Nagri Pracharini Patrika Part 15

Author(s): Shyamsundardas
Publisher: Nagri Pracharini Sabha
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/034974/1

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dAdAsAheba, bhAvanagara, phona : 0278-2425322 52A0 04

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA { arthAt prAcIna zodhasaMbaMdhI vaimAsika patrikA [ navIna saMskaraNa ] bhAga 15 - saMvat 166 1 e/a (kAzI nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA) saMpAdaka zyAmasuMdaradAsa kAzI - nAgarIpracAriNI sabhA dvArA prakAzita

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Printed by A. Bose, at the Indian Press, Lid., Benares Branch.

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146 lekha-sUcI viSaya pU0 saM0 1-hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya [ lekhaka-DAkTara - pItAMbaradatta bar3athvAla, ema0 e0, ela-ela0 bI0, DI0 liTa0, kAzI) ... ... ... 1 2-prAcIna bhArata meM khiyA~[ lekhaka-kumArI rAmapyArI zAstrI, bI0 e0, koTA] ... ... ... 126 3-nAlaMdA mahAvihAra ke saMsthApaka [lekhaka-zrI vAsu- deva upAdhyAya, ema0 e0, kAzI] ... ... 4-itihAsa-prasiddha durga raNathaMbhaura kA saMkSipta varNana [lekhaka-zrI pRthvIrAja cauhAna, bUMdI ] ... 157 5-vividha viSaya ... ... ... ... 166 6-gorA bAdala kI bAta [ lekhaka-zrI mAyAzaMkara yAjJika, bI0 e0, alIgar3ha ] ... ... 186 7-padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ [ lekhaka-zrI akhaurI gaMgAprasAda siMha, kAzI] ... ... 165 8-humAyU~ ke viruddha SaDyaMtra [ lekhaka-zrI rAmarzakara avasthI, bI0 e0, prayAga] ... ... ... 236 -jetavana [ lekhaka-zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, gyAtsI] 257 10-ur3iyA grAma-sAhitya meM rAma-caritra [ lekhaka-zrI deveMdra satyArthI ] ... ... ... 317 11-cihnAMkita mudrAe~ ( Punch-marked coins) [ lekhaka-rAyabahAdura paMDyA baijanAtha, kAzI] ... 331 12-vividha viSaya ... ... ... 347

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(2) viSaya pR0 saM0 13-khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti [lekhaka-zrI zivasahAya trivedI, ema0 e0, kAzI] 367 14-vividha viSaya ... ... ... ... 421 15-kabIra kA jIvana-vRtta [ lekhaka-DAkTara pItAMbaradatta bar3athvAla, kAzI] ... ... ... 436 16-bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti [ lekhaka-zrI bhaga vatazaraNa upAdhyAya, lakhanaU] ... ... 451 17-bhAratIya kalA meM gaMgA aura yamunA [lekhaka-zrI vAsudeva upAdhyAya, ema0 e0, kAzI] ... ... 466

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA paMdrahavA~ bhAga (1) hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya [ lekhaka-DAkTara pItAMbaradatta bar3athvAla, ema0 e0, ela-ela0 bI0, DI0 liTa0, kAzI ] pahalA adhyAya paristhitiyoM kA prasAda isa kSaNika jIvana ke paravartI anaMta pramara jIvana ke liye mAkulatA bhArata kI aMtarAtmA kA sAra hai| paraloka kI sAdhanA meM hI vaha ihaloka kI sArthakatA mAnatI hai| 1. bhAmukha prAtmA aura paramAtmA kI aikya-sAdhanA kA nirdeza karanevAlI madhura vANo kA bhAratIyoM kI bhAvanA, ruci aura AkAMkSA ke Upara sarvadA se varNanAtIta adhikAra rahA hai| bhAratIya jIvana meM saMcAra karanevAlI prAdhyAtmika pravRtti kI isa dhArA ke udgama atyaMta prAcInatA ke kuhare meM chipe hue haiN| yuga-yugAMtara ko pAra karatI huI yaha dhArA abAdha rUpa se bahatI calI A rahI hai| pravAha-bhUmi ke anurUpa kabhI simaTatI, kabhI phailatI, kamI vAlukA

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA meM vilIna hotI aura phira prakaTa hotI huI vaha aneka rUpa avazya dhAraNa karatI AI hai paraMtu usakA pravAha kabhI baMda nahIM huA / paMdrahavIM zatAbdI meM isa dhArA ne jo rUpa dhAraNa kiyA vaha kisI upayukta nAma ke prabhAva meM 'nirguNa saMta saMpradAya' kahalAtA hai / isI saMpradAya ke svarUpa kA udghATana isa nibaMdha kA viSaya hai / isa saMpradAya ke pravartakoM ne apane sarvajanopayogI upadezoM ke liye janabhASA hiMdI ko hI apanAyA thA / isaliye usakA pratirUpa hiMdI ke kAvya - sAhitya meM surakSita hai / sAmAjika, dhArmika rAjanItika Adi aneka kAraNoM ne milakara isa pradiolana ko rUpa kI vaha navInatA aura bhAva kI vaha gahanatA pradAna kI jo isakI vizeSatA hai / musalamAnoM kI bhArata vijaya ke bAda bhArata kI rAjanItika avasthA ne, jisameM do atyaMta virodhI saMskRtiyoM kA vyApaka saMgharSa AraMbha huA, isa pradiolana ke prasAra ke liye upayukta bhUmikA prastuta kii| saMta-saMpradAya kI vicAra-dhArA ko acchI taraha sama ne ke liye yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama pahale una vizeSa paristhitiyoM se paricita ho jAya~, jinameM usakA janma huA / ataeva pahale unhIM paristhitiyoM kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai / 2. muslima AkramaNa yadyapi kurAna ailAna karatI hai ki "dharma meM bala kA prayoga nahIM honA cAhie / vizvAsa lAne ke liye koI majabUra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / vizvAsa kevala paramAtmA kI preraNA se ho sakatA hai", phira bhI islAma ke prasAra meM talavAra hI kA adhika hAtha rahA hai / araboM ne, aura unake bAda islAma dharma meM praveza karanevAlI granya jAtiyoM ne deza-dezAMtare meM vinAza kA prakAMDa tAMDava upasthiva kara diyaa| cIna se spena taka kI bhUmi para unhoMne khudA kA kahara ? ( 1 ) sela; "ala kurAna", pR0 203 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya DhA diyaa| jahA~ jahA~ ve gae deza vIrAna, ghara ujAr3a, aura janasamudAya kAla ke kavala ho ge| bhArata kI sasya-zyAmalA bhRmi, vizvavizruta lakSmI aura janAkIrNa deza ne bahuta zIghra musalamAnoM ko prAkRSTa kara liyaa| yahAM unheM dharma-prasAra aura rAjya-vistAra donoM kI saMbhAvanA dikhAI dI / nirapekSatA, tattvajJAna aura vibhava kI isa bhUmi kI bhI dhaudha-vizvAsiyoM ke lobha-prerita vinAzakArI hAthoM ne vahIdazA karane kA prAyojana kiyA jo unase prAkrAMta aura dezoM kI huI thii| nara-nArI, bAla-vRddha, vidyA-bhavana pustakAlaya, devAlaya aura kalAkRtiyA~ koI bhI itanI pavitra na samajho gaI ki nAza ke gahara meM jAne se baca sakatI / yadyapi hiMduoM ne prAsAnI se parAjaya svIkAra na kI aura ve aMta taka pada pada para dRr3hatA se viroSa karate rahe vayApi unakI nizchala nirbhayatA, dharmayuddha kI bhAvanA, parAjita zatru ke prati kSamAzola udAratA tathA aneka aMdhavizvAsoM ne milakara unakI parAjaya kA kAraNa upasthita kara diyA; aura unheM kAla kI viparItatA ke mAge sira jhukAnA pdd'aa| mahamUda gajanavI ke bAraha aura muhammada gorI ke do-tIna AkamaNa prasiddha hI haiN| gajanavI ke sAtha ala-berUnI nAmaka eka prasiddha itihAsakAra prAyA thaa| usane apane prAzrayadAtA ke saMbaMdha meM likhA hai ki usane deza ke vaibhava ko pUrI taraha se maTiyAmeTa kara diyA aura acaraja ke ve kAranAme kie jinase hiMdU dhUla ke cAroM ora phaile hue kaNa mAtra athavA logoM ke muMha para kI purAne jamAne kI eka kahAnI mAtra raha gae / vAstavika yuddha meM to prasaMkhya vIroM kI mRtyu hotI hI thI, unake atirikta bhI prAyaH pratyeka nRzaMsa vijetA hajAro-lAkho vyaktiyoM kI hatyA kara DAlatA thA aura hajAroM ko gulAma banA letA thA / (1) IzvarIprasAda kI 'meDIvala iMDiyA', pR012 meM dipA huA avataraNa'

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA unakI lUTa-pATa kA to anumAna hI nahIM lagAyA jA sakatA / sarasvatI aura saMskRti ke keMdra bhI achUte na chor3e gae / jaba vi0 saM0 1254 (san 1167 I0) meM muhammada-bina-bakhtyAra ne bihAra kI rAjadhAnI para adhikAra kiyA taba usane vahA~ ke bRhad bauddha vihAra ko dhvaMsa kara diyA; vahA~ ke jisa nivAsI ko pakar3a pAyA, talavAra ke ghATa utAra diyA aura 'ratnAvalI' nAmaka pustaka-bhavana agnizikhAoM ko samarpita kara diyA / kevala bakhyAra hI kI yaha vinAzakArI pravRtti rahI ho, so bAta nhiiN| ala-berUnI sadRza prAcIna itihAsa-lekhaka bhI isa bAta kA sAkSya detA hai ki hiMdU vidyA aura kalAe~ deza ke una bhAgo se jina para musalamAnoM kA adhikAra ho gayA thA, bhAgakara una bhAgoM meM calI gaI thI jahA~ unakA hAtha abhI nahIM pahu~ca pAyA thAre / jaba taka musalamAna vijetA lUTa-pATa karake hI lauTa jAte rahe, tabhI taka yaha bAta na rahI, jaba musalamAnoM ko deza meM basa jAne kI buddhimattA kA anubhava hone lagA aura ve bAkAyadA rAjyoM kI sthApanA karane lage taba bhI deza kI saMtAna ko adhika se adhika cUsane kI nIti kA tyAga nahIM kiyA gyaa| jahA~ taka ho sakatA thA, rAjya kI ora se unakI jIvana-yAtrA kaMTakAkIrNa banA dI jAtI thii| unake prANa nahIM lie jAte the, yahI unake Upara bar3I bhArI kRpA samajhI jAvI thii| unako jIvita rahane kA bhI koI adhikAra nahIM thaa| musalamAna zAsaka unakA jIvita rahanA kevala isaliye sahana kara lete the ki unako mAra DAlane se rAjya kara meM kamI par3a jAtI aura rAjakoSa khAlI par3A raha jaataa| apane prANoM kA bhI unheM eka (1) reva--saMpAdita 'tabakAte nAsirI', bhAga 1, pR0 152; IzvarIprasAda-'meDIvala iMDiyA', pR0 120 / .(2) dekho pAdaTippaNI 1, pRSTha 3 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya kara denA par3atA thA jo 'jaz2iyA' kahalAtA thA / sulatAna alAuddIna ke darabAra meM rahanevAle kAz2I mugAsuddIna sarIkhe dharmaniSTha vyakti ko bhI yaha vyavasthA svAbhAvika aura ucita ja~catI thI' / hiMduoM se vasUla kie jAnevAle kara kama na the / alAuddIna ke rAjatvakAla meM unheM apane pasIne kI kamAI kA AdhA rAja- koSa meM de denA par3atA thA / aisI sthiti meM unake pAsa itanA bhI na baca rahatA thA ki ve kisI taraha apane kaSTamaya jIvana ke dina kATa sakate / baraNI ke anusAra, hiMduoM meM se jo dhanADhya samajhe jAte the, ve bhI ghor3e para savArI na kara sakate the, hathiyAra na rakha sakate the, suMdara vastra na pahana sakate the, yahA~ taka ki pAna bhI na khA sakate the / unakI patniyoM ko bhI musalamAnoM ke yahA~ majadUrI karanI par3atI thI / 2 " hiMduoM ke liye dhArmika svataMtratA kA to prazna hI nahIM uTha sakatA thA / unake dharma ke liye pratyakSa rUpa se ghRNA pradarzita kI jAtI thI / devAlayoM ko girAnA devamUrtiyoM ko tor3anA aura unako anucita sthAnoM meM cunavAnA prAyaH pratyeka muslima vijetA aura zAsaka ke liye zauka kA kAma hotA thA / fIroz2azAha ne ( rA01357, mR0-1388 ) isaliye eka brAhmaNa ko jItA jalA diyA thA ki usane khule grAma hiMdU vidhi ke anusAra pUjA kI thI 3 / firiztA ne kaithana ke rahanevAle buDDhana nAma ke eka brAhmaNa kA ullekha kiyA hai jisakI sikaMdara lodI ke sAmane isaliye hatyA kara DAlI gaI thI ki usane jana-samudAya meM isa bAta kI ghoSaNA ( 1 ) baraNI - " tArIqha phIroz2azAhI"; "biblothikA iMDikA", pR0 201; IliyaTa, pR0 184; IzvarIprasAda - 'meDIvala iMDiyA', pR0 208 aura 475 / ( 2 ) "tArIkhe fIroz2azAhI", pR0 288; I0 pra0 - "meDIvala iMDiyA", pR0 182-83; "biblothikA iMDikA", 475 | ( 3 ) smitha "sTUDeMTsa hisTarI oNpha iMDiyA", pR0 126 /

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kI thI ki hiMdU dharma bhI utanA hI mahAna hai jitanA paigaMbara muhammada kA dhrm| kahate haiM ki yaha daMDa use ulamAoM kI eka samiti ke nirNaya ke anusAra milA thaa| ulamAnoM ne use mRtyu aura islAma ina donoM meM se eka ko cunane ko kahA thaa| buDDhana ne AtmA ke hanana kI apekSA zarIra ke hanana ko zreyaskara samajhA, aura vaha marakara itihAsa ke pRSThoM meM amara ho gayA / isa prakAra paThAnI saltanata ke samaya taka AdarAspada rASTrajana (siTiz2ana) ke samasta adhikAroM se hidU janatA sarvathA vaMcita thii| usakA nirAzAmaya jIvana vipatti kI eka laMbI gAthA mAtra raha gayA thaa| koI aisI pArthiva vastu usake pAsa na raha gaI thI jo usake anubhava kI kaTutA meM miThAsa kA jarA bhI sammizraNa kara sktaa| usake liye bhaviSya sarvathA aMdhakAramaya ho gayA thaa| aMdhakAra kI usa pragADhatA meM prakAza kI kSINa se kSINa rekhA bhI na dikhalAI par3atI thii| kitu hiMdU-dharma ko kevala musalamAnoM ke hI nahIM, svayaM hiMduoM ke atyAcAra se bhI bacAnA Avazyaka thaa| apane Upara apanA hI yaha atyAcAra hidU-muslima-saMgharSa se prakAza meM "praayaa| hiMdutva ne isa bAta kA prayatna kiyA hai ki sAmAjika ho athavA rAjanItika, koI bhI dharma nyattigata chInAjhapaTo kA viSaya hokara sAmAjika zAMti meM bAdhaka na bne| isa dRSTi se usameM manuSya manuSya ke kAryoM kI maryAdA pahale hI se pratiSThita kara dI gaI hai| yahI varNa-vyavasthA hai, jisameM guNAnusAra karmoM kA vibhAga kiyA gayA hai| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki manuSya ke guNa bahudhA paristhitiyoM ke hI pariNAma hote haiN| prataeva dhore dhAre varNa kA janma se hI mAnA jAnA svAbhAvika thA, kyoMki pari. (1) IzvarIprasAda-"meDIvala iMDiyA", pR0 481-82 / sthA kI viSamatA

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya sthitiyAM janma se hI prabhAva DAlanA prAraMbha kara detI haiN| paraMtu isakA yaha abhiprAya nahIM ki janma se par3anevAlA prabhAva mAtA-pitA ke guNoM kA hI hogA athavA yaha ki janma se par3anevAle prabhAva anya prabalatara prabhAvoM ke prAge miTa nahIM skte| paraMtu dhIre dhore bhAratIya isa bAta ko bhUla gae ki kabhI kabhI niyamoM kA Thoka ThIka pAlana unako tor3akara hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| niyamoM ke bhI apavAda hote haiM, yaha unake dhyAna meM na rhaa| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki hiMdutva ke dhArmika niyamoM kA vAstavika abhiprAya dRSTi se ojhala ho gayA aura samasta hiMdU jAti kevala zabdoM kI anugAminI bana gii| jo niyama samAja meM zAMti, maryAdA aura vyavasthA rakhane ke liye banAe gae the, ve isa prakAra samAja meM vaiSamya aura krUratA ke vidhAyaka bana gae / jIvana ke kAryakrama ke cunAva meM vyaktigata pravRtti kA prazna hI na rhaa| jisa varNa meM vyakti-vizeSa ne janma pA liyA usa varNa ke nizcita kArya-krama ko chor3akara aura saba mArga usake liye sarvadA ke liye baMda ho gae / udyama kA vibhAjana tathA kArya-vyApAra meM kauzalaprApti kA upAya na rahakara varNa-vibhAga sAmAjika vibheda ho gayA jisameM koI ucca aura koI nIca samajhA jAne lgaa| zUdra, jo nIcatama varNa meM the, sabhya-samAja ke saba adhikAroM se vaMcita raha ge| veda aura dharmazAstroM ke adhyayana kA unheM adhikAra na thaa| unameM se bhI aMtyajoM ke liye to deva-darzana ke liye maMdira-praveza bhI niSiddha thaa| unakA sparza taka apavitra samajhA jAtA thaa| zatAbdiyoM taka isa dazA meM rahane ke kAraNa zUdroM ke liye yaha sAmAnya aura svAbhAvika sI bAta ho gaI thii| isakA pranaucitya unheM ekAeka khaTakatA na thaa| paraMtu musalamAnoM ke saMsarga ne unheM jAgarita kara diyA aura unheM apanI sthiti kI vAstavikatA kA parijJAna ho gyaa| musalamAna musalamAna meM koI bheda-bhAva na thaa|

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8 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA unameM na koI nIca thA, na U~ca / musalamAna hone para choTe se choTA vyakti apane Apako sAmAjika dRSTi meM kisI bhI dUsare musalamAna ke barAbara samajha sakatA thA / grahale - islAma hone ke kAraNa ve saba barAbara the / para hiMdU dharma meM yaha saMbhava na thA / isa prakAra ke ghRNA vyaMjaka vibhedoM ko hiMdU samAja meM rahane denA kyA ucita hai ? pratyeka vicArazIla vyakti ke Age sArI paristhiti isa mahAn prazna ke rUpa meM uTha khar3I huI / zUdroM ke liye to yahI ekamAtra samasyA thI jisakI ora ucca varga ke loga gahare prahAroM ke dvArA raha rahakara unakA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA karate the / satArA ke saMta nAmadeva ko logoM ne kisa prakAra, yaha mAlUma hone para ki vaha jAta kA chopI hai, eka bAra maMdira se nikAla bAhara kiyA thA, isa bAta kA ullekha svayaM nAmadeva ne apane eka pada meM kiyA hai / 4. bhagavaccharaNAgati rAjanItika utpAta ke kAraNa jo avyavasthA aura hAhAkAra uttara bhArata meM macA huA thA, usase abhI dakSiNa bacA thA / rAjanItika dRSTi se vahA~ kucha zAMti kA sAmrAjya thA aura dhArmika jIvana navIna jAgarti pAkara atyaMta karmaNya ho uThA thA / buddha ke nirIzvaravAdI siddhAMta ne jana-samAja ke hRdaya meM jo zUnyatA sthApita kara dI thI usakI pUrti zaMkarAcArya kA advaitavAda bhI na kara sakA thA / prataeva logoM kI ruci phira se prAcIna aikAMtika dharma kI ora mur3a rahI thI jisakA pravartana saMbhavataH badarikAzrama meM huA thA / upAsya deva ko aikAMtika prema kA prAlaMbana banAnevAle isa nArAyaNI dharma meM janatA ne apane (1) ha~sata khelata tere dehure zrAyA / bhakti karata nAmA pakari uThAyA / hInadI jAti merI jAda bharAyA / chIpe ke janami kAhe ko AyA // - prAdi-graMtha, pR0 626

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya hRdaya kA AkarSaNa paayaa| gopAla kRSNa aura vAsudeva kRSNa ne milakara isameM eka aise svarUpa ko janatA ke sAmane rakhA thA jisameM prema-pravaNatA aura nIti-nipuNatA kI eka hI vyakti meM vaha anupama saMsRSTi ho gaI jisakI ora dRSTipAta karate hI jana-samudAya ke hRdaya meM prema aura vizvAsa eka sAtha jAgarita ho gyaa| kRSNa ne janatA ke hRdaya ke komala taMtuoM kA hI sparza nahIM kiyA thA, unake hRdaya meM apanI surakSatA kI dRr3ha bhAvanA bhI baddhamUla kara dI thii| kRSNa ke prema meM janatA ne arjuna ke samAna hI apane Apako surakSita smjhaa| IsA ke cAra sau varSa pahale caMdragupta maurya kI sabhA meM rahanevAle yavana rAjadUta megAsthanIz2a ne jisa 'hiraiklIz2a' hari = kRSNa) ko 'una zauraseniyoM kA upAsya deva batalAyA jinake deza meM mathurA nagarI pravasthita hai aura yamunA pravAhita hotI hai, vaha kRSNa hI thaa| pAMcarAtroM ke dvArA gRhIta hone ke kAraNa yaha aikAMtika dharma pAMcarAtra aura sAtvatoM ke kAraNa sAttvata dharma khlaayaa| nArAyaNa ke sAtha ekarUpa hokara, kRSNa viSNu ke avatAra mAne jAne lage the isaliye vaha vaizNava dharma khlaayaa| inake bhagavAn yA bhagavat kahalAne se isa dharma kI bhAgavata saMjJA bhI huii| IsA se 140 varSa pUrva takSazilA ke yavana rAjA eMTipAlkAiDasa kA rAjadUta, Diosa kA putra helioDorasa jo vidizA ke rAjA kAziputra bhAgabhadra kI sabhA meM rahatA thA, bhAgavata thaa| usane 'devadeva vAsudeva' kA garuDadhvaja-staMbha banavAyA thA jisa para usane apane Apako spaSTatayA bhAgavata likhA thA / guptarAjakula, jisakA samaya cauthI se pAThavoM zatAbdI taka hai, vaiSNava thaa| gupta rAjA apane Apako parama-bhAgavata kahA karate the| unake (.) devadevasa vAsudevasa garuDadhvaje ayaM kArite ibha helizrodoreNa bhAgavatena

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10 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA sikke tathA bihAra, mathurA aura bhiTArI ke unake zilAlekha isa bAta ke sAkSI haiM' / cAla maMDala (kArAmaMDala ) taTa para beMgI ke pallave ke zilAlekhe se patA calatA hai ki cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pallava rAjAoM meM bhI bhAgavata dharma kA sammAna thA / gujarAta ke valabhiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai / unake chaThI zatAbdI ke zilAlekha se yaha bAta spaSTa hai / sAtavIM zatAbdI meM bANabhaTTa ne apane harSacarita meM pAMcarAtra aura bhAgavata donoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ! zaMkara -digvijaya ke anusAra zaMkara ko pAMcarAtra aura bhAgavata donoM se zAstrArtha karanA par3A thA / zaMkara kA samaya koI sAtavIM zatAbdI mAnate haiM aura koI navIM / dakSiNa bhArata meM yaha nArAyaNIya bhAgavata dharma kaba pracArita huA, isakA koI spaSTa anumAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / hA~, itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki atyaMta prAcIna kAla meM hI vaha vahA~ pahu~ca gayA thA; aura dasavIM zatAbdI meM yadyapi zaiva dharma ke pramukha sthAna ko vaha nahIM chona sakA thA, phira bhI baddhamUla to avazya hai| gayA thA / tAmilabhUmi ke prAvvAra saMtoM ko hama isa zatAbdI se pahale hI pUrNa vaiSNava pAte haiM / vaiSNava dharma kA anugamana ve kevala zabdoM dvArA hI nahIM karate the pratyuta vaha unake samasta jIvana meM diyasaputreNa takhasilAkena yeonadUtena zrAgatena mahArAjasa aMtalitasa upaMtA sakAsa rajo kAsiputrasa bhAgabhadrasa brAtArasa / (1) kaniMghama - 'zArkelaoNjikala sarve', bhAga 1, pleTa 17 aura 30 / (2) 'iMDiyana aiMTikverI', bhAga 2, pR0 11 aura 176 /

Page #16
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya vyApta thaa| ina pALavAra saMtoM ne sIdhI-sAdI tAmila bhASA kI kavitAmo meM apane hRdaya ke svAbhAvika udgAroM ko prakaTa kiyA hai| aMtima prasiddha prALavAra zagopa athavA nammALavAra thA jisake ziSya nAthamuni ne prALavAroM kI cAra hajAra kavitAoM kA eka vRhat saMgraha prastuta kiyA thaa| isa saMgraha kA tAmila meM vedatulya prAdara hai| __ nAthamuni se prATavArI kI zAkhA samApta ho jAtI hai aura prasiddha prAcAryoM kI zAkhA prAraMbha hotI hai| prALavAra prAya: nIcI jAtiyoM ke hote the paraMtu ye vaiSNava prAcAryagaNa ucca brAhmaNa kula ke the| nAthamuni (vi0 saM0 1042-1085; sam 685-1030 I0) parama kRSNabhakta the| kRSNa ke janma-saMbaMdhI samasta sthAnoM ke unhoMne darzana kie the| mathurA vRMdAvana dvArakA prAdi sthAnoM kI yAtrA karake jaba ve lauTe to apane navajAta pautra kA unhoMne yamunA-taTa-vihArI kI yAdagAra meM yAmuna nAma rkhaa| yAmunAcArya apane pitAmaha se bhI bar3A paMDita huaa| vaha colarAja kA purohita thaa| rAjA ne eka bAra sAMpradAyika zAstrArtha meM apanA rAjya hI dA~va para rakha diyA thaa| usa avasara para vijaya prApta kara yAmuna ne apane svAmI kI mAna rakhI thii| pitAmaha ke marane para yAmuna saMnyAsI ho gayA aura bar3e utsAha se vaiSNava dharma kA pracAra karane lgaa| paraMtu vaiSNava dharma ko vyavasthita karane meM ina donoM se adhika saphalatA rAmAnuja ko huI jo bAda ko mAmAnusAra lakSmaNa aura zeSanAga ke avatAra mAne jAne lge| rAmAnuja bhI dUsarI zAkhA se nAthamuni ke prapAtra the| unakI zikSA-dIkSA zAMkara pradvaita ke prAcArya yAdavaprakAza ke yahA~ huI thii| advaitavAda unake manonukUla na thA, isaliye yAdavaprakAza se unakI nibhI nhiiN| yAmunAcArya ne unheM apane pAsa bulAyA paraMtu unheM

Page #17
12 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA zrI saMpradAya meM dIkSita karane ke liye ve jIvita na raha sake / rAmAnuja ko kevala unake zava kA darzana huA / zrI vaiSNava saMpradAya kI AdhAra zikSA viziSTAdvaita ko, jise nAthamuni ne taiyAra kiyA thA, rAmAnuja ne dRr3ha rUpa se Aropita kara diyA / vedAMta sUtra para unakA zrIbhASya bahuta prasiddha huA / gItA aura upaniSadoM ke bhI unhoMne viziSTAdvaitI bhASya kie| ina bhASyoM meM unhoMne zaMkara ke mAyAvAda kA khaMDana kiyA aura mAyA ko brahma meM nihita mAnakara usameM guNoM kA Aropa kara liyA jisase tatra rUpa se bhI bhakti ke liye dRr3ha AdhAra nikala AyA / yadi brahma meM hI guNoM kA abhAva hai, vaha tattvataH karuNAvaruNAlaya nahIM hai to Izvara hI meM guNoM kA Aropa kahA~ se ho sakatA hai; bhakta kA uddhAra hI kaise ho sakatA hai ? zaMkara ke rUkhe advaitavAda se Ube hue logoM ko * yaha vicAradhArA atyaMta AkarSaka pratIta huii| bar3e bar3e prativAdiyoM ko zAkhArtha meM rAmAnuja ke Age sira jhukAnA par3A, nRpatigaNa unake ziSya hone lage, unhoMne bIsiyoM maMdira banavAe aura zIghra hI unake bhaktimUlaka siddhAMtoM kA jana-samAja meM pracalana ho gayA / yAdavAcala para nArAyaNa kI mUrti kI sthApanA ke sAtha rAmAnuja ne bhakti kI jisa dhArA kI ora logoM kA dhyAna AkarSita kiyA vaha samaya pAkara deza ko eka ora se dUsare chora taka plAvita karatI huI bahane lagI / unnatamanAoM kA eka samUha, jinake hRdaya meM paramAtmA kI divya jyoti apanI pUrNa AbhA se jagamagA rahI thI, isa plAvana ke vizeSa karaNa hue / rAmAnuja kA samaya bArahavIM zatAbdI mAnA jAtA hai / rAmAnuja hI ke samaya meM niMbArka ne apane bhedAbheda ke siddhAMta ko lekara vaiSNavamata kI puSTi kii| niMbArka bhAgavata - kula meM utpanna hue the unhoMne rAdhAkRSNa kI upAsanA ko prAdhAnya diyA aura vRMdAvana /

Page #18
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya meM Akara prAcIna smRtiyoM ke bIca apane rAdhAkRSNamaya jIvana ko sArthaka smjhaa| karNATaka aura gujarAta meM AnaMdatIrtha ( madhva ) ne vi0 saM0 1157 se 1332 (san 1200 se 1275 I0) ke bIca apane dvaitavAda ke dvArA upAsya aura upAsaka ke liye pUrNa sthUla prAdhAra nikAlakara vaiSNava bhakti kA pracAra kiyaa| ____ mahArASTra meM paMDharapura kA viThovA kA mandira vaiSNava dharma ke pracAra kA keMdra ho gyaa| gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM mukuMdarAja ne advaitamUlaka siddhAMtoM ko lekara vaiSNava dharma kA samarthana kiyaa| nAmadeva, jJAnadeva prAdi para spaSTa hI usakA prabhAva par3A thaa| ___baMgAla meM caitanyadeva (saM0 1542-1560) aura unakI ziSyamaMDalI ne bhakti kI unmAdakAriNI vihvalatA meM jana-samAja ko bhI pAgala banA diyaa| uttara meM rAghavAnaMda aura rAmAnaMda tathA ballabhAcArya ke prayatna se vaiSNava bhakti kA pravAha sarvapriya ho gyaa| rAghavAnaMda rAmAnujI zrIvaiSNava the aura rAmAnaMda unake ziSya, jinakA alaga hI eka saMpradAya claa| gosAI tulasIdAsa unhIM ke saMpradAya meM hue / rAmAnaMda ne sItArAma kI bhakti kA pratipAdana kiyA aura ballabha ne zuddhAdvaita aura puSTimArga ko lekara rAdhA-kRSNa kI bhakti calAI / ThIka isI samaya uttara bhArata ke hiduoM ko muslima vijaya ke kAraNa samasta viraktimaya dharmoM ke usa mUla siddhAMta kA apane hI jIvana meM anubhava ho rahA thA, jisake anusAra saMsAra kevala duHkha kA prAgAra mAtra hai| usa samaya ve aisI paristhiti meM the jisameM saMsAra kI anityatA kA, usake sukha aura vaibhava kI vinazvaratA kA svAbhAvika rUpa se hI anubhava ho jAtA hai| ataeva atyAcAra ke nIce pisakara vipatti meM par3e hue hiMduoM ne sAMsArika sukha aura

Page #19
14 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA vibhava se apanI dRSTi mor3a lI, aura usa eka mAtra AnaMda ko prApta karane ke liye jisase unheM vaMcita rakha sakanA kisI kI sAmarthya meM nahIM thA, ve vaiSNava prAcAryo dvArA pracArita isa bhakti kI dhArA meM utsukatA ke sAtha DubakI lagAne lge| ___isa prAnaMda kA udreka deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM se kaviyoM kI madhura vANI meM chalaka chalakakara bahane lgaa| baMgAla meM umApati (1050 vi0 saM0) aura jayadeva (1220 vi0 saM0) apane hRdaya ke mRdula udgAroM ko divya gItoM meM pahale hI prakaTa kara cuke the| jayadeva ke jagatprasiddha gItagoviMda ke rAdhAmAdhava ke krIr3A-kalApoM kI pratidhvani maithila kokila vidyApati (1450 vi0 saM0) kI komala-kAMta 'padAvalI' meM sunAI dii| gujarAta meM narasI mehatA ne, mAravAr3a meM mIrAbAI ne, madhyadeza meM sUradAsa ne aura mahArASTra meM jJAnadeva, nAmadeva aura tukArAma ne isa bhaktimUlaka AnaMda kI ajasra varSA kara dii| isase hiMduoM ko pratirodha kI eka aisI niSkriya zakti prApta huI jisane unheM bhaya kI upekSA, atyAcAroM kA sahana aura prANAMtaka kaSToM ko sahate hue bhI jIvana dhAraNa karanA sikhaayaa| isa prakAra jo jAti nairAzya ke garta meM par3akara jIvana kI AzA chor3a cukI thI usane vaha sattva saMcaya kara liyA jisane kSINa hone kA nAma na liyA / bhagavAna ke divya sauMdarya se udaya honevAlA AnaMdAtireka niSkriya zakti kA hI rUpa dhAraNa karake nahIM raha gyaa| usane daitya-vinAzinI kriyamANa zakti kA rUpa bhI dekhaa| tulasIdAsa ne purAnI kahAnI meM isI anaMta zakti se saMyukta rAma ko apane pramogha bANa kA saMdhAna kie hue anyAyo rAvaNa ke viruddha khar3A dikhaayaa| bhakta-ziromaNi samartha rAmadAsa ne to Age calakara zivAjI meM vaha zakti bhara dI jisane zivAjI ko bhAratIya itihAsa meM eka viziSTa sthAna dilA diyA /

Page #20
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya paraMtu vaiSNava prAdolana se bhI paristhiti kI saba prAvazyakatAoM kI pUrti na huii| ghaTanAoM ke pravAha ne jina do jAtiyoM ko ___ bhArata meM lA ikaTThA kiyA, unake bIca 5. sammilana kA Ayojana " sArvatrika virodha thaa| vijetA aura vijita meM sthiti kA kucha aMtara to hotA hI hai, paraMtu ina donoM jAtiyoM ke bIca aise dhArmika virodha bhI the jo vijetAoM ko adhikAdhika durvyavahAra aura atyAcAra karane kI preraNA karate the| muslima vijaya kevala muslima rAjA kI vijaya na thI, balki muhammada kI vijaya bhI thii| islAma kI senA kevala apane rAjA ke rAjya-vistAra ke uddezya se nahIM lar3a rahI thI, balki 'dIna' ke prasAra ke liye bhii| ataeva yaha do jAtiyoM kA hI yuddha na thA, do dharmo kA yuddha bhI thaa| hiMdU mUrtipUjaka thA, musalamAna mUrti-bhaMjaka / hiMdU bahudevavAdI thA para musalamAna ke liye eka allAha ko chor3akara, muhammada jisakA rasUla hai, kisI dUsare ke sAmane sira jhukAnA kufa thA, aura kufa ke aparAdhI kAfira kI hatyA karanA dhArmika dRSTi se abhinaMdanIya samajhA jAtA thA, yahA~ taka ki hatyAre ko gAz2I kI upAdhi dI jAtI thii| isa sammAna ke liye pratyeka ahale-islAma lAlAyita rahatA rahA hogaa| ataeva koI Azcarya nahIM ki hiMduoM para musalamAnoM kA atyAcAra utAra para na thA aura na musalamAnoM ke prati hiMduoM kI hI vaha "ghora ghRNA" kama ho rahI thI, jisake ala-berUnI ko darzana hue the| isa prakAra ina do jAtiyoM ke bIca dveSa kA vistIrNa samudra thA jise pAra karanA abhI zeSa thaa| saubhAgya se donoM jAtiyoM meM aise bhI mahAmanA the jinako yaha avasthA zocanIya pratIta huii| ve isa bAta kA anubhava karate the ki na to musalamAna isa deza se bAhara khader3e jA sakate haiM aura na dharma (1) I0 pra0-"meDIvala iMDiyA", pR0 12 /

Page #21
16 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA parivartana athavA hatyA se hiMduoM kI itizrI hI kI jA sakatI hai / usa samaya kI yahI spaSTa AvazyakatA thI ki hiMdU aura musalamAna ar3osI par3osI kI bhA~ti prema aura zAMti se raheM aura ina udAracetAoM ko bhI isa AvazyakatA kA spaSTa anubhava huA / donoM jAtiyoM ke dUradarzI virakta mahAtmAoM ko, jinheM jAtIya pakSapAta chU nahIM gayA thA, jinakI dRSTi tatkAla ke hAni-lAbha sukhaduHkha aura harSa - viSAda ke pare jA sakatI thI, isa AvazyakatA kA sabase tIvra anubhava huA / prasiddha yogirAja guru gorakhanAtha' nejinakA samaya dasavIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga ThaharatA hai - kurAna meM pratipAdita balAtkAra kA niSedha karanevAle usa divya siddhAMta ko musalamAnoM ke hRdaya para aMkita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai, jisakA pIche ullekha kiyA jA cukA hai / eka kAjI ko saMbodhita karake unhoMne kahA thA ki "he kAjI ! tuma vyartha muhammada muhammada na kahA karo / muhammada ko samajha sakanA bahuta kaThina hai, muhammada ke hAtha meM jo churI thI vaha lohe athavA ispAta kI banI nahIM thI / " arthAt ve prema athavA AdhyAtmika AkarSaNa se logoM ko vaza meM karate the / himAlaya meM pracalita maMtroM meM isa bAta kA ullekha hai ki mahAtmA gorakhanAtha ne hiMdU musalamAna donoM ko apanA celA banAyA thAre / bAbA ratana hAjI unakA musalamAna celA mAlUma par3atA hai, jisane muhammada nAmaka kisI musalamAna bAdazAha ko ( 1 ) gorakhanAtha saMbaMdhI apane anusaMdhAna kA maiM eka alaga nibaMdha meM samAveza kara rahA hU~ / (2) muhammada muhammada na kara kAjI muhammada kA viSama vicAraM / muhammada hAthi karada je hotI lohe gar3hI na sAraM // - " jogezvarI sAkhI", 8, paur3I hastalekha / (3) hiMdU musalamAna bAla gudAI / doU saharatha liye lagAI // 66 - " rakhavAlI" /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya prabodhita karate hue kAphira-bodha nAmaka padya-graMtha likhA thA, jo aAjakala kahIM gorakhanAtha aura kahA~ kabIra kA mAnA jAtA hai| 'kAphira-bodha' meM yaha dikhalAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki hiMdU aura musalamAna meM bheda-bhAva nahIM rakhanA cAhie, kyoMki jisa biMdu se hiMdU-musalamAna paidA hote haiM vaha na hiMdu hai, na musalamAna / hiMdU musalamAna donoM eka hI paramAtmA ke sevaka haiM ataeva hama jogI kisI se pakSapAta nahIM rkhte| lagabhaga do zatAbdI ke bAda vaiSNava sAdhu rAmAnaMda ne kabIra nAmaka eka musalamAna yuvaka ko apanA celA banAyA, jisake bhAgya meM eka bar3e bhArI aikya prAMdolana kA pravartaka honA likhA thA / svayaM musalamAnoM meM aise logoM kA prabhAva na thA jo hiMdU. muslima vidveSa ke anaucitya ko dekha sakate / unameM pramukha sUphI phakIra ___ the jinakI vicAra-dhArA hiMduoM ke adhika 6. hiMdU vicAradhArA rola meM thii| saphI mata kA udaya araba meM aura sUphI dharma huA thaa| araba aura bhArata kA pAra. sparika saMbaMdha bahuta prAcIna hai| itanA to pAzcAtya vidvAn bhI mAnate haiM ki araba aura bhArata kA vyApAra-saMbaMdha IsA ke pUrva 1086 varSa pahale se hai| bauddha dharma ne azoka ke rAjatva-kAla (.) jisa pANI se kula mAlama utapAnAM / te hiMdU bolie ki musalamAnAM // 20 // hiMdU musalamAna khudAi ke bNde| hama jogI nA rakheM kisa hI ke chaMde // 3 // -"paur3I hastalekha", pR. 243 / (2) laMdana kI rAyala sosAiTi oNva pArTa ke bhAratIya vibhAga ke sAmane kaptAna pI. jaoNnsTana seMTa kA diyA humA aina AuTa-lAina zrAva di hisTarI A~dha meDisina ina iMDiyA (bhAratIya auSadhavijJAna ke itihAsa kI rUpa-rekhA ) zIrSaka sara jArja barDauDa-smAraka vyAkhyAna,

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA . meM bhArata kI pazcimottara sImA ko pAra kara liyA thaa| mahAyAna dharma, jisameM buddha dharma ne bhaktiyoga, aura darzanazAstra ko bahuta kucha apanA liyA thA, IsA kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM pazcimottara bhArata se, bAhara kadama rakha cukA thaa| phAhiyAna ko khUTAna meM usake darzana hue the| DAkTara sTIna kI khojoM se phAhiyAna kA samarthana hotA hai / I0 san 712 meM araboM ne siMdha-vijaya kI / araba vijetA bhArata se kevala lUTa-pATa kA mAla hI nahIM le gae, pratyuta bhAratIya saMskRti meM unheM jo kucha suMdara aura kalyANakara milA, usase bhI unhoMne lAbha utthaayaa| bhAratIya saMskRti, bhAratIya vijJAna, bhAratIya darzana sabakA unhoMne samAdara kiyA aura araba ko le ge| isI zatAbdI meM, araba meM, sUphI mata kA udaya huaa| sUphI zabda kA pahalA ullekha sIriyA ke z2Ahida abU hasana kI racanAoM meM milatA hai, jisakI mRtyu I0 san 780 meM huii| san 756 se 806 taka bagadAda ke abbAsI siMhAsana para maMsUra aura hArU~ razIda sadRza udAra khalIphA baiThe, jinhoMne vidyA aura saMskRti ko apane yahA~ udAratA-pUrNa prazraya diyaa| apane barAmakA maMtriyoM kI salAha se unheM isa saMbaMdha meM bar3I sahAyatA milatI thii| barAmakA loga pahale bauddha the, pIche se unhoMne islAma dharma ko grahaNa kara liyAre / unakA bhAratIya saMskRti se AkRSTa honA svAbhAvika hI thaa| san 760 se 810 taka yAhiyA barAmakI maMtrI rhaa| usane eka yogya vyakti ko bhAratIya dharmoM aura bhAratIya cikitsAzAstra kA adhyayana aura anveSaNa karane ke liye bhArata bhejaa| isa vyakti jisase kucha avataraNa hiMdU yunivArsaTI maigejIna bhAga 26, ne0.3, pR. 23. meM aura usake Age ke pRSThoM meM chape the| (1) avAriphala mArifa (a~garejI anuvAda ), pR. / / (2) nadavI-araba aura bhArata ke saMbaMdha, pR. 64 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 16 ne adhyayana aura anveSaNa se jo kucha patA lagAyA, usakA laMbA caur3A vivaraNa likhaa| yadyapi yaha vivaraNa aba labhya nahIM hai, to bhI usakA saMkSepa inna nadIma kI kitAbula pheharista meM surakSita hai| inna nadoma ne vivaraNa ke likhe jAne ke 7080 varSa bAda apanA saMkSepa taiyAra kiyA thaa| isa saMkSepa se patA calatA hai ki isa vivaraNa ke lekhaka ne hiMdU dharma ke siddhAMtoM ke dArzanika mUla tatsva ko acchI taraha se samajha liyA thaa| arayoM ko hiMdU dharma kA sAdhAraNa jJAna to pahale hI se rahA hogA anyathA ve usake pragAr3ha paricaya ke liye lAlAyita na hote| kahanA na hogA ki bhArata meM dharma aura darzana kA anyonyAzraya-saMbaMdha hai| sUphI dharma para zaMkara ke kaTTara advaita vedAMta kA asara nahIM dikhAI detA hai, isase yaha pariNAma na nikAlanA cAhie ki sUphI vicAradhArA ke nirmANa meM hiMdU vicAradhArA kA koI hAtha nahIM hai| bhArata meM bhI vedAMta ke aMtargata zAMkara mata kA vikAsa bahuta poche humA / saMbhava hai, nausTisimma aura niyo-pleTonimma ne bhI sUphI mata ke upara prabhAva DAlA ho| paraMtu misTara pokAka ne apanI pustaka iMDiyA ina grIsa ( yUnAna meM bhArata ) meM dikhalAyA hai ki yUnAna bhAratIya prabhAva se ota-prota hai| kurAna ne virakti kA niSedha kiyA hai / isake virodha meM jina kucha logoM ne milakara sana 623 meM tapomaya jIvana bitAne kA nizcaya kiyA, unheM suphI mAnanA bhI Thoka nhiiN| sUphI mata kI vizeSatA kevala tapomaya jIvana na hokara paramAtmA ke prati ananya prema-bhAvanA hai, jisase samakha saMsAra unheM paramAtmA-maya mAlUma hotA hai, jisake mAge aMdha-vizvAsa aura aMdha-paraMparA kucha bhI nahIM Thaharane pAte aura jisakA prAdhAra advaivamUlaka sarvAtmavAda hai| (5) nadavI-arava aura bhArata ke saMbaMdha,! . 167 /

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA jo ho, isa bAta ko saba vidvAn mAnate haiM ki sUphI mata kA dUsarA utthAna, jisakA vikAsa phArasa meM huA, adhikAMza meM hiMdU prabhAvoM kA pariNAma hai / yahA~ para hamArA usI se adhika saMbaMdha hai / isa prakAra sUphI mata kA udaya araba meM aura vikAsa phArasa meM bahuta kucha bhAratIya saMskRti ke prabhAva se huA / unakA advaitamUlaka sarvAtmavAda bhAratIya darzana kA dAna hai / niyopleTonika siddhAMtoM ne unakI dArzanika tRSA ko ubhAr3A pravazya hogA, paraMtu unake siddhAMtoM ke adhyayana se jAna par3atA hai ki usakI zAMti bhAratIya siddhAMtoM se hI huI / janmAMtaravAda, virakta jIvana, phariztoM ke prati pUjya bhAva ( bahu deva - vAda ) ye saba islAma ke viruddha haiM aura sUphI saMpradAya ko bAharI saMsarga se prApta hue haiM / inameM se virakta jIvana tathA phariztA - pUjana meM IsAI prabhAva mAnanA ThIka hai paraMtu janmatiravAda spaSTa hI bhAratIya hai / unakA 'phanA' bhI bauddha 'nirvANa' kA pratirUpa hai / paraMtu bauddha nirvANa kI taraha svayaM sAdhya na hokara vaha 'manamAraNa' ke dvArA dvaitabhAvanA kA nAza kara 'bar3A' athavA 'aparokSAnubhUti' kA sAdhana hai / phakIra bAyaz2Ida ne 'phanA' kA siddhAMta abU alI se siMgha meM sIkhA thA abU alI ko prANAyAma kI vidhi bhI mAlUma thI, jise ve pAsa - e - anaphAsa kahate the / sUphiyoM para bhAratIya saMskRti kA itanA prabhAva par3A thA ki unake dila meM mUrti ke liye bhI virodha na raha gayA thA aura ve 'buta' ke parade meM bhI qhudA ko dekha sakate the / prabhAva cAhe jahA~ se prAyA ho, itanA spaSTa hai ki hiMda vicAraparaMparA aura sUphI vicAra- paraMparA meM atyaMta adhika samAnatA thI / prasiddha sUphI vicAra- paraMparA kI isa samAnatA ne svabhAvata: unheM hiMduoM kI aura prAkRSTa kiyA / unhoMne hiMduoM se khUba mela-jola bar3hAyA / hiMdU sAdhu kA unheM satsaMga prApta huA, hiMdU gharoM se bhI unhoMne bhikSA prApta 1 Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat 20 www.umaragyanbhandar.com

Page #26
21 hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya kI / hiMduoM ke jIvana ko unhoMne vijetA kI U~cAI se nahIM balki sahRdayatA kI nikaTatA se dekhaa| unakI vipatti ke liye unake hRdaya meM sahAnubhUti kA srota umar3a pdd'aa| apane sadharmiyoM kI uThI huI talavAra ke prahAra ko unhoMne apane hI DhaMga para rokane kA prayatna kiyaa| unhoMne unakI tarkabuddhi para asara DAlane kA prayatna nahIM kiyA, unake hRdaya kI bhAvukatA ko uhopta kara yaha kAma karanA caahaa| hiMdU-hRdaya kI sarala suSamA ko unhoMne unake samakSa ud. pATita kara muslima hRdaya ke sauMdarya ko prasphuTita karanA cAhA / ataeva unhoMne maulAnA rUmI kI masanavI ke DhaMga para hiMdU jIvana kI marma-sparziNI kahAniyA~ likhakara bhAratIyoM kI baddhamUla saMskRti kI manohAriNo vyAkhyA kii| hiMdI kI ye padya-kahAniyA~ a~garejI sAhitya ke romAMTika prAMdolana kI samakakSa haiN| ina kahAniyoM kA likhA jAnA kaba aura kisake dvArA prAraMbha huA, isakA pramI ThIka Thoka patA nhiiN| sabase purAnA jJAta premAkhyAnaka kavi mullA dAUda mAlUma hotA hai jo alAudona ke rAjatvakAla meM vi0 saM0 1467 ke prAsapAsa vidyamAna thaa| paraMtu mullA dAUda bhI prAdi premAkhyAnaka kavi thA yA nahIM, nahIM kaha skte| usakI nUraka aura caMdA kI kahAnI kA hameM nAma hI nAma mAlUma hai| kuta. bana kI mRgAvatI pahalI prema-kahAnI hai jisake bAre meM hama kucha jAnate haiM / yaha pustaka sikaMdara lodI ke rAjatvakAla meM saMvat 1557 ke lagabhaga likhI gaI thI jaba ki paraspara-virodhI saMskRtiyoM kA samajhanA sabase adhika Avazyaka jAna par3atA thaa| paraMtu mRgA. vatI meM isa prakAra kI kahAnI likhane kI kalA itanI kucha vikasita hai ki use bhI hama isa prakAra kI pahalI kahAnI nahIM mAna sakate / kutabana ke bAda maMjhana ne madhu-mAlatI, malika muhammada jAyasI ne padamAvata aura usamAna ne citrAvalI likho| ina prema-kahAniyoM

Page #27
22 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kI dhArA barAbara bIsavIM zatAbdI taka bahatI calI AI hai| ye kahAniyA~ eka prakAra se anyoktiyA~ haiM jinameM laukika prema Izvaronmukha prema kA pratIka hai| inako par3hane se mAlUma hotA hai, jaise inake musalamAna lekhaka hiMduoM ke jIvana siddhAMtoM kA upadeza kara rahe ho| prAdi muslima kAla kI ina kahAniyoM meM bhI hiMdU jIvana kI bArIka se bArIka bAteM bar3e ThikAne se citrita haiM, jisase patA calatA hai ki inake sUphI lekhaka hiMdU samAja tathA hidU sAdhuoM se ghaniSTha melajola rakhate the| isase yaha bhI patA calatA hai ki unake hRdaya meM hiMduoM ke prati kitanI sahAnubhUti thii| isase svabhAvataH hiMduoM meM bhI unake prati zraddhA aura Adara kA bhAva udita huA hogaa| hiMdI ke prasiddha vidvAn paM0 rAmacaMdra zukla kA anubhava hai ki jina jina parivAroM meM padamAvata kI pothI pAI gaI ve hiMduoM ke pravirodhI, sahiSNu aura udAra pAe ge| isa prakAra donoM jAtiyoM ke sAdhuoM ke katRtva se eka aisI bhUmi kA nirmANa ho rahA thA jisameM hiMdU aura musalamAna donoM prema-pUrvaka mila sakate / ApatkAla meM bhagavAna kI zaraNa meM jAkara hiMdU kisa prakAra hArdika zAMti prApta karane kA prayatna kara rahe the, yaha hama dekha cuke haiN| zUdra ko bhagavAn kI zaraNa meM jAne kA 7. zuddhoddhAra " dviguNa kAraNa vidyamAna thaa| usa para dugunA pratyAcAra hotA thaa| hiMdU hone ke kAraNa musalamAna usake Upara atyAcAra karatA thA aura zUdra hone ke kAraNa usI kA sadharmI ucca jAti kA hiMdU / ataeva paramAtmA kI zaraNa meM jAne ke liye usakI prAkulatA kA pArAvAra na rahA / madhyakAlIna bhArata ke dhArmika itihAsa ke panne zUdra bhaktoM ke nAmoM se bhare haiM, jinakA prAja bhI U~ca-nIca saba bar3e mAdara ke sAtha smaraNa karate haiN| zagopa ( nammALavAra), nAmadeva, raidAsa,

Page #28
hiMdo kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 23 sena Adi nIca jAti ke bhaktoM kA nAma sunate hI hRdaya meM zraddhA umar3a par3atI hai / hamArI zraddhA kI isa pAtratA kI saccI parakha hamArI krUratA huI / bAdhAoM ko kucalakara zUdra prAdhyAtmika jagat Upara ctthee I samAja kI ora se to unake liye yaha mArga meM ' bhI baMda thA / zUdroM kI tapasyA ne dhIre dhIre paristhiti ko badalanA prAraMbha kara diyA / tAmila bhUmi meM to musalamAnoM ke Ane ke pahale hI zaiva saMta kaviyoM tathA vaiSNava ALavAroM ko 'yo naH pitA janitA vidhAtA' ke vaidika Adarza kI satyatA kI anubhUti ho gaI thI / jaba saba kA pitA eka paramAtmA hai jo nyAyakartA hai, taba U~ca-nIca ke liye jagaha hI kahA~ ho sakatI hai / unakI dharmaniSThAjanya sAmyabhAvanA ke kAraNa yaha bAta unakI samajha meM na AtI thI / eka pitA ke putroM meM prema aura samAnatA kA vyavahAra honA cAhie na ki ghRNA aura asamAnatA kA / ataeva ve sAmAjika bhAvanA meM vaha parivartana dekhane ke liye utsuka ho uThe, jisase paraspara nyAya karane kI abhiruci ho, sauhArda bar3he aura U~ca-nIca kA bheda-bhAva miTa jAya / tiru mulara (10 vIM zatAbdI ) ne ghoSaNA kI ki samasta dUsarA varNa nahIM aura eka ke sivA nammAvAra ne kahA, varNa kisI ko sakatA; jise paramAtmA kA jJAna hai, vahI nIca 2 / zaiva bhakta paTTAkiriyara kI ki apane hI bhAiyoM kA yahA~ ke loga veNge| vaha yahI manAtA rahA ki kaba mAnava samAja meM eka ke sivA dUsarA paramAtmA bhI nahIM' / U~cA prathavA nIcA nahIM banA vahI ucca hai aura jise nahIM, yahI prAMtarika kAmanA thI nIca samajhane se kaba bAja ( 1 ) 'siddhAMtadIpikA' 11, 10 ( apraila 1611 ) pR0 433; kArpeTara - 'thIjma ina meDIvala iMDiyA', pR0 366. ( 2 ) "tAmila sTaDIz2a, pR0 327; kArpeTara thIjma, pR0 382.

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA vaha dina AvegA jaba hamArI jAti eka aise bRhadbhAtRmaMDala meM pariNata hojAyagI, jise varNa-bheda kA atyAcAra bhI avyavasthita na kara sakevarNa-bheda kA vaha atyAcAra jisakA virodha kara kapila ne prAcIna kAla meM zuddha manuSya mAtra honA sikhAyA thA / bhakta tiruppanAbvAra ko nIca jAti kA hone ke kAraNa jaba logoM ne eka bAra zrIraMga ke maMdira meM praveza karane se roka diyA to ucca jAti kA eka bhakta use apane kaMdhe para car3hAkara maMdira meM le gayAre / paraMtu vaiSNava dharma kA punarutthAna jina kaTTara paristhitiyoM meM huA, unhoMne isa nyAya-kAmanA ke aMkura ko panapane na diyA / prALavAroM ke bAda vaiSNava dharma kI bAgaDora jina mahAnAcAryoM ke hAtha meM gaI ve bahuta kaTTara kuloM ke the aura paraMparAgata zAstroM kI saba maryAdAoM kI rakSA karanA apanA kartavya samajhate the| zUdroM ke liye bhakti kA adhikAra svIkAra karanA bhI unheM khlaa| jisa prajJAna kI dazA meM zUdra yugoM se par3e hue the, usase unako uThane denA unheM abhISTa na thaa| rAmAnujAcArya ne unake liye kevala usa prapatti mArga kI vyavasthA kI jisameM saMpUrNa rUpa se bhagavAna kI zaraNa meM jAnA hotA thA, bhakti mArga kI nhiiN| bhakti se unakA prabhiprAya ananya ciMtana ke dvArA paramAtmA kI jJAna-prApti kA prayatna thA jisakI kevala U~ce varNavAloM ke liye vyavasthA kI gaI thii| zUdra isake liye ayogya samajhA gyaa| ___kiMtu uttara bhArata meM paristhitiyAM dUsare prakAra kI thii| vahA~ ye bAteM cala na sakatI thii| musalamAnI samAjavyavasthA kI tulanA meM hiMdU varNa-vyavasthA meM zUdroM kI asaMtoSajanaka sthiti sahasA khaTaka jAtI thii| ataeva ina prAcAryoM dvArA pravartita vaiSNava dharma kI (1)"tAmila sTaDIz2a", pR0 116361. (2) kArpeTara-thIjma', pR0 376.

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 25 lahara jaba uttara bhArata meM AI to usa para bhI paristhitiyoM ne apanA prabhAva DAlanA prAraMbha kara diyA / paristhitiyoM kA yaha prabhAva bahuta pahale gorakhanAtha hI meM dRSTigata hone lagatA hai jisane musalamAna bAbA ratana hAjI ko apanA ziSya banAyA thA, kiMtu dakSiNa se AnevAlI vaiSNava dharma kI isa navIna lahara meM isakA pahale pahala darzana hameM rAmAnaMda meM hotA hai| rAmAnaMda ne kAzI meM zAMkara advaita kI zikSA prApta kI thI kiMtu dIkSA dI thI unheM viziSTAdvaitI svAmI rAghavAnaMda ne jo rAmAnuja kI ziSya paraMparA meM the| kahate haiM ki rAghavAnaMda ne apanI yoga-zakti se rAmAnaMda kI prasanna mRtyu se rakSA kI thI / rAmAnaMda ne uttarI bhArata kI paristhitiyoM ko bahuta maccho taraha se samajhA / unheM isa bAta kA anubhava huA ki nIca varNa ke logoM ke hRdaya meM saccI lagana paidA ho gaI hai / use dabA denA unhoMne anucita samajhA / ataeva unhoMne paramAtmA kI bhakti kA daravAjA saba ke liya khola diyA / unhoMne jisa bairAgI saMpradrAya kA pravartana kiyA thA, usameM jo cAhatA praveza kara sakatA thA / bhagavadbhakti ke kSetra meM unhoMne vaha bhAvanA utpanna kara dI jisake anusAra 'jAti pA~ti pUche nahiM koii| hari ko bhajai so hari kA hoI // ' bhakti ke kSetra meM unhoMne varga-vibheda ko hI nahIM, dhArmika vidveSa ko bhI sthAna na diyA aura U~ca-nIca, hidU-musalamAna sabakA ziSya banAyA / eka ora to unake anaMtAnaMda, bhavAnaMda Adi brAhmaNa ziSya the jinhoMne rAmabhakti ko lekara calanevAlI vaiSNavadhArA ko kaTTaratA kI sImA ke aMdara rakhA to dUsarI ora unake ziSyoM meM nIca varNa ke loga bhI the jinhoMne kaTTaratA ke viruddha apanI AvAja utthaaii| inameM dhannA jATa thA, saina nAI, raidAsa camAra aura kabIra musalamAna julAhA / bhaviSya purANa se to patA calatA hai ki bhakti

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ke kSetra meM hI nahIM, balki sAmAjika kSetra meM bhI rAmAnaMda ne kucha udAratA kA praveza kiyA thaa| kahate haiM ki phaijAbAda ke sUbedAra ne kucha hiMduoM ko jabardastI musalamAna banA liyA thaa| rAmAnaMdajI ne inheM phira se hiMdU banA liyA / ye loga saMyogI kahalAte the aura ayodhyA meM rahate the| kahA jAtA hai ki aba bhI ye ayodhyA ke Asa pAsa rahate haiN| bhaviSya purANa ke anusAra svAmI rAmAnaMdajI ne isa avasara para aisA camatkAra dikhalAyA jisase ina logoM ke gale meM tulasI kI mAlA, jihvA para rAmanAma aura mAthe para zveta aura raktatilaka apane Apa prakaTa ho ge| kucha logoM kA to yahA~ taka kahanA hai ki inhoMne khAna-pAna ke niyamoM ko bhI kucha zithila kara diyaa| kahA jAtA hai ki mUla zrIsaMpradAyavAloM ko svAmI rAmAnaMda jI kI yaha udAra pravRtti acchI na lagI aura unhoMne unake sAtha khAnA asvIkAra kara diyaa| isase rAmAnaMda ko apanA ho alaga saMpradAya calAne kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava huA jise calAne ke liye unheM apane guru rAghavAnaMda jI kI bhI anumati mila gii| para rAmAnaMdajI ne bhI paraMparAgata kaTTara paristhitiyoM meM zikSAdIkSA pAI thii| isaliye yaha prAzA nahIM kI jA sakatI thI ki unmeSa-prApta zUdroM kI AkAMkSAoM ko ve pUrNa kara skte| unake ziSyoM meM anaMtAnaMda prAdi kaTTara maryAdAvAdI loga bhI the| zAstrokta loka-maryAdA ke parama-bhakta gosvAmI tulasIdAsa bhI rAmAnaMda kI hI ziSya-paraMparA meM the| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki unhoMne bhaktyupadezoM (1) mlecchAste vaiSNavAzcAsan raamaanNdprbhaavtH| saMyoginazca te jJayA ayodhyAyAM babhUvire // kaMThe ca tulasImAlA jihvA rAmamayI kRtA / bhAve trizUlacihnaca zvetarakkaM tadAbhavat / -bhaviSya purANa ( veMkaTezvara presa, 1866) adhyAya 21. pR0 362. prapAThaka 3.

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirmANa saMpradAya aura tattvajJAna ko be-hicaka apanI vANI ke dvArA U~ca-nIca saba meM vitarita kiyA thA tathApi ve bahuta dUra na jA sakate the| itanA bhI unake liye bahuta thaa| vedAMtasUtra para prAnaMda-bhASya nAmaka eka bhASya unake nAma se, pracalita humA hai| usake zUdrAdhikAra meM zUdra kA vedAdhyayana kA adhikAra nahIM mAnA gayA hai| abhI isa bhASya para koI mata nizcita karanA ThIka nahIM hai| sAmAjika vyavahAra ke kSetra meM hiMdU ko musalamAna se jo saMkoca hotA hai tathA dvija ko zUdra se, usakA nirAkaraNa svAmI rAmAnaMda svataH kara sakate, yaha prAzA nahIM kI jA sakatI thii| yaha unake ziSya kabIra ke bA~Ta meM par3A, jisake dvArA navIna vicAra. dhArA ko pUrNa abhivyakti milii| isa prakAra madhyakAlIna bhArata ko eka aise prAMdolana kI AvazyakatA thI jisakA uddezya hotA usa ajJAna aura aMdhaparaMparA kA nirAkaraNa jisane eka ora to musalamAnI 8. nirguNa saMpradAya 5 dhaudhatA ko janma diyA aura dUsarI ora zUdroM ke Upara sAmAjika atyAcAra ko| yahI do bAteM sAMpradAyika aikya aura sAmAjika nyAya-bhAvanA meM bAdhaka thiiN| donoM dharmoM ke virakta mahAtmA kisa prakAra Apasa meM tathA dUsare dharmoM ke sAdhAraNajana-samAja meM svacchaMdatApUrvaka samAgama ke dvArA sauhArda, sahiSNutA aura udAratA ke bhAvoM ko utpanna karane kA udyoga kara rahe the, yaha hama dekha cuke haiN| isa samAgama meM eka aise AdhyAtmika AMdolana ke bIja aMtarhita the jisameM samaya kI saba samasyAe~ hala ho sakatIM; kyoMki isI samAgama meM donoM dharmavAle apane apane sadharmiyoM kI bhUleM samajhanA sIkha sakate the,aura yahIM donoM dharma eka dUsare ke Upara zAMta rUpa se prabhAva DAla sakate the| jaba samaya pAkara dhIre dhIre vikasita hokara yaha

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28 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA AdhyAtmika prAMdolana nirguNa saMpradAya ke rUpa meM prakaTa humA to mAlUma humA ki kevala eka se sukha-duHkha, harSa-viSAda aura AzA AkAMkSAoM ke kAraNa hI hiMdU-musalamAna eka nahIM haiM balki unake dhArmika siddhAMtoM meM bhI, jo isa samaya donoM jAtiyoM ko eka dUsare se bilakula vilaga kie hue the, kucha samAnatA thii| anubhava se yaha dekhA gayA ki samAnatA kI bAte mUla tattva se saMbaMdha rakhato thoM aura asamAnatAe~, jo bar3hA bar3hA kara batAI jAtI thoM aura jina para aba taka jora diyA jA rahA thA, kevala bAhya thiiN| donoM dharmoM ke saMgharSa se jo vicAra-dhArA utpanna huI, usI ne usa saMgharSa kI kaTutA ko dUra karane kA kAma bhI apane Upara liyaa| sammilana kI bhUmikA kA mUla AdhAra hiMduoM ke vedAMta aura musalamAnoM ke sUphI mata ne prastuta kiyaa| sUphI mata bhI vedAMta hI kA rUpa hai jisameM usane gahare raMga kA bhAvuka bAnA pahana liyA thA aura islAma kI bhAvanA para isa prakAra vyApta ho gayA thA ki usameM ajanavIpana jarA bhI na rahA aura use vahA~ bhI mUla tattva kA rUpa prApta ho gyaa| isa navIna dRSTi-koNa ko pUrI abhivyakti kabora meM milI, jo musalamAna mA-bApa se paidA hone para bhI hiMdU sAdhuoM kI saMgati meM bahuta rahA thaa| svAmI rAmAnaMda ke caraNoM meM baiThakara usane aikAMtika prema-puSTa vedAMta kA jJAna prApta kiyA thA aura zekha takI ke saMsarga meM sUphI mata kaa| sUphI mata aura upAsanA-paraka vedAMta donoM ne milakara kabIra ke mukha se ghoSita kiyA ki paramAtmA eka aura amUrta hai| vaha bAharI karmakAMDa ke dvArA praprApya hai, usakI kevala premAnubhUti ho sakatI hai, karmakAMDa to vastuta: paramAtmA ko hamArI A~khoM se chipAne kA kAma karatA hai| sarvatra usakI sacA vyApa rahI hai| manuSya kA hRdaya bhI usakA maMdira hai, pravaeva bAhara na bhaTakakara use vahIM DhUMr3hanA caahie| tAtvika dRSTi se vo

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 26 yaha bhAvanA rAmAnaMda meM hI pUrNa ho gaI thI, kabIra ne usako pratIka kA vaha AvaraNa diyA jisameM "majanU ko allAha bhI lailA najara prAtA hai|" prAraMbhika zAstrArthoM kI kaTutA ko jAne dIjie, usakA sAmanA to pratyeka navIna vicArazailI ko karanA par3atA hai; paraMtu vaise isa navIna vicArazailI meM koI aisI bAta na thI jisase koI bhI samajhadAra hiMdU athavA musalamAna bhar3aka utthtaa| mUrti paramAtmA nahIM hai, yaha hiMduoM ke liye koI navIna bAta nahIM thii| unake uccAtiucca vedAMtI dArzanika siddhAMta isa bAta kI sadiyoM se ghoSaNA karate cale pA rahe the aura mUrtibhaMjaka musalamAnoM ko to yaha bAta vizeSa rUpa se rucI hogii| yadyapi hiMdU advaitavAda, jise kabIra ne svIkAra kiyA thA, musalamAnI ekezvaravAda se bahuta sUkSma thA tathApi donoM meM aisA koI sthUla-virodha dRSTigata na hotA thA jisase vaha musalamAna ko arucikara lgtaa| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki manuSya aura paramAtmA kI ekatA kI bhAvanA musalamAnoM kI allAha-bhAvanA ke bilakula viparIta hai, jo samaya samaya para muslima dhArmika itihAsa meM kuphra karAra dI gaI hai aura prANahAni ke daMDa ke yogya mAnI gaI hai, phira bhI sUphI mata ne, jise kurAna kA vedAMtI bhASya samajhanA cAhie, musalamAnoM ko usakA ghaniSTha paricaya de diyA thaa| maMsura hallAja ne 'pranalahaka' (maiM paramAtmA hU~) kahakara sUlI para apane prANa die| isa koTi ke saccI laganavAle sUphiyoM ne dharmAMdha zAhI aura sulatAnoM ke pratyAcAroM kI paravA na kara bhalI bhA~ti siddha kara diyA ki unakA mata aura vizvAsa aisI vAstavika sattA hai jisake liye prasannatA ke sAtha prANoM kA validAna kara diyA jA sakatA hai| ataeva jaba isa navIna vicAradhArAne upaniSadoM ke svara meM svara milAte hue 'so'haM' kI ghoSaNA kI to vaha musalamAnoM ko bhar3akAnevAlI bAta na raha gaI thii|

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA samAnubhUti kI isa bhUmikA meM kAbA kAzI ho gayA aura rAma rahIma / isa vicAradhArA ne aA~dho kI taraha Akara manuSya aura manuSya ke bIca ke bheda ur3A die / usa jagatpitA paramAtmA kI sRSTi meM saba barAbara haiM, cAhe vaha hiMdU ho, cAhe musalamAna, cAhe koI anya dhrmaavlNbii| isa prakAra anasti bheda-bhAvoM ke kAraNa manuSya ke pavitra rakta se bhUmi ko vyartha ra~gane kI mUrkhatA spaSTa ho gii| ___jaba jAti tathA dharma ke vibheda, jinake sAtha kI kaTu smRtiyA~ abhI tAjI thIM, isa prakAra dUra kara die jA sakate the to koI kAraNa na thA ki varNa-bheda ko bhI kyoM na isI taraha miTA diyA jaay| AtmA aura paramAtmA kI ekatA ko anubhava karanevAle vedAMtI ke liye to varNa-bheda mithyA para Azrita thaa| bhagavadgItA ke anusAra to vAstavika paMDita vidyA-vinaya-saMpanna brAhmaNa, gAya, hAthI, kutte aura zvapAka ( cauDAla ) meM koI bheda nahIM samajhatAre , kiMtu isakA yaha abhiprAya kadApi nahIM ki paraMparAgata vyavasthA meM vedAMtI koI parivartana upasthita karanA cAhatA thaa| bheda ke na rahane para bheda na samajhane meM koI artha nhiiN| vedAMta kI vizeSatA isameM hai ki vyAvahArika jagat meM ina saba bhedeo ke rahate bhI vaha pAramArthika jagat meM unameM koI bheda nahIM maantaa| agara gItA kahatI ki paMDita paMDita meM koI bheda nahIM hai to usase koI kyA smjhtaa| vedAMta brAhmaNa aura zUdra ke bIca ke bheda ko usI prakAra vyAvahArika tathya ke rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai jisa prakAra gAya, hAthI aura kutte ke bIca ke aMtara ko| kauna kaha sakatA hai ki ina --. - .... - -. .--- -. (1) kAbA phira kAsI bhayA, rAma bhayA rahI |-k. pra., pR0 55, 10 / (2) vidyA-vinayasaMpanne brAhmaNe gavi hastini / zuni caiva zvapAke ca paMDitAH samadarzinaH // -5, 18

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 31 pichale jIvoM meM vyAvahArika rUpa meM bhI koI bheda nahIM / paramAtmA ke sAmane manuSya mAtra kI samatA ke dRr3ha poSaka svAmI rAmAnaMda ko bhI sAmAjika samatA kA utanA vicAra na AyA / unhoMne sAmAjika vyavahAra meM bhI kucha sudhAra kiyA sahI, kiMtu kathAnakoM meM kA yaha sudhAra itanA bhara thA - dakSiNI AcArya khAna-pAna meM chatrAchUta kA hI vicAra nahIM rakhate the pratyuta parade kA bhI; yA yoM kahanA cAhie ki khAna-pAna meM unake sparzAsparza kA vicAra zarIra - sparza meM hI samApta na ho jAtA thA, ve dRSTi-sparza ko bhI heya samajhate the / zUdra ke sparza se hI nahIM, usakI dRSTi par3ane se bhI bhojana apavitra ho jAtA hai / svAmI rAmAnaMdajI ne dRSTi-sparza se bhojana ko akhAdya nahIM maanaa| unhoMne kevala svayaMpAka ke niyama ko svIkAra kiyA, parade ke niyama ko nahIM / kahate haiM ki svAmIjI ko tIrthayAtrA, pracArakArya ityAdi ke liye itanA bhramaNa karanA par3atA thA ki bhojana meM parade ke niyama kA pAlana karanA unake liye duHsAdhya thA / kucha logoM kA kahanA hai ki zrIsaMpradAya se alaga hokara eka navIna saMpradAya ke pravartana kA yahI ekamAtra kAraNa thA / kahate haiM ki eka bAra ke bhramaNa se lauTane para unake sa- sAMpradAyikoM ne binA prAyazcitta kie unake sAtha bhojana karanA asvIkAra kara diyA thA / svAmI rAmAnaMdajI prAyazcitta karane ke liye taiyAra na the, ataeva navIna paMtha- pravartana ke sivA samasyA ko hala karane kA koI gauravapUrNa upAya na sUjhA, jisake liye unake guru svAmI rAghavAnaMda kI bhI sahamati prApta ho sakatI / sAmAjika sudhAra - patha meM ve isase Age bar3ha hI nahIM sakate the / khAna-pAna tathA anya sAmAjika vyavahAroM meM brAhmaNa-brAhmaNoM meM bhI bheda-bhAva thA taba kaise AzA kI jA sakatI thI ki svAmI rAmAnaMda zUdroM aura musalamAnoM ke saMbaMdha meM bhI use miTA dete /

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA paraMtu jaba kabIra meM varNa-bheda ke viruddha musalamAnI aruci ke sAtha ucca vedAMtI bhAvoM kA samanvaya huA to paraMparAgata samAjavyavasthA kA eka aisA kaTTara zatru uTha khar3A huA jisane usameM ke bheda-bhAva ko pUrNatayA dhvasta kara dene kA upakrama kara diyaa| isa prakAra kabIra ke nAyakatva meM isa navIna nirguNavAda meM samaya kI saba AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kA prAyojana huaa| itanA hI nahIM, isameM bhAratIya saMskRti kA bar3e saumya rUpa meM sArA nicor3a A gyaa| kabora ke raMgabhUmi meM avatarita hone ke pahale hI isa pradolana ne apanI sAragrAhitA ke kAraNa bhArata kI samasta prAdhyAtmika praNAliyoM ke sArabhAga ko khIMcakara grahaNa kara liyA thaa| bhArata meM samaya samaya para utthita honevAle pratyeka navIna AdhyAtmika adiolana ne AtmasaMskAra ke mArga meM jo jo sArayukta navIna tathya nikAle ve saba isameM samanvita hote ge| yogamArga, bauddhamata, taMtra Adi sabake kucha na kucha cihna isameM dikhAI dete haiM jinakA yathAsthAna varNana kiyA jaaygaa| kabIra ke hAtha meM isane sUphI mata se bhI kucha grahaNa kiyaa| sAmAjika vyavahAra tathA pAramArthika sAdhanA donoM ke kSetra meM pUrNa aikya tathA samAnatA ke pracAra karanevAlI samasta AdhyAtmika praNAliyoM ke sAra svarUpa iMsa prAMdolana kA nAyakatva kabIra ke bAda saikar3oM udAracetA saMto ne samaya-samaya para grahaNa kiyA aura jI jAna se usake prasAra kA prayatna kiyaa| nirguNa saMpradAya ke siddhAMtoM kA vistRta vivecana karane ke pUrva yaha prAvazyaka hai ki hama unakA kucha paricaya prApta kara leN| ataeva bhAge ke adhyAya meM unhIM kA saMkSipta paricaya diyA jAtA hai|

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya dUsarA adhyAya nirguNa-saMta saMpradAya ke prasAraka nirguNa-saMta- vicAradhArA ko kabIra ke dvArA pUrNatA prApta huI, paraMtu rUpAkAra to yaha pahale hI se grahaNa karane laga gaI thii| sUphI mata ke dAMpatya pratIka ko chor3akara aisI koI 1. paravartI saMta bAta na thI jisane pahale hI kucha na kucha AkAra na grahaNa kara liyA ho / dArzanika siddhAMtoM tathA sAdhanAmArga ke saMbaMdha meM jisa prakAra kI bAteM kabIra ne kahI haiM, prAya: usI prakAra kI bAteM kabIra ke katipaya guru-bhAiyoM ne bhI kahI haiN| svayaM unake guru rAmAnaMda kI jo kavitA milatI hai usameM bhI usakA kAphI rUpa dikhAI detA hai| cauthe sikha guru arjunadeva ne saM0 1661 meM jisa Adi graMtha kA saMgraha karAyA, usameM svAmI rAmAnaMda aura unake ina saba ziSyoM kI kavitAe~ bhI saMgRhIta haiM, jisase spaSTa hai ki nirguNa-saMta saMpradAya meM bhI ye loga bAharI nahIM samajhe jAte the / inake atirikta kucha anya saMtoM kI kavitA kA bhI Adi graMtha meM saMgraha kiyA gayA hai jo uparyukta saMtoM ke samakAlIna athavA paravartI the| ye haiM trilocana, nAmadeva aura jayadeva jinameM se aMtima do kA nAma kabIra ne bAra bAra liyA hai jAge suka udhava akUra, haNavaMta jAge lai laMgUra / saMkara jAge carana seva, kali jAge nAma jaideva ' // 1 Adi graMtha meM bhI kabIra sAhaba ne jayadeva aura nAmA ko bhaktoM kI zreNI meM sudAmA ke samakakSa mAnA hai jayadeva nAmA, vippa sudAmA tinako kRpA zrapAra bhaI hai > (1) ka0 graM0, pR0 216, 387 / 2 ) vahI, pR0 267, 113 / Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat 1 33 www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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34 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA jayadeva aura nAmadeva ke saMbaMdha meM kabIra kI yaha bhAvanA mAlUma par3atI thI ki ve bhakta to acche the para abhI jJAnI kI zreNI meM nahIM pahu~ca pAe the-- sanaka sanaMdana jaideva nAmA, bhagati karI mana unahu~ na jaanaa| ataeva nirguNa saMpradAya ke prasArakoM kA paricaya dene ke pahale ina logoM kA bhI paricaya de denA Avazyaka jAna par3atA hai| ina saba meM samaya kI dRSTi se jayadeva saba se prAcIna jAna par3ate haiM; kyoMki gItagoviMda-kAra ko chor3akara aura dUsarA koI saMta aisA nahIM jAna par3atA hai jisake saMbaMdha 2. jayadeva meM kabIra ke jayadeva-saMbaMdhI ullekha Thoka baiTha skeN| ye rAjA lakSmaNasena kI sabhA ke paMca-ratnoM meM se eka the, jinakA rAjatvakAla san 1170 se prAraMbha hotA hai| kahA jAtA hai ki jayadeva pahale ramate sAdhu the, mAyA-mamatA ke bhaya se kisI per3a ke tale bhI eka dina se adhika vAsa na karate the| kiMtu poche magavAna kI preraNA se padmAvatI nAma kI eka brAhmaNa-kumArI se inakA vivAha ho gyaa| inake jIvana meM kaI camatkAroM kA ullekha kiyA jAtA hai jinake liye yahA~ para sthAna nahIM hai| inhoMne rasanA-rAghava, gIta-goviMda aura caMdrAloka ye tIna graMtha likhe| gItagoviMda kI to sArA saMsAra mukta kaMTha se prazaMsA karatA hai| isameM bhI nirguNa paMthiyoM ke anusAra jayadeva ne anyokti ke rUpa meM jJAna kahA hai| gopiyA~ paMceMdriyA~ haiM aura rAdhA divya jJAna / gopiyoM ko chor3akara kRSNa kA rAdhA se prema karanA yahI jIva kI mukti hai| paraMtu isa taraha isakA artha baiThAnA jayadeva kA uddezya thA yA nahIM, nahIM kahA jA sktaa| (1)ka0 graM., pR0 16, 33 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 35 nAmadeva kA janma satArA jile ke narasI bamanI gAMva meM eka zaiva parivAra meM huA thaa| mahArASTrI paraMparA ke anusAra usakA pitA dAmA zeTa darajI thaa| prAdi graMtha 3. nAmadeva ' meM nAmadeva kI jo kavitAe~ surakSita haiM unameM ve apane ko chIpI kahate haiN| saMbhava hai, unake parivAra meM donoM peze calate haiN|| marAThI meM unake eka abhaMga se patA calatA hai ki unakA janma saMvat 1327 (san 1270 ) meM huA thaa| loga unake marAThI abhaMgoM kI navInatA kI dRSTi se unakA AvirmAvakAla lagabhaga sau varSa bAda mAnate haiN| paraMtu prAdhunika bhASAe~ itanI navIna nahIM haiM jitanI bahudhA samajhI jAtI haiN| jJAnadeva nAmadeva ke samakAlIna the| paraMtu unakI bhASA kI prAcInatA kA yaha kAraNa nahIM hai ki usa samaya taka prAdhunika marATho kA AvirbhAva nahIM huA thA, balki yaha ki vidvAn hone ke kAraNa paraMparAgata sAhityika bhASA para unakA adhikAra thA jise likhane meM, apar3ha hone kAraNa, nAmadeva asamartha the| svayaM jJAnadeva ne sIdho sAdI marATho meM abhaMgoM kI racanA kI thii| pro. rAnaDe kA mata hai ki jJAnadeva ke abhaMgoM kI sAdagI tathA kAraka-cihnoM kI vibhinnatA kA kAraNa cha zatAbdI se unakA smRti se rakSita hote mAnA hai| samajha meM nahIM AtA ki jisa jJAnadeva ke gItA-bhASya aura asUtAnubhava lekhabaddha ho gae the, usake abhaMga hI kyoM nahIM lekhabaddha hue| jo ho, pro0 rAnaDe bhI isa bAta se sahamata haiM ki unakA janma saM0 1327 meM huA thA aura mRtyu saM0 1407 (san 1350) meM / kahA jAtA hai ki javAnI meM nAmadeva DAkU bana baiThA thA aura lUTamAra kara AjIvikA calAtA thaa| eka dina usake dala ne 84 AdamiyoM ke samUha ko mAra ddaalaa| zahara meM lauTakara Ane para usane eka strI ko atyaMta karuNa kraMdana karate hue

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36 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA paayaa| pUchane para mAlUma huA ki usake pati ko DAkuoM ne mAra ST hai / use apane kRtya para utkaTa ghRNA ho AI aura vaha ghora pazcAttApa karane lagA / vizovA khecara ko guru banAkara vaha bhaktipatha meM agrasara huA aura viThovA kI bhakti meM apane jIvana ko utsarga karake eka ucca koTi kA saMta ho gayA / apane jIvana kA adhika samaya usane paMDharapura meM viThovA (viSNu) ke maMdira meM hI bitAyA / paraMtu aMta meM vaha tIrthATana ke liye nikalA aura samasta uttara kA bhramaNa karate hue paMjAba pahu~cA / vahA~ loga bar3I saMkhyA meM usake cele hue / guradAsapura jile meM gumAna nAmaka sthAna para aba taka nAmadeva kA maMdira hai / isa maMdira ke lekhoM se patA calatA hai ki nAmadeva kA nidhana yahIM huA thaa| mAlUma hotA hai ki unake bhakta unake phUla paMDharapura le gae jahA~ ve viThovA ke maMdira ke Age gAr3a die gae | nAmadeva kI kucha hiMdI kavitAe~ Adi graMtha meM saMgRhIta haiM, jinameM unake kaI camatkAroM kA ullekha hai, jaise unake haTha karane para mUrti kA dUdha pInA, marI huI gAya kA unake sparza se jIvita ho uThanA, paramAtmA kA svayaM Akara unakI cUtI chata kI marammata kara jAnA aura nIca jAti kA hone ke kAraNa maMdira se unake bAhara nikAle jAne para mUrti kA paMDita kI ora pITha kara usI dizA meM mur3a jAnA jidhara ve maMdira ke bAhara baiThe the / aMtima camatkAra kA ullekha kabIra ne bhI kiyA hai / ( 1 ) dUdha kaTAre... -- 'graMtha', pR0 621. (2) sulatAna pUche suna be nAmA... - 'graMtha' / (3) ghara... - ' graMtha', pR0 621 / ( 4 ) ha~sata khelata... - 'graMtha', pR0 623 / ( 5 ) paMDita disi pachivArA kInA, mukha kInA jita nAmA | ka0 naM0, pR0 127. 122 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya trilocana nAmadeva kA samakAlIna thaa| usakI bhI kucha kavitA Adi graMtha meM saMgRhIta hai| graMtha meM kabIra ke do dohe haiN| jinameM nAmadeva aura trilocana kA 4. trilocana - saMvAda diyA huA hai| isa saMvAda se mAlUma hotA hai ki kabIra trilocana se adhika pahu~ca ke sAdhaka the| trilocana ne kahA, mitra nAmadeva, tumhArA mAyA-moha abhI nahIM chUTA 1 abhI taka pharda chApA hI karate ho ? nAmadeva ne javAba diyA ki hAtha se to saba kAma karanA cAhie; paraMtu hRdaya meM rAma aura mukha meM usakA nAma rahanA caahie| or3achevAle harirAmajI 'vyAsa' ne kahA hai ki nAmadeva aura trilocana rAmAnaMda se pahale divaMgata ho gae the| mekaoNlipha ne ayodhyA ke jAnakIvarazaraNa ke sAkSya para trilocana kA janma saM0 1324 (1267 I0) mAnA hai jo, jaisA hama rAmAnaMdajI ke jIvana-vRtta ke saMbaMdha meM dekheMge, 'vyAsa' jI ke kathana ke viruddha nahIM jaataa| agastya-saMhitA ke anusAra svAmI rAmAnaMda kA janma saMvat 1356 meM, prayAga meM, huaa| inakI mAtA kA nAma suzIlA aura pitA kA puNyasadana thaa| bhaktamAla para - priyAdAsa kI TokA bhI isase sahamata hai| bhAMDArakara aura priyarsana donoM ne bhI ise mAnA hai| paraMtu mekaoNlipha ne inakA janma maisura ke mailakoTa sthAna meM mAnA hai| pharkuhara ne bhI unako dakSiNa se lAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| paraMtu 5. rAmAnaMda (1) nAmA mAza mohiyA, kahai tilocana mItu / kAhe chApe chAilai, rAma na lAvahi cItu // kahai kabIra tilocanA, mukha te rAma saMbhAli / hAtha pAu~ kara kAma sabhu, cIta niraMjana nAli / -'graMtha', pR0 740, 212-213

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38. nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA paraMparA se cale Ate hue sAMpradAyika mata kA khaMDana karane ke liye jaise har3ha pramANe kI AvazyakatA hotI hai, vaise pramANa donoM meM kisI ne nahIM die ataeva unakA janmasthAna prayAga hI meM mAnanA ucita hai| kahate haiM ki pahale pahala inhoMne kisI vedAMtI ke pAsa kAzI meM zAMkara advaita kI zikSA paaii| paraMtu inake alpAyu yoga the| svAmI rAghavAnaMda bhI, jo rAmAnuja kI ziSyaparaMparA meM the ( rAmAnujadevAcArya-rAghavAnaMda) aura bar3e yogI the, kAzI meM rahate the| unhoMne rAmAnaMda ko yoga-sAdhana sikhAkara unheM Asanna mRtyu se bcaayaa| jisa samaya mRtyu kA yoga thA usa samaya rAmAnaMda ko unhoMne samAdhistha kara diyA aura ve mRtyu-mukha se baca ge| ataeva advaitI guru ne kRtajJatA-vaza apane cele ko unhIM ko sauMpa diyA / rAmAnaMdajI bar3e prasiddha hue| prAbU aura jUnAgar3ha kI pahAr3iyoM para unake caraNa-cihna milate haiM aura pichale sthAna para unakI eka guphaa| unhoMne svayaM apanA alaga paMtha calAyA jisake eka saMbhava kAraNa kA ullekha pichale adhyAya meM ho cukA hai| kiMtu unakI advaitI zikSA kA bhI isameM kucha bhAga jarUra rahA hogaa| unake vAstavika siddhAMta kyA the, isakA patA lagAnA bahuta kucha kaThina kAma ho gayA hai| mAlUma hotA hai ki unhoMne bhakti, yoga aura advaita vedAMta kI anupama saMsRSTi kii| ___ DAkora se siddhAMta paTala nAmaka eka choTI sI pustikA nikalI hai, jo svAmI rAmAnaMdajI kI kahI jAtI hai| isameM satyaniraMjana tAraka, vibhUti palaTana, la~goTI prADabaMda, tulasI, rAmabIja Adi kaI viSayoM ke maMtra haiN| kevala yajJopavIta kA maMtra saMskRta meM hai, anya saba sadhukar3I hiMdI meN| isa graMtha meM nAthapaMtha aura vaiSNava mata kI pUrNa saMsRSTi dikhAI detI hai| vibhUti, dhUnI, jholI prAdi ke sAtha sAtha isameM zAligrAma tulasI Adi kA bhI prAdara kiyA

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 36 gayA hai| yahA~ para kevala eka maMtra denA ucita hogA jisase isa bAta kI puSTi hogI__OM ardhanAma prakhaMDa chAyA, prANa puruSa bhAve na jaayaa| mare na piMDa thake na kAya, sadguru pratApa hRdaya samAya / zabdasvarUpI zrIguru rAghavAnaMdajI ne zrIrAmAnaMdajI kU sunaayaa| bhare bhaMDAra kAyA bAr3he trikuTo asthAna jahA~ base zrI sAligrAma // OMkAra hAhAkAra sunatI sunatI saMse miTe // iti amarabIja maMtra // 17 // isameM yoga kI trikuTI meM vaiSNava zAligrAma virAjamAna haiN| yaha graMtha cAhe svayaM rAmAnaMdajI kA na ho paraMtu isase itanA avazya prakaTa ho jAtA hai ki unhoMne apane ziSyoM ko vaiSNava dharma ke siddhAMtoM ke sAtha sAtha yoga kI bhI zikSA dI thii| isI liye zAyada unake kucha ziSya avadhUta kahe jAte the| rAmAnaMdI saMpradAya meM rAmAnaMdajI mahAyogI yathArtha hI mAne jAte haiN| ___unake graMthoM meM se rAmAcana-paddhati aura vaiSNavamatAbjabhAskara dekhane meM pAe haiN| ye graMtha upAsanA-paraka haiN| pro0 vilsana ne vedoM para unake eka saMskRta bhASya kI bAta likhI hai| prAnaMda bhASya' nAma se vedAMtasUtra kA eka bhASya saMpradAyavAloM kI ora se prakAzita huA hai paraMtu abhI usakI niSpakSa jA~ca nahIM ho pAI hai| unhoMne hiMdI meM bhI kucha racanA kI hai| unakI eka kavitA prAdi graMtha meM saMgRhIta hai jo Age calakara mUrtipUjA ke saMbaMdha meM udAhRta kI gaI hai| usameM ve nirAkAropAsanA kA upadeza karate dIkhate haiN| maMdira meM kI patthara kI mUrti aura tIrtha kA jala unhoMne anAvazyaka se mAne haiN| paraMtu bairAgI paMtha meM unhoMne zAligrAma kI pUjA kA vidhAna kiyaa| unakI eka aura kavitA AcArya zyAmasuMdaradAsa ne apane rAmAvata saMpradAya vAle nibaMdha meM chapavAI hai, jisameM hanumAna kI stuti kI gaI hai|

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40 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA rajjaba dAsa ke saMgraha paMtha sarvAgI meM unakA eka aura pada saMgRhIta hai jo yahA~ diyA jAtA hai hari bina janma vRthA khoyo re| kahA bhayo ati mAna bar3hAI, dhana mada aMdha mati soyo re // ati utaMga taru dekhi suhAyo, saivana kusama sUvA seyo re| soI phala putra-kalana viSai suSa, aMti sIsa dhuni dhuni royo re // sumirana bhajana sAdha kI saMgati, aMtari mana maila na dhoyo re / rAmAnaMda ratana jama trAsaiM, zrIpati pada kAhe na joyo re // isameM unhoMne nivRtti mArga kA pUrNa upadeza diyA hai| rAmAnaMda jI kI vicAra-dhArA bahuta udAra thI jisake kAraNa unake upadezAmRta kA pAna karane ke liye U~ca nIca saba unake pAsa ghira Ate the| unake ziSyoM meM se, jinakA 6. rAmAnaMda ke ziSya nirgaNa vicAradhArA se saMbaMdha hai, pApA, saghanA, dhannA, sena, raidAsa kabIra aura zAyada surasurAnaMda haiN| pIpA ga~garaunagar3ha ke khIcI cauhAna rAjA the aura apanI choTI rAnI sItA ke sahita rAmAnaMda jI ke cele ho gae the| janarala kaniMghama ke anusAra pIpAjI jaitapAla se cautho pIr3hI meM hue the| [(1) jaitapAla, (2) sAvatasiMha, (3) rAva karavA, (4) popAjI, (5) dvArakAnAtha, (6) acldaas|] abula phajala ne likhA hai ki mAnikadeva ke vaMzaja jaitapAla ne musalamAnoM se mAlavA chIna liyA thaa| yaha ghaTanA pRthvIrAja kI mRtyu ke 131 varSa poche saM0 1381 (san 1324 I0) kI batAI jAtI hai| jaitarAva mAnikadeva se pA~cavoM pIr3hI meM hue the aura mAnikadeva pRthvIrAja ke samakAlIna the| phiriztA ke anusAra popAjI se do (.) paur3I hastalekha', pR. 423 (a)|

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 41 pAr3hI pIche acaladAsa se sulatAna hozaMga gorI ne hijarI san 830 arthAt vi0 saM0 1483 yA san 1486 I0 meM gaiMgaraunagar3ha chIna liyaa| yaha bhI kahA jAtA hai ki saM0 1505 (san 1448 I0) meM pracaladAsa musalamAnoM ke sAtha yuddha meM kAma aae| ina saba bAtoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara janarala kaniMghama ne pIpA kA samaya saM0 1417 se 1442 (I0 san 1360 se 1385) taka mAnA hai| saM0 1250 se 1505 taka ke 255 varSoM meM pIpAjI ke vaMza meM 10 pIr3hiyA~ huI jisase pratyeka pIr3hI ke liye lagabhaga 25 varSa Thaharate haiN| isa hisAba se 1420 se 1455 taka unakA samaya mAnanA bhI anucita nahIM / yaha sAmAnyatayA unakA rAjatva-kAla hai| unakA jIvana kAla lagabhaga saM0 1410 se 1460 taka mAnanA caahie| sadhanA khaTika thaa| becane ke liye mAMsa taulate samaya baTakhare kI jagaha zAligrAma kI baTiyA rakhatA thaa| eka vaiSNava ko yaha dekhakara burA lagA aura zAligrAma kI baTiyA mA~gakara le gyaa| rAta meM use svapna huA ki bhAI, tuma mujhe bar3A kaSTa de rahe ho| apane bhakta ke yahA~ maiM ( tarAjU ke ) jhUle para jhUlA karatA thA, usa sukha se tumane mujhe vaMcita kara diyA hai| bhalA cAho to mujhe vahIM de maao| aura vaha de paayaa| dhannA jATa thA aura rAjapUtAne ke TA~ka ilAke meM dhuana gAMva meM rahatA thaa| yaha sthAna chAvanI devalI se bIsa mIla kI dUrI para hai| ___ sena nAI thA jo kisI rAjA ke yahA~ naukara thaa| usakI bhakti kI itanI mahimA prasiddha hai ki eka bAra jaba vaha sAdhu-sevA meM lIna hone ke kAraNa rAjA kI sevA karane ke liye yathA-samaya na jA sakA, taba svayaM bhagavAn sena kA rUpa dhAraNa kara rAjA kI sevA karane phuNce| (.) 'prAkiyAlAjikala sarve riporTa', bhAga 2, pRSTha 261.17 /

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42 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA raidAsa kAzI ke camAra the| priyAdAsajI ne inake saMbaMdha meM kaI Azcaryajanaka kahAniyA~ likhI haiN| cittaura kI jhAlI rAnI inakI ziSyA batalAI jAtI haiN| Adi greya meM ravidAsa nAma se inakI kavitAoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai| ye svayaM bahuta U~ce jJAnI bhakta the jise mUrti kI AvazyakatA nahIM raha jAtI paraMtu dUsaroM ke liye ve mUrti kI AvazyakatA samajhate haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki unhoMne eka maMdira banavAyA thA, jisake ve svayaM pujArI rahe the| inakA bhI alaga paMtha calA jisameM aba kevala inhIM kI jAta ke loga haiM jo apane ko bahudhA camAra na kaha kara raidAsI' kahate haiN| paraMtu rAmAnaMda ke sabase prasiddha ziSya kabIradAsa the jinhoMne bhakti ke mArga ko aura bhI prazasta, vistRta aura udAra banA diyaa| unakA jIvana-vRtta svataMtra rUpa se Age diyA jAyagA / surasurAnaMda brAhmaNa the| unake viSaya meM vizeSa kucha nahIM mAlUma hai| itanA avazya prakaTa hotA hai ki ve bahuta sacce sudhAraka rahe hoNge| khAna-pAna ke saMbaMdha meM zAyada unhoMne rAmAnaMda jI se adhika sudhAra kI mAtrA dikhAI ho| bhaktamAla meM likhA hai ki inake mu~ha meM mleccha kI dI huI roTI bhI tulasIdala ho jAtI thii| agastya-saMhitA ke anusAra rAmAnaMda kA janma saMvat 1356 (1266 I0 ) meM aura mRtyu saM0 1467 (1410 I0 ) meM huii| _ bhinna bhinna dRSTiyoM se vicAra karane se bhI yaha 7. rAmAnaMda kA samaya - samaya galata nahIM mAlUma hotaa| ve rAmAnuja kI ziSya-paraMparA kI cauthI pIr3hI meM hue haiN| rAmAnuja kI karmaNyatA kA kSetra tIna rAjAoM kA samaya rahA hai jinakA zAsanakAla saM0 1127 (1070 I0) se 1203 (1146 I0) taka ThaharatA hai| prastu, yadi hama unakI mRtyu saM0 1218 (prAyaH 1160I0) meM bhI mAneM aura eka eka pIr3hI ke liye tIsa tIsa

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya varSa bhI deM to bhI rAmAnaMda kA janma saM0 1288 meM itanA pahale nahIM A jAtA hai ki isa dRSTi se anucita mAlUma ho| or3ache ke harirAma vyAsajI ke eka pada se mAlUma hotA hai ki nAmadeva aura trilocana rAmAnaMdajI se pahale svargavAsI ho gae the| trilocana kA janma mekaoNlipha ne saM0 1324 (1267 I0 ) meM mAnA hai| trilocana kitane hI dIrghajIvI kyoM na hue hoM, saM0 1467 (1410I0) se pahale hI avazya divaMgata ho gae hoNge| nAmadeva bhI trilocana ke samakAlIna the, yadyapi mAlUma hotA hai ki Ayu meM unase kucha choTe the| saM0 1467 se pahale bahuta kAphI Ayu bhogakara unakA bhI divaMgata honA asaMbhava nhiiN| janarala kaniMghama ne rAmAnaMda ke ziSya pIpA kA jo samaya sthira kiyA hai, vaha bhI isa samaya ke viruddha nahIM jaataa| ise rAmAnaMdajI kI Ayu 110 varSa kI ThaharatI hai, jo unake liye bahuta bar3I nhiiN| yaha prasiddha hai ki rAmAnaMdajI dIrghAyu hue the| nAbhAjI ne bhI kahA hai bahuta kAla vapu dhAra ke pranata janana ko pAra diyo / zrIrAmAnaMda raghunAtha jyoM, dutiya setu jagatarana kiyo / kabIra ke paravartI ina saMta kaviyoM ko saguNa aura nirguNa saMpradAya ke bIca kI kar3I samajhanA caahie| unameM saguNavAdI aura nirguNavAdI donoM se kucha aMtara hai| na to ve saguNavAdiyoM kI taraha paramAtmA kI nirguNa sattA kI avahelanA kara usakI prAtibhAsika saguNa sabhA ko hI saba kucha samajhate haiM aura na nirguNiyoM kI taraha mUrtipUjA aura avatAravAda ko samUla naSTa hI kara denA cAhate haiN| yadyapi aMta meM ve saba bAhya karmakAMDa kA tyAga Avazyaka batalAte haiM paraMtu unake vyavahAra se yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki ve prAraMbhika avasthA meM usakI upayogitA ko svIkAra karate the|

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA paraMtu itanA hone para bhI ve saba vizeSatAe~, jinake vikAsa se nirguNa saMta saMpradAya kA udaya huA, unameM mUla rUpa meM pAI jAtI haiM / jAti - pA~ti ke saba baMdhanoM ko tor3a dene kI pravRtti, advaitavAda, bhagavadanurAga, virakta aura zAMta jIvana, bAhya karmakAMDa se Upara uThane kI icchA saba unameM vidyamAna thI / isa prakAra ina saMtoM ne kabIra ke liye rAstA kholA jisase ina pravRttiyoM ko caramAvasthA taka le jA sakanA usake liye AsAna ho gayA 44 8. kabIra kabIra julAhA the / apane padoM meM unhoMne bAra bAra apane julAhA hone kI ghoSaNA kI hai| julAhe musalamAna hote haiN| hiMdU julAhe korI kahalAte haiM / eka sthAna para unhoMne apane ko 'korI' bhI kahA hai / saMbhava hai, 'jolAhA' kahane se unakA abhiprAya kevala peze se ho, unake dharma kA usameM koI saMketa na ho / janazruti ke anusAra ve janma se to hiMdU the kiMtu pAle pose gae the musalamAna ke ghara meM / paraMtu isa bAta kA pramANa milatA hai ki unakA janma vastuta: musalamAna parivAra meM huA thA / eka pada meM, jo AdigraM ya meM raidAsa ke nAma se aura rajjabadAsa ke sarvAMgI meM popA ke nAma se milatA hai, likhA hai ki jisake kula meM Ida-bakarIda manAI jAtI hai, govadha hotA hai, zekha zahIda aura pIroM kI manautI hotI hai, jisake bApa ne ye saba kAma kie usa putra kabIra ne aisI dhAraNA dharI ki tInoM lokoM meM - (1) tU bAhmaNa, maiM kAsI kA julAhA, cInhi na meora giyAnA / -- ka0 graM0, pR0 173, 250 aura udAharaNoM ke liye dekhie ka0 pra0, pR0 128, 124; 131, 134; 181, 270 aura 271 / ( 2 ) hari kau navi zrabhai pada dAtA, kahai kabIrA korI / -ka0 graM0, pR0 205, 346 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 45 prasiddha ho gayA' / padakartA kA abhiprAya yaha hai ki bhakti ke liye kula kI uccatA kadApi mAvazyaka nhiiN| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki kabIra musalamAna kula meM kevala pAle-pose hI nahIM gae the, paidA bhI hue the / popA aura raidAsa dona kabIra ke samakAlIna aura gurubhAI the| isaliye kabIra ke kula ke saMbaMdha meM jo kucha unameM se koI kahe, usa para vizvAsa karanA cAhie / janazruti ke anusAra kabIra ke poSya pitA kA nAma nIrU athavA nUruddIna thA aura mAtA kA nImA jinheM usake vAstavika mAtA-pitA ke hI nAma samajhanA cAhie / ___ janazruti hI ke anusAra kabIra kA janma kAzI meM huA thA aura nidhana magahara meN| isa bAta meM to saMdeha nahIM ki kabIra usa prAMta ke the jahA~ pUrabI bolI jAtI hai, kyoMki unhoMne svayaM kahA hai ki merI bolI 'pUrabI' hai, jise koI nahIM samajha sakatA; use vahI samajha sakatA hai jo TheTha pUraba kA rahanevAlA ho3 / paMjAba meM saMgRhIta graMtha sAhaba meM bhI unakI vANI TheTha pUrabI hai| kisI jJAna-garvita brAhmaNa ke yaha kahane para ki 'tuma julAhe ho jJAna-vAna kyA jAno ?' unhoMne bar3e garva ke sAtha kahA thA-merA jJAna nahIM pahacAnate ? agara tuma brAhmaNa ho to maiM bhI to 'kAzI kA (1) jAke Ida bakarIda kula gaure badha karahi mAniyahiM zekha zahIda pIrAM / jAke vApi aisI karI, pUta aisI dharI, tihure loka parasidha kabIrA // -'graMtha', pR0 668; 'sAMgI', paur3I hastalekha pR0 373, 22 / (2) ina padoM meM yaha spaSTa nahIM kahA gayA hai kI unake mAtA-pitA musalamAna the| saMbhava hai, yahA~ mAtA-pitA se tAtparya pAlane-posanevAle mAtA-pitA se ho|--sNpaadk / (3) merI bolI pUrabI tAhi lakhe nahiM koya / merI bolI so lakhe dhura pUraba kA hoya ||-k. graM., pR0 76 pAdaza

Page #51
nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA julAhA' huuN| sacamuca kAzo meM kisa jijJAsu ko jJAna kI prApti nahIM ho jAtI ? Adi graMtha meM ke eka pada meM unhoMne kahA hai ki sArA jIvana maiMne kAzo hI meM bitAyA hai| ataeva isa bAta meM saMdeha nahIM ki kabIra ke jIvana kA bar3A bhAga kAzI meM vyatIta huA thaa| paraMtu kyA isase yaha bhI mAna liyA jAya ki paidA bhI ve kAzI hI meM hue the? yaha asaMbhava nahIM; hiMdU bhAvoM se ota-prota unakI vicAra-dhArA bhI isa bAta kI ora saMketa karatI hai ki unakA bAlyakAla kAzo-sadRza kisI hiMdU nagarI meM hiMdU vAtAvaraNa meM vyatIta huA thaa| Adi ya ya meM ke eka pada se mAlUma hotA hai ki unake vicAra hI nahIM, prAcAra bhI prAraMbha ho se hiMdU sA~ce meM Dhala gae the| 'rAma rAma' kI raTa nitya naI korI gagarI meM bhojana banAnA, caukA-potavAnA, unakI ina saba bAtoM se unakI ammA taMga A gaI thI / paraMtu Adi graMtha ke eka pada meM kabIra kahate haiM ki magahara bhI koI mAmUlI jagaha nahIM, yahIM tumane mujhe darzana die the| kAzI meM to maiM bAda meM jAkara bsaa| isI se phira tumhAre bharose magahara basa gayA hU~ / isase jAna par3atA hai ki kAzI meM basane ke pahale vaha kevala magahara meM rahate hI nahIM the, vahIM unheM pahale pahala paramAtmA (1) dekho pRSTha 44 kI TippaNI (1) / (2) sakala janama sivapurI gaMvAyA-'pratha', pR0 176, 19 / (3) mita uThi korI gagarI pAna lIpata jIu gyo| tAnA bAnA kachu na sUjhai hari rasi lapaThyo / hamare kula kaune rAmu kho|| -vahI, pR0 462.4 / (4) tere bharose magahara basiyo, mere tana kI tapani bujhAI / pahale darasana magahara pAyo, phuni kAsI base AI // -vahI, pR0 523, ka0 pra0, pR. 266,.

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya kA darzana bhI prApta huA thaa| adhika saMbhava yaha hai ki kabIra kA janma magahara hI meM huA ho, jo Aja bhI pradhAnatayA julAhoM kI bastI hai| gorakhanAthajI kA pradhAna sthAna gorakhapura magahara ke bilakula najadIka hai| jisa jamAne meM rela nahIM thI usameM yogiyoM kA gorakhapura prAte-jAte magahara meM Thahara jAnA asaMbhava nhiiN| yahIM se kabIra para hiMdU bhAvoM aura yogamUlaka virakti kA prAraMbha ho jAtA hai| jAna par3atA hai ki kabIra ko yoga kI bAtoM kA jJAna gorakhapaMthI yogiyoM se hI huA thaa| yogAbhyAsa ke dvArA unako paramAtmA kI jhalaka to mila gaI thI paraMtu ve kisI aise pahu~ce yogI ke palle na par3e jo unako pUrNAnubhUti kI dazA taka pahu~cA detaa| unake graMtho meM hama gorakhanAtha kI to bhUri bhUri prazaMsA pAte haiM kiMtu adhakacare gorakhapaMthiyoM kI niNdaa| mAyA ke vAstavika svarUpa ko gorakhanAtha acchI taraha jAnate the, isI se ve usako lakSmaNa kI bhA~ti tyAga sake the / nArI se virakta hokara ve amara ho gae the| kalikAla meM gorakhanAtha aisA bhakta huA ki mAyA meM par3e hue apane guru se usane rAjya chur3avA diyA / jisa prAnaMda kA sukhadeva bhI bahuta thor3A hI sA upabhoga kara sake the, usakA pUrNApabhoga gorakha mekAMlipha ne galatI se dUsarI paMkti kA artha kiyA hai 'pahale maiMne kAzI meM darzana pAe aura phira magahara meM prAkara basA', jo prasaMga ke pratikUla hai aura spaSTa hI galata hai| (1) rAma guna belar3I re avadhU goraSanAthi jANI / -ka. graM., pR0 142, 163 / viraguNa saguNa nArI saMsAri piyArI, lakhamaNi tyAgI, goraSi nivaarii| -vahI, pR0 166, 232 / (2) gorakhanAtha na mudrA paharI mastaka hU na muNddaayaa| aisA bhagata bhayA kali apara guru pai rAja chur3AyA / -vahI, pR0 181, 238 /

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48 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA nAtha, bhatRhari, gopIcaMda Adi yogiyoM ne kiyA thA' / adhakacare jogiyoM ko unhoMne kahA hai ki ve jaTA bA~dha bA~dhakara mara gae para unheM siddhi na prApta huI / ina saba bAtoM ko dekhate hue merI pravRtti magahara ho ko unakA janma sthAna mAnane kI hotI hai / mAlUma hotA hai ki isI liye kAzI chor3ane para magahara ko unhoMne apanA nivAsasthAna banAyA / yogiyoM tathA sAdhuoM ke satsaMga se jaba kabIra ke hRdaya meM virakti kA bhAva udaya huA taba ve pUrNa AdhyAtmika jAgarti ke liye vyAkula ho uThe / ghara meM rahanA unake liye dUbhara ho gayA / kAma kAja saba chor3a diyA / tAnA-bAnA par3e raha gae re / saMsAra se udAsIna hokara jaMgala chAna DAle tIrthATana kie para unake mana ko zAMti na huI / paramAtmA ke darzana karA denevAlA koI samartha sAdhu unheM milA nahIM / hA~, aise 4 " " bahuta mile jinameM ( 1 ) tA mana kA koi jAnai bheva / raMcaka lIna bhayA suSadeva // goraSa bharathari gopIcaMdA / tA mana soM mili kareM anaMdA // ka0 pra0, pR0 16, 33 / kAmini a~ga virakata bhayA ratta bhayA hari nAI / sASI goravanAtha jyU, zramara bhae kali mAI // vahI, pR0 51, 12 ( 2 ) jaTA bA~dhi bA~dhi jogI me, inameM kinahu na pAI / - vahI, pR0 122, 317 / (3) tananA bunanA tana tajyA kabIra, rAma nAma likha liyA sarIra / vahI, pR0 35, 21 / ( 4 ) jAti julAhA nAma kabIrA, bana bana phirauM udAsI / -- vahI, pR0 181, 270 ( 5 ) vRMdAvana dU~DhyauM, dU~ kyoM ho jamunA ko tIra / rAma milana ke kArane jana khojata phirai kabIra // - 'paur3I hastalekha', pR0 164 (a)

Page #54
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 46 bhakti kama, ahaMkAra adhika thA / paraMtu kabIra ko aise logoM se kyA matalaba thA ? unase ve kyA sIkhate ? hA~, unheM sikhA avazya sakate the| kabIra kucha dina mAnikapura meM bhI rhe| zekha takI kI prazaMsA sunakara ve vahA~ se U~jI jaunapura hote hue phaMsI ge| pha~sI meM bhI ve kucha dina taka rhe| unheM zekha takI ko batalAnA par3A ki paramAtmA sarvavyApaka hai; akardI sakardI ko jatAnA par3A ki tuma kurbAnI jibaha ityAdi karake pApa kamA rahe ho, kisI jamAne meM bhI ye kAma halAla nahIM ho skte| ve guru banane nahIM pAe the para kyA karate, unase rahA nahIM gayAre / ve to svayeM aise ekAdha mAdamI ko DhU~r3ha rahe the jo rAmabhajana meM zUra ho / unako anubhava huA ki paramAtmA ke darzanoM ke liye vana meM hI koI anukUla paristhiti nahIM hotii| aMta meM unakI bhI (1) thorI bhagati bahuta aha~kArA / aisA bhaktA mile apArA // -ka0 pra0, pR0 132, 137 / (2) ghaTa ghaTa avinAsI ahai sunahu takI tuma sekha / -'bIjaka', ramainI 63. mAnikapurahi kabIra baserI / madahati sunI sekha taki kerI // UjI sunI javanapura thAnA / mUMsI suni porana ke nAmA // ekaisa pIra likhe tehi tthaamaa| khatamA par3he paigaMbara nAmA // sunata bola mohi rahA na jaaii| dekhi mukarbA rahA bhukhAI // nabI habIbI ke jo kAmA / jaha lauM amala sabai harAmA / sekha zrako sakI tuma mAnahu bacana hamAra / Adi aMta aura juga juga dekhahu raSTi pasAra // -vahI, ramainI 48 / (3) kahai kabIra rAma bhajaveM ko eka zrAdha koi sUrA re / -ka. graM., pR0 115, 85 (4) ghara taji bana kiyoM nivAsa / ghara bana dekhoM dou nirAsa / -vahI, pR. 113, 76 /

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50 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA khAja saphala huI aura janAkIrNa kAzI meM unako eka aisA AdamI milA, jo jAti-pA~ti ke ahaMkAra se dUra thA, paramAtmA ke sammukha manuSya manuSya meM kisI bheda-bhAva ko na mAnatA thA, aura jo apane jJAna-bala se kabIra kI mahatI AkAMkSA ko pUrNa kara sakatA thA, jisake upadeza se kabIra ko mAlUma huA ki jisako DhU~r3hane ke liye hama bAhara bAhara bhaTakate phirate haiM vaha paramAtmA to hamAre hI zarIra meM nivAsa karatA hai ' I yaha sAdhu svAmI rAmAnaMda the / kahate haiM ki rAmAnaMda pahale musalamAna ko celA banAne meM hicake / isa para kabIra ne eka yukti sAcI / rAmAnaMdajI paMcagaMgA ghATa para rahate the aura sadaiva brAhma muhUrta meM gaMgAsnAna karane jAyA karate the / eka dina jaba kabIra ne dekha liyA ki rAmAnaMda snAna karane ke liye cale gae to sIr3hI para leTakara vaha unake lauTane kI bATa johane lagA / rAmAnaMda lauTe to unakA pA~va kabIra ke sira se TakarA yaha socakara ki hamase binA jAne kisI kA apakAra ho gayA hai, rAmAnaMda 'rAma rAma' kaha uThe / kabIra ne harSotphulla hokara kahA ki kisI taraha chApane mujhe dIkSita kara apane caraNoM meM sthAna to diyA / usake isa ananya bhAva se rAmAnaMda itane prabhAvita ho gae ki unhoMne use tatkAla apanA ziSya banA liyA / gayA / muhasinaphanI kAzmIravAle ke likhe phArasI itihAsa graMtha tavArIkha davistA~ se bhI yahI bAta prakaTa hotI hai / usameM likhA hai ki kabIra jolAhA aura ekezvaravAdI thA / adhyAtma-patha meM pathapradarzaka guru kI khoja karate hue vaha hiMdU sAdhuoM aura musalamAna phakIre ke pAsa gayA aura kahA jAtA hai ki aMta meM rAmAnaMda kA celA ho gayA 2 / (1) jisa kArani taTi tIratha jAhIM / ratana padAratha ghaTahI mAhIM / -- vahI, 102, 42 / ( 2 ) 'kabIra aiMDa di kabIra paMtha' meM uddhRta, pR0 37 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya paraMtu kucha loga rAmAnaMda ko na mAnakara zekha takI ko kabIra kA guru mAnate haiN| isa mata kA sabase pahalA ullekha khaz2onatula prAsaphiyA meM milatA hai, jise maulavI gulAma sarabara ne san 1868 I0 meM chapavAyA thaa| beskaTa sAhaba ne bhI isa graMtha ke AdhAra para apane kabIra aiMDa di kabIra paMtha meM bar3e jora zora se isa mata kA samarthana kiyA hai| paraMtu davistA~ kA sAkSya unakI saragarmI se kahIM adhika mUlyavAn hai| itihAsakAra muhasanaphanI akabara ke samaya meM huA thaa| rAmAnaMda ke samaya ko pahale se pahale le jAne para bhI muhasanaphanI aura unake samaya meM savA sau Der3ha sau varSa kA aMtara rahatA hai| ataeva unhoMne jina janazrutiyoM ke AdhAra para yaha likhA hai, ve Ajakala kI janazrutiyoM se adhika prAmANika haiN| zekha takI kabIra ke guru the, isa saMbaMdha meM kisI itanI prAcIna janaprati kA honA nahIM pAyA jaataa| isa bAta kI bhI AzaMkA nahIM ho sakatI ki muhasanaphanI ne pakSapAta ke kAraNa aisA likhA ho| muhasanaphanI hI ne nahIM aura logoM ne bhI isa bAta kA ullekha kiyA hai ki kabIra rAmAnaMda ke cele the| nAbhAjI ne saM0 1642 ke lagabhaga bhaktamAla kI racanA kI thii| usameM unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM kabIra ko rAmAnaMda kA celA likhA hai| unase eka-do por3hI pahale or3achevAle harIrAma zukla ho gae the, jo sAhitya-saMsAra tathA saMta-samudAya meM 'vyAsa' jI ke nAma se prakhyAta haiN| inake saMbaMdha meM yaha khyAti calI AtI hai ki 45 varSa kI avasthA meM ye saMvat 1618 meM rAdhAvallabhI saMpradAya ke pravartaka svAmI hitaharivaMzajI ke ziSya hue the| hitaharivaMzajI kA janma-saMvat dera se dera meM mAnane se saMvat 1556 meM ThaharatA hai, yadyapi sAMpradAyika mata ke anusAra unakA janma 1530 meM huA thaa| ataeva vyAsajI kA saMsarga aise logoM (1) 'zivasiMhasaroja', pR0 107 /

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ke mAtha thA jinake samaya ke prAraMbha tathA kabIra ke samaya ke aMta meM prArdhA zatAbdI se adhika kA aMtara nahIM thaa| unase isa saMbaMdha meM vyAsajI ne jo kucha sunA hogA, vaha vizvasanIya honA cAhie / vyAsajI vaikuMThavAsI saMtoM kI mRtyu para zoka manAte hue kahate haiM sAMce sAdhu ju rAmAnaMda / jina harijI se hita kari jAnyo, aura jAni dukha-daMda // jAko sevaka kabIra dhIra ati sumati surasurAnaMda / taba raidAsa upAsika hari kI, sUra su paramAnaMda // unate prathama tilocana nAmA, dukha-mocana sukha kNd| khema sanAtana bhakti-siMdhu rasa rUpa raghu raghunaMda // ali raghuvaMzahiM phalyo rAdhikA-pada-paMkaja-makaraMda / kRSNadAsa haridAsa upAsyo, bRMdAvana ko caMda // jina binu jIvata mRtaka bhae hama sahata vipati ke phaMda / tina bina ura ko sUla miTai kyoM jie 'vyAsa' ati maMda // isase spaSTa hai ki kabIra rAmAnaMda ke ziSya the / kabIra ke ziSya dharmadAsa kI vANI se bhI yahI bAta prakaTa hotI hai| kabIra ke kaTTara bhakta garIbadAsa bhI yahI kahate haiM, yadyapi ve guru se cele ko adhika mahattva dete haiM aura use guru ke uddhAra kA kAraNa batAte haiM garISa rAmAnaMda se lakha guru tAre cele bhAi / cele kI ginatI nahIM,-pada meM rahe samAi // (1) bAbU gadhAkRSNadAsa ne isa pada ko apane sUradAsa ke jIvanacarita meM uddhata kiyA hai| ve prAcIna sAhitya ke bar3e vidvAn the| kheda hai ki maiM vyAsajI kI bAnI nahIM pA skaa| rAdhAkRSNadAsa-graMthAvalI, prathama bhAga, pR0 454 / (2) 'hiraMpara-bodha', pArakha aMga kI sAkhI, 32 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 53 hima kAzI meM prakaTa bhae haiM, rAmAnaMda cetaaye| kabIra kI mAnI jAnevAlI isa ukti kA bhI yaha artha nahIM ki rAmAnaMda ne kabora ko jagAyA balki yaha ki kabIra ne rAmAnaMda ko jgaayaa| paraMtu yaha mAna lene para bhI, yaha koI nahIM kaha sakatA ki yaha rAmAnaMda ko kabora kA guru mAnane meM bAdhaka hai| gorakhanAtha ne machaMdaranAtha ko jagAyA kiMtu yaha koI nahIM kahatA ki gorakhanAtha machaMdaranAtha ke cene nahIM the| asala meM yaha vacana yahI batalAne ke liye gar3hA gayA hai ki rAmAnaMda ke cele hone para bhI kabIra unase bar3e the| paraMtu svataH kabIra ne apane Apako apane guru se bar3hAne kA prayatna nahIM kiyA aura rAmAnaMda kI mRtyu kA ullekha karate hue bIjaka ke eka pada meM bar3e utsAha se unhoMne unakI mahimA gAI hai aApana asara kie bahuterA / kAhu na marama pAva hari keraa|| iMdrI kahIM karai bisarAmA / (so) kahA~ gae jo kahata hute' rAmA // so kahAM gae jo hota sayAnA / hoya mRtaka vahi padahi samAnA / rAmAnaMda rAmarasa mAte / kahahiM kabIra hama kahi kahi thAke // kabIra kahate haiM ki una hari kA bheda koI nahIM jAnatA, jinhoMne bahutoM ko apane samAna kara diyA hai| [loga samajhate haiM ki rAmAnaMda vaise hI mara gae jaise aura manuSya mara jAte haiM, isI se pUchA karate haiM-] unakI iMdriyA~ kahA~ vizrAma kara rahI haiM ? unakA 'rAma' 'rAma' kahanevAlA jIvAtmA kahA~ gayA ? [ kabIra kA uttara hai ki ] vaha marakara parama pada meM samA gayA hai| [kyoMki ] rAmAnaMda rAma (1)ka. za0, bhAga 2, pR0 61 / (2) kucha prattiyoM meM 'apana pAsa kije', pATha bhI milatA hai| (3) hote| (4) 'bIjaka' / pada 77 /

Page #59
nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA rUpa madirA se matta the| hama kahate kahate thaka gae [ paraMtu loga yaha bheda hI nahIM samajha pAte] / kyA Azcarya ki kabIra isa pada meM rAmAnaMda ko sAkSAt hari banA rahe ho ? guru to unake matAnusAra paramAtmA hotA hI hai| rAmAnaMdI saMpradAya meM to rAmAnaMda rAma ke avatAra mAne hI jAte haiM, nAbhAjI ne bhI unako kucha aisA hI mAnA hai zrIrAmAnaMda raghunAtha jyoM dutiya setu jaga-tarana kiyaa| kabIra kA 'Apana asa kie bahuterA' aura nAbhAjI kA 'dutiya setu jaga-tarana kiyo' agara eka sAtha par3he jAya~ to mAlUma hogA ki donoM rAmAnaMda ke saMbaMdha meM eka hI bAta kaha rahe haiN| kabIra-graMthAvalI ke eka pada meM kabIra ne paramAtmA ke sammukha paramatattva-rupa, sukha ke dAtA, apane sAdhu-ra ru kI khUba prazaMsA kI hai, jisameM sacce ra.ru ke guNa pUrI mAtrA meM vidyamAna the, jisane hari-rUpa rasa ko chir3akakara kAmAgni se use bacA liyA thA aura pASaMDa ke kivAr3a kholakara use saMsAra-sAgara se tAra diyA thA rAma ! mohi satagura mile aneka kalAnidhi, parama-tatva sukhadAI / kAma-agini tana jarata rahI hai, hari-si viraki bujhAI // darasa-parasa taiM duramati nAsI, dIna ravi lyo paaii| pASaMDa bharama-kapATa kholika, anabhai kathA sunAI // yahu saMsAra gaMbhIra adhika jala, ko gahi lyAvai tIrA / nAva jahAja khevaDyA sAdhU, utare dAsa kabIrA // ye saba bAteM rAmAnaMda para ThIka utaratI haiN| usa samaya madhyadeza meM vahI eka sAdhu thA jisane pASaMDa ke daravAje khola ddaale| graMtha sAhaba meM kabIra kA eka pada hai jisameM unhoMne kahA hai ki maiMne apane ghara ke devatAoM aura pitaroM kI bAta ko chor3akara guru . ( )ka0 pra0, pR0 152, 110 /

Page #60
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya ke zabda ko grahaNa kiyA hai / isase prakaTa hotA hai ki unhoMne koI aisA guru banAyA thA jisake liye unheM apane kula kI paraMparA chor3anI pdd'ii| agara zeqha takI unake guru hote to ve yaha bAta kyoM kahate? prataeva yaha bAta asaMdigdha hai ki rAmAnaMda kabIra ke guru the| rAmAnaMda ke atirikta kabIra ke samakAlInoM meM se eka hI vyakti aisA hai jisakA nAma kabIra ne vizeSa AdarapUrvaka liyA hai / inakA nAma kabIra ne pIra pItAMbara batalAyA hai jinake pAsa jAnA ve haja athavA tIrthATana samajhate the| kabIra ne unakA jo varNana kiyA hai unakA phala kIrtana, unake gale meM kI kaMThI aura jihvA para kA 'rAma'--vaha yahI sUcita karatA hai ki ve vaiSNava the jo rAmAnaMda kI hI bhA~ti hiMdU-musalamAna kA bheda-bhAva nahIM mAnate the aura isI liye zAyada kabIra kI zraddhA ke bhAjana hue| unake nAma ke pahale Ae hue 'pIra' zabda ko kevala 'guru' kA paryAya samajhanA caahie| unakI mahimA kabIra ne yahA~ taka gAI ki devarSi nArada, zAradA, brahmA aura lakSmI ko bhI unakI sevA karate hue dikhAyA hai| patA nahIM ki ye pIra pItAMbara rahanevAle kahA~ ke the| gomatI-tIra' jaunapura kI ora saMketa karatA hai| kabIra kA samaya bar3e vivAda kA viSaya hai| unake janma ke saMbaMdha meM yaha dohA prasiddha hai (1) ghara ka deva pitara ko chor3I guru ko sabada lyo| -'graMtha', 462,64 / (2) hajja hamArI gomatI-tIra / jahA~ basahi pItambara pIra // vAhu vAhu kyA khUba gAvatA hai| hari kA nAma mere mana bhAvatA hai.|| nArada sArada karahi khavAsI / pAsa baiThI vidhi kavalA dAsI // kaMThe mAlA jihavA rAma / sahasa nAma lai lai karau salAma / kahata kabIra rAma-guna gAvI / hiMdU turuka dou samajhAvA // --ka. graM., pR0 330, 215 /

Page #61
56 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA caudaha sau pacapana sAla gae, caMdravAra eka ThATha Thae / jeTha sudI barasAyata ko, pUranamAsI tithi pragaTa bhae / isake AdhAra para kabIra kasauTI meM unakA janma saM0 1455 ke jyeSTha kI pUrNimA ko somavAra ke dina mAnA gayA hai| bAbU zyAmasuMdaradAsajI ne 'sAla gae' ke AdhAra para use 1456 saM0 mAnA hai, jo gaNita ke anusAra bhI ThIka baiThatA hai| paraMtu isa saMvat ko mAnane se rAmAnaMdajI kI mRtyu (saM0 1467 ) ke samaya kabIra kI avasthA kevala gyAraha varSa kI ThaharatI hai, jisase usakA rAmAnaMda kA ziSya honA ghaTita nahIM hotaa| rAmAnaMdajI ke ziSya hone ke samaya kabIra nire bAlaka na rahe hoNge| binA vizeSa viraktAvasthA ke jAgarita hue na rAmAnaMda hI kisI musalamAna ko celA banA sakate the aura na kabIra hI kisI hiMdU ke cele banane ke liye utsuka ho sakate the| usa samaya kama se kama unakI avasthA aThAraha varSa kI honI caahie| eka do varSa kama se kama usane rAmAnaMdajI kA satsaMga bhI kiyA hogaa| ataeva kabIra kA janma saM0 1447 se pahale huA hogA, pIche nhiiN| kabIra ke samaya taka nAmadeva karAmAtI kathAoM ke keMdra ho gae the jisase mAlUma hotA hai ki ve kabIra se pahale ho gae the| nAmadeva kI mRtyu saM0 1407 ke lagabhaga huI thI, ataeva kabIra kA AvirbhAva saM0 1407 aura 1447 ke bIca kisI samaya meM mAnanA caahie| merI samajha meM saM0 1427 ke prAsapAsa unakA janma mAnanA ucita hai| kabIra sAhaba pIpA ke samakAlIna the| pIpA ke jIte jI kabIra ko bahuta prasiddhi prApta ho gaI thii| pIpA kA samaya hama 1410 se 1460 taka mAna pAe haiN| kabIra pIpAjI se avasthA meM choTe ho sakate haiM, kiMtu bahuta choTe nhiiN| isa dRSTi se bhI 1427 ke prAsapAsa unakA janma mAnanA ucita hai|

Page #62
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 57 mRtyu ke nikaTa kabIra bahuta prasiddha rahe hoMge / isaliye unakI janma tithi kA logoM ko jJAna rahA ho, cAhe na rahA ho, unakI puNyatithi kA jJAna avazya rahA hogA / unakI nidhana tithi ke bAre meM do dohe pracalita haiM, jo prAyaH eka hI ke rUpAMtara mAlUma hote haiM' / eka ke anusAra unakI mRtyu saM0 1505 aura dUsare ke anusAra 1575 meM huI / inameM se eka avazya sahI honA caahie| pahalA adhika saMgata mAlUma par3atA hai / usake anusAra unakI Ayu lagabhaga 80 varSa kI hotI hai / anumAna yaha hotA hai ki sikaMdara lodI ( rAjya saM0 1546 se 1572 ) ke sAtha kabIra kA nAma jor3ane ke uddezya se hI kisI ne 'au pA~ca mo' kI jagaha 'pachattarA' kara diyA hai / kabIra para kisI zAsaka kI kopa dRSTi avazya huI thI, para vaha zAsaka sikaMdara hI thA, isakA koI vizeSa pramANa nahIM milatA / priyAdAsajI ne sikaMdara hI ko adhika julmI sunA hogA, isI se usake dvArA kabora para julma honA likha diyA hogA / kabIra ke jIvana kI ghaTanAoM meM zeqha taqI kA nAma bhI liyA jAtA hai / revareMDa veskTa ne isa nAma ke do vyaktiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, eka mAnikapura kar3A ke aura dUsare bhU~sI ke / mAnikapuravAle zeqha taqI cistiyA qhAnadAna ke the| unakI mRtyu saM0 1602 ( I0 1545 ) meM huI / sIvAle tako suharvardI khAnadAna ke the aura svAmI rAmAnaMda ke samakAlIna the| inakI mRtyu saM0 1486 ( I0 1428 ) meM huI / paraMparA ke anusAra bhai~sIvAle zeqha taqI hI kabIra (1) saMvata paMdraha sau zrI pAMca mo, magahara ko kiyA gavana / agahana sudI ekAdasI, mile pavana meM pavana // 1 // saMvata paMdraha sau pachattarA, kiyo magahara ko gavana / mAgha sudI ekAdasI, ralA pavana meM pavana // 2 // karavatu bhalA na karabaTa terI / lAgu gale suna vinatI morI // ...

Page #63
58 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA ke samakAlIna the / inake samaya kI prAcInatA ke kAraNa vidvAnoM ko isameM saMdeha hotA hai| paraMtu saM0 1505 ( I0 1448 ) meM kabIra kI mRtyu mAnane se isa saMdeha ke liye jagaha nahIM raha jaatii| ulmA loga bhI isI saMvat ko mAnate haiN| mA~numeMTala aiMTikviTIz2a A~va di naoNrtha vesTarna praoNviMsez2a ke lekhaka DAkTara phyUrI ke anusAra saMvat 1507 (1450 I0) meM navAba bijalIkhA~ paThAna ne kabIra kI kabara ke Upara raujA banavAyA thA jisakA jIrNoddhAra saMvata 1624 (1567 I0) meM navAba phidAIkhA~ ne krvaayaa| isase bhI isa mata kI puSTi hotI hai| paraMtu kheda hai ki DAkTara phyUra ne apane pramANoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| jAna par3atA hai ki kabIra vivAhita the| unakI kavitA meM sthAna sthAna para 'loI' zabda AyA hai jisase anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki loI unakI strI kA nAma hai jise saMbodhita kara ye kavitAe~ kahI gaI hai| paraMtu adhika sthAnoM para loI 'loga' ke artha meM AyA hai aura 'loka' kA apabhraMza rUpa hai| hA~, Adiyaya meM do sthala aise haiM, jinameM 'loI' kho-vAcaka ho sakatA hai| Adi graMtha meM eka pada aisA bhI hai jisase aisA pratIta hotA hai jaise kabIra kA vivAha dhaniyA nAmaka yuvatI se huA ho jisakA nAma badalakara usane rAma (1) kahate haiM ki kabIra kucha dina taka jhUsI meM zekha takI ke pAsa rahe the| khAne-pIne ke saMbaMdha meM sarakAra kA abhAva dekhakara jaba kabora kur3abur3Aye taba zekhajI ne unheM zApa de diyA jisase ve chaH mAsa taka saMgrahaNI se grasta rahe / aba taka jhUsI meM eka kabIra nAlA hai| kahate haiM ki una dinAM kabIra jisa nAle meM jAyA karate the, vaha yahI thA / (2) kahatu kabIra sunahu re lAI / aba tumarI paratIta na hoI // -graMtha, pR. 262 / suni a~dhalI loI be pora / ina muMDiyana bhaji sarana kabIra // --ka0 graM0 216, 106 /

Page #64
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya maniyA kara diyA ho| isI se kabIra kI mAtA ko zoka hotA hai, kyoMki 'rAmajanI' to vezyA athavA vezyA-putrI ko hI kaha sakate haiN| paraMtu isase kabIra kA abhiprAya dusarA hI hai| 'mAtA' mAyA hai aura 'dhaniyA' usakA pradhAna astra kAminI aura 'rAmajanI' bhakti, jisameM kula-maryAdA kA koI dhyAna nahIM rakhA jaataa| janazruti ke anusAra kabIra ke eka putra aura eka putrI thii| putra kA nAma kamAla, putrI kA kamAlI thaa| paMthavAloM ke anusAra ye unake sage lar3ake-lar3akI nahIM the, balki karAmAta ke dvArA murde se jiMde kie hue bAlaka the jo unhAM ke sAtha rahA karate the| isa choTe se parivAra ke pAlana ke liye kabIra ko apane karaghe para khUba parizrama karanA par3atA thaa| paraMtu zAyada usase bhI pUrA na par3atA thaa| isI se kabIra ne do vakta ke lie do sera ATA, prAdha sera dAla, pAva bhara ghI aura namaka ( cAra zrAdamiyoM kI khurAka ) ke liye paramAtmA se prArthanA kI jisase nizcita hokara bhajana meM samaya bitA skeN| sAdhu-sevA kI kAmanA se aura adhika artha-saMkaTa A upasthita hotA thaa| bApa kI kamAI zAyada isameM kharca ho cukI thii| kabIra kI strI ko yaha bAta khalatI thI ki apane bacce to ghara meM bhUkhe aura dukhI raheM aura sAdhu logoM kI dAvata hotI rhe| mAlUma hotA hai ki kamAla dhana kamAkara saMgraha karake mAtA ko prasanna karatA thaa| paraMtu isase kabIra ko duHkha hotA (.) dui sera mAMgoM cUnA / pAva ghIu sa~ga lUnA // zrAdha sera mAMgoM dAle / moko donoM bakhata jivAle // ... -ka0 graM., pR0 314, 126 / (2) ina muDiyA sagalo drava khoii| zrAvata jAta kasara nA hoI // ... tarikA sarikana khaibo nAhiM / mur3iyA anadina dhAe jAhi // ... --vahI 216, 109 /

Page #65
nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA thaa| pitA kI mRtyu para usane bhI apane pitA ke mArga kA anusaraNa kiyA aura vaha ahamadAbAda kI tarapha unake siddhAMtoM kA pracAra karatA rhaa| kabIra ne satya ke zodha meM apanA jIvana vyatIta kiyA thaa| ajJAna ke viruddha unhoMne ghora yuddha kiyA thaa| hiMdU musalamAna donoM para unhoMne vyaMgyoM kI bANa-varSA kI, jisase donoM tilamilA uThe / sulatAna ke darabAra meM unakI zikAyateM phuNcii| 'rAjA rAma' kA sevaka bhalA pRthvI ke kisI zAsaka kI kyA paravA karatA ? usane bedhar3aka sulatAna kA sAmanA kiyA / kAjI ne daMDa sunaayaa| para, kahate haiM ki hAtha-pA~va bA~dhakara gaMgA meM DubAne, Aga meM jalAne, hAtho se kucalavAne ke saba prayatna niSphala hue| saMta-paraMparA meM ye kathAe~ bahuta pracalita haiM / paraMtu jAna par3atA hai ki prahlAda ke sAtha kabora kI pUrNa tulanA karane ke liye ye kathAe~ gar3hI gaI haiN| mleccha-kula meM paidA hone para bhI kabIra vaiSNava ho gayA thA, isa dRSTi se usakI prahlAda ke sAtha samAnatA thI hii| kabIra-yathAvalI meM bhI inakA varNana hai, isI se usakI prAmANikatA ko bhI hama abhedya nahIM kaha skte| hA~, agara hama 'kAjI' kA artha hiraNyakazyapa kA nyAyAdhyakSa mAneM aura isa pada ko prahlAda ke saMbaMdha kA mAneM to kucha khapa (1) bUr3A vaMza kabIra kA upajA pUtA kamAla / __ hari kA sumirana chodi ke le AyA ghara mAla // -vahI 101,4 / / (2)aho mere goviMda tumhArA jora / kAjI bakivA hastItora // ... tIni bAra patiyAro liinaa| mana kaThora ajahu~ na patInA // -vahI pR0 210, 365 314. 111 / gaMga gosAini gahira gabhIra, jajIra bAMdhikara khare haiM kabIra / ... gaMgA kI lahari merI TUTI jaMjIra, mRgachAlA para baiThe kabIra // -vahI, pR0.280, 50 /

Page #66
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya sakatA hai| jo ho, isameM to saMdeha nahIM ki bur3hApe meM kabIra ke liye kAzI meM rahanA logoM ne kucha dUbhara kara diyA thaa| isase taMga Akara ve magahara cale ge| kisI ke Adeza se ve magahara nahIM Ae the, isakA patA Adi graMtha meM ke eka pada se calatA hai| kabhI kabhI phira kAzI jAne ke liye unakA mana macala uThatA thA / loga bhI, khAsa karake unake hiMdR ziSya, mocadA purI kA yaza gAkara unheM kAzIvAsa karane ko kahate hoNge| paraMtu ve aMdhavizvAsoM ko kaba mAnanevAle the, janma bhara kI lar3AI ko aMtima ghar3I hI meM kaise chor3a dete ? unhoMne kahA--'hRdaya kA krUra yadi kAzI meM mare to bhI use mukti nahIM mila sakatI aura yadi haribhakta magahara meM bhI mare to bhI yama ke dUta usake pAsa nahIM phaTaka sakave2 / kAzI meM zarIra tyAgane se logoM ko bhrama hogA ki kAzIvAsa se hI kabIra kI mukti huI hai| maiM naraka bhale hI calA jAU~ para bhagavAn ke caraNoM kA yaza kAzo ko na duuNgaa|' isaliye rAma kA smaraNa karate karate unhoMne magahara meM zarIratyAga kiyaa| vahA~ unakI (1) jiu~ jala choDi bAhira bhai mInA... tajile banArasa mati bhai thorii| -graMtha, 176, 15 / (2) hirahe kaThora marathA banArasI, naraka na vaMcyA jAI / hari kA dAsa mare magahara, senA sakala tirAI // -ka. graM., pR0 224. 355 / (3) jo kAsI tana tajai kabIra, rAmahi kahA nihoraa| -vahI, pR0 231, 402 / carana virada kAsIhi na daihuuN| kahai kabIra bhala narake jaihuuN| -vahI, pR0 185, 260 / (5) mubhA ramata zrIrAmaiM / -graMtha, pR0 176, 15 /

Page #67
62 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA kabara aba taka vidyamAna hai / kahA jAtA hai ki rAjA vIrasiMha kI icchA kavara ko khodakara hiMdU prathA ke anusAra unake zatru kA dAha karane kI thI, paraMtu usameM ve saphala nahIM hue / isa saMbaMdha meM bhI aura bhI kaI sthAna kahe jAte haiM / kabIra kA eka alaga paMtha claa| unake ziSyoM meM hiMdU-musalamAna donoM sammilita the / bar3e bar3e rAjA navAba ne apane AtmA kI rakSA kI AzA se unakI zaraNa lI / baveta rAjA vIrasiMha aura bijalI khA~ navAba donoM unake cele the / unake anya celoM meM dharmadAsa, surata gopAla, jAgUdAsa aura bhagavAnadAsa ( bhAgUdAsa ) prasiddha haiM / unakI mRtyu ke bAda kabIrapaMtha kI do pradhAna zAkhAe~ ho gaI / kAzIvAlI zAkhA kI gaddoM para surata gopAna baiThe aura bAMdhavagar3ha kI gaddo para dharmadAsa / surata gopAla brAhmaNa the / isake atirikta unake bAre meM aura kucha nahIM mAlUma hai / dharmadAsa bAMdhava gar3ha ke vaizya the / kabIra se unakI bheMTa pahale-pahala vRMdAvana meM huI thI / vahA~ unake Upara kabIra ke upadezoM kA kucha asara nahIM huA / paraMtu eka bAra phira kabIra ne svayaM bAMdhavagar3ha jAkara unako upadeza diyA aura ve kabIra ke bar3e bhaktoM meM se ho ge| dharmadAsiyoM kA pradhAna sthAna dhAma kher3A ( chattIsagar3ha ) hai / kiMtu hATakezvara meM bhI unakI eka prazAkhA hai| maMDalA, kabaradhA ( donoM madhyaprAMta meM ), dhanaiATo tathA anya kaI sthAnoM meM bhI kabIrapaMtha kI choTI moTI zAkhAe~ haiM / kabIra ke mata kA pracAra bahuta dUra dUra taka huA / lekina adhikatara hiMduoM meM hI, musalamAnoM meM nahIM / magahara meM bhI kabIra kA eka sthAna hai paraMtu vahA~ para ve sAdhAraNa 'pAra' samajhe jAte haiM, jaba ki anya kabIra paMthI unheM sAkSAt paramAtmA mAnate haiN| dillI ke AsapAsa ke julAhe apane ko kaboravaMzI kahate haiM kiMtu kabIrapaMthI nahIM /

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63 hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya deza ke kone kone meM kabIrapaMthI loga pAe jAte haiM / bahuta kucha loga aise bhI haiM jo kabora paMtha se apanA saMbaMdha bhUla gara haiM / pahAr3a ke Dema prAya: niraMkArI haiM / unakI pUjA meM kabIra kA nAma AtA pahAr3a meM pracalita jhAr3a-phU~ka ke maMtroM meM kabIra kI ginatI siddhoM meM kI gaI hai / hai / kabIra par3he likhe nahIM the / unhoMne svayaM kahA hai 'vidyA na par3ha, vAda nahiM jAna'" I ataeva unakI kavitA sAhityika nahIM hai / usameM satyaniSThA kA teja, dRr3ha vizvAsa kA bala aura sarala hRdayatA kA sauMdarya hai / bAbU zyAmasuMdaradAsa dvArA saMpAdita kabIra graMthAvalI meM AI huI sAkhI, pada aura ramaiNI meM unakI nirguNa vANo bahuta kucha prAmANika hai / saMpUrNa bIjaka bhI prAmANika nahIM jAna par3atA / unakI kucha kavitAoM kA saMgraha sikhoM ke Adi graMtha meM bhI huA hai / inake atirikta bhI aura kaI graMtha kabIra ke nAma se pracalita hai jo kabIra ke nahIM ho sakate I unake bahuta se graMtha dharmadAsI zAkhA ke mahaMtoM aura sAdhuoM ke banAe hue haiM / unake graMthoM kI prAmANikatA kA viSaya nirguNa sAhitya nAmaka adhyAya meM kiyA jAyagA / dharmadAsajI kI kavitA meM yadyapi vaha oja aura tIkSNatA nahIM hai jo kabIra kI kavitA meM, phira bhI vaha kabIra kI kavitA se adhika madhura aura komala hai| unhoMne adhikatara prema kI pora kI abhivyaMjanA kI hai / unakI zabdI kA kabIrapaMtha meM bahuta mAna hotA hai / kabIra kI mRtyu ke ikkIsa varSa bAda saM0 1526 ( 1468 I0 ) meM lAhaura ke samIpa talavaMDI nAmaka eka choTe se gA~va meM eka bAlaka kA janma huA jisake bhAgya meM kabIra ke satya-prasAraka AMdolana ke netRtva kA bhAra 3. nAnaka 1 ) ka0 pra0, pR0 322, 187 /

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA grahaNa karanA likhA thaa| yaha bAlaka nAnaka thaa| usake pitA kA nAma kallU aura mAtA kA tRptA thaa| bahuta choTo avasthA meM usakA vivAha kara diyA gayA thaa| usakI strI kA nAma sulakSaNA thA jisase Age calakara usake zrIcaMda aura lakSmIcaMda nAmaka do putra hue| zrIcaMda ne sikhoM kI udAsI nAmaka eka zAkhA kA pravartana kiyA jo guru nAnaka ko bhI mAnate haiM aura apane Apako hiMdU dhere se alaga nahIM smjhte| lakSmIcaMda ke vaMza ke loga Aja bhI paMjAba ke bhinna-bhinna bhAgoM meM pAe jAte haiM / nAnaka sAMsArika dRSTi se bahuta bodA samajhA jAtA thaa| caTasAra ( pAThazAlA) meM usane kucha nahIM siikhaa| vaha gRhasthI ke kucha kAma kA na pAyA gyaa| kheta rakhAne bhejA jAtA to kheta carAkara prAtA; bIja bone ke badale vaha kisI bhUkhe ko de aataa| usake bApa ne cAhA ki vaha dUkAna kare paraMtu dUkAna bhI thor3e hI dinoM meM caipiTa ho gii| aMta meM usase nirAza hokara usake bApa ne use usakI bahina nanakI ke yahA~ bheja diyaa| nanakI kA pati jayarAma sarakArI naukarI para thaa| usake kahane-sunane se nAnaka ko navAba ne bhaMDArI kA pada de diyaa| apanI bahina kA mana rakhane ke liye nAnaka apane nae kAma ko bar3I lagana ke sAtha karane lgaa| aisA mAlUma hotA thA ki nAnaka praba duniyA meM kisI kAma kA ho jaaygaa| paraMtu likhA kucha aura hI thaa| sAdhu-saMtoM kI sevA usane aba bhI na chor3I thii| unakA satkAra karane ke liye vaha sadA muTThI khole rahatA thaa| isase logoM ko usa para saMdeha hone lgaa| usa para sarakArI rupae har3apa jAne kA abhiyoga lagAyA gyaa| jA~ca hone para usakA pAI pAI kA hisAva Thoka nikalA / usake mAna. kI to rakSA ho gaI para usakA ucaTA huA mana phira duniyA ke dhaMdhe meM lagA nahIM; kyoMki usake bhItara kI A~kheM

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya khula gaI thii| usane dekhA ki saMsAra meM mithyA kA rAjya hai| ataeva mithyA ke viruddha usane lar3AI cher3a dii| kiMvadaMtiyoM ke anusAra vaha digvijaya karate hue makA se AsAma aura kAzmIra se siMhala taka kaI sthAnoM meM phuNcaa| usakA svAmibhakta sevaka maradAnA, jahA~ jahA~ vaha gayA vahA~ vahA~, chAyA kI taraha usake sAtha gayA / unakA sabase adhika prabhAva paMjAba prAMta meM rahA jo usa samaya islAma kA gar3ha thaa| nAnaka ko yaha dekhakara bar3A duHkha hotA thA ki mithyA aura pASaMDa kA jora bar3ha rahA hai| "zAstra aura veda koI nahIM maantaa| saba apanI apanI pUjA karate haiN| turako kA mata unake kAnoM aura hRdaya meM samA rahA hai| logoM kI jUThana to khAte haiM aura caukA dekara pavitra hote haiM dekhoM yaha hiMduoM kI dazA hai / eka hiMdU cuMgIvAle se usane kahA thA-go brAhmaNa kA to tuma kara lete ho| gobara tumheM nahIM tAra sktaa| dhovITIkA lagAe rahate ho, mAlA japate ho para anna khAte ho mleccha kaa| bhItara to pUjA-pATha karate ho kiMtu turako ke sAmane kurAna par3hate ho| are bhAI ! isa pASaMDa ko chor3a do aura bhagavAn kA nAma lo jisase tuma tara jAproge / " (1) sAsatu veda na mAne koI / pApo zrApai pUjA hoI // turaka maMtra kani ridai samAI / lokamuhAvahi choDI khAI // caukA deke succA hoI / aisA hiMdU vekhahu koI // -zrAdi graMtha, pR0 138 / (2) gaU birAmaNa kA kara lAvahu, gobara taraNu na jAI / dhotI TIkA tai japamAlo, dhAnu malecchI khAI // aMtaripUjA, par3hahi katenA saMjami turukA bhAI / choDile pakhaMDA, nAmi laie jAhi taraMdA / -'graMtha', pR0 255 /

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6 6 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA yadi vastutaH dekhA jAya to nAnaka una mahAtmAoM meM se the jinheM hama saMkucita artha meM kisI eka deza, jAti athavA dharma kA nahIM batalA sakate / samasta saMsAra kA kalyANa unakA dheya thA / isI liye unhoMne hiMdU musalamAna donoM kI dhArmika saMkIrNatA kA virodha kiyA / paraMtu apane samaya ke vAstavika tathyoM ke liye ve A~kheM baMda kie hue na the| misTara maiksa Arthara mekaoNlipha kA yaha kathana ki sikhadharma hiMdU dharma se bilakula bhinna hai, Aja cAhe sahI ho para nAnaka kA yaha uddezya na thA ki aisA ho / nAnaka hiMdU dharma ke uddhAraka aura sudhAraka hokara avatarita hue the, usake zatru hokara nahIM / sudhAra ke vehI prayatna saphala ho sakate haiM jo bhItara se sudhAra ke liye agrasara hoM, nAnaka yaha bAta jAnate the| unhoMne paraMparA se cale Ate hue dharma meM utanA hI parivartana cAhA, jitanA saMkIrNatA ko dUra karane tathA satya kI rakSA karane ke liye Avazyaka thA / unhoMne mUrtipUjA, avatAravAda aura jAtipA~ti kA khaMDana kiyA, paraMtu trimUrti ( brahmA, viSNu, maheza ) ke siddhAMta ko spaSTa zabdoM meM svIkAra kiyA / praNava OM ko apanI vANI meM Adara ke sAtha sthAna diyA / 'ekaM sadviprA bahudhA vadaMti' se vedoM meM RSiyoM ne jo dArzanika ciMtana kA AraMbha kiyA thA, usI kA pUrNa vikAsa vedAMta meM huA, aura usI kA sAra lekara nAnaka naM 1 OM sati nAmu karatA puruSa nirabhau nirabaira akAla sUrati ajUni saibhaM kI bhakti kA prasAra kiyA aura ekezvaravAda kA jo AkarSaNa islAma meM thA, usake svadharma meM hI logoM ko darzana karAe, kyoMki ve yaha nahIM cAhate the ki loga ( 1 ) ekA mAI jugata viyAI, tina eka saMsArI, eka bhaMDArI, ka Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat cele paravAna / lAe dIvAna // - japajI, 'graMtha', pR0 2 www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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/ hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya eka prapaMca se haTakara dUsare prapaMca meM jA pdd'eN| hiMdU dharma meM hI nahIM, islAma meM bhI pAkhaMDa aura prapaMca bharA huA thA / AdhyAtmika preraNA ke binA pratyeka dharma prapaMca aura pApaMDa hai| jo bAteM hiMdU dharma ko sArvabhauma dharma ke sthAna se girA rahI thIM una bAtoM ko haTAkara nAnaka ne phira se zuddha dharma kA pracAra kiyA / vaha sArvabhauma dharma, nAnaka jisake pratinidhi haiM, kisI dharma kA virodhI nahIM, kyoMki zuddha rUpa meM sabhI dharmo ko usake aMtargata sthAna hai, vaha dharma dharma ke bheda ko nahIM mAnatA / phira bhI pariNAmataH unako madhyayuga kA paMjAbI rAmamohana rAya samajhanA cAhie / unhoMne islAma kI bar3hatI huI bAr3ha se hiMdU dharma kI usI prakAra rakSA kI jisa prakAra rAmamohana rAya ne IsAiyata kI bAr3ha se / DA0 TraMpa cAhe acche anuvAdaka na hoM paraMtu unhoMne nAnaka ke saMbaMdha meM apanA jo mata diyA hai vaha bahuta sayuktika hai / misTara phreDarika piMkaTa ne usake nirAkaraNa kA vyartha prayatna kiyA hai / DA0 TraMpa ne likhA hai - " nAnaka kI vicArazailI aMta taka pUrNa rUpa se hiMdU vicAra zailI rahI / musalamAnoM se bhI unakA saMsarga rahA aura bahuta se musalamAna unake ziSya bhI hue| paraMtu isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki ye saba musalamAna sUphI mata ke mAnanevAle the 1 aura suphA mata sIdhe hiMdU mata se nikale hue sarvAtmavAda ko chor3akara aura kucha nahIM, islAma se usakA kevala bAharI saMbaMdha hai / " jo nAnaka ko musalamAna mAnane meM misTara piMkaTa kA sAtha dete haiM ve usI taraha bhUla karate haiM jaise ve loga jo rAmamohana rAya ko IsAI mAnate haiN| hA~, isa ng ( 1 ) DikzanarI A~va islAma meM sikha saMpradAya para misTara piMkaTa kA lekha | (2) TraMpa - ' Adi graMtha' kA a~garez2I anuvAda, prastAvanA, pR0 101 /

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nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA bAta ko koI asvIkAra nahIM kara sakatA ki nAnaka kI vicArazailI ko DhAlane meM islAma kA bhI prakArAMtara se hAtha rahA hai| nAnaka bahuta U~cI lagana ke bhakta the| pASaMDa se sadA alaga rahate the| dikhalAne bhara ke pUjA-pATha aura namAja-ibAdata meM unakA vizvAsa na thaa| jaba naukarI hI meM the tabhI unhoMne navAba aura kAz2I se kaha diyA thA ki aisI namAja se phAyadA hI kyA jisameM navAba ghor3A kharIdane ke aura kAz2I ghor3e ke bacce kI rakSA karane ke khayAla ko dUra na kara skeN| ve dayA, nyAya aura samatA kA prasAra dekhanA cAhate the| anyAya kI khora-khA~r3a meM unheM khUna kI aura mehanata kI rUkhI-sUkhI roTI meM dUdha kI dhAra dikhalAI detI thii| sAhUkAra ke ghara brahmabhoja kA nimaMtraNa asvIkAra kara unhoMne lAla bar3haI kI jvAra kI roTo bar3e prema se khAI thii| saM0 1583 (1526 I0) meM bAbara ne sayyadapura ko tahasa-nahasa karake eka ghora hatyAkAMDa upasthita kara diyA thA, jise nAnaka ne khuda apanI A~khoM se dekhA thaa| nAnaka bhI usa samaya baMdI banAe gae the| usa samaya bAbara ko unhoMne nyAyI hone, vijita zatra ke sAtha dayA dikhalAne aura sacce bhAva se paramAtmA kI bhakti karane kA upadeza diyA thaa| zAsakoM ke atyAcAra kI unhoMne ghora niMdA kii| unheM ve bUcar3a kahate the| unakA atyAcAra dekhakara zAMti ke upAsaka nAnaka ne bhI 'khUna ke sohile' gAe aura bhaviSyavANI kI ki cAhe kAyA rUpI vana Tukar3e Tukar3e ho jAya~ phira bhI samaya bhAyagA jaba aura madoM ke bacce paidA hoMge aura hiMdustAna apanA bola sa~bhAjegA / -~ (1) kAyA kapar3a Tuka Tuka hosI hiMdusatAna saMbhAlasi bolaa| zrAni aThatarai jAni satAnavai, hori bhI uThasi marada kA celA / saca kI bANI nAnaka zrAkhai, sacu suNAisi saca kI belA / -'graMtha', pR0 386 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya nAnaka kA guru kauna thA, isakA ThIka Thoka patA nahIM cltaa| saMtabAnI-saMpAdaka ke anusAra nArada muni unake guru the| kabIra maMsUra meM bhAI bAlA kI janama sAkhI se kucha avataraNa die haiM jinameM nAnaka ke guru kA nAma "z2iMdA bAbA" likhA hai| jiMdA kA artha mukta puruSa hotA hai| paramArthata: kevala paramAtmA hI jiMdA bAbA hai| kabIra-graMthAvalI meM yaha zabda isI artha meM prayukta huA hai-"kahai kabIra hamArai govyNd| cauthe pada meM jana kA jyaMdA / " vihArI dariyA ne bhI isase yahI abhiprAya mAnA hai achai vRccha zroha puruSa hahi jiMdA ajara amAna / munivara thAke paMDitA, veda kahahi anumAna // kiMtu jJAna prApta ho jAne para pratyeka saMta mukta puruSa (jIvanmukta) ho jAtA hai aura jiMdA kahA sakatA hai| kaI hiMdU sAdhu bhI apane ko jiMdA phakIra kahA karate the| kabIra paMtha kI chattIsagar3hI zAkhAvAle kabIra ko bhI jiMdA phakIra kahate haiN| bAbA jiMdA ke saMbaMdha meM bhAI bAlA ne nAnaka se kahalAyA hai "jitthe tor3I pavana aura jala hai, saba usade bacana bica calate haiN|" jiMdA bAbA ke gurutva ke saMbaMdha meM vyAkhyA karate hue eka mugala phakIra ke prati bhAIjI ne nAnaka se kahalAyA hai-"yaka khudAya pIra zudI kula Alama murIda zudI"4 / ina sthaloM se to yahI jAna par3atA hai ki unameM jiMda kA artha paramAtmA hI kiyA gayA hai| unameM nAnaka apane guru ko paramAtmA nahIM balki paramAtmA ko apanA guru (1) ka0 pra0, pR0 210 / (2) saM0 bA0 saM0, bhAga 1, pR0 123 / (3) janamasAkhI, pR0 366 / (4) vahI, pR0 346 /

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA batalA rahe haiM / arthAt nAnaka svataH saMta the, unheM guru dhAraNa karane kI koI AvazyakatA na thI / 70 kabIra maMsUra se yaha bhI jAna par3atA hai ki bhAI bAlA ke anusAra nAnaka ne bAbara se kahA thA ki maiM "kalaMda kabIra" kA celA hU~ jisameM tathA paramezvara meM koI bheda nahIM hai / yadi kabIra maMsUra meM isa avataraNa meM kucha pheraphAra nahIM huA hai to yahA~ bhAI bAlA bhI kabIra ko nAnaka kA guru mAnate jAna par3ate haiM jisase jiMdA bAbA se kabIra hI abhiprAya ThaharatA hai / paraMtu kabIra maMsUra meM 'kavimanISI paribhUH svayambhU' kA, veda meM kabIra ke darzana karAne ke uddezya se kabIrmanISI ho gayA hai / isase nizcita rUpa se kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / kabIra paMthI loga bhI nAnaka ko kabIra kA celA mAnate haiM / bizapa veskaTa ne 27 varSa kI avasthA meM nAnaka kA kabIra se milanA mAnA hai / kiMtu kabIra kA jo samaya pIche nizcita kiyA jA cukA hai, usake anusAra yaha ThIka nahIM ja~catA / ataeva yadi jiMdA bAbA paramAtmA kA nAma na hokara kisI sAdhu kA nAma hai to vaha sAdhu kabIra na hokara koI dUsarA hogA / yadi kabIra hI nAnaka ke guru to, usI artha meM ho sakate haiM jisa artha meM ve saM0 1764 ke zrAsa-pAsa garIbadAsa ke guru hue the / isakA itanA hI artha nikalatA hai ki nAnaka kabIra ke matAnuyAyI the aura unakI vANI se unako adhyAtma mArga meM bahuta protsAhana milA thaa| Adi graMtha isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki yaha bAta sarvathA satya hai / guru nAnaka ne saM0 15-85 ( 1538 I0 ) meM apanA colA chor3A / unakA mata sikhamata athavA ziSyamata kahalAyA / unake bAda eka eka karake nau aura guru unakI gaho para baiThe; guru aMgada ( 1 ) janamasAkhI, pR0 366 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 71 eka kI mRtyu / apanI kavi saM0 15-83 meM, guru amaradAsa saM0 1615 meM, guru rAmadAsa saM0 1631 meM, guru arjunadeva saM0 1638 meM, haragoviMda saM0 1663 meM, hararAya saM0 1702 meM, guru hara kisana saM0 1718 meM, guru tegabahAdura saM0 1721 meM aura saM0 1732 meM guru goviMdasiMha | ye saba guru nAnaka kI hI AtmA samajhe jAte the / para dUsare ke zarIra meM usakA praveza mAnA jAtA thA tAoM meM sabane apanI chApa 'nAnaka' rakhI hai / apane Adi guru ke samAna sabhI guru kavi the / sabane apanI kavitAoM meM nAnaka ke bhAvoM aura AdarzoM kA pUrNa anukaraNa kiyA hai| pahale pA~ca guruoM kI racanA prAdi graMtha meM saMgRhIta hai jo guru arjunadeva ke samaya meM saMvat 1661 ( 1604 I0 ) meM saMpUrNa huA / isa saMgraha meM taba taka ke sikha guruo ke atirikta anya bhakta janoM kI vANI kA bhI samAveza huA / nAnaka ne bar3e AkarSaka aura rucira padoM meM bhagavAn ke caraNoM meM Atma-nivedana kiyA hai / unakI kavitA marmasparzI, sIdhI-sAdI aura sAhityika kalAbAjI se mukta hai / unhoMne brajabhASA meM likhA hai, jisameM thor3A sA paMjAbIpana bhI A gayA hai / nAnaka kI AdhyAtmika anubhUti atyaMta gahana thI isaliye unhoMne dhana kA tiraskAra kiyA | kiMtu zraddhAlu bhaktoM kI bhaktibheMTa ke kAraNa unake pIche ke guruoM kA vibhava uttarottara bar3hane lagA, isaliye unheM sAMsArika bAtoM kI ora bhI dhyAna denA par3A / akabara ke samaya taka to guruoM kA vibhava zAMtipUrvaka bar3hatA rahA / svayaM akabara bhI usameM sahAyaka huA; usI kI dI huI bhUmi para guru rAmadAsa ne amRtasara kA prasiddha svarNamaMdira banavAyA / paraMtu guru arjuna ne zAhajAdA khusaro se sahAnubhUti dikhalAkara jahA~gIra se zatrutA mola le lI aura zAhI kaidakhAne kI yaMtraNA se pA~caveM dina

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72 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA unake prANa chUTa ge| pratyeka navIna guru ko prAtmarakSA kI adhikAdhika AvazyakatA kA anubhava huaa| navama guru tegabahAdura ko auraMgajeba ne bar3I krUratA ke sAtha mrvaayaa| vadha-sthAna meM guru tegabahAdura ne, pazcima se AnevAle videziyoM ke dvArA, mugalazAsana ke nAza kI bhaviSyavANI kI jo a~garejoM para Thoka utrii| sikhoM ne ina atyAcAroM kA badalA lene kA pUrA yatna kiyA / chaThe guru haragoviMda ke hAthoM zAhI senA ko gaharI hAra khAnI par3I thii| dazama guru goviMdasiMha ne aura bhI mahAn phala ke liye prayatna prAraMbha kiyaa| unhoMne apane sikhoM meM se sAhasI vIroM ko cuna cunakara khAlasA kA saMgaThana kiyA, tamAkhU aura madirA kA vyavahAra niSiddha kara diyA aura keza, kaMghA, kaTAra, kaca aura kar3e ina pA~ca 'ka'-kAroM ke vyavahAra kA Adeza kiyA aura rAkSasa-mardinI bhagavatI raNa- caMDI kA AvAhana kiyaa| unhoMne guruoM kI paraMparA kA aMta kara diyA aura unake sthAna para graMtha ko pUjya ThaharAyA, paraMtu sAtha hI zastrAkhoM ko bhI ve pUjya samajhate the| unameM sAdhu aura sainika donoM kA eka meM samanvaya huaa| jJAna ko bhI unhoMne vIratA ke uddIpanoM meM sammilita kiyA dhanya jiyo tehi ko jaga meM mukha te hari, citta meM juddha vicaarai| deha anitta na nitta rahe, jasa-nAva cadai bhavasAgara tArai // dhIraja dhAma banAya ihai tana, buddhi sudIpaka jyoM ujiyaarai| jJAnahi kI bar3hanI manA hAtha lai, kAdaratA katavAra buhArai // isa prakAra sikha-saMpradAya sainika dharma meM badala gayA aura bhAvI sikha-sAmrAjya kI pakI nIMva pdd'o| nAnaka kI mRtyu ke chaH varSa bAda ahamadAbAda meM dAdU kA janma huaa| ye nirguNa saMta mata ke bar3e puSTa staMbhoM meM se hue| inhoMne

Page #78
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 73 rAjapUtAnA aura paMjAba meM upadeza kA kArya kiyaa| dAdU kA guru kauna thA, isa viSaya meM bar3A vAda-vivAda calA hai| janazruti to yaha hai ki paramAtmA ne hI buDDhA ke rUpa meM unheM 4. dAda . dIkSita kiyA thaa| dAdU ne eka sAkhI meM svayaM hI yaha bAta kahI hai| paraMtu isakA yaha artha nahIM ki bUr3hA raktamAMsa kA AdamI nahIM thaa| kyoMki nirguNa paMtha meM guru sAkSAt paramAtmA mAnA jAtA hai| ma0 ma0 paM0 sudhAkara dvivedI kA mata hai ki dAdU kA guru kabIra kA putra kamAla thaa| paraMtu aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha Thoka nahIM jAna pdd'taa| dAdU ne sthAna sthAna para kabIra kA ullekha bar3e Adara ke sAtha kiyA hai jisase prakaTa hotA hai ki vaha unako upadeSTA guru se bhI bar3hakara samajhate the, yahA~ taka ki sAkSAt paramAtmA mAnate the| dAdu kI vANI vicArazailI, sAhityika praNAlI aura viSaya-vibhAjana sabakI dRSTi se kabIra kI vANI kA anugamana karatI hai| yaha isa bAta kA dRr3ha pramANa hai ki kisI ne unheM kabora kI vANI kI zikSA dI thii| bodhasAgara ke anusAra kamAla ne apane pitA ke siddhAMtoM kA pracAra ahamadAbAda Adi sthAnoM meM kiyA thA' / ataeva ahamadAbAda kA yaha saMta yadi kamAla kA nahIM to kamAla kI ziSya-paraMparA meM kisI kA ziSya avazya thA / DA0 vilsana ke mata se kamAla kI ziSya-paraMparA meM dAdU se pahale jamAla, vimala aura buDDhA ho gae the| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki Aja taka jitane bAhya aura prAbhyaMtara pramANa upalabdha hue haiM ve saba isa mata kI puSTi karate haiN| dAdU jAti ke dhuniyA the / unhoMne apanA adhika samaya mAmera meM bitaayaa| vahA~ se ve rAjapUtAnA, paMjAba Adi sthAnoM meM bhramaNa (1) cale kamAla taba sIsa navAI / ahamadAbAda taba pahu~ce bhAI // -'bodhasAgara', pR0 1511, (2) dhUnI gama utapanyo dAdU yogeMdro mhaamunii| -'sIMgI' paur3I hastalekha, pR0 373 /

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74 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ke liye cala par3e, aura aMta meM narAnA meM basa ge| vahIM saMvat 1660 meM unakI mRtyu ho gii| unakI pothI aura kapar3e usa sthAna para aba taka smAraka-rUpa meM surakSita haiN| dAdR kaI bhASAe~ jAnate the aura saba para unakA adhikAra thaa| siMdhI, mAravAr3I, marAThI, gujarAtI, pArasI sabameM unakI kavitAe~ milatI haiM paraMtu unhoMne vizeSakara hiMdI meM racanA kI hai jisameM rAjasthAnI kI vizeSa puTa hai| dAda kI racanA komala aura mRdu hai kiMtu usameM kabIra kI sI zakti aura teja nahIM hai| sabake prati unakA bhAI ke aisA vyavahAra rahatA thA, jisase ve 'dAdU' kahalAe aura unake dravaNazIla svabhAva ne unheM 'dayAla' kI upAdhi dilaaii| unakI gahana AdhyAtmika anubhUti kI kathA akabara ke kAnoM taka bhI phuNcii| kahA jAtA hai ki bIrabala kI prArthanA para akabara kA nimaMtraNa svIkAra kara ve eka bAra zAhI darabAra meM gae the, jahA~ unake siddhAMtoM kI satyatA ko sabane ekamata hokara svIkAra kiyaa| unake ziSya rajjabadAsa ne eka sAkhI meM isa ghaTanA kA ullekha kiyA hai| dAdU ke kula milAkara 108 cele the jinameM se suMdaradAsa sabase prasiddha huaa| suMdaradAsa nAma ke unake do ziSya the| bar3A suMdaradAsa, jisane nAgA sAdhuoM kA saMgaThana kiyA, bIkAnera ke rAjagharAne kA thaa| prasiddha suMdaradAsa choTA thaa| vaha chaH hI varSa kI avasthA meM dAdU kI zaraNa meM bheja diyA gayA thA kiMtu unakI dekhabhAla meM vaha eka hI varSa raha sakA, kyoMki eka sAla bItate bItate dAdU dayAla kI mRtyu ho gii| isaliye suMdaradAsa kA gurubhAI jaga(1) akabari sAhi bulAyA guru dAdU ko zrApa / sA~ca jhUTha vyoro huo, taba rahyo nAma paratApa // -'sarvAMgI' paur3I hastalekha, pR. 365 (a).366 /

Page #80
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya jIvanadAsa use kAzI le AyA, jahAM usane aThAraha varSa taka vyAkaraNa, darzana aura dharmazAstra kI zikSA paaii| nirguNa-saMtoM meM vahI eka vyakti hai jise pAtho-patroM kI zikSA milI thii| uparyukta jagajIvanadAsa nAranaula ke usa satanAmI saMpradAya kA saMsthApaka jAna par3atA hai jisake anuyAyiyoM ne auraMgajeba ke viruddha vidroha khar3A kiyA aura jinheM usakI senA ne saM0 1726 (1672 I.) meM samUla naSTa kara diyA / dAdU kA pradhAna ziSya aura uttarAdhikArI unhIM kA putra garIbadAsa thaa| unake dUsare putra kA nAma miskInadAsa thaa| unake prAya: saba ziSya kavi the| choTe suMdaradAsa ne jJAnasamudra, suMdaravilAsa, ye do mukhya graMtha likhe| unakI sAkhiyoM aura padoM kI bhI saMkhyA kAphI hai| suMdaradAsa ke uparyukta graMthoM ke atirikta paur3I hastalekha meM garIbadAsa. rajjavadAsa, haradAsa, janagopAla, citradAsa, bakhanA, banavArI, jagajIvana, chItama aura visanadAsa kI racanAe~ saMgRhIta haiN| inameM se rajabajI musalamAna the| unhoMne savaMgI ( sIMgI ) nAmaka eka atyaMta upayogI bRhat saMgraha banAyA jisameM nirguNa saMta-matAnukUla kavitAe~ saMgRhIta haiM, cAhe unake racayitA nirguNI ho yA na ho / svayaM rajjabadAsa ne bhI savaiye acche kahe haiN| ___ dAdU paMtho sAdhuoM kI do pradhAna zAkhAe~ haiN| eka bheSadhArI virakta aura dUsare naagaa| bheSadhArI sAdhu saMnyAsiyoM kI taraha bhagavA dhAraNa karate haiM aura nAgA zveta vastra dhAraNa karate haiM tathA sAdhAraNa gRhasthoM kI taraha rahate haiN| donoM prakAra ke sAdhu byAha nahIM kara sakate, celA banAkara apanI paraMparA calAte haiM / nAgA loga jayapura rAjya kI senA meM adhika saMkhyA meM pAe jAte haiN| narAnA meM inakA jo ziSya-samudAya hai, vaha 'khAlasA' kahalAtA hai ; kyoMki

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA vaha dAdU kI mUla zikSAoM kI rakSA kie hue hai| uttarAdhI nAma kI bhI unako eka zAkhA aura hotI hai jisake saMsthApaka banavArI the| ___ dAdUpaMthI na to murdo ko gAr3ate haiM, na jalAte; ve unheM yoMhI jaMgala meM pheMka dete haiM jisase vaha pazu-pakSiyoM ke kucha kAma Ave / prANanAtha jAti ke kSatriya the aura rahanevAle kAThiyAvAr3a ke| unakA janma saM0 1675 meM huA thaa| siMdha, gujarAta aura mahA. rASTra meM bhramaNa karane ke bAda ve pannA meM basa 5. prANanAtha gae jahA~ mahArAja chatrasAla ne unakA ziSyatva svIkAra kiyaa| jAna par3atA hai ki unheM musalamAna IsAI sabhI prakAra ke sAdhu-saMtoM kA satsaMga lAbha huA thaa| unakI racanAoM se mAlUma hotA hai unheM kurAna, iMjIla, tAreta Adi dharma-pustakoM kA jJAna thaa| phArasI lipi meM likhA huA unakA eka graMtha lakhanaU kI prAsaphuddaulA pablika lAibrerI meM hai jisakA nAma kalajamezarIpha hai| kalajamezarIpha kA artha hai mukti kI pavitra dhArA / yaha hiMdI meM bigar3akara kulajamasvarUpa ho gayA hai| isa graMtha kA kucha aMza unake mukhya nivAsa sthAna pannA meM surakSita hai| iMpIriyala gajeTiyara praoNva iMDiyA meM unake mahAtariyAla nAma ke eka graMtha kI sUcanA prakAzita huI thI, jo mAlUma hotA hai ki, kalajamezarIpha se bhinna nahIM hai| isake atirikta unhoMne, pragaTabAnI, brahmabAno, bIsa girohoM kA bAba, bIsa girohoM kI hakIkata, kIrtana, premapahelI, tAratamya aura rAjavinoda, ye graMtha bhI likhe jo abhI taka prakAzita nahIM hue haiN| nAgarI-pracAriNI sabhA kI khoja-riporTora meM ina graMthoM se jo (1) bhAga 16, pR. 404 / (2) 1924 se 26 taka kI riporTa aura dillI meM khoja kI aprakAzita riportt|

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya prANa avataraNa die gae haiM, unhIM se hameM saMtoSa karanA par3atA hai / nAtha vivAhita the / unakI strI bhI kavitA karatI thI / padAvalI isa daMpati kI saMyukta-racanA hai / prANanAtha bahu-bhASA - vijJa the / jahA~ jAte vahIM kI bhASA sIkha lete the / unake kalajame zarIpha kI solaha kitAboM meM se kucha gujarAtI meM haiM, kucha urdU meM, kucha siMdhI meM aura adhikAMza hiMdI meM / hA~, unakI bhASA pratyeka dazA meM Ubar3a-khAbar3a aura khicar3I hai / arabI, phArasI tathA saMskRta kA bhI unheM jJAna mAlUma par3atA hai / prANanAtha bahuta pahu~ce hue sAdhu samajhe jAte the / yahA~ taka kahA jAtA hai ki unhoMne mahArAja chatrasAla ke liye hIre kI eka khAna kA patA lagAyA thA / maiM to samajhatA hU~ ki vaha khAna bhagavadbhakti thI / unhoMne eka navIna paMtha kA pravartana kiyA jo dhAmI paMtha kahalAtA hai aura bhagavAn ke dhAma kI prApti jisakA pradhAna uddezya hai / isa paMtha ke dvArA unhoMne prema-paMtha kA pracAra kiyA jisameM kevala hiMdU aura musalamAna hI nahIM, IsAI bhI eka ho skeN| apane ko to ve mehadI. masIhA aura kalki avatAra tInoM eka sAtha samajhate the / rAdhA aura kRSNa ke prema ke rUpa meM unhoMne bhagavAn aura bhakta ke prema ke gIta gAe ! muhammada unake liye paramAtmA kA premI thA unake anusAra prema paramAtmA kA pUrNa rUpa thA aura vizya usakA eka aMza mAtra' / unhoMne mAMsa, madirA aura jAti kA pUrNa rUpa se niSedha kara diyaa| kAThiyAvAr3a aura buMdelakhaMDa meM unake bhakta bahuta pAe jAte haiM; kiMtu ve nAma mAtra ke liye dhAmI haiM / hiMdU dharma kI saba prathAoM kA ve pUrI taraha AcaraNa karate haiM / ( 1 ) aba kahU~ isaka bAta, isaka sabadAttIya sAkhyAta... brahmadRSTi brahma eka zraMga, ye sadA zranaMda ati raMga // 77 Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat - brahmabAnI, pR0 1 www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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78 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA prANanAtha kI mRtyu saM0 1751 meM huii| paMcamasiMha aura jIvana mastAne prANanAtha ke ananya bhaktoM meM se the| paMcamasiMha mahArAja chatrasAla kA bhatIjA thaa| usane bhakti, prema Adi viSayoM para savaiye likhe aura jIvana mastAne ne paMcaka dohe| bAbAlAla mAlavA ke kSatriya the| inakA janma jahA~gIra ke rAjatvakAla meM huA thaa| inake guru cetana svAmI bar3e camatkArI yogI the| unhoMne inheM vedAMta kI zikSA dI 6. bAbAlAla thii| svayaM bAbAlAla ke Azcaryajanaka camakAroM kI kathAe~ pracalita haiN| kahate haiM, eka samaya inheM bhikSA meM kaccA anAja aura lakar3I milii| apanI jA~ghoM ke bIca lakar3I jalAkara aura jA~gha para bartana rakhakara inhoMne bhojana ko siddha kiyaa| zAhajAdA dArA zikoha bAbAlAla ke bhaktoM meM se thaa| bAbAlAla kI koI hiMdI racanA nahIM milatI, paraMtu unake siddhAMta nAdinnikAta nAmaka eka phArasI graMtha meM surakSita haiN| saM0 1705 meM zAhajAdA dArA zikoha ne isa saMta ke upadeza zravaNa karane ke liye sAta bAra isakA satsaMga kiyA thaa| isa satsaMga meM jijJAsu dArA zikoha ke praznoM ke bAbAlAla ne jo jo uttara die, ve saba nAdinikAta meM saMgRhIta haiN| inhoMne sUphiyoM kI kavivAoM kA bhI adhyayana kiyA thaa| maulAnA rUma ke vacanoM ko inhoMne sthAna-sthAna para apane mata kI puSTi meM uddhRta kiyA hai| sarahiMda ke pAsa dehanapura meM bAbAlAla ne maTha aura maMdira banavAe the, jo aba taka vidyamAna haiN| inake anuyAyo bAbAlAjI kahalAte haiN| bAbA malUkadAsa saccI lagana ke una thor3e se saMvoM meM se the jinhoMne satya kI khoja ke liye apane hI hRdaya ko kSetra mAnA kiMtu (1) vilsana-rilijasa sekTasa prAva di hiMdUja', pR0 347-48 /

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76 7. malUkadAsa hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya jinake siddhAMta kisI sImA kI paravA na kara nepAla, jagannAtha, kAbula Adi dUra dUra dezoM meM phaila gae, vaha bhI usa z2amAne meM jaba dUra dUra kI yAtrA itanI AsAna na thI, jitanI ____ Aja hai| uparyukta sthAnoM ke atirikta unakI gaddiyA~ kar3A, jayapura, gujarAta, mulatAna aura paTane meM haiN| unake bhAnaje aura ziSya sathurAdAsa ne padya meM paricayI nAmakI unakI eka jIvanI likhI hai, jo abhI taka prakAzita nahIM huI haimalUka ko bhaginI-suta joI / malUka ko puni ziSya hai soI // ... / sathurA nAma pragaTa jaga hoI // tina hita-sahita paricayI bhASI / basai prayAga jagata saba sASI / / isake anusAra bAbA malUkadAsa ke pitA kA nAma suMdaradAsa thA, pitAmaha kA jaTharamala aura prapitAmaha kA benniiraam| inake harizcaMdradAsa, zRMgAracaMdra, rAyacaMdra ye tIna bhAI aura the| malUkadAsa kA pyAra kA nAma mallU thaa| ye jAti ke kakkar3a the| inakA janma vaizAkha kRSNa 5 saM0 1631 meM kar3A meM huA thA aura 108 varSa kI divya aura niSkalaMka Ayu bhogakara vaizAkha kRSNa caturdazo saMvat 1736 meM vahIM ve svargavAso bhI hue| misTara grAusa ne apanI mathurA meM inheM jahA~gIra kA samakAlIna batAyA / beNImAdhavadAsa ne apane mUla gosAIMcarita meM likhA hai ki murAra svAmI ke sAtha inhoMne gosvAmI tulasIdAsa jI ke darzana kie the / kar3A meM aba taka inakI samAdhi, vaha makAna jahA~ inako paramAtmA kA sAkSAtkAra huA thA, mAlA, khar3AU~, ThAkurajIra ityAdi vidyamAna haiM jinakA darzana karAyA jAtA hai| jagannAthajI meM (1) 'gosvAmI tulasIdAsa' (hiMdustAnI ekeDamI), pR0 244, 83 / (2) inakI racanAoM se to mAlUma par3atA hai ki ye mUrti ke ThAkurajI kI zAyada hI pUjA karate rahe hoN|

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80 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bhI inakI eka samAdhi batalAI jAtI hai, para zAyada vaha kisI dUsare malUkadAsa kI hai| AcArya zyAmasuMdaradAsajI ne kabIra-graMthAvalI kI bhUmikA meM kabora ke eka ziSya malUkadAsa kA ullekha kiyA hai, jisakI prasiddha khicar3I kA unhoMne vahA~ aba taka bhoga laganA batAyA hai aura kahA hai ki kabIra ko nIce likhI khAkhI unhIM ko saMbodhita karake likhI gaI hai-- kabIra guru basai banArasI sikha samaMdAM tIra / bIsAracA nahi bIsare, je guNa hoi sarIra // saMbhava hai, purIvAlI samAdhi kabIra ke ziSya malUka kI ho / pIche se donoM malUka eka hI vyakti meM mila gae aura lAgoM ne donoM sthAnoM para samAdhi kI ulajhana ko sulajhAne ke liye vaha daMtakathA gar3ha DAlI jisake anusAra malUkadAsa ke icchAnukUla unakA zava gaMgAjI meM bahA diyA gayA aura sthAna sthAna para saMtoM se bheMTa karatA huA vaha, samudra ke rAste, jagannAtha purI pahu~ca gayA / nAma mAtra kI dIkSA inhoMne devanAthajI se lI thii| kiMtu AdhyAtmika jIvana meM unako vastutaH dokSita karanevAle guru murAra svAmI the / saMtavANI-saMgraha meM unake guru kA nAma galatI se viTThala dravir3a likhA huA hai / viTThala dravir3a to unake nAma mAtra ke dIkSAguru devanAtha ke guru bhAUnAtha ke guru the / kahate haiM ki sikha guru tegabahAdura ne kar3A meM Akara unase bheMTa kI thI / paricayI meM isa bAta kA ullekha nahIM hai| hA~, auraMgajeba dvArA guru tega ke vadha kA ullekha avazya hai / auraMgajeba bahuta kaTTara tathA asahiSNu musalamAna thaa| kiMtu kahate haiM ki malUkadAsa kA vaha bhI sammAna karatA thA / eka bAra (1) ka0 graM0, bhUmikA, pR0 2 / ( 2 ) vahI, pR0 68 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya auraMgajeba ne unheM darabAra meM bhI bulAyA thaa| kiMvadaMtI to yaha hai ki bAdazAha ne jo do ahadI bheje the, unake Ane ke pahale hI auraMgajeba ke pAsa pahu~cakara malUkadAsa ne use Azcarya meM DAla diyA thaa| kahate haiM ki malUkadAsa hI ke kahane se auraMgajeba ne kar3A para se jaz2iyA uThA diyA thaa| phatahakhA~ nAmaka auraMgajeba kA eka karmacArI unakA bar3A bhakta ho gyaa| aura naukarI chor3akara unhIM ke sAtha rahane lgaa| malUkadAsa ne usakA nAma mIramAdhava rakhA / donoM guru-ziSya jIvana meM eka hokara rahe aura mRtyu meM bhI ve eka ho rahe haiN| kar3A meM una donoM kI samAdhiyA~ Amane-sAmane khar3I hokara unake isa ananya prema kA sAkSya de rahI haiN| mAlUma hotA hai ki malUkadAsa ne kaI graMthoM kI racanA kI hai| lAlA sItArAma ne inake ratnakhAna aura jJAnabodha kA ullekha kiyA hai aura vilsana sAhaba ne sAkhI, viSNupada aura dazaratana kaa| inake sthAna para inakA sabase uttama graMtha bhaktivacchAvalI mAnA jAtA hai| kiMtu inake ye graMtha hamAre liye nAma hI nAma haiN| hameM to inakI unhIM kavitAoM se saMtoSa karanA par3A hai jo lAlA sItArAmajI ke saMgraha meM dI gaI haiM athavA jo belveDiyara presa ne malakadAsa kI bAnI ke nAma se chApI haiN| inakI racanAoM meM vicAroM kI pUrNa udAratA tathA svataMtratA jhalakatI hai| gItA ke liye inake hRdaya meM bar3A bhArI sammAna thaa| rAma nAma kI bhI inhoMne bar3I mahimA gAI hai| paraMtu inake rAma avatArI rAma nahIM the| malUkadAsa ne uktiyA~ bhI bahuta acchI acchI kahI haiN| kabIra ke nAma se yaha dohA prasiddha hai calatI cakkI dekhakara, diyA kabIrA roya / dou pATana ke bIca meM, sAbita rahA na koya //

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82 . nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA isake javAba meM malUkadAsa ne kahA hai idhara udhara jeI phirai teI pIse jAya / je malUka kIlI lagaiM, tinako bhaya kachu nAhi // eka jagaha kabIra ne kahA hai ki koyalA sau mana sAbuna se dhone para bhI sapheda nahIM hotaa| kisI ne isake javAba meM kahA hai ki agara koyalA jalane ke liye taiyAra ho jAya to usake sapheda hone meM koI ar3acana nhiiN| ho sakatA hai ki yaha bhI malUka kA hI ho| malUkadAsa vivAhita the| kiMtu pahale hI prasava meM unakI strI eka kanyA janakara mara gii| unake bAda kar3A meM unake bhatIje rAmasanehI gaddI para baitthe| taduparAMta kRSNasanehI, kAnhagvAla, ThAkuradAsa, gopAladAsa, kuMjavihArIdAsa, rAmasevaka, zivaprasAda, gaMgAprasAda tathA ayodhyAprasAda, yaha paraMparA rhii| Ajakala malUka ke sabhI vaMzaja mahaMta kahalAte haiM, paraMtu gaddI ayodhyAprasAdajI hI meM samApta samajhI jAtI hai| prayAga meM inakI gahI kA saMsthApaka dayAladAsa kAyastha thA, isfahAbAda meM hRdayarAma, lakhanaU meM gomatIdAsa, multAna meM mohanadAsa, sItAkoyala meM pUranadAsa aura kAbula meM raamdaas| inake saMpradAya kA eka sthAna aura 'rAma jI kA maMdira' vRMdAvana meM kezI ghATa para bhI hai| inake saMpradAya meM gRhasthajIvana niSiddha nahIM hai paraMtu gaddI milane para mahaMta ko brahmacaryamaya jIvana bitAnA par3atA hai, yadyapi rahatA vaha apane bAla-baccoM hI meM hai| dIna daraveza pATana ke rahanevAle sUphI sAdhu the jinhoMne saba tarapha se nirAza hokara apane hRdaya kI zAMti ke liye nirguNa bhakti _ kI lahara meM DubakI lgaaii| ve par3he-likhe 8. dIna daraveza bahuta nahIM the| phArasI kA unako kucha moTA sA jJAna thaa| kiMtu satya kI khoja meM ve lagana ke sAtha lage aura apanI prAdhyAtmika zaktiyoM ko vikasita karane kA unhoMne

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya khUba prayAsa kiyaa| satya kI khoja meM ve pahale musalamAnI tIrthasthAnoM meM gae phira hiMdU tIrthasthAnoM meN| pratyeka pUrNimA ko ve bar3I bhakti-bhAvanA ke sAtha sarasvatI meM snAna kiyA karate the paraMtu saba vyartha / aMta meM usa divya jyoti ko unhoMne apane hRdaya meM hI, pUrNa prakAza ke sAtha, camakate hue dekhaa| unheM anubhava huA ki isa jyoti kA jagamaga prakAza hamezA hamAre hRdaya ko prakAzamAna kie rahatA hai| usake darzana ke liye kevala dRSTi ko aMtarmukha kara dene kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| ___ apane hRdaya ke udgAroM ko vyakta karate hue unhoMne bahuta suMdara kuMDaliyA chaMda likhe haiN| kahA jAtA hai ki unhoMne savA lAkha kuMDaliyA likhI thii| prasiddha itihAsajJa mahAmahopAdhyAya paM. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA ke pAsa unakI bAnI kA eka saMgraha hai| paraMtu ojhAjI kahate haiM ki isa saMgraha meM unakI bAno kI saMkhyA isake zatAMza bhI nahIM hai| kiMtu idhara-ughara saMtoM ke saMgrahoM meM inakI kucha vANI milatI hai| inakI kavitA sAdI, bhASA sarala tathA bhAva sIdhe haiN| inakA samaya vikrama kI aThArahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya hai| yArI sAhaba eka musalamAna saMta the| inakA samaya saMvat 1743 se 1780 taka mAnA jAtA hai| inakI ratnAvalI bar3e bhavya bhAvoM 6. yAro sAhaba aura se pUrNa hai| AdhyAtmika saMyoga aura viyoga unakI paraMparA kI inakI kavitA meM bar3I madhura vyaMjanA huI hai| inake padyoM meM sAhityika camaka damaka kA prabhAva hone para bhI loca kAphI rahatA hai| sUphI zAha, hastamuhammadazAha, bullA aura kezavadAsa inake ziSyoM meM se the| bullA sAhaba aura kezavadAsa kI racanAeM prakAza meM AI haiN| kezavadAsa kA samaya saM0 1747 se 1822 taka hai| ve jAti ke vaizya the| unhoMne

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA amIghuTa kI racanA kii| bullA jAti ke kunabo the| unakA asala nAma bulAkIrAma thaa| phaijAbAda jile ke basaharI tAlluke meM gulAla nAmaka eka rAjapUta jamIMdAra ke yahA~ ve hala jotate the| bullA kabhI kabhI kAma karate karate dhyAnastha ho jAte the| kAma se unakA dhyAna khiMca jAtA thaa| gulAla use kAmacora samajhakara usake Upara khUba DATa-upaTa rakhatA thA, pITane meM bhI kasara nahIM karatA thA, yahA~ taka ki eka bAra to usane use lAta bhI cakhA dii| paraMtu dhIre dhIre gulAla ko apanI bhUla mAluma hone lgii| jaba use anubhava ho gayA ki bullA eka sAdhAraNa haravAhA nahIM hai, balki pahu~cA huA sAdhu hai taba vaha usakA ziSya bana gyaa| bullA aura gulAla donoM ne apane hRdaya ke bhAvoM ko sIdhe sAde analaMkRta padyoM meM prakaTa kiyA hai| donoM kA nivAsasthAna bharakur3A gA~va thA, jo jilA gAjIpura meM hai| avasthA meM donoM prAya: eka samAna rahe hoMge aura kezavadAsa ke samakAlIna / prasiddha saMta palaTU aura unake samasAmayika bhIkhA bhI yArI kI hI ziSyaparaMparA meM the; kyoMki ve gulAla ke ziSya goviMda ke ziSya the| donoM jagajIvanadAsa aura unake calAe hue donoM sattanAmI saMpradAyoM meM kucha aMtara samajhanA caahie| pahale jagajIvanadAsa ____ kA dAdUdayAla ke sAtha ullekha ho cukA hai| 10. jagajIvanadAsa dvitIya vaha dAdUdayAla kA ziSya thaa| pichale sattanAmI saMpradAya ke saMsthApaka ko jagajIvanadAsa dvitIya kahanA caahie| yaha jAti kA kSatriya thaa| jaba vaha do ho varSa kA rahA hogA, tabhI auraGgajeba ne pahale sattanAmI saMpradAya ko dhvaMsa kara DAlA thaa| jagajIvana kA pitA kisAna thaa| eka dina jaba jaggA gorU carA rahA thA to bullA aura goviMda do sAdhu usa rAste se paae| - unhoMne jaggA se taMbAkU pIne ke liye prAga mNgvaaii| jaggA gAMva

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 85 se zrAgatA lAyA hI, sAtha ho unako pilAne ke liye dUdha bhI le prAyA / thor3I hI dera ke satsaMga se vaha sAdhuoM ko bahuta priya ho gayA aura usake hRdaya meM bhI vairAgya jAga gayA / paraMtu sAdhuoM ne use isa choTI umara meM ziSya banAnA svIkAra nahIM kiyA; kiMtu apane satsaMga aura sneha kI smRti ke rUpa meM unhoMne use eka eka dhAgA de diyA, eka ne kAlA aura dUsare ne sapheda / jagajIvana ke anuyAyI isa ghaTanA kI smRti meM apane dAhine hAtha kI kalAI para eka kAlA aura eka sapheda dhAgA bA~dhate haiM jo 'du' kahalAtA hai / bhIkhApaMthI inheM gulAla sAhaba kI paraMparA meM mAnate haiM paraMtu apane saMpradAya meM ye vizvezvara purI ke cele mAne jAte haiM inhoMne zuddha avadhI meM racanA kI / inakI zabdAvalI prakAzita ho cukI hai| jJAnaprakAza, mahApralaya aura prathama graMtha bhI inakI racanAe~ haiM, jo aba taka prakAza meM nahIM AI haiM / inake calAe sattanAmI saMpradAya para janasAdhAraNa ke dharma kA vizeSa prabhAva par3A hai / yaha prabhAva unake ziSya dUlamadAsa meM adhikatA se dikhAI par3atA hai / dUlamadAsa ne hanumAnajI, gaMgA aura devI bhagavatI kI prArthanA gAI hai / dUlamadAsajI kI bAnI bhI prakAza meM A cukI hai| unakI kavitA meM zakti aura pravAha donoM vidyamAna haiM I palaTUdAsa jAti ke kaoNMdU baniyA the / inakA janma phaijAbAda jile ke nAgapura ( jalAlapura ) meM huA thA / ve ayodhyA meM rahate the / inhoMne gulAla ke ziSya goviMda se dIkSA lI thii| bhajanAvalI meM inakA paricaya isa prakAra diyA gayA hai sAra // naMgA jalAlapura janma bhayo hai, base avadha ke khora / kaheM palaTU prasAda ho, bhayo jaka meM cAri carana ko meTike, bhakti calAI Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat 11. palaTUdAsa -- mUla | www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA guru gobiMda ke bAga meM, palaTU phUle phUla // sahara jalAlapura mUMda muMr3AyA, avadha tur3Akara dhaniyA~ / sahana kareM vyApAra ghaTa meM, palaTU niraguna baniyA~ // bhajanAvalI inake bhAI palaTUprasAda kI banAI kahI jAtI hai; lekina palaTUprasAda khuda inhIM kA nAma bhI ho sakatA hai| inakA akhAr3A ayodhyA se cAra-pA~ca mIla kI dUrI para hai| mUrtipUjA aura jAti-pAMti ke tIvra khaMDana se ayodhyA ke bairAgI inase bahuta cir3ha gae the| isI liye unhoMne inheM jAti se bAhara kara diyA thaa| kiMtu palaTU ne isakI koI paravA na kI bairAgI saba baTurake palaTuhi kiyo ajAta / ... loka-lAja kula chor3i ke, kara lIje apanA kAma / jagata ha~sai to ha~sana de, palaTU ha~sai na rAma // inhoMne rAmakuMDaliyA aura prAtmakarma ye do graMtha likhe haiM / inakI saba gcanAe~ tIna bhAgoM meM belveDiyara presa se chapa cukI haiN| inake arilla aura kuMDaliyA bahuta suMdara bane haiN| ye avadha ke navAba zujAuddaulA ke samakAlIna the aura saM0 1827 ke pAsa pAsa vartamAna the| dharanIdAsa bihAra ke rahanevAle eka kAyastha muMzI the| saMsAra se inakA jI itanA ucaTA huA thA ki paramAtmA ke sAkSAtkAra meM bAdhaka samajhakara inhoMne muMzIgirI chor3a dI 12. dharanIdAsa aura ye bhagavAna ke prema meM tanmaya hokara ni:svArtha jIvana vyatIta karane lge| yaha tanmayatA inake graMtha premaprakAza aura satyaprakAza se spaSTa parilakSita hotI hai| deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM aura khAsakara bihAra meM abhI sahasroM dharanIdAsI haiN| inake saMpradAya kA pradhAna sthAna chapare jile kA mAjhI gAMva hai / saM0 1713 meM inakA janma huA thA! ye bar3e karAmAtI prasiddha haiN| kahate haiM

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya ki eka bAra ye acAnaka aura akAraNa apane pA~va para pAnI DAlane lage / bahuta pUchane para inhoMne batalAyA ki jagannAthajI ke paMDe kA pA~va jala gayA hai usI ko pAnI DAlakara bujhA rahA hU~ / jA~ca karane para bAta sahI mAlUma huI / 13. dariyA-dvaya saMvat 1727 aura 1837 ke bIca dariyA nAma ke do saMta ho gae haiN| donoM musalamAna kula meM paidA hue the| inameM eka kA janma bihAra meM, ArA jile ke dhArakhaMDa nAmaka gA~va meM huA aura dUsare kA mAravAr3a ke jaitarAma nAmaka gA~va meM | bihArI dariyA darajI thA aura mAravAr3I dhuniyA | bihArI dariyA ke paMtha meM prArthanA kA jo DhaMga pracalita hai vaha musalamAnI namAja se bilakula milatA-julatA hai / 'korniza' aura 'sijdaH ' ye usake do bhAga haiN| sIdhe khar3e hokara nIce jhukanA aura mAthe ko jamIna se lagAnA sijda: kahalAtA hai / yaha dariyA kabIra ke avatAra mAne jAte haiM / kahate haiM ki inheM svayaM paramAtmA ne dIkSA do thI / inakA likhA dariyAsAgara chapa cukA hai / 1 mAravAr3I dariyA sAta hI varSa kI avasthA meM pitRvihIna ho gae the| rainA, mer3atA meM inake nAnA ne inakA pAlana-poSaNa kiyA / inake guru bIkAnera ke koI premajI the| kahA jAtA hai ki apanI camatkAriNI zakti se inhoMne eka dUta bhejakara hI mahArAja bakhta siMha ko eka bar3e bhayaMkara roga se mukta kara diyA / inakI bhI bAnI prakAza meM A cukI hai / bullezAha eka sUphI saMta the / kahA jAtA hai ki inakA janma saM0 1760 ke lagabhaga rUma deza meM huA thA / jAna par3atA hai ki pArivArika vipatti ne inheM bahuta choTI avasthA meM ramate phakIroM kI saMgati meM DAla diyA 14. bullezAha ( 1 ) satabAnI - saMgraha, bhAga 1, pR0 151 /

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88 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA thA jinake sAtha dasa varSa kI avasthA meM hI ye paMjAba A ge| inake guru kA nAma zAha inAyata batalAyA jAtA hai| ye paraMparAgata dharma ko nahIM mAnate the| kurAna aura zara kA inhoMne khullamakhullA khaMDana kiyaa| isI se mullAoM aura maulaviyoM se inakI kabhI nahIM pttii| inhoMne sIdhI-sAdI paMjAbI meM kavitA kI hai| apane krAMtikArI bhAvoM ko inhoMne apanI racanAoM meM bar3e dhar3Ake se peza kiyA hai| kabIra ke bhAvoM ko inhoMne bahuta apanAyA hai| ye janma bhara brahmacArI rhe| inakA prAzrama jilA lAhaura ke kasUra gA~va meM thaa| vahIM lagabhaga pacAsa varSa kI avasthA meM, saM0 1810 meM, inakA dehAMta huaa| inakI gaddI aura samAdhi bhI vahA~ hai / caranadAsa dhUsara baniyA the / inakA janma alavara (rAjapUtAnA ) ke DeharA nAmaka sthAna meM saM0 1760 ke lagabhaga huA thaa| kahate haiM ki DeharA meM, jahA~ 15. caranadAsa " inakI nAla gAr3I gaI thI vahA~ para, eka chatarI banI huI hai| yahA~ inakI TopI aura sumiranI bhI surakSita batalAI jAtI haiN| inake pitA kA nAma muralIdhara aura mAtA kA kuMjo thaa| inakA ghara kA nAma ranajIta thaa| sAta hI varSa kI avasthA meM ye ghara se bhAga nikale the aura apane nAnA ke yahA~ dillI cale aae| vahIM inakA lAlana-pAlana huaa| kahate haiM ki vahIM inako unnIsa varSa kI avasthA meM pAramAtmika jyoti kA darzana huaa| inhoMne apane guru kA nAma zrIzukadeva batAyA hai| kahate haiM ki ye zukadeva muni mujaphpharanagara ke pAsa zukratAla gA~va ke nivAsI eka S (1) bAnI (saMtabAnI sIrIz2a), bhUmikA, paMDita mahezadatta zukla ne apane 'bhASA kAvyasaMgraha' ( navalakizora presa, saM0 1930) meM inheM paMDitapura jilA phaijAbAda kA nivAsI batAyA hai| nidhana saMvat 1137 likhA hai|raadhaakRssnngrNthaavlii, bhAga 1, pR. 100

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 88 sAdhu the| paraMtu jAna par3atA hai ki caranadAsa unheM zrImadbhAgavata ke prasiddha zukadeva hI samajhate the, jinako mAtA ke garbha meM hI jJAna ho jAne kI bAta kahI jAtI hai aura jo amara mAne jAte haiN| jAna par3atA hai ki inake jJAna-catu bhAgavata purANa ke hI adhyayana se khule the| isa purANa kI samasta kathA ko zukadevajI ne rAjA parIkSita ko pApoM se mukta karane ke uddezya se kahA thaa| yadi bhAgavata kA bhalI bhA~ti adhyayana kiyA jAya to patA lagegA ki rahasya-bhAvanA se ota-prota hone ke kAraNa vaha saMta sAhitya kA saba se mahattvazAlI mahAkAvya hai, jisameM kathAnaka ke bahAne prema ko pratIka banAkara jJAna kI zikSA dI gaI hai| caranadAsiyoM ke liye bhAgavata kA nAyaka zrIkRSNa samasta kAraNoM kA kAraNa hai| gItA ke bhAvoM ko unhoMne svacchaMdatA se apanAyA hai aura sthAna sthAna para sAhasa ke sAtha usase uddharaNa bhI die haiM-sAhasa isaliye kahate haiM ki nirguNI saMtoM ne prAcIna graMthoM se akAraNa ghRNA pradarzita kI hai; paraMtu caranadAsiyoM meM premAnubhUti kI vaha vizeSatA bhI hai jisake kAraNa hama unheM nirguNa saMta-saMpradAya se alaga nahIM kara skte| caranadAsa ke jJAnasvarodaya aura bAnI prakAza meM Ae haiN| __ jJAnasvarodaya yoga kA graMtha hai aura bAnI meM saMtamatAnukUla AdhyAtmika jIvana ke vibhinna aMgoM para upadezAtmaka vicAra tathA svataMtra udgAra haiN| caranadAsa kI mRtyu saM0 1836 ke lagabhaga dillI meM hI huI jahA~ unakI samAdhi aura maMdira aba taka haiN| maMdira meM unake caraNacihna bane hue haiN| vasaMtapaMcamI ko vahA~ eka melA lagatA hai| caranadAsa ke bahuta ziSya the jinameM se bAvana ziSyoM ne alaga alaga sthAnoM para caranadAsI mata kI zAkhAe~ (1) satabAnA-sagraha, bhAga 1, 42 sAkhI 4, 5, 6 /

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10 . zivanArAyaNa nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA sthApita kI jo Aja bhI vartamAna haiN| caranadAsa kI sahajobAI aura dayAvAI nAma kI do ziSyAeM bhI thIM jo svayaM usakI cacerI bahaneM thiiN| unhoMne bhI acchI kavitA kI hai| sahajobAI ne sahajaprakAza likhA aura dayAbAI ne dayAbodha / / zivanArAyaNa gAjIpura jile meM caMdabana gA~va ke rahanevAle kSatriya the| ve bAdazAha muhammadazAha (saM0 1762 meM vartamAna) ke sama. _ kAlIna the| sainikoM ke Upara unakA bar3A prabhAva thaa| unake anuyAyI prAya: sabhI rAjapUta sainika the| unake mata meM jAti-pA~ti kA koI bheda nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| aba to yaha saMpradAya prAyaH samApta ho cukA hai aura zivanArAyaNa ke uttarAdhikAriyoM ko chor3akara kucha thor3e se nIca jAti ke loga hI usake mAnanevAloM meM raha gae haiN| zivanArAyaNa kI samAdhi bilasaMDA meM hai| unake graMthoM meM lavayaMya, saMtavilAsa, bhajananaya, zAMtasuMdara, gurunyAsa, saMtapracArI, saMtaupadeza, zabdAvalI, saMtaparvana, saMtamahimA, saMtasAgara ke nAmoM kA ullekha hotA hai| unakA eka aura mukhya graMtha hai jo gupta mAnA jAtA hai| sikhoM kI bhAMti zivanArAyaNo bhI pustaka kI pUjA karate haiN| navIna sadasyoM ko saMpradAya meM dIkSita karane ke liye eka choTA sA utsava hotA hai jisameM loga mUla-graMtha ke cAroM ora pUrNa rUpa se mauna hokara vRttAkAra baiTha jAte haiN| aura pustaka meM kA koI eka bhajana gAkara pAna, mevA, miThAI vitaraNa ke bAda utsava samApta kara diyA jAtA hai| garIbadAsa kabIra ke sabase bar3e bhakta ho gae haiN| ye jAti ke ___ jATa aura paMjAba ke rohataka jile ke chur3AnI 17. garIbadAsa gAMva ke rahanevAle the| inhoMne hiraMbarabora nAmaka eka bRhat graMtha kI racanA kI jisameM satraha hajAra padya batalAe

Page #96
hiMdI kAvya meM nirgaNa saMpradAya 61 jAte haiN| inameM se sAta hajAra kabIra sAhaba ke kahe jAte haiN| paraMtu inakA yaha graMtha abhI prakAzita nahIM huA hai, usakA kevala eka bahuta saMkSipta saMkalita saMskaraNa, saMtabAnI pustakamAlA meM, prakAzita huA hai| idhara-udhara sAdhu-saMtoM kI racanAoM meM usameM se aura bhI avataraNa mila jAte haiN| saMtabAnI-saMpAdaka ke anusAra inakA samaya saMvat 1774 se 1835 taka hai| inakA dAvA hai ki svayaM kabIra sAhaba ne mujhe saMta-mata meM dIkSita kiyA hai| saMtabAnI mAlA ke saMpAdaka ne tulasI sAhaba kI eka jIvanI ke AdhAra para kahA hai ki ve raghunAtharAva ke jeThe lar3ake aura bAjIrAva ___ dvitIya ke bar3e bhAI the| saMsAra meM mithyA ke bhAra 18. tulasI sAhaba ' kA vahana unheM abhISTa nahIM thaa| isaliye rAjasiMhAsana ko apane choTe bhAI ke liye chor3akara ve AdhyAtmika rAjya ko adhikRta karane ke liye ghara se nikala pdd'e| ramate-ramAte aMta meM ye hAtharasa meM basa ge| jaba a~garejoM ke kAraNa bAjIrAva dvitIya biTUra meM Akara basa gae taba, kahate haiM ki, tulasI sAhaba eka bAra unase mile the| inakA ghara kA nAma zyAmarAva batalAyA jAtA hai, paraMtu itihAsa raghunAtharAva ke sabase jyeSTha putra ko amRtarAva ke nAma se pahicAnatA hai| paraMtu ho sakatA hai ki usake do nAma rahe haiN|| tulasI sAhaba akkhar3a svabhAva ke prAdamI the, para the pahu~ce hue sNt| kahate haiM, eka bAra unake eka dhanI zraddhAlu ne apane ghara meM unakI bar3I prAva-bhagata kii| bhojana karate samaya usane unake sAmane saMtAna ke abhAva kA dukhar3A gAyA aura putra ke liye varadAna maaNgaa| tulasI sAhaba bigar3akara bole ki "tumheM yadi putra kI cAha hai to apane saguNa paramAtmA se maaNgo| mere bhakta ke yadi koI baccA ho to maiM to use bhI le lU~" aura yaha kahakara binA bhojana samApta kie cala die|

Page #97
62 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA nirguNa saMpradAya meM, samaya kI pragati ke sAtha, jo bAharI prabhAva zrA gae the unase use mukta karane kA bhI unhoMne prayatna kiyaa| nirguNa paMtha ke anuyAyiyoM ko unhoMne samajhAyA ki eka saMpradAya ke rUpa meM usakA pravartana nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| usa samaya taka nirguNa paMtha ke AdhAra para kaI saMpradAya uTha khar3e hue the jo siddhAMta rUpa meM karmakAMDa ke virodhI hone para bhI svata: karmakAMDa ke pASaMDa se bhara gae the| tulasI sAhaba ne samajhAyA ki nirguNa paMtha kisI saMpradAya ke rUpa meM nahIM calAyA gayA thaa| nAma-bheda se nirguNa paMtha meM aMtara nahIM par3a sktaa| alaga alaga nAma hone para bhI saba paMtha sAra rUpa meM eka haiN| jAna par3atA hai ki unakA prAya: saba dharma ke pratinidhiyoM se vAdavivAda huA thA, jinameM aMta meM sabane unake siddhAMtoM kI satyatA svIkAra kii| tulasI sAhaba ne svayaM apanI ghaTarAmAyaNa meM unakA ullekha kiyA hai| yadi ye vAda-vivAda kalpanA mAtra bhI hoM, aura yahI adhika saMbhava hai, to bhI unakA mahattva kama nahIM ho sktaa| unase kama se kama yaha to patA calatA hai ki tulasI sAhaba kA uddezya kyA thaa| paraMtu unake siddhAMtoM kA gAMbhIrya unake oche zleSoM tathA vyartha ke AuMbara ke kAraNa bahuta kucha ghaTa jAtA hai / unhoMne bahudhA vilakSaNa nAmoM kI tAlikA dekara logoM ko staMbhita karane kA yatna kiyA hai| unakI dInatA meM bhI banAvaTa aura prArDa. bara spaSTa jhalakatA hai| inake paMtha meM inakI prAyu tIna sau varSa kI mAnI jAtI hai / kahate haiM ki ye vahI tulasIdAsa haiM jinhoMne rAmacaritamAnasa kI racanA kI thii| ghaTarAmAyaNa meM unake kisI ADaMbara-priya ziSya ne isa bAta kI puSTi ke liye eka kSepaka jor3a diyA hai| usake anusAra ghaTarAmAyaNa kI racanA rAmacaritamAnasa se

Page #98
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 83 pahale ho cukI thI paraMtu janatA usake liye taiyAra nahIM tho / isaliye usake viruddha pradolana uThatA huA dekhakara unhoMne use dabA diyA aura saguNa rAmAyaNa likhakara prakAzita kI / isa kSepaka-kAra ko isa bAta kA jJAna thA ki usake jAla kI aitihAsika jA~ca hogI / usane tulasI sAhaba se palakarAma nAnakapaMthI ke sAtha nAnaka ke samaya kA, aitihAsika DhaMga se, vivecana karAyA aura isakA bhI prayatna kiyA hai ki merI gar3haMta bhI aitihAsika jA~ca meM ThIka utara jAya / kiMtu use isa bAta kA dhyAna na huA ki maiM apane guru kI prazaMsA karane ke badale niMdA kara rahA hU~ / tulasI sAhaba sarIkhe manuSya ko bhI usane aise nirbala caritravAlA banA diyA hai jisane loka meM apriya hone ke Dara se satya ko chipA diyA aura aisI bAtoM kA pracAra kiyA jina para usako svayaM vizvAsa na thA / vaha isa bAta ko bhI bhUla gayA ki svayaM ghaTarAmAyaNa hI meM anyatra tulasI sAhaba ne spaSTa zabdoM meM saguNa rAmAyaNa kA racayitA honA asvIkAra kiyA hai' / isake atirikta isa kSepakakAra ne eka aisA ghora aparAdha kiyA hai jisakA mArjana nahIM / usane rAmacaritamAnasa ko jisane samasta mAnava jAti ke hRdaya 3 meM apane liye jagaha kara lI hai, eka dhokhe kI kRti banA diyA hai / tulasIdAsa ke sAtha unake nAma-sAdRzya se hI unako apanI pustaka kA nAma ghaTarAmAyaNa rakhane kI sUjhI hogI paraMtu isase Age bar3hakara ve logoM ko yaha dhokhA nahIM denA cAhate the ki mAnasa bhI merI hI racanA hai | usakA to balki unhoMne khaMDana kiyA hai 1 ghaTarAmAyaNa ke atirikta tulasI sAhaba ne zabdAvalI, padmasAgara aura ratnasAgara ina tIna graMthoM kI racanA kI / (1) rAma rAvana juddha lar3AI / so maiM nahi kIna banAI / I Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat - 'ghaTarAmAyaNa', bhAga 2, pR0 124 / www.umaragyanbhandar.com

Page #99
nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA zivadayAlajI kA janma saM0 1885 meM Agare ke eka mahAjana kula meM huA thaa| inake saMbaMdha meM kahA jAtA hai ki ye bAlyakAla 16. ( svAmIjI mahArAja ) se hI mananazIla aura AdhyAtmika pravRtti ke zivadayAlajI the| kaI dina taka ye ekAMta meM dhyAnamagna rahA karate the| inase jo saMpradAya calA vaha rAdhAsvAmI mata kahalAtA hai| apane saMpradAya meM ye svAmIjI mahArAja kahalAte haiM aura sarva. zaktimAna rAdhAsvAmI ke avatAra samajhe jAte haiM / yadyapi kahA jAtA hai ki unhoMne kisI guru se dIkSA nahIM lI phira bhI isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki unake Upara tulasI sAhaba kA pUrNa prabhAva par3A thaa| kahate haiM ki unake janma ke pahale hI tulasI sAhaba ne unake avatAra kI bhaviSyavANI kara dI thii| tulasI sAhaba kI mRtyu ke uparAMta unake prAyaH saba ziSya zivadayAlajI ke pAsa khiMca aae| rAdhAsvAmI saMpradAya kI pramukha zAkhAe~ Ajakala AgarA, ilAhAbAda aura kAzI prAdi sthAnoM meM haiN| saMpradAya bahuta suMdara rUpa se gaThita hai aura bar3e upayogI kArya kara rahA hai| dayAlabAga Agare meM unakA vidyAlaya eka atyaMta upayogI saMsthA hai jo sAMpradAyika hI nahIM rASTrIya dRSTi se bhI mahattva pUrNa hai| svAmIjI mahArAja ke ziSya rAyabahAdura zAligrAma ne, jo ilAhAbAda meM posTa mAsTara-janarala the aura saMpradAya meM hujUra sAhaba ke nAma se prasiddha haiM, saMpradAya ko dRr3ha bhitti para rakhane ke liye bahuta kAma kiyaa| paraMtu isa mata ke sabase bar3e vyAkhyAtA paM0 brahmazaMkara mizra ( mahArAja sAhaba ) hue haiM jinhoMne a~garez2o meM e Diskorsa praoNna rAdhAsvAmI sekTa nAmaka graMtha likhA hai| hujUra sAhaba ne bhI a~garejI meM rAdhAsvAmI mata-prakAza nAmaka pustaka likhI / svAmIjI mahArAja kI pradhAna padya-racanA sAravacana hai| isakA gadya sAra bhI milatA hai| hujUra sAhaba kA pradhAna graMtha premabAnI hai| jagata prakAza nAmaka unakA eka gadya graMtha bhI hai|

Page #100
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya tIsarA adhyAya nirguNa saMpradAya ke dArzanika siddhAMta jina paristhitiyoM ne isa navIna nirguNa paMtha ko janma diyA thA, ekezvaravAda unakI sabase bar3I AvazyakatA thI / vedAMta ke advaitavAdI siddhAMtoM ko mAnane para bhI hiMdU bahu-deva-vAda meM burI taraha pha~se hue the, jisase 1. ekezvara ve eka allAha ko mAnanevAle musalamAnoM kI ghRNA ke bhAjana ho rahe the / eka allAha ko mAnanevAle musalamAna bhI svayaM eka prakAra se bahu-deva-vAdI ho rahe the, kyoMki kAphiroM ke liye ve apane allAha kI saMrakSA kA vistAra nahIM dekha sakate the, jisase prakArAMtara se kAphira kA paramezvara allAha se alaga siddha huA / ataeva nirguNavAdiyoM ne hiMdU aura musalamAna donoM ko ekezvaravAda kA saMdeza sunAyA' aura bahu-deva-vAda kA ghora virodha kiyA / caranadAsa cAhate haiM ki sira TUTakara pRthvI para bhale hI loTane lage, mRtyu bhale hI A upasthita ho, paraMtu rAma ke sivA kisI anya ( 1 ) eka eka jini jaNiyA~, tinahIM saca pAyA / prema prIti lyAlIna mana, te bahuri na AyA // 65 - ka0 graM0, pR0 146, 181 / kevala nAma japahu re prAnI parahu eka kI saranA / - vahI, pR0 268, 114 / aura devI devatA upAsanA aneka karai vana kI hausa kaise, zrAkaDeor3e jAta hai / suMdara kahata eka ravi ke prakAsa vina jeMganA kI joti, kahA rajanI vijJAta hai ? -saM0 bA0 saM0, bhAga 2, pR0 123 /

Page #101
66 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA devatA ke liye merA sira na jhuke| nirguNo ekezvara ke bhakta ko AlaMkArika bhASA meM pativratA nArI kahate haiN| kabIra kI dRSTi meM bahu-deva-vAdo usa vyabhicAriNo kho ke samAna hai jo apane pati ko chor3akara jAroM para Asakta rahatI hai; athavA usa gaNikA-putra ke samAna jo isa bAta ko nahIM jAnatA ki usakA vAstavika pitA kauna hai3 / nAnaka jisa samaya-1 OM 4 satinAmu karatA purukha virabhA niravaira akAlamUrati ajUni saibhaM (guru prasAdi ) kI bhakti kA pracAra kara rahe the usa samaya unakA pradhAna lakSya bahu-deva-vAda kA khaMDana hI thaa| hiMduoM ko saMbodhita kara kabIra ne kahA thA eka janama ke kAraNe kata pUjo deva saheso re / kAhe na pUjo rAmajI jAke bhakta maheso re // (1) yaha sira nave ta rAma , nAhIM giriyo TUTa / Ana deva nahi parasie, yaha tana jAvo chUTa // -saM0 bA0 saM0 1, pR0 147 / (2) nAri kahAvai pIva kI, rahai aura sa~ga soya / jAra sadA mana maiM basai, khasama khusI kyoM hoya // -vahI, pR0 18 (3) rAma piyArA chAr3i kara, karai dhAna ko jApa / vesvA kerA pUta jyU~, kahai kauna sU bApa / / -ka. graM., pR. 6, 22 / (4) OM ke pluta hone se kabhI kabhI 'pozm' isa taraha bhI likhA jAtA hai| isa tIna ke aMka ko koI isa bAta kA sUcaka bhI mAnate haiM ki OM zra+u+m-ina tIna avaroM ke yoga se banA hai / ina bAtoM se koI yaha na samajha baiThe ki praNava kA trividha svarUpa hai athavA vaha khaMDita ho sakatA hai, isa bhama se nAnaka ne 'o 3 m' kI jagaha '1 OM' kara diyA hai| (5) saheso =shsroN| (6) ka. graM., pR0 126, 127 /

Page #102
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya musalamAnoM ko dui jagadIsa kahA~ te pAe kahu kone bhrmaayaa| allA, rAma, karImA, keso, hari hajarata nAma dharAyA // gahanA eka kanaka te gahanA tAmaiM bhAva na dUjA / kahana sunana ko dui kari thApe, eka namAja eka pUjA' // tathA donoM ko kahai kabIra eka rAma japahu re hiMdU turaka na koI // hiMdU turaka kA kartA ekai tA gati lakhI na jAI // nirguNa saMtoM ne bAra bAra isa bAta para jora diyA hai ki jagata kA kartA-dhartA eka hI paramAtmA hai jisako hiMdU aura musalamAna donoM sira navAte haiN| ___ yahA~ para yaha batA denA Avazyaka hai ki hiMdU bahudevavAda vaisA nahIM hai jaisA bAhara bAhara dekhane se prakaTa ho sakatA hai| hiMduoM ke pratyeka devatA kA dvaidha rUpa hai-eka vyAvahArika aura dUsarA pAramArthika athavA tAttvika / vyAvahArika rUpa meM vaha parabrahma paramAtmA ke kisI pakSavizeSa kA pratinidhi hai jisake dvArA yAcaka bhakta apanI yAcanA kI pUrti kI AzA karatA hai| brahmA vizva kA sRjana karatA hai, viSNu pAlana aura rudra usakA uddezya pUrNa ho jAne para saMhAra; lakSmI dhanadhAnya kI adhiSThAtrI hai, sarasvato vidyA kI, caMDI vaha pracaMDa divya zakti hai jo atyAcArI rAkSasoM kA vidhvaMsa karatI hai aura yuddha-yAtrA meM jAne ke pahale jisakA mAvAhana kiyA jAtA hai ityaadi| paraMtu paramArtharUpa meM pratyeka devatA pUrNa parabrahma paramAtmA hai aura vyAvahArika pakSa meM anya saba devatA usake (1)ka0 za0, 1, pR. 75 / (2) ka. graM., pR0 106, 17 / (3) vahI, 106, 28 /

Page #103
nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA adhInastha haiM / inhIM saba bAtoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara maiksamUlara ne bhAratIya devavAda ko pailIthIjma ( bahudevavAda ) na kahakara honeAthIjma kahA hai| hiMdU pUjA-vidhAna ( yahA~ para merA abhiprAya darzana se nahIM karmakAMDa se hai ) ko cAhe koI kisI nAma se pukAre usake mUla meM nizcaya hI ekezvara-bhAvanA hai| vaidika kAla ke RSi bhI jina prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke vibhava kA gAna kiyA karate the, unameM eka paramAtmA kA darzana karate the, unhoMne ghoSaNA kI ki buddhimAna loga eka hI sattattva ko agni, iMdra ( jala kA svAmI ), mAtarizvAna ( vAyu kA adhipati) prAdi nAmoM se pukArate haiM / prataeva jo alaga alaga devatA samajhe jAte haiM, ve vastuta: alaga devatA na hokara eka hI paramAtmA ke alaga alaga rUpa haiM / isI bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhakara spena-nivAsI araba-vaMzI kAjI sAIda ne, jisakI mRtyu saM0 1127 meM huI thI, likhA thA ki "hiMduoM kA IzvarIya jJAna Izvara kI ekatA ke siddhAMta se pavitra hai 2 / " DAkTara priyarsana ko bhI yaha bAta mAnanI par3I hai ki hiMduoM kI mUrtipUjA aura bahudevavAda hiMdU dharma ke gahana siddhAMtoM ke bAharI AvaraNa mAtra 13 / yadi hiMdU pUjA-vidhAna ke isa mUla tatva kI avahelanA na kI gaI hotI to kabIra usakA virodha na karate / kyoMki ve jAnate the ki eka paramAtmA ke aneka nAma rakha dene se vaha eka aneka nahIM ho jaataa| unhoMne svayaM hI kahA thA "aparaMpAra kA nAu~ anaMta 4 / " paraMtu tathya to yaha hai ki jisa samaya pazcimottara ke dvAra se deza meM (1) ekaM sadviprA bahudhA vadaMtyagnimindraM mAtarizvAnamAhuH / --Rk 2, 3, 23, 6 / (2) tabakAtula umama ( bairUta saMskaraNa ), pR0 15; araba aura bhArata ke saMbaMdha, pR0 174 / ( 3 ) ka0 ba0, prastAvanA, pR0 36 / (4) ka0pra0, pR0 166, 327 /

Page #104
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya musalamAnoM kI sainya-dhArA niraMtara umar3I calI A rahI thI usa samaya unhoMne hiMduoM ko ghora bahudevavAdI pAyA jo hiMduoM ko unakI ghRNA kA bhAjana banAne kA eka kAraNa huaa| paraMtu allAha ke ina pyAroM ko svapna meM bhI vicAra na humA ki jisa bahudevavAda se hama itanI ghRNA kara rahe haiM, hamArA mUrti-bhaMjaka ekezvaravAda usase bhinna koTi kA nahIM hai| vizva kA kartA-dhartA cAhe eka devatA ho athavA aneka, isase paristhiti meM koI vizeSa aMtara nahIM paataa| sAmI ekezvaravAda aura vikRta hiMdU bahudevavAda eka hI devavAda ke do vibhinna rUpa haiN| kiMtu nirguNa saMto ne paramAtmA saMbaMdhI jisa vicAra-zrRMkhalA kA prasAra kiyA vaha inase tattvataH bhinna thii| usakA mUrti-pUjA kA virodhI honA, isa bAta kA pramANa nahIM ki vaha aura musalamAnI ekezvaravAda eka hI koTi ke haiN| donoM meM prAkAzapAtAla kA aMtara hai| musalamAnoM ke Izvara-saMbaMdhI vizvAsa kA nicor3a lA ilAhe illillAha muhammadarasUlillAha meM A jAtA hai, jo kurAna ke do sUroM ke aMzoM ke mela se banA hai| isakA artha hai, allAha kA koI allAha nahIM, vaha eka mAtra paramezvara hai aura muhammada usakA rasUla arthAt paigaMbara yA dUta hai| isa para TippaNI karate hue prasiddha itihAsakAra gibana ne kahA thA ki jisa dharma kA muhammada ne apane kula aura rASTra ke logoM meM pracAra kiyA thA vaha eka sanAtana satya aura eka Avazyaka kalpanA (aina eTarnala Tratha aiMDa e nesesarI phikzana) ke yoga se banA hai|| nirguNa paMtha ke pravartaka kabIra ne isa kalpanA kA to sarvathA nirAkaraNa kara diyA aura vaha satya ke mArga para bahuta Age bar3ha gyaa| (1) romana iMpAyara, bhAga 6, pR. 222

Page #105
nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA muhammada ke dUtatva ko to usane asvIkAra kara diyA aura Izvara-saMbaMdhI vicAra ko aura bhI mahAna, sUkSma aura AkarSaka banA diyaa| islAma aura nirgaNa paMtha donoM paramezvara ko eka mAnate haiN| paraMtu donoM ke eka mAnane meM aMtara hai| islAma kI allAha-bhAvanA meM allAha ekAdhipati zAhaMzAha ke samAna hai jisake Upara koI zAsanakartA nahIM, jisakI zakti anaMta aura aparimita hai| hA~, vaha parama buddhimAna aura nyAyakartA hai| usase koI bAta chipI nahIM raha sktii| hara eka AdamI ke kie hue choTe se choTe pApa aura puNya kA usake yahA~ hisAba rahatA hai| zraddhAlu dharmaniSThoM ko vaha muktahasta hokara puraskAra vitarita karatA hai kiMtu avizvAsI pApiSTha usakI nigAha se baca nahIM sakatA, use avazya daMDa milatA hai| kyoMki jaisA kurAna kahatI hai, "jidhara hI mur3o udhara hI mallAha kA mukha hai" / yaha bAta nahIM ki islAma meM allAha dayAlu na mAnA gayA ho| kurAna kA pratyeka sUrA allAha kI dayAlutA kA ullekha karate hue prAraMbha hotA hai| muhammada ke anusAra paramezvara kSamAzIla hai| pakSiNI kA jitanA gAr3hA prema apane bacce para hotA hai, usase adhika allAha kA AdamI pr| kiMtu itanA hone para bhI kurAna meM kA allAha 'bhaya binu hoya na prIti' kI nIti ko baratatA hai| vaha prema kA paramAtmA hone ke badale bhaya kA bhagavAn hai| usakI anukaMpA aura dayAlutA usakI anaMta zakti ke hI paricAyaka haiN| vaha ghora daMDa bhI de sakatA hai to asIma anugraha bhI dikhA sakatA hai| "islAma meM preraka bhAva paramAtmA kA prema (1) 2, 106 /

Page #106
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 101 nahIM allAha kA bhaya hai|" prema se prabhAvita honA sAmI jAti kA khabhAva nahIM hai, unake Upara kevala bhaya kA asara par3a sakatA thA / __ paramezvara kI isa anaMta zakti ko nirguNa paMtho asvIkAra nahIM krte| paraMtu unake liye paramezvara ke svarUpa kA yaha kevala eka gauNa lakSaNa hai| paramezvara isa vizva kA kartA-dhartA, niyaMtA, zAsaka aura adhipati hI nahIM balki vyApaka tattva bhI hai| vaha ghaTa ghaTa meM, kaNa kaNa meM, aNu-paramANu meM vyApta hai aura vahI hamameM sAra vastu hai / paramezvara paramezvara hI nahIM paramAtmA bhI hai| vaha hamAre AtmA kA prAtmA hai| musalamAnI vizvAsa aura nirguNa paMtho anubhUti meM jo aMtara hai, use kabIra ne saMkSepa meM isa taraha vyakta kiyA hai musalamAna kA eka khudAI / kabIra kA svAmI rahA samAI 2 // dAdU ne vedAMta ke sarvapriya dRSTAMta kA AsarA lekara kahA, dUdha meM gho kI taraha paramAtmA vizva meM sarvatra vyApta hai3 / nAnaka ne paramAtmA ke sammukha nivedana kiyA "jete jIna jaMta jali thali mAhIM alI jatra katra tU saraba jiinaa| guru parasAdi rAkhile jana kau harirasa nAnaka jholi pInA // " (1) DikzanarI oNva islAma, pR0 401 meM misTara sTenalI lenapola ke avataraNa ke AdhAra pr| ulaTe kAmAoM meM unake zabdoM kA yathArtha anuvAda hai-"di phiyara rAdara daina di lava prAva gA~Da iz2a di rUpara Tu islaam|" (2) graMtha, pR. 626 / ka. graM., pR0 20.,300 / (3) ghova dUdha meM rami rahA byApaka saba hI gaira / -bAnI, bhA0 1, pR0 12 (1) 'graMtha', 60 /

Page #107
102 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA paramAtmA kA yaha vyApakatva usakI anaMta zakti kA eka pakSa mAtra nahIM, jaisA sAmI vicAra-paraMparA ke anusAra ThaharegA, balki usI meM usakI sAra-sattA hai| yahI unake prema-siddhAMta kI AdhArazilA hai| yaha vyApti kahIM nyUna aura kahIM adhika nhiiN| paramAtmA saba jagaha apanI pUrNa sattA ke sAtha vidyamAna hai| paraMtu usakI pUrNatA yahI samApta nahIM ho jaatii| isa vizva meM pUrNa rUpa se vyApta hone para bhI vaha pUrNa rUpa se usake pare hai| isa adbhuta rAjya meM gaNita kI gaNanA be-kAma ho jAtI hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSat ke zabdoM meM agara kaheM to kaha sakate haiM ki pUrNa meM se agara pUrNa ko nikAla leM to bhI pUrNa hI zeSa rahatA hai / isI bhAva ko dRSTi meM rakhakara dAdU ne kahA thA ki paramAtmA ne koI aisA pAtra nahIM banAyA hai jisameM sArA samudra bhara jAya aura aura pAtra khAlI ho raha jAyeM cir3I coMca bhara le gaI nIra nighaTa na jaai| aisA vAsaNa nA kiyA saba dariyA mAhiM samAi // yaha vyApti itanI gahana hai ki vyApaka aura vyApta meM koI aMtara hI nahIM raha jaataa| siddhAMtavAdI kabIra kI sahAyatA ke liye usI ke hRdaya meM se kavi bAhara nikalakara rasapUrNa vyApti ko isa taraha saMdeha ke rUpa meM vyakta karatA hai sunu sakhi piu mahi jiu basai, jiu mahi basai ki pIu // pUrNa satya taka taba pahu~ca hotI hai jaba yaha saMdeha nizcaya meM pariNata ho jAtA hai aura priya hRdaya meM tathA hRdaya priya meM basA huA - (1) pUrNamadaH puurnnmidpuurnnaatpuurnnmudcyte| pUrNasya pUrNamAdAya pUrNamevAvaziSyate // -2, 1, 11 (2) bAnI (jJAnasAgara), pR. 63, 327 / (3)ka. graM., pR0 263,181 /

Page #108
hiMdo kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya dikhAI detA hai| kabIra ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai ki paramAtmA vizva meM aura vizva paramAtmA meM avasthita hai khAlika khalaka khalaka meM khAlika saba ghaTa rahyA smaaii| paramAtmA kI isI vyApakatA ke kAraNa use maMdira masjida Adi meM sImita mAna lenA mUrkhatA ho jAtI hai| musalamAnoM ke liye khudA masjida meM aura hiMduoM ke liye Izvara maMdira meM hai to kyA jahA~ maMdira masjida nahIM vahA~ paramAtmA nahIM ? turaka masIta, dehurai hiMdU, duhuThI rAma khudAI / ___ jahA~ masIti dehurA nAhI, taha~ kAkI ThakurAI 2 // nirguNI ko maMdira masjida se koI prayojana nhiiN| vaha jahA~ dekhatA hai, vahIM usako paramAtmA ke darzana ho jAte haiN| sarvatra paramAtmA hI paramAtmA hai, sattA hI kevala usakI hai jaha~ dekhauM taha eka hI sAhaba kA dIdAra / nAnaka guru parasAdI duramati khoI, jaha~ dekhA taha~ eko soI // saba saMta isa bAta kA udghoSa karane meM ekamata haiN| kiMtu nirguNiyoM kA sarvatra paramAtmA kA hI darzana karanA kevala usake adhidevatva tathA vyApakatva kA sUcaka nahIM hai| unmeSa zola jIva ko isa bAta kA anubhava hotA hai ___2. pUrNa brahma ki merI sattA kevala bhautika nhiiN| apanI pAramAtmikatA kI bhI use bahuta dhuMdhalI sI jhalaka mila jAtI hai| ataeva uddhAra kI AzA se vaha aise kisI dRr3ha avalaMbana kI prAva (1) vahI, pR0 104, 51 / (2) vahI, pR0 106, 28 / (3) saM0 bA0 saM0 1, pR0 33 / (4) 'graMtha', pR0 163, pAsA /

Page #109
104 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zyakatA kA anubhava karatA hai jo dUra se dUra hone para bhI nikaTa se paramAtmA ke adhidevatva aura vyApakatva nAma rUpa kI nikaTa ho / upAdhiyoM se rahita usa paramatattva ko pariNAma haiN| usakI pUrNatA unhIM meM aspaSTa saMketa avazya karate haiM / isI pakSa dRSTi se dekhane ke nahIM; hA~ unakI ora ve pUrNa rUpa meM usa sattattva kA koI upayukta vicAra hI nahIM kara sakatA hai / vaha vAmanasa ke pare haiM / buddhi mUrta rUpa kA AdhAra cAhatI hai aura vANI rUpaka kA / isaliye usa amUrta aura anupama ko grahaNa karane meM buddhi, aura vyakta karane meM vANI, asamartha hai / buddhi se hameM unhIM padArthoM kA jJAna ho sakatA hai jo iMdriyoM ke gocara haiM, iMdriyAtIta kA nahIM / isI se nAnaka ne kahA thA ki lAkha seAcA, paramAtmA ke bAre meM socate banatA hI nahIM hai' / yahI kAraNa hai ki 'yaha paramAtmA hai' aisA kahakara usakA nirdeza nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / isI kaThinAI ke kAraNa saba satyAnveSakoM ko nakArAtmaka praNAlI kA anusaraNa karanA par3atA I 'paramAtmA yaha hai' na kahakara ve kahate haiM 'paramAtmA yaha nahIM hai' / ' sa eSa neti neti AtmA' 2 kahakara upaniSadoM ne isI praNAlI kA anugamana kiyA hai / hamAre saMtoM ne bhI yaha kiyA hai / paramAtmA avaraNa hai, prakala hai, avinAzI hai / na usake rUpa hai, na raMga hai, na deha3 / na vaha ( 1 ) se cai soca na hovaI je socai lakha bAra / --'graMtha', pR0 1 / ( 2 ) 'bRhadAraNyakopaniSad', 4, 4, 22 | (3) avaraNa eka abinAsI ghaTa ghaTa thApa rahe / --ka0 pra0, pR0 102, 42 / rUpa varaNa vAke kucha nAhIM sahajo raMga na deha / -- sahajo, saM0 bA0 saM0, pR0 16 /

Page #110
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 105 bAlaka hai na buuddh'aa| na usakA tola hai, na mola hai, na jJAna hai; na vaha halkA hai, na bhArI, na usakI parakha ho sakatI hai| paraMtu isase pariNAma kyA nikalatA hai ? paramAtmA ke vAstavika jJAna ko prApta karane meM hama kahA~ taka saphala hote haiM ? kabIra ne kahA thA, cAroM veda ( neti neti kahakara ) saba vastuoM ko poche chor3ate hue ApakA yazogAna karate haiM paraMtu usase vAstavika lAbha kucha hotA nahIM dIkhatA, bhaTakatA huA jIva lUTA avazya jAtA hai / kyoMki jaisA nAnaka kahate haiM, paramAtmA ke saMbaMdha meM kitanA hI kaha DAlie, phira bhI bahuta kahane ko raha jAtA hai3 . isI se kabIra ne jhuMjhalAkara kahA ki 'paramAtmA kucha hai bhI yA nahIM ?' suMdaradAsa ne to use 'atyaMtAbhAva' kaha diyA-hA~, nAstikoM ke matAnukUla atyaMtAbhAva nhiiN| paramAtmA hai bhI aura nahIM bhI hai| jisa artha meM saMsAra ke bhautika padArtha haiN| usa artha meM paramAtmA 'hai' nahIM hai aura jisa artha meM paramAtmA 'hai' usa artha meM sAMsArika padArtha nahIM haiN| isI liye suMdaradAsa kahate haiM ki paramAtmA hai bhI aura nahIM bhI hai| balki usako 'hai' aura 'nahIM' ina donoM ke (1) nA hama bAra bUr3ha hama nAhIM, nA hamare cilakAI ho| -ka. graM., pR0 104, 50 / tola na mola, mApa kichu nAhIM ginai jJAna na hoI / nA so bhArI nA so haluzrA, tAkI pArikha lakhai na koI // -vahI, pR0 144, 166 / (2) rAvara ko pichavAra ke gAvai cArita saina / jIva parA bahu lUTa maiM nA kachu laina na daina / -'bIjaka', pR0 488 / (3) bahutA kahie bahutA hoI / -'japajI', 22 / (4) tahA~ kichu zrAhi ki sunyaM / ka. graM., pR0 143, 164 /

Page #111
106 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA bIca dekhanA cAhie' / sArI samasyA ko hala karane ke uddeza se sahajAbAI ke zabdoM meM nirguNo use 'hai' aura 'nahIM' bhAva aura abhAva donoM se rahita udghoSita karate haiM, jaise hama eka artha meM paramAtmA ko 'hai' nahIM kaha sakate vaise hI 'nahIM' bhI nahIM kaha sakate, kyoMki anya sabhI padArthoM kA to vahI AdhAra hai / paraMtu yaha bhI eka prakAra kA prabhAva hI hai ataeva yaha unheM eka svayaM virodhI sthiti meM pahu~cA detA hai / isI sthiti ke kAraNa prAcIna RSi bhAva ne meM eka navIna praNAlI kA anusaraNa kiyA thA / se pUchA thA ki prAtmA kyA hai / pahalI bAra prazna uttara na milA to vAskali ne samajhA ki zAyada RSi ne sunA yA samajhA nahIM / phira pUchane para bhI jaba unhoMne tIvra dRSTi se vAskali kI aura kevala dekhA bhara to use bhaya huA ki kahIM anajAna meM maiMne RSi ko prasanna to nahIM kara diyaa| isaliye usane bar3I vinaya ke sAtha prazna ko duharAyA / isa bAra RSi ne OM jhalAkara uttara diyA- "maiM batAtA to hU~ ki AtmA maiauna hai, tumameM samajha bhI hAre !" aura bAta bhI ThIka ho hai / paramAtmA ko nirvizeSa paramAtmA ke varNana vAskali ne bhAva karane para jaba ( 1 ) yaha zratyaMtAbhAva hai, yahaI turiyAtIta / yaha anubhava sAkSAta hai, yaha nizcai advaita // "nAhIM nAhIM" kara kahai, "hai hai" kahai bakhAni / "nAhIM" "hai" ke madhya hai, so anubhava kari jAni // -jJAna-samudra, 44 / ( 2 ) "hai" "nAhIM" sU rahita hai, 'sahajo' yoM bhagavaMta / -saM0 vA0 saM0, bhAga 1, pR0 165 / ( 3 ) 'brahmasUtra', zAMkara bhASya, 3, 2, 17; dAsa gupta - hisTarI bhaoNva iMDiyana philaoNsaphI, bhAga 1, pR0 45 /

Page #112
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 107 kahane para bhI usa para vizeSaNoM kA Aropa karanA-cAhe vaha vizeSaNa 'nirvizeSa' hI kyoM na ho-asaMgata hai| nirguNiyoM ko bhI isa bAta kA anubhava huA thaa| brahma ke varNana meM vANI kI vyarthatA kI ghoSaNA karake kabIra ne bhAva RSi kA sAtha diyaa| unhoMne kahA-bhAI bolane kI bAta kyA kahate ho ? bolane se to tatva hI naSTa ho jAtA hai| __ paraMtu jaisA nAnaka kahate haiM, jo loga paramAtmA meM ekatAna bhAvanA se lIna ho jAte haiM, ve cupa bhI to nahIM raha skte| paramAtmA ke yazogAna kI bhUkha iMdriyArthoM se thor3e hI bujha sakatI hai / prataeva vANI kA AdhAra lenA hI par3atA hai| bolane se adhUrA sahI, bhagavadvicAra kA prAraMbha to ho jAtA hai| binA bole vaha bhI nahIM ho sktaa| isI liye nAnaka ne kahA-"jaba bagi duniyA rahie nAnaka, kichu suNie kichu kahie / " paramAtmA yadyapi 'nayana' aura 'vayana' ke agocara hai phira bhI vaha saMtoM ke 'kAnoM' aura 'kAmoM' kA sAra hai| bhagavacarcA meM sammilita honA unake jIvana kA pradhAna sukha hai| paramAtmA ke guNagAna hI meM ve jihvA kI sArthakatA mAnate haiN| bolane kI isI AvazyakatA (1) bolanA kA kahie re bhAI / bolata bolata tatta nasAI / -ka. graM., pR0 106, 67 / (2) cupai cupi na hovaI lAi rahA livtaar| bhukhiyA bhUkha na utarI jevanA puriyA bhAra ||-'jpjii', 2 / (3) bina bole kyoM hoi vicArA |-k0 graM, 106, 67 / (4) 'graMtha'; pR0 356 / / (5) kahata sunata sukha upajai aru paramAratha hoya / nainA baina agocarI sravaNA karaNI sAra / bolana ke sukha kAraNe kahie sirajanahAra // -vahI, pR0 236 /

Page #113
108 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA ke kAraNa kabIra ne paramAtmA ko 'bola' aura 'abola' ke bIca batAyA hai' / paraMtu itanA saba hone para bhI kabIra ke spaSTa zabdoM meM saca to yaha hai ki "paramAtmA ko koI jaisA kahe vaisA vaha ho nahIM sakatA, vaha jaisA hai vaisA hI hai 2 / " kaisA hai ? koI nahIM batA sakatA / paramAtmA ko saMbodhita kara kabIra ne kahA thAjasa tU tasa tohi koi na jAna / loga kahaiM satra zrAnahi Ana 3 // suMdaradAsa bhI prAyaH inhIM zabdoM meM kahate haiM-- joi kahU~ seAi, hai nahi sudara hai to sahI para jaise ko taisA / yahA~ para isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhanA Avazyaka hai ki sUkSma brahma-bhAvanA kA vistAra - pUrNa ullekha thor3e hI saMtoM meM pAyA jAtA hai / udAharaNa ke liye nAnaka meM aise sthala bhI milate haiM jo parabrahma kI sUkSma se sUkSma nirvikalpa bhAvanA meM bhI ghaTa sakate haiM I eka jagaha nAnaka ne kahA hai, aura Age kyA hai, ise koI kaha nahIM sakatA, jo kahegA umre pIche pachatAnA par3egA / kyoMki usakA kathana ( 1 ) jahA~ bola taha~ zrAkhara zrAvA / jahA~ abola tahA~ mana na rahAvA // bola bola madhya hai soI / jasa hu hai tasa lakhai na koI // -vahI pR0 10 / bIjaka meM aMtima padya kA kucha bhinna pATha hai jahA~ bola taha akSara AvA / jahA~ zradara taha~ manahiM dir3hAyA // bola bola eka hai jAI / jina yaha lakhA so biralA hoI // -- 'bIjaka', sAkhI, 204 | abola hI jaba bola ho jAtA hai taba zravara brahma ke darzana hote haiM / ( 2 ) jasa kathie tasa hota nahiM jasa hai vaisA soi / vahI, pR0 230 / (3) ka0, graM0, pR0 103, 47 / * ( 4 ) 'jJAna - samudra' / (5) tAkI AgalA kathizrA nA jAI / je ko kahai piche pachitAu // - ' japajI', 35 /

Page #114
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 106 ThIka ho nahIM sakatA, paraMtu nAnaka ne apane samaya kI sthiti ke kAraNa, jisakA maiM unake jIvana-vRtta meM ullekha kara AyA hU~, ekezvara adhidevatA kI hI bhAvanA kI ora adhika dhyAna diyA hai| isI liye unhoMne japajI meM kahA ki agara paramAtmA kA lekhA ho sakatA hai to likhA, paraMtu lekhA to nAzavAna hai, vaha avinAzI kA kaise varNana kara sakatA hai, nAnaka tU isa phera meM mata par3a, vaha apane ko prApa jAnatA hai, tU kevala use bar3A kaha' / paraMtu kucha saMta aise bhI haiM jo, jaisA Age calakara mAlUma hogA, isa nirvikalpa bhAvanA taka pahu~ca hI nahIM pAe haiN| jahA~ para ve pUrNa advaita brahma kA sA varNana karate haiM, vahA~ para nirvikalpa avasthA ke sthAna para unakA abhiprAya paramAtmA kI advitIya mahattA se hotA hai| kiMtu isake viparIta kabIra aura kucha anya saMtoM kI brahma-bhAvanA to aisI sUkSma hai ki ve use 'eka' bhI kahanA nahIM caahte| koI vastu 'aneka' ke hI viruddha 'eka' ho sakatI hai| paraMtu brahma to kevala hai2, vaha 'eka' kaise ho sakatA hai ? kabIra hI ke zabdoM meM paramAtmA ko eka kahanA eka kahU~ to hai nahIM doya kahU~ to gAri / hai jaisA taisA rahai, kahai kabIra vicAri // kyoMki vaha jaisA hai vaisA, vahI jAna sakatA hai, hama to itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki kevala vahI hai aura koI hai hI nahIM / (.) lekhA hoi nikhie, lekhai hoi biNAsa / nAnaka bar3A pAkhie, zrApai jANe zrApa |-'jpjii', 22 / (2) aba maiM bANi baure kevala rAi kI khaaNnniiN| . -ka. graM., pR0 143, 166 / (3) vo hai taisA vohI jAnai, vohi pAhi, pAhi nahi bhAna / -vahI, pR. 240 /

Page #115
110 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA dAdU bhI kahate haiM, "carma-dRSTi se aneka dikhAI dete haiM, Atma-dRSTi se eka, paraMtu sAkSAt paricaya vA brahma-dRSTi se hotA hai, jo ina donoM ke pare hai|" phira kahA hai dAdU dekhoM dayAla ko, bAhari bhItari soi / saba disi dekhauM pIva kauM, dUsara nAhI hoi // bhIkhA bhI kahate haiM bhIkhA kevala eka hai, kiratima bhayA anaMta / ekai prAtama sakala ghaTa, yaha gati jAnahi saMta // hama yaha dekha cuke haiM ki paramAtmA bhAva aura abhAva donoM praNAliyoM se avarNanIya hai; kyoMki vaha bhAva aura prabhAva donoM ke pare hai| paramAtmA kI saguNa bhAvanA 3. parAtpara bhAvAtmaka praNAlI hai, aura nirguNa bhAvanA prbhaavaatmk| paraMtu paramAtmA kA pUrNa jJAna prApta karane ke liye saguNa aura nirguNa donoM ke para pahuMcanA caahie| kabora kA apane ko nirguNI kahanA nakArAtmaka praNAlI ke anusaraNa mAtra kI ora saMketa karatA hai, jisake sAtha jijJAsu kA jJAna-mArga meM praveza hotA hai| sUkSma guNa tIna mAne jAte haiN| isaliye kabIra ne paramAtmA ke satya svarUpa ko tIna guNoM se pare hone ke kAraNa cauthA pada bhI kahA hai rAjasa tAmasa sAtiga tInyU, ye saba terI maayaa| cauthe pada ko jo jana cInheM tinahiM parama pada pAyA // (1)camadRSTI dekhe bahuta kari, bhAtamaSTI eka / brahmadRSTi paricaya bhayA, (taba) dAdU baiThA dekha // -bAnI (jJAna-sAgara), pR0 48 / (2) bAnI, bhAga 1, pR0 53 / / (3) saM0 bA0 saM0, bhAga 1, pR. 213 / (4) ka. graM., pR0 110, 184 /

Page #116
hiMdI kAvya meM niguNa saMpradAya 111 nIce likhI paMkti meM bhI isI bAta kI ora saMketa hai kahai kabIra hamArai govyaMda cauthe pada meM jana kA jyNd| kabIra tIna sanehI bahu mile, cauthe mile na koya / sabai piyAre rAma ke, baiThe paravaza hoya // aMtima uddharaNa meM tIna kA artha trailokya bhI lagAyA jA sakatA hai| bihArI dariyA ne abhaya satyaloka ko trailokya ke Upara batalAyA hai| paramAtmA ko trailokya ke pare mAnanA ThIka bhI hai| paraMtu kabIra paMtha meM isakA bilkula hI bAhyArtha lagAyA gayA aura satyapuruSa nirguNa se do loka Upara mAnA gyaa| bIca ke do lokoM ke nAma sunna aura bhaMvaraguphA rakhe gae aura unake dhaniyoM ( adhiSThAtAoM) ke binA kisI saMgati ke brahma aura parabrahma / ___yahA~ para yaha kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki sunna bauddhoM ke zUnya. vAda kI pratidhvani hai, jisameM sattattva zUnyamAtra mAnA jAtA hai; yoga meM vaha sUkSma AkAza tattva kA bodhaka hokara trikuTo ke liye bhI prayukta hone lagA ! isI prakAra muMDakopaniSad meM paramAtmA kA nivAsa guhA meM mAnA gayA hai| yaha jJAnaguhA athavA hRdayaguhA donoM ho sakatA hai| hRdaya meM yoga ke eka kamala ( cakra ) kA bhI sthAna hai ataeva hRdayastha paramAtmA usakA bhramara huA aura hRdaya usa bhramara kI guhaa| bhaMvaraguphA Age calakara anAhata (1)ka. graM., pR0 210, 365 / (2) tIna loka ke Upare abhayaloka vistAra / satta sukRta paravAnA pAvai, pahu~cai jAya karAra // -saM. bA. saM0, bhAga 1, pR. 123 / (3) bRhacca tadivyamanaMtarUpaM sUkSmAca tatsUkSmataraM vibhAti / dRgasudUre tadihAMtike ca pazyassvi haiva nihitaM guhAyAm // --3, 1,7 /

Page #117
112 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA cakra se alaga hI eka cakra mAnI jAne lgii| kabIra ne bhI aisA hI kiyA hai| unhoMne bha~varaguphA ko loka ke artha meM prayukta nahIM kiyA hai| ___ nAnaka ne sacakhaMDa arthAt satyaloka ko vaiSNavoM ke samAna sarvocca loka mAnA hai jahA~ niraMkAra kartA puruSa kA vAsa hai| isake nIce cAra aura loka haiM jinake nAma unhoMne-nIce se Upara kA krama rakhate hue-yo die haiM-dharamakhaMDa, sarama (zarma ) khaMDa, jJAnakhaMDa aura krmkhNdd| sacakhaMDa kI yaha bhAvanA bhI bAhyArthaparaka hI hai, paraMtu aisA bhI nahIM mAlUma hotA ki nAnaka ne sUkSma bhAvanA ko sarvathA tyAga hI diyA ho| unhoMne apane satyanAma karatA purukha kA varNana prAyaH vaise hI zabdoM meM kiyA jo kabIra ke mukha meM rakhe jA sakate haiN| unhoMne kahA ki paramAtmA triguNAtmaka trailokya meM vyApta hai, paraMtu hai vaha tInoM lokoM athavA tonoM guNoM se bAhara, 'tIni samAve cauthe bAsA' / gulAla use cauthe se bhI Upara le gae-"brahma-sarUpa prakhaMDita purana, cauthe pada soM nyAro3 / " prANanAtha ne bhI kahAhai bANI mere pIu kI, nyArI jo sNsaar| nirAkAra ke pAra thai tina pArahu ke pAra // isa prakAra parabrahma kramaza: eka ke bAda eka pada Upara uThane lgaa| kabIra ke nAma se bhI kucha aisI kavitAe~ pracalita haiM, jo vastuta: kabIra kI nahIM ho sakatIM, jinameM satya samartha aura (.) baMkanAli ke aMtare, pachima disA ke bATa / nIjhara jharai rasa pIjie, tahA~ bhaMvaraguphA ke ghATa re // -ka. pra0, pR0 88, 4 (2) "graMtha", pR0 45 / (3) saM0 bA0 saM0, bhAga 2, pR0 206 / (4) pragaTa bAnI, pR0 1, nA0 pra0 sa0, khoja-riporTa /

Page #118
hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 113 niraMjana ke bIca chaH puruSoM ke loka haiN| ina chaH puruSoM ke nAma haiMsahaja, okAra, icchA, soham, acitya aura akSara / ina chaH puruSoM kI siddhi ke liye eka navIna sRSTividhAna kI kalpanA kI gaI jisake anusAra satya puruSa ne kramazaH chaH brahmoM aura unake liye chaH aMDoM kI racanA kii| chaThe akSara brahma kI dRSTi se chaThA aMDa phUTA to usameM se trailokya kA kartA niraMjana apanI zakti jyoti athavA mAyA ke sAtha nikala pdd'aa| paraMtu ina nae nae bAhyArthavAdI lokoM tathA unake ghaniyoM kI kalpanA kA krama yahIM para na rukA, kyoMki nAma to zabda mAtra haiM aura paramAtmA kI ora saMketa mAtra kara sakate haiN| ina saMketoM ko chor3akara yadi unakA bAhyArtha liyA jAya to unakA koI bhI pAramArthika mUlya nahIM raha jaataa| isa prakAra hama paramAtmA ko cAhe jisa nAma se pukAreM, vaha usase pare hI rahegA; isI liye darzanazAstroM meM use 'parAtpara' kahA hai| paramAtmA, ko pare se pare le jA rakhane kI isa pravRtti ke kAraNa Age calakara paramAtmA 'satya puruSa' se bhI pare calA gyaa| pariNAmataH paramAtmA, (1) prathama surati samaratha kiyo ghaTa meM sahaja ucAra / tAte jAmana dIniyA, sAta karI vistAra // ... taba samaratha ke zravaNa te mUla surati bhai sAra / zabda kalA tAte bhaI, pA~ca brahma anuhAra // pAMcA pAMcau aMDa dhari, eka eka mA kInha / ... te aciMtya ke prema te upaje acara sAra / ... jaba acara chenI da gai, dabI surati nirabAna / zyAma barana ika aMDa hai, so jala meM utarAna // ... akSara dRSTi se phUTiyA, dasa dvAre kar3hi bApa // tehi te joti niraMjanau, prakaTe rUpanidhAna / -ka0 za0, pR. 65-66 /

Page #119
114 nAgaro pracAriNI patrikA jise kabIrapaMthiyoM ne anAmI aura zivadayAlajI ne rAdhAsvAmI nAma se abhihita kiyA, satya puruSa se bhI tIna loka aura Upara jA baiThA / bIca ke puruSoM kA nAma agama aura alakha rakhA gayA / zivadayAlajI ne anAmI zabda ko rAdhAsvAmI kA vizeSaNa mAnA thaa| paraMtu rAdhAsvAmI saMpradAya ke anuyAyiyoM ne anAmI ko eka alaga puruSa mAnakara rAdhAsvAmI ke nIce rakha diyA / unakA kahanA hai ki zivadayAlajI ne jAna bUjhakara anAmI puruSa ko gupta rakhA thA / itanA hI nahIM, zivadayAlajI ne satya ko bhI nirguNa se cauthA na mAnakara cAra loka Upara mAnA aura isa prakAra bar3hI huI jagaha ko bharane ke liye eka aura loka aura puruSa kI kalpanA kI jinake nAma kramazaH sohaMga loka aura sohaMga puruSa rakhe gae / isa prakAra sabase navIna saMta - ( rAdhAsvAmI - ) sAhitya meM hama niraMjana athavA nirguNa ko uttarottara ucca padavAle dhaniyoM athavA puruSoM kI zreNI ke pAda para pAte haiM / niraMjana ke Upara krama se brahma, parabrahma, sohaMga ( soham ) puruSa, satya puruSa, alakha puruSa, agama puruSa aura anAmI puruSa haiM aura sabake Upara rAdhAsvAmI dayAla / isa saMpradAya ke anusAra aura dharmoM ke loga niraMjana athavA usake the|dd'e hI Upara nIce ke kisI puruSa kI ArAdhanA karate haiM / yadi saMta saMpradAyoM meM yaha para pravRtti isI prakAra bar3hatI rahI to kyA Azcarya ki paramatattva ko koI rAdhAsvAmI se bhI Upara le jA rakhe / paraMtu darzana-buddhi se to yaha prAvazyaka jAna par3atA hai ki AvazyakatA se adhika 'para' brahma para na jor3e jAya~ / isa dRSTi se isa atizaya 'para' - pravRtti kI koI saMgati nahIM baiThatI / eka bAra jaba paramAtmA ko saguNa nirguNa donoM se 'para' batalA diyA taba eka ke bAda eka aura 'para' jor3ane se lAbha hI kyA ho sakatA hai /

Page #120
115 hiMdo kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya isa asaMgata 'para'-pravRtti kA kAraNa yaha hai ki svAmI rAmA. naMdajI ke satsaMga se prApta jina sUkSma dArzanika vicAroM kA pracAra kabIra ne kiyA thA, kucha kAla uparAMta unake tattvArtha ko darzana-buddhi se samajhanA unake anuyAyiyoM ke liye kaThina ho gayA aura ve apane se pUrvavartI saMto tathA anya dharmAvalaMbiyoM ke anubhavoM ko apane se nIcA ThaharAne lge| bauddha aura sUphI bhI AdhyAtmika abhyAsa-mArga meM uttarottara praprasara ATha pada mAnate haiN| saMbhavata: yaha pravRtti inhIM ke anukaraNa kA phala hai| paraMtu bauddhoM aura sUphiyoM meM ina padoM kI bhAvanA vibhinna puruSoM aura unake vibhinna lokoM ke rUpa meM nahIM kI gaI hai| kiMtu kevala sopAna ke rUpa meM / abhyAsa pakSa meM saMto ne bhI aisA hI kiyA hai kiMtu isase unako loka aura puruSa bhI mAnanA saMgata nahIM ThaharAyA jA sakatA / eka sthAna para zivadayAlajI ne rAdhAsvAmI dayAla se kahalAyA hai ki agama alakha aura satya puruSa meM merA hI pUrNa rUpa hai / yadi yaha bAta hai to yaha kaise mAnA jA sakatA hai ki ina rUpoM ko grahaNa karane ke liye rAdhAsvAmI ko nIce utaranA par3A hai| jahA~ paramAtmA ko eka paga bhI nIce utaranA par3A vahIM samajhanA cAhie ki pUrNatA meM kamI A gii| sAdhaka ke pUrNa AdhyAtmikatA meM praveza pAne meM uttarottara bar3hatI huI mAtrAe~ ho sakatI haiM; paraMtu nirlepa paramatattva meM, jaba taka vaha nirlepa paramatattva hai, nyUnAdhika mAtrAoM kA vicAra ghaTa nahIM sktaa| pUrNa brahma kI jaba taka pUrNa (1) pirathama agama rUpa maiM dhArA / dUsara alakha puruSa huaA nyArA // tIsara satta puruSa maiM bhayA / sattaloka maiM hI raci liyA / ina tInoM meM merA rUpa / hA~ se utarIM kalA anUpa // yA~ taka nija kara mujhako jAno / pUrana rUpa mujhe pahacAnA // --sAravacana, bhAga 1, pR0 75 /

Page #121
nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA prApti nahIM ho jAtI taba taka sAdhaka apUrNa hI kahalAegA, cAhe usakI apUrNatA sUkSma ho athavA sthUla / yadi pUrNa brahma-bhAvanA para bAhyArtha kA Aropa kiyA jAyagA to vaha avazya hI sArahIna hokara aisI adArzanika pravRtti meM badala jAyagI; yahI yahA~ huA bhI hai| kahanA na hogA ki niraMjana, alakha, agama, anAmI, satya Adi zabdoM ko-jinheM pichale saMto ne vibhinna 'puruSo' kA nAma mAna liyA hai-pahale ke saMtoM ne paramatattva yA paramAtmA ke vizeSaNa mAnakara usake paryAya ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hai| vibhinna loka hone ke badale ve 'neti neti' praNAlI ke dvArA pUrNa puruSa ko hI dekhane ke vibhinna dRSTi-koNa haiN| niraMjana se bhI ( aMjana athavA mAyA se rahita ), jise pichale saMta kAla-puruSa kA nAma mAnate haiM, kabIra kA abhiprAya paramAtmA se hI thA, yaha isa pada se spaSTa hotA hai govyaMde tU niraMjana, tU niraMjana, tU niraMjana raayaa| tere rUpa nAhI, rekha nAhIM mudrA nAhIM mAyA / terI gati tUhI jAne kabIra to saranA // abhyAsa-mArga meM unnati ke sopAnoM ke rUpa meM ina padoM kI cAhe jo sArthakatA mAnI jAya, paraMtu isameM saMdeha nahIM ki loka athavA puruSa rUpa meM unakA koI dArzanika mahattva nhiiN| nirguNa saMtoM ko sarvatra paramAtmA hI ke darzana hote haiN| yadi koI pUche ki "yadisattA 'eka' hI kI hai to aneka ke saMbaMdha meM kyA 4. paramAtmA, prAtmA aura kahA jAyagA ? kyA yaha samasta carAcara jar3a padArtha sRSTi, jo iMdriyoM ke liye usa alakSya paramAtmA se bhI vAstavika hai, mithyA hai ? kyA usakA astitva nahIM ?" to ve saba eka svara meM uttara deMge ki unakI bhI sattA hai, ve bhI vAstavika (1)ka0 pra0, pR. 162, 216 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 117 hai, paraMtu paramAtmA se alaga unakI koI sattA athavA vAstavikatA nhiiN| usI kI sattA meM unakI sattA hai, usI kI vAstavikatA meM unako vAstavikatA, kyoMki sabameM paramAtmA sAra rUpa se vidyamAna hai| choTe se choTe jIva, tuccha se tuccha padArtha sabameM parabrahma kA nivAsa hai| kaThinAI kevala itanI hai ki jaba taka hama iMdriya-jJAna para prAzrita buddhi kI mApa se saba padArthoM ko mApane kA prayatna karate rahate haiM taba taka hama unake aMtaratama meM praveza kara unako pUrNa rUpa meM nahIM samajha skte| paraMtu isa kathana se saba saMtoM kA eka hI abhiprAya na hogaa| hameM unameM kama se kama tIna prakAra kI dArzanika vicAra-dhArAoM ke spaSTa darzana hote haiN| vedAMta ke purAne matoM ke nAma se yadi unakA nirdeza kareM to unheM advaita, bhedAbheda aura viziSTAdvaita kaha sakate haiN| pahalI vicAra-dhArA ko mAnanevAloM meM kabIra pradhAna haiN| dAdU, suMdaradAsa, jagajIvanadAsa, bhIkhA aura malUka unakA anugamana karate haiN| nAnaka aura unake anuyAyI bhedAbhedI haiM aura zivadayAlajI tathA unake anuyAyI vishissttaadvaitii| prANanAtha, dariyAdvaya, dIna daraveza, bullezAha ityAdi zivadayAla kI ho zreNI meM rakhe jA sakate haiN| kabIra Adi advaitI vicAra-dhArAvAloM ke anusAra pratyeka vyakti ke bhItara paramAtma tattva pUrNa rUpa se vidyamAna hai| rahasya kevala itanA hI hai ki vaha isa bAta ko jAnatA nahIM hai| isa bAta kA anubhava use tabhI ho sakatA hai, jaba vaha mana aura sAmAnya buddhi ke kSetra se Upara uTha jAtA hai| manuSya (jIvAtmA) aura paramAtmA meM pUrNa advaita bhAva hai-dUra kiyA saMdeha saba jIva brahma nahi bhinn'| apane vAstavika svarUpa ko bhUla jAne ke kAraNa vaha apane (1) sudaradAsa, saM0 bA0 saM0, bhAga 1, pR0 107 /

Page #123
118 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA prApako brahmetara samajhatA hai| prAtmatattva ko bhUlakara vaha paMcabhUtoM kI ora dRSTi DAlatA hai aura unhIM meM apane vAstavika svarUpa kI pUrNatA mAnatA hai-sUdhI ora na dekhaI, dekhai darpana pRSTa' / yahI dehAdhyAsa usake bhrama kI jar3a hai| jaba vyakti dRzya AvaraNoM ke bhrama meM na par3akara, nAma aura rUpa ko bhedakara, apane aMtaratama meM dRSTi DAlatA hai taba use mAlUma hotA hai ki maiM to vastuta: eka mAtra sattattva huuN| taba use vidita hotA hai ki kisa prakAra maiM apane Apako bhrama meM DAle hue thA-suMdara bhrama theM doya the2-aura use tatkAla anubhava ho jAtA hai ki maiM pUrNa brahma kaMvala hU~ hI nahIM, balki kabhI usake atirikta koI dUsarA padArtha thA hI nhiiN| isa prakAra pratyeka vyakti pUrNa brahma hai| usake isa tathya se anabhijJa hone aura usakI anubhUti na kara sakane se bhI usake vAstavika svarUpa meM koI aMtara nahIM paataa| vaha jAne cAhe na jAne, para brahma to vaha hai hii| pAMcabhautika jagat ke baMdhanoM se mukta hone ke lie yahI aparokSAnubhUti apekSita hai / saMta-saMpradAya ke ina advaitI saMto ne isa satya ko svayaM apane jIvana meM anubhUta kara liyA thaa| kabIra ne isa saMbaMdha meM apane bhAva bar3I dRr3hatA tathA spaSTatA ke sAtha vyakta kie haiN| prAtmA aura paramAtmA kI ekatA meM unakA aTala vizvAsa thaa| ina donoM meM itanA bhI bheda nahIM ki hama unheM eka hI mUla-vastu ke do pakSa kaha skeN| pUrNa brahma ke do pakSa ho hI nahIM skte| donoM sarvathA eka haiN| advaitatA kI isI anubhUti ke kAraNa ve samasta sRSTi meM apane pApako dekhate the| unhoMne spaSTa zabdo meM udghoSita kiyA thA (1) suMdaradAsa, saM0 bA0 saM0, bhAga 1, pR. 10 /

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hiMdo kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 116 hama saba mAhiM sakala hama maahiiN| hama theM aura dUsarA nAhIM // tIna loka meM hamArA pasArA / AvAgamana saba khela hamArA // khaTa darzana kahipata hama bhekhA / hamahi atIta rUpa nahi rekhA // hamahIM Apa kabIra kahAvA / hamahIM apanA zrApa lakhAvA // jo kabIra ko aMDarahila ke samAna rAmAnuja ke 'viziSTAdvaitavAdI siddhAMta' kA aura pharkuhara ke samAna niMbArka ke 'bhedAbheda' kA samarthaka mAnate haiM ve bhrama ke kAraNa kabIra ke saMpUrNa vicAroM para samanvita rUpa se vicAra nahIM krte| kabIra ne pUrNa brahma kA eka hI dRSTi-koNa se vicAra nahIM kiyA hai| usakA nirvacana karane ke liye saba dRSTi-koNoM se vicAra karanA par3atA hai, paraMtu aMta meM sabakA samanvaya kie binA pUrNAvasthA kA jJAna nahIM ho sktaa| kabIra jaise pUrNa advaitavAdiyoM ne yahI kiyA bhI hai| isI se kabIra meM eka sAtha hI niMbArka ke bhedAbheda aura rAmAnuja ke viziSTAdvaita kA darzana ho jAtA hai| unakI uktiyoM meM se koI bhI vAda nikAlA jA sakatA hai| paraMtu svata: kabIra ne unameM se kisI eka ko nahIM apanAyA hai| una sabase unhoMne Upara uThane ke liye sopAna mAtra kA kAma liyA hai| kabIra ke sUkSma dArzanika vicAroM ko pUrNa rUpa se samajhane ke liye hameM unakI eka hI do uktiyoM para nahIM balki unakI saba racanAoM para eka sAtha vicAra karanA hogaa| aisA karane se isameM koI saMdeha nahIM raha jAtA ki ve pUrNa advaitI the / vastutaH pUrNa advaita meM kabIra kA itanA aTala vizvAsa hai ki ve usa paramatattva ko koI nAma denA bhI pasaMda nahIM karate, kyoMki aisA karane se nAma aura nAmI meM dvaitabhAva ho jAne kI AzaMkA ho jAtI hai "unako nAma kahana ko nAhIM, dUjA dhokhA hAI 2 / " (.) ka. graM., pR. 201, 332 / (2)ka. za0, bhA0 1, pR0 68 /

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120 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA jo tarka se dvaita-siddhi karanA cAhate haiM unakI ve moTo akla mAnate the "kahai kabIra taraka dui sAdhe, tinakI mati hai motto|" mumukSu kI dRSTi se mokSa jIvAtmA kA paramAtmA meM ghula-milakara ekAkAra ho jAnA hai| isa milana meM bheda-jJAna jarA bhI nahIM rhtaa| kabora prAdi saMto ne vedAMta kA anusaraNa karate hue isa milana ko bUMda ke siMdhu meM, namaka ke jala meM tathA jala meM rakhe hue ghar3e ke (ghaTAkAza dRSTAMta ke anurUpa) phUTa jAne para usake bhItara ke pAnI ke bAhara ke pAnI se mila jAne ke dRSTAMtoM dvArA samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| ina dRSTAMta se koI yaha na samajha le ki isa milana meM AtmA ko paramAtmA se kama mahattva diyA gayA hai| isaliye kabIra ne bUMda aura samudra kA eka dUsare meM pUrNataH mila jAnA kahA hai herata herata he sakhI, rahyA kabIra herAi / bUMda samAnI samuda meM, so kata herI jAha // herata herata he sakhI, rahyA kabIra herAi / samuda samAnA yU~da meM, so kata herayA jAi // paraMtu mukta puruSa ke dRSTikoNa se milana kA savAla hI nahIM utthtaa| kyoMki kabhI bheda to thA hI nahIM jisase mukti hone para milana kahanA saMgata tthhre| mokSa to kevala donoM kI nitya advai. tatA kI anubhUti mAtra hai, jisase ajJAna kA prAvaraNa manuSya ko vaMcita rakhatA hai| isI liye kabIra ne apanI mukti ke saMbaMdha meM paramAtmA ke prati ye udgAra prakaTa kie the rAma ! mohi tAri kahA~ lai jaihau| so baikuMTha kahau dhau kaisA jo kari pasAva mohi dehI // (.) ka. graM., pR0 105, 54 / (2) vahI, pR0 17, 7, 3 aura 4 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 121 jo mere jiu dui jAnata hai| to mohi mukati batAvA / ekameka hai rami rahyA sabana maiM to kAhe ko bharamAvA // tArana tirana taba laga kahie, jaba laga tatta na jaanaa| eka rAma dekhyA sabahina maiM, kahai kabIra mana mAnA // isa gahana anubhUti kI jhalaka isa zreNI ke saMto kI vANiyoM meM yatra-tatra mila jAtI hai, kyoMki ve dAda ke zabdoM meM apane hI anubhava se isa bAta ko jAnate the ki jaba dila milA dayAla se, taba aMtara kachu nAhi / jaba pAlA pAnI ko milA tyA harijana hari mAhi // mAtmAnaMda meM lIna dAdU ko sahaja rUpa para-brahma ko chor3akara aura koI kahIM dikhalAI hI nahIM detA hai sadA lIna zrAnaMda meM, sahaja rUpa saba Thaura / dAdU dekhe eka ko, dUjA nAhIM aura 3 // isI svara meM malUkadAsa bhI kahate haiM sAhaba mili sAhaba bhae, kachu rahI na tamAI / kahaiM malUka tisa ghara gae, jaha~ pavana na jAI // bhIkhA bhI kahate haiM bhIkhA kevala eka hai, kiratima bhayA anaMta / isa advaitAnaMda kI jagajIvanadAsa ne isa prakAra utsAhapUrNa abhivyaMjanA kI hai AnaMda ke siMdha meM prAna base, tinako na rahyo tana ko tapano / jaba Apu meM zrApu samAya gae, taba zrApu meM zrApu bahyo apanA // (1)ka. pra., pR0 101, 12 / (2) saM. bA0 saM0, bhAga 1, pR. 12 / (3) bAnI (jJAnasAgara ), pR0 42-43 / (4)saM0 bA0 saM0, bhAga 2, pR0 104 / (5) vahI, bhAga 1, pR. 213 /

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122 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA 1 - jaba zrApu meM zrApu lahyo apanA taba zrapanvai jApa rahyo japaneA / jaba jJAna ko bhAna prakAsa bhayo jagajIvana hoya rahyo sapanA // suMdaradAsa ko to zAMkara advaita kA pUrNa zAstrIya jJAna thA jo unakI racanAoM se pUrNa rUpa se prakaTa ho jAtA hai / advaita jJAna ke saMbaMdha meM unhoMne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai paramAtama zraru zrAtamA, upajyA yaha zraviveka / suMdara bhrama thaiM doya the, sataguru kIe eka // paraMtu zivadayAla, prANanAtha Adi anya saMta yadyapi isa bAta ko mAnate haiM ki jIvAtmA kA aMtataH paramAtmA meM nivAsa hai phira bhI ve yaha nahIM mAnate ki vaha pUrNa brahma hai / unake anusAra jIvAtmA bhI paramAtmA hai avazya, paraMtu pUrya 5. zraMzAzi saMbaMdha nahIM / paramAtmA aMzI hai aura jIvAtmA aMza / prANanAtha kahate haiM aba kahU~ isaka bAta, isaka sabadAtItha sAkhyAta / ... brahma sRSTi brahma eka zraMga, ye sadA zranaMda atiraMga3 // arthAt sRSTi atyaMta AnaMdamaya prema-svarUpa paramAtmA kA eka aMga mAtra hai| zivadayAla ne advaitavAdI vedAMtiyoM ke saMbaMdha meM kahA hai ki satya puruSa ke pAsa se AnevAlI aMzarUpa jIvAtmA (surata) kA ve rahasya nahIM jAnate surata aMza kA bheda na pAyA / jo satapuruSa se zrAna samAyA " / / rAyabahAdura zAligrAma ne bhI apanI premabAnI meM kahA hai jIva zraMsa sata puruSa se AI / ... 5 puruSa zraMsa tU dhurapada se zrAI / tiralokI meM rahI pha~sAI 300 (1) saM0 bA0 saM0, bhAga 2, pR0 141 / ( 2 ) vahI, bhAga 1, pR0 107 / (3) 'brahmabAnI', pR0 1 ( khoja riporTa ) / (4) 'sAra bacana', bhA0 1, pR0 85 / (5) 'prema bAnI', bhA0 1, pR0 54 /

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hidI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 123 zivadayAla ne AtmA aura paramAtmA kA bheda isa taraha spaSTa kiyA hai bhaMki aura bhagavaMta eka haiM, prema rUpa tU sataguru jAna / prema rUpa terA bhI bhAI saba jIvana ko yAhI jAna / / eka bheda yAmeM pahicAnA, kahIM buMda kahIM lahara samAna / kahIM siMdha sama kare prakAsA, kahIM sota au pota kahAna' // surata (jIvAtmA) aura rAdhAsvAmI (paramAtmA) mUla-svarUpa meM pravazya eka haiM paraMtu vistAra athavA mahattA meM nhiiN| surata bhI premasvarUpa hai, paraMtu rAdhAsvAmI to prema kA bhAMDAra hI hai| agara surata jala kI bUMda hai to paramAtmA smudr| jisa prakAra sAgara kI eka bUMda meM sAgara ke saba guNa vidyamAna rahate haiM usI prakAra jIvAtmA meM bhI paramAtmA ke saba guNa vidyamAna haiM, paraMtu kama mAtrA meN| zAhajAdA dArAzikoha ke praznoM ke uttara meM bAbAlAla ne bhI isa saMbaMdha meM apanA mata bahuta spaSTatA ke sAtha prakaTa kiyA hai / dArA zikoha ne pUchA-"kyA jIvAtmA, prANa aura deha saba chAyA mAtra haiM ?" bAbAlAla ne uttara diyA-"jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA mUla-svarUpa meM eka samAna haiM aura jIvAtmA usakA eka aMza hai| unake bIca vahI saMbaMdha hai jo buMda aura siMdhu meN| jaba buMda siMdhu meM mila jAtA hai to vaha bhI siMdhu hI ho jAtA hai|" isase bhI jaba dArA zikoha kA pUrA samAdhAna na huA to usane phira pUchA-'to phira jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA meM bheda kyA hai ?" isake uttara meM bAbAlAla ne kahA- "unameM koI bheda nahIM hai| jIvAtmA ko harSa-viSAda kI anubhUti isaliye hotI hai ki vaha pAMcabhautika zarIra ke baMdhana meM (1) 'sAravacana', bhAga 1, pR0 226 / (2) vaha bhaMDAra prema kA bhArI jAkA zrAdi na aMta dekhAta / -'sAravacana', bhAga 1, pR0 227 /

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124 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA par3A hai| paraMtu gaMgAjala hamezA gaMgAjala rahegA cAhe vaha nadI meM bahatA ho athavA ghar3e meM bharA ho' / " isa prakAra bAbAlAla ne bho aMzAMzi bhAva ko hI apanAyA thaa| paraMtu nAnaka kA isa saMbaMdha meM kyA mata hai, yaha sApha sApha nahIM jJAta hotaa| AtmA aura paramAtmA ko eka kara duvidhA ke nivAraNa kA upadeza unhoMne bhI diyA hai zrAtamA duvai rahai liva lAI / ... ... zrAtamA paramAtamA eko karai / aMtari kI duvidhA aMtari marai // isake sAtha sAtha jaba hama isa bAta para dhyAna dete haiM ki mukti ko sikha saMpradAyavAle 'nirvANa' mAnate haiM taba yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aMta meM prAtmA aura paramAtmA abheda rUpa se eka ho jAte haiM; kiMtu yaha vidita nahIM hotA ki jaba taka yaha duvidhA 'maratI' nahIM taba taka bhI AtmA aura paramAtmA meM pUrNAdvaita bhAva rahatA hai yA nhiiN| hA~, unakI sAmAnya uktiyoM ko tathA unake bhakti-bhAva ko dekhane se yahI samajha par3atA hai ki ve bhI jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA meM, jaba taka jIvAtmA jIvAtmA hai, aMzAMzi saMbaMdha ho mAnate haiN| jar3a sRSTi ke saMbaMdha meM unakI sammati bhI, jisakA prAge calakara ullekha hogA, isI bAta ko puSTa karatI hai| paraMtu zivadayAla aura bAbAlAla ke matoM kA jo ullekha Upara kiyA gayA hai, usase spaSTa hai ki aMzAMzi bhAvavAloM meM bhI sAhamatya nahIM hai| bAbAlAla aura nAnaka to aMza kA artha vastutaH aMza lete haiN| hA~, itanI viziSTatA usa aMza meM avazya hotI hai ki aMza meM bhI aMzI ke saba guNa vartamAna rahate haiM, yadyapi kucha parimANa meN| kiMtu zivadayAla aura prAya: anya saba saMta, jo (1) vilsana-'hiMdU rilijasa sekTasa, pR0 350 / (2) 'pradha', pR0 357 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 125 na to advaitadhArA ke aMtargata Ate haiM aura na bAbAlAla tathA nAnaka ke anuyAyI haiM, aMza kA artha vastuta: aMza nahIM lete, balki aMza tuly| unake liye aMzAzi bhAva kevala eka anupAta kI ora saMketa karatA hai| paramAtmA ke sAmane jIva vaisA hI hai jaise samudra ke sAmane buuNd| jIvAtmA paramAtmA ke eka laghu se laghu aMza ke barAbara hai| jIvAtmA ke sammukha paramAtmA kitanA bar3A hai, isakA varNana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| vaha jIva kA svAmI aura bhAgyavidhAtA hai| jIva paramAtmA na hokara paramAtmA kA hai| ___ ina dono matoM meM jo bheda hai vaha unake mukti-saMbaMdhI vicArAM se aura bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai| nAnaka aura bAbAlAla ke anusAra mokSa hone para jIvAtmA paramAtmA meM isa prakAra ghula-mila jAtA hai ki jIvAtmA kI koI alaga sattA hI nahIM raha jaatii| donoM meM jarA bhI bheda nahIM rahane paataa| paraMtu zivadayAla kA dRSTikoNa isase bilakula bhinna hai| unake matAnusAra mukti hone para surata (jIvAtmA) kI alaga sattA bilakula naSTa nahIM ho jAto, hA~ rAdhAsvAmI (paramAtmA) ke caraNoM meM use anaMta cinmaya jIvana avazya prApta ho jAtA hai| ve bhI surata kI upamA bUMda se aura rAdhAsvAmI kI sAgara se dete haiM aura isa taraha mokSa kI prApti para siMdhu aura bUMda kA milana mAnate haiN| paraMtu bUMda siMdhu meM samAkara usake sAtha abheda rUpa se eka nahIM ho jaatii| 'samAnA' ke sthAna para unake graMthoM meM 'dhaMsanA' kriyA kA bhI prayoga huA hai| dhaMsane kA tAtparya hai kisI vastu meM praviSTa hokara usameM apane liye sthAna kara lenaa| zivadayAlajI kA mata yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki sAgara meM jalarAzi kA vaha parimANa jo bhApa hokara kabhI nahIM ur3atA rAdhAsvAmI hai aura jo bUMdeM prati pala usameM se ur3atI tathA usameM milatI rahatI haiM, ve surata haiN| ye bUdeM

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126 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA dekhane meM to usa mUla jalarAzi meM mila gaI haiM, paraMtu phira bhI hama I dekha pAveM cAhe na dekha pAveM, haiM to ve vahA~ hI / mukta surata rAdhAsvAmI ke sAtha sAyujya-sukha bhogA karate haiM aura anaMta kAla taka unakI zaraNa meM vizrAma pAte haiM / dharanI ne bhI nimnAMkita rUpaka meM yahI bAta kahI hai - "chuTI majUrI, bhae hajUrI sAhiba ke manamAnA' " ( ijUrI = hujUra meM rahanevAlA, darabArI ) / prema pahelI aura tAratamya ke jo avataraNa nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA kI dillI kI khAja ( aprakAzita ) meM die hue haiM, unako par3hane se mAlUma hotA hai ki prANanAtha ke anusAra mokSa usa cidrUpa lIlA meM sammilita hokara sahAyaka hone kA saubhAgya prApta karanA hai, jisameM 'ThAkura' aura 'ThakurAina' apane dhAma meM niraMtara nirata haiN| yaha bhI isI bAta kA sUcaka hai ki aMta meM bhI prANanAtha jIvAtmA paramAtmA meM spaSTa bheda mAnate haiM 1 isa prakAra isa zreNI ke saMtoM kA mata hai ki jIvAtmA kI caramAvasthA paramAtmA ke sAtha sabheda milana hai| aMta taka paramAtmA paramAtmA hI rahatA hai aura jIva jIva hI; donoM kA bheda kabhI naSTa nahIM hotA / kabIra sadRza advaitavAdI ke matAnusAra yaha mata bhrAmaka hai, kyoMki yaha pUrNa brahma kA prapUrNa svarUpa hai / isake anusAra prakhaMDa brahma yA to itanI jIvAtmAoM meM vibhAjita ho jAtA hai yA parabrahma paramAtmA ke atirikta aura vastuoM ( jIvAtmA ) kI bhI sattA mAna lI jAtI hai / aura isa prakAra prakhaMDa pUrNa brahma kI akhaMDatA aura pUrNatA vyavadhAna meM par3a jAtI hai / ataeva unake anusAra aise saMtoM kI sAdhanA adhUrI hai| unheM abhI apanI pUrNa sattA kA jJAna nahIM huA hai, jaisA dAdU ne kahA hai (1) 'bAnI', pR0 14 /

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hiMdI kAvya meM nirguNa saMpradAya 127 khaMDa khaMDa kari brahma ko pakha pakha lIyA (Ti / dAdU paraNa brahma taji baMdhe bharama kI gAThi // paraMtu svayaM ina aMzAMzi bhAvavAloM ke anusAra bAta aisI nahIM hai| ve bhI isa bAta kI ghoSaNA karate haiM ki paramAtmA akhaMDa aura pUrNa hai| jaisA prANanAtha kahate haiM, izka-jo saba saMto ke liye paramAtmA kA hI dUsarA nAma hai-akhaMDa, ciraMtana aura nitya hai"isaka akhaMDa hamezA nitt"| jisa prakAra samudra meM kI kucha bUMdoM ke bhApa banakara usameM se ur3a jAne se yA kucha aura bUMdoM ke usameM girakara mila jAne se kucha aMtara nahIM AtA usI prakAra paramAtmA meM bhI jIvAtmAoM ke viyukta prasvA saMyukta hone se koI aMtara nahIM aataa| do vastue~ kevalAvasthA meM eka hokara hI eka nahIM kahalAtoM, eka samAna hone se tathA eka meM mila jAne se bhI eka kahalAtI haiN| aba prazna yaha uThatA hai ki usa aikyAvasthA se, cAhe vaha kisI prakAra kA aikya ho, AtmA aura paramAtmA viyukta kaise hote haiM / zivadayAla ne isa prazna para prakAza DAlane ke liye surata aura rAdhAsvAmI ke bIca eka saMvAda karAyA hai| surata ko isakA kAraNa samajhAte hue rAdhAsvAmI kahate haiM "suno surata tuma apanA bheda / tuma hama 3 thIM sadA abheda // kAla karI hama sevA bhArI / sevA basa hoya kucha na vicArI // tumako mAMgA hamase usane / sauMpa diyA tumheM sevA basa meM // " surata-"sevA basa tuma kAla ko, sauMpa diyA jaba mohi / to aba kauna bharosa hai, phira bhI aisA hoi !" (1) 'bAnI' (jJAnasAgara ), pR0 110 / (2) 'premapahelI', pR0 5 ( khoja riporTa )

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128 __nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA rAdhAsvAmI-"jAna bUma hama lIlA ThAnI / maiauja hamArI hui suna vAnI // kAla racA hama samajha bUjha ke / binA kAla nahiM khaupha jIva ke // kadara dyAla nahiM binA kAla ke / mauja uThI taba asa dayAla ke // diyA nikAla kAla ko hyA se / dakhala kAla aba kabhI na hyA se // kAla na pahuMce usI loka meN| abama karU~ aisI mauja maiM / eka bAra yaha mauja jarUra / aba matalaba nahIM DAlI dUra // tU zaMkA mata kara aba cita meM / calo deza hamare raho sukha meM // isake anusAra apanI 'mauja' athavA lIlAmayI svataMtra icchA ke kAraNa rAdhAsvAmI (paramAtmA ) surata ( jIvAtmA ) ko apane se viyukta kara kAlapuruSa ( yama.) ko sauMpa detA hai| anyathA jIva dayAla kI dayA ke mahattva ko nahIM samajha paataa| isI dayA ke mahattva ko prakaTa karane ke uddezya se kAlapuruSa kI bhI racanA huI hai| jaba surata ko dayAla kI dayA kA mahattva mAlUma ho jAtA hai taba vaha kAla ke phaMda se chur3A liyA jAtA hai aura use phira paramAtmA ke zAzvata samAgama kA saubhAgya prApta ho jAtA hai| prAyaH sabhI dhArmika darzanoM meM viyoga kA yahI kAraNa batalAyA jAtA hai| viziSTAdvaitiyoM tathA bhedAbhediyoM ke liye yaha vAstavika kAraNa hai aura isa saMbaMdha meM vaha unakI jijJAsA kI bhI zAMti kara detA hai| paraMtu advaitavAdiyoM ke anusAra to viyoga bhI kevala eka vyAvahArika satya hai| pAramArthika rUpa meM to kabhI viyoga huA hI nahIM thaa| isaliye viyoga kA yaha kAraNa bhI vyAvahArika hI ho sakatA hai| isakA upayoga kevala unhIM logoM ko samajhAne ke liye kiyA jA sakatA hai jo abhI prajJAna ke prAvaraNa ko nahIM haTA pAe haiN| (1) sAravacana, bhAga 1, 77-82 /

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( 2 ) prAcIna bhArata meM striyAM [ lekhaka-kumArI rAmapyArI zAstrI, bI0 e0, koTA ] aisA vizvAsa pracalita hai ki Arya zAstroM meM niyoM kA sthAna bahuta nIcA hai| nissaMdeha kisI samaya kaI kAraNoM se bhArata meM triyoM kI sthiti meM bahuta parivartana A gayA thaa| paraMtu triyoM kI paristhiti sadA se hI aisI nahIM rhii| madhyakAlIna saMkaToM ke kAraNa sacchAtroM kI carcA chUTa gaI thI aura sAmAjika niyamoM tathA maryAdAoM meM ghora rUpAMtara ho gayA thaa| phalata: aneka kurItiyoM kA prAdurbhAva huA aura loga zAkhoM ko bhI apanI hIna dazA kA pratibiMba samajhane lge| manu ne eka vAkya meM saMkSipta rIti se batalAyA thA ki AryasamAja meM triyoM kA kyA sthAna honA cAhie aura pitA, pati tathA putroM kA unake prati kyA karttavya hai| paraMtu Adarza maryAdAnAM ko bhulA dene ke kAraNa loga isakA yaha artha karane lage ki pitA ke ghara meM, vivAha hone para pati ke ghara meM aura yahA~ taka ki vRddhA ho jAne para putroM ke samaya meM bhI striyoM ko kisI prakAra kI svataMtratA nahIM honI cAhie / ___ prAcIna itihAsa ko dekhane se vidita hotA hai ki smRtikAra kA yaha vAkya vAstava meM Arya-parivAra tathA Arya-samAja meM striyoM ke U~ce sthAna kA smAraka hai| ucita rIti se putrI kA lAlana-pAlana karanA, usakI zikSA kA pUrNa prabaMdha karanA tathA brahmacarya vrata ko pUrNa karane ke pazcAt yogya (1) pitA rakSati kaumAre bhartA rakSati yauvane / rakSanti sthavire putrA na strI svAtaMtryamahati //

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130 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA vara se vivAha karanA pitA kA parama kartavya thaa| isI liye to manu ne kahA thA-'pitA rakSati kaumaare'| pitA apanI putrI kI zikSA ke liye utanA hI ciMtita rahatA thA jitanA putra ke viSaya meN| AryAvarta AdikAla se ho zaurya tathA jJAna-pradhAna deza rahA hai| mAtA-pitA apanI saMtAna ko ina guNoM se suzobhita karane kA prayatna kiyA karate the| prAcIna AryasAhitya meM putriyoM ke liye do prakAra kA zikSA-krama dekhane meM AtA hai| eka krama ko pUrA karanevAlI sadyodvAhA kahalAtI thIM aura dUsare krama ke anusAra zikSA pAnevAlI brahmavAdinI' / ina donoM prakAra kI putriyoM ke liye pAThya-krama pRthaka pRthaka hote the| sadyodvAhA ve hotI thIM jinakA sAdhAraNa zikSA prApta kara lene ke pazcAt vivAha ho jAyA karatA thaa| unheM prAya: suyogya gRhiNo, suyogya patnI tathA suyogya mAtA banane kI ho zikSA do jAtI thii| gRhastha-saMbaMdhI saba jJAna unheM karavAyA jAtA thaa| sadyodvAhA kanyAoM ko tIna prakAra kI zikSA dI jAtI thI-dhArmika, pArivArika tathA saamaajik| isa pAThyakrama ke anusAra kanyAoM ko lagabhaga Adhunika maiTrika athavA iMTaramIDieTa ke barAbara to yogyatA avazya ho jAtI rahI hogii| gRhasthAzrama meM aneka yajJoM meM unheM sammilita honA par3atA thA; unhIM para saMdhyA-vaMdana, yajJa, pUjApATha, vrata-upavAsa Adi kA sArAbhAra hotA thaa| ata: unheM sacchAkhoM kA adhyayana tathA maMtroM kA sasvara uccAraNa karanA vidhipUrvaka sikhAyA jAtA thA / pariSkRta, parimArjita tathA prAMjala bhASA meM apane hArdika bhAvoM kA patra dvArA prakaTIkaraNa gRhiNiyoM kA eka alaMkAra mAnA jAtA thaa| ve gadya tathA padya likhane meM yathocita ( )hArIta, 21-20-23 / (2) vAtsyAyana-sUtra, 20, 25 /

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prAcIna bhArata meM striyA~ 131 yogyatA prApta karatI thoN| gaNita kA jJAna bhI unake liye Avazyaka thA; kyoMki apane bhAvI jIvana meM unhoM ko ghara kI Aya tathA vyaya kA byorA rakhanA par3atA thaa| Arya-zAstroM ne zizu-pAlana ko bar3I mahattA dI hai| Arya loga solaha saMskAroM dvArA apane zarIra tathA AtmA ko susaMskRta karate the| ina solaha saMskAroM meM se dasa kA bacce ke sAtha saMbaMdha hai / putriyoM ke liye zizu-pAlana kA jJAna prApta karanA Avazyaka samajhA jAtA thaa| isake sAtha sAtha kanyAoM ko dhAtrI-zikSA se bhI anabhijJa na rakhA jAtA thaa| zarIra-vijJAna tathA pAka-zAkha kI paMDitA bhI ve avazya hotI rahI hoNgii| ina viSayoM kA pUrNa jJAna prApta kie binA 'jIvema zaradaH zatam' kA pATha vyartha pratIta hotA hai| Ajakala kI bhA~ti pUrva kAla meM bhI strI tathA puruSa donoM ke liye 'kaba' ( goSThI ) hote the| kumArI kanyAoM meM itanI yogyatA paidA kI jAtI thI jisase ve inameM sammilita ho skeN| kumArI kA goSThI-priya honA eka Avazyaka guNa samajhA jAtA thA / ina goSThiyoM meM sAhitya tathA kAvya kI carcA huaA karato thii| aneka prakAra kI kalAoM kA pradarzana hotA thaa| gAyana, vAdana, nRtya, kavitA-nirmANa tathA citra-lekhana Adi kalAe~ unakA prAbhUSaNa thaa| rAjA se lekara raMka taka sabhI apanI putriyoM ko ina kalAoM kI - - -- - - - -- (1) Institutes of Vishnu 7.113, 114. (5. B. E.) Grihyasutras 25-4; 49-51; 210-14; 281-3. (S. B. E.) atharvaveda, 67, 263, 503 / upaniSad, 223 / jainasUtra, : 12-221 / manusmRti, 2-26, 36 / (2) vAtsyAyana-sUtra, 13, 15 /

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132 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zikSA dete the| bRhannalA nAmadhArI arjuna ne matsya-nareza virATa kI putrI uttarA aura usakI sakhiyoM ko gAyana, vAdana tathA nRtya sikhAyA thA' ! jisa prakAra brahmacAriyoM ke pAThya-krama ke tIna bheda the usI prakAra brahmacAriNiyoM ke bhI tIna bheda avazya rahe hoNge| eka. ve jinakA, sAdhAraNa zikSA prApta kara lene ke pazcAta. vivAha hotA thaa| dUsarI ve jo U~cI zikSA prApta kara lene ke bAda gRhasthAzrama meM praviSTa hotI thiiN| inake atirikta tIsarI zreNI kI ve brahmacAriNiyA~ hotI thIM jinakA, cirakAla taka sAMgopAMga veda-zAstra tathA darzana Adi adhyayana kara lene ke uparAMta, vivAha hotA thaa| inameM se bhI aneka Ajanma brahmacarya vrata dhAraNa karake tapazcaryA dvArA jIvana vyatIta karatI thiiN| isa prakAra ucca zikSA prApta karanevAlI mahilAoM ko brahmavAdinI kahA jAtA thaa| bhAratavarSa ne sadA se hI dharma ko pradhAnatA dI hai| adhyayana meM brahma-parAyaNatA mukhya mAnI jAtI thii| cAhe koI kisI bhI viSaya kA vidvAn kyoM na ho usake liye brahmavidyA Avazyaka thii| brahmavidyA meM hI saba vidyAoM kA samAveza samajhA jAtA thaa| isI liye to kevala brahma-parAyaNa vidvAnoM ko ho nahIM varan kRSi, saMgIta, nATaka, cikitsA Adi bhinna bhinna viSayoM ke pAradraSTA vidvAnoM ko bhI RSi tathA muni kI upAdhi dI jAtI thii| cikitsAzAstra ke parama vidvAn caraka, suzruta, azvinIkumAra tathA dhanvantari prAdi RSi kahalAte the| saMgItAcArya nArada muni the| nATyazAstra ke praNetA bharata bhI muni kahalAte the| itanA hI nahIM varan kAma-zAstra ke racayitA vAtsyAyana bhI RSi the| kisI samaya yorapa meM {1) mahAbhArata-virATaparSa, 8-10, 14 / (2) manusmRti, 3-2 /

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prAcIna bhArata meM khiyA~ 133 bhI darzana tathA vaidyaka ko pradhAnavA dI jAtI thI aura. isI purAtana praNAlo ke anusAra aba bhI sAhitya, itihAsa, gaNita, vijJAna, artha-zAstra, kRSividyA Adi kisI bhI viSaya ke vidvAn ko DI0 phila. athavA pI-eca0 DI0 arthAt brahmavAdI kI upAdhi se hI alaMkRta kiyA jAtA hai| vAstava meM pI-eca0 DI0 yA brahmavAdinI kA eka ho artha hai| prAcIna bhArata meM bhinna bhinna viSayoM kI viduSI striyA~ brahmavAdinI kahI jAtI thiiN| unako vartamAna vizvavidyAlayoM kI bhASA meM pI-eca0 DI0 yA DI0 phila0 kahA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna sAhitya meM vizeSata: paMdraha brahmavAdinI striyoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai| / inake atirikta aneka aura bhI brahmavAdinI striyA~ huI hoMgI jinakA pramI taka patA nahIM laga sakA hai| maMtradraSTA RSiyoM meM vizvavArA kA nAma mukhya hai| isa brahmavAdinI ko vaidika agnihotra Adi zubha kAryoM kA vizeSa jJAna thA / ghoSA ne triyoM ke viSaya meM aneka bAto kA anusaMdhAna kiyA thaa| putrI patnI tathA mAtA ke rUpa meM strI kA kartavya, dharma samAja rAjanIti tathA parivAra meM striyoM kA sthAna, brahmacarya tathA gRhastha Azrama meM strI ke karttavya, vivAha kI AvazyakatA aura vivAha ke prakAra ityAdi ke saMbaMdha meM gUr3ha vicAra isI ne tatkAlIna bhArata ke sAmane rakhe the3 : sUryA ne bhI vivAha ke viSaya meM bar3I gaveSaNA kI thI / dAna kI mahimA-uttama, madhyama, nikRSTa tathA sAtvika, rAjasa aura tAmasa dAna ke prakAra, dAna meM kupAtra tathA supAtra kA vicAra, -- --~ (1) lopAmudrA, vizvavArA, zAzvatI, apAlA, ghoSA, vAka, zatarUpA, sUryA, dakSiNA, jUhU, rAtri, godhA, zraddhA, zacI, sarparAjJI / (2) Rgveda, anu. 2, sUkta 28 / (3 ) vahI, 36, 40 / (4) vahI, 10-85 /

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134 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA niSkAma dAna kI mahattA tathA sakAma dAna kI nikRSTatA ityAdiko brahmavAdinI dakSiNA ne hI sabase prathama samajhA thA aura dUsaroM ko isakA upadeza kiyA thA / vaidika karmakAMDa kA mahattva pahale pahala brahmacAriNI jUhU ko mAlUma huA thA / brahmacAriNI brahmavAdinI gArgI ne maharSi yAjJyavalkya ke sAtha vidvattApUrvaka zAstrArtha kiyA thA / isakI kathA upaniSadoM meM prasiddha hai / eka bAra rAjarSi janaka ne kuru, meM 1 3 bahudakSiNA nAmaka yajJa kiyA / pAMcAla Adi saba dezoM se brahma-parAyaNa vidvAn usa yajJa sammilita hue / videharAja yaha jAnanA cAhate the ki unameM se kauna sabase adhika brahma-parAyaNa hai unhoMne dasa sahasra gAe~ ma~gavAkara unake soMgoM para svarNamudrAe~ bA~dhakara, ekatra brAhmaNoM se kahA ki jo koI apane ko sabase adhika brahmiSTha samajhe vaha ina gAyoM ko le sakatA hai| kisI bhI brAhmaNa ne jaba inheM lene kA sAhasa na kiyA taba maharSi yAjJavalkya khar3e hue| anya saba maharSi bar3e kruddha hue aura unakI parIkSA lene ke liye aneka prakAra ke prazna karake unheM harAne kA prayatna karane lage para jaba unameM se koI bhI unheM parAsta na kara sakA taba gArgI khar3I huI / isa devI ne praznoM kI eka zrRMkhalA bA~dha dI / usakI vidvattApUrNa praznAvalI, alaukika pratibhA tathA advitIya tarka-zakti se yAiyavalkya ghabarA uThe aura unhoMne bar3e suMdara zabdoM meM apanI parAjaya ko svIkAra kiyA / maMDana mizra tathA zaMkara meM jaba zAstrArtha huA taba usameM madhyastha ke prAsana ko maMDana mizra kI viduSI bhAryA bhAratI ne alaMkRta kiyaa| aise advitIya vidvAnoM ke zAstrArtha kI madhyasthA eka parama viduSI tarka- ziromaNi, sarvazAstrapAraMgata tathA pratibhA saMpanna mahilA hI ho sakatI thI / yadi kisI sthAna para kanyAoM kI " ( 4 ) Rgveda, 10-106 / ( 2 ) bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, adhyAya 3, brAhmaNa 1-3 / -

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prAcIna bhArata meM khiyA~ 135 zikSA kA pUrA prabaMdha na hotA thA to pitA unheM putroM ke sAtha zikSA dene meM saMkoca na karate the| prAtreyI ne lava-kuza tathA anya RSi-kumAroM ke sAtha maharSi vAlmIki se brahmavidyA kA adhyayana kiyA thA / bauddha kAla meM bhI buddhaghoSA, saMghamitrA Adi aneka kavayitriyAM tathA TIkAkAra aura bhASyakAra ho cukI hai| aneka pitAoM ko apanI putriyoM kI zikSA meM itanI ruci thI ki ve, unake par3hane ke liye, aneka graMthoM kI svayaM racanA kiyA karate the| kisI vizeSa viSaya meM unakI ruci dekhakara unake nAma para pustako kA nirmANa karate the| bhAskarAcArya ko apanI putrI ke bIjagaNita tathA rekhAgaNita para itanA gaurava thA ki usane 1114 I. meM apanI putrI lIlAvatI ke nAma para lIlAvatI nAmaka bIjagaNita para eka adbhuta graMtha likhaa| kRSi-vidyA tathA cikitsA-zAstra meM bhI aneka striyA~ nipuNatA prApta karatI thiiN| brahmavAdinI apAlA ne kRSi ke saMbaMdha meM aneka upayogI upAyoM kA AviSkAra kiyA thA Usara tathA anurvara bhUmi ko kaise upajAU banAyA jA sakatA hai isakA pUrNa jJAna isI brahmacAriNo ko huA thaa| kauna kauna sI khAda DAlane se kina kina RtuoM meM kyA kyA padArtha utpanna kie jA sakate haiM tathA binA Rtu ke bhI usa Rtu ke phala, anAja tathA tarakAriyA~ kina kina upAyoM se paidA ho sakatI haiM ityAdi bAtoM kA patA isI devI ne lagAyA thaa| isane apane pitA kI Usara bhUmi ko upajAU tathA harI-bharo banAyA thaa| isake atirikta isane cikitsA-zAstra meM bhI pAMDitya prApta kiyA thaa| jo kuSTha roga Ajakala prAya: asAdhya ------- ....-...-.--.-. (1) uttara-rAmacarita, aMka 2 / (2) Heart of Buddhism. (3) Rgveda, 8- /

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136 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA mAnA jAtA hai usakI yaha vizeSajJA tathA saphala-cikitsikA thii| isa devI ne aisI auSadhiyoM kA AviSkAra kiyA thA jo kuSTha, kSaya Adi rogoM ko samUla naSTa kara detI thiiN| isane apane pitA kA kuSTha roga dUra karake use pUrNa svastha banA diyA thaa| isI prakAra ipsa devI ne anyAnya aneka rAjarogoM se pIr3ita vyaktiyoM kA pratikAra kiyA thaa| kitanI hI rAjakanyAe~ zastra vidyA tathA rAjanIti kA vizeSa adhyayana karato thiiN| rAjA drupada ne apanI putro draupadI ko vidhipUrvaka nIti zAstra kA adhyayana karAyA thaa| draupadI ne isa zAkha kI zinA tasvati se prApta kI thii| pAMDavoM ko yuddha ke liye prerita karate hue usane isa jJAna kA upayoga kiyA thaa| jaba kRSNa saMdhi kA saMdeza lekara duryodhana ke pAsa prasthAna kara rahe the taba unake sAtha draupadI kA jo vArtAlApa huA thA usase vidita hotA hai ki vaha kitanI nIti-nipuNa tho3 / isI prakAra kuMtI, gAMdhArI aura vidulA Adi mahilAeM bhI avazya rAjanIti meM niSNAta rahI hogI; anyathA kuMtI romAMcakArI saMdeza ke dvArA apane putroM ko yuddha ke liye prerita nahIM kara sakatI tho4, gAMdhArI apanI A~khoM para paTTI bA~dhe hue bhI usa rAjasabhA meM sammilita nahIM ho sakatI thI jisameM mahAyogI zrIkRSNa jaise catura rAjanItijJa pAMDavoM kI ora se mAnoM yuddha kA 'alTImeTama' dene ke liye upasthita hue (1) Rga veda 8-11, 4, 5, 6 / Rgvedic Culture, pp. 248, 249, 350. (2) mahAbhArata-vanaparva, 10-413 / (3) mahAbhArata-udyogaparva, 4-276-280 / (4) vahI, 1-218-526 /

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prAcIna bhArata meM striyA~ 137 the| aura vidulA raNAMgaNa se bhAge hue apane putra meM puna: vIratA kA saMcAra nahIM kara sakatI thI / Rgveda meM aneka strIyoddhAoM kA varNana hai| isase yaha bhalI bhA~ti siddha hotA hai ki yuddha-kauzala bhI striyoM ke liye anupayukta na samajhA jAtA thA / aneka khiyA~ malla-vidyA meM bhI pravINa hotI thiiN| paMdrahavIM tathA solahavIM zatAbdI meM yadyapi AryoM kA yatheSTha patana ho gayA thA to bhI striyoM kI unnati ke dvAra baMda na ho pAe the| videziyoM ke lekhoM se vidita hotA hai ki vijayanagara rAjya meM striyA~ aneka vibhAgoM meM kAma karatI thiiN| aneka striyA yuddha-kuzala aura malla-vidyA-vizArada thoN| ve rAjya ke bhinna bhinna padoM para niyukta thI, rAjya ke Aya-vyaya kA hisAba rakhatI thiiN| isa avanatikAla meM striyoM kA ina dAyitva pUrNa padoM para naukara honA yaha siddha karatA hai ki usa samaya bhI striyoM kI zikSA kA pUrA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| pitA yaha to cAhatA hI thA ki putrI ko yogya zikSA mitne para yahIM usake karttavya kI itizrI nahIM ho jAtI thii| jaba kanyA pUrNa brahmacarya-vrata kA pAlana kara cukatI thI aura Avazyaka zikSA prApta kara letI thI taba pitA ke dUsare kartavya kA prAraMbha hotA thA aura yaha thA usake liye anukUla vara kI khoj| putrI kA vivAha karane ke liye pitA sadaiva ciMtita rahatA thaa| putro ke bhAvI jIvana ko sukhamaya, dharmamaya, puNyamaya tathA samRddhimaya banAnA pitA (1) mahAbhArata-udyogaparva, 126-1-15 / (2) vahI, 133-1-45 / (3) Rgaveda, 1-17-11 / 1-114-18 / 10- 36 -8 / 5-30 - 1 / 10-1-10 /

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138 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kA mukhya kartavya thaa| rAjA tathA raMka, vItarAga tathA sAdhAraNa sAMsArika jana sabhI putriyoM ke sukha ke liye ciMtAgrasta rahate the| maharSi kaNva apanI putrI zakuMtalA ke liye utane hI ciMtita the jitane lopAmudrA ke pitA vidrbhraaj| sItA ke liye rAjarSi janaka kI ciMtA, drupada yA mahArAja bhIma se kisI prakAra nyUna na thii| rAjAdhirAja prabhAkaravardhana apanI putrI rAjyazrI kA vivAha jaba taka yogya rAjakumAra gRhavarmA se na kara sake taba taka ve atyaMta ciMtita rhe| ___putro ke jIvana ko sukhI banAne kI atyadhika utsukatA tathA ciMtA kA hI pariNAma hai ki Aja vara tathA vadhU kI janmapatriyA~ milAI jAtI haiM, muhUrta tathA lagna dikhAe jAte haiM aura aneka grahoM tathA nakSatroM kI zAMti karAI jAtI hai| kanyAoM ke vivAha se pUrva zivavrata, maunavrata, tulasI-secana Adi aneka brata tathA upavAsa uttama vara-prApti ke liye hI karAe jAte haiN| putro ke bhAvI jIvana ko sukhI banAne kI hArdika ciMtA hI kadAcit Aja bAla-vivAha tathA vRddha-vivAha kA kAraNa huI hogii| putrI kA utkRSTa vara se vivAha karane ke liye pitA ko itanI ciMtA rahatI thI ki kabhI kabhI kanyA ke pUrNa brahmacarya-vrata kI samApti ke pUrva hI anukUla vara milane para usase kanyA kA vivAha kara diyA jAtA thA / zAstroM meM bhI aise avasara para Ayu ke niyama ko zithila kara dene kA vidhAna haiaura vizeSa avasthAoM meM vAgdattA kanyAoM kA dUsare vara ke sAtha vivAha kara dene kI AjJA hai| kiMtu dhIre dhIre samaya ke parivartana ke sAtha sAtha yaha niyama itanA zithila ho gayA (1) harSa-carita, caturtha ucchavAsa / (2) manusmRti, 6-88 /

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prAcIna bhArata meM striyA~ 136 ki loga nanhIM nanhIM bacciyoM kA vivAha karane lge| isI atyadhika ciMtA ne yaha rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA / jaise-taise vivAha kara denA hI pitA kA kartavya nahIM thA kiMtu kanyA ke vaivAhika jIvana ko sukhI banAnA usakA pUrNa karttavya thA / yadi samAna guNa, karma, svabhAva se yukta yogya vara nahIM milatA thA to kanyA Ajanma brahmacarya-vrata dhAraNa karake pitR-gRha meM rahatI tho / pitA apanI putro ko Ajanma kumArI rakhanA to svIkAra kara lete the kiMtu ayogya vara se usakA vivAha kabhI na karate the| ise ve mahApAtaka samajhate the / ____ kanyA ke bharaNa-poSaNa kA pUrNa prabaMdha pitA tathA bhAI karate the| yA~ to putro ko pitA kI saMpatti lene kI kabhI aAvazyakatA hI na par3atI thI kyoMki usake bharaNa-poSaNa kA sArAbhAra pitA athavA bhrAtA para hotA thA / putro tathA bhaginI kA mAna tathA pratiSThA karanA aura unako apane liye kisI prakAra kI citA na karane denA pitA tathA bhrAtA apanA mukhya karttavya tathA parama dharma samajhate the| bahana bhAI se isa viSaya meM kabhI IrSyA nahIM karatI thii| isakI AvazyakatA bhI nahIM thii| vaha bhAI ko samRddhizAlI dekhakara prasanna hotI thii| bhAI jitanA hI samRddhizAlI tathA saMpattizAlI hotA thA utanA hI adhika vaha apane dhana se bahana ko sukhI rakhatA thaa| isaliye bahana ke mana meM bhAI ke sAtha pitA kI saMpatti baMTAne kI abhilASA kabhI na hotI thii| kiMtu jo kanyA AjIvana brahmacarya-vrata dhAraNa karatI thI vaha, kAnUna kI dRSTi se, pitA kI saMpatti kI adhikAriNI avazya thii| putra ke abhAva meM putrI ko paitRka saMpatti milatI thii| aisI sthiti meM isakI AvazyakatA bho thI / yadi (1) manusmRti, 6-86 / Rgaveda, 3-55-16 / (2) manusmRti, 8-130 / agveda, 2-17-7 /

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140 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA putrI ke 'putrikA' bana jAne ke pazcAt -- arthAt usake saMpatti kI adhikAriNI bana jAne ke uparAMta - putrotpatti hotI thI to putra tathA putrI donoM kA adhikAra samAna hotA thA | mAtR-dhana kI adhikAriyo putrI hotI thI / use bhaginI ke sAtha bhAI nahIM ba~TA sakatA thA? / dauhitra tathA pautra meM kisI prakAra kA bheda nahIM mAnA jAtA thA saMpatti kA adhikArI avasthA - vizeSa meM dauhitra bhI ho sakatA thA } kanyA ko kabhI arakSita tathA anAzrita nahIM chor3A jAtA thA / yadi kanyA ke vivAha se pUrva hI pitA kI mRtyu ho jAya to vivAha kA sArA bhAra tathA kanyA ke bhAvI jIvana ko sukhI banAne kA uttaradAyitva pitAmaha, bhrAtA aura mAtA para hotA thA / yadi inameM se koI bhI na ho to vaMza tathA jAti ke anya loga usakA anukUla vara ke sAtha vivAha karanA apanA karttavya samajhate the ! jo pitA apanI putrI kA samaya para vivAha nahIM karate the ve pApI samajhe jAte the, samAja meM unakI bar3I niMdA hotI thI aura logoM kA vizvAsa thA ki devatA unase prasanna nahIM hote / isI prakAra pitA ke abhAva meM pitAmaha, mAtA, bhrAtA tathA vaMza aura jAti ke anya loga kanyA ke prati yadi apanA karttavya pAlana nahIM karate the aura yuvatI kanyA ko nirAzrita chor3a dete the to ve mahApApI samajhe jAte the / ( 1 ) manusmRti, 6-134 / ( 2 ) vahI, 6-131 / ( 3 ) vahI, 6- 136, 3-132 / ( 4 ) mahAbhArata vanaparva, a0 23, 1222-1223 / manusmRti, 3-4 / ( * ) yAzyavalkya zrAcAra, vivAha - prakaraNa / nArada-smRti, 12-25, 26, 20 / Rgveda 10-27-12 / Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat " www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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prAcIna bhArata meM khiyA~ mAtA-pitA tathA bhrAtA Adi to putrI ko sukhI banAnA apanA kartavya samajhate hI the kitu rAjA kA bhI kanyAoM ke prati bar3A bhArI uttaradAyitva thaa| unake rakSaNa, bharaNa-poSaNa tathA saMpradAna kA rAjA pUrA nirIkSaNa karate the aura yaha unakI dinacaryA kA eka bhAga thA' parivAra, samAja aura rAjA tInoM kA kartavya thA ki kanyAoM kI saba prakAra se yathocita rakSA kreN| __yadyapi putrI kA anukUla vara se vivAha karanA pitA kA kartavya thA aura vara kI khoja Adi kA pUrA uttaradAyitva usI para thA tathApi pitA putrI kI icchA kA bhI pUrNa dhyAna rakhatA thA, kyoMki kanyAoM kA vivAha prAyaH unake pUrNa brahmacarya-vrata kA pAlana kara cukane para kiyA jAtA thaa| solaha varSa se pUrva prAyaH kanyAoM kA vivAha na kiyA jAtA thaa| pitR-gRha meM kanyA jaba vivAha ke yogya ho jAtI thI aura apane hitAhita kA nirNaya svayaM kara sakatI thI taba pitA usakA anukUla vara ke sAtha vivAha karatA thAre / brahmacarya se hI kanyA samAna guNa, karma tathA svabhAva se yukta suyogya vara ko prApta karatI thii| aneka vaivAhika maMtra bhI isI kA pratipAdana karate haiM / azmArohaNa ke samaya pati jo maMtra par3hatA hai usakA bhAva tathA anya aneka maMtroM kA sArAMza eka yuvatI vadhU hI samajha sakatI hai| sUryaputro sUryA kA vivAha usa ke pUrNa yauvana prApta kara lene para huA thA aura ghoSA kA gRhasthAzrama meM praveza (1) manusmRti, 6-152 / (2) Rgaveda, 85-21, 22 / (3) atharvaveda, 3-18, 1-197-7, 2-1 -7, 20-36-3, 1.-40-5 / (4) taittirIya ekAgnikAMDikA a0 1, khaH 5, sU05 : (1) vahI, 1-4-4,5 / (6) Rgveda, 10-85-6 / - -- ------ - - ----- -- - --

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142 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA to usa samaya huA jaba usakI yauvanAvasthA lagabhaga vyatAta ho cukI thii| vivAha ke pUrva kanyA kI buddhi paripakka ho jAtI thii| usameM apane hitAhita ke viveka kI zakti hotI thii| usameM jIvana kI icchAoM tathA abhilASAoM kA vikAsa ho jAtA thaa| vaha apane jIvana ko kisa prakAra vyatIta karegI, isakI umaMge usake hRdaya meM hotI thiiN| jIvana meM use kisa prakAra ke sAthI tathA saMrakSaka kI AvazyakatA hogI, isakA nirNaya vaha kisI aMza taka svayaM kara sakatI thii| isalie yogya tathA ayogya vara kA nirNaya karane kA use pUrNa adhikAra thaa| vaha svayaM apane liye vara cunato thI para isakA sArA uttaradAyitva pitA para hotA thaa| vara kI khoja kA pUrA prabaMdha pitA karatA thaa| na to yorapa kI yuvatiyoM kI bhA~ti kanyAe~ vara-prApti ke liye mArI mArI phiratI thoM aura na unake vara kI khoja kiyA karate the Ajakala ke nAI aura purohit| unheM na to anAzrita chor3A jAtA thA aura na unakI abhilASAoM tathA AkAMkSAoM kI hI avahelanA kI jAtI thii| isa samaya yorapa meM eka aura 'ati' ho rahI hai to bhArata meM dUsarI or| ina donoM kA suMdara tathA sumadhura samanvaya kiyA thA prAcIna bhArata ne, jahA~ para kanyAoM ke vivAha kA pUrNa uttara. dAyitva pitA para hote hue bhI kanyA vara kA cayana svayaM karatI thii| svayaMvara prAcIna AryoM kI bar3I adbhuta saMsthA thii| isakA saba prabaMdha to pitA karatA thA kitu vara kA cayana kanyA svayaM karato thii| kabhI kabhI pitA kI ora se aisI zarta rakha dI jAtI thI jisako pUrI karanevAle ko kanyA vara rUpa se svIkAra kara liyA karato tho| yaha rakhate samaya bhI pitA putrI kI AkAMkSAoM kA pUrNa dhyAna rakhatA thaa| kSatriya apanI putrI kA vIra puruSa ke sAtha vivAha karatA

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143 prAcIna bhArata meM khiyA~ thA aura brAhmaNa vidvAn ke sAtha / nizcita zarta ko pUrI karanevAlA yuvaka yadi ayogya huprA to putrI ko use asvIkRta karane kA bhI adhikAra thA / draupadI ke svayaMvara meM jaba sUtaputra karNa ne drupada kI zarta ko pUrA kara diyA taba usane turaMta kaha diyA ki maiM sUtaputra ke sAtha kabhI vivAha na kruuNgii| para jaba pArtha machalI kI A~kha kA vedhana karane meM saphala hue taba usane saharSa unake gale meM jayamAla pahanA dI / madrAdhipati azvapati tathA mahArAja himAlaya apanI putrI sAvitrI tathA pArvatI ke vivAha ke liye sadaiva duHkhita tathA ciMtita rahate the| unakI putriyoM ke sAtha vivAha karane ke liye kisI ne prArthanA nahIM kI aura ve svayaM isa liye prArthanA nahIM karate the ki kahIM unakI prArthanA bhaMga na ho jaay| isameM ve apanI putriyoM kA bar3A apamAna samajhate the| isI bhaya se kisI se vivAha kA prastAva svayaM na karate the| himAlaya ne jaba yaha dekhA ki usakI putrI mahAdeva ke sAtha vivAha karanA cAhatI hai taba use abhISTa vara kI prApti ke liye gaurI-parvata para tapasyA karane kI anumati dii| azvapati ne apane maMtriyAM tathA bar3e bar3e rAjakarmacAriyoM ko sAvitrI ke liye vara khojane ke nimitta bhejaa| sAvitrI ne dyumatsena ke putra satyavAn se vivAha karane kI icchA prakaTa kii| usa samaya satyavAn kI Ayu kA kevala eka varSa hI avaziSTa thaa| usake pitA ke aMdhe ho jAne ke kAraNa usake zatruoM ne use rAjya-bhraSTa kara diyA thA aura vaha jaMgala meM nivAsa karatA thaa| isaliye sAvitrI kA pitA nahIM cAhatA thA ki usakI putrI kA vivAha satyavAna ke sAtha ho / kiMtu aMta meM usane apanI putrI kI icchA kA anumodana kiyA aura saharSa use satyavAn ke sAtha byAha diyA / iMdumatI tathA damayaMtI ke svayaMvara bhI isI ke sAtI (1) mahAbhArata-zrAdiparva, 11.34 / (2) mahAbhArata-vanaparva, 1214.1245 /

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144 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA haiN| aneka rAjA mahArAjA svayaMvara meM bulAe gae aura pratyeka ke guNoM kA varNana iMdumatI ke sAmane kiyA gayA taba usane apane icchAnukUla vara svIkAra kiyA' / damayaMtI ne jaba se nala ke aneka guNa tathA kIrti sunI thI tabhI se vaha usake sAtha vivAha karanA cAhatI thii| isaliye usane usI ke sAtha vivAha kiyA aura rAjA bhIma ne bhI saharSa anumati dI2 / yadyapi kanyA ko isa bAta kA pUrNa adhikAra thA ki jise vaha apane yogya samajhe usI se vivAha kare tathApi use anAzrita kabhI nahIM chor3A jAtA thA aura anukUla vara kI khoja tathA vivAha Adi kA pUrA uttaradAyitva pitA para hotA thaa| samAna guNa-karma tathA svabhAvayukta vara tathA vadhU jaba gRhasthAzrama meM praveza karate the taba ve ise sAkSAt svarga banA dete the| patnI apane guNoM ke prakAza se ghara ko Alokita karatI tho| vaha lakSmI-rUpa se pati ko samRddhizAlI tathA aizvaryavAn banAtI thii| vaha sukha tathA zAMti kA keMdra thii| vaha mUrtimatI bhakti tathA zraddhA thii| vaha sAre dhArmika kRtyoM kA srota thii| vaha pati ke apUrNa yajJoM ko pUrNa karatI thii| pati tathA anya saMbaMdhiyoM kA svarga bhI usI ke adhIna thaa| vaha gRha kI adhiSThAtrI devI thii| __pati tathA patnI donoM paraspara sakhA haiN| saptapadI hone ke pazcAt pati patnI se kahatA hai-"tU merI parama sakhI hai| maiM bhagavAn se prArthanA karatA hU~ ki merI aura terI mitratA aTUTa ho| hama donoM eka dUsare se prema kreN| hamArI abhilASAe~, hamAre vicAra, hamArI pratijJAe~, hamAre uddezya aura hamArA sukha eka ho| hama donoM ekatA ke baMdhana se sadaiva ba~dhe rheN| hamAre citta, hamAre mana (1) raghuvaMza, sarga 6 / (2) mahAbhArata-vanaparSa, 13-567-622 (3) manasmRti, 6-26, 28 /

Page #150
prAcIna bhArata meM striyA~ 145 / ng hama sarvadA eka dUsare ke anukUla tathA hamAre hRdaya eka hoM raheM / " 2 pati patnI ke svAtaMtrya kA kisI prakAra bhI apaharaNa na karake use mitra ke saba adhikAra detA thaa| prema-saMbaMdha meM chuTAI tathA bar3AI ko sthAna nahIM milatA / mitratA meM adhikAra kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA / pati tathA patnI donoM zabda samAnatA dyotaka haiM patnI pUrNa svataMtratA kA upabhoga karatI thI / pati svayaM patnI se kahatA hai - " tU ghara kI samrAjJI hai / tU ghara ke saba sadasyoM para zAsana kara 3 / " parivAra ke saba sadasya samrAjJI kI bhA~ti usakA Adara karate the / vaha saubhAgya kA puMja thI / pati saubhAgya ke liye use grahaNa karatA thA / vaha maMgala - kalyANa-mayI tathA saba sukhe kI denevAlI thI / pati tathA parivAra ke anya sadasya usase kalyANa kI AkAMkSA rakhate the / pati tathA patnI kA saMbaMdha aTUTa tathA akhaMDa thA / ye donoM milakara hI dharma, artha, kAma tathA mAta kI prApti ke liye prayAsa karate the aura donoM milakara hI usakA upabhoga karate the / 6 patnI ko sukhI tathA prasanna rakhane meM hI pati apanA parama kalyANa samajhatA thA / pati, devara, pitA, bhrAtA ityAdi saba saMbaMdhI gRhapatnI kA samucita Adara karate the / jo jitanA inakA mAna tathA Adara karatA thA use utanA hI adhika sukha tathA zAMti aura kalyANa kI prApti hotI thI / ve hI ghara devatAoM ke ( 1 ) taittirIya ekAnikAMDikA, 1-3-14, Rgveda, 10-85-47 / ( 2 ) pAraskara gRhyasUtra, 1-4 / (3) Rgveda, 10-85-45 / ( 4 ) vahI, 10-85-36 / (5) vahI, 10 - 85-44; 3-4-53-6 / 10-7-85-45; (6) manusmRti, 6-101, 102 / ( 7 ) vahI, 3-55, 56 / 10 Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat 10-7-85-43; www.umaragyanbhandar.com

Page #151
146 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA nivAsa ke yogya mAne jAte the jahA~ para striyoM kA samucita sammAna hotA thaa| samAja meM yaha vicAra pracalita thA ki jisa kula meM khiyoM kA Adara hotA hai usI meM uttama saMtAna kI utpatti ho sakatI hai| jisa vaMza meM devahUti, ilA, zatarUpA, mamatA, uzija aura lopAmudrA ke sadRza mAtAoM kA sammAna tathA pUjana hotA thA usI meM kaNAda, purUravA, uttAnapAda, dIrghatamA, kAkSIvAn tathA dasyu jaise camatkArI bAlakoM kI utpatti hotI thii| tabhI to zAkhoM ne mAtA, pitA tathA guru meM mAtA ko prathama prAcArya kI padavI dI hai| saMpUrNa gRha-kAryoM kA saMpAdana tathA saMcAlana to patnI karatI hI thI kiMtu isake sAtha sAtha vaha aneka anya kAryoM meM bhI pUrA bhAga letI thii| pratyeka kArya meM patnI kI sammati lenA pati kA kartavya thA, yahA~ taka ki saMdhi-saMdeza lekara bhagavAna kRSNa jaba dhRtarASTra ke pAsa gae taba mahArAnI gAMdhArI kI upasthiti saMdhi-pariSad meM prAvazyaka samajho gaI3 / zrIkRSNa bhI draupadI kA saMdeza kabhI nahIM bhuule| bhImasena Adi pA~coM pAMDava draupadI ke apamAna kA kabhI vismaraNa nahIM kara ske| ve sadA isa tApa se jalate rhe| na kevala isI deza meM varan pazcimIya dezoM taka meM adhikatara yuddha triyoM kI sammAnarakSA ke liye hI hue haiN| patnI, mAtA tathA bhaginI kI rakSA ke liye haMsate ha~sate prANa nyochAvara karanA sAdhAraNa bAta samajho jAtI thii| grIsa kA sabase bar3A yuddha helena ke sammAna tathA pratiSThA kI rakSA karane ke liye aura bhAratavarSa ke do mahAsamara sItA tathA draupadI ke apamAna kA badalA lene ke liye hue the| pati kA dharma hai ki vaha patnI ko apane bharaNa-poSaNa Adi kI ciMtA se sadaiva (1) manusmRti, 3-56, 57 / (2) bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 4-1 / (3) mahAbhArata-udyogaparva, 126 /

Page #152
prAcIna bhArata meM striyA~ 147 mukta rakhe / vastra, AbhUSaNa Adi se strI ko sammAnita karanA paMgu tathA aMdhe pati kA bhI prathama karttavya thA' | jo pati patnI ke mAna tathA pratiSThA kI rakSA karatA hai vahI apanI saMtAna, dharma, tathA dhana kI aura apanI rakSA samucita rUpa se kara sakatA hai? / mAtR-pUjA ko bhAratavarSa meM sadaiva se mahattA dI gaI hai 1 pitA yadi saiA AcAryoM se adhika pUjanIya hai to mAtA sai| pitA kI apekSA adhika pUjyA hai3 / pitA ke marane para jo putra mAtA ko anAzrita chor3akara usakA bharaNa-poSaNa nahIM karate the tathA usakI AjJA kA pAlana nahIM karate the ve samAja meM bar3e niMdanIya samajhe jAte the / pAMDavoM ne ghara meM tathA vana meM, rAjA tathA bhikhArI kI avasthA meM, apanI mA~ kA jo sammAna kiyA hai vaha prazaMsanIya hai| kuMtI kA zAsana sadaiva una para rahA / unhoMne bhI mAtA kI AjJA kA kabhI ullaMghana nahIM kiyA kuMtI ne zrIkRSNa dvArA apane putroM ko yaha saMdeza bhejA thA ki "jisa dina ke liye catrANiyA~ apane putroM ko janma detI haiM vaha samaya aba A gayA hai" / yaha saMdeza sunakara hI unameM kSAtra dharma kA saMcAra huA thA / mAtA kA saMdeza sunakara ho yuddhaparAGmukha saMjaya vIratA pUrvaka zatru kA sAmanA karane ke liye udyata huA thA aura prANapaNa se yuddha karake vijayI huA thA / mAtA kI AjJA kI avahelanA usase na ho sakI / mAtA ke krodha kA pAtra bananA usake liye mRtyu se bhI adhika bhayAnaka thA / chatrapati ( 1 ) manusmRti, 6-6 / ( 2 ) vahI, 6-7 / ( 3 ) vahI, 2 - 145 / ( 4 ) vahI, 6-4 | mahAbhArata - vanaparva, 23-12, 22 / ( 1 ) mahAbhArata udyogaparva, 8-118, 52 / ( 6 ) vahI, 133 /

Page #153
148 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zivAjI ko apanI mAtA kI ojasvinI preraNA se rASTrIya saMgrAma meM bar3A bala prApta hotA thaa| ____ kevala pitA, pati tathA putra kA hI putrI, patnI tathA mAtA ke prati mahattvapUrNa karttavya nahIM thA varan samAja tathA rAjA kA bhI triyoM ke prati bar3A bhArI kartavya thA, jisakA pAlana na karane se ve pApI samajhe jAte the| strI kA apamAna karanevAle vyakti ko rAjya kI ora se daMDa milA karatA thA / anAtha strI kA sArA bhAra samAja para hotA thA; usakI rakSA karanA samAja kA kartavya thaa| sro puruSa kI saccI sahAyikA, zraddhA tathA prema kI maMdAkinI kulAcAra kI sudakSa rakSikA tathA bhAvI rASTra kI nirmANakI hai| isI liye to zAstroM ne inakI rakSA kA upadeza nimnalikhita zabdoM meM kiyA hai pitA rakSati kaumAre bharvA rakSati yauvane / rakSanti sthavire putrAH na strI svAtaMtryamarhati //

Page #154
(3) nAlaMdA mahAvihAra ke saMsthApaka ( lekhaka-zrI vAsudeva upAdhyAya, ema0 e0, kAzI ] itihAsa ke premiyoM ko yaha bhalI bhA~ti jJAta hai ki bauddha-kAlIna zivAlayoM meM nAlaMdA mahAvihAra kA sthAna kitanA mahattvapUrNa thaa| isa vihAra meM bhAratIya tathA videzIya loga sudUra prAMtoM se vidyopArjana ke liye Ate aura nAlaMdA ke nAma se apane ko gauravAnvita samajhate the| eka samaya prAyaH dasa sahasra vidyArthI nAlaMdA meM adhyayana karate the jisase isakA nAma bahuta vikhyAta ho gayA thA / itane vizAla mahAvihAra ke saMsthApakoM ke viSaya meM paricaya prApta karanA paramAvazyaka hai| sAtavIM zatAbdI ke bauddha cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga ne nAlaMdA mahAvihAra ke janmadAtA tathA isake kalevara ke vRddhi-kartAoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| ye nAma isa prakAra haiM--(1) zakAditya, (2) budhagupta, (3) tathAgatagupta, ( 4 ) bAlAditya, aura ( 5 ) vjr| yaha to nizcita rUpa se jJAta hai ki ye rAjA gupta-vaMzaja the, paraMtu inakA samIkaraNa Adhunika kAla taka nizcita rUpa se sthira nahIM ho pAyA hai| 'dvivedI-abhinaMdanagraMtha' meM pR. 316 para nAlaMdA mahAvihAra ke varNana ke aMtargata, vidvAn lekhaka ne isake saMsthApakoM kA gupta-vaMza ke katipaya rAjAoM se samIkaraNa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| apane samIkaraNa ko lekhaka mahodaya ne satya tathA ni:saMdigdha 1) bIla-hvenasAMga kA jIvana-carita, pR0 110.1 /

Page #155
150 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA mAnA hai| kitu Aja taka kI saMpUrNa khojoM tathA lekhoM para vicAra kiyA jAya to lekhaka kA samIkaraNa kasauTI para nahIM utrtaa| vidvAn lekhaka ne yaha samIkaraNa isa prakAra kiyA hai-(1) zakAditya kA kumAragupta se, (2) budhagupta kA skaMdagupta se, (3) tathAgatagupta kA puragupta se, (4) bAlAditya kA narasiMhagupta se, aura (5) vajra kA kumAragupta dvitIya se / yahA~ una rAjAoM ke prApta lekhoM ke AdhAra para pratyeka samIkaraNa para vicAra karane kA prayatna kiyA jaaygaa| yadi pAThakavarga unakI tithiyoM para dhyAna deMge to spaSTa jJAta ho jAyagA ki upayukta samara samIkaraNa samIcIna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| nAlaMdA mahAvihAra ke janmadAtA zakrAditya tathA gupta-samrATa kumAragupta prathama kI samatA mAnane meM kisI ko saMdeha nahIM hai| prathama to kumAragupta prathama se pUrva kisI gupta-nareza ne 'zakrAditya' kI padavI dhAraNa nahIM kI thI, dUsare kumAragupta prathama kI pradhAna upAdhi 'maheMdrAditya' hai, jisakA 'zakAditya' paryAyavAcI zabda ho sakatA hai| maheMdra tathA zakra ke artha meM samatA hone ke kAraNa zakAditya kA kumAragupta prathama se samIkaraNa upayukta jJAta hotA hai / yaha to nizcita hai ki kumAragupta prathama kA putra skaMdagupta pitA kI mRtyu ke pazcAt siMhAsanArUr3ha huprA; paraMtu budhagupta kA skaMdagupta se samIkaraNa bhArI bhUla hai| yadi unake lekhoM para vicAra kiyA jAya to budhagupta maura skaMdara.pta ke samaya meM bahuta aMtara dikhalAI par3atA hai| prAyaH sabhI prasiddha aitihAsika paMDita ne yaha svIkAra kara liyA hai ki skaMdagupta (zAsana-kAla, I0 sa0 455-467) ke pazcAt usakA sautelA bhAI puragupta rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI huaa| bhitarI (5) rAkhAladAsa bainarjI- gupta-lekcara, pR0 244 /

Page #156
nAlaMdA mahAvihAra ke saMsthApaka 151 ( ji0 gAjIpura, saMyuktaprati ) ke mudrAlekha meM puragupta ke vaMza-vRkSa kA ullekha milatA hai / isa lekha ke AdhAra para yaha jJAta hotA hai ki puragapta ke bAda usakA putra narasiMharApta, tatpazcAt kumAragupta dvitIya kramaza: gupta-rAjya para zAsana karate rhe| banArasa ke samIpa sAranAtha meM do lekha gupta saMvat 154 aura 157 ke mile haiN| pahale lekha (gu0 saM0 154 ) se jJAta hotA hai ki kumAragupta dvitIya I0 sa0 473-74 meM zAsana karatA thA / tithi ke anusAra dUsare lekha gu0 saM0 157 meM ullikhita gupta-nareza ( budhagupta' ) ne kumAragupta dvitIya ke bAda zAsana kI bAgaDora hAtha meM lI hogI, yA yoM kahA jAya ki I0 sa0476-77 meM budhagupta zAsaka thaa| ataeva ukta vivecana se spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki skaMdagupta, puragupta, narasiMhagupta tathA kumAragupta dvitIya ke zAsana-kAla ke pazcAt hI budhagupta gupta-siMhA. sana kA uttarAdhikArI huA hogA / isa avasthA meM budhagupta kA skaMda. (1) mahArAjAdhirAjakumAraguptasya putraH tatpAdAnudhyAtA mahAdevyAM anaMta. devyAM utpano mahArAjAdhirAjazrIpuraguptasya tatpAdAnudhyAto mahAdevyAM zrIvatsadevyAmutpannA mahArAjAdhirAjazrInarasiMhaguptasya putraH / tatpAdAnudhyAtA mahAdevyAM zrImatIdevyAM utpanno paramabhAgavato mahArAjAdhirAja zrIkumAraguptaH / (J. A. S. B. 1889) (2) zrAkyAlojikala sarve riporTa, 1914-15,pR0 124-25 / (3) varSa sate guptAnAM catu: paJcAsata uttare bhUmi rakSati kumAragupte / (4) guptAnAM samatikrAMte saptapaJcAsata uttare sate samAnAM pRthvI budhagupte prshaasti| (5) kucha vidvAn bhitarI tathA prathama sAranAtha ke lekhoM meM ullikhita kumAragupta ko gupta-samrATa kumAragupta prathama mAnate haiN| paraMtu yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhie ki kumAragupta prathama I. sa. 455 meM hI paralokavAsI ho gayA thA aura yaha kumAragupta I. sa. 473 meM rAjya karatA thaa| ataeva ise kumAragupta dvitIya hI mAnanA pdd'egaa|

Page #157
152 nAgarI pracAriNo patrikA gupta se samIkaraNa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / isa gupta-nareza budhagupta ke lekhoM tathA sikkoM se nimna likhita cAra tithiyA~ jJAta haiM- (a) sAranAtha kA lekha, gu0 saM0 1571 / ( ba ) dAmodarapura (uttarI baMgAla ) kA tAmrapatra, gu0 saM0 1632 / ( sa ) eraNa ( sAgara, madhyapradeza ) kA lekha, gu0 saM0 1653 / ( da ) budhagupta ke cA~dI ke sikke, gu0 saM0 1754 / ina tithiyoM ke AdhAra para yaha jJAta hotA hai ki budhagupta I0 sa0 476-77 se lekara I0 sa0 464-65 taka zAsana karatA thA / ataH isa avadhi ke zAsanakartA kA skaMdagupta ( I0 sa0 455 - 467) se samIkaraNa karanA nitAMta bhUla haiM I isa samIkaraNa ke nirmUla siddha hone ke kAraNa sArI imArata naSTa ho jAtI hai aura tathAgatagupta kA puragupta se, bAlAditya kA narasiMhagupta se tathA vajra kA kumAragupta dvitIya se samIkaraNa nahIM ho sakatA / yadi ina rAjAoM ke lekhe| tathA sikkoM meM ullikhita upAdhiyoM para vicAra kiyA jAya to vidvAn lekhaka ke samIkaraNa ko koI vyakti mAnane ke liye prastuta nahIM ho sakatA / kumAragupta prathama ke atirikta gupta-narezoM kI jitanI upAdhiyA~ milatI haiM una sabakA hvenasAMga ke ullikhita rAjAoM meM prabhAva dikhalAI par3atA hai| skaMdagupta ke lekhoM meM vikramAditya tathA kramAditya kI padaviyA~ milatI haiM; paraMtu budhagupta ke liye koI bhI upAdhi nahIM miltii| isI prakAra puragupta ke liye 'prakAzAditya' (sikkoM meM ) aura 'vikramAditya' ( 1 ) zrAryAlaoNjikala sarve riporTa, 6114-15, pR0 124-125 / (2) e0 I0, jilda 15 / (3) phlITa - gupta lekha, naM0 16 / ( 4 ) rAkhAladAsa bainarjI - gupta - lekcara, pR0 246 / (5) jUnAgar3ha kA lekha / ( gu0 le0 naM0 14 )

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nAlaMdA mahAvihAra ke saMsthApaka 153 2 ( paramArtha - kRta vasubaMdhu ke jIvana-vRttAMta meM ) kI padaviyA~ prayukta haiM; paraMtu tathAgatagupta ke nAma ke sAtha inakA sarvathA abhAva hai / bAlAditya kA narasiMhagupta se samIkaraNa karane meM vidvAna isakI ( narasiMhagupta kI ) padavI bAlAditya kA hI avalaMbana lete haiM / elana tathA bhaTTazAlI mahodaya hva enasAMga ke varNita bAlAditya se gupta-nareza narasiMhagupta kI samatA batalAte haiM; ' kiMtu ise mAnane meM aneka bAdhAe~ upasthita hotI haiM / usI samaya ke prakaTAditya ke sAranAthavAle lekha se jJAta hotA hai ki usake vaMza meM kaI vyakti bAlAditya ke nAma se prasiddha the / aisI paristhiti meM yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki kisa bAlAditya ne hUNa rAjA mihirakula ko parAsta kiyA, jisakA varNana hvenasAMga ne kiyA hai / dUsare yadi hvenasAMga ke bAlAditya tathA narasiMhagupta ke vaMzavRkSa kA avalokana karate haiM to donoM meM bar3I bhinnatA dikhalAI par3atI hai / hvenasAMga ke varNita bAlAditya ke pitA kA nAma tathAgatagupta aura putra kA vajra thA; paraMtu bhitarI ke mudrAlekha meM narasiMhagupta ke pitA puragupta aura putra kumAragupta dvitIya ke nAmoM kA ullekha milatA hai / isa avasthA meM bAlAditya kA narasiMhagupta se samIkaraNa yukti-saMgata nahIM pratIta hotA / isa vivecana ke AdhAra para yaha jJAta hotA hai ki kevala padavI kI samAnatA se koI siddhAMta sthira nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / isI saMbaMdha meM eka bAta aura vicAraNIya hai } cInI yAtro hvenasAMga ke kathana se yA bauddha mahAvihAra ke saMsthApaka hone ke nAte zakrAditya se lekara vajra paryaMta sabhI baiddha dharmAvalaMbI the / yadi ( 1 ) elana - gupta - sikkoM kI bhUmikA / 2) phlITa - gupta - lekha, pR0 282 | ( 3 ) saMbhavataH bAlAditya gupta rAjA bhAnugupta kI upAdhi thI, jisane eraNa ke samIpa goparAja ke sAtha hUNoM se yuddha kiyA thaa| usI sthAna ke lekha meM usakA nAma bhI ullikhita hai / - gu0 le 0 naM0 20, I0 sa0 510 /

Page #159
154 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA inase samIkaraNa kie gae gupta rAjAoM ke dharma para vicAra kareM to samIkaraNa kI puSTi nahIM hotI yaha to prasiddha bAta hai ki guptanareza vaiSNava dharmAnuyAyI the| kumAragupta prathama bhI vaiSNava varmAvalaMbI thA jisakI puSTi usake lekhoM tathA sikkoM meM ullikhita 'paramabhAgavata' kI upAdhi' tathA garuDadhvaja se hotI hai / paraMtu isa rAjA ke nAlaMdA mahAvihAra ke saMsthApaka hone se Azcarya nahIM honA cAhie / yadi gupta-lekhoM kA sUkSma adhyayana kiyA jAya to spaSTa jJAta hotA hai ki gupta kAla meM dUsare dharma bhI pracalita the tathA unake prati gupta-nareza udAratA kA vyavahAra karate the I kitane anya dharmAnuyAyI ( abhaya, vIrasena, AmrakArdava ) guptoM ke padAdhikArI the re / aise samaya meM yadi kumAragupta prathama ne nAlaMdA kI saMsthApanA kI to vaha bauddha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / skaMdagupta bhI paramabhAgavata kahalAtA thA / puragupta tathA narasiMhagupta ke viSaya meM kucha vizeSa jJAta nahIM hai; paraMtu kumAragupta dvitIya' bhitarI ke mudrAlekha ' meM 'paramabhAgavata' kahA gayA hai / isa mudrA para garur3a kI prAkRti hai jo vaiSNavadharma kA cihna hai / ataeva yaha spaSTa prakaTa hotA hai ki gupta rAjA vaiSNavadharmAnuyAyI the; paraMtu hvenasAMga ke varNita nAlaMdA ke saMsthApakagaNa bauddha the / uparyukta tithi, upAdhi tathA dharma ke vivecanoM se yaho jJAta hotA hai ki nAlaMdA mahAvihAra ke saMsthApakoM kA kumAragupta prathama ke atirikta anya rAjAoM se pUrvollikhita samIkaraNa samIcIna nahIM (1) phlITa - gupta-lekha naM0 8, 6, 13 / ( 2 ) garuDadhvaja sone ke pratyeka sikko para aMkita hai / (3) gupta - lekha naM0 5, 6, 11 / ( 4 ) gu0 le 0, naM0 ( 5 ) J. A. S. kumAraguptaH ) / Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat 12, cAMdI ke sikke | B. 1889 ( paramabhAgavata mahArAjAdhirAja zrI www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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nAlaMdA mahAvihAra ke saMsthApaka 155 hai / ina saMsthApakoM ke viSaya meM yaha nizcita rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki ye gupta vaMza ke aMtima nareza the / isa vihAra ke janmadAtA zakAditya kI gupta samrAT candragupta dvitIya ke putra kumAragupta prathama se samatA batalAI jA cukI hai / kumAragupta prathama bahuta samaya taka zAsana karatA rhaa| isako mRtyu ke pazcAt skaMdagupta I0 sa0 skaMdagupta kA sautelA bhAI pura OM 455-467 taka rAjya karatA rahA / gupta aura usake putra tathA pAtra kumAragupta dvitIya I0 sa0 467 se 476 taka zAsana karate rahe / ina rAjAoM kA nAlaMdA mahAvihAra se koI saMbaMdha thA yA nahIM isake viSaya meM aitihAsika ullekha nahIM milatA / budhagupta ne kumAragupta dvitIya ke bAda I0 sa0 476 se 464 taka rAjya kiyA aura isa vihAra kI bahuta sahAyatA kI / yaha zaktizAlI nareza thA / budhagupta kA sAmrAjya bahuta vistRta thA / isane dAmodarapura ( uttarI baMgAla ) se lekara eraNa ( mAlavA ) paryaMta zAsana kiyA / hvenasAMga ne varNana kiyA hai ki zakrAditya ke putra 'budhagupta rAja' ne apane pitA ke saMcArAma se dakSiNa dizA meM dUsare vizAla saMghArAma kI saMsthApanA kI / budhagupta ke putra 'tathAgata rAja' ne pUraba kI ora eka saMghArAma banavAyA' / isakA putra bAlAditya apane pUrvajoM se bhI adhika isa mahAvihAra kI vRddhi meM saMlagna rahA / usane cAra vizAla saMghArAma banavAe 2 / aitihAsikoM meM bAlAditya ke viSaya meM bahuta vivAda hai / koI isakI narasiMha gupta se samatA batalAte haiM, jisakA khaMDana Upara kiyA jA cukA hai| hvenasAMga ke kathana se bAlAditya hUNa rAjA mihirakula kA samakAlIna thA / smitha mahodaya ke matAnusAra yadi mihirakula ( 1 ) bIla - hvenasAMga kA jIvana-carita, pR0 110 / ( 2 ) vATara - hvenasAMga, jilda 1, pR0 286 /

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156 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA I0 sa0 510 meM zAsana karatA thA to bAlAditya kI gupta rAjA bhAnugupta se samatA karanA bahuta hI yukti-saMgata pratIta hotA hai| isa (bhAnugupta) ke nAma kA ullekha eraNa kI prazasti (gu0 le0 naM0 20) meM milatA hai| lekha ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki I0 sa0 510 meM bhAnugupta ne apane senApati goparAja ke sAtha hUNoM se yuddha kiyA jisameM goparAja mArA gyaa| yadi hvenasAMga ke varNita bAlAditya aura mihirakula ke yuddha se uparyukta lar3AI kA tAtparya ho, to yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bAlAditya, gupta-nareza bhAnugupta kI upAdhi thii| jo ho, isa viSaya meM koI siddhAMta sthira nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bAlAditya ke putra vajra ne uttara dizA meM eka saMghArAma banavAyA thaa| DA0 rAya caudharI kA mata hai ki isI vana ko mAlavA ke rAjA yazodharman ne I0 sa0 533 ke samIpa mAra DAlAre / isa prakAra gupta-vaMza kA nAza humA / ina saba vivecanoM kA sArAMza yahI hai ki kumAragupta prathama tathA budhagapta ke ghaMzaja hI nAlaMdA ke mahAvihAra kI vRddhi karane meM saMlagna rhe| inake gupta-vaMzaja hone meM tanika bhI saMdeha nahIM hai| - - - -. - -. (1) smitha-bhArata kA prAcIna itihAsa, pR0 316 / (2) rAya caudharI-prAcIna bhArata kA rAjanaitika itihAsa, pR. 403 / .

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( 4 ) itihAsa - prasiddha durga raNathaMbhaura kA saMkSipta varNana [ lekhaka - zrI pRthvIrAja cauhAna, bU~dI ] raNathaMbhaura kA kilA jayapura rAjya meM jayapura se koI 45 kosa dakSiNa kI ora saghana pahAr3iyoM meM, saghana jhAr3iyoM ke bhItara, banA huA hai| nAgadA-mathurA relave lAina para mathurA se koI 70 kosa baMbaI kI ora jAne para savAI mAdhavapura sTezana par3atA hai / yahA~ se koI savA kosa para pahAr3oM ke bIca savAI mAdhavapura nagara hai jise, aisA pratIta hotA hai ki, jayapura ke mahArAja savAI mAdhavasiMhajI ne raNathaMbhaura hAtha Ane para basAyA thA / yahA~ jayapura rAjya kI nijAmata hai| rAjya kI ora se eka nAjima ( DisTrikTa maijisTreTa ), tahasIladAra, thAnedAra aura DAkTara rahate haiM / yaha nagara bhI purAnA, kahIM kahIM TUTA-phUTA aura be-marammata, bar3e vistAra meM, basA huA AbAdI ATha-dasa hajAra se adhika nahIM hai| thaMbhaura ko jAnA par3atA hai| koI sAr3he cAra kosa saghana jhAr3iyoM aura U~cI-U~cI pahAr3iyoM ke bIca eka pagaDaMDI kI rAha se calanA par3atA hai, jisameM zera baghere, cote, rIcha Adi hiMsaka jIvoM kI bahutAyata hai / mArga meM sthAna sthAna para odiyA~ lagI huI haiM aura kaThahare ba~dhe hue haiM jinameM pAr3e ( bhaiMse ) bA~dhe jAte haiN| dina hI meM rAstA calatA hai, rAta ko nahIM / mArga meM pahAr3iyoM kA car3hAva - utAra yAtrI ko thakA detA hai / jagaha jagaha pAnI ke cazme bahate milate haiN| jhAr3iyoM meM eka nAle ke kinAre pAnI kA eka choTA hai yahA~ se hI raNa , Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat 1 www.umaragyanbhandar.com

Page #163
158 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA sA kuMDa hai, jise morakuMDa kahate haiN| aura bhI kaI bAvaliyoM par3atI haiN| morakuMDa se pahAr3I kA car3hAva hai| kucha car3hane ke anaMtara eka pakkA parakoTA aura mora-daravAjA nAma kI pAlI ( gopura ) hai| yaha parakoTA donoM ora pahAr3oM para calA gayA hai| daravAje se rAstA phira nIce ko utaratA hai aura kucha pahAr3o utAra-car3hAva ke pIche phira usI prakAra kA eka daravAjA pAtA hai jo bar3A daravAjA kahalAtA hai| yahA~ bhI pahale kI taraha donoM ora kI pahAr3iyoM para pakkA parakoTA calA gayA hai| isa daravAje se nIce utarakara eka bar3A maidAna hai jo tIna tarapha pahAr3iyoM se ghirA huA hai| usI meM eka aura dIvAra kI taraha khar3e pahAr3a para raNathaMbhaura kA dRr3ha aura abhedya durga hai| isa maidAna meM eka bar3A tAla hai jo padmalA kahalAtA hai ( choTA padmalA durga meM hai) aura lagabhaga 6-7 mIla ke ghere meM hai| isameM kamala phUle rahate haiN| koI Adha kosa calane para kile para car3hane kA phATaka prAtA hai jisakA nAma naulakhA hai| yahA~ para eka paisA dekara eka AdamI ko kiledAroM ke pAsa bheja praveza karane kI paravAnagI maMgavAnI par3atI hai, jo ghaMTe Der3ha ghaMTe meM pA jAtI hai| itanI dera meM pathika pAsa ke eka kueM para snAna-dhyAna se nipaTakara thakAvaTa dUra kara le sakatA hai| yahA~ se kile kI zobhA acchI dikhAI par3atI hai| kile kA pahAr3a, ora se chora taka, dIvAra kI taraha sIdhA khar3A hai| usa para majabUta pakkA parakoTA aura burja (gar3ha ) bane hue haiM jina para topeM car3hI huI haiN| daravAje se Upara taka pakkI sIr3hiyA~ banAI gaI haiM, jina para tIna phATaka bIca meM par3ate haiN| eka gaNeza raNadhIra daravAjA hai jisameM pItala ke patra para saMvat 1878 khudA huA hai| isI daravAje ke upara eka burja ( gar3ha) para tona mu~ha kI topa rakhI huI hai, jo lagabhaga cAra gaja laMbI hai|

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itihAsa-prasiddha durga raNathaMbhaura kA saMkSipta varNana 156 gar3ha raNathaMbhaura meM 6 jAgIradAroM kI kiledArI hai| mArA mAkhA. pacevara baranAlA, jhilAya aura dhUlAvar3A ke jAgIradAra kiledAra haiN| inameM se pratyeka ke pacahattara pacahattara javAna vahA~ rahate haiM aura jayapura rAjya khAlase ke bhI 500 javAna rahate haiN| inake sivA cAro daravAjoM ke tAloM para do do mAne aura kucha caukiyoM para bhI mIne rahate haiN| kile meM mukhya gaNezajI kI prasiddha aura bhavya mUrti. eka suMdara maMdira meM, virAjamAna hai| inheM gar3ha raNathaMbhaura ke vinAyaka kahate haiN| samasta rAjapUtAne kI chattIso jAtiyoM meM vivAha ke samaya inakA AhvAna kiyA jAtA hai| yahA~ para yaha kahAvata prasiddha hai ki "vinAyaka manAyo nAja Ayo, ToDaramala jIto nAja bIto' arthAt vivAha ke samaya vinAyaka gaNeza baiThate haiM taba ghara meM Rddhi-siddhi Akara vivAha ko pUrNa karA detI haiM, kisI bAta kI kamI nahIM rhtii| vivAha hone para gaNezajI kA paTTA uThA diyA jAtA hai, taba pratyeka cIja kI taMgI dikhAI dene lagatI hai / rAjapUtAne ke bAhara bhI dUra dUra taka ina gajAnana bhagavAna kA AhvAna hotA hai| kile meM 5 bar3e bar3e ToMke (tAlAba) haiN| eka ke sivA sabameM pAnI bharA rahatA hai aura saba svAbhAvika bane hue haiN| ina TA~ko ke nAma padmalA (choTA), sukhasAgara, bar3A hAda, rANI haiAda aura jagAlI haiN| gar3ha ke mukhya maMdiroM meM gaNezajI, zivajI aura rAmalalA ke maMdira haiN| eka jaina maMdira bhI hai| rAmalalAjI kA maMdira zikharabaMda maMdira hai| battIsa battIsa khaMbhoM kI tIna bar3I bar3I chatariyA~ haiM, jinameM se pratyeka meM liMgAkAra zivajI kI dIrgha mUti atyaMta sudara aura darzanIya hai| paraMtu dekha rekha na hone ke kAraNa kabUtaroM kI bIToM se bigar3a rahI hai| yahA~ para eka guphA meM guptagaMgA (jise koI koI AkAzagaMgA bhI kahate haiM ) nAma kA, gaja bhara laMbA

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160 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA caur3A, eka kuMDa hai jisake viSaya meM kahAvata hai ki kitanI hI rassiyA~ jor3akara DAlI jAne para bhI thAha na milii| isa gaMgA kA pAnI nirmala, svaccha aura mIThA hai| isa guphA meM zivajI kI eka mUrti hai| isake pAsa hI maurA bhaurA nAma ke do makAna haiM jo prAya: baMda rahate haiN| inameM prAcIna samaya ke masAloM kI bATiyA~ rakhI huI haiM tathA lar3AI ke sAmAna haiN| yahA~ para bujoM para to car3hI huI haiN| rANI tAlAba para sadaruddIna pIra kA makabarA hai| dillI-daravAje para zaMkara kA maMdira hai jo sadA baMda rahatA hai aura varSa meM kevala eka bAra zivarAtri ko khulatA hai| yahIM para rAva hammIradeva kA sira hai jo manuSya ke sira ke barAbara hai| kahate haiM, rAva hammIra jaba alAuddIna ko parAsta karake Ae taba unhoMne gar3ha meM rAniyoM ko na paayaa| ve saba citA meM bhasma ho gaI thiiN| rAva ko isase itanI glAni huI ki unhoMne AtmaghAta karane kA nizcaya kara liyA, lekina kucha vicAra kara ve zivajI ke maMdira meM Ae aura, pUjana kara, kamala kATakara ziva para car3hA diyA : gar3ha raNathaMbhaura kevala sAr3he tIna kosa ke ghere meM hai, para hai sIdhe khar3e pahAr3a para / kile ke tIna aura prAkRtika pahAr3I khAI ( jisameM jala bahatA rahatA hai) aura jhAr3iyoM kA jhuramuTa hai| khAI ke usa tarapha vaisA hI khar3A pahAr3a hai jaisA kile kA hai| usa para parakoTA khiMcA huA hai| phira cautaraphA kucha nIcI jamIna ke bAda tIsare pahAr3a kA parakoTA hai aura pakkI majabUta dIvAreM khiMcI huI haiN| isa prakAra koso ke bIca meM kilA phailA huA hai| pUrva, pazcima, dakSiNa aura kosoM taka laMbA-caur3A maidAna hai jisake cAroM ora pahAr3iyoM kA silasilA parakoTe kA kAma de rahA hai| kucha dUra pUrva kI ora eka gar3ha khaMdhAra isI pahAr3I silasile meM aura hai jo majabUta ginA jAtA hai| yadyapi kile meM bhI jaMgala-pahAr3a hai, para phATakoM

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itihAsa prasiddha durga raNathaMbhaura kA saMkSipta varNana 161 para paharA rahane ke kAraNa kile meM jaMgalI jAnavara nahIM haiM dUsare do parakoToM ke bIca aneka prakAra ke jaMgalI jAnavara bahutAyata se jhAr3iyoM meM rahate haiM / kile se tIna kosa ke phAsale para dakkhina aura eka choTI sI pahAr3I para mAmA-bhAnaje kI kaMbareM haiM / saMbhava hai usa para se kile ko vijaya karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA ho| isa kile kI majabUtI isake dekhane hI se mAlUma ho sakatI hai / saMsAra ke kisI deza meM isa prakAra kA koI kilA zAyada hI ho / yadi isako sajAyA jAya to yaha eka apUrva durgama gar3ha bana jAya / 1 yaha durgama durga kisake samaya meM, kisane banavAyA, isakA abhI taka patA nahIM ! para yaha dIrgha kAla se cauhAnoM ke adhIna calA prAtA thA aura aMta meM cauhAnoM ke hAtha se hI musalamAnoM ke hAtha meM gayA / saMbhava hai ki yaha kilA cauhAnoM ke dvArA hI banA ho, kyoMki rAjapUtAne ke aneka majabUta kile cauhAnoM ke dvArA hI banAe gae the, jaise ajamera kA tArAgar3ha, nADola kA gar3ha, ghosA kA mAMDalagar3ha, morA kA gar3ha, bU~dI kA tArAgar3ha, gAgaroya kA gar3ha, iMdara gar3ha, chApura kA gar3ha, ye saba cauhAnoM ke banAe hue haiM / ataH raNathaMbhaura bhI cauhAnoM kA banAyA huA ho to Azcarya kyA 1 aisI janazruti hai ki isa vikaTa vana aura durgama pahAr3iyoM meM eka padmalA nAma kA tAlAba thA ( jo aba bhI vahI nAma dhAraNa kie hai ) / usake kinAre padma RSi nAma ke koI mahAtmA apanA nityakarma kara rahe the usa samaya meM do rAjakumAra, jinameM eka kA nAma jayata aura dUsare kA raNadhIra thA, sUara ke pIche ghor3A daur3Ate hue isa vana meM cale Ae ! sUra bhayabhIta ho padmalA tAlAba meM ( 1 ) alavara gar3ha bhI mainapurI ke itihAsa meM cauhAna zrandanadeva kA banAyA huA likhA hai / para eka bar3have kI pustaka meM alavara kA gar3ha zramera ke rAjA kAMkiladeva ke dUsare putra alagarAyajI kA banAyA huA likhA hai / 11

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162 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA rAjakumAra isa dRzya ko na AyA / acAnaka ye donoM turaMta mahAtmA -- kUda par3A aura jala meM gAyaba ho gayA / khar3e khar3e dekhate rahe para sUra unako najara kinAre para inakI dRSTi mahAtmA para par3I / ke pAsa Ae aura praNAma kara baiTha gae / mahAtmA ne A~khe khola - kara unakI ora dekhA aura prItipUrvaka kahA - " kumAra ! zikAra jala meM calA gayA; khaira, zivajI kA dhyAna karo " dhyAna karate hI ziva-pArvatI ke darzana hue, jinhoMne unheM AzIrvAda dekara kilA nirmANa karane kI AjJA dI : prAjJAnusAra rAjakumAroM ne vahA~ para eka kilA banavAyA jisakA nAma zivajI kI AjJA se raNastaMbhara yA raNathaMbhaura rakhA / kile kI pratiSThA khUba dhUmadhAma se kI gaI / prathama gaNezajI kI sthApanA huI aura sarvatra - rAjya bhara meM -- vivAha ke samaya AraMbha meM inhIM gaNezajI ko nimaMtrita kara pUjane kI prajJA pracalita kI gaI aura rAjakula meM inhIM gaNezajI kA AhvAna karanA pradhAna rakhA gayA / pAsa hI zivajI kI sthApana! karake pratiSThA kA kArya pUrNa kiyA gayA / cauhAnoM kI vaMzAvalI meM rAva zUra ke do beToM kA nAma jaita (jayata) aura raNadhIra hai / jaitarAva hammIra ke pitA, aura raNadhIra kAkA the jinako chAya kA paraganA milA thA / ataH isa kathA ko ThIka nahIM mAna sakate kyoMki inase pahale raNathaMbhaura kA durga thA aura dIrgha kAla se cauhAnoM ke adhikAra meM calA A rahA thA / saMvat 1246 vi0 meM pRthvIrAja ke pIche dillI meM musalamAnoM kA adhikAra ho jAne para ajamera aura raNathaMbhaura meM pRthvIrAjajI ke ( 1 ) mainapurI ke itihAsa meM cauhAna rAjA raNathaMbhanadeva kA banAyA likhA hai jo bahuta pahale hue the / 12 vIM zatAbdi ke madhya meM vIsala ke putra pRthvIrAja prathama kI rAnI rAsaladevI ne, jaina sAdhu zrabhayadeva ( maladhArI ) ke upadeza se, raNastaMbhapura ( raNathaMbhaura ) ke jaina maMdira para svarNa "kA" kalasa.. car3hAyA thA /

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itihAsa-prasiddha durga raNathaMbhaura kA saMkSipta varNana 163 putra aura bhAI kA adhikAra rhaa| jaba pRthvIrAja ke bhAI harirAja ne pRthvIrAja ke putra reNasI ( rAjadeva jise kisI kisI ne goviMdarAja ( kolA) bhI likhA hai ) se ajamera kA rAjya chInakara dillI para car3hAI kI, taba reNasI raNathaMbhaura calA gyaa| usake putra kA nAma vAlhaNadeva thA jisake prahlAdadeva aura vAgbhaTa, prahlAda ke vIranArAyaNa huA jo zamasuddIna altamaza se lar3A aura mArA gayA / saMvat 1283 vi0 meM raNathaMbhaura para musalamAnoM kA adhikAra huaa| prahlAda kA choTA bhAI mAlavA vijaya karane calA gayA thA aura vahIM rAjya kara rahA thaa| samAcAra sunakara usane raNathaMbhaura para car3hAI kI aura musalamAnoM ko mArakara usa para apanA adhikAra kara liyaa| jalAluddIna khilajI ke samaya meM ulagakho nAmaka kisI senApati ne do bAra saMvat 1347-48 meM raNathaMbhaura para car3hAI kI, para use parAsta hokara lauTanA pdd'aa| vAgbhaTa (zUrajI) ke putra jayata aura raNadhIrajI hue| raNadhIra ko 6 lAkha kI jAgIra kA chANa kA paraganA milaa| jayata kA putra prasiddha rAva hammIra (haThI hamIra) huaa| isake samaya meM mIra muhammadazAha nAma kA koI saradAra bAdazAha alAuddIna khilajI kI kisI begama ko lekara isakI zaraNa meM calA AyA jisako isane zaraNa meM rakhA / bAdazAha ne dUta bheja dhamakI ke sAtha apane bAgI sardAra ko mAMgA, para rAva ne zaraNAgata ko denA kSatriya-dharma ke viruddha samajha bAdazAha ko korA uttara de diyaa| alAuddIna jalakara car3ha AyA aura (.) kavAlajI ( rAjya koTA kI balabana koTharI meM ) ke maMdira meM rA. ba. paMDita gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMdajI aomA ko eka prazasti milI hai jo saMvat 1345 kI hai| usameM jaitrasiha ke viSaya meM likhA hai ki usane maMDapa (mAMDU = mAlavA) ke jayasiha ko satAyA; kUrmarAjA aura karakarAlagiri ke rAjA ko mArA aura aMpAyathA ke ghATe meM mAlavA ke rAjA ke saikar3oM lar3AkU vIroM ko parAsta kiyaa|

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164 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA varSoM taka lar3AI huii| saMvat 1357 meM bAdazAha ko parAsta hokara haTanA par3A / vaha eka bAra dillI lauTa gayA aura phira saMvat 1358 meM sajakara AyA / khUba lar3AI huI / rAva hammIra apanI rAniyoM ko kile meM rakSita rakha aura yaha samajhAkara raNa meM calA ki jaba taka hamAre nizAna kA jhaMDA dikhAI par3atA rahe taba taka hameM jIvita samajhanA, pIche apane dharma kI rakSA karanA, kyoMki musalamAna prAya: striyoM ke satItva ko naSTa karate haiM aura duSTa alAuddIna ne tA ramaNiyoM kA satItva naSTa karane kA bIr3A uThA rakhA hai / yaha kahakara rAva kesariyA bAnA pahana musalamAnI senA para TUTa par3A / kaI pahAr3oM kI ghanaghora lar3AI meM musalamAnoM ke paira ukhar3e aura ve pITha dikhAkara bhAge / rAva kI phauja ne kosoM taka pIchA kiyA rAva saMgrAma meM vijaya prApta kara dhauMsA detA lauTa rahA thA ki mArga meM kisI ghAyala musalamAna ne uThakara nizAna ke hAthI kA haudA kATa DAlA jisase nizAna aura AdamI nIce gira pdd'e| yadyapi vaha musalamAna vahIM kATa DAlA gayA paraMtu jhaMDe ke girate hI rAniyoM ne citA lagAkara apane komala zarIroM ko usameM bhasmIbhUta kara diyA / rAva vijaya kA AnaMda manAtA huA gar3ha meM AyA to vahA~ saba nirAnaMda ho gayA / vaha bar3e soca meM par3a gayA / saMsAra ko svapna kA khela samajha vaha zarIra kA moha chor3a zivamaMdira meM zrAyA aura apane hAtha apanA sira utAra zivajI para car3hA kamala pUjA kara zivaloka sidhArA / usake viSaya meM eka prAcIna dohA hai ' siMha viSaya aura nara vacana, kadalI phali ika bAra / tiriyA tela hamIra haTha, car3he na dUjI bAra // rAva hammIra ke isa prakAra ke samAcAra suna alAuddIna apanI senA kI mArga meM phira ikaTThA kara loTA aura vikaTa lar3AI meM vijaya prApta kara vahA~ kA mAlika huA / yaha saMvat 1358 vi0 meM huA

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itihAsa-prasiddha durga raNathaMbhaura kA saMkSipta varNana 165 thaa| cauhAna loga mAlavA, gujarAta prAdi dezoM meM idhara-udhara apanA ThikAnA jamAne lge| hammIra kA putra ratnasiMha pahale se mevAr3a meM thaa| usakA vaMza vahA~ phailaa| taimUra ke samaya taka raNathaMbhaura sAdhAraNa hAlata meM par3A rahA / saMvat 1573 taka mAlavAvAloM ke adhikAra meM rahA aura taba mevAr3a ke rANA saMgrAmasiMha ke hAtha AyA aura vikramAditya ke samaya taka mevAr3avAloM ke adhikAra meM rhaa| saMvat 1600 vikramI meM zerazAha sUra ke putra AdilakhA~ ko jAgIra meM diyA gyaa| saMvat 1615 taka isa kile para musalamAnoM kA adhikAra rhaa| isI samaya meM bUMdI ke sAmaMtasiMha hAr3A nAmaka eka sardAra ne bedalA aura koThAriyA ( ye mevAr3a ke 16 sardAroM meM se haiM ) ke cauhAnoM kI sahAyatA se musalamAna kiledAra jujhArakhA~ se, kucha rupaye dekara, kilA chIna liyA aura bUMdI ke adhipati rAva surjanajI ko sahAyatA ke liye bulaayaa| thor3e se vIra hAr3AoM ko lekara surjanajI vahA~ pahu~ce aura musalamAnoM ko vahA~ se nikAla apanA adhikAra kara liyaa| ___ saMvat 1624 vi0 meM akabara ne cittaur3a para car3hAI kii| bUMdI kA padacyuta rAva suravAna zAhI senA ko paTTI dekara bUMdarI para car3hA laayaa| yahAM rAva surjana ke bhAI rAmasiMha the| unhoMne rAtri ke samaya do bAra dhAvA mArakara zAhI phauja bhagA dI aura topeM chIna lI, lekina apane bhAI ke pIche bAdazAha se bigAr3a karanA acchA na samajha to lauTA dii| jaba akabara ko yaha mAlUma huA taba usakA dA~ta raNathaMbhaura para lgaa| cittaur3a vijaya kara usane usI saMvat meM raNathaMbhaura para car3hAI kii| rAjA mAna bhI sAtha the| bhArata ke rAjasiMhAsana para virAjamAna hokara mugala-kulatilaka akabara kI isa prAcIna aura abhedya gar3ha raNathaMbhaura para adhi.

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166 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kAra karane kI vizeSa abhilASA thii| usane senA sahita svayaM isa vikaTa kile ko jA gheraa| vIra tejasvI surjana ne apane asIma aura amAnuSI parAkrama se mugala bAdazAha kI agaNita senA kA AkramaNa tuccha kara diyaa| yadyapi akabara ne isa abhedya kile kI dIvAroM ko dhvaMsa karane meM koI kasara na kI, para kevala dIvAroM ke vaMsa hone hI se kilA hAtha mA jAya aisI bAta na thii| vahA~ to pahAr3oM ke tIna parakoToM ke bhItara 7, 8 sau phuTa U~cI dIvAra khar3e pahAr3a kI thii| itane para bhI vaha kilA vIra hAr3AoM se saMrakSita thaa| kucha dinoM taka ceSTA kara akabara hatodyoga ho gyaa| taba usane Amera ke rAjA bhagavAnadAsa aura unake ku~ara mAnasiMha se kahA ki kyA upAya kruuN| yadi eka bAra kile ko dekha bhI letA to acchA hotaa| taba mAnasiMha ne kahA-dikhA to hama sakate haiM, para prApako veza badalakara calanA hogaa| bAdazAha ne ise svIkAra kiyaa| kuMara mAnasiMha ne rAva surjana se Atithya kI yAcanA kI, jo rAjapUta-rItyanusAra svIkRta huii| mAnasiMha gar3ha meM bulAe gae / unake sAtha akabara eka sAdhAraNa sevaka ke veza meM gayA / mAnasiMha ne kile meM pahu~cakara jisa samaya rAva surjana ke sAtha bAtacIta kI usI samaya rAva ke kAkA bhImajI ne kapaTaveSadhArI akabara ko pahacAna liyA aura usake hAtha se balama chIna liyaa| akabara ke hoza ur3a ge| usane rAva se kahA-aba kyA hogA? rAjA mAnasiMha ne rAva ko samajhA-bujhAkara akabara se mela karA diyA / akabara ne raNathaMbhaura lekara usake badale meM 52 paragane rAva surjanajI ko die-26 paragane bUMdI ke pAsa aura 26 cunAra, kAzI prAdi pUraba deza meN| akabara ne 10 zartoM para hastAkSara kie jinake (1) de. "bUMdI kA sulahanAmA", nAgarI-pracAriNI patrikA, mAga 7. saMkhyA 2:

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itihAsa-prasiddha durga raNathaMbhaura kA saMkSipta varNana 167 kAraNa bU~dIvAloM kI striyA~ nauroje para jAne tathA DolA die jAne Adi se bacI rahIM / kAzI kI sUbedArI rAva surjana ko milI, jahA~ unhoMne acche acche dhArmika kArya kie tathA suMdara mahala aura bAga bhI banavAyA jo Aja taka "hAr3Ao kA bAga" ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isa saMdhi-patra ke anusAra rAva surjanajI ke vaMza, jAti aura dharma kI pUrNa rakSA rahI / akabara ne saba svIkAra kara surjanajI ko rAvarAjA kI padavI pradAna kI / rAva surjanajI ne lobhavaza kilA de diyA para sAmaMtasiMha ne akabara ke dA~ta khaTTe kara marakara kilA chor3A / isa prakAra phira yaha prAcIna prasiddha durga cauhAnoM ke hAtha se nikalakara musalamAnoM ke hAtha calA gayA / saMvat 1676 vi0 meM jahA~gIra isa kile kI saira karake khuza huA / saMvat 1688 vi meM yaha durga rAjA viTThaladAsa gaur3a ko milA, kiMtu usase auraMgajeba ne le liyA / unhoMne, para yaha saMvat 1811 vi0 taka yaha durga musalamAnoM ke adhikAra meM rahA / isa durga ke adhIna 83 mahAla the| kaI eka rajavAr3oM kA bhI isase saMbaMdha thA, jinameM bU~dI, koTA, zivapura Adi bar3I bar3I riyAsateM bhI thIM / saMvat 1812 vi0 meM dillI kI zakti ko ghaTAkara marahaThoM ne rAjapUtAne meM lUTa-mAra macA rakhI thii| anyAnya kiloM kI bhA~ti, isa kile ko bhI jA gherA / kilA sAdhAraNa to thA nahIM / durgAdhyakSa ne bar3I vIratA se marahaThoM kA sAmanA kiyA aura vaha tIna varSa taka lagAtAra ldd'aa| bAra bAra usane dillI se madada mA~gI para vahA~ kauna sunatA thA ? taba durgAdhyakSa ne bU~dI ke mahArAva rAjA ummedasiMhajI ko likhA para ve usa samaya apane hI rAjya ke uddhAra meM lage the, durgAdhyakSa kI bAtoM para unhoMne dhyAna na diyA / sAmAna rahA, barAbara marahaThoM se lar3atA rahA / durgAdhyakSa ke pAsa jaba taka saMvat 1816 vi0

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168 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bhojya sAmagrI cuka jAne para usane jayapuravAloM ko binA zarta killA samarpaNa karane ko likhA / usa samaya jayapura kI gaddI para savAI mAdhavasiMhajI the / mAdhavasiMhajI ne turaMta sahAyatA bhejI aura durga hastagata kiyA, jisa para marahaThe car3ha aae| isa samaya mAcAr3I ke mahArAva rAjA pratApasiMhajI kI vIratA aura buddhimAnI ne bar3A kAma kiyA / saMvat 1816 vi0 meM marahaThe, jayapura kI senA ko dekha, gherA uThAkara cala die / kilA jayapuravAloM ke adhikAra meM AyA / taba se yaha aitihAsika prasiddha prAcIna aura sudRr3ha durga jayapura - mahArAja ke adhikAra meM calA A rahA hai /

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(4) vividha viSaya (1) purAtattva sepTeMbara 1933 ke iMDiyana aiMTikverI meM zrImAn ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla ne, azoka ke "jaMbU dvIpa' para, eka lekha likhA hai| mahAbhArata ke samaya meM jaMbU dvIpa se prAyaH sAre eziyAkhaMDa kA artha liyA jAtA thaa| niSadha aura meru isake madhyastha aura paraspara nikaTastha parvata the| purANoM kA meru aura sikaMdara ke sAthI itihAsa-lekhakoM ke merasa eka hI parvata ke nAma the| jaMbUvRkSa se zAyada AlU bukhAre ke vRkSa (Plum-tree) kA artha hai, jo isa pradeza kA vizeSa vRkSa hai| meru ke dakSiNa aura niSadha ke uttara meM eka nadI kA varNana hai jo bahuta karake paMjazIra ( Panjshir ) nadI hai| jaMbU dvIpa kA madhyabhAga meru deza hai / mahAmeru usakI zreNI hai / tibbata kA nAma kinnarI deza yA kiMpuruSavarSa thA kyoMki vahA~ ke nivAsiyoM meM mUchoM kA prabhAva rahatA hai| uttara kuru se purANoM meM sAibIriyA kA deza liyA gayA hai| bhadrAzva se cona aura ketumAla se eziyA mAinara kA deza mAnA jAtA thA--aisI ApakI rAya hai| ketumAla kA pazcimIya nagara romaka arthAt kustuMtuniyA ( Constantinople ) thaa| ___ akTUbara 1933 I0 ke kalakattA rivyU meM prophesara Do0 Ara0 bhAMDArakara "kyA hiMdU dharma meM puna:praveza ( reconversion ) yA 'zuddhi ho sakatI hai", isa zorSaka kA eka lekha likhate haiN| devalasmRti, atri-saMhitA, atri-smRti, bRhadyana-smRti Adi meM zuddhi kA vidhAna hai aura pAryopadezaka paMDita je0 pI0 caudharI ne ina AdhAroM ko eka pustaka meM saMgraha karake 1930 meM alaga chapA bhI diyA hai| lekhaka mahAzaya vizeSakara devala-smRti kA ullekha karate haiN| devala

Page #175
170 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA RSi siMdhu nadI ke kinAre para Thahare the jahA~ RSiyoM ne jAkara unase zuddhi ke prazna kiye the| ApakA mata hai ki devala-smRti kA samaya dasavIM zatAbdI kA AraMbha thaa| smRti ke mlecchoM se Apa muslima-dharmAvalaMbiyoM kA artha nikAlate haiM kyoMki ye loga usa samaya bhArata kI sImA para A gae the| smRti meM siMdhu ( Monsuhra ) aura sauvIra (mulatAna ) sImAprAMtoM kA ullekha hai jahA~ jAne se hiMdU ko lauTane para zuddhi karanI par3atI thii| ye prAMta 643 I0 meM musalamAna logoM ke adhikAra meM A gae the| smRti meM jo siMdhu kA ullekha hai vaha paMjAba kI siMdhu nadI kA hai kyoMki vahA~ para hiMdU balAtkAra se musalamAna banAe jAte the / siMtha pradeza isake bahuta pUrva se musalamAnoM ke adhikAra meM A gayA thA / isa smRti kI zuddhi eka-do manuSyoM ke liye hI nahIM thI; varan yaha unake hetu niyata kI gaI thI jahA~ sAre gA~va ke gA~va zuddha kie jAte the| ApakA mata hai ki san IsavI ke prAraMbha se aura usake pUrva se lagAkara dasavIM zatAbdI taka barAbara zuddhi hotI rahI / disaMbara 1633 ke jaranala Apha iMDiyana hisTarI meM DA0 esa0 ena0 pradhAna kA eka lekha hai jisameM unhoMne yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA hai ki janamejaya ne vAjasaneya yAjJavalkya aura unake ziSya vAjasaneyI logoM ko apane do azvamedha yanoM meM purohita niyata kiyaa| isa kAraNa vaizaMpAyana ne rAjA aura purohita dono ko zApa diyaa| para janamejaya ne, vAjasaneya yAjJavalkya ke niyamAnusAra do azvamedha yajJa karake, zukla yajurveda ko pracalita kara hI diyaa| isa para vipakSa ke brAhmaNa rAjA se kruddha ho gae aura usake viparIta unhoMne bagAvata kA jhaMDA khar3A kara diyA jisake kAraNa janamejaya kA adhikAra usake tIna sImAMta-prAMto se uTha gyaa|

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vividha viSaya isa kAraNa use rAjya chor3akara jaMgala meM calA jAnA pdd'aa| isake pazcAt usakA kyA huA kucha jAna nahIM pdd'taa| brahmAMDa, vAyu aura matsya purANoM meM yaha kathA prAyaH samAna rUpa meM pAI jAtI hai; isa kAraNa isakA sahI honA bahuta kucha saMbhava hai| mAMDUkya upaniSad aura gauDapAda-akTUbara 1933 ke iMDiyana aiMTikverI meM isa viSaya kA mi0 e0 vyaMkaTa. subbaiyA kA eka lekha hai| yaha dasa pradhAna upaniSadoM meM se eka upaniSad hai| isameM kevala choTe choTe 12 vAkya haiM : prathama 7 meM isa upaniSad kA vizeSa kathana samApta ho jAtA hai aura ye nRsiMha-pUrvatApinI (4,2), nRsiMha-uttaratApinI (1), rAmottaratApinI upaniSadoM meM prAya: binA kucha parivartana ke uddhRta kara lie gae haiN| inakA sArAMza yogacUr3AmaNi (72 ) aura nAradaparivrAjaka (7-3 ) upaniSadoM meM bhI diyA hai| ina sUtroM ke Upara gauDapAdAcArya ne 125 kArikAoM meM TIkA likhI hai, jo pAgama prakaraNa, vaitathya prakaraNa, advaita prakaraNa aura alAtazAMti prakaraNa nAma ke 4 prakaraNoM meM vibhAjita hai / advaitavAda meM uparyukta 12 vAkya hI zruti mAne gae haiM aura 215 kArikAe~ gauDapAdAcArya kI banAI mAnI gaI haiN| gauDapAdAcArya ko goviMda bhAgavatapAda kA guru aura zaMkarAcArya kA dAdAguru mAnate haiN| zrI madhvAcArya kA dvaita saMpradAya prathama prakaraNa kI kArikAoM ko bhI zruti mAnatA hai| lekhaka yaha siddha karane kA prayatna karatA hai ki ye donoM nizcaya galata haiM aura 12 vAkya tathA 215 kAri. kAe~ donoM gauDapAdAcArya kI likhI haiN| usakI rAya meM zaMkarAcArya kA bhI yahI siddhAMta hai| zaMkarAcArya ne isa upaniSad ( 12 vAkya aura 215 kArikAoM) kA pramANa kahIM bhI ati ke rUpa meM nahIM diyA hai| gauDapAdAcArya ke zaMkara ke paramaguru hone meM

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172 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bhI saMdeha kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki ina kArikAoM kA pramANa kaI Adi mAdhyamika bauddha lekhakoM ne diyA hai jinakA kAla aSTama zatAbdI nahIM ho sktaa| DA. velesara ina kArikAoM kA samaya lagabhaga 550 sa0 I0 anumAna karate haiN| inakI rAya meM gauDapAda eka lekhaka kA nAma na hokara eka saMpradAya kA hai| pro0 belvalakara aura rAnaDe bhI isa rAya meM zAmila haiN| para mi. vyaMkaTasubbaiyA kA mata hai ki gauDapAda nAma ke AcArya avazya hue haiM jinhoMne advaitavAda ko isa mAMDUkya upaniSad meM siddha kiyA hai aura usa vAda kA pUrNa rUpa banAyA hai| paMDyA baijanAtha (2) mahAmahopAdhyAya mahAkavi zrI zaMkaralAla nirmita "amara mArka Deya" nATaka pichale sau varSoM meM saMskRta bhASA meM navIna graMtha racanevAle vidvAnoM meM kAThiyAvAr3a ke vidvadrana paMDita zaMkaralAla ati gauravArUr3ha ho cuke haiN| inakA janma maMgalavAra prASAr3ha vadi 4 vi0 saM0 1866 aura svargavAsa ASAr3ha sudi 15 vi0 saM0 1975 meM huaa| ye jAmanagara ke paMDita jhaMDU vaidya ke kuTuMbI the| inake pitA mahezvara bhaTTa ne inakA upanayana saMskAra karAkara prAcIna paripATI ke anu. sAra saMskRta bhASA kA adhyayana prAraMbha kraayaa| inhoMne vizeSa rUpa se suprasiddha devajJaziromaNi kezavajI murArajI se parizrama-pUrvaka vividha zAstra pddh'e| tadanaMtara kaI eka mahattvapUrNa choTe choTe lekhoM ke atirikta ina graMtho kI racanA kI-sAvitrI-carita, caMdraprabhAcarita, anasUyAbhyudaya, sevyasevaka-dharma, laghukaumudIprayoga-maNimAlA, adhyAtmaratnAvalI, bAlAcarita, vipanmitraM patram, zrIkRSNacaMdrAbhyudaya

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173 vividha viSaya aura amara mArkaDeya / zrIkRSNacaMdrAbhyudaya kavi ke svargavAsa ke kucha kAla ke pazcAta, mahAmahopAdhyAya zrI hAthIbhAIjI zAstrI kI TIkA sahita, chapA aura amara mArkaDeya nATaka gujarAtI TIkA sahita isI 1633 I0 meM, zrI lImaDInareza kI udAra kRpA tathA mahAmahopAdhyAya hAthIbhAIjI zAstrI ke sasneha parizrama se, lokalocana-gocara huA hai| zaMkaralAlajI svAbhAvika kavi the| ye purANa, kAvya, darzana Adi nAnA zAstroM ke pragAr3ha paMDita the| inakI racanAe~ sarala, sarasa evaM sadupadezapUrNe haiN| inake race hue nATakoM ko striyA~ tathA puruSa samAna rUpa se binA saMkoca ke par3ha sakate haiN| ye viSNu aura ziva ke abheda rUpa se upAsaka the| __ amara mArkaDeya meM pAMca aMka haiN| prathama aMka meM dikhAyA hai ki saMtAna na hone se khinna vizAlAkSI apane pati mRkaMDa muni ke prati prasaMtoSa prakaTa karatI hai jisake kAraNa muni sarvasva dAna kara nirjana vana meM tapa karane jAte haiN| dUsare aMka meM batalAyA hai ki bhagavAn kRSNa rAsalIlA prAraMbha karate haiM aura usa prasaMga meM nimaMtrita kie hue bhagavAna zaMkara samaya para nahIM Ate haiM ata: nAradajI unheM bulAne ko jAte haiM, paraMtu ve aise samaya para pahu~cate haiM jaba zaMkarajI kA mana mRkaMDa kI tapasyA se khiMcA jAtA hai| tIsare aMka meM yaha batAyA hai ki nArada dvArA muni ko vara milatA hai, paraMtu isa zarta ke sAtha ki mUrkha putra lenA svIkAra ho to dIrghAyu aura sarvajJa putra cAho to svalpAyu milegaa| daMpati sarvajJa putra prApta karanA acchA samajhate haiN| "tathAstu" kahakara nArada vRMdAvana cale jAte haiN| vahA~ para ve rAsalIlA ke viSaya meM kucha aisI zaMkAe~ uThAte haiM jinakA samAdhAna kavi ne atyaMta suMdara zailI se karake kRSNa ke prati parastrIgamana doSa kI zaMkA ko samUla naSTa kara diyA hai| caturtha aMka meM mRkaMDa ke putra mArkaDeya kA upanayanapUrvaka upamanyu ke pAsa vidyAdhyayana

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174 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA karake kAverI ke taura para mahAmRtyuMjaya kA japa karanA aura zuddhacarita bAlaka se vyAdhi Adi mRtyu ke sAdhanoM kA parAsta honA dikhAyA hai| aMtima aMka meM dharmarAja dvArA karma-vipAka kI sUcanA tathA apane AcaraNa dvArA muni-putra kA dIrghAyu honA pradarzita kiyA hai| yaha graMtha vartamAna lImaDI-nareza mahArANA zrI daulatasiMha varmA ke pautra sadagasarAma rAjeMdrasiMha-smAraka graMthamAlA kA prathama puSpa hai aura jAmanagara ke AtaMjha-nigraha nAmaka mudraNAlaya meM chapA hai| chapAI saphAI acchI hai| gujarAtI anuvAda bhI dekhane yogya hai| zivadatta zarmA (3) Umara-kAvya yaha pustaka cAraNa-mahAkavi UmaradAna 'bAlaka' kI kavitAoM kA saMgraha hai, jo cAra sau pRSThoM meM samApta huA hai| chapAI, kAgaja Adi kI uttamatA ke sAtha isakA 11 ru0 mUlya kama hai| prAraMbha meM rAyabahAdura paM. gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMda ojhA, purohita harinArAyaNajI bI0 e0, zrI jayakarNajI bArahaTa bI e0, ela-ela0 bI0 Adi kaI vidvAnoM ke anuvacana Adi 26 pRSThoM meM die gae haiM, jinase pustaka kA mahattva prakaTa hotA hai| isake bAda graMtha kA AraMbha hotA hai| pahale Izvara kI stuti kara bhajana kI mahimA batalAI gaI hai aura taba bhaktoM kI vaMdanA kI gaI hai| saMta-asaMta kI vivecanA karate hue vairAgya, dharma prAdi para kucha kahA gayA hai aura tadanaMtara rAva jodhA, durgAdAsa, rANA pratApa Adi kSatriya vIroM kI stuti kI gaI hai| isake sivA sAdhAraNa upadeza, madirApAna prAdi ke virodha meM, kavitA meM kiyA gayA hai|

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vividha viSaya 175 kavi UmaradAnajI Azukavi the| rAjasthAnI bhASA para inakA pUrNa adhikAra thA aura inakI kavitA kA sarala pravAha zravaNIya tathA paThanIya hai| lokoktiyoM ke samAveza se kavitA meM sarasatA prA gaI hai| prasAdaguNa tathA sarala abhivyaMjanA ke kAraNa yaha graMtha cittAkarSaka ho uThA hai| isI se isakA rAjapUtAne meM bahuta pracAra hai aura ise choTe-bar3e sabhI cAva se par3hate haiN| umaradAnajI vinoda priya sukavi the tathA unakI kavitA meM hAsyarasa kA bharapUra puTa hai| vAstava meM ye DiMgala bhASA ke zreSTha kavi ho gae haiN| isa graMtha kA saMpAdana zrI jagadIzasiMha gahalota ne. atyaMta sucAru rUpa se, kiyA hai| inakI yatheSTa pAda-TippaNiyoM se kavitA kA bhAva spaSTa ho jAtA hai tathA jina sthAnoM, aitihAsika paurANika ghaTanAoM yA vyaktiyoM kA ullekha humA hai unake viSaya meM pUrNa jAnakArI bhI ho jAtI hai| ApakA yaha parizrama sarvathA prazaMsanIya hai| yaha pustaka pratyeka hiMdI-premI ke liye saMgrahaNIya hai| vrajaranadAsa ( 4 ) hiMdU jAti-vijJAna meM pazu-pakSiyoM evaM prAkRtika vastuoM kA mahattva hiMduoM kI anekAneka jAtiyoM kI vyutpatti ke viSaya meM pazupakSI aura prAkRtika vastue~ atyaMta mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI haiN| cAroM varNo ke gotroM ke nAma RSiyoM se milate haiM aura kahA jAtA hai ki ina gotroM kI utpatti unhIM RSiyoM se huii| bhAradvAja pArAzara, kautsa, Atreya, gautama, kauDinya, vAzi , jAmadagni, kAzyapa, kRSNAtreya, gArgIyasa, bAchasa, lohityAna, mudgala. dallabhya, saunilya, bhArgava, vatsa athavA vatasa, agastya, maitrAyaNa aura

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176 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zAMDilya Adi aneka brAhmaNa-gotra kramaza: inhIM RSiyoM ke nAma se utpanna hue batalAe jAte haiN| paraMtu uparyukta saba nAmoM kA sAdRzya inhIM nAmavAle pazu-pakSiyoM aura prAkRtika vastuoM se bhI hai| bhAradvAja nIlakaMTha ke lie, pArAzara kapota ke liye, bAchasa bacche athavA bachar3e ke liye, gautama gAya ke liye, kRSNapAtreya kAle hariNa ke liye, lohityAna agni ke liye, mudgala a~gUThI ke liye, dallabhya baMdara ke liye, kauzika ulUka ke liye, bhArgava eka prakAra ke vRkSa ke liye, kauDinya cIte ke liye, agastya pAtra ke liye, maitreya maMDUka ke liye aura zAMDilya sA~r3a ke liye prayukta kiyA gayA hai| ur3IsA meM uparyukta gAtroM ke brAhmaNa ina pazu-pakSiyoM athavA prakRti-padArthoM ko pavitra mAnate haiM aura vizeSa tIja-tyauhAroM para inakI mAnatA mAnate haiN| kahate hai ki gotroM ke nAma pazu-pakSiyoM athavA prAkRtika padArthoM para hone kA eka kAraNa hai| ur3iyA brAhmaNa isa kAraNa ko eka kathA ke rUpa meM varNita karate haiM jo atyaMta manoraMjaka hai| zivajI ke zvazura dakSa prajApati ne eka bar3A yajJa kiyA jisameM unhoMne zivajI ke atirikta saba RSiyoM ko AmaMtrita kiyaa| nimaMtraNa na mAne para bhI satI ne pitR-yajJa meM sammilita hone ke liye zivajI se bahuta Agraha kiyaa| ata: zivajI ne satI ko apane pitA ke yajJa meM sammilita hone ke liye prAjJA pradAna kara dii| paraMtu satI ko yajJa meM pahu~cakara bahuta duHkha huaa| usake pitA ne usake sammukha zivajI ko khUba kosA aura unake prati prati apamAnasUcaka zabda khe| satI apane pati kI niMdA sahana na kara sakI aura usane prANa tyAga die| jaba zivajI ko saba vRttAta vidita huA taba ve ati rudra rUpa dhAraNakara yajJastha saba devatAoM kA saMhAra karane ko udyata hue| usa samaya saba devatA tathA RSigaNa vahA~ se pazu-pakSiyoM ke rUpa meM. ur3a ge|

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vividha viSaya 177 yahI kAraNa hai ki ina pazu-pakSiyoM ko Aja taka bahuta se brAhmaNa sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhate haiN| misTara riz2ale (Mr. Risley) apane Tribes and Castes of Bengal zIrSaka graMtha meM (pRSTha 161 meM) likhate haiM-"dravir3a athavA arddha-dravir3a logoM meM pracalita yaha vizvAsa ki jana-samUha kI utpatti pazu-pakSiyoM athavA prakRti-padArthoM se hai', bahuta kAla pIche ur3IsA ke brAhmaNoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra bAtasagotrIya brAhmaNa vatsa arthAt bachar3e ko apanA pUrvaja samajhakara pUjate haiN| bhAradvAja-gotrIya brAhmaNa isa nAma ke RSi se nahIM varan isa nAma ke pakSI se apanI utpatti kA patA lagAte haiN| isI prakAra prAtreya-gotrIya brAhmaNa hariNa kI upAsanA karate haiM aura usakA mAMsa bhakSaNa nahIM krte| sammAnArtha ve mRgacarma para bhI nahIM baiThate haiN| kauchasa kachue aura kauDinya cIte se apanI sRSTi mAnate haiM aura isI kAraNa kauDinya siMhacarma para AsIna nahIM hote| anumAnataH ina vizvAsoM ke tIna kAraNa haiM-(1) prAcIna Arya-vicAroM evaM vizvAsoM kA punarjAgaraNa; (2) prAe hue brAhmaNoM dvArA dravir3a vizvAsoM kA apanAyA jAnA; (3) saMbhavataH ur3iyA brAhmaNa dravir3oM ke hI vaMzadhara ho|" paraMtu rAyabahAdura zaratcaMdra rAya kA mata hai ki dravir3oM ke katipaya siddhAMtoM aura vizvAsoM ke sAdRzya se ur3iyA brAhmaNa dravir3oM ke vaMzadhara kadApi nahIM ho skte| ve yaha bhI kahate haiM ki ucca saMskRti-yukta jAtiyoM ne hI apane siddhAMtoM meM hIna saMskRtivAlI jAtiyoM se sadaiva kucha na kucha samAveza kiyA hai aura isa bAta kA pramANa samasta bhAratavarSa kA itihAsa detA hai| unakA kahanA hai ki Rgveda meM bhI matsya, gautama, vatsya, zunaka, kauzika, maMDUka Adi (1) isa 'vizvAsa' ke liye aMgarejI zabda totemistic belief hai| 12

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178 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA jAtiyoM athavA gotroM kA ullekha milatA hai / kuruvaMza kA pUrvaja saMvaraNa kA pitA 'Rta' thA / brAhmaNoM ke sadRza kSatriyoM ke bhI tIna pradhAna gotra - ( 1 ) kAzyapa, (2) gArga aura (3) bAtasas - isI prakAra ke haiM / karaNa jAti-jo prAdhunika kAyastha jAti hai-- ke mukhya gotra bhI bhAradvAja, pArAzara, nAgasa aura zaMkhasa haiM / paraMtu kAzyapa gotrIya kSatriya kacchapa ko, gArga- gotrIya gArgI pakSI ko aura bAvasa- gotrIya vatsa ( bachar3e ko) usI prakAra pUjya dRSTi se dekhate haiM jisa prakAra brAhmaNa loga apane gotroM se saMbaMddha pazu-pakSiyoM athavA prakRti-padArthoM ko dekhate haiM / isI prakAra bhAradvAja gotrIya 'karaNa' loga bhAradvAja RSi aura pakSI kI, pArAzara gotrIya pArAzara RSi aura kapota kI, nAgasagotrIya nAga kI aura zaMkhasa-gotrIya zaMkha kI upAsanA karate haiM / nAgasa-gotrIya 'karaNa' loga sapoM ke mArane athavA satAne ko varjita samajhate haiM tathA sarpoM kA rAjA 'anaMta' unakA iSTa devatA hai / gajas, nAgas, kAzyapa aura sAla ina gotroM ke zUdra gaja, nAga, kacchapa aura sAla machalI ko mArate, cher3ate athavA duHkha nahIM dete haiM / kahA jAtA hai, kucha to jaba inheM dekhate haiM inako namaskAra karate haiM 1 ye loga ina pazu-pakSiyoM ko apanA iSTa devatA samajhate haiM / vastutaH hamArA jAti-vijJAna bar3A jaTila hai| hiMduoM meM aneka kAraNoM se aneka jAtiyoM kA prAdurbhAva huA / jaTila dhArmikagraMthiyoM ke kAraNa jAti- samasyA evaM vijJAna bhI jaTila hai / vRMdAvanadAsa (5) 'navasAhasAMka- carita' - paricaya padmagupta (urpha parimala) kavi, dhArA nagarI ke vikhyAta sarasvatIsamArAdhaka mahArAjA vAkpatirAja muMja kI vidvatsabhA kA yazasvI

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vividha viSaya kavi thaa| vAkpatirAja bar3A hI vidyAvyasanI rahA hai| paMDitoM ne usake abhAva meM kahA hai ki "gate muMje yazaHpuMje nirAlaMbA srsvtii"| vAkpatirAja muMja svayaM utkRSTa kavi aura vividhAgama-niSNAta thA', vAkpatirAja ke pazcAt rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI siMdhurAja huaa| siMdhurAja vAkpatirAja kA baMdhu thA aura vikhyAta sarasvatI-kaMThAbharaNa mahArAjA bhoja kA janaka thA / ___ kahA jAtA hai ki zrIharSadeva dvitIya 'sIyaka' ko koI putra nahIM thaa| muMja-vana meM mRgayA ke samaya akasmAt jo suMdara bAlaka prApta huA thA aura jo 'muMja' nAma se vikhyAta huaA usI ko apanA rAjyAdhikArI banAyA thaa| muMja ke pazcAt jo aurasa saMtAna utpanna huI, vahI 'siMdhurAja' hai| kahate haiM ki siMdhurAja se muMja ne bhoja ko dattaka le liyA; paraMtu 'navasAhasAMka-carita' meM isakA kahIM ullekha nahIM hai| siMdhurAja ne hU!3, dakSiNa kozaloM aura bAgjar3a, lATa tathA muralavAloM ko jItA thA / siMdhurAja ko 'navasAhasAMka' kI upAdhi thii| isake atirikta use mAlaveza, avaMtIpati aura 'siMdhula' bhI kahate the| (1) vAkpatirAja muMja ke do tAmrazAsana abhI prApta hue haiM jo 1038 saMvat ke haiN| do zilAlekha bhI saM0 1016 aura 1021 ke mile haiN| -iMDiyana aiMTikverI, 1912, pRSTha 201 / "kavivAkpatirAjazrIbhavabhUtyAdisevitaH // 144 // " -rAjataraMgiNI, 4 taraMga / (2) merutuMga sUri ne 'prabaMdha-ciMtAmaNi' meM zrIharSadeva ko saMtAnAbhAva likhA hai| pahale 'muMja'-prApti aura pazcAt 'siMdhurAja' kA honA batalAyA hai| (3) epigrAphikA iMDikA, bhA0 1, pR0 235 / / (4) navasAhasAMka-carita, saga 10, zloka 15-16 /

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180 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA siMdhurAja vi0 saM0 1066 se kucha pUrva solaMkI cAmuMDarAja ke sAtha yuddha kara vIra gati ko prApta ho ge| I0 sa0 kI caudahavIM sadI ke jayasiMhadeva sUri ne kumArapAla-carita ke prathama sarga meM likhA hai-- "reje cAmuNDarAjo'tha pshcaamunnddvrodhurH| sindhurendramivonmasaM. sindhurAja mRdhe'vadhIt // 31 // vAkpatirAja muMja ke pazcAt parimala ( padmagupta ) kavi ne isI siMdhurAja kA Azraya grahaNa kiyA thA / padmagupta dhArA nagarI kI rAjasabhA kA rAjapriya pradhAna paMDita thaa| isake pitA kA nAma mRgAMkagupta thA3 / rAjAjJA se prerita hokara hI siMdhurAja ke apara nAma 'navasAhasAMka' ko lekara usane 18 sarga ke eka parama manohara utkRSTa kAvya kI racanA kI hai| hama isa lekha meM pAThakoM ko isI kAvya kA paricaya karAne jA rahe haiN| __ parimala (padmagupta) kavi kI yaha kAvya-kRti bahuta suMdara huI hai aura saMskRta sAhitya-rasikoM ke Adara kI vastu hai| yaha racanA bar3I bhAvamayI hai| kAvya kA varNya viSaya 'siMdhurAja' kI prazaMsA hai| prAlaMkArika rUpa meM eka aitihAsika puruSa (nAyaka) kA, pAtAla loka kI nAgakanyA zaziprabhA se, pariNaya karAyA gayA hai| hama Upara (1) "sUnustasya babhUva bhUpatilakazcAmuNDarAjAkramo yadgandhadvipadAnagandhapavanAghrANena dUrAdapi / vibhrazyanmadagandhabhagnakaribhiH zrIsindhurAjastathA naSTaH kSoNipatiyathAsya yazasA gaMdhopi ni zitaH // " .-epigrAphikA iMDikA, bhA0 1, pR0 217 / (2) "divaM yiyAsurmayi vAci mudrA, zradatta yAM vAkpatirAjadevaH / / tatyAnujanmA kaviSAndhavasya bhinatti tAM samprati sindhurAjaH // -navasAhasAMka-carita, sa. 1, zlo. 8 / (3) itihAsajJoM kA mata hai ki siMdhurAja paryaMta rAjadhAnI ujjaina hI thI; bhoja ne dhArA nagarI pasaMda kI hai| paraMtu panagupta ne apane graMtha meM siMdhurAja ko 'dhArAnagarIza' hI batalAyA hai|

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vividha viSaya 181 kaha pAe haiM ki yaha kAvya 18 soM meM vibhakta hai| lagabhaga 18 prakAra ke vibhinna chaMdoM meM padya-racanA kI gaI hai, 18 sarga meM kula milAkara zloka-saMkhyA 1525 hai| kAvya ke nirmANa meM 'vaidarbhI'rIti kA Azraya grahaNa kiyA gayA hai| jaina lekhakoM kA kathana hai ki padmagupta jaina thaa| paraMtu kAvyAraMbha meM ziva, gaNeza aura sarasvatI kI stuti kI gaI hai| Age kAvya ke 18 sarga meM hATakezvarastuti meM 8 suMdara padyoM kI racanA kI gaI hai, jinako dekhate hue kavi 'zaiva' pratIta hotA hai| ___ aisA patA calatA hai ki 'navasAhasAMka-carita' nAmaka zrIharSa kA bhI eka kAvya hai; paraMtu vaha upalabdha nahIM hai| parimala (padmagupta) ne aura graMthoM kI bhI racanA kI hai, para una graMthoM kA patA nahIM cltaa| mahAkavi kSemeMdra ne parimala-kRta aneka zlokoM ko aucityAlaMkAra ke udAharaNa meM uddha ta kiyA hai| navasAhasAMka meM ye zloka nahIM haiN| una zlokoM meM tailapa aura mUlarAja ke AkramaNa kA vivaraNa hai| kucha itihAsavettAoM kA mata hai ki 'tailapa' aura 'parimala' samakAlIna hI haiN| parimala ne 'navasAhasAMka' meM bhata meMTha, guNADhya, bANa Adi kaviyoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| 'navasAhasAMka-carita' pustaka kI eka prAcIna prati laMdana kI raoNyala eziyATika sosAyaTI meM surakSita hai, dUsarI taMjAra ke prAcIna pustaka-saMgrahAlaya meN| isa samaya hamAre sAmane gavarnameMTa oriyaMTala bukaDipo baMbaI dvArA san 1865 ko prakAzita prati hai| 'navasAhasAMka-carita' ke prathama sarga ko ziva-gaNeza kI stuti se prAraMbha kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna kavi-prazasti ke pazcAt (1) taMjora ke saMskRta ke prAcIna pustakAlaya meM jo ( navasAhasAMkacarita) pustaka upalabdha hai usameM parimala kA dvitIya nAma 'kAlidAsa' batalAyA gayA hai|

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182 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ujjayinI purI kA vaibhavapUrNa varNana kiyA gayA hai / ujjayinI ke vizeSatA - varNana meM pUre 40 padya likhe gae haiM, jinakA prAraMbha isa prakAra hai---- "zrasti hitAvujjayinItinAmnA purI vihAyasyamarAvatIva / dadarza yasyAM padamiMdrakalpaH zrIvikramAditya iti citIzaH // 17 // bhrAmanjuguJjatkalahaMsapaMktirvikasvarAmbhojarajaH / rajaH pizaGgA // zrAbhAti yasyAH parikhA nitambe sazabdajAmbUnadamekhaleva // 18 // isa prakAra eka se eka suMdara, sarasa aura kAvya-rasa- srAvI padya-ratna haiM / mAge calakara kavi kAvya nAyaka kA, nimna likhita rUpa meM, paricaya detA hai "rAjAsti tasyAM sakulAcalendra nikuMjavizrAntayazastaraGgaH / bhAsvAn grahANAmiva bhUpatInAM zravAptasaMkhyo bhuvi sindhurAjaH // 18 // nivyU DhanAnAdbhuta sAhasaJca raNe vRtaJca svayameva lakSmyA / nAmnA yameke- 'navasAhasAGka', kumAranArAyaNamAhuranye // ukta pada se jJAta hotA hai ki siMdhurAja kA mukhya nAma 'kumAra nArAyaNa' thA / kavi ne aneka padya meM bahuta bar3hA-car3hAkara siMdhurAja kI prazaMsA kI hai| siMdhurAja ke mu~ha meM pranyAnya guNoM ke sAtha kevala 'satya' aura 'sarasvatI' kA hI vAsa honA batalAyA hai-- "citraM, prasAdazca manasvitA ca bhujaM, pratApazca, vasundharA ca / adhyAsate yasya mukhAravinda N, dva e - eva, 'satyaM' ca 'sarasvatI' ca // 64 // dvitIya sarga meM siMdhurAja mRgayA ke liye nikalatA hai / usakI dRSTi mArga meM eka bar3e suMdara pAlatU hariyA para par3a jAtI hai / athendracApalakSitaM saGgharaMtamitastataH / * amandamRgayAsaGgaH sa kuraGgamaleAkata // 34 // yaha samajhate hI ki 'maiM dekha liyA gayA hU~' mRga turaMta vahIM, viMdhya ke latA-kuMja meM, praveza kara jAtA hai / rAjA bhI ghor3e se utarakara

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vividha viSaya 183 usI kA pIchA karatA huA eka vana se dUsare meM bar3I dUra nikala jAtA hai| paraMtu mRga ko na pAkara vaha nirAza ho jAtA hai / Akhira eka bAra usakI dRSTi puna: usa bhAgate hue mRga para par3a jAtI hai / rAjA turaMta usa para sunahale raMga se apanA nAmAMkita bANa chor3a detA hai| vaha bANa mRga ke marmasthala ko chor3a carma meM biMdha jAtA hai| phira vaha bhayagrasta mRga jI chor3akara alakSita ho jAtA hai / siMdhurAja usakI khoja meM dUra nikalatA jA rahA hai| __ tRtIya sarga meM rAjA mRgAnusaMdhAna meM nirAza hotA hai| mArga meM rAjA ko haMsa dvArA eka mauktika-mAlA prApta hotI hai| haMsa kisI kI mAlA uThA lAyA ho yaha jAnakara vaha use dekhatA hai| usa mAlA kI racanA mAlA ke svAmI ke nAma para dekhakara 'prakSaratati' se jAna letA hai ki yaha kisI 'zazipramA' nAmaka ramaNI kA kaMThAbharaNa hai| aba mRgAnusaMdhAna se haTakara usakI manovRtti meM 'zaziprabhA' kI jijJAsA jAgarita ho jAtI hai| vaha 'zaziprabhA' kI khoja meM cala par3atA hai| caturtha sarga meM rAjA eka taruNo ko kucha khojatI huI dekhatA hai| vaha taruNI sArA vRttAMta rAjA se kaha deto hai| usakI apanI AzA pallavita ho jAtI hai / paMcama sarga ke prAraMbha meM nAgarAjakanyA zaziprabhA kA paricaya diyA hai| isake bAda vaha apane pAlita 'hariNa' ko zara-viddha dekhatI hai| usa 'zara' ko nikAlakara dekhatI hai to usa para 'siMdhurAja' kA nAma aMkita milatA hai| zaziprabhA ko bhI utkaMThA hotI hai ki yaha 'siMdhurAja' kauna hai| isa avasthA meM usakI mukkAmAlA gira jAtI hai aura haMsa use coMca meM dabAkara le bhAgatA hai| yahI mukkAmAlA siMdhurAja ke hAtha par3atI hai| jaba zaziprabhA ko mAlA ke kho jAne kA smaraNa ho AtA hai taba vaha use khojane ke liye cAroM ora

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184 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA apanI dUtiyoM ko daur3A detI hai| unhIM meM se 'pATalA' nAma kI eka sahacarI revA-taTa para rAjA ko kucha khojatI huI dikhAI detI hai aura zaziprabhA kA sArA vRttAMta kaha sunAtI hai| chaThe sarga meM 'pATalA' jAkara zaziprabhA ko hAra detI hai| zaziprabhA ke hRdaya meM rAjA ke prati anurAga aura darzanecchA hotI hai| vaha apanI sahacarI mAlyavato se siMdhurAja ke viSaya meM aneka prazna pUcha letI hai-"sakhyaH kaH siMdhurAjo'yam ?" ityAdi / mAlyavatI batalAtI hai ki devi ! yaha avaMtInAtha hai| maiMne isakA vaibhava usa samaya dekhA hai jisa samaya maiM eka parva para bhUtabhAvana bhagavAn mahAkAlezvara ke darzanArtha gaI thii| isI sarga meM zaziprabhA se rAjA kI bheMTa bhI ho jAtI hai| parimala kavi ne isa avasara kA atyaMta manohArI varNana kiyA hai| _____ saptama sarga meM rAjA, maMtrI aura zaziprabhA tathA usakI sahacarI ke bIca saMvAda huA hai| zaziprabhA iMgita se rAjA ke hRdaya para apanA hArdika anurAga vyakta kara detI hai| aSTama sarga meM zaziprabhA kA, pAtAlastha nAganagarI bhogavatI meM le jAne ke liye, nAgoM ke dvArA adRzya rUpa se, haraNa ho jAtA hai| idhara siMdhurAja bhI zaziprabhA ke premAkarSaNa se sArasa pakSI kA maMtra prApta kara nadI kA ullaMghana kara jAtA hai| pAra karate hI revA (narmadA) nadI sazarIra rAjA ko darzana detI hai aura vara pradAna karatI hai| ___ navama sarga meM batalAyA gayA hai ki vAMkuza nAmaka eka daitya nAga. jAti kA zatru thaa| nAga loga usake bhaya se trasta the / usake nAza se nAgoM kA prasanna honA svAbhAvika thaa| isI liye nAgarAja ne eka pratijJA kara rakhI thI ki jo vyakti vAkuza ke udyAna se suvarNakamala le AegA usI ke sAtha 'zaziprabhA' byAhI jaaygii|

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vividha viSaya 185 vajrAMkuza kI rAjadhAnI kA nAma ratnAvatI thA / use yahA~ se sau kosa kI dUrI para mayAsura ne basAyA thA / rAjA ko narmadA ne batalAyA ki usI nagarI ke mArga para baMku muni kA Azrama hai / unase bheMTa karanA / usa dazama sarga meM rAjA aura maMtrI kA vAda-vivAda hai / samaya eka zuka pakSI Akara manuSya vANI meM kahatA hai- 'maiM zaMkhacUr3a nAma kI nAga-jAti kA' ratnacUr3a nAmaka nAga hU~ / daiva-durvi - pAka se zApa - grasta ho 'zuka' yoni meM A gayA huuN| yadi Apa (siMdhurAja.) zaziprabhA ke liye mujhe koI saMdeza de sakeMge to merA zApamocana ho jAyagA / isa para siMdhurAja saharSa saMdeza de detA hai / ekAdaza sarga meM siMdhurAja ratnAvatI nagarI meM jAne ke liye pAtAla loka ko prasthAna karate haiM / rAste meM pUrvokta vaMku muni se bheMTa hotI hai / vaMku muni ke samakSa pravAsa prayojana aura paramAra vaMzarAjakathA-krama varNana kiyA jAtA hai| muni se saphalatA kI AzA pAkara rAjA vahIM vizrAma karatA hai / dvAdazasarga meM rAjA ko svapna meM zaziprabhA ke darzana hote haiM / vaha premAlApa karate hue AnaMdAMdolita ho jAtA hai| isI samaya vRkSa para baiThA huA zuka pakSI sAmagAna kara nidrA bhaMga kara detA hai / rAjA punaH A~kheM mU~dakara smRti ko jAgarita karane kA vyartha prayAsa karane lagatA hai; kiMtu viphalatA se khinna ho jAtA hai / "likhita iva sa kSmApAlA'bhUt kSaNaM nanu tAdRzAm / zrapi manasijo dhairya lumpatya ho, vata, sAhasam" // 81 // trayodazasarga meM vidyAdharAdhIza se rAjA kI bheMTa hotI hai| vidyAghara jAti eka kA rAjA muni ke zApa-vaza vAnara ho gayA thA / vaha apanA kaSTa rAjA se kahatA hai / rAjA narmadA pradatta kara-kaMkaNa

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA pahanAkara use punaH pUrva rUpa meM lA detA hai| isa kRpA ke protyartha siMdhurAja kI sahAyatA ke liye vaha sasainya vaiyAra ho AtA hai| caturdaza sarga meM vidyAdharAdhipa zazikaMda apane siMdhurAja ke ratha ko maMtrabala se, AkAza-mArga se,zIghra hI pAtAla purI ke nikaTale jaataahai| rAjA vahA~ gaMgAtaTa-vartI eka upavana meM Thahara jAtA hai"tasyAstaTe'tha kusumaavcyshrmaatsiimntiniinivhssmitviikssitaayaaH| vidyAdhareNa vidadhad dhavalArmidhautaparyaMtahemasikatepRtanAnivezaH" / paMcadaza sarga meM pAtAlagaMgA meM siMdhurAja kI jalakrIr3A kA atyaMta manohArI varNana kiyA gayA hai| sarga kA aMtima zloka dekhiekaMdarpasya trilokIhaThavijayamahAsAhalotsAhahetu dhunvastaspakSmadhUlivyatikarakapizaH kAJcanAmbhoruhANi / tanvAnastIrarUDhatridazatarulatAlAsyamAlasyabhAjAM tAsAM smbhogkelilmbhrmhrjjaahnviiviicivaatH|| SaSThadaza sarga meM zaziprabhA kI sahacarI pATalA zaziprabhA kI sthiti kA darzaka-patra lekara, jo mAlavato dvArA likhA gayA thA, rAjA ke nikaTa pahu~cI / rAjA ne apanI viraha-kathA ko pratyakSa batalAkara zaziprabhA ko AzvAsana dene ko kahA-"maiM zIghra hI sabhI sAdhya upAyoM se suvarNa-kamala prApta kara pAne kA prayatna karatA huuN|" paraMtu suvarNa-kamala lAne ke prayatna meM rAjA phaMsa jAtA hai| saptadaza sarga meM daityoM, nAgoM aura vidyAdharoM ke bIca yuddha chir3a jAtA hai| phira 'vAMkuza' siMdhurAja ke dvArA mArA jAtA hai| vahA~ se suvarNa-kamala lekara rAjA nAgaloka meM jA pahu~catA hai| aSTadaza sarga meM siMdhurAja pAtAlezvara 'hATakezvara' ke darzana kara unakI stuti meM eka aSTaka kA pATha karatA hai| nAgarAja ke ghara para jAkara siMdhurAja unakI ora se prAdarAtithya grahaNa karatA hai / zaziprabhA ke bhI darzana kara mugdha ho jAtA

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vividha viSaya 187 hai| sake pazcAt vaha 'zaziprabhA' kI praNaya-aMthi meM dRr3hatA ke sAtha baMdha jAtA hai| nAgarAja zaMkhapAla bahuta kucha daheja dekara bhI apanI namratA pradarzita kara Adikavi kapila kI paraMparA se prApta eka zivaliMga siMdhurAja ko bheMTa meM detA hai| siMdhurAja apane sahAyaka vidyAdharoM ke sAtha--aura sahacariyoM ke sAtha zaziprabhA ko bhI lekara apanI nagarI ke liye bidA hotA hai| vahA~ se vaha ujjaina AtA hai bAlAtapacchuritahayeviTaGkavarti pArAvatAtimadhuradhvanitacchalena / sambhASaNaM vidadhatImiva pAramuktapuSpAJjaliH sa puramujayinI viveza // 18 // kAntAyazo bhaTayutaM kRzatAmavAptAstaJcintayaiva sacivAstamatha prnnemuH| kAkutsthamAhatasurArimivAnuyAntam saumitriNA janakarAjatanUjayA ca // ujjayinI meM praveza karane ke pazcAt vaha zrImahAkAlezvara maMdira meM darzanArtha jAtA hai AnaMdavASpasalilAdRzo'rdhamArga, sambhASya tAn smitamukhaH saha tairjagAma / vidyAdharoraMgakarAhatahemaghaNTATaGkArahAri bhavanaM tripurAntakasya // 6 // tasmiMzcarAcaragurohariNAvacUlacuDAmaNerapacitiM vidhivadvidhAya / sAkaM phaNIndrasutayA'mbararodhi kambutUryasvanAmi sa ca rAjakulaM vivesh||6|| isake anaMtara siMdhurAja ne dhArAnagarI meM praveza kara vahA~ nAgaloka se lAe hue zivaliMga kI pratiSThA kI hai| nAgaloka se sAtha Ae hue logoM ko tathA zaziprabhA kI sahacariyoM ko sammAnapUrvaka bidA dI gii| aba 'siMdhurAja navasAhasAMka' ne puna: yathApUrva sAmrAjya-zrI ko dhAraNa kiyaa| "nIlactrAvataMsA bhujagapatisutApANDagaNDasthalAntaH kastUrIpaGkapatravyatikarazabalavyAyatAMse salIlam / devenAtha svamantripravaraciraztA sAhasAGke na dIrdhe rohajyAghAtarekhe punarapi nidadhe doNi sAmrAjyalakSmIH" // sUryanArAyaNa vyAsa

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6 ) gorA bAdala kI bAta [ lekhaka - zrI mAyAzaMkara yAjJika, bI0 e0, pralIgar3ha ] zraddheya rAyabahAdura mahAmahopAdhyAya zrI gaurIzaMkara hIrAcaMdajI zrojhA ojhA ne nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, bhAga 13, aMka 4 meM eka lekha kavi jaTamala - kRta "gorA bAdala kI bAta" nAmaka pustaka para prakAzita kiyA hai / isa lekha meM bhAjI ne isa pustaka kA Azaya prakaTa karake aitihAsika dRSTi se usa para vivecanA kI hai| malika muhammada jAyasI ke padamAvata meM bhI gorA bAdala kI vIratA kA varNana hai isaliye kAjI ne padamAvata aura "gorA bAdala kI bAta" ke kathAnakoM kA milAna karake unameM jahA~ jahA~ bhinnatA hai usakA bhI digdarzana karAyA hai| jaisA ki ojhAjI ne likhA hai, gorA bAdala kI vIragAthA rAjapUtAne meM ghara ghara bar3e prema se gAI jAtI hai / aisI avasthA meM gAthA ke kathAnaka meM bhinnatA utpanna ho jAnA svAbhAvika hai| paraMtu dekhane meM mAtA hai ki kathAnaka kI mukhya mukhya ghaTanAoM ke varNana meM bhI bheda pAyA jAtA hai / isaliye yaha kahanA kaThina ho jAtA hai ki gAthA kA mukhya rUpa kyA thA / hamAre pAsa "padmanIcaritra" nAma kI eka prAcIna hasta likhita pustaka hai| isameM bhI gorA bAdala kI vIratA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isa pustaka meM pA~ca-chaH bar3I bar3I ghaTanAoM ko chor3akara zeSa saba meM "padamAvata" tathA " gorA bAdala kI bAta" se aMtara hai| pAThakoM ke manoraMjanArtha "padmanI-caritra" ke kathAnaka kI mukhya mukhya bhinnatAoM ko hama isa lekha meM dikhalAte haiM / "padmanI - caritra" kI racanA mevAr3Adhipati hiMdUpati mahArANA jagatasiMhajI ( saMvat 1685- 1708 ) ke samaya meM huI thii| mahA

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1-60 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA rANA jagatasiMhajI kI mAtA jAMbavatIjI ke pradhAna zrAvaka haMsarAja ke bhAI DUMgarasI ke putra lAlacaMda ne "padmanI - caritra" kI racanA kI thI / kavi ne graMtha nirmANa Adi kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA hai :-- " saMvata satarai biDautare, zrI udayapura su vakhANa / hiMdupati zrI jagatasiMha jire, rAja kare jaga bhAga // tAsu taNIM mAtA zrI jAMbavatI kahIre, niramala gaMgA nIra / puNyavaMta ghaTa darasaNa, sevaka kareM sadAre dharmamUrati matadhIra // tehra taNAM paradhAna jagata meM jAMNIpaire, abhinava abhayakumAra | kesara maMtrI sarazruta zrari kari kesarI re, haMsarAja tAsIra // tasu baMdhava DUgarasI te paNa dIpatAre bhAgacaMda kula bhAga / vinayavaMta guNavaMta sobhAgI sehare bar3adAtA guNa jANa // tAsu suta zrAgraha kari saMvata satare satotare caitrI pUnama zanivAra / nava rasa sahita sarasa sabaMdha navo racyeAre nija budha te anusAra // " graMthakartA kA nAma lakSodaya athavA lAlacaMda thA / graMtha meM jagaha jagaha "lakSodaya kahai" athavA "lAlacaMda kahai " likhA milatA hai / graMthakartA tathA graMtha-nirmANa-kAla kA paricaya dene ke pazcAt "padmanI - caritra" kI aura padamAvata tathA gorA bAdala kI bAta kI kathAoM meM jo mukhya mukhya bheda haiM ve dikhAe jAte haiN| ( 1 ) jAyasI hIrAmana tote ke dvArA padminI kA rUpa sunakara ratnasiMha kA usa para mohita honA likhatA hai / jaTamala bhAToM dvArA padminI ke rUpa- guNa kA varNana karAkara rAjA kA mohita honA likhatA hai / ina donoM ke viruddha padmanI caritra kA kartA ratnasiMha kA padminI kI khoja meM jAne kA tIsarA hI kAraNa batalAtA hai / ratnasiMha kI aneka rAniyA~ thIM paraMtu unameM se paTarAnI parabhAvatI para rAjA kA sabase adhika sneha thA --

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gorA bAdala kI bAta 161 "paTarANI parabhAvatI rUpe raMbha samAna / dekhata surI na kisarI prasI nAri na Ana / / caMdravadana gajarAjagati panagaveNi mRganaina / kaTi lacakati kucamAra te rati apachara hai ena / rANI avara rAjA taNejI rUpa nidhAna aneka / paNi manar3o parabhAvatIjI raMjyo karI viveka " isa rAnI se rAjA ko vIrabhANa nAma kA pratApo putra bhI utpanna huA thaa| eka dina bhojana ke samaya rAjA ne paramAvatI se bhojana acchA na banane kI zikAyata kii| isa para rAnI ne roSa karake kahA "taba tar3akI bolI tisejI, rAkhI mana dhari rosa / nArI prANo kA na bIjI, tho mata jhUTho dosa / hame kelavI jANAM nahI jI, ki sU karIjai vAda / padamaNi kA paraNo na bIjI, jima bhojana hai svAda / / " rAnI ke aise vacana sunakara ki merA bhojana pasaMda nahIM hai to kisI padminI strI se vivAha kyoM nahIM kara lete, rAjA ratnasena ko bhI krodha A gyaa| bhojana karanA chor3akara vaha usI taNa khar3A ho gayA aura kahane lagA-- "rANo to hU~ ratanasI paraNu padamani nAri / mo sAto bolai munhe je maiM rAkhyo mAna / paraNu taruNI padamanI gAlUM tuma gumAna // " isa kAraNa rAjA eka khavAsa ko sAtha lekara padminI strI lAne ke liye cala diyaa| (2) jAyasI ke anusAra rAjA svayaM kaSTa uThAtA huA, binA kisI yogI kI sahAyatA ke, siMhala pahu~catA hai| jaTamala kA kathana hai ki cicaur3a meM hI rAjA ko eka yogI mila gyaa| yogI

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1-82 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ne apane yogabala dvArA rAjA ko siMhala pahu~cA diyA / "padmanIcaritra" meM, ina donoM kA mizraNa karake, samudra-taTa taka rAjA kA svayaM jAnA likhA hai / vahA~ siMhala pahu~cane meM bhayAnaka samudra ko bIca meM dekha rAjA vicAra meM par3a gayA / paraMtu aughar3anAtha siddha ke dvArA yaha saMkaTa zIghra dUra ho jAtA hai / aughar3anAtha, yogabala se, rAjA ko turaMta siMhala pahu~cA detA hai / ( 3 ) siMhala pahu~cakara ratnasena ko siMhala ke rAjA taka pahu~cane meM kucha vizeSa kaSTa nahIM uThAnA par3A / na to jAyasI ke kathanAnusAra hIrAmana tAte dvArA padminI se paricaya kI zrAvazyakatA par3I aura na zivajI kI AjJA se siMhala ke rAjA ne padminI ke sAtha ratnasena kA vivAha kiyA / jaTamala ke kathanAnusAra yogI dvArA rAjA ke paricaya kI bhI AvazyakatA nahIM pdd'ii| "padmanI - caritra" meM likhA hai ki ratnasena ke siMhala pahu~cane ke samaya vahA~ ke rAjA ne apanI bahana padminI ke vivAha ke liye DhiMDhorA piTavAyA thA jisakA varNana kavi isa prakAra karatA hai "nagara madhya AyA tisaire, DhaMDherA nA Dhola re / rAjA vAjA sAMbhalI re, bole ehavA bola re // par3aha chabI ne puchIyo re, Dhola vAje ki kAja re / taba bolyA cAkara tise re, vAta suNe mahArAja re // siMghala dIpaneA rAjIyo re, siMghala siMha samAna re tazu bahaNa chai padamiNI re, rUpe raMbha jobana laharathAM jAyachai re, te parakhai parataMgyA je pUrave re, tAzu vareM jIe~ bAMdhavai neji Dore, te parakhai I samAna re // bharatAra re / varamAla re // bharatAra re / tiNa kAraNa mupha rAjIe re, par3aha dIyo iNa vAta re // "

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gorA bAdala kI bAta 163 isa DhiMDhore ke anusAra rAjA ratnasena ne akhAr3e meM apanA parAkrama dikhA vijaya ke sAtha padminI ko bhI paayaa| vivAha ke pazcAt chaH mahIne aura kucha divasa siMhala meM rahakara rAjA, bahuta se hAthI-ghor3e dAsa-dAsiyoM ke sAtha, padminI ko lekara citra. kUTa vApasa aayaa| isa samaya taka rAjA ke putra vIrabhANa ne rAjya kA prabaMdha kiyA thaa| (4) rAghava cetana ke saMbaMdha meM bhI tInoM graMthakAroM ne pRthaka pRthak bAteM likhI haiM (ka) jAyasI rAghava cetana ko jAdUgara batalAtA hai aura likhatA hai ki jaba rAjA ko rAghava cetana kA jAdUgara honA mAlUma huA taba usako apane pAsa se nikAla diyaa| rAghava cetana ne dillI jAkara alAuddIna se padminI ke sauMdarya kI prazaMsA kI aura isa prakAra vaha alAuddIna ko cittaur3a para car3hA laayaa| (kha ) jaTamala rAghava cetana kA siMhala se hI rAjA ke sAtha pAnA kahatA hai aura likhatA hai ki zikAra meM rAghava cetana ne padminI ke sadRza eka putalI banAI / usa putalI kI jaMghA para eka tila bhI bnaayaa| padminI kI jaMghA para aisA tila thaa| rAjA ne rAghava cetana para saMdeha karake usako cittaur3a se nikAla diyA / (ga) "padmanI-caritra" kA kartA rAghava cetana ke viSaya meM tIsarI hI bAta kahatA hai / rAghava cetana nAmaka vyAsa (kathA-vAcaka paMDita ) cittaur3a meM rahatA thaa| rAjA ke yahA~ usakA bahuta sammAna thaa| vaha rAjamahala meM, dina meM athavA rAta meM, saba jagaha jAtA thaa| eka dina rAjA padminI ke sAtha ekAMta meM krIr3A kara rahA thaa| rAghavacetana binA sUcanA die vahA~ calA gyaa| rAjA ne kruddha ho usako mahala se bAhara nikalavA diyA !

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164 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA (5) rAghava ne rAjA ke krodha se bhayabhIta hokara cittaur3a chor3a diyaa| dillI jAkara usane vahA~, jyotiSa vidyA aura apane pAMDitya ke kAraNa, bahuta khyAti prApta kii| yahA~ taka ki sulatAna alAuddIna ne Adara ke sAtha bulAkara usako apane pAsa rkhaa| avasara pAkara rAghava ne prapaMca racakara eka bhATa dvArA rAjahaMsa pakSI ke para ko sulatAna ke sammukha upasthita karAyA aura usase kahalAyA ki padminI striyoM ke zarIra kI komalatA isase bhI adhika hotI hai| sulatAna ke prazna karane para rAghava ne padminI, citriNI, hastinI tathA zaMkhinI striyoM ke lakSaNoM kA varNana kiyaa| sulatAna ne maNimaya mahala meM apanI saba striyoM ke pratibiMba rAghavacetana ko dikhalAe / rAghava cetana ne kahA ki unameM eka bhI padminI nahIM hai| jaTamala ne rAjahaMsa kI jagaha kharagoza aura maNimaya mahala kI jagaha tailakuMDa kA varNana kiyA hai| prAge kI kathA meM bhI isI prakAra tInoM graMthoM meM thor3I thor3I bhinnatA hai| lekha bar3ha jAne ke bhaya se usakA yahA~ varNana nahIM kiyA jaataa| AzA hai, "gorA bAdala kI bAta' ke vidvAn saMpAdaka tInoM graMthoM ke kathAnaka kI bhinnatA tathA usake kAraNoM para avazya vicAra kreNge|

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(7) padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ [ lekhaka-zrI akhaurI gaMgAprasAda siMha, kAzI] padmAkara prAcIna hiMdo-kAvya ke aMtima zailI-nirmAyaka ho gae haiN| unake pUrva ke zailI-nirmAyakoM meM caMda, sUra, tulasI, kezava, bihArI, matirAma, deva, ghanAnaMda, ThAkura Adi ke nAma prasiddha haiN| yadyapi padmAkara ke kAvya meM hama unake pUrvavartI kaviyoM kA yatheSTa prabhAva pAte haiM; kiMtu unakI sAnuprAsa sarala sukumAra bhASA, prabhAvotpAdaka varNana-zailI aura unake chaMdoM kA suDhAra bahAva unheM anya kaviyoM se sarvathA pRthaka kara detA hai| unakI zailI loka-ruci ke itanA anukUla thI ki unake pazcAt hiMdI-kAvya kI prAcIna paripATI ke jitane bhI kavi hue haiM, prAya: una sabane unakI zailI ko hI apanAyA hai| isa sthala para padmAkara ke kAvya kI una vizeSatAoM para hI kiMcit prakAza DAlane kI ceSTA kI jAyagI jinake kAraNa ve aise lokapriya bana sake haiN| ___ kAvya ke do pradhAna aMga mAne gae haiM-kalA aura bhAva / kalA se bhASA-prayoga ke usa kauzala athavA guNa se tAtparya hai jo kisI niyama kA Azraya lekara varNana meM suMdaratA kA AvirbhAva kre| bhAva mana ke usa vikAra ko kahate haiM jisakA nidarzana kAvya meM abhipreta ho / kalA kAvya kA zarIra hai to bhAva usakI aatmaa| jisa varNana meM donoM kA utkRSTa pradarzana ho vahI zreSTha kAvya hai| kAvya-kalA meM bhASA hI mukhya sAdhana hai| suMdara bhASA unnata bhAva ke abhAva meM bhI mana ko mugdha kara letI hai aura unnata bhAva saMpanna asuMdara bhASA upekSaNIya ho jAtI hai| jo bhASA kavi ke abhipreta

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166 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bhAva ko mUrtamAna karane ke sAtha hI sAtha saba ke liye bodhagamya hotI hai usI ko suMdara bhASA kahA jA sakatA hai| padmAkara kI bhASA aisI hI huI hai| unhoMne tatkAlIna pracalita hiMdI-buMdelakhaMDI-mizrita brajabhASA meM apanI racanAe~ kI haiN| yadyapi unakI racanAoM meM kahIM kahIM prAkRta apabhraMza kA prabhAva bhI dRSTigata hotA hai, kiMtu aisA prayoga unake vIra evaM raudra-rasa-saMbaMdhI kAvyoM meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| bhASA kI subodhatA ke vicAra se usa samaya ke sarva-sAdhAraNa meM pracalita urdU zabdoM kA unhoMne yatheSTa vyavahAra kiyA hai| adhikatara unhoMne urdU athavA phArasI zabdoM ke tadbhava rUpa kA hI prayoga kiyA hai; jaise-pharAkata, pharasabaMda, rosanI, ajAra ityAdi / paraMtu kahIM kahIM tatsama rUpa kA bhI prayoga dekhA jAtA hai; jaisekalAma, jAlima, mukarrara aadi| kAvya meM grAmya evaM apracalita zabdoM kA prayoga doSa mAnA gayA hai; para vaise zabdoM kA prayoga bhI unakI bhASA meM kama nahIM pAyA jAtA, yathA-karejA, garaiyA, khasaboya aadi| paraMtu aise zabdoM kA prayoga unhoMne aisI khUbI se kiyA ki unake kAvya kI suMdaratA meM koI aMtara nahIM AyA hai, varan usakA utkarSa hI huA hai| nAda-sAmya evaM anuprAsoM kI rakSA ke vicAra se hI unhoMne aise zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| nAdasAmya aura anuprAsa-bahula bhASA atyaMta zravaNasukhada hotI hai, isI se usake prati unakA atyadhika prema dekhA jAtA hai| unake prAyaH sabhI chaMdoM meM anuprAsoM kI vAhinI dekhI jAtI hai| yahA~ para eka udAharaNa denA anucita na hogA kUlana meM keli meM kachArana meM kuMjana meM, kyArina meM kalita kalIna kilakata hai| kahai 'padamAkara' parAga hU meM pauna hU meM, pAtina meM pIkana palAsana pagaMta hai / /

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ dvAra meM disAna meM dunI meM desa desana meM, dekho dIpa dIpana meM dIpati digaMta hai / bipina meM braja meM nabelina meM belina meM, 1-67 banana meM bAgana meM bagarayo basaMta hai // padmAkara ke isa anuprAsa prema kI atizayatA ke prati lakSya karake kucha loga DrAiDena (Dryden ) ke zabdoM meM vyaMgya karate haiM kiOne ( verse ) for sense and one for rhyme Is quite sufficient at a time. 1 eka paMkti bhAva ke liye tathA eka anuprAsa ke liye likhI gaI hai kiMtu SaDRtu varNana, yazakIrtana Adi se saMbaMdha rakhanevAle kucha varNanAtmaka chaMdoM ko chor3akara - jahA~ para unhoMne jAnabUjhakara vaise prayoga kie haiM-- unake kAvya meM aise sthala bahuta kama Ae haiM jahA~ unakA, anuprAsoM kA, prayoga arucikara mAtrA meM huA ho ! prAyaH dekhA gayA hai ki jahA~ anuprAsoM ke prati atyadhika anurAga hotA hai vahA~ bhAva unake bojha se dabakara nirbala ho jAte haiM, kiMtu padmAkara ke saMbaMdha meM aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / suMdara bhAvoM ke pradarzana ke samaya unakI bhASA svabhAvata: suMdara huI hai / unhoMne apanI bhASA ko prasaMga ke anurUpa banAne kI saphala ceSTA kI hai| zrRMgAra aura bhakti saMbaMdhI kAvya hI unakA zreSTha huA hai aura tadanukUla upanAgarikA tathA komalA vRtti ke prayoga se vaha mAdhurya evaM prasAda-guNa se saMpanna huI hai / Aja yadyapi padmAkara kI bhASA kA pradhAna guNa nahIM hai tathApi bhayAnaka, vIra evaM raudra rasa ke kAvyoM meM paruSA vRtti ke prayoga dvArA unhoMne use lAne kI ceSTA kI hai / upanAgarikA tathA komalA vRtti kA unhoMne jitanA svAbhAvika prayoga kiyA hai, paruSA kA prayoga unakA yadyapi utanA svAbhAvika nahIM huA hai tathApi unheM usameM sarvathA asaphala bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA / prathama do vRttiyoM ke prayoga Age --

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168 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA udAharaNa meM AnevAle prAyaH sabhI chaMdoM meM mileMge / isa sthala para paruSA vRtti kA eka udAharaNa denA hI upayukta hogA-- bAri TAri DArauM kuMbhakarNahi bidAri DArauM, mArauM meghanAdai zrAju yoM baLa anaMta hai / kahai 'padamAkara' trikUTahU ko DhAhi DArauM, DArata kareI jAtudhAnana ko aMta haiM // zracchahi niracchikapi ruccha hra ucArauM imi, tose ticcha tucchana ko kachuvai na gaMta haiN| ! jAri DArauM laMkahi ujAri DArau upabana, phAri DArauM rAvaNa kI to maiM hanumaMta haiN| // saralatA aura taralatA bhI bhASA ke anyatama guNa haiM / saralatA se sahaja bodhagamya bhASA kA tAtparya hai / sarala bhASA sarva-sAdhAraNa ke citta ko sahaja hI AkarSita kara letI hai / bhASA kA lacIlApana hI usakA tAralya hai / jo bhASA lacIlI hotI hai vaha kaThina se kaThina bhAva ko bhI sahaja hI vyakta kara sakatI hai / padmAkara kI bhASA meM hama ina donoM guNoM kA yatheSTa samAveza pAte I udAharaNa ke liye eka chaMda diyA jAtA hai haiM pAtI likhI sumukhi sujAna piya gobiMda ko, zrIyuta salone syAma sukhani sane rahau / kahai 'padamAkara' tihArI chema china china, cAhiyatu pyAre mana mudita bane raho // binatI itI hai ke hamesahU~ hamaiM to bija, pAyana kI pUrI paricArikA gane rhaa| yAhI meM magana mana - mohana hamArI mana, lagani magana bane raho // lagAya lAla

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 166 bhASA tathA bhAva donoM hI kitane sahaja evaM sarala rUpa meM aMkita hue haiN| choTe sarala vAkyoM meM eka satI kI hRdaya-kAmanA jaise pratyakSa bola rahI hai| satI kA hRdaya-sauMdarya jitanA ho sAttvika aura ucca bhAvanA se pUrNa hai, AuMbarahIna madhura zabdoM kA cunAva bhI utanA hI utkRSTa huA hai| lokokti, kahAvata athavA muhAviroM ke prayoga se bhASA bahuta suMdara aura prabhAvotpAdaka bana jAtI hai| padmAkara ke kAvya meM aise prayogoM kA darzana bhI yatheSTa rUpa meM milatA hai jo bidhi bhAla meM lIka likhI se bar3hAI bar3he na ghaTai na ghaTAI / doSa pasaMta ko dIjai kahA ulahai na karIla ke DArana pAtI / tana jobana hai ghana kI prchaahiiN| aba hAtha ke kaMgana ko kahA pArasI / sA~cahu~ tAko na hota bhalo jo na mAnata hai kahI cAra jane kI / cAhai sumeru ko rAI karai raci rAI ko cAhai sumeru banAvai / sone meM sugaMdha na sugaMdha meM sunyo rI sonA, sonA zrI' sugaMdha tomeM donoM dekhiyatu hai / Apane hAtha se aApane pAya maiM pAthara pAri parayo pachatAne / bAta ke lAge nahIM ThaharAta hai jyoM jalajAta ke pAta pai pAnI / ityaadi| __ina sabake atirikta padmAkara ne aneka alaMkAroM ke dvArA apanI bhASA ko susajita karane kI ceSTA kI hai| alaMkAra se bhASAprayoga kI camatkArapUrNa zailI kA tAtparya hai| padmAkara kA alaMkAroM kA prayoga atyaMta upayukta tathA svAbhAvika huA hai| kisI anAr3I rAjakulAMganA ke samAna unakI kavitA-kAminI na to alaMkAroM ke bojha se dabI huI hai aura na kisI grAmya bAlA ke samAna nirAbharaNA hI hai / nAgarika ramaNiyoM ke samAna usameM alpa kiMtu sudara alaMkAroM kA upayukta samAveza dekhA jAtA hai jisase

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200 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA unakI kavitA kA sauMdarya yatheSTa rUpa meM vikasita huA hai| yadyapi kabhI kabhI apane samaya kI paripATI ke anusAra zabdAlaMkAra ke prema ke vazIbhUta hokara unhoMne kAvya ke artha-gaurava para kama dhyAna diyA haikiMtu phira bhI usake sauMdarya meM vizeSa kamI nahIM Ane pAI hai| isa sthala para pRthaka rUpa se unake alaMkAra-sauMdaryapradarzana kI vizeSa AvazyakatA nahIM pratIta hotI; kyoMki alaMkAravihIna chaMda unhoMne bahuta kama likhe haiM / padmAkara kI bhASA kA pravAha sarvopari avalokanIya hai| unakI bhASA meM jo pravAha hai vaha hiMdI ke do-cAra ine-gine kaviyoM meM hI pAyA jA sakatA hai| alaMkAra Adi unakI bhASA ko utkRSTa banAnevAle upakaraNa avazya hue haiM; para vAstava meM unakI bhASA kA pravAha hI itanA uttama huA hai-unake zabdoM kA cunAva hI itanA utkRSTa hai ki kisI prakAra ke alaMkAra Adi kI sahAyatA na lete hue bhI unhoMne jisa bhAva ko aMkita karanA cAhA hai, vaha mUrttamAna ho uThA hai-pratyakSa ho gayA hai| isI kAraNa padmAkara kAvya-kalAkAroM meM kuzala citrakAra mAne gae haiN| unakI bhASA kI yahI sabase bar3I vizeSatA hai| udAharaNArtha bacharai svarI pyAvai gaU tihiko padamAkara ko mana lAvatu haiN| tiya jAni garaiyA gahI dhanamAla su aiMcyo lalA icyo zrAvatu haiM / ulaTI kari dohini mohini kI a~gurI yana jAni dabAvatu haiM / duhibo bhau' duhAibo douna ko sakhi dekhata hI pani zrAvatu hai // prAMtara sauMdarya kA kitanA suMdara citra hai ! premAdhikya meM kitanI adhika tanmayatA hai ! vibhrama hAva kA aisAsajIva evaM svAbhAvika citra hiMdI-sAhitya meM bahuta kama dekhane ko milegaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai mAnoM yaha ghaTanA netroM ke sammukha hI ghaTa rahI hai| isI meM to bhASA kI sArthakatA hai ! upanAgarikA vRtti kA prayoga zrRMgArarasa ke

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 201 anukUla huA hai| sarala zabdoM evaM choTe vAkyoM ke prayoga se bhASA meM aisA mAdhurya evaM pravAha A gayA hai, jo hRdaya meM svargIya AnaMda kA AvirbhAva kara mana ko mugdha banA detA hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se padmAkara kA sthAna bahuta U~cA hai| unakI bhASA bhAva kI anurUpiNI huI hai| unakI bhASA kI loka-priyatA ke tIna pradhAna kAraNa haiM-(1) tatkAlIna pracalita zabdoM kA choTe vAkyoM meM prayoga, (2) ucita vRtta aura alaMkAroM kA upayoga, (3) pravAha kA nirvAha ! unakI bhASA meM mizrita vAkya (Complex sentence ) kA koI udAharaNa DhU~r3hane para bhI nahIM miltaa| amizrita vAkyoM tathA sahaja bodhagamya zabdoM ke prayoga ke kAraNa unakI bhASA meM jaTilatA nahIM Ane pAI hai| vaha svaccha, sarala, tarala aura sarvajanopabhogya huI hai| unakI prasAdaguNa-saMpanna sajIva bhASA ke sAtha suMdara bhAvoM kA mizraNa bahuta hI manAmugdhakara huA hai| unakI zailI meM na to caMda yA kabIra kI sI rUkSatA hai aura na kezava kI sI klisstttaa| vaha makkhana-misrI ke samAna hai jo mukha meM rakhate hI kaMTha ke nIce utara jAtA hai aura mana tathA prANa ko zItala evaM saMtuSTa kara detA hai| bhASA tathA zailI kA sabase bar3A guNa yahI hai ki kavi jisa citra ko aMkita karanA cAhe use ye mUrttamAna kara deN| padmAkara kI bhASA tathA zailI meM yaha guNa utkRSTa rUpa meM pAyA jAtA hai| unakI bhASA ke saMbaMdha meM jo kucha bhI AkSepa hai vaha hai usakI anuprAsa-bahulatA pr| yadyapi yaha AkSepa bilkula nirAdhAra nahIM hai, phira bhI hama kaha sakate haiM ki jisa tIvratA se unakI bhASA para yaha doSAropaNa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha usake yogya nahIM hai| isa saMbaMdha meM rAya bahAdura pAbU zyAmasuMdaradAsajI kI sammati sarvathA upayukta hai-"padmAkara kI anuprAsa-priyatA bahuta prasiddha hai| jahA~ anuprAse kI ora adhika

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202 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA dhyAna diyA jAyagA, vahA~ bhAvoM kA naisargika pravAha avazya bhaMga hogA aura bhASA meM avazya tor3a-maror3a karanI pdd'egii| saMtoSa kI bAta itanI hI hai ki unake chaMdoM meM unakI bhAva-dhArA ko svaccha, sarala pravAha milA hai, jinameM hAvoM kI suMdara yojanA ke bIca meM suMdara citra khar3e kie gae haiN|.........muktk racanAoM meM padmAkara ne acchA camatkAra pradarzita kiyA hai| Adhunika hiMdI ke kucha kaviyoM tathA samIkSakoM kI dRSTi meM padmAkara rIti-kAla ke sarvotkRSTa kavi Thaharate haiN|.........inkii bhASA kA pravAha bar3A hI suMdara aura camatkArayukta hai|" brajabhASA ke kaviyoM meM padmAkara ke ucca sthAna pAne kA adhikAMza zreya unakI sudara sAnuprAsa bhASA ko hI hai| sudara bhASA ke prAya: sabhI guNa padmAkara kI bhASA meM pAe jAte haiN| rIti-kAlIna kaviyoM meM bhASA-sauSThava ke vicAra se padmAkara kA sthAna prathama zreNI meM hI mAnA jaaygaa| padmAkara kI pratibhA ne apanI kAvya-dhArA ko trimukhI pravAhita kiyA hai| unakI himmatabahAdura-virudAvalI tatha pratApasiMha virudAvalI meM vIragAthA kAla kI smRti pAI jAtI hai, unake rAma. rasAyana, prabodha-pacAsA, IzvarapaJcosI yamunAlaharI tathA gaMgA-laharI meM bhakti-kAla kA darzana milatA hai evaM unake padmAbharaNa, jagadvinoda tathA prAlIjAhaprakAza se rIti-kAla kA jJAna hotA hai / isa prakAra padmAkara ke kAvya meM hiMdI-sAhitya ke itihAsa ke tInoM kAloM kI kAvya-pravRtti kA samanvaya pAyA jAtA hai| jo kAla jitane hI pahale kA hai, padmAkara ko tatkAlIna kAvya-pravRtti kI rakSA meM utanI hI kama saphalatA milI hai| vIra-kAvya kI apekSA unakA bhaktikAvya uttama huA hai aura bhakti-kAvya kI apekSA unakA zrRMgArakAvya / zrRMgAra-kAvya lokaruci ke anukUla hotA hai, isI se

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 203 unakA zrRMgAra-kAvya jitanA prasiddha hai utanA anya kAvya nahoM / hama bhI isa sthala para pahale zRgAra-kAvya kA digdarzana kara bhakti aura vIra kAvya para kiMcit prakAza DAlane kI ceSTA kreNge| padmAkara kI kalpanA kA vihAra-kSetra athavA unake bhAva-rAjya kA vistAra bahuta vyApaka nahIM kahA jA sktaa| vAlmIki athavA sUra ke kalpanAkAza ke samAna na to unake kAvya meM anubhUti-vistAra pAyA jAtA hai aura na kabIra ke bhAva-sAgara kA sA gAMbhIrya hii| unakI kavitA na to AdarzavAdI bhavabhUti athavA tulasI kI sI puNya deva-bhAvanAoM se ota-prota hai aura na zeksapiyara kI bhA~ti saMsAra kI narakAgni kA hI citraNa karatI hai| unake bhAva nara. nAriyoM ke sauMdarya kI upAsanA meM hI sImita haiN| ve utane meM hI yatheSTa suMdara rUpa meM vikasita hue haiN| unakI kalpanA yadyapi kRzanadanA hai, kiMtu sauMdarya tathA mAdakatA se itanI paripUrNa hai ki vaha apane premiyoM ke mana ke sAtha tAdAmya sthApita kara unheM tanmaya banA detI hai| unakI kavitA ke svarNa-saMsAra meM pahu~cakara manuSya kucha kAla ke liye apane vartamAna astitva se besudha ho jAtA hai| saMsAra kI narakAgni tathA jIvana kI jaTilatAe~ use vismRta sI ho jAtI haiM aura vaha eka aise svapna-loka meM pahu~catA hai, jahA~ prema kA sAmrAjya hai, prema ke hI vazIbhUta hokara AkAza apanI nirmala nIlimA pradarzita karatA hai, caMdra apanI dhavala kiraNe vikIrNa karatA hai, aruNa rAga-raMjita musakAna bharatA hai, vAyu mRdu gudagudI se zarIra ko pulakita karatA hai aura phUla-patte apanI bahuraMgI AkRti se citta ko AkarSita karate haiN| vahA~ ke nara-nArI prema ke hI prAnaMda se AnaMdita rahate haiM aura prema kI hI pIr3A se pIr3ita / unakI premapurI kI nAyaka-nAyikAeM kahane ko to isI saMsAra kI sAdhAraNa gopa-gopikAe~ haiM, para haiM ve rAja

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204 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kulAMganAoM se bhI adhika sukhI evaM samRddhizAlinI evaM devabAlAoM se bhI adhika sudara tathA sukumAra hRdyvaalii| ve bar3e bar3e rAjaprAsAdoM meM rahatI haiM, bAga-bagIcoM meM vihAra karatI haiM jahA~ vilAsa kI sabhI sAmagrI prastuta rahatI haiN| unhIM ke bIca ve hIre javAharAta ke AbhUSaNoM se sajjita tathA sugaMdha-vAsita, atyaMta bArIka vastra dhAraNa kie-jisameM se unake aMga-pratyaMga kA sauMdarya parilakSita hotA hai-apanI prema-krIr3A meM masta rahatI haiM; ihaloka athavA paraloka se unakA koI saMparka nhiiN| unake ina nAyaka-nAyikAoM ke sukha-duHkha kI gAthA sunate sunate mana mohita ho jAtA haiprANa taMdrAbhibhUta ho jAtA hai| unakI kavitA ke jAdU kA avasAna hone para manuSya ko, apanI prakRtistha avasthA meM Ane para eka mIThI Thesa lagatI hai tathA koI bahuta hI acchA svapna dekhate dekhate sahasA nIMda TUTa jAne para jaisA avasAda pratIta hotA hai, aura puna: A~kha vaMda kara usI svapna-loka meM vicaraNa karane kI icchA hotI hai, ThIka usI avasthA kA vaha bhI anubhava karatA hai| jo unake eka chaMda ko suna letA hai vaha unake dUsare chaMda ko sunane kA abhilASI hotA hai; jo unakA eka citra dekha letA hai vaha unake dUsare citra ko dekhane kI icchA rakhatA hai| isI meM padmAkara ke kAvya kI saMpUrNa sArthakatA hai| padmAkara ke kAvya meM matirAma athavA rasakhAna kI saralatA, vidyApati athavA deva kI aiMdriyatA (sensation) tathA jayadeva, dAsa, athavA doSa kI bhAvAnubhUti (passion) pAI jAtI hai| nArI-sauMdarya ke aMkana meM saMsAra ke prAyaH sabhI zreSTha kaviyoM ne apanI pratibhA kA kauzala dikhalAyA hai| bhAratIya kaviyoM ne usake nakha-zikha ke zRMgAra meM apanI jitanI zakti vyaya kI hai, saMsAra ke kisI bhI deza meM saMbhavata: usakA dUsarA udAharaNa na milegaa|

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 205 hiMdI ke kaviyoM meM gosvAmI tulasIdAsajI kI nArI-sauMdaryAnubhUti bahuta hI utkRSTa aura pavitra huI hai| usameM AdhyAtmikatA kA pUrNa vikAsa hai| sAdhAraNa jana ke liye usakI kalpanA bhI asaMbhava hai| kalpanAtIta kI kalpanA koI pAradarzI kavi hI kara sakatA hai| sUradAsa kI sauMdayAnubhUti meM AdhyAtmikatA tathA bhautikatA kA mizraNa pAyA jAtA hai| tulasIdAsa ke kAvya meM sauMdarya kA zaradiMdu vikasita huA hai jisase mana aura prANa zItala ho jAte haiN| sUradAsa kI upamA-bahula racanAoM meM vidyut kI tar3apa hai jisase tRpti ke sthAna para pipAsA hI jAgarita hotI hai| vidyApati ke kAvya meM suradAsa kI apekSA bhautikatA kI mAtrA kahIM adhika hai, sAtha hI sAtha usameM aiMdriyatA kA bhI vikAsa pAyA jAtA hai| unhoMne usameM jisa sauMdarya ko prasphuTita kiyA hai, usakA upabhoga sAdhAraNa kAvya-premI bhI kara sakate haiN| kezavadAsa ne na to kisI alaukika sauMdarya kI kalpanA kI hai aura na bhautika saudarya kA citrnn| unake kAvya meM na to aiMdriyatA hai aura na saralatA hI; hai kevala vismayotpAdaka shkti| vaha AnaMdodreka karane kI apekSA Azcarya kA bhAva hI adhika utpanna karatI hai, kisI prakAra ke rUpa kA anubhava karAne kI apekSA kavi kI kavitva-zakti kA hI adhika paricaya detI hai| ina mahAkaviyoM ke sAtha padmAkara kI sauMdaryAnubhUti kA milAna karake dekhane se vaha sarvathA bhinna prakAra kI pratIta hotI hai| usameM kevala bhautika tattvoM kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| usameM aiMdriyatA tathA bhAvAnubhUti donoM hI kA acchA vikAsa huA hai| jisa citra kA aMkana kiyA gayA hai, vaha mAno mUrttamAna ho uThA hai-saMjIvita ho gayA hai-sarvajanopabhogya bana gayA hai| komalakalevarA kAminI ke rUpa-kAMcana kA varNana dekhie

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA suMdara suraMga naina sobhita anaMga raMga, aMga aMga phailata taraMga parimala ke / bArana ke bhAra sukumAri ko bacata laMka, rAjai parajaMka para bhItara mahala ke // kahai 'padamAkara' biloki jana rIjhai jAhi, aMbara amala ke sakala jala thala ke| komala kamala ke gulAbana ke dala ke, sujAta gaDi pAyana bichaunA makhamala ke // paryakopasthitA, komalAMgI rAjakulAMganA ke bAhya sauMdarya evaM saukumArya kA atizayokti alaMkAra kI sahAyatA se jo zabda-citra aMkita kiyA gayA hai vaha yadyapi bahuta utkRSTa nahIM hai kiMtu prazaMsanIya hai; isakI prasiddhi bhI yatheSTa hai / isI sthala para akabara aura nAsikha ke do pada bhI milAna kara dekhane yogya haiM nAjukI kahatI hai suramA bhI kahIM bAra na ho|-akbr / yoM naz2Akata se garI suramA hai cazme-yAra ko| jisa taraha ho rAta bhArI mardume bImAra ko ||-naasikh / padmAkara ne pada kI svabhAvataH kaThina tvacA kI komalatA dvArA nAyikA ke komala prANa evaM zarIra kA paricaya diyA hai| naz2Akata to yahA~ taka hai ki kisI bAharI padArtha ke bojha kI to bAta dUra rahI, vaha apane hI zarIra ke bAloM ke bojha se bAraMbAra bala khAtI hai| aisI avasthA meM usakI sukumAratA ke sammukha makabara tathA nAsikha kI sukumAratA, jisameM A~khoM meM suramA lagAkara usakA bojha asahya batAyA gayA hai, kahA~ taka hor3a le sakatI hai ? hA~, hiMdI ke rasalIna kI vaha sukumAratA, jisake liye unhoMne likhA hai, tuva paga-tala mRdutA citaya kavi baranata sakucAhiM / mana meM prAvata jIbha laioM mata chAle pari jAhi //

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 207 avazya car3ha-bar3ha gaI hai| kiMtu padmAkara ko aise kalpanAtIta varNana abhISTa nahIM the| unhoMne atizayokti vahIM taka kI jahA~ taka vaha buddhi-grAhya ho ske| zaizava se yauvanAvasthA meM padArpaNa karate ho zarIra meM aneka prakAra ke parivartana hote haiN| ve itane netraraMjaka, manomugdhakara tathA mahattvapUrNa hote haiM ki bhAratIya kavi unakA varNana karate karate mAnoM thaka se gae haiM aura phira bhI kucha nahIM kara sake haiN| padmAkara ne bhI isa avasthA kA acchA varNana kiyA hai kachu gajagati ke zrAhaTani china china chIjata sera / bidhu bikAsa bikasata kamala kachU dinana ke phera // mugdhA kA yauvanAgama hai, jise kavi ne virodhAbhAsa alaMkAra kI sahAyatA se pradarzita kiyA hai| samaya kA aisA hera-phera ho gayA hai ki gajagati ke prAhaTa se siMha pratyeka kSaNa kSINa hotA jAtA hai, arthAt jyoM jyoM gati maMda hotI jAtI hai tyo tyoM kamara patalI par3atI jAtI hai| caMdramA ke vikAsa se kamala vikasita hotA hai-yaha bhI viparIta ghaTanA hai| tAtparya yaha ki jyoM jyoM mukhacaMdra kI chaTA bar3hatI jAtI hai tyo tyoM netra vikAsamAna ho rahe haiN| isI se to bihArI ne bhI kahA hai pala pala para palaTana lage jAke aMga anUpa / aisI ika brajabAla ko ko kahi sakata sarUpa // padmAkara kA uparyukta dohA unakI vidagdhatA kA acchA paricAyaka hai e ali, yA bali ke adharAna meM Ani car3hI kachu mAdhuraI sii| jyoM 'padamAkara' mAdhurI tyoM kuca douna kI car3hatI umaI sI // jyoM kuca tyoM hI nitaMba car3he kachu jyoM hI nitaMba tyoM cAturaI sii| jAni na aisI car3hAcar3hi meM kehi dhau kaTi bIcahi lUTi laI sI //

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208 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zaizava para yauvanarAja ne car3hAI kii| car3hAI bhI aisI vaisI nahIM, eka ke bAda dUsarA, dUsare ke bAda tIsarA aura tIsare ke bAda cauthA dhAvA bolA gayA aura isa prakAra yauvana kI vijaya huii| aise avasara para vijayI senA dvArA kisI padArtha kA luTa jAnA koI asvAbhAvika bAta nhiiN| bAlikA becArI kI kaTi bhI lUTa sI lI gii| vidyApati ne bhI vayaHsaMdhi ke avasara para isI prakAra kA yuddha karAyA hai saisava jobana darasana bhela / duhu~ dala bale daMda pari gela / kabahu~ bA~dhaya kaca kabahu~ bidhAri / kabahu~ jhApaya a~ga hukaba ughAri // ati thira nayana athira kachu bhela / uraja udaya thana lAlima dela // caMcala carana cita caMcala bhAna / jAgala manasija mudita nayAna // vidyApati kaha sunu bara kAna / dhairaja dharaha milAyaba prAna // kiMtu mammaTa ne apane kAvya-prakAza meM zaizava-yauvana kA yuddha na karAkara aMgoM kA pArasparika vinimaya karAyA hai; para mUla bhAva sabhI ke milate-julate haiN| zroNIbandhastyajati tanutAM sevate madhyabhAgaH padbhyAM mukAstaralagatayaH saMzritA locanAbhyAm / vakSaH prAptaM kucasacivatAmadvitIyantu vaktraM tadgAtrANAM guNavinimayaH kalpito yauvanena //

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 206 kaTi kI sUkSmatA kA varNana karane meM kaviyoM ne apanA khUba kauzala pradarzita kiyA hai / kisI ne use siMhakaTivat, kisI ne mu~darI ke tulya, kisI ne sivAra ke samAna, kisI ne mRNAla ke tAra sadRza tathA kisI ne bAla se bhI bArIka batAyA hai; kiMtu bihArI ne 'sUma kaTi parabrahma lauM alakha lakhI nahi jAya' kahakara sabhI kaviyoM ke mu~ha meM tAlA lagA diyA hai / sUkSmatA kA varNana * isase adhika aura koI kyA kara sakatA hai ! zaMkara kavi ne bihArI ke saMketa kI dArzanika vyAkhyA kara dI hai pAsa ke gae pai eka bU~da hU~ na hAtha lage dUra se dikhAta mRga-tRSNikA meM pAnI hai / 'zaMkara' pramANa siddha raMga ko na saMga para jAna paDe aMbara meM nIlimA samAnI hai // bhAva meM abhAva hai prabhAva meM dhauM bhAva bharatho, kauna kahe ThIka bAta kAhU ne na jAnI hai / jaise ina douna meM dubidhA na dUra hota taise terI kamara kI akatha kahAnI hai // eka urdU kavi jaise kamara kI bhUlabhulaiyA meM par3a gayA hai / vaha pUchatA hai eka diyA hai sanama sunate haiM tere bhI kahIM hai, kisa tarapha ko hai saMskRta-kavi ne to use ekadama asat pramANita kara analpairvAdIndrairagaNita-mahAyukta-niva hai kamara hai / kidhara hai // nirastA vistAra' kvacidakalayantI tanumapi / asatkhyAti-vyAkhyA dhikacaturimakhyAtamahimAsalagne lagneya sugatamatasiddhAMtasaraNiH // 14

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kiMtu ina kavi-puMgavoM ke kaTi-varNanoM ke sAtha padmAkara kI luTI huI sI kaTi bhI kama mahattva nahIM rakhatI / kaTi kA ekAMta abhAva mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM; kama se kama bihArI ke vicArAnusAra use brahmavat to mAnanA hI caahie| sAdhAraNa kAminI kI kaTi ke varNana ke liye padmAkara ko dArzanika tattvoM ke ullekha kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM pratIta huI; phira parabrahma se usakI samatA karanA to unakI dRSTi meM sarvathA anucita thA / kiMtu sAtha hI kaTi kI sUkSmatA ko usase kama pradarzita karane kI unakI icchA nahIM thI, jitanA ki unake pUrvavartI kaviyoM ne dikhAyA hai / isI se 'kehi dhauM kaTi bIcahiM lUTi laI sI' kahakara eka bAra to unhoMne asat ke samAna use lupta hI kara diyA; para yaha bahuta ucita na hotA, isI se 'sI' zabda ke dvArA unhoMne usakI sUkSmAtisUkSma - prasat nahIM varan asat ke samAna sthiti kI rakSA kara lI hai / isa savaie kI aMtima paMkti kA prANa isI 'sI' zabda meM nihita hai / padmAkara ke varNana meM nAyikA kA roma roma mAnA uchala rahA hai / eka dohe meM nAyikA kI deha- dIpti kA acchA varNana huA hai isa 210 juvati junhAI soM na kachu aura bheda avarekhi : tiya zrAgama piya jAnigo caTaka cAMdanI pekhi // arthAta yuvatI aura jyotsnA meM koI bheda na thA / jyotsnA meM sAdhAraNa se adhika jyoti dekhakara priyatama ko usake Agamana kA anumAna huaa| sAdhAraNa prakAza meM kisI vizeSa prakAra ke prakAza ke milane se vaha svabhAvata: adhika tIvra ho jAtA hai| zeksapiyara ne bhI juliyaTa kI deha - dIpti ke saMbaMdha meM likhA hai "Oh, she doth teach the torches to burn bright. Her beauty hangs upon the cheek of night

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 211 Like a rich jevel in an Ethiop's ear, Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear; So shows a shury dove trooping with crows. As yonder lady, over fellows shows. (Romeo and Juliet ) Aibhojana kI sauMdarya-prabhA bhI milAna karane yogya haiCytheria, Hov bravely thou becomes thy bed, fair lily Add whiter than the sheets. 'Tis her breathing that perfumes the chamber thus, the flame the taper, buirs towards her; and would underpeep her lids To see the enclosed light, now canopied, With blue of heaven's own tinct. ( Cymbeline ) a~garejo ke prathama chaMda meM jUliyaTa ke zarIra ke prakAza ko mazAla ke prakAza se adhika tejasvI batAkara usake aura bhI ujvala bhAva se jalane kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai tathA usake sauMdarya ko ithiyana ke karNamaNi ke samAna rAtri ke kapola para zobhAyamAna batAyA gayA hai| dUsare chaMda meM paryakopasthitA sAithoriyA ke gaura varNa kI upamA kumudinI se dekara batAyA gayA hai ki usakI upasthiti se, usake sahaja prakAza ke kAraNa, usake bistara kI ujjvala cAdara kisa prakAra ujjvalatara ho jAtI hai, usake zvAsocchvAsa se kamarA kisa prakAra sugaMdhita ho rahA hai aura momabattI kA prakAza usake prakAza ke sammukha kisa prakAra maMda par3akara palaka ke paTa ke pIche zveta evaM nIla raMga ke caukhaTavAle jharokhe meM chipe hue prakAza ke liye chaTapaTA rahA hai| mahAkavi ke donoM chaMdoM ke bhAva bar3e utkRSTa hue haiM, isameM saMdeha nhiiN| zarIra kI ujjvala

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212 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA dyuti kA varNana isase acchA aura kyA ho sakatA hai ! kitu hameM namratA ke sAtha kahanA par3egA ki padmAkara kA chaMda vistAra-laghutA ke vicAra se kahIM uttama bana par3A hai| hiMdI ke do-cAra anya kaviyoM kI sauMdarya-prabhA kA varNana bhI milAna karane yogya hai pyArI khaMDa tIsare rasIlI raMga rAvaTI meM taka tAkI ora chaki rahyau naMdanaMda hai| 'kAlidAsa' bIthina darIcina ha chalakata __ chabi ko marIcina kI jhalaka zramaMda hai| loga dekhi bharamai kahA dhaiau hai yA ghara meM suraMgamagyo jagamagI jyotina ko kada hai| lAlana ko jAla hai ki jvAlani kI mAla hai ki cAmIkara capalA hai ki ravi hai ki caMda hai // -kAlidAsa trivedI caMda kI kalA sI capalA sI tiya 'senApati', bAlama ke jara bIca AnaMda ko boti hai| jAke Age kaMcana meM raMcaka na paie duti, mAnA mana motI lAla mAla Age poti hai // dekhi prIti gAr3hI aor3he tanasukha sAr3hi jyoti jobana kI bAr3hI china china aura hoti hai| jhalakata gorI deha basana jhIne meM mAnA phAnusa ke aMdara dipati dIpa-jyoti hai / / -senApati kAlidAsa apanI nAyikA kI deha-dIpti kA koI nizcaya nahIM kara paate| unakI A~kheM use dekhakara aisI caudhiyA gaI haiM ki Apa hI Apa unake mukha se nikala par3atA hai

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 213 "lAlana ko jAla hai ki jvAlani kI mAla hai ki ravi hai ki caMda hai|" Azcarya ke bhAva ko ve jahA~ taka uttejana de sakate the, diyA hai| kiMtu unakI nAyikA zrRMgAra-bhAva kA udreka karane meM bahuta saphala nahIM hai| senApati ne apanI nAyikA ko phAnUsa meM rakhe hue dIpaka kI jyoti jaisI batalAyA hai| deha-dIpti meM vaha kAlidAsa kI nAyikA ke sammukha avazya hI dIna hai, kiMtu vaha "bAlama ke ura bIca Ana~da ko boti hai|" donoM hI kAvyoM meM pratatprakarSa athavA akama doSa hai| kAlidAsa ne 'ravi hai ki caMda hai' kahakara tathA senApati ne "caMda kI kalA sI capalA sI tiya" ko "dIpa jyoti hai" kahakara nAyikAoM kI aMga-prabhA ko timaMjile se nIce paTaka diyA hai| padmAkara ke kAvya meM ye saba doSa nahIM Ane pAe haiN| unhoMne apanI nAyikAoM kI aMga-prabhA ke saMbaMdha meM jo kucha bhI kahA hai vaha bahuta hI svAbhAvika tathA manotRptikara huA hai| svAbhAvika tathA sajIva citraNa hI padmAkara kI kAvya-sAdhanA kI vizeSatA hai| padmAkara ne ukta dohe meM zuklAbhisArikA kA varNana kiyA hai| astu, do anya kaviyoM kI zuklAbhisArikAoM se bhI usakI tulanA kara lenI caahie| kiMsuka ke phUlana ke phUlana bibhUSita kai / bAMdhi lInI balayA bigata kInhIM rajanI / tApara saMvArayo seta aMbara ko DaMbara sidhArI syAma sannidhi nihArI kAhU na janI // chIra ke taraMga kI prabhA ko gahi lInhI tiya kInhI chIrasiMdhu chiti kAtika kI rajanI / aAnana-prabhA te tana-chAMha hU~ chipAra jAti bhaiaurana kI bhIra saMga lAe jAti sajanI // -dAsa /

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214 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA car3hAya ghanasAra seta aMgana meM caMdana sArI chIra phena kaisI zrAbhA uphanAti hai / rAjata rucira ruci motina ke zrAbharana kusuma kalita kesa sobhA sarasAti hai // kavi matirAma prAna-pyAre ko milana calI karikai manorathani mRdu musakAta hai / hoti na lakhAI nisi caMda kI ujyArI mukhacaMda kI ujdArI tana -chA haiN| chipi jAti hai // -- matirAma | T dAsa, matirAma tathA padmAkara tInoM ne abhisArikAoM kA varNana kiyA hai| zukAbhisArikAoM kI veza-bhUSA isa prakAra kI hotI hai ki vaha jyotsnA meM chipa jAya / isake liye nAnA prakAra ke kRtrima upAdAnoM kI sahAyatA lI jAtI hai / tadanukUla dAsa evaM matirAma donoM kaviyoM ne apanI apanI nAyikAryoM ko sajjita karane kI ceSTA kI hai / dAsa ke upAdAna kucha svabhAva- viparIta ho gae haiM / kiMzuka vasaMta meM phUlatA hai; phira kArtika mAsa kI zarad nizA meM usakA upayoga kisa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai ? yadyapi padminI nAyikA ke pIche bhramaroM kA ur3anA upayukta hai para rAtri meM unakA ur3anA kAla viruddha dUSaNa hai / yadyapi kucha kAvyoM meM rAtri ke samaya unakA varNana pAyA jAtA hai, kiMtu hamAre vicAra se aisA ucita nahIM hai / sAtha hI nAyikA ke sAtha bhramaroM ke ur3ane se usakA abhisAra bhI dUSita ho jAtA hai - vaha apane ko chipAne meM asamartha ho jAtI hai / aisI avasthA meM yA to bhramaroM kA ullekha hI na honA cAhie athavA aise upacAroM kA upayoga honA cAhie ki bhramara bhI sAtha meM na raheM aura padminI nAyikA kI abhivyakti bhI spaSTatayA ho jAya / matirAma kA

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 215 varNana sApha-sutharA tathA svabhAva-sammata huA hai| unhoMne jisa bhAva ko 'hoti na lakhAI nisi caMda kI ujyArI mukha-caMda kI ujyArI tn-chaahaiN| chipi jAti hai' ke dvArA vyakta kiyA hai, usI ko padmAkara ne-'tiya prAgama piya jAnigo, caTaka cA~danI pekhi' kahakara dikhAyA hai| kavitta kI apekSA dohA bahuta hI choTA chaMda hai| thor3e se sAMketika zabdoM meM adhika se adhika bhAva ko pradarzita karane meM hI usakI saphalatA mAnI jAtI hai| hamAre vicAra se jisa bhAva ko matirAma ne vistAra ke sAtha pradarzita kiyA hai, padmAkara ke dohe meM usakA pUrNa samAveza ho gayA hai varan kucha aura kA bhii| dohe meM zuklAbhisArikA kA bahuta hI saphala nirvAha huA hai| kAvya kI saphalatA vistRta varNana meM hI nahIM hai varan pAThakoM kI kalpanA ke liye vistRta vihAra-kSetra ke prastuta karane meM bhI hai| isa dohe ke dvArA padmAkarajI vaisA karane meM pUrNa saphala hue haiN| yaha dohA unakI pratibhA kA eka utkRSTa namUnA hai| padmAkara kA eka anya chaMda bhI nAyikA kI sauMdarya-prabhA ke varNana meM hai| vaha yadyapi ukta dohe ke samAna utkRSTa nahIM huA hai phira bhI avalokanIya avazya hai jAhI juhI mallikA camelI manamodinI kI komala kumodinI kI upamA kharAba kI / kahai padamAkara' tyoM tArana bicArana ko bigara gunAha ajagaibI gaira zrAba kii|| cUra karI cokhI cA~danI kI chabi chalakata palaka meM kInhIM chIna zrAba mahatAba kii| pA pari kahata pIya kApara paraigI bhAja garada gulAba kI pravAI zrAphatAba kI / /

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216 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA isa nAyikA kI zarIra-sugaMdhi kA anubhava karate hI eDamaMDa speMsara (Edmund Speacer) kI sauMdarya-vATikA (The Garden of Beauty ) vAlI nAyikA kA smaraNa ho AtA hai| nAyaka jaba nAyikA ke adhara-cuMbana ke liye nikaTa gayA taba use jo anubhava huA use aMkita karate hue kahA hai Coming to kiss her lips (such grace I found). Me seem'd I smelt a garden of sweet flow'rs That dainty odours from them throw around, For damsels fit to deck their lovers bow'rs. nAyikA ke adharoM meM madhura puSpoM kI vATikA kI sugaMdhi kA anubhava kavi ke komala mastiSka ke anukUla hI huA hai| para padmAkara kI nAyikA ke zarIra kI sugaMdhi ne madhura puSpo kI (arthAt jAhI, juhI, mallikA, camelI, manamodinI kI komala kumodinI kI) vATikA kI upamA ko kharAba kara diyA hai, usakI sugaMdhi usa vATikA se bhI madhuratara hai| padmAkara kI nAyikA kI sauMdarya-prabhA bhI bahuta hI teja-saMpanna hai| tAroM kI to bAta hI kyA, na kevala tArArAja caMdra kI cAMdanI hI varan svayaM ve bhI usake sammukha niSprabha ho jAte haiN| isI se nAyikA ke premI ne use AphatAba (sUrya) batAyA hai| usake sammukha zeksapiyara kI jUliyaTa kA sauMdarya-jisake liye kahA hai kiOh she, doth teach the torches to burn bright mAnoM maMda par3a jAtA hai| atizayokti ke liye to bhAratIya kavi prasiddha hI haiN| sauMdaryaprabhA ke saMbaMdha meM do-tIna chaMda bahuta pracalita haiM

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ zravayaveSu parasparavimbiteSvatulakAntiSu rAjati tattaneAH / zrayamayaM pravibhAga iti sphuTaM jagati nizcinute caturo'pi kaH // arthAt nAyikA ke avayava, apanI nirmala kAMti ke kAraNa, paraspara pratibiMbita ho rahe haiM / isase unake vibhAga kA jJAna hI nahIM ho pAtA / unakA vAstavika jJAna saMsAra kA koI catura prANI hI prApta kara sakatA hai / 217 sundarI ( kIdRzI ) sA bhavatyeSa vivekaH kena jAyate / prabhAmAtra hi taralaM dRzyate na tadAzrayaH // - daMDI / arthAt suMdarI kI sauMdarya-prabhA itanI adhika hai ki kevala prabhAmAtra dikhAI par3atI hai / usameM chipA huA usakA Azraya arthAt zarIra nahIM dikhAI par3atA / - dilA, kyoMkara maiM usa rukhasAre-rozana ke mukAbila hU~ / jise khurazIde - prahazara dekhakara kahatA hai maiM tila hU~ // -- akabara | arthAt vaha mukha bhari haga kyoM lakhauM zratizaya jyotiSmAna / pralaya-bhAnu jehi taki kahai maiM mukha-masA samAna // isa atizayoktipUrNa sauMdarya prabhA ke sammukha kavivara hanumAna kI nAyikA kI sauMdarya - prabhA, jisake liye unhoMne likhA hai"bi dAminI jAta prabhA nirakhe kitanI chabi maMju masAla kI hai / " yA senApati kI nAyikA kI sauMdarya - prabhA, jisake liye likhA hai ki "phalakata gorI deha basana, phIne meM mAnA phAnusa ke aMdara dipati dIpa-jAti hai" .. to pAnI hI bharegI / hA~, milTana kI Iva kA varNana avazya hI zreSTha aura svAbhAvika hai

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218 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA So lovely fair That what seemed fair in all the world seemed now Mean or in her summed up in her contained, And look in her looks which from time infused Sweetness into my heart unfelt before." ____ arthAt usakI suMdaratA ke sammukha saMsAra bhara kI suMdaratA tuccha yA usI meM samanvita pratIta hotI hai| usakI dRSTi ne mere hRdaya meM eka aisI mohinI DAla dI jisakA isake pUrva mujhe koI jJAna na thaa| daMDo kI sauMdarya-kalpanA meM camatkAra hai, akabara ke sauMdarya meM apAra teja hai aura milTana kI sauMdaryAnubhUti madhura, snigdha tathA zAMta hai| usameM bhautikatA tathA aiMdriyatA kA utanA samAveza nahIM hai jitanA AdhyAtmikatA kaa| vaha sAdhAraNa jana ke liye kalpanAtIta hai| kAvya-premiyoM kI kalpanA ke liye usameM vistRta vihAra-kSetra hai evaM usase unake mastiSka ko eka naisargika tRpti kA anubhava hogaa| padmAkara kA sauMdarya-varNana yadyapi milTana ke sauMdarya-varNana ke samAna zreSTha nahIM kahA jA sakatA para sAdhAraNa pAThakoM ko vaha apekSAkRta adhika camatkRta karane meM avazya samartha hai| alasa-sauMdarya ke aMkita karane meM padmAkara bahuta hI kuzala haiN| unhoMne vaise anekoM citra khIMce haiN| unameM se do yahA~ para die jAte haiM adhakhulI kaMcukI uroja adhAdhe khule, adhakhule veSa nakha-rekhana ke malakai / kahai 'padamAkara' navIna adha nIbo khulI, adhakhule chahari charA ke chora chalakai //

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 216 bhora jagi pyArI adha-uradha itai kI ora bhASI jhiSi phiraki u~cAri adha plkeN| bhAkhai adhakhulI adhakhulI khirakI hai khulI, adhakhule zrAnana pai adhakhulI alakai / pArasa se bhArata samhArata na sIsapaTa, gajaba gujArata garIbana kI dhAra para / kahai 'padamAkara' sugaMdha sarasAvai suci, vithuri birAjai bAra hIrana ke hAra para // chAjata chabolI chiti chahari chaTA kI chora mora uThi bAI keli-maMdira ke dvAra pr| eka paga bhItara su eka dehalI pai dhare, eka kara kaMja eka kara hai kivAra para // prabhAvotthitA viparyastavasanA vAra-vadhUTiyoM ke alasa-sauMdarya kA ukta donoM uMdoM meM jo hRdayagrAhI evaM mUrttimAna citrAMkaNa huA hai vaha padmAkara jaise anubhavI tathA rasa-siddha kavi ke sarvathA yogya hai| suruci ke vara putra kucha mahAnubhAvoM ko ukta varNanoM meM galita zRMgAra kI gaMdha bhale hI mile, para kavi ne jisa citra ko aMkita karanA cAhA hai usameM use pUrNa saphalatA milI hai| inheM par3hakara pIyUSavarSI kavi jayadeva kI nimnAMkita paMktiyA~ svata: yAda A jAtI haiMvyAlolaH kezapAzastaralitamalakaiH svedalolo kapolo dRSTA bimbAdharazrI kucakalazarucA hAritA hArayaSTiH / kAJcI kAMcidgatAzAM stanajaghanapadaM pANinAcchAdya sadyaH pazyantI satrapamAntadapi vilulitasragdhareyandhunoti // zelI kI lAvaNyamayI salajjA nAyikA bhI darzanIya

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220 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA Like a naked-bride Glowing at once with love and loveliness Blushes and trembles at its own excess. zelI kI nAyikA lajjAbhAra ke kAraNa apane ko sa~bhAlane meM asamartha hai aura padmAkara kI nAyikA Alasya ke kAraNa use sa~bhAlane meM asamartha ho rahI hai, kyoMki vaha vAra-vadhU hai aura usake nikaTa lajjA kI koI vizeSa AvazyakatA nhiiN| prakRti-puruSa ke anurAga-pAkarSaNa se hI isa sRSTi kA AvirbhAva mAnA gayA hai aura unake viccheda meM hI usakA tirobhAva / astu, anurAga yA prema hI isa sRSTi kA mUla hai| mUla ke binA yaha sRSTi Tika nahIM sktii| prakRti-puruSa ke isI mahat prema kI praticchAyA nara-nArI ke prema-yoga meM pAI jAtI hai| sAMsArika jIvana meM isa prema kI mahimA bho apAra hai-anaMta hai| isI se prAya: sabhI vizvajanIna kaviyoM ne alaukika evaM laukika prema ke stavana dvArA apanI vANI ko pavitra kiyA hai| vAlmIki, vyAsa, bhavabhUti, kAlidAsa, homara, zeksapiyara,geTe, zilara, dAMte, varjila,zelI, sUra, tulasI Adi vizva ke prAya: sabhI kaviyoM ne prema ke gIta gAe haiN| rAma aura sItA, kRSNa aura rAdhA,pharDinaMDa aura mIrAMDA Adi sabhI kA isa saMsAra se prasthAna ho cukA hai, kiMtu unakI prema-gAthA aba taka jIvita hai / isa martya-loka meM vaha aba bhI amara prema-sudhA kI varSA karatI hai| padmAkara ne bhI apane kAvya meM usI prema kA pradarzana kiyA hai| bhAratIya prema kI prAraMbhika avasthA kA citra unhoMne acchA dikhAyA hai| rUpa duhUM kI duhUna sunyo su rahaiM taba te manA saMga sdaahiiN| dhyAna meM doU duhUna lakheM hara aMga aMga anaMga uchAhoM // mohi rahe kaba ke yoM duhU~ 'padamAkara' aura kachU sudhi nAhIM / mohana ko mana mohini meM basyo mohini ko mana mohana mAhIM //

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 221 ye ita ghUghaTa ghAli calai uta bAjata bA~surI kI dhuni khAle / tyo 'padamAkara' ye itai gorasa lai nikasai yoM cukAvata meole / / prema ke paMtha suprIti ke paiTha meM paiThata hI hai dasA yaha jo le| rAdhAmaI bhaI syAma kI mUrati syAmamaI bhaI rAdhikA DAlai // vidyApati ne bhI apanI rAdhA kA kucha aisA hI citra aMkita kiyA hai patha-gati nayana milala rAdhA kAna / duhu~ mana manasija purala saMdhAna // duhu~ mukha herahata duhu~ bhela bhora / samaya na bujhae acatura cora // vidagadhi saMgini saba rasa jAna / kuTila nayana kaelanhi samadhAna // calala rAjapatha duhu~ uramAI / kaha kavi sekhara duhu~ caturAI // vidyApati tathA padmAkara donoM ne prAya: eka hI avasthA kA citra aMkita kiyA hai| kiMtu vidyApati kI apekSA padmAkara ke citra meM kahIM adhika tallInatA evaM vidagdhatA pAI jAtI hai| maithila kavi-kokila kA yaha citra unake citra ke sammukha phIkA par3a gayA hai| isakI apekSA devajI kA citra kahIM adhika uttama bana par3A hai rImi rImi rahasi rahasi hasi hasi uThe, sA~sai bhari A~sU bhari kahati daI daI / cauMki cauMki caki caki ucaki ucaki deva, jaki jaki baki baki parata baI baI // duhuna ko rUpa guna doU baranata phireM, ghara na thirAta rIti neha kI naI nii|

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222 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA mohi mohi mohana ko mana bhayo rAdhAmaya, rAdhA mana mohi mohi mohana maI maI // devajI kI rAdhA padmAkara kI rAdhA kI apekSA atyadhika adhora haiN| unakI adhIratA ke kAraNa unakA prema spaSTa ho gayA hai| vaha prathamAvasthA pAra kara dvitIya yA tRtIya avasthA meM pahuMca gayA hai| isase aba unameM vaha lajjA kA bhAva bhI nahIM rhaa| eka parakIyA nAyikA meM prema kA yaha prakaTa svarUpa kahA~ taka zlAghya hai, isa sthala para usakI vivecanA abhISTa nahIM; para padmAkara kI rAdhA ke saMbaMdha meM itanA to avazya kahA jAyagA ki unakI lajjA bhAratIya Adarza ke anurUpa hai, sAtha hI deva kI rAdhA kI premajvAlA kI apekSA unakI prema-jvAlA bhI kama nahIM hai| isake atirikta padmAkara ke kAvya meM ubhaya pakSa ke sama-prema tathA samavyavahAra kA citraNa huA hai jo sarvathA svAbhAvika hai; kiMtu deva ke kAvya meM rAdhA kI vyAkulatA jisa mAtrA meM pradarzita kI gaI hai, kRSNa kI vaisI nahIM, yadyapi saMsAra meM adhikatara nArI-jAti kI apekSA puruSa kA hI prema adhika caMcala evaM spaSTa dekhA jAtA hai| kapila ke anusAra bhI prakRti evaM puruSa sama bhAva se pArasparika sammilana ke liye prastuta rahate haiM / prema kI agni jaba taka donoM hRdayoM meM barAbara pradIpta nahIM hotI taba taka koI AnaMda hI nahIM, phira yaha 'mumakina nahIM ki darda idhara ho udhara na ho|' padmAkara ke isa kAvya-citra meM AdhyAtmika evaM Adhibhautika bhAvoM kA samAna sammizraNa hai| donoM sama bhAva se sajIva evaM mUrtimAna ho uThe haiN| padmAkara kA yaha kAvya-citra unakI aMta:sauMdarya-pradarzanAtmaka zakti kA eka uttama udAharaNa hai| padmAkara ne prema-krIr3A evaM unmatta bhAvanAoM ke bhI aneka citra aMkita kie haiM, jo eka se eka bar3hakara suMdara haiM aura aise

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 223 haiM ki unakI jor3a ke chaMda hiMdI sAhitya meM kadAcit hRr3hane para hI mila sakeM / phAga khelane kI unmattAvasthA meM kucha vraja-bAlAoM milakara zyAma kI jaisI durdazA kI hai vaha dekhane hI yogya hai-- caMdrakalA cuni cunari cAru daI pahirAya | sunAya suhorI / beMdI bisAkhA racI 'padamAkara' zraMjana zraji samAji kai zerI // lAgI jabai lalitA pahirAvana syAma ko kaMcuki kelara borI / hari hare musakyAya rahI carA mukha dai bRSabhAnu-kisorI // naTakhaTa zyAma apanI usa avasthA para khIke hoM yA rIke; para unake sAthI to unakA vaha veza dekhakara vRSabhAnu-kizorI ke samAna musakAe hI nahIM, khUba ThaThAkara ha~se bhI hoMge aura jo loga padmAkara ke kAvya-citra kI sahAyatA se apane kalpanAkAza meM unakI usa avasthA kA anubhava karane kI ceSTA kareMge ve aba bhI apane mana meM eka prakAra ke pavitra AnaMda tathA madhura gudagudI kA sahaja sukha avazya anubhava kareMge / isa kAvya - citra meM kavi ne nAriyoM kI unmattAvasthA kA varNana kiyA hai para sAtha hI vRSabhAnu-kizorI kI muskarAhaTa ke samaya mukha meM A~cala dekara Arya mahilAoM kI lajjA-maryAdA kI sahaja hI rakSA kara lI hai / itanI unmatta bhAvanAoM kA varNana karate hue bhI maryAdA kI isa prakAra rakSA karanA sAdhAraNa kavi kA kAma nahIM hai / jIvana ke satya ke samAna saMyoga aura viyoga donoM isI saMsAra kI tAratamyabodhaka upabhoga avasthAe~ haiM / bhAva-abhAva, prakAzaaMdhakAra, sukha-duHkha, harSa-viSAda ke samAna hI saMyoga aura viyoga kA bhI paraspara anyonya saMbaMdha hai / eka kI sthiti se dUsare kI sthiti puSTa hotI hai / mAnava-jIvana meM saMyoga aura viyoga donoM kA hI apanA apanA vizeSa sthAna aura mahattva hai / isI se

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224 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA Arya - sAhityakAroM ne donoM avasthAoM kiyA hai / kA samAna varNana > viyoga kA kleza kitanA tIvra hotA hai, isakA vAstavika anubhava to bhuktabhogI ko hI ho sakatA hai; para jo bhuktabhogI nahIM haiM unake nikaTa zabdoM dvArA usakI tIvratA kA anubhava karAnA bar3A kaThina hai / isI se kavi prAyaH viyoga-varNana meM pratizayokti se kAma lete haiM / para kucha kaviyoM kA yaha atizayokti prayoga itanA atiraMjita huA hai ki vaha zrRMgAra athavA karuNa bhAva kA udreka karane ke sthAna para Azcarya kA hI uddIpaka bana gayA hai / padmAkara kA viraha-varNana bhI isa doSa se mukta nahIM hai, kiMtu vaha adhikatara svabhAva-sammata hai - komala kaMja mRnAla para kie kalAnidhi vAsa / kabakA dhyAna rahI ju dhari, piyA milana kI zrAsa // pati-pratIkSAratA ciMtA magnA ramaNI kA yaha eka utkRSTa citra hai / zabda-yojanA evaM bhAva sabhI kAvyamaya haiM / jisa nArImUrti ke nirmANa meM jaganniyaMtA ne apanI saMpUrNa nipuNatA vyaya kara dI usakI niyati kI kuTilatA sarvathA pratikUla sthiti kI dyotaka hai / isI se kavi ne bhI usake citrAMkaNa meM pratikUla tattvoM kA hI avalaMbana kiyA hai pRthvI para kaMja ke AdhAra se bAhu- mRNAla kA sthita honA aura phira usa para sahaja - virodhI aMtarikSavAsI kalAnidhi - Anana kA vAsa ekadama anahonI ghaTanA hai| kiMtu nAyikA ke pradRSTa ke samAna usakA honA sarvathA saMbhava hai / aise utkRSTa kAvya-citra sAhitya meM bahuta kama dekhe jAte haiM / isa dohe ke sAtha jUliyaTa kA nimna citra bhI milAna karane yogya hai / 1

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padmAkara ke kAvya ko kucha vizeSatAe~ Romeo-- See how she leans her cheek upon her hand O! that I were a glove upon that hand That I might touch that cheek. huA hai / Shakespeare romiyo kahatA hai- dekho, vaha apane karatala para kapoloM ko kisa prakAra rakhe hai / Aha ! yadi maiM usa hAtha kA 'glava' hI hotA to kama se kama usake gAla kA sukha -sparza to pAtA / padmAkara tathA zeksapiyara donoM hI ne apanI apanI nAyikAoM kI eka hI sthiti kA varNana kiyA hai / aMtara itanA hI hai ki zeksapiyara ne kavitA meM juliyaTa ke sauMdarya ko romiyo kI AMtarika abhilASA ko vyakta karAkara vikasita kiyA hai aura padmAkara ne prakRti ke virodhI tatvoM kA ullekha kara usakI viparIta sthiti kA paricaya diyA hai / yadi zeksapiyara kI saphalatA saralatA ke sAtha mAnI jAyagI to padmAkara kI saphalatA alaMkArikatA ke sAtha huI hai / thAI taji haiN| to tAhi taranitanUjA-tIra, tAki tAki tArApati tarakati tAtI sI / kahai 'padamAkara' gharIka hI maiM ghanasyAma, kAma tau kAlabAja kuMjana hai kAtI sI // yAhI china vAhI seo na mohana miloge jo pai, lagana lagAi etI agina zravAtI sI / rAvarI duhAI tau bujhAI na buphaigI pheri, neha-bharI nAgarI kI deha diyA-bAtI sI // padmAkara kA yaha viraha-varNana kAvya- kalA kI dRSTi se neha zabda zliSTa aura camatkArapUrNa hai / 225 15 Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat acchA zleSa dvArA www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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226 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA grahaNa karane se vipralaMbha zRMgAra samarthita 'diyA-bAtI sI' nAgarI kI deha kA artha kAvya- liMga alaMkAra hotA hai jisake sAhacarya se kA jaisA suMdara vikAsa huA hai, vaha sarvathA prazaMsanIya hai / chekAnuprAsa kA ullekha vyartha hogA, kyoMki vaha padmAkara ke kAvya meM sarvatra vyApaka hai aura ve usake mAsTara haiM 1 isa viraha-varNana meM nAgarI kI upamA diyA-bAtI se bahuta hI uttama bana par3I hai| dIye kI battI jisa prakAra Apa hI Apa dhIre dhIre jalakara naSTa ho jAtI hai, virahI prANI kA zarIra bhI usI prakAra viraha-vahni meM dagdha hokara naSTa ho jAtA hai / AtmAhuti kI pravRtti yA Self consuming zeal kA honA hI sacce viraha kA svarUpa hai 1 isI se koI premI prArthanA karatA hai ki isa pravRtti kA jitanA vega usameM hai usakA kucha aMza usakI premikA meM bhI A jAya / Then haste, kind good head and inspire A portion of your sacred fire To make her feel. That self consuming zeal The cause of my decay That was to my very heart away, AryaramaNiyoM kA viraha-vedanA ko mUka bhAva se sahana karane kA citra nimna chaMda meM bahuta acchA aMkita kiyA gayA hai - pUra a~suvAna ko rahyo jo pUri akhina meM, cAhata bahatho para bar3hi bAhirai bahai nahIM / kahai 'padamAkara' sudekhehu tamAla taru > cAhata gahoI pai hai gahaba gahai nahIM //

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padmAkara ke kAvya ko kucha vizeSatAe~ kaupi kadalI laiMauM yA zrAlI kI avalaMba kahU, cAhata brahyau pai lokalAjana lahai nahIM / kaMta na milai ko dukha dAruna anaMta pAya, area kahayau pai kachu kAhU se kahai nahIM // eka ora lokalanA dUsarI ora viraha vedanA, donoM ke zAsana meM par3akara abalA bAlA kA burA hAla hai / hRdaya ro rahA hai para use prakaTa karane meM lajjA bAdhaka hai / saMbhavataH usakI usa aMtarvyathA se sahAnubhUti prakaTa karanevAlA bhI koI nahIM hai / vaha apane A~suo kA ghU~Ta Apa hI pokara raha jAtI hai, kitanI dayanIya avasthA hai "ika mIna bicAro bidhyA banalI puni jAla ke jAya dubhAle paratho / mana to manamohana ke sa~ga go tana lAja manoja ke pAle parayo || aise kusamaya meM Tenisana kI merInA ke samAna usakA yaha socanA hI svAbhAvika hogA ..... My life is dreary He cometh not...... 227 I am aweary aweary I would that I were dead. ..... toSa tathA bihArI ne bhI apane muktakoM meM kucha aisI hI avasthA kA varNana kiyA hai / prItama ko hita pona gahi, lie jAti tehi saMga / gahi DorI kula-lAja kI, bhaI caMga ke raMga // toSavidhi | Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat naI lagana kula kI sakuca bikala bhaI akulAya | duhU~ aura aiMcI phire phirakI lauM dina jAya // - bihArI / www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA toSa tathA bihArI donoM kI nAyikAoM kI aMtarvyathA padmAkara kI nAyikA kI apekSA adhika khula gaI hai| ve kula saMkoca kI apekSA priyatama prema kI ora hI adhika prAkRSTa pratIta hotI haiM / toSa kI nAyikA kI AtmA kavi kI atirikta kalA meM par3akara itanI nirbala ho gaI hai ki vaha apanI duravasthA ke prati hamArI sahAnubhUti prApta karane meM sarvathA asamartha hai| bihArI kI nAyikA kA adhairya, naI lagana ke hote hue bhI, anaMta prema kA paricAyaka hai / teoSa kI apekSA unakA varNana bhI svAbhAvika hai| kiMtu padmAkara kI anubhUti bhAratIya loka-maryAdA ke anukUla bar3o vidagdhatApUrNa huI hai / padmAkara kI aisI hI kAvya-sUktiyoM ko dekhakara kahanA par3atA hai ki ve jIvana kI prAkRtika vyAkhyA ( Naturalistic interpretation of life ) meM bahuta hI pravINa haiM prAnana ke pyAre tana-tApa ke haranahAre, 228 naMda ke dulAre brajavAre umahata haiM / kahai 'padamAkara' uruke ura aMtara yoM, aMtara cahU~ te na aMtara cahata haiM / / nainana base haiM aMga aMga hulase haiM, roma romana rase haiMnikase haiM ko kahate haiM / Udho ve goviMda koU aura mathurA meM rahe, mere to goviMda mohi mohi meM rahata haiM // prema aura viraha kI vaha avasthA jisameM prANI apane aura apane premI ke aMtara ko bhUla jAtA hai--vaha na kevala apane hI roma roma meM varana sRSTi ke pratyeka padArtha meM apane hI prema pAtra kI manohara mUrti kA darzana karatA hai aura usI meM tanmaya ho jAtA hai-- bar3I hI tRptikara hotI hai / usa samaya viraha athavA prema-vRSNA kI anaMta jvAlA se zAMti kA eka aisA sudhA-srota utpanna hotA hai jisameM

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padmAkara ke kAvya ko kucha vizeSatAe~ 226 avagAhana kara aMtardevatA kA prANa zItala aura anaMta AnaMda meM nimagna ho jAtA hai| yahI samAdhi hai, yaho brahmAnaMda hai| upayukta chaMda meM padmAkara ne rAdhA kI isI avasthA kA varNana kiyA hai| varNana meM jaisI unakI tallInatA dikhAI gaI hai, paramAtmA kare vaha pratyeka virahI prANI ko prApta ho / ___ padmAkara ke isa bhAva-citra se aneka kaviyoM kI kalpanA kA sAdRzya pAyA jAtA hai jo na jI meM prema taba kIjai brata-nema, jaba kaMjamukha bhUlai taba saMjama visekhie / prAsa nahIM pI kI taba zrAsana hI bAdhiyata, sAsana ke sAsana ko mUMda pati pekhie / nakha te sikhA lI jaba premamaI bAna maI, bAhira lau bhItara na dUjo deva dekhie / joga kari milai jo viyoga hoya pAlama jU , yA na hari hoya taba dhyAna dhari dekhie ||-dev nisi-dina sonana piyUSa so piyata rahai, chAya rahyo nAda bA~surI ke sura-grAma ko| taravitanUjA tIra bana-kuja bIdhina maiM, jahA~ tahA~ dekhiyata rUpa chavi-dhAma kau // kavi matirAma hota hI to nA hiye te neka, sukha prema gAta ko parasa abhirAma ko| Udhau tuma kahata viyoga taji joga karo, joga jaba karai jo viyoga hoya syAma ko|| -matirAma / My beloved is ever in my heart That is why I see him every wbere,

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230 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA He is in the pupils of my eyes, That is why I see him everywhere I went far away to hear his own words But, ah it was in vain ! When I came back I heard them In my own songs Who are you to see him like a beggar from door to door ? Come to my heart and see his face in the ___tears of my eyes! -Rabindra Nath Tagore. arthAt, mere priyatama sarvadA mere hRdaya meM nivAsa karate haiM isI se maiM unheM sarvatra dekhatA huuN| ve merI A~khoM kI putaliyoM meM rahate haiM, isI se maiM unheM sarvatra dekhatA huuN| maiM dUra deza meM unakI vANI sunane ke liye gyaa| paraMtu prAha ! saba vyartha thA / jaba maiM lauTakara AyA to apane hI saMgIta meM use sunaa| tuma kauna ho jo unheM bhikhArI kI bhA~ti dara dara hU~r3ha rahe ho| Ao, mere A~suoM meM unakI madhura mUrti kA darzana kro| A two-fold existence I am where thou art ; My heart in the distance Beats close to thy heart Look I am near theo ! I gaze on thy face ; I see thee I hear thee I feel thine embrace-Lord Lytton arthAt, pRthaka rahate hue bhI maiM tumhAre hI sAtha huuN| dUra para bhI merA hRdaya tumhAre hI hRdaya ke sAtha hai / dekho, maiM tumhAre nikaTa, tumhAre

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 231 mukha-maMDala ko dekhatA hU~, tumheM dekhatA hU~, tumheM sunatA hU~ aura tumhAre ho AliMgana kA anubhava karatA huuN| ukta sabhI kAvyoM meM premI aura premikA ke aikya-saMbaMdha ko pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| deva kA kAvya saMyata aura tarka-yukta huprA hai; matirAma ke kAvya meM tarka kI apekSA prema kA prAdhikya hai; ravIMdranAtha kI paMktiyoM meM prema kI tallInatA aura AdhyAtmikatA kA Aveza hai aura lArDa liTana ke chaMdoM meM bhAvAnubhUti kI tIvratA hai| kiMtu padmAkara ke kAvya meM jo tIvra saMvedanA, tanmayatA yA bhAvalInatA pAI jAtI hai, vaha ukta kisI kAvya meM nahIM hai| zRMgAra-kAvya kI saphalatA ke pazcAt padmAkara kA bhaktikAvya sArthaka huA hai| yauvana ke Aveza meM tathA rAjAoM ko rijhAne ke uddezya se unhoMne zRMgArAtmaka kAvya kI racanA kI thii| kiMtu avasthA Dhalane para 'peTa kI capeTa aura lobha kI lapeTa' meM dara dara bhaTaka cukane para roga-grasta avasthA meM jaba unheM kahIM vizrAma kA dhAma na milA to rAma-nAma ke rasAyana dvArA unhoMne apane tana-mana aura vANI ko pavitra kiyaa| isa avasthA kI padmAkara kI racanAe~ mArjita aura praur3ha-vicAra-saMpanna huI haiN| bhakti-kAvya meM apane upAsya ke prati kavi kA jaisA aTala vizvAsa pAyA jAtA hai vaisA kucha cune cunAe bhaktoM kI vANI meM ho mila sakatA hai| padmAkara ke kAvya kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yahI hai ki unhoMne jisa prakAra kI bhI kavitA kI hai usameM tallIna ho gae haiN| unake jaisI tallInatA hiMdo ke bahuta kama kaviyoM meM pAI jAtI hai| ___ padmAkarajI apane pAtakoM ko bahuta bar3A samajhate the isI se unhoMne likhA hai

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA vyAdhahU 1 bida sAdhu / ajAmila te, grAha te gunAhI kh| tinameM ginAoge syaurI hauM na sUdra haiN| na kevaTa kahU~ ko tyoM na, gautamItiyA haiN| jApai paga dhari zrAzroge // rAma soM kahata 'padamAkara' pukAri tuma, mere mahApApana ko pArahU na pAoge / sItAsI satI ko jyo jhUThoI kalaMka suni, L sAco hU~ kalaMkI tAhi kaise apanAoge ? apane ko pApI se bhI pApI batAkara uddhAra kI prArthanA prAya: sabhI bhaktoM ne kI hai / paraMtu apane iSTadeva rAma ke sotA-tyAga para jaisI mITho cuTakI padmAkara ne lI hai vaiso Aja taka kisI ke kAvya meM dekhane ko na milI / vyaMga cAhe jaisA bhI unhoMne kyoM na kiyA ho para apane iSTadeva kI udAratA meM unheM pUrNa vizvAsa thA / pra ke payonidhi lauM lahareM uThana lAgIM, laharA lagyo tyoM hona pauna puravaiyA ko / bhIra bharI jhA~jharI viloki ma~jhadhAra parI, dhIra na dharAta 'padamAkara' khevaiyA ko // kahA vAra kahA pAra jAnI na jAta kachU, dUsarA dikhAta na rakhaiyA aura naiyA ko / bahana na paise gheri ghATahi lage hai aise, zramita bharosA mohi mere raghuraiyA ko // 232 tUphAna meM par3I nAva ke DUbane-utarAne ke isa rUpaka ko aneka bhakta kaviyoM ne apane kAvya meM citrita kiyA hai jinameM se cAra yahA~ para die jAte haiM / pAra kaise ko jaihai rI nadiyA zragama apAra / gahirI nadiyA nAva purAnI khevanahAra ga~vAra ||

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ nizi a~dhiyArI sAI matavAro jAke kara patavAra / kAma krodha mada moha ghora bahu maccha magara ghariyAra // siMdhu- sutA jaga-mAtu binA aba kou na bacAvanahAra | naiyA merI tanaka sI cahu~ dizi prati bhareM uThata kevaTa hai matavAra nAva adhI uThata udaMDa tAhu pai kaha giridhara kavirAya nAtha hai| uThe dayA ko DA~r3a ghATa pai bojhI - kAzIprasAda | pAthara bhAra / kevaTa hai matavAra // majhadhArai zrAnI / barasai pAnI // tumhIM khevaiyA / zrAvai naiyA // -- giridhara / aba ziva pAra karo merI naiyA / aughaTa ghATa mahAjala bUr3ata, ballI Thagai na khivaiyA | bAri barobara bAri rahayau hai tApara ati puravaiyA || tharatharAta kaMpata hiya mero ziva kI deta duhaiyA | devIsahAya prabhAta pukArata ziva pitu girijA maiyA // -de vIsahAya / 233 Dagamaga Dolai dInAnAtha naiyA bhavasAgara meM merI / maiMne bhara bhara jIvana bhAra, chor3e tana bohita bahu bAra / pahu~cA eka nahIM usa pAra, yaha bhI kAlacakra ne gherI // mur3akA meru daMDa patavAra, kara paga pAte cale na cAra / sakucA mana mAjhI hiya hAra, pUrI durgati rAta a~dherI // U~le zragha maSa nakra bhujaMga, phaTake paTake tApa taraMga | taratI karma pavana ke saMga, bha~vara meM bharatI hai cakapherI // Thokara maraNAcala kI khAya, phaTakara DUba jAyagI hAya /

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234 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zaMkara aba to pAra lagAya, terI mAra sahI bahuterI // - zaMkara kAzIprasAdajI kI vipatti meM unakI siMdhu sutA hI aMtima AdhAra haiM, giridhara aura devIsahAyajI ke kAvya meM apane iSTadeva ke prati kAtara prArthanA hai / zaMkarajI kA kAvya sAdagI se dUra hai, usameM AdhyAtmika bhAvanA ke sAtha pUrNa rUpaka alaMkAra kA nirvAha kiyA gayA hai aura padmAkarajI ke kAvya meM unake raghuraiyA unake aMtima AdhAra haiM, unake prati yadyapi pratyakSa rUpa se nahIM kiMtu parokSa rUpa se kAtara prArthanA bhI hai aura sabase bar3hakara hai prAdhyAtmika bhAvAveza ke sAtha apane iSTadeva kI zakti aura udAratA meM aTala vizvAsa / aisA vizvAsa DhU~r3hane para hI kisI bhakta kI vANI meM mila sakegA / unakI varNana zailI meM pravAha aura bhAvalInatA pichale kisI bhI chaMda se kahIM adhika hai / zailI meM pravAha aura bhAvalInatA padmAkara ke kAvya kA pradhAna guNa hai / isa kAvya meM tUphAna ke mUrtimAn citraNa ko dekhakara jemsa TAmasana ke Storm kI kucha paMktiyA~ apane pUrNa vega se sammukha A jAtI haiM / Meantime the mountain-billows to the cloud In dreadful tumult swell'd surge above surge Burst into chaos with tremendous roar. And anchor'd navies from their stations drive Wild as the winds across the howling waste Of mighty waters! now the inflated wave Straining they scale, and now impetuous shoot. Into the secret chambers of the deep, The wintery Baltic thundering o'er their head Emerging thence again, before the breath

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ 235 Of full exerted Heaven, they wing their course And dart on distant coasts, if some sharp rock. Or shoal fragments fling their floating round TAmasana ke kAvya meM prakRti ke raudra rUpa kA darzana milatA hai| vaha saMhArakAriNI banakara hI upasthita huI hai| nIce parvatAkAra laharoM kA huMkAra aura AMdolana, Upara vidyut kA bana-nirghoSasthAnacyuta jala-pota kI zaktiH kitanI jo isa pralayakArI paristhiti kA sAmanA kara ske| vaha to laharoM ke vazIbhUta hokara unhIM kI kRpA para TikA huA hai-abhI abhI hai, abhI nahIM / bhaviSya aMdhakAramaya aura nirAzA-pUrNa hai| kiMtu padmAkara kI bhIra bharI jhA~jharI yadyapi pralaya-payonidhi sadRza laharoM meM hI par3I huI hai aura khevaiyA kA dhairya chUTa gayA hai paraMtu raghuraiyA kI zakti para pUrNa vizvAsa hai, vaha pAra lagakara hI rhegii| bhayAnaka, sthiti ke Background aura ujjvala AzA ke prakAza meM bhakta-hRdaya kA vizvAsa ekadama khila gayA hai| padmAkara ko sabase kama saphalatA milI hai vIra athavA raudra bhAvApanna kAvyoM meM / vIra-gAthA kAla kI zailI ke anukaraNa meM to ve sarvathA viphala hue haiN| hA~, bhUSaNa kI zailI ke anugamana meM unheM apekSAkRta avazya adhika saphalatA milI hai| unakI bhRSaNazailI kI talavAra-prazaMsA yahA~ para dI jAtI hai| dAhana te dUnI teja tigunI trisUla hU te, cillina te caugunI calAka cakracAlI te / kahai 'padamAkara' mahIpa raghunAtharAva aisI samasera sera satruna pai ghAlI te // . pAcagunI pabba te pacIsa gunI pAvaka te pragaTa pacAsagunI pralaya pranAlI te /

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236 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA sAThagunI sesa te sahasragunI khApana te, lAkhagunI lUka te karoragunI kAlI te // padmAkarajI ne aneka saMskRta chaMdoM ke anuvAda bhI kie haiM, kiMtu unameM bhI unakI pratibhA kI chApa lagI huI hai / unase bhI unakA yatheSTa pAMDitya prakaTa hotA hai I torasAramapahRtya I zaMkayA svIkRtaM yadi palAyanaM tvayA / mAnase mama nitAntatAmase nandanandana kathaM na lIyase // e brajacaMda goviMda gopAla sunA kina kete kalAma kiye maiM / tyoM 'padamAkara' Ana~da ke nada hau naMdanaMdana jAna liye maiM // mAkhana cori ke khArina hai cale bhAji kachU bhaya mAni jiye maiM dUrihu dauri duratho jo cahA to durau kina mere a~dhere hiye maiM // he kRSNa ! tuma makkhana curAkara bhaya ke kAraNa galiyoM meM bhAga rahe ho ? acchA, yadi tumako kahIM dUra jAkara chipanA hI hai jahA~ se tumheM koI DhU~r3ha na sake to kyoM nahIM mere aMdhakAra - paripUrNa hRdaya- gahvara meM Akara chipa rahate ! yahA~ para tumheM koI pakar3a nahIM sakatA / tuma brajacaMda ho, ataH merA hRdaya prakAzamAna ho jAyagA / tuma goviMda ho, ata: tumase mere hRdaya kI bAta ajJAta nahIM / vaha kaisA hai ise tuma bhalI bhA~ti jAnate ho| tuma gopAla ho ataH mere hRdaya kA, jo eka go ( iMdriya) hai, paripAlana karoge ! brajacaMda, goviMda tathA gopAla ina tIna saMbodhanoM dvArA padmAkara ne jina sUkSma tattvoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, saMskRta zloka meM unakA kahIM patA bhI nahIM hai / isa dRSTi se saMskRta kI apekSA hiMdI kA savaiyA utkRSTa ho gayA hai| isI prakAra unake adhikAMza anya anuvAdoM meM unakI vizeSatA kI chApa lagI huI hai / isa prakAra padmAkara ke bhAvoM kI parIkSA karake dekhA jAtA hai ki unakA bhAMDAra yadyapi choTA hai kiMtu usameM jo kucha hai usakA

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padmAkara ke kAvya kI kucha vizeSatAe~ eka bhAga bahuta hI ujjvala evaM utkRSTa hai / unakI bhASA bahurUpiNI hai| bhAvAnurUpa vaha sarala, tarala tathA muhAvaredAra huI hai unake kAvyoM meM bhASA kI jaisI anekarUpatA dekhI jAtI hai vaisI hiMdI ke tulasI, a~garejI ke Tenisana Adi kucha atyaMta utkRSTa kaviyoM meM hI pAI jA sakatI hai| unake bhAvoM meM yadyapi Ajakala ke vicArAnusAra adhika gaMbhIratA nahIM pAI jA sakatI kiMtu vaha jaisI bhI hai, bahuta suMdara rUpa meM vikasita huI hai| bhAratIya sAhityazAstra ke AdarzAnusAra yadyapi padmAkarajI ko mahAkaviyoM kI zreNI meM baiThAnA bhI kaThina hogA kiMtu unakI kucha sUktiyA~ itanI zreSTha huI haiM jo saMsAra ke pratiSThita kaviyoM kI acchI racanAoM ke samakakSa niHsaMkoca rakhI jA sakatI haiN| unameM se kucha to itanI ujjvala huI haiM jinase hiMdI-sAhitya kA mastaka U~cA huA hai| padmAkarajI apanI paripATI ke bahuta zreSTha kavi ho gae haiM aura tadanukUla saMsAra meM unakI pratiSThA bhI yatheSTa huI hai|

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(8) humAyU~ ke viruddha SaDyaMtra [ lekhaka-zrI rAmazaMkara avasthI, bI0 e0, prayAga] humAyU~ ke viruddha paDyaMtra thA yA nahIM, isa prazna para prAcIna itihAsajJoM meM matabheda hai| aisA honA svAbhAvika hI hai jaba humAyU~ ke samakAlIna tathA usakI mRtyu ke cAlIsa varSa bAda ke itihAsakAroM meM hI tIna mata haiM-(1) samrATa ne humAyUM ko isa kAraNa bulA bhejA ki yadi usakI kahoM mRtyu hI ho jAya to kama se kama eka uttarAdhikArI to nikaTa hogA; (2) humAyU~ ne (badakhzA se) apane pitA ke darzana kI utkaTa lAlasA se prerita ho prasthAna kiyA; (3) AgarA meM humAyU~ ko siMhAsana-cyuta karane ke liye eka SaDyaMtra kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thA tathA pradhAna SaDyaMtrakAra mIra khalIphA ne apane prayatnoM ko asaphala hote dekhakara ulTe humAyU~ ko hI bulA bhejaa| aba hama isa viSaya para prApya sAmagrI kA vizleSaNa kara ina tInoM matoM kI vAstavikatA para vicAra kreNge| pahale mata kA pratipAdaka svayaM humAyUM kA cacerA bhAI mirajA haidara dogalAta hai| usakA kathana hai-"varSa 635 hi0 meM bAbara bAdazAha ne humAyUM mirajA ko vApasa bulA bhejaa.........| usane use bulA bhejA tAki usakI ekAeka mRtyu ke samaya koI uttarAdhikArI to nikaTa mila jaave|" paraMtu isa mata kI vAstavikatA kA prazna uThAne ke pUrva yaha sUcita kara denA atyAvazyaka hai ki humAyU~ ke AgarA cale pAne ke bAda mirajA haidara ne badakhzA A gherA thA / (1) tArIkhe-razIdI-lekhaka mirajA haidara dogalAta, anuvAdaka I aiDarAsa, pRSTha 387 / (2) vahI, pRSTha 388 /

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240 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA usa samaya usane jo kucha badakhzA~-nivAsiyoM se sunA usI ke AdhAra para apanA mata prakaTa kiyaa| humAyU~ ne apane jAne kA vAstavika rahasya to unase chipA rakhA thA aura apane pitA ke bulAne kA bahAnA kara diyA thA / ataH mirajA haidara kI pustaka ke ukta avataraNa para zrAgarA kI kaluSita rAjanIti kI chApa na honA svAbhAvika hI hai' / pro0 raka viliyamsa ne apanI asAdhAraNa yogyatA se isa mata kA khaMDana karate hue ise bahAnA batAyA hai / unhoMne cAra pramANa die haiM-- humAyU~ kI upasthiti ne AgarA meM sabako cakita kara diyA; bAbara hiMdAla ko bulA cukA thA aura donoM ko eka sAtha kabhI na bulAtA; humAyU~ ke sthAna meM koI dUsarA niyukta nahIM kiyA gayA thA; bAbara ne humAyU~ se apane sUbe ko lauTa jAne ko kahA ? bAta bhI aisI hI mAlUma hotI hai| bAbara jaise mAtR-bhUmi-premI ke liye kevala putra prema para badakhzA~ khA baiThanA sarvathA asaMbhava thA / abula phajala ne dUsare mata ne dUsare mata kA samarthana karate hue kahA hai" ekAeka humAyU~ ke hRdaya meM samrAT jannata - e - AziyAnI ke darzana karane kI utkaTa lAlasA huI tathA apane ko rokane meM asamartha ( 1 ) tArIkhe - razIdI ke anusAra bAbara ne humAyU~ ko bulA bhejA tAki usakI ekAeka mRtyu ke samaya koI uttarAdhikArI nikaTa hI mila jAya / tabakAte - zrakabarI ke lekhaka tathA kucha arvAcIna itihAsa - vizeSajJoM kI bhI yahI dhAraNA mAlUma hotI hai| paraMtu yaha to eka Azcarya tathA ha~sI kI bAta hai ki bAbara apanI ekAeka mRtyu ke viSaya meM pahale se hI kaise jAna gayA ? " ekAeka mRtyu" ho jAne ke samaya kA jJAna ho jAnA sRSTikartA ke kArya meM hastakSepa karanA hai| mirajA haidara kA vaha kathana avizvasanIya mAlUma hotA hai / ( 2 ) aina eMpAyara bilDara Apha dI siksTIMtha seMcurI - lekhaka ela0 epha0 razbuka viliyamsa, pRSTha 172, TippaNI 2 /

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humAyU~ ke viruddha SaDyaMtra 241 pAkara...... . vaha saubhAgya ke kAbA tathA AzAoM ke kiblA kI ora cala par3A' / " yaha mata bhI hameM ThIka nahIM mAlUma hotA kyoMki isa samaya humAyU~ bAlaka to thA nahIM jo binA mAtA-pitA ke kahIM raha na pAtA phira gata pharavarI taka samasta ranivAsa kAbula meM hI thA tathA bAbara sadA upadezayukta patra use bhejatA rahatA thA aura humAyU~ to Alasya meM kabhI kabhI use uttara taka nahIM detA thA ? jisake liye use apane pitA kI jhir3ako bhI sahanI par3atI thI / dUsare humAyU~ kI mAnasika pragati kucha sUphI mata kI ora thI jisa kAraNa vaha kucha virakta tathA ekAMtavAsa premI bhI ho gayA thA / kabhI kabhI to amIroM ko dina bhara usake darzana durlabha ho jAte the re / yahI nahIM, eka bAra to bAbara kA rAjadUta sAla bhara taka badakhzA~ meM par3A rahA / eka aisI prakRti kA puruSa apane pitA ke prema se pAgala hokara kaise bhAga khar3A huA, yaha to hameM avizvasanIya hI pratIta hotA hai / paraMtu yadi thor3I dera ke liye aisA hI mAna liyA jAya to prazna yaha uThatA hai ki pitA ke darzana karane ke bAda usane apane usI zreyaskara pitA ke badakhyA~ lauTa jAne ke Adeza kA ullaMghana hI kyoM kiyA ? avazya hI isakA kAraNa koI dUsarA hogA / O ( 1 ) akabara - nAmA - le0 bi0 1, pRSTha 271 / (2) tujuke- bAbarI - le0 ja0 mo0 bAbara, anu0 miseja e0 esa0 bivarija, ji0 3, pRSTha 627 / ( 3 ) vahI, ji0 3, pRSTha 626 / ( 4 ) vahI, ji0 3, pRSTha 626 / usI patra meM bAbara ne yaha bhI likhA - "phira ekAMtavAsa ke viSaya meM tumane bahuta bAra likhA hai-- ekAMtavAsa zAsakoM ke liye bar3A doSa hai / zAsana ke sAtha ekAMtavAsa zobhA nahIM detA" / 16 Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat abula phajala, anu0 e0 esa0 bivarija, www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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242 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA nijAmuddIna ahamada bakhzI ne tIsare mata kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| usakI vicAra-dhArA ke do bhAga haiM--prathama to yaha ki mIra khalIphA ko humAyU~ kI ora se zaMkAe~ thIM aura vaha usake siMhAsanastha hone ke pakSa meM na thaa| paraMtu vaha usI se asaMtuSTa na thA, varan humAyU~ ke choTe bhAiyoM ke bhI uttarAdhikArI hone ke pakSa meM na thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki yaha humAyU~ tathA mIra khalIphA ke vyaktigata jhagar3oM kA hI hAnikAraka pariNAma na thA varan isakA kucha rAjanIti se bhI saMbaMdha thaa| dUsare yaha ki merA pitA vahIM khar3A rhaa| maha~dI khvAjA ne, mere pitA ko bhI mIra khalIphA ke sAtha lauTa gayA jAna, dAr3hI para tAva dekara kahA-"Izvara ne cAhA to tujhe (mIra khalIphA ko) bhI bhUna ddaaluuNgaa|" merA pitA turaMta mIra khalIphA ke pAsa pAyA aura usane saba bAta kaha sunAI / usane kahA ki humAyU~ tathA usake bhAiyoM ke aise rAjakumAroM ke hote hue tumheM kyA ho gayA hai jo tumane siMhAsana kisI dUsare vaMza ke rAjA ko dene kI ThAna lI hai / ( ina bAtoM kA samarthana abulaphajala ne bhI kiyA hai )...mIra khalIphA ne turaMta humAyU~ ko bulA bhejaa| ina avataraNoM ke AdhAra para yUropIya tathA bhAratIya itihAsavizeSajJoM ne ekamata se kahA hai ki prAgarA meM pradhAna maMtrI ke netRtva meM eka SaDyaMtra kA nirmANa, humAyU~ ko siMhAsana-cyuta karane ke abhiprAya se, kiyA gyaa| kucha vidvAnoM kA yaha bhI vicAra hai ki (1) tabakAte-akabarI, billiyothikA iMDikA, prakAzaka eziyATika sosAiTI, phArasI mUga, pRSTha 28 / rDy nbshd bh psrn khwrd hrgh bslTnt psr bzrg -dawlhi siril xs (2) vahI, pRSTha 26 /

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humAyU~ ke viruddha SaDyaMtra 243 isameM bAbara kA bhI hAtha thA aura mAhama ( humAyU~ kI mAtA ) ne isI kAraNa AgarA kI ora payAna kiyaa| hameM to yaha saba mata kapola-kalpita se pratIta hote haiM, na koI SaDyaMtra thA, na SaDyaMtrakArI / saca bAta to yaha thI ki bAbara bahuta dinoM se uttara-pazcima pradeza ko, zAMti sthApita karane ke prayojana se, jAnA cAhatA thA jaisA prayAga-vizvavidyAlaya ke itihAsa-vibhAga ke eka maulika tathA ojasvI itihAsavettA kA kathana hai, bAbara kI isa anupasthiti meM yaha ucita thA ki AgarA ke prabaMdha kA bhAra kisI nikaTastha sUbedAra ko de diyA jAya / jaunapura kA adhyakSa mohammada jA~ mirajA yaha bhAra lene meM sarvathA asamartha thA, kyoMki baMgAla-prAMtIya aphagAna sadA hI vidrohI rahate the| unakI ora se mugala sAmrAjya ko bar3A bhaya thA aura unake viruddha mohammada jamAM jaise yogya puruSa kI AvazyakatA thii| ata: bAbara ne mIra khalIphA kI sammati se kucha samaya ke liye AgarA ko maha~dI khvAjA ke sUbe meM milA dene kA vicAra kiyaa| isa bAta ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue yadi hama tabakAte-akabarI kA adhyayana kareM to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kisI SaDyaMtra kI racanA nahIM kI gaI thii| isake pramANa nimnalikhita haiM (ka ) yadi pArasparika dveSa ke hI kAraNa humAyU~ ko samrATa hone se vaMcita rakhA jA rahA thA to becAre kAmarAna, askarI aura hiMdAla ne kyA bigAr3A thA ? unase to mIra khalIphA ko koI khaTakA na thA; phira una para yaha vajrapAta kaisA ki mIra khalIphA unheM bhI siMhAsana nahIM denA cAhatA thA! spaSTa bAta to yaha mAlUma hotI hai ki bAbara kI anupasthiti meM thor3e dinoM ke liye AgarA kA prabaMdha karane ke liye bAbara aura mIra khalIphA ne rAjakumAroM ko (1) tujake-bAbarI, ji0 3, pRSTha 676 /

Page #249
244 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bulAnA anAvazyaka samajhA; phira bAbara kA jAnA bhI abhI pUrNa rUpa se nizcita na thA / (kha) hiMdustAna meM humAyU~ ke A jAne ke bAda bhI bAbara mIra khalIphA kA pahale hI kI taraha sammAna' karatA rahA / yaha kahanA to nyAya saMgata na hogA ki itanA ho jAne para bhI usako isa rahasya kA patA na cala pAyA ho, jaba ki tabakAte-akabarI ke anusAra sarva sAdhAraNa taka ko isakA patA laga gayA thA / apane putra ke viruddha SaDyaMtra kA patA pAkara pradhAna SaDyaMtrakArI mIra khalIphA tathA maha~dI khvAjA ko bAbara avazya daMDa detA / paraMtu daMDa dene ke sthAna meM maha~dI khvAjA ke vidrAhI putra ko prabhayadAna milA3 / isase yahI spaSTa hai ki koI SaDyaMtra na thA / ( ga ) mIra khalIphA ne, maha~dI khvAjA ke kapaTa-bhAva kA patA pAkara, kisI dUsare vyakti ko sihAsanastha hone kA saubhAgya pradAna kyoM nahIM kiyA ? yadi yogya vyakti kI AvazyakatA thI to mohammada jamA~ mirajA' nikaTa hI thA, aura 'aire gaire pacakalyAnI' to kahIM bhI mila sakate the / paraMtu isake viparIta usane (1) tujukenabarI, ji0 3, pRSTha 686 / (2) tabakAte-akabarI, pRSTha 28 / (3) tujuke- bAbarI, ji0 3, pRSTha 660 / (4) mohammada jarmA mirajA madhya eziyA ke bAekharA aise prasiddha gharAne kA thA / vIra tathA sAhasI hone ke atirikta vaha samrAT bAbara kA sagA dAmAda thA / ataH samrAT tathA rAja - karmacAriyoM kI dRSTi meM maha~dI khvAjA se mohammada jarmA kA kahIM U~cA sthAna hogA / isake atirikta mohammada jarmA, humAyU~ ke uttarAdhikArI hone para, rAjya pAne ke liye vidrohI bhI ho gayA thA / yadi isa samaya rAjasi hAsana saMbaMdhI samasyA uThI hotI to prathama to bAbara ke putroM ke bAda usake uttarAdhikArI hone ke prazna para avazya vicAra kiyA gayA hotA aura dUsare kadAcita mohammada jama mirajA aisA avasara pAkara na cUkatA / paraMtu koI itihAsakAra isa kAlpanika ghaTanA ke Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat * www.umaragyanbhandar.com

Page #250
humAyU~ ke viruddha SaDyaMtra 245 humAyU~ ko hI bulA bhejaa| isake do kAraNa mAlUma hote haiMprathama to yaha ki maha~dI khvAjA ghamaMDI vyakti thaa| yaha samajhakara ki aba maiM AgarA prAMta kA bhI adhyakSa ho jAU~gA, usake ghamaMDa kA aura bhI ThikAnA na rahAre / nissaMdeha aisA hone se rAja-karmacAriyoM meM to vaha thor3e dinoM ke liye avazya sarvopari ho jaataa| kitane hI cApalUsa usake yahA~ hAjirI dene lage3 / saca kahA hai-"prabhutA pAi kAhi mada naahii"| bhAvI prabhutva kI mAzA ne hI maha~dI khvAjA ke mijAja sAtaveM AsamAna para car3hA die aura vaha apane zubhAkAMkSI mIra khalIphA ko hI, apanI thor3e dinoM kI sUbedArI meM, samApta kara dene kA vicAra karane lagA / dUsare bAbara tathA mIra khalIphA ne avazya hI isa zAsana-saMbaMdhI bhAvI prabaMdha ko gupta rakhA hogaa| maha~dI khvAjA kA Adara darabAra meM avazya hI adhika hone lgaa| mIra khalIphA aura maha~dI khvAjA kI ghaniSTha mitratA bhI thii| ina donoM bAtoM kA prabhAva janatA tathA rAja-karmacAriyoM para par3anA svAbhAvika hI thaa| bIsavIM zatAbdI ke pAThaka isa bAta ko bhalI bhAMti jAnate hoMge ki zAsana-saMbaMdhI gupta samasyAoM kI AlocanA jana-samudAya meM kisa prakAra hone lagatI hai| isI prakAra isa samasyA ke bhI jor3a meM tor3a bhir3Ae jAne lage, kyoMki bAbara ke badakhzA~ jAne kA vicAra to janatA ko vidita thaa| ataH janatA ke mastiSka meM eka saMbaMdha meM usakA nAma taka nahIM letaa| yaha to aisI koI samasyA ke na uThane kA hI dyotaka hai| (.) tabakAte-akabarI, eliyaTa, ji0 5, pRSTha 188 / (2) vahI, (3) vahI, (4) vahI, (5) vahI,

Page #251
246 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA SaDyaMtra kI kalpanA hone lgii| becArA mIra khalIphA doSI ThaharAyA jAne lgaa| isa tRNAvartIya viDaMbanA ko zAMta karane ke liye usane humAyU~ ko hI, kadAcit bAbara ko batalAe binA, bulA bhejaa| bAbara aba uttara-pazcima kI ora jAnevAlA thA aura humAyU~ kA zIghra rAjadhAnI A pahu~canA bhI paramAvazyaka thA, ata: usane kucha dinoM ke liye badakhzA ko kisI ke adhInastha kara cale Ane kA saMdeza bhejA hogaa| aphagAna-vidroha tathA bAbara kI bImArI ke kAraNa jAnA sthagita kara diyA gyaa| udhara humAyU~ pahale se hI becaina thaa| pitA ke Ane ke vicAra kI sUcanA use mila cukI thI3 / TokAkAroM ke dRSTi-koNa bahudhA bhinna bhinna hote haiN| samrAT ke bhAvI Agamana kI sUcanA pAkara, ujabegoM ke atyAcAra se mukta ho jAne kI AzA se, badakhzA~nivAsI to AnaMda manAne lage; paraMtu humAyU~ ko to isameM halAhala hI dikhAI par3atA thaa| usake tathA pradhAna maMtrI ke bIca manamuTAva thaa| hiMdustAna meM, usake pitA kI anupasthiti meM, na jAne mIra khalIphA kyA kara baitthe| vaha inhIM bhAvanAoM se saMbhavataH vyagra ho rahA thA ki use mIra khalIphA kA hI nimaMtraNa milaa| vaha aura bhI adhika becaina hokara AgarA kI ora cala pdd'aa| aba hama ukta lekhakoM ke kucha aura matoM kI vyAkhyA kreNge| (1) yadyapi tabakAte-akabarI ke lekhaka kA pitA khvAjA mukIma haravI mIra khalIphA kA mitra thA paraMtu yaha maMtraNA gupta hone ke kAraNa kadAcit yaha bheda mIra khalIphA use nahIM batA skaa| vAstavika rahasya se anabhijJa, khvAjA mukIma ne bhI SaDyaMtra kI kalpanA ko hI ThIka samajhA aura mIra khalIphA ko mahadI khvAjA kA kapaTa-bhAva batalAte hue use SaDyaMtra para dhikkArane lgaa| . (2) tabakAte-akabarI, eliyaTa, ji0 1, pRSTha 187 / (3) tujuke bAbarI, ji. 3, pRSTha 532 / (4) taariikhe-rshiido|

Page #252
247 humAyUM ke viruddha SaDyaMtra humAyU~ eka dina meM kAbula A pahu~cA' aura vahA~ akasmAt hI usakI aura bhAiyoM se bheMTa ho gii| itihAsa-vizeSajJa pro0 razbruka viliyamsa kA kathana hai-"tInoM bhAiyoM ne SaDyaMtra ke prazna para parAmarza kiyaa| unhoMne dekhA ki unakA kalyANa humAyU~ tathA usakI mAtA ke isa SaDyaMtra ko vidhvaMsa karane kI yogyatA para hI nirbhara hai2 " misTara araskina kA bhI yahI mata hai| paraMtu ise mAnane meM do kaThinAiyA~ haiM-eka to yaha ki kAmaroM kI rAjA hone kI prabala abhilASA thii| humAyU~ se usakI bar3I IrSyA thii| apanI jAgIra humAyU~ se kama hone ke kAraNa, bAbara ke jIvana meM hI usane ghora asaMtoSa prakaTa kiyA thA aura bAbara ne bhI humAyU~ ko likhA thA-'merA niyama yahI rahA hai ki jaba tumheM 6 bhAga mileM to kAmaroM ko paaNc| isa niyama meM parivartana na honA caahie|" bhalA kAmarA~ jaisA lolupa, IrSyAlu tathA hAsalAmaMda yuvaka aisA avasara pAkara kaba cUkanevAlA thaa| yadi humAyU~ use apane jAne kA abhiprAya batA detA to kadAcit kAmaroM hI pahale AgarA meM dikhAI detaa| dUsare yaha ki humAyU~ ke bhAiyoM meM vaha sahAnubhUti tathA sahayoga chU bhI nahIM gayA thA jo unheM kalyANa-mArga kI ora le jAtA aura humAyU~ tathA usakI mAtA ko SaDyaMtra kA vidhvaMsa karane detaa| isa prakAra na koI SaDyaMtra thA, na humAyU~ tathA usake bhAiyoM meM isakI koI bAta hI huii| aba hama itihAsajJoM ke ina do (1) memvAyarsa DI bAbara, pRSTha 457; akabaranAmA, pRSTha 271 / (2) aina eMpAyara bilDara Apha di siksTIMtha seMcurI-le. ela. epha0 razvaka viliyamsa, pRSTha 173 / / (3) tujuke-bAbarI, ji. 3, pRSTha 626 / (4) vahI, ji. 3, 625 / (5) kAmaroM ne jAne kA kAraNa pUchA to humAyU~ ne pitA ke darzana karane kA bahAnA hI kara diyA |-akbrnaamaa, ji. 1, pRSTha 272 /

Page #253
248 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kathanoM kA thor3A aura vizleSaNa kareMge ki kyA humAyU~ kI mAtA mAhama ko isa SaDyaMtra kA jJAna thA tathA kyA bAbara bhI apane putra ke viruddha SaDyaMtra meM bhAga lene kA doSI thA ? mAhama aura SaDyaMtra SaDyaMtra mata ko mAnanevAle kucha yUropIya vidvAnoM kA yaha kahanA hai ki SaDyaMtra kI sUcanA pAkara mAhama ne AgarA ko prasthAna kiyA aura hiMdustAna Akara usane humAyU~ ko bhI cala par3ane kA Adeza bhejaa| ojasvI itihAsa-vettA pro. razvaka viliyamsa ne kucha "acche kayAsI pramANoM" ke AdhAra para do bAteM kahI haiMeka to yaha ki mAhama ne hI humAyU~ ko pAne kA Adeza bhejaa| dUsare, saMbhavata: mAhama ko isa SaDyaMtra kA jJAna iTAvA hokara AgarA jAte samayahu A " misTara araskina tathA miseja bivarija ne bhI isa mata ke prathama bhAga kA samarthana kiyA hai / paraMtu nimnalikhita pramANoM ke AdhAra para hamArI dhAraNA hai ki mAhama ko isa kAlpanika SaDyaMtra kA bilkula jJAna na thaa| (ka) mAhama, nizcitatA ke sAtha pAMca mahIne cAra dina meM AgarA phuNcii| yadi use SaDyaMtra kA khaTakA thA to usakA karttavya thA ki vaha AgarA zIghra pahu~cakara svaya' dekhatI ki kyA paristhiti hai aura kyA karanA kalyANakArI tathA hitakara hogA, na ki dhIre dhIre AnaMda se prakRti-nirIkSaNa karate hue praanaa| isase to SaDyaMtra kA jJAna na honA hI pratIta hotA hai / (1) aina eMpAyara bilDara zrApha di siksTIMtha seMcurI, pRSTha 172 aura 172 kI TippaNI / (2) bAbara aura humAyU-le0 araskina, ji. 2, pRSTha 512 / (3) mAhama 21 janavarI 1526 I. ko kAbula se calI aura 26 jUma 1526 ko AgarA phucii|-tujuke-baabrii, ji. 3, pRSTha 680 /

Page #254
humAyU~ ke viruddha SaDyaMtra 246 (kha) gulabadana begama' ne apanI pustaka meM isa ghaTanA kA kucha bhI ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| kyA SaDyaMtra ke viSaya meM kucha likha dene se samrAT humAyU~ kI mAnahAni ho jAtI ? kyA use mIra khalIphA yA maha~dI khvAjA kA Dara thA ? usakI pustaka isa ghaTanA ke lagabhaga 65 varSa bAda likhI jAne ke kAraNa na to bhaya hone kA prazna uThatA hai aura na mAnahAni kA ho| mAhama gulabadana ko bahuta pyAra karatI thI aura use saba gupta bAteM bhI batA detI thI / yaha isa bAta kA hI dyotaka hai ki na to koI aisI ghaTanA huI thI aura na mAhama ko usakA kucha jJAna hI thaa| (ga) aba rahA yaha anumAna ki mAhama ko isakI sUcanA iTAve ke pAsa milii| yaha vicAra bhI bilakula nirmUla hai| 22 jUna 1526 ko bAbara iTAvA meM thA jahA~ usakA kathana hai ki maha~dI khvAjA ne hama logoM kA svAgata kiyaa| kyoMki isa tArIkha ko bAbara ne mAhama ke viSaya meM iTAvA meM yA aura kahIM kucha nahIM likhA, isase yaha spaSTa hai ki isa samaya taka mAhama ( 22 jUna 1526 taka ) iTAvA nahIM pahu~ca skii| mAhama kA svAgata AgarA meM 26 jUna 1526 ko bar3e samAroha ke sAtha kiyA gayA / 7 julAI 1526 ko humAyU~ aura mAhama ne bAbara ko bheTe do| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki 7 julAI ko humAyU~ AgarA meM thA arthAt saMbhavataH isake pUrva ho AgarA A pahuMcA thaa| yadi hama ye (.) gulabadana begama-samrATa humAyU kI bahana-bhI mAhama ke sAtha hI kAbula se cala dI thI aura mArga bhara usI ke sAtha rhii| (2) humAyU~nAmA-le. gulabadana begama, anu. miseja e. esa. bivarija, pRSTha 116 / (3) tujuke-bAbarI, ji0 3, pRSTha 686 / (4) vahI, " " / (5) vahI, " "687 /

Page #255
250 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA donoM bAteM bhI mAna leM ki mAhama bAbara ke vahA~ se AgarA cale jAne ke dUsare hI dina ( arthAt 23 jUna 1526 I0 ko) iTAvA A pahu~cI aura humAyU~ bhI mAtA ke sAtha bheTeM denevAle dina ke eka dina pUrva hI A pahu~cA thA arthAt 6 julAI : 526 ko to. ina do tArIkhoM ke bIca kevala 13 dinoM kA aMtara rahatA hai| renela ke anusAra AgarA se kAbula 676 mIla dUra hai| yahA~ yaha batA denA Avazyaka hai ki jUna kI garamI tho, mArga meM bahuta sI pahAr3I nadiyA~ thIM jinameM pAnI bhI adhika hogA aura mArga na surakSita hI thA, na acchA hii| aisI paristhitiyoM meM, kevala 13 dina ke aMdara, mAhama kA dUta kAbula se Age badakhzA (arthAt 676 mIla se adhika ) gayA aura humAyU~ eka dina meM kAbula AyA' tathA vahA~ se AgarA (676 mIla ) A phuNcaa| isa prakAra kevala 13 dina meM 1600 mIla se adhika saphara kiyA gayA je| ina asAdhAraNa paristhitiyoM meM kaThina hI nahIM varan prasaMbhava mAlUma hotA hai| (1) memvAyarsa DI bAbara, paivaTa DI korTIle, pRSTha 457 / humAyU~ badakhzA se kAbula 136 hi0 ke bairAma ke tyauhAra ke dina phuNcaa| ( memvAyasa DI bAbara, anu0 pI0 DI0 korTIle ) / yaha tyohAra 136 hi. kI do tArIkhoM ko par3atA hai, 1 zavvAla ( 8 jUna 1526 I.) aura 10 jilahijjA ( 16 agasta 1526) / 10 jilahijA (16 agasta) ko humAyU~ kA kAbula jAnA nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kyoMki humAyUM isake pUrva hI 7 julAI 1526 I0 ko AgarA meM thaa| ataH 1 zavvAla arthAt 8 jUna 1526 I. ko humAyU~ kAbula pAyA hogaa| (2) pro. razbruka viliyamsa' kA ThIka mata hai ki humAyU~ 8 jUna 1526 I0 ko kAbula pahuMcA thaa| paraMtu isase to ulTA yahI siddha hotA hai ki mAhama ko iTAvA meM Sar3ayaMtra kA jJAna nahIM humA thA, kAraNa ki mAhama iTAvA 23 jUna 1526 ko pahu~cI arthAt humAyU~ ke kAbula pahuMcane ke 15 dina bAda aura badakhA chor3ane ke 16 dina bAda (kyoMki humAyU~ badakhzA se

Page #256
humAyU~ ke viruddha SaDyaMtra 251 bAbara aura SaDayaMtra kucha SaDyaMtra ke kalpanAkAra itihAsajJoM kA yaha bhI mata hai ki bAbara ne bhI isa SaDyaMtra meM bhAga liyA thaa| miseja bivarija kA kathana hai ki bhinna avataraNoM ko eka sAtha par3hane se eka dUsarI hI dhAraNA hotI hai ki mIra khalIphA hI nahIM varan kucha aura amIroM ke sAtha bAbara bhI kisI dUsare ko hiMdustAna kA samrATa banAne kI icchA karatA thaa| zrIyuta kAlikAraMjanajI kAnUnago kA kathana isase bhI adhika AzcaryotpAdaka hai| unakA anumAna hai ki " bAbara humAyU~ ko dehalI ke rAjasiMhAsana para baiThAne kI taiyAriyoM meM itanA tanmaya thA ki usako vidrohI aphagAnoM ko dabAne kA dhyAna hI na rahAra / " paraMtu bAbara ke samaya samaya ke vaktavyoM tathA usa samaya kI kucha ghaTanAoM para eka gaveSaNAtmaka dRSTipAta karane se to yaha mata niryAta kaponna-kalpita hI pratIta hotA hai; kyoMki (ka ) 6 pharavarI 1526 ko bAbara ne khvAjA kalA ko samasta ranivAsa kAbula se nIlaba bhejane kI AjJA dI thI3 / mAhama pahale hI cala cukI thii| isa prakAra 26 jUna 1526 taka samasta rAjavaMza AgarA meM prA pahuMcA thaa| yadi bAbara svayaM kAbula jAnA cAhatA thA aura apane putra humAyU~ ko hiMdustAna kA sAmrAjya bhI nahIM denA cAhatA thA, to prazna yaha uThatA hai ki phira usane apanA kAbula eka hI dina meM paayaa| (tujuke-bAbarI aura akbrnaamaa)| isa prakAra jaba mAhama svayaM humAyU~ ke cala cukane ke 16 dina bAda iTAvA pahuMcI taba yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki usane iTAvA se kAbula saMdeza bhejA thaa| (1) tujuke-bAbarI, anu0 miseja e. esa. bivarija, ji. 3, pRSTa 702, ttippnnii| (2) zerazAha-le. kAlikAraMjana kAnUnago, pRSTha 67, TippaNo / (3) tujuke-bAbarI, ji. 3, pRSTha 647 /

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252 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA samasta rAjavaMza AgarA kyoM bulA bhejA-- usakA sarvanAza karAne ke liye ? nahIM / isakA abhiprAya yahI thA ki aba hiMdustAna meM zAMti sthApita ho cukI thI aura usane yahIM zAsana karane kA nizcaya bhI kara liyA thA / 2 (kha) humAyU~ ke samakAlIna itihAsakAroM ne bAra bAra yaha batalAyA hai ki bAbara humAyU~ ko uttarAdhikArI banAkara vairAgya le lenA cAhatA thA' / gulabadana begama ke anusAra humAyU~ kI bImArI ke samaya usane vyathita mAhama se kahA thA - " mAhama, yadyapi mere aura bhI putra haiM paraMtu maiM humAyU~ ke itanA kisI ko pyAra nahIM karatA / merI yahI kAmanA hai ki yaha putra cirAyu ho tathA isI ko siMhAsana mile, auroM ko nahIM / " eka aise bhAvuka vyakti ke liye yaha kahanA ki vaha dillI koSa se rupayA nikAla lene ke kAraNa humAyU~ se kur3ha rahA thA, kitanA asaMgata hai yaha pAThaka svayaM samajha sakate haiM / humAyU~ ne apanI yogyatA tathA vIratA kA abhI taka sadA paricaya diyA thA aura bAbara bhI use eka kuzala zAsaka banane kA upadeza detA rahatA thA / eka bAra usane likhA thA - "Izvara ko dhanyavAda ! aba prANoM kI bAjI lagAne aura talavAra calAne kI tumhArI bArI hai / Alasyamaya ekAMtavAsa samrAToM ke liye hitakara nahIM hai4 " | (1) humAyU~ nAmA, anu0 miseja bivarija, pRSTha 104-05 / ( 2 ) vahI, pRSTha 103 / ( 3 ) " bAbara ke putroM meM humAyU~ sabase yogya, pratApI tathA pratibhAzAlI thA / aisI acchI prakRti ke tathA saMpanna puruSa maiMne bahuta kama dekhe haiN|" - tArIkhe - razIdI, pRSTha 466 / ( 4 ) " apane bhAiyoM ke sAtha mela se raho / bar3oM ko bojha uThAnA tujuke- bAbarI ji0 3, pRSTha 626 /

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humAyU~ ke viruddha SaDyaMtra 253 (ga) hiMdustAna meM sAmrAjya sthApita karane kA vicAra to bAbara kA prAraMbha se hI thaa| phira bhI miseja bivarija kA yahI kathana hai-"usakI icchA kAbula ko apanA keMdra banAne kI thI dillI ko nahIM, jisase yadi vaha hiMdustAna kho bhI baiThatA to siMdha nadI ke pazcima kA bhAga aura kaMdahAra to usake pAsa rahatA' / " paraMtu isa kathana meM bhI adhika tathya nahIM jAna par3atA, kyoMki prathama to yaha ki siMdha ke pazcima kA bhAga bAbara ke pAsa thA hI kyA, aura jo thA bhI vaha itanA prasthAyI thA ki na jAne kaba hAtha se nikala jAya / usakA madhya eziyA kA jIvana hI isa bAta kA sAkSI hai| dUsare, jaisA lenapUla mahAzaya ne kahA hai, pA~ca sAla taka vaha hiMdustAna meM rahA aura usane use apanA banA liyA thaa| pAThakoM ko yAda hogA ki bAbara ne kanavAhA ke yuddha-sthala para kyA kahA thA-"Izvara kI kRpA se hama zatruoM para vijayI hue jisase hameM cAhie ki unake rAjya para zAsana kreN| phira aba kyA Aphata A par3I hai, kyA jarUrata uTha khar3I huI hai ki hama binA kAraNa hI kAbula jAkara vahAM kI garIbI kA zikAra baneM / " yahI nahIM, kAbula ke tarabUjoM ke liye vaha bhale hI tarasatA thA paraMtu hiMdustAna kA siMhAsana khokara kAbula jAnA usake liye asaMbhava thaa| usane kahA thA-"jyoMhI hiMdustAna meM zAMti sthApita ho jAyagI tathA zAsana-prabaMdha ThIka calane lagegA tyoMhI, Izvara ne cAhA to, merA prasthAna bhI ho jAyagA / " ina pA~ca "apane bhAiyoM ko aura begamoM ko dina meM do bAra apane sAmane avazya upasthita hone kI AjJA do| zrAnA yA na AnA unhIM kI icchA para na chor3a do|" tujuke-bAbarI, pRSTha 627 / (1) tujuke-bAbarI, ji0 3, pRSTha 705 / (2) vahI, ji. 3, pRSTha 525 / (3) vahI, pRSTha 646 / (4) vahI, pR0 532 / isa prakAra bhArata kI zAMti isake liye adhika mahatvapUrNa thii|

Page #259
254 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA varSoM meM usane AgarA meM suMdara suMdara mahala, bAvaliyA~, cazme, phavvAre, vATikAe~ banavAkara use kAbula ho kI taraha sajA diyA thA aura logoM ke aisA kahane para use bar3I prasannatA hotI thii| pro0 razbruka viliyamsa ne bahuta Thoka likhA hai "It is also significant of Babar's grasp of vital issues that from henceforth the centre of gravity of his power is shifted from Kabul to Hindustan. He recognised clearly that the greater must rule the less and that from the little kingdom of his former days, he could never hope to control the destinies of the new empire.2 (gha ) humAyU~ ke badakhzA chor3akara cale Ane para bAbara ne mIra khalIphA se badakhzA jAne ko khaa| yadi bAbara bhI mIra khalIphA ke sAtha SaDyaMtra meM thA to usako yaha avazya mAlUma rahA hogA ki binA khalIphA ke Sar3ayaMtra meM saphalatA na hogI aura isa kAraNa vaha usase kabhI badakhzA~ cale jAne ko na kahatA ! isase bAbara kA nirdoSa honA hI siddha hotA hai| ____ ina kAraNoM se hama isa pariNAma para pahuMcate haiM ki humAyU~ ke viruddha koI SaDyaMtra nahIM thA aura bAbara, mAhama tathA khalIphA sabhI nirdoSa the| (1) tujuke-bAbarI, ji. 3, pRSTha 532 / ( 2 ) aina aiMpAyara bilDara zrApha dI siksTIMtha seMcurI, pRSTha 157 / ( 3 ) akabaranAmA, ji0 1, pRSTha 273 /

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humAyUM ke viruddha SaDyaMtra 255 lekha-saMbaMdhI AvazyakatArIkheM 1--rajjaba 12, 633 hi0 = 14 apraila 1527, humAyU~ kA hiMdustAna se kAbula ko prasthAna / 2-jamAdula abbala 10, 635 = 21 janavarI 1526 I0, mAhama kA kAbula se AgarA ko prasthAna / 3-jamAdula avvala 30, 635 =6 pharavarI 1526 I0, kAbula se begamoM ko bheja dene kI mAhama ko AjJA / 4-7 jUna 1526, humAyU~ kA badakhzA se prasthAna / 5-8 jUna 1526, humAyU~ kA kAbula pahu~canA / 6-26 jUna 1526, mAhama kA prAgarA pahu~canA / 7-jUna 1528 ke aMtima saptAha meM, humAyU~ kA AgarA pahu~canA / -po-.

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(6) jetavana [ lekhaka-zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, gyAtsI ] jetavana zrAvasto se dakSiNa tarapha thA; cInI bhitumoM ke anusAra yaha prAya: eka mIla ( 5, 6, 7 lI ) ke phAsale para thaa| purAtattva-viSayaka khojoM se nizcita hI ho cukA hai ki maheTa se daciNa saheTa hI jetavana hai| cInI yAtriyoM ke graMthoM meM hama isakA darvAjA pUrva mu~ha dekhate haiN| jetavana kI khudAI meM jo do pradhAna imArateM nikalI haiM, jinheM gaMdhakuTI aura kosaMbakuTo se milAyA gayA hai, unakA bhI dvAra pUrva ko hI hai, jo isa bAta kI sAto haiM ki mukhya dvAra pUrva tarapha thaa| nagara se dakSiNa hone para bhI pradhAna darvAjA uttara mu~ha na hokara pUrva muMha thA, isakA kAraNa yaho thA ki zrAvastI kA dakSiNa dvAra vahA~ se pUrva tarapha par3atA thaa| jetavana bauddhadharma ke atyaMta pavitra sthAnoM meM se hai| yadyapi tripiTaka ke atyaMta purAtana bhAga doghanikAya ( mahApari. nibbAnasutta ) meM jo cAra atyaMta pavitra sthAna ginAe gae haiM, unameM isakA nAma nahIM hai. to bhI dIghanikAya kI aTThakathA (1) cattArimAni aAnaMda ! saddhassakulaputtassa dassanIyAni....nAni... idha tathAgato jAtoti,...idha tathAgato anuttaraM sammAsambodhiM abhisambuddhoti, ...idha tathAgatena anuttaraM dhammacakaM pavattitanti,...idha tathAgato anupAdisesAya nibbANadhAtuyA privibbutoti...|-mhaa0 pari0 sutta, 16 / (2) cattAri avijahitahAnAvi... bodhipllngko...| dhammacakkappavattanaTrAnaM isipatane migdaaye...| devorohaNakAle saMkassanagaradvAre ptthmpdgnntthi...| jetavane gaMdhakuTiyA cattAri maJcapAdaTThAnAni avijahitAneva honti |...vihaa. ropi na vijahati yeva... / idAni nagaraM uttaratA vihAro dkkhinnto...| -dI. ni0, mahApadAnasutta, 14; a. ka. 282 /

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258 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA meM ise cAra 'avijahita' sthAnoM meM rakhA hai| jo ho, buddha ke sabase adhika upadeza jetavana meM hue haiN| majjhimanikAya ke Der3ha sau suttoM meM 65 jetavana hI meM kahe gae; saMyutta aura aMguttara nikAya meM to tIna caturthAza se bhI adhika sutta jetavana meM ho kahe gae haiN| bhikSuoM ke zikSApadoM meM bhI adhikatara zrAvastI-jetavana meM hI die gae haiN| vinayapiTaka ke 'parivAra ne nagaroM ke hisAba se unakI sUco isa prakAra do hai katamesu sattasu nagaresu paJjatA / ........ ... .................. dasa vesAliyaM paJattA, ekavIsa rAjagahe katA / cha-Una-tIni satAni, sabbe sAvatthiyaM katA // cha bhAlaviyaM paJjattA, aTTha kosaMviya katA / aTra sakkasu vuccanti, tayo bhaggesu pmjttaa|| -parivAra, gAthAsaMgaNika / arthAt sAr3he tIna sau zikSApadoM meM 264 zrAvastA meM hI die ge| aura parIkSaNa karane para inameM se thor3e se hI pUrvArAma meM aura bAkI sabhI jetavana hI meM die ge| isaliye jetavana' kA khAsa sthAna honA hI caahie| vinayapiTaka ke cullavagga meM jetavana ke banAe jAne kAitihAsa diyA gayA hai| vinayapiTaka kI pA~ca pustake haiM--pArAjika, pAcitti, mahAvamga, cullavagga aura privaar| inameM se parivAra to pahale cAroM kA sarala saMgraha hai| saMgraha-samApti IsA ke prathama yA dvitIya zatAbdI meM huI jAna par3atI hai| kiMtu bAkI cAra usase purAne haiN| inameM bhI mahAvagga aura cullavagga, jinheM ikaTThA 'khaMdhaka' bhI kahate (1) idaMhi taM jetavanaM isisNghnisevit| zrAuTTa dhammarAjena pItisaMjananaM mama // -saM0ni0, 1:18, 2:2:10 /

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jetavana 256 haiM, pAtimokkha ko chor3a vinayapiTaka ke sabase purAne bhAga haiM aura inakA prAya: sabhI aMza azoka ( tRtIya saMgIti ) ke samaya kA mAnanA caahie| isa khaMdhaka kI prAcInatA kI eka bar3I spaSTa bAta yaha hai ki isameM prAya: sabhI jagaha zuddhAdana ko 'suddhodana saka' kahA gayA hai| cullavagga' ko kathA yo hai__"anAthapiDika gRhapati rAjagRha ke zreSThI kA bahanoI thA / eka bAra anAthapiDika rAjagRha gyaa| usa samaya rAjagRha ke zreSThI ne saMgha sahita buddha ko nimaMtrita kiyA thaa| anAthapiMDika ko buddha ke darzana kI icchA huii| vaha adhika rAta rahate hI ghara se nikala par3A aura sIvadvAra se hokara sItavana phuNcaa| upAsaka banane ke bAda usane sAvatthI meM bhikSu saMgha sahita buddha ko, varSA-vAsa karane ke liye, nimaMtrita kiyaa| anAthapiDika ne zrAvastI jAkara cAroM ora najara daur3AI aura vicAra kiyA ki bhagavAn usa sthAna meM vihAra kareMge, jo grAma se na bahuta dUra aura na bahuta samIpa ho, Ane jAne kI prAsAnI ho, AdamiyoM ke pahu~cane yogya hA, dina meM bahuta jamaghaTa na ho aura rAta meM ekAMta aura dhyAna ke anukUla ho| anAthapiDika ne rAjakumAra jeta ke udyAna ko dekhA jo ina lakSaNoM se yukta thaa| usane rAjakumAra jeta se kahA-Aryaputra! mujhe apanA udyAna ArAma banAne ke liye do rAjakumAra ne kahA ki vaha (kahApaNoM kI) koTi (= kora) lagAkara bichAne se bhI adeya hai| anAthapiMDika ne kahA-Aryaputra ! maiMne ArAma le liyaa| bikA yA nahIM bikA iptake liye unhoMne kAnUna ke maMtriyoM se puuchaa| mahAmAtyoM ne kahA Aryaputra ! ArAma bika gayA, kyoMki tumane mola kiyaa| phira anAthapiDika ne jetavana meM kora se kora milAkara mohareM bichA doN| eka bAra kA lAyA huA hiraNya dvAra ke koThe ke barAbara thor3I sI jagaha (1) senAsanakkhandhaka, pR0 254 /

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260 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ke liye kAphI na huA / gRhapati ne aura hiraNya (= azarphI) lAne ke liye manuSyoM ko prAjJA kii| rAjakumAra jeta ne kahA-basa gRhapati, isa jagaha para mata bichoo| yaha jagaha mujhe do, yaha merA dAna hogaa| gRhapati ne usa jagaha ko jeta kumAra ko de diyaa| jeta kumAra ne vahA~ koThA bnvaayaa| anAthapiDika gRhapati ne jetavana meM vihAra, pariveNa, koThe, upasthAnazAlA, kappiya-kuTo, pAkhAnA, pezAbakhAnA, caMkrama, caMkramaNazAlA, udapAna, udapAnazAlA, jaMtAghara, jaMtAgharazAlA, puSkariNiyA~ aura maMDapa bnvaae| bhagavAn dhIre dhIre cArikA karate zrAvastI, jetavana meM phuNce| gRhapati ne unheM khAdya bhojya se apane hAthoM tarpita kara, jetavana ko aAgata anAgata cAturdiza saMgha ke liye dAna kiyaa| aTThakathAoM meM jetavana kA kSetraphala ATha karISa likhA hai / anAthapiMDaka ne 'koTisaMthArenA(kArSApoM kI kora se kora milAkara) ise kharIdA thaa| I0 pU0 tRtIya zatAbdI ke bharahUTa stUpa meM bhI 'koTisaMThatena ketA' utkIrNa hai| ata: yaha nizcaya-pUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki kArSApaNa bichAkara jetavana kharIda karane kI kathA I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI meM khUba prasiddha tho / ___pAlI graMthoM meM jetavana kI bhUmi ATha karISa likhI hai| 'karIsaM caturammaNaM' pAlikoSa abhidhammappadIpikA (167) meM AtA hai| DAkTara rIsa DeviDsa ne 'ammaNa' (siMhalo amuNu, saM0 armaNa) ko prAya: do ekar3a ke barAbara likhA hai| isa prakAra sArA kSetraphala 64 ekar3a hogaa| paMDita dayArAma sAhanI ne ( 1607-8 kI Arch. S. I., p. 117) likhA hai The more conspicuous part of the mound at the present is 1600 feet from the north-east corner to (1) dekho upayuka cullavagga kI atttthkthaa|

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jetavana 261 the south-west, and varies in width from 450' to 700', but it formerly extended for several hundred feet further in the eastern direction. isa hisAba se kSetraphala prAya: bAIsa ekar3a hotA hai| yadyapi aThAraha karor3a saMkhyA saMdigdha hai tA bhI ise kArSApaNa mAnakara ( jisakA hI vyavahAra usa samaya adhika pracalita thA ) dekhane se bhI hameM isa kSetraphala kA kucha anumAna ho sakatA hai| purAne 'paMcamArka' caukora kArSApaNoM kI laMbAI-caur3AI yadyapi eka samAna nahIM hai, to bhI hama use sAmAnyataH 7 iMca le sakate haiM, isa prakAra eka kArSApaNa se 48 yA varga iMca bhUmi Dhaka sakatI hai, arthAt 18 karor3a kArSApayoM se karor3a varga iMca, jo prAyaH 14.35 ekar3a ke hote haiM / Age calakara, jaisA ki hama batalAe~ge, vihAra naM0 16 aura usake Asa-pAsa kI bhUmi Adi jetavana kI nahIM hai, isa prakAra kSetraphala 1200 x 600' arthAt 1947 ekar3a raha jAtA hai, jo 18 karor3a ke hisAba ke samIpa hai| gaMdhakuTI jetavana ke prAyaH bIcobIca thI / kheta naM0 487 jetavana kI puSkariNI hai, kyoMki nakazA naM0 1 kA D. isI kA saMketa karatA hai| Age hama batalAe~ge ki puSkariNo jetavana vihAra ke darvAje ke bAhara tho / puSkariNI ke bAda pUrva tarapha jetavana kI bhUmi hone kI AvazyakatA nahIM mAlUma hotI / isa prakAra gaMdhakuTI ke bIcobIca se 400 ' para, puSkariNI kI pUrvIya sImA ke kucha Age bar3hakara jetavana kI pUrvIya sImA thI / utanA hI pazcima tarapha mAna lene para pUrva - pazcima kI caur3AI 800' hogI / laMbAI jAnane ke liye jetavana khAsa ( 1 ) dIghanikAya, mahApadAnasutta, zraTThakathA, 28 / ( siMhala - lipi ) amhAkaM paNa bhagavatA pakatimAnena sALasakarIse, rAjamAnena zraTTa karIse padese vihaare| patiTThitoti /

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262 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kI Mo. No 5 (kArera gaMdhakuTI) ko sImA para rakhanA cAhie / gaMdhakuTI se dakSiNa 680, utanA hI uttara le lene se laMbAI uttaradakSiNa 1360' hogI; isa prakAra sArA kSetraphala prAya: 25 ekar3a ke hogaa| isa pariNAma para pahu~cane ke liye hamAre pAsa tIna kAraNa haiM-(ka) gaMdhakuTI jetavana ke bIcobIca thI, jetavana vargAkAra thA, isake liye koI pramANa na to lekha meM hai aura na bhUmi para hii| isaliye jetavana ko eka Ayata kSetra mAnakara hama usake bIcobIca gaMdhakuTI ko mAna sakate haiN| (kha) gaMdhakuTI ke pUrva tarapha kA 1). hI puSkariNI sA mAlUma hotA hai, jisakI pUrvIya sImA se jetavana bahuta dUra nahIM jA sktaa| (ga) Mo. No.19 ko rAjakArAma mAna lene para jetavana kI sImA Mo. No. 5 taka jA sakatI hai| takSa vIsatikhArikAti, mAgadhakena patthena cattAro patthA kosalaraTeka pattho hoti. tena patthena cattAro patthA Ar3hakaM, cattAri prAr3hakAni doNaM, catudoNaM mAnikA, catumAnikaM khAri, tAya khAriyA vIsati khAriko tilavAhoti; tilasakaTaM / ' prastu, Upara ke varNana se hama nimna pariNAma para pahu~cate haiM(1) 18 karor3a kArSApaNa bichAnese 18.348 ekar3a (2) sAhanI ke anusAra vartamAna meM 22.3 ,, (16004 600') (3) usameM se rAjakArAma nikAla dene para 147,, (1200' x 600') (4) gaMdhakuTI, puSkariNI,kArerI kuTI se 246 ,, (1360 / 4800') (5)8 karIsa 1,2 (ammaNa =2 ekar3a ) 64 , eka aura taraha se bhI isa kSetraphala ke bAre meM vicAra kara sakate haiN| karIsa (saMskRta khArIka) kA parimANa abhidhAnapadIpikA aura lIlAvatI meM isa prakAra diyA hai (.)parama sthajAtikA II, p. 476

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jetavana 4 kuDava yA pasata ( pasara) = 1 pattha 4 pattha = 1 ALUhaka 1 do 1 mANI = 1 khArI 4 zrALUhaka = 4 do 4 mANI - 4 mAgadhaka pattha 4 ko 0 pattha ko0 0 prA0 4 4 ko 0 do0 4 ko 0 mA0 20 khArI 16 droNa = khArI vinaya meM 4 kahApaNa kA eka kaMsa likhA hai / phaMsa ko karSa mAna lene para yaha vajana aura bhI caugunA ho jAyagA, arthAt 16 mana se bhI Upara / Upara ke mAna meM 20 khArI kA eka tilavAha, arthAt tileoM bharI gAr3I mAnA hai, jo isa hisAba se avazya hI gAr3I ke liye asaMbhava ho jAyagA / sukta0 ni0 aTukathA meM kosalaka parimANa isa prakAra hai / = = = = kosalaka pattha ko0 0 Ar3haka ko0 doNa ko0 mAnikA 4 kuDava = prastha 4 prastha = prADhaka = droNa 5 guMjA 16 mASa 4 karSa Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat 263 4 prADhaka = khArI / 1 tilavAha ( = tilasakaTa arthAt tila se ladI gAr3I ) = vAcaspatya ke uddharaNa se yaha bhI mAlUma hotA hai ki 4 pala eka kuDava ke barAbara hai / lIlAvatI ne pala kA mAna isa prakAra diyA hai-- bhASa karSa pala www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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264 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA abhidhAnappadIpikA se yahA~ bheda par3atA hai 4 vIhi (brohi) = guMjA 2 guMjA = mASaka mASaka karpa (= kArSApaNa ) kA solahavAM bhAga hai| vinaya meM 20 mAse kA kahApA (= kArSApaNa) likhA hai| samaMtapAsA. dikA ne isa para TIkA karate hue isase kama vajanavAle rudradAmA Adi ke kArSApaNoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai to bhI hameM yahA~ unase prayojana nhiiN| hama itanA jAnate haiM ki purAne paMca mArka ke kArSApaNa sikkoM kA vajana prAyaH 146 na ke barAbara hotA hai| yahI vajana usa samaya ke karSa kA bhI hai| Ajakala bhAratIya sera 80 tole kA hai, aura tolA 180 yena ke barAbara hotA hai| isa prakAra eka mAgadha khAro Ajakala ke 418 sera ke barAbara, arthAta prAyaH 1 mana hogI aura kosalaka khArI 4 mana ke karIba / karIma kA saMskRta paryAya khArIka arthAt khArI bhara bIja se boyA jAnevAlA kheta (tasya vApaH, pANini 5:1:45) hai| paTanA meM pakke - mana teraha sera dhAna se Ajakala kitanA kheta boyA jA sakatA hai, isase bhI hameM, jetavana kI bhUmi kA parimANa, eka prakAra se, mila sakatA hai| rAjakArAma ( salalAgAra )-aba hameM jetavana kI sImA ke viSaya meM eka bAra phira kucha bAtoM ko sApha kara denA hai| hamane pIche kahA thA ki Monastery No. 19 jetavana khAsa ke bhItara nahIM thaa| saMyutta-nikAya meM AtA hai, eka bAra bhagavAn zrAvastI ke rAjakArAma meM vihAra karate the| usa samaya eka hajAra bhikSuNiyoM kA saMgha bhagavAn ke pAsa gyaa| isa para aTakathA ne likhA hai-rAjA (1) pArAjikA, 2 / (2) sotApatti saMyuttaM IV Chapter II sahassaka or-rAjakArAmavaggo V, 360.

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jetavana 265 prasenajit dvArA banavAe jAne ke kAraNa isakA nAma rAjakArAma par3A thA / bodhi ke pahale bhAga ( 527-13 I0 pU0 ) meM bhagavAn ke mahAna lAbha-satkAra ko dekhakara tairthika logoM ne socA, itanI pUjA zIla-samAdhi ke kAraNa nahIM hai varana yaha isI bhUmi kA mAhAtmya hai / yadi hama bhI jetavana ke pAsa apanA ArAma banA sakeM to hameM bhI lAbha - satkAra prApta hogA / unhoMne apane sevakoM se kahakara eka lAkha kArSApaNa ikaTThA kiyA / phira rAjA ko ghUsa dekara jetavana ke pAsa tIrthikArAma banavAne kI AjJA le lii| unhoMne jAkara, khaMbhe khar3e karate hue, hallA karanA zurU kiyA / zAstA ne gaMdhakuTI se nikalakara bAhara ke cabUtare para khar3e ho prAnaMda se pUchA- ye kauna haiM AnaMda ! mAno kevaTa machalI mAra rahe hoM / prAnaMda ne kahA-- tIrthika jetavana ke pAsa meM tIrthikArAma banA rahe haiM / AnaMda ! ye zAsana ke virodhI bhikSu saMgha ke vihAra meM gar3abar3a DAleMge | rAjA se kahakara haTA do / prAnaMda bhikSu saMgha ke sAtha rAjA ke pAsa pahu~ce / ghUsa khAne ke kAraNa rAjA bAhara na nikalA / phira zAstA ne sAriputta moggalAna ko bhejA / rAjA unake bhI sAmane na prAyA / dUsare dina buddha svayaM bhikSu saMgha sahita pahu~ce / bhojana ke bAda upadeza diyA aura aMta meM kahA -- mahArAja ! pravrajitoM ko Apasa meM lar3AnA acchA nahIM hai / rAjA ne AdamiyoM ko bhejakara vahA~ se tIrthikoM ko nikAla diyA aura yaha socA ki merA banavAyA koI vihAra nahIM hai, isaliye isI sthAna para vihAra banavAU~ / isa prakAra dhana vApisa kie binA hI vahA~ vihAra banavAyA / jAtaka kathA ( nidAna) meM bhI yaha kathA AI hai, jahA~ se hameM kucha aura bAteM bhI mAlUma hotI haiM / tIrthoM ne jaMbUdvIpa ke sarvottama sthAna para basanA hI zramaNa gautama ke lAbha-satkAra kA kAraNa samajhA aura jetavana ke pIche kI ora tIrtha

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266 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kArAma banavAne kA nizcaya kiyA / ghUsa dekara rAjA ko apanI rAya meM karake, bar3haiyoM ko bulAkara, unhoMne prArAma banavAnA AraMbha kara diyA / ina uddharaNoM se hameM patA lagatA hai - ( 1 ) jetavana ke poche kI aura pAsa hI meM, jahA~ se kAma karanevAloM kA zabda gaMdhakuTI meM baiThe buddha ko khUba sunAI detA thA, tIrthakoM ne apanA ArAma banAnA AraMbha kiyA thA / (2) jise rAjA ne pIche baMda karA diyA / (3) rAjA ne vahIM ArAma banavAkara bhikSu saMgha ko arpaNa kiyA / ( 4 ) yaha ArAma prasenajit dvArA banavAyA pahalA ArAma thA / naze meM dekhane se hameM mAlUsa hotA hai ki vihAra naM0 16 jetavana ke pIche aura gaMdhakuTo se dakSiNa-pazcima kI ora hai / phAsalA gaMdhakuTI se prAya: 600 phITa, tathA jetavana kI dakSiNa - pUrva sImA se bilkula lagA huA hai / isa prakAra kA dUsarA koI sthAna nahIM hai, jisa para uparyukta bAteM lAgU hoN| isa prakAra Mo. No.19 hI rAjakArAma hai, jo mukhya jetavana se alaga thA / isa vihAra kA hama eka jagaha aura (jAtakaTukathA meM ) ullekha pAte haiM / yahA~ use jetavana- piTThi vihAra arthAt jetavana ke poche vAlA vihAra kahA hai| mAlUma hotA hai, jetavana aura isa 'piTThi vihAra' ke bIca meM hokara usa samaya rAstA jAtA thA donoM vihAroM ke bIca se eka mArga ke jAne kA patA hameM dhammapadaTukathA se bhI lagatA hai / rAjakArAma jetavana ke samIpa thA | use prasenajit ne banavAyA thA / eka bAra usameM bhikSu, bhikSuSI, upAsaka aura upAsikA, cAroM kI pariSad meM baiThe hue, buddha dharmopadeza kara rahe the / bhikSuoM ne Aveza meM Akara "jIveM bhagavAn jIveM sugata" isa taraha jora se nArA lagAyA / isa zabda se kathA meM bAdhA par3I / yahA~ spaSTa mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha rAjakArAma acchA lambA-caur3A thA /

Page #272
jetavana 267 I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI kI banI imAratoM ke DhA~ce meM na jAne kitanI bAra parivartana humA hogaa| tIrthakArAma banAne ke varNana meM khaMbhe uThAne aura bar3haI se hI kAma A bha karane se hama jAnate haiM ki usa samaya sabhI makAna lakar3I ke hI adhika banate the, jaMgaloM kI adhikatA se isameM AsAnI bhI thii| aisI hAlata meM lakar3I ke makAnoM kA kama TikAU honA unake cihna pAne ke liye aura bhI bAdhaka hai| tathApi maurya-tala se nIce khudAI karane meM hameM zAyada aise kucha cihnoM ke pAne meM saphalatA ho| prastu, itanA hama jAnate haiM ki jahA~ kahIM buddha kucha dina ke liye nivAsa karate the vahA~ unakI gaMdhakuTI' avazya hotI thii| yaha gaMdhakuTI bahuta hI pavitra samajhI jAto thI, isaliye sabhI gaMdhakuTiyoM kI smRti ko barAbara kAyama rakhanA svAbhAvika hai| jetavana ke nakaze meM hama Monasteries Nos. 1,2, 3, 5, aura 19 aise eka vizeSa taraha ke sthAna pAte haiN| Mo. Nos.19 ke pazcimI bhAga ke bIca kI parikramAvAlI imArata ke sthAna para hI rAjakArAma meM buddha kI gaMdhakuTI thii| Age hama jetavana ke bhItara kI cAra imAratoM meM 'salalAgAra' ko bhI eka btlaaeNge| dIghanikAya meM AtA hai-"eka bAra bhagavAn zrAvastI ke salalAgAraka meM vihAra karate the|" isa para aTukathA meM likhA hai-"salala (vRtta) kI banI gaMdhakuTI meM" saMyuttanikAya meM bhI-"eka samaya AyuSmAn anuruddha zrAvastI ke salalAgAra meM vihAra karate the|" isa para aTThakathA meM-"salala vRkSa-mayI parNazAlA, yA salala vRkSa ke (1) buddha ke nivAsa kI koTharI ko pahale vihAra hI kahate the| pIche, mAlUma hotA hai, usa para phUla tathA dUsarI sugaMdhita cIjeM car3hAI jAne ke kAraNa vaha vihAra 'gaMdhakuTI' kahA jAne lgaa|

Page #273
268 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA dvAra para rahane se isa nAma kA ghara / " dIghanikAya kI aTrakathA ke anusAra "salala ghara rAjA prasenajit kA banavAyA huA thA / " (1) saMyutta aura dIgha donoM nikAyoM hI meM salalAgAra ke sAtha jetavana kA nAma na Akara, sirpha zrAvasto kA nAma prAnA batalAtA hai ki salalAgAra jetavana se bAhara thA / (2) salalAgAra kA aTakathA meM salalaghara ho jAnA mAmUlI bAta hai / (3) (ka) salala ghara rAjA prasenajit kA banavAyA thA; (kha) jo yadi jetavana meM nahIM thA to kama se kama jetavana ke bahuta hI samIpa thA, jisase aTThakathA kI paraMparA ke samaya vaha jetAna ke aMtargata samajhA jAne lgaa| hama aise sthAna rAjakArAma ko batalA cuke haiM, jo Aja bhI dekhane meM jetavana se bAhara nahIM jAna pdd'taa| isa prakAra salalA. gAra rAjakArAma ( Mo. No. 19 ) kA hI dUsarA nAma pratIta hotA hai| zrAvastI ke bhItara bhikSuNiyoM kA prArAma bhI, rAjA prasenajit kA banavAyA hone ke kAraNa, rAjakArAma' kahA jAtA thA; isI liye yaha salalAgAra yA salalaghara ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| gaMdhakuTI-jetavana ke bhItara kI anya imAratoM para vivAra karane se, jetavana ke pUrva, gaMdhakuTI kA jAnanA Avazyaka hai; kyoki ise jAna lene se aura sthAnoM ke jAnane meM AsAnI hogii| vaise to sArA jetavana hI 'avijahitadvAna' mAnA gayA hai, kiMtu jetavana meM gaMdhakuTI' kI cArapAI ke cAroM pairoM ke sthAna 'avijahita' haiM, arthAt sabhI atIta aura anAgata buddha isako nahIM chor3ate / kuTo kA dvAra kisa dizA ko thA, isake liye koI pramANa hameM nahIM milA / to bhI pUrva dizA kI vizeSatA ko dekhate hue pUrva mu~ha honA hI adhika saMbhava pratIta hotA hai| jahA~ isa viSaya para (.) "jetavane gaMdhakuTiyA cattAri maMcabAdaTThAnAvi avijahitAneva honti |"-dii0ni0, mahApadAna sutta, 14, a. ka. /

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266 jetavana pAlI srota se hama kucha nahIM pAte, vahA~ yaha bAta saMtoSa kI hai ki saheTa ke aMdara ke Mos. Nos.1, 2, 3, 5, 19 pA~coM hI vizeSa maMdiroM kA dvAra pUrva mukha ko hai| isI liye mukhya darvAjA bhI pUrva muMha hI ko rahA hogaa| yahA~ eka choTI sI ghaTanA se, jisako hama de cuke haiM, mAlUma hotA hai ki jaba ve strI-puruSa pAnI pIne ke liye jetavana ke bhItara ghuse, taba unhoMne buddha ko gaMdhakuTI kI chAyA meM baiThe dekhaa| 10. No. 2 ke dakSiNa-pUrva kA kuA~ yadyapi sara jAna mArzala ke anusAra kuSANa-kAla kA hai, to bhI tathAgata ke paribhukta kue~ kI pavitratA koI aisI-vaisI nahIM, jise gira jAne diyA gayA ho| yadi isakI ITe kuSANa-kAla kI haiM, to usase yahI siddha ho sakatA hai ki IsA kI prAraMbhika zatAbdiyoM meM isakI aMtima marammata huI thii| dopahara ke bAda gaMdhakuTo kI chAyA meM baiThe hue, buddha ke liye darvAje kI tarapha se kueM para pAnI pIne ke liye jAnevAlA puruSa sAmane par3egA, yaha spaSTa hI hai| gaMdhakuTI apane samaya kI suMdara imArata hogii| saMyutta nikAya kI aTThakathAre meM ise devavimAna ke samAna likhA hai| bharahuTa stUpa ke jetavana-citra se isakI kucha kalpanA ho sakatI hai| gaMdhakuTI ke bAhara eka cabUtarA thA, jisase gaMdhakuTo kA dvAra kucha aura U~cA thA, jisa para car3hane ke liye sIr3hiyA~ thIM / pamukha ke nIce khulA A~gana thaa| cabUtare ko 'gaMdhakuTi pamukha' kahA hai| bhojanoparAMta yahA~ khar3e hokara tathAgata bhikSu-saMgha ko upadeza dete hue aneka bAra varNita kie gae haiN| madhyAhnabhojanoparAMta bhagavAn pamukha para khar3e ho jAte the, phira sAre bhikSu vaMdanA karate the, isake bAda unheM sugatopadeza dekara buddha bhI gaMdhakuTI meM cale jAte the| (3) A.S.I. riporTa, 1910-11. (2) deva-saMyutta /

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270 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA sopAnaphalaka-gaMdhakuTo meM jAne se pahale, maNiopAnaphalaka para khar3e hokara, bhikSu-saMgha ko upadeza dene kA bhI varNana AtA hai| akAla meM varSA karAne ke camatkAra ke samaya ke varNana meM AtA hai ki buddha ne varSA karA, "puSkariNo meM nahAkara lAla dupaTTA pahana kamarabaMda bA~dha, sugatamahAcIvara ko eka kaMdhA (khulA rakha) pahana, bhikSu-saMgha se cAroM tarapha ghire hue jAkara gaMdhakuTI ke A~gana meM rakhe hue zreSTha buddhAsana para baiThakara, bhikSu-saMgha ke vaMdanA karane para uThakara maNisopAnaphalaka para khar3e ho, bhikSu-saMgha ko upadeza de, utsAhita kara surabhi-gaMdhakuTI meM praveza kara..." yaha sopAna saMbhavataH pamukha se gaMdhakuTI-dvAra para car3hane ke liye thA; kyoMki anyatra isa maNisopAnaphalaka ko gaMdhakuTo ke dvAra para dekhate haiM-"eka dina rAta ko gaMdhakuTo ke dvAra para maNisopAnaphalaka para khar3e ho bhikSusaMgha ko sugatAvAda de gaMdhakuTI meM praveza karane para, dhammasenApati ( = sAriputra) bhI zAstA ko vaMdanA kara apane pariveNa ko cale ge| mahAmoggalAna bhI apane pariveNa ko........." gaMdhakuTI-pariveNa-mAlUma hotA hai, pamukha thor3A hI caur3A thaa| isake nIce kA sahana gaMdhakuTI-pariveNa kahA jAtA thaa| isa pariveNa meM eka jagaha buddhAsana rakhA rahatA thA, jahA~ para baiThe buddha kI vaMdanA bhikSu-saMgha karatA thaa| isa pariveNa meM bAlU bichAI huI thI; kyoMki majjhimanikAya' a. ka0 meM anAthapiMDika ke bAre meM likhA hai ki vaha khAlI hAtha kabhI buddha ke pAsa na jAtA thA; kucha na hone para bAlU hI le jAkara gaMdhakuTo ke AMgana meM bikheratA thaa| aMguttaranikAyaTThakathA meM, buddha ke bhojanoparAMta ke kAma kA varNana karate hue, likhA hai-"isa prakAra bhojanoparAMtavAle kRtya ke samApta hone para, yadi gAtra dhonA (= nahAnA) (1) sutta 143 kI atttthkthaa|

Page #276
jetavana 271 cAhate the, to buddhAsana se uThakara snAnakoSThaka meM jAkara, rakhe jala se zarIra ko Rtu-grahaNa karAte the / upaTThAka bho buddhAsana le Akara gaMdhakuTI-pariveNa meM rakha detA thaa| bhagavAn lAla dupaTTA pahanakara kAyabaMdhana bA~dhakara, uttarAsaMga eka kaMdhA (khulA rakha) pahanakara vahA~ Akara baiThate the; akele kucha kAla dhyAnAvasthita hote the| taba bhitu jahA~tahA~se bhagavAn ke upasthAna ke liye Ate the| vahA~ koI prazna pUchate the, koI karma sthAna; koI dharmopadeza sunanA cAhate the| bhagavAn, unake manoratha ko pUrA karate hue, pahale yAma ko samApta karate the|" buddhAsana-stUpa-gaMdhakuTo kA pariveNa isa taraha eka bar3A hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| jetavana meM, gaMdhakuTI meM, rahate hue bhagavAn yahIM pAsIna ho prAyaH nitya hI eka yAma upadeza dete the, vaMdanA grahaNa karate the| isa taraha gaMdhakuTI-pariveNa kI pavitratA adhika mAnI jAnI svAbhAvika hai| usameM usa sthAna kA mAhAtmya, jahA~ tathAgata kA Asana rakhA jAtA thA, aura bhI mahattvapUrNa hai aura aise sthAna para paravartI kAla meM koI smRti-cihna avazya hI banA hogaa| jetavana kI khudAI meM stUpa No. H aisA hI eka sthAna milA hai| isake bAre meM sara jAna mArzala likhate haiMOf the stupas H, J and K, the first-mentioned seems to have been invested with particular sanctity; for not only was it rebuilt several times, but it is set immediatery in front of temple No. 2, wbich there is good reason to identify with the famous Gandbakuti, and right in the midst of the main road which approaches this sanctuary from the east... this plinth is constructed of bricks of same size as those monasteries ( of Kushan Period ). (1) Archeological Survey of India, 1910-11, p. 9.

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272 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA jAna par3atA hai, yaha stUpa vaha sthAna hai jahA~ baiThakara tathAgata upadeza diyA karate the aura isI liye use bAra bAra marammata karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| gaMdhakuTo-pariveNa meM, bhikSuoM ke hI liye nahIM, pratyuta gRhasthoM ke liye bhI upadeza hotA thA - "vizAkhA, upadeza sunane ke liye, jetavana gii| usane apane bahumUlya prAbhUSaNa 'mahAlatApasAdhana' ko dAsI ke hAtha meM isaliye de diyA thA ki upadeza' sunate samaya aise zarIra-zRMgAra kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| dAsI use calate vakta bhUla gaI / nagara ko lauTate samaya dAsI AbhUSaNa ke liye lauttii| vizAkhA ne pUchA---TUne kahA~ rakhA thA ? usane kahAgaMdhakuTI-pariveNa meN| vizAkhA ne kahA--gaMdhakuTI-pariveNa meM rakhane ke samaya se hI usakA lauTAnA hamAre liye prayukta hai|" AbhUSaNa ke chUTane kA yaha varNana vinaya meM bhI pAyA hai| saMbhavata: buddhAsana-stUpa ke pUrva kA stUpa g isI ke smaraNa meM hai / sara jAna kahate haiM - This stupa is coeval with the three buildings of Kushan Period, just described. ( ibid, p. 10 ). yaha gaMdhakuTo-pariveNa bahuta hI khulI jagaha thI, jisameM hajAroM AdamI baiTha sakate the| buddhAsana-stUpa ( Stupa H ) gaMdhakuTo se kucha adhika haTakara mAlUma hotA hai| usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki upadeza ke samaya tathAgata pUrvAbhimukha baiThate the| unake pIche bhikSu-saMgha pUrva mu~ha karaka baiThatA thA aura Age gRhastha loga tathAgata kI ora muMha karake baiThate the| gaMdhakuTI-pamukha se buddhAsana taka kI bhUmi bhikSuoM ke liye thii| isakA varNana hameM udAna meM3 milatA hai, jahA~ tathAgata kA pATaligAma ke nae pAvasathAgAra meM baiThane kA (1) dhammapadakathA, 4:44, visAkhAya vatthu / (2)A. S. I. riporTa, 1910-11 I. (3) udAna-pATaligAmiyavagga (8 / 6), pR0 86, P. T. S. ed.

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jetavana 273 savistara varNana hai / saMbhavata: yaha pariveNa pahale aura bhI caur3A rahA hogA, aura kama se kama buddhAsana se utanA hI sthAna uttara aura bhI chUTA rahA hogA jitanA ki No.k se buddhAsana / isa prakAra kuSANa kAla kI imArata ke sthAna para kI purAnI imArata, yadi koI rahI ho to, dakSiNa tarapha itanI bar3hI huI na rahI hogI, athavA rahI hI na hogI / 1 gaMdhakuTI kitanI laMbI-caur3I bI, yadyapi isake jAnane ke liye koI spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA, tathApi eka AdamI ke liye thI, isa liye bahuta bar3I nahIM ho sktii| saMbhavata: Mo. No. 2 ke bIca kA game bahuta kucha purAtana gaMdhakuTI ke prAkAra ko batalAtA hai / gaMdhakuTI ke darvAje meM kivAr3a lagA thA, jisameM bhItara se killI ( sUcIghaTika ) lagAne kA bhI prabaMdha thA / isameM tathAgata ke seAne kA maMca thA / isa maMca ke cAroM pairoM ke sthAna ko TukathAvAloM ne 'avijahita' kahA hai| gaMdhakuTI ke darvAje dvArA kaI bAteM kA saMketa bhI hotA thA / ma0 ni0 aTThakathA meM buddhaghoSa ne likhA hai - jisa dina bhagavAn jetavana meM rahakara pUrvArAma meM dina ko vihAra karanA cAhate the, usa dina bistarA, pariSkAra bhAMDoM ko ThIka ThIka karane kA saMketa karate the / sthavira (AnaMda) jhADU dete, tathA kacar3e meM pheMkane kI cIjoM ko sameTa lete the / jaba akele piMDacAra ko jAnA cAhate the, taba sabere hI nahAkara gaMdhakuTI meM praveza kara darvAjA baMdakara samAdhistha ho baiThate the / jaba bhikSu saMgha ke sAtha piMDacAra ko jAnA cAhate the, taba gaMdhakuTI kA AdhI khulI rakhakara... T jaba janapada meM vicarane ke liye nikalanA cAhate the, to eka-do grAsa adhika khAte the aura saba kAla caMkramaNa para prArUr3ha ho pUrva - pazcima ghUmate the / " bharahuta ke jetavana- paTTikA (1) dhammapada - aTThakathA 4:44 bhI / 2 ) sutta 26 / 18

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274 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA meM gaMdhakuTI ke dvAra kA UparI AdhA bhAga khulA hai, jisase yaha bhI patA lagatA hai ki kivAr3a Upara nIce do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hotA thaa| gaMdhakuTo kA nAma yadyapi saikar3oM bAra AtA hai, kiMtu usakA isase adhika vivaraNa dekhane meM nahIM miltaa| dvArakADhaka-hama poche (pRSTha 260) kaha cuke haiM ki anAthapiMDika ke pahale bAra lAe hue kArSApaNe se jetavana kA eka thor3A sA hissA binA DhaMkA hI raha gayA thA, jise kumAra jeta ne apane liye mAMga liyA aura vahA~ para usane apane dAma se koThA banavAyA jisakA nAma jetavanabAhirakoSThaka yA kevala dvArakoTaka kahA gayA hai| yaha gaMdhakuTo ke sAmane hI thA, kyoMki dhammapada-paTakathA meM AtA hai eka samaya anya tIrthika upAsakoM ne... apane lar3akoM ko kasama dilAI ki ghara Ane para tuma zAkyaputrIya zramaNoM ko na to vaMdanA karanA aura na unake vihAra meM jaanaa| eka dina jetavana vihAra ke bahiArakoSThaka ke pAsa khelate hue unheM pyAsa lgii| taba eka upAsaka ke lar3ake ko kahakara bhejA ki tuma jAkara pAnI pio aura hamAre liye bhI laao| usane vihAra meM praveza kara zAstA ko vaMdanA kara pAnI po isa bAta ko kahA / zAstA ne kahA ki tuma pAnI pIkara...jAkara auroM ko bhI, pAnI pIne ke liye yahIM bhejo| unhoMne Akara pAnI piyaa| gaMdhakuTI ke pAsa kA kunA hameM mAlUma hai| dvArakoSThaka se kueM para Ate hue lar3ako ko gaMdhakuTI ke dvAra para se dekhanA svAbhAvika hai, yadi darvAjA gaMdhakuTo ke sAmane ho / jetavana-pokkharaNI-yaha dvAraphoTaka ke pAsa hI tho| jAtakaDhakathA (nidAna) meM eka jagaha isakA isa prakAra varNana AtA hai eka samaya kosala rASTra meM varSA na huii| sasya sUkha rahe the| jahA~-tahA~ tAlAba, pokharI aura sarovara sUkha gae / jetavana-dvAra koSThaka ke samIpa kI jetavana-puSkariNI kA jala bhI sukha gyaa|

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jetavana 275 ghane kIcar3a meM ghusakara leTe hue maccha-kacchapoM ko kaue cIla Adi apanI cocoM se mAra mAra, le jAkara, phar3aphar3Ate huoM ko khAte the| zAstA ne matsya-kacchapoM ke usa duHkha ko dekhakara, mahatI karuNA se prerita ho, nizcaya kiyA-grAja mujhe pAnI barasAnA hai|...bhojn ke bAda sAvatthI se vihAra ko jAte hue jetavana-puSkariNI ke seopAna para khar3e ho AnaMda sthavira se kahA--AnaMda, nahAne kI dhotI lA; jetavana-puSkariNo meM snAna kreNge|...shaastaa eka chAra se nahAne kI dhotI ko pahanakara aura dUsare chora se sira ko Dhakakara sopAna para khar3e hue|...puurvdishaa-bhaag meM eka choTI sI ghaTA ne uThakara...barasate hue sAre kosala rASTra ko bAr3ha jaisA banA diyaa| zAstA ne puSkariNo meM snAna kara, lAla dupaTTA pahina......... / yahA~ hameM mAlUma hotA hai ki (1) puSkariNI jetavana-dvAra ke pAsa hI thI, (2) usameM ghATa ba~dhA huA thaa| isa puSkariNI ke pAsa vaha sthAna thA, jahA~ para devadatta kA jIte jI pRthivI meM samAnA kahA gayA hai| phAhiyAna aura hya n-cAGa donoM hI devadatta ko jetavana meM tathAgata para viSa-prayoga karane ke liye AyA huA kahate haiM, kiMtu dhammapada akayA ko varNana dRsaga hI hai devadatta ne, nau mAsa bImAra rahakara aMtima samaya zAstA ke darzana ke liye utsuka ho, apane zrAvakoM se kahA-maiM zAstA kA darzana karanA cAhatA hU~; mujhe darzana krvaao| aisA kahane para-samartha hone para tumane zAstA ke sAtha vairI kA AcaraNa kiyA, hama tumheM vahA~ na le jaayNge| taba devadatta ne kahA-merA nAza mata kro| maiMne zAstA ke sAtha AghAta kiyA, kiMtu mere Upara zAstA kA kezApramAtra (1) dha0 50 5 / 12 / a0 ke0 71, 75 (Commentary Vol. I, p. 147.) devadattavatthu / dekho dI* ni0 sutta 2 kI aTThakathA bhii|

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276 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bhI krodha nahIM hai| ve zAstA vadhika devadatta para, DAkU aMgulimAtta para, dhanapAla aura rAhula para-saba para ... samAna bhAvavAlaM haiN| taba vaha cArapAI para lekara nikale / usakA bhAgamana sunakara bhikSuoM ne zAstA ko khaa| zAstA ne kahA-bhikSuo! isa zarIra se vaha mujhe na dekha sakegA ... / aba eka yojana para pA gayA hai, prAdhe yojana para, gAvuta (= gavyUti)bhara para, jetavana-puSkariNI ke samIpa...! yadi vaha jetavana ke bhItara bhI A jAya, to bhI mujhe na dekha skegaa| devadatta ko le AnevAle jetavana-puSkariNI ke tIra para cArapAI ko utAra puSkariNI meM nahAne ko gae / devadatta bhI cArapAI se uTha, donoM pairoM ko bhUmi para rakhakara, baiThA / (aura) vaha vahIM pRthivI meM calA gyaa| vaha kramaza: ghuTTo taka, phira Thehune taka, phira kamara taka, chAtI taka, gardana taka ghusa gyaa| ThuDDo kI haDDI ke bhUmi para pratiSThita hote samaya usane yaha gAthA kahI____ina mATha prANoM se usa aprapudgala ( = mahApuruSa ) devAtideva, naradamyasAkhI samaMtacakSu zatapuNyalakSaNa buddha ke zaraNAgata huuN| vaha aba se sau hajAra kalpoM bAda ahissara nAmaka pratyaka buddha hogaa| -vaha pRthivI meM ghusakara avIcinaraka meM utpanna humaa| isa kathA meM aitihAsika tathya cAhe kucha bhI ho, kiMtu isameM saMdeha nahIM ki devadatta ke jamIna meM dhaMsane kI jo kiMvadaMtI phAhiyAna ke samaya ( pA~cavIM zatAbdI meM ) khUba prasiddha thI usase bhI pahale kI siMhAlI aTThakathAo meM yaha bAta vaise hI thI, jinake AdhAra para phAhiyAna ke samakAlIna buddhaghoSa ne pAlI aTTakathA meM ise likhaa| phAhiyAna ne devadatta ke dhasane ke isa sthAna ko jetavana ke pUrvadvAra para rAjapatha se 70 pada, pazcima ora jahA~ caMcA ke dharatI meM dhaMsane kA ullekha kiyA hai, likhA hai| _ na-cAGa ne isa sthAna ke viSaya meM likhA hai

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jetavana 277 To the east of the convent about 100 paces is a great chasm; this is where Devadutta went down alive into Hell after trying to poison Buddha. To the south of this, again is a great ditch; this is the place where the Bhikshu Kokali went down alive into Hell after slandering Buddha. To the south of this, about 800 paces, is the place where the Brahman woman Chancha went down alive into Hell after slandering Buddha. All these chasms are without any visible bottom ( or bottomless pits ). ( Beal Life of H. Ts. pp. 93 and 94 ). inameM aitihAsika tathya saMbhavataH itanA hI ho sakatA hai ki maraNAsanna devadatta ko aMta meM apane kie kA pazcAttApa huA aura vaha buddha ke darzana ke liye gayA, kiMtu jetavana ke darvAje para hI usake prANa chUTa gae / yaha mRtyu pahale bhUmi meM dha~sane meM paripata huI / phAhiyAna ne use pRthivI ke phaTakara bIca meM jagaha dene ke rUpa meM sunA / hya Una cAG ke samaya vaha sthAna athAha caMdavaka meM pariNata ho gayA thaa| kiMtu itanA to ThIka ho hai ki yaha sthAna (1) pUrvakoTaka ke pAsa thA; (2) puSkariNI ke Upara thA; (3) vihAra (gaMdhakuTI) se 100 kadama para thA; aura (4) caMcA ke dha~sane kA sthAna bhI isake pAsa hI thA / caMcA ke dhaMsane kA sthAna dvAra ke bAhara pAsa hI meM aTThakathA meM bhI AtA hai, kiMtu kokAlika ke dha~sane kA kahIM jikra nahIM AtA / balki isake viruddha usakA varNana suttanipAta meM isa prakAra haikokAlika ne jetavana meM bhagavAn ke pAsa jAkara kahA - bhaMte, sAriputta moggalAna pApecchu haiM, pApecchAoM ke vaza meM haiM / bhagavAn

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278 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA ne use sAriputta mogalAna ke viSaya meM citta ko prasanna karane ke liye tIna bAra kahA, kiMtu usane tIna bAra usI ko duhraayaa| vahA~ se pradakSiNA karake gayA to usake sAre badana meM sarasoM ke barAbara phusiyA~ nikala AI, jo kramaza: bela se bhI bar3I ho phUTa gii| phira khUna aura pIba bahane lagA aura vaha isI bImArI meM marA / isameM kahIM kokAlika ke sane yA buddha ko apamAnita karane kA varNana nahIM hai| isameM zaMkA nahIM, isI suttanipAta kI aTThakathA meM isa kokAliya ko devadatta ke ziSya kokAliya se alaga batalAyA hai, kiMtu usakA bhI jetavana ke pAsa bhUmi meM dhaMsanA kahIM nahIM miltaa| caMcA ke bhUmi meM phaMsane kA ullekha phAhiyAna aura hya na cAlU donoM hI ne kiyA hai| lekina hya na-cAG ne 800 kadama dakSiNa likhA hai, yadyapi phAhiyAna ne cUhoM se baMdhana kATane aura dhaMsane kA sthAna eka hI likhA hai| pAlI meM yaha kathA' isa prakAra hai__ pahalI bodhI' (527-13 I0 pU0) meM tairthikoM ne buddha ke lAbha. satkAra ko dekhakara use naSTa karane kI tthaanii| unhoMne ciMcA parivrAjikA se khaa| vaha zrAvastI-vAsiyoM ke dharmakathA sunakara jetavana se nikalate samaya iMdragopa ke samAna varNavAle vastra ko pahana gaMdhamAlA Adi hAtha meM le jetavana kI ora jAtI thii| jetavana ke samIpa ke tIrthikArAma meM vAsa kara prAtaH hI nagara se upAsaka janoM ke nikalane para, jetavana ke bhItara rahI huI sI ho, nagara meM praveza karatI thii| eka mAsa ke bAda pUchane para kahatI thI ki jetavana meM zramaNa gautama ke sAtha eka gaMdhakuTI hI meM soI huuN| AThanau mAsa ke bAda peTa para gola kASTha bA~dhakara, Upara se vastra pahana, sAyAhna samaya, dharmopadeza karate hue tathAgata ke sAmane khar3I ho (1) dhammapada-a0 ka0, 13:16 /

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jetavana 276 usane kahA-"mahAzramaNa, logoM ko dharmopadeza karate ho| maiM tumase garbha pAkara pUrNagarbhA ho gaI huuN| na mere sUtikA-gRha kA prabaMdha karate ho aura na gho-tela kaa| yadi Apase na ho sake to apane kisI upasthApaka hI se-kosalarAja se, anAthapiTika se yA vizAkhA sekarA do...|" isa para devaputroM ne, cUhe ke bacce bana, baMdhana kI rassI ko kATa diyaa| logoM ne yaha dekha usake zira para thUkakara use Dhele, DaMDe Adi se mArakara jetavana se bAhara kiyaa| tathAgata ke dRSTipatha se haTane ke bAda hI mahApRthivI ne phaTakara use jagaha dii| isa kathA meM tathAgata ke AMkhoM ke sAmane se caMcA ke alaga hote hI usakA pRthivI meM dhaMsanA likhA hai| buddha isa samaya buddhAsana para ( Stupa H ) baiThe rahe hoge| darvAje kA bahiauSThaka sAmane hI thA / dvArakoTaka ke pAra hote hI usakA A~kho se ojhala honA svAbhAvika hai aura isa prakAra dhaMsane kI jagaha dvArakoTaka ke bAhara pAsa hI, puSkariNI ke kinAra ho sakatI hai, jisake pAsa, pIche devadatta kA dhasanA kahA jAtA hai, jo phAhiyAna ke bhI anukUla hai| kAla bItane ke sAtha kathAoM ke rUpa meM bhI atizayokti honI svAbhAvika hai / isake atirikta hya n-cAG usa samaya Ae the, jisa samaya mahAyAna bhArata meM yauvana para thaa| mahAyAna aitihAsikatA kI apekSA lokottaratA kI ora adhika jhukatA hai, jaisA ki mahAyAna karuNApuMDarIka sUtra Adi se khUba spaSTa hai| isI liye hya na-cAG ko kiMvadaMtiyAM phAhiyAna kI apekSA adhika atiraMjita milatI haiN| aura isI liye hya na-cAGa kI kathA meM ho ciMcA ko 800 kadama aura dakSiNa pAte haiM / hya na-cAG kA yaha kathana ki devadatta ke dhaMsane kI jagaha arthAt dvArakoTaka ke bAhara puSkariNI kA ghATa vihAra ( =gaMdhakuTI) se 100 kadama thA, ThIka mAlUma hotA hai aura isa prakAra Monastery F kI pUrvI dIvAra se bila

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280 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kula pAsa hI jetavana ke dvArakoTaka kA honA siddha hotA hai aura phira 487 naMbaravAle kheta kI nicalI bhUmi hI jetavana kI puSkariNI siddha hotI hai| kapalla-pUva-panbhAra-isameM saMdeha nahIM ki kitanI hI jagahoM kA prAraMbha anaitihAsika kathAoM para pravalaMbita hai, kiMtu isase vaise sthAnoM kA pIche mAnA jAnA asatya nahIM ho sktaa| aisA hI eka sthAna jetavana-dvArakoTaka meM 'kapalla-pUva-pabbhAra' thaa| kathA yoM hai rAjagaha nagara ke pAsa eka sakkhara nAma kA kasbA thaa| vahA~ assI karor3a dhanavAlA kauzika nAmaka eka kaMjUsa seTha rahatA thaa| usane eka dina bahuta AgA-pochA kara bhAryA se putrA khAne ke liye kahA / strI ne puprA banAnA prAraMbha kiyaa| yaha jAna sthavira mahAmoggalAna usI samaya jetavana se nikalakara Rddhibala se usa kasbe meM seTha ke ghara phuNce|...setth ne bhAryA se kahA-bhadre! mujhe punoM kI jarUrata nahIM, unheM isI bhitu ko de do|...sthvir Rddhibala se seThaseThAnI ko putroM ke sAtha lekara jetavana pahu~ca ge| sAre vihAra ke bhikSuoM ko dene para bhI vaha samApta humA sA na mAlUma hotA thaa| isa para bhagavAna ne kahA-inheM jetavana dvArakAThaka para chor3a do| unhoMne use dvArakor3haka ke pAsa ke sthAna para hI chor3a diyaa| Aja bhI vaha sthAna kapalla-pUrva-panbhAra ke hI nAma se prasiddha hai| yaha sthAna bhI dvArakoSThaka ke hI eka bhAga meM thA, aura isa jagaha kI smRti meM bhI koI choTA-moTA stUpa avazya banA hogaa| __ jetavana ke bAhara kI bAtoM ko samAptakara aba hameM jetavana ke aMdara kI zeSa imAratoM ko dekhanA hai| vinaya (pRSTha 152) ke anu (1) dhammapadaTThakathA, Vol. I, p. 373.

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jetavana 281 sAra anAthapiDika ne jetavana ke bhItara ye cAjeM banavAI - vihAra, pariveNa, koThA, upasthAnazAlA, kappiyakuTI, pAkhAnA, pezAbakhAnA, caMkrama (= Tahalane kI jagaha ), caMkramaNazAlA, udapAna (= pyAU), udapAnazAlA, jaMtAghara (= snAnagRha ), jaMtAgharazAlA, puSkariNI aura maMDapa / jAtaka-aTThakathA' (nidAna ) ke anusAra inakA nAma isa prakAra hai-madhya meM gaMdhakuTI, usake cAroM tarapha assI mahAsthaviroM ke alaga alaga nivAsasthAna, eka kuDuka (= ekatalA), dvikuDaka, haMsavaTTaka, dIghasAlA, maMDapa Adi tathA puSkariNI, caMkramaNa, rAtri ke rahane ke sthAna aura dina ke rahane ke sthAna / cullavagga ke senAsanakkhaMdhaka (6 ) se hameM nimna prakAra ke gRhoM kA patA lagatA hai-- upasthAnazAlA-usa samaya bhikSu khulI jagaha meM khAte samaya zIta se bhI, uSNa se bhI kaSTa pAte the| bhagavAn se kahane para unhoMne kahA- maiM anumati detA hU~ ki upasthAnazAlA banAI jAya, U~cI kurasIvAlI; ITa, patthara yA lakar3I se cinakara; sIr3ho bhI ITa, patthara yA lakar3I kI; bA~ha-prAlaMbana bhI; lIpa-potakara, sapheda yA kAle raMga kI gerU se sa~vArI, mAlA latA, citroM se citrita, khUTI, cIvara-bA~sa cIvara-rassI ke sahita / jetavana meM bhI aisI upasthAnazAlA thI, jisakA varNana sUtroM meM bahuta prAtA hai| jetavana kI yaha upasthAnazAlA lakar3I kI rahI hogI tathA noce ITe bichI rahI hogii| jetavana ke bhItara hama ina imArata kA varNana pAlI srota se pAte haiM-karerikuTikA, kosaMbakuTI, gaMdhakuTI, salalaghara, karerimaMDalamAla, karerimaMDapa, gaMdhamaMDalamAla, upaThAnasAlA (= dharmasabhAmaMDapa), nahAnakoTaka, aggisAlA, aMbalakoTaka (= prAsanasAlA, pAnIya (1) jAtaka, 1: 8 /

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282 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA sAlA ), upasaMpadAmAlaka / yadyapi salalaghara jetavana ke bhItara likhA milatA hai; kiMtu jJAta hotA hai ki jetavana se yahA~ jetavana-rAjakArAma abhipreta hai aura salalaghara rAjakArAma kI hI gaMdhakuTI kA nAma thA / ___karerikuTikA aura karerimaMDalamAla-dIghanikAya' meM AtA hai ki eka samaya bhagavAna jetavana meM anAthapiDika ke pArAma, karerikuTikA meM, vihAra karate the| bhojana ke bAda karerimaMDalamAla meM ikaTThA baiThe hue bahuta se bhikSuoM meM pUrvajanma-saMbaMdhI dhArmika carcA cala pdd'ii| bhagavAna ne use divya zrotra-dhAtu se sunaa| isa para TIkA karate hue AcArya buddhaghoSa ne likhA hai___ kareri varuNa vRkSa kA nAma hai| kareri vRkSa usa kuTI ke dvAra para thA, isI liye karerikuTikA kahI jAtI thI; jaise kosaMba vRtta ke dvAra para hone se kosNbkuttikaa| jetavana ke bhItara karerikuTi, kosaMbakuTi, gaMdhakuTi, salalaghara ye cAra bar3e ghara ( mahAgeha ) the / eka eka sau hajAra kharca karake banavAe gae the| unameM salalaghara rAjA prasenajit dvArA banavAyA gayA thA, bAkI anAthapiDika gRhapati dvaaraa| isa taraha anAthapiDika gRhapati dvArA staMbhoM ke Upara banavAI huI devavimAna-samAna karerikuTikA meM bhagavAna vihAra karate the / sUtra se hameM mAlUma hotA hai ki jetavana ke bhItara (1) karerikuTikA thI, jo saMbhavata: gaMdhakuTI, kosaMbakuTI kI bhA~ti sirpha (1) dI. vi. mahApadAnasutta, XIV. Vol. I. ( P. T. S. ed.) (2) dI. ni. aTThakathA, II, pR0 266 / eka samayaM bhagavA sAvasthiyaM viharati jetavane anAthapiDikassa pArAme karerikuTikAyAM / atha kho saMbahulAne bhikkhUna pacchAbhattaM viMDapAta-paTikkacAnaM kareri-maMDala-mAle sannisinAnaM sannipatitAne pubbe-nivAsa-parisaMyuttA dhammiya-kathA udapAdi-'iti pubbe-nivAso iti pubbenivAsoti' /

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jetavana 283 karerI buddha hI ke rahane ke liye thI; ( 2 ) usase kucha haTakara karerimaMDalamAla thA / bilkula pAsa hone para divya zrotra dhAtu se sunane kI koI AvazyakatA na thI / aTThakathA se mAlUma hotA hai ki isa ( 3 ) kuTI ke dvAra para kA vRkSa thA, isI liye isakA nAma karerikuTikA par3A thA / itanA hI nahIM, kosaMbakuTI kA nAma bhI dvAra para kosaMba vRkSa ke hone se par3A thA / ( 4 ) anAthapiMDika dvArA yaha karerikuTI lakar3I ke khaMbhoM ke Upara bahuta hI suMdara banAI gaI tho / karerimaMDalamAla para TokA karate hue buddhaghoSa kahate haiM- " usI karerimaMDapa' ke pravidUra ( = bahuta dUra nahIM) banI huI nisIdanazAlA ( ko karerimaMDalamAla kahate haiM ); vaha karaMrimaMDapa gaMdhakuTo aura nisIdanazAlA ke bIca meM thA / isI liye gaMdhakuTI bhI karerikuTikA, aura zAlA bhI karerimaMDalamAla kahA jAtA thA / " udAna meM bhI - 'eka bAra bahuta se bhikSu karerimaMDalamAla meM ikaTThe baiThe the' dekhA jAtA hai / TIkA karate hue aTThakathA meM prAcArya dharmapAla likhate haiM -- " karaMri varuNa vRkSa kA nAma hai / vaha gaMdhakuTI, maMDapa aura zAlA ke bIca meM thA / isI liye gaMdhakuTI bhI karerikuTI kahI jAtI thI, maMDapa bhI, aura zAlA bhI karerimaMDalamAla / prativarSa bananevAle ghAsa pattI ke chappara ko maMDala-mAla kahate haiM / dUsaraM kahate haiM, atimukta Adi latAoM ke maMDapa ko maMDalamAla kahate haiM / yahA~ dI0 ni0 aTThakathA meM 'karerimaMDapa, gaMdhakuTI aura nisIdanazAlA ke bIca meM thA ' udAna aTThakathA meM 'kareri vRkSa ( 1 ) pIche dIgha0 ni0 a0 ka0 / ( 2 ) ( udAna - 3 | 8 ) - karerimaMDalamAle sannisinnAnaM sanipatitAnaM zrayaM aMtarAkathA udapAdi / (3) udAna TukathA, pR0 135 /

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284 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA gaMdhakuTI, maMDapa aura zAlA ke bIca meM thA', jisameM 'gaMdhakuTI, maMDapa' ko 'gaMdhakuTI-maMDapa' svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, kiMtu Age 'isI liye gaMdhakuTI bhI...,maMDapa bhI aura zAlA bhI...se mAlUma hotA hai ki yahA~ karerikuTI, kararimaMDapa, karerimaMDalamAlA ye tIna alaga cIjeM haiM, aura ina tInoM ke bIca meM karari vRkSa thaa| lekina dIghanikAyaTThakathA kA 'vaha karerimaMDapa gaMdhakuTI aura nisIdanazAlA ke bIca meM thA'-yaha kahanA phira karerimaMDapa ko saMdeha meM DAla detA hai| isase to mAlUma hotA hai 'karerivRkSa' kI jagaha para 'karerimaMDapa' bhrama se likhA gayA jAna par3atA hai| yadyapi isa prakAra karerimaMDapa kA honA saMdigdha ho jAtA hai; to bhI isameM saMdeha nahIM ki karari vRkSa karerikuTI ke sAmane thA, jisake Age karerimaMDalamAla / jetavana meM sabhI pradhAna imArate gaMdhakuTI kI bhA~ti pUrvamuMha hI thiiN| karerikuTI ke dvAra para pUrva tarapha eka kareri kA vRkSa thA, aura usase pUrva tarapha (1) karerimaMDalamAla thA, jisameM bhojanoparAMta bhikSu prAyaH ikaTThA hokara dharma-carcA kiyA karate the| (2) yaha maMDalamAla prativarSa phUsa se chAyA jAtA thA, isaliye koI sthAyI imArata na tho|| ___yahA~ hameM yaha kucha bhI nahIM patA lagatA ki karerikuTI, kosaMbakuTo aura gaMdhakuTI se kisa ora thii| yadi hama 'karerikuTI, kosaMbakuTI, gaMdhakuTI' isa krama ko unakA krama mAna leM, vo karerikuTo kosaMbakuTI se bhI pazcima thii| yahA~ salalaghara ko isa krama se kiMtu nahIM mAnanA hogA kyoMki yaha tairthikoM kI jagaha para rAjA prasenajit kA banavAyA huA bhArAma thaa| zAyada yaha jetavana ke vastuta: bAhara hone para bhI samIpatA ke kAraNa usameM le liyA gayA thaa| aisA hone para Mo. No. b. ko hama karerikuTikA mAna sakate haiN| kareri kA vRkSa usake dvAra para pUrvottara ke kone meM thA, aura karerimaMDala mAla usase pUrvottara meN|

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jetavana 285 upaTrAnasAlA-khurakanikAya ke udAna graMtha meM AtA hai"eka samaya' bhagavAn zrAvastI meM anAthapiDika ke prArAma jetavana meM vihAra karate the| usa samaya bhojana ke bAda, upasthAnazAlA meM ikaTTha baiThe, bahuta se bhikSuoM meM yaha kathA hotI thii| ina donoM rAjAoM meM kauna bar3A...hai, rAjA mAgadha seniya biMbisAra athavA rAjA prasenajit kosala |...us samaya dhyAna se uThakara bhagavAn zAma ke vakta upaTThAnazAlA meM gae aura niyata Asana para baitthe|" isakI aTakathA meM prAcArya dharmapAla likhate haiM 'bhagavAn ne...bhojanoparAMta...gaMdhakuTI meM praveza kara phalasamApatti sukha ke sAtha divasa-bhAga ko vyatIta kara ( socA )...aba cAroM pariSad ( bhikSu, bhikSuNI, upAsaka, upAsikA ) mere Ane kI pratIkSA meM sAre vihAra ko pUrNa karatI baiThI hai, aba dharmadezanA ke liye dharma-sabhA-maMDala meM jAne kA samaya hai...|' ___isase mAlUma hotA hai ki upasthAnazAlA (1) jevatana meM bhikSuoM ke ekatra hokara baiThane kI jagaha thI; (2) tathAgata sAyaMkAla ko upadeza dene ke liye vahA~ jAte the| aTThakathA se itanA aura mAlUma hotA hai-(3) isI ko dharma-sabhA-maMDala bhI kahate the| (4) yaha gaMdhakuTI ke pAsa tho; (5) sAyaMkAla ko dharmopadeza sunane ke liye bhikSu, bhikSuNI, upAsaka, upAsikA sabhI yahA~ ikaTThe hote the; (6 ) maMDala zabda se karerimaMDala kI bhA~ti hI yaha bhI zAyada phUsa ke chapparoM se prativarSa chAI jAnevAlI imArata thI; (7) ye chappara zAyada gaMdhakuTI ke pAsavAlI bhUmi para par3e the, isI liye 'sAre vihAra ko pUrNa karatI' zabda pAyA hai| (1) tena kho pana samayena upaTTAnasAlArya samisinnAnaM sanipatitAnaM ayamantarAkathA udpaadi|-udaan, 2-2 / (2) udAnaTThakathA, pR. 72 (siMhalalipi)

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286 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA ___ gaMdhakuTI ke pAsavAle gaMdhakuTI-pariveNa ke viSaya meM hama kaha cuke haiN| yaha gaMdhakuTI ke sAmane kA A~gana thaa| gaMdhakuTo kI zobhA ke DhaMka jAne ke khayAla se isa jagaha upasthAnazAlA nahIM ho sktii| yaha saMbhavata: gaMdhakuTo se lage hue uttara tarapha ke bhU-khaMDa para thI, jisameM stUpa No. 8 yA 9 zAyada buddhAsana ke sthAna para haiN| snAnakASThaka--aMguttaranikAya-aTThakathA kA uddharaNa de cuke hai-"bhojanoparAMtavAle kRtya (tIsare pahara ke kRtya-upadeza Adi) ke samApta hone para, yadi buddha nahAnA (=gAtra dhonA) cAhate the, to buddhAsana se uThakara snAnakoSThaka meM...zarIra ko Rtu grahaNa karAte the|" ( 1 ) yaha snAnakoSThaka gaMdhakuTI ke pAsa thaa| (2) gaMdhakuTo ke pAsa kA kuA~ bhI isake pAsa hI ho sakatA hai| ( 3 ) yaha alaga nahAne kI eka choTI sI koTharI rahI hogii| ina para vicAra karane se Mo. no.2 ke kueM ke pAsavAlA stUpa k snAnakoSThaka kA sthAna mAlUma hotA hai, jisake viSaya meM sara jAna mArzala ne likhA hai The character is not wholly apparent. It consists of a chamber, 12' 8" square, with a paved passage around enclosed by an outer wall. The floor of the inner chamber and the passage around it are paved in bricks of the same size 13" x 9" x 21" (of Kushana period ) as those used in the walls... absence of any doorway. In all probability, it was a stupa with a relic.chamber within and a paved walk outside ; and the outer wall was added at a later date... ......well. A few feet to the south west of this structure is a carefully constructed well; which appears

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jetavana 287 to be of a slightly Inter date than the building r...... The bricks are of the same size as those in the building k......sweet and clear water...... jaMtAghara (= agnizAlA)-isake bAre meM dhammapada aTukathA ke vAkya ye haiM sar3e zarIravAlA tiSya' sthavira apane ziSya Adi dvArA chor3a diyA gayA thaa| (bhagavAn ne socA ) isa samaya isako mujhe chor3a dUsarA koI avalaMba nahIM; aura gaMdhakuTo se nikala vihAracArikA karate hue, agnizAlA meM jA jalapAtra ko dho cUlhe para rakha jala ko garma huA jAna, jAkara usa bhikSu ke leTane kI khATa kA kinArA pkdd'aa| taba bhitu khATa ko agnizAlA meM laae| zAstA ne isake pAsa khar3e ho garma pAnI se zarIra ko bhigokara mala malakara nhlaayaa| phira vaha halke zarIra ho aura ekAgracitta ho khATa para lettaa| zAstA ne usake sirahAne khar3e ho yaha gAthA kaha upadeza diyA___ "dera nahIM hai ki tuccha, vijJAna-rahita, nirarthaka kASThakhaMDa sA yaha zarIra pRthivI para lettegaa| ...dezanA ke aMta meM vaha arhatva ko prApta ho, parinivRtta huaa| zAstA ne usakA zarIrakRtya karAkara haDDiyAM le caitya banavAyA / " jaMtAghara aura agnizAlA donoM eka hI cIja haiN| cullavagga meM agnizAlA ke vidhAna meM yaha vAkya hai "anujJA detA hU~, eka tarapha agnizAlA...U~co kursI kI..., ITa patthara yA lakar3I se cunii...,sopaan...praalNbnbaahu-shit...|" (1)(dha0pa04:8, a. ka. 157 ) / (1) "jaMtAgharaM tvaggisAlA" (abhidhAnappadIpikA 214) / (3) anumAnAmi bhikkhave ekamaMtaM aggisAlaM kAtu...uccavatthukaM iTikAcayaM silAcayaM daarucyN...sopaann...praalNbnnvaaii...|" (senAsanakkhaM dhaka, 6) /

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288 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ina uddharaNoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki (1) jaMtAghara saMghArAma ke eka chora para hotA thaa| (2) yaha nahAne kI jagaha tho / (3) ITa, patthara yA lakar3o kI cunI huI imArata hotI thI / (4) usameM pAnI garma karane ke liye Aga jalAI jAtI thI, isI liye use agnizAlA bhI kahate haiN| (5) usameM kevAr3a, vAlA-cAbhI bhI rahatI thii| (6) dhUe~ kI cimanI bhI hotI thii| (7) bar3e jaMtAgharoM meM Aga jalAne kA sthAna bIca meM, choToM meM eka kinAre pr| (5) jaMtAghara kI bhUmi ITa, patthara yA lakar3I se DhakI rahatI thii| (6) usameM pIr3he para baiThakara nahAte the| (10) vaha ITa, patthara yA lakar3I kI dIvAra se ghirA rahatA thaa| ___ mahAvagga meM sAmaNera kA karttavya varNana karate hue jaMtAghara ke saMbaMdha meM isa prakAra kahA gayA hai___ "yadi upAdhyAya nahAnA cAhate ho / ... yadi upAdhyAya jaMtAghara meM jAnA cAhate ho, to cUrNa le jAnA cAhie, miTTI bhigonI cAhie / jaMtAghara ke pITha (=caukI) ko lekara upAdhyAya ke pIche poche jAkara, jaMtAghara meM pITha dekara, cIvara lekara eka tarapha rakhanA cAhie ! cUrNa denA caahie| miTTI denI caahie|...jl meM bhI upAdhyAya kA parikarma karanA ( = malanA) caahie| nahAkara pahale hI nikalakara apane gAna ko nirjala kara vastra pahanakara, upAdhyAya ke gAtra se jala sammArjita karanA caahie| vana denA cAhie, saMghATI denI caahie| jaMtAghara ke pITha ko lekara pahale hI ( nivAsasthAna para ) Akara prAsana ThIka karanA cAhie..." jaMtAghara ke varNana meM isa prakAra hai - anujJA detA hU~ ( jaMtAghara ko) upa-vastuka karanA...kevAr3a... sUcika, ghaTika tAlachidra...dhUmanetra...,...choTe jaMtAghara meM eka tarapha (1) (mahA. va., p. 43) (2) cu0 va0, khuddakavatthukkhaMdhaka, p. 213,21) .

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jetavana 286 agnisthAna, bar3e ke madhya meN...| (jaMtAghara meM kIcar3a hotA thA isa liye) ITa, patthara yA lakar3A se gaca karanA,...pAnI kA rAstA banAnA,... jaMtAghara-pITha..., ITa, patthara yA lakar3I ke prAkAra se parikSepa krnaa...| jetavana kA jaMtAghara bhI jetavana ke agala-bagala eka kone meM rahA hogA, jo Upara varNana kie gae tarIke para saMbhavata: ITa aura lakar3I se banA hogaa| aisA sthAna jetavana ke pUrva-dakSiNa koNa meM saMbhava ho sakatA hai; arthAta Monastery B ke prAsapAsa / prAsanazAlA, aMbalakATaka-jAtakaTThakathA meM isake liye yaha zabda hai "aMbalakoTaka' prAsanazAlA meM bhAta khAnevAle kutte ke saMbaMdha meM khaa| usa ( kutte ) ko janma se hI panabharoM ne lekara vahA~ pAlA thaa|" isase hameM ye bAteM mAlUma hotI haiM-(1) jetavana meM AsanazAlA tho, (2) jisake pAsa yA jisameM hI aMbalakoTaka nAma kI koI koTharI tho, (3) jisameM pAnI bharanevAle aksara rahA karate the; (4) pAnIzAlA yA udapAnazAlA bhI yahIM pAsa meM thii| yaha sthAna bhI gaMdhakuTo se kucha haTakara ho honA caahie| panabharoM ke saMbaMdha se mAlUma hotA hai, yaha bhI jaMtAghara(Monastery B) ke pAsa hI kahIM para rahA hogaa| upasaMpadA mAlaka-"phira usako sthavira ne jetavana meM le Akara apane hAtha se hI nahalAkara, mAlaka meM khar3A kara pravrajita kara, usakI laMgoTo aura hala ko mAlaka kI sImA hI meM vRkSa kI DAla para rakhavA diyaa|" (.)jAtaka, 242 / (2) dha0 pa0, 25:10, a. ka. / 16

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290 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA anyatra dhammapada (8:11 a0 ka0 ) meM bhI upasaMpadA-mAlaka nAma AtA hai| yaha saMbhavata: gaMdhakuTo ke pAsa kahIM eka sthAna thA, jahA~ pravrajyA dI jAtI thii| jetavana meM vaise sabhI jagaha vRkSa hI vRkSa the, ataH isakI sImA meM vRkSa kA honA koI vizeSatA nahIM rkhtaa| AnaMdabAdhi-AkhirI cIja jo jetavana ke bhItara raha gaI vaha AnaMdabodhi hai| jAvakaTakathA meM usake liye yaha vAkya hai-- "AnaMda sthavira ne ropA thA, isaliye AnaMdabodhi nAma pdd'aa| sthavira dvArA jetavanadvArakoSThaka ke pAsa bodhi (= pIpala ) kA ropA jAnA sAre jaMbUdvIpa meM prasiddha ho gayA thaa|" bharahuTa kI jetavana-paTTikA meM bhI gaMdhakuTI ke sAmane, kosaMbakuTI se pUrvottara ke koNa para, veSTanI se veSTita eka vRkSa dikhAyA gayA hai, jo saMbhavataH prAnaMdabodhi hI hai| yadyapi uparyukta uddharaNa se yaha nahIM mAlUma hotA ki yaha pIpala kA vRkSa dvArakoSThaka ke bAhara thA yA bhItara; kiMtu adhikatara isakA bhItara hI honA mAlUma par3atA hai, kyoMki aisA pUjanIya vRkSa jetavana khAsa ke bhItara hI honA caahie| paTTikA meM bhI bhItara hI dikhalAyA gayA hai, kyoMki usameM dvArakoTaka chor3a diyA gayA hai| vaDaDhamAna-jetavana ke bhItara yaha eka aura prasiddha vRkSa thaa| dhammapadaTThakathA meM-"prAnaMda, prAja varddhamAna kI chAyA meM...citta... mujhe vaMdanA kregaa|...vNdnaa ke samaya rAja-mAna se mATha karIsa pramANa pradeza meM...divya puSpoM kI dhana varSA hogii|" (dha0 50 5: 14.pra. ka. 250) / yaha citta gRhapati tathAgata ke gRhastha sarvazreSTha ziSyoM meM thaa| tathAgata ne isake bAre meM svayaM kahA hai 1. jAtaka, 261 /

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jetavana 261 "bhituo, zraddhAlu upAsaka acchI prArthanA karate hue yaha prArthanA kare, vaisA hoU~ jaisA ki vitta gahapati / " (aM0 ni0 3-2-2-53) / suMdarI-jetavana ke saMbaMdha meM eka aura prasiddha ghaTanA (jo aTThakathA aura cInI parivrAjako ke vivaraNa meM hI nahIM, varan udAna meM bhI, jo tripiTaka ke mUla bhAga meM haiM) sudarI parivAjikA kI hai| udAna meM isakA ullekha isa prakAra hai __ "bhagavAn jetavana' meM viharate the| usa samaya bhagavAn aura bhikSusaMgha satkRta pUjita, piMDapAta, zayanAsana, glAnapratya bhaiSajyoM ke lAbhI the, lekina anya tIrthika parivrAjaka prstkRt...the| taba ve tIrthika, bhagavAn aura bhikSusaMgha ke satkAra ko na sahate hue, sudarI parivAjikA ke pAsa jAkara bole bhaginI ! jJAti kI bhalAI karane kA utsAha rakhatI ho ?maiM kyA karUM Aryo ! merA kiyA kyA nahIM ho sakatA ? jIvana bhI maiMne jJAti ke liye arpita kara diyA hai / --to bhaginI bAra bAra jetavana jAyA kr| bahuta acchA Aryo ! yaha kahakara..., sudaro parivrAjikA barAbara jetavana jAne lgii| jaba anya tIrthika parivrAjakoM ne jAnA, ki bahuta logoM ne suMdarI...ko barAbara jetavana jAte dekha liyA, to unhoMne use jAna se mArakara vahIM jetavana kI khAI meM kuA~ khodakara DAla diyA aura rAjA prasenajit kosala ke pAsa jAkara kahA--mahArAja ! jo vaha suMdarI parivrAjikA thI, se nahIM dikhalAI pdd'tii|--tumheN kahA~ saMdeha hai ?--jetavana meM mahArAja |--to jAkara jetavana ko ddhuuNddh'o| taba ( unhoMne ) jetavana meM DhU~r3hakara apane khAde hue parikhA ke kueM se nikAlakara khATa para DAla zrAvastI meM praveza kara eka sar3aka se dUsarI sar3aka, eka caurAhe se dUsare caurAhe para jAkara AdamiyoM ko zaMkita kara diyA--"dekho mAryo ! zAkyaputrIya (1) udAna, 4.8 ( meghiyavagga ) /

Page #297
262 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA zramaNoM kA karma, ye alajjI, duHzIla, pApadharma, mRSAvAdI, abrahmacArI haiN| ...inako zrAmaNya nahIM, inako brahmacarya nhiiN| inakA zrAmaNya, brahmacarya naSTa ho gayA hai| ...kaise puruSa puruSa-karma karake strI ko jAna se mAra degA ?" usa samaya sAvatthI meM loga bhituoM ko dekhakara ( unheM ) asabhya aura kar3e zabdoM se phaTakArate the, parihAsa karate the...| taba bahuta se bhikSu zrAvastI se...piMDapAta karake ...bhagavAna ke pAsa jAkara...bole-"isa samaya bhagavAn ! zrAvastI meM loga bhikSuoM ko dekhakara asabhya aura kar3e zabdoM se phaTakArate haiM ... / yaha zabda bhikSuo ! cirakAla taka nahIM rahegA, eka saptAha meM samApta ho lupta ho jAyagA...: (aura) vaha, zabda nahIM cirakAla taka rahA. saptAha bhara hI rahA... / " dhammapada-aTThakathA meM bhI yaha kathA AI hai, jahA~ yaha vizeSatA hai-...taba tIrthakoM ne kucha dinoM ke bAda guMDoM ko kahApaNa dekara kahA--jAo suMdarI ko mArakara zramaNa gautama kI gaMdhakuTI ke pAsa mAloM ke kUr3e meM DAla paao...|... rAjA ne kahA- to (murdA lekara) nagara meM ghuumii|...(phir) rAjA ne suMdarI ke zarIra ko kacce zmazAna meM macAna bA~dhakara rakhavA diyaa|...guNddoN ne usa kahApaNa se zarAba pIte hI jhagar3A kiyA ( aura rahasya khola diyA )... / rAjA ne phira tairthikoM ko kahA-jAo, yaha kahate hue nagara meM ghUmo ki yaha sudarI hamane mrvaaii...| ( phira ) tIrthakoM ne bhI manuSya-vadha kA daMDa paayaa| ___ udAna meM kahA hai-(1) tIrthakoM ne khuda maaraa| (2) jetavana kI parikhA meM kuA~ khodakara suMdarI ke zarIra ko dabA diyaa| (3) saptAha bAda apanI hI badanAmI raha gii| lekina dhammapadaaTThakathA meM-(1) tIrthakoM ne guMDoM se mrvaayaa| (2) jeta dha0 50, 22.1, a0 ka0, 571 /

Page #298
jetavana 263 vana kI gaMdhakuTo ke pAsa mAlA ke kUr3e meM suMdarI ke zarIra ko DAla diyaa| (3) dhUrtI ne zarAba ke naze meM bhaMDA phor3a diyaa| (4) tIrthakoM ko bhI manuSya-vadha kA daMDa milaa| yahA~ yadyapi anya aMzoM kA samAdhAna ho sakatA hai, tathApi udAna kA 'parikhA meM gAr3anA' aura aTThakathA kA gaMdhakuTI ke pAsa kUr3e meM DAlanA, paraspara viruddha dikhAI par3ate haiN| prArAmoM ke cAroM ora parikhA hotI thI, isake liye vinayapiTaka meM yaha vacana hai--"usa samaya ArAma meM gherA nahIM thA, bakarI Adi pazu bhI paudhoM ko nukasAna karate the| bhagavAn se yaha bAta khii| (bhagavAna ne kahA)-baoNsa-vATa, kaMTakI-vATa, parikhA-vATa ina tIna vAToM ( =ruMdhAna ) se gherane kI anunnA detA huuN|" yaha parikhA ArAma ke cAroM ora hone se gaMdhakuTo ke samIpa nahIM ho sktii| donoM kA virodha spaSTa hI hai| aise bhI udAna mUla sUtroM se saMbaMdha rakhatA hai, isaliye usakI, aTThakathA se adhika pramANikatA hai| dUsare usakA kathana bhI adhika saMbhava pratIta hotA hai| parikhA dUra hone se vahA~ AdamiyoM ke Ane-jAne kA utanA bhaya na thA, isaliye khUna karane kA vahI sthAna hatyAroM ke adhika anukUla thA, banisbata isake ki ve gaMdhakuTI ke pAsa use kareM, jo mukhya darvAje ke pAsa thI aura jahA~ logoM kA barAbara AnA-jAnA rahatA thaa| zarIra DhAkane bhara ke liye mAlAoM ke Dhera kA itanA gaMdhakuTo ke pAsa jamA karake rakhanA bhI asvAbhAvika hai| haya n-cAGa ne likhA hai Behind the convent, not far, is where the Brahmachari herretics killed women and accused Buddha of the murder. ( The Life of Hiuen-Tsang. p. 93 ). phAhiyAna ne isake liye koI vizeSa sthAna nirdiSTa nahIM kiyA hai| (1) cullavagga, senAsana0 6, pR0 250 /

Page #299
nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA parikhA - suMdarI ke isa varNana se yaha bhI patA lagatA hai ki -- isaliye bA~sa yA jetavana ke cAroM aura parikhA khudI huI thI / kA~Te kI bAr3a nahIM rahI hogI / ina imAratoM ke atirikta jetavana ke aMdara pezAbakhAne, pAkhAne, caMkramaNazAlAe~ bhI thIM; kiMtu inakA koI vizeSa uddharaNa nahIM milatA / jetavana banane kA samaya - pRSTha 258 meM die vinaya ke pramANa se patA lagatA hai ki rAjagRha meM anAthapiMDika ne varSAvAsa ke liye nimaMtrita kiyA thA / phira varSA bhara rahane ke liye sthAna khojate hue use jetavana dikhalAI par3A aura phira usane bahuta dhana lagAkara vahA~ aneka suMdara imArate banavAI / yadyapi sUtra aura vinaya meM hameM buddha ke varSAvAsoM kI sUcI nahIM milatI to bhI aTThakathAe~ isakI pUrI sUcanA detI haiM / aMguttaranikAya - aTThakathA ( 8:4:5) meM yaha isa prakAra hai - varSA 0 I0 pU0 1 2 264 4 5 (527) (526) (525) (524) (523) (522) (521) (520) (51-6) 10 (518) 11 (517) 12 (516) 13 (515) Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat EUR RSipatana ( sAranAtha ) rAjagRha (veluvana ) "" "" "" "" vaisAlI (mahAvana ) maMkula parvata tAvatiMsabhavana bhagga ( suMsumAragiri = cunAra) htafat pArileyyaka vanasaMDa nAlA veraMjA cAliya pavvata www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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varSA 0 14 15 16 17 18 16 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 mm 36 I0 pU0 (514 ) (513) (512) (511) (510) (50-8) (508) (407) (506) (505) (504) (503) (502) (501) (500 ) (468) (4-68) (487) (4-66) (485) (4-84) (4-83) (4-82) (481) (480) jetavana jetavana kapilavatthu mAlavI rAjagaha cAliya pavvata cAliya pavvata rAjagaha sAvatthI ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 37 38 Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat ... 2-85 www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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2-66 varSAo 36 40 41 42 43 44 45 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA I0 pU0 (486) (488) (487) (486) (485) (484) ... ... ... 467 ... (483) vaisAlI ( veluvagAma ) isake dekhane se mAlUma hotA hai ki sarvaprathama varSAvAsa tathAgata ne jetavana meM bodhi ke caudahaveM varSa meM kiyA thA / isakA artha yaha bhI hai ki jetavana banA bhI isI varSa ( 514 -513 I0 pu0 ) meM thA, kyoMki vinaya kA kahanA sApha hai ki anAthapiMDika ne varSAvAsa ke liye nimaMtrita kiyA thA aura vinaya ke sAmane aTThakathA kA pramANa nahIM / yahA~ isa bAta para vicAra karane ke liye kucha aura pramANoM para vicAra karanA hogA / varSAvAsa ke liye jetavana ni 'trita honA ( pRSTha 258 ), isaliye jaba jetavana ko pahale gae, to varSAvAsa bhI vahIM kiyA / ( ka ) kauzAMbI' meM bhikSutroM ke kalaha ke bAda pArileyaka meM jAkara rahanA, vahA~ se phira jetavana meM / (kha) udAna meM ekAMta vihAra ke liye pArileyaka meM jAnA likhA hai, jhagar3e kA jikra nahIM / ( 1 ) "kosabiyaM piMDAya caritvA ... saMgha majjhe ThitakAva... gAthAya bhAsitvA ...bAlakale|NakAragAme..., zradha... paaciinvNsdaaye...| zratha... pArileyya ke... yathAbhirattaM viharittvA ... zranupubvena cArikaM caramAnA... sAvasthiyaM... jetvne...|" - mahAvagga, kosaMba+khandhaka 10, 404 408, pRSTha | ( 2 ) bhagavA ko saMbiyaM viharati ghositArAme / tena khopana samayena bhagavA AkiNNo viharati bhikkhuhi, bhikkhunIhi upAsakehi upAsikAhi rAjUhi

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jetavana 267 (ga) saMyuttanikAyoM meM ekAMta vihAra kA bhI jikra nhiiN| bilkula cupacApa pArileyaka kA calA jAnA likhA hai| pIche cirakAla ke bAda AnaMda kA bhikSuoM ke sAtha jAnA, kiMtu hAthI Adi kA varNana nhiiN| (gha) dhammapadaTThakathAre meM jhagar3e ke vistAra kA varNana hai, aura mahAvagga kI taraha yAtrA karake pArileyaka meM jAnA tathA vahA~ varSAvAsa karanA bhI likhA hai| varSAvAsa ke bAda phira vahA~ se jetavana jaanaa| yadyapi cAroM jagahoM kI kathAnoM meM paraspara kitanA hI bheda hai, kiMtu saMyuttanikAya se bhI, jo ni:saMdeha sabase purAtana pramANa rAjamahAmettahi tisthiyohe tisthiyasAva kehi prAkiNNo dukkhaM na phAsu viharati / ... atha kho bhagavA...anAmaMtetvA upaTThAkaM anapalokettvA bhikkhusaMghaM eko adutIyo yena pArileyyakaM tena cArika pkkaami| anupubbena cArika caramAno yena pArileyyakaM tadavasari / tattasuda bhagavA pArileyyake viharati rakkhitavanasaMDe bhaddasAlamUle / aJjataropi kho hatthinAgo...yena bhagavA tonupasaMkami / -udAna, 4:5 / (2) ekaM samayaM bhagavA kosaMbiyaM viharati ghositArAme |...kosNbiyN piDAya caritvA...anAmaMtetvA upaTTAke, anapalokettvA bhikkhusaMgha, eko adu. tIyo cArikaM pkkaami|...ekko bhagavA tasmiM samaye viharitukAmo hoti / ... atha kho bhagavA anupubbena cArikaM caramAno yena pArileyyakaM tdvsri| tatyasudaMpArileyyake viharati bhaddasAlamUle |...ath kho saMbahulA bhikkhU ..aAnaMda upasaMkamittvA...cirassaM sutA kho no zrAvuso zrAnaMda bhagavato sammukhA dhammiyakathA |...ath kho... zrAnaMdo tehi bhikkhUhi saddhiM yena pArilekhyaka bhaddasAlamUlaM yena bhagavA tenapasaMkami |...bhgvaa dhammiyA kathAya saMdarasesi / -saM0ni0, 21:8 / (2) kosabiyaM piDAya cariccA anapalokettvA bhikkhusaMghaM ekakova... bAlakaloNakAragAmaM gatvA...pAcInavaMsadAye...yena pArileyyakaM tadavasari...bhaddasAlamUle pArileyyake ekena hatthinA upaTTahiyamAnA phAsukaM vassAvAsaM vsi|... anupubbena jetavanaM agamAsi |...(dh0 50, 1:1, a0 ka.)

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268 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA hai, cirakAla taka pArileyaka meM vAsa karanA mAlUma hotA hai, kyoMki vahA~ bhikSu AnaMda se kahate haiM-'pAyuSmAna AnaMda ! bhagavAn ke mukha se dharmopadeza sune bahuta dina hue|' saMyuttanikAya ke bAda udAna kA naMbara hai, jahA~ jhagar3e kA jikra nahIM hai, to bhI cirakAla taka vahA~ rahanA likhA hai| yadyapi ina donoM purAne pramANoM meM pArileyaka se zrAvastI jAnA nahIM likhA hai, to bhI pArileyaka meM adhika samaya kA vAsa varSAvAsa ke viruddha nahIM jaataa| vinaya aura pIche ke dUsare graMthoM meM varNita jetavana-gamana koI viruddha nahIM hai, yadyapi hAthI kI sevA kI kathA saMyuttanikAya ke bAda udAna ke samaya meM gar3hI gaI mAluma hotI hai| astu, pArileyaka meM varSA ke bAda jetavana meM jAnA nizcita mAlUma hotA hai| pArileyaka kA varSAvAsa Upara kI sUcI meM bodhi se dasaveM varSa (518 I0 pU0 ) meM hai| ataH isase pUrva hI jetavana banA thaa| bodhi-prApti ke samaya tathAgata kI Ayu 35 varSa kI thii| saM0 nikAya meM rAjA prasenajit se saMbhavataH pahalI mulAkAta hone kA isa prakAra varNana pAyA hai "bhagavAn...jetavana meM viharate the / rAjA prasenajit kosala... bhagavAna ke pAsa jA sammodana karake eka tarapha baiTha gyaa| ..phira bhagavAna se khaa| Apa gotama bho-'hamane anuttara samyaka saMbodhi ko prApta kara liyA' yaha pratijJA karate haiM ? jisako mahArAja ! anu. ttara samyaga-saMbuddha huA kaheM. ThIka kahate hue vaha mujhe hI khe|... he gotama ! jo bhI saMghI, gaNI, gaNAcArya, jJAta, yazasvI tIrthakara, bahuta janoM ke sAdhu-sammata,...jaise-pUrNa kAzyapa, maMkhali gosAla, nigaMThanAthaputta, saMjaya velaTThiputta, pakudha kaccAyana, ajita kesakaMbala, vaha bhI pUchane para 'anuttara samyaka saMbodhi ko jAna gae', yaha dAvA nahIM krte| phira kyA kahanA hai, pApa gautama to

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jetavana 296 janma se dahara (= taruNa) haiM, pravrajyA se bhI nae haiN|...bhgvaan, mAja se mujhe apanA zaraNAgata upAsaka...dhAraNa kreN|" ____ yahA~ rAjA prasenajit jetavana meM jAkara, nigraMtha bAtR-putra ( mahAvIra ) Adi kA yaza varNana karake, tathAgata ko umara meM kama aura nayA sAdhu humAkahatA hai, isase mAlUma hotA hai ki tathAgata abhisaMbodhi ( 35 varSa kI Ayu ) ke bahuta dera bAda zrAvastI nahIM gae the| usa samaya jetavana bana cukA thaa| 'dahara' kahane ke liye hama 45 varSa kI umra taka kI sImA mAna sakate haiN| isa prakAra purAne suttaMta ke anusAra bhI abhisaMbodhi se dasaveM varSa (516 I0 pU0) se pUrva hI jetavana bana cukA thaa| ___mahAvagga meM rAjagRha se kapilavastu, phira vahA~ se zrAvastI, jetavana kA varNana pAyA hai-- "bhagavAn rAjagRha meM... vihAra karake...cArikA caraNa karate hue ...zAkya deza meM kapilavastu ke nyagrodhArAma meM vihAra karate the|...phir bhagavAna 'pUrvAhna samaya,..pAtra cIvara lekara jahA~ zuddhodana zAkya kA ghara thA vahA~ gae, aura rakhe hue Asana para baitthe| taba rAhulamAtA devI ne rAhula kumAra ko khaa| rAhula ! yaha terA pitA hai, jA dAyajja maaNg|...raahul kumAra yaha kahate hue bhagavAn ke pIche pAche ho liyA 'zramaNa, mujhe dAyajja do', 'zramaNa, mujhe dAyaja do'| taba bhagavAn ne AyuSmAna sAriputra ko kahA-to sAriputta tU rAhula kumAra ko pratrajita kr...| phira bhagavAn kapilavastu meM icchAnusAra vihAra kara zrAvastI kI ora cArikA ke liye cala die| vahA~...anAthapiMDika ke pArAma jetavana meM vihAra karate the| usa samaya prAyumAn sAriputta ke upasthAka-kula ne eka lar3ake ko AyuSmAna sAri. (1) pR. 23 / (2) mahAvagga (siMhala lipi), 311-13 /

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300 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA putra ke pAsa pravrajyA dene ke liye bhejA / AyuSmAna sAriputra ke citta meM huA, bhagavAn ne prajJapta kiyA hai, eka ko do sAmaNera apanI sevA meM na rakhanA cAhie / aura yaha merA rAhula sAmaNera hai hI..." aTakathA se spaSTa hai ki yaha yAtrA bodhi ke dUsare varSa meM arthAt gayA se vArA. NasI RSipatana, vahA~ se rAjagRha Akara phira kapilavastu jaanaa| isa prakAra 526 I0 pU0 meM jetavana maujUda mAlUma hotA hai / ___ jAtakaTThakathA meM ise isa taraha saMkSipta kiyA hai-zAstA' buddha hokara prathama varSA0 RSipatana meM basakara,...uruvelA ko jA vahA~ tIna mAsa basa,...bhikSusaMgha sahita pauSa kI pUrNimA ko rAjagRha meM pahu~ca do mAsa tthhre| itane meM vArANasI se nikale ko pA~ca mAsa hoge|...phaalgunn pUrNimA ko usa (= udAyi) ne socA...aba yaha (yAtrA kA) samaya hai...| rAjagRha se nikalakara pratidina eka yojana calate the|...( isa prakAra ) rAjagRha se 60 yojana kapilavastu do mAsa meM pahu~ce |...(vhaaN se) bhagavAn phira lauTakara rAjagRha jA sItavana meM vihre| usa samaya anAthapiDika gRhapati...apane priya mitra rAjagRha ke seTha ke ghara jA, buddhotpatti suna,...zAstA ke pAsa jA dharmopadeza suna,...dvitIya dina buddha pramukha saMgha ko mahAdAna de, zrAvasto Ane ke liye zAstA kI pratijJA le...| yahA~ vinaya se jAtakaTThakathA kA, kalivastu se mAge jAne ke sthAna meM virodha hai| jAtakaTThakathA ke anusAra buddha vahA~ se lauTa.' kara phira rAjagRha paae| lekina vinaya ke anusAra rAhula ko pravajita kara ve zrAvastA jetavana phuNce| jAtaka ke anusAra buddha kI kapilavastu kI yAtrA bodhi se dUsare varSa (526 I. pU0) kI phAlguna-pUrNimA ko prAraMbha huI, aura ve do mAsa bAda vaizAkha. pUrNimA ko vahAM phuNce| vahA~ se phira lauTakara rAjagRha Akara (1) jAtaka, nidAna /

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jetavana 301 vahIM unhoMne varSAvAsa kiyA jo Upara kI sUcI se spaSTa hai / vahIM sItavana meM anAthapiDika kA jAtakaTukathA ke anusAra zrAvastI Ane kI pratijJA lenA, vinaya ke anusAra varSAvAsa ke liye nimaMtraNa svIkAra karAnA hotA hai| isa prakAra tathAgata kA jAnA dvitIya varSAvAsa ke bAda ( 526-525 I0 pU0) ho sakatA hai| ___ aba yahA~ do bAtoM para hI hameM vizeSa vicAra karanA hai-(1; vinaya ke anusAra kapilavastu se zrAvastI jAnA aura vahA~ jetavana meM ThaharanA / (2) jA0 a0 kathA ke anusAra kapilavastu se rAjagRha lauTa AnA,aura saMbhavata:varSAvAsa ke bAda dUsare varSa jetavana meM vihAra taiyAra ho jAne para vahA~ jaanaa| yadyapi vinaya graMtha kI prAmANikatA aTThakathA se adhika hai, tathApi isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki kapilavastu ke jAne se pahale anAthapiMDika kA tathAgata se milanA nahIM AtA; isI liye kapilavastu se zrAvastI jAkara jetavana meM ThaharanA bilkula hI saMbhava nahIM mAlUma pdd'taa| isake viruddha jAtaka kA varNana sItavana le darzana ke (dvitIya varSA0 ke ) bAda jAnA adhika yuktiyukta mAlUma hotA hai| vinaya ne spaSTa kahA hai ki anAthapiMDika ne varSAvAsa ke liye nimaMtraNa diyA, aura isI liye tIna mAsa ke nivAsa ke liye jetavana ke jhaTapaTa banavAne kI bhI adhika jarUrata par3I; isa prakAra tathAgata jetavana gae aura sAtha hI vahIM unhoMne varSAvAsa bhI kiyA-yaha adhika yuktiyukta pratIta hotA hai| yadyapi varSAvAsoM kI sUcI meM tIsarA varSAvAsa rAjagRha meM likhA hai, to bhI jetavana bodhi ke dUsare aura tIsare varSa ke bIca (526-525 I0 pU0) meM banA jAna par3atA hai| __ pR0 265 ke aTThakathA ke uddharaNa se mAlUma hotA hai ki tIrthako ne jetavana ke pAsa tIrthakArAma prathama bodhi arthAt bodhi ke bAda prathama paMdraha varSoM (527-513 I0 pU0) meM banAnA AraMbha kiyA thaa| isase nizcita hI hai ki usa (213 I0 pU0) se pUrva jetavana bana cukA hogaa|

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302 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA __pRSTha 264-66 meM dI gaI varSAvAsa kI sUcI ke anusAra prathama varSAvAsa zrAvastI meM bodhi se caudahaveM sAla (514 I0 pU0) meM kiyA / cU~ki anAthapiDika kA nimaMtraNa varSAvAsa kA thA, isaliye yaha bhI jetavana ke banane kA sAla ho sakatA hai| sAtavA~ varSAvAsa trayastriMza-loka meM batalAyA jAtA hai| usa varSa prASAr3ha pUrNimA (buddhacaryA pRSTha 85) ke dina tathAgata zrAvastI jetavana meM the| isa prakAra isa samaya (521 I0 pU0) jetavana bana cukA thaa| sArAMza yaha ki jetavana ke banane ke sAta samaya hameM milate haiM(1) solahaveM varSa (512 I0 pU0) se pUrva (aTThakathA) pR0 256 / (2) paMdrahaveM" (513 I0 pU0) se pUrva (aTThakathA) pR0 264 / (3) dasaveM " (518 I0 pU0) se pUrva (vinaya sUtra) pRSTha 266 / (4) , , , (sUtra ) pR0 268 / (5) sAtavA~ ( 521 I0 pU0 ) se pUrva (aTThakathA) pR0 266 / (6) dvitIya ( 520 I0 pU0 ) ( vinaya ) pR0 266 / (7) tRtIya ( 525 I0 pU0 ) ( aTThakathA ) pR0 300 / __ inameM pahale pA~ca se hameM yahI mAlUma hotA hai ki ukta samaya se pUrva kisI samaya jetavana taiyAra huA, isaliye unakA kisI se virodha nahIM hai| pUrvArAma jetavana ke bAda bauddhadharma kI dRSTi meM dUsarA mahattvapUrNa sthAna pUrvArAma thaa| pahale hama pUrvArAma kI sthiti ke bAre meM saMkSepa se vicAra kara cuke haiN| pUrvArAma aura pUrvadvAra ke saMbaMdha meM saMyuttanikAya ke aura udAnare ke isa uddharaNa se kucha prakAza par3atA hai| (.) 3:2:1, pR. 24, a. ka. 216 / (2)6:2 /

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jetavana 303 bhagavAn...pUbbArAma meM...sAyaMkAla dhyAna se uThakara bAharI dvAra ke koThe ke bAhara baiThe the / ...( usa samaya ) rAjA prasenajit bhagavAn ke pAsa phuNcaa|...us samaya sAta jaTila, sAta nirgaTha, sAta acelaka,sAta ekasATaka aura sAta parivrAjaka, nakha, leoma bar3hAe aneka prakAra kI khAriyA lekara bhagavAn ke avidUra se jAte the| taba rAjA...Asana se uThakara, uttarAsaMga ko eka kaMdhe para kara, dahine ghuTane ko bhUmi para rakha, una sAto...kI ora aMjali jor3a tIna bAra nAma sunAne lagA-bhaMte ! maiM rAjA prasenajit kosala hU~... / isa para aTThakathA- "bAharI dvAra kA koThA-prAsAda -dvArakoTaka ke bAhara, vihAra ke dvArakoTaka se bAhara kA nahIM / vaha prAsAda lauhaprAsAda kI bhAMti cAroM ora cAra dvArakoTakoM se yukta, prAkAra se ghirA thaa| unameM se pUrva dvArakor3haka ke bAhara prAsAda kI chAyA meM pUrva dizA kI ora mu~ha karake...baiThe the| avidUra se, arthAt avidUra mArga se nagara (= zrAvastI) meM praveza karate the|" __isase hameM nimna-likhita bAteM mAlUma hotI haiM (1) pUrvArAma ke prAsAda ke cAroM ora cAra phATakavAlI cahAradIvArI thii| (2) anurAdhapura kA lauhaprAsAda aura pUrvArAma kA prAsAda kaI aMzoM meM samAna the| saMbhavataH pUrvArAma ke namUne para hI lauhaprAsAda banA thaa| ( 3 ) isake cAroM tarapha cAra dAje the| (4) sAyaMkAla ko pazcima dvAra ke bAhara baiThakara ( jAr3e meM ) prAya: tathAgata dhUpa liyA karate the| (5) jahA~ rAjA prasenajit tathA dUsare saMbhrAMta vyakti bhI upasthita hote the|

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304 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA (6) usake pAsa hI se mArga thaa| (7 ) isa sthAna se nagara kA pUrvadvAra bahuta dUra na thA, kyoMki jaTilo ke liye 'nagara ko jAte the' na kahakara 'nagara meM praveza karate the' kahA hai| (8) saMbhavata: pUrvArAma' kI tarapha kI ora bhI, jaTila, nigaMTha ( = jaina ), acelaka, ekasATaka aura parivrAjaka sAdhuoM ke vihAra the, jahAM se ve nagara meM jA rahe the| pRSTha 282 meM hama batalA cuke haiM ki kisa prakAra vizAkhA kA 'mahAlatA AbhUSaNa' eka dina jetavana meM chUTa gayA thA / vizAkhA ne tathAgata se kahA- "bhaMte ! Arya AnaMda ne mere pAbhU. SaNa ko hAtha lgaayaa...| usako dekara, ( usake mUlya se) cAroM pratyayoM meM kauna pratyaya le AU~ ? vizAkhA ! pUrva dvAra para, saMgha ke liye vAsasthAna banAnA caahie| acchA bhaMte ! yaha kahakara tuSTamAnasA vizAkhA ne nava karor3a meM bhUmi hI khriidii| anya nava karor3a se vihAra banAnA prAraMbha kiyaa|...ek dina anAthapiDika ke ghara bhojana karake zAstA uttara dvAra kI ora hue|...uttr dvAra jAte hue dekha cArikA ko jAe~ge...yaha suna...vizAkhA ne jAkara... kahA-bhaMte ! kRtAkRta jAnanevAle eka bhikSu ko lauTAkara (= dekara) jaaeN| vaise ( bhikSu ) kA pAtra grahaNa kro|...vishaakhaa ne RddhimAn samajha mahAmoggalAna kA pAtra pkdd'aa|...unke anubhAva se pacAsa-sATha yojana para vRkSa aura pASANa ke liye prAdamI gae / bar3e bar3e pASANoM aura vRkSoM ko lekara usI dina lauTa Ate the|... jaldI hI do-mahalA prAsAda banA diyA gayA, nicale tala para pAMca sau garbha ( = koThariyA~) aura Upara kI bhUmi (= tala) para pAMca sau garbha, (1) vartamAna hanumanavA~ / (2) dha0 pa0, 4:8;, a0 ka0, 169, 38-39 /

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jetavana ( kula ) eka hajAra garmoM se sushobhit...thaa| zAstA nA mAsa cArikA cala ke phira zrAvasto paae| vizAkhA ke prAsAda meM bhI kAma nau mAsa meM samApta huaa| prAsAda ke kUTa ko Thosa sATha jalaghar3e ke barAbara lAla suvarNa se bnvaayaa| zAstA jetavana ko jA rahe haiM, yaha suna ( vizAkhA ne ) Age jA, zAstA ko apane vihAra meM laakr...| usakI eka sahAyikA hajAra mUlyavAle eka vastra ko le Akara-sahAyike! tere prAsAda meM maiM isa vastra kA pharza bichAnA cAhatI hU~; bichAne kA sthAna mujhe batalAo! vaha usase kama mUlyavAle vastra ko na dekha rotI huI khar3I thii| taba AnaMda sthavira ne kahA-sopAna aura paira dhone ke sthAna ke bIca meM pAda-puMchana karake bichA do|...vihaar kI bhUmi ko kharIdane meM nau karor3a, vihAra banavAne meM nau, aura vihAra ke utsava meM nau, isa prakAra saba sattAIsa karor3a usane buddha-zAsana meM dAna diyaa| strI hote, mithyA-dRSTi ke ghara meM basatI huI kA isa prakAra kA tyAga (aura ) nahIM hai|" isase mAlUma hotA hai(6 ) pUrvArAma mAsa meM banA thaa| (10) moggalAna banAne meM tattvAvadhAyaka the / (11) makAna banavAne meM kharca kula 27 krodd'| (12) yaha do-mahalA thaa| pratyeka tala meM 500 garbha the| vinaya meM hai__ "vizAkhA' ...saMgha ke liye AliMda ( 3 barAmadA)-sahita, hastinakha prAsAda banavAnA cAhatI thii|" isase(13) vaha barAmadA sahita thaa| (14) vaha hastinakha prAsAda thaa| (1) cullavagga, senAsanakkhadhaka 6, pR0 266 /

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306 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA saMyuttanikAya meM "bhagavAn' ...pUrvArAma meM...sAyaMkAla ko...pIche kI ora dhUpa meM pITha tapAte baiThe hue the| prAyuSmAna prAnaMda bhagavAn ke pAsa ge|...aur hAtha se bhagavAna ke zarIra ko ragar3ate hue unase bole Azcarya hai bhaMte ! aba bhagavAn ...kA chavi-varga utanA parizuddha nahIM rhaa| gAtra zithila hai, saba jhurriyA~ par3a gaI haiM, zarIra sAmane jhukA huA hai| catu...(Adi) iMdriyoM meM bhI viparItatA dikhalAI par3atI hai|" isa para aTakathA meM hai-"prAsAda pUrva aura chAyA se DhaMkA thA, isI liye prAsAda ke pazvima-dizAbhAga meM dhUpa thii| usa sthAna para... baiThe the|...yh hima par3ane kA zIta samaya thA, usa vakta mahAcIvara ko utArakara sUryakiraNoM se pITha ko tapAte hue baiThe the|" inase ye bAte aura mAlUma hotI haiM (15) usa samaya tathAgata ke zarIra meM jhurriyA~ par3a gaI thI, A~kho Adi kI rozanI meM aMtara A gayA thA / (16) pradhAna dvAra pUrva aura thA, tabhI pIche kI ora' kahA gayA hai| saMyuttanikAya hI meM hai "moggalAna ne...paira ke a~gUThe se migAramAtA ke prAsAda ko hilaayaa|...un bhikSuoM ne kahA)...yaha migAramAtA kA prAsAda gaMbhIranema, sunikhAta, acala, prasaMpakaMpi hai..." aTThakathA meM gaMbhIranema kA artha 'gaMbhIra bhUmibhAga meM pratiSThita' kiyA hai| aura 'sunikhAta' kA, kUTakara acchA taraha sthApita / " inase (17 ) pUrvArAma U~cI aura dRr3ha mi meM banAyA gayA thaa| (1) saM. ni., 5.6:26, pRSTha 27 /

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jetavana 307 ( 18) "kUTakara gAr3A gayA thA" se khaMbhoM kA gAr3akara, lakar3iyoM kA banA mAlUma hotA hai| majjhimanikAya meM "he gautama, jisa prakAra isa migAramAtA ke prAsAda meM aMtima sopAna kalevara taka anupUrva kriyA dekhI jAtI hai...|" aTThakathA meM "prathama sopAnaphalaka' taka, eka hI dina meM sAta mahala kA prAsAda nahIM banAyA jA sktaa| vastu zodhana kara staMbha khar3A karane se lekara citrakarma karane taka anupUrva kriyA / " isase bhI (16 ) vaha prAsAda sAta mahala kA thA, jo (12) se bilkula viruddha hai, aura isako batalAtA hai ki kisa prakAra bAtoM kI atizayokti hotI hai| (20 ) makAna banAne meM pahale bhUmi ko barAbara kiyA jAtA thA, phira khaMbhe gAr3e jAte the,...aMta meM citrakarma hotA thA / majjhimanikAya meM hI "jisa prakAra AnaMda ! yaha migAramAtA kA prAsAda hAthI, gAya, ghor3A-ghor3o se zUnya hai, sonA cAMdo se zUnya hai; strI-puruSa. sannipAta se zUnya hai"| isakI aTThakathA meM likhA hai "vahA~ kASTha-rUpa, pusta-rUpa, citra-rUpa meM bane hAthI Adi haiN| vaizravaNa mAMdhAtA Adi ke sthita sthAna para citrakarma bhI kie gae haiN| ratna-parisevita jaMgale, dvArabaMdha, maMca, poTha prAdi rUpa se sthita, (1) ma. ni., 3:1:7, gaNaka-megAlAnasutta, 107 / (2) a.ka0, 855 / (3) ma0ni0, 3:2:7, cula sujatAsutta, 116 / ( 4 ) a0 k.|

Page #313
308 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA tathA jIrNa pratisaMskaraNArtha rakhA huA sonA cA~dI hai| kATarUpAdi ke rUpa meM, tathA prazna pUchane Adi ke liye pAnevAle strI-puruSa haiM / isaliye vaha ( migAramAtu pAsAda ) nanase zUnya hai, kA artha hai-- iMdriyayukta jIvita hAthI Adi kA, tathA icchAnusAra upabhogayogya sone cAMdI kA, niyamapUrvaka basanevAle strI-puruSoM kA abhaav"| isase-- ( 21 , vaha sone cA~dI se zUnya thaa| aTThakathA kI isa para kI lIpApotI sirpha yahI batalAtI hai ki kaise pIche bhikSuvarga camakadamaka ke pIche par3akara, tAvIla kiyA karatA thaa| dIghanikAya kI aTThakathA meM-- ____ "(vizAkhA)' dazavala kI pradhAna upasthAyikA ne usa prAbhUSaNa ko dekara nava karor3a se... karIsa bhara bhUmi para prAsAda banavAyA / usake UparI bhAga meM 500 garbha, nicale bhAga meM 500 garbha, 1000 garbho se suzobhita / vaha prAsAda khAlI nahIM zobhA detA thA, isaliye usako gherakara, sAr3he pA~ca sau ghara, 500 choTe prAsAda aura 500 dIrghazAlAeM bnvaaii...| anAthapiMDika ne...zrAvastI ke dakSiNa bhAga meM anurAdhapura ke mahAvihAra-sadRza sthAna para jetavana mahAvihAra ko bnvaayaa| vizAkhA ne zrAvastI ke pUrva bhAga meM uttamadevI vihAra ke samAna sthAna para pUrvArAma ko bnvaayaa| bhagavAn ne ina do vihAroM meM niyamita rUpa se nivAsa kiyaa| (vaha) eka varSA0 ko jetavana meM vyatIta karate the, eka pUrvArAma meN|" (22) vihAra eka karIsa arthAt prAya: 3 ekar3a bhUmi meM banA thaa| (23) cAroM ora aura hajAroM gharoM, choTe prAsAdoM, dIrghazAlAoM kA likhanA aTThakathAkAroM kA apanA kAma mAlUma hotA hai| (1) dI. ni0, zrAnaasutta 20, a0 ka0 pR0 14 / aM0 vi0 0 ka. 1:7:2 bhii|

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jetavana 306 (24) anurAdhapura meM bhI jetavana aura pUrvArAma kA anukaraNa kiyA gayA thA / pUrvArAma zrAvastI ke usI prakAra pUrva tarapha thA, jaise anurAdhapura ( sIlona ) meM uttaradevI vihAra / jisa prakAra sudatta seTha kA nAma anAthapiMDika prasiddha hai; usI prakAra vizAkhA migAramAtA ke nAma se prasiddha hai / nAma se, migAra vizAkhA kA putra mAlUma hogA, kiMtu bAta aisI nahIM hai, migAra seTha vizAkhA kA sasura thaa| isa nAma ke par3ane kI kathA isa prakAra hai - vizAkhA'... aMga rASTra (bhAgalapura, muMgera jile) ke bhaddiya ( = mu~gera ) nagara meM meMDaka seTha ke putra dhanaMjaya seTha kI amamahiSo sumanA devI ke kokha se paidA huii...| biMbisAra rAjA ke AjJA- pravartita sthAna ( aMga-magadha ) meM pA~ca pratibhoga vyakti jAtiya, jaTila, meMDaka, purANaka aura kAkavaliya the...| zrAvasto meM kAsala rAjA ne biMbisAra ke pAsa saMdeza bhejA... hamakA eka mahAdhanI kula bhejeA / ... rAjA ne... dhanaMjaya ko... bhejA / taba kosala rAjA ne zrAvastI se sAta yojana ke Upara sAketa ( prayeodhyA ) nagara meM zreSThI kA pada dekara ( use ) basA diyaa| zrAvastI meM migAraseThI kA putra pUrNavarddhanakumAra vayaHprApta thA / ... migAra seTha ( bArAta ke sAtha ) kosala rAjA ko lekara gayA / ... cAra mAsa ( unhoMne vaha ) pUrA kiyA / ... . ( dhanaMjaya seTha ne vizAkhA ko ) upadeza dekara dUsare dina sabhI zreNiyoM ko ikaTThA karake rAjasenA ke bIca meM ATha kuTuMbiyoM ko jAmina dekara - 'yadi gae hue sthAna para merI kanyA kA koI doSa utpanna ho, to tuma use zodhana karanA' - kaha kara nau karor3a mUlya ke 'mahAlatA' AbhUSaNa se kanyA ko grabhUSita kara, snAna cUrNa ke mUlya meM 54 sau gAr3I dhana de...| migAraseThI ne... sAtaveM dina... naMge zramaNakoM ko baiThAkara, (kahA) - merI beTI Ave, arhatoM kI vaMdanA kare ... / vaha... unheM ( 1 ) zraM0 ni0, 1:7:2, a0 ka0 21 /

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310 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA dekha...'dhika, dhik' niMdA karatI calI gii|...nNge zramaNoM ne seTha kI niMdA kI-...kyoM gRhapati ! dUsarI nahIM milI 1 zramaNa gairatama kI zrAvikA ( ziSyA ) mahAkAlakarNI ko kisa liye isa ghara meM praveza kraayaa|...( seTha ) prAcAryo ! baccI hai...Apa cupa raheM-yaha kaha naMgoM ko bidA kara, Asana baiTha sone kI kachula lekara vizAkhA dvArA parose (khAdya ko ) bhojana karatA thA |...usii samaya eka madhUkarIvAlA bhikSu ghara ke dvAra para pahu~cA... vaha...sthavira ko dekhakara bhI...nIce mu~ha kara pAyasa ko khAtA hI rhaa| vizAkhA ne... sthavira ko (kahA)-mApha kareM bhaMte ! merA sasura purAnA khAtA hai / usa ( seTha ) ne apane AdamiyoM se kahA...isa pAyasa ko haTAo, ise (= vizAkhA ko) bhI isa ghara se nikAlo yaha mujhe aise maMgala ghara meM azuci-khAdaka banA rahI hai...| vizAkhA ne...kahA-tAta ! itane vacana mAtra se maiM nahIM nikltii| maiM kuMbhadAsI kI bhA~ti panaghaTa se tumhAre dvArA nahIM lAI gaI huuN| jIte mA bApa kI lar3a. kiyA~ itane mAtra se nahIM nikalA karatI,...pATho kuTuMbiko ko bulAkara mere doSAdoSa kI zodha kraa||, seTha ne ATha kuTuMbiko ko bulAkara kahA-yaha lar3akI saptAha bhI na paripUrNa hote, maMgala ghara meM baiThe hue mujhe azuci-khAdaka batalAtI hai|...aisaa hai amma ?tAtA! merA sasura azuci khAne kI icchAvAlA hogA, maiMne aisA karake nahIM kahA; eka piMDapAtika sthavira ke ghara-dvAra para sthita hone para, yaha nirjala pAyasa bhojana karate hue, usakA khyAla (mana meM ) nahIM karate the| maiMne isI kAraNa se-'mApha karobhaMte ! merA sasura isa zarIra se puNya nahIM karatA, purAne puNya ko khAtA hai',...kahA-Arya, doSa nahIM hai, hamArI beTI to kAraNa kahatI hai, tuma kyoM kruddha hote ho / ... ( phira kucha aura ilajAmoM ke jA~ca karane para)-vaha aura uttara na de, adhomukha hI baiTha gyaa| phira kuTuMbiko ne usase pUchA

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jetavana kyoM seTha, aura bhI doSa hamArI beTI kA hai ?--nahIM Aryo ! .. kyoM phira nirdoSa ko prakAraNa ghara se nikalavAte ho ? usa samaya vizAkhA ne kahA-pahale mere sasura ke vacana se merA jAnA ThIka na thaa| mere pAne ke dina mere pitA ne doSa zodhana ke liye tumhAre hAtha meM rakhakara (mujhe) diyA thaa| aba merA jAnA ThIka hai| yaha kaha, dAsI dAsa ko yAna taiyAra karane ke liye prAjJA dii| taba seTha ne una kuTuMbikoM ko lekara kahA-amma! anajAne mere kahane ko jamA kara |-taat, tumhAre kSatavya ko kSamA karatI hU~; kiMtu maiM buddhazAsana meM anurakta kula kI beTI hU~; hama binA bhikSusaMgha ke nahIM raha sktii| yadi apanI ruci ke anusAra bhikSu-saMgha kI sevA karane pAU~gI, to rhuuNgo|-amm ! tU apanI ruci ke anusAra apane zramaNoM kI sevA kara / taba vizAkhA ne nimaMtrita kara dUsare dina...buddhapramukha bhikSusaMgha ko baitthaayaa|...meraa sasura Akara dazavala ko parose ( yaha khabara bhejii)|...(migaarsetth ne bahAnA kara diyA)...! pAkara dazavala kI dharmakathA ko sune...| migAraseTha jAkara kanAta se bAhara hI baiThA / ... dezanA ke aMta meM seTha ne setApatti-phala meM pratiSThita ho kanAta ko haTA...paMcAMga se vaMdanA kara, zAstA ke sAmane hI-'amma ! tU Aja se merI mAdA hai'--yaha kaha vizAkhA ko apanI mAtA ke sthAna para pratiSThita kiyaa| tabhI se vizAkhA 'migAra-mAtA' prasiddha huii|" tothiMkArAma samayappavAdaka-parivvAjakArAma-pRSTha 303 meM 5 prakAra ke anya torthika-jaTila, nigraMtha Adi batalAe haiN| acelaka' ekadama naMge rahate the! prakathA meM eka dina bhituno ne nigraMthoM ko dekhakara kathA (i) dha0 e0 22:8, a. ka. 578 /

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312 nAgaropracAriNI patrikA uThAI-prAvusI ! saba taraha binA DhaMke hue acelakoM se yaha nigraMtha (=jaina) zreSThatara haiM, jo eka agalA bhAga bhI to DhA~kate haiM, mAlUma hotA hai ye salajja haiN| yaha suna nirmatho ne kahA-isa kAraNa se nahIM DhA~kate haiM, pAMzu dhUli bhI to pudgala (=jIva) hI hai| prANI hamAre bhikSA-bhAjana meM na par3eM, isa vajaha se DhA~kate haiN|" ekazATaka aura parivrAjakoM kA jikra kara cuke haiN| ina sabhI matoM ke sAdhuoM ke ArAma zrAvastI ke bAhara phaile hue the| ye adhika. tara zrAvastI ke dakSiNa aura pUrva tarapha meM rahe hoMge, jidhara ki pUrvAgama aura jetavana the ciMcA aura suMdarI ke varNana se bhI patA lagatA hai ki jetavana kI ora tIrthikI ke bhI sthAna the| inameM samayappavAdaka tidukAcIra skasAlaka mallikA kA prArAma bahuta hI bar3A thaa| hamane isako cIrenAtha ke maMdira kI jagaha para nizcita karane ke liye kahA hai| dIghanikAya meM kahA hai'poTTapAda' parivrAjaka samayappavAdaka . mallikA ke ArAma meM tIsa sau parivrAjako kI bar3I pariSad ke sAtha nivAsa karatA thaa|" a. ka0 meM-usa sthAna para caMki, tArukkha, pokharasAti, "prAdi brAhmaNa, nigraMtha, acelaka, parivvAjaka Adi pravajita ekatra ho apane apane samaya (= siddhAnta) ko vyAkhyAna karate the; isI liye vaha pArAma samayappavAdaka (kahA jAtA thA)..." (pRSTha 238) majjhima-nikAya meM samaNamaMDikAputra uggahamANa parivrAjaka samayappavAdaka...... mallikA ke prArAma meM sAta sau parivrAjako kI bar3o...pariSad ke sAtha vAsa karatA thaa| usa samaya paMcakaMga gRhapati dopahara ko zrAvastI se bhagavAna ke darzana ke liye niklaa| taba paMcakaMga sthapati ko (.) dI. ni0, /

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jetavana khyAla huA-bhagavAna ke darzana kA yaha samaya nahIM hai, bhagavAn isa samaya dhyAna meM haiN|.. kyoM na...mallikA ke prArAma meM cluu|" ye donoM uddharaNa dIghanikAya aura majjhimanikAya ke haiM, jo ki tripiTaka ke pratyaMta purAne bhAga haiM / inase hameM ye bAteM aura spaSTa mAluma hotI haiM ( 1 ) yaha eka bar3A ArAma thA, jisameM 700 yA tIna hajAra parivrAjaka nivAsa kara sakate the| (2) nagara se jetavana jAnevAle dvAra(= dakSiNa dvAra)kaM bAhara thaa| (3) yahA~ baiThakara brAhmaNa aura sAdhu loga nAnA prakAra kI dArzanika carcAe~ kiyA karate the| (4) buddha tathA unake gRhastha aura virakta ziSya yahA~ jAyA karate the| jetavana ke pIche bhAjIvakoM kI bhI koI jagaha thI kyoMki jAtakaTakathA meM AtA hai "taba prAjIvaka jetavana ke pIche nAnA prakAra kA mithyA tapa karate the| ukkuTika pradhAna, vaggulivrata, kaMTakAprazraya paMcatApa-tapana aadi|" parivrAjakArAma kA bananA ruka jAne se, jetavana ke bahuta samIpa aura koI kisI aise pArAma kA honA saMbhava nahIM mAlUma hotA / zAyada.jetavana ke pIche kI ora khulI hI jagaha meM ve tapasyA karate rahe hoNge| sutanu-tIra-saMyuttanikAya se patA lagatA hai, sutanutIra para bhI bhikSuoM kA koI vihAra thaa| 'tIra' zabda se to patA lagatA (2) "AyuSmAn sAriputra ...( jetavana se ) zrAvastI meM piDa ke liye ca je |...bhut saberA hai......( isaliye) jahA~ anya tIthikoM, parivrAjakoM kA prArAma thA vahA~ ge|" -aM0ni0 7.11, 7:2:8, 10:37 / (2) jAtakaTThakathA 1:14:5 / / (3) "eka samaya AyuSmAn anuruddha sAvatthI meM sutanu ke tIra vihAra karate the|"-sN. ni0, 21:1:3 /

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314 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA hai, yaha koI jalAzaya (=choTI nadI, yA bar3A tAlAba ) hogaa| saMbhavata: vartamAna oDAjhAra, khaDaubAjhAra sutanutIra ko sUcita karate haiN| aisA hone para vartamAna khajuhA tAla prAcIna sutanu hai| aMdhavana-zrAvastI ke pAsa eka aura prasiddha sthAna aMdhavana thaa| saMyuttanikAyaTThakathA meM "kAzyapa samyak-saMbuddha ke caitya meM marammata ke liye dhana ekatra karAkara Ate hue yazodhara nAmaka dharmabhANaka Aryapudgala kI A~kheM nikAlakara, vahA~ ( svayaM ) aMdhe hue pA~ca sau coro ke basane se...aMdhavana nAma pdd'aa| yaha zrAvasto se dakSiNa tarapha gavyUti bhara dUra rAjarakSA se rakSita (vana) thaa...| yahA~ ekAMtapriya (bhikSu)... jAyA karate the|" phAhiyAna ne isa para likhA hai "vihAra se cAra 'lI' dUra uttara-pazcima tarapha eka kuMja hai|... pahale 500 andha bhikSu isa vana meM vAsa karate the, eka dina inake maMgala ke liye buddhadeva ne dharmavyAkhyA kI, usI samaya unhoMne dRSTizakti paalii| prasanna ho unhoMne apanI apanI lakar3iyoM ko miTTI meM dabAkara praNAma kiyaa| usI dama ve lakar3iyA~ vRkSa ke rUpa meM, aura zIghra hI vana rUpa meM pariNata ho gii|......is prakAra isakA yaha nAma ( aMghavana ) pdd'aa| jetavanavAsI aneka bhitu madhyAhna bhojana karake ( isa ) vana meM jAkara dhyAnAvastha hote haiN|" isase mAlUma hotA hai.... (1) kAzyapa buddha ke stUpa se zrAvastI kI ora lauTate samaya yaha sthAna rAste meM par3atA thaa| (2) zrAvastI se dakSiNa eka gavyUti yA prAyaH 2 mIla thA / (1) sa0 ni0, 21:10, a. ka0, 1148 / (2) ch. XX.

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jetavana 315 (3) jetavana se uttara-pazcima 4 'lI' (= 1 mIla se kama) thaa| dUrI aura dizAe~ ina purAnI likhaMtoM meM zabdaza: nahIM lI jA sktiiN| isase purainA kA dhvaMsa aMdhavana mAlUma hotA hai| yaha bhI TI se zrAvastI ke Ane ke rAste meM bhI hai, jise ki sara jAna mArzala ne kAzyapa-stUpa nizcita kiyA hai| pAMDapura-zrAvasto ke pAsa pAMDupura nAmaka gAMva thaa| dhammapada-aTThakathA meM "zrAvastI ke avidura pAMDupura nAmaka eka gA~va thaa| vahA~ eka kevaTa vAsa karatA thaa| isa gAMva ke bAre meM isake atirikta aura kucha mAlUma nahIM hai| maiMne ina thor3e se pRSThoM meM zrAvastI aura usake pAsa ke buddhakAlIna sthAnoM para vicAra kiyA hai| sutta, vinaya aura usakI aTThakathAoM kI sAmagrI zAyada hI koI chUTI ho| yahA~ mujhe sirpha bhaugolika dRSTi se hI vicAra karanA thA, yadyapi kahIM kahIM aura bAteM bhI A gaI haiM2 / (1) A. S. I. R. 1910-11, P. 4. (2) jetavana ke nakazoM ke liye dekho Arch. Survey of India kI 1607-08 aura 1910-11 kI riporTa /

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(10) ur3iyA grAma-sAhitya meM rAma-caritra [lekhaka-zrI deveMdra satyArthI ] syAma surabhi-paya bisada ati gunada karahi saba pAna / girAgrAmya siya-rAma-jasa gAvahi~ sunahiM sujAna // -rAmacaritamAnasa, bAlakAMDa / jisa prakAra phala kI utpatti se pahale phUla apanI bahAra dikhAtA hai usI prakAra bar3e bar3e pratibhAzAlI sAhitya-seviyoM tathA kalAkAroM ke Ane se pahale grAmINa bhATa aura kathakar3a gIta gAkara grAma-sAhitya kI nIMva DAlate haiN| sAhitya ke isa bAlyakAla meM ghaTanA aura kalpanA meM sagI bahano kA sA saMbaMdha rahatA hai| sukha-duHkha kI kitanI hI samasyAeM bhole-bhAle grAma-vAsiyoM ko apane sAtha ha~sAkara yA rulAkara sAhitya-nirmANa ke liye sAmagrI pradAna karatI haiN| mAtA ke hRdaya meM vAtsalya rasa kA janma hotA hai| zizu dUdha bhI pItA jAtA hai aura vAtsalya rasa se ota-prota mIThI mITho lAriyA~ bhI sunatA jAtA hai| grAmINa nara-nArI apane Apako bhUlakara gAte haiM aura apane dukhI jIvana ko madhura banA lete haiN| rAha-calate baTohI gIta gA gAkara apanA pasInA sukhA DAlate haiN| jIvana kI viSamatA tathA vikaTatA meM bhI unheM kavitA-devI ke sAkAra darzana hote haiN| isa prakAra 'sAhitya' sabake sAjhe kI vastu bana jAtA hai / isa avasthA meM bhAr3e ke gAyakoM kI kucha AvazyakatA nahIM pdd'tii| loriyA~ sunanevAlA zizu rAta ke samaya cUlhe ke pAsa baiThI huI mA~ se kahatA hai-'mA~, kahAnI sunaa|' mA~ kahAnI AraMbha karatI hai-'eka rAjA thaa|' ajJAta rAjA-rAnI ke nAma se kathA-sAhitya kI sRSTi hotI hai| thor3A Age calakara mA~ kahatI hai-'usa rAjA

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318 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ke sAta putra the / ' kAma to eka hI rAjaputra se cala sakatA hai paraMtu mA~ eka sAtha sAta putroM kI kalpanA karatA hai / sAta bhAiyoM honI cAhie, nahIM to kahAnI meM rasa kA Age calakara mA~ kahatI hai- 'usa rAjA ke eka choTI sI kanyA bhI thI / ' isa prakAra kathA Age calato kI eka-Adha bahana bhI saMcAra nahIM ho sakatA / hotA jAtA hai, isa kathA ke kathA - sAhitya meM korI kalpanA se rahatI hai 1 jyoM jyoM zizu bar3A aneka rUpAMtara hote jAte haiM / -- 3 hI kAma nahIM calatA- - kalpanA ke sAtha-sAtha ghaTanA bhI apanA raMga dikhAtI rahatI hai aura isa prakAra sAta rAjaputroM meM se eka rAjaputra kabhI rAma ke rUpa meM aura kabhI yudhiSThira ke rUpa meM kathA - sAhitya kA nAyaka banatA rahatA hai / rAma rAma kA punIta caritra hara raMga meM, hara rUpa meM, pUre solaha Ane utarA hai / kadAcit 'rAmAyaNa' kI racanA ke pUrva hI rAma caritra deza ke eka sire se dUsare sire taka vikhyAta ho gayA thA / kevala prayodhyA ke hI nahIM, sAre deza ke rAma bana gae the / mAtAe~ apane zizuoM meM rAma kI bhAvanA karane lagI thIM / rAma ghara ghara ke rAma bana gae the / unakI nyAyapriyatA tathA zUravIratA kI kahAniyA~ deza ke eka sire se dUsare sire taka pracalita ho gaI thA~ / isa prakAra rAma caritra grAma-kathAoM kA thA / grAmINa kavi unakA caritra-gAna karake yaza ke bhAgI banane lage the / vivAha - saMgIta meM vara kI kalpanA karatI huI ramathiyoM ke sAmane rAma kI mUrti virAjamAna rahatI thI / rAma caritra kI sarvaprathama bhUmikA nirmANa karane meM grAma sAhitya kA sabase bar3A hAtha thA / viSaya bana gayA - isa prakAra 'vAlmIki' tathA 'tulasIdAsa' ke rAma vana meM jAkara bhI kisI rAjA se kama nahIM rahe / sItA haraNa se pahale ke bAraha varSa, hamArI

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ur3iyA grAma-sAhitya meM rAma-caritra 316 A~kha bacAkara, jhaTa se bIta jAte haiN| rAma kI choTI choTI bAteM sunane ke liye hamArA hRdaya pyAsA hI raha jAtA hai| vahA~ hama yaha nahIM jAna pAte ki rAma dina meM kitanI bAra ha~sate the; kitanI bAra ve manovinoda kI bAteM karate the| una bAtoM kA patA lagAne ke liye hama utkaMThita ho uThate haiN| rAma kyA khAte the? ve kevala phala para hI nirvAha karate the yA ATe kI banI huI roTo bho khAte the ? unheM prATA kaise aura kahA~ se prApta hotA thA ? kyA ve khetI-bArI bhI karane laga gae the? ve gAya kA dUdha pIte the yA bhaiMsa kA? yadi bhaiMsa kA to unakI bhaiMsa kisa raMga kI thI aura yadi gau kA to kyA unakI gA kapilA gAya thI? ve miTTI ke pAtroM meM dUdha pIte the yA sone-cAMdI kI kaToriyo meM? ina saba praznoM ke uttara pAne ke liye hama becaina ho uThate haiN| hama bAra bAra rAmAyaNa kA pATha karate haiM kiMtu rAma ko bhalI bhAMti dekha nahIM paate| kavi unakI moTI moTo bAteM ( Outlines ) batalAkara hI hameM apane sAtha daur3Akara le jAnA cAhatA hai| hama dhIre dhIre calanA cAhate haiM aura rAma kA pUrA pUrA darzana karanA cAhate haiN| ___ur3IsA prAMta ke grAma-sAhitya meM rAma-caritra kI ve saba choTI choTI bAteM, jinheM sunane ke liye hama itane vyAkula haiM, kalpanA kI kUcI dvArA khIMcI gaI haiN| yahA~ ke rAma kRSaka haiM / kRSi pradhAna deza ke rAma kA yaha kRSaka-rUpa dekhakara hamArA hRdaya taraMgita ho uThatA hai / hala calAte hue kRSaka loga jo gIta gAte haiM, unheM ur3IsA meM 'haliyAgIta' kahate haiN| ina gItoM meM prAya: rAma-caritra gAyA jAtA hai| jhUlA jhUlatI huI kanyAe~ 'dolI-gIta' gAtI haiN| unameM bhI rAmacaritra kI thor3o-bahuta jhalaka milatI hai| yahA~ ke rAma amIra bhI haiM aura garIba bhI : amIra itane ki unake ghara meM sone ke dIpaka haiM

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320 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA jinameM ghI yA caMdana ke tela kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai, aura garIba itane ki ve sItAjI ko nae vana taka nahIM pahanA skte| ina gItoM kI gAte hue grAmavAsI apanA duHkha-darda bhUla jAte haiN| rAma ke mahAna du:kha ke sAmane unheM apanA duHkha bahuta kama pratIta hotA hai| jaba rAma bhI itane garIba ho sakate haiM ki sItAjI ko nayA kapar3A na de sakeM taba sAdhAraNa vyakti kI to bAta hI kyA rhii| ___ ur3iyA grAma-sAhitya kA rAma-caritra utanA hI maulika hai jitanA ganne kA rasa, na kama na adhik| vaha utanA hI prAkRtika hai jitanA jaMgala kA phUla / usakA sauMdarya anokhA tathA nirAlA hai| yadi saba ke saba bhaiaure vATikAoM ke puSpoM para mohita ho gae haiM to eka dina ve isa phUla kA patA pAkara idhara bhI A jaayeNge| hamAre kaI eka mitroM ke vicAra meM ur3iyA grAma-sAhitya kA rAma-caritra grAma-vAsiyoM kA apanA caritra hai jise unhoMne rAma kA nAma dekara gAyA hai| ur3iyA grAma-sAhitya ke rAma apane ghara kA kAma-kAja apane hAthoM se karate haiN| rAma hala calAte haiM, lakSmaNajI jutAI karate haiM aura sItAjI bIja botI haiN| ve kapilA gAya kA dUdha pIte haiM jo caMdana kI agni para garama kiyA jAtA hai| unake ghara meM sone kI kaToriyA~ haiN| kabhI kabhI unheM hala calAte calAte ghara pahu~cane meM dera ho jAtI hai| sItAjI vyAkula ho uThatI haiM aura lakSmaNa se kahatI haiM-'jAo, rAma ko bulA laao|' lakSmaNajI kacce prAma lAte haiN| sItAjI caTanI posato haiN| saba caTanI rAma hI khA jAte haiN| lakSmaNa ko thor3I sI caTanI bhI nahIM miltii| unakA jI choTA na ho to kyA ho ? rAma aura lakSmaNa do kapilA gaue~ kharIdate haiN| rAma kI gAya kA dUdha sukha jAtA hai| lakSmaNa kI gAya barAbara dUdha detI rahatI hai| ur3IsA

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ur3iyA grAma-sAhitya meM rAma-caritra 321 * meM pAna bahuta hotA hai| yahA~ ke rAma pAna bhI khAte haiN| duHkha kI bhI kucha na puuchie| eka bAra sItAjI TUTe hue baratana meM dUdha duhane baiThatI haiN| sArA dUdha nIce baha jAtA hai| rAma ko mAlUma hotA hai to ve bahuta krodhita hote haiN| lakSmaNa peTa bhara bhAta bhI nahIM khA paate| rAma nAriyala talAza karate karate thaka jAte haiN| isa prakAra rAma-caritra, saritA kI bhA~ti, bahatA calatA hai / isakA bahAva jarA bhI aprAkRtika nahIM hai| yahA~ ke rAma kisI eka vyakti ke rAma nahIM haiM; ve to sArI janatA ke rAma haiN| ___kaI eka mahAnubhAvoM ko rAma kA yaha anokhA caritra kadAcit thor3A-bahuta akhregaa| ve kaheMge-"isameM itihAsa kI sAkSI nhiiN| Aja taka kisI bhI kavi ne isakA samarthana nahIM kiyaa| na to rAmAyaNa meM aura na kisI anya kAvya meM hI rAma kA yaha rUpa dekhane meM AyA / " aise vyaktiyoM se hamArI prArthanA hai ki ve kevala itihAsa kI bAta lekara hI tarka-vitarka na kreN| yadi ve dhyAnapUrvaka ise kAvya-rasa kI kasauTI para parakheMge to grAmavAsiyoM kI pratibhA kI prazaMsA kie binA na rheNge| grAmINa kaviyoM ne apane hAthoM se raMga taiyAra kiyA hai aura apanI hI kUcI se rAma kA citra khIMcA hai| unhoMne na to raMga udhAra liyA hai aura na kUcI hii| saMbhava hai, usameM kucha bhaddApana raha gayA ho| para usakA avalokana kiyA jA sakatA hai| nIce kucha ur3iyA grAma-gIta die jAte haiM jinase rAma-caritra para yatheSTa prakAza par3atA hai| Aie, rAma ke zaizava kA hAla sunie pillA TI dinU rAma ghAIle naMgala nava khaMDa pRdhi hoIchI Talamala AkAsa ku ghaTiachi jal...haliyA hai...||

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322 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA -'bacapana meM eka bAra gama ne hala ko hAtha lagA diyaa| pRthivI ke nava khaMDa hilane laga ge| 'he kRSaka ! usa samaya AkAza meM bAdala ghira Ae the|' dekhie, rAma hala calA rahe haiM cAlA cAlo balda, na karA mAlAnI bAjarI ghar3ie hele pAIvo melAnI khAIvo kaMcA ghAsa je...pIIvo ThaMDA pAnI ho...|| bUr3hA balda ku je haliyA maMgu nAI rAma bAMdhe hal laIkhana deve mAI bhAUrI ki karive je...sItAyA dave roI je...|| . -'calo calo, he baila ! dera na karo / 'jarA Thaharakara tumheM chuTTI mila jaaygii| khAne ko tAjA ghAsa milegA aura pIne ko ThaMDA paanii| 'kisAna bUr3he baila ko pasaMda nahIM karatA / 'rAma hala calA rahe haiN| lakSmaNajI jutAI kreNge| sItAjI ke liye aura kyA kAma hai ? ve bIja bo deNgii|' __dhAna kUTanevAlI mazIna kA nAma ur3iyA bhASA meM DheMkI hai| kI para kAma karate hue jo gIta gAe jAte haiM unheM 'DhaMkI-gIta' kahate haiN| nIce eka DheMkI-gIta diyA jAtA hai-- hIrA mANaMkara dhAna DhaMkI-re accho paNAM rAma laIkhana duI hele mIkA ttnnaaN| kie go pelIvo se dhAna, kaho mote ki na je......|| rAma bolaMti he...sunane laikhana pelIvo dhAna tumme kuTivA mora mana ete kahi DheMkI Upare bassI mAMge pAna di khaDi pAnaru khaDie khAIle rAma to se...

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ur3iyA grAma - sAhitya meM rAma caritra dhAna kUTA - pelA cAlIlA kete raMge rase / mahakI UThUchI vAsanA ki mIThA lAgIvA se // --' DheMkI ke pAsa hIre aura maNiyoM ke sadRza dhAna kA Dhera lagA huA 1 'rAma aura lakSmaNa meM vAda-vivAda ho rahA hai ki kauna dhAna DAle aura kauna kUTe / 'rAma ne kahA - he lakSmaNa ! tuma dhAna DAlo, maiM kUTUMgA / 'yaha kahakara rAma DheMkI para baiTha gae aura pAna khAne lge| do meM se eka pAna rAma ne khA liyA / dhAna kUTane kA kAma AnaMda se calatA gayA / cAroM ora khuzabU phaila gaI '' sItA ke prati rAma kA krodha dekhie daudarA mAThiyA hAte dhari kari 1 khIra duhibAku sItAyA galA / mo rAma re ! satru khIra jAko tale bahi ganA I sItAyA e kathA jANI na pArIkSA / mo rAma re ! bauhar3IlA rAma hal kAma sari khIra maMde vege sItA ku mAgIllA / mo rAma re ! ghAI ghAI sItAyA pAkhaku zraIlA , ghAItAMku sabu kathA TI kahilA / mo rAma re ! rAmaM zrAkhITI raMga hoI galA mana ki tora lo bAiyA helA / mo rAma re ! - 'TUTe hue patra meM sItA dUdha duhane gaI / 'sArA kA sArA dUdha nIce baha gayA / bAta use mAlUma hI nahIM huI / 'hala calAkara rAma ghara Ae aura unhoMne sItA se dUdha 'sItA daur3akara AI aura pati ko saba bAta sunA dI / 323 Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat pAtra TUTA huA hai, yaha mA~gA 1 www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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324 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA 'rAma kI A~kheM lAla ho gii| ve kahane lage-kyA tuma pAgala ho gaI ho ?' ghara meM patnI se koI na koI choTA-moTA kasUra ho hI jAtA hai / pati kI A~kheM krodha se lAla ho jAtI haiN| isa krodha meM bhI prema kA hI rAjya rahatA hai| aise hI kisI avasara kI kalpanA rAma ke jIvana meM kI gaI hai| ____rAma kA kheta se jarA dera karake AnA sItAjI ko becaina kara detA hai| dekhie meghuyA AkAse rijalI khelachI bhaMgA kur3iyA-re sItAyA mAlchI / mahAprabhu se ! pAsa sari rAma bAhur3I gahanti eto belo jAe kiso karichanti / mahAprabhu se ! jAyo he laikhana bege bila ku pANI bAku rAmaM ku nija ghara ku / mahAprabhu se ! pavana bahuchI megha garajchI andAra kur3iyA-re sItAyA baschI / mahAprabhu se ! bhAga-re balda paccha-re laikhana bege rAma ghara ku pherI pAsacI / mahAprabhu se ! -'AkAza para bAdala chAe haiM aura bijalI camaka rahI hai| 'TUTI-phUTI jhopar3I meM sItA kA mana udAsa hai| hala calAkara rAma abhI taka vApisa nahIM aae| itanI dera taka kyA karate hoMge ? 'sItA kahatI hai-he lakSmaNa ! daur3akara kheta ko jAno aura rAma ko ghara bulA laao| 'havA cala rahI hai| bAdala garaja rahe haiN| 'a~dherI koTharI meM baiThI huI sItA kA mana udAsa hai|

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ur3iyA grAma-sAhitya meM rAma-caritra 325 'prAge baila hai, poche lakSmaNajI haiN| rAma jaldI jaldI ghara pA rahe haiN|' ___ 'sItA kA mana udAsa hai', isa vAkya meM kitanI karuNA bharI hai| sItA ne apanI koTharI meM diyA taka nahIM jlaayaa| ve a~dherI koTharI meM baiThI huI haiN| rAma ko ghara lauTate dekhakara unheM kitanA AnaMda humA hogaa| aba rAma aura sItA ke prema kI vyAkhyA sunie sItAyA jeyUthIre guyAguMDI rAma seIthIre paanne| sItAyA jeyU thIre TokaI kuMDhaI rAma seIthIre dhaano|| -'jahA~ sItA supArI hai, vahA~ rAma pAna haiN| jahA~ sItA TokarI hai vahA~ rAma dhAna haiN|' rAma helA jala sItA helA lahur3I rAma helA megha sItA helA ghdddhdd'ii| rAma helA dahI sItA helA lahuNI rAma helA ghara sItA helA gharaNI // -rAma jala ho gae aura sItA jala-taraMga / rAma bAdala bana gae aura sItA bijalI kI garaja / rAma dahI bana gae aura sItA makkhana / rAma ghara bana gae aura sItA gharavAlI / ' kitanI mIThI bhAvanA hai ! sItAjI kaha rahI haiM mukatA mukatA bolaMti mukatA keMUMThI mukatA ke jAne ? jagat samukA raghumaNi mukutA e pari mukatA ke jAne / jIvaNa bike mUkINIlI mukatA e pari bikA kiNAM ke jAne ? -'motI motI to saba koI kahatA hai paraMtu motI hai kahA~, ise kauna jAnatA hai ? _ 'jagat sIpa hai aura raghumaNi ( rAma ) motI haiN| aise motI kI kise khabara hai ? _ 'maiMne apanA jIvana becakara yaha motI kharIdA hai| aisI kharIdapharokhta aura kauna kara sakatA hai ?'

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326 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA patnI ko pati se jo prema ho sakatA hai, usakI yaha parAkASTA nahIM to kyA hai ? sItAjI ke mukha se rAma ke prati prema kA citraNa karane meM grAmINa kavi bahuta saphala huA hai| rAma kI garIbI dekhie chiDA lUgA pidhI sItAyA ThAkurANI; daudarA ginA-re bhAta khAI chati raghumaNi / mahAprabhu se ! -'sItA ThAkurANI phaTe-purAne vastra pahane hue haiM aura rAma TUTe hue bartana meM bhAta khA rahe haiM / sItAyA mukachaMti nuyA lUgA pAI; laikhana muruchaMti pakhAl bhAta pAI / mahAprabhu se ! -'sItA nae kapar3oM ke liye tarasa rahI haiM aura lakSmaNa pakhAla bhAta ke liye tarasa rahe haiN|' sItAyA bhuruchaMti nAka-guNAM pAI; rAma bUlUchati naDiyA prANivA pAI / mahAprabhu se ! -'sItAjI nAka-guNoM ( nAka kA AbhUSaNa jise ur3iyA khiyA~ bar3e cAva se pahanatI haiM) ke liye tarasa rahI haiM aura rAma nAriyala lAne ke liye bhaTaka rahe haiN|' kAMdI kAMdI sotA khIra duhuchaMti; mA ghara kathA mate pakAUchati / mahAprabhu se ! -'sItAjI A~khoM meM AMsU bharakara dUdha duha rahI haiM aura apanI mAtA ke ghara ko yAda kara rahI haiN|' dekhie, rAma khajUra kA rasa pIne jA rahe haiM chiMdA lUgA piMdhI rAma jAUthIle; khajUrI gaScha ra rasa kAr3hIvAku / mo bAIdhana ! -'phaTe-purAne vastra pahane rAma khajUra kI ora jA rahe haiN|'

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ur3iyA grAma-sAhitya meM rAma-caritra 327 dUru dekhI sItA aIlA dhAI / dhari pakAIbA rAma ra halaku // mo bAIdhana // -dUra se dekhakara sItAjI daur3atI huI AI aura rAma kA hAtha pakar3a liyA / ' ki pAI dhAIcho khajUrI gaccha ku / baikhana IhA dekhI ki kahibe tumbhaMku // ___-'sItAjI kahatI haiM-khajUra ke vRkSa kI tarapha kyoM jA rahe ho? lakSmaNa dekhegA to kyA kahegA ?' ur3IsA meM khajUra ke vRkSa bahuta hote haiN| khajUra kA rasa zarAba ke rUpa meM piyA jAtA hai| prAyaH puruSa hI isakA sevana karate haiM, khiyA~ nhiiN| kisI pannI ne rAma ke nAma se apane pati se nazA chor3ane kI preraNA kI hai| dekhie lakSmaNajI caTanI ke kitane zaukIna haiM aMba kasI tolI laIkhana prANIle sItAyA ThAkurANI caTanI bATIle raghumaNi rAma khAIchaMti haliyA hai... Tikie caTanI mote deyo prANI ho...sItAyA ThAkurANI caTaNI gala sarI laIkhana kAMdUchati je...|| --'lakSmaNa kacce Ama lAyA aura sItAjI ne caTanI pIsI / 'he kisAna ! sArI kI sArI caTanI rAma khA ge| 'lakSmaNa ne kahA-thor3I sI caTanI mujhe bhI de do| 'caTanI khatama ho gaI hai| lakSmaNajI ro rahe haiN|' lakSmaNajI mRtyu-zayyA para par3e haiN| rAma kI avasthA dekhie maraNaseja-re laIkhana pachiMti / raghumaNi rAma duHkha-re kAMdUchati mane ki tora lo duHkha nAhIM ki haliyA he...||

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328 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA -'lakSmaNajI mRtyu-zayyA para par3e haiN| rAma ro rahe haiM / 'he kRSaka ! tumhAre mana meM kyA jarA bhI du:kha nahIM hai ?' rAma ke duHkha meM kisAna bhI dukhI ho uThA hai| kucha gItoM meM rAma ke ghara meM gAe~ dikhAI gaI haiN| sacamuca una dinoM ghara ghara gAe~ hotI thIM to rAma ke ghara bhI avazya rahI hogii| yadi kevala itanA hI kaha diyA jAtA ki rAma ke ghara meM gAe~ thIM to kadAcit adhika rasa na aataa| yahA~ lakSmaNa kI gAya adhika dUdha detI hai| rAma kI gAya kA dUdha sUkha jAtA hai| lakSmaNa sItAjI ke liye kapilA gAya lAte haiN| sItAjI rAma ke liye to caMdana kI lakar3I para dRdha garama karatI haiM paraMtu lakSmaNa ko nAriyala dekara hI unakA mu~ha mIThA karane kA yatna karatI haiN| isa prakAra ke utAra-car3hAva kI kalpanA hameM rAma ke ghara meM le jAtI hai aura hama rAma kI choTI se choTI bAta se paricita ho jAte haiM / rAma laIkhana duI goTI bhAI duI bhAI kINIle je...kapilA gAI laIkhanaMka gAI bezI khIra delA rAmaka gAI-ra khIra sUkhI galA kAMdUchati sItA ThAkurANI he...haliyA... ki buddhi karibe se......|| -'rAma aura lakSmaNa do bhAI the| 'donoM bhAiyoM ne do kapilA gAe~ khriidiiN| 'lakSmaNa kI gAya adhika dUdha detI rahI aura rAma kI gAya kA dUdha sUkha gyaa| 'he kisAna ! sItA ThAkurANI ro rahI haiM / becArI kyA kareM ?' prANIle laIkhana ayudhyA purI ku; goTiye kapilA gAI / mo rAma re!

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ur3iyA grAma-sAhitya meM rAma-caritra 326. -'lakSmaNajI ayodhyA meM eka kapilA gAya lAe / ' tAhA dekhI sItA rAmaMku kahile; prANIvAku se pari gAI / meo rAma re ! -'use dekhakara sItA ne rAma se kahA-mere liye bhI aisI hI eka gAya lA do|' se pari gAI kuyAr3e na pahile khojI khojI rAma hoIlena bAI / mo rAma re ! -'vaisI gAya kahIM bhI na milI / rAma khoja khojakara thaka gae / ' ehA jANI sItA kAMdIvAku lAgIle; aru bassI thAI bhAta pakAI / meo rAma re ! -'yaha jAnakara sItAjI rone lgiiN| unhoMne apanA bhojana dUra pheMka diyaa| ve udAsa hokara baiTha gii|' ehA jANI laIkhana sItAMku kahile; kAhI ki kAMchIcho chArakathApAI / mo rAma re ! -'yaha jAnakara lakSmaNa ne sItA se kahA-jarA sI bAta ke liye kyoM rotI ho?' rAmaMka pAI e deha dharilI tumbharI pAMI prANIchI e gAI / mo rAma re ! lakSmaNa ne sItA se kahA-'maiMne yaha zarIra rAma kI sevA ke liye hI dhAraNa kiyA hai aura tumhAre liye hI maiM yaha gAya lAyA huuN|' lakSmaNa ke ye vacana kitane suMdara haiM ! isa kAlpanika kathA dvArA grAma-vAsiyoM ne lakSmaNa ko kitane madhura rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai|' maliyA candana prANI sItA tIyA kale vege kapilA gAI-ra khIra tatAIle / mahAprabhu se ! -'malaya caMdana kI lakar3I lAkara sItAjI ne prAga jalAI aura jaldI jaldI kapilA gAya kA dRdha garama kiyA / '

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330 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bhari kari khIra sunAra ginnA-re raghumaNi rAmaka hasta-re dele / mahAprabhu se ! -'sone kI kaTorI meM (dUdha) bharakara usane raghumaNi rAma ke hAtha meM diyaa|' bhUka-re kaTAUthIle laIkhana kur3iyA ___ sItAyA dekhI zrAsI tAku dele nar3iyA / mahAprabhu se ! -'bhUkhA lakSmaNa kuTiyA meM jhAr3a de rahA thaa| sItA ne use dekhA to use eka nAriyala de diyaa|' abhAgA laIkhana zrAkule kAMdIle; ehA chAr3I zrAU kichI kari na pArIle ! mahAprabhu ye! -'prabhAgA lakSmaNa vyAkula hokara rone lgaa| aura kara hI kyA sakatA thA ?' sukha ke dinoM meM bhI sItA ko apanI mA~ kI yAda mAyA karatI thI, yaha bAta nIce ke gIta se pratIta hotI hai sari galA dIpa-ra tela ki pari dIpa jAlovI / mahAprabhu se ! tela prANI vAku jAvo he rAma ! se tela dopa-re DhAlIvI / mahAprabhu se ! sunAra dIpa-re candana tela sItAyA dIpa jAlachI / mahAprabhu se ! dIpa jAlI jAlI siitaayaa| mAM-ghara kathA mAlchI / mahAprabhu se ! --'tela khatama ho gayA ! maiM dIpaka kaise jalAU~ ? 'he rAma ! jAo, tela laao| maiM usa tela se dIpaka jlaauuNgii| 'sone kA dIpaka hai aura caMdana kA tel| sItAjo dIpaka jalA rahI haiN| dIpaka jalAte jalAte sItAjI ko apane mAtA-pitA kA ghara yAda A rahA hai|'

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(11) cihnAMkita mudrAe~ (Punch-marked coins) [ lekhaka - rAyabahAdura paMDyA baijanAtha, kAzI] bahuta hI prAcIna kAla meM prAdima manuSyoM ko apane parivAra ke nirvAhArtha pratyeka vastu kA svayaM hI utpAdana karanA par3atA thA / isase Age bar3hakara manuSya apanI apanI paidA kI huI vastuoM kA dUsarI Avazyaka vastuoM se badalA karane lagA / isameM bhI asuvidhA hone ke kAraNa kisI prakAra ke sikke kA calana prAraMbha huaa| zurU meM kaur3iyoM sarIkhI vastuoM se kAma liyA gayA / pIche se dhAtuoM kA upayoga hone lagA, aura isa prakAra mudrita dhana kA vyavahAra huA / bhAratavarSa meM mudrita dhana kA vyavahAra bahuta purAnA hai| Rgveda meM likhA hai ki RSi katavana ne kisI rAjA se sau niSka lie / niSkoM ke bane kaMThahAra kA bhI varNana hai / bauddhakAla meM zrAvastI ke seTha anAthapiMDika ne bauddha saMgha ke liye jetavana kI eka jamIna kA mUlya usa para mudrA bichAkara diyA thA / nagauda rAjya meM barahUta stUpa para isa kathA kA citra hai / vahA~ jamIna para manuSya caukona sikke bichA rahe haiM / buddhagayA kI veSTanI para bhI yahI citra hai / isa prakAra siddha hotA hai ki bhArata ke sabase prAcIna sikkoM kA AkAra prAyaH caukora hotA thaa| samasta bhArata meM cA~dI aura tA~be ke jo saba aMkacihna yukta ( Punch marked ) purAne sikke mile haiM unameM se adhikAMza caukora hI haiN| IsA kI dvitIya zatAbdI se, zuMga- kAla se, sikkoM meM rAjAoM ke aura usa kAla ke pUrva ke bahuta purAne cA~dI ke kevala aMka -cihna - / / nAma aMkita hone lage the

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332 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA yukta sikke usa samaya 'purANa' arthAt purAne kahalAne lage the| unheM dharaNa bhI kahate the| sone ke sikkoM ko suvarNa yA niSka kahate the aura tAMbe ke sikkoM ko kaarssaapnn| uttara aura dakSiNa bhArata meM isa prakAra ke hajAroM cA~dI ke prAcIna sikke mile haiM jinameM aise aMka hI cihnita haiN| unheM mudrA-tattva-vid loga aMka-cihna-yukta ( Punch-marked ) sikke kahate haiN| takSazilA ke rAjA aAMbhI ne isI prakAra ke cA~dI ke sikke sikaMdara ko bheMTa meM die the| pANini ke samaya meM bhI sikkoM kA calana thA, kyoMki rUpya zabda ko usane "rUpAdAhata" ke artha meM batAyA hai| aMka-cihna-yukta ( Punch-marked ) sikkoM meM pratyeka ciha alaga alaga aMkita kiyA jAtA thaa| pIche se saba cihna eka hI Thappe se eka sAtha hI aMkita kie jAne lage aura isase Age bar3hakara saba cihna sahita mudrAeM DhAlI jAne lgiiN| ina Adima aMka-cihna-yukta mudrAo kI taula hiMdU graMthoM (jaise kauTilya ) meM likhI taula se milatI thii| ye sikke saistAna, aphagAnistAna, sImAMta pradeza, paMjAba, madhyabhArata, uttara aura dakSiNa bhArata, bihAra,baMgAla, gujarAta, koyambaTUra aura sIlona saba jagaha milate haiN| ina sikkoM ke cihnoM kA matalaba abhI taka kisI ko samajha nahIM par3A thaa| yaha nahIM jAna par3atA thA ki inameM se koI mAge poche samaya ke haiM yA bhinna bhinna dezoM ke haiM ityaadi| banArasa ke vijJAna-kalA-vizArada bAbU durgAprasAdajI, bI0 e0, (meMbara nyU mismaiTika sosAiTI aura hiMdU-vizvavidyAlaya kI korTa sabhA ke sadasya) prAcIna mudrA ke bar3e utsAhI zodhaka haiN| bhApake pAsa prAcIna aura arvAcIna mudrAoM kA saMgraha bhI bhArata meM prAyaH advitIya sA ho hai| bahuta parizrama karake Apane ina mudrAmoM meM aMkita cihnoM kA adhyayana karake alaga alaga prakAra ke cihnoM kA

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cihnAMkita mudrAe~ 333 vargIkaraNa kiyA hai / usa parizrama se aba yaha nizcayapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki kauna se aMka- cihna yukta (Punch-marked ) sikke maurya kAla ke haiM, kauna se usa kAla ke pUrva ke haiM aura kahA~ ke haiM 1 Apane eka choTI sI pustikA bhI prakAzita kI hai jisameM isa vargIkaraNa ko citroM meM batAyA hai / unhIM kI kRpA aura udAratA se ina citroM ko patrikA ke pAThakoM ke jJAnArtha prakAzita kiyA jAtA hai aura unake lekha kA sAra bhI diyA jAtA hai / Age jo kucha likhA hai, unhIM kI pustikA se liyA gayA hai / ina prAcIna cihnAMkita ( Punch-marked ) mudrAoM meM pratyeka cihna alaga Thappe se aMkita kiyA jAtA thA / isa kAraNa koI cihna to adhUrA hI chapa pAtA thA aura koI dUsare cihna para athavA usake bhAga para aMkita ho jAtA thA / isa prakAra kabhI kabhI vicitra AkRtiyA~ bana jAtI thIM / isa kAraNa aneka zodhaka ina prAkRtiyoM ko Thoka ThIka na samajha ulaTe hI vicAra bA~dha baiThe haiM / ukta bAbU sAhaba ne bar3e dhairya se aura sAre bhAratavarSa se prApta lagabhaga 4,000 sikkoM kA nirIkSaNa kara yaha DhU~r3ha nikAlA hai ki pratyeka cihna kA zuddha rUpa kyA hai 1 phira usake arddha rUpa ke dekhane se bhI usa pUrNa cihna kA jJAna ho jAyagA / prAyaH vizeSa bhAga kita ( Punch-marked ) mudrAoM para cAra yA pA~ca cihna eka aura aMkita rahate haiM aura dUsarI ora choTe choTe eka se cha:- sAta taka / ina cAra-pA~ca cihnoM meM se kucha mudrAoM meM sabhI eka se, meM cAra eka se, kucha meM tIna eka se cihna aMkita rahate haiM inakA kyA artha hai abhI taka yaha bAta pUrI taraha se jAna nahIM par3I hai / Apane 83 cihnAMkita raupya mudrAoM kA adhyayana kiyA hai / ye Apako takSazilA ke nikaTa se milI thiiN| parimANa meM ve tIna prakAra kI haiM-- koI caur3I aura kucha - patalI, koI laMbI aura

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334 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA patalI, aura koI choTI aura moTI para gola yA caukora haiM / unameM prAya: pA~ca cihna eka ora aMkita haiM / do meM cha: cihna haiM, para aisA jAna par3atA hai ki chaThA cihna dUsarI ora aMkita honA thA aura bhUla se sAmane A gayA hai / kahIM kahIM eka hI cihna do bAra aMkita ho gayA hai / saba mudrAoM kA vargIkaraNa karane para ye dasa vibhAga meM vibhAjita hotI haiM 1 unake aura bhI upavibhAga hai / naM0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 citroM ke dekhane se isa bAta kA jJAna ho jAyagA / jo cihna aMkita hai ve ye haiM-- 1 - sUryacihna (citra 1, naMbara 1 ) - isameM eka vRtta ke prAsapAsa kiraNeM haiM aura bIca meM dhurI kA cihna hai / para yaha cihna mudrAoM meM bahuta kama, kiMtu pUrA pUrA aMkita huA hai / 2 - gUr3hacakra ( citra 1, naMbara 2 ) - isameM tIna choTe vRSabharAzicihna aura tIna pattoM ke yA bANa ke lohe ke samAna cihna, eka prakAra ke pazcAt dUsare prakAra kA eka cihna, isa taraha eka choTe vRtta ke AsapAsa aMkita rahate haiM / yaha cihna pUrA pUrA eka hI mudrA para chapA hai, bAkI para aMzata: / I 3 - meru yA parvata sA cihna jo eka rekhA para do maharAbeM yA kamAna khIMcakara, usa para tIsarI maharAba rakhakara aura usake Upara zrarddhacaMdra rakhakara banAyA jAtA hai / yaha cihna 6 mudrAoM para pUrA banA hai, bAkI para aMzata: / 4 - binA pattoM kA vRkSa, jisameM tIna tIna Tahaniye vAlI tIna DAliyA~ banI haiM / yaha pUrA cihna bahuta kama sikkoM para milatA hai / yaha pATalA vRkSa kA cihna ho sakatA hai / (1) isa zrImAn jAyasavAlajI ne caMdragupta kA rAjAMka nizcita kiyA hai; kyoMki yaha caMdragupta ke staMbha para aura usa kAla ke sarakArI miTTI ke baratanoM para aMkita milA hai /

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> < cihnAMkita mudrAe~ 335 5-naMdI dAhanI ora mukha karake khar3A hai| usake sAmane sira ke nIce vRSabharAzi kI sI AkRti banI hai| 5 sikoM para yaha prAkRti pUrI pUrI banI hai| bAkI mudrAoM para aMzata: yA dUsarI AkRtiyoM para chapI huI hai ( dekhie, citra 1 bI kA pAMcavA cihna aura citra 5) / ina 14 mudrAoM ke pichale bhAga para eka aisA cihna aMkita hai jise kaniMghama sAhaba ne takSazilA kA cihna batAyA hai ( dekhie, pleTa 5, prAkRti bI, puzta pr)| prAya: sabhI 14 mudrAoM para yaha pUrA pUrA aMkita hai para kahIM kahIM ghisa gayA hai| Upara likhI 14 mudrAoM ( citra 1 ke bo varga meM ) ke adhyayana se spaSTa hai ki ye saba eka hI samaya aura eka hI sthAna para aMkita huI thiiN| saMbhava hai ki eka eka kArIgara eka eka cihna hI aMkita karatA rahA ho| yadi kaniMghama sAhaba kI kalpanA satya hai to ye saba takSazilA-TakasAla ke, eka hI samaya ke chape, sikke haiM / dUsare tIna sikke isI varga ke haiM aura unheM citra 1 meM, bI-1 varga meM, batAyA gayA hai| inakI pITha para bhI takSazilA-cihna aMkita hai aura sAmane 5 cihna haiM-sUrya, cakra, meru, patrahIna vRkSa, kiMtu pA~caveM cihna meM naMdI ke sthAna meM cAra khaMbhoM para sthita phUsavAlA ghara banA hai| ise thiyobelu sAhaba ne bhI apanI paiMtIsavI AkRti meM svIkAra kiyA hai| ina bI varga ke sikkoM kA vizeSa mahattva yaha hai ki unase unake tathA isa krama ke dUsare sikkoM ke kAla kA nirNaya hotA hai ( dekhie, citra 1 ke bI, bI-1, bI-2, bI-3, bI-4, bI-5 aura citra 5 bhii)| ina sabake nirIkSaNa se jJAta ho jAyagA ki pratyeka prakAra meM kyA kyA parivartana huA hai| yaha dekha par3egA ki koI eka vizeSa cihna kaI bAra badalakara usake sthAna para dUsare dUsare

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336 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA cihna aMkita hote haiN| kabhI kabhI usI prakAra do cihna eka sAtha hI badalate haiN| yaha saba parivartana kramAnusAra niyamAnukUla hotA dIkha par3atA hai| takSazilA se mile 63 aura bhArata ke anyAnya bhAgoM se prApta 30 sikkoM ke adhyayana se jAna par3atA hai ki ye saba tIna pradhAna vibhAgoM ke haiM, eka vibhAga para sAmane 5 cihna haiM jo vizeSa karake ina saba sikkoM meM milate haiM, cAhe ve takSazilA, lAhora, dillI, mathurA, nAgapura, iMdaura kahIM se bhI kyoM na prApta hoN| ye cihna kisI niyamAnusAra aMkita hue haiM jinakA artha abhI taka pUrA pUrA samajha meM nahIM AyA hai| niyamAnusAra hI inameM parivartana bhI huA hai| kadAcit hara bAra banAte samaya kucha parivartana kiyA gayA ho| anyAnya prakAroM ko e (A) aura esa (8) prakAra (citra 3 aura 5) batAyA gayA hai| ___ aba yaha dekhanA cAhie ki isa viSaya para aura kahIM se bhI koI prakAza par3atA hai yA nahIM aura ye cihna aura kahIM bhI pAe jAte haiM yA nhiiN| koI 60 varSa hue, gorakhapura jile ke zohagorA grAma meM eka manuSya ko brAhmI akSaroM kA eka DhalA huA tAmralekha (citra 4 dekhie ) apane ghara kI nIMva khodate samaya milA thA jisakA varNana isa patrikA ke dUsare sthAna meM kiyA gayA hai| isakA adhyayana kaI vidvAnoM ne kiyA hai| isakA parimANa 23 I0414604 I. hai| isameM Adi maurya-kAla ke brAhmI akSaroM meM cAra rekhAe~ likhI haiN| isakA samaya I0 pU0 320 ke lagabhaga kA hai| isake cAra konoM meM cAra chidra haiN| eka prakAra kA yaha iztahAra hai| usameM likhA hai ki ina bhaMDAra-gRhoM meM Azraya aura sahAyatA jarUrata ke anusAra dI jAyagI na ki madaiva ke liye| isa patra ke Adi meM

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cihnAMkita mudrAe~ 337 sAta cihna aMkita haiM jo mahattva ke haiM ( dekhie citra 4 ) / AraMbha meM eka vRkSa tIna pattoM kA caukora veSTanI ke bhItara, (2) cAra staMbhoM para eka bhaMDAraghara duhare chapparavAlA, ( 3 ) eka bhAlA yA tIra yA rAjacihna kI prakRti kA, (4) eka stUpa jise paM0 bhagavAnalAla iMdrajI ne meru batAyA thA / yahA~ yaha batAnA Avazyaka hai ki paTanA meM DAkTara spUnara dvArA caMdragupta ke mahala kI jo khudAI huI thI usameM yaha stUpa kA cihna mahala ke eka pASANa-staMbha aura miTTI ke barttanoM para bhI khudA milA thA / (5) mudrA tattva- vidoM kA vRSabhavAlA cihna, (6) patrahIna tIna DAliyoM vAlA vRkSa (7 naM0 2) sarIkhA dUsarA bhaMDAra gRha / ina sabakA jo kucha artha ho, para yaha to spaSTa hI hai ki prAya: ye hI yA kucha thor3e badale se cihna bahudhA saba cihnAMkita mudrA para bhI do do tIna tIna cAra cAra pAe jAte yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhanI cAhie ki ukta tAmra-lekha meM kisI rAjA yA adhikArI ke hastAkSara yA nAma nahIM haiM, jisase anumAna hotA hai ki ye sAta cihna hI kisI rAjyAdhikArI yA rAjasaMsthA kI paricita mudrA yA hastAkSara kA kAma dete the / haiM / kauTilya apane arthazAstra (2-12-27) meM "lakSaNAdhyakSa" zabda kA vyavahAra karatA hai / bhaTTa svAmI TIkAkAra lakSaNa kA artha 'mudrA ke cihna' karatA hai / lakSaNAdhyakSa se TakasAla ke adhikArI kA artha hotA hai / usakA kAma "rUpyarUpaM" athavA cA~dI kA rupayA banAne kA thA / dUsare sthAna (2-14-7) meM likhA hai - "AtrezanibhiH suvarNapudgalalakSaNaprayeAgeSu tattajjAnIyAt" / isakA artha yaha hai ki TakasAla ke kArIgaroM dvArA sarakArI sunAra suvarNa, pudgala arthAt milAvaTa kI dhAtu aura lakSaNoM ke prayogoM kA hAla jaane| isase siddha hotA hai ki lakSaNa yA cihna khAsa artha se aMkita kie jAte the / isaliye yaha samajhanA anucita na hogA ki zohagorA pleTa yA tAmrapatra para 22

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338 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA likhe cihna kauTilya ke samaya meM pracalita the| kauTilya ne likhA hai ki lakSaNAdhyakSa cAra bhAga tAmra, 1 bhAga lohA, rA~gA, sIsA yA azuddha sIsA aura 11 bhAga cA~dI ke mizraNa se cA~dI kA rupayA (rUpyarUpaM), paNa, addhapaNa, pAda aura aSTabhAga paNa banAve (2-12-28) / zohagorA tAmrapatra ke cihna usa samaya kI mudrAoM para bhI aMkita haiM, isaliye yaha siddha hotA hai ki ye cihna kauTilya aura maurya rAjAoM ke samaya meM pracalita the| bI varga ke 14 sikoM ke cihnoM para tathA bI-1 ke aMtima 3, aura bI-2, bI-3, bI-4 aura bI-5 ke sikkoM para vicAra karane se nizcaya hotA hai ki I0 pU0 caturtha zatAbdI ke aMta meM aura tIsarI zatAbdI meM, mauryakAla meM ye hI cihnAMkita sikke calate the aura pUrvakAla meM ina cA~dI ke sikkoM ko kArSApaNa kahate the tathA kauTilya kAla meM inheM paNa kahate the / kauTilya ne tAmra ke mASaka kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| ina cA~dI ke sikoM kA vizleSaNa (Analysis) karane para kauTilya ke 68.75 pratizata ke badale 6850 pratizata cA~dI kA bhAga nikalA thA aura dUsarI dhAtuoM ke 31.25 pratizata ke badale 31.50 bhaag| isa prakAra ina rUpyarUpoM kI banAvaTa bhI kauTilya ke likhe anusAra hI pAI gaI hai aura isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki ye sikke caMdragapta maurya ke kAla ke haiN| ye sikke sAre bhAratavarSa meM aura sImAMta pradezoM meM pAe jAte haiM; isakA yahI kAraNa hai ki yahA~ saba kahIM mAryoM kA rAjya thaa| DAkTara spUnara ne ina cihnoM ko bauddhadharma ke cihna mAnA thA, para yaha bAta aura logoM ne svIkAra nahIM kii| ye cihna khAsakara bauddhadharma ke haiM bhI nhiiN| jisa cihna ko meru athavA stUpa mAnA thA vaha caMdragupta ke prAsAda ke eka - pASANa-staMbha para khudA svayaM DAkTara spUnara ko milA thaa| caMdragupta bauddha na thA / jAyasavAlajI ne ise caMdragupta kA rAjAka svIkAra kiyA hai|

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citra naM. 1 Small Symbols $ Symbols on Olverse side in Reverse side B 25 a v DSC RAWALPI 5 OBTAINED FROM RAWALPINDI 14 COINS Do 3 COINS Do 2 GOINS Do. B, en B Jin B * en Hao & vt at la alt & $ ? 2 COINS Do. 2 COINS Do. 1 COIN Do. * 1 COIN 10 COINS D . 3 COINS Do. AS 3 GOINS 3 COINS Do. 3 1 COIN 1 COIN Do. 1 COIN D. & 4 COINS D. 1 COIN De. YOX 1 COIN Do. 1 COIN D.. 3 COINS Durga Prasad mh bh Shree Sudharmaswami Gyibhand. 3umara Surat www.umaragvanbhandar.com

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7 cihnAMkita mudrA 33-8 citra 1 ke saba citroM kA adhyayana karane se unakA pArasparika bheda jAna pdd'egaa| bI-6 aura sI citroM kA milAna karane se jAna par3egA ki bI varga se sI varga meM pariNata hone ke liye bI-6 madhyastha mudrA hai| sUrya aura cakra donoM meM eka se haiN| meru kI prAkRti meM kucha parivartana huA hai, para sI meM tIna ke sthAna para pA~ca maharAbeM haiM aura arddhacaMdra kucha cipaTA sA hai / cauthI prAkRti naMdI kI hai para aba baila kA sira (vRSabharAzi cihna) nahIM rahA / pA~cavI AkRti hAthI kI bAra bAra badalA karatI hai| inakI pITha ke cihnoM kA artha abhI taka samajhA nahIM gayA hai / aba isase Age citra 1 meM sI varga ke sikkoM kA nirIkSaNa kiyA jAya isa prakAra ke 18 sikke isa saMgraha meM haiM / sUrya pUrvavat hai / cakra meM aba vRSabhacihna paridhi ke bhItara hai / eka kuttA duma uThAe hue pA~ca maharAba ke kisI pahAr3a para kUdatA sA dIkha par3atA hai| cauthA naMdI hai para usake sAmane vRSabha rAzi kI prAkRti aba nahIM hai / chaThA hAthI hai / ina saba cihnoM se yukta kevala 10 sikke haiM aura unakI pITha para 2 se 6 taka cihna aMkita haiM / ina sI varga kI mudrAoM ke nirIkSaNa se jJAta hogA ki hAthI ke sthAna para pA~ca bAra judI judI AkRtiyA~ A gaI haiM aura bAkI kI 4 AkRtiyA~ isa varga meM vaisI hI banI huI haiM / sI varga ke sikkoM kA vizleSaNa karane se jJAta huA ki ina sikkoM meM cA~dI, tA~be aura dUsarI nikRSTa dhAtu ke bhAga kauTilya arthazAstra ke anusAra na hokara bhinna haiM / cA~dI 78-6 bhAga, tA~bA aura thor3A sIsA milAkara 20 4 bhAga haiN| isase jAna par3atA hai ki ye sikke kisI aura rAjA ke haiM aura mauryavaMza ke pUrva ke haiM / DI aura DI-1 varga ke sikke pA~ca haiN| inameM cihnoM kA aura vizeSa bheda ho gayA hai (dekhie, citra 1 aura 5) / sUrya aura

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340 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA cakra yahA~ bhI sI sikkoM ke samAna haiM para aba kuttA pahAr3a para nahIM hai aura usake AsapAsa 4 vRSabhacihna haiN| cauthI AkRti eka suMdara botala ke AkAra ke tAr3a vRkSa kI hai jisameM phUla yA phala lage hue haiN| pA~cavIM prakRti hAthI kI hai| isa mudrA kI pITha para kaI choTI choTI prAkRtiyA~ haiM / DI - 1 cakra meM vRSabhacihna vRtta ke bhItara hai 1 isakI pA~cavIM AkRti sI-1 kI pA~cavIM prakRti ke samAna hai / ina mudrAoM meM cA~dI kA bhAga 80.5 aura tA~be kA 185 hai tathA kucha sIse aura lohe kI azuddhatA bhI hai| dhAtu bhaMgura yA sahaja hI TUTanevAlI hai / isa mizraNa kI * I, I-1, I- 2 varga ke 5 sikke dUsare hI prakAra ke haiM ( dekhie, citra 1 ra 5 ) / sUrya aura cakra pUrvavat hI haiN| tIsarI AkRti aba pRthvI kI sataha para khar3e kutte kI hai| tIna maharAboM se kisI phATaka kA bodha hotA hai / pA~cavIM prakRti veSTana yA cArA sahita vRkSa kI hai| I- 1 meM vaha koI jalIya paudhA bana jAtI hai aura Age jAkara do lipaTe sarpoM kI prAkRti meM pariNata ho jAtI hai / ina saba ke pIche do choTI choTI AkRtiyA~ haiM / isa varga meM dhAtuoM kA mizraNa sI varga ke samAna hai / cA~dI 766 bhAga aura tA~bA 20 4 bhAga (kucha azuddha mizraNa sahita ) | epha ke cakra kI epha, jI, eca, AI, je varga ke sikke ( citra 2-5 dekhie ) bhI rAvalapiMDI meM mile the / para inakA vizleSaNa abhI taka nahIM ho sakA hai, kyoMki ye abhI akele hI haiM / AkRti meM vRSabhacihna kI jagaha koI dUsarA pazu hai| AI aura je mudrAoM meM sUrya bhI nahIM hai / dUsare bheda citra se jAna pdd'eNge| bhAI varga kI mudrAoM kI pITha para pUrva - varNita takSazilA - cihna maMkita hai }

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citra naM0 2 Series Symbols on Obverse sidel Small Symbols on 4 5 Reverse side OBTAINED FROM RAWALPINDI 1 COIN 8 2 ne * % 1 COIM Do COIN 0. 2 COINS - 1 2 3 4 21 1 COIN Bog FROM DELI 1 COIN OBTAINED FROM LUCKNOW 2 COINS De: Do 1. COIN DO.. COIN Do. 1 COIN M en 8 De 1 COIN Do. 1 COIN FROM BENARES 1 COIN FROM MATHURA 1 COIN M Bac Bc BX Da 1 COIN Durga Prasad Do 1 COIN Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat

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cihnAMkita mudrAe~ je meM pahAr3a - maharAboM kA ho gayA / ke 63 sikkoM kA varNana pUrA huA / 341 isa prakAra rAvalapiMDI takSazilA cihna ina saba mudrAoM kI pITha ke cihnoM kA varNana na kara pUrva varNita ke viSaya meM kucha vicAra kareMge / yaha cihna kevala bI aura AI varga ke sikkoM para hI milA hai ( dekhie, citra 1 - 2 - 5 ) | yaha cihna AraMbha meM kaniMghama sAhaba ko takSazilA meM mile eka sone ke sikke para milA thA jisake eka ora naMdI aura dUsarI ora yaha AkRti thI / yahI cihna bahuta se cA~dI ke aMka - cihna yukta (Punch-marked ) mudrAoM para bhI milA hai jo bhinna bhinna dUra dUra ke dezoM meM pAe gae the, jaise spUnara sAhaba ko pezAvara meM, vAlza sAhaba ko bhAgalapura ke gorahoghATa meM / ukta bAbU sAhaba ko bhI aise hI 18 sikke rAvalapiMDI meM mile / ye sikke madrAsa, lakhanaU aura kalakattA ajAyabaghare meM bhI haiM I kyA isakA yaha artha hai| sakatA hai ki takSazilA ke bane ye saba sikke bhAratavarSa meM saba jagaha phaile the athavA ve caMdragupta ke rAjAMka se aMkita haiM usameM do arddhacaMdra haiN| ye aMka ukta bAbU sAhaba ke pAsa unhIM sikkoM para haiM jinakI banAvaTa meM cA~dI aura tA~be kA mizraNa kauTilya ke anusAra hai bAbU sAhaba yaha mAnate haiM ki ise caMdragupta kA rAjAMka mAnane ke liye abhI kAphI pramANa nahIM haiM / dillI, lakhanaU, banArasa, mathurAvAle sikke bhinna varga ke haiN| sUrya saba meM hai, para cakra saba meM bhinna bhinna rUpa se hai ( dekhie, citra 2 cihna ema-1, ema-2, ema-3 aura ema-4 kA ) / se bAkI kA aura saba bheda jAna par3egA / ra 5 tathA dUsarA citroM ke adhyayana ilAhAbAda, paTanA, iMdaura, lAhora aura nAgapura se mile sikke ena, o, pI, kyU, aura akSaroM ke khAne meM batAe gae haiN| inameM

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342 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA se pratyeka bhinna prakAra kA hai para sUrya aura cakra sabameM haiM, yadyapi cakra kI AkRti pratyeka meM badalI huI hai ( dekhie, citra 3 aura 5, mudrA ena, o, kyuu)| bAkI kA bheda citroM ke adhyayana se jAna pdd'egaa| lakhanaU se prApta ema-2 mudrA meM cA~do 81.3 bhAga aura tAbA tathA anya azuddha dhAtue~ 18.7 bhAga haiN| yaha mizraNa kucha kucha rAvalapiMDo ke DI varga ke sikko ke samAna hai, kevala 8 bhAga cA~dI adhika hai| ema-5 banArasavAle sikke meM cA~dI 728 bhAga aura tA~bA Adi 272 bhAga hai| yaha auroM se nirAlA hai aura bahuta khoTA sikkA hai| ilAhAbAda, dillI, mathurA, iMdaura, lAhora aura nAgapura ke sikke eka eka hI haiM aura isa kAraNa unakI dhAtuoM kI jA~ca nahIM huii| bI varga kA eka AdhA kaTA huA sikkA arddhapaNa kA hai| isake sivA arddhapaNa nAma kA bhI eka sikkA 25 grena ( karIba 12 rattI) kA hai jo citra 3 yA 4 meM esa akSara dvArA batAyA gayA hai / mAlavA se bhI eka paNa milA hai jo tA~be kA hai; kiMtu usa para cA~dI kA patra car3hA hai| donoM meM sUrya aura cakra haiN| mahAvaMza meM kahA gayA hai ki kauTilya ne rAjA kA dhana bar3hAne ke liye cA~dI ke paNa ke vajana ke tA~be ke sikke banAkara unako galI huI cA~dI meM Dubokara aura una para cAMdI ke sikkoM ke cihna aMkita karake unako cA~dI ke sikkoM kI jagaha calAyA thaa| ukta bAbU sAhaba ke pAsa kA yaha sikkA ghisa gayA hai kiMtu usa para abhI bhI donoM ora aura kinAroM para kaI sthAnoM meM cA~dI lagI huI hai| ___e varga aura esa varga ke sikkoM ko chor3akara bAkI sikkoM kA adhyayana karane se siddha hotA hai ki ye saba mizrita dhAtuoM ke sikke eka hI vaMza ke calAe haiN| una saba meM kama se kama do cita to eka se hI haiM aura bAkI ke tIna cihna sabameM eka asala

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citra naM03 Series Z o seu p rox 0 Symbols on Obverse side Small Symbols on 2 3 4 5 Reverse Side OBTAINED FROM ALLAHABAD 1 COIN FROM PATNA 1 COIN FROM INDORE 1 COIN FROM LAHORE I COIN FROM NAGPUR C.P. 2 COINS FROM ? LUCKNOW COIN R. $ p e >> (r) MACEIRAS A@unne & COINS, FROM 1 I COIN LUCKNOW % @ @d. 9 . Bo 4 coins Do. 1 COIN DP 3 4 citra naM04 PULPEILLIEIDEN LIELLA 10231FMJI WIEQJddyrtle UJINISHLIL AJOJ THE SOHGAURA COPPE - PLATE INSCRIPTION Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat

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cihnAMkita mudrAe~ 343 rUpa ke parivartana haiN| ve kabhI gola aura kabhI caukhUTe haiN| aisA nizcaya ho sakatA hai ki ye saba maurya kula aura unake nikaTa ke uttarAdhikAriyoM ke banAe aura calAe hue haiN| mauryoM ke pUrva ke kucha sikke bAbU sAhaba ke saMgraha meM kucha aura cihnAMkita (Punch-marked) cA~dI ke sikke haiM jinakI AkRti Ter3hI-mer3ho hai, jo banAvaTa meM patale haiM aura jinameM pAMca ke badale cAra hI cihna haiM; kiMtu ve itane acche aura sApha nahIM haiN| ve eka aise prakAra ke haiM jisake viSaya meM abhI taka kahIM kucha likhA nahIM gayA hai| inakA varNana Age calakara hogaa| paTanA ajAyabaghara vAlI golakhapura kI mudrAoM kA varNana velza sAhaba ne kiyA hai| ve nissaMdeha mauryakAla ke pUrva kI haiM (dekhie, bihAra orIsA ri0 so0 kA patra, jilda 5, 1618) / lakhanaU myUjiyama meM bhI vizeSa prakAra ke caur3e-patale aniyamita AkRti ke cA~dI ke cihnAMkita sikke haiM jinakA adhyayana abhI taka nahIM huA hai| ye saba mauryakAla ke pUrva ke jAna par3ate haiN| e varga ke sikke tIna-cAra varSa hue, cAMdI ke 24 cihnAMkita sikke caukora Ter3hI-mer3ho AkRti ke, koI koI gola, lakhanaU se prApta kie gae the| unameM se 12 abhI taka ukta saMgraha meM haiM, aura zeSa parivartana meM de die ge| inakI prApti ke sthAna kA patA nahIM laga skaa| ye sikke dekhane meM bahuta purAne, ghise aura mizrita cA~dI ke the jisameM 75 bhAga cA~dI aura 25 bhAga tA~bA tathA sIse kA nAma mAtra nizAna milA huA thaa| ina para 3-4 bhadde cihna gahare aMkita kie hue the| inakA vajana 37 se 42 grena taka thaa| ausata vajana 40.3 grena yA 214 rattI thaa| unameM se eka gola aura bAkI cAkora

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344 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA haiN| unakI nApa iMca x 42iMca se6iMca x.06 iMca thii| ina sikkoM kI mizrita dhAtu itanI kar3I nahIM hai| pichale kAla ke cihnAMkita sikoM dvArA una para saralatA se khareca ho sakatI hai| kisI sikke para 4 se adhika cihna aMkita nahIM haiN| ve cihna ye haiM-(1) madhyastha cihna ke AsapAsa tIna TA~goM kI sI prAkRti, (2) DhAla sarIkhI AkRti ke bhItara vRSabharAzi kI prAkRti / paTanA myUjiyama ke golakhapura sikkoM para bhI yahI cihna hai| (3) hAtho, dAhane tarapha mu~havAlA yA bAe~ taraphavAlA, (4) eka paMcakoNa sitArA jisake konoM meM aura keMdra meM biMdu haiM yA pUrvavarNita cakra kA Aga (dekhie, citra 3 aura 5. e varga ke sikke)|| prathama do cihna sabameM eka se pAe jAte haiM, bAkI kA hAla citroM ke nirIkSaNa se jAna pdd'egaa| caukora sikke eka-do konoM para kaTe hue haiN| do sikkoM kI puzta para koI cihna aMkita nahIM hai| bAkI ATha kI puzta para eka se cAra cihna aMkita haiN| isameM saMdeha nahIM ki ye sikke pichale suDaula aura suMdara cihnoMvAle (Punck-marked ) sikkoM kI apekSA purAne haiN| ye golakhapura ke sikoM ke samAna haiM para unase kucha choTe haiN| Upara likhe kAraNoM se yaha anumAna hotA hai ki ye mauryakAla ke pUrva ke haiN| inheM I0 pU0 pA~cavIM yA chaThI zatAbdI kA anumAna karanA anucita na hogaa| citra 3 aura 5 meM inheM e varga meM rakhA gayA hai| upasaMhAra cihnAMkita mudrAoM ko tIna kAloM meM rakha sakate haiM-(1) AraMbha ke sikke-jaba jude jude svataMtra rAjya the aura saba apane apane alaga sikke calAte the, (2) maurya ke pUrvakAlIna-jaba naMda Adi ke sikke calate the, (3) mauryakAla / kaniMghama sAhaba ne cihnAMkita ( Punch-marked ) mudrAoM kA kAla I0 pU0 1000 taka

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citra naM05 REVERSE REVERSE B B2 B3 BA HELLU B6 C2 12M3 M5 M8 SENG

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cihakita mudrAe~ 345 batAyA hai| bI varga ke sikkoM kA caMdragupta ke samaya kA nizcita honA itihAsa meM eka mahattva kI bAta hai| isake Age maiAryakAla ke pUrva ke sikkoM kA nizcaya honA sarala ho jAyagA / bauddhakAla meM kauzAMbI, zrAvastI, mathurA aura ati prAdi svataMtra rAjya the aura inake sikke bhI vaise hI cihnAMkita (Punch-marked) rahe hoNge| saMbhava hai ki e varga ke sikkoM meM se kucha una dezoM ke bauddhakAla ke nikala aaveN| hastinApura ke naSTa ho jAne para pAMDava-kula kauzAMbI uTha AyA thaa| yadi kauzAMbI kI khudAI ho to vahA~ pAMDava-kula ke sikke avazya mileNge| isa prakAra ina cihnAMkita mudrAoM kA adhyayana hamako dhIre dhIre mahAbhArata-kAla taka le jaaygaa| usase Age bhI jA sakeMge yA nahIM, yaha vizeSa adhyayana aura khoja se nizcata hogaa| para koI prAzcarya nahIM ki maheMjodaro kI sabhyatA se lekara kramAnusAra pIche kI saba bhAratIya sabhyatAoM kA silasilA mila jAya / para kheda isa bAta kA hai ki hamAre zikSita bhAratIya purAtattva meM abhI bahuta kama dhyAna dete haiN| isameM sabhI kI sahAyatA kI AvazyakatA hai| sAre saMskRta aura prAkRta sAhitya kA purAtattva kI dRSTi se adhyayana karanA prAvazyaka hai aura yaha sabakI sahAyatA se hI ho sakatA hai| purAnI mudrA kI khoja aura rakSA meM bhI sabakI sahAyatA prapekSita hai| 22 (ka)

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(12) vividha viSaya (1) purAtattva [1] isa patrikA ke bhAga 13, aMka 2, pRSTha 237 meM "caMdragupta dvitIya aura usake pUrvAdhikArI"zIrSaka eka lekha likhA gayA thaa| usameM yaha batAyA gayA thA ki khasa logoM ne rAmagupta ko himAlaya pradeza ke kisI kile meM ghera liyaa| rAmagupta unheM harA na sakA aura saMdhi cAhane lgaa| zatru ne rAmagupta se usakI rAnI dhravasvAminI devI ko maaNgaa| rAjA bar3e saMkaTa meM par3A para maMtrI kI salAha se rAnI dene ko rAjI ho gyaa| caMdragupta usa samaya yuvAvasthA meM thaa| usane prArthanA kI ki rAnI ke badale meM maiM bhejA jAU~ aura vaha bhejA gyaa| khasAdhipati jaba usase rAtri ko ekAMta meM milane gayA taba caMdragupta ne use mAra DAlA aura isa prakAra rAmagupta kI jIta huii| saMskRta lekhakoM ne caMdragupta para apane bhAI ke mAra DAlane kA aura usakI kho ke le lene kA doSAropaNa kiyA para vizAkhadatta ne mudrArAkSasa meM use baMdhubhRtya likhA hai isaliye isa doSAropaNa meM zaMkA mAlUma hotI hai| yaha saba kathA san 375-80 I0 ke lagabhaga kI hai aura (1) bANa (lagabhaga san 620 I0), (2) amoghavarNa (san 873 I0), (3) rAjazekhara (lagabhaga san 600 I0), (4) bhoja ( san 1018-60 I0), (5) abulahasanaalI, (6) TIkAkAra zaMkara ( san 1713 I.) ke AdhAra para patrikA meM likhI gaI thii| ___ mArca 1634 ke iMDiyana hisTArikala kArTaralI meM misTara mIrAzo (nAgapura) ne "caMdragupta vikramAditya aura goviMda" zIrSaka eka lekha

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348 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA likhA hai| goviMda caturtha, san 640 I0 ke lagabhaga, rASTrakUTa (mahA rASTra) kA rAjA thaa| usake viSaya meM sogalI aura khaMbhAta ke tAmrapatroM meM yaha zloka likhA hai sAmadhye sati ninditA pravihitA naivAgraje krUratA baMdhustrIgamanAdibhiH kucaritairAvarjitaM naayshH| zaucAzaucaparAGmukhaM na ca bhiyA paizAcyamaGgIkRtam tyAgenAsamasAhasaizca bhuvane yaH sAhasAGko'bhavat // yaha goviMda kI prazaMsA meM hai| isakA artha yaha hai ki sAmarthya rahate bhI goviMda ne apane bar3e bhAI ke prati niMdita krUratA nahIM kii| na to usane bhrAtRsno-gamana ke kucaritra dvArA apayaza kamAyA hai aura na Darakara, zaucAzauca kA vicAra na kara, paizAcya kA hI aMgIkAra kiyaa| pratyuta vaha ( goviMda ) tyAga aura asIma sAhasa dvArA jagat meM 'sAhasAMka' bana gyaa| purAtattvajJa pahale isakA artha nahIM samajha sakate the / sAhasAMka se vikramAditya kA artha hai aura yaha upAdhi caMdragupta dvitIya kI hai| zloka ke prathama tIna padoM meM jo bAteM kahI gaI haiM ve caMdragupta ne kI thoM arthAt usane apane bhAI rAmagupta ko mArakara usakI strI dhruvasvAminI se vivAha kiyA aura zaucAzauca kA vicAra na kara paizAcya kA aMgIkAra kiyaa| tIsarI paMkti kA artha rAmakRSNa kavi ke 'devI caMdraguptA' nAma ke nATaka se khulatA hai| usameM likhA hai ki saba prakAra se nirupAya hokara caMdragupta kI icchA rAtri ko zmazAna meM jAkara vetAla ko apane vaza meM karane kI thI; para gherA par3e rahane ke kAraNa zatru ke madhya meM se nikala mAnA saMbhava na thaa| jaba caMdragupta isa vicAra meM DUbA huA thA taba eka ceTI dhruvasvAminI ke kucha kapar3e lekara, apanI mAlakina mAdhavasenA ko DhU~r3hatI huI, vahA~ AI aura use na pAkara caMdragupta ke vidU

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vividha viSaya 348 Saka ke pAsa ve kapar3e chor3akara apanI mAlakina ko DhU~r3hane gaI / una kapar3oM ko dekha caMdragupta ko strI veza dhAraNa kara zatru ke par3Ava meM se nikala jAne kI yukti sUjhI / vaha zmazAna ko gayA yA nahIM, yaha usa nATaka meM nahIM likhaa| para Upara kI tRtIya paMkti se jAna par3atA hai ki caMdragupta ne vetAla ko apane vaza meM kiyA aura usa kArya meM use prazocayukta kArya karane par3e hoMge, jaise manuSya- mAMsa kA denA / 'vaitAla pacIsI' meM vikrama aura vetAla kA saMbaMdha dikhAyA gayA hai / I goviMda ke viSaya meM bhI yaha kathA hai ki usane apane bhAI amoghavarSa dvitIya ko eka varSa ke bhItara hI mArakara gaddI le lI thI / pUrvoka anyAnya doSAropa bhI usa para kie gae haiM; kiMtu usake kavi ne una zaMkAoM ko suMdaratA ke sAtha miTAne kA prayatna kiyA hai / [ 2 ] gorakhapura jile ke sohagaurA grAma meM prAya: choTA sA tAmrapatra brAhmI akSaroM meM likhA kevala 4 paMktiyA~, Adi mauryakAla kI lipi meM, haiM I cAra konoM meM 4 chidra usa lekha ko TA~gane ke liye haiM / lekha DhalA huA hai| usameM eka rAjAjJA likhI hai para prAraMbha meM kucha rAjacihna likhe gae haiM / inhIM rAjacihnoM ke kAraNa usakA mahattva hai kyoMki vaise hI cihna ThappevAle sikkoM (Punch marked coins ) para bhI milate haiM, jinase ye sikke bhI Adi mauryakAlIna siddha hote haiM / aisI hI eka aura purAnI rAjAjJA baMgAla ke mahAsthAna meM, vaisI hI purAnI brAhmI lipi meM likhI huI pAI gaI hai / " sohagaurA tAmralekha kA artha yaha hai- " ina do koThoM kA sAmAna--arthAt ghAsa, gehU~ aura kar3agulA, chatra, jue ke saile tathA rassiyA~ -- pratyaMta AvazyakatA ke samaya hI upayoga meM lAyA jAya, para use koI le na jAya / " Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat koI 60 varSa pUrva 2||" x 1 || " kA eka milA thaa| lekha meM www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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350 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA [3] gata varSa ke disaMbara mAsa meM iMDiyana orieMTala kAnphareMsa kA sAtavA adhivezana bar3odA nagara meM,zrI kAzIprasAda jAyasavAlajI ke adhipatitva meM, huaaa| usa avasara para unakA bhASaNa bar3e mahattva kA thA, kyoMki usameM purAtatva ke saba vibhAgoM kI unnati kA digdarzana karAyA gayA thA aura yaha bhI dikhAyA gayA thA ki bhaviSya meM unnati kisa dazA meM hogii| unake bhASaNa kI pradhAna bAto kA saMkSipta sAra pAThakoM ke liye yahA~ diyA jAtA hai| prathama to isa ora dhyAna dilAyA gayA ki DAkTara prANanAtha ke parizrama se prAya: yaha siddha hotA hai ki maheMjodaro aura harappA kI muharoM kI lipi ilAma, sAiprasa aura krITa kI tathA aura adhika dUra kI kucha purAnI lipiyoM se milatI-julatI hai| aisA jAna par3atA hai ki eka hI prakAza kI dhArA siMdhu nadI se eTalAMTika mahAsAgara taka pravAhita thii| misTara pikolI 'iMDiyana aiMTIkverI' navaMbara 1633 meM likhate haiM ki siMdhulipi iTra riyA ke purAne bartanoM aura kabaroM kI vastumoM para likhe apaThita saMketoM se milatI hai| eka dUsare mahAzaya gilAma Di hevesI ne apane eka lekha meM batAyA hai ki siMdhu akSaroM meM ke 52 akSara paisiphika athavA prazAMta mahAsAgara ke IsTara dvIpa meM milI IToM para ThIka usI rUpa meM pAe jAte haiN| svayaM bhAratavarSa meM, saMbalapura jile ke vikramakhola prAma meM, eka caTTAna-lekha milA hai jo siMdhulipi aura brAhmo kI madhyasthiti kA hai| baksara aura pATaliputra meM bhI kucha aisI mUrtiyoM milI haiM jinase prakaTa hotA hai ki siMdhu nadI kI sabhyatA paTanA taka avazya thI / vaha pazcima meM bhAratavarSa se bhUmadhyasAgara taka nissaMdeha phailI huI thii| mahAbhArata ke eka lekha se jAna par3atA hai ki usake banane ke samaya kAThiyAvAr3a ke pazcima taTa para vicitra prakAra kI muhareM ( Seals)

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vividha viSaya 351 milatI thIM / saMbhava hai ki rAjapUtAnA kI marubhUmi aura madhya pradeza ke kucha sthAnoM meM bhI isI prakAra kI vastuoM kA pramANa mile / jAyasavAla mahAzaya kA nizcaya hai ki isa sabhyatA kA aura usake manuSyoM kI jAti kA nirNaya purANoM se ho sakegA / purANoM kA itihAsa jala pralaya ( The Flood ) taka aura usake pUrva taka jAtA hai / zatapatha brAhmaNa meM jisa jala pralaya kA varNana hai vaha bhAratIya rAjavaMzoM ke pUrva ke itihAsa kA pradhAna cihna hai / DAkTara UlI ( Dr. Woolly ) kI khudAI se jala pralaya ko ghaTanA kI satyatA siddha ho cukI hai / yaha pralaya mesopoTemiyA se rAjapUtAnA taka prAyA thA aura isa sImA ke donoM aMta meM usakA pramANa milatA hai| purANoM ke rAjavaMza prAyaH jala pralaya se AraMbha hote haiM aura maheMjodaro kI sabhyatA isa pralaya ke pIche kI hai / misTara karaMdIkara ne purANoM meM spaSTa lekha pAyA hai ki narmadA nadI kI talahaTI meM isa jala pralaya kA prabhAva nahIM par3A thaa| purANoM kI ThIka ThIka samajhane ke liye sAre eziyA kA purAnA itihAsa acchI taraha se jJAta honA cAhie / 1 sohagaurA (gorakhapura) aura mahAsthAna ( baMgAla) meM mile purAne brAhmI ke tAmrapatroM kA ullekha isa patrikA meM anyatra ho cukA hai| ina mahAzaya kI rAya meM ye donoM caMdragupta maurya ke samaya ke haiM aura usake rAjya meM jo bAra bAra akAla par3atA thA usa saMbaMdha kI ghoSaNA aura vyavasthA inameM hai / sohagaurA-patra zrAvastI ke maMtriyoM dvArA ghoSita huA thA aura mahAsthAna- patra ko puMDra ke maMtriyoM ne ghoSita kiyA thA / uttara baMgAla meM usa samaya kaI anArya jAtiyA~ ikaTThI milakara rahatI thIM / ye donoM lekha, jinameM rAjakIya AjJAoM kI ghoSaNA hai, azoka se koI 75 varSa pUrva ke aura mauryakAla ke purAne lekha haiN| sohagaurA lekha meM caMdragupta maurya

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352 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ke nAma kA eka rAjacihna ( rAjAMka ) bhI banA huA hai| do lagI huI maharAboM yA golAiyoM ke Upara tIsarI maharAba aura usake Upara cNdrmaac| pahale aisI AkRti ko koI meru parvata aura koI stUpa ( batAtA thA / brAhmo akSara ga aura dota milane para ye tIna maharAbeM banatI haiM aura Upara ke caMdra ko milAkara pUrA nAma caMdragupta hotA hai| Der3ha zatAbdI pIche aisA hI cihna agnimitra kI mudrAoM para milatA hai aura usake nikaTa 'mo' akSara likhA rahatA hai jisakA artha maurya hotA hai| yahI caMdraguptavAlA rAjAMka purAne pATaliputra ke mauryaprAsAda kI khudAI meM, kumharAra meM mile staMbha para bhI pAyA jAtA hai aura usa aMka ke nikaTa maurya zabda pUre akSaroM meM bhI likhA hai| purAne pATaliputra kI khudAI meM mauryakAla kI gaharAI para mile dasa Dhale sikkoM para bhI vahI aMka milA hai| sAranAtha meM azoka-staMbha kI nIMva meM eka mudrA milI thii| usa para bhI vahI aMka hai| purAne pATaliputra ke kile ke rakSaka sainikoM ko jo miTTI ke bartana die jAte the una para bhI yahI aMka mudrita hai| kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM varNita rAjAMka yahI jAna par3atA hai| isa nizcaya se bhAratavarSa kI ati prAcIna mudrAoM ( Punch-marked coins ) ke par3hane meM bahuta suvidhA hogii| manusmRti meM inheM purANa, paNa, kArSApaNa prAdi nAma die gae haiN| bhArata sarakAra ke purAtattva vibhAga ke kArya kI ora dRSTipAta karate hue jAyasavAla mahAzaya bhAratavAsiyoM kI udAsInatA para bar3A duHkha prakaTa karate haiN| unakI udAsInatA ke kAraNa isa vibhAga ko bahuta kama dravya milatA hai| abhI taka koI mahattva kI khudAI buddha-kAla ke pUrva ke sthAnoM para nahIM huii| maheMjodaro kI parakha to Ara0 DI0 banarjI kI vizAla buddhi ke kAraNa huii| buddha ke pUrva kA koI brAhmI lekha abhI taka nahIM milA hai| isakA kAraNa

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vividha viSaya 353 yaha hai ki koI saccA prAcIna hiMdU sthAna khodA hI nahIM gayA hai / yadi yogya sthAnoM kI khudAI kI jAya to zatAnIka aura sahasrAnIka ke kuTumboM ke cihna avazya mileM / " jAyasavAla mahAzaya kAzI ke bAbU durgAprasAdajI ke parizrama kI bar3I prazaMsA karate haiM 1 ina bAbU sAhaba ke pAsa mudrAoM kA saMgraha bahuta acchA hai / prApane purAne ThappevAle ( punch-marked) sikkoM ke adhyayana meM bar3A parizrama kiyA hai / ina mudrAoM meM cihna ThappoM se banAe jAte the jinakA artha abhI taka koI nahIM samajhatA thA / Apane ina mudrAoM ke cihnoM kA artha samajhane kA bahuta kucha saphala prayatna kiyA hai / inameM se eka prakAra ke cihna - kita mudrAoM kA vizleSaNa ( analysis ) bhI kiyA gayA hai aura unameM ve hI dhAtue~, utane hI parimANa meM milI haiM jo kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM cA~dI ke rAja-kAryApaNa ke liye batAI gaI haiN| bAbU sAhaba ke bI ( B ) vibhAga kI mudrAoM para Upara likhA caMdragupta kA rAjAMka bhI milatA hai / sAranAtha azoka staMbha ke nIce milI DhalI mudrAoM meM aura pATaliputra kI mudrAoM meM bhI yahI rAjAMka hai aura unake nikaTa eka rAja patAkA aura eka hAthI bhI banA hai / hAthI aura patAkA se jAna par3atA hai ki patAkA ke Upara hAthI kA cihna banA rahatA thA / grIka lekhakoM ne likhA hai ki caMdragupta ko hAthI ne apanI pITha para biThA liyA thA aura siMha ne use cATA bhI thA / isa lekha ko loga abhI taka eka kalpanA hI samajhate the para aba jAna par3atA hai ki yaha kathA takSazilA meM isaliye pracalita huI ki caMdragupta ke takSazilA kArSApaNeoM meM rAjAMka hAthI kI pITha para aura khule mu~ha jIbha nikAle siMha ke sAmane sthita hai / aise hI eka kAraNa se musalamAna lekhakoM ne sikaMdara ko eka sIMgavAlA batAyA hai / aba azoka kI mudrAoM ko bhI pahacAna sakanA 23

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354 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA saMbhava hai| bAbU durgAprasAdajI ke bI (B) varga kI mudrAoM meM eka vRkSa banA hai jo pATaliputra kI aura sAranAtha kI khudAI meM mile pUrvavarNita sikkoM para bhI maujUda hai / yaha pATaliputra ko sUcita karanevAlA pATalI kA vRkSa jAna par3atA hai / rAyabahAdura rAdhAkRSNa jAlana ko purAne pATaliputra meM sone ke ziva-pArvatI mile haiN| unakI banAvaTa zaizunAga aura dIdAragaMja mUrtti (paTanA myUjiyama) ke samAna hai / isaliye ye mUrtiyA~ ati purAnI haiM / jAyasavAlajI kA mata hai ki dIdAragaMja kI mUrti aura ye mAne ke ziva gaurI sugAMgeya nAma ke naMdaprAsAda ke bace purAne aMza haiM / rA0 ba0 DAkTara hIrAlAla dvArA kAraMjA ( barAra ) meM san -800 I0 ke jaina graMtha mile haiM jinase hiMdI kA usa samaya kA rUpa prakaTa hotA hai / aba ye graMtha chapa cale haiN| unase hiMdI ke vikAsa kA bahuta kucha patA calatA hai / mahApaMDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne purAne magadha ke siddha logoM kA itihAsa DhU~r3ha nikAlA hai / unake lekha san 750 se 800 I0 taka aura usa samaya kI dezabhASA gae the / unase 750 taka kI ke haiM aura ve saMskRta meM meM haiM / ye lekha nAlaMdA meM likhe pUrvIya hiMdI kA patA lagatA hai / jAyasavAla mahAzayajI kA prastAva thA ki rAmAyaNa bhinna bhinna dezoM meM bhinna bhinna rUpoM meM pAI jAtI hai-jaise kAzmIro, pUrvIya dakSiNa kI aura baMgAlI / jaise mahAbhArata ke jude jude rUpoM kA adhyayana kara eka nizcita saMskaraNa taiyAra ho rahA hai vaise hI rAmAyaNa kI saba sAmagrI kA vivecanayukta adhyayana hokara usakA bhI eka nizcita parIkSAtmaka saMskaraNa taiyAra honA cAhie / ApakI bar3I aura prazaMsanIya icchA hai ki prAcIna bhAratavarSa kA eka uttama iti - hAla bhAratavAsiyoM dvArA hI likhA jAya / sAmagrI saba taiyAra

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vividha viSaya 355 hai 1 purAne itihAsajJa bhI maujUda haiM jinakI sahAyatA kucha varSoM bAda na mila skegii| unakI upasthiti kA lAbha abhI hI uThA lenA cAhie / purAne itihAsa se abhI taka kevala san I0 se 600 varSa pUrva kA itihAsa samajhA jAtA hai; para bhAratavarSIya purANa, itihAsa-lekhakoM ke anusAra, ati purAtana itihAsa san I0 ke 1400 varSa pUrva taka hI hai / usake pazcAt te| naMda taka (400 I0 pU0) vaha prAcIna aura mahAnaMda se isa pAra Adhunika kAla kA itihAsa kahA jAtA hai / bhISmaparva meM saMjaya - yudhiSThira se bhAratavarSa kA varNana karate samaya - manu vaivasvata, pRthu, ikSvAku, mAMdhAtA, nahuSa, mucakuMda, zivi auzInara, RSabha, aila, nRga, kuzika, gAdhi, somaka, dilIpa Adi ke bhArata ko purAtana bhArata kahate haiM / paMDyA baijanAtha 2 ) bhrama - nivAraNa nAgarIpracAriNI sabhA, kAzI dvArA prakAzita hiMdI zabdasAgara (koza) hiMdI bhASA-bhASiyoM ke liye gaurava kI vastu hai / isa koza kI bhUmikA bhI sAhityika jagat meM apanA sthAna rakhatI hai; paraMtu zabdasAgara ke suyogya saMpAdakoM ne jitanA parizrama pustaka ke mUla bhAga ko sarvathA saMpanna banAne meM kiyA hai utanA parizrama, mAlUma hotA hai, bhUmikA ke likhane meM nahIM kiyA / bhUmikA likhane meM jo DhaMga akhtiyAra kiyA gayA hai use saphala banAne ke liye sAhityika khoja kI AvazyakatA thI / kiMtu vaha na karake unhoMne kinhoM sthaloM para kevala nirAdhAra kiMvadaMtiyoM

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356 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA athavA kinhIM svArtha-sAdhakoM kI bAtoM se hI apane ko saMtuSTa kara liyA hai| jisa sthala para hamako zaMkA huI hai vaha zrI hitaharivaMzajI kA sUkSma jIvanacarita hai| itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki jina vaiSNava saMpradAyoM kA janma madhyakAlIna hiMduoM ke dhArmika dRSTikoNa ko vizAla karane ke liye huA thA, unhIM saMpradAyoM ke anuyAyI bhAratavarSa ke bhAgyaviparyaya se pichalI zatAbdI meM kitane saMkucita hRdayavAle ho gae aura paraspara lar3akara kisa prakAra apanI saMcita zakti ko unhoMne naSTa kara diyaa| vibhinna saMpradAyoMvAloM ke isa kAlpanika virodha para mahAkavi bihArIlAla bhI eka bAra duHkhI hue the| unhoMne likhA hai apane apanai mata lage, bAdi macAvata soru / jyauM tyoM sabakoM seibA, ekai naMdakisoru / / prastu; hamako saMtoSa itane hI se hotA, yadi yaha roga pichalI zatAbdI taka hI sImita rhtaa| paraMtu duHkha to isa bAta kA hai ki navIna cetanatA tathA sahiSNutA ke isa yuga meM kucha logoM ko aba bhI kabhI kabhI isa vyAdhi kA daurA ho jAtA hai ! isakA burA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki jo loga zuddha hRdaya se hiMdI sAhitya kI sevA karanA cAhate haiM yA kara rahe haiM ve bhI ina logoM ke dvArA apane mArga se bahakA die jAte haiM aura lAkha prayAsa karane para bhI unakI isa vicitra ulajhana ko sulajhAne kA mArga nahIM miltaa| aba hama zabdasAgara ke lekha kI bhrama-pUrNa bAtoM kA nirAkaraNa karate haiN| pahalI bAta to zrI harivaMzajI ke janma-saMvat ke viSaya meM hai| zabdasAgara ke suyogya bhUmikAlekhako ne janma-saMvat 1556 mAnA

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vividha viSaya 357 hai| isake pramANa meM kevala itanA hI likhA hai ki "rAdhAvallabhIya saMpradAya ke paMDita gopAlaprasAda zarmA ne saMvat 1510 mAnA hai jo saba ghaTanAoM para vicAra karane para ThIka nahIM jAna par3atA hai|" paraMtu unhoMne ullekha eka hI ghaTanA kA kiyA hai| prastu, hama suyogya saMpAdakoM kI "saba ghaTanAo" ko apane sAmane na rakhate hue svataMtra rIti para hI vicAra karate haiM; aura jisa eka ghaTanA kA unhoMne ullekha kiyA hai usakI vAstavikatA para pIche prakAza ddaaleNge| vicAra yaha karanA hai ki saM0 1556 vAlI bAta prAraMbha huI kahA~ se| hamAre saMpradAya meM zrI mahAprabhujo ke samakAlIna mahAnubhAvoM se lekara Aja paryaMta yaha sudRr3ha aura puSTa pramANoM se yukta mata hai ki zrI mahAprabhu kA janma-saMvat 1530 hai| paraMtu zrI gaur3Iya saMpradAya ke mahAtmA bhagavat mudita jI ne apane graMtha 'rasika ananyamAla' meM "janma-saMvat 1556 mAnA hai"; paraMtu unhoMne tatkA. lIna samaya kA jo varNana apane graMtha meM kiyA hai usase saMvat 1556 puSTa nahIM hotaa| isa bAta ko hama isa prakAra puSTa karate haiM ki saMvat 1530 meM dillo para bahalola lodI kA prAdhipatya thA aura saMvat 1556 meM sikaMdara lodI kaa| itihAsa kahatA hai ki bahalola aura sikaMdara donoM acche zAsaka the| donoM meM bheda itanA hI thA ki bahalola kI dRSTi meM hiMdU aura musalamAna donoM sama the aura sikaMdara kaTTara musalamAna thA, usane kaI maMdira tur3avAe aura unake sthAna meM masjideM bnvaaii| aba dekhanA yaha hai ki mahAtmA bhagavat muditajI ne mahAprabhujI ke janma-samaya para tatkAlIna rAjadvArI avasthA kA kaisA varNana kiyA hai| ve zrImanmahAprabhujI ke pitA zrI vyAsajo ke liye likhate haiM desa desa madhi sujasa prabhAsyo / pRthvIpati lau jAya prakAsyau / / bahu Adara sauM boli paThAe / nRpa ko milana mizrajI zrAe / /

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358 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA taba saba gunana parIkSA lInI / cArahajArI kI vidhi dInI // bar3I samRddha bhaI ika ThaurI | pAtasAha sa~ga rahe visi bheorI // yaha vArtAlApa bAdazAha kA vyAsa mizra ke sAtha thA / unake bAda bAdazAha ne zrImanmahAprabhu ko bhI nimaMtrita kiyA thA-- ucAre // hai taiau // prere // vyAsa mizra nija dhAma padhAre / pRthvIpati taba vacana bahu gunavaMta puruSa hai| aisA / suta hU tAkI kheda sahita nRpa ciMtA ghere| maMtrI samAdhAna kauM ku~vara tumheM nRpa dekho cAhai / byAsa mizra ke guna zravagA hai // paTa bhUSaNa dhana daihaiM bhalai / mana saba lehu nRpati pai calaiA // ku~vara kahI taba madhurI bAnI / kAla-grasita saba vizva bakhAnI // brahmaleoka lauM nazvara jAnI / nRpa saMpati kI kauna nispRhatA nirveda suni kahacaiau nRpati sauM jAi / kI bhayau mahApuruSa ke bhAi // kahAnI // zraciraja tAhU tatkAlIna rAjakIya avasthA ke isa varNana se yaha puSTa hotA hai ki vaha samaya sAMpradAyika sahiSNutA kA thA / bAdazAha kI nIti samAdhAna pUrNa thI aura vaha hiMdU vidvAnoM kA bhI samucita prAdara karatA thA / isa nIti kA pAlana bahalola lodI jaise bAdazAha dvArA hI ho sakatA thA, sikaMdara lodI dvArA saMbhava na thA / vyAsa mizra ke bAda bAdazAha ke dvArA hitaharivaMzajI ko nimaMtraNa dene kA varNana bhI dhyAna dene yogya hai kyA sikaMdara lodI yaha kara sakatA thA ? kyA usakI dhArmika kaTTaratA usako eka hiMdU vidvAn ke putra ko kevala putra hone ke nAte hI, apane yahA~ bulAne ke liye isa prakAra utkaMThita kara sakatI thI ? isa bAta kA uttara vidvAna pAThaka svayaM de leM 1 phira eka sthala para mahAtmA bhagavat muditanI yaha likhate haiM ki jaba nikuMjezvarI zrI rAdhikAjI se "

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vividha viSaya 356 zrImanmahAprabhujI ko maMtra kI prApti ho gaI taba unhoMne, zrI rAdhikAjI ke AjJAnusAra, kUpa meM se dvibhujasvarUpa nikAlakara maMdira devana mAma banAyo / tahA~ su prabhu ko lai pdhraayo| rAga bhoga nita nUtana krhiiN| apane tana mana kari bistrhiiN| aba vicAra kIjie ki eka kaTTara musalamAna bAdazAha ke hI rAjatva-kAla meM, jaisA ki sikaMdara lodI thA aura jisane maMdira tur3avAkara masjideM banavAI thoM, kyA devavana meM-bilakula usakI nAka ke hI nIce-koI hiMdU nayA maMdira banavA sakatA thaa| yaha ghaTanA bhI isa bAta ko puSTa karatI hai ki usa samaya bahalola lodI kA zAsana-kAla thA, arthAt saM0 1530 meM hI mahAprabhu kA janma huA thaa| hamAre sAMpradAyika graMthoM meM, jo zrImanmahAprabhu ke samakAlIna mahAnubhAvoM ke race hue haiM, sabase prAmANika graMtha 'zrI hivasevaka-vANI' hai| yaha zrImanmahAprabhujI ke parama priya ziSya sevakajI kA likhA huA hai| unhoMne zrImanmahAprabhujI ke janma-samaya kI avasthA kA varNana karate hue likhA haimleccha sakala harinasa bistarahi / parama lalita vANo uccarahi / karahi prajA-pAlana sabahiM / ___apanI apanI ruci vasavAsa // jasa varaNau harivaMza vilAsa / zrI harivaMzahi gaayhaiN| // isase bhI yahI bAta puSTa hotI hai ki vaha samaya sahiSNutA kA thA aura isakA kAraNa tatkAlIna bAdazAha kI nIti hI thaa| hama barAbara dekhate haiM ki madhyakAlIna bhArata meM dhArmikatA yA kaTTaratA kA saMbaMdha tatkAlIna zAsaka se hI hotA thaa| 'yathA rAjA tathA prajA' kI kahAvata khUba caritArtha hotI thI aura thor3e-bahuta rUpa meM vizva ke vibhinna dezoM meM yaha kahAvata aba bhI caritArtha hai| vAsa //

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360 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA a~gareja jAti kI dhArmika sahiSNutA ke kAraNa usake dvArA zAsita dezoM meM hama Aja dhArmika sahiSNutA kA pracAra dekhate haiM aura rUsa kI sovieTa sarakAra dvArA Izvara kA bahiSkAra kie jAne para hama sArI rUsI prajA ko Izvara kA bahiSkAra karate hue pAte haiN| astu, hama isa saMbaMdha meM anya graMthoM ko uddhRta nahIM karanA cAhate; kyoMki isase lekha kA kalevara bahuta bar3ha jaaygaa| hama isa bAta ko siddha kara cuke haiM ki zrImanmahAprabhu ke janma ke samaya uttara bhArata sahiSNu musalamAna bAdazAha dvArA zAsita thA, aura vaha bAdazAha bahalola lodI ke sivA aura koI nahIM thaa| bahalola kA rAjatva-kAla saM0 1558 ke badale 1530 meM hI thaa| yahA~ taka to hamane zrI mahAtmA bhagavat muditajI kI vANI meM varNita 'hita-caritra para hI vicAra kiyA hai| aba hama zrImanmahAprabhu ke janma-saMvat ke viSaya meM do-eka anya pramANa bhI dete haiM / pahalA pramANa to zrImanmahAprabhu ke dvitIya putra zrI kRSNacaMdrajI ke graMtha 'karNAnaMda' kI zrI prabodhAnaMda-kRta TIkA kA hai| prabodhAnaMdajI likhate haiM viyadguNeSu zubhrAMSu saMkhye saMvatsare shubhe| mAdhave mAsi zuklaikAdazyAM somavAsare // gosvAmI harivaMzAkhyo zrImanmAthuramaMDane / vAdagrAme zubhasthAne prAdurbhUto mahAn guruH // isake anusAra saMvat 1530 nikalatA hai| dUsarA prAcIna pramANa zrI 'hitamAlikA' graMtha meM hai| yaha saMvat 1557 meM samApta huA hai| isameM bhI janma-saM0 1530 hI mAnA gayA hai| mahAtmA bhagavat mudivajI kA graMtha ina donoM graMthoM ke lagabhaga 150 varSa bAda likhA gayA hai| tIsarI bAta yaha hai ki prAyaH saba graMthoM meM zrImanmahAprabhu ke bar3e putra zrI vanacaMdrajI kA janma-saMvat 1547 hai| isase bhI saM0 1530 puSTa hotA hai|

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vividha viSaya 361 - aba hama usa ghaTanA para vicAra karate haiM jisakA ullekha vidvAn bhUmikA - lekhaka ne apane lekha meM kiyA hai aura jisako unhoMne saMvat 1556 kA poSaka mAnA hai / unhoMne likhA hai" orachA nareza mahArAja madhukarazAha ke rAjaguru zrI harIrAma vyAsajI saM0 1622 ke lagabhaga Apake ziSya hue the / " paraMtu bhagavat muditajI kI vANI isa vicAra ko puSTa nahIM karatI / bhagavat muditajI kI vANI meM harIrAma vyAsajI ke jIvana carita kA varNana hai / usase hamako kevala itanA hI jJAta hotA hai ki ve 42 varSa kI avasthA ke bAda hI zrImanmahAprabhu ke dIkSita hue the 1 kiMtu vizeSa khoja karane para hamako bhagavat muditajI kI vANI meM hI varNita paramAnaMdadAsajI ke caritra se isa saMbaMdha meM bahuta pako bAtoM kA patA calA hai / paramAnaMdadAsajI kSatriya the aura humAyU~ bAdazAha ke manasabadAra the / bAdazAha ne inako ThaTTe kI jAgIra dI thI / ye vahIM rahate the / eka bAra pUranadAsajI, jA zrI hitaharivaMzajI ke ziSya the, bhramaNa karate hue ThaTThe meM pahu~ce / pUraNadAsajI ne zcarayA kari saMdeha nasAyau / zrI harivaMza kA dharma sunAyau // yaha ju eka mana kau pada gAyau / vyAsahi kayau su artha batAyau // paramAnaMdadAsajI ko "yaha ju eka mana bahuta Thaura kari kaha kaunahiM sacupAyo" zrAdi zrohita mahAprabhujI- kRta zrI caiArAsIjI kA pada sunAyA / mahAtmA bhagavat muditajI ne harIrAma vyAsajI ke caritra meM likhA hai ki isI pada ko sunakara vyAsajI ke hRdaya para zrImanmahAprabhujI ke vyaktitva kA prabhAva par3A thA aura thor3A zAstrArtha karane para hI ve unake ziSya ho gae the / paramAnaMdadAsajI ke samaya kA kucha patA hamako unake varNita caritra se lagatA 1 paramAnaMdadAsajI humAyU~ ke manasabadAra the / humAyU~ kA

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362 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA rAjatva-kAla san 1530 I. taka hai, arthAta saMvat 1587 se 1567 taka hai| isa hisAba se vyAsajI kA dIkSA-kAla saMvat 1587 se pahale yA usI ke lagabhaga mAnanA pdd'egaa| ataeva harIrAma vyAsajI kA saM0 1622 meM ziSya honA kisI bhI prakAra se siddha nahIM hotaa| hiMdo-zabdasAgara ke lekha meM yahA~ taka to zrImanmahAprabhu ke janma-saMvat ke viSaya meM carcA hai; isake Age zrI rAdhAvallabhIya saMpradAya ke viSaya meM aisI hI janazrutiyoM kI bharamAra hai| suyogya lekhaka likhate haiM--'kahate haiM hitaharivaMzajI pahale madhvAnuyAyo gopAla bhaTTa ke ziSya the / " isa 'kahate haiN| ne bar3A gar3abar3a macAyA hai| kauna kahate haiM--yaha spaSTa likhanA caahie| binA AdhAra ke kisI bAta ko grahaNa nahIM karanA cAhie / kRSNagopAla zarmA ( 3 ) samAlocanA (1) neha-nika ja-lekhaka, dIvAna bahAdura, kaipTena caMdrabhAnusiha, 'rj'| prakAzaka, prema-bhavana, grauNlii| prathamAvRtti, saMvat 1660, pRSTha 26+68 / mUlya, 'kRpA' / neha-nikuMja ke lekhaka zrIyuta dIvAna bahAdura kaipTena caMdrabhAnusiMha, 'raja' buMdelakhaMDa ke aMtargata garaulI riyAsata ke svAmI haiN| unhoMne rAjya kArya kA saMcAlana karate hue zikhA-sUtra tyAgakara (prabalAnaMda nAma grahaNa karake ) saMnyAsa le liyA hai; para sAtha hI ve zrI rAdhAkRSNa ke ananya upAsaka haiN| isa prakAra isa bhautika vAda ke yuga meM ve rAjarSi janaka kA sA viSama vrata pAlana kara rahe haiN| ve

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363 vividha viSaya sAhitya-saMsAra meM "prema-satasaI" ke dvArA pahale hI padArpaNa kara cuke haiN| idhara "neha-nikuMja" meM unakI ve bhAva-taraMge dikhAI par3atI haiM jo unake upAsya zrI rAdhA-mAdhava kI maMju mUrti kI chavi dekhane ke anaMtara unake mAnasa meM udvelita huI thoN| isa nikuMja meM ve apane priyatama ke sAtha khulakara khelate hue dIkha par3ate haiN| brajapati ke premI hone ke kAraNa unakI bhAva-jAhnavI rasavatI brajavANI meM sahasradhA hokara pravAhita huI hai| dohA, soraThA, paddharI, ghanAkSarI, savaiyA, chappaya Adi vividha chaMdoM ke sAtha hI vraja-bhASA ke rasasiddha kaviyoM ke se anUThe po kA Azraya pAkara 'raja' kI anubhUti bahuta hI sarasa rUpa meM vyakta huI hai| unhoMne isa jamAne meM bhI purAne samaya ke se bhaktoM kA dila pAyA hai, isa kAraNa unakI racanA meM aneka sthaloM para tanmaya kara dene kI zakti hai| kavi ne zrIkRSNa ke jIvana se saMbaddha vividha ghaTanAoM para jo kucha kahA hai usI kA isameM saMgraha huA hai| isameM rIti-kAlIna kaviyoM kI sI abhivyaMjanApaddhati kA pravalaMbana huA hai| nissaMdeha kavi kI sahRdayatA aura bhAvukatA prazaMsanIya hai| aisI anUThI pustaka kA dAma duniyAvI sikkoM meM sImita na karake "kRpA' rakhakara ise sacamuca amUlya rakhA gayA hai| yaha pustikA snehI bhaktoM ke bar3e kAma kI vastu hai| (2) hiMdI-maMdira, prayAga kI tIna pustake-hiMdI meM bAlakopayogI sAhitya kA prabhAva sA hai| idhara kucha dinoM se kaI lekhakoM aura prakAzako ne isa prabhAva kI pUrti karane kA prayatna karanA prAraMbha kiyA hai| prayAga ke hiMdI-maMdira ne ucca koTi ke sAhitya ke prakAzana ke sAtha hI bAlakoM ke liye bhI kaI upayogI pustakeM prakAzita kI haiN| unameM se tIna pustikAe~ isa samaya hamAre sAmane haiN| inake lekhaka haiM 'bAnara' ke saMpAdaka zrI AnaMdakumAra /

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nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA pahalI pustaka 'rAkSasoM kI kahAniyA~' hai / isameM 86 pRSThoM meM bhinna bhinna cha: kahAniyA~ saMgRhIta haiN| ye kahAniyA~ bAlakoM ke manoraMjana ke nimitta likhI gaI haiN| isa kArya meM lekhaka ko avazya saphalatA milI hai| 'pakSI kA prema' zIrSaka kahAnI to bahuta suMdara bana par3I hai| paraMtu zeSa kahAniyoM meM rAkSasoM, DAinoM, bhUtoM Adi ko hatyA karate hue, bhayaMkara aura vIbhatsa vyApAroM meM niraMtara saMlagna dekhane se choTI Ayu ke bAlakoM ke komala hRdaya para unakA surucipUrNa prabhAva na pdd'egaa| unheM ina kahAniyoM meM apanI adbhutavyApAra-priyatA kI tuSTi bhale hI mile; paraMtu inase unake saMskAra pariSkRta na hoge / 'rAkSasa aura senApati' isa saMgraha kI sabase pahalI kahAnI hai; phira bhI usakA kathAnaka itanA jaTila hai ki zizu pAThaka use samajhane meM samartha na ho sakeMge / dUsarI pustaka 'itihAsoM kI kahAniyA~' hai / isameM thor3e meM zivAjI, pratApa, pannA dhAya, nepoliyana aura mahamUda gajanavI ke somanAtha para dhAve kI eka viziSTa ghaTanA ke pratirikta bhakta krisTaphara ke sevA-bhAva kI eka gAthA likhI gaI hai / isake par3hane se bacce ke hRdaya meM vIratA, deza-prema, AtmanirbharatA, sevA jaisI udAtta bhAvanAe~ jAgarita hoMgI, isameM saMdeha nahIM / mahApuruSoM ke jIvana ke do-eka mahAvapUrNa aMzoM ko lekara unakA isa prakAra kA saMkSipta paricaya choTe bAlakoM ke liye bahuta upayogI siddha hogA / tIsarI pustaka kA nAma hai 'balabhaddara' / isameM saMbhava aura asaMbhava kA vicitra sammizraNa dikhAI par3atA hai / pustaka ke AraMbha meM lekhaka ne vAstavikatA lAne kA prayAsa pratrazya kiyA hai, paraMtu thor3I dUra calakara vaha usakA samyakU nirvAha nahIM kara sakA / vRddha kRSNaprasAda jo apanI kanyA 'AzA' ke prAgraha se bahuta dinoM ke bAda bar3I takalIpha se ghor3e para car3he the ( pRSTha 18 ) vaho Age cala 364

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vividha viSaya 365 kara 'joroM ( ? ) se bhAge aura bAhara Akara eka per3a ke Upara kUdakara jA car3he' (pRSTha 23 ) / itanA hI nahIM, ve per3a ke 'Upara se eka ghor3e kI pITha para kUda par3e aura usakI lagAma pakar3akara eka ora ko use dUrI tejI se khader3A' (pRSTha 34) / lekhaka, jAna par3atA hai, kavi bhI haiM / paraMtu unhoMne pustaka ke aMtima manuccheda meM 'AzA' ke viSaya meM jo kalpanA kI hai vaha hai to suMdara, paraMtu aisI liSTa hai ki bAlakoM ke manovijJAna se paricita logoM ko unake vaya ke anurUpa nahIM ja~cegI / 'balabhaddara' ko lekhaka ne 'kevala pA~ca ghaMTe meM likhA hai' / hama usakI isa druta-lekhana-zakti kI prazaMsA bhale hI kareM, paraMtu isa prakAra kI jaldabAjI se jo galatiyA~ huA karatI haiM unase honevAle manathoM se A~kha nahIM haTA skte| bAlaka kA hRdaya kaccI miTTI ke samAna samajhA jAtA hai, jisa para par3I huI chApa tatkAla prabhAva DAlatI aura amiTa sI hotI hai / unako bAlyAvasthA se hI asta-vyasta, pUrvApara saMbaMdha se rahita, kathAe~ sunAnA jitanA rokA jA sake utanA hI kalyANa- prada hogA yadi zrI zrAnaMdakumAra 'bahuta sI galatiyA~ honA koI Azcarya nahIM' mAnate hue bhI isa kahAnI ko jaldI chapAne kA lobha saMvaraNa kara sakate to unake 'sukumAra aura suMdara sAthiyoM' kA 'manoraMjana' to Age bhI hotA, sAtha ho unheM ekatathyatA aura anviti kA jJAna abhI se ho calatA / isase Age calakara unakI bhASA svataH zuddha aura zailI gaThita ho jAtI / bhASA kI saralatA aura subodhatA kI dRSTi se uparyukta tInoM pustakeM prazaMsanIya haiM paraMtu kucha azuddha zabda, vAkyAMza aura vAkya avAMchanIya haiM; jaise,-- ghaniSTatA; rakkhA; sAhaba salAma ( salAmata ? ); kaI pala~geM bichI huI thIM (liMga 1); joroM se (1) bhAge; zarAba nahIM piyA ( ? ); jaba vaha marane lagA to (taba ?) usane kahA thaa.........................|

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366 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA lekhaka ne kucha aise a~garejI zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai jinake paryAya hiMdI meM pUrNatayA pracalita haiM; jaise-Drasa, gavarnara, srttiiphikett| videzI bhASAoM ke zabdoM ko tatsama rUpa meM prayukta karanA choTe baccoM ke liye tyAjya hai| ve unakA artha na samajha skeNge| ___ ina tInoM pustakoM meM kathAnaka se saMbaMdha rakhanevAle kaI rekhA-citra bhI die gae haiN| unase inakI upayogitA bahuta bar3ha gaI hai| paraMtu citroM ke viSaya meM eka bar3I bhArI zikAyata hai| Ajakala skUlI kitAboM meM bahudhA aise citra dekhe jAte haiM jinakA kathAnaka ke prasaMga se koI saMbaMdha nahIM hotaa| prakAzaka citra banavAne kA vyaya bacAne ke liye kabhI kabhI kahIM se koI citra lekara unheM jor3a diyA karate haiN| ina citroM se lAbha ke badale jo hAni hotI hai usakI ora kadAcit paisA kamAne ke lobha ke kAraNa ve dhyAna nahIM dete| kheda hai 'balabhaddara' aura 'rAkSasoM kI kahAniyA~' meM tIna citra bilakula eka hI die gae haiN| inameM se 'balabhaddara' ke pRSTha 6 para jo citra diyA gayA hai usakA saMbaMdha bhI usa sthala ke prasaMga se nahIM miltaa| usameM puruSa ke cehare para bhaya aura AzaMkA kA jo bhAva hai vaha 'pAzA' aura 'balabhaddara' ke jIvana ke vahA~ para varNita vRttAMta se nitAMta asaMbaddha hai| hA~, yaha citra vAstava meM 'rAkSasa aura senApati' (pRSTha 5) ke AkhyAna ke liye sarvathA upayukta hai| isI taraha 'rAkSasoM kI kahAniyA~' ke pRSTha 54 aura 67 para ke hI citra 'balabhaddara' meM kramaza: 17 veM aura 12 veM pRSTha para chape haiN| acchA hotA, yadi ye citra isa taraha se vibhinna vRttAMtoM meM jabaradastI na ghuser3e jAte / vidyAbhUSaNa mizra

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(13) khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti [ lekhaka-zrI zivasahAya trivedI, ema. e, kAzo ] Adima kAla meM manuSya kI AvazyakatAe~ jyoM jyoM bar3hane lagI hogI tyoM tyo usakI bhASA meM nae nae zabdoM kA samAveza hotA saMkhyAvAcaka zabdo gayA hogaa| nAma, dhAtu, sarvanAma tathA kI prAcInatA vizeSaNoM Adi ke samAna bhASA meM dhIre dhIre saMkhyAvAcaka zabda bhI bana gae hoNge| usa samaya aAjakala ke praca. noTa-isa lekha ke spaSTIkaraNa ke liye ninna-likhita sAMketika cihnoM kA jAna lenA Avazyaka hai| > isa cihna kA artha hai 'leading to' arthAt 'vyutpanna karatA hai'| jisa zabda ke pazcAt yaha cihna ho usa zabda ko usake bAdavAle zabda kI utpatti kA kAraNa samajhanA caahie| < isa cihna kA artha hai 'derived from' arthAt 'vyutpanna huA hai| jisa zabda ke pazcAt yaha cihna lagAyA jAtA hai usa zabda ko usake bhAge ke zabda se vyutpanna samajhanA caahie| ___ + jina do zabdoM yA akSaroM ke madhya meM yaha cihna hotA hai unheM yaha milAtA hai arthAt una donoM ke yoga se eka dUsarA zabda yA akSara bana jAtA hai| ___ = isa cihna kA prayoga do artho meM hotA hai-(1) samAnArtha sUcita karane ke liye; jaise azva = ghodd'aa| (2) aneka zabdoM yA varNo ke yoga se eka navIna zabda yA akSara ke bana jAne ke artha meM; jaise, daza+ azvamedha = dazAzvamedha / za+ I =shii|| * jisa zabda ke pUrva yaha cihna ho vahA~ samajhanA cAhie ki usa zabda ke pahale kisI anya zabda yA varNa kA yoga hotA hai tathA jisa zabda ke pazcAt yaha cihna ho vahIM samajhanA cAhie ki usa zabda ke pazcAt kisI varNa yA zabda kA yoga kiyA jAtA hai|

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368 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA lita saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke samAna suvyavasthita tathA niyamita saMkhyAvAcaka zabda na rahe hoNge| unakA kramika vidhAna aura unakI suvyavasthA jyotiSa aura gaNita zAstroM ke prAraMbhika kAla meM huI hogii| para ye donoM zAstra bhI kama purAne nahIM haiN| saMsAra ke sabase prAcIna graMtha Rgveda meM bhI aneka saMkhyAvAcaka zabda pAe jAte haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki saMkhyAvAcaka zabda bahuta prAcIna kAla se prAryoM kI bhASA meM vidyamAna the| bhAratavarSa meM gaNita tathA jyotiSa zAsroM aura saMskRta bhASA kI unnati ke sAtha sAtha saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kA bhI vikAsa hotA gayA thA aura jisa samaya saMskRta bhASA khUba paripuSTa ho gaI thI usa samaya saMkhyAvAcaka zabda bhI usameM pUrNatayA vikasita aura suvyavasthita rUpa meM vartamAna the| ____ khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti ke viSaya meM vicAra karane se pahale acchA hogA ki saMkSepa meM hama khar3I bolI khar3I bolI kI utpatti, kI utpatti ko samajha leN| vaidika kAla meM bhAratavarSa kI prAcIna uttarI bhArata meM jo bhASA bolI jAtI thI usake bhASAe~ nAma kA ThIka patA nahIM lgtaa| vedoM kI bhASA kA bodha karAne ke liye maharSi pANini ne apane vyAkaraNagraMtha meM 'chaMdasa' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| para kisI anya pramANa se yaha siddha nahIM hotA ki vedoM kI bhASA kA nAma 'chaMdasa' thA / vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki deza-bheda ke kAraNa usa bhASA meM bar3A * jisa zabda ke Upara yaha cihna lagA ho usa zabda ko vidvAnoM ke dvArA kalpita samajhanA caahie| $ isa cihna se 'prATi kila' ( Article ) kA saMketa hotA hai| saM. = saMskRta apa0 = apabhraMza prA. = prAkRta kha. bo0 = khar3I bolI

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khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 366 parivartana hone lagA, jisase usake aneka bheda ho gae hoNge| vedoM ke bhinna bhinna chaMdoM se bhI yahI prakaTa hotA hai ki ve saba eka hI bolI meM nahIM haiN| ata: eka sArvadezika bhASA kI AvazyakatA samajhI gaI, aura usa samaya kI boliyoM ke ziSTa, prasiddha tathA upayogI prayogoM ko lekara eka niyama-baddha bhASA banAI gaI, jisakA nAma pIche se 'saMskRta' bhASA ho gyaa| yahI samasta bhArata-bhUmi kI sAhityika bhASA huii| zikSita, sabhya aura paMDita loga bolacAla meM bhI isI bhASA kA vyavahAra karate the, para apar3ha aura ga~vAroM kI bhASA dUsarI hI thii| saMskRta bhASA ke zabdoM kA zuddha ucAraNa unase nahIM karate banatA thaa| ve jo bhASA bolate the usameM saMskRta ke prazuddhoccArita tathA saMskRta ke pahale kI boliyoM ke zabda the| ve loga kucha aise zabdoM kA bhI vyavahAra karate the jo una asabhya jAtiyoM kI boliyoM se A gae the, jo pAryoM ke bhAratavarSa meM prAne se pahale yahA~ rahatI thiiN| isa dUsarI bhASA kA nAma 'prAkRta' huaa| kAla ke anusAra vidvAnoM ne prAkRta ko do nAmoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-purAnI yA pahalI prAkRta aura duusrii| pahalI prAkRta 'pAlI' bhASA ke nAma se prasiddha hai aura dUsarI 'prAkRta' ke nAma se| deza-bheda ke kAraNa prAkRta ke bhI aneka bheda ho gae the, jinameM se prasiddha ye haiM--paizAcI, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI aura mhaaraassttro| paizAcI prAkRta kAzmIra aura aphagAnistAna meM, zaurasenI prAkRta gaMgA aura yamunA ke doAba ke pazcimI bhAga ke AsapAsa, mAgadhI prAkRta magadha deza meM, arddhamAgadhI prAkRta gaMgA aura yamunA ke doAba ke pUrva meM aura mahArASTrI prAkRta mahArASTra deza meM tathA usake AsapAsa bolI jAtI thii| kucha kAla ke bAda, bauddhoM aura jainoM ke samaya meM, prAkRta bhASAe~ sAhityArUr3ha ho gaI aura yahA~ taka niyamoM ke baMdhanoM se jakar3a gaI ki ve sarva-sAdhAraNa kI bolacAla 24

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350 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA se uTha gaI / unake sthAna meM unhIM ke zabdoM ke vikRta rUpoM se banI huI boliyoM kA vyavahAra hone lgaa| ye boliyA~ apabhraMza kahalAI / prAkRtoM ke samAna ye bhI paizAco, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, arddhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI bhedoM meM vibhakta kI jA sakatI haiM / ina apabhraMzoM ke bole jAne ke sthAna ve hI pradeza the jo inakI mUla prAkRtoM ke the / kucha samaya ke bAda ina apabhraMzoM kI bhI vahI dazA huI jo saMskRta aura prAkRta kI huI thI / sAhityArUr3ha hokara ye bhI niyamoM se jakar3a gaIM aura sAdhAraNa bolacAla meM inase nikalI huI Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM - hiMdI, ba~galA, marAThI aura gujarAtI ityAdi -- kA vyavahAra hone lagA / jisa apabhraMza se jeA bhASA nikalI hai usa bhASA kA vyavahAra usI pradeza meM hotA hai jisameM usakI mUla - apabhraMza kA hotA thA / / hiMdI bhASA isa samaya jisa sthAna meM bolI jAtI hai vaha bahuta vistRta hai / pUrvI paMjAba aura rAjapUtAnA se lekara bihAra taka tathA himAlaya kI tarAI se madhya pradeza taka hiMdI bhASA kA vistAra jana-sAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASA hiMdI hI hai| deza-bheda se isake aneka bheda haiM jinameM se pradhAna rAjasthAnI, pazcimI hiMdI aura pUrvI hiMdI haiM / aneka vidvAn bihArI bhASA ko bhI hiMdI kA hI eka upabheda mAnate haiM, aura aisA mAnanA ThIka bhI hai| isakA spaSTa pramANa to yahI hai ki madhya pradeza athavA saMyuktaprAMta kA koI bhI hiMdI-bhASA-bhASI bihAravAloM kI bolI kA adhikAMza bhAga samajha letA hai / pUrvI hiMdI aura bihArI kI zabdAvalI prAya: eka hai / ba~galA se kucha prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa bihArI ko hiMdI se alaga eka svataMtra bhASA mAna lenA bhrama hai / bihArI ke aMtargata magahI, maithilI aura bhojapurI boliyA~ haiM / (1) 'hiMdI bhASA kA vikAsa' - rAyabahAdura zyAmasu MdaradAsa /

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khar3I bolo ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 371 rAjasthAnI ke aMtargata jayapurI, jodhapurI, mevAr3I aura mAravAr3I Adi boliyA~, pazcimI hiMdI ke aMtargata buMdelI, kannaujI, brajabhASA, bA~gar3a aura khar3I bolI tathA pUrvI hidI ke aMtargata avadhI, baghelI aura chattIsagar3hI haiN| prAkRto aura apabhraMzoM Adi kA varNana yahA~ aprAsaMgika sA jAna par3atA hai, para vAstava meM aisA nahIM hai| hiMdI kI bhinna bhinna zAkhAoM meM jo bheda dekhe jAte haiM tathA hiMdI meM zabdoM ke jo rUpa aura prayoga pAe jAte haiM anya prAkRtoM kA prabhAva unako samajhane ke liye yaha varNana nitAMta Avazyaka hai| khar3I bolI meraTha aura dillI ke prAMtoM meM tathA unake pAsapAsa bolI jAnevAlI bolI kA nAma hai| Upara ke varNana se prakaTa hotA hai ki pahale usa sthAna meM zaurasenI prAkRta aura phira zaurasenI apabhraMza kA vyavahAra hotA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki khar3I bolI meM zabdoM ke rUpa prAyaH zaurasenI prAkRta aura zaurasenI apabhraMza ke anusAra milate haiN| isI prakAra bihArI kA mAgadhI prAkRta aura mAgadha apabhraMza se tathA pUrvI hidI kA arddhamAgadhI prAkRta aura arddhamAgadhI apabhraMza se vizeSa saMbaMdha hai| para isase yaha na samajhanA cAhie ki ye boliyA~ apane AsapAsa kI boliyoM se bilakula bhinna haiN| par3osa meM rahanevAle manuSyoM kA saMparka barAbara hotA hI rahatA hai aura isa prakAra par3osa meM bolI jAnevAlI 'boliyA~ paraspara eka dUsarI para apanA prabhAva DAlatI rahatI haiN| isake udAharaNa khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti ke varNana meM Age mileNge| hama dekheMge ki khar3I bolI ke bahuta se saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke rUpa arddhamAgadhI prAkRta ke zabdoM se kitanA adhika milate haiM, yadyapi khar3I bolI kI utpatti zaurasenI prAkRta se huI hai|

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372 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA Upara kie hue varNana se yaha bhI prakaTa hotA hai ki hiMdI bhASA prAkRta aura apabhraMza se hotI huI saMskRta se nikalI hai| ataH hiMdI ke adhikAMza zabda bhinna bhinna prAkRta utpatti kI dRSTi se aura apabhraMzo se hokara Ae hue saMskRta ke hiMdI zabdoM kA vargI hI zabda haiN| isa samaya hiMdI meM jina zabdoM karaNa kA prayoga hotA hai ve utpatti kI dRSTi se aneka bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kie jA sakate haiN| "aise zabdoM ko, jo sIdhe saMskRta se hiMdI meM pAe haiM, 'tatsama' zabda kahate haiN| ve zabda jo sIdhe prAkRta se Ae haiM athavA jo prAkRta se hote hue saMskRta se nikale haiM 'tadbhava' zabda kahalAte haiN| tIsare prakAra ke zabda ve haiM jinheM 'ardhatatsama' kahate haiN| inake aMtargata ve saba saMskRta ke zabda prAte haiM jinakA rUpAtmaka vikAsa prAkRta-bhASiyoM dvArA hote hote, bhinna rUpa ho gayA hai| ina tInoM prakAra ke zabdoM ke atirikta hiMdI meM kucha zabda aise bhI milate haiM jinakI vyutpatti kA koI patA nahIM cltaa| aise zabdoM ko 'dezaja' kahate haiN| eka aura prakAra ke zabda jo kisI padArtha kI vAstavika yA kalpita dhvani para bane haiM aura jinheM 'anukaraNa' zabda kahate haiM, hiMdI bhASA meM pAe jAte haiN| / " ina saba zabdoM ke atirikta hiMdI meM kucha aise bhI zabda milate haiM jo videzI bhASAoM (arabI, phArasI, turkI, a~garejI prAdi) se hiMdI meM grahaNa kie gae haiN| khar3I bolI ke adhikAMza saMkhyAvAcaka zabda tadbhava' zabdoM ke aMtargata Ate haiN| kucha ardhatatsama zabda bhI haiN| kucha tatsama zabdoM kA bhI prayoga hotA hai, para ve sarvasAdhAraNa dvArA prayukta nahIM haiN| do-eka videzI zabda bhI milate haiN| dezaja zabdoM kA prabhAva hI sA hai| ina saba prakAra ke zabdoM ke udAharaNa, saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti ke prasaMga meM, Age mileNge| (1) hiMdI bhASA aura sAhitya'-rAyabahAdura zyAmasuMdaradAsa /

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tIya mAgaMjApApo ke 6 ___ - --.. - - . khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 373 prAdhunikakAlIna Arya-bhASAoM ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdo ke rUpa meM itanI adhika samAnatA dekha par3atI hai ki usase Azcarya sA aAdhunikakAlIna bhAra- utpanna hotA hai| pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI ' ka bhinna bhinna prAkRtoM aura apabhraMzoM ke dvArA samAnatA ke kAraNa prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa vibhinna Adhunika Arya-bhASAoM meM tadbhava zabdoM ke rUpa bahuta adhika badala gae haiN| para saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM meM utanA adhika parivartana nahIM huA hai| isakA kyA kAraNa hai ? DAkTara sunItikumAra caTarjI ke matAnusAra madhyakAlIna (IsA ke 600 varSa pUrva se IsA ke 100 varSa bAda taka kI ) prArya-bhASAoM kI kisI eka pradhAna bAlI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ko sabhI prAMtoM kI boliyoM ne grahaNa kiyA hai| / (1) "The numerals present one of the difficult phonetic problems of New Indo-Aryan. Their forms show a remarkable uniformity which is not in keeping with the several phonetic histories of the various New Indo-Aryan speeches. The names for the cardinals in the different New Indo-Aryan languages instead of going through their proper Middle Indo-Aryan forms back to old Indo-Aryan, appear rather to be based on some standardised Middle Indo-Aryan forms. These standardised forms originally belonged to some particular dialect of Middle Indo-Aryan, but they were early adopted in a standard dialect, a sort of Hindustani of ancient times, whence they were imposed upon the vernacular speeches in the different tracts of the country ; x x x x x From the very close resemblance between the New Indo-Aryan cardinals and those of

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374 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA saMbhavata: vaha pradhAna bolI uttara bhArata ke madhya bhAga meM bolI jAnevAlI pAlI bhASA thI jisane samrATa azoka ke samaya meM samasta bhAratavarSa meM pradhAnatA prApta kara lI thii| pAlI bhASA saMskRta kI samakAlIna athavA usase bhI kucha purAnI thii| saMskRta kA vyavahAra jisa samaya sAhitya meM bahuta adhika hotA thA usa samaya pAlo kevala bolacAla ke hI kAma meM lAI jAtI thii| donoM kI jananI eka hI bhASA thI jise maharSi pANini ne 'chaMdasa ' nAma diyA hai| isI bhASA kI bhinna bhinna boliyoM meM vedoM kI RcAoM kI racanA huI hai / isase spaSTata: prakaTa hotA hai ki saMskRta meM jo saMkhyAvAcaka zabda pAe jAte haiM ve vaidikakAlIna bhASAoM se hI utpanna hue haiN| vaidikakAlIna boliyoM kI utpatti prAryoM kI usa bhASA se huI hai jo ve bhAratavarSa meM prAne se pahale madhya-eziyA meM bolate the| arthAt saMskRta ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke bhI mUla rUpa madhya-eziyAvAlI Arya-bhASA ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabda the| Age die hue mUla AryabhASA kI bhinna bhinna yoropIya, IrAnI tathA bhAratIya zAkhAoM ke pradhAna saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI tulanA karane se vidita ho jAyagA ki ye sabhI zabda kisI eka hI mUla bhASA ke zabdoM se nikale haiM Pali, the latter may be taken to represent the basis or source of the former. --Origin and Development of the Bengali Language ; $ 511-S. K. Chatterjee. saMkhyAvAcaka zabda svabhAva se hI sthAyI aura aparivartanazIla hote haiM / unameM dhvani tathA rUpa kA vikAra kama hotA hai| isI se tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke liye saMkhyAvAcaka zabda hI cune jAte haiN| zrataeva caTarjA mahAzaya kI kalpanA ke binA bhI kAma cala sakatA hai|-sNpaadk /

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saMskRta sha tri catvAra pazca thw, SaSa sapta nava daza zrAvastI ho cazvara paMca davasa hapta prasTa nava dasa grIka DuprI TeTTaresa paTa ekhasa epTA prokaTe Deka laiTina Dubho Tresa kvaTubhAra kiMkve seksa sepTem prokToM novem Dekem gauthika tvai the, is phidvaura phipha saiddUsa sibunna zrahatau niun tehun slAvenika dvA trije cetaire peMki ( lithueniyana) stheriya septeni prasUjatuni " nevitsa ..... "" "" "" khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 375

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ataH hama kaha sakate haiM ki AdhunikakAlIna Arya-bhASAoM ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI mUla, mUla AryabhASA hai jisake zabdoM kI paraMparA vaidika bhASA pAlo, saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMzoM se hotI huI aAdhunika kAla taka calI AI hai| yahA~ para eka prazna yaha uThatA hai ki prAkRta bhASAoM ne saMkhyAvAcaka zabda saMskRta se liyA hai athavA pAlI se| isa prazna kA uttara denA sarala nahIM hai| yadi yaha mAna liyA jAya ki saMskRta bolacAla kI bhASA na thI, kevala pAlI bhASA hI bolacAla meM vyavahata hotI thI, to hama kaha sakate haiM ki nityaprati bolacAla meM vyavahRta prAkRta bhASA meM saMkhyAvAcaka zabda pAlI hI se Ae hoNge| para aneka vidvAn saMskRta ko bhI eka samaya kI bolacAla kI bhASA mAnate haiM / isa mata ke mAnanevAloM kA kathana hai ki prAkRta bhASA saMskRta ke bigar3e hue zabdoM se banI hai 2, ataH prAkRta ne saMkhyAvAcaka zabda (1) "Even after having been reduced to a definite literary form by the labours of grammarians it (Sanskrit ) continued to be used as a spoken language by the cultivated classes over a very considerable portion of Northern India." -Principal A. B. Dhruva. Wilson Philological Lectures, Bombay University ; Feb., 1929. (2) " Therefore, instead of saying that Classical Sanskrit " lived and died childless " and tracing the modern vernaculars to Primary Prakrits, I would rather say that Classical Sanskrit reformed and standardised was first the parent of Prakrits, and afterwards their contemporary and educator, exercising direct influence on them from time to time, and the dialects which lived outside the pale

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Page #392
khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 377 saMskRta se hI liyA hogA / saMskRta jana sAdhAraNa kI bolacAla kI bhASA rahI ho yA na rahI ho, para par3he-likhe loga to use avazya bolate the / kI chApa acchI ata: prAkRta para saMskRta ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM taraha par3I hai / isa prakAra hama isa pariNAma para pahu~cate haiM ki prAkRta bhASA ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabda pAlI aura saMskRta donoM bhASAoM ke zabdoM ke AdhAra para bane hoMge / Upara kahA gayA hai ki Adhunika Arya bhASAoM ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabda Azcaryajanaka samAnatA rakhate haiM / isa kathana kI satyatA kA pramANa nIce die hue udAharaNoM se kucha mila jAyagA / avestA kI bhASA, purAnI phArasI tathA Adhunika phArasI ke bhI zabda die jAte haiM jinakI bhAratIya bhASAoM ke zabdoM ke sAtha samAnatA prakaTa karatI hai ki AryoM ke bhAratavarSa meM Ane se pahale hI unakI bhASA meM saMskRta ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM se milate-julate zabda vidyamAna the / of Sanskrit, just like the animists and other tribes that remained outside the Brahmanical civilization died away like waifs and strays. Thus, modern vernaculars as a whole are traceable to Prakrits and Prakrits to Classical Sanskrits and the last to the Vedic, the forms and the characteristic features, which are traceable in grand-parents instead of the parent being explicable as survivals from an earlier age instead of being taken as marks of direct immediate origin." Principal A. B. Dhuva. W. Philological Lectures, Bombay University; February, 1929.

Page #393
nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki hiMdI bhASA ke aMtargata aneka bhASAe~ (braja, rAjasthAnI Adi ) aura boliyA~ (khar3I, avadhI, kannaujI Adi ) haiM tathA unameM prayukta zabda ke rUpoM meM bahuta bhinnatA pAI jAtI hai / saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM para bhI yaha kathana caritArtha hotA hai / jaisA Upara kahA gayA hai, hiMdI kI prAyaH sabhI boliyoM aura bhASAoM ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabda saMskRta ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM se hI nikale haiM, para bhinna prAkRtoM aura apabhraMzoM se hokara Ane ke kAraNa bhinna bhinna boliyoM meM saMskRta ke eka eka zabda ke aneka rUpAMtara ho gae haiM / udAharaNArtha saMskRta ke 'UnacatvAriMzat' kA lIjie / khar3I bolI meM isakA rUpa 'utAlIsa', bhojapurI meM 'zrotAlisa', maithilI meM 'aucAlisa' tathA rAjasthAnI meM 'guNatAlIsa' pAyA jAtA hai / isa lekha meM kevala khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti ke saMbaMdha meM vicAra karanA hai / hiMdI ke aMtargata saba bhASAoM aura boliyoM ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti para yadi likhA jAya to eka moTI pustaka taiyAra ho jAya / isa nibaMdha aMta meM hiMdI ke aMtargata kucha boliyoM aura bhASAoM ke tathA saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kA eka cArTa diyA jAtA hai jisako dekhane se spaSTa ho jAyagA ki hiMdI kI bhinna bhinna boliyoM ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabda saMskRta ke hI zabdoM se nikale haiM / sAtha hI sAtha usase yaha jAnane meM bhI sahAyatA milegI ki khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabda avadhI, vrajabhASA, kannaujI, rAjasthAnI, bhojapurI aura maithilI Adi ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM se kitanI samatA aura kitanI bhinnatA rakhate haiM / saMkhyAvAcaka zabda agralikhita sAta mukhya bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kie jA sakate haiM saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kA vibhAga 378 hiMdI kI vibhASAoM meM rUpa bheda kA kAraNa *

Page #394
bIsa chappana tIna khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 376 (1) pUrNAkabodhaka, (2) apUrNAkabodhaka, (3) kramavAcaka, (4) AvRttivAcaka, (5) guNavAcaka, (6) samudAyavAcaka aura (7) prtyekbodhk| ina vibhAgoM ke atirikta kucha anya prakAra ke aura bhI zabda pAe jAte haiM jinakA ullekha yathAsthAna prAge kiyA jaaygaa| (1) pUrNAMkabodhaka khar3I bolI meM nimnalikhita pUrNAkabodhaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabda pAe jAte haiMeka unnIsa saiMtIsa, saiMtisa pacapana ar3atIsa ikosa utAlisa, uMtAlIsa sattAvana, satAvana cAra bAisa cAlIsa praTThAvana,aThAvana pA~ca teisa ikatAlIsa unasaTha chaH caubIsa bayAlIsa sATha sAta paccIsa taiMtAlIsa ikasaTha pATha chabbIsa caupAlIsa,auvAlIsa bAsaTha nau sattAisa, satAisa saiMtAlIsa tirasaTha dasa aTThAisa, aThAisa chiyAlIsa causaTha gyAraha tIsa saiMtAlIsa paiMsaTha bAraha tIsa ar3atAlIsa chiyAsaTha ikatIsa unacAsa sarasaTha battIsa pacAsa ar3asaTha paMdraha teMtIsa ikyAvana ikAvana unahattara solaha cauMtIsa,cautisa bAvana sattara satraha paiMtIsa, paiMtisa tirapana ikahattara aTThAraha, aThAraha chattIsa cauvana bahattara teraha caudaha

Page #395
380 ticara cauhattara nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA pacAsI chiyAsI sau se Upara ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI racanA pacahattara, pachattara sattAsI, satAsI chihattara aTThAsI aThAsI satahattara navAsI hajAra, sahasra aThahattara nabbe, navve lAkha unAsI ikyAnave, ikAnave kar3or3a, karor3a assI bAnabe, bAnave arba araba ikyAsI, ikAsI tirAnave, tirAnave kharva, kharaba caurAnabe, caurAnave nIla bayAsI tirAsI paMcAnabe, paMcAnave padma caurAsI chiyAnabe chiyAnave zaMkha hiMdI meM sau se Upara ke zabda, jitane sau ke Upara jisa saMkhyA kA bodha karAnA abhISTa rahatA hai usa saMkhyA ko utane sau ke sAtha kahakara banA lie jAte haiM / udAharaNArtha cAra sau se Upara cAlIsa kA bodha karAne ke liye 'cAra sau cAlIsa' kaheMge / U~cI saMkhyA ko pahale rakhate haiM aura nIcI saMkhyA ko usake bAda / isI DhaMga se zaMkha taka zabdoM kI racanA kara lI jAtI hai, jaise 'cAra zaMkha pA~ca padma bAraha nIla cauhattara lAkha nau araba cha: karor3a do lAkha tIna hajAra eka sau teIsa' / sau se Upara kI saMkhyAoM ke vAcaka zabdoM ke banAne kA yaha DhaMga saMskRta se kucha bhinna hai / isa prakAra ke zabdoM kI racanA karane ke liye saMskRta meM 'adhika', 'uttara' athavA 'ca' kI sahAyatA lI jAtI hai / udAharaNArtha 'eka sau eka' ke liye saMskRta meM 'ekAdhikaM zatam', sAta sau caiauvana ke liye 'catu:pazvAzaduttaraM saptazatam' tathA sAta sau bIsa ke liye 'sapta ca zatAni sattAnabe, sattAnave aTThAnabe, aTThAnave ninnAnabe, ninAnave sau "

Page #396
khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 381 viMzatizca' kaha sakate haiN| prAkRtoM meM saMskRta ke anusAra tathA usake viparIta, donoM prakAra ke prayoga pAe jAte haiN| a. mAgadhI prAkRta ke nimnalikhita udAharaNoM meM koI bhI sahAyaka zabda nahIM hai___'aTThasaya' ( eka sau ATha ), 'aTTha sahassa' (eka hajAra ATha), 'sattarasa ikabIse joyaNasae' ( satraha sau ikosa yojn)| para usI prAkRta ke 'tIsaM ca sahassAI, doNNi ya auNApaNNe joyaNa sae' ( tIsa hajAra do sau unacAsa yojana ) meM 'ca' kI sahAyatA lI gaI hai| 'uttara' kI sahAyatA se bane hue sau aura do sau ke bIca ke aneka saMskRta-zabdoM ke 'tadbhava' rUpa khar3I bolI meM aba bhI prayukta hote haiM, para una rUpoM kA prayoga kevala saMkhyAoM ke phaadd'e| meM hI raha gayA hai, jaise-'diyotaraso' yA 'dilotaraso' (= 102), 'calotaraso' (= 104), 'paMjotara' yA 'picotaraso' (=105), 'chilotaraso' (= 106) ityAdi / saMskRta ke 'dvayu ttarazavam' se hI bigar3ate bigar3ate 'diyotaraso' rUpa bana gayA hai| saM0 'caturuttarazatam' >prA0 culottararugraM >kha0 bo0 calotaraso; saM0 'paJcotarazatam' >prA0 paMcuttalasayaM > apa0 paMcottarasau > kha0 bo0 paMjotaraso yA picosaraso; saM. 'SaDuttarazatam' > prA0 chaluttasayaM > apa0 chalottarasaTha > kha0 bo0 chalottaraso yA lilotrso| hiMdI se 'adhika', 'uttara' tathA 'ca' ke prayoga ke uTha jAne kA kAraNa prAkatoM kA hI prabhAva hai| hiMdI ke kAvyo meM saMskRta kI paraMparA ke anusAra kiyA huA ina zabdoM kA prayoga aba bhI kahIM kahIM dekhane meM A jAtA hai| sau ke Upara ke zabdoM kI racanA meM kucha loga 'sau' ke liye 'sai' kA prayoga karate haiM;-jaise 'do so cAra' yA 'do sai caar| 'sau' yA 'sai donoM hI saMskRta ke 'zata' se nikale haiM jisake prAkRta meM

Page #397
382 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA 'sata', 'sA' aura 'saya' rUpa hote haiN| 'saya' kA vikRta rUpa 'sai' aura 'sAra' kA 'sau' ho gayA hai| ____ kabhI kabhI 'kama' zabda ke prayoga ke dvArA bhI saMkhyAe~ sUcita kI jAtI haiM, jaise--'pA~ca kama pacAsa' (=paiNtaaliis)| para isa prakAra ke prayoga prAya: azikSita loga karate haiN| 'kama' zabda hiMdI meM phArasI bhASA se AyA hai| saMskRta meM bhI 'kama' ke samAnArthI 'Una' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai jo 'ekonaviMzati' ( arthAt eka kama bIsa = unnIsa ) tathA 'UnapaJcAzat' (arthAt pacAsa se kama = unacAsa ) Adi zabdoM meM vartamAna hai| yahA~ para una niyamoM kA ullekha karane ke liye sthAna nahIM hai jinake anusAra prAkRta tathA apabhraMza ke zabda khar3I bolI ke zabdoM ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gae haiN| ina niyamoM rUpa-parivartana ke niyama . - ne adhyayana karane ke liye eka svataMtra viSaya kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA hai| Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabda prAyaH tadbhava haiN| nIce die hue saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza tathA khar3I bolI se milatI-julatI anya bhASAoM ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke rUpoM se spaSTa ho jAyagA ki kisa prakAra khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti huI hai| khar3I bolI kA 'zUnya' saMskRta ke zUnya kA tatsama hai| bolacAla meM isake tadbhava rUpo 'sunna' aura 'sunnA' kA bhI prayoga hotA - hai jo apabhraMza ke 'suna' < prAkRta 'suno ' pUrNAMkabodhakoM kI utpatti " se banA hai| zUnya ke liye khar3I bolI meM 'siphara' yA 'siphar3a' kA bhI prayoga hotA hai jo phArasI ke 'siphara' se hiMdI meM A gayA hai| saMskRta ke 'eka' se prAkRta meM 'eka', 'eko', 'ego' aura 'emA' rUpa banate haiN| apabhraMza meM bhI 'ekka' rUpa hotA hai aura isI se ___ zUnya-bIsa

Page #398
khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 383 khar3I bolI kA 'eka' banA hai| prAkRta ke 'ego' kA prayoga aba bhI bhojapurI meM hotA hai aura isI 'egA' ke anusaraNa para usameM 'duigo', 'tinigo', 'cArigo', 'pA~cago' Adi zabda bana gae haiN| __ saMskRta ke 'dva' aura 'dvi' se prAkRta meM 'due','duve','do', 'donni' tathA 'be' banate haiN| prAkRta ke 'do' aura 'be' ke samAna hI apabhraMza meM 'be' aura 'do' kA prayoga hotA hai| apabhraMza meM eka rUpa 'viNNi ' bhI pAyA jAtA hai jo saMskRta ke 'dveNi' se nikalA huA jAna par3atA hai| khar3I bolI kA 'do' apabhraMza ke 'do' se AyA hai| prAkRta ke 'due' aura 'duve' se pUrvI hiMdI, ba~galA aura ur3iyA kA 'duI', 'doni' se marAThI kA 'don' aura siMdhI kA 'hUM', 'be' se gujarAtI kA 'be' tathA siMdhI kA 'ba' nikale haiN| khar3I bolI ke 'dono' zabda kA mUla prAkRta kA 'don' hI jAna par3atA hai| saMskRta 'tri' ke napuMsaka liMga 'trINi' se prAkRta meM 'tiNNa tathA apabhraMza meM 'tiNNi' bane haiM / __isI 'tiNNi' yA 'tiNNa' se khar3I bolI ke 'tIna' tathA pUrvI hiMdI ke 'tini' kI utpatti huI hai| saMskRta ke puMliMga rUpa 'trayaH' se mAgadhI prAkRta 'to' rUpa banA hai, para hiMdI meM 'to' se nikalA huA koI rUpa dekhane meM nahIM pAtA hai| saM0 napuMsakaliMga 'catvAri' se prAkRta meM 'cAri' aura 'cattAri' bane haiN| apabhraMza meM 'caari| pAyA jAtA hai jisase khar3I bolo kA 'cAra' tathA pUrvI hiMdI kA 'cAri' bane haiN| pAlI ke 'catvAro' (1) prAkRtakAlIna bhASAoM meM 'tiNNa' ke aneka rUpa pAe jAte haiN| isakA pramANa azoka ke zilAlekhoM se milatA hai| dhaulI tathA jaugAr3ha ke zilAlekhoM meM "tivipAnAni", kAlasI ke zilAlekha meM "tIni. pAnAni", giranAra ke zilAlekha meM "triprANa" aura sahabAjagar3hI ke zilAlekha meM "tra (yo)traNa" aura "traNa-trayo" rUpa pAe jAte haiN|

Page #399
384 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA aura prAkRta ke 'cattAri' ke 'ta' kA hiMdI meM lopa ho jAne kA kAraNa batAnA kaThina hai| jaisA hamane abhI dekhA hai ki yaha lopa apabhrazoM ke hI samaya meM ho cukA thaa| saMbhavata: caudaha, caubIsa, cautIsa Adi yaugika zabdoM meM 'cA' ( < saM0 catuH) ko dekhakara 'cattAri' se bhI bolacAla meM 'tta' kA lopa ho gayA hogA aura isa prakAra apabhraMzakAlIna 'cAri' bana gayA hogaa| saM0 puMlliMga 'catvAraH' se nikalA huA prAkRta meM eka rUpa 'cattorA' bhI pAyA jAtA hai, para isase milatA-julatA zabda hiMdI meM nahIM dikhAI detaa| hA~, prAkRta ke 'cauro' ( < saM0 pulliMga karmakAraka 'caturaH' ) se nikalA huA 'cau' zabda kannaujI meM pAyA jAtA hai| saMskRta ke 'paJca' se prAkRta tathA apabhraMza kA 'paMca' banA hai aura usI se khar3I bolI kA 'pA~ca' banA hai| khar3I bolI ke 'cha:' ke liye saMskRta meM 'SaT' kA prayoga hotA hai| prAkRta meM '' rUpa pAyA jAtA hai| prAcInakAlIna 'SaTa' ke 'Sa' ke sthAna meM madhyakAla meM 'cha' ho jAnA tatkAlIna uccAraNa kI pravRtti ke anukUla nahIM hai| saMskRta ke 'Sa' yA 'za' kA prAkRta meM 'sa' hI honA dekhA jAtA hai, jaise saM0 SoDaza > prA0 solaha, saM0 SaSTi > prA0 shi| isa saMbaMdha meM DA0 sunItikumAra caTarjI kA anumAna hai ki madhyakAla meM bhAratavarSa ke pazcima meM bolI ----- -- (1) " The apparent loss of <-tt -> in these later forms is not easy to explain. The loss of the s tt > may have been due to tbe form taken by this numeral word in compounds-cau < catuh " s. K. Chatterji-Origin and Development of the Bengali Language. SS 515 (2) cf. ibid (S. K. Chatterji ) $ 617.

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khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 385 jAnevAlI kisI phArasI bolI ke prabhAva se ( jisameM 'svaza' ke samAna koI zabda rahA hogA, kyoMki prAcIna phArasI meM yahI zabda milatA hai ) bhAratavarSa meM 'yaza' zabda kA pracAra huA hogA aura phira 'kSaza' ke 'kSa' kA 'cha' ho gayA hogaa| azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM chaH ke liye 'cha' (rUpanAtha-"cha bacare"), 'sA' (sahasarAma-"sa-vacale, sa-paMnnA" ), 'za' ( uttara-pazcima aura kAlasI ) tathA 'saDu' (dehalI, sivalika aura meraTha-"saDuvIsati" ) rUpa pAe jAte haiN| apabhraMza meM bhI prAkRta se AyA huA 'cha' hI rUpa pAyA jAtA hai| isI rUpa se khar3I bolI kA 'chaH' banA hai| pUrvI hiMdI, siMdhI tathA gujarAtI meM 'cha' hI milatA hai| khar3I bolI kA 'cha:' uccAraNa meM siMdhI ke 'chaha' tathA marAThI ke 'sahA' ke samAna hai| isa zabda kI utpatti prAkRta ke 'chasa' yA 'chaha' se huI jAna par3atI hai| saM0 sapta > prA0 satta, apa0 satta > kha0 bo0 sAta / saM0 aSTa > prA0 aTTha > apa0 aTTha > kha0 bo0 aatth| saM0 nava > prA0 nabha, Na, nava > apa0 Nava, nava > kha0 bo0 nau| (1) "Could the typically Iranian <- xsvas > have been borrowed or blended with the Indian sas--in an old Indo-Aryan frontier dialect in the form-ksas-ksak x x x x And ksak could, very well, be the source of-cha, chaa-, with the North-western or Western Mid. Indo-Aryan alteration of <-ke-> to <-ch ->." / 8. K. Chatterji-Origin . & Development of the Bengali Language. 8517. .

Page #401
386 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA saM0 daza > prA0 daha, dasa > apa0 dasa > kha0 bo0 ds| saMsAra kI adhikAMza bhASAoM meM saMkhyAoM ko vyakta karanevAle aMka zUnya se lekara nau taka hI pAe jAte haiM; zeSa aura saba saMkhyAe~ inhIM aMkoM kI sahAyatA se likhI jAtI haiM, jaise 16, 875 ityaadi| para saMkhyAoM kA bodha karAne ke liye jo zabda bole jAte haiM unake mUla rUpa zUnya se lekara nau taka ke zabdoM ke atirikta kucha aura bhI pAe jAte haiN| khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabda, khar3I bolI ke kucha mUla-saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke yoga se nahIM bane haiM; varan, jaisA ki kucha kucha hama dekha cuke haiM, saMskRta ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke prAkRta aura apabhraza se hokara Ae hue rUpa haiN| isaliye hameM saMskRta ke hI saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM meM dekhanA cAhie ki ve mUla zabda kauna se haiM, jinake AdhAra para aura saba zabda bane haiN| saMskRta ke pUrNAMka saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI sUcI para dRSTi DAlane se vidita ho jAyagA ki saMskRta ke mUla pUrNAMkabodhaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabda kevala nimnalikhita hI haiMeka triMzat dvi, dva catvAriMzat tri paJcAzat catur SaSTi paJcan saptati azIti saptan navati aSTana zata navan sahastra dazan viMzati lakSa, lakSA ba prayuta

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kharva khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 387 prayuta koTi jaladhi arbuda aMtya abja madhya parAdha mahApadma zeSa saba yaugika zabda haiM jo inhIM zabdoM kI sahAyatA se bane haiM; jaise-~'ekAdazan' (= eka + dazana); 'dvAdazan' (= dva+dazan), 'ekaviMzati' ( =eka+viMzati ), 'catuHpaJcAzaduttaraM saptazatam' (=catur+paJcAzat + sapta+zata) ityaadi| saMskRta ke zabda prAkRta aura apabhraza se hote hue kisa prakAra khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gae haiM yahI mAge dikhAyA jaaygaa| saM0 ekAdaza > prA0 egAraha, ekArasa, eprAraha > apa0 egAraha / khar3I bolI meM varNa-viparyaya hokara apabhraMza ke 'eggAraha' se 'gaeprAraha' aura phira usase 'gyAraha' yA 'gyArA' ho gayA hai athavA 'eggAraha' ke Adi ke 'e' aura 'ga' kA lopa hokara 'ga' aura 'a' ke bIca meM 'ya' kA prAgama ho jAne se 'gyAraha' bana gayA hai, yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA / pUrvI hiMdI meM 'igAraha', 'egyAraha' aura 'igyAraha' aba bhI barAbara prayukta hote haiM jinake Adi ke svara kA nAza nahIM humA hai| isa saMkhyAvAcaka zabda meM hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki saMskRta ke 'za' ke sthAna meM hiMdI meM 'ha' ho gayA hai| saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke dvitIya aura aSTama dazakoM ( arthAt dasa se bIsa taka aura sattara se assI taka ) meM saMskRta ke 'za' aura 'sa' ke sthAna meM gujarAtI, khar3I bolI, brajabhASA, avadhI, bihArI tathA ba~galA bhASAoM meM niyamata: 'ha' pAyA jAtA hai; para

Page #403
388 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA anya dazakoM meM sarvatra nahIM pAyA jaataa| udAharaNArtha-saMskRta ke dvAdaza', 'dvAsaptati' aura 'paJcAzat' ko liijie| khar3I bolI meM ina zabdoM ke kramaza: 'bAraha', 'bahattara' aura 'pacAsa' rUpa pAe nAte haiN| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki 'dvAdaza' aura 'dvAsaptati' ke 'za' aura 'sa' ke sthAna meM hiMdI meM 'ha' ho gayA hai, para 'paJcAzat' ke 'za' kA 'sa' hI raha gayA hai| saM0 dvAdaza > prA0 bAraha > apa0 bAraha > khar3I bolI bAraha, baaraa| pAlI meM 'bArasa' rUpa milatA hai jisameM saMskRta ke 'dvA' ke sthAna meM 'bA' pAyA jAtA hai| tatkAlIna dhvani-parivartana ke niyamoM ke anusAra vaidika saMskRta ke 'dva' ke sthAna meM pAlI meM 'ba' ho jAnA asvAbhAvika pratIta hotA hai| saMbhavataH yaha kisI bAharI bhASA kA prabhAva hogaa| 'bArasa' kA prayoga mAgadhI tathA ardhamAgadhI prAkRtoM meM bhI hotA thA jo pAlI se hI unameM A gayA hogaa| prAcInakAlIna 'dvAdaza' se nikale hue 'dvAdaza' aura 'duvAlasa' zabda bhI kramazaH pAlI aura mAgadho prAkRta meM prayukta hote the| saM0 trayodaza > prA0 teraha > apa0 teraha > kha0 bo0 teraha / saM0 caturdaza > prA0 caudaha > apa0 cauhaha >kha0 bo0 caudaha / saM0 paJcadaza > prA0 paNNaraho, paNNaraha > apa0 paNNaraha > kha0 bo0 paMdraha / pUrvI hiMdI meM 'Na'-yukta (jo aba 'na' ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gayA hai ) rUpa 'panaraha' vartamAna hai| khar3I bolI se milate-julate gujarAtI, siMdhI tathA paMjAbI ke kramaza: 'paMdara', 'paMdaraha~' ( yA paMdhaM ) tathA 'padas' rUpa pAe jAte haiN| (1) " Pali form for twelve is barasa', with-b-for Old Indo-Aryan-dv-which does not seem to be a proper Midland treatment of this group of consonants." S. K. Chatterji-0. and D. of the Bengali Language. 6. 511.

Page #404
khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 386 saM0 SoDaza > prA0 solaha, ardhamAgadho prA0 solasa; apa0 solaha > khar3I bolI solaha / saM0 saptadaza > prA0 sattaraha > apa0 sattaraha > kha0 bo0 satraha / pUrvI hiMdI meM 'savaraha' rUpa milatA hai| saM0 aSTAdaza > prA0 aTThAraha > apa0 aTThAraha > kha0bo0aTThAraha / hama dekhate haiM ki caudaha aura solaha ke atirikta, gyAraha se aTThAraha taka ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke 'da' kA prAkRta tathA apabhraMza meM 'ra' ho gayA hai| khar3I bolI meM bhI vahI paraMparA vartamAna hai| saM0 'caturdaza' meM 'da' ke pUrva 'ra' pahale se hI vartamAna hai jisake kAraNa prAkRta meM 'da' ke sthAna para 'ra' nahIM ho skaa| saM0 'SoDaza' ke 'Da' ke sthAna para prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM 'la' pAyA jAtA hai| khar3I bolI meM bhI yahI 'la' vartamAna hai / pUrvI hiMdI, mAgadhI tathA maithilI meM 'soraha' pAyA jAtA hai jisameM saMskRta ke 'Da' ke sthAna para 'ra' hai| saMbhavata: ina bhASAoM meM 'gyAraha', 'bAraha', 'teraha' Adi ke anukaraNa para 'soraha' rUpa bhI bana gayA hogaa| ___ unnIsa, uMtIsa, utAlIsa, unacAsa, unasaTha, unahattara tathA unnAsI anya saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM se bhinna dUsare hI DhaMga se banAe gae haiN| inake bAdavAle zabdoM ke pahale 'Una' (=kama ) lagAkara ina zabdoM kI racanA kI gaI hai; jaise-eka+Una + viMzati (= eka kama bIsa ) se 'ekonviNshti'| phira Adi ke 'eka' kA lopa ho jAne se eka dUsarA rUpa 'UnaviMzati' bana gyaa| jaisA hama Age dekheMge, saMskRta ke isI 'UnaviMzati' se khar3I bolI kA 'unnIsa' nikalA hai / isa DhaMga se banAe hue anya zabdoM kA ullekha yathAsthAna prAge kiyA jAyagA / (1) eguNaviMsa saMskRta ke ekonaviMzati se sahaja hI meM bana jAtA hai| -sNpaadk|

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360 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ___ unnIsa ke liye saMskRta meM 'UnaviMzati', 'ekAnaviMzati,' 'ekonaviMzati' tathA 'navadazan' zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai| prAkRta meM 'UnaviMzati' kA 'UnavIsai' aura 'ekonaviMzati' kA ekonavIsai' ho gayA hai| ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM 'auNavIsa' tathA 'egUNavIsa' (i) rUpa pAe jAte haiN| apabhraMza meM 'Navaraha', 'Navadaha' tathA 'eguNaviMsa' pAe jAte haiN| khar3I bolI kA unnIsa prAkRta ke 'UnavIsai' se prAyA hai| rAjasthAnI meM apabhraza ke 'eeNaviMsa' se nikalA huA 'ugaNIsa' rUpa pAyA jAtA hai saMbhavataH jisakI mUla-saMskRta kA 'apaguNa(-viMzati)' zabda hai / saM0 vizati > prA0 vIsa, vIsai > apa0 bIsa > kha0 bo0 bosa / saM0 'ekaviMzati' > prA0 'ekavIsA' > apa0 'ekavIsa' > kha0 bo0 'ikosa' / yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki saMskRta ke 'va' kA hiMdI meM _ lopa ho gayA hai| isa niyama kA adhikAra ghosa se cAlIsa na caubIsa aura chabbIsa ko chor3akara ikkIsa se aTThAisa taka ke saba zabdoM para pAyA jAtA hai| ____ saM0 'dvAviMzati' > prA0 'bAvIsA', ardhamAgadhI prA0 'bavisa', 'bAvIsA', 'bAvIsaM'; apa0 'bAvIsa', 'bavIsa' > kha0 bo0 'bAisa' / yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki saMskRta ke 'dvA' kA hiMdI meM 'bA' yA 'vA' raha gayA hai| bAraha, battIsa, bayAlIsa, bAvana, bAsaTha, bahattara, bayAsI, tathA bAnave meM bhI isI prakAra kA parivartana dekhA jAtA hai| ___ saM0 trayoviMzati > prA0 tevIsA, ardhamAgadhI prA0 tevIva, tevIsa, tevIsA; apa0 trevIsa, tevIsa > kha0 bo0 teisa / (1) S. K. Chatterji, O. and D. of the Bengali Lan. guage, Vol. II. 8512.

Page #406
khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 361 saM0 caturvizati > prA0 cauvIsA, ardhamAgadhI prA0 cauvIsa > apa0 cauvIsa > kha0 bo0 caubiis| rAjasthAnI meM bAisa aura teisa ke samAna 'va'-rahita 'cauIsa' zabda milatA hai| saM0 paJcaviMzati > prA0 paMcavIsaM, paMcavIsA, paNavIsA> apa0 pANavIsa, paNavIsa / khar3I bolI meM prAkRta ke 'paMcavIsaM' se milatAjulatA 'paccIsa' rUpa hotA hai| ___ saM0 SaDaviMzati > prA0 chabbIsA, ardha-mAgadhI prA0 chavosa > apa0 chabbIsa > kha0 bo0 chbbos| rAjasthAnI meM 'va'-rahita 'khAisa' hI rUpa milatA hai| saM0 saptaviMzati > ardhamA0 prAkRta sattAvIsA, sattavIsa >prA0 sattAvIsA > apa0 sattAvIsa > kha0 bo0 sattAisa / ___ saM0 aSTAviMzati > ardhamA0 prAkRta DAvIsa, prA0 aTThAvIsA> apa0 aTThAvIsa, aTavIsa; kha0 bo0 aTThAisa / saM0 Unatrizat, ekonatriMzata > adhamA0 prA0 auNacIsa, prA0 auNattIsA> apa0 uNattAsa > kha0 bo0 utiis| rAjasthAnI meM saMskRta ke 'ekonatriMzat' se banA huA 'guNAtIsa' rUpa vartamAna hai| saM0 triMzat > ardhamA0 prA0 tIsA, prA0 tIsA > apa0 tIsa > kha0 bo0 tiis| saM0 ekatriMzat > ardhamA0 prA0 ikattIsa, prA0 ikatIsA> apa0 ekatrisa >kha0 bo0 ekatIsa / pUrvI hiMdI tathA maithilI meM 'ekatisa' rUpa milatA hai| ___saM0 dvAtriMzat > ardhamA0 prA0 battIsa, prA0 battosA > apa0 bAtrisa > kha0 bo0 battosa / saM0 trayastriMzat > ardhamA0 prA0 tettIsa, prA0 tettIsA>apa0 tetrisa > gva0 bo0 tetiis|

Page #407
392 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA __ saM0 catustriMzat > ardhamA0 prA0 cauttIsa, prA0 cAttIsA > prapa0 cautrisa, cautIsa > kha0 bo0 cautIsa, paitisa / saM0 paJcatriMzat > amA0 prA0 paNatIsa, prA0 paMcavIsA, paNatIsA > apa0 paNatrisa, pA~trisa, paiautisa, paiMtisa > kha0 bo0 paiMtIsa, paiNtis| paMjAbI aura rAjasthAnI meM 'paiMtI' tathA gujarAtI meM 'triza' rUpa hote haiN| ___ saM0 SaTtriMzat > ardhamA0 prA0 chatrIsa, prA0 chattIsA, apa0 chatrisa, SaTatrIsa > kha0 bo0 chattIsa / saM. saptatriMzat > prA0 sattatIsA > apa0 sattatIsa > kha0 bo0 saiNtiis| yahA~ khar3I bolI meM anusvAra kA Agama ho jAnA dhyAna dene ke yogya hai| saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza kisI meM anusvAra nahIM hai, phira yaha hiMdI meM kahA~ se A gayA ? taitIsa, caiAMtIsa, saiMtIsa, teMtAlIsa, saiMtAlIsa, causaTha aura chA~chaTha meM bhI isI prakAra anusvAra kA pAgama ho gayA hai| __saMbhavataH yaha paiMtIsa, paiMtAlIsa tathA paiMsaTha Adi ( jinameM saMskRta ke 'm' ke kAraNa hiMdI meM anunAsika uccAraNa ho gayA hai) ke anukaraNa kA phala hai| ____ saM0 aSTAtriMzat > ardhamA0 prAkRta aTThattIsa, advatIsa, prA0 advatIsa > apa0 aThatrIsa > kha0 bo0 ar3atIsa / saM0 UnacatvAriMzat, ekonacatvAriMzat ityAdi > adhamA0 prA0 unacAlisa, egUNacattAlIsa, prA0 auNacatAlIsA > apa0 eguNa cAlIsa; kha0 bo0 utAlIsa; rAjasthAnI guNatAlIma, mevAr3I guMNacAlIsa, guNatAlIsa tathA guNyAlIza / (1) 8. K. Chatterji, O. and D. of the Bengali Language. 8613.

Page #408
khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 363 saM0 catvAriMzat > ardhamA0 prA0 cattAlIsa, prA. cattAlIsA > apa0 cAlIsa > kha0 bo0 cAlIsa / khar3I bolI ke 'cAlIsa' meM prAkRta ke 'ta' kA lopa ho gayA hai, para jahA~ 'cAlIsa' ke sAtha dUsare zabdoM kI saMdhi huI hai vahA~ prAyaH sarvatra yaha 'tta' vartamAna hai aura 'ca' kA lopa ho gayA hai| 'unatAlisa' meM hama 'ca' kA lopa aura 'ta' kI sthiti dekha cuke haiM aura 'ekatAlIsa', 'teMtAlIsa', 'paiMtAlIsa', 'saiMtAlIsa' tathA 'ar3atAlIsa' meM phira Age dekheNge| yahA~ eka bAta dhyAna dene kI aura bhI hai ki ina zabdoM meM vidyamAna 'la' saMskRta ke zabdoM meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| khar3I bolI meM yaha apabhraMza tathA prAkRta se AyA hai; aura prAkRta meM yaha saMskRta ke 'ra' ke sthAna meM prA gayA hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki yaha 'la' ina zabdoM meM lupta ho jAnevAle 'ca' ke sthAna para A gayA hai| para yaha anumAna ThIka nahIM jAna pdd'taa| jaba hiMdI kI mUla bhASAoM arthAt apabhraMza aura prAkRta ke zabdoM meM 'la' vartamAna hai taba khIMcatAna karake hiMdI ke zabdoM ko sIdhe saMskRta ke zabdoM se milAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| saM0 ekacatvAriMzat :- prA0 ekcttaalosaa| prAkRta ke isa zabda se 'ca' kA lopa karake 'ekaattAlIsa' kI kalpanA bhASA vijJAna-vettAnoM ne kI hai, aura phira usase ekatAlIsa-sATha khar3I bolI kA 'ekatAlIsa' rUpa nikAlA hai| siMdhI bhASA meM 'ekatAlIha' zabda aba bhI vartamAna hai jo 'ekaya. tAlIha' kA saMkucita rUpa jAna par3atA hai| ataH 'ekamattAlIsa' kI kalpanA korI kalpanA hI nahIM hai| apabhraMza meM bhI 'ekatAlIsa' hI milatA hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA kathana hai ki pahale 'ta' kA lopa ho gayA hai, jaisA ki 'cAlIsa' meM pAyA jAtA hai| bAda meM 'ca' ke sthAna para 'ta' hokara 'ekatAlIsa' banA hai|

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364 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA isa mata ke mAnanevAloM ne 'ekatAlIsa' kI utpatti nIce likhe hue DhaMga se mAnI hai saM0 ekacatvAriMzat > prA0 ekacattAlIsA > ekacAlIsa > ekacAlIsa > apa0 ekatAlIsa > kha0 bo0 ekatAlIsa / / para isa prakAra 'ca' kA 'ta' ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAnA kisI pramANa athavA kisI anya udAharaNa se siddha nahIM hotaa| ata: hama pahale dI huI vyutpatti ko hI ThIka mAnate haiN| teMtAlIsa, paiMtAlIsa, saiMtAlIsa tathA ar3atAlIsa bhI ekatAlIsa hI ke samAna bane haiN| bayAlIsa, cauvAlIsa tathA chiyAlIsa meM 'ca' ke sAtha 'ta' kA bhI lopa ho gayA hai| ye lopa aura Agama hiMdI meM nahIM hue haiM varan jina prAkRta-zabdoM se hiMdI ke zabda Ae haiM unhIM meM ho cuke the| Age dI huI ina uparyukta zabdoM kI vyutpatti ko dekhane se yaha kathana spaSTa rUpa se samajha meM A jaaygaa| saM0 dvicatvAriMzat, dvAcatvAriMzat > prA0 bAyAlosa > apa0 biMtAlIsa, baitAlIsa; kha0 bo0 bayAlIsa, bayAlisa / ___ saM0 tricatvAriMzat, traya:catvAriMzat > ardhamA0 prA0 teyAlosa, prA0 tecattAlosa; apa0 trayAlosa > kha0 bo0 teMtAlIsa / rAjasthAnI aura mevAr3I meM kramaza: 'tayA~lIsa' aura 'tiyAlIsa' pAe jAte haiN| saM0 catuzcatvAriMzat > prA0 cauccattAlIsA, ardhamA0 prA0 cauyAlIsa, coyAlIsa > apa0 coyAlIsa > kha0 bo0 cauvaalos| saM0 paJcacatvAriMzat > ardhamA0 prA0 paNayAlIsa, prA0 paJcacattAlIsA > apa0 paNatAlisa, pAMtAlIsa > kha0 bo0 paiMtAlosa / __ saM0 SaTcatvAriMzat > prA0 chaccattAlIsA, ardhamA0 prA0 chAyAlosa> apa0 chaihaitAlIsa; kha0 bo0 chiyAlIsa /

Page #410
khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 3-85 saM0 saptacatvAriMzat > ardhamA0 prA0 sAyAlIsa, sattacattAlIsa, sAcAlIsa, prA0 sattacattAlIsA > grapa0 satatAlIsa > kha0 bo0 saiMtAlIsa saM0 aSTAcatvAriMzat, aSTacatvAriMzat > ardhamA0 prA0 zrar3hayAla, ar3hayAlIsa, aTThacattAlIsa, prA0 aTThacattAlIsA > apa0 aTThatAlIsa > kha0 bo0 ar3atAlIsa | saM0 ekonapaJcAzat, UnapaJcAzat ityAdi > ardhamA0 prA0 egUNapaNyAsa, uNapaNa > prA0 UNapaMcAsA > apa0 uguNapacAsa / prAkRta ke 'UNa paMcAsA ' se 'pa' ke lupta ho jAne se khar3I bolI tathA pUrvI hiMdI ke 'unacAsa' aura 'onacAsa' Adi zabda bane haiM 1 yaha 'pa' kA lopa vaisA hI hai jaisA hama 'uMtAlIsa' meM 'ca' kA dekha cuke haiN| ba~galA ke 'unapaMcAsa' meM gujarAtI ke 'ogaNapacAsa', paMjAbI ke 'uvaMjA' yA 'ugaMjA' meM prAkRta kA 'paMcAsA' rUpa, pUrNa yA saMkSipta rUpa meM vartamAna hai| paMjAbI aura siMdho meM to 'pacAsa' ke yoga se bane hue prAyaH sabhI zabdoM meM 'paMcAsA' kA AbhAsa pAyA jAtA hai; jaise-- paMjAbA 'viraMjA tiravaMjA' sidhI 'TrevajAha' ( = 53 ) ; paMjAbI 'cevaMjA, cuvaMjA', siMdhI 'cAvaMjAha' ( = 54 ); paMjAbI 'paMjavaMjA', sidhI 'paMcavaMjAha' ( = 55 ) ; paMjAbI 'chipaMjA, chivaMjA', siMdhI 'chavaMjAha' ( = 56 ), ityAdi / saM0 paJcAzata > prA0 paNNAsA, paMcAsa > apa0 pacAsa > kha0 bo0 pacAsa | (1) prAkRta meM yoM to pacAsa ke liye prAyaH saMskRta ke 'paJcAzat' se bane hue 'paNNAsA' ( dekhie -- vararuci-kRta prAkRtaprakAza, adhyAya 3 44va sUtra ) kA hI prayoga hotA hai, para usameM dUsarA rUpa 'paMcAsa' bhI pAyA jAtA hai / isI 'paMcAsa' meM 'Una' ke yoga se 'UNapaMcAsA' aura 'UNavacAsA' bana gae haiM /

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366 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA saM0 ekapaJcAzat >prA0 ekAvaNNaM, ekkAvaNNa > apa0 ekAvana > kha0 bo0 ikyAvana / yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki paJcAzat > prA0 paNNAsA, paMcAsa ke sthAna meM khar3I bolI meM kevala 'vana' raha gayA hai (ikyAvana = ikyA > eka+ vn)| 'paJcAzat' kA yaha rUpaparivartana prAkRta-kAla meM hI ho gayA thA jo 'ekkAvaNNa', 'bAvapaNa', 'paNapaNNa' tathA 'chappaNaM Adi rUpoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| yaugika saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM meM hiMdI meM saMskRta ke 'paMcAzat' ke sthAna para 'vana' ( ikyAvana, bAvana ityAdi ) tathA 'pana' ( tirapana, pacapana ityAdi ) do rUpa pAe jAte haiN| Age dI huI ina zabdoM kI vyutpatti ke prasaMga meM hama dekheMge ki prAkRta ke jina zabdoM meM 'vaNNa' huA hai, unameM hiMdI meM 'vana' ho gayA hai| saM0 dvipaJcAzata, dvApaJcAzat > prA0 bAvaNNaM, ardhamAgadhI prA0 bAvaNNa > apa0 bAvana > kha0 bo0 bAvana / saM0 tripaJcAzata, trayaHpaJcAzat > prA0 tevaNNa, ardhamA0 prA0 tevaNNa > apa0 trepana / prAkRta ke inhIM zabdoM se rAjasthAnI kA 'vepana' banA hai| para bhAratavarSa kI prAya: anya sabhI Arya-bhASAoM meM 'tirapana' ke vAcaka zabdoM meM 'e pAyA jAtA hai| rAjasthAnI meM bhI dUsarA rUpa 'tarepana' hotA hai jisameM 'ra' vidyamAna hai| kucha anya bhASAoM ke zabda ye haiM-pUrvI hiMdI 'tirapana'; gujarAtI 'nepana'; marAThI 'bepn'| bImsa mahAzaya kA mata hai ki yaha 'ra' kevala uccAraNa meM dhore dhIre A gayA hai, mUla zabda prAkRta kA 'tevaNNa' hI hai| para misTara hArnale kA mata isake viparIta hai / unakA kahanA hai ki ina zabdoM ke banane se pahale apabhraMza meM 'trippaNNaM' zabda avazya rahA hogaa| hiMdI bhASA ke vyAkaraNa para eka (.) dekhie-hAnale kI Grammar of the Ganudian Languages, pR0 256, 6. 397.

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khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 367 vizAla graMtha ke lekhaka misTara kelAga kA bhI mata yahI hai ki yaha 'e saMskRta ke 'tripaJcAzat' ke 'ra' kA avazeSa hai| isI prakAra kA 'ra' 'tirasaTha', 'tirAsI', 'caurAsI' tathA 'tirAnave' Adi meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, jo ina zabdoM meM kramazaH saMskRta ke 'triSaSTi', 'azIti'. 'caturaazIti' tathA 'trinavati' se AyA hai| ata: 'trippaNNaM' kI kalpanA nirAdhAra nahIM jAna pdd'tii| isI 'trippaNNaM' se hI khar3I bolI kA 'tirapana' banA hogA jisake liye kucha loga 'bepana' bhI bolate haiN| ____ saM0 catuHpaJcAzat > prA0 cauppaNNa, ardhamA0 prA0 cau. vaNNa > apa0 copana > kha0 bo0 cauvana / rAjasthAnI aura mevAr3I meM apabhraMza ke samAna 'copana' rUpa milatA hai| saM0 paJcapaJcAzat > prA0 paMcAvaNNA > ardhamA0 prA0 paNapaNNa, paNavaNNA tathA pnnvnnN| apabhraMza meM 'pacavana' rUpa pAyA jAtA hai jisase mevAr3I kA 'pacA~vana' tathA rAjasthAnI kA 'pacAvana' bane haiN| khar3I bolI kA 'pacapana' prAkRta ke 'paJcapaNNa' ke AdhAra para banA hogaa| apabhraMza ke pacavana' se nikale hue 'paMcAvana' kA prayoga aba bhI pUrvI hiMdI meM hotA hai| saM0 SaTpaJcAzat > prA0 chappaNNA - apa0 chappana > kha0 bo0 chappana / saM0 saptapaJcAzat > prA0 sattAvaNNA, sattAvaNNa > apa0 sattAvana > kha0 bo0 sattAvana / saM0 aSTapaJcAzat, aSTApaJcAzat > prA0 aTThavaNNaM, ardhamA0 prA0 ATThavaNNa > apa0 aTThAvana > kha0 bo0 aTThAvana / (1) dekhie-kelAga Language, 8 248. kI Grammar of the Hindi

Page #413
36 kha0 kA nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA saM0 ekonaSaSTi, UnaSaSTi > prA0 egUNasaTTa, aupaTTi > apa0 uguNasaTTha > kha0 bo0 unstth| sATha-assI saM0 SaSTi > prA0 saTThI > apa0 saTThi > kha0 bo0 saatth| saM0 ekaSaSTi > prA0 ekkasaTThi > apa0 ekasaTThi > kha0 bo0 ekstth| ____ saM0 dviSaSTi, dvASaSTi > prA0 bAsaTThi > apa0 bAsaTThi > kha0 bo0 baastth| ___ saM0 trayaHSaSTi, triSaSTi > prA0 tesaTThi > apa0 tresaTTi, tresaThi > kha0 bo0 tirstth| ___ saM0 catuSSaSTi > prA0 cosahi > apa0 cAsaThi, causaTThi, causaThi > kha. bo0 causaTha / saM0 paJcaSaSTi > prA0 paMcasaTThi, ardhamA0 prA0 paNNaDhi, paNasaddhi > apa0 paNasadvi, pAMsaThi > kha0 bo0 paiNstth| saM0 SaTSaSTi > prA0 chAsaTThi > apa0 chAsaTThi > kha0 bo0 chiyaastth| 'causaTha', 'paiMsaTha' prAdi ke anukaraNa para hI khar3I bolI meM 'chiyAsaTha' bana gayA hai| pUrvI hiMdI meM 'chA~chaThi', marAThI meM 'sAsaSTa', siMdhI meM 'chAhaThi', paMjAbI meM 'chiyAhada' tathA baMgalA meM 'chAsaThi' rUpa hote haiN| saM0 saptaSaSTi > prA0 sattasaTThI, sattasaTThi > prapa0 satcasaTThi > kha0 bo0 sdd'stth| pUrvI hiMdI meM 'sarasaThi', 'sar3asaThi' tathA 'savasaThi'; marAThI meM 'satasaSTa', 'sadasaSTa', ur3iyA meM 'satasaThi'; ba~galA meM 'sAtasaThi'; rAjasthAnI meM 'sar3asaTa' tathA paMjAbI meM 'savAhaT' rUpa hote haiN| saM0 aSTASTi, aSTaSaSTi > prA0 aThThasaTTho, aTusaTTho, aDhaTThi > apa0 aTThasaTThi > kha0 bo0 ar3asaTha /

Page #414
khar3o bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 366 saM0 ekonasaptati, unasaptati ityAdi . ardhamA0 prA0 araNattari, eguNasattari, prA. egUNasattari > apa0 uguNasattari > kha0 bo0 unhttr| Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki dvitIya aura aSTama dazakoM meM anya zabdoM ke yoga se khar3I bolI ke 'sattara' kA 'sa', 'ha' ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| isI niyama ke anusAra ikahattara, bahattara, tihattara Adi bane haiN| rAjasthAnI meM prAkRta ke 'bAvattari', 'tevattari', 'covattari' Adi se milate-julate 'ikattara', 'bavattara' yA 'chiyaMtara', 'sataMtara' tathA 'iThaMtara' milate haiM jinameM 'ha' vartamAna nahIM hai| para isase yaha na samajhanA cAhie ki khar3I bolI meM prA jAnevAlA yaha 'ha' AdhunikakAlIna pravRtti kA phala hai| ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke kucha rUpoM (paMcahattari, sattahattara tathA aTThahattara ) meM bhI saMskRta-zabdoM (pakSasaptati, saptasaptati tathA praSTasaptati) ke 'sa' kA 'ha' ke rUpa meM parivartana pAyA jAtA hai| ___ paMjAbI, siMdhI tathA marAThI meM bhI 'ha' hI pAyA jAtA hai; jaise'ikahattara' ( paMjAbI ); 'ikahatari' (siMdhI ); 'ikahattara' (marAThI) / yahA~ hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki saMskRta ke 'saptati' ke aMtima 'ta' ke sthAna meM khar3I bolo meM 'ra' ho gayA hai| 'ta' ke sthAna meM 'e prAcIna kAla meM hI hone lagA thaa| pAlI bhASA meM 'sattati' aura 'sattari' donoM rUpa pAe jAte haiN| bhASA-vijJAna-vettAoM kA anumAna hai ki 'ta' ke sthAna meM pahale 'Ta' huA hogA, phira 'Ta' kA 'Da' humA hogA aura tatpazcAt 'Da' ke sthAna meM 'ra' humA hogaa| isa prakAra 'saptati' > 'sattati' > 'sattaTi' > 'sattaDi' > 'sattari', 'sttr| saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke dvitIya dazaka meM bhI 'Da' > 'da' kA 'ra' ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAnA hama pahale dekha cuke haiM (ekAdaza > emADasa > gyAraha; paJcadaza > paNNaDasa > paMdraha ityaadi)|

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nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA saM0 saptati > prA0 sattarI, sattari > apa0 sattari > bo0 sattara / saM0 ekasaptati > prA0 ekkasattari > apa0 ikotarai / khar3I bolI meM prAkRta se milatA-julatA 'ikahattara' rUpa pAyA jAtA hai jisakA bolacAla meM prAyaH 'ikhattara' ke samAna uccAraNa hotA hai / isakA kAraNa yahI hai ki jaldI meM 'ka' ke pazcAt 'ha' kA uccAraNa karane se donoM milakara 'kha' ke samAna pratIta hote haiM / apa0 bahutari, 400 kha0 saM0 dvisaptati, dvAsaptati > prA0 vAsanttari > behatara, bahutari, bahatari, bahattara > kha0 bo0 bahattara / prA0 tesattari > apa0 tevattari saM0 trayaHsaptati, trisaptati > kha0 bo0 tihattara / saM0 caturasaptati > prA0 cosattari > apa0 caiAvattari > kha0 bo0 cauhattara | saM0 paJcasaptati > prA0 paMcasattari > apa paMcattari > bo0 pacahattara, jo bolacAla meM prAya: 'pachattara' ho jAtA hai / isakA kAraNa 'ca' aura 'ha' kA milakara 'cha' ho jAnA hai / saM0 SaTsaptati > prA0 chAsattari > apa0 chAvattari > kha0 bo0 chihattara, chiyattara / saM0 saptasaptati > prA0 sattasattari > apa0 sattattari kha0 bo0 satattara, satahattara / saM0 aSTAsaptati, aSTasaptati > prA0 aTThasattari praThovara, aTThottara > kha0 bo0 aThattara / saM0 ekonAzIti, UnAzIti uguNAsI > kha0 bo0 unAsI / prA0 eguNasIi > apa0 rAjasthAnI meM guNyAsI tathA mevAr3I meM guNiyAzI rUpa hote haiM jo prAkRta ke eguNasIi se milate-julate haiM / Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat > apa0 www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 401 saM. azoti > prA0 AsII, asIi > apa0 asI >kha0 bo0 assI / ___ saM0 ekAzoti >prA0 ekkAsII, ekAsIi > apa0 ikayAsI > kha0 bo0 ikyaasii| saM0 dvayazoti > prA0 bAsIi> apa0 bAyAsI>kha0 bo0 byaasii| saM0 vyazoti >prA0 treyAsI > apa0 treyAsI > kha0 bo. tiraasii| 'tirapana' ke saMbaMdha meM likhate samaya Upara batAyA jA cukA hai ki 'tirAsI' kA 'ra' saMskRta se hI prAyA hai ataH yahA~ para usa vyutpatti ko duharAne kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| saM0 caturazoti >prA0 caTarAsI, caurAsI, caurAsIi > apa0 caurAsI > kha0 bo0 caurAsI / saM0 paJcAzIti : prA0 paMcAsIi > apa0 paMcAsI> kha0 bo0 pcaasii| saM0 SaDazIti > prA0 chAsoi > apa0 chayAsI > kha0 bo0 chiyaasii| saMskRta ke 'Da' ke sthAna meM 'a' tathA bAda meM 'a' ke sthAna meM 'ya' ho jAne se 'chiyAsI' rUpa bana gayA hai| saM0 saptAzoti >prA0 sattAsIi > prapa0 sattAsI>kha0 bo0 sttaasii| saM0 aSTAzIti > prA0 aTThAsIi > apa0 aTThAsI>kha0 bo0 atttthaasii| saM0 navAzIti, ekonanavati ityAdi > prA0 navAsIi >apa0 navAsI >kha0 bo0 nvaasii| saMskRta meM ekonanavati kA prayoga bahuta kama hotA hai, para ardhamAgadhI prAkRta meM usase nikalA huA 'egRNaNaui' hI prayukta hotA hai| yahA~ para eka bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai| saMskRta zabdoM meM viMzati

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402 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA triMzat, catvAriMzat, paJcAzat, SaSTi, saptati tathA azIti ke Thoka pahalevAle zabda, ina zabdoM ke pUrva 'Una' kA prayoga karake banAe gae haiM; jaise--'UnaviMzati', 'unatriMzat' ityaadi| para 'navAzIti' 'nava' aura 'azIti' ke yoga se banA hai| 'Una' aura 'navati' ke yoga se bane hue 'Unanavati' kA prayoga saMskRta meM bahuta kama pAyA jAtA hai| Age hama dekheMge ki 'navAzIti' ke samAna saMskRta kA 'navanavati' (= EUREUR) bhI banA hai| inhIM do zabdoM se utpanna hone ke kAraNa 'navAsI' aura 'ninnAnabe', 'unnIsa,' 'utIsa', 'uMtAlIsa' Adi ke samAna 'una'-yukta nahIM pAe jAte haiN| saM0 navati > prA0 naue > apa0 Na ui| khar3I bolI meM 'nabbe'; ur3iyA meM 'nabe, ba~galA meM 'nabbai', marAThI meM 'navvada', siMdhI meM 'nave', paMjAbI meM 'navve, nabbe' rUpa milate haiN| vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki ina saba zabdoM ke mUla meM prAkRta kA 'navvae' zabda rahA hogaa| saM0 ekanavati > prA0 ekANabaI > apa0 ekAnave >kha0 bo0 ikyaanbe| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki 'A' ho gayA hai| 'ma' kA isa prakAra dIrgha ho jAnA 'nabbe' ke yoga se bane hue sabhI zabdoM (ikyAnabe, bAnabe, virAnabe Adi ) meM dekhA jAtA hai| DAkTara sunItikumAra caiTarjI ne isakA kAraNa 'ikyAsI'< saM0 'ekAzIti', 'pacAsI' < saM0 'paMcAzIti' tathA 'sattAsI' < saM0 'saptAzoti' kA anukaraNa batalAyA hai| para vAstava meM yaha anukaraNa naveM dazaka ke zabdoM kA nahIM hai, varan dasaveM dazaka meM hI pAe jAnevAle 'bAnave' tathA 'aTThAnave' kA hai jinameM saMskRta ke kramaza: 'dvAnavati' tathA 'bhraSTAnavati' se hI 'mA' A gayA hai / 'a' kA isa prakAra dIrgha ho jAnA prAdhunikakAlIna prAyaH sabhI bhAratIya mArya-bhASAoM ke (1) dekhie-S. K. Chatterji, $530.

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khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 403 zabdoM meM pAyA jAtA hai; jaise--ba~galA 'ikAna( ba )i', marAThI 'ikyANNava' (=61), gujarAtI 'nayAD' (=68) / saM0 dvAnavati > prA0 vANaui > apa0 bAnave > kha0 bo0 baanbe| saM0 yonavati, trinavati , prA0 teNaui > apa0 trANu > kha0 bo0 tiraanbe| 'tirAnabe' meM vartamAna 'ra', saMskRta ke 'tra' se hI AyA hai| 'tri' kA 'tira' ke samAna uccAraNa karane kI pravRtti aba bhI jana-sAdhAraNa meM hama dekhate haiM; jaise-'trizula' kA 'tirazUla' / saM0 caturnavati > prA0 cauNaui > apa0 caurAnave > kha0 bo0 cauraanbe| isa zabda kA 'ra' bhI saMskRta ke hI 'ra' se pAyA hai| saM0 paMcanavati > prA0 paMcANaui > apa0 paMcAnave > kha0 bo0 paMcAnabe / prAcIna rAjasthAnI meM 'paMcANu' rUpa pAyA jAtA hai| saM0 SaNNavati >prA0 chaNNaui > apa0 chA~Nave > kha0 bo0 chAnabe, chiyaanbe| prAcIna rAjasthAnI meM 'chANu' rUpa hotA hai| saM0 saptanavati > prA0 sattaNa ui > apa0 sattAnave > kha0 bo0 sattAnabe / saM0 aSTanavati, aSTAnavati > prA0 aTThANa ui > apa0 aTThAnave > kha0 bo0 atttthaanbe| prAcIna rAjasthAnI meM 'aTThANuM' aura 'aTThANUM' rUpa hote haiN| saM0 navanavati > prA0 navANavvaI, navanaui > apa0 navANave > kha0 bo0 ninaanve| prAcIna rAjasthAnI meM 'navANuM', siMdhI meM 'navAnave, marAThI meM 'navyANNava' tathA baMgalA meM 'nivAnavvaI' rUpa pAe jAte haiN| prAkRta zabda ke prathama 'va' ke sthAna para khar3I bolI meM 'na' ho gayA hai; athavA yaha 'na' paMjAbI 'naDinavve' yA 'naDinna' meM ke' ke sthAna para A gayA hogaa|

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA saM0 zata > prA0 sata, saya, sAgra > apa0 sau > kha0 bo0 1 Upara kahA gayA hai ki 'sau' ke liye 'sai' kA bhI prayoga hotA hai jo prAkRta ke 'saya' rUpa se nikalA hai I misTara kelAga ne apane Grammar of the Hindi Language meM isa zabda ko prAkRta ke 'sayana' se nikalA huA mAnA hai| 1 unakA kathana hai ki saMskRta ke 'zatam' se prAkRta meM 'sayana' banA hogA, aura phira 'sayana' se 'sai' bana gayA hai / para 'sayana' kI apekSA 'saya' se 'sai' kA udbhava honA adhika saMbhava jAna par3atA hai / sau se Upara jisa prakAra khar3I bolI meM saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI racanA kI jAtI hai usakA ullekha Upara kiyA jA cukA hai| jina saMkhyAoM ke vizeSa nAma haiM ve bhI Upara batAe jA cuke haiN| Age unakI utpatti ke saMbaMdha meM vicAra kiyA jAyagA / 404 khar3I bolI meM dasa sau ke liye prAyaH 'haz2Ara' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai | yaha phArasI bhASA kA zabda hai jo anya bahuta se phArasI ke zabdoM ke samAna hiMdI bhASA meM A gayA hai / 'haz2Ara' ke liye saMskRta ke tatsama zabda 'sahasra' kA bhI prayoga khar3I bolI meM hotA hai / khar3I bolI ne prAkRta ke 'sahassa' (< saM0 sahasra ) ke AdhAra para banA huA koI zabda grahaNa nahIM kiyA hai, para pUrvI hiMdI meM 'sahassa' se nikale hue 'sahasa' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai / aisA jAna par3atA hai ki musalamAnoM ke bhAratavarSa meM Ane ke samaya yahA~ kI AryabhASAoM kI bolacAla meM 'dazazata' ke samAna kisI yaugika zabda kA prayoga adhikatA se hone lagA thA, aura usa samaya sAhitya meM vyavahRta 'sahasa' tathA 'sahassa' ko loga bhUla se gae the| usI samaya unheM phArasI kA prayaugika 'haz2Ara' zabda milA, jise pahale uttarapazcima kI boliyoM ne grahaNa kiyA hogA aura tatpazcAt dhIre dhIre anya boliyoM meM bhI usakA prayoga hone lagA hogA /

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khar3o bolo ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 405 khar3I bolI kA 'lAkha' prAkRta ke 'lakkha' < saM0 lakSa, lakSA se pAyA hai| kha0 bo0 karor3a, kar3or3a < prA0 koDi < saM0 koTi / kha0 bo0 arba, araba < saM0 arbuda / kha0 bo0 kharba, kharaba < saM0 kharva / khar3I bolI ke 'nIla' se milatA-julatA saMskRta meM koI zabda nahIM hai| nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki yaha zabda kahA~ se pAyA hai| saMbhavata: yaha zabda kisI anya bhASA se AyA hogaa| kha0 bo0 padma < saM0 mahApadma / kha0 bo0 zaMkha < saM0 zaMku / araba, kharaba, padma aura zaMkha ke saMbaMdha meM eka vizeSa bAta dhyAna dene kI hai ki ye zabda jina saMkhyAoM kA kucha zabdoM kI / "bodha karAne ke liye prayukta hote haiM una saMskRta ke zabdoM se artha. saMkhyAoM ke liye ina zabdoM ke mUla saMskRtabhinnatA zabda nahIM prayukta hote| nIce die hue vivaraNa se isa kathana kA spaSTIkaraNa ho jaaygaa| saMskRta ke zabda khar3I bolI ke zabda zata = sau sahasra = hajAra ( = 10 sau ) ayuta dasa hajAra lakSa, latA = lAkha ( = 100 hajAra ) prayuta dasa lAkha koTi = karor3a ( = 100 lAkha ) arbuda = dasa karor3a abja = araba ( = 100 karor3a)

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406 kharva..... nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA dasa araba = mahApadma zaMku jaladhi aMtya = = = madhya kharaba ( = 100 araba) dasa kharaba nIla ( = 100 kharaba) dasa nIla. padma, paduma ( = 100 nIla ) dasa padma zaMkha ( = 100 padma) dasa zaMkha mahAzaMkha ( = 100 zaMkha) parArdha = Upara likheM hue zabda kramaza: apane se pahalevAle zabda kI dasa gunI saMkhyA kA bodha karAte haiN| saMskRta aura khar3I bolI ke zabdoM kI tulanA karane se vidita hotA hai ki jisa saMkhyA ko khar3I bolI meM 'dasa karor3a' kaheMge vaha saMskRta meM 'abuMda' kahI jAtI hai| saMskRta ke 'arbuda' se nikalA huA khar3I bolI kA 'arba' yA 'araba', arbuda se dasa gunI adhika saMkhyA arthAt 'abja' kA bodha karAtA hai| isI prakAra saMskRta ke 'kharva' se nikale hue khar3I bolI ke 'kharaba' se saMskRta ke 'mahApadma' kA, tathA saMskRta ke mahApadma se nikale hue khar3I bolI ke 'padma' se saMskRta ke 'madhya' kA bodha hotA hai| saMskRta ke 'zaMku' se nikalA huA khar3I bolI kA 'zaMkha' to saMskRta ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI sImA ko hI lA~gha gayA hai| misTara kelAga ne apane Grammar of the Hindi Language meM hiMdI ke saMkhyAvAcakoM kI sUcI dete hue 'paraba'ko 'dasa karor3a ke barAbara mAnA hai|

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khar3o bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 407 isa prakAra mAna lene se khar3I bolI kA 'araba' saMskRta ke 'prabuMda' ke barAbara ho jaaygaa| para hiMdI meM 'arava' sau karor3a ke barAbara mAnA jAtA hai| jAna par3atA hai, kelAga mahAzaya likhate samaya bhUla kara gae haiN| ___ yadi khar3I bolI ke 'araba', 'kharaba', 'padma' aura 'zaMkha' ko unake mUla saMskRta ke rUpoM ( arthAt kramazaH 'arbuda, kharva', 'mahApadma' aura 'zaMku' ) ke hI barAbara mAneM to hiMdI meM karor3a ke bAda saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kA krama nimnalikhita DhaMga para rakhanA hogA karor3a ( = saM0 koTi) araba, prarba ( = saM0 arbuda) =10 karor3a dasa araba (=saM0 abja) kharaba (=saM0 kharva) = 100 araba padma, paduma ( = mahApadma) = 10 kharaba zaMkha (= zaMku)= 10 padma arthAt 'dasa karor3a' ke liye 'araba', 'dasa araba' ke liye 'kharaba', 'kharaba ke liye 'padma' tathA 'dasa padma ke liye 'zaMkha' kA prayoga karanA par3egA jo hiMdI meM pracalita saMkhyAvAcakoM ke krama ke anusAra na hogaa| hiMdI meM to araba =100 karor3a, kharaba =100 araba, padma =100 nIla, tathA zaMkha =100 padma / yadi saMskRtavAlA krama hiMdI meM lAyA jAya to hiMdI ke gaNitazAstra tathA hiMdo-bhASA-bhASI janatA kI saMkhyA-saMbaMdhinI dhAraNA meM bar3A ulaTa-phera karane kI prAvazyakatA hogii| phira, yaha bhI prAvazyaka nahIM hai ki saMskRta se Ae hue zabda hiMdI meM bhI

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408 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA usI artha meM prayukta hote haiN| jisa artha meM ve saMskRta meM prayukta hote haiN| ata: yahA~ para itanA samajha lenA hI paryApta hogA ki khar3I bolI ke uparyukta saMkhyAvAcaka zabda saMskRta ke jina zabdoM se nikale haiM unase bhinna artha rakhate haiN| pahale dI huI, saMskRta ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI, tAlikA se yaha bhI vidita hotA hai ki saMskRta ke 'ayuta' ( =10 hajAra ), 'prayuta' (=10 lAkha), arbuda' (=10 karor3a), kharva' (=10 araba), 'zaMku' (=10 kharaba), 'aMtya' (= 10 nIla) tathA parArdha ( = 10 padma) ke liye khar3I bolI meM vizeSa zabda nahIM haiN| ina zabdoM kA bodha 'dasa hajAra', 'dasa lAkha', 'dasa karor3a' Adi kahakara karAyA jAtA hai| saMskRta ke 'ayuta', 'prayuta', 'abja', 'jaladhi', aMtya', 'madhya' tathA 'parArdha' se nikale hue khar3I bolI meM koI zabda nahIM haiN| (2) apUrNAMka-bodhaka khar3I bolI meM nimnalikhita apUrNAMka-bodhaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabda pAe jAte haiM pAva, cauthAI tihAI Der3ha prAdhA ar3hAI, DhAI sAr3he0 'DhAI ke Age 'hU~ThA' (= sAr3he tIna ), 'DhyocA' (=sAr3he cAra ), 'pocA', 'pyAMcA' (= sAr3he pA~ca ), 'khocA' (= sAr3he chaH) vathA 'socA' (=sAr3he sAta ) bhI hote haiM, para inakA prayoga kevala saMkhyAoM ke pahAr3oM meM hI hotA hai| inake atirikta anya saba apUrNAMkabodhaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabda 'pauna', 'savA' tathA 'sAr3he kI sahAyatA se banA lie jAte haiM; jaise 'paune tIna', 'savA tIna', 'sAr3he tIna' ityaadi| kisI saMkhyAvAcaka zabda ke pahale prayukta savA pauna

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khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 406 hone para 'pauna' zabda kA 'paune' rUpa ho jAtA hai| aura bhI adhika sUkSma saMkhyAoM kA bodha kramabodhaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke sAtha 'bhAga', 'aMza' yA 'hissA' zabda ke prayoga dvArA karAyA jAtA hai; jaise 'pAThavA~ bhAga', 'zazi' (=sa. zana + aMza), 'sahasrAMza', 'hajAravA~ hissA' ityAdi / gaNitazAstra meM isa prakAra kI saMkhyAoM ko sUcita karane ke liye 'baTA' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai; jaise 'eka baTA chaH' (1) / 'eka baTA chaH' kA artha hai 'chaH bhAgoM meM baTA huA eka' arthAt eka kA chaThA bhaag| isI prakAra 'sAta baTA bIsa' ( 9 ) arthAt bIsa bhAgoM meM baTA huA sAta sAta kA bIsavA~ hissaa| aise zabdoM ko prAyaH loga isa prakAra bhI samajhate haiM ki 'sAta baTA bIsa' kA tAtparya yaha hai ki eka vastu ke bIsa bhAga kie gae aura unameM se sAta bhAga le lie ge| cAhe jisa prakAra samajhA jAya, jisa saMkhyA kA bodha hotA hai vaha donoM dazAoM meM eka hI hotI hai| sAta sau kA bIsavA~ bhAga paiMtIsa, aura sau ke bIsa bhAga karake unameM se sAta bhAga lene para bhI vahI paiMtIsa hI hotA hai| para 'baTA' zabda ke artha ke anusAra pahale kahe hue DhaMga se hI artha lagAnA adhika svAbhAvika jAna par3atA hai| jina vizeSa apUrNAMkabodhaka saMkhyAvAcakoM ke nAma Upara die gae haiM ve sabhI saMskRta ke zabdoM se nikale haiN| 'cauthAI' . aura 'tihAI' kramaza: saMskRta ke kramavAcaka tihAI; cauthAI - 'caturtha' tathA 'tRtIya' meM 'I' athavA 'AI' pratyaya lagAkara banAe gae haiN| 'tihAI' meM 'ha' kA yoga kevala uccAraNa meM sahAyaka ke rUpa meM ho gayA hai| saM0 tRtIya > prA0 taia >tIprAI > tipAI >tihaaii| saMskRta meM isake liye 'tribhAgikA' zabda kA bhI prayoga hotA hai|

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pAva prAdhA savA 410 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kha0 bo0 pAva < apa0 pAu < prA0 pAo< sa0 pAdaH (= cturthiish)| kha0 bo0 prAdhA < apa0 addha < prA0 aDhaDho < saM0 ardha, ardhaka / kha0 bo0 pAna < prA0 pAoNI, pAna < saM0 pAdona (pAda + Una )= caturthAMza km| isI 'pauna' se pauna " 'paune' banA hai jisakA prayoga ( saMkhyAoM ke pahale lagAkara ) vizeSaNa ke samAna hotA hai| kha0 bo0 savA< apa0 savAu< prA. savAo< saM0 sapAda (sa+pAda )=caturthAMza sahita / 'Der3ha' aura 'DhAI' Adi kI vyutpatti kucha vicitra hai| saMskRta ke zabdoM ke pUrva 'ardha' kA yoga karake ina zabdoM ke mUla zabdoM kI racanA huI hai; jaise-'ardha + dvitIya' >mAgadhI prA0 'aDDhaduie', 'adddivie'| 'aDDhaduvae' se varNa-viparyaya hokara 'duiaDDhae' aura phira 'divaDaDhe' bana gayA jisakA prayoga bhojapurI meM aba bhI hotA hai| kucha vidvAnoM kA mata yaha bhI hai ki sa dvArdha' se hI prAkRta meM 'divaDUDha' yA 'dipaDha' bana gayA hogaa| prAkRta ke 'divaDhe' yA 'dipaDha' se hI khar3I bolI kA 'Der3ha', marAThI kA 'doDa', gujarAtI kA 'DoDha' tathA paMjAbI kA 'DeuDhA' yA 'DUDhA' bane haiN| ____ saM0 ardha + tRtiiyaa=ardhtRtiiyaa| prAkRta meM 'a' kA 'praDDha' tathA 'tRtIyA' kA 'taijjA' ho gyaa| isa prakAra prAkRta meM 'praDDha' + 'prAijjA' = 'aDDhAigjA' bana gayA hai| prAkRta meM saM0 'tRtIyA' kA eka aura rUpa 'taiyA' bhI hotA hai jisameM 'aDDha' ke yoga se 'aD

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khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 411 rUpa bana gayA hai / iyA' > 'ar3hAI' | jAne se 'DhAI' bana gayA hai| isI ga se banakara Ae haiN| DhataiyA" aura phira 'ta' ke sthAna meM 'a' ho jAne se 'aDDhaiyA' prA0- -'aDDhaaiyA' > 'aDUDhAiyA' > 'aDhAphira 'ar3hAI' ke Adi ke 'a' kA lopa ho khar3I bolI meM 'ar3hAI' tathA 'DhAI ' 9 'saMskRta ke 'ardhadvitIya' tathA 'ardhatRtIya' kA artha samajhanA tanika Ter3hA sA jAna par3atA hai| isako isa prakAra samajhanA cAhie - + dvitIya ( ardhadvitIya ) = AdhA dUsarA arthAt dUsarA pUrA nahIM hai, kevala AdhA hI hai / isa prakAra isase 'eka + AdhA' kA bodha hotA hai / isI prakAra 'ardhatRtIya' = 'AdhA tIsarA' arthAt dUsarA to pUrA pUrA hai para tIsarA AdhA hI hai / Age AnevAle - 'ardhacaturtha' tathA 'ardhapaMcama' kA bhI artha isI DhaMga se samajhanA cAhie / khar3I bolI kA 'sAr3he' prAkRta ke 'saDUDhao' se banA hai aura prAkRta kA 'saDDhao' saMskRta ke 'sArdhaka ' = sa+ ardhaka arthAt Adhe ke sahita / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sAr3he 'sAr3he' kA prayoga khar3I bolI meM ThIka usI artha meM hotA hai jo usake mUla saMskRta ke zabda kA hai| 'sAr3he' kA prayoga svataMtra rUpa meM nahIM hotA; kyoMki yaha to kevala vizeSaNa hai, isase kisI saMkhyA kA bodha nahIM hotaa| isaliye kisI na kisI saMkhyAvAcaka zabda ke sAtha lagAkara isakA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai; jaise 'mAr3he tIna', 'sAr3he cAra ' ityAdi / 'hU~ThA' yA 'uMThA' tathA 'DhyoMcA' kI utpatti bhI 'Der3ha' aura 'DhAI' ke hI samAna huI hai / saM0 ardhacaturtha > prA0 addha + cauTTha > azokakAlIna zilAlekha meM ( 1 ) sahasarAma meM pAe jAnevAle 'zraDhatiya' rUpa pAyA jAtA hai I

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412 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA addha + auTTha > addha + oTTha > addho?| zaurasenI prA0 meM 'addho?' tathA mAgadhI prA0 meM 'adbhuTu' rUpa hotA hai| jaina ardha mAgadhI prAkRta meM 'aDduTThaH pAyA jAtA hai, huMThA jise saMskRta kA bAnA pahanAkara bAda meM saMskRta ke adhyuSTha' zabda kI racanA kI gaI hai| prAkRta ke 'paddhoTa' se 'maho?' banA aura phira Adi ke 'a' kA lopa ho jAne se 'ho?' raha gyaa| 'ho?' se bigar3akara khar3I bolI ke 'hU~ThA' aura 'huMThA' bane haiN| ina rUpoM meM se 'ha' ke lupta ho jAne se khar3I bolI kA 'uThA' tathA paMjAbI ke 'UThA' aura 'U~TA' bana gae haiN| saM0 ardhapaJcamaH > prA0 aDDhavaMcao > apa0 aDDhauMcau > kha0 bo0 DhauMcA, ddhyoNcaa| paMjAbI meM DhyoMcA 'DhauMcA' rUpa hotA hai| 'pyocA', 'khecA' aura 'sAMcA', 'hU~ThA' aura 'DhyocA' kI bhA~ti, saMskRta ke zabdoM se nikalate haiN| 'huMThA' tathA 'vyoMcA' ke . mUla saMskRta zabda, jina saMkhyAoM kA ve " bodha karAte haiM unake bAda ke zabdoM ke pUrva 'ardha kA yoga karake banAe gae haiM; jaise-ardha+paJcama (ardhapaMcama) =sAr3he caar| para 'pyocA' ityAdi meM usa prakAra kA krama nahIM dikhAI detA, pratyuta usake viparIta krama hai| ina zabdoM meM inase pahale ___ vAle zabdoM kA AbhAsa vartamAna hai; jaise-- khAMcA, satocA 'pyocA' (=sAr3he pA~ca) meM 'pA~ca' kA, 'khAMcA' ( =sAr3he chaH ) meM 'chaH" kA tathA 'sateocA' ( = sAr3he sAta ) meM ___pyAMcA (1) 'chaH' kI vyutpatti ke prasaMga meM hama dekha cuke haiM ki saMskRta ke 'SaSa' ke 'Sa' kA hiMdI meM 'cha' nahIM huA hai, varan yaha IrAnI bhASA ke prabhAva se pAyA hai| madhyakAla meM 'Sa' ko 'sa' karane kI pravRtti thI, para bAda meM 'kha' bhI hone lagA thaa| purAnI hiMdI meM 'Sa' kA uccAraNa 'kha' ke samAna

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khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 413 'sAta' kaa| misTara hArnale tathA misTara kelAgare donoM pazcimI vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki ye zabda 'DhyoMcA' ke anukaraNa para banA lie gae haiN| ina vidvAnoM kA anumAna Thoka jAna par3atA hai, kyoMki saMskRta ke kisI zabda se inakI utpatti nahIM batAI jA sktii| (3) kramavAcaka khar3I bolI meM kramavAcaka zabda pUrNAMkabodhaka saMkhyAvAcakoM meM 'vA' pratyaya lagAkara banAe jAte haiM; jaise-'pAThavA~' (ATha + vaaN)| yaha 'vA' pratyaya saMskRta ke 'ma' pratyaya kA vikRta rUpa hai jo isI prasaMga meM prayukta hotA hai; jaise-saM0 'dazama' (daza+ma), kha0 bo0 paatthvaaN| 'ma' ke sthAna para '_' ho jAnA apabhraMza-kAla kI eka vizeSa pravRtti thI jisake kAraNa hiMdI meM bhI '' A gayA hai / para kucha kramavAcaka zabda isa DhaMga se bane hue nahIM haiN| ye zabda 'pahalA, pahilA', 'dUsarA', 'tIsarA', 'cauthA' aura 'chaThA, chaTThA' haiM, jo sIdhe saMskRta ke kramavAcaka zabdoM se bana gae haiN| ___ vaidika saMskRta meM 'pahalA' kA samAnArthI 'pratha + ila'3 zabda pAyA jAtA hai, jisake madhyakAla meM 'paThilla' 'pathilla', 'pahilla) hotA thaa| likhane meM 'kha' ke sthAna para prAyaH 'Sa' likhA jAne lagA thaa| ataH 'khoMcA' meM jo 'kha' vidyamAna hai vaha saMskRta ke 'SaT' ke 'Sa' kA hI rUpAMtara hai| (.) dekhie hAnale kA Grammar of the Gaudian Languages, $ 416. (2) dekhie kelAga kA Grammar of the - Hindi Lang. uage. $ 251. (3) vaidika saMskRta meM 'pradha' athavA 'prathila' koI prayukta zabda nahIM hai| vidvAnoM kI kalpanA hai ki usa kAla meM 'pra' upasarga ke tulanAvAcaka 'pratara' aura 'pratama' rUpa banate rahe hoMge; pratara se prathira > prathila > pathilla > paDhilla > pahilla zrAdi banane ke bAda 'pahila' rUpa vikasita huA aura pratama se saMskRta ke prathama aura prAkRta ke paDhamo Adi rUpa bane haiN|-sN0 /

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pahalA 414 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA rUpa ho gae hoNge| para laukika saMskRta meM 'prathama' zabda pAyA jAtA hai jisakI utpatti vaidika 'pratha' para 'vaidika kAla' ke bhI pahale ke 'prathama' kA prabhAva par3ane se huI hogii| sa 'prathama' > prA0 'paDhamilla' > 'paDhailla' / phira 'Dha' ke sthAna para 'ha' hokara 'pahilla' aura tatpazcAt 'pahilA' yA 'pahalA' rUpa ho gayA hai| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki khar3I bolI meM aMtima 'a' dIrgha ho gayA hai| aMtima 'a' ko dIrgha kara dene kI pravRtti hama khar3I bolI ke prAya: sabhI kramavAcaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM meM pAte haiM, jaise --dUsarA, aThArahavA~, caubIsavA~, hajAravA~, ityaadi| yaha pravRtti na to saskRta meM pAI jAtI hai ( ekAdaza se UnaviMzati taka ke sakhyAvAcakoM ko chor3akara' ) aura na prAkRta meM hI; jaise-sa0 paJcama, SaSTha, saptama, viMzatitamaH, pAlI aTThArasama; prA0 pddhmill| saMbhavata: saMskRta ke 'ekAdazA', 'dvAdazA' trayodazA ( = gyArahavA~, bArahavA~, terahavA~ ) Adi ke anukaraNa se hI khar3I bolI meM yaha pravRtti A gaI hogii| khar3o bolI ke 'dUsarA' aura 'tIsarA' kI utpatti saskRta ke 'dvitIya aura tRtIya' se nahIM huI hai| ye zabda kisa prakAra bane haiM yaha nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| misTara hArnale kA anumAna hai ki ye zabda kramaza: saMskRta ke 'dvisRta' aura 'tisRta' se nikale haiN| 'sRta' kA prAkRta meM 'sario' yA 'sarima' rUpa hotA (1) isase milatA-julatA 'Rtema' zabda avastA meM pAyA jAtA hai| (2)dekhie-Origin and Development of the Bengali Language, $ 536. (3) 'dvisara' se isakI utpatti kyoM na mAnI jAya |-sN0 / (4) dekhie-hAnale kA Grammar of the Gaudian Languages, $ 271.

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khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 415 hai, aura vahI hiMdI meM "sara" pratyaya kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai| 'sarA' kA strIliMga meM 'sarI' rUpa ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra sa. 'dvissRtaH' (dvi+sRta) > prA0 'dUsario' yA 'dUsariyA' > kha0 bo0 'duusraa'| sa'. 'dvismRtikA' > prA0 dUsariimA' > kha. be0 'dUsarI' (strIliMga ), sa. 'trisRta' >prA0 'tIsario' yA 'tIsariyA' > kha0 bo0 'tIsarA' (pulliNg)| saM. 'trisRtikA' > prA0 'tosaliimA' > kha0 bo0 'vosari' ( striiliNg)| saMskRta ke 'sRta' kA artha hai 'calA huA' yA 'reMgA humaa'| purAnI hiMdI ke 'dUjo' yA 'dUjo' tathA 'tIjo yA tIjo' kramazaH saMskRta ke 'dvitIya' ( > prA0 duijo, duimao) tathA saM0 'tRtIya' (>prA0 taijjao, taimao) se nikale haiN| saMskRta ke 'dvi' kA prAkRta meM eka rUpa 've' bhI hotA hai jisake kramavAcaka 'viipro' aura 'vImro' rUpa banate haiN| isI se siMdhI kA 'vIro' yA 'bijo' tathA gujarAtI kA 'vIjo' bane haiN| saM0 caturtha > prA0 cautthI > kha0 bo0 cauthaa| paMjAbI meM 'cauthA', gujarAtI meM 'cotho', siMdhI meM ' 'cothoM' tathA marAThI meM 'cavA' rUpa pAe jAte haiN| sa0 SaSThaH > prA0 chaTTo, chaTTho > kha0 bo0 chtthaa| khar3I bolI kA 'chaThavA~' saMskRta ke 'SaSamaH' ke anukaraNa se banAyA gayA hai, para saMskRta meM 'paJcamaH' aura 'saptamaH' Adi chaThA ke samAna 'paSamaH' zabda kA prayoga nahIM hotaa| ataH yaha anumAna karanA adhika upayukta jAna par3atA hai ki hiMdI ke kramavAcaka 'pA~cavA~', 'sAtavA~', 'pAThavA~' prAdi ke anukaraNa se hI unhIM ke samAna 'chaThavA~' rUpa bhI banA liyA gayA hogaa| marAThI, paMjAbI tathA siMdhI meM bhI isI prakAra ke rUpa banate haiM; jaise-marAThI __ cauthA

Page #431
416 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA 'sahA' (= 6 ) se 'sahAvA'; paMjAbI 'che' ( = 6) se 'chevA' tathA siMdhI 'chaha' ( = 6) se 'chho'| 'ekAdaza' se lekara 'UnaviMzati' taka ke kramavAcaka zabdoM kA anukaraNa hiMdI meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| saMskRta meM uparyukta kramavAcaka zabda aMtima 'a' ke sthAna meM pu~lliMga, kholiMga tathA napuMsaka ligoM meM kramaza: 'yA', 'I' aura 'm' lagAkara banAe jAte haiM; jaise'ekAdazA' ( = gyArahavA~-pulliMga), 'ekAdazI' (= gyArahavIMstrIliMga), 'ekAdazaM' ( gyaarhvaaN-npuNskliNg)| para khar3I bolI meM, anya zabdoM meM laganevAle saMskRta ke 'ma' ke anukaraNa ke anusAra sarvatra 'vA~' kA hI prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / mahIne kI tithiyoM kA bodha karAne ke liye khar3I bolI meM jina zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai unameM se 'parIvA', 'amAvasa' aura ___'pUno' ko chor3akara prAya: sabhI kramavAcaka mahIne kI tithiyA~ " saMkhyAvAcaka zabda haiN| para tithibodhaka zabda hiMdI ke sAdhAraNa kramavAcaka saMkhyAvAcakoM se bhinna haiN| ye zabda saMskRta ke tithibodhaka zabdoM se nikale hue haiN| saMskRta meM tithiyoM kA bodha kramavAcaka zabdoM ke kholiMga ke rUpoM ke dvArA karAyA jAtA hai| vAstava meM ye zabda 'tithi' zabda ke vizeSaNoM ke samAna prayukta hue haiM, jaise 'dvitIyA tithiH', 'tRtIyA tithiH' ityaadi| yahI kAraNa hai ki tithibodhaka zabda sroliMga-rUpa meM pAe jAte haiN| para aba 'tithi' zabda lupta ho gayA hai aura tithi-bodhaka vizeSaNoM kA prayoga saMjJAoM ke samAna hotA hai; jaise-dvitIyA = dvitIyA tithi| Upara kahA gayA hai ki 'parIvA', 'amAvasa' aura 'pUno' kramavA. caka saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM se nikale hue zabda nahIM haiN| 'parIvA' kI utpatti saMskRta ke 'pratipadA' se, 'pramAvasa' kI saMskRta ke

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khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 417 'pramAvasyA' se tathA 'pUnA' kI saMskRta ke 'pUrNimA' yA 'pUrNamAsI' se huI hai| nIce die hue, khar3I bolI tathA saMskRta ke, tithibodhaka zabdoM se spaSTa ho jAyagA ki khar3I bolI ke zabdoM kI utpatti saMskRta ke kina zabdoM se huI hai| Ajakala khar3I bolI meM mAravAr3o ke tithibodhaka zabdoM kA prayoga bahuta adhika hone lagA hai, isaliye mAravAr3I ke bhI sadoM ko sAtha sAtha likha denA anAvazyaka na hogaa| khar3I bolI parIvA dUja tIja cautha paMcamI chaTha, cha? sattamI aSTamI mAravAr3I ekama dUja, vIja tIja cautha pA~cama chaTha sAtama aAThama saMskRta pratipadA, prathamA dvitIyA tRtIyA caturthI paJcamI SaSThI saptamI praSTamI navamI dazamI ekAdazI dvAdazI trayodazI caturdazI amAvasyA pUrNamAsI pUrNimA 27 nAmoM navama dasamI ekAdasI dvAdasI terasa caudasa amAvasa, mAvasa pUrNamAsI, pUno pUnyA dassama gyArasa bArasa terasa caudasa amAvasa pUnama, pUnyU~

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418 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kelAga mahAzaya ne 'parIvA' ko saM0 'prathamA' se nikalA huA mAnA hai| unakA kathana hai ki 'prathamA' ke 'tha' kA lopa, tathA 'ma' ke sthAna para 'va' ho jAne se 'pravA' zabda banA hogA aura phira yuktavikarSa se 'pravA' kA 'paravA' aura tatpazcAt 'parIvA' bana gayA hogaa| para isa prakAra 'tha' kA manamAnA lopa karAkara khIMcatAna karake haThAt 'parIvA' ko 'prathamA' se nikalA huA pramANita karanA kelAga mahodaya kI bhUla hai| 'parIvA' zabda 'prathamA' se nahIM varan 'pratipadA se nikalA hai| saM0 'pratipadA' kA prAkRta meM 'pADivA" rUpa ho jAtA hai| isI 'pADivA' se 'pAr3ivA' aura phira 'parIvA' bana gayA hai| marAThI meM aba bhI 'pAr3ivA' rUpa vidyamAna hai| 'dUja', 'tIja', 'cautha' tathA 'chaTha' kI utpatti kA varNana Upara kramavAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti ke prasaMga meM ho cukA hai| khar3I bolI ke zeSa anya tithi-bodhaka zabda saMskRta ke zabdoM se bahuta adhika milate haiM, ata: unakI utpatti ko samajhane meM koI kaThinatA nahIM hai| saMskRta ke tatsama tithibodhaka zabdoM kA bhI prayoga prAyaH khar3I bolI meM hotA hai| (4) AvRttivAcaka khar3I bolI ke prAvRttivAcaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabda pUrNaka-bodhaka tathA apUrNAMka-bodhaka saMkhyAvAcakoM ke bAda 'gunA' lagAkara banAe jAte haiM; jaise-'naugunA', 'dasagunA', 'hajAragunA', 'DhAI gunA', 'paune cAra gunA' ityaadi| strIliMga meM 'gunA' kA 'gunI rUpa ho jAtA hai; jaise-'naugunI', 'hajAragunI', 'DhAI gunI' ityaadi| 'gunA' zabda ke yoga se kucha pUrNIka-bodhaka saMkhyAvAcakoM meM thor3A sA (1) dekhie-Kelogg's Grammar of Hindi $ 252 (a). (2) dekhie-vararuci kRta prA0 prakAza, pariziSTa 1, sUtra 2 /

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caugunA khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 416 vikAra ho jAtA hai| vikRta ho jAnevAle zabda 'do', 'tIna', 'cAra'. 'pAMca', 'sAta' aura 'pATha' haiN| ina zabdoM ke prAvRttivAcaka rUpa banAne meM inameM jo vikAra upasthita ho jAtA hai vaha nIce die hue zabdoM ko dekhane se spaSTa ho jAyagA / pUrNAMka saMkhyAbodhaka AvRttivAcaka dugunA, duganA, dUnA tona tigunA cAra pAMca paMcagunA sAta sataganA prATha praThagunA 'gunA' zabda saMskRta ke 'guNaka' se nikalA hai / khar3I bolI ke AvRttivAcaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabda, prAya: saMskRta ke bane-banAe zabdoM ke prAkRta se hokara Ae hue rUpa haiN| udAharaNArtha 'dugunA' ko liijie| saM0 'dviguNakam' > prA0 'duguNagraM' > 'dugunaM' > kha0 bo0 'dugunA', 'dugnaa'| phira 'duganA' ke 'ga' kA lopa ho jAne se eka dUsarA rUpa 'dUnA' bhI bana gyaa| isI prakAra saM0 'triguNakam' > prA0 'tiguNagraM' > kha0 bo0 'tigunA'; saM0 'caturguNakam' > prA0 'cauguNa' > kha0 bo0 'caugunaa'| AvRttivAcaka zabdoM ke aMtargata eka aura prakAra ke bhI zabda pAe jAte haiM jo a~garejI meM 'Reduplicatives' kahe jA sakate haiN| isa prakAra ke zabda prAyaH 'lar3A' aura kabhI kabhI 'harA' zabdoM ke yoga se banAe jAte haiM; jaise-'dular3A', 'tilar3A', 'ikaharA', 'duharA' ityAdi / 'harA' ke yoga se bananevAle zabda 'ikaharA', doharA', 'teharA' aura 'cauharA' haiN| misTara hArnale ne isa 'harA' pratyaya kI utpatti saMskRta ke 'vidha' zabda se mAnI hai| 'vidha' kA artha hai 'rUpa' yA

Page #435
420 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA 'DhaMga' / prAkRta meM 'vidha' kA 'viha' rUpa ho jAtA hai / hArnale mahodaya kA kahanA hai ki prAkRta ke isa 'viha' ke 'vi' kA lopa ho jAne tathA usameM 'rA' pratyaya kA yoga ho jAne se 'harA' zabda bana gayA hai / apane kathana kI puSTi ke liye unhoMne 'doharA' kI utpatti ke krama kA nimnAMkita DhaMga se udAharaNa diyA hai - saM0 dvividha > prA0 duviha, veviha apa0 dohaDaDa, behaDa > kha0 bI0 doharA / 'lar3A' zabda saMskRta ke 'latA'' se nikalA huA jAna par3atA hai, para hiMdI meM isakA artha dUsarA hI ho gayA hai / 'lar3A' aura 'harA' ke yoga se bane hue zabda prAyaH mAlAoM Adi ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prayukta hote haiM 1 (5) guNAvAcaka khar3I bolI ke guNAvAcaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti ke saMbaMdha meM koI vizeSa bAta kahane kI nahIM hai / ye zabda prAya: samudAyabAdhaka saMkhyAvAcakoM kI sahAyatA se banAe jAte haiM; jaise'tIna aThe caubIsa' meM 'aThe' = 'ATha ke samudAya', arthAt tIna pATha ke samudAya caubIsa ke barAbara hote haiN| adhikAMza guNAvAcaka zabda samudAyavAcakoM meM bahuvacana kA cihna hai, aura ina zabdoM meM ThIka usI prakAra lagAyA jAtA hai jisa prakAra prakArAMta pulliMga saMjJAoM ke kartAkAraka ke bahuvacana meM / udAharaNa ke liye 'ghor3A' zabda ko lIjie / kartAkAraka bahuvacana meM isakA 'ghor3e' rUpa hogaa| ThIka usI prakAra 'aTThA' kA 'aTTe' 'paMjA' kA 'paMje' ityAdi rUpa ho jAte haiM / para yaha niyama sarvavyApI nahIM hai / isake apavAda-rUpa kucha guNAvAcaka " - ( 1 ) saMskRta ke 'sara' zabda se 'harA' kI utpatti kyoM na mAnI jAya ? - saM0 /

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khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 421 zabdoM ke vicitra hI rUpa banate haiM; jaise-'eka', 'dUnA', 'tI, tIna', 'cauka, caukA', 'dahAma', 'savA' (14), 'DhAma, DhAmA' (23) ityAdi / ___ guNAvAcaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kA upayoga saMkhyAoM ke pahAr3o ko par3hate samaya hotA hai| (6) samudAyavAcaka khar3I bolI ke samudAyavAcaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabda prAya:- 'A' yA 'I' lagAkara banAe jAte haiM; jaise-'bosa' se 'bIsA' (=bosa kA samudAya); 'pacIsa' se 'pacIsA', 'pacIsI' (=pacIsa kA samudAya); 'battosa' se 'battIsI' (= battIsa kA samudAya); 'haz2Ara' se 'haz2ArA', 'haz2ArI' (= haz2Ara kA samudAya ) ityaadi| yaha 'mA' pratyaya kA avazeSa-cihna hai| mAge isakA spaSTIkaraNa hogaa| khar3I bolI ke kucha zabdoM ( ekA, dukA, tikA, caukA Adi ) meM saMskRta ke 'kam' se prAyA huA 'ka' bhI aba taka vidyamAna hai| ina zabdoM kI utpatti kA krama nimnalikhita hai saM0 ekakam > prA0 ekaaM > kha0 ekkA bo0 ekkaa| saM0 dvikam > prA0 dvika > kha0 dukkA bo0 dukaa| saM0 trikam , trikakam > prA0 vinaM, tikA tika > kha0 bo0 tikA / ___ saM0 catuSkam , catuSkakam > prA0 caukaM, caukA caukaaM > kha0 bo0 caukaa| saM0 paJcakam > prA0 paMcanaM > kha0 bo0 paMcA, pNjaa| yahA~ hama dekhate haiM ki 'paMcA' aura 'paMjA' meM upari. paMcA likhita zabdoM ke samAna 'ka' nahIM hai| isakA kAraNa yahI hai ki prAkRta meM hI isa varNa kA lopa ho gayA thaa|

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sattA aTThA 422 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA saM0 SaTkakam > prA0 chakaaM > kha0 chakkA bo0 chkkaa| saM0 saptakam > prA0 sattayaM > kha0 bo0 sttaa| saM0 aSTakam > prA0 abhaM > kha0 bo0 aTThA / 'paMcA' ke samAna 'prahAra se bhI 'ka' kA lopa ho gayA hai| kucha zabdoM meM svArthaka ( jo usI artha kA vAcaka rahatA hai) 'DA' pratyaya bhI lagA huA pAyA jAtA hai; jaise-saM0 'catuSkakam' > ___ apa0 'caukkaDau' >kha0 bo0 'caukar3A' (puMlliMga), 'DA' pratyaya ' 'caukar3I' (= cAra kA samudAya ) zabda vartamAna hai| saM0 'zatakam' > apa0 'sayakkaDara' > kha0 bo. 'saikar3A' (= sau kA smudaay)| tAza kA eka khela jise chaH prAdamI khelate haiM 'chakar3I' kahalAtA hai| usameM bhI isI 'DA' kA strIliMga rUpa 'Do' vartamAna hai| 'DA' hI ke samAna kahIM kahIM 'lA' bhI diyA jAtA hai; jaise'lA' pratyaya . tAza ke pattoM kA 'nahalA' (prarthAt nau aMkoM ___ kA samUha ) aura 'dahalA' (arthAt isa aMkoM kA smuuh)| upayukta DhaMgoM se banAe hue zabdoM ke atirikta kucha aura bhI bane-banAe zabda pAe jAte haiM jinase saMkhyAoM ke samudAya kA bodha hotA hai| ve zabda ye haiM jor3A, jor3I (=do kA samudAya ) gaMDA (=cAra kA samudAya ) gAhI, pacakarI(=pA~ca kA samudAya ) kor3I (bIsa kA samudAya )

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para hI __ jor3A khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 423 ina zabdoM meM se 'pacakarI' to spaSTa rUpa se pAMca se banA humA jAna par3atA hai, para anya zabdoM kI utpatti ke saMbaMdha meM nizcita ___rUpa se kucha kahanA kaThina hai| inake saMbaMdha pacakarI " meM kucha vidvAnoM ke kie hue anumAna nIce likhe jAte haiN| ___ 'jor3A' zabda apabhraMza ke 'juDaMDa' se pAyA hogA, athavA saMskRta kI 'ju yA 'jur3a' (=jor3anA, milAnA ) dhAtu ke AdhAra para banA hogaa| athavA isakA saMbaMdha saMskRta ke 'yugma' ( =do kA samUha ) zabda se hogaa| para ye donoM aMtima anumAna ThIka nahIM pratIta hote| 'jor3A' zabda na to 'juT' dhAtu se hiMdI meM banA liyA gayA hai aura na saMskRta ke 'yugma' kA hI vikRta rUpa ho sakatA hai|' bhASA-vijJAna kA koI niyama 'ma' kA 'Da' yA 'Da' nahIM krtaa| merA to anumAna hai ki yaha zabda bhAratavarSa meM bolI jAnevAlI kisI anArya bhASA ke prabhAva se apabhraMza-kAla meM ho A gayA thaa| dravir3a parivAra kI 'kona' nAmaka vibhASA meM 'yer3e2 zabda 'do' ke artha meM prayukta hotA hai| tibbata-vargIya vibhAga kI 'caMbA lAhulI' vibhASA meM, jo himAlaya ke prAMtoM meM bolI jAtI hai, 'do' ke liye 'jur3a3 zabda kA prayoga hotA hai| 'kota' vibhASA ke 'yer3e' ke 'ya' ke sthAna para 'ja' ho jAne se 'jor3e' yA 'jor3A' zabda bana jAtA hai| 'ya' ke sthAna para 'ja' kara dene kI pravRtti to hiMdI meM bahuta purAnI hai; jaise-yamunA > jmunaa| (1) 'yugala' zabda se usakI utpatti mAnanA ThIka hogaa| sN0| (2) dekhie-Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India, vol I, part II, pR05| (3) dekhie-vahI, pR0 /

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424 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA himAlaya-pradeza kI 'caMbA lAhulI' ke 'jur3a' zabda se bhI jor3A' kI utpatti saMbhava hai| inhIM boliyoM ke saMparka se hiMdI meM 'jor3A' zabda pA gayA hogaa| 'gaMDA' ke saMbaMdha meM vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki yaha saMskRta ke 'gaMDaka' zabda (1) se A gayA hogaa| 'gAhI' zabda kA saMbaMdha jyotiSa ke 'graha' se mAnA gayA hai| Ajakala to nau graha mAne jAte haiM, para saMbhava hai kisI samaya meM pAMca hI graha mAne jAte rahe haiN|| saMskRta meM gAhI devatAoM Adi ke nAma se saMkhyAoM kI vyaMjanA karane kI prathA aba taka bhI vartamAna hai| azvinIkumAra se 'do' kA, Aditya se 'bAraha' kA, rudra se 'gyAraha' kA tathA vasu se 'pATha' kA bodha hotA hai| para isa prakAra ke zabda saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke aMtargata nahIM mAne jA sakate, kyoMki yaha to saMkhyAoM ko vyaMjita karane kA eka prAlaMkArika DhaMga hai| hiMdI-kAvya meM bhI kahIM kahIM isa prakAra ke zabdoM ke dvArA saMkhyAe~ sUcita kI gaI haiN| 'gAhI' ke saMbaMdha meM eka anumAna yaha bhI hai ki yaha 'dArayA' bolI meM pA~ca ke artha meM bole jAnevAle 'gvAi' zabda ke prabhAva se AyA hogaa| 'gvAi' kA 'gAhi' yA 'gAhI' rUpa bana jAnA kaThina nahIM hai| 'kor3o' zabda kA saMbaMdha 'kaur3I' ( = sa. kapardaka ) se jAna par3atA hai| saMbhavata: pahale kabhI bIsa kaur3iyoM kA samUha kisI vizeSa sikke ke samAna mAnA jAtA rahA ho kor3I aura phira 'kaur3I' yA 'kor3o' zabda se hI 'bosa' kA bodha hone lagA ho| para merA anumAna to yaha hai ki 'kor3I' zabda anArya bhASAoM ke saMsarga se hiMdI meM AyA hai| dravir3a

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khar3I bolo ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 425 parivAra kI 'morA' vibhASA meM 'kUrI" tathA 'mallo' vibhASA meM 'kor3o' proDa' zabdoM kA prayoga bIsa ke artha meM hotA hai| saMbhavataH hiMdI meM inhIM vibhASAoM meM se kisI eka ke saMsarga se 'kor3I' zabda bana gayA hogaa| isa prakAra kA prabhAva kevala hiMdI ho para nahIM par3A hai, varan AryabhASAoM ke aMtargata ba~galA, siripuriyA. chAkamA tathA prAsAmI bhASAoM para bhI inhIM bAhara bhASAoM meM se kinhoM kA prabhAva par3A hai jisake phala-svarUpa unameM bIsa ke liye aba bhI kramazaH 'kor3ie', 'kur3i', 'kurI' tathA 'kuri' zabdoM kA prayoga hotA hai / DAkTara sunItikumAra caTarjI kA mata hai ki 'kor3I' kI utpatti kola-bhASAoM ke 'kor3I' zabda se huI hai jo aba bhI tAmila bhASA meM bosa ke partha meM bolA jAtA hai3 / / (7) pratyekabodhaka pratyekabodhaka zabdoM kI racanA ke aneka DhaMga haiN| 'prati', 'hara aura 'phI' Adi zabdoM kI sahAyatA se bananevAle zabda bahuta adhika prayukta hote haiN| kabhI kabhI pUrNAMka tathA apUrNAMkabodhaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI dvirukti se bhI pratyekabodhaka zabda banA lie jAte haiM; jaise-'eka eka lar3ake ko AdhA AdhA phala milaa'| 'prati' saMskRta kA tatsama hai tathA 'hara' aura 'phI' phArasI bhASA ke zabda haiN| ___ abhI taka saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke jina sAta bhedoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai ve saba kisI na kisI nizcita saMkhyAoM kI anizcitatA "saMkhyA kA bodha karAte haiN| para kabhI kabhI anizcita rUpa se saMkhyAnoM kA bodha karAyA jAtA hai| isake (1) dekhie-Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India, vol. I, part II, pR0 23 / (2) dekhie-vahI, pR. 23 / (3) dekhie-S. K. Chatterji-0. and D. of the Bengali Language SS 523.

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2mA5 / 426 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA liye prAyaH 'eka' zabda ko saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke pUrva athavA pazcAt lagAte haiM; jaise-'eka dasa' yA 'dasa eka', 'sau eka', 'cAra eka', 'pA~ca eka' ityaadi| 'eka' kI anizcitatA sUcita karane ke liye usake pazcAt Adha kA yoga kara dete haiM jisake phala-svarUpa 'eka prAdha' yA 'ekAdha' bana jAtA hai| kabhI kabhI pUrNAMkabodhaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke sAtha unake ThIka Upara vAlI saMkhyAoM ke vAcaka zabdoM kA yoga karake anizcitatA prakaTa kI jAtI hai; jaise-'tIna-cAra', dasa-gyAraha' ityAdi / apUrNAkabodhaka zabdoM ke pazcAt kabhI kabhI unake Upara ke pUrNAMkabodhaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ko milAne se anizcitatA sUcita kI jAtI hai; jaise-'Der3ha-do', 'DhAI-tIna' ityaadi| kabhI kabhI kisI saMkhyA kI dasagunI saMkhyA ke vAcaka zabda ke sAtha kisI dUsarI saMkhyA kI dasagunI yA pa~cagunI saMkhyA ke vAcaka zabda kA yoga karake anizcita saMkhyA kA bodha karAyA jAtA hai; jaise-'dasa-pA~ca', 'dasa-paMdraha', 'paMdraha-bIsa', 'pacIsa-tIsa', 'pacAsa. sATha', 'sau-savA sau', 'sau-Der3ha sau', sau-do sau' ityAdi / niyamapUrvaka bane hue zabdoM ke atirikta anizcita saMkhyAoM ko sUcita karanevAle kucha zabda muhAvare se bana gae haiM jo kisI vizeSa niyamAnusAra nahIM haiM; jaise-'do-cAra', 'pA~ca-sAta', 'pAThadasa' ityaadi| ___ kabhI kabhI 'o' pratyaya ke prayoga se bhI anizcitatA sUcita kI jAtI hai; jaise-'daMgala meM bIse kuztiyA~ huI', 'sabhA meM hajAroM AdamI the| paraMtu kabhI kabhI ThIka isake viparIta, 'zrI' pratyaya ke dvArA nizcitatA bhI sUcita kI jAtI hai; jaise-'vebIsoM cora pakar3a lie gae', 'tInoM rogI mara ge'| kabhI kabhI 'o' ke dvArA samudAya kA bhI bodha hotA hai| zrIyuta kAmatAprasAda guru ne apane

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khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 427 'hiMdI-vyAkaraNa' meM samudAyavAcaka vizeSaNoM kA varNana karate hue likhA hai___ "pUrNAMkabodhaka vizeSaNoM ke Age 'o' jor3ane se samudAya. vAcaka vizeSaNa banate haiM; jaise-cAra-cAroM,dasa-daso, solahasolahoM ityaadi|" saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke isa prasaMga ko samApta karane se pahale unake saMbaMdha kI kucha vizeSa bAtoM kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa hotA hai| misTara phelAga kA kathana hai ki a~garejI ke Once, Twice aura Thrice ke paryAyavAcI eka eka zabda khar3I bolI meM nahIM haiN| para unakA yaha kathana pUrNata: satya nahIM hai| jahA~ para ina zabdoM kA guNAvAcakoM ke samAna prayoga hotA hai vahA~ khar3I bolI meM kramazaH 'eka', 'dUnA' aura 'tiyA' se kAma liyA jAtA hai| aura jahA~ ina zabdoM kA kriyAvizeSaNoM ke samAna prayoga hotA hai vahA~ khar3I bolI meM Once aura Twice ke liye eka eka zabda nahIM haiN| para 'Once' ke liye saMskRta ke 'ekadA' zabda kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| baisavAr3I ke 'dAe~' tathA 'dArI' ( eku dAe~, eku dArI= eka bAra) meM saMskRta ke 'ekadA' zabda kA AbhAsa milatA hai| baisa. vAr3ImeM to 'dAe~' aura 'dArI' kA sabhI pUrNAkabodhaka zabdoM ke sAtha yoga karake 'dui dAeM','tIni dAe~', 'bIsa dArI', 'pacAsa dArI' ityAdi zabda banA lie jAte haiM, para khar3I bolI meM isa prakAra ke zabda nahIM banate / aise zabdoM ko banAne ke liye usameM saMskRta ke 'vAraM' (saM0 'ekavAraM', 'dvivAraM', 'caturaM) pratyaya se Ae hue 'bAra' zabda kA prayoga hotA hai; jaise--'eka bAra', 'do bAra', 'tIna bAra' ityAdi / 'bAra' ke yoga se 'do' aura 'tIna' meM kucha vikAra ho jAtA hai tathA 'bAra' kA 'bArA' rUpa ho jAtA hai, aura isa prakAra 'dubArA' aura 'tibArA' zabda bana jAte haiN|

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427 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kabhI kabhI 'bAra' ke sthAna para phArasI ke 'daphA' yA 'martabA' zabdoM kI sahAyatA se 'eka daphA', 'do daphA', 'tIna martabA', 'cAra martabA' ityAdi zabda banA lie jAte haiN| pUrNAkabodhaka saMkhyAvAcakoM meM aneka zabdoM ke do do rUpa pAe jAte haiM, jaise-cautIsa, cautisa; paiMtIsa paiMtisa; sar3asaTha, sarasaTha ityaadi| ye rUpa-bheda bhinna bhinna zabdoM kI aneka * prAMto ke uccAraNa ke kAraNa ho gae haiM / udArUpatA kA kAraNa haraNArtha hama dekha sakate haiM ki pUrvI hiMdI meM hrasva uccAraNa kI ora pravRtti adhika hai, ata: khar3I bolI ke dIrghamAtrA-yukta zabdoM kA bhI uccAraNa, yuktaprAMta ke pUrvI bhAga tathA bihAra ke nivAsI hrasva ke samAna kara dete haiN| dhore dhIre sAhityika bhASA meM una zabdoM ke cala jAne se aba aneka zabdoM ke do do rUpa ho gae haiN| saMskRta ke bahuta se saMkhyAvAcaka tatsama zabdoM kA bhI prayoga khar3I bolI meM bahuta adhika hotA hai| pUrNAkabodhakoM meM 'paJca', 'sapta', 'aSTa', 'dvAdaza', SoDaza', 'zava', 'sahasra' aura khar3I bolI meM saMkhyA- " 'koTi'; apUrNAMkabodhako meM 'ardha'; kramavAcako ra vAcaka tatsama zabda - meM 'prathama', 'dvitIya, tRtIya', 'caturtha', 'paJcama', 'saptama', 'dazama' aura tithiyoM ke prAyaH sabhI nAma; tathA prAvRttivAcakoM meM 'dviguNa', 'triguNa' aura 'caturguNa' Adi tatsama zabda sAhityika khar3I bolI meM prAyaH likhe jAte haiN| khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdo kI utpatti ko dekha cukane para vidita hotA hai ki videzI bhASAoM kA prabhAva khar3I bolI ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM para lagabhaga nahIM ke hI videzI prabhAva ___ barAbara par3A hai; kevala phArasI ke 'siphara' tathA 'haz2Ara' zabda khar3I bolI meM pA gae haiN|

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khar3I bolo ke saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM kI utpatti 426 Age ke koSTakoM meM khar3I bolI ke pUrNAMkabodhaka tathA apUrNAMkabodhaka saMkhyAvAcaka zabdoM ke sAtha sAtha saMskRta, zaurasenI prAkRta, ardhamAgadhI prAkRta tathA apabhraMza ke zabda die jAte haiN| hiMdI kI pradhAna vibhASAoM ke bhI kucha zabda die jAte haiM jinase yaha jAnane meM sahAyatA milegI ki khar3I bolI ke rUpa apanI anya bahinoM ke rUpoM se kitanI kama bhinnatA rakhate haiN| vibhASA ke saba zabdarUpa nahIM die gae haiM, kyoMki adhikAMza rUpa paraspara samAna hI pAe jAte haiN|

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(14) vividha viSaya samAlocanA dharmajyoti-pRSTha-saMkhyA 411, lekhaka zrI jagatanArAyaNa bI0 esa-sI0, mUlya 1 / / thiyAsophI aura hiMdU dharma ke viSaya meM yaha maulika graMtha hai| bhASA itanI sarala hai aura viSaya kA varNana itanI acchI taraha se kiyA gayA hai ki hara koI sAdhAraNa buddhi kA bhI ise saralatA se samajha sakatA hai| aura anuvAdoM meM yaha saralatA nahIM pAI jaatii| hiMdU dharma ke gupta rahasyoM ko batAne kA bhI prayatna kiyA gayA hai| bhASA meM kahIM kahIM prAMtIyatA A gaI hai| thiyAsophI kA hiMdI meM pracAra karane meM, usakA pUrNa digdarzana karAne meM, aura usameM ruci utpanna karane meM yaha pustaka bahuta mahattva kI hai| striyoM aura bAlakoM ko bhI samajhane meM koI kaThinAI na pdd'egii| paMDyA baijanAtha sUcIpatra-kalakattA kI zrI bar3A bAjAra kumAra-sabhA ne apane pustakAlaya kI pustakoM kI sUcI 430 pRSThoM meM prakAzita kI hai| isameM pukhakoM kA vargIkaraNa-saMkhyA (naMbara )dene ke niyama ko chor3akarapAzcAtya dezoM meM vilita Melvil Dewey ke Decimal classification ke anusAra kiyA gayA hai| pustakoM ke vargIkaraNa ke liye yaha praNAlI bahuta hI prasiddha aura suvidhAjanaka hai| bhArata

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432 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA varSa ke aneka pustakAlayoM meM isI praNAlI kA, thor3e-bahuta parivartanoM ke sAtha, anusaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| kiMtu mere vicAra se bhAratavarSa meM isa praNAlI kA pracalita karane ke pUrva usake bhAratIyakaraNa kI AvazyakatA hai| isa praNAlI ke anusAra rakhe gae aneka varga hamArI saMskRti aura vicAra-dhArA ke viruddha par3ate haiN| prastuta sUcI meM hI tattva-jJAnAMtargata eka varga mana aura zarIra kA rakhA gayA hai| Dewey ke anusAra isa varga ke aMtargata mastiSka-vijJAna ( Mental pbysiology ), Afense-fitt (Mental derangements ), guhya-vidyA ( Occultism ), sammohana-vidyA (Hypnotism ) Adi parigaNita hote haiN| vartamAna sUcI meM isI ke aMtargata pAtaMjala yoga-darzana evaM yoga-saMbaMdhI prAdhunika pustakeM bhI rakhI gaI haiN| yaha satya hai ki yoga-darzana meM adhikatara mana aura zarIra ke saMbaMdha meM hI vicAra kiyA gayA hai, kiMtu Jewex tathA bhAratIya vicAra-dhArA ke anusAra use prAcya darzana-samUha ke aMtargata rakhanA hI ucita hai| isa sUcI meM kucha pustakoM kA vargIkaraNa tathA viSayo kA zIrSaka bahuta hI bhramotpAdaka rakhA gayA hai; yathA pRSTha 311 meM eka zIrSaka hai-vinodAtmaka kAvya ( srv-saadhaarnn)| sAdhAraNata: pAThaka isa zIrSaka ke aMtargata aise vinodAtmaka kAvya-thoM ko DhU~DheMge jo vinodAtmaka kAvya ke vizeSa vibhAgoM ke aMtargata na pA sakate hoM, kiMtu pustakeM rakhI gaI haiM-'vinoda-ratnAkara', 'vIrabala kI hAjirajavAbI' aura 'caturAI', 'vidUSaka', 'gudagudI', 'cuhala', 'dila kI Aga', 'ha~sI ke cuTakule' Adi khaaniivissyk| sAdhAraNata: loga chaMdobaddha racanAoM ko hI kAvya samajhate haiM, kiMtu ukta saba pustakeM isake viparIta gadya kI haiN| isa vibhAga ke bAda hI 'vinodapUrNa AkhyAyikA' kA vibhAga rakhA gayA hai jisameM 'merI hajAmata', 'ha~sI kA golagappA', 'par3ho aura ha~so',

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vividha viSaya 433 jo ! isI prakAra pRSTha 148 meM mizrabaMdhu - kRta 'hiMdI - navaratna' 'hAsya kautuka', 'mUrkha'rAja', 'latakheArIlAla', 'laMbI dAr3hI' Adi pustakeM rakhI gaI haiM / ye sabhI pustakeM bhI kahAnI kI haiM / prAkhyAyikA kA artha bhI kahAnI hI hai / kyA inhIM pustakoM ke sAtha ve pustakeM nahIM rakhI jA sakatI thIM vinodapUrNa kAvya ( sarvasAdhAraNa ) ke aMtargata rakhI gaI haiM kAvya ( sarva-sAdhAraNa) ke aMtargata rakhA gayA hai, kiMtu isI sUcI ke anusAra use rakhanA cAhie pRSTha 288 meM gadya-kAvya ( AlocanAtmaka ) ke aMtargata, jahA~ anya AlocanAtmaka graMtha rakhe gae 1 isa sUcI meM kucha vyartha kA vistAra bhI ho gayA hai / Dewey kI praNAlI ke anusAra jaba kisI lekhaka kI, eka hI viSaya kI, aneka pustakeM hotI haiM to usa viSaya ke aMtargata prathama lekhaka kA nAma dekara phira usI ke nIce akSarAnukrama se pustakoM ke nAma Adi die jAte haiM; kiMtu isa sucI meM aisA na kara pratyeka pustaka ke sAtha lekhaka kA nAma diyA gayA hai jisase sUcI vyartha hI vistRta ho gaI hai / yadi utanA sthAna lenA hI abhISTa thA to utane meM anya prakAra kI sUcanAoM -- jaise prakAzaka kA patA, pustaka kI prakAzana tithi yA pustaka kA AkAra tathA usakI pRSTha-saMkhyA Adi - ke saMbaMdha meM likha sakate the / isI prakAra isa sUcI meM anya aneka choTI-moTI truTiyA~ bhI raha gaI haiM / kiMtu ina saba truTiyoM ke hote hue bhI hameM pustakAlaya ke utsAhI kAryakarttAoM kI prazaMsA karanI cAhie, jinhoMne hiMdI meM isa prakAra kI sUcI sarvaprathama prastuta kI hai / kisI bhI navIna kArya ke AraMbhakatI ko kucha kaThinAiyoM kA svabhAvata: sAmanA karanA par3atA hai, kiMtu isase kArya ke mahatva ko kisI prakAra asvIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / vargIkaraNa kA jJAna prApta karanA svayaM hI eka zikSaNa hai (To learn to classify is in itself an education :-Alex 28

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434 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA Bain ) / isa kArya meM anubhavI logoM se bhI bhUloM kA ho jAnA saMbhava hai| prAzA hai, bhaviSya meM pustakAlaya ke kAryakarttAgaNa isa kArya ko adhika sAvadhAnI se saMpanna kreNge| akhaurI gaMgAprasAda siMha mAnasopacAra zAstra evaM paddhati-yoga dvArA rogopacAra kI bAta hamAre yahA~ bahuta prAcIna kAla se sunI jAtI hai, aura aba bhI yatra-tatra usake vizvasanIya pramANa milate haiN| mAnasopacAra ke anya aneka rUpa bhI isa deza meM pracalita haiN| paraMtu Adhunika vaijJAnika rIti se usakA vistRta vivecana hiMdI ke liye avazya hI nayA hai| prastuta graMtha 'mAnasopacAra zAstra evaM paddhati' ke lekhaka DA0 gopAla bhAskara ganapule kA utsAha prazaMsanIya hai| unhoMne apane viSaya ke pratipAdana meM bar3e parizrama se kAma liyA hai aura use sarvasAdhAraNa ke liye sugama banAne kA yathAzakti prayatna kiyA hai| paraMtu saiddhAMtika kaThinAiyA~ na rahane para bhI usakI kriyAtmaka satyatA ke samarthana kA adhikAra abhyasta aura vizeSajJa janoM ko hI hai| isameM saMzaya nahIM ki isa zAstra kA uddezya mahAna hai aura isakI kriyAsmaka saphalatA se mAnava-jAti kA bar3A kalyANa ho sakatA hai| __ yadyapi ise asAvadhAnI nahIM kahA jA sakatA, kiMtu yadi kahIM kahIM a~garejI ke pAribhASika zabdoM ke anuvAda tathA bhASA ke parimArjana para thor3A aura dhyAna diyA jAtA to adhika acchA hotaa| AzA hai, janatA graMtha ko acche sudhare aura nikhare hue rUpa meM pAegI aura usase lAbha uThAkara graMthakAra kA parizrama saphala kregii| puruSottamalAla zrIvAstava

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vividha viSaya 435 zrIekanAtha-caritra-lekhaka-paM0 lakSmaNa rAmacaMdra pAMgArakara, bo0 e0; anuvAdaka-zrI lakSmaNa nArAyaNa gardai / zrI ekanAtha vikrama kI 16voM zatAbdi ke prasiddha mahArASTra saMta aura kavi haiN| Aja bhI unakI puNyasmRti meM sarvatra 'ekanAtha-SaSThI' manAI jAtI hai| unhIM loka-priya saMta kA yaha caritra hai| 'caritrakAra ko sAMpradAyika arthAt bhAvuka, kAvya-marmajJa arthAt rasika aura itihAsajJa arthAt cikitsaka honA cAhie' ( bhUmikA, pR0 5) / pAMgArakarajI aise hI Adarza caritrakAra haiN| ve svayaM 'hari-bhakti-parAyaNa' haiN| unakI lekhanI meM bhAvukatA bhI paryApta mAtrA meM vidyamAna hai| saMta ke sukumAra caritra ko unhoMne nirdaya hokara nahIM parakhA hai| isI se yaha pustaka bhaktoM ke bhI bar3e pyAra kI vastu ho gaI hai| bhASA aura zailI sAhityika hai| atyaMta saMtoSa kA viSaya hai ki bhAvukatA aura sarasatA ke pravAha meM sthala-kAla kA pUrvApara saMbaMdha kahIM bhI bahakane nahIM pAyA hai| anuvAda kI bhASA bhI khUba calatI aura sarala hai| itanA kaha denA paryApta hogA ki anuvAda anuvAda sA nahIM jNctaa| __'ekanAtha-caritra' saMgrahaNIya vastu hai| hiMdI meM aise graMthoM kA abhI bar3A abhAva hai| 235 pRSThoM kI isa suMdara pustaka ko kevala / ) meM janatA ke hAtha samarpaNa karane ke liye gorakhapura kA gItA presa hama sabake dhanyavAda kA pAtra hai| nArAyaNa mAdhava same yogezvara kRSNa-lekhaka-pro0 camUpati, ema0 e0; prakAzaka-gurukula, kAMgar3I; mUlya-2); pRSTha-saMkhyA lagabhaga cAra sau|

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436 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA 'yogezvara kRSNa' sUryakumArI-graMthAvalI (kA~gar3I) kA prathama graMtha hai| yaha zrIkRSNa kA mahAbhArata se saMkalita purANAna modita aitihAsika jIvana-carita hai| bhASA sarala aura sajIva hai| karmayogI kRSNa ke sAmAjika aura rAjanItika jIvana kI koI pradhAna ghaTanA chUTane nahIM pAI hai| thor3e meM samasta mahAbhArata kA sAra khIMcakara isa prakAra rakha diyA gayA hai ki ise bAlabhArata bhI kaha sakate haiM / upayukta uddharaNoM aura pAda-TippaNiyoM se graMtha meM eka vizeSatA prA gaI hai| 'mahAbhArata kA yuddha-prakAra aura yudhiSThira kI rAjya-praNAlI' ke samAna kucha prakaraNa yadyapi kRSNa-carita se spaSTatayA saMbaddha nahIM dekha par3ate tathApi unase graMtha kI upAdeyatA bar3ha gaI hai| prAcIna sAhitya aura saMskRti kA vidyArthI unase bar3A lAbha uThA sakatA hai| eka zabda meM paMtha suMdara aura saMgrahaNIya hai| sAdhAraNa pAThaka ko isa graMtha meM eka abhAva khaTakatA hai| na to isameM yogezvara kA vaha camatkArapUrNa jIvana aMkita hai jo baccoM aura bhole bhaktoM ke hRdaya ko dravita kara sake aura na yahA~ kRSNa kA vaha sarasa aura salonA citra hI hai jo bhAvukoM ko prAhlAdita kara ske| mahAbhArata se saMkalita 'aitihAsika jIvana-carita' meM yaha prabhAva raha jAnA Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai| spaSTa hI isa carita ke nAyaka kA saMbaMdha na gItA se hai aura na bhAgavata se-vaha mahAbhArata ke rAjanItika kSetra kA eka netA mAtra hai| 'yogezvara' kA yaha artha kucha saMkucita tathA apUrNa sA hai| itanA hone para bhI yaha graMtha anUThA hai-hiMdI-vAGmaya kA eka rana hai| hiMdI meM aise jIvanacaritoM kI bar3I AvazyakatA hai| isa graMtha ne eka bar3e abhAva kI pUrti kI hai| padmanArAyaNa prAcArya

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437 vividha viSaya bhrama- saMzodhana - nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ( navIna saMdarbha ), bhAga 15, saMkhyA 2, pRSTha 157 - 168 meM zrI pRthvIrAja cauhAna, bU~dI kA likhA "itihAsa-prasiddha durga raNathaMbhaura kA saMkSipta varNana" zIrSaka eka lekha chapA hai / yahI lekha bAbU haricaraNa siMha cauhAna ke nAma se nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ( purAnA saMdarbha ), bhAga 23, saMkhyA 12 ( jUna 1918, pRSTha 265-271 ) meM chapa cukA hai| pahale aura pichale lekha meM vizeSa aMtara yahI hai ki pichale lekha meM pahale lekha kA pahalA pairAgrApha chor3a diyA gayA hai| nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA meM isa prakAra kI sAhityika corI kA yaha pahalA udAharaNa hai / AzA hai, zrI pRthvIrAja cauhAna isake saMbaMdha meM tathya kI bAta likhakara isa viSaya ko spaSTa kareMge / saMpAdaka nA0 ma0 pa0

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(15) kabIra kA jIvana-vRtta [ lekhaka-DAkTara pItAMbaradatta bar3athvAla, kAzI ] nAgarI-pracAriNI patrikA, bhAga 14 kI cauthI saMkhyA meM zrImAn paM0 caMdrabalI pAMDeya kA 'kabIra kA jIvana-vRtta' zIrSaka lekha par3hakara bar3A AnaMda huaa| paM0 caMdrabalI sadRza vidvAn ko kaI bAtoM meM apane se sahamata dekha kise AnaMda na hogaa| vizeSa harSa mujhe isa bAta kA hai ki mere jisa mata ko bar3e bar3e vidvAn mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM usake mujhe eka jabardasta samarthaka mila gae haiN| pAMDeyajI bhI mAnate haiM ki nimna-likhita paMktiyoM ke AdhAra para kabIra kA musalamAna kula meM utpanna honA siddha ho jAtA hai jAke Ida bakarIda gaU re badha karahi mAniyahi zekha zahIda pIrA / jAke vApi aisI karI, pUta aisI dharI tihu~ re loka parasidha kabIrA // kucha vidvAna, jinase maiMne isa saMbaMdha meM parAmarza kiyA thA, mujhase isa bAta meM sahamata nahIM haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki kabIra ko musalamAna kA poSya putra mAtra mAnane meM bhI ye paMktiyoM koI ar3acana nahIM ddaaltii| para merA uttara hai ki ina paMktiyoM ke racayitAnoM kA abhiprAya hai ki bhakti ke liye U~ce kula meM janma Avazyaka nahIM hai| isase siddha hai ki kabIra musalamAna ke pojya putra nahIM, aurasa putra the| isa mAmale meM pAMDeyajI ne merA pakSa grahaNa kiyA hai, isaliye mujhe harSa honA svAbhAvika hI hai| paraMtu pAMDeyajI ke lekha meM eka jarA sI galatI raha gaI hai| unhoMne ina paMktiyoM ko raidAsa kI batalAyA hai, jo Adi graMtha meM dI huI haiN| para raidAsa ke vacana kA vastuta: yaha pATha nahIM hai|

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440 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA usakA havAlA bhI unake lekha meM galata hai / kiMtu isakA doSa pAMDeyajI ke matthe mar3hane kA anyAya maiM na karU~gA / 3 ye paMktiyA~ thor3e se pATha bheda se sikhoM ke Adi graMtha meM, raidAsa ke aura rajabadAsa ke sarvAMgI meM pIpAjI ke nAma se dI gaI haiN| Adi graMtha meM yaha pATha hai jAkaiIdi bakarIda kuja gaU re badhu karahi mAnIgrahi sekha sahIda pIrA // jAkai bApi vaimI karI pUta aisI sarI tihu~ re loka parasiva kabIrA // aura sarvAMgI meM yaha - jAke Ida kada, nina gaU re badha karai mAnie sekha sahIda pIrA / bApi vaisI kI pUna aina dharI nAMva navakhaMDa parasiva kabIrA // ina donoM ke prAdhAra para tathA kucha saMgati kA dhyAna rakhakara maiMne nirguNa saMpradAya para apane a~garejI nibaMdha meM, jise pAMDeyajI ne apanA 'vRtta' likhane ke pahale mA~gakara par3ha liyA thA, Upara kA pATha nirdhArita kiyA thA / isase Adi graMtha ke pATha meM vizeSa parivartana yaha huA ki 'sarI' ke sthAna para 'gharI' ho gayA aura 'vaisI' ke sthAna para 'aisI' tathA galatI se 'sekha sahIda' meM 'sa' ke sthAna para 'za' / TAipisTa kI kRpA aura merI asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa pAda-TippaNI kA vaha aMza bhI chapane se raha gayA thA jisameM maiMne pAThAMtaroM kA nirdeza kiyA thA / isI se pAMDeyajI dhokhe meM A gae / anyathA unakI sI nipuNatA ke vyakti se aisI galatI honA saMbhava nahIM thA pAda TippaNI meM pAMDeyajI ne Adi graMtha kI jo pRSTha saMkhyA dI hai, vaha bhI galata hai aura mere TAipisTa kI kRpA kA phala hai / pRSTha saMkhyA 668 na hokara 688 honI ( 1 ) donoM padoM meM pATha-bheda ke sAtha bhI yahI do paMktiyA~ samAna haiM / padoM ke zeSAMza bilkula bhinna haiM /

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kabIra kA jIvana-vRtta 441 caahie| mujhe kheda hai ki mere hiMdI rUpAMtara meM bhI ye galatiyA~ raha gaI haiN| __isa lekha meM pAMDeyajI ko eka bahuta mahatvapUrNa sUcanA dene kA avasara milA hai| vaha sUcanA hai yaha ki guru gorakhanAtha ne 'hiMdU aura musalamAnoM kI ekatA kI ora bhI dhyAna diyA thA / yadyapi pAMDeyajI ne isake koI pramANa nahIM die haiM, tathApi yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki yaha bAta nirAdhAra hai| mujhe kheda hai ki maiM yathAsamaya pAMDeyajI ko isa bAta kA pramukha pramANa na de sakA, kyoMki mere kAgaja-patra usa samaya aisI gaDabaDa hAlata meM the ki unameM se unheM DhUMr3ha nikAlanA kaThina thA, aura pAMDeyajI adhika samaya taka ThaharanA nahIM cAhate the| pramANa nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA meM yathAsthAna chapane ke liye bheja die gae haiN| paraMtu pAThakoM ke lAbhArtha yahA~ bhI de die jAte haiN| gar3havAla meM pracalita jhAr3a-phUMka ke maMtroM meM saMtoM aura siddhoM ke saMbaMdha meM jo ullekha haiM unakA maiMne saMgraha kiyA hai| paM0 caMdrabalI ke Agraha se maiMne isa choTe se saMgraha ko unheM bhI sunAyA thaa| isa saMgraha meM gorakhanAthajI ke saMbaMdha meM likhA hai-"hiMdU musalamAna bAlagudAI doU saharatha liye lagAI"2 jisase patA calatA hai ki guru gorakhanAtha ke celoM meM hiMdU musalamAna donoM sammilita the| musalamAnoM kI jibaha Adi kI prathA ko dhyAna meM rakha tathA unheM talavAra ke bala para rAjya-prasAra karate dekha gorakhanAtha ne kisI kAjI se kahA thA muhammada muhammada na kara kAnI muhammada kA viSama vicAraM / muhammada hAthi karada je hotI lohe gar3hI na sAraM // sabadai mArai sabada jibAvai aisA mahamada poraM / aise bharami na bhUlo kAjI so bala nahIM sarIraM // (.) nA0 pra0 pa0, bhAga 14, aMka 4, pR. 50 / / (2) vahI, pR0 151 /

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442 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ye padya gorakhanAtha kI sabadI ke haiN| inase patA calatA hai ki ve musalamAnoM ke hRdaya meM ahiMsA kI bhAvanA bharanA cAhate the jisase unheM apane hiMdR par3osiyoM ke sAtha mela-jola se rahane kI prAvazyakatA mAlUma pdd'tii| saMbhavata: bAbA ratana hAjI unake musalamAna celoM meM se eka the, jinhoMne apane graMtha kAphira bodha meM aikya ke pakSa meM bahuta kucha kahA hai / pR0 522 kI eka TippaNI meM pAMDeyajI ne bar3A anugraha karake merA smaraNa kiyA hai, aura nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA, bhAga 11, aMka 4 meM chape hue mere lekha 'hiMdI-kAvya meM yoga-pravAha' meM se eka avataraNa diyA hai jisameM maiMne kahA hai-"nirguNa zAkhA vAstava meM yoga kA hI parivartita rUpa hai| bhakti-dhArA kA jala pahale yoga ke hI phATa para bahA thA", isa para apanA abhimata dete hue pAMDeyajI ne satkAmanA kI hai-"bhakti evaM yoga ke vivAda meM na par3a, hameM to yahI kahanA hai ki yadi ukta paMDitajI isa viSaya kI mImAMsA meM tallIna raheMge to eka navIna tathya kA udghATana hI nahIM pratipAdana bhI ho jaaygaa|" pAMDeyajI kI satkAmanA ke liye maiM koTizaH dhanyavAda detA huuN| paraMtu mujhe isa bAta kA patA nahIM calA ki pauDeyajI 'bhakti evaM yoga kA vivAda' kahA~ se le Ae haiN| jAna par3atA hai ki ukta lekha meM mere isa kathana kI ora unhoMne dhyAna nahIM diyA- "gorakhanAtha kA haThayoga kevala Izvara-praNidhAna meM bAharI sahAyaka mAtra hai| na kabora ne hI vAstava meM yoga kA khaMDana kiyA hai aura na gorakhanAtha ne ho kevala bAharI kriyAoM ko pradhAnatA dI hai|" yadi unhoMne ina vAkyoM kI ora dhyAna diyA hotA to unheM 'bhakti evaM yoga ke vivAda meM na par3a' kahane kI AvazyakatA na hotI-cAhe yaha kahakara ve svayaM isa jhagar3e meM na par3anA cAhate haiN| cAhe mujhe usameM na par3ane kA Adeza dete hoN|

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kabIra kA jIvana-vRtta 443 vidvAnoM kI mAlocanA se kaI lAbha hote haiN| jahA~ pAMDeyajI ke 'vRtta' se mujhe patA lagA hai ki merA kauna sA mata puSTa hai, vahIM mere eka mata ke 'agrima khaMDana' dvArA yaha batalAkara bhI ve mere dhanyavAda ke bhAjana hue haiM ki kahA~ mujhe adhika vistAra ke sAtha likhane kI AvazyakatA hai| kabIra ke janma-sthAna ke saMbaMdha meM vivecana karate hue pAMDeyajI ne likhA hai-"kucha logoM kI dhAraNA hai ki kabIra kA janma-sthAna kAzI nahIM, saMbhavataH magahara thA / " unameM se eka maiM bhI huuN| pAMDeyajI kA saMketa vizeSakara mere hI nibaMdha kI ora hai| magahara ke pakSa meM pramANa unhoMne usI meM ke die haiN| isa mata kA pradhAna pramANa to 'prAdi graMtha' meM diyA humA kabIra kA vaha pada hai jisameM unhoMne kahA hai-'pahile darasana magahara pAyo phuni kAsI base praaii| isase spaSTa hai ki kabIra ko bhagavadarzana magahara meM huA thA aura isake bAda ve kAzI meM A base the| isase yaha bhI saMbhava hai ki kabIra kA janma magahara meM huA ho| kAzI meM kabIra kA janma huA thA, isa bAta ko to yaha pada avazya saMdeha meM DAla detA hai| paraMtu pAMDeyajI kA mata hai ki aisA samajhanA 'sAvadhAnI' se kAma na lenA hai| kyoMki magahara meM baiThe baiThe ve 'kAsI base AI' kaise kaha sakate haiM-'AI' kI jagaha 'jAI' honA cAhie thaa| unakI samajha meM, isa paMkti meM, magahara aura kAzI kA sthAna badala gayA hai| isakA pATha honA cAhie-'pahile darasana kAsI pAyo phuni magahara base praaii| 'prakRta padya' unake liye vaha hai jisakA anuvAda mekAlipha ne isa prakAra kiyA hai-"I first saw you at Kasi and then came to reside at Magahar " yaha paMkti merI hai jisameM maiMne mekAlipha kA abhiprAya mAtra diyA thaa| mekAlipha ke zabda ye haiM- I first obtained a sight of thee in

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444 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA Benares and afterwards I went to live at Magahar. (Sikh Religion, vol. 6, pR0 130) isa saMbaMdha meM sabase pahale dhyAna rakhane yogya bAta yaha hai ki 'guru graMtha sAhaba' ke bhinna bhinna saMskaraNoM meM pATha-bheda nahIM ho sktaa| usake padyoM kA maMtratulya Adara hotA hai| usakI likhAI chapAI meM atyaMta sAvadhAnI rakhI jAtI hai| koI mAtrA TUTa jAya, chUTa jAya, bar3ha jAya so to zAyada saMbhava ho bhI paraMtu aisI galatI usameM saMbhava nahIM jisameM acaroM aura artha kA itanA ulaTa-pulaTa ho jAya aura vaha bhI pracalita pravAha ke viruddh| maiMne tarana-tArana ke hiMdI saMskaraNa ke isa pATha ko kucha gurumukhI graMthoM se milavAyA hai| paraMtu pATha hara hAlata meM eka hI milA hai| isa pATha meM mekAlipha ke anuvAda ke aMtara kA kAraNa dUsarA pATha nahIM hai balki unake mastiSka para adhikAra kara baiThA huA pracalita pravAda hai| maiM nahIM kahatA ki Adi graMtha ke atirikta aura jagaha bhI isakA Thoka yahI anuvAda milegaa| paraMtu vastutaH yaha pada dUsarI jagaha abhI taka milA nahIM hai| ataeva dUsare pATha kA prazna ho nahIM utthtaa| mekAlipha kA galata anuvAda upake astitva ko pramANita nahIM kara sktaa| unhoMne Adi graMtha kA anuvAda kiyA hai, aura cIjoM kA nhiiN| agara isa pada kA pATha galata hai to vaha 'prAdi graMtha'kAra kI galatI hai| paraMtu pracalita pravAda ko chor3akara koI bAta aisI nahIM hai jo isa pATha ke virodha meM khar3I ho / ___'AI-jAI kA jhagar3A koI vizeSa ar3acana khar3o nahIM krtaa| kabora ko kAzI chor3akara Ae hue abhI thor3e hI dina hue haiM, mana unakA kAzI hI meM hai| kAzI ke unheM atyaMta priya hone ke (1) eka hI havAlA yahIM dete haiM, dekho rAya sAhaba gulAbasiMha aiMDa saMsa kA pUjAvAlA bar3A saMskaraNa, pR0 166 /

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kabIra kA jIvana-vRtta 445 kAraNa magahara se abhI unake mana kA samanvaya na ho pAyA thA / jitanA adhika ve isa bAta kA ailAna karate haiM ki kAzI kA muktimArga meM kucha vizeSa mahatva nahIM, utanI hI adhika dRr3hatA se vaha unake hRdaya meM baiThI huI dikhAI detI hai / isI se anajAna meM unake mu~ha se aisI hI bAteM nikalatI haiM mAnA abhI ve kAzI hI meM ho / agara pATha-parivartana hI mAnanA abhISTa ho to 'jAI' kA 'AI' bana jAnA kyoM na mAnA jAya ? yadyapi maiM svayaM yaha nahIM mAnatA / I pAMDeyajI ne yaha bhI dalIla peza kI hai - 'jahA~ taka hameM itihAsa kA patA hai, usa samaya magahara meM musalamAnoM kA nivAsa na thA / ' mujhe itihAsa kA bahuta kama patA hai, paraMtu jAnanevAle batalAte haiM ki usa samaya gorakhapura ke AsapAsa kA zAsana navAba bijalIkhA~ paThAna ke hAtha meM thA / gAjI miyA~ sAlAra jaMga to bahuta pahale baharAica taka A pahu~ce the| phira usa samaya magahara meM musalamAnoM ke basane meM kauna sI asaMbhavatA hai ? ina saba bAtoM ko dekhate hue yadi koI yaha mAne ki kabIra ke janma-sthAna ke liye kAzI kA dAvA saMdehAspada hai to anucita nahIM / yaha bAta ThIka hai ki 'na jAne kitanI bAra kabIra ne apane ko kAzI kA julAhA kahA hai' para isase yaha kahA~ nikalatA hai ki ve paidA bhI vahIM hue the / Ajakala apane Apako banArasI kahanevAloM kI saMkhyA beDhaba bar3ha rahI hai para yaha isa bAta kA pramANa thor3e hI hai ki ve janame bhI banArasa hI meM haiM / merA to vicAra hai ki kabIra kA magahara hI meM janma lenA adhika saMbhava hai / kabIra ke ziSya dharmadAsa bhI yahI kahate jAna par3ate haiN| unakA kahanA hai haMsa ubArana sataguru jaga meM zraiyA / pragaTa bhae kAsI meM dAsa vahAiyA //

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nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA bAhmana aura sanyAsI, to hAsI kInhiyA / kAsI se magahara Aye koI nahi cInhiyA // magahara gA~va gorakhapura jaga meM AiyA / hiMdU turaka pramodhi ke paMtha calAiyA // - zabdAvalI, pR0 3, 4, zabda hai / 1 jaga meM unakA AnA jIvoM ke uddhAra ke liye huA thA aura huA thA gorakhapura ke pAsa magahara gA~va meM, kAzI meM tA ve prakaTa hue the / usase pahale unakI prasiddhi nahIM huI thI / unakI prasiddhi kA kAraNa huA svAmI rAmAnaMda kA cetAnA ( kAzI meM hama pragaTa bhae haiM rAmAnaMda cetAe ) arthAt unakA kabIra ke vAstava svarUpa ko pahacAnanA jisase unhoMne unheM behicaka vaiSNava maMDalI meM sammilita kara liyA aura ve kabIradAsa kahe jAne lage / paraMtu aura brAhmaNoM tathA saMnyAsiyoM ne unheM nahIM pahacAnA aura unakI ha~sI meM tatpara rhe| isaliye ve kAzI se magahara cale Ae / 'koI nahiM cInhiyA' kA abhiprAya yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki ve kAzo se magahara hI kyoM Ae, isakA kAraNa kisI ko na mAlUma huA; magahara ve isaliye Ae ki vahIM unakA janma huA thA / isa avasara para magahara hI ko kyoM unhoMne pasaMda kiyA isakA yaha kAphI acchA samAdhAna hai / pAMDeyajI ne bhI apane lekha meM isa pada kA eka aMza uddhRta kiyA hai paraMtu usake 'rahasyodghATana' kI aura unhoMne vaisI pravRtti nahIM dikhAI hai jaisI unake kair3e ke vidvAna se AzA kI jA sakatI hai / lage hAthoM pAMDeyajI kI eka ulajhana ko sulajhA denA tathA unakI eka galatI kA nirAkaraNa kara denA bhI jarUrI jAna par3atA paraMparAgata janazruti hai, apane zava ke liye hiMdU musalamAnoM meM khUna-kharAbI kI saMbhAvanA dekhakara kabIra kI AtmA ne AkAza - Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat 446 www.umaragyanbhandar.com

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kabIra kA jIvana-vRtta 447 vANI kI "lar3o mata, pahale kaphana uThAkara dekho ki tuma lar3a kisa cIja ke liye rahe ho"; kaphana uThAkara dekhA gayA to zava kI jagaha phUla pAe gae jinako hiMdU musalamAna donoM ne bA~Ta liyaa| isa kahAnI kA ullekha kara pAMDeyajI ne bAbU zyAmasuMdaradAsajIsaMpAdita kabIra-graMthAvalI kI bhUmikA meM se isake saMbaMdha kA yaha avataraNa diyA hai-"yaha kahAnI bhI vizvAsa karane yogya nahIM hai paraMtu isakA mUla bhAva amUlya hai" aura isa para TippaNo ko hai- "hamArI samajha meM yaha bAta nahIM AtI ki kabIra kI usa (?) prAtmA ne isa prakAra kI prAkAzavANI kara, lar3o mata, kaphana uThAkara dekho, kauna sA amUlya bhAva bhara diyA hai|" bhAva to bilakula spaSTa hai para yahI samajha meM nahIM AtA ki pAMDeyajI kI samajha meM vaha kyoM nahIM paataa| pAMDeyajI ne agara isa prasaMga ko dhyAna se par3hA hotA aura 'para hiMdU-musalima-aikya ke prayAsI kabIra kI prAtmA yaha bAta kaba sahana kara sakatI thI' isa kathana para dRSTi DAlI hotI to pAMDeyajI ko kahAnI ke amUlya mUla-bhAva ke samajhane meM dera na lgtii| lekhaka kA abhiprAya spaSTa hai| unakA abhiprAya hai ki yaha camatkArI kahAnI vizeSa rUpa se yaha dikhalAne ke liye gar3hI gaI hai ki kabIra kI prAtmA ne mRtyu ke bAda bhI hiMdU-musalima-virodha ke nirAkaraNa kA prayatna nahIM chodd'aa| hidU-muslima aikya kI AvazyakatA kA amUlya mUlya Aja bhI anubhUta ho rahA hai| __ pR0 502 meM pAMDeyajI ne 'jiMda' zabda para vicAra karate hue likhA hai ki dharmadAsa kI zabdAvalI ( belveDiyara presa ) ke saMpAdaka mahodaya ne jida kA artha 'baMdhogar3ha-nivAsI baniye' mAnA hai, jo sarvathA amAnya hai| paraMtu vastutaH yaha ukta saMpAdaka mahodaya ke Upara anyAya hai| unhoMne aisA kucha nahIM mAnA hai| 'baMdhogar3ha ke

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448 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA baniye' to 'bAMdhoM ke bAnI' kA artha hai jo isI prasaMga meM AyA hai| paraMtu har3abar3I ke kAraNa pAMDeyajI ne pustaka ko acchI taraha par3hA nahIM, nahIM to unheM dekha par3atA ki ukta saMpAdaka ne 'jiMda' ke mAne 'jina' die haiM, 'bAMdhogar3ha ke baniye' nahIM / 'jiMda' zabda para eka choTA sA nibaMdha hI likhA jA sakatA hai para usake liye mere pAsa isa samaya avasara nahIM hai| 1 pAMDeyajI ne DA0 tripAThI ke isa mata kA vyartha hI virodha kiyA hai ki kabIra ke krAMtikArI siddhAMtoM kA pracAra kArya sikaMdara lodI sarIkhe kaTTara aura atyAcArI sulatAna ke rAjya meM saMbhava nahIM thA / pAMDeyajI kA kathana hai ki kabIra ne pahale pahala islAma kA virodha nahIM kiyA, isaliye ve caina se hiMduoM kI zruti smRti, avatAra Adi kI niMdA karate rahe; kiMtu aMta meM jyoMhI islAma kA virodha karane lage tyoMhI unheM usakA majA cakhanA par3A aura aMta meM ve magahara bhAga ge| isameM pAMDeyajI ne spaSTa hI yaha bAta mAnI hai ki kabIra ne apane padyoM kI kisI vizeSa krama se racanA kI, jise mAnane ke liye koI bhI AdhAra nahIM hai / vastuta: jaisA DA0 tripAThI kahate haiM, kabIra ke Upara aisI krUra dRSTi kisI musalamAnI zAsaka kI par3I hI nahIM jaisI sikaMdara lodI ke zAsanakAla meM par3anI saMbhava thI / magahara bhI ve kisI musalamAna zAsaka ke atyAcAra se bhAgakara nahIM gae / sulatAna ke atyAcAra se magahara hI meM unakI rakSA kaise ho sakatI thI ? vahA~ navAba bijalI khA~ kI saMrakSakatA bhI unakI camar3I ko sAbita na rakha sakatI / vaha khuda bijalIkhA~ kI camar3I ko aMdeze meM DAla detI / asala meM ve magahara isaliye gae ki kAzI meM unakA rahanA hiMduoM ne dUbhara kara diyA thA / zAhe vakta koI aisA udAra vyakti thA jisase jAna par3atA hai ki musalamAnoM ko bhI kabIra ko sajA dilA

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kabIra kA jIvana-vRtta 446 isa sakane kI AzA na thI, phira hiMdU usase kyA AzA rakhate / liye unhoMne majAka kA AsarA liyA / jahA~ kabIra dikhAI die vahIM " arara kabIra" ke sAtha burI burI gAliyoM kI jhar3I lagane lagI / kAzI meM kabIra kI khUba jora kI ha~sI huI thI, isakA ulllekha kabIra-paMthiyoM ne kaI padoM meM kiyA hai / 'nirguNa bAnI' nAmaka eka saMgraha meM do-tIna bAra 'kAzI meM hA~sI kInhIM' kA ullekha hai / dharmadAsa kI 'zabdAvalI' se magahara ke saMbaMdha meM jo pada Upara uddhRta kiyA gayA hai, usameM bhI spaSTa likhA hai--- 'brAhmaNa aura sanyAsI to hA~sI kInhiyA' / ukta saMgraha ke do-eka padoM ke anusAra isa ha~sI kA avasara bhI kabIra hI ne prastuta kara diyA thA / zraddhAluoM kI zraddhA se taMga vyAkara ve eka bAra vezyA ko bagala meM lekara kAzI kI galiyoM meM ghUme the / paraMtu usakA jo ghora pariNAma huA usake liye ve taiyAra nahIM the / sabhya logoM ne sabhya majAka kiyA hogA, asabhyoM ne bhaddA / yaha bhI nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki kabIra prakArAMtara se hiMduoM meM islAma kA pracAra kara rahe the, islAma kA virodha unheM abhISTa hI nahIM thaa| unakI phaTakAra hiMdU-musalamAna donoM ke liye thI; donoM ke graMthavizvAsoM tathA karmakAMDa ityAdi kI unhoMne samAna rUpa se niMdA kI hai / hiMduoM ke prati adhika aura musalamAnoM ke prati kama virodhAtmaka uktiyoM kA kAraNa yaha hai ki kabIra kI dArzanika pravRtti hiMduoM ke sarvathA mela meM thI, isaliye ve adhikatara unhIM kI saMgati meM rahA karate the aura svabhAvata: unhIM ko adhika samajhAte-phaTakArate the, musalamAnoM se bahasa-mubAhasA karane kA unheM maukA hI kama milatA thA / ataeva niSedhAtmaka hone para bhI DAkTara tripAThI kA ukta mata atyaMta mUlyavAna hai aura kabIra ke samaya ko nizcita karane meM bar3I sahAyatA detA hai / 26

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450 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA pAMDeyajI kA abhimata, ki 'nA-nArada ika julahe soM hArA... saikarA bharaI' meM "saikarA' kabIra kI zatAyu kI ora saMketa karatA hai, vicArapUrNa hai aura "saikarA bharaI" yadi julAhI peze kI kisI kriyA kI hI ora saMketa nahIM karatA to vaha kabIra kI jIvanI ke eka tathya ke nizcaya meM atyaMta sahAyaka hogaa| hA~, yaha kahanA ki bAraha barasa bAlapana khoyo, bIsa barasa kachU tapa na kiyA / tIsa barasa kai rAma na sumirayau, phiri pachitAnyA biradha bhayo / kabIra-graMthAvalI, pR0 170, 243, 306, 191 isameM sAmAnya kathana na karake kabIra ne apane hI bAlyakAla, yauvana, bur3hApe ityAdi kA vistAra batAyA hai, atimAtra hai|

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(16) bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti kAlidAsa ke graMthoM ke AdhAra para [ lekhaka-zrI bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya, lakhanaU ] bhAratavarSa meM hiMdU-samAja kI vyavasthA prAyaH sadA vahI thI jo mAja hai| yaha vyavasthA bahuta prAcIna hai aura isakA ullekha kisI na kisI rUpa meM hameM mAnava-jAti kI samAja prathama pustaka 'Rgveda' meM bhI milatA hai| samAja ko cAra varSoM meM vibhakta karake usameM akSaya zakti evaM adbhuta karmaNyatA bharI gaI thii| kavi kAlidAsa ne bhI apane graMthoM meM una paraMparAgata prAcIna vahla brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra-kA varNana kiyA hai| prathama tIna varNoM ko 'dvija' kahate the kyoMki ve vividha dhArmika evaM sAmAjika kriyAoM aura saMskAroM se pUta hokara eka prakAra se dvitIya janma dhAraNa karate the jisakA unheM, vizeSa kara caturtha varNa zUdroM para, eka khAsa phAyadA thaa| samAja ke ina cAroM aMgoM ke apane apane viziSTa varNa karma the jinakA vidhAna smRtiyA~ karatI thiiN| rAjA kA yaha eka pradhAna kartavya thA ki vaha apanI prajA ko ucita mArga para le cale, unheM dharmacyuta na hone de| aisA na ho ki kahIM koI apane varNa kI sImA kA ullaMghana kara jaay| isa kAraNa rAjA ko varNAzrama-dharma kA rakSaka kahate the ( varSAzramANAM rkssitaa)| vaha svayaM varNAzramadharma kI sthiti kI maryAdA kA poSaka (sthiterabhecA ) thA aura apanI prajA ko usI patha para prArUr3ha karatA thaa| isa dharmamaya ratha (.) asAvatrabhavAnvarNAzramANAM rakSitA prAgeva / -abhijJAnazAkuntala, aNk| varNAzramAveSaNajAgarUkaH / -raghuvaMza 14, 85 /

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452 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kA rAjA sArathI thA jo apanI prajA ko usameM baiThAkara isa bhA~ti ratha ko hA~katA thA ki rathoM kI purAnI lIkoM para hI usake cakra calate the, prAcIna dharmavRtti se vaha apanI prajA ko rekhA mAtra bhI nahIM Talane detA thA / isa prakAra, kAlidAsa ke ullekhAnusAra, usa samaya ke bhAratIya zAstrAnumodita nIti aura varNadharma kA akSarazaH pAlana karate the| yadyapi, jaisA hama Age batalAe~ge, kAlidAsa ke samaya ke svacchaMda, prasanna evaM kalApriya aura surucipUrNa bhAratIya samAja meM ucchRkhalatA aura kartavyacyuti ke udAharaNa sarvathA ajJAta nahIM the tathApi jana-sAdhAraNa kI prAcArapriyatA kucha vaisI hI thI jaisI Upara batalAI gaI hai| varNAzramI sAdhAraNata: prAcAra. pUta the aura varNAzrama-dharma kI rakSA rAjA utsAhapUrvaka karatA thaa| varNasImA kA atikramaNa karanevAlA bar3e kar3e daMDa kA adhikArI thA aura svayaM kAlidAsa, jo varNAzrama-dharma ke bar3e pRSThapoSaka haiM jaisA unake isa pakSa ke bAraMbAra ke varNanoM se vidita hotA hai, rAjA rAma dvArA 'dvijetaratapasvisutAre ke vakSa ke avasara para bar3I prAnaMda-dhvani karate haiM kyoMki unakA vizvAsa thA ki dvijasevAdhikArI zUdra tapazcaryAkarma karake varNadharma kA ullaMghana karatA hai, usa sAmAjika vyavasthA ko atizaya kSati pahu~cAtA hai jisakI rakSA raghuvaMza ke rAjA prANapaNa se karate the| ___ Azramo3 kI saMkhyA bhI cAra thI jinameM dvijo kA jIvana-kAla vibhakta thaa| ye pAzrama isa prakAra the-brahmacarya, gRhastha, vAnaprastha aura sNnyaas| varNadharma kI rakSA kI bhA~ti hI Azrama-dharma ke (1) rekhAmAtramapituNNAdA manAvarmanaH param / na vyatIyuH prajAstasya niyanturnemivRttayaH ||-rghu. 1, 17 / (2) vahI, 6, 76 / (3) vahI, 1,8; 14, 5 / abhi. shaaku0,5|

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bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 453 kalyANArtha bhI rAjA sarvathA jAgarUka rahatA thaa| yaha dharma usakI svecchA kA nahIM pratyuta smRtiyoM ke vidhAna se yukta kartavya kA thaa| jaba jaba varNAzrama-dharma kI kisI prakAra kSati hotI hai taba taba kavi kAlidAsa kI lekhanI krodhapUrNa hokara Aga ugalane lagatI hai| samAja meM usakI vyavasthA ke viruddha ve svecchAcAritA sahana nahIM kara sakate / sacamuca hI sAmAjika vyasvathA kA prANa prAcAra hai| sevAdharma ko bar3I mahattA dI jAtI thii| go-brAhmaNa samAja meM pUjya the| dilIpa dvArA kI gaI go-sevA' meM kavi ne adhyAtma aura go-sevA Adarza bhara diyA hai| dilIpa go kA eka akiMcana sevaka hai aura usakI go-sevA sevA ke kSetra meM eka advitIya aura apUrva prAdarza upasthita karatI hai| sevaka kI naitika avasthA sevA ke Adarza niyamoM meM koI parivartana nahIM kara sakatI thii| cAhe vaha rAjA hI kyoM na ho use apane sAre anuyAyiyoM ko chor3akara eka sAdhAraNa anucara kI bhAMti sevA karanI pdd'egii| yaha eka prakAra kA vrata thA jisake prAcaraNa ke nimitta manuSya ko akelA agrasara honA par3atA thaa| jo svayaM sevaka hai usake anucara kaise ? vaha to apane hI vIrya se rakSita hai ( svavIrya guptA hi mnoprsuutiH)| isI nIti ke anusAra dilIpa ne apane anacaroM ko chor3a diyaa| go ke pIche pIche vaha chAyA kI bhA~ti vana meM bicarane lagA (vicaar)| usane muni kI bhA~ti sira ke bAloM ko latApratAnoM dvArA bA~dha liyA (1) rghu0,2| (2) nyaSedhi shesso'pynuyaayivrgH|-vhii, 2, 4 / ( 3 ) vratAya tenAnucareNa dhenoH |-vhii| (4) sthitaH sthitAmuJcalitaH prayAtAM niSeduSImAsanabaMdhadhIraH / jalAbhilASo jalamAdadAnAM chAyeva tAM bhUpatiranvagacchat / -vahI, 2, 6 /

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454 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA (latApratAnograthitaiH sa kezaiH) / jaba gAya calatI thI dilIpa bhI calatA thA, jaba vaha khar3I hotI thI vaha bhI khar3A hotA thA, jaba vaha baiThatI thI vaha bhI baiThatA thA, jaba vaha jala pItI thI vaha bhI jalapAna karatA thA isa prakAra usakA kAryakrama gAya kI chAyA ke anurUpa gAya kA hI eka prakAra se thaa| vaha apane rakSya ke rakSaka aura abhibhAvaka kI bhA~ti usakI rakSA ke artha AvazyakatA ke anusAra apane prANoM taka kI bAjI lagA sakatA thA / varNAzrama-dharma ko mahattva denevAle samAja meM vivAha-kriyA kA ucita rIti se saMpAdana anivArya hI thaa| kAlidAsa ke graMthoM se hameM tIna prakAra kaM vivAhoM kA jJAna hotA vivAha hai| ve isa prakAra haiM-(1) svayaMvara , (2) prAjApatya aura ( 3) gAMdharva / svayaMvara meM kanyA apane pati kA varaNa svayaM karatI thii| isakA pramANa hameM raghuvaMza mahAkAvya ke chaThe sarga meM varNita iMdumatI ke svayaMvara se prApta hotA hai| prAjApatya kA udAharaNa kumArasaMbhava ke aMtargata ziva aura pArvatI ke vivAha meM milatA hai aura gAMdharva vivAha kA saMketa abhijJAna-zAkuMtala ke duSyaMta aura zakuMtalA ke prema saMbaMdha meM kiyA gayA hai| aba hama nIce pratyeka kA alaga alaga varNana karate haiM (3) jatApratAnAdgrathitaiH sa kezairadhijyadhanvA vicacAra dAvam / -raghuvaMza, 2, 8 / (2) vahI, 2, 6 / (3) vinAzya rakSyaM svayamayatena |-vhii, 2, 56 / (4) vahI, 2, 51 aura 26 / (1) vahI, 6 / (6)kumArasaMbhava, 7 / (7) abhijJAna-zAkuntala, 3 /

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bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 455 svayaMvara kanyA kA pitA athavA bhAI svayaMvara meM svayaM Ane ke liye athavA apane yuvarAja ko usameM bhAga lene ke liye bhejane ke artha rAjAoM ko nimaMtraNa bheja detA thA' / rAjA loga apanI senAoM aura ziviroM ko sAtha lekara svayaMvara ke liye prasthAna karate the / kanyA kA pitA apane nagara ke dvAra para inakA svAgata karatA thA re / phira inheM rAjaprAsAda meM le jAtA thA jisakA dvAra pUrNa kuMbha 4 jaisI suMdara maMgalavastuoM se suzobhita rahatA thA / dUra dUra ke aneka rAjA vadhUvijaya ke nimitta paraspara IrSyAlu hRdaya se vahA~ upasthita hote the / prAtaHkAla vaMdIjana Akara ina rAjAoM ko inakI vaMzaprazasti sunA sunAkara jagAte the / tadanaMtara rAjA loga svayaMvara ke akhAr3e meM suMdara maMcoM para jAkara baiThate the / ye maMca kucha U~cAI para bar3e dAmoM ke bane hue hote the jina taka suMdara sopAnamArga se pahu~cate the / ina maMcAsanoM meM ratna lage hue hote the / ye Upara se raMga-biraMge AcchAdanoM se Dhake hue hote the / inhIM maMcoM para bahumUlya AbhUSaNa dhAraNa kie hue rAjA loga virAjamAna hote the / tadu(1) zrathezvareNa krathakAMzakAnA svayaMvarArthaM svasurindumatyAH / zrAptaH kumArAnayanotsukena bhojena dUtA raghave visRSTaH // - raghu0, 1, 36 / 0 (2) tasyeApakAryA racitopacArA / - vahI, 5, 41 / ( 3 ) taM tasthivAMsaM nagaropakaNThe tadAgamArUDhagurupraharSaH / -- vahI, 1, 61 / ( 4 ) prAgdvAravedivinivezitapUrNakumbhAm / - vahI, 1,63 / (5) tatra svayaMvara samAhRtarAjalokam / - vahI, 5, 64 / ( 6 ) vahI, 1, 75 / ( 7 ) sa tatra maJca Su maneAjJaveSAnsiMhAsanasthAnupacAravatsu / - vahI, 6, 1 / < 8) sopAnapathena maJcam / vahI, 6, 3 / ( 1 ) parArdhya varNAstaraNopapacamAsedivAn ratnavadAsanaM saH / vahI, 6, 4 / ( 1. ) vahI, 6, 6 /

Page #473
456 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA parAMta bhATa pahu~cakara upasthita rAjAoM ke-sUrya aura caMdra vaMza kekIrti-gAna karate the| isI samaya maMgalArtha digaMta-vyApI zaMkha aura tUrya kI dhvani kI jAtI thii| phira vivAhavezadhAriNI patiMvarA pAlakI meM car3hakara parijanoM dvArA anusRta maMcoM ke madhya rAjamArga para upasthita hotI thii| usakI kamanIyatA sabake netroM ko apanI ora khIMca letI thii| rAjA bhI usako apanI ora prAkRSTa karane ke liye vividha zRMgAra-ceSTAe~ karate the (zRMgAraceSTA vividhA babhUvuH ) / taba kanyA kI priya sakhI, jo upasthita rAjAoM kI vaMza-kIrti se pUrNa avagata hotI thI, use eka eka nRpati ke sammukha le jAkara usake rUpa-guNa evaM kula kA bakhAna karatI huii| usa rAjamArga para Age bar3hatI thii| yaha sakhI bar3I catura hotI thii| isakI cAturI patiMvarA ke hRdaya para ucitAnucita prabhAva DAla sakatI thii| prAyaH apane svAmI kA varaNa to kanyA apane hRdaya meM bahuta pahale hI kara letI hogI paraMtu khule svayaMvara meM rAjAoM aura darzakoM ke sammukha usake varaNa ko vyavahAraucitya milanA pAvazyaka thaa| "rAtri ke samaya saMcAriNI dIpazikhA kI bhA~ti patiMvarA jisa rAjA ke sAmane se nikala jAtI thI vaha rAjamArga para banI aTTAlikA kI bhAMti vivarNa ho jAtA thaa| phira vaha usa rAjA ke sammukha jAkara rukatI thI jo kula, kAMti (.) raghu0, 6, 8 / (2) vahI, 6, / (3) manuSyavAhya caturasrayAnamadhyAsya kanyA parivArazobhi / viveza maccAntararAmamArga patiMvarA kluptavivAhaveSA / -vahI, 6,10 / (4) vahI, 6, 20 // (5) saMcAriNI dIpazikheva rAtrau yaM yaM vyatIyAya pativarA sA / narendramAADa iva prapede vivarNabhAvaM sa sa bhuumipaalH|| -vahI, 6, 6. /

Page #474
bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 457 aura yauvana meM usake samAna hotA thA aura jisameM anya guNoM ke atirikta vinayaguNa vizeSa hotA thaa| isa prakAra ke pati kA vaha varaNa karatI thii| kAMcana ratna ko prApta karatA thaa| suMdara sraja ko vaha stryocita lajjApUrvaka apane vRNIta pati ke gale meM chor3a detI thI / isa prakAra nAgarikoM ke harSotkarSa ke bIca svayaMvara kI vidhi samApta ho jAtI thii| taduparAMta vara-vadhU toraNa, patAkA aura anya maMgala sAmagriyoM dvArA susajjita rAjamArga se rAjaprAsAda kI ora prasthAna karate the| nAgarikoM aura anya logoM dvArA eka bar3A aura suMdara jalUsa taiyAra ho jAtA thA jise dekhane ke liye rAjamArga para khulanevAlI prAsAdoM kI khir3akiyA~ striyoM ke mukhamaMDaloM se bhara jAtI thii| taba vara gaja se utarakara maMgala-vastuoM se suzobhita rAjaprAsAda meM praveza karatA thA aura mahilAoM ke gItAmRta se usake karNa dhanya ho jAte the| vahA~ vaha eka mahArha (1) kulena kAntyA vayasA navena guNaizca taistaivi nayapradhAnaiH / tvamAtmanastulyamamuM vRNISva ratnaM samAgacchatu kAJcanena / -raghu0, 6, 76 / (2) dRSTayA prasAdAmalayA kumAraM pratyagrahItsaMvaraNanajeva / / -vahI, 6, 80 / tayA srajA maGgalapuSpamayyA vizAlavaHsthavalambayA saH / bhamasta kaNThApitaghAhupAzAM vidarbharAjAvarajAM vrennyH|| -vahI, 6, 84. (3) vahI, 7, 10 / tAvatprakIrNAbhinavopacAramindrAyudhayotitatoraNAGkam / varaH sa vadhvA saha rAjamArga prApa dhvajacchAyanivAritoSNam // -vahI, 7,4 / (4) vahI, 7, " / (15) ityudgatAH pauravadhUmukhebhyaH zRNvankathAH zrotrasukhA: kumaarH| -vahI, 7, 16 /

Page #475
458 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA siMhAsana para biThAyA jAtA thA aura use saratna madhuparka-mizrita ardhya pradAna karate the| isa prakAra usakI dvAra-pUjA kI jAtI thii| phira vaha dukUlavastra kA jor3A (dhotI aura a~gochA ) dhAraNa karatA thaa| phira use vinIta avarodharakSaka vivAha-kriyA ke saMpAdanArtha vadhU ke samIpa le jAte the / taba pUjA ke anaMtara purohita agni meM homa karake aura agni ko hI sAkSI banAkara vara aura vadhU ko vivAhasUtra meM bA~dha diyA karatA thA / taba vara vadhU kA hasta grahaNa karake vadhU ke sAtha agni kI parikramA karatA thaa| phira yAjaka guru dvArA batAI gaI vadhU agni meM lAja-visarjana kriyA karatI thI / zamI vRkSa ke pallavoM aura lAja ke homa se utpanna dhue~ kI sugaMdha' apUrva hotI thii| isake bAda pati aura patnI svarNasiMhAsana para baiThate the aura taba snAtaka rAjA aura patiputravAlI mahilAe~ viziSTatA ke krama se unake Upara bhIge akSata pheMkatI thIM / aba anya upasthita rAjAoM kI ora dhyAna diyA jAtA thA aura unakI ucita pUjA-bheTa karake unako bidA kiyA jAtA thaa| phira vivAha kI zeSa vidhiyoM ko pUrNatayA samApta karake vara navavadhU ke sAtha anaMta (.) mahArhasiMhAsanasaMsthito'sau saratnamaya madhuparkamizram / bhojopanItaM ca dukUlayugmaM jagrAha sAdhaM vanitAkaTAkSaH // (2) dukUlavAsAH sa vadhUsamIpaM ninye viniitairvrodhrauH|-vhii, 7, 16 (3) vahI, 7, 20 / (4) hastena hastaM parigRhya vadhvAH |-vhii, 7, 21 / (5) prdkssinnprkrmnnaaskRshaanaaH|-bhii, 7, 24 / (6)lAjavisargamagnI!-vahI, 7, 25 / (7) vahI, 7, 26 / (8) vahI, 7, 28 / (8) vahI, 7, 26 /

Page #476
456 bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti dhana lekara apane deza ko prasthAna karatA thaa| yaha svayaMvara vivAha kA citraNa hai| eka bAta yahA~ dhyAna dene yogya hai ki svayaMvara kI prathA kevala rAjAoM ke saMbaMdha meM hI prApta hotI hai| saMbhava hai, yaha kevala unhIM meM pracalita rahI ho; kyoMki jana-sAdhAraNa meM isa prathA ke pracalana kA ullekha nahIM milatA aura sAdhAraNatayA unameM isa vidhi kA saMpAdana hai bhI bar3A ktthin| rAjAoM kI to saMkhyA bhI thor3I thI aura isa rIti se kanyA ke kula Adi kI pratiSThA rakhI jA sakatI thii| jana-sAdhAraNa meM svayaMvara kI prathA tabhI saMbhava thI jaba svayaMvara ke akhAr3e meM kisI pratijJA-vizeSa kA saMpAdana kiyA jAtA jisakA ullekha rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata meM milatA hai| prAjApatya vivAha kA udAharaNa hameM kumArasaMbhava ke sAtaveM sarga meM, ziva-pArvatI ke vivAha meM, milatA hai| ziva-pArvatI kA vivAha __ hiMduoM meM Adarza samajhA jAtA hai| vivAha prAjApatya vivAha ra meM honevAlI sArI kriyAoM kA varNana nIce diyA jAtA hai| varNana hai to ziva aura pArvatI ke vivAha kA, para usase sArI vidhiyA~ spaSTa ho jAtI haiN| vaha isa prakAra hai pArvatI ke pitA himAlaya ne jAmitri lagna meM zukla pakSa kI eka zubha tithi ko usake vivAhArtha apane parijanoM ke sAtha taiyAriyoM kI / isake nimitta rAjamArga cInAMzuka kI banI patAkAoM aura suMdara camakIle sunahare toraNoM se susajita kiyA gayA / (1) raghu0, 7, 32 / (2) athauSadhInAmadhipasya vRddhau tithI ca jAmitraguNAnvitAyAm / sametabandhuhimavAnsutAyA vivAha dIpAvidhimanvatiSThat // -kumArasaMbhava, 7, 1 / (3) santAnakAkIrNamahApathaM taccInAMzukaiH kalpitaketumAlam / bhAsojvalatkAJcanatoraNAnAM sthAnAntara svarga ivAvabhAse // -vahI, 7, 3 /

Page #477
nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA mitroM aura saMbaMdhiyoM ne kanyA kA AliMgana kara use prAbhUSaNa bheMTa kie| jaba maitra muhUrta meM uttarA phAlgunI aura caMdramA kA yoga huA taba striyoM ne vadhU kA ubaTana Adi se vivAha pratikarma prAraMbha kiyAre / ina triyoM kA patiputravatI honA anivArya thA3 / vadhU ko dUrvA se sajjita karake kauzeya paridhAna karAyA gyaa| phira usane hAthoM meM eka bANa dhAraNa kiyA jo zAyada kSatriya vadhU kA paricAyaka thaa| taba usake zarIra meM caMdana kA tela lagAkara usa para lodhracUrNa chir3akA gayA aura tadanaMtara sumadhura kAleyaka lagAyA gyaa| taba dUsarI dhotI dhAraNa karAkara striyA~ use catuSka snAnArtha (snAnAgAra) kI ora le gaI / catuSka kI marakatazilA ke tala para muktAoM ke prayoga se citra-racanA kI gaI thii| vahA~ svarNakalazoM dvArA vadhU ke aMgoM para striyoM ne jala kI dhArA chor3akara use snAna karAyA / phira usa 'maMgalasnAnavizuddhagAtrI' ko zuklavasanA karake pativratAoM ne vitAnayukta vedI ke madhya bane eka suMdara Asana para bitthaayaa| isa vedI ke staMbha, jo vitAna ko uThAe hue the, svarNa ke bane hue the aura (.) aGkAdyayAvaGkamudIritArthAH sA maNDanAnmaNDanamanvabhuGa kta / sambandhibhinno'pi gireH kulasya snehastadekAyatanaM jagAma // -kumAra0, 7,5 / (2) maitre muhUrte zazalAnchanena yogaM gatAsUttaraphalgunISu / tasyAH zarIre pratikarma cakra bandhustriyo yAH ptiputrvtyH|| -vahI, 7, 6 / (3) vhii| (4) vahI, 7, / (5) tAM lodhrakalkena hRtAGgatailAmAzyAnakAleyakRtAGgarAgAm / vAso vasAnAmabhiSekayogya nAryazcatuSkA bhimukha vynaissuH|| -vahI, 7, 9 / ( 6 ) vahI, 7, 10 /

Page #478
bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 461 -ratnoM se suzobhita the / vahA~ vaha pUrva kI ora mukha karake baiThI2 / phira usake zarIra ko dhUpa se sukhAkara bAloM ko puSpoM se sajAyA aura sugaMdhita dUrvAsraja se usakA sira pariveSTita kiyA gayA / tadanaMtara zveta aguru ko pIta gorocana se mizrita karake usase usake zarIra para suMdara choTI choTI paMktiyoM kI prAkRtiyA~ citrita kI gii| gorocana aura lodhracUrNa dvArA usake kapoloM ko raMgakara kAnoM ke Upara se jaI ke gucche laTakAe gae aura adharoSTha halke raMga se raMge ge| usake caraNa mahAvara dvArA ra~ge gae aura netroM meM aMjana lagAyA gayA / usakI grovA aura bA~hoM ko ratnajaTita bahumUlya prAbhUSaNoM se vibhUSita kiyA gayA / anya aMgoM para bhI usane svarNa ke AbhUSaNa dhAraNa kie| phira isa prakAra vivAha-zRMgAra samApta kara vaha darpaNa ke sammukha khar3I huii| tadanaMtara usakI mAtA ne zrAdra haritAla aura manaHzilA ko u~galI se lekara usake lalATa para svarNa ke raMga kA vivAha-dIkSA kA tilaka (1) kumAra0, 7, 11 / (2) vahI, 7, 13 / (3) vahI, 7, 14 / (4) vinyastazuklAguru cakraraGga gorocanApana vibhktmsyaaH| sA cakravAkAGkitasaikatAyAghisrotasaH kAntimatItya tasthau // .-vahI, 7, 15 / (5) vahI, 7, 17 / (6) rekhAvibhaktaH suvibhaktagAtryAH kicinmbhuucchissttvimRssttraagH| kAmapyabhikhyAM sphuritairapuSyadAsabalAvaNyaphalo'dharoSThaH // -vahI, 7, 18 / (7) vahI, 7, 20 / (8) vahI, 7, 21 / (1) vhii| (10) vahI, 7, 22 //

Page #479
462 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA lagAyA aura usake hAtha meM UrNAmaya sUtra bA~dhAre / phira kuladevatA ko praNAma kara lene ke pazcAt vaha bar3I-bUr3hiyoM ko uccatA ke krama se praNAma karane gaI aura unhoMne AzIrvAda diyA-akhaNDitaM prema labhasva patyu:3 / phira use anya saMbaMdhiyoM ne AzIrvAda diyaa| isI prakAra vara bhI apane ghara meM mAtA aura anya striyoM dvArA varocita vastuoM se sajAyA gayA / usane mastaka, grovA, bhujA aura karNa Adi meM AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karAe ge| phira 'hNscihndukuulvaan|5 hokara usane haritAla kA tilaka lagAyA aura darpaNa ke sammukha jA khar3A huaa|7 tadanaMtara varapakSa suvAdyadhvani ke sAtha sAtha vadhU ke nagaradvAra para pahu~cA / taba vadhUpakSa ke loga apane saMbaMdhiyoM sahita AbhUSaNoM se susajjita hokara gajArUr3ha ho varapakSa ke svAgata ke liye aae| nagaradvAra khulA huA thaa| dvAra meM ghusate hI varapakSa para puSpavarSA kI gii| nagara kI striyA~ gharoM kI chatoM para car3hakara varapakSa ko dekhane lagI aura jalUsa para unhoMne puSpa-varSA kii| jalUsa ko dekhane kI vyagratA isa bhauti thI ki striyA~ (1) kumAra0, 7, 23 / (2) vahI, 7, 24 / (3) akhaNDitaM prema labhasva patyurityucyate tAbhirumA sma namrA / tayA tu tasyAdha zarIrabhAjA pazcAtkRtAH snigdhajanAziSo'pi -vahI, 7, 28 / ( 4 ) vahI, 7, 30 / (5) vahI, 7, 32 / (6) vahI, 7, 33 / (7) vahI, 7, 36 / (8) vahI, 7, 50 / (1) vahI, 7, 12 / (10) prAvezayanmandiramRddhamenAmagulphakIrNApaNamArgapuSpam / -vahI, 7, 15 / (11) vahI, 7,56 /

Page #480
bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti apanI veNI-racanA' ,caraNa-raMjana , zalAkA dvArA netraraMjana aura nIvI-baMdhana Adi kriyAoM meM vyasta hotI huI bhI khir3akiyoM para daur3a gii| toraNa-patAkAoM se sajAe rAjamArga para jaba jalUsa pahu~cA taba usa para maMgalamaya akSata pheMkA gayA / vara apanI savArI se utarakara dvAra para baiThA jahA~ usakI pUjA karake usakA svAgata kiyA gayA aura usako saratna arghya aura madhu tathA gavya pradAna kiyA gyaa| phira use navadukUla kA jor3A pahanane ke liye diyA gyaa| sAtha hI purohita loga maMtra par3ha rahe the| phira use vinIta avarodharakSaka vadhU ke samIpa le gae aura purohita ne usake hAtha para vadhU kA hAtha rakhakara pANigrahaNa karAyA / aba ziva aura pArvatI kI saMketa-pratimAe~ pratiSThita karake pUjI gaI / phira varavadhU ne, purohita ke AdezAnusAra, agni kI tIna bAra parikramA kI aura vadhU ne agni meM akSata DAle / tadanaMtara purohita ne (1) kumAra0, 7, 17 / (2) vahI, 7, 28 / (3) vahI, 7, 56 / (4) vahI0, 7, 60 / (5) vahI, 7, 63 / (6) vahI, 7, 70-71 / (7) tatrezvaro viSTarabhAgyathAvatsaratnamayaM madhumacca gavyam / nave dukUle ca nagopanItaM pratyagrahItsarvamamantravarjam // -vahI, 7, 72 / (8) vahI, 7,73 / (8) vahI, 7, 76-78 / (10) vahI, 7, 78 / (11) to dampatI triH pariNIya vahnimanyonyasaMsparzanimIlitAdau / sa kArayAmAsa vadhUM purodhAstasminsamiddhAdhiSi lAjamokSam // -vahI, 7, 80 /

Page #481
464 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA vara-vadhU ko isa prakAra AzIrvAda diyA - yaha pAvana agni tumhAre vivAha karma kI sAkSI hai| tuma donoM dharmAcaraNa karanevAle bIpuruSa banA' / taba vara ziva vadhU se kahate haiM - he umA ! kyA tuma dhruva kI camaka dekhatI ho ? tumhArI bhakti bhI usI dhruva jyoti kI bhA~ti honI cAhie / isa para vadhU ne uttara diyA- 'hA~, dekhatI huuN|' aba vaidika kriyAe~ samApta huI aura laukika kriyAoM kA AraMbha huA / daMpati eka caukora vedI para rakhe svarNAsana para baiThe aura una para akSata chir3akA gayA re / jaba vivAha kI sArI vidhiyA~ samApta ho gaI taba utsava kA prAraMbha huA / eka nATaka khelA gayA jisameM yAtriyoM ne suMdara abhinaya ke sAtha bhAvAtmaka nRtya kiyA / nATya- kalA kI praur3hatA se utpanna aMgoM ke sajIva saMcAlana se hRdayAMtara ke sAre bhAva vyakta ho jAte the / ye naTiyA~ kauzikI Adi vRttiyoM meM pAraMgatA thIM / abhinaya ke anaMtara vara-vadhU nikuMja (kautukAgAra) meM gae jahA~ maMgalamaya kanakakalaza rakhe hue the aura puSpazayyA sajI thI / aMta meM vivAha ke anaMtara ziva aura pArvatI ( vara-vadhU ) prakRti vihAra ke nimitta idhara (1) vadhUM dvijaH prAha tavaiSa vatse vahnirvivAhaM prati karmasAkSI / zivena bhartrA saha dharmacaryA kAryA tvayA muktavicArayeti // -kumAra0, 7, 83 ( 2 ) dhruveNa bhartrA dhruvadarzanAya prayujyamAnA priyadarzanena / sAdRSTa ityAnanamunnamayya hIsanakaNThI kathamapyuvAca // - vahI, 7, 85 / (3) vahI, 7, 88 ( 4 ) tau sandhiSu vyaJjitavRttibhedaM rasAntareSu pratibaddharAgam / zrapazyatAmapsarasAM muhUrta prayogamAdyaM lalitAGgahAram / / vahI, 7,31 (5) kanaka kalazayuktaM bhaktizobhAsanAthaM citiviracitazayya kautukAgAramAgAt -- vahI 7, 34

Page #482
bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 465 gAMdharva vivAha udhara suMdara sthAnoM meM vicaraNa karane cale gae' / yaha Adhunika pAzcAtyoM ke vivAhAnaMtara ke honeymoon kI bhA~ti pratIta hotA hai / isa prakAra prAjApatya vivAha kI vidhiyA~ saMpanna hotI thIM / gAMdharva vivAha ATha prakAra ke vivAhoM meM se eka hai / isakA varNana smRtiyoM meM AtA hai / isa vivAha ke siddhAMta ke anusAra pArasparika prema aura AkarSaNa ke pariNAmasvarUpa yuvA aura yuvatI puruSa - strI pati-patnI ke saMbaMdha-sUtra meM ba~dha jAte the / isa prakAra ke vivAha meM kisI pakSa ke saMbaMdhiyoM kI rAya kI AvazyakatA nahIM thI / isameM donoM kI kevala pArasparika anumati hI paryApta thI / balki pIche se aura saMbaMdhiyoM kI bhI anumati mila jAyA karatI thI / isako hiMdU vyavahAra (Law) kI sattA bhI svIkAra karatI thI / isa prakAra ke vivAha kA udAharaNa abhijJAna zAkuMtala nATaka meM milatA hai| duSyaMta aura zakuMtalA kA vivAha gAMdharva - rItyanusAra hI huA thA / eka sthAna para kahA bhI gayA hai- " isa viSaya meM usane apane bar3oM kI apekSA nahIM kI, na tumane hI usake saMbaMdhiyoM se kisI prakAra kI anumati lI / jo pratyeka ne apane Apa kiyA hai usa viSaya meM koI anya unase kyA kahe ? ?" saMbhava hai, kAlidAsa ke samaya taka gAMdharva vivAha kI rIti samAja meM kSamya rahI ho, jaisA ki nimna uddharaNa se vidita hotA hai"rAjAoM aura RSiyoM kI bahuterI kanyAoM ne gAMdharva rIti se vivAha kiyA hai aura bAda meM unako unake bar3oM ne badhAI dI hai3 / " (1) kumAra, 51 (2) nApecitA gurujano'nayA na tvayApi pRSTo bandhuH / ekaikasya na carite kiM vanasveka ekasya // zrabhi0 zAkuM0, 5, 16 / ( 3 ) gAndharveNa vivAhena bahvayaH rAjarSi kanyakAH / zrUyante pariNItAstAH pitRbhizcAbhinanditAH // - vahI, 120 // 30

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466 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA 1 itanA hone para bhI isI uddharaNa kI dabI dhvani se pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya isa rIti kA pracAra nahIM thA aura kabhI kabhI isakI niMdA bhI kI jAtI thI, jaisA ki nIce likhe vaktavya se siddha hotA hai - " ataH isa prakAra kA saMbaMdha, vizeSakara ekAMta meM, pUrNa parIkSA ke anaMtara sthira karanA ucita hai / anajAne hRdayoM ke prati mitratA isI prakAra ghRNA aura meM pariNata ho jAtI hai / " donoM pakSa zatrutA ke vizeSa paricaya ke bAda hI vivAha ucita hai / yaha vaktavya Aja bhI vivAhArthiyoM ke liye patha-pradarzaka hai| pUrI samIkSA aura paricaya ke bAda hI saMbaMdha sthira karanA ThIka hai / yaha bAta usa samaya aura bhI Avazyaka ho jAtI hai jaba vivAha anajAne aura avyakta rUpa se karanA ho / gAMdharva rIti ke vivAha meM hI prAya: premapatra ( madanalekha 2) likhe jAte haiN|ge / catriyoM meM isa rIti kI prAcIna kAla meM praviSThA thI ( catriyastu gAndharvo vivAha zreSTha ucyate ) / vara dvArA vadhU -yAcanA kabhI kabhI aisA bhI hotA thA ki vara svayaM apanI bhAvI patno ko usake mAtA-pitA se bhI mA~ga liyA karatA thA / kabhI kabhI aisI yAcanA kanyA ke sammukha hI kI jAtI thI / taba lajjA se avanata usake netra hastakamala kI paMkhar3iyA~ ginane lagate the / isa prakAra kI yAcanA daiva vivAha meM bhI ho sakatI thI paraMtu usameM vadhU ke pitA ko vara bailoM kA jor3A Adi bheMTa karatA thA / saMbhava hai, isa prakAra kA vivAha prAjApatya ke hI aMtargata zrA sake I (1) ataH parIkSya kartavya vizeSAtsaGgataM rahaH / zrajJAtahRdayeSveva vairIbhavati sauhRdam // - zrabhi0 zAkuM0, 5, 24 / (2) madanalekho'sya kriyatAm |--vhii, 3, priyaMvadA / (3) evaMvAdini devarSo pArzve pituradhomukhI / kamalapatrANi gaNayAmAsa pArvatI // kumAra0, 6, 84 -

Page #484
467 bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti sAdhAraNatayA yaha vicAra thA ki samAna kula, guNa aura vayavAle vara-vadhU vivAha-saMbaMdha meM jor3e jAyeM; isI hetu yaha AzA kI jAtI thI ki pAzrama kI kanyA kisI tapasvI ko hI byAhe, jaisA vidUSaka ke nimna-likhita vyaMgyapUrNa vaktavya se pramANita hotA hai-"taba deva zIghra usakI rakSA kareM jisameM vaha iMgudI-taila se caTapaTe bAloMvAle kisI tapasvI ke hAtha na laga jAyare / " usa samAja meM bahu-vivAha kI prathA bhI pracalita thI aura zrIsaMpanna puruSoM kI vizeSakara kaI patniyA~ hoto thIM / rAjAgaNa vo prAyaH - bahupatnIvAle hote the| zakuMtalA aura bahu-vivAha prathA dhAriNIra Adi kI kaI sapatniyA~ thiiN| hiMdU zAstroM ke anusAra asavarNa vivAha nahIM hote the paraMtu rAjA loga kabhI asavarNa vivAha kara lete the, jaise rAjA agnimitra kI rAnI dhAriNI ke pitA ne eka vivAha varNa-vivAha asavarNa bhI kiyA thaa| isI kAraNa mAlavikAgnimitra nATaka meM senApati vIrasena ko dhAriNI kA avarNa bhrAtA kahA gayA hai| vivAha puruSatva aura strItva ke pUrNa vikAsa ke anaMtara hI hotA thaa| vadhU apane prema aura patnItva ke uttaradAyitva evaM vaivAhika _ vidhiyoM ko bhalI bhAMti samajhatI thii| kaI vara-vadhU kI avasthA bAra to use vivAha ke samaya apanI anumati (1) raghuvaMza, 6, 76. (2) mA kasyApi tapasvinaH ina dItailacikkaNaziraSasya haste patiSyati / -abhi. zAkuM0, 2, vidUSaka / (3) bahudhanasvAdabahupatnIkena tatra bhavatA bhavitavyam / vicAryatA yadi kAcidApannasattvA tasya bhAryAsu syAt / -vahI, 6, rAjA / (4) vahI / (5) mAlavikAgnimitra /

Page #485
468 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA denI par3atI thI / yadi aisA na hotA to patiMvarA svayaMvara meM apanA pati svayaM kyoMkara varaNa kara sakatI thI ? yaha tabhI saMbhava thA jaba vadhU kI avasthA usa viSaya aura samaya kI gurutA ko samajhane meM samartha hotii| ___vara-vadhU kI avasthAoM kI paripakkatA isa bAta se bhI lakSita hotI hai ki pANigrahaNa ke samaya donoM ke zarIroM meM romAMca ho AtA hai / jaba vivAha kI vidhiyA~ samApta ho jAtI thIM taba zIghra hI accho tithi para vivAhAMtaka puSpa-zayyA kI racanA kI jAtI thI3 aura tadanaMtara AnaMdapUrvaka vicaraNa (honeymoon ) ke liye donoM anya suMdara prAkRtika sthAnoM ko cale jAte the| ina bAtoM se bhI vara-vadhU kI paripuSTa avasthA ke pramANa kA poSaNa hotA hai| vaya-krama se yuvAoM aura yuvatiyoM kA vivAha karane kI prathA pracalita thii| sabase prathama jyeSThatama aura aMta meM kaniSThatama bhAI vivAha karatA thA, jaisA 'parivettA: 5 pada se vidita hotA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vividha prAMtoM meM bhinna bhinna vivAhavasana prayukta hote the| mAlavikAgnimitra nATaka meM parivrAjikA _ se prArthanA kI gaI hai ki vaha mAlavikA ko vivAha-vasana * vidarbha deza meM vyavahRta honevAle vaivAhika vasanoM se susajjita kara de| vadhU vivAhanepathya ke rUpa meM rezamI (1) kumArasaMbhava, 7 / (2) vahI, 77 / (3) vahI, 14-kSitiviracitazayyaM kautukAgAramAgAt / / (4) vahI, 8 / (5) sa hi prathamaje tasminakRtazrIparigrahe / parivettAramAtmAnaM mene svIkaraNAdbhuvaH ||-rghu0, 12, 16 / (6) bhagavati, yattva prasAdhanagavaM vahasi, tadarzaya mAlavikAyAH zarIre vaidarbha vivAhanepathyamiti / -mAlavikA0, 5, vidUSaka /

Page #486
bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti vastra dhAraNa karatI thI jo zarIra meM bilakula ThIka hotA thA aura bahuta laTakatA nahIM thaa| vara bhI isI prakAra dukUla kA jor3A, ardhva aura adhovastra dhAraNa karatA thaa| donoM AbhUSaNa pahanate the| vadhU stanAMzuka aura sAr3I pahanatI thii| vivAha kI vidhiyoM ke samApta ho jAne ke bAda hI patnI pati ke sAtha usake ghara calI jAtI thii| pitA ke gRha meM vivAhAnaMtara . vadhU kA vAsa bar3A anucita samajhA jAtA thaa| patigRha-gamana " jo strI pati kA ghara chor3akara pitA ke ghara meM vAsa karatI thI vaha samAja-nIti ke viruddha AcaraNa karanevAlI samajhI jAtI thii| pitA ke ghara rahatI huI strI patnItva ke Adarza se gira jAtI thI aura isake viruddha pati ke ghara dAsI-rUpa meM rahatI huI bhI vaha prazaMsA ke yogya samajhI jAtI thii| kavi ne apane eka pAtra ke mukha meM nimna uddhRta vaktavya rakhate hue eka bar3e aMtadarzI, samAjazAstrI aura sudhAraka kA paricaya diyA hai-"pitRgRha meM vAsa karanevAlI pativratA ko bhI loga saMdeha kI anyathA dRSTi se dekhate haiM ata: pati kI apriyA hone para bhI vadhU ke saMbaMdhI usakA patigRhanivAsa hI pasaMda karate haiN|" isI prakAra khiyoM meM svataMtratA eka akSamya aparAdha samajhA jAtA thA (kiM puroge svaatntrymvlmbse)| inhIM saba bAtoM ke kAraNa zAyada vadhU ko vivAha ke bAda pati bidA karAkara apane sAtha lAtA thaa| (1) yadi yathA vadati titipastathA svamasi ki piturutkulayA tvyaa| matha tu vetsi zucivratamAtmaka: patikule tava dAsyamapi kSamam ||-ami0 zAku0, 5, 20 (2) satImapi jJAtikulaikasaMzrayAM jano'nyathA bhartRmati vizaGkate / ataH samIpe pariNeturiSyate priyApriyA vA pramadA svabandhubhiH ||-vhii, 17 /

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470 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA vadhU ke prasthAna ke samaya gorocana, tIrthamRttikA aura dUrvA Adi se use sajAte the| ye saba mAMgalika vastue~ thiiN| sAdhAraNatayA patigRha ke prati prasthAna karanevAlI vadhue~ zakuMtalA kI bhA~ti hI sajAI jAtI thIM, jaisA nimna varNana se jJAta hotA hai-zakuMtalA ke prasthAna ke samaya use caMdramA kI bhA~ti eka zveta rezamI vastra diyA gayA, phira usake caraNa mahAvara se raMge gae aura taduparAMta usane prAbhUSaNa dhAraNa kie| AbhUSaNa pahana cukane ke bAda use dukUla kA eka jor3A diyA jAtA thA jo usake Urdhva aura adho vastra the| pahalA rezamI vastra kadAcit Adhunika cAdara athavA zAla kA kArya karatA hogaa| zakuMtalA ke prati kaNva ke AzIrvacana prasthAna ke samaya pratyeka vadhU ke prati kahe gae pitA ke vacana Adarza rUpa meM mAne jA sakate haiN| ve isa prakAra haiMzuzrUSasva gurUnkuru priyasakhIvRtti sapanIjane bhartuvi prakRtApi roSaNatayA mA sma pratIpaM gamaH / bhUyiSThaM bhava dakSiNA parijane bhAgyeSvanutsekinI __ yAntyevaM gRhiNIpada yuvatayo vAmAH kulasyAdhaya: // arthAt gurujanoM kI sevA kro| sautoM ke prati priya sakhI kA vyavahAra kro| pati ke vimukha hone para bhI usa para roSa mata kro| parijanoM para atizaya dayA kro| apane suMdara bhAgya ke kAraNa garva mata kro| isa prakAra hI prAcaraNa karatI huI yuvatiyA~ gRhiNI-pada ko prApta karatI haiM aura isake viparIta AcaraNa karanevAlI apane kula meM zUla kI bhA~ti ho jAtI haiN| bhUtvA cirAya caturantamahIsapatnI daiSyantimapratiratha tanayaM nivezya / bharnA tadarpitakuTumbabhareNa sArdha zAnte kariSyasi pada punarAzrame'smin // (1) abhi. zAkuM0, 4, 18 / (2) vahI, 16 /

Page #488
bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 471 arthAt caturaMtamahI kI cirakAla taka sapatnI sapatnI hokara apane aura duSyaMta ke apratiratha putra ko pati ke sthAna para pratiSThita karake aura use kuTuMbabhAra sauMpakara pati ke sAtha hI tuma avazya isa zAMtiprada zrAzrama meM nivAsa karogI / dUsare zloka se yaha bhI dhvani nikalatI hai ki patnI eka bAra pati ke gRha jAkara zAyada pitA ke ghara kabhI nahIM lauTatI thI / zakuMtalA ko pitA ke Azrama meM Ane kI AjJA apane gArhasthya ke aMta meM milatI hai, so bhI AzramavAsa ke liye, pitR-gRha ke liye nahIM / pUrva aura uttara kAla kI bhA~ti kAlidAsa ke samaya meM bhI bhAratIya samAja ne patnI ke Upara pati ko bar3e adhikAra de rakhe the / patnI niraMtara pati kI sevA meM usakI anucarI banI patnI rahatI thI / proSitapatikA kA AcaraNa yakSapatnI kI dinacaryA se jAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha sAdhAraNatayA Adarza patnI ke rUpa meM citrita kI gaI hai| malinavasanA yakSapatnI pativaMza kA kIrtigAna karane ke nimitta apanI jaMghAoM ke Upara vINA rakhakara baiThatI hai paraMtu duHkhAvega itanA tIvra hai ki vaha apane A~sU nahIM roka sakatI aura ve niraMtara baha bahakara usakI vINA ko bhigo dete haiM sAtha hI bAraMbAra kI abhyasta mUrchanA bhI use bhUla jAtI hai / kabhI to vaha dehalI ke phUloM ko pati ke kalyANArtha ginatI, kabhI kAkabali jaisI anya kriyAe~ saMpAdana karatI kyoMki 'pativaMcitA patniyoM ke adhikatara yahI kArya hote haiM / vaha paryaka chor3akara pRthvI para zayana karatI thI aura apane keza tela-rahita aura sUkhe rakhatI thI / vaha apane nakha kabhI nahIM kATatI thI, sUkhI veNI kabhI ( 1 ) meghadUta - uttara, 23 / ( 2 ) vahI, 24 / ( 3 ) vahI, 30 / 4 ) vahI, 23 /

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472 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA nahIM kholatI thii| isa prakAra pati kI anupasthiti meM patnI sAre AnaMdavyasana chor3a detI thii| usake netra aMjana binA nisteja ho jAte the aura madya ke asevana ke kAraNa bhrU apanA AkarSaNa kho dete the| ghara lauTane ke bAda hI pati usakI sUkhI veNI apane hAthoM kholakara phira gUMthatA thaa| pati patnI ko pyAra karatA thA aura usakA Adara aura pratiSThA karatA thaa| dazaratha kI rAnI kauzalyA pati dvArA 'arcitA' thI ( arcitA tasya kauzalyA ) / dUra rahanevAle pati varSAraMbha meM hI apane ghara lauTakara patnI ko sukha dete the aura ve apane kezoM ko tela se snigdha karatI tathA unameM kaMghI karatI thiiN| pati kI anupasthiti meM citraNa-jJAna unakA bar3A sAtha detA thaa| ve usake citra taiyAra karatI athavA pyAre pAlatU mayUra ko apane pAjeboM aura tAliyoM kI dhvani ke sAtha ncaatii| patnI kA gaurava loga acchI taraha samajhate the kyoMki yaha spaSTa thA ki binA vaivAhika prema kI upalabdhi ke dharmaprANa hiMdU kI koI gati nhiiN| jaba ziva isa satya ko jAnakara Upara aruMdhatI ko dekhate haiM to vivAhAnaMtara ke svargIya sukha ke prAptyartha ve vyagra ho uThate haiM / jaba Upara likhe prakAra patnI apane pati kI anupasthiti meM apane sAre vyasanoM ko tyAga detI thI taba vaha patipriyA kyoM na ho? nimnalikhita vaktavya se vratAcaraNa karatI huI strI kI avasthA kA patA calatA hai-'zveta (rezamI) vastra dhAraNa kie kevala maMgalArtha thor3e se AbhUSaNa pahane, bAloM meM pavitra dUrvIstriyoM kA vratAnucaraNa kura dhAraNa kie, vrata ke bahAne garva-rahita hokara (.) meghduut| (2) tadarzanAdabhUcchaMbhobhUyAndArArthamAdaraH / kriyANAM khalu dhANAM saraparanyo mUla kAraNam ||-kumaar0,6,13|

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bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 473 mere prati prasannavadanA dIkhatI hai|" saubhAgyavatI striyA~ cAhe kitanI bhI nirdhana kyoM na ho, kabhI bhUSaNa-rahita nahIM hotIM, kucha na kucha pahine hI aura koI na koI zRMgAra kie hI rahatI haiM, jaise cUr3iyA~ (maMgalasUtra), kuMkuma-cihna (siMdUra), natha aura kaMkaNa Adi / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki hiMdU samAja dvArA Aja-kAla bhI Ahata dUrvAkura usa samaya vratAnucAriNI mahilAoM dvArA bAloM meM dhAraNa kiyA jAtA thaa| dUrvA ke ullekha se kucha aisA pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya gaNapati kI bar3I pUjA hotI thI, kyoki dUrvA gaNapati kI hI pUjA meM adhikatara prayukta hotI hai| vrata kA AcaraNa karate hue vyakti kA mAnava-jAti ke zatruoM-kAma, krodha, mada, lobha, prAdi-se alaga rahanA Avazyaka hai| isI ko prakaTa karane ke liye ujjhita garva zabda kA vyavahAra kiyA gayA hai| kaI saMketoM se jJAta hotA hai ki samAja meM vidhavAe~ bhI thiiN| vivAha ke avasara para vadhU kA zrRMgAra patiputravatI striyA~ hI kara sakatI thii| aise avasaroM para vidhavAe~ vidhavAe~ aura satI prathA amaMgalarUpA samajhI jAtI thoM aura unheM barAbara alaga rakhate the| isase bhI siddha hotA hai ki vidhavAoM kI saMkhyA samAja meM thii| abhijJAna-zAkuMtala ke eka sthala se jJAta hotA hai ki dhanamitra nAmaka eka dhanI sArthavAha kI kaI vidhavAeM thIM / satI prathA athavA mRta pati kI citA meM usake zava ke sAtha jala marane kI rIti bhI kAlidAsa ke samaya meM bhAratavarSa meM pracalita thii| mRta pati kA anugamana karanevAlI striyoM kA varNana kAlidAsa ke graMthoM meM AyA hai (pramadA: pativama'gA iti)| rati apane (1) vikramo0, 3,12 / (2) kumAra0, 7, 6 / (3) abhi0 zAkuM0, 6, rAjA /

Page #491
474 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA pati kI bhasma ke sAtha jala jAne ke liye prastuta ho jAtI hai ! garbhiNI' rAnI athavA anya sAdhAraNa garbhiNI vidhavAre satI nahIM ho sakatI thii| kAlidAsa kI rAya meM satI dharma bar3A svAbhAvika hai kyoMki aisA to nirjIva bhI karate haiM, phira sajIva aura tarkazIla mAnavoM kI to bAta hI aura hai| samAja meM striyoM kA sthAna ucca thA aura unakI ucita pratiSThA thii| unake adhikAra bahuta kucha Aja hI jaise the paraMtu usa samaya unakA vizeSa Adara thaa| bahuta saMbhava hai, striyoM kA sthAna "" unako ucca zreNI kI bhASAtmikA zikSA na dI jAtI ho; paraMtu kalA ke kSetra meM to ve adbhuta paMDitA thI jaisA mAlavikAgnimitra nATaka se siddha hotA hai| zarmiSThA jaisI kalA-pAraM. gatA mahilAe~ kalA para graMtha bhI likha cukI thii| phira bhI zivapArvatI ke vivAha ke anaMtara jaba sarasvatI saMskRta-kAvya-gAna karatI haiM taba ve ziva se to zuddha saMskRta meM bAta karatI haiM paraMtu pArvatI ko madhura aura sarala prAkRta meM AzIrvAda detI haiN| saMbhava hai, striyoM kI bhASAtmikA zikSA bahuta na hotI ho / ___ samAja meM vAstava meM unake prati Ajakala kI hI bhAMti kaI prakAra ke vicAra the| koI koI to unheM janma se hI dhUrta samajhate the aura yadi striyoM ke prati duSyaMta ke vicAra tatkAlIna samAja ke vicAroM kI ghoSaNA karate ho to yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki loga unheM svAbhAvika hI pratyutpanna mati vAlI samajhate the| unakI (1) raghu0, 16, 15.56 / (2) abhi. zAku0, 6 / (3) mAlavikAgnimitra, 2, gaNadAsa / (4) kumAra0, 7, 60 / (5) pratyutpabamati strINamiti yaducyate |-abhi0 zAku0, 5. rAjA /

Page #492
bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 475 svAbhAvika cAturI, jo anyatra se nahIM sIkhI jAtI, koyala meM sarvathA siddha hai| koyaleM apane baccoM kA anya pakSiyoM se pAlanapoSaNa karAtI haiM paraMtu jaise hI ye bacce ur3ane yogya ho jAte haiM vaise hI apane pAlaka pakSiyoM ko chor3akara anyatra ur3a jAte haiM / paraMtu phira bhI ye vicAra svArthapara avasthA ke the| duSyaMta kI laMpaTatA ke liye kucha ucita sahAyatA cAhie thI aura use usane striyoM ke manovijJAna ko iMgita kara lenA caahaa| ziva ke vicAra khiyoM ke prati aura hI haiN| unake vicAra meM puruSa aura strI ke naitika sthAna meM bheda-bhAva karanevAle loga mUrkha haiN| bhale donoM ko samAna samajhate haiN| ziva aruMdhatI kA, strI hone ke kAraNa, anAdara nahIM karate varan saptarSi-maMDala ke anya RSiyoM kI bhA~ti hI usakI bhI pratiSThA karate haiN| paraMtu puruSoM kI hI bhA~ti striyoM ke prati bhI nyAya kA daMDa-vidhAna bar3A kaThora thA aura mAlavikAgnimitra nATaka kI nAyikA mAlavikA ke samAna striyA~ bhI ber3I pahanAkara ( nigaDabaMdhanaM ) pAtAlAbhimukha kArAgAra meM DAla dI jAtI thI / unakA vyAvahArika (legal) sthAna bhI kucha U~cA na thaa| unake apane adhikAra bahuta thor3e the| vidhavA rAnI apane adhikAra se siMhAsana para nahIM baiTha sakatI thI varan apane garbha ke bhAvI putra ke adhikAra se baiThatI thI / isI prakAra vidhavA bhI apane pati kI uttarAdhikAriNI nahIM samajhI jAtI thI aura usake pati kA sArA dhana putra ke abhAva meM rAjakoSa meM calA jAtA thaa| (1) abhi. zAkuM0, 22 / (2) kumAra0, 6 / (3) mAlavikA0, 4, cettii| (4) raghu0, 16, 15 /

Page #493
476 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kAlidAsa ke samaya ke nAgarikoM ke svataMtra jIvana meM pardA svabhAva se hI varNya thaa| yadyapi kAlidAsa ke graMthoM meM avarodhagRha . aura aMta:pura ke anekoM varNana milate haiM jinakA parde kI prathA " tAtparya gRha ke aMtaraMga ( private ) se hai tathApi unase yaha bhAva nahIM nikAlA jA sakatA ki unake aMdara striyA~ gupta, parde ke bhItara rakhI jAtI thiiN| unakA tAtparya kevala una aMtaraMga kakSoM aura A~ganoM se hai jinakA gRha meM honA nitAMta Avazyaka hai| jaba kabhI svayaM puruSa ko gRha meM ekAMtatA kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai to lajjAdhanI mahilAoM ko kyoM na rahI ho| phira unheM to kaI prakAra ke prAcAra-niyamoM kA anusaraNa karanA hotA thA; isaliye avarodhagRha athavA aMta:pura kA astitva pardA ko pramANita nahIM krtaa| isake atirikta bhAratIya striyA~ to sArvajanika sar3akoM se jAkara nadiyoM meM, sabake sAmane gAtI huI, snAna karatI thIM aura nagara kI dIrghikAoM meM jalakrIr3A karatI thoM / dolAdhirohaNa (jhUlA) bhI unakA eka pramukha vyasana thaa| phira unheM pade meM rahanevAlI kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? paraMtu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki bhAratIya mahilAe~ Adhunika pAzcAtya jagat kI striyoM kI bhA~ti sarvatra puruSoM meM aniyaMtrita ghUmatI thiiN| lajjA striyoM kA sarvottama guNa samajhA jAtA thA aura isa hetu bAhara gurujanoM ke sammukha ve sadA avaguMThana sahita nikalatI thiiN| isa avaguMThana ko Aja kA pardA nahIM samajhanA caahie| isakA prayoga kevala lajjAbhAva se hotA thA, bhItyartha nhiiN| pati ke sAtha (1) raghu0, 16, 64 / (2) vahI, 16, 13 / (3) mAlavikA0, 3 / (4) abhi. shaakuN0,|

Page #494
bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 477 gurujanoM ke sammukha bhAratIya strI binA avaguMThana ( ghU~ghaTa ) ke nikalane meM sakucAtI thI, kyoMki yaha eka prakAra kI ucchRMkhalatA hotI / yaha prathA bhAratavarSa meM Aja taka surakSita hai / 1 ghara se bAhara jAte samaya striyA~ apane zarIra ko eka cAdara se Dhaka letI thiiN| eka sthala para eka vaktavya milatA hai - " vaha ava. guMThanavatI kauna hai jisake zarIra kA sauMdarya pUrNatayA darzita nahIM hai ?" eka anya prasaMga meM kahA gayA hai- "apanI lajjA kSaNa bhara ke liye dUra karo aura avaguMThana haTA do2 / " kAryavaza sArvajanaka sthAnoM meM jAnevAlI striyoM ke prati koI niyaMtraNa nahIM thA / ve na kevala vivAha Adi avasaroM para par3osiyoM, saMbaMdhiyoM aura apane rAjA ke ghara jAkara utsava meM sammilita hotI thIM balki prAyaH sAdhAraNa triyA~ apane Ikha Adi ke kheta bhI rakhAtI thIM aura usa samaya eka sAtha milakara (korasa meM) yaza-kIrti saMbaMdhI gAne gAtI thIM / bhAratavarSa jaise uSNa deza meM vastroM kI bar3I AvazyakatA nahIM thI, phira bhI kAlidAsa ke graMthoM se vastroM ke prati hameM jo saMketa upalabdha hote haiM unase hamAre Upara gaharA prabhAva par3atA vezabhUSA - vastra hai / garmiyoM meM loga bahuta thor3e kapar3e pahanate the aura uSNatA ke kAraNa bahuta patale aura cikane kapar3e taiyAra kie jAte the / isI kAraNa kapar3oM ke kATa aura unakI silAI meM hameM bahuta vikAsa nahIM milatA / puruSa aura striyoM ke bhinna bhinna vastroM kA varNana alaga alaga hI Thoka ja~catA hai isaliye aisA hI kareMge / kAlidAsa ke graMthoM se patA calatA hai ki puruSa eka jor3A vastra pahanate the / isa jor3e meM se eka uttarIya aura dUsarA adhovastra rahatA (1) kA svidavaguNThanavatI nAtiparisphuTazarIralAvaNyA / madhyeta podhanAnAM kisalayamiva pANDupatrANAm // abhi0 zAkuM0, 2,13 / ( 2 ) vahI /

Page #495
478 nAgarIpracAriNo patrikA hogaa| adhovastra dhotI kI bhA~ti bA~dhA jAtA hogaa| mathurA myU. jiyama meM surakSita zilApaTToM para utkIrNa aura korakara banAI huI _anya mUrtiyoM ko jo vastra pahanAe gae haiM ve hI puruSoM ke vastra pala kAlidAsa ke vastra-yugala ke pratinidhi haiM / isa myUjiyama kI yakSa aura deva pratimAe~ sabhI eka hI prakAra ke vastra dhAraNa kie hue haiM jo vahI yugala-vastra -uttarIya aura pheTe ke rUpa meM ba~dhI huI dhotii-haiN| vivAha ke samaya bhI yahI do vastra pahane jAte the paraMtu aMtara itanA avazya thA ki ve sAdhAraNa rUI ke sUta ke nahIM balki rezama ke bane hote the| grISma Rtu meM pahane jAnevAle suMdara, sucikkaNa aura patale rezamI vastra zrImAnoM ko bar3e hI priya the| eka prakAra kA rezamI vastra cInAMzuka' kahalAtA thA jo sadA kI bhA~ti taba bhI utpanna karanevAle cIna deza se AtA thaa| vakha kaI prakAra kI banAvaTa ke hote the--koI zveta (dhauta ), koI lAla ( kASAya ), koI nIlA, koI kRSNa ( uttarIya ) aura koI piit| kabhI kabhI vakhoM ko, unameM haMsoM kI AkRti banAte hue, bunate the ( haMsacihnadukUlavAna ) / mathurA myUjiyama kI eka pratimA ke vastroM meM isI prakAra ke haMsa-cihnoM kI chApa dikhAI detI hai| yaha dukUla vastroM kA hI udAharaNa hai| hameM vara ko pozAka meM eka laMbe vastra ( laMbidukUladhArI) kA ullekha milatA hai jisakA tAtparya kadAcit eka rezamI cAdara se thaa| yadyapi hameM UnI vastroM kA spaSTa pramANa nahIM milatA phira bhI UrNA kA ullekha pAtA hai| UrNA ke sUta se hI vara-vadhU ke 'kautukahastasUtram 2 athavA vivAha-kaMkaNa prastuta kie jAte the| isase siddha hotA hai ki zItakAla kI atizaya sardI se bacane ke liye bhAratIya UnI vastroM kA bhI prayoga karate (1) kumAra0, 7, 3 / abhi0 zAku., 1, 33 / (2) vahI, 7, 25 /

Page #496
476 bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 476 hoNge| isakA ullekha saMskRta ke cikitsA-sAhitya meM adhika milatA hai, jahA~ isakI pavitratA aura isake roganAzaka guNoM kI prazaMsA kI gaI hai| vadhU ke vastroM ke saMketa se jJAta hotA hai ki usake vastrAM ke bhI do aMga huA karate the| usakA bhI eka Urdhva aura dUsarA adho vastra huA karatA thaa| adhovastra Adhunika sAr3I striyoM ke vastra kI bhA~ti hotA hogA paraMtu usake sAmane kA cunA huA bhAga eka sUtra se ba~dhA hotA thA jise nIvI (ijArabaMda) kahate the aura usakI gA~Tha ko nIvIbaMdha kahate the| nIvI kA vyavahAra abhI hAla taka bhAratavarSa meM hotA AyA hai aura aba bhI kucha sthAnoM para vRddhAe~ nIvI kI sahAyatA se hI apanI sAr3I pahanatI haiN| inake atirikta ve eka prakAra kI colI bhI pahanatI thI jise 'stanAMzukAra kahate the| isase sArA UparI bhAga nahIM DhakatA thA para, jaisA ki 'stanAMzuka' zabda se jJAta hotA hai, kevala stana-bhAga DhakatA thaa| isa prakAra ke stanAMzuka mathurA myUjiyama kI devI-pratimAoM para mila jAte haiN| isI prakAra ke vastra ajaMtA ke citrakAroM ne bhI apanI citrita striyoM ko pradAna kie haiN| sAr3I ke pahanane kA udAharaNa bhI hameM ajaMtA ke citroM se upalabdha hotA hai| mathurA myUjiyama ke eka utkIrNa zilApaTTa kI saptamAtRkAe~ ghaMgharIdAra dhotI pahane hue haiN| bahuta saMbhava hai, pahale isI prakAra kI dhotiyA~ pahanI jAtI hoM paraMtu ye sira se nahIM or3hI jAtI thI jaisA mathurA ke zilApaTToM aura ajaMtA ke citroM se siddha hotA hai| ajaMtA meM yazodharA aura kitanI hI anya pAtriyA~ bhI adhobhAga meM kevala dhotI bhara lapeTe haiN| laMbidukUla striyoM ke liye bhI cAdara kA kArya karatA hogA jisase ve (1) kumAra0, 7,60 / (2) vikramo0, 3, 12 /

Page #497
480 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA apanA sira DhakatI thiiN| paraMtu Azcarya yaha hai ki zAyada Aja taka kahIM citroM athavA pratimAoM kI koI prAcIna strI sira se kapar3A or3he nahIM dekhI gii| yaha cAdara hI kabhI kabhI avaguMThana kA kArya bhI karato hogii| usake Upara aura nIce kI choreM kamara para peTI ke nIce dabI rahatI thI ( kSaumyAntaritamekhale ) / yaha kSauma zAyada adhovastra thA jisase kaTipradeza chipA rahatA thA aura isI prakAra yaha mekhalA kA AcchAdana ho sakatA thaa| kabhI kabhI zItalatA pradAna karane ke liye garmiyoM meM kapar3oM meM motI gUMthe jAte the| aurateM kabhI kabhI nIlI aura kabhI sItA kI bhA~ti lAla sAr3I ( kASAyaparivItena) pahanatI thiiN| kAlidAsa ke graMthoM meM AbhUSaNoM ke viSaya meM asaMkhya ullekha milate haiM jinase prakaTa hotA hai ki usa samaya puruSa aura strI donoM AbhUSaNoM kA khUba prayoga karate the| sAdhAzrAbhUSaNa raNatayA nimnalikhita AbhUSaNoM kA vyavahAra hotA thA-keyUra, nUpura, valaya (kaMgana), mekhalA, razanA athavA kAMcI (karadhanI), kuMDala, natha, aMgulIyaka, hAra, hemasUtra ('cena'), muktAoM aura ratnoM ke anya prAbhUSaNa jo mastaka para aura veNI meM gUMthakara pahane jAte the| muktAoM ke aise hAra bhI pahanate the jinake bIca meM iMdranIla jar3A hotA thaa| gISma Rtu ke vastroM meM bhI AbhUSaNa lage rahate the| puruSa bhI prAbhUSaNa pahanate the paraMtu striyoM kI apekSA bahuta kama / ve nimnalikhita AbhUSaNa pahanate the-valaya, keyUra, muktAhAra aura hemsuutr| rAjA kapAlamaNi athavA mukuTa meM puruSa ke AbhUSaNa rahana dhAraNa karate the| puruSa aMgulIyaka prathot a~gUThI kA bhI prayoga karate the| khiyA~ bahuta se prAbhUSaNa dhAraNa karatI thiiN| unameM se mukhya nIce die jAte haiM-keyUra, nUpura, valaya, bahuta prakAra kI mekhalAeM,

Page #498
bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 481 kuMDala (karNAbharaNa), natha, muktAhAra, hemasUtra aura mastaka evaM veNiyoM meM pahane jAnevAle AbhUSaNa / bAloM ko prAcchAdita karanevAle ratnajAla aura kapar3oM meM lage jevaroM kA bhI ve striyoM ke zrAbhUSaNa upayoga karatI thIM / proSitapatikAe~ una AbhUSaNoM ke sivA koI AbhUSaNa nahIM pahanatI thIM jo saubhAgyacihna svarUpa nitAMta Avazyaka na the / a~gUThiyA~ kaI prakAra kI thIM / eka prakAra kI a~gUThI sarpamudrAMkita hotI thI / dUsarI ve thIM jina para svAmI kA nAma khudA hotA thA / tapta cAmIkara 3 ke bane aMgada athavA keyUroM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / striyoM kI bhA~ti puruSa bhI laMbe keza rakhate the / dilIpa jaba gAya kI sevA karane usake poche pIche vana ko jAte haiM to latA - pratAnI se apane kezoM ko bA~dha lete haiM striyA~ keza apane laMbe kezoM meM tela lagAkara kaMghI karatI thIM aura unako do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara mA~ga banAkara veNI banAtI thIM / ina laTakatI huI laMbI veNiyoM meM ve phUla, motI aura ratnoM ko gU~thatI thIM aura mA~ga kI rekhA ko bhI phUloM Adi se susajjita karatI thiiN| sAmane kI alakeM eka prakAra ke muktAjAla se prAcchAdita kara lI jAtI thIM / proSitapatikAeNM inameM se koI zrRMgAra nahIM karatI thIM / snAna Adi ke anaMtara ve apane kezoM ko agaru aura saMdala Adi ke dhUmra se sukhAtI aura sugaMdhita karatI thIM / zArIrika zRMgAra kI bahuterI sAmagriyA~ bhAratIya prayoga karate the / puruSa aura strI donoM hI zarIra ko suMdara aura svaccha 4, devI | (1) idaM sarpamudritamaGgulIyakam / -- mAlavikA0, 2 ) nAmamudrAcarANyanuvAcya... : - abhi0 zAkuM0, 1 / ( 3 ) vikramo0, 1, 13 / ( 4 ) raghu0, 2, 8 / 31

Page #499
482 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA anya zArIrika zRMgAra evaM sugaMdhita banAne ke upAya karate the / isaliye ve apane zarIra meM aMgarAga' aura haricaMdana 2 malate the / striyA~ apane pA~voM ko lAha 3 athavA mahAvara se ra~gatI thIM / ve netroM meM aMjana aura lalATa para tilaka lagAtI thIM / dIrghikAoM meM snAnArtha utaratI huI striyoM ke padoM ke raMga se unake sopAna ra~ga jAyA karate the| raghuvaMza ke eka zloka 7 se patA calatA hai ki snAna ke samaya nadI meM jalakrIr3A karatI huI striyoM ke netroM kA aMjana aura hoThoM para car3hA huA raMga, eka dUsarI para krIr3Artha jala pheMkane se, kisa bhA~ti dhula jAyA karate the / apane zarIra ko striyA~ kabhI kabhI suMdara choTo choTo pattiyoM ke citraNa se vibhUSita karatI thiiN| kapole / * para bhI raMga car3hAyA jAtA thA / apane hoThoM para lodhra cUrNa lagAkara ve unakA raMga pIta-kASAya 10 karatI thIM / eka zloka" ke vizleSaNa se hameM nimna likhita bAtoM kA bodha hotA hai - (1) hoThoM ko AAlaktaka raMga se ra~gatI thIM; ( 2 ) pUre mukhamaMDala ko bhI ra~gatI thIM / yahA~ para vizeSaka zabda kA vyavahAra huA hai jisakA bhAva hai - striyoM ke mukhamaMDala para vibhinna raMgoM ke choTe choTe biMduoM kA aMkana ( 1 ) raghu0, 6; kumAra0, 7 / ( 2 ) vahI / ( 3 ) vahI / ( 4 ) vahI / ( 5 ) vahI / ( 6 ) vahI / 7 ) raghu0, 53 / ( 8 ) vahI, 6, 26 / mAlavikA0, 3, 5 / ( 8 ) vahI / (10) vahI / (11) mAlavikA0, 3, 5

Page #500
483 bhAratavarSa kI samAjika sthiti karanA ( abhinavA iva patra vishesskaaH|-rghu06, 26; 3) avidhavAe~ apane lalATa para prAya: kuMkuma ( aba siMdUra ) athavA kastUrI kA zyAma TIkA lagAtI thiiN| kuMkuma kA TIkA lagAkara kabhI kabhI aMjanabiMdu bhI lalATa para lagAtI thIM / Ajakala kucha purAne khayAla kI striyA~ isakA pratinidhi kapa TikalI dhAraNa karatI haiN| kAlidAsa ke samaya meM loga puSpoM kA khUba vyavahAra karate the| kAlidAsa ke graMthoM meM phUloM ke asaMkhya ullekha hue haiN| unake binA koI utsava saMbhava nahIM thaa| utsavapuSpa-vyavahAra divasoM para cAroM ora sajAne kA mukhya kAma unhIM ke dvArA saMpanna hotA thaa| puruSa aura striyA~ zarIra ke barAbara laMbI phUloM kI mAlA pahanatI thii| bahuta se AbhUSaNa to phUloM kI nakala karake banAe jAte the| eka sthala para svarNa ke sthAna para kusuma-mekhalA kA varNana milatA hai| yuvatiyA~ phUloM aura kesara kI pattiyoM kA bAloM meM AbhUSaNoM kI bhAMti vyavahAra karatI thiiN| kesara ke phUloM kI mekhalA muktAdAma ke sthAna para vyavahRta hotI thI aura karNikAra ke phUla kuMDala kA kAma dete the| striyA~ kuMda-kaliyoM kA bAloM meM, sirasa ke phUloM kA kAnoM para, kurabaka puSpoM kA veNiyoM meM aura varSA Rtu ke kusumoM kA mA~ga kI rekhA para prayoga karatI thiiN| phira maMdAra puSpa ko bAloM meM aura kamala kI choTI kaliyoM ko kAnoM meM pahanatI thiiN| RSikanyAe~ kevala puSpoM ke hI AbhUSaNa pahanatI thiiN| isa prakAra bhAratIyoM ke nitya ke zrRMgAra meM puSpoM kA bar3A U~cA sthAna thA / nadI-kUlo para donoM ora yUthikA puSpa khilate the jinakA mAliyoM kI striyA~ (puSpalAvI' ) sadA cayana karatI rahatI hogii| sacamuca (.) meghadUta, 28 /

Page #501
484 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA hI kalApriya bhAratIyoM meM puSpa kI bar3I mA~ga ke kAraNa mAliyoM kA vyavasAya khUba calatA hogA / darpaNa zRMgAra meM darpaNa bhI eka Avazyaka sthAna kI pUrti karatA thA / kisa dhAtu se isakA nirmANa hotA thA isakA patA to nahIM calatA, paraMtu itanA avazya hai ki bhAratIya puruSa aura strI sadA isakA vyavahAra karate the / kAlidAsa ne kaI sthAnoM para darpaNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai' / anya zArIrika zRMgAra samApta kara ve darpaNa meM usakA prabhAva dekhate the | vaivAhika nepathya ke samApta ho jAne ke bAda vara? aura vadhU darpaNa meM apanA pratibiMba dekhate the / darpaNa kA prayoga sAdhAraNa zRMgAra meM hotA huA dhArmika kAryoM meM bhI hone lagA thA / isa prakAra kAlidAsa ke samaya kA bhAratIya bhojana bar3A hI balavardhaka thA / yava, gehU~ aura cAvala rASTra ke bhojana the aura anaMta godhana 4 use dUdha, makkhana, ghI aura dahI pradAna karatA bhojana thaa| dUdha Adi se bhojana kI anya bar3I svAdiSTa vastue~ taiyAra kI jAtI thiiN| cInI se bhojana meM bar3A svAda A jAtA thA aura isase tathA dUdha se bhAratIyoM kA atyaMta priya khIra taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA cInI kaI prakAra kI hotI thI / eka prakAra kI cInI kA nAma, jo hameM kAlidAsa se prApta hotA hai, 'matsyapiMDa ' 3 thA / logoM ke priya phUla kevala unake vilAsa kI sAmagrI nahIM the varan unase madhumakkhiyA~ anaMta madhu ( 1 ) pratimA dadarza / - kumAra0, 7, 36 / vibhramadarpaNam / --raghu0, 10, 10 / ( 2 ) kumAra0, 7, 36 / (3) mAlavikA0, 3, vidU0 - sIdhupAne dve jitasya mtsypinnddkopntaa...|

Page #502
bhAratavarSa kI samAjika sthiti 485 nikAlatI thIM aura devatAoM ke bhojanArtha madhvamRta prApta hotA thA / madhu se apanI tRpti to hotI hI thI, yaha devatAoM ke bhI kAma meM AtA thA aura isase atithi satkAra hotA thA / rAjA ke bAhara nikalane ke samaya jaise Aja gA~va ke loga najara lekara usase milate haiM vaise hI usa samaya vRddha ghoSa bheMTa ke rUpa meM ghI-makkhana lekara upasthita hote the / ye ghoSa prAcIna aura arvAcIna AbhIra the jo Adhunika ahIroM athavA gvAloM kI bhA~ti bar3e samudAya meM gAe~ pAlate the aura unake dUdha se ghI-makkhana Adi cIjeM taiyAra karate the / khIra ko 'payazcarum' bhI kahate the jisase bhare svarNa-bhAMDoM kA havAlA kAlidAsa ke graMthoM meM milatA hai / zikhariNI eka anya prakAra kI bar3I svAdiSTha vastu thI jo ghI, cInI aura vividha masAloM se taiyAra kI jAtI thI / yaha kadAcit kAlidAsa ke samaya ke nitya bhojana kA eka aMga thaa| bhojana meM masAloM kA bhI upayoga hotA thA / ina masAloM meM se kama se kama do ke nAma hameM kavi ke graMthoM meM mila jAte haiN| ve haiM lauMga aura ilAyacI / mAMsa bhI usa samaya ke bhojana kA eka mukhya aMga pratIta hotA AkheTa meM jIva-hiMsA nirarthaka nahIM kI jAtI thI; shaastraanume|dit mRgoM Adi kA mAMsa sAre deza meM rASTra ke bhojana ke liye pracura mAtrA meM prayukta hotA thA / Azcarya yaha hai ki brAhmaNa taka isa bhojana se vaMcita nahIM the| abhijJAna zAkuMtala kA vidUSaka eka sthala para kucha kheda ke sAtha kahatA hai - "samaya bhojana milatA hai; vaha bhI bahudhA lohadaMDa para bhune hue mAMsa kA hI hotA hai / " yaha hai 1 ( 1 ) raghu0, 1, 45 - haiyaGgavInamAdAya ghoSavRddhAnupasthitAn / (a) famiro, 2, fazo 1 ( 3 ) aniyata velaM zUlyamAMsabhUyiSTha zrAhAro bhujyate / - zrabhi0 zAku 2, vidU0 /

Page #503
456 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kAlidAsa ke samaya meM hI nahIM pratyuta sadA bhAratavarSa ke bhojana meM pracalita rahA hai| mRcchakaTika nATaka kA vidUSaka bhI vasaMtasenA ke prAsAda meM bhejanArtha nimaMtrita hone ke liye maratA hai-vahA~ bhI mAMsa banAyA jA rahA hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM brAhmaNa bhale prakAra mAMsa kA bhojana karate the| isI kAraNa kabhI kabhI to isa prakAra ke bhojana ko, jaina bhojana ke virodha meM, brAhmaNa athavA vaidika bhojana kahA gayA hai| AkheTa se hI mAMsa kI prApti nahIM hotI thii| kAlidAsa ke ullekha se patA calatA hai ki bUcarakhAne bhI deza meM the jahA~ pazuoM kA nitya vadha hotA thA / yahI mAMsa roja bAjAroM meM bikane jAtA hogA jise Arya brAhmaNa khAte hoNge| manusmRti meM bhI ATha prakAra ke kasAiyoM kA ullekha hai| azoka ke prathama zilAlekha se to jJAta hotA hai ki bauddha hone ke pUrva usake bhojanAlaya ke liye pratidina sahasroM pazu mAre jAte the aura pIche kevala do mayUra aura eka mRga mAre jAne lage the jinako usane bAda ko deza bhara meM hiMsA baMda karate samaya avaSya kara diyA thaa| bUcarakhAne ke saMbaMdha meM kAlidAsa kA ullekha isa prakAra hai-"aura zrImAn to bUcarakhAne ( sUnA ) ke Upara cAroM ora cakkara kATate hue grAmiSalolupa kiMtu sabhIta pakSI kI bhAMti haiN|" madyapAna usa samaya dezavyApI ho gayA thaa| kAlidAsa ne madyapAna ke kitane hI havAle die haiM jinake pariNAma nitya dRSTigocara hote rahate the| puruSa hI nahIM, striyoM bhI kAphI madyapAna karatI thiiN| aisA vizvAsa thA ki madyapAna se triyoM para eka vizeSa saudarya AtA hai (mAgha-cArutA vapurabhUSayadAsAM tAmanUnanavayauvanayogaH / taM punarmakaraketanalakSmIstAM mado (1) bhavAnapi sUnAparisaracara iva gRdhra AmiSalolupa bhIrukazca / -mAlavikA0, 2, vidU0 / (2) madaH kila strIjanasya maNDanamiti / -vahI, 3, iraavtii| madyapAna

Page #504
bhAratavarSa kI samAjika sthiti 487 dayitasaGgamabhUSaH // - zizupAla vadha, 10, 33 / prasati tvayi vAruNImadaH pramadAnAmadhunA viDambanA / --kumArasaMbhava, 4, 12 / lalitavibhramabandhavicakSaNam... patiSu nirvivizurmadhumaGganAH / --raghuvaMza, 8, 36 / rAgakAntanayaneSu nitAntaM vidrumAruNakapola tatteSu / svargApi dadRze vanitAnAM darpaNeSviva mukheSu madazrI: // - kirAtArjunIya, 6, 63 ) agnimitra kI rAnI irAvatI mAlavikAgnimitra nATaka meM madyapAnoparAMta ardhavikSiptA' sI dIkhatI hai / raghuvaMza meM rAjA aja kI rAnI iMdumatI rAjA ke mukha se madya apane mu~ha meM letI hai / gaNikAe~ bhI isameM bahuta bhAga letI hoMgI kyoMki jaba saMbhrAMta mahilAoM kA yaha hAla hai taba unakA isase vaMcita rahanA to sarvathA asaMbhava thA / abhijJAna zAkuMtala meM nAgarika se ucca padAdhikAriyoM aura sAdhAraNa pulisa ke sipAhiyoM ke mukta abhiyukta se prApta puraskAra ke rupae se madyapAna kA ullekha hai / raghu kI sArI senA nArikela se taiyAra kie Asava kA pAna karatI hai / hameM madyapAna ke pyAle ( caSaka ), mArgastha madya kI dUkAne aura ApAnabhUmiyoM ke kaI ullekha milate haiM / kAlidAsa ke graMthoM meM zarAba ke sAdhAraNatayA nimnalikhita nAma Ae haiM - madya, prasava, vAruNI, surA / surA kA sauMdarya logoM ko raktavarNa aura ghUrNita netroM tathA pada pada para nirarthaka zabdoM ke uccAraNa meM prApta hotA thA / kumArasaMbhava meM ziva svayaM madyapAna karate haiM aura pArvatI ko bhI karAte hai 6 / daMpati kA madya ( 1 ) yuktamadA irAvatI - mAlavikA0, 3 | ( 2 ) kAdambarIsakhitvamasmAkaM prathama zobhitamiSyate / ( 3 ) raghu0, 4, 42 / ( 4 ) abhi0 zaH ku0, 6 / - abhi0 zAkuM0, 6, zyAtaH / ( 5 ) raghu0, 4, 42 / (6) kumAra0, 8, 77 /

Page #505
488 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA pAna eka sAdhAraNa vyasana pratIta hotA hai| mAlavikAgnimitra meM madyapAna dvArA utpanna ardhavikSiptatA aura usake dUra karanevAle matsyapiMDa' (eka prakAra kI cInI) kA havAlA hai| prAcIna cikitsAzAstra ke graMthoM meM, madAtyaya-cikitsA ke prakaraNoM meM, matsyapiMDa ko madAtyaya kA nivAraka batAyA gayA hai ( dekho, pakvekSurasaprakRtika: suraavishessH)| isase vidita hotA hai ki madyapAna bhAratavarSa meM khUba pracalita thA aura yaha puSpoM ( vizeSakara madhUka ) se prastuta kiyA jAtA thaa| ___ tyauhAra aura utsava to prAya: vahI the jo Aja haiM paraMtu unameM se kitane hI Ajakala ke hiMdU-samAja ne bhulA die haiN| puruhUtadhvaja _ vaha utsava thA jo iMdradhanuSa ke prathama darzana ke tyauhAra aura utsava avasara para manAyA jAtA thA aura jisameM iMdra kI pUjA hotI thii| dazAha bhI eka prakAra kA utsava hI thaa| proSitapatikAe~ apane videzI pati ke kalyANa aura zubhAgamana ke nimitta kAlabalipUjA karatI thoM utsavoM meM nagara ke rAjapatha aura prAsAda toraNa, patAkAoM, puSpoM aura citroM dvArA sajAe jAte the| rAmAbhiSeka ke samaya ayodhyA, ziva ke vivAha ke samaya kalpita himAlaya nagara aura iMdumatI ke svayaMvara ke samaya vidarbharAja kI nagarI, ye saba suMdara mAMgalika vastuoM se susajjita kie gae the| toraNa rassiyoM meM patte gUMthakara dvAroM aura dIvAroM ke sAmane bA~dhakara banAe jAte the jo Aja bhI utsava-divasa meM prAyaH dekhe jA sakate haiN| vasaMtotsava bar3e dhUmadhAma ke sAtha hotA thA, usameM phUloM kA vizeSa vyavahAra hotA thA aura nATaka khele jAte the| mAlavikAgnimitra nATaka usI samaya khelA gayA thA / (1) mAlavikA0, 3, vidU0 /

Page #506
bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 488 madya aura thiyeTara jina bhAratIyoM ke vilAsa ke sahAyaka the unake aAnaMda-vyasana groko kI ruci ke anukUla pratIta hote haiN| __inake vyasana meM madya aura puSpoM kA sthAna mukhya aAnaMda vyasana thaa| zarIrAMta laMbe saja aura aMgarAga Adi triyoM kA sauMdarya dviguNita karate the| mAlavikAgnimitra meM lAkSaNika aura grAmya saMgIta kA bar3A vizada varNana milatA hai| vasaMtotsava para bar3e bar3e kaviyoM ke nATaka khele jAte the, usa samaya madamatta darzaka raMgamaMca ke sammukha baiThe mApe meM nahIM rahate the| nagara kI dIrghikAoM meM snAna karate samaya mahilAeM baccoM kI taraha atyadhika AnaMda-kor3A karatI thiiN| ve jala ko pITatI thI jisase mRdaMga kI bhA~ti dhvani nikalatI thii| eka sthala para kavi ne kahA hai ki grISma Rtu meM jo surabhiyukta prAmramaMjarI madya aura pATalapuSpa apane sAtha lAtI hai, kAmI janoM ke sAre pApa haraNa kara letI hai| yaha vaktavya isaliye mahattvapUrNa hai ki yaha vyasanI nAgarikoM ke AnaMda-vyasanoM ke liye anukUla vAtAvaraNa ko iMgita karatA hai| sudara bAgIcoM ke kuMjoM meM puSpoM aura pallavoM dvArA prastuta zayyAoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| isa prakAra loga aneka prakAra se AnaMda manAte the| jaba koI rAjA surA aura sudarI ke phera meM par3akara rAjakArya sacivoM ke hAtha meM chor3a detA thA ( sannivezya saciveSvataH paraM strIvidheyanavayauvano'bhavat-raghu0, 16, 4) taba striyoM ke sAtha rahate hue usa rAjA ke mRdaMga-dhvani dvArA pratidhvanita prAsAda meM nAca-raMga ke utsava uttarottara bar3hate jAte the3 / yaha varNana aMtima maurya samrAT bRhadratha kA smaraNa karA detA hai / (1) mAvalikA0, 1-2 / (2) prathitayazasA bhAsasaumillakakaviputrAdInAm / -mAlavikA0, 1 / ( 3 ) kAminIsahacarasya kAminastasya vezmasu mRdananAdiSu / ___ Rddhimantamadhikaddhiruttara: pUrvamutsavamapohadutsavaH ||-rghu0, 11,5

Page #507
460 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA Upara batAe hue AnaMda-vyasanoM meM hI dolAdhirohaNa ke khela kA ullekha kiyA jA sakatA hai| isake khela puruSoM kI apekSA striyA~ hI vizeSa khelatI thiiN| unheM jhUle se girane kA bhI Dara nahIM lagatA thA (dolAparibhraSTAyAH) / jhUle ke liye dolA zabda kA vyavahAra huA hai aura jhUlA jhUlane ke liye 'dolAdhirohaNa' vAkyAMza kA, jaisA nimnalikhita vaktavya se vidita hotA hai- "deva ke sAtha dolAdhirohaNa kA AnaMda lenA cAhatI huuN|"--iraavtii| zrImAnoM ke prAsAdoM se lage udyAnoM meM jhUle lage rahate the jinameM AnaMdapriya strI-puruSa prAyaH jhUlA karate the| anya sthala para dolAgRha' kA ullekha milatA hai| yaha zAyada udyAnoM meM athavA gRha ke hI kisI kamare ko iMgita karatA hai jisakA upayoga jhUlA jhUlane meM kiyA jAtA hogaa| bhAratavarSa meM atithi-satkAra bar3e prema se kiyA jAtA thA aura yaha bar3A mahattvapUrNa kArya thaa| vetrAsana para baiThAkara atithi kI _ abhyarthanA karate the / yaha Asana beta kA koca atithi-satkAra - athavA kursI thaa| phira use arghAdi mAMgalika vastue~ pradAna karate the / yaha argha akSata aura dUrvA Adi kA sammizraNa thA aura devatAoM athavA bar3e AdamiyoM kI pUjA meM prayukta hotA thaa| isake avayavoM kA anyatra isa prakAra varNana milatA hai-- "prApa: kSIraM kuzAgraJca dadhi sarpiH sataNDulam / bhava: siddhArthakazcaiva aSTAGgo'rghaH prakIrtitaH / / " atithi ke caraNa bhI dhoe jAte the kyoMki zAyada atithi (1) mAlavikA0, 3, mAlavikA / (2) vahI, 3. / (3) kumAra0, 6,53 / (4) atithivizeSalAbhena... / phala mishrmrghmuphaar| ida pAdodaka bhaviSyati |-abhi. zAkuM0, 1, anasUyA /

Page #508
vaSavara zrAcAra bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 461 paidala calakara pAtA thA isaliye usake miTTI lage pA~va pahale dheo die jAte the| phira vaha koI anya kArya karatA thaa| kAlidAsa ke graMthoM meM mugala rAjAoM ke haramoM meM rahanevAle khojo . kI bhA~ti bhAratIya rAjAoM ke avarodhagRhoM kI rakSA karanevAle varSavaroM kA varNana milatA hai| saMskRti aura kalA meM suruci rakhanevAle vilAsI bhAratIyoM meM sAmAjika doSoM kI saMkhyA adhika honI cAhie phira bhI kAlidAsa ke varNana se patA calatA hai ki deza pApa-rahita " thA (janapade na gadaH),prajA dharmapatha para calatI thI, rAjA svayaM apanI sImA kA ullaMghana nahIM karatA thA (sthiterabhettA), varNAzrama-dharma kI rakSA karatA aura samAja ke aparAdhiyoM ko daMDa detA thaa| isa kAraNa yaha batAnA kucha kaThina jJAta hotA hai ki samAja meM duSToM ke rahate hue aura sAdhAraNa janatA ke vilAsa-priya hote hue bhI kisa prakAra janatA dharmaparAyaNa thii| zakuMtalA aura duSyaMta kA samAja-sImAtikramaNa svayaM eka aisA aparAdha hai jo usa samaya ke prAcAra-zaithilya ko prakaTa karatA hai aura jisake kAraNa donoM ko anaMta kaSTa bhoganA pdd'aa| kaSTa yaha thA ki jisa kAraNa unhoMne vyagratA dikhalAkara zIghratA kI aura samAja-nIti ke viruddha AcaraNa karake Azrama ko apavitra kiyA usI prAnaMda kA vecirakAla taka upabhogana kara ske| samAja meM gaNikAoM ke astitva ke saMbaMdha meM kAlidAsa ke kaI ullekha haiN| ye nartakiyoM aura gAyikAe~ hone ke atirikta prAja-kala kI bhA~ti vArAMganAe~ bhI avazya rahI hogii| nIcagiri kI guphAe~ paNyastriyoM ke nAgarikoM se milane ke kAraNa (1) tena hi varNavaraparigRhItamena tatra bhavataH sakAzaM prApaya / -mAlavikA0, 4 / (2) meghadUta, 27 //

Page #509
4-62 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA unake badana meM lage aMgarAga Adi sugaMdhita dravyoM se barAbara surabhita hotI rahatI thiiN| isa prakAra samAja meM paNyastriyoM aura unase milanevAle nAgarikoM kI saMkhyA itanI thI ki unheM koI kavi apane kAvya meM varNita kara sakatA thA / ujjayinI ke mahAkAla ke maMdira meM ve gAtI aura nAcatI thIM / zrAvaNa mAsa meM ziva ke maMdira meM nRtya Adi karanA Aja bhI kucha dhArmika sA ho gayA hai aura bahuta saMbhava hai ki Adhunika devadAsI prathA bhI inhIM vezyAoM ko prAcIna kAla meM maMdiroM meM nacAnevAlI prathA se nikalI ho / yaha dhyAna dene kI bAta hai ki ye vezyAe~ maMdiroM meM kevala kucha ghaMToM ke liye nahIM varan sadA rahatI aura nAcatI gAtI thIM, jaisA ki kavi ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai I isI prakAra abhisArikAoM aura asatiyoM kI bhI samAja meM eka saMkhyA thI / kAlidAsa ne kaI bAra unakA ullekha kiyA hai / abhisArikAe~ 2 rAta ke a~dhere meM anya puruSoM se milatI thIM aura dUtiyA~ 3 inake isa prakAra ke guhya prema ko bar3hAtI thiiN| unakA kAma samAja ke dUSaNoM kA vardhana karanA thA / Aja bhI unakI saMkhyA kama nahIM hai / samAja meM coroM (kuMbhAraka ) aura dIvAra bhedanevAloM ( pATaccara: .) kI bhI sthiti thI aura unake liye kaI prakAra ke saMjJAvAcaka zabda saMskRta meM banakara prayukta hone lage the / kabhI kabhI mukta abhiyuktoM se puraskAra pAkara nAgarika kI sthiti ke vyakti bhI anya sAdhAraNa pulisa karmacAriyoM ke sAtha madyapAna karate the / isa prakAra rizvata bhI kucha na kucha lI jAtI hogI aura madyapAna to sAre (1) meghadUta, 37 / ( 2 ) raghu0, 16, 12 / ( 3 ) vahI, 13, 18 / ( 4 ) zrabhi0 zAkuM0, 6 /

Page #510
bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 463 samAja meM puruSa aura striyoM meM ramakara unako durbala banA hI rahA thaa| isI liye tA hUNoM ko bhArata vijaya karane kA sAhasa ho skaa| itanA hone para bhI deza meM sadAcAra thA aura loga sAdhAraNatayA dharmaparAyaNa the| samAja ke pUrvokta aparAdho sadA sarvatra hote haiM aura usa samaya bhI the| samAja meM sAdhAraNata: ve mahilAeM thIM jo pati kI anupasthiti meM AnaMda aura zRgAra ko chor3a detI thIM / apane pati ke atirikta aura kisI puruSa kI ora A~kha nahIM uThAtI thoN| vidhavAe~ prAyaH pati ke zava ke sAtha hI citA meM jalakara satI ho jAtI thiiN| isa prakAra eka aparAdha kI jagaha saikar3oM guNa the| ina aparAdhoM ko koI samAja kabhI dUra nahIM kara sktaa| ye kSamya haiN| inake liye samAjanIti aura rAjadharma meM daMDa bhI bar3e kaThora the| __ prAyaH dvija jIvana ke tRtIya kAla ( vAnaprastha Azrama ) meM nagara athavA grAma chor3akara dvija vana meM jAkara munivRtti kA AcaraNa karate the / abhijJAna-zAkuMtala ke do zloko ke AdhAra para Azrama kA nimnalikhita varNana kiyA jA sakatA hai (1) tote AzramavAsiyoM ke bar3e priya the aura ve unake bhoja. nArtha vRttoM ke khokhale nIvAra ke dAnoM se bhara dete the jo prAyaH vahA~ se girakara prAzramabhUmi para bikhara jAte the| (2) iMgudI ke phala kA vyavahAra prAzramavAsI khUba karate the, jaisA unako tor3anevAle pattharoM kI tela lagI cikanAhaTa se vidita hotA hai| isI kAraNa iMgudI ke per3a ko vApasa taru bhI kahate the / (3) pAzramavAsiyoM ke ahisaka vyavahAra se vana-mRga isa prakAra vizvasta ho jAte the ki asvAbhAvika rathadhvani sunakara bhI ve (.) meghadUta, uttara megha, yakSapatnI / (2) abhi. zAkuM0, 1,14-15 / pyAzrama

Page #511
464 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA vicalita nahIM hote the aura prAya: Azrama meM hI bicarate rahate the| isI kAraNa ve prAzrama-mRga bhI kahalAte the / (4) tapasvI AzramavAsI valkala vasana dhAraNa karate the aura unheM pAnI meM dhokara vRttoM kI DAloM para laTakA dete the| valkala le jAne ke kAraNa rAste meM jala ke Tapakane se lIka bana jAtI thii| (5 ) Azrama ke vRkSoM aura paudoM ko sIMcane ke liye tapasvI patalI praNAlikAeM banAte the jinase jala, vRkSoM aura paudhoM kI jar3o se hokara, bahatA thaa| (6) vRttoM ke pallava prAkRtika avasthA meM raktAbha hote haiM paraMtu vahI, Azrama ke yajJa se utpanna ghI ke dhue~ ke lagane se, apanA svAbhAvika raMga kho dete the| (7) darbha kI teja phunagiyA~ kaTa jAne se ve mRgoM ke baccoM ke carane yogya ho jAte the| Upara likhe cihnoM se Azrama pahacAnA jA sakatA thaa| kAlidAsa ke graMthoM meM kaI prakAra ke jana-vizvAsa kA varNana prAyA hai| strI kI dAhinI A~kha kA phar3akanA Aja-kala kI hI bhAMti azubha mAnA jAtA thA aura bAI A~kha kA jana-vizvAsa " phar3akanA zubha samajhA jAtA thaa| puruSa kI A~khoM ke phar3akane kA phala ThIka isake viparIta thaa| isI prakAra puruSa kI dAhinI bhujA kA phar3akanA bhalA samajhA jAtA thaa| zRgAla-dhvani ko azubha mAnate the| ___ jo manuSya apane dhana kI bar3I rakhavAlI karatA thA aura sUma hotA thA usake prati logoM kA vizvAsa thA ki vaha marakara sarpa hogA aura apane gAr3e dhana kI rakSA karegA / usake marane ke bAda bhI jo koI usake dhana para hAtha lagAegA use vaha kATa khaaygaa| yaha vizvAsa prAja taka nahIM mraa| yaha vizvAsa bar3A prAcIna hai aura

Page #512
bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti 465 isakA prAraMbha isa vizvAsa ke kAraNa huA hogA ki sarpa pAtAlaloka meM pRthvI ke nIce rahate haiM aura dhana bhI bahudhA pRthvI meM gAr3akara hI rakhA jAtA hai| rAmapuravA ke stUpa ke rakSaka sarpa hI haiM jinakI AkRtiyA~ zilApaTToM para utkIrNa rAmapuravA ke stUpa ke sAtha dekha par3atI haiN| isa stUpa meM gautama buddha kA bhasmAvazeSa rakhA huA thaa| nAgadaMzana kA ilAja eka prakAra kI kriyA ke anuSThAna se kiyA jAtA thA jise udakuMbha vidhAna' kahate the| bhASyakAra ne isa anuSThAna kA bhairavataMtranirdezapUrvaka vizada varNana kiyA hai jisake anusAra maMtrapUta kalaza meM maMtrapUta jala bharakara sarpa ke kATe ko jhAr3ate the| dhruvasiddhi kI praNAlI nAgamudrAvAlI nahIM pratyuta rAsaratnAvalovAlI hai, jaisA bhASyakAra ne batalAyA hai| saMbhavataH logoM kA vizvAsa thA ki nAgamudrAvAlI kisI vastu ko AmaMtrita karake prayoga karane se sarpaviSa utara sakatA hai| mAlavikAgnimitra meM sarpadaMzana kA bahAnA karanevAle vidUSaka kA mithyA sarpa-viSa isI prakAra utArA jAtA hai| ___ baccoM ko zubha jaMtara pahanAne kI cAla kA bhI kAlidAsa meM havAlA milatA hai| loga iMgudI ke phala ko bhI zubha samajhate the aura baccoM ko unakI mAlA banAkara pahanAte the| daivaciMtakoM arthAt bhaviSyavaktA prahadazA ke paMDitoM kA bhI ullekha huA hai| isa prakAra kAlidAsa ke samaya kI janatA bhI, saba kAla aura deza kI janatA kI bhA~ti, kaI prakAra kI bhrAMtiyoM meM vizvAsa karatI thii| yajJopavIta brAhmaNa kA cihna thA aura dhanuSa kSatriya kaa| parazurAma kA yajJopavIta to jamadagni RSi ke brAhmaNatva kA pratinidhi (1) mAlavikA0, 5 / (2) vhii| (3) rakSAmaGgalam |-abhi0 zAkuM0, 7, shkuNtlaa|

Page #513
4-66 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA svarUpa thA; para unake hAtha kA dhanuSa unake usa kSAtradharma kA paricAyaka thA jo unheM (kSatriya rAjA prasenajit kI kanyA) mAtA reNukA se prApta huA thA / kAlidAsa ne yajJopavIta ko kevala brAhmaNoM ke dhAraNa yogya likhA hai? jisase upavIta mAnA jAtA thA / patA calatA hai ki unake samaya meM yajJopavIta brAhmaNoM kA hI cihna bahuta prAcIna samaya meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya aura vaizya tInoM yajJopavIta dhAraNa karate the| bahuta saMbhava hai ki kAlidAsa ne isa prAcIna prathA kA virodha na kiyA ho aura unake kahane kA tAtparya AdhyAtmika ho / kadAcit unakA tAtparya yaha thA ki yajJopavIta brahmacArI ke brahmAcaraNa arthAt vedAdhyayana Adi kA smAraka aura pratijJA-sUtra thA / vedAdhyayana prAdi brAhmaNoM kA mukhya karma hI nahIM pratyuta usa samaya taka kevala unhoM kA dharma raha gayA thA isaliye yajJopavIta brAhmaNatva kA hI pramANa-svarUpa thA / isI prakAra kSAtravRtti - yuddhakarma Adi - kevala kSatriya kA hI ho gayA thA isaliye dhanuSa kevala kSatriya varNa kA hI paricAyaka kahA jA sakatA hai / zava-maMDana eka sthala? para yaha ullekha milatA hai ki 'yaha maMDana hI hamArAaMtima arthAt mRtyu-maMDana hogA', jisase vidita hotA hai ki citA para dagdha karane ke pUrva zava ko puSpAbharaNoM aura citraNa Adi se alaMkRta kara lete the (visasarja kRtAntyamaNDanAmanalAyAgurucandanaidhase / - raghu0, 8, 71 / kriyatAM kathamantyamaNDanaM paralokAntaritasya te mayA / - kumAra0, 4, 22 ) / loga saMdhyA ke samaya baiThakara prAcIna kathAe~ kahA karate the aura vRddha jana hI isameM adhika dakSa mAne jAte the / ujjayinI (1) raghu0, 11, 64 / 2 ) athavedAnImetadeva mRtyumaNDanaM me bhaviSyati / Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat - mAlavikA0, 3, mAlavikA / www.umaragyanbhandar.com

Page #514
kathA bhAratavarSa kI sAmAjika sthiti ke grAmavRddhoM ko kAlidAsa ne udayana' prAdi kI kathA kahane meM dakSa kahA hai / yaha vatsa deza kA rAjA udayana, " I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM, gautama buddha kA samakAlInathA / __ isa prakAra saMpanna deza meM sarvatra zAMti athavA azAMti ke dinoM meM bhI sAmAjika vyavasthA bhaMga nahIM hone pAtI thii| loga prAyaH apane apane udyamoM aura varNadharma meM lage rahate the aura rAjA unako dharma-mArga se vilaga nahIM hone detA thaa| (1) prApyAvantImuvayanakathAkovidagrAmavRddhAn / -meghadUta, 32 /

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Page #516
(17) bhAratIya kalA meM gaMgA aura yamunA [lekhaka - zrI vAsudeva upAdhyAya, ema0 e0, kAzI] patitapAvanI mAtA gaMgA ke nAma se kauna aparicita hogA / vaijJAnika saMsAra na kevala isake jala kA guNagAna kiyA karatA hai varana gaMgA ko hidU dhArmika hRdaya meM bahuta hI U~cA sthAna diyA gayA hai / bhArata ke prAcInatama sAhitya se lekara Adhunika kAla taka gaMgA-yamunA kI stutiyA~ aneka sthaloM para sulabha haiM tathA stuti-viSayaka graMtha bhI upalabdha haiN| Rgvedika kAla meM gaMgA tathA yamunA ko Adhunika mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta na thA, paraMtu eka sthala para anya nadiyoM ke sAtha sAtha inakI bhI kucha stuti kI gaI hai- imaM me gaGge yamune sarasvati zutudvi stomaM sacatA paruSNayA / siknyA maruvRdhe vitastathAjakIye zRTuvyA suSomayA // --Rk0, 10 / 7315 isa prakAra RSiyoM ne gaMgA kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| saMskRtasAhitya ke rAmAyaNa' tathA mahAbhArata mahAkAvyoM meM bhI gaMgA mAtA kI stuti kA paryApta mAtrA meM varNana milatA hai| paurANika samaya meM dhArmika bhAva kI vRddhi ke sAtha gaMgA tathA yamunA kA bahuta hI ucca koTi kA varNana milatA hai| gaMgA samasta pApoM ko nAza karanevAlI patitoM ko tAranevAlI tathA jala-sparza mAtra se svarga (1) bAlakAMDa, sagaM 42; ayodhyA0, saga~ 35 / ( 2 ) vanaparva, adhyAya 106 /

Page #517
500 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA ko denevAlI batalAI gaI hai| isa prakAra purANoM meM gaMgAyamunAra kI mahimA kA suMdara varNana milatA hai| hidU zAkhoM ke atirikta bauddha jAtakoM meM bhI gaMgA ke puNyasthAna-saMbaMdhI dhArmika yAtrAoM kA mahattva batalAyA gayA hai / ina uparyukta varNanoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki gaMgA kI prArthanA tathA pUjA pratyeka saMpradAya ke anuyAyiyoM dvArA, binA kisI bheda-bhAva ke, hotI thii| gaMgA tathA yamunA ke dhArmika bhAva ke vikAsa kI ora na jAkara maiM prastuta viSaya para pAThakoM kA dhyAna AkarSita karanA cAhatA huuN| isa lekha meM yaha dikhalAne kA prayatna kiyA jAyagA ki bhAratIya kalA meM gaMgA tathA yamunA kI mUrtiyA~ kaba aura kisa prakAra banane lgoN| kyA isakI utpatti para kinhIM aMzoM meM anya mUrtiyoM kA prabhAva hai ? prAcIna kAla se lekara Adhunika kAla taka gaMgA tathA yamunA kI mUrtiyoM ke vikAsa para prakAza DAlane kA prayatna kiyA jAyagA / ____ DA0 kumArasvAmI kA mata hai ki pUjA kI dhArmika bhAvanA ke sAtha sAtha mUrtikalA kA bhI prAraMbha huA / yA yoM kahA jAya ki donoM kI utpatti eka hI mUla se huI; donoM ko pRthaka karanA sarala kArya nahIM hai| zilpazAstra meM varNana milatA hai ki mUrtikAra zilpakalA-kovida ke atirikta pujArI ho tathA pUjA-saMbaMdhI vaidika maMtroM se pUrNa paricita ho| ina samasta guNoM se yukta zilpakAra (.) gaMgeti smaraNAdeva kSayaM yAti ca pAtakam / gaMgAtoyeSu tIreSu teSAM svargo'kSayo bhavet // -papurANa, adhyAya 60 / gagAtha saritA zreSThA srvkaamprdaayinii| -brahma purANa, adhyAya 71 / (2) pana pu0, zra. 42; matsya pu0, pra. 106 / (3) jAtaka, 2 / 17 / / ( kaeNbija anu.) (4) DeMsa zrApha ziva, pR0 25 /

Page #518
bhAratIya kalA meM gaMgA aura yamunA 501 ko zAMta tathA zuddha prAcaraNa kA honA anivArya batalAyA gayA hai| inhIM kAraNoM se pUjA tathA mUrti vikAsa ko prapRthak mAnanA yuktisaMgata hai| ___ bhAratIya zilpakalA meM hiMdu-mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa gupta kAla se pAyA jAtA hai, kyoMki isI svarNayuga meM brAhmaNa dharma kA punaH pracAra huA jo parama bhAgavata gupta narezoM ke sAhAyya kA pariNAma thA / viSNudharmottara meM ullekha milatA hai ki gaMgA tathA yamunA kI mUrti varuNadeva ke sAtha taiyAra kI jAtI thI, jo vaidika kAla se eka mahAn deva mAne jAte the| vedoM meM varuNa kI stuti ke maMtra bhI pracuratA se milate haiN| jisase unakI mahattA kA jJAna hotA hai| paraMtu viSNudharmottara ke varNana ke atirikta takSaNa-kalA meM eka bhI tatsama udAharaNa nahIM milte| varuNa prAcIna kAla se jaladevatA mAne jAte haiM; ataeva gaMgA tathA yamunA ( jaladevI ) kA unase saMbaddha honA asaMbhava nahIM hai| gupta kAla meM gaMgA aura yamunA kI mUrtiyoM kA abhAva nahIM hai paraMtu ve unakI svataMtra mUrtiyA~ nahIM haiN| isa sthAna para prazna yaha upasthita hotA hai ki gaMgA tathA yamunA kI mUrti kA samAveza prastara-kalA meM kaise humaa| isakA vicAra karane se pUrva gaMgA aura yamunA kI mUrtiyoM se samatA rakhanevAlI vibhinna prastaramUrtiyoM para dhyAna denA prAvazyaka jJAta hotA hai| I0 pU0 dvitIya tathA prathama zatAbdiyoM meM bhAratIya kalA kA vikAsa bharahuta, sA~cI tathA mathurA meM dRSTi-gocara hotA hai| isa kalA kA saMbaMdha bauddhoM se thaa| isameM buddha tathA unakI jIvana-saMbaMdhI (1)i0 e0, bhA0 5, pR. 68 / (2) bhAratIya zilpa-zAstra, pR0 54 / (3) viSNudharmottara, bhA0 3, a0 52 / (1) Rgveda, 1 / 25 /

Page #519
502 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA kathAoM kA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| vahA~ stUpoM kI veSTinI para aneka puruSoM kI mUrtiyA~ milatI haiM, jo dvArapAla ke sthAna para yA bodhi vRtta tathA cakra ke samIpa ca~vara lie dikhalAe gae haiN| kalAvidoM ne inako yakSa kA nAma diyA hai| DA0 kumAra svAmI yakSoM ko udbhija deva yA usake rakSaka mAnate haiN| unakA kathana hai ki yakSa kI rAkSasoM se samatA nahIM kI jA sktii| hiMdU tathA bauddha graMthoM meM yakSa kA nAma milatA hai| yakSa kI tulanA grAmadevatA se kI gaI hai| nikAya-graMthoM tathA jaina sUtroM meM buddha bhagavAna ko bhI yakSa kahA gayA hai| saMsAra kI utpatti jala se huI, isa vicAra-dhArA ke kAraNa bharahuta tathA sA~cI kI kalA meM AbhUSaNa ke nimitta kamala, pUrNa ghaTa, machalI Adi (jo pAnI se paidA hote haiM ) prayukta hue haiN| udbhija deva hone ke kAraNa yakSa kA bhI jala se saMbaMdha prakaTa hotA hai| ataeva bharahuta, sA~cI tathA mathurA kI kalA meM ( guptakalA se pUrva ) yakSI kI mUrti machalI yA makara para khar3I veSTinI ke staMbhoM para banAI gaI thii| bharahuta, vesanagara (sA~cI) tathA mathurA meM aisI aneka mUrtiyAM milI haiN| DA0.kumAra svAmI kA mata hai ki inhIM yakSI mUrtiyoM se guptakAlIna (1) kumArasvAmI-yana, bhA. 2, pR. 3 / (2) jaiminI brAhmaNa, bhA0 3, 203 / (3) aMguttara nikAya, bhA. 2, pR. 37, uttarAdhyAyana sUtra, pa. 3, 14-18 / (4) yana, bhA1, ple 0 6, nN.1,2| (1) vahI, " , "14, "2; yaca, bhA. 2, pR0 66 / (6 ) kumArasvAmI-yakSa, bhA0 2,pleTa 10, naM. 2, smitha-jaina stUpa mApha mathurA, ple. 36 / vojela-kairalAga mApha mArkelA myUjiyama, mathurA, pR0 151, ne. J 42 /

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bhAratIya kalA meM gaMgA aura yamunA 503 gaMgA kI mUrti-kalA kA janma humaa'| paraMtu yaha siddhAMta saMdeharahita nahIM jJAta hotaa| viSNudharmottara ke varNana se spaSTa prakaTa hotA hai ki varuNadeva ke sAtha gaMgA tathA yamunA kI mUrti nirmita hotI thii| yadyapi aisI hiMdU mUrtiyA~ upalabdha nahIM hotI, paraMtu pUrvokta varNana ke anusAra saMbhavata: varuNa ke sAtha gaMgA-yamunA kI mUrti bhI banatI hogii| guptakAlIna devagar3ha ke dazAvatAra maMdira ke dvAra ke UparI bhAga meM gaMgA kI mUrti makara para tathA yamunA kI kUrma para, kramazaH bAI tathA dAhinI ora, sthita haiM3 / isake viparIta yacI kI mUti dvArapAla ke sthAna para khudI milatI hai| kAlAMtara meM varuNadeva kI vaha mahattA na rahI tathA gaMgA aura yamunA kI mUrtiyA~ svataMtra rUpa se gupta-maMdiroM ke dvAra para (prAyaH dvArapAla ke sthAna para ) milatI haiN| gaMgA tathA yamunA ke dvAra para sthita hone se yaha abhiprAya nahIM nikAlA jA sakatA ki bharahuta tathA sA~cI kI yakSiyoM ke sadRza ve dvArarakSaka yA dvArapAla kA kArya saMpAdana karatI thI; paraMtu guptazilpakAroM kA mukhya dhyeya yaha pratIta hotA hai ki dvAra para duHkha vinAzinI mAtA gaMgA ke sthita hone se maMdira meM kisI prakAra kI burI AtmA kA praveza nahIM ho sktaa| ataeva gaMgA tathA yamunA ko ( yakSI kI taraha )dvArarakSaka na mAnakara dvAradevatA kahanA ucita hogaa| viSNu ke dvAra-devatA jaya-vijaya ke sadRza inakA saMbaMdha ziva se thaa| bhUmarA ke ziva maMdira meM dvAra ke UparI bhAga meM ziva kI mUrti ke sAtha sAtha dvAra-devatA gaMgA tathA yamunA kI bhI mUrtiyA~ (1) yata, bhA0 1, pR0 33,39 / (2) viSNudharmottara, a0 12 / / (3) kumArasvAmI-yana, bhA. 2, pleTa 21, ne.

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504 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA milatI haiM / guptoM ke anya maMdiroM-tigavAre tathA devagar3ha3-- meM gaMgA aura yamunA kI makara tathA kUrmavAhinI mUrtiyA~ milatI haiN| udayagiri guhA kI mUrtiyA~ samudra meM praveza karatI huI dikhalAI par3atI haiM / gaMgA ke vAhana makara se yahI tAtparya hai ki isakA saMbaMdha samudra se hai tathA yamunA ke kUrma se prakaTa hotA hai ki isa nadI kA saMbaMdha kisI anya nadI se hai, samudra se nhiiN| mathurA meM bhI gaMgA tathA yamunA kI aisI hI mUrtiyA~ prApta huI haiN| madhyabhArata ke gvAliyara meM sthita bhilasA nAmaka sthAna se bhI makaravAhinI gaMgA kI mUrti milI hai jo bosTana ke saMgrahAlaya meM surakSita hai| yoM to guptakAlIna aitihAsika sthAnoM (pahAr3apura Adi ) se gaMgA tathA yamunA donoM kI mUrtiyA~ milo haiM, paraMtu gaMgA kI vizeSatA bar3hatI gaI aura samayAMtara meM gaMgA kI pUjA kI hI mahattA samajhI jAne lgii| uttarI bhArata meM makaravAhinI devI kA katipaya sthaloM para gaMgA nAma diyA gayA hai jo pahale kisI bhI lekha se prApta nahIM hotaa| kA~gar3A ke vaidyanAtha-maMdira ke lekha tathA bher3AghATa ( jabalapura, madhyaprAMta) ke lekha meM makaravAhinI devI 'gaMgA' ke nAma me ullikhita milatI hai| isake (1) bainarjI-memAyara Apha ArkelA0 sa0, naM0 16 / (2) kani ghama-mA0 sa0 ri0, bhA0 6, pR. 41 / / (3) vahI, bhA0 10, pleTa 36, aura bhA0 10, pR0 60 / (4) kumArasvAmI-yakSa, bhA. 2, pleTa 20, n.| (5) vojela-kaiTalAga Apha ArkelA, myUjiyama, mathurA, na. R. 56, 57 (6) di eja Apha iMporiyala gupta pleTa 27 / / (7) vAjela-kaiTakhAga, pR0 387 / (8) kanighama-prA0 sa0 ri0, bhA0 1, pR. 66.6 /

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505 bhAratIya kalA meM gaMgA aura yamunA atirikta viSNudharmottara nAmaka graMtha meM bhI isakA nAma gaMgA hI likhA milatA hai' / ina samasta vivaraNoM ke AdhAra para yaha jJAta hotA hai ki gaMgA kI mUrti tIna prakAra kI milatI hai - ( 1 ) varuNa ke sAtha gaMgA, ( 2 ) dvAra - devatA ke rUpa meM gaMgA tathA ( 3 ) svataMtra gaMgA kI mUrti / tIsare prakAra kI mUrti gupta kAla ke pazcAt madhyayuga meM taiyAra hone lagI / isa yuga meM gaMgA ko dvAra devatA se bhI adhika mahattA dekara divya mUrti kA rUpamaya bhAva pAyA jAtA hai / tAMtrika ke dvArA gaMgA kI vizeSa pUjA hotI thI / maMtrasAra meM gaMgA kA saMbaMdha ziva tathA viSNu se batalAyA gayA hai ( om namaH zivAyai nArAyaNai dazarAyai gaMgAyai svAhA ) / mAtA gaMgA ko, dhyAna ke sAtha ra AvAhana karake, sukhadA tathA mokSadA kA nAma diyA gayA haisadyaH pAtaka saMhanti sadyo duHkhavinAzinI / sukhadA mokSadA gaMgA gaMgaiva paramA gatiH // prAcIna bhArata ke madhyakAla meM gaMgA kI aneka mUrtiyA~, svataMtra yA ziva ke sAtha milatI haiN| ye IsA kI AThavIM zatAbdI meM ilorA 3 tathA rAjazAhI ( uttarI baMgAla) meM milI haiM I rAjazAhI kI mUrti hai teA khaMDita paraMtu AbhUSaNayukta aura suMdara dIkha par3atI hai / yaha gaMgA-mUrti vAreMdra sosAiTI ke saMgrahAlaya meM (1) bhA0 3, a0 52 / (2) dhyAnamaMtra isa prakAra hai caturbhujA trinena ca sarvAbharaNabhUSitA / ratnakumbhasitAmbhojavaradAbhaya saskarAm // (3) varagesa - e0 esa0 AI0 na0 AI0 esa0 bhA0 5, citra naM0 16; kumArasvAmI yakSa, bhA0 2, pleTa 21, naM0 2 /

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506 nAgarIpracAriNI patrikA surakSita hai' / isI kAla kI gaMgA tathA yamunA kI prastara mUrtiyA~ vaMgIya sAhitya pariSad ke myUjiyama meM surakSita haiN| gaMgA kI mUrti ( naM0k (b) 141 ) murzidAbAda tathA yamunA kI ( naM0 k (c) 1) bihAra se prApta huI hai| gaMgA kA dUsarA nAma bhAgIrathI bhI hai; kyoMki paurANika varNana ke anusAra bhagIratha gaMgA ko mRtyuloka meM le Ae the / isa varNana ke AdhAra para bhI dakSiNa bhArata meM gaMgA kI mUrti kA nirmANa hotA thA / elepheMTA meM gaMgAdhara ziva kI eka mUrti milatI hai jisameM gaMgA ziva kI jaTA meM praveza karatI huI dikhAI gaI hai 2 / isa prakAra katipaya graMthoM meM gaMgAdhara ziva kI mUrti kA nimna likhita prakAra se varNana milatA hai gaGgAdharamahaM vakSye sarva leAkasukhAvaham / susthitaM dakSiNaM pAdaM vAmapAda tu kuJcitam // vizliSya syAjjaTAbaMdhaM vAme svISanatAnanam / dakSiNa pUrvahaste tu varada N dakSiNena tu // devImupAzritenaiva devImAliGgaya kArayet / dakSiNA parahastene / ddhRtya | SISasImakam // spRzejjaTAgatAM gaGgAM vAmena mRgamuddharet / devasya vAmapArzve tu devI virahitAnanA // susthitaM vAmapAdaM tu kuJcitaM dakSiNaM bhavet / prasArya dakSiNaM hastaM vAmahastaM tu puSpaSTak // sarvAbharaNasaMyukta sarvAlaGkArasaMyuktam / bhagIrathaM dakSiNe tu pArzve munivarAnvitam // - zilparatna, paTala 12 / ( 1 ) mUrti na'. H(c) ' ( vAreMdra sosAiTI saMgrahAlaya ) / (2) gopInAtha rAva -- elemeMTasa dhApha hi MdU grAhakAnAgrAphI, ji0 2, bhA0 1, pleTa 40 /

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bhAratIya kalA meM gaMgA aura yamunA caturbhuja trinetraM ca kapardamukuTAnvitam / abhayaM dakSiNaM hasta kaTaka vAmahastakam / / kapardamukuTaM tena gRhItaM jAhnavIyutam / vAmadakSiNahastau tu kRSNaparazusaMyutam / / abhayaM pUrvavatproktaM kapardopetahastakam / tasya vAme bhavAnI tu kArayellakSaNAnvitAm // jAnvantaM vApi nAbhyantaM bhAgIrathyAstu mAnakam / pralambakajaTopetamuSNISaM jalahastakam / / dvibhujaM ca trinetraM ca valkalAmbarasaMyutam / evaM gaGgAdharaM prokta caNDezAnugrahaM zRNu / -pUrvakAraNAgama, paTala 11 / dakSiNa bhArata meM jaTA meM gaMgA ko dhAraNa kie naTarAja ziva kI mUrtiyoM kA varNana milatA hai| rAjapUta citrakalA meM bhI caturbhujI makaravAhinI gaMgA kA citra milatA hai| usI bhAva ko lekara Adhunika kAla meM ravivarmA ne ziva kI jaTA meM sthita gaMgA ke citroM ko dhArmika janoM ke sammukha upasthita kiyA hai| ina uparyukta vistRta vivaraNoM ke AdhAra se yahI prakaTa hotA hai ki gaMgA tathA yamunA kI takSaNa-kalA meM utpatti gupta-kAla meM hI huii| isa samaya se pUrva yakSiyoM kI jitanI makaravAhinI mUrtiyA~ milo haiM unameM spaSTIkaraNa nahIM huA thaa| gaMgA kA vAhana makara hone ke kAraNa una yakSiyoM se gaMgA kI samAnatA batalAnA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| yakSa kA saMbaMdha jala se thA tathA makara bhI jalajaMtu thA, isaliye makaravAhinI yakSI ke dvArA unakA jala se saMbaMdha spaSTa prakaTa hotA hai| isa prakAra kI yatI-mUrti se gaMgA kI utpatti mAnanA (1) gopInAtha rAva-elemeMTsa zrApha hiMdU AikAnogrAphI, ji0 2, bhA0 1, pR0 226 /

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508 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA ucita nahIM pratIta hotA / viSNudharmottara ke varNana se jJAta hotA hai ki varuNa ke sAtha gaMgA tathA yamunA kI mUrtiyA~ taiyAra kI jAtI thIM; paraMtu samayAMtara meM varuNa eka dikapAla rUpa meM mAne jAne lage ataeva guptakAlIna maMdiroM meM unake sAtha sAtha inakA bhI dvAradevatA ( dvArapAla nahIM) ke rUpa meM sthAna mAyA jAtA hai / pIche gaMgA ko sukhadA, mAcadA mAnakara samasta loga unakI pRthak pUjA karane lage jisase madhyakAla meM gaMgA kI svataMtra mUrtiyA~ nirmita hone lagIM / paurANika vArtA tathA kucha zilpa-graMthoM ke AdhAra para gaMgA ko ziva kI jaTA meM sthAna diyA jAne lagA, jisakA varNana Upara kiyA jA cukA hai /

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