thA, pUrvAhna kA samaya thaa| snAtaka-ziSyoM ne socA, hama aba apane vidyAguru kA aura sAnnidhya pAyeMge, unakI sevA-zuzruSA kreNge| para, ghaTanA aura hI prakAra se ghaTI / AcArya dharasena ne unheM usI dina ravAnA kara diyA / indranandi ne apanI pustaka meM unheM dUsare dina ravAnA karane kA ullekha kiyA hai| khaira, ziSyoM ko yaha apane manonukUla to kaise lagatA, para jaisI bhI ho, guru kI AjJA kabhI lAMghanI nahIM cAhie, ve cala pdd'e| varSAvAsa kA samaya lagabhaga A hI cukA thaa| kyoMki ASAr3ha zuklA caturdazI se jainoM meM usakA prArambha mAnA jAtA hai / jaina muni varSAvAsa meM vihAra nahIM krte| ve kisI eka hI grAma yA nagara meM cAturmAsika pravAsa karate haiN| yahAM yaha prazna uThanA svAbhAvika hai ki prAcArya dharasena ne apane ziSyoM ko vidA karane meM itanI zIghratA kyoM kI, jaba ki muniyoM ke vihAra kA samaya lagabhaga samApta ho cukA thaa| ngdh Rnn prsthaan : bhaabnaath AcArya dharasena dvArA apane mantevAsiyoM ko itanA zIghra bihAra karA dene ke sandarbha meM aneka saMbhAvanAeM kI jA sakatI haiN| prAcArya dharasena ne jaba mahimAnagarI ke muni-sammelana ko lekha bhejA, taba sambhavataH usakA kAraNa unheM apane AyuSya kI alpatA jJAta huA ho| anyathA ve svayaM calAkara aisA kyoM karate / aba, jaba ve donoM ziSyoM ko apanI vidyA de cukate haiM to zAyada unakA AyuSya mRtyu ke bilkula nikaTa pahuMca gayA ho| unhoMne socA ho, inheM to jAnA hai hI, jina ziSyoM ko unhoMne itane anugraha aura vAtsalya se vidyA-dAna diyA hai, ve (ziSya) unheM apanI AMkhoM ke sAmane deha-tyAga karate dekha kitane duHkhI hoNge| yaha bhI ho sakatA hai| unheM lagA ho, yadi ziSya sAmane raheMge to syAt unake mana meM apane antima samaya meM apane priya, vinIta evaM AjJAkArI ziSyoM ke prati kucha mamatA kA bhAva utpanna ho jAye, jo unake udAtta evaM titikSu zramaNa-jIvana ke pratirUpa ho / 1. puNo kameNa vakkhANateNa AsADha-mAsa-sukka-pakkha-ekkArasIe pugvaNhe gaMtho samANivo / -SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR070 2. puNo tadivase ceva pesivA sNto| -SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR071 ____ 2010_05

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630 // mAgama aura vipiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa:3 eka sambhAvanA yaha bhI kI jA sakatI hai, ve eka dhyAna-yogI evaM tapasvI sAdhaka the / jaba unhoMne dekhA ki ziSyoM ko vidyA-dAna kara ve apanA uttaradAyitva pUrA kara cuke haiM to unheM lagA ho ki aba unheM punaH ekAnta sAdhanA meM juTa jAnA caahie| ataH eka dina bhI ve apane ziSyoM ko apane pAsa kyoM rkheN| yaha sambhAvanA kucha saMgata pratIta nahIM hotI; kyoMki prAcArya dharasena kI vaisI bhAvanA hone para bhI jisa dina vidyAdhyayana samApta huA, usI dina yA usake agale dina ziSyoM ko ravAnA karane jaisI zIghratA karane kI vaisI kyA AvazyakatA thii| kucha samaya ziSyoM ke vahAM rahate hue bhI unakI sAdhanA cala sakatI thii| eka kalpanA yaha bhI hai, unhoMne socA ho, jo zru ta unhoMne apane antevAsiyoM ko diyA hai, usake prasAra-vistAra meM eka dina kA bhI vilamba kyoM ho| ataeva unheM tatkAla ravAnA kara diyA ho / para, yaha saMbhAvanA bhI kama vyavahArya pratIta hotI hai / indranandi aura zrIdhara kA saMketa indranandi ke zru tAvatAra tathA zrIdhara ke zrutAvatAra meM pahalI sambhAvanA kI ora saMketa kiyA hai / arthAta unake anusAra AcArya dharasena ko aisA bhAna huA ki unakI mRtyu sannikaTa hai / unake nidhana kA dRzya dekha unake ziSyoM ko manaH kleza na ho, isalie unako prasthAna karA diyaa|' kulezvara meM pAtusthi puSpadanta evaM bhUtabali guru kI AjJA ko alaMghanIya mAnate hue use zirodhArya kara cala pdd'e| ve aMkulezvara aaye| indranandi ne usa nagara kA nAma kurIzvara likhA hai / aisI bhI 1. svAsannamRti jJAtvA mA bhUta saMklezametayorasmin / iti guruNA saMJcitya dvitIyavivase tatastema // -indranandi mAtmano nikaTamaraNaM jJAtvA dharasenastayormA klezo bhavatu iti matvA tanmuni visarjana kariSyati / -zrIdhara 2. ....'guruvayaNamalaMghaNija' ivi citiUNAgadehi aMkulesare parisAkAlo ko| -SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 71 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vA maya * 11 carcA kI hai ki ve donoM muni nau dinoM kI yAtrA kara vahAM pahuMce / isakA artha yaha huA ki ve yadi ASAr3ha zuklA ekAdazI ko girinagara se cale to zrAvaNa kRSNA caturthI ko aMkulezvara pahuMce aura yadi zrASAr3ha zuklA dvAdazI ko cale to zrAvaraNa kRSNA paMcamI ko vahAM pahuMce / arthAt jaina maryAdA ke anusAra cAturmAsya ke prArambha ho jAne ke chaH yA sAta dina bAda vahAM pahuMce / unakI yaha sAptAhika yAtrA jaina AcAra-vyavasthA ke anusAra vihita nahIM thI, para zAyada apavAda rUpa meM unheM vaisA karanA par3A ho; zrASAr3ha zuklA caturdazI taka unake pAsa vihAra ke lie kevala tIna dinoM kA samaya avaziSTa thA / itane alpa samaya meM ve cAturmAsika pravAsa ke lie upayukta sthAna para nahIM pahuMca sake hoM / astu, unhoMne aMkulezvara meM apanA cAturmAsya kiyA / errer gharasena : tirodhAna mahAn manISI evaM sAdhaka AcArya dharasena ke jIvana kA kevala itanA sA bhAga prakAza meM hai / unake Age-pIche ke itivRtta ke sambandha meM aura kucha vizeSa jJAta nahIM hai / apanI vidyA ko satpAtra meM sannidhApita karane kI tIvra utkaNThA, suyogya, jijJAsu evaM jighRkSu antevAsiyoM kI prApti, vidyA kA dAna aura usake bAda tirodhAna - yahI saMkSepa meM unake vyakta jIvana kA lekhA-jokhA hai / puSpadanta tathA bhUtabali ko prasthAna karAne ke bAda ve hamArI AMkhoM se projhala ho jAte haiM / aba kucha, kyA huA, saba ajJAta hai / bhArata ke sAdhaka manISiyoM kI kucha isI prakAra kI sthiti rahI hai / AcArya dharasena ke sambandha meM jo kucha prApta AdhAra, ullekha yA sambhAvanAeM haiM, unake paripArzva meM yathAsthAna carcA kareMge / khaVDaTTA Eaa Ana muni puSpadanta evaM bhUtabali ne aMkulezvara meM cAturmAsika pravAsa kiyaa| usa sandarbha meM dhavalA meM ullekha hai : " varSAvAsa bitAkara prAcArya puSpadanta jinapAlita ko dekhakara ( usake sAtha) vanavAsa nAmaka pradeza kI ora cale gaye / bhUtabali bhaTTAraka dramika pradeza kI ora cale gaye / tatpazcAt AcArya puSpadanta ne jinapAlita ko dIkSA kI / bIsa adhikAroM meM vibhakta satprarUpaNA ke sUtra race tathA jinapAlita ko unheM par3hAyA / phira use bhUtabali bhaTTAraka ke pAsa bheja diyA / "2 1. jogaM samANIya jiNavAliyaM varuNa pupphayaMtAiriyo vaNavAsavisayaM gavo / bhUdabalibhAravo ni vamila besaM gado / tavo puSkayaMtAirieNa jiNavAlivasta bikkhaM vAUNa 2010_05

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612 ] khaNDa : 2 dhavalAkAra ke isa kathana se kaI bAteM prakaTa hotI haiM / jinapAlita nAmaka eka nayA vyakti prakAza meM AtA hai / AcArya puSpadanta usako dekhakara vanavAsa nAmaka pradeza ko gaye / isakI spaSTa saMgati pratIta nahIM hotI / ve use kahAM dekhate haiM, phira ( usake sAtha) vanavAsa pradeza kI ora kaise cale jAte haiM; ityAdi bAtoM ke pUrvApara-prasaMga vAMchita haiM, jo nahIM milate / Agama aura faftee : eka anuzIlana SaTkhaNDAgama ke sampAdaka prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi prAcya bhASAoM ke suprasiddha vidvAn DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne isa prasaMga meM dhavalA meM prayukta 'daTThUNa' zabda ko lekara eka samAdhAna upasthita kiyA hai / prAkRta meM 'daTThUNa' sAmAnyataH pUrvakAlika kriyA ke artha meM arthAt 'dekhakara' ke artha meM prayukta hai, para DA0 jaina ne batAyA hai ki isakA artha 'dRSTum ' = dekhane ke lie bhI ho sakatA hai / unhoMne vimalasUri ke paumacariyaM se isa koTi ke rUpoM ke dyotaka kucha udAharaNa bhI upasthita kiye haiM / indranandi ne jinapAlita ko AcArya puSpadanta kA bhaginI-putra likhA hai / ho sakatA hai, nipAlita eka bahuta saMskAra-sampanna bAlaka rahA ho, AcArya puSpadanta kA eka honahAra ziSya ke rUpa meM use pAne kA zrAkarSaNa rahA ho; kyoMki prAcArya dharasena jaise sAdhaka manISI se jo durlabha zruta unheM upalabdha thA, use kisI yogya pAtra ko denA bhI thA / yogya pAtra saralatA se nahIM mila pAte / apane vizeSa jJAna tathA pArivArika sambandha ke nAte nipAlita se rahe hue paricaya ke kAraNa unake mana meM yaha kalpanA jAgI ho ki yaha zrutasaMbhAra jitapAlita vahana kara sakatA hai; ataH use dekhane ke lie, zrAmaNya kI ora satprerita karane ke lie vanavAsa- pradeza, jahAM jinapAlita thA, unakA jAnA prasaMgata nahIM lagatA / AcArya puSpadanta kI janma bhUmi bhI yahI pradeza pratIta hotA hai / jinAlita ko dekhane ke lie jAne kI jo sambhAvanA kI gaI hai, usakI saMgati aura laga jAtI hai, jaba puSpadanta use dIkSA dete haiM / itanA hI nahIM, use par3hAne ke lie granthapraNayana karate haiM aura use par3hAte haiM / apane guru AcArya puSpadanta dvArA AjJapta hokara jinapAlita zrAcArya bhUtabali ke sAnnidhya meM pahuMcate haiN| jaisA ki dhavalAkAra ne saMketa kiyA hai, bhUtabali jinapAlita ko 2010_05 vIsavi-suttANi kariya paDhAviya puNo so bhUdabalimayavaMtassa pAsaM pesido / -SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 71

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA bAmaya [613 'yosadi sUtroM' ke zAna se yukta pAte haiM / para, sAtha-hI sAtha unheM yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki AcArya puSpadanta kA prAyuSya kama hai, taba adhrigata zAstra avicchinna rahe, yaha cintA unheM hotI hai| ___ isa saMdarbha se bhI pichalI sambhAvanA ko bala milatA hai ki puSpadanta ko apanA AyuSya lambA na jAma eka suyogya antevAsI kI khoja kI vizeSa cintA huI ho aura taba unakI dRSTi meM jinapAlita AyA ho / ghr'khbhaags #ii prshbnaa prAcArya puSpadanta dvArA 'vIsadi sUtra' race jAne kA ullekha kiyA hI gayA hai / Age kI racanA ke sambandha meM dhavalAkAra ne likhA hai, prAcArya bhUtabali ne isa cintA se ki kahIM 'mahAkarma-prakRti-prAbhRta' kA vyuccheda na ho jAye, dravyapramANAnugama se lekara samagra grantha kI racanA kii| ____ jahAM se dravyapramANAnugama kA prArambha hotA hai, vahAM bhI prAcArya bhUtabali kI kartRkatA kA jJApana kiyA gayA hai / jaise--......."aba una ziSyoM ko jinhoMne caturdaza vidha jIvasamAsa kA astitva jAna liyA hai, jIva-samAsa ke parimANa kA pratibodha dene ke lie AcArya bhUtabali sUtra kahate haiN|'' yoM prAcArya puSpadanta evaM bhUtabali-ina donoM manISiyoM kI samanvita pratibhA tathA zrama kA pariNAma yaha vizAla vAGa maya hai / indranandi ne zru tAvatAra meM SaTkhaNDAgama ke sarjana ke sambandha meM jo ullekha kiyA hai, vaha isa prakAra hai : "bhUtabali ne (jinapAlita dvArA) prapaThita satprarUpaNA ko sunA / usase unheM AcArya puSpadanta ke SaTkhaNDAgama-racanA ke abhiprAya kA jJAna huA / unheM una 1. bhUdabalibhayavadA jiNAlida-pAse diDhavIsadi-suzeNa appAuo tti avagayajiNavAli deNa mahAkamma-payaDi-pAhuDassa vocchedo hohadi tti samuppaNNa-buddhiNA puNo dadhvapamANANugamamAdi kAUNa gaMtha-racaNA kadA / -SaTakhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 71 2. saMpahi codasaNhaM jIvasamAsANamatthitta-mavagadANaM sissANa tesiM ceba parimANaM paDiyo haNaTuM bhUdabaliyAiriyo suttamAha / ____ 2010_05

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614 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana (puSpadanta) ke alpa AyuSya kA bhI pratyaya huaa| unhoMne sAdhAraNa buddhi ke manuSyoM ko uddiSTa kara pUrva sUtra-AcArya puSpadanta dvArA racita sUtra sahita chaH hajAra sUtroM meM SaTkhaNDAgama ke pAMca khaNDa race / phira tIsa sahasra zloka-pramANa mahAbandha nAmaka chaThe khaNDa kI racanA kii|" isakA tAtparya yaha huA ki SaTkhaNDAgama ke 'jIva-sthAna' saMjJaka prathama khaNDa ke bIsa adhikAra, jo 177 sUtroM meM vibhakta haiM, AcArya puSpadanta ne race / prathama khaNDa ke avaziSTa bhAga, kSullaka-bandha nAmaka dvitIya khaNDa, bandha-svAmitva-vicaya nAmaka tRtIya khaNDa, vedanA nAmaka caturtha khaNDa tathA vargaNA nAmaka paMcama khaNDa kI 5823 sUtroM meM AcArya bhUtabali ne racanA kI / yoM chaH hajAra sUtroM meM pAMca khaNDa pUre hue| chaThA khaNDa, jise tIsa sahasra zloka-pramANa kahA gayA hai, prAcArya bhUtabali-racita hai / dhavalA tathA jayadhavalA meM bhI isa prakAra ke ullekha haiM , jinase prAcArya bhUtabali dvArA mahAbandha kA racA jAnA siddha hotA hai / yoM prAcArya puSpadanta tathA bhUtabali-donoM SaTkhaNDAgama ke racanAkAra mAne jAte haiN|' dhavalA meM SaTkhaNDAgama kI Apta-paramparA yA prArSatA kI carcA ina zabdoM meM kI gaI hai : "isa tantra-grantha-SaTkhaNDAgama ke mUla kartA varddhamAna bhaTTAraka-bhagavAn mahAvIra haiM,anugrantha kartA gautama svAmI haiM tathA upa-granthakartA rAga, dveSa va moha rahita munivara bhUtabali, puSpadanta Adi haiN|" 1, tena tataH paripaThitAM bhUtabaliH satprarUpaNAM zrutvA / SaTkhaNDAgamaracanAbhiprAyaM puSpadanta guroH // 137 // vijJAyAlpAyuSyAnalpamatIna mAnavAn pratItya tataH / dravyaprarUpaNAdyadhikAraH khaMDapaMcakasyAnvak // 138 // sUtrANi SaTsahasrana thAnyaya pUrvasUtrasahitAni / praviracya mahAbadhAhayaM tataH SaSThakaM khaMDam / / 139 // triMzatsahasrasUtranaya vyaracayadasau mahAtmA / ---indranandi tAvatAra 2. tado evaM khaMDapiddhataM paDucca bhUdabalipupphayaMtAiriyA vi kattAro uccaMti / - SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 71 3. tado mUla-taMta-kattA vaDDhamANa-bhaDArao, aNutaMta-kattA godamasAmI, uvataMtakattArA bhUdabalipupphayaMtAdayo bIya-rAya-dosa-mohA muNivarA / -SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 72 ____ 201005

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAG maya [ 615 zaMkA-samAdhAna kI zailI meM TIkAkAra Age ullekha karate haiM : "yahAM grantha-kartA kA prarUpaNa kyoM kiyA jA rahA hai ? zAstra kA prAmANya dikhalAne ke lie, kyoMki vaktA ke prAmANya se bacana kA prAmANya siddha hotA hai, aisA nyAsa hai / " SaTkhaNDAgama ke ahaMda-vAraNI se sIdhe sambaddha hone kA bhAva vyakta karane kI dRSTi se AcArya vIrasena ne isa prakAra kI zabdAvali meM vizleSaNa kiyA hai, jo spaSTa hai / SaTkhazaDAgama kI pUjA : zrutapaMcamI kA parva bhUtabali ne jaba isa zrAgama-grantha ke chahoM khaNDoM kI racanA sampanna kI, aisA mAnA jAtA hai, taba sAre saMgha meM asIma harSa chA gayA / dhavalAkAra ne grantha-samApana ke sandarbha meM pIche kiye gaye ullekha ke atirikta aura koI vizeSa carcA nahIM kI hai| para, indranandI ne atAbatAra meM isa sambandha meM eka vizeSa prayojana kA ullekha kiyA hai / vaha isa prakAra hai : "AcArya bhUtabali ne SaTkhaNDAgama ko pustakArUr3ha kara jyeSTha mAsa ke zukla pakSa kI paMcamI ke dina caturvidha saMgha sahita pustakopakaraNa ke mAdhyama se zruta kI yathAvidhi pUjA kI / jisase vaha tithi zruta paMcamI ke nAma se vikhyAta huI / zruta-pUjA karate haiM / " " Aja bhI jaina usa dina bhUtabali ne apanA grantha apane antevAsI jinapAlita ke hAtha puSpadanta ke pAsa bhejA / puSpadanta apanA abhIpsita pUrA huA jAna bahuta prasanna hue / unhoMne bhI saMgha sahita grantha kI sotsAha pUjA kI / isa ghaTanA se siddha hotA hai ki SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA kI sampannatA taka AcArya puSpadanta, jinake alpAyu hone kA pIche saMketa kiyA gayA hai, jIvita the / sAtha-hI-sAtha 1. kimarthaM kartA prarUpyate ? zAstrasya prAmANyapradarzanArtham / 'vavatRprAmANyAd vacanaprAmAyam' iti nyAyAt / - SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 72 2. jyeSThasitapakSa paJcamyAM cAturvarNya saMghasamavetaH / tatpustakopakaraNaivyaM dhAt kriyApUrvakaM pUjAm // 143 // zratapaJcamIti tena prakhyAti tithiriyaM parAmApa / adyApi yena tasyAM atapUjAM kurvate janAH // 144 // - indranandin tAvatAra 2010_05

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616 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana yaha bhI prakaTa hotA hai ki ve bhUtabali se jyeSTha rahe hoM, tabhI to bhUtabali ne apane ziSya ke hAtha unake pAsa grantha bhejA / dhavalAkAra ne bhI granthArambha meM apane dvArA kiye gaye maMgalA. caraNa ke antargata pahale puSpadanta ko aura bAda meM bhUtabali ko vandana-praNamana kiyA hai / / mantha-racanA meM prArambha kA aMza puSpadanta kA hai tathA Age kA bhUtabali kA; jisase yaha tathya samarthita hotA hai / mRnnaa : * adhun kaani digambara-paramparA meM SaTkhaNDAgama kA prArambha se hI bar3A mahatva mAnA jAtA rahA hai / phalataH aneka vidvAnoM ne isa para TIkAeM likhIM, jinameM kundakunda (vi. dvitIya zatI), zAmakuDa (vi0 tRtIya zatI), tumbulUra (vi0 caturtha zatI), samantabhadra (vi. paMcama zatI) tathA bappadeva (lagabhaga vi0 SaSTha-aSTama zatI ke madhya) mukhya haiM / vikrama kI navama zatI meM apane yuga ke udbhaTa vidvAn prAcArya vIrasena ne isa para dhavalA nAmaka TIkA likhI, jo 72 hajAra zloka-pramANa hai| vIrasena kA adhyayana bar3A vizAla evaM vyApaka thaa| pratIta hotA hai, unhoMne SaTkhaNDAgama para racita tathA usase sambaddha vyAkaraNa-sAhitya kA pAloDana kara DAlA thA, jo apanI TIkA meM una dvArA sthAna-sthAna para kiye gaye vizleSaNa se gamya hai| unakI TIkA jahAM kalevara meM itanI vizAla hai, vahAM sUkSma tAttvika vizleSaNa, aneka AcAryoM evaM vAdiyoM ke matamatAntaroM ke parizIlana, parIkSaNa, samIkSaNa aura vivecana kI dRSTi se bhI adbhuta hai / bhAratIya tatva-cintanadhArA ke kSetra meM niHsandeha vIrasena kA yaha kArya apanI koTi kA eka asAdhAraNa kArya hai| vyAkhyA kI vareNyatA, vaizadya evaM sarvAMgINatA Adi ke kAraNa vidvatsamAja meM yaha TIkA bahuta samAita huI tathA paThana-pAThana meM isI kA nirbAdha upayoga hone lgaa| sambhavataH isI kA yaha pariNAma thA ki isa TIkA kI racanA ke bAda lagabhaga pichalI sabhI TIkAoM kA prasAra ruka gayA / Aja unameM se koI bhI hamAre samakSa nahIM hai| mAlUma nahIM, koI Aja bhI 1. paNamAmi pupphadaMta dukayaMtaM daNNayaMdhayAra-ravi / bhagga-siva-magga-kaMTayamisi-samii-vaI sayA daMtaM // 5 // paNamaha kaya-bhUya-bali bhUyabali kesa-vAsa-paribhUya-bali / viNihaya-vammaha-pasaraM vaDDhAviya-vimala-NANa-bammaha-pasaraM // 6 // -SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 7 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [ 617 dakSiNApatha ke kisI prAcIna grantha-bhaNDAra kI kArA meM par3I prakAza meM Ane kI bATa joha rahI ho / kaSAya- prAbhUta digambara zrAmnAya meM prApta paramparA kI zRMkhalA meM mAnA jAne vAlA eka grantha aura hai-- kaSAya- praabhRt| isake racayitA prAcArya guraNadhara the / SaTkhaNDAgama ko jahAM prathama siddhAMta grantha kahA jAtA hai, vahAM kaSAya- prAbhUta kI dvitIya siddhAnta grantha ke rUpa meM khyAti hai / digambara- paramparA meM yaha grantha bhI prArambha se hI kAphI samAhata rahA hai / isakI bhASA SaTkhaNDAgama kI taraha zaurasenI prAkRta hai / kaSAya- prAbhRta para bhI vyAkhyA sAhitya racA gayA, para, Aja vaha prApta nahIM hai / ghabalA ke mahAn lekhaka AcArya vIrasena ne kaSAya prAbhRta para bhI TIkA likhanA prArambha kiyA / ve SaTkhaNDAgama kI taraha usa para vizAla TIkA likhanA cAhate the / ve bIsa hajAra zloka - pramANa TIkA- uddiSTa kA eka aMza hI likha pAye the ki unakA dehAvasAna ho gayA / para vaha kArya bAkI nahIM rahA / unake suyogya uttarAdhikArI, prakhara vidvAn jinasena ne isa kArya kA bIr3A utthaayaa| ve bhI bar3e adhyetA evaM bahuzruta the / atyanta lagana, niSThA va tanmayatA se unhoMne kArya kiyA / phalataH vaha TIkA 60 hajAra zloka - pramANa meM sampUrNa huI, jisameM cAlIsa hajAra zloka - pramANa jinasena kA hai / kaSAya prAbhRta, viSayavastu, vivecana Adi para zrAge yathA-prasaMga prakAza DAlA jAyegA | SaTkharADAgama : granthAgAra kI kArA se mukti SaTkhaNDAgama, jo digambara jaina AmnAya kA sarvAdhika mahimAzAlI vAGmaya hai, jisake vivecana - vizleSaNa kA prasaMga prastuta prakaraNa meM cala rahA hai, ekamAtra dakSiNa meM tAr3apatrIya rUpa meM surakSita rahA / dakSiNa kA jaina dharma se, vizeSataH digambara sampradAya se niSThatama samparka rahA hai / dakSiNApatha evaM jaina dharma ke sandarbha meM yahAM saMkSepa meM prakAza DAlanA aprAsAMgika nahIM hogA / vivecya viSaya ke vizadIkaraNa meM vaha eka prakAra se sahAyaka hI hogA; ataH kucha mahatvapUrNa tathya yahAM upasthita kiye jA rahe haiM / dakSiNApatha meM jaina dharbha jaina dharma kA udbhava uttara meM huA / prathama tIrthaMkara RSabha ayodhyA ke the, antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra vaizAlI ke / ayodhyA uttara bhArata kA lagabhaga madhyavartI sthAna hai aura vaizAlI pUrvAMcalIya / 2010_05

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11] mAgama aura tripiTaka / eka anuzIlana Agama Ara nA uttarApatha meM prAdurbhUta evaM prasRta yaha dharma dakSiNa meM hinda mahAsAgara taka phailA, jise prAja zatAbdiyAM hI nahIM, sahasrAbdiyAM vyatIta hI calI haiM / dIrgha kAla taka vaha dakSiNa bhArata meM atIva lokapriya thA, jahAM rAjA aura prajA-donoM kI asIma zraddhA tathA Adara use prApta thaa| jaina dharma ke dakSiNa-praveza ke sandarbha meM paramparayA yahAM taka mAnA jAtA hai ki prAdya tIrthaMkara RSabha tathA carama tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA yahAM se sIdhA sambandha rahA hai| pro0 prasa ke0 rAmacandrarAva ne isa sambandha meM carcA karate hue likhA hai : "gyArahavIM zatI ke eka saMskRta grantha meM upAkhyAna hai / usameM kahA gayA hai ki mahAvIra svayaM dakSiNa meM pAye, vizeSataH kannar3a deza meM, jo taba hemAMgada-deza kahA jAtA thaa| usa samaya jIvandhara nAmaka rAjA thaa| vaha mahAvIra ke samparka meM pAyA aura unase zramaNa-jIvana meM pravrajita ho gyaa| aisA bhI vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki prAdya tIrthaMkara RSabha, jo anumAnataH caubIsaveM tIrthakara mahAvIra ke AvirbhAva (599 I0 pUrva) se sahasroM varSa pUrva hue, ke zramaNa-saMgha meM dAkSiNAtya rAjakumAra bhI sammilita the, jo anta meM saurASTrasthita pAlItAnA ke zatrujaya parvata para cale gye|"" 1. Kshatra Chudamani by Odeyadeva Vadibhsimtra; the legend is retold in the Kannada Jeevandhara Charite of Bhaskara and the Tamil Jeevaka Chintamani of Tiruthukka-devar. 2. There is a legend, told in an eleventh Century Sanskrit work. That Mahavira himself came to the South, to the Kannada Country more specifically, (Known at that time as Hemangada-desha), during the reign of King Jivandhara, whom Mahavira met and admitted into the asectic fold. There is a belief that even during the days of the very first Tirthankara Rishabha, Presumably several thousand of years before the arrival of the twenty fourth Tirthankara, Mahavira, 599 B.C., there were South Indian princes in the entourage of Rishabha and that they finally retired to the Satrunjaya Hills in Palitana, Saurashtra, -Jainism in South India, Page 1 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [619 ___ khaira, yaha to paurANika raSTikoNa hai, phira bhI dakSiNa kA atyanta prAcIna kAla se dharma ke sAtha sambandha rahA hai, aisA nizcaya hI anumeya hai| AcArya bhadrabAhu ke dakSiNa meM Ane ke sandarbha meM pichale pRSThoM meM carcA kI hI gaI hai| baar'r'nn skaa am-lkssn| kaliMga-deza meM ghaTita eka mahatvapUrNa ghaSTanA ko yahAM aMkita karanA Avazyaka hai| khAravela kaliMga kA pratApazAlI samrAT thaa| usake rAjyArohaNa kA samama I0 pU0 143 varSa mAnA jAtA hai / vaha parama AsthAvAn jaina thA / samrATa azoka ne bauddha dharma ke prasAra ke lie jo mahAn kArya kiyA, usake pautra samprati ne uttara bhArata meM jaina dharma ke prasAra ke hetu usI prakAra kA abhiyAna claayaa| isI zrRMkhalA meM kaliMgAdhipati khAravela kA nAma AtA hai, jisake prayAsa se dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma kA vyApaka prasAra huA / samrAT khAravela mahAn vijetA thaa| usakI saphala digvijaya se jaba zuga, sAtavAhana tathA uttarApatha ke yabana Adi-sabhI durdAnta zaktiyAM hataprabha ho gaIM, taba usane jaina dharma ke abhyudaya, vyApaka prasAra evaM prabhAvanA ke nimitta eka virAT sammelana Ayojita kiyA, jisameM jaina dharma ke bar3e-bar3e vidvAn, zramaNa, jaina dharmAnuyAyI rAjA tathA sambhrAnta jana bar3e utsAha se upasthita hue / usameM jaina dharma ke sandarbha meM aneka viSayoM para mahatvapUrNa vicAravirmaza claa| sammelana meM upasthita vizAla jaina-saMgha ne khAravela kA abhinandana kiyA tathA use 'mahAvijayI' ke viruva ke sAtha-sAtha 'khema-rAjA', bhikkhu-rAjA', 'dhamma-rAjA' jaise padoM se vibhUSita kiyaa| kahA jAtA hai ki pANDya- nareza ne usa avasara para usake yahAM cAvaloM se bharA eka jahAja bhejA thaa| isa sambandha meM vistAra meM na jAkara itanA hI kahanA hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma I0 san ke prArambha se pahale hI pahuMca cukA thaa| kaliMgAdhipati khAravela tathA dakSiNa ke anya narezoM ke satprayAsa se vaha dakSiNa meM prasAra pAne lgaa| tamilanADu va prAndhra-pradeza meM vaha pahuMcA hI, mukhyataH karnATaka meM usakA bahuta adhika prasAra huaa| bhadrabAhu ke nAma ke sAtha jur3I huI uttara ke jaina zramaNa saMgha ke dakSiNakarnATaka pradeza meM jAne kI ghaTanA, jo aMzataH hI sahI, aitihAsika satya lie hue hai, isa tathya kI poSaka hai / mAnanA hogA ki usase pUrva vahAM jaina dharma kAphI vistAra pA cukA hogaa| tabhI to sahasroM zramaraNoM kA saMgha vahAM jAte hue apane mana meM Azvasta rahA ho ki vahAM unakI deha-yAtrA bhalI-bhAMti, vidhivat nibha skegii| 2010_05

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620] mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana maka prazna : eka samAdhAna ___ dakSiNa meM jaina dharma ke rUpa meM digambara-sampradAya hI prasRta huA, zvetAmbara nahIM / Aja bhI mUlataH dakSiNa nivAsI jo jaina haiM, ve lagabhaga saba ke saba digambara haiM, zvetAmbara nahIM haiM, vai prAyaH vahIM haiM, jo uttara ke rAjasthAna, gujarAta prAdi pradezoM se vyavasAya hetu vahAM jAkara basa gaye haiM / ke dala digambara hI dakSiNa meM kaise phaile-yaha eka prazna hai / isa sandarbha meM eka sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai ki jaina dharma meM zvetAmbaroM tathA digambara ke rUpa meM jaba bheda par3A, taba taka dakSiNa meM jaina dharma kA uttara kI apekSA bahuta kama prasAra rahA ho / digambara muniyoM meM dharmodyota evaM dharma-prabhAvanA kA tIvra utsAha rahA ho, sAtha-hI-sAtha apane lie eka svataMtra kSetra pratiSThApanna karane kA bhI mAnasa rahA ho / etadartha dakSiNApatha meM dharma ko vyApaka rUpa meM prasRta karane kA unameM bhAva jAgA ho / dakSiNa kA jana-mAnasa unheM apekSAkRta vizeSa urvara lagA ho / nirbastra jIvana-yApana kI dRSTi se vahAM kA jalavAyu bhI, jo usa pradeza kI uSNa kaTibandha meM avasthiti ke kAraNa prAyaH uSNa hai, anukUla pratIta huaA ho / aise aura bhI kAraNa ho sakate haiM, jinhoMne digambara zramaNoM ko dakSiNa kI ora AkRSTa kiyA ho / dharma-prasAra kA jaisA tIvra utsAha evaM tadanurUpa udyama una digambara-zramaNoM meM rahA, vaha phalAnvita bhI huA, jisakA jvalanta pramANa dAkSiNAtya bhASAoM kA sAhitya, vahAM kA sthApatya, mUrtikalA, saMskRti Adi hai| ntb baa bnycithaapty bish praadhaa digambara jaina sAhitpa ke sarjana, vikAsa evaM abhyudaya kI dRSTi se dakSiNa niHsandeha bar3A urvara kSetra siddha huaa| isa bhUmi meM utpanna mahAn AcAryoM ne tattva-jJAna, adhyAtma evaM dharma-jAgaraNa ke paripATha meM jo aneka viSayoM para bahuvidha sAhitya racA, usakA bhAratIya vAGamaya evaM cintanadhArA meM apanA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| yoM kahanA atiraMjana nahIM hogA ki digambara-jaina-paramparA kA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa sAhitya yahIM dakSiNApatha meM praNIta huA / unhoMne apanI anupama kRtiyoM dvArA jaina vAGamaya ko apanI apratima dena dii| unameM samayasAra, pravacanasAra, paMcAstikAya, niyamasAra prAdi tathA aneka prAbhRtagranthoM ke racanAkAra AcArya kundakunda (I0 san ke prArambha ke Asa-pAsa), itane gauravAspada ki digambara paramparA meM jinakA nAma gaNadhara gautama ke bAda liyA jAtA hai. 1. maMgalaM bhagavAn vIro, maMgalaM gotamo gaNI / ___ maMgalaM kundaH sadAcAryo, jainadharmastu maMgalam / / 2010_05

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mAmA aura sAhitya saurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [621 tattvArya-sUtra jaise jaina-jagata ke sarva samAdRta grantha ke praNetA AcArya umAsvAmi (prathama zatI I0), prApta mImAMsA jaise aneka praur3ha granthoM ke lekhaka mahAn pratibhAzAlI vidvAn va prabhAvaka pravacanakAra prAcArya samantabhadra (I0 san 120-185), mahAprAjJa vidvAn, lekhaka, vaiyAkaraNa, yoganiSNAta sAdhaka evaM kavi tattvArtha sUtra kI bahusamApta sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka vRtti tathA jainendra vyAkaraNa Adi ke nirmAtA AcArya devanandI pUjyapAda tathA jaina nyAya ke pramukha pratiSThApaka, mahAn meghAvI, tattvArtha-rAjavAtika, aSTazatI, nyAya-vinizcaya prabhRti atyanta praur3ha kRtiyoM ke sarjaka AcArya prakalaMka (sAtavIM I0 zatI) Adi ke nAma svarNAkSaroM meM likhe jAne yogya haiM / vIrasena, jinasena, guNabhadra, nemicandra prabhRti aura bhI aneka prakANDa vidvAn tathA sAhitya-sraSTA isa puNya vasudharA meM utpanna hue, jinakA apane-apane sthAna para asAdhAraNa mahatva hai| jaina dharma kA prabhAva vastutaH jaina dharma aura usake sAhitya ne dakSiNa ko bahuta prabhAvita kiyA / jaina dharma kA astitva kevala eka sasIma sampradAya ke rUpa meM hI nahIM thA, samagra loka-jIvana para usakI chApa thii| dakSiNa meM jaina dharma aura loka-jIvana kI paraspara kitanI prota-protatA thI, pro0 esa0 ke0 rAmacandra rAva ke nimnAMkita kathana se spaSTa hai : "dakSiNa ke vikAsa-krama ko jAne binA jahAM jaina itihAsa apUrNa rahegA, ThIka usI prakAra dakSiNa meM jainoM ke kRtitva ko prAMke binA dakSiNa bhArata kA itihAsa bhI apUrNa hI rhegaa|"1 antaHsparzI vicAra-darzana, usa dvArA parivyApta jIvana-vRtta tathA pravAhita sAMskRtika dhArA-ye ve kasauTiyAM haiM, jina para AMke jAne para dakSiNa meM jainoM kA kRtitva niHsandeha kharA utaratA hai| karnATaka meM jaina dharma kA prabhAva dakSiNa meM bhI vizeSataH karnATaka meM jaina dharma kA jo prabhAva rahA, vaha niHsandeha apratima thaa| 1. If the history of Jainism would altogether be incomplete without a consideration of the Southern' developments, the history of South India would equally be ilicomplete without treatiog of the past played by Jainism. -Jainism in south India, Prefatory Note, Page VII 2010_05

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Agama aura vipiTaka : eka anuzIlana 622] kadamba vaMza ___ jaina dharma kI zAlInatA, pavitratA tathA sahiSNutAmaya vRtti-ye kucha aise kAraNa the ki dakSiNa ke kucha aise rAjavaMzoM ne bhI, jo yadyapi brAhmaNa-dharma ke anuyAyI the, jaina dharma ko bar3A prazraya evaM protsAhana diyA / IsA kI prArambhika zatAbdiyAM dakSiNa meM kadamba vaMza ke abhyudaya evaM pratiSThA kA kAla thA / vaha vaMza brAhmaNa-dharmAnuyAyI thA, para, sAtha-hIsAtha jaina dharma kA bhI bar3A paripoSaka rhaa| cauthI zatI IsavI ke samApana ke Asa-pAsa usa vaMza kA rAjA kAkutstha varmA thaa| vaha jaina dharma kA prazrayadAtA thaa| mRgeza varmA ke putra bhAnuvarmA aura ravivarmA the / ina sabhI ne jaina dharma ko saMrakSaNa pradAna kiyaa| gaMga vaMza ___IsA kI caturtha zatI ke uttarAddhaM se dazama zatI taka karnATaka ke adhikAMza bhAga para gaMga vaMza kA zAsana thaa| vaha vaMza jaina dharma kA samarthaka evaM paripoSaka thaa| gaMga rAjavaMza ke saMsthApaka rAjA kA nAma koMguNIvarmA thaa| isakA sthApanA-kAla 350 I0 mAnA jAtA hai| isa vaMza ke adhikAMza rAjA viSNu ke upAsaka the| para, jaina dharma ke prati bhI unakA mAdara bar3hatA gayA, aisA dekhA jAtA hai| isa sambandha meM eka jana-zruti hai| isa rAjavaMza kI sthApanA ke samaya siMhanandI nAmaka jainAcArya the| isakI sthApanA meM unakA yogadAna thaa| phalataH isa rAjavaMza meM jaina-dharma ke prati sahajatayA niSThA evaM zraddhA kA saMcAra huaa| maisUra ke gajeTiyara meM ullekha hai ki vaha dakSiNa kA pramukha jaina rAjavaMza thA / nandagiri (mandI hilsa) unakA durga thA, kuvAlAla (Adhunika kolAra) unakA nagara thA, jinendra unake deva aura jaina mata unakA dharma thaa| isa vaMza ke saMsthApaka kA pautra harivarmA thaa| usake rAjya-kAla meM rAjadhAnI talakaDu parivartita kara lI gii| taba se vaha vaMza 'talakA ke gaMga' nAma se vizruta ho gyaa| I0 san 475 meM gaMga vaMza ke rAjyAsana para pravinIta nAmaka rAjA prArUr3ha humA / vaha usa vaMza kA prakhyAta rAjA thaa| jaina dharma kI abhivRddhi meM usane bar3A rasa liyaa| usake guru AcArya vijayakIrti the / apane jIvana ke pazcAvartI bhAga meM usa rAjA ne punAr3a tathA anya sthAnoM kI jaina vasadiyoM ke lie jAgIreM pradAna kii| rAjA avinIti yadyapi svayaM 1. Lewis Rice, Mysore Gazatteer, I, P. 388 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAMGamaya [ 623 vaiyaktika rUpa meM zaiva dharma meM AsthAvAn thA, phira bhI usakA jaina dharma ke prati bar3A Adara thA / usane use khUba prazraya diyaa| avinIta kA uttarAdhikArI DuvinIta thA / vaha udAtta vyaktitva kA dhanI thA / 482 IsavI meM vaha siMhAsanAsIna huaa| eka ora vaha jahAM mahAn yoddhA thA, dUsarI ora vaha atyanta dharmaniSTha bhI thaa| zilAlekhoM meM use dharmarAja yudhiSThira tathA vaivasvata manu se upamita kiyA gayA hai| tattvArtha sUtra kI sarvArthasiddhi prabhRti ke racayitA, mahAn vidvAn devanandI pUjyapAda, jinake sambandha meM yathAprasaMga saMketa kiyA gayA hai. usake guru the / usa rAjA ne jaina dharma kI bar3I sevA kii| duvinIta svayaM bar3A vidvAn thaa| kahA jAtA hai, saMskRta ke prasiddha mahAkAvya kirAtAjunIya ke sraSTA mahAkavi bhAravi kucha samaya taka usakI rAja-sabhA meM rahe the / rAjA duvinIta ne svayaM kirAtArjunIya ke pandrahaveM sarga kI kannar3a meM TIkA likhii| vaha rAjA kannar3a gadya ke sarvazreSTha lekhakoM meM mAnA jAtA hai / vaha rAjA bhI, kahA jAtA hai, vyaktigata rUpa meM vaiSNava thA, para, jaina dharma ko usane protsAhana diyaa| usameM usakI vaiSNavI zraddhA bAdhaka nahIM banI / vaha isa koTi kI udAravRtti kA rAjA thaa| duvinIta kA putra muzkara thA / vaha jaina dharma meM AsthAvAn thaa| dharma-prasAra meM parama utsAhI thaa| usane aneka jaina vasadiyoM kA nirmANa kraayaa| usakI pIr3hI ke pazcAdvartI aneka rAjAoM ne bhI isa paramparA ko vRddhiMgata kiyaa| gaMga vaMza kA antima rAjA mArasiMha dvitIya thA / vaha mahAn vijetA evaM dharmapriya thaa| paha gaMga-vajra tathA dharmAvatAra jaise viruda se vibhUSita thaa| apane jIvana ke antima bhAga meM usane AcArya ajitasena ke pAsa zramaNa-dIkSA svIkAra kii| usane saMlekhanApUrvaka maraNa prApta kiyaa| usakA maraNa-kAla 974 I0 mAnA jAnA hai| usake anta ke sAthasAtha gaMga vaMza ke svataMtra rAjya kA bhI anta ho gyaa| gaMgavaMziyoM kA eka sAmantI rAjA kA darjA raha gyaa| Rnaa jaa paan ghr'ii baathnghaath gaMga-vaMza ke sAmantI kAla meM eka mahatvapUrNa vyaktitva udita huA, jisane jaina dharma aura saMskRti kA bahuta gaurava bddh'aayaa| vaha thA, cAmuNDarAya, jo gaMgavazIya sAmanta nareza ___ 2010_05

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624 Agama aura mipiTaka : eka anuzIlana rAjamalla (caturtha) kA amAtya tathA senA nAyaka thaa| rAjamalla kA zAsana-kAla I0 san 974 se 984 mAnA jAtA hai / cAmuNDarAya mahAn yoddhA thaa| usane rAjamalla kI zakti tathA yaza meM bahuta vRddhi kii| zravaNavelagolA ke eka zilAlekha meM isa senA-nAyaka kA bar3e prazastipUrNa zabdoM meM ullekha kiyA gayA hai| vahAM use dharmadhurandhara, vIra-mArtaNDa, raNaraMgasiMha, tribhuvanavIra, vairikula-kAladaza, satya-yudhiSThira, subhaTa-cUr3AmaNi Adi vizeSaNoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai, jo usake parama pratApI, vIratAmayI yazasvI jIvana ke spaSTa paricAyaka haiN| cAmuNDarAya ke gauravazIla jIvana kA dUsarA pakSa thA-dharma aura sAhitya / usameM bhI usakI pahuMca anUThI thii| vaha prakANDa vidvAn thaa| usane kannar3a meM trizaSTizalAkApuruSamahApurANa kI racanA kI, jo usa bhASA ke sAhitya kA eka prasiddha grantha hai / cAmuNDarAya ne saMskRta meM caritnasAra nAmaka grantha likhA / isa yoddhA aura vidvAn ke samaya meM niHsandeha jaina sAhitya, saMskRti tathA kalA kI AzAtIta vRddhi huI / siddhAntacakravartI nemicandrAcArya ne isI ko uddiSTa kara gommaTasAra jaise mahatvapUrNa grantha kI racanA kI, jisakA digambara sampradAya meM bar3A Adara hai tathA jo apane saMkSipta kalevara meM SaTkhaNDAgama tathA dhavalA kA stara sameTe hue hai| zravaNavelagolA meM indragiri para avasthita gommaTezvara-bAhubali kI vizAla pratimA, jo jagat kA eka prAzcarya hai, ke nirmANa kA zreya cAmuNDarAya ke nAma ke sAtha jur3A hai / paurANika AkhyAna hai, cakravartI bharata ne poDanapura meM bAhubali kI 525 dhanuSAkAra UMcI pratimA kA nirmANa karAyA thA, usI kathAnaka se, kahA jAtA hai, cAmuNDarAya ne isa vizAla pratimA ke nirmANa kI preraNA lI / cAmuNDarAya kA jIvana-kAla dasavI IsavI ke utsarAvaM tathA gyAharavIM IsavI ke pUrvAddha ke madhya AtA hai| rASTrakUTa vaMza dakSiNa meM jaina dharma ke prasAra, jaina sAhitya ke sarjana tathA vikAsa meM jina rAjavaMzoM kA yogadAna rahA, unameM rASTrakUTa vaMzIya rAjAbhoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai / karnATaka meM mAThavIM zatI IsavI se dazavIM zatI IsavI taka yaha vaMza prabhAvApanna rahA / hli ny'| __ karnATaka meM gyArahavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI taka hoyasala vaMza kA rAjya thaa| yaha rAjavaMza svayaM jaina dharma kA anuyAyI thaa| jisa prakAra gaMga rAjavaMza kI sthApanA meM jaina muni siMha 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA bAgamaya / 635 nandI kA AzIrvAda thA, usI prakAra isa rAjavaMza kI sthApanA meM jaina muni zAntideva ke AzIrvAda kA yoga thaa| jaina dharma ke vyApaka prasAra meM ise atyanta utsAha thaa| karnATaka meM aneka sundara vasadiyoM tathA pratimAoM Adi kA mahatvapUrNa nirmANa isa rAjavaMza dvArA huaa| ___ uparyukta rAjavaMzoM ke atirikta vijayanagara ke narezoM tathA anyAnya rAjavaMzoM va zAsakoM kA bhI jaina dharma ke vikAsa meM yatheSTa yogadAna rhaa| . sAzi ___ yoM rAjAoM, rAjya ke uccapadAsInoM ke prabhAva, utsAhapUrNa yogadAna, prajAjanoM kI zraddhApUrNa tIvra utkaNThA evaM niSThA ke pariNAmasvarUpa jaina dharma, jaina sAhitya, jaina kalA evaM jaina saMskRti kA jo abhyudaya, vikAsa evaM vivardhana dakSiNa meM, vizeSataH karnATaka meM huA, niHsandeha vaha bhAratIya dharmoM ke itihAsa kA aisA gauravAspada svarNima pRSTha hai, jisakA Aja bhI aneka dRSTiyoM se prAkarSaNa banA hai / baambthaa nyjii on paahii : subhaar'iii SaTkhaNDAgama vAGamaya ko aba taka surakSita banAye rakhane kA zreya karnATaka ko hai| usake dakSiNa bhAga meM avasthita mUDabidrI nAmaka choTe se nagara meM yaha mahatvapUrNa vAGamaya aba taka surakSita raha sakA / mUDabidrI dakSiNa meM jaina dharma kA parama pavitra sthAna rahA hai| yaha dakSiNa kI jaina kAzI ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isase anumeya hai ki jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA, upAsanA, jaina tattva-jJAna ke adhyayana, anuzIlana, parirakSaNa, parivardhana prAdi kI daSTi se kabhI yaha nagara dakSiNa meM apanA anupama sthAna lie hue thA / vizeSataH karnATaka meM yaha jaina dharma evaM jaina saMskRti kA pramukha kendra thaa| saMsAra meM apanI koTi kI advitIya ratna-pratimAeM ekamAtra yahIM avasthita haiM / jo Aja bhI samagra jaina jagata ke lie prAkarSaNa kI vastu hai| subhaar'mnii :naa| jana-zrutiyoM, zilAlekhoM Adi ke AdhAra para mUDabidrI kA jo itivRtta jJAta kiyA jA sakA hai,saMkSepa meM yahAM usa para carcA karanA aprAsAMgika nahIM hogaa| dakSiNa meM jina-mandiroM ko vasavi kahA jAtA hai / mUDabidrI meM saba aThAraha vasadiyAM 2010_05

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636 mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana haiN| unameM eka guru-vasadi ke nAma se vikhyAta hai, jo sabase mukhya hai| isI meM dhavala, jayadhavala aura mahAdhavala kI tAr3apatrIya pratiyAM surakSita haiN| ina siddhAnta granthoM ke yahA rakhe rahane se isakA dUsarA nAma siddhAnta-vasavi bhI hai| mukhabidrI kA abhyudaya : abhivaddhi hoyasala vaMza meM 11vIM zatI ke Asa-pAsa vallAladeva (prathama) nAmaka rAjA huA / usake zAsana-kAla meM mUDabidrI ke prabhAva tathA gaurava kI vRddhi prArambha huii| terahavIM IsavI zatI meM tuluna ke AlUpa-narezoM ne isa nagara kI pratiSThA ko Age bddh'aayaa| yahAM ke pArzvanAtha-basadi saMjJaka jina-mandira ko unhoMne rAjya-sammAna pradAna kiyaa| pandrahavIM IsavI zatI meM vijayanagara ke narezoM ke zAsana-kAla meM isakI garimA kI abhivRddhi huI / yadyapi vijayanagara ke rAjA hindU-dharmAnuyAyI the, para, jaina dharma ke prati bhI unakA paryApta prAdara thA / vijayanagara ke zAsaka devarAya dvitIya kA 1429 IsavI kA eka zilAlekha hai| usameM isa nagara kI carcA hai| yaha nagara veNupura ke nAma se bhI pahacAnA jAtA thA / usa zilAlekha meM jo ullikhita huA hai, usakA Azaya hai ki veNupura yA mUDabidrI ke loga bar3e bhavya haiN| ve zuddha caritra kA pAlana karate haiM pavitra kArya karate haiM / ve jaina dharma ke prati zraddhAvAn haiM / jo kathAeM sunate haiN| yahAM kI vasadiyoM meM eka hosa-vasadi hai| use 'tribhuvana-tilaka-cUr3AmaNi' kahA jAtA hai / isakA 'bhairAdevImaNDapa'-mukhya maNDapa vijayanagara-nareza mallikArjuna immaDidevarAya ke zAsana kAla meM nirmita huaa| aura bhI aneka vaMzoM ke rAjAoM tathA zreSThI-janoM ne isa nagara kI prazasti aura garimA ko Age bar3hAyA / prAkRta apabhraMza ke suprasiddha vidvAn, SaTkhaNDAgama ke yazasvI sampAdaka svargIya DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne SaTkhaNDAgama kI prastAvanA meM isa sambandha meM carcA kI hai| mUDabidrInivAsI paM0 lokanAtha zAstrI ne unheM isa sambandha meM kucha jAnakArI dI thii| usake anusAra mUDabidrI, jo kannaDa-nAma hai, ke artha va etatsambaddha itivRtti Adi kA saMketa kara rahe haiN| ybihlth 'mUvitrI' nAma meM do zabda haiM-mUDa aura vidure / kannar3a bhASA meM bAMsa ko 'vivira' 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasena prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya i (50 kahate haiM / kabhI vahAM kA siddhAnta-mandira bAMsoM ke samUha meM chipA huA thA / unheM cheda kara usakA patA lagAyA gayA / usa kAraNa vaha gAMva 'bidure' kahA jAne lagA / kannar3a bhASA meM mUDa zabda pUrva dizA kA vAcI hai tathA paDu pazcima dizA kA / yahAM mUlkI nAmaka purAnA gAMva hai / use paDubidure kahA jAtA hai / usake pUrva meM avasthita hone ke kAraNa vaha gAMva, jahAM 'siddhAnta - vasavi' kA patA calA, mUDabidure kahA jAne lagA / usI kA rUpAntara mUDabidrI hai| isa nAmakaraNa meM zAbdika dRSTayA bidira arthAt bAMsa zabda kA vizeSa prabhAva rahA hai / isa AdhAra para ise vaMzapura yA veNupura ke rUpa meM bhI abhihita kiyA gayA hai / vratapura yA vratipura nAma se bhI prasiddha hai, jisakA abhiprAya yaha hai ki yaha kabhI vratI sAdhuoM kA nivAsa- kendra rahA hai / siddhAnta-vasa'di : eka danta-kathA uparyukta varNana se yaha spaSTa hai ki kabhI yaha sthAna bAMsoM se prAcchanna eka vana ke rUpa meM avasthita thA / kahA jAtA hai, lagabhaga eka sahasrAbdI pUrva kI ghaTanA hai, eka jaina muni zravaNabelagolA se yahAM Aye / ve paDuvasadi nAmaka mandira meM Tike / mUDabidrI meM isa nAma kA prAcIna mandira aba bhI vidyamAna hai / usameM aneka prAcIna pANDulipiyAM bhI milIM, jinheM vahAM jaina maTha meM sannidhApita kara diyA gyaa| ve muni eka dina zauca ke lie bAhara gaye to unhoMne usa sthAna para, jahAM Aja guru-vasavi hai, eka siMha aura eka gAya ko prasanna mudrA meM sAtha-sAtha khelate dekhA / muni ko bar3A Azcarya huA / unheM usa sthAna meM kucha vizeSatA yA camatkAra pratIta huA / unhoMne usakI chAnabIna kii| unheM bAMsoM ke jhuramuTa meM chipI huI, patthara Adi se ghirI huI kAle pASANa kI nau hAtha- parimANa bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI khaDgAsanamayI mUrti dikhAI dI / jainoM ko isase bar3I prasannatA huii| unhoMne jIrNoddhAra karAyA / vahAM maMdira kA nirmANa karAyA / vahI mandira Aja guru-vasadi ke nAma se vizruta hai / bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI isa mUrti ke pAda- pITha para isake pratiSThita kiye jAne ke samaya kA ullekha hai / usake anusAra isa mUrti kI Adi-pratiSThA zaka saMvat 636 tadanusAra IsavI san 714 meM huI / isa mandira ke Age ke maNDapa - lakSmI maNDapa kA nirmANa cola seThI dvArA karAyA gayA / nirmANa kA samaya 1535 IsavI hai / kahA jAtA hai ki guru-vasadi ke nirmANa meM kula chaH karor3a rupaye samaya ke cha: karor3a rupaye Aja kitane hoMge / kharca kA yaha mUrtiyoM ke mUlya ke sahita ho, jo yahAM surakSita haiM / kharca hue / kalpanA kareM, usa prAMkar3A sambhavataH una ratma 2010_05

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628 // Agama aura bipiTaka : eka anuzIlane .. bhUDabidrI : bhaTTAraka-pITha hoyasala vaMza meM viSNuvardhana nAmaka rAjA huaa| 1117 IsavI meM usane jaina dharma kA parityAga kara baiSNava dharma svIkAra kara liyaa| eka tarapha to aisA itihAsa hai ki vaiSNava aura zaiva meM AsthA rakhane vAle rAjAoM ne bhI jaina dharma kI vaha sevA kI, jo svarNAkSaroM meM likhe jAne yogya hai tathA dUsarI ora itihAsa kA eka kAlA pRSTha yaha bhI hai ki isa hoyasala vaMzIya rAjA ne, jo jaina se vaiSNava ho gayA thA, jaina dharma aura saMskRti kA uccheda karane ke lie kamara kasa lI / bhAvAvezavaza dharma-parivartana karane vAloM meM prAyaH abhiniveza vyApta ho jAtA hai / ve aksara asahiSNu aura kaTTara ho jAte haiN| ____ halevIDa-dora samudra meM taba jaina dharma, saMskRti aura kalA kA bar3A prabhAva thaa| aneka bhavya evaM vizAla jina prAsAda vahAM nirmita the| isa asahiSNu rAjA ne vahAM ke jaina mandiroM ko naSTa-bhraSTa kara ddaalaa| jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM para bar3e duHsaha atyAcAra kiye / jaina prajA meM bar3I bhIti aura kSobha vyApta ho gayA / kiMvadantI ke anusAra usa rAjA ke atyAcAra se kucha daivI prakopa huaa| bhayAnaka bhUkampa huaa| dora samudra kI bhUmi phaTa gaI / vahAM eka bar3A garta ho gyaa| viSNuvardhana ke uttarAdhikArI rAjA vArasiMha tathA usake pazcAdvartI rAjA vallAladeva ne viSNuvardhana kI isa bhUla ko anubhava kiyA / unhoMne dekhA, unakA rAjya prazAnta evaM upadrava grasta hotA jA rahA hai / unhoMne jainoM ke kSobha tathA antarvedanA ko zAnta karane ke nimitta aneka jaina mandiroM kA jIrNoddhAra kraayaa| naye mandiroM kA nirmANa kraayaa| mandiroM ke lie bhUmi-dAna diyaa| vallAladeva ne eka kArya aura kiyaa| usa samaya zravaNavelagolA meM bhaTTAraka cArukIrti the / kahA jAtA hai, ve mAMtrikatAntrika bhI the / ve paNDitAcArya ke viruda se alaMkRta the| vIra vallAladeva ne unheM apanI rAjadhAnI meM AmaMtrita kiyaa| bhaTTAraka cArukIti rAjA kI abhyarthanA para dora samudra aaye| unhoMne apanI vidyA tathA maMtrArAdhanA dvArA vahAM ke upadravoM ko zAnta kiyA / rAjA bahuta parituSTa huaa| jaina dharma kI bar3I prabhAvanA huI / bhaTTAraka 1. vilagI ke zAsana-lekha meM isakA kannar3a meM isa prakAra ullekha hai / . "karNATaka-siddhasiMhAsanAdhIzvara-ballAlarAyaM prApise zrIcArakItipaMDitAcArya iMtu kItiyaM paDevara - tibe rAyananeMdu nelaMbATibaDe tanna maMtrajapavidhiyinavaM // kuMbalakApi sUladu yazaM bodesakarake paMDitAryane noMtaM // " ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] saurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAmaya 629 cArukIti paNDitAcArya dora samudra se apane ziSyavRnda sahita mUDabidrI pAye / jaina dharma ke prasAra, prabhAvanA Adi kI dRSTi se sambhavataH unheM vaha sthAna - adhika upayogI pratIta huA ho / vahAM unhoMne guru-pITha-bhaTTAraka-pITha kI sthApanA kii| isa prakAra yaha mUDabidrI bhaTTAraka-pITha kI sthApanA kA itivRtta hai / sthApanA kAla 1172 IsavI mAnA jAtA hai| prathama bhaTTAraka cArukIti ke nAma para vahAM ke sabhI bhaTTAraka isI abhidhAna se sambodhita kiye jAte haiN| prathama bhaTTAraka ke pazcAt yaha nAma padavI-mUlaka ho gayA / bhaTTArakoM ke sAtha cArukIti lagA rahatA hai arthAt saba ke saba cArukIrti hI kahe jAte haiN| aisI mAnyatA hai ki SaTakhaNDAgama-dhavala, jayadhavala tathA mahAdhavala siddhAnta-granthoM kI tADapatrIya pratiyAM yahAM dhAravADa jile ke baMkApura nAmaka sthAna se lAI gaI / ina atyanta mahatvapUrNa granthoM kA maDabidrI meM lAyA jAnA, sannidhApita kiyA jAnA yaha siddha karatA hai ki kabhI isa pITha kA dakSiNa ke jaina jagata meM bahuta bar3A mahatva rahA hai| vizeSataH karnATaka meM jaina dharma ke paThana-pAThana, pracAra-prasAra kA niHsandeha yaha bahuta bar3A kendra rahA hai| tabhI to aisA prAvazyaka pratIta hayA ho ki ukta siddhAnta-granthoM kI pANDulipiyAM vahAM rakhI jAyeM aura baMkApura se yA jahAM kahIM se ve mRDabidrI pahaMcI, vahAM ke saMgha ne yA adhikAriyoM ne maharSa unheM preSita kiyA ho / anyathA yaha saba kaba sambhava thA ? suur'iii # bhinn digambara-paramparA ke sarvAdhika mAnya siddhAnta-granthoM kI samagra bhArata meM kevala eka hI tADapatrIya pratilipi surakSita raha sakI, bar3A Azcarya hai / kabhI digambara-muniyoM meM ina granthoM ke paThana-pAThana kA atyadhika prasAra rahA thA / jaina siddhAnta meM pAragAmitA prApta karane ke lie ina granthoM kA adhyayana parama Avazyaka bhI thaa| ve hI vidvAna saiddhAntika kahe jAte the, jo SaTakhaNDAgama ke vettA hote the| para, Age calakara sthitiyAM parivartita ho gaI hoN| sambhavataH inake paThana-pAThana kA krama prAyaH niruddha jaisA ho gayA ho / pichale pRSThoM meM yathAprasaMga saMketa kiyA gayA hai, jisa prakAra dhavalA kI racanA ke bAda SaTkhaNDAgama kI pichalI TIkAeM nirasta ho gaI, unake sthAna para ekamAtra dhavalA kA adhyayana calane lagA, siddhAntacakravartI nemicandrAcArya dvArA gommaTasAra kA praNayana ho jAne ke anantara dhavalA kI bhI vaisI hI sthiti ho gaI ho arthAt dhavalA sahita SaTakhaNDa-vAGamaya, jo atyanta vistRta hai, ke paThana-pAThana kA utsAha manda par3a gayA ho / adhyetRgaNa SaTkhaNDAgama vAGmaya ke sAra para Adhata gommaTasAra se hI apanA kAma calAne lage hoN| Akhira mAnava suvidhAvAdI to hai hI, jahAM bahuta saMlipta tathA alpatara adhyavasAya se koI kArya sadhe to usake lie vaha 2010_05

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6301 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 vistRta aura bahutara adhyavasAya se sAdhya saraNi kA kyoM avalambana kare / khaira, jaisA bhI huA, use spRhaNIya nahIM kahA jA sakatA / tatva - jJAna kA kSetra vastutaH bar3A vizAla hai / usameM avagAhana karane ke lie to jIvana bhara kI sAdhanA kI mAMga hai / kAmacalAU bAta vahAM nahIM hotI / suvidhApriya manovRtti meM kAmacalAUpana kA prAdhikya rahatA hai / ataH dhavalA sahita SaTkhaNDAgama ke adhyayana se jo labhya hai, vaha mAtra gommaTasAra ke adhyayana se labdha ho sake, mahIM mAnA jA sakatA / * jJAna to ubhaya pakSI hai -- vaha sAdhana bhI hai, sAdhya bhI hai| isalie vahAM suvidhAasuvidhA kA prazna nahIM utthtaa| khaira, jaisA bhI ho, antataH ye zAstra grantha bhaNDAra meM sthira ho gaye / ve pUjA tathA darzana kI vastumAtra banakara raha gaye / jJAna kA srota to gaMgA kA bahatA nIra hai / vaha sadA bahatA rahanA caahie| kyoMki vaha sarovara kA banda jala nahIM hai / tattva-jJAna kI mahimAmayI nidhi ko apane meM sameTe hue ye siddhAnta-grantha jisa sthiti meM zrAkara niruddha ho gaye, kyA vaha unakI tar3Aga ke jala kI-sI sthiti nahIM thI ? mUDabidrI digambara jainoM kA bhArata - vikhyAta tIrthaM hai / prativarSa sahasroM jaina tIrtha yAtrA hetu vahAM jAte rahe haiM tathA ratnamayI jina - pratimAoM ke sAtha-sAtha ina siddhAnta-granthoM ke bhI darzana karate rahe haiM / aAja bhI yaha saba hotA hai / kArA zabda acchA to nahIM hai, para yoM kahanA na avahelanA hai aura na atyukti hI ki pichalI kaI zatAbdiyoM se ye grantha grantha bhaNDAra kI kArA meM banda the / deva-mUrti ke rUpa se adhika unakA koI vyAvahArika astitva raha nahIM gayA thA / SaTkhaNDAgama ke yazasvI sampAdaka svargIya DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne isa sambandha meM bhAvavihvala zabdoM meM likhA hai : "ina siddhAnta-granthoM meM jo apAra jJAna-nidhi bharI huI hai, usakA gata kaI zatAbdiyoM meM hamAre sAhitya ko koI lAbha nahIM mila sakA; kyoMki inakI ekamAtra prati kisI prakAra tAloM ke bhItara banda ho gaI aura adhyayana kI vastu na rahakara pUjA kI vastu bana gaI / yadi ye grantha sAhitya-kSetra meM prastuta rahate to unake AdhAra se aba taka na jAne kitanA kisa koTi ke sAhitya kA nirmANa ho gayA hotA aura hamAre sAhitya ko kauna-sI dizA va gati mila gaI hotI / kitanI hI saiddhAntika gutthiyAM, jinameM vidvatsamAja ke samaya aura zakti kA na jAne kitanA hrAsa hotA rahatA hai, yahAM 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya sulajhI huI par3I haiN| aisI vizAla sampati pAkara bhI hama daridrI hI bane rahe" SaTkhaDAgama : bahirniSkamayA kI kahAnI samaya-samaya yaha vicArodvelana to hotA jJAnopAsaka evaM jJAnAnurAgI janoM ke mana meM rahA hai ki ye mahAn siddhAnta grantha prakAza meM AyeM, inakA paThana-pAThana ho, pracAra-prasAra ho, para vicAra kA kriyAnvayana itanA sarala nahIM hai / ina granthoM ke bAhara Ane, prakAza meM Age kI bar3I rocaka kahAnI hai / use pAThakoM ke samakSa upasthita karanA mujhe aAvazyaka pratIta hotA hai / paM0 ToDaramalajI ke samaya meM cintana digambara samAja meM paM0 ToDAramalajI (vi0 saM0 1797 - 1824) utkRSTa tattva - vetA ke rUpa meM vizruta rahe haiM / unake lie prayujyamAna ' AcArya- kalpa' vizeSaraNa isa tathya kA udghATaka hai / unake samaya meM jayapura tathA ajamera ke zrAvakoM meM ina siddhAnta-granthoM ko prakAza meM lAne, inake paThana-pAThana kA pracAra karane zrAdi para vicAra calA, para unakI koI kriyAnviti nahIM ho skii| vaise paM0 ToDaramalajI ne AyuSya hI bahuta kama pAyA / yadi unakA dIrghaM AyuSya hotA to sambhava hai, ve saMgha ko isa tarapha aura prerita karate / 1. SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, prAkkathana pR06 [ 41 seTha bhAvinda kI yAtrA : vicArIddolana bambaI nivAsI svargIya seTha mANikacanda je0 pI0 digambara samAja ke eka prasiddha udAramanA, dharmaniSTha evaM samAja sevI sajjana the / eka prasaMga banA, ve vikramAbda 1940 meM saMgha sahita mUDabidrI kI yAtrA para gaye / unhoMne vahAM ratna- pratimAnoM tathA siddhAnta-granthoM ke darzana kiye| unakA mana ratnamayI pratimAnoM kI apekSA siddhAnta-granthoM kI ora vizeSa AkRSTa huA / jaba unhoMne tAr3a-patroM kI sthiti dekhI, jo jIrNa hote jA rahe the, unake mana meM cintA vyApta ho gaI, kahIM aisA na ho, ye mahAn grantha uttarottara jINaM hote jAyeM aura eka dina aisA Aye, zAyada ye hameM upalabdha hI na raha sakeM / seTha ne mandira ke bhaTTAraka tathA paMcoM ke samakSa carcA kii| unase pUchA, kyA Apa loga ina granthoM ko par3ha sakate haiM ? unhoMne kahA- hama to kevala darzana evaM pUjA kara lene meM hI apanA saubhAgya mAnate haiM aura santoSa kara lete haiM, par3ha nahIM sakate / seThajI cintita ho gaye ki kitanA Azcarya hai, granthoM 2010_05 byyn

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632 mAgama aura vipiTaka : eka anuzIlana ke adhikArI unheM par3ha taka nahIM skte| seThajI dvArA jijJAsA kiye jAne para unhoMne zravaNavelagolA nivAsI paM0 brahmasUri zAstrI kA nAma batalAyA ki ve unheM par3ha sakate haiN| seThajI ko bar3A duHkha humA, para usa samaya ve kevala bhAvanA lekara hI lauTa aaye| seTalI kA prayAsa seThajI eka vyAvasAyika jIvama ke ghyakti hone ke nAte tatkAla kucha kara to nahIM sake, para ukta prasaMga ne unake mana para aisA prabhAva DAlA ki bambaI Ane ke pazcAta unakI ora se isa tarapha eka prayatna kA zubhArambha to hA / solApura nivAsI saiTha hIrAcanda nemacanda unake mitra the| ve bhI digambara samAja ke eka khyAti prApta dharmAnagagI evaM samAjasevI zrAvaka the / seTha mAgikacanda ne unheM siddhAnta-granthoM ke sambandha meM likhA aura cintA prakaTa kii| unhoMne unheM svayaM siddhAnta-granthoM ke darzana kara pAne kI preraNA dI aura sAthahI-sAtha anarotha kiyA ki avilamba koI mA upAya moceM, jisase una granthoM kA uddhAra ho ske| seTha hIrAcanda nemacanda ke mana para isakA asara dUgrA / dasare hI varSa ve maDabidrI kI yAtrA para gye| unhoMne zravagAtelagolA ke 0 brAsari zAstrI ko bhI apane sAtha liyaa| seThajI ke anarodha para zAstrIjI ne unheM tathA upasthita sajjanoM ko dhavala-siddhAnta kA maMgalAcaraNa par3hakara snaayaa| saba harSa-vibhora ho gye| seThajI antaHprerita hue, mana-hImana nizcaya kiyA, ina granthoM ko bAhara lAne kA avazya hI prayAsa karanA hai| granthoM kI pratilipi karane ke sambandha meM paM0 brahmasUri zAstrI se bhI bAtacIta kii| vahAM se lauTakara ve bambaI aaye| seTha mANikacanda je0 pI0 se siddhAnta-grathoM kI pratilipi karavAne ke sambandha meM carcA kI aura vaisA karane kA vicAra sthira kara liyA, para ve donoM hI ati vyasta vyavasAyI Thahare, kAryArambha nahIM ho skaa| samaya jAte kyA dera lagatI hai, daza varSa aura vyatIta ho gye| snaalaann abshy gii| asn mii uparyukta vicAra-vimarza kA prasaMga cala hI rahA thA, usa bIca digambara samAja ke suprasiddha vidvAn paM0 gopAladAsa baraiyA ko sAtha lekara ajamera ke seTha mUlacanda sonI mUDabidrI kI tIrtha-yAtrA para gaye / siddhAMta-granthoM kI pratilipi kA prasaMga calA / unhoMne mUDabidrI ke bhaTTAraka tathA paMcoM se svIkRti lii| paM0 brahmasUri zAstrI se pratilipi karAne kA nizcaya kiyaa| kAryArambha ho gyaa| paM0 brahmasUri zAstrI lagabhaga tInasau zloka-pramANa sAmagrI kI hI pratilipi kara pAye the ki kArya sthagita kara denA par3A / seTha mUlacanda sonI 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prata aura usakA nAmamaya 1 // tathA mUDabidrI ke bhaTTAraka va paMcoM ke bIca eka bAta ko lekara vicAra-bheda ho gyaa| seTha sonI vaha pratilipi ajamera ke lie cAhate the| mUDabidrI ke bhaTTAraka tathA paMcoM ko yaha svIkAra nahIM thA / pratilipi ho, isameM ve sahamata the, para usakA mUDabidrI se bAhara jAnA unheM mAnya nahIM thA / kArya jyoM-kA-tyoM raha gyaa| plndhi : nbaabzs * prsaadhn bambaI ke seTha mANikacanda aura solApura ke seTha hIrAcanda ke mana meM bhAvanA to thI hI, vyastatAvaza ve kriyAnvita nahIM kara pAye the| unhoMne apanA pUrvatana prayAsa punaH cAlU kiyaa| prArthika-vyavasthA bhI kara lii| paM0 brahmasUri zAstrI ko usa kArya ke hetu niyukta kara liyaa| kArya bar3A vizAla thA; ataH miraja nivAsI paM0 gajapati zAstrI ko bhI unake sAtha niyukti kara dii| donoM zAstrI mUDabidrI praaye| isa prakAra san 1896 meM pratilipi kA kArya cAlU huA / jayadhavala meM pandraha patra-1500 zloka-pramANa sAmagrI kI hI pratilipi ho pAyI thI ki kucha kAlAntara se paM0 brahmasUri zAstrI svargavAsI ho gaye / aba akele gajapati zAstrI hI pratilipikAra raha gye| ve lagana tathA niSThApUrvaka apane kArya meM juTe rahe / solaha varSa ke anavarata zrama se vaha kArya pUrA huA arthAt dhavala tathA jayadhavala kI mUla kanAr3I lipi se devanAgarI meM pratilipi kara lI gaI / san 1896 meM zurU huA yaha kArya san 1912 meM sampanna huaa| kanAr3I meM bhI pratilipi devanAgarI meM pratilipi kA kArya cala hI rahA thA, isa bIca kanAr3I lipi meM bhI pratilipi kA kArya cAlU kiyA gyaa| mUDabidrI ke paM0 devarAja seThI, zAMtappA upAdhyAya, brahmayyA indu isa kArya meM lage the / isa prakAra, devanAgarI lipi ke sAtha-sAtha kanAr3I lipi meM bhI dhavala aura jayadhavala kI pratilipi kara lI gaI / para, yaha saba huA siddhAnta-vasadi meM rakhane ke lie| maathl dhbii naanaabi solApura ke seTha hIrAcanda, jo isa kArya ke saMcAlaka the tathA jo ina granthoM ko bAhara lAne kI tIvra utkaNThA lie hue the, mUDabidrI Aye / dhavala aura jayadhavala kI pratilipi ho hI cukI thI, unhoMne apanI bhAvanA vyakta kI ki yadi tRtIya siddhAnta-grantha mahAdhara la kI pratilipi aura ho jAya to bahuta acchA ho / sAtha-hI-sAtha seTha kI yaha bhI bhAvanA thI ki ___ 2010_05

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4 j mAgama aura brifpaTaka : eka anuzIlana [2 ina sabhI granthoM kI surakSA tathA tasva-jijJAsunoM ke upayoga ke uddezya se aneka pratilipiyAM hoM tathA unheM bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM meM rakhA jaae| mUDabidrI ke bhaTTAraka tathA paMca isase sahamata nahIM hue| itanA bhara huA ki siddhAnta - vasadi meM rakhe jAne ke lie mahAdhavala kI kanAr3I meM pratilipi karAye jAne kI svIkRti ho gaI / paM0 nemirAja seThI isa kArya meM lagA diye gaye, jinhoMne san 1918 se pahale ise sampanna kara diyaa| isa prakAra mahAghavala kI kamAr3I pratilipi to ho gaI, para, seTha hIrAcanda cAhate the, usakI devanAgarI meM bhI pratilipi ho / prastAva svIkRta hone para paM0 lokanAtha zAstrI nAmaka vidvAn ko isa kArya meM lagAyA gayA, jinhoMne cAra varSa kI kA kArya san 1896 meM cAlU huA tathA samaya isameM vyatIta huA / avadhi meM ise sampanna kara liyA / isa pratilipi san 1922 meM samApta huA / kula 26 varSoM kA paM0 gajapati zAstrI dvArA atirikta pratilipi jaisA ki kahA gayA hai, dhavala aura jayadhavala kI devanAgarI pratilipi kA kArya 1500 zloka - pramANa sAmagrI ke atirikta sArA kA sArA paM0 gajapati zAstrI ne akele kiyA / ve jAnate the, yaha pratilipi jo ho rahI hai, mUDabidrI ke mandira meM hI rahegI, kahIM bAhara nahIM jA skegii| unameM vicArodva elana huaa| unakI patnI lakSmI bAI eka viduSI mahilA thI / usane bhI isa sthiti kA aMkana evaM paryAlocana kiyA / donoM socane lage - kyoM na hama loga gupta rUpa se isakI eka kanAr3I lipi kara leM / lakSmI bAI ne apane pati ko isake lie vizeSa rUpa se prerita kiyA / antata: pati-patnI ne nizcaya kiyA ki ve gupta rUpa se kanAr3I pratilipi kareMge / kanAr3I meM pratilipi karane kA nirNaya zAyada isalie kiyA gayA ho ki vaisA hone se vaha kArya apekSAkRta adhika zIghratA se hogA / kyoMki ye kannar3a bhASI the, kanAr3I unakI lipi thI, jisameM likhane kA unakA abhyAsa devanAgarI kI apekSA drutatara rahA ho / dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai, lakSmIbAI ko devanAgarI lipi kA vizeSa abhyAsa na rahA ho, jisase devanAgarI meM pratilipi karane meM vaha apane pati kI sahayoginI nahIM ho sakatI thI, jabaki kanAr3I meM pratilipi kiye jAne meM vaha apane pati ko pUrA sahayoga kara sakatI thI / prastu, udhara dina meM mandira meM devanAgarI meM pratilipi kiye hue patra paM0 gajapati zAstrI vahAM se lauTate samaya gupta rUpa se apane ghara lete Ate / rAtri meM ve tathA unakI patnI kanAr3I meM pratilipi karate jAte / udhara devanAgarI pratilipi samApta huI, idhara 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA mAmaya 55 kanAr3I pratilipi kA kArya bhI sAtha-hI-sAtha sampanna ho gyaa| pati-patnI donoM ne mila kara isa kArya meM ghora parizrama kiyaa| paM0 gajapati zAstrI kA yaha kArya naitikatA kI bhASA meM nahIM AtA tathA na unhoMne ekamAtra jJAna-prasAra ke bhAva se hI use kiyA, phira bhI itanA to niHsaMkoca kahA jA sakatA hai ki paM0 gajapati zAstrI aura unakI viduSI patnI yadi aisA na karate to ye durlabha siddhAnta-grantha pantha-bhaNDAra kI kArA se zAyada hI bAhara pA pAte / yadi mAte to bhI bar3e vilamba se, bar3I kaThinAI se / nii saanilaa skaa baasisn paM0 gajapati zAstrI apanI pratilipi kisI suyogya, samartha vyakti ko upahRta karanA cAhate the, jisase vaha kisI upayukta sthAna meM avasthita raha sake tAki kabhI upayoga meM bhI A sake / ve usake lie puraskAra bhI cAhate the| ve solApura aaye| unhoMne seTha hIrAcanda se anurodha kiyA ki ve pratilipi le leN| seTha ne pratilipi lenA svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne apane mitra bambaI nivAsI seTha mANikacanda je0pI0 ko bhI likha diyA ki ve bhI dhavala, jayadhavala kI pratilipi svIkAra na kreN| yadyapi seTha hIrAcanda hRdaya se ina siddhAnta-granthoM kA pracAra-prasAra cAhate the aura jaisA ki pahale sUcita kiyA gayA hai, tadartha adhika pratilipiyAM karAnA bhI cAhate the, para grantha bAhara na le jAne ke sambandha meM mUDabidrI ke bhaTTAraka tathA paMcoM ke sAtha unakI vacana-baddhatA thI, jo pratilipiyAM svIkAra karane se bhaMga hotI thI; ataH vaisA karanA unheM apane lie naitika nahIM lgaa| taba paM0 gajapati zAstrI sahAranapura gaye / vahAM jaina samAja ke pramukha lAla jambUprasAda raIsa the| unhoMne pratilipiyAM svIkAra kara lI aura zAstrIjI ko puraskAra pradAna kiyA / pratilipiyAM mandira meM rakha dI gii| lAlA jambUprasAda raIsa cAhate the ki una dvArA gRhIta una siddhAnta-granthoM kI devanAgarI meM bhI pratilipi ho tAki uttara bhArata meM unakA upayoga ho ske| paM0 gajapati zAstrI ne unheM AzvAsana diyA ki ve vaisA kara deNge| para, yaha sambhava nahIM ho sakA, kyoMki paM0 gajapati zAstrI apane putra kI rugNatA ke kAraNa ghara lauTa Aye / saMyoga aisA huA, unakI patnI bhI rugNa ho gaI tathA kucha samaya ke pazcAt usakA dehAvasAna ho gyaa| aisI viSama paristhiti ke kAraNa zAstrIjI phira sahAranapura nahIM jA ske| 1923 IsavI 2010_05

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136] . Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 meM ve svayaM paralokagAmI ho gye| apane dvArA kI gaI kanAr3I pratilipi kA devanAgarI rUpAntara unake hAtha se nahIM ho sakA / nii bnaamii raIsa kanADI se devanAgarI pratilipi karAne ke lie vizeSa prayatnazIla the| isake lie aise vidvAnoM kI AvazyakatA thI, jo donoM lipiyoM ke acche abhyAsI hoM, saMskRta-prAkRtavid bhI hoN| lAlAjI ko paM0 vijayacandrayyA tathA paM0 sItArAma zAstrI nAmaka vidvAn mila gaye / 1916 IsavI se pratilipi kA kArya Arambha humA / sAta varSa taka calA / 1923 IsavI meM sampanna huA / lAla jambUprasAda raIsa Adi ne yaha Avazyaka samajhA ki kanAr3I aura devanAgarI pratilipiyoM kA bahuta dhyAna se milAna karavAyA jAe, tAki koI skhalanA na rahe / donoM pratiyAM sarvathA ekarUpa hoN| mUDabidrI nivAsI paM0 lokanAtha zAstrI isa kArya ke hetu bulavAye gaye / unhoMne donoM pratiyoM kA milAna kara diyaa| aN snaanaabikhaa - sahAranapura meM kI gaI devanAgarI pratilipi kanAr3I kI taraha mandira meM sannidhApita kara dI gaI / kArya samApta huaa| para, vahAM bhI mUDabidrI kI ghaTanA se milatI-julatI sI ghaTanA punarAvRtta huii| paM0 sItArAma zAstrI ne eka pratilipi aura kara lI evaM use apane pAsa rakha liyaa| aisA karane ke pIche unake mana meM donoM prakAra kI bhAvanAeM rahI hoMina siddhAnta-granthoM ko anyatra prasRta karane kA avasara hAtha meM rahe aura sAtha-hI-sAtha puraskAra pAne kA bhii| paM0 sItArAma zAstrI ke pAsa rahI prati ke sambandha meM eka aura prakAra kI carcA bhI hai| paM0 vijayacandrayyA aura paM0 sItArAma zAstrI jaba pratilipi kA kArya karate the, taba unakA vidhi-krama yaha thA-paM0 vijayacandrayyA grantha par3hate jAte the aura paM0 sItArAma zAstrI eka kacce khare ke rUpa meM likhate jAte the tAki lekhana zIghratA se ho sake / zrI zAstrI ne usa kacce khare se sAvadhAnIpUrvaka spaSTa akSaroM meM zAstrAkAra pratilipi taiyAra kI tathA lAlAjI ko sauMpa dii| kacce khare vAlI prati paM0 sItArAma zAstrI ne apane pAsa rakha lii| SaTkhaNDAgama ke prati samagra digambara samAja meM pratyanta zraddhA evaM pUjA ke bhAva rahe hI haiM, logoM ko jaba yaha vidita huA, unhoMne paM0 sItArAma zAstrI se apane-apane sthAnoM ke lie pratilipiyAM karavAI, jhAge kucha pratilipiyAM paM0 sItArAma zAstrI dvArA kI gaI 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [ 637 pratilipiyoM ke AdhAra para bhI huiiN| isa prakAra ajamera, amarAvatI, ArA, indaura, kAraMjA, jhAlarApATana, dillI, bambaI, byAvara, sAgara, sivanI tathA solApura meM una siddhAnta-granthoM kI pratilipiyAM sannidhApita huIM / 3 yaha una mahAn granthoM ke zAstra bhaNDAra se bAhara Ane kI kahAnI hai, jo kAphI preraka' bhI hai aura romAMcaka bhI / dharma ke do pakSa haiM-jJAna aura upAsanA / donoM santulita rUpa meM caleM to yathArthataH dharma sadhatA hai / dharma kevala pUjA aura praNati taka simaTa jAye to.... usase jIvana kA sAdhya kabhI sadhatA nahIM / jaba bhI, jisa bhI yuga meM aisA hotA hai, tathAkathita dhArmika janoM meM jar3atA vyApta ho jAtI hai aura mAtra dharmopAsanA kI baMdhI - baMdhAI yAntrika paddhati hI unake hAtha meM raha jAtI hai / SaTkhaNDAgama jaise mahatvapUrNa vAG maya ke zatAbdiyoM taka kevala dhUpa kI suvAsa lete hue avasthita rahane kI ghaTanA kyA isa zreNI meM nahIM AtI ? zAstra kI saccI pUjA usakA svAdhyAya, usa para manana, cintana, parizIlana evaM nididhyAsana hai / vaha saba chUTa jAye aura kevala prAtaH sAyaM usakI dhUpa, dIpa, kesara, candana se arcanA mAtra hotI rahe, kyA ise vAstavika arcanA aura pUjA kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai, isakA uttara pAnA vijJajanoM ke lie kaThina nahIM hai / W khaVDaTTma kA kAna svanAmadhanya svargIya DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne isa grantha ke prakAzana hetu bar3A adhyavasAya kiyA / unheM tathA unake sAthiyoM ko aneka vighna vAdhAoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A | taba eka varga aisA bhI thA, jo una granthoM ke prakAzita hone meM dharma kI avahelanA aura jJAna kI sAtanA samajhatA thA / ina mahAn granthoM ko pratimAnoM kI taraha kevala mandiroM meM yA zAstra - bhaNDAroM meM pratiSThita dekhanA hI unheM zreyaskara lagatA thA / para manasvI kAryArthI na gaNayati duHkhaM na ca sukham ke anusAra DA0 jaina apane sAthiyoM sahita varSoM usa kArya meM lage rahe / phalataH ve mahAn grantha, jinake kabhI darzana bhI durlabha the, jana-sAdhAraNa ke hAtha meM A gaye / DA0 jaina aura unake sAthiyoM kI kaThinAiyoM kA isI se anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki jaba prakAzana kI carcA calI to koI bhI apanI pratilipiyAM unheM dene ke lie sahasA taiyAra nahIM huA / DA0 jaina ne svayaM likhA hai : pahalI cintA ghabala, jabadhavala kI pratilipi prApta karane kI huI / usa samaya ina granthoM ko prakAzita karane ke nAma se hI dhArmika loga caukanne ho jAte aura usa kArya ke lie koI pratilipi dene ke lie, 2010_05

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(i) Agama aura fafpaTaka : eka anuzIlana [ 2 taiyAra nahIM the| aise samaya meM zrImAn siMghaI pannAlAlajI ne va amarAvatI paMcAyata se satsAhasa karake apane yahAM kI pratiyoM kI sadupayoga karane kI anumati de dI / " 1 amarAvatI kI pratilipi se prasa- kaoNpI taiyAra kI gaI / amarAvatI kI prati sAgarasthita prati kI pratilipi hai / sAgara kI prati paM0 sItArAma zAstrI ke hAtha kI hai / 1 pATha-saMzodhana meM dhArA tathA kAMrajA kI pratiyoM ke upayoga kI suvidhA prApta ho gaI ye donoM pratiyAM paM0 sItArAma zAstrI ke hAtha kI haiM / mUDabidrI kI prati se milAne kA to taMba avasara hI kahAM thA / vahAM vAle to unameM se the, jinakI dRSTi se yaha kArya dharma kA pratigAmI thA / isa sandarbha meM DA0 jaina ne apanI tathA apane sAthiyoM kI manovyathA kA ina zabdoM meM ullekha kiyA hai : "jina pratiyoM ko lekara hama saMzodhana karane baiThe the, ve truTiyoM aura skhalanoM se paripUrNa haiM / hameM unake eka-eka zabda ke saMzodhanArthaM na jAne kitanI mAnasika kasarateM karanI par3I haiM aura kitane dinoM taka rAta ke do-do baje taka baiThakara apane khUna ko sukhAnA par3A hai / phira bhI hamane jo saMzodhana kiyA, usakA solahoM ne yaha bhI vizvAsa nahIM ki ve hI AcAyaM racita zabda haiM / aura yaha bhI saba karanA par3A, jaba ki mUDabidrI kI Adarza pratiyoM ke dRSTipAta mAtra se sambhavataH una kaThina sthaloM kA nirvibAda rUpa se nirNaya ho sakatA thA / hameM usa manuSya ke jIvana kA-sA anubhava huA, jisake pitA kI apAra kamAI para koI tAlA lagAkara baiTha jAya aura vaha svayaM eka-eka Tukar3e ke lie dara-dara bhIkha mAMgatA phire| isase jo hAni huI, vaha kisakI ? jitanA samaya aura parizrama isake saMzodhana meM kharca ho rahA hai, usase mUla pratiyoM kI upalabdhi meM na jAne kitanI sAhitya-sevA ho sakatI thI aura samAja kA upakAra kiyA jA sakatA thA / aise hI samaya aura zakti ke apavyaya se samAja kI gati rukatI hai / isa manda gati se na jAne kitanA samaya ina granthoM ke uddhAra meM kharca hogaa| yaha samaya sAhitya, kalA aura saMskRti ke lie bar3e saMkaTa kA hai / rAjanaitika viplava se hajAroM varSoM kI sAMskRtika sampatti kadAcit minaToM meM bhasmasAta ho sakatI hai / deva rakSA kare, kintu yadi aisA hI saMkaTa yahAM A gayA to ye dvAdazAMga - vAragI ke avaziSTa rUpa phira kahAM raheMge ? hasza, cIna Adi dezoM ke udAharaNa hamAre sammukha haiN| prAcIna pratimAeM khaNDita ho jAne para naI kabhI bhI pratiSThita ho sakatI hai, purAne maMndira jINaM hokara gira jAne para naye kabhI bhI nirmANa karAkara khar3e kiye jA sakate haiM / dharma ke anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA kama hone para kadAcit pracAra dvArA 1. paNa, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, prAkkathana pR0 2 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA dhAmaya / 639 bar3hAI jA sakatI hai, kintu prAcIna AcAryoM ke jo zabda granthoM meM grathita haiM, unake eka bAra naSTa ho jAne para unakA punaruddhAra sarvathA asambhava hai| kyA lAkhoM-karor3oM rupayA kharca karake bhI pUre dvAdazAMga zruta kA uddhAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ? kabhI nhiiN| isI kAraNa sajIva deza, rASTra aura samAja apane pUrva sAhitya ke eka-eka Tukar3e para apanI sArI zakti lagAkara usakI rakSA karate haiM / yaha khyAla rahe ki jina upAyoM se abhI taka grantharakSA hotI thI, ve upAya aba kAryakArI nahIM / saMhAraka zakti ne Ajakala bhISaNa rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA hai / Ajakala sAhitya-rakSA kA isase bar3hakara dUsarA koI upAya nahIM ki granthoM kI hajAroM pratiyAM chapAkara sarvatra phailA dI jAyeM tAki kisI bhI avasthA meM kahIM-nakahIM unakA astitva banA hI rhegaa| yaha hamArI zruta-bhakti kA atyanta buddhihIna svarUpa hai, jo hama jJAna ke ina uttama saMgrahoM kI ora itane udAsIna haiM aura unake sarvathA vinAza kI jokhama lie cupacApa baiThe haiN|" ___ sampAdana-kArya meM DA0 jaina ko digambara samAja ke prasiddha vidvAn paM0 phUlacandra siddhAntazAstrI tathA paM0 hIrAlAla zAstrI nyAyatIrtha kA asAdhAraNa sahayoga tathA sAhAyya rahA / isI prakAra saMzodhana-kArya meM prAkRta evaM jaina vAGamaya ke labdha-pratiSTha vidvAn DaoN0 e0 ena0 upAdhye tathA vyAkhyAna-vAcaspati paM0 devakInandana siddhAntazAstrI jaise manISiyoM kA sAhApya rhaa| prthm dhaap jhaa sndhaan : hm jnm snaakkthaa __ mAnava eka vicitra prANI hai| vaha kaba kyA soce, kaisA kare--yaha saba rahasyamaya hai| jo vaha mAja socatA hai, kala bhI vaisA hI socegA athavA usakA cintana koI dUsarI karavaTa legA, nizcaya kI bhASA meM kucha kahA nahIM jA sktaa| SaTkhaNDAgama ke prathama bhAga ke prakAzana ke bAda jana-mAnasa meM eka dUsarA hI cintana spandita huA / eka mahatvapUrNa grantha ko hindI anuvAda ke sAtha logoM ne dekhA aura unhoMne pahale-pahala yaha anubhava kiyA ki ve isa grantha ko par3ha bhI sakate haiM, jisake darzanoM kA saubhAgya pAnA bhI kabhI kaThina thaa| aneka sujJa jana, jo isa grantha ke prakAzana kI pratIkSA meM the, atyadhika prasanna hue hI, una logoM kA mAnasa bhI badalA, jo kabhI ina granthoM ke prakAzana ko azubha kArya mAnate the| pahale-pahala unhoMne aise granthoM ke prakAzana kI upayogitA kA mahatva praaNkaa| 1. SaTkhaNDAgama, khaga 1, mAga 1, pustaka 1, prAkkathana pR0 6-7 2010_05

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64.] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa / ___cintana meM mor3a AnA svAbhAvika thaa| kyoMki upayogitA kA yathArtha darzana mAnava ko ati-bhAvukatA se haTAkara prajJA kI bhUmi meM le jAtA hai| yahAM kucha aisA hI huA / mUDabidrI ke bhaTTAraka, paMca tathA anya pramukha vyakti bhI isase bar3e prasanna hue / DA0 jaina ne isa sambandha meM jo kucha ullekha kiyA hai, usase vahAM ke logoM kI manovRtti meM sahasA kitanA bhArI parivartana A gayA, isakA spaSTa paricaya prApta hotA hai| ve likhate haiM : "zrI dhavala siddhAnta prathama vibhAga ke prakAzita hone se, hameM jo prAzA thI, usakI solahoM pAne pUrti huI / hameM yaha prakaTa karate hue atyanta harSa aura saMtoSa hai ki mUDabidrI maTha ko bheMTa kI huI zAstrAkAra aura pustakAkAra pratiyoM ke vahAM pahuMcane para unheM vimAna meM virAjamAna karake julUsa nikAlA gayA, zrutapUjana kiyA gayA aura sabhA kI gaI, jisameM vahAM ke pramukha sajjanoM aura vidvAnoM dvArA hamArI saMzodhana, sampAdana aura prakAzana-vyavasthA kI bahuta prazaMsA kI gaI aura yaha mata pragaTa kiyA gayA ki Age isa sampAdana-kArya meM vahAM kI mUla prati se milAne kI suvidhA dI jAnI cAhiye, nahIM to jJAnAvaraNIya karma kA bandha hogA / yaha sabhA mUDabidrI maTha ke bhaTTAraka zrI cArukIti paNDitAcAryavayaM ke hI sabhApatitva meM huI thii| usa samArambha ke pazcAt svayaM bhaTTArakajI ne apanA abhiprAya hameM sUcita kiyA aura prati milAne kI vyavasthAdi ke lie hameM vahAM Ane ke lie pAmantrita kiyaa|"1 prathama bhAga kA prakAzana to ho hI cukA thA, bAge ke prakAzana kI presa-kaoNpiyoM ko mUDabidrI kI mUla prati se milAne kI bhI svIkRti mila gii| mahAdhavala (mahAbaMdha) ke prakAzanArya pratilipi karAye jAne kI svIkRti aura prApta ho gii| bharavidrI kI pratiyAM bhavalA kI saMskRta-kannar3a-mizrita prazasti, zramaNavelagolA ke zilAlekha Adi ke samyak parizIlana se aisA parijJAta hotA hai ki demiyakka, demati, deyavatI yA devamati nAmaka saddharmaniSTha mahilA, jo zreSThirAja cAmuNDa kI patnI, bUcirAja kI bahina, bhujabaligaMgapermADideva kI bhumA thI, ne apane zrata-paMcamI ke vratodyApana ke upalakSa meM ye tAr3apatrIya siddhAnta-grantha apane guru zubhacandradeva ko arpita kiye the| dhavalA kI prazasti tathA zramaNabelagolA ke zilAlekha ke anusAra zubhacandradeva kA dehAvasAna zaka saMvat 1045 1. padasaNDAgama, khaNa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, prAkkathana pR02 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAG maya | varSe zrAvaNa zuklA dazamI zukravAra ko huA / zubhacandradeva mUla saMgha - dezIgaraNa - pustaka- gaccha se sambaddha the / zravaNabelagolA ke zilAlekha naM0 49 (129) meM demati ke samAdhi maraNa ko prazasti ke rUpa meM vistRta ullekha hai, jisameM unake aneka guNa - AhAra, zAstra, auSadha, abhaya Adi kI dAnazIlatA, devapUjAbhiruci, satItva, puNyazIlatA, lAvaNya Adi kI carcA kI gaI hai / anta meM kannar3a meM usake dehAvasAna kA samaya zaka saMvat 1042 phAlguna kRSNA 11 bRhaspativAra likhA hai / " anumeya hai, mati dvArA apane guru zubhacandradeva ko ina tAr3apatrIya siddhAnta-granthoM ke upahRta kiye jAne kA samaya sambhavataH zaka saMvat 1037 tathA 1042 ke madhya rahA ho / 1. etatsUcaka zloka, jo dhavalA kI prazasti tathA zravaNabelagolA ke zilAlekha naM0 43 (117) meM samAna rUpa meM prApta hai : vANAmbhodhinamazzazAMkatuli te jAte zakAbde tato, varSe zobhakRtAhvaye byupanate mAse punaH zrAvaNe / pakSe kRSNavipakSavartini site vAre vazamyAM tithau, svaryAtaH zubhacandravevagaNabhRtu siddhAMtavArAMnidhiH // 2. AhAraM trijagajjanAya vibhayaM bhItAya divyauSadhaM, vyAdhivyApadupetadIna mukhine zrotre ca zAstrAgamam / evaM devamatissarvava vavatI pratrakSaye svAyuSAmahaM vamatiM vidhAya vidhinA vivyA vadhUH provabhUt // AsItparakSobhakarapratApAzeSAvanIpAlakRtAdarasya cAmuNDanAmno vaNijaH priyA strI mukhyA satI yA bhuvi dematIti // bhUlokacaityAlayacaityapUjAvyApArakRtyAdarato'vatIrNA 1 svargAtsurastroti vilokyamAnA puNyena lAvaNyaguNena cAva // vAyinyalaM AhArazAstrAbhayabheSajAnAM varNacatuSTayAda / pazcAtsamAdhikriyayA mRdante svasthAnavatsvaH praviveza yoccaiH // jitvA vyavasthApitadharmanRttyA / saddharmazatru kalikAlarAjaM tasyA jayastambhanibhaM zilAyA stambhaM vyavasthApayati sma lakSmIH // zrI mUla saMghada vezigagaNada pustakagacchada zubhacandrasiddhAntavevara guDDi saka varSa 1042 neya vikAri saMvatsarada phAlguna ba0 11 bRhabAra bandu saMnyAsana vidhiyi mikka suDipi / 2010_05

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642 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaNDa : 3 DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne sambaddha ghaTanAoM, lekhoM, prasaMgoM Adi ke AdhAra para mUDabidrI sthita ina tADapatrIya siddhAnta-granthoM ke lekhana kA samaya zaka saMvat 950 ke lagabhaga sambhAvita mAnA hai| saadhaar'th bhn : nibndh paab # bhArata ke prAcIna-kAlIna vidvAnoM, sAhityikoM tathA granthakAroM ke itihAsa ke sambandha meM Aja bhI bahuta kucha aspaSTa jaisA hai / adhikAMzataH anumAnoM tathA aTakaloM se kAma calAnA hotA hai / isake pIche bhAratIya manISiyoM kI eka vizeSa cintanAtmaka pRSThabhUmi rahI hai / karaNIya ke prati sarvathA jAgarUkatA aura apane vaiyaktika paricaya yA Atma-prakAzana ke prati sahajatayA eka upekSA-bhAva prAktana granthakAroM meM aksara dekhA jAtA hai| uttaravartI lekhakoM ne apane pUrvavartI granthakAroM ke sambandha meM kucha likhanA cAhA ho to unheM sAmagrI upalabdha nahIM ho sakI ho| yadi upalabdha bhI huI ho to bahuta km| kyoMki kAlika vyavadhAna itivRttoM tathA ghaTanA-kramoM ko vismRti ke garta meM pahuMcAtA jAtA hai / digambara paramparA ke dvAdazAMga kA aMgabhUta SaTkhaNDAgama jaisA mahAn grantha jinase upalabdha huA, una prAcArya dharasena ke sambandha meM kevala puSpadanta aura bhUtabali ko zrutAdhyayana karAne ke atirikta kucha bhI spaSTatayA jJAta nahIM hai| unake samaya, guru-paramparA Adi ke sambandha meM idhara-udhara kI sAmagrI ke AdhAra para hI kucha saMbhAvanAeM kI jA sakatI haiN| paTTAnuma meM gharasena kA anullekha digambara sampradAya meM gautama se lohArya taka kI paTTAvalI kA tiloyapaNNatti, harivaMza purANa, dhavalA, jayadhavalA, zrutAvatAra Adi meM ullekha hai / pIche yathAprasaMga usa ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| unameM gautama se lohArya taka aTThAIsa prAcArya hote haiM , jinameM tIna kevalI, pAMca zru takevalI, gyAraha dazapUrvadhara, pAMca ekadazAMgadhara tathA cAra AcArAMgadhara haiM / lohArya ke pazcAt paTTAnukrama vaNita nahIM hai| isa sandarbha meM yaha kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki lohArya ke pazcAt AcArya dharasena kA samaya rahA hogA / dhavalA meM lohArya taka kA ullekha kara kevala itanA-sA kahA hai ki dharasenAcArya ko prAcArya-paramparA se Ate hue aMgoM tathA pUrvo ke jJAna kA ekadeza 2010_05

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fire sAhitya ] prApta huA / isa ullekha se dharasenAcArya kA koI nizcita samaya bodhita nahIM hotA / indranandi ne tAvatAra meM lohArya taka kA guru-krama batAne ke sAtha-sAtha sAmaSTika rUpa se cAra AcAryoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinake nAma vinayadatta, zrIdatta, zivadatta tathA prarhaddatta haiM / indranandi ke anusAra ye AcArya aMgoM tathA pUrvI ke ekadezIya jJAtA the| inake anantara indranandi ne arhadubali kI carcA kI hai / unake sambandha meM kahA hai ki ve mahAn saMghAdhipati the / pUrva deza meM sthita pu'Davardhana nAmaka nagara unakA janma sthAna thaa| ve jaina saMgha kI samayAnurUpa naI vyavasthA bAMdhanA cAhate the, isalie paMcavarSIya yuga-pratikramaNa ke avasara para unhoMne muniyoM kA eka sammelana prAyojita kiyA / zrutAvatArakAra ne likhA hai ki usa sammelana meM sau yojana ke munigaNa upasthita hue the / sthiti kA paryavekSaraNa kara arhadrabali socane lage, aisA yuga A gayA hai ki muniyoM kA mana pakSapAta se achUtA nahIM hai / dharma saMgha bar3A vizAla hai / aba melapUrvaka nirvAha meM kaThinAI hogI / isalie adhika acchA ho, yadi saMgha ko kaI bhAgoM meM bAMTa diyA jAye / aisA karane se, zrahaM dubali kA cintana thA, saiddhAntika aikya akSuNNa rahegA, saMghIya vyavasthA apanI-apanI hotI rhegii| isase zramaraNoM meM pArasparika sneha, samanvaya evaM AtmIya bhAva kI vRddhi hogI / isa vicAra ke anusAra unhoMne sAre saMgha ko kaI bhAgoM meM bAMTa diyaa| unake alaga-alaga saMgha banA diye, jinameM nandi, vIra, aparAjita, deva, paMcastUpa, sena, bhadra, guraNadhara, gupta, siMha, candra Adi mukhya the / zaurasenI aura usakA vAGmaya prAkRta indranandine zrutAvatAra meM zrarhabali ke pazcAt mAghanandi ke hone kA ullekha kiyA hai / unhoMne unheM munizreSTha kahA hai / yaha bhI sUcita kiyA hai ki mAghanandi ne aMgoM maura pUrvo ke ekadeza kA udyota prasRta kiyA / anta meM samAdhi maraNa dvArA apanI aihika lIlA samApta kI / 1. to sambesimaMgapubvANamega-veso saMpato / 2010_05 eva indranandi ne unake pazcAt prAcArya dharasena kI carcA kI hai, jo girinAra ke samIpa Urjayanta parvata kI candra guphA meM nivAsa karate the / lohA ke pazcAt indranandi ne uparyukta rUpa meM cAra aura tIna muniyoM kA jo ullekha kiyA hai, vahAM unake pArasparika sambandha ke viSaya meM kucha nahIM kahA hai / ataH kauna kisakA Airiya-paraMparAe AgacchamANo dharaseNAiriyaM -SaTkhaNDAgama, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1, pustaka 1, pR0 67

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644 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana uttarAdhikArI thA, unameM paraspara guru-ziSya-sambandha thA yA nahIM, kucha jJAta nahIM hotaa| aisA lagatA hai, indranandi ne ina viziSTa muniyoM ke nAma sune hoM aura kAla-bheda ke binA unakA ullekha kara diyA ho / jo itivRtta prApta huA yA sunA gayA, use bhI variNata kara diyA ho / indranandi ne svayaM prasaMgopAtta rUpa meM kahA hai ki guNadhara aura dharasena kI guruparamparA unheM jJAta nahIM hai| kyoMki vaisA batAne vAlA na koI grantha hai aura na koI muni hii|| nandi-saMgha kI saMskRta-gurvAvalI meM mAdhanandi nandisaMgha kI saMskRta-gurvAvalI meM jahAM mUla saMgha se nandisaMgha va balAtkAragaNa kI utpatti kA ullekha hai, vahIM mAghanandi kI carcA hai / gurvAvalikAra ne unheM pUrvapadAMzavedIaMzataH pUrva-jJAna ke vettA tathA manuSyoM aura devoM dvArA vandanIya kahA hai|' sambhava hai, arhadbali ne jaina saMgha kA jo vibhinna saMghoM meM vibhAjana kiyA, unameM nandisaMgha kA adhinAyakatva unheM sauMpA ho / isa gurvAvalI meM dharasena kA koI ullekha nahIM hai / mAghanandi ke uttarAdhikArI ke rUpa meM jinacandra kA, tatpazcAta tatpaTTAdhikArI padmanandi kundakunda kA ullekha hai| yahAM yaha sandeha honA svAbhAvika hai ki zru tAvatAra meM jina mAghanandi kI carcA hai, ye vaha mAghanandi haiM yA koI duusre| kyoMki vahAM unake bAda dharasena pAte haiM, jaba ki yahAM vaisA koI saMketa nahIM hai / ___ yahAM eka kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai ki jinacandra tathA dharasena donoM hI mAghanandi ke ziSya rahe haiM / dharasena kI vidyA, dhyAna, maMtra tathA tapa kI ArAdhanA meM adhika abhiruci rahI ho / Urjayanta parvata kI candra-guphA meM unake sAghanA-nirata rahane kI ghaTanA se yaha tathya samarthita hotA hai| vaisI sthiti meM mAghanandi ne saMghIya vyavasthA kA uttaradAyitva jinacandra ko sauMpa diyA ho; ataH gurvAvalI ke paTTAnukrama meM dharasena kA nAma na pAkara jinacandra kA nAma mAyA ho| 1. guNadharadharasenAnvayagurvoH pUrvAparakramo'smAbhiH / na jJAyate tadanvayakathakAgamamunijanAbhAvAt // 151 // 2. zrI mUlasaMjani nabisaMghastasmin balAtkAragaNo'tiramyaH / tavAbhavatpUrvapAzavedhI zrImAdhananvI naradevavandhaH // va siddhAnta bhAskara 1.4, pR051 2010 05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAmamaya / yahAM mAdhanandi ke lie jo pUrvapadAMthavedI vizeSaNa mAyA hai, vaha kAphI mahatvapUrNa hai / gharasena bhI pUrvapadAMzavedI the| yoM bhuta-kama meM donoM eka hI zreNI meM Ate haiM / isalie yahAM vaNita mAghanandi sambhavataH vahI haiM, jinakA indramandi ne zru tAvatAra meM ullekha kiyA hai| jambUbIvapaNatti (digambara) meM bhI mAghanandi kI carcA hai| vahAM kahA gayA hai| "mApanandi rAga, dvaSa tathA moha se pratIta the| ve zruta-sAgara ke pAragAmI tathA pragalma buddhizAlI the / unake ziSya sakalacandra the, jo tatva-jJAna ke samudra meM avagAhana kara apanA kAluSya dho cuke the| jo nIti, niyama tathA zIla se suzobhita va guNayukta the| sakalacandra ke ziSya zrInandi the, jo nirmala tathA ujjvala jJAna va cAritrya se saMyukta the, samyak darzana se parizuddha the|" __yahAM mAghanandi ke lie jo 'zratasAgara-pAraga' vizeSaNa diyA hai, vaha mahatvapUrNa hai| usase anumAna hotA hai ki ye vahI mAghanandi rahe hoM, jinakA zru tAvatAra tathA nandi-saMgha kI saMskRta-gurvAvalI meM varNana hai / kyoMki tInoM hI sthAnoM para unake viziSTa jJAnI hone kI sUcanA hai, jisase unakA aikya sUcita hotA hai / saMskRta-gurvAvalI meM mAghanandi ke ziSya kA nAma padmanandi hai| jaMbUdIvapaNNatti meM unake sthAna para sakala candra tathA zrInandi kA ullekha hai| ho sakatA hai, eka hI vyakti ke ye milate-julate se do-do nAma hoN| sndhaahii aN saadhnaa eka jana-zru tyAtmaka ghaTanA hai| siddhAnta vedI mAghanandi kisI dina bhikSA ke lie nagara meM gaye / eka yuvatI kumbhakAra-kanyA ne unheM dekhaa| vaha una para mugdha ho gaI aura gaparAyadosamoho sudasAyarapArao mi-pgmbho| tava-saMjama-saMpaNNo vikkhAo mAghanaMdi gurU // tasseva ya varasisso siddhatamahodahimmi dhuykluso| Naya-Niyama-sIla-kalido guNautto sayalacaMda gurU / / tasseva ya varasisso Nimmala-vara-NANa-caraNa sNjutto| sammasaNasuddho siriNaMdi-guru ti vikkhAo // --154-56 ___ 2010_05

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646 ] Agama aura fafpaTaka : eka anuzIlana [2 unase prema kI yAcanA kii| muni bhI usa rUpavatI kanyA para Asakta ho gaye / tyAgI se bhogI bana gaye / kumbhakArI ke sAtha rahane lage, bartana - bhAMr3e banAne lage / kahA jAtA hai, eka bAra jaina saMgha meM kisI mahatvapUrNa saiddhAntika viSaya para mata bheda yA vivAda utpanna ho gayA / koI samAdhAna nahIM ho pAyA / saMdhAdhipati ne saba aura dRSTi daur3AI to yaha mAghanandi para jAkara TikI / mAghanandi ke vaiduSya tathA siddhAnta-vetRtva ke sambandha meM ve jAnate the / unhoMne muniyoM ko prAdeza diyA ki ve mAghanandi ke pAsa jAyeM, unase pUcheM, ve samAdhAna kara skeNge| muni kumbhakAra ke sthAna para zrAye / mAghanandi ke samakSa apanI saiddhAntika samasyA upasthita kI aura samAdhAna cAhA / mAghanandi ko bar3A Azcarya huA, unhoMne samAgata muniyoM se kahA- aba bhI saMgha mujhe itanA sammAna detA hai ? muni bole- Apake pAsa jo mahatvapUrNa gambhIra zruta jJAna hai, vaha sadA samAdRta rahegA / mAghanandi ko sahasA apanI garimA kA bhAna huA, bhogAsaktivaza jise ve bhUla cuke the / tatkSaraNa tuccha bhogoM ke prati unake mana meM glAni kA bhAva utpanna huA / unhoMne tatkAla kumbhakArI kA sAtha chor3a diyA / apanA kamaNDalu aura mayUrapiccha uThA liyA tathA prAyazcitta kara puna: muni saMgha meM sammilita ho gaye / mAghanandi ke kumbhakAra - jIvana kI eka kahAnI yoM bhI pracalita hai-- jaba ve kacce ghar3oM ko pakAne ke lie una para bhApa dete the, taba sahajatayA kavi hRdaya hone ke kAraNa kucha gunagunAne lagate the / unakI gunagunAhaTa kavitA ke rUpa meM pariNata hotI jAtI thI / jainasiddhAnna bhAskara meM 'aitihAsika stuti' ke zIrSaka se eka SoDaza zlokAtmaka- stuti prakAzita huI thI, jo mAghanandi dvArA kumbhakAra - jIvana meM racita kahI jAtI hai| vahAM isa kathAnaka kI bhI carcA hai / nirNAyaka bhASA meM to nahIM kahA jA sakatA, ye mAghanandi kauna se the; kyoMki digambara-paramparA meM isa nAma ke ekAdhika AcArya hue haiM, para yahAM varNita mAghanandi ke zrutavaiziSTya tathA siddhAntavetRtA se yahI dhvanita hotA hai ki ve sambhavataH arhadubali ke ziSya mAghanandi hI hoM / zravaNavelagolA ke eka zilAlekha meM bhI mAghanandi kA siddhAntavedI ke rUpa meM ullekha hai / 2 1. jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, san 1913, aMka 4, pR0 151 2. namo namrajanAnanvasyanvine mAghanandine / jagatprasiddha siddhAntavedine citpramodine // 4 // 2010_05 -zravaNabelagolA zilAlekha naM0 129

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] sArAMza tiloya paNNatti, dhavalA, jayadhavalA. zrutAvatAra Adi meM gautama se lohArya taka ke AcAryoM kA samaya 683 varSa mAnA gayA hai / zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya indranandi ne lohArya aura dharasena ke madhya vinayadatta, zrIdatta, zivadatta tathA pradatta -- ina cAra tathA arhadubali aura mAghanandi-- ina do AcAryoM kA aura ullekha kiyA hai / unameM prathama cAra sambhavataH eka hI kAla ke hoM, kyoMki unakA ullekha pUrva-pazcAd-bheda sUcakatA ke saMketa ke binA eka hI sAtha hai| digambara samAja ke pramukha vidvAn paM0 jugalakizora mukhtAra ne inake kAla ke sambandha meM UhApoha kiyA hai| unake anusAra sAmaSTika rUpa meM unakA kAla bIsa varSa kA hai| mukhtArajI ne prarhadbali tathA mAghanandi kA kAla kramaza: daza daza varSa kA mAnA hai| isa prakAra, lohArya ke cAlIsa varSa bAda zrarthAt vIra - nirvANa saM0 723 dharasena kA samaya hotA hai / nandi-saMgha kI prAkRta- paTTAvalI meM gharasena nandi - saMgha kI prAkRta - paTTAvalI prastuta viSaya meM eka mahatvapUrNa sAmagrI upasthita karatI haiM, jo aneka dRSTiyoM se vicAraNIya hai / " 1. samantabhadra, pR0 161 2. aMtima jiNa NivvAle bAraha- vAse ya gaye taha bArahavAse puNa saMjAvo jambusAmi muNiNAho / aThatIsavAsarahiyo kevalaNANI ya 2010_05 kevalaNANI ya goyama muNido / sudhammasAmI ya saMjAvo // 1 // ukkiTTho // 2 // bAsaTThi - kevalavAse tihi muNI goyama sudhammajaMbU ya / * bAraha bAraha vo jaNa titha dugahoNaM ca cAlIsaM // 3 // suyakevali paMca jaNA bAsaTThi vAse gaye susaMjjadA / paDhamaM caudavAsaM viNDukumAraM muyadhvaM // 4 // naMdimitta vAsasolaha tiya aparAjiya vAsa bAvIsaM / ihINabI savAsaM govaddhaNa bhaddabAhu guNIsaM // 5 // sada suyakevalaNANI paMca jaNA aparAjiya govaguNa taha viNDu naMdimitto ya / bhaddabAhu ya saMjAdA // / 6 / / [ 647

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648 ] mAgama aura fafvTaka : eka anuzIlana [2 usa paTTAvalI meM gautama se lohArya taka to ThIka ve hI nAma haiM, jo anyatra haiN| lohArya ke bAda usameM arhadubali, mAghanandi, dharasena, puSpadanta tathA bhUtabali - ye pAMca nAma aura sada vAsaTTi suvAse gae su-uppaNNa vaha supuSvaharA / sada-tirAsi vAsANi ya egAdaha muNivarA jAdA // 7 // Ayariya visAkha poTThala khattiya jayaseNa nAgaseNa muNI / siddhattha dhitti vijayaM buhiliMga deva dhamaseNaM // 8 // vaha ugaNIsa ya sattara ikavIsa aTThAraha sattara | codaya aTThAraha terahavIsa caudaha kamerayaM // 9 // aMtima jiNa - NivvaraNe tiya-saya- paNa cAlavAsa jAdesu / egAdahaMgadhAriya paMca muNivarA jAdA // 10 // makkhanto jayapAlaga paMDava dhruvasena kaMsa AyariyA | aThAraha vIsa vAsaM guNacAla tebIsa vAse egAdaha aMgadharA vAsaM sattAvadiya vasaMga nava aMga subhadda lohAcayyamuNIsaM chaha aTThAraha vAse tevIsa vAvaNa vAsa jaNA coda battIsaM // 11 // sada jAdA / aTThadharA // 12 // kameNa ya / jiNAgame // 13 // muNiNAhaM / dasa Nava aTThagadharA vAsa dusadavIsa sadhaisu // 14 // paNasa TThe aMtima - jiNa - samaya jAvesu / uppaNNA paMca jaNA paMcasaye iyaMgadhArI muravvA // 15 // ahiballi mAghanaMdi ya dharaseNaM puSkayaMta bhUdabalI / aDavIsaM igavIsa ugaNIsaM tIsa vIsa vAsa puNo // 16 // igasaya aThAra - vAse iyaMgadhArI ya muNivarA jAdA / chasaya tirA siya- vAse nivvANA aMgadditti kahiya jiraNe // 17 // ca bhaTTabAhu jasobhadda ca kahiyaM ca 2010_05 - jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, bhAga 1, kiraNa 4, san 1913 isa paTTAvalI ke anusAra gautama, sudharmA tathA jambU--ina tIna kevaliyoM kA samaya kramazaH 12, 12 tathA 38 = kula 62 varSa ; viSNu, nandimitra, aparAjita, govardhana tathA bhadrabAhu - ina pAMca zrata ke valiyoM kA samaya kramazaH 14, 16, 22, 19 tathA 29 = kula 100 varSa ; vizAkhAcArya, proSThila, kSatriya, jayasena, nAgasena, siddhArtha, dhRtiSeNa, vijaya,

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA bAramaya ni haiM / lohArya yA lohAcArya taka ke aTThAIsa AcArya tathA ye pAMca AcArya aura-kula tebIsa prAcAryoM kA samaya 683 varSa ginAyA hai| usameM kAla ke sambandha meM yaha vizeSa bheda hai| jaisA ki pahale sUcita kiyA gayA hai, anyatra lohArya taka hI 683 varSa ho jAte haiN| kAla-sUcana ke sandarbha meM usa paTTAvalI kI eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki pratyeka prAcArya kA pRthak-pRthak samaya ullikhita kiyA gayA hai, jaba ki tiloyapaNNatti Adi meM kevaliparamparA, zruta-kevali-paramparA, dazapUrvadhara-paramparA, ekAdazAMdhara-paramparA tathA prAcArAMgadhara-paramparA, jo zruta ke kramika hrAsa para AdhRta zreNI-vibhAjana hai, meM pratyeka zreNI kA yogAtmaka yA sAmUhika kAla diyA hai| udAharaNArtha-jaise pAMca zruta-kevaliyoM kA samaya 100 varSa hai, vahAM kisa-kisa zruta-kevali kA kitanA-kitanA samaya rahA, aisA kucha nahIM hai| biin? byaangkshii spii bulnaa tiloyapaNNattI Adi meM tIna kevaliyoM, pAMca zruta-kevaliyoM tathA gyAraha dazapUrvadharoM kA samaya kramazaH 62, 100 tathA 183 varSa hai| usa paTTAvalI meM bhI vaisA hI hai| ina unnIsoM ke samaya kA yoga 62+100 - 183 = 345 hotA hai, jo usa paTTAvalI meM ullikhita hai / para, eka-eka prAcArya kA jo pRthak-pRthak samaya diyA hai , usameM gyAraha dazapUrvadharoM kA kAla, jo vizAkhAcArya 10 varSa, proSThila 19 varSa, kSatriya 17 varSa, jayasena 21 varSa, nAgasena 18 varSa, siddhArtha 17 varSa, ghRtiSeNa 18 varSa, vijaya 13 varSa, buddhiliMga 20 varSa, deva 14 varSa tathA dharmasena 14 varSa = kula 181 varSa hotA hai / vaha inake sAmUhika kAla, jo 183 varSa batAyA gayA hai, se mela nahIM khAtA / yahAM paTTAvalikAra kI kucha bhUla huI hai| kisI prAcArya ke 2 varSa chUTa gaye haiN| ___ isake pazcAt ekAdazAMgadhArI pAte haiM / donoM jagaha ve saMkhyA meM pAMca-pAMca haiM / tiloya buddhiliMga, deva tathA dharmasena-ina gyAraha dazapUrvadharoM kA samaya kramazaH 10, 19, 17, 21, 18, 17, 18, 23, 20, 14 tathA 14 = kula 181 varSa, nakSatra, jayapAla, pAMDava, dhra vasena tathA kaMsa-ina pAMca ekAdazAMgadharoM kA samaya kramazaH 18, 20, 39, 14 tathA 32 = kula 123 varSa; subhadra, yazobhadra, bhadrabAhu tathA lohAcArya-ina cAra vaza, nava va aSTa aMgadharoM kA samaya kramazaH 6, 18, 23 tathA 52 % kula 99 varSa aura arhavali, mAghanandi, dharasena, puSpadanta evaM bhUtabali-ina pAMca ekAMgadharoM kA samaya kramazaH 28, 21, 19, 30 tathA 20 = kula 118 varSa hai| ____ 2010_05

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65.] . Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana (khaNDa / 2 paNatti Adi meM una pAMcoM kA samaya 220 varSa hai, jabaki prAkRta-paTTAvalI meM unakA samaya-nakSatra 18 varSa, jayapAla 20 varSa, pAMDava 39 varSa, dhra vasena 14 varSa tathA kaMsa 32 varSa = kula 123 varSa batalAyA gayA hai / ____ satpazcAt anyatra jahAM cAra pAcArAMgadhara pAte haiM, vahAM usa paTTAvalI meM unheM daza, nava va aSTa aMgadhara kahA gayA hai / tiloyapaNNattI Adi meM ina cAra kA samaya 118 varSa kahA gayA hai, jaba ki usa paTTAvalI meM subhadra 6 varSa, yazobhadra 18 varSa, bhadrabAhu 23 varSa tathA lohAcArya 52 varSa = kula 99 varSa hotA hai / paTTAvalikAra kI yahAM bhI kucha bhUla rahI hai / kyoMki ve isa prakAra pRthak-pRthak kAla-sUcana karake bhI usakA yoga 97 varSa batalAte haiM / 97 se hI unakA Age kA ThIka milAna baiThatA hai| yahAM aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pramAdavaza kisI AcArya ke samaya meM do varSa adhika jur3a gaye haiN| daza,nava evaM aSTa aMgadhAraka ke rUpa meM ullikhita ina cAra AcAryoM ke sambandha meM aisA samajhA jA sakatA hai-inameM subhadra dazaraMgadhara rahe hoM, yazobhadra nava aMgadhara rahe hoM tathA bhadrabAhu, jinheM anyatra yazobAhu kahA gayA hai va lohAcArya yA lohArya pATha-ATha aMgoM ke dhAraka rahe hoN| anyatra paTTAnukrama meM lohArya antima haiM, jahAM isameM lohArya ke bAda arhadbali, mAghanandi, dharasena, puSpadanta tathA bhUtabali-ye pAMca prAcArya aura pAte haiM, jinakA samaya arhadbali 28 varSa, mAghanandi 21 varSa, dharasena 19 varSa, puSpadanta 30 varSa tathA bhUtabali 20 varSa = kula 118 varSa hai| isa prakAra kevali-kAla 62 varSa, zruta-kevali-kAla 100 varSa, caturdaza pUrvadhara-kAla 183 varSa, ekAdazAMgadhara-kAla 123 varSa, daza-nava-aSTa-gadhara-kAla 97 varSa tathA ekAMgadhara-kAla 118 varSa = kula 683 varSa hote haiN| emii upayukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki prAkRta-paTTAvalI meM anyoM se mukhyataH tIna bAtoM meM antara hai : pAMca ekAdazAMgadhara prAcAryoM ke kAla-krama kI bhinnatA, anyatra jinheM AcArAMgadhara kahA gayA hai, unheM ukta paTTAvalI meM daza,nava evaM aSTa agadhara kahA jAnA, unakA samaya bhI bhinna batalAyA jAnA tathA prabali Adi pAMca naye prAcAryoM kA samAveza / prAyaH sabhI digambara-lekhaka AcArya-krama tathA unake kAla-krama ke usI rUpa ko lekara bale haiM, jaisA tiloyapaNNAtti Adi meM hai, phira isa paTTAvalikAra ne jo nayA kAla-krama diyA ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAmaya [651 hai, usakI upalabdhi unheM kahAM se huI ? sambhava hai, isa paTTAvalikAra ko koI aisI paramparA yA pramANa prApta huA ho, jo dUsaroM ko aprApta thA, jisake AdhAra para usane isakI racanA kI ho / isa paTTAvalikAra ne pratyeka AcArya kA jo pRthak-pRthak samaya diyA hai, vaha mahatvapUrNa hai| kisI vizeSa ullekha yA pramANa ke upalabdha hue binA vaha isa prakAra kaise kara sakatA thA, jaba ki yati vRSabha se lekara indranandi Adi kisI me aisA nahIM kiyA hai / ekAdazAMgadharoM ke kAla meM jo donoM gaNanAoM meM bheda hai, usakA paryAlocana kareM to isa paTTAvalikAra kA ullekha apekSAkRta adhika saMgata hotA hai| isake atirikta sarvatra pAMca prAcAryoM kA jo 220 varSoM kA samaya variNata huA hai, vaha yadi sarvatra asaMbhava nahIM kahA jA sakatA to use atyanta sambhava mAnanA bhI samucita nahIM lagatA / tiloyapaNNatti Adi meM ekAdaza-agadhara-paramparA ke pazcAt ekAeka AcArAMgadharoM ke rUpa meM ekAMgadhara-paramparA A jAtI hai arthAt daza aMgoM kA eka sAtha lopa ho jAtA hai / prastuta paTTAvalI meM ekAdaza-aMgadharoM ke bAda daza-nava-aSTa-agadhara-paramparA AtI hai| uttarottara hIyamAna zrata-paramparA ke sandarbha meM aga-lopa kA yaha krama adhika yukti saMgata pratIta hotA hai| arhadbali, mAghanandi, dharasena, puSpadanta aura bhUtabali kA samAveza aura kAla kA abheda arthAt 683 varSa kA jo svIkRta kAla-krama calA A rahA hai, usI ke antargata ina pAMca prAcAryoM ko jo le liyA gayA hai, vahAM kucha vicAraNIya hai / eka samAnA isa sandarbha meM eka sambhAvanA yaha ho sakatI hai, paTTAvalikAra syAt usa saMgha yA gaNa se sambaddha rahA ho, jisake arhadbali, mAghanandi tathA dharasena Adi the / usane apanI paramparA se sambaddha una prAcIna prAcAryoM ke ekAMgadharatva rUpa viziSTa jJAna ke kAraNa yaha socA ho ki paTTAnukrama meM unakA samAveza kiyA jAnA cAhie / lohArya taka to saMgha-bheda nahIM thA ; ataH taba taka kA paTTAnukrama to sarva-sammata thA hI / eka saMgha ke antargata upasaMghoM ke rUpa meM jaba vibhAjana ho jAtA hai, taba sthiti parivartita ho jAtI hai arthAt sabhI saMgha apanIapanI paramparA ke paTTadharoM kI hI gaNanA karate haiM / astu, prastuta paTTAvalikAra ne ina pAMca AcAryoM ko prAktana zruta-paramparA kI zRMkhalA meM jor3ane tathA kAlika sImA vahI banAye rakhane ke hetu pIche ke kAla-krama meM apekSita parivartana kiyA ho aura usa sarva-svIkRta ___ 2010_05

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652] mAgama aura zipiTaka : eka manuzIlana 683 varSa kI samayAvadhi meM ina pAMcoM AcAryoM ko milA diyA ho / paTTAvalikAra ne vahAM sabhI AcAryoM kA pRthak-pRthak samaya bhI chAMTa diyA hai, jisase vaha kAla-gaNanA vizeSa prabhAvaka lge| dUsarI sambhAvanA jaina saMgha ke pRthak-pRthak saMghoM yA gaNoM meM vibhakta ho jAne se bhinna-bhinna saMghoM meM jo viziSTa jJAnI hue, unake jJAna kI garimA to sarvatra samAhata thI, para, sarva-svIkRta paTTAnukrama meM unheM gRhIta karanA sambhava nahI thA ; ataH lohAyaM ke bAda kA paTTAnukrama saba saMghoM kA apanA pRthak-pRthak hotA gayA / isalie yaha bhI saMmbhava ho sakatA hai ki arhabali, mAghanandi, dharasena jaise viziSTa zAna-sampanna prAcAryoM ko, jo zruta-paramparA para AdhRta pUrvatana zreNI meM Ate the, vahAM nahIM ginA gayA yA jAnA-bUjhakara chor3a diyA gayA / ho sakatA hai, hIyamAna-zru ta-paramparA kI yaha kAla-gaNanA bhUtabali taka rahI ho, vahIM taka 683 varSa kA samaya pUrA hotA ho, para, jaba eka sarvasammata paTTAnukrama kA rUpa banAye rakhanA vAMchita thA, taba unheM kaise liyA jAtA, jo eka viziSTa saMgha ke netRtva se sambaddha the| isalie ina sahita jo 683 varSa hote the, unheM lohAyaM taka ke AcAryoM meM bAMTa diyA ho / yaha saba isalie kiyA gayA ho ki eka paTTAnukrama to aisA rahe, jisakI prAmANikatA tathA sarva-mAnyatA para koI aMgulI taka na uThA sake / yaha sambhAvanA kI to jA sakatA hai, parantu kama samAdhAyaka lagatI hai| kyoMki eka mAtra isa prAkRta-paTTAvalI ke atirikta aura kahIM bhI vaisI sUcanA prApta nahIM hotii| isalie isa paTTAvalI ko hI akSarazaH mAna liyA jAe, aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA aura na aisA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki isa paTTAvalI ke racayitA mAtra kalpanAkAra the ; kyoMki usameM prakaTita tathya sahasA mana ko nAkRSTa bhI karate haiN| ____ isa sandarbha meM manISiyoM kA anusandhitsApUrNa prayatna apekSita hai, jisase aba taka avyakta tathyoM kA udghATana ho sake / ___ isa paTTAvalI ke anusAra mAghanandi taka vIra nivAraNa 614 varSa hote haiM / mAghanandi ke anantara bhUtabali ke kAla taka 69 varSoM kA samaya rahatA hai, jise dharasena, puSyadanta aura bhUtabali-ina tIno meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai / isake anusAra dharasena kA AcArya-kAla vIra-nirvANa 615 se 633 taka, puSpadanta kA prAcArya-kAla vIra nirvANa 634 se 663 tathA bhUta bali kA AcArya-kAla vIra-nirvANa 664 se 683 taka hotA hai / 2010_05

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mAza aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya 656 saan-shaablii dhbii saamaathaabdn| ___ isa paTTAvalI kI bhASA bahuta azuddha evaM mizrita hai| yahAM taka ki isameM prayukta prAkRta kA svarUpa apabhraza se hindI taka pahuMca jAtA hai| para, racanA ke paryavekSaNa se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vAstava meM bhASA kI dRSTi se yaha isI rUpa meM racita nahIM huI / pratilipi kI pratilipi kiye jAte rahane se, vaha bhI jaba aise vyaktiyoM dvArA, jo usa bhASA ke jJAtA na hoM to vaha azuddhi-krama bar3hatA hI jAtA hai| isa paTTAvalI meM bhI kucha aisA hI bItA hai / tathya yA AMkar3e to isameM bace raha gaye, bhASA uttarottara ghisatI gaI, miTatI gaI, badalatI gaI aura vaha mUla se bahuta dUra calI gaI hai| jaisI isakI bhASA hai, usake AdhAra para isakI koI kAla-nizcitI nahIM kI jA sktii| para, yaha kahanA anucita nahIM hogA ki yaha bahuta arvAcIna to nahIM hai / sva0 DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne bhI AcArya dharasena ke samayAvadhAraNa meM isakA upayoga kiyA hai / unhoMne cAhA thA ki ve usakI vizeSa gaveSaNA kara sakeM / ataH unhoMne usakI mUla prati ko prApta karane kA prayAsa bhI kiyA thaa| vaha prati kabhI jaina siddhAnta bhavana, ArA meM thii| usI ke AdhAra para jaina siddhAnta bhAskara meM usakA prakAzana huA thA, para, taba vahAM khojane para hastagata nahIM ho sakI; ataH mUla prati para vizeSa parizIlana evaM vimarza kA avasara nahIM rahA / digambara prAcAryoM ke paTTAnukrama ke sambandha meM yaha paTTAvalI jo vilakSaNa sUcanAeM detI hai, ve bar3I mahatvapUrNa haiN| una para vizeSa anveSaNa honA caahie| sambhava hai, kabhI koI aisA AdhAra, paramparA yA pramANa hI mila jAye, jisakA avalambana lekara isa prAkRta-paTTAvalikAra ne apanI paTTAvalI meM ukta tathya nibaddha kiye / ghn Rii bndh sthaan : gaathaannaang / prAkRta meM maMtra-taMtra zAstra kA 'jINipAhuDa' nAmaka eka prAcIna grantha hai / prAcArya dharasena usake racayitA mAne jAte haiM / AcArya dharasena dvArA maMtra-vidyA sambandhI grantha likhe jAne kI saMbhAvanA asthAnIya nahIM mAnI jA sktii| vidyAdhyayana ke uddezya se puSpadanta aura bhUtabali kA prAcArya gharasena ke sAnidhya meM Ane kA jo prasaMga pAyA hai, vahAM yaha ullekha huA hI hai ki prAcArya dharasena ne samAgataH muniyoM kI adhyayana-kSamatA jAMcane ke lie unheM do maMtra-vidyAeM sAdhane ko dii| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki dharasena maMtra-taMtravijJAna meM niSNAta the tathA unakA usa ora jhukAva bhI thaa| yahI kAraNa hai, unhoMne vidyArthI pramoM ke parIkSaNa kA mAdhyama maMtra-vidyA ko bnaayaa| 2010_05

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654 ] Agama aura faftee : eka anuzIlana joNipAhuDa bhATha sau zloka -pramANa prAkRta gAthAoM meM hai / ullekha hai ki ise kUsmANDinI mahAdevI se upalabdha kara AcArya dharasena ne apane antevAsI puSpadanta aura bhUtabali ke lie likhA / joNipAhuDa ke sambandha meM dhavalA meM bhI carcA hai| vahAM use maMtra-taMtra zaktiyoM tathA pudgalAnubhAga kA vivecana grantha batAyA hai / vahaTTiyazikA meM ullekha eka zvetAmbara jaina muni ne vikramAbda 1556 meM vRhaTTippaNikA ke nAma se zvetAmbara evaM digambara -- yathAsambhava sabhI jaina vidvAnoM ke granthoM kI sUcI taiyAra kii| usameM unhoMne apane samaya taka ke sabhI lekhakoM kI saba viSayoM kI kRtiyoM ko samAviSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai / joNipAhuDa kI bhI vahAM carcA hai / vRhaTTippaNikAkAra ne use prAcArya dharasena dvArA racita batAyA hai tathA usakA racanA kAla vIra - nirvAraNa saM0 600 sUcita kiyA hai / vRhaTTappaNikA kI prAmANikatA meM sandeha kI kama guMjAiza hai / phira eka zvetAmbara muni dvArA eka digambara muni ke grantha ke sambandha meM kiyA gayA sUcana apane prApa meM vizeSa mahatva rakhatA hai / nandisaMgha kI prAkRta-paTTAvalI, jisa para pichale pRSThoM meM vistAra se carcA kI gaI hai, ke anusAra mAghanandi kA kAla vIra nirvAraNa saM0 614 meM samApta hotA hai, tatpazcAt dharasena kA kAla prArambha hotA hai / vRhaTTiSpaNikA aura prAkRta- paTTAvalI ke kAla sUcana ke sandarbha se aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki dharasena ne prAcArya padAroharaNa se cavadaha varSa pUrva isa grantha kI racanA kI ho / isa koTi ke jaTila grantha kI racanA karane ke prasaMga taka ve avasthA meM pror3ha nahIM to yuvA avazya rahe hoMge / bhANDArakara orieNTala risarca insTITyUTa, pUnA (mahArASTra) ke grantha-bhaNDAra meM joNipAhuDa kI eka hastalikhita prati hai, jisakA lekhaka- kAla vi0 saM0 1582 hai / jiizags : maMga - ka yaha grantha maMtra-vidyA, taMtra-vijJAna zrAdi ke vizleSaNa - vivecana kI dRSTi se bar3A mahatvapUrNa samajhA jAtA hai / digambara tathA zvetAmbara - donoM jaina sampradAyoM meM yaha samAhata rahA hai / DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina ne isake sambandha meM jo sUcaka tathya upasthita kiye haiM, unheM yahAM uddhRta kiyA jA rahA hai : "nizItha pUNi (4, pR0 375 sAiklosTAila prati ) ke kathanAnusAra AcArya siddhasena ne joNipAhuDa ke AdhAra se azva banAye the, isake bala se 2010_05 20chiv

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Inaa aura sAhitya zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA bAI maya / 655 mahiSoM ko acetana kiyA jA sakatA thA aura isase dhana paidA kara sakate the / prabhAvaka carita (5, 115-127) meM isa grantha ke bala se machalI aura siMha utpanna karane kA tathA vizeSAvazyaka bhASya (gAthA 1775) kI hemacandra kRta TIkA meM aneka vijAtIya dravyoM ke saMyoga se sarpa, siMha Adi prANI aura maNi, suvarNa Adi acetana padArthoM ke paidA karane kA ullekha milatA hai| kuvalayamAlAkAra ke kathanAnusAra joNipAhuDa meM kahI huI bAta kabhI asatya nahIM hotii| jinezvarasUri ne apane kathAkoSaprakaraNa meM bhI isa zAstra kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa grantha meM 800 gAthAeM haiM / kulamaNDanasUri dvArA vikrama saMvat 1473 (IsavI san 1416) meM racita vicArAmRta saMgraha (pRSTha 9 pA) meM yoniprAbhRta ko pUrva zruta se calA prAtA huA svIkAra kiyA hai : aggeNipuvvaniggayapAhuDasasthassa majnayAraMmi / kiMci uddesadesaM gharaseNo vajjiyaM bhaNai // giri ujitaThieNa pacchimadese suragirinayare / buDataM uddhariyaM dUsamakAlappayAmi // prathama khaNDe aTThAvIsa sahassA gAhANaM jattha vanniyA stthe| aggeNipugvamase saMkhevaM vitthare mutta / caturthakhaNDaprAnte yoniprAbhRte / isa kathana se jJAta hotA hai ki agrAyaNI pUrva kA kucha aMza lekara dharasena ne isa grantha kA uddhAra kiyA hai tathA isameM pahale 28 hajAra gAthAeM thIM, unhIM ko saMkSipta karake yoniprAbhRta meM kahA hai| niSkarSa upayukta samagra vivecana ke pariprekSya meM dharasena ke samaya ke sambandha meM hamAre samakSa do prakAra kI sthitiyAM haiN| tiloyapaNNatti, harivaMza purANa, dhavalA, jayadhavalA, zru tAvatAra Adi ke anusAra dekhA jAye to vIra nirvANa 681 ke pazcAt inakA samaya siddha hotA hai aura yadi nandisaMgha kI prAkRta-paTTAvalI va joNipAhuDa Adi ke AdhAra para cintana kareM to vaha vIra nirvANa 600 se kucha pUrva siddha hotA hai| arthAt IsA kI prathama zatI meM ve hue, aisA anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| tiloyapaNNatti Adi ke anusAra unakA samaya lagabhaga 1. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, pR0 673-74 2010_05

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656 ] mAnava aura vipiTaka eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa 3 eka zatI bAda hotA hai| jaisA bhI ho, ve IsA kI dvitIya zatI se avazya pUrvavartI rahe haiM / puSpadanta tathA bhUtabali kI samaya-sImA bAMdhane kA zrAdhAra bhI prAyaH yahI hai / dhavalA aura jayadhavalA SaTkhaNDAgama ke yathArtha mahatva se loka-mAnasa ko avagata karAne kA mukhya zra eya prAcArya vIrasena ko hai, jinhoMne usa para 'dhavalA' saMjJaka atyanta mahatvapUrNa TIkA kI racanA kI / dhavalA ke vizAla kalevara ke sambandha meM saMketa kiyA hI gayA hai / SaTkhaNDAgama jaise mahAn saiddhAntika grantha para akelA vyakti gambhIra vizleSaNa tathA vivecana pUrva 72 sahasra zloka - pramAraNa vyAkhyA prastuta kare, niHsaMdeha yaha bahuta bar3A Azcarya hai / AcArya vIrasena kA kRtitva aura udbhAsita ho jAtA hai tathA sahasA mana para chA jAtA hai, jaba sAtha-hI-sAtha yahAM dekhate haiM ki unhoMne jayadhavalA kA bIsa - sahasra - zloka - pramANa aMza bhI likhA | utanA hI kara pAye the ki unakA bhautika kalevara nahIM rahA / isa prakAra bAcArya vIrasena ne apane jIvana meM 92 sahasra - zloka - pramANa racanA kI / aisA pratIta hotA hai, gambhIra zAstrAdhyayana ke anantara unhoMne apanA samagra jIvana sAhityasarjana ke isa punIta lakSya meM lagA diyA / tabhI to isa prakAra kA virAT kArya sadha sakA / vizAlakAya mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM mahAbhArata, vizva vAGmaya meM sarvAdhika pratiSThApanna hai, kyoMki usakA kalevara eka lAkha - zloka - parimita mAnA jAtA hai| para, vaha akele vyAsadeva kI racanA nahIM hai / na jAne kitane kaviyoM aura vidvAnoM kI lekhinI kA yogadAna use milA hai| para, dhavalA, jo kalevara meM mahAbhArata se kucha hI kama hai, eka hI mahAn lekhaka kI kRti hai / yaha usakI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai / jJAnopAsanA ke divya yajJa meM apane Apa ko homa dene vAle prAcArya vIrasena jaise manISI granthakAra jagat meM virale hI hue haiM / mahAn vidvAn / prakhara pratibhAnvita prAcArya vIrasena kA vaiduSya vilakSaNa thA / unakI smaraNa zakti evaM pratibhA adbhuta thI / unakA vidyAdhyayana aparisIma thA / sva- zAstra evaM para- zAstra -- donoM ke rahasya unheM svAyatta | vyAkararaNa, nyAya, chanda, jyotiSa prabhRti aneka viSayoM meM unakI gati patratita thI / 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAra maya [657 jinasena ke zabdoM meM ve samagra vizva ke pAradazvA the, mAno sAkSAt kevalI hoM / unakI sarvArthagAminI svAbhAvika prajJA ko dekha vidvAnoM ko sarvajJa ke astitva meM zaMkA nahIM rhii| unakI camakatI huI jJAnamayI kiraNoM kA prasAra dekhakara prAjJajana unheM zruta-kevalI tathA utkRSTa prajJA-zramaNa' kahate the| nattva-darzana ke mahAn samudra meM avagAhana karane se unakI buddhi parizuddha thI, tabhI mAno mahAn meghAzIla pratyeka-buddhoM se ve spardhA karane lage hoN| jinasena ne unake zAstrAnuzIlana ke sambandha meM eka bar3e mahatva kI bAta kahI hai| usake anusAra prAcArya vIrasena ne cirantana kAlIna pustakoM kA gaurava bar3hAyA arthAt pustakArUr3ha prAcIna vAGmaya kA unhoMne gambhIra anuzIlana kiyA, use agrasara kiyaa|' isase yaha gamya hai ki AcArya vIrasena ke samaya taka jo bhI ucca koTi ke grantha prApta the, unhoMne una saba kA sAMgopAMga evaM vyApaka adhyayana kiyaa| tabhI to yaha sambhava ho sakA ki ve apanI dhavalA TIkA ko aneka zAstroM ke niSkarSa tathA navanIta se ApUrita kara ske| jinasena ne AdipurANa kI utthAnikA meM apane zraddhAspada guru ko paramotkRSTa vAdI, 1. viziSTha prajJAtmaka Rddhi-sampanna 2. zrI vIrasena ityAttabhaTTArakapRthuprathaH / pAradRzvAdhivizvAnAM sAkSAdiva ru kevalI // yasya naisagikI prajJAM dRSTvA sarvArthagAminIm / jAtAH sarvazaramAve nirArekA manISiNaH // yaM prAhuH prasphuradodharIdhitiprasarovayam / / zrutakevalinaM prAjJAH prajJAzramaNamuttamam // prasisisiddhAntavAdhivAdhoM tazuddhadhIH / sAkhaM pratyekabuddhayaH spardhate dhoddhabuddhibhiH // -jayadhavalA-prazasti 19, 21-23 3. pustakAnAM cirasnAnAM gurutvamiha kurvatA / yenAtizayitAH pUrve sarve pustakaziSyakAH // ____ 2010_05

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658] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana khaMNDa : 2 pavitrAtmA, lokavijJa, kavitva-zakti-sampanna tathA vRhaspati ke tulya vAgmI kahA hai / / unakI dhavalA TIkA ke viSaya meM jinasena ne bar3e bhAvapUrNa zabdoM meM ullekha kiyA hai ki unakI dhavalA bhAratI tathA unakI pavitra va ujjvala kIrti ne akhaNDa bhU-maNDala ko dhavala-ujjvala banA diyaa| arthAt ve donoM loka-vyApta ho gii|' ghr'laa Rii bndnaa indranandi ke zru tAvatAra meM AcArya vIrasena tathA unakI dhavalA TIkA kI carcA kI hai / TIkA kI racanA ke sandarbha meM unhoMne batAyA hai ki vIrasena ne elAcArya ke pAsa saiddhAntika jJAna arjita kiyaa| guru ke Adeza se ve vATagrAma Aye / Anatendra dvArA nirmApita jina-mandira meM ruke / vahAM unheM bappadeva-guru-racita vyAkhyA-prajJapti-SaTkhaNDAgama kI eka purAnI TIkA milI / vahIM unhoMne dhavalA kI racanA samApta kii| usI prasaMga meM indranandi ne vIrasena-racita dhavalA tathA aMzataH jayadhavalA ke zlokapramANa kI bhI carcA kI hai| yaha bhI batAyA hai ki dhavalA prAkRta-saMskRta-mizra TIkA hai| isI sandarbha meM jinasena dvArA jayadhavalA kI pUrti tathA usake samagna SaSTi-sahasra-zlokapramANa kI bhI carcA kI hai|' 1. zrI vIrasena ityAtabhaTTArakapRyuprathaH / sa naH punAtu pUtAtmA vAdivundArako muniH / / lokavitvaM kavitvaM ca sthitaM bhaTTArake dvayam / vAgmitA vAgmino yasya vAcA vAcaspaterapi // -AvipurANa usthAnikA 55-56 2. dhavalAM bhAratI tasya kItiM ca zucinirmalAm / dhavalIkRtaniHzeSa-bhuvanAM tAM namAmyaham // -AdipurANa utthAnikA 58 3. kAle gate kiyatyapi tataH punazcitrakUTapuravAsIM / zrImAnetvAcAryo babhUva siddhAntatattvajJaH // tasya samIpe sakalaM siddhAntamadhItya vIrasenaguruH / uparitananibandhanAdyadhikArAnaSTa ca lilekha // Agatya citrakUTAttataH sa bhagavAna guroranujJAnAt / vATapAme cAnAnatendrakRtajinagRhe sthitvA // ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya naam : prdhaan| ____ AcArya vIrasena ne TIkA kA abhidhAna 'dhavalA' kyoM rakhA, isa sambandha meM spaSTatayA koI vivaraNa prApta nahIM hai / dhavalA zabda saMskRta bhASA kA hai, jisakA artha zveta, sundara, svaccha, vizuddha, vizada mAdi hai| mAsa ke zukla pakSa ko bhI dhavala kahA jAtA hai / sambhava hai, apanI TIkA kI artha-vizleSaNa kI dRSTi se vizadatA, bhAva-gAmbhIrya kI dRSTi se svacchatA, pada-vinyAsa kI dRSTi se sundaratA, prabhAvakatA kI dRSTi se ujjvalatA, zailI kI dRSTi se prasannatA-prasAdopapannatA Adi vizeSatAoM kA eka hI zabda meM AkhyAna karane ke lie TIkAkAra ko dhavalA nAma khUba saMgata lagA ho| Age calakara yaha nAma priya evaM hRdya itanA humA ki SaTkhaNDAgama vAGamaya 'dhavalA-siddhAnta' ke nAma se vizru ta ho gyaa| dhavalA kI samApana-sUcaka prazasti meM ullekha huA hai ki yaha TIkA kArtika mAsa ke dhavala yA zukla pakSa kI trayodazI ke dina sampUrNa huI thii| ho sakatA hai, mAsa ke dhavala pakSa meM parisamApta hone ke kAraNa racayitA ke mana meM ise dhavalA nAma denA jacA ho / eka aura sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai, isa TIkA kA samApana mAnyakheTAdhIzvara, rASTrakUTavaMzIya nareza amoghavarSa prathama ke rAjyakAla meM huA thaa| rAjA amoghavarSa ujjvala caritra, sAttvika bhAvanA, dhArmika vRtti Adi aneka uttamottama guNoM se vibhUSita thaa| usakI guNasUcaka upAdhiyoM yA vizeSaNoM meM eka atizaya 'dhavala' vizeSaNa bhI prApta hotA hai| prAmANika rUpa meM nahIM kahA jA sakatA, isa vizeSaNa ke pracalana kA mukhya hetu kyA vyAkhyAprajJalimavApya pUrvaSaTkhaNDatastatastasmin / uparitanabandhanAdhadhikArairaSTAvazavikalpaH // satkarmanAmaSeyaM SaSThaM khaNDaM vidhAya saMkSipya / iti SaNNAM khaNDAnAM pranyasahasra hiMsaptatyA // prAkRtasaMskRtabhASA-mizrA TIkA vilikhya dhavalAkhyAm / jayadhavalAM ca kavAya-prAbhUta ke catasRNAM vibhaktInAm / / vizatisahanasamantharacanayA saMyutAM viracya divam / yAtastataH punastacchiSyo jayasena (jinasena) gurunAmA // taccheSaM catvAriMzatA sahana : samApitavAn / ayadhavalavaM SaSTisahasragrantho'bhavaTTIkA // -bhUtAvatAra 177-84 ____ 2010_05

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Agama aura bripiTaka : eka anuzIlana thA / ho sakatA hai, rAjA amoghavarSa ke ina ujjvala, dhavala, nirmala guNoM ke kAraNa yaha vizeSaNa pracalita huA ho athavA usakI deha-sampadA-sauSThava, gauratva Adi ke kAraNa bhI logoM ko use usa upAdhi se sambodhita karane kI preraNA huI ho / amoghavarSa vidvAnoM, tyAgiyoM evaM guNiyoM kA bar3A Adara karatA thaa| unake sAtha usakA zraddhApUrNa sambandha thA, ataH yaha anumAna karanA bhI asaMgata nahIM lagatA ki rAjA amoghavarSa kA ukta vizeSaNa isa nAma ke pIche preraka hetu rahA ho| jaisA bhI rahA ho, isa TIkA ne kevala digambara jaina vAGamaya meM hI nahIM, bhAratIya tattva-cintana ke vyApaka kSetra meM niHsandeha apane nAma ke anurUpa dhavala, ujjvala yaza arjita kiyaa| mAno nAma kI Avayavika suSamA ne bhAvAtmaka suSamA ko bhI apane meM sameTa liyA ho| anlaa 4/ r'aah kahA hI gayA hai, yaha TIkA prAkRta-saMskRta-mizrita hai| isa prakAra kI sammizrita bhASAmayI racanA maNi-pravAla-nyAya se upamita kI gaI hai| maNiyAM tathA pravAla paraspara milA diye jAyeM to bhI ve apanA pRthak-pRthak astitva lie vidyamAna rahate haiM, usI prakAra prAkRta tathA saMskRta milane para bhI pRthak-pRthak dikhAI detI rahatI haiM / ___TIkAkAra dvArA kiye gaye isa dvividha bhASAtmaka prayoga kI apanI upayogitA hai| tAttvika athavA dArzanika viSayoM ko tArkika zailI dvArA spaSTa karane meM saMskRta kA apanA eka mahatva hai| usakA apanA viziSTa, pAribhASika zabda-samuccaya evaM racanA-prakAra hai, jo ananya-sAdhAraNa hai / prAkRta lokajanIna bhASA hai,jo kabhI isa deza meM bahu-pracalita thii| TIkA kI racanA kevala pANDitya-sApekSa hI na raha jAye, usameM lokajanInatA bhI vyApta rahe, prAkRta-bhAga isa apekSA kA pUraka mAnA jAye to asthAnIya nahIM hogaa| TIkAkAra ne apane samaya taka upalabdha bahuvidha digambara-zvetAmbara-sAhitya kA mukta rUpa se upayoga kiyA hai| aneka granthoM ke yathAprasaMga, yathApekSa aMza uddhRta kiye haiN| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki unhoMne apanI TIkA ko sampUrNataH samRddha evaM sarvathA upAdeya banAne kA pUrA prayatna kiyA hai| usakI zailI samIkSA, vizleSaNa evaM vizada vivecana kI dRSTi se vAstava meM asAdhAraNa hai| shpnnn : prmth vIrasenAcArya ke kAla ke sambandha meM anizcayAtmakatA nahIM hai| dhavalA kI antima 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAmamaya [ 661 prazasti meM unhoMne jyotiSa zAstrIya zailI meM kucha mahatvapUrNa saMketa kiye hai / svargIya DA0 hIrAlAla jaina ne prazasti ke usa bhAga kA, jo dhavalA kI samApti ke samaya kA sUcaka hai, vizeSa parizIlana evaM sUkSmatayA paryavekSaNa kara pariSkRta rUpa upasthita kiyA hai, jisake anusAra dhavalA kI sampUrNatA kA samaya zaka saMvat 738 kArtika zuklA trayodazI nizcita hotA hai| AcArya dhIrasena ke suyogya ziSya AcArya jinasena ne apane pUjyacaraNa guru dvArA samArabdha jayadhavalA TIkA kI pUrti zaka saMvat 759 phAlguna zuklA dazamI ko kii| usa samaya rAjA amoghavarSa kA zAsana-kAla thaa|' dhavalA kI pUrti aura jayadhavalA kI pUrti ke bIca 21 varSa kA samaya par3atA hai| prAcArya vIrasena ke dehAvasAna kI yaha pUrvApara sImA hai| jaina sAhitya evaM itihAsa ke anveSTA sva0 paM0 nAthUrAma premI ne AcArya vIrasena kA samaya zaka saMvat 665 se 745 taka mAnA hai, jo aneka pUrvApara sandarbho evaM pramANoM para AdhArita hai| 1. aThatIsamhi satasae vikkAmarAyaMkie su- sagaNAme / vAse sutaresIe bhANuvilagge dhavalapakkhe / / jagatugadevarajje riyamhi kuMbhamhi rAhuNA koNe / sUre tulAe saMte gurumhi kulavillae hote / / cAvamhi taraNivutte siMghe sukkammi mIraNecaMdammi / kattiyamAse esA TIkA hu samANiA dhavalA // --dhavalA-prazasti 6-8 2. itizrI vIrasenIyA TIkA sUtrArthadazinI / , vATagrAmapure zrImadgurjarAryAnupAlite // phAlgune mAsi pUrvAha, raNe dazabhyAM zukla pakSa ke / pravarddhamAnapUjorUnandIzvaramahotsave // amoghavarSa rAjendrarAjya praajygunnodyaa| niSThitA pracayaM yAyAvAkalpAntamanalpikA // ekonnaSaSTisamadhikasaptazata shknrendrsy| samatIteSu samAptA jayadhavalA prAbhRtavyAkhayA // -jayadhavalA-prazasti 6-9 ___ 2010_05

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162 ] mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana ___ dvAdazAMga ke antargata bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda kA cauthA bheda pUrvagata hai| vaha caturdaza pUrvo meM vibhakta hai / unameM dUsarA AgrAyaNIya pUrva hai / unake nimnAMkita cavadaha adhikAra haiM : 1. pUrvAnta, 2. aparAnta, 3. dhruva, 4. adhra va, 5. cayanalabdhi, 6. ardhApama, 7. praNidhikarupa, 8. artha, 9. bhauma, 10. vratAdika, 11. sarvArtha, 12. kalpaniryANa, 13. pratItasiddhabaddha tathA 14. anAgata / ___ inameM pAMcavAM cayanalandhi adhikAra bIsa pAhuDoM meM vibhakta hai / unameM cauthA pAhuDa karmaprakRti hai / usake caubIsa anuyogadvAra haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM : 1. kRti, 2. vedanA, 3. sparza, 4. karma 5. prakRti, 6. bandhana, 7. nibandhana, 8. prakrama, 9. upakrama, 10. udaya, 11. mokSa, 12. saMkrama, 13. lezyA, 14. lezyA-karma, 15. lezyA-pariNAma, 16. sAtAsAta, 17. dIrghahrasva, 18. bhavadhAraNIya, 19. pudgalAtma, 20. nidhattAnidhatta, 21. nikAcitAnikAcita, 22. karma-sthiti, 23. pazcimaskandha tathA 24. alpabahutva / inake tathA inake bhedopabhedoM ke AdhAra para SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA huii| SaTkhaNDAgama : eka paricaya enaa prthng chaH khaNDoM meM pahale khaNDa kA zIrSaka jIvaTThANa hai| isakA adhikAMza bhAga karmaprakRti nAmaka pAhur3a ke bandhana saMjJaka chaThe anuyogadvAra ke bandha-vidhAna nAmaka bheda ke AdhAra para praNIta huA hai| jIvaTThANa ke antargata pATha anuyogadvAra aura nau cUlikAeM haiN| ATha anuyogadvAroM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM : 1. sat, 2. saMkhyA, 3. kSetra, 4. sparzana, 5. kAla, 6. antara, 7. bhAva tathA 8. alpabahutva / nau cUlikAeM nimnAMkita haiM : 1. prakRtisamutkIrtanA, 2. sthAnasamutkIrtanA, 3-5. tIna mahAdaNDaka, 6. jaghanya sthiti, 7. utkRSTa sthiti, 8. samyaktvotpati tathA 9. gati-pragati / - 1. bandhana ke bheda-bandha, bandhanIya, bandhaka, bandha-vidhAna / ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasena prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [663 uparyukta anuyogadvAroM tathA cUlikAoM meM vivecya viSayoM kA guNasthAnoM tathA mArgaNAoM ke AdhAra para bar3A vistRta vivecana huA hai| phularA rAja dUsare khaNDa kA nAma khuddAbandha hai, jisakA saMskRta-rUpa kSullaka bandha hotA hai / yaha karmaprakRti pAhur3a ke bandhana saMjJaka anuyogadvAra ke bandhaka nAmaka bheda ke AdhAra para sRSTa huA hai / yaha khaNDa gyAraha adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai, jo nimnAMkita haiM : 1. svAmitva, 2. kAla, 3. antara, 4. bhagavicaya, 5. dravyapramANAnugama, 6. kSetrAnugama, 7. sparzanAnugama, 8. nAnAjIvakAla, 9. nAnA jIva antara, 10. bhAgAbhAgAnugama tathA 11. alpabahutvAnugama / prastuta khaNDa meM karma bAMdhane vAle jIva, karma-bandha ke bheda Adi kA upayukta adhikAra saMketaka ina gyAraha prarUpaNAoM dvArA vivecana kiyA gayA hai / niihaa thng tIsarA khaNDa bandhasvAmitvavicaya saMjJaka hai| karmaprakRti pAhur3a ke bandhana anuyogadvAra kA bandha-vidhAna nAmaka bheda prakRti, sthiti, anubhAga tathA pradeza ke rUpa meM cAra prakAra kA hai / prakRti ke do bheda haiM-mUla tathA uttara / uttara prakRti do prakAra kI hai--ekaikottara tathA avogAr3ha / ekakottara prakRti ke 24 bheda haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM : 1. samutkItaMnA, 2. sarvabandha, 3. nosarva, 4. utkRSTa, 5. anutkRSTa, 6. jaghanya, 7. ajaghanya, 8. sAdi, 9. anAdi, 10. dhruva, 11. adhra va, 12. bandhasvAmitvavicaya, 13. bandhakAla, 14. bandhAntara, 15. bandhasannikarSa, 16. bhaMgavicaya 17. bhAgAbhAga, 18. parimAraNa, 19. kSetra, 20. sparzana, 21, kAla, 22. antara, 23. bhAva tathA 24. alpabahutva / ___ inameM bArahaveM bandhasvAmitvavicaya ke AdhAra para isa khaNDa kI racanA huI hai| isa khaNDa meM mukhyataH nimnAMkita viSayoM kA vizada vizleSaNa hai : kisa jIva ke kina-kina prakRtiyoM kA kahAM taka bandha hotA hai, kisa jIva ko nahIM hotaa| kisa guNasthAna meM kauna-kaunasI prakRtiyAM vyucchinna ho jAtI haiM / ____ 2010_05

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664] mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana va svodayabandhAtmaka tathA parodayabandhAtmaka prakRtiyAM kauna-kaunasI haiM, ityAdi / Da / 2 ityaadi| baaghaa atho cauthA khaNDa vedanA saMjJA se abhihita hai| yaha karmaprakRti pAhur3a ke kRti tathA vedanA nAmaka anuyogadvAroM ke AdhAra para sRSTa hai| isameM bedanA ke vivecana kI mukhyatA hai, jo kAphI vistArapUrvaka kiyA gayA hai| isI kAraNa yaha vedanA khaNDa ke rUpa meM saMzisa humA hai / kRti ke antargata praudArika, vaikriya, AhAraka, tejas tathA kArmaNa-ina pAMca zarIroM kI saMghAtanAsmaka evaM parizAtanAtma kRti kA evaM bhava ke prathama va aprathama samaya meM avasthita jIvoM ke kRti, no kRti tathA avyakta-etad pa saMkhyAoM kA varNana hai / yahAM kRti ke sAta prakAra nirUpita haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM1. nAma, 2. sthApanA, 3. dravya, 4. gaNanA, 5. grantha, 6. karaNa tathA 7. bhAva / prastuta sandarbha meM 'gaNanA' kI mukhyatA pratipAdita kI gaI hai / vedanA ke antargata solaha adhikAra haiM, jo nimnAMkita haiM : . 1. nikSepa, 2. naya, 3. nAma, 4. dravya, 5. kSetra, 6. kAla, 7. bhAva, 8. pratyaya, 9. svAmitva, 10. vedanA, 11. mati, 12. anantara, 13. sannikarSa, 14. parimANa, 15. bhAgAbhAgAnugama tathA 16. alpabahutvAnugama / etanmUlaka apekSAoM se yahAM vedanA kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| baabaa bthng pAMcavAM vargaNA khaNDa hai / karmaprakRti pAhur3a ke sparza, karma tathA prakRti nAmaka anuyogadvAroM va bandhana nAmaka anuyogadvAra ke prathama bheda bandha ke AdhAra para isakA sarjana huA hai| sparza-nirUpaNa ke antargata nikSepa, naya, nAma, dravya, kSetra Adi solaha adhikAra, jo vedanA-khaNDa meM variNata hue haiM, dvArA teraha prakAra ke sparzoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai tathA prastuta sandarbha meM karma-sparza kI prayojanIyatA kA kathana kiyA gayA hai / karma ke antargata uparyukta solaha adhikAroM dvArA dazavidha karma kA nirUpaNa hai / ve daza karma isa prakAra haiM-1. nAma, 2. sthApanA, 3. dravya, 4. prayoga, 5. samavadhAna, 6. adhaH, 7. IryApatha, 8. tapa, 9. kriyA tathA 10. bhAva / ___ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA nAmamaya (165 __prakRti-nirUpaNa ke antargata zIla aura svabhAva kA ullekha huA hai, jinheM usakA paryAyavAcI kahA.gayA hai| yahAM prakRti ke cAra bheda-nAma, sthApanA, dravya tathA bhAva-meM dravya-prakRti arthAt karma-dravya-prakRti kA uparyukta solaha adhikAroM ke mAdhyama se vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai| mukhyataH pAMcaveM khaNDa kA mahatvapUrNa adhikAra bandhanIya hai / vahAM usakA usake antargata 23 prakAra kI bargaNAoM kA, unameM bhI vizeSataH karma-bandhayogya vargaNAoM kA sUkSma tathA vistRta vizleSaNa huA hai| baThA khaNDa mahAbandha chaThA khaNDa hai| isake sambandha meM pahale saMketa kiyA hI gayA hai, AcArya bhUtabali isake racayitA haiN| apane jyAyAn satIrthya AcArya puSpadanta dvArA racita sUtroM ko lete hue pAMca khaNDoM kI racanA sampanna kara prAcArya bhUtabali ne tIsa-sahasra-zloka-pramANa mahAbandha racA / isa sambandha meM indranandi ne tAvatAra meM jo ullekha kiyA hai, use pichale pRSThoM meM, jahAM SaTkhaNDAgama kI sAmAnyataH carcA kI gaI hai, upasthita kiyA hI gayA hai| dhavalAkAra prAcArya vIrasena ne jahAM pAMcavAM--vargaNA khaNDa samApta hotA hai, isa sambandha meM ullekha kiyA hai, jo isa prakAra hai : "prakRtibandha, sthitibandha, anubhAgabandha tathA pradezabandha ke rUpa meM bandha-vidhAna caturvidha-cAra prakAra kA hai| bhaTTAraka bhUtabali ne mahAbandha meM ina cAroM prakAra ke bandhoM kA saprapaMca-vistRta vivecana kiyA hai ; ataH hamane usakA yahAM ullekha nahIM kiyA / isa sandarbha meM samagra mahAbandha yahAM prarUpita hai; ataH bandha-vidhAna samApta kiyA jAtA hai|"1 . , astu, chaThe khaNDa mahAbandha meM prAcArya bhUtabali dvArA prakRtibandha, sthitibandha, anubhAgabandha tathA pradezabandha kA bhedopabhedoM sahita aneka apekSAoM se vistRta ke sAtha-sAtha atyanta sUkSma na gahana vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / 1. jaM taM baMdhavihANaM taM cauvihaM, payaDibaMdho dvivibaMdho anubhAgabaMdho padesabaMdho cevi| evesi cadugNaM baMdhANaM vihANaM bhUtabalibhaDAraeNa mahAbaMdhe sappavaMceNa lihivaM ti bhamhehi ettha Na lihivaM / tado sayale mahAbaMdhe ettha paruvive baMdhavihANaM smppdi| -badalaNDAgama, khaNDa 5, bhAga 4, pustaka 14, pR0 564 ___ 2010_05

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mAgama aura bripiTaka : eka manuzIlana paakhi SaTkhaNDAgama ke chahoM khaNDoM ke isa saMkSipta paricaya se yaha spaSTa hai ki karma-tattvavijJAna ke nirUpaNa kI dRSTi se yaha grantha niHsandeha bhArata ke dArzanika vAGamaya meM apanA asAdhAraNa sthAna lie hue hai| kasAyapADa (kaSAyAmata) : prAcArya dharasena kA varNana karate samaya prAcArya guNadhara ke sambandha meM pIche saMketa kiyA gayA hai / jisa prakAra dharasena ke itihAsa ke viSaya meM hamAre samakSa nizcAyaka sthiti nahIM hai, usI prakAra guNadhara kA bhI koI aitihAsika itivRtta hameM upalabdha nahIM hai / dharasena ke viSaya meM, jaisA ki pichale pRSThoM meM cacita huA hai, nandisaMgha kI prAkRta-paTTAvalI meM mAghanandi ke pazcAt ullekha to hai, guNadhara ke sambandha meM itanA bhI nahIM hai| ... zru tAvatAra ke lekhaka indranandi ne guNadhara tathA dharasena-donoM ke itivRtta ke sambandha meM apanI ajJatA khyApita kI hI hai, jisakI carcA pahale kI jA cukI hai| .. guNadhara ke daihika jIvana kA itihAsa hameM nahIM mila rahA hai, yaha saca hai| para, tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM unakI jo bahuta bar3I dena-unakI kRti kasAyapAhar3a hai, vaha sadA unheM ajara-amara banAye rakhegI / vyakti mara jAtA hai, vicAra nahIM marate / yadi kisI ke vicAra jIvita haiM, to nizcaya kI bhASA meM use mRta nahIM kaha skte| AdhAra SaTkhaNDAgama kI taraha kasAyapAhuDa bhI dvAdazAMga se sIdhe sambaddha vAGmaya ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai / cavadaha pUrvo meM pAMcavAM jJAnapravAdapUrva hai| usakI dazama vastu ke tRtIya pAhuDa kA nAma pejjadosapAhuDa hai / usI ke AdhAra para kasAyapAhur3a kI racanA huI; ataH apane prAdhArabhUta pAhuDa ke nAma para yaha pejjadosapAhuDa ke nAma se bhI abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| pejjadosa kA saMskRta-rUpa preyas-dveSa arthAt rAga-dveSa hai| yahI saMsAra kA mUla hai, jise sahI rUpa meM jAne binA, samajhe binA, ucchinna kiye binA bandhana se chuTakArA nahIM ho sktaa| 1. guNadharadharasenAnvayagurvoH puurvaaprkrmo'smaabhiH| na jJAyate tadanvayakathakAgamamunijanAbhAvAt // 151 // 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya viSaya prastuta viSaya meM krodha Adi kaSAyoM kA svarUpa, unake rAgAtmaka tathA dveSAtmaka rUpa meM pariNata hone kI vividha sthitiyAM Adi kA atyanta sUkSma evaM mArmika vizleSaNe hai / benaa kasAyapAhura kI racanA gAthA-sUtroM meM huI hai| ve saMkhyA meM 233 haiN| sUtra bahuta saMkSepa meM haiM, para gahana aura gUr3ha artha se saMpRkta haiM / AcArya guNadhara ne isa grantha kI racanA kareM SaTkhaNDAgama ke mAdhyama se prasRta zra ta-paramparA ko aura abhivaddhita kiyA hai| ___ kahA jAtA hai, prAcArya muNadhara ne isakI racanA kara AcArya nAgahastI tathA Arya maMca ke samakSa ise vyAkhyAta kiyA / usase yaha paramparA mAge bhI gatizIla rhii| vyAkhyA-sAhitya ___ AcArya yativRSabha ne kasAyapAhuDa para prAkRta meM chaH sahasra-zloka-pramAsA cUNi-sUtroM kI racanA kii| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki uccAraNAcArya ne AcArya yativRSama se unake cUriNa-sUtroM kA adhyayana kiyA aura una para dvAdaza-sahasra-zloka-pramANa uccAraNaM sUtra race / Aja yaha sAhitya anupalabdha hai| kasAyapAhura para atyanta mahatvapUrNa vyAkhyA, jisane isa mahAn grantha ko aura adhika gauravAnvita kiyA, svanAmadhanya prAcArya vIrasena tathA unake suyogya ziSya AcArya jinasena kI jayadhavalA TIkA hai, jisake sambandha meM pahale bhI yathAprasaMga carcA AI hai / yaha sAThahajAra-loka-pramANa vizAla TIkA hai, jisakA prArambha kA bIsa sahasra-zloka-pramANa bhAga bhAcArya vIrasena dvArA tathA Age kA cAlIsa hajAra-zloka-pramANa bhAga AcArya jinasena dvArA racita hai| isa TIkA kA kitanA adhika mahatva hai, yaha iMsI se anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki jisa prakAra dhavalA ke kAraNa SaTkhaNDAgama ke pAMca khaNDa 'dhavala', chaThA khaNDa-mahAbandha 'mahAdhavala' kahA jAtA hai, usI prakAra jayadhavalA ke kAraNa kasAyapAhuDa 'jaya dhavala' kahA jAtA hai| kalevara kasAyapAhura 15 pradhikAroM meM vibhakta hai, jo isa prakAra haiM : 1. pejjadosavibhakti; 2010_05

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168 mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana . . [ssnn| 2 2. sthitivibhakti, 3. anubhAgavibhakti, 4. predeza vibhakti-jhINAjhINasthityantika, 5. bandhaka, 6. vedaka, 7. upayoga, 8. catuH sthAna, 9. vyaMjana, 10. darzanamohopazAmanA, 11. darzanamohakSapaNA, 12. saMyamAsaMyamalabdhi, 13. saMyamalabdhi, 14. cAritramohopazAmanA tathA 15. cAritramohakSapaNA / adhikAroM ke nAma se hI yaha sujJeya hai ki prAtmA kI antarvRttiyoM ke vizleSaNa tathA pariSkaraNa kI dRSTi se yaha grantha kitanA mahatvapUrNa hai| khbthngaag >>ii paash| madhurA ke Asa-pAsa kA kSetra kabhI zUrasena janapada ke nAma se prasiddha rahA hai| prAkRtakAla meM vahAM jo bhASA pracalita rahI hai, vaha zaurasenI prAkRta kahI jAtI hai| yaha bhASA zUrasena janapada ke atirikta pUrva meM vahAM taka, jahAM se arddhamAgadhI kA kSetra zurU hotA thA tathA pazcima meM vahAM taka jahAM se paizAcI kA kSetra zurU hotA thA, prasRta rahI hai| kahane kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki eka samaya aisA rahA, jaba yaha bhASA uttara bhArata ke madhyavartI vistRta bhU-bhAga meM prayukta thii| digambara prAcAryoM dvArA apane dhArmika sAhitya ke sarjana meM jisa prAkRta kA prayoga humA hai, lakSaNoM se yaha zaurasenI ke adhika nikaTa hai| isa sambandha meM nimnAMkita tathya vizeSa rUpa se parizIlanIya haiN| digambara-sampradAya kA mukhya kendra dakSiNa bhArata rahA hai| jisake sAtha aneka prakAra ke kathAnaka jur3e haiM, vaha uttara bhArata meM vyApta dvAdazavarSIya duSkAla eka aisA prasaMga thA, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa ghaTita ghaTanAoM ke kAraNa jaina saMgha do bhAgoM meM baMTa gayA / uttara meM jo jaina saMgha rahA, adhikAMzatayA vaha Age calakara zvetAmbara ke rUpa meM vizruta ho gyaa| vaha paramparAgata AgamoM kI, cAhe aMzataH hI sahI, pravicchinnatA meM vizvAsa rakhatA rahA / usakI bhora se vibhinna samayoM meM prAyojita Agama vAcanAoM dvArA apane addhamAgadhI bhAgama-vAGmaya ko surakSita banAye rakhane kA prayatna bhI claa| phalataH vaha vAGamaya surakSita raha bhI skaa| zvetAmbara muniyoM ke mAdhyama se prAge vaha srota pravahaNazIla rahA / digambara muniyoM kI sthiti dUsarI thii| unhoMne mahAbIra-bhASita dvAdazAMga-vADamaya ko vicchinna maanaa| isalie tadanusyUta bhASA ke sAtha bhI unakA vizeSa sambandha na raha sakA / isa sampradAya ke vidvAnoM ko, jaba sAhitya-sarjana kA prasaMga mAyA to zaurasenI kA 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya || zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGmaya svIkAra adhika saMgata lagA ho / kyoMki uttara bhArata kA mukhya bhAga usase prabhAvita thaa| hara koI lekhaka yaha cAhatA hai, usakI kRti sthAyI rahe / vaha bhASA ke astitva tathA mahatva para bhI bahuta kucha nirbhara karatA hai| zaurasenI prabhAvazIla bhASA thii| digambara lekhakoM ko usameM kucha aisI saMbhAvanAeM pratIta huI. hoM, ve mana meM Azvasta rahe hoM ki una dvArA usameM praNIta sAhitya sthAyitva lie rhegaa| ___eka dUsarI sambhAvanA yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki prAcIna kAla meM digambara sampradAya kA uttara bhArata se kucha sambandha rahA bhI to vaha vizeSa rUpa se mathurA ke Asa-pAsa ke pradeza se rahA ho / usa kAraNa bhI usa pradeza kI bhASA ko apane dhArmika sAhitya meM grahaNa karane kI manaH sthiti utpanna ho sakatI hai| digambara lekhakoM dvArA prayukta zaurasenI jaina zaurasenI kahI jAtI hai| isakA eka kAraNa to yaha hai ki usameM pahale-pahala grantha-racanA vAle jaina vidvAn hI the, jinakI apanI paramparA thI, apanI zailI thii| unake kAraNa vaha bhASA, jo unakI lekhinI se pallavita aura vikasita huI, unake vizeSaNa ke sAtha (jaina zaurasenI) vizruta ho gii| eka aura kAraNa bhI hai| jaina dharma, jaba avibhakta thA, taba se, usase bhI pUrva bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya se arddhamAgadhI se vizeSa sambaddha rahA / bhagavAn mahAvIra cAhe zabda rUpa meM bole hoM athavA unake deha se dhvani rUpa meM udgAra nikale hoM, antataH unake bhASAtmaka rUpa kI pariNati arddhamAgadhI meM hotI hai / dUsare zabdoM meM yaha kahA jAye to atyukti nahIM hogI ki arddhamAgadhI eka taraha se jaina dharma kI bhASA hai| jaisA ki kahA gayA hai, yadyapi digambaroM kA arddhamAgadhI ke sAtha vizeSa sambandha rahA, para arhad-vANI yA ArSavANI ke rUpa meM unake mana meM jo pAramparika zraddhA thI, vaha kaise miTa sakatI thii| isake sivAya pUrvatana zruta-srota ke pariprekSya meM bhI unake mastiSka para usakI chApa thI / ataH unhoMne yadyapi likhA to zaurasenI meM, para svabhAvataH usa para arddhamAgadhI kA prabhAva banA rahA / isa prakAra addhamAgadhI arthAt jaina dharma kI bhASA yA jaina bhASA se prabhAvita rahane ke kAraNa vaha zaurasenI jaina zaurasenI kahalAne lgii| digambara lekhakoM dvArA prayukta prAkRta ke svarUpa ke sUkSma paryavekSaNa tathA parizIlana se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha nAma usa bhASA ke antaHsvarUpa kI yathArtha paricAyakatA kI apekSA usake syUla kalevarIya svarUpa para adhika Aghupta hai anyathA una dvArA prayukta bhASA meM aise udAharaNa bhI haiM, jo mAgadhI Adi kI saraNi se adhika mela khAte haiN| 2010_05

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370 Agama aura tripiTaka / eka anuzIlana prakRti ke vikhyAta vaiyAkaraNa DA0 Ara0 pizela (Dr. Pischel) ne ise jo jaina zaurasenI kahA hai, usake pIche bhI usI prakAra kA abhiprAya pratIta hotA hai / DA. vAlTara subiMga (Dr. Walter Schubring) ke ziSya DA0 Deneka (Dr. Denecke) ne DA0 pizela (Dr. Pischel) dvArA parikalpita jaina zaurasenI nAma ko anupayukta batAyA hai / unhoMne use "digambarI bhASA kahanA adhika upayukta samajhA hai| DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye Adi vidvAn ise ThIka nahIM maante| bAta aisI hI hai, yadi digambara lekhakoM dvArA apane granthoM kA isa bhASA meM likhA jAnA isake 'digambarI bhASA' kahe jAne kA paryApta hetu hai, to vaha avyApta hai, kyoMki digambara vidvAnoM ne apane dharma kA sAhitya kannar3a tathA tamila jaisI bhASAoM meM bhI to racA hai, bahuta racA hai, jo una bhASAoM ko nidhi hai / ataH sthUla dRSTyA jaina zorasenI nAma se ise saMzita karanA anupayukta nahIM lgtaa| digambara lekhakoM dvArA prayukta zaurasenI meM dezI zabdoM ke prayoga lagabhaga aprApta haiM / kAraNa spaSTa hai, vaha bhASA usa pradeza meM panapI, vikasita huI, jo dravir3a parivArIya-bhASAsamUha se sambaddha hai tathA dezI-zabdoM ke prayoga-kSetra se sarvathA bAhara hai| digambara lekhakoM dvArA prayukta bhASA-zaurasenI dravir3a parivArIya bhASAoM se prabhAvita nahIM huI, isakA kAraNa una (dravir3a parivArIya) bhASAoM kA dhvani-vijJAna, rUpa-vijJAna tathA vAkya-racanA Adi kI dRSTi se Arya-parivArIya bhASAoM se bhinnatA hai| saMskRta kA prabhAva usa para avazya adhika hai| eka to zaurasenI kA prArambha se hI saMskRta se vizeSa lagAva rahA hai, vararuci ne to isakI utpatti hI saMskRta' se batalAI hai tathA dUsare saMskRta kI apanI prabhAvApannatA hai, jisakI antataH pariNati hama samantabhadra, pUjyapAda, anantavIrya tathA akalaMka jaise mahAn digambara saMskRta lekhakoM meM pAte haiN| digambara lekhakoM dvArA prayukta prAkRta kA yaha saMkSipta vivaraNa hai / sthAna, samaya, sthiti Adi ke kAraNa vibhinna kRtiyoM meM bhASA ke sandarbha meM kucha bhinnatA yA asahazatA bhI rahI hai, para vaha bahuta mahatvapUrNa nahIM hai / astu, SaTkhaNDAgama kI bhASA jaina zaurasenI prAkRta hai / mUla sUtroM tathA TIkA kI bhASA meM jo yatkicit bhinnatA hai, usakA uttara deza, kAla evaM paristhiti ke vyavadhAna meM svayaM khojA jA sakatA hai / 1. Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, Page 20-21 2. prakRti : saMskRtam / -prAkRta-prakAza 12.2 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAra maya [671. y+bdnii dhaakkn ii gth bishbnaath zaurasenI prAkRta kI nimnAMkita mukhya vizeSatAeM haiM / isameM madhyavartI ka ke sthAna para ga, ka ke sthAna para d tathA th ke sthAna para , hotA hai| ghartamAna kAla prathama puruSa eka vacana kriyA meM 'vi' lagatA hai| pUrvakAlika kriyAtmaka avyaya meM prAyaH uma, tu evaM 'dUNa' pratyaya kA prayoga hotA hai| upasaMhArAtmaka samIkSA mAgama-sAhitya evaM tripiTaka-sAhitya para bhAva, bhASA, zailI kI dRSTi se yathocita digdarzana sambandhita sandoM meM karAyA jAtA rahA hai / zabda-sAmya va ukti-sAmya Adi nAnA sphuTa viSaya banate haiM, jina para pRthak-pRthak rUpa se zodha-kArya kiyA jA sakatA hai| prastuta khaNDa kI mahAkAyatA ko dekhate hue itanA vistAra meM jAnA samucita nahIM hogaa| viSaya kA prArambha mAtra maiM yahAM kara denA cAhatA hUM tAki pAne vAlI pIr3hI use aura vistAra de sake / mere lie yaha kArya tIsare khaNDa meM bhI sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki usakA viSaya bhI mukhyataH prakaraNa-sAmya hI rahegA, jo apane Apa meM prathama do khaNDoM ke samakakSa hogaa| piTaka-zAstra ke artha meM piTaka zabda donoM hI paramparAoM ne apanAyA hai| vaha jJAna-maMjUSA gaNI tathA prAcArya ke lie hai, isalie use gaNipiTaka kahA gayA hai / gaNI zabda kA prayoga mahAvIra, buddha Adi tAtkAlika dharma-pravartakoM ke artha meM bhI bauddha paramparA meM milatA hai| ho sakatA hai, paMghanAyaka bhagavAn mahAvIra se udbhUta vANI ke artha meM hI jaina paramparA ne gaNipiTaka zabda ko apanAyA ho / nigaMTha--isa zabda kA artha hai-nirgrantha / tAtparya hai-antaraMga aura bahiraMga parigraha se rahita / tripiTakoM meM jaina sampradAya ko nigraMntha-sampradAya, bhagavAn mahAvIra ko nirgandha jJAtaputra sthAna-sthAna para kahA gayA hai| jaina zramaNoM ko bhI nirgrantha kahA gayA hai / ukta 1. saMyuttanikAya. dahara sutta (3.1-2), pR068, dIghanikAya, sAmaJaphala sutta, 1/2, suttanikAya, samIya sutta, pR0 108 se 110 Adi ____ 2010_05

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672 / ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa 2 arthoM meM nirgrantha zabda kA prayoga gariNapiTaka meM bhI jyoM-kA-tyoM dekhA jAtA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pravacana ko bhI nirgrantha- pravacana kahA gayA hai / yuggala - pudgala zabda kA prayoga jaina aura bauddha paramparA ke atirikta anyatra kahIM mahIM dekhA jAtA hai / jaina paramparA meM isakA mukhya zrathaM rUpI jar3a padArtha hai / bauddha paramparA meM pudgala zabda kA artha hai - prAtmA, jIva / 1 jainAgamoM meM jIva-tattva ke artha meM pudgala zabda AyA hai / " gautama svAmI ke prazna para bhagavAn mahAbIra ne jIva ko pudgala kahA hai / arhata aura buddha - vartamAna meM arhat zabda jaina paramparA meM aura buddha zabda bauddha paramparA meM rUr3ha jaisA bana gayA hai / vastusthiti yaha hai ki jainAgamoM meM arhatu aura buddha apane zlAghya puruSoM ke lie apanAye gaye haiM aura bauddha AgamoM meM bhI apane zlAghya puruSoM ke lie | jainAgamoM kI prasiddha gAthA hai-- jaya buddhA atikantA / jeye buddhA aNAgayA / 1 bauddha paramparA kI suvidita gAthA haiM-- ye buddhA atItA ca ye ca buddhA anAgatA / pacapannA va ye buddhA ahaM vaMdAni te sadA / jainAgamoM meM aura bhI aneka sthAnoM para buddha, sambuddha, saMyabuddha Adi zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai / titthagarANaM sayaM sambuddhANaM / 5 tivihA buddhA - NANa buddhA, daMsaNa buddhA, carita buddhA / samaraNaM bhagavayA mahAvIreNaM AigareNaM titthayareNaM sayaM saMbuddha NaM / 1. majjhima nikAya, 114 2. bhagavatI sUtra, zataka 20-3-2 3. vahI, 8-3-10 4, sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1-1-36 5. rAyapaseNaiyaM, 5 6. sthAnAMga sUtra, ThA0 3 7. samavAyAMga sUtra, 22 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasenI prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [tor buddhahi evaM paveditaM / / saMkhAI thamma ya viyAgaraMti buddhA hu te antakarA bhavanti / ' bauddha paramparA meM arhat zabda kA prayoga isI prakAra pUjyajanoM ke lie kiyA gayA hai / svayaM tathAgata ko sthAna-sthAna para arhat samyak sambuddha kahA gayA hai / bhagavAn buddha ke nirmANa ke pazcAt pAMca sau bhikSuoM kI jo sabhA hotI hai, vahAM prAnanda ko chor3akara cAra so ninyAnave bhikSu arhat batalAe gae haiN| kArya-prArambha ke avasara taka Ananda bhI arhat ho jAte haiM / bauddhAgamoM meM buddha aura jainAgamoM meM arhat zabda ke to agaNita prayoga haiM hii| there-sthavira zabda kA prayoga donoM hI paramparAmoM meM vRddha yA jyeSTha ke artha meM huA hai| jaina paramparA meM jJAna,vaya, dIkSA-paryAya Adi ko lekara sthavira ke aneka bhedaprabheda kie gae haiM / bauddha paramparA meM bAraha varSa se adhika ke sabhI bhikSutroM ke nAma ke sAtha thera yA thero lagAyA jAtA hai| bhante-pUjya aura bar3oM ko AmaMtrita karane meM bhante (bhadanta) zabda donoM hI paramparAoM meM eka hai / se kaNahraNa bhante, rANaM mante, seva bhante, savvaM bhante Adi prayoga jaina AgamoM ke haiN| bauddha AgamoM meM bhI bhante zabda kI anahada bahulatA hai| Auso-samAna yA choTe ke lie Ausa (AyuSmAn) zabda kA prayoga donoM paramparAoM meM samAna rUpa se milatA hai / bhagavAn buddha ko bhI 'mAusa' gautama kahakara sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| gozAlaka ne bhI bhagavAn mahAvIra ko 'prAuso kAsavA' kahA hai| zrAvaka, upAsaka,zramaNopAsaka-zrAvaka zabda kA prayoga donoM paramparAoM meM milatA hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra usakA artha gRhastha upAsaka hai| bauddha paramparA - 1. AcArAMga sUtra, 4 / 1 / 340 2. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra, 1-14-18 3. vIghanikAya, sAmaJaphala sutta, 12 4. vinayapiTaka, paMcazatikA skandhaka 5. bhagavatI sUtra, zataka 7 / 3 / 279 6. vahI, zataka 15 ____ 2010_05

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674 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 meM isase bhikSu aura gRhastha, donoM hI prakAra ke ziSyoM kA bodha hotA hai / / upAsaka aura zramaNopAsaka zabda anuyAyI gRhastha ke lie donoM paramparAao meM prayukta haiN| Asrava aura saMvara--ye donoM zabda bhI jaina aura bauddha donoM parammparAoM meM eka hI artha meM mAnya dikhalAI par3ate haiN|' ___ dIkSita hone ke artha meM eka vAkya donoM paramparAoM meM rUr3ha jaisA pAyA jAtA hai| jainAgamoM meM hai--AgArAo aNagAriyaM pazva itte| bauddha zAstroM meM hai--agArammA anagAriaM pavvajanti / / samyakadRSTi, mithyAdRSTi--ye donoM zabda bhI eka hI artha meM donoM paramparAoM meM milate haiM / jaina aura bauddha donoM hI apane-apane anuyAyiyoM ko samyakdRSTi aura itara mata vAloM ko mithyASTi kahate haiM / upopatha-isa zabda kA prayoga donoM paramparAoM meM milatA hai / dIghanikAya meM bhagavAn buddha ne jainoM ke uposatha kI AlocanA kI hai| bairabhaNa-vrata lene ke artha meM isa zabda kA prayoga donoM paramparAoM meM dekhA jAtA hai| tathAgata-mukhyata: yaha zabda bauddha paramparA kA hai| jainAgamoM meM yatra-tatra upalabdha hotA hai| udAharaNArtha kao kaAi mehAvI upajjanti thaagyaa| tahAgayA uppaDikkantA cakkhu logassanuttarA // vinaya-vinaya zabda kA donoM paramparAoM meM mahatva hai / bauddha paramparA meM samagna prAcAra-dharma ke viSaya meM hI vinaya zabda kA prayoga hai| vinayapiTaka isI bAta kA sUcaka hai / jainAgamoM meM bhI aneka adhyayana vinaya-pradhAna haiM / dazavakAlika sUtra kA navama adhyayana 1. aMgutara nikAya, eka kaniyAta, 14 2. jainAgama, samavAyAMga sUtra, saM0 5, bauddha zAstra, majjhimanikAya, 2 3. bhagavatI sUtra, 11 / 12 / 431 4. mahAvagga 5. sUtra kRtAMga sUtra, 2015 / 1201625 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] zaurasena prAkRta aura usakA vAGamaya [ 675 'vinaya-samAdhi nAma se hai-usakI prathama ukti hai-yaMmA va kohA va mayappa mAyA, guru sagAse viNayaM na sikkhe / uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke prathama adhyayana kA nAma bhI vinayazrata hai aura vahAM yahI kahA jAtA hai--viNayaM pAu karistAmi, AzupubviM suNeha me| vajita kathA-jainAgamoM meM strI-kathA, bhakta-kathA, deza-kathA, rAja kathA kI varjanA 'milatI hai / dIghanikAya ke brahmajAla aura sAmAphala, ina donoM prakaraNoM meM aisI kathAoM ko tiracchAna kathA kahA hai-tiracchAna kathaM; anuyukto viharita seyyadhadaM rAja kathaM, corakathaM, mahAnata kathaM senA kathaM, bhaya kathaM, yuddha kathaM, anna kathaM, pAna kathaM / vizaraNa-catuzzaraNa-bauddha piTakoM va paramparA meM tIna zaraNa bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa haiM, to jainAgamoM va paramparA meM cAra zAraNa apanA ananya sthAna rakhate haiM / ye tIna va cAra zaraNa kramazaH nimna prakAra haiM baddhasaraNaM gacchAmi arahante saraNaM pavajjAmi saMghaM saraNaM gacchAmi siddha saramaM pavajjAmi dhamma saraNaM gacchAmi sAha saraNaM pavagjAmi kevalI pannata dhamma saraNaM pavajjAmi / NamotyuNaM--jaina AgamoM kA prasiddha stuti-vAkya hai-'NamotthuNaM samaNassa bhagavao mahAvIrassa / ' bauddha paramparA kA sUtra hai- "NamotyuNaM samaNassa bhagavao samyam sambuddhassa / ' nagara va deza-nAlandA, rAjagRha, kayaMgalA, zrAvastI Adi nagaroM va aMga, magadha Adi dezoM ke nAma va varNana donoM AgamoM meM samAna rUpa se milate haiM / jainAgama kahate haiM--vyakti tIna upakAraka vyaktiyoM se uRNa nahIM hotA-guru se, mAlika se aura mAtA-pitA se / vahA~ yaha bhI batAyA gayA hai ki amuka prakAra kI parAkASThA-paraka sevAeM de dene para bhI vaha anRRNa hI rahatA hai| lagabhaga vahI ukti bauddha AgamoM meM milatI hai / buddha kahate haiM-bhikSuo, sau varSa taka eka kandhe para mAtA ko aura eka kandhe para pitA ko Dhoe, aura sau varSa taka hI vaha unake ubaTana, mardana Adi karatA rahe, unheM zItoSNa jala se snAna karAtA rahe, to bhI na baha mAtA-pitA kA upakAraka 1. ThANAMga sUkha, ThA0 3 ____ 2010_05

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676 ] Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana : 1 hotA hai, na pratyupakAraka / yaha isalie ki mAtA-pitA kA putra para bahuta upakAra hotA hai| jainAgamoM ne dhArmika sahayoga ko uRNa hone kA prAdhAra mAnA hai| ___ yo arihanta--jainAgamoM kI sudRr3ha mAnyatA hai-bharata Adi eka hI kSetra meM eka sAtha do tIrthakara nahIM hote| buddha kahate haiM-bhikSupro ! isa bAta kI tanika bhI gujAiza nahIM hai ki eka hI vizva meM eka hI samaya meM arhat samyag saMbuddha paidA hoN| __ strI-arhat, cakravartI zabda-jainoM kI mAnyatA hai hI ki arhat, cakravartI, indra Adi strI-bhava meM kabhI nahIM hote / buddha kahate haiM-bhikSupro, yaha tanika bhI sambhAvanA nahIM haiM ki strI-arhat cakravartI va zukra ho / zvetAmbara AmnAya ke anubhAra mallI strI tIrthaMkara thI, para vaha kabhI na hone vAlA Azcarya thA / 1. aMgusara nikAya 2. vahI 3. vahI ____ 201005

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prayukta grantha-sUcI 2010_05

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prayukta grantha-sUcI 1. aMga paNNatti : prAcArya zubhacandra 2. aMguttara-nikAya : anu0 bhadanta Ananda kauzalyAyana, pra. mahAbodhi sabhA, kalakattA, 1957-63 3. alaMkAra-tilaka : 4. anuyogadvAra sUtra / 5. aTThasAlinI : pUnA saMskaraNa, 1942 6. aSTAdhyAyI-vRtti : pANinI 7. abhisamayAlaMkAra : bar3audA saMskaraNa 8. abhidhAna rAjendra koSa : ( 7 bhAga) AcArya vijayarAjendrasUri, ratalAma, 1913-34 6. amarakoza : ( tRtIya khaNDa ) nAnArtha varga 10. prazoka ke dharmalekha : saM0 janArdana bhaTTa, pra. pablikezana DivIjana, sUcanA evaM prasAra maMtrAlaya, prolDa sekreTeriyeTa, dillI, 1957 11. prAcArAMga-niyukti : 12. prAcArAMga sUtra : ( jainAgama ) zIlAMkAcArya kRta vRtti sahita, pra0 prAgamodaya samiti, sUrata, 1935 : prAcArya jinasena, saM0 paM. pannAlAla jaina, pra0 bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1963 14. ArAdhanA : aparAjita sUri 15. pArAdhanA : vijayodayA : aparAjita sUri 16. pAvazyaka-niyukti : prAcArya bhadrabAhu malayagiri vRtti sahita, pra. prAgamodaya samiti, bambaI 1928 / 17. Avazyaka-niyukti : prAcArya bhadrabAhu hAribhadrIya vRtti sahita, pra0 prAgamodaya samiti bambaI, 1916 18. indranandi-zru tAvatAra : 2010_05

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680 ] prAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [khaNDa : 2 16. uttarAdhyayana sUtra : bhAvavijayajI kRta TIkA, pra0 prAtmAnanda jaina sabhA, bhAvanagara 20. upamiti bhavaprapaJcakathA : prAcArya siddharSi 21. Rgveda : 22. aupapAtika sUtra : abhayadeva sUri vRtti sahita, pra0 devacanda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra ___ phaNDa, sUrata, 1937 23. kaccAna vyAkaraNa : 24. kapUra maMjarI : rAja zekhara 25. kalpasUtra : pra0 sArAbhAI maNilAla nabAva, ahamadAbAda 1941 26. kalpasUtra TIkA : 27. kalyANa : gItA presa, gorakhapura 28. kAmasUtra : 26. kAvyAdarza : daNDI 30. kAvyAlaMkAra vRtti : 31. gaur3avaho : vAkpati rAja 32. gopaka moggalAna sutta : 33. gommaTasAra : nemicandrAcArya siddhAnta cakravartI, pADhama nivAsI paM0 manoharalAla kRta vRtti, pra0 zrI paramazru ta prabhAbaka maMDala, bambaI 1913 34. cUlavagga pariccheda : 35. cUlavaMsa pariccheda : 36. chAndogyopaniSad : 37. jaMbUdIpapaNNatti : zAMticandra gaNi vihita vRtti sahita ( bhAga 1, 2) pra. ___devacanda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra phaNDa, sUrata, 1920 38. jaya dhavalA prazasti : 36. jaina Agama : paM0 dalasukha mAla variNayA, jaina saMskRti zodha maMDala, banArasa, 1947 40. jainendra siddhAnta koza : kSullaka jinendra varNI 41. jaina siddhAnta bhAskara : jaina siddhAnta bhavana, pArA 1913 42. jyotiSkaraNDaka TIkA : 43. jJAtRdharmakathA : 44. jJAtRdharmakathA sUtra : mmmm 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya] prayukta grantha-sUcI [ 681 45. ThANAMga suutr| 46. tattvArtha sUtra : umAsvAti, pra0 rAyacanda jaina zAstramAlA, hIrAbAga, bambaI, 47. tattvArtha sUtra, sarvArtha siddhi : prAcArya pUjyapAda 48. tANDhaya mahAbrAhmaNa, pacaviMza brAhmaNa : 46. titthogAlIpainnA : ( jaina grantha ) aprakAzita 50. tiloyapaNNatti : prAcArya yati vRSabha, saM0 hIrAlAla jaina va e. ena0 upAdhye, __pra. jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, zolApura, 1951 51. taittarIya saMhitA : 52. dazavaikAlika vRtti : 53. darzanasAra : devasenAcArya, saM0 paM0 nAthUrAma premI, pra0 jaina grantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya bambaI, 1920 54. dIghanikAya (hindI anuvAda ): anu0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pra0 mahAbodhi sabhA,, sAranAtha, banArasa, 1936 55. dIpavaMsa : ( silonI pAli grantha ) saM0 aura anu0 aolDana varga, pra0 viliyamsa eNDa norgeTa, landana 1906-1915 56. dvAtriMzadvAtriMzika! : prAcArya siddhasena divAkara 57. dharma saMgraha saTIka : 58. dhavalA : 59. nandI sUtra : 60. nandI sUtra sthavirAvalI : 61. nATya zAstra : prAcArya bharata / 62. nAyAdhammakahAno : vAcanA pramukha prAcArya tulasI, saM* muni nathamala, pra. jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanU, vi0 saM0 2031 63. nArada-smRti : 64. nirayAvalikA : ( sundara bodhi vyAkhyA tathA hindI-gujara bhASAnuvAda sahita ) ghAsIlAlajI mahArAja, pra0 a0 bhA0 zve0 sthA0 jaina zAstroddhAra samiti,rAjakoTa, 1960 65. nirukta : 66. niyukti : prAcArya bhadrabAhu ____ 2010_05

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682] . prAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 67. nizItha bhASya : 68. nItisAra : prAcArya indranandI 66. paMcasiddhAntikA : varAhamihira 70 pariziSTa parva : prAcArya hemacandra, saM0 seTha haragovindadAsa, pra. jaina dharma pracAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara, 1957 71. pariziSTa parva : prAcArya hemacandra, saM0 DA0 harmana jekobI, pra0 eziyATika sosAiTI oNpha baMgAla, kalakattA, 1932 72. pAiasaddamahaNNavo : kartA paM0 haragovindadAsa TI0 seTha, saM0 DA0 bAsudevazaraNa agravAla, paM0dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA,pra0prAkRta grantha pariSad, vArANasI-5, ( dvitIya saMskaraNa ) 1963 73. pANinI zikSA : 74. pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI : 75. pAli mahAvyAkaraNa : le0 bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa 76. pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa : DA. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya, pra. hindI sAhitya sammelana (dvitIya saMskaraNa ) prayAga, 1963 77. prabhAvaka carita : prabhAcandra, pra. siMdhI granthamAlA, kalakattA, 1940 78. prajJApanopAMgama pUrvArddham : 76. prajJApanA sUtra : amolaka RSi dvArA anUdita 80. prAkRta upadeza pada : prAcArya haribhadra 81. prAkRta paTTAvalI : . 82. prAkRta prakAza : vararuci 83. prAkRta lakSaNa : 84. prAcIna lipi mAlA : DA0 gaurIzaMkara hIrAcanda aojhA 85. bAla rAmAyaNa : rAjazekhara 86. bRhatkathAkoSa : prAcArya hariSeNa, saM0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, pra. siMdhI jaina grantha mAlA, bambaI 1943 87. bRhatkalpabhASya : 88. vraja kA sAMskRtika itihAsa : 89. bhagavatI sUtra : ( jainAgama ) abhayadeva mUri vRtti sahita, pra0 RSabhadevajI kezarImalajI jaina zvetAmbara saMsthA, ratalAma, 1937 ____ 2010_05

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bhASA aura sAhitya ] 60. bhadrabAhu caritra : AcArya ratnanandI 61. bhartRharikRtanItizataka : zrAcArya siddharSi 62. bhArata kI prArya bhASAeM : DA0 indracandra zAstrI prayukta grantha-sUcI 63. bhArata kI bhASAe~ aura bhASA sambandhI samasyAeM : DA0 sunItikumAra caTarjI 64. bhASA vijJAna : DA0 bholAnAtha tivArI 65. bhAva-saMgraha : devasena, saM0 pannAlAla sonI, pra0 mANikyacanda digambara jaina granthamAlA samiti, hindI graMtha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, bambaI 1921 66. majjhimanikAya : ( hindI anuvAda ) anu0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pra0 mahAbodhi sabhA, sAranAtha, banArasa, 1933 [ 683 67. manusmRti : 68. mahAparinivvANa sutta : 66. mahApurANa: pra0 mANakacanda jaina granthamAlA, bambaI 100. mahAbhArata : 101. mahAbhASya : maharSi pataMjali, saM0 bhArgava zAstrI, pra0 nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI 1951 102. mahAvaMsa : ( hindI anuvAda ) anu0 bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana, pra0 hindI sAhitya sammelana, prayAga, 1956 103. mahAvagga : mahAvIra jaina vidyAlaya suvarNa mahotsava granya, khaNDa 1 - 2, bambaI, 1968 104. mahAvIra carita : rayadhU 105. mahAyAna sUtra saMgraha ( prathama khaNDa ) mithilA pITha, darabhaMgA saMskaraNa 1961 106. mahAyAna sUtrAlaMkAra : 107. milinda paJho ( pAli ) saM0 zrAra0 DI0 vaDekara, pra0 bambaI vizvavidyAlaya bambaI 1940 108. muNDakopaniSad : 106 yAjJavalkya smRti : 110. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra : pra0 mAraNakacanda digambara jaina granthamAlA samiti, bambaI 101. rAjapraznIya sUtra : 112. rAmAyaNa : gItA presa, gorakhapura 2010_05

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684 ] mAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana [ khaNDa : 2 113. rAyapaseNaiyaM : ( jainAgama ) saM0 paM0 becaradAsa DosI, pra. gurjara ratna grantha ___ kAryAlaya, ahamadAbAda, 1939 114. lalita bistara : ( vauddha saMskRta granthAvalI ) saM0 DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya, pra. mithilA vidyApITha, darabhaMgA 1958 115. lalita vistarA : prAcArya haribhadra 116. laghu siddhAnta kaumudI : 117. vasudeva hiMDI : 118. vinayapiTaka : ( pAli ) saM0 bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa, pra0 pAli prakAzana maMDala navanAlandA mahAvihAra, nAlandA, bihAra rAjya 1956 116. vinayapiTaka : ( bhUmikA ) saM0 DA0 prolDana varga 110. vipAka sUtra : 121. vipAka zrata : 122. visuddhimagga : prAcArya buddhaghoSa 123. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya : (saTIka) jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa, vRttikAra-koTyAcAra, pra. RSabhadeva kezarImala zve0 saMsthA, ratalAma, 1936-37 224. vRhadAraNya kopaniSad : 125. vRSNidazA sUtra : 126. vaiyAkaraNa siddhAnta kaumudI : 127. vyAkhyAprajJapti (bhagavatI) sUtra : TIkA abhayadeva sUri, pra0 RSabhadeva kezarImala jaina zve0 saMsthA, ratalAma 1947 128. zAkaTAyana : 126. zAkaTAyana vyAkaraNa : 130, zravaNabelagolA zilAlekha : 131. zra tAvatAra : 132. zrI Avazyaka sUtram : ( dvitIya bhAga ) prAcArya malayagiri 133. zrI duHSamAkAlazramaNasaMghastava : dharmaghoSa sUri 134. SaTkhaNDAgama : ( dhavalA TIkA ) AcArya vIrasena, saM0 hIrAlAla jaina, pra. sitAbacanda lakhamIcanda, amarAvatI ( barAra ) 1941-57 135. SaTprAbhRta TIkA : 136. SaDdarzana samuccaya saTIka : yAkinI mahattarA sUnU prAcArya sUri 2010_05

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- bhASA aura sAhitya ] prayukta grantha-sUcI [ 685 137. saMyukta nikAya : * pAli ) saM0 bhikSu jagadIza, kAzyapa pra0 pAli prakAzana maMDala, nava nAlandA mahAvihAra, nAlandA, bihAra rAjya, 1959 138. saMskRta-hindI-koza : zrApTe, vAmana zivarAma 136. saddharmapuNDarIka sUtra : DA0 ena0 ena0 datta kA devanAgarI saMskaraNa 140. samantapAsAdikA : prAcArya buddhaghoSa, saM0 je0 yakAkusu, makoTo nagAIM, pra0 pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI, landana, 1947 141. samavAyAMga sUtra : ( jainAgama ) abhayadeva sUri vRtti sahita saM0 mAsTara nagInadAsa nemacanda, pra0 seTha mANekalAla cunnIlAla, kAntIlAla, cunnIlAla, ahamadAbAda, 1938 142. sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa : zrAjar3a 143. sAmAnya bhASA vijJAna : DA0 bAbUrAma saksenA 144. sAmaveda : 145 sAhitya darpaNa : mahAmahopAdhyAya paM0 durgAprasAda dvivedI 146. siddha haima zabdAnuzAsana : hemacandrAcArya, pra0 siddhacakra sAhitya pracAraka samiti, bambaI 147. sumaMgalavilAsinI : prAcArya buddhaghoSa, pra0 pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI, landana, 1886-1932 148. sUtrakRtAMga sUtra : ( jainAgama ) zIlAMkAcArya vRtti sahita saM0 panyAsapravara zrIcandrasAgaragaraNa, pra0 zrI gaur3IjI pArzvanAtha jaina derAsara per3hI, bambaI 109. sUtrakRtAMga niyukti cUriNa : 150. sthavirAvalI caritam - 151. sthAnAMga TIkA - prAcArya abhayadeba sUri, san 1063 152. sthAnAMga sUtra - ( jainAgama ) abhayadeva sUri vRtti sahita, pra0 prAgamodaya samiti 2010_05 sUrata, 1920 153 sthAnAMga sUtra vRtti : 154. strI - nirvANa kevali-bhukti prakaraNa : saM0 muni jambUvijayajI, pra0 zrAtmAnanda jaina sabhA, bhAvanagara, saM0 2030 155. himavat therAvalI :

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EUR5EUR ) Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana ( : 1. A Comparative Study of Pratimoksha : by Pachova. 2. An Introduction to Linguistic Science : Prof. Adager Sturvint, New Haven, 1948. 3 Annols of Bhondarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, 1974. 4. Buddhist India : Royas Devids. 5. Buddhistic Studies : Edited by Dr. Law. 6. Comparative Grammar of the Prakrit Language : Dr. Pishel. 7. Dr. Upadhye's Introduction to the Siddhasena Divakara's Nyaya vatara and other works : Piiblished by Jain Sahitya Vikas Mondala Bombay, 1971. 8. Epitome of Jainism Appendix : 9. History of Pali Literature : Dr. Law. 10. History of Indian Literature : M. Winter Nitza, Calcutta, 1933 11. Indian Historical Quarterly : December, 1928. 12. Indian Palaeography : Dr. Bular. 13. J. Bendryes Language : J. Bendryes, London, 1952. 14 Jainism in South India : Prof. S. K. Ramchandra Rao. 15. Language : Dr. Blum Field. 16. Lax Raligion Dyaina : Dr. Welter Schubring. 17. Linguistic Survey of India : Sir Jorj Abroham Griyorsan. 1927 18. Manu Smriti : M. Monior Williams. 19 Mysore Gazatter : Laws Rice. 20. Pali Literature and Language : Dr. Gaiger. 21. Rajasthan District Gazetter : Churu. 22. R. G. Bhandarkar Commemoration : 23. Sanskrit-English Dictionary : by Sir M. Monior Williams M. W. A. K. C. I. E. 24. The Middle Length Saying : 25. The Pali Literature of Burma : London, 1909, 26, The Story of Language : Mosiyo-Pai, London, 1952 2010_05

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lekhaka kI anya kRtiyA~ 1. zrAgama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana, khaNDa - 1 2. mati mAdhurya 3. ahiMsA viveka 4. nayA yuga : nayA darzana 5 naitika vijJAna 6. zrahiMsA paryavekSaNa 7. 8. jainAgama : digdarzana jaina darzana aura Adhunika vijJAna 9. zraraNa vrata jIvana darzana 10. ahiMsA ke aMcala meM 11. prAcArya zrI bhikSu zraura mahAtmA gAMdhI 12. aNu se pUrNa kI ora 13. aNa uvrata vicAra 14. navIna samAja vyavasthA meM dAna aura dayA 15. AcArya tulasI : eka adhyayana 16. preraNA dIpa 17. sarva dharma sadbhAva 18. terApantha digdarzana 19. praNavrata krAnti ke bar3hate caraNa 20. araNa vrata AMdolana aura vidyArthI varga 21. zraNa uvrata digdarzana 22. araNa vrata AMdolana 23. araNa vrata dRSTi 24. yuga pravartaka bhagavAn mahAvIra 25 yuga dharma terApaMtha 26. bAla dIkSA : eka vivecana 27. maryAdA mahotsava : itihAsa aura paricaya 2010_05

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688] 28. mahAvIra aura buddha kI samasAmayikatA 29. maMjila kI ora 30. terApantha zAsana praNAlI 31. satya maMjila : samIkSA rAha 32. mana ke dvandva : zabdoM kI kArA 33. yathArtha ke paripArzva meM saMskRta 34. bhikSu caritram 35. mAtherAna suSamA 36. bhaktaruktayaH 37. AzukAvyAni 38. nIti-nIlotpalAni 39 lalitAMga caritrama aMgrejI 1. Agama Aour Tripitaka : Eka Anusilana, Vol. 1 [ Press ] 2. New Age : A New outlook 3, Anuvrat Ideology 4. Light of Inspiration 5. Jain Philosophy & Modern Science 6. Strides of Anuvrat Movement 7. Pity and Charity in the New Pattern of Society 8. A Pen-Sketch of Acharya Tulsi 9. Glimps of Anuvrat 10. Glimps of Terapanth 11. Contemporaniety and chronology of Mahavira and Buddha 12. Theory of Relativity and Syadvad 13. King Bimbisara and king Ajatasatru in the age of Mahavira & Buddha. ____ 2010_05

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2010_05 rASTrasanta munizrI nagarAjajI DI0 liT0 janma : saradArazahara ( rAjasthAna ) 24 sitambara 1917 pravrajyA : terApaMtha ke aSTamAcArya pUjya kAla gaNI ke karakamaloM se san 1934 / sammAna : araNa vrata parAmarzaka pada, 1962 / kAnapura vizvavidyAlaya dvArA oNnarerI DI. liT0 1969 / rASTrasanta, sitambara 1981 / grabhiniSkramaNa : saradArazahara ( rAjasthAna ) 6 navambara 1976 / sAhitya-sAdhanA : Agama aura tripiTaka eka anuzIlana, ahiMsA, viveka, jaina darzana aura Adhunika vijJAna araNavrata jIvana darzana, AcArya bhikSu aura mahAtmA gAMdhI, naitika vijJAna, nayA yuga nayA darzana, yathArtha ke paripArzva meM prabhRti bahusaMkhyaka racanAyeM, sphuTa lekha va vicAra, jo deza ke pramukha patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita hote rahe haiN| loka hitAya : sudUra prAptoM meM pralamba va saphala padayAtrAe~ / majadUroM aura kisAnoM meM, vidyArthI aura vyApAriyoM meM, sarvasAdhAraNa aura rAja-karmacAriyoM meM, rAtakoM va prAdhyApakoM meM, adhivaktAoM evaM nyAyAdhIzoM meM, sAhityakAroM va patrakAroM meM, vidhAyakoM va saMsada sadasyoM meM naitika va cAritrika udbodhana / dillI ApakA pramukha kArya-kSetra rahI hai| zIrSastha logoM se ApakA ullekhanIya sAmIpya rahA hai|

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jaina Agama grantha bhI eka vizAla vAGamaya haiM aura tripiTaka ke antargata jina pAli-pranyoM kI ginatI kI jAtI hai, ve bhI lagabhaga tIna mahAbhAratoM ke barAbara haiN| isa sAre vAGamaya ko mathakara usakA eka prakAra se navanIta nikAla kara rakha denA sahaja kArya nahIM thaa| 'Agama aura vipiTaka' isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki satat kiye gaye parizrama se duSkara kArya bhI sahaja rUpa se siddha ho jAte haiN| -bhadanta Ananda kausalyAyana jaina aura bauddha dharma ke sAhitya kA Adhunika yuga meM jo adhyayana huA hai, usake Arambha kAla se hI vidvAn janoM ke Agama-sAhitya aura bauddhoM ke 'sthaviravAda' kahe jAne vAlI pAlitripiTakoM ke granthoM meM pAyI jAne vAlI Azcaryajanaka samAnatAoM kI ora lakSya karate rahe haiN|| prasannatA kI bAta hai ki pUjya munizrI nagarAjajI DI0 liT ne isa AvazyakatA ko pUti kI hai| 'Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana' grantha ke rUpa meM unhoMne prathama pAli-tripiTakA aura Agama-sAhitya kA eka sarvAMgINa adhyayana prastuta kiyA hai| -DA. bharatasiMha upAdhyAya DA0 munizrI nagarAjajI se hamArI apekSA yaha hai ki ve apanA sAmarthya isa ora lgaayeN| ki AgamoM meM kauna-kauna se entha kA kyA-kyA kAla ho sakatA hai ? yaha unake sAmarthya kii| bAta hai| kyoMki ve Agama aura tripiTaka ke niSNAtaka rUpa meM hamAre Adara ke pAtra haiN| -dalasukhabhAI mAlavariNayA mUrdhanya manISI munizrI nagarAjajI bahumukhI pratibhA ke dhanI haiN| unhoMne apanI viziSTa kRtiyoM se bhAratIya vAGamaya ko samRddhi kiyA hai| unakI prastuta kRti 'Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana' bhASA-zAstra ke sandarbha meM mIla kA patthara hai| -kanhaiyAlAla seThiyA The work is full of deep scholarship, penetrating criticism and orginalities. It essays tackling problems which have not received due attention so far, and in my opinion, constitutes a most welcome contribution to the world of Scholarship. --Prof. Dr. G. C. Pande ____ Jain Education Intemational 2010_05/