Dharmshastra ka Itihas Part 4

Author(s): Pandurang V Kane
Publisher: Hindi Bhavan Lakhnou
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002792/1

Page #1
hindI pati pranyayAlA saMkhyA-213 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa caturtha bhAga (adhyAya 1 se 25) mala lekhakaH bhArataratna, mahAmahopAdhyAya, DaoN0 pANDuraGga vAmana kANe banavAdaka: arjuna cauke kAzyapa, ema0 e0 uttara pradeza zAsana rAjarSi puruSottamadAsa TaNDana hindI bhavana | mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga, khadanaka samiti

Page #2
hindI samiti granthamAlA saMkhyA--213 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa caturtha bhAga (adhyAya 1 se 25) (vrata, utsava, kAla, paJcAGga, zAnti, purANa-anuzIlana Adi) mUla lekhaka bhArataratna, mahAmahopAdhyAya, DaoN0 pANDuraMga vAmana kANe anuvAdaka arjuna caube kAzyapa, ema0 e0 hindI samiti uttara pradeza zAsana rAjarSi puruSottamadAsa TaMDana hindI bhavana mahAtmA gAndhI mArga, lakhanaU

Page #3
dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhAga 4 prathama saMskaraNa isa bhAga kA mUlya agaraharupaye kAzaka hindI samiti, uttara pradeza zAsana, lakhanaU sammelana mudraNAlaya, prayAga

Page #4
prakAzaka kI ora se dharma eka aisA vyApaka zabda hai jo sAmane Ate hI kisI jAti yA samAja kA itihAsa aura usake jIvana "kI bhUmikA prastuta karane meM samartha hotA hai| 'dharma' zabda meM jAti vizeSa kI sabhyatA, saMskRti, AcAravicAra, rahana-sahana, rIti-rivAja tathA jIvana praNAlI kI prakriyA aura nidarzana prastuta hotA hai| dharma kI paribhASA bhI hamAre dArzanikoM, cintakoM aura manISiyoM ne apane-apane samaya, vicAra aura cintana ke pariNAma svarUpa bhinna rUpoM meM prastata kI hai| 'dhAraNAda dharma ityAha' ke anasAra dharma jIvana kA mulAdhAra hai| isI se manuSya ko preraNA aura prakAza upalabdha hotA hai| yahI dharma jIvana kI gatividhi aura pragati meM sahAyaka hotA hai| kahane kA artha yaha hai ki dharma vastutaH saMkucita nahIM, apitu vizada, mahAn aura udAtta bhAvanA se prakAzamAna hotA hai| saMsAra meM jitane bhI dharma haiM, unakA apanA mahatva aura svatva to hai hI, kintu hindU dharma aura hindU jAti kI apanI vizeSa mahattA aura sattA rahI hai| hindU dharma anya sabhI dharmoM aura jAtiyoM kA samAdara aura sammAna karane meM agraNI rahA hai| isI hindU dharma kI zAstrIya vizeSatAoM tathA isake antargata upalabdha vibhinna zAkhAoM aura kSetroM kA vizada paricaya evaM saiddhAntika vivaraNa prastuta graMtha 'dharmazAstra kA itihAsa' meM aMkita karane kI ceSTA kI gayI hai| isake sammAnya aura vidvAn racanAkAra bhArata-ratna pAMDuraMga vAmana kANe antarrASTrIya khyAti ke lekhaka aura prAcya itihAsa evaM sAhitya ke manISI cintaka rahe haiN| unhoMne saMskRta aura saMskRti ke sAhitya kA pragAr3ha adhyayana to kiyA hI, kintu unakI sabase mahatvapUrNa sAdhanA aura sevA yaha hai ki hameM isa prakAra ke anamola aura mahatvapUrNa graMtha upalabdha hue| zrI kANe jaise rASTrIya khyAti ke vidvAnoM ke vidyA-vyasana aura niSThA kI prazaMsA karanI hI par3atI hai| aise vidvAnoM aura manISiyoM ke prati hama kRtajJa haiN| unakI ina kRtiyoM se jijJAsuoM aura AnevAlI pIr3hI ko preraNA aura prakAza milegA, hamArA yaha nizcita mata hai| hameM yaha kahane meM saMkoca nahIM ki 'dharmazAstra kA itihAsa' hamAre bhAratIya jIvana kA itihAsa hai aura isameM hama apane atIta kI gauravamayI gAthA aura niyAmaka sUtroM kA nirdeza aura sandeza prApta karate haiN| vidvAn lekhaka ne bar3e manoyoga aura zrama se isa grantha kA praNayana kiyA hai| ise eka taraha se hindU jAti kA vizvakoza kaheM to anyathA na hogaa| isameM lekhaka ne dharma, dharmazAstra, jAti, varNa, unake kartavya, adhikAra, saMskAra, AcAra-vicAra, yajJa, dAna, pratiSThA, vyavahAra, tIrtha, vrata, kAla Adi kA vavecana karate hue sAmAjika paramparA aura usakI upalabdhiyoM kA vistRta aura Avazyaka vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| veda, upaniSad, smRti, purANa, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata Adi graMthoM se saMketa sUtra aura sandarbha ekatra karanA kitanA kaThina hai, isakI kalpanA kI jA sakatI hai|

Page #5
'dharmazAstra kA itihAsa' pA~ca bhAgoM meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| prastuta pustaka isakA cauthA bhAga hai| ina sabhI bhAgoM kI eka saMyukta anukramaNikA hama alaga pustikA ke rUpa meM prastuta kareMge / yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki kAgaja kI mahatA aura mudraNa, veSTana Adi kI daroM meM paryApta vRddhi ho jAne para bhI hamane isakA mUlya pahale chape hue bhAgoM kI bhA~ti hI rakhA hai| hameM vizvAsa hai ki pracAra aura prasAra kI dRSTi se hamAre isa AyAsa kA svAgata kiyA jAyagA / hamArI yaha ceSTA hogI ki bhaviSya meM bhI hama isa prakAra ke mahanIya grantha ucita mUlya para hI apane pAThakoM ko upalabdha karAyeM / hama eka bAra punaH hindI ke chAtroM, pAThakoM, adhyApakoM, jijJAsuoM aura vidvAnoM se, vizeSataH una logoM se jinheM bhArata aura bhAratIyatA ke prati vizeSa mamatva aura apanatva hai, yaha anurodha karanA cAheMge ki ve isa grantha kA avazya hI adhyayana kreN| isase unheM bahuta kucha prApta hogaa| isase adhika kucha kahA nahIM jA sakatA / hamArI abhilASA hai, yaha grantha pratyeka parivAra meM sulabha ho aura samAdRta ho / sadhanyavAda ! kArtika pUrNimA, saM0 2030 (1973 I0 ) rAjaSa puruSottamadAsa TaNDana, hindI bhavana, mahAtmA gAMdhI mArga, lakhanaU - 4 - RIAIR QUAUR kAzInAtha upAdhyAya 'bhramara' saciva, hindI samiti, uttara pradeza zAsana

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prAkkathana 'vyavahAramayUkha' ke saMskaraNa ke lie sAmagrI saMkalita karate samaya mere dhyAna meM AyA ki jisa 'prakAra maiMne 'sAhityadarpaNa' ke saMskaraNa meM prAkkathana ke rUpa meM "alaMkAra sAhitya kA itihAsa" nAmaka eka prakaraNa likhA hai, usI paddhati para 'vyavahAramayUkha' meM bhI eka prakaraNa saMlagna kara dUM, jo nizcaya hI dharmazAstra ke bhAratIya chAtroM ke lie pUrNa lAbhaprada hogaa| isa dRSTi se maiM jaise-jaise dharmazAstra kA adhyayana karatA gayA, mujhe aisA dIkha par3A ki sAmagrI atyanta vistRta evaM viziSTa hai, use eka saMkSipta paricaya meM Abaddha karane se usakA ucita nirUpaNa na ho skegaa| sAtha hI usakI pracuratA ke samucita parijJAna, sAmAjika mAnyatAoM ke adhyayana, tulanAtmaka vidhizAstra tathA anya vividha zAstroM ke lie usakI jo mahattA hai, usakA bhI apekSita pratipAdana na ho skegaa| nidAna, maiMne yaha nizcaya kiyA ki svatantra rUpa se dharmazAstra kA eka itihAsa hI lipibaddha kruuN| sarvaprathama, maiMne yaha socA, eka jilda meM Adi kAla se aba taka ke dharmazAstra ke kAlakrama tathA vibhinna prakaraNoM se yukta aitihAsika vikAsa ke nirUpaNa se yaha viSaya pUrNa ho jaaygaa| kintu dharmazAstra meM Ane vAle vividha viSayoM ke nirUpaNa ke binA yaha grantha sAMgopAMga nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isa vicAra se isameM vaidika kAla se lekara Aja taka ke vidhi-vidhAnoM kA varNana Avazyaka ho gyaa| bhAratIya sAmAjika saMsthAnoM meM aura sAmAnyataH bhAratIya itihAsa meM jo krAntikArI parivartana hue haiM tathA bhAratIya janajIvana para unake jo prabhAva par3e haiM, ve bar3e gambhIra haiN| yadyapi ucca koTi ke vizvavidyAlaya ke vidvAnoM ne dharmazAstra ke viziSTa viSayoM para vivecana kA prazasta kArya kiyA hai, phira bhI, jahA~ taka maiM jAnatA hai, kisI lekhaka ne dharmazAstra meM Aye hae samagra viSayoM ke vivecana kA prayAsa nahIM kiyaa| isa dRSTi se apane DhaMga kA yaha pahalA prayAsa mAnA jaaygaa| ataH isa mahattvapUrNa kArya se yaha AzA kI jAtI hai ki isase pUrva ke prakAzanoM kI nyUnatAoM kA jJAna bhI sambhava ho skegaa| isa pustaka meM jo truTi, duruhatA aura adakSatA pratIta hotI haiM, unake lie lekhanakAla kI paristhiti evaM anya kAraNa adhika uttaradAyI haiN| ina bAtoM kI ora dhyAna dilAnA isalie Avazyaka hai ki isa svIkArokti se mitroM ko merI kaThinAiyoM kA jJAna ho jAne se unakA bhrama dUra hogA aura ve isa kArya kI pratikula evaM kaTu AlocanA nahIM kreNge| anyathA, AlocakoM kA yaha sahaja adhikAra hai ki pratipAdya viSaya meM kI gayI azaddhiyoM aura saMkIrNatAoM kI kaTu se kaTu AlocanA kreN| AdyopAnta isa pustaka ke likhate samaya eka bar3A pralobhana yaha thA ki dharmazAstra meM vyAkhyAta prAcIna evaM madhya kAlIna bhAratIya rIti, paramparA evaM vizvAsoM kI anya jana samudAya aura dezoM kI rIti, paramparA tathA vizvAsoM se tulanA kI jaay| kintu maiMne yathAsaMbhava isa prakAra kI tulanA se dUra rahane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| phira bhI, kabhI-kabhI katipaya kAraNoM se mujhe aisI tulanAoM meM yukta honA par3A hai| adhikAMza lekhaka (bhAratIya tathA yUropIya) isa pravRtti ke haiM ki ve Aja kA bhArata jina kuprathAoM se AkrAnta hai, unakA pUrA uttaradAyitva

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jAtiprathA evaM dharmazAstra meM nirdiSTa jIvana-paddhati para DAla dete haiM, kintu isa vicAra se sarvathA sahamata honA bar3A kaThina hai| ataH maiMne yaha dikhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai ki vizva ke pUre janasamudAya kA svabhAva sAdhAraNataH eka jaisA hai aura usameM nihita supravRttiyA~ evaM duSpravRttiyA~ sabhI dezoM meM eka sI hI haiN| kisI bhI sthAna vizeSa meM Arambha kAlika AcAra pUrNa lAbhaprada rahate haiM, phira Age calakara sampradAyoM meM unake durupayoga evaM vikRtiyA~ samAna rUpa se sthAna grahaNa kara letI haiN| cAhe koI deza vizeSa ho yA samAja, ve kisI na kisI rUpa meM jAtiprathA yA usase bhinna prathA se Abaddha rahate Aye haiN| saMskRta granthoM se liye gaye uddharaNoM ke sambandha meM do zabda kaha denA Avazyaka hai| ye uddharaNa isa pustaka meM diye gaye tarkoM kI bhAvanAoM ko samajhane meM eka sImA taka sahAyaka hoNge| sAtha hI, bhAratavarSa meM inake lie apekSita pustakoM ko sulabha karane vAle pustakAlayoM yA sAdhanoM kA bhI abhAva hai| uparyukta kAraNoM se sahasroM uddharaNa pAdaTippaNiyoM meM ullikhita hue haiN| adhikAMza uddharaNa prakAzita pustakoM se evaM bahuta thor3e se avataraNa jyoM aura tAra-lekhoM se udata e haiN| zilAlekhoM. tAmrapatroM ke abhilekhoM yA avataraNoM ke sambandha meM bhI usI prakAra kA saMketa abhipreta hai| ina tathyoM se eka bAta aura pramANita hotI hai ki dharmazAstra meM nihita I hajAra varSoM se janasamadAya dvArA Acarita haI haiM tathA zAsakoM dvArA vidhi ke rUpa meM svIkRta haI yaha nizcita hotA hai ki aise niyama paMDitammanya vidvAnoM yA kalpanAzAstriyoM dvArA saMkalita kAlpanika niyama mAtra nahIM rahe haiN| ve vyavahArya hote rahe haiN| jina pustakoM ke mujhe lagAtAra uddharaNa dene par3e haiM aura jinase maiM paryApta lAmAnvita huA hai, unameM se kucha graMthoM kA ullekha Avazyaka hai| yathA-bramaphIlDa kI 'vaidika anukramaNikA', prophesara maikaDAnala aura kItha kI 'vaidika anukramaNikAe~', maiksamUlara dvArA sampAdita 'prAcya dharma pustkeN|' - isake atirikta maiM asAdhAraNa vidvAn DA0 jAlI kA smaraNa karatA hU~ jinakI pustaka ko maiMne apane sAmane Adarza ke rUpa se rakhA hai| maiMne nimnalikhita pramukha paMDitoM kI kRtiyoM se bhI bahumUlya sahAyatA prApta kI hai, jo isa kSetra meM mujhase pahale kArya kara cuke haiM, jaise DA0 buhalara, rAva sAhaba bI0 ena0 maMDalIka, prophesara hApakinsa, zrI ema0 ema0 cakravartI tathA zrI ke. pI. j'aaysvaal| maiM 'vAI' ke paramahaMsa kevalAnanda svAmI ke satata sAhAhya aura nirdeza (vizeSataH zrauta bhAga) ke lie, pUnA ke cintAmaNi dAtAra dvArA darza-paurNamAsa ke parAmarza aura zrauta ke anya adhyAyoM ke prati satarka karane ke lie, zrI kezava lakSmaNa ogale dvArA anukramaNikA bhAga para kArya karane ke lie aura tarkatIrtha raghunAtha zAstrI kokaje dvArA sampUrNa pustaka ko par3hakara sujhAva aura saMzodhana dene ke lie asAdhAraNa AbhAra mAnatA huuN| maiM iMDiyA Aphisa pustakAlaya (laMdana) ke adhikAriyoM kA aura DA0 esa0 ke0 velvelkara, mahAmahopAdhyAya prophesara kuppusvAmI zAstrI, prophesara raMgasvAmI AyaMgara, prophesara pI0 pI0 ena0 zAstrI, DA0 bhavatoSa bhaTTAcArya, DA0 AlsaDorpha, prophesara eca0 DI0 belaNakara, vilsana kAleja bambaI Adi kA bahuta hI kRtajJa hU~, jinhoMne mujhe apane adhikAra meM surakSita saMskRta kI pANDulipiyoM ke bahumUlya saMkalanoM ke avalokana kI hara saMbhava suvidhAe~ pradAna kii| vibhinna prakAra ke nidezana meM sahAyatA dene ke lie maiM apane mitra samudAya tathA DA0 bI0 jI0 parAMjape, DA0 esa0 ke0 de, zrI pI0 ke0 gor3e aura zrI jI0 ena0 vaidya kA [evaM prastuta hindI saMskaraNa ke sampAdana meM sUjha-bUjha ke sAtha saMzodhanArtha satarka rahane ke lie zrI ciraMjIva zarmA zAstrI kA prakA'] AbhAra mAnatA huuN| hara prakAra kI sahAyatA ke bAvajUda isa pustaka meM hone vAlI nyUnatAoM, vyutiyoM aura uprekSAoM se maiM pUrNa paricita huuN| ataH ina saba kamiyoM ke prati kRpAlu hone ke lie maiM bidvAnoM se prArthanA karatA huuN| --pANDuraMga vAmana kANe

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adhyAya viSaya-sUcI (paJcama khaNDa, adhyAya 1 se 25 taka, pUrvArdha) viSaya 1. Rveda meM vrata 2. vaidika sAhitya meM vrata, unakI paribhASA evaM mahattA 3. vratoM ke adhikArI, lAbha, vibhAjana, kAla 4. caitra - pratipadA, rAmanavamI, akSayatRtIyA, parazurAmajayantI, dazaharA, sAvitrI vrata 5. ekAdazI 6. cAturmAsya 7. nAgapaMcamI, manasApUjA, rakSAbandhana, janmASTamI 8. haritAlikA, gaNezacaturthI, RSipaMcamI 8. navarAtra yA durgApUjA 10. vijayAdazamI evaM dIpAvalI 11. makarasaMkrAnti evaM mahAzivarAtri 12. holikA evaM grahaNa 13. vratoM evaM utsavoM kI sUcI 14. kAla - dhAraNA 15. kAla kI ikAiyA~ 16. muhUrta 17. dhArmika kRtyoM ke muhUrta 18. paMcAMga, saMvat, varSa, mAsa Adi kI kucha gaNanAe~ 19. kalpa, manvantara, mahAyuga yuga 20. zAnti kA vaidika artha evaM vidhiyA~ 21. katipaya viziSTa zAntiyA~ 22. purANa sAhitya kA udgama evaM vikAsa 23. purANoM evaM upapurANoM para saMkSipta TippaNiyA~ 24. dharmazAstra para purANoM kA prabhAva 25. bhArata se bauddha dharma ke vilIna hone ke kAraNa pRSTha 3 7 20 32 40 49 51 58 63 70 79 89 96 238 247 267 297 313 330 343 353 373 412 492 489

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uddharaNa-saMketa agni-agnipurANa go yA gau0 dha0 sU0 yA gautamadharma-gautamadharmasUtra a0 ve0 yA atharva0=atharvaveda gau0 pi0 sU0 yA gautamapi0 gautamapitRmedhasUtra anu0 yA anuzAsana0 anuzAsana parva caturvarga0 hemAdri kI caturvargacintAmaNi yA kevala hemAdri antyeSTi0-nArAyaNa kI antyeSTipaddhati chA0 upa0 yA chAndogya-upa0 chAndogyopaniSad a0 ka0 dI0=antyakarmadIpaka jImUta0=jImUtavAhana arthazAstra, kauTilya0=kauTilIya arthazAstra jai0 yA jaimini0 jaiminipUrvamImAMsAsUtra A0 gR0 sU0 yA ApastambasU0=ApastambagRhyasUtra jai0 upa0 jaiminIyopaniSad A0 dha0 sU0 yA Apastambadharma0-ApastambadharmasUtra jai0 nyA0 mA0 jaiminIyanyAyamAlAvistara Apa0 ma0pA0 yA Apastambama0=ApastambamantrapATha tANDya0 tANDyamahAbrAhmaNa A0 zrI0 sU0 yA ApastambazrI0=ApastambazrautasUtra tI0 ka0 yA tI0 kalpa-tIrthakalpataru Azva0 gR0 sU0 yA AzvalAyanagR0=AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra tIrtha pra0 yA tI0 pra0=tIrthaprakAza Azva0 gu0 pa0 yA AzvalAyana ga0 50=AzvalAyana- tI ci0 yA tIrthaci vAcaspati kA tIrthacintAmaNi gRhyapariziSTa tai0 A0 yA taittirIyA0 taittirIyAraNyaka R0 yA Rg0=RgvedasaMhitA tai0 u0 yA taittirIyopa0 taittirIyopaniSad ai0 A0 yA aitareya A0=aitareyAraNyaka tai0 brA0 =taittirIya brAhmaNa ai0 brA0 yA aitareya brA0-aitareya brAhmaNa tai0 saM0-taittirIya saMhitA ka0 u0 yA kaThopa0 kaThopaniSad tristhalI0 yA tri0 se0=maTToji kA tristhalIsetusAkalival0=kalivarNyavinirNaya rasaMgraha kalpa0 yA kalpataru, kR0 ka0lakSmIdhara kA kRtyakalpataru | tristhalI0=nArAyaNa bhaTTa kA tristhalIsetu kAtyA0 smR0 sA0 kAtyAyanasmRtisAroddhAra nArada0 yA nA0 sma0=nAradasmRti kA0 zrI0 sU0 yA kAtyAyana zrI0=kAtyAyana zrautasUtra nAradIya0 yA nArada0=nAradIyapurANa kAma0 yA kAmandaka-kAmandakIya nItisAra nItivA0 yA nItivAkyA0-nItivAkyAmRta ko0 yA kauTilya0 yA kauTilIya0 kauTilIya arthazAstra | nirNaya0 yA ni0 si0 nirNayasindhu kau0 kauTilya kA arthazAstra (DaoN0 zAma zAstrI kA | padma padmapurANa ___ saMskaraNa) parA0 mA0=parAzaramAdhavIya kau0 brA0 upa0 yA kauSItakibrA0-kauSItakibrAhmaNa- pANini yA pA0-pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI upaniSad pAra0 gR0 yA pAraskaragR0=pAraskaragRhyasUtra gaM0 bha0 yA gaMgAma0 yA gaMgAbhakti0-gaMgAbhaktitaraMgiNI pU0 mI0 sU0 yA pUrvamI0=pUrvamImAMsAsUtra gaMgAvA. yA gaMgAvAkyA0=gaMgAvAkyAvalI prA0 ta0 yA prAyaH tattva0prAyazcittatattva garur3a-garuDapurANa prA0, prAya0pra0 yA prAyazcittapra0 prAyazcittaprakaraNa gR0 20 yA gRhastha0=gRhastharatnAkara prAya0 prakA0 yA prA0 prakAza-prAyazcittaprakAza

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prAya0 vi0, prA0 vi0 yA prAyazcittavi0 = prAyazcitta viveka prA0 ma0 yA prAya0 ma0 prAyazcittamayUkha prA0 sA0 yA prAya0 sA0 = prAyazcittasAra bu0 mu0 = budhabhUSaNa' bR0 yA bRhaspati 0 = bRhaspatismRti bR0 u0 yA bRha0 upa0 = bRhadAraNyakopaniSad bR0 saM0 yA bRhatsaM 0 = bRhatsaMhitA bau0 gR0 sU0 yA baudhAyanagR0 - baudhAyanagRhyasUtra bau0 dha0 sU0 yA bIvA0 dha0 yA baudhAyanadharmaM 0: baudhAyana dharmasUtra bau0 zra0 sU0 yA baudhA0 zrau0 sU0 = baudhAyana zrautasUtra bra0, brahma0 yA brahmapu0 brahmapurANa brahmANDa 0 = brahmANDapurANa bhavi0 pu0 yA bhaviSya 0 = = bhaviSyapurANa 10 - matsya0 matsyapurANa ma0 pA0 yA mada0 pA0 = madanapArijAta manu yA manu0= 0 == manusmRti mAnava0 yA mAnavagRhya 0 = mAnavagRhyasUtra mitA0 == mitAkSarA (vijJAnezvara kRta yAjJavalkyasmRtiTIkA) =0 mI0 kau0 yA mImAMsAkau0 = mImAMsAkaustubha (khaNDadeva) medhA0 yA medhAtithi - manusmRti para medhAtithi kI TIkA yA manusmRti ke TIkAkAra medhAtithi maitrI - upa0 = maitryupaniSad maiM 0 saM0 yA maitrAyaNI maitrAyaNI saMhitA ya0 gha0 saM0 yA yatidharma0 = yatidharma saMgraha yA0, yAjJa yA yAjJa0 = yAjJavalkyasmRti rAja0 kalhaNa kI rAjataraMgiNI rA0 60 kau0 yA rAja0 kau0 = rAjadharmakaustubha rA0 nI0 pra0 yA rAjanI0 pra0 = mitra mizra kA rAja ratnAkara vAja0 saM0 yA vAjasaneyI saM0 vAjasaneyI saMhitA nItiprakAza rAja0 20 yA rAjanItira0 == caNDezvara kA rAjanIti vAyu 0= vAyupurANa vi0 ci0 yA vivAdaci 0 = vAcaspati mizra kA vivAdacintAmaNi vi0 20 yA vivAdara0 = vivAdaratnAkara vizva0 yA vizvarUpa yAjJavalkyasmRti kI vizvarUpakRta TIkA viSNu 0 = viSNupurANa viSNu yA vi0 dha0 sU0 = viSNudharmasUtra vI0 mi0= vIramitrodaya vai0 smA0 yA vaikhAnasa 0 = vaikhAnasasmArtasUtra vyava0 ta0 yA vyavahAra0= raghunandana kA vyavahAratattva vya0 ni0 yA vyavahArani0-0 - vyavahAranirNaya vya0 pra0 yA vyavahArapra0 = mitra mizra kA vyavahAraprakAza vya0 ma0 yA vyavahArama0 = nIlakaNTha kA vyavahAramayUkha = jImUtavAhana kI vyavahAramAtRkA vya0 mA0 yA vyava0 mA0 == vyava0 sA0 = vyavahArasAra za0 brA0 yA zatapathabrA0 zatapathabrAhmaNa zAtAtapa = zAtAtapasmRti zAM0 gR0 yA zAMkhAyanagR0 = zAMkhAyanagRhyasUtra zAM0 brA0 yA zAMkhAyana brA0 zAMkhAyana brAhmaNa zAM0 zra0 sU0 yA zAMkhAyana zrauta0 = zAkhAyana zrautasUtra zAnti 0 = zAntiparva zukra0 yA zukranIti0 zukranItisAra zu0 kau0 yA zuddhikau0 = zuddhikaumudI zu0 ka0 yA zuddhikalpa 0 = zuddhikalpataru ( zuddhi para) zu0 pra0 yA zuddhipra0 - zuddhiprakAza zUdrakama0 zUdrakamalAkara zrI0 ka0 la0 yA zrAddhakalpa 0 zrAddhakalpalatA zrA0 kri0 kau0 yA zrAddhakriyA0 = zrAddhakriyA kaumudI zrA0 pra0 yA zrAddhapra0 = zrAddhaprakAza zrA0 vi0 yA zrAddhavi0 = zrAddhaviveka sa0 [zrI0 sU0 yA satyA0 zrI0= satyASADhazrautasUtra sa0 vi0 yA sarasvatIvi0 = sarasvatIvilAsa

Page #12
sA0 brA0 yA sAma0 brA0 sAmavidhAna brAhmaNa skanda yA skandapu0 skandapurANa smR0 ca0 yA smRtica0-smRticandrikA smR0 mu0 yA smRtimu0=smRtimuktAphala | saM0 kau0 yA saMskArako0=saMskArakaustubha saM0 pra0 saMskAraprakAza saM0 ra0 mA0 yA saMskArara0=saMskAraratnamAlA | hi0 gR0 yA hiraNya0 gR0=hiraNyakezigRhyasUtra iMgliza nAmoM ke katipaya saMketa e0 jI0 = (eMzyeNTa jiyAgraphI Ava iNDiyA) e-ina0 e0 =Aine akabarI (abula phajala kRta) e0 AI0 Ara0 =Ala iNDiyA riporTara e0 esa0 Ara0 =AkryAlAjikala sarve riporTsa e0 esa0 DablU0 AI0 =AAlAjikala sarve Ava vesTarna iNDiyA bI0 bI0 Ara0 e0 esa0 =bAmbe brAMca, rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0 =bhaNDArakara orieNTala risarca iMsTITyUTa, pUnA sI0 AI0 AI0 =kArpasa iMskripzanam iNDikeram __ I0 AI0 =epipraiphiyA iNDikA (epi0 iNDi0) ___ AI0 e0 =iNDiyana eNTikverI (iNDi0 aiNTi0) AI0 eca0 kyU0 =iNDiyana hisTArikala kvArTaralI je0 e0 o0 esa0 =jarnala Ava di amerikana orieNTala sosAiTI je0 e0 esa0 bI0 =jarnala Ava di eziyATika sosAiTI Ava baMgAla je0 bI0 o0 Ara0 esa0 =jarnala Ava di bihAra eNDa ur3IsA risarca sosAiTI je0 Ara0 e0 esa0 =jarnala Ava di rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI (landana) esa0 bI0 I0 =saikreDa buka Ava di IsTa (maiksamUlara dvArA saMpAdita) m PM HTAS AA

Page #13
prasiddha evaM mahattvapUrNa granthoM tathA lekhakoM kA kAla-nirdhAraNa [inameM se bahutoM kA kAla sambhAvita, kalpanAtmaka evaM vicArAdhIna hai| I0 pU0 IsA ke pUrva; I0 u0=IsA ke uparAnta] 4000-1000 (I0 pU0) : yaha vaidika saMhitAoM, brAhmaNoM evaM upaniSadoM kA kAla hai| Rgveda, atharva veda evaM taittirIya saMhitA tathA taittirIya brAhmaNa kI kucha RcAe~ 4000 I0 pU0 ke bahuta pahale kI bhI ho sakatI haiM, aura kucha upaniSadeM (jinameM kucha ve bhI haiM jinheM vidvAn loga atyanta prAcIna mAnate haiM) 1000 I0 pU0 ke pazcAtkAlIna bhI ho sakatI haiN| (kucha vidvAn prastuta lekhaka kI isa mAnyatA ko ki vaidika saMhitAe~ 4000 I0 pU0 prAcIna haiM, nahIM svIkAra krte)| blUmaphIlDa vaidika sAhitya kI utpatti 2000 I0 pU0 mAnate haiM (rilIjana Ava dI veda, pR0 20, nyUyArka, 1908) tathA vaidika bhAvanAoM evaM siddhAntoM kA pracalana isase bahuta pahale se svIkAra karate haiN| viTaranitja kA kathana hai ki yaha adhika saMbhava hai ki vaidika sAhitya kA ajJAta kAla 1200 yA 1500 I0 pU0 kI apekSA 2000 I0 pU0 se 2500 I0 pU0 ke adhika samIpa hai (prAblamsa Ava iMDiyana liTarecara, pR0 20, klkttaa)| kucha pazcimI vidvAn vAstavika tathyoM ke rahate hue bhI apanI mAnyatA para hI adhika jora dete haiN| ye anya upalabdha bhAratIya sAhitya aura apuSTa anumAnoM kA vizvAsa adhika karate haiN| 800-500 (I0 pU0) : yAska kI racanA nirukt| 800-400 (I0 pU0) : pramukha zrautasUtra (yathA Apastamba, AzvalAyana, baudhAyana, kAtyAyana, satyASAr3ha Adi) evaM kucha gRhyasUtra (yathA Apastamba evaM aashvlaayn)| 500-300 (I0 pU0) : gautama, Apastamba, baudhAyana, vasiSTha ke dharmasUtra evaM pAraskara tathA kucha anya logoM ke gRhysuutr| 500-300 (I0 pU0) : paannini| 500-200 (I0 pU0) : bhgvdgiitaa|

Page #14
- 13 - 400-200 (I0 pU0) : jaimini kA pUrvamImAMsAsUtra / 300-200 (I0 pU0) : pANini ke sUtroM para vArtika likhane vAle vararuci kAtyAyana / 300 (I0 pU0) 100 (I0 u0) : kauTilya kA arthazAstra (apekSAkRta pahalI sImA ke AsapAsa) 200 (I0 pU0) 100 (I0 u0) : mnusmRti| 150 (I0 pU0) 100 (I0 u0) : pataJjali kA mahAbhASya (saMbhavataH apekSAkRta prathama sImA ke aaspaas)| 100 (I0 pU0) 100 (I0 u0) : upavarSa, pUrva evaM uttara mImAMsAsUtroM ke vRttikaar| 100 (I0 pU0) 300 (I0 u0) : yogasUtra ke racayitA ptnyjli| 100-300 (I0 u0) : yAjJavalkyasmRti / 100-300 (I0 u0) : vissnnudhrmsuutr| . 100-400 (I0 u0) : nAradasmRti / 200-500 (I0 u0) :: vaikhaanssmaartsuutr| 200-400 (I0 u0) : jaimini ke pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ke bhASyakAra zabara (apekSAkRta pUrva samaya ke __ aaspaas)| 250-325 (I0 u0) : Izvara kRSNa kI saaNkhykaarikaa| 300-500 (I0 u0) : bRhaspatismRti (abhI taka isakI prati. nahIM mila sakI hai)| esa0 bI0 I0 (jilda 33) meM vyavahAra ke aMza anUdita haiM aura pro0 raMgasvAmI AyaMgara ne dharma ke bahuta se viSaya saMgRhIta kiye haiM jo gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sIrIz2a dvArA prakAzita haiN| 300-600 (I0 u0) : kucha vidyamAna purANa, yathA-vAyu0, viSNu0, mArkaNDeya0, brahmANDa, matsya0, kuurm0| 400-600 (I0 u0) : kAtyAyanasmRti (abhI taka prApta nahIM ho sakI hai)| 400-500 (I0 u0) : mATharavRtti, sAMkhyakArikA pr| 400-500 (u0 I0) : vyAsaracita yogsuutrbhaassy| 476- (I0 u0) : AryabhaTa, 'AryabhaTIyam' ke lekhaka 550-700 (I0 u0) : yuktidIpikA , sAMkhyakArikA kI vyaakhyaa| 500-575 (I0 u0) : varAhamihira; paMcasiddhAntikA, bRhatsaMhitA, bRhajjAtaka Adi ke lekhaka / 600-650 (I0 u0) : kAdambarI evaM harSacarita ke lekhaka baann| 650-660 (I0 u0) : pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI para 'kAzikA'-vyAkhyAkAra vAmana jayAditya / 650-700 (I0 u0) : kumArila kA tantravArtika, zlokavArtika, ttupttiikaa| 680-725 (I. u0) : maNDana mizra, vidhiviveka, bhAvanAviveka Adi ke lekhaka (miimaaNsk)| 700-750 (u0 I.) : gauDapAda, sAMkhyakArikA ke vyAkhyAkAra evaM zaMkarAcArya ke prm-guru|| 700-750 (I0 u0) : umbeka (prasiddha miimaaNsk)| 710-770 (I0 u0) : zAlikanAtha (prasiddha miimaaNsk)| 820-900 (I0 u0) : vAcaspati mizra, yogabhASya, bhAmatI Adi ke lekhaka / 600-900 (I0 u0) : adhikAMza smRtiyA~, yathA-parAzara, zaMkha, devala tathA kucha purANa, yathA agni0, garur3a, vissnnudhrmottr0|

Page #15
788 - 820 (u0 I0 ). 790 -- 850 ( I0 u0 ) 825 - 900 ( I0 u0 ) 780 - 870 ( I0 u0 ) 900 -- 1100 ( I0 u0 ) 1050 - 1150 ( I0 u0 ) 1100 - 1130 ( I0 u0 ) 1005 - 1050 ( I0 u0 ) 1080 - 1100 ( I0 u0 ) 1080 - 1100 ( I0 u0 ) 1100 - 1130 ( I0 u0 ) 1100 -- 1150 ( I0 u0 ) 1100 - 1150 ( I0 u0 ) 1100 - 1130 ( I0 u0 ) 1114 - 1183 (I0 u0 ) 1127 -- 1138 ( I0 u0 ) 1150 - 1160 ( I0 u0 ) 1150 - 1180 ( I0 u0 ) 1150 - 1200 ( I0 u0 ) 1150 - 1300 ( I0 u0 ) 1150 - - 1300 ( I0 u0 ) 1158 - 1183 ( I0 u0 ) 1175 - 1200 ( I0 u0 ) 1200 - 1225 ( I0 u0 ) 1260 - 1270 ( I0 u0 ) 1200 - 1300 ( I0 u0 ) 1275 - 1310 ( I0 u0 ) 1300 - 1370 ( I0 u0 ) 1300-- 1386 ( I0 u0 ) 1300 -- 1386 ( I0 u0 ) 14 - : mahAn advaitavAdI dArzanika zaMkarAcArya / : yAjJavalkyasmRti ke TIkAkAra vizvarUpa ( surezvarAcArya ) / : manusmRti ke TIkAkAra medhAtithi / : varAhamihira kRta bRhajjAtaka ke TIkAkAra utpala / : pArthasArathi mizra, zAstradIpikA, tantraratna, nyAyaratna ke lekhaka / : bhavanAtha yA bhavadeva, nyAyaviveka ke lekhaka / : lakSmIdhara, kRtyakalpataru ( kalpataru ) nibandhakAra | : bahuta se granthoM ke lekhaka dhArezvara bhoja / : yAjJavalkyasmRti- TIkA mitAkSarA ke lekhaka vijJAnezvara / : manusmRti ke TIkAkAra govindarAja | : kalpataru yA kRtyakalpataru nAmaka vizAla dharmazAstra viSayaka nibandha ke lekhaka lakSmIdhara / : dAyabhAga, kAlaviveka evaM vyavahAramAtRkA ke lekhaka jImUtavAhana / : prAyazcittaprakaraNa evaM anya granthoM ke racayitA bhavadeva bhaTTa / : aparArka, zilAhArarAjA ne yAjJavalkyasmRti para eka TIkA likhI / : bhAskarAcArya, jo siddhAntaziromaNi ke, jisakA lIlAvatI eka aMza hai, praNetA haiM / : somezvara deva kA mAnasollAsa yA abhilaSitArtha cintAmaNi / : kalhaNa kI rAjataraMgiNI / : hAralatA evaM pitRdayitA ke praNetA aniruddha bhaTTa / : zrIdhara kA smRtyarthasAra / : manusmRti ke TIkAkAra kullUka / : gautama evaM ApastambadharmasUtroM tathA kucha gRhyasUtroM ke TIkAkAra haradatta / : vallAsasena, baMgAla ( gauDa ) ke rAjA, adbhutasAgara, dAnasAgara Adi ke lekhaka | : dhanaJjaya ke putra evaM brAhmaNasarvasva ke praNetA halAyudha / : devaNNa bhaTTa kI smRticandrikA / : hemAdri kA caturvarga cintAmaNi / : varadarAja kA vyavahAranirNaya / : pitRbhakti, samayapradIpa evaM anya granthoM ke praNetA zrIdatta / : gRhastharatnAkara, vivAdaratnAkara, kriyAratnAkara Adi ke racayitA caNDezvara / : vaidika saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM ke bhASyoM ke saMgrahakartA sAyaNa / : parAzarasmRti kI TIkA parAzaramAdhavIya tathA anya granthoM ke racayitA evaM sAyaNa ke bhAI mAdhavAcArya |

Page #16
1360-1390 (I0 u0) 1360-1448 (I0 u0) 1375-1450 (I0 u0) 1375-1500 (I0 u0) 1400-1500 (I0 u0) 1400-1450 (I0 u0) 1425-1450 (I0 u0) 1425-1460 (I0 u0) 1425-1490 (I0 u0) 1440-1500 (I0 u0) 1490-1515 (I0 u0) : madanapAla evaM usake putra ke saMrakSaNa meM madanapArijAta evaM mahArNavaprakAza saMgRhIta kiye gye| : gaMgAvAkyAvalI Adi granthoM ke praNetA vidyApati ke janma evaM maraNa kI tithiyA~ / dekhie iNDiyana aiNTIkverI (jinda 14, pR0 190-191), jahA~ devasiMha ke putra zivasiMha dvArA vidyApati ko pradatta visapI nAmaka grAmadAna ke zilAlekha meM cAra tithiyoM kA vivaraNa upasthita kiyA gayA hai (yathA zaka 1321, saMvat 1455, la0 sa0 283 evaM san 807) / : yAjJavalkya kI TIkA dIpakalikA, prAyazcittaviveka, durgotsavaviveka evaM anya granthoM ke lekhaka zUlapANi / / : vizAla nibandha dharmatattvakalAnidhi (zrAddha, vyavahAra Adi ke prakAzoM meM vibhAjita) ke lekhaka evaM nAgamalla ke putra pRthvIcandra / : tantravArtika ke TIkAkAra somezvara kI nyaaysudhaa| : misarU mizra kA vivaadcndr| : madanasiMha deva rAjA dvArA saMgRhIta vizAla nibandha madanaratna / : zuddhiviveka, zrAddhaviveka Adi ke lekhaka rudrdhr| : zuddhicintAmaNi. tIrthacintAmaNi Adi ke racayitA vaacspti| daNDaviveka, gaMgAkRtyaviveka Adi ke racayitA vrdhmaan| : dalapati kA nRsiMhaprasAda, jisake bhAga haiM-zrAddhasAra, tIrthasAra : aadi| : pratAparudradeva rAjA ke saMrakSaNa meM saMgrahIta srsvtiivilaas| : zuddhikaumudI, zrAddhakriyAkaumudI Adi ke praNetA govindaannd| : prayogaratna, antyeSTipaddhati, tristhalIsetu ke lekhaka nArAyaNa bhaTTa / : zrAddhatatva, tIrthatatva, prAyazcittatattva Adi ke lekhaka rghunndn| : ToDaramala ke saMrakSaNa meM ToDarAnanda ne kaI saukhyoM meM zuddhi, tIrtha, prAyazcitta, karmavipAka evaM anya 15 viSayoM para grantha likhe| : appayya dIkSita, vidhirasAyana Adi aneka granthoM ke lekhaka / : dvaitanirNaya yA dharmadvaitanirNaya ke lekhaka zaMkara bhaTa / : vaijayantI (viSNudharmasUtra kI TIkA), zrAddhakalpalatA, zuddhicandrikA evaM dattakamImAMsA ke lekhaka nanda pnnddit| : nirNayasindhu zUdrakamalAkara Adi 20 granthoM ke lekhaka kamalAkara bhaTTa / : khaNDadeva, mImAMsaka, bhATTadIpikA Adi ke lekhk| : mitra mizra kA vIramitrodaya, jisake bhAga haiM tIrthaprakAza, prAyazcittaprakAza, zrAddhaprakAza aadi| : prAyazcitta, zuddhi, zrAddha Adi para 12 mayUkhoM (yathA-nItimayUkha, vyavahAramayUkha Adi) meM racita bhagavantabhAskara ke lekhaka niilknntth| 1500-1525 (I0 u0) 1500-1540 (I0 u0) 1513-1580 (I0 u0) 1520-1575 (I0 u0) 1520-1589 (I0 u0) 1554-1626 (I0 u0) 1560-1620 (I0 u0) 1590-1630 (I0 u0) 1610-1640 (I0 u0) 1600-1665 (I0 u0) 1610-1640 (I0 u0) 1615-1645 (I0 u0)

Page #17
1620-1690 (I0 u0) 1645-1675 (I0 u0) 1700-1740 (I0 u0) 1670-1750 (I0 u0) : gAgAbhaTTa (vizvezvara) bhaTTacintAmaNi Adi ke lekhaka / : rAjadharmakaustubha, smRtikaustubha Adi ke praNetA anntdev| : vaidyanAtha kA smRtimuktaaphl| : tIrthenduzekhara, prAyazcittenduzekhara, zrAddhenduzekhara Adi lagabhaga 50 granthoM ke lekhaka nAgeza bhaTTa yA nAgojibhaTTa / : mitAkSarA para 'vAlambhaTTI' nAmaka TIkA ke lekhaka vaalmbhtttt| : dharmasindhu ke lekhaka kAzInAtha upAdhyAya / 1730-1820 (I0 u0) 1790 (I0 u0)

Page #18
paJcama kharADa vrata, utsava, kAla evaM zAnti Adi

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adhyAya 1 Rgveda meM vrata vrata zabda kI gaNanA saMskRta ke una zabdoM meM hotI hai, jinakA pracalana sahasroM varSa purAnA hai| 'vrata' zabda kI vyutpatti evaM artha-sambandhI vikAsa ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM ke bIca gambhIra matabheda rahe haiN| yahA~ para bahuta hI saMkSepa meM unakA vivaraNa upasthita kiyA jaaygaa| _ 'seMTa pITarsabarga koza' meM 'vrata' kI utpatti 'vR' (vRJ varaNe, varaNa karanA, cunanA) se mAnI gayI hai, tathA usa koza meM isa zabda ke mahattvapUrNa artha isa prakAra haiM--(1) saMkalpa, Adeza, vidhi, nirdiSTa vyavasthA; (2) vazatA, AjJAparatA, sevA; (3) svAmitva athavA riktha; (4) vyavasthA, nirdhArita uttarAdhikAra, kSetra; (5) vRtti, vyApAra, AcArika karma, pravRtti meM saMlagnatA, AcAra athavA rIti; (6) dhArmika kArya, upAsanA, kartavyatA; (7) koI anuSThAna, dhArmika yA tapasyA-sambandhI karma yA AcaraNa-sevana, saMkalpa, punIta karma; (8) sAmAnya rUpa se saMkalpa, nizcita hetu; (9) anya viziSTa arth| maiksamUlara ne isakI vyutpatti 'vR' se kI hai, jisakA artha hai 'rakSaNa karanA', aura pratipAdita kiyA hai ki isakA prArambhika artha isa bhAva meM thA, jise hama AveSTita, rakSita, pRthak rUpa se rakSita ke artha meM lete haiM, Age calakara isakA artha huA nirNIta, nizcita, vidhi (kAnUna), vidhAna aura punaH kAlAntara meM artha-vikAsa huA 'Adhipatya yA sttaa|' hviTanI ne maiksamUlara kI vyutpatti ko asantoSajanaka mAnakara use seMTa pITarsabarga ke koza se nikAla diyA aura ghoSita kiyA ki unheM 'vR' (varaNa karanA) se isakI vyutpatti karanA amAnya hai| unhoMne yaha bhI kahA ki 'vR' se saMkalpa, anuzAsana (Adeza) artha nahIM nikalatA, kevala 'varaNa karanA yA adhika mAna denA' upayukta ThaharatA hai| kintu unhoMne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki 'varaNa karane' evaM 'anuzAsana' meM sambandha avazya hai| unhoMne virodha upasthita kiyA ki 'ta' kA Agama yA pratyaya ke rUpa meM prayoga bahuta hI kama hotA hai, aura kahA ki yadi koI tulyArthaka zabda hai to vaha hai marta' jo 'mR' (maranA) se banA hai| unhoMne 'vrata' kA 'vRt' (vRtu vartane, pravRtta rahanA yA prArambha karanA yA Age bar3hanA) se vyutpAdana adhika acchA mAnA hai| yadyapi unhoMne yaha mAnA hai ki 'vRt' se 'a' pratyaya ke sAtha 'vrata' kI vyutpatti apavAda rUpa meM hI hai| unhoMne socA ki vaja' evaM 'da' zabda unakI vyutpatti ko sa~bhAla lete haiM aura kahA ki 'vrata' zabda Rgveda meM gati-sambandhI kriyApadoM, yathA--'cara', 'sazca' yA 'sac' ke sAtha bahudhA AtA hai| 1. dekhie JBBRAS, khaNDa 29 (1954), pRSTha 1-28 /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pro0 vI0 em0 ApTe' ne hviTanI kI bAta mAnI hai aura kahA hai ki 'vRt' se hI 'kta' vyutpanna huA hai| unhoMne balapUrvaka pratipAdita kiyA hai ki '' kA 'varaNa karanA yA cunanA' tathA 'rakSaNa karanA' yA 'AveSTita karanA' artha asambhava hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki Rgveda meM koI vrata zabda aisA nahIM hai jisase 'saMkalpa yA icchA, Adeza, AjJAkAritA athavA nirdiSTa hetu' kA artha prakaTa ho ske| unakA mata hai ki 'vRt' kA artha na kevala 'Age bar3hanA yA pravRtta rahanA yA Arambha karanA' hai (jaisA ki hviTanI ne pratipAdita kiyA hai), pratyuta isakA artha 'abhimukha honA arthAt ghUma jAnA, apanI ora abhimukha honA, caturdika ghUma jAnA, eka hI sthAna para paribhramaNa karanA yA Age bar3hanA' bhI hai, ataH 'vrata' zabda kA artha na kevala vidhi, karma kA krama yA vidhi, AcAra-vidhi hai, pratyuta isakA artha 'cakrAkAra gati yA paribhramaNa' tathA 'vRttAkAra mArga' bhI hai| prastuta lekhaka ke mata se hviTanI evaM pro0 ApTe ke mata truTipUrNa haiN| 'vata' se 'vrata' kI vyatpatti amAnya hai| una padoM meM jahAM dhAtu 'vRt' 'abhi', 'A', 'ni', 'pari', 'pra' yA 'vi' nAmaka upasargoM ke sAtha prayukta huI hai, unase vRt' ke maulika artha ko nikAlane meM hameM sahAyatA nahIM milatI, kyoMki upasarga bahudhA dhAtu kA artha hI parivartita kara dete haiM, aura yaha sandehAspada hai ki 'vata' dhAtu apane vAstavika rUpa meM hI Rgveda meM 'Age bar3hanA' (hviTanI ke matAnusAra) ke artha meM prayukta huI hai| yaha bhI nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki binA upasargoM ke prayukta 'vRt' dhAtu Rgveda meM 'cakrAkAra yA vattAkAra ghamanA yA Age bar3hanA' (pro. ApTe ke matAnasAra) ke artha meM AyI hai| prastuta lekhaka ke matAnusAra 'vRt' kA sIdhA artha hai 'honA, ThaharanA, pAlana krnaa|' Rgveda meM 'vRt' kA prayoga isake Age yA pIche binA upasarga ke bahuta kama huA hai|' pro0 ApTe ne Aropa lagAyA hai ki vidvAnoM ne bahudhA vrata ke arthoM ke lie apane ko kevala 'vidhi, vidhAna, Adeza, yajJa, saMkalpa, nirdiSTa hetu, kartavya' taka hI sImita rakhA hai, unhoMne Rgveda meM prayukta artha 'mArga yA vRttAkAra mArga kI ora apanA dhyAna nahIM diyA hai| unake matAnusAra Rgveda meM varNita divya vratoM kA artha hai svagika patha, divya phere, samaya samaya para svayaM devoM dvArA AkAza ke cAroM ora pherA lagAnA, na ki kisI viziSTa devatA dvArA nirdhArita punIta vidhiyoM yA kaanuun| 'orAyana' (pR0 154) meM likhita tilaka ke isa nirdeza para ki Rgveda meM varNita 'Rta kA patha' rAzi-cakra kI vistRta mekhalA hai, jisakA atikramaNa jyotiSmAn tArAgaNa kamI nahIM karate, pro0 ApTe yaha siddha karanA cAhate haiM ki Rgveda ke Rta zabda kA artha hai rAzi-cakra kI mekhlaa|' kintu prasiddha vaidika vidvAnoM ko yaha siddhAnta amAnya hai| parantu prastuta lekhaka ke mata se Rgveda meM 'Rta' tIna arthoM meM prayukta huA hai, jinameM eka hai 'prakRti kI gati' yA 'akhila brahmANDa meM niyamita sAmAnya vidhA yA vyvsthaa|' 'vaha patha jisake dvArA AdityoM kA dala Rta ko pahu~catA hai' (R0 124114) yA 'Rta kA cakra, jisameM 12 tIliyA~ (12 rAziyA~ yA mAsa) haiM, binA thake lagAtAra AkAza meM cakkara lagAte rahate haiM , (R0 1|164|11)-ye udAharaNa prathama artha ke lie paryApta haiN| kintu Rta ke ye artha vrata ke artha para kucha 2. dekhie Dakana kAleja risarca iMsTIcyUTa, pUnA kA buleTina, tRtIya khaNDa, pRSTha 407-488 / 3. svarbhAnoradha yadindra mAyA avo divo vartamAnA avaahn| 10 5 / 40 / 6; rathaM vAmanugAyasaM ya iSA vartate sh| na cakramabhi baadhte| R0 8 / 5 / 34; nIcA vartanta upari sphurantyahastAso hastavantaM shnte| R0 10 // 34 / 9 / / 4. Annals of the B. O. R. I. Silver Jubilee Volume, PP. 55-56.

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Rgveda meM vrata prakAza nahIM DAlate / 'Rta' evaM 'vrata' samAnArthaka nahIM haiN| pro0 ApTe kA mata ThIka nahIM hai / 'Rta' zabda mAropIya hai, kintu vrata zabda hinda-IrAnI bhI nahIM hai, bhAropIya hone kI to bAta hI nirAlI hai / pro0 ApTa ne pratipAdita kiyA hai ki 'vrata' zabda ke artha sambandhI vikAsa ke do samAnAntara svarUpa haiM, yathA divya svarUpa evaM mAnavIya svarUpa | kintu 'vrata' zabda ke artha meM isa prakAra kA antara nahIM svIkRta kiyA jA sktaa| pro0 ApTe ne divya svarUpa ke lie chaha tathA mAnavIya svarUpa ke lie cAra, arthAt 'vrata' ke arthoM kI kula milAkara dasa daloM meM bA~TA hai| unhoMne 'vrata' ke lie kula milAkara 60 aMgrejI artha diye haiM, jaba ki Rgveda meM kula 220 bAra 'vrata' zabda AyA hai| hama isa viSaya meM yahA~ para adhika vistAra meM nahIM jAyeMge / aba prastuta lekhaka apane mata ke anusAra RRgveda meM prayukta 'vrata' zabda kI vyutpatti upasthita karegA / yaha zabda 'vR' ( varaNa karanA) dhAtu se banA hai / isa dhAtu se 'vara' (dulhA, jo kisI kanyA yA usake abhibhAvaka dvArA kaI vyaktiyoM meM se cunA jAtA hai) zabda nikalA hai (R0 9 / 101 / 14 evaM 10185/8 - 9 ) / varaNa karanA varaNa karane vAle vyakti kI icchA yA saMkalpa para nirbhara rahatA hai| ataH 'vR' kA tAtparya icchA karanA bhI hai| isa prakAra jaba 'vrata' zabda 'vR' se nikalA hai aura usake sAtha 'ta' lagA huA hai to 'vrata' kA artha huA 'jo saMkalpita hai' yA kevala saMkalpa yA icchA / jo vyakti zakti sampanna yA adhikArI hotA hai usakI icchA anya logoM ke lie Adeza yA kAnUna (vidhi) hotI hai / bhaktajana vizvAsa karate haiM ki devoM ne kucha anuzAsana athavA 'Adeza nirdhArita kiye haiM jinakA ve svayaM tathA anya jIvagaNa anusaraNa karate haiN| isase 'vidhi, vidhAna yA kAnUna' kAmAva spaSTa ho jAtA hai| kisI uccAdhikArI kA Adeza Aropita hotA hai aura usakA artha hotA hai AjJApAlana karane kI krtvytaa| jaba Adeza pAlita hote haiM, aura usI prakAra kartavya bahuta samaya taka sampAdita hote rahate haiM to ve kartavyatA yA anugraha-bandhana arthAt paramparAnugata AcAroM yA vyavahAroM kA rUpa pakar3a lete haiN| jaba loga aisA vizvAsa karate haiM yA anubhava karate haiM ki unheM kucha karma devoM dvArA nirdhArita samajha kara karane cAhie, taba dhArmika upAsanA evaM kartavya ke bhAva kI sRSTi hotI hai / jaba koI vyakti devoM ke anugraha kI prApti ke lie apane AcaraNa yA bhojana para viziSTa roka lagAtA hai to vaha punIta saMkalpa yA dhArmika AcAra-karma kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letA hai| isa prakAra 'vR' se vyutpanna 'vrata' zabda ke katipaya artha haiM Adeza yA vidhi (kAnUna), AjJApAlana yA kartavyatA, dhArmika yA naitika vyavahAra, dhArmika upAsanA yA AcaraNa, punIta yA gambhIra saMkalpa yA svIkaraNa tathA AcaraNa-sambandhI koI mI saMkalpa / RRgveda meM jahA~ bhI 'vrata' zabda AyA hai usakA artha uparyukta arthoM meM hI baiTha jAtA hai / yahA~ para hama TinI evaM pro0 ApTe dvArA pratipAdita siddhAntoM evaM matAntaroM kI vyAkhyA sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa nahIM kara skeNge| itanA hI kahanA paryApta hai ki pro0 ApTe ne 'vrata' zabda kI jo vyutpatti 'vRt' dhAtu se kI hai vaha uddharaNoM se siddha nahIM hotI / Aja se lagabhaga kama-se-kama 25 zatAbdiyoM pUrva yAska ne 'vrata' kI jo vyutpatti 'vR' (vRk dhAtu) se kI, vaha adhikAMza vidvAnoM ko mAnya hai / yahA~ para 'Rta', 'vrata' evaM 'dharman' zabdoM ke pArasparika sambandhoM evaM unake arthoM kA spaSTIkaraNa Avazyaka hai / 'R' ke tIna arthoM kI vyAkhyA isa mahAgrantha ke caturtha khaNDa meM kI jA cukI hai| 'vrata' kI vyAkhyA Upara ho cukI hai| Rgveda meM 'dharman' prayukta huA hai, na ki 'dharma' / 'dharma' zabda kI vyAkhyA isa mahAgrantha ke prathama khaNDa ke Arambha meM kI jA cukI hai| Rgveda meM 'dharman' zabda kabhI-kabhI pulliMga meM tathA bahudhA vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prayukta huA hai (R0 1 / 187 / 1, 101922 ) / 10 / 21/3 ( tvaM dharmANa Asate) meM pulliMga hai, anya sthAnoM para yaha spaSTa rUpa se napuMsaka liMga meM hai ( ato dharmANi dhArayan ) 1 / 22 / 18, aura dekhie 5 / 26 / 6, 9 64 | 1 | ina mantroM 5

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM dharma kA artha hai 'dhArmika karma yA yajJa', jo spaSTataH 'vrata' ke eka artha ke sannikaTa A jAtA hai| 11164 / 43 evaM 50 (=10190 / 16) meM yajJoM ko Adima-dharman kI saMjJA dI gayI hai (dekhie 3 / 17 / 1 meM prathamA dharmA, evaM 3 / 3 / 1 meM sanatA dhrmaanni)| kahIM-kahIM 'dharman' kA vAstavika artha nahIM hai, yathA 4153 / 3 evaM 5 / 637, jahA~ artha hai 'nirdiSTa niyama yA AcAraNa ke niym|' kahIM-kahIM to 'dharman' kA spaSTa artha hai 'vrata', yathA 7489 / 5, jisakA artha hai---"jaba hama vimohita hokara yA asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa Apake dharmoM ke virodha meM ho jAyeM, he varuNa ! hameM usa pApa ke kAraNa hAni na pahu~cAo" (aura dekhie R0 1125 / 1) / R0 670 / 1 meM AyA hai-- "dyAvA (svarga) evaM pRthivI, jo kabhI naSTa nahIM hote aura jo bIjoM ke Adhikya se bharapUra haiM, ve varuNa ke 'dharman' dvArA pRthak-pRthak sthira rakhe hue haiN|" aura dekhie R0 8 / 40 / 1, jahA~ svarga ko aTala rUpa se sthira rakhanA varuNa ke vratoM meM eka vrata kahA gayA hai| yadyapi Rgveda ke kucha mantroM meM 'vrata' evaM 'dharman' ke artha bhilate julate-se pratIta hote haiM, tathApi kucha aise bhI mantra haiM jahA~ tInoM (Rta, vrata evaM dharman) yA kevala do hI pRthak-pRthak rUpa se prakaTa ho jAte haiN| yahA~ eka bAta likha denA Avazyaka hai, atharvaveda ke una aMzoM meM, jinheM pAzcAtya vidvAn pazcAtkAlIna ThaharAte haiM, 'dharma' zabda 'dharman' ke artha meM prayukta huA hai (yathA, 18 / 2 / 7, 14 / 1 / 51) / Rgveda ke 5 / 63 / 7 meM tInoM zabda Aye haiN| aisA kahA gayA hai--"he vijJa mitra evaM varuNa! Apa loga svabhAvataH (yA apane AcaraNa ke sthira yA aTala niyamoM ke anusAra) asura kI jaisI Azcaryamaya zakti se apane dharmoM kI rakSA karate haiM; Apa Rta ke niyamoM ke anusAra sampUrNa vizva para zAsana karate haiM, Apa svarga meM sUrya ko, jo dedIpyamAna ratha ke sadRza hai, sthApita karate haiN|" 'vrata' evaM 'dharman' Rgveda ke 5 / 72 / 2 evaM 6 / 70 / 3 meM bhI prayukta hue haiN| 'Rta' evaM 'vata' 1165 / 2, 2 / 27 / 8, 3 / 417 evaM 10 / 65 / 8 meM Aye haiN| sAmAnya rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'Rta vaha akhila brahmANDIya vyavasthA hai, jo ati prAcIna kAla se virAjamAna hai|' 'vrata' kA artha hai 've vidhiyA~ athavA vidhAna' jo sabhI devoM athavA pRthaka-pRthaka vyaktigata rUpa se devoM dvArA nirdhArita haiN| 'dharman' kA artha hai dhArmika kRtya yA yajJa yA nirdiSTa niyama / .. kramazaH Rta kI dhAraNA dhuMdhalI par3atI calI gayI aura pRSThabhUmi meM chipa gayI tathA 'satya' ne use AtmasAt kara liyaa| 'dharmana' eka vimu (vyApaka) dhAraNA bana gayA aura 'bata' samAja ke sadasya ke rUpa meM kisI vyakti yA kevala kisI vyakti dvArA pAlita hone vAle punIta saMkalpoM evaM AcaraNa-sambandhI niyamoM taka sImita raha gyaa| 5. acittI yatava dharmA yuyopima mA nastasmAdenaso deva riirissH| R0 7 / 89 / 5 / 6. dharmaNA mitrAvaruNA vipazcitA vratA rakSethe asurasya maayyaa| Rtena vizvaM bhuvanaM vi rAjathaH sUryamA dhattho divi citryaM ratham / R0 5 / 63 / 7 /

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adhyAya 2 vaidika sAhitya, sUtroM evaM smRtiyoM meM vrata; vratoM kI paribhASA evaM mahattA gata adhyAya meM hamane Rgveda meM prayukta 'vrata' zabda kI vyutpatti evaM artha-sambandhI vikAsa ke viSaya meM par3ha liyA hai| aba hama isa viSaya meM vaidika saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM kA avalokana kreNge| Rgveda kI katipaya paMktiyA~ anya vaidika saMhitAoM meM bhI milatI haiN| isa prakAra ke sthaloM para vrata 'daivI Adeza' yA 'AcaraNa-sambandhI naitika vidhiyoM ke artha meM AyA hai, udAharaNArtha, Rgveda kA 1 / 22 / 19 te0 saM0 ke 113 / 6 / 2 meM AyA hai-"indra ke sahAyaka mitra viSNu ke karmoM ko dekho, jinake dvArA vaha apane vratoM arthAt AdezoM kI rakSA karatA hai|" yaha atharvaveda (7 / 26 / 6), vAja0 saM0 (6 / 4) meM bhI AyA hai| aura dekhie R0 8 / 11 / 36, jo atharva0 19459 / 1, vAja0 saM0 4 / 16, te0 saM0 21 / 14 / 4-5 evaM 112 / 3 / 1 meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai; R0 1 / 24 / 15 kA uddharaNa vAja0 saM0 ke 12 / 12 evaM atharva0 ke 7 / 83 / (88) 3 evaM 18 / 4 / 59 meM pAyA jAtA hai| R0 10 / 191 / 3 sarvathA atharva0 6164 / 2 hai, kevala atharva0 meM R0 kA 'vratam' 'manaH' rUpa meM AyA hai (samAno mantraH samitiH samAnI samAnaM vrataM saha cittameSAm ) / R0 ke 7 / 103 / 1 meM, jahA~ aisA ullekha hai ki meDhaka, jo varSa bhara mauna rUpa se par3e rahate haiM aura varSAgamana para bolane lagate haiM, una brAhmaNoM ke samAna mAne gaye haiM jo dhAmika vrata karate haiM (atharva0 4 / 15 / 13) / aura dekhie R0 10 / 12 / 5 evaM atharva0 18.1133, R0 10 / 2 / 4 evaM atharva0 19 / 59 / 2 tathA R0 1184112 evaM atharva0 20 / 109 / 3 / ina sabhI sthaloM meM 'vratam' evaM 'vratAni' ullikhita haiN| agni ko bahudhA 'vratapA' kahA gayA hai (R0 5 / 2 / 8, 6 / 8 / 2. 8 / 11 / 1 evaM 10 / 32 / 6); sUrya ko bhI aisA hI kahA gayA hai (R0 1183 / 5) / anya saMhitAoM meM agni ko 'vratapA' tathA 'vratapati' kahA gayA hai| milAie atharva0 20 / 25 / 5 (sUryo vratapAH) evaM R0 18315 tathA atharva0 19 / 59 / 1 (tvamagne vratapA asi) evaM R0 8 / 11 / 11 vAja0 saM0 (115) meM AyA hai'--'he agni! 1. viSNoHkarmANi pazyata yato vratAni pspshe| indrasya yujyaH skhaa| R0 1 / 22 / 19 / 2. vratamupaiSyan brUyAdagne batapate vrataM cariSyAmIti / te0 saM0 1167 / 2; agne vatapate vrataM cariSyAmi tacchakeyaM tanme rAdhyatAm / idmhmnRtaatstymupaimi| vAja0 saM0 115; agne vratapate vratamacAriSaM tadazakaM tanme'rAdhI damahaM ya evAsmi so'smi / vAja0 saM0 2 / 28, agne vratapate tvaM vratAnAM vrtptirsi| tai0 saM0 23 // 4 // 3; vratena tvaM vratapate samakto vizvAhA sumanA diidihiih| atharva0 7 / 74 (78) / 4; dekhie zatapatha 11112 jisa vAja0 saM0 115 evaM 2028 ullikhita haiN|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vratoM ke pati, maiM vrata kruuNgaa| maiM ise pUrNa kara skuu| mega yaha saMkalpa saphala ho, yahA~ maiM asatya se satya kI ora jaauuN|" tai0 saM0 (1 / 3 / 4 / 3) ne bhI agni ko vratapati kahA hai| vaidika saMhitAoM meM kahIM-kahIM vrata ko kisI devatA yA devatAoM ke Adeza ke rUpa meM liyA gayA hai (dekhie tai0 saM0 4 / 3 / 11 / 1, 2, 3 yA athrv07|40 (41)1, 7 / 68 (70) 1) / kintu saMhitAoM (RgvedIya saMhitAoM ke atirikta), brAhmaNoM, upaniSadoM meM bahudhA adhika sthaloM para vrata do arthoM meM prayukta huA hai, yathA (1) dhArmika kRtya yA saMkalpa yA AcaraNa tathA bhojana-sambandhI roka (jaba ki vrata dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai), athavA (2) viziSTa bhojana, jo kisI dhArmika kRtya yA saMkalpa meM saMlagna vyakti ke lie vyavasthita kiyA jAtA hai, yathA gAya kA dUdha, yavAgU (jau kI lapasI yA mAMDa) yA garma dUdha tathA dahI kA mizraNa (aamikssaa)| yAska ne nirukta meM ye donoM artha diye haiN| prathama artha ke lie dekhie tai0 saM0 2 / 5 / 5 / 6 (yaha usakA vrata hai; use asatya nahIM bolanA cAhie, mAMsa nahIM khAnA cAhie, strI-gamana nahIM karanA cAhie aura na use reha se vastra svaccha karanA cAhie, kyoMki devatA loga yaha saba nahIM karate); tai0 saM0 5 / 7 / 6 / 1, jahA~ AyA hai, ''pakSI agni hI haiM, agni cayana karane vAlA jaba pakSI (kA mAMsa) khAtA hai to (samajhanA cAhie ki) vaha agni khA rahA hai, aisA karane se usako kleza prApta hogA; (ataH) use yaha vrata (pakSI kA mAMsa na khAnA) varSa bhara karanA cAhie, kyoki vrata eka varSa se adhika nahIM cltaa|" zAMkhAyana brAhmaNa (6 / 6) meM AyA hai, use vrata karanA hai, arthAt use sUryodaya evaM sUryAsta nahIM dekhanA hai|" tai0 saM0 (1 / 26 / 6) meM AyA hai, "yaha vrata usake lie (jisane AruNaketaka-cayana kRtya kara liyA hai) hai, use varSA hote samaya daur3anA nahIM cAhie, use jala meM mUtra tyAga yA mala-tyAga nahIM karanA cAhie, thUkanA nahIM cAhie, nagna-snAna nahIM karanA cAhie, kamala-dala yA sone para paira nahIM rakhanA cAhie aura na kachuvA kA mAMsa khAnA caahie|" bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (1 / 5 / 21-23) meM AyA hai, 'aba vrata ke viSaya meM mImAMsA Arambha hotI hai; prajApati ne aMgoM kI sarjanA kI, jo sajita hokara eka-dUsare se spardhA karane lage; vAk (vANI) ne kahA, maiM kevala bolUMgI (anya kucha na karUMgI). . . ataH kevala eka hI vrata karanA cAhie, yathA kevala bhItara sA~sa lenI cAhie, vAyu nahIM chor3anI cAhie, kyoMki (yadi koI aMga kisI dUsare aMga kA karma kara de) isase dunti mRtyu pakar3a legii|" te0 upa0 (3 / 7-10) meM AyA hai, 'anna (bhojana) kI nindA nahIM karanI cAhie, yahI vrata hai|. . anna 3. vratamiti karmanAma nivRttikarma vArayatIti stH| idamapItarad vratametasmAdeva vRNotIti stH| annamapi vrtmucyte| yadAvRNoti shriirm| nirukta 2 / 14 / 4. tasya vratamudyantamevainaM nekSetAstaM yanta ceti| zAM0 brA0 6 // 6 // jaimini (113) ne isa kathana kI ora kiyA saMketa hai aura zabara kA kathana hai ki ye prajApati-vrata haiM, ye puruSArtha haiM na ki kratvartha, isase sUryodaya evaM sUryAsta na dekhane ke saMkalpa yA vrata kI ora saMketa hai| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 11 / 31 / 20, udyantamastaM yantaM cAdityaM darzane varjayet), manu0 (4 // 37), vasiSThadharmasUtra (12 / 10-12) ne isa tathA anya niyamoM kA nirdhAraNa sabhI snAtakoM ke lie kiyA hai| 5. athAto vrtmiimaaNsaa| prajApatirha karmANi sasRje tAni sRSTAnyanyonyenAspardhanta yaviSyAmyevAhamiti vaagvH|... tasmAdekameva vrataM caretprANyAccaivApAnyAcca nenmA pApmA mRtyuraapnuvditi| bRha0 upa0 115 / 21. 23 / yahI vAkya vedAntasUtra 3 / 3 / 43 kA AdhAra hai|

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vaidika sAhitya, sUtroM evaM smRtiyoM meM vrata (bhojana) nahIM tyAganA cAhie, yahI vrata hai, anna (bhojana) adhika banAnA cAhie... (Azraya ke icchuka vyakti ko) Azraya denA asvIkAra nahIM karanA cAhie, yahI vrata hai, ataH kisI vidhi se adhika anna prApta karanA caahie|" chAndogyopaniSad (adhyAya 2, khaNDa 13-21) meM una vidhAnoM ke sambandha meM, jo sAmanoM kI upAsanA ke samaya, tapta sUrya ke lie varSA hone para, RtuoM, lokoM, pAlatU pazuoM, brAhmaNoM ke virodha meM kucha na kahane ke viSaya meM haiM tathA varSa bhara (yA kamI mI nahIM) mAMsa na khAne ke viSaya meM haiM, 'tad vratam' kA ullekha kaI bAra huA hai| vrata ke dUsare artha ke lie vaidika sAhitya ke kucha uddharaNa nimna haiM--tai0 saM0 (6 / 2 / 5 / 1) meM AyA hai, vaha (dIkSita) vrata karatA hai, pahale eka stana se, phira do se, phira tInoM se aura anta meM cAroM stanoM se dUdha pItA hai, ise kSurapavi vrata kahate haiM, yavAgU (dIkSita) kSatriya kA vrata hai, AmikSA (garma dUdha tathA dahI kA mizraNa) vaizya kA vrata hai|" zatapathabrAhmaNa (3 / 2 / 2 / 10 evaM 16) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki vaidika yajJa ke lie dIkSita vyakti ko dUdha pIne kA vrata lenA caahie| aitareya brAhmaNa (1 / 25 / 4) meM vyavasthA hai ki dIkSita upasad dinoM meM vrata ke rUpa meM cAra stanoM se dUdha letA hai, phira tIna, do tathA eka se letA hai| milAie taittirIya AraNyaka (2 / 8), jahA~ brAhmaNa yAjJika (yajamAna) ke lie dUdha, kSatriya ke lie yavAgU tathA vaizya ke lie AmikSA kI vyavasthA dI huI hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki brAhmaNa granthoM ke kAla meM vrata' zabda ke do gauNa rUpa A cake the, yathA (1) vyakti ke AcaraNa ke lie ucita vyavasthA tathA (2) upavAsa, arthAt yAjJika (yajamAna) kA rAta bhara gArhapatya agni ke samIpa rahanA yA upavAsa karanA / prathama kA udAharaNa aitareya brAhmaNa ke anta meM AtA hai, 'yaha vrata usake lie hai (usa rAjA ke lie jisane 'brahmaNaH parimaraH' nAmaka vrata liyA hai), use apane zatru ke baiMThane ke pUrva nahIM baiTha jAnA cAhie (usake baiThane ke uparAnta baiThanA cAhie), (sUcanA milane para) yadi vaha socatA hai ki zatru khar3A hai to use bhI khar3A ho jAnA cAhie; apane zatra ke leTa jAne para para hI leTanA cAhie, yadi vaha samajhatA hai ki usakA zatru baiTha gayA hai to use baiThanA cAhie, use apane zatru ke sone ke pUrva hI nahIM sonA cAhie, yadi vaha jAnatA hai ki usakA zatru jagA huA hai to use bhI sajaga rahanA cAhie; yadi usake zatru kA sira pASANa kI bhAMti kaThora rahe (yA zatru ke sira para pASANa kA Topa ho) to bhI vaha (rAjA jo parimara vrata karatA hai) zIghra use pachAr3a detA hai' (ai0 brA0 8 / 28) / vrata kA dUsarA gauNa artha upavAsa ThaharatA hai (arthAt yajamAna darza-iSTi evaM pUrNamAsa-iSTi meM gAIpatya tathA anya agniyoM ke pAsa rAtri bitAtA hai aura upavAsa karatA hai yA bhojana kI mAtrA kama karatA hai), 'vaha darza evaM pUrNamAsa iSTiyoM meM upavAsa isalie karatA hai ki devatA loga binA vrata meM lage hue vyakti kI havi ko nahIM grahaNa karate, ataH vaha (devatAoM ko prasanna karane ke lie) upavAsa karatA hai ki jisase ve usake yajJa-karma meM bhAga leM' (dekhie aitareya brAhmaNa 7 / 2) / 6. annaM na nindyAt / tad vrtm|...annN bahu kurvIta tad vrtm|...n kaMcana vasatau pratyAcakSIta / tad vratam / tasmAdyayA kayA ca viSayA bahvanaM praapnuyaat| tai0 upa0 3 (bhRguvallI), 7-10 / 7. aryakaM stanaM vratamapaMtyayAvaya trInaya catura etata kSurapavi nAma vrataM...yavAgU rAjanyasya vrata...a vaizyasya payo brAhmaNasya...te0 saM0 6 / 2 / 3 / 1-3 // kSurapavi atharva0 (12 / 5 / 20 evaM 55) meM bhI AyA hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa Upara kahe gaye vrata ke donoM artha zrauta sUtroM meM pAye jAte haiM, udAharaNArtha Apa0 zrI0 sU0 4 2 5-7, 4 / 16 / 11, 5 / 7 / 6 evaM 16, 5/8/1, 5 / 25 / 2-20, 9 / 3 / 15, 11 1 7, 9 18/9; Azva0 zrI0 sUtra 2 / 217, 3 / 13 / 1-2; zAM0 zrI0 sU0 2 / 3 / 26, jinameM prathama artha prakaTa hotA hai tathA A0 zrI0 sU0 10 / 2224, 10 / 17 / 6, 11 / 15 / 3 evaM 6 meM dUsarA artha ( yathA bhojana yA dUdha Adi) / gRhya sUtroM evaM dharmasUtroM meM bhI vrata ke ye do artha prakaTa hote haiN| udAharaNArthaM Azva0 gR0 sU0 3 / 10 / 5-7 meM AyA hai---' usake lie ye vrata haiM, use rAtri meM snAna nahIM karanA cAhie, nagna snAna nahIM karanA cAhie, varSA hote samaya nahIM daur3anA cAhie Adi; pAraskara gR0 sU0 ke anusAra snAtakoM ko samAvartana ke uparAnta tIna dinoM taka kucha vrata karane par3ate haiM, yathA mAMsa na khAnA, jala-grahaNa ke lie miTTI ke pAtra ko na lenA, striyoM, zUdroM, zavoM, kauoM ko na dekhanA, zUdroM se na bolanA, sUryAbhimukha hokara mala-mUtra na tyAganA aura na thUkanA, yA ye karma na karake kevala satya bolanA / gautama ( 8/15), zAMkhAyana gRhya ( 2 / 11-12), gobhila gR0 ( 3 / 1 / 26-31) Adi ne kucha aise vratoM kA ullekha kiyA hai (jo aba apracalita haiM) jinheM pratyeka vedapAThI chAtra ko karanA anivArya thA / Apa0 dha0 sU0 (2|1|1|1) ne vivAhoparAnta pati-patnI ke lie yaha nirdhArita kiyA hai ki ve dina meM kevala do bAra khAyeM, bharapeTa nahIM khAyeM, parva ke dinoM meM upavAsa kreN| isI prakAra usameM ( 1 / 11 / 30 / 6, 1111 / 31) snAtakoM ke lie vratoM kI vyavasthA hai ( atha snAtakavratAni) / pANini ( 3 / 2 / 80 ) meM eka viziSTa sUtra hai 'vrate' / aura dekhie pANini ( 3 / 1 / 21 ) / prAyazcittoM meM bahuta se kaThora niyamoM ke pAlana kA vrata lenA par3atA hai / manusmRti ( 11 / 117, 170, 176 evaM 181), yAjJavalkya ( 3251, 252, 254, 258), zaMkha (1716, 22, 42, 61, 62) Adi smRtiyoM ne inheM vrata kI saMjJA dI hai| mahAbhArata meM vrata mukhyatayA dhArmika saMkalpa ke rUpa meM AyA hai, jisameM vyakti ko anna-sambandhI yA sAmAnya vyavahAra meM kucha rukAvaToM kA pAlana karanA par3atA hai| dekhie banaparva 296 / 3, udyoga0 39 / 71-72, zAnti0 35 / 39, anuzAsana 103 34 / mahAbhArata meM aisI AcaraNa-vyavasthA ke lie bhI niyama haiM, jinheM yaha Avazyaka nahIM ki hama dhArmika kaheM, udAharaNArtha sabhAparva ( 58 / 16 ) meM yudhiSThira kahate haiM ki yaha merA zAzvata vrata hai ki maiM bulAye jAne para jUA khelanA asvIkAra nahIM kara sakatA / ' 'vrata' zabda ke gauNa arthoM ke atirikta isake mukhya artha kA prayoga I0 san kI prathama zatAbdiyoM se Age dhArmika saMkalpa ke rUpa meM bhI grAhya thA, jo kisI tithi, saptAha-dina, mAsa meM liyA jAtA thA, aura jo kisI devI yA devatA kI pUjA karane para kisI vAMchita phala kI prApti ke lie hotA thA, aisI sthiti meM anna evaM AcaraNa meM kisI prakAra ke niyantraNa kI vyavasthA hotI thii| isI artha meM hama isa vibhAga meM vrata kA prayoga kreNge| 10 vrata prAyazcitta-svarUpa ho sakate haiM yA bandhana rUpa meM, yathA brahmacArI yA snAtaka yA gRhastha ke lie athavA icchA-janita yA svAropita, jinase kisI viziSTa sAdhya kI upalabdhi ho / prAyazcitta-sambandhI vratoM kA ullekha isa mahAgrantha ke cauthe khaNDa meM ho cukA hai / brahmacAriyoM, snAtakoM evaM gRhasthoM ke vratoM kA varNana dUsare khaNDa meM kiyA jA cukA hai| isa pA~caveM khaNDa meM hama svAropita ( svataH gRhIta ) vratoM kI mImAMsA kreNge| 1. AhUto na nivarte kadAcittavAhitaM zAzvataM vai vrataM me / sabhAparva 58 / 16 /

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vratoM ko paribhASA evaM mahattA samI dharmoM meM saMkalloM evaM vratoM kI vyavasthA hai| prAcIna evaM navIna bAibila (TesTAmeNTa) meM vroM kI punItatA kA ullekha hai| dekhie isaiAha 19 / 21, jAba 2227, sAma 22 / 25, ekTa 21 / 23 / janoM meM paMca mahAn vrata tathA bauddhoM meM paMcazIla haiN| vrata kI vistArapUrvaka paribhASA ke viSaya meM madhyakAla ke nibandhoM meM bar3I vivecanA upasthita kI gayI hai| zabara (jaimini, 6 / 2 / 20) ne niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki vrata eka mAnasa kriyA hai, jo pratijJA ke rUpa meM hotI hai, yathA 'maiM yaha nahIM kruuNgaa|' medhAtithi (manu 4 / 13) ne ise svIkAra kiyA hai| agnipurANa ne vyavasthA dI hai ki zAstra dvArA ghoSita niyama hI vrata hai, isI ko tapa bhI kahA gayA hai; vrata ko tapa kahA gayA hai, kyoMki isase kartA ko santApa milatA hai; ise niyama bhI kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki isameM jJAna ke katipaya aMgoM para niyantraNa karanA par3atA hai| manu (2 / 3) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki saMkalpa sabhI kAmoM (icchAoM) kA mula hai, sabhI yajJoM, sabhI vratoM kA mUla hai, aura inakI vizeSatAe~ arthAt yama saMkalpa se hI utpanna hote haiN| kintu pratyeka saMkalpa vrata nahIM kahA jA sktaa| yahA~ yaha vicAraNIya hai ki amarakoza ke anusAra 'niyama' evaM 'vrata' samAnArthI haiM aura vrata meM upavAsa Adi hote haiM jo pUNya utpanna karate haiN| Apa0 dha0 sU0 (1 / 2 / 57) meM AyA hai ki 'tapa' zabda brahmacArI ke AcAra-niyamoM ke lie prayukta hotA hai (niyameSu tapaH shbdH)| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 12129) ke anusAra vrata mAnasika saMkalpa hai jisake dvAga kucha kiyA jAtA hai yA kucha nahIM kiyA jAtA hai, donoM kartavya rUpa meM liye jAte haiN| isIlie zrIdatta ne apane samayapradIpa meM sambhavataH zabara evaM mitAkSarA se saMketa lekara vrata kI paribhASA yoM kI hai-'yaha eka nirdiSTa saMkalpa hai jo kisI viSaya se sambandhita hai, jisase hama kartavya ke sAtha apane ko bAMdhate haiM' (svakarmaviSayo niyataH saMkalpo vrtm)| unhoMne yaha bhI kahA hai ki yaha bhAvAtmaka (maiM ise avazya karU~gA) yA abhAvAtmaka (mujhe ise nahIM karanA cAhie) ho sakatA hai| unhoMne Age kahA hai ki vaha saMkalpa, jisake sAtha koI pratibandha lagA ho aura jo zAstroM dvArA nirdhArita na ho, vrata nahIM kahalAtA, yathA yadi koI aisA kahe ki vaha upavAsa karegA yadi usake pitA manA na kareM, nahIM to vaha 9. zAstrodito hi niyamo vrataM tacca tapo mtm| niyamAstu vizeSAstu pratasyaiva damAdayaH // vrataM hi kartRsantApAttapa itybhidhiiyte| indriygraamniymaanniymshcaabhidhiiyte|| agni0 175 / 2-3 / yahI zloka garuDapurANa (1112831) meM bhI hai| 10. saMkalpamUlaH kAmo vai yajJAH saMkalpasambhavAH / vratAni yamadharmAzca sarve saMkalpajAH smRtaaH|| manu (2 // 33) / yAjJa0 (3 // 312-313) ne dasa yamoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA brahmacarya, dayA, ahiMsA, dama Adi, evaM dasa niyamoM kA varNana kiyA hai, yathA snAna, mauna, upavAsa, zauca Adi; kintu yogasUtra meM kevala pA~ca yamoM (ahiMsAsatyAsteyabrahmacaryApariprahAH yamAH) evaM pAMca niyamoM (zauca santoSatapaH svAdhyAyezvarapraNidhAnAni niyamAH) kA ullekha hai| manu (4 / 204) evaM atri (zloka 47) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki yamoM kA pAlana avazyameva honA caahie| (arthAt ye pramukha kartavya haiM), kintu niyamoM meM aisI bAta nahIM hai| vAyupurANa (16317-19) ne bahuta se niyama batAye haiM (jinameM ahiMsA, asteya evaM brahmacarya bhI haiN)| ekAdazItattva ne manu (2 // 3) kA uddharaNa dete hue vyAkhyA kI hai ki 'anena karmaNA idamiSTaM phalaM sAdhyate ityevaMviSayA buddhiH saMkalpastadanantaramiSTasAdhanatayA avagate tasmin icchA jAyate tatastadartha prayatnaM kurvota ityevaM yajJAH sNklpsmbhvaaH|' 11. niyamo vratamastrI taccopavAsAdi punnykm| amarakoza /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nahIM karegA; to yaha vrata nahIM kahA jAyagA, kyoMki vrata meM saMkalpa pramukha viSaya hai| yadi koI durbala buddhi kA vyakti yA ajJAnI vyakti binA kisI saMkalpa ke vrata kare to vaha mAtra zarIra-kleza kahA jAyagA na ki vrt| kRtyaratnAkara ne apane pUrvavartI vidvAnoM dvArA upasthApita vrata kI kaI paribhASAe~ dI haiM, jinameM devezvara kI paribhASA yoM hai--'vrata vaha hai jo vratakANDa meM parigRhIta hai|' yaha paribhASA paribhASA-sambandhI prayAsa kI nirAzA kI dyotaka hai aura jijJAsu ko pUrva sthiti meM hI chor3a detI hai| saMkalpa kA vrata ke sAtha ghaniSTha sambandha hai; yaha laghu-viSNu kI ukti ke AdhAra para kahA gayA hai--'RrivakoM kA varaNa yajJa kA prArambha hai, saMkalpa vrata kA aura japa (kisI iSTa devatA ke sammAna meM) mantroM kaa|2 zUlapANi ne zrIdatta ke samAna hI vrata kI paribhASA kI hai| lakSmIvara ne kRtyakalpataru meM vrata kI paribhASA nahIM kI hai| pro0 ke0 vI0 raMgasvAmI AyaMgara ne kRtyakalpataru ke vratakANDa kI bhUmikA meM kahA hai ki raghunandana ne apane vratatattva meM vrata kI paribhASA karane kA prayAsa chor3a diyA hai| kintu pro0 AyaMgara ne yaha nahIM dekhA ki raghunandana ne apane ekAdazItattva meM vrata kI paribhASA kI mImAMsA kI hai aura isI se unhoMne apane vratatattva meM use punaH nahIM likhaa| raghunandana nArAyaNa evaM zrIdatta kI paribhASAe~ ullikhita karate haiM aura vrata ko saMkalpa mAnane ko sannaddha nahIM hote, pratyuta yaha kahate haiM ki vrata kA tAtparya hai bhA~ti-bhAMti ke kRtya jinake lie saMkalpa kiyA jAtA hai, vrata eka niyama hai (niyantrita karane vAlI vidhi) jo zAstroM dvArA vyavasthita hai, upavAsa dvArA viziSTIkRta hai, yaha pratyeka niyama nahIM hai, yathA RtukAlAbhigAmI syAt (yAjJa0 1179, manu 3 / 45) / vrataprakAza (vIramitrodaya kA eka aMza) ne vrata ko eka viziSTa saMkalpa mAnA hai jo vidvAnoM ko vrata ke rUpa meM bhalI bhA~ti vidita hai, jaise ki mantra ve haiM jo vidvAnoM ke bIca meM mantroM ke rUpa meM vikhyAta haiN| dharmasindhu (pR0 9) ne vrata ko pUjA Adi se samanvita dhArmika kRtya mAnA hai| yadyapi pratyeka vrata ke mUla meM aura isake lie Agraha ke phalasvarUpa koI saMkalpa avazya honA cAhie, ataH aisA lagatA hai ki raghunandana' eva dharmasindhu kI paribhASAe~ vrata ke lokapriya artha kI dyotaka haiN| kisI vrata meM kaI bAteM sammilita rahatI haiM, yathA snAna, prAtaH sandhyA, saMkalpa, homa, pUjA (iSTa devatA kI), upavAsa, brAhmaNoM, kumAriyoM yA vivAhita striyoM, daridroM ko bhojana-dAna, gau, dhana, vastra, miThAI Adi kA dAna tathA vrata kI avadhi ke bhItara AcaraNa-sambandhI kucha viziSTa niyamoM kA pripaaln| inameM kucha kA varNana vistAra ke sAtha Age kiyA jAyagA, kintu kucha yahIM varNita hoNge| ___ agnipurANa (175 / 12) meM AyA hai ki vrata karane vAle ko prati dina snAna karanA cAhie, sImita mAtrA meM bhojana karanA cAhie, guru, devoM evaM brAhmaNoM kA sammAna karanA cAhie, kSAra, kSaudra, lavaNa, madhu evaM mAMsa kA tyAga kara denA caahie| devala kA kathana hai ki pUrva rAtri meM binA kucha khAe snAna karane ke uparAnta mana ko ekAna karake, sUrya tathA anya devoM kA AvAhana karake vyakti ko prAtaHkAla vrata kA Arambha karanA caahie| madhyakAla ke lekhakoM ne vrata ke viSaya meM pUrvakAlIna saMkSipta ullekhoM ko bahuta bar3hA-car3hA kara upasthita kiyA hai| vratakAlaviveka kA kathana hai ki saMkalpa ke pUrva nArAyaNa-smaraNa evaM namaskAra honA caahie| gaNeza kI pUjA ke viSaya meM matabheda hai| vratakAlaviveka meM AyA hai ki gaNeza-pUjA anya devoM kI pUjA ke pahale karanA koI Avazyaka nahIM hai| 12. prArambho varaNaM yajJe saMkalpo vtjaapyoH| nAndIzrAddhaM vivAhAdI Akhe paakprikriyaa|| laghuviSNa, madanapArijAta (10 423) dvArA uddhRta, smRtyarthasAra (pR0 17), vratakAlaviveka (10 9) /

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vrata-niyamoM meM homa aura pUjA sAmAnya niyama to yaha hai ki vrata kA saMkalpa prAtaHkAla honA cAhie, kintu yahA~ bhI virodhI mata prakAzita kiye gaye haiM (dekhie bhaviSyapurANa, uttara, 11 / 6-8) / homa evaM pUjA meM antara hai| prAcIna dharmAdhikAriyoM ke mata se vaidika mantroM ke sAtha homa striyoM evaM zUdroM dvArA nahIM kiyA jAnA caahie| siddhAnta rUpa se tIna varNa vaidika mantroM ke sAtha homa kara sakate haiM, kintu vidvAn brAhmaNoM kA kahanA hai ki kaliyuga meM yogya kSatriya evaM vaizya nahIM pAye jaate| kamalAkara bhaTTa jaise lekhakoM ne yahA~ taka kaha DAlA ki zUdra purANoM ko nahIM par3ha sakate, ve kevala brAhmaNoM dvArA unakA pArAyaNa suna sakate haiN| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki adhikAMza meM loga kevala pUjA karane lage aura agni meM homa karanA kama hone lgaa| kucha lekhakoM ke mata se usI devatA ke lie homa honA cAhie jisake anugraha ke lie vrata kiyA jAtA hai| vardhamAna Adi lekhakoM ke mata se vrata meM homa iSTa deva ke sammAna meM honA cAhie yA vaha kevala vyAhRtihoma honA cAhie (homa ke sAtha mUH svAhA, muvaH svAhA, svaH svAhA, mUrbhuvaH svaH svaahaa)| agnipurANa (175 / 60) ke anusAra sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI vratoM ke anta meM japa, homa evaM dAna honA caahie| viSNudharmottara meM vyavasthA hai ki jo upavAsavrata karatA hai use iSTa deva ke mantroM kA mauna pATha karanA cAhie, iSTa deva kA dhyAna karanA cAhie, usa deva ke viSaya kI kathAe~ sunanI cAhie, usakI mUrti kI pUjA karanI cAhie, usake nAmoM kA uccAraNa karanA cAhie tathA anya logoM ko nAma-gAyana karate hue sunanA caahie| pUrvamImAMsA ke lekhakoM ne homa, yAga evaM dAna ke antara yA bheda ko samajhAyA hai| zabara (jai0 4 / 2 / 28) ne saMkSepa meM kahA hai-'apanA sampUrNa tyAga tInoM kRtyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, kintu yAga vaha hai jisameM iSTa deva ke nimitta kisI vastu kA tyAga hotA hai aura vaha mantra ke sAtha hotA hai, kintu homa meM eka bar3I bAta aura hai, aura vaha hai agni meM kisI vastu ko chor3anA; dAna meM apanI kisI vastu kA tyAga karanA hotA hai jo antatogatvA dUsare kI ho jAtI hai| eka sthAna para zabara (jai0 9 / 1 / 6) ne yAga ko kevala devatA kI pUjA mAnA hai (api ca yAgo nAma devtaapuujaa)| manu (2 / 176) evaM yAjJa0 (1199 / 100, 102) se prakaTa hotA hai ki devatApUjA evaM homa meM antara hai| devatApUjA homa ke uparAnta hotI hai, jaisA ki marIci evaM hArIta (smRtica0 1, pR0 198 evaM smRtimu0, Ahnika, pR0 383 meM uddhRta) se patA calatA hai| devatApUjA ke viSaya meM hamane isa mahAgrantha ke dvitIya khaNDa meM dekha liyA hai| kucha bAte jo vahA~ chUTa gayI haiM, yahA~ dI jA rahI haiN| devapUjA kI vidhi meM 16 upacAra hote haiM, kintu unakI saMkhyA 36 yA 38 taka bhI hai aura kama bhI batAyI gayI hai, yathA 13, 14, 12, 10 yA 5 / isa viSaya meM mataikya nahIM hai|" brahmavaivartapurANa ne 16, 12 evaM 5 upacAroM kI carcA kI hai| yadi koI vyakti pA~ca upacAra mI na kara sake to vaha kevala do kara sakatA hai, yathA candana evaM puSpa, yadi itanA bhI na kara sake to zraddhA mAtra paryApta hai (varSakriyAkaumudI, pR0 157 meM uddhRta kaalikaapuraann)| zabara (jai0 5 / 1 / 4) ke bhASya (kama se kama cauthI zatAbdI ke uparAnta nahIM) se prakaTa hai ki upacAroM kA krama taba taka vyavasthita ho cukA thaa| vratArka evaM varSakriyAkaumudI (pR0 200-201) ke mata se sabhI bratoM meM sAmAnya rUpa se puruSasUkta (R0 10 // 90) ke pratyeka mantra 13. 38 upacAroM ke lie dekhie vratarAja pR0 44 / ekAdazItattva (pR0 18) meM 36 upacAra uddhRta haiN| prapaMcasAra meM 16 upacAra nimna haiM--AsanaM svAgataM pAdyamaya'mAcanIyakam / madhuparkAcamasnAnavasanAbharaNAni ca // sugandha sumanodhUpadIpanavedyavandanam / prayojayevarcanAyAmupacArAMzca ssoddsh||

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kA pATha pratyeka upacAra ke sAtha krama se honA cAhie (yathA AvAhana, bhAsana, pAya, marya, bhASamanIyaka, snAna, vastra, yajJopavIta, anulepana yA gandha, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa, naivedya, tAmbUla, dakSiNA, prdkssinnaa)| kucha granthoM meM inameM pratyeka ke sAtha eka yA adhika paurANika mantroM kA bhI samAveza pAyA jAtA hai| aisA nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki ye upacAra (vizeSataH puSpa, gandha, dhUpa, dIpa evaM naivedya) vaidika yuga meM nahIM the aura Age calakara anAryoM se grahaNa kiye gye| Rgveda (10 / 18412) evaM athavaM0 (3 / 22 / 4) meM azvinI kA varNana nIla kamaloM kI mAlA se yukta kiyA gayA hai (puSkarasrajA); marutoM ko bhI mAlA-yukta varNita kiyA gayA hai (R0 5 / 53 / 4) / Rgveda ke mantroM meM (3 / 59 / 1 evaM 5) ghRta ke sAtha havya dene kA ullekha hai| devoM se apUpa, puroDAza, ghAnA, dUdha, dahI, madhu Adi khAne kI prArthanA kI gayI hai (R0 3153 / 8, 3 / 52 / 1-7, 4 / 32 / 16, 8 / 91 / 2; atharva0 18 / 4 / 16-26) / yaha saba mUrti ke samakSa naivedya dene kI ora saMketa hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa (11111111) meM upacAra' zabda 'sanmAna' athavA sammAna prakaTa karane kI vidhi ke artha meM prayukta hai| te0 A0 (10 / 40) meM 'medhA-janana' nAmaka mantra kA ullekha hai, jo jAtakarma ke avasara para zizu ke kAna meM kahA jAtA thA--'savitA deva, sarasvatI devI evaM nIla kamaloM kI mAlA dhAraNa karane vAle azvinIkumAra deva tumameM medhA (buddhi) utpanna kreN|' isake pramANa haiM ki gRhya sUtroM se bahuta pahale 16 upacAroM meM bahuta se vikhyAta the, nighaNTu (3 / 14) meM aise 44 kriyA zabdoM kA ullekha hai jinakA artha hai 'pUjA', jinameM 'pUjayati' bhI hai| aura dekhie zabda 'supANiH' (R0 3 / 33 / 6), jise nirukta meM samajhAte hue kahA gayA hai ki 'pANi' zabda 'paNa' se banA hai jisakA artha hai sammAna denA, loga hAthoM ko jor3akara devoM kI pUjA karate haiN| ataH prakaTa hai ki nirukta ke pUrva 'namaskAra' pUjA karane kA eka rUpa thaa| aura dekhie Rgveda (3 / 31 / 1) jisameM 'saparyan' zabda nighaNTu dvArA pUjayan ' kA samAnArthaka mAnA gayA hai| pANini (5 / 3 / 99) aura mahAbhASya se prakaTa hai ki una dinoM devoM kI pratimAe~ banatI thIM, bikatI thIM, jisase ki unakI pUjA ho|" Azva0 gR0 sU0 (122417) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki jaba Rtvika, AcArya, dUlaha, rAjA. snAtaka yA sambandhI (zvazura, cAcA, mAmA Adi ke sadRza) ko madhuparka denA ho to pratyeka ke bAre meM atithi ko Asana, pAda-prakSAlana ke lie jala, aya'jala, Acamana-jala, madhu-mizraNa tathA gAya kI tIna bAra ghoSaNA honI caahie| isI sUtra ne eka anya sthAna para gandha, mAlya, dhUpa, dIpa, AcchAdana (vastra) zrAddha ke samaya brAhmaNoM ko dene kI bAta calAyI hai (4 / 8 / 1) / uparyukta mantroM meM hI 16 meM 9 upacAroM kA ullekha ho gayA hai| dharmasUtroM ke kAla meM hI pUjA' gauNa artha meM hone lagI (arthAt binA gandha, puSpa Adi ke sammAna denaa)| yAjJa0 (11229) ne zrAddha meM AvA gandha, mAlya, dhUpa, dIpa Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai| jaba mUrti-pUjA kA pracalana ho gayA to upacAra, jo yogya vyaktiyoM ke sammAna evaM pUjA ke lie vyavasthita the, Age calakara isake sAtha prayukta ho gye| prastuta lekhaka ke mata se yaha siddhAnta ki pUjA evaM upacAra dravir3oM yA anAryoM se grahaNa kiye gaye haiM, siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura kevala kalpanAparaka hai, vAstava meM mUrti-pUjA svadezodbhava vikAsa hai| madhya kAla ke lekhakoM ne bar3I sAvadhAnI 14. jIvikArthe cApaNye / pA0 (5 / 3 / 99); mauhiraNyArthibhirarcAH prklpitaaH| bhavettAsu na syAt / yAstvetAH saMprati pUjArthAstAsu bhvissyti| mhaabhaassy| sone evaM dhana ke lobhI maurya loga becane ke lie ziva, skanda kI pratimAeM banAte the, jinheM 'zivaka' Adi kahA jAtA thaa| kintu unheM, jo pUjA ke nimitta pratiSThApita hotI thIM aura jo pujAriyoM ko jIvikA kI sAdhana thIM, 'ziva', 'skanda' Adi kahA jAtA thaa| mahAbhASya (pA0 131125) meM AyA hai, 'kAzyapagrahaNaM pUjArtham /

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mUrtipUjA ke upacAra, bhojana-pradAna 15 se prakaTa kiyA hai ki vAstava meM yAga (vaidika yA anya yajJa ) evaM pUjA meM koI maulika bheda nahIM hai, kyoMki donoM iSTa deva ke lie kucha diyA jAtA hai| vrata para likhe gaye kucha granthoM ne vistAra ke sAtha bahuta se upacAroM ke viSaya meM likhA hai, vizeSataH puSpoM ke viSaya meM, jo mUrti pUjA meM car3hAye jAte haiM; puSpa car3hAne ke phaloM, gandha ke vividha prakAroM yA dhUpa, bhojana Adi ke viSaya meM prabhUta vistAra pAyA jAtA hai (hemAdri, kRtyaratnAkara, pR0 70-71, 77-79, varSakriyAkaumudI, pR0 156181) / sthAnAbhAva se hama yahA~ saMkSepa meM likheNge| bahuta-sI bAteM dvitIya khaNDa meM A cukI haiM, jo bAteM vahA~ nahIM dI huI haiM unheM diyA jA rahA hai| smRtica0 ( pR0 201 ) ne padmapurANa kA uddharaNa diyA hai ki gandhoM meM candana parama punIta hai, agaru, candana se uttama hai, gahare raMga vAlA (kRSNa) agaru aura bhI uttama hai, pIlA agaru kRSNa se zreSTha hai| hemAdri ne 'catuH sama' kI vyAkhyA kI hai, ise tvak, patraka, lavaMga evaM kesara ( yA kastUrI ke do bhAga, candana ke cAra, kesara ke tIna evaM kapUra kA eka ) kahA hai / inhoMne sarvagandha ko kuMkuma (kesara), candana, uzIra (khasa), mustA, lAja (sugaMdhita ghAsa kI jar3eM ), kapUra tathA tIna sugaMdhita vastue~ (yathA vak, elA, patraka) mAnA hai tathA 'yakSaka dama' ko kapUra, agaru, kastUrI, candana evaM kakkola ThaharAyA hai| agnipurANa ( 202 / 1 ) ne sarvaprathama kahA hai ki hari puSpa, gandha, dhUpa, dIpa evaM naivedya se prasanna hote haiM aura phira aise puSpoM kA vibheda kiyA hai jo car3hAne ke yogya yA ayogya haiN| kalpataru ( vrata, pR0 180 - 181 ) ne bhaviSyapurANa (brAhmaparva, 1971 - 11 ) kA uddharaNa dekara pUjA meM prayukta vividha puSpoM ke puNya-phaloM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA mAlatI puSpa ke upayoga se pujArI devatA kA sAmIpya pAtA hai, karavIra puSpa se svAsthya evaM atulanIya sampatti kI prApti hotI hai, mallikA ke upayoga se sabhI prakAra ke Ananda milate haiM, puNDarIka ( kamala) se kalyANa evaM adhika kAla taka rahane vAlI sampatti milatI hai, sugandhiyukta kubjaka se sarvottama aizvaryaM prApta hotA hai, kamala (zveta evaM nIla) se niSkalaMka khyAti milatI hai, vividha mukurakoM se roga nivAraNa hotA hai, mandAra se kuSTa ke sabhI prakAroM kA kSaya hotA hai, bilva se dhana prApti hotI hai, arka se sUrya kalyANa karatA hai, bakula puSpoM kI mAlA se sundara kanyA prApta hotI hai, kizuka puSpa se pUjita hone para sUrya duHkha kA haraNa karatA hai, agastya puSpoM se iSTa deva saphalatA dete haiM, kamala-puSpa - pUjA se sundara patnI milatI hai, vanamAlA se thakAvaTa dUra hotI hai, azoka puSpa se sUrya pUjA karane para truTiyA~ nahIM hotIM aura japA puSpa se pUjita hone para sUrya pUjaka ko duHkharahita karatA hai / nibandhoM meM dhUpa ke viSaya meM bhI bahuta kucha likhA gayA hai / kalpataru ( vrata, pU0 182 - 183 ) meM AyA hai - candana jalAne se sUrya pUjaka ke sannikaTa AtA hai ( arthAt anugraha karatA hai), jaba agaru jalAyA jAtA hai to vaha vAMchita phala detA hai, svAsthya cAhane vAle ko guggula jalAnA cAhie, piNDAMga prayoga se sUrya svAsthya, dhana evaM sarvottama kalyANa detA hai, kuNDaka ke prayoga se kRtArthatA milatI hai, zrIvAsaka se vyApAra meM saphalatA milatI hai tathA rasa evaM sarjarasa ke prayoga se sampatti kI prApti hotI hai / bANa ne caNDikA ke mandira meM guggula ke jalane kA varNana kiyA hai ( kAdambarI, pUrvArdha) / kalpataru ( vrata, pR0 6-7 ), hemAdri ( vrata ), kRtyaratnAkara ( pR0 78) ne bhaviSyapurANa kA uddharaNa dete hue 'amRta', 'ananta', 'yakSAMga', 'mahAMga' nAmaka dhUpoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| bhaviSyapurANa ( brAhmaparva, 198319 ) meM AyA hai ki puSpoM meM 'jAtI' sarvazreSTha hai, kuNDaka sarvottama dhUpa hai, sugaMdhita padArthoM meM kesara sarvazreSTha hai, gandhoM meM candana sarvopari hai, dIpa ke lie ghRta sarvottama hai tathA bhojanoM meM modaka miThAI sarvazreSTha hai| yaha bAta vicAraNIya hai ki guggula tathA anya padArthoM kA jalAnA vyAvahArika mahattva bhI rakhatA hai, kyoMki isase makkhI-maccharoM kA vinAza hotA hai (dekhie garur3a0 1 / 177 / 88-89 ) / yaha vAstava meM satya hai ki adhikAMza vratoM meM brAhmaNoM ko khilAyA jAtA thA, kintu aisA samajhanA ThIka farai, adhoM evaM nirAzritoM ko sarvathA chor3a diyA jAtA thA / bahuta-se vratoM meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se vyavasthA

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dI huI hai ki daridroM, andhoM evaM nirAzritoM ko bhojana diyA jAnA caahie| aviyogavata kI carcA karate hue kalpataru (vrata, pR0 75) evaM hemAdri ne kAlikApurANa se eka lambA uddharaNa diyA hai jisameM aisI vyavasthA hai ki vrata-divasa para svAdiSTha evaM sugaMdhita anna evaM rucipUrNa peya dInoM, andhoM, badhiroM Adi ko denA caahie|" aura dekhie kalpataru (vrata), pR0 390 (hari-vrata),pR0391 (pAtravrata),pR0 397 (mahAvata), hemAdri evaM kRtya0 ra0, pR0 481 (zivarAtrivata), kRtya ra0, 1.0 461 (mitrasaptamI) / bhaviSya (uttara, 22 // 33-34) ne kahA hai ki vrata karane vAle ko cAhie ki vaha apanI sAmarthya ke anasAra andhoM, dInoM evaM nirAzritoM ko bhojana de| zrAddhoM, vizeSataH gayAzrAddha meM purANoM ne paryApta vyaya karane kI bAta calAyI hai aura yathAzakti kama vyaya karane vAloM kI bhartsanA kI hai (dekhie matsya0 100 / 36) / ubhayadvAdazIvrata para bhaviSyottara meM AyA hai ki vratI ko kama vyaya nahIM karanA caahie| aura dekhie kAlikApurANa, padma0 (6 / 39 / 21), matsya0 (62134, 91 / 109, 95 / 32,98 / 12) / vratI ko kucha vizeSa guNoM se samanvita honA caahie| agnipurANa (175 / 10-11) meM dasa guNoM kA varNana hai, yathA kSamA, satya, dayA, dAna, zauca, indriyanigraha, devapUjA, agnihavana, santoSa evaM astey| ye dasa dharma samI vratoM ke lie haiN| devala ke anusAra brahmacarya, zauca, satya evaM AmiSavarjana nAmaka cAra variSTha guNa haiN| brahmacarya kA nAza para-strI ko dekhane, sparza karane evaM bAta karane se ho jAtA hai, kintu mAsika dharma kI nivRtti ke uparAnta AjJApita dinoM meM apanI patnI se sambhoga karanA vajita nahIM hai| nAradIyapurANa (pUrvArdha, 110 / 48) meM AyA hai ki sabhI vratoM meM brahmacarya kI vyavasthA hai, unameM kevala yajJiya bhojana hI karanA caahie| haviSyAnna kaI prakAra se paribhASita hai| manu (3 / 257) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki muniyoM ke yogya bhojana (yathA nIvAra), dUdha, somarasa, anupaskRta (jo durgadhiyukta na ho) mAMsa, akSAralavaNa (prAkRtika namaka) yajJiya bhojana kahe gaye haiN| yadyapi smRtiyoM meM mAMsa (zrAddha karma meM) kA prayoga niSiddha nahIM hai kintu devalasmRti Adi ke matAnusAra vratoM meM isakA niSedha honA caahie| kRtya ra0 (pR0 400) ne samayapradIpa kA lambA uddharaNa dekara vrata-kAla ke bhojana para prakAza DAlA hai, yathA sarvaprathama yava (jau), usakI anupasthiti meM vIhi (cAvala), isake abhAva meM anya bhojana, kintu mASa (urada), kodrava, canA, masUra, cIna evaM kapittha ko chodd'kr| bhojana ke viSaya meM bahuta-se purANoM meM matabheda hai, kyA khAyA jAya, kyA chor3a diyA jAya, spaSTa nahIM ho paataa| isake vistAra meM hama nahIM jaayeNge| padma meM AyA hai ki naktavrata meM cha: bAta kI jAnI cAhie, yathA haviSya bhojana, snAna, satya bhASaNa, alpa bhojana, agni-pUjana, pRthivii-shyn| bhajabala ke anusAra kAMsA, mAMsa, masUra, canA, kodrava, zAka, madhu tathA dUsare ke ghara meM pakA anna varjita hai| vrata ke dina, hArIta ke anusAra vratI ko patitoM, pASaNDiyoM, nAstikoM se bAtana hIM karanI cAhie aura na asatya-bhASaNa tathA azlIla bAta kahanI caahie| zAnti0 (15 / 39) meM AyA hai ki vratI ko striyoM, zUdroM evaM patitoM se bAtacIta nahIM karanI caahie| aura dekhie bRhadyogI-yAjJavalkyasmRti (7 / 147-148) / purANoM ne tIrthayAtrAoM ke sadRza vratoM kI mI mahimA gAyI hai| I0 pU0 meM hI vaidika mAgiyoM dvArA kiye jAne vAle vratoM kA pracalana samApta ho cukA thA tathA vaidika yajJoM se sambandhita vrata bhI bahuta kama hote the| gRhya evaM dharmasUtroM tathA manu evaM yAjJa0 jaisI prAcIna smRtiyoM meM bhI paurANika kAla ke vratoM ko mahattvapUrNa sthAna nahIM 15. dInAndhabadhirAvInAM taddine vaanivaaritm| kalpayevannapAnaM ca sumRSTaM rucymaatmnH|| hemAdri (vrata 11443), kRtya ra0 (pR0 455): praNamya bhojayed bhaktyA vatinazca dvijaiH sh| kalpayet bhojanaM zreSThaM sarveSvedha tpsvissu| dInAndhakRpaNAnAM ca sarveSAmanivAritam // he. (vrata, 2, pR0 382), paatrvt|

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vratoM ke aMga, mAhAtmya aura vistAra 17 prApta ho sakA thaa| prAcIna yajJa-sambandhI vidhi ke virodha meM jaina evaM bauddha dharma A khar3e hue the / sAmAnya janatA ko jaina evaM bauddha prabhAvoM meM par3ane se rokane ke lie vaidika dharmAvalambI vidvAnoM ne sambhavataH vratoM kI prabhUta mahattA gayI hai aura unake kartAoM ko svarga evaM AdhyAtmika phaloM kA pralobhana diyA hai| yajJoM kI apekSA vrata sarala the| vratoM meM kucha sAmAnya loka vyavahAra bhI sammilita ho gaye, yathA kukkuTI-markaTI-vrata, zItalAvrata Adi / brahmapurANa (29 / 61) kA kathana hai, 'kevala eka dina kI sUrya pUjA se utpanna phala vipula dakSiNA vAle saikar3oM vaidika yajJoM athavA brAhmaNoM dvArA mI prApta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa|' padmapurANa ( 3 / 4-27) ne jayantIvrata kI prazaMsA meM likhA hai ki isake vratI ke zarIra meM sabhI devatA evaM tIrtha avasthita ho jAte haiN| garur3apurANa (hemAdi, vrata, 2, 10869) meM AyA hai ki kAMcanapurI-vrata gaMgA, kurukSetra, kAzI evaM puSkara se bhI adhika pavitra karane vAlA hai / bhaviSya 0 ( uttara, 71) kA kathana hai ki vyakti vratoM, upavAsoM evaM niyamoM kI naukA dvArA narakoM ke samudra ko bar3I saralatA se pAra kara jAtA hai| mahAbhArata evaM padmapurANa (53 / 4-6 ) meM aisA AyA hai ki manu dvArA vyavasthita kRtya tathA vaidika kRtya kaliyuga meM nahIM kiye jA sakate, ataH yudhiSThira se bahuta sarala, alpavyaya sAdhya, alpakaSTakara kintu atyadhika phala dene vAle aise mArga kI ghoSaNA kI gayI, jo purANoM kA sAra thA, yathA donoM pakSoM kI ekAdazI ko nahIM khAnA cAhie, jo aisA karatA hai, vaha naraka nahIM jaataa| bhaviSyapurANa meM varNita umayadvAdazIvrata ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki prabhAsa, gayA, puSkara, vArANasI, prayAga yA pUrva evaM pazcima tathA uttara ke sabhI tIrtha kArtika vrata se zreSTha nahIM haiM / anuzAsanaparva (106 / 65-67) meM ghoSita huA hai ki upavAsa se bar3hakara yA usake barAbara koI tapa nahIM hai aura daridra vyakti yajJoM kA phala upavAsa se prApta kara sakate haiM / varAha purANa (39 / 17-18) meM eka prazna hai -- 'eka daridra kisa prakAra paramAtmA kI prApti kara sakatA hai ?' uttara milA hai ki vaha vratoM evaM upavAsoM se aisA kara sakatA hai / ligapurANa (pUrvArdha, 8314 ) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki jo eka varSa taka nakta vrata (kevala eka bAra saMdhyA ko khAnA ) karatA hai aura pratyeka pakSa kI caturdazI, aSTamI tithiyoM meM ziva-pUjA karatA hai vaha sabhI yajJoM kA phala pAtA hai aura parama lakSya kI prApti karatA hai| bhaviSya meM AyA hai ki jo brAhmaNa pavitra agniyA~ (zrIta evaM smArta) nahIM rakhate, ve vratoM, upavAsoM, AcaraNa sambandhI niyantraNoM, bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke dAnoM aura vizeSataH viziSTa tithiyoM para upavAsa se devoM ko prasanna rakha sakate haiM / matsya, brahma0 evaM anya purANoM kA pramukha mantavya hai kama prayAsa se adhika phala kI prApti / brahmapurANa meM AyA hai ki kaliyuga meM kevala 'kezava' kA nAma lene se vyakti ko vahI phala milatA hai jo kRtayuga meM gambhIra manoyoga, tretA meM yajJoM tathA dvApara meM (mUrti) pUjA se prApta hotA thA / matsya 0 meM AyA hai - maharSi aise yajJoM kI prazaMsA nahIM karate jinameM pazuoM kA hanana hotA hai; jinakA dhana tapa hai ve yathAzakti ( khetoM Adi se ekatra ) annoM, mUloM, phaloM, zAkoM evaM jalapAtroM ke dAna se svarga meM aTala sthiti prApta karate haiM, tapa kaI kAraNoM se yajJoM se zreSTha hai| padmapurANa ne to atyukti kI sImA tor3a dI hai--' kevala hari hI usa vyakti kI zreSThatA batA sakate haiM jo kArtika meM bhakti ke sAtha hari (ekAdazI) ke dina eka dIpa kA dAna karatA hai, yA viSNuvrata sarvottama hai aura eka sau punIta vaidika yajJa isake barAbara nahIM haiN|' aisI hI bAta skandapurANa (hemAdri dvArA 'vrata' meM uddhRta khaNDa 1, pR0 318, 321) meM bhI hai -- deva loga niyantraNa rakhane vAle niyamoM (arthAt vratoM) se apane sthAna prApta kara sake, ve vratoM ke guNoM ke kAraNa hI tArAgaNa kI bhA~ti dedIpyamAna haiM / vaidika yajJoM evaM vratoM meM viziSTa antara bhI the| adhikAMza yajJoM kA phala thA svarga prApti, kintu purANoM ke anusAra adhikAMza vratoM se isI loka meM prakaTa phala prApta hote haiN| aura bhI, vratoM kA sampAdana sabhI kara sakate haiM, yahA~ taka ki zUdra, kumAriyA~, vivAhita striyA~, vidhavAe~ tathA vezyAe~ bhI /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kucha vrata brahmacAriyoM ke lie niyata the (veda-vrata) aura kucha snAtakoM ke lie| isa viSaya meM hamane khaNDa do meM par3ha liyA hai| IsA kI prathama zatAbdiyoM pUrva evaM pazcAt vratoM kI vyavasthA pracalita thI. jaisA ki Apa0 dha0 sU0, kAlidAsa ke nATakoM, mRcchakaTika evaM ratnAvalI se siddha hotA hai| dekhie Apa0 dha0 sU0 28 18- 20 / 3-9 / zAkuntala (aMka 2) meM kathana hai ki duSyanta kI mAtA ne vrata kiyA thaa| vikramorvazIya meM rohiNIcAndrAyaNa-vrata kI ora saMketa hai| raghuvaMza (13 / 67 ) meM AsidhAra vrata kA ullekha hai / mRcchakaTika (aMka 1) meM amirUpapati nAmaka vrata kA, jo bhartR-prApti vrata ke sadRza hai, varNana hai / ratnAvalI meM (aMka 1 ke anta meM ) madanamahotsava ullikhita hai / lagatA hai, IsA kI prathama tIna zatAbdiyoM meM vratoM kI saMkhyA adhika nahIM thI / kAlAntara meM inakI saMkhyA lagabhaga eka sahasra ho gayI / tithiyoM evaM jyotiSa sambandhI viSayoM ke Arambhika nibandhoM meM eka hai rAjA bhoja (11vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha) dvArA likhita rAjamArtaNDa, jisameM lagabhaga 24 vratoM kA ullekha hai / lakSmIdhara (12vIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha) ke kRtyakalpataru meM lagabhaga 175 vratoM kA ullekha hai / zUlapANi (13751430 I0) ke vratakAlaviveka meM kevala 11 vratoM kA varNana hai| hemAdri ne 700 vratoM ke nAma batalAye haiM / isase prakaTa hotA hai ki terahavIM zatAbdI ke anta meM, jaba bhArata ke adhikAMza bhAgoM para bAhya AkrAmakoM ne adhikAra kara liyA thA, mandira tor3a-phor3e jA rahe the, sahasroM jana vidharma meM sammilita kiye jA rahe the, una dinoM vidvAn evaM abhijJa loga vizAla bauddhika kArya ( hemAdri kA mahAgrantha 2200 pRSThoM meM chapA hai) meM saMlagna the, yA vratoM, yAtrAoM evaM zrAddhoM para atula sampatti vyaya kara rahe the aura isa bAta se anabhijJa the ki unake caturdik rAjanItika evaM dhArmika bhaya khar3e ho rahe haiN| 18 mahAmahopAdhyAya gopInAtha kavirAja dvArA sampAdita vratakoza ( sarasvatI bhavana sIrIja ) meM 1622 vrata haiN| yaha saMkhyA bhrAmaka hai, kyoMki kahIM-kahIM eka hI nAma ke vibhinna paryAya A gaye haiM aura kaI vrata eka hI vrata ke antargata A gaye haiM tathA unameM kucha zAntiyoM, utsavoM evaM snAnoM ke nAma parigaNita ho gaye haiN| yadi ThIka se nAmakaraNa kiyA jAya to vratakoza meM lagabhaga 1000 vratoM kI hI gaNanA ho skegii| vrata dhAraNa karane para use samApta avazya kara lenA cAhie, kyoMki pramAdavaza chor3a dene para bar3e kaSTadAyaka pratiphala bhugatane par3ate haiN| chAgaleya ne ghoSita kiyA hai-yadi vyakti prathama aMgIkAra kara lene para Age mohavazAt vrata kA tyAga kara detA hai to vaha jItA huA cANDAla bana jAtA hai aura marane para kuttA / aisI sthiti meM, jaba vyakti lAlacavaza, asAvadhAnI ke kAraNa yA pramAdavaza vrata ko tor3a detA hai to use punaH karane ke lie tIna dinoM kA upavAsa karanA par3atA hai tathA muNDana karAnA hotA hai / nirNayasindhu ke mata se use vrata kA zeSAMza kevala pUrA karanA hotA hai yA zUlapANi ke anusAra phira se Arambha karanA par3atA hai / varAhapurANa meM AyA hai ki jo vyakti ekAdazI ke dina vratArambha karatA hai aura mUrkhatAvaza chor3a detA hai to vaha burI dazA ko prApta hotA hai / vrata ke madhya meM mRtyu ho jAne se vrata phala naSTa nahIM hotaa| aMgirA ne vyavasthA dI hai ki yadi koI vyakti kisI lAbha ke lie dhArmika karma karatA hai aura pUrNa hone ke pUrva mara jAtA hai, to mRtyu ke pazcAt bhI use pUrNa phala prApta hotA hai| aisA hI manu ne bhI kahA hai / azauca meM koI vrata nahIM karanA caahie| kintu viSNudharma sUtra ( 22 49 ) meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki azauca se rAjA ko rAjakIya kartavyoM ke pAlana meM koI bAdhA nahIM par3atI aura na vratI ko hI apane vrata ke sampAdana meM / laghu- viSNu meM aisA AyA hai ki vrata, yajJa, vivAha, zrAddha, homa, pUjA, japa meM Arambha kara diye jAne para azauca nahIM lagatA, kintu Arambha hone ke pUrva azauca kA prabhAva par3atA hai, arthAt taba ye karma Arambha nahIM kiye jA sakate / yahI bAta yAjJa0 (3 / 28-29) meM bhI hai| zAstroM meM aisA AyA hai ki sabhI jIvoM, roga, pramAda (kArya ko TAlanA

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vrata-bhaMga, homa yA vismaraNa karanA), guruzAsana ke bhaya se vrata nahIM TUTatA, jaba taka (isa prakAra kA) bhaya kevala eka bAra utpanna ho| matsya0, agnipurANa evaM satyavrata meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki jaba strI lambI avadhi kA vrata Arambha kara de to mAsika dharma ho jAne (rajasvalA ho jAne), garbhavatI ho jAne, janana ho jAne se vrata bhaMga nahIM hotA, balki vrata isa prakAra ke azauca meM anya vyakti dvArA calAyA jA sakatA hai, kintu upavAsa Adi zArIrika kRtya' calate rahane caahie| kucha aise viSaya bhI haiM jinase vrata bhaMga nahIM hotA, yathA jala pInA, jar3a-mUla, phala, dUdha, yajJiya padArtha kA sevana, kisI brAhmaNa kI icchA yA Adeza, guru kI AjJA evaM dvaa-pryog| hemAdri ke mata se dUdha pInA Adi vrata para prabhAva nahIM DAlatA yadi vratI strI ho, baccA ho yA adhika pIr3A meM ho| vratI ko nimna bAteM chor3a denI cAhie---zarIra yA sira para tela lagAnA, tAmbUla-sevana, candana-lepa, yA aise karma jinase zArIrika zakti yA uttejanA bddh'e| upavAsa kina dazAoM meM khaNDita hotA hai, isakA Age vicAra kiyA jaaygaa| homa ke viSaya meM kucha zabda apekSita haiN| striyA~ mantroM ke sAtha homa nahIM kara sakatIM (manu 9 / 18) / unake lie purohita hI homa karatA hai| yadi kisI vastu kA nirdeza na ho to Ahuti ghRta kI hotI hai (gobhila kA karmapradIpa, 1 / 113) / AhutiyoM kI saMkhyA 108, 28 yA 8 yA utanI honI cAhie jisakA nirdeza ho| samayapradIpa meM usa agni ke viSaya meM lambA vivecana pAyA jAtA hai, jisameM homa kiyA jAtA hai| yAjJa0 (1197) ke mata se AhitAgni (jisane apane ghara meM pavitra agni pratiSThApita kara rakhI ho) ko vivAhita hone para apanI pratiSThApita agni kA prayoga karanA caahie| kucha logoM ke mata se yAjJa0 kA niyama kevala gRhya kRtyoM ke lie hI hai, aura AhitAgni ko apane vratoM meM sAmAnya agni kA prayoga karanA caahie| jisake pAsa smArta agni na ho use bhI sAmAnya' agni meM hI vrata-homa karanA cAhie yA purohita dvArA homa karAnA caahie|

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adhyAya 3 vratAdhikArI, vrata dvArA icchita vastulAbha, vratoM kA zreNI-vibhAjana, vrata-sambandhI sAhitya, vratoM ke lie kAla vratoM ke adhikArI kauna loga haiM ? sabhI jAtiyoM ke loga, yahA~ taka ki zUdra bhI vratAdhikArI haiN| devala ne vyavasthA dI hai-'isameM sandeha nahIM ki vratoM, upavAsoM, niyamoM tathA zarIrottApa (zarIra ko kaSTa dene) se pApoM se chuTakArA milatA hai| striyA~ bhI vratoM kI adhikArI haiN| purANoM evaM nibandhoM ne kevala striyoM ke lie kucha vratoM kI vyavasthA kI hai| manu (5 / 155), viSNudharmasUtra evaM katipaya purANoM ne vyavasthA dI hai ki koI strI pRthak rUpa se yajJa, koI pRthak vrata yA upavAsa nahIM kara sakatI, vaha pati-zuzrUSA se hI svarga meM sammAna prApta karatI hai| viSNudharmasUtra (25 / 16) meM AyA hai ki vaha strI, jo pati ke jIvita rahate kisI upavAsayukta vrata ko karatI hai, apane pati kI Ayu haratI hai aura svayaM naraka meM jAtI hai| paraloka-kalyANa ke lie jo kucha nArI binA pitA, pati yA putra kI sahamati ke karatI hai, vaha viphala hotA hai (AdityapurANa, hemAdri, vrata, 1, pR0 32 meM uddhRt)| madhyakAla ke nibandhoM ne ina bAtoM kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI hai ki kumArI, vivAhita nArI evaM vidhavA kisI vrata ke sampAdana ke pUrva kama se kama apane pitA, pati evaM putra se sammati le le| isase spaSTa hai ki nirdiSTa vyaktiyoM se sahamati lekara nArI svayaM koI svatantra vata kara sakatI hai| nibandhoM ko isa viSaya meM zaMkha-likhita ke sUtra se sahAyatA mila jAtI hai (dekhie smRticandrikA, 2, pR0 291) / pati kI AjJA se nArI japa, dAna, tapa Adi kara sakatI hai (liMgapurANa, pUrvArdha, 84 / 16) / kyA nArI anya vyakti se homa karAye? isa viSaya meM vibhinna mata haiM (dekhie manu 2 / 66, 9 / 18 evaM yAjJa0 1 / 13) / parAzara kA anugamana karate hue vyavahAra yUkha ne pratipAdita kiyA hai ki zUdra kisI brAhmaNa dvArA homa karA sakatA hai, zUdroM evaM nAriyoM ke lie isa viSaya meM eka hI niyama hai ata: kisI vrata meM nArI brAhmaNa ke dvArA homa karA sakatI hai| aura dekhie rudradhara (zaddhiviveka : lekhaka) evaM vaacspti| nirNayasindhu (3, pUrvArdha, pa0 249) ne nArI dvArA kiye jAne vAle vrata meM homa ke viSaya meM vyavahAramayUkha 1. vratopavAsaniyamaH shriirottaapnstthaa| varNAH sarve'pi macyante pAtakebhyo na sNshyH|| devala (hemAdri dvArA vrata, khaNDa 1, pR0 325 meM uddhRt)| 2. nAsti strINAM pRthagyajJo na vrataM naapyupossnnm| pati zuzrUSate yena tena svarge mhiiyte|| manu (5 / 155), viSNudharmasUtra (25 / 15) / dekhie hemAdri, vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 326 evaM va0 kA0 vi0, pR0 11 / ___3. patyau jIvati yA yoSidupavAsaM vrataM cret| AyuH sA harate bhaturnarakaM caiva gacchati // viSNu0 dha0 sU0 25 / 16 / yahI aMgirA (5 / 40) meM bhI hai|

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vrata ke adhikArI, striyoM kA vratAdhikAra, pratinidhi-vicAra kI bAta mAnI hai| matsya0 meM AyA hai ki garbhavatI strI athavA hAla hI meM jise santAnotpatti huI ho aisI strI upavAsa na karake kevala naktavrata (kevala eka bAra sandhyA kAla ke uparAnta bhojana), kare tathA Azauca se yukta kumArI yA koI nArI (rajasvalA yA kisI anya dazA meM ) kisI anya vyakti dvArA vrata karA le, kintu pavitra ho yA apavitra, use upavAsa to karanA hI cAhie (tithitattva, pR0 121-122) / ___ vyAdhi yA durghaTanA Adi meM par3A huA vyakti kisI pratinidhi dvArA vrata karA sakatA hai| isa viSaya meM kucha nizcita niyama bane haiN| satyASADhazrautasUtra (3 / 1) meM AyA hai--svAmI (yajamAna), patnI, putra, ucita deza evaM kAla, agni, iSTadeva, kRtya evaM zAstra ke aMza ke viSaya meM pratinidhi kI vyavasthA nahIM hai|' sabhI dhArmika kRtya tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita haiM, yathA nitya (aparihArya), naimittika (jaba koI nimitta yA avasara ho yA ghaTanA ghaTe) evaM kAmya (kisI abhiprAya yA vastu kI prApti ke lie kiyA gyaa)| isa viSaya meM isa mahAgrantha ke cauthe khaNDa meM likhA jA cukA hai| trikANDamaNDana (2 / 2-3 evaM 8) ne ina tInoM kRtyoM ke viSaya meM nimnokta niyama likhe haiM, "kAmya kRtyoM meM pratinidhi nahIM hotA, nitya evaM naimittika meM pratinidhi kI vyavasthA hotI hai, kucha loga prArambha ho gaye kAmya kRtyoM meM pratinidhi kI bAteM calAte haiN| mantra, deva, agni (gArhapatya, AhavanIya yA dakSiNAgni), kriyA (yathA prayAja), Izvara (svAmI yA yajamAna) ke lie pratinidhi nahIM hotA; kucha logoM ke mata se deza evaM kAla ke viSaya meM pratinidhi nahIM hotaa| agnihotrI (yadi usakI patnI mRta ho gayI ho) sone yA kuza kI pratimA banA sakatA hai, kintu patnI apane pati ke sthAna para kisI pratinidhi yA pratimA ko rakhakara koI kRtya nahIM kara sktii|" yadi vratI Arambha kara dene para ayogya ho jAya to pratinidhi dvArA vrata pUrNa karA sakatA hai| aise pratinidhi ye haiM--putra, patnI, mAI, pati, bahina, ziSya, purohita (dakSiNA ke lie) tathA koI mitr| paiThInasi kA kathana hai ki patnIdvArA saMkalpita vrata pati tathA pati dvArA saMkalpita vrata patnI kara sakatI hai, yadi donoM ayogya haiM to koI anya vyakti kara sakatA hai, isa prakAra vrata bhaMga nahIM hotA (nirNayasindhu, pR0 29, kAlanirNaya, pR0 262) / kAtyAyana (kAlanirNaya, pR0 262-263) meM AyA hai--jo apane pitA yA mAtA, bhAI, pati ke lie, vizeSataH apane guru ke lie upavAsa karatA hai vaha sau gunI zreSThatA prApta karatA hai, yadi koI apane pitAmaha ke lie ekAdazI kA upavAsa karatA hai, vaha pUrA phala pAtA hai| pratinidhi-sambandhI ye niyama sabhI vargoM ke lie haiN| yaha eka adbhuta bAta hai ki mlecchoM ko bhI (yadi ve zraddhAlu hoM aura vratoM meM vizvAsa rakhate hoM) vrata karane kI vyavasthA dI gayI hai, jaisA ki hemAdri meM uddhRta devIpurANa ke zabdoM se prakaTa hotA hai| zAntiparva (65 / 13-25) meM indra ne rAjA mAndhAtA se kahA hai ki yavanoM, kirAtoM, gAndhAroM, cInoM, zabaroM, barvaroM, zakoM, AndhroM Adi ko apane mAtA-pitA kI sevA karanI cAhie, ve veda meM vyavasthita kRtyoM ko kara sakate haiM, ve mRta pitaroM kA zrAddha kara sakate haiM, jana-kalyANa ke lie kUpa khudavA sakate haiM aura brAhmaNoM ko dAna de sakate haiN| bhaviSya0 (brAhmaparva, 16 // 61-62) kA kathana hai ki haihayoM, tAlajaMghoM, turko, yavanoM evaM zakoM ne brAhmaNoM ke gaurava kI prApti kI icchA se pratipadA ko upavAsa kiyaa| ____eka anya vicAraNIya bAta yaha hai ki mahAbhArata ke anusAra brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM ko lagAtAra tIna dinoM taka upavAsa nahIM karanA cAhie, kintu vaizya evaM zUdra lagAtAra do dinoM taka upavAsa kara sakate haiN| yahI bAta devala ne bhI kahI hai| 4. kvacimlecchAnAmapyadhikAro hemAmro deviipuraanne| snAtaH pramuditahRSTAhmaNaH ksstriypH| vaizyaH zUrbhaktiyuktamleMccharanyazca maanvaiH| strIbhizca kuruzArdUla tadvidhAnamidaM shRnnu| vrtaark|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa madhya evaM vartamAna kAla ke adhikAMza pracalita vrata kAmya haiM, arthAt aise vrata jinase isa loka meM yA kabhI-kabhI paraloka yA donoM meM kisI viziSTa uddezya kI pUrti ho / adhikAMza meM vrata sAMsArika haiM, kintu una para dhArmika raMga car3hA huA hai, yadyapi kucha anuzAsana lage hue haiM, yathA upavAsa, pUjA, brahmacarya, satya bhASaNa, kintu unameM bhautika dRSTikoNa pAyA jAtA hai; ye sAmAnya jana kI icchAoM se abhiprerita haiN| kAmya bAteM bahuta-sI haiM, unake viSaya meM thor3A prakAza DAlA jAtA hai| agnipurANa ( 175 / 44 evaM 57 ) meM unakI carcA isa prakAra hai--dharma (puNya), santati, dhana, saundarya, saubhAgya, sadAcaraNa, kIrti, vidyA, Ayu, zucitA, Anandopabhoga, svarga, mokSa Adi / kalpataru ( vrata, pR0 1-2 ) ke anusAra vrata se brahmaloka, zivaloka, vaikuNTha kI prApti hotI hai, Ananda evaM vijaya kA upayoga hotA hai; kRta, tretA, dvApara evaM kaliyugoM meM sujaya rAma, dhanaJjaya evaM vikrama nAmaka rAjAoM ko loka-zAsana vratoM se hI prApta huA, zaMkara ne hari se kahA hai ki vrata manuSya ke lie sarvottama kRtya hai; pratyeka yuga bahuta se niyama vyavasthita haiM, kintu ve vratoM ke solahaveM bhAga ko bhI nahIM pA sakate; vikrama kI guNavatI putrI vasundharA, dazArNa deza meM rahatI huI, vratoM ke dvArA mokSa prApta kara sakI, devoM, RSiyoM, siddhoM Adi ne upavAsa dvArA hI paramocca pUrNatA prApta kI hai| 22 vratoM kA zreNI - vibhAjana isa adhyAya meM aise hI vratoM kA ullekha hai jo adhikatara svAropita yA aicchika haiM, ataH unheM tIna zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai| padmapurANa (4184142-44 ) meM AyA hai -- 'ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, akalkatA ( kuTilatA yA chAdmikatA se dUra rahanA ), inheM mAnasa vrata kahA jAtA hai, jisase hari prasanna rahate haiM; dina meM kevala eka bAra bhojana karanA, nakta (kevala eka bAra sUryAsta ke uparAnta bhojana karanA ), upavAsa ( dina bhara kA), ayAcita ( aisA bhojana jo binA mA~ge mila jAya), inheM mAnavoM ke lie kAyika vrata kahA jAtA hai; vedAdhyayana, viSNu ke nAmoM ko bAra-bAra smaraNa karanA ( viSNu-kIrtana), satyabhASaNa, apaizunya ( pITha pIche nindA na karanA ), inheM vAcika vrata kahA jAtA hai / " dUsarA vibhAjana kAla para AdhArita hai, yathA eka dina kA, pAkSika, mAsika, eka Rtu kA, uttarAyaNa yA dakSiNAyana, vArSika yA kaI varSoM vAlA vrata / vrata eka varSa kA yA eka varSa se adhika kA yA jIvana bhara kA ho sakatA hai / kisI mAsa meM kiye jAne vAle vratoM ke bAre meM kahate samaya malamAsa ( adhika mAsa ) ke prazna para bhI vicAra karanA caahie| isake viSaya meM hama kAla Adi ke vibhAga meM vivecana kreNge| dharmazAstroM meM tithiyoM ke viSaya meM lambA vivecana pAyA jAtA hai aura isake viSaya meM hama yahIM vivecana kreNge| kAla evaM muhUrtoM kI vyAkhyA Age ke vibhAga meM kI jaaygii| vratoM meM adhikatara tithi vrata haiM / hemAdri meM vAravratoM, nakSatravratoM, yogavratoM, saMkrAntivratoM, mAsavratoM, RtuvratoM, saMvatsaravratoM evaM prakIrNaka vratoM kA anukramika ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| aura dekhie kRtya - kalpataru / adhikatara vrata -sambandhI grantha Arambha meM kucha sAmAnya bAta kahane ke uparAnta tithivratoM se hI vratavivecana kA Arambha karate haiM / samayapradIpa vAle vrata - vivecana kA krama bhinna hai / vaha gaNeza- vratoM ke vivecana ke 5. ahiMsA satyamasteyaM brahmacaryamakalkatA / etAni mAnasAnyAhurvratAni harituSTaye // ekabhuktaM tathA naktamupavAsamayAcitam / ityevaM kAyikaM puMsAM vratamuktaM narezvara // vedasyAdhyayanaM viSNoH kIrtanaM satyabhASaNam / apaizunyamidaM rAjan vAcikaM vratamucyate // padma0 (4184 / 42-44) / varAha0 (37 / 4-6) /

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vrata dvArA icchita vastu lAbha, vratoM kA zreNI-vibhAjana, vrata-sambandhI sAhitya uparAnta sUryavratoM, zivavratoM, viSNuvratoM Adi kI vyAkhyA upasthita karatA hai| kucha vrata na kevala kinhIM nizcita tithiyoM meM hI kiye jAte haiM, pratyuta unake lie kisI nizcita mAsa, saptAha yA nakSatra yA inameM se sabhI kA honA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| eka anya vrata-vibhAjana kartAoM kI vrata-yogyatA para nirbhara hai| vratoM kA adhikAMza sabhI puruSoM evaM nAriyoM ke lie hotA hai| kucha to, yathA haritAlikA evaM vaTasAvitrI kevala nAriyoM ke lie haiM, kucha kevala puruSoM ke lie hote haiM aura kucha to aise haiM jo kevala rAjAoM yA kSatriyoM yA vaizyoM ke lie haiN| ___ vratoM kA sAhitya vizAla hai| sambhavataH tIrthayAtrA evaM zrAddha ke viSayoM ke atirikta purANoM ne kisI anya viSaya para utanA nahIM likhA hai jitanA vratoM pr| kucha purANoM meM to vratoM para sahasroM zloka race gaye haiM, yathA bhaviSya ke brAhmaparva meM 7500 zloka, uttarakhaNDa meM 5000 zlokoM se adhika haiM, matsya0 meM 1230 zloka, varAha meM 700 evaM viSNudharmottara meM 1600 / gaNanA kI jAne para patA calA hai ki purANoM meM vratoM para lagabhaga 24000 zloka haiN| vratoM evaM utsavoM ke bIca vibhAjana-rekhA khIMcanA dustara hai| bahuta-se utsavoM meM dhArmika tattvoM kA samAveza hai aura usI prakAra bahuta-se vratoM meM utsavoM kI gandha mila jAtI hai| isa grantha meM kucha aise vratoM kA ullekha milegA jinheM loga sarvathA utsava kaha skeNge| vratoM kI viSaya-sAmagrI kAla evaM tithi ke vivecana se paripUrNa hai| vratoM para bahuta-se nibandha evaM TIkAe~ pAyI jAtI haiN| isa vibhAga meM hama kevala vratoM yA unake sAtha tithiyoM se sambandhita granthoM kI tAlikA deMge, kAla evaM sAmAnya mhto vAle granthoM kI carcA nahIM hogii| kintu aisA karane para bhI ulaTa-phera kA ho jAnA tathA eka-dUsare kA samAveza ho jAnA sambhava hai| jImUtavAhana ke kAlaviveka ke eka zloka meM sAta pUrvavartI lekhakoM ke nAma Aye haiM jinhoMne dhAmika kRtyoM ke sambandha meM kAla kA vivecana kiyA hai, yathA--jitendriya, zaMkhadhara, andhaka, sambhrama, harivaMza evaM yoglok| ye lekhaka 11vIM zatAbdI ke ardha bhAga ke pUrva hue hoNge| kintu ina lekhakoM meM samI ke grantha abhI upalabdha nahIM ho sake haiN| dhArA ke rAjA bhoja ke do granthoM meM vratoM ke sAtha kAla kA bhI varNana hai| inameM se eka grantha kA nAma hai rAjamArtaNDa, jo abhI aprakAzita hai, kintu isake bahuta-se zloka yatra-tatra uddhRta haiN| rAjamArtaNDa vrata-sambandhI carcA kA sabase prAcIna nibandha hai| dUsare grantha kA nAma hai bhUpAlasamuccaya yA bhUpAlakRtyasamuccaya yA vratoM, dAnoM Adi para kRtysmuccy| yaha grantha anupalabdha hai, kintu isake uddharaNa nibandhoM meM pAye jAte haiN| vaidika sAhitya, sUtroM, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, purANoM evaM rAjamArtaNDa ke atirikta nimna granthoM meM varNita vratoM kA ullekha isa mahAgrantha meM huA hai-lakSmIdhara kA kRtyakalpataru; jImUtavAhana kA kAlaviveka; hemAdri kI caturvargacintAmaNi (vrata-sambandhI); zrIdatta kA samayapradIpa (pANDulipi); caNDezvara kA kRtyaratnAkara; AdityasUri kA kAlAdarza (pANDulipi); mAdhava kA kAlanirNaya yA kAlamAdhava evaM kAlanirNayakArikA; zUlapANi ke tithiviveka, vratakAlaviveka evaM durgotsavaviveka ; allADanAtha kA nirNayAmRta'; govindAnanda kI varSakriyAkaumudI; gadAdhara kA kAlasAra; raghunandana ke tithitattva, ekAdazItattva, janmASTamItattva, durgArcanapaddhati, kRtyatattva evaM vratatattva; mitramizra kA vrataprakAza (vIramitrodaya kA eka bhAga) evaM samayaprakAza (vIramitrodaya kA eka bhAga); nIlakaNTha kA samayamamUkha yA kAlamayUkha ; zaMkarabhaTTa kA vratArka (pANDulipi); divAkara kA tithyarka ; hArIta veMkaTanAtha kA darzanirNaya ; zaMkarabhaTTa dhAre kI vratodyApanakaumudI; vizvanAtha kA vratarAja; viSNubhaTTa kI puruSArthacintAmaNi ; ahalyAkAmadhenu (pANDulipi); kAzInAtha kA dhrmsindhu| inameM vratoM ke lie atyadhika mahattva ke grantha ye haiM-- kRtyakalpataru (jisase hemAdri evaM kRtyaratnAkara ne uddharaNa liye haiM), hemAdri (vrata), mAdhava kA kAla-nirNaya kRtyaratnAkara, varSakriyAkaumudI, raghunandana ke grantha evaM nirnnysindhu| vratArka evaM vratarAja jaise grantha vizAla grantha

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24 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa haiM, kintu unameM hemAdri ke tathA anya granthoM ke bahuta-se aMza jyoM-ke-tyoM rakhe hue haiN| ina katipaya granthoM meM vratoM kA vivecana asantulita hai, yathA varSakriyAkaumudI ne pratipadA, dvitIyA evaM tRtIyA ke vratoM kA varNana kevala do pRSThoM (29-30) maiM kiyA hai , kintu ekAdazI para 22 pRSThoM kA vivecana hai (pR0 42-64) / yaha bAta dhyAna meM rakhane yogya hai ki isa vibhAga kA sambandha dharmazAstra-sambandhI granthoM meM ullikhita evaM vivecita vratoM se hai| striyoM yA jana jAtiyoM yA azikSita vyaktiyoM dvArA sampAdita sabhI vratoM athavA baMgAlI, hindI tathA marAThI bhASAoM meM likhita granthoM meM ullikhita vratoM ke vivaraNa kA prayAsa yahA~ nahIM kiyA gayA hai| aisA karane se isa grantha kA AkAra bahuta bar3ha jaataa| vratoM ke Arambha karane ke kAla nirdiSTa tithiyoM para hone vAle vratoM ke atirikta isake viSaya meM vistArapUrNa vyavasthAe~ kI gayI haiM ki sAmAnya evaM viziSTa rUpa se vrata evaM anya dhArmika kRtya kinhIM nirdiSTa kAloM meM hI Arambha kiye jaayeN| udAharaNArtha, gArgya kA kathana hai--'jaba bRhaspati evaM zukra graha asta ho gaye hoM (AkAza meM sUrya ke nikaTa hone se java na dikhAI par3eM) yA jaba ve bAla yA vRddha kahe jAne kI dazA meM hoM tathA malamAsa meM, taba na vrata kA aura na usake udyApana (samApta karane ke kRtya) kA Arambha honA cAhie' (hemAdri, vrata, pR0 245, ni0 si0, pR0 23, madanaratne gaatthH)| bRhaspati (guru) evaM zukra kI bAlAvasthA unake udaya ho jAne ke uparAnta kI eka nizcita avadhi hai tathA vRddhatva yA vArdhaka unake asta hone ke pUrva kA eka nizcita kAla hai| ina avadhi-kAloM ke viSaya meM ekamati nahIM hai aura ye kAla vibhinna dezoM meM vibhinna haiM, ye paristhiti kI kaThinAI ke anusAra bhI mAne jAte haiM, kintu varAhamihira ke mata se jo adhika mAnya kAla ho use mAna lenA caahie| rAjamArtaNDa meM isa viSaya meM kaI zloka haiM, jinameM eka hai--jaba zukra pazcima meM udita hotA hai to vaha dasa dinoM taka bAla hai, kintu jaba pUrva hotA hai to tIna dinoM taka bAla hotA hai| pUrva meM asta hone para eka pakSa taka yaha vaddha hai, kintu pazcima meM asta hotA hai to yaha pA~ca dinoM taka vRddha hai (aura dekhie gAye, hemAdri, vrata, 1, pR0 246) / devIpurANa meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki jaba guru yA zukra siMha rAzi meM hoM to koI dhArmika karma nahIM Arambha karanA caahie| lalla (samayamayUkha meM uddhRta) kA kathana hai ki gurvAditya meM (jaba sUrya bRhaspati ke gRha meM hoM arthAt dhanu aura mIna rAzi meM hoM 6. yadi kANe ke samAna anya vidvAn lekhaka bhArata ke sAmAnya janoM dvArA sampAdita vratoM evaM utsavoM, loka-jIvana, vana-jIvana, parvata-jIvana athavA vibhinna prAntoM ke vibhinna jIvana-pahaluoM kA saiddhAntika evaM vyAvahArika adhyayana kareM aura ina sabhI adhyayanoM kA lekhA-jokhA upasthita kiyA jAya to vaha bhAratIya samAjavijJAna evaM nR-zAstra para abhUtapUrva Alekhana siddha hogaa| katipaya adhyayana ho cuke haiM, yathA pro0 bI0 ke0 sarakAra kA 'phoka elimeNTa ina hindU kalcara', zrImatI sTIveMsana kA 'rAiTsa Ava di TvAisa-bAna', aNDarahila kA hindU rilijasa Iyara', bI0 e0 gupte kA hindU hAlIDeja eNDa seromanoja', Ara0 sI0 mukarjI kA 'aizyeNTa iNDiyana phAsTa eNDa phIsTsa', zrI RgvedI kA marAThI grantha 'hisTrI Ava Aryana phesTIvalsa' aadi| kintu ina granthoM meM (aNDarahila ke grantha meM kucha dharmazAstrIya ullekha haiM) dharmazAstra-sambandhI ullekhoM kA sarvathA abhAva hai| AzA hai isa saMkSipta anuvAda se prerita hokara vidvAn jana isa mahattvapUrNa kArya meM lgeNge| -ruupaantrkaar|

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vrata-sambandhI sAhitya, vratoM ke lie kAla 25 yA jaba bRhaspati sUrya ke gRha meM hoM arthAt siMha rAzi meM ) kiye gaye karma nindya haiM / vratarAja ke anusAra narmadA ke uttara meM dhArmika kRtya siMha rAzi ke bRhaspati meM nahIM karane caahie| kintu anya sthAnoM meM kevala sihAMza meM (arthAt pUrvAphAlgunI ke prathama caraNa meM ) kartavya haiM / ratnamAlA ( 3 / 15 ) ke mata se somavAra, budhavAra, bRhaspativAra evaM zukravAra dhArmika karmoM meM zubha haiM, kintu maMgalavAra, zanivAra evaM ravivAra ko vahI karma saphala hote haiM jinake lie spaSTa rUpa se vyavasthA dI gayI ho / bhujabala (10 209 ) ke mata se maMgalavAra sabhI prakAra ke zubha karmoM ke lie anupayogI hai, kintu kRSi, adhyayana (sAmaveda ke ) evaM yuddhoM ke lie ThIka hai / kAla tathA isake vibhAjana, yathA ayanoM (uttara evaM dakSiNa), RtuoM, mAsa, pakSa, saptAha, dinoM Adi ke viSaya meM dArzanika vivecana anya vibhAga meM kiyA jAyagA / yahA~ tithiyoM ke viSaya meM vivecanA hogI / 'tithi' zabda Rgveda evaM anya vaidika saMhitAoM meM nahIM AtA / kintu Rgveda meM bhI isake viSaya meM bhAvanA evaM anubhUti avazya rahI hogI / pazcAtkAlIna vaidika granthoM meM 'amAvAsyA' ke do prakAra kahe gaye haiM, sinIvAlI ( vaha dina jaba amAvAsyA caturdazI se mila jAtI hai) evaM kuhU ( jaba amAvAsyA dUsare pakSa kI pratipadA tithi se mila jAtI hai)| isI prakAra pUrNamAsI to prakAra kI hai, anumati ( caturdazI se milI huI ) evaM rAkA ( dUsare pakSa kI pratipadA se jur3I huI) / RRgveda meM sivIvAlI ko daiva rUpa prApta hai, vaha do devoM kI bahina kahI gayI hai, use havirbhAga prApta hotA hai, usase santAna kI prArthanA kI gayI hai / bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ( 6 / 4 / 21 ) meM garbhAdhAna ke lie sinIvAlI evaM azvinoM kI ArAdhanA kI gayI hai| Rgveda ( 2 / 32 / 4-5, atharva 0 7148 / 1-2 ) kA kA bhI aisA hI ullekha hai / anumati ke lie dekhie Rgveda (10 / 59 / 6 evaM 10 / 167 / 3) / vAja0 saM0 meM prArthanA hai--' Aja anumati hamAre yajJa kA anumodana kare / ' nirukta (11 / 29) meM anumati evaM rAkA ke viSaya meM vivecana huA hai, niruktikAroM (vyutpatti karane vAloM) ke anusAra anumati evaM rAkA devoM kI patniyA~ haiM, kintu yAjJikoM ke mata se ve pUrNamAsI ke do prakAra haiM, (zruti meM) aisA jJAta hai ki prathama pUrNamAsI anumati hai aura dUsarI rAkA / isI prakAra nirukta meM sinIvAlI evaM kuhU ke viSaya meM vivecana hai ( 11 / 31 ) / atharva 0 (6 / 11 / 3 ) meM prajApati, anumati evaM sinIvAlI eka sAtha ullikhita haiM / kuhU kA ullekha atharvaveda meM huA hai, jahA~ use devatA kahA gayA hai aura yajJa meM usakA AhvAna huA hai, jisase vaha yAjaka ko sampatti evaM yoddhA putra de / 0 saM0] ( 11881) evaM za0 brA0 (9|5|1|38 ) meM anumati, rAkA, sinIvAlI evaM kucha kA ullekha hai aura ve caru (bhAta ke haviSya) kI adhikArI mAnI gayI haiN| ati prAcIna atIta meM ina zabdoM kA nirmANa kaise huA, yaha kaThina samasyA hai| 'anumati' kI vyutpatti 'man' se kI jA sakatI hai, kintu pUrNamAsI evaM caturdazI ke saMyoga ko yaha saMjJA kyoM dI gayI, isa para prakAza nahIM par3atA / sambhavataH 'kuhU kuha (kahA~) se banA hai ( R0 1124|10, 10/4012), jo usa dina ko kahA jAtA hai jaba candrakalA tirohita rahatI hai aura jaba Adima loga Azcarya meM par3a kara pUchate the "candra kahA~ jAtA hai ?" kintu 'rAkA' evaM 'sinIvAlI' kI vyutpatti dustara hai / amAvAsyA ko atharvaveda (7 / 79, 84 / 1-4 ) ne devatA ke rUpa meM sambodhita kiyA hai, jinameM prathama mantra meM yajJa meM upasthita hone tathA sampati evaM vIra putra ke lie prArthanA kI gayI hai aura dUsare mantra se saMketa milatA hai ki yaha zabda 'amA' (eka sAtha yA ghara) evaM 'vas' (vAsa karanA) se banA hai / zata0 brA0 meM AyA hai---' rAjA soma, arthAt candra devoM kA bhojana hai, jaba vaha (candra) Aja kI rAtri pUrva yA pazcima meM nahIM dikhAI detA taba vaha isa pRthivI para AtA hai aura yahA~ jaloM evaM oSadhiyoM meM praveza kara jAtA hai, vaha devoM kI sampatti evaM bhojana hai, jaba vaha (jaloM evaM oSadhiyoM ke ) sAtha rahatA hai to vaha (rAtri) 'amAvAsyA' kahalAtI hai' (126|4|5) / aura dekhie zata0 brA0 (6 2 2 16) / 4

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26 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa aitareya brAhmaNa (4015) meM AyA hai ki amAvAsyA meM candra sUrya meM mila jAtA hai| yahI bAta Apa0 dha0 sU0 meM mI hai| ataH amAvAsyA' nAma isalie par3A ki usa dina (aisI kalpanA kI gayI) candra rAtri meM jaloM evaM oSadhiyoM ke sAtha pRthivI para rahatA hai yA usa rAtri meM vaha sUrya ke sAtha rahatA hai| kabhI-kabhI nAma virodhI artha meM bhI hote haiM, mUrkha ko samajhadAra evaM vIra ko kAyara banA diyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra amAvAsyA ko darza' bhI kahA gayA hai, kyoMki usa dina candra nahIM dikhAI par3atA (kintu dUsare dina dikhAI par3a jaaygaa)| vaidika sAhitya meM eka anya prasiddha tithi hai 'aSTakA' (pUrNamAsI ke uparAnta AThavA~ dina, vizeSataH mAgha mAsa meM), jisa dina pitaroM ko piNDa diyA jAtA hai| atyanta prAcIna kAla meM bhI candra ke cAra svarUpa nirdhArita the, yathA---pUrNa candra, adha candra, candra kA pUrNa abhAva tathA usake ATha dinoM ke uparAnta / te 0 brA0 (1 / 5 / 10 / 5) meM AyA hai ki 15veM dina candra samAptasA ho jAtA hai aura punaH 15veM dina pUrNa ho jAtA hai| isase prakaTa hai ki taittirIya brAhmaNa ke pUrva yaha bhalI bhA~ti vidita thA ki cAndra mAsa meM 30 candra dina (tithiyA~ ) hote haiN| zata0 brA0 (1 / 6 / 3 / 35) meM AyA hai ki 'prajApati kI saMdhiyA~ (jor3a), jaba ve prANiyoM kI sarjanA meM pravRtta thIM, DhIlI par3a gayIM ; saMvatsara vAstava meM prajApati hai aura isake (saMvatsara ke) jor3a dina evaM rAtri ke do sandhi-sthala, pUrNamAsI, amAvAsyA evaM RtuoM ke Arambha (prathama dina) haiN| atharvaveda, taittirIya saMhitA evaM anya vaidika granthoM meM pUrNamAsI evaM amAvAsyA zabda adhikatara Ate haiM, kintu Rgveda meM ye anupasthita haiN| "Arambhika pUrNamAsI anumati hai aura bAda vAlI rAkA, isI prakAra Arambhika amAvasyA sinIvAlI hai aura bAda vAlI kuhuu|" aisI ukti aitareya brA0 (32 / 9) meM AyI hai, jahA~ yaha vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki 'yaha vahI tithi hai (jaba dhArmika kRtya kiye jAne cAhie) aura akelI hai jisase sambandhita hokara sUrya asta hotA hai aura udita hotA hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki ai0 brA0 ke pUrva tithiyoM ke viSaya meM matabheda utpanna ho gayA thaa| tithi' zabda saMhitAoM meM bhI nahIM pAyA jAtA, kintu aita0 brA0, gRhya evaM dharma sUtroM meM pAyA jAtA hai| gomilagRhyasUtra (1 / 1 / 13 evaM 2 / 8 / 12 evaM 20) ne pavitra agni sthApita karane ke viSaya meM vyavasthA dete hue zubha tithi evaM nakSatra ke samavAya kA ullekha kiyA hai aura eka sthAna para tithi evaM nakSatra tathA kevala tithi ke svAmI kA ullekha kiyA hai| kauzItakIgRhya0 (1125) ne usa tithi ko havi dene kI bAta kahI hai jisa dina zizu utpanna hotA hai aura jalAzayoM, kUpoM, pokharoM ke nirmANa ke lie zukla pakSa kI kisI zubha tithi kI vyavasthA dI hai (5 / 2) / nirukta (45) ne R0 5 / 4 / 5 meM agni ke lie prayukta 'atithi' ke do artha kiye haiM, jinameM eka hai jo dUsaroM ke gharoM meM viziSTa tithiyoM ko pahuMcatA hai| pANini meM tithi ke lie koI sUtra nahIM hai| pataJjali ne 7. atithiH abhyatitaH gRhAn bhvti| abhyeti tithiSu parakulAni iti vaa| nirukta (45) / yahA~ atithi meM 'a' 'at' (yA 'i' ?) nAmaka mUla se parikalpita kiyA gayA hai| milAie manu (3 / 112) / 'tithi' zabda 'tan' se vyutpanna hai, jisakA artha hai phailAnA, jaisA ki madhya kAla ke lekhakoM kA mata hai| 'tanyante kalayA yasmAttasmAttAstithayaH smRtaaH|' siddhAntaziromaNi (mAdhava, pR0 98 evaM puruSArthacintAmaNi, pR0 32 meM uddht)| kAlamAdhava meM AyA hai-tanoti vistArayati vardhamAnAM kSIyamANAM vA candrakalAmeko paH kAlavizeSaH sA tithiH, yadvA yathoktakalayA tanyate iti tithiH| pR0 98 /

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tithiyoM kA svarUpa aura parimANa 27 pUrNamAsI tithi kA ullekha kiyA hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki vaidika kAloM meM (kama-se-kama aitareya brAhmaNa ke pUrva) viziSTa dhArmika kRtyoM kI ucita tithiyoM ke viSaya meM vibhinna mata-matAntara the| yaha samaya lagabhaga 3000 varSa purAnA hai| 'tithi' zabda I0 pU0 800 I0 ke lagabhaga sAdhAraNa prayoga meM A gayA thaa| sUrya se 12 aMza kI dUrI taka jAne ke lie candra ko jo samaya lagatA hai usa avadhi ko tithi kahA gayA hai| sUryasiddhAnta meM AyA hai--'tithi cAndra dina hai, jaba candra sUrya ko chor3akara (amAvAsyA ke antima kSaNa para) prati dina pUrva dizA meM 12 aMza (bhAga) pAra karatA hai|' candra kI gati aniyamita hai, isalie candra 12 bhAga kamIkamI 60 ghaTikAoM meM, kabhI adhika (65 ghaTikAoM taka) meM aura kabhI-kabhI kama ghaTikAoM (54 ghaTikAoM taka) meM pAra karatA hai| isakA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki kabhI to eka dina meM eka tithi hotI hai aura kabhI do tithiyA~ ; adhikatara eka dina meM do tithiyA~ hotI haiM, arthAt prAtaHkAla chaTha hai to aparAla, sandhyAkAla evaM rAtri meM sptmii| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki eka dina meM tIna tithiyA~ hoM, arthAt somavAra ko chaTha kI kevala do ghaTikA zeSa hoM, taduparAnta saptamI kevala 56 ghaTikAoM kI avadhi kI ho aura Age aSTamI usI dina do ghaTikAe~ apane meM sameTa le| isakA ulaTA bhI hai; kevala eka tithi tIna dinoM taka calatI raha sakatI hai| udAharaNArtha, somavAra kI antima do ghaTikAe~ chaTa kI prathama do ghaTikAe~ hoM, taduparAnta maMgala kI 60 ghaTikAe~ chaTha meM hI samAhita hoM aura antima do ghaTikAe~ budha ke prAtaHkAla taka calatI rheN| jisa dina tIna tithiyA~ par3a jAtI haiM vaha rAjamArtaNDa ke anusAra ati pavitra (zubha) dina mAnA jAtA hai, kintu jaba eka tithi tIna dinoM taka calatI rahatI hai to vaha vaivAhika kAryoM ke lie azubha mAnI jAtI hai| yaha tithi AkramaNa karane, zubha dhArmika kRtya karane yA puSTikarma ke lie bhI azubha ThaharAyI gayI hai| yadi koI tithi sUryodaya ke pUrva se Arambha hotI hai athavA isakA Arambha sUryodaya se mila jAtA hai aura Age Ane vAle sUryodaya taka vaha calatI rahatI hai to aisI tithi (yathA pratipadA, dvitIyA Adi yA jo bhI ho) donoM dinoM kI hotI hai aura eka hI nAma kI do tithiyA~ eka ke uparAnta eka prakaTa hotI haiN| ise usa tithi kI vRddhi kahate haiN| yadi koI tithi sUryodaya ke kucha dera uparAnta' Arambha hotI hai aura dUsare dina sUryodaya ke pUrva samApta ho jAtI hai to isakA kisI pUre dina ke sAtha saMyoga nahIM ho sakatA, taba use paMcAMga meM nahIM rakhA jAtA aura tithikSaya mAnA jAtA hai| dina se tithi choTI hotI hai ataH vRddhi kI apekSA kSaya kA yoga adhika laga jAyA karatA hai| gobhilagRhyasUtra se prakaTa hai ki usake bahuta pahale se bahuta sI tithiyoM ke sAtha unake deva yA pati samanvita ho cuke the| varAhamihira kI bRhatsaMhitA (98 / 1-2) meM tithipatiyoM ke nAma.ye haiM--pahalA brahmA, dUsarA brahmA, tIsarA hari, cauthA yama, pA~cavA~ candra, chaThA kArtikeya, sAtavA~ indra, 8veM vasu loga, 9veM nAga loga, 10vA dharma, 11vAM savitA. 13vA~ madana, 14vA kali. 15veM vizvedeva loga tathA amAvAsyA ke pitara log| ina tithiyoM meM inake patiyoM ke anurUpa karma kiye jAne caahie| kintu anya lekhakoM ne varAhamihira se bhinna tithipatiyoM kI sUcI dI hai| dekhie ratnamAlA (2), skandapurANa (1 / 1 / 33 / 78-83), garuDa0 (1 / 137 / 16-19) evaM nAradapurANa (1156 / 133-135) / varAhamihira ne tithiyoM ko pA~ca daloM meM bA~TA hai--nandA, bhadrA, vijayA yA jayA, riktA evaM puurnnaa| unhoMne yaha kahA hai ki ina tithiyoM para inake patiyoM ke yogya karma kiye jAne cAhie aura saphalakAma honA caahie| ina tithiyoM meM kiye gaye karma unake nAma ke anurUpa phala dete haiN| nandA tithiyA~ pratipadA, SaSThI, ekAdazI haiM, bhadrA dvitIyA, saptamI, dvAdazI haiM, vijayA tRtIyA, aSTamI, trayodazI haiM, riktA caturthI, navamI evaM caturdazI haiM, pUrNA paMcamI, dazamI evaM pUrNimA haiN| AtharvaNa jyotiSa meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| usameM AyA hai ki nandA, bhadrA,

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jayA, riktA evaM pUrNA ke dina haiM krama se zukravAra, budhavAra, maMgalavAra, zanivAra evaM bRhaspativAra aura ina dinoM meM saphalatA evaM manoratha kI prApti hotI hai| pahalI se pandrahavIM tithi taka pandraha niSiddha vastuoM ke sevana se jo hAni hotI hai usake viSaya meM tithitattva (pR. 27-28) meM ullekha hai| nirNayasindhu (pR0 32) ne bhUpAla ke muhUrtadIpaka se uddharaNa dekara pahalI se pandrahavIM tithi tathA amAvAsthA ko sevana yogya vastuoM evaM niSiddha karmoM kA varNana kiyA hai| dUsarI aura bhaviSya0 (brAhmaparva, 16 // 18-20) ne pandrahoM tithiyoM meM sevana karane yogya vastuoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA dUdha pratipadA ko; puSpa dvitIyA ko; kSAra ke atirikta samI kucha tRtIyA ko; tila, dUdha, phala evaM zAka saptamI evaM aSTamI ko; ATA, binA pakA bhojana evaM ghRta ekAdazI ko, pAyasa (dUdha meM pakAyA huA cAvala), gomUtra, jau, jala jisameM kuza DAlA gayA ho| aura dekhie vAmana0 (14 / 48-51) / / tithiyoM dvArA samaya kA ginanA bahuta prAcIna kriyA hai aura bhAratIya hI hai| pazcimI vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya jyotiSa, nakSatravidyA Adi para cInI, vaibIlonI, arabI, yUnAnI prabhAvoM kI carcA to kI hai, kintu kisI ko aisA sAhasa nahIM huA ki vaha yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kare ki tithi-siddhAnta para bAhya prabhAva par3A hai| yUnAnI prabhAva ke siddhAntoM para agale prakaraNa meM varNana kiyA jaaygaa|| vaidika (evaM smArta) vyavasthAe~ tithiyoM ke anusAra do prakAra kI haiM--(1) donoM pakSoM kI ekAdazI ko karane yogya bAteM, yathA 'ekAdazI ko upavAsa karanA cAhie' tathA (2) aisI vyavasthAe~ jo ekAdazI ko vajita bAtoM para bala detI haiM, yathA 'ekAdazI ke dina nahIM khAnA caahie|' isa prakAra kI donoM vyavasthAoM ke lie tithiyA~ aMga haiN| garga ke mata se tithi, nakSatra, vAra Adi puNya evaM pApa ke sAdhana haiM, ye pradhAna karma meM sahakArI haiM, kintu svatantra rUpa se phaladAyaka nahIM haiN| tithiyoM ke do prakAra haiM--pUrNA evaM skhnnddaa| dharmasindhu meM ullikhita vibhAjanoM kA varNana kucha granthoM meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| nirNayasindhu ne do prakAra diye haiM, yathA zuddhA evaM viddhaa| tithyakaM ne sampUrNA evaM khaNDA do prakAra batAye haiN| skandapurANa meM AyA hai--"pratipatprabhRtayaH sarvA udyaadodyaadrveH| sampUrNA iti vikhyAtA hrivaasrvjitaaH||" isa viSaya meM dekhie smRtica0 (2, 10 357) evaM tithyarka (pR0 3) / jaba koI eka tithi sUryodaya se 60 nADikAoM (ghaTikAoM) taka pUre dina ko gheratI hai to use pUrNA kahate haiM (arthAt tithi kA Arambha ThIka sUryodaya se hotA hai aura anta ThIka dUsare sUryodaya ke pUrva 60 ghaTikAoM meM ho jAtA hai)| isake atirikta anya tithiyA~ sakhaNDA kahI jaayNgii| punaH sakhaNDA ke do prakAra haiM-zuddhA evaM viddhaa| zuddhA tithi vaha hai jo sUryodaya se sUryAsta taka calatI hai (zivarAtri Adi) yA ardha rAtri taka calatI hai| anya sakhaNDA tithiyA~ viddhA kahI jAtI haiN| vedha ke do prakAra haiM--prAtaHvedha evaM sandhyAvedha, 8. bhuupaalH| kUSmANDaM bRhatI kSAraM mUlaka panasaM phlm| dhAtrI ziraH kapAlAntraM nakhacarmatilAni c| kSurakAganAsevAM pratipatprabhRti tyajet // ni0 si0 (pR0 32) / dhAtrI kA artha hai Amalaka, ziraH kA nArikela, kapAla kA alAbu, antra kA paTolaka, nakha kA zimbI evaM carma kA msuurikaa| viziSTa tithiyoM meM niSiddha vastuoM ke sevana se utpanna pariNAmoM ke viSaya meM tithitattva meM vistAra ke sAtha varNana hai| 9. tithinakSatravArAdi tAdhanaM punnypaapyoH| pradhAnaguNabhAvena svAtantryeNa na te kssmaaH|| garga (tithitattva, pR0 4 dvArA uddhRt)| aura dekhie pu0 ci0 (pR0 33) /

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tithiyoM ke mAna, bheda, vedha Adi kA vicAra jinameM prathama sAmAnyataH sUryodaya se 6 ghaTikAoM taka calakara dUsarI tithi meM mila jAtA hai aura dUsarA vaha hai jo sUryAsta ke 6 ghaTikA pUrva kisI dUsarI tithi se mila jAtA hai| kucha tithiyoM meM 6 ghaTikAoM kI hI avadhi nirdhArita hotI hai| jo tithi 60 ghaTikAoM vAlI hotI hai aura sUryodaya se Arambha hotI hai arthAt jaba vaha pUrNA hotI hai to koI kaThinAI nahIM hotii| kintu dharmasindhu ke anusAra jaba zuddhA tithi hotI hai to kaThinAI utpanna ho jAtI hai| kucha sAmAnya niyama dhyAna dene yogya haiN| zruti meM AyA hai--'pUrvAlo vai devAnAM madhyandino manuSyANAmaparAla : pitaNAm' (zata0 brA0 2 / 4 / 2 / 8), arthAt dopahara ke pUrva kA samaya devoM kA, madhyAhna (dopahara) vAlA manuSyoM kA tathA aparAla vAlA pitaroM kA hai| manu (41152) meM AyA hai--'vyakti ko prAtaHkAla ye kartavya karane cAhiezarIra kI zuddhi, danta dhAvana, snAna, A~khoM meM aMjana lagAnA evaM deva-pUjA pUrvAhna meM hI ho jAnI caahie|' ataH devoM ke lie dina meM kiye jAne vAle sabhI dhArmika kRtya nirdiSTa tithiyoM meM prAtaHkAla hI kiye jAne caahie| kintu ve sabhI vrata, jo saMdhyAkAla yA rAtri meM sampAdita kiye jAne vAle hote haiM, usI tithi meM kiye jAne cAhie, bhale hI vaha kisI dUsarI tithi se mizrita (viddhA) ho| yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki mAsa ke donoM pakSoM meM sabhI tithiyA~ pUrva yA uparAnta' vAlI tithi ko tIna muhurtoM (arthAt 6 ghaTikAoM) se prabhAvita karatI haiN| kucha tithiyA~ kaI ghaTikAoM se vedha utpanna karatI haiM, yathA paMcamI 12 ghaTikAoM se SaSThI kA, dazamI 15 ghaTikAoM se ekAdazI kA vedha karatI hai| kabhI-kabhI viddhA tithiyA~ dhArmika karmoM ke yogya ThaharatI haiM, kabhI-kabhI sarvathA pratikUla ThaharatI haiN| jaba taka ucita tithi kA nizcaya na ho jAya taba taka zrota evaM smArta kRtya, vrata, dAna tathA anya karma, jaisA ki veda dvArA vyavasthita hai, ucita phala nahIM dete| vaha tithi, jo kAlavyApI hotI hai (yathA prAtaH, madhyAhna, pUre dina Adi vAlI) aura jo kisI dhArmika kRtya ke lie pratipAdita rahatI hai, vaha usa kRtya ke yogya ThaharatI hai| pahalA siddhAnta' hai ki kAla (kisI kRtya' ke lie nirdhArita samaya) kevala vistAra nahIM hai, pratyuta yaha eka nimitta (avasara) hai, jisake hone se kRtya hotA hai aura jo kRtya' usake bhItara nahIM sampAdita hotA, vaha asampAdita sA raha jAtA hai| dekhie tai0 saM0 2 / 2 / 5 / 4 / usameM AyA hai--vaha vyakti svargacyuta ho jAtA hai, jo darzapUrNamAsa kRtya karane meM pUrNamAsI yA amAvAsyA ke kAla kA atikramaNa kara detA hai|' hemAdri ne ucita kAla meM kiye jAne vAle kRtyoM kI mahattA para bala diyA hai, aura kahA hai ki ziSToM kI nindA se bacane ke lie hI gauNa kAla kA Azraya liyA jAtA hai, yA apane santoSa dene ke lie, yA jaba koI anya vikalpa nahIM hotaa| yadi koI tithi do dinoM vAlI ho aura nizcita samaya vAlI ho, yA vaha nirdiSTa samaya ke eka bhAga taka Thaharane vAlI ho, to sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki yugmavAkya dvArA nirNaya karanA caahie| udAharaNArtha, mAna liyA jAya koI vrata kisI tithi ke dopahara meM hone vAlA ho, to vaha tithi dopahara ke samaya do dinoM meM pAyI jA sakatI hai yA mAna liyA jAya ki koI tithi dopahara ke eka yA do ghaTikA uparAnta Arambha hotI hai aura dUsare dina dopahara ke pUrva eka yA do ghaTikA pahale hI samApta ho jAtI hai, to aisI sthiti meM kauna-sI tithi (pUrva-viddhA yA para-viddhA) kRtya ke lie ucita hai, isakA nirNaya sAmAnya siddhAnta ke anusAra yugmavAkya dvArA kiyA jaaygaa| yugmavAkya kA anuvAda nimna rUpa se kiyA jA sakatA hai--'nimna tithiyoM ke jor3e bar3A phala dene vAle hote haiM, yathA dvitIyA eda tRtIyA, caturthI evaM paMcamI, SaSThI evaM saptamI, aSTamI evaM navamI, ekAdazI evaM dvAdazI, caturdazI evaM pUrNimA tatha amAvAsyA evaM prtipdaa| isase viparIta, anya tithiyoM ke jor3oM se bhayaMkara hAni hotI hai, inase saMcita puNya samApta ho jAte haiN|' eka prazna pUchA jA sakatA hai--jaba dvitIyA pratipadA se yukta ho (pUrvaviddhA) aura dUsa dina tRtIyA se yukta (paraviddhA) to aisI sthiti meM dvitIyA tithi ko kiyA jAne vAlA vrata kisa tithi ke

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kiyA jAya? isakA uttara hai--sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki aisI sthiti meM jaba ki dvitIyA tRtIyA se saMyukta ho to usI ko ucita mAnA jAtA hai na ki usa dvitIyA ko jo pratipadA se saMyukta ho| isI prakAra jaba vrata tRtIyA ko sampAdita hone vAlA ho aura tRtIyA dvitIyA se saMyukta ho aura caturthI se bhI milI ho, to aisI sthiti meM dvitIyA se saMyukta tRtIyA ko ucita mAnA jAtA hai, na ki caturthI se saMyukta tRtIyA ko| pariNAma yaha nikalA ki pratipadA evaM dvitIyA, tRtIyA evaM caturthI, paMcamI evaM SaSThI, saptamI evaM aSTamI, navamI evaM dazamI, ekAdazI evaM dvAdazI, trayodazI evaM caturdazI, pUrNimA evaM pratipadA tathA amAvAsyA evaM caturdazI kA sammilana anucita ThaharatA hai|" yahA~ yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki uparyukta niyamoM meM apavAda bhI hote haiN| kucha logoM ke mata se ye niyama zukla pakSa kI tithiyoM se sambandhita haiM na ki kRSNa pakSa se| kintu aparArka (pR0 216), kAlanirNaya (pR0 172), vratakAlaviveka (bhAga 7, pR0 87), nirNayasindhu (pR0 18) ke anusAra uparyukta niyama kRSNa pakSa kI tithiyoM se bhI sambandhita ThaharAye gaye haiM, kyoMki amAvAsyA kA pratipadA se saMyukta honA ise siddha kara detA hai| yaha vicAraNIya hai ki yugmavAkya (jaba ki yaha kRSNa pakSa ke lie bhI prayukta ho) kRSNa pakSa kI pratipadA tathA donoM pakSoM kI dazamI evaM trayodazI kI ora saMketa nahIM krtaa| isa viSaya meM dekhie hemAdri (kAla, pR0 93), kA0ni0 (pR0 231), kA0 vi0 (pR0 501) / pitaroM ke kRtyoM se yugmavAkya kA sambandha nahIM hai| gRhyapariziSTa ne vyavasthA dI hai ki pitara loga usa tithi para Ate haiM jo sUryAsta ke samaya upasthita rahatI hai, aura svayaM brahmA ne aisI tithi evaM aparAha pitaroM ke lie vyavasthita kiye haiM (va0 kri0 kau0, pR0 16, 70 kA0 vi0, pR0 86, tithiviveka, pR0 222) / aba isa viSaya ke vistAra meM hama yahA~ nahIM pdd'eNge| anya bAtoM ke lie dekhie bra0 kA0 vi0 (pR0 89), va0 kri0 kau0 (pR0 10) aadi| kAlAdarza meM eka vicitra siddhAnta AyA hai ki tithiyoM ke kSaya evaM vRddhi kA kAraNa manuSyoM ke puNya evaM pApa haiN| isameM tithiyoM kI koTiyA~ yoM haiM--kharva (60 ghaTikAoM kA ucita vistAra), darpa (60 ghaTikAoM se adhika vistAra) evaM hiMsra yA hiMsA (60 ghaTikAoM se kama kA vistaar)| dekhie rAjamArtaNDa (1132) / kucha granthoM meM eka sAmAnya niyama kI vyavasthA hai ki jaba mahInA ke nAma vAle nakSatra meM pUrNimA kA candra ho aura usameM bRhaspati bhI ho to usake sAtha 'mahA' vizeSaNa lagatA hai| udAharaNArtha, kArtika kI pUrNimA usa tithi 10. yugmAgniyugabhUtAnAM ssnnmunyorvsurndhryoH| rudreNa dvAdazI yuktA caturdazyA ca puurnnimaa|| pratipadyapyamAvAsyA tithyoyugmaM mhaaphlm| etad vyastaM mahAdoSaM hanti puNyaM purA kRtam // yaha hemAdri dvArA (kAla para, pR0 67) uddhRta hai| yugma, agni, yuga, bhUta, muni, vasu, randhra evaM rudra krama se 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11 nAmaka saMkhyAoM ke sthAna para rakhe gaye haiN| mAdhyamika nibandhoM meM ye paMktiyA~ vibhinna granthoM se uddhRta mAnI gayI haiN| smRtica0 (pR0 350), aparArka (pR0 214, 216), nirNayasindhu (pR0 18) ne inheM nigama (vaidika uktiyA~) mAnA hai| kintu kAlaviveka (pR0 475), vra0 kA0 vi0 (pR0 214), va0 kri0 ko0 (pR. 2) ne inheM gRhyapariziSTa kA mAnA hai; tithitattva (pR0 3) ne inheM nigama evaM gRhmapariziSTa donoM hI ko uktiyA~ ThaharAyA hai| ye padya agnipurANa (175 // 36-37) evaM garuDapurANa (11128 / 16-17) ke haiN| aura dekhie kAlAdarza, rAjamArtaNDa (1123-24), samayapradIpa, jImUtavAhanakRta kAlaviveka (pR0 475-502) /

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karmayogya tithiyoM ke prakAra meM, jaba candra evaM bRhaspati kRttikA meM hoM, to mahAkArtikI tithi khlaayegii| rAjamArtaNDa evaM bhaviSya meM pratipAdita hai ki kucha tIrthoM meM mahAcatrI Adi tithiyoM (anya zeSa 11 'mahA' pUrNimAoM ke sAtha) ke dina snAna karane se bar3e phala prApta hote haiM, yathA prayAga meM mahAmAghI ke dina, naimiSAraNya meM mahAphAlgunI para, zAlagrAma meM mahAcaitrI para, mahAdvAra meM mahAvaizAkhI para, puruSottama meM mahAjyaiSThI para, kanakhala meM mahASAr3hI para, kedAra meM mahAzrAvaNI para, badarI meM mahAmAdrI para, kubjAmra meM mahAzvinI para, puSkara meM mahAkArtikI para, kAnyakubja meM mahAmArgazIrSI para tathA ayodhyA meM mahApauSI pr| dekhie rAjamArtaNDa (1389-1392), va0 kri0 kau0 (pR0 80, jahA~ ye bAteM bhaviSya meM likhita mAnI gayI haiM) tathA hemAdri (kAla, pR0 642) / kucha tithiyo meM bahuta-se karma niSiddha ThaharAye gaye haiN| aise kRtyoM evaM karmoM kI tAlikAe~ bar3I lambI haiN| do-eka udAharaNArtha paryApta haiN| devala (kR0 ra0, pR0 547, va0 kri0 kau0, pR0 86) meM AyA hai--paMcadazI, caturdazI aura vizeSataH aSTamI ko taila, mAMsa, vyavAya (maithuna) evaM kSurakarma kA vyavahAra nahIM honA caahie| nAradIya (1156 / 140-141) meM vyavasthA hai ki SaSThI ko taila, aSTamI ko mAMsa, caturdazI ko kSurakarma evaM pUrNimA tathA amAvAsyA, ko maithuna kA prayoga nahIM honA caahie| kucha tithiyoM meM taila, zAka, phala Adi varjita haiM (dekhie tithitttv,pR027-28)|

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adhyAya 4 pRthak-pRthak vrata : caitra pratipadA, rAmanavamI, akSayatRtIyA, parazurAma jayantI, dazaharA, sAvitrI vrata mahAbhArata meM vrata ke Arambha ke viSaya meM AyA hai' - 'jalapUrNa tAmra pAtra ko hAtha meM lekara uttarAbhimukha hokara upavAsa kA yA jo bhI vrata dhAraNa karane kI bAta mana meM uThe usakA saMkalpa karanA caahie|' devala (kalpa 0. vrata, pR0 4; sa0 pra0, kR0 20, pR0 54 ) meM AyA hai -- ( gata rAtri meM ) binA bhojana kiye, snAna karake, Acamana karake, sUrya devatA tathA anya devoM ke samakSa ghoSaNA karake vrata karanA cAhie / varAha0 ( 39 32; kA0 ni0 268; vra0 kri0 kau0, pR0 60 - 61; ti0 ta0, pR0 110 aura dekhie nAradIya0 1123315, jahA~ samAna zloka AyA hai) meM isa prakAra kA saMkalpa hai -- ekAdazI ko nirAhAra rahakara maiM dUsare dina khAU~gA, he puNDarIkAkSa (viSNu), he acyuta, Apa mere Azraya baneM / ' upavAsa yA vrata ke lie saMkalpa prAtaH karanA caahie| dina kA pahalA pA~cavA~ bhAga, jo tIna ghaTikAoM kA hotA hai, prAtaH kahalAtA hai / jaba tithi prAtaHkAla nahIM Arambha hotI, pratyuta aparAhna meM Arambha hotI hai, taba mI saMkalpa prAtaHkAla hI kiyA jAtA hai / yaha taba kiyA jAtA hai jaba ki vrata usI tithi ko kiyA jAne vAlA hotA hai, bhale hI vaha viddhA ho / jaba saMkalpa nahIM kiyA jAtA to vyakti ko vrata kA phala bahuta kama hotA hai aura AdhA puNya samApta ho jAtA hai| aba hama vibhinna tithiyoM ko kiye jAne vAle pRthak-pRthak vratoM kA vivecana kreNge| sarvaprathama pratipakSavrata para prakAza DAleMge / hama Age ke prakaraNa meM yaha likheMge ki prAcIna evaM mAdhyamika kAloM meM kisa prakAra varSArambha karane vAle mAsa vibhinna dezoM meM vibhinna the / yahA~ caitra kI pratipadA se Arambha kareMge aura mAsa kA amAvAsyA ( amAnta ) se anta samajheMge aura caitra se Arambha kara pratyeka mAsa evaM usakI tithiyoM meM kiye jAne vAle vratoM evaM utsavoM kA ullekha kreNge| zeSa kA vivaraNa vratoM kI sUcI meM upasthita kiyA jAyagA / 1. gRhItvAdumbaraM pAtraM vAripUrNamudamukhaH / upadhAsaM tu gRhNIyAdvA saMkalpayed budhaH // devatAstasya tuSyanti kAmikaM tasya sidhyati / anyathA tu vRthA martyAH klizyanti svalpabuddhayaH // zAnti0 ( kAlaviveka, pR0 456 kalpataru, vrata, pR0 4; kR0 ra0, pR0 54, va0 kri0 kau0, pR0 61 meM uddhRta), anuzAsanaparva ( 126 / 20 ) meM yahI bAta kucha zabda-antaroM ke sAtha AyI hai / aura dekhie ti0 ta0 ( pR0 110 ) / 2. saMkalpa karaNe phalahAnimAha bhaviSyapurANe / saMkalpena vinA rAjan yatkiMcitkurute naraH / phalaM cAlpAlpakaM tasya dharmasyArdhakSayo bhavet // kRtyakalpa 0 ( pR0 424) /

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navavarSArambha kI pratipadA 33 bhArata ke una bhAgoM meM, jahA~ varSa kA Arambha caitra se hotA hai, pratipadA tithi ko loga dhAmika kRtyoM evaM zubha AyojanoM dvArA manAte haiN| caitra ke zukla pakSa kI pratipadA tithi ke kRtyoM para brahmapurANa meM jo AyA hai usa para kAloM ke nibandhoM meM lambA AkhyAna hai, yathA kalpataru (nayatakAla, pR0 377-382), hemAdri (vrata, mAga 1, pR0 360-365), kRtyaratnAkara (pR0 103-110), vratarAja (pR0 49-53) / usa purANa meM AyA hai ki brahmA ne caitra mAsa ke zukla pakSa ke prathama dina sUryodaya ke samaya saMsAra kA nirmANa kiyA aura usI dina se kAlagaNanA kA zubhArambha huaa| usI dina saba kalmaSoM (pApoM) ko nAza karane vAlI mahAzAnti kA kRtya kiyA jAnA caahie| sarvaprathama brahmA kI pUjA sabhI khyAta upacAroM ke sAtha kI jAnI cAhie, isake uparAnta 'om' evaM 'namaH' ke sAtha anya devoM kI pUjA, pratyeka pala se lekara sabhI yugoM kI, dakSa kI kanyAoM kI tathA anta meM viSNu kI pUjA honI caahie| isake uparAnta brAhmaNoM kA sammAna bhojana evaM dakSiNA se karanA cAhie, sambandhiyoM evaM bhRtyoM ko bheMTa yA dAna denA cAhie, yaviSTha nAmaka agni meM homa karanA cAhie, viziSTa bhojana banavAnA cAhie tathA bar3e-bar3e utsava kiye jAne caahie| bhaviSyapurANa (brAhmaparva, 16144; hemAdri, vrata, pR0 336 evaM varSakriyAkaumudI, pa0 28 meM uddhata) meM AyA hai ki yaha tithi brahmA dvArA sarvazreSTha tithi ghoSita haI hai aura ise sarvaprathama pada (sthAna milA hai, ata: ise pratipadA kahA jAtA hai| caitra pratipadA ko varSa ke svAmI kI pUjA hotI hai, usa dina pratyeka gRhastha dvArA toraNa evaM patAkAe~ lagAyI jAtI haiN| usa dina tela lagAkara snAna karanA cAhie, nIma kI pattiyA~ khAyI jAnI cAhie~, zaka yA saMvat kA nAma (phala) paMcAMga se sunanA caahie| isI prakAra varSa ke svAmI, devatAoM (varSa ke mantriyoM), annoM evaM dravoM Adi ke devoM ke nAma sunane caahie| Ajakala bhI ye kRtya' deza meM kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM kiye jAte haiN| pratipadA kA zubhArambha prAtaHkAla hotA hai| jaba pratipadA do dinoM taka sUryodaya ke samaya ho to prathama kA varaNa karanA cAhie, kintu yaha kisI dina sUryodaya ke samaya na ho to pUrvaviddhA kA hI varaNa honA caahie| udAharaNArtha, yadi sUryodaya ke uparAnta cAra ghaTikAoM taka amAvAsyA ho to pratipadA 56 ghaTikAoM kI usa dina tathA kucha ghaTikA dUsare dina taka rahatI hai, aisI sthiti meM amAvAsyA se saMbaddha hone para bhI varSa kA Aramma ho jAtA hai aura dUsare dina para-viddhA hone para dvitIyA tithi ko pratipadA nahIM mAnanA caahie| yadi caitra meM malamAsa hoto bahuta-se logoM ke mata se malamAsa vAlI pratipadA se varSa kA Arambha mAna liyA jAnA caahie|' samayamayUkha ke anusAra jaba caitra malamAsa ho to varSa evaM vasanta kA Arambha isI se hotA hai, kintu tela se snAna evaM varSaphala kA zravaNa zuddha mAsa se karanA caahie| dharmasindhu (pR0 38) meM AyA hai ki taila-snAna Adi kRtyoM ke saMkalpa meM naye varSa kA uccAraNa malamAsa ke prathama dina se honA cAhie, kintu dhvajAropaNa, nimbapatrAzana, vatsarAdi phalazravaNa zuddha mAsa meM kiye jAne caahie| sAmAnya vizvAsa hai ki caitra-zukla pratipadA varSa ke 3 // atyanta mahattvapUrNa muhUrtoM meM eka hai| sAmrAjya-lakSmIpIThikA (pR0 128-132) meM caitra-zukla ke isa mahAn utsava kA 3. caitrasya malamAsatve tailAbhyaMgazakazravaNAdi zuddha eva kAryam / yadyapi vatsaravasantayoH pravRttirmAtA tathApi tatprayuktakRtyam-SaSTyA tu divasarmAsaH kathito baadraaynnH| pUvamadhaM parityajya kartavyA uttare kriyA // iti vacanAdutkRSyottara eva kaarym| sa0 ma0 (pR0 13) / pu0 ci0 (pR0 57) ne isa mata kA virodha kiyA hai| varSakriyAkaumudI (pR0 227) ne 'pUrvamadhU parityajya uttarArdha prazasyate' par3A hai| aura dekhie rAjamArtaNDa (kAlaviveka, pR0 139), jyotiHshaastr|

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34 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vistArapUrvaka varNana hai, jo sarvaprathama rAjA yA pramukha adhikArI yA sAta gAMva vAle bhUmipati dvArA manAyA jAnA caahie| caitra mAsa kI dUsarI mahattvapUrNa tithi hai navamI, jo zukla pakSa meM hotI hai aura jisa dina viSNu ke sAtaveM avatAra rAma kI jayantI manAyI jAtI hai aura usa dina rAmanavamI vrata kiyA jAtA hai| isa viSaya meM hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 941-946), va0 kri0 kau0 (pR0 523-529), tithitattva (pR0 59-62), nirNayasindhu (pR0 83-86), mukundavana yati ke ziSya Anandavana' yati kI agastyasaMhitA evaM rAmArcanacandrikA Adi nibandhoM meM vistAra ke sAtha varNana hai| yaha vicitra bAta hai ki isakA ullekha kRtyakalpataru meM, jo kRtyoM para eka mahattvapUrNa grantha hai, nahIM miltaa| pratIta hotA hai. rAma-sampradAya kI prasiddhi kRSNa-sampradAya ke uparAnta hii| amarakoza ne viSNu, nArAyaNa, kRSNa, vAsudeva, devakInandana evaM dAmodara ko eka-dUsare kA paryAya mAnA hai, isane rAma (dAzarathi) kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, pratyuta use haladhara kA paryAya mAnA hai| yahA~ hama rAmanavamI kA saMkSipta ullekha kreNge| rAmArcanacandrikA evaM vratArka meM pratipAdita hai ki isakA sampAdana samI loga kara sakate haiM, yahA~ taka ki isake adhikArI cANDAla bhI haiN| ___ agastyasaMhitA (hemAdri, vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 941) meM AyA hai ki rAma kA janma caitra mAsa ke zukla pakSa kI navamI ko madhyAhna meM huA thA, usa samaya punarvasu nakSatra meM candra thA, candra aura bRhaspati donoM samanvita the, pA~ca graha apanI ucca avasthA meM the, lagna karkaTaka thA aura sUrya meSa rAzi meM thaa| mAdhava ke kAlanirNaya (pR0 229-230) meM AyA hai--'jaba navamI do tithiyoM meM ho, taba yadi vaha pahalI tithi ke madhyAhna meM ho to vrata usI dina honA caahie| kintu yadi navamI donoM dinoM ke madhyAhna meM par3atI ho, yA jaba kisI bhI dina madhyAhna ko navamI na ho to dazamI se yukta navamI meM vrata honA cAhie, na ki aSTamI se yukta navamI meN| yadi navamI punarvasu se saMyukta ho to vaha tithi atyanta punIta ThaharatI hai| yadi aSTamI, navamI evaM punarvasu eka sthAna para hoM taba bhI navamI dUsare dina (arthAt dazamI se saMyukta vimI) honI caahie| anya vistAroM ko hama yahIM chor3ate haiN| aisA kucha logoM kA mata hai ki rAmanavamI nitya vrata hai aura saba ke lie hai, kintu kucha anya lekhakoM ke mata se yaha kevala rAma-bhaktoM ke lie nitya hai aura anya logoM ke lie, jo viziSTa phala (pApa-mukti yA saMsAranivRtti yA mukti) cAhate haiM, kAmya hai| agastyasaMhitA meM AyA hai--'yaha saba ke lie hai, yaha sAMsArika Ananda evaM mukti ke lie hai| vaha vyakti bhI, jo azuddha hai, pApiSTha hai, yaha sarvottama vrata karake saba se sammAna pAtA hai, aura aisA ho jAtA hai mAno sAkSAt rAma ho| jo vyakti rAmanavamI ke dina bhojana karatA hai vaha kumbhIpAka meM ghora kaSTa pAtA hai| jo vyakti eka rAmanavamI vrata bhI kara letA hai usakI sabhI icchAeM pUrNa ho jAtI haiM aura usake pApa kaTa jAte haiN| aura bhI AyA hai----'usa dina sadA upavAsa karanA cAhie, rAma-pUjA karanI cAhie, use rAtri 4. sarveSAmapyayaM dharmo bhuktimuktyeksaadhnm| azucirvApi pApiSThaH kRtvevaM vrtmuttmm| pUjyaH syAt sarvabhUtAnAM yathA rAmastathaiva sH| yastu rAmanavamyAM tu bhuGkte sa ca nraadhmH| kumbhIpAkeSu ghoreSu pacyate nAtra sNshyH||...ekaampi naro bhaktyA zrIrAmanavamIM mune| upoSya kRtakRtyaH syAtsarvapApaiH prmucyte|| agastyasaMhitA (hemAdri, vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 942) / aura dekhie ni0 si0 (pR0 84), smR0 mu0 (kAla, pR0 836) /

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rAmanavamI-vrata bhara pRthivI para baiThakara jAgaraNa karanA caahie|' yahA~ 'sadA' zabda se prakaTa hotA hai ki yaha 'nitya' vrata hai kintu anya logoM ke mata se yaha kAmya' hai, kyoMki yahA~ pApa se mukti kA phala bhI milatA hai| nirNayasindhu evaM tithitattva jaise granthoM kA niSkarSa hai ki yaha 'nitya' evaM 'kAmya' donoM hai, jaisA ki "saMyogapRthaktva" nAmaka mImAMsA kA nyAya kahatA hai ; 'agnihotra' ke prakaraNa meM veda kA kahanA hai-~'vaha agni meM dadhi kA homa karatA hai'; vahIM dUsarA vacana hai--'jo zArIrika zakti cAhatA hai use agni meM dadhi kA homa karanA caahie|' artha yaha hai ki do bhinna vAkyoM meM 'dadhi' zabda alaga-alaga varNita hai, ataH dadhi ke sAtha homa nitya bhI hai aura kAmya bhii| hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 941-946), ni0 si0 (pR0 83-86), tithitattva (pR0 59-62), kR0 ta0 vi0 (pR0 96-98), vratarAja (pR0 319-29), vratArka (172-182) meM rAmanavamI vrata kI vidhi isa prakAra hai--caitra ke zukla pakSa kI aSTamI ke dina bhakta ko snAna karanA cAhie, sandhyA karanI cAhie, eka aise brAhmaNa ko Amantrita kara sammAnita karanA cAhie jo vedajJa ho, zAstrajJa ho, rAma kI pUjA meM bhakti rakhatA ho, rAma-bhaktoM kI vidhi jAnatA ho, aura usase prArthanA karanI cAhie, 'maiM rAma kI pratimA kA dAna karanA cAhatA huuN|' isake uparAnta zarIra meM lagAne ke lie usa brAhmaNa ko tela denA cAhie, snAna karAnA cAhie, zveta vastra pahanAnA cAhie, puSpa denA cAhie, use sAtvika bhojana denA cAhie aura svayaM bhI vahI khAnA cAhie tathA sadA rAma kA dhyAna karanA caahie| usa dina rAtri meM use evaM AcArya (sammAnita brAhmaNa) ko binA bhojana kiye rahanA cAhie, dina bhara rAma-kathAe~ sunanI cAhie aura svayaM tathA AcArya ko pRthivI para hI sulAnA cAhie (khATa para nhiiN)| dUsare dina prAtaHkAla uThakara, snAna, sandhyA-vandana karanA cAhie, cAra dvAroM vAle dhvajAsaMyukta maNDapa kA nirmANa karanA cAhie, aura toraNa, dhvajA evaM puSpoM se alaMkRta karanA caahie| pUrva dvAra para zaMkha, cakra evaM garur3a, dakSiNa meM dhanuSa evaM bANa, pazcima meM gadA, talavAra evaM keyUra, uttara meM kamala, svastika-cihna evaM nIle ratna rakhane caahie| maNDapa meM cAra aMgula U~cI vedikA banAnI cAhie aura maNDapa meM pavitra gAnoM evaM nRtyoM kA Ayojana honA caahie| use brAhmaNoM se AzIrvAda grahaNa karanA cAhie aura taba saMkalpa karanA cAhie ki 'maiM rAmanavamI ke dina pUrNa upavAsa karU~gA aura rAma-pUjA meM saMlagna rAma kI svarNa-pratimA banavA kara rAma ko prasanna karane ke lie usakA dAna karUMgA'; isake uparAnta vaha kahe--'mere gambhIra pApoM ko rAma dUra kreN|' rAma kI mUrti ra para rakhanA cAhie, isa mUrti ke do hAtha hone cAhie; jAnakI kI mUrti rAmamUrti kI dAhinI jA~gha para honI caahie| mUrti ko paMcAmRta se snAna karAnA caahie| isake uparAnta mUlamantra kA pATha honA cAhie aura nyAsoM kI pratiSThA honI caahie| utsava. yA pUjA madhyAhna meM kI jAtI hai| Rgveda ke solaha mantroM (10190) evaM paurANika mantroM ke sAtha solaha upacAroM se rAma kI pratimA kA pUjana karanA cAhie, pratimA ke vibhinna aMgoM kI bhI pUjA karanI cAhie (zrI rAmabhadrAya namaH pAdau pUjayAmi aadiH)| isake uparAnta mUla mantra ke sAtha vedikA 5. vaidika mantroM (R0 10 / 90 ke solaha mantroM) ke sAtha zarIra ke katipaya aMgoM kA sparza se pavitrIkaraNa hI nyAsa hai| mUla mantra yA to 6 akSara haiM, yathA 'zrI rAma rAma rAma' yA 13 akSara haiM, yathA 'zrIrAma jaya rAma jaya jaya raam|' Ajakala pujArI loga R0 10 // 3 // 3 ko vaidika mUlamantra ke rUpa meM kahate haiM-'bhadro bhadrayA sacamAna AgAt svasAraM jAro abhyeti pshcaat| suptaketairyubhiragnivitiSThan ruzadbhivaNairabhi raammsthaat|' yahA~ 'rAma' zabda AyA hai, kintu dUsare artha meN| sAyaNa ne artha kiyA hai-'rAmaM kRSNaM zArvaraM tmH|'

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26 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa para yA kuNDa meM homa karanA cAhie aura punaH sAdhAraNa agni meM ghRta' yA pAyasa (dUdha evaM zakkara meM pakAye hue cAvala) kI 108 AhutiyAM denI caahie| isake uparAnta AcArya ko kaMkaNa, kuNDala, a~gUThI, puSSoM, vastroM Adi se sammAnita karanA cAhie aura nimnalikhita mantra kA pATha karanA cAhie--'he rAma, Aja maiM Apa se anugraha prApta karane ke lie ApakI isa svarNa-pratimA ko, jo alaMkAroM evaM vastroM se sajjita hai, dAna-rUpa meM duuNgaa|' use AcArya ko dakSiNA tathA anya brAhmaNoM ko sonA, gAya, vastroM kA joDA, anna yathAzakti denA cAhie aura brAhmaNoM ke sAtha bhojana karanA caahie| aisA karane se vaha brAhmaNa-hatyA jaise mahApAtakoM evaM jaghanya pApoM se chuTakArA pA letA hai| jo vyakti yaha vrata karatA hai mAno apane hAtha meM mukti dhAraNa kara letA hai aura sUryagrahaNa para kurukSetra meM tulApuruSa ke dAna kA puNya prApta karatA hai (dekhie tulApuruSa mahAdAna ke lie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa do)| hemAdri meM apekSAkRta saMkSipta ullekha hai, kintu tithitattva (pR0 61-62), ni0 si0 (pR0 85), vratArka ne agastyasaMhitA se adhika grahaNa kara vistAra ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai| unake mata se rAma-pratimA ke pArzva meM bharata, zatrughna evaM lakSmaNa kI (hAtha meM dhanuSa ke sAtha) evaM dazaratha kI mUrtiyA~ bhI dAhinI ora hoM tathA kausalyA kI pratimA kI bhI pUjA honI cAhie jisake sAtha paurANika mantra kahe jAne caahie| rAmArcanacandrikA ne dasa evaM pA~ca AvaraNoM kI pUjA kI bhI carcA kI hai| rAmanavamI kA vrataH caitra ke malamAsa meM nahIM kiyA jaataa| yahI bAta janmASTamI evaM anya vratoM ke sAtha bhI pAyI jAtI hai| vartamAna samaya meM bahuta-se loga rAmanavamI para upavAsa nahIM karate, aura kadAcit hI koI homa yA pratimA-dAna karatA hai, kintu madhyAhna kAla meM rAma-mandiroM meM utsava kiye jAte haiN| Ajakala nAsika, tirupati, ayodhyA evaM rAmezvara meM bar3I dhUmadhAma ke sAtha yaha utsava manAyA jAtA hai aura sahasroM vyakti vahA~ jAte haiN| Ajakala 'rAma' nAma se bar3hakara koI anya nAma hinduoM kI cihvA para nahIM pAyA jaataa| - vaizAkha mAsa meM zukla pakSa kI tRtIyA eka mahattvapUrNa tithi hai| ise akSaya-tRtIyA kahate haiN| viSNudharmasUtra meM isakA ati prAcIna ullekha hai| mastya0 (65 / 1-7), nAradIya0 (1 / 112 / 10) meM yaha ullikhita hai| vahA~ AyA hai ki isa dina upavAsa karanA cAhie, vAsudeva kI pUjA akSata cAvala se kI jAnI cAhie, unase agni meM homa karanA cAhie tathA unakA dAna karanA caahie| isa prakAra ke kRtya' se vyakti sabhI pApoM se chuTakArA pAtA hai, jo kucha usa dina dAna kiyA jAtA hai, vaha akSaya ho jAtA hai| matsya0 meM AyA hai ki usa dina jo bhI kucha diyA jAtA hai, yA jisakA yajJa kiyA jAtA hai yA jo kucha kahA jAtA hai (japa), vaha phala rUpa meM akSaya hotA hai, isa tithi kA upavAsa bhI akSaya phala dene vAlA hotA hai, yadi isa tRtIyA meM kRttikA nakSatra ho to vaha viziSTa rUpa se phala dene yogya ThaharatI hai| bhaviSya0 (30 / 1-19) meM isakA vistAra se ullekha hai| usameM AyA hai-'yaha yugAdi tithiyoM meM parigaNita hotI hai, kyoMki kRta yuga (satya yuga) kA Arambha isI se huA, isa dina jo kucha bhI kiyA jAtA hai, yathA snAna, dAna, japa, agni-homa, vedAdhyayana, pitaroM ko jalatarpaNa-sabhI akSaya hote haiN|' isameM vyavasthA hai ki isa tithi meM jala-pAtroM, chatroM evaM pAdatrANoM ke dAna se inameM kamI nahIM par3atI, isI se ise akSaya tRtIyA kahate haiN| dekhie vi0 dha0 sU0 (90 / 16-17) / kannauja ke rAjA govindacandra ke 'lAra' nAmaka dAna-patroM se patA calatA hai ki saM0 1202 meM maMgala kI akSaya tRtIyA (apraila 15, 1146 I0)

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akSaya tRtIyA, parazurAmajayantI, dazaharA 37 ke dina rAjA ne gaMgA meM snAna karake kisI zrIdhara Thakkura ko eka grAma dAna diyA (epi0 iNDikA, bhAga 7, pR0 79) / jaba tRtIyA pUrvAhna meM hotI hai to uparyukta dhArmika kRtya kiye jAte haiM, kintu jaba vaha do dino taka rahatI hai to unameM pazcAtkAlIna vAlI vrata ke lie upayukta ThaharAyI gayI hai / vistAra se adhyayana ke lie dekhie hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 500 512 evaM kAla, pR0 618 ), vratarAja ( pR0 93-96) evaM smR0 kau0 ( pR0 109) / isa tithi meM yugAdi zrAddha ke piNDa nahIM diye jAte / akSaya tRtIyA varSa bhara ke atyanta zubha 3 || dinoM meM se eka hai (yaha svayaM hai hai ) | vaizAkha ke zukla pakSa kI tRtIyA ko parazurAmajayantI bhI manAyI jAtI hai / " isakA sampAdana rAtri ke prathama prahara meM hotA hai (sUryAstottaraM trimuhUrtaH pradoSaH, dharmasindhu, pR0 9 ) / skanda0 evaM bhaviSya meM AyA hai ki vaizAkha zukla pakSa kI tRtIyA ko reNukA ke garbha se viSNu utpanna hue, usa samaya nakSatra punarvasu thA, prahara prathama thA, chaha graha ucca the aura rAhu mithuna rAzi meM thA / parazurAma kI pratimA kI pUjA kI jAtI hai aura 'jamadagnisuto vIraH kSatriyAntakaraH prabho / gahANArghyaM mayA dattaM kRpayA paramezvara // ' (dharmasindhu, pu0 46 ) nAmaka mantra ke sAtha a diyA jAtA hai| yadi tRtIyA 'zuddhA' (anya tithi se na milI huI ) ho to usa dina upavAsa karanA cAhie, kintu yadi tRtIyA do dinoM vAlI ho, prathama prahara vAlI thor3I bhI sandhyAkAla meM ho to uparAnta vAle dina ko vrata kiyA jAnA cAhie, nahIM to (yadi tRtIyA viddhA ho aura rAtri ke prathama prahara se Age na bar3he ) to do dinoM meM pahale vAle dina upavAsa karanA cAhie / parazurAma ke kucha mandira bhI haiM, vizeSataH koMkaNa meM, yathA ciplUna meM, jahA~ parazurAmajayantI bar3I dhUmadhAma se manAyI jAtI hai| dekhie ni0 si0 ( 1095 ), smR0 kaustubha ( pR0 112), pu0 ci0 (89), hemAdri ( vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 117 ) jahA~ vistAra se varNana hai / bhArata ke bahuta se bhAgoM meM yaha jayantI nahIM manAyI jAtI| kintu dakSiNa meM isakA sampAdana hotA hai| jyeSTha ke zukla pakSa kI dazamI ko dazaharA nAmaka vrata kiyA jAtA hai / brahmapurANa ( 63 / 15 ) meM AyA hai| ki jyeSTha zukla pakSa kI dazamI ko 'dazaharA' kahate haiM kyoMki yaha dasa pApoM ko naSTa karatI hai (dekhie va0 kri0 kau0, pR0 280 ) / manu (12 / 5-7 ) ne dasa pApoM ko tIna zreNiyoM meM bA~TA hai, yathA kAyika, vAcika evaM mAnasa / rAjamArtaNDa (1397-1405 ) ne isa vrata kA varNana kiyA hai| ni0 si0 ( pR0 98 ) tathA anya nibandhoM meM isakA anya AdhAra mAnA gayA hai, yathA jyeSTha zukla dazamI ko maMgalavAra ( varAha0 ke anusAra ) yA budhavAra ( skanda0 ke anusAra ), hasta nakSatra, vyAtipAta, gara (karaNa), Ananda yoga para, jaba ki candra evaM sUrya kramazaH kanyA evaM vRSabha rAziyoM meM hoM; jaba ye saba hoM yA inameM adhikAMza hoM, to vyakti ko gaMgA snAna karake pApamukta honA caahie| budhavAra evaM hasta se Ananda yoga hotA hai| aisA kalpita hai ki isI tithi para gaMgA 6. mahAbhArata meM parazurAma kI gAthA ( yathA 21 bAra kSatriyoM kA nAza karanA, kazyapa ko pRthivI kA dAna, rAma ke milane para vIratA kA hrAsa, mahendra parvata para nivAsa, pazcimI sAgara ko pIche haTA denA Adi ) pAyI jAtI hai| dekhie Adi0 (2 / 3, 103 / 62), sabhA0 (1412), vana0 ( 116 14, 11719 ), udyoga0 ( 178/62), droNa0 (70), karNa 0 (4213 - 9 ), zalya0 ( 49 / 7-10 ) / parazurAma ke viSaya meM purANoM meM bhI ullekha hai, dekhie brahma0 (213 / 113 - 123 ), vAyu0 (91 / 67-86), brahmANDa 0 ( 3 / 21-47 evaM 57-58, jahA~ gokarNa evaM zUrpAraka kI rakSA kI hai), viSNudharmottara ( 1 / 35 ) / inameM se kucha anuzrutiyA~ 2000 varSa se adhika prAcIna hoNgii| raghuvaMza ( 6 42, 1164 91 ) meM bhI parazurAma-sambandhI kiMvadantiyoM kA ullekha hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pRthivI para maMgalavAra ko hasta nakSatra meM avatarita huIM, ataH prArambhika rUpa meM yaha vrata dazAzvamegha para gaMgAsnAna, pUjA evaM dAna se sambandhita thaa| Age calakara yaha kisI bhI bar3I nadI meM snAna karane, arghya, tila evaM jala-tarpaNa se sambandhita ho gyaa| anya bAtoM ke vistAra ke lie dekhie kAzIkhaNDa, tristhalIsetu, kRtyatattva (431), vratarAja (pR0 352-355), pu0 ci0 (pR0 144-145) / Ajakala gaMgotsava adhikatara kRSNA, godAvarI, narmadA evaM gaMgA ke taTa para avasthita grAmoM evaM nagaroM meM kiyA jAtA hai| vArANasI, prayAga, haridvAra, nAsika meM yaha utsava bar3I dhUmadhAma se manAyA jAtA hai| yadi jyeSTha meM malamAsa ho to usI mAsa meM ise kiyA jAnA caahie| jyeSTha kI pUrNimA (uttara meM amAvasyA) ko sadhavA nAriyA~ bhArata ke katipaya bhAgoM meM Ajakala bhI sAvitrI vrata yA vaTasAvitrI vrata karatI haiN| mahAbhArata (vana0, adhyAya 293-299) evaM purANoM (matsya, adhyAya 208-214; skanda0, prabhAsakhaNDa, adhyAya 166; viSNudharmottara (2 / 36-41) meM bhAratIya nAriyoM ke samakSa pativratA ke Adarza ke rUpa meM sAvitrI kI kathA bahuta hI prasiddha rahI hai| sAvitrI evaM satyavAn kI kathA bar3I mArmika hai aura isakA ullekha bar3I sadAzayatA ke sAtha hotA rahA hai| hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 258-272) ne bhaviSyottara se prApta brahmasAvitrI vrata tathA skanda0 se vaTasAvitrI vrata kA ullekha kiyA hai| kintu prathama bhAdrapada meM trayodazI se lekara pUrNimA taka tIna dinoM meM manAyA jAtA hai na ki jyeSTha meM, aura dvitIya jyeSTha kI pUrNimA ko sadhavA dvArA yA putrahIna vidhavA dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| vratakAlaviveka (pR0 20) ne dvitIya arthAt vaTasAvitrI vrata ko mahAsAvitrI vrata kahA hai| nirNayasindhu (pR0100) ne hemAdri dvArA ullikhita isa vrata ko bhAdrapada meM mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki yaha una dinoM pracalita thaa| vrataprakAza meM brahmasAvitrI vrata kA ullekha hai| kintu Aja kA pracalita vaTasAvitrI vrata dasavIM zatAbdI ke bahuta pahale se sampAdita hotA rahA hogaa| agni0 (194 / 5-8) ne saMkSepa meM eka vrata kA ullekha kiyA hai jo tattvoM ke AdhAra para Aja ke vaTasAvitrI vrata ke samAna hI hai| rAjamArtaNDa (1394, kR0 ra0, pR0 192, varSakriyAkaumudI, pR0 260, tithitattva, pR0 121) kA kathana hai--'jyeSTha zukla caturdazI ko zraddhAsamanvita nAriyA~ vaidhavya se chuTakArA pAne ke lie sAvitrI vrata karatI haiN| dakSiNa meM isakA anusaraNa hotA hai| ni0 si0 ne bhaviSya ke AdhAra para kahA hai ki yaha vrata amAvAsyA ko kiyA jAtA hai, kintu kRtyatattva (pR0 430) evaM tithitattva (pR0 121) ke anusAra yaha vrata jyeSTha kI pUrNimA ke uparAnta kRSNa caturdazI ko hotA hai| yadi pUrNimA do dinoM vAlI hoto vrata caturdazI ko pUrNimA se viddhA hone kI dazA meM kiyA jAnA caahie| yaha vrata tIna dinoM taka kiyA jAtA hai aura dvAdazI yA trayodazI se Arambha kiyA jAtA hai| kintu yadi caturdazI 18 ghaTikAoM kI ho aura usake uparAnta pUrNimA A jAya to caturdazI ko chor3a diyA jAtA hai (kAla-nirNaya, pR0 301) / vaTa kI pUjA kA sambandha sambhavataH isa bAta se hai ki jaba satyavAn kI mRtyu kI ghar3I AyI to usane vaTa vRkSa kI chAyA kA Azraya liyA, usakI zAkhA kA sahArA liyA tathA avaruddha zvAsa se sAvitrI se kahA ki mere sira meM pIr3A hai| vratarAja (312-320) evaM anya madhya kAla ke granthoM meM vidhi kA varNana hai| 'maiM apane pati evaM putroM kI lambI Ayu evaM svAsthya tathA isa loka evaM paraloka meM vaidhavya se mukti ke lie sAvitrI vrata karU~gI' aisA kahakara strI isa vrata kA saMkalpa karatI hai| use vaTa ke mUla para jala chir3akanA cAhie, isake cAroM ora dhAgA bAMdhanA cAhie,

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vaTa sAvitrI - zrata 39 upacAroM ke sAtha usakI pUjA karanI cAhie aura apane saundarya, sadnAma, sampatti evaM vaidhavya -mukti ke lie sAvitrI kI pUjA (mUrti kI yA kevala mAnasika rUpa se ), usake paira se Upara taka kA smaraNa karake karanI caahie| isake uparAnta yama evaM nArada kI pUjA karanI cAhie aura pujArI ko 'vAyana' arthAt dAna denA cAhie aura dUsare dina upavAsa tor3anA cAhie / baMgAla meM vaTasAvitrI vrata ke sthAna para jyeSTha kRSNa pakSa kI caturdazI ko sAvitrI caturdazI mAnI jAtI hai| yaha caudaha varSoM kI hotI hai| yadi strI tIna dinoM taka upavAsa ke yogya na ho to vaha trayodazI ko nakta, caturdazI ko ayAcita bhojana tathA pUrNimA ko vrata kre|" 7. trirAtraM niyamaM kuryAdupavAsasya bhaktitaH / azaktA cet trayodazyAM naktaM kuryAjjitendriyA / ayAcitaM caturdazyAM paurNamAsyAmupoSaNam // bhaviSyottara (hemAdri, vrata, bhAga 2, pR0 269 dvArA uddhRta) / brahmasAvitrI vrata ke lie dekhie hemAdri (bhAga 2, pRSTha 269-272 ) jahA~ brahmA kI patnI sAvitrI kI, jo hAthoM meM vINA evaM pustaka liye rahatI haiM, pUjA kA ullekha hai|

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adhyAya 5 ekAdazI ASAr3ha mAsa meM saba se mahattvapUrNa tithi hai ekAdazI / purANoM evaM madhyakAla ke nibandhoM meM ekAdazI ke viSaya meM eka vizAla sAhitya hai| ekAdazI para to pRthak rUpa se kaI nibandha haiM, yathA zUlapANi kA ekAdazIviveka evaM raghunandana kA ekAdazItattva / inake atirikta kAlaviveka ( pR0 425 451), hemAdri ( kAla, pR0 145 - 288 ), mAdhava kRta kAlanirNaya ( pR0 233 - 275 ), vratarAja ( pR0 361-475), kAlatattvavivecana ( pR0 94 - 172 ) ne ekAdazI para (vivecana ke lie) saikar3oM pRSTa likha DAle haiM / kintu hama sthAna - saMkoca se saMkSepa meM hI likheNge| yadi koI purANoM ke katipaya kathanoM kI jAMca-par3atAla kare to patA calegA ki unameM 'kucha to ekAdazI ke dina kevala bhojana karanA varjita karate haiM aura kucha ekAdazI vrata kI vyavasthA karate haiM / prathama ke kucha udAharaNa nimna haiM / nAradIya meM AyA hai - 'sabhI prakAra ke pApa evaM brAhmaNa hatyA ke samAna anya pApa hari ke dina meM bhojana meM Azraya lete haiM; jo ekAdazI ke dina bhojana karatA hai vaha una pApoM kA bhAgI hotA hai; purANa bArambAra yahI raTate haiM 'jaba hari kA dina AtA hai to bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie, bhojana nahIM karanA caahie|" isa vyavasthA se ekAdazI kI vidhi usa dina kucha bhI pakI huI vastu ke na khAne meM hai / una kathanoM meM jahA~ 'vrata zabda AyA hai, aisA nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki ve kevala varjanA ( yathA bhojana na karanA) karate haiM, pratyuta ye bhAvAtmaka rUpa bhI rakhate haiM, yathA prajApati vrata meM AtA hai, 'sUryodaya nahIM dekhanA cAhie', jisakI vyAkhyA jaimini (4|113 - 6 evaM 6 / 2 / 20 ) ne kI hai | udAharaNArtha, matsya evaM bhaviSya meM AyA hai, 'jaba vyakti ekAdazI ko upavAsa karatA hai aura dvAdazI ko khAtA hai, cAhe zukla pakSa meM yA kRSNa pakSa meM, vaha viSNu ke sammAna meM bar3A vrata karatA hai|' una kathanoM meM, jahA~ 'upavAsa' zabda AyA hai aura jo ( ekAdazI karane ke kAraNa ) phala kI vyavasthA dete haiM. vahA~ aisA samajhanA cAhie ki ve vrata kI bhI vyavasthA dete haiM na ki kevala kisI vastu ke na sevana kI hI bAta karate haiM / ve kathana bhI, jo ekAdazI ke dina bhojana karane kI bhartsanA karate haiM, isa prakAra bhI samajhe jA sakate haiM ki mAno 1. yAni kAni ca pApAni brahmahatyAsamAni ca / annamAzritya tiSThanti samprAte harivAsare // tAni pApAnyavApnoti bhuJjAno harivAsare / raTantIha purANAni bhUyo bhUyo varAnane / na bhoktavyaM na bhoktavyaM saMprApte harivAsare // nAradIya ( hemAdri, kAla0, pR0 153; kA0 ni0, pR0 235) / aura dekhie nAradIyapurANa ( uttara, 24 |4| 23/24) / milAie brahmavaivarta, kRSNajanma khaNDa, 26 / 23 'satyaM sarvANi pApAni brahmahatyAdikAni ca / santyevadanamAzritya zrIkRSNavratavA sare / ' ekAdazItattva ( pR0 16 )

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ekAdazI vrata ke adhikArI 41 unhoMne kevala vrata kI bAta calAyI hai aura varjanA kI nhiiN| isa viSaya meM mImAMsA kA niyama hai-'jisakI nindA kI jAtI hai usakI nindA meM kevala pravRtta rahanA hI nindA nahIM hai, pratyuta vaha, jo nindita hotA hai usake virodhI kartavya ke sampAdana kI stuti ke lie hotI hai| ve kathana jo vrata ke viSaya meM pratipAdana karate haiM, do prakAra ke haiM, yathA ve, jo ekAdazI ko nitya mAnate haiM, aura ve, jo kisI vAMchita vastu kI prApti ke lie pratipAdita haiM, arthAt kAmya / nArada (hemAdri, kAla, pR0 159; ni0 si0 37) meM AyA hai--viSNu ke bhakta evaM ve jo viSNu ko parama lakSya' mAnate haiM, unheM sadA pratyeka pakSa meM ekAdazI ke dina upavAsa karanA caahie|' kAtyAyana (hemAdri, kAla, pR0 162; kA0 ni0, pR0 236; ekAdazItattva, 28) meM ekAdazI ke bAre meM kAmya-vidhi yoM kahI gayI hai--'jo viSNu ko parama lakSya mAnatA hai, jo saMsAra-sAgara pAra karanA cAhatA hai yA jo aizvarya, santati, svarga, mokSa Adi prApta karanA cAhatA hai, use donoM pakSoM kI ekAdazI ko bhojana nahIM karanA caahie|' isakA niSkarSa yaha nikalA ki ekAdazI nitya evaM kAmya donoM hai aura yahA~ para 'saMyoga-pRthaktva' (dekhie Upara 'rAmanavamI' kA varNana) kA siddhAnta lAgU hotA hai| donoM pakSoM kI ekAdaziyoM para ekAdazI vrata kevala unhIM ke lie nitya hai jo gRhastha nahIM haiM; yaha vrata gRhasthoM ke lie kevala zukla pakSa kI ekAdazI para hI nitya hai, kRSNa pakSa meM nahIM, kyoMki devala meM AyA hai--'donoM pakSoM kI ekAdazI meM pakA mojana nahIM karanA cAhie, yaha vana meM rahane vAle yatiyoM evaM muniyoM kA dharma hai, kintu gRhastha ko aisA kevala zukla pakSa kI ekAdazI meM karanA cAhie (ni0 si0, 36; samayaprakAza, pR0 62; kAlaviveka, pR0 426; hemAdri, kAla0, pR0 150; e0 ta0, pR0 36; brahmavaivarta0 4 / 26 / 38) / padmapurANa meM AyA hai ki gahastha ko kevala zayanI (ASAr3ha zukla 11) evaM bodhinI (kArtika zukla 11) ke madhya meM par3ane vAlI kRSNa ekAdaziyoM para upavAsa karanA cAhie, anya kRSNa pakSa kI ekAdaziyoM para nahIM (brahmavaivarta 4 / 26 / 39; kA0 ni0, pR0 29; ni0 si0, pR0 36; samayaprakAza, pR0 63 / ina sabhI meM padma0 kA uddharaNa hai)| nArada (hemAdri, kAla, pR0 183 Adi) meM eka vacana AyA hai--'putravAn gRhI ko saMkrAnti para, kRSNa ekAdazI para evaM candrasUrya-grahaNa para upavAsa nahIM karanA caahie|' niSkarSa yaha nikalA ki gRhastha ko kevala zukla ekAdazI para hI upavAsa karanA cAhie (yahI usake lie nitya hai), kintu vaha kAmya vrata zayanI evaM bodhinI ke madhya meM par3ane vAlI kRSNa ekAdaziyoM para bhI kara sakatA hai, kintu yadi vaha putravAn ho to use zayanI evaM bodhinI ke madhya meM par3ane vAlI kRSNa ekAdaziyoM meM upavAsa nahIM karanA caahie| vidhavA yati ke sadRza hai; sadhavA ko kevala zukla pakSa kI ekAdazI para upavAsa karanA caahie| kintu yaha dhyAna rakhane yogya hai ki ye pratibandha vaiSNavoM ke lie nahIM haiM (dekhie e0 ta0, pR0 38; hemAdri, kAla, pR0 181), unheM sabhI ekAdaziyoM para upavAsa karanA hotA hai| hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 1, pR0999) kA mata hai ki sabhI ko donoM pakSoM kI ekAdaziyoM para upavAsa karane kA adhikAra hai| isa bhAga ke dvitIya adhyAya meM vratoM kI atizaya prazaMsA evaM mahimA ke viSaya meM prakAza DAlA jA cukA hai| prAyazcittasvarUpa upavAsoM ke viSaya meM hamane isa grantha ke cauthe bhAga meM par3ha liyA hai| ekAdazI para kiye jAne vAle upavAsa kI atizaya prazaMsA meM purANoM evaM nibandhoM meM vistAra ke sAtha atyuktiyA~ bharI par3I haiN| nArada-purANa 2. nyAya yaha hai--"nahi nindA nindyaM nindituM pravRttA api tu vidheyaM stotum" (dekhie tantravAtika, jaimini 1127, pR0 115) / zabara adhika spaSTa haiM-"nahi nindA nindyaM nindituM pryujyte| kiM tahi / ninditAditarat shiNsitum| tatra na ninvitasya pratiSedho gamyate kiMtvitarasya vidhiH| zabarabhASya (jaimini, 204 / 21) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ekAdazI-mAhAtmya para eka lambI ukti hai ( hemAdri, kAla, pU0 146; kA0 ni0 pU0 273 - 274) / kucha zlokoM kA artha yoM hai-- 'ekAdazIvrata se utpanna agni se sahasroM jIvanoM meM kiye gaye pApoM kA IMdhana jalakara bhasma ho jAtA hai / azvamedha evaM vAjapeya jaise sahasroM yajJa ekAdazI para kiye gaye upavAsa ke solahaveM aMza taka bhI nahIM pahu~ca skte| yaha ekAdazI svarga evaM mokSa pradAna karatI hai, rAjya evaM putra detI hai, acchI patnI detI hai aura zarIra ko svAsthya detI hai| gaMgA, gayA, kAzI, puSkara, kurukSetra, narmadA, devikA, yamunA, candrabhAgA hari ke dina ke samAna nahIM haiN|' dekhie padmapurANa (AdikhaNDa, 31 / 157, 160, 161 evaM 162 ) / anuzAsana ( 107 136, 137 evaM 139) meM upavAsa kI atizayoktipUrNa prazaMsA hai / padma0 ( brahmakhaNDa, 15 / 2 - 4 ) meM AyA hai -- 'ekAdazI nAma zravaNa mAtra se yamadUta zaMkita ho jAte haiN| sabhI vratoM meM zreSTha zubha ekAdazI para upavAsa karake hari ko prasanna karane ke lie rAtri bhara jAganA cAhie aura viSNumandira ke maNDapa ko paryApta rUpa se sajAnA cAhie / jo vyakti tulasIdaloM se haripUjA karatA hai vaha eka dala se hI karor3oM yajJoM kA phala prApta karatA hai|' varAha0 (adhyAya 30) meM AyA hai ki brahmA ne kubera ko ekAdazI dI aura usane ( kubera ne use usa vyakti ko diyA jo saMyamita rahatA hai, zuddha rahatA hai, kevala vahI khAtA hai jo pakA huA nahIM hai; kubera prasanna hone para saba kucha detA hai / padma0 (brahmakhaNDa, 13 / 53) ne eka nArI kA AkhyAna likhA hai -- vaha ati jhagar3AlU thI, apane premI ke viSaya meM socatI thI aura isake kAraNa vaha apane pati dvArA nindita huI aura pITI gyii| vaha krodhita hokara binA bhojana kiye rAtri meM mara gayI / vaha upavAsa karane ke kAraNa (jo jAna-bUjha kara yA prasannatApUrvaka nahIM kiyA gayA thA, pratyuta krodhAveza meM kiyA gayA thA) zuddha ho gyii| garur3apurANa ( 1 / 127 / 12) meM AyA hai ki yadi eka palar3e para sampUrNa pRthivI kA dAna rakhA jAya aura dUsare para hari kA dina ( ekAdazI) to ekAdazI mahApuNyA evaM zreSTha ThaharatI hai / ASAr3ha zukla kI ekAdazI ko mahA-ekAdazI evaM zayanI kahA jAtA hai| Upara hamane vratoM ke adhikAriyoM se sambandhita sAmAnya niyamoM kA ullekha kara diyA hai, aba yahA~ ekAdazI se sambandhita 'kucha viziSTa niyamoM kA varNana kreNge| nArada (kA0 ni0, pR0 257; e0 ta0, pR0 35 ) ne vyavasthA dI hai - 'jo mAnava ATha varSa se adhika avasthA kA ho aura 80 varSa se kama avasthA kA ho, yadi vaha mohavaza ekAdazI ke dina bhojana kara letA hai, vaha pApI hotA hai|' yahI bAta kAtyAyana meM bhI hai| ina donoM ullekhoM se prakaTa hai ki sabhI jAtiyoM evaM AzramoM ke logoM ko ekAdazIvrata karane kA adhikAra hai, kintu uparyukta kyoM (umra) kI dazAoM kA pAlana Avazyaka hai / - logoM kI durbalatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara RSiyoM ne ekAdazI para sampUrNa upavAsa ke niyama ko DhIlA kara diyA / nAradapurANa (uttarArdha, 24 / 7-8) meM AyA hai - 'mUla, phala, dUdha evaM jala kA sevana munIzvara loga ekAdazI para kara sakate haiM, kintu kisI RSi ne aisA nahIM pradarzita kiyA hai ki ekAdazI para pakA huA bhojana khAnA caahie|' vAyupurANa (kA0 ni0, pR0 261; kA0 vi0, pR0 431; va0 kri0 kau0, pR0 57 ) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki rAtri meM haviSya, bhAta ke atirikta koI bhojana, phala, tila, dUdha, jala, ghI, paMcagavya, vAyu, inameM se pratyeka Age vAlA apane se pIche vAle se (ekAdazI para ) apekSAkRta gRhaNIya hai / vAyupurANa meM sampUrNa upavAsa (jala mI nahIM) kI carcA hai / baudhAyana ( hemAdri, kAla, pR0 176 ) ; kA0 ni0 pU0 261) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki jo pUrNa upavAsa ke lie ayogya haiM, yA jo 80 varSa se adhika vaya vAle haiM unheM ekamakta honA cAhie yA anya vikalpoM kA sahArA lenA caahie| mastya 0 ( va0 kri0 kau0 pU0 69) meM AyA hai ki jo ekAdazI ko upavAsa karane meM azakta hoM unheM nakta bhojana karanA cAhie (eka bAra rAtri meM ), yadi koI bImAra ho to vaha apanI ora se apane putra yA kisI anya ko upavAsa karane ko kaha sakatA hai| 42

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ekAdazI-vrata ke kartavya 43 mArkaNDeya (he0, kAla, pR0 176; kA0ni0, pR0 261; kA0 vi0, pR0 430) ne kahA hai ki koI ekabhakta, nakta, ayAcita, pUrNopavAsa yA dAna kI vidhiyoM kA Azraya le sakatA hai, kintu use (ekAdazI ke sAtha) dvAdazIvrata ke sampAdana ke phaloM se vaMcita nahIM honA caahie| yahA~ pUrNa upavAsa ke sthAna para bahuta-se vikalpa rakhe gaye haiM, jinakI vyAkhyA Avazyaka hai, kintu isake pUrva manu (11 / 30, zAnti0 165 / 17) kA eka niyama draSTavya hai--'yadi koI prabhu (zakta) hone para bhI arthAt kisI kRtya kI pramukha vyavasthAoM ke yogya hone para bhI vacanoM dvArA pratipAdita vikalpoM kA Azraya letA hai, to vaha durmati hai aura kRtya se utpanna pAralaukika phaloM kI prApti nahIM kara sktaa|' ataH ekamakta, nakta evaM ayAcita kA sahArA pAralaukika phaloM kI prApti nahIM karA sktaa|' ataH ekabhakta, nakta evaM ayAcita kA sahArA tabhI lenA cAhie jaba ki vyakti kaThora vrata kA pAlana karane meM azakta ho| ekabhakta kA artha hai Adhe dina ke uparAnta kevala eka bAra dina meM khaanaa| ekabhakta vrata bhI hai jo svatantra rUpa se bhI sampAdita hotA hai| anuzAsanaparva (106 / 17-30) ne mArgazIrSa se kArtika taka kiye jAne vAle ekabhakta vrata ke lie phala ghoSita kiye haiM aura anya sthAna (107 / 13-126) para eka mAsa ke tIsa dinoM meM kiye gaye vrata ke phaloM kA vistAra se ullekha kiyA hai (dekhie kRtyakalpataru, pR0 457-468, jahA~ anuzAsana0 kA sampUrNa uddharaNa hai ; hemAdri, vrata, bhAga 2, pR0 930 31) aura dekhie kRtyakalpataru (pR0 419-421), kR0 ra0 (pR0 406-7 aura Age) evaM he0 (vrata, bhAga 2, pR0748798) jahA~ anuzAsana (106 / 17-30) meM vibhinna sthAnoM aura mAsoM meM kiye jAne vAle ekabhakta kA ullekha hai| nakta-liMgapurANa, nArada evaM anya purANoM meM nakta kA varNana hai (liMga, pUrvArdha, 83 / 10 / 12-136 ; nArada0, uttara, 43 / 11-12); bhIkha mAMganA upavAsa se zreSTha hai, ayAcita bhojana bhIkha se uttama hai, nakta ayAcita se uttama hai, ataH nakta-vidhi karanI caahie| haviSya khAnA, snAna, satyatA, alpa bhojana, agni meM AhutiyA~ denA, bhUmizayana-- ye cha: nakta vrata meM kiye jAne caahie| nakta ke samaya ke viSaya meM vibhinna mata haiN| hemAdri (kAla,pu0112-115) ne nakta kAla kA varNana vistAra ke sAtha kiyA hai| prathama niyama yaha hai ki nakta vrata meM viddhA hone para vahI tithi grAhya hotI hai jo pradoSa meM hotI hai| skanda0 ke anusAra sUryAsta ke uparAnta 6 ghaTikAoM taka pradoSa-avadhi rahatI hai, kintu vizvAdarza ke mata meM yaha sUryAsta ke uparAnta 3 ghaTikAoM kI hotI hai| puruSArthacintAmaNi ne dUsarI avadhi ko pradoSa kI ucita avadhi ThaharAyA hai| kucha logoM ne tArAgaNa ke prakaTa ho jAne kI avadhi meM nakta ko ucita ThaharAyA hai aura kucha logoM ne sUryAsta ke pUrva eka prahara (do ghaTikA) kI avadhi ThIka mAnI hai| vAstava meM mukhya kAla vahI hai jaba tAre prakaTa ho jAte haiM, anya kAla gauNa haiN| nakta ke do artha haiM--prathama kAla-avadhi tathA dUsarA nakta-kAla meM bhojn-grhnn| upavAsa ke atirikta nakta eka viziSTa vrata bhI hai| dekhie vrato kI taalikaa| ayAcita kA tAtparya hai aisA bhojana karanA jo binA mAMge yA prArthanA kiye prApta hotA hai| saMkalpa yaha hai--rAta yA dina meM maiM mA~gakara yA prArthanA karake prApta kara bhojana nahIM kruuNgaa|' isake lie koI nizcita kAla nahIM hai, kyoMki kisI bhI samaya kisI dvArA bhojana lAyA jA sakatA hai| kintu aisA bhojana kevala eka bAra kiyA jAtA hai| yadi patnI yA mRtya binA kisI nirdeza ke pakA bhojana le AyeM to use hI khAnA caahie| _ 'ekagakta', 'nakta' evaM 'ayAcita' zabda prAcIna kAla meM prAyazcittoM (yathA kRcchra) ke silasile meM prayukta hote the, jo kAlAntara meM purANoM dvArA upavAsa ke viSaya meM prayukta ho gaye (dekhie Apa0 dha0 sU0 1 / 9 / 27 / 7; gautama, 26 / 1-5; yAjJa0 3 / 318) / padmapurANa (uttarakhaNDa, adhyAya 36) ne ekAdazI ke janma kI eka kalpanAtmaka gAthA dI hai| For Private & Personal use only. www.jainelibra

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4 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa purANoM kI atyuktiyoM ko chor3a diyA jAya to ekAdazI para kiye jAne vAle upavAsa kI antarhita dhAraNA AdhyAtmika siddha hotI hai| yaha mana kA anuzAsana hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki prasannatApUrvaka upavAsa karane se manuSya ko gahita vAsanAoM se nivRtti milatI hai aura mana kI aisI avasthA ho jAtI hai jaba ki paramAtmA kA anugraha prApta hotA hai| dekhie bhagavadgItA (2059) / bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM AyA hai---'brAhmaNa loga vedAdhyayana, yajJoM, dAnoM evaM nirAhAra se usa mahAn AtmA ko jAnane kI icchA rakhate haiN|" ekAdazI para upavAsa do prakAra kA hotA hai--prathama vaha hai jisameM niSedha kA paripAlana hotA hai, yathA pakA bhojana na grahaNa karanA, aura dUsarA hai vrata kA ruup| prathama meM sabhI loga, yahA~ taka ki putravAn gRhastha bhI, kRSNa pakSa meM bhI ise karate haiM, kintu dUsare meM santatimAn gRhastha ise kRSNa pakSa meM nahIM karatA; use saMkalpa nahIM karanA cAhie, use kevala bhojana (pakA bhojana) nahIM karanA cAhie, kintu brahmacarya Adi kA pAlana karanA caahie| zayanI evaM bodhinI ke madhya kRSNa pakSoM kI ekAdaziyoM para putravAn gRhasthoM ko bhI yaha vrata karane kA adhikAra hai| isI prakAra jo viSNu meM laya ho jAtA cAhate haiM, lambI Ayu cAhate haiM, putra cAhate haiM unheM donoM pakSoM kI ekAdaziyoM para kAmya vrata karanA caahie| vaiSNava gahasthoM ko kRSNa pakSa kI ekAdaziyoM para bhI upavAsa karanA caahie| ekAdazI vrata sabhI ke lie nitya hai, yahA~ taka ki ziva, viSNu evaM sUrya ke bhaktoM ke lie bhii| vrata rUpa meM bhI upavAsa ke do prakAra haiM, nitya evaM kaamy| saMkSepa meM nirNayasindha evaM dharmasindha meM ullikhita ye hI niyama haiN| kevala upavAsa evaM upavAsa-prata' meM mukhya antara yahI hai ki prathama meM koI saMkalpa nahIM hotA, vyakti kevala bhojana kA tyAga karatA hai, kintu dUsare meM saMkalpa hotA hai aura anya bAteM bhI hotI haiN| aba hama ekAdazIvrata kA saMkSipta varNana upasthita kreNge| nArada0 (pUrvArdha, 23 / 12) meM nimna vidhi hai--dazamI tithi meM vratI ko danta dhAvana kriyA ke uparAnta snAna karanA cAhie, viSNu mUrti ko paMcAmRta se nahalAnA cAhie aura upacAroM ke sAtha usakI pUjA karanI caahie| ekAdazI ko snAna karane ke uparAnta use mUrti ko paMcAmRta meM snAna karAkara candana, puSpoM Adi se viSNu-pUjA karanI cAhie aura mantroccAraNa karanA cAhie"ekAdazyAM nirAhAraH sthitvA cAhaM pre'hni| bhokSye'haM puNDarIkAkSa zaraNaM me bhvaacyut||" (nArada, pUrvArdha, 23 / 15) / use bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie, indriya-nigraha karanA cAhie, viSNu-mUrti ke samakSa pRthivI para baiThanA cAhie, viSNu se sambandhita saMgIta, gIta evaM nRtya' meM saMlagna jAgate rahanA cAhie tathA purANokta viSNa-gAthAe~ sunanI caahie| dvAdazI ko snAna karake mUrti ko dUdha meM snAna karAkara nimna prArthanA karanI cAhie--"ajJAnatimirAndhasya vratenAnena keshv| prasIda sumukho bhUtvA jJAnadRSTiprado bhava // " (nArada, pUrvArdha, 23 / 20; dharmasindhu, pR0 20; he0, vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 1007) / isake uparAnta brAhmaNoM ko bhojana denA cAhie tathA yathAzakti dakSiNA denI caahie| taba Ahnika paMcayajJa (brahmayajJa, pitRyajJa, vaizvadeva, bali evaM atithipUjana) karanA cAhie aura svayaM sambandhiyoM ke sAtha mauna rUpa se bhojana karanA caahie| upavAsa vrata meM saMlagna rahate samaya cANDAloM, mahApApiyoM, nAstikoM, kadAcaraNa karane vAloM, paranindakoM ko nahIM dekhanA cAhie, use vRSalI ke pati, ayogya logoM ke lie yajJa karAne vAle purohita, dhana-lipsA se mandira-pratimAoM kI pUjA karane vAle, dhana ke lie gAne 3. viSayA vinivartante nirAhArasya dehinH| rasavarja rasopyasya paraM dRSTvA nivartate // gItA 259 / 4. sa vA eSa mahAnaja AtmA...tametaM vedAnuvacanena brAhmaNA vividiSanti yajJena dAnena tpsaa'naashken| baha0 upa0 4 / 4 / 22 /

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ekAvazI-vivecana evaM davA karane vAle, mAgadha, deva-brAhmaNa virodhI, dUsare ke yahA~ bhojana karane ke abhyAsI yA lomI evaM balAtkAra karane vAle se bAta nahIM karanI caahie| upavAsa vrata meM saMlagna vyakti ko zarIra-mana se pavitra rahanA cAhie, niyantrita rahanA cAhie aura sabakA bhalA karane ko udyata rahanA caahie| manu (3 / 152) kA kathana hai ki dhana lene vAle vaidyoM evaM pUjA-vRtti vAle pujAriyoM ko zrAddha meM nahIM bulAnA caahie| ekAdazI vrata kI vidhi ke viSaya meM brahmavaivarta (4 / 26 / 1-92) meM bhI ullekha hai| yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki ekAdazI vrata meM homa kI vyavasthA nahIM hai| dhIre-dhIre Upara varNita vidhi meM bahuta-sI bAteM jur3atI calI gyiiN| upavAsa vrata meM saMlagna vyakti ko tIna dinoM ke bhItara cAra bAra bhojana-tyAga karanA cAhie; dazamI ko kevala eka bAra madhyAhna meM khAnA cAhie, ekAdazI ko donoM kAla upavAsa karanA cAhie tathA dvAdazI ko eka bAra bhojana tyAga karanA caahie| sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki vratoM ke lie saMkalpa prAtaHkAla kiyA jAtA hai, kintu ekAdazI meM nibandhoM ne apavAda rakha diye haiN| kA0ni0 (pR0 267) ke mata se dazamI kI rAtri meM niyamoM ke viSaya meM saMkalpa karanA caahie| yadi ekAdazI dazamI se saMyukta ho to upavAsa-saMkalpa rAtri meM honA cAhie, yadi dazamI ardharAtri se Age bar3ha jAya aura ekAdazI isameM saMyukta ho jAya to saMkalpa dUsare dina aparAla meM karanA caahie| he0 (vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 1006) evaM kA0ni0 (pR0 268) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki puSpoM Adi se alaMkRta maNDapa meM viSNu-pratimA kI pUjA honI caahie| skanda0 (he0, vrata, bhAga 1,10 1008) meM AyA hai ki dvAdazI ko upavAsa tor3ate samaya tulasIdala se yukta naivedya grahaNa karanA cAhie, kyoMki isase karor3oM hatyAoM ke pApoM se chuTakArA milatA hai| madhyakAlIna nibandhoM meM ekAdazI vrata kI vidhi kA atizaya vistAra kiyA gayA hai| dekhie dharmasindhu 9) / yahA~ sthAna-saMkoca se isakA varNana nahIM kiyA jaaygaa| ekAdazI kA dhArmika svarUpa bar3hatA gayA aura cAndra varSa ke bAraha mahInoM kI caubIsa ekAdaziyoM evaM malamAsa kI do ekAdaziyoM ko vibhinna saMjJAe~ de dI gyiiN| ye saMjJAe~ kaba dI gayIM, kahanA sambhava nahIM hai, kintu kucha to 2000 varSa prAcIna haiN| nAmoM meM antara kI vyAkhyA yahAM nahIM kI jaaygii| eka kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki kucha purANoM meM mAsa pUrNimAnta haiM to kucha meM amAnta, aura pUrNimAnta gaNanA meM jo bhAdra kRSNa hai vaha amAnta gaNanA meM zrAvaNa kRSNa hai| jyeSTha zukla kI ekAdazI ko nirjalA kahate haiM kyoMki isameM jala kA bhI prayoga nahIM hotA, kevala snAna karate samaya yA Acamana karate samaya hI jala prayoga hotA hai| grISma Rtu ke jyeSTha mAsa meM nirjala rahanA bar3A kaSTasAdhya hotA hai, ataH nirjalA ekAdazI kI viziSTa vyavasthA kI gayI hai (he0,vata, bhAga 1,pR0 1089-1091) / ASAr3ha zukla kI ekAdazI kI rAtri se kArtika zukla ekAdazI ke dina taka cAra mAsoM taka viSNu zayana karate haiM, ataH ina do ekAdaziyoM ko krama se zayanI (viSNu ke zayana se sambandhita) evaM prabodhinI yA prabodhanI (viSNu ke 5. caitra zukla se lekara ekAdazI ke 24 nAma kramazaH ye haiM-kAmadA, varUthinI, mohinI, aparA, nirjalA, yoginI, zayanI, kAmikA (yA kAmadA), putradA, ajA, parivartinI, indirA, pApAMkuzA, ramA, prabodhinI (bodhinI), utpatti, mokSadA, saphalA, putradA, SaTtilA, jayA, vijayA, AmalakI (yA AmarvakI), paapmocnii| malamAsa kI do ekAdaziyoM ke nAma padma0 6 / 64 evaM 65 ke anusAra kamalA evaM kAmadA haiM, kintu ahalyAkAmadhenu meM kaMvalyavA evaM svargavA haiN|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prabodha yA jAgaraNa se sambandhita) kahA gayA hai| varSA kAla meM cAra mAsoM taka bhArata ke bahuta-se bhAgoM meM yAtAyAta kI suvidhAe~ prAcIna kAla meM nahIM thIM, isI se saba kAma Thappa ho jAte the aura tabhI viSNu ko bhI zayana karate hue parikalpita kara liyA gayA hai| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki viSNu-zayana kA sambandha vaidika AryoM ke pUrva puruSoM kI una paristhitiyoM se ho jaba ki ve uttarI akSAMzo meM rahate the aura jahA~ cAra mAsoM taka sUrya yA to dikhAI hI nahIM par3atA thA yA bahuta hI mandA prakAza karatA thaa| cAra mAsoM kA viSNu-zayana anya' rUpoM se bhI vyAkhyAta ho sakatA hai| aisA mAnA gayA hai ki viSNu na kevala apane zeSa sarpa para sote haiM, pratyuta ve bhAdrapada kI zukla ekAdazI ko mAnavoM ke sadRza karavaTa bhI badalate haiN| ataH bhAdrapada kI vaha ekAdazI parivartinI bhI kahI jAtI hai| isI prakAra anya tithiyoM meM devoM evaM deviyoM ke zayana kI bAta uThI hai (dekhie rAjamArtaNDa, va0 kri0 kau0, pR0 285-286 meM uddhRt)| viSNu-zayana kI tithiyoM ke viSaya meM bhI antarbheda pAyA jAtA hai, kisI mata se ekAdazI ko, kisI se dvAdazI ko tathA tIsare mata se ASAr3ha zukla kI 15vIM tithi ko viSNu zayana karate haiN| vana0 (203 / 12) ke mata se viSNu zeSa ke phaNa para sote haiN| kAlidAsa meM bhI zayana kA ullekha hai (meghduut)| bahuta-se kAraNoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha kiyA jA sakatA hai ki viSNu-zayana kI anuzruti kama-se-kama 2000 varSa prAcIna hai| purANoM evaM nibandhoM meM devoM ke zayana kI tithiyoM ke viSaya meM bar3A vistAra pAyA jAtA hai| vAmana0 (16 / 6-16) meM AyA hai-'ASAr3ha kI ekAdazI ko viSNu ke zayana ke lie zeSa nAga ke phaNoM ke samAna zayyA banAnI cAhie, zuddha hokara dvAdazI ko Amantrita brAhmaNoM se AjJA lekara bhagavAn ko sulAnA caahie|' purANoM meM aisA AyA hai ki kAmadeva ASAr3ha kI trayodazI ko kadamba puSpoM para sote haiM, yakSa loga caturdazI ko, ziva pUrNimA ko vyAghra-carma para, aura brahmA, vizvakarmA, pArvatI, gaNeza, yama, skanda, sUrya, kAtyAyanI, lakSmI, nAgarAja evaM sAdhya loga kama se kRSNa pakSa kI prathamA se ekAdazI kI tithiyoM meM sote haiN| kA0 vi0 (pR0 225), hemAdri (kAla, pR0 888-889) ke uddharaNoM se patA calatA hai ki pavitrAropaNa (devoM ko janeU denA) evaM zayana ke lie kubera, lakSmI, bhavAnI, gaNeza, soma, guha, bhAskara, durgA, mAtAe~, vAsuki, RSigaNa, viSNu, kAma evaM ziva krama se prathamA se lekara caturdazI taka kI tithiyoM ke svAmI haiN| eka Avazyaka niyama smaraNa rakhane yogya hai ki jisakA jo nakSatra ho yA jisa tithi kA jo svAmI ho, zayana, karavaTa-parivartana tathA anya kArya (jAgaraNa Adi) usI tithi evaM nakSatra meM hote haiN| zayana kI tithiyoM ke viSaya meM prabhUta matabheda hai| vistAra-bhaya se hama ise yahIM chor3ate haiN| ___ ekAdazI vrata ke adhikAriyoM ko hama do bhAgoM meM bA~Ta sakate haiM, vaiSNava evaM smArta / padma0 (3 / 102032, 4 / 10 / 65-66, 6 / 252 / 74, 6 / 59), viSNu0 (3 / 7 / 20-33, 3 / 8 / 9-19), bhAgavata evaM kucha nibandhoM meM 'vaiSNava' zabda paribhASita hai| vaiSNava vaha hai jo vaikhAnasa, pAMcarAtra Adi sampradAyoM ke vaiSNava AgamoM ke anusAra dIkSA liye rahatA hai| vaiSNava-paribhASA ke lie dekhie skandapurANa evaM pro0 esa0 ke0 de dvArA likhita 'vaiSNava phetha evaM mUvameNTa' (pR0 364-366 evaM 413) / / jaba ekAdazI dazamI evaM dvAdazI se saMyukta hotI hai to kisa tithi para upavAsa kiyA jAya? isa prazna kA uttara vyakti ke vaiSNava evaM smArta hone para nirbhara hai| isa viSaya meM jo niyama haiM, ve bar3e gUr3ha haiM aura hama sthAna-saMkoca se unakA vivecana chor3a rahe haiN| dekhie he0 (kAla, pR0 206-288), kA0 ni0 (pR0 233-256), ti0 ta0 (pR0 104-108), sa0 pra0 (pR0 66-74), ni0 si0 (pR0 37-44), smRtimuktAphala (kAla, pR0 839-844) evaM dha0 si0 (pR0 16-19) /

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ekAdazI ke vidhi-niSedha anya tithiyoM kI bhA~ti ekAdazI bhI do prakAra kI hotI hai, yathA sampUrNA evaM viddhA yA khaNDA / jaba tithi 60 ghaTikAoM kI ho aura sUryodaya se Arambha ho to use sampUrNA kahate haiN| garur3a0 evaM bhaviSya ke mata se vahI ekAdazI sampUrNA hai jo sUryodaya ke pUrva do muhUrtI ( arthAt 4 ghaTikA pUrva ) se Arambha hotI hai aura jaba vaha dina bhara rahane vAlI hotI hai| nArada evaM anya purANoM ne dazamI se saMyukta ekAdazI kI nindA kI hai / gAndhArI ne dazamI se saMyukta ekAdazI ko upavAsa kiyA, ataH usake sau putra mahAbhArata meM mAre gaye / nArada0 (pUrvArdha, adhyAya 29) ne ekAdazI evaM dvAdazI kA vivecana kiyA hai| 47 brahmavaivartapurANa ( he0, kAla, pR0 255 - 259) meM ekAdazI ke cAra vedhoM kA ullekha hai, yathA aruNodaya-vedha, ativedha, mahAvedha evaM yoga / kintu yahA~ para inakA varNana nahIM kiyA jAyagA / vaiSNavoM ke lie dazamI ke sUryodaya ke uparAnta 56 ghaTikAoM se adhika vistRta hone para jaba ekAdazI kA Arambha ho jAtA hai aura vaha dUsare dina pUre dina bhara rahatI hai taba isI ko aruNodaya- vedha kahA jAtA hai, aura vaiSNava loga aisI ekAdazI ko jo aruNodaya vedha ke uparAnta AtI hai, upavAsa nahIM kara skte| yahI bAta taba bhI hotI hai jaba dazamI sUryodaya ke pUrva 3, 2 yA 1 ghaTikA taka calI AyI rahatI hai yA dazamI taba taka rahatI hai jaba taka sUrya udita hotA rahatA hai aura ekAdazI kA Arambha hotA hai (arthAt jaba ekAdazI sUryodayavedha vAlI rahatI hai) / aisI sthiti meM bhI upavAsa nahIM hotA, pratyuta vaha dvAdazI ko hotA hai| yadi dvAdazI tIna dinoM taka rahatI hai to usI dina upavAsa hotA hai jisa dina dvAdazI sampUrNA hotI hai aura dUsare dina jaba dvAdazI kA anta hotA hai, pAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| uparyukta dazAoM ke atirikta anya sthitiyoM meM ekAdazI ke dina upavAsa tathA dvAdazI ke dina pAraNa hotA hai / nArada0 (pUrvArdha, 20 45) meM AyA hai ki jaba do ekAdaziyA~ hoM, cAhe zukla pakSa meM yA kRSNa pakSa meM, gRhastha ko prathama meM tathA yatiyoM ko dUsarI meM upavAsa karanA caahie| saMnyAsiyoM evaM vidhavAoM ke lie vaiSNavoM ke niyama hI vyavasthita haiN| smArta (vaiSNavoM ke atirikta anya ) loga aruNodayavedha se prabhAvita nahIM hote, ve sUryodayavedha kA siddhAnta apanAte haiM, arthAt yadi sUryodaya ke pUrva dazamI ho aura ekAdazI sUryodaya se Arambha hotI ho to smArta loga ekAdazI ko upavAsa karate haiM / bhojana, zArIrika evaM mAnasika kAryoM ke viSaya meM kucha pratibandha haiM jo ki saMkalpa se lekara pAraNa taka ekAdazI vrata meM calate rahate haiM ( he0, vrata, mAga 1, pR0 1008 ) / kisI vyakti ke mRta ho jAne para bhI yaha vrata nahIM TUTatA / kSamA, satya, dayA, dAna, zauca, indriya nigraha, deva- pUjA, homa, santoSa evaM asteya nAmaka sAmAnya dharma sabhI vratoM meM pAlita hote haiM / dazamI, ekAdazI evaM dvAdazI para vibhinna niyama haiM, kintu ye ekadUsare se mila se jAte prakaTa hote haiN| dazamI ke lie zAka, mAMsa, masUra kI dAla, (ekabhakta ke uparAnta) punarbhojana, maithuna, dyUta, adhika jalasevana - vaiSNava logoM ko inakA tyAga karanA cAhie / matsya 0 ( he0, kAla, pR0 193) ke anusAra nimna bAraha tyAjya haiM-- kA~se ke pAtra, mAMsa, surA, kSaudra (madhu), taila, asatya bhASaNa, vyAyAma, pravAsa (yAtrA), divAsvApa ( dina kA zayana), dhanArjana, tilapiSTa, masUra kI dAla / ekAdazI vrata ke upavAsa ke dina bahuta se pratibandha haiM, Age kucha diye jAte haiM- patitoM, pAkhaNDoM, nAstikoM Adi se sambhASaNa, asatya bhASaNa, dyUta Adi / vrata ke dina antyajoM evaM grAma ke bAhara rahane vAloM se na bAta karanA tathA na unheM dekhanA, rajasvalA, pAtakiyoM, sUtI nAriyoM (jisane hAla hI meM janana kiyA ho ) se bhI sambhASaNa karanA yA unako dekhanA varjita hai / aura dekhie devala ( kRtyakalpa, vrata, pR0 4, kR0 ra0, pR0 57 Adi meM uddhRta), rAjamArtaNDa (1967) evaM vyAsa (garur3a0, 1128/67; he0, kAla0, pR0 201 ) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dvAdazI ke dina viSNu pUjA hotI hai aura nimna bAteM nahIM kI jAtI haiM, yathA dina-zayana, dUsare kA bhojana, dopahara ke uparAnta' punarbhojana, maithuna, madhu, kA~se ke baratana kA prayoga, mAMsa evaM taila kA prayoga / aura dekhie brahmapurANa ( he0, kAla, pR0 203 ) | kucha purANoM (yathA brahmavaivarta ) ne ATha prakAra kI dvAdaziyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA unmIlanI, vaJjulI, trisparzA, pakSarvAdhanI, jayA, vijayA, jayantI evaM pApanAzinI / dekhie he0 ( kAla, pR0 260-263), ni0 si0 (43), smR0 kau0 (250 - 254) Adi / anya vistAra yahA~ chor3A jA rahA hai| udyApana yA pAraNa yA pAraNA ke sAtha ekAdazI vrata kA anta hotA hai| 'pAraNa' zabda kI vyutpatti kucha logoM ne "pAra karmasamAptI" dhAtu se kI hai, jisakA artha hai 'kisI kRtya ko samApta karanA / ' kUrma0 ke anusAra ekAdazI ko vrata evaM dvAdazI ko pAraNa honA caahie| kintu trayodazI ko pAraNa nahIM honA cAhie, kyoMki vaisA karane se 12 dvAdaziyoM ke puNya naSTa ho jAte haiM / kintu aisI vyavasthA hone para bhI kucha vidhiyoM meM trayodazI ko pAraNa ho sakatA hai| yadi eka dina pUrva se ekAdazI dazamI se saMyukta ho aura dUsare dina kI dvAdazI se bhI saMyukta ho to upavAsa dvAdazI ko hotA hai, kintu yadi upavAsa ke uparAnta dvAdazI na ho to trayodazI ke dina pAraNa hotA hai / sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki sabhI vratoM meM pAraNa prAtaHkAla hotA hai / 48

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adhyAya 6 cAturmAsya ASAr3ha zukla ekAdazI yA dvAdazI yA pUrNimA ko yA usa dina jaba sUrya karka rAzi meM praviSTa hotA hai, cAturmAsya vrata kA Arambha kiyA jAtA hai| yaha cAhe jaba Arambha ho, kArtika zukla dvAdazI ko samApta ho jAtA hai| vratI ko usa dina upavAsa evaM deva-pUjA karake aisA kahanA cAhie---'he deva, maiMne yaha vrata ApakI upasthiti meM liyA hai, yadi Apa mere prati anugraha kareM to yaha nirvighna samApta ho jAya; vrata grahaNa ke uparAnta bIca hI meM maiM mara jAU~ to Apake anugraha se yaha pUrNarUpeNa samApta mAnA jAya' (garur3a0 1 / 121 / 2-3) / jaba guru (bRhaspati) yA zukra asta ho jAya~ taba bhI isakA Arambha kiyA jA sakatA hai| cAra mAsoM taka vratI ko kucha khAdya padArtha tyAga dene hote haiM, yathA zrAvaNa meM zAka, bhAdrapada meM dahI, Azvina meM dUdha evaM kArtika meM daaleN| kucha logoM ke mata se kucha yA sabhI prakAra ke zAka tyAgane hote haiN| vratI ko zayyA-zayana, mAMsa, madhu Adi mI tyAMgane par3ate haiN| vrata samApta hone para vratI brAhmaNoM ko nimantrita kara bhojana karAtA hai aura dakSiNA detA hai aura prArthanA karatA hai--he prabhu, Apako prasanna karane ke lie mere dvArA yaha vrata liyA gayA thA; he janArdana, jo bhI doSa ho, ApakI kRpA se yaha pUrNa ho|' yaha vrata Aja bhI, vizeSataH nAriyoM dvArA sampAdita hotA hai| cAturmAsya vrata meM kucha vastuoM ke tyAga ke phaloM ke viSaya meM kRtyatattva (pR0 435), vratArka, vrata prakAza evaM anya madhyakAlika nibandhoM meM matsya0 evaM bhaviSya0 (116-9) ke lambe-lambe uddharaNa pAye jAte haiN| kucha vacana nimna haiM--'gur3a-tyAga se madhura svara prApta hotA hai, taila-tyAga se aMga sundara ho jAte haiM, ghRta-tyAga se saundarya milatA hai, zAka-tyAga se buddhi evaM bahuputra prApta hote haiM, zAka evaM patroM ke tyAga se pakvAnna kI prApti hotI hai tathA dadhi-dugdha-tyAga se vyakti gauoM ke loka meM jAtA hai| 1. cAturmAsikavatagrahaNe kAlacatuSTam / ASADhI paurNamAsI zuklA ekAdazI dvAdazI karkaTasaMkAntizca / kA0 vi0 (pR0 332); he0 (bata, bhAga 2, pR0 806); ti0 ta0 (pR0 111); garur3a (11211) ne ekAdazI evaM ASADhI paurNamAsI ko cAturmAsya vrata kahA hai| 2. caturo vArSikAn mAsAn devsyotthaapnaavdhi| madhusvaro bhavennityaM naro guddvivrjnaat| tailasya varjanAdeva sundarAMgavApnu prjaayte| kaTutelaparityAgAt zatrunAzamanAnuyAt / tAmbalavarjanAda' bhogI raktakaNThaH prjaayte| ghRtatyAgAtsulAvaNyaM sarva snigdhaM vapurbhavet / phalatyAgAca matimAna bahuputraH prajAyate / zAkapatrAzanatyAgAt pakvAnnAdo naro bhvet|... dadhidugdhaparityAgAtgolokaM labhate nrH|| vataprakAza, kRtyatattva (pR0 435) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vaidika kAla meM cAturmAsya nAmaka yajJa hote the jo phAlguna (yA caitra), ASAr3ha evaM kArtika kI pUrNimA ke divasoM meM sampAdita hote the aura krama se vaizvadeva, varuNapraghAsa evaM sAkamedha nAma se pukAre jAte the (zunAsIrIya nAmaka cauthe yajJa kI carcA yahA~ nahIM hogii)| dekhie isa grantha kA khaNDa 2 / Apa0 zrI0 sUtra (8 / 4 / 13) meM spaSTa rUpa se AyA hai ki vaizvadeva (cAturmAsya ke parva) kA sampAdana vasanta meM tatha, varuNapraghAsa kA varSA Rtu meM hotA hai| yaha dhyAna meM rakhane yogya hai ki ina Rtu-sambandhI yajJoM meM vratI ke. kucha kRtyoM kA tyAga karanA hotA thA, yathA zayyA-zayana, mAMsa, madhu, namaka, maithuna evaM zarIrAlaMkaraNa ja. ekAdazIvrata ke pratibandhoM se milate haiN| yAjJa0 (1 / 125) ne soma yajJa ko dhanika ke lie prati varSa karane kI vyavasthA dI hai (arthAt ise nitya ThaharAyA hai)| yahI bAta pratyeka ayana meM pazu bandha ke lie tathA AgrayaNeSTi (jo navAnna hone para kiyA jAtA hai) evaM cAturmAsyo ke lie bhI prayukta huI hai| yahA~ para vaidika cAturmAsyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| ye paurANika kAla ke cAturmAsya vrata nahIM haiN| yAjJavalkyasmRti meM 'vrata' zabda prAyazcitta ke artha meM prayukta hai (3 / 251, 252, 254, 266, 269, 282, 298, 300) / usameM 'vrata' zabda brahmacarya ke artha meM bhI AyA hai (yathA 3315); aura bhojana-vyavasthA ke artha meM mI 'vata' kA prayoga hai (3 / 289) / kahIM bhI kisI dina (tithi), nakSatra Adi meM kiye jAne vAle kRtyoM ke artha meM vrata' zabda nahIM AyA hai, jaisA ki hama purANoM meM pAte haiN| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki yAjJavalkyasmRti ke kAla taka purANoM meM varNita vratoM ko pradhAnatA nahIM prApta ho sakI thii| isake 1000 se adhika zle koM meM koI bhI paurANika artha meM 'vrata' zabda kA prayoga nahIM krte|

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adhyAya 7 nAgapaJcamI, manasApUjA, rakSAbandhana, kRSNajanmASTamI zrAvaNa mAsa meM bahuta se mahattvapUrNa vrata kiye jAte haiM, jinameM zukla pakSa kI paMcamI ko kiyA jAne vAlA nAgapaMcamI vrata prasiddha hai| bhArata ke sabhI bhAgoM meM nAgapaMcamI vibhinna prakAra se sampAdita hotI hai| kucha logoM ke mata se varSa bhara ke sarvottama zubha 33 dinoM meM nAga paMcamI 3 zubha dina hai| kintu kucha loga yaha mahattva akSayatRtIyA ko dete haiM, jaisA ki hamane isa bhAga ke cauthe adhyAya meM dekha liyA hai| bhaviSya (brahma parva, 32 / 1-39) meM nAgapaMcamI kA vistAra ke sAtha ullekha hai (kR0 ka0, vrata, pR087 90; he0, vrata, bhAga 1,pR0 557-560) / saMkSepa meM yahA~ ullekha kiyA jAtA hai--jaba loga paMcamI ko dUdha se vAsuki, takSaka, kAliya, maNibhadra, airAvata, dhRtarASTra, karkoTaka evaM dhanaJjaya nAmaka soM ko nahalAte haiM to ye nAga unake kuTumboM ko abhayadAna de dete haiN| bhaviSya0 (1132 ) meM yaha kathA AyI hai-- nAgoM kI mAtA kadrU ne apanI bahina vinatA se bAjI lagAyI ki indra ke ghor3e uccaiHzravA kI pUMcha kAlI hai| vinatA ke anusAra pUMcha evaM zarIra donoM sapheda the, kintu kadrU kahatI thI ki pUMcha kAlI hai kintu ghor3A zveta hai| kadrU ne apane putroM se pUMcha meM lipaTa jAne ko kahA jisase vaha kAlI dRSTigocara ho, kintu unhoMne isa dhokhebAjI se apane ko vilaga rakhA, jisa para kadrU ne unheM zApa diyA ki tunheM agni jalA DAlegI (janamejaya ke sarpasatra meN)| logoM ko cAhie ki ve nAgoM kI sone, cA~dI yA miTTI kI pratimAe~ banAyeM aura karavIra evaM jAtI puSpoM tathA gaMdhAdi se unakI pUjA kreN| pUjA kA pariNAma hogA sarpa-daMza se mukti / aura dekhie bhaviSyottara purANa (adhyAya 36) evaM hemAdri (kAla, pR0 621); kA0 vi0 (pR0 413); kR0 ra0 (pR0 234) / saurASTra meM nAgapaMcamI zrAvaNa kRSNa pakSa meM sampAdita hotI hai| ___ baMgAla evaM dakSiNa bhArata meM (mahArASTra meM nahIM) manasA devI-pUjana hotA hai jo apane ghara ke AMgana meM snuhI (thUhara) kI TahanI para zrAvaNa ke kRSNa pakSa kI paMcamI ko kiyA jAtA hai| dekhie rAjamArtaNDa, samayapradIpa, kRtyaratnAkara, tithitattva aadi| sarvaprathama sarpa-maya se dUra rahane ke lie manasA devI-pUjana kA saMkalpa hotA hai, taba gandha, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa evaM naivedya diyA jAtA hai aura taba ananta evaM anya nAgoM kI pUjA hotI hai jisameM pramukha rUpa se dUdha-ghI kA naivedya car3hAyA jAtA hai| ghara meM nIma kI pattiyA~ rakhI jAtI haiM, svayaM vratI unheM khAtA hai aura brAhmaNoM ko bhI khilAtA hai| brahmavaivartapurANa (2145-46) ne manasA devI ke janma, usakI pUjA, stotra (prazaMsA) ke viSaya meM ullekha kiyA hai| dakSiNa bhArata meM zrAvaNa zukla paMcamI ko kATha kI caukI para lAla candana se sarpa banAye jAte haiM yA miTTI ke pIle yA kAle raMgoM ke sA~poM kI pratimAeM banAyI yA kharIdI jAtI haiM aura unakI pUjA dUdha se kI jAtI hai| vibhinna prakAra ke sA~poM ko lekara sa~pere ghUmate rahate haiM, unake sA~poM ko loga dUdha dete haiM aura unheM dhana bhI dete haiN|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yadi paMcamI caturthI yA SaSThI se saMyukta ho to SaSThI se saMyukta paMcamI ko varIyatA prApta hotI hai / vratakAlaviveka meM AyA hai ki hasta nakSatra meM yA usase vihIna jyeSTha zukla dazamI ko manasAvrata kiyA jAtA hai jisase manasA devI viSadhara sarpoM se vratI kI rakSA karatI haiM / " 52 bhArata meM sarpa pUjA kA Arambha kaba huA yaha eka kaThina samasyA hai| Rgveda meM isa viSaya meM koI saMketa nahIM miltaa| itanA avazya AyA hai ki indra ahi (sarpa) ke zatru haiM (R02/301, 2 / 19 / 3) / ahi-hatyA kI carcA bhI huI hai ( R0 1 165 6, 34714) / aura dekhie phaNa vAle ahiH ko ( R0 6 / 75 / 14 ) / bR0 upa0 ( 4/4/7 evaM prazna 0 4 / 5) meM sA~pa ('pAdodara', jisake pA~va zarIra ke bhItara hote haiM) ke keMcula kA ullekha hai / aura dekhie (R09/86/44) / taM0 saM0 (4/2/813) evaM bAja0 saM0 ( 13 / 6-8 ) meM sarpoM ko namaskAra kiye jAne kI ora saMketa hai / atharvaveda ( 8 / 14 / 13-15) meM takSaka evaM dhRtarASTra nAmaka sarpoM ke nAma Aye haiN| kAThaka saM0 kahA hai, kintu aita0 brA0 (13 / 7) ne devoM, isase prakaTa hai ki pazcAtkAlIna vaidika kAla meM ( 5-6 ) ne pitaroM, sarpoM, gandharvoM, jaloM evaM oSadhiyoM ko 'paMcajana' manuSyoM, gandharvI, apsarAoM, sarpoM evaM pitaroM ko 'paMcajana' mAnA hai| sarpa loga gandharvo ke samAna eka jAti ke artha meM liye jAne lage the / Azva0 0 (2 / 1 / 1-15), pAraskara gR0 ( 2014 ) evaM anya gRhyasUtroM meM zrAvaNa kI pUrNimA ko 'sarpabali' 'kRtya kiye jAne kA ullekha hai| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2 | mahAbhArata meM nAgoM kA bahuta ullekha hai / Adi0 ( 35 vA adhyAya) ne bahuta-se nAgoM (zeSa me Arambha kara) kA ullekha kiyA hai aura isake 123 / 71 meM tathA udyoga0 (103 / 9-16) meM nAgoM ke bahuta nAma Aye haiN| arjuna ne jaba 12 varSa ke brahmacarya kA vrata liyA thA to ve nAgoM ke deza (aisI jAti jisakA cihna 'nAga' thA ) meM gaye the aura apanI Lera AkRSTa nAgakumArI ulUpI se vivAha kiyA thA / azvamedha ke azva kI rakSA meM Aye hue arjuna se maNipura meM citrAMgadA ke putra babhruvAhana ne yuddha kiyA aura arjuna ko mAra DAlA, jo saMjIvana ratna se punarjIvita kiye gaye ( Azvamedhika parva, adhyAya 79-81 ) / sarpoM kA sambandha viSNu evaM ziva donoM se hai / viSNu zeSa nAga ke phaNa kI zayyA para sote haiM aura ziva nAgoM ko gale meM yajJopavIta ke rUpa meM rakhate haiM (vanaparva 203 / 12 272 / 38-39; anuzAsana0 14 / 55 ) / bhagavadgItA ( 10 / 28-29) meM bhagavAn kRSNa ne apane ko 'sarpoM' meM vAsuki tathA 'nAgoM' meM ananta kahA hai| 'sarpa' evaM 'nAga' kyA antara kiyA gayA hai, spaSTa nahIM ho pAtA / sambhavataH 'sarpa' zabda sabhI reMgane vAle jIvoM tathA 'nAga' phana yA phaNa vAle sA~pa ke lie prayukta hai| purANoM meM nAgoM ke viSaya meM bahuta-sI kathAe~ haiN| dekhie vogela kRta 'iNDiena sarpeNTa lora' (1926) jahA~ mahAbhArata, purANoM evaM rAjataraMgiNI ke AdhAra para kaSTasAdhya zodha kArya upasthita kiyA gayA hai / sambhavataH varSA Rtu meM sarpa daMza se bahuta se loga mara jAyA karate the, ataH sarpa-pUjA kA Arambha sarpa-maya se hI huA / Ajakala bhI prati varSa prAyaH 10,000 vyakti bhArata meM sarpa daMza se mRta ho jAte haiM, 1. yathA kRtyakAmadhenughRto vyAsaH / jyeSThazukladazamyAM tu hastakSe brahmarUpiNI / kazyapAnmanasA devI jAteti manasA smRtA / tasmAttAM pUjayettatra varSe varSe vidhAnataH / anantAdyaSTa nAgAMzca naro niyamatatparaH // ... hastanakSatrayutadazAmyAM pUjayedityeko vidhiH / kevaladazamyAmapItyaparazca / kAlaviveka ( iNDiyana hisTArikala kvArTaralI, jilda 17, saMkhyA 4, pUraka pR0 16 ) / 2. nAgayajJopavItI ca nAgacarmottaracchadaH / anuzAsana 0 ( 14/55 ) / rudra kA varNana yoM hai-- sahasrazIrSA puruSaH strAvatIndriyaH / phaTA sahasravikaTaM zeSaM paryakabhAjanam // vanaparva (272138) /

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nAga-pUjA kA vikAsa, rakSAbandhana, kRSNapUjA kI prAcInatA 53 jaba ki jaMgalI hiMsaka pazuoM se kevala 3000 ke lagabhaga loga mAre jAte haiN| gRhyasUtroM meM varNita sarpabali kI pUrNimA tithi zukla pakSa kI paMcamI meM kyoM parivartita ho gayI, spaSTa rUpa se kAraNa nahIM jJAta ho paataa| diSuvat rekhA para pahale varSA ho jAne ke thor3e parivartana ke kAraNa hI aisA ho sakA hogaa| pIpala jaise pavitra vakSoM ke nIce soM kI prastara-pratimAe~ dravir3a deza meM sAdhAraNa rUpa se prApta hotI haiN| dakSiNa meM kucha nAga-mandira bhI pAye jAte haiM, yathA satArA jile meM battisa zirAlena evaM haidarAbAda meM bhoga parANdena nAmaka sthAnoM meN| zrAvaNa kI pUrNimA ko aparAla meM eka kRtya hotA hai jise rakSAbandhana' kahate haiN| dekhie he. (vrata, bhAga 2, pa0 190-195), ni0 si0 (pa0 121), pU0 ci0 (pa0 284-285), vrtaark| zrAvaNa kI pUrNimA ko sUryodaya ke pUrva uThakara devoM, RSiyoM evaM pitaroM kA tarpaNa karane ke uparAnta akSata, tila, dhAgoM se yukta rakSA banAkara dhAraNa karanA caahie| rAjA ke lie mahala meM eka vargAkAra bhUmi-sthala para jala-pAtra rakhA jAnA cAhie, rAjA ko mantriyoM ke sAtha Asana grahaNa karanA cAhie, vezyAoM se ghire rahane para gAnoM evaM AzIrvacanoM kA tAMtA lagA rahanA cAhie; devoM, brAhmaNoM evaM astra-zastroM kA sammAna kiyA jAnA cAhie, tatpazcAt rAjapurohita ko cAhie ki vaha mantra ke sAtha 'rakSA' bA~dhe--'Apa ko vaha rakSA bA~dhatA hU~ jisase dAnavoM ke rAjA bali bA~dhe gaye the, he rakSA, tuma (yahA~) se na haTo, na htto| sabhI logo ko, yahA~ taka ki zUdroM ko bhI, yathAzakti purohitoM ko prasanna karake rakSA-bandhana ba~dhavAnA caahie| jaba aisA kara diyA jAtA hai to vyakti varSa bhara prasannatA ke sAtha rahatA hai| hemAdri ne bhaviSyottarapurANa kA uddharaNa dete hue likhA hai ki indrANI ne indra ke dAhine hAtha meM rakSA bA~dhakara use itanA yogya banA diyA ki usane asuroM ko harA diyaa| jaba pUrNimA caturdazI yA Ane vAlI pratipadA se yukta ho to rakSA-bandhana nahIM honA caahie| ina donoM se bacane ke lie rAtri meM hI yaha kRtya kara lenA caahie| yaha kRtya aba bhI hotA hai aura purohita loga dAhinI kalAI meM rakSA bA~dhate haiM aura dakSiNA prApta karate haiN| gujarAta, uttara pradeza evaM anya sthAnoM meM nAriyA~ apane bhAiyoM kI kalAI meM rakSA bA~dhatI haiM aura bheTeM letI-detI haiN| zrAvaNa kI pUrNimA ko pazcimI bhArata (vizeSataH koMkaNa evaM malAbAra meM) na kevala hindU, pratyuta musalamAna evaM vyavasAyI pArasI bhI, samudra-taTa para jAte haiM aura samudra ko puSpa evaM nAriyala car3hAte haiN| zrAvaNa kI pUrNimA ko samudra meM tUphAna kama uThate haiM aura nAriyala isIlie samudra-deva (varuNa) ko car3hAyA jAtA hai ki ve vyApArI jahAjoM ko suvidhA de skeN| zrAvaNa (amAnta) kRSNapakSa kI aSTamI ko kRSNajanmASTamI yA janmASTamI vrata evaM utsava pracalita hai, jo bhArata meM sarvatra manAyA jAtA hai aura sabhI vratoM evaM utsavoM meM zreSTha mAnA jAtA hai| kucha purANoM meM aisA AyA hai ki yaha bhAdrapada ke kRSNa pakSa kI aSTamI ko manAyA jAtA hai| isakI vyAkhyA yoM hai ki paurANika vacanoM meM mAsa pUrNimAnta haiM tathA ina mAsoM meM kRSNa pakSa prathama pakSa hai / padma0 (3 / 13), matsya'0 (56), agni0 (183) meM kRSNajanmASTamI ke mAhAtmya kA viziSTa ullekha hai| kRSNa-pUjA kI prAcInatA evaM kRSNa ke viSaya meM saMkSepa meM kucha kaha denA Avazyaka hai| chAndogyopaniSad (3 / 17 / 6) meM AyA hai ki kRSNa devakIputra ne ghora AMgirasa se zikSAe~ grahaNa kii| kRSNa nAma ke eka vaidika kavi the jinhoMne azvinoM se prArthanA kI hai (R0 8 / 85 / 3) / anukramaNI ne R0 8 / 86-87 ko kRSNa-AMgirasa kA mAnA 3. devadvijAtizastA sustrIrayaiH samarcayet prathamam / tadanu purodhA nRpateH rakSAM badhnIta mantreNa // yena baddho balI rAjA dAnavendro mahAbalaH / tena tvAmabhibadhnAmi rakSe mA cala mA cl||bhvissyottr0 (137 / 19-20) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai| jaina paramparAoM meM kRSNa 22 veM tIrthakara neminAtha ke samakAlIna mAne gaye haiM aura jainoM ke prAk-itihAsa ke 63 mahApuruSoM ke vivaraNa meM lagabhaga eka-tihAI bhAga kRSNa ke sambandha meM hI hai| mahAbhArata meM kRSNa-jIvana bharapUra hai| mahAbhArata meM ve yAdava rAjakumAra kahe gaye haiM, ve pANDavoM ke sabase gahare mitra the, bar3e mArI yoddhA the, rAjanItijJa evaM dArzanika the| katipaya sthAnoM para ve paramAtmA mAne gaye haiM aura svayaM viSNu kahe gaye haiM (zAnti, 47 / 28; droNa, 146 / 67-68; karNa, 87 / 74; vana, 49 / 20; bhISma, 21113-15) / yudhiSThira (droNa, 149 / 16-33), draupadI (vana, 263 / 8-16) evaM bhISma (anuzAsana, 167 / 37-45) ne kRSNa ke viSaya meM prazaMsA-gAna kiye haiN| harivaMza,viSNu, vAyu, bhAgavata evaM brahmavaivarta purANa meM kRSNa-lIlAoM kA varNana hai jo mahAbhArata meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| pANini (4 / 3 / 98) se prakaTa hotA hai ki inake kAla meM kucha loga vAsudevaka evaM arjunaka bhI the, jinakA artha hai krama se vAsudeva evaM arjuna ke bhkt| pataJjali ke mahAbhASya ke vArtikoM meM kRSNa-sambandhI vyaktiyoM evaM ghaTanAoM kI ora saMketa hai, yathA vAtika saM0 6 (pA0 3 / 1 / 26) meM kaMsa' tathA bali ke nAma ; vArtika saM0 2 (pA0 3 / 1 / 138) meM 'govinda'; evaM pA0 3 / 2 / 21 ke vArtika meM vAsudeva evaM kRssnn| pataJjali meM 'satyabhAmA' ko 'bhAmA' bhI kahA gayA hai| 'vAsudevavarmyaH', 'akrUravargyaH' (vArtika 11, pA0 4 / 2 / 104), 'RSyandhakavRSNikurubhyazca' (pA0 4 / 1 / 114) meM, ugrasena (ko andhaka kahA gayA hai) evaM vAsudeva tathA baladeva (ko vRSNi kahA gayA hai) Adi zabda Aye haiN| adhikAMza vidvAnoM ne pataJjali ko I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI kA mAnA hai| kRSNa-kathAe~ isake bahuta pahale kI haiN| Adi0 (11256) evaM sabhA0 (33 / 10-12) meM kRSNa ko vAsudeva evaM paramabrahma evaM vizva kA mUla kahA gayA hai| I0 pU0 dUsarI yA pahalI zatAbdI ke ghosuNDI abhilekha (epi0 iNDi0, 16, pR0 25-27; 31, pR0 198 evaM iNDiyana aiNTIkverI, 61,pR0 203) meM kRSNa ko 'bhAgavata evaM sarvezvara' kahA gayA hai| yahI bAta nAnAghATa abhilekhoM (I0 pU0 200 I0) meM bhI hai| besanagara ke garuDadhvaja' abhilekha meM vAsudeva ko 'deva-deva' kahA gayA hai| ye pramANa siddha karate haiM ki I0 pU0 500 ke lagabhaga uttarI evaM madhya bhArata meM vAsudeva kI pUjA pracalita thii| adhika prakAza ke lie dekhie zrI Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara kRta 'vaiSNavijma, zaivijma' Adi (pR0 1-45), jahA~ vaiSNava sampradAya evaM isakI prAcInatA ke viSaya meM vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai| . yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki kRSNajanmASTamI para likhe gaye madhyakAlika granthoM ne bhaviSya 0, bhaviSyottara0, skanda0, viSNudharmottara0, nAradIya evaM brahmavaivarta purANoM se uddharaNa to liye haiM kintu unhoMne usa bhAgavata purANa ko achUtA chor3a rakhA hai jo pazcAtkAlIna madhya evaM vartamAnakAlIna vaiSNavoM kA 'veda' mAnA jAtA hai| bhAgavata meM kRSNa-janma kA vivaraNa saMdigdha evaM sAdhAraNa hai| vahA~ aisA AyA hai ki janma ke samaya kAla sarvaguNasampanna evaM zobhana thA, dizAe~ svaccha evaM gagana nirmala evaM uDugaNa yukta thA, vAyu sukhasparzI evaM gandhavAhI thA aura jaba janArdana ne devakI ke garbha se janma liyA to ardharAtri thI tathA andhakAra ne sabako DhaMka liyA thaa| 4. atha sarvaguNopetaH kAlaH prmshobhnH| yahAvAjanajanmarpha zAntarvAgrahatArakam // dizaH prasedurgaganaM nirmloddugnnodym|...vvau vAyuH sukhasparzaH puNyagandhavahaH shuciH|...nishiithe tama udbhUte jAyamAne jnaardne| devakyAM devarUpiNyAM viSNuH srvguhaashyH|| bhAgavata0 10 // 3 // 1-2, 4, 8 / yahA~ 'ajanajanmakSa' zabda kA prayoga apUrva hai-na vidyate janaH janma yasya sa ajanaH (prajApati, jo AtmabhU yA svayaMbhU kahA gayA hai)| yahA~ 'ajanajanmaH' kA artha, lagatA hai, jisakA janmanakSatra vaha rohiNI hai jisakA prajApati (ajana) devatA hai| dUsare evaM cauthe zlokoM meM raghuvaMza (3314) ke pada 'dizaH prasedurmaruto vavuH sukhAH' kI dhvani phUTa rahI hai|

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janmASTamI aura jayantI vrata 55 bhaviSyottara 0 (44 / 1-69) meM kRSNa dvArA kRSNajanmASTamI vrata ke bAre meM yudhiSThira se svayaM kahalAyA gayA hai -- maiM vasudeva evaM devakI se bhAdra kRSNa aSTamI ko utpanna huA thA, jaba ki sUrya siMha rAzi meM thA, candra vRSabha thA aura nakSatra rohiNI thA ( 74-75 zloka ) / jaba zrAvaNa ke kRSNa pakSa kI aSTamI ko rohiNI nakSatra hotA hai to vaha tithi jayantI kahalAtI hai, usa dina upavAsa karane se sabhI pApa jo bacapana, yuvAvasthA, vRddhAvasthA evaM bahuta-se pUrvajanmoM meM hue rahate haiM, kaTa jAte haiN| isakA phala yaha hai ki yadi zrAvaNa kRSNapakSa kI aSTamI ko rohiNI ho to na yaha kevala janmASTamI hotI hai, kintu jaba zrAvaNa kI kRSNASTamI se rohiNI saMyukta ho jAtI hai to jayantI hotI hai / aba prazna yaha hai ki 'janmASTamI vrata' evaM 'jayantI vrata' eka hI haiM yA ye do pRthak vrata haiM / kAlanirNaya ( pR0 209) ne donoM ko pRthak vrata mAnA hai, kyoMki do pRthak nAma Aye haiM, donoM ke nimitta ( avasara ) pRthak haiM ( prathama kRSNapakSa kI aSTamI hai aura dUsarI rohaNI se saMyukta kRSNapakSa kI aSTamI ), donoM kI vizeSatAe~ pRthak haiM, kyoMki janmASTamI vrata meM zAstra ne upavAsa kI vyavasthA dI hai aura jayantI vrata meM upavAsa, dAna Adi kI vyavasthA hai| isake atirikta janmASTamI vrata nitya hai kyoMki isake na karane se kevala pApa lagane kI bAta kahI gayI hai) aura jayantI vrata nitya evaM kAmya donoM hai, kyoMki usameM isake na karane se na kevala pApa kI vyavasthA hai pratyuta karane se phala prApti kI bAta bhI kahI gayI hai| eka hI zloka meM donoM ke pRthak ullekha bhI haiN| hemAdri, madanaratna, nirNayasindhu Adi ne donoM ko bhinna mAnA hai / ni0 si0 ( pR0 126) ne yaha bhI likhA hai ki isa kAla meM loga janmASTamI vrata karate haiM na ki jayantI vrata / kintu jayantInirNaya ( pR0 25) kA kathana hai ki loga jayantI manAte haiM na ki janmASTamI / sambhavataH yaha bheda uttara evaM dakSiNa bhArata kA hai / ( varAhapurANa evaM harivaMza meM do virodhI bAteM haiM / prathama ke anusAra kRSNa kA janma ASAr3ha zukla dvAdazI ko huA thaa| harivaMza ke anusAra kRSNa janma ke samaya abhijit nakSatra thA aura vijaya muhUrta thA / sambhavata: ina uktiyoM meM prAcIna paramparAoM kI chApa hai / madhyakAlika nibandhoM meM janmASTamI vrata ke sampAdana kI tithi evaM kAla ke viSaya meM bhI vivecana pAya hai (dekhie kAna0, pR0 215 - 224 ) ; kRtyatattva, pR0 438 - 444; tithitattva, pR0 47-51 / samaya mayUkha (50-51 ) evaM ni0 si0 ( pR0 128 - 130 ) meM isa viSaya meM niSkarSa diye gaye haiM / sabhI purANoM evaM janmASTamI -sambandhI granthoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki kRSNajanma ke sampAdana kA pramukha samaya hai zrAvaNa kRSNapakSa kI aSTamI kI ardharAtri ( yadi pUrNimAnta hotA hai to bhAdrapada mAsa meM kiyA jAtA hai) / yaha tithi do prakAra kI hai- (1) binA rohiNI nakSatra kI tathA (2) rohiNI nakSatra vAlI / nirNayAmRta ( pR056-58) meM 18 prakAra haiM, jinameM 8 zuddhA tithiyA~, 8 viddhA tathA anya 2 haiM (jinameM eka ardharAtri meM rohiNI nakSatra vAlI tathA dUsarI rohiNI se yukta navamI, budha yA maMgala ko ) / yahA~ para vibhinna matoM ke vivecana meM hama nahIM pdd'eNge| kevala tithitattva ( pR0 54 ) se saMkSipta nirNaya diye jA rahe haiM - yadi jayantI ( rohiNIyukta aSTamI ) eka dina vAlI hai, to usI dina upavAsa karanA cAhie, yadi jayantI na ho to upavAsa rohiNI yukta aSTamI ko honA cAhie, yadi rohiNI se yukta do dina hoM to upavAsa dUsare dina kiyA jAtA hai, yadi rohiNI nakSatra na ho to upavAsa ardharAtri meM sthita aSTamI ko honA cAhie yA yadi aSTamI ardharAtri meM do dinoM vAlI ho yA yadi vaha ardharAtri meM na ho to upavAsa dUsare dina kiyA jAnA cAhie / yadi jayantI budha yA maMgala ko ho to upavAsa mahApuNyakArI hotA hai aura karor3oM vratoM se zreSTha mAnA jAtA hai aura jo vyakti budha yA maMgala se yukta jayantI para upavAsa karatA hai vaha janma-maraNa se sadA ke lie chuTakArA pA letA hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa janmASTamI vrata meM pramukha kRtya haiM upavAsa, kRSNa-pUjA, jAgara ( rAta kA jAgaraNa, stotra-pATha evaM kRSNa-jIvanasambandhI kathAe~ sunanA ) evaM pAraNa | tithitattva ( pR0 42-47 ), samayamayUkha ( pR0 52-57), kAlatattvaviveka ( pR0 52-56 ), vratarAja ( pR0 274-277), dharmasindhu ( pR0 68-69 ) ne bhaviSyottara 0 ( adhyAya 55 ) ke AdhAra para janmASTamI vrata vidhi para lambe-lambe vivecana upasthita kiye haiM / yahA~ hama prathama do se saMkSepa meM vidhi para prakAza DAlate haiM, kyoMki donoM me bahuta sImA taka sAmya hai / vrata ke dina prAtaH vratI ko sUrya, soma (candra), yama, kAla, donoM sandhyAoM (prAtaH evaM sAyaM ), paMca bhUtoM, dina, kSapA (rAtri), pavana, dikpAloM, bhUmi, AkAza, khacaroM (vAyu-dizAoM ke nivAsiyoM) evaM devoM kA AhvAna karanA cAhie, jisase ve upasthita hoM / " use apane hAtha meM jalapUrNa tAmra pAtra rakhanA cAhie, jisameM kucha phala, puSpa, akSata ho aura mAsa Adi kA nAma lenA cAhie aura saMkalpa karanA cAhie --- maiM kRSNajanmASTamI vrata kucha viziSTa phala Adi tathA apane pApoM se chuTakArA pAne ke lie karU~gA / ' taba vaha vAsudeva ko sambodhita cAra mantroM kA pATha karatA hai jisake uparAnta vaha pAtra meM jala DAlatA hai / use devakI ke putra-janana ke lie prasUti gRha kA nirmANa karanA cAhie, jisameM jala se pUrNa zubha pAtra, Amradala, puSpamAlAe~ Adi rakhanA cAhie, agaru jalAnA cAhie aura zubha vastuoM se alaMkaraNa karanA cAhie tathA SaSThI devI ko rakhanA caahie| gRha yA usakI dIvAroM ke caturdik devoM evaM gandharvo ke citra banavAne cAhie (jinake hAtha jur3e hue hoM), vasudeva ( hAtha meM talavAra se yukta ), devakI, nanda, yazodA, gopiyoM, kaMsa-rakSakoM, yamunA nadI, kAliya nAga tathA gokula kI ghaTanAoM se sambandhita citra Adi banavAne caahie| prasUti gRha meM paradoM se yukta bistara taiyAra karanA caahie| vratI ko kisI nadI ( yA tAlAba yA kahIM bhI ) meM tila ke sAtha dopahara meM snAna karake yaha saMkalpa karanA cAhie - 'maiM kRSNa kI pUjA unake sahagAmiyoM ke sAtha karU~gA / ' use sone yA cA~dI Adi kI kRSNa pratimA banavAnI cAhie, pratibhA ke gAloM kA sparza karanA cAhie aura mantroM ke sAtha usakI prANa-pratiSThA karanI caahie| use mantra ke sAtha devakI va unake zizu zrI kRSNa kA dhyAna karanA cAhie tathA vasudeva, devakI, nanda, yazodA, baladeva evaM caNDikA kI pUjA snAna, dhUpa, gandha, , naivedya Adi ke sAtha evaM mantroM ke sAtha karanI caahie| taba use pratIkAtmaka DhaMga se jAtakarma, nAbhi-chedana, SaSThIpUjA evaM nAmakaraNa Adi saMskAra karane caahie| taba candrodaya (yA ardharAtri ke thor3I dera uparAnta) ke samaya kisI vedikA para arghya denA cAhie, yaha arghya rohiNI yukta candra ko bhI diyA jA sakatA hai, arghya meM zaMkha se jala arpaNa hotA hai jisameM puSpa, kuza, candana lepa DAle hue rahate haiM, yaha saba eka mantra ke sAtha hotA hai| isake uparAnta vratI ko candra kA namana karanA cAhie aura daNDavat jhuka jAnA cAhie tathA vAsudeva ke vibhinna nAmoM vAle zlokoM kA pATha karanA cAhie aura anta meM prArthanAe~ karanI caahie|' vratI ko rAtri bhara kRSNa kI prazaMsA ke stotroM, paurANika kathAoM, 56 5. sUryaH somo yamaH kAlaH sandhye bhUtAnyahaH kSapA / pavano dikpatirbhUmirAkAzaM khacarAmarAH / brAhma zAsanamAsthAya kalpadhvamiha sannidhim // ti0 ta0 ( pR0 45) evaM sa0 ma0 ( pR052) / 6. bhUmi para gira, praNAma karate samaya kA eka mantra yaha hai- zaraNaM tu prapadyehaM sarvakAmArthasiddhaye / praNamAmi sadA devaM vAsudevaM jagatpatim // sa0 ma0 ( pR054) evaM ti0 ta0 ( pR0 45 ) | do prArthanAmantra ye haiM-trAhi mAM sarvaduHkhana rogazokArNavAddhare / durgatAMstrAyase viSNo ye smaranti sakRt skRt| so'haM devAtidurvRtrastrAhi mAM zokasAgarAt / puSkarAkSa nimagno'haM mAyAvijJAna sAgare // vahI /

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janmASTamI vrata, pAraNa 57 gAnoM evaM nRtyoM meM saMlagna rahanA caahie| dUsare dina prAtaH kAla ke kRtyoM ke sampAdana ke uparAnta, kRSNa- pratimA kA pUjana karanA cAhie, brAhmaNoM ko bhojana denA cAhie, sonA, gau, vastroM kA dAna 'mujha para kRSNa prasanna hoM' zabdoM ke sAtha karanA caahie| use "yaM devaM devakI devI vasudevAdajIjanat / bhaumasya brahmaNo guptyaM tasmai brahmAtmane namaH // janma-vAsudevAya gobrAhmaNahitAya ca / zAntirastu ziva cAstu" kA pATha karanA cAhie tathA kRSNa-pratimA kisI brAhmaNa ko de denI cAhie aura pAraNa karane ke uparAnta vrata ko samApta karanA cAhie (dekhie sa0 ma0, pR0 55; ti0 ta0, pR0 43 ) / vidhi ke antaroM ke lie dekhie dha0 si0 ( pR0 68-69 ) / dharmasindhu meM AyA hai ki zUdroM ko vaidika mantra chor3a dene cAhie, kintu ve paurANika mantroM evaM gAnoM kA sampAdana kara sakate haiN| samaya mayUkha evaM tithitattva meM vaidika mantroM ke prayoga kA spaSTa saMketa nahIM milatA / madhyakAlika nibandhoM meM janmASTamI vrata ke pramukha uddezya ke viSaya meM carcA uThAyI gayI hai / kucha logoM ke mata se upavAsa evaM pUjA donoM pramukha haiM ( bhaviSya 0, samayamayUkha, pR0 46; he0, kAla, pR0 131 meM uddhRta ) / sa0 ma0 ne vyAkhyA ke uparAnta niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki upavAsa kevala 'aMga' hai, kintu pUjA hI pramukha hai| kintu tithitattva ne bhaviSya evaM mImAMsAsiddhAntoM ke AdhAra para kahA hai ki upavAsa hI pramukha hai aura pUjA kevala 'aMga' ( arthAt sahAyaka tattva) hai| aba hama isa viSaya ko yahIM chor3ate haiM, vizeSa vivaraNa ke lie dekhie hArIta 'danirNayI' kA eka aMza 'jayantI nirNaya', jisameM isa viSaya kA vizada vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yaha pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki pratyeka vrata ke anta meM pAraNa hotA hai, jo vrata ke dUsare dina prAtaH kAla kiyA jAtA hai| janmASTamI evaM jayantI ke upalakSya meM kiye gaye upavAsa ke uparAnta pAraNa ke viSaya meM kucha viziSTa niyama haiN| brahmavaivarta 0 ( kAlanirNaya, pR0226) meM AyA hai -- ' jaba taka aSTamI calatI rahe yA usa para rohiNI nakSatra rahe taba taka pAraNa nahIM karanA cAhie; jo aisA nahIM karatA, arthAt jo aisI sthiti meM pAraNa kara letA hai vaha apane kiye karAye para pAnI phera detA hai aura upavAsa se prApta phaloM ko naSTa kara detA hai; ataH tithi tathA nakSatra ke anta meM hI pAraNa karanA caahie|' aura dekhie nAradapurANa (kA0 ni0, pR0 227; ti0 ta0, pR052), agnipurANa, tithitattva evaM kRtyatattva ( pR0 441) Adi / pAraNa ke uparAnta vratI 'oM bhUtAya bhUtezvarAya bhUtapataye bhUtasambhavAya govindAya namo namaH' nAmaka mantra kA pATha karatA hai / kucha paristhitiyoM meM pAraNa rAtri meM bhI hotA hai, vizeSataH vaiSNavoM meM, jo vrata ko nitya rUpa meM karate haiM na ki kAmya rUpa meM / 'udyApana' evaM 'pAraNa' ke arthoM meM antara hai| ekAdazI evaM janmASTamI jaise vrata jIvana bhara kiye jAte haiM / unameM jaba kabhI vrata kiyA jAtA hai to pAraNa hotA hai, kintu jaba koI eka vrata kevala eka sImita kAla taka karatA hai aura use samApta kara letA hai to usakI parisamApti kA antima kRtya hai udyApana |

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adhyAya 8 haritAlikA, gaNezacaturthI, RSipaMcamI evaM anantacaturdazI haritAlikA vrata nAriyoM kA vrata hai| yaha bhAdrapada ke zukla pakSa kI tRtIyA ko sampAdita hotA hai / isa vrata kA kRtyakalpataru evaM hemAdri meM koI ullekha nahIM hai / pazcAtkAlIna madhyakAlika nibandha, yathA nirNayasindhu ( pR0 133), vratArka (44), vratarAja ( pR0 103 110 ) evaM ahalyAkAmadhenu ( 282 - 295 ) isakA varNana karate haiM / rAjamArtaNDa (1257-2258) meM bhAdrapada ke zukla pakSa kI caturthI ko kiye jAne vAle haritAlIcaturthI vrata kA ullekha hai aura aisA likhA gayA hai ki yaha pArvatI ko pyArA (prItidAyaka ) hai / mahArASTrIya nAriyoM meM yaha atyadhika pracalita hai| isakA saMkSipta varNana kiyA jA rahA / nAriyoM ko taila evaM triphalA (tiSyaphalA ) ke lepa se snAna kara rezamI vastra dhAraNa karane cAhie / tithi Adi kA nAma lekara nimna saMkalpa karanA cAhie -- ' mama samasta pApakSayapUrvakaM saptajanmarAjyAkhaNDitasaubhAgyAdivRddhaye umAmahezvaraprItyarthaM haritAlikA vratamahaM kariSye / tatrAdau gaNapatipUjana kariSye' ( vratarAja, pR0 103 ) / use umA evaM ziva kA namana karanA caahie| mantroM ke sAtha AvAhana, Asana, pAdya, arghya Adi solaha upacAroM ke sampAdana se umA pUjana karanA cAhie / puSpa dene ke uparAnta vratI ko pA~va se lekara sira taka umA ke sabhI aMgoM kI pUjA karanI caahie| isake uparAnta dhUpa, dIpa, naivedya, AcamanIya, gandha ( kapUra, candana ), tAmbUla, pUgIphala, dakSiNA, alaMkAra, nIrAjana (dIpa DulAnA) ke kRtya kiye jAne caahie| isake uparAnta umA ke vibhinna nAmoM (gaurI, pArvatI Adi) evaM ziva ke vibhinna nAmoM (hara, mahAdeva, zambhu Adi) se pUjA honI cAhie; puSpa dAna karanA cAhie, umA evaM mahezvara kI pratimAoM kI pradakSiNA karanI cAhie, pratyeka vAra mantra ke sAtha namaskAra karanA cAhie, prArthanA evaM zubha vastuoM ke sAtha pAtroM meM dAna karanA cAhie / ' yaha vrata baMgAla, gujarAta Adi meM nahIM pracalita hai| mAdhava (kA0 ni0, pR0 176 ) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki yadi tRtIyA tithi dvitIyA evaM caturthI se saMyukta ho to vrata dUsare dina kiyA jAnA cAhie, jaba ki tRtIyA kama se kama eka muhUrta (do ghaTikA ) taka avasthita rahe aura taba caturthI kA praveza ho / 1. namaskAramantra yaha hai- 'anyathA zaraNaM nAsti tvameva zaraNaM mama / tasmAtkAruNyabhAvena kSamasva paramezvari // prArthanAmantra yaha hai - - ' putrAn dehi dhanaM dehi saubhAgyaM dehi suvrate / anyAMzca sarvakAmAMzca dehi devi namostu te // vAyanamantra yaha hai--'saubhAgyArogyakAmAya sarvasampatsamRddhaye / gaurIgaurozatuSTyarthaM vAyanaM te dadAmyaham // '

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haritAlikA, gaNezacaturthI vrata vartamAna samaya meM nAriyA~ pArvatI, zivaliMga evaM pArvatI kI kisI sakhI kI miTTI kI pratimAe~ kharIda kara pUjA karatI haiN| isa vrata kA 'haritAlikA' nAma kyoM par3A, kahanA kaThina hai| vratarAja (pR0 108) kA kathana hai ki yaha vratarAja (vratoM meM rAjA) hai aura isakA yaha nAma isalie par3A ki pArvatI apane ghara se apanI sakhiyoM dvArA le jAyI gayI thiiN| vratarAja meM AyA hai ki ziva ne apanI vaha vrata-kathA pArvatI se kahI thI, jisake dvArA unheM pArvatI prApta huI thIM aura ve unakI ardhAMginI ho sakI thiiN| varAha0 (adhyAya 22) meM gaurI evaM ziva ke vivAha kA lambA ullekha hai| bhArata ke katipaya bhAgoM meM (kintu baMgAla evaM gujarAta meM nahIM) mAdrapada ke zuklapakSa kI caturthI ko gaNeza caturtho kA utsava kiyA jAtA hai| yaha varadacaturthI ke nAma se bhI vikhyAta hai (sa0 ma0,pR0 39) / isakA sampAdana madhyAhna meM hotA hai (kA0ni0, pR0 181 evaM ni0 si0,pR0 133) / yadi caturthI tithi tRtIyA aura paMcamI se saMyukta ho tathA madhyAhna meM caturthI ho to tRtIyA se saMyukta' caturthI mAnya hotI hai| yadi madhyAhna meM caturthI na ho, kintu dUsare dina paMcamI se yukta madhyAhna meM ho to paraviddhA (Ane vAlI paMcamI se saMyukta) ko hI utsava hotA hai| saMkSepa meM vidhi yoM hai| Ajakala miTTI kI ra~gI huI gaNeza-pratimA lI jAtI hai, usakI prANa-pratiSThA kI jAtI hai, 16 upacAroM ke sAtha vinAyaka-pUjA hotI hai| candana se yukta do dUrvA-dala pratyeka dasa nAmoM se samarpita kiye jAte haiM, isa prakAra kula 20 dUrvAdaloM kA prayoga hotA hai, isake uparAnta dasoM nAmoM ko eka sAtha lekara 21vA~ dUrvAdala samarpita hotA hai|' eka dUrvA naivedya rUpa meM, dasa brAhmaNoM ko tathA zeSa dasa svayaM vratI yA usakA kuTumba khAtA hai| anya vivaraNoM ke lie dekhie pu0 ci0 (pR094) evaM vratarAja (pR0 144-151) / yadi bhAdrapada ke kRSNapakSa kI caturthI ravivAra yA maMgalavAra ko par3atI hai to use 'mahatI' caturthI kahate haiM (dha0 si0, pR0 72) / gaNeza-pUjana meM mahattvapUrNa vaidika mantra hai R0 2 / 23 / 1 (tai0 saM0 2 / 3 / 14 / 3 gaNAnAM tvA gaNapatiM havAmahe), jo vAstava meM brahmaNaspati ko sambodhita hai, kintu madhya evaM vartamAna kAla kI dhAraNAoM meM gaNeza ne usa vaidika devatA kI vizeSatAe~ grahaNa kara lI haiN| gaNezacaturthI meM 21vIM saMkhyA mahattva rakhatI hai| dhyAna ke lie gaNeza kA jo svarUpa nirdhArita hai vaha yoM hai--'una siddhi-vinAyaka kA dhyAna karanA cAhie jo eka dA~ta vAle haiM, jinake karNa sUpa ke samAna haiM, jo nAga kA janeU dhAraNa karate haiM aura jo hAthoM meM pAza evaM aMkuza dhAraNa karate haiN|" mAdhyamika evaM vartamAna kAla meM eka aisI dhAraNA rahI hai ki yadi koI isa gaNezacaturthI ko candra dekha letA hai to usa para corI Adi kA jhUThA abhiyoga laga jAtA hai| yadi koI truTivaza candra kA darzana kara letA hai to 2. AlibhiharitA yasmAttasmAtsA hritaalikaa| vratarAja (pR0 108) / aisI kalpanA karanA saMbhava hai ki pArvatI kI pratimA haritAla se pIle raMga meM raMgI jAtI thI aura isI se 'haritAlikA' nAma pdd'aa| 3. vasa nAma ye haiM--gaNAdhipa, umAputra, aghanAzana, vinAyaka, Izaputra, sarvasiddhi, ekadanta, ibhavaktra, mUSakavAhana evaM kumaarguru| ' 4. tatra gaNezarUpaM skAnde-ekadantaM zUrpakarNa nAgayajJopavItinam / pAzAMkuzadharaM devaM dhyAyesi Di vinAyam / iti / ni0 si0 (pR0 133) evaM smRtikA0 (pR0 210) /

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60 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa use jhUThe abhiyoga ke pratiphaloM se chuTakArA pAne ke lie usa paurANika padya kA pATha karanA cAhie jo eka dAI dvArA bacce se kahA gayA thA -- eka siMha ne prajenajit ko mArA, siMha ko jAmbavaMta ne mAra DAlA, mata roo, he sukumAraka, yaha tumhArI syamantaka maNi hai|' (dekhie, haiM0, vrata0, bhAga 1, pR0 529-530; vahIM, kAla, pR0 681 ; harivaMza 1138 / 36; viSNu0 4 / 13 / 42; vAyu0 96 / 42; 10 6 / 276 / 19; brahma0 16 36 ) / 'sukumAraka' kisI lar3ake kA nAma ho sakatA hai yA kevala pyAra kA nAma ho sakatA hai| yaha gAthA mausala parva ( 3 / 23) evaM katipaya purANoM meM AyI hai / dekhie vAyu ( 96 / 20-52), agni ( 175 / 40-44), matsya (adhyAya 45), viSNu (4 / 13 / 3-18), bhAgavata (10, uttarArdha), padma (5 / 13 / 78-83, 6 / 276 56, 5-37 ) evaM brahma (16 / 12- 45) / sUrya ne prasena ke bhAIsa jit ko dedIpyamAna syamantaka maNi dI jo pratidina 8 bhAra sonA utpanna karatI thI ( mAgavata 10 / 56 / 11 ) ; kRSNa ne ise pAne kA prayAsa kiyA, kintu nahIM pA ske| isa maNi se yukta prasena zikAra khelane gayA aura siMha dvArA mAra DAlA gayA, kintu mAluoM ke netA jAmbavaMta ne siMha ko mAra DAlA aura syamantaka le lI aura usake sAtha apanI guphA meM calA gayA / satrAjit evaM yAdavoM ne zaMkA kI ki kRSNa ne usa maNi ko prApta karane ke lie prasena ko mAra DAlA hai / kRSNa ko yaha abhiyoga bahuta burA lagA aura unhoMne prasena evaM siMha ke zavoM ko khoja nikAlA aura jaba unhoMne guphA meM dAI ko usa prakAra kA sambodhana karate sunA to usameM praveza kiyaa| guphA meM kRSNa evaM jAmbavaMta se mallayuddha huA / jaba bahuta dinoM taka kRSNa guphA se bAhara nahIM nikale to unake anuyAyI yAdava dvArakA cale Aye aura kRSNa kI mRtyu kA sandeza ghoSita kara diyA / 21 dinoM ke uparAnta jAmbavaMta ne hAra svIkAra kara lI ( bhAgavata meM 28 dina ullikhita haiM, 10 / 58/24) aura kRSNa se sandhi kara lI tathA apanI putrI jAmbavatI kA vivAha kRSNa se kara diyA tathA syamantaka maNi daheja meM de dI / dvArakA lauTane para kRSNa ne vaha maNi prasena ke bhAI satrAjit ko de dI aura isa prakAra jhUThe abhiyoga se unheM chuTakArA milaa| vAyu ( 96/58 ) evaM matsya (45 / 34) Adi purANoM meM AyA hai ki mithyAropa se chuTakArA pAne vAle kRSNa kI yaha gAthA jo sunatA hai vaha aise mithyAropa meM nahIM pha~satA / tithitattva ( pR0 32 ) meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki mAdrapada ke zukla pakSa kI caturthI ko jo vyakti asAvadhAnI se candra dekha letA hai use dAI vAlI gAthA kA zloka pAnI ke Upara par3ha kara usa pAnI ko pI lenA cAhie aura syamantaka maNi kI kahAnI suna lenI caahie| jaba bhAdrapada zukla pakSa caturthI ko gaNeza pUjana hotA hai to use zivA tithi kahA jAtA hai| jaba gaNeza kA sammAna mAgha zukla caturthI ko hotA hai to use zAntA tathA jaba zukla pakSa kI caturthI maMgalavAra ko ho to use sukhA kahA jAtA hai| dekhie hemAdri ( vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 512-13, pR0 513514 evaM pR0 515-519) / Ajakala gaNeza sabase adhika pracalita deva haiM aura pratyeka mahattvapUrNa kRtya meM unakA AvAhana sarvaprathama hotA hai, ve jJAna ke deva haiM, sAhitya ke adhiSThAtA deva haiM, saphalatA dAyaka haiM aura vighnavinAzaka haiM / gaNeza-pUjana evaM gaNeza-pratimAoM ke viSaya meM dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa do / vizeSa adhyayana ke lie dekhie brahmavaivartakA gaNezakhaNDa (46 adhyAyoM meM ), gaNapatyartharvazIrSa, ahalyAkAmadhenu, kRtyakalpataru ( vrata, pR0 84-87) Adi / bhAdrapada ke zuklapakSa kI paMcamI ko RSipaJcamIvrata sampAdita hotA hai / prathamataH yaha sabhI varNoM ke puruSoM ke lie pratipAdita thA, kintu aba yaha adhikAMza meM nAriyoM dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| hemAdri ( vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 568-572) ne brahmANDapurANa ko uddhRta kara vizada vivaraNa upasthita kiyA hai| vyakti ko nadI Adi meM snAna karane tathA kRtya karane ke uparAnta agnihotrazAlA meM jAnA cAhie, sAtoM RSiyoM kI pratimAoM ko paMcAmRta meM nahalAnA cAhie. una para candana - lepa, karpUra lagAnA cAhie, puSpoM, sugandhita padArthoM, dhUpa, dIpa, zveta

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61 RSipaJcamI, anantacaturdazI vrata vastroM, yajJopavItoM, adhika mAtrA meM naivedya se pUjA karanI cAhie aura mantroM ke sAtha arghyaM car3hAnA cAhie / " isa vrata meM kevala zAkoM kA prayoga hotA hai aura brahmacarya kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai| isake karane se sabhI pApoM evaM prakAra ke duHkhoM se chuTakArA milatA hai' tathA saubhAgya kI vRddhi hotI hai / jaba nArI ise sampAdita karatI hai to use Ananda, zarIra-saundarya, putroM evaM pautroM kI prApti hotI hai| pazcAtkAlIna nibandha vratArka, vratarAja ( pR0 200 - 206) Adi ne bhaviSyottara 0 se uddhRta kara bahuta-sI bAta likhI haiM, jahA~ kRSNa dvArA yudhiSThira ko sunAyI gayI eka kathA bhI hai| jaba indra ne tvaSTA ke putra vRtra kA hanana kiyA to unheM brahmahatyA kA aparAdha lagA / usa pApa ko cAra sthAnoM meM bA~TA gayA, yathA agni (dhUma se mizrita prathama jvAlA), nadiyoM (varSAkAla ke paMkila jala), parvatoM (jahA~ goMda vAle vRkSa ugate haiM) meM tathA striyoM (rajasvalA) meM / ataH mAsika dharma ke samaya lage pApa se chuTakArA pAne ke lie yaha vrata striyoM dvArA kiyA jAnA cAhie / isakA saMkalpa yoM hai - ahaM jJAnato'jJAnato vA rajasvalAvasyAyAM kRtasaMparkajanitadoSaparihArArthamRSipaJcamIvrataM kariSye / ' aisA saMkalpa karake arundhatI ke sAtha saptarSiyoM kI pUjA karanI cAhie ( vratArka ) / vratarAja ( pR0 201) ke mata se isa vrata meM kevala zAkoM yA nIvAroM yA sA~vA (zyAmAka) yA kanda-mUloM yA phaloM kA sevana karanA cAhie tathA hala se utpanna kiyA huA anna nahIM khAnA caahie| Ajakala jaba puruSa bhI isa vrata ko karate haiM to vaidika mantroM kA pATha hotA hai, yathA kazyapa RSi ke lie Rgveda (9/14/2), atri ke lie R0 (5/7824), bharadvAja ke lie R0 (6 / 25 / 9), vizvAmitra ke lie R0 (10 / 16714), gotama ke lie R0 (127821), jamadagni ke lie R0 ( 3 / 62 / 18 ) evaM vasiSTha ke lie R0 ( 7 31 / 11) / arundhatI ke lie mI mantra hai-"atreryathAnasUyA syAd vasiSThasyApyarundhatI / kauzikasya yathA satI tathA tvamapi bhartari // / ' yaha arundhatI ke AvAhana ke lie hai| yaha vrata sAta varSoM kA hotA hai| sAta ghar3e hote haiM aura sAta brAhmaNa nimantrita rahate haiM, jinheM anta meM RSiyoM kI sAtoM pratimAe~ (sone yA cA~dI kI) dAna meM de dI jAtI haiN| yadi sabhI pratimAe~ eka hI kalaza meM rakhI gayI hoM to vaha kalaza eka brAhmaNa ko tathA anyoM ko kalazoM ke sAtha vastra evaM dakSiNA dI jAtI hai| yadi paMcamI tithi caturthI evaM SaSThI se saMyukta ho to RSipaMcamI vrata caturthI se saMyukta paMcamI ko kiyA jAtA hai na ki SaSThIyukta paMcamI ko / kintu isa viSaya meM matabheda hai| dekhie kA0 ni0 ( pR0 186), hemAdri, mAdhava, nirNaya Adi / 5. arghyamantraH / kazyapotrirbharadvAjo vizvAmitrotha gautamaH / jamadagnirvasiSThazca saptaite RSayaH smRtAH // gRhRntvarghyaM mayA dattaM tuSTA bhavata meM sadA // he0 ( vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 571); smRti ka0 ( pR0 217 ); vratarAja ( pR0 200 ) / varAhamihira kI bRhatsaMhitA ( 13 / 5-6 ) meM saptarSiyoM ke nAma Aye haiM (jo pUrva se Arambha kiye gaye haiM) yathA marIci, vasiSTha, aMgirA, atri, pulastya, pulaha, Rtu; 13 / 6 meM AyA hai ki sAdhvI arundhatI vasiSTha ke pAsa haiN| 6 tIna duHkha ye haiM--AdhyAtmika, Adhidaivika evaM Adhibhautika / 'AdhyAtmikAdi maitreya jJAtvA tApatrayaM budhaH / utpannajJAnavairAgyaH prApnotyAtyantikaM layam // ' (viSNu0 6 / 5 / 1 ) / AdhyAtmika duHkha zArIrika ( roga Adi) evaM mAnasika ( cintA, IrSyA Adi) haiM; Adhibhautika duHkha pazuoM, manuSyoM, pizAcoM Adi se utpanna hote haiM; Adhidaivika duHkhoM kI utpatti tuSArapAta, pavana, varSA Adi se hotI hai /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa aisA pratIta hotA hai ki Arambha meM RSipaMcamI vrata sabhI pApoM kI mukti ke lie sabhI logoM ke lie vyavasthita thA, kintu Age calakara yaha kevala nAriyoM se hI sambandhita raha gyaa| kintu saurASTra meM isakA sampAdana nahIM hotaa| bhAdrapada ke zukla pakSa kI caturdazI ko anantacaturdazI kA vrata kiyA jAtA hai| isakA ullekha kRtyakalpataru meM nahIM hai| isameM ananta ke rUpa meM hari kI pUjA hotI hai| puruSa dAhine tathA nAriyA~ bA~ye hAtha meM ananta dhAraNa karatI haiN| ruI yA rezama ke dhAge kuMkamI raMga meM raMge hote haiM aura unameM caudaha gA~The hotI haiN| inhIM dhAgoM se ananta kA nirmANa hotA hai| yaha vyaktigata pUjA hai, isakA koI sAmAjika dhArmika utsava nahIM hotaa| agnipurANa (192 // 7-10) meM isakA vivaraNa hai| caturdazI ko darbha se banI hari kI pratimA kI, jo kalaza ke jala meM rakhI hotI hai, pUjA hotI hai| vratI ko dhAna ke eka prastha (prasara) ATe se roTiyA~ (pUr3I) banAnI hotI haiM jinakI AdhI vaha brAhmaNa ko de detA hai aura zeSa ardhAMza svayaM prayoga meM lAtA hai| yaha vrata nadI-taTa para kiyA jAnA cAhie, jahA~ hari kI kathAe~ sunanI caahie| hari se isa prakAra kI prArthanA kI jAtI hai--'he vAsudeva, isa ananta saMsAra rUpI mahAsamudra meM DUbe hue logoM kI rakSA karo tathA unheM ananta ke rUpa kA dhyAna karane meM saMlagna karo, ananta rUpa vAle tumheM namaskAra' (agni0 192 / 9) / isa mantra se hari kI pUjA karake tathA apane hAtha ke UparI bhAga meM yA gale meM dhAgA bA~dhakara yA laTakAkara (jisa para mantra par3hA gayA ho) vratI ananta vrata karatA hai tathA prasanna hotA hai| yadi hari ananta haiM to 14 gA~The hari dvArA utpanna 14 lokoM kI dyotaka haiN| / hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 2,1026-36) meM ananta vrata kA vivaraNa vizada rUpa se AyA hai, usameM kRSNa dvArA yudhiSThira se kahI gayI kauNDinya evaM usakI strI zIlA kI gAthA bhI AyI hai| kRSNa kA kathana hai ki 'ananta' unake rUpoM kA eka rUpa hai aura ve kAla haiM jise ananta kahA jAtA hai| ananta' vrata' candana, dhUpa, puSpa, naivedya ke upacAroM ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai| isa vrata ke viSaya meM anya bAtoM ke lie dekhie varSakriyAkaumudI (pR0 324-339), tithitattva (pR0 123), kA0 ni0 (pR0 279), vatArka aadi| aisA AyA hai ki yadi yaha vrata 14 varSoM taka kiyA jAya to vratI viSNuloka kI prApti kara sakatA hai (hemAdri, vrata, mAga 2, pR0 35) / isa vrata ke upayukta samaya evaM tithi ke viSaya meM kaI mata prakAzita ho gaye haiN| mAdhava (kA0ni0 279) ke anusAra isa vrata meM madhyAhna karmakAla nahIM hai kintu vaha tithi, jo sUryodaya ke samaya tIna muhUrtoM taka avasthita rahatI hai, anantanata ke lie sarvottama hai| kintu ni0 si0 (pR0 142) ne isa mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| __ Ajakala mA ananta caturdazI vrata kiyA jAtA hai, kintu vratiyoM kI saMkhyA dhIre-dhIre kama hotI jA rahI hai|

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adhyAya 9 navarAtra yA durgotsava sampUrNa bhArata meM Azvina zukla pakSa kI prathama tithi se lekara navamI taka durgApUjA kA utsava, jise navarAtra mI kahate haiM, kisI-na-kisI rUpa meM manAyA jAtA hai| kucha granthoM (nirNayAmRta, pR056 sa0 ma0, pR0 15) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki durgotsava zarada (Azvina zukla ) evaM vasanta ( caitra zukla ) donoM meM avazya kiyA jAnA cAhie / " kintu Azvina kA durgotsava hI dhUmadhAma ke sAtha manAyA jAtA hai, vizeSataH baMgAla, bihAra evaM kAmarUpa meM / yadi vyakti 9 dinoM taka yaha utsava karane meM asamartha ho to use Azvina zukla saptamI se Arambha kara tIna dinoM taka kara lenA caahie| tithitattva ( pR0 67 evaM 173 ) ne durgApUjA kI avadhiyoM ke bAre meM kaI vikalpa diye haiM-- ( 1 ) pUrNimAnta Azvina ke kRSNapakSa kI navamI se Azvina zukla kI navamI taka ; ( 2 ) azvina zukla kI prathamA se navamI taka; (3) SaSThI se navamI taka; (4) saptamI se navamI taka; (5) mahASTamI se navamI taka ; (6) kevala mahASTamI para (7) kevala mahAnavamI para ina vikalpoM meM bahuta-se kAlikA evaM anya purANoM meM bhI haiN| durgotsava para vizAla sAhitya hai, vratoM, tithiyoM evaM pUjA para likhane vAle sabhI nibandhoM ne vizada prakAza DAlA hai| kucha grantha to kevala isI para likhita haiM, yathA zUlapANi kA durgotsavaviveka ; durgApUjA prayogatattva, jisakA raghunandana likhita durgArcanapaddhati eka aMza hai; vidyApati kI durgAbhaktitaraMgiNI; vinAyaka ( nandapaNDita) kRta navarAtra-pradIpa ; udayasiMha ( 15vIM zatI kA ardhAMza ) kI durgotsavapaddhati / inake atirikta mArkaNDeyapurANa (adhyAya 78- 90 ) meM 'devImAhAtmya' ( yA saptazatI yA caNDI) bhI hai, jisameM viSNu, zaMkara, agni evaM devoM se saMgRhIta tejoM se utpanna devI kA svarUpa, usake dvArA ziva se trizUla, viSNu se cakra, indra se vajra kI prApti tathA mahiSAsura, caNDa, muNDa, zumbha evaM nizumbha nAmaka dAnavoM kA vadha evaM vijaya prApti varNita hai / kAlikApurANa, bRhannaMdikezvarapurANa evaM devIpurANa ne bhI durgA evaM usakI pUjA kA vizada varNana upasthita kiyA hai| yaha pUjA mitya evaM kAmya donoM hai / kAlikApurANa (63 / 12-12 ) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki jo pramAda, chala, matsara yA mUrkhatA ke vaza meM Akara durgotsava nahIM karatA usakI sabhI kAMkSAe~ kruddha devI dvArA naSTa ho jAtI haiN| yaha kAmya bhI hai, kyoMki durgotsava karane se phaloM kI prApti bhI hotI hai| sabhI ko devI kI pUjA karanI cAhie, kyoMki aisA karane se atulanIya mahattA prApta hotI hai aura dharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa puruSArthoM kI prApti hotI hai / tithitattva ( pR0 65 ) meM AyA hai ki bhavAnI ko prasanna karane ke lie, usa varSa meM Ananda ke lie, bhUta-pizAcoM ke nAza ke 1. zaradva santayostulya eva durgotsavaH kAryaH / niNaryAmRta, pR0 56 evaM samayamayUkha, pR0 15 /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa evaM sva-prasannatA ke lie bhavAnI-pUjA karanI caahie| devIpurANa meM AyA hai.--'yaha eka mahAn evaM pavitra vrata hai jo mahAn siddhiyA~ detA hai, sabhI zatruoM ko naSTa karatA hai, sabhI logoM kA upakAra karatA hai. vizeSataH ati vRSTiyoM meM / yaha punIta yajJoM ke lie brAhmaNoM dvArA, bhUmipAlana ke lie kSatriyoM, godhana ke lie vaizyoM, putroM evaM sukhoM ke lie zUdroM, saubhAgya ke lie nAriyoM, adhika dhana ke lie dhanikoM dvArA sampAdita hotA hai, yaha zaMkara Adi dvArA sampAdita huA thaa| Age calakara yaha pUjA sAmAnya sImA para utara AyI, jaisA ki mArkaNDeya0 (89 / 11-12) meM AyA hai-'vArSika mahApUjA meM jo zaratkAla meM hotI hai, mere mAhAtmya ko bhaktipUrvaka sunane se vyakti sabhI prakAra kI bAdhA se nirmukta evaM mere prasAda se dhanadhAnya se samanvita ho jAtA hai| bhaviSya 0 (pUjAprakAza, pR0 309 meM uddhRta) se durgA-pUjA kI atizayoktipUrNa mahattA prakaTa ho jAtI hai--'agnihotra Adi karma, dakSiNA se yukta veda-yajJa caNDikApUjA ke sAmane lAkha kA eka aMza bhI nahIM hai|' yaha durgApUjA sabhI logoM dvArA sampAdita kI jA sakatI hai| na-kevala cAroM vargoM ke loga hI ise kara sakate haiM, pratyuta ise anya loga bhI jo jAtiyoM ke bAhara haiM, kara sakate haiN| durgApUjA kA sAmUhika rUpa bhI hai, yaha kevala dhArmika vrata hI nahIM hai, isakA sAmAjika mahattva hai (yathA mitroM ko nimantrita kara unako khilaanaa-pilaanaa)| bhaviSya 0 (he vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 910 ; ti0 ta0, pR0 68; ni0 si0, pR0 164; smRtikau0, pR0 201, kA0 ta0 ni0, pR0 267) meM AyA hai--'isakA sampAdana vindhya parvata meM (vindhyavAsinI devI ke mandira meM), sabhI sthAnoM, nagaroM, gRhoM, grAmoM evaM vanoM meM brAhmaNoM, kSatriyoM, rAjAoM, vaizyoM, zUdroM dvArA, bhaktoM dvArA, unake dvArA jinhoMne snAna kara liyA hai, jo pramudita evaM harSita haiM, mlecchoM tathA anya logoM (pratiloma Adi) dvArA tathA nAriyoM dvArA ho sakatA hai|' bhaviSya 0 (kR0 ra0, pR0 357 ; ni0 si0, pR0 114; ti0 ta0, pR0 68, kRtyakalpa0, nayatakAlika, pR0 410) meM yaha bhI AyA hai---'durgApUjA mlecchoM Adi dvArA, dasyuoM (corI karane vAloM, niSkASita hinduoM) dvArA, aMga, baMga evaM kaliMga ke logoM dvArA, kinnaroM, barbaroM evaM zakoM dvArA kI jAtI hai| pazcAtkAlIna nibandhoM meM yaha sAvadhAnIpUrvaka AyA hai ki mlecchoM ko mantroM ke sAtha japa yA homa yA pUjA kA adhikAra nahIM hai, jaisA ki zUdra brAhmaNa dvArA aisA karate haiM, kintu ve loga devI ke lie pazuoM kI ali yA surA-dAna mAnasika rUpa meM kara sakate haiN| skanda0 evaM bhaviSya0 (ti0 ta0, pR0 68; kA0 ta0 vi0, 10 269-270) meM aisA ullekha huA hai ki caNDikA-pUjA ke tIna prakAra haiM-- sAttvikI, rAjasI evaM tAmasI, jinameM sAttvikI pUjA meM japa hotA hai, naivedya diyA jAtA hai kintu mAMsa kA prayoga nahIM hotA; rAjasI meM bali evaM naivedya hotA hai aura mAMsa kA prayoga hotA hai; kintu tAmasI meM surA evaM mAMsa kA prayoga hotA hai, kintu japa evaM mantroM kA prayoga nahIM hotaa| isa antima prakAra kA sampAdana kirAtoM (vanavAsI Adi) dvArA hotA hai| raghunandana ne prAyazcittatattva (pR0 520) meM likhA hai ki durgApUjA meM surA kA prayoga kaliyuga kI prathA nahIM hai| 2. mahAsiddhipradaM dhanyaM srvshtrunibrhnnm| sarvalokopakArArtha vishessaadtivRssttissu| kRtyartha (Rtvartha ? ) brAhmaNAdyaizca ksstriybhuumipaalne| godhanArtha vizA vatsa zUdraH putrsukhaathibhiH| saubhAgyAtha striyA kAryamADhyazca dhnkaaNkssibhiH| mahAvrataM mahApuNyaM zaMkarAdyairanuSThitam // devIpurANa (he0, vrata, bhA 1, pR0 901; kR0 ra0, pR0 359; durgAbhaktitaraMgiNI, pR0 16; ti0 ta0, pR0 67) / / 3. ato mlecchAdInAM na zUdravada brAhmaNadvArApi jape home samantrakapUjAyAM vAdhikAraH kintu tastattadupacArANAM surAdyupahArasahitAnAM pazvAdibalezca manasotsargamAtraM devImuddizya vidheyamiti siddhm| smRtiko0 (pR0 291) /

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navarAtra kI durgApUjA 65 hamane dekha liyA hai ki ASAr3ha zukla pratipadA se pUrNimA taka pramukha deva cAra mAsoM ke lie zayana Arambha karate haiM / durgA ina dinoM meM ASAr3ha zukla aSTamI ko zayana karane jAtI haiN| ataH Azvina meM ve sotI rheNgii| ataH unake bodhana ke lie vacanoM kI vyavasthA huI hai / kintu yahA~ bhI mataikya nahIM hai / tithitattva ( pR0 71 ) meM AyA hai ki yadi aThAraha bhujAoM vAlI devI kI pUjA karanI ho to Azvina ke zuklapakSa ke pUrva kRSNapakSa kI navamI tithi para devI ko jagAnA cAhie, kintu yadi dasa bhujAoM vAlI devI kI pUjA karanI ho to Azvina zuklapakSa SaSThI ko bodhana karAnA caahie| kintu raghunandana isa bAta ko amAnya ThaharAte haiM aura kahate haiM ki dasa bhujA vAlI devI kA bodhana pichale kRSNapakSa kI navamI ko yA zuklapakSa kI SaSThI ko honA caahie| yadi bodhana navamI kI ho to saMkalpa isa prakAra kA honA cAhie - 'amukagotra : zrI amukadevazarmA atulavibhUtikAmaH saMvatsarasukhakAmo durgAprItikAmo vA vArSikazaratkAlIna durgAmahApUjAmahaM kariSye' ( durgArcanapaddhati, pR0 600 ) / vratI Azvina zuklapakSa kI prathamA ko bhI Arambha kara sakatA hai aura bodhana zuklapakSa kI SaSThI ko ho sakatA hai / saMkalpa ke uparAnta R0 (7 / 16 / 11) kA pATha hotA hai / isake uparAnta ghaTa kI pratiSThA hotI hai jisameM jala, Amrapallava yA anya vRkSoM kI TahaniyA~ DAlI jAtI haiM aura durgA kI pUjA 16 yA 5 upacAroM se kI jAtI hai| isake uparAnta candana - lepa evaM triphalA (kezoM ko pavitra karane ke lie) evaM kaMghI car3hAyI jAtI hai / dvitIyA tithi ko kezoM ko ThIka sthAna para rakhane ke lie rezama kI paTTI dI jAtI hai| tRtIyA ko pairoM ko raMgane ke lie alaktaka, sira ke lie sindUra, dekhane ke lie darpaNa diyA jAtA hai| caturthI tithi ko devI ko madhuparka diyA jAtA hai, mastaka para tilaka ke lie cA~dI kA eka Tukar3A tathA A~khoM ke lie aMjana diyA jAtA hai| paMcamI tithi ko aMgarAga evaM zakti ke anusAra AbhUSaNa diye jAte haiN| yadi durgApUjA SaSThI ko ( jyeSThA nakSatra se saMyukta ho yA na ho ) ho to vratI ko prAtaHkAla bela ke vRkSa ke pAsa jAnA cAhie aura saMkalpa karanA cAhie, vedamantra ( R0 7 / 16 / 11) kahanA cAhie, ghaTa-sthApana karanA cAhie aura bilva vRkSa ko durgA ke samAna pUjanA caahie| yadi pUjA pratipadA ko hI Arambha kara dI gayI ho to vratI ko bela vRkSa ke pAsa sAyaMkAla (cAhe jyeSThA ho yA na ho ) jAnA cAhie aura devI kA bodhana mantra ke sAtha karanA cAhiee-'rAvaNa ke nAza ke lie evaM rAma para anugraha karane ke lie brahmA ne tumheM akAla meM jagAyA, ataH maiM mI tumheM Azvina kI SaSThI kI sandhyA meM jagA rahA hU~ / ' durgA-bodhana ke uparAnta vratI ko cAhie ki vaha bela vRkSa se yaha kahe- 'he bela vRkSa, tumane zrIzaila para janma liyA hai aura tuma lakSmI ke nivAsa ho, tumheM le calanA hai, calo, tumhArI pUjA durgA ke samAna karanI hai|' isake uparAnta vratI bela vRkSa para mahI (miTTI), gaMdha, zilA, dhAnya, dUrvA, puSpa, phala, dahI, ghRta, svastika - sindUra Adi ko pratyeka ke sAtha mantra kA uccAraNa karake rakhatA hai aura use durgA ke zubha nivAsa ke yogya banAtA hai| isake uparAnta vaha durgA pUjA ke maNDapa meM AtA hai, Acamana karatA hai aura aparAjitA latA ko yA nau paudhoM kI pattiyoM ko eka meM gUMthatA hai / nava patrikA haiM kadalI, dAr3imI, dhAnya, haridrA, mANaka, kacu, bilva, azoka, jayantI / pratyeka ke sAtha viziSTa mantra kA pATha hotA hai / isI dina durgA kI miTTI kI pratimA bilva kI zAkhA ke sAtha ghara meM lAyI jAtI hai aura pUjita hotI hai| anya vivaraNa hama yahA~ nahIM de pA rahe haiM / saptamI tithi ko, cAhe vaha mUla-nakSatra se yukta ho yA rahita ho, vratI snAna karake bilva (bela) vRkSa ke pAsa jAtA hai, pUjA karatA hai, hAtha jor3akara kahatA hai - 'he saubhAgyazAlI bilva, tuma sadA zaMkara ke pyAre ho, tumase eka zAkhA lekara maiM durgApUjA karU~gA; he prabhu, TahanI kATane se kaSTa kA anubhava na karanA; he bilva, tuma per3oM ke rAjA ho, maiM tumheM namaskAra karatA huuN|' isa prakAra kahakara vaha dakSiNa-pazcima yA uttara-pazcima dizA ko chor3akara kahIM 9

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa se koI zAkhA kATa letA hai| usa zAkhA meM phala ho sakate haiM yA nahIM bhI ho sakate haiN| kATate samaya mantra-pATha hotA hai| isake uparAnta usa zAkhA ko vratI pUjA-maNDapa meM lAtA hai aura eka pIr3he para rakha detA hai| isake uparAnta kA vivaraNa sthAna-saMkoca se chor3a diyA jA rahA hai| jAnakArI ke lie dekhie kAlikApurANa (61111-20); matsya0 (260 / 56-66), du0 bha0 ta0 (pR0 4-5 evaM 75-76), va0 kri0 kau0 (pR0 413-414); durgArcana0 (10 666-67); kA0 ta0 vi0 (pR0 285) / durgApUjA meM pazu-bali ke viSaya meM bahuta kucha likhA gayA hai| kucha bAteM yahA~ dI jA rahI haiN| kAlikApurANa (71 / 3-5 evaM 95-96) meM durgA evaM bhairava ke sammAna meM bali diye jAne vAle jIvoM kA ullekha hai---pakSI, kacchapa (kachuA), grAha, machalI, nau prakAra ke mRga, bhaisA, gaMvaya, baila, bakarI, nevalA, zUkara, khaDga, kRSNa hariNa, zarama, siMha, vyAghra, mAnava, vratI kA rkt| kintu inameM mAdA jIvoM kA niSedha hai aura likhA huA hai ki jo mAdA kI bali detA hai, vaha naraka meM jAtA hai| bali ke pazu ke kAna kaTe hue nahIM hone caahie| sAmAnyataH bakare evaM bhaiMse kATe jAte haiN| aisA AyA hai ki vindhyavAsinI devI puSpa, dhUpa, vilepana tathA anya pazuoM kI bali se utanI prasanna nahIM hotI jitanI bher3oM evaM bhaiMsoM kI bali se (he0, vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 909) / varpakriyAkaumudI (pR0 397) meM AyA hai--devI ko ghor3A yA hAthI kI bali kamI nahIM denA cAhie; yadi koI brAhmaNa siMha, vyAghra yA manuSya kI bali karatA hai to vaha naraka meM par3atA hai aura isa loka meM bhI alpa jIvana pAtA hai tathA sukha evaM samRddhi se vaMcita ho jAtA hai; yadi koI brAhmaNa apanA rakta detA hai to vaha AtmahatyA kA aparAdhI hotA hai; yadi koI brAhmaNa surA car3hAtA hai to vaha brAhmaNa-sthiti kho detA hai| yadi surA-dAna karanA hI ho to kA~se ke pAtra me nAriyala-jala denA cAhie yA tAmrapAtra meM madhu denA caahie|' kintu kucha mata uparyukta kathana ke virodha meM par3ate haiN| kAlikApurANa (du0 bha0 ta0.5053) meM AyA hai----aja, mahiSa evaM nara krama se bali, mahAbali evaM atibali ghoSita haiN| yadyapi pazu kI bali hotI hai kintu devI ko sAmAnyataH usakA rakta evaM sira car3hAyA jAtA hai| kAlikA0 (71 / 2022) meM AyA hai ki mantrapUta (mantra ke sAtha car3hAyA huA) zoNita (rakta) evaM zIrSa (sira) amRta kahe gaye haiN| devI-pUjA meM kuzala vratI mAMsa bahuta hI kama car3hAtA hai, kevala rakta evaM sira kA prayoga hotA hai jo amRta ho jAta haiN| kAlikA0 meM punaH AyA hai ki zivA (durgA) bali kA sira evaM mAMsa donoM grahaNa karatI haiM, kintu vratI ko kevala rakta evaM sira hI pUjA meM car3hAnA cAhie, samajhadAra logoM ko cAhie ki ve mAMsa kA prayoga homa evaM bhojana meM kreN| durgArcanapadati meM (pR0 669-671 ) bali kiye jAne evaM rakta-zIrSa car3hAne ke viSaya meM vistAra ke sAtha likhA hai, jise hama sthAna-saMkoca se yahA~ nahIM de rahe haiN| anya bAtoM ke lie dekhie kaalikaapuraann| kucha logoM ke hRdaya pazu-bali se dravita ho uThate haiM ataH kAlikA0 ne anya vyavasthAe~ dI haiM, yathA kUSmANDa-bali, Ikha, madya, Asava (guDa, puSpoM evaM auSadhiyoM se praapt)| isa viSaya meM aura dekhie ahlyaakaamdhenu| (isa samaya nara-bali avaidha ghoSita hai|) aisA vizvAsa bahuta prAcIna kAla se rahA hai ki bali ke jIva svarga meM jAte haiN| dekhie R0 (1 / 162 / 21, vAja0 saM0 23 / 16) evaM manu (5 / 42) / hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 909) meM AyA hai ki devI ko prasanna karane ke lie jo pazu bAla hote haiM ve svarga ko cale jAte haiM aura jo unheM mArate haiM ve pApI nahIM hote| 4. 'om chindhi chindhi phaTa phaT huM phaTa svAhA' ityanena chedayet / durgArcanapaddhati, pR0 665; va0 kri0 kau0, pR0401|

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balidAna- vicAra, aSTamI-navamI-dazamI ke kRtya 67 yahA~ taka viSayAntara rhaa| vAstava meM bali navamI tithi ko kI jAtI hai| abhI aSTamI tithi ke kRtya kA varNana karanA zeSa hai / pUrvASAr3hA nakSatra se yukta yA vihIna aSTamI tithi ko, jise mahASTamI kahA jAtA hai, vratI snAna evaM Acamana karake pUrva yA uttara kI ora mukha hokara darbhoM ke Asana para baiThatA hai aura apane ko pavitra karatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha prANAyAma karatA hai aura apane vibhinna aMgoM (sira se paira taka ) kA nyAsa karatA hai / isa viSaya meM dekhie durgArcanapaddhati ( pR0 678 681), ni0 si0 ( pR0 179 - 181 ) / anya vistAra yahA~ chor3a diye jA rahe haiN| mahASTamI pUjA ke dina vratI upavAsa karatA hai / kintu putravAn vratI aisA nahIM karatA / aSTamI tithi ko pUjA, navamI tithi ko bali, dazamI tithi ko devI kA visarjana Adi kRtya kiye jAte haiN| aSTamI tithi ko kumAriyoM evaM brAhmaNoM ko khilAyA jAtA hai| devIpurANa meM AyA hai ki 'durgA homa, dAna evaM japa se utanI prasannatA nahIM vyakta karatIM jitanI kumAriyoM ko sammAna dene se / ' kumAriyoM ko dakSiNA mI dI jAtI hai / aura dekhie skanda0 jahA~ kumAriyoM kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai--kumArikA ( do varSa kI ), trimUrti ( tIna varSa kI ), kalyANI, rohiNI, kAlI, caNDikA, zAmbhavI, durgA, subhadrA / inakA varNana hama yahA~ nahIM kreNge| aba hama saMkSepa meM navamI tithi ( mahAnavamI) kA varNana kreNge| navamI ko cAhe uttarASAr3hA nakSatra ho yA na ho, mahASTamI ke samAna hI pUjA kI jAtI hai| purAnI kriyAoM kA hI punarAvartana hotA rahatA hai, antara kevala yaha hotA hai ki isa dina adhika pazuoM kI bali kI jAtI hai| isa viSaya meM vistAra ke lie dekhie rAjanItiprakAza ( pR0 439-444) jahA~ devIpurANa se lambe uddharaNa liye gaye haiM / dazamI tithi ko snAna, Acamana ke uparAnta 16 upacAroM ke sAtha pUjA kI jAtI hai / bahuta-se kRtyoM ke uparAnta yathA mUrti se vibhinna vastuoM ko haTAkara, kisI nadI yA tAlAba ke pAsa jAkara saMgIta, gAna evaM nRtya ke sAtha mantroccAraNa karake pratimA ko pravAhita kara diyA jAtA hai| aisI prArthanA kI jAtI hai -- 'he durgA, vizva kI mAtA, Apa apane sthAna ko calI jAya~ aura eka varSa ke uparAnta punaH aayeN|' isake uparAnta zabarotsava hotA hai / isakA artha yaha hai ki dazamI tithi ko devI pratimA ke jala-pravAha ke uparAnta zabaroM (vanavAsI, mIla Adi ) se sambandhita kRtya ( durgApUjA ke uparAnta AnandAbhivyakti ke rUpa meM) kiye jAne caahie| kAlaviveka meM AyA hai ki loga visarjana ke uparAnta zabaroM kI bhA~ti pattiyoM se deha ko Dha~kakara, kIcar3a Adi se zarIra ko potakara nRtya, gAna evaM saMgIta meM pravRtta ho AnandAtireka se prabhAvita ho jaayeN| aura dekhie kAlikApurANa (62/20 evaM 43; 62 / 31) jahA~ krIDAkautuka, maMgala evaM zabarotsava Adi kA ullekha hai / zabarotsava se yahI artha nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki devI kI dRSTi meM sabhI loga barAbara haiM, ataH dazamI tithi meM sabako eka sAtha milakara Anandotsava manAnA caahie| visarjana ke uparAnta loga mitroM ke yahA~ jAte haiM aura miThAiyA~ khAte haiM / zabarotsava Ajakala pracalita nahIM hai / pratimA ke lie do-eka bAteM likha denA Avazyaka hai| aisI hI pratimA kA pUjana hotA hai jisameM devI siMha evaM mahiSAsura ke sAtha nirmita huI hoN| mArkaNDeya0 (80 / 38 evaM 40 ) meM AyA hai ki devI mahiSAsura ke gale para car3ha gayIM, use apane trizUla se mArA tathA apanI bhArI talavAra se usake sira ko kATa DAlA aura use bhUmi para girA diyaa| Ajakala devI kI pratimA ke sAtha lakSmI evaM gaNeza kI pratimAe~ dAhinI ora tathA sarasvatI evaM kArtikeya kI pratimAe~ bAyIM ora banI rahatI pratimA sone, cA~dI, miTTI, dhAtu, pASANa Adi kI bana sakatI hai, yA kevala devI kA citra mAtra ho sakatA hai| devI kI pUjA liMga meM, vedikA para yA pustaka meM, pAdukAoM para, haiN|

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68 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pratimA meM, citra meM, trizUla meM, talavAra meM yA jala meM ho sakatI hai| aura dekhie garur3a evaM bhaviSyapurANa (du. bha0 ta0, pR0 4, 6 evaM 7) / durgA ke bAhuoM ke viSaya meM mataikya nahIM hai| varAha0 (95 / 41) meM devI ke 20 hAtha evaM 20 hathiyAra haiM (95 / 42-43) / devIbhAgavata (5 / 8 / 44) meM 18 hAtha kahe gaye haiN| hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 923-924) ne ATha evaM dasa hAthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| aura dekhie vidyApati (pR0 6-7) / ___'navarAtra' zabda ke viSaya meM kaI mata haiN| kucha logoM ke anusAra navarAtra kA tAtparya hai '9 dina evaM raatri'| yaha kevala samaya kA dyotaka hai jisameM vrata kiyA jAtA hai, yaha karma kA nAma nahIM hai| kintu kucha loga ise vata se sambandhita mAnate haiM, jo ATha dinoM taka cala sakatA hai jaba ki tithi-kSaya ho, yA 10 dinoM taka, yadi pahale dina se naveM dina taka tithi kI koI vRddhi ho| pahalA mata kAlatattvaviveka (pR0 165) meM tathA dUsarA puruSArthacintAmaNi (pR0 61) meM prakAzita hai| hama isake vivecana meM yahA~ nahIM pdd'eNge| navarAtra meM durgApUjA ke pramakha viSaya, cAhe ve 3 dinoM (saptamI se prArambha hokara) taka caleM, yA 9 dinoM (prathamA se navamI) taka caleM, cAra haiM, yathA snapana (pratimA-snAna), pUjA, bali evaM hom| Upara hamane sthAnAbhAva se snapana kA vivecana nahIM kiyA hai| isa viSaya meM dekhie durgArcanapaddhati (pR0 674), vratarAja (pR0 340) evaM anya nibndh| ina cAroM kRtyoM meM pUjA sabase mahattvapUrNa hai aura upavAsa kevala pUjA kA aMga hai| eka anya prazna hai--pUjA kA samaya kyA honA cAhie? samayamayUkha (pR0 14) ne prAtaH kAla, nirNayasindhu (pR0 165) ne rAtri kAla, mAnA hai| kintu devIpurANa evaM kAlikApurANa se vyakta hotA hai ki prAtaH, madhyAhna evaM rAtri tInoM ThIka haiN| isa prazna ke viSaya meM hama anya matamatAntaroM kA ullekha nahIM kreNge| Upara kalaza yA ghaTa ke viSaya meM saMketa kiyA jA cukA hai| pUrNa kalaza pavitratA evaM samRddhi kA pratIka hai, aisA vaidika kAla se hI prakaTa hai (R0 3 / 32 / 15 'ApUrNo asya klshH')| isake viSaya meM durgAmaktitaraMgiNI (pR03), ni0 si0 (pR.0 767). vratarAja (pR0 62-66), puruSArthacintAmaNi (pR0 66-67) Adi meM vizada ullekha hai| durgArcanaddhati (pR0 663) meM bhI ghaTa-sthApana kRtya kA varNana hai| yaha dina meM kiyA jAtA hai na ki rAtri meN| pavitra miTTI kI vedikA banatI hai, usa para yava (jau) evaM gehU~ ke anna bo diye jAte haiM aura vahA~ sone, cAMdI, tAmra yA miTTI kA ghaTa rakha diyA jAtA hai, usameM jala bharA jAtA hai, jisameM candana, sarvoSadhi, dUrvA, paMcapallava, sAta sthAnoM kI miTTI, phala, paMcaratna evaM sonA DAla diyA jAtA hai| uparyukta sabhI kRtyoM ke sAtha vaidika mantroM kA pATha hotA rahatA hai| ghaTa ko vastra se ghera diyA jAtA hai, usake mukha para pUrNapAtra (cAvala se yukta) rakha diyA jAtA hai aura usa para varuNa-pUjA kI jAtI hai| isake uparAnta ghaTa meM durgA kA AvAhana kiyA jAtA hai, sabhI devoM kI pratiSThA hotI hai, upacAra kiye jAte haiM, prArthanA kI jAtI hai| anya bAteM vistAra-maya se chor3a dI jA rahI haiN| hemAdri (vrata, mAga 1, pR0 906) ne devIpurANa se uddharaNa dekara azvoM ke sammAna kA ullekha kiyA hai| durgApUjA sabakI hotI hai| rAjA yA jinake pAsa ghor3e hote haiM unheM dvitIyA tithi se navamI taka ghor3oM kA sammAna karanA caahie| dekhie durgAbhaktitaraMgiNI (pR0 56-63 evaM 67-69) / rAjAoM ko lohAbhisArikA kRtya karanA par3atA thaa| isa kRtya' ko nIrAjana bhI kahA gayA hai| dekhie kRtyakalpataru (pR0 408-410) jahA~ nayatakAlika vibhAga meM devI-pUjA kA ullekha hai| isameM durgASTamI vrata kI carcA hai, jisake viSaya meM hemAdri ne bhI kucha antaroM ke sAtha vivecana upasthita kiyA hai (vrata, mAga 1, pR0 856-862) /

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durgApUjA ko aitihAsikatA durgApUjA kI prAcInatA ke viSaya meM hamane isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa do meM par3ha liyA hai| yahA~ kucha vizeSa bAtoM kA ullekha ho rahA hai| tai0 saM0 (128 / 6 / 1) meM ambikA ko ziva kI bahina kahA gayA hai, kiMtu tai0 A0 (10 / 18) meM ziva ko ambikA yA umA kA pati kahA gayA hai| vana0 (adhyAya 6) meM durgA ko yazodA evaM nanda kI lar3akI kahA gayA hai aura use vAsudeva kI bahina kahA gayA hai aura kAlI, mahAkAlI evaM durgA kI saMjJA se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| jaba kRSNa ke kahane para arjuna (bhISma0, 23) ne durgAstotra kA pATha kiyA to kaI nAmoM kA ullekha huA, yathA kumArI, kAlI, kapAlI, kapilA, bhadrakAlI, mahAkAlI, caNDI, kAtyAyanI, kauzikI, umaa| kintu mahAbhArata kI ina uktiyoM kI tithiyoM ke samaya ke viSaya meM kucha nizcita nirNaya denA sambhava nahIM hai| sAhityika granthoM evaM sikkoM se durgA-pUjA kI prAcInatA para kucha nizcita tAlikA upasthita hotI hai| raghuvaMza (sarga 2) meM pArvatI dvArA lagAye gaye devadAruvRkSa kI rakSA ke nimitta niyukta eka siMha kA ullekha hai| pArvatI ko gaurI (raghuvaMza, 2 / 26 evaM kumArasambhava, 7495) evaM bhavAnI (kumAra0 7 / 84), caNDI (meghadUta, 133) kahA gayA hai| kumArasambhava meM ziva kA ardhanArIzvara svarUpa bhI ullikhita hai (7 / 28) / usI grantha meM mAtAoM (7 / 30, 38), kAlI (muNDoM kA AbhUSaNa dhAraNa kiye, 7 / 39) ke nAma Aye haiN| bhAlatImAdhava (aMka 5) meM cAmuNDA ko padmAvatI nagarI meM mAnava-bali diye jAne kA ullekha hai| mRcchakaTika (6 / 27) meM zumbha evaM nizumbha kA durgA dvArA mArA jAnA ullikhita hai| yadi kAlidAsa kA samaya' 350-450 I0 hai to durgApUjA 300 I0 ke pahale se avazya pracalita hai| isa para sikkoM se bhI prakAza par3atA hai| guptakula ke samrAT candragupta prathama (305-325 I0) ke sikkoM para siMhavAhinI devI kA citra hai| tatpUrvakAlIna kuSANa rAjA kaniSka' ke sikkoM para bhI candra evaM (bAyIM ora jhake hae) siMha ke sAtha devI kA citra hai, devI ke hAtha meM pAza evaM rAjadaNDa hai| pAza evaM vAhana siMha se prakaTa hotA hai ki vaha devI durgA hai na ki lkssmii| isase hama prathama yA dUsarI zatAbdI taka pahu~ca jAte haiN| do navarAtroM (caitra evaM Azvina) kI vyavasthA kyoM kI gayI hai ? yahA~ kevala anumAna lagAne se kucha prakAza mila sakatA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki ye donoM pUjAe~ vasanta evaM zarad kAlIna navAnnoM se sambandhita rahI hoN| durgApUjA para zAkta siddhAntoM evaM prayogoM kA prabhAva par3A hai| ghoSa ne apane grantha 'durgApUjA' meM kalpanA kI hai ki vaidika kAla kI uSA hI paurANika evaM tAntrika durgA hai| kintu yaha amAnya hai| kahA~ vedakAla kI sundara evaM zobhanIya uSA aura kahA~ kAlikApurANa kI bhayaMkara durgA ? donoM ke bIca meM jor3ane vAlI koI kar3iyA~ nahIM haiN| durgA kA sambandha jyotiSa kI (pAMvavI-chaThI rAzi) siMhavAhinI durgA se ho sakatA hai, kintu isase bhI koI viziSTa prakAza nahIM pdd'taa| . iNDiyana hisTArikala kvArTaralI (jilda 21 pR0 227-231) meM zrI ena. jI banarjI ne udayasiMha kI durgotsavapaddhati kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai, jisameM jaya ke lie mahAnavamI evaM saMkalpa se Arambha huA hai aura anta kiyA gayA hai ghor3oM ke prayANa karane ke vivaraNa se, jo dazamI ko hotA hai| isase unhoMne kahA hai ki yaha durgApUjA Arambha meM sainika kRtya thA jo Age calakara dhArmika ho gyaa| unhoMne apanI sthApanA ke lie raghuvaMza (4124-25) kA havAlA diyA hai jisameM zarad ke Agamana para raghu dvArA AkramaNa karane ke lie zAnti kRtya (azvanIrAjanA) kiyA gayA hai| yaha bAta bRhatsaMhitA (adhyAya, 44) se bhI siddha kI gayI hai jahA~ ghor3oM, hAthiyoM evaM sainikoM kA nIrAjana karanA Azvina yA kArtika ke zukla pakSa kI aSTamI, dvAdazI yA pUrNimA tithiyoM meM kahA gayA hai| kintu yaha dhAraNA bhrAmaka hai, kyoMki aisA bahudhA pAyA gayA hai ki bahuta-se utsava samAna tithiyoM meM hote haiM, yathA uttara bhArata meM rAmalIlA kA utsava navarAtra se saMyukta ho dasa dinoM taka latA hai| rAmalIlA evaM navarAtra donoM svatantra kRtya haiN|

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adhyAya 10 vijayAdazamI evaM divAlI (dIpAvalI) Azvina zukla kI dazamI ko vijayAdazamI kahA jAtA hai| isakA vizada varNana hemAdri ( vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 970-973), nirNayasindha ( pR069-70 ), puruSArthacintAmaNi ( pR0 145 - 148), vratarAja ( pR0 359-361), kAlatattvavivecana. (pR0 309 - 312), dharmasindhu ( pR0 96 ) Adi meM kiyA gayA hai| kAlanirNaya ( pR0 231233) ke mata se zukla pakSa kI jo tithi sUryodaya ke samaya upasthita rahatI hai use kRtyoM ke sampAdana ke lie ucita samajhanA cAhie aura yahI bAta kRSNa pakSa kI una tithiyoM ke viSaya meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai jo sUryAsta ke samaya upasthita rahatI haiM / hemAdri ( vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 973 ) ne viddhA dazamI ke viSaya meM do niyama pratipAdita kiye haiM - vaha tithi, jisameM zravaNa nakSatra pAyA jAya, svIkArya hai tathA vaha dazamI, jo navamI se saMyukta ho / kintu anya nibandhoM meM tithi sambandhI bahuta-se jaTila vivecana upasthita kiye gaye haiM / do-eka nimna haiN| yadi dazamI navamI tathA ekAdazI se saMyukta ho to navamI svIkArya hai yadi isa para zravaNa nakSatra na ho / skandapurANa meM AyA hai--'jaba dazamI navamI se saMyukta ho to aparAjitA devI kI pUjA dazamI ko uttara-pUrva dizA meM aparAhna meM honI caahie| usa dina kalyANa evaM vijaya ke lie aparAjitA - pUjA honI caahie|' (he0, vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 973, purANasamuccaya kA uddharaNa; ni0 si0 pR0 189 ) / yaha draSTavya hai ki vijayA-dazamI kA ucita kAla hai aparAhna, pradoSa kevala gauNa kAla hai / yadi dazamI do dinoM taka calI gayI ho to prathama ( navamI se saMyukta ) svIkRta honI caahie| yadi dazamI pradoSa kAla meM ( kintu aparAhna meM nahIM) do dinoM taka vistRta ho to ekAdazI se saMyukta dazamI svIkRta hotI hai / janmASTamI meM jisa prakAra rohiNI mAnya nahIM hai usI prakAra yahA~ zravaNa nirNIta nahIM hai / yadi donoM dina aparAhna kAla meM dazamI na avasthita ho to navamI se saMyukta dazamI mAna lI jAtI hai, kintu aisI dazA meM jaba dUsare dina zravaNa nakSatra ho to ekAdazI se saMyukta dazamI mAnya hotI hai| ye nirNaya nirNayasindhu ke haiN| anya vivaraNoM evaM matabhedoM ke lie dekhie he0 ( vrata, mA0 1, pR0 973), ni0 si0 ( pR0 129), sa0 ma0 ( pR0 69 ), bhRgu (sa0 ma0, pR0 69 ), dharmasindhu ( pR0 96-97 ), muhUrtacintAmaNi (11/74) / vijayAdazamI varSa kI tIna atyanta zubha tithiyoM meM eka hai, anya do haiM caitra zukla kI evaM kArtika zukla kI pratipadA | isIlie bhArata meM bacce isa dina akSarArambha karate haiM ( sarasvatI pUjana), isI dina loga nayA kArya 1 1. tathA ca mArkaNDeyaH / zuklapakSe tithigrahyA yasyAmabhyudito raviH / kRSNapakSa tithigrahyA yasyAmastamito raviH iti / ... . tatpUrvottaraviddhayorddazamyoH pakSabhedena vyavasthA draSTavyA / kA0 ni0 (10231-233) /

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vijayAdazamI, aparAjitA evaM zamI kI pUjA 71 Arambha karate haiM, bhale hI candra Adi jyotiSa ke anusAra ThIka se vyavasthita na hoM, isI dina zravaNa nakSatra meM rAjA zatru para AkramaNa karate haiM aura vijaya tathA zAnti ke lie ise zubha mAnate haiM / isa zubha dina ke pramukha kRtya haiM aparAjitA pUjana, zamI-pUjana, sImollaMghana ( apane grAma yA rAjya kI sImA ko lA~ghanA ), ghara ko puna: lauTa AnA evaM ghara kI nAriyoM dvArA apane samakSa dIpa ghumavAnA, naye vastroM evaM AbhUSaNoM ko dhAraNa karanA, rAjAoM ke dvArA ghor3oM, hAthiyoM evaM sainikoM kA nIrAjana tathA parikramaNa karAnA / dazaharA yA vijayAdazamI sabhI jAtiyoM ke logoM ke lie eka mahattvapUrNa dina hai, kintu rAjAoM, sAmantoM evaM kSatriyoM ke lie yaha vizeSa rUpa se zubha dina hai| dharmasindhu ( pR0 96 ) meM aparAjitA - pUjA kI vidhi saMkSepa meM yoM hai--'aparAhna meM gA~va ke uttara-pUrva jAnA cAhie, eka svaccha sthala para gobara se lIpa denA cAhie, candana se 8 koNoM kA eka citra khIMca denA cAhie, saMkalpa karanA cAhie (mama sakuTumbasya kSemasiddhyarthamaparAjitApUjanaM kariSye; rAjA ke lie --- 'mama sakuTumbasya yAtrAyAM vijayasiddhyarthamaparA 0 ' ) / isake uparAnta usa citra (AkRti) ke bIca meM aparAjitA kA AvAhana karanA cAhie aura isI prakAra usake dAhine evaM bAyeM jayA evaM vijayA kA AvAhana karanA cAhie aura sAtha hI 'kriyAzakti ko namaskAra' evaM 'umA ko namaskAra' kahanA caahie| isake uparAnta 'aparAjitAyai namaH, jayAyai namaH, vijayAyai namaH' mantroM ke sAtha aparAjitA, jayA, vijayA kI pUjA 16 upacAroM ke sAtha karanI cAhie aura yaha prArthanA karanI cAhie, 'he devI, yathAzakti jo pUjA maiMne apanI rakSA ke lie kI hai, use svIkAra kara Apa apane sthAna ko jA sakatI haiN|' rAjA ke lie isameM kucha antara hai / rAjA ko vijaya ke lie aisI prArthanA karanI cAhie -- ' vaha aparAjitA jisane kaNThahAra pahana rakhA hai, jisane camakadAra sone kI mekhalA ( karavanI) pahana rakhI hai, jo acchA karane kI icchA rakhatI hai, mujhe vijaya deM, isake uparAnta use uparyukta prArthanA karake visarjana karanA caahie| taba saba ko gA~va ke bAhara uttara-pUrva meM uge zamI vRkSa kI ora jAnA cAhie aura usakI pUjA karanI caahie| zabhI kI pUjA ke pUrva yA uparAnta logoM ko sImollaMghana karanA cAhie / kucha logoM ke mata se vijayAdazamI ke avasara para rAma evaM sItA kI pUjA karanI cAhie, kyoMki usI dina rAma ne laMkA para vijaya prApta kI thii| rAjA dvArA kI jAne vAlI pUjA ke viSaya meM dekhie hemAdri ( vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 970-71), tithitattva ( pR0 103 ) / nirNayasindhu evaM dharmasindhu tathA anya nibandhoM meM zamI-pUjA ke viSaya meM kucha anya vistAra pAye jAte haiM / " yadi zamI vRkSa na hoto azman vRkSa kI pUjA kI jAnI cAhie / isa avasara para kahIM-kahIM meM se yA bakare kI bali dI jAtI hai| bhArata meM svatantratA prApti ke pUrva dezI rAjyoM meM, yathA bar3odA, maisUra Adi riyAsatoM meM vijayAdazamI (yA dazaharA jaisA ki pracalita hai) ke avasara para darabAra lagate the aura haudoM se yukta hAthiyoM evaM daur3ate tathA uchala kUda karate hue ghor3oM kI savAriyA~ rAjadhAnI kI 2. tathA bhaviSye / zamI zamayate pApaM zamI lohitakaNTakA / dhAriNyarjunabANAnAM rAmasya priyavAdinI // kariSyamANayAtrAyAM yathAkAlaM sukhaM mayA / tatra nivighnakartrI tvaM bhava zrIrAmapUjite / iti / ni0 si0 ( pR0 190 ), pu0 ci0 ( pR0 147), dha0 si0 ( pR0 96 ) ) / virATaparva (adhyAya 5) meM AyA hai ki jaba pANDavoM ne virATa kI rAjadhAnI meM rahanA cAhA to unhoMne apane astra-zastra ( yathA, prasiddha gANDIva dhanuSa evaM talavAreM Adi) eka zmazAna ke pAsa pahAr3I para sthita zamI vRkSa para rakha diye the| aisA bhI parikalpita hai ki rAma ne laMkA para AkramaNa dazamI ko hI kiyA thA, jaba zravaNa nakSatra thA /

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72 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sar3akoM para nikalatI thIM aura julUsa nikAlA jAtA thaa| prAcIna evaM madhya kAloM meM ghor3oM, hAthiyoM, sainikoM evaM svayaM kA nIrAjana utsava rAjA loga karate the| kAliMdAsa (raghu0 4 / 24-25) ne varNana kiyA hai ki jaba zarada Rtu kA Agamana hotA thA to raghu 'vAjinIrAjanA' nAmaka zAnti kRtya karate the| varAha ne bRhatsaMhitA (adhyAya 44, karna dvArA sampAdita) meM azvoM, hAthiyoM evaM mAnavoM ke zuddhiyukta kRtya kA varNana vistAra se kiyA hai| nirNayasindhu ne senA ke nIrAjana ke samaya ke mantroM kA ullekha yoM kiyA hai--'he saba para zAsana karane vAlI devI, merI vaha senA jo cAra bhAgoM (hastI, ratha, azva evaM padAti) meM vibhAjita hai, zatruvihIna ho jAya, aura Apake anugraha se mujhe sabhI sthAnoM meM vijaya-prApti ho|' tithitattva meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki rAjA ko apanI senA ko zakti pradAna karane ke lie nIrAjana karake jala yA gozAlA ke samIpa khaMjana ko dekhanA cAhie aura use nimna mantra se sambodhita karanA cAhie--'khaMjana pakSI, tuma isa pRthviI para Aye ho, tumhArA galA kAlA evaM zubha hai, tuma sabhI icchAoM ko dene vAle ho, tumheM namaskAra hai|'3 tithitattva (pR0 103) ne khaMjana ke dekhe jAne Adi ke bAre meM prakAza DAlA hai| bRhatsaMhitA (a0 45) ne khaMjana ke dikhAI par3ane tathA kisa dizA meM kaba usakA darzana huA Adi ke viSaya meM ghaTita hone vAlI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| dekhie kRtyaratnAkara (pR0 366-373), varSakriyAkaumudI (pR0 450-451) / manu (5 / 14) evaM yAjJa0 (1 / 174) ne khaMjana ko una pakSiyoM meM parigaNita kiyA hai jinheM nahIM khAnA cAhie (sambhavataH yaha pratibandha isIlie thA ki yaha pakSI zakuna yA zubha saMketa batAne vAlA kahA jAtA rahA hai)| ___ uttarI bhArata meM rAmalIlA ke utsava dasa dinoM taka calate rahate haiM aura Azvina kI dazamI ko samApta hote haiM, jisa dina rAvaNa evaM usake sAthiyoM kI AkRtiyA~ jalAyI jAtI haiN| isake atirikta isa avasara para aura bhI kaI prakAra ke kRtya hote haiM, yathA hathiyAroM kI pUjA, dazaharA yA vijayAdazamI se sambandhita vRttiyoM (pezoM) ke aujAroM yA yantroM kI puujaa| sthAna-saMkoca se yaha vivaraNa nahIM upasthita kiyA jaaygaa| dazaharA utsava kI utpatti ke viSaya meM kaI kalpanAe~ kI gayI haiN| bhArata ke katipaya bhAgoM meM naye annoM kI havi dene, dvAra para dhAna kI harI evaM anapakI bAliyoM ko TA~gane tathA gehU~ Adi ke aMkuroM ko kAnoM yA mastaka yA pagar3I para rakhane ke kRtya hote haiM, ata: kucha logoM kA mata hai ki yaha kRSi kA utsava hai| kucha logoM ke mata se yaha raNa-yAtrA kA dyotaka hai, kyoMki dazaharA ke samaya varSA samApta ho jAtI hai, nadiyoM kI bAr3ha thama jAtI hai, dhAna Adi koSThAgAra meM rakhe jAne vAle ho jAte haiN| sambhavataH yaha utsava isI dUsare mata se sambandhita hai| bhArata ke atirikta anya dezoM meM bhI rAjAoM ke yuddha-prayANa ke lie yahI nizcita Rtu thii| zamI-pUjA bhI prAcIna hai| vaidika yajJoM ke lie zamI vRkSa meM uge azvattha (pIpala) kI do TahaniyoM (araNiyoM) se agni utpanna kI jAtI thii| agni zakti evaM sAhasa kI dyotaka hai, zamI kI lakar3I ke kunde agni-utpatti meM sahAyaka hote haiN| dekhie atharvaveda (7 / 11 / 1), tai0 brA0 (112 / 1 / 16) evaM (1 / 2 / 117), tai0 0 (6 / 9 / 2) jahA~ zamI evaM agni kI pavitratA evaM upayogitA kI ora mantrasikta saMketa hai| isa utsava kA sambandha navarAtra se bhI hai| kyoMki isameM mahiSAsura ke 3. kRtvA nIrAjanaM rAjA bAlavRddhya yathA blm| zobhanaM khaMjanaM pazyejjalagogoSThasaMnidhau // nIlagrIva zubhagrIva srvkaamphlprd| pRthivyAmavatIrNosi khaJjarITa namostu te|| ti0 ta0 (pR0 103); ni0 si0 (50 190), va0 kri0 kau0 (pR0 450) /

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vijayA dazamI, dasaharA, divAlI 73 virodha meM devI ke sAhasapUrNa kRtyoM kA bhI ullekha hotA hai aura navarAtra ke uparAnta hI vaha utsava hotA hai| dazaharA yA 'daserA' zabda 'daza' (dasa) evaM 'ahan' se hI banA hai / isa zabda evaM Upara varNita 'durgotsava' ke sAtha Aye 'dazaharA' antara hai| uttara bhArata meM vijayA dazamI ko dazaharA ( daserA ) mI kahA jAtA hai| divAlI - dIpoM ke utsava ko sampUrNa bhArata meM mAnyatA prApta hai / kintu isake kRtya vibhinna prakAra se vibhinna yugoM evaM vibhinna prAntoM meM sampAdita hote rahe haiN| kisI deva yA devI ke sammAna meM kiyA gayA yaha kevala eka utsava nahIM hai, jaisA ki kRSNajanmASTamI yA navarAtra hai| yaha cAra yA pA~ca dinoM taka calatA hai aura isameM kaI pRthak-pRthak kRtya haiN| dIpAvalI ke divasa to tIna hI haiN| ise adhika granthoM meM dIpAvalI aura kahIM-kahIM dIpAlikA ( bhaviSyottara, adhyAya 140, upasaMhAra) saMjJA dI huI hai / yadi isa utsava ke kisI eka kRtya para vizeSa bala diyA jAtA hai to use sukharAtri ( rAjamArtaNDa, 1346 - 1348 evaM kAlaviveka, pR0 232, 403 - 404), yakSarAtri (vAtsyAyana kAmasUtra, 114142), sukhasuptikA ( vrataprakAza, hemAdri, vrata, bhAga 2, pR0 348 - 349 ) kI saMjJAe~ bhI prApta ho gayI haiN| pro0 pI0 ke0 goDe ne isa utsava kI prAcInatA para vidvattApUrNa prakAza DAlA hai (gaMgAnAtha jhA iMsTIcyUTa jarnala, jilda 3, pR0 205-216) / bhaviSyottara meM do artha vAlA eka padya milatA hai| ni0 si0, kAlatattvavivecana ( pR0 315) ke anusAra caturdazI, amAvAsyA evaM kArtika pratipadA ke tIna dinoM taka yaha kaumudI - utsava hotA hai / " sabhI bAtoM ke saMyoga se dIpAvalI lagabhaga 5 dinoM taka calatI rahatI hai| isameM pA~ca dinoM taka pA~ca kRtya hote haiM, yathA dhana-pUjA, narakAsura para viSNu-vijaya kA utsava, lakSmI pUjA, bali para viSNu kI vijaya kA utsava, dyUta - divasa evaM bhAI-bahina - pyAra ke AdAna-pradAna kA utsava / Azvina (amAnta) ke kRSNapakSa kI trayodazI se hI pA~ca dinoM taka dIpa prakAza evaM paTAkoM ke chor3ane ke kRtya hote rahate haiM / trayodazI ko 'dhanaterasa' kahA jAtA hai / isa dina dhanvantari jayantI kA parva bhI cikitsaka loga manAte haiN| isake pUrva yA usI dina ghara, dvAra, A~gana svaccha kiye jAte haiM, lIpe-pote jAte haiM, pAtra Adi ko camakA diyA jAtA hai| dekhie padma0 ( 6 / 11414), skanda0 ( nirNayAmRta kA uddharaNa, ni0 si0, pR0 296 ) evaM kA0 ta0 vi0 ( pR0 323) / caturdazI se lekara cAra dinoM ke utsava kA varNana bhaviSyottara meM vistAra ke sAtha diyA huA hai| kucha anya bAtoM kA samAveza karate hue hama isI ke AdhAra para yahA~ prakAza DAla rahe haiN| kArtika ke kRSNapakSa kI caturdazI ko dinodaya meM naraka se bacane ke lie tela mAliza kara snAna karanA cAhie, sira para apAmArga kI TahaniyoM ko ghumAnA cAhie aura inake sAtha jotI huI bhUmi kI miTTI evaM kA~Te bhI hone 4. upazamitameghanAdaM prajvalitadazAnanaM ramitarAmam / rAmAyaNamiva subhagaM dIpadinaM haratu vo duritam // bhaviSyottara 0 ( 140 / 71) / prathama paMkti se dIpadina evaM rAmAyaNa ke tIna aMga-vizeSa kI ora saMketa hai| upazamitAH meghAnAM nAdAH yasmin (dIpadina ke sambandha meM), upazamitaH meghanAdaH yasmin ( rAmAyaNa ke sambandha meM ) ; prajvalitAni dazAnAM dIpavartInAm AnanAni agrANi yasmin (dIpadina ke sAtha), prajvalitaH dazAnana rAvaNaH yasmin ( rAmAyaNa ke sAtha) ; ramitAH rAmAH yuvatayaH yasmin ( dIpadina), ramitaH rAmaH (rAmAyaNa) / 5. iSAsita caturdazyAmindukSaya tithAvapi / UrjAdA~ svAtisaMyukte tadA dIpAvalI bhavet / kuryAtsaMlagnametacca potsavadinatrayam // nAradasaMhitA (ni0 si0 pR0 197, kA0 ta0 vi0, pR0 315, vratarAja, pR0 563) / 10

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74 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa caahie| isake uparAnta tila-yukta jala kA tarpaNa yama ko kiyA jAtA hai aura usake sAta nAma liye jAte haiN| purANoM kI vyavasthA ke anusAra naraka ke lie (jisase naraka meM na par3anA par3e) eka dIpa jalAnA cAhie aura usI sandhyA meM brahmA, viSNu, ziva Adi ke mandiroM meM, maThoM, astrAgAroM, caityoM (ve ucca sthala jahA~ punIta vRkSa-paudhe lage rahate haiM), sabhAbhavanoM, nadiyoM, bhavana-prAkAroM, udyAnoM, kUpoM, rAjapathoM evaM antaHpurI meM, siddhoM, arhatoM (jaina sAdhuoM), buddha, cAmuNDA, bhairava ke mandiroM, azvoM evaM hAthiyoM kI zAlAoM meM dIpa jalAne cAhie (bhaviSyottara, 140 / 15-17) / anya granthoM meM aisA AyA hai ki isa dina snAna ke bIca meM apAmArga kI TahaniyoM yA pattiyoM yA tumbI yA prapunnATa kI zAkhAoM ko zarIra para ghumAnA cAhie, jisase ki naraka (kaSTa) bhaga jAya aura narakAsura kI smRti meM cAra dIpa jalAne caahie| aisA AyA hai ki caturdazI ko lakSmI taila meM aura gaMgA sabhI jaloM meM nivAsa karane ko dIpAvalI para AtI haiM aura isalie jo vyakti prAtaH taila-snAna karatA hai, vaha yamaloka nahIM jaataa| vartamAna kAla meM dakSiNa meM loga caturdazI ko snAna ke uparAnta kArITa nAmaka kaDuvA phala paira se kucalate haiM, jo sambhavataH narakAsura ke nAza kA dyotaka hai| taila-snAna aruNodaya ke samaya honA cAhie, kintu yadi kisI kAraNa aisA nahIM kiyA jA sake to sUryodaya ke uparAnta bhI yaha ho sakatA hai| dharmasindhu (pR0104) ke mata se usa avasara para yatiyoM ko bhI taila-snAna karanA caahie| sambhavataH Arambhika rUpa meM yaha caturdazI narakacaturdazI kahI jAtI thI, kyoMki naraka se bacane ke lie yama ko prasanna rakhanA par3atA hai| Age calakara prAgjyotiSa nagarI (kAmarUpa) ke rAjA narakAsura ke kRSNa dvArA vadha kI kathA isameM saMyukta ho gyii| jaba pRthivI kA saMparka kRSNa ke varAhAvatAra se huA to narakAsura kI utpatti huii| isI kathA se narakacaturdazI kA milana ho gyaa| Ajakala kevala narakAsura kA nAmamAtra le liyA jAtA hai, yamatarpaNa nahIM kiyA jaataa| viSNu0 (5 / 19) evaM bhAgavata0 (10159, uttarArdha) meM narakAsura ke upaplavoM (upadravoM, lUTakhasoTa) kA varNana hai| usane devatAoM kI mAtA aditi ke AbhUSaNa chIna liye, varuNa ko chatra se vaMcita kara diyA, mandara parvata ke maNiparvata zikhara ko chIna liyA, devatAoM, siddhoM evaM rAjAoM kI 16100 kanyAe~ hara lI aura unheM prAsAda meM bandI banA liyaa| kRSNa ne use mAra ddaalaa| yadi purANoM kI bAteM aitihAsika tathya haiM to unhone kRpA kara una kanyAoM se vivAha karake una abhAgI kanyAoM kI sAmAjika sthiti unnata kara dii| 6. madanapArijAta (296) ne vRddhamanu se uddhRta kara vibhinna nAma diye haiM-'yamAya dharmarAjAya mRtyave cAntakAya c| vaivasvatAya kAlAya sarvabhUtakSayAya ca // audumbarAya dadhnAya nIlAya parameSThine / vRkodarAya citrAya citraguptAya vai nmH||' va0 kri0 kau0 (pR.0 459), ni0 si0 (pR0 199) meM bhI isakA uddharaNa hai| aura dekhie padma0 (6 / 124 / 13-14) / caturdazI hone ke kAraNa yama ke 14 nAma diye hue haiN| ina 14 nAmoM ke lie dekhie bhaviSyottara0 (140 / 10) evaM hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 2, pR0 352) / . aruNodayakAlasyaiva mukhyatvapratipAdanAt / kenacinnimittenAruNodayodayakAletikrAnte sUryodayottaramapyabhyaMgaH kartavyaH / pu0 ci0 (pR0 241) / aura dekhie dha0 si0 (pR0 104) / 8. yamAya namaH yamaM tarpayAmi' ke rUpa meM yama tarpaNa hotA hai| yaha tarpaNa dakSiNadizAbhimukha hokara tilayukta jala se tIna aMjaliyoM se kiyA jAtA hai aura jaba pitA jIvita hoM to savya hokara yA mata hoM to apasavya hokara aisA karanA caahie|

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narakacaturdazI lakSmI-kuberapUjana, balirAjya tithitattva (pR0 124) evaM kRtyatattva (pR0 450-51) ke anusAra isa caturdazI ko caudaha prakAra ke zAka-pAtoM kA sevana karanA caahie| varSakriyAkaumudI, dharmasindhu (pR0 104), pu0 ci0 (pR0 253), sa0 ma0 (pR0 117) Adi granthoM ne vyavasthA dI hai ki Azvina kRSNapakSa kI caturdazI aura amAvAsyA kI sandhyAoM ko manuSyoM ko apane hAthoM meM ulkAe~ (mazAla) lekara apane pitaroM ko dikhAnA cAhie aura isa mantra kA pATha karanA cAhie--'mere kuTumba ke ve pitara jinakA dAha-saMskAra ho cukA hai, jinakA dAha-saMskAra nahIM huA hai aura jinakA dAha-saMskAra kevala prajvalita agni se (binA dhArmika kRtya ke) huA hai, parama gati ko prApta hoN| aise pitara loga, jo yamaloka se yahA~ mahAlayA zrAddha para Aye haiM (bhAdrapada yA Azvina ke kRSNapakSa meM, pUrNimAnta gaNanA ke anusAra) unheM ina ulkAoM se mArgadarzana prApta ho aura ve (apane lokoM ko) pahu~ca jaayN|' madhyakAlika nibandhoM ne Azvina kRSNapakSa (amAnta) kI caturdazI para nimna kRtyoM kI vyavasthA kI hai---abhyaMga snAna (taila snAna), yama tarpaNa, naraka ke lie dIpadAna, rAtri meM dIpadAna, ulkAdAna (hAtha meM mazAla lenA), ziva-pUjA, mahArAtri-pUjA tathA kevala rAtri meM bhojana (nakta) krnaa| aba kevala tIna (taila snAna, narakadIpadAna evaM rAtridIpadAna) hI pracalita haiN| snAna ke uparAnta loga naye vastra evaM AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karate haiM, miThAiyA~ aura rAtri meM bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke vyaMjana bhojana karate haiN| ni0 si0 (pR0 197), pu0 ci0 (pR0 241), dha0 si0 (pR0 104) meM taila-snAna (abhyaMga-snAna) evaM trayodazI se yukta caturdazI para lambA vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai| hama use yahA~ nahIM likheNge| kRtyatattva (pR0 450) meM narakacaturdazI ko bhUtacaturdazI kI saMjJA dI huI hai| Azvina kRSNapakSa caturdazI, amAvAsyA evaM kArtika zukla pratipadA ko prAtaHkAla taila-snAna (tela lagAkara snAna karanA) vyavasthita kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki isase dhana evaM aizvarya milatA hai| yaha amAvAsyA mahattvapUrNa dina hai| isameM prAtaHkAla taila-snAna karake alakSmI (durbhAgya evaM phaTehAlI) ko dUra karane ke lie lakSmI-pUjA kI jAnI caahie| kucha logoM ke mata se pIpala (azvattha), udumbara, plakSa, Amra evaM vaTa kI chAla ko pAnI meM ubAla kara snAna karanA cAhie aura striyoM dvArA apane sAmane dIpadAna karAnA caahie| anya vivaraNoM ke lie dekhie bhaviSyottara (adhyAya 140, zloka 14-29), hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 2, pR0 348-349) / Ajakala yaha dina vaizyoM evaM vyApAriyoM dvArA vizeSa rUpa se manAyA jAtA hai| ve apane bahI-khAtoM kI pUjA karate haiM, apane mitroM, kretAoM evaM anya vyApAriyoM ko nimantrita karate haiM aura unakA tAmbUla evaM miThAiyoM se satkAra karate haiN| purAne khAte banda kiye jAte haiM aura naye khole jAte haiN| aisI anuzruti hai ki brahmA ne brAhmaNoM ko rakSAbandhana (zrAvaNa pUrNimA), kSatriyoM ko dazaharA (vijayadazamI), vaizyoM ko divAlI evaM zUdroM ko holikA ke utsava diye haiN| lakSmI-pUjA kI rAtri ko sukharAtri kahate haiN| dekhie kRtyatattva (pR0 452), va0 kri0 kau0, dha0si0 (pR0 107) / isa avasara para lakSmI-pUjA ke sAtha-sAtha kubera kI pUjA bhI hotI hai, jisase sukha mile| isase isI rAtri ko sukharAtri bhI kahate haiN| bhaviSyottara 0 (140 / 14-29) meM amAvAsyAkRtya vaNita hai jo saMkSepa meM yoM hai--prAtaHkAla abhyaMga-snAna, deva-pitaroM kI pUjA, dahI, dUdha, ghata se pArvaNa-zrAddha, bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke vyaMjanoM se brAhmaNa-bhojana; aparAhya meM rAjA kI apanI rAjadhAnI meM aisI ghoSaNA karAnI cAhie ki Aja bali kA Adhipatya hai, he logo, Ananda mnaao| logoM ko apane-apane gharoM meM natya evaM saMgIta kA Ayojana karanA cAhie, eka-dUsare ko tAmbUla denA cAhie, kuMkuma lagAnA cAhie, rezamI vastra dhAraNa karanA cAhie, sone evaM ratnoM ke AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karane caahie| nAriyoM ko saja-dhajakara gola banAkara calanA cAhie, sundara kumAriyoM ko idhara-udhara cAvala bikherane cAhie aura

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vijaya ke lie nIrAjana (dIpa ghumAnA) karanA caahie| rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha ardharAtri ke samaya rAjadhAnI meM ghUmakara logoM ke Anandotsava kA nirIkSaNa kre| jaba ardharAtri bIta jAya aura puruSoM kI A~kheM nIMda se matavAlI ho jAya~ to nAriyoM ko cAhie ki ve sUpoM evaM DholakoM ko pITa-pITakara zora-gula kareM aura isa prakAra apane gRha-prAMgaNa se alakSmI ko bhgaayeN| kArtika zukla pratipadA varSa kI tIna atyanta pramukha zubha tithiyoM meM parigaNita hotI hai| dha0 si0 (pR0 106) meM AyA hai ki yadyapi caturdazI evaM usake Age ke tIna dina dIpAvalI kI saMjJA se vibhUSita haiM; tathApi vaha dina jo svAti-nakSatra se saMyukta hai, atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai| isa dina bhI abhyaMga-snAna (taila-snAna) karane kA niyama hai| isa tithi para sabase mahattvapUrNa kRtya hai bali-pUjana / bhaviSyottara0 (140-47-73) meM yaha yoM varNita hai--rAtri meM pA~ca prakAra ke raMgIna cUrNoM se khacita bhUmi para eka vRtta para do hAthoM vAle bali kI AkRti rAjA dvArA banAyI jAnI caahie| AkRti para sabhI AbhUSaNa hoM, usake pAsa vindhyAvali (bali kI patnI) bhI ho aura cAroM ora se kUSmANDa, bANa, mura Adi asura ghere hue hoN| mUrti yA AkRti para mukuTa evaM karNAbhUSaNa hoN| rAjA ko apane mantriyoM evaM bhAiyoM ke sAtha prAsAda ke madhya meM bhAMti-bhAMti ke kamaloM se pUjA karanI cAhie, candana, dhUpa, naivedya (mAMsa evaM madirA se yukta) bhojana denA cAhie aura yaha mantra kahanA cAhie-"balirAja namastubhyaM virocanasuta prbho| maviSyendra surArAta pUjeyaM prtigRhytaam|" arthAt 'virocana ke putra rAjA bali, tumheM praNAma, devoM ke zatru evaM bhaviSya ke indra, yaha pUjA lo|' isake uparAnta use kSatriyoM kI gAthAoM para AdhArita nRtyoM, gAnoM, nATakoM Adi kA avalokana kara rAtri bhara jAganA caahie| sAmAnya logoM ko bhI apane gharoM meM bali kI pratimA ko paryaMka para sajAnA caahie| yaha pratimA cAvala se banI huI honI cAhie aura usa para puSpa evaM phala rakhe rahane caahie| jo kucha bhI thor3A yA adhika dAna isa avasara para kiyA jAtA hai vaha akSaya hotA hai aura viSNu ko prasanna karatA hai| kRtyatattva (pR0 453) meM AyA hai ki bali ko tIna puSpAMjaliyA~ dI jAnI caahie| bhaviSyottara ne jor3a diyA hai ki yaha tithi bali ke rAjya kA vistAra karatI hai, isa para kiye gaye snAna evaM dAna saugunA phala dete haiN| ___ yadi pratipadA amAvAsyA yA dvitIyA se saMyukta ho, to bali-pUjA, jisakA samaya rAtri hai, amAvAsyA se saMyukta pratipadA ko kI jAnI caahie| yahI bAta mAdhava ne bhI kahI hai (kAlanirNaya, pR0 26) / / bali viSNubhakta prahlAda ke putra virocana kA putra thaa| vana0 (2812) meM AyA hai ki eka bAra bali ne apane pitAmaha se pUchA ki 'kauna uttama hai, kSamA yA teja / ' zAnti0 (225 / 13) meM aisA ullekha hai ki bali ne brAhmaNoM se IrSyA kii| bali bahuta zaktimAn thA, usane devoM kA teja chIna liyaa| bali kI gAthA brahma0 (73), kUrma. (1 / 17), vAmana0 (adhyAya 77 evaM 92), skanda0 (adhyAya 245-246), bhaviSyottara0 (140) meM AyI hai| bali ne azvamedha yajJa kiyaa| viSNu ne vAmana rUpa dhAraNa kiyA aura bali se tIna paga bhUmi maaNgii| yadyapi zukra ne bali ko saceta kara diyA thA ki vAmana aura koI nahIM sAkSAt viSNu haiM, tathApi bali ne tIna paga bhUmi dene kI pratijJA kii| vAmana ne apanA rUpa bar3hAyA aura do pagoM se svarga evaM bhUmiloka ko nApa liyaa| jaba vAmana ne tIsare paga ke lie bhUmi mAMgI to bali ne apanI garadana bar3hA dI aura isa prakAra bali pAtAla loka meM dabA diyA gyaa| viSNa ne prasanna hokara bali ko pAtAla loka kA adhipati banA diyA aura use bhaviSya meM hone vAle indra kI sthiti pradAna kii| yaha kathA ati prAcIna hai| mahAbhASya (pANini, 3 / 1 / 26) meM AyA hai---'jaba koI bali-bandhana kI kathA kahatA hai yA raMgamaMca para use khelatA hai to aisA kahA jAtA hai 'bali bandhayati' (vaha bali ko bAMdhatA hai), jaba ki bali bahuta pahale bandI huA thaa|' isase prakaTa hai ki bali kI kathA nATakoM yA kavitAoM meM 2000 varSa pahale A gayI thii|

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balirAjya - mahotsava, govardhanapUjA, annakUTa, yamadvitIyA balipratipadA ko vAmanapurANa meM vIrapratipadA aura dyUtapratipadA bhI kahA gayA hai ( kRtyatattva, pR0 452) / purANoM meM AyA hai ki usa dina pArvatI ne dyUtakrIr3A meM zaMkara ko harAyA, jisase zaMkara dukhI evaM pArvatI prasanna huI / usa dina kI hAra se varSa bhara dhana kI hAni hotI hai aura vijaya se varSa kalyANakArI hotA hai / bhArata ke katipaya bhAgoM meM isa dina jUA khelA jAtA hai, aura bahuta se loga hArate haiM yA jItate haiN| nepAla jase choTe rAjya meM balipratipadA ke dina san 1955 I0 meM 30 lAkha rupayoM kI bAjI hArI -jItI gayI thI ! isa dina bhI dIpadAna hotA hai| aisA vacana hai--' balirAjya ke dina dIpadAna se lakSmI sthira hotI haiM, dIpadAna se hI yaha dIpAvalI kahI gayI hai / balirAjya Ane para jo dIpAvalI utsava nahIM manAtA, usake ghara meM kisa prakAra dIpa jaleMge ?' (dharmasindhu, pR0 106; pu0 ci0, pR0 243 - 244 ) / balirAjya caturdazI se lekara tIna dinoM taka calatA hai| anya bAteM yahA~ chor3I jA rahI haiN| vizeSa vistAra se adhyayana ke lie dekhie dha0 si0 ( pR0 106), kA0 ta0 vi0 ( pR0 321), ni0 si0 ( pR0 20) aadi| pratipadA ko bahuta-se kRtya hote haiM, yathA bali pUjA, dIpadAna, gauoM evaM bailoM kI pUjA, govardhana kI pUjA, mArgapAlI ( sar3aka kI rakSikA ) ko bA~dhanA, navavastra dhAraNa, dyUta-krIr3A, puruSoM evaM sadhavA nAriyoM ke samakSa dIpa ghumAnA, eka zubha mAlA ko baaNdhnaa| Ajakala inameM kevala do-tIna hI kiye jAte haiM, bali pUjA, dIpadAna evaM dyuut-kriidd'aa| ataH hama saMkSepa meM hI likheNge| gauoM, bachar3oM evaM bailoM ko sajAkara unakI pUjA do mantroM se kI jAtI hai| isa dina gAyoM ko duhA nahIM jAtA, bailoM para sAmAna nahIM Dhoye jAte / yaha kArtika pratipadA ko kiyA jAtA hai / yaha jaba dvitIyA se saMyukta ho to kRtya nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki putra, patnI yA dhana kI hAni hotI hai, ataH vaisI sthiti meM amAvAsyA se yukta pratipadA hI mAnya ThaharAyI gayI hai| devala ke anusAra pratipadA ko gauoM kI pUjA se prajA, gaue~ evaM rAjA samRddhizAlI hote haiM / govardhana pUjA meM ve loga, jo govardhana parvata ke pAsa rahate haiM, vahIM jAte haiM, aura prAtaHkAla usakI pUjA karate haiM, kintu ve loga, jo dUra rahate haiM, gobara se yA bhojyAnna se govardhana banA lete haiM yA citra khIMcakara solahoM upacAroM se govardhana evaM kRSNa ko pUjA karate haiM aura mantroM kA pATha karate haiM / una mantroM meM indra dvArA kI gayI ativRSTi se gokula ko kRSNa dvArA bacAye jAne kI ghaTanA kI ora saMketa hai| bar3e paimAne para naivedya bhoga lagAyA jAtA hai| isI se, jaisA ki smRtikaustubha ( pR0 174 ) meM AyA hai, govardhana pUjA ko annakUTa ( bhojana kA TIlA yA zikhara) bhI kahA gayA hai ( viSNupurANa, 5 / 11 / 5-25; varAha, 164, padmapurANa) / Ajakala bihAra evaM ur3IsA meM 'gAyadaur3a' (gAyadANu) nAmaka utsava hotA hai jo kArtika zukla pratipadA ko aparAhna meM sampAdita hotA hai / usa dina gAyoM ke zarIra para lAla evaM pIle raMga lagAye jAte haiM, sIMgoM para tela aura gerU lagAyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra se alaMkRta gaue~ eka choTe chaune ( sUara ke bacce ) kA pIchA karatI haiM aura apane nokIle sIMgoM se use mAra DAlatI haiN| rassI se ba~dhe hue chaune ko gvAlA loga gAyoM ke bIca pheMkate haiM aura gAe~ bhar3aka kara usakA pIchA karatI haiM aura apane sIMgoM se use dabAtI haiM / yaha dRzya sacamuca bar3A bIbhatsa hotA hai| aparAhna meM hI isa pratipadA ko mArgapAlI -bandhana kRtya kiyA jAtA hai| apane ghara ke AcAra ke anusAra kuza yA kAza kI rassI banAyI jAtI hai aura pUrva dizA meM sthita kisI vRkSa yA lambe stambha meM use bA~dhA jAtA hai / usakA namana karanA hotA hai aura mantra ke sAtha prArthanA kI jAtI hai| usa rassI ke nIce se sabhI -- rAjA, brAhmaNa Adi gauo, hAthiyoM ke sAtha nikalate haiM / isI prakAra usI DhaMga kI rassI se rassAkazI kI jAtI hai| eka ora rAjakumAra loga aura dUsarI ora nimna jAti ke loga hote haiM / yaha kRtya kisI mandira ke samakSa, yA mahala meM yA caurAhe para kiyA jAtA hai aura samAna saMkhyA meM loga donoM ora laga jAte haiN| yadi nimna jAti ke loga jIta jAte haiM to samajhA jAtA hai ki rAjA usa varSa vijayI rahegA ( AdityapurANa, ni0 si0 pR0 202; , vratarAja, pR0 77

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78 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 70) / prAtaHkAla (yadi pratipadA dvitIyA se yukta' ho) nAriyoM dvArA nIrAjana-utsava kiyA jAtA hai| yadi pratipadA thor3I dera rahane vAlI ho to dvitIyA kI saMdhyA meM maMgalamAlikA (zuma kRtyoM kA eka samUha yA zubha mAlikAoM kA eka samUha) kA kRtya hotA hai| Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki Azvina zukla caturdazI sahita ina tIna dinoM ko kaumudImahotsava kI saMjJA milI hai| bhaviSyottara evaM padma0 meM 'kaumudI' kI vyutpatti 'ku' (pRthivI) evaM 'mud' (prasanna honA) se kI gayI hai, jisakA artha hai 'jisameM loga isa pRthivI para Apasa meM prasannatA kI prApti karate haiN|' dUsarA artha yaha hai ki isa utsava meM 'bali ko kumudoM' (kumudiniyoM) kA dAna kiyA jAtA hai| vaidika kAla meM Azvina yA zarad meM bahuta-se kRtya kiye jAte the, yathA AzvayujI evaM AgrayaNa yA navasasyeSTi / pahalA kRtya sAta pAkayajJoM meM parigaNita hai (gautamadharmasUtra, 8 / 19) jo Azvina kI pUrNimA ko sampAdita hotA thaa| ina donoM kRtyoM kA varNana isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa 2 meM ho cukA hai| kintu ina kRtyoM meM hama divAlI utsava kI gandha nahIM paate| divAlI ke udgama ke viSaya meM kucha kahanA sambhava nahIM hai| isa viSaya meM kucha parikalpanAe~ kI gayI haiM jo yathAtathya nahIM lagatIM (dekhie zrI bI0 e0 gupte kA lekha 'divAlI phokalora', iNDiyana eNTIkverI, jilda 32, pR0 237-239) / kArtika zukla dvitIyA ko eka sundara utsava hotA hai, jisakA nAma hai bhrAtRdvitIyA yA ymdvitiiyaa| bhaviSya0 (14 / 18-73) meM AyA hai---kArtika zukla dvitIyA ko yamunA ne yama ko apane ghara para bhojana ke lie nimantrita kiyA, isI se ise saMsAra meM yamadvitIyA ke nAma se ghoSita kiyA gayA; samajhadAra logoM ko isa dina apane ghara meM madhyAhna kA bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie, unheM apanI bahina ke ghara meM snehavaza khAnA cAhie; aisA karane se kalyANa yA samRddhi prApta hotI hai| bahinoM ko bheMTa dI jAnI caahie| sabhI bahinoM ko svarNAbhUSaNa, vastra, Adara-satkAra evaM bhojana denA cAhie; kintu yadi bahina na ho to apane cAcA yA mausI kI putrI yA mitra kI bahina ko bahina mAnakara aisA karanA caahie| isake vistAra ke lie dekhie hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 384 385; kA0 vi0, pR0 405; kR0 ra0, pR0 413; va0 kri0 ko0, pR0 476-478; ti0 ta0, pR0 29; ni0 si0, pR0 203; kRtyatattva, pR0 453) / / bhrAtRdvitIyA kA utsava eka svatantra kRtya hai, kintu yaha divAlI ke tIna dinoM meM sambhavataH isIlie milA liyA gayA ki isameM bar3I prasannatA evaM AhlAda kA avasara milatA hai jo divAlI kI ghar3iyoM ko bar3hA detA hai| bhAI daridra ho sakatA hai, bahina apane pati ke ghara meM sampatti vAlI ho sakatI hai; varSoM se bheMTa nahIM ho sakI hai Adi-Adi kAraNoM se dravIbhUta hokara hamAre prAcIna lekhakoM ne isa utsava kI parikalpanA kara DAlI hai| bhAI-bahina eka dUsare se milate haiM, bacapana ke sukha-dukha kI yAda karate haiN| isa kRtya meM dhArmikatA kA raMga bhI jor3a diyA gayA hai| R0 (10 / 10) meM varNita yama evaM yamI kA AkhyAna yahA~ A gayA hai| padmapurANa meM aisA AyA hai ki jo vyakti apanI vivAhitA bahinoM ko vastroM evaM AbhUSaNoM se sammAnita karatA hai, vaha varSa bhara kisI jhagar3e meM nahIM par3atA aura na use zatruoM kA bhaya rahatA hai| bhaviSyottara evaM padA0 ne kahA hai-'jisa dina yama ko yamunA ne isa loka meM snehapUrvaka bhojana karAyA, usa dina jo vyakti apanI bahina ke hAtha kA banAyA huA mojana karatA hai vaha dhana aura sundara bhojana pAtA hai|' vaidika kAla tathA manu (2011), yAjJa0 (1153) jaisI Arambhika kAla kI smRtiyoM ke kAla meM bhAI se vihIna kumAriyoM ke vivAha meM kaThinAI hotI thii| kintu isI bhAvanA yA vyavahAra se bhrAtR-dvitIyA kA udgama mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai|

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adhyAya 11 makarasaMkrAnti evaM mahAzivarAtri makara-saMkrAnti--yaha eka ati mahattvapUrNa dhArmika kRtya evaM utsava hai| Aja se lagabhaga 80 varSa pUrva, una dinoM ke paMcAMgoM ke anusAra, yaha 12vIM yA 13vIM janavarI ko par3atI thI, kintu aba viSuvatoM ke agragamana (ayanacalana) ke kAraNa 13vIM yA 14vIM janavarI ko par3A karatI hai| 'saMkrAnti' kA artha hai sUrya kA eka rAzi se dUsarI rAzi meM jAnA, ataH vaha rAzi jisameM sUrya praveza karatA hai, saMkrAnti kI saMjJA se vikhyAta hai| jaba sUrya dhanu rAzi ko chor3akara makara rAzi meM praveza karatA hai to makarasaMkrAnti hotI hai|' rAziyA~ bAraha haiM, yathA meSa, vRSabha, mithuna, karkaTa, siMha, kanyA, tulA, vRzcika, dhanu, makara, kumbha, miin| malamAsa par3a jAne para bhI varSa meM kevala 12 rAziyA~ hotI haiN| pratyeka saMkrAnti pavitra dina ke rUpa meM grAhya hai| matsya 0 (adhyAya 18) ne saMkrAnti-vrata kA varNana kiyA hai| eka dina pUrva vyakti (nArI yA puruSa) ko kevala eka bAra madhyAhna meM bhojana karanA cAhie aura saMkrAnti ke dina dAMtoM ko svaccha karake tilayukta jala se snAna karanA caahie| vyakti ko cAhie ki vaha kisI saMyamI brAhmaNa gRhastha ko bhIjana sAmagriyoM se yukta tIna pAtra tathA eka gAya yama, rudra evaM dharma ke nAma para de aura cAra zlokoM ko par3he, jinameM eka yaha hai 'yathA bhedaM na pazyAmi zivaviSNvarkapadmajAn / tathA mamAstu vizvAtmA zaMkara:zaMkaraH sadA // ' (matsya0 98 / 17), arthAt 'maiM ziva evaM viSNu tathA sUrya evaM brahmA meM antara nahIM karatA, vaha zaMkara, no vizvAtmA hai, sadA kalyANa karane vAlA ho' (dUsare 'zaMkara' zabda kA artha hai- zaM kalyANaM karoti) / yadi ho sake jo vyakti ko cAhie ki vaha brAhmaNa ko AbhUSaNoM, paryaka, svarNapAtroM (do) kA dAna kre| yadi vaha daridra ho to vAhmaNa ko kevala phala de| isake uparAnta use taila-vihIna bhojana karanA cAhie aura yathAzakti anya logoM ko hojana denA caahie| striyoM ko bhI yaha vrata karanA caahie| saMkrAnti, grahaNa, amAvAsyA evaM pUrNimA para gaMgAnAna mahApuNyadAyaka mAnA gayA hai, aura aisA karane para vyakti brahmaloka ko prApta karatA hai| pratyeka saMkrAnti para sAmAnya jala (garma nahIM kiyA huA) se snAna karanA nityakarma kahA jAtA hai, jaisA ki devIpurANa (kA0 vi0, pR0 1. raveH saMkramaNaM rAzau saMkrAntiriti kthyte| snAnadAnatapaHzrAddhahomAdiSu mhaaphlaa|| nAgarakhaNDa he0, kAla, pR0 410); meSAdiSu dvAdazarAziSu krameNa saJcarataH sUryasya pUrvasmAdrAzeruttararAzau saMkramaNaM vezaH sNkraantiH| atastadrAzinAmapuraHsaraM sA sNkraantirvypdishyte| kA0 ni0 (pR0 331) / 2. saMkrAntyAM pakSayorante grahaNe cndrsuuryyoH| gaMgAsnAto naraH kAmAd brahmaNaH sadanaM vrajet // bhaviSya0 va0 kri0 ko0, pR0 514) /

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80 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 380 kA0ni0, pR0 333 Adi meM uddhRta) meM ghoSita hai-'jo vyakti saMkrAnti ke pavitra dina para snAna nahIM karatA vaha sAta janmoM taka rogI evaM nirdhana rahegA; saMkrAnti para jo bhI devoM ko havya evaM pitaroM ko kavya diyA jAtA hai vaha sUrya dvAra bhaviSya ke janmoM meM lauTA diyA jAtA hai|' prAcIna granthoM meM aisA likhita hai ki kevala sUrya kA kisI rAzi meM praveza mAtra hI punItatA kA dyotaka nahIM hai, pratyuta sabhI grahoM kA anya nakSatra yA rAzi meM praveza puNyakAla mAnA jAtA hai (kA0 ni0, pR0 345) / he0 (kAla, pR0 437) evaM kA0 ni0 (pR0 345) ne krama se jaimini evaM jyotiHzAstra se uddharaNa dekara sUrya evaM grahoM kI saMkrAnti kA puNyakAla ko ghoSita kiyA hai-'sUrya ke viSaya meM saMkrAnti ke pUrva yA pazcAt 16 ghaTikAoM kA samaya puNya samaya hai; candra ke viSaya meM donoM ora eka ghaTI 13 pala puNyakAla hai; maMgala ke lie 4 ghaTikAe~ evaM eka pala; budha ke lie 3 ghaTikAe~ evaM 14 pala ; bRhaspati ke lie cAra ghaTikAe~ evaM 37 pala ; zukra ke lie 4 ghaTikAe~ evaM eka pala tathA zani ke lie 82 ghaTikAe~ evaM 7 pl|' grahoM kI bhI saMkrAtiyA~ hotI haiM, kintu pazcAtkAlIna lekhakoM ke anusAra 'saMkrAnti' zabda kevala ravi-saMkrAnti ke nAma se hI dyotita hai, jaisA ki smRtikaustubha (pR0 531) meM ullikhita hai| __ varSa bhara kI 12 saMkrAntiyA~ cAra zreNiyoM meM vibhakta haiM--(1) do ayana-saMkrAntiyA~ (makara-saMkrAnti, jaba uttarAyaNa kA Arambha hotA hai evaM karkaTa-saMkrAnti, jaba dakSiNAyana kA Arambha hotA hai), (2) do viSuva-saMkrAntiyA~ (arthAt meSa evaM tulA saMkrAntiyA~, jaba rAtri evaM dina barAbara hote haiM), (3) ve cAra saMkrAntiyA~, jinheM SaDazItimukha (arthAt mithuna, kanyA, dhanu evaM mIna) kahA jAtA hai tathA (4) viSNupadI yA viSNupada (arthAt vRSabha, siMha, vRzcika evaM kumma) nAmaka sNkraantiyaaN|' Age calakara saMkrAnti kA devIkaraNa ho gayA aura vaha sAkSAt durgA kahI jAne lgii| devIpurANa (he0, kAla, pR0 418-419; kR0 ra0, pR0 614-165 evaM kRtyakalpa, pR0 361-361) meM AyA hai ki devI varSa, ayana, Rtu, mAsa, pakSa, dina Adi ke krama se sUkSma-sUkSma vibhAga' ke kAraNa sarvagata' vibhu rUpa vAlI hai| devI puNya tavaM pApa ke vibhAgoM ke anusAra phala dene vAlI hai| saMkrAnti ke kAla meM kiye gaye eka kRtya se bhI koTi-koTi phaloM kI prApti hotI hai| dharma se Ayu, rAjya, putra, sukha Adi kI vRddhi hotI hai, adharma se vyAdhi, zoka Adi bar3hate haiN| viSuva (meSa evaM tulA) saMkrAnti ke samaya jo dAna yA japa kiyA jAtA hai yA ayana (makara evaM karkaTa saMkrAnti) meM jo sampAdita hotA hai, vaha akSaya hotA hai| yahI bAta viSNupada evaM SaDazIti-mukha ke viSaya meM bhI hai| 3. paJcasiddhAntikA (3 / 23-24, pR0 9) ne paribhASA kI hai--'meSatulAdau viSuvat SaDazItimukhaM tulaadibhaagessu| SaDazItimukheSu raveH pitRdivasA ye'vazeSAH syuH|| SaDazItimukhaM kanyAcaturdaze'STAdaze ca mithunsy| mInasya dvAvize SaDvize kArmukasyAMze // ' tulA AdiryasyAH sA tulAdiH knyaa| dvAdazava bhavantyeSAM dvija nAmAni me shRnnu| ekaM viSNupadaM nAma SaDazItimukhaM tthaa|| viSuvaM ca tRtIyaM ca anye dve dkssinnottre|| kumbhAligohariSu viSNupadaM vadanti strIcApamInamithune SaDazItivaktram / arkasya saumyamayanaM zazidhAmni yAmyamakSe jhaSe viSuvati tvajataulinoH syAt // brahmavaivarta (he0, kAla, pR0 407) / kucha zabdoM kI vyAkhyA Avazyaka hai-ali vRzcika, go vRSabha, hari siMha, strI kanyA, cApa dhanuH, zazidhAmni zazigRha karkaTaka, saumyAyana uttarAyaNa, yAmya dakSiNAyana (yama dakSiNa kA adhipati hai), jhaSa makara, aja meSa, taulI (jo tarAjU pakar3e rahatA hai) tulaa|

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saMkrAntiyoM ke prakAra, puNyakAla sUrya jaba eka rAzi chor3akara dUsarI meM praveza karatA hai to usa kAla kA yathAvat jJAna hamArI mAMsala A~khoM se sambhava nahIM hai, ataH saMkrAnti kI 30 ghaTikAe~ idhara yA udhara ke kAla kA dyotana karatI haiM (kA0ni0, pR0 333) / sUrya kA dUsarI rAzi meM praveza-kAla itanA kama hotA hai ki usameM saMkrAnti-kRtyoM kA sampAdana asambhava hai, ataH isakI sannidhi kA kAla ucita ThaharAyA gayA hai| devIpurANa meM saMkrAnti-kAla kI laghutA kA ullekha yoM hai'svastha evaM sukhI manuSya jaba eka bAra palaka girAtA hai to usakA tIsavA~ kAla 'tatpara' kahalAtA hai, tatpara kA sauvA~ mAga truTi' kahA jAtA hai tathA truTi ke sauveM bhAga meM sUrya kA dUsarI rAzi meM praveza hotA hai| sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki vAstavika kAla ke jitane hI samIpa kRtya ho vaha utanA hI punIta mAnA jAtA hai| isI se saMkrAntiyoM me puNyatama kAla sAta prakAra ke mAne gaye haiM---3, 4, 5, 7. 8 9 yA 12 ghttikaaeN| inhIM avadhiyoM meM vAstavika phala-prApti hotI hai| yadi koI ina avadhiyoM ke bhItara pratipAdita kRtya na kara sake to usake lie adhikatama kAla-sImAe~ 30 ghaTikAoM kI hotI haiM; kintu ye pUNyakAla-avadhiyA~ SaDazIti (isameM adhikatama puNyakAla 60 ghaTikAoM kA hai) evaM viSNupadI (jahA~ 16 ghaTikAoM kI idhara-udhara chUTa hai) ko chor3akara anya sabhI saMkrAntiyoM ke lie hai| ye bArahasaMkrAntiyA~ sAta prakAra kI (sAta nAmoM vAlI) haiM jo kisI saptAha ke dina yA kisI viziSTa nakSatra ke sammilana ke AdhAra para ullikhita haiM; ve ye haiM--mandA. mandAkinI, dhvAMkSI.ghorA, mahodarI, rAkSasI evaM mishritaa| ghorA ravivAra (meSa yA karka yA makara saMkrAnti) ko, dhvAMkSI somavAra ko, mahodarI maMgala ko, mandAkinI budha ko mandA bRhaspati ko, mizritA zukra ko evaM rAkSasI zani ko hotI hai| isake atirikta koI saMkrAnti (yathA meSa yA karka Adi) krama se mandA, mandAkinI, dhvAMkSI, ghorA, mahodarI, rAkSasI, mizritA kahI jAtI hai yadi vaha krama se dhruva, mRdu, kSipra, ugra, cara, krUra yA mizrita nakSatra se yukta ho| 27 yA 28 nakSatra nimnokta rUpa se sAta daloM meM vibhAjita haiM--dhruva (yA sthira)--uttarAphAlgunI, uttarASADhA, uttarAbhAdrapadA, rohiNI ; mRdu--anurAdhA, citrA, revatI, mRgazIrSa ; kSipra (yA laghu)---hasta, azvinI, puSya, abhijit ; ugra---pUrvAphAlgunI, pUrvASADhA, pUrvAbhAdrapadA, bharaNI, maghA; cara--punarvasu,zravaNa, dhaniSThA, svAtI, zatabhiSak ; krUra (yA tIkSNa)--mUla, jyeSThA, ArdrA, AzleSA; mizrita (yA mRdutIkSNa yA sAdhAraNa)--kRttikA, vizAkhA (dekhie bRhatsaMhitA, 98 / 6-11; kR0 ka0, naiyata0, pR0 361; he0, kAla,pR0 409; kA ni0, pR0 341-342; sa0 ma0, pR0 137 / bRhatsaMhitA 9819 evaM kRtyakalpa0, nayata ne laghu dala meM abhijit kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai) / aisA ullikhita hai ki brAhmaNoM ke lie mandA, kSatriyoM ke lie mandAkinI, vaizyoM ke lie dhvAMkSI, zUdroM ke lie ghorA, coroM ke lie mahodarI, madya-vikretAoM ke lie rAkSasI tathA cANDAloM, pukkasoM tathA jinakI vRttiyA~ (peze) bhayaMkara hoM evaM anya zilpiyoM ke lie mizrita saMkrAnti zreyaskara hotI hai (he0, kAla, pR0 409-410 evaM va0 kri0 kau0, pR0 210 jahA~ devIpurANa kI uktiyA~ uddhRta haiM ) / saMkrAnti ke puNya kAla ke viSaya meM sAmAnya niyama ke prazna para kaI mata haiN| zAtAtapa (he0, kAla, pR0 417, kA0 vi0, pR0 382; kRtyakalpa0, naiyata0, pR0 361-362 evaM 365), jAbAla evaM marIci ne saMkrAnti ke dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie saMkrAnti ke pUrva evaM uparAnta 16 ghaTikAoM kA puNyakAla pratipAdita kiyA hai; kintu devIpurANa evaM vasiSTha (kRtyakalpa0, naiyata0, pR0 360; he0, kAla, pR0 418; sa0 ma0, pR0 137) ne 15 ghaTikAoM ke puNyakAla kI vyavasthA dI hai| yaha virodha yaha kahakara dUra kiyA gayA hai ki laghu avadhi kevala adhika puNya phala dene ke lie hai aura 16 ghaTikAoM kI avadhi viSNupadI saMkrAntiyoM ke lie pratipAdita hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa saMkrAnti dina yA rAtri donoM meM ho sakatI hai| dina vAlI saMkrAnti pUre dina mara puNyakAla vAlI hotI hai| rAtri vAlI saMkrAnti ke viSaya meM hemAdri, mAdhava Adi meM lambe vivecana upasthita kiye gaye haiN| eka niyama yaha hai ki dasa saMkrAntiyoM meM (makara evaM karkaTa ko chor3akara) puNyakAla dina meM hotA hai, jaba ki ve rAtri meM par3atI haiN| anya vivecanoM ke viSaya meM dekhie tithitattva (pR0 144-145), dharmasindhu (pR0 2-3) / hama vistAra meM yahA~ nahIM pdd'eNge| pUrNa puNyalAbha ke lie puNyakAla meM hI snAna-dAna Adi kRtya kiye jAte haiN| sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki rAtri meM na to snAna kiyA jAtA hai aura na daan| parAzara (12 / 20 ; smRti ca0 1, pR0 120) meM AyA hai ki sUryakiraNoM se pUta dina meM snAna karanA cAhie, rAtri meM grahaNa ko chor3akara anya avasaroM para snAna nahIM karanA caahie| yahI bAta viSNudharmasUtra meM bhI hai| kintu kucha apavAda bhI pratipAdita haiN| bhaviSya0 (he0, kAla, pR0 433; kA0ni0, pu0 339) meM AyA hai ki rAtri meM snAna nahIM karanA cAhie, vizeSata: rAtri meM dAna to nahIM hI karanA cAhie, kintu ucita avasaroM para aisA kiyA jA sakatA hai, yathA grahaNa, bivAha, saMkrAnti, yAtrA, janana, maraNa tathA itihAsa zravaNa meN| aura dekhie gobhila (he0, kAla, pR0 432; ni0 si0, pR0 7) / ataH pratyeka saMkrAnti para, vizeSataH makara-saMkrAnti para snAna nitya karma hai| dAna nimna prakAra ke kiye jAte haiM-meSa meM bher3a, vRSabha meM gaue~, mithuna meM vastra, bhojana evaM peya padArtha, karkaTa meM ghRtadhenu, siMha meM sone ke sAtha vAhana, kanyA meM vastra evaM gaue~, nAnA prakAra ke anna evaM bIja, tulA-vazcika meM vastra evaM ghara, dhana meM vastra evaM vAhana, makara meM indhana evaM agni, kumbha meM gaue~ jala evaM ghAsa, mIna meM naye pussp| anya vizeSa prakAra ke dAnoM ke viSaya meM dekhie skanda0 (he0, kAla, pR0 415-416, ni0 si0, pR0 218), viSNudharmottara, kAlikA0 (he0, kAla, pR0 413; kRtyakalpa0, nayata0, pR0 366-367, aadi| makara-saMkrAnti ke sammAna meM tIna dinoM yA eka dina kA upavAsa karanA caahie| jo vyakti tIna dinoM taka upavAsa karatA hai aura usake uparAnta snAna karake ayana (sUrya ke uttarAyaNa yA dakSiNAyana) para sUrya kI pUjA karatA hai, viSuva evaM sUrya yA candra ke grahaNa para pUjA karatA hai to vaha vAMchita icchAoM kI pUrNatA pAtA hai|' Apastamba meM AyA hai ki jo vyakti snAna ke uparAnta ayana, viSuva, sUryacandra-grahaNa para dina bhara upavAsa karatA hai vaha sabhI pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| kintu putravAn vyakti ko ravivAra, saMkrAnti evaM grahaNoM para upavAsa nahIM karanA cAhie (vRddhavasiSTha, he0, kAla, pR0 412; va0 kri0 ko0, pR0 91) / 4. skande--dhenuM tilamayoM rAjan ddyaadyshcottraaynne| sarvAn kAmAnavApnoti vindate paramaM sukham // viSNudharmottare--uttare tvayane viprA vastrada.naM mhaaphlm| tilapUrvamanaDvAhaM dattvA rogaH prmucyte|| zivarahasye / purA makarasaMkrAntau zaMkaro gosave kRte| tilAnutpAdayAmAsa tRptaye srvdehinaam| tasmAttasyAM tilaH snAnaM kArya codvartanaM budhaiH / devatAnAM pitaNAM ca sodakaistarpaNaM tilaiH| tilA deyAzca viprebhyaH srvdevottraaynne| tilAMzca bhakSayetpuNyAna hotavyAzca tathA tilaaH| tasyAM tithau tirkhatvA ye'rcayanti dvijottamAn / tridive te virAjante goshsrprdaayinH| tilatalena dIpAzca deyAH zivagRhe shubhaaH| satilastaNDulairdevaM pUjayedvidhivad dvijam // he0 (kAla, pR0 415-416); ni0 si0 (pR0 218) / gosahasra 16 mahAdAnoM meM eka hai| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2 / 'tridive te virAjante' ke sAtha milAie R0 (10 / 107 / 2) : 'uccA divi dakSiNAvanto asthurye azvadA saha te suuryenn|

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saMkrAnti ke kartavya 83 rAjamArtaNDa meM saMkrAnti para kiye gaye dAnoM ke puNya lAbha para do zloka haiM-- 'ayana-saMkrAnti para (kiye gaye dAnoM) kA phala ( sAmAnya dina ke dAna ke ) phala kA koTigunA hotA hai aura viSNupadI para vaha lakSagunA hotA hai; SaDazIti para yaha 86000 gunA ghoSita hai (va0 kri0 kau0 pR0 214; kA0vi0, pR0 382) / candra grahaNa para dAna sau gunA evaM sUrya grahaNa para sahasragunA, viSuva para zatasahasragunA tathA AkAmA ( A ASAr3ha kA kArtika, mA mAgha vaizAkha) kI pUrNimA para ananta phaloM ko dene vAlA hai / ' bhaviSya 0 ne ayana evaM viSuva saMkrAntiyoM para gaMgA snAna kI prabhUta mahattA gAyI hai / dekhie vi0 dha0 sU0 ( 3 / 319 / 38-45) / kucha logoM ke mata se saMkrAnti para zrAddha karanA cAhie / vi0 dha0 sU0 (77 1-2 ) meM AyA hai - 'Aditya arthAt sUrya ke saMkramaNa para ( jaba sUrya eka rAzi se dUsarI meM praveza karatA hai), donoM viSuva dinoM para, apane janma-nakSatra para, (vivAha, putra- janma ke ) viziSTa zubha avasaroM para kAmya zrAddha karanA cAhie; ina dinoM ke zrAddha se pitaroM ko akSaya santoSa prApta hotA hai|' yahA~ para bhI virodhI mata haiN| zUlapANi ke mata se saMkrAnti zrAddha meM piNDadAna honA cAhie, kintu nirNayasindhu ( pR0 6 ) ke mata se zrAddha piNDavihIna evaM pArvaNa kI bhA~ti honA cAhie | saMkrAnti para kucha kRtya varjita bhI the / viSNupurANa (3 / 11 / 118 - 119, kR0 20, pR0 547 evaM va0 kri0 kau0, pR0 216) meM vacana hai--' caturdazI, aSTamI, amAvAsyA, pUrNimA evaM saMkrAnti parva kahe gaye haiM; jo vyakti aise avasara para sambhoga karatA hai, taila evaM mAMsa khAtA hai, vaha 'viNmUtra-bhojana' nAmaka naraka ( jahA~ kA bhojana mala-mUtra hotA hai) meM par3atA hai|' brahmapurANa (va0 kri0 kau0, pR0 216) meM AyA hai-- aSTamI, pakSoM ke anta kI tithiyoM meM, ravi-saMkrAnti ke dina tathA pakSopAnta ( caturdazI) meM sambhoga, tila-mAMsa bhojana nahIM karanA caahie| Ajakala makarasaMkrAnti dhArmika kRtya kI apekSA sAmAjika adhika hai| upavAsa nahIM kiyA jAtA, kadAcit koI zrAddha karatA ho, kintu bahuta-se loga samudra yA prayAga jaise tIrthoM para gaMgA snAna karate haiN| tila kA prayoga adhika hotA hai, vizeSataH dakSiNa meN| tila kI mahattA yoM pradarzita hai - 'jo vyakti tila kA prayoga chaH prakAra se karatA hai nahIM DUbatA ( arthAt vaha asaphala yA abhAgA nahIM hotA); zarIra ko tila se nahAnA, tila se uvaTanA, sadA pavitra rahakara tilayukta jala denA ( pitaroM ko), agni meM tila DAlanA, tiladAna karanA evaM tila khAnA / " makara saMkrAnti para adhikAMza meM nAriyA~ hI dAna karatI haiM / ve pujAriyoM ko miTTI yA tAmra yA pItala ke pAtra, jinameM supArI evaM sikke rahate haiM, dAna karatI haiM aura apanI saheliyoM ko bulAtI haiM tathA unheM kuMkuma, haldI, supArI, Ikha ke Tukar3e Adi se pUrNa miTTI ke pAtra detI / dakSiNa meM poMgala nAmaka utsava hotA hai, jo uttarI yA pazcimI bhArata meM manAye jAne vAlI makara saMkrAnti ke samAna hai| poMgala tamila varSa kA prathama divasa hai / yaha utsava tIna dinoM kA hotA hai / 'poMgala' kA artha hai 'kyA yaha ubala rahA' yA 'pakAyA jA rahA hai ?' Aja ke jyotiHzAstra ke anusAra jAr3e kA ayana kAla 21 disambara ko hotA hai aura usI dina se sUrya uttarAyaNa hote haiM / kintu bhArata meM ve loga, jo prAcIna paddhatiyoM ke anusAra race paMcAMgoM kA sahArA lete haiM, uttarAyaNa kA Arambha 14 janavarI se mAnate haiM / ve isa prakAra upayukta makara saMkrAnti se 23 dina pIche haiM / madhyakAla ke dharma zAstra-graMthoM meM yaha bAta ullikhita hai, yathA hemAdri ( kAla, pR0 436-437) ne kahA hai ki pracalita saMkrAnti 12 dina pUrva hI puNyakAla par3atA hai, ataH pratipAdita dAna Adi kRtya pracalita saMkrAnti dina ke 12 dina pUrva bhI kiye jA sakate haiM / 5. tilodvartI tilasnAyI zUcinityaM tilodakI / hotA dAtA ca bhoktA ca SaTtilI nAvasIdati // zAtAtapa /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa makara saMkrAnti kA udgama bahuta prAcIna nahIM hai| IsA ke kama-se-kama eka sahasra varSa pUrva brAhmaNa evaM aupaniSadika granthoM meM uttarAyaNa ke chaH mAsoM kA ullekha hai (zatapatha brAhmaNa, 2 / 1 / 3 / 1, 3 evaM 4 ; chAndogyopaniSad, 4 / 15 / 5 evaM 5 / 10 / 1-2) / R0 (3 / 33 / 7) meM 'ayana' zabda AyA hai, jisakA artha hai 'mArga' yA 'sthl'| gRhyasUtroM meM 'udagayana' uttarAyaNa kA hI dyotaka hai (Azva0 gR0, 1 / 4 / 1-2; kauSItakI gRhya, 1 / 5; jai0 6 / 8 / 23; Apa0 gR0 1 / 1 / 2) jahA~ spaSTa rUpa se uttarAyaNa Adi kAloM meM saMskAroM ke karane kI vidhi varNita hai| kintu prAcIna zrIta, gRha evaM dharma sUtroM meM rAziyoM kA ullekha nahIM hai, unameM kevala nakSatroM ke sambandha meM kAloM kA ullekha hai| yAjJa0 smRti meM bhI rAziyoM kA ullekha nahIM hai, jaisA ki vizvarUpa kI TIkA se prakaTa hai (yAjJa0 1180, susthe indau)| rAziyoM ke viSaya meM hama kAla evaM muhUrta ke prakaraNa meM adhyayana kreNge| 'udagayana' bahuta zatAbdiyoM pUrva se zubha kAla mAnA jAtA rahA hai, ataH makarasaMkrAnti, jisase sUrya kI uttarAyaNa gati Arambha hotI hai, rAziyoM ke calana ke uparAnta pavitra dina mAnI jAne lgii| makara-saMkrAnti para tila ko itanI mahattA kyoM prApta huI, kahanA kaThina hai| sambhavataH makara-saMkrAnti ke samaya jAr3A hone ke kAraNa tila jaise padArthoM kA prayoga sambhava hai| cAhe jo ho, IsavI san ke ArambhakAla se adhika prAcIna makara-saMkrAnti nahIM hai| Ajakala ke paMcAMgoM meM makara-saMkrAnti kA devIkaraNa bhI ho gayA hai; vaha devI mAna lI gayI hai| saMkrAnti kisI vAhana para car3hatI hai, usakA pramukha vAhana hAthI jaise vAhana-pazu haiM; usake upavAhana bhI haiM; usake vastra kAle, zveta yA lAla Adi raMgoM ke hote haiM; usake hAtha meM dhanuSa yA zUla rahatA hai, vaha lAha yA gorocana jaise padArthoM kA tilaka karatI hai ; vaha yuvA, prauDha yA vRddha hai; vaha khar3I yA baiThI huI varNita hai ; usake puSpoM, bhojana, AbhUSaNoM kA ullekha hai; usake do nAma (sAta nAmoM meM) viziSTa haiM; vaha pUrva Adi dizAoM se AtI hai aura pazcima Adi dizAoM ko calI jAtI hai, aura tIsarI dizA kI ora jhA~katI hai; usake adhara jhuke haiM, nAka lambI hai, usake 9 hAtha haiN| usake viSaya meM agra sUcanAe~ ye haiM--saMkrAnti jo kucha grahaNa karatI hai usake mUlya bar3ha jAte haiM yA vaha naSTa ho jAtA hai; vaha jise dekhatI hai, vaha naSTa ho jAtA hai, jisa dizA se vaha AtI haiM vahA~ ke loga sukhI hote haiM, jisa dizA ko vaha calI jAtI hai vahA~ ke loga dukhI ho jAte haiN| ____mahAzivarAtri-kisI mAsa ke kRSNapakSa kI caturdazI zivarAtri kahI jAtI hai, kintu mAgha (phAlguna, pUrNimAnta) kI caturdazI sabase mahattvapUrNa hai aura mahAzivarAtri kahalAtI hai| garur3a (1 / 124), skanda (1 / 1132), padma (6 / 240), agni (193) Adi purANoM meM usakA varNana hai| kahIM-kahIM varNanoM meM antara hai kintu pramukha bAteM eka-sI haiN| sabhI meM isakI prazaMsA kI gayI hai| jaba vyakti usa dina upavAsa karake bilva-pattiyoM se ziva kI pUjA karatA hai aura rAtri bhara 'jAgara' (jAgaraNa) karatA hai, ziva use naraka se bacAte haiM aura Ananda evaM mokSa pradAna karate haiM aura vyakti svayaM ziva ho jAtA hai| dAna, yajJa, tapa, tIrthayAtrAe~, vrata isake koTi-aMza ke barAbara bhI nahIM haiN| garuDapurANa meM isakI gAthA hai-AbU parvata para niSAdoM kA gajA sundarasenaka thA, jo eka dina apane kutte ke sAtha zikAra khelane gyaa| vaha koI pazu mAra na sakA aura bhUkha-pyAsa se vyAkula vaha gahana vana meM tAlAba ke kinAre rAtri bhara jAgatA rhaa| eka bilva (bela) ke per3a ke nIce zivaliMga thA, apane zarIra ko ArAma dene ke lie usane anajAne meM zivaliMga para girI bilva-pattiyA~ nIce utAra liiN| apane pairoM kI dhUla ko svaccha karane ke lie usane tAlAba se jala lekara chir3akA aura aisA karane se jala-bUdeM zivaliMga para girI, usakA eka tIra mI usake hAtha se zivaliMga para gira par3A aura use uThAne meM use liMga ke samakSa jhukanA pdd'aa| isa prakAra usane anajAne meM hI zivaliMga ko nahalAyA, chuA aura usakI pUjA kI aura rAtri bhara jAgatA rhaa| dUsare dina vaha apane ghara lauTa AyA aura patnI dvArA diyA gayA bhojana kiyaa| Age calakara jaba vaha marA aura yamadUtoM

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85 mahAzivarAtri kA mAhAtmya ne use pakar3A to ziva ke sevakoM ne unase yuddha kiyA aura use unase chIna liyaa| vaha pApa rahita ho gayA aura kutte ke sAtha ziva kA sevaka bnaa| isa prakAra usane ajJAna meM hI puNyaphala prApta kiyaa| yadi isa prakAra koI vyakti jJAna meM kare to vaha akSaya puNyaphala prApta karatA hai| agnipurANa ( 193 / 6 ) meM sundarasenaka baheliyA kA ullekha huA hai| skanda0 meM jo kathA AyI hai, vaha lambI hai-- caNDa nAmaka eka duSTa kirAta thaa| vaha jAla meM machaliyA~ pakar3atA thA aura bahuta se pazuoM evaM pakSiyoM ko mAratA thaa| usakI patnI bhI bar3I nirmama thii| isa prakAra bahutase varSa bIta gaye / eka dina vaha pAtra meM jala lekara eka bilva per3a para car3ha gayA aura eka banaile zUkara ko mArane kI icchA se rAtri bhara jAgatA rahA aura nIce bahuta-sI pattiyA~ pheMkatA rahA / usane pAtra ke jala se apanA mukha dhoyA jisase nIca ke zivaliMga para jala gira pdd'aa| isa prakAra usane sabhI vidhiyoM se ziva kI pUjA kI, arthAt snApana kiyA (nahalAyA ), bela kI pattiyA~ car3hAyIM, rAtri bhara jAgatA rahA aura usa dina bhUkhA hI rhaa| vaha nIce utarA aura eka tAlAba ke pAsa jAkara machalI pakar3ane lgaa| vaha usa rAtri ghara na jA sakA thA, ataH usakI patnI for anna-jala ke par3I rahI aura cintAgrasta ho uThI / prAtaHkAla vaha bhojana lekara pahu~cI, apane pati ko eka nadI ke dUsare taTa para dekha bhojana ko taTa para hI rakhakara nadI ko pAra karane lgii| donoM ne snAna kiyA, kintu isake pUrva ki kirAta bhojana ke pAsa pahu~ce, eka kutte ne bhojana caTa kara liyaa| patnI ne kutte ko mAranA cAhA, kintu pati ne aisA nahIM karane diyA, kyoMki usakA hRdaya pasIja cukA thA / taba taka ( amAvAsyA kA ) madhyAhna ho cukA thaa| ziva ke dUta pati-patnI ko lene A gaye, kyoMki kirAta ne anajAne meM ziva kI pUjA kara lI thI aura donoM caturdazI para upavAsa kiyA thaa| donoM zivaloka ko gaye / padmapurANa ( 6 / 240/32 ) meM isI prakAra eka niSAda ke viSaya meM ullekha huA hai / zivarAtri kI pramukha bAta ke viSaya meM matabheda hai / tithitattva ( pR0 125 ) ke anusAra isameM upavAsa pramukhatA rakhatA hai, usameM zaMkara ke kathana ko AdhAra mAnA gayA hai- 'maiM usa tithi para na to snAna, na vastroM, na dhUpa, na pUjA, na puSpoM se utanA prasanna hotA hU~ jitanA upavAsa se / ' kintu hemAdri, mAdhava Adi ne upavAsa, pUjA evaM jAgaraNa tInoM ko mahattA dI hai ( he0, kAla, pR0 309 - 310 ; kA0vi0, pR0 289, sa0 ma0, pR0 101 ) | dekhie skandapurANa (nAgara khaNDa ) / kAlanirNaya ( pR0 287 ) meM 'zivarAtri' zabda ke viSaya meM eka lambA vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai| kyA yaha 'rUDha' hai ( yathA koI viziSTa tithi ) yA yaha 'yaugika' hai (yathA pratyeka rAtri, jaba ziva se sambandhita kRtya sampAdita ho), yA 'lAkSaNika' (yathA vrata, yadyapi zabda tithi kA sUcaka hai) yA 'yogarUDha' hai ( yaugika evaM rUDha, yathA 'paMkaja' zabda ) / niSkarSa yaha nikAlA gayA hai ki yaha zabda paMkaja ke sadRza yogarUDha hai jo ki paMka se avazya nikalatA hai (yahA~ yaugika artha hai ), kintu vaha kevala paMkaja ( kamala) se hI sambandhita hai (yahA~ rUDhi yA paramparA hai) na ki meDhaka se / 6. evamajJAnataH puNyaM jnyaanaatpunnymthaakssym| garur3a 0 ( 1 / 124|11 ) / lubdhakaH prAptavAnpuNyaM pApI sundarasenakaH // agni0 ( 193 / 6) / 7. tathA ca skandapurANe / evaM dvAdazavarSANi zivarAtrimupoSakaH / yo mAM jAgarayate rAtriM manujaH svargamAdahet // zivaM ca pUjayitvA yo jAgata ca caturdazIm / mAtuH payodhararasaM na pibet sa kadAcana // nAgarakhaNDe / svayambhUliMgamabhyarcya sopavAsaH sajAgaraH / ajAnannapi niSpApo niSAdo gaNatAM mataH // he0 (kAla, pR0 309-310 ) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zivarAtri nitya evaM kAmya donoM hai / yaha nitya isalie hai ki isake viSaya meM vacana hai ki yadi manuSya ise nahIM karatA to pApI hotA hai, 'vaha vyakti jo tInoM lokoM ke svAmI rudra kI pUjA bhakti se nahIM karatA vaha sahasra janmoM meM bhramita rahatA hai|' aise bhI vacana haiM ki yaha vrata prati varSa kiyA jAnA cAhie -- 'he mahAdevI, puruSa yA pativratA nArI ko prati varSa zivarAtri para bhakti ke sAtha mahAdeva kI pUjA karanI cAhie / " yaha vrata kAmya bhI hai, kyoMki isake karane se phala bhI milate haiM / 86 To IzAnasaMhitA (kA0 ni0, pR0 290 ni0 si0 pR0 225; sa0 ma0, pR0 101; kRtyatattva, pR0 461 ) ke mata se yaha vrata sabhI prakAra ke manuSyoM dvArA sampAdita ho sakatA hai - 'sabhI manuSyoM ko, yahA~ taka ki cANDAloM hi bhI zivarAtri pApamukta karatI hai, Ananda detI hai aura mukti detI hai / ' IzAnasaMhitA meM vyavasthA hai--yadi viSNu yA ziva yA kisI deva kA bhakta zivarAtri kA tyAga karatA hai to vaha apanI pUjA ( apane ArAdhyadeva kI pUjA ) ke phaloM ko naSTa kara detA hai| jo isa vrata ko karatA hai use kucha niyama mAnane par3ate haiM, yathA ahiMsA, satya, akrodha, brahmacarya, dayA, kSamA ( kA pAlana karanA hotA hai), use zAnta mana krodhahIna, tapasvI, matsarahIna honA cAhie; isa vrata kA jJAna usA ko diyA jAnA cAhie jo gurupAdAnurAgI ho, yadi isake atirikta kisI anya ko yaha diyA jAtA hai to ( jJAnadAtA ) naraka meM par3atA hai / isa vrata kA ucita kAla hai rAtri, kyoMki rAtri meM bhUta zaktiyA~ ziva (jo trizUlavArI haiM) ghUmA karate haiN| ata: caturdazI ko unakI pUjA honI cAhie (he0 kAla, pR0 304; kA0 ni0, pR0 298 ) / skanda 0 ( 1|1|33|82 ) meM AyA hai ki kRSNa pakSa kI usa caturdazI ko upavAsa karanA cAhie, vaha tithi sarvottama hai| aura ziva se sAyujya utpanna karatI hai| aura dekhie he0 (kAla, pR0 304) / zivarAtri ke lie vahI tithi mAnya hai jo usa kAla se AcchAdita rahatI hai / usI dina vrata karanA cAhie jaba ki caturdazI ardharAtri ke pUrva evaM uparAnta bhI rahe (IzAnasaMhitA, ti0 ta0, pR0 125; ni0 si0 pU0 322 ) / hemAdri meM AyA hai ki zivarAtri nAma vAlI vaha caturdazI jo pradoSa kala meM rahatI hai, vrata ke lie mAnya honI cAhie; usa tithi para upavAsa karanA cAhie, kyoMki rAtri meM jAgaraNa karanA hotA hai ( kAla, pR0 307 ) / vrata ke lie ucita dina evaM kAla ke viSaya meM paryApta vibheda hai| dekhie hemAdri ( kAla, pR0 298 - 308 ), kA0ni0 ( pR0 297), ti0 ta0 ( pR0 125-126), ni0 si0 ( pR0 222 - 224), pu0 ci0 ( 10248-253 ) Adi / nirNayAmRta (dekhie ni0 si0, pR0 233 meM uddhRta) ne 'pradoSa' zabda para bala diyA hai, tathA anya grantho meM 'nizItha' evaM ardharAtri para bala diyA hai| yahA~ hama nirNayakAroM ke ziromaNi mAdhava ke nirNaya prastuta kara rahe haiN| yadi caturdazI pradoSa-nizItha vyApinI ho to vrata usI dina karanA caahie| yadi vaha do dinoM vAlI ho ( arthAt vaha trayodazI evaM amAvAsyA donoM se vyApta ho) aura vaha donoM dina nizItha kAla taka rahane vAlI ho yA donoM dinoM taka isa prakAra na upasthita rahane vAlI ho to pradoSa vyApta niyAmaka ( nizcaya karane vAlI ) hotI hai ; 9. pradoSavyApinI grAhyA zivarAtricaturdazI / rAtrau jAgaraNaM yasmAt tasyAttAM samupoSayet // he0 (kAla, pR0 307) | dekhie va0 kri0 kau0 ( pR074), jahA~ isa zloka kA artha diyA huA hai (skandapurANa ke mata se sUryAsta ke uparAnta do muhUrtI (6 ghaTikAoM ) taka pradoSa hotA hai; kintu vizvAdarza ke anusAra sUryAsta ke uparAnta tIna ghaTikAoM taka pradoSa hotA hai) / nirNayAmRte sarvApi zivarAtriH pradoSavyApinyeva, ardharAtravAkyAni kaimutikanyAyena pradoSastAvakAnItyuktam (ni0 si0, pR0 233) /

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zivarAtri vrata kA vidhAna jaba caturdazI donoM dinoM taka pradoSavyApinI ho yA donoM dinoM taka usase nirmukta ho to nizItha meM rahane vAlI hI niyAmaka hotI hai; kintu yadi vaha do dinoM taka rahakara kevala kisI se pratyeka dina (pradoSa yA nizItha ) vyApta ho to jayA se saMyukta arthAt trayodazI tithi niyAmaka hotI hai| " prAcIna kAloM meM zivarAtri ke sampAdana kA vivaraNa garuDapurANa (1 / 124 / 11-13 ) meM milatA hai - trayodazI ko ziva-sammAna karake vratI ko kucha pratibandha mAnane caahie| use ghoSita karanA cAhie- 'he deva, maiM caturdazI kI rAtri meM jAgaraNa kruuNgaa| maiM yathAzakti dAna, tapa evaM homa karU~gA / he zambhu, maiM caturdazI ko bhojana nahIM karU~gA, kevala dUsare dina khAU~gA / he zambhu, Ananda evaM mokSa kI prApti ke lie Apa mere Azraya baneM / ' vratI ko vrata karake 'guru ke pAsa pahu~canA cAhie aura paMcAmRta ke sAtha paMcagavya se liMga ko snAna karAnA caahie| use isa mantra kA pATha karanA cAhie 'om namaH zivAya / ' candana - lepa se Arambha kara sabhI upacAroM ke sAtha ziva pUjA karanI cAhie aura agni meM tila, cAvala evaM ghRtayukta bhAta DAlanA caahie| isa homa ke uparAnta pUrNAhuti (pUrNa phala ke sAtha Ahuti) karanI cAhie aura (ziva-viSayaka) sundara kathAe~ evaM gAna sunane caahie| vratI ko punaH ardharAtri, rAtri ke tIsare prahara evaM cauthe prahara meM AhutiyAM DAlanI caahie| sUryodaya ke lagabhaga use 'om namaH zivAya' kA mauna pATa karate hue ziva-prArthanA karanI cAhie -- 'he deva, Apake anugraha se maiMne nirvighna pUjA kI hai, he lokezvara, he ziva, mujhe kSamA kreN| isa dina jo mI puNya maiMne prApta kiyA aura mere dvArA ziva ko jo kucha bhI pradatta huA hai, Aja maiMne ApakI kRpA se hI yaha vrata pUrNa kiyA hai; he dayAzIla, mujha para prasanna hoM, aura apane nivAsa ko jAya~ ; isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki kevala Apake darzana mAtra se maiM pavitra ho cukA hU~ / ' vratI ko cAhie ki vaha zivabhaktoM ko bhojana de, unheM vastra, chatra Adi de - 'he devAdhideva, sarvapadArthAdhipati, Apa logoM para anugraha karate haiM. maiMne jo kucha zraddhA se diyA hai usase Apa prasanna hoN|' isa prakAra kSamA mA~ga lene para vratI ko saMkalpa karake 12 varSa taka ise karanA caahie| yaza, dhana, putra, rAjya ko prApta karake vaha zivapurI ko jA sakatA hai / vratI ko varSa ke 12 mAsoM kI caturdazI ko jAgaraNa karanA cAhie / vyakti yaha vrata karake, 12 brAhmaNoM ko khilAkara tathA dIpadAna karake svarga prApta kara sakatA hai| 87 tithitattva meM kucha manoraMjaka vistAra pAyA jAtA hai ( pR0 127) / liMga-snAna rAtri ke prathama prahara meM dUdha se, dUsare meM dahI se, tIsare meM ghRta se aura cauthe meM madhu se karAnA caahie| cAroM praharoM ke mantra ye haiM- 'hrIM IzAnAya nama:, 'hrIM aghorAya namaH', 'hrIM vAmadevAya namaH' evaM 'hrIM sadyojAtAya namaH / ' cAroM praharoM meM arghya ke samaya ke mantra bhI vibhinna haiM / aisA bhI pratipAdita hai ki prathama prahara meM gAna evaM nRtya hone caahie| varSa kriyAkaumudI ( pR0 513) meM AyA hai ki dUsare, tIsare evaM cauthe prahara meM vratI ko pUjA, arghya, japa evaM (ziva - sambandhI ) kathA zravaNa karanA cAhie, stotrapATha karanA cAhie evaM leTakara praNAma karanA cAhie; prAtaHkAla vratI ko arghyajala ke sAtha kSamA mA~ganI caahie| yadi mAgha kRSNa caturdazI ravivAra yA maMgalavAra ko par3e to vaha vrata ke lie uttama hotI hai (skanda0, pu0 ci0, pR0 252-253; kA0 ni0, pR0 299; sa0 ma0, pR0 104 ) / pazcAtkAlIna nibandhoM meM, yathA tithitattva ( pR0 126), kAlatattvaviveka ( pR0 197 - 203 ), puruSArthacintAmaNi ( pR0 255-258 ), dharma 10. dinadvaye nizIthavyAptau tadavyAptau ca pradoSavyAptiniyAmikA / tathA dinadvayepi pradoSavyAptau tadavyAptau ca nizIthavyAptiniyAmikA / ekaikasmin dine ekaikavyAptau jayAyogo niyAmakaH / kA0 ni0 ( pu0 297 ) /

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88 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sindhu (pR0 127) Adi meM zivarAtri vidhi ke viSaya meM lambA ullekha hai| kA0 ta0 vi0 (pR0 167) meM AyA hai ki vibhinna purANoM meM zivarAtri-vrata-vidhi vibhinna rUpa vAlI hai| 24, 14 yA 12 varSoM taka zivarAtri vrata karane vAle ko avadhi ke uparAnta udyApana karanA par3atA hai| isa viSaya meM pu0 ci0 (pR0 258-259) evaM vratarAja (pR0 586-587) Adi granthoM meM ati vistAra ke sAtha varNana hai, jise hama yahA~ nahIM ullikhita kreNge| kisI bhI zivarAtri ke pAraNa ke viSaya meM jitane vacana haiM ye vivAda-grasta haiM (ni0 si0, pR0 224; he0, kAla, pR0 298; dha0 si0, pR0 126) / skanda ke do vacana ye haiM---'jaba kRSNASTamI, skandaSaSThI evaM zivarAtri pUrva evaM pazcAt kI tithiyoM se saMyukta ho jAtI haiM to pUrva vAlI tithi pratipAdita kRtya ke lie mAnya hotI hai aura pAraNa pratipAdita tithi ke anta meM kiyA jAnA cAhie; caturdazI ko upavAsa aura usI tithi ko pAraNa vahI vyakti kara sakatA hai jisane lAkhoM acche karma kiye hoN|' dharmasindhu (pR0 126) kA niSkarSa yoM hai--'yadi caturdazI rAtri ke tIna praharoM ke pUrva hI samApta ho jAya to pAraNa tithi ke anta meM honA cAhie ; yadi vaha tIna praharoM se Age calI jAya to usake bIca meM hI sUryodaya ke samaya pAraNa karanA cAhie, aisA mAdhava Adi kA mata hai|' nirNayasindhu kA mata yaha hai ki yadi caturdazI tithi rAtri ke tIna praharoM ke pUrva samApta ho jAya to pAraNa caturdazI ke bIca meM hI honA cAhie na ki usake anta meN| Ajakala dharmasindhu meM ullikhita vidhi kA pAlana kadAcit hI koI karatA ho| upavAsa kiyA jAtA hai, ziva-pUjA hotI hai aura loga ziva kI kathAe~ sunate haiN| sAmAnya jana (kahIM-kahIM) tAmraphala (bAdAma), kamala-puSpa-dala, aphIma-bIja, dhatUre Adi se yukta yA kevala mA~ga kA sevana karate haiN| bahuta se ziva-mandiroM meM mUrti para lagAtAra jaladhArA se abhiSeka kiyA jAtA hai| aitareya brAhmaNa (8 / 9) meM prajApati ke usa pApa kA ullekha hai jo unhoMne apanI putrI ke sAtha kiyA thaa| ve mRga bana gye| devoM ne apane bhayaMkara rUpoM se rudra kA nirmANa kiyA aura unase usa mRga ko phAr3a DAlane ko khaa| jaba rudra ne mRga ko viddha kara diyA to vaha (mRga) AkAza meM calA gyaa| loga ise mRga (mRgazIrSa) kahate haiN| rudra mRgavyAdha ho gaye aura (prajApati kI) kanyA rohiNI bana gayI aura tIra (apanI tIna dhAroM ke sAtha) tIna dhArA vAle tAroM ke samAna bana gyaa| liMgapurANa (vratarAja,pR0573-586) meM eka niSAda kI kathA hai| niSAda ne eka mRga, usakI patnI aura unake baccoM ko mArane ke krama meM zivarAtri vrata ke sabhI kRtya ajJAta rUpa se kara ddaale| vaha evaM nRga ke kuTumba ke loga anta meM vyAdha ke tAre ke sAtha mRgazIrSa nakSatra bana gye| zivarAtri vrata' kA lambA ullekha madhyakAlika nibandhoM meM huA hai, yathA he0 (vrata, bhAga 2, pR0 71-122), ti0 ta0 (pR0 124-133), smRtikau0 (pR0 481-512), pu0 ci0 (248-281), kAlasAra (pR0 158-167) aadi| uparyukta zivarAtri ke atirikta anya zivarAtriyA~ bhI haiM, jinameM vrata kiyA jAtA hai, yathA he0 (vrata, bhAga-2,pR.0 71-87 ; vahI, pR0 87-92; vahI, pR0 114-122; vahI pR0 128-130 ; kintu hama inakA varNana yahA~ sthAnAbhAva se nahIM kreNge|

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adhyAya 12 holikA evaM grahaNa holikA-holI yA holikA Ananda evaM ullAsa kA aisA utsava hai jo sampUrNa deza meM manAyA jAtA hai| utsava manAne ke DhaMga meM kahIM-kahIM antara pAyA jAtA hai| baMgAla ko chor3akara holikA-dahana sarvatra dekhA jAtA hai| baMgAla meM phAlguna pUrNimA para kRSNa-pratimA kA jhUlA pracalita hai kintu yaha bhArata ke adhikAMza sthAnoM meM nahIM dikhAI pdd'taa| isa utsava kI avadhi vibhinna prAntoM meM vibhinna hai| isa avasara para loga bA~sa yA dhAtu kI picakArI se raMgIna jala chor3ate haiM yA abIra-gulAla lagAte haiN| kahIM-kahIM azlIla gAne gAye jAte haiN| isameM jo dhArmika tattva hai vaha hai baMgAla meM kRSNa-pUjA karanA tathA kucha pradezoM meM purohita dvArA holikA kI pUjA krvaanaa| loga holikAdahana ke samaya parikramA karate haiM, agni meM nAriyala pheMkate haiM, gehU~, jau Adi ke DaMThala pheMkate haiM aura inake adhajale aMza kA prasAda banAte haiN| kahIM-kahIM loga hathelI se mukha-svara utpanna karate haiN| vibhinna prAntoM kI vibhinna vidhiyoM kA varNana karanA koI Avazyaka nahIM hai| yaha bahuta prAcIna utsava hai| isakA Arambhika zabdarUpa holAkA thA (jaimini, 1 / 3 / 15-16) / bhArata ke pUrvI bhAgoM meM yaha zabda pracalita' thaa| jaimini evaM zabara kA kathana hai ki holAkA sabhI AryoM dvArA sampAdita honA caahie| kAThakagRhya (73 1) meM eka sUtra hai 'rAkA holAke', jisakI vyAkhyA TIkAkAra devapAla ne yoM kI hai--'holA eka karma-vizeSa hai jo striyoM ke saubhAgya ke lie sampAdita hotA hai, usa kRtya meM rAkA (pUrNacandra) devatA hai|" anya TIkAkAroM ne isakI vyAkhyA anya' rUpoM meM kI hai| holAkA una bIsa krIr3AoM meM eka hai jo sampUrNa bhArata meM pracalita haiN| isakA ullekha vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra (1 / 4 / 42) meM bhI huA hai jisakA artha TIkAkAra jayamaMgala ne kiyA hai| phAlguna kI pUrNimA para loga zRMga se eka-dUsare para raMgIna jala chor3ate haiM aura sugaMdhita cUrNa bikherate haiN| hemAdri (kAla,pR0 106) ne bRhadyama kA eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai jisameM holikA-pUrNimA ko hutAzanI (Alakaja kI mA~ti) kahA gayA hai| liMgapurANa meM AyA hai-'phAlguna pUrNimA ko 'phAlgunikA' kahA jAtA hai, yaha bAla-krIr3AoM se pUrNa hai aura logoM ko vibhUti (aizvarya) dene vAlI hai|' varAhapurANa meM AyA hai ki yaha paTavAsa-vilAsinI' (cUrNa se yukta krIr3AoM vAlI) hai| hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 2, pR0 184-190) ne bhaviSyottara0 (132 / 1151) se uddharaNa 1. rAkA holAke / kAThakagRhma (73 / 1) / isa para devapAla kI TIkA yoM hai : 'holA karmavizeSaH saubhAgyAya strINAM praatrnusstthiiyte| tatra holAke rAkA devtaa| yAste rAke sumataya ityaadi| 2. liNgpuraanne| phAlgune paurNamAsI ca sadA baalvikaasinii| jJeyA phAlgunikA sA ca jJeyA lokavibhUtaye // vaaraahpuraanne| phAlgune pauNimAsyAM tu pttvaasvilaasinii| jJeyA sA phAlgunI loke kAryA lokasamRddhaye // he0 (kAla, pR0 642) / isameM prathama kA0 vi0 (pR0 352) meM bhI AyA hai jisakA artha isa prakAra hai-baalvjjnvilaasinyaamityrthH| 12 For

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa eka kathA dI hai / yudhiSThira ne kRSNa se pUchA ki phAlguna pUrNimA ko pratyeka gA~va evaM nagara meM eka utsava kyoM hotA hai, pratyeka ghara meM bacce kyoM krIr3Amaya ho jAte haiM aura holAkA kyoM jalAte haiM, usameM kisa devatA kI pUjA hotI hai, kisane isa utsava kA pracAra kiyA, isameM kyA hotA hai aura yaha 'aDADA' kyoM kahI jAtI hai| kRSNa ne yudhiSThira se rAjA raghu ke viSaya meM eka kiMvadantI khii| rAjA raghu ke pAsa loga yaha kahane ke lie gaye ki 'DhoNDhA' nAmaka eka rAkSasI baccoM ko dina-rAta DarAyA karatI hai| rAjA dvArA pUchane para unake purohita ne batAyA ki vaha mAlina kI putrI eka rAkSasI hai jise ziva ne varadAna diyA hai ki use deva, mAnava Adi nahIM mAra sakate haiM aura na vahu astra-zastra yA jAr3A yA garmI yA varSA se mara sakatI hai, kintu ziva ne itanA kaha diyA hai ki vaha krIDAyukta baccoM se bhaya khA sakatI hai| purohita ne yaha bhI batAyA ki phAlguna kI pUrNimA ko jAr3e kI Rtu samApta hotI hai aura grISma Rtu kA Agamana hotA hai, taba loga ha~seM evaM Ananda manAyeM, bacce lakar3I ke Tukar3e lekara bAhara prasannatApUrvaka nikala par3e, lakar3iyA~ evaM ghAsa ekatra kareM, rakSoghna mantroM ke sAtha usameM Aga lagAyeM, tAliyA~ bajAyeM, agni kI tIna bAra pradakSiNA kareM, ha~seM aura pracalita bhASA meM madde evaM azlIla gAne gAyeM, isI zoragula evaM aTTahAsa se tathA homa se vaha rAkSasI mregii| jaba rAjA ne yaha saba kiyA to rAkSasI mara gayI aura vaha dina aDADA yA holikA kahA gyaa| Age AyA hai ki dUsare dina caitra kI pratipadA para logoM ko holikAbhasma ko praNAma karanA cAhie, mantroccAraNa karanA cAhie, ghara ke prAMgaNa meM vargAkAra sthala ke madhya meM kAma-pUjA karanI caahie| kAmapratimA para sundara nArI dvArA candana lepa lagAnA cAhie aura pUjA karane vAle ko candana - lepa se mizrita Amra-baura khAnA caahie| isake uparAnta yathAzakti brAhmaNoM, bhAToM Adi ko dAna denA cAhie aura 'kAma devatA mujha para prasanna hoM' aisA kahanA caahie| isake Age purANa meM AyA hai--' jaba zukla pakSa kI 15vIM tithi para patajhar3a samApta ho jAtA hai aura vasanta Rtu kA prAtaH Agamana hotA hai to jo vyakti candana- lepa ke sAtha Amra-maMjarI khAtA hai vaha Ananda se rahatA hai / ' 90 AnandollAsa se paripUrNa evaM azlIla gAna - nRtyoM meM lIna loga jaba anya prAntoM meM holikA kA utsava manAte haiM taba baMgAla meM dolayAtrA kA utsava hotA hai| dekhie zUlapANikRta 'dolayAtrAviveka / ' yaha utsava pA~ca yA tIna dinoM taka calatA hai / pUrNimA ke pUrva caturdazI ko saMdhyA ke samaya maNDapa ke pUrva meM agni ke sammAna meM eka utsava hotA hai / govinda kI pratimA kA nirmANa hotA hai| eka vedikA para 16 khambhoM se yukta maNDapa meM pratimA rakhI jAtI hai / ise paMcAmRta se nahalAyA jAtA hai, kaI prakAra ke kRtya kiye jAte haiM, mUrti yA pratimA ko idhara-udhara sAta bAra DolAyA jAtA hai / prathama dina kI prajvalita agni utsava ke anta taka rakhI jAtI hai / anta meM pratimA 21 bAra DolAI yA jhulAI jAtI hai / aisA AyA hai ki indradyumna rAjA ne vRndAvana meM isa jhUle kA utsava Arambha kiyA thA / isa utsava ke karane se vyakti sabhI pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| zUlapANi ne isakI tithi, prahara, nakSatra Adi ke viSaya meM vivecana kara niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki dolayAtrA pUrNimA tithi kI upasthiti meM hI honI cAhie, cAhe uttarAphAlgunI nakSatra ho yA na ho / holikotsava ke viSaya meM ni0 si0 ( pR0 227 ), smRtikaustubha ( pR0 516-519), pu0 ci0 ( pR0 308-319) Adi nibandhoM meM varNana AyA hai, kintu hama sthAna-saMkoca se adhika nahIM likha sakeMge / jaina evaM gRhya meM varNita hone ke kAraNa yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki IsA kI kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva se holakA kA utsava pracalita thA / kAmasUtra evaM bhaviSyottarapurANa ise vasanta se saMyukta karate haiM, ataH yaha utsava pUrNimAnta gaNanA ke anusAra varSa ke anta meM hotA thA / ataH holikA hemanta yA patajhar3a ke anta kI sUcaka hai| aura vasanta kI kAmapremamaya lIlAoM kI dyotaka hai| mastIbhare gAne, nRtya evaM saMgIta vasantAgamana ke ullAsapUrNa

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holI parva kA vikAsa, vasantotsava, grahaNa kSaNoM ke paricAyaka haiN| vasanta kI AnandAbhivyakti raMgIna jala evaM lAla raMga, abIra-gulAla ke pArasparika AdAna-pradAna se prakaTa hotI hai| kucha pradezoM meM yaha raMga yukta vAtAvaraNa holikA ke dina hI hotA hai, kintu dakSiNa meM yaha holikA ke pA~caveM dina (raMga - paMcamI) manAyI jAtI hai / kahIM-kahIM raMgoM ke khela pahale se Arambha kara diye jAte haiM aura bahuta dinoM taka calate rahate haiM; holikA ke pUrva hI 'pahunaI' meM Aye hue logoM para raMga bikhera diyA jAtA hai; kintu mUla rUpa meM yaha vasantotsava hI hai / kahIM-kahIM holI ke eka dina uparAnta loga eka-dUsare para paMka (kIcar3a ) mI pheMkate haiN| kahIM-kahIM do-tIna dinoM taka miTTI, paMka, raMga, gAna Adi se loga matavAle hokara dala banA kara holI kA hur3adaMga macAte haiM, sar3akeM lAla ho jAtI haiM / kahIM-kahIM loga bhadde majAkoM, azlIla gAnoM se apanI kAmecchAoM kI bAhya tRpti karate haiM / vAstava meM yaha utsava prema karane se sambandhita hai, kintu ziSTa janoM kI nAriyA~ ina dinoM bAhara nahIM nikala pAtIM, kyoMki unheM bhaya rahatA hai ki loga bhaddI gAliyA~ na de baittheN| zrI gupte ne apane lekha 'hindU haoNlIDeja evaM serImanIz2a' ( pR0 92 ) meM prakaTa kiyA hai ki yaha utsava IjipTa (misra) yA grIsa (yUnAna) se liyA gayA hai / kintu yaha bhrAmaka dRSTikoNa hai / lagatA hai, unhoMne bhAratIya prAcIna granthoM kA avalokana nahIM kiyA hai, dUsare, ve isa viyaSa meM bhI nizcita nahIM haiM ki isa utsava kA udgama misra se hai yA yUnAna se| unakI dhAraNA ko gambhIratA se nahIM lenA cAhie / grahaNa ati prAcIna kAloM se sUrya-candra-grahaNoM ko mahattva diyA jAtA rahA hai| grahaNa ke sambandha meM vizAla sAhitya kA nirmANa ho cukA hai| dekhie hemAdri ( kAla, pR0 379 - 394), kAlaviveka ( pR0 521-543), kRtyaratnAkara ( pR0 625- 631), kAlanirNaya ( pR0 346-358), varSa kriyAkaumudI ( pR0 90 - 117 ), tithitattva ( pR0 150 162), kRtyatattva (pR0 432-434), nirNayasindhu ( pR0 61-76), smRtikaustubha ( pR0 69-80 ), dharmasindhu ( pR0 32-35 ), gadAdharapaddhati (kAlAsAra, pR0 588-599 ) / pUrNa sUrya grahaNa kA saMketa Rgveda (5 / 40 / 5-6, 8) meM bhI hai| zAMkhAyana brAhmaNa (24 / 3 ) meM AyA hai ki atri ne viSuvat (viSuva ) ke tIna dina pUrva saptadaza stoma kRtya kiyA aura usake dvArA usa svarbhAnu ko pachAr3A jisane sUrya ko aMdhakAra se bheda diyA thA, arthAt sUryagrahaNa ( R0 5/4015) zarada viSuva ke tIna dina pUrva huA thA / bRhatsaMhitA se prakaTa hotA hai ki grahaNa kA vAstavika kAraNa bhAratIya jyotiSa zAstrajJoM ko varAhamihira ( IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha) ke kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva se jJAta thA / varAhamihira ne likhA hai - candragrahaNa meM candra pRthivI kI chAyA meM A jAtA hai tathA sUryagrahaNa meM candra sUrya meM praviSTa ho jAtA hai ( arthAt sUrya evaM pRthivI ke bIca meM candra A jAtA hai), grahaNoM ke isa kAraNa ko pahale ke AcArya apanI divya dRSTi se jAnate the; rAhu grahaNoM kA 91 3. varSa kRtyavIpaka ( pR0 301 ) meM nimna zloka Aye haiM--' prabhAte vimale jAte hyaMge bhasma ca kArayet / sarvAMge ca lalATe ca krIDitavyaM pizAcavat // sindUraiH kuMkumaizcaiva dhUlibhirdhUsaro bhavet / gItaM vAdyaM ca nRtyaM ca kuryAdrathyopasarpaNam // brAhmaNaiH kSatriyaivaizyaiH zUdraizcAnyaizca jAtibhiH / ekIbhUya prakartavyA krIDA yA phAlgune sadA / bAlakaiH saha gantavyaM phAlgunyAM ca yudhiSThira // ' ityuparAgakAraNamuktamidaM divyavagbhirAcAryaiH / 4. bhUchAyAM svagrahaNe bhAskaramarkagrahe pravizatInduH / rAhurakAraNamasminniyuktaH zAstra sadbhAvaH // bRhatsaM0 (5/8 evaM 13) /

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92 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kAraNa nahIM hai, yahI satya sthiti hai jise zAstra ghoSita karatA hai| isa satya siddhAnta ke rahate hue sAmAnya loga, yahA~ taka ki par3he-likhe loga (kintu jyotiHzAstrajJa nahIM) pahale vizvAsa karate the aura aba bhI vizvAsa karate haiM ki rAhu ke kAraNa grahaNa lagate haiM aura unheM snAna, dAna, japa, zrAddha Adi kA viziSTa avasara mAnate haiN| varAhamihira ne zruti, smRti, sAmAnya vizvAsa evaM jyotiSa ke siddhAnta kA samAdhAna karane kA prayatna kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki eka asura thA jise brahmA ne varadAna diyA ki grahaNa para diye gaye dAnoM evaM AhutiyoM se tumakoM saMtuSTi prApta hogii| vahI asura apanA aMza grahaNa karane ko upasthita rahatA hai aura use lAkSaNika rUpa se rAhu kahA jAtA hai| buddhivAda, sAmAnya paramparAe~ evaM andhavizvAsa eka-sAtha nahIM cala skte| sUrya evaM candra ke grahaNoM meM kucha antara upasthita kiyA gayA thaa| vyAsa kI ukti hai--'candragrahaNa (sAmAnya dina se) eka lAkhagunA (phaladAyaka) hai aura sUryagrahaNa pahale se dasagunA, yadi gaMgA-jala (snAna ke lie)pAsa meM ho to candragrahaNa eka karoDagunA adhika (phaladAyaka) hai aura sUryagrahaNa usase dasa-gunA adhika / ' grahaNa-darzana para prathama kartavya hai snAna krnaa| aisA AyA hai ki rAhu dekhane para sabhI vargoM ke loga apavitra ho jAte haiN| unheM sarvaprathama snAna karanA cAhie, taba anya kartavya karane cAhie, (grahaNa ke pUrva) pakAye hue bhojana kA tyAga kara denA cAhie (he0, kAla,pR0 390; kAlaviveka, pR0 533; va0 kri0 ko0, pR0 91) / grahaNa ke samaya ke viSaya meM vicitra punItatA kA ullekha huA hai| yadi koI vyakti grahaNa-kAla evaM saMkrAnti-kAla meM snAna nahIM karatA to vaha bhAvI sAta janmoM meM kor3hI ho jAyagA aura duHkha kA bhAgI hogA (sa0 ma0, pR0 130) / use ThaNDe jala meM snAna karanA cAhie aura vaha bhI yathAsambhava pavitra sthala pr| punItatama snAna gaMgA meM yA godAvarI meM yA prayAga meM hotA hai, isake uparAnta kisI bhI bar3I nadI meM, yathA 6 nadiyA~ jo himAlaya se nikalI haiM, 6 nadiyA~ jo vindhya se nikalI haiM, isake uparAnta kisI bhI jala meM, kyoMki grahaNa ke samaya sabhI jala gaMgA ke samAna pavitra ho uThate haiN| garma jala kA snAna kevala baccoM, bUr3hoM evaM rogiyoM ke lie AjJApita hai| grahaNa Arambha hone para snAna, homa, devoM kI pUjA, grahaNa ke samaya zrAddha, jaba grahaNa samApta hone ko ho to dAna tathA jaba grahaNa samApta ho jAya to punaH snAna karanA caahie| janana-maraNa ke samaya Azauca para bhI grahaNa ke samaya snAna karanA cAhie, kintu gaur3a-lekhakoM ke mata se, use dAna yA zrAddha nahIM karanA caahie| isa viSaya meM madanaratna tathA nirNayasindhu ne virodhI mata diyA hai; unake mata' se Azauca meM snAna, dAna, zrAddha evaM prAyazcitta karanA cAhie (ni0 si0, pR066)| kucha purANoM evaM nibandhoM meM kucha viziSTa mAsoM ke grahaNoM ke phaloM tathA kucha viziSTa nadiyoM yA pUta sthaloM meM snAna ke phaloM meM antara pratipAdita hue haiN| kAlanirNaya (pR0 350) ne candragrahaNa para godAvarI meM evaM sUryagrahaNa para narmadA meM snAna kI vyavasthA dI hai| kRtyakalpataru (nayatakAla), hemAdri (kAla) evaM kAlaviveka ne devIpurANa kI uktiyA~ dI haiM, jinameM 5. vyaasH| indorlakSaguNaM proktaM raverdazaguNaM smRtm| gaMgAtoye tu samprApte indoH koTI raverdaza // he. (kAla, pR0 384), kA0 vi0 (pR0 521) evaM ni0 si0 (pR0 64) / 6. sarva gaMgAsamaMtoyaM sarve vyAsasamA dvijaaH| sarva merusamaM dAnaM grahaNe suurycndryoH|| bhujabala (pR0 348); va0 kri0 kau0 (pR0 111); kA0 ni0 (pR0 348); sa0 ma0 (pR0 130) / godAvarI bhImarathI tuMgabhadrA ca vennikaa| tApI payoSNI vindhyasya dakSiNe tu prkiirtitaaH|| bhAgIrathI narmadA ca yamunA ca srsvtii| vizokA ca vitastA ca himvtprvtaashritaaH|| etA nadyaH puNyatamA devtiirthaanyudaahRtaaH| brahmapurANa (70 / 33-35) /

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grahaNa samaya ke kRtya 93 kucha nimna haiM-' kArtika ke grahaNa meM gaMgA-yamunA-saMgama zreSTha hai, mArgazIrSa meM devikA meM, pauSa meM narmadA meM, mAgha meM sannihitA nadI pavitra hai' Adi Adi / sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki rAtri meM snAna, dAna evaM zrAddha varjita hai / Apastamba0 ( 1|11|32|8) meM AyA hai- 'rAtri meM use snAna nahIM karanA caahie| manu ( 3 / 280 ) kA kathana hai - - rAtri meM snAna nahIM honA cAhie, kyoMki vaha rAkSasI ghoSita hai, aura donoM sandhyAyoM meM tathA jaba sUrya abhI-abhI udita huA hai snAna nahIM karanA caahie| kintu grahaNa meM snAna, dAna evaM zrAddha apavAda haiM / yAjJa0 ( 112/18) ke anusAra grahaNa zrAddha kAla kahA gayA hai / zAtAtapa ( he0, kAla, pR0 387; kA0 vi0, pR0 527; smRtikau0, pR0 71) kA kathana hai ki grahaNa ke samaya dAnoM, snAnoM, tapoM evaM zrAddhoM se akSaya phala prApta hote haiM, anya kRtyoM meM rAtri ( grahaNoM ko chor3akara) rAkSasI hai, ataH isase vimukha rahanA caahie| mahAbhArata meM AyA hai--'ayana evaM viSuva ke dinoM meM, candra-sUrya grahaNoM para vyakti ko cAhie ki vaha supAtra brAhmaNa ko dakSiNA ke ratha bhUmidAna de' (kA0 ni0, pR0 354 smRtiko 0, pR0 72 ) / yAjJa0 meM aisA AyA hai ki 'kevala vidyAyA tapa / hI vyakti supAtra nahIM hotA, vahI vyakti pAtra hai jisameM ye donoM tathA karma ( ina donoM ke samAnurUpa) pAye jaayeN|' katipaya zilAlekhoM meM grahaNa ke samaya ke bhUmidAnoM kA ullekha hai; prAcIna evaM madhya kAloM meM rAjA evaM dhanI loga aisA karate the (dekhie iNDiyana eNTIkverI, 6, pR0 72-75; epiphiyA iNDikA, 3, pR0 1-7; vahI, 3, pR0 103 110; vahI, 7, pR0 202-208, vahI, 9, pR0 98-102; vahI, 14, pR0 156- 163 Adi-Adi ) / Aja bhI grahaNa ke samaya daridra loga nagaroM evaM bastiyoM meM vastroM evaM paisoM ke lie zora-gula karate dRSTigocara hote haiM / grahaNa ke samaya zrAddha karma karanA do kAraNoM se kaThina hai / adhikAMza meM grahaNa alpAvadhi ke hote haiM, dUsare, grahaNa ke samaya bhojana karanA varjita hai / grahaNa ke samaya bhojana karane se prAjApatya prAyazcitta karanA par3atA hai| isI se kucha smRtiyoM evaM nibandhoM meM aisA AyA hai ki zrAddha Ama zrAddha yA hema zrAddha honA cAhie / grahaNa ke samaya zrAddha karane se bar3A phala milatA hai, kintu usa samaya bhojana karane para prAyazcitta karanA par3atA hai aura vyakti anya logoM kI dRSTi meM gira jAtA hai / mitAkSarA (yaajny01|217-218) ne uddhRta kiyA hai-'sUrya yA candra ke grahaNoM ke samaya bhojana nahIM karanA caahe|' ataH koI pAtra brAhmaNa AsAnI se nahIM mila sakatA, aura vistAra ke sAtha zrAddha karma eka prakAra se asambhava hai| taba bhI zAtAtapa Adi kahate haiM ki zrAddha karanA Avazyaka hai -- 'rAhudarzana para vyakti ko zrAddha karanA cAhie, yahA~ taka ki apanI sampUrNa sampatti ke sAtha; jo vyakti zrAddha nahIM karatA vaha gAya ke samAna paMka meM DUba jAtA hai / ' grahaNa para kRtyoM ke krama yoM haiM-gaMgA yA kisI anya jala meM snAna, prANAyAma, tarpaNa, gAyatrI japa, agni meM tila evaM vyAhRtiyoM tathA grahoM ke lie vyavasthita mantroM ke sAtha homa (yAjJa0 130301), isake uparAnta AmazrAddha, sonA, gAyoM evaM bhUmi ke dAna / Ajakala adhikAMza loga grahaNa ke samaya snAna karate haiM aura kucha dAna bhI karate haiM kintu grahaNa - sambandhI anya kRtya nahIM krte| grahaNa kAla japa, dIkSA, mantra - sAdhanA (vibhinna devoM ke nimitta) ke lie uttama kAla hai ( dekhie, he0, kAla0, pR0 389; ti0 ta0, pa0 156; ni0 si0 pR0 67 ) / jaba taka grahaNa A~khoM se dikhAI detA hai taba taka kI avadhi puNyakAla kahI jAtI hai / jAbAli meM AyA hai -- 'saMkrAnti meM isake idhara-udhara 16 kalAoM taka puNyakAla rahatA hai kintu sUryacandra grahaNa meM yaha kevala taba taka rahatA hai jaba taka grahaNa darzana hotA rahatA hai (de0 kR0 ka0, nayata, pR0 368; he0, kAla, 388; kR0 ra0, pR0 625; smRtiko0, pR0 69 ) / isa viSaya meM madhyakAlika granthoM meM bar3e matamatAntara haiM / vibheda ' yAvaddarzanagocara' evaM 'rAhu

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94 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa darzane' zabdoM ko lekara hai| " kRtyakalpataru kA tarka hai ki 'darzana' zabda katipaya kRtyoM (yathA snAna, dAna Adi ) ke kAraNa evaM avasara ko batAtA hai, grahaNa to tabhI avasara hai jaba yaha jAnA jA sake ki vaha ghaTita huA hai aura yaha jJAna A~kha se prApta hotA hai tathA jaba sUrya yA candra bAdaloM meM chipA ho to vyakti grahaNa ke samaya ke pratipAdita karma nahIM bhI kara sakatA hai| hemAdri ne isakA uddharaNa dekara isakI AlocanA kI hai| ve manu ke isa kathana para vizvAsa karate haiM ki (manu0 4 / 37 ) vyakti ko udita hote hue, asta hote hue yA jaba usakA grahaNa ho yA jala meM pratibimbita ho yA jaba sUrya madhyAhna meM ho to usako nahIM dekhanA caahie| aisI sthiti meM manu ke mata se vAstavika grahaNa-darzana asambhava hai aura taba to vyakti snAna nahIM kara sktaa| hemAdri kA kathana hai ki ziSTa loga snAna Adi karate haiM, bhale hI ve grahaNa ko vAstavika rUpa meM na dekha skeN| ataH unake mata se puNyakAla taba taka rahatA hai jaba taka (jyotiSa) zAstra dvArA vaha samApta na samajhA jAya / kR0 ra0 ( pR0 526 ) kA kathana hai ki jaba taka uparAga ( grahaNa ) darzana yogya rahatA hai taba taka snAnAdi kriyA hotI rahatI hai| kucha logoM ne to aisA tarka kiyA hai ki kevala grahaNa - mAtra ( darzana nahIM) aisA avasara hai jaba ki snAna, dAna Adi kRtya kiye jAne cAhie, kintu kAlaviveka ( pR0 529 ) ne uttara diyA hai ki yadi grahaNa- mAtra hI snAnAdi kA avasara hai to aisI sthiti utpanna ho jAyagI ki yadi candra kA grahaNa kisI anya dvIpa meM ho to vyakti ko dina meM hI sUryagrahaNa ke samAna apane deza meM snAnAdi karane hoNge| smRtikaustubha ( pR0 70) evaM samayaprakAza ( pR0 126 ) ne isIlie kahA hai ki 'darzanagocara' kA tAtparya yaha hai ki jaba vyakti jyotiHzAstra se jAnatA hai ki kisI deza meM grahaNa A~khoM se dekhA jA sakatA hai to use usa kAla meM snAnAdi kRtya karane cAhie (bhale hI vaha use na dekha sake ) / saMvatsarapradIpa ne spaSTa likhA hai- 'vahI grahaNa hai jo dekhA jA sake, vyakti ko aise grahaNa para dhArmika kRtya karane cAhie, kevala gaNanA para hI Azrita nahIM rahanA caahie|' yadi sUryagrahaNa ravivAra ko evaM candragrahaNa somavAra ko ho to aisA sammilana 'cUr3AmaNi' kahalAtA hai aura aisA pratipAdita hai ki cUr3AmaNi grahaNa anya grahaNoM kI apekSA eka koTi adhika phaladAyaka hotA hai (kA0 vi0, pR0 523; kA0 ni0, pR0 351; ti0 ta0, pR0 154; smRtikau0, 70, vyAsa se uddhRta ) / kucha logoM ne aisA pratipAdita kiyA hai ki grahaNa ke eka dina pUrva upavAsa karanA cAhie, kintu hemAdri ne kahA hai ki upavAsa grahaNa-dina para hI honA caahie| kintu putravAn gRhastha ko upavAsa nahIM karanA cAhie ( he0 vrata, bhAga 2, pR0 917) / bahuta prAcIna kAloM se grahaNa ke pUrva usake samaya tathA uparAnta bhojana karane ke viSaya meM vistAra ke sAtha niyama bane haiN| viSNudharmasUtra meM vyavasthA hai - candra yA sUrya ke grahaNa kAla meM bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie; jaba 7. zAtAtapaH / snAnaM dAnaM tapaH zrAddhamanantaM rAhudarzane / AsurI rAtriranyatra tasmAttAM parivarjayet // ( he0, kAla, pR0 387; kA0 vi0, pR0 527; smRtikau0, pR0 71) / saMkrAntau puNyakAlastu SoDazobhayataH kalAH / candrasUryoparAge tu yAvaddarzanagocaraH // jAbAli (kR0 ka0, naiyata0, pR0 368; he0, kAla, pR0 388; kR0, 20, pR0 625; smRtiko 0, pR0 69 ) / 8. candrArkoparAge nAznIyAdavimuktayorastaMgatayo dRSTvA snAtvA pare'hani / viSNudharmasUtra ( 68 / 1-3 ) ; he0, kAla, pR0 396; kA0 vi0, pR0 537; kR0 ra0, pR0 626; va0 kri0 kau0, pR0 102; nAdyAtsUryagrahAtpUrvamahni sAyaM zazigrahAt / grahakAle ca nAznIyAtsnAtvAznIyAcca vimuktayoH // mukte zazini bhuMjIta yadi syAnna mahAnizA / snAtvA vRSTvApare'hvayadyAd grastAstamitayostayoH // uddhRta - - kRtyakalpataru ( naiyata0, pR0 309-310 ) ; kAla

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grahaNa - samaya ke kRtya 199 grahaNa samApta ho jAya to snAna karake khAnA cAhie; yadi grahaNa ke pUrva hI sUrya yA candra asta ho jAya~ to snAna karanA cAhie aura sUryodaya dekhane ke uparAnta hI punaH khAnA caahie|' yahI bAta kucha granthoM meM uddhRta do zlokoM meM vistArita hai -'sUrya grahaNa ke pUrva nahIM khAnA cAhie aura candra grahaNa ke dina kI sandhyA meM bhI nahIM khAnA cAhie; grahaNa kAla meM bhI nahIM khAnA cAhie; kintu jaba sUrya evaM candra grahaNa se mukta ho jAya~ to snAnoparAnta khAyA jA sakatA hai; jaba candra mukta ho jAya to usake uparAnta rAtri meM bhI khAyA jA sakatA hai, kintu yaha tabhI kiyA jA sakatA hai jaba mahAnizA na ho; jaba grahaNa se mukta hone ke pUrva hI sUrya yA candra asta ho jAya~ to dUsare dina unake udaya ko dekhakara hI snAna karake khAnA caahie|' yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki na kevala grahaNa ke kAla meM hI khAnA nahIM cAhie, pratyuta candragrahaNa meM Arambha hone se 3 prahara ( 9 ghaNTe yA 223 ghaTikAe~) pUrva bhI bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie aura sUryagrahaNa ke Arambha ke cAra prahara pUrva bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie; kintu yaha niyama baccoM, vRddhoM evaM striyoM ke lie nahIM hai / yaha tIna yA cAra praharoM avadhi (grahaNa ke pUrva se ) prAcIna kAla se aba taka 'vedha' nAma se vikhyAta hai / kRtyatattva ( pR0 434 ) ne bhojana viSayaka sabhI uparyukta niyama eka sthAna para ekatra kara rakhe haiM / Aja ye niyama bhalI bhA~ti nahIM sampAdita hote, kintu Aja se lagabhaga 80 varSa pUrva aisI sthiti nahIM thI / grahaNoM se utpanna bahuta se phaloM kI carcA huI hai| do-eka udAharaNa yahA~ diye jAte haiN| viSNudharmottara ( 1/85/56 ) meM AyA hai - 'yadi eka hI mAsa meM pahale candra aura uparAnta sUrya ke grahaNa hoM to isa ghaTanA ke phalasvarUpa brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM meM jhagar3e yA virodha utpanna hoMge, kintu yadi isakA ulaTA ho to samRddhi kI vRddhi hotI hai / " usI purANa meM yaha bhI AyA hai- 'usa nakSatra meM, jisameM sUrya yA candra kA grahaNa hotA hai, utpanna vyakti du:kha pAte haiM, kintu ina duHkhoM kA mArjana zAnti kRtyoM se ho sakatA hai|' isa viSaya meM dekhie hemAdri ( kAla0, pR0 392-393 ) / atri kI ukti hai- 'yadi kisI vyakti ke janma-dina ke nakSatra meM candra evaM sUrya kA grahaNa ho to usa vyakti ko vyAdhi, pravAsa, mRtyu evaM rAjA se bhaya hotA hai / "" vi0 ( pR0 537 ) ; he0 ( kAla, pR0 380 ) ; kR0 ra0 ( pR0 626-627 ) ; va0 kri0 kau0 ( pR0 104 ) / inameM afare zloka vibhinna logoM dvArA vibhinna logoM ke kahe gaye haiN| 9. vRddhagautamaH / sUryagrahe tu nAznIyAt pUrvaM yAmacatuSTayam / candragrahe tu yAmAMstrIn bAlavRddhAturaivinA // he0, kAla, pR0 381; smRtikau0, pR0 76 / 10. ekasminyadi mAse syAd grahaNaM candrasUryayoH / brahmakSatravirodhAya viparIte vivRddhaye // viSNudharmottara (185/56) / 'yanakSatragatau rAhurvrasate candrabhAskarau / tajjAtAnAM bhavetpIDA ye narAH zAntirvAjatAH // ' vahI, 1 / 85 / 33-34) / 11. Aha cAtriH / yasya svajanmanakSatre grasyete zazibhAskarau / vyAdhiM pravAsaM mRtyuM ca rAjJazcaiva mahadbhayam // kA0 vi0 (10543 ) /

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adhyAya 13 vratoM evaM utsavoM kI sUcI isa adhyAya meM vratoM evaM utsavoM kI jo sUcI prastuta kI jA rahI hai vaha pUrNa nahIM hai, kintu aba taka kI prakAzita sabhI sUciyoM se yaha bar3I hai| vratoM evaM utsavoM meM bahuta kama antara pAyA jAtA hai| bahuta-se vratoM meM utsavoM ke tattva pAye jAte haiM aura bahuta-se utsavoM meM bhI kama yA adhika dhArmika tattva pAyA jAtA hai, yahA~ taka ki sabhI utsava Arambha meM dhArmika the, kintu Age calakara ve dharmanirapekSa ho gye| yaha draSTavya hai ki 'eziyATika risarceja' (jilda 3) meM sara viliyama joMsa ne tithitattva (pR0 257-293) ke AdhAra para hindU utsava-dinoM kI eka sUcI prakAzita kI thI aura pro0 kIlahAna ne bhI adhikAMza meM dharmasindhu para AdhArita utsava-dinoM kI eka sUcI upasthita kI (iNDiyana eNTIkverI, jilda 26,pR0 177-187) / ye donoM sUcI bahuta svalpa haiN| iNDiyana aiphimerisa (jilda 1, bhAga 1,pR0 55-69) meM eka lambI vivaraNAtmaka sUcI hai aura tithiyoM se sambandhita eka saMkSipta kintu ThIka utsava-sUcI pAyI jAtI hai| kintu yaha bhI prastuta sUcI se choTI hai| sva0 DA0 meghanAtha zAhA kI adhyakSatA meM gaThita 'kaleNDara riphArma kameTI' kI riporTa (1953) meM cAndra utsavoM (caitra se Age ke) evaM saura utsavoM evaM kucha mahattvapUrNa tithiyoM (pR0 101-108) tathA utsavoM kI, varNamAlA ke anusAra banAyI huI, sUcI (pR0 111115) prakAzita hai, jo vistRta avazya hai, kintu usameM mAsoM, pakSoM evaM tithiyoM ke atirikta granthoM kI ora saMketa nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| vaeNgalA tathA kucha anya kSetrIya bhASAoM meM vratoM kI sUciyA~ pAyI jAtI haiM, kintu prastuta lekhaka una bhASAoM se anabhijJa hai| hamArI isa sUcI meM vratoM evaM utsavoM ke atirikta kucha anya viSaya evaM pAribhASika zabdoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| yaha sUcI saMskRta kI varNamAlA ke anusAra vyavasthita hai| kucha nAmoM ko sAMketika rUpa meM rakha diyA gayA hai, jisase vyartha meM pRSTha-vRddhi na ho| pratyeka vrata ke sAtha usakA samaya yA kAla de diyA gayA hai, yathA--tithivrata yA vAravrata, saMvatsara-vrata yA nakSatravrata yA prakIrNaka vrata, kevala vahIM para isakA ullekha nahIM haA hai jahA~ nAma se hI bAta prakaTa ho jAtI hai| adhiSThAtA devatA ke nAma bhI de diye gaye haiM, kucha viSayoM meM kucha anya bAteM bhI jor3a dI gayI haiM, aura kahIM-kahIM una granthoM kA havAlA bhI de diyA gayA hai, jahA~ inakA ullekha yA vivaraNa milatA hai| vratoM evaM utsavoM se utpanna phaloM evaM puNyoM kA ullekha sAmAnyataH nahIM kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki unakI saMkhyA bahuta adhika hai aura yahA~ sthAnAbhAva hai| isI prakAra yugAdi yA yugAnta yA manvAdi yA kalpAdi nAmaka tithiyoM kA bhI ullekha nahIM huA hai, kyoMki unakI saMkhyA adhika hai, unheM eka hI sthAna para yugAdi Adi nAmaka zabdoM meM dyotita kara diyA gayA hai| adhikAMza vrata divya vibhUtiyoM dvArA udghoSita haiM, yathA--ziva ne pArvatI se, kRSNa ne yudhiSThira se unake viSaya meM kahA hai yA ve mArkaNDeya, nArada, dhaumya, yAjJavalkya, vasiSTha Adi RSiyoM dvArA varNita haiM aura aisA kahA gayA hai ki vrata eka mahAn rahasya hai jo devoM evaM deviyoM ko bhI ajJAta hai, yathA zivarAtri vrata (hemAdri, vrata khaNDa, 2, 88) / bahuta-se vratoM evaM utsavoM kA pracalana kaI kAraNoM se aba samApta ho gayA hai| kucha aise vrata evaM utsava haiM jinakI parisamApti 20vIM zatI meM bhI nahIM ho sakatI hai aura na isake lie kisI prakAra kI yojanA kI AvazyakatA hI hai| dIvAlI evaM holikA jaise vratoM evaM utsavoM kA pracalana ThIka hI hai, kintu unake sAtha calane

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97 bata-sUcI vAle kucha duSkarma banda ho jAne cAhie, yathA dyUta Adi (dIvAlI meM) tathA gandI gAliyA~ evaM kIcar3a pheMkanA Adi (holI meN)| rAmanavamI, vijayAdazamI, kRSNajanmASTamI ko jyoM-kA-tyoM manAte jAnA cAhie, kyoMki aisA karane se prAcIna kAla kI mahAna vibhUtiyoM kI kRtiyoM evaM caritoM kA smaraNa hotA rahatA hai| ina utsavoM ke sAtha zivAjI, guru govinda siMha, tilaka, ravIndra evaM gAndhI jaisI mahAna vibhUtiyoM evaM mahAmAnavoM kI jayantiyA~ bhI manAyI jAnI caahie| isI prakAra vaTa-sAvitrI evaM haritAlikA jaise vratoM ko bhI, jo striyoM dvArA kiye jAte haiM, manAte jAnA cAhie tathA rakSAbandhana evaM bhrAtRdvitIyA jaise vratoM ko bhI prAcIna mahatA milatI rahanI cAhie. kyoMki unameM svAbhAvika utsarga bhAvanA se prerita sneha bhAva kA pradarzana pAyA jAtA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki bahuta-se vrata eka-sAtha mAsa, tithi evaM nakSatra para nirbhara haiM, inakA vibhAjana kaThinAI se kiyA jA sakatA hai| adhikAMza vrata tithivrata haiM, ataH tithi zabda nahIM rakhA gayA hai| purANoM ke sAtha 'purANa' zabda nahIM rakhA gayA hai, yathA agni, vAmana aadi| purANoM ko chor3akara anya madhyakAlIna grantha kAlAnusAra rakhe gaye haiN| nimnalikhita saMketa vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya haiM, yathA ca0 (caitra), vai0 (vaizAkha), jye0 (jyeSTha), A0 (ASAr3ha), zrA0 (zrAvaNa), mA0 (bhAdrapada), Azvi0 (Azvina), kA0 (kArtika), mArga0 (mArgazIrSa), pau0 (pauSa), mA0 (mAgha), phA0 (phAlguna), zu0 (zukla), kR0 (kRSNa) pkss| vrata-utsavoM kI sUcI akSayAcaturthI : upavAsa-jaise vratoM meM maMgalavAra ke sAtha caturthI vizeSa phala detI hai| gadAdharapaddhati (72) / akSayaphalAvApti : vai0 zu0 3; tithi; vissnnupuujaa| hemAdri, vratakhaNDa 1, 499 / yadi isa tithi meM kRttikA ho to viziSTa puNya hotA hai| nirNayasindhu (92-94) / akSayatRtIyA : vai0 zu03; matsya0 (65 / 1-7), nAradIya0 (11112 / 10) / dekhie gata adhyAya 4 / akSayanavamI : kA0 zu09; tithi; isI dina viSNu dvArA kUSmANDa nAmaka daitya mArA gayA thaa| vratarAja 347 / dekhie yugaadi| akhaNDadvAdazI : (1) ASA0 zu011 (Arambha ; usa dina upavAsa) evaM dvAdazI para viSNupUjA; tithivrata ; eka varSa taka ; kriyA-saMskAroM meM jo apUrNa hotA hai, vaha pUrNa ho jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vratakANDa 344-347) evaM hemAdri (vratakhaNDa, 1, 1193-1105; (2) mArga0 zu0 12; yajJa, upavAsa evaM vrata meM vaikalya dUra karatI hai; he0 70 (1,1117-1124), vAmana0 17 / 11-25; agni 0 (adhyAya 190); garur3a0 (1 / 118) / __agastyadarzana-pUjana : (jaba sUrya kanyA rAzi ke madhya meM rahatA hai usa samaya agastya nakSatra ko dekhanA aura rAtri meM pUjana karanA), nIlamatapurANa (pR0 76-77, zloka 934-939) / / agastyArghyadAna : agastya nakSatra ko arghya denaa| matsya0 (adhyAya 61, jahA~ agastyotpatti ke viSaya meM ullekha hai); garur3a0 (1 / 119 / 1-6); jImUtavAhana kA kAlaviveka (290-292) / vibhinna dezoM meM vibhinna kAloM meM agastya kA udaya evaM asta hotA hai| agni (206 / 1-2); rAjamArtaNDa (mojakRta, 1206-1228); kRtyakalpataru kA nayatakAlika kANDa (448-451); he0 70 (2 / 893-904); kRtyaratnAkara (294-299); varSakriyAkaumudI (340-341); rAjamArtaNDa (1219-20); matsya 0 61150 ; garur3a0 11119 / 5; samayapradIpa (somdttkRt)| agni : vibhinna kRtyoM meM prajvalita agni ke vibhinna nAma haiN| yathA--rasoI kI agni pAvaka, garbhAdhAna kI agni mAruta kahI jAtI hai| dekhie tithitattva (99, jahA~ gRhyasaMgraha 122-12 kA uddharaNa hai)|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa agnivrata : phA0 kRSNa 4 (upavAsa); eka varSa; vAsudevapUjA; viSNudharmottara0 (3 / 143 / 1-7), he0 70 (1 506, cturmuutivrt)| aghoracaturdazI : bhAdrapada kR0 14; (upavAsa); ziva; dekhie gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 157), varSakriyAkaumudI (315); tithitattva (122); raghunandanakRta kRtyatattva (443) / aGgAraka-caturthI : kisI maMgalavAra ko cautha ; 8 bAra yA 4 bAra yA jIvana bhara ; maMgala kI pUjA ; mantra (R0 8 / 44 / 16); zUdra kevala maMgala kA smaraNa karate haiN| matsya0 (72 / 1-45); padma0 (5 / 24, 20-63); bhaviSyottara0 (31 / 1-62); varSakriyAkaumudI (32-33); vratarAja (188-191); kRtyakalpataru, vrata0 (80-81); hemAdri, vratakhaNDa (1, 518-519) / ahalyAkAmadhenu (pANDulipi) meM dhyAna yaha hai-'avantI-samutthaM sumeSAsanasthaM dharAnandanaM raktavastraM smiidd'e|' aGgAraka caturdazI : ga0pa0 (610); yadi kisI maMgala ko caturthI yA caturdazI ho to vaha sau sUrya-grahaNoM sanasthaM se adhika phaladAyaka hotI hai| aGgirA-prata : kRSNa dazamI ; eka varSa; dasa devoM kI pUjA ; viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 17711-3) / acalAsaptamI : mAgha zu0 7; sUryapUjA; SaSThI ko ekabhakta evaM saptamI ko upavAsa; saptamI kI rAtri ke anta meM eka hAtha meM dIpa lekara sthira jala ko hilA diyA jAtA hai ; he0 70 (1,643-648, bhaviSyottara0 se uddharaNa, jahA~ kRSNa ne yudhiSThira ko usa vezyA indumatI kI kathA sunAyI hai jisane pazcAttApa meM Akara isakA sampAdana kiyA hai)| vratArka, vratarAja (253-255); nirNayAmRta (51, yahA~ ise jayantI bhI kahA gayA hai); isa dina bhAskara kA dhyAna karanA caahie| acyutavata : pauSa kR0 1; tithi ; tila evaM ghRta se 'oM namo vAsudevAya' nAmaka mantra ke sAtha acyuta kI pUjA; 30 brAhmaNoM ko unakI patniyoM ke sAtha bhojana denA; ahalyAkAmadhenu (230) / ativijayA-ekAdazI : punarvasu-nakSatra ke sAtha zukla ekAdazI ko; eka varSa ke lie (eka prastha tila kA dAna); he0 va0 (111147), viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn| __ adAridrya-SaSThI : SaSThI ko (upavAsa yA ekabhakta); eka varSa ke lie; bhAskara kI pUjA; he vra0 (1, 626-627, skanda0 ke cAra zloka uddhRta haiN)| sampAdanakartA tela evaM namaka chor3a detA hai aura brAhmaNoM ko dUdha evaM zakkara ke sAtha cAvala pakAkara khilAtA hai| kuTumba meM na koI daridra rahatA hai aura na koI daridra utpanna hotA hai| ___adhimAsa : (malamAsa); isakA nirNaya evaM kRtya'; hemAdri, kAla para caturvargacintAmaNi (26-66); kAlaviveka (jImUtavAhanakRta, 113-168); nirNayasindhu (9-15); smRtikaustubha (520-529); puruSArthacintAmaNi (12-31); varSakriyAkaumudI (231-236); kRtyaratnAkara (536-539) / aduHkha-navamI : saba ke lie, kintu vizeSataH nAriyoM ke lie : bhAdrapada za0 9; pArvatI : vratarAja (332337; skanda0 se uddhrnn)| baMgAla meM ise striyA~ avaidhavya ke lie karatI haiN| anaghASTamI : mArga0 kR0 8; tithi; anagha evaM anaghI kI pUjA (darbha se vAsudeva evaM lakSmI kI pratimA banAyI jAtI hai| zUdra namaskAra karate haiM aura anya loga R0 (1 / 22 / 16) kA mantra par3hate haiM (ato devA); bhaviSyottara0 (58 / 1) / ___ anaGgatrayodazI : (1) mArga0 zu0 13; tithi ; eka varSa; zambhupUjA; paMcAmRta se snAna ; pratyeka mAsa meM anaMga (zambhu ke rUpa meM) vibhinna nAmoM se (yathA--smara kI pUjA mAgha meM) evaM vibhinna puSpoM evaM naivedya se pUjita

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vrata-sUcI 99 hote haiM / he0 vra0 (2, 1-8, bhaviSyottara 0 se uddharaNa); mAdhavakRta kAlanirNaya ( 278 ) ; ga0 pa0 (153 ) ; pUrvaviddhA lI jAtI hai; garur3a0 ( 1 | 117 ); (2) caitra yA bhAdrapada zu0 13; tithi; varSa meM pratyeka mAsa meM yA eka bAra; bAraha vibhinna nAmoM ke sAtha vastra para kAma ke citra kI pUjA; he0 vra0 (2, 8-9, kAlottara se uddharaNa); puruSArthacintAmaNi (323) evaM nirNayasindhu ( 88 ) / anaGgavAnavrata : hasta, puSya yA punarvasu ke sAtha ravivAra ko; vezyAoM ke lie; viSNu evaM kAma kI pUjA; 13 mahIne; vezyA ravivAra ko kisI brAhmaNa se saMbhoga karAtI hai aura 'ka idaM kasmA adAt kAma:. . Adi' kA pATha karatI hai| dekhie atharvaveda ( 3 / 29 / 7 ) ; te0 brA0 ( 2/2/5/5-6 ), Apa0 zrI0 sU0 (5 / 13 jahA~ kAmastuti hai ) ; matsya0 (adhyAya 70), padma0 (5 / 23 / 74 - 146 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0, 27 - 31, jahA~ ise vezyAdityAGgadAnavrata kahA gayA hai); hemAdri ( vrata, 2, 544-548, padma0 se uddharaNa) ; kRtyaratnAkara (605-608; matsya 0 se uddharaNa) / anaGgapavitrAropaNa : zrAvaNa zu0 13; hemAdri, vrata khaNDa (2, 442 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 238 ) | anantacaturdazI : dekhie gata adhyAya 8 / anantatRtIyA : bhAdrapada yA vaizAkha yA mArgazIrSa zukla tRtIyA; eka varSa; pratyeka mAsa meM vibhinna puSpoM se gaurI kI pUjA; matsya 0 ( 6211-39, padma0 5 / 22 / 61 - 104 ) ; bhaviSyottara 0 ( 26 / 1-41 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 60-66 ) ; he0 vra0 ( 1, 422-426 ) ; kRtya0 ( 265 - 270 ) / anantadvAdazI : bhAdrapada zu0 12; tithi ; eka varSa ke lie; hari-pUjA; viSNudharmottara0 (3 / 219 / 1-5); he0 0 ( 1,1200 - 1 ) / anantapaJcamI : phA0 zu0 5; tithi ; devatA kA ullekha nahIM hai; he0 vra0 ( 1, 564, skanda, prabhAsakhaNDa se uddharaNa) / anantaphala saptamI : bhAdra0 zu0 7; tithi ; eka varSa; sUrya pUjA; he0 bra0 ( 1, 741, bhaviSya 0, brAhmaparva 110 / 1-8) ; kR0 ka0 ( 0 148 - 9 ) / anantatRtIyAvrata : dekhie nIce Anantarya - vrata / anantavrata : (1) mArga 0 meM mRgazIrSa nakSatra ke dina; eka varSa; pratyeka mAsa meM vibhinna nakSatra (pauSa meM puSya, mAgha meM maghA Adi ) ; viSNupUjA ; he0 bra0 (2, 667-671, viSNudharmottara 0 1 / 173|1-30 se uddharaNa) / yaha putrada hai / (2) viSNudharmottara ( 3 / 150 / 1-5 ) ; dUsarI tithi se anya prakAra eka varSa; viSNu (ananta) kI pUjA; caturmUrti vrata / anandA-navamI : phA0 zu0 9; tithi eka varSa; devIpUjA; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 299-301, yahA~ AnandA nAma hai); he0 vra0 ( 1, 948-50 ) / anaraka-vrata : mArga 0 zu0 1 ko Arambha; Rtuvrata; do RtuoM ke lie hemanta evaM zizira; kezavapUjA; 'oM namaH kezavAya' kA 108 bAra japa; dvAdazI ko vizeSa kRtya; hemAdri ( vratakhaNDa, 2, 839-42, viSNurahasya se uddharaNa) / anodanA - saptamI : caitra zu0 6 ko upavAsa se Arambha tathA saptamI para sUrya pUjA; tithi; he0 bra0 ( 1, 702-5, bhaviSya 0 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 205-8); kRtyaratnAkara (121-123) / 'odana' meM bhakSya, bhojya evaM (cATanA ) sammilita haiM; kintu jala odana nahIM hai, ataH usa dina grahaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai / . annakUTotsava : dekhie 'govardhana pUjA' / dekhie varAha0 ( 164 ) evaM smRtikaustubha ( 374) / annadAna-mAhAtmya : dekhie 'sadAvrata' /

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100 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa aparAjitA-saptamI : bhAdra0 zu0 7; eka varSa; sUryapUjA; kRtyakalpataru (va0 132-135); he. va0 (1, 667-68, bhaviSya0, brAhma0 98 / 1-19), puruSArthacintAmaNi (104); bhAdra0 zu0 7 ko aparAjitA kahA jAtA hai| caturthI ko ekabhakta se Arambha,paMcamI ko nakta, SaSThI ko upavAsa evaM saptamI ko paarnn| aparAjitA-dazamI : Azvina zu0 1-10; vizeSataH rAjA ke lie; tithi; varSa meM eka bAra ; devIpUjA; he0 va0 (1, 968-73, gopatha brA0, skanda0 Adi ke uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara (365-366, yaha ziSTAcAra para AdhRta hai); puruSArthacintAmaNi (145-146); smRtikaustubha (352); he0 70 evaM smRtiko0 ke bhata se rAma ne zravaNa nakSatra meM AkramaNa Arambha kiyA thaa| ___aparAdha-zata-vrata : bhArga0 12 yA amAvAsyA yA 8, zu0 yA kR0 pakSa se Arambha ; eka varSa ; hari-pUjA; bhaviSyottara0 (146 / 6-21) meM sau aparAdhoM kA ullekha hai, jo isa vrata se naSTa ho jAte haiM; varAha0 (107) meM 32 aparAdha varNita haiN| apApasaMkrAnti-vrata : saMkrAnti se Arambha ; eka varSa; sUrya devatA ; zveta tila kI Ahuti ; he0 70 (2, 739-740) / abhirUpapati-vrata : isa vrata kA yaha nAma isalie hai ki isake dvArA vidvAn yA sundara pati milatA hai; mRcchakaTika nATaka (1) / abhISTatRtIyA : bhArga0 zu0 3 se Arambha ; tithi ; gaurI-pUjA; skanda0 (kAzIkhaNDa, 83 / 1-18) / abhISTa saptamI : kisI bhAsa kI saptamI tithi ; samudroM, dvIpoM, pAtAloM evaM pRthivI kI pUjA; he0 70 (1, 791, vissnnudhrmottr0)| amAvAsyA : hebhAdri (kAla para caturvarga-cintAmaNi, pR0 311-315; 643-44); kAlaviveka (34344); tithitattva (163), gobhila-gRhya (1 / 5 / 5) kA bhASya, puruSArtha-cintAmaNi (314-345); varSakriyAkaumudI (9-10) meM mahAbhArata evaM purANoM se uddharaNa Aye haiM jinake AdhAra para somavAra, maMgalavAra yA bRhaspati ke dina tathA anurAdhA, vizAkhA evaM svAti nakSatroM meM par3ane vAlI amAvAsyA vizeSa rUpa se pavitra mAnI jAtI hai| he0 70 (2, 246-257); mAdhavakRta kAlanirNaya (309) evaM vratArka (334-356) / amAvAsyA-kRtya : dekhie smRtikaustubha (281); kRtyasAra-samuccaya (21-23); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0, 81-82) / amAvAsthA-nirNaya : kRtyaratnAkara (622-624); kAlanirNaya (301-307) / amAvAsyApayovrata : pratyeka amAvAsyA ko kevala dugdha para hI raha jAnA; tithi; eka varSa ; viSNupUjA; he0 70 (2, 254) / amAvAsyA-vata : (1) he0 70 (2, 257, kUrmapurANa se uddharaNa); kisI brAhmaNa ko zaMkara bhAnakara kucha dAna denA; (2) he0 70 (2, 257, kUrma0 se); brahmA ko prasanna karane ke lie tIna brAhmaNoM kA sammAna krnaa| amAvAsyA-pratAni : he0 70 (2, 246-257); tithitattva (162), vrtaark| amuktAbharaNa-saptamI : bhAdra0 zu0 7; zaMkara evaM umA kI pUjA; hemAdri (70 1, 632-638); smRtikau0 (222-228); nAradIya0 (11116 / 32-33) ambuvAcI : vaha kAla jaba saura ASAr3ha meM sUrya ArdrA nakSatra ke prathama caraNa meM hotA hai; kRtyakalpatara (vrata, 283, rAjamatiNDa kA uddharaNa hai); kRtyatattva (434) / jaba sUrya mithuna rAzi meM praveza karatA hai usa dina tIna dinoM evaM 20 ghaTiyoM taka na bIjAropaNa hotA hai aura na vedaadhyyn| baMgAla meM ina dinoM jyeSTha, ASAr3ha ke

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vrata-sUcI kRSNa pakSa, dazamI se trayodazI taka mAtA pRthivI evaM nadiyA~ apavitra mAnI jAtI haiN| dekhie hemAdri (kAla para caturvarga-cintAmaNi, 701-703) / ___ ayanavata : ayana sUrya kI gati para nirbhara rahatA hai| do ayana hote haiN| jaba sUrya karkaTa rAzi meM praveza karatA hai taba dakSiNAyana kA Arambha hotA hai| kAlanirNayakArikA (14) meM AyA hai--"dakSiNa evaM uttara ayana krama se bhayaMkara evaM zAnta kRtyoM ke lie haiM" aura usake vivaraNa meM AyA hai ki mAtAoM, bhairava, varAha, narasiMha, vAmana evaM durgA kI mUrtiyA~ dakSiNAyana meM sthApita kI jAtI haiN| kRtyaratnAkara (218), hemAdri (kAla, 16); samayamayUkha (173); samayaprakAza (13) / ____ ayAcitavrata : binA mAMge prApta bhojana para rhnaa| kAlanirNaya (138-139); nirNayAmRta' (19); kAlatattvavivecana (214-218); puruSArtha-cintAmaNi (49) / araNyadvAdazI : mArga0 zu011 yA kArtika, mAgha, caitra yA zrAvaNa meM prAtaH snAna se Arambha; tithi; eka varSa; govinda devatA; araNya (vana) meM 12 dvijoM, yatiyoM yA sapatnIka gRhasthoM ko bharapeTa bhojana; he0 70 (1091-94) / araNyaSaSThI : jye0 zu0 6; rAjamArtaNDa (1396), aisA AyA hai ki nAriyA~ hAtha meM paMkhe evaM tIra lekara araNya' (vana) meM ghUmatI haiN| gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 83) meM ise skandaSaSThI bhI kahA gayA hai; tithivrata; vindhyavAsinI evaM skanda kI pUjA; kRtyaratnAkara (185); varSakriyAkaumudI (279); kRtyatattva (430-431) / ise karane vAle apane baccoM ke svAsthya ke lie kamala-nAla, kandamUla evaM phaloM kA sevana karate haiN| arandhanASTamI : dekhie vratakoza (saM0 470) / aruNodaya : rAtri kA antima prhr| hemAdri (caturvarga cintAmaNi, kAla, 259, 272); kAlanirNaya (241, skanda0 evaM nAradIya0 se uddharaNa) meM AyA hai ki yaha sUryodaya ke cAra ghaTikA pUrva hotA hai| arundhatIvrata : kevala nAriyoM ke lie; vaidhavya se bacane evaM baccoM ke lie; tIna rAtoM taka upavAsa; vasanta ke Arambha meM tIsarI tithi ; arundhatI-pUjA; he. (vrata0 2, 312-315); vratarAja (89-93) / __ arka-vrata : donoM pakSoM meM SaSThI yA saptamI ko kevala rAta meM khAnA ; tithivrata ; eka varSa ; arka (sUrya) kI pUjA ; kRtyakalpataru (vratakANDa, 387); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 509) / arkasaptamI : tithi; do varSa ; sUrya devatA; arka (mandAra) ke pattoM ke done meM jala-grahaNa; he0 (70 1, 788-789); padma0 (5 / 75 / 86-106); paMcamI ko ekamakta, SaSThI ko nakta evaM saptamI ko upavAsa evaM aSTamI ko paarnn| arkasampuTa saptamI : phA0 zu07 ko Aramma ; tithi ; eka varSa ; sUrya-pUjA; bhaviSya0 (1 / 210 / 2-81) / arkASTamI : ravivAra ko, zu0 aSTamI ; umA evaM ziva (jinakI A~kha meM sUrya vizrAma karate haiM) kI pUjA; he0 (70 1, 835-37) / / arghya : dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 318, 543 / pazcAtkAlIna nibandhoM ne ise adhika vistAra de diyA hai| varSakriyAkaumudI (142) meM AyA hai ki sabhI devoM ke arghya meM candana, puSpa, yava, kuza ke agra bhAga, tila, sarasoM, dUrvA diye jAte haiN| dekhie he 0 (vrata0 1, 48); kRtyaratnAkara (296); vratarAja (16) / - ardhazrAvaNika-prata : zrAvaNa zukla 1 ko Arambha ; eka mAsa; ardhazrAvaNI nAmaka pArvatI kI pUjA; eka mAsa taka eka bhakta yA nakta rahanA ; anta meM kumAriyoM evaM brAhmaNoM ko khilAnA; he. (vrata 2, 753-54); vrataprakAza (106-107) /

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102 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa arthodaya-prata : yaha eka karor3a sUrya-grahaNoM kI pavitratA ke samAna hai ; bahuta kama kiyA jAtA rahA hai| pazcAtkAlIna nibandhoM (tithitattva 187, kRtyasArasamuccaya 30, nirNayasindhu 211, smRtikaustubha 442-445, puruSArthacintAmaNi 316) ne mahAbhArata se uddharaNa diyA hai.---'jaba pauSa yA mAdha meM zravaNa-nakSatra evaM vyatipAtayoga ke sAtha amAvAsyA hotI hai to use ardhodaya evaM vratArka kahA jAtA hai|' bhaTTa nArAyaNa ke prayAgasetu ke mata se amAnta gaNanA ke anusAra yaha pauSa meM tathA pUrNimAnta gaNanA ke anusAra mAgha meM hotA hai| he0 (vrata 2, 246-252); tithitattva (187); vratArka (348); puruSArthacintAmaNi (316) / arthodaya meM prayAga meM prAtaH snAna mahApuNyakAraka hotA hai, kintu aisA AyA hai ki ardhodaya meM sabhI nadiyA~ gaMgA ke samAna ho jAtI haiN| isa vrata ke deva tIna haiM-brahmA, viSNu evaM maheza aura ve usI krama meM pUjita hote haiN| paurANika mantroM evaM tIna vaidika mantroM ke sAtha (R0 10 / 121 / 10, 1 / 22 / 17 evaM 759 / 12) ghRta kI Ahuti (agni meM) dI jAtI hai| anta meM gAyoM evaM dhana kA dAna hotA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki prati pAMcaveM varSa meM harSavardhana dvArA prayAga meM dAna karanA ardhodaya vrata nahIM thaa| alakSmInAzaka-snAna : pauSa kI pUrNimA ko jaba puSya nakSatra ho taba zarIra meM sarasoM kA tela lagAkara snAna karane se alakSmI (amAgya) bhAgatI hai| usa samaya nArAyaNa, indra, candra, bRhaspati evaM puSya kI pratimAoM kI pUjA hotI hai, unheM savauM SadhiyoM se yukta jala se snAna karAyA jAtA hai aura homa kiyA jAtA hai| dekhie smRtikaustubha 344-345; puruSArthacintAmaNi (307) evaM gadAdharapaddhati (178) / ___alavaNatRtIyA : kisI bhI mAsa, vizeSataH vai0, mA0 yA mA0 kI zu0 tRtIyA ko; kevala nAriyoM ke lie; dvitIyA ko upavAsa evaM tRtIyA ko binA namaka kA bhojana; gaurI-pUjA; yaha jIvana bhara ke lie ho sakatA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0, 48-51); he0 0 (1, 474-477), samayapradIpa; bhaviSya0 (brAhmaparva 21 / 1-22) / avatAra : unake prakaTa hone kI tithiyoM pr| inheM jayantI bhI kahate haiN| nirNayasindhu (81-82); kRtyasArasamuccaya meM-matsya : caitra zu0 3; kUrma : vai0 pUrNimA; varAha : bhAdra0 zu0 3; narasiMha : vai0 zu0 14; vAmana : mAdra0 zu0 12; parazurAma : vai0 zu0 3; rAma : cai0 zu09; balarAma : bhAdra0 zu0 2; kRSNa : zrAvaNa kRSNa 8; buddha : jye0 zu0 2 / kucha granthoM meM aisA AyA hai ki kalkI avatAra abhI prakaTa hone vAlA hai, kintu grantha isakI jayantI ke lie zrAvaNa zukla 6 tithi mAnate haiN| dekhie varAhapurANa (48 / 20-22) jahA~ dazAvatAroM kI pUjA kA ullekha hai; kRtyakalpataru (70 333); he0 (70 1, 1049) / avamadina : vaha dina jaba do tithiyoM kA anta hotA hai| ni0 si0 (153) meM ratnamAlA se uddharaNa hai--"yatraikaH spRzate tithidvayAvAsAnaM vArazcedavamadinaM tduktmaaryaiH|" kisI vrata ke Arambha ke lie isakA parihAra karanA cAhie kyoMki yahA~ eka tithi kA kSaya hai| avighnavinAyaka yA avighnavata : (1) phA0 caturthI ; tithi ; 4 mAsa ; gnnesh-puujaa| he070 (1,524525), kRtyakalpataru (va0, 82-83)--donoM ne varAha0 (59 / 1-10) ko uddhRta kiyA hai; (2) donoM pakSoM kI caturthI ; tIna varSa ; gaNeza-pUjana; nirNayAmRta (43, bhaviSyottara0 se uddhrnn)| aviyogadvAdazI : bhAdra0 zu0 12; tithi ; ziva evaM gaurI, brahmA evaM sAvitrI, viSNu evaM lakSmI tathA sUrya evaM unakI patnI nikSubhA kI puujaa| hemAdri (ba0 1, 1177-1180) / aviyogavata yA aviyoga-tRtIyA : striyoM ke lie; mArga0 zu0 2 ko prArambha ; tRtIyA ko khIra khAnA; gaurI evaM sammu kI pUjA; eka varSa ; bAraha mAsoM meM vibhinna phUloM ke sAtha vibhinna nAmoM se cAvala ke ATe se banI

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vrata-sUcI 103 donoM kI pratimAoM kI pUjA; kRtyakalpataru (vrata 70-75); hemAdri (vrata 1, 439-444); kRtyaratnAkara (452455); bhaviSyottara0 (22) / ____ avaidhavyazuklakAdazI : caitra zu0 11; hemAdri (va0 1, 1151, isameM viSNudharmottara kA kevala eka zloka hai)| ___ avyaGgasaptamI : zrAvaNa zu07; tithi ; prativarSa sampAdita kI jAne vAlI; sUrya ko avyaMga diyA jAtA hai| avyaMga eka chichalA (puTAkAra) vastrakhaNDa, jo kapAsa kI ruI ke sUta se banA hotA hai, jo sarpa ke phaNa ke sadRza hotA hai, aura 122 aMgula lambA (uttama) yA 120 aMgula lambA (madhyama ) yA 108 aMgula lambA hotA hai| yaha Adhunika pArasiyoM dvArA pahanI jAne vAlI kustI ke samAna hotA hai| bhaviSya 0 (brAhmaparva 3, 1-8); bhaviSya 0 (brA0 142 / 1-29) meM avyagotpatti kI kathA hai| 18 veM zloka meM 'zArasanaH' zabda AyA hai jo 'sArasena' (eka muslima jAti) kA smaraNa dilAtA hai| sambhavataH yaha jenda avestA (pArasiyoM ke dhArmika grantha) ke 'aivyaMdhana' (mekhalA yA karadhanI) kA rUpAntara hai| sambhavataH yaha vidhi pArasiyoM se udhAra lI huI hai| bRhatsaMhitA (59 / 19) meM AyA hai ki savitA ke purohitoM ko maga yA zAkadvIpIya brAhmaNa honA cAhie (dekhie iNDiyana aiNTIkverI, jilda 8, 328 evaM kRSNadAsa mizra kI magavyakti kA vebr-sNskrnn)| azUnyazayanavata yA azUnyazayana dvitIyA : zrAvaNa ke uparAnta cAra mAsoM kI kRSNa dvitIyA ko; tithi; lakSmI evaM hari kI pUjA; viSNudharmottara0 (11145 / 6-20 evaM 3 / 132 / 1-12); vAmana0 (16 / 16-29), agni0 (177 / 3-12), bhaviSya 0 (1 / 20 / 4-28); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 41-44) / he0 70 (1, 366-371) / isa vrata se nAriyoM ko avaidhavya evaM puruSoM ko aviyoga kI avasthA kI prApti hotI hai| he0 va0 (1, 373) meM AyA hai--'lakSmyA na zUnyaM varada yathA te zayanaM sdaa| zayyA mamApyazUnyAstu tathAtra madhusUdana kRtyaratnAkara (pR0 228) / azUnyavata : zrAvaNa se Age cAra mAsoM taka kRSNa pakSa kI dvitIyA ko; dahI kA arghya, candra ko akSata evaM phaloM kI Ahuti ; yadi dvitIyA tRtIyA se viddhA ho to vrata kA sampAdana usI dina honA cAhie; puruSArthacintAmaNi (83) / azokakalikAbhakSaNa : dekhie 'ashokaassttmii'| azokatrirAtra : jyeSTa, mAdra0 yA mArga0 zu0 kI trayodazI se tIna rAtoM taka, usa dina cA~dI ke azoka vRkSa, brahmA evaM sAvitrI kI mUrtiyoM kI pUjA; dUsare dina umA evaM mahezvara kI tathA tIsare dina lakSmI evaM nArAyaNa kI pUjA aura usake uparAnta mUrtiyoM kA dAna; yaha vrata pApoM ko kATatA hai, rogoM kA nAza karatA hai tathA putroM evaM pautroM ko lambI Ayu, yaza, sampatti evaM samRddhi pradAna karatA hai| he vra0 (2, 279-283); 70 pra0, vratArka; adhikAMzataH nAriyoM ke lie| __ azokadvAdazI : yaha vizokadvAdazI hI hai| Azvina meM prArambha; eka varSa; dazamI ko halakA bhojana, ekAdazI ko upavAsa, dvAdazI ko pAraNa ; kezava-pUjA; pariNAma--svAsthya, saundarya, duHkha se mukti; matsya0 (81 / 128, 82 / 26-30); he 070 (1, 1075-1078) / / azokapUrNimA : phA0 pUrNimA ko; tithi ; eka varSa; prathama cAra evaM Age ke cAra mAsoM meM pRthivI ko azokA kahA jAtA hai ; pRthivI-pUjA evaM candra ko arghya ; prathama cAra mAsoM meM pRthivI ko dharaNI kahakara, Age ke cAra mAsoM meM medinI kahakara tathA antima cAra nAsoM meM vasundharA kahakara pUjA jAtA hai| pratyeka cAra mAsoM ke anta meM kezava kI pUjA hotI hai| agnipurANa (184 / 1); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 162-164) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa azokapratipadA : Azvina zukla 1; tithi ; azoka vRkSa yA usakI svarNa yA cA~dI kI pratimA kI pUjA; kevala nAriyoM ke lie; he0 vra0 (1,351-52 ) / azokaSaSThIH : dekhie vratakoza ( saMkhyA 52 ) / azoka-saMkrAnti : vratArka; jaba vyatipAta hotA hai usa samaya ayanasaMkrAnti yA viSuvasaMkrAnti para kI jAtI hai; eka bhakta sUrya pUjA, tila dAna / azokASTamI : (1) caitra zu0 8; yadi budha ho aura punarvasu nakSatra ho to vizeSa puNya hotA hai; azoka ke puSpoM se durgA kI pUjA; azoka kI ATha kaliyoM se yukta jala pInA tathA 'tvAmazoka harAmISTaM madhumAsasamudbhavam / pibAmi zokasantapto mAmazokaM sadA kuru // ' isa mantra ke sAtha azoka vRkSa kI pUjA karanA / kAlaviveka (422 ) ; hemAdri (kAla, 626), hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 862-63 evaM 875-876 ) ; kRtyaratnAkara (126127); rAjamArtaNDa (1379-1380 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 109 ) ; smRtikau0 (94) / ( 2) kAlaviveka (422 ) ; kRtyaratnAkara ( 126 ) ; kRtyatattva (463) Adi nibandhoM meM AyA hai ki caitra zu0 8 ko sabhI tIrtha evaM nadiyA~ brahmaputra meM A jAtI haiM aura usa dina ke snAna se, jaba ki budhavAra punarvasu nakSatra meM par3atA hai, vAjapeya ke samAna phala milatA hai| azokakASTamI : umA kI pUjA / nIlamatapurANa ( pR074, zloka 905-907) meM AyA hai ki azoka vRkSa svayaM devI hai / azvatthavrata : vratArka ( adbhutasAgara se ) ; bure zakunoM (apazakunoM), AkramaNoM, mahAmAriyoM, kuSTha jaise rogoM meM azvattha - pUjA / azvadIkSA : jaba Azvina zu0 kI navamI meM candra svAti meM rahatA hai, uccaiHzravA kI pUjA hotI hai aura apane ghor3e kA bhI sammAna kiyA jAtA hai; ghor3e ke gale meM cAra raMgoM ke dhAge bA~dhe jAte haiM aura zAnti kRtya kiye jAte haiM / nIlamatapurANa ( pR0 77, zloka 943-947) / azvapUjA : Azvina zukla kI prathama tithi se navamI taka / dekhie nIce 'Azvina' / azvavrata : saMvatsaravrata; devatA indra; matsya0 ( 101 / 71 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 449 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 911) / 104 aSTamIvrata : lagabhaga 30 aSTamIvrata hote haiM, jo yathAsthAna varNita hoNge| sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki zukla pakSa meM jaba aSTamI navamI se yukta rahatI hai to use acchA samajhanA cAhie aura kRSNa pakSa meM saptamI se yukta aSTamI ko / tithitattva (40 ) ; dharmasindhu (15) / aSTamI vratoM ke lie dekhie hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 811-886 ) ; kAlanirNaya ( 194-228 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( 225-272 ) ; vratarAja ( 256- 319 ); varSakriyAko 0 (38-40 ) ; puruSArthaci 0 ( 109-139) / ukta niyamoM ke kucha apavAda bhI haiM, jinameM kucha yathAsthAna varNita hoNge| asidhArAvrata : Azvina zu0 15 ko Arambha; Azvina 15, kArtika 15 yA ASAr3ha se cAra mAsa ke samaya 5 yA 10 dina, yA eka varSa, yA 12 varSa; khAlI bhUmi para sonA, ghara ke bAhara sonA, kevala rAtri meM khAnA, patnI ke AliMgana meM sote hue bhI sambhoga kriyA se dUra rahanA, krodha na karanA, hari ke lie japa evaM homa karanA / avadhiyoM ke anusAra vibhinna phala prApta hote haiM, yathA-- 12 varSoM ke uparAnta vrata karane vAlA akhila vizva kA zAsaka ho sakatA hai aura marane ke uparAnta janArdana se mila jAtA hai| yaha sabase bar3A phala hai| viSNudharmottara 0 ( 3 / 21811-25 ) ; hemAdri (02, 825-827) / isa vrata kA artha yaha hai ki yaha utanA hI tIkSNa evaM kaThina hai jitanA ki talavAra (asi) kI dhAra para calanA / raghuvaMza (13/67) /

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vrata-sUcI ___ ahaH : eka din| dina ke vibhAjana ke viSaya meM kaI mata haiM, yathA--2, 3, 4, 5, 8 yA 15 bhAgoM meN| pUrvAhna evaM aparAhU (manu 3 / 278) nAmaka do bhAga ; tIna bhAga yoM haiM--pUrvAhna, madhyAhna tathA aparAla; gobhila (kAlanirNaya, pR0 110 meM uddhRta) ne cAra bhAga batAye haiM, yathA--pUrvAhna (13 prahara), madhyAhna (eka prahara), aparAhNa (tIsare prahara ke anta hone taka) tathA sAyA hna (dina ke anta' tk)| R0 (5|76|3--utaayaatN saMgave prAtarataH) meM pA~ca bhAgoM ke tIna Aye haiM, yathA--prAtaH, saMgava, madhyandina / kauTilya (1 / 19), dakSa (a0 2) evaM kAtyAyana ne dina ke ATha bhAgoM kA varNana kiyA hai| dekhie kAlidAsa kA nATaka vikramorvazIya (211, maage)| dina meM 15 evaM rAtri meM 15 muhUrta hote haiN| dekhie bRhadyogayAtrA (642-4) jahA~ 15 muhUrtoM kA ullekha hai| viSuvata rekhA ko chor3akara eka hI sthAna para varSa kI vibhinna RtuoM meM kucha sImA taka muhUrtoM kI avadhi vibhinna hotI hai, kyoMki rAta evaM dina vibhinna sthAnoM para bar3e yA choTe hote haiN| isI prakAra pUrvAhna yA prAtaHkAla kI avadhi 73 muhUrta kI hogI yadi dina ko do bhAgoM meM bAMTA jAya, kintu yadi dina ko pA~ca bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAya to pUrvAhNa yA prAtaH meM kevala tIna muhUrta hoNge| kAlanirNaya (pR0 112) meM AyA hai ki pAMca bhAgoM kA vibhAjana vaidika evaM smRtigranthoM meM pracalita hai| hemAdri (kAla, 325-329), varSakriyAkaumudI (18-19), kAlatattvavivecana (6, 367) / ahiMsAvata : eka varSa taka mAMsa na khAnA aura anta meM eka gAya evaM sunahalA hirana dAna karanA; saMvatsaravata ; kRtyakalpataru (444), he. (vrata 2, 865, padma0, matsya0 101 / 35 ke uddhrnn)| __ ahirbadhnasnAna : he0 (vrata 2, 654-655, viSNudharmottara0 se uddharaNa); pUrvAbhAdrapadA-nakSatra meM vrata karane vAle ko udumbara kI pattiyoM,paMcagavya, kuza, candana Adi se yukta do ghar3oM ke jala se snAna karanA hotA hai, ahirbadhna, sUrya, varuNa, candra, rudra evaM viSNu kI pUjA hotI hai| bRhatsaMhitA (9715), bhaviSyottarapurANa (he0, 70 2, 596 evaM kRtyaratnAkara 560) ke mata se uttarAbhAdrapadA ke devatA haiM ahirbudhnya / samI nakSatroM ke devatA ke lie dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 247 / isa snAna se sahasroM gAyoM evaM sarvottama samRddhi kI prApti hotI hai| ahirbudhnya' zabda prAcIna evaM zuddha hai| sambhavataH yaha agni kA dyotaka hai, dekhie R0 11186 / 5, 21316 aadi| AkAzadIpa : kisI devatA ke lie yA kisI mandira yA caurAhe para ghRta yA tela ke dIpa jlaanaa| aparArka (370-372, dIpadAna); manu (4 / 29); rAjamArtaNDa (1351-57); nirNayasindhu (195) / Agneyavrata : kisI navamI ko eka bAra ; puSpoM (pA~ca upacAroM) ke sAtha vindhyavAsinI kI pUjA; he. (vra0 1, 958-59, maviSyottara0 kA uddharaNa hai)| AjJAsaMkrAnti : yaha saMkrAntivrata hai; kisI pavitra saMkrAnti se prArambha ; sUrya devatA; aruNa, ratha evaM sAta ghor3oM ke sAtha sUrya kI svarNa-mUrti kA dAna ; caturdika vijayazrI prApta hotI hai ; he0 70 (2,738) / __ Ajyakambala-vidhi : bhuvanezvara kI 14 yAtrAoM meM eka; jaba sUrya makara rAzi meM praveza karatA hai; gadAdharapaddhati (191) / AdityavAra : jaba yaha kucha tithiyoM, nakSatroM evaM mAsoM meM yukta hotA hai to isake kaI nAma (kula 12) hote haiN| mAgha zu0 6 ko yaha nanda kahalAtA hai, jaba ki vyakti kevala rAtri meM khAtA hai (nakta), sUrya-pratimA para ghI se lepa karatA hai, agasti vRkSa ke phUla, zveta candana, guggulu-dhUpa evaM apUpa (pUA) kA naivedya car3hAtA hai (he0, 30 2, 522-23); bhAdrapada zukla meM yaha ravivAra bhadra kahalAtA hai, usa dina upavAsa yA kevala rAtri meM bhojana kiyA jAtA hai, dopahara ko mAlatI-puSpa, candana evaM vijaya dhUpa car3hAyI jAtI hai; he0, vra0 (2.

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106 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 523-24), kRtyakalpataru ( dra0 12-13 ) ; kAmada (mArgazIrSa zu0 6 ); jaya (dakSiNAyana meM ravivAra ); jayanta ( uttarAyaNa meM ravivAra ) ; vijaya ( zukla 7 ko rohiNI ke sAtha ravivAra ); putrada (rohiNI yA hasta ke sAtha ravivAra, upavAsa evaM piNDoM ke sAtha zrAddha ) ; AdityAbhimukha (mAgha kR0 7 ko ravivAra, ekabhakta, prAtaH se sAyaM taka mahAzvetA mantra kA japa ); hRdaya (saMkrAnti ke sAtha ravivAra, nakta, sUrya-mandira meM sUryAbhimukha honA, AdityahRdaya mantra kA 108 bAra japa ); rogahA (pUrvAphAlgunI ko ravivAra, arka ke done meM ekatra kiye hue arka - phUloM se pUjA ) ; mahAzvetApriya ( ravivAra evaM sUryagrahaNa, upavAsa, mahAzvetA kA japa ); mahAzvetA mantra hai - hrIM hrIM sa iti', dekhie hemAdri ( vrata 2, 521 ) / antima dasa ke lie dekhie kRtyakalpataru ( vrata 12-23), he0 ( 0 2, 524- 28 ) / AdityamaNDala - vidhi : lAla candana yA kuMkuma se racita vRtta meM zveta gehU~ yA jau ke ATe meM gAya ke ghRta evaM gur3a ko milAkara usakI TikiyA rakha dIjie aura usa para lAla puSpoM ko rakhakara pUjA kIjie; he0, 0 (1, 753-754, bhaviSyottarapurANa 44 / 1 9 se uddharaNa); ahalyAkAmadhenuM / hasta nakSatra meM ravivAra yA Age Ane vAle ravivAra ko nakta (kevala rAtri meM mojana); vAravrata; sUrya devatA; eka varSa; matsya0 97 / 2-19; kR0 ka0 ta0 (vra0 31-34), he0, vra0 (2, 538-41); kRtyaratnAkara (608-610 ) / AdityavAravrata : mArgazIrSa se; sUrya-pUjA; eka varSa; pratyeka mAsa sUrya ke anya nAma, vibhinna phaloM kA dAna, yathA--mArga 0 meM mitra nAma evaM nAriyala phala, pauSa meM viSNu evaM bIjapUra phala / vratArka / isase kuSTha jaise roga bhI dUra ho jAte haiM / AdityavAravratAni : he0, ba0 (2, 520 - 577), kRtyakalpataru (vra0 8 ), vratArka / Adityavrata : (1) manuSyoM, vizeSataH striyoM ke lie; Azvina ke ravivAra ko prArambha; eka varSa, sUrya devatA; vratArka meM AyA hai ki sAmba ko kisa prakAra kRSNa ne zApa diyA ki use kuSTha ho gayA aura isa vrata se kisa prakAra vaha rogamukta ho gayA; (2) ravivAra evaM caturdazI tathA revatI yA ravivAra, aSTamI evaM maghA; ziva kI pUjA; tila khAnA, hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 589) / Adityazayana : ravivAra evaM hasta nakSatra ke sAtha saptamI yA jaba ravivAra ke sAtha saptamI ko sUrya kI saMkrAMti ho; umA evaM ziva (sUrya se ziva bhinna nahIM haiM ) kI pratimAoM kI pUjA; sUrya ko namaskAra, usake pairoM se lekara vibhinna aMgoM ko hasta se lekara anya nakSatroM ke samAna mAnanA, pA~ca caddaroM evaM takiyoM tathA eka gAya ke sAtha eka sundara palaMga kA dAna ; matsya 0 ( 55 / 2 - 33 ) | padma0 (5 / 24-64-96 ) / AdityazAntivrata : hasta ke sAtha ravivAra ; arka kI samidhA ke sAtha sUrya - pratimA kI pUjA ( samidhA kI saMkhyA 108 yA 28 ho ) ; madhu evaM ghRta yA dahI evaM ghRta se yukta samidhA se homa; sAta bAra; he0, vra0 (2, 537-38) / Aditya hRdayavidhi : jaba saMkrAnti ho usa ravivAra ko sUrya mandira meM Aditya hRdaya nAmaka mantra kA 108 bAra pATha evaM kevala rAtri meM khAnA; he0, vra0 (2, 526 ) / rAmAyaNa ( yuddhakANDa 107) meM aisA AyA hai ki agastya ne Akara rAma se isa mantra ke pATha kI bAta kahI hai, jisase ki rAvaNa ke Upara vijaya prApta ho / kRtyakalpataru (19-20 ) meM AyA hai ki kisI saMkrAnti vAle ravivAra ko hRdaya yA AdityahRdaya kahA jAtA hai / AdityAbhimukha vidhi : dekhie kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 18-19 ) ; he0 bra0 (2, 525-26); kRtyaratnAkara ( 494-495 ) / prAtaH snAna ke uparAnta sAyaMkAla taka sUryAbhimukha hokara khar3A rahanA caahie| kisI stambha

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vrata-sUcI 107 se uThaMga kara (saTe rahakara) mahAzvetA mantra kA japa karanA, gandha, puSpa Adi se pUjA karanA, dakSiNA dekara bhojana krnaa| Anantaryavata : mArga0 zu0 3 ko prArambha; pratyeka pakSa kI dvitIyA ko nakta evaM tRtIyA ko upavAsa; eka varSa ; pratyeka tRtIyA ko vibhinna nAma se umA kI pUjA; naivedya bhI vibhinna ; kartA ko kevala rAtri meM khAnA hotA hai jo vibhinna tRtIyAoM meM vibhinna hotA hai; vizeSataH nAriyoM ke lie vyavasthita; yaha apane putroM, mitroM evaM sambandhiyoM se antara (alagAva) ko rokatA hai ataeva isakA aisA nAma hai| AnandanavamI : phAlguna zu0 9 ko prArambha ; eka varSa ke lie; paMcamI para eka bhakta, SaSThI para nakta, saptamI para ayAcita, aSTamI evaM navamI para upavAsa; devI-pUjA; varSa kA tIna mAga meM vibhAjana ; cAra mAsoM kI pratyeka avadhi meM devI ke nAma, puSpoM evaM naivedya meM antara ho jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 299-301), hemAdri (vrata 1, 948-950, yahA~ 'anandA' zabda AyA hai)| ___ AnandapaJcamI : nAgoM ke lie paJcamI priya hotI hai| nAgoM (pratimAoM) ko dUdha meM nahalAnA; nAga bhaya se logoM ko mukta karate haiM; he070 (1, 557-560) / Anandavata : caitra se Age cAra mAsoM taka; binA mA~ge jala diyA jAtA hai; anta meM jalayukta pAtra, bhojana, vastra, tilayukta baratana evaM sonA diyA jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru (va0 443); he070 (1,742-743, matsya0 se uddharaNa); varSakriyAkaumudI (520); kRtyaratnAkara (85); matsya0 (101 // 31-32) / AnandasaphalasaptamI : bhAdrapada zu0 7; eka varSa ke lie; upavAsa; bhaviSya (1 / 11011-8); kRtyakalpataru (70 148-149); he0 70 (1, 741) / Andolaka-mahotsava : vasanta meM, bhaviSyottara (133 / 24) / Andolana-vata : caitra zu0 3 para; pArvatI evaM ziva (kI pratimAoM) kI pUjA eva unheM dolA (jhUlA) para jhulAnA; he0 0 (2, 745-748); smRtiko0 (90-91); pu0 ci0 (85) / AmakIvata : kisI bhI mAsa. vizeSata: phAlgana kI za0 dvAdazI para; AmardakI-dhAtrI (Amalaka), eka varSa; vibhinna nakSatroM meM dvAdazI vibhinna nAmoM se ghoSita hai, yathA--vijayA (zravaNa ke sAtha), jayantI (rohiNI ke sAtha), pApanAzinI (puSya ke sAtha); isa antima para upavAsa karanA eka sahasra ekAdaziyoM ke barAbara hotA hai; AmardakI vRkSa ke nIce viSNu-pUjA meM jAgara (jAgaraNa) karanA cAhie; AmardakI vRkSa ke janma kI kathA sunanI cAhie ; hemAdri (vrata 1, pR0 1214-1222) / AmalakyekAdazI : phAlguna zu0 11 para; Amalaka vRkSa (jisameM hari evaM lakSmI kA vAsa hotA hai) ke nIce hari kI pUjA; padma0 (6 / 47 / 33) ; he0 70 (1, 1155-1156); smRtikaustubha (516), jahA~ AmalakI vRkSa ke nIce dAmodara evaM rAdhA kI pUjA kA varNana hai| AmrapuSpabhakSaNa : caitra zu0 1; madana-pUjA ke rUpa meM Amra ke baura ko khAnA, smRtiko0 (519), va0 kri0 kau0 (516-17) / Ayudhavata : (1) zrAvaNa se cAra mAsoM ke lie; zaMkha, cakra, gadA evaM padma (jo krama se vAsudeva, saMkarSaNa, pradyumna evaM aniruddha ke dyotaka haiM) kI pUjA; viSNudharmottara0 (3 / 14811-6); he0 70 (2, 831); (2) viSNudharmottara0 (3 / 155 / 1-7) / Ayurvata : (1) zambhu evaM kezava ko candana-lepa lagAnA; eka varSa; anta meM jalayukta pAtra ke sAtha eka gAya kA dAna; kRtyakalpataru (va0 442, 12 SaSTivatoM meM eka); (2) pUrNimA para; lakSmI evaM viSNu

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108 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kI pUjA; upavAsa evaM brAhmaNoM tathA vivAhita kanyAoM ko bhojana; he0 70 (2, 227-229, * garur3a se uddhrnn)| AyuHsaMkrAntivrata : saMkrAnti divasa para; sUrya-pUjA; kA~se ke baratana , dUdha, ghI evaM sone kA dAna, udyApana, jaisA ki dhAnyasaMkrAnti meM hotA hai ; he0 70 (2,737); vratArka (389) / AraNyakaSaSThI : dekhie arnnysssstthii| ArogyadvitIyA : pauSa zu0 2 ko prArambha ; pratyeka zu0 2 para varSa bhara ke lie; candA kI pUjA; mArga0 zu0 2 para ardha candra kI pUjA ke uparAnta do vastroM, sone evaM peya padArtha se yukta ghar3e kA dAna ; hemAdri (va0 1, 389-91); pariNAma-svAsthya evaM smRddhi| ArogyapratipadA : varSa ke anta meM prathama tithi ko prArambha ; eka varSa taka ; pratyeka pratipadA para sUrya ke citra kI pUjA; phala vahI jo Upara vyakta hai; he0 70 (1, 341-42); vratArka (28); vrataratnAkara (53) / Arogyavrata : (1) mAdra0 kI pUrNimA ke uparAnta prathama pratipadA se Azvina kI pUrNimA taka ; dina meM aniruddha kI kamaloM evaM jAtI phUloM se pUjA; homa tathA anta ke pUrva tIna dinoM kA upavAsa, svAsthya, saundarya evaM samRddhi kI prApti; viSNudharmosara0 (3 / 205 / 1-7); he0 70 (2, 761); (2) yaha dazamovrata hai; navamI para upavAsa tathA dazamI para lakSmI evaM hari kI pUjA; he0 70 (1,963-965) / ArogyasaptamI : mAgha zu0 7; eka varSa taka sabhI saptamiyoM para upavAsa ; sUryapUjA; varAha0 (62 / 1-5); he0 70 (1, 747); tithitattva (460); svAsthya evaM dhana kI prApti / ArdrAdarzana yA ArdrAbhiSeka : mArga kI pUrNimA para; naTarAja (nAcate hue ziva) ke darzana ke lie loga daur3a par3ate haiM, aura isake lie cidambarama meM eka bar3A utsava hotA hai| ArdrAnandakarI-tRtIyA : uttarASAr3ha pUrvASAr3ha yA abhijit yA hasta yA mUla nakSatra, vAlI zukla tRtIyA para prArambha ; eka varSa ke lie jo tIna avadhiyoM meM vibhAjita kara diyA jAtA hai; bhavAnI evaM ziva kI pUjA; devI ke caraNoM evaM mukuTa taka ke sabhI aMgoM ko praNAma; matsya0 (6411-28); he0 70 (1, 471-474; ) kRtyakalpataru (va0 51-55); bhaviSyottarapurANa (27) / AlekhyasarpapaJcamI : bhAdra0 zu0 5; tithi-vrata; raMgIna cUrNa se nAgoM ke citra khIMcakara unakI pUjA karanA; phala--nAgoM kA bhaya dUra ho jAtA hai; bhaviSya 0 (brAhmaparva 37 / 1-3); kR0 ka0 (va0 94-95); he0 va0 (1, 567) / AzAdazamI : kisI zu010 para Arambha ; 6 mAsa, 1 varSa yA do varSa ; apane A~gana meM dasoM dizAoM ke citroM kI pUjA; vyakti kI sabhI AzAe~ pUrNa ho jAtI haiM ('AzA' kA artha 'dizA' evaM abhikAMkSA yA icchA bhI hotA hai); he0 vR0 (1, 977-981), vrataratnAkara (356-7); yadi viddha ho to pUjA taba honI cAhie jaba dazamI pUrvAhna meM ho| AzAdityavrata : Azvina meM kisI ravivAra ko prArambha ; eka varSa; 12 vibhinna nAmoM se sUrya kI pUjA; he vra0 (2, 533-537) / isa vrata se sAmba kuSTha roga se mukta ho gayA thaa| Azramavata : caitra zukla 4 para prArambha ; varSa bhara ke lie, varSa tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita ; vAsudeva, saMkarSaNa, pradyumna evaM aniruddha kI (eka ke uparAnta-eka kI) pUjA; viSNudharmottara0 (3 / 142 / 1-7), he0 vra0 1, 505) / AzvinakRtya : dekhie kRtyaratnAkara (301-397); varSakriyAkaumudI (343-458); nirNayasindhu (144-192), smRtikaustubha (287-373); kRtyatattva (444-447) / isa mAsa meM bahuta-se vrata evaM utsava

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prata-sUcI hote haiN| jo mahattvapUrNa haiM, unheM pRthak rUpa se isa sUcI meM rakhA gayA hai| kucha kama mahattvapUrNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiN| viSNudharmottara0 (90124-25) meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki isa mAsa meM pratidina ghI ke dAna se vyakti azvinIkumAroM ko prasanna kara letA hai, sundara ho jAtA hai tathA brAhmaNoM ko gAya ke dUdha (evaM rasa se bane padArthoM) ko khilAne se rAjya prApti hotI hai| zukla 1 ko pitA ke rahate putra apane mRta nAnA kA zrAddha karatA hai| isI dina navarAtra mI Arambha hotA hai; zu0 4 ko satI (pArvatI, jisane usa dina apane ko eka jhIla meM pheMka diyA thA) kI pUjA ardhya, puSpoM Adi se kI jAtI hai aura pativratAoM, mAtA, bahina evaM anya sadhavA nAriyoM ko sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai (kRtyakalpataru kA nayatakAlika kANDa, kRtyaratnAkara 348); zu0 paJcamI para kuza ke bane nAgoM kI evaM indrANI kI pUjA hotI hai (nirNayAmRta 47; kRtyaratnAkara 348); zuklapakSa meM kisI zubha nakSatra evaM muhUrta se yukta tithi para pake annoM vAle kheta meM bAjoM evaM nRtya ke sAtha jAkara homa karanA cAhie aura navAnna ko dahI ke sAtha khAnA cAhie aura drAkSAphala (aMgUra) khAnA cAhie (nayalkAlika, 407; kRtyaratnAkara 347); mUla nakSatra zukla pakSa meM sarasvatI ko Amantrita karanA cAhie, pustakoM meM (pUrvASADha meM) use pratiSThApita karanA cAhie, uttarASADha meM use havya denA cAhie aura zravaNa meM visarjana karanA caahie| una dinoM meM par3hanA, par3hAnA evaM likhanA nahIM cAhie (nirNayasindhu 171, smRtiko0 352; pu0 ci0 73) / __ASADha-kRtya : kRtyaratnAkara (196-218); kRtyatattva (434-437) ; varSakriyAkaumudI (283-292); ni0 si0 (101-109); smRtiko0 (137-148) / induvrata : 60 saMvatsara-vratoM meM 58vA~ vrata'; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 451); he0 70 (2, 883) / isameM dina meM tIna bAra kisI gRhastha evaM usakI patnI ko sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai aura varSa ke anta meM eka gAya dI jAtI hai| indradhvaja-utthAnotsava : varAha kI bRhatsaMhitA (adhyAya 43); kAlikApurANa (90); rAjamArtaNDa (1260-1292); he0 va0 (2, 401-419); tithitattva (115-117); varSakriyAkaumudI (322-323); kAlaviveka (294-299); kRtyaratnAkara (292-293) / yaha rAjA ke lie vyavasthita hai| dekhie buddhacarita (sakreDa buka Ava di IsTa 49, bhAga 1, pRSTha 113), raghuvaMza (4 / 3), mRcchakaTika (1017); kAlikA0 (90) kRtyakalpataru (rAjadharma, 184-190); rAjanItiprakAza (421-423), isane viSNudharmottara purANa se bahuta-se AzIrvAda evaM prArthanA ke mantra uddhRta kiye haiN| indravata : 60 saMvatsara vratoM meM 47 vA~ ; kRtya ka0, 0 (449) / vyakti ko varSA Rtu meM bAhara sonA par3atA hai aura eka dudhArU gAya kA dAna karanA par3atA hai| matsyapurANa (101 / 69) / indrapUrNamAsI : he0 7 0 (2, 196) / bhAdra pUrNimA para upavAsa ; tIsa gRhasthoM kA unakI patniyoM ke sAtha AbhUSaNoM ke sahita sammAna krnaa| mokSa kI prApti / dekhie gadAdharapaddhati (176) / iSTajAti-avApti : viSNudharmottara0 (3|200|1-5);caitr evaM kArtika meM Arambha ; R0 (10 / 90 / 1-16) evaM 16 upacAroM ke sAtha hari kI pUjA tathA anta meM eka godaan| IzAnavata : zukla 14 aura pUrNimA ko jaba guruvAra ho, usa liMga kI pUjA, jisakI bAyIM ora viSNu hoM aura dAyIM ora khakholka (sUrya); 5 varSoM taka; prathama varSa ke anta meM eka godAna, dUsare varSa ke anta meM do gAyoM kA dAna, tIsare meM 3, cauthe meM 4 evaM pAMcaveM meM 5 kaa| kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 383-385); he070 (2, 179-180) / IzvaragaNagaurI-vrata : caitra kRSNa 1 se caitra zu0 3 ke 18 dinoM taka, kevala sadhavA nAriyoM ke lie; gaurI evaM ziva kI pUjA; mAlavA meM ati pracalita; ahalyAkAmadhenu (237) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 148, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / Izvara-vrata : kRSNa 14 ko; ziva pUjA ; he0 vra0 (2, upra nakSatra : tInoM pUrvAe~ ( pUrvASADhA, pUrvAbhAdrapadA, pUrvAphAlgunI), maghA evaM maraNI ugra nakSatra haiM / bRhatsaMhitA ( 97/8 ) / uttamabhartR prApti : vasanta ke zu0 pakSa kI dvAdazI para viSNu devatA; varAhapurANa (54 / 1-19 ) / uttarAyaNa : pratyeka ayana ke Arambha meM dAna kiye jAte haiM ( kAlaviveka 536 evaM varSakriyA kau0 292 ) aura ayanoM ke Arambha meM kiye gaye dAna karor3a gunA phala dete haiM, jaba ki amAvAsyA para kiye gaye dAna kevala saugunA phala dete haiM ( rAjamArtaNDa, kAlaviveka 381 varSakriyAko 0 214 ) / utthApana - ekAdazI : kArtika zu0 11; gadAdharapaddhati (188 ) ; kRtya sArasamuccaya (42), isameM viSNUtyApana ke lie 3 mantra haiM / utpatyekAdazI : dekhie vratakoza ( 694 ) / utsarjana : dekhie nirNaya sindhu ( 120-121 ) ; smRtikaustubha ( 164 - 167 ) ; isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 815-818 / utsava : purANoM evaM vrata - sambandhI granthoM meM bahuta-se utsavoM kA ullekha hai| isa grantha meM holikA, durgotsava Adi kA varNana pahale hI ho cukA hai| kucha kA ullekha yathAsthAna hogaa| 'utsava' zabda Rgveda (1/100/8 evaM 1 / 102 / 1) meM prayukta hai aura 'sU' se niSpanna hai jisakA artha hai 'utsAhita karanA yA prerita karanA / ' udakasaptamI : saptamI ko kevala eka cullU ( hathelIbhara ) pAnI pIne se sukha milatA hai / kR0 ka0 ta0 ( vra0 184 ) ; he0 vra0 (1, 726) / udasevikA : yaha bhUtamAtR-utsava hI hai| yaha indradhvaja ke uparAnta hotA hai (arthAt yaha bhAdrapada zu0 13 ko hotA hai) / yaha utsava roma meM manAye jAne vAle baccaneliyA ke samAna hI hai| hemAdri ( vrata02, 359 - 365), naiyatakAlika ( 413 -421 ) evaM kRtyara0 (387 - 395 ) meM yaha utsava skandapurANa ke uddharaNa ke sAtha vistAra se varNita hai / isakA srota bhairava evaM udasevikA se hai jo krama se ziva evaM pArvatI ke mana se utpanna hue the| ve donoM pati-patnI ho gaye / isa dina sabhI loga kAmuka viSayoM meM vAcAla ho uThate haiN| puruSa evaM nAriyA~ unmatta evaM vAtula ho uThate haiM, gadhoM, bailoM evaM kuttoM para car3hate haiM, zarIra para bhasma evaM paMka DAla lete haiM, yahA~ taka ki sau varSa ke bur3haU bAbA ( bUr3he vyakti ) bhI baccoM jaisA vyavahAra karate haiM, lajjAhIna ho jAte haiM; gAlI bakate haiM, azlIlaM gAna gAte haiM, gorakSakoM, DomoM, nAiyoM ke samAna vastra dhAraNa karate haiM aura naMge ghUmate haiN| skandapurANa meM AyA hai ki jo vyakti isa utsava meM bhAga nahIM letA aura pRthak khar3A rahatA hai usake havya evaM kavya ko krama se devatA evaM pitara loga nahIM grahaNa karate / isa utsava ke manAne ke kAla evaM tithi ke viSaya meM matabheda rahA hai| dekhie he0 0 (2, 368), vrataprakAza, jo ise jyeSTha kR0 se pUrNimA taka karane ko kahate haiM / uddAlaka vrata : dekhie vasiSThadharma sUtra (11/76-77 ) / yaha patitasAvitrIka ke lie vyavasthita hai| he0 vra0 (2, 932) meM aisA AyA hai ki do mAsoM taka vyakti AmikSA evaM ubAle hue dUdha para rahatA hai, ATha dinoM taka dahI para aura tIna dinoM taka ghI para rahatA hai aura eka dina pUrNa upavAsa karatA hai / udyApana : vrata kA antima kRtya / kAlatattvaviveka (95) meM AyA hai ki kRSNajanmASTamI jaise vratoM meM, jo jIvana bhara kiye jAte haiM, koI udyApana nahIM hotA / 110 unmIlanIvrata : dvAdazI se yukta ekAdazI / padma0 ( 6 / 37-39 ) ; smRtikau 0 ( 250 - 252 ) / upacAra : pratimA-pUjana ke vividha viSaya | dekhie gata adhyAya 2 /

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bata-sUcI upavAsa-vrata : dekhie gata adhyAya 5, ekAdazI-vrata; viSNudharmottara0 (1159 / 3-5) / eka mAsa se adhika kA upavAsa vajita hai| hemAdri (vrata 2, 776-783) / upAkarma : dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 807-815 / upAGgalalitA : Azvina zu0 5; tithi ; lalitAdevI (pArvatI); dakSiNa meM pracalita; kAlatattvavivecana (218); smRtiko0 (343-532); pu0 cintAmaNi (99), vratarAja (206-219) / ubhayadvAdazI : mArga0 kR0 12 para prArambha ; varSa kI samI 24 dvAdaziyoM para; tithi; viSNu ke 24 svarUpoM, yathA--kezava, nArAyaNa Adi kI pUjA; hemAdri (vrata 1,1013-1021) / ubhayanavamI : pau0 zu0 9 se prArambha ; eka varSa ; cAmuNDA-pUjA; devI kI pratimA-nirmANa meM prati mAsa vibhinna padArtha evaM vibhinna nAma, kucha dinoM meM maiMsa kA mAMsa; kartA ko donoM pakSa kI navamI para nakta (kevala rAtri meM bhojana) karanA par3atA hai aura kumAriyoM ko khilAnA par3atA hai| kRtyakalpataru (va0 274-283); he0 70 (1,921-928); kRtyaratnAkara (203-4, 445-446, 517--samI bhaviSyapurANa se) ; vrataprakAza (66) / ubhayasaptamI : (1) zakla saptamI se prArambha; tithi; eka varSa,pratyeka pakSa; sUrya devatA; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 159-160), he0 70 (1, 748-753) donoM meM bhaviSya' (11165 / 1-45) kA uddharaNa hai; (2) mAgha zu0 saptamI se prArambha ; eka vrss| pratyeka mAsa meM vibhinna nAma se sUrya kI pUjA; bhaviSyottarapurANa (47 / 1 / 25) / ubhayakAdazI : mArga0 11 se prArambha ; tithi; eka varSa (pratyeka pakSa); viSNu ke vibhinna nAma (kezava, nArAyaNa Adi) kRSNa pakSa meM tathA kRSNa ke vibhinna nAma zukla pakSa meN| vratArka (233-237) / . umAcaturthI : mAgha zu0 4; tithi ; umA; nayatakAlika (437-438); samayapradIpa (47); kR0 ra0 (503); saba ko, vizeSataH nAriyoM ko kunda ke puSpoM se umA pUjA karanI cAhie aura upavAsa karanA caahie| umAmahezvaravrata : (1) mAdra pUrNimA para Aramma ; caturdazI para saMkalpa; tithi; umA evaM ziva kI sone yA cA~dI kI mUrtiyoM kI pUjA; vratArka (336-343); karNATaka meM prasiddha ; (2) pUrNimA yA amAvAsyA, caturdazI yA aSTamI tithi para prArambha ; eka varSa; umA evaM ziva kI pUjA; haviSyAnna ke sAtha nakta; he0 va0 (2, 395); (3) aSTamI yA caturdazI para; ina tithiyoM para eka varSa taka upavAsa ; he0 70 (2, 396); (4) mArgazIrSa kI prathamA para Aramma; eka varSa; devatA vahI; liMgapurANa (pUrvArdha, 84 / 23-72); (5) mArga zu0 3 ko prArambha ; tithi; eka varSa ; devatA vahI; bhaviSyottarapurANa (23 / 1-28), liMga0 (pUrvArdha, 84) : (6) he0 70 (2, 691-693); kR0 ka0 ta0 (va0 414-416) / umAvipUjA : caitra zu0 2; tithi ; umA, ziva evaM agni kI pUjA; smRtikaustubha (8); puruSArthacintAmaNi (83) / ___ ulkAnavamI : Azvina zu0 kI navamI; tithi ; eka varSa ; mahiSAsuramardinI kI 'mahiSaghni mahAmAye' mantra ke sAtha pUjA; he070 (1, 895); dUsarA prakAra-he070 (1, 897-9) evaM vrataprakAza (187); mantra vahI hai| isameM vyakti apane zatruoM ke samakSa ulkA ke samAna lagatA hai aura nArI apanI sautoM ke samakSa ulkA-sI pratIta hotI hai, ataH isakA yaha nAma par3A hai| uSaHkAla : sUryodaya ke pUrva pA~ca ghaTiyoM kA kAla yA sUryodaya se pahale kI 55 ghaTiyoM ke uparAnta; "paMcapaMca uSaHkAla: sptpNcaarunnodyH| aSTapaMca bhavet prAtaH zeSa: sUryodayo mtH||" kRtyasAramuccaya' (52) / Rtuvrata : hemAdri (vrata 2, 858-861); pA~ca vrata jo yathAsthAna sUcI meM AyeMge; varSakriyA0 (237-240); smRtikaustubha (548-552) /

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112 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa RSipaMcamI : dekhie gata adhyAya 8 / / ekAnagaGgApUjA : kArtika zu0 4, 8, 9 yA 14 para; antima para nArI phala vAle vRkSa ke nIce baiThakara ekAnaMgA kI pUjA karatI hai aura bAja yA kisI pakSI se bhojana kA sundara kaura bhagavatI ke pAsa le jAne ko kahatI hai| isa dina patnI pahale khAtI hai aura pati ko usake uparAnta khilAtI hai| kRtyaratnAkara (413-414) / aizvaryatRtIyA : tRtIyA ko brahmA, viSNu yA ziva kI evaM tInoM lokoM kI pUjA, unake lie vyavasthita mantroM ke sAtha; isase samRddhi prApta hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata 1, 498; viSNudharmottara0 se uddhrnn)| kajjalI : bhAdrapada kR0 3 (pUrNimAnta se gaNanA); tithi ; viSNu-pUjA; ni0 si0 (123); ahalyAkAmadhenu (27), isakA kathana hai ki yaha zrAvaNa kR0 3 ko hotA hai| nirNayasindhu ke anusAra yaha madhyadeza meM ati pracalita hai| kaTadAnotsava : bhAdrapada zu0 11evaM 12 yA 15 ko jaba ki viSNu do mAsa so lene ke uparAnta karavaTa badalate haiN| hemAdri (vrata 2, 813); smRtikaustubha (153) / __ kadalIvata : bhAdra0 zu0 14 para; tithi; svAsthya, saundarya, santAna Adi ke lie kele ke vRkSa kI pUjA hotI hai ; he0 70 (2,132-133) / yadi kadalI na ho to usakI svarNa-pratimA kI puujaa| ahalyAkAmadhenu (611) / __ kapardIzvara-vinAyakavata : zrAvaNa zu0 4; tithi ; gaNeza-pUjA; vratArka (78-84); vratarAja (160168) / donoM meM AyA hai ki vikramAditya ne isakA sampAdana kiyA thA, donoM meM vikramAditya kI carcA hai| kapilASaSThI-vrata : bhAdra0 kR0 (amAnta gaNanA) yA Azvina kR0 (pUrNimAnta' gaNanA) 6; maMgala se saMyukta, vyatipAtayoga, rohiNI-nakSatra, he0 va0 (1, 578--proSThapadAsite pakSa SaSThI bhaumena sNyutaa| vyatipAtana rohiNyA sA SaSThI kapilA smRtA // ) / inake atirikta yadi sUrya hasta nakSatra meM ho to phala aura mahAn ho jAte haiM; bhAskara-pUjA; kapilA gAya kA dAna / he0 70 (1, 577-78); ni0 si0 (152); pu0 ci0 (102); vratarAja (221-231); kucha grantha ise Azvina meM ThaharAte haiM, kintu yadi bhAdra0 hai to amAnta gaNanA honI cAhie, kyoMki tabhI rohiNI kA yoga ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra ke yoga bahuta kama hote haiM, bahudhA 60 varSoM ke uparAnta / kamalaSaSThI : mArga0 zu0 5-7; tithi; eka varSa ; brahmA devatA; paMcamI para niyama, SaSThI para upavAsa tathA sone ke bane kamala tathA zakkara kA kisI brAhmaNa ko dAna; saptamI ko brAhmaNa kA sammAna aura use kSIra (khIra) khilAnA ; bAraha mAsoM meM brahmA ke bAraha nAma ; bhaviSyottarapurANa (39) / kamalasaptamI : caitra zu0 7 se prArambha; tithi; eka varSa; divAkara devatA; matsya0 (78 / 1-11, kRtyakalpataru, vra0 217-219 meM uddhRta); padma0 (5 / 21 / 281-290, he0 70 1, 640-641 meM uddhRta); kR0 ra0 (119-121) / bhaviSyottara0 (50 / 1-11); vrataprakAza (61) ne padma0 se gAyatrI mantra (R0 3 / 62 / 10) ke AdhAra para praNIta eka mantra uddhRta kiyA hai, yathA--"bhAskarAya vidmahe saptAzvAya dhiimhi| tanme bhAnuH pracodayAt // " ___ karakacaturthI : kevala nAriyoM ke lie; kArtika kRSNa 4 para; tithi ; vaTa vRkSa ke nIce ziva, gaNeza evaM skanda ke sAtha bane gaurI-citra kI samI upacAroM ke sAtha pUjA; brAhmaNoM ko dasa karakoM (pAtroM) kA dAna tathA candrodaya ke uparAnta candra ko arghya / ni0 si0 (196); vratArka (84-86) ; vratarAja (172); smRtikau0 (367); pu0 ci0 (95) / karakASTamI : kArtika kR0 kI aSTamI ; rAtri meM gaurI-pUjA, sugandhita jala yukta evaM mAlAoM se AcchAdita 9 ghar3e; 9 kumAriyoM ko khilAne ke uparAnta hI bhojana karanA; ahalyAkAmadhenu (547) /

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vrata-sUcI 113 karaNa-vrata : dekhie bRhatsaMhitA (adhyAya 29); viSNudharmottara0 (1183 / 24); he0 70 (2, 718726); smRtiko0 (564-64) / karavIrapratipadAvata : jyeSTha zu0 prathamA; tithi ; mandira ke prAMgaNa meM uge karavIra paudhe kI pUjA; he0 70 (1, 353); smRtiko0 (117); yaha tamila deza meM pracalita hai, kintu vaizAkha zukla pratipadA ko| karivrata : prakIrNaka (kaI, mile-jule); brahmA devatA; kR0 ka0 taru (vra0 449); he vra0 (2, 911); upavAsa, do hAthiyoM se yukta eka svarNa-ratha kA daan| kalaza : vivAha, mUrti-sthApana, senAprasthAna, rAjyAbhiSeka Adi avasaroM para kalaza (eka yA adhika) kA prayoga, saMkhyA 108 taka jA sakatI hai, unakA gherA--15 se 50 aMgula caur3A, 16 aMgula lambA, AdhAra 12 aMgula tathA mukha (mohar3A) 8 aNgul| he0 70 (11608) yahA~ vyutpatti dI huI hai--'kalAM kalAM gRhItvA ca devAnAM vishvkrmnnaa| nirmito'yaM surairyasmAtkalazastena ucyate // ' he0 70 (1165-66), yahA~ kalazotpatti evaM nApa-taula kA ullekha hai| eka pUrNa kalaza kA ullekha R0 (3 / 32 / 15) meM huA hai| kalkidvAdazI : bhAdra0 zukla 12; tithi; kalki devatA ; varAha0 (48 / 1-24); kR0 ka0 ta0 (vrata0 332-333); hemAdri (vrata 1, 1038-39) / kalpavRkSa-vrata : saMvatsaravrata ; matsya0 (100) meM ullikhita SaSThIvratoM meM eka ; he0 70 (2, 910-11); kRtyakalpataru (vrata 446) / kalpAdi : kalpoM ke prArambha ke viSaya meM 7 tithiyoM kA ullekha hai, yathA-matsya0 meM-vaizAkha zu0 3; phAlguna kR0 3; caitra zu0 5, cai0 kR0 5 (yA amAvAsyA ?), mAgha zu0 13, kAtika zu0 7, mArga0 zu0 9 / ye zrAddha-tithiyA~ haiN| hemAdri ne kalpAdi ke rUpa meM 30 tithiyA~ dI haiM (naagrkhnndd)| matsya0 (290 / 3-11) / kalpAnta : dekhie viSNudharmottarapurANa (177), jahA~ isakA varNana hai| kalyANasaptamI : ravivAra kI zu0 saptamI ko prArambha hotI hai; usa tithi ko kalyANinI yA vijayA kahate haiM; eka varSa ; sUrya-pUjA; terahaveM mAsa meM 13 gAyoM kA daan| matsya0 (74 / 5-20), bhaviSyottara0 (48 / 1-16); he* vra0 (1, 638-640); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 208-211) / kAJcanagaurI : bhAdra0 zu0 3; tithi; gaurI-pUjana; nirNayAmRta (39), gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 72) / kAJcanapurIvata : prakIrNaka vrata (kaI mile-jule); zu0 3, kR0 11, pUrNimA, amAvAsyA, aSTamI yA saMkrAnti para ; eka sunaharI purI kA dAna, jisakI dIvAreM sone, cAMdI yA sIse kI hoM, stambha sone, cAMdI Adi ke hoM, usa nirmita purI meM lakSmI evaM viSNu kI pratimAe~ hoN| he070 (2, 868-876); bhaviSyottara0 (147) / gaurI evaM ziva, rAma evaM sItA, damayantI evaM nala tathA kRSNa evaM pANDavoM dvArA yaha vrata sampAdita huA thaa| yaha vrata saba kucha detA hai aura pApoM se mukta karatA hai| kAtyAyanIvrata : bhAgavata (10 / 22 / 1-7) / kathA yoM hai ki nandavraja kI kumAriyA~ mArgazIrSa meM pUre mAsa taka kAtyAyanI kI pratimA pUjatI thIM jisase ki kRSNa unheM pati ke rUpa meM prApta hoN| kAntAradIpadAnavidhi : Azvina pUrNimA se kArtika pUrNimA taka yA tIna rAtoM taka (Azvina pUNimA, pAzvina amAvAsyA evaM kArtika pUrNimA) yA kevala kArtika pUrNimA ko apanI yogyatA ke anusAra kisI yajJiya kSa ke stambha para ATha dIpa jlaanaa| dharma, rudra evaM dAmodara devatA haiN| naiyatakAlika kANDa (452-456); 50 ra0 (382-386) / yaha vrata pretoM evaM pitaroM ke kalyANa ke lie kiyA jAtA hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kAntivrata : (1) kA0 zu0 2; tithi ; eka varSa; balarAma, kezava evaM ardhacandra kI pUjA; kArtika se Age cAra mAsoM taka tila se homa, ASAr3ha se cAra mAsoM taka ghI se; varSa ke anta meM brAhmaNa ko cA~dI kA candra diyA jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru ( 47-48 ) ; he0 vra0 (1, 378-379); (2) vaizAkha meM; saMvatsarakhata; vaizAkha bhara namaka evaM puSpoM kA tyAga ; kRtyakalpataru ( vratakhaNDa, 445) / kAmatrayodazI : trayodazI para; tithi ; kAma-pUjA ; he0 vrata (2,25), varSakriyAkaumudI ( 70 ) / kAmatrivrata : kaI deviyoM, yathA--umA, medhA, bhadrakAlI, kAtyAyanI, anasUyA, varuNa - patnI kI pUjA; vAMchita padArthoM kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri ( vrata, 1, 575-576 ) / kAmadavidhi : mArga 0 zu0 6 para par3ane vAle ravivAra ko candana lage karavIrapuSpoM se sUrya pUjA; kRtyaka0 ( vrata 14 ) / kAmadA saptamI : phAlguna zu0 7; tithi; varSa mara; sUrya-pUjA; phAlguna se Age ke pratyeka cAra mAsoM meM vibhinna phUloM, dhUpoM evaM vibhinna naivedyoM se pUjA ; kRtyakalpataru ( vratakhaNDa, 169-172 ) ; he0 0 ( 1, 728-731, bhaviSya0 1 / 105 / 1- 29 se uddharaNa hai ) / kAmadevapUjA : caitra zu0 12 para; tithi; eka vastra para citra khIMcakara sAmane ThaMDe jala se pUrNa tathA puSpoM se AcchAdita kalaza rakhakara kAmadeva kI pUjA karanA; isa dina patiyoM dvArA patniyA~ sammAnita hotI haiM; kRtyakalpataru ( vratakANDa, 384) / kAmadevavrata : vai0 zu0 13 ko Arambha tithi eka varSa; kAmadeva-pUjA; viSNudharmottara 0 ( 3 / 183 ) ; he0 ( 02, 18 ) ; vratapra0 (86) / ; kAmadhenuvrata : kArtika kR0 11 se pA~ca dinoM taka; tithi zrI evaM viSNu devatA; rAtri ke samaya ghara meM, gozAlA, caityoM, devamandiroM, rAjamArgoM, zmazAnoM, tAlAboM para dIpa jalAnA; rAtri meM patnI evaM anya sambandhiyoM ke sAtha pAsA khelanA ; ekAdazI para upavAsa tathA gAya ke dUdha yA ghI se viSNu pratimA ko nahalAnA ; jo cAra dinoM taka calatA rahatA hai; kAmadhenu nAmaka dAna karanA; he0 vra0 (2, 344- 348, agnipurANa se uddharaNa) / yaha sabhI pApoM ke lie eka prAyazcitta bhI hai| 114 kAmadevatrayodazI ( yA madanatrayodazI ) : caitra zu0 13; tithi ; madana ke rUpa meM damanaka paudhe kI pUjA; gadAdharapaddhati (152-153 ) ; kRtyatattva (465) / dekhie anaMgacaturdazI / kAmadevadvAdazI : mArga 0 zu0 12 ko prArambha; usake uparAnta eka varSa taka pratyeka dvAdazI para ; pUjana; smRtikaustubha ( 114) / kAmadeva kAmamahotsava : caitra zu0 14; tithi ; kisI vATikA meM trayodazI kI rAtri meM madana evaM rati kI pratimA kI sthApanA tathA caturdazI ko pUjA, azlIla zabdoM, gAnoM evaM bAjoM ke sAtha utsava manAyA jAtA hai; varSakriyAkaumudI (529-532) / zaivAgama meM ise ' caitrAvalI' evaM 'madanamaJjI' kahA gayA hai| dekhie kAlaviveka ( 190 ) 'caitravihita-azokASTamI - madanatrayodazI - caitrAvalI - madanabhaJjikA caturdazI prabhRtIn' evaM rAjamArtaNDa ( 81 ) ; kRtyara0 (137-138) / kAvrata : (1) kevala nAriyoM ke lie; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 421-424); he0 (02, 821-824); kArtika meM prArambha ; mAsavrata; eka varSa; sUrya-pUjA ; hemAdri ne ise strI- putra - kAmAvAptivrata kahA hai; (2) pauSa zu0 13 ko prArambha ; pratyeka trayodazI ko nakta ( kevala rAtri meM bhojana ), caitra meM eka sone kA azokavRkSa evaM 10 aMgula kI IkhoM (ganne) kA 'pradyumna prasanna hoM' mantra ke sAtha dAna; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 440 ) ; he0 bra0 (2, 25 ) ; (3) kisI bhI mAsa kI saptamI para; tithi; sUrya kI patnI suvarcalA kI pUjA; sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti; hemAdri (vrata

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vrata-cI 115 1, 790 ) ; ( 4 ) pauSa zu0 5 para Arambha; tithi ; kArtikeya ke rUpa meM viSNu kI pUjA; paMcamI para nakta; SaSThI ko kevala eka phala saptamI para pAraNa; eka varSa; kArtikeya kI svarNa-pratimA tathA do vastroM kA kisI brAhmaNa ko dAna; isI jIvana meM kartA kI sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti ho jAtI hai / varAha0 (61 / 1-12 ) evaM hemAdri ( vrata 1, 615-616, yahA~ isakA nAma kAmaSaSThI hai) / kAmaSaSThI : dekhie yahIM Upara saMkhyA ( 4 ) 1 kAmAvAptivrata: kRSNa 14 para; tithi ; mahAkAla (ziva) kI pUjA; sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti / he0 vra0 (2, 155) / kAmikAvrata : mArga0 kR0 2; tithi ; sone ke cakra kI pratimA kA pUjana evaM usakA dAna / ahalyAkAmadhe (251) / kArtika : kArtika ke vratoM ke lie dekhie hemAdri ( vrata 2, 769-784), kR0 ra0 (397-442), varSakriyAkau0 (453-481), ni0 si0 (192-208), kRtyasAra - samuccaya (20-26), smRtikau0 ( 358-427), ga0 pa0 (24-32 ) / yaha pavitra mAsa sabhI tIrthoM tathA sabhI yajJoM se pavitra hai / isake mAhAtmya ke lie dekhie skanda 0 ( vaiSNavakANDa, adhyAya 9), nAradIya0 ( uttarArdha, adhyAya 22) evaM padma0 ( 6 / 92) / kArtikasnAnavrata : kArtika bhara, ghara ke bAhara kisI nadI meM snAna, gAyatrI japa evaM kevala eka bAra haviSya kA bhojana karake vyakti varSa meM kiye gaye pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai; viSNudharmasUtra ( 89 / 1-4 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0, 418 ) ; he0 0 (2, 762 ) ; padma0 (6 / 91 evaM 119/12-13; kAlaviveka ( 324 ) ; ni0 si0 ( 192-194 ) ; smRtikau 0 ( 358); ga0 pa0 (kAlasAra, 27 - 29) / kArtika meM varjita padArthoM meM eka hai mAMsa / samayaprakAza, evaM kR0 ra0 ( 397 - 399 ) ne isa viSaya meM mahAbhArata kA uddharaNa diyA hai ki kArtika meM, vizeSataH zukla pakSa meM mAMsa-tyAga sau varSoM taka kiye gaye tapoM ke sadRza hai aura yayAti, rAma evaM nala ne kArtika meM mAMsa nahIM khAyA, ataH ve svarga gaye / nAradIya0 (22 / 58, uttarArdha) meM AyA hai ki kArtika meM mAMsa sevana se vyakti cANDAla ho jAtA | dekhie nIce bakapaJcaka / padma0 ( 3 / 3 / 13 ) ; he0 bra0 (2, 763-768 ) ; kR0 20 (403 - 404) ; kAlaviveka ( 326 ) ; smRtikaustubha ( 358-59 ) ; muni (agastya ) ke puSpoM se kArtika bhara kezava pUjA azvamedha ke phaloM ko detI hai; tithitattva ( 147 ) / ci0 kA0 zu0 1, dekhie 'divAlI' (gata adhyAya 10 ) / zu0 2 para yama-pUjA (ni0 si0 203, pu0 83, smRtiko 0 377 ) evaM bhrAtRdvitIyA (dekhie adhyAya 10); zu0 3 para satI devI kI pUjA (a0 kA0 295296); zu0 4 para nAgacaturthI ( ga0 pa0 81 ); zu0 6 ko mahASaSThI kahA jAtA hai, isa dina vahnimahotsava hotA hai ( smRtiko0 378, pu0 ci0 102 ) ; isakI vizeSa mahattA maMgalavAra ko hotI hai; zu0 8 ko bhagavatI pUjA (kRtyakalpataru kA naiyatakAlikaM kANDa 424-425, kRtyaratnAkara 413 ); zu0 9 para yugAdi - tithi (binA piNDa ke zrAddha ) evaM bhagavatI pUjA ( naiyatakA0 424-425, kR0 20 413 ); zu0 10 ko kevala sandhyAkAla dahI khAnA ( kAlaviveka, 425, kR0 ra0420 ); zu0 11, bodhinI yA prabodhinI ekAdazI yA utthAna ekAdazI, jaba ki viSNu zayyA se uThate haiM (nayatakAlika, 392, ni0 si0 205 ) ; yaha zrIvaiSNavoM ke lie viziSTa rUpa se pavitra hai; isI dina tulasI kA viSNu se vivAha huA thA (smRtikau0 366, 378, vratarAja 384-386), dekhie bhISma paMcaka vrata bhI; dvAdazI ko tamila Adi dezoM meM tulasI vivAha vrata kiyA jAtA hai; kucha loga dvAdazI ko bodhana bhI karate haiM (kR0 0 426 ) ; dekhie yogezvara - dvAdazI; isa tithi para varAha avatAra kI pUjA bhI hotI hai (varAha0

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116 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 123 / 8-11); zu0 13, dekhie 'liMgArcana vrata'; zu0 14 para vaikuNTha-caturdazI hotI hai, ise yathAsthAna dekhie; barAhapurANa meM AyA hai ki kA0 14 ko gRha-lakSmI (mAlakina) prAcIna kAla meM bhojana kA svAdiSTha kaura kisI bAja ko detI thI aura use durgA taka pahuMcAne ko kahatI thI, Ajakala vaha svayaM sabase pahale khA letI hai aura usakA pati use sammAnita karatA hai (nayatakAlika 425, kR0 ra0 413-14); kArtika pUrNimA ko taba mahAkArtikI kahA jAtA hai jaba candra evaM bRhaspati donoM isa tithi para kRttikA nakSatra meM hote haiM yA usa dina rohiNI nakSatra hotA hai (nayatakAlika 372); varSakriyAkomudI (481); smRtiko0 (406); he070 (2, 181, aisA AyA hai ki yadi uparyukta bAtoM ke sAtha pUrNimA somavAra ko par3a jAya to vaha bahuta pavitra ho jAtI hai, kintu aisA bahuta kama hotA hai--'IdRzI bahubhirvaSaH bahupuNyena labhyate'); hemAdri-caturvargacintAmaNi (641); kR0 ra0 (430-431), ni0 si0 (207); kArtika pUrNimA para kucha loga tulasI-vivAha manAte haiM (smRtiko0 366), kucha loga brahmA kI rathayAtrA manAte haiM (padma0 5 / 17 / 217-253); isa dina bhaviSyapurANa ke anusAra loga sAMr3a chor3ate haiM (smRttikau0 390-406); isI pUrNimA ko tripurotsava (sAyaMkAla) karate haiM aura mandiroM meM dIpa-prakAza karate haiM (ni0 si0 207,smRtikau0 427) aura dekhie 'karaka-caturthI, karakASTamI, narakacaturdazI, lkssmii-puujn|' kArtikavata : hemAdri (vratakhaNDa, 2, 762-763, agnipurANa se); devoM, pitaroM evaM manuSyoM ko ghRta evaM madhu se yukta bhojana denA; hari-pUjana aura dIpa jalAne se vratakartA svarga jAtA hai| kArtikI-pUrNimAvata : kA0 zu0 15; tithi ; vaizAkha, kAtika evaM mAgha kI pUrNibhAoM kA pUjana kiyA jAtA hai, una dinoM snAna karanA evaM dAna denA Avazyaka hai, tIrtha-sthAnoM meM snAna karanA evaM apanI sampattijanya yogyatA ke anusAra dAna denA puNyakAraka ThaharAyA gayA hai| kA0 pUrNimA kA sarvocca tIrtha puSkara hai, vaizAkha kA ujjayinI evaM mAgha kA vaaraannsii| ina dinoM kevala brAhmaNoM ko hI nahIM, pratyuta apanI bahina, bahina ke lar3ake (bhAnaje), pitA kI bahina ke putra (phUphI ke putra athavA phuphere bhAI), bhAmA tathA anya daridra sambandhiyoM ko bhI dAna diye jAte haiN| rAmAyaNa meM bharata ne kausalyA ke samakSa zapatha lI, "yadi mere bar3e bhAI merI rAya (mati) se jaMgala (vana) meM gaye hoM to devoM dvArA sammAnita vaizAkha, kAtika evaM mAgha kI pUrNimAe~ mere viSaya meM binA dAna vAlI hoN|" he. (va0 2, 137-171) / kArtikeyavrata : SaSThI tithi ; kArtikeya' devatA; he0 (va01, 605-606), vratakAla-viveka (pR0 24) / kAtikeya-SaSThI : mArgazIrSa zu0 6; tithi; kAtikeya kI svarNa, rajata, miTTI yA kASTha kI pratimA kA pUjana'; he0 (vrata0 1, 596-600, bhaviSyottarapurANa 42 / 1-29) / kAlabhairavASTamI : mArga008; tithi ; kAlabhairava devatA ; vratakoza (316-317); varSakriyAdIpaka (106) / ... kAlarAtrivrata : Azvina zu08; pakSavata; sabhI vargoM ke lie; 7 yA 3 yA 1 dina ke lie, zArIrika avasthA ke anusAra upavAsa; pahale gaNeza, mAtAoM, skanda evaM ziva kI pUjA taba kisI kuNDa meM homa' jo kisI aise brAhmaNa dvArA kiyA jAtA hai jo ziva rUpa meM dIkSita huA rahatA hai yA jo avyaMga (maga brAhmaNa yA pArasI ?) kuloM kA ho; ATha kumAriyoM ko khilAyA jAtA hai aura ATha brAhmaNoM ko nimantrita kiyA jAtA hai; he070 (2, 326-332, kAlikApurANa se uddhrnn)| kAlASTamIvrata : bhAdrapada kR0 8, mRgazIrSa nakSatra ke sAtha; tithivrata ; eka varSa; vAyupurANa (16 // 30-66); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 258-263); he. (vrata0 1, 849-853); isa dina nandI yA gaNeza se rahita hokara zivajI liMgoM meM nivAsa karate haiN| kartA vibhinna vastuoM se snAna karatA hai, vibhinna prakAra ke puSpa car3hAtA hai tathA pratyeka bhAsa meM zaMkara ke vibhinna nAma letA hai|

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117 kAlIvata : yaha kAlarAtri vrata hI hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vratakhaNDa 263-269); aura dekhie hemAdri (vratakhaNDa 2, 326-332) / kimicchakavata : mArkaNDeyapurANa (122 / 8, 17, 20) / isameM yaha pUchA jAtA hai ki atithi kyA cAhatA hai aura use vaha diyA jAtA hai| karandhama ke putra avikSit kI kathA hai, usakI mAtA ne yaha vrata liyA thA aura usane apanI mAtA ke vrata-sampAdana ke lie vacana diyA thaa| kotivrata : saMvatsaravata; kartA azvattha vRkSa, sUrya evaM gaMgA ko praNAma karatA hai, eka sthAna para indriya-nigraha karake ThaharatA hai, kevala eka bAra madhyAhna meM khAtA hai; eka varSa taka aisA karatA hai; anta meM eka brAhmaNa evaM usakI patnI ko tIna gAyoM evaM eka svarNavRSa se sammAnita karatA hai| isase kartA ko yaza evaM bhUmi milatI hai| kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 442); he 0 (vrata0 2, 863-864) / matsya 0 (101 // 23-24) / yaha terahavA~ SaSThIvrata hai| kotisaMkrAntivrata : saMkrAnti ke dina ; pRthivI para sUrya-cakra khIMcA jAtA hai, usa citra ke bhItara sUrya kI pratimA rakhI jAtI hai aura pUjita hotI hai| eka varSa taka ; he0 (vrata 2,738-739, skandapurANa se)| bar3A yaza, lambI Ayu, rAjya evaM svAsthya kI prApti hotI hai| kukkuTI-markaTIvrata : bhAdra zu0 7; tithi; eka varSa ; pratyeka saptamI ; sabhI pakSoM meM; aSTamI ko brAhmaNa-bhojana, jisameM tila kI roTI, cAvala evaM gur3a hotA hai; eka vRtta meM khacita ambikA ke sAtha ziva kI pUjA; bhaviSyottarapurANa (36 / 1-43); tithitattva (kukkuTI-vrata); kartA ko jIvana bhara eka Doraka (sone yA cA~dI ke tAroM evaM sUta ke dhAgoM kA gucchA) apane hAtha (bAhu) meM bA~dhanA hotA hai| kRSNa ne yudhiSThira se vaha gAthA kahI hai jisameM rAnI evaM usake pati ke purohita kI patnI ke krama se markaTI (bandarI) evaM kukkuTI (murgI) bana jAne kI bAta AyI hai, kyoMki ve donoM Doraka pahananA bhUla gayI thIM; varSakriyAkau0 (319); ga0pa0 (85) / kundacaturthI : bhAgha zu0 4; tithi ; devIpUjA; kunda ke phUloM, zAkoM, namaka, zakkara, jIraka Adi kA kubhAriyoM ko dAna; caturthI para upavAsa; kRtyakalpataru (283-284), he0 vra0 (1, 525-526); samayaprakAza (27) ; vrataprakAza (284) ; ise gaurIcaturthI bhI kahA jAtA hai, mukhya bAta caturthI para upavAsa hai, dAnoM se saubhAgya kI prApti hotI hai| kuberavrata : tRtIyA tithi para ; kubera-pUjA; he0 (va0, 1, 478-479); kAlanirNaya (176) / kumAraSaSThI : caitra zu06 ko prArambha ; tithi ; eka varSa ; bAraha hAthoM se yukta skanda kI miTTI-pratimA kI pUjA; he0 (va0, 11588-590); vrataprakAza (61) / kumArIpUjA : navarAtra meN| dekhie gata adhyAya 9 evaM samayamayUkha (22) / kumbhaparva : yaha bAraha varSa meM eka bAra hotA hai| sUrya evaM candra makara rAzi meM hote haiM, bRhaspati vRSabha meM hotA hai, amAvAsyA hotI hai| ise kummayoga kahate haiN| prayAga meM isa kAla kA snAna eka sahasra azvamedhoM, eka sau vAjapeyoM tathA pRthivI kI eka lAkha pradakSiNA karane se prApta puNya ke barAbara phaladAyaka hotA hai| yaha tIna bhAgoM meM hotA hai--makarasaMkrAnti, amAvAsyA (jo pramukha hai aura pUrNakumbha kahalAtI hai) evaM vasantapaJcamI / kucha logoM ke mata se tIna dina yoM hai--makarasaMkrAnti, pauSa-pUrNimA evaM amaavaasyaa| kucha anya kumbha-yoga bhI haiM, haridvAra meM jaba bRhaspati kumbha rAzi meM hotA hai aura sUrya meSa rAzi meM praveza karatA hai; nAsika meM jaba ki bRhaspati siMha rAzi meM, sUrya evaM candra karkaTa meM hote haiM tathA ujjaina meM jaba ki sUrya tulA meM evaM bRhaspati vRzcika meM hotA hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kumbhikAvrata : kArtika zukla 11; tithi ; viSNu-devatA; he0 vrata0 ( 1, 1105 -8 ) ; vrataprakAza (211) / kUrmadvAdazI : pau0 zu0 12; tithi ; nArAyaNa; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 317 - 319); he0 vra0 (1,10267 ) ; kR0 ra0 (482-484 ) / ghRta se pUrNa eka tAmra pAtra meM mandarAcala ke sAtha kacchapa kI pratimA rakhI jAtI hai aura dAna kI jAtI hai| 118 kUSmANDa - dazamI : Azvina zu0 10 se Age kI caturthI taka; tithi; kUSmANDa-puSpoM se ziva, dazaratha, lakSmI kI pUjA; candra ko arghya ; ga0 pa0 ( 125 - 126; sAmba purANa se uddharaNa) / kRcchravrata : mArga 0 zukla 4; tithi ; cAra varSa; gaNeza devatA; he0 vra0 ( 1, 501-504 ) / prathama varSa meM vyakti caturthI para ekabhakta hotA hai / dUsare meM nakta rahatA hai, tIsare meM ayAcita aura cauthe meM vaha caturthI para upavAsa karatA hai| kRcchravratAni : katipaya kRcchra, yathA-somAyana taptakRcchra, kRcchrAtikRcchra, sAntapana, jo vAstava meM prAyazcita haiM, kintu vrata kahe gaye haiM ( he0 vrata0 2, 931) / zUdroM ko inheM karane kA adhikAra nahIM hai / kucha anya kRcchra bhI haiN| kRttikAvrata : mahAkArtikI para yA kisI kArtika pUrNimA para kurukSetra, prayAga, puSkara, naimiSa, mUlasthAna, gokarNa jaise pavitra sthAnoM meM yA kisI nagara yA grAma meM snAna; sone, cA~dI, ratnoM, makkhana, ATe se nirmita 6 kRttikA - mUrtiyoM kI pUjA / mUrtiyoM meM candana lepa, alaktaka, kuMkuma Adi se alaMkaraNa hotA hai aura jAtI puSpoM se unakI pUjA kI jAtI hai / he0 0 (2, 191-192) / kRttikAsnAna : bharaNI nakSatra meM upavAsa; kRttikA meM pavitra jala evaM sabhI paudhoM se yukta sone yA miTTI ke ghar3e ke jala se purohita dvArA kartA evaM usakI patnI kA snapana, agni, skanda, candra, talavAra, varuNa kI pUjA; he0 0 (2, 597-598, viSNudharmottara se uddharaNa) / kRSNacaturdazI : (1) phAlguna kR0 14; tithi ; ziva devatA; ziva ke 14 nAmoM kA pATha 14 varSoM taka ; he0 vra0 (2, 65-71, kAlottara se uddharaNa); (2) kevala nAriyoM ke lie, kR0 14 para upavAsa; ziva; eka varSa taka; he0 vra0 (2, 154); (3) mAgha kR0 14 para bilvapatroM se ziva pUjA he0 pra0 (2, 156 ) ; hemAdri ( vratakhaNDa, 2, 156, saura0 se uddharaNa) / (4) kR0 14 para, ziva pratimA ke samakSa guggula jalAnA kRSNajanmASTamI : dekhie gata adhyAya 7 / kRSNadolotsava : caitra zu0 11 para; tithi ; kRSNa kI (lakSmI ke sAtha) pratimA ko jhUle para rakhanA aura rAtri meM jAgara (jAgaraNa) evaM damanaka ( daune) kI pattiyoM se pUjA ; smRtiko0 (101) / kRSNadvAdazI : Azvina kR0 12 para; upavAsa evaM vAsudeva kI pUjA; he0 vra0 (1, 1036-37 ) ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 329 - 331 ) / dekhie varAhapurANa (46 / 1 - 15 ) / kRSNavrata : ekAdazI para ; tithi ; kRSNa ; kRtya0 ( vrata0 447 ) ; he0 vrata0 ( 1, 1161 ) / kRSNa - SaSThI : (1) mArga0 kR0 6; tithi; eka varSa; pratyeka mAsa meM vibhinna nAma se sUrya kA pUjana; kRtya0 (vra0 101-103); he0 ( 0 1, 624-626 ) ; kRtyaratnAkara (447-448); (2) eka varSa taka donoM pakSoM kI pratyeka SaSThI para ; nakta; kArtikeya ko arghya ; bhaviSya purANa (brAhmaparva, 39 / 1-13) evaM agni0 (181/2) / kRSNASTamIvrata : (1) mArga kR0 8; tithi eka varSa; ziva devatA; kRtya 0 ( vrata0, 241-245 ) ; he0 pra0 (1,823-826 ) ; vibhinna mAsoM meM ziva ke vibhinna nAma evaM vibhinna bhojana-prayoga; (2) mArga 0 kR0 8)

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119 vrata-sUcI tithi ; eka varSa ; ziva devatA; bhaviSyottara0 (57 / 1-22); kRtya0 (vrata0 245-248); he0 (vrata0 1, 816817); (3) mArga0 se kArtika taka ziva-pUjA; ziva ke vivinna bAraha nAmoM ke sAtha ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 248-250); matsya0 (56 / 1-117); kRtyaratnAkara 1450-452); vrataratnAkara (317-319); (4) bhAdrapada kRSNa 8 se zrAvaNa taka eka varSa ; ziva devatA; kRtyakalpataru (250-252); he vrata0 (1,821-823); (5) jyeSTha kR0 8; tithi; ziva-pUjA; kRtya0 (vata0 252-254); he0 (vrata0 1, 840-841, yahA~ ise tindukASTamI kahA gayA hai); (6) caitra kRSNa 8; tithi ; eka varSa ; kRSNa devatA; he0 (vrata0 1, 819-821); santAna ke lie; (7) Azvina yA mAgha yA caitra yA zrAvaNa kI kR08 se prArambha ; maMgalA devI; eka makta, nakta, ayAcita evaM upavAsa, aSTamI se ekAdazI taka, usI cakra meM dinoM ke anusAra ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 233-235); devI ke 17 nAmoM kA jp| kRSNakAdazI : phAlguna kR0 11; tithi ; caNDI devatA; he0 (vrata0 1 / 150), vratArka (232-33) / kedAragaurIvrata : kArtika amAvAsyAH tithi: gaurI eva kedAra kI pUjA: ahalyAkAmadhena (10621067) / a0 kAma ke kathanAnusAra yaha dAkSiNAtyoM meM ati prasiddha hai; usameM padma0 kA uddharaNa hai| kokilAvata : adhikAMzataH nAriyoM ke lie; ASAr3ha-pUrNimA para; sAyaMkAla meM saMkalpa; pUrNimAnta gaNanA ke anusAra ASAr3ha pUrNimA se eka mAsa taka ; sone yA tila kI roTI se banI kokilA ke rUpa meM gaurI kI pUjA; eka mAsa taka nakta'; mAsa ke anta meM tAmrapatra meM pratimA ko rakhakara usakA dAna, jisake sAtha A~khoM, pA~voM evaM coMca ke lie ratna rakhe rahate haiM; he0 (vrata0 2, 755-57); ni0 si0 (108-109) / vratArka (329-334) ne TippaNI kI hai ki gurjara deza meM yaha usa deza ke AcAra ke anusAra malamAsa vAle ASAr3ha meM manAyA jAtA hai, kintu koI zAstrIya pramANa nahIM hai| aisA kahA jAtA hai ki dakSa ke yajJa ke nAza ke uparAnta ziva ke zApa se gaurI kokilA ho gayI thii| 16 upacAroM ke sAtha cA~dI ke pairoM evaM motI kI A~khoM vAlI kokilA kI sone kI pratimA kI pUjA kI jAtI hai| saubhAgya evaM sampatti ke lie yaha vrata kiyA jAtA hai| tamila paMcAMga meM yaha jyeSTha (mithuna) 14 ko dikhAyA gayA hai| koTihoma : matsya0 (93 / 5-6) meM AyA hai ki navagraha homa amRta homa kahalAtA hai, kyoMki usameM 10 sahasra AhutiyA~ hotI haiM, anya prakAra haiM lakSa-homa evaM kottihom| apazakunoM, nimittoM yA graha-prabhAvoM kI zAnti ke lie navagraha-makha kiyA jAtA hai| matsya ne ina tInoM kA varNana kiyA hai| dekhie nRsiMhapurANa (35); bR0 saM0 (45 / 6, isane divya utpAtoM ke lie koTihoma kI vyavasthA dI hai); harSacarita (5, jahA~ yaha usa samaya sampAdita huA hai, jaba ki prabhAkaravardhana mRtyu-zayyA para thaa)| koTIzvarIvata : bhAdra0 zukla 3 ; tithi ; cAra varSoM ke lie, usa dina upavAsa ; dUdha meM eka lAkha cAvala ke dAne yA tila DAle jAte haiM ; pArvatI kI eka pratimA banAyI jAtI hai aura pUjita hotI hai| ise lakSezvarI bhI kahA jAtA hai; he0 (vrata0 1, 459-461), tArka (52-53); vrataprakAza (124) / kojAgara yA kaumudI-mahotsava : Azvina pUrNimA para; tithi; lakSmI kI tathA airAvata para car3he indra kI pUjA ; rAjamArgoM para, mandiroM meM, vATikAoM evaM gRhoM meM adhika saMkhyA meM ghRta yA tila ke dIpoM ko jalAyA jAtA hai, pAsA khelA jAtA hai; dUsare dina prAtaH snAna evaM indra-pUjA, brAhmaNoM ko bharapeTa bhojana; liMgapurANa meM AyA hai ki ardharAtri meM lakSmI ghamatI haiM aura kahatI haiM 'ko jAgati, kauna jagatA hai ?' usa dina logoM ko nAriyala ke phara kA pAnI pInA cAhie aura aMkita akSoM se pAsA khelanA cAhie; kAlaviveka (403), varSakriyAkaumudI (453 454); tithitattva (135 137); kRtyatattva (445 447); ni0 si0 (191); pu0 ci0 (302-303);

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120 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 'ko jAgati' se 'kojAgara' zabda banA hai| ise kaumadI bhI kahate haiM (skanda0) tathA 'kojAgara' zabda sambhavataH kaumadI-jAgara kA choTA rUpa hai| kaumudI-mahotsava ke lie dekhie kRtyakalpataru (rAjadharma, pR0 182-183) evaM rAjanItiprakAza (419-421) / kaumudIvata : Azvina zukla 11 se upavAsa evaM jAgara ke sAtha prArambha ; dvAdazI ko kaI prakAra ke kamaloM ke sAtha vAsudeva-pUjA; vaiSNavoM dvArA trayodazI ko yAtrotsava ; caturdazI ko upavAsa tathA pUrNimA ko vAsudeva kI pUjA evaM 'oM namo vAsudevAya' nAmaka mantra kA japa; he0 (vrata0 2, 760); kAlaviveka (223); smRtiko (355); agnipurANa (adhyAya 207) / hemAdri (vrata0) ke anusAra yaha kArtika meM viSNu ke jAgaraNa taka calAyA jA sakatA hai| kautuka : 9 vastue~ isa nAma se kahI jAtI haiM, yathA--dUrvA, yava (jau) ke aMkura, vAlaka, Ama kI pattiyA~, haridrA ke do prakAra, sarasoM, morapaMkha, sA~pa kA kecula; vivAha Adi meM ve kaMkaNa meM bA~dhI jAtI haiN| he0 (vrata0 1, 49); 70 ra0 (16) / raghuvaMza (81) ne vivAha-kautuka kA ullekha kiyA hai| kramapUjA : kR0 ra0 (141-144) ne caitra se Arambha hone vAlI tathA sabhI mAsoM viziSTa tithiyoM, nakSatroM meM kI jAne vAlI durgA-pUjA tathA usake phala kA ullekha kiyA hai| kSIradhArAvata : do mAsoM ko pratipadA evaM paMcamI tithiyoM para; kevala dUdha para rahA jAtA hai; azvamedha kA phala milatA hai; liMgapurANa (83 / 6) / kSIrapratipadA : vaizAkha yA kArtika kI pratipadA (parivA, prathamA) para; tithi ; eka varSa ; brahmA devatA; kartA apanI sAmarthya ke anusAra 'brahmA mujhase prasanna ho' nAmaka zabdoM ke sAtha dUdha caDhAtA hai; he0 (vrata0 1 / 336-338); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 36-38); pavitra vacanoM kA pATha (yathA vasiSThadharmasUtra 28 / 10-15 meM ullikhita), aura dekhie zaMkhasmRti, adhyaay-5| kSemavrata : caturdazI ko yakSoM evaM rAkSasoM kI pUjA; tithi ; he0 (vrata0 2, 154, viSNudharmottara0 se eka shlok)| khaJjanadarzana : dekhie gata adhyAya 7 ; tithitattva (pR0 103); ni0 si0 (190); va0 kri0 kau0 (450) / khaDgadhArAvrata : yaha asidhArAvrata hI hai| dekhie viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 218 / 23-25) / gaMgAsaptamI : vai0 zu07; gaMgA-pUjA ; smRtiko0 (112); vra0 ra0 (237) / jaRSi ne krodha meM gaMgA ko pI liyA aura isI dina apane dAhine karNa se nikalane diyaa| gajacchAyA : Azvina kR0 13, maghA evaM hasta nakSatra meM sUrya kA yog| yaha zrAddha kA kAla hai| yAjJa0 (1 / 218) evaM manu (3 / 274) / zAtAtapa (he0, caturvargacintAmaNi, kAla, 386) kA kathana hai ki sUryagrahaNa meM bhI gajacchAyA hotA hai aura usa kAla meM zrAddha karane se akSaya phala kI prApti hotI hai| gajarAjanAvidhi : hAthiyoM ke samakSa dIpa kI AratI krnaa| Azvina pUrNimA ko aparAhna meM; he0 (vrata0 2, 226-227, gopatha brAhmaNa se uddhrnn)| gajanIpUjAvidhi : Azvina kI pUrNimA para ; ise karane se samRddhi evaM dhana milatA hai| hemAdri (vrata 2, 222-225) / gaNagaurIvrata : caitra zu0 3; tithi; vizeSataH sadhavA nAriyoM dvArA gaurI-pUjana ; kucha loga ise girigaurI-vrata bhI kahate haiM; a0 kAmadhenu (257); madhya deza meM ati prclit|

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vrata-sUcI 121 gaNapaticaturyo : caturthI para; do mAsoM ke lie; dina meM upavAsa, brAhmaNoM ko tila se banA bhojana denA aura svayaM vahI rAtri meM khAnA; he0 (vrata0 1, 519-520) / gagezacaturthI : dekhie gata adhyAya 8 / gaNezacaturthIvata : bhAdra0 zu0 4 se prArambha ; tithi ; eka varSa taka; gaNeza-pUjA ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 884-87); he vrata (1, 510-512); (2) he0 (vrata 1, 510), caturthI para; gaNeza-pUjA; vidhi--vaizvAnarapratipadAvrata kI bhaaNti| gandhavata : pUrNimA ke dina Aramma; eka varSa ke lie; pUrNimA ko upavAsa; varSa ke anta meM sugaMdhita padArthoM ke sAtha eka pratimA kisI brAhmaNa ko denaa| hemAdri (vrata 2, 241) / gandhASTaka : ATha prakAra kI gandhoM kA mizraNa, jo zakti, viSNu, ziva evaM gaNeza ko arpita kiyA jAtA hai| zakti ke lie ye haiM---candana, kapUra, kuMkuma, rocanA, jaTAmAMsI, cora, kapi (ye donoM ghAsa ke koI prakAra haiM) evaM agllocm| ahalyAkAmadhenu (98) / ___ galatikAvrata : garmI kI Rtu meM pavitra jala se pUrNa ghar3e se ziva-pratimA para jaladhArA girAnA; brahmapada kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 861) / gAyatrIvata : zu0 caturdazI para; sUrya-pUjA; gAyatrI mantra (R0 3 / 62 / 10) kA 100, 1000 yA 10,000 bAra japa; bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke roga dUra hote haiM; he0 (vrata 2, 62-63) / giritanayAvata : bhAdra0 yA vai0 yA mArga0 zu0 3 ko prAramma ; eka varSa; gaurI yA lalitA kI pUjA; bAraha mAsoM meM vibhinna puSpa evaM gaurI ke vibhinna nAma; matsya0 (62); padma0 (5 / 22 / 61-104); he0 (vrata0 1, 422-426) / guDatRtIyA : bhAdra zu0 3; tithi; pArvatI; gur3a ke sAtha pUpa yA pAyasa kA arpaNa; he0 (vrata0 1, 497-98); vrataprakAza (125) / guNDicAyAtrA : ASAr3ha zu0 2, puSya nakSatra yA usake binA bhI; ga0 pa0 (186) / (jagannAthapurI meM pracalita hai|) ___ guNAvAptivata : phAlguna zu01para prArambha ; eka varSa ; ziva, Aditya, agni, varuNa evaM candra (ziva ke svarUpoM meM) kI pratimAoM kI pUjA; cAra dinoM taka; prathama do bhayAnaka svarUpa hote haiM tathA anya do apekSAkRta madhyama, ina dinoM vibhinna vastuoM ke sAtha snAna ; gehU~, tila evaM jau ke sAtha cAra dinoM taka homa ; dUdha para rahanA;, viSNudharmottara 0 3 / 137 / 1-13; he0 (vrata0 2,499-500) / guruvata : anurAdhA nakSatra vAle maMgala ko Arambha ; svarNapAtra meM bRhaspati kI svarNapratimA kI pUjA; sAta nakta kiye jAte haiM; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 579) / guhyakadvAdazI : dvAdazI ko; upavAsa ; akSatoM, pise hue tila ke guhyakoM (yakSoM) kI pUjA evaM eka brAhmaNa ko svarNa-dAna'; sabhI pApoM ko dUra karatA hai ; he0 (vrata0 1, 1204) / gRhapaJcamI : paMcamI para; brahmA-pUjana; cakkI, Ukhala, mUsala, sUpa evaM baTaloI evaM eka jala-pAtra kA dAna ; he. (vrata0 1, 574); kRtyaratnAkara (98, isane cullI arthAt cUlhe kI bAta bhI kahI hai)| gRhadevI-pUjA : dekhie nIlamatapurANa (pR0 79, zloka 961-62) / varSa ke Arambha meM apane ghara meM hI puujaa|

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122 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa go-upacAra : yugAdi evaM yugAntya, SaDazIti-mukha, uttarAyaNa, dakSiNAyana (viSuva ke prathama dina, jaba ki rAta evaM dina barAbara hote haiM), sabhI saMkrAntiyoM, pUrNimA, mAsa kI 14, 5 evaM 9 tithiyoM para, sUrya evaM candra-grahaNoM para eka gAya kI pUjA kI jAtI hai; kRtyaratnAkara (4333-434); smRtikau0 (275-276) / gotrirAtravata : (1) kArtika kR013 para; tIna dinoM ke lie ; govinda devatA; gozAlA yA ghara meM vedI para eka maNDala meM kRSNa-pratimA rakhI jAtI hai jisake donoM ora cAra-cAra rAniyA~ rahatI haiM; cauthe dina homa ; gAyoM ko arghya evaM pUjA; he. (vrata0 2, 288-293) / isase santAna-vRddhi hotI hai| (2) bhAdra zu0 12 yA kA0 zu013; tIna dinoM taka upavAsa; lakSmI, nArAyaNa evaM kAmadhenu kI pUjA; saubhAgya evaM dhana ke lie; he. (vrata02,293-303); vrataprakAza (158-160); (3) bhAdra 2013; tIna dina; kAmadhana evaM lakSmInArAyaNa kI pUjA; he0 (vrata0 2, 303-308), vrataprakAza (161) / godhUma : isakI utpatti--kRtayuga meM navamI ko janArdana (viSNa), durgA, kubera, varuNa evaM vanaspati dvArA; gehU~ se bane bhojana se ina pA~coM kI pUjA; kRtyaratnAkara (285-286) / . gopada-trirAtra yA goSpada-trirAtra : bhAdra0 zu0 3 yA 4 yA kArtika meM prArambha, tIna dinoM taka gAya evaM lakSmInArAyaNa kI pUjA; sUryodaya se vrata, dina bhara upavAsa ; dahI evaM ghI se gAyo ke sIMga evaM pUMcha kA lepa ; binA pakAyA anna khAnA, taila evaM namaka kA tyAga; he0 (vrata0 2, 323-326) / gopadmavata : ASAr3ha kI pUrNimA yA 8, 11 yA 12 para prArambha ; cAra mAsoM taka, kArtika kI usa tithi ko anta jisa tithi ko ASAr3ha meM prArambha kiyA gayA thA; saba ke lie, kintu vizeSataH navavivAhita yuvatiyoM ke lie; ghara ke sAmane yA gozAlA meM yA viSNu yA ziva ke mandira meM yA tulasI ke paudhe ke pAsa ; prati dina 33 AkRtiyA~ khIMcI jAtI haiM; 5 varSoM taka; viSNu devatA ; isake uparAnta udyApana; anta meM godAna'; smRtiko0 (418-424); 70 ra0 (604-608) / gopa-pUjA : smRtikaustuma (386) / gopAlanavamI : navamI para; samudra meM girane vAlI nadI meM snAna ; kRSNa-pUjA; he0 (vrata0 1, 939-941); smRtikaustuma (418-423) / gopASTamI : kArtika zukla 8 para; gAyoM kI pUjA; nirNayAmRta' (77, kUrmapurANa se uddhrnn)| go-pUjA : isake mantra hemAdri (vrata0 1, 593-594 evaM 2, 324) meM pAye jAte haiN| gomayAdisaptamI : cai0 zu0 saptamI para; tithi ; eka varSa ; sUrya ; pratyeka mAsa meM sUrya ke vibhinna nAmoM se pUjA ; kartA kevala gomaya, yAvaka yA girI pattiyoM yA dUdha Adi ko khAtA hai ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 135136); he0 (vrata0 1, 724-725) eva bhaviSyapurANa (brAhmaparva 209 / 1-14) / goyugmavrata : rohiNI yA mRgazIrSa nakSatra para; eka baila yA gAya' sajAyI jAtI hai aura ziva evaM umA kI pUjA ke uparAnta dAna kI jAtI hai; kRtya'0 (vrata0 410); he0 (vrata0 2, 694-695) / kartA ko patnI evaM putra kA viyoga nahIM hotA hai| goratnavata : kRtya0 (410-411); he. (vrata0 2 / 694-95) / hemAdri evaM kRtyakalpataru donoM ne eka hI prakAra ke do zloka uddhRta kiye haiM; kintu hemAdri ne unheM do vratoM, yathA--goyugma evaM goratna ke lie prayukta kiyA hai kintu yaha bhI kahA hai ki yaha zloka goyugma vrata ke lie bhI prayukta ho sakatA hai| govatsadvAdazI : (1) kArtika kR0 kI dvAdazI para; eka varSa ; hari; pratyeka mAsa meM hari ke vibhinna nAma; putra ke lie sampAdita hotA hai; kA0 kR0 12 ko govatsa kahA jAtA hai (varSakRtyadIpaka dvArA);

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vrata-sUcI 123 he0 (vrata0 1, 1083-1084); varSakriyAdIpaka (278-279); (2) dUsarA prakAra, he* (vrata0 1, 1080 -1090) / govardhanapUjA : dekhie gata adhyAya 10 evaM harivaMza (2 / 17) / govindadvAdazI : phAlguna zu0 12 para; eka varSa ; pratyeka mAsa kI dvAdazI para gAyoM ko khilAyA jAtA hai aura dUdha, dahI yA ghI se mizrita bhojana miTTI ke pAtra meM kiyA jAtA hai, kSAra evaM lavaNa kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jAtA ; he 0 (vrata0 1, 1096-97); kAlaviveka (468, isake anusAra dvAdazI ko puSya nakSatra honA cAhie); gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 607); varSakriyAkaumudI (514); tithitattva (117) / govindaprabodha : kArtika zu0 ekAdazI; kahIM-kahIM tithi dvAdazI kahI gayI hai; he0 (vrata0 2, 814817) ne paurANika mantroM evaM R0 1122 / 17 ke mantra kA ullekha kiyA hai| govindazayanavata : ASAr3ha zu0 11 para; eka zayyA para viSNupratimA rakhI jAtI hai; cAra mAsoM taka kucha niyamoM kA pAlana kiyA jAtA hai ; isa dina cAturmAsya vrata kiye jAte haiM ; isake uparAnta cAra mAsoM taka sabhI zubha kRtya, yathA-upanayana, vivAha, cUr3A, gRha-praveza Adi banda kara diye jAte haiN| dekhie adhyAya 5 evaM hemAdri (vrata0 2, 801-813) / goSpadatrirAtra : dekhie Upara 'gopdtriraatr'| goSThASTamI : kA0 zukla 8; gAyoM kI pUjA; unheM ghAsa denA, unakI pradakSiNA karanA tathA unakA anugamana karanA ; tithitattva (55); varSakriyAkaumudI (478-479); ga0.50 (115) / gaurIgaNezacaturthI : kisI caturthI para; gaurI evaM gaNeza kI pUjA; saubhAgya evaM saphalatA kI prApti gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra 73) / . gaurIcaturthI : mAgha zu0 caturthI para; sabhI dvArA, vizeSataH nAriyoM dvArA kunda puSpoM se gaurI kI pUjA kI jAtI hai| usa dina vidvAn brAhmaNoM, nAriyoM evaM vidhavAoM kA sammAna kiyA jAtA hai / hemAdri (vrata0 1,531); kAlanirNaya (184); vrataratnAkara (175) / ___gaurItapovata : kevala nAriyoM ke lie; mArgazIrSa amAvAsyA para; kisI zivAlaya meM ziva evaM pArvatI kI pUjA madhyAhna meM kI jAtI hai ; 16 varSoM ke lie; mArga0 pUrNimA para udyApana ; vratArka (344-346) / ise mahAvrata bhI kahA jAtA hai| gaurI-tRtIyAvata : caitra zu0, bhAdra zu0 yA mAgha zu0 tRtIyA para; gaurI evaM ziva kI pUjA; gaurI ke ATha nAma ye haiM--pArvatI, lalitA, gaurI, gAyatrI, zaMkarI, zivA, umA, stii| samayamayUkha (36), puruSArthacintAmaNi (85); ise kevala dakSiNa meM kiyA jAtA hai| gaurIvivAha : caitra kI tRtIyA, caturthI yA paJcamI ko; gaurI evaM ziva kI pratimAe~ sone, cAMdI yA mahAnIla kI banAyI jAtI haiN| aisA kevala dhanika loga hI kara sakate haiM, kintu madhyama varga yA dhanahIna loga candana, arka paudhe yA azoka yA madhUka kI pratimAe~ banA sakate haiN| donoM kA vivAha karAyA jAtA hai| kRtyara nAkara (108-110) / gaurIvata : (1) ASAr3ha se cAra mAsa; dUdha, ghI evaM gannA kA sevana vajita hai, ina vastuoM se pUrNa pAtroM kA dAna 'gaurI mujhase prasanna raheM' ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai; kRtyaratnAkara (219); (2) dUsarA prakAra dekhie kRtyaratnAkara (85); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 440); (3) nAriyoM ke lie; caitra zukla yA kRSNa 3 se, eka varSa taka; gaurI ke vibhinna nAma (kula 24) pratyeka tRtIyA para; bhojana bhI vividha prakAra ke; hemAdri

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124 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (vrata 1,450-452); matsya0 (101-108); vrataprakAza (56); (4) nAriyoM ke lie tRtIyA para; bhaviSyapurANa (1 / 21 / 1); usa dina upavAsa kiyA jAtA hai aura namaka kA parityAga kiyA jAtA hai; vaizAkha, bhAdra0, mAgha meM vizeSataH pavitra ; jIvana bhara ke lie; dharmasindhu (13); (5) jyeSTha kI caturthI para; umA kI pUjA, kyoMki ve usI dina utpanna huI thIM, puruSArthacintAmaNi (91) / grahayAga : zAnti ke prakaraNa meM dekhie navagrahayoga, adhyAya 21; hemAdri (bata0 2, 590-592) ne tithiyoM evaM nakSatroM ke sAtha grahoM ke vibhinna yogoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai aura vibhinna grahoM evaM devoM ke sammAna meM yAgoM kI vyavasthA dI hai, jinake dvArA thor3A vyaya karake adhika puNya lUTA jAtA hai| udAharaNArtha ; jaba kisI ravivAra ko puSya nakSatra ke yoga meM SaSThI par3atI hai, taba skandayoga kiyA jAtA hai, jisase samI AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti hotI hai| hemAdri (vata0) ne lagabhaga 12 yAgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| dekhie smRtikaustubha (455-479) / ghaTasthApanavidhi : dekhie gata adhyAya 9, durgApUjA ; vrataratnAkara (62-67) / ghRtakambala : mAgha zu0 14 ko upavAsa tathA 15 ko zivaliMga para vedikA taka kambala ke samAna ghRta kA lepa tathA kAle bailoM ke eka jor3e kA dAna / kartA ananta kAla taka zivaloka meM nivAsa karatA hai| hemAdri (vrata0 2, 239-240), vratArka (390) / yaha bhI eka zAnti hai, jahA~ kartA ko kambala se DhaMkA jAtA hai aura usa para ghRta chir3akA jAtA hai| dekhie AtharvaNa-pariziSTa 33 (pR0 204-212) evaM rAjanItiprakAza (459-464) / ghRtabhAjanavrata : pUrNimA ke dina ; zivaliMgapUjA ; ghRta evaM madhu ke sAtha brAhmaNoM ko rAtri meM bhojana; eka prastha ( ADhaka) tila yA do prastha kuTA cAvala ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 240-241) / dhRtasnApanavidhi : viSuva para, grahaNa yA kinhIM pavitra dinoM meM yA pauSa meM; ziva-pUjA; rAta dina zivaliMga para ghRta kI dhArA ; saMgIta evaM nRtya ke sAtha jAgaraNa; hemAdri (vata0 1, 911-912) / ghRtAvekSaNavidhi : prakIrNaka / hemAdri (vrata0 2, 192-193, gopathabrAhmaNa se uddhrnn)| yaha rAjA kI vijaya ke lie eka zAnti karma hai| dekhie AtharvaNa-pariziSTa saMkhyA 8 ghoTakapaJcamI : Azvina kR0 5 para; tithi; yaha rAjAoM ke lie vyavasthita hai| yaha azvoM ke sundara svAsthya kI vRddhi ke lie hai ; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 50, devIpurANa se uddhgnn)| cakSurvata : yaha 'netravrata' hI hai ; caitra zu0 2 para; azvinIkumAroM (divya cikitsaka jo sUrya evaM candra ke anurUpa kahe gaye haiM) kI pUjA; eka yA bAraha varSoM ke lie ; usa dina kartA kevala dahI yA ghI khAtA hai; aisA karane se kartA ko acchI A~kheM prApta hotI haiM aura yadi vaha 12 varSoM taka ise kare to rAjA ho jAtA hai| viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 130 / 1-7); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 392-393, bhaviSyottara0 se uddhrnn)| caNDikAvrata : donoM pakSoM kI aSTamI evaM navamI tithiyoM para; tithi; eka varSa; caNDikA-pUjA; upavAsa; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 398); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 510, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| caNDIpATha : dekhie durgotsava, gata adhyAya 9 / caturthIvrata : dekhie kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 77-87); he0 (vrata0 1, 501-536); kAlanirNaya (177186); varSakriyAkaumudI (30-34); pu0 ci0 (91-95); vRttaratnAkara (120-191) / gaNezacautha, gaurIcautha, nAgacautha, kundacautha evaM bahulAcautha ko chor3akara paMcamI se yukta tithi ko svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai; caturthI (cautha) ke lagabhaga 25 vrata hote haiM; yama kA kathana hai ki yadi zanivAra ko bharaNI-nakSatra meM cautha par3e to snAna evaM donoM se akSaya phala prApta hote haiM (hemAdri, caturvargacintAmaNi, kAla, 620); agni0 (179) ne bhI kucha kA

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vrata-sUcI 125 ullekha kiyA hai| caturthI ke tIna prakAra haiM--'zivA, zAntA evaM sukhaa|' dekhie bhaviSya 0 (1 / 31 / 1-10); ve krama se bhAdrapada zukla, mAgha zukla evaM maMgalavAra vAlI caturthI meM par3atI haiM; dekhie hemAdri (vrata0 1, 514); varSakriyAkaumudI (31) / caturdazIjAgaraNa-vrata : kArtika zu0 14 para; tithi ; 5 yA 12 varSoM ke lie; lagabhaga 100 kI saMkhyA taka pahuMcane vAle ghar3oM meM rakhe ghI se liMga ko nahalAkara anya upacAroM evaM jAgara se pUjA karanA; kartA ko divya Ananda evaM mokSa prApta hotA hai; he0 (vrata0 2, 149-151) / caturdazIvrata : dekhie agni (192); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 370-378); he0 (vrata0, 2 27-159); kAlanirNaya (278-280); varSa kriyAkaumudI (76-77); pu0 ci0 (231-251) / nibandhoM ne lagabhaga 30 caturdazI-vratoM kI carcA kI hai| kRtyakalpataru (vrata0) ne kevala eka kI carcA kI hai, ythaa--shiv-cturdshii| caturdazyaSTamI : donoM pakSoM kI caturdazI evaM aSTamI para; kevala nakta vidhi se bhojana karanA; eka varSa ; ziva-pUjA ; liMgapurANa (83-4); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 158-159) / caturmUrtivata : viSNudharmottarapurANa (adhyAya 137-151) meM 15 ke nAma Aye haiM, jinameM kucha kA varNana hemAdri (vrata0 1, 505) meM hai| caturyugavata : caitra ke prathama cAra dinoM tathA Age Ane vAle mahInoM meM kRta, tretA, dvApara evaM tiSya (kali) nAmaka 4 yugoM kI pUjA; eka varSa; kevala dUdha para hI nirbharatA; he0 (vrata0 2, 503-504); viSNudharmottara0 (3, 144 / 1-7) / catuHsama : dekhie gata adhyAya 2 (gandha); hemAdri (vrata0 1,43-44), vratarAja (16) / candravarzana-niSedha : dekhie gaNeza caturthI, gata adhyAya 8 / candranakSatravata : caitra pUrNimA, jisa dina somavAra ho; vAra-vrata; candra-pUjA; prArambha karane ke sAtaveM dina kAMse ke pAtra meM candra kI rajata-pratimA ko rakhanA, palAza kI 28 yA 108 samidhAoM ke sAtha ghI evaM tila se candra ke nAma para homa; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 557-558) / candrarohiNI-zAyana : dekhie 'rohiNIcandra-zayana'; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 175-179) / candra-vrata : (1) amAvAsyA para; eka varSa ; do kamaloM para sUrya evaM candra kI pUjA; he0 (vrata0 2, 256, viSNudharmottara0 3 / 190 / 1-5 se uddharaNa); (2) mArgazIrSa pUrNimA se prArambha ; eka varSa; prati pUrNimA para upavAsa; candra pUjA; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 236, viSNudharmottara0 3 / 19411-2); (3) pUrNimA para; 15 varSoM ke lie; usa dina nakta-bhojana; 1000 azvamedhoM evaM 100 rAjasUyoM ke barAbara puNya' ; he vrata0 (2, 244-245); (4) cAndrAyaNavrata' kA sampAdana tathA candra kI svarNa-pratimA kA dAna; he0 70 (2,884, padma0, matsya 0 10 1175); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 450, matsya0 se uddhrnnN)| candraSaSThI : bhAdra kR06; kucha logoM ke matAnusAra yaha kapilASaSThI hai| ni0 si0 (153); nirNayAmRta (50); ahalyAkAmadhena (411) kA kathana hai ki ise kapilASaSThI kahanA bhUla hai| candrArghyadAna : jaba kisI pratipadA ko (vizeSataH kArtika mAsa meM) dUja ke candra ke sAtha rohiNI ho to candramA ko arghya kA dAna puNyakAraka hotA hai| ga0 50 (kAlasAra, 602, agnipurANa se uddharaNa) / campakacaturdazI : zukla 14, jaba sUrya vRSabha rAzi meM hotA hai; ziva-pUjA; kRtyaratnAkara (192) / - campakadvAdazI : jye0 zu0 12; tithi ; campA ke phUloM se govinda-pUjA; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra prakaraNa 147) /

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126 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa campASaSThI : bhAdra0 zu06; jaba SaSThI vaidhRtiyoga, maMgalavAra evaM vizAkhA nakSatra se saMyukta rahatI hai to use campA kahate haiM; upavAsa ; sUrya-devatA; he0 70 (1, 590-596); ni0 si0 (209); smRtiko0 (221222); vratarAja (233-236) ne ravivAra evaM vaidhRtiyoga se yukta mArgazIrSa zu0 6 kI tithi bhI dI hai| smRtikaustubha (430) evaM ahalyAkAmadhenu ne donoM tithiyAM dI haiM aura kahA hai ki madanaratna ke mata se yaha mArgazIrSa zukla 6 ko hotI hai, jaba ki ravivAra ko candra zatabhiSA nakSatra meM hotA hai| vaidhRti, maMgala evaM vizAkhA ke sAtha yaha 30 varSoM meM eka bAra hotI hai| nibaMdhoM ke anusAra usa tithi para vizvezvara yA kisI zivaliMga kA darzana karanA caahie| ni0 si0 (209) kA kathana hai ki mahArASTra meM mArgazIrSa zu0 6 ko campASaSThI kahA jAtA hai| cAndrAyaNavrata : pUrNimA se Arambha hotA hai; eka mAsa ; tarpaNa; pratidina homa ; he. (vrata0 2, 787789; dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 4,pR0 134-138, jahA~ yaha prAyazcitta ke lie ullikhita hai| cAturmAsyavrata : dekhie gata adhyAya 6; samayamayUkha (150-152); bahuta-se niyama, yathA-taila evaM tIkSNa vastuoM, tAmbUla, gur3a Adi kA tyAga ; mAMsa, madhu evaM madya Adi kA sevana vajita / he0 70 (2,800-861, yahA~ kucha aise vrata bhI ullikhita haiM jo vAstava meM cAturmAsya nahIM haiN)| cAndravata : mUla nakSatra ke sAtha mArgazIrSa kI zu0 prathamA ko; candra-pratimA ke vibhinna aMgoM para nakSatroM kA nyAsa; anuzAsana0 110 / citrabhAnupadadvayavrata : uttarAyaNa ke Arambha se anta taka ayanavata; sUrya-pUjA; bhaviSya0 (brAhmaparva, 10717-35); kRtyakalpataru (vratakhaNDa, 431-432) / citrabhAnuvrata : zukla saptamI para; tithi; sugandhita lAla phUloM evaM ghRtadhArA se sUrya-pUjA; svAsthya lAbha ; he0 70 (1, 787) / cUr3AmaNi : kAlaviveka (523, smRtisamuccaya se); kA0 ni0 (351); ti0 ta0 (154); smRtikau0 (70) / caitra : kRtya ke lie dekhie kR0 ra0 (83-144); kR0 ta0 (462-474); ni0 si0 (81-90); viziSTa vratoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai| cai0 zu0 1, varSArambha ke lie; navarAtra; damanaka paudhe kI pUjA (hemAdri, kA0 617); zu0 1 ko kalpAdi (smRtikau087); jaladAna, cAra mAsoM ke lie (kR0 ra085), zvapaca arthAt cANDAla ko chUnA aura phira snAna krnaa| (nayatakAlika kANDa, 423); samayapradIpa (50); zu0 2 ko umA, ziva evaM agni kI pUjA; zu0 3 manvAdi-tithi evaM matsya-jayantI (ni0 si0 80-81); zu0 4 ko laDDuoM se pUjA (pu0 ci0 91); zu0 5 ko lakSmI-pUjA (kR0 ra0 127, smRtikau0 92); usI dina nAga-pUjA bhI (spatikau0 93); zu0 6 ko skandaSaSThI ; zu07 ko damanaka (daunA) ke sAtha sUrya-pUjA (smRtiko0 94); zu08 ko bhavAnI-yAtrA (smRtiko0 94), brahmaputra meM snAna (kR0 ra0 126.); zu0 9 ko bhadrakAlI-pUjA (kR0 20 127); zu0 10 ko damanaka ke sAtha dharmarAjapUjA (smRtikau0 101); zu0 11 ko kRSNa kA dolotsava evaM damanaka se RSiyoM kI pUjA (kRtyasAra 86, smRtiko0 101); nAriyA~ kRSNa kI patnI rukmiNI kI pUjA karatI haiM aura sandhyA ko sabhI dizAoM meM paJcagavya chir3akatI haiM ; kR0 ra0 (129), zu0 12 ko damanakotsava (smRtiko. 101-103) ; zu0 13 ko campaka puSpoM yA candana-lepa se kAmadeva-pUjA (hemAdri, kAla0, 637; kAlaviveka 469); zu014 ko nRsiMhadolotsava tathA damanaka se ekavIra, bhairava evaM ziva kI pUjA (smRtikau0 104); pUrNimA manvAdi, hanumajjayantI evaM vaizAkhasnAnArambha (smRtiko0 106) ; kRSNapakSa 13, vAruNIyoga, (kR0 ta0 463 ; ni0 si0 89;

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127 vrata-sUcI smRtiko 0 107 ) / jaba caitra kRSNa 13 zanivAra ko zatabhiSA nakSatra meM ho to use mahAvAruNI kahA jAtA hai, ni0 si0 (89) ; kRtyasAra - samuccaya ( 2-3 ) / caitrAvalI: dekhie Upara 'kAmamahotsava / ' art pUrNimA: dekhie epi0 iNDikA ( jilda 1, pR0 271 ) meM sAraMgadhara kI cintra - prazasti, jisameM vyApAriyoM dvArA kiye jAne vAle pavitra kI vyavasthA kA ullekha hai / chandodevapUjA phAlguna pUrNimA, arthAt pUrNimAnta gaNanA se caitra kRSNa kI ekAdazI para; svAdiSTha bhojya padArtho, sugandhita kuMkuma Adi tathA jala meM rahane vAle jIvoM ke mAMsa se chandodeva kI pUjA; nirNayAmRta (55)1 janmatithikRtya : janma tithi para prati varSa guru, devoM, agni, brAhmaNoM, mAtA-pitA, prajApati evaM janma nakSatra kI pUjA karanI cAhie; azvatthAmA, bali, vyAsa, hanUmAna, vibhISaNa, kRpa, parazurAma, mArkaNDeya kA pUjana karanA cAhie ( kyoMki ye sabhI ciraMjIvI haiM) aura mArkaNDeya se yaha prArthanA karanI cAhie- 'mArkaNDeya mahAbhAga saptakalpAntajIvana / cirajIvI yathA tvaM bho bhaviSyAmi tathA mune / '; usa dina miThAI khAnI cAhie; mAMsa kA prayoga nahIM karanA cAhie, brahmacarya vrata karanA cAhie tathA tilayukta jala grahaNa karanA cAhie / kRtyakalpataru (nayatakAlika kANDa, 447 ) ; samayapradIpa ( 50 ) ; kR0 20 ( 540 - 541 ) ; barSakriyA kaumudI ( 553-564); tithitattva (20-26); samaya mayUkha (175) / janmASTamI : dekhie 'kRSNajanmASTamI', isI sUcI meM Upara | jaya : yaha zabda itihAsa, purANoM, mahAbhArata, rAmAyaNa Adi ke lie prayukta hotA hai / dekhie kR0 20 (30), tithitattva (71), smRtiko 0 ( 300 ) / inheM jaya isalie kahA jAtA hai kyoMki inake upadezoM ke pAlana se vyakti saMsAra se Upara uTha jAtA hai ( 'jayatyanena saMsAram ' -- tithitattva ne aisA kahA hai, pR0 71) / jayadAsaptamI ravivAra ko par3ane vAlI zu0 7 jayA yA vijayA kahalAtI hai; vibhinna prakAra ke phaloM evaM phUloM se sUrya pUjA kI jAtI hai; usa dina upavAsa, nakta, ekabhakta yA ayAcita hotA hai; he0 0 ( 1, 717-720) / jayantavidhi uttarAyaNa ravivAra ko sUrya pUjA ; kRtya kalpataru ( vrata0 16-17 ) ; he0 ( vrata02, 525) / hemAdri meM AyA hai--' jayanta uttararkSe AdityagaNa:'; jaba ki kRtyakalpa taru ( vrata0 ) meM AyA hai - ' jayantetyuttare jJeyo apane gaNaH ' / ' jayantavrata : indra ke putra jayanta kI pUjA; isase prasannatA kI prApti hotI hai; he0 ( vrata0 1, 792 ) / jayantIdvAdazI : rohiNI nakSatra kI zu0 12; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra prakaraNa ) / jayantI : (1) dekhie 'kRSNajanmASTamI vrata' ; (2) mAgha zu0 7 ko; eka varSa; sUrya; mAsoM ko cAra daloM meM bA~Ta diyA gayA hai, pratyeka dala meM vibhinna puSpoM, dhUpoM, lepoM evaM naivedya se pUjA; he0 bra0 ( 1, 664-67 ) ; kR0 ra0 (505-8) / jayantI saptamI : yaha 'jaya tIvrata' hI hai / jayantyaSTamI : bharaNI nakSatra ke sAtha pauSa kI aSTamI para snAna, dAna, japa, homa, tarpaNa, puNya ke karor3oM prakAra hemAdri ( kAla0 627 ); pu0 ci0 ( 138 - 139 ) / jayapUrNamAsI : eka varSa taka pratyeka pUrNimA ko nakSatroM se yukta citrita candra kI pUjA; he0 vrata (2, 160-162) /

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128 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jayavidhi : dakSiNAyana ravivAra ko; vArakhata; upavAsa, nakta, ekamakta se sau gunA phala milatA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata016); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 525, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| jayavrata : he0 va0 (2, 155); pA~ca gandharvo kI pUjA se jaya prApta hotI hai| jayAtithi : tRtIyA, aSTamI evaM trayodazI ko jayA kahA jAtA hai ; nirNayAmRta (39) kA kathana hai ki ina tithiyoM meM yuddha-sambandhI kArya tathA preraNA denA saphala hotA hai| jayAdvAdazI : puSya nakSatra ke sAtha phAlguna zu0 12 aisI kahI jAtI hai ; isa dina ke dAna evaM tapa karor3oM gunA phala dete haiM; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 349); he0 (vrata0 1, 1146) / / jayApaJcamI : he070 (1, 543-546); viSNu-pUjA; mAsa yA tithi ke viSaya meM koI varNana upalabdha nahIM hai| jayApArvatIvrata : Azvina zu0 13 para prArambha evaM tRtIyA para samApta; umA evaM mahezvara kI pUjA; 20 varSoM taka ; prathama pA~ca varSoM taka namaka nahIM khAyA jAtA; pA~ca varSoM taka cAvala khAnA, kintu usake sAtha gannA ke rasa ke kisI bhI rUpa kA prayoga nahIM ; gurjaroM meM ati prasiddha ; vratArka (251-253) / / jayAvApti : Azvina pUrNimA ke uparAnta prathamA se kArtika pUrNimA taka, vizeSataH kArtika pUrNimA ke sAtha anta ke tIna dina; viSNu-pUjA; mukadamoM, jUoM, jhagar3oM evaM prema sambandhI viSayoM meM vijaya hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 768); vrataprakAza (196) / jayAsaptamI : (1) jaba zu0 7 ko kucha nakSatroM (rohiNI, AzleSA, maghA evaM hasta) ke sAtha koI graha ] hotA hai; sUrya-pUjA ; eka varSa; tIna daloM meM mAsa ba~Te rahate haiM, vibhinna puSpoM, dhUpa, naivedya ke sAtha pUjA hotI hai; kR0 ka0 ta0 (vrata0 124 127); he0 vrata0 (1, 660-663); (2) ravivAra ke sAtha zu07; upavAsa ; sUrya; varSakriyAkau0 (35) / jayakAdazI : dekhie vratakoza, (saM0 910, pR0 205) / jalakRcchvata : kArtika kRSNa 14 para; kRcchra-vrata ; viSNu-pUjA; jala meM rahate hue upavAsa ; viSNuloka kI prApti; he0 (vrata0 769) / jalazayanavrata : kAkatIya senAnAyaka kI patnI kuppAmbikA dvArA smpaadit| sambhavataH yaha jalakRccha hI hai| jAgradgaurIpaJcamI : zrAvaNa zu0 paMcamI para; sarpo ke bhaya se rakSArtha rAtri bhara jAgaraNa ; gaurI devI; ga0 pa0 (78) / jAtitrirAtravrata : jyeSTha zu0 13 se 3 dina taka; 12 ko ekabhakta'; 13 se tIna dina taka upavAsa; brahmA, viSNu, ziva evaM unakI patniyoM kI (puSpoM, phaloM se) pUjA; tila evaM cAvala se yava (jau) kA homa ; anasUyA ne ise kiyA thA, isI se unake garbha se tIna devatA putra-rUpa meM prakaTa hue; he0 70 (2, 320-22); vrataprakAza (99) / jAmadagnyadvAdazI : vai0 zu0 12 para ; tithi ; jAmadagnya (parazurAma) ke rUpa meM viSNu-pratimA kI pUjA; mantra yaha hai--'prIyatAM madhasUdano jAmadagnyarUpI'; isa vrata dvArA vIrasena ne nala ko prApta kiyA; varAha0 (4411. 21); kRtyakalpataru (vata0 325-327); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1032-34) / jitASTamI : dekhie vratakoza (saM0 469, pR0 111) /

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vrata-sUcI 129 jIvatputrikASTamI : Azvina kRSNa aSTamI para; zAlivAhana rAjA ke putra jImUtavAhana kI pUjA; yaha nAriyoM dvArA putroM evaM saubhAgya kI prApti ke lie kiyA jAtA hai; kRtyasArasamuccaya (19) / jIvantikAvrata : kArtika kI amAvAsyA ko mukhyataH nAriyoM dvArA dIvAra para kuMkuma se jIvantikA devI kI pUjA; ahalyAkAmadhenu ( 1062 ) / jJAnAvAptivrata : caitra pUrNimA ke uparAnta eka mAsa taka; prati dina nRsiMha kI pUjA, pratidina sarasoM se homa tathA madhu, ghI, zakkara se brahma- moja ; vaizAkha pUrNimA ke pUrva tIna dinoM taka tathA pUrNimA ko upavAsa; sone kA dAna ; isase manISA (buddhi) bar3hatI hai; he0 vra0 (2,749-750, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / jyeSTha-kRtya : dekhie he0 0 (2,750-51 ) ; kR0 ra0 ( 179 - 195 ); varSakriyAko 0 ( 259-283 ) ; ni0 si0 (98 - 101 ) ; smRtikaustubha ( 117- 137 ); pu0 ci0 ( 6 ) ; ga0 pa0 (23) / jyeSTha zu0 1, karavIrapratipad vrata, dekhie Upara, 'dazaharA - snAna' kA Arambha; zukla 3, 'rambhAtrata' (dekhie nIce ); zu0 4, saubhAgyArtha nAriyoM dvArA umA kI pUjA ( kRtyakalpataru kA nayatakAlika kANDa, 389-390, kRtyaratnAkara 185 ); zu0 8, zukladevI kI pUjA ( kRtyakalpataru, nayatakAlika, 390; kRtyara0 186 evaM kAlanirNaya 198 ) ; zu0 9, umA - pUjA, usa dina upavAsa yA nakta, kumAriyoM ko rAtri bhojana; zu0 10, jaba sUrya hasta meM hotA hai; maMgalavAra ko gaMgA pRthivI para utarI thI (smRtiko0 119-120 ); dekhie 'dazaharA,' gata adhyAya 4; jaba pUrNimA jyeSThA nakSatra meM par3atI hai to kisI brAhmaNa ko chAtA evaM cappala dAna meM dI jAtI haiM (viSNudharmottara purANa 90 / 14 ) ; jyeSThapUrNimA vrata ke lie dekhie padmapurANa (5 / 7 / 10-28 ) ; jaba jyeSThA nakSatra par3atA hai aura jaba bRhaspati evaM sUrya rohiNI meM hote haiM taba ise mahAjyeSThI pUrNimA kahate haiM ( hemAdri, kAla0, 641; kAlaviveka 348-49, varSakriyAkau0 78; ni0 si0 161 ) ; jyeSTha pUrNimA ko manvAdi kahA jAtA hai; pUrNimA ko vedoM kI pUjA, kyoMki ve usI dina prakaTa hue the (nayatakAlika 390, kRtyara0 192 ) ; dekhie 'vaTasAvitrIvrata,' gata adhyAya 4; kRSNa 8, zivapUjA ( nirNayasindhu 56 ) ; kRSNa 14, kAle puSpoM se revatI kI pUjA (nayatakAlika, pR0 389, kRtyaratnAkara 184 ) ; amAvAsyA para kucha loga vaTasAvitrIvrata karate haiM aura vaTavRkSa kI pradakSiNA karate haiM / jyeSThAvrata : (1) bhAdrapada zu0 8 para jaba ki vaha jyeSThA nakSatra meM ho; nakSatravrata alakSmI ( dAridrya yA durbhAgya) ko miTAne ke lie jyeSThA (lakSmI evaM umA ke rUpa meM) kI pUjA; yadi usa dina ravivAra ho to ise nIlajyeSThA kahA jAtA hai; he0 vra0 (2,630-638 ) ; ni0 si0 135 - 136; smRtikaustubha 230 - 231; pu0 ci0 132-134; vratarAja (292 - 296 ); (2) bhAdrapada zukla kI usa tithi para jaba ki jyeSThA nakSatra ho ; 12 varSoM taka prati varSa yA jIvana bhara ke lie; jyeSThA devI kI pratimA kA pUjana evaM jAgara (rAtri kA jAgaraNa ) ; he0 0 (2, 638-640 ) / yaha vrata usa nArI dvArA kiyA jAtA hai jisake bacce mara jAte haiM, yA jisako kevala eka putra ho, ise daridra puruSa bhI karatA hai (bhaviSyottara purANa se uddharaNa) / duSTirAja pUjA : mAgha zu0 4 para; kartA ko tila ke laDDU (gaNeza ko naivedya ke rUpa meM) car3hAnA cAhie, svayaM khAnA cAhie tathA tila evaM ghI kA homa karanA cAhie; dekhie skanda 0 ( kAzIkhaNDa 57 / 33) jahA~ 'duSTi' zabda kI vyutpatti dI huI hai; aura dekhie pu0 ci0 (95 ) ; dekhie nIce 'tila caturthI / ' tapas ( tapa ) : yaha zabda kRcchraM evaM cAndrAyaNa jaise prAyazcittoM se sambandhita kRtyoM evaM brahmacAriyoM Adi ke lie bane niyamoM ke viSaya meM prayukta hotA hai| dekhie ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 2 / 5 / 1, niyameSu tapazzabdaH) / man (11 / 233-244) ; viSNudharmasUtra (95) evaM viSNudharmottara purANa ( 3 / 266 ) meM tapoM kI prazaMsAe~ evaM stutiyA~ kI gayI haiM / devala (kRtyaratnAkara 16) ne vratoM, upavAsoM evaM niyamoM dvArA zarIra ko yantraNA dene ( sukhAne 17

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130 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jalAne) ko tapa kahA hai| anuzAsanaparva (103 / 3) kA kathana hai ki upavAsa se bar3hakara koI ucca tapa nahIM hai| vizeSa jAnakArI ke lie dekhie isa grantha kA mUla bhAga--4, pR0 42-43) / tapazcaraNavata : mArga0 kRSNa saptamI ko prArambha ; tithi; eka varSa ; sUrya-pUjA; he. (vrata0 1, 630-632, bhaviSyottara se)| tapovata : mAgha kI saptamI; tithi ; kartA rAtri meM kevala eka choTA vastra dhAraNa karatA hai aura eka gAya kA dAna karatA hai; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 788, padmapurANa se eka shlok)| taptamudrAdhAraNa : Azvina zu0 yA kArtika zu0 11 ko zarIra para zaMkha, catra kA cihna tapta tAmra yA kisI anya dhAtu se daagnaa| yaha kRtya mAdhva, rAmAnuja Adi vaiSNavoM yA anya sampradAyoM dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| samayamayUkha (86-87) kA kathana hai ki isake lie koI zAstrIya pramANa nahIM hai; kintu nirNayasindhu (107-108) evaM dharmasindhu (55) ke anusAra isameM kulAcAra kA anusaraNa kiyA jAtA hai| tAmbUla-saMkrAnti : kevala nAriyoM ke lie; eka varSa ; kRtya karane vAlI nArI pratidina brAhmaNoM ko tAmbUla khilAtI hai aura varSa ke anta meM brAhmaNa ko usakI patnI ke sAtha eka svarNa-kamala evaM tAmbUla ke sabhI pAtra detI hai tathA rAtri meM susvAdu bhojana karAtI hai; saubhAgya kI prApti karatI hai tathA pati, putroM Adi ke sAtha sukhapUrvaka jIvanayApana karatI hai ; he0 (vrata0 2, 740-41); vratArka (388) / tArakAdvAdazI : mArga 0 zu0 12 para eka varSa ke lie Arambha ; sUrya evaM tAroM kI pUjA; prati mAsa meM vibhinna prakAra ke bhojanoM dvArA brahma-moja; tAroM ko arghya ; sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiM; usa rAjA kI kathA, jisane bhramavaza eka tApasa ko hirana samajha kara mAra diyA thA aura 12 janmoM meM vibhinna pazuoM ke rUpa meM prakaTa huA; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1084-1089, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / tArAtrirAtravata : mAgha kR0 14 pa; tithi ; hari evaM tAroM kI pUjA ; kRtyaratnAkara (496-497) / tAlanavamI : bhAdra0 zu0 navamI para; durgA kI pUjA; varSakriyAkaumudI (320) / tithiyugalavata : kisI mAsa kI do aSTamiyoM evaM caturdaziyoM para, pratyeka mAsa kI amAvAsyA evaM pUrNamAsI para, donoM saptamiyoM evaM do dvAdaziyoM para kucha bhI na khAnA; eka varSa taka; he0 0 (2, 397); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 387) / tindukASTamI : jyeSTha kI kRSNASTamI se prArambha ; eka varSa; jyeSTha se Age 4 mAsoM taka hari-pUjA; Azvina se pauSa taka dhatUre ke puSpoM se pUjA; mAgha se vaizAkha taka zatapatroM (dina-kamaloM) se pUjA; hemAdri (vrata khaNDa 1, 840-841, bhaviSyapurANa se)| tilakavata : caitra zu0 pratipadA para'; tithi ; eka varSa ; sugaMdhita cUrNa se khacita saMvatsara kI pUjA; kartA apane mastaka para zveta candana ke lepa se tilaka karatA hai; he0 70 (1, 348-350, bhaviSyottara0 8 / 1-25 se uddharaNa); samayaprakAza (11); vratarAja (54-56); pu0 ci0 (9) / tilacaturthI : mAgha zu0 4; yaha kundacaturthI ke samAna hI hai; nirNaya0 (219); dha0 si0 (124); varSakRtyadIpaka (110-111 evaM 287) / yaha DhuNDirAjacaturthI ke samAna hI hai; nakta vrata, DhuNDirAja kI pUjA; tila ke laDDuoM kA naivedy| tiladAhIvrata : pauSa kR0 11 para; tithi ; viSNu devatA; usa dina upavAsa; puSya nakSatra para ekatra kiye gaye sUkhe gobara (kaNDoM) evaM tila se homa ; isase saundarya kI prApti tathA sabhI uddezyoM kI pUrti hotI hai; he. vra0 (1, 1131-35) /

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vrata-sUcI 131 tiladvAdazI : (1) zravaNa nakSatra se yukta mAghapUrNimA ke uparAnta kRSNadvAdazI ko tila se snAna, homa, miThAiyoM ke sAtha tila kA naivedya, tila ke tela kA dIpaka, brAhmaNoM ko tilayukta jala evaM dAna denA; R0 1 / 22 / 20 evaM puruSasUkta (10 / 90) yA 12 akSaroM ke do mantroM se vAsudeva kI pUjA hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1149-50, viSNudharmonara0 1 / 163 / 1-13 ke uddharaNa); kAlaviveka ( 466 - 467 ) ; ( 2 ) mAgha kRSNa 12 para, jaba ki AzleSA yA mUla nakSatra kA yoga ho ; tithi; kRSNa devatA; nayatakAlika (436 ) ; hemAdri ( kAla, 635-36 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1108-10 ) ; kR0 ra0 (496 ) / tiSyavrata : zukla pakSa evaM udagayana meM tiSya ( puSya) nakSatra para Arambha; eka varSa taka pratimAsa prati tiSya para; upavAsa kevala prathama tiSya para hI ; vaizravaNa ( kubera) kI pUjA; puSTi ( samRddhi ) ke lie; ApastambadharmasUtra ( 28|2013 - 9 ) / tIvravrata: apane pA~voM ko cUra karake ( pA~va tor3akara) kAzI meM nivAsa karanA, jisase ki anyatra jAnA na ho sake / hemAdri ( vrata0 2,917 ) 1 , turaga saptamI : caitra zu0 saptamI para; tithi upavAsa, sUrya, aruNa, nikumbha, yama, yamunA, zani, sUrya kI patnI chAyA, sAtoM chandoM, dhAtA, aryamA evaM anya devatAoM kI pUjA; vrata ke anta meM eka azva ( turaMga yA ghor3A) kA dAna ; hemAdri ( vratakhaNDa 1, 777 778, viSNudharmottara se / turAyaNa : anuzAsana 0 ( 103 34 ) se aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki bhagIratha ne ise 30 varSoM taka kiyA thaa| pANini (5/1/72 ) meM AyA hai--' pArAyaNa turAyaNa cAndrAyaNam ' ; skanda0 ne turAyaNa ko koI yajJa mAnA hai / Apastamba zrautasUtra (2 / 14 ) ne turAyaNeSTi kI vyAkhyA kI hai aura manu ( 6 / 10 ) ne ise cAturmAsya evaM AgrayaNa ke sAtha vaidika iSTi ThaharAyA hai| tulasotrirAtra : kArtika zu0 9 ko prArambha; tIna dinoM taka vrata; isake uparAnta tulasI ke paudhoM kI vATikA meM viSNu evaM lakSmI kI pUjA; padma0 (6 / 26) / tulasImAhAtmya, dekhie padma0 ( pAtAla0 94 / 4-11 ) / tulasI-lakSa-pUjA : kisI eka pUjA meM 1,00,000 tulasI dala kA arpaNa; kArtika yA mAgha meM pratidina 1000 tulasI dala arpita hote haiM; vaizAkha yA mAgha yA kArtika meM udyApana; smRtikaustubha (408), varSakriyAdIpaka (404-408 ); bilva- dala, dUrvA, campaka phUla bhI arpita kiye jAte haiM / tulasI vivAha : kArtika zu0 12 para; kartA navamI ko hari evaM tulasI kI svarNa- pratimA banAtA hai, use taka pUjita karake unakA vivAha racAtA hai; isase kanyAdAna kA puNya prApta hotA hai; ni0 si0 (204 ) ; vratarAja (347 352) ; smRtikau 0 ( 366 ) / pratyeka hindU ke ghara ke prAMgaNa meM eka vRndAvana ( IMToM yA patthara kA banA thAMvalA) hotA hai jisameM tulasI kA paudhA lagA rahatA hai, striyA~ pratidina use jala, dIpa Adi se pUjatI haiM / jAlandhara kI patnI vRndA tulasI bana gayI thI / padmapurANa meM (lagabhaga 1050 zlokoM meM) jAlandhara evaM vRndA kI kathA hai| tuSTiprAptivrata: zravaNa nakSatra ke yoga meM zrAvaNa kRSNa (pUrNimAnta gaNanA) kI tRtIyA para; 'om' se prArambha kiye hue tathA 'namaH' se anta hote hue mantroM se govinda-pUjA; phala - sarvottama santoSa; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 499, viSNudharmottara 0 se uddharaNa) / tRtIyAvrata : agni0 ( 178 ) ; he0 ( vrata0 1, 394.500, lagabhaga 30 ke nAma diye gaye haiM ) ; kR0 ka0, vra0 (48-77, kevala 8 ke nAma ) ; kR0 20 ( 153-157); varSakriyAko 0 ( 2-30 ) ; tithitattva (30-31) ; vratarAja ( 82-120 ); pu0 ci0 (85) ; yadi tRtIyA kA dvitIyA evaM caturthI se yoga ho jAya to niyama yaha hai ki

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132 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa taba rambhAvrata ko chor3akara sabhI vratoM meM caturthI se yukta tRtIyA svIkRta hotI hai (kAlanirNaya 174; tithitattva 30-31; pu0 ci0 84-85) / / tejassaMkrAnti-vata : prati saMkrAnti dina para ; eka varSa ke lie ; sUrya-pUjA; hemAdri (vrt0,21734-35)| trayodazapadArthavarjana-saptamI : kisI mAsa ke zukla pakSa meM puruSavAcI nakSatra (yathA--hasta, puSya, mRgazIrSa, punarvasu, mUla, zravaNa) ke sAtha saptamI ko ravivAra ke dina uttarAyaNa ke anta meM vrata kA Arambha hotA hai; eka varSa ke lie; sUrya-pUjA; vIhi, yava, gehU~, tila, mASa, madaga Adi 13 padArthoM kA varjana, kevala anAja para jIvikA-nirvAha (13 ko chor3akara); hemAdri (vrata0 11756, bhaviSyottarapurANa 45 / 1-5 se uddhrnn)| trayodazIvrata : agni0 (191), hemAdri (vrata0 2, 1-25, lagabhaga 14); kRtyakalpataru (vrata. 369, kevala eka kA ullekha); 'kAlanirNaya (277); kAlaviveka (469); varSakriyAko0 (70);smRtikaumudI (95-96); puruSArthacintAmaNi (222-31) / trayodazIvrata : kisI mAsa kI trayodazI para; kartA sone, cA~dI, tAmra yA miTTI ke pAtra meM kapittha phala ke barAbara gAya kA makkhana rakhatA hai, puSpoM yA akSatoM se usa para kamala banAtA hai aura lakSmI evaM viSNu kA AvAhana karatA hai, makkhana ko do bhAgoM meM karatA hai, donoM para pRthak-pRthak mantroM kA pATha karatA hai aura donoM bhAga apanI patnI ko detA hai, sarvaprathama viSNu vAle ko aura punaH lakSmI vAle ko| isakA pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki kartA ko kaI putra utpanna hote haiM; he0va0 (2, 19-21); caitra zu0 13 para kisI ghar3e yA zveta vastra para kAmadeva evaM rati kI pratimA banAkara, use azoka ke sumanoM se alaMkRta kara damanaka (daunA) se pUjA karanA; kAlaviveka (469) / trigati-saptamI : phAlguna zu0 7 para prArambha ; eka varSa ; heli (yUnAnI heliosa, sUrya) ke nAma se sUrya kI pUjA; phAlguna se jyeSTa taka haMsa ke rUpa meM sUrya-pUjA; ASAr3ha se Azvina taka mArtaNDa ke rUpa meM, kArtika se mAgha taka bhAskara ke rUpa meM ; isase pRthivI ke rAjya tathA Ananda kI prApti hotI hai, indraloka ke AnandoM kI prApti tathA sUryaloka meM nivAsa hotA hai (yahI tIna gatiyA~ haiM); bhaviSya 0 (brAhma parva 104 / 2-24); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 141-145); he vrata0 (1, 736-38); kR0 ra0 (524-526) / tritayapradAna-saptamI : hasta nakSatra ke yoga meM mAgha zu0 7 para; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0) ke anusAra yaha tithivrata hai, kintu hemAdri (vrata0) ke anusAra mAsakta; eka varSa; sUrya ; acche kula meM janma, svAsthya evaM sampatti kI prApti; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0, 151-153); he. va0 (1, 744-745); kR0 ra0 (458-460) / tridinaspRka : jaba koI eka tithi saptAha ke tIna dinoM kA sparza karatI hai to use isa nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| hemAdri (kAla0 677); nirNayasindhu (154) / tripurasUdanavata : uttarA nakSatra ke sAtha ravivAra ko ; sUrya-pUjA; ghI, dUdha, Ikha ke rasa se pUjA; kuMkuma kA lepa; hemAdri' (vrata0 2, 525, bhaviSyottara0 se uddhrnn)| tripurotsava : kArtika kI pUrNimA kI sandhyA ko ; ziva-mandira meM dIpa jalAye jAte haiM; ni0 si0 (207); smRtikau0 (427) / trimadhura : madhu, ghRta evaM zakkara ko aisA kahA jAtA hai| viSNudharmottara purANa (3 / 127 / 10 evaM 3 / 136 / 2-3); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 43 evaM 2, 750) / trimUrtivata : jyeSTha zukla 3 para; tithi ; tIna varSa ; vAyu, candra, sUrya ke rUpa meM viSNu-pUjA; viSNadharmottarapurANa (3 / 136) / trirAtravata : sAvitrI dvArA sampAdita / dekhie vanaparva (296 / 3) /

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vrata-sUcI trilocana - yAtrA : (1) vaizAkha zu0 tRtIyA para zivaliMga pUjA; samayamayUkha (36 kAzIkhaNDa kA uddharaNa); (2) kAzI meM trayodazI para vizeSataH ravivAra ko pradoSa para kAmeza kI yAtrA, kAmakuNDa meM snAna; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 230 ) / trisugandha : tvak ( dAlacInI), ilAyacI evaM patraka ( tejapAta ) ko barAbara mAtrA meM milAkara banAyA jAtA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1 / 44 ) / trispRzA : ATha prakAra kI dvAdaziyoM meM eka prakAra jaba aruNodaya meM alpakAla ke lie ekAdazI hotI hai taba dvAdazI laga jAtI hai aura usa dina ke bAda dUsare prAtaH ke pUrva hI trayodazI laga jAtI hai taba isa dvAdazI ko trispRzA kahA jAtA hai; hemAdri (kAla, 261 ) / dekhie padmapurANa (6135) / trivikrama - trirAtravrata : mArgazIrSa zu0 9 para Arambha; pratyeka mAsa meM do trirAtravrata hote haiM; 4 varSa evaM 2 malamAsoM arthAt kula 50 mAsoM meM 100 trirAtra hote haiM; vAsudeva pUjA; aSTamI para ekabhakta aura usake uparAnta tIna dinoM evaM rAtoM taka upavAsa, kArtika meM vrata kA anta; hemAdri ( vrata0, 2 / 318 - 320 ) / trivikramatRtIyA : (1) pratyeka mAsa kI zu0 tRtIyA para Arambha ; tIna yA bAraha varSa ; trivikrama evaM lakSmI kI pUjA ; R0 (1 / 22 / 20 ) ke mantra ke sAtha yA nAriyoM tathA zUdroM ke lie 'trivikramAya namaH' ke sAtha homa he0 ( vrata0, 1,453-54, viSNudharmottara 03 / 133 / 1-13 se uddharaNa); (2) jyeSTha zu0 3 para Arambha ; dvitIyA ko upavAsa aura tRtIyA ke prAtaH agni-pUjA tathA saMdhyA ko sUrya pUjA, usa dina nakta (rAtri meM bhojana ), viSNu ke tIna padoM kI pUjA, eka varSa taka; he0 ( vrata0 1,455-456 ); (3) jyeSTha zu0 3 para prArambha; eka varSa ; tIna mAsoM kI avadhi para pRthivI, antarikSa evaM svarga kI pUjA; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 135 ) / trivikramavrata : kArtika se tIna mAsoM yA tIna varSoM taka; vAsudeva pUjA; vratakartA sabhI pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai; 0 ( vrata 2, 854-855, viSNudharmottara 0 se uddharaNa ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vratakANDa, 429-430 ) / trivRt: dugdha, dahI evaM ghI ko barAbara bhAga meM milAne se yaha banatA hai; vaikhAnasasmArtasUtra ( 3|10 ) / trisama : lavaMga, svak ( dAlacInI) evaM patraka ko milAne se yaha banatA hai; hemAdri ( vrata, 1, 43 ) / yahaspRk : viSNudharmottara 0 ( 160 14 ) ; jaba eka ahorAtra meM tIna tithiyA~ sparza ko prApta hotI haiM to use isa nAma se pukArA jAtA hai; yaha kAla pavitra mAnA jAtA hai / trayambaka yA vyambaka-vrata : pratyeka mAsa kI caturdazI ko nakta-paddhati para bhojana grahaNa karanA tathA varSa ke anta meM eka gAya kA dAna karanA; ziva-pada kI prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 147, padma0 se eka zloka ) tathA kRtyakalpataru kA vratakANDa (449); yahA~ matsya 0 se uddharaNa hai / dattAtreya - janma mArgazIrSa pUrNamAsI para; atri kI patnI anasUyA ne unheM 'datta' nAma diyA ( kyoMki devoM putra ke rUpa meM unheM diyA thA ) tathA ve atri ke putra the ataH unakA nAma dattAtreya par3A; nirNayasindhu ( 210 ) ; smRtikaustubha ( 430 ), varSa kriyA dIpaka (107-108 ) ; datta - bhakti kA pracalana adhikatara mahArASTra meM hai aura isase sambandhita sthAna, yathA--audumbara, gaNagApura, narsobAvAr3I mahArASTra meM avasthita haiM; dattAtreya ne kArtavIrya ko vara diye (vanaparva 115, 12 brahmapurANa, 13 / 160 - 185 matsya0 43 / 15-16 ) ve viSNu ke avatAra the, unhoMne alarka ko yoga kA siddhAnta batalAyA ( brahmapu0 213 / 106-112 mArkaNDeya pu0 16 / 14; brahmANDa pu0 338184) ; ve sahya kI ghATiyoM meM rahate the, avadhUta kahalAte the, ve madya kA pAna karate the aura striyoM kI saMgati cAhate the / dekhie padma0 (2 / 103 / 110-112) evaM mArkaNDeyapurANa ( 16 / 132 - 134 ) / tamila paMcAMgoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki dattAtreya jayantI tamila meM bhI manAyI jAtI hai| ; 133

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134 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dadhivata : zrAvaNa zukla 12 para; nirNayasindhu (111); usa dina dahI kA sevana nahIM kiyA jaataa| dadhisaMkrAntivata: uttarAyaNa-saMkrAnti para prArambha, pratyeka saMkrAnti para eka varSa taka; nArAyaNa evaM lakSmI kI pUjA; inakI mUrtiyoM ko dahI se snAna karAnA tathA Rgveda (1 / 22 / 20) mantra yA 'oM' namo nArAyaNAya kA pATha karanA; varSakriyAkaumudI (218-222) / damanakapUjA : caitra zu0 13 para; damanaka ke rUpa meM kAma kI pUjA; tithitattva (120-121); varSakriyAkaumudI (529-531) / damanabhajI : caitra zu0 caturdazI ko aisA kahA jAtA hai; damanaka ke sabhI aMgoM (yathA--jar3a, tanA evaM TahaniyoM) ke sAtha kAma kI pUjA; kAlaviveka (469); varSakriyAkaumudI (531) / damanakamahotsava : caitra zu0 14 para; tithi ; damanaka se viSNu-pUjA; smRtikaustubha (101-103); padma0 (6 / 86 / 14); 'tatpuruSAya vidmahe kAmadevAya dhImahi / tanno'naGgaH pracodayAt' kAmagAyatrI hai| damanakotsava : caitra zu014 para; vATikA meM damanaka paudhe kI pUjA; azoka vRkSa kI jar3a meM ziva (jo svayaM kAla kahe jAte haiM) kA AvAhana ; dekhie IzAnagurudevapaddhati (22vA~ paTala, trivendrama saMskRta sIrIja), jahA~ yaha lambI gAthA dI huI hai ki kisa prakAra ziva ke tIsare netra se agni bhairava ke rUpa meM prakaTa huI, kisa prakAra ziva ne use damanaka kI saMjJA do, pArvatI ne zApa diyA ki vaha pRthivI para paudhe ke rUpa meM prakaTa ho jAye tathA ziva ne use varadAna diyA ki yadi loga usakI pUjA kevala vasanta evaM madana ke sAtha kareMge to unheM sabhI vastuoM kI prApti hogii| isameM anaMga-gAyatrI isa prakAra hai-'oM klIM manmathAya vidmahe kAmadevAya dhImahi / tanno gandharvaH dayAt // '; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 453-55); vrataprakAza; skanda0 (1 / 2 / 9 / 23); puruSArthacintAmaNi (237) / damanakAropaNa : caitra kI pratipadA se amAvasa taka ; prathama tithi se 15 dinoM taka damanaka paudhe se vibhinna devoM kI pUjA, yathA--prathama dina umA, ziva evaM agni kI, dUsare dina brahmA kI, tIsare dina devoM evaM zaMkara kI, cauthe dina se 15veM dina taka krama se gaNeza, nAgoM, skanda, bhAskara, mAtAoM, mahiSamadinI, dharma, RSiyoM, viSNu, kAma, ziva, indra (zacI ke sAtha) kI ; he0 (vrata0 2, 453-455); kRtyaratnAkara (31-95); samayamayUkha (84-86) / dazamIvrata : dekhie hemAdri (vrata0 2, 963-983); kAlanirNaya (230 233); puruSArthacintAmaNi (142-148); atarAja (352-361) / hemAdri ne 11 nAma diye haiM, kintu kRtyakalpataru (vratakhaNDa, 309) ne kevala eka vrata kA ullekha kiyA hai, ythaa--saarvbhaumvt| dazarathacaturthI : kArtika kRSNa caturthI para ; miTTI ke pAtra meM rAjA dazaratha kI mUrti tathA durgA kI pUjA; puruSArthacintAmaNi (94-95) ne ise karaka-caturthI kahA hai ; nirNayasindhu (196) / dazarathalalitA-vrata : Azvina zu0 dazamI para ; tithi ; dasa dinoM taka; lalitA kI svarNa-mUrti, candra evaM rohiNI kI rajata-mUrtiyoM kI devI ke samakSa, zivamUrti kI dAhine tathA gaNeza-mUrti kI bAyeM pArzva meM pUjA; yaha dazaratha evaM kauzalyA ne kI thii| pratidina vibhinna puSpoM kA prayoga ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 570-74) / dazaharA : dekhie isa khaNDa kA adhyAya 4 / dazAdityavrata : ravivAra vAlI zu0 dazamI para, dasa gA~ThoM vAle Doraka ke rUpa meM bhAskara (sUrya) kI pUjA; dasa karmoM se utpanna durdazA kA nivAraNa ho jAtA hai ; dasa rUpoM meM durdazA kI mUrti tathA dasa rUpoM meM lakSmI kI mUrti kI pUjA; hemAdri (bata0 2, 549-552) /

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vrata-sUcI dazAphalavrata : zrAvaNa kRSNa aSTamI para ( amAnta gaNanA ke anusAra ) ; dasa varSo ke lie; gopAlakRSNa devatA; kRSNa kI mUrti ke samakSa dasa sUtroM ke Dore ko rakhA jAtA hai aura use hAtha meM bA~dhA jAtA hai; tulasI kI dasa pattiyoM (daloM ) ke sAtha hari ke nAmoM kI pUjA; dasa brAhmaNoM meM pratyeka ko dasa-dasa pUriyA~ dI jAtI haiM; vratArka; vratarAja ( 265-269) / dazAvatAradina : (1) mArgazIrSa zukla 12 para Arambha ; usa dina viSNu matsya ke rUpa meM prakaTa hue; pratyeka zukla dvAdazI se bhAdrapada taka pratyeka mAsa meM krama se dazAvatAroM ke rUpa meM viSNu kI pUjA hemAdri ( vrata 1 11581161, viSNupurANa se uddharaNa); (2) bhAdrapada zukla 10 se Arambha; varSa ke usI mAsa evaM tithi para dasa varSo taka; prati varSa vibhinna bhojana kA arpaNa ( yathA -- prathama varSa meM pUpa arthAt pUA, dUsare meM ghRtapUraka... Adi ) ; bhojana ke dasa bhAga devoM ke lie, dasa bhAga brAhmaNoM tathA dasa bhAga apane lie; bhArgava, rAma, kRSNa, bauddha evaM kalki sahita avatAroM kI bahumUlya dasa mUrtiyA~; vratarAja ( 358- 359, maviSyapurANa se uddharaNa ) ; smRtikaustubha ( 239) / 135 daSToddharaNa- paJcamI yA nAgadaSTa : mAdra zukla 5 para; sarpa daMza se mRta kisI sambandhI ( yathA -- putra, bhAI, putrI ) ke lie sampAdita; svarNa, rajata, kASTha yA miTTI se nirmita pA~ca phaNoM vAle sarpa kI mUrti kI dhUpa, puSpa, gaMdha Adi se pUjA ; pratyeka mAsa meM 12 meM se eka kA nAma liyA jAtA hai; sarpa daMza se mRta vyakti pAtAla lokoM se mukta hotA hai aura svargArohaNa karatA hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 90-93 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 560-562 ) ; kRtyaratnAkara ( 273 - 275 ) / 12 sarpoM ke nAma ke lie dekhie isa khaNDa kA adhyAya - 7, / garur3apurANa (1 / 129) / dAna : dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2 / kRttikA se bharaNI taka ke katipaya nakSatroM meM diye jAne vAle dAnoM kA ullekha anuzAsanaparva ( 64 ) meM huA hai; dAnasAgara ( 628- 638 ) ; kRtyaratnAkara (549-555) / kRtyaratnAkara (95-102 ) ne vibhinna tithiyoM meM diye jAne vAle dAnoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 317) ne vibhinna RtuoM, mAsoM, saptAhoM evaM nakSatroM meM diye jAne vAle puraskAroM (phalo yA puNyoM ) kA varNana kiyA hai| dAnA phalavrata : Azvina zukla ke antima dina se mAgha zukla saptamI taka; nArAyaNa-pUjA; 5 varSoM ta; pratyeka varSa meM nirdhArita DhaMga se pA~ca prastha cAvala, gehU~, namaka, tila, mASa kA dAna kiyA jAtA hai| vratArka ( pANDulipi 362 bI - 3659 ) / dAmpatyASTamI : kArtika kRSNa 8 para; tithi ; cAra avadhiyoM meM vibhAjita eka varSa bhara; darbhoM se nirmita umA evaM mahAdeva kI pUjA; pratyeka mAsa meM puSpoM, naivedya, dhUpa evaM deva - nAmoM meM antara rakhA jAtA hai; varSa ke anta eka brAhmaNa evaM usakI brAhmaNI ko bhojana diyA jAtA hai, do sone kI gAyeM do jAtI haiM; putra kI prApti hotI hai; zivaloka athavA mokSa kI upalabdhi hotI hai / kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 245 - 258 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 11841 -844, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa ) / dAridrayaharaNaSaSThI : eka varSa taka sabhI mAsoM kI SaSThI para ; guha ( skanda ) kI pUjA; skandapurANa; ahalyAkAmadhenu (429-430) / dinakSaya : jaba eka hI bAra meM do tithiyA~ par3a jAtI haiM to dinakSaya hotA hai; hemAdri ( kAla, 676, padmapurANa se uddharaNa) / mAdhava ke kAlanirNaya ( 260, vasiSTha se uddharaNa) ke anusAra jaba eka hI dina meM tIna tithiyoM kA sparza ho jAtA hai to dinakSaya hotA hai, usa dina upavAsa varjita hotA hai, kintu dAnoM se sahasra gunA puNya milatA hai /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa divAkaravata : hasta nakSatra meM ravivAra para ; sAta ravivAroM taka ; vArakhata ; bhUmi para khice 12 daloM bAle kamala para sUrya-pUjA ; pratyeka dala para krama se sUrya, divAkara, vivasvAn, bhaga, varuNa, indra, Aditya, savitA, arka, mArtaNDa, ravi, mAskara baiThAye jAte haiM; vaidika tathA anya mantra par3he jAte haiM; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 23-25); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 523-533, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| dIpadAnavrata : pratyeka puNyakAla, yathA--saMkrAnti, grahaNa, ekAdazI para, vizeSataH Azvina pUrNamAsI se kArtika pUrNamAsI taka kisI mAsa bhara ghRta yA tela ke dopoM ko mandiroM, nadiyoM, kUpoM, vRkSoM, gozAlAoM, caurAhoM, gharoM meM jalAnA ; puNya prApta hote haiM ; anuzAsana0 (98 / 45-54); agnipurANa (200); aparAka (370-372); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 476-482, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara (403-405); dAnasAgara (458-462) / dIpalakSaNa : bRhatsaMhitA (83 / 1-2) ne dIpoM kI jvAlA ko dekhakara zakunoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| dIpavrata : mArga0 zukla ekAdazI para prArambha ; paMcAmRta se snAna karAkara vaidika mantroM se praNAma karake lakSmI evaM nArAyaNa kI pUjA; donoM kI mUrtiyoM ke samakSa dIpa jalAnA; padmapurANa (6 / 31 / 1-22) / dIpapratiSThAvata : brahmANDapurANa (3 / 47-61) ke anusAra viSNu dvArA ghoSita evaM pRthivI dvArA smpaadit| dIpAnvitAbhAvAsyA : kRtyatattva (451); dIpAvalI kI amAvAsyA ke samAna hii| dIptivata : eka varSa taka pratyeka sandhyA meM ; kartA tela kA prayoga nahIM karatA aura varSa ke anta meM dIpoM, cakra, trizUla tathA vastra ke jor3e kA dAna karatA hai ; vaha dIptimAn ho jAtA hai aura rudraloka jAtA hai; yaha saMvatsaravrata hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 445, hemAdri, vrata0 2, 866) / dugdhavrata : bhAdrapada ko dvAdazI para; dugdha kA pUrNa varjana ; nirNayasindhu (141) ne kaI matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ; pAyasa yA dahI ke sevana ke viSaya meM matabheda prakaTa huA hai, yadyapi dugdha kA sevana vajita ThaharAyA gayA hai ; varSakriyAdIpaka (77); smRtikaustubha (254) / durgandha-durbhAgyanAzana-trayodazI : jyeSTha zukla 13 para; tIna vRkSoM kI pUjA, yathA--zveta mandAra yA arka, lAla karavIra evaM nimba, jo sUrya ke priya kahe jAte haiN| prati varSa; isase zarIra kI durgandhiyA~ evaM durbhAgya dUra hote haiM; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 14-16) / durgAnavamI : (1) Azvina kI navarI para Arambha ; varSa bhara ; Azvina se Age ke mAsoM meM vibhinna puSpa, dhUpa, naivedya hote haiM; durgA ke anya nAma haiM maMgalyA evaM cnnddik| ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 937-939, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) kisI bhI navamI para; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 956-957); varSakriyAkaumudI (41); (3) sabhI navamiyoM para, kyoMki usa dina bhadrakAlI ko sabhI yoginiyoM kI svAminI banAyA gayA thA; puruSArthacintAmaNi (140) / durgApUjA : dekhie gata adhyAya 9 / durgAvata : zrAvaNa zukla aSTamI para prArambha ; eka varSa ; 12 mAsoM meM devI ke vibhinna nAmoM se pUjA kI jAtI hai; 12 mAsoM meM vratakartA vibhinna sthAnoM se prApta paMka se zarIra ko DhaMka letA hai ; naivedya mI vibhinna hotA hai (jisameM Azvina 8 para hariNa evaM bakare kA mAMsa bhI hotA hai); hemAdri (vata 1, 856-862) ; kRtyaratnAkara (238-244) ; yahI bAta kRtyakalpatara (prata0 225-233) meM bhI hai, kintu vahA~ ise durgASTamI kahA gayA hai| durgASTamI : dekhie Upara durgAvata / durgotsava : dekhie gata adhyAya 9 evaM tithitattva (64-103) /

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bata-sUcI 137 dUrvA : bhAdrapada zukla 8 ko isa nAma se pukArA jAtA hai; nirNayAmRta (61); samayamayUkha (56-57) / bUgaNapativrata : (1) do yA tIna varSoM ke lie zrAvaNa yA kArtika zukla 8 para; lAla puSpoM, bilva, apAmArga, zamI, dUrvA tathA tulasI ke pAtroM tathA anya upacAroM ke sAtha gaNeza-mUrti kI pUjA; gaNapati ke dasa nAmoM vAle mantra kA uccAraNa; hemAdri (bata0 1, 520-523); vratarAja (127-129, saurapurANa se, jahA~ ziva ne skanda ko batAyA hai ki pArvatI ne ise sampAdita kiyA thA); (2) ravivAra ko par3ane vAlI cautha se Arambha ; gaNapatipUjana; vratarAja (141-143, skanda0 se uddharaNa); vratArka (66-67); (3) zrAvaNa zukla 5 se zrAvaNa kRSNa 10 taka 16 upacAroM tathA dUrvA, bilva, apAmArga Adi ke daloM se 21 dinoM taka gaNapati-pUjana ; vratarAja (129-141) / dUrvAtrirAtravata: striyoM ke lie; bhAdrapada zukla 13 se Arambha ; pUrNimA taka tIna dinoM taka; tInoM dina upavAsa ; dUrvA meM rakhakara umA, mahezvara, dharma, sAvitrI kI mUrtiyoM kI pUjA; sAvitrI kI kathA kA vAcana ; nRtya evaM gAna ke sAtha jAgara (jAgaraNa); prathama dina tila, ghRta evaM samidhA se homa ; samRddhi, sukha evaM putroM kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 315-318, padmapurANa se uddharaNa); sAvitrI kI utpatti viSNu ke keza se huI kahI jAtI hai aura usa para amuta kI kucha bUMdeM girI thiiN| dUrvASTamI : (1) bhAdrapada zukla 7 ko upavAsa ; gandha, puSpa, dhUpa Adi se vizeSataH dUrvA evaM zamI ke sAtha aSTamI ko ziva-pUjana ; hemA0 (vrata01,873-875); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 239-241); hemA0 (kAla0 107); jaba agastya kA udaya ho jAtA hai yA sUrya kanyA rAzi meM rahatA hai taba isakA sampAdana nahIM hotA; vratakAlaviveka (15); puruSArthacintAmaNi (120); (2) isa prakAra meM dUrvA ko hI devI mAnakara puSpoM, phaloM Adi se usakI pUjA kI jAtI hai ; do mantra kahe jAte haiM, jinameM eka kA artha yoM hai-'he dUrvA, tuma amara ho, deva evaM asuroM se sammAnita ho, mujhe saubhAgya, santati evaM samI sukha do'; tila evaM gehU~ ke ATe se bane bhojana se brAhmaNoM, sambandhiyoM evaM mitroM kA sammAna karanA; yaha striyoM ke lie anivArya hai| isakA sampAdana bhAdrapada zukla kI aSTamI ko jyeSThA yA mUla nakSatra meM tathA agastya ke udita hone tathA sUrya ke kanyA rAzi meM rahane para nahIM hotA; bhaviSyottarapurANa (56); puruSArthacintAmaNi (127-129); smRtikaustubha (228-230) / vRDhavrata : caitra meM candana-lepa' kA tyAga ; aMjanapUrNa zaMkha evaM do vastroM kA dAna; matsya0 (101 / 44); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 445); kRtyaratnAkara (183); padmapurANa (5 / 20 / 91.92) / devamUrtivata : caitra zukla kI prathamA se Arambha ; eka varSa taka pratyeka mAsa meM cAra dinoM taka krama se ziva, agni, virUpAkSa evaM vAyu kI mUrtiyoM kI dahI, tila, yavoM evaM ghI se pUjA; yaha caturmUrtivrata hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 504-505, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| devayAtrotsava : nIlamatapurANa (pR0 83-84, zloka 1013-1017) / deva-mandiroM meM yAtrotsava kA sampAdana kucha nizcita tithiyoM meM hotA hai, yathA-vinAyaka-mandira meM cautha para, skanda-mandira meM SaSThI para, sUryamandira meM saptamI para, durgA-mandira meM navamI para, usI prakAra lakSmI, ziva, nAgoM evaM vizvedevoM ke mandiroM meM krama se paMcamI, aSTamI yA caturdazI, paMcamI, dvAdazI yA pUrNimA para; rAjanItiprakAza (pR0 416-419) ne isake lie vaizAkha se lekara Age 6 mAsoM taka devoM ke mandiroM meM vyavasthA dI hai, yathA--prathamA para brahmA, tRtIyA para gaMgA aadi| devavata : (1) jaba caturdazI ko maghA nakSatra kA bRhaspati se yoga ho to usa para upavAsa karanA cAhie aura mahezvara-pUjA karanI cAhie; isase jIvana, sampatti evaM yaza kI vRddhi hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata0, 2064); (2) ATha dinoM taka nakta, godAna, svarNa-cakra, trizUla evaM do vastroM kA 'ziva evaM kezava prasanna hoM' zabdoM ke sAtha 18

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138 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dAna ; saMvatsaravrata; mahApAtaka bhI kaTa jAte haiM; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 862); (3) Rgveda-pUjA (gotra agastya; devatA candra), yajurveda-pUjA (gotra kAzyapa; devatA rudra); sAmaveda-pUjA (gotra bhAradvAja; devatA indra), isake uparAnta zarIrAMgoM kA varNana, artharvaveda-pUjA bhI; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 915-16) / kyA yaha vedavrata hai ? devazayanotthAna-mahotsava yA vidhi : hemAdri (vrata0, 2, 800-817) / dekhie gata adhyAya 5, jahA~ una dinoM kA ullekha hai jinameM viSNu sote evaM jAgate haiN| devIpUjA : Azvina zukla 9para; prativarSa ; rAjanItiprakAza (439-44) / dekhie gata adhyAya 9 / devIvata : (1) kArtika meM; kartA kevala dUdha evaM rAtri meM zAka sabjI mAtra khAtA hai ; devI (durgA) kI pUjA; tila se homa ; 'jayantI maMgalA kAlI bhadrakAlI kpaalinii| durgA kSamA zivA dhAtrI svadhA svAhA namostu te||' mantra ke sAtha japa ; sabhI pApoM, rogoM evaM mayoM se mukti; hemAdri (vrata0 775-776); (2) prakIrNaka vrata ; gaurI evaM zambhu, janArdana evaM lakSmI tathA sUrya evaM usakI patnI kI mUrtiyoM kI pUjA ; zveta puSpoM se sammAna dene ke uparAnta dhUpa, ghaNTI evaM dIpa kA dAna ; isase divya rUpa prApta hotA hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 884); (3) kisI bhI mAsa kI pUrNimA para; kartA kevala dUdha para rahatA tathA godAna karane se lakSmI ke loka meM pahu~catA hai; hemAdri (vrata02, 239); kRtyakalpataru (447-448) / devyAndolana : caitra zukla 3 para; kuMkuma Adi se tathA damanaka (daunA) se umA evaM zaMkara kI mUrti kI pUjA ; pAlane para mUrtiyoM ko jhulAnA evaM jAgaraNa; puruSArthacintAmaNi (85) / devyA rathayAtrA : paMcamI, saptamI, navamI, ekAdazI yA tRtIyA ko yA ziva evaM gaNeza ke dinoM meM rAjA IMToM yA prastara-khaNDoM se eka DhA~cA khar3A karake usameM devI kI pratimA pratiSThApita karatA hai; vaha sone ke dhAgoM se sajAkara eka ratha taiyAra karake usameM devI ko rakhatA hai aura taba puruSoM evaM nAriyoM ke eka julUsa meM devI ko apane nivAsa para le jAtA hai; nagara, galiyA~, ghara, dvAra saje evaM dIpita rahate haiM; isase sukha, gaurava, samRddhi evaM putroM kI prApti hotI hai; henAdri (vrata0 2, 420-424) / __ dolayAtrA : dekhie gata adhyAya 12; tithitattva (140); puruSArthacintAmaNi (308) ; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 179) / dolAyAtrA : Upara vAlI hI; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 189-190) / dolotsava : vibhinna devoM ke lie vibhinna tithiyoM para / dekhie padmapurANa (4180|45-50)jismeN AyA hai ki kaliyuga meM phAlguna caturdazI para AThaveM prahara meM yA pUrNimA tathA prathamA ke yoga para dolotsava 3 dinoM yA 5 dinoM taka kiyA jAtA hai, pAlane meM jhUlate hue kRSNa ko dakSiNAbhimukha ho eka bAra dekha lene se pApoM ke mAra se mukti mila jAtI hai; padmapurANa (6 / 85) meM viSNu kA dolotsava bhI varNita hai| caitra zukla 3 para gaurI kA tathA (puruSArthacintAmaNi 85, vratarAja 84) rAma kA dolotsava (samayamayUkha 35) hotA hai| kRSNa kA dolotsava caitra zukla 11 (padmapurANa 6185) para hotA hai; gAyatrI ke samAna mantra yaha hai--'oM dolArUDhAya vidmahe mAdhavAya ca dhiimhi| tanno devaH pracodayAt // ' Aja bhI mathurA-vRndAvana, ayodhyA, dvArakA, DAkora Adi meM kRSNa kA dolotsava manAyA jAtA hai| dauhitrapratipadA : Azvina zukla 1 ; vratarAja (61); yaha zrAddha hai| dekhie mUla grantha, khaNDa 4,pR0533 / dyUtapratipadA : kArtika zukla 1; dekhie Upara 'divAlI' ke antargata 'bliprtipdaa'| drAkSAbhakSaNa : aMgUroM kA prathama bhakSaNa / Azvina meM; kRtyaratnAkara (pR0 303-304) / brahmapurANa meM aisA AyA hai ki jaba samudra devoM dvArA mithita huA to kSIrasAgara se eka sundara nArI kA udbhava huA aura vaha

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bata-sUcI 139 eka manorama latA ke rUpa meM pariNata ho gayI aura devoM ne prazna kiyA--'yaha kauna hai ? hama ise prasannatA se dekheMge' (hanta drakSyAma he vayam ) aura isa latA ko 'drAkSA' (aMgUra) ko saMjJA dii| jaba latA ke aMgUra paka jAte haiM to usakI pUjA puSpoM, dhUpa, naivedya Adi se kI jAtI hai aura isake uparAnta do baccoM evaM do bUr3hoM ko sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai aura taba gAnoM evaM nAca kA kAryakrama kiyA jAtA hai| dvAdazamAsarakSavata : kRttikA nakSatra meM par3ane vAlI kArtika pUrNimA ko yaha vrata prArambha hotA hai; narasiMhapUjana ; brAhmaNa ko candana evaM tagara puSpoM kA dAna ; mArgazIrSa kI mRgazirA-nakSatrayukta pUrNimA ko rAma kI pUjA; puSyayukta pauSa pUrNimA ko balarAma-pUjana, mAghI evaM maghI meM varAha-pUjana, phAlgunI evaM phAlguniyoM (nakSatroM) meM nara evaM nArAyaNa kI pUjA Adi aura yaha krama zrAvaNa pUrNimA taka calatA hai| viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 21411-26) / dvAdazasaptamIvata : caitra zakla 7 ko prArambha : 12 mAsoM taka sabhI zakla saptamiyoM meM; 12 AdityoM, yathA-dhAtA, mitra, arthamA, pUSA, zukra, varuNa, bhaga, tvaSTA, vivasvAn, savitA evaM viSNu kI pUjA; anta meM svarNadAna ; isase savitA ke loka meM pahu~ca ho jAtI hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 1,11173); ahalyAkAmadhenu (851); donoM ne viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 182 / 1-3) ko uddhRta kiyA hai, jahA~ ise kAmadevavrata kI saMjJA dI gayI hai| dvAdazAhayajJa-phalAvApti-tRtIyA : (1) eka varSa taka prati tRtIyA (sambhavataH zukla ) para; 12 ardha divya prANiyoM kI, jinheM 'sAdhya' kahA gayA hai, pUjA kI jAtI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 498); (2) anuzAsana (109) meM upavAsa kI vyavasthA hai, jo mArgazIrSa (zukla ? ) kI dvAdazI se Arambha hotA hai; vibhinna nAmoM se, yathA--kezava, nArAyaNa, mAdhava Adi, viSNu kI pUjA hotI hai; kartA ko vahI puNya yA puraskAra prApta hote haiM jo azvamedha, vAjapeya evaM anya vaidika yajJa karane se prApta hote haiN| dvAdazAhasaptamI : mAgha zukla saptamI para Aramma; eka varSa taka; saptamI para upavAsa; usa dina vibhinna nAmoM se sUrya kI pUjA, varuNa kI pUjA mAgha meM, tapana kI phAlguna meM, vedAMzu kI caitra meM, dhAtA kI vaizAkha meM...Adi ; aSTamI ko brAhmaNa-mojana; kRSNa pakSa kI saptamI ko bhI upavAsa Adi; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 720-724) / __ dvAdazIvrata : mArgazIrSa zukla evaM kRSNa pakSa kI dvAdazI para upavAsa karane se puNya hotA hai; viSNuvarmottarapurANa (13159|1-21evN 1 / 160); kula lagabhaga 50 dvAdazIvrata haiM; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0, 310-369); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1162-1222); hemAdri (kAla,289-298); kAlanirNaya (275-277); tithitatva (114-117); samayamayUkha (92-95); puruSArthacintAmaNi (213-222), vratarAja (475-495) / barAhapurANa ne adhyAya 39-49 meM dasa avatAroM (matsya se kalkI tarka) ke nAmoM para 10 dvAdaziyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, janameM se adhikAMza kA ullekha yathAsthAna krama se ho jaayegaa| agnipurANa (188) ne kaI dvAdaziyoM kA ullekha 'kayA hai| hemAdri (kAla0 260-263) ne brahmavaivarta se ATha prakAra kI dvAdaziyoM kA uddharaNa diyA hai (dekhie gata adhyAya 5) / aura dekhie hemAdri (kAla0 634-637), kRtyaratnAkara (129-131) / 'yugmavAkya' (kAlanirNaya 275) ke mata se ekAdazI se yukta dvAdazI acchI mAnI jAtI hai| dvAdazIvrata : mArgazIrSa zukla se prArambha ; eka varSa yA pUre jIvana bhara; ekAdazI ko vrata, SoDazopacAra ke sAtha dvAdazI ko vAsudeva-pUjana; yadi eka varSa taka kiyA jAya to pApamocana ho jAtA hai, yadi jIvana mara kayA jAye to zvetadvIpa meM gati ho jAtI hai| yadi zukla evaM kRSNa pakSoM kI dvAdaziyoM meM vrata kiyA jAye to varga-prApti aura yadi isI prakAra jIvana bhara kiyA jAye to viSNuloka-prApti hotI hai; viSNudharmasUtra (49 / 1-8); tyakalpataru (vrata0 310); anuzAsana0 (adhyAya 109) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dvitIyAvrata : dekhie agnipurANa ( 17711-20 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 40 - 48 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1 / 366-393) ; kAlanirNaya ( 169 - 172 ) ; tithitattva (29-30 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 82-84 ) ; vratarAja (78-81) / kRtyakalpataru (vrata) ne kevala tIna kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA--puSpadvitIyA, azUnyazayana ( do prakAra ) evaM kAntivrata; kintu hemAdri ne 11 prakAra diye haiN| nirNayAmRta ne do prakAra batAye haiM, yathA -- azUnyazayana evaM yamadvitIyA aura TippaNI kI hai ki anya mAsoM kI dvitIyA tithiyoM ko anya vrata prasiddha nahIM haiN| dvidalavrata : kArtika meM; dvidala dhAnya, yathA -- tura, rAjikA, mASa, mudga, masUra, canA, kulittha kA varjana hotA hai; nirNayasindhu ( 104 - 105 ) / dvitIyAbhadrAvrata : viSTi nAmaka karaNa para yaha kiyA jAtA hai; mArgazIrSa zukla 4 se prArambha; eka varSa taka; bhadrA devI kI pUjA, 'bhadre bhadrAya bhadraM hi cariSye vratameva te / nirvighnaM kuru me devi kAryasiddhiM ca bhAvaya // ' nAmaka mantra kA vAcana ; brAhmaNa sammAna; bhadrA karaNa kAla meM kartA ko bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie; anta meM bhadrA kI lauha yA prastara yA kASTha mUrti yA citra kI pratiSThA karake pUjA kI jAtI hai; phala yaha milatA hai ki bhadrA meM bhI kiye ye saMkalpoM kI pUrti ho jAtI hai| hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 724 - 726 ) ; puruSArtha cintAmaNi (52) / adhikAMzataH madrA viSTi ko bhayAnaka evaM azubha mAnA jAtA hai; smRtikaustubha ( 565-566) / dvirASADha : ASAr3ha zukla 11 ko viSNu zayana karate rahate haiN| jaba sUrya mithuna rAzi meM ho aura isa avadhi dAe~ anta ko prApta ho jAyeM to do ASAr3ha ( cAndra ) mAsa hote haiM aura adhimAsa par3atA hai aura viSNu dUsarI amAvAsyA ( arthAt karkaTa yA zrAvaNa ) meM zayana karate haiM; kAlaviveka ( 169-173 ) ; nirNayasindhu ( 192 ) ; samayamayUkha ( 83 ) / dvIpavrata : caitra zukla tathA pratyeka mAsa meM sAta dinoM ke lie vyakti ko krama se sAta dvIpoM, yathA--jambU, zAka, kuza, krauMca, zAlmali, gomeda evaM puSkara kI pUjA eka varSa taka karanI cAhie; pRthivI para zayana karanA cAhie aura varSa ke anta meM rajata, phala dene cAhie; svarga prApti hotI hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 465-466 ) / 140 dhanatrayodazI : Azvina kRSNa 13; dekhie gata adhyAya 10 evaM isa sUcI meM 'divAlI' / dhanadapUjA : kubera-pUjA ; Azvina pUrNimA ke pradoSa para; tithitattva (136-137) / dhanadavrata : upavAsa ke sAtha phAlguna zukla 13 se Arambha; eka varSa; gandha, puSpa Adi upacAroM se kubera ( yahA~ inheM 'mahArAja' kahA gayA hai) kI pUjA; anta meM brAhmaNa ko svarNa-dAna; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 1841 1-3 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,18-19 ) ne ise nandavrata kI saMjJA dI hai| rrierra : saMkrAnti ke dina para Arambha; saMkrAntivrata; eka varSa sUrya devatA; prati mAsa eka ghar3e meM jala tathA usameM eka svarNa-khaNDa rakhakara "sUrya prasanna hoM" ke sAtha dAna kara denA cAhie; anta meM svarNa kamala evaM eka gAya kA dAna karanA cAhie; kartA ko kaI jIvanoM taka svAsthya, sampatti tathA lambI Ayu prApta hotI hai; hemAdri ( vrata02, 736-737, skandapurANa se uddharaNa) / dhanAvAptivrata : (1) zrAvaNa pUrNimA ke uparAnta prathama tithi para Arambha; eka mAsa taka ; nIla kamaloM, ghI, naisedya ke sAtha viSNu evaM saMkarSaNa kI pUjA; bhAdrapada pUrNimA ke pUrva tIna dinoM taka upavAsa, vrata ke anta meM godAna hemAdri ( vrata0 2,759); (2) eka varSa taka vaizravaNa (kubera) kI pUjA; bahuta dhana kI prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 155, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (3) caitra zukla prathamA se Arambha; viSNu, pRthivI, AkAza evaM kI mUrtiyoM kI krama se prathamA se caturthI taka eka varSa taka pUjA; sampatti, saundarya evaM sukha kI prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,501-502 ) / yaha caturmUtivrata hai /

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vrata-sUcI 141 dhanyavrata yA dhanyapratipadA vrata : mArgazIrSa zukla 1; usa dina nakta (kevala eka bAra rAtri meM bhojana ) aura rAtri meM viSNumUrti (agni ke anurUpa ) kI pUjA; isake sAmane bane kuNDa meM homa ; ghRta ke sAtha yAvaka evaM bhojana kA grahaNa; yahI kRtya kRSNa pakSa meM bhI kiyA jAtA hai; caitra se lekara ATha mAsoM taka; vrata ke anta meM agni kI svarNima pratimA kA dAna ; yahA~ taka ki abhAgA vyakti mI sukha, sampatti evaM bhojana se yukta evaM pApamukta ho jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 38-40 ) ne ise dhanyapratipadA kahA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 355-356 ) ; donoM ne varAhapurANa (56 / 1-16) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| dharaNIvrata : kArtika zukla 11 para Arambha; nArAyaNa kI mUrti kI pUjA; mUrti ke samakSa cAra ghar3e rakhe jAte haiM, jinameM ratna rakhe jAte haiM, jinake tAmra DhakkanoM para svarNa evaM tila rakha diye jAte haiM; ye cAroM ghar3e samudra samajhe jAte haiM; svarNa pratimA inake bIca meM pratiSThApita kI jAtI hai; usa rAtri jAgara (jAgaraNa), dUsare dina prAtaH pA~ca brAhmaNa bulAye jAte haiM, unheM bhojana evaM dakSiNA se sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai; isa vrata ko prajApati, bahuta-se prasiddha rAjAoM tathA svayaM dharatI ( pRthivI ) ne kiyA thA isase isakA aisA nAma par3A hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1041-44 varAhapurANa 50 / 1-29 se uddharaNa ) ; kRtya ratnAkara (426-430) ne ise yogIzvaradvAdazI kahA hai / dharAvrata : uttarAyaNa bhara; kevala dUdha kA sevana ; pRthivI ( dharA) kI eka svarNima pratimA; jisakI tola 22 pala hotI hai; rudra devatA; kartA rudraloka ko jAtA hai; matsyapurANa ( 101 / 52 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 446 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,906 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ke mata se yaha saMvatsaravrata hai aura hemAdri ne ise prakIrNaka mAnA hai / dharmaghaTa - dAna : caitra zukla 1 se prArambha; 4 mAsoM taka ; puNya ekatra karane vAle vyakti ko pratidina vastra se Dha~kakara eka aise ghar3e kA dAna karanA cAhie jisameM zuddha zItala jala rakhA gayA ho; puruSArthacintAmaNi (57 - 58 ) : smRti kaustubha ( 89-90 ) / dharmaprAptivrata : ASAr3ha pUrNimA ke uparAnta prathama tithi se Arambha; dharma ke rUpa meM viSNu kI pUjA; eka mAsa taka tIna dinoM taka upavAsa, jinameM pUrNimA bhI sammilita hai; mAsa ke anta meM svarNadAna; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 209 / 1-3) / dharmarAjapUjA : damanaka ke sAtha dharma kI pUjA / dekhie damanakapUjAvidhi; smRtikaustubha ( 101 ) / dharmavrata : mArgazIrSa zukla 10 para Arambha; usa dina upavAsa evaM dharma-pUjA; ghRta se homa; kRSNa pakSa meM bhI ; eka varSa taka; anta meM eka dudhArU gAya kA dAna ; vrata se svAsthya, lambI Ayu, yaza kI prApti hotI hai aura pApa kaTa jAte haiM; hemAdri ( vrata0 1,967-68, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 178 / 1-8 kA uddharaNa hai ) / dharmaSaSThI : Azvina kRSNa SaSThI para dharmarAja kI pUjA; ahalyAkAmadhenu ( 419 e ) / dharmAvAptivrata: ASAr3ha pUrNimA ke uparAnta prathama tithi se prArambha; eka mAsa taka ; dharma ke rUpa meM viSNu kI pUjA; isase sabhI uddezyoM kI pUrti hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata02, 758, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / dhAtrIvrata : dhAtrI (Amalaka ) ke phala ke sAtha donoM pakSoM kI ekAdazI ko snAna; padmapurANa (5/5TA 1-11) / dhAtrI phala vAsudeva ko pyArA lagatA hai / ise khAne se vyakti sabhI pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai / dhAnya : ( grAmya arthAt kisI grAma meM utpanna kiyA huA) / bRhadAraNyakopaniSad ( 6 / 3 / 13 ) meM dhAnya ke dasa prakAra tathA anya pazcAtkAlIna granthoM meM 17 yA 18 prakAra kahe gaye haiM / dhAnyasaMkrAntivrata : isakA Arambha ayana yA viSuva dina para hotA hai; eka varSa taka; kuMkuma se ATha daloM vAlA kamala khIMcA jAtA hai; pratyeka dala para pUrva se Arambha kara ATha vibhinna nAmoM se sUrya kI pUjA kI jAtI

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142 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai; kisI brAhmaNa ko eka pasara (prastha ) anna diyA jAtA hai (isI se dhAnyasaMkrAnti kI saMjJA banI hai ) ; yaha pratyeka mAsa meM kiyA jAtA hai; hemAdri ( vratakhaNDa, jilda 2, 730-732, skandapurANa se uddharaNa) / dhAnya saptaka : sAta prakAra ke anna, yathA--yava (jau), gehUM, dhAnya, tila, kaMgu, zyAmAka evaM cInaka; hemAdri ( vrata0, 1, 48, SaT - trizanmata se uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara ( 70, yahA~ TippaNI hai ki kucha loga cInaka ke sthAna para devadhAnya rakhate haiM ) ; viSNupurANa (1 / 6 / 21-22); vAyupurANa (8 / 150 -152) evaM mArkaNDeya 0 ( 46 | 67-69) ne 17 dhAnyoM tathA vratarAja ( pR0 17 ) ne 18 dhAnyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| dhAnya saptamI : zukla saptamI para sUrya pUjA; usa dina nakta (kevala eka bAra rAtri meM bhojana ); sAta dhAnyoM gRhasthI ke baratana evaM namaka kA dAna kartA svayaM tathA apane sAta pUrva-puruSoM kI rakSA kara letA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 787-788, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / dhAmatrirAtra vrata : hemAdri ( vrata02, 322, padmapurANa se uddharaNa); yaha nIce vAlA dhAbhatrata hI hai| dhAmavrata : phAlguna kI pUrNimA para tIna dinoM ke upavAsa ke uparAnta kartA ko eka sundara ghara kA dAna karanA hotA hai; vaha sUryaloka kI prApti karanA cAhatA hai; matsyapurANa ( 101 / 79 ) : kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0, 450-451) ; hemAdri (vrata0 2,322) ; yahA~ devatA sUrya hai, 'dhAman kA artha' hai 'ghara'; garuDapurANa (1 / 137 / 3) / dhAraNapAraNa-vratodyApana : cAturmAsya meM ekAdazI para yA usase Age prathama mAsa meM yA antima mAsa meM; upavAsa (dhAraNa) eka mAsa meM aura pAraNa dUsare mAsa meM; eka jalapUrNa ghar3e para lakSmI evaM nArAyaNa kI pratimAoM ko rakhakara rAtri meM paJcAmRta, puSpoM evaM tulasI ke daloM se 'oM namo nArAyaNAya' mantra ko 108 bAra kahakara pUjA karanI hotI hai; arghya; ubAle hue tila evaM cAvala kA RRgveda (10 / 112 / 9 ) ke mantra ke sAtha evaM ubAle hue cAvala evaMghI kA R0 ( 10 | 155 | 1 ) ke mantra ke sAtha homa; smRtikaustubha ( 414-416 ) ; vratArka (365 e-366 bI ) / dhArAvrata : caitra se Arambha; mukha meM jala-dhArA DAra - DAlakara pInA; eka varSa taka; anta meM eka nayI pyAU ( pausarA ) banavAnA / isa vrata se cintA dUra hotI hai, saundarya evaM kalyANa kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri ( vrata02, 853, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa ) / dhUpa isako jalAnA eka upacAra hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 50-51 ) ne dhUpa ke kaI mizraNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA amRta, ananta, akSadhUpa, vijayadhUpa, prAjApatya, dasa aMgoM vAlI dhUpa kA bhI varNana hai / kRtyaka0 (13) vijaya nAmaka dhUpa ke ATha aMgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| bhaviSyapurANa ( 1168 / 28-29 ) kA kathana hai ki vijaya 'dhUpoM meM zreSTha hai, lepoM meM candana lepa sarvottama hai, surabhiyoM (gandhoM) meM kuMkuma sarvazreSTha hai, puSpoM meM jAtI tathA mIThI vastuoM meM modaka (laDDU) sarvottama hai / kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 182 - 183 ) ne isako uddhRta kiyA hai| dekhie garur3apurANa (1 / 177 / 88-89) jahA~ aisA AyA hai ki dhUpa se makkhiyA~ evaM pissU naSTa ho jAte haiM; kRtya ratnAkara (77-78); smRticandrikA ( 1203 evaM 20435 ) ; bANa ( kAdambarI, prathama bhAga ) / dhUlivandana : holikA dahana ke uparAnta prAtaHkAla usakI rAkha ko jhukakara praNAma karanA; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 81 ) ; smRtikaustubha ( 518 ) ; aura dekhie gata adhyAya meM holikA ke varNana kA antima aMza / dhRtivrata : eka varSa taka pratidina paMcAmRta ( dahI, dUdha, ghI, madhu evaM Ikha ke rasa ) se zivaliMga ko snAna karAnA; varSa ke anta meM paMcAmRta evaM zaMkha ke sAtha godAna; matsyapurANa ( 101 / 33-34 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 444 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,865 ) / viSNupurANa meM ziva ke sthAna para viSNu ke snAna kA ullekha hai|

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bata-sUcI dhenuvrata : paryApta sone ke sAtha AsannaprasavA gAya kA dAna ; jo kartA usa dina kevala dUdha para rahatA hai vaha sarvottama dhAma (loka) prApta karatA hai aura punaH lauTakara nahIM AtA hai| matsyapurANa (101 / 49); kRtyakalpa taru (vrata 446) / dhvajanavamI : pauSa zukla 9; isa tithi ko zambarI (zAbarI?) kahA jAtA hai ; kumArI evaM siMhavAhinI caNDikA kI pUjA jhaNDoM, mAlatIpuSpoM evaM anya upacAroM se kI jAtI hai tathA pazuoM kI bali dI jAtI hai; rAjA ko devI ke mandira meM jhaNDA phaharAnA cAhie, kumAriyoM ko khilAnA cAhie tathA upavAsa karanA cAhie yA ekamakta rahanA cAhie ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 891-894, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| dhvajavrata : garur3a, tAla vRkSa (jisase tAr3I nikAlI jAtI hai, amarakoza meM tAlAMka nAmaka madirA kA ullekha hai, balarAma usake premI mAne jAte haiM), makara (ghar3iyAla) evaM hariNa krama se vAsudeva, saMkarSaNa, pradyumna evaM aniruddha ke jhaNDoM para hote haiM; unake vastroM evaM jhaNDoM kA raMga krama se pIlA, nIlA, zveta evaM lAla hotA hai; caitra, vaizAkha, jyeSTha evaM ASAr3ha meM pratidina krama se garur3a Adi kI pUjA unake anukUla raMgIna vastroM evaM puSpoM se kI jAtI hai; cAra mAsoM ke anta meM brAhmaNoM ko tadanukUla raMgIna vastra diye jAte haiM ; isa prakAra 4-4 mAsoM ke tIna krama Ate haiM; samaya kI lambAI ke anusAra vibhinna lokoM meM pahu~ca hotI hai| yadi 12 varSoM taka aisA kiyA jAya to kartA ko viSNu se sAyujya prApta ho jAtA hai; viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 146 / 1-14) evaM hemAdri (vrata0 2, pR0 829831) meM ise catutivrata kahA gayA hai| naktacaturthI : mArgazIrSa zukla 4 ko prArambha ; devatA vinAyaka; kartA ko nakta bhojana karanA hotA hai aura pAraNa tilayukta bhojana se hotA hai ; eka varSa taka; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 522-536, skandapu0 se uddhrnn)| naktavrata : yaha divArAtrivata hai ataH aisI tithi meM kiyA jAtA hai jo rAtri evaM dina donoM meM par3atI ho (nirNayAmRta 16-17) / nakta kA artha hai dina meM kucha na khAkara kevala rAtri meM khaanaa| naktavrata eka mAsa yA cAra mAsoM yA eka varSa taka cala sakatA hai| kRtyaratnAkara (pR0 222, 255, 301-303, 406,445,477,491492) meM zrAvaNa se mAgha taka ke mAsoM ke naktavata' kA ullekha hai; liMgapurANa (1183 / 3-54) meM eka varSa ke naktavata kI carcA hai| aura dekhie nAradapurANa (2 / 43 / 11-23) / nakSatratithi-vAra-graha-yoga-vrata : hemAdri (vrata0 2, 588-590, kAlottara se uddharaNa) meM kucha viziSTa tithiyoM evaM saptAhoM ke sAtha kucha nakSatroM ke yoga para sampAdita hone vAlI pUjAoM kA ullekha hai| kucha udAharaNa isa prakAra haiM--jaba kisI ravivAra ko caturdazI evaM revatI nakSatra ho yA jaba aSTamI evaM maghA nakSatra kA yoga ho taba ziva-pUjA honI cAhie aura tila-mojana honA cAhie, ise Adityavrata kahA jAtA hai, jisake sampAdana se kartA ko tathA usake putroM evaM sambandhiyoM ko svAsthya prApta hotA hai| jaba caturdazI ko rohiNI evaM candra kA yoga ho yA aSTamI ko candra kA yoga ho to candravata hotA hai, jisameM ziva-pUjA hotI hai, dUdha evaM dahI kA naivedya hotA hai, kevala dUdha para rahA jAtA hai, isase yaza, svAsthya evaM samRddhi kI prApti hotI hai| jaba revatI, bRhaspativAra evaM caturdazI yA aSTamI evaM puSya' kA yoga hotA hai to guruvata hotA hai, jisameM kapilA gAya ke dUdha meM brAhmI kA rasa milAkara sevana kiyA jAtA hai aura vyakti vANI para svAmitva prApta kara letA hai| viSNudharmasUtra (9011-15) meM mArgazIrSa pUrNimA evaM kArtika pUrNimA ke usI nAma vAle nakSatra ke yoga para kiye jAne vAle vrata kA ullekha hai; dAnasAgara (622-626, yahA~ viSNudharmasUtra kA uddharaNa hai)| nakSatrapuruSavrata : caitra meM Arambha ; vAsudevamUrti-pUjA; kucha nakSatroM, yathA--mala, rohiNI, azvinI kA pUjana hotA hai| dasa avatAroM evaM unake aMgoM ko AzleSA, jyeSThA, zravaNa, puSya, svAti Adi se sambandhita kiyA

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jAtA hai| vrata' ke anta meM hari kI svarNa-pratimA ko gur3a ke sAtha ghar3e meM rakhakara kisI supAtra brAhmaNa ko diyA jAtA hai, palaMga evaM usake anya upakaraNa bhI diye jAte haiN| kartA apanI patnI kI lambI Ayu ke lie prArthanA karatA hai aura vrata ke dinoM meM binA tela evaM namaka ke bhojana karatA hai| matsyapurANa (54 / 3-30); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0, 400-404); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 699-703); kRtyaratnAkara (87-91); bRhatsaMhitA (adhyAya 104) / nakSatrapUjA-vidhi : nakSatroM ke svAmiyoM kI pUjA, yathA--azvinI, bharaNI, kRttikA Adi ke krama se svAmI azvinIkumAroM, yama, agni Adi, kI isase dIrgha Ayu, durghaTanA-mRtyu se chuTakArA, samRddhi kI prApti hotI hai ; vAyupurANa (80 / 1-39); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 594-597); kRtyaratnAkara (557-560) / nakSatra-vizeSe padArthavizeSa-niSedha : kucha nakSatroM meM kucha karma vajita haiN| yahA~ kucha udAharaNa diye jA rahe haiN| varSakriyAkaumudI (87-88) evaM tithitattva (28) eka zloka uddhRta karate haiM--'citrA, hasta evaM zravaNa meM tila ke tela kA prayoga, vizAkhA evaM abhijit meM kSaura karma, mUla, mRgazirA evaM bhAdrapadA meM mAMsa tathA maghA, kRtrikA evaM uttarA meM maithana nahIM karanA caahie|' dekhie vAyupurANa (14 / 50-51) / nakSatra-vidhi-vrata : mRgazirA ko prArambha ; pArvatI kI pUjA, pArvatI ke pA~voM ko mUla, goda ko rohiNI, ghuTanoM ko azvinI se sambandhita karake pUjA kI jAtI hai, isI prakAra anya aMgoM ko anya nakSatroM se sambandhita kiyA jAtA hai| pratyeka nakSatra meM upavAsa kiyA jAtA hai, usa nakSatra ke uparAnta pAraNa hotA hai| vibhinna nakSatroM meM vibhinna prakAra kA mojana hotA hai, isI prakAra vibhinna nakSatroM meM vibhinna pUSpo kA prayoga hotA hai; isa vrata se saundarya evaM saubhAgya kI prApti hotI hai; kRtyakalpataru (brata0, 411-414); hemAdri (vrt02,696-698)| nakSatravata : agni0 (196), kRtyakalpataru (bata0 399-417), hemAdri (vrata0 2, 593 706) / kRtyakalpataru ne dasa kA tathA hemAdri (vrata0) ne 33 kA ullekha kiyA hai| azvinI se Age ke nakSatroM se sambandhita vratoM kA ullekha hemAdri (bata0) meM hai| hemAdri (kAla0 126 128), kAlanirNaya (327 328) evaM nirNayAmRta (18) ne vratoM meM kiye jAne vAle upavAsa Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai| niyama yaha hai ki upavAsa ke samaya kA nakSatra suryAsta ke samaya yA usa samaya jaba ki candra kA ardharAtri se yoga ho, avazya upasthi dharAtri ke samaya koI nirdiSTa nakSatra rahatA hai)| ina donoM meM prathama bAta mukhya hai; dUsarI usase kama mahattva rakhatI hai| dekhie viSNudharmottarapurANa (1 / 60 / 26-27); kAlanirNaya (327); hemAdri (kAla0,126); varSakriyAkaumudI (8) / nakSatrahomavidhi : hemAdri (vata0 2, 684-688) ne azvinI se revatI taka ke 27 nakSatroM ke lie pUjA evaM homa kI vidhi ko garga se gadya meM uddhRta kiyA hai| kitane dinoM taka roga evaM bhaya calatA rahegA, kisa devatA kA pUjana ho, puSpoM, naivedya, dhUpa, samidhA ke vRkSa, pUjA-mantra, agni meM DAlI jAne vAlI pramukha vastu Adi ke viSaya meM varNana hai| eka udAharaNa hai--rohiNI ke lie 8 dina, devatA prajApati, naivedya dUdha meM ubAlA huA cAvala, kamala ke puSpa, sAla vRkSa se nikAlI huI vastu kI dhUpa, pUjA-mantra--'namo brhmnne|' sabhI prakAra ke dhAnya agni meM DAle jA sakate haiN| AhutiyA~ 108 hotI haiM, phala aarogy-laabh| nakSatrArthavrata : dekhie Upara 'nakSatravidhi-vrata' jo aisA hI hai| nadItrirAtavrata : jaba ASAr3ha meM nadI bAr3ha para hotI hai, usake jala ko kisI kAle ghar3e meM rakhakara ghara lAnA cAhie, dUsare dina prAtaH nadI meM snAna karake ghar3e kI pUjA karanI cAhie, tIna dinoM taka yA eka dina taka upavAsa karanA cAhie yA ekabhakta honA cAhie (arthAt eka bAra khAnA cAhie), akhaNDa dIpa jalAnA

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vrata-sUcI 145 cAhie, nadI evaM varuNa kA nAma lenA cAhie, arghya, phala, naivedya Adi denA cAhie, govinda kI prArthanA karanI cAhie, yaha vrata tIna varSoM taka calegA; anta meM godAna karanA caahie| isase santAna evaM saubhAgya milatA hai; padmapurANa (6 / 71) / nadI vrata : (1) caitra zukla se prArambha; sAta dino taka nakta-vidhi; sAta nadiyoM, yathA-- hrA dinI ( yA nalinI), hlAdinI, pAvanI, sItA, ikSu, sindhu, bhAgIrathI kI pUjA, yaha varSa bhara prati mAsa 7 dinoM taka calatA rahanA cAhie; jala meM dUdha car3hAyA jAtA hai dUdha se pUrNa ghaToM kA dAna kiyA jAtA hai, varSa ke anta meM phAlguna meM brAhmaNoM ko eka pala cA~dI kA dAna kiyA jAtA hai; hemAdri (vrata0, 2, 462 ) ; matsyapurANa ( 121 / 40 - 41 ) ; vAyupurANa (47 / 38-39, yahA~ gaMgA kI sAta dhArAoM kA ullekha hai ) ; (2) hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 792 ) ; sarasvatI kI pUjA karane se sAta prakAra ke jJAna kI upalabdhi hotI hai / navI snAna : dekhie Upara 'dazaharA', gata adhyAya 4; tithitattva (62-64 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 144-145 ) ; gadAdharapaddhati ( 609 ) / nandavrata : viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 18411-3 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata02, pR0 18-19 ) / dekhie Upara dhanavrata' / nandA : ( tithiyA~ ) prathamA, SaSThI evaM ekAdazI tithiyA~ isa upanAma se pukArI jAtI haiM / nandAdividhi : ravivAra ke bAraha nAma haiM, yathA--nanda, bhadra Adi; mAgha zukla SaSThI vAlA ravivAra nanda kahalAtA hai; usa dina nakta hotA hai, ghI se sUrya pratibhA ko snAna karAyA jAtA tathA agastya ke 'puSpa car3hAye jAte haiM, gehU~ ke pUoM se brAhmaNoM ko tRpta kiyA jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata, 10 -12), hemAdri ( vrata02, 522-23) / nandAditavidhi : sadA ravivAra ko hI sUrya-pUjA sUrya grahaNa ke dina upavAsa karanA cAhie tathA mahAzvetA mantra japanA cAhie aura brAhmaNoM ko bhojana denA cAhie, usa dina ke snAna, dAna evaM japa se ananta phala milate haiM; hemAdri ( vrata02, 527-28 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 21 - 23 ) / nandAnavamIvrata : mAdra0 kRSNa 9 ( kRtyakalpataru ke mata se), zukla 9 (hemAdri ke mata se ) ko nandA kahA jAtA hai / varSa bhara tIna avadhiyoM meM durgA pUjA kI jAtI hai; saptamI ko eka bhakta, aSTamI ko upavAsa, jAtI evaM kadamba ke puSpoM se ziva pUjA, durgA pratimA ko dUrvAoM para rakhA jAtA hai; jAgaraNa, nATakAbhinaya tathA nandA mantra (oM nandAya namaH ) kA japa ; navamI ke prAtaHkAla caNDikA- pUjA, kumAriyoM ko bhojana; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 303305 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2 952 - 954, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / nandApadadvayavrata : AmradaloM, dUrvA, akSatoM, bilvadaloM se durgA kI svarNa pAdukAoM kI pUjA eka mAsa taka ; durgAmata yA kumAriyoM ko pAdukAoM kA dAna ; sabhI pApoM se mukti ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0, 429 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata02, 885-886. padmapurANa se uddharaNa) / nandAvrata : zrAvaNa meM 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 yA pUrNimA kI tithiyoM meM Arambha; eka varSa taka ; nakta - vidhi se bhojana; 12 mAsoM meM 12 vibhinna nAmoM se vibhinna puSpoM evaM naivedya se devI pUjA ; 100 yA 1000 bAra 'oM nande nandini sarvArtha sAdhini namaH' nAmaka mantra kA japa kartA pApamukta ho jAtA hai aura rAjA ho jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru ( 424-429 ) ; hemAdri (vrata0 2,832836, devIpurANa se uddharaNa) ; kRtyaratnAkara (288-293) / nandA saptamI mArgazIrSa zukla 7 para Arambha ; tithivrata; eka varSa taka; vibhinna puSpoM, naivedya, dhUpa evaM nAmoM se 4-4 mAsoM kI tIna avadhiyoM meM sUrya-pUjA ; paMcamI para ekabhakta, SaSThI para nakta tathA saptamI para upavAsa; 19

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146 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kRtyakalpatarU (bata0 136-137); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 667-671, bhaviSyapurANa ke brAhmaparva, 100 / 1-16 se uddhrnn)| nandinInavamIvrata : mArgazIrSa zukla 9 para; tithi ; durgA-pUjA; varSa ko do bhAgoM meM bA~Takara; tIna dinoM kA upavAsa; 6 mAsoM kI avadhi meM vibhinna puSpa evaM vibhinna nAma ; kartA svarga jAtA hai aura zaktizAlI rAjA ke rUpa meM lauTatA hai ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0, 302-303) / . dekhie Upara 'trityprdaansptmii'| narakacaturdazI : dekhie gata adhyAya 10 / naraka-pUrNimA : pratyeka pUrNimA yA mArgazIrSa kI pUrNimA para Arambha ; eka varSa ; usa dina upavAsa evaM viSNu-pUjA tathA unake nAma kA japa yA kezava se dAmodara taka 12 nAmoM kA japa 12 mAsoM meM (mArgazIrSa se prArambha kara); pratyeka mAsa meM dakSiNA ke sAtha eka jalapAtra evaM vastroM kA jor3A, yadi asamartha ho to varSa ke anta meM hoe sAdAna ; isa vrata se sukha milatA hai ; yadi mRtyu ke samaya hari kA nAma liyA jAtA hai to svarga milatA hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 166-167, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| narasiMhacaturdazI : vaizAkha zukla 14; tithi ; yadi svAti nakSatra ho, zanivAra ho, siddhi yoga evaM vaNija-karaNa ho to karor3a gunA puNya hotA hai; narasiMha (avatAra) devatA haiM ; hemAdri (vata0 2141-49, narasiMha-purANa se uddharaNa); puruSArthacintAmaNi (237-238); samayamayUkha (98), puruSArthacintAmaNi Adi ne ise nRsiMhajayantI kahA hai ; smRtikaustubha (114) / yadi yaha 13 yA 15vIM se yukta ho taba vaha dina jaba 14 voM tithi sUryAsta ke samaya upasthita ho to use svIkAra kara lenA caahie| varSakriyAdIpaka (pR0 145152) ne pUjA kI eka lambI vidhi dI hai; yaha tamila paJcAMgoM meM mI pAyI jAtI hai| nRsiMha bhagavAn vaizAkha zukla 14 ko svAti nakSatra meM prakaTa hue the|| narasiMhaprayodazI : phAlguna kRSNa 12 para; usa dina upavAsa evaM narasiMha-pratimA kI pUjA; zveta vastra se AcchAdita eka ghaTa pratiSThApita kiyA jAtA hai aura usa para eka svaNima yA kASTha kI yA bA~sa kI pratimA rakhI jAtI hai; usI dina kisI brAhmaNa ko vaha pratimA de dI jAtI hai; hemAdri (vrata01, 1029. 30, varAhapurANa 42 / 1-7 evaM 13-16 kA uddhrnn)| prakAzita varAhapurANa meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki vrata ko zukla pakSa meM kiyA jAya, kintu hemAdri (vata0 1, 1029) meM kRSNa pakSa kA ullekha hai| narasiMhASTamI yA nasihavata : rAjA yA rAjakumAra yA koI bhI vyakti zatru kA nAza karane ke lie isakA sampAdana karatA hai; aSTamI para use cAvala yA puSpoM se ATha daloM kA eka kamala khIMcanA cAhie aura usa para narasiMha kI pratimA rakhanI cAhie aura usakI tathA zrIvRkSa (bilva yA azvattha ? ) kI pUjA karanI cAhie; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 876-880, garuDapurANa se uddhrnn)| navanakSatrazAnti : eka zAnti kRtya evaM nau nakSatroM kI pUjA; manuSya ke janma ke nakSatra ko janana-nakSatra kahA jAtA hai, cauthe, dasaveM, solahaveM, bIsaveM, teIsaveM ko kama se mAnasa, karma, sAMghAtika, samudaya evaM vainAzika kahA jAtA hai| sAdhAraNa jana cha: nakSatroM taka sImita rahate haiM, kintu rAjA tIna anya nakSatroM ko sammilita kara letA hai, yathA--rAjyAbhiSeka nakSatra, deza-nakSatra (vaha nakSatra jo usake deza para svAmitva karatA hai) tathA usake varNa kA nksstr| yadi ina nakSatroM para grahoM ke bure prabhAva par3a jAte haiM to inake (ina chaH yA nau nakSatroM ke ) dvArA abhivyakta viSayoM meM gar3abar3I ho jAtI hai, yathA--yadi janana-nakSatra prabhAvita ho to vaha jIvana evaM sampatti kho sakatA hai, yadi abhiSeka-nakSatra prabhAvita ho to rAjya-hAni ho sakatI hai / ucita kRtyoM evaM pUjA se bure prabhAva roke jA sakate haiM, yathA--janana-nakSatra ke lie aise jala se snAna karanA cAhie jisameM kuza DubAyA gayA ho, jisameM zveta baisa

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vrata-sUcI 147 kA gobara evaM mUtra tathA zveta gAya kA dUdha milAyA gayA ho; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 688-691) / yaha draSTavya hai ki isa viSaya meM ki janana ke uparAnta kina nakSatroM se uparyukta nAma sambandhita haiM, vaikhAnasagRhya sUtra (4 / 14), viSNudharmottarapurANa (21166), nAradapurANa (1156 / 358-59), varAhamihira racita yogayAtrA (9 / 1-2) ne vibhinna mata diye haiN| navanItadhenudAna : kArtika amAvAsyA para ; brahmA evaM sAvitrI kI pUjA; vibhinna phaloM, sone evaM vastroM ke sAtha navanIta kI dhena kA dAna ; puruSArthacintAmaNi (315) / dekhie mUla grantha, khaNDa 2, pR0 883 / / navamIrathavata : Azvina kRSNa 9 para upavAsa evaM durgA-pUjA; vastra, jhaMDoM, chatra, darpaNoM, mAlAoM, siMhoM, citroM se alaMkRta devI-ratha kI pUjA ; ratha meM mahiSa para trizUla rakhane vAlI durgA kI svarNa-pratimA ko rakha diyA jAtA hai ; jana-mArga se ratha ko le jAkara durgA-mandira ke pAsa lAyA jAtA hai, mazAloM, nATaka, nRtyoM Adi se rAtri bhara jAgaraNa (jAgara); dUsare dina prAtaH pratimA-snAna ; devI ke bhaktoM ko bhojana ; zayyA, baila, gAya Adi ke dAna se puNya ; kRtya ratnAkara (314-315) / navamIvata : kRtyakalpataru (vata0 273-308); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 887-962); kAlanirNaya (229230); tithitattva (59,103); puruSArthacintAmaNi (139-142); vratarAja (319-352); aSTamI se yukta navamI ko acchA mAnA jAtA hai ; tithitattva (59); dharmasindhu (15); caitra zukla 9para madrakAlI ko sabhI yoginiyoM kI rAnI banAyA gayA, ataH sabhI navamiyoM para upavAsa karanA cAhie aura usakI pUjA karanI caahie| kRtyakalpataru (nayatakAlika kANDa, 383); kRtyaratnAkara (127-128) / navamyAdi-upavAsavata : aSTamI, navamI, caturdazI evaM pUrNimA para upavAsa; vyakti ziva ke gaNoM kA adhipati ho jAtA hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 509, matsyapurANa se uddhrnn)| navarAtravata : dekhie durgApUjA ke antargata, gata adhyAya 9 / navavyUhArocana : kisI bhI zukla kI yA ASAr3ha yA phAlguna kI ekAdazI para yA saMkrAnti para yA ga para pUrvottara dizA meM jhuke hue bhUmikhaNDa para bane maNDapa meM viSNu kI pUjA, yajJa Adi; maNDapa meM dvAra rahate haiM, usake madhya meM kamala hotA hai ; AThoM dizAoM ke svAmiyoM (dikpAloM) ke ATha AyudhoM, yathA-vajra, zakti, gadA (yama kI), asi, pAza (varuNa kA), jhaNDA, muMgarI (kubera kI), zUla (ziva kA) ke citra banAye jAte haiM; vAsudeva, saMkarSaNa, nArAyaNa, vAmana kI, jo viSNu ke vyUha kahe jAte haiM, citrAkRtiyAM banAyI jAtI haiM ; homa ; hemAdri (prata0 1 / 1125 1131, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| navAnnabhakSaNa : mArgazIrSa meM jaba taka sUrya vRzcika rAzi meM 14 aMza na pahu~ca jAya ; kRtyasArasamuccaya (27); nirNayAmRta (pR072, 880-988) ne isakA varNana kiyA hai, gIta, saMgIta kA prayoga, vaidika mantroM kA ucca svara se pATha; brahmA, ananta evaM dikpAloM kI pUjA kI jAtI hai| nAgacaturthI : kArtika zukla 4, puruSArthacintAmaNi (95) / nAgadaSToddharaNavata: yaha 'daSTodaraNavata' hI hai| dekhie uupr| nAgapaJcamI : dekhie gata adhyAya 7 / nAgapUjA : mArgazIrSa zukla 5, smRtikaustubha (429) ke mata se yaha dAkSiNAtyoM meM ati prasiddha hai| nAgamaitrIpaJcamI : kaTu arthAt tIkSNa evaM khaTTe padArthoM ke sevana kA varjana ; dUdha se nAgapratimAoM ko snAna karAnA; isa prakAra nAgoM se mitratA sthApita hotI hai| padmapurANa (5 / 26 / 56 57); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 96); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 566, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)|

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148 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa nAgavata : (1) kArtika zukla 4 para; usa dina upavAsa; zeSa, zaMkhapAla evaM anya nAgoM kI puSpoM, candana lepa se pUjA tathA prAtaH evaM madhyAhna meM dUdha se unheM santuSTa karanA; isase sau se hAni nahIM hotI; (2) kamaladaloM para paMcamI ko nAgapratimA kI puSpoM, mantroM Adi tathA ghI, dUdha, dahI evaM madhu kI dhArA se pUjA ; homa ; viSa se chuTakArA; putra, patnI evaM samRddhi kI prApti / hemAdri (vrata0 1, 572, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| nAmatRtIyA : mArgazIrSa zukla 3 se Arambha ; tithivrata ; eka varSa ; prati mAsa gaurI ke 12 nAmoM meM eka kI pUjA; 12 nAma ye haiM--gaurI, kAlI, umA, bhadrA, durgA, kAnti, sarasvatI, maMgalA, vaiSNavI, lakSmI, zivA, nArAyaNI; kartA svarga ko jAyegA ; yA mahezvara ke ardhanArIzvara rUpa kI pUjA; ise karane se patnIviyoga nahIM hotA; yA harihara kI pratimA kA kisI eka nAma se pUjana karanA (kezava se dAmodara taka 12 nAma); hemAdri (vrata0 1,477 478); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 55-56) / nAmadvAdazI : mArgazIrSa zukla 12 se prArambha ; usa dina upavAsa ; tithivrata ; viSNu ke 12 nAmoM meM eka lenA cAhie, yathA--mArgazIrSa evaM pauSa meM nArAyaNa, mAgha meM mAdhava . . . kArtika meM dAmodara ; varSa ke anta meM bachar3e ke sAtha gAya, cappala, vastra Adi 12 brAhmaNoM ko denA cAhie ; kartA viSNuloka jAtA hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1097 1101); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 347) / nAmanavamI : Azvina zukla para Arambha ; eka varSa ke lie ; vibhinna nAmoM ke antargata durgA kI pUjA, pratyeka mAsa meM vibhinna puSpoM kA prayoga. brAhmaNa kumAriyoM ko bhojana ; anta meM durgA-bhakta brAhmaNoM ko godAna evaM bharapeTa bhojana ; sabhI pApoM se mukti; durgAloka kI prApti; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 283-298); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 928-933) / nAmasaptamI : (1) saptamI tithi ko bhakta ko sUrya kA dhyAna karanA cAhie aura kucha niSedhoM kA pAlana karanA cAhie, yathA--tela kA sparza na karanA, gaharA nIlA vastra dhAraNa na karanA, Amalaka phala se snAna na karanA; kisI se jhagaDA na karanA, madirA na pInA, cANDAla se bAta na karanA, rajasvalA se bAta na karanA, juA na khelanA, A~sU na girAnA, kanda, mUla, phala, puSpa evaM pattiyA~ na khAnA; (2) caitra zuklA 7 se prArambha ; pratyeka mAsa meM vibhinna nAmoM (dhAtA, arthamA, mitra Adi) se sUrya kI pUjA ; pratyeka saptamI ko ghI se bhojakoM (magoM) ko khilAnA evaM lAla vastra denA ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata 121-123), hemAdri (vrata 1, 726-728); kRtyaratnAkara (124-126, bhaviSyapurANa, brAhmaparva 65 / 1-7 evaM 19-34 se uddhrnn)| nAraLI yA nAralI pUrNimA : zrAvaNa zukla 15 para; dekhie gata adhyAya 7 (pR0 53, vrunn-smmaan)| . nAsatyapUjAcakSurvata : dekhie 'netrvrt|' nikumbhapUjA : (1) caitra zukla 14 ko upavAsa, pUrNimA ko hari-pUjA; nikumbha pizAco se yuddha karane jAte haiM ; miTTI yA ghAsa kA putalA banAyA jAtA hai aura pratyeka ghara meM puSpoM, naivedya Adi tathA Dhola evaM bA~surI se madhyAhna meM pizAcoM kI pUjA kI jAtI hai; punaH candrodaya ke samaya pUjA kI jAtI hai ; punaH unheM vidA de dI jAtI hai ; kartA ko saMgIta tathA logoM ke sAtha eka bar3A utsava manAnA cAhie ; ghAsa evaM lakar3I ke Tukar3oM se bane sarpa se logoM ko khelanA cAhie tathA tIna yA cAra dinoM ke uparAnta use choTe-choTe Tukar3oM meM kATakara varSa bhara rakhanA cAhie ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 241-242, AdityapurANa se uddharaNa); nirNayAmRta (pR0 64, zloka 781-790) ne ise 'caitrapizAca-varNanam' kahA hai; (2) Azvina pUrNimA para; logoM (nAriyoM, baccoM evaM bUr3hoM ko chor3akara) ko dina meM bhojana nahIM karanA cAhie, gRha-dvAra para agni rakhanA cAhie tathA usakI evaM pUrNimA, rudra, umA, skanda, nandIzvara tathA revanta kI pUjA karanI cAhie; tila, cAvala evaM mASa se nikumbha kI pUjA; rAtri meM brahma-moja,

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vrata-sUcI 149 logoM ko mAMsarahita mojana karanA cAhie ; usa rAtri meM saMgIta, gAna evaM nRtya ; dUsare dina kucha vizrAma tathA usake uparAnta prAtaHkAla zarIra ko kIcar3a se dhUmila kara pizAcoM sA vyavahAra karanA cAhie tathA lajjAhIna ho apane mitroM para bhI kIcar3a chor3anA cAhie tathA azlIla zabdoM kA vyavahAra karanA cAhie ; aparAla meM snAna karanA cAhie; jo isa utsava meM bhAga nahIM letA vaha pizAcoM se prabhAvita hotA hai ; kRtyakalpataru (nayatakAla khaNDa 411413) ; kRtyaratnAkara (375-378); (3) caitra zukla 14, zambhu tathA pizAcoM ke saMga meM nikumbha kI pUjA; usa rAtri loga apane baccoM ko pizAcoM se bacAte haiM aura vezyA kA nRtya dekhate haiM ; kRtyakalpataru (nayatakAla 446), kRtyaratnAkara (534-536) / nikSubhArkacatuSTaya-vrata : nikSamA sUrya kI patnI hai ; kRSNa 14 ko upavAsa ; tithivrata ; eka varSa taka ; sUrya eva usakI patnI kI mUrti kI pUjA ; striyAM sUryaloka ko jAtI haiM aura pati ke rUpa meM rAjA ko pAtI haiM ; puruSa bhI sUryaloka jAte haiM ; mahAbhArata ke pAThaka ko eka varSa taka niyukta rakhanA cAhie aura anta meM sUrya evaM nikSubhA kI svarNa-pratimA kA use dAna denA cAhie, usakI patnI ko gahane evaM vastra dene cAhie; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 156-159); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 676-679) / nikSubhArkasaptamI : SaSThI yA saptamI yA saMkrAnti yA ravivAra ko prArambha ; eka varSa taka ; sone yA cA~dI yA kASTha kI sUrya evaM nikSabhAko pratimA ko ghI Adi se nahalAnA cAhie : upavAsa evaM homa; sUrya-bhaktoMevaM moja ko mojana ; isake sampAdana se vAJchita vastuoM ko prApti hotI hai, kartA sUryaloka tathA anya lokoM meM jAtA hai ; kRtyakalpataru (vata0 153-156); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 674-676); ahalyAkAmadhenu (457 e, 459 vI) ke mata se isake kaI prakAra haiM--(1) saura saMhitA se; mAgha zukla 7 se eka varSa ; (2) bhaviSyapurANa se; (3) mAgha kRSNa 7 se ; (4) bhaviSyottarapurANa se| ____ nimbasaptamI : vaizAkha zukla 7 se prArambha ; eka varSa taka ; sUrya-pUjA; kamala ke cira para khakholka nAmaka sUrya kI sthApa; mUlamantra hai--'oM khakholkAya namaH'; sUrya-pratimA ke samakSa 12 Aditya, jaya, vijaya, zeSa, vAsuki, vinAyaka, mahAzveta evaM rAnI suvarcalA kI sthApanA ; anya deva bhI bulAye jAte haiM ; saptamI ko nimbadaloM kA sevana tathA sUrya-pratimA ke samakSa zayana ; aSTamI ko bhI sUrya-pUjA ; kartA sabhI pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 198-203); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 697-701); nirNayAmRta (52) / nirjalA-ekAdazI : jyeSTha zukla 11 ; prAtaH se lekara dUsare prAtaH taka upavAsa ; saMdhyA ke Acamana Adi ko chor3akara dina bhara jala kA sevana nahIM honA cAhie ; dUsare dina jalapUrNa pAtra, gur3a evaM sone ke dAna ke sAtha bhojana kA grahaNa ; isake sampAdana se 12 dvAdaziyoM ke samAna puNya milatA hai aura viSNuloka kI prApti hotI hai ; hemAdri (vrata01,1089-91); smRtikaustubha (122-123) / niSiddha : kucha mAsoM, tithiyoM, saptAhoM, saMkrAntiyoM evaM vratoM meM niSiddha bAtoM evaM karmoM kI tAlikA bahuta lambI hai| kAlaviveka (pR.0 333-345) ne eka lambI sUcI dI hai, kintu anta meM kahA hai (pR0 345) ki vedajJoM, smRtijJoM evaM puraNijJoM ne kitanI hI bAra aura katipaya avasaroM para jo niSedha batAye haiM ve itane adhika haiM ki maiM akelA nahIM batA sakatA, unheM batAne ke lie mujhe eka sahasra varSa jInA par3egA, ataH maiMne vahI batAyA hai jise prAmANika granthoM se samajhA hai athavA jo nibandhoM meM saMgRhIta haiM, anya loga zeSa ke viSaya meM likheNge| nIrAjana-dvAdazI : kArtika zukla 12 para; jaba viSNu zayana se uThate haiM usa rAtri ke Arambha meM isakA sampAdana hotA hai ; viSNu-pratimA evaM anya devoM, yathA---sUrya, ziva, gaurI, apane mAtA-pitA, gAyoM, azvoM, gajoM ke samakSa dIpa kI AratI karanA; rAjA ko apane prAsAda meM rAjakIya vastuoM ke pratIkoM kI pUjA karanI cAhie;

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150 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa eka sAdhvI nArI athavA kisI sundara vezyA ko rajA ke sira para tIna bAra dIpa ghumAnA cAhie; yaha eka mahatI zAnti hai jo rogoM ko bhagAtI hai aura atula sampatti lAtI hai; ise sarvaprathama rAjA ajapAla ne Arambha kiyA aura ise prativarSa karanA cAhie; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1190-1194, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| nIrAjananavamI : kRSNa 9 para (sambhavataH Azvina mAsa meM ? ) ; durgA evaM AyudhoM kI rAtri meM pUjA ; dUsare dina sUryodaya para isa nIrAjana-zAnti ko karanA cAhie; nirNayAmRta (pR0 76, zloka 931-933) / nIrAjanavidhi : kArtika kRSNa 12 se kArtika zukla 1 taka (pUrNimAnta gaNanA se); rAjA ke lie sampAdita ; rAjA ko rAjadhAnI kI uttara-pUrva dizA meM eka bRhat paNDAla khar3A karanA cAhie, jisa para jhaNDe Adi evaM tIna toraNa khar3e karane cAhie ; deva-pUjA evaM homa ; jaba sUrya citrA-nakSatra se svAti meM praveza karatA hai to kRtya Arambha hote haiM aura sampUrNa svAti taka calate rahate haiM ; jalapUrNa pAtra jo pallavoM evaM pA~ca raMga ke dhAgoM se alaMkRta rahate haiM; toraNa ke pazcima meM gaja evaM azva mantroM ke sAtha nahalAye jAte haiM ; purohita eka hAthI ko bhojana arpita karatA hai; yadi hAthI use prasannatApUrvaka grahaNa kara letA hai to vijaya kI bhaviSyavANI hotI hai ; yadi vaha grahaNa nahIM karatA to mahAna bhaya kA pUrva-nirdeza milatA hai; hAthI kI anya kriyAoM se mA~ti-bhA~ti kI bhaviSya AyudhoM evaM rAjakIya pratIkoM, yathA--chatra evaM dhvaja kI pUjA; jaba taka sUrya svAti meM rahate haiM azvoM evaM hAthiyoM ko sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai ; unheM kaThora zabda nahIM kahe jAte aura na unheM pITA ho jAtA hai ; maNDapa kI rakSA AyudhoM se sajjita karmacArI karate rahate haiM aura jyotiSI, purohita evaM mukhya pazu-cikitsaka tathA gaja-vaidya ko maNDapa meM sadA upasthita rahanA cAhie ; usa dina jaba sUrya svAti ko chor3akara vizAkhA meM praviSTa hotA hai, ghor3oM evaM hAthiyoM ko alaMkRta kiyA jAtA hai, una para, talavAra para, chatra, Tola Adi para mantroM kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai ; sarvaprathama rAjA apane ghor3e para baiThatA hai aura phira apane hAthI para baiThatA hai, toraNa se bAhara AtA hai tathA apanI senA evaM nAgarikoM ke sAtha rAja-prAsAda kI ora bar3hatA hai aura pahu~ca kara logoM ko sammAnita karatA hai aura saba se chuTTI letA hai| yaha zAnti-kRtya hai aura rAjAoM dvArA ghor3oM tathA hAthiyoM kI vRddhi evaM kalyANa ke lie kiyA jAnA cAhie; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 675-680, viSNudharmottarapurANa 2 / 159 se uddharaNa) / dekhie mUlagrantha, khaNDa 3, pR0 230-231 / aura dekhie kRtyaratnAkara (333-336); smRtikaustubha (334-341) / nIrAjana eka zAnti hai; rAjanItiprakAza (pR.0 433-437, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| nIlajyeSThA : zrAvaNa kI aSTamI, jabaki ravivAra evaM jyeSThA nakSatra ho; sUrya devatA; isameM saptAha kA dina atyanta mahatvapUrNa bAta hai, usake uparAnta nakSatra kA sthAna hai ; kAlanirNaya (198, skandapurANa se uddhrnn)| nIlavRSa-dAna : kArtika yA Azvina kI pUrNimA para; anuzAsanaparva (125 / 73-74); viSNudharmasUtra (85 / 67); matsyapurANa (207 / 40); vAyupurANa (83 / 11-12); viSNudharmottarapurANa (1 / 144 / 3 evaM 1 / 146 / 58); puruSArthacintAmaNi (305); smRtikaustubha (405-406) / nIlavata : eka varSa taka prati dina nakta-vidhi se khAnA ; saMvatsaravrata ; anta meM nIla kamala ke sAtha zakkara se yukta eka pAtra evaM eka baila kA dAna ; kartA viSNuloka pAtA hai ; matsyapurANa (101 / 5); kRtyakalpataru (440, tIsarA SaSTivata); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 865, padmapurANa 5 / 20 / 47-48 se uddharaNa); matsyapurANa ne ise 'lIlAvata' kI saMjJA dI hai| siMha-jayantI : dekhie Upara narasiMha-caturdazI ; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra aMza, 155) / siMha-dvAdazI : yaha narasiMha-dvAdazI hI hai| nRsiMhavata : zukla aSTamI'; kAlanirNaya (196); dekhie Upara nrsiNhaassttmii|

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ta-sUcI 151 netravata : caitra zukla kI dUsarI tithi ; yaha 'cakSuvrata' hI hai| dekhie uupr| pakSa : eka mAsa ke do artha bhAga, jinheM krama se zukla evaM kRSNa tathA pUrva evaM apara kahA jAtA hai| sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki zukla pakSa deva-pUjA evaM samRddhi ke lie kiye jAne vAle kRtyoM ke lie vyavasthita mAnA jAtA hai tathA kRSNa pakSa mRta pUrva-puruSoM tathA dUsare ko hAni pahu~cAne vAle aindrajAlika kRtyoM ke lie vyavasthita samajhA jAtA hai| varSakriyAkaumudI (236-237. manu 3 / 278-279 kA uddharaNa); samayamayUkha (145); pu0 cintA0 (31-32) / pakSavadhinI ekAdazI : java pUrNimA yA amAvAsyA Age kI pratipadA taka bar3ha jAtI hai to ise pakSavadhinI kahA jAtA hai ; isI prakAra ekAdazI bhI isI saMjJA se parijJAta hotI hai jabaki vaha dvAdazI taka calI jAtI hai ; viSNu kI svarNa-pratimA kI pUjA ; saMgIta evaM nRtya ke sAtha jAgara (jAgaraNa); padmapurANa (6 / 38) / pakSasandhivrata : (dAnoM pakSoM kI sandhi kA vrata); (1) pratipadA ko eka bhakta rahanA ; eka varSa taka ; varSa ke anta meM kapilA gAya kA dAna ; vaizvAnara-loka kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 355-357); matsyapurANa (101 // 82) ne ise zikhI-vrata kahA hai ; varSa kriyAkaumudI (29); (2) prathama tithi para khAlI bhUmi para rakhA gayA bhojana karanA; trirAtra yajJa kA phala milatA hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 357, padmapurANa se uddhrnn)| paJcaghaTa-pUrNimA : pUrNimA devI ko pratimA kI pUjA; pA~ca pUNimAoM para ekabhakta ; anta meM pA~ca pAtroM kA, jinameM kama se dUdha, 5hI, ghI, madhu evaM zveta zakkara bharI rahatI hai, dAna; kartA ko sabhI vAMchita phala prApta hote haiM, hemAdri (vrata0 2, 195-196, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / paJcapiNDikA-gaurIvata : bhAdrapada zukla 3 para; usa dina upavAsa; rAtri ke Agamana para gaurI kI cAra pratimAe~ gIlI miTTI se banAyI jAtI haiM, eka atirikta pratimA para miTTI ke pA~ca khaNDa rakhe jAte haiM ; pratyeka prahara meM pratimAoM kI pUjA mantra, dhUpa, kapUra, ghRta ke dIpa, puSpoM, naivedya evaM ardhya se kI jAtI hai, Age ke tIna praharoM meM vibhinna mantroM, dhUga, naivedyA, puSpoM Adi kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai ; dUsare dina prAtaH sapatnIka brAhmaNa ko sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai ; goro ko cAroM pratimAeM hathinI yA ghor3o kI pITha para rakhakara kisI nadI, tAlAba yA kUpa meM DAla dI jAtI haiM ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 485-490, padmapurANa ke nAgarakhaNDa se uddhrnn)|| paJcabhaMgadala : Amra, azvattha, vaTa, plakSa evaM udumbara nAmaka pA~ca vRkSoM kI pattiyA~ ; kRtyakalpataru (zAnti, 7 e)| paJcamahApApanAzanadvAdazI : zrAvaNa ke Arambha meM ; zrAvaNa kI dvAdazI evaM pUrNimA para kRSNa ke 12 rUpoM (yathA--jagannAtha, devakIsuta Adi) kI pUjA tathA amAvAsyA para tila, mudga,guDa evaM cAvala ke bhojana kA arpaNa; pA~ca ratnoM (dekhie Age) kA dAna ; jisa prakAra indra, ahalyA,soma evaM bali pApamukta hue the, usI prakAra vyakti bhI paJca mahApApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 1.1201-1202. bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| paJcamahAbhUta-vrata : caitra zukla 5 se Arambha ; pRthivI, jala, agni, vAyu evaM AkAza-paJcamahAbhUtoM ke rUpa meM hari-pUjA evaM upavAsa; eka varSa ; varSa ke anta meM vastra-dAna ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 552-553, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| paJcamIvata : mArgazIrSa zukla 5 ko sUryodaya kAla meM vrata ke niyamoM kA saMkalpa ; svarNa, rajata, pItala, tAmra yA kASTha kI lakSmI-pratimA yA vastra para lakSmI kA citra ; puSpoM Adi se sira se paira taka kI pUjA; sadhavA nAriyoM kA puSpoM, kuMkuma evaM miSTAnna ke thAloM se sammAna ; eka pasara (prastha) cAvala evaM ghRtapUrNa pAtra kA 'zrI kA hRdaya prasanna ho' ke sAtha dAna ; pratyeka mAsa meM lakSmI ke vibhinna nAmoM se pUjA ; pratimA kA brAhmaNa ko dAna ; bhaviSyottara purANa (37 / 38-58) /

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152 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa paJcamI ke vrata : 7 vrata (kRtyaka0 87-97); hemAdri (vrata 1, 537-576) ne 28 vratoM ke nAma liye haiM ; kAlanirNaya (186-188); tithitattva (32-34); puruSArthacintAmaNi (95-100); vratarAja (192-220) / sabhI paJcamI-upavAsoM (kevala nAgapaJcamI evaM skanda upavAsa ko chor3akara) meM caturthI se yukta paMcamI ko varIyatA dI jAnI cAhie; kAlanirNaya (188); nirNayAmRta (44-45); puruSArthacintAmaNi (96) / paJcamUtivrata : caitra zukla 5para Arambha ; usa dina upavAsa evaM zaMkha, cakra, gadA, padma evaM pRthivI ko candana se eka vatta meM khIMcakara unakI pUjA; varSa bhara pratyeka mAsa kI paMcamI para; varSa ke anta meM pA~ca raMgoM ke vastroM kA dAna ; rAjasUya ke samAna puNya ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 466-467, viSNudharmottara 3 / 155 / 17 se uddhrnn)| paJcaratna : kRtyakalpataru (nayatakAlakANDa, 366), hemAdri (kAla para caturvarga-cintAmaNi, 413) evaM kRtyaratnAkara (493) ke mata se pA~ca ratna ye haiM--sonA,hIrA (hIraka), nIlamaNi (indranIla), padmagaga (mANikya) evaM motI: ina sabhI granthoM ne kAlikApUrANa kA udUraNa diyA hai; kintu hemAdri (vrata0 1, 47) ne AdityapurANa kA uddharaNa dete hue likhA hai ki pA~ca ratna ye haiM : sonA, cA~dI, motI, maMgA evaM mANika / paJca-lAMgala-vrata : zilAhArarAja gaNDarAditya (zaka saMvat 1032, arthAt san 1110 I0) ke tAmrapatra para ullikhita, jo vaizAkha meM candra-grahaNa ke avasara para kiyA gayA thA (je0 bI0 bI0 Ara0 e0 esa0, khaNDa 13, pR0 33) / matsyapurANa (adhyAya 283) meM isake viSaya meM vistAra se likhA huA hai| kisI pavitra tithi yA grahaNa yA yugAdi tithi para bhUmi-khaNDa kA dAna, usake sAtha kaThora kASTha ke pA~ca hala evaM sone ke pA~ca hala tathA 10 baila bhI dAna meM diye jAte haiN| __patravata : saMvatsaravrata; eka varSa taka nArI ko supAr3I evaM cUne ke sAtha pAna kA pattA kisI nArI athavA puruSa ko denA cAhie ; varSa ke anta meM sone yA cA~dI kA pAna evaM motI kA cUnA dAna meM denA cAhie; use durbhAgya nahIM satAtA aura na usake mukha se durgandha hI nikltii| hemAdri (bata0 2, 864, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| patrikApUjA : dekhie durgApUjA ke antargata, gata adhyAya 9 / padadvayavrata : dekhie Upara 'nndaapddvyvrt|' padArthavata : mArgazIrSa zukla 10 para prArambha ; usa dina upavAsa tathA dasoM dizAoM evaM dikpAloM kI pUjA; eka varSa ; anta meM eka godAna ; vAMchita vastu kI prApti ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 967, viSNudha0 se uddhrnn)| .. padmakayoga : (1) jaba ravivAra saptamI se yukta SaSThI ko hotA hai to ise padmakayoga kahate haiM, jo sahasra sUrya-grahaNoM ke samAna hai ; pu0 cintAmaNi (105);vratarAja (249); (2) jaba sUrya vizAkhA-nakSatra meM aura candra kRttikA meM ho to padmakayoga hotA hai; hemAdri (kAla0 679, zaMkha se uddharaNa); kAlaviveka (390, padma evaM viSNupurANa se uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara (434); smRtikaustubha (400); kAlaviveka ne vyAkhyA kI hai ki sUrya vizAkhA ke caturtha caraNa meM tathA candra kRttikA ke prathama pAda (caraNa) meM honA caahie| padmanAbhadvAdazI : Azvina zukla 12 para; eka ghaTa sthApita karake usameM padmanAbha (viSNu) kI eka svarNa pratimA DAla denI cAhie ; candana-lepa, puSpoM Adi se usa pratimA kI pUjA; dUsare dina kisI brAhmaNa ko dAna; kRtyakalpataru (bata0 333-335); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1039-41); kRtyaratnAkara (373-375); ina sabhI ke varAhapurANa (49 / 1-8) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| payovrata : (1) dIkSita ke lie, kevala dUdha para hI rahanA ; dekhie zatapatha brAhmaNa (9 / 5 / 1 / 1); (2 pratyeka amAvAsyA para kevala dUdha kA sevana : eka varSa taka: varSa ke anta meM zrAddha-karma.pA~ca gAyoM, vastroMevaM jalapAtraM

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vrata-sUcI 153 kA dAna ; hemAdri (vata0 2, 254, padmapurANa se uddharaNa); (3) phAlguna zukla 1 se 12 taka, govinda ko prasanna karane ke lie kevala dUdha kA sevana ; smRtikaustubha (513-514, bhAgavatapurANa 8 / 16 / 22-62 kA uddhrnn)| parazurAma jayantI : dekhie Upara 'akSaya tRtIyA'; puruSArthacintAmaNi (89) / parazurAmIvASTamI : Azvina zukla 8 para; puruSottama-kSetra kI 14 yAtrAoM meM eka ; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 193) / parvatASTamI-vrata : navamI para himavAn, hemaphUTa, niSadha, nIla, zveta, zRMgavAn, meru, mAlyavAn, gandhamAdana nAmaka parvatoM tathA phimpuruSa, uttara kuru nAmaka varSoM (dezoM) kI pUjA; caitra zukla 9 ko upavAsa; eka varSa taka; anta meM cAMdI kA dAna ; viSNudharmottara (3 / 174 / 1-7) / parvanaktavata: eka varSa taka pratyeka mAsa kI 15vIM tithi para nakta-vidhi kA prayoga ; prakIrNaka vrata'; devatA ziva ; varSa ke anta meM ziva-bhaktoM ko svAmI prasanna hoM' ke sAtha bhojana denA; zivaloka kI prApti, punaH manuSya-yoni meM nahIM AnA par3atA ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, pR0 905-6, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| parvabhabhAjana-vrata : parva ke dinoM meM khAlI mami para diyA gayA (parosA gayA) bhojana grahaNa karanA; devatA ziva ; atirAtra yajJa kA phala prApta hotA hai; hemAdri (vata0 2, 906, padmapurANa kA eka shlok)| pallava : pA~ca zubha pallava haiM-~Amra, azvattha, vaTa, plakSa evaM udumbara; (durgAbhaktitaraMgiNI, pR0 27); hemAdri (vrata01,47, bhaviSyapurANa kA uddharaNa) ke anusAra inheM "paJcamaMga" bhI kahA jAtA hai| pavanavrata : (SaSTivatoM meM eka); mAgha kI aSTamI para; dina mara gIlA vastra dhAraNa kiye rahanA cAhie aura godAna karanA cAhie; eka kalpa ke lie svarga-lAbha hotA hai aura usake uparAnta rAjA kA pada milatA hai| kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 450) / mAgha ati ThaNDA mAsa hai| pavitrAropaNa-vrata : (kisI devatA ko pavitra dhAge se yukta karanA); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 440-453); hemAdri (kAla0 881-890); IzAnazivagurudevapaddhati, 21vAM paTala; samayamayUkha (81-90); pu0 cintAmaNi (235-239) Adi ne isa para vistAra se likhA hai| pavitrAropaNa se sabhI pUjAoM meM kiye gaye doSoM kA mArjana ho jAtA hai aura jo ise prati varSa nahIM karatA hai use vAMchita phaloM kI prApti nahIM hotI aura vaha vighnoM se ghira jAtA hai| vibhinna devoM ko pavitrAropaNa vibhinna tithiyoM meM hotA hai| vAsudeva ke lie zrAvaNa zukla 12 ko kiyA jAtA hai, jaba ki sUrya siMha yA kanyA rAzi meM hotA hai, kintu usa samaya nahIM jaba ki sUrya tulA rAzi meM ho; devoM ke lie kucha tithiyA~ ye haiM--prathamA (kubera ke lie), dvitIyA (tridevoM ke lie), tRtIyA (bhavAnI ke lie), caturthI (gaNeza ke lie), paMcamI (candra ke lie), SaSThI (kAtikeya ke lie), saptamI (sUrya ke lie), aSTamI (durgA ke lie), navamI (mAtAoM ke lie) tathA dazamI, ekAdazI, dvAdazI, trayodazI, caturdazI evaM pUrNimA krama se vAsuki, RSiyoM, viSNu, kAmadeva, ziva evaM brahmA ke lie; dekhie hemAdri (vrata0 2, pR0 442); puruSArthacintAmaNi (pR0 238) / yadi koI ziva ko pavitra kA AropaNa pratidina karatA hai to vaisA kinhIM vRkSoM yA puSpoM kI pattiyA~ yA kuzAoM se kiyA jAnA cAhie, kintu vArSika pavitrAropaNa kI rithara tithi hai ASAr3ha (sarvottama),zrAvaNa (madhyama) yA bhAdrapada (nikRSTa,tIsarI koTi) kI aSTamI yA caturdazI; kintu jo loga mokSa ke AkAMkSI haiM unheM ise kRSNa pakSa meM tathA anya logoM ko zukla pakSa meM karanA caahie| pavitra sone, cA~dI, pItala yA rezama yA kamala ke dhAgoM se bana sakatA hai yA kuza yA ruI kA bana sakatA hai; dhAgoM ko bunanA evaM kATanA brAhmaNa kumAriyoM (sarvottama) yA kSatriya yA vaizya kumAriyoM (madhyama) yA zUdra kumAriyoM (nikRSTa) dvArA ho sakatA hai| pavitra meM 100 gA~The (uttama) 20

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154 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa tathA kama-se-kama 8 ho sakatI haiN| pavitra kA artha hai yajJopavIta aura vaha kisI sUta yA jayamAlA ke rUpa meM devoM kI pratimAoM ke lie prayukta ho sakatA hai| pAtAlavata : caitra kRSNa 1 se Arambha; eka varSa ; sAta pAtAloM kI pUjA (eka ke uparAnta eka kI pUjA); nakta-vidhi se bhojana karanA; varSa ke anta meM brAhmaNoM ke gharoM meM dIpa jalAnA evaM zveta vastroM kA dAna denA; hemAdri (vrata02,506-507, bhaviSyottaraparANa 31158 / 1-7 se uddhrnn)| pAtravata: mAgha zakla 11evaM 15; ekAdazI para upavAsa'; 15vIM tithi ko eka pavitra sthAna para ghatapUrNa svarNa pAtra rakhA jAtA hai, jisa para navIna vastra rakhe rahate haiM; saMgIta evaM nRtya se jAgara (jAgaraNa); prAtaHkAla viSNu-mandira meM pAtra ko le jAnA; viSNu-pratimA ko dUdha Adi se nahalAnA, usakI pUjA, pAtra kA dAna tathA 'viSNu prasanna ho' kahanA; pracura naivedya kA arpaNa; ghara lauTa AnA, AcArya ko santuSTa karanA; AcArya, daridroM evaM andhoM ko bharapeTa khilAnA; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 390-91); hemAdri (vrata0 3, 381-382, narasiMhapurANa se uddhrnn)| pAdodakasnAna : uttarASAr3ha-nakSatra para upavAsa; zravaNa-nakSatra para hari-pratimA ke pAdoM ko snAna karAnA tathA sone, cA~dI, tAmra evaM miTTI ke cAra ghaTa taiyAra karanA; isI prakAra saMkarSaNa, pradyumna evaM aniruddha kI pratimAoM ke pAdoM ko snAna karAnA; kUpa jharane, tAlAba, nadI ke jala se cAroM ghaToM ko mantroccAraNa ke sAtha bharanA aura jala se snAna karanA; isase durbhAgya, bAdhAe~, roga dUra hote haiM aura yaza tathA saMtati kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 650-653, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| pApanAzinI-dvAdazI : jaba zukla dvAdazI puSya nakSatra meM ho to vaha ati pavitra mAnI jAtI hai aura isI se ise yaha saMjJA milI hai; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra aMza, 143) / papanAzinI-saptamI : jaba zukla saptamI hasta-nakSatra meM par3atI hai to vaha ati pavitra saptamI kahalAtI hai; usa dina sUrya-pUjA; kartA sabhI pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai aura devaloka jAtA hai ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0, 145-146); hemAdri (vrata0 1,740-741, bhaviSyapurANa, brAhmaparva 106 / 4-14) / yaha yoga zrAvaNa kRSNa pakSa meM par3atA hai, aisA hemAdri (vRta0) kA kathana hai|| pApanAzinI-ekAdazI : jaba phAlguna meM ekAdazI puSya nakSatra evaM guruvAra ko ho aura jaba sUrya kumbha yA mIna rAzi meM ho yA jaba ekAdazI puSya nakSatra se yukta ho to usa tithi ko pApanAzinI kahA jAtA hai; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, vAyupurANa evaM varAhapurANa se udrnn)| pApamocana-vrata : jo vyakti 12 dinoM taka binA khAye bilva vRkSa ke nIce rahatA hai vaha bhrUNa-hatyA ke pApa se mukta ho jAtA hai; devatA ziva ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 396, saurapurANa se uddhrnn)| pAraNA yA pAraNa : dekhie gata adhyaay| pAlIcaturvazI-vata : bhAdrapada zukla 14 para; tithi ; devatA varuNa ; eka maNDala meM varuNa kA citra banAyA jAtA hai; sabhI vargoM ke loga (strI-puruSa) arghya de sakate haiM, phaloM, puSpoM, sabhI annoM, dahI Adi se madhyAhna meM pUjA kara sakate haiM ; kartA sabhI pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai aura samRddhi pAtA hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 130-132, bhaviSyottara purANa se uddhrnn)| pAzA : 12vIM tithi kA yaha nAma hai; varSakriyAkaumudI (242); smRtikaustubha (114) / pAzupatavata : (1) caitra meM Arambha; eka liMga banAkara use candana-jala se snAna karAnA; eka svarNa-kamala banAkara usameM liMga-sthApana evaM bilva-dala se pUjA; kamala puSpa (zveta, lAla evaM nIla) evaM anya upacAra ; caitra se Arambha kara sabhI mAsoM meM yaha zivaliMgavata kiyA jAtA hai; kintu vaizAkha mAsa se Age ke mAsoM meM zivaliMga

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bata-sUcI 155 krama se hIrA, marakata, motI, indranIla, mANikya, gomeda (eka aisI maNi jo himAlaya evaM sindhu se lAyI jAtI thI), pravAla (kArtika evaM mArgazIrSa meM), sUryakAnta, sphaTika se banAyA jAtA hai; varSa ke anta meM godAna evaM sAha chor3anA; yA yaha kevala eka mAsa taka hI sampAdita kiyA jAya, vizeSata: yadi kartA daridra hai; ziva ke skanda Adi vibhinna rUpoM ko sambodhita bahuta se zloka, yathA--jinake anta meM hai-'pApamAza vyapohatu' (vaha merA pApa dUra kare), 'sa me pApaM vyapohatu' yA 'vyapohantu malaM mama'; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 197-212, liNgpur|nn); (2) caitra pUrNimA para; trayodazI ko supAtra athavA suyogya AcArya kA sammAna ; jIvana bhara, 12 varSoM, 6 yA 3 yA 1 varSa yA 1 mAsa yA 12dinoM ke lie vrata karane kA saMkalpa ; homa, ghI evaM samidhA ke sAtha ; caturdazI ko upavAsa ; pUrNimA ko homa ; 'agniriti bhasma' Adi 6 mantroM ke sAtha zarIra meM bhasma lagAnA (atharvaziras upa05); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 212-222, vAyusaMhitA); (3) kRSNa 12 ko ekabhakta vidhi se bhojana, trayodazI ko ayAcita vidhi se tathA caturdazI ko nakta-vidhi se tathA amAvAsyA ko upavAsa, amAvAsyA ke uparAnta svarNa-baila kA dAna ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 455-457, agnipurANa se uddhrnn)| pASANacaturdazI : zukla 14 ko jaba sUrya vRzcika rAzi meM ho; sUryAsta ke uparAnta patthara ke goloM ke rUpa meM ATe ke cAra gole khAkara gaurI ko prasanna karanA ; kAlaviveka (470); varSakriyAkaumudI (483); tithitattva (124) / piThorI amAvAsyA : zrAvaNa kRSNa 30 / pitRvata : (1) eka varSa taka pratyeka amAvAsyA para; kartA kevala dUdha para rahatA hai, varSa ke anta meM zrAddha karatA hai tathA 5 gAyeM yA vastra jalapUrNa pAtroM ke sAtha dAna karatA hai; 100 pUrvajoM kI rakSA karatA hai (tAratA hai) aura viSNuloka jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru (443, 16vA~ SaSTivrata, matsya0 101 / 29-30 se); (2) caitra kRSNa pratipadA se ; agniSvAtta, bahiSada Adi sAta pitR-daloM kI sAta dinoM taka pUjA; eka yA bAraha varSoM taka ; hemAdri (ta0 2, 505-506, viSNudharmottarapurANa 331571-7 se, saptamUrtivrata kahA gayA hai); (3) viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 189 / 1-5); (4) caitra kRSNa 30 se; pitaroM ke sAta daloM kA zrAddha evaM upavAsa ; eka varSa taka; hemAdri (vata0 2 / 255, viSNupurANa se); (5) amAvAsyA para pitaroM ko tila evaM jala jisameM kuza rakhe rahate haiM, usa dina upavAsa; hemAdri (kta0 2 / 253, varAhapurANa se uddharaNa); (6) piNDoM se pitR-pUjA; ghRta kI dhArA, samidhA, dahI, dUdha, bhojana Adi se homa ; pitara loga saMtati pradAna karate haiM, dhana, dIrghAyu Adi dete haiM; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 254, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| pipItaka-dvAdazI : vaizAkha zukla 12 para; kezava kI pratimA ko zItala jala se nahalAnA tathA gaMdha, puSpa Adi upacAroM se pUjA ; prathama varSa meM cAra jalapUrNa ghar3oM kA dAna ; dUsare varSa meM isI prakAra 8 ghar3oM, tIsare meM 12 ghar3oM, cauthe meM 16 ghar3oM kA dAna ; sone kI dakSiNA; pipItaka nAmaka brAhmaNa ke nAma se vikhyAta ; vratakAlaviveka (19-20); varSakriyAkaumudI (252-258); tithitattva (114) / pizAcacaturdazI : caitra kRSNa 14 para; zaMkara-pUjA aura rAtri meM utsava ; usa dina nikumbha zaMkara kI pUjA karatA hai, ataH nikumbha ko sammAnita karanI cAhie aura gozAlAoM, nadiyoM, mArgoM, zikharoM Adi para pizAcoM ko bali denI cAhie; nirNayAmRta (55-56, zloka 674-681) / pizAca-mocana : (1) mArgazIrSa zukla 14 para; kAzI meM kapardIzvara ke pAsa snAna evaM pUjA; vahA~ bhojana-vitaraNa ; prati varSa ; kartA pizAca hone se baca jAtA hai; puruSArthacintAmaNi (247-248), (2) smRtikaustubha

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156 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (108); jaba caitra zukla 14 maMgala ko par3atI hai to usa dina gaMgA-snAna aura brahmabhoja ; kartA pizAca hone se baca jAtA hai| piSTAzanavata : pratyeka navamI para; kevala ATe para nirvAha ; mahAnavamI se prArambha ; 9 varSoM taka ; devatA gaurI; sabhI kAMkSAoM kI pUrti ; tithitattva (59); varSakriyAkaumudI (40-41) / puNDarIkayajJaprApti : dvAdazI ko jala-devatA varuNa kI pUjA; puNDarIka yajJa kI phala-prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1204) / vanaparva (30 / 117) ke mata se yaha azvamedha evaM rAjasUya ke samAna eka mahAn yajJa hai ; AzvalAyana zrautasUtra (uttaraSaTka 4 / 4) jahA~ puNDarIkayAga kA ullekha hai| puNyakavata : harivaMza (2 / 77-79, brahmavaivarta 03, adhyAya 3 evaM 4) meM nirUpita ; mAgha zukla 13 ko Arambha ; eka varSa taka, hari kI puujaa| putrakAmavata : (1) bhAdrapada pUrNimA para ; putrahIna vyakti apane gRha meM putreSTi karane ke uparAnta usa kaMdarA (guhA) meM praveza karatA hai jisameM rudra ke nivAsa kara lene kI kalpanA kara lI jAtI hai| rudra, pArvatI, nandI ke lie homa kiyA jAtA hai, pUjA kI jAtI hai aura upavAsa kiyA jAtA hai; sahAyakoM ko khilAkara svayaM evaM patnI ko khilAyA jAtA hai, guhA kI pradakSiNA kI jAtI hai aura patnI ko rudra-sambandhI kathAeM sunAyI jAtI haiM, patnI tIna dinoM taka dUdha evaM cAvala khAtI hai; isase bandhyA strI ko bhI santAna utpanna hotI hai| pati ko eka sone yA cA~dI yA loha kI ziva-pratimA eka prAdeza (a~gUThe evaM tarjanI ko phailAne se jo lambAI hotI hai) kI lambAI kI banavAnI par3atI hai; pratimA-pUjA, use agni meM tapta kiyA jAtA hai, punaH use eka pAtra meM rakhakara eka prastha dUdha se abhiSikta kiyA jAtA hai aura use patnI pI letI hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 374-376, brahmapurANa se uddharaNa); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 171-172, padmapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) jyeSTha pUrNamAsI para; tithivrata; eka ghar3e ko zveta cAvala se bharakara, zveta vastra se DhaMkakara, zveta candana se cihnita kara aura usameM eka sone kA sikkA rakhakara sthApita karanA cAhie, usake Upara eka pItala ke pAtra ko gur3a ke sAtha rakhanA cAhie; Dhakkana ke Upara brahmA evaM sAvitrI kI pratimA rakha kara gandha Adi se pUjA karanI cAhie ; dUsare dina prAtaH usa ghar3e kA dAna kisI brAhmaNa ko kara denI cAhie; brahma-bhojana, anta meM svayaM binA namaka kA bhojana karanA cAhie; yaha eka varSa taka prati mAsa karanA cAhie ; 13 veM mAsa meM palaMga evaM svarNima tathA cA~dI kI (brahmA evaM sAvitrI kI) pratibhAe~ ghRtadhenu ke sAtha dAna kara denI cAhie; tila se homa ; brahmA ke nAma kA japa ; kartA (strI puruSa) sabhI pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai tathA uttama putroM kI prApti karatA hai ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 376-378, yahA~ isakA nAma putrakAmyavrata hai); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 173-174); kRtyaratnAkara (193-195, padmapurANa se uddhrnn)| putradavidhi : rohiNI yA hasta nakSatra meM par3ane vAlA ravivAra putrada kahA gayA hai ; usa dina upavAsa; puSpoM Adi se sUrya-pUjA; sUrya-pratimA ke samakSa zayana ; mahAzvetA mantra (hrIM krIM saH) kA kartA dvArA pATha; dUsare dina karavIra puSpoM evaM lAla candana se sUrya evaM ravivAra ko arghya tathA pArvaNa zrAddha kA sampAdana aura tIna piNDoM meM madhya vAle piNDa ko khAnA ; kRtyakalpataru (15-16); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 524, yahA~ nAma purA-putrada-vidhi hai)| putraprAptivrata : (1) vaizAkha zukla 6 para paMcamI ko upavAsa kara skanda-pUjA; tithi ; eka varSa; skanda ke cAra rUpa haiM, yathA--skanda, kumAra, vizAkha evaM guha; putra, sampatti kI svAsthya kI icchA karane vAlA pUrNakAma hotA hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 11628, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) zrAvaNa-pUrNimA para; tithi; zAMkarI (durgA) devatA; putroM, vidyA, rAjya evaM yaza pAne vAle ko isakA sampAdana karanA cAhie; kisI zubha nakSatra meM sone yA cA~dI kI eka talavAra yA pAdukAe~ yA durgA kI pratimA banavAnI cAhie aura uge hue jau kI vedI para rakhanA

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vrata-sUcI 157 cAhie, vedI para pahale homa ho gayA rahanA cAhie; devI ko bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke phUla - phala car3hAne cAhie; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 232) meM vidyAmantra diye hue haiM; hemAdri ( vrata 2, 230 - 233, devIpurANa se uddharaNa) / putravrata : (1) yaha 'putra - kAmavrata' hI hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2 171 - 172 ); (2) prAtaH sUryodaya ke pUrva snAna karake pippala (pIpala) vRkSa ko sparza karanA, tilapUrNa ghaTa kA dAna ; sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiM; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 883, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / putra saptamI : (1) mAgha zukla evaM kRSNa 7 para; SaSThI ko upavAsa evaM homa karake donoM saptamiyoM para sUrya-pUjA; eka varSa; putra, dhana, yaza evaM svAsthya kI prApti; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 166-167 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 738-739, AdityapurANa se uddharaNa) ; vratarAja ( 255 ) ; ( 2 ) bhAdrapada zukla evaM kRSNa 7 para; SaSThI ko saMkalpa evaM saptamI ko upavAsa; viSNu nAma vAle mantroM ke sAtha viSNu - pUjA; gopAla- mantroM ke sAtha aSTamI ko viSNu - pUjA tathA tila se homa; eka varSa; varSa ke anta meM 2 kAlI gAyoM kA dAna, putra-prApti evaM sabhI pApoM se mukti; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 224- 225 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 724 - 25, varAhapurANa 63 / 1 7 se uddharaNa) / putrIyavrata bhAdrapada pUrNimA ke uparAnta kRSNa 8 para; usa dina upavAsa; govinda pratimA ko sarvaprathama eka prastha ghI tathA krama se madhu, dahI tathA dUdha meM nahalAnA aura taba sarvoSadhi se yukta jala meM nahalAnA, isake uparAnta usa para candana-lepa, kuMkuma evaM karpUra lagAnA; puSpoM evaM anya upacAroM se pratimA pUjana; puruSasUkta (R010-90 ) ke sAtha homa ; taba putra yA putrI cAhane vAlA aise phaloM kA dAna karatA hai jo krama se puMlliMga yA strIliMga ke sUcaka hoM; eka varSa taka ; sabhI icchAoM kI pUrti hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 844-45, viSNudharmottara purANa 2 / 55 / 1-12 se uddharaNa) / putrIya- saptamI : mArgazIrSa zukla 7 para; sUrya pUjA; usa dina kevala haviSya - bhojana; dUsare dina gandha se Arambha kara anya upacAroM se sUrya pUjA tathA nakta bhojana ( dina bhara kucha nahIM kevala rAtri meM bhojana ) ; eka varSa taka, hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 789-90, viSNudharmottara purANa se uddharaNa) / "putrIya" kA artha hai 'jo putra-lAbha karAtA hai' / putrIyAnantavrata : mArgazIrSa meM Arambha; eka varSa; pratyeka mAsa meM usa nakSatra para jisase usa mAsa kA nAma par3atA hai; kartA upavAsa karatA hai aura viSNu-pUjA karatA hai; vAraha mAsoM meM viSNu ke bAraha aMgoM kI pUjA, yathAmArgazIrSa meM bAyA~ ghuTanA, pauSa meM kaTi kA vAma pakSa Adi; cAra mAsoM ke pratyeka dala meM vibhinna raMgoM ke puSpa tathA mArgazIrSa se Arambha kara tInoM avadhiyoM meM gAya ke mUtra, dUdha evaM dahI se snAna karAnA hotA hai; sabhI mAsoM meM ananta - nAma kA japa evaM homa; anta meM brahma-bhoja evaM dAna; icchAoM kI pUrti, yathA--putra, dhana, jIvikA Adi kI prApti; viSNudharmottarapurANa (1 / 173) / putrotpattivrata: yaha nakSatra vrata hai; eka varSa taka pratyeka zravaNa nakSatra para yamunA meM snAna; isase vaisA hI putra prApta hotA hai jaisA ki zakti ke putra evaM vasiSTha ke pautra parAzara ko prApta huA thA; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 409, varAhapurANa se uddharaNa); hemAdri ( vrata0 2649-50, AdityapurANa se zlokoM kA uddharaNa) / purazcaraNa- saptamI : mAgha zukla 7 ko jaba ravivAra ho aura sUrya makara rAzi meM ho; lAla puSpoM, arghya, Adi se sUrya - pratimA kI pUjA; paJcagavya-pAna; eka varSa taka; vibhinna puSpoM, dhUpa evaM naivedya prati mAsa meM; sabhI pApoM ke prabhAva se mukti hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 805-810, skanda, nAgarakhaNDa se uddharaNa) / purazcaraNa meM pA~ca tattva hote haiM, yathA--- japa, pUjA evaM homa, tarpaNa, abhiSeka tathA brAhmaNa-sammAna smRtikaustubha (74) / purANazravaNavidhi : hemAdri ( vrata0 2,997 - 1002) /

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158 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa puruSottamayAtrA : gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra aMza, pR0 183-190) meM jagannAthapurI meM puruSottama kI 12 yAtrAoM kA varNana hai, yathA-snAna, guNDicA, harizayana, dakSiNAyana, pArzvaparivartana, utthApanaikAdazI, prAvaraNotsava, puSyAbhiSeka, uttarAyaNa, dolAyAtrA, damanakacaturdazI, akSayatRtIyA / / pulika-bandhana : kArtika zukla 15 para puSkara kA melA; kRtyasAra-samuccaya (7) / puSpadvitIyA : kArtika zukla dvitIyA se Arambha; tithivrata ; eka varSa ; devatA azvinIkumAra; pratyeka zukla dvitIyA para devIpUjA meM prayukta puSpoM ko khAyA jAtA hai; anta meM sone se bane puSpoM evaM eka gAya kA dAna; kartA apanI patnI evaM putroM ke sAtha Ananda pAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 40-41); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 381-382, bhaviSyapurANa 1 / 19 / 81-89 se uddhrnn)| puSpASTamI : zrAvaNa zukla 8 para; tithivrata ; devatA ziva; eka varSa ; pratyeka mAsa meM vibhinna puSpa, naivedya aura ziva ke vibhinna nAma'; kRtyakalpataru (bata0 235-238); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 837-839, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| puSyavata : yaha nakSatravrata hai; zukla pakSa meM sUrya kI uttarAyaNa-gati meM samRddhi kA icchuka vyakti kama-se-kama eka rAtri upavAsa karatA hai, sthAlIpAka (dUdha meM cAvala yA jau ko ubAlane se banA bhojya padArtha) banAtA hai, kubera-pUjA karatA hai, eka brAhmaNa ko pakAye hue bhojana ke zeSAMza ko ghRta milAkara khilAyA jAtA hai aura brAhmaNa se 'samRddhi ho' kahalAyA jAtA hai, dUsare puSya-nakSatra ke Ane taka ise pratidina duharAyA jAtA hai ; kartA dvitIya, tRtIya evaM caturtha bAra Aye hue puSya para krama se do-tIna evaM cAra brAhmaNoM ko bhojya detA hai| isa prakAra brAhmaNoM kI saMkhyA bar3hAyI jAtI rahatI hai aura yaha krama varSa bhara calatA rahatA hai ; kartA kevala prathama puSya para upavAsa karatA hai; phala yaha hotA hai ki kartA bar3I samRddhi prApta karatA hai; ApastambadharmasUtra (2 / 8 / 20 / 3-9 evaM sUtra 10-22 kucha pratibaMdha upasthita karate haiM); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 399-400); hemAdri (vrata, 20628) / puSyasnAna : yaha eka zAnti hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 2 / 600-628); bRhatsaMhitA (47 / 1-87); kAlikApurANa (89) / ratnamAlA (670) meM AyA hai-'jisa prakAra caupAyoM meM siMha sarvazaktimAna hotA hai, usI prakAra puSya nakSatroM meM sarvazaktimAna hai aura isameM kiye gaye sabhI saMkalpa pUre hote haiM, bhale hI candra anugrahapUrNa na ho| puSyadvAdazI : jaba puSya nakSatra dvAdazI ko ho, candra evaM bRhaspati kA yoga ho tathA sUrya kumbha rAzi meM ho to brahmA, hari evaM ziva yA kevala vAsudeva kI hI pUjA karanI cAhie; rAjamArtaNDa (zloka 13751377) / puSyAbhiSeka : puruSottama kI 12 yAtrAoM meM eka ; prati varSa jaba ki pauSa meM pUrNimA puSya nakSatra meM ho; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 189) / puSyArkadvAdazI : jaba kisI dvAdazI para sUrya puSya nakSatra meM ho to janArdana-pUjA honI cAhie; isase sabhI pApa kaTate haiM ; yadi dvAdazI para puSya nakSatra na ho taba bhI vidhi karanI cAhie; ekAdazI ko upavAsa evaM dvAdazI ko ghRtapUrNa pAtra kA dAna ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 351); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1176-1177) / pUrNAhuti : khar3e hokara (kabhI bhI baiThakara nahIM) mUrdhAnaM divo' ke sAtha Ahuti dI jAtI hai (R0 6701, vAja0 saMhitA 7 / 24; tai0 sa0 1 / 4 / 13 / 1) / tithitattva (100); kRtyakalpataru (shaantik)| pUjA : upacAroM ke lie dekhie gata adhyAya 2; adhikAMza vratoM meM pA~ca upacAra, yathA--gandha, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa evaM naivedya kAryAnvita hote haiN| kucha puSpoM Adi ke viSaya meM aise niyama pratipAdita haiM ki ve kucha devoM evaM deviyoM kI pUjA meM prayukta nahIM hote, yathA durgA-pUjA meM dUrvA, sUrya ke lie bilva-dala, mahAbhiSeka meM zaMkha se jala

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vata-sUcI DhArA jAtA hai, kintu ziva evaM sUrya kI pUjA meM aisA nahIM kiyA jaataa| sabhI vratoM meM pAyI jAne vAlI sAmAnya vidhi ke lie dekhie vratarAja (47-49) / pUrNimAvata : (1) puSpoM, candana-lepa, dhUpa Adi se sabhI pUrNimAoM kA sammAna karanA cAhie aura gRhiNI ko kevala eka bAra aura vaha bhI rAtri meM bhojana karanA cAhie (nkt-vidhi)| yadi sabhI pUrNimAoM para vrata na kiyA jA sake to kama-se-kama kArtika zukla 15 ko avazya kiyA jAnA cAhie; umA-pUjA; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 243,viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (2)zrAvaNa-pUrNimA; upavAsa, indriya-nigraha aura prANAyAma karane cAhie; sabhI pApoM se mukti ho jAtI hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 244); (3) kArtika pUrNimA para nArI ko ghara kI dIvAra para umA evaM ziva kA citra banAnA cAhie ; ina donoM ko pUjA gandha Adi se kI jAnI cAhie aura vizeSataH Ikha yA Ikha ke rasa se banI vastuoM kA arpaNa honA cAhie, binA tila ke tela ke prayoga ke nakta-vidhi se bhojana; isa vrata ko sampAdita karane vAlI nArI saubhAgyavatI hotI hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 2 / 244, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / kSIrasvAmI ne 'pUrNimA' zabda kI vyutpatti isa prakAra kI hai-'pUraNaM pUNiH, pUNi mimIta pUrNimA'; dekhie hemAdri (kAla0 311, matsya purANa se uddhrnn)| pUrNimAvata : dekhie paurNamAsIvratoM ke antrgt| pUrvAhna : dekhie Upara aha'; manu (4 / 152), anuzAsana (104 / 23); viSNupurANa (3 / 11 / 22) / pRthivIzrata : devI ke rUpa meM pRthivI kI pUjA; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 574) / paurandara vata : paMcamI ko tila kI khalI se hAthI kI AkRti banAnI cAhie, use sone se alaMkRta karanA cAhie, usa para aMkuza ke sAtha pIlavAna baiThAnA cAhie; hAthI para lAla vastra rakhe jAne cAhie, usake dA~ta ko kitI pItala ke pAtra meM yA kuNDa meM rakhanA cAhie; hAthI ko dAna rUpa meM kisI brAhmaNa evaM usakI patnI ko mAlAoM, AbhUSaNoM, kuNDaloM evaM navIna vastroM ke sAtha denA caahie| aisA karane se kartA indraloka meM dIrgha kAla taka rahatA hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 567-568, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| pauruSa-pratipadA-prata : caitra zukla prathamA se Arambha; tithi vrata; kartA ko pavitra jala meM khar3e hokara viSNu kA dhyAna karanA cAhie; gandha Adi se pUjA evaM puruSasUkta (R0 10.90 / 1-16) kA pATha; eka varSa taka donoM pakSoM meM ; hemAdri (vrata0 1. 344, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 128 / 1-7 se uddhrnn)| paurNamAsI : mAgha, kArtika, jyeSTha evaM ASAr3ha kI pUrNimAoM ke katipaya dAna-patra, dekhie epigraiphiyA iNDikA,jilda 7 / 'paurNamAsI' zabda yoM banA hai-'pUrNo mAH ('mAsa' kA artha hai candra) pUrNamAH, tatra bhavA paurNamAsI (tithiH), yA 'pUrNo mAso vartate asyAmiti paurNamAsI'; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 160) meM AyA hai--'pUrNamAso bhaved yasyAM pUrNamAsI tataH smRtA'; dekhie gata adhyAya 3 / jaba candra evaM bRhaspati eka hI nakSatra meM hoM aura taba pUrNimA ho to usa pUrNimA yA paurNamAsI ko 'mahA' kahA jAtA hai; aisI paurNamAsI para dAna evaM upavAsa akSaya phaladAyaka hotA hai (viSNudharmasUtra 49 / 9-10; kRtyaratnAkara, pR0 430-431, nayatakAlika kANDa, 373); kAlaviveka (346-347)hemAdri (kAla0 640); varSakriyAkaumudI (77) evaM viSNudharmottarapurANa 1160 / 21) / aisI paurNamAsI ko mahAcaitrI, mahAkArtikI, mahA-poSI Adi kahA jAtA hai| yadi paurNamAsI yA amAvAsyA viddha ho to vaha tithi jo pratipadA se yukta ho, mAnya hotI hai, kintu vaTasAvitrI ko chor3a kara; kAlanirNaya (300-301); kAlatattva-vivecana (59-61); puruSArthacintAmaNi (281) / paurNamAsI-kRtya : kAlanirNaya (300-307); varSakriyAkaumudI (77-81); tithitattva (133); samayamayUkha (104-116); smRtikaustubha (270-271) /

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160 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa paurNamAsI-vrata : agnipurANa (194); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 374-385) meM pA~ca vratoM kA ullekha hai aura hemAdri (vrata0 2, 160-245) meM lagabhaga 38 vratoM kA; smRtikaustubha (432-439), pu0 cintAmaNi (211314); vratarAja (587-645) / yahA~ para paurNamAsI tithi ke viSaya kI kucha mahatvapUrNa bAteM dI jA rahI haiN| ASAr3ha pUrNimA para yatiyoM ko apane sira muMDA lene cAhie; cAturmAsya meM aisA kabhI nahIM karanA cAhie; ASAr3ha se Age cAra yA do mAsoM taka unheM eka sthAna para ThaharanA cAhie aura vyAsa-pUjA karanI cAhie (pu0 cintAmaNi 284); zrAvaNa-pUrNimA para upAkarma ; bhAdrapada pUrNimA para nAndImukha pitaroM ke lie zrAddha karanA cAhie; mAghapUrNimA ko tila-dAna karanA cAhie; phAlguna meM zukla 5 se 15 taka Aga jalAne vAlI lakar3I ko curAne kI chUTa baccoM ko rahatI hai,esI lakaDI meM Aga 15 vIM tithi ko lagAyI jAtI hai (pU0 cintAmaNi 309): viSNadharmasUtra (9013-5) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki yadi pauSa kI pUrNimA para puSya nakSatra ho aura koI vyakti vAsudevapratimA ko ghI se nahalAtA hai aura svayaM zvata sarasoM kA tela apane zarIra meM lagAtA hai aura savauSadhi evaM sugaMdhita vastuoM se yukta jala se snAna karatA hai tathA viSNu, indra evaM bRhaspati ke mantroM ke sAtha pratimA kA pUjana karatA hai to vaha sukha pAtA hai; kRtyaratnAkara (484) / pauSavrata : kRtyaratnAkara (474.486); varSakriyAkaumudI (487-490); nirNayasindhu (211-212); smRtikaustubha (432-439); kucha bAteM yahA~ saMkSepa meM dI jA rahI haiN| pauSa meM ziva-liMga para kisI pAtra se ghRta DhAranA, aisA karate samaya saMgIta, nRtya Adi kiye jAte haiM aura prakAza Adi kA sundara prabandha rahatA hai| isase pApamocana hotA hai aura vyakti zivaloka jAtA hai (kRtyaratnAkara, 478); budhavAra se yukta pauSa 8 para ziva-pUjArtha snAna, japa, homa,brahma-bhoja karane para sahasragunA puNya lAbha hotA hai (nirNayasindhu 211); pauSa ke donoM pakSoM kI navamI para upavAsa aura pratidina tIna bAra durgA-pUjA, pUre mAsa bhara nakta bhojana tathA durgA-pratimA ko ghRta se nahalAnA, ATha kumAriyoM ko khilAnA, ATe se nirmita durgA-pratimA kI pUjA; isase durgA-loka meM pahu~ca hotI hai (kRtyaratnAkara, 477, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| pauSTika : vRhatsaMhitA (2) ne sAMvatsara (jyotiSI) kI arhatAoM meM zAntika evaM pauSTika kRtyoM kA jJAna bhI sammilita kiyA hai| donoM meM antara yaha hai--pauSTika kRtyoM meM homa Adi kA sampAdana dIrghAyu karatA hai, kintu zAntika kRtyoM meM duSTa grahoM, dhUmaketu Adi asAdhAraNa ghaTanAoM se utpanna kuprabhAvoM se bacane ke lie homa Adi kA sampAdana hotA hai; nirNayasindha (48) / kRtyakalpataru (nayatakAlika 254) meM AyA hai ki zAnti kA artha hai sAMsArika kaSToM kA dharmazAstra kI vidhiyoM se nivaarnn| prakIrNaka-vrata : kaI prakAra ke mile-jule vrata; kRtyakalpataru (452-468); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 868-1002); kRtyaratnAkara (540-593); kAlanirNaya (326-358); varSakriyAkaumudI (533-564) / ina vratoM meM adhikAMza kI carcA yathAsthAna pRthaka rUpa se huI hai| prakRtipuruSa-vrata : caitra zukla 1 ko upavAsa ; dUsare dina puruSasUkta (R0 10-90) ke sAtha puSpoM Adi se agni-pUjA ; puruSa evaM prakRti ko agni evaM soma ke anurUpa mAnA gayA hai aura ve hI vAsudeva evaM lakSmI haiM ; zrIsUkta ke sAtha lakSmI-pUjA ; sone, cA~dI evaM tAmra kA dAna; kartA ko kevala dUdha evaM ghRta khAnA cAhie; eka varSa taka; sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti evaM mukti-mArga kI prApti ; hemAdri (vrata0 1,pR0 391-92, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| prajApativrata : (1) zAMkhAyana brA0 (6 / 6) meM AyA hai--'kartA ko sUryodaya evaM sUryAsta nahIM dekhanA caahie| ye niyama zabara (jaimini 4 / 113) dvArA prajApativrata kahe gaye haiM aura unhoMne udghoSita kiyA hai ki ye 'puruSArtha kahe gaye haiM na ki 'kRtvartha'; (2) praznopaniSad (1 / 13 evaM 15) meM aisA AyA hai--'divasa prANa hai aura rASi

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vrata-sUcI prajApati kA bhojana hai tathA jo loga dina meM maithuna karate haiM ve prANa para AkramaNa karate haiM aura jo loga rAtri meM saMbhoga karate haiM ve brahmacarya-pAlana karate haiM; jo loga prajApati vrata karate haiM ve putra evaM putrI utpanna karate haiN|' praznopaniSad (1 / 15) meM prajApativrata kA artha hai rAtri meM saMbhoga; yaha artha zabara ke artha se bhinna hai| pratipat-prata : agnipurANa (176, kevala do vrata); kRtyakalpataru (35-40); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 335365); kAlanirNaya (140-149); puruSacintAmaNi (56-81); vratarAja (49-78); hemAdri (kAlasAra, 614, bhaviSyapurANa kA uddharaNa); ina sabhI granthoM meM AyA hai ki caitra, kArtika evaM Azvina kI pahalI tithiyA~ pavitratama haiM (hemAdri, vata0 350 ne bhI aisA kahA hai)| yadi pratipad viddhA hoto sabhI dAna dvitIyA se yukta pratipad para honA cAhie; kAlanirNaya (140) / pratimAvata : kArtika zukla 14 se Arambha ; tithivrata; eka varSa ; devatA, umA evaM ziva; cAvala ke ATe se pratimAeM banAyI jAtI haiM ; saikar3oM dIpa jalAye jAte haiM, pratimAoM para kuMkuma lagAyA jAtA hai; dhUpa guggula kA hotA hai; dUdha evaM ghRta kI 108 AhutiyA~ ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 57-58, kAlottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| prathamASTamI : bhuvanezvara kI 14 yAtrAoM meM yaha prathama hai; mArgazIrSa kRSNa 8; prathama putra kI dIrghAyu ke lie sampAdita ; gaNeza evaM varuNa kI pUjA, bhuvanezvara ko praNAma ; gadAgharapaddhati (kAlasAra 115-116, 191) / pradIptanavamI : Azvina zukla 9 para; tithivrata; eka varSa; 16 akSaroM vAle (oM mahAbhagavatyai mahiSAsuramardinya huM phaT) maMtra ke sAtha devI-pUjA; agni meM guggula DAla kara ziva-pUjA; aMgUThe evaM tarjanI meM ghAsa kA gucchA jaba taka jalatA rahe taba taka jitanA khAyA jA sake khAnA cAhiye ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 899-900, devIpurANa se ubrnn)| pradoSa : dekhiye gata adhyaay-5| pradoSavrata : trayodazI kI rAtri ke prathama prahara meM jo vyakti kisI bheMTa ke sAtha ziva-pratimA kA darzana karatA hai, vaha sabhI pApoM se mukta hotA hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 18, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| prapAdAna : caitra zukla prathamA se Arambha ; sabhI ko cAra mAsoM taka jala denA; pitara loga santuSTa ho jAte haiN| puruSacintAmaNi (57); smRtikaustubha (89, aparArka kA uddhrnn)| prabodha : viSNu evaM anya devoM kA kArtika meM zayana se uThanA; dekhiye gata adhyaay-5| prabhA-vata : jo Adhe mAsa taka upavAsa karatA hai aura anta meM do kapilA gAyoM kA dAna kAtA hai vaha brahma loka jAtA hai aura devoM se sammAnita hotA hai; matsyapurANa (101154); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 447); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 884-85, padmapurANa se)| kRtyakalpataru meM ise 33 vA SaSTivrata kahA gayA hai| lAna : bhujabalanibandha (pR. 350, zloka 1530) evaM rAjamArtaNDa (zloka 1361) meM AyA hai ki vyakti ko tulA, makara evaM meSarAziyoM meM par3ane vAle sUrya ke samaya prAtaH snAna karanA cAhiye ; kRtyaratnAkara (149) evaM varSakriyAkaumudI ne bhI yaha uddharaNa diyA hai ; viSNudharmasUtra (6418) meM aisA AyA hai ki jo vyakti prAtaHsnAna karatA hai use aruNodaya ke samaya aisA karanA caahie| prAjApatyavrata : jo vyakti kRccha prAyazcitta ke anta meM godAna karatA hai aura apane sAmarthya ke anusAra brahma-bhoja karAtA hai vaha zaMkara ke loka meM pahuMcatA hai ; matsyapurANa (101166); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 448); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 883, papapurANa se uddhrnn)| kRtyakalpataru (vrata0) meM yahI 44 vA~ SaSTivrata hai| prAtaHsnAna:

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prAptinata : jo eka varSa taka ekabhakta raha kara jalapUrNa ghaTa evaM bhojana kA dAna karatA hai vaha eka kalpa taka zivaloka meM vAsa karatA hai; matsyapurANa (101155); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 447, 34 vA~ SaSTivrata); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 866, padmapurANa se uddhrnn)| ___ prAvaraNaSaSThI : mArgazIrSa 6 para; jAr3e se bacane ke lie devoM evaM brAhmaNoM ko kucha (yathA-kambala) denA cAhie; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra aMza, 84) / prAvaraNotsava : mArgazIrSa zukla 6 para puruSottama kI 12 yAtrAoM meM eka ; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra aMza, 189) / prItivrata : vaha jo ASAr3ha se Age cAra mAsoM taka taila-tyAga kara detA hai aura vyajjanoM ke sAtha bhojana-dAna karatA hai, viSNuloka jAtA hai; matsyapurANa (10116); kRtyakalpataru (40) / pretacaturdazI : kArtika kRSNa 14 para; rAtri se hI bratArambha ho jAtA hai, yadi sAtha hI maMgala evaM citrA-nakSatra hoM to sone meM suhAgA, puNya bar3ha jAtA hai; devatA, ziva; yadi 14 viddhA ho to baha dina jaba 14 vIM tithi rAtri taka rahatI hai zreSTha ginI jAnI cAhiye ; 14 vIM ko upavAsa; ziva-pUjana, ziva-bhaktoM ko bhojana evaM dAna; isa tithi para gaMgA-snAna se pApa-mukti milatI hai ; sira para apAmArga kI TahanI ghumAnI cAhiye aura yama ke 14 nAmoM ko lekara yama-tarpaNa karanA cAhiye ; nadI, brahmA, viSNu evaM ziva ke mandiroM, gharoM,evaM caurAhoM para dIpa-mAlAe~ jalAnI cAhiye; apane kuTumba kI 21 pIr3hiyoM ke sAtha kartA zivaloka calA jAtA hai; isa tithi para kuTumba ke una mRta vyaktiyoM ke lie, jo yA to yuddha meM mAre gaye rahate haiM yA amAvAsyA meM mare rahate haiM, mazAla jalAye jAte haiM; kartA pretopAkhyAna nAmaka gAthA sunatA hai jo samvatsarapradIpa (varSakriyAkaumadI 461-467 ) meM saMgRhIta hai aura jisameM una pA~ca pratoM kI kathAe~ haiM jinakI eka brAhmaNa se bheMTa huI thI; yaha gAthA bhISma ne yugiSThira ko sunAyI thI; bhISma ne yaha batAyA hai ki kina karmoM se vyakti preta ho jAtA hai aura kina karmoM se pretayoni se chuTakArA hotA hai ; kartA ko kRtyacintAmaNi meM vaNita 14 zAkoM (tarakAriyoM) kA sevana karanA cAhiye ; rAjamArtaNDa (1338-1345); varSa kriyA kaumudI (459-467); kRtyatattva (474); samayamayUkha (100), smRti kaustubha (371); puruSArthacintAmaNi (242-243); tithitattva (124) / yaha sambhavataH isIlie preta-caturdazI kahalAtI hai kyoMki isa avasara para pretopAkhyAna sunAyA jAtA hai| phalatRtIyA : zukla kI tRtIyA se prArambha; eka varSa taka; devI (durgA) kI pUjA; saba ke lie, kintu vizeSataH striyoM ke lie; phaloM kA dAna; sampAdana-kAla meM phaloM kA tyAga, nakta-vidhi; gehU~ evaM vibhinna prakAra kI dAloM (yathA--canA, mudga, mASa Adi) kA prayoga; pratiphala, dhana, dhAnya kA prAcurya evaM durbhAgya kI hInatA; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 500, padmapurANa, prabhAsakhaNDa se uddhrnn)| phalatyAgavata : mArgazIrSa zukla kI 3, 8, 12 yA 14 vIM tithi ; eka varSa taka ; devatA, ziva ; kartA phaloM kA tyAga karatA hai, kevala 18 dhAnyoM kA prayoga; nandI evaM dharmarAja ke sAtha ziva kI pratimA kA nirmANa; 16 prakAra (yathA-kUSmANDa, Ama, badara, kelA Adi) ke phaloM kI svarNima pratimAeM banAnI cAhie, 16 anya choTe-choTe phaloM (yathA-Amalaka, udumbara)kI cA~dI kI pratinidhi-pratimAe~ bhI banAnI cAhiye tathA 16 anya phaloM (yathA-imalI, iMguda Adi) kI tAmra-pratimAeM banAyI jAtI haiM; dhAnya kI eka rAzi para zveta vastra se DhaMke do jalapUrNa ghaTa rakhe jAte haiM tathA eka palaMga banavAyA jAtA hai; varSa ke anta meM ye sabhI vastue~ eka sapatnIka brAhmaNa ko dAna meM de dI jAtI haiM, yadi yaha saba dene meM asamarthatA ho to kevala dhAtu-nirmita phala ghar3e evaM ziva tathA dharma kI svaNima pratimAeM de dI jAtI haiM; kartA sahasroM yugoM

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vrata-sUcI taka rudraloka meM rahatA hai| matsyapurANa (96 / 1-25), hemAdri (vrata0 2, 906-909); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 436-439) / ...phalavata : (1) ASAr3ha se Age cAra mAsoM taka bar3e phaloM (yathA-kUSmANDa, panasa Adi) kA tyAga, kArtika meM unhIM phaloM kI svarNa-pratimAe~ do gAyoM ke sAtha dAna meM dI jAtI haiM ; devatA, sUrya ; kartA kA sUryaloka meM sammAna hotA hai; matsyapurANa (101 / 62, yaha eka SaSTivata hai); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 448); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 818, padma evaM matsyapurANoM se uddharaNa); (2) kAlanirNaya (140, brahmapurANa kA uddharaNa); bhAdra zukla 1 para kartA mauna rakhatA hai aura tIna prakAra (pratyeka dala meM 16 phala) ke phaloM ko pakA kara devatA ko arpita kara kisI AhmaNa ko de detA hai| phalaSaSThIvrata : mArgazIrSa 5 se niyamoM kA pAlana, SaSThI ko sone kA kamala evaM eka svarNa-phala banAyA jAtA hai, SaSThI ko kisI miTTI yA tAmra ke pAtra meM gur3a ke sAtha kamala evaM phala ko rakhA jAtA hai aura puSpa Adi se pUjA kI jAtI hai, upavAsa kiyA jAtA hai; saptamI ko 'sUrya mujha para prasanna ho' ke sAtha unakA dAna kiyA jAtA hai, Age ke pakSa kI paMcamI taka eka phala kA tyAga ; yaha eka varSa taka kiyA jAtA hai; pratyeka mAsa meM saptamI ko sUrya ke 12 nAma duharAye jAte haiM; kartA sabhI pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai aura sUryaloka meM sammAnita hotA hai; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 602-604, bhaviSyottarapurANa .39 / 1-12 se uddhrnn)| phalasaMkrAntivata : saMkrAnti dina para snAna ke uparAnta puSpoM Adi se sUrya-pUjA aura kisI brAhmaNa ko zakkara se pUrNa eka pAtra evaM 8 phaloM kA dAna tathA isake uparAnta eka ghaTa meM sUrya kI svarNa-pratimA rakha kara puSpoM Adi se pUjA karanA; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 736, skandapurANa se uddhrnn)| .. phalasaptamI : (1) bhAdrapada zukla 7 para upavAsa evaM sUrya-pUjA; aSTamI ke prAtaH sUrya-pUjA; brAhmaNoM ko khajUra, nAriyala evaM mAtuluMga phaloM kA dAna aura sUrya prasanna hoM' kA uccAraNa; aSTamI ko kartA 'merI sabhI kAmanAe~ pUrNa hoM ke sAtha eka choTA phala khAye; bhara peTa kevala phala khAyA jA sakatA hai; eka varSa taka ; vrata se kartA ko putroM evaM pautroM kI prApti hotI hai| kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 204-205); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 701-702); donoM meM bhaviSyapurANa (11215 / 24-27) ke uddharaNa; (2) bhAdrapada zukla 4, 5, 6 ko kartA ko krama se ayAcita (binA mAMge yA yAcanA kiye jo prApta ho jAya use khAnA), ekabhakta (kevala eka bAra madhyAhna ke uparAnta khAnA) evaM upavAsa kA pAlana karanA cAhiye aura gandha Adi se sUrya-pUjA karanI cAhiye tathA sUrya-pratimA kI vedI ke pAsa rAtri meM zayana karanA cAhiye ; saptamI ko sUrya-pUjA ke uparAnta phaloM kA naivedya denA cAhiye aura brahma-bhoja dene ke uparAnta svayaM khAnA cAhiye ; yadi phala na mile to cAvala yA gehU~ ko ghI evaM gur3a meM milA kara pakAnA cAhiye tathA nAgakesara evaM jAtiphala kA naivedya banAnA cAhiye ; yaha eka varSa taka kiyA jAtA hai, anta meM, yadi sAmarthya hoto svarNima phala, bachar3e ke sAtha gAya, bhUmi, eka ghara, vastra, tAmra-patra evaM pravAla kA dAna karanA cAhiye; yadi daridra ho to kevala phala, tila-cUrNa khilAnA cAhiye aura cAMdI ke phaloM kA dAna denA cAhiye ; kartA dAridraya, aura kaThoratA se chuTakArA pA jAtA hai aura sUrya-loka jAtA hai ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 117-121); hemAdri (vrata0 1,731-734, bhaviSyapurANa 1164136-61 se uddharaNa); (3) mArgazIrSa zukla 5 se niyama-pAlana, SaSThI ko upavAsa, svarNa kamala evaM zakkara ke sAtha eka phala kA 'sUrya mujhase prasanna ho' mantra ke sAtha dAna ; saptamI ko dUdha ke sAtha brAhmaNa-bhojana; kartA ko kRSNa 5 taka ke lie eka phala kA tyAga kara denA hotA hai; eka varSa taka, pratyeka mAsa meM sUrya ke vibhinna nAma kA upayoga; varSa ke anta meM brAhmaNa evaM usakI patnI ko vastra, ghaTa, zakkara, sone kA kamala evaM phala.kA dAna ; kata

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164 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pApa makta hotA hai aura sUrya-loka jAtA hai ; matsyapurANa (76 / 1-13); kRtyakalpataru (213-214); hemAdri (vata0 1, 743-744, padmapurANa 5 / 21 / 249-262 se uddhrnn)| - phalAhAraharipriyavata : viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 149 / 1-10) meM ise caturmUtivrata kahA gayA hai| vasanta meM viSava dina para 3 dinoM ke lie upavAsa Arambha ; vAsudeva-pUjA; tIna mAsoM taka pratidina vAsudeva-pUjA; tIna mAsoM taka kevala phaloM kA sevana ; zarad viSuva meM tIna mAsoM taka upavAsa, pradyumna-pUjA; kevala yAvaka para rahanA; varSa ke anta meM brAhmaNoM ko dAna ; viSNuloka kI prApti / phAlguna-kRtya : hemAdri (vrata0 2, 797-799); kRtyaratnAkara (515-531); varSakriyAkaumudI (506517) ; nirNaya-sindhu (222-229); smRtikaustubha (513-519) / yaha draSTavya hai ki sAmAnyataH sabhI bRhat vArSika utsava dakSiNa bhArata meM choTe yA bar3e mandiroM meM phAlguna mAsa meM manAye jAte haiN| kucha bAteM yahA~ dI jA rahI haiN| phAlguna zukla 8, ko lakSmI evaM sItA kI pUjA gandha Adi se kI jAtI hai (kRtyakalpataru, vrata0 441-443; kRtyaratnAkara 527, brahmapurANa se uddharaNa) / phAlguna pUrNimA para, yadi phAlgunI-nakSatra ho to eka palaMga, bichAvana ke sAtha diyA jAtA hai isase sundara strI evaM saubhAgya kI prApti hotI hai (viSNudharmasUtra 90); aryamA evaM aditi se kazyapa, atri evaM anusUyA se candra phAlguna pUrNimA ko utpanna hue the ataH sUrya evaM candra kI pUjA candrodaya ke samaya hotI hai aura gAna, nRtya evaM saMgIta kA daura calatA hai; kRtyaratnAkara (530); kRtyakalpataru (nayatkAlika kANDa, 443); isa pUrNimA para uttira nAmaka eka mandira-utsava manAyA jAtA hai| phAlgunazravaNadvAdazI : jaba dvAdazI zravaNa-nakSatra meM ho taba upavAsa evaM hari-pUjA; nirNayAmRta, nIlamatapurANa (pR. 52, zloka 626-627) / bakapaJcaka : jaba viSNu zayana se uThate haiM. to kArtika zukla 11 se pA~ca dina kArtika pUrNimA taka bakapaJcaka kahalAtA hai, aura aisA kahA gayA hai ki ina dinoM meM sArasa (baka) bhI mAMsa nahIM khAtA; ataH manuSyoM ko ina dinoM mAMsa-parityAga karanA cAhiye; kAlaviveka (338); kRtyaratnAkara (425); varSakriyAkaumudI (479); kRtyatattva (454) / bakulAmAvAsyA : pauSa amAvAsyA para; pitaroM ko bakula puSpoM, aura khIra (cAvala, dUdha evaM zakkara pakA kara) se santuSTa karanA cAhiye ; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 446) / bali-pratipad : dekhiye gata adhyaay-10| skandagupta ke jUnAgar3ha abhilekha se patA calatA hai ki viSNu ne indra ke lie bali se lakSmI chIna lI thI (gupta iMskripzaMsa, pR0 59, 62) / bali-pratipat-rathayAtrA-vrata : kArtika zukla 1 para; pUrva amAvAsyA para upavAsa; devatA, brahmA evaM agni ; ratha para agni kI pUjA; vidvAn brAhmaNa ratha khIMcate haiM aura use brAhmaNa kartA ke kahane para nagara meM ghumAte haiM; brahmA ke dakSiNa pakSa meM sAvitrI kI pratimA bhI rahatI hai,; ratha ko vibhinna sthAnoM para rokA jAtA hai, AratI kI jAtI hai; ve sabhI loga jo isa yAtrA meM bhAga lete haiM, yathA-khIMcane vAle, AratI karane vAle tathA bhaktipUrvaka darzana karane vAle, sarvottama sthAna ke bhAgI hote haiM ; kArtika zukla 1 balipratipad hai, ataeva yaha rathayAtrA ke nAma se vikhyAta hai; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 345-347, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| bastatrirAtravata : caitra meM tIna dinoM taka sUrya ko tIna zveta kamala arpita hote haiM, pratidina nakta-viSi se bhojana ; kucha sone ke sAtha kisI brAhmaNa ko pA~ca bakariyA~ (dUdha dene vAlI) dI jAtI haiN| isase sabhI roga miTa jAte haiM aura kartA mukta ho jAtA hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 323, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddhrnn)|

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vrata-sUcI 165 bahulA : bhAdrapada kRSNa 4 ko madhya bhArata meM isI nAma se pukArA jAtA hai; gAyoM ko sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai aura usa dina pakAyA jo khAyA jAtA hai; nirNayasindhu (123); varSakRtyadIpaka (67) / bAlavrata : baila, kUSmANDa, saunA evaM vastra kA dAna padmapurANa ( 3 / 5 / 14 evaM 31-32) jisane ( puruSa yA strI) pUrva jIvana meM kisI zizu ko mAra DAlA ho yA samartha hone para bhI kisI bacce ko bacA na sakA aura saMtAna rahita ho gayA ho, use yaha vrata karanA cAhiye / bAlenduvrata yA bAlendudvitIyAvrata : caitra zukla 2 para; sandhyA ko nadI meM snAna, dvitIyA ke candra kA citra banA kara usakI puSpoM evaM sarvottama naivedya se pUjA pUjA ke uparAnta bhojana; eka varSa taka tela se banA bhojana tyAjya; isase kalyANa evaM svarga kI prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 1 380-382, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa ) ; smRtikaustubha (90 ) / bilvatrirAtravrata : jyeSThA nakSatra se yukta jyeSTha pUrNimA para sarasoM se yukta jala se snAna, bilva vRkSa para jala chir3akanA aura use gandha Adi se pUjanA; eka varSa taka eka nakta-vidhi; varSa ke anta meM bilva vRkSa ke pAsa, bA~sa ke pAtra meM bAlU jau, cAvala, tila Adi bhara kara pahu~canA tathA puSpoM Adi se umA evaM mahezvara kI pUjA vaidhavyAbhAva, sampatti, svAsthya, putrAdi ke lie mantra ke sAtha bilva ko sambodhita karanA; sahasroM bilva-dala se homa, sone ke phaloM ke sAtha cA~dI kA eka bilva vRkSa banAnA; upavAsa ke sAtha 13 se pUrNimA taka tIna dina taka jAgara; dUsare dina prAtaH snAna; vastroM, AbhUSaNoM Adi se AcArya ko sammAna 16, 8 yA 4 sapatnIka brAhmaNoM ko bhojana; isa vrata se umA, lakSmI, zacI, sAvitrI evaM sItA ko krama se ziva, kRSNa, indra, brahmA evaM rAma aise patiyoM kI prApti huI; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 308-312, skandapurANa se uddharaNa); smRtikostubha ( 123-124) / bilvaroTaka vrata : dekhiye roTakavrata / bilvalakSavrata : puruSa yA strI dvArA zrAvaNa, vaisAkha, mAgha yA kArtika meM pratidina tIsa sahasra bilva battiyA~ ( battiyA~ rUI se strI dvArA baTI jAtI haiM aura ghI yA tila ke tela meM DuboyI rahatI haiM) jalAyI jAtI haiM, ye battiyA~ tAmra pAtra meM rakha dI jAtI haiM aura ziva mandira meM yA gaMgA taTa para yA gozAlA meM yA kisI brAhmaNa ke samakSa yaha kRtya hotA hai; eka lAkha yA eka karor3a battiyA~ banAyI jAtI haiM; yadi sambhava ho to sabhI battiyA~ eka hI dina jalAyI jA sakatI haiM; pUrNimA para udyApana; varSakriyAdIpaka ( 398-403 ) / bilvazAkhApUjA : Azvina zukla 7 para; samamamayUkha ( 23 ) ; vratarAja ( 248 ) ; dekhiye gata adhyAya -- 9 ( durgotsava) / buddhajanma mahotsava : vaisAkha zukla meM jaba ki candra puSya nakSatra meM ho / zAkya dvArA kahe gae vacanoM ke sAtha pratimA sthApana aura mandira ko svaccha kara ke zveta raMga pota diyA jAtA hai; tIna dinoM taka naivedya evaM dAma daridra logoM ko diyA jAtA hai; nIlamatapurANa ( pR0 66-67, zloka 809 816 ) / yaha draSTavya hai ki nIlamatapurANa meM buddha ko bhI kaliyuga meM viSNu kA avatAra mAnA gayA hai / sarvAstivAdiyoM ke mata se buddha kA parinirvANa kArtika meM tathA siMhalI paramparA ke anusAra vaisAkha meM huA thaa| dekhiye milindakAla kA bajaura maMjUSA abhilekha (epi0 iM0, jilda 24 ) / buddha dvAvazo : zrAvaNa zukla 12; tithi; gandha Adi se buddha kI svarNima pratimA kA pUjana; brAhmaNa ko dAna; zuddhodana ne yaha vrata kiyA thA, ataH svayaM viSNu unheM putra rUpa meM prApta hue; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 331-332 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1 1037-1038, varAhapurANa se dharaNI vrata ke rUpa meM uddhRta); kRtyaratnAkara ( 247 - 248 ) /

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166 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dekhiye buddha pUrNimA, vaisAkha zukla 15 evaM bRhatsaMhitA ( 57 / 44), jahA~ buddha pratimA ke nirmANa ke lie vidhi dI huI hai / budha-vrata : jaba budha graha vizAkhA nakSatra meM A jAtA hai jo sAta dinoM taka nakta vidhi se bhojana kiyA jAtA hai; pItala ke pAtra meM budha graha kI pratimA rakhI jAnI cAhiye aura yaha zveta mAlAoM evaM gandha Adi ke sAtha eka brAhmaNa ko de dI jAtI hai; budha buddhi ko tIvra karatA hai aura vAstavika jJAna detA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2. 578, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / budhASTamI : jaba zukla aSTamI ko budhavAra par3atA hai to vrata kA Arambha hotA hai; ekabhakta vidhi; ATha miyoM para krama se ATha jalapUrNa ghaTa, jinameM eka svarNa-khaNDa rakha diyA jAtA hai, vibhinna prakAra kI khAdya sAmagriyoM ke sAtha dAna kara diye jAte haiM; anta meM budha kI eka svarNa- pratimA bhI dAna rUpa meM dI jAtI hai| hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 866-873, bhaviSyottarapurANa 54 / 1-59 se uddharaNa) / pratyekaaSTamI para aila purUravA tathA mithi aura usakI kanyA urmilA kI gAthAe~ sunI jAtI haiM / varSakriyAkaumudI ( 39-40) ne isa vrata para rAjamArtaNDa ke tIna zloka uddhRta kiye haiM jo vratatattva ( pR0 151 ) meM rakhe gaye haiM / vratarAja ( 256 - 265 ) ne isa vrata kA evaM isake udyApana kA ullekha kiyA hai| buddhyavApti : caitra pUrNimA ke uparAnta Arambha hotI hai; eka mAsa; nRsiMha kI pUjA; sarasoM se pratidina homa ; trimadhura ( tIna madhura padArtha ) se brahma-bhoja tathA vaisAkha pUrNimA para sone kA dAna viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 206 / 1-5) / bRhattapo vrata : mArgazIrSa zukla 1 para Arambha; ise bRhattapA kahA jAtA hai; devatA, ziva eka yA 16 varSoM taka isase brahma-hatyA kA pApa bhI kaTa jAtA hai; hemAdri (kAla, 105 - 106 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 80 ) ; dekhie vistAra ke lie bhaviSyottarapurANa ( 12 ) / ; bRhad-gaurIvrata : bhAdra kRSNa 3 para ( aMmAnta gaNanA se ) ; candrodaya para prArambha; kevala nAriyoM ke lie; dorlI nAmaka paudhA jar3a-mUla ke sAtha lAyA jAtA hai, use bAlU kI vedI para rakha kara jala chir3akA jAtA hai; candrodaya ko dekha kara nArI ko snAna karanA cAhiye; eka ghaTa meM varuNa kI pUjA aura taba vibhinna upacAroM se gaurI kI pUjA; gaurI ke nAma para gale meM eka dhAgA pahana lenA cAhiye; pA~ca varSoM taka; vratarAja ( 111-114, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa); vratArka (bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa); donoM ke mata se yaha karNATaka meM vikhyAta hai| brahmakUrvavrata : (1) kArtika kRSNa 14 para; upavAsa evaM paJcagavya ( vibhinna raMgoM vAlI gAyoM se mUtra, gobara, dUdha, dahI evaM ghRta liyA jAtA hai); dUsare dina devoM evaM brAhmaNoM kI pUjA aura taba bhojana grahaNa; sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiM; hemAdri (vrata0 2 147, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) 14 ko upavAsa, pUrNimA ko paMcagavyagrahaNa tathA haviSya bhojana; eka varSa taka pratyeka mAsa meM; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 238, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa ) ; (3) vahI jo ( 2 ) hai kintu yahA~ amAvasthA evaM pUrNimA para do bAra; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,937, varAhapurANa se uddharaNa) / brahmagAyatrI : kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 417 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 694, padmapurANa se uddharaNa ) ; koI varNana nahIM / brahmadvAdazI : pauSa zukla 12 se jaba ki jyeSThA nakSatra hotA hai tithi; devatA viSNu; eka varSa taka pratyeka mAsa meM viSNu-pUjA aura usa dina upavAsa; pratyeka mAsa meM vibhinna vastuoM kA dAna, yathA -- ghI, cAvala evaM jau; viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 22011-6) /

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vrata-sUcI brahmaputrasnAna : caitra zukla 8 ko brahmaputra (ise lauhitya bhI kahA jAtA hai) nadI meM snAna; sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiM, kyoMki usa dina usa nadI meM sabhI pavitra nadiyA~ evaM samudra upasthita mAne jAte haiM ; varSakriyAkaumudI (522, kAlikApurANa evaM bhaviSyottarapurANa 77 / 58-59 se uddhrnn)| brahmavata : (1) kisI bhI zubha dina ; yaha prakIrNaka hai ; brahmANDa kI eka svarNa-pratimA; tIna dinoM taka tila kA dAna; agni kI pUjA tathA kisI gRhastha evaM usakI patnI ko pratimA evaM tila kA dAna; kartA brahmaloka pahu~ca jAtA hai aura punaH janma nahIM letA; kRtyakalpataru (kta0, 445-446, 27 vA~ SaSTivata) hemAdri (vrata0 2,886, papapurANa se uddhrnn)| matsyapurANa (101-46-48); (2) dvitIyA ko brahmacArI (vaidika chAtra) kA bhojana se sammAna ; brahmA-pratimA kA nirmANa, use kamala-dala para rakha kara gandha Adi se pUjA; ghI evaM samidhA se homa ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 377, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)|| brahma-sAvitrI-vrata : bhAdra zukla 13 ko tIna dinoM kA upavAsa karane kA saMkalpa; yadi asamartha ho to 13 ko nakta, 14 ko yAcita tathA paurNamAsI ko upavAsa; brahmA evaM sAvitrI kI svarNa, cA~dI yA miTTI kI pratimAoM kI pUjA; pUrNimA para jAgara evaM utsava ; dUsare dina prAtaH sone kI dakSiNA; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 258272, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa); yaha vaTasAvitrI vrata ke samAna hI hai, kevala yahA~ hemAdri meM tithi dUsarI hai aura sAvitrI kI gAthA vistAra se kahI gayI hai| brahmavApti : kisI bhI mAsa meM zukla 10 se prArambha ; tithivrata ; upavAsa aura 'aMgirasaH' nAmaka dasa devoM kI pUjA; eka varSa ke lie; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 966, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| brAhmaNyAprApti : caitra zukla ko prathamA se cautha taka Arambha ; tithi-krama meM vAsudeva ke cAra rUpoM, yathA---indra, yama, varuNa evaM kubera kI cAra pratimAoM kI gandha Adi se pUjA ; homa ; cAra dinoM meM diye jAne vAle vastroM kA raMga lAla, pIlA, kAlA evaM zveta hotA hai; eka varSa taka ; kartA pralaya taka svarga kI prApti karatA hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 500-501, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa ) / yaha eka catumUrti vrata hai| brAhmaNyAbApti : jyeSTha paurNamAsI ko; sapatnIka brAhmaNa kA bhojana, vastra dAna tathA puSpoM Adi se sammAna; kartA sAta janmoM taka brAhmaNa-varNa meM janmatA hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 245, prabhAsakhaNDa se uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara (278-279) / brAhmIpratipada-lAbha-vrata : caitra zukla 1 se Arambha ; upavAsa ; raMgIna cUrNoM se aSTa-dala kamala kA nirmANa; bIja koSa para brahmA-pratimA kA pUjana ; cAroM dizAoM meM pUrva se Arambha kara krama se Rgveda, yajurveda evaM atharvaveda kI pratimAeM; dakSiNa-pUrva koNa se Arambha kara krama se aMgoM, dharmazAstroM, purANoM evaM nyAyavistara ko rakhA jAtA hai; eka varSa taka pratyeka mAsa kI prathama tithi se pUjA kA Arambha aura anta meM godAna; isa vrata se kartA vedajJa ho jAtA hai aura 12 varSoM meM brahmaloka pahu~ca jAtA hai; viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 126 / 1-12); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 343) / pranthoM kI sajjA se yAjJa0 (1 / 3) kA smaraNa ho jAtA hai| bhadrakAlI navamI : caitra zukla 9 para upavAsa tathA puSpoM Adi se bhadrakAlI kI pUjA, yA sabhI navamiyoM para bhadrakAlI kI pUjA; nIlamatipurANa (zloka 762-63) / bhadrakAlI-pUjA : rAjanItiprakAza (pR0 438) meM rAjA ke lie vyavasthita; yaha bhadrakAlIvrata hI hai dekhiye nIce (2) / bhadrakAlIvata : (1) kArtika zukla 9 para prArambha ; usa dina upavAsa ; devatA, bhadrakAlI (bhavAnI); eka varSa taka prati mAsa navamI para pUjA; anta meM kisI brAhmaNa ko do vastroM kA dAna; roga-mukti,

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118 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa putroM evaM yaza kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 960, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 175 / 1-5 se uddharaNa); (2) Azvina zukla 9 para; dIvAra yA vastra para bhadrakAlI kA citra ; unake AyudhoM evaM DhAla kI pUjA; navamI ko upavAsa evaM bhadrakAlI kI pUjA; samRddhi evaM saphalatA kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 960 62, viSNudharmottarapurANa, 2 / 158 / 18 se uddharaNa, kRtyaratnAkara (350); vratarAja (337-338) / dekhiye brahmapurANa (181446-53) jahA~ bhadrakAlI ko madirA evaM mAMsa diye jAne kA ullekha hai| bhadracatuSTayavrata : cAra bhadra haiM, yathA-phAlguna zukla 2 se tIna mAsa (tripuSkara yA tripuSpa) jyaSTha zukla 2 se tIna mAsa (tripuSpaka), bhAdrapada zukla 2 se tIna mAsa (trirAmA) evaM mArgazIrSa zukla 1 se (viSNupada); prathama tithi para nakta-vidhi, dUsarI tithi para snAnoparAnta devoM, pitaroM evaM mAnavoM ko tarpaNa, candrodaya ke pUrva ha~sanA evaM bolanA varjita tathA kRSNa, acyuta, ananta, hRSIkeza kA nAma 2 se 5 taka kI tithiyoM meM lenA, sAyaM candra ko arghya, pRthivI para yA patthara para rakhA bhojana karanA; eka varSa taka sabhI vargoM evaM striyoM ke lie; kartA ko yaza evaM saphalatA kI prApti aura vaha apane pUrva janmoM kA smaraNa kara letA hai (jAtismara); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 383-392, bhaviSyottarapurANa 13 / 1-100) / bhadra-vidhi : bhAdra zukla 6 ko jaba ravivAra par3atA hai to bhadra kahalAtA hai; usa dina upavAsa yA nakta; madhyAhna meM sUrya kI mAlatI puSpoM, candana, vijaya dhUpa evaM pAyasa nevedya se pUjA; vAravrata hai; brAhmaNa dakSiNA; kartA bhAnu-loka jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 12-13); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 523-524, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa, ise bhadrAvidhi kahA gayA hai); kRtyaratnAkara (278) / bhadrAvata' : kArtika zukla tRtIyA para; gomUtra evaM yAvaka lene ke uparAnta nakta-vidhi; prati mAsa eka varSa taka ; anta meM go dAna ; eka kalpa taka gaurI-loka meM vAsa ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 483, padmapurANa se uddharaNa); kAlanirNaya (330) / bhadrASTamI : gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra aMza, 116) / bhadrAsaptamI : jaba zukla 7 ko hasta-nakSatra ho to vaha tithi bhadrA kahalAtI hai; tithivrata; devatA sUrya ; kartA ko 4 se 7 kI tithiyoM taka krama se ekabhakta, nakta, ayAcita evaM upavAsa.kI vidhi karanI par3atI hai; pratimA ko ghI, dUdha, Ikha ke rasa se snAna karAyA jAtA hai, upacAra kiye jAte haiM, vibhinna dizAoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke bahumUlya prastara pratimA ke pAsa sajAye jAte haiM; kartA sUryaloka jAkara brahmaloka calA jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 138-141); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 671-673, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa); hemAdri (kAla, 625); puruSArthacintAmaNi (105) / bhadropavAsavata : yaha bhadra-catuSTayavrata hI hai| bhartR dvAdazIvrata : caitra zukla 12 ko, ekAdazI ko upavAsa evaM dvAdazI ko viSNu-pUjA; kezava se dAmodara taka ke bAraha nAma ; prati mAsa; eka varSa ; kRtyaratnAkara (131-134, varAhapurANa se uddharaNa); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 339-340) / bhartR prApti-vrata : nArada ne yaha una apsarAoM ke gaNa ko sunAyA thA jo nArAyaNa ko pati banAnA cAhatI thIM; vasanta zukla 12 ko; upavAsa; hari evaM lakSmI kI pUjA; donoM kI pratimAeM tathA unake vibhinna aMgoM para vibhinna nAmoM se kAmadeva kA nyAsa ; dUsare dina brAhmaNa ko pratimAoM kA dAna ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1198-1200, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)|

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vrata-sUcI 169 bhavAnIyAtrA : caitra zukla 3 para; 108 pradakSiNAe~; jAgara (jAgaraNa); dUsare dina bhavAnI - pUjA; smRtikaustubha ( 94 ) ; puruSArtha cintAmaNi ( 109 ); varSakRtyadIpaka (43) o bhavAnIvrata : (1) tRtIyA ko pArvatI mandira meM pArvatI - pratimA ko aMjana lagAnA; eka varSa taka; anta godAna hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 483, padmapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) jo vyakti (strI yA puruSa ) eka varSa taka pratyeka paurNamAsI evaM amAvAsyA ko upavAsa karake eka pArvatI pratimA kA sugandhita vastuoM ke sAtha dAna karatA hai vaha bhavAnI-loka ko jAtA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 397, liMgapurANa se uddharaNa); (3) tRtIyA ko pArvatI - mandira meM nakta; eka varSa ke liye; anta meM go-dAna; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 450 matsya0 101 / 77 se uddharaNa) / bhAgyaRkSadvAdazI : pUrvAphAlgunI nakSatra ke sAtha dvAdazI para harihara - pratimA kI pUjA; pratimA kA eka AdhA hara (ziva) evaM dUsarA AdhA hari kA sUcaka hotA hai; tithi dvAdazI ho yA saptamI ho aura nakSatra pUrvAphAlgunI, revatI yA ghaniSThA ho, phala eka hI hotA hai; kartA ko putra, rAjya Adi prApta hote haiM; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0: 353 - 354 ) ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1175-76, devIpurANa se uddharaNa) ; pUrvA phAlgunI ko 'bhAgya' kahA jAtA jAtA hai, kyoMki 'bhaga' adhiSThAtA devatA hai; 'RkSa' kA artha hai 'nakSatra' / bhAdrapadakRtya : nIlamatapurANa (71, zloka 868-874, kevala zukla ke viSaya meM ) ; kRtyaratnAkara (254-301); varSakriyAkaumudI ( 298-343 ) ; nirNayasindhu ( 123-144 ) ; kRtyatattva (438-444 ) ; smRtikaustubha ( 201-287 ) ; gadAgharapaddhati (kAlasAra aMza 24) / bhAnuvata : saptamI ko Arambha; usa dina nakta-vidhi; devatA, sUrya; eka varSa taka; anta meM go evaM sone kA dAna ; sUryaloka kI prApti; kRtyakalpataru (448, matsya0 10160 se uddharaNa) ; hemAdri (1, 786, padmapurANa se uddharaNa) / bhAnu saptamI : jaba saptamI ravivAra ko par3atI hai to ise isa nAma se pukArA jAtA hai; gadAdharapaddhati(kAlasAra aMza 610 ) / bhArabhUtezvarayAtrA : ASAr3ha pUrNimA para ; kAzI meM bhArabhUtezvara kI pUjA ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 284) / bhAskarapUjA : aisA kahA gayA hai ki sUrya ko viSNu ke rUpa meM pUjanA cAhiye, sUrya viSNu kI dAhinI A~kha haiM, sUrya kI pUjA rama cakra ke samAna maNDala meM honI cAhiye tathA sUrya para car3hAye gaye puSpoM ko utAra liye jAne para pUjaka dvArA apanI deha para nahIM dhAraNa karanA cAhiye; tithitattva ( 36 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 104 ) ; bRhatsaMhitA (57 / 31-57) meM devoM kI pratimA banAne kI vidhi dI huI hai; isake zloka 46-48 meM varNana hai ki sUrya kA pA~va se vakSa taka kA zarIra eka aMga rakSA se Dha~kA rahanA cAhiye / bhAskara - priyA - saptamI : jaba zukla saptamI para sUrya eka rAzi se dUsarI rAzi meM jAtA hai to use mahAjayA kahA jAtA hai, aura vaha sUrya ko ati priya hai tathA usa tithi para snAna, dAna, tapa, homa, devoM evaM pitaroM kI pUjA se karor3a gunA phala prApti hotI hai; kAlaviveka ( 416), varSakriyAkaumudI (35, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa ) ; tithitattva (145, brahmapurANa se uddharaNa) / bhAskaravrata : SaSThI (kRSNa 1) para upavAsa, saptamI para 'sUrya prasanna ho' zabdoM ke sAtha zrAddha; tithivrata ; devatA, sUrya; kartA roga mukta ho jAtA hai aura svarga jAtA hai; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 788, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / bhImadvAdazI : (1) yaha sarvaprathama vAsudeva dvArA pANDava bhIma ko batAyI gayI thI, ataH yaha nAma par3A; paha pahale kalyANinI ke nAma se vikhyAta thI; matsyapurANa (69 / 19 - 65 ) meM vistRta vivecana hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 354-359), hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1044-1049, padmapurANa se uddharaNa) ; mAgha zukla 10 para zarIra meM ghI 22

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa lagAnA, viSNu-pUjA (namo nArAyaNa); vibhinna nAmoM (kRSNa, dAmodara Adi) se viSNu ke vibhinna aMgoM kI pUjA; garur3a-pUjA; ziva, gaNeza kI pUjA; ekAdazI ko pUrNa upavAsa ; 12 ko nadI meM snAna ; ghara ke samakSa maNDapa nirmANa toraNa se eka jalapUrNa ghaTa laTakAnA tathA usakI peMdI meM eka cheda karake rAtri-bhara apane hAtha para use TapakAnA; Rgveda meM pAraMgata cAra purohitoM dvArA homa; cAra yajurvedajJoM dvArA rudra-japa, 4 sAmavediyoM dvArA sAma-gAna ; ina 12 purohitoM ko aMgUThiyoM, vastroM Adi se sammAna denA,; Age kI tithi (trayodazI) para 13 gAyoM kA dAna; purohitoM ke prasthAna ke uparAnta kezava prasanna hoM, viSNu ziva ke tathA ziva viSNu ke hRdaya haiM' kA kathana ; itihAsa evaM purANa sunanA ; dekhiye garuDapurANa (11127); (2) mAgha zukla 12 para; yaha vidarbha ke rAjA evaM damayantI ke pitA bhIma dvArA pulastya ko batAyA gayA thA; (1) ke samAna hI vyavasthAe~; kartA sabhI pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| yaha vrata vAjapeya, atirAtra Adi se zreSTha hai; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1049-1056, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| bhImavrata : kArtika zakla 11 se pAMca dina ; kartA pajvAmata, paJcagavya evaM candana-lepa se yakta jala se tIna bAra snAna karatA hai: jau, cAvala evaM tila se pitaroM kA tarpaNa; 'oM namo vAsadevAya' ko 108 bAra kaha kara pUjA tathA oM namo viSNave' mantra ke sAtha tila, jau evaM cAvala meM ghI lagA kara homa; yaha vidhi pA~ca dinoM taka; pAMca dinoM taka krama se pA~voM, ghuTanoM, nAbhi, kandhoM evaM zira kI kamaloM, bilva-daloM, bhaMgAraka (cauthe dina), bANa, bilka evaM jayA, mAlatI se pUjA; 11 se 14 taka krama se gobara, gomUtra, dUdha evaM dahI ko (deha ko pavitra karane ke lie) khAnA ; pA~caveM dina brahma-bhoja evaM dAna ; kartA ke sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiM ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 336-341, narasiMha evaM bhaviSyapurANoM se uddharaNa) meM AyA hai ki ise bhISma ne kRSNa se sIkhA, jaba ki kRSNa ghoSita karate haiM ki unhoMne ise bhISma se bANa-zaiyyA para sunA ; bhaviSyottarapurANa ne kartA ko zAka evaM yati-bhojyapadArtha khAne kI anumati de dI hai; kAlaviveka (324, yahAM aisA kahA gayA hai ki hemAdri (vrata0 2, 34 kA antima zloka bhaviSyottarapurANa kA hai)| pazcAtkAlIna madhyakAla ke grantha, yathA-nirNayasindhu (204), samayamayUkha (158-159), smRtikaustubha (386) aisA kahate haiM ki sabhI vargoM ke logoM dvArA bhISma ko arghya denA cAhiye, tarpaNa mantra draSTavya hai, yathA-'vaiyAghra padmagotrAya sAMkRtyapravarAya c| gaMgAputrAya bhISmAya pradAsyeha tilodakam / / aputrAya dadAmyetat salilaM bhiissmvrmnne|' ye bhojakRta bhujabala nibandha (pR0 364, zloka 1714-15) meM uddhRta haiM; rAjamArtaNDa (khaNDa 36, pR0 332); hemAdri (kAla0 628) / ise karane se vyakti sabhI pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| agnipurANa (205:1.9); garuDapurANa (1 / 123 // 3-11); padmapurANa (6 / 125 / 29-82) meM isa vrata kA bRhad ullekha hai| bhISmASTamI : mAgha zukla 8 para; bhISma ko, jo kuMvAre mRta hue the, prativarSa jala evaM zrAddha ; jo aisA kare, eka varSa meM kiye gaye pApa se mukta ho jAtA hai aura santati prApta karatA hai ; hemAdri (kAla, 628-629); varSakriyAkaumudI (503), tithitattva (58); nirNayasindhu (221), samayamayUkha (61) / jisakA pitA jIvita ho vaha bhI bhISma ko jala de sakatA hai (samayamayUkha 61) / yaha tithi sambhavataH anuzAsanaparva (167 / 28) para AdhArita hai (mAghoyaM samanuprApto...tribhAgazeSaH pakSoyaM zuklo bhvitumrhti)| pro0 pI0 sI0 senagupta kI vyAkhyA kA meM AdarapUrvaka khaNDana karatA huuN| unhoMne 'samanuprApta' ko samanuprAviSTa' mAnA hai, jo truTipUrNa evaM tarkahIna hai, yaha mAnana ki bhISma kI mRtyu mAgha kRSNa 8 ko huI na ki mAgha zukla 8 ko sambhava nahIM hai| dekhiye je0 e0 esa0 bI0 (jilda 20, saMkhyA 1, patra, pR0 39-41, 1954 ii0)| bhujabalanibandha (pR0 364) meM do zloka haiM, jo tithitattva, nirNaya sindhu evaM anya granthoM meM uddhRta hai : 'zuklASTamyAM tu mAghasya dadyAd bhISmAya yo jlm| saMvatsarakRtaM pApaM tatkSaNAdeva nazyati // vaiyAghrapadyagotrAya sAMkRmipravarAya ca / apUtrAya dadAtyamyetatsalilaM bhiissmvrmnne|| brAhmaNoM ko bhI usa uttama vyaktitva vAle yoddhA ko tarpaNa dene kI anumati dI gayI hai|

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vrata-sUcI 171 bhuvanezvarayAtrA : bhuvanezvara kI 14 yAtrAoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai (yathA -- prathamASTamI, prAvAraSaSTI, puSyasnAna, Ajyakambala), gadAdharapaddhati ( kAlasAra, 190-194 ) / bhUtacaturdazI : yaha pretacaturdazI hI hai; dekhiye Upara ; kRtyatattva ( 450-451) / bhUtamabhyutsava : jyeSTha kI prathamA se pUrNimA taka bhojakRta sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa ( eka kAvya - zAstra ) bhUtamAtA evaM udasevikA eka hI utsava ke tIna nAma bhUta mahotsava : yaha udasevikA hI hai, dekhiye Upara hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 359-365, skandapurANa se uddharaNa) / hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 365 - 370 ) / yaha udasevikA hI hai / ne ise krIDAoM ke antargata parigaNita kiyA hai| bhAtRbhANDA, ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,367 ) / bhUbhAjana vrata: yaha saMvatsaravrata hai; jo vyakti eka varSa taka khAlI bhUmi para ( thAlI yA kele ke pAta para nahIM ) bhojyapadArtha rakha kara pitaroM ko arpita kara khAtA hai vaha pRthivI kA svAmI ho jAtA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,687, padmapurANa se uddharaNa) / bhUmivrata : zukla 14 para liMgavrata vidhi ke anusAra sUrya-pUjA ziva ke sammAna meM upavAsa; kuMkuma puSpa ghRta ke sAtha pAyasa kA arpaNa evaM kisI bhakta ko bhUmi dAna kartA rAjA kI sthiti pAtA hai; yaha vrata rAjA dvArA kiyA jAnA cAhiye; hemAdri ( vrata 2, 63-64, kAlottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / bhRguvrata : mArgazIrSa kRSNa 12 para Arambha; tithi ; bhRgu nAmaka bAraha devoM kI pUjA ( ina devoM ke nAma asAdhAraNa evaM vilakSaNa pratIta hote haiM); eka varSa taka ( pratyeka kRSNa 12 para); anta meM godAna hemAdri ( vrata 1, 1172, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 18011-5 se uddharaNa) / ; bhaimI ekAdazI : jaba mAgha zukla 11 ko candra mRgazirA nakSatra meM ho to upavAsa karanA cAhiye aura dvAdazI ko SaptilI honA cAhiye, arthAt kartA ko tilayukta jala se snAna karanA cAhiye, zarIra para tila -lepa ( ubaTana ) lagAnA cAhiye, agni meM tila DAlanA cAhiye, tilayukta jala pInA cAhiye, tila kA dAna karanA cAhiye tathA khAnA cAhiye; jo isa ekAdazI para upavAsa karatA hai, vaha viSNuloka jAtA hai; ekAdazItattva ( pR0 101 ) ; tithitattva ( 113 - 114), varSakriyAkaumudI ( 504 ) / bhairava jayantI : kArtika kRSNa 8 ko kAlASTamI kahA jAtA hai; upavAsa; jAgara; rAtri ke 4 praharoM taka bhairava pUjA tathA ziva ke viSaya kI gAthAoM ko sunatA huA jAgara (jAgaraNa); pApoM se mukti evaM uttama ziva bhakti kI prApti; kAzI meM rahane vAloM ke lie yaha aparihArya hai; samayamayUkha ( 60-61 ) ; smRtikaustubha (427- 429); puruSArtha - cintAmaNi ( 138 ) / bhogasaMkrAntivrata : saMkrAnti dina para nAriyoM ko bulA kara unheM kuMkuma, aMjana, sidUra, puSpa, itra, tAmbUla, karpUra evaM phala denA cAhiye; unake patiyoM ko bhI; bhojana denA tathA vastroM kA jor3A denA; eka varSa taka pratyeka krAnti para; anta meM sUrya-pUjA, patnI vAle brAhmaNa ko godAna; kartA ko sukha prApta hotA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,733, skandapurANa se uddharaNa) / bhogAvAptivata: jyeSTha pUrNimA ke uparAnta prathama tithi se tIna dinoM taka hari-pUjA; palaMga-dAna ; Anandopalabdhi svarga kI prApti; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 21211-3 ) ; hemAdri (vrata0 2,752) / bhaumavAravrata : maMgala pRthivI kA putra evaM dekhane meM sundara hotA hai; eka varSa taka prati maMgalavAra ko gur3a se pUrNa tAmra patra dene se tathA anta meM godAna karane se saundarya eva dhana kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,567 ) / bhaumavrata : (1) svAtI nakSatra vAle maMgalavAra ko nakta vidhi se bhojana; sAta bAra aisA kiyA jAtA hai; eka tAmra patra meM lAla vastra se AvRta kara ke maMgala kI svarNa-pratimA rakhI jAtI puSpoM evaM naivedya kA arpaNa tathA

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171 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 'yadyapi tuma kujanmA ho tathApi vijJa loga tumheM maMgala kahate haiM' nAmaka mantra ke sAtha kisI brAhmaNa gRhastha ko dAna / 'kujanmA' meM zleSa hai : eka artha hai ( 1 ) kisI azubha dina meM utpanna tathA dUsarA hai ( 2 ) pRthivI se utpnn| maMgala kA raMga lAla hai, ataH tAmra, lAla evaM kuMkuma kA prayoga hotA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,567, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) ; (2) maMgalavAra ko maMgala-pUjA ; prAtaH kAla maMgala ke nAmoM kA japa ( kula 21 nAma haiM, yathA - maMgala, kuja, lohita, yama, sAmavediyoM ke premI ) ; eka tribhujAkAra citra, bIca meM eka cheda; kuMkuma evaM lAla candana se pratyeka koNa para tIna nAma (Ara, vakra evaM kuja) likhe jAte haiM; maMgala kA janma ujjayinI meM bhAradvAja kula meM huA thA aura vaha bheMr3A (meSa) kI savArI karatA hai; yadi koI jIvana bhara isa vrata ko kare to vaha saMmRddhizAlI, putrapautravAn ho jAtA hai aura grahoM ke loka meM pahu~ca jAtA hai; hemAdri ( vrata02, 568-574, padmapurANa se uddharaNa), varSakRtyadIpaka (443-451 ) meM bhaumavrata tathA vratapUjA kA vistRta ullekha hai / bhAtRdvitIyA: kArtika zukla 2, para; ise yamadvitIyA bhI kahate haiM kyoMki prAcIna kAla meM yamunA ne apane bhAI yama ko isa dina bhojana diyA thA; kucha grantha, yathA --- kRtyatattva ( 453), vratArka, vratarAja ( 98-101 ) donoM ko arthAt, yama pUjA evaM bahina ke ghara meM bhojana karanA, eka meM milA dete haiM / maMgala : AtharvaNapariziSTa (hemAdri, vrata0 2, 626 meM uddhRta) ke anusAra brAhmaNa, gAya agni, bhUmi, sarasoM, ghI, zamI, cAvala evaM jau ATha zubha vastueM haiM / droNaparva ( 127 / 14 ) ne ATha maMgaloM kA ullekha kiyA hai; droNaparva (82 / 20-22) meM lambI sUcI hai / vAmanapurANa ( 14136-37 ) ne zubha vastuoM ke rUpa meM katipaya vastuoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinheM ghara se bAhara jAte samaya chUnA cAhiye, yathA- dUrvA, ghRta, dahI, jalapUrNa ghaTa, bachar3e sahita gAya baila, sonA, miTTI, gobara, svastika, akSata anna; tela, madhu, brAhmaNa kumAriyA~, zveta puSpa, zamI, agni, sUrya-catra, candana, evaM azvattha vRkSa (smRticandrikA 1, pR0 168 dvArA uddhRta ) / dekhiye anya maMgalamaya vastuoM ke liye parAzara (12 | 47), viSNudharmottarapurANa (2 / 163 / 18 ) / maMgala- caNDikApUjA : varSakriyAkaumudI (552-558 ) meM vistRta vidhi dI huI hai; ise lalitakAntA bhI kahA gayA hai; usakI pUjA ke liye mantra (lalita -gAyatrI) yaha hai : 'nArAyaNyai vidmahe tvAM caNDikAyai tu dhImahi / tanno lalitakAnteti tataH pazcAtpracodayAt // '; aSTamI evaM navamI para pUjA; usakI pUjA kisI vastra khaNDa para yA pratimA ke rUpa meM yA ghaTa para kI jA sakatI hai; maMgala ko pUjA karane para kAmanAoM kI pUrti hotI hai; tithitattva ( 41 ) bhI dekhiye / maMgalacaNDI : maMgalavAra ko; caNDI kI pUjA, jo sarvaprathama ziva dvArA sampAdita huI thI, taba maMgala dvArA, maMgala rAjA dvArA, maMgala ko nAriyoM dvArA tathA acche bhAgya ke icchuka sabhI manuSyoM dvArA; brahmavavarta ( prakRti khaNDa, 44 / 1-41) / maMgalavrata : Azvina kI kRSNa aSTamI para; mAgha, caitra yA zrAvaNa meM bhI ; yaha Age kI zuklASTamI taka kI jAtI hai; aSTamI ko ekabhakta; kumAriyoM tathA devI bhaktoM ko bhojana; navamI ko nakta, dazamI ko ayAcita tathA ekAdazI ko upavAsa; bAra-bAra karanA; pratidina dAna, homa, japa, pUjA evaM kumAriyoM ko bhojana pazu-bali nRtya, nATaka evaM saMgIta se jAgaraNa; devI ke 18 nAmoM kA japa ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 332-335, devIpurANa se uddharaNa) / maMgalAgaurIvrata : zrAvaNa ke sabhI maMgalavAroM para; vivAhita nAriyoM dvArA vivAha ke uparAnta pA~ca varSoM taka, mahArASTra meM pracalita ; pUjA karane vAlI nAriyAM madhyAhna meM mUka hokara bhojana karatI haiM / 16 prakAra ke puSpa 16 suvAsiniyoM kI AvazyakatA; 16 dIpoM ke sAtha devI kA nIrAjana; devatA, gaurI; vighavAtva se chuTakArA pAne

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bata-sUcI 173 lie, putra prApti evaM sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti ke lie maMgalA se prArthanA; dUsare dina prAtaH gaurI visarjana ; vratarAja (787-795 bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| . maMgalASTaka : saubhAgyasundarI aise vratoM meM Amantrita nAriyoM meM vitarita kiye jAne vAle ATha dravya ye haiM :--kuMkuma, namaka, gur3a, nAriyala, tAmbUla (pAna kA pattA), dUrvA, sindUra evaM aMjana; vratarAja (pR0 119) / mAMgalyasaptamI yA mAMgalyavrata : saptamI para; eka vargAkAra maNDapa para hari evaM lakSmI kA AvAhana tathA puSpoM Adi se pUjA; miTTI, tAmra, cA~dI evaM sone ke cAra pAtra ; miTTI ke cAra ghaToM ko vastra se DhaMka kara unameM namaka, tila, evaM haldI kA cUrNa rakhanA cAhiye ; ATha sadhavA, caritravatI tathA putravatI nAriyoM ko sammAnita kara unheM dakSiNA denA aura unakI upasthiti meM mAMgalya (zubha jIvana) ke liye hari se prArthanA tathA unheM vidA karanA; aSTamI para punaH hari-pUjA tathA ATha yuvatiyoM evaM brAhmaNoM ko bhojana denA tathA pAraNa; sabhI kI, puruSa yA nArI, rAjakumAra ho yA kRSaka, kAmanAeM pUrNa hotI haiM ; hemAdri (vrata0 1,768-770) / matsyajayantI : caitra zukla 5 para; matsya avatAra meM viSNu-pUjA; ahalyAkAmadhenu (360 bii)| ise hayapaMcamI bhI kahA jAtA hai| mastya-mAMsa-bhakSaNa-niSedha : dekhiye kArtika evaM bakapaMcaka ke antargata ; tithitattva (146); gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra 32) / ___ matsyadvAdazI : mArgazIrSa zukla 10 para niyamoM kA pAlana; ekAdazI para upavAsa ; dvAdazI ko mantra ke sAtha miTTI lAnA aura use Aditya ko arpita karanA, zarIra meM lagAnA evaM snAna karanA; tithivata; nArAyaNa-pUjA; cAra ghaToM ko puSpoM ke sAtha jala se bharanA, unheM tila kI khalI se DhaMkanA tathA unheM cAra samudra ke rUpa meM jAnanA; viSNu kI machalI ke rUpa meM svarNa-pratimA kA nirmANa tathA pUjA; jAgara ; cAroM ghaToM kA dAna ; mahApAtaka bhI naSTa ho jAte haiM; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 311-317); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1022-26, varAhapurANa 39 / 26-77); kRtyaratnAkara (462-466, brahmapurANa sa ve hI zloka uddhRta haiN)| mathurA-pradakSiNA : bhArata ke sAta pavitra tIrthoM meM se eka tIrtha mathurA kI pradakSiNA; kArtika zukla 9 para smRtikaustubha (378, varAhapurANa se uddhrnn)| madanacaturdazI : ise madanamaMjarI bhI kahA jAtA hai; caitra zukla 14 para; tithi; gAnoM evaM lalita zabdoM se madana (kAmadeva) kI pUjA; kRtyatattva (466); tithitattva (133) / - madanatrayodazI : dekhiye Upara anaMgatrayodazI evaM kaamdevtryodshii| kRtyaratnAkara (137) ne brahmapurANa ko uddhRta karate hue kahA hai ki sabhI trayodaziyoM para logoM ko kAma pUjA karanI caahiye| madanadvAdazI : caitra zukla 12 para; tithivrata; tAmra pAtra meM kAma evaM rati kA citra khIMcanA; pAtra meM gur3a evaM anya khAdyapadArtha tathA eka ghaTa para sonA; ghaTa meM cAvala evaM phaloM ke sAtha jala; citra ke samakSa bhojana; gIta evaM prema saMgIta'; hari kI pratimA ko kAma mAma kara usakI pUjA; dUsare dina ghaTa kA dAna evaM brahma-bhoja; kartA 'kAma ke rUpa meM bhagavAn janArdana, jo saba ke hRdaya ke Ananda haiM, prasanna hoveM' nAmaka mantra ke sAtha dakSiNA de kara svayaM lavaNahIna bhojana karatA hai ; trayodazI ko upavAsa ; viSNu-pUjA; dvAdazI ko kevala eka phala khAkara bhUmi para zayana ; eka varSa taka ; anta meM godAna evaM vastra-dAna; tila-homa ; kartA sabhI pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai, putra evaM dhana pAtA hai aura hari se tAdAtmya sthApita kara letA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 367-368); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1194-1198 matsyapurANa se uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara (135-136) / madana-pUjA : dekhiye anNgtryodshii|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa madanabhaJjI : yaha damanabhaJjI hI hai| dekhiye yathAsthAna / madanamahotsava : caitra zukla 13 para; tithivrata; 'namaH kAmAya devAya devadevAya mUrtaye / brahma-viSNu-suzAnAM manaH kSobha karAya vai / / ' nAmaka mantra ke sAtha madhyAhna meM kAmadeva kI pratimA yA citra kI pUjA; kAma ke samakSa miSThAnna rakhe jAte haiM; do gAyoM kA dAna; patnI ko apane pati kI pUjA yaha samajha kara karanI cAhiye ki 'ye (mere pati ) svayaM kAma haiM; rAtri meM jAgara, nRtyotsava, prakAza evaM nATakAbhinaya; prativarSa kiyA jAnA cAhiye; kartA cintA roga se mukta ho jAtA hai, yaza evaM dhana pAtA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 21-24, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) ziva dvArA madana kA jalAnA evaM isa tithi para usake punarjanma kI gAthA dI huI hai / madanotsava : kAmasUtra ( 114142 ) meM ise suvasantaka kahA gayA hai| madhulavA : zrAvaNa zukla 3, nirNayasindhu ( 111 ) ; vratarAja ' ( 96 ) ; ina donoM ke mata se yaha gurjara deza meM khyAta hai| 174 madhuzrAvaNI : kRtyasArasamuccaya ( pR0 10 ); zrAvaNa zukla 3 ko yaha vrata kiyA jAtA hai| madhusUdana pUjA : vaisAkha zukla 12 para; viSNu-pUjA; kartA ko agniSToma kA phala milatA hai aura vaha candraloka jAtA hai; smRtikaustubha ( 114 ) / madhuratraya: dekhiye Upara trimadhura; vratarAja (16) ke mata se ghI, dUdha evaM madhu 'madhuratraya' hai / madhUkavrata : phAlguna zukla 3 para; striyoM dvArA usa dina upavAsa aura dUsare dina madhUka per3a para gaurI kI pUjA aura saubhAgya, putroM evaM sadhavApana ke liye prArthanA; sadhavA brAhmaNanAriyoM kA puSpoM, sugaMdhita dravyoM, vastroM evaM bhojya padArthoM se sammAna; isase svAsthya evaM saundarya kI prApti hemAdri ( vrata0 1 413 - 415, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / madhUka ko hindI meM mahuA kahate haiM / manasAvrata : jyeSTha zukla 9 para jaba hasta nakSatra ho yA dazamI para jaba hasta nakSatra na bhI ho; manasAdevI kI pUjA snUhI paudhe kI TahanI para kI jAtI hai; dekhiye gata adhyAya - 7 jahA~ zrAvaNa mAsa meM manasA devI kI pUjA kA ullekha hai ( kRtyaratnAkara 233 evaM kRtyatattva 437 ) ; hemAdri (kAla, 621, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) kA kathana hai ki manasA kI pUjA AkAzakRSNa 5 ko honI cAhiye / dekhiye zrI e0 sI0 sena kRta 'baMgAlI leMgveja eNDa liTarecara'; pu0 257-276, jahA~ manasAdevI evaM manasA-maMgalA kI gAthA dI huI hai; zrAvaNa kRSNa 11 ko manasA-pUjA kA ullekha hai| manorathatRtIyA : caitra zukla 3 para; 20 hAthoM vAlI gaurI kI pUjA; eka varSa taka ; kartA 'jambU, apAmArga khadira aise vRkSoM kI TahaniyoM se hI dA~ta svaccha karatA hai, vaha kucha vizeSa aMjana ho prayoga, yA kevala yakSakardama, kucha viziSTa puSpoM (yathA-- mallikA, karavIra, ketakI) evaM naivedya kA prayoga; anta meM AcArya ko takiyA, darpaNa Adi ke sAtha palaMga kA dAna ; 4 baccoM evaM 12 kumAriyoM ko sammAna evaM bhojana; sabhI icchAoM kI pUrti, skanda (kAzIkhaNDa, 8011-73 ) ; vratarAja ( 84-88 ) / manorathadvAdazI : phAlguna zukla 11 para upavAsa 12 ko hari-pUjA, homa tathA 'vAsudeva merI kAmanAoM kI pUrti kareM" kI prArthanA; varSa ko 4 mAsoM ke tIna daloM meM vibhAjita kara diyA jAtA hai; pratyeka avadhi meM vibhinna puSpa, vibhinna dhUpa, vibhinna naivedya, pratyeka mAsa meM dakSiNA denA; anta meM viSNu kI svarNa- pratimA kA dAna 12 brAhmaNoM ko bhoja; 12 ghaToM kA dAna hemAdri ( vrata0 2. 233 - 235, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / ; manoratha- saMkrAnti : varSa bhara pratyeka saMkrAnti dina para jalapUrNa ghaTa kA gur3a evaM vastra ke sAtha kisI gRhastha ko dAna, devatA, sUrya; kartA kI kAmanAoM kI pUrti, pApa mukti evaM sUryaloka kI prApti hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 731 skandapurANa se uddharaNa) /

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vrata-sUcI 175 manthAnaSaSThI : bhAdra zukla 6 para; dekhiye vratArka (saM0 397) / mandAraSaSThI : mAgha zukla 6 para; paMcamI para kartA halakA bhojana karatA hai; SaSThI para upavAsa aura mandAra vRkSa kI pUjA; dUsare dina mandAra meM kuMkuma lagAnA; eka tAmrapatra para kAle tila se aSTa dala kamala banAnA; mandAra puSpoM se ATha dizAoM meM pUrva se Arambha kara vibhinna nAmoM se sUrya kI pUjA; bIjakoSa meM hari-pUjA; eka varSa taka pratyeka mAsa ko 7 para, vahI vidhi ; anta meM svarNima pratimA ke sAtha eka ghaTa kA daan| hemAdri (vrata0 1, 606-608, bhaviSyottarapurANa 40 / 1-15 se uddhrnn)| mandAra svarga ke pA~ca vRkSoM meM parigaNita hai, anya cAra haiM-pArijAta, santAna, kalpavRkSa evaM hricndn| mandArasaptamI : mAgha zukla 7 para ; paMcamI para halakA bhojana ; SaSThI para upavAsa; rAtri meM mandAra puSpa ko khAnA; dUsare dina brAhmaNoM ko ATha mandAra puSpa khilAnA; devatA, sUrya ; anya bAteM gata vrata kI bhAMti ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 650-652, padmapurANa 5 / 21 / 292-306 se uddharaNa); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 219-221); matsyapurANa (79 / 1-15) / manvAdi : 14 manvantara hote haiM ; cAra yugoM se eka mahAyuga hotA hai jisakI avadhi 4320000 varSoM kI hotI hai; eka sahasra mahAyuga eka kalpa ke barAbara hote haiM ; kalpa ko brahmA kA eka dina kahA jAtA hai, brahmA kI rAtri bhI eka kalpa ke barAbara hotI hai| eka kalpa meM 14 manvantara hote haiM, pratyeka manvantara meM 71 mahAyuga se thor3A adhika hotA hai; viSNupurANa (3 / 2 / 50-51); matsyapurANa (144 / 102-3, 145 / 1); brahmapurANa (adhyAya-5); nAradapurANa (1156 / 149-152); ina purANoM meM una tithiyoM kA ullekha hai jinameM pratyeka manvantara kA Arambha huA, isI se unheM manvAdi-tithi kahA jAtA hai ; ye tithiyA~ pavitra haiM aura unake lie zrAddha kiyA jAtA hai| dekhiye isa grantha kA (mUla), jilda 4, pR0 375 evaM viSNudharmottarapurANa (1 / 176-189) jahA~ 14 manvantaroM ke nAma evaM vivaraNa diye gaye haiN| maricasaptamI : caitra zukla saptamI para ; sUrya-pUjA; brAhmaNa-bhojana, pratyeka brAhmaNa ko 'oM khakholkAya' nAmaka mantra ke sAtha 100 marica khAne hote haiN| isa vrata ke karane se kartA ko apane priyajanoM kA viyoga-dukha nahIM prApta hotA; rAma evaM sItA tathA nala evaM damayantI ne yaha vrata kiyA thA; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 696, bhaviSyotarapurANa 11214 / 40-47 se uddhrnn)| ___ marud-vrata : caitra zukla 7 para; SaSThI para upavAsa; saptamI para RtuoM kI pUjA; kartA ko sAta paMktiyA~ banAnI hotI haiM ; pratyeka paMkti meM sAta maNDala hote haiM jo candana-lepa se banAye jAte haiN| pratyeka paMkti meM 'eka jyotiH' se 'saptajyotiH' taka ke sAta nAma likhe jAte haiN| pratyeka paMkti meM vibhinna nAma; 49 dIpa jalAye jAte haiM; ghI kA homa evaM varSa bhara brahma-bhoja; anta meM navIna vastra evaM gAya kA dAna; isa vrata se putroM, vidyA evaM svarga kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 11775-777, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 166 / 1-22) / maruta 7 yA 7 ke sAta gune haiN| dekhiye R0 (5.52 / 17, sapta meM sapta zAkina), te 0 saM0 (2 / 2 / 11 / 1, saptagaNA va mrut.)| malamAsakRtya : adhikamAsa yA malamAsa meM kiye jAne evaM na kiye jAne vAle karmoM ke viSaya meM dekhiye adhimAsa aadi| malladvAdazI : mArga zukla 12 para ; govardhana parvata para bhANDIravaTa ke nIce, yamunA ke taToM para zrIkRSNa ne gopoM (jo pahalavAna yA malla the) evaM gopiyoM ke sAtha lIlA (rAsa-lIlA) kI; malla loga puSpoM, dUdha, dahI evaM khAdya padArthoM se pUjA karate haiN| pratyeka dvAdazI para eka varSa taka ; mantra yaha hai : 'kRSNa mujhase prasanna raheM', ise araNya

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176 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dvAdazI bhI kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki gopI evaM malla loga araNya (vana) meM eka-dUsare ko khAdya-padArtha dete haiM; svAsthya, 2 zakti (bala), dhana evaM viSNuloka kI prApti hemAdri ( vrata 1, 1995-1117 ) / para; mallAri ko patnI mahAlasA ( madAlasA kA apabhraMza) hai; mahArASTra meM bhaNDArA ) ; pUjA pratyeka ravivAra yA zanivAra yA vidhi brahmANDa, mallAri-mAhAtmya ( kSetrakhaNDa); ahalyAkAmadhena mallArimahotsava : mArgazIrSa 6 mallAripUjA meM mukhya tattva hai haldI kA cUrNa SaSThI para kI jAtI hai; isa pUjA kI (421) / ( ; mahattamavrata : bhAdrapada zukla 1 para; tithi svarNa yA rajata kI ziva mUrti pUjA ziva kI tIna A~kheM, pA~ca mukha; mUrti ko eka ghar3e ke Upara rakha kara paMcAmRta se snAna, puSpa Adi se pUjA; kartA mauna vrata rakhatA hai; 16 phaloM kA arpaNa; anta meM godAna; dIrghAyu, rAjya Adi kI prApti; smRti kaustubha ( pR0 nirNayAmRta ne bhrAmaka DhaMga se ise maunavrata kahA hai / 201 ) ; mahAkArtikI : dekhiye kArtika ke antargata; dekhiye iNDiyana reNTIkverI (jilda 3, 305 evaM jilda 6, 363, cAlukyarAja maMgalezvara ke rAjyakAla zake 500 -578 I0 san kA zilAlekha ), kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 172) evaM hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 730 ) meM varNita mahAMga dhUpa ke nirmANa kA ullekha isa zilAlekha meM hai; yaha dhUpa kAmadA saptamI meM bhI prayukta hotI hai; mahAkArtikapaurNamAsI para brAhmaNoM ko mahAdAna / ; mahAcaturthI : bhAdrazukla 4 se jaba ki vaha ravivAra yA maMgalavAra ko par3e isa dina gaNeza-pUjA se kAmanAe~ pUrNa hotI haiM; smRtikaustubha ( 210 ) / mahAcaitrI : candra evaM citrA nakSatra se yukta bRhaspati ke sAtha caitra pUrNimA para puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 313 ) ; gadAdharapaddhati ( kAlasAra 599 ) / mahAjaya saptamI : jaba zukla 7 para sUrya kisI rAzi meM praviSTa hotA hai to use mahAjayAsaptamI kahA jAtA hai; snAna, japa, homa, devoM evaM pitaroM kI pUjA se koTigunA phala milatA hai; usa dina sUrya-pratimA ko ghRta yA dUdha se snAna karAne se vyakti ko sUryaloka kI prApti hotI hai; usa dina upavAsa se svarga-prApti; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 135 - 136 hemAdri, vrata 1, 669 ) / kRtyakalpataru isa vrata ke srota ke viSaya meM mauna hai, vaha adhikatara vrata-srota ke viSaya meM koI prakAza nahIM ddaaltaa| hemAdri ( kAla0 414 ) evaM tithitattva ( 145 ) ne brahmapurANa ko uddhRta kiyA hai| mahAjyaiSThI : jyeSTha pUrNimA ko, jaba usa kAla meM jyeSThA nakSatra ho, candra evaM bRhaspati kA yoga ho, sUrya rohiNI meM ho to, isa nAma se pukArA jAtA hai; dAna, japa Adi se puNya prApti puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 313) evaM gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 600 ) / mahAtapovratAni : vrata-sambandhI katipaya granthoM meM isa zIrSaka se katipaya choTe-moTe kRtyoM kA ullekha hai / unheM isa sUcI meM pRthak DhaMga se nahIM rakhA gayA hai / kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 453- 469 ) ; hemAdri (vrata0 2,917931); kRtyaratnAkara (540), varSakriyAkaumudI ( 533 ) / mahAtRtIyA : mAgha yA caitra kI tRtIyA para; devatA gaurI; gur3adhenu kA arpaNa, kintu svayaM gur3a na khAnA ; isase prasannatA evaM gaurI-loka kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 484, padmapurANa se uddharaNa) ; guDadhenu ke viSaya meM dekhiye matsyapurANa (82 ) / mahAdvAdazI : zravaNa nakSatra se yukta bhAdra zukla kI dvAdazI ko yaha saMjJA milI hai; upavAsa; viSNu-pUjA ; kRtyaratnAkara (286-287 ) / viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 1 / 161 / 1-8) meM AyA hai ki yadi bhAdrapada dvAdazI budhavAra

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vrata-sUcI ko par3e aura vaha zravaNa nakSatra meM ho to atyanta mahantI ( mahAn se mahAn ) kI saMjJA prApta hotI hai| viSNudharmo tara purANa ( 1 / 162 / 1-71 ) ne zravaNa - dvAdazI ke mahAtmya para vistAra se carcA kI hai| anya 8 dvAdaziyoM ke lie dekhie gata adhyAya 5 / mahAnandAnavamI : mAgha zukla 9 ko mahAnandA kahA gayA hai; tithi vrata; eka varSa taka; devatA, durgA; cAra mAsoM kI avadhi meM varSa ko 3 bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAtA hai; pratyeka avadhi meM dhUpa, naivedya evaM devI - nAma vibhinna haiM; kartA kI sabhI kAmanAe~ pUrNa hotI haiM, use brahmaloka kI prApti hotI hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 306-307 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1955-956, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / mahAnavamI : ( 1 ) yaha durgApUjA utsava hI hai, dekhie gata adhyAya - 9, kRtyakalpataru (rAjadharma0, pR0 191-195), rAjanItiprakAza ( pR0 439-444 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 903 - 920 ) ; nirNayasindhu ( 161-185 ) ; kRtyaratnAkara (349-364 ) ; ( 2 ) Azvina zukla 9 yA kArtika zukla yA mArgazIrSa zukla kI 9 para; tithivrata; devatA, durgA; eka varSa taka puSpa, dhUpa evaM snAna - sAmagrI katipaya mAsoM meM vibhinna ; kumAriyoM ko bhojana; kartA devI-loka ko jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 296 - 299 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 937 - 939, yahA~ durgAnavamI nAma hai); puruSArtha - cintAmaNi ( 134 ) ; hemAdri ( kAla, 107) | dekhie garur3apurANa ( 1 / 133 / 3 - 18 tathA adhyAya 134 ) ; kAlikApurANa (adhyAya 62 ) / epi0 iNDikA ( jilda 1, pR0 260 ) meM pulakezi mahArAja dvArA kArtika mahAnavamI guruvAra ko dI gayI 800 nivartana bhUmi kA ullekha hai / mahAnizA : dekhie gata adhyAya - 5, jahA~ isakA artha batAyA gayA hai; ekAdazI evaM dvAdazI para ke niSedha / mahApaurNamAsIta : 'mahA' ke sAtha sabhI paurNamAsiyoM para eka varSa taka hari-pUjA; isa dina kA alpa dAna bhI mahAn puNyakAraka hotA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2 196-197, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / mahApauSI : gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 600 ) ; dekhie kArtika ke antargata mahAkArtikI / mahAphaladvAdazI : vizAkhA nakSatra ke sAtha pauSa kRSNa 11 para; devatA, viSNu; eka varSa taka; mAsoM meM zarIra pavitratA (zuddhi) ke lie kaI vastuoM kA prayoga tathA dvAdazI para una vastuoM kA eka krama meM dAna, yathA--- ghI, tila, cAvala; mRtyu ke uparAnta viSNuloka kI prApti hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1095-1096, viSNu rahasya uddharaNa) / mahAphalavrata : eka pakSa ke lie, cAra mAsoM yA eka varSa ke lie; kartA ko pahalI se pandrahavIM tithi taka kucha vastuoM ko hI khAnA par3atA hai, vastuoM kA krama yoM hai - dUdha, puSpa, sabhI prakAra kA bhojana, kintu namaka nahIM, tila, dUdha, puSpa, tarakAriyA~, bela, ATA, apakva bhojana, upavAsa, ghI, dUdha meM cAvala evaM gur3a ( ubAlA huA), jau, gomUtra evaM kuza se pavitra kiyA huA jala / ina sabhI dinoM taka eka nizcita tithi kA prayoga; vrata ke eka dina pUrva tIna bAra snAna, upavAsa, vaidika mantroM, gAyatrI Adi kA pATha; bahuta se puNya, anta meM sUryaloka ; (2,392- 394, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / mahAphala - saptamI : jaba ravivAra ko saptamI evaM revatI nakSatra hotA hai azoka kI kaliyoM se durgA pUjA kI hai aura kaliyA~ khAyI jAtI haiM; puruSArtha - cintAmaNi ( 105 ) / mahAphAlgunI : dekhie kArtika ke antargata; gadAdharapaddhati ( kAlasAra, 599 ) ; puruSArtha - cintAmaNi (314) / mahAbhASTamI : budhavAra ko par3ane vAlI pauSa zukla aSTamI mahAbhadrA kahI jAtI hai aura pavitra mAnI jAtI hai; devatA, ziva smRtikaustubha ( 438 ) ; gadAdharapaddhati ( kAlasAra, 605- 606 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 138) / 23 177

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178 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mahAbhAdrI : dekhie kArtika, jahA~ 'mahA' ke viSaya kA niyama diyA huA hai| mahAmAdhI : jaba sUrya zravaNa-nakSatra meM tathA candra maghA meM ho to use mahAmAghI kahA jAtA hai; rAjamArtaNDa (1366) meM AyA hai ki sUryodaya ke samaya jala bola uThatA hai--'maiM kisa pApI ko,AsavapAyI ko yA brahma-hatyAre ko, zuddha karU~?'; varSakriyAkaumudI (490, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa); smRtikaustubha (439, padmapurANa); puruSArtha-cintAmaNi (313-314) meM AyA hai ki jaba zani meSa meM, candra evaM bRhaspati siMha meM tathA sUrya zravaNa nakSatra meM hotA hai to mahAmAdhI kahalAtI hai| anya matoM ke lie dekhie nirNayasindhu (221) / prayAga, anya pavitra nadiyoM evaM tAlAboM meM prAtaHkAla mahAsnAna se pApa kaTa jAte haiN| tamila deza meM 'makha' eka vArSika mandirotsava hai aura mahAmakha 12 varSoM meM eka bAra hotA hai jaba ki mahAmagha nAmaka tAlAba meM (kumbhakoNama nAmaka sthAna meM) snAna ke lie eka bRhad melA lagatA hai; yaha melA prayAga ke kumbha melA ke samAna hai| yaha tsava 'mamaMgam' ke nAma se vikhyAta hai aura maghA nakSatra meM par3ane vAlI pUrNimA meM tathA jaba bRhaspati maghA meM yA siMha rAzi meM par3atA hai to yaha manAyA jAtA hai| dakSiNI paMcAMgoM ke anusAra yaha san 1955 I0 kI 25 pharavarI ko manAyA gayA thaa| aisA prakAzita huA thA ki usa samaya do baje rAtri se prArambha hokara 8 se 10 ghaNTe taka lagabhaga eka lAkha logoM ne kummakoNam ke mahAmakham tAlAba meM snAna kiyA thaa| tAlAba se kIcar3ayukta jala bAhara nikAlA gayA thA aura kAverI se nayA jala bharA gayA thaa| yaha Azcarya hai ki madhyakAlIna nibandhoM meM mahAmakhama yA kumbha melA kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| mahAn harSa prati pA~caveM varSa prayAga meM saMgama ke pazcima bhAga meM eka bar3A melA lagAte the aura apane koSa kA dhana bA~Ta dete the| mahAmArgazIrSA : dekhie Upara kArtika ke antargata 'mahA' vizeSaNa ke viSaya meN| mahArAjavata : jaba 14 vIM tithi (zukla yA kRSNa) ArdrA nakSatra meM ho yA yaha pUrvAbhAdrapadA evaM uttarA bhAdrapadA se yukta ho to vaha ziva ko Ananda detI hai; 13 vIM tithi ko saMkalpa ; 14 vIM tithi ko eka ke uparAnta dUsare se, yathA-tila, gomUtra, gobara, miTTI, paMcagavya tathA anta meM zuddha jala se snAna; isake uparAnta ziva saMkalpa mantra yajjAgrato dUram' (zivasaMkalpopaniSad,8) kA 1000 bAra japa tIna varSoM ke lie tathA 'oM' namaH zivAya' zUdroM ke lie paMcAmRta,paMcagavya, Ikha ke rasa se ziva evaM umA kI pratimAoM ko snAna karAnA tathA kastUrI, kuMkuma Adi lagAnA; dIpa mAlikA; ziva saMkalpa yA 'yaMmbakaM yajAmahe' mantra ke sAtha sahastroM bilvadaloM se homa: mantroM ke sAtha arghya : rAtribhara jAgara (jAgaraNa); 5 yA 2 yA 1 gAya kA dAna; paMcagavya pAna ke uparAnta mauna rUpa se bhojana; sabhI bAdhAe~ dUra ho jAtI haiM aura parama pada kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 1039-1147, skandapurANa se uddhrnn)| mahAlakSmIpUjA : isa vrata ke viSaya meM vibhinna mata haiN| kRtyasArasamuccaya (pR0 19) evaM ahalyAkAmadhenu (535 bI-539 bI) ke mata se-bhAdrapada zukla 8 ko Arambha tathA ASAr3ha kRSNa 8 ko samApta (pUrNimAnta gaNanA), yaha 16 dinoM taka calatI hai,prati dina mahAlakSmI-pUjA tathA mahAlakSmI ke viSaya kI gAthAoM kA shrvnn| nirNayasindhu (pR0 153-154) meM bhI yahI avadhi dI huI hai, kintu pahalI bAra kiye jAne para cAra doSoM se bacanA hotA hai, yathA--avamadina na ho, tithi trayaHspRk na ho, navamI se yukta na ho, sUrya hasta-nakSatra ke bhAga meM na ho| mahArASTra meM yaha pUjA vivAhita nAriyoM dvArA ASAr3ha zukla 9 ko madhyAhna meM kI jAtI hai aura rAtri meM sabhI vivAhita nAriyA~ eka-sAtha pUjA karatI haiM, khAlI ghar3oM ko hAtha meM rakhatI haiM, unameM zvAsa letI haiM aura

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apane zarIra ko bhAMti-bhAMti DhaMgoM se mor3atI haiN| puruSAArtha-cintAmaNi (129-132) meM isake viSaya meM eka lambA vivecana hai| isake mata se yaha vrata nAriyoM evaM puruSoM donoM kA hai| mahAlakSmIvata : bhAdrapada zukla 8 ko jaba sUrya kanyA rAzi meM hotA hai mahAlakSmI kI pUjA kA Arambha hotA hai aura jaba sUrya kanyA rAzi ke ardha bhAga meM hotA hai to Age kI aSTamI ko samApti hotI hai, isa prakAra 16 dina lagate haiM; yadi sambhava ho to jyeSThA-nakSatra meM candra kI sthiti meM vrata karanA cAhie; 16 varSoM ke lie; nAriyoM evaM puruSoM ke lie yahA~ 16 kI saMkhyA (puSpoM evaM phaloM Adi ke viSaya meM) mahattvapUrNa hai; kartA ko dAhine hAtha meM 16 dhAgoM evaM 16 gA~ThoM kA eka Doraka (gaNDA) bA~dhanA cAhie; lakSmI kartA ko tIna jIvanoM taka nahIM tyAgatIM, vaha dIrghAyu, svAsthya Adi pAtA hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 495-499); nirNaya-sindhu (153-154); smRtikaustubha (231-239); puruSArtha-cintAmaNi (129-132); vratarAja (300-315) / mahAlaya : bhAdrapada kA kRSNa pakSa isa nAma se vikhyAta hai tathA pArvaNa zrAddha ina sabhI yA eka tithi para kiyA jAtA hai; tithitattva (166); varSakrityadIpaka (80) / mahAvaisAkhI : dekhie 'mahA' upAdhi ke lie kArtika / mAdhavavarmana ke khAnapura dAna patra meM satArA jile meM kaI grAmoM kA dAna mahAvaisAkhI para kiyA gayA ullikhita hai; dekhie epi0 iNDikA (jilda 27, pR0 312) / pro. bhirAzI ne isa dAnapatra kI tithi 510-560 ke bIca meM rakhI hai| mahAvrata : (1) mAgha yA caitra meM koI gur3adhenu de sakatA hai aura svayaM tRtIyA para kevala gur3a kA sevana karatA hai ; vaha goloka jAtA hai ; matsyapurANa (101 / 33); kRtyakalpataru (prata0 446); kRtyaratnAkara (118); gur3adhena ke lie dekhie matsyapurANa (82); (2) zukla caturdazI yA aSTamI para upavAsa, jaba ki zravaNa-nakSatra kA yoga ho; tithivrata ; devatA, ziva; rAjAoM dvArA sampAdita; hemAdri (vata0 1, 864-865, kAlottara se uddharaNa); (3) kArtika amAvAsyA yA pUrNimA para niyamoM kA pAlana ; ghRta ke sAtha pAyasa kA prayoga naktavidhi se ; candana evaM Ikha kA rasa ; Age kI pratipadA para upavAsa; 8 yA 16 zaiva brAhmaNoM ko bhoja; devatA, ziva ; paMcagavya, ghI, madhu Adi tathA anta meM garma jala se ziva-pratimAoM ko snAna ; naivedya ; sapatnIka AcArya ko sonA, vastroM Adi kA dAna; 16 varSoM taka vibhinna tithiyoM para (varSa ke AdhAra para) nakta evaM upavAsa kA prabandha ; isase dIrghAyu, saundarya, saubhAgya kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 377-391, kAlikApurANa se uddharaNa); (4) pratyeka paurNamAsI para upavAsa evaM sakala brahma ke rUpa meM hari kI pUjA tathA pratyeka amAvAsyA para niSkala (bhAgahIna) brahma kI pUjA; eka varSa taka; sabhI pApoM se mukti evaM svarga-prApti; 12 varSoM taka karane se viSNuloka kI prApti; viSNudharmottarapurANa (33198 / 1-7); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 461); 'sakala' kA artha hai 'sAvayava' (avayavayukta), yathA--cAroM hastoM se yukta viSNu, 'niSkala' kA artha hai binA anya bhAgoM ke (muNDakopaniSad 2 / 2 / 9 meM isakA ullekha hai); (5) donoM pakSoM meM aSTamI yA caturdazI para nakta-vidhi evaM ziva-pUjA; eka varSa taka ; parama lakSya kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 398, liMgapurANa se uddhrnn)| mahAzvetApriyavidhi : sUrya-grahaNa ke avasara para jaba ravivAra ho; mahAzvetA (tathA sUrya) kI pUjA; nakta-vidhi yA upavAsa ; parama pada kI prApti; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0, 21-23); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 527-528) / mahAzvetA nAma mantra kA hai, yathA-'hrIMsa'; kRtyarakalpataru (9), evaM hemAdri (kta0 2, 521) / ___ mahASaSThI : jaba kArtika zukla 6 ko sUrya vRzcika rAzi meM ho aura maMgala ho to use mahASaSThI kahate haiM ; pUrva dina ko upavAsa ; SaSThI ko agni-pUjA, agni kA mahotsava, brahma-bhoja; sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiM; smRtikaustubha (378); puruSArtha-cintAmaNi (102) /

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18. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mahASTamI : navarAtra kI Azvina zukla 8 ko yaha saMjJA prApta hai; varSakriyAkaumudI (428); nirNayasindhu (178); samayamayUkha (59) / - mahAsaptamI : mAgha zukla 5 ko eka bhakta ; SaSThI ko nakta, saptamI ko upavAsa; karavIra puSpoM evaM lAla candana-laMpa se sUrya-pUjA; eka varSa taka; mAgha se Arambha kara varSa ko cAra mAsoM ke tIna daloM meM bAMTanA, pratyeka dala meM vibhinna naivedya, puSpa evaM ghUpa ; anta meM eka ratha kA dAna ; hemAdri (vata0 1, 659-660, bhaviSyapurANa 1151 / 1-16 se uddhrnn)| - mahiSaghnIpUjA : ASAr3ha zukla 8 para; tithi ; devatA, durgA; mahiSAsura ko mArane vAlI durgA ko haldI cUrNa se yukta jala se snAna karAnA; pratimA para candana-lepa evaM karpUra lagAnA; kumAriyoM evaM brAhmaNoM ko bhojana evaM dakSiNA denA; dopa-prakAza; sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti; puruSArtha-cintAmaNi (109-110); smRtikaustubha (138) / mahendra-kRccha : kArtika zukla 6 se prArambha; kevala dUdha kA sevana ; dAmodara-pUjA; hemAdri (vata. 2, 769-770) / mahezvaravrata : (1) phAlguna zukla 14 se prArambha; usa dina upavAsa evaM ziva-pUjA; anta meM godAna ; yadi varSa bhara kiyA jAye to pauNDarIka yajJa kI phala prApti ; yadi varSa bhara pratyeka mAsa kI donoM caturdaziyoM para kiyA jAya to sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 152); (2) dakSiNA-mUrti ko varSa bhara prati dina pAyasa evaM ghI kA arpaNa; anta meM upavAsa; bhUmi, gAya evaM palaMga kA dAna ; nandI (ziva-vAhana) kI sthiti kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 867, skandapurANa se uddharaNa); dakSiNAmUrti ziva kA eka rUpa hai; zaMkarAcArya likhita dakSiNAmUrtistotra (19 zlokoM meM) kI bAta kahI jAtI hai| - mahezvarASTamI : mArgazIrSa zukla 9 se prArambha ; ziva kI pUjA, liMga yA pratimA ke rUpa meM yA kamala para; ghI evaM dUdha se snAna karAnA; anta meM godAna ; yadi varSa bhara kiyA jAya to azvamedha-yajJa kA lAbha evaM zivaloka kI prApti ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 747-748, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| * mahotsavavata : caitra zukla 14 para; prati varSa ziva-pratimA ko dUdha Adi se snAna karA kara aMjana, damanaka, bilva-dala kA arpaNa ; cAvala ke cUrNa se bane dIpoM se pratimA kI AratI; vibhinna khAdya padArthoM kA naivedya ; Dhola bajAnA; ziva-rathayAtrA: 'ziva prasanna hoM' kahanA; nakta-vidhi; hemAdri (vrata0 2,148-149, skandapurANa se uddhrnn)| . mahodaSi-amAvAsyA : caturdazI se yukta mAgha amAvAsyA ko kisI samudra meM snAna ; azvamegha kA phala ; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 603) / mAkarI-saptamI : makara-rAzi meM jaba sUrya ho to saptamI tithi para; varSakriyA kaumudI (500-501); vratakoza (pR0 203, saMkhyA 902) / ___ mAghakRtya : kRtyaratnAkara (487-514); varSakriyAkaumudI (490-514); nirNayasindhu (213221); smRtikaustubha (439-513); gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 37-41) / mAgha meM kaI mahattvapUrNa vrata hote haiM, yathA-tilacaturthI, rathasaptamI, bhISmASTamI, jo pRthaka rUpa se vaNita huI haiN| kucha bAteM yahA~ dI jA rahI haiN| mAgha zukla 4 ko umAcaturthI kahate haiM, kyoMki logoM (vizeSataH nAriyoM) dvArA kunda evaM anya puSpoM se, gur3aarpaNa, namaka, yavaka se gaurI-pUjA kI jAtI hai; saghavA nAriyoM, brAhmaNoM evaM gAya kA sammAna kiyA jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru (nayatkAlika kANDa, 437-438); kRtyaratnAkara (503); mAghakRSNa 12 ko yama ne tila utpanna

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bata-sUcI 181 kiyA, dazaratha use pRthivI para le Aye aura bo diyA, viSNu kodevoM ne tila kA svAmI banAyA, ataH usa dina upavAsa kara tila se hari-pUjA karanI cAhie, tila se homa karanA cAhie, tila-dAna karanA cAhie aura use khAnA cAhie; viSNudharmasUtra (90 / 19); kRtyakalpataru (naityakAlika kANDa 435-436); kRtyaratnAkara (495-496); mAgha amAvAsyA para jaba ki vaha somavAra ko prAtaHkAla upasthita ho, logoM ko (vizeSataH nAriyoM ko) azvattha vRkSa kI parikramA karanI cAhie aura dAna denA caahie| yaha kRtya tamila deza meM pracalita hai| mAghasaptamI : mAgha zukla 7 para; aruNodaya ke samaya kisI nadI yA bahate hue jala meM apane sara para badara vRkSa evaM arka paudhe kI sAta-sAta pattiyA~ rakha kara snAna karanA; sAta badara phaloM, sAta arka-daloM, cAvala, tila, durvA, akSatoM evaM candana ke sAtha mizrita jala se sUrya ko arghya denA; saptamI ko devI samajha kara tathA sUrya ko praNAma karanA; kucha logoM ke mata se yaha snAna tathA mAghasnAna alaga-alaga nahIM haiM, kintu kucha loga donoM ko do mAnate haiM ; kRtyaratnAkara (509); varSakriyAkaumudI (499-502); kRtyatattva (459); rAjamArtaNDa (e. bI0 o0 Ara0.AI0, jilda 36, pR0 332) / mAghasnAna : Arambhika kAloM se hI gaMgA yA kisI bahate jala meM prAtaH kAla mAgha mAsa meM snAna karanA prazaMsita rahA hai| sarvottama kAla vaha hai jaba nakSatra aba bhI dIkha par3a rahe hoM, usake uparAnta vaha kAla acchA hai jaba tAre dikhAI par3a rahe hoM kintu sUrya abhI vAstava meM dikhAI nahIM par3A ho, jaba sUryodaya ho jAtA hai to vaha kAla snAna ke lie acchA kAla nahIM kahA jaataa| mAsa ke snAna kA Arambha pauSa zukla 11 yA pauSa pUrNimA (pUrNimAnta gaNanA ke anusAra) se ho jAnA cAhie aura vrata (eka mAsa kA) mAgha zukla 12 yA pUrNimA ko samApta ho jAnA cAhie : kucha loga ise saura gaNanA se saMyajya kara dete haiM aura vyavasthA dete haiM ki vaha snAna jo mAgha meM prAtaHkAla usa samaya kiyA jAtA hai, jaba ki sUrya makara rAzi meM ho, pApiyoM ko svargaloka bhejatA hai; varSakriyA kaumudI (491, padmapurANa kA uddharaNa); sabhI nara-nAriyoM ke lie yaha vyavasthita hai ; saba se atyanta puNyakArI mAghasnAna gaMgA evaM yamunA ke saMgama para hai; padmapurANa (6, jahA~ adhyAya 219 se 250 taka 2800 zlokoM meM mAghasnAna ke mAhAtmya kA ullekha hai); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 789-794); varSakriyAkaumudI (490-491); rAjamArtaNDa (1398); nirNayasindhu (213-216); smRtikaustubha (439-441); padmapurANa (6 / 237 / 49-50; evaM kRtyatattva (455-457) ne dAnoM evaM niyamoM kI vidhi kA varNana kiyA hai| viSNudharmasUtra (90) ke antima zloka meM mAgha evaM phAlguna meM prAtaH snAna kI prazaMsA gAyI gayI hai| dekhie iNDiyana eNTIkverI (jilda 11, pR0 88, mAgha melaa)| . mAtRvrata : (1) aSTamI para; tithi ; devatA, mAtAe~; upavAsa ; mAtAoM se bhaktipUrvaka kSamA karanA; mAtAe~ kalyANa evaM svAsthya detI haiM; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 876); (2) Azvina navamI para rAjA tathA unakI jAti ke logoM ko mAtAoM (nAma diye gaye haiM) kI pUjA karanI cAhie aura saphalatA prApta karanI cAhie; vaha nArI, jisake putra mRta ho jAte haiM athavA jisakI kevala eka santAna ho, isa vrata ke sampAdana se santativatI hotI hai| hemAdri (vrata0 1, 951-952) / mArgapAlI-bandhana : kArtika kla 1para; dekhie : adhyaay-10|| mArgazIrSakRtya : dekhie kRtyaratnAkara (442-474); varSakriyAkaumudI (482-487); nirNayasindhu (209-211); smRtikaustubha (427-432) / tamila deza meM pUre mAsa bhara pavitra mAnA jAtA hai aura bhajanamaNDaliyA~ prAtaHkAla ghUmatI rahatI haiN| gItA (10 / 35) ke anusAra mAsoM meM mArgazIrSa sarvottama hai aura vaha bhagavAn kRSNa ke samAna mAnA gayA hai| kucha bAteM yahA~ dI jA rahI haiN| kRtayuga (satyayuga) meM devoM ne varSa kA Arambha

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182 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mArgazIrSa kI prathama tithi se kiyA, RSi kAzyapa ne kazmIra nAmaka sundara deza kI racanA kI; ataH isa para utsava kiyA jAnA cAhie ( kRtyaratnAkara 452 ) ; mArgazIrSa zukla 12 para upavAsa karanA cAhie aura aisA hI varSabhara karate rahanA cAhie; pratyeka dvAdazI para viSNu ke kezava se le kara dAmodara ke bAraha nAmoM meM eka nAma lenA cAhie aura pUjA karanI cAhie; kartA jAtismara ( jo pUrva janmoM ke kRtyoM ko smaraNa kara letA hai) ho jAtA hai aura vahA~ pahu~ca jAtA hai, jahA~ se lauTanA nahIM hotA (anuzAsanaparva adhyAya 109; bRhatsaMhitA 104 / 14-16: mArgazIrSa pUrNimA para vizeSataH candra kI pUjA kI jAnI cAhie, kyoMki usI samaya candra para amRta chir3akA gayA thA; gAya ko namaka denA cAhie; mA~, bahana, putrI tathA anya nArI sambandhiyoM ko navIna vastroM kA jor3A denA cAhie; nRtya-gAna kA utsava honA cAhie, jo loga maMdirA kA sevana karate haiM, unheM usa dina tAjI madirA grahaNa karanI cAhie; kRtyakalpataru ( naiyatkAlika, 432-433); kRtyaratnAkara ( 471-472 ) mArgazIrSa; pUrNimA para dattAtreya jayantI kI jAtI hai, dekhie Upara / mArtaNDa saptamI : pauSa zukla 7 se Arambha ; usa dina upavAsa; 'mArtaNDa' nAma lete hue sUrya-pUjA; apane ko zuddha karane ke lie kartA ko gomUtra yA gobara yA dahI yA dUdha grahaNa karanA cAhie; dUsare dina 'ravi' nAma para sUrya pUjA; isI prakAra varSa bhara pratyeka mAsa meM do dinoM kI vidhi tathA eka dina eka gAya ko ghAsa Adi khilAnA ; sUya-loka kI prApti; bhaviSyapurANa (1 / 109/1 - 13 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 754-755), kRtyakalpataru (naiyatkAlika kANDa, 147-148) / masavrata : mArgazIrSa se kArtika taka 12 mAsoM meM kartA ko nimnalikhita kA dAna karanA cAhielavaNa ghI, tila, sAta dhAnya, raMgIna evaM sundara vastra, gehU~, jalapUrNapAtra, karpUra ke sAtha candana lepa, navanIna, chatra, zakkara yA gur3a se bharapUra laDDU evaM dIpa; anta meM godAna tathA durgA, brahma, sUrya yA viSNu kI pUjA; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 853 - 854, devIpurANa se uddharaNa ) ; kRtyaratnAkara (442-443) / mAsavratAni : agnipurANa ( 198 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 418-432 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 744799); dAnasAgara (589-621) / mAsopanAsavrata : sabhI vratoM meM yaha sarvottama vrata hai| yaha eka ati prAcIna vrata hai| I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI meM rAnI nAyanikA ( nAganikA) ne ise sampAdita kiyA thA ( e0 esa0 DablyU0 AI0, jilda 5, pR0 60 ) ; isakA varNana agni0 (20411-18), garur3a0 (1 / 12211-7), padma0 (6 / 121115-54 ) meM kiyA gayA hai| agnipurANa ati saMkSipta hai, usI ko ati saMkSipta rUpa meM yahA~ diyA jA rahA hai / kartA ko sabhI vaiSNava vrata (yathA-dvAdazI) kara lene cAhie, guru kA Adeza le lenA cAhie; apanI zakti ko dekha kara Azvina zukla 11 se Arambha kara use 30 dinoM taka le jAne kA saMkalpa karanA cAhie; kisI vAnaprastha vyakti yA yati yA viSayA dvArA yaha sampAdita honA cAhie; puSpoM Adi se prati dina tIna bAra viSNu-pUjA honI cAhie; viSNu kI prazasti gAna gAye jAne cAhie, viSNu dhyAna karanA cAhie; vyartha kI ( idhara-udhara kI bAtoM kA tyAga honA cAhie; dhana kI icchA kA tyAga karanA cAhie; jo niyamoM kA pAlana nahIM karate unheM nahIM chUnA cAhie; maMdira meM 30 dinoM taka rahanA cAhie; 30 dinoM ke uparAnta 12 veM dina brahmabhoja denA cAhie, dakSiNA denI cAhie tathA 13 brAhmaNoM ko Amantrita kara pAraNa karanA cAhie, vastroM kA jor3A, Asana, pAtra, chatra, khar3AU dAna-rUpa meM diye, jAne cAhie; eka palaMga para viSNu kI svarNa - pratimA kA pUjana honA cAhie; apanI svayaM kI pratimA ko vastra Adi denA cAhie; palaMga guru ko de dI jAnI cAhie; vaha sthAna jahA~ kartA ThaharatA hai pavitra ho jAtA hai; vaha apane evaM apane parivAra ke logoM ko svargaloka le jAtA hai; yadi kartA vrata ke bIca meM mUcchita ho jAya to

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vrata-sUcI 183 use dUdha, ghI evaM phala kA rasa denA cAhie; brAhmaNoM kI sammati se aisA karane se vrata khaNDita nahIM hotA; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 776-783, viSNurahasya se uddharaNa). mAsarakSapaurNamasIvrata : kArtika zukla 15 para Arambha ; nakta-vidhi se bhojana ; namaka se bane vRtta, tathA candana-lepa se nimita candra kI dasa nakSatroM ke sAtha pUjA yathA-kArtika meM kRtrikA evaM rohiNI ke sAtha, mArgazIrSa meM mRgazirA evaM ArdrA ke sAtha . . .aura yaha krama Azvina taka calA jAtA hai; sadhavA nAriyoM kA gur3a, bar3hiyA bhojana, ghI, dUdha Adi se sammAna ; svayaM haviSya bhojana karanA; anta meM sone ke sAtha raMgIna vastra kA daan| viSNudharmottarapurANa (192 / 1-15); nIlamatapurANa (pR0 47) / trisaptamI : mArgazIrSa zukla 7 ko yaha nAma milA hai; tithi vrata ; devatA, mitra (sUrya); SaSThI ko mitra-pratimA ko usI vidhi se snAna karAyA jAtA hai jaisA ki kArtika zukla 11 ko viSNu-pratimA ko; saptamI ko upavAsa (phala khAye jA sakate haiM); rAtri meM jAgara; vibhinna puSpoM, ATe ke pakvAnnoM se sUrya-pUjA; brAhmaNoM, daridroM evaM asahAyoM ko bhojana; aSTamI ko nartakoM tathA abhinetAoM ke bIca dhana kA vitaraNa; nIlamatapurANa (pR0 46-47, zloka 564-569); kRtyaratnAkara (460-461); kRtyakalpataru (nayatkAlika kANDa (432); varSakriyAkaumudI (483); puruSArtha-cintAmaNi (104) / muktAbharaNavata : bhAdra zukla saptamI para; tithivrata; devatA, ziva evaM umA; ziva-pratimA ke samakSa eka Doraka (dhAgoM se banA gaNDA) rakhanA; AvAhana se Arambha kara 16 upacAroM ke sAtha ziva-pUjA; motI evaM anya bahumUlya pattharoM se yukta sone ko Asana ; upacAroM ke uparAnta mekhalA meM gaNDA bA~dhanA; 1100 maNDakoM eva veSTakoM kA dAna'; dIrghAyu putroM kI prApti ; nirNayasindha (134), vrataratnAkara (241-247) / muktidvAra-saptamI : jaba saptamI ko hasta nakSatra ho yA puNya nakSatra ho to yaha vrata kiyA jAnA cAhie; kartA ko 'arka ko praNAma' ke sAtha arka kI TahanI se apane dA~ta svaccha karane cAhie homa ;gobara se lIpe gaye A~gana meM lAla candana ke lepa se eka SoDaza-dala kamala banAnA cAhie, jisake pratyeka dala para pUrva se Arambha kara katipaya devoM ko pratiSThApita karanA cAhie; taba AvAhana se Arambha kara anya upacAra sampAdita karane caahie| usa dina upavAsa ; eka varSa taka 6 rasoM (madhura, lavaNa, tikta, kaSAya, kaTu, amla) meM kisI eka ko do mAsa taka khAnA; 13 veM mAsa meM pAraNa tathA eka kapilA gAya kA dAna; mokSa-prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 780-786) / eka varSa taka tAmbala (makhavAsa) kA tyAga; varSa ke anta meM eka gAya kA dAna; kartA yakSoM kA adhipati ho jAtA hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 865, padmapurANa se uddhrnn)| mUlagaurIvrata : caitra zukla 3 para; tila evaM jala se snAna ; svarNa-phaloM ke sAtha evaM pA~va se sira taka ziva evaM gaurI kI pUjA; 12 mAsoM meM vibhinna puSpoM kA upayoga ; isI prakAra vibhinna padArthoM ko khAnA yA pInA; gaurI ke vibhinna nAmoM kI pUjA; kartA ko eka phala chor3a denA cAhie; anta meM eka palaMga, sone ke baila evaM gAya kA dAna; ziva ne gaurI se caitra zukla tRtIyA para vivAha kiyA thA; agnipurANa (17811-20) / mRgazIrSavata : zrAvaNa kRSNa 1 para ziva ne tIna phalakoM ke eka bANa se hariNa rUpa dhAraNa kiye hue yajJa ke tIna mukhoM ko bhedA thA; kartA ko miTTI se mRgazIrSa kI pratimA banA kara tarakAriyoM evaM sarasoM se yukta ATe ke vibhinna naivadya se pUjA karanI cAhie; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 358-359); smRtikaustubha (146) / meghapAlItRtIyA : Azvina zukla 3 ko nara-nAriyoM kA meghapAlI nAmaka latA se pUjA karanI cAhie; yaha latA bATikAoM, pahAr3iyoM evaM mArgoM para ugatI hai; isakI pUjA vibhinna prakAra ke phaloM evaM sAta dhAnyoM ke aMkuroM

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa se kI jAtI hai; sabhI pApoM se vizeSataH truTipUrNa taula-baTakharoM evaM mApakoM se vyApAra karane vAloM ke pApoM se mukti milatI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 416-417, bhaviSyottarapurANa 17 / 1-14 se uddhrnn)| . maunavrata : (1) pUrNimAnta gaNanA se zrAvaNa ke anta ke uparAnta bhAdrapada 1 se 16 dinoM taka kartA ko dUrvA kI zAkhAoM kI 16 gA~The banA kara dAhine hAtha meM (striyoM ko bAyeM hAtha meM) rakhanA cAhie; 16 veM dina pAnI lAne, gehU~ ko pIsane tathA usase naivedya banAne tathA bhojana karate samaya mauna rakhanA cAhie; ziva-pratimA yA liMga ko jala, dUdha, dahI, ghI, madhu evaM zakkara se snAna karA kara pUjA karanA tathA 'ziva prasanna hoM' aisA kahanA; isase santati-prAti evaM kAmanA-pUrti hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 482-492); nirNayAmRta (26-27); (2) 8, 6 yA tIna mAsoM taka yA eka mAsa, argha mAsa yA 12, 6 yA 3 dinoM taka yA eka dina taka mauna rahanA; maunavrata se sarvArtha siddhi hotI hai ('mauna sarvArthasAdhakam', pR0 880); kartA ko bhojana karate samaya 'hu~' bhI nahIM kahanA cAhie; mana, vacana evaM karma se hiMsA-tyAga; vrata-samApti para candana kA liMga-nirmANa tathA gandha evaM anya upacAroM se usakI pUjA, mandira kI vibhinna dizAoM meM sone evaM pItala ke ghaNToM kA arpaNa; zavoM evaM brAhmaNoM ko bhoja; sira para pItala ke pAtra meM liMga rakha kara jana-mArga se mauna rUpa se mandira ko jAnA tathA mandirapratimA ke dAhine pakSa meM liMga-sthApana aura usakI bAra-bAra pUjA; kartA ziva-loka jAtA hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 879-883, zivadharma se uddhrnn)| yakSakardama : (yakSoM kA priya aMjana) pA~ca sugandhita padArthoM se nirmita ; dekhie gata adhyAya-2; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 143-44); vratarAja (pR0 16) / yajJasaptamI : zukla 7 para, jaba grahaNa ho, vizeSataH jaba saMkrAnti ho; kartA eka bAra haviSya bhojana karatA hai, varuNa ko praNAma karatA hai, pRthivI para rakhI darbha ghAsa para baiThatA hai; dUsare dina prAtaHkAla Arambha meM evaM anta meM varuNa kI pUjA karatA hai| eka vistRta vidhi vyavasthita hai ; mAgha saptamI para varuNa ko, phAlguna 7 para sUrya ko, caitra 7 para aMzumAlI (sUrya kA eka nAma) ko pUjita kiyA jAtA hai aura isI para pauSa taka kRtya calA jAtA hai; varSa ke anta meM eka svarNa ratha banAyA jAtA hai, jisameM sAtaghor3e jute hote haiM, jisake madhya meM sUrya kI eka svarNa-pratimA rahatI hai, jisake caturdika sUrya ke 12 nAmoM ke pratinidhiyoM ke rUpa meM bAraha brAhmaNa bane rahate haiM, bAraha mAsoM meM 12 brAhmaNa pUjita hote haiM:; ratha evaM eka gAya AcArya ko dAna rUpa meM apita ; daridra vyakti tAmra kA ratha banA sakatA hai; kartA lambe kSetroM kA rAjA ho jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 107-112); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 757-760, bhaviSyapurANa, 1150 / 1-42 se uddharaNa); ne likhA hai ki yahA~ varuNa kA artha hai suury| yamacaturthI : zanivAra evaM bharaNI nakSatra meM par3ane vAlI caturthI para yama-pUjA; sAta janmoM taka pApoM se mukti; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 523-524); puruSArtha-cintAmaNi (95, kUrmapurANa se uddharaNa); yama bharaNInakSatra kA svAmI hai| yamatarpaNa : tilayukta jala kI aMjaliyoM se yama ke tIna nAmoM (yama, dharmarAja, antaka) ko tIna bAra tarpaNa karanA; eka varSa meM kiye gaye pApa turata samApta ho jAte haiN| yamadIpadAna : kArtika kRSNa 13 para; rAtri ho jAne para ghara ke bAhara dIpa-dAna ; isase Akasmika mRtyu se rakSA hotI hai; puruSArtha-cintAmaNi (231); smRtikaustubha (368) / yamadvitIyA : dekhie gata adhyaay-10| yamadvitIyAyAtrA : bhuvanezvara kI 14 yAtrAoM meM eka ; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 193) /

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vrata-sUcI 185 ; yamavrata : jo vyakti ( 1 ) zukla 5, 6, 8 yA 14 ko upavAsa karatA hai tathA brahma-bhoja karAtA hai, vaha rogamukta ho jAtA hai aura sundara rUpa pAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 389 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 377, mahAbhArata se uddharaNa) ; (2) kRSNa 14 ko upavAsa; yama ke pratyeka nAma (yama, dharmarAja, mRtyu, antaka, vaivasvata, kAla evaM sarvabhUtakSaya para tila jala kI sAta aJjaliyoM kA arpaNa; sabhI pApoM se mukti hemAdri ( vrata02, 151, kUrmapurANa se uddharaNa); (3) kArtika kRSNa 14 para snAna evaM yama ko tarpaNa; (2) meM diye gaye nAmoM ke anusAra jalAMjali kA arpaNa, (yahA~ kucha aura nAma juTa gaye haiM, yathA - citra, citragupta ) ; eka brAhmaNa ko tilapUrNa pAtra evaM sone kA dAna ; kartA mRtyu para duHkha nahIM uThAtA hemAdri ( vrata02, 151 ) ; (4) yadi rAjA yama kI pUjA dazamI ko ho to rogoM kA nivAraNa ho jAtA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 982, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa); (5) jaba caturthI ravivAra ko par3atI hai aura vaha bharaNI nakSatra se yukta hotI hai to yama ke anugraha kI prApti ke lie bhaiMse evaM sone kA dAna karanA cAhie; ahalyAkAmadhenu ( 357, kUrmapurANa se uddharaNa) / yamAdarzana- trayodazI : mArgazIrSa kI trayodazI para, jaba ki yaha ravivAra evaM maMgalavAra ko chor3a kara kisI bhI zubha dina para par3atI hai; pUrvAhna meM 13 brAhmaNa nimantrita hote haiM, unheM deha meM lagAne lie tila kA tela diyA tA hai, nahAne ko pAnI tathA khAne ko bharapeTa bhojana diyA jAtA hai; yaha eka varSa taka pratimAsa kiyA jAtA hai; aisA karane se kartA yama kA mukha kabhI bhI nahIM dekhatA hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 9 - 14, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) ; ahalyA kAmadhenu (864) / yamunAsnAna-tarpaNa: yamunA ke jala meM khar3e ho kara vibhinna nAmoM se yama kA tilayukta jala kI tIna aMjaliyoM se tarpaNa ; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 601 ) / yAtrA : ( utsavapUrNa julUsa yA utsava ) dekhie dolayAtrA evaM rathayAtrA / ati prAcIna kAloM se hI devoM kI yAtrAe~ prasiddha rahI haiM / kAlapriyAnAtha kI yAtrA ke avasara para bhavabhUtikRta mahAvIracarita kA abhinaya kiyA gayA thA / dekhie raghunandana dvArA praNIta mAnA gayA 'yAtrAtattva', jisameM viSNu kI 12 yAtrAoM kA ullekha hai / puruSottama kI yAtrA ke avasara para murArikRta anargha rAghava kA abhinaya kiyA gayA thA; dekhie epi0 iNDikA ( jilda 10, pR0 70) jahA~ mahAdeva pRthvIzvara kI devadroNI ( pratimA yAtrA) kA ullekha hai; kRtyakalpataru (rAjadharma0 pR0 178 - 181 ) meM devayAtrA - vidhi varNita hai; rAjanItiprakAza ( 416 419 ) / prati varSa vaisAkha se Age 6 mAsoM taka pahalI se 15 vIM tithi taka vibhinna devoM kI pUjA hotI hai yathA--brahmA kI, jo tithiyoM ke svAmI kahe jAte haiM / yugAditithiyA~: nAradapurANa ( 1156 / 147 - 148 ) ; hemAdri ( kAla0 649-655 ) ; tithitattva (187) nirNayasindha ( 94-95 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi (86-89 ) ; viSNupurANa (3 / 14112-13 ) ; bhujabala nibandha ( pR0 42 ) / yugAdivrata: cAroM yuga, yathA-- kRta, tretA, dvApara evaM kali krama se vaisAkha zukla 3, kArtika zukla 9, bhAdrapada kRSNa 13 evaM mAgha amAvAsyA para Arambha hue; ina tithiyoM para upavAsa, dAna, tapa, japa evaM homa se sAdhAraNa phaloM kI apekSA eka karor3a gunA phala prApti hotI hai; vaisAkha zukla 3 para nArAyaNa - lakSmI kI pUjA evaM lavaNa- dhenu kA dAna ; kArtika zukla 9 para ziva-umA kI pUjA tathA tila-dhenu kA dAna ; bhAdrapada kRSNa 13 para pitaroM ko sammAna mAgha amAvasyA para brahmagAyatrI kI pUjA tathA navanIta- dhenu kA dAna ; sabhI mana, vacana evaM karma se kiye gaye pApa prabhAvahIna ho jAte haiM; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,514-517, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / 24

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yugAntya-zrAddha : tIna dinoM taka sampAdana ; cAroM yuga krama se nimnalikhita samayoM para anta ko prApta hote haiM ; kRta kA anta taba hotA hai jaba sUrya siMha rAzi meM rahatA hai, tretA kA anta vRzcika-saMkrAnti meM, dvApara kA vRSa-saMkrAnti meM tathA kali kA kumbha-saMkrAnti meM; hemAdri (kAla0 656); kRtyaratnAkara (542-543'); kRtyakalpataru (nayatkAlika kANDa, 372) / yugAvatAravata : bhAdrapada kRSNa 13 para jaba dvApara-yuga kA Arambha huA; zarIra para gomUtra, gobara, dUrvA evaM miTTI kA prayoga aura gahare jala yA tAlAba meM snAna ; yaha karane se gayA-zrAddha kA phala milatA hai; viSNu-pratimA kA ghI, dUdha evaM zuddha jala se snAna; viSNuloka kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 518-519, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa)) kucha logoM kA kathana hai ki isa dina tretAyuga kA abhyudaya huA thaa| yogavata : viSkambha vyatIpAta aise yogoM kA ullekha Age ke prakaraNa 'kAla' meM kiyA jAyagA; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 707-717); smRtikaustubha (563-564); puruSArtha-cintAmaNi (52) / yogezvaravata yA yogezvaradvAdazI : kArtika zukla 11 ko upavAsa; cAra jalapUrNa ghaTa, jinake bhItara ratna rakhe gaye hoM, jina para candana-lepa cihna lage hoM, jinake cAroM ora zveta vastra ba~dhA ho, jinake Upara tila evaM sone se yukta tAmra-pAtra rakhe gaye hoM, cAra samudra samajhe jAte haiM ; ghaTa ke Dhakkana ke bIca meM hari (jo yogezvara kahe jAte haiM) kI pratimA rakhI jAtI hai aura pUjita hotI hai; jAgara,; dUsare dina cAroM ghaTa cAra brAhmaNoM ko de diye jAte haiM, svarNa-pratimA kisI anya pA~caveM brAhmaNa ko dI jAtI hai ; brAhmaNoM ko bhojana evaM dakSiNA ; isa vrata ko dharaNIvrata bhI kahA jAtA hai; kartA pApamukta ho jAtA hai aura svargaloka jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vata0 336-339); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1041-1044, varAhapurANa 5014-29 se uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara (427-430) / raktasaptamI : mArgazIrSa kRSNa 7 para; tithivrata; lAla kamaloM se sUrya-pUjA yA zveta puSpoM evaM lAla candana, vaTaka (bar3A) evaM kRsara (cAvala, maTara evaM masAloM se banA pakvAnna) se sUrya-pratimA kI pUjA; anta meM lAla vastroM ke jor3e kA dAna ; (viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 170 / 1-3) / rakSApaJcamI : bhAdra pada kRSNa 5 para; kAle raMgoM se sarpo kA citrAMkana evaM pUjA; sarpa prasanna hote haiM aura vaMzajoM ko koI Dara nahIM hotA; gadAdharapaddhati (78-79) / rakSAbandhana : zrAvaNa-paurNamAsI para; dekhie gata adhyaay-7| raGgapaJcamI : phAlguna kRSNa 5 para; dekhie gata adhyaay-12| raTantI-caturdazI : mAgha kRSNa 14 para; tithi; yama ; aruNodaya ke samaya snAna ; 14 nAmoM ke sAtha yama ko tarpaNa (kRtyatattva 450 meM yama ke ye nAma ullikhita haiM); varSakriyAkaumudI (497); kRtyatattva (457); gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra 157-158); dekhie Upara pret-cturdshii| ratnaSaSThI : mRcchakaTika (aMka 3) evaM cArudatta (aMka 3, pR0 63, bhAsalikhita) meM ullikhita vahA~ 'nanu SaSThIm upavasAmi' nAmaka zabda Aye haiM; kintu yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki yaha ratnaSaSThI hai yA koI aur| ratnAni : (ratna yA bahumUlya vastue~) dekhie Upara 'paMcaratna' jahA~ pA~ca ratnoM ke nAma Aye haiM (sonA, hIrA, nIlama, padmarAga evaM motI); vratarAja (15, viSNudharmottarapurANa kA uddharaNa) ne nau ratnoM ke nAma diye haiM, yathA-motI, sonA, vaidUrya, padmarAga, puSparAga, gomeda (himAlaya se prApta), nIlama, gArutmata evaM muuNgaa| rathanavamI : Azvina zukla 9 (kRtyakalpataru ke anusAra)yA kRSNa 9 (hemAdri ke anusAra); tithi; durgA; usa dina upavAsa, durgA-pUjA; darpaNoM, cauriyoM, vastroM, chatra, mAlAoM Adi se susajjita ratha para yA bhaiMse para baiThI durgA

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187 vrata-sUcI kI svarNa pratimA; jana-mArga se rathako le jAkara durgA mandira taka pahu~canA, prakAza; nRtya evaM saMgIta se jAgara; dUsare dina prAtaH pratimA snAna tathA durgA ke lie ratha kA samarpaNa; eka sundara palaMga, baila evaM zIghra hI baccA dene vAlI gAya kA dAna ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 294 - 298 ) hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 946 - 948, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / rathayAtrA : hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 420 - 424, devIpurANa kA uddharaNa) ne durgA kI rathayAtrA kA varNana kiyA hai; kRtyaratnAkara (259-264 ) ne vahI varNana kisI anya srota se diyA hai; bhaviSyapurANa (1 / 18 / 3 - 17) ne brahmA kI rathayAtrA kA varNana kiyA hai; kRtyaratnAkara (438-439) evaM pUjAprakAza (293-307 ) ne uddharaNa diyA hai; puruSottama kI 12 evaM bhuvanezvara kI 14 rathayAtrAoM kA varNana gadAgharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 183-190 evaM 190-194) meM huA hai; hemAdri (vrata02, 424-440, bhaviSpurANa kA uddharaNa) ne sUrya ke rathayAtrotsava kA vistRta ullekha kiyA hai aura kahA hai ( pR0 425) ki yaha indradhvajotsava ke samAna hai tathA donoM prati varSa vibhinna dezoM meM zAnti ke lie tathA logoM ke sukha evaM svAsthya ke lie kiye jAte haiM tathA inakA Arambha mArgazIrSa zukla se honA cAhie | mathurA meM sAmbapuradeva kI rathayAtrA ke lie dekhie vArAhapurANa ( 177 / 55-56 ) / bhaviSyottarapurANa (134 / 40-71) meM ratha-nirmANa, julUsa vyavasthA tathA ratha meM pratimA sthApana Adi kA vistRta ullekha hai / rathasaptamI : mAgha zukla 7 para; tithi ; sUrya; SaSThI kI rAtri ko saMkalpa evaM niyamoM kA pAlana ; saptamI ko upavAsa; kartA ko sone yA cA~dI kA azva evaM sArathI se yukta eka ratha banavAnA par3atA hai; sUrya kI stuti karanI hotI hai tathA madhyAhna kAla meM ratha ko vastra se AcchAdita maNDapa meM le jAnA hotA hai tathA kuMkuma, puSpoM Adi se ratha kI pUjA karanI par3atI hai; ratha meM sUrya kI svarNa pratimA rakhI jAtI hai; ratha evaM sArathI ke sAtha sUrya-pUjA tathA mantroccAraNa aura usake sAtha manokAmanA kI abhivyakti; nRtya evaM saMgIta se jAgara, kartA ko palakeM nahIM banda karanI cAhie arthAt vaha usa rAtri nahIM sotA ; dUsare dina prAtaH snAna, dAna aura guru ko ratha kA dAna hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 652 - 658, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / yahA~ kRSNa ne yudhiSThira se kAmboja ke rAjA yazodharmA kI gAthA kahI hai ki kisa prakAra isa vrata ke saMmpAdana se usakI vRddhAvasthA meM utpanna putra, jo sabhI rogoM se vikala thA, rogamukta ho gayA tathA cakravartI rAjA ho gayA / kAlavibeka ( 101 ) ; hemAdri (kAla 624) ne matsyapurANa kA uddharaNa dete hue kahA hai ki manvantara ke Arambha meM isa tithi para sUrya ko ratha prApta huA, ataH yaha tithi rathasaptamI ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| ise mahAsaptamI bhI kahA jAtA hai (hemAdri, kAla0, 624) / dekhie tithitattva (39); puruSArtha cintAmaNi ( 104 - 105 ) ; vratarAja ( 249 - 253 ) / dekhie iNDiyana eNTIkverI (jilda 11, pR0 112), rASTrakUTa rAjA dantidurga kA sAmanagar3ha dAna-patra, zake samvat 675 (753-54 I0 ) jahA~ 'mAghamAsa rathasaptamIm' AyA hai| rathasaptamI - mAhAtmya ke lie dekhiye bhaviSyapurANa (1 / 50 ) / rathasaptamI : mAgha zukla 5, 6 evaM 7 para krama se ekabhakta, nakta evaM upavAsa kucha loga 6 ko upavAsa evaM 7 ko pAraNa kI vyavasthA dete haiM; ise mahAsaptamI bhI kahA gayA hai (dekhie Upara), hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 659-660 ) evaM bhaviSyapurANa ( 1 / 5111-16 ) ne bhI yahI nAma diyA hai| rathotsava : ASAr3ha zukla 2 para; jaba puSya se saMyukta ho to kRSNa, balarAma evaM subhadrA kA rathotsava ; puSya nakSatra ke na hone para bhI utsava kiyA jAnA cAhie; tithitattva (29) ; nirNayasindhu ( 107 ) ; smRtikaustubha ( 137) / rambhAtRtIya : (1) jyeSTha zukla 3 para; pUrvAbhimukha ho kara pA~ca agniyoM (yathA--gArhapatya, dAkSiNAgni, sabhya evaM AhavanIya tathA Upara se sUrya ) ke bIca meM baiThanA; brahmA evaM mahAkAlI, mahAlakSmI, mahAmAyA tathA sarasvatI ke rUpa meM devI kI ora mukha karanA; brAhmaNoM dvArA sabhI dizAoM meM homa; devI-pUjA tathA devI ke

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188 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa samakSa saubhAgyASTaka nAmaka ATha dravyoM ko rakhanA; sAyaMkAla sundara ghara ke lie stuti ke sAtha rudrANI ko sambodhita karanA; isa ke uparAnta kartA (strI yA puruSa) kisI brAhmaNa ko usakI patnI ke sAtha sammAna detA hai aura sUpa meM naivedya rakha kara sadhavA nAriyoM ko samarpita karatA hai; hemAdri (vata0 1, 426-430, bhaviSyottarapurANa 18 / 1-36 se uddharaNa); kAlanirNaya (176); tithitattva (30-31); yaha vrata vizeSataH nAriyoM ke lie hai; (2) ise yaha nAma isalie milA hai ki rambhA ne ise saubhAgya ke lie kiyA thA; mArgazIrSa zukla 3 para; tithi ; pArvatI ; eka varSa taka ; vibhinna nAmoM se pratimAsa devI-pUjA (mArgazIrSa meM pArvatI, pauSa meM girijA Adi); panna dAna tathA vibhinna padArthoM kA sevana: hemAdri (vrata01,50430-435, bhaviSyottarapUrANa 24/1-36 se uddharaNa); garuDapurANa (1 / 120) / yadi tRtIyA, dvitIyA evaM caturthI se yukta ho to yaha vrata dvitIyA se yukta tRtIyA para kiyA jAnA cAhie; kAlaniNaya (174); dekhie Upara tRtiiyaavt'| rambhAtrirAtra-vrata : jyeSTha zakla 13 para Arambha ; tithi ; tIna dinoM taka; sarvaprathama snAna ke uparAnta nArI ko kele kI jar3a meM paryApta jala DhAranA cAhie, use dhAgoM se bA~dhanA cAhie, usa kele kI rajata-pratimA tathA usake phala sone ke hone cAhie; phira usakI pUjA; 13 ko nekta, 14 ko ayAcita tathA 15 ko upavAsa; usa vRkSa ko varSa bhara jala denA cAhie; umA-ziva evaM rukmiNI-kRSNa kI pUjA; tInoM dina krama se 13 14 evaM 15 AhutiyoM se homa ; isa vrata se putroM kI, saundarya kI aura saghavAtva Adi kI prApti hotI hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 283-288, skandapurANa se uddharaNa); varSakriyAkaumudI (11); 'rambhA' kA artha kadalI (kelA) bhI hai, ataH yaha mAma hai| ravivAravrata : ravivAra ko nakta, Aditya hRdaya yA mahAzvetA mantra kA japa ; kAmanA-pUrti ; vAravrata ; sUrya devatA; smRtikaustubha (556-557); varSakRtyadIpaka (423-536) ne vistRta ullekha kiyA hai| ravivrata : (1) mAgha meM dina meM tIna bAra sUrya-pUjA; eka mAsa meM hI 6 mAsoM kA puNya ; hemAdri (brasa0 2, 796); (2) mAgha meM ravivAra ko; eka varSa taka sabhI ravivAroM ko sUrya-pUjA; kucha nizcita vastuoM para krama se rahanA yA kucha nizcita vastuoM ko na khAnA; varSakriyAkaumudI (37-38) / raviSaSThI : SaSThI ko upavAsa evaM saptamI ko sUrya-pUjA; dhana-prApti evaM roga-mukti ; kAlanirNaya (190. liMga purANa se uddharaNa) rasakalpANinI : mAgha zukla 3 se Arambha; tithi; durgA; durgA-pratimA kA madhu evaM candana-lepa se snAna, sarvaprathama pratimA ke dakSiNa pakSa kI tathA usake uparAnta vAma pakSa kI pUjA; usake aMgoM ko vibhinna nAmoM se yukta kara pA~va se sira taka kI pUjA; 12 vibhinna nAmoM (yathA---kumudA, mAdhavI, gaurI Adi) se, mAgha se Arambha kara bAraha mAsoM meM devI pUjA; mAgha se kArtika taka pratyeka mAsa meM kartA 12 vastuoM, yathA--lavaNa, gur3a, tavarAja (dugdha ?), madhu, pAnaka (masAledAra rasa), jIraka, dUdha, dahI, ghI mAjikA (rasAlA yA zikhariNI), dhAnyaka, zakkara meM se krama se kisI eka kA tyAga karatA hai ; pratyeka mAsa ke anta meM kisI pAtra meM isa mAsa meM tyAgI huI vastu ko bhara kara dAna karanA ; varSa ke anta meM a~gUThe ke barAbara gaurI kI svarNa-pratimA kA dAna'; pApoM, cintA evaM rogoM se mukti; kRtyakalpataru (66-69); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 461-465, padmapurANa 5 / 22 / 105-135 se uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara (499-503, matsyapurANa 6311-29 se uddhrnn)| 'rasAlA' dahI se banatA thA aura Aja ke mahArASTra meM prayukta 'zrI khaNDa' se milatA-julatA hai, kRtyaratnAkara (501) / rAkhI-pUrNimA : zrAvaNa zukla pUrNimA para; dekhie gata adhyAya-7, rkssaabndhn'|

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189 bata-sUcI rAghava dvAdazI : jyeSTha zukla 12 para; rAma-lakSmaNa kI svarNa-pratimA kA pUjana ; pada se zira taka vibhinna nAmoM se aMgoM kI pUjA (yathA-'oM namastrivikramAyeti kaTim'); prAtaHkAla rAma-lakSmaNa kI pUjA ke uparAnta ghRtapUrNa ghaTa kA dAna ; kartA ke pApa kaTa jAte haiM aura vaha svargavAsa karatA hai, yadi use anya kAmanA kI pUrti kI abhilASA nahIM hotI to vaha mokSa pada pA jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 127-129); hemAdri (vrata0 1,1034-1035); kRtyaratnAkara (190-191); sabhI ne vArAhapurANa (45 / 1-10) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| rAjarAjezvaravata : jaba svAti nakSatra ho aura budhavAra ho to usa aSTamI para upavAsa ; pakvAnnoM evaM miThAiyoM ke naivedya se ziva-pUjA; ziva-pratimA ke samakSa AcArya ko kaNThahAra, mukuTa, mekhalA, karNaphUla, do aMgUThiyA~, eka hAthI yA azva kA dAna; kartA agaNita varSoM taka kubera kI sthiti prApta kara letA hai, hemAdri (vrata0 1,864, kAlottarapurANa se uddharaNa); 'rAjarAja' kA artha hai 'kubera' evaM ziva kA mitra tathA rAjarAjezvara kA artha ziva yA kubera (yakSapati) ho sakatA hai| rAjJosnApana : caitra zukla 8 para; caitra kRSNa 5 se tIna dinoM taka kazmIra kI bhUmi rajasvalA mAnI jAtI hai ; pratyeka ghara meM sadhavA striyoM dvArA puSpoM evaM candana se dhoyI jAtI hai aura taba puruSoM dvArA savauSadhiyoM se yukta jala se dhoyI jAtI hai ; taba loga bA~surI-vAdana sunate haiM ; pRthivI sUrya kI rAnI hai; ataH yaha nAma vikhyAta huA hai ; kRtyaratnAkara (532-533, brahmapurANa se uddharaNa), nIlamatapurANa (pR0 54) ne ise phAlguna kRSNa 5 se 8 taka mAnA hai (sambhavataH amAnta gaNanA se)| rAjyadvAdazIvrata : mArgazIrSa zukla 10 para saMkalpa ; ekAdazI ko upavAsa evaM viSNu-pUjA; sarvottama bhojana se homa ; dvijoM ke lie mantra 'tad viSNoH paramam' (R0 1 / 22 / 20) tathA zUdroM ke lie 'oM namo bhagavate vAsudevAya' nAmaka 12 akSaroM kA mantra ; jAgara, saMgIta evaM nRtya ; eka varSa taka; sabhI dvAdaziyoM para mauna vrata kA kaThoratA se pAlana ; kRSNa dvAdazI para bhI aisI hI vidhi kevala deva-pUjA lAla vastra pahana kara tathA tela ke dIpa (ghRta ke nahIM) ke sAtha ; isa vrata se kartA pahAr3I kI ghATI kA rAjA ho jAtA hai; tIna varSoM meM kartA maNDalezvara (prAntapati) ho jAtA hai tathA 12 varSoM meM rAjA; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1060-1063, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| ___ rAjyavrata : jyeSTha zukla 3 para vAyu, sUrya evaM candra kI pUjA ; prAtaHkAla kisI pavitra sthAna para vAyupUjA, madhyAhna meM agni meM sUrya-pUjA tathA sUryAsta' para jala meM candra-pUjA; eka varSa ; svarga-prApti ; tIna varSoM taka karane se kartA 5 sahasra varSoM taka svarga meM rahatA hai; yadi 12 varSoM taka yaha brata kiyA jAya to lAkha varSoM taka svarga kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 457-579, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| rAjyAptidazamI : kArtika zukla 10 se Arambha ; Rtu, dakSa Adi dasa vizvedevoM ke rUpa meM kezava-pUjA; pUjA kRtya maNDaloM yA sone yA cA~dI kI pratimAoM meM hotA hai; varSa ke anta meM hiraNya-dAna; viSNuloka kI prApti, usake uparAnta kartA eka rAjA yA brAhmaNoM meM zreSTha brAhmaNa banatA hai ; hemAdri (vrata01,965-966,viSNadharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| 10 vizvedevoM ke nAma haiM--vasu, satya, Rtu, dakSa, kAla, kAma, dhRti, kuru, purUravA evaM mAdrava / rAdhASTamI : bhAdrapada kI donoM pakSoM kI aSTamiyoM para; rAdhA kA janma bhAdra zukla 7 ko huA thA; aSTamI para rAdhA-pUjA se sabhI mahApAtaka kaTa jAte haiM ; padmapurANa (3 / 4 / 43, 3 / 7 / 21-23) / rAmacandradolotsava : caitra zukla 3 para; isa dina pAlane (jhUle) para rAmacandra kI pratimA rakhI jAtI hai aura eka mAsa taka jhulAyI jAtI hai, jo loga yaha jhUlA dekhate haiM ve eka sahasra pApoM se mukta ho jAte haiM ; smRti kaustubha (91) /

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190 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa rAmanavamI yA rAmajayantI : dekhie gata adhyaay-4| rAmanAmalekhanavrata : isakA Arambha rAmanavamI yA aura kisI dina bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai; eka lAkha yA eka koTi bAra rAmanAma likhanA cAhie; kevala eka rAmanAmalekhana se mahApAtaka kaTa jAtA hai (ekaikamakSaraM puMsAM mahApAtakanAzanam); 16 upacAroM se rAmanAma-pUjA; vratarAja (330-332) / rAmanAma ke sAtha jAdU-sA laga gayA aura rAma ke 108 evaM eka sahasra nAma vikhyAta ho gye| rAzivata : kArtika se Age ke mAsoM meM pratyeka paurNamAsI para; kArtika-pUrNimA para nakta-vidhi evaM svarNa meSa (mer3A) kA dAna' ; mArgazIrSa pUrNimA para rAjA kA darzana tathA eka jor3A (baila) kA dAna tathA anta meM eka dAsI kA dAna ; isa vrata se grahoM ke duSTa prabhAva kaTa jAte haiM, sabhI kAmanAoM kI prApti tathA somaloka meM pahu~ca ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 238-239, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| rukmiNyaSTamI : mArgazIrSa kRSNASTamI para; prathama varSa meM kartA (strI) ko miTTI kA eka dvAra vAlA ghara banA kara usameM ghara ke sabhI upakaraNa,vAna, ghI Adi rakha denA cAhie aura kRSNa, rukmiNI, balarAma evaM unakI patnI, pradyumna evaM usakI patnI, aniruddha evaM uSA, devakI evaM vasudeva kI pratimAeM banAnI cAhiye ; ina pratimAoM kI pUjA; prAtaHkAla candra ko arghya ; dUsare dina prAtaHkAla vaha ghara kisI kumArI ko de denA cAhie; dUsare tIsare evaM cauthe varSa usa ghara meM anya aMza jor3ane cAhiye aura unheM kumAriyoM ko dAna karanA cAhiye; pAMcaveM varSa meM pA~ca dvAra vAlA ghara, chaThe varSa meM 6 dvAra vAlA ghara kisI kumArI ko denA cAhie; sAtaveM varSa meM sAta dvAroM kA ghara banA kara, use zveta raMga se raMga kara usameM palaMga, khar3AU~ (pAda-trANa), darpaNa, okhalI evaM mUsala, pAtra Adi rakhanA cAhie tathA kRSNa, rukmiNI evaM pradyumna kI svarNa-pratimAoM kI pUjA karanI cAhie, upavAsa evaM jAgara karake dUsare prAtaHkAla usa ghara evaM eka gAya ko brAhmaNa ko dAna rUpa meM de denA cAhie, brAhmaNa -patnI ko bhI dAna denA cAhie; isa vrata ke uparAnta puruSa kartA cintAmukta ho jAtA hai aura strI ko koI putra-dukha nahIM hotA; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 853-855, skandapurANa se uddhrnn)| badralakSavatti-vrata : ziva-liMga ke samakSa gAya ke ghI meM DubAyI huI rUI kI vatiyoM (bAtiyoM) se yukta eka lAkha dIpoM kA arpaNa : vrata ke pUrva 16 upacAroM se liga-pUjA: vrata kA Arambha kArtika yA mAgha meM, vaisAkha yA zrAvaNa meM hotA hai aura usI mAsa meM samApta hotA hai; kartA ko dhana, patra evaM kAmanApati prApta hotI hai; smRtikaustubha (411-414) / - svata : (1) jyeSTha ke donoM pakSoM kI aSTamI evaM caturdazI para (arthAt cAra dinoM meM); pA~ca agniyoM se tapoM kA sampAdana tathA cauthe dina sAyaMkAla svarNa gAya kA dAna ; devatA, rudra ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 394, padmapurANa se uddharaNa), kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 450, yahA~ SaSThI evaM trayodazI tithi dI gayI hai); matsyapurANa (101 / 76); (2) eka varSa taka ekabhakta-vidhi ; anta meM eka svarNa baila evaM tiladhenu kA dAna; yaha sazvatsara vrata hai; devatA, zaMkara; isase pApamocana, cintA-mukti evaM ziva-loka-prApti hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 866, padmapurANa se uddharaNa), kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 439); matsya (101 / 4); (3) kArtika zukla 3 se prArambha ; eka varSa taka gomUtra evaM nakta-vidhi se yAvaka kA sevana ; samvatsara-vrata ; gaurI evaM rudra ; varSa ke anta meM godAna ; eka kalpa taka gaurI-loka meM vAsa ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 445); matsyapurANa (101 / 42-53) / rAmanavamI : mArgazIrSa 9 para Arambha ; tithivata; caNDikA devI; navamI ko upavAsa yA nakta yA ekabhakta ; ATe kA trizUla banAyA jAtA hai, eka rajata kamala aura svarNa bIjakoSa banA kara durgA ko samarpita kiyA jAtA hai ; durgA sabhI pApoM ko kATa detI haiM ; pauSa evaM Age ke mAsoM meM vibhinna banAvaTI pazuoM

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vrata-sUcI 191 vibhinna pAtroM meM rakha kara (yathA- - cAra dA~toM kA eka svarNa hAthI svarNa pAtra meM svarNa meSa svarNa pAtra meM ) svAhA ko diyA jAtA hai; kartA agaNita varSoM taka candraloka meM raha kara anta meM eka sundara rAjA banatA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 288 - 294 ) hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 933 - 937, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / rUpa kA artha hai 'banAyI huI vastue~ yA pazu se milatI-julatI AkRti' / carcita deviyA~ haiM durgA kI AkRtiyA~ yA mAtAoM kI AkRtiyA~ / rUpa saMkrAnti: saMkrAnti dina para kartA taila-snAna karatA hai, svarNa pAtra meM thor3A sonA ke sAtha bhI rakhatA hai aura kisI brAhmaNa ko de detA hai; usa dina ekabhakta rahatA hai; saMkrAntivrata hai; sahasra azvamedha kA phala, saundarya, dIrghAyu, svAsthya, dhana evaM svarNa kI prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 734, skandapurANa se uddharaNa) / rUpa satra : phAlguna pUrNimA ke uparAnta kRSNASTamI para jaba mUla nakSatra ho to vrata kA Arambha hotA hai; nakSatra, usake svAmI, varuNa, candra evaM viSNu kI pUjA; homa; guru sammAna; dUsare dina upavAsa; kezava pUjA ; kezava ke pAda se zira taka vibhinna aMgoM para vibhinna nakSatroM kA nyAsa; caitra zukla ke anta meM satra - samApti; anta meM puSpoM, dhUpa Adi se viSNu pUjA R0 ( 1 / 22 / 20 ) ke mantra se homa; guru ko dAna ; brahma-bhoja' ; svarga meM vAsa tathA lauTane para rAjA bananA hemAdri ( vrata02,671-675, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); dekhie bRhatsaMhitA ( 104 / 6-13) jahA~ yahI vrata caitra kRSNa 8 ko upavAsa evaM nArAyaNa tathA nakSatra kI pUjA ke sAtha varNita hai| rUpAva / pti : (1) paMcamI para vizvedevoM kI pUjA se svarga -prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 1 574-575, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); dasa vizvedevoM ke lie dekhie Upara 'rAjyAptidazamI' evaM isa grantha kA mUla khaNDa 4, pR0 457, TippaNI 1018; (2) yaha eka mAsavrata hai; phAlguna pUrNimA kI prathamA se caitra pUrNimA taka zeSanAga ke phaNa para leTe hue kezava kI pratimA kI pUjA; ekabhakta-vidhi; pRthivI para zayana; tIna dinoM taka upavAsa, usake uparAnta caitra pUrNimA para pUjA ; cA~dI evaM vastroM kA eka jor3A dAna ; isase rUpa ( saundarya ) kI prApti hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 744, viSNudharmottarapurANa, 3 / 202 / 1-5 se uddharaNa) / rogamukti : skanda, rudra evaM yama ke sevakoM kI pUjA se rogamukti milatI hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 628, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / rogavidhi : jaba ravivAra ko pUrvAphAlgunI nakSatra ho to sUrya - pratimA-pUjana; kartA roga mukta hotA hai aura sUryaloka prApta karatA hai; rAtri meM arka ke puSpoM se sUrya pUjA, arka ke puSpoM evaM pAyasa ko khAnA ; rAtri meM pRthivI para sonA; sabhI pApoM se mukti evaM sUryaloka - prApti; yaha vAravrata hai; devatA sUrya; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 20-21); hemAdri ( vrata0 2,525-527, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) ; kRtyaratnAkara (600-601) roca : yaha mAsopavAsa, brAhmaroca, kAlaroca aise katipaya vratoM kA nAma hai; caitra zukla 1 para prArambha; eka varSa taka; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 222-223) ne isakA vivaraNa diyA hai; adhyAya 224 meM nAriyoM ke caMcala svabhAva kA ullekha hai, kintu anta meM niSkarSa hai : 'nAriyA~ pApoM evaM vikAroM kI jar3a haiM tathA dharma, artha evaM kAma kI prApti ke sAdhana bhI haiM; una para vizvAsa nahIM karanA cAhie, pratyukta ratnoM ke samAna unakI rakSA kI jAnI cAhie ( zloka, 25-26) / roTaka : zrAvaNa zukla ke prathama somavAra para Arambha; sAr3he tIna mAsoM ke lie; kArtika kI caturdazI para upavAsa tathA bilva daloM ke sAtha pUjA; pA~ca roTaka (gehU~ kI roTI jo lohe ke tavA yA miTTI ke thAla meM pakAyI jAtI hai) banAye jAte haiM, eka naivedya ke lie, do brAhmaNa evaM do kartA ke lie; ziva-pUjA; pA~ca varSo

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 192 taka; anta meM sone yA cA~dI ke do roTakoM kA dAna vratArka ( pANDulipi, 30 bI0 - 32bI0 ) ; bitva roTakavrata nAma bhI hai| rohiNIcandra-zayana : matsyapurANa (57) ne isakA vistRta varNana kiyA hai ( zloka 1 - 28 ) ; padmapurANa ( 4/241101-130 ) meM bhI ye zloka pAye jAte haiM; yahA~ para candra nAma ke antargata viSNu kI pUjA; jaba pUrNimA para somavAra ho, yA pUrNimA para rohiNI nakSatra ho to paMcagavya evaM sarasoM se snAna karanA cAhie tathA 'ApAyasva' (R0 1 / 91 16, soma ko sambodhita) mantra ko 108 bAra kahanA cAhie tathA eka zUdra kevala 'soma ko praNAma, viSNu ko praNAma' kahatA hai; puSpoM evaM phaloM se viSNu-pUjA, soma ke nAmoM kA vAcana tathA rohiNI ( soma kI priya patnI) ko sambodhana; kartA ko gomUtra pInA cAhie, bhojana karanA cAhie, kintu mAMsa nahIM khAnA cAhie, kevala 28 kaura khAne cAhie aura candra ko vibhinna puSpa arpita karane cAhie; eka varSa taka; anta meM eka palaMga, rohiNI tathA candra kI svarNima pratimAoM kA dAna aisI prArthanA karanI cAhie: 'he kRSNa, jisa prakAra rohiNI tumheM, jo ki soma ho, tyAga kara nahIM bhAgatI hai isI prakAra maiM bhI dhana se pRthak na kiyA jAU~'; isase rUpa, svAsthya, dIrghAyu evaM candraloka kI prApti hotI hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vratakANDa, 378-382, matsyapurANa kA uddharaNa); hemAdri ( vrata02, 175 179, padmapurANa 5 / 24 / 101-130 se ve hI zloka ) ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata) evaM hemAdri ( vrata ) ne ise candrarohiNIzayana kahA hai| bhaviSyottarapurANa ( 206 | 1-30) ne bhI ise matsyapurANa kI bhA~ti ullikhita kiyA hai| rohiNIdvAdazI : zrAvaNa kRSNa 11 para kartA ( puruSa yA strI) kisI tAlAba yA usake samAna kisI anya sthAna para gobara se eka maNDala banAtA hai tathA candra evaM rohiNI kI AkRti banA kara pUjatA hai, naivedya arpaNa kara use kisI brAhmaNa ko de detA hai, isake uparAnta tAlAba meM praveza karatA hai, candra evaM rohiNI kA dhyAna karatA hai, jala meM hI pise hue bhASa kI 100 goliyA~ ghI ke sAtha pA~ca modaka khAtA hai, bAhara nikalane para kisI brAhmaNa ko bhojana evaM vastra detA hai; aisA prati varSa kiyA jAnA cAhie; hemAdri ( vrata0 1,1113 - 1114, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / rohiNI vrata : eka nakSatra vrata; pA~ca ratnoM se jar3I tAmra yA svarNima rohaNI- pratimA kA nirmANa tathA do vastroM, puSpoM, phaloM evaM nevaidya se pUjA; usa dina navata - vidhi se bhojana; dUsare dina kisI vidvAn gRhastha brAhmaNa ko pratimAdAna; rohiNI zrIkRSNa ke janma ke samaya kA nakSatra hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,598-599, skandapurANa se uddharaNa) / rohiNIsnAna : eka nakSatravrata; kartA evaM purohita kRttikA para upavAsa karate haiM aura rohiNI para kartA pA~ca ghar3e jala se, jaba vaha dUdha pheMkatI vRkSa - zAkhAoM yA pallavoM, zveta puSpoM, priyaMgu evaM candana - lepa se alaMkRta cAvala - rAzi para khar3A rahatA hai, nahalAyA jAtA hai; viSNu, candra, varuNa, rohiNI evaM prajApati kI pUjA; ghI evaM sabhI prakAra ke bIjoM se una sabhI devoM ko homa; miTTI, ghor3e ke keza evaM khura (Tapa) se bane tIna bhAgoM meM vibhAjita eka sIMga meM eka bahumUlya patthara pahananA cAhiye; aisA karane se putroM, dhana, yaza kI prApti hotI hai mAdri ( vrata0 2,599-600, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / rohiNyASTamI : bhAdrapada kRSNASTamI ko, jaba vaha rohiNI nakSatra se yukta hotI hai, jayantI kahA jAtA hai; to amI ardharAtri ke pUrva evaM uparAnta eka kalA taka bar3hI rahatI hai to vaha atyanta pavitra kAla mAnA jAtA hai aura usI samaya bhagavAn hari kA janma huA thA; isa jayantI para upavAsa evaM hari-pUjA se kartA ke eka sau pUrva jIvanoM ke pApa kaTa jAte haiM; yaha rohiNI vrata eka sau ekAdazIvratoM se uttama hai; rAjamArtaNDa (12311255); kRtyaratnAkara (258); varSakriyAkaumudI ( 298-304 ) /

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vata-sUcI raudravinAyakayAga : jaba guruvAra para ekAdazI evaM puSya nakSatra ho yA jaba zanivAra rohiNI se yukta ekAdazI meM ho to yaha yAga karanA caahie| isase putroM evaM kalyANa kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2,591) / lakSanamaskAravata-saMkalpa : ASAr3ha zukla 11 para viSNu ko eka sau sahasra namaskAra denA; kArtika pUrNimA ko samApta; 'atodevA' (R0 1 / 22 / 16-21) ke sAtha viSNu-pratimA kI pUjA; smRtikaustubha (406-407) / lakSativrata : kArtika, vaisAkha evaM mAgha meM Arambha ; vaisAkha sarvottama ; pUrNimA para tIna mAsoM meM samApta; pratidina eka sahasra bAtiyoM se viSNu evaM lakSmI, brahmA evaM sAvitrI, ziva evaM umA kI AratI utAranA; smRtikaustubha (410-411); vratArka (pANDulipi 399-403 bI, vAyupurANa se uddhrnn)| lakSahoma : yaha zAnti hai; dekhiye zAnti kA prakaraNa; nRsiMhapurANa, adhyAya-35; smRtikaustubha (475-479) / lakSaNAvata : bhAdrapada kRSNa 8 para Arambha, jaba ki ArdrA nakSatra ho; paMcAmRta se snAna karA kara, gandha, puSpoM Adi se tathA mantroM dvArA jinameM donoM ke nAma Aye hoM; ziva evaM umA kI pUjA ; arghya, dhUpa, gehU~ ke bane khAdyAnnoM (jina para matsya Adi kI AkRtiyA~ banI rahatI haiM) pA~ca rasoM (dahI, dUdha, ghI, madhu evaM zakkara) tathA modakoM ke naivedya ; svaNima pratimAeM evaM naivedya kI sAmagrI kisI vidvAn brAhmaNa ko de dI jAtI haiM; pApamocana, saundarya, dhana, dIrgha Aya, evaM yaza kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 826-829, matsyapurANa se uddhrnn)| lakSezvarI-vrata : dekhie koTIzvarIvrata, uupr| lakSmIpUjana : dIvAlI meM; dekhie gata adhyAya-10; varSakriyAkaumudI (472-476); tithitattva (186-187); nirNayasindhu (200) / lakSmInArAyaNavata : phAlguna pUrNimA para ; tithi ; varSa bhara pratyeka pUrNimA para, varSa ko 4 mAsoM ke tIna bhAgoM meM bA~Ta kara; ASAr3ha se Age cAra mAsoM meM zrIdhara evaM zrI ke nAmoM kA prayoga, kArtika ko lekara cAra mAsoM meM kezava evaM bhUti ke nAmoM kA prayoga; rAtri meM pratyeka 15 para candra ko arghya ; deha-zuddhi ke lie pratyeka avadhi meM vibhinna padArthoM kA prayoga, yathA-paMcagavya, kuza-jala, sUrya-kiraNa se tapta jala ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 664-666, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| lakSmIpradavata : hemAdri (vrata0 2, 769-771) meM yaha kRcchavratoM meM parigaNita hai ; kArtika kRSNa 7 se 10 taka krama se dUdha, bilva-daloM, kamaloM evaM kamala ke rezoM kA sevana tathA ekAdazI para upavAsa ; ina dinoM meM kezava-pUjA; viSNuloka kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 770) / lakSmIvata : (1) pratyeka paMcamI para upavAsa evaM lakSmI-pUjA; eka varSa ; anta meM svarNima kamala evaM eka gAya kA dAna ; pratyeka jIvana meM dhana-lAbha evaM viSNuloka kI prApti ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 568, yamapurANa se uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara (118); (2) caitra zukla 3 para ghI evaM bhAta khAnA, 4 ko ghara ke bAhara kamala vAle tAlAba meM snAna tathA kamala meM lakSmI-pUjA; paMcamI ko zrI ke lie likhita stotra se kamalArpaNa ; paMcamI ko svarNa-dAna ; eka varSa taka ; viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 154 / 1-15 se uddhrnn)| lalitakAntAdevI vrata : yaha maMgala-caNDikA hI hai, dekhie Upara ; tithitattva (41) ne kAlikApurANa ko uddhRta karate hue kahA hai ki maMgala-caNDikA hI lalitakAntAdevI hai, jisake do hAtha hote haiM, jo gorI hoto hai, lAla kamala para virAjamAna rahatI hai| 25

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194 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa lalitAvrata : mAgha zukla 3 para; dopahara ko tila evaM Amalaka se kisI nadI meM snAna ; puSpoM Adi se devI-pUjA; tAmapatra meM jala, akSata evaM sonA rakha kara eka brAhmaNa ke samakSa rakhA jAtA hai, jo mantra ke sAtha kartA para jala chir3akatA hai ; strI sampAdikA sonA kA dAna karatI hai, kuza Duboye jala ko potI hai, devI-dhyAna meM pRthivI para zayana karatI rAtri bitAtI hai ; dUsare dina brAhmaNoM evaM eka sadhavA nArI kA sammAna ; eka varSa taka, pratyeka mAsa devI ke 12 nAmoM meM eka kA prayoga (yathA-pahale mAsa meM IzAnI, 8 veM meM lalitA tathA 12 veM meM gaurI), bAraha mAsoM meM zukla 3 para upavAsa tathA 12 vastuoM meM krama se eka kA sevana, yathA--kuza se pavitra kiyA huA jala, dUdha, ghI Adi ; anta meM eka brAhmaNa evaM usakI patnI ko sammAna ; sampAdikA ko putroM, rUpa, svAsthya evaM sadhavApana kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 418-421, bhaviSyottara purANa se uddhrnn)| agnipurANa (178 / 1-2) ne lalitA-tRtIyA kA ullekha kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki caitra zukla 3 ko gaurI ziva se vivAhita huI thiiN| yahI bAta matsyapurANa (60 / 14-15) meM bhI hai; matsyapurANa (60 / 11) meM AyA hai ki satI ko lalitA kahA jAtA hai, kyoMki vaha sabhI lokoM meM sarvottama hai aura rUpa meM saba se bar3hakara hai| brahmANDapurANa ke anta meM 44 adhyAyoM meM lalitA sampradAya kA vivecana hai| lalitASaSThI : vizeSataH nAriyoM ke lie ; bhAdrapada 6 para eka navIna bA~sa kI phuphelI (pAtra) meM kisI nadI kA bAlU ekatra kara usase pA~ca piNDa banAkara usa para lalitA devI kI pUjA vibhinna prakAra ke 28 yA 108 puSpoM evaM vibhinna khAdya padArthoM ke naivedya se kI jAtI hai ; usa dina sakhiyoM ke sAtha rAtri meM jAgara; saptamI ko sabhI naivedya kisI brAhmaNa ko arpita ; kumAriyoM ko bhojana, 5 yA 10 brAhmaNa gRhaNiyoM ko bhojana tathA 'lalitA mujha para prasanna hove' ke sAtha unakI vidAI; hemAdri (vrata 1. 617-620, bhaviSyottarapurANa 4111-18 se uddharaNa); vrata ratnAkara (220-221) kA kathana hai ki yaha gurjara deza meM ati prasiddha hai| lalitAsaptamI : vratakAlaviveka (13) meM ullikhita ; SaSThI se yukta saptamI ko varIyatA prApta hai| lavaNadAna : mArgazIrSa pUrNimA para jaba mRgazirA-nakSatra hotA hai; candrodaya kAla para svarNima kendravAle eka pAtra meM eka prastha bhUmi se nikAle hue lavaNa kA kisI brAhmaNa ko dAna ; isase rUpa evaM saubhAgya kI prApti; viSNudharmasUtra (9011-2); smRtikaustubha (430) tathA puruSArtha-cintAmaNi (306) / lavaNa-saMkrAntivata : saMkrAnti dina para snAna ke uparAnta kuMkuma se aSTadala kamala evaM bIja koSa kI AkRti banAyI jAtI hai ; sUrya ke citra kI pUjA; citra ke samakSa lavaNapUrNa pAtra evaM gur3a rakhA jAtA hai aura pAtra dAna meM de diyA jAtA hai; eka varSa taka; anta meM sUrya kI svaNima pratimA, eka gAya Adi kA dAna ; yaha saMkrAntivrata hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 732-733, skandapurANa se uddhrnn)| lAvaNyagaurIvata : caitra zukla 5 para; tamila logoM dvArA manAyA jAtA hai| lavaNyavrata : kArtika pUrNimA ke uparAnta prthm| se; kisI vastra para pradyumna kA citra khIMcakara yA usakI pratimA kI pUjA; nakta-vidhi; jaba mArgazIrSa kA Arambha ho to tIna dinoM kA upavAsa, pradyumna-pUjA; ghI se agni meM homa, lavaNa-yukta bhojana brAhmaNoM ko; eka prastha lavaNa-cUrNa, do vastra, sonA, pItala-pAtra kA dAna ; eka mAsa taka ; yaha mAsa-vrata hai; isase rUpa evaM svarga kI prApti ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 785, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 203 / 1-7 uddhrnn)| lAvaNyAvAptivata : hemAdri (bata0 2, 785) ne yaha nAma diyA hai ; dekhie uupr| liMgavrata : kArtika zukla 14 se Arambha ; ziva-pUjA; nakta-vidhi se bhojana; cAvala ke ATe se eka ratni (kehunI se ba~dhI muSTi taka kI dUrI) lambA liMga banAnA; liMga para eka prastha tila DAlanA; mArgazIrSa zukla 14 ko

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vrata-sUcA liMga para kuMkuma kA chir3akAva, isI prakAra varSa bhara vibhinna mAsoM meM vibhinna cUrNa, dhUpa, nevaidya Adi ; mahApAtakI bho rudraloka pahu~ca jAtA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 50-56, kAlottara se uddharaNa) / liMga kA nirmANa pavitra bhasma, sUkhe gobara, bAlU yA sphaTika se ho sakatA hai, sarvottama usa miTTI se jo una pahAr3iyoM se prApta hotI hai, jahA~ se narmadA bahatI hai / liMgArcana : kArtika zukla 13 para jaba ki zanivAra ho; ziva ke eka sau nAmoM kA japa paMcAmRta se liMga snAna; pradoSa ke samaya liMga-rUpa meM ziva-pUjA; skandapurANa (1 / 17 / 59-61 ) ne varNana kiyA hai aura sau nAma diye haiM / lIlAvrata : yaha nIlavrata hI hai, dekhie / lokavrata : caitra zukla se prArambha; usa dina se sAta dinoM taka krama se gomUtra, gobara, dUdha, dahI, ghI, kuza DAlA huA jala evaM upavAsa kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai; mahA vyAhRtiyoM (bhUH bhuvaH svaH Adi) ke sAtha tila-homa kiyA jAtA hai; anta meM vastra, pItala, gauoM kA dAna hotA hai; kartA samAT ho jAtA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,463, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 162 / 1-7 se uddharaNa) / 195 taka ; lohAbhisArika kRtya : anya rUpAntara haiM 'lohAbhihArika' evaM lauhAbhisArika; Azvina zukla 1 se 8 vijaye cchuka rAjA ko yaha kRtya karanA cAhie; nirNayasindhu ( 178-179 ) ; smRtikaustubha ( 332-336 ) ; rAjanItiprakAza (444 - 446 ) ; samayamayUkha ( 28 - 32 ) ; puruSacintAmaNi ( 59, 70-72 ) / durgA kI svarNima yA rajata yA miTTI kI pratimA kA pUjana, isI prakAra rAjakIya AyudhoM evaM pratIkoM kI mantroM se pUjA; eka kathA hai ki loha nAmaka eka rAkSasa thA, jo devoM dvArA Tukar3oM meM rUpAntarita kara diyA gayA, saMsAra meM jo bhI loha (lohA) evaM ispAta hai, vaha saba usI ke aMgoM ke aMza haiN| 'lohAbhisAra' kA artha hai lohe ke AyudhoM ( hathiyAroM athavA astroM) para cihna lagAnA yA unheM camakAnA ( 'lohAbhihArostrabhRtaM rAjJAM nIrAjano vidhi : ' - amarakoza ) / jaba koIrAjA AkramaNa ke lie prasthAna karatA thA to usa para pavitra jala chir3akane yA dIpoM kI AratI karane ko lohAbhisArika-karma kahA jAtA thaa| udyogaparva ( 160 - 93 ) meM hama pAte haiM : 'lohAbhisAro nirvRttaH... ' / nIlakaNTha ne vyAkhyA dI hai ki isameM hathiyAroM ke samakSa dIpoM kI AratI utAranA evaM devatAoM kA AhavAna karanA hotA hai / lohityasnAna : : brahmaputra nadI meM snAna / dekhie 'brahmaputrasnAna', Upara | vaMjulIvrata : vaMjulI ATha mahatI dvAdaziyoM meM parigaNita hai, dekhie gata adhyAya - 5 | vaMjulI vaha dvAdazI hai jo sampUrNa dina (sUryodaya se sUryAsta taka ) rahatI hai aura dUsare dina taka rahatI hai jisase dvAdazI ko upavAsa karanA sambhava ho sake aura dUsarI tithi para pAraNa ho sake, kintu dvAdazI para hI ; nArAyaNa kI svarNima pratimA kI pUjA; sahasroM rAjasUya yajJoM ke samAna puNya kI prApti; nirNayasindhu (48); smRtikaustubha ( 252-253 ) / vaTa sAvitrivrata : dekhie adhyAya ---- 4 | vatsarAdhiyapUjA : ( varSa ke adhipati kI pUjA ) caitra kA vaha dina ( jaba varSArambha hotA hai) varSa ke adhipati ko nizcita karatA hai; dekhiye gata adhyAya- 4; smRtikaustubha ( 87 ) ; puruSacintAmaNi (56) / vatsadvAdazI : kArtika kRSNa 12 ko aisA kahA jAtA hai; bachar3e sahita gAya ko candana - lepa se alaMkRta kiyA jAtA hai, use mAlAoM se, khuroM ke pAsa tAma patra meM ardhya se, mASa se banI vRttAkAra roTI se sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai; usa dina tela se bane, baTulI meM pakAye bhojana se tathA dUdha, ghI, dahI evaM makkhana se dUra rahA jAtA hai; samayamayUkha (91-92) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa varacaturthI : mArgazIrSa zukla 4 se prArambha; tithivrata; pratimAsa gaNeza-pUjana tathA usa dina ekabhakta kintu kSAra evaM lavaNa kA prayoga nahIM; cAra varSoM taka, kintu dUsare varSa meM nakta, tIsare meM ayAcita evaM cauthe meM upavAsa ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1,530-31), skandapurANa se uddharaNa ) ; kRtaratnAkara ( 504 ) ; kAlaviveka ( 190 ); varSa kriyAkaumudI ( 498 ) 1 varadacaturthI : mAgha zukla 4 para; tithivrata 4 ko varada ( arthAt vinAyaka ) kI pUjA tathA 5 ko kunda puSpoM se pUjA, samaya pradIpa ( pANDulipi 47 bI0 ) ; kRtyaratnAkara (504) evaM varSakriyAkaumudI ( 498 ) kA kathana hai ki varacaturthI kevala caturthI taka sImita hai tathA paMcamI ko kunda puSpoM se pUjA zrIpaMcamI kahalAtI hai aura 'vaTa' kA artha hai 'vinAyaka' / 196 varadAcaturthI : mAgha zukla 4 para; tithi gaurI devatA; vizeSataH nAriyoM ke lie; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra 77 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 531 ) meM gaurI caturthI kA ullekha hai, jo yahI hai / nirNayasindhu (133) ke anusAra bhAdrapada zukla 4 varadacaturthI hai, kintu puruSArthaM cintAmaNi ( 95 ) ke anusAra mArgazIrSa zukla 4 ko isa nAma se pukArA jAtA hai| varanavamI : pratyeka navamI para 9 varSoM taka kevala ATA para jIvikA nirvAha kiyA jAtA hai; tithivrata; devI; sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti; yadi kartA jIvana bhara binA agni para pakAye navamI para bhojana kare to use ihaloka evaM paraloka meM ananta phala prApta hote haiM; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 296 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 937, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) ne ise 'varavrata' nAma diyA hai / varalakSmIvrata : zrAvaNa pUrNimA para jaba zukra pUrva meM sthita rahatA; ghara ke uttara pUrva eka maNDapa kA nirmANa, vahA~ kalaza sthApana jisa para varalakSmI kA AvAhana kiyA jAtA hai aura zrIsUkta ke sAtha pUjA kI jAtI hai; sAmrAjyalakSmI - pIThikA ( pR0 147 - 149 ) / varavrata : (1) dekhie Upara varanavamI ; ( 2 ) sAta dinoM taka upavAsa karake kisI brAhmaNa ko ghRtapUrNa ghaTa dene se brahmaloka kI prApti hotI hai; samvatsaravrata; brahmA, devt| ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 449 ) ; matsyapurANa ( 101 / 68 ) ne ise ghRtavrata kahA hai; hemAdri ( vrata02, 886, padmapurANa se uddharaNa) / varATikA saptamI : kisI saMptamI tithi para ; kartA ko kevala tIna varATikAoM ( kaur3iyoM) se kraya kiye hue bhojana para nirvAha karanA hotA hai, cAhe vaha bhojana usake lie anucita hI kyoM na ho; sUrya devatA; phala nahIM ghoSita hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 184 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 726, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / ; varAhadvAdazI : mAgha zukla 12 para; tithivrata; viSNu ke varAha rUpa kI pUjA; ekAdazI para saMkalpa evaM pUjA; eka ghaTa meM, jisameM sone ke Tukar3e yA cA~dI yA tAmra ke Tukar3e DAle rahate haiM tathA sabhI prakAra ke bIja chor3a diye gaye rahate haiM, varAha kI eka svarNima pratimA rakha dI jAtI hai aura pUjA kI jAtI hai; puSpoM ke maNDapa meM jAgara; dUsare dina pratimA kisI vidvAn evaM caritravAn brAhmaNa ko de dI jAtI hai; saubhAgya, ghana, rUpa-saundarya, Adara tathA putroM kI prApti hotI hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 319 - 321 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1,1027-1029), donoM ne varAhapurANa (41 / 1-10) ko uddhRta kiyA hai; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 151-152) / varuNavrata : yadi koI rAtri bhara pAnI meM khar3A hokara dUsare dina prAtaH godAna karatA hai to vaha varuNa loka jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 450, 52 vA~ SaSThi vrata ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,905, padmapurANa se uddharaNa ) ; matsyapurANa ( 101 / 74; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3|1951 - 3 ) meM kucha vibhinna bAteM haiM; bhAdrapada ke Arambha se pUrNimA taka varuNa - pUjA; anta meM chatra, cappaloM evaM do vastroM ke sAtha jaladhenu kA dAna / 'jaladhenu' zabda anu-

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197 vrata-sUcI zAsanaparva (71 / 41 ) evaM matsyapurANa ( 53 / 13 ) meM bho prayukta huA hai; dekhiye isa grantha kA khaNDa 2, pR0 880 / varNavrata : yaha caturmUtivrata hai jo caitra zukla se cAra mAsoM taka calatA hai; caitra, vaisAkha, jyeSTha evaM ASAr3ha meM kartA upavAsa karatA hai aura krama se vAsudeva, saMkarSaNa, pradyumna evaM aniruddha ko pUjatA hai tathA dAna detA hai, dAna kI vastuoM meM kaI prakAra pAye jAte haiM, yathA brAhmaNa ko yajJa kI upayogI vastue~, kSatriya ko yuddhopayogI vaizya ko vANijyopayogI tathA zUdra ko zramopayogI vastue~ dI jAtI haiM; kartA ko indraloka prApta hotA hai; hemAdri ( vrata02, 828, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / vardhApanavidhi : ( janmatithi kRtya evaM utsava ) / zizu ke viSaya meM pratyeka mAsa meM janmatithi para ; rAjA ke lie prativarSa kiyA jAtA hai; nIla yA kuMkuMkuma se 16 deviyoM (yathA--kumudA, mAdhavI, gaurI, rudrANI, pArvatI) ke citra banAye jAte haiM tathA eka vRtta ke bIca meM sUrya-citra banAyA jAtA hai, vaidika mantroM kA uccAraNa kiyA jAtA hai, U~ce saMgIta se utsava manAyA jAtA hai, bacce ko snAna karA kara deviyoM kI pUjA kI jAtI hai; sIMka se bane pAtroM ( chitaniyoM) meM mUlyavAn padArtha, bhojana-sAmagrI, puSpa, phala Adi rakha kara pratyeka devI ke sammAna meM brAhmaNoM evaM sadhavA nAriyoM ko 'kumudA Adi deviyA~ mere bacce ko svAsthya, sukha evaM dIrghAyu deM' ke sAtha, dAna ke rUpa meM de diyA jAtA hai| mAtA-pitA apane sambandhiyoM ke sAtha bhojana karate haiM; rAjA ke viSaya meM indra evaM lokapAloM ko haviSya diyA jAtA hai tathA vaidika mantra ( yathA - R0 6 / 47 11, 10 / 161 / 4) par3he jAte haiM; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,889-892, atharvaNa-gopathabrAhmaNa evaM skandapurANa se uddharaNa) / varSavrata : caitra zukla navamI se Arambha; tithivrata himAlaya, hemakUTa, zrRMgavAn, meru, malayavAn, gandhamAdana nAmaka bar3e parvatoM kI pUjA; usa dina upavAsa; anta meM jambUdvIpa kI rajata AkRti kA dAna hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 959, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / brahmapurANa (1816 ), matsyapurANa ( 113 / 10-12 ) evaM vAyupurANa (18) meM himAlaya, hemakUTa Adi ko varSaparvata kI saMjJA dI gayI hai / vallabhotsava : mahAn vaiSNava AcArya vallabha ke sammAna meM kiyA jAne vAlA utsava ; vallabha kA janma san 1497 I0 meM mAnA jAtA hai; inhoMne bahuta-se grantha likhe haiM aura dharma ke pravRttimArgI pakSa kA samarthana kiyA hai aura bhAgavata dharma ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| yaha utsava caitra kRSNa ekAdazI ko hotA hai / vasantapaJcamI : mAgha zukla paMcamI para; tithivrata; viSNu-pUjA; brataratnAkara ( 220 ) / vasantotsava : vAyupurANa ( 6 / 10-21 ) meM vasanta ke Agamana para eka kavitvamaya vistRta vivaraNa upasthita kiyA gayA hai; mAlavikAgnimitra evaM ratnAvalI nAmaka nATaka isI avasara para khele gaye the, jaisA ki donoM kI prastavana meM udghoSita huA hai; prathama nATaka ke tRtIya aMka meM aisA citrita hai ki isa utsava meM lAla azoka - puSpa apane priya pAtroM ke pAsa bheje jAte haiM tathA ucca kula kI patniyA~ apane patiyoM ke sAtha jhUle para baiThatI haiN| nirNayasindhu (229) ne isakI tithi caitra kRSNa 1 ( pUrNimAnta gaNanA ke anusAra ) mAnI hai, kintu puruSArtha - cintAmaNi (100) ne nirNayAmRta ke anusAra ise mAgha zukla paMcamI kI tithi para rakhA hai / pArijAtamaMjarI - nATikA kA prathama aMka caitra parva meM vasantotsava kahA gayA hai; epigraiphiyA iNDikA ( jilda 8, pR0 99 ) / vasundharAdevIvrata : azvaghoSa - nandimukha - avadAna meM ullikhita ; dekhiye je0 Ara0 e0 esa0 (jilda 8, pR0 13-14 ) / vasuvrata : (1) ATha vasuoM kI, jo vAstava meM, vAsudeva ke hI rUpa haiM, pUjA, caitra zukla aSTamI para upavAsa ; eka vRtta meM khice citra yA pratimAe~; anta meM godAna; dhana, anAja evaM vasuloka kI prApti / ATha vasu ye haiM-ghara.

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198 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dhruva, soma, ApaH, anila, anala, pratyUSa evaM prbhaas| dekhiye anuzAsanaparva (150 / 16-17), matsyapurANa (5 / 21), brahmANDapurANa (3 / 3 / 21) / hemAdri (vrata0 1, 848-849, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) paryApta sone ke sAtha godAna, usa dina kevala dugdha-sevana ; kartA sarvottama lakSya kI upalabdhi karatA hai aura punaH janma nahIM letA; hemAdri (vrata0 2. 885, padmapurANa se uddhrnn)| isameM godAna kI paramocca mahattA hai (ise ubhayatomukhI kahA gayA hai| dekhiye isa mahAgrantha kA mUla (jilda 2, pR0 879) / vastatrirAtra : dekhiye 'bastatrirAtra' ke antargata / vahnivata : (1) agni-pUjA se agniSToma kA phala; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 791, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) caitra kI amAvAsyA para Arambha ; tithivrata; prati varSa amAvAsyA para agni-pUjA evaM tila se homa ; anta meM hiraNya-dAna ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 255-256); viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 19011-3) / vANijyalApavata : mUla-nakSatra evaM pUrvASAr3hA para upavAsa ; cAra navIna ghar3oM ke jala se, jinameM zaMkha, motI, lAla paudhoM kI jar3eM evaM sonA rakhe gaye hoM; pUrvAbhimukha ho snAna kiyA jAtA hai, punaH A~gana meM viSNu, varuNa evaM candra kI pUjA kI jAtI hai, ina devoM ke sammAna meM ghI kA homa ; nIle vastroM, candana, madirA, zvata puSpoM kA dAna hotA hai; isase vaNika saphalatA prApta karatA hai aura samudra-vyApAra evaM kRSi meM asaphala nahIM hotA; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 648-649, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| vAmanajayantI : bhAdrapada zukla 12 para; isa tithi para madhyAhna meM viSNu kA vAmana avatAra huA thA, usa samaya zravaNa-nakSatra thA; usa dina upavAsa; sarvapApamocana ; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, pR0 147-148); batArka (pANDulipi, 244 e se 247 e taka, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| dekhiye bhAgavatapurANa (8, adhyAya17-23) / adhyAya 18 (zloka 5-6) meM aisA AyA hai ki vAmana zrAvaNa mAsa kI dvAdazI para prakaTa hue the, jaba ki zravaNa-nakSatra thA, muhUrta abhijita thA tathA yaha tithi vijayAdvAdazI kahI jAtI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 1, pR0 1138-1145, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) kA adhikAMza vratArka meM uddhRta hai| vAmanadvAdazI : caitra zukla 12 para; tithivrata ; viSNu devatA; usa dina upavAsa; pAda se zira taka pUjA; pratyeka aMga para vibhinna nAma (yathA-vAmanAyeti vai pAdam'); zveta yajJopavIta, chatra, cappala evaM mAlA se yukta vAmana kI svarNima pratimA; dUsare dina prAtaH 'viSNu vAmana ke rUpa meM prasanna hoM' ke sAtha pratimA-dAna, jisake sAtha mArgazIrSa mAsa se Arambha kara krama se 12 nAmoM kA (yathA-kezava, nArAyaNa Adi) uccAraNa ; phala-putrahIna ko putra, dhana cAhane vAle ko thana ; varAhapurANa (43 / 1-16); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 323-325); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1030-1032); varSakriyAkaumudI (320-321); nirNayasindhu (140-141); smRtikaustubha (249-250) / kucha granthoM ke anusAra vAmana ekAdazI ko prakaTa hue the| ina matoM ke lie dekhiye nirNayasindhu (140) / vAyuvrata : (1) vAyu-pUjA; paramocca pada-prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 791); (2)jyeSTha zukla 14 para Arambha ; tithivrata ; vAya devatA; eka varSa ; pratyeka zukla 14 para upavAsa; anta meM do vastroM kA dAna ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 152, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 185 / 1-3 se uddhrnn)| vAravata : agnipurANa (adhyAya 195); kRtyakalpataru (vrata' 8-34); dAna sAgara (pR 568-570); hemAdri (vrata0 2,520-592); hemAdri (kAla0 517-520); kRtyaratnAkara (593-610); smRtikaustubha (549-588) / kucha grantha, yathA-vratArka, ravivAra, somavAra evaM maMgalavAra ke vratoM kA hI ullekha karate haiN| ___vAralakSmIvrata : zrAvaNa-pUrNimA ke nikaTatama kisI zukravAra yA zrAvaNa zukla 14 para; vAravrata; lakSmI devI ; vratArka (pANDulipi, 358 bI0-362 bI ; bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddhrnn)|

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vrata-sUcI 199 vArivata: eka mAsavata; lagatA hai devatA brahmA haiM; caitra,jyeSTha, ASAr3ha evaM mAdha yA pauSa ke cAra mAsoM meM, ayAcita-vidhi; anta meM vastroM, tathA bhojana se AcchAdita ghaTa tathA tila evaM hiraNya se yukta pAtra kA dAna; brahmaloka kI prApti; hemAdri (vata0 2, 857, padmapurANa se uddhrnn)| vAraNI : caitra kRSNa 13 ko, jaba vaha zatAbhiSaja nakSatra (jisake devatA varuNa haiM) meM par3e to use vAruNI kahate haiM, jo eka karor3a sUrya-grahaNa ke samAna hai; yadi yaha isake sAtha zanivAra ko par3e to vaha mahA-bAruNI kahI jAtI hai ; ina saba bAtoM ke sAtha yadi zubha-yoga par3e to ise mahA-mahA-vAruNI kahA jAtA hai; varSakriyAkaumudI (518-519); kRtyatattva (463); ramRtikaustubha (107); gadAdharapaddhati (611, skandapurANa se uddharaNa) : kAlatattvavivecana (189-190) / vAsudevadvAdazI : ASAr3ha zukla 12 para ; tithi ; devatA, vAsudeva ; vAsudeva ke vibhinna nAmoM evaM unake vyUhoM ke sAtha pAda se zira taka ke sabhI aMgoM kI pUjA; jalapAtra meM rakha kara tathA do vastroM se DhaMka kara vAsudeva kI svarNima pratimA kA pUjana tathA usakA dAna ; yaha vrata nArada dvArA vasudeva evaM devakI ko batAyA gayA thA; kartA ke pApa kaTa jAte haiM, use putra kI prApti hotI hai yA naSTa huA rAjya punaH mila jAtA hai ; hemAdri (vata0 1, 10361037, bahuta-se zloka varAhapurANa ke adhyAya 46 ke haiN)| vighna-vinAyaka-vrata : phAlguna se cAra mAsoM ke lie; ahalyAkAmadhenu (pANDulipi, 356) / vijaya : (1) Azvina zukla 10 para jaba sUryAsta ke uparAnta tArAgaNa udita ho rahe hoM, yaha samaya sabhI kRtyoM ke lie atyanta zubha mAnA jAtA hai; smRtikaustubha (353); (2) yaha nAma dina ke 11 veM muhUrta kA bhI hai jaba ki dina 15 muhUrtoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jAya ; smRtikaustubha (353) / vijaya-dhUpa : hemAdri (vata' 2, 51, bhaviSyapurANa 1 / 68 / 3-4) meM varNita / vijayadvAdazI : (1) ekAdazI para saMkalpa ; zravaNa-nakSatra vAlI dvAdazI para upavAsa ; viSNu kI svarNima pratimA kA nirmANa, jo pIta vastra se AcchAdita rahatI hai; arghya ke sAtha pUjA; rAtri meM jAgaraNa; dUsare dina sUryodaya ke samaya pratimA kA dAna ; zravaNa-yukta dvAdazI, jaba ki sUrya siMha rAzi meM ho tathA candra zravaNa meM ho bhAdrapada ko chor3a anya samaya sambhava nahIM hotI; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1136-1138, agnipurANa se uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara (287-288); (2) jaisA ki hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1138-1140) meM varNita ; (3) phAlguna zukla 11 yA 12, jaba ki vaha puSya-nakSatra se yukta ho, vijaya kI saMjJA se vikhyAta hai; (4) bhAdrapada zukla yA kRSNa 11 yA 12, yadi budhavAra evaM zravaNa-nakSatra se yukta ho to vijaya kahalAtI hai ; zukla ke vrata se svarga-prApti, kRSNa ke vrata se pApamocana ; viSNu devatA; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1152-1155, brahmavaivarta se uddharaNa); kRtyakalpataru (vrata, 348-350, AdityapurANa se uddhrnn)| vijayavidhi : bAravrata ; ravivAra ko prAjApatya (rohiNI) nakSatra se yukta zukla 7 para; sUrya devatA; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 17-18) / vijayavrata : indra ke gaja airAvata tathA kI, mukha meM lage paTTe ke sAtha tathA indra ke azva uccaizravA kI pratimA ; isase vijaya kI prApti; hemAdri (vata0 1, 576, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| vijayA : yaha nAma kaI tithiyoM ko prApta hai, yathA--zukla 7 jo ravivAra ko par3atI hai bhaviSyottarapurANa 43 / 2; varSakriyAkaumudI 9; hemAdri, kAla, 625; puruSArthacintAmaNi 105; aura dekhiye vijayavidhi ke antargata ; garuDapurANa (11136 / 1-2) ke anusAra yadi dvAdazI yA ekAdazI zravaNa-nakSatra se yukta ho to use vijayA karate haiM; kRtya kalpataru (vrata0, 349); kRtyaratnAkara (287-291) / dekhiye epipraiphiyA iNDikA (3, 53

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200 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 56) evaM iNDiyana aiNTIkverI (25, pR0 345); varSakriyAkaumudI (36) meM AyA hai ki jaba vijayA-saptamI meM sUrya hasta nakSatra meM ho to use mahA-mahA kahate haiM; punarvasu nakSatra se yukta zukla 11 vijayA ke nAma se ghoSita hai; hemAdri (kAla0, 633, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| vijayAsaptamI : (1) ravivAra se yukta zukla 7 para; tithivata ; sUrya, devatA; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 127-129) hemAdri (vrata0 1, 663-664); donoM bhaviSyottarapurANa (43 / 1-30) ko uddhRta karate haiM; (2) mAgha zukla 7 para; tithi ; sUrya , devatA; usa dina upavAsa evaM sUrya ke eka sahasra nAmoM kA uccAraNa; hemAdri (vrata0 1, pR0 707-716) ne ye nAma diye haiM; eka varSa taka ; rogoM evaM pApoM se mukti ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 705- 717); (3) garuDapurANa (13130-7-8) ne eka anya prakAra kA vrata diy| hai jo sAta saptamiyoM meM kiyA jAtA hai; usa dina upavAsa gehU~, mASa, yava (jau), svastika, pItala, pattharoM se pisA bhojana, mayu, maithuna, mAMsa, madirA, telayukta snAna, aMjana evaM tila ke prayoga kA tyaag| vijayAyajJasaptamI : mAgha zukla 7 para; tithi; sUrya, devatA, eka varSa taka ; pratimAsa meM sUrya kA vibhinna nAma prayukta ; 12 brAhmaNoM kA sammAna ; anta meM AcArya ko eka svarNima sUrya pratimA kA, svarNima ratha evaM sArathI ke sAtha dAna; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 757-760, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| vitastApUjA : bhAdrapada ke anta meM zukla 10 se Age 7 dinoM taka vitastA (jhelama) kA darzana, usameM snAna, usakA jala grahaNa, pUjA evaM dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai; vitastA satI (pArvatI) kA avatAra hai; vitastA evaM sindha ke saMgama para viziSTa pUjA; nadI ke sammAna meM utsava, jisameM abhinetAoM evaM nartakoM ko sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai; kRtyaratnAkara (286, brAhmapurANa se uddhrnn)| vidyApratipad-vrata : kisI mAsa kI prathama tithi para; vidyA eva dhana ke icchuka vyakti ko eka vargAkAra AkRti meM cAvala se nirmita viSNuevaM lakSmI kI pratimAoM kI pUjA pUrNarUpa se khile kamaloM (1000 yA kucha kama) dUdha evaM pAyasa se karanI cAhiye ; unake pArzva meM sarasvatI kI bhI pUjA honI cAhiye, candra kI pUjA bhI kI jAtI hai ; guru-sammAna ; usa dina upavAsa ; dUsare dina viSNu-pUjA, AcArya ko svarNa dAna karake bhojana; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 338-340, garuDapurANa se uddhrnn)| vidyAvAptivata : pauSa pUrNimA ke uparAnta mAgha kI prathama tithi se eka mAsa taka ; tila se hayagrIva kI pUjA; tila se homa ; prathama tIna dinoM taka upavAsa ; yaha mAsavata hai; kartA vidvAn ho jAtA hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 2,796-797), viSNudharmottarapurANa (3; 207 / 1-5 me uddharaNa) / vidyAvata : kisI mAsa kI dvitIyA para zveta cAvala se vargAkAra AkRti khIMca kara, usake madhya meM aSTa dala kamala banA kara, usake bIjakoSa para kamalayukta lakSmI kI AkRti khIMcI jAnI cAhiye, ATha zaktiyoM (yathA-sarasvatI, rati, maitrI, vidyA Adi) kI AkRti banA kara kamala-daloM para rakhanI cAhiye, 'oM sarasvatyai namaH' Adi ke sAtha zaktiyoM ko kramazaH praNAma ; cAroM digpAloM evaM dizA-koNoM ke rakSakoM kI AkRtiyA~ banAyI jAtI haiM ; maNDala meM guru-rUpa meM cAroM (vyAsa, Rtu, manu, dakSa), vasiSTha Adi ko sthApita kiyA jAtA hai; vibhinna puSpoM se inakI pUjA kI jAtI hai ; zrIsUkta (hiraNyavarNA hariNAm' se Arambha hone vAle khilasUktoM meM eka), puruSasUkta (R0 10.90) evaM viSNu ke stotra par3he jAte haiN| purohitoM ko eka gAya, baila evaM jalapUrNa pAtra diye jAte haiM ; bhune hue cAvaloM se yukta pA~ca pAtra (lAI se bhare pA~ca kUDa ) tila, haldI-cUrNa (strI sampAdikA dvArA),sonA kisI gRhasya ko diyA jAtA hai tathA bhUkhe logoM ko bhojana diyA jAtA hai ; ziSya guru se vidyAdAna

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vrata-sUcI 201 karane ke lie prArthanA karatA hai aura guru pratimAoM ke samakSa vaisA karatA hai; hemAdri (vata0 1, 386-389, garur3apurANa se uddhrnn)| vidhAna-dvAdaza--saptamI : caitra se Arambha kara 12 mAsoM kI saptamI para; vistRta vivecana; kaI nAma prasiddha haiM, yathA-maricasaptamI, phalasaptamI, anodanA-saptamI; sabhI meM sUrya devatA haiM ; mantra hai 'oM namaH sUryAya'; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 792-804, AdityapurANa se uddhrnn)| vidhAna-saptamI : tithi-vrata; sUrya devatA; mAgha zakla 7 para Arambha : mAgha se prArambha kara 12 mAsoM kI saptamiyoM para 12 vastuoM meM kevala eka kama se grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai, yathA--arka phala kA UparI bhAga ; tAjA gobara; marica, jala, phala, mUla (mUlI), nakta-vidhi, upavAsa, ekabhakta, dUdha, kevala vAyu-grahaNa ; ghI; kAlaviveka (419); varSakriyAkaumudI (37-38); tithitattva (36-37); kRtyatattva (429-460); varSakriyAkaumudI (38) ne ise ravivrata (jisakA sampAdana mAgha ke prathama ravivAra se Arambha kara ravivAra ko kiyA jAtA hai) se vibhinna mAnA hai| vinAyakacaturthI : (1) dekhiye Upara gaNeza caturthI (gata adhyaay-8)| (2) caturthI ko kartA tila kA bhojana dAna karatA hai aura svayaM rAtri meM tila evaM jala grahaNa karatA hai ; do varSoM taka ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 79, bhaviSyapurANa 1 / 22 / 1-2 kA uddharaNa); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 519-520) ne ise gaNapati-caturthI kahA hai| vinAyakavata : phAlguna zukla 4 para Arambha ; tithi ; gaNeza, devatA; cAra mAsoM taka ; pratyeka zukla 4 para kartA nakta karatA hai, tila se homa karatA hai, tila kA dAna karatA hai; anta meM pA~caveM bhAsa meM gaNeza ko svarNima pratimA ko pAyasa se pUrNa cAra tAmra pAtroM evaM ti lapUrNa eka pAtra ke sAtha dAna karatA hai; sabhI bAdhAoM se mukti; bhaviSyottarapurANa (33 / 1-13) / vinAyakasnapana-caturthI : bhaviSyottarapurANa (32 / 1-30, yAjJavalkyasmRti 11271-294 ke katipaya zloka uddhRra haiM) meM ; yaha zAnti hai, na ki vrata ; isakA varNana zAnti ke vibhAga meM kiyA gayA hai| vibhUti-dvAdazI : kArtika, vaisAkha, mArgazIrSa, phAlguna yA ASAr3ha zukla 10 para; niyamoM ke pAlana kA saMkalpa ; ekAdazI para upavAsa, janArdana-pratimA kA pUjana ; pAda se zira taka vibhinna aMgoM kI 'vibhUtaye namaH pAdau vikozAyeti jAnunI' Adi vacanoM ke sAtha pUjA; viSNu-pratimA ke samakSa jalapUrNa ghaTa meM svaNima machalI; rAtri bhara jAgaraNa ; dUsare dina prAtaH 'jisa prakAra viSNu apanI mahAn abhivyaktiyoM se vimukta nahIM rahate, Apa mujhe saMsAra kI cintAoM ke paMka se mukta kareM' nAmaka prArthanA ke sAtha svarNima pratimA evaM ghaTa kA dAna; kartA ko prati mAsa krama se dazAvatAroM, dattAtreya evaM vyAsa kI pratimAoM kA dAna karanA cAhiye aura yaha dAna kRtyadvAdazI para eka nIla kamala ke sAtha kiyA jAtA hai; bAraha dvAdaziyoM kI parisamApti ke uparAnta guru yA AcArya ko eka lavaNAcala, palaMga tathA usake sAtha ke anya upakaraNa, eka gAya, grAma (rAjA yA sAmanta dvArA) yA bhUmi (grAmapati dvArA) kA dAna tathA anya brAhmaNoM ko gAyoM evaM vastroM kA dAna ; yaha vidhi tIna varSoM taka ; pApoM se mukti, eka sau pitaroM kI mukti Adi; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0, 364-367); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1057-1060) donoM meM matsyapurANa (100 / 1-37) ke uddharaNa; padmapurANa (5 / 2014-42) ke bhI kucha zloka uddhRta haiN| lavaNAcala-dAna ke lie dekhiye matsyapurANa (84 / 1-9) / virUpAkSavata : pauSa zukla 14 para; eka varSa taka ziva-pUjA; anta meM sabhI sAmagriyoM evaM eka U~Ta kA kisI brAhmaNa ko dAna; rAkSasoM evaM rogoM se mukti evaM kAmanAoM kI pUrti ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 153, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 186 / 1-3 se uddhrnn)| 62

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202 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vizokadvAdazI : Azvina zukla 10 ko saMkalpa : 'maiM ekAdazI ko upavAsa tathA kezava-pUjA karU~gA aura dUsare dina (dvAdazI ko) bhojana karU~gA'; pAda se zira taka kezava-pUjA; eka bhaNDala kA nirmANa, jisa para cAra koNoM vAlI eka vedI ; vedI para eka sUpa meM vizokA (lakSmI) kI pratimA-sthApana aura prArthanA 'dizokA cintA dUra kare, dhana evaM saphalatA de'| sabhI rAtoM meM kuza se zuddha kiye hue jala kA prayoga, nRtya evaM saMgIta ; brAhmaNoM kI jor3iyoM kA sammAna; pratyeka mAsa meM yahI vidhi'; anta meM palaMga, gur3a, dhenu evaM rUpya ke sAtha lakSmI-pratimA kA dAna ; matsyapurANa (81) ne varNana kiyA hai aura (82) guDadhenu ko isa vrata kA eka aMga mAnA hai| dekhiye yaha grantha (khaNDa 2, pR0 880-881) jahA~ gur3adhenu kA varNana hai| yahA~ saMkSepa meM dhenuoM ke dAna para prakAza DAlA jA rahA hai| matsyapurANa (adhyAya 82 / 17-22) ne dasa dhenuoM ke nAma diye haiM, yathAgur3a, ghRta, tila, jala, kSIra, madhu, zarkarA, dadhi, rasa (anya jalIya padArtha) evaM godhenu (svayaM gAya kA dAna ) / jalIya dhenu pAtra meM tathA anya rAzi (ekatra) meN| kahIM-kahIM suvarNadhenu, navanIta-dhenu , ratnadhenu ke nAma bhI Aye haiN| varAhapurANa (adhyAya 99-110 ) meM bAraha dhenuoM kA ullekha hai, jinameM matsyapurANa kI ghRta evaM godhenu chUTI huI haiM aura navanIta, lavaNa, kApasa (kapAsa) evaM dhAnya jor3a dI gayI haiN| vizokaSaSThI : mAgha zukla 5 para kAle tila se snAna tathA tila evaM cAvala se banA bhojana ; SaSThI para svaNima kamala kA nirmANa evaM sUrya ke rUpa meM karavIra puSpoM tathA do lAla vastroM se pUjA tathA zogA-mukti ke lie prArthanA ; gomUtra ponA aura zayana ; saptamI ko guru evaM brAhmaNoM ko dAna, binA tela evaM namaka kA bhojana-grahaNa, mauna-grahaNa tathA purANa-granthoM kA zravaNa ; yaha eka varSa taka donoM pakSoM meM kiyA jAtA hai; anta meM mAgha zukla saptamI ko svaNima kamala ke sAtha eka ghaTa, upakaraNoM se yukta palaMga evaM eka kapilA gAya kA dAna ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 600-602. bhaviSyottarapurANa 38 / 1-7 se uddharaNa) kRtyakalpataru (vrata0, 211-212) / vizoka-saMkrAnti : jaba ayana dina yA viSuva dina para vyatipAtayoga ho to kartA ko tiloM se yukta jala se snAna karanA cAhiye aura ekabhakta rahanA cAhiye ; use paMcagavya se sUrya kI svaNimapratimA ko nahalAnA cAhiye, gandha, puSpa Adi arpita karanA cAhiye, do lAla vastroM se AvRta karanA cAhiye tathA use tAmra pAtra meM sthApita karanA cAhiye ; pAda se zira taka vibhinna nAmoM se sUrya-pratimA kI pUjA karanI cAhiye; adhyarpaNa, eka varSa; anta meM sUrya-pUjA, sUrya ko sambodhita mantroM se homa'; 12 kapilA gAyoM yA daridra hone para eka gAya kA dAna ; dIrghAyu, svAsthya evaM samRddhi kI prApti; yaha saMkrAnti-vrata hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2 742-743, skandapurANa se uddhrnn)| vizokasaptamI : hemAdri (vrata0 1, 746-747, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa, 13 zloka matsyapurANa 75 / 1-12 padmapurANa 5 / 211235-248 ke haiN)| vizvarUpavata : zukla 8 yA 14 para jaba yaha ravivAra evaM revatI-nakSatra meM par3atI hai ; ziva, devatA; liMga kA mahAsnAna ; karpUra, zveta kamala evaM anya AbhUSaNa liMga para rakhe jAte haiM, dhUpa ke rUpa meM karpUra jalAyA jAtA hai, dhI evaM pAyasa kA naivedya ; AcArya ko ghor3A yA gaja kA dAna ; kartA ko putra, rAjya, Ananda, Adi kI prApti, isI se isa vrata ko vizvarUpa (arthAt sabhI rUpa vAlA) kahA gayA hai ; rAtri meM kuza-yukta jala-grahaNa evaM jAgaraNa ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 865-866, kAlottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| vizvayata : (1) pratyeka mAsa kI dazamI para ekabhakta; tithivrata; eka varSa taka ; anta meM dasa gAyoM tathA dasa dizAoM kI svarNima yA rajata pratimAoM, eka donA tila ke sAtha, dAna; kartA samrATa ho jAtA hai

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203 vrata-sUcI aura sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiM; kRtyakalpataru ( 451 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 983, padmapurANa se uddharaNa ) ; matsyapurANa (101183); (2) ekAdazI ko vizvedevoM kI pUjA; kamala daloM para unakI pratimAe~ rakhI jAtI haiM; tithivrata; devatA, vizvedeva; ghRta kI dhAra, samidhAoM, dahI, dUdha evaM madhu kA arpaNa; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1148, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / yaha vrata vaizvAnara - pratipada kI bhA~ti hai / vizvedeva - dazamI - pUjA : kArtika zukla 10 se prArambha ; tithi ; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 176 / 1 ) meM dasa vizvedevoM ke nAma diye gaye haiM, jo kezava kI abhivyaktiyA~ haiM; maNDaloM yA pratimA-rUpoM meM unakI pUjA eka varSa taka anta meM svarNa dAna ; vizvedevaloka kI prApti; viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 17611-5) / viSTivrata yA viSTi-bhadrA : karaNoM kA varNana 'kAla' ke antargata kiyA gayA hai| do prakAra ke haiM : cara ( calAyamAna ) evaM sthira / cara karaNa sAta haiM, jinameM viSTi bhI parigaNita hai| dekhiye bRhatsaMhitA ( 99 / 1 ) / viSTi eka tithi kA avaza hai| jyotiSa ke granthoM ne ise kurUpa rAkSasI ke rUpa meM mAnA hai / viSTi meM 30 ghaTikAe~ hotI haiM, jo asamAna rUpa meM usake mukha, galA, hRdaya, nAbhi, kaTi evaM pUcha meM vitarita gayI haiM ( krama se 5, 9, 11, 4, 6 evaM 3 ghaTikAe~); hemAdri ( vrata02, 719 724, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) ; kAlanirNaya ( 330), smRtikaustubha ( 565-566 ) ne ise sUrya kI putrI, zani kI bahana mAnA hai, usakA mukha gadhe kA hai, usake tIna pA~va haiM, Adi / viSTi sAmAnyataH nAzakAriNI hai aura use zubha kRtyoM ke lie tyAjya ThaharAyA gayA hai; kintu isakA kAla zatruoM ke nAza evaM viSa dene ke lie upayukta mAnA gayA hai (bRhatsaMhitA 99 / 4 ) ; viSTi dina para upavAsa; kintu yadi viSTi rAtri meM ho to do dinoM taka eka bhakta rahanA cAhiye; devoM evaM pitaroM kI pUjA ke uparAnta darbha ghAsa se nirmita viSTi-pratimA kA puSpoM Adi se pUjA ; kRzara (cAvala, maTara evaM masAle se banI khicar3I) kA naivedya ; kAle vastra, kAlI gAya evaM kAle kambala kA dAna ; viSTi evaM bhadrA kA artha eka hI hai| smRtikaustubha (565-568) / hemAdri ( vrata0 2,719 724 ) ; kAlanirNaya ( 330 ) ; ne viSNu : viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 123 ) vyavasthA dI hai kina avasaroM para kauna-se viSNu nAma liye jAne cAhiye, yathA--nadI pAra karate samaya ( jaba ki matsya, kUrma evaM varAha ke nAma liye jAte haiM) yA jaba graha yA nakSatra duSTa par3a jAyeM yA jaba DAkuoM evaM vyAghroM Adi kA Dara ho (nRsiMha kA smaraNa ); isa purANa ( 2 / 124 ) meM caitra se Age ke mAsoM, yA saptAhoM, nakSatroM evaM tithiyoM meM kahe jAne vAle nAmoM kI tAlikA dI hai; adhyAya -- 125 meM tIrthoM evaM kucha dezoM meM ja ne ke samaya ke nAmoM kI sUcI dI huI hai / viSNutrimUtivrata: viSNu ke tIna rUpa haiM, yathA - vAyu, candra evaM sUrya; ye tInoM rUpa tIna lokoM kI rakSA karate haiM; ve manuSyoM ke zarIra ke bhItara bAta, pitta evaM kapha ke rUpa meM virAjamAna rahate haiM, isa prakAra viSNu ke tIna sthUla rUpa haiM; jyeSTha zukla 3 ko upavAsa kara ke viSNu pUjA; prAtaH vAyu-pUjA, madhyAhna meM agni meM jau evaM tila se homa tathA rAtri meM jala meM candra-pUjA varSa bhara zukla 3 para pUjA ; svarga-prApti; yadi tIna varSoM taka kiyA jAye to 5000 varSoM taka svarga meM sthiti; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 | 136 / 1-26) viSNutrirAtravrata : kArtika zukla navamI para; hari evaM tulasI kI svarNima pratimA kI tIna dinoM taka pUjA tathA tulasI evaM hari kA vivAha-sampAdana; nirNayasindhu (204 ) : ; farghaatar : kArtika kI prathama tithi se prArambha paMcagavya se snAna evaM usakA pAna; bANa puSpoM, candana lepa evaM madhura evaM paryApta naivedya eka mAsa taka hiMsA, asatya, caurya, mAMsa evaM madhu kA tyAga ; viSNu kA aTala dhyAna; zAstra, yajJa yA devatAoM kI bhartsanA na eka varSa taka ; se vAsudeva pUjA;

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204 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa " karanA; mauna rUpa se pratidina naivedya grahaNa; mArgazIrSa pauSa evaM mAgha meM bhI yahI vidhi kevala puSpoM, dhUpa evaM naivedya meM antara hemAdri ( vrata02, 636-638, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / yaha draSTavya hai ki yaha vrata kRSNa kI mAtA devakI ko batAyA gayA thA, jise uttama putra kI kAmanA thI; use vAsudeva ke pUjana ke lie kahA gayA; jo svayaM usake putra the / far-paMcaka : kArtika ke antima pA~ca dinoM ko isa nAma se pukArA jAtA hai; pA~ca upacAroM, yathA gandha, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa evaM naivedya se pA~ca dinoM taka hari evaM rAdhA kI pUjA; sabhI pApa naSTa ho jAte haiN| aura kartA svarga kI prApta karatA hai; pUjA kI kaI vidhiyA~ varNita haiM, yathA -- ekAdazI ko pUjA, dvAdazI ko gomUtra pInA, trayodazI ko dUdha pInA, caturdazI ko dahI khAnA, pUrNimA ko kezava pUjA tathA sAyaMkAla ko paMcagavya grahaNa yA tulasI daloM ke sAtha hari-pUjA; padmapurANa ( 3 / 23 / 1-33) / diyA nadI : nRpabha, siMha, vRzcika evaM kumbha rAziyoM ke nAma; kAlanirNaya (332); dekhiye saMkrAnti, gata adhyAya -- 11 / viSNupadavrata : ASAr3ha meM pUrvASAr3ha - nakSatra para Arambha ; dUdha yA ghI meM sthApita viSNu ke tIna padoM kI pUjA; kartA kevala rAtri meM haviSya bhojana karatA hai; zrAvaNa meM uttarASAr3ha para govinda evaM viSNu ke tIna padoM kI pUjA; dAna evaM bhojana vibhinna hote haiM; bhAdrapada meM pUrvASAr3ha para, phAlguna meM pUrvAphAlgunI para, caitra meM uttarAphAlgunI para usI prakAra kI pUjA kartA svAsthya, samRddhi prApta karatA hai aura viSNuloka jAtA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0, 2, 665-667, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / Prograodha : kArtika meM viSNu kA zayana se uThanA ; dekhiye Upara gata adhyAya - 5; hemAdri ( kAla0, 903-904) ; kRtyaratnAkara (421-425 ) / kRpApUrvaka grahaNa kara ke, he cAvala yA jau yA nIvAra bhagavAn viSNu mujha (jaMgalI cAvala, tinI fasarfaran : dvAdazI para upavAsa, 'namo nArAyaNAya' ke sAtha sUrya ko arghya ; zveta puSpoM evaM 'he devoM meM sarvazreSTha, he pRthivI ke Azraya, mere ina puSpoM ko para prasanna ho' nAmaka mantra ke sAtha viSNu pUjA; vyaMjana, Adi) ke sAtha zyAmaka ( sAvA~ ) yA sAThI ( vaha dhAna jo uparAnta pAraNa; viSNu loka kI prApti; kRtyakalpataru 1204, bhaviSyapurANa se ) / 60 dinoM meM ho jAtA hai) para nirvAha karanA; isake ( vrata, 343 - 344 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1203 - viSNulakSavatavrata : ruI kI dhUla evaM ghAsa ke Tukar3oM ko kisI zubha tithi evaM lagna meM jhAr3a kara evaM svaccha bAra 4 aMgula lambA dhAgA banAnA, isa prakAra ke cAra dhAgoM se eka battI (varti) banatI hai; isa prakAra kI eka sau sahasra battiyoM ko ghI meM Dubo kara eka cA~dI yA pItala ke pAtra meM jalA kara viSNu pratimA ke samakSa rakhanA; ucita kAla hai kArtika, mAgha yA vaisAkha, antima sarvottama hai; prati dina eka yA do sahasra battiyA~ viSNu ke samakSa ghumAyI jAtI haiM; upayukta mAsoM meM kisI pUrNimA para vrata samApti ; taba udyApana; Ajakala yaha dakSiNa meM nAriyoM dvArA hI sampanna hotA hai; varSa kRtyadIpaka ( 383-398 ) / viSNuvrata : (1) eka kamala para AkRti khIMca kara viSNu kI pUjA; isa vrata kI vidhi vaizvAnaravrata ke samAna hai; hemAdri (vrata0 1,1177 bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) eka varSa kI 12 dvAdaziyoM para upavAsa evaM gAya, bachar3e evaM hiraNya kA dAna ; kartA ko parama lakSya kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1202, padmapurANa se uddharaNa); varSakriyAkaumudI ( 70 ); (3) pauSa zukla dvitIyA para prArambha; eka varSa taka 6 mAsoM ko do avadhiyoM meM bA~Ta kara kartA dvitIyA se cAra dinoM taka krama se sarasoM, tila, vaca (sugandhita jar3a vAlA paudhA) evaM sarvoSadhiyoM

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vrata-sUcI 205 se yukta jala se snAna karatA hai; ina dinoM kI pUjA meM viSNu ke nAma haiM krama se kRSNa, acyuta, hRSIkeza evaM kezava ; krama se zazI, candra, zazAMka evaM nizApati ke rUpa meM cAra tithiyoM para candramA ko arghya, pUrNacandra taka kartA kevala eka bAra bhojana karatA hai; paMcamI ko dakSiNA ; yaha vrata prAcIna rAjAoM (dilIpa, duSyanta), muniyoM (marIci, cyavana ) evaM ucca kulotpanna nAriyoM (devakI, sAvitrI, subhadrA ) dvArA kiyA gayA thA; pApa mukti evaM icchA pUrti; agnipurANa ( 177 15-20 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata02, 458-460, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (4) ASAr3ha se lekara cAra mAsoM taka prAtaHkAla snAna; kArtika pUrNimA para godAna evaM brahma-bhoja; viSNuloka kI prApti; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0, 444, matsyapurANa 101 / 37 se uddharaNa), kRtyaratnAkara ( 219 ); (5) caitra zukla 4 para upavAsa, cAra rUpoM ke daloM meM hari-pUjA, yathA-nara, nArAyaNa, haya evaM haMsa, yA mitra, varuNa, indra evaM viSNu, jinameM prathama do sAdhya hote haiM aura antima do siddha; 12 varSoM taka; kartA ko mokSa mArga kI upalabdhi aura vaha sarvocca ke barAbara ho jAtA hai; viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 151 / 1-8 ) / viSNuzaMkaravrata : isameM umAmahezvaravrata kI vidhi prayukta hotI hai / isakA sampAdana bhAdrapada yA Azvina meM mRgazirA, ArdrA, pUrvAphAlgunI, anurAdhA yA jyeSThA para hotA hai; antara yaha hai ki viSNu ke vastra pIta hote haiM, viSNu evaM zaMkara ke lie dakSiNA krama se sonA evaM motI ke rUpa meM hotI hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,593-594, yahA~ ise zaMkara-nArAyaNa vrata kahA gayA hai); kRtyaratnAkara ( 283 - 283 ); donoM devIpurANa ko uddhRta karate haiM / viSNuzayanotsava : Azvina zukla 11 yA 12 para; nirNayasindhu (102), dekhie 'viSNuzayana,' gata adhyAya 5; malamAsa meM nahIM hotA / viSNuzzrRMkhala yoga : jaba dvAdazI ekAdazI se yukta ho evaM dvAdazI ko zravaNa nakSatra bhI ho to use viSNuzRMkhala kahA jAtA hai; usa dina upavAsa karane se pApamocana ho jAtA hai aura viSNu se sAyujya prApta hotA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1,295 ) ; kAlaviveka ( 464 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 216-219 ) / vIrapratipadA : yaha balipratipadA hI hai; dekhie gata adhyAya 10 / vIravrata : navamI para ekabhakta, kumAriyoM ko bhoja, svarNima ghaTa, do vastra evaM sone kA dAna ; eka varSa taka (pratyeka navamI para kumAriyoM ko bhoja); pratyeka jIvana meM sundara rUpa, zatru-vijaya kI prApti evaM zaMkara kI rAjadhAnI meM pahu~ca ; devatA ziva yA umA yA donoM; matsyapurANa ( 101 / 27-28 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 443 ) ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 958, padmapurANa se uddharaNa), varSakriyAkaumudI ( 41 ) / vIrAsana : eka Asana jo sabhI kRcchoM meM prayukta hotA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 322, garur3apurANa se uddharaNa evaM vrata 0 2,932 ) ; yaha aghamarSaNavrata (zaMkhasmRti 18 / 2 ) meM bhI prayukta hotA hai / sabhI pApa naSTa ho jAte haiM / vRkSotsavavidhi : vRkSAropaNa ko ati mahattA prApta thI / matsyapurANa ( 7911 - 20 = padmapurANa 5 / 24 / 192-211) meM vRkSa ke utsava kI vidhi dI huI hai, saMkSepa meM yoM hai -- vATikA meM vRkSoM para sarvauSadhiyukta jala chir3akA jAtA hai, unake cAroM ora vastra bA~dhe jAte haiM; svarNima suI se vRkSoM meM cheda kiyA jAtA hai ( karNavedhana ke samAna ) ; svarNima zalAkA se aMjana lagAyA jAtA hai; vRkSoM ke thAloM para 7 yA 8 svarNima phala rakhe jAte haiM; vRkSo ke taloM meM sone ke Tukar3oM se yukta ghaTa rakhe jAte haiM; indra, lokapAloM evaM vanaspati ko homa kiyA jAtA hai; vRkSoM ke bIca se zveta vastroM, svarNAbhUSaNoM se yukta tathA sIMgoM ke poroM para svarNa se susajjita gAyeM le jAyI jAtI haiM; vRkSoM kA svAmI purohitoM ko godAna, svarNima sikar3iyA~, aMgUThiyA~, vastra Adi detA hai aura cAra dinoM taka dUdha se brahma-bhoja karatA hai, jau, kAle tiloM, sarasoM evaM palAza kI samidhA se homa evaM cauthe dina utsava; kata' kI sabhI kAmanAe~ pUrNa hotI haiM / matsyapurANa ( 154 / 512 ) meM aisA AyA hai ki eka putra dasa gahare jalA

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 206 zayoM ke tathA eka vRkSa kA ropaNa dasa putroM ke samAna hai / varAhapurANa ( 172136-37 ) meM aisA kahA gayA hai| ki eka acchA putra kula kI rakSA karatA hai, usI prakAra puSpoM evaM phaloM se ladA eka vRkSa svAmI ko naraka meM girane se bacAtA hai, jo vyakti 5 Amra vRkSa lagAtA hai vaha naraka meM nahIM jAtA; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 29713) ne vRkSoM ke viSaya meM kahA hai- 'eka vyakti dvArA pAlita vRkSa vahI kArya karatA hai jo eka putra karatA vaha apane puSpoM se devoM ko prasanna karatA hai, chAyA se yAtriyoM ko, apane phaloM se manuSyoM ko santuSTa karatA hai; "vRkSa ke ropane vAle ko naraka meM nahIM giranA par3atA / ' 6 mAsoM taka yA 3 mAsoM taka vRntAka upavAsa karanA hotA hai; eka vedI para vRntAka tyAga vidhi : isa vrata dvArA jIvana bhara yA eka varSa yA phala kA tyAga karanA par3atA hai; eka rAtri bhara bharaNI yA maghA nakSatra meM yama, kAla, citragupta, mRtyu evaM prajApati kA AvAhana kiyA jAtA hai aura gaMdha Adi se pUjA kI jAtI hai; tila evaM ghI se svAhA ke sAtha yama, nIla, nIlakaNTha, yamarAja, citragupta, vaivasvata ke lie homa kiyA jAtA hai; 108 AhutiyA~ sone kA banA eka vRntAka, kAlI gAya evaM baila, aMgUThiyA~, karNaphUla, chatra, cappala, kAle vastra kA jor3A evaM kAle kambala kA dAna ; brAhmaNoM ko bhojana; jo vRntAka ko jIvana bhara chor3a detA hai vaha viSNuloka jAtA hai; jo aisA varSa bhara yA kevala eka mAsa karatA hai, naraka meM nahIM par3atA; yaha prakIrNaka vrata hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,909 - 910, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / vRndAvanadvAdazI : kArtika zukla 12 para; yaha tamila pradezoM meM prasiddha hai / vRSabhavata : (1) zukla 7 para upavAsa ; zveta vastroM se AvRta tathA ghaNTI Adi AbhUSaNoM se alaMkRta baila kA dAna ; tithivrata; ziva devatA; ziva loka kI prApti aura bhaviSyottara purANa se uddharaNa); (2) jyeSTha amAvAsyA para bailoM kI pUrva hI ) ghara meM sthApita karanA aura gaMdha Adi se pUjA dharma bahudhA vRSa kahA gayA hai (manu 8 / 16, zAntiparva 90 / 15 ) / ; vRSavrata : (1) viSNuvrata ke samAna hI ; (2) Upara vAlA; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 448, matsyapurANa 101 / 64 kA uddharaNa ) ; kArtika pUrNimA para sA~r3a chor3anA evaM nakta-vidhi; tithivrata ; devatA ziva; zivaloka kI prApti hemAdri ( vrata0 2 242 ) / vRSotsarga : ( sA~r3a chor3anA ) caitra yA kArtika kI pUrNimA para revatI nakSatra meM, 3 varSa ke uparAnta eka bAra baila tIna varSa kA honA cAhie, usake sAtha tIna varSa vAlI cAra yA ATha gAyeM; kRtya ratnAkara ( 432433, brahmapurANa se uddharaNa) / bahudhA kisI kI mRtyu ke 11 dinoM ke uparAnta vRSotsarga hotA hai| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 983-997 evaM khaNDa 4, pR0 539-542, smRtikaustubha ( 390-405 ) / dear : yaha caturmUtivrata hai; caitra se RRgveda - pUjA; navavidhi; veda-zravaNa anta meM ( jyeSThapUrNimA) do vastroM, sonA, gAya, ghRtapUrNa pItala ke pAtra kA dAna ; ASAr3ha, zrAvaNa evaM bhAdra meM yajurveda-vrata; Azvina, kArtika evaM mArgazIrSa meM sAmaveda- vrata pauSa, mAgha evaM phAlguna meM sabhI vedoM kA vrata; vAstava meM yaha vedoM ke AtmA vAsudeva kI pUjA hai; 12 varSoM taka; sabhI duHkhoM se mukti, viSNuloka kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 827-828, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 141 / 1-7 se uddharaNa) / rAjA honA; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 882, pUjA; kATha ke bane bailoM ko (eka dina kahakara unakI prArthanA karanA / dharma ko vezyAvrata : hemAdri ( vrata0 2, pR0 541-548, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) ne isa vrata kA ullekha kiyA hai / usameM kRSNa dvArA yudhiSThira ko sunAyI gayI vismayakArI ghaTanA kA varNana hai| zrI kRSNa ne jaba apane putra sAmba ke rUpa se apanI 16000 patniyoM ko AkRSTa dekhA to unhoMne unheM zApa de diyA ki

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vrata-sUcI 207 merI mRtyu ke uparAnta tumheM dasyu loga curA le jAyeMge / yaha bhI kathA hai ki nArada ne una apsarAoM ko, jinhoMne unako praNAma nahIM kiyA thA zApa diyA thA ki ve nArAyaNa kI patniyA~ banegI aura anta meM DAkuoM dvArA bhagA lI jAyeMgI aura vezyA ho jAyeMgI / kathA kA sArAMza yaha hai ki unheM mahaloM evaM mandiroM meM vezyAvRtti karane kI mati dI gayI aura kahA gayA ki ve dhanahIna puruSa ko pyAra na kareMgI, unakA pramukha uddezya hogA dhanArjana, cAhe unake pAsa Ane vAlA vyakti sundara ho yA asundara / yaha Age kahA gayA hai ki ve gAyoM, bhUmi evaM sone kA dAna (brAhmaNoM ko) kareMgI, hasta yA puSya yA punarvasu nakSatra se yukta ravivAra ko sarvoSadhi jala se snAna kareMgI, kAmadeva kI pAda se sira taka pUjA kareMgI kAma kI pUjA viSNu ke rUpa meM hotI hai; vedaja brAhmaNa kA sammAna kiyA jAtA hai; use eka prastha ( pasara) cAvala diyA jAtA hai; vezyA apane zarIra kA dAna ( usa brAhmaNa ko ) ravivAra ko karatI hai aura yaha varSa bhara calatA hai, 13veM mAsa meM palaMga, svarNa sikar3I ( hAra ) evaM kAmadeva kI pratimA kA dAna yaha vrata sabhI vezyAoM ke lie hai; yaha vAravrata hai; devatA anaMga (kAmadeva) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 27-31) meM yaha vrata varNita hai aura ise vezyAdityavArAnaMgadAna- vrata kahA gayA hai / vaikuNThacaturdazI : (1) kArtika zukla 14 ko vaikuNTha 14 kahA gayA hai; yadi viSNu-pUjA karanI ho to rAta meM kI jAnI cAhie; nirNayasindhu (206 ) ; (2) kArtika zukla 14 para hemalamba varSa meM aruNodaya kAla meM brAhma muhUrta meM svayaM vizvezvara bhagavAn ne vArANasI meM maNikaNikAghATa para snAna kiyA thA, pAzupatavrata kiyA thA tathA umA ke sAtha vizvezvara kI pUjA kI thI evaM vizvezvara kI sthApanA kI thI; nirNayasindhu (206 ); smRtikaustubha ( 388-389 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 246 - 247 ) / vaitaraNIvrata : mArgazIrSa kRSNa 11 ko vaitaraNI kahA jAtA hai; usa tithi para niyama saMkalpa liyA jaataa| hai; rAtri meM eka kAlI gAya kI, usakI khura se pU~cha taka pUjA kI jAtI hai, usake zarIra meM candana - lepa lagAyA jAtA hai, candana - lepa se sugaMdhita jala se khuroM evaM sIMgoM ko svaccha kiyA jAtA hai aura paurANika mantroM se usake aMgoM kI pUjA kI jAtI hai; gAya dvArA naraka kI vaitaraNI nadI pAra kI jAtI hai, ataH yaha ekAdazI, jisa dina kA sammAna hotA hai, isa nAma se pukArI jAtI hai; yaha vrata cAra mAsoM ke 3-3 daloM meM eka varSa taka calatA hai, jinameM pake cAvala, pake jau evaM pAyasa kA naivedya krama se mArgazIrSa se cAra mAsoM, caitra se cAra mAsoM tathA zrAvaNa se cAra mAsoM meM diyA jAtA hai; naivedya kA eka tihAI bhAga gAya, purohita tathA kartA ko diyA jAtA hai; varSa ke anta meM eka palaMga, eka gAya ( svarNima ), eka droNa lauha pujArI ko diyA jAtA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1110-1112, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) ; vratArka ( pANDulipi, 230 e-231 vI ) ; padmapurANa (668/28) ne vivaraNa diyA hai kintu kahA hai ki mArgazIrSa kRSNa 12 hI vaitaraNI hai / vainAyaka--vrata : pratyeka caturthI para eka varSa taka nakta-vidhi; anta meM eka gaja kA dAna ; tithivrata; devatA gaNeza; zivaloka kI prApti; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata, 448, matsyapurANa 101 / 61 kA uddharaNa) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 (1,532, padmapurANa kA uddharaNa) / vaizAkha - kRtya : dekhie hemAdri ( vrata0, 2, 748- 750 ) ; kRtyaratnAkara ( 145 - 179 ) ; varSakriyAkaumudI (240-259); kRtyatattva (423-430 ) ; nirNayasindhu ( 90-97 ) ; smRtikaustubha ( 108 - 117 ) ; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra 15 -23) / vaizAkha ke kucha vrata, yathA - akSaya tRtIyA, alaga se varNita haiM / kucha choTImoTI bAteM saMkSepa meM yahA~ dI jA rahI haiN| isa mAsa meM prAtaH kAlIna snAna, una snAnoM ke sAtha jo sUrya kI tulA evaM makara rAziyoM meM kiye jAte haiM, bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai; rAjamArtaNDa kRtyaratnAkara ( 149), kAlaviveka (423

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208 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 424); smRtikaustubha (106, 108) / prAtaHsnAna kA Arambha caitra pUNimA yA ekAdazI yA vaizAkha pUrNimA se ho sakatA hai (nirNayasindhu 90); vaizAkha-snAna ke mAhAtmya ke lie dekhie padmapurANa (4185 / 41-70, vaizAkha meM prAtaHsnAna azvamegha ke samAna hai); zukla 7 ko gaMgA kI pUjA, kyoMki isI dina jahna ne, jinhoMne krodha meM Akara use pI liyA thA, ise apane dAhine karNa se mukta kiyA thA, kRtyakalpataru (nayatakAlikakANDa, 387); padmapurANa (4 / 85 / 41-42); nirNayasindhu (95); smRtikaustubha (112); vaizAkha zukla 7 ko buddha kA janma huA thA, usa tithi se tIna dinoM taka unakI pratimA kA pUjana honA cAhie, vizeSataH jaba puSya nakSatra ho; kRtyakalpataru (nayatakAlika 388); kRtyaratnAkara (160) / zukla 8 para aparAjitA nAmaka durgA kI pratimA ko karpUra evaM jaTAmAMsI se yukta jala se snAna karAkara pUjA tathA svayaM Amrarasa se snAna karanA; nirNayAmRta (56); smRtikaustubha (113); vaizAkha pUrNimA para brahmA ne kAle evaM zveta tila utpanna kiye the, ataH unase yukta jala se snAna karanA cAhie, unheM agni meM apita karanA cAhie, tila evaM madhu kA dAna karanA cAhie; kRtyakalpataru (nayata0 388); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 167-171); kRtyaratnAkara (163-164); smRtikaustubha (115-116); nirNayasindhu (97) / zrIlaMkA (sIlona) meM vaizAkha-pUjA kA Arambha 'duttagAminI (lagabhaga 100-77 I0pU0) ke antargata huA; dekhie vAlapola rAhula kRta 'buddhijma ina sIlona', pR0 80 (kolambo, 1956) / vaizvAnara-vrata : (1) prathama tithi ko agni-pUjA tathA agni meM ghI evaM sabhI prakAra ke anna kA homa ; prathama tithi ke svAmI agni ko eka kamala ke madhya meM banAnA cAhie ; pramukha mantra haiM 'om agnaye namaH' (pUjA meM) tathA 'om agnaye svAhA' (homa meM); homa ke lie ghRtamizrita anna, ghRtadhArA, samidhA Adi ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 354355, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) varSA Rtu se Arambha kara cAroM RtuoM meM brAhmaNa ko samidhA kA dAna tathA anta meM ghRtadhenu kA dAna ; yaha vrata pApamocana ke lie hai; Rtuvrata hai; kRtyakalpataru (vata0 447); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 360, padmapurANa se uddharaNa ) / vaiSNavakta : isameM vyakti ASAr3ha se Arambha kara cAra mAsoM taka pratidina prAtaH snAna karatA hai ; anta meM brahmabhoja, godAna evaM ghRtapUrNa ghaTa kA dAna ; mAsavata ; devatA viSNu ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 818, padmapurANa se uddhrnn)| vyatIpAtavrata : vyatIpAta 27 yogoM (viSkambha, prIti Adi) meM eka hai ; bhujabala0 (pR0 37, zloka 136-138) ne isakI vyAkhyA kaI prakAra se kI hai, varSakriyAkaumudI (242) / isa viSaya meM dekhie Age kA adhyAya 'kaal'| hemAdri (vrata0 2, 708-717) / vyatIpAta dina para eka bar3I nadI meM paMcagavya ke sAtha nahAnA cAhie; eka vaNima kamala para 18 hAthoM vAle vyatIpAta kI svaNima pratimA rakhI jAnI cAhie, usakI pUjA gandha Adi se honI cAhie; usa dina upavAsa ; eka varSa taka ; 13veM vyatIpAta para udyApana' ; ghI, dUdha, tila tathA dUdha girAne vAle vRkSoM kI samidhAoM se 'vyatIpAtAya svAhA' ke sAtha sau AhutiyA~, vyatIpAta sUrya evaM candra kA putra mAnA jAtA hai| dekhie iNDiyana eNTIkverI (jilda 23, pR0 117, saMkhyA 27 zilAlekha, zaka saMvat 1199, 1277 I0), jahA~ vyatIpAta-puNya kA ullekha hai, aura dekhie vahI, jilda 20, pR0 292-293, jahA~ vyatIpAta ke kaI artha diye gaye haiN| vyAsa-pUjA : ASAr3ha-pUrNimA para; vizeSataH saMnyAsiyoM dvArA; smRtikaustubha (144-145); puruSArthacintAmaNi (284); tamila deza meM yaha jyeSTha zukla 15 (mithuna) para kI jAtI hai| vyAhRtivrata : caitra zukla 1 se Arambha ; kisI bar3I nadI meM snAna ke uparAnta sAta dinoM taka gomUtra, gobara, dUdha, dahI, ghRta, kuzayukta jala kA krama se pAna evaM anta meM (sAtaveM dina) upavAsa ; prati dina mahAvyA

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vrata-sUcI 209 hRtiyoM (bhUH bhuvaH svaH, mahaH, janaH tapaH evaM satyam ) ke sAtha tila se homa; eka varSa taka pratimAsa; anta meM dakSiNA, navIna vastra, sonA, pItala ke pAtra, dudhArU gAya kA dAna kartA samrAT ho jAtA hai; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 162 / 1-7) / vyAhRtiyoM evaM mahAvyAhRtiyoM ke lie dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA mUla khaNDa 2, pR0 301, TippaNI 713 / vyomavrata : zveta ca danalepa se a~gUThe bhara kA vyoma banAkara sUrya ke samakSa rakha denA cAhie ; karavIra puSpoM se sUrya pUjA, pratimA ke pUrva, dakSiNa, pazcima evaM uttara krama se kuMkuma, aguru, zveta candana evaM catuHsama evaM madhya meM lAla candana rakhanA cAhie; mantra yaha hai 'khakholkAya namaH' ; devatA sUrya; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,904-5, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / vyomaSaSThI : vyoma (AkAza) meM sUrya kA ( pratimA kA nahIM) evaM vyoma kA pUjana; eka prastha vAle pAtra meM ghI evaM madhu, eka prastha tila evaM tIna prastha cAvala kA sUrya ko arpaNa; tithi ke sAyaM sUrya-pUjA; sUryaloka prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 616-617, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / vratarAjatRtIyAvrata : tRtIyA tithi ko kapar3e ke do Tukar3oM para rocanA, karpUra evaM nIla se umA evaM ziva kI pratimAe~ khIMcakara svarNa-kaNThahAra evaM ratnoM se do paurANika mantroM ke sAtha pRthak rUpa se sambodhita karake unakI pUjA, homa, isa vrata ke sampAdana se pati, putra, bhrAtA se viyoga nahIM hotA; vizeSataH striyoM ke lie; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 484-485, devIpurANa se uddharaNa) / vrataSaSTi : matsyapurANa ( adhyAya 101 ) evaM padmapurANa (5120 / 43-144) ne 60 vratoM kA ( adhikAMza samAna zabdoM meM) ullekha kiyA hai, jinakA kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 pR0 439-451 ) meM vivaraNa upasthita kiyA gayA hai / zakradhvaja mahotsava : dekhie Upara 'indradhvajotthAnotsava', vistRta vivaraNa ke lie dekhie viSNudharmottara purANa (2 / 154 - 157) / bhojakRta sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa ( sAhitya-zAstra ke grantha) ke 5 / 95 meM zakAca utsava kA ullekha huA hai| zakravrata : (1) Azvina zukla 5 se; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1204 ( 2 ) Azvina pUrNimA para upavAsa, indra, unakI patnI zacI, airAvata, vajra, mAtuliMga ( mAtali ? ) kI gandha Adi se pUjA ; eka varSa taka; anta meM hiraNya-dAna; indra-loka kI prApti hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 237, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 196 / 1-3 se uddharaNa ) ; (3) khule avakAza meM bhojana; eka varSa taka; anta meM godAna zakra - loka kI prApti hemAdri ( vrata0 2,866, padmapurANa se uddharaNa) / zaMkaranArAyaNavrata : dekhie Upara 'viSNu - zaMkaravrata'; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 416 417 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 693-694, devIpurANa se uddharaNa) / zaMkarArkavrata : ravivAra ko par3ane vAlI aSTamI para; zaMkara kI dAhinI A~kha meM sthita sUrya kI pUjA; ardha-candra kI AkRti meM kuMkuma evaM lAla candana se eka vRtta banAkara usameM svarNa se jar3ita eka mANika rakhanA, jise zaMkara kI A~kha kahA jAyagA tithivrata; devatA zaMkara kI AMkha ke rUpa meM arka (sUrya) ; yadi mANika na ho to sonA hI prayukta honA cAhie / zaMkarAcArya jayantI : dakSiNa bhArata me caitra zukla 5 para, kintu mahArASTra meM vaizAkha zukla 10 para / zatabhiSAsnAna : dhaniSThA nakSatra meM kartA evaM purohita donoM kA upavAsa, bhadrAsana para baiThakara kartA dvArA zaMkha evaM motiyoM se yukta sI ghar3oM se snAna karanA, usake uparAnta navIna vastra dhAraNa karake kezava, varuNa, 27

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 210 candra, zatabhiSA nakSatra ( jisake devatA varuNa haiM) kI gandha Adi se pUjA ; AcArya ko peya padArthoM, gAya, ghaTa evaM sone kA dAna tathA brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNA; kartA ko zamI, zAlmalI evaM bA~sa ke patroM ke agra bhAgoM ke tIna AvaraNoM se AcchAdita eka ratna dhAraNa karanA cAhie; sabhI rogoM se mukti nakSatra vrata devatA viSNu evaM varuNa; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,653-54, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / zatrunAzanavrata : kuMkuma, zveta puSpa, guggula dhUpa, ghRtadIpa evaM lAla vastra se vAsudeva kI pUjA; nakSatravrata ; isase zatruoM kA nAza; hemAdri ( vrata02, 597, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / zanipradoSavrata : kArtika mAsa se Age ravivAra ko par3ane vAlI trayodazI para; eka varSa taka ; santati ke lie; ziva pUjA; sUryAsta ke uparAnta bhojana grahaNa smRtikaustubha (40-41 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi (225229); vratArka (265 9-269 bI ) / zanivAra vrata: zrAvaNa ke pratyeka zanivAra ko zani kI lauhapratimA ko paMcAmRta se snAna karAnA, puSpoM, phaloM Adi kA dAna evaM zani ke nAmoM kA uccAraNa, yathA--- koNastha, piMgala, babhru, kRSNa, raudra, antakaH, yaga, sauri ( sUrya kA putra), zanaizcara, manda ( zani kI manda gati kA dyotaka ); zrAvaNa ke cAra zanivAroM ke naivedya haiM-cAvala evaM urda eka sAtha pakAyA huA, pAyasa, ambilI ( cAvala ke ATe evaM makkhana vAle dUdha se banI lapsI) evaM pUrikA (gehU~ kI roTI); smRtikaustubha (555-56), isameM skandapurANa se uddhRta zanaizcara kA stotra hai / zanivrata : zanivAra ko tela se snAna tathA kisI brAhmaNa ko taila-dAna; kAle puSpoM se zani pUjA; eka varSa taka; anta meM tela yukta lohe yA miTTI ke AdhAra meM zani kI lauhapratimA kA kAle vastroM ke eka jor3e ke sAtha dAna; brAhmaNa ke lie maMtra hai 'zanno devIrabhiSTaye' tathA anya varNoM ke lie paurANika mantra haiM jo zani ko (jahA~ koNa nAma AyA hai, jo sambhavataH yUnAnI zabda hai) stuti ke lie bane haiM; isa vrata se zani se utpanna sabhI kaSTa kaTa jAte haiM, hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 580-586, bhaviSyottara 0 se uddhRta); smRtiko 0 ( 555) / zamIpUjana : zamI 'vRkSa kI pUjA, dekhie vijayAdazamI, gata adhyAya 10; smRtikaustubha ( 355) / zambhuvrata jo vyakti eka varSa taka bhaiMsa ke dUdha se bane ghI ke do sahasra paloM ko agni meM homa karatA hai| vaha nandI kI sthiti pA letA hai, saMvatsaravrata; devatA ziva hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 866-867, padmapurANa se uddharaNa) / ; zayana : viSNu evaM anya devI-devatAoM kA zayana; dekhie gata adhyAya 5; hemAdri ( kAla0 ( 897 - 915 ) ; kAlaviveka ( 265-273 ) / zayyAdAna : palaMga kA dAna yaha kaI vratoM meM hotA hai, yathA-mAsopavAsa vrata, zarkarA - saptamI Adi meM; smRtikaustubha ( 417-418 ) | zarkarA saptamI : caitra zukla 7 para prAtaHkAla tilayukta jala se snAna; eka vedI para kuMkuMma se kamala evaM bIja koSa banAnA aura usa para 'namaH savitre' ke sAtha dhUpa evaM puSpoM kA arpaNa; eka ghaTa kA sthApana jisameM eka hiraNya-khaNDa DAla diyA jAtA hai, jisake Dhakkana para gur3a rakhA rahatA hai; paurANika mantra se pUjana; paMcagavya grahaNa; ghaTa ke pAsa pRthivI para leTanA aura dhIre-dhIre saura mantra ( R0 1/50 ) kA pATha ; aSTamI ko sabhI upayukta padArthoM kA dAna tathA zarkarA, ghI, pAyasa se brahma-bhoja aura svayaM binA namaka evaM tela kA bhojana; eka varSa taka pratyeka mAsa meM yahI vidhi; varSa ke anta meM upakaraNa - yukta palaMga, zarkarA, sonA, gAya evaM gRha ( yadi sambhava ho sake ) tathA 1 se 1000 taka ke niSkoM se bane eka svarNima kamala kA dAna honA cAhie; jaba sUrya amRta pIne lage to kucha bU~deM cAvala, mudga evaM Ikha para gira par3IM; tithivrata devatA sUrya isa vrata se cintA

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vrata-sUcI 211 dUra hotI hai, putrotpatti, dIrghAyu evaM svAsthya kI prApti hotI hai ; matsyapurANa (77 / 1-17); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 214-217); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 642-643, padmapurANa 5 / 21 / 263-279 se uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara (157-159, matsyapurANa se uddharaNa); bhaviSyottarapurANa (49 / 1-18) meM bhI matsyapurANa ke zloka pAye jAte haiN| zAka : zAka ke dasa rUpa haiM, yathA--jar3eM, pattiyA~, aMkura, kaliyA~, phala, tanA, bIja (canA Adi), chAla, puSpa evaM chatraka' (kukuramuttA); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 47); nirNayasindhu (105); vrataratnAkara (17) / zAkasaptamI : kArtika zukla 7 para Arambha ; pratyeka mAsa varSa bhara ; pUre varSa ko 4-4 mAsoM ke tIna daloM meM vibhAjita karanA; paMcamI ko ekabhakta, SaSThI ko nakta tathA saptamI ko upavAsa; brAhmaNoM kA masAledAra tarakAriyoM se bhoja aura svayaM rAtri meM bhojana ; tithivrata; sUrya devatA ; pratyeka cAra mAsoM kI avadhi meM puSpoM (agasti, sugandhita puSpoM, karavIra) se, aMjanoM yA lepoM (kuMkuma, zveta candana evaM lAla candana) se, dhUpoM (aparAjita, aguru, guggula) aura navedyoM (pAyasa, gur3a roTI, pakAyA huA bhAta) se pUjA; anta meM brahma-bhoja, purANoM kA pATha sunanA ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 103-107), hemAdri (vrata0 1,760-763); kRtyaratnAkara (417-419) ne bhaviSyapurANa (1.47 / 47-72) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| zAntA-caturthI : mAgha zukla 4 ko zAntA kahA jAtA hai ; upavAsa evaM gaNeza-pUjA; tithivrata ; devatA gaNeza; homa'; ghRta-gur3a se pakAye gaye cAvala evaM namaka kA naivedya ; snAna, dAna evaM sAdhAraNa AhutiyoM se eka sahasra gunA puNya ; hemAdri (vrata0 1,513-514, bhaviSyapurANa 1 // 31 // 6-10 se uddhrnn)| zAnti-paMcamI : bhAdrapada kI paMcamI para; kAle evaM anya cUrNoM se saoNM kI AkRtiyA~ tathA gandha Adi se pUjA, Azvina paMcamI para darbho se sakRitiyA~ banAkara unakI pUjA, indrANI kI pUjA bhI; kartA se sarpa prasanna ho jAte haiM ; mantra yaha hai-kurukulle huM phaT svAhA' ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 1,95, kevala Azvina paMcamI para); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 563-564, bhaviSyapurANa 1 / 37 / 1-3 evaM 1138 / 1-5 se uddhrnn)| zAntivrata : (1) tRtIyA ko vedI kA nirmANa aura usa para zveta cAvala se maNDala banAnA, narasiMha kA AvAhana aura aisI pratimA kI sthApanA jisameM usa avatAra ke sabhI cihna pAye jAyeM tathA vibhinna prakAra ke puSpoM, bilvaphala, tila Adi se alaMkaraNa ; vibhinna upacAroM se pUjA, nRtya, gIta evaM saMgIta ; pratimA ke samakSa eka jalapUrNa kalaza tathA ATha dizAoM meM ATha kalazoM kA sthApana; tila, ghRta Adi se vistRta rUpa se homa tathA tarpaNa evaM japa ; sabhI kaSToM, rogoM evaM pApoM kA nivAraNa ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 465-471, garuDapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) kArtika zukla 5 para; eka varSa taka khaTTe padArthoM kA tyAga ; rAtri meM hari-pratimA kA pUjana (pratimA meM hari zeSanAga para zayana karate hoM aura apane eka paira ko lakSmI kI goda meM rakhe hoM); pAda se sira taka ke aMgoM kI pUjA, pratyeka aMga ko ATha nAgoM (vAsuki, takSaka, kAliya, maNibhadra, airAvata, dhRtarASTra, karkoTaka evaM dhanaMjaya) se sambandhita karanA tathA sabhI nAgoM kI pratimAoM ko dUdha se nahalAnA; tila evaM dUdha kA homa ; anta meM svarNima nAga. gAya evaM hiraNya kA dAna ; sarpa-daMza ke bhaya kA nAza; kAlaviveka (96-97); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 556557), donoM ne varAhapurANa (60 / 1-8) se uddharaNa diyA hai| zAmbharAyaNIvata : eka nakSatravrata; devatA acyuta ; sAta varSoM taka ; 12 nakSatroM, yathA--kRttikA, mRgazirA, puSya . . . se varSa ke 12 mAsoM ke nAma, yathA kArtika, mArgazIrSa, pauSa Adi; kArtika meM Arambha, naivedya, prathama cAra mAsoM ke lie khicar3I (kRzara), phAlguna se Age ke mAsoM meM saMyAva tathA ASAr3ha se Age ke cAra mAsoM meM pAyasa ; brAhmaNoM ko naivedya kA hI bhoja; brAhmaNI nArI zAMbharAyaNI (jisase bRhaspati ne indra ke pUrva ke

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212 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa viSaya meM pUchA thA ) kI pratimA kA sthApana; kRSNa ne isa zraddheyA nArI kI gAthA sunAyI hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 659-665, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / zikhivrata : pratyeka mAsa ke donoM pakSoM kI prathama tithi para ekabhakta kI vidhi; eka varSa taka; anta meM kapilA-godAna, vaizvAnaraloka kI prApti; agni0 ( 176 / 6-7 ) ; varSakri0 (29, matsya 0 101 / 92 se uddharaNa) / zitavrata: caturthI para ekabhakta vidhi se bhojana, sarvaprathama eka gRhastha aura usake uparAnta 7 gharoM ko namaka, dhaniyA~, jIrA, marica, hIMga, soMTha evaM manaHzilA ke sAtha haldI denA; isase samRddhi kI prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 1,531-532; bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara (96-98) / zirovrata : vasiSThadharmasUtra 26 / 12; muNDaka u0 3 / 2 / 10, isake bhASya meM zaMkarAcArya kahate haiM ki yaha atharvavediyoM meM pracalita, agni (jJAna ke pratIka) ko sira para dhAraNa karane kI eka vidhi hai / zivakRSNASTamI : mArgazIrSa kRSNa aSTamI para ; tithivrata; devatA ziva; eka varSa taka pratyeka aSTamI para zivaliMga kI pUjA; pratyeka mAsa ziva ke vibhinna nAma evaM kArtika taka vibhinna padArthoM kA sevana, sabhI pApoM se mukti; bhaviSyottarapurANa ( 7511-30), vrataprakAza ( pANDulipi 141 bI - 143 e ) / zivacaturdazIvrata : mArgazIrSa zukla 13 ( amAnta gaNanA ke anusAra ) para ekabhakta ziva-prArthanA; caturdazI ko upavAsa ; zveta kamaloM, gandha Adi se pAda se lekara sira taka zaMkara evaM umA kI pUjA; yahI kArtika 14 tathA anyaM caturdaziyoM para kiyA jAnA cAhie; mArgazIrSa se lekara Age ke sabhI 12 mAsoM meM vibhinna nAmoM se zaMkara ko praNAma pratyeka mAsa meM 12 padArthoM meM se (yathA- gomUtra, gobara, dUdha, dahI Adi ) kisI eka kA pAna; vibhinna puSpoM kA prayoga, yathA -- mandAra, mAlatI Adi; eka yA 12 varSoM taka kArtika meM; varSa ke anta meM eka nIla vRSa kA utsarga; kisI vidvAn evaM sucaritravAn brAhmaNa ko ghaTa ke sAtha palaMga kA dAna ; eka sahasra azvamaMdhoM kA phala, mahApAtaka bhI kaTa jAte haiM; matsyapurANa ( 95 / 5-38); kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 370 374 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,58-61 ) ; kRtyaratnAkara ( 466-471 ) ; nirNayasindhu ( 226) / zivavrata : (1) kRSNa 8 yA 14 para nakta-vidhi; ihaloka meM Ananda evaM mRtyUparAnta zivaloka ; kRtyakalpataru (386); hemAdri ( vrata02, 398, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) eka varSa taka pratyeka parva para nakta ; eka varSa taka ziva pUjA; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 386 ) ; (3) aSTamI, navamI, trayodazI evaM caturdazI para kartA kevala ekabhakta rahatA hai, pRthivI para rakhA bhojana karatA hai; eka varSa taka kRtyaka0 ( vrata 386 - 387 ) / zivanakSatra puruSavrata : phAlguna zukla meM jaba hasta nakSatra ho to upavAsa karane meM asamartha rahane vAle ko isa vrata kA saMkalpa karanA cAhie; yaha nakSatravrata hai; ziva devatA; pAda se lekara sira taka ziva ke aMgoM kI pUjA, ,ziva ke vibhinna nAmoM kA prayoga hasta ( jisa para yaha Arambha hotA hai) evaM anya 26 nakSatroM se sambandhita hotA hai; nakta-vidhi, kintu tela evaM namaka kA prayoga nahIM; pAtra meM ghI ke sAtha eka prastha cAvala kA dAna, pAraNa meM ziva evaM umA kI svarNima pratimAoM tathA upakaraNoM se yukta palaMga kA dAna hemAdri ( vrata02, 703-706, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / frastryukta zivarAtrivrata : ziva yoga ke sAtha mAgha kRSNa 14 para; tithivrata; ziva devatA; usa rAjA kI kathA jo pUrva janma meM corI kI pravRtti vAlA thA hemAdri ( vrata02, 87-92, skanda0 se uddharaNa) / zivarathavrata : hemanta (mArgazIrSa evaM pauSa) evaM mAgha meM ekabhakta ; mAgha ke anta meM vibhinna raMgoM se sajjita evaM cAra bailoM vAle ratha kA nirmANa; eka ADhaka cAvala ke ATe se eka liMga banAkara ratha meM sthApita karanA; rAtri meM jana-mArga para ratha ko hA~kakara ziva mandira meM lAnA ; prakAza evaM nAca-gAna ke sAtha jAgara;

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vrata-sUcI 213 dUsare dina prAtaH zivabhaktoM, aMdhoM, daridroM evaM dalitoM ko bhojana; yaha Rtuvrata hai; ziva ko ratha dAna; hemAdri ( vrata02, 859-860, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / zivarAtrivrata : dekhie 'mahAzivarAtri' ke antargata / zivalagavrata : ziva-liMga para zveta candana kA lepa, khile zveta kamaloM se pUjA evaM praNAma; eka a~gUTha ke barAbara choTe liMga ko dakSiNAmUrti ke samIpa sthApita kara bilva daloM se pUjA, dhUpa Adi anya upacAroM kA arpaNa; sabhI pApoM se mukti evaM zivaloka kI prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 887-889, zivadharmottara purANa se uddharaNa) / zivavrata : (1) ASAr3ha pUrNimA se cAra mAsoM taka nakha- parityAga evaM baiMgana kA sevana varjita kArtika pUrNimA para eka svarNima ghaTa ko ghI evaM madhu se bharakara dAna; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 440 - 441, matsyapurANa 11 / 11-12 se uddharaNa); (2) mArgazIrSa se kArtika taka ziva-pUjA ; ziva ke samakSa pratyeka mAsa meM krama se ATe se banI nimnalikhita vastuoM kA dAna - ghor3A, gaja, ratha, 11 bailoM kA eka jhuNDa, eka candra-jyoti ( yA karpUra kA) ghara, jisameM dAsa-dAsiyA~ hoM tathA anya gRhasthI ke upakaraNa hoM, dhAna se pUrNa sAta pAtra, do sau phala evaM guggula, dAna kA eka 'maNDala, ' jisameM khAdya padArtha evaM citra hoM, puSpoM se nirmita eka yAna ( gADI ) ; guggula dhUpa evaM devadAra, vilva ke bIja, ghI evaM aguru bhAdrapada mAsa meM jalAye jAte haiM; Azvina mAsa bhara arka kI patiyoM se done meM dUdha evaM ghI; eka done meM Ikha kA rasa jo vastra se Dha~kA rahatA hai; varSa ke anta meM zivabhaktoM ko bhoja evaM peya tathA sone evaM vastra kA dAna hemAdri ( 0 2,819-821, kAlottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (3) pauSa se mArgazIrSa taka donoM pakSoM kI caturdazI yA aSTamI yA pUrNimA para viziSTa pUjA, yathA -- eka prastha jau, dUdha evaM ghI se pUrNa zarkarA kA naivedya ; eka baila ke sAtha eka vitasti U~cAI kI jau ke ATe kI kapilA gau kA nirmANa : mAgha meM 11 brAhmaNoM evaM 4 gaiMr3oM ko khilAnA, phAlguna meM nakula ko khilAnA, caitra meM ATe kI ziva-pratimA, isI prakAra sabhI mAsoM meM vibhinna padArthoM kA ATe se nirmANa; eka varSa taka; hemAdri ( vrata02, 398-400, kAThottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (4) donoM pakSoM kI aSTamI evaM caturdazI para upavAsa evaM aparAhna meM ziva-pUjA; japa evaM homa ; guru-sammAna paMcagavya ke tIna culukoM (culluoM) kA pAna; dUsare dina kevala haviSya bhojana; pUre jIvana bhara karanA; zivaloka meM tIna pIDhiyoM kA nivAsa; hemAdri (vrata02, 343, kAlottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (5) pauSa meM Arambha; gehU~, cAvala evaM dUdha ke padArthoM ko nakta vidhi se khAnA ; donoM pakSoM kI aSTamI para upavAsa, bhUmi-zayana pUrNimA para ghRta se rudra-snAna; ise eka varSa ke lie mArgazIrSa taka karanA; vibhinna mAsoM meM vibhinna padArthoM kA upayoga; liMgapurANa ( 83 / 13-54); (6) eka ayana dUsare ayana ( 6 mAsoM) taka; puSpa evaM ghI kA arpaNa; anta meM puSpArpaNa, pAyasa evaM ghI se brahma-bhoja; ghRtadhenu kA dAna isase dhana evaM svAsthya kI prApti; kRtyaratnAkara (219, agnipurANa se uddharaNa ) ; (7) ASAr3ha pUrNimA se kArtika pUrNimA taka nAkhUna na kaTAnA; anta meM sone ke sAtha maghu evaM ghRta se pUrNa eka ghaTa kA dAna kartA rudraloka jAtA hai; kRtyaratnAkara ( 219-220 ); varSakriyAkaumudI ( 292) / zivavrateSu pUjA vratarAja ( pR0 57-61 ) ne ziva kI sabhI pUjAoM kI vidhi kA ullekha kiyA hai / zivazakti mahotsava- vrata : kAzI yA zrIzaila jaise zivakSetra meM ziva evaM zakti ke sammAna meM aSTamI - yukta navamI para utsava ; kAlanirNaya ( 197 ) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zivA caturthI: bhAdrapada zukla 4 ko zivA kahA jAtA hai; usa dina snAna, dAna, upavAsa evaM japa se saugunA puNya hotA tithivrata; devatA gaNeza hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 512-513, bhaviSyapurANa 1 / 31 / 1-5 se uddharaNa) / 214 zivopAsanavrata: donoM pakSoM kI aSTamI evaM caturdazI para upavAsa evaM ziva-pUjA ; eka varSa taka; kartA ko satra karane kA puNya prApta hotA hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 385-386) / ; zivapavitravrata : ASAr3ha pUrNimA para ziva pUjA ziva ko yajJopavIta-dAna evaM zivabhaktoM ko bhojana ; punaH kArtika pUrNimA para ziva-pUjA; saMnyAsiyoM ko vastra dAna evaM dakSiNA hemAdri ( vrata0 2,843, zivadharmotarapurANa se uddharaNa ) / zItalAvrata : zrAvaNa kRSNa 7 para kalaza sthApita kara usa para zItalA kI pratimA kA pUjana evaM ATha varSa yA usase kama avasthA kI 7 kumAriyoM ko bhojana; isase vaidhavya se mukti, daridratA kA nAza, putrotpatti Adi kA lAbha; vratArka ( pANDulipi 111 - 113 ) ; ahalyAkAmadhenu ( pANDulipi 438 bI -440 bI ) / kucha loga ise zrAvaNa zukla 7 para karate haiM / yaha kevala nAriyoM ke lie hai / naivedya kevala ghI evaM dahI kA hotA hai / zItalASTamI : caitra kRSNa 8 para zItalA ko mAtA mAI (cecaka kI devI ) kahA jAtA hai; zItalA-pUjA; rAta-dina ATha ghRta-dIpoM se pUjA tathA gAya ke dUdha evaM uzIra (eka prakAra kI sugandhita jar3a, khasa ) se sugandhita jala chir3akanA ; gadahA, jhADU evaM sUpa kA pRthak-pRthak dAna kRtyatattva ( 462 ) ; ahalyAkAmadhenu ( pANDulipi, 558 bI-561 e ) ; gadahA zItalA kA vAhana hai; zItalA naMgI darzAyI gayI haiM, unake hAtha meM jhADU evaM ghaTa tathA sira para sUpa rahatA hai; dekhie phArmesa rasamAlA ( jilda 2, pR0 322 - 325 ) evaM e0 sI0 sena kRta 'baMgAlI laiMgveja eNDa liTarecara' (zItalA-maMgala kavitA, pR0 365-367) / zItalA saptamI : zrAvaNa kRSNa 7 para; vratarAja ( 237 - 241 ) / zIla - vrata : (1) yaha zivavrata hI hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 444-445, matsyapurANa 101138-39 se uddharaNa); (2) tRtIyA ko binA pakA bhojana ( sambhavataH ) eka varSa taka; tithivrata devatA ziva; anta meM godAna; kartA punaH janma nahIM letA; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 449), hemAdri (vrata0 1, 484, padmapurANa se uddharaNa); matsyapurANa ( 101 / 70 ) ne ise 'zreyotrata' kahA hai; matsyapurANa ( 101 / 34) ke mata se zIlavrata pRthak hai / zIlAvAptivrata: AgrahAyaNI (mArgazIrSa) pUrNimA ke uparAnta eka mAsa taka vArAha kI pUjA; ghI se vArAha - pratimA kA snAna, agni meM ghRtArpaNa, naivedya ghRta-dAna; pauSa pUrNimA evaM isake do dinoM pUrva upavAsa evaM eka brAhmaNa ko ghRtapUrNa pAtra evaM sone kA dAna kartA ko zIla ( caritra evaM naitikatA ) kI prApti; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 20811 - 5 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata02, 786 - 787) / zukravrata : jaba zukravAra jyeSThA nakSatra se yukta hotA hai to nakta vidhi se rahanA ; jaba saptamI ko aisA zukravAra ho to pItala yA rajata ke pAtra meM zukra kI svarNima pratimA rakhakara vastroM, candana - lepa se pUjA kI jAtI hai; pratimA ke samakSa pAyasa evaM ghI rakhA jAtA hai aura use 'zukra duSTa graha - prabhAvoM ko dUra kareM tathA svAsthya evaM dIrgha Ayu deM' nAmaka prArthanA ke sAtha pratimA sahita dAna de diyA jAtA hai; vAravrata; devatA zukra hemAdri ( vrata02, 579-580, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa); aura dekhie agnipurANa ( 195/5 ) / zuddhi-vrata : zarad ke antima 5 dinoM para yA bAraha mAsoM kI ekAdaziyoM para; tithivrata; devatA hari; jaba samudra mathA gayA to 5 gau udita huI unase pA~ca pavitra vastue~ utpanna huI, yathA-gobara, mo-rocanA, dUdha, mUtra, dahI evaM ghRta; gobara se zrIvRkSa nAmaka bilvavRkSa ugA, kyoMki usa para lakSmI

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vrata-sUcI 215 rahatI haiM; gorocanA se sabhI zubhakAmanAe~ utpanna huIM, gomUtra se guggula utpanna huA, godugdha se vizva kI sampUrNa zaktiudita huI, dahI se sabhI zubha vastue~ evaM ghRta se sabhI samRddhi utpanna huI; ataH dUdha, dahI evaM ghRta se hari-snAna evaM guggula, dIpa Adi se haripUjA kI jAtI hai, pUjA agastyi - puSpoM se bhI kI jAtI hai; kartA ko viSNuloka - prApti evaM narakavAsI pitaroM ko svarga-prApti, jaladhenu, ghRtadhenu, madhudhenu kA dAna ; sabhI pApoM se mukti; hemAdri ( vrata0 1 1156 - 1158, agnipurANa se uddharaNa) / zukladvAdazI : dekhie nIce zubhadvAdazI / zubhadvAdazI : mArgazIrSa zukla 1 ko Arambha ; 1 se 9 taka eka bhakta 10 ko snAnoparAnta madhyAhna meM kezava pUjA; donoM pakSoM kI dvAdazI para ( mArgazIrSa se cAra mAsoM taka ) tila evaM hiraNya kA dAna, caitra se vara mAsoM meM bhUsI nikAle hue annoM evaM sone se pUrNa pAtroM kA dAna ; isI prakAra anya cAra mAsoM meM govindapUjA kArtika zukla 12 para sAta pAtAloM, parvatoM se yukta pRthivI kI svarNima pratimA kA nirmANa aura usake samakSa hari pratimA sthApana evaM hari-pUjA; jAgara ( rAta bhara jAganA ), dUsare dina prAtaH 21 brAhmaNoM meM se pratyeka ko eka gAya, eka baila, eka jor3A vastra, a~gUThI, sone kA kaMgana evaM karNaphUla, eka grAma ( yadi kartA rAjA ho) kA dAna tathA kRSNa 12 para pRthivI kI rajata pratimA banAkara usakA dAna ; kartA ko samRddhi evaM viSNuloka kI prApti; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 340 - 343 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1101-1103, varAhapurANa 55 / 1-59 se uddharaNa ) / zubha saptamI : Azvina zukla 7 para; kapilA gAya kI pUjA tathA tAmrapAtra meM eka prastha tila tathA eka svarNima baila kA, vastroM, puSpoM evaM gur3a kA 'aryamA prasanna hoM' ke sAtha dAna; tithivrata; devatA aryamA ; pratimAsa eka varSa taka; matsyapurANa ( 8011 - 14 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 231-223 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 648-650, padmapurANa 5 / 21 / 307-321 se uddharaNa); bhaviSyottarapurANa ( 51 / 1-14) / zUlapradAnavrata : eka varSa taka sabhI amAvAsyAoM para upavAsa; tithivrata varSa ke anta meM ArTa se nirmita trizUla tathA sone yA cAMdI kA kamala ziva ko arpaNa aura use apane sira para rakhanA tathA dAna ; ahiMsA ke niyamoM kA pAlana, brahmacarya, bhUmi-zayana Adi kA pAlana; hemAdri ( vrata02, 252-253, zivadharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / zailavrata: ( 1 ) parvata-pUjA icchA pUrti evaM Ananda prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 796, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) caitra zukla 1 se sAta dinoM taka prati dina sAta parvatoM, yathA --- mahendra, malaya, sahya, zuktimAn, RkSa, vindhya evaM pAriyAtra kI pUjA; jau se homa, kevala jau kA sevana eka varSa taka; anta meM 20 prastha jau kA dAna kartA rAjA zatruoM para vijaya evaM pRthivI rAjya pAtA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 463 - 464, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 161 / 1 7 se uddharaNa) / zaivanakSatravrata: phAlguna zukla meM hasta nakSatra se Arambha nakta-vidhi kintu tela evaM namaka kA tyAga ; ziva pUjana, pAda se sira taka hasta se Arambha kara sabhI nakSatroM ko samanvita kara 'zivAyeti ca hastena pAdau sampUjayed vibhoH' ke rUpa se pUjA; sabhI nakta-dinoM meM ghRtapUrNa pAtra ke sAtha eka prastha cAvala kA dAna ; pAraNa para ziva evaM umA kI pratimAoM, eka susajjita palaMga tathA gAya kA dAna nakSatravrata; devatA ziva; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 703-706, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / zaivamahAvrata : (1) pauSa 8 se Arambha ; lagAtAra nakta vidhi, kintu donoM pakSoM kI aSTamI para upavAsa ; dina meM tIna bAra ziva pUjA, homa, bhUmi-zayana; pauSa pUrNimA para ghI se mahApUjA; ATha brAhmaNoM ko bhoja, eka

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216 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jor3I gAyoM evaM eka kapila bala kA dAna ; mAgha evaM Age ke mAsoM meM mArgazIrSa taka vibhinna bhojanoM se naktavidhi, mAsavrata hemAdri ( vrata0 2,843-848); (2) kArtika meM nakta-vidhi; mAsa ke anta meM gur3a evaM ghRtayukta tila-roTI kA arpaNa aSTamI evaM caturdazI ko upavAsa, mArgazIrSa se Age ke mAsoM meM ziva se sambandhita padArthoM kA ziva-pratimA ko arpaNa; mAsavrata; devatA ziva; hemAdri ( vrata02, 848-853, zivadharma purANa se uddharaNa) / zaivopavAsavrata : eka varSa taka pratyeka mAsa ke donoM pakSoM kI aSTamI evaM caturdazI para upavAsa; devatA ziva ; hemAdri ( vata0 2, 397, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / zauryavrata : Azvina zukla 7 para saMkalpa, 8 para upavAsa, 9 para ATe se banA bhojana evaM durgA pUjA tathA brahma-bhoja; eka varSa taka yahI vidhi; tithivrata; devatA durgA; anta meM kumAriyoM ko bhojana tathA unheM vastra Adi kA dAna tathA 'devI mujha para prasanna hoM' se prArthanA; vinA vidyA par3he jJAna kI utpatti, durbala vyakti zaurya vAlA ho jAtA hai, lupta rAjya prApta ho jAtA hai| varAhapurANa (64.1-6 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 273 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1957-958 ) ; kRtyaratnAkara (364-365) / zyAmAmahotsava : dekhie Upara 'drAkSA- bhakSaNa' ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2 915 AdityapurANa se uddharaNa ) ; kRtyaratnAkara (303-304) / zyenagrAsanavidhi : kArtika zukla 4, 8, 9 yA 14 para; striyoM ke lie; kRta (satya) yuga meM nAriyA~ devI taka pahu~cAne ke lie zyena (bAja ) ko eka grAsa detI thIM ; kintu Ajakala aisA nahIM kiyA jAtA, aba nAriyA~ bhojana apane patiyoM ke pAsa le jAtI haiM aura usake uparAnta khAtI haiM; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 641-643, AdityapurANa se uddharaNa) / zravaNadvAdazI : (1) bhAdrapada zukla 12 ko jaba ki zravaNa nakSatra ho; ekAdazI ko upavAsa ; dvAdazI ko gaMgA-yamunA ke pavitra jala se dhoye gaye miTTI ke pAtra meM bhAta evaM dahI kA dAna; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 348, vAyupurANa se uddharaNa); (2) zravaNa nakSatra meM 12 para upavAsa janArdana - pUjA; 12 dvAdaziyoM kA puNya phala ; yadi zravaNa-dvAdazI budhavAra ko par3e to use mahAn kahA jAtA hai; tithivrata; devatA viSNu hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1162-1171, viSNudharmottarapurANa 1 / 161 / 1-8 se uddharaNa ) ; agnipurANa ke 15 zloka pAye jAte haiM; adhikAMza nibandha isakA vistRta varNana upasthita karate haiM; hemAdri ( kAla0 289 - 298 ) ; kAlaviveka ( 459-464); nirNayasindhu (137-140 ) ; smRtikaustubha ( 240-249 ) ; padmapurANa (6 / 70 ) meM isakI gAthA evaM mAhAtmya hai; aura dekhie garur3apurANa ( 1, adhyAya 136) / zrAddhavrata: kezava pratimA ke samakSa ziva pratimA para candana - lepa lagAnA tathA jaladhenu evaM ghRtadhenu kA dAna ; sabhI pApoM se mukti evaM ziva-loka-prApti; saMvatsara-vrata devatA ziva; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 863, padmapurANa se uddharaNa) / zrAvaNa-kRtya : kRtyakalpataru (nayatakAlika, 395 - 397 ) ; kRtya ratnAkara (218-254); varSakriyAkaumudI ( 292 ); kRtyatattva ( 437 - 438); nirNayasindhu ( 109-122 ) smRtikaustubha ( 148-200 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 215 -222) / zrAvaNa meM bahuta-se mahatvapUrNa vrata kiye jAte haiM, yathA - nAgapaMcamI, azUnyazayanavrata, kRSNa janmASTamI jinakA ullekha yahA~ para yathAsthAna kiyA gayA hai / yahA~ para kucha bAteM dI jA rahI haiN| aisI dhAraNA hai ki una nadiyoM ko chor3akara jo sIdhe samudra meM giratI haiM, anya nadiyA~ usa samaya rajasvalA ( mAsika dharma meM ) kahI jAtI haiM.

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vrata-sUcI 217 jaba ki sUrya karka evaM siMha rAzi meM hotA hai, usa samaya unameM snAna nahIM kiyA jAtA, jo dhArAe~ 1008 dhanu lambI nahIM hotIM, ve nadiyA~ nahIM kahalAtIM. ve kevala chidra yA garta kahalAtI haiN| dekhie gobhilasmRti (11141. 142); nirNayasindhu (109-110); (eka dhana 4 haath)| zrAvaNa meM katipaya deva vibhinna tithiyoM para pavitrAropaNavrata (dekhie isI sUcI meM) para bulAye jAte haiM; zrAvaNa meM prati somavAra ko upavAsa karanA cAhie yA nakta-vidhi karanI cAhie (smRtikaustubha 139); donoM pakSoM kI navamiyoM para kaumArI nAma se durgA kI pUjA karanI cAhie (kRtyaratnAkara 244, smRtikaustubha 200); tamila pradezoM meM zrAvaNa kRSNa 1 ko sabhI vaidika brAhmaNa gAyatrI kA japa 1008 bAra karate haiN| zrAvaNa kI amAvAsyA ko kuzotpATinI kahA jAtA hai kyoMki usa dina kuza ekatra kiye jAte haiM (kRtyaratnAkara 316, smRtikaustubha 252) / isa amAvAsyA para aputravatI nAriyA~ yA ve nAriyA~, jinakI santAna bacapana meM hI mara jAtI hai, upavAsa karatI haiM, brahmANI evaM anya mAtAoM kI pratimAoM ke lie ATha kalaza sthApita karatI haiN| zrAvaNikAvata : mArgazIrSa zukla 8 evaM 14 para; snAna karake madhyAhna ke samaya kartA ko kaI nAriyoM yA eka nArI (yadi vaha dhanahIna ho) yA sucaritra brAhmaNa sagotra nAriyoM evaM eka vidvAn evaM sucaritravAn brAhmaNa ko Amantrita karanA cAhie, unake caraNoM ko pakhAranA cAhie, unheM arghya denA cAhie, gandha Adi se unakI pUjA karanI cAhie tathA bhojana denA cAhie; nAriyoM ke samakSa sUtoM evaM mAlAoM se AvRta 12 jalapUrNa ghaTa rakhe jAne cAhie, apane sira eka ghaTa rakhanA cAhie tathA kezava kA dhyAna karanA cAhie, prArthanA karanI cAhie ki vaha pitR-RNoM, deva-RNoM evaM manuSya-RNoM se mukta ho jAye; nAriyA~ AzIrvacana detI haiM - aisA hI ho'; tithivrata; devatA zrAvaNya nAmaka deviyA~, jo brahmA se jAkara kartA jo kucha acchA yA burA karatA hai, kahatI haiM; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 134-139, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| zrIpaMcamI : (1) mArgazIrSa zukla 5 para lakSmI kI svarNima, rajata, tAmra, kASTha yA miTTI kI pratimA kA nirmANa yA kisI vastra-khaNDa para usakA citra khIMca kara puSpoM se pUjA tathA ApAdamastaka pUjA; pativratA nAriyoM kA kuMkuma, puSpoM, bhojana evaM praNAma Adi se sammAna ; eka ghRtapUrNa pAtra ke sAtha eka prastha cAvala kA dAna tathA 'lakSmI mujhase prasanna hoM' aisA kahanA ; pratyeka mAsa meM lakSmI ke vibhinna nAmoM se aisA hI eka varSa taka karanA; anta meM eka maNDapa meM lakSmI-pratimA-pUjana, pratimA kA eka gAya ke sAtha dAna tathA sAphalya ke lie zrI se prArthanA; 21 pIr3hiyoM taka samRddhi; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 537-543, bhaviSyottarapurANa, adhyAya 37 / 1-58 se kucha vibhinnatA ke sAtha uddharaNa); (2) saphalatA ke lie anya vrata hai zravaNa-nakSatra yA uttarAphAlgunI evaM somavAra ke sAtha paMcamo para; cautha para ekabhakta; dUsare dina bilva vRkSa kI pUjA, jisake nIce ATha dizAoM meM ATha kalaza rakhe rahate haiM ; ina kalazoM meM pavitra jala, ratna, dUrvA, zveta kamala Adi chor3e jAte haiM; lakSmI kI prArthanA evaM pUjA; kalaza ke madhya meM nArAyaNa kA AvAhana evaM nArAyaNa-pratimA-pUjana; eka varSa taka yA jaba taka saphalatA na prApta ho jAye ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 546-552, garuDapurANa se uddharaNa); (3) mAgha zukla 5 para jalapUrNa pAtra meM yA zAlagrAma prastara para lakSmI pUjA, kyoMki usa dina ve viSNu ke Adeza para isa vizva meM AyIM ; bhujabalanibandha (pR0 363, pANDulipi) ke mata se pUjA kunda puSpoM se hotI hai; kRtyatattva (457-458); puruSArthacintAmaNi (98) ke mata se pUjA mAgha zukla 5 ko kintu smRtikaustubha (479) ke mata se usa dina kAma evaM rati kI pUjA hotI hai aura vasantotsava kiyA jAtA hai; (4) caitra zukla 5 para lakSmI-pUjA; jIvana bhara samRddhi kI prApti; nIlamatapurANa (pR0 62, zloka 766-768); smRtikaustubha (92) / 28

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218 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zrIprAptivata : (1) hemAdri (vrata0 1, 575, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) ke mata se jo kamala meM rakha kara lakSmI-pratimA kA pUjana karatA hai, vaha eka yajJa kA phala prApta karatA hai; (2) vaizAkha pUrNimA ke uparAnta pahalI tithi para prArambha ; eka mAsa taka puSpoM-phaloM Adi se nArAyaNa evaM lakSmI kI pUjA; dhAna evaM bilva phala se homa ; dUdha evaM dUdha se bane padArthoM se brahma-bhoja; jyeSTa meM tIna dinoM taka upavAsa ; sone evaM do vastroM kA dAna ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 751, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 211 / 1-5 se uddhrnn)| zrIvRkSanavamI : bhAdrapada zukla navamI para ; sUryodaya para tila, gehU~ se bane padArthoM Adi se bilva per3a kI sAta bAra pUjA; usase prArthanA karanA evaM use praNAma karanA; usa dina binA Aga para pake bhojana (yathA dahI, phala Adi) ko bhUmi para rakha kara khAnA, tela evaM namaka na khAnA; tithivrata ; devatA lakSmI kA nivAsa bilva ; pIr3A-kleza se mukti evaM dhana-prApti kA lAbha; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 887-888; bhaviSyottarapurANa 6011-10 se uddhrnn)| zrIvata : (1) caitra zukla paMcamI tithi para kevala eka bAra lakSmI-pUjana se eka varSa ke pUjana ke lAbha prApta hote haiM ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 575, viSNudharmottarapurANa se eka zloka); (2) caitra zukla tRtIyA para bhAta evaM ghRta kA sevana, evaM rAtri meM bhUmi-zayana ; caturthI para ghara ke bAhara (nadI Adi meM) snAna, paMcamI para vAstavika yA nirmita kamala para ghRta-dIpa se lakSmI-pUjana, zrIsUkta se kamala ke daloM tathA bilvapatroM ke sAtha homa ; paryApta dUdha evaM ghRta se brahma-bhoja; haviSya bhojana ; eka varSa taka ; zaurya, saundarya evaM svAsthya kI prApti ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 466-468, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 154 / 1-15 se uddhrnn)| SaT-tilA-dvAdazI : phAlguna kRSNa 12 para jaba zravaNa-nakSatra ho tila se devoM kI pUjA; tila kA homa, mandiroM meM tila se dIpa jalAnA, tila-dAna, pitaroM ko tila-yukta jala se tarpaNa denA tathA tila khAnA; viSNu ne isa tithi para upavAsa kiyA thA tathA apane pitaroM ko tila evaM piNDa diye the; kRtyaratnAkara (519) / / SaT-tilI : jo mAgha zukla ekAdazI para, jaba ki candra mRgazirA nakSatra meM ho, upavAsa karatA hai tathA dvAdazI ko tila-sambandhI 6 kriyAe~ karatA hai vaha pApoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| varSa kriyAkaumudI (505); tithitattva (113-114); gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 151) / tila ke 6 kRtyaM ye haiM--zarIra para tila uvaTanA; tilayukta jala se snAna, tila se homa, tila-dAna, tila-jala se pitR-tarpaNa evaM tila-bhojana ; milAie kRtyaratnAkara (519) / SaDakSara-mantra : mahAzvetA mantra meM 6 akSara haiM, hemAdri (vrata0 2, 521); dUsarA hai 'khakholkAya namaH' kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 9) / SaNamUtivrata : caitra zukla 6 para 6 RtuoM kI pUjA kA Arambha ; Rtu-vrata; devatA Rtue~; krama se phaloM evaM puSpoM, rUkSa vastuoM (grISma meM), mIThI vastuoM (varSA meM), bhojana evaM lavaNa (zarada meM), kaTu (tikta) evaM amla (khaTTe) padArthoM (hemanta meM), tIkSNa padArthoM (zizira meM) se 6 RtuoM kA sammAna karanA ; pratyeka SaSThI para upavAsa, nakta-vidhi (5 prakAra ke padArthoM kA tyAga, kevala Rtu-sambandhI padArthoM kA hI sevana); eka varSa taka ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 858-859, viSNudharmottarapurANa 31156 / 1-7 se uddhrnn)| SaSTivata : matsyapurANa (101 / 1-83) meM 60 vratoM kA ullekha hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 439-451); inheM rudra ne apanI patnI ko batAyA hai| SaSThIdevI : brahmavaivarta (2 / 43 / 3-72) meM AyA hai ki SaSThI, maMgalacaNDI evaM manasA prakRti ke aMza haiM, SaSThI baccoM kI devI haiM, unheM mAtAoM meM devasenA kahA gayA hai, ve skanda kI patnI haiM, ve baccoM kI rakSA karatI haiM,

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vata-sUcI 219 unheM dIrgha jIvana detI haiM; isa purANa meM sUtikA-gRha meM zizu-janma ke chaThe dina devI-pUjA kI kathA AyI hai; sUtikA-SaSThI ke lie dekhie kRtyatattva (471-475) / SaSThIvrata : (1) paMcamI ko upavAsa; 6 yA 7 ko sUryapUjA; azvamedha-yajJa kA lAbha; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 627, brahmapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) zukla 6 para jaba maMgala hotA hai; vibhinna mAsoM meM vrata karanA; akSaya phala kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 627-628, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| SaSThIvata (bahuvacana meM) : bhaviSyapurANa (1139-46), bhaviSyottarapurANa (adhyAya 38-42) * 98-103) : yahA~ kevala 3 vrata haiM: hemAdri (vrata0 1,577-629, yahA~ 21 vratoM kA ullekha hai); hemAdri (kAla, 622-624); kAlanirNaya (189-192); tithitattva (34-35); samayamayUkha (42-43); puruSArthacintAmaNi (100-103); vrataratnAkara (220-236) / ___ jaba SaSThI paMcamI yA saptamI se yukta ho to sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki saptamI se yukta SaSThI para vrata evaM upavAsa karanA cAhie, kevala skandaSaSThI meM paMcamI se yukta SaSThI ko varIyatA milatI hai; kAlanirNaya (190); nirNayAmRta (48); samayamayUkha (42); puruSArthacintAmaNi (100-101); SaSThI kArtikeya (yA skanda) ko priya hai, kyoMki usa tithi para unakA janma huA thA aura usI tithi para ve devoM ke senApati banAye gaye the; bhaviSyapurANa (1139 / 1-13); hemAdri (kAla0 622, brahmapurANa se uddharaNa); kRtyakalpataru (nayatakAlika, 382-383) / kucha bAteM vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya haiN| skanda SaThI ke svAmI haiM aura prati SaSThI para sugaMdhita puSpoM, dIpoM, vastroM, kAka ke khilaunoM, ghaNTI, darpaNa evaM cAmara se unakI pUjA honI cAhie; kArtikeya kI pUjA vizeSa rUpa se rAjAoM dvArA campA ke phUloM se honI cAhie; kRtyaratnAkara (276); mArgazIrSa zukla 6 ko mahASaSThI kahA jAtA hai; hemAdri (kAla, 623-624) / dekhie nAradapurANa (1 / 45 / 1-51) jahA~ varSa ke bAraha mAsoM meM kiye jAne vAle SaSTIvratoM kA ullekha hai| saMvatsaravata : caitra zukla para Arambha ; pA~ca dinoM taka; agni, sUrya, soma, prajApati evaM mahezvara ko eka yuga ke pA~ca varSoM ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA hai, yathA--saMvatsara, parivatsara, iSTApUrta (idAvatsara? ), anuvatsara evaM udvatsara; unheM eka maNDala meM kama se nIle, zveta, lAla, zveta-pIta evaM kAle puSpoM se sthApita karanA cAhie; tila, cAvala, jau, ghI, zveta sarasoM se krama se homa karanA cAhie; pA~ca dinoM taka nakta; anta meM 5 suvarNoM kA dAna; yaha paMcamUrtivata hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 409-420, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| vaidika sAhitya meM eka yuga ke pA~ca varSoM ko vibhinna nAma diye gaye haiM; atharvaveda (6 / 55 / 3); te0 saM0 (5 / 7 / 2-3); tai0 brA0 (1 / 4 / 10 / 1) / saMvatsaravrata : (bahuvacana meM) viSNudharmottarapurANa (1182 / 8-20, yahA~ 60 varSoM ke nAma Aye haiM, yathA--prabhava, vibhava Adi); kRtyakalpataru (vratakANDa, 435-451); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 862-867) / saMvatsarArambhavidhi : hemAdri (vrata0 1, 360-365) / dekhie Upara 'caitra prtipdaa|' saMkaSTacaturthI : zrAvaNa kRSNa 4 para candrodaya (arthAt sUryAsta ke uparAnta 8 ghaTikAoM para) ke samaya gaNeza-pratimA-pUjA, eka kalaza-sthApana ; 16 upacAra; modakoM (1008, 108, 28 yA 8) kA nirmANa ; dina bhara upavAsa yA candrodaya hone taka bhojana na grahaNa karanA; jIvana bhara yA 21 varSoM taka yA eka varSa taka ; AcArya ko dAna; 21 brAhmaNoM ko bhojana ; smRtikaustubha (171-177); vrataratnAkara (120-127); varSakRtyadIpaka (68); dharmasindhu (74); yaha vrata jIvana bhara yA 21 varSoM taka kiyA jA sakatA hai| aisA kahA gayA hai ki tArakAsura ko harAne ke lie ise ziva ne bhI kiyA thaa|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa saMkaSTahara - gaNapativrata : mAgha kRSNa 4 para; tithivrata; candrodaya para devatA gaNeza; vrataratnAkara (176-188) ne vistRta ullekha kiyA hai, jisameM R0 ( 101633, 4/5016), puruSa sUkta (R0 10/90 ) ke mantra tathA nAradapurANa ke evaM anya paurANika mantra diye gaye haiM; 16 upacAra; 21 nAmoM ke sAtha gaNeza kI pUjA, utanI hI saMkhyA meM dUrvA kI zAkhAe~, utanI hI saMkhyA meM bhRGgarAja, bilva, badarI, dhattUra, zamI kI pattiyA~ evaM lAla phUla; gaNapati ke 108 nAmoM se pUjoM; anta meM pUjaka ko 5 modaka evaM dakSiNA; aisA AyA hai ki vyAsa ne yaha vrata yudhiSThira ko batAyA thA; saMkaSTa kA artha hai kaSTa yA vipatti, kaSTa' kA artha hai 'kleza', 'sam' usake Adhikya dyotaka hai| 220 saMkrAntivrata : dekhie hemAdri ( vrata0 727-743, kula 16 ) ; hemAdri ( kAla, 407-438 ) ; kRtyaratnAkara (613-621) ; kAlanirNaya ( 331-346 ) ; varSakriyAkaumudI ( 204 - 231); smRtikaustubha (531545 ) ; vrataratnAkara ( 729-738 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 357-366) / saMkrAntisnAna : dekhie gata adhyAya 11 : hemAdri ( vrata0 2,728-730, devIpurANa se uddharaNa) meM jala meM kucha DAlakara 12 saMkrAntiyoM para snAna karane kI vidhi hai / saMghaTaka-vrata : kArtika zukla 1 para Arambha, usa dina ekabhakta, dvitIyA evaM tRtIyA para upavAsa; caturthI para pAraNa; tithivrata; devatA ziva; yadi eka pakSa meM kiyA jAya to 73 mAsoM taka kintu yadi donoM pakSoM meM, to 33 mAsoM taka; eka puruSa evaM eka strI kI do svarNa pratimAoM kA nirmANa tathA paMcAmRta se snAna; jAgara; bhUmi-zayana; AcArya ko pratimA-dAna; nArI kA pati evaM putra se viyoga nahIM hotA; isa vrata se pArvatI ne ziva ko prApta kiyA; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 370 375, varAhapurANa se uddharaNa) / satkulAvAptivrata : mArgazIrSa zukla 1 para Arambha; tIna raMgoM ke puSpoM evaM lepoM se viSNu-pUjA; trimadhuro, tIna dIpoM kA arpaNa; jau evaM tila kA homa; tIna dhAtuoM ( sonA, rajata evaM tAmra ) kA dAna ; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 201 / 1-5) / satyanArAyaNa vrata : baMgAla, bihAra, uttara pradeza evaM mahArASTra meM atyanta pracalita bhaviSyapurANa ( pratisargaparva ), adhyAya 24-29 meM nirUpita; mahAmahopAdhyAya haraprasAda zAstrI ne ise musalamAnI prabhAva se AkrAnta mAnA hai| Arambhika kAla meM (aura bahuta se sthAnoM meM Aja bhI ) ise 'satyapIra kI pUjA' kahA jAtA hai; skandapurANa ke revAkhaNDa (vaMgavAsI saMskaraNa) meM ullikhita hai / dekhie je0 bI0 o0 Ara0 esa0 (jilda 16, pR0 328) jahA~ uparyukta lekhaka ne kahA hai ki 'sIna' kI muslima vidhi hinduoM dvArA satyanArAyaNa kI kathA meM apanA lI gayI / yaha vrata Adhunika madhyama varga ke logoM evaM nAriyoM meM atyadhika pracalita hai| isa vrata kI kathAoM ke lie dekhie iNDiyana eNTIkverI ( jilda 3, pR0 83-85 ) / aisA AyA hai ki viSNu ne nArada se isa vrata kA ullekha kiyA thaa| kisI bhI dina satyanArAyaNa pUjA kI jA sakatI hai; naivedya savA sera yA savA mana, jisameM kelA, ghRta, dUdha, gehU~ kA ATA, gur3a yA zarkarA sammilita rahate haiM; ye sabhI milA diye jAte haiM; yajamAna ko kathA sunanI cAhie aura prasAda grahaNa karanA cAhie; gIta, nRtya evaM jAgara; taba loga apane-apane ghara jAte haiM; isase sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti hotI hai; eka brAhmaNa, eka lakar3ahAre, sAdhu nAmaka vaNik evaM usakI putrI kalAvatI kI kathAe~; ina gAthAoM meM satyanArAyaNa pratihiMsaka evaM IrSyAlu prakaTa kiye gaye haiM; ye kathAe~ skandapurANa ke revAkhaNDa se lI gayI kahI gayI haiM / sadAvrata : ise 'annadAnamAhAtmya' kahA gayA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 469-475 ) meM bhaviSyottarapurANa kA uddharaNa AyA hai ki kRSNa ne yudhiSThira se dUsaroM ko anna (bhojana) dene kI mahattA batAyI hai aura kahA hai ki rAma

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221 vrata-sUcI evaM lakSmaNa ko brahma-bhoja na dene ke kAraNa vanavAsa bhoganA par3A, rAjA zveta ko svarga meM bhI bhUkha kI pIr3A sahanI par3I, kyoMki usane bhUkhe brAhmaNoM ko bhojana nahIM diyA thA / isa vrata kA artha hai sadA bhojana (vrata) denA / Ajakala ise 'sadAvarta', 'sadAvarta' yA 'sadAbarata' kahate haiM / hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 471 ) meM eka zloka hai 'bhojana prANiyoM kA jIvana hai, yahI unakI zakti hai, zaurya hai aura sukha hai, ataH annadAtA pratyeka vastu kA dAtA kahA jAtA hai, dekhie tai0 upa0 ( 1|1112 ) : atithi devo bhava; aura dekhie atharva 0 ( 9 / 6 ) evaM kaThopaniSad (21219) 1 1 santAnadavrata : tithivrata ; jo kArtika pUrNimA ko apanI yA dUsare kI kanyA ko vivAha meM detA hai, nadiyoM ke saMgama para upavAsa karatA hai, vaha sukhada lakSya kI prApti karatA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,238, bhaviSyotarapurANa se uddharaNa ) / santAnASTamI : caitra kRSNa 8 para; tithivrata; kRSNa evaM devakI kI pUjA; upavAsa; eka varSa ke lie; cAra mAsoM kI avadhi meM aSTamI para kRSNa- pratimA kA ghI se snAna evaM ghI kA dAna hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 846 -847, viSNudharmottarapurANa, 3 / 21711-11 kA uddharaNa ) / saMdhyA : sUryodaya ke pUrva evaM sUryAsta ke uparAnta tIna ghaTikAoM ( 72 minaToM) kI avadhi; isa avadhi meM nimnalikhita cAra kArya nahIM kiye jAne cAhie - bhojana karanA, sambhoga karanA, sonA evaM vedAdhyayana; hemAdri (kAla, 694-697); puruSArthavintAmaNi ( 46 ) ; bRhajjAtaka ( 7 / 1) para utpala ne varAha ko uddhRta karake likhA hai ki sUrya ke kSitija ke nIce cale jAne tathA tAroM ke prakaTa hone tathA pUrva meM ardha-candra ke prakAza hone taka kI avadhi ko saMdhyA kahate haiM / i saptadvIpavrata : caitra zukla 1 se prArambha; sAta dinoM taka krama se sAta dvIpoM, yathA -- jambU, zAka (zakoM kA ), kuza, krauMca, zAlmali, gomeda evaM puSkara kI pUjA; ghI se homa evaM sAta dhAnyoM kA dAna nakta-vidhi evaM bhUmi-zayana; eka varSa; cA~dI se bane dvIpoM kI AkRti kA dAna ; kalpAnta taka svarga meM sthiti; viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 159 / 197) / saptamI - nirNaya : jaba saptamI paSThI evaM aSTamI se viddha hoto saptamI kA vrata SaSThI se viddha saptamI para honA cAhie, kintu yadi kisI kAraNa se SaSThI se yukta saptamI na mAnI jAya to aSTamI se yukta saptamI grahaNa karanI cAhie; kAlanirNaya ( 192-194 ) ; tithitattva ( 35-36 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi 103-104) / saptamIlokavrata : saptamI para sAta lokoM kI pUjA; isase mahAn jJAna evaM advitIya sthiti kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 792, viSNudharmottarapurANa se eka zloka ) / saptamIvrata : ( bahuvacana meM ) matsyapurANa (adhyAya 74 -80 ) ; padmapurANa (5 / 21 / 215-321 ) ; bhavi - SyottarapurANa (43-53); nAradapurANa ( 1 / 11611-72 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 103-225, kula 44 vrata ) ; ( vrata0 1,632-810, 62 vrata ); varSakriyAkaumudI ( 35-38); tithitattva (36 -40 ) ; vrataratnAkara ( 231-255 ) / saptamI pUjA kI prazaMsA ke lie dekhie viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 169 / 1-7) / saptamIsnApana : matsyapurANa (68 / 1-42 ) ne vizada varNana kiyA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 763-768) / ise rogoM, durbhAgyoM, klezoM evaM zizu mRtyuoM ko rokane ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| yaha naSTasantAna vAlI nArI se utpanna zizu ke sAtaveM mAsa meM yA zukla 7 para kiyA jAtA hai, kintu janmatithi para nahIM kiyA jAtA ; cAvala evaM dUdha kI AhutiyA~ sUrya, rudra evaM mAtAoM ko dI jAtI haiM. sUrya ke lie R0 rudra ke lie R0 ( 1143 ) kI RcAe~ sunAyI jAtI haiM; arka evaM palAza kI (1 / 50) kI RcAe~ tathA samidhAe~, jau, kAla tila

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 222 evaM ghRta kI 108 AhutiyA~; cAra dizAoM meM cAra kalaza, madhya meM pA~cavA~ kalaza, sabhI kalazoM meM ratna, sarvoSadhiyA~, kaI sthAnoM kI miTTI DAlI jAtI hai, sAta vivAhita striyA~ naSTa- santAna nArI ke Upara jala kA mArjana karatI haiM tathA sUrya, candra evaM devoM kA AvAhana bacce kI surakSA ke lie karatI haiM; AcArya ko yama kI svarNapratimA dI jAtI hai; sUrya evaM kapilA gAya kI pUjA; kartA devoM ko arpita kiye gaye bhojana ko prasAda rUpa meM grahaNa karatA hai / saptamUrti : ( bahuvacana meM ) viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 157-166) / saptarSivrata : ( 1 ) saptarSiyoM kI pUjA se una RSiyoM taka pahu~ca evaM RSisthiti prApta hotI hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 791, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) caitra zukla se sAta dinoM ke lie sAta RSiyoM, yathA - marIci, atri, aMgirA, pulastya, pulaha, Rtu evaM vasiSTha kI phaloM, puSpoM, gAya ke dUdha se pUja; una dinoM naktavidhi; tila evaM mahAvyAhRtiyoM se homa, eka varSa taka; anta meM agnihotrI ko kRSNa hariNa kA carma denA; mokSa prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,508, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 165 / 1-7 se uddharaNa) / saptavAravrata : kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 25-27 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata02, 520 - 592 ) ; kRtyaratnAkara (593-604) / saptamyarka vrata : rAjamArtaNDa ( zloka 1172-1173) / sapta saptamIkalpa : zukla pakSa meM kisI ravivAra ko; jaba sUrya uttarAyaNa kA Arambha karatA hai aura jaba koI puruSa nakSatra hotA hai; sabhI sAta saptamiyoM para brahmacarya pAlana, nakta vidhi; 7 saptamiyA~ isa prakAra haiMarkasampuTa, marica, nimba, phala, anodanA, vijayA evaM kAmikI; pA~cavIM para ekabhakta tathA chaThI para saMbhoga - varjana evaM madhu tathA mAMsa kA tyAga pattoM para sAta nAma likhakara eka ghaTa meM DAlakara kisI bacce se (jo ina sAta nAmoM ke artha ko nahIM jAnatA ) eka pattA nikalavAnA aura use sAtavIM saptamI mAnanA; eka varSa taka; sabhI AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti evaM sUryaloka taka pahu~ca; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 189 - 191 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 687-689, bhaviSyapurANa 11208 / 2 - 32 se uddharaNa) / saptasAgara vrata yA sapta samudra-vrata : caitra zukla 1 se prArambha krama se suprabhA, kAMcanAkSA, vizAlA, mAnasodbhavA, meghanAdA, suveNu evaM vimalodakA kI pUjA; unake nAma para dahI se homa; brAhmaNoM ko dahI se yukta bhoja eka varSa taka tIrthasthAna para kisI brAhmaNa ko sAta vastroM kA dAna; ise sArasvata vrata bhI kahA jAtA hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 507, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / uparyukta sarasvatI nadI kI saMjJAe~ yA usakI sahAyaka nadiyoM ke nAma haiM, ataH 'sArasvata' nAma adhika upayukta lagatA hai / dekhie viSNudharmottara 0 ( 3 / 164 / 17) | saptasundaraka-vrata : pArvatI kI, usake sAta nAmoM, yathA - kumudA, mAdhavI, gaurI, bhavAnI, pArvatI, umA evaM ambikA ke sAtha pUjA; sAta dinoM taka sAta kumAriyoM (lagabhaga 8 varSIyA ) ko bhojana denA; 6 dinoM taka uparyukta sAta nAmoM meM kisI eka kA prayoga tathA 'kumudA prasanna hoM' aisA kahanA sAtaveM dina sAtoM kA AvAhana tathA gandha, puSpa Adi tathA pAna, sindUra, nAriyala Adi se sammAna karanA; pUjA ke uparAnta pratyeka ke sAmane darpaNa dikhAnA; isase saundarya evaM saubhAgya kI prApti tathA pApa mukti hotI hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 886887, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / ; samudravrata : caitra zukla 1 se prArambha; sAta dinoM taka pratidina; lavaNa, dUdha, ghI, dadhimaNDa, jalamizrita madirA, gannA ke rasa evaM mIThe dahI se pUjA ; rAtri meM haviSya-bhojana; ghI se homa; eka varSa taka; anta meM eka dudhArU gAya kA dAna ; rAjA sampUrNa vizva kA adhipati ho jAtA hai; svAsthya, dhana evaM svarga kI

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vrata-sUcI 223 prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 464-465, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 160 / 1-7 se uddharaNa) / kabhI-kabhI samudra ke sAta prakAra kahe gaye haiM, yathA vAyupurANa (49 / 123) evaM kUrmapurANa (1 / 45 / 4) meM, aura ve haiM lavaNa, Ikha ke rasa, madya, dUdha, ghI, dahI evaM jala ke smudr| samudra-snAna : pUrNimA evaM amAvAsyA jaise parvadinoM para samudra meM snAna karanA cAhie, kintu maMgalavAra evaM zukravAra ko nahIM; samudra evaM azvattha vRkSa kA sammAna karanA cAhie, kintu unheM chUnA nahIM cAhie, kintu zanivAra ko azvattha kA sparza kiyA jA sakatA hai ; setu arthAt rAmezvaram meM snAna karane ke lie kAla sambandhI koI avarodha nahIM hai; dharmasindha (36) / sampad-gaurIdAta : mAgha zukla 1para ; kumbha mAsa meM sabhI vivAhita evaM avivAhita nAriyoM ke lie| sampad-prata : paMcamI ko lakSmI-pUjana evaM upavAsa ; eka varSa taka ; varSa ke anta meM kalaza meM kucha sonA rakhakara dAna ; kartA pratyeka janma meM dhanI hotA hai aura viSNu-loka jAtA hai; yaha SaSThI kA vrata hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 441-442, matsyapurANa 101 / 19-20); varSakriyAkaumudI (34, matsyapurANa se uddhrnn)| sampUTa-saptamI : dekhie Upara 'arksmpuuttsptmii'| sampUrNavata : kisI truTi yA avarodha yA vighnavinAyakoM dvArA dUSita kiye gaye sabhI vratoM ko yaha vrata pUrNa kara detA hai; kisI deva kI apUrNa pUjA meM usa deva kI svarNa yA rajata pratimA kA nirmANa karanA cAhie ; usake nirmANa ke eka mAsa uparAnta kisI brAhmaNa dvArA use dUdha, dahI, ghI evaM jala se snAna karAkara puppoM Adi se pUjA karanI cAhie tathA candana lepa se sikta jalapUrNa kalaza se usa deva ko arghya denA cAhie aura apUrNa pUjA ko pUrNa karane ke nimitta prArthanA karanI cAhie aura 'svAhA' ke sAtha AhutiyA~ dI jAnI cAhie; AcArya dvArA 'tumhArI apUrNa pUjA pUrNa ho gayI hai' kahA jAnA caahie| purANa ne jor3A hai--'deva brAhmaNoM kI bAta mAna lete haiM; brAhmaNoM meM sabhI deva avasthita rahate haiM; unake vacana asatya nahIM hote'; hemAdri (vrata0 2,876-879, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| samprApti-dvAdazI : pauSa kRSNa 12 para; acyuta (kRSNa) kI pUjA; nAstikoM Adi se na bolanA; varSa ke do bhAgoM meM ; pauSa se 6 mAsoM meM kramazaH puNDarIkAkSa ke rUpa meM, mAdhava rUpa meM (mAgha meM), vizva rUpa rUpa meM (phAlguna meM), puruSottama rUpa meM (caitra meM), acyuta rUpa meM (vaizAkha meM) tathA jaya rUpa meM (jyeSTha meM); prathama 6 mAsoM meM snAma evaM bhojana meM tila kA prayoga ; ASAr3ha se Age ke 6 mAsoM meM paMcagavya ; ina 6 mAsoM meM bhI pUrvokta nAmoM se hI pUjA; ekAdazI ko vrata tathA dvAdazI ko nakta yA ekabhakta; varSa ke anta meM eka gAya, vastra, hiraNya, anna, bhojana, Asana evaM palaMga kA 'kezava prasanna hoM' ke sAtha dAna ; sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti, isI se vrata kA nAma samprApti hai; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1094-1095, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| sambhoga-vrata : do prathama evaM do paMcamI tithiyoM para upavAsa ; sUrya kA dhyAna, patnI ke sAtha leTe hue bhI na to prema pradarzita karanA aura na saMbhoga karanA; aisA karane se sahasroM varSoM ke tapa ke barAbara phala hotA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 388); hemAdri (vrata0 2,394, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| sarasvatIpUjAvidhi : Azvina zukla meM mUla-nakSatra para sarasvatI kA AvAhana, pratidina pUjA aura zravaNa (jo mUla se cauthA nakSatra hai) para visarjana vula ; cAra dinoM taka sAmAnyataH Azvina zukla 7 se 10 taka ; vratarAja (248-249); varSakRtyadIpaka (93 evaM 268-269); donoM granthoM meM aisA AyA hai ki ina dinoM adhyayana, adhyApana evaM pustaka-lekhana vajita hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sarasvatIsthApana : Azvina zukla navamI para sarasvatI ko pustakoM meM sthApita kiyA jAtA hai; varSakRtya dIpaka ( 92-93 evaM 268-269 ) / tamila dezoM meM eka viziSTa sarasvatI-pUjA hotI hai, jisameM bar3e-bUr3hoM evaM choToM kI pustakeM ekatra kI jAtI haiM, kanyAe~ evaM vivAhita nAriyA~ apanI saMgIta-pustakeM evaM vINA lAtI haiM aura saba kI pUjA sarasvatI ke rUpa meM kI jAtI hai| zilpakAroM evaM zramikoM meM Aja ke dina AyudhapUjA ( unake vyApArika yantroM kI pUjA) hotI hai / 224 sarita: manonukUla nadI kI pUjA; puNya prApta hotA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 790, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); kucha loga ise saptamI - vratoM ke antargata rakhate haiN| sarpapaMcamI : paMcamI ko payovrata karanA cAhie, kisI brAhmaNa ko eka svarNa- sarpa kA dAna karanA cAhie; isase sarpoM se bhaya nahIM hotA, hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 567, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa) / sarpabali : dekhie smRtikaustubha ( 170 - 171 ) / sarpaviSApaha paMcamI : zrAvaNa kRSNa 5 para; dvAra ke donoM ora gobara se sarpoM kI AkRti banAnA; gehU~, dUdha, bhune annoM, dahI, dUrvAzAkhAoM, puSpoM Adi se unakI pUjA; sarpa prasanna ho jAte haiM, sAta pIr3hiyoM taka sarpoM kA bhaya nahIM rahatA; hemAdri ( vrata0 1,564-565, skandapurANa ke prabhAsa khaNDa se uddharaNa ) ; kRtyakalpataru (94, bhaviSyapurANa 1 / 32 / 62-64 se uddharaNa ) ; hemAdri ( 0 1,564 ) / sarvakAmavrata : (1) mAgha kRSNa 14 para pitaroM kI pUjA; yajJa karane kA puNya; hemAdri ( vrata02, 155, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) mArgazIrSa 11 para upavAsa, candra tathA maMgala, sUrya, nirRti ( mRtyu evaM vipatti kI devI ), varuNa, agni, rudra, mRtyu, durgA Adi 11 devI-devatAoM kI pUjA; eka varSa taka; anta meM eka godAna; rudraloke kI prApti hemAdri ( vrata0 1 1151, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / sarva kAmAvAtivrata : isameM kArtika se 12 mAlAe~ (saraNiyA~) hotI haiM; kArtika pUrNimA para par3ane vAlI kRttikA para upavAsa evaM eka varSa taka gandha, puSpoM Adi se narasiMha - pUjA varSa ke anta meM zveta bachar3e ke sAtha eka zveta gAya evaM cA~dI kA dAna; zatruoM se mukti; mArgazIrSa se Age Azvina taka, usa nakSatra para upavAsa jisake uparAnta pUrNimAe~ jJApita hotI haiM tathA kRSNa, unake rUpoM evaM avatAroM kI vibhinna nAmoM se ( mArgazIrSa meM ananta, pauSa meM baladeva, mAgha meM varAha . 1) pUjA; varSa ke anta meM kiye gaye dAna vibhinna hote haiM; isase sabhI kAmanAe~ pUrNa hotI haiM, pApa naSTa hote haiM aura svarga-prApti hotI hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,655-659, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / ; sarvagandha (sabhI sugandhita dravya ) / ye vibhinna DhaMgoM se ullikhita haiM / hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 44 ) ne do rUpa diye haiM : (1) karpUra, candana, kastUrI evaM kuMkuma ko barAbara mAtrA meM sarvagandha kahA jAtA hai; (2) karpUra, aguru, kastUrI, candana, kakkola / sarvaphalatyAga : mArgazIrSa zukla 3, 8, 12 yA 14 para yA anya bhAsoM kI inhIM tithiyoM para ; brAhmaNoM ko pAyasa kA bhoja; eka varSa taka 18 dhAnyoM meM koI eka dhAnya, sabhI phaloM evaM kandoM kA tyAga, kintu oSadhi ke rUpa meM inakA grahaNa ho sakatA hai; rudra, unake baila evaM dharmarAja (yama) kI svarNa - pratimAoM kA nirmANa; svarNa, rajata evaM tAmra ke 16 citra, pratyeka dala meM bar3e-bar3e phala ( yathA bela Adi), choTe-choTe phala ( udumbara, nAriyala), kanda ( suvarNakanda Adi ) ; anarAzi para do jalapUrNa kalaza; eka palaMga; ye sabhI padArtha eka gAya ke sAtha kisI gRhastha brAhmaNa ko de diye jAte haiM; 'mujhe akSaya phala prApta ho kA kathana; matsyapurANa (96 / 1-25) /

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vrata-sUcI 225 sarvamaMgala trayodazI : prati mAsa zukla 13 para ekabhakta yA nakta yA upavAsa tathA kRSNa, balabhadra evaM maMgalA (durgA) devI (jise aMkAkA kahA jAtA hai) kI pUjA; ina tInoM ke smaraNa yA ina tInoM kI pratimAoM kI pUjA evaM puSpa, mAMsa evaM maMdirA arpaNa se sabhI kaThinAiyoM para vijaya; hemAdri ( vrata0 2,16-17, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) ; kRSNa ne yudhiSThira se kahA thA ki unake guru sAndIpani ne jaba dakSiNA ke rUpa meM unase apane mRta putra ko jIvita kara dene ko kahA to unhoMne ( kRSNa ne ) devI kA dhyAna kiyA aura mRta putra ko punarjIvita kara diyA / sarvavrata : zanivAra ko par3ane vAlI zukla 13 para ziva pUjA tathA upavAsa; mahApAtakoM se mukti ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2 24) / sarvApti vrata : yaha caturmUtivrata hai; eka varSa taka cAra mAsoM kI tIna avadhiyoM meM; viSNu ke cAra rUpa hai : bala, jJAna, aizvarya evaM zakti, vAsudeva, saMkarSaNa, rudra evaM aniruddha pUrva, dakSiNa, pazcima evaM uttara kI cAra dizAoM ke cAra mukha haiM jo bala, jJAna Adi rUpoM ke pratinidhi haiM; caitra se Age ke cAra mAsoM meM pUrva se uttara ke rUpoM kI pUjA; kisI brAhmaNa ko diye jAne vAle dAna-padArtha caitra meM gRhasthI ke lie upayogI hote haiM, vaizAkha meM yuddha - sAmagrI ke yogya, jyeSTha meM kRSi ke lie upayogI tathA ASAr3ha meM yajJa ke lie upayogI hote haiM; yahI vidhi Age kI avadhiyoM meM, yathA zrAvaNa tathA mArgazIrSa se Arambha hone vAle mAsoM meM lAgU hotI haiM; svarga kI prApti, indraloka evaM viSNu se sAlokya kI upalabdhi hemAdri ( vrata0 2,502-503, viSNudharmottara0 3 / 140 / 1-13 se uddharaNa) / sarvAptisaptamI : mAgha kRSNa 7 para; dhyAnapUrvaka sUrya pUjA; eka varSa taka; varSa kI do avadhiyoM meM; prathama 6 mAsoM meM tila kA snAna evaM bhojana meM prayoga, ina mAsoM meM sUrya ke nAma krama se mAgha mAsa se ye haiM : mArtaNDa, arka, citrabhAnu, vibhAvasu, bhaga evaM haMsa, dUsarI avadhi ke 6 mAsoM meM snAna evaM bhojana meM paMcagavya kA prayoga; rAtri meM bhojana kintu namaka evaM tela kA tyAga; sabhI icchAoM kI pUrti; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 168 - 169 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 735-736, bhaviSyapurANa 1 / 108 / 1-12 se uddharaNa) / sarvoSadhi : mukhya oSadhiyA~, yathA-murA, mAMsI, vacA, kuSTha, zailaja, do haridrAe~, zuNThI (sUkhI adarakha ), campaka evaM mustA; agnipurANa ( 177|13 ) ; madanaratna (zAnti para ) ; kRtyakalpataru (zAntika) ; varSa kriyAkImudI (212, dasa nAma Aye haiM); puruSArthacintAmaNi (307 ) ; vratarAja ( 16, dasa nAma kintu vibhinna rUpa se ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, pR0 49 ) meM AyA hai - 'kuSTha mAMsI haridve dve murA zaileyacandanam / vacA campaka muste ca sarvoSadhyo daza smRtAH // ' sapa saptamI : tithivrata; devatA sUrya sAta saptamiyoM para kartA sUryAbhimukha ho apanI hathelI para paMcagavya yA anya drava padArtha rakhatA hai tathA prathama se sAtavIM saptamI taka krama se eka se Arambha kara sAta sarasoM rakhakara unheM dekhatA hai aura apane mana meM koI kAmanA karatA hai tathA sarasoM se sambandhita mantra kA uccAraNa kara binA dA~ta milAye pI jAtA hai; homa evaM japa, putroM, dhana evaM kAmanAoM kI prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 686 - 687, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa), kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 187 - 188 ) / sasyotsava : ( taiyAra ho gaye anAjoM kA utsava ) zukla pakSa meM kisI zubha tithi, nakSatra evaM muhUrta para kheta meM saMgIta, gAna ke sAtha jAnA, agni jalAkara homa karanA, kucha pake anAja lekara vaidika mantroM ke sAtha devo evaM pitaroM ko arpita karanA; kartA dahI se milAkara pakA anna khAtA hai aura utsava karatA hai; hemAdri ( vrata 2, 914, brahmapurANa) 1 c 29

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sahabhojanavidhi : sahasra brAhmaNoM ko bhoja dene kI vidhi; smRtikaustubha ( 454-455, baudhAyana sUtra kA uddharaNa) / ise apane ghara yA kisI mandira meM karanA cAhie; pake bhojana se tathA ghRta se homa, viSNu ke 12 nAmoM, yathA -- kezava, nArAyaNa Adi kA prayoga; bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke dAna / 226 sAgaravrata : yaha caturmUtivrata hai; mAsavrata; zrAvaNa se cAra mAsoM taka; cAra jalapUrNa ghaToM ko cAra samudroM ke rUpa meM ( hari ke cAra rUpa, yathA - vAsudeva, saMkarSaNa Adi) pUjanA; ina mAsoM ke sabhI dinoM meM kisI nadI meM snAna; pratidina homa; kArtika ke antima dina meM brAhmaNoM ko sammAna evaM tila ke tela kA dAna ; svarga prApti hemAdri ( vrata0 2,829, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 145 / 1-6 se uddharaNa) / sAdhanadazamIvrata : zukla evaM kRSNa kI dazamI para yaha ekAdazI kA eka aMga hai; ahalyAkAmadhenu ( pANDulipi 640 ) / sAdhyavrata : mArgazIrSa zukla 12 para; tithivrata; devatA sAdhya gaNa; eka varSa taka; sAdhya gaNa 12 ardhadeva kahe jAte haiM; hemAdri ( vrata0 1 1173, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 | 18111- 3 se uddharaNa); viSNudharmottarapurANa ne 12 sAdhyoM ke nAma diye haiM / sAmavrata : yaha saMvatsaravrata hai; eka varSa taka gobara se bane vRtta meM ziva evaM kRSNa kI pratimA ko snAna karAnA; anta meM kisI sAmavedI brAhmaNa ko tiladhenu ke sAtha eka svarNaghaTa kA dAna ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 442-443, matsyapurANa 101 / 25-26 se uddharaNa); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 864, padmapurANa ke zloka ) / sArasvatavrata : (1) yaha saMvatsaravrata hai; matsyapurANa (66 / 3-18 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 435-436 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 553-555; zukla pakSa kI usa tithi para jisake apane priya devatA svAmI hoM yA paMcamI para, ravivAra ko yA kisI zubha dina para Arambha; donoM saMdhyAoM meM evaM bhojana karate samaya mauna vrata; sarasvatI pUjA tathA suvAsiniyoM (sadhavA nAriyoM) kA sammAna padmapurANa ( 5 / 22 / 178-194 ) ; bhaviSyottarapurANa ( 35 / 3-19); (2) eka varSa taka donoM saMdhyAoM meM mauna sAdhana; varSa ke anta meM ghRtapUrNa ghaTa, do vastroM, tila evaM eka ghaNTe kA dAna ; sarasvatI - loka kI prApti; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 441 ) ; hemAdri (vrata0 2,862, padmapurANa se uddharaNa) ; yaha matsyapurANa ( 101 / 17-18) meM varNita hai; (3) caitra zukla 1 se prArambha kara sAta dinoM taka ; suprabhA, kAMcanAkSI, vizAlA, mAnasarovara, trinAdA, suveNu, vimalodakA ( ye sabhI sarasvatI ke yA usakI zAkhAoM ke nAma haiM) kI pUjA; pratidina dahI se homa; dahI se mizrita brahma-bhoja; rAta meM ghRta ke sAtha bhAta khAnA; eka varSa taka; anta meM arthAt phAlguna kRSNa meM antima sAta dinoM taka eka se Arambha kara krama se sAta vastroM kA dAna ; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 164 / 1-7) / sArvabhaumavrata : kArtika zukla 10 se Arambha; usa dina dahI evaM pake bhojana se nakta-vidhi; pavitra bhojana se dasa dizAoM kI pUjA; vibhinna raMgoM ke puSpoM evaM bhojya padArthoM se brAhmaNoM kA sammAna; eka varSa taka; jo rAjA ise karatA hai, vaha vijayI evaM samrAT ho jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 309 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 992993), donoM meM varAhapurANa (65 / 1-6 ) se uddharaNa; kRtyaratnAkara (420 ) ; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 164-1-7) / sAvitrIvrata: dekhie gata adhyAya 4 / siMhastha-guru : jaba bRhaspati siMha rAzi meM rahatA hai to zatru para AkramaNa, vivAha, upanayana, gRha praveza, devapratimA sthApanA tathA koI bhI zubha kArya nahIM kiyA jAtA hai; malamAsatattva ( pR0 828 ) ; bhujabalanibandha ( pR0 274 ); zuddhikaumudI ( pR0 222 ) / aisA vizvAsa hai ki siMhastha bRhaspati meM sabhI tIrthasthAna godAvarI meM A jAte haiM, ataH usa samaya usameM snAna karanA cAhie ( aisA kAla eka varSa taka rahatA hai) / siMhastha guru meM vivAha

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vrata-sUcI 227 evaM upanayana ke sampAdana ke viSaya meM kaI mata haiM, kucha logoM kA kathana hai ki vivAha evaM anya zubha karma maghA nakSatra vAle bRhaspati (arthAt siMha ke prathama 133 aMza meM) meM vajita haiN| anya logoM kA kathana hai ki gaMgA evaM godAvarI ke madhya ke pradezoM meM vivAha evaM upanayana siMhastha guru ke sabhI dinoM meM vajita haiM; kintu anya kRtya maghA nakSatra meM sthita guru ke atirikta kabhI bhI kiye jA sakate haiN| anya loga aisA kahate haiM ki jaba sUrya meSa rAzi meM ho to siMhastha guru kA koI avarodha nahIM hai| isa vivecana ke lie dekhie smRtikaustubha (pR0 557559) / aisA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki amRta kA kumbha jo samudra se prakaTa huA, sarvaprathama devoM dvArA haridvAra meM rakhA gayA, taba prayAga meM aura usake uparAnta ujjaina tathA anta meM nAsika ke pAsa vyambakezvara meM rakhA gyaa| sitasaptamI : mArgazIrSa zukla 7 para upavAsa, kamaloM evaM zveta puSpoM se sUrya yA usakI pratimA kI pUjA; anta meM zveta vastroM kA dAna ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 778-779, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| sitAsaptamI : bhuvanezvara meM ; 14 yAtrAoM meM eka yAtrA; mAgha zukla saptamI para; gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 191) / siddha : zukravAra, prathamA, SaSThI, ekAdazI, trayodazI, nakSatroM meM pUrvAphAlgunI, uttarASADhA, hasta, zravaNa evaM revatI ko siddha kahA jAtA hai| inameM sabhI zubha kRtya kiye jAte haiM ; nirNayAmRta (30) / siddhArthakAdisaptamI : mAgha yA mArgazIrSa zukla 7 para, yadi asvasthatA ho to kisI bhI mAsa kI saptamI para; sUryodaya ke pUrva Adhe prahara (lagabhaga cAra ghaTikAoM) taka dAMtoM ko viziSTa vRkSoM kI TahaniyoM se svaccha kiyA jAtA hai (jinameM pratyeka kisI kAmanA kI pUrti ke yogya mAnI jAtI hai, yathA madhUka se putra prApta hote haiM, arjuna se saubhAgya sthira hotA hai, nimba se samRddhi prApta hotI hai, azvattha se yaza milatA hai. . .aadi)| jaba dAtuna phaika dI jAtI hai to usake girane ke DhaMga se zakuna nikAle jAte haiM / sAta saptamiyAM manAyI jAtI haiM, pahalI sarasoM se, dUsarI arka kI kaliyoM se, tIsarI se sAtavIM saptamI krama se marica, nimba, 6 phaloM, bhojana (bhAta nahIM) se; japa, homa, sUrya-pUjA, sUrya-pratimA ke samakSa sonA; gAyatrI kA pATha (R0 3 / 62 / 10); sUrya-pratimA ke samakSa sote samaya Aye hue svapnoM kA nirUpaNa; vibhinna puSpoM se sUrya-pUjA karane se vibhinna lAbha, yathA-kamaloM se yaza, mandAra se kuSTha haraNa, agastya se saphalatA Adi ; brahma-bhoja evaM raMgIna vastroM, sugandhoM, puSpoM, haviSya bhojana, eka gAya kA dAna; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 172-180); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 679-685, bhaviSyapurANa 11193 / 2-21 se uddharaNa); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0) ne bhaviSyapurANa (197 / 1-10) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| - siddhivinAyakavata : zukla 4 para yA jaba zraddhA evaM bhakti se prerita koI harSapUrNa jAgaraNa ho taba gaNeza kI pUjA; tilayukta jala se snAna ; gaNeza kI hiraNya yA rajata kI pratimA kI pUjA; paMcAmRta se pratimAsnAna tathA gandha, puSpoM, dhUpa dIpa evaM naivedya kA, gaNAdhyakSa, vinAyaka, umAsuta, rudrapriya, vighnanAzana ke nAmoM ke sAtha arpaNa; 21 dUrvAzAkhAoM kA arpaNa, 21 modaka pratimA ke samakSa rakhe jAte haiM, eka gaNeza ke lie, 10 pujArI tathA 10 kartA ke lie; vidyA, dhana evaM yuddha meM siddhi (saphalatA) kI prApti ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 525529, skandapurANa se uddharaNa); smRtikaustubha (210-216); puruSArthacintAmaNi (95); vratarAja (143151) / __ sItalASaSThI : mAgha zukla 6 para; baMgAla meM pracalita; gujarAta meM zrAvaNa kRSNa 8 para sItalAsaptamI; uttara bhArata meM phAlgana (caitra) kRSNa 8 para siitlaassttmii| sItApUjA : (1) 'sItA' kA artha hai 'karSita bhuumi'| kRtyaratnAkara (518, brahmapurANa se uddharaNa) meM AyA hai ki nArada ke kahane para dakSa ke putroM dvArA phAlguna kRSNa 8 ko pRthivI mApI gayI thI; ataH deva evaM pitara loga

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228 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa usa dina apUpoM (pU) ke sAtha zrAddha kI abhilASA karate haiM; (2) rAma kI patnI sItA kI pUjA, jo phAlguna kRSNa 8 ko utpanna huI thIM ; kRtyaratnAkara (526-529 evaM 518 ) / aura dekhie 'phAlgunakRtya' ke antargata / sImollaMghana : dekhie 'vijayAdazamI' ke antargata gata adhyAya 10; tithitattva ( 103 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 145 - 148) / sukalatraprAptivrata : kumAriyoM, sadhavAoM evaM vidhavAoM ke lie; nakSatravrata; devatA nArAyaNa; kumArI ko tIna nakSatroM, yathA-- uttarAphAlgunI, uttarASAr3hA evaM uttarAbhAdrapadA ko jagannAtha kI pUjA karanI cAhie tathA 'mAdhava' nAma lenA cAhiye, priyaMgu evaM lAla puSpoM kA arpaNa karanA cAhiye tathA kuMkuma kA lepa karanA cAhiye; 'mAdhava ko praNAma' ke sAtha madhu evaM ghI se homa; sundara pati kI prApti; hemAdri ( vrata02, 628-630, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); ziva ne isa vrata kA varNana pArvatI se kiyA thA / sukulatrirAtravrata : mArgazIrSa mAsa meM usa tithi ko jo vyahaspRka ho, ise kiyA jAtA hai; tIna dinoM taka upavAsa, zveta, pIta evaM lAla puSpoM, tIna lepoM tathA guggula, kuTuka ( kaTuka ? ) evaM rAla kI dhUpa se trivikrama (viSNu) kI pUjA; trimadhura kA arpaNa ; tIna dIpa; jau, tila evaM sarasoM se homa; triloha ( sonA, rajata evaM tAmra ) kA dAna hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 322- 323, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / 'trimadhura' evaM 'tryahaspRk' ko inake antargata dekhie / sukRtatRtIyA - vrata : hasta nakSatra meM zrAvaNa zukla 3 para; tithivrata nArAyaNa evaM lakSmI kI pUjA; tIna varSoM ke lie; mantra ye haiM- 'viSNornu kam' (R0 11154|1) evaM 'saktumiva' (R0 10 / 72 / 2 ) ; vratarAja ( 101-103 ) ; kRSNa ne isa vrata kA varNana apanI bahina subhadrA se kiyA hai / sukRtadvAdazI : tithivrata; devatA viSNu; phAlguna zukla 11 para upavAsa evaM dvAdazI para viSNu-pUjA ; ekAdazI ko dina evaM rAtri meM 'namo nArAyaNAya' kA japa kartA dvArA krodha IrSyA, lobha, zaThatA Adi kA tyAga ; 'yaha saMsAra vyartha hai' kA smaraNa karanA; yahI vidhi dvAdazI ko bhI; eka varSa taka pratibhAsa; anta meM hari kI svarNapratimA kI pUjA evaM eka gAya ke sAtha usakA dAna ; kartA naraka kA darzana nahIM karatA; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1079-1081, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / sukharAtri yA sukharAtrikA : dIvAlI (Azvina amAvAsyA) ke lakSmIpUjana ko aisA kahA gayA hai; samayapradIpa ( pANDulipi, 41 bI0), kRtyatattva ( 431); varSatriyAkaumudI ( 467-469 ) ; kAlaviveka ( 403-404); de0 gata adhyAya 10 / sukhavrata : (1) kRSNa 7 para upavAsa tathA kRSNa 8 para nakta; ihaloka meM sukha evaM paraloka meM svarga; hemAdri ( 0 2509, bhaviSyapurANa se eka zloka ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 387, yahA~ tithiyA~ 6 evaM 7 haiM ) ; (2) caturdazI para devoM kI pUjA; zeSa spaSTa nahIM hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 155, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa) ; (3) aSTamI para RSiyoM kI pUjA karane se sukha kI prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 628, viSNudharmottarapurANa se AdhA zloka); (4) jaba zukla 4 ko maMgalavAra ho to nakta; cAra caturthiyoM para kiyA jAne vAlA; maMgala kI pUjA (maMgala umA ke putra kahe gaye haiM); sira para miTTI rakhanA, use sAre zarIra para lagAkara snAna karanA; dUrvA, azvattha, zamI evaM gau ko chUnA ; 108 AhutiyoM se maMgala ke lie homa; sone yA rajata yA tAmra yA sarala kASTha yA devadAru yA candana ke pAtra meM maMgala kI pratimA ko rakhakara usakI pUjA hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 514-519, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa); puruSArthacintAmaNi (95 ); (5) SaSTivrata ( matsyapurANa 101 / 73 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 450 ) ; spaSTa nahIM hai|

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prata-sUcI 229 sukhasuptikA : yaha sukharAtri hI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2,348-349, AdityapurANa se uddharaNa); kRtyakalpataru (nayatakAlika, 421-422) / sukhacaturthI : zukla pakSa meM caturthI jaba maMgalavAra ko par3atI hai to use sukhacaturthI yA sukhadAcaturthI kahate haiM; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 514. bhaviSyapurANa 1 / 31116 se uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara (271); varSakriyAkaumadI (31, devIpurANa se uddhrnn)| sugatidvAdazI : phAlguna zukla 11 se prArambha ; tithivrata, kRSNa devatA; usa dina upavAsa, kRSNa-pUjA; 108 bAra kRSNa kA nAma-japa; eka varSa taka ; 4-4 mAsoM ke krama se 3 avadhiyoM meM vibhAjita ; phAlgana se Arambha hone vAle cAra mAsoM meM kRSNa-nAmajapa evaM kRSNa-pratimA ke pAdoM para jala kI tIna dhArAe~; ASAr3ha se Azvina taka kI dUsarI avadhi meM kezava-nAmajapa (jisase ki mRtyu ke samaya kezava nAma smaraNa ho sake); tIsarI avadhi meM viSNunAma kA japa; devI sukha evaM viSNuloka kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata01,1081-1083,viSNadharmottarapurANa 3 / 215 / 4-22 se uddhrnn)| sugatipauSamAsIkalpa : (paurNamAsI ? ) phAlguna zukla pUrNimA para; tithivrata ; devatA viSNu ; kartA tela evaM namaka kA tyAga karake nakta-vidhi se rahatA hai ; eka varSa taka, 4 mAsoM kI tIna avadhiyoM meM ; lakSmI ke sAtha kezava kI pUjA; usa dina nAstikoM, pASaNDiyoM, mahApAtakiyoM evaM cANDAloM se nahIM bolanA cAhie; hari evaM lakSmI ko candra evaM rAtri ke samAna mAnA jAtA hai; viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 216-17) / sugativrata : (1) devoM ke svAmI kI pUjA se sarvottama sthiti kI prApti; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 792, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) eka varSa taka sabhI aSTamiyoM para nakta-vidhi se bhojana karanA; anta meM godAna' ; indra kI sthiti kI prApti; tithivrata; devatA indra; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 881, padmapurANa se uddharaNa); matsyapurANa (101156); ahalyAkAmadhenu (pANDulipi 561 bI) ne ise sugatyaSTamI kahA hai| sujanmadvAdazI : pauSa zukla 12 para jaba ki yaha jyeSThA-nakSatra para par3atI hai; tithivrata ; devatA viSNu; upavAsa ke sAtha eka varSa taka prati mAsa viSNu-pUjA; prati mAsa krama se ghI, cAvala, jau, sonA, pakAye jau, jala, pakAye anna, chatra, pAyasa, gannA-rasa, candana evaM vastra kA dAna aura krama se nimnalikhita ko grahaNa karanA---gomUtra, jala, ghI, harI tarakAriyA~, dUrvA, dahI, cAvala, jau, tila, sUrya kI kiraNoM se garma kiyA gayA jala, darbhayukta jala, dUdha; roga-mukta, medhAvI, prasanna ho jAtA hai tathA usa kula meM punaH utpanna hotA hai jahA~ dhana, anna Adi kA prAcurya hotA hai aura cintA nahIM vyApatI; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 1174-75, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| sujanmAvAptivata : yaha saMkrAntivrata hai; jaba sUrya meSa rAzi meM praveza karatA hai to usa dina isakA Arambha hotA hai; yaha varSa kI sabhI 12 saMkrAntiyoM para kiyA jAtA hai ; prati saMkrAnti para upavAsa, krama se sUrya, bhArgava rAma (parazurAma), kRSNa, viSNu, varAha, narasiMha, dAzarathi rAma, rAma (balarAma), matsya kI pratimAoM kI pUjA; inake citra bhI kisI vastra para banAkara pUje jA sakate haiN| pratyeka saMkrAnti para upayukta nAma' se homa'; eka varSa taka ; anta meM jaladhenu kA, chatra evaM cappaloM ke sAtha dAna; pratyeka mAsa meM sone evaM do vastroM kA dAna ; dIpamAlA se rAtri meM pUjA; kartA nimna pazuoM evaM mlecchoM meM janma nahIM pAtA; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 727-728, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); puruSArthacintAmaNi (12); hemAdri ne tulA evaM anya do Age vAlI rAziyoM meM pUjA kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai| kintu viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 199) meM aisA AyA hai ki jaba sUrya krama se tulA, vRzcika evaM dhanu rAzi meM praveza karatA hai to krama se vAmana, trivikrama evaM azvazIrSa (hayagrIva) kI pUjA hotI hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sudarzanaSaSThI : ise koI kSatriya yA rAjA sampAdita karatA hai; kisI cakra kI nAbhi para kamala se maNDala khIMcane ke uparAnta SaSThI para upavAsa, bIjakoSa para sudarzana ( viSNu-cakra) kI sthApanA, lokapAloM ke AyudhoM kI sthApanA daloM para hotI hai; kartA ke bAhu sakSama rahate haiM; lAla candana - lepa, sarasoM, lAla kamala, lAla vastroM Adi se pUjA ; gur3a yukta bhojana, roTiyoM evaM phaloM kA naivedya; zatruoM ke nAza, yuddha meM vijaya evaM senA kI rakSA ke lie sudarzana ke mantroM kA pATha; viSNu ke dhanuSa ( zAGga), gadA Adi tathA garur3a kI pUjA; rAjA ko siMhAsana para baiThAyA jAtA hai aura eka yuvA strI usakI AratI utAratI hai; yaha kRtya kisI azubha lakSaNa ke udita hone para tathA janma-nakSatra para bhI kiyA jAtA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 620 - 624, garur3apurANa se uddharaNa) / sudezajanmAvApti: yaha 'sujanmAvAptivrata' hI hai; viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 31199 / 1-10 ) / sunAmadvAdazI : mArgazIrSa zukla kI dvAdazI para ; dazamI ko ekabhakta; ekAdazI para upavAsa; sarvaprathama sUrya-pUjA aura usake uparAnta viSNu-pUjA; tithivrata; devatA, viSNu; kartA ko vicAra, vacana evaM karma se pavitra rahanA hotA hai; eka jalapUrNa kalaza kI sthApanA, jisameM kuMkuma, motI evaM bahumUlya ratna DAle gaye rahate haiM, use vastra se Dha~ka diyA jAtA hai, usameM kezava kI svarNa-pratimA kI pUjA; pauSa, mAgha tathA Age ke anya mAsoM kI dvAdaziyoM para viSNu ke vibhinna nAmoM (yathA -- nArAyaNa, mAdhava Adi) kI pUjA; eka varSa taka; pratimAyukta 12 kalazoM kA brAhmaNoM ko dAna, isI prakAra 12 gAyoM, vastroM yA (yadi dhanahIna ho ) eka gAya tathA sone se yukta pAtra kA dAna ; hemAdri ( 0 1 1063 - 1072, viSNupurANa se uddharaNa); agnipurANa (188 / 11) ne nAmadvAdazI kI carcA kI hai| surUpadvAdazI : pauSa kRSNa 12 para jaba ki puSya nakSatra ho; ekAdazI ko upavAsa tathA dvAdazI ko eka pUrNa ghaTa meM, jisake Upara eka pAtra meM tila rakhA gayA ho, hari kI svarNima yA rajata pratimA kA pUjana; tilayukta bhojana kA naivedya ; puruSasUkta (R0 10/90 ) ke mantroM ke sAtha agni meM tila kI AhutiyA~ usa rAtri jAgara; ghara evaM pratimA kA dAna ; kurUpatA se chuTakArA; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 1205-1213 ) ; ziva ne ise umA ko batAyA aura kahA ki satyabhAmA ne isase lAbha uThAyA vratArka ( pANDulipi, 247e) ne ise gurjaroM meM pracalita mAnA hai / suvrata : caitra zukla 8 se vAsudeva ke rUpoM, ATha vasuoM kI gandha, puSpoM Adi se pUjA; eka varSa taka; anta meM eka godAna, sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti evaM viSNuloka kI prApti, viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 172 / 1-7) / T sUnaktavrata : yaha vAra vrata hai; devatA sUrya; isameM ravivAra ko nakta vidhi kA prayoga karanA cAhie; jaba hasta nakSatra ho to usa ravivAra ko ekabhakta tathA usake uparAnta pratyeka ravivAra ko nakta / sUryAsta kAla para 12 daloM vAle eka kamala kA citra lAla candana se khIMcanA aura pUrva se Arambha kara ATha dizAoM meM vibhinna nAmoM ( yathA --- sUrya, divAkara) kA nyAsa; kamala ke bIjakoSa ke pUrva meM sUrya ke ghor3oM kA nyAsa; Rgveda evaM sAmaveda ke prathama mantroM evaM taittirIya saMhitA ke prathama cAra mantroM ke sAtha arghya ; eka varSa taka; kartA roga mukta hotA hai, santati evaM dhana kI upalabdhi karatA hai tathA sUryaloka jAtA hai; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 538-541, matsyapurANa se uddharaNa) / sUryapUjAprazaMsA : viSNudharmottarapurANa ( 3 / 17111-7) ne eka varSa taka sabhI saptamiyoM para sUrya pUjA yA eka varSa taka ravivAra para nakta vidhi se bhojana karane yA sUryodaya para sadA sUrya-pUjA karane se utpanna phaloM kA ullekha kiyA hai| bhaviSyapurANa ( 116818 -14 ) ne sUrya pUjA ke lie upayukta viziSTa puSpoM tathA unake arpaNa se utpanna phaloM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 230 sUryarathayAtrA - mAhAtmya : bhaviSyapurANa ( 1158 ) / sUrya kI rathayAtrA mAgha meM prArambha hotI hai| yadi prati varSa na kI jAya to eka bAra karane ke 12 varSoM ke uparAnta ise sampAdita karanA cAhie; ise alpAvadhiyoM meM tor3a

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vrata-sUcI 231 kara nahIM karanA cAhie; sUrya ke ratha para zUdra nahIM car3ha sakatA / ASAr3ha, kArtika evaM mAgha kI pUrNimAe~ isa yAtrA ke lie atyanta pavitra mAnI jAtI haiM, ise ravivAra ko par3ane vAlI SaSThI yA saptamI para bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| ; sUryavrata : (1) paSThI para upavAsa tathA saptamI para 'bhAskara prasanna hoM' ke sAtha sUrya-pUjA; sabhI rogoM se mukti, kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 388-389 ) ; ( 2 ) mAgha meM prAtaHkAla snAna tathA kisI gRhastha evaM usakI patnI kA puSpoM, vastroM, AbhUSaNoM evaM bhoja se sammAna; saubhAgya evaM svAsthya kI prApti hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 794, padmapurANa se uddharaNa), kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 444, matsyapurANa 101136-47 ke samAna hI ); (3) Azvina meM Arambha, jaba zukla pakSa ke ravivAra ko caturdazI ho; tithivrata ; devatA ziva; zivaliMga ke lie viziSTa snAna, lepa rUpa meM rocanA kA prayoga tathA lAla puSpoM se pUjA ; kapilA gAya ke ghI evaM dUdha se naivedya; kisI zaiva brAhmaNa ko dAna ; kuMkuma se yukta bhojana-dAna; isase putroM kI utpatti hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 64-65, kAlottarapurANa se uddharaNa) ; (4) ravivAra ko kartA aura karma karatA hai tathA gur3a evaM namaka se yukta roTiyoM se sUrya kI pUjA karatA hai aura usa dina nakta rakhatA hai; sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti, sUrya-loka kI prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 779-780, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (5) caitra zukla 6 evaM 7 para sUrya pUjA; zveta miTTI se eka vedikA kA nirmANa, jisa para raMgIna cUrNoM se ATha dala vAle eka kamala kI AkRti; bIjakoSa para sUrya - pratimA kA sthApana, pUrva dizA se Arambha kara ATha dizAoM meM ardha devoM, deviyoM evaM muniyoM kA citra khIMcanA tathA vasanta se Arambha kara sabhI 6 RtuoM meM aise do ko rakhanA; ghI kI AhutiyA~, 108 bAra sUrya ko tathA 8 bAra anya logoM ko; eka varSa taka; anta meM godAna evaM ravarNa-dAna, sUryaloka kI prApti; yadi 12 varSoM taka kiyA jAya to sAyujya kI prApti; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 770-774, viSNudharmottarapurANa 1 / 167 / 11-15, 16811-30 se uddharaNa); (6) mArgazIrSa meM ( ravivAra ko ? ) Arambha kara 12 mAsoM ke lie; lAla candana se kisI tAmrapatra para bIjakoSa ke sAtha 12 daloM vAle kamala kA citra tathA usa para sUrya pUjA ; katipaya mAsoM meM devatA ke vibhinna nAma ( yathA - mArgazIrSa meM mitra, pauSa meM viSNu, mAgha meM varuNa Adi ) ; naivedya tathA kartA dvArA khAye jAne vAlA viziSTa padArtha; vibhinna pApa mukti evaM kAmanA(7) pUre pauSa bhara nakta tathA donoM kRtyaratnAkara (475-476, bhaviSya , pUrti hemAdri ( vrata02, 552-557, sauradharma se uddharaNa) ; yaha vAravrata hai; saptamiyoM para upavAsa, pauSa meM sUrya evaM agni kI pratidina tIna bAra pUjA; purANa se uddharaNa) / sUryaSaSThI : bhAdrapada zukla meM 1 se 5 taka ekabhakta, 6 ko upavAsa evaM sUrya-pratimA kI pUjA; eka varSa taka ; pratyeka mAsa meM Aditya ke vibhinna nAma; anta meM vistRta udyApana; hemAdri ( vrata0 1,608- 615, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa); nirNayasindhu ( 134 ) | sUryASTamI : dekhie Upara 'arkASTamI' / somavatI amAvAsyA : somavAra kI amAvAsyA ati punIta hotI hai; kAlaviveka ( 492, bhaviSyapurANa se); hemAdri (kAla, 643 ); varSakriyAkaumudI ( 9 ) ; Aja ke dina loga (vizeSataH nAriyA~) azvattha vRkSa ke pAsa jAtI haiM, viSNu-pUjA karatI haiM tathA vRkSa kI 108 bAra pradakSiNA karatI haiM; vratArka (pANDulipi, 350 bI - 356 ) ; dharmasindhu (23) ; vratArka kA kathana hai ki isakA ullekha nibandhoM meM nahIM huA hai, yaha mAtra pracalana para AdhRta hai| somavAravrata : ( bahuvacana meM ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 557-566, kevala 2 kA ullekha ) ; vratArka ( pANDulipi 379 bI-382bI); smRtikaustubha ( 149 ); varSakRtyadIpaka ( 437-443) / sAmAnya niyama yaha hai -- zrAvaNa, vaizAkha, kArtika yA mArgazIrSa ke prathama somavAra para Arambha; ziva-pUjA; usa dina pUrNa upavAsa yA nakta; varSa

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232 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kRtyadIpaka meM somavAravrata evaM usake udyApana kA vistRta byaurA upasthita kiyA gayA hai| aba bhI zrAvaNa ke somavAra vizeSa rUpa se pavitra mAne jAte haiN| somavata : (1) jaba kisI pakSa meM aSTamI somavAra ko par3e to ziva-pUjA honI cAhie, ziva-pratimA kA dAyA~ bhAga ziva kA tathA vAyA~ bhAga hari evaM candra kA hotA hai; paMcAmRta se liMgasnAna, dakSiNa bhAga meM candana evaM karpUra kA prayoga tathA vAma bhAga meM kuMkuma, aguru, uzIra, nIrAjana kA deva evaM devI ke 25 dIpoM ke sAtha prayoga; sapatnIka brAhmaNoM ko bhoja; eka yA pA~ca varSoM ke lie; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 269-271); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 829-831, kAlikApurANa se uddharaNa); (2) vaizAkha-pUrNimA para eka tAmrapAtra meM jala bharakara usameM zaMkarapratimA rakhanA aura use vastra se Dhaka denA tathA gandha evaM puSpoM se pUjanA tathA 'lokasvAmI mahAdeva, jo candra kA rUpa dhAraNa karate haiM, mujha para prasanna hoM' ke sAtha usakA dAna ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 353); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 174-175); kRtyaratnAkara (166-167); sabhI ne bhaviSyapurANa ko uddhRta kiyA hai; (3) zukla 2 ko lavaNapUrNa pAtra kA dAna karanA cAhie; eka varSa ka; anta meM godAna; zivaloka prApti ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0451, matsyapurANa 101 / 81 meM 59vA~ SaSThitrata); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 389, padmapurANa se uddharaNa); (4) jaba aSTamI rohiNI nakSatra meM par3atI hai to isakA sampAdana ; paMcAmRta se ziva-snAna tathA liMga yA pratimA para karpUra evaM candana-lepa kA prayoga tathA zveta puSpoM se pUjA; eka ghaTa zveta zarkarA ke cUrNa se mizrita dUdha naivedya ke rUpa meM; jAgara; isase dIrgha Ayu, yaza Adi kI prApti ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 863, kAlottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (5) mAgha zakla 14 para upavAsa tathA 15para ligako vedI ke sAtha ghata-yakta kambala se Avata karanA, do kAlI gAyoM kA dAna; jAgara tathA saMgIta evaM nRtya; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 239-240, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa); (6) mArgazIrSa zakla ke prathama somavAra yA caitra ke yA kisI bhI somavAra ko, jaba ki pUjA karane kI preraNA bar3I uddAma ho, zivapUjA karanI caahie| zveta puSpoM (mAlatI, vRnda Adi) se ziva-pUjA, candana lepa kA pratimA yA liMga para prayoga; naivedya; homa; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 558-566, skandapurANa se uddharaNa) ne phaloM kA varNana kiyA hai (7) eka varSa taka prati somavAra ko 8 brAhmaNoM ko bhoja denA cAhie; anta meM ziva kI eka rajatapratimA kA dAna; 'tatpuruSAya vidmahe0' (maitrA0 saM0 2 / 9 / 1, te0 AraNyaka 10 / 46) nAmaka mantra ke sAtha ziva evaM umA kI pUjA; padmapurANa (4 / 108582-90) / / somAyana-vrata : eka mAsa ke lie; sAta dinoM taka eka gAya ke cAroM thanoM ke dUdha para nirvAha karanA; sAta dinoM taka kevala tIna thanoM ke dUdha para, Age ke sAta dinoM taka eka thana ke dUdha para tathA tIna dinoM taka upavAsa; isase sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiM; mitAkSarA (yAjJavalkyasmRti 3 / 324, mArkaNDeyapurANa se uddhrnn)| somASTamIvrata : tithivrata ; devatA ziva evaM umA; somavArayukta navamI para rAtri meM ziva evaM umA kI pUjA; paMcagavya se pretimA-snAna'; vAmadeva tathA anya nAmoM se ziva-pUjA; pratimA ke dakSiNa bhAga meM candana evaM karpUra kA tathA vAma bhAga meM kuMkuma evaM turuSka (lobAna) kA prayoga; devI ke sira para nIlama tathA ziva ke sira para motI rakhe jAte haiM aura zveta evaM lAla puSpoM se pUjA; sadyojAta nAma ke sAtha tila kA homa ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 833-835, skandapurANa se uddharaNa); bhaviSyottarapurANa (59 / 1-23) ne inhIM zabdoM meM isa vrata kA ullekha kiyA hai; vAmadeva, sadyojAta, aghora, tatpuruSa, IzAna ziva ke pA~ca mukha kahe jAte haiM; dekhie tai0 A0 (90 / 43-47) / saukhyatrata : mAgha kI aSTamI yA ekAdazI yA caturdazI para ekabhakta evaM zveta vastroM, cappaloM (pAdukAoM), kambala, chatra, jala tathA pAtra kA abhAvagrasta vyakti ko dAna; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 440, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)|

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vata-sUcI 233 saugandhya-vrata : yaha Rtu-vrata hai; devatA ziva evaM kezava ; hemanta evaM zizira meM puSpoM kA tathA phAlguna pUrNimA ko tIna prakAra ke sugandhita patroM kA tyAga ; 'ziva evaM kezava prasanna hoM ke sAtha kucha sone kA dAna ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 860) / saubhAgyatRtIyAvrata : (1) phAlguna zukla kI tRtIyA para nakta-vidhi; lakSmI ke sAtha hari yA umA ke sAtha ziva (kyoMki donoM zAstroM evaM purANoM meM eka hI kahe gaye haiM) kI pUjA; madhu, ghI evaM tila se homa ; eka varSa taka tIna avadhiyoM meM ; phAlguna se jyeSTha ke mAsoM taka binA namaka yA ghI ke gehU~ se bane bhojana kA prayoga, bhUmi-zayana ; kArtika se mAgha taka jau se bane bhojana kA prayoga; mAgha zukla 3 para rudra evaM gaurI yA hari evaM zrI kI svarNa-pratimA kA nirmANa aura usakA madhu,ghI, tila-taila, gar3a, namaka tathA godugdha yukta 6 pAtroM ke sAtha dAna; kartA sAta janmoM taka bhAgyavAn evaM sundara bana jAtA hai; kRtyakalpataru (vrata, 75-77, varAhapurANa 58 / 1-19 se uddharaNa); hemAdri (bata0 1, 479-480); kRtyaratnAkara (523-524) / saubhAgyavata : (1) kArtika pUrNimA para 16 daloM vAle citrita kamala ke bIjakoSa para sthApita candrapratimA kI pUjA; kamala ke kiMjalkoM (aMzuoM) para 28 nakSatroM (abhijit ko lekara) kI pUjA, pattiyoM para tithiyoM evaM unake svAmiyoM kI pUjA; vrata ke anta meM do vastroM kA dAna; dasa dina upavAsa yA nakta; isa vrata se kalyANa, saundarya evaM saMbhoga-Ananda kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 235-236, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddharaNa); (2) eka varSa taka phAlguna evaM Age kI tRtIyA para namaka kA tyAga ; anta meM eka ghara evaM palaMga kA sArI sAmagriyoM ke sAtha dAna tathA pArvatI prasanna hoM' ke sAtha eka sapatnIka brAhmaNa kA sammAna; kartA gaurIloka vAsI ho jAtA hai; tithivrata ; devatA gaurI; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 441, matsyapurANa 101015-16); hemAdri (vrata0 1, 483, garuDapurANa se uddharaNa); varSakriyAkaumudI (29-30, yahA~ 'lavaNam' ke sthAna para 'zayanam' AyA hai); agnipurANa (178124-25) meM bhI yahI zloka hai; (3) paMcamI para candra kA pUjaka dIrghAyu, dhana evaM yaza pAtA hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 574, viSNudharmottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| saubhAgyazayana-vrata : caitra zukla 3 para paMcagavya evaM sugaMdhita jala se gaurI evaM ziva kI pratimAoM kA smAna (isI dina gaurI kA janma huA thA) ; devI evaM ziva ke ApAda mastaka evaM keza ko praNAma ; pratimAoM ke sapakSa saubhAgyASTaka'; dUsare dina prAtaH svarNima pratimAoM kA dAna; eka varSa taka pratyeka tRtIyA para yahI vidhi; caitra se Age pratyeka mAsa meM vibhinna padArthoM kA sevana, vibhinna mantroM kA prayoga, devI ke vibhinna nAmoM kA upayoga, vibhinna puSpoM kA prayoga ; eka varSa taka eka phala kA tyAga ; anta meM sAmagrI ke sAtha eka palaMga, eka svaNima gAya evaM baila kA dAna; saubhAgya, svAsthya, saundarya, dIrghAyu kI prApti; matsyapurANa (60 / 1-49); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 56-60), matsyapurANa 6014-48 kA uddharaNa); hemAdri (vrata0 1,444-449, matsyapurANa 60 / 14-48 kA uddharaNa); ye zloka padmapurANa (5 / 24 / 222-278) evaM bhaviSyottarapurANa (25 / 1-42) me bhI pAye jAte haiN| saubhAgyasaMkrAnti : yaha saMkrAntivata hai; vyatIpAta vAle ayana yA viSava dina yA saMkrAnti dina para; eka bhavata' ; sUrya-pUjA; do vastroM evaM saubhAgyASTaka kA kisI sapatnIka brAhmaNa ko dAna ; eka varSa taka ; brahma-bhoja; lavaNa-parvata, svarNima kamala evaM svarNima sUrya-pratimA kA dAna ; hemAdri (bata0 2, 735-736, skandapurANa re uddhrnn)| saubhAgyasundarI : mArgazIrSa yA mAgha kRSNa kI tRtIyA para; tithivrata ; devatA umA; usa dina upavAsa eka varSa taka pratyeka mAsa meM umA ke vibhinna mAma; puSpa, phala, naivedya tathA kartA dvArA khAye jAne vAle sAmA 30

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234 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa Adi kA arpaNa; vratArka ( pANDulipi 56 e - 60 bI ) ; vratarAja ( 114-120, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) ; isakA sampAdana caturthI se yukta tRtIyA ko ho sakatA hai kintu dvitIyA se yukta tRtIyA ko nahIM / saubhAgyAvAptivrata: yaha mAsavrata hai; devatA kRSNa; mAgha pUrNimA ( pUrNimAnta gaNanA ke anusAra ) ke uparAnta prathama tithi para kRSNa- pratimA yA vastra para khacita kRSNa citra kI pUjA; priyaMgu se sugaMdhita kiye gaye jala se kartA dvArA snAna karanA; priyaMguyukta caru (bhAta) kA arpaNa evaM usI se homa; eka mAsa taka; phAlguna pUrNimA para tIna dinoM ke upavAsa ke uparAnta kuMkuma se ra~ge do vastroM, madhupUrNa pAtra Adi kA dAna ; isase saubhAgya evaM saundarya kI prApti hemAdri ( vrata02, 799, viSNudharmottarapurANa 3 / 204 / 1-5 se uddharaNa) / saubhAgyASTaka : matsyapurANa ( 6018-9 ) ke anusAra ATha saubhAgya vastue~ ye haiM- gannA, pArA, niSpAva (ghI evaM dUdha se prayukta gehU~ kA padArtha ), dahI (gAya ke dUdha kA ), jIrA, dhaniyA~, kusuMbha evaM lavaNa hemAdri ( vrata 0 1, 48-49) ; kRtyaratnAkara ( 115 ' ) ; vratarAja (16); aura dekhie padmapurANa (5 / 24 / 251 ) ; bhaviSyottarapurANa (2413)1 saumya - vidhi : jaba ravivAra ko rohiNI nakSatra ho to use saumya nAma se pukArA jAtA hai; isa dina para snAna, dAna, japa, homa, pitaroM evaM devoM ke tarpaNa se akSaya puNya kI prApti hotI hai; nakta-vidhi evaM lAla kamaloM, lAla candana lepa, sugandha dhUpa evaM pAyasa (naivedya ke rUpa meM ) se sUrya pUjA ; pApoM se muktiM ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 13-14 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata02, 524 ) / saumyavrata : hemanta evaM zizira RtuoM ke puSpoM kA tyAga, phAlguna pUrNimA para 'ziva evaM kezava prasanna hoM' ke sAtha aparAhna meM sone ke tIna puSpoM kA dAna matsyapurANa (101 / 13-14 ) ; kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 441 ) / saura trivikrama vrata : yaha mAsa vrata hai; devatA sUrya; tIna mAsoM yA tIna varSoM taka; kArtika meM jagannAtha yA sUrya kI pUjA, ekabhakta tathA eka brAhmaNa ko rAtrikAla kA bhojana -dAna; yahI vidhi mArgazIrSa evaM pauSa meM sUrya kI pUjA vibhAkara evaM divAkara ke rUpa meM; yuvAvasthA evaM madhyamAvasthA meM kiye gaye pApa tathA yahA~ taka ki mahApApa bhI kaTa jAte haiM; ise 'trivikrama' isalie kahA jAtA hai ki sUrya ke tIna nAma vyakti ko tIna mAsoM yA tIna varSoM meM mukti dete haiM; hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 856, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddharaNa) / ; sauranaktavrata : yaha vAravrata hai; devatA sUrya hasta nakSatra ke sAtha ravivAra ko kiyA jAtA hai; brAhmaNoM kA sammAna ; sabhI rogoM se mukti hemAdri ( vrata0 2, 521, nRsiMhapurANa se uddharaNa) / sauravrata : matsyapurANa (101163, eka SaSTivrata ); kRtyakalpataru ( vrata0 448 ) ; hemAdri ( vrata0 1, 787, padmapurANa se uddharaNa); saptamI ko upavAsa; devatA sUrya; eka varSa taka anta meM sone ke kamala, gAyoM kA kucha sone evaM bhojanapUrNa ghaTa ke sAtha dAna; isase sUryaloka kI prApti hotI hai| skandaSaSThI : ASAr3ha zukla kI SaSThI ko isa nAma se kahA jAtA hai; eka dina pUrva se upavAsa karake SaSThI ko kumAra arthAt kArtikeya kI pUjA; nirNayAmRta ( 49 ) ; puruSArthacintAmaNi ( 101 ) ; smRtikaustubha ( 138 ) / nirNayAmRta meM itanA aura AyA hai ki bhAdrapada 6 ko dakSiNApatha meM kArtikeya kA darzana kara lene se brahma-hatyA se gambhIra pApoM-jaise mukti mila jAtI hai; aura dekhie kRtyaratnAkara ( 275 - 277 ) / tamila pradeza meM skandaSaSThI mahatvapUrNa hai aura isakA sampAdana mandiroM yA kinhIM bhavanoM meM hotA hai; hemAdri (kAla) 622); kRtyaratnAkara (119 ) ne brahmapurANa se uddharaNa dekara batAyA hai ki skanda kI utpatti amAvAsyA ko se huI thI, ve caitra zukla 6 ko pratyakSa hue the, devoM dvArA senAnAyaka banAye gaye the tathA tArakAsura kA vadha kiyA thA, ataH unakI pUjA dIpoM, vastroM, alaMkaraNa, murgoM (khilaunoM ke rUpa meM) Adi se kI jAnI cAhie, athavA

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bata-sUcI 235 unakI pUjA baccoM ke svAsthya ke lie sabhI zukla SaSThiyoM para karanI cAhie; tithitattva (35) ne caitra zukla 6 ko skandaSaSThI kahA hai; smRtikaustubha (93) / skandaSaSThIvrata : kArtika zukla 6 ko kevala phalAhAra, dakSiNAbhimukha hokara kArtikeya ko arghya tathA eka mantra ke sAtha dahI, ghI, jala evaM puSpa car3hAnA; kartA ko rAtri meM bhUmi para rakhA gayA bhojana karanA cAhie; aisA karane se saphalatA, sampatti, dIrgha Ayu, svAsthya, naSTa rAjya kI prApti hotI hai; zukla yA kRSNa kI SaSThI ko tela kA sevana nahIM karanA cAhie; bhaviSyapurANa (1 / 39 / 1-13); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0, 99-101); hemAdri (prata0 1, 604-605); kRtyaratnAkara (415-416) / dekhie 'SaSThI-vratoM' ke antargata, jahA~ aisA vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki paMcamI se yukta SaSThI ko varIyatA dI gayI hai| gadAdharapaddhati (kAlasAra, 83-84) ne skandaSaSThI ko caitra kRSNa meM rakhA hai| strIputrakAmAvAptivata : yaha mAsa-vrata hai; devatA sUrya ; jo nArI kArtika meM ekabhakta rahakara, ahiMsA jaise sadAcaraNoM kA pAlana karatI haI gaDayakta bhAta ke naivedya ko sUrya ke lie arpita karatI hai tathA SaSThI yA saptamI (donoM pakSoM meM) ko upavAsa karatI hai, vaha sUryaloka ko pahu~catI hai aura jaba punaH isa loka meM AtI hai to kisI rAjA yA manonukUla puruSa ko pati rUpa meM pAtI hai; mArgazIrSa se Age ke mAsoM ke lie viziSTa niyama bane haiM; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 821-824, bhaviSyapurANa se uddharaNa); kRtyaratnAkara (406) / snApanasaptamIvata : zizu-avasthA meM hI mRta ho jAne vAle baccoM kI mAtA ke lie; bhaviSyottarapurANa (52 / 1-40) / ___snuhIviTape-manasApUjA : zrAvaNa kRSNa 5 para manasA-devI kI pUjA; A~gana meM snuhI paudhe kI TahanI para; sarpa-daMza kA bhaya dUra ho jAtA hai; tithitattva (33), aura dekhie gata adhyAya 7 / snehavata : yaha mAsa-vrata hai ; devatA sambhavataH viSNu (?); ASAr3ha se lekara cAra mAsoM meM tela ke sAtha snAna kA tyAga ; kevala pAyasa evaM ghI kA sevana ; anta meM tila ke tela se pUrNa eka ghaTa kA dAna ; isase logoM kA sneha milatA hai ; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 818, padmapurANa se uddhrnn)| syamantaka (maNi) : isakI gAthA harivaMza (1 / 38) meM hai, dekhie gata adhyAya 8, gaNeza caturthI ke antargata / isa viSaya kA prasiddha zloka "siMha : prasenamavadhIt siMho jAmbavatA hataH / sukumAraka mA rodIstava hyeSa syamantakaH // " harivaMzapurANa (1 / 38 / 36) meM pAyA jAtA hai| svarNagaurIvata : bhAdra zukla 3 ko; devatA gaurI; kevala nAriyoM ke lie; 16 upacAroM se gaurI kI pUjA; putroM, dhana evaM saubhAgya kI prApti ke lie devI se prArthanA ; udyApana para 16 puravoM (kulhar3oM) meM 16 khAdya padArtha bharakara tathA vastra se DhaMkakara gRhastha brAhmaNoM evaM unakI patniyoM ko dAna ; vratArka (pANDulipi 41 e44 bI); vratarAja (96-97) meM AyA hai ki yaha karNATaka prAnta meM vyavahAra rUpa meM pracalita hai| svastikavata : ASAr3ha 11 yA 15 se cAra mAsoM taka; puruSoM evaM striyoM donoM ke lie samAna ; karNATaka meM pracalita ; pA~ca raMgoM meM svastika khIMcakara viSNu ke samakSa rakhanA; mandira yA bhUmi para viSNu-pUjA; vratArka (pANDulipi, 356 bI-358, bhaviSyottarapurANa se uddhrnn)| haMsavata : puruSasUkta ke pATha ke sAtha snAna ; usI ke pATha ke sAtha tarpaNa evaM japa; aSTadala kamala ke citra ke madhya meM sthApita haMsa nAma se puSpoM Adi dvArA janArdana kI pUjA; homa ; godAna ; eka varSa taka, sabhI kAmanAoM kI pUrti ; viSNudharmottarapurANa (3 / 225 / 1-9) / hanumat-jayantI : caitra zukla 15 pr|

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236 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hayapaMcamI yA hayapUjAvata : caitra zukla 5 ko indra kA azva uccaiHzravA samudra se prakaTa huA thA, ataH usa dina usakI pUjA gandharvo (citraratha, citrasena Adi) ke sAtha kI jAtI hai, kyoMki ve usake bandhu kahe gaye haiM; pUjA meM saMgIta, miThAiyoM, polikAoM, dahI, gur3a, dUdha, cAvala ke ATe kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai, isase dIrgha Ayu, svAsthya, yuddha meM vijaya kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata 0 1, 573, zAlihotra se uddharaNa); smRtikaustubha (92) / ise matsyajayantI bhI kahA gayA hai| ahalyAkAmadhenu (pANDulipi, 360 bii)| harakAlIvrata : mAgha zukla 3, tithivrata ; devatA devI; striyoM ke lie; jau ke hare aMkuroM para sthApita umA ke rAtri bhara dhyAna meM avasthita rahanA, dUsare dina snAna, devI-pUjA evaM bhojana; 12 mAsoM meM devI ke vibhinna nAmoM kA upayoga tathA vibhinna padArthoM kA sevana; anta meM eka sapatnIka brAhmaNa ko dAna; rogoM se mukti, sAta janmoM taka sadhavApana, putra, saundarya Adi kI prApti; zaMkara ne pArvatI se pUchA hai ki Apane (pArvatI ne) merI AdhI deha pAne ke lie kauna-sA vrata kiyA thaa| haratRtIyA-vrata : mAgha zukla 3 para; tithivrata; devatA umA evaM mahezvara; eka maNDapa meM aSTadala kamala kA Alekhana; ATha dizAoM meM umA ke ATha nAmoM kA nyAsa, yathA-gaurI, lalitA, umA, svadhA, vAmadevI Adi ; citra ke madhya meM umA-mahezvara kI sthApanA ; gandha evaM puSpoM se pUjA; cAvala se pUrNa eka kalaza kI sthApanA; ghI kI ATha tathA tila kI sau AhutiyoM se homa ; pratyeka prahara (kula 8 prahara) meM snAna evaM homa ; dUsare dina eka sapatnIka brAhmaNa kA sammAna'; ise cAra varSoM taka karanA caahie| isake uparAnta udyApana; AcArya ko umA evaM mahezvara kI svarNa pratimA dAna meM de dI jAtI hai; isase saubhAgya evaM svAsthya kI prApti hotI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 480-482) / haratrirAtravata: bilva vRkSa ke tale baiThakara tIna dinoM taka upavAsa karane evaM hara ke nAma kA eka lAkha vAra smaraNa karane se bhrUNahatyA jaise pApa bhI kaTa jAte haiM; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 318, saurapurANa se uddhrnn)| haravrata : aSTamI para kamaladala para citra banAkara usa para hara kI pUjA karanA; ghI evaM samidhA se homa ; hemAdri (vrata01,881, bhaviSyapurANa se uddhrnn)| harikAlovata : bhAdrapada zukla kI tRtIyA ko sUpa meM ugAye gaye sAta dhAnyoM ke aMkuroM para kAlI kI pUjA; sadhavA nAriyA~ use rAtri meM kisI tAlAba meM le jAkara usakA visarjana karatI haiM; hemAdri (kta0 1, 435-439, bhaviSyottarapurANa 2011-28) / kathA yoM hai--kAlI dakSa kI putrI thIM, ve kAle raMga kI thI aura sahAdeva se unakA vivAha huA thaa| eka bAra devoM kI sabhA meM mahAdeva ne unheM aMjana ke samAna kaaliikhaa| ve krodhita ho uThIM aura apane raMga ko ghAsa kI bhUmi para chor3akara agni meM kada pdd'iiN| ve pUnaH gaurI ke rUpa meM utpanna huIM aura mahAdeva kI patnI bniiN| kAlI dvArA tyakta kAlA raMga kAtyAyanI bana gayA, jinhoMne devoM ke kAryoM meM bar3I sahAyatA kii| devoM ne unheM varadAna diyA ki jo vyakti unakI pUjA harI ghAsa meM karegA vaha prasannatA, dIrghAyu evaM saubhAgya prApta kregaa| prakAzita hemAdri (kta) meM 'harikAlI' zabda AyA hai, kintu yahA~ 'hari' (viSNu) ke viSaya meM koI prazna nahIM utthtaa| sambhavataH yahA~ 'hari' kA artha hai piMgala' raMga (kAlI eka bAra bhUrI yA piMgalA thI, gorI nahIM thii)| harikroDAzayana yA harikrIDAyana : kArtika yA vaizAkha 12 para; tithivrata ; devatA hari; madhuyukta tAmrapAtra meM cAra hAtha vAle nRsiMha kI smaNima pratimA kI sthApanA, hAthoM ke rUpa meM mANika, nakhoM ke rUpa meM mUMgA kA prayoga hotA hai aura isI prakAra vakSa, kAnoM, A~khoM evaM sira para anya bahumUlya ratna rakhe jAte haiM; pAtra meM

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vata-sUcI 257 jala bharA jAtA hai; jAgara se pUjA; kartA ko vana yA yuddha meM bhaya nahIM milatA, use dhana evaM dIrghAyu kI prApti hotI hai ; kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 392-393); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 376-377, nRsiMhapurANa se uddhrnn)| haritAlikAvata : dekhie gata adhyAya 8 / haritithi : dvAdazI, smRtikaustubha (29) / hariprabodhotsava : kArtika meM viSNa ke jAgaraNa kA utsava, dekhie gata adhyAya 5 / harivAsara : hari kA din| isa viSaya meM vibhinna mata haiM; varSakriyAkaumudI (14) kA kathana hai ki ekAdazI hari kA dina hai na ki dvaadshii| garuDapurANa (11127 / 12) evaM nAradapurANa (2 / 24 / 6 evaM 9) ne ekAdazI ko harivAsara kahA hai| kRtyasArasamuccaya (43) ne matsyapurANa ko uddhRta karate hue kahA hai ki yadi ASAr3ha zukla dvAdazI budhavAra ko par3atI hai aura vaha anurAdhA-nakSatra meM rahatI hai, yadi bhAdrapada zukla dvAdazI budhavAra ko par3atI hai aura usa samaya zravaNa nakSatra rahatA hai tathA yadi kArtika zukla dvAdazI budhavAra ko par3atI hai aura usa samaya revatI nakSatra rahatA hai to use harivAsara kahA jAtA hai| smRtikaustubha (29) ke anusAra dvAdazI haritithi hai| hariyata : (1) pUrNimA evaM amAvAsyA para ekabhakta-vidhi; isa vrata ke sampAdana' se naraka meM jAnA nahIM hotA; ina tithiyoM para puNyAhavAcana evaM 'jaya' jaise zabdoM ke sAtha hari-pUjA; eka brAhmaNa ko khilAnA, use praNAma karanA tathA anya brAhmaNoM, aMdhoM, asahAyoM evaM dalitoM ko bhoja denA; hemAdri (vrata0 2, 373, narasiMhapurANa se uddharaNa); kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 389-390); (2) dvAdazI ko upavAsa karane se svarga kI prApti hotI hai| hemAdri ( vrata0 1,1172, varAhapurANa se uddhrnn)| harizayana : ASAr3ha meM viSNu kA zayana' ; dekhie gata adhyAya 5 / halaSaSThI : bhAdrapada kRSNa 6 ko isa nAma se pukArA jAtA hai ; nirNayasindhu (123) / haviSya : kucha vratoM meM yajJiya dravya ; kRtyaratnAkara (400); tithitattva (109); nirNayasindhu (106) / hastagaurIvrata : bhAdrapada zukla 3 para; dhana-dhAnya se pUrNa rAjya kI prApti ke lie kRSNa dvArA kuntI ko sunAyA gayA vata'; batAka (pANDulipi 50 bI-52 bI), ahalyAkAmadhenu (280 bI); gaurI, hara evaM heramba (gaNeza) kA dhyAna ; 13 varSoM takaH; 14veM varSa meM udyaapn| himapUjA : puSpoM evaM dUdha ke naivedya se candra, viSNu ke vAma netra kI pUrNimA para pUjA; gAyoM ko namaka denA; mAtA, bahina, putrI ko naye vastroM se sammAnita karanA; yadi himAlaya ke pAsa hoM to pitaroM ko mi se mizrita madhu, tila evaM ghI denA cAhie aura jahA~ ghI na ho 'hima-hima' kA uccAraNa karanA cAhie tathA brAhmaNoM ko ghRtapUrNa mAga kA bhojana denA cAhie; gItoM evaM nRtya ke sAtha utsava tathA zyAmA-devI kI pUjA; surA pIne vAloM ko tAjI surA dI jAtI hai ; kRtyaratnAkara (471-472, brahmapurANa se uddhrnn)| hRdayavidhi : dekhie kRtyakalpataru (vrata0 19-20); hemAdri (vrata0 2, 526); aura dekhie 'AdityavAra' ke antrgt| homa-vidhi : gRhyasUtroM meM homa-vidhi dI huI hai; hemAdri (vrata0 1, 309-310) / holikA : dekhie gata adhyAya 12 /

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adhyAya 14 kAla-dhAraNA darzana zAstra kI makhya evaM bar3I samasyAoM meM 'dika' evaM 'kAla' ke rUpa kI samasyA hai| svabhAvataH prazna uThate haiM--kyA dika evaM kAla antatogatvA vAstavika haiM ? kyA hamArA avagamya vizva dizAvihIna evaM kAlavihIna hai ? kyA akhila vizva kA Arambha kAla se hai ? kyA dika evaM kAla dravya-vastue~ haiM yA vAstavika yA vastuoM ke guNa yA sambandha haiM ? ati prAcIna kAla se aba taka ina samasyAoM ke viSaya meM mata-matAntara pAye jAte rahe haiN| ataH yahA~ saMskRta granthoM meM Akalita kAla-sambandhI AlekhanoM, kalpanAoM evaM dhAraNAoM kA saMkSipta digdarzana Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| Rgvada ma kAla zabda kavala eka bAra AyA hai'-'jisa prakAra dyUta khelane vAlA kRta' (utkSepa, UMcI pheMka) ko ucita kAla meM ekatra karatA hai' (10 / 42 / 9 : 'kRtaM yac zvanI vicinoti kaale')| atharvaveda meM do sUkta haiM (19 / 53 / 1-10 evaM 19 / 54 / 1-5) jinameM kAla kI uccatama dhAraNA vyakta hotI hai| kucha vismayAvaha mantroM kA anuvAda yoM hai-kAla sAta razmiyoM (lagAmoM) vAle, sahasra A~khoM vAle, ajara evaM paryApta bIja (zakti) vAle azva ko hA~katA hai arthAt lekara calatA hai ; vijJa kavi loga usa para car3hate haiM (jisa prakAra koI ratha para car3hatA hai); sabhI bhuvana usake cakra (pahie) haiM; usI ne sabhI bhuvanoM ko eka kiyA aura usI ne svayaM sabhI bhuvanoM kI parikramA kI; pitA hokara vaha sabhI (bhuvanoM) kA putra banA; usase bar3hakara, sacamuca, koI anya teja nahIM hai; kAla meM mana hai, kAla meM prANa (ucchvAsa) hai; kAla meM nAma samAhita hai; ye sabhI jIva isake Agamana se prasanna hote haiM ; kAla ne prajA (jIvoM) kI utpatti kI; Arambha meM kAla ne prajApati ko utpanna kiyA; svayambhU kazyapa kAla se ubhare aura (isI prakAra) tapa bhI kAla se nikale; kAla putra ne atIta (bhUta) evaM bhaviSya (bhavya) kI utpatti kI; kAla se RcAe~ evaM yaju (yajJa sambandhI niyama) utpanna hue; yaha loka evaM parama loka, puNyaloka evaM puNya (pavitra) vivRtiyA~, ina sabhI lokoM ko brahma dvArA pUrNatayA jItakara kAla parama deva kI bhA~ti calatA rahatA hai (nivAsa karatA hai)|2|| 1. milAie 'kRtaM na zvaghnI vicinoti devne|' R0 (10 // 43 // 5) evaM atharvaveda (20 // 17 // 5) ko R0 (10142 / 9) evaM atharvaveda (7.506 tathA 2018939) 'kRtamiva zvaghnI vicinoti kAle' se; aura .vahI 'zvaghnIva yo jigIvAllakSamAdat' R0 (2 / 12 / 4); R0 (10 / 4115) ko vyAkhyA chAndogyopaniSad (4 / 114) meM yoM hai -'yathA kRtAya vijitAyAdhareyAH saMyanti' (jisa prakAra choTe dAba bar3e dAba dvArA AtmasAta hokara vijayI ko prApta hote haiN)|| 2. kAlo azvo bahati saptarazmiH sahasrAkSo ajaro bhuuriretaaH| tamA rohanti kavayo vipazcitastasya cakA

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kAla kI prAcIna bAramA 239 uparyukta vacanoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki ati Arambhika vaidika kAla meM bhI 'kAla' zabda do arthoM meM prayukta hotA thA-(1) sAmAnya rUpa se kAla (jaisA ki Adhunika saMskRta evaM Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM meM) evaM (2) vaha kAla (mahAkAla) jo parama tattva ke samanurUpa hai yA sRSTi kA mUla hai| dUsarA artha bhI, jaisA ki hama Age dekheMge, bahuta-se saMskRta granthoM (purANoM ke sahita) meM dRDha rUpa se avadhArita hai| zatapathabrAhmaNa (17 / 3 / 3 evaM 2 / 4 / 2 / 4) meM 'kAla' kA prayoga 'samaya' yA 'ucita samaya' ke artha meM huA hai-'vaha (kruddha rudra, jo AhutiyoM ke bhAga se vaMcita kiyA gayA thA) uttara kI ora usa samaya ur3A jaba ki sviSTakRt AhutiyA~ dI jA rahI thIM' (117 / 3 / 3); prajApati ne (jaba pazu unake pAsa pahuMce) kahA-'jaba kabhI tumheM ucita kAla para kucha mile yA anucita kAla para mile, tuma khA sakate ho' (2 / 4 / 2 / 4) / vidvAnoM dvArA ati prAcIna kahI jAne vAlI upaniSadoM ke vacana bhI diye jA sakate haiN| chAndogyopaniSad (2 / 31 / 1) ne 'kAla' kA prayoga 'anta hone' ke artha meM kiyA hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (1 / 2 / 4) meM bhI AyA hai-'usane AkAMkSA kI 'merA dUsarA svatva bhI prakaTa ho jaataa|' usane use kucha kAla paryanta taka, eka varSa taka, utpanna kiyA, aura usake uparAnta bahuta kAla taka use pAlita kiyaa|' usI upaniSad meM gArgya evaM rAjA ajAtazatru ke saMvAda meM gArya ne bahuta-se padArtha batalAye, jinakI usane brahma ke samAna upAsanA kI aura rAjA ne unake viSaya meM ina zabdoM meM uttara diyA, 'prANa (ucchvAsa) kAla ke pUrva use nahIM tyAgatA' evaM kAla ke pUrva mRtyu usake pAsa nahIM aatii|' yahA~ 'kAla' zabda nizcita samaya kA sUcaka hai| aura dekhie kauSItaki brAhmaNa jo bR0 u0 (2 / 1 / 10 evaM 12) ke samAna hI 'kAla' zabda prayukta karatA hai| zvetAzvatara upa0 (111-2) meM 'kAla' zabda sRSTi ke kAraNa yA mUla ke artha meM AyA hai--'kAraNa kyA hai ? kyA yaha brahma hai ? hama kahA~ se utpanna hote haiM ? hama kisase jIvita rahate haiM? hama kisa para pratiSThita haiM ? (yA hama kahA~ jA rahe haiM? ). . . kAla yA svabhAva yA AvazyakatA yA saMyoga yA tattva yA yoni (prakRti) yA puruSa, yahI vicAraNIya hai (inameM se koI kAraNa hai)| kucha kaviyoM (RSiyoM) ne svabhAva ko kAraNa mAnA hai, tathA anya mohita logoM ne kAla ko isakA kAraNa mAnA hai|' yahA~ 'kAla' zabda sRSTi kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai, jaisA ki hamane Upara atharvaveda meM dekha liyA hai| mANDUkyopaniSad kA kathana hai ki oMkAra trividha kAla (bhUta, vartamAna evaM bhaviSya) se Upara hai|' bhuvanAni vizvA // sa eva saM bhuvanAnyAbharat sa eva saM bhuvanAni pryNt| pitA sannabhavatputra eSAM tasmAdvai nAnyatparamasti sejaH // kAle manaH kAle prANaH kAle nAma samAhitam / kAlena sarvA nandantyAgatena prajA imaaH|| kAlaH prajA asRjata kAlo agne prjaaptim| svayambhUH kazyapaH kAlAttapaH kAlAdajAyata // atharvaveda (19 / 53 / 1, 4, 7, 10); kAlo ha bhUtaM bhavyaM ca putro ajnytpuraa| kAlAdRcaH samabhavanyajuH kAlAdajAyata / imaM ca lokaM paramaM ca lokaM puNyAMzca lokAn vidhRtIzca punnyaaH| sarvAMllokAnabhijitya brahmaNA kAlaH sa Iyate paramo nu devH|| atharva0 (19 / 5415) / Rgveda (9 / 11412) meM kazyapa RSi ke rUpa meM haiM, paurANika kathAoM meM ve aditi ke pati haiM; aditi ko R0 (1189 / 10) meM mAtA, pitA evaM putra kahA gayA hai, ataH sambhavataH yahA~ kazyapa prajApati hI haiN| atharva0 (8 / 5 / 14) meM AyA hai ki kazyapa ne rakSAratna ko utpanna kiyA kI : 'kazyapastvAmasRjata kazyapastvA samairayat / ' yahA~ 'vidhRti' kA sambhavataH artha hai 'lokoM ko pRthak karane vAlI siimaaeN|' 3. kiM kAraNaM brahma kutaH sma jAtA jIvAma kena kva ca smprtisstthaaH| kAlaH svabhAvo niyatiryadRcchA bhUtAni yoniH puruSa iti cintyam // zve0 upa0 (111-2); svabhAvameke kavayo vadanti kAlaM tathAnye parimahyamAnAH /

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240 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa maitrI upaniSad (6114-16) meM kAla para eka lambA vivecana hai| pahale AyA hai-'aisA kahIM para kahA gayA hai ki anna isa sampUrNa saMsAra kI yoni hai, kAla anna kI yoni hai; sUrya kAla kI yoni hai|' isameM punaH AyA hai--'kAla se sabhI jIva utpanna hote haiM, kAla se hI ve vRddhi prApta karate haiM aura kAla meM hI samApta ho jAte haiM; kAla mUrti hai (nizcita rUpa yA sImAe~) aura amUrtimAna (rUparahita) hai|' isake uparAnta isane udghoSita kiyA hai, brahma ke vAstava meM do rUpa haiM, kAla evaM akaal| jo sUrya ke pUrva hai vaha akAla hai arthAt kAlarahita hai (yahI brahma kA rUpa hai) aura yaha bhAgavihIna hai| kintu jo sUrya ke sAtha Arambhita hotA hai yaha kAla hai aura usake bhAga bhI haiM; varSa kAla kA vaha rUpa hai jisake bhAga haiN| ye sabhI jIva varSa dvArA utpanna hote haiM, ye utpanna jIva varSa dvArA vRddhi ko prApta hote haiM aura varSa meM hI unakA kSaya ho jAtA hai| ataH varSa prajApati hai, kAla hai, anna hai, brahmanIDa (brahma kA nivAsa) hai aura AtmA hai|' phira aisA kahA gayA hai, 'kAla sabhI jIvoM ko mahAn AtmA meM pakAtA hai (pacAtA hai), kiMtu jo vyakti use jAnatA hai jisameM 'kAla pacatA hai, vahI vedajJa hai|' yahA~ maMtrI upa0 ne kAla ko do arthoM meM prayukta kiyA hai, aura pazcAtkAlIna kAlAnubhUti kI dhAraNA vyakta kI hai--sUrya kI gatiyoM para nirdhArita kAla tathA brahma ke svarUpa se sambandhita kaal| aura dekhie mahAnArAyaNa upa0 (11 / 14), 'ahameva kAlo nAhaM kAlasya', jahA~ kAla ko nArAyaNa (Izvara) kahA gayA hai| ___ mahAbhArata meM bhI kAla para kaI bAra likhA gayA hai| Adiparva (1 / 248-250) meM AyA hai, 'kAla bhUtoM (prANiyoM) kI sarjanA karatA hai, kAla prajAoM (logoM) kA nAza karatA hai; prajA ke saMhAra meM saMlagna kAla kAla ko zamita karatA hai| kAla zubha evaM azubha sthitiyA~ utpanna karatA hai; kAla rAvako samApta karatA hai aura punaH sabakI sRSTi karatA hai, kAla hI aisA hai jo sabake so jAne para jAgatA rahatA hai ; kAla ajeya hai|" yahI bAta strIparva meM bhI hai| aura dekhie zAntiparva (adhyAya 224 evaM 227), Azvamedhikaparva (adhyAya 45 / 1-9) / bhagavadgItA meM kaI sthAnoM para 'kAla' zabda 'sAmAnya samaya' yA 'yathA samaya' ke artha meM prayuvarA huA hai (yathA 412, 87 evaM 27, 8 / 23, 17 / 20) / isameM 'kAla' zabda kRSNa ke lie bhI prayukta huA hai jinheM para brahma kahA gayA hai (yathA 10130 evaM 33, 11 // 32) / pANini ne sAmAnya artha meM, kaoNla kI avadhiyoM yA ThIka samaya ke artha meM hI 'kAla' zabda ko rakhA hai| dekhie pataJjali (pANini 3 / 3 / 167) / pataJjali ne (pANini 2 / 2 / 5 ke dUsare vAtika meM) kAla-sambandhI eka mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta kI carcA kI hai| unakA kahanA hai--'loga usako kAla kahate haiM jisake dvArA kaTora vastuoM kI vRddhi (upacaya) evaM kSaya (apacaya) lakSita hotA hai, aura vahI (kAla) rAtri evaM dina kahA jAtA hai jaba ki zvetA0 (631) / varAha ko bRhatsaMhitA isa antima kI ora saMketa karatI hai, yayA--'kAlaM kAraNameke, svabhAvamapare pare jaguH krm|' yenAvRtaM nityamidaM hi sarvaM jJaH kAlakAro guNI srvvidyH| zve0 u0 (62); AdiH sa saMyoganimittahetuH parastrikAlAdakAlopi dRssttH| zve0 upa0 (65); milAie mANDUkyopaniSad 'bhUtaM bhavad bhaviSyapiti sarvamoMkAra ev| yaccAnyat trikAlAtItaM tadapyoMkAra ev|' 4. kAlaH sRjati bhUtAni kAlaH saMharate prjaaH| saMharantaM prajAH kAlaM kAla: zamayate punH| kAlo hi kurute bhAvAn sarvaloke shubhaashubhaan|| kAlaH saMkSipate sarvAH prajA visRjate punH| kAlaH supteSu jAti kAlo hi durtikrmH|| strIparva (2024) / aura dekhie zAntiparva (221141) evaM garur3a0 (111087) /

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[kAla kI dArzanika dhAraNA 241 kriyA se saMyukta ho jAtA hai| vaha kriyA kyA hai ? uttara hai, 'Aditya (sUrya) kI gati / ' jaba vahI gati bAra-bAra hotI hai to mAsa evaM saMvatsara (varSa) hotA hai / ' manusmRti (1 / 21) meM paramAtmA ko kAla aura usake vibhAgoM (1 / 24, kAlaM kAlavibhaktIzca ) kA sRSTikartA kahA gayA hai| paramAtmA vizva sRSTi ke uparAnta apane meM vilIna hotA pradarzita kiyA gayA hai, aura bAra-bAra eka kAlAvadhi ko dUsarI kAlAvadhi se cUsatA yA pIr3ita karatA huA prakaTa kiyA gayA hai (Atmanyantardathe bhUyaH kAlaM kAlena pIDayan ) / sAMkhya ne kAla ko apane 25 tattvoM meM parigaNita nahIM kiyA hai / kintu isa paddhati meM kAla ko achUtA nahIM chor3A gayA hai| sAMkhyakArikA meM 13 kAraNa batAye gaye haiM, 3 Abhyantara aura 10 bAhya / bAhya kAraNoM kA sambandha vartamAna se darzita hai aura Abhyantara kAraNoM kA bhUta, vartamAna evaM bhaviSya tInoM se (sAMkhyakArikA 133) / vaizeSikasUtra (2 / 2 / 6-9) ne kAla ko nau dravyoM meM rakhA hai ( padArtha 1 / 5 ) / ' kucha dArzanika aise haiM jo kAla ko bhUta yA bhaviSya mAnate haiM aura use vartamAna kI saMjJA dene ko tatpara nahIM haiN| nyAyasUtra ise nahIM mAnatA aura kahatA hai ki kAla bhUta, vartamAna evaM bhaviSya hai ( 2 / 1 / 39-43 ) | pataMjali ( pA0 3 / 2 / 123 ) se prakaTa hotA hai ki unake samaya meM kucha aise dArzanika the jo vartamAna kAla ko nahIM mAnate the / jayanta bhaTTa kI nyAyamaMjarI meM kAla para bRhat vyAkhyA hai| sarvaprathama isameM una logoM ke matoM kA vivaraNa hai jo kAla kI sthiti ko pRthak ikAI ke rUpa meM mAnane ko sannaddha nahIM haiN| ina logoM ke anusAra kAla, ghaTa Adi ke samAna, pratyakSIkRtana nahIM hai aura kSipratA evaM mandatA kI bhAvanAe~ kevala nirIkSita prabhAvoM para hI nirbhara haiN| yadi kAla dravya haiM, jo ki vaizeSikoM ke mata se vibhu evaM nitya hai, to use bhUta, vartamAna evaM bhaviSya ke rUpa meM kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ? ina virodhoM ke uttara meM kucha loga kahate haiM---kAla kA pratyakSIkaraNa sIdhe DhaMga se hotA hai, kyoMki yaha mana ke apane vibhinna prabhAvoM ke rUpa meM prakaTa hotA hai; aise vibhinna anubhava, yathA 'ye viSaya eka ke uparAnta ghaTita hue', 'yaha bahuta dera ke uparAnta ghaTita huA', 'yaha zIghratA se ho gayA', nahIM vyAkhyAyita ho sakate yadi kAla kA astitva na mAnA jAya / kucha logoM kA mata hai ki kAla kevala anumAnita hai aura isakA pratyakSIkaraNa sIdhe DhaMga se nahIM ho sktaa| unake tarka haiM-- 'yaha kahakara ki kAla kA sIdhe DhaMga se pratyakSIkaraNa nahIM ho sakatA, yaha siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki kAla kA astitva nahIM hai; yaha anumAna lagAnA ki kAla kA astitva hai, ucita hai, jaisA ki candra kA pichalI ora kA rUpa hotA hai, yadyapi hama u sAmane kA hI rUpa dekha pAte haiM / ataH kAla pRthak ikAI ke rUpa meM avasthita hai, jaisA ki hama sAmAnya anubhava se pratA, mandatA, sAtha-sAtha ghaTita honA Adi jAnate haiN| eka vyakti bUr3hA hai yA yuvA hai, isakA jJAna binA kAla vibhu hai, eka hai aura nitya hai / jaba kAla eka hai, vibhu hai aura 1 bhaviSya ) kaise sambhava haiM ? isakA uttara yoM hai--- vAstava meM kala ke vibhAga nahIM haiM, ye vibhAga to kalpanAparaka haiM aura ye kAla kI kriyA ke dyotaka haiN| yadi hama kisI vyakti ke viSaya meM yaha kaheM ki vaha vartamAna meM cAvala pAtA hai (odanaM pacati ) to yaha 'pake cAvala' ke pariNAma ke viziSTa svabhAva ke kAraNa hai, jo kaI kriyAoM kA pratiphala mAtra hai, yathA agni para pAtra rakhane se lekara pRthivI para utAra kara rakhane taka / taba hama ise vartamAna kahate ke nahIM ho sktaa| kAla AkAza kI bhA~ti hai to isake tIna vibhAga ( bhUta, vartamAna evaM 5. sAta padArthoM (prAcIna kAla meM 6) meM dravya eka padArtha hai / padArtha vaha hai jisako nAma diyA jA sake aura jo jJAta ho, vaha aisA nahIM hai jisakI kevala bhautika avadhAraNA mAtra ho sake / 31

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242 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa haiN| jaba hama una kriyAoM kI zrRMkhalA para dhyAna dete haiM jisake phalasvarUpa cAvala pakA to hama bhUta kAla ko artha lagAte haiM (una kriyAoM se jo anta meM niHzeSa huii)| vAstava meM yaha svayaM kriyAoM kI viziSTatAoM para nirbhara hai| yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki raghunAtha ziromaNi ne 'padArtha-nirUpaNa' (navyanyAya sampradAya ke eka grantha) meM nirUpita kiyA hai ki dik, kAla evaM parabrahma eka hI haiM, ve pRthak padArtha nahIM haiN| yogasUtrabhASya (3 / 51) meM kAla ke viSaya meM eka manoraMjaka kintu gUr3ha vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai| sUtra isa prakAra hai--'kSaNatatkramayoH saMyamAdvivekajaM jJAnam' arthAt kSaNoM evaM unake kramoM para saMyama karane se vivekajanya jJAna utpanna hotA hai| isa para bhASya yoM hai-'jisa prakAra eka paramANu dravya hai jo sUkSma-se-sUkSma taka pahuMca sakatA hai, usI prakAra kSaNa kAla hai jo parama apakarSa taka (sUkSma se-sUkSma sImA taka) pahu~ca sakatA hai'...aadi-aadi| isa vivecana se yahI prakaTa hotA hai ki yogasUtra evaM isake bhASya ne yahI mAnA hai ki kAla dravya nahIM hai, koI prakaTa vAstavikatA nahIM hai, yaha kevala eka zabda hai, eka mAnasika dhAraNA hai jo pratyakSIkaraNa yA bhautika padArthoM kI vizeSatA (vizeSaNa yA upAdhi) kI anubhUti mAtra hai, yaha parivartita vastuoM se sambandhita hai, isakI gaNanA hama vastuoM kI gati yA parivartana se karate haiM, yaha kevala zazakazRMga (kharagoza ke sIMga) ke samAna nahIM hai| ... bauddha evaM jaina granthoM meM bhI kAla ke viSaya meM vivecana hai| prajJAkara gupta (lagabhaga 700 I.) ke pramANavArtikabhASya yA vAtikAlaMkAra meM vaizeSikasUtra evaM prazastapAda kA khaNDana hai| isameM yaha pratipAdita hai ki kAla koI pRthak sattAnahIM hai, yadi kAla kA koI Arambha nahIM hai aura yaha ananta hai to samaya kI dUrI evaM nikaTatA kI dhAraNA nahIM ho sakatI, dUrI, sannikaTatA yA kSipratA una kriyAoM se bhinna nahIM haiM jinake viSaya meM ve pUrva jJAna detI haiM / bauddha mata bhI kahatA hai ki kAla koI vastu nahIM hai, yaha vicAra mAtra hai, yaha kevala manuSya ke indriyajJAna-bhaNDAra evaM prajJA kI svAnubhUtimaya (Atmagata) dazA hai, apane meM yaha nAstitva kA dyotaka hai, yaha kartA se bhinna hai| kintu jaina siddhAnta ke anusAra chaH padArtha haiM, yathA jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza, pudgala evaM kAla, arthAt kAla kI pRthak sattA hai| katipaya purANoM meM bhI kAla ke viSaya meM vivecana hai| kUrmapurANa (1, adhyAya 5) meM kAla kA svarUpa yoM AyA hai-yaha pUjanIya kAla ananta, ajara evaM amara hai| yaha sarvagatva, svatantratva, sarvAtmatva rUpa se mahezvara hai| yoM to bahuta-se brahmA, rudra, nArAyaNa evaM anya deva haiM, kintu yaha ghoSita hai ki eka hI bhagavAn kAla hai| deva kAla se hI saSTa haiM aura punaH kAla dvArA kavalita hote haiN| kAla kI zakti se brahmA, nArAyaNa, Iza (ziva) prAkRta laya ko prApta hote haiM aura punaH kAla ke yoga se utpanna hote haiM / isI se para brahma, prakRti, vAsudeva evaM zaMkara kI sRSTi hotI hai| ataH vizva kAlAtmaka hai| vahI akelA paramezvara hai| aura dekhie viSNudharmottara (1172 / 1-7) jahA~ ye hI bAte dUsare DhaMga se AyI haiN| vAyu evaM kUrma donoM meM AyA hai-kAla jIvoM kI sarjanA evaM saMhAra karatA hai, sabhI kAla ke vaza meM haiM, kAla kisI anya ke vaza meM nahIM haiM' (vAyu, 32129-30, kUrma, 2 / 2 / 16) / aura dekhie viSNupurANa (1 / 2 / 13-15-26), brahmapurANa, bhAgavatapurANa (3 / 11 / 3-7) / jyotiSa ke grantha sUryasiddhAnta meM AyA hai-'kAla lokoM kA anta karane vAlA hai| dUsarA prakAra (kAla-bheda) kalanAtmaka hai, jisase gaNanA kI jAtI hai|' kAla ke do prakAra haiM-sthUla evaM sUkSma, jinheM mUrta bhI kahA jAtA hai aura amUrta bhii| kAla-vibhAjana prANa (ucchvAsa) Adi mUrta haiM aura truTi Adi amUrta haiN| carakasaMhitA (sUtrasthAna 11480) ne kAla ko 9 dravyoM meM gina rakhA hai aura kahA hai ki yaha acetana hai| yaha prakaTa hai ki yaha vaizeSika

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kAla kA vyAvahArika vibhAjana 243 siddhAnta se mela rakhatA hai| suzrutasaMhitA (2 / 3-5) meM bhI kAla-viSayaka vivecana hai| dArzanika vaiyAkaraNoM meM bhartRhari (vAkyapadIya ke lekhaka) ne prakIrNakakANDa (kAlasamuddeza, 1, 3, 32) meM kahA hai ki kAla eka dravya hai, vibhu hai, anya kriyAoM se pRthak ananta' sattA vAlA hai| sthAnAbhAva se aura kucha likhanA sambhava nahIM hai| jo loga kAla ke viSaya meM vizeSa adhyayana karanA cAhate haiM ve zrI hArAnacandra bhaTTAcArya dvArA likhita evaM prakAzita 'kAlasiddhAnta-darzinI' kA adhyayana kara sakate haiM, kyoMki usa grantha meM vibhinna sampradAyoM, zAkhAoM skRta granthoM meM pratipAdita kAla sambandhI dArzanika dhAraNAoM kA vistArapUrvaka vivecana hai| hama yahA~ para pazcimI siddhAntoM kI na vyAkhyA kareMge aura na bhAratIya dRSTikoNa se unakI tulanA hii| prAcIna samaya se hI kAla ke sUkSma-se-sUkSma vibhAjana kA Alekhana hotA AyA hai| vAja0 saM0 (32 / 2) meM AyA hai-'sabhI nimeSa (palaka girane kI avadhiyA~) parama puruSa se udbhUta haiM. vaha puruSa vidyut ke samAna dedIpyamAna hai|' aura dekhie mahAnArAyaNa upa0 (118) / bR0 upa0 (3 / 8 / 9) meM AyA hai-'akSara brahma ke Adhipatya meM sUrya evaM candra dUra-dUra sthita haiM, isI prakAra nimeSa, muhurta, dina, rAtri, pakSa, Rtue~, varSa pRthak-pRthak haiN|' mahAnArAyaNa upa0 (118-9) meM kAla kI ikAiyAM yoM haiM-'nimeSa, kalAe~, muhUrta, kASThAe~, ardhamAsa, mAsa, Rtue~ evaM varSa / manu (1 / 64) meM AyA hai ki 18 nimeSa eka kASThA ke, 30 kASThAe~ eka kalA ke, 30 kalAe~ eka muhUrta ke, 30 muhurta eka ahorAtra (rAta-dina) ke barAbara haiN| varAhamihira kI bRhatsaMhitA (2, pR0 22) evaM prazastapAda (vaizeSika sUtra, 2 / 2 / 46 ke) bhASya meM prArambhika kAla vAlI kAla-vibhAjana-sUcI yoM hai--'vyavahAra meM Ane vAlI ikAiyoM kA kAraNa kAla hai aura usake khaNDa haiM-kSaNa, lava, nimeSa, kASThA, kalA, muhUrta, yAma (prahara yA dina kA ? bhAga), ahorAtra, ardhamAsa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara (varSa), yuga, manvantara, kalpa, pralaya evaM mhaaprly|' purANoM meM bhI nimeSa se pralaya yA kalpa taka ke kAla-vibhAjana ullikhita haiM (dekhie brahma 231 // 6-1 1 / 5 / 6-14; padma 5 / 3 / 4-20; vAya 57 / 6-35) / nimeSa (palaka girane ke samaya) ko vAyu evaM viSNudharmottara ne aisA kAla kahA hai jo eka laghu akSara ke uccAraNa meM lagatA hai| viSNudharmottara ne kahA hai ki nimeSa se laghu kAla kI bhautika avadhAraNA sambhava nahIM hai| kAla kI ikAiyoM kI saMkhyA, nAma evaM samaya ke viSaya meM mataikya nahIM hai| yathA ')-18 nimeSa 1 kASThA, 30 kASThA 1 kalA, 30 kalA 1 muhUrta, 30 muhUrta 1 ahoraatr| kauTilya (arthazAstra 2, adhyAya 20, pR0107-108, zAmazAstrIsaMskaraNa)-2 truTa (yA truTi ? )=lava, 2 lava nimeSa, 5 nimeSakASThA, 30 kASThA= kalA, 40 kalA-nAr3ikA, 2 nADikA muhUrta, 30 muhuurt=ahoraatr| kucha purANoM meM vahI nAma Adi haiM--15 nimeSa-kASThA, 30 kASThA kalA, 40 kalA-nADikA, 2 nAr3ikA muhUrta, 30 muhUrta=ahorAtra (vAyu 50 / 169, 5717 matsya 142 / 4, viSNu 2 / 8 / 59, brahmANDa 2 / 29 / 6, zAnti0 232 / 12) / amarakoza-18 nimeSa-kASThA, 30 kASTha kalA, 30 kalA=kSaNa, 12 kSaNa muhUrta, 30 muhUrta ahorAtra / bhAgavata (3 / 11 / 3-10)-2 paramANu aNu, 3 aNusareNu, 3 trasareNa =truTi, 100 truTi-vedha, 3 vedha= lava, 3 lava nimeSa, 3 nimaSa-kSaNa, 5 kSaNa-kASThA, 15 kASThA lagha, 15 lagha-nADikA, 2 nADikA maharta, 30 mht-ahoraatr| AtharvaNa jyotiSa--12 nimeSa-lava, 30 lava-kalA, 30 kalA-traTi, muhuurt| yaha tAlikA kisI tAlikA se nahIM miltii| ahorAtra se pralaya kI ikAiyoM kA ullekha Age hogaa| ___ Age kucha kahane ke pUrva kucha bAtoM para vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| IsA se kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva jyotiSa vedAMgoM meM parigaNita thaa| muNDakopaniSad (1 / 1 / 4-5) meM aparA vidyA ko yoM kahA gayA hai-~-Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda, atharvaveda, zikSA, kalpa, vyAkaraNa, nirukta, chanda evaM jyotiss| Apastamba-dharmasUtra (2 / 4 / 8 / 11) meM bhI mana

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vedoM ke cha: aMgoM kA ullekha hai| pANinIya zikSA (zloka 41-42) meM nakSatra-tArakoM kI gatiyoM ke vijJAna ko veda kI A~kha kahA gayA hai| jyotiSa, jo (Rgveda evaM yajurveda kA) vedAMga hai, kevala jyotiHzAstra-sambandhI bAtoM se hI sambanvita thaa| vedAMgajyotiSa (yajurveda kA, zloka 3, 4) meM AyA hai--'vedoM kI utpatti yajJoM ke prayoga ke lie huI; yajJa kAlAnupUrvI haiM arthAt ve kAla ke krama se calate haiM; ataH jo kAlavidhAnazAstra jyotiSa ko jAnatA hai, vaha yazoM ko bhI jAnatA hai| jisa prakAra mayUroM ke sira para kalaMgI hotI hai, nAgoM (soM) ke sira para maNi hotI hai, usI prakAra gaNita vedAMgazAstroM kA mUrdhanya hai|' isase prakaTa hai ki usa samaya gaNita evaM jyotiSa samAnArthI zabda the| vRddha-vAsiSThasiddhAnta meM AyA hai-'yaha zAstra veda kI AMkha hai|' Age calakara jyotiSa ke tIna skandha ho gaye--tantra (gaNita dvArA grahoM kI gatiyoM kA jJAna prApta karanA aura unheM nizcita karanA), horA (jisakA sambandha kuNDalI banAne se hai aura ise jAtaka bhI kahA jAtA hai) tathA zAkhA, jo eka vistRta skandha thA aura jisameM zakuna-parIkSaNa, lakSaNa-parIkSaNa evaM bhaviSyasUcana kA vivaraNa thaa| ina tInoM skandhoM para racita anya ko saMhitA kahA gyaa| jo ina tInoM skandhoM (gaNita, horA evaM zAkhA) kA jJAtA hotA thA, use saMhitApAraga kahA jAtA thaa| tIsare skandha ko 'zAkhA' kyoM kahA gayA isakA samucita samAdhAna nahIM diyA jA sakA hai| horA ke tIna upavibhAga the-jAtaka yA janma, yAtrA yA yAtrika evaM vivaah| gRhyasUtroM evaM dharmasUtroM meM yaha bAta pAyI jAtI hai ki ve jyotiSa-sambandhI AvazyakatAoM evaM jAnakArI ko jyotiSazAstrajJoM se lete the| gobhila-gRhyasUtra (1 / 5 / 13) meM AyA hai-'isa bAta para pRthak grantha hai, use par3hanA cAhie yA paryo (amAvAsyA yA pUrNimA) ke viSaya meM jAnakAra logoM se pUchanA caahie|' prAcIna evaM madhya kAla ke jyotiSa-jJAna ke viSaya meM gahare matabheda rahe haiN| vAstava meM, dharmazAstra ke itihAsa meM isakA vivecana nahIM honA cAhie, kyoMki usa viSaya para likhane ke lie eka pRthak grantha kI AvazyakatA pdd'gii| kintu jyotiSa kI do zAkhAoM (horA evaM zAkhA) kA dharmazAstra para bar3A prabhAva par3A hai, ataH kucha bAtoM kA ullekha Avazyaka hai| yadyapi dharmazAstrakAroM ne jyotiSa se bahuta kucha liyA hai, kintu ve jyotiHzAstra ke zabdoM ko antima siddhAnta mAnane ko sannaddha nahIM rahA karate the| yadi jyotizAstra evaM dharmazAstra ke siddhAntoM meM kahIM virodha utpanna hotA thA to ve dharmazAstra ko hI mAnyatA dete the| udAharaNArtha, mAna liyA jAya ki eka vyakti ne saptamI para 'ekabhavata-vrata' kiyA hai| saMkalpa sAmAnya niyama ke anasAra prAtaHkAla kiyA jAtA hai| mAna liyA ki vaha saptamI SaSThI evaM aSTamI se saMyakta hai aura saptamI dina ke dasa baje se Arambha hotI hai| aisI sthiti meM 'yagmavAvaya' ke anusAra SaSThI se saMyakta saptamI ko vrata ke lie mAnyatA prApta hogI aura saMkalpa prAtaHkAla karanA par3egA, kintu vAstava meM jyotiSa ke anasAra tithi usa samaya SaSThI hI rhegii| devala ke mata se dhArmika snAna, dAna evaM vratoM ke prayoga ke lie tithi pUre dina bhara rahegI yadi sUrya usa tithi kI avadhi meM hI asta ho jaay| anya udAharaNoM ke lie dekhie kR0 ra0 (pR. 299) evaM smRtikau0 (tithi, pR0 12) / / bhArata kI jyotiSa-vidyA evaM phalita jyotiSa ke viSaya meM vebara, hviTanI, thibo Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne kalpita AdhAroM para pramANarahita siddhAnta baghAre haiN| ve yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki saMskRta sAhitya kA eka vizAla maMza naSTa ho cukA hai, jisakA patA aba nahIM cala sktaa| yahI bAta yUnAna ke viSaya meM bhI hai (TAlmI ke ailmagesTa ke uparAnta yUnAna kA bahuta-sA sAhitya nahIM prApta hotaa)| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki ve yaha bAta bhUla jAte haiM ki jo kucha sAhitya avazeSa hai vaha dhArmika hai na ki aitihAsika; aura jo kucha bAteM gaNita ke viSaya kI milatI haiM ve kevala viSaya pratipAdana ke silasile meM hI A gayI haiN| jisakA ullekha huA hai aura usa silasile meM jo kucha chUTa gayA hai usase yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki aura anya bAteM thIM hI nhiiN| kucha bAtoM ke mela se, yathA saMsthAoM evaM

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gaNita aura jyotiva kI bhAratIya maulikatA 245 vyavahAragata bAtoM kI katipaya samAnatAoM se yaha nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki eka ne dUsare se kucha udhAra liyA hai| mAnavamana saba sthAnoM para samAna hai, isakI AvazyakatAoM, vAtAvaraNa Adi meM bahuta kucha samAnatAe~ haiM, aisA nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki kisI sthAna - vizeSa ke loga hI bauddhika zaktiyoM meM ekAdhikAra rakhate rahe haiM / 19vIM zatAbdI meM jina logoM ne bhAratIya sAhitya evaM viSayoM para likhA hai unameM adhikAMza loga yUnAna evaM roma ke sAhitya se zikSita the aura ve yUnAnI darzana, gaNita, kalAoM evaM mistrI sabhyatA se abhibhUta the| jaba bebilona evaM madhya-pUrva eziyA ke bhAratIya Alekhana sAmane Ane lage to logoM kI A~kheM khuliiN| nimnokta vidvAnoM ne vizva kI A~kheM khola dIM - - sara liyonArDa vulI, glainavile, sara TAmasa hItha, sArTana Adi ne yaha siddha kara diyA ki yUnAniyoM ne sumera ke logoM, mistriyoM, bebilona ke logoM se bahuta kucha siikhaa| yaha kahanA bacapana siddha ho gayA ki yUnAna se hI jJAna vijJAna kA zrIgaNeza huA thaa| bebilona ke loga yUnAniyoM se gaNita ke viSaya meM bahuta Age the| TAlmI ne bebilona se bahuta kucha prApta kiyA thA / iMglaiNDa, phrAMsa, jarmanI, rUsa evaM amerikA, jo Aja vijJAna ke kSetra meM bahuta Age haiM, TaoNlmI ko hI gaNita - guru mAnate haiM, kintu aba yaha siddha ho cukA hai ki unhoMne araba se dazamalava kA jJAna prApta kiyA / araba vAloM kA gaNitaguru bhArata thA / yahA~ isa viSaya meM adhika nahIM likhA jAyagA / jyotiHzAstra evaM phalita jyotiSa ke sambandha meM kucha mata-matAntara haiN| AkAza ke graha, nakSatra, sUrya, candra, unake grahaNa, ghUmaketu, tAroM kA TUTanA Adi aisI vismayakArI vastue~ haiM jinheM dekhakara logoM ke mana meM bhaya, kautUhala evaM jijJAsA kI bhAvanAe~ utpanna hotI rahI hoMgI / kAlAntara meM jyotiHzAstra evaM phalita jyotiSa kI utpatti huii| prAcIna kAla meM donoM zabda eka hI artha rakhate the| kucha logoM ke mata se jyotiHzAstra phalita jyotiSa para AdhArita hai| kintu pro0 nyUgebora evaM zrI pITara Doega isa mata ko nahIM maante| kintu lagatA hai, donoM prAcIna haiM aura ve eka-dUsare se prabhAvita hote rahe haiN| Ajakala ke bahuta se loga phalita jyotiSa kI bAtoM ko gulagapAr3A ThaharAte haiM / kintu vAstava meM aisI bAta nahIM hai / kyA hama jvAra-bhAToM, grahaNoM, andhar3a-tUphAnoM, varSA Adi ke viSaya meM bhaviSyavANiyA~ nahIM karate ? AkAza ke graha-nakSatra hamAre jIvana ko avazya prabhAvita karate haiN| kintu vAstavika bAta yaha nahIM hai / hameM yaha dekhanA hai ki kyA jyotiSAcAryoM evaM phalita jyotiSa ke jAnakAroM ne grahoM, nakSatroM Adi ke viSaya meM yathAtathya niyamoM evaM vidhiyoM kA nirmANa karake yathAtathya niSkarSa nahIM nikAle haiM ? kyA unake jJAna se hamAre anudina ke jIvana para prakAza nahIM par3atA hai ? jyotiHzAstra evaM phalita jyotiSa sambandhI saMskRta-sAhitya, kucha eka-dUsare se mila jAte hue bhI, tIna kAlAvadhiyoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai| prathama yuga hai vaidika saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM kA, jo ati AdikAlIna yugoM se lagabhaga IsA pUrva 800 ke madhya kA hai / dUsarA yuga vaha hai jisameM vedAMgajyotiSa, zrauta, gRhya evaM dharma sUtra, manu, yAjJavalkya, garga ke granthoM tathA sUryaprajJapti jaise jaina granthoM kA nirmANa huA aura jo tIsarI zatAbdI taka calatA rahA / tIsarA yuga IsA kI prathama zatAbdI se prArambha huA, jisameM siddhAnta nAmaka grantha praNIta hue aura jisameM AryabhaTa (476 I0 meM utpanna), varAhamihira ( 475 I0 se 550 I0 taka ), brahmagupta ( san 598 I0 meM utpanna ) Adi granthakAra the| yahA~ para una granthoM kI ora kucha saMketa kiyA jAyagA jo vistAra se adhyayana ke uparAnta bhAratIya jyotiHzAstra evaM daivajJavidyA ( phalita jyotiSa) para prabhUta prakAza DAlate haiN| san 1896 I0 meM prakAzita evaM zaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita dvArA likhita tathA san 1931 I0 meM unake putra dvArA punaH sampAdita marAThI grantha 'hindU jyotiHzAstra kA itihAsa' mahattvapUrNa hai| dIkSita ne yaha pratipAdita kiyA hai ki bhAratIya jyotiH

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246 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zAstra pUrNarUpeNa svatantra hai aura isa para koI bAharI chApa nahIM hai|* anya grantha yA lekha ye haiM-Devisa kA 'esTraoNnaoNmikala kampyUTezaMsa Ava di hindUja' (eziyATika risarceja', jilda 3 pR0 209-277); beNTalI kA 'hisTaoNrikala vyU Ava hindU esTraoNnaoNmI' (vahI, jilda 6, pR0 537-588); kolabuka ke 'misaleniesa esez2a' (jilda 2, pR0 321373); vArena kA 'kAla-saMkalita'; javisa kA 'iNDiyana meTrAlaoNjI'; bRhatsaMhitA para karna kI bhUmikA; bargesa, hviTanI (je0 e0 o0 esa0, jilda 6, pR0 141-498); aura dekhie vahI, jilda 8 (pR0 1-94); varAhamihira kI paMcasiddhAntikA (thibo evaM sudhAkara dvivedI dvArA sampAdita); pro0 vebara kA 'uba Dena vedakaileNDara, nAmeMsa jyotiSam', ra kA Rgveda; bAla gaMgAdhara tilaka kA 'orAyana' evaM 'ArkaTika homa ina di vedAja'; thiyo kA 'iNDiyana aisTraoNnAmI, aisTraoNlaoNjI eNDa maithameTiksa'; alabarUnI kA 'iNDiyA'; iNDiyana eNTIkverI (jilda 23, pR0 154-159; jilda 24, pR0 85-100); iNDiyana hisTorikala kvArTaralI (jilda 4, 1928, pR0 68-77); vahI (jilda 5, pR0 479-512); menana kA 'aiMzyeNTa aisTraoNnAmI evaM kaoNsmAmaoNnI'; datta evaM siMha kA 'hisTrI Ava hindU maithemeTiksa'; daphtarI kA 'bhaartiiy-jyotiHshaastr-niriikssnn|' isI prakAra bahuta se lekha evaM grantha prakAzita haiN| * yaha prasiddha marAThI grantha paM0 vizvanAtha jhArakhaNDI dvArA hindI meM anUdita hokara 'hindI samiti dvArA (san 1963 meM dvitIya AvRtti) prakAzita ho cukA hai|

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adhyAya 15 kAla kI ikAiyA~ aba hama 'yuga' se pUrvavartI 'muhUrta' taka kI kAla-ikAiyoM kA ullekha kreNge| 'manvantara', 'kalpa' evaM 'pralaya' para carcA Age hogii| Rgveda meM 'yuga' zabda kama-se-kama 33 bAra vibhinna arthoM meM AyA hai| isa viSaya meM dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3 / do artha spaSTatayA ubhara uThate haiM-alpAvadhi evaM diirghaavdhi| R0 (11158 / 6) meM AyA hai-'mamatA ke putra dIrghatamA dasa yugoM meM bUr3he hue, ve brahmA, bar3e yAjaka aura apane lakSya kI ora bahane vAlI nadiyoM (jaloM) ke netA bne|" yahA~ 'yuga' dasa varSa se adhika avadhi kA dyotaka nahIM ho sakatA, sambhavataH pA~ca varSoM kI avadhi kA dyotaka hai| R0 (3 / 26 / 3) meM AyA hai-'apanI mAtA ke pAsa hinahinAte hue azva ke samAna vaizvAnara (agni) pratyeka yuga (prati dina, sAyaNa) meM kuzikoM dvArA prajvalita kiyA jAtA hai|' vedAMgajyotiSa (zloka 1 evaM 5) meM yuga pAMca varSoM kA dyotaka hai| ataeva hama Rgveda ke yuga' ko pA~ca varSa kI avadhi ke rUpa meM le sakate haiN| R0 (3 / 55 / 18) meM pAMca varSa kI ikAiyoM kI (jinameM pratyeka 6 RtuoM meM vibhAjita hai) aura gUr3ha saMketa hai| Rgveda meM saMvatsara kA artha eka varSa hai (1 / 110 / 4; 1 / 140 / 2; 1 / 161 / 13; 1 / 164 / 44; 7 / 103 / 1, 7, 9, 10 / 190 / 2) / R0 (10 / 62 / 2) meM parivatsara' zabda AyA hai| 'saMvatsara' evaM 'parivatsara' zabda saMhitAoM meM prayukta pA~ca varSoM vAle yuga ke pA~ca nAmoM meM Aye hue do nAma haiN| jisa prakAra Rgveda meM 'yuga' zabda kaI arthoM meM prayukta huA hai, usI prakAra yaha sambhava hai ki 'saMvatsara' evaM parivatsara' zabda kevala eka varSa ke artha meM yA pA~ca varSoM ke vRtta ke artha meM prayukta hue hoN| ta0 saM0 (5 / 5 / 7 / 1-3) meM saMvatsara ke sAtha rudra ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai, dAhine, pIche, uttara evaM Upara krama se parivatsara, idAvatsara, iduvatsara evaM vatsara ke sAtha rudra ko namaskAra arpita kiyA gayA hai| vAja0 saM0 (27345) ne ina pA~coM ke nAma liye haiM, kevala iduvatsara ke sthAna para idAvatsara kA prayoga huA hai| isI prakAra atharvaveda (6 / 55 / 2) meM idAvatsara, parivatsara evaM saMvatsara ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| tai0 brA0 (1 / 4 / 10 / 1) meM agni, Aditya, candramA evaM vAyu krama se saMvatsara, parisaMvatsara, idAvatsara evaM anuvatsara kahe gaye haiM; vahA~ varSoM ke cAra nAmoM kA cAra cAturmAsyoM se sambandha jor3A gayA hai, yathA vaizvadeva, varuNapraghAsa, sAkamedha evaM shunaasiiriiy| isase prakaTa hai ki saMhitAoM meM bhI nAma (sAmAnyataH pA~ca) eka nirdiSTa 1. dIrghatamA mAmateyo jujurvAndazame yuge| apAmarthaM yatInAM brahmA bhavati saarthiH|| R0 (1115806); azvo na krandaJjanibhiH samidhyate vaizvAnaraH kuzikebhiyuge yuge| R0 (3 // 26 // 3); sAyaNa ne 'yuge yuge' ko 'pratidinam mAnA hai| dekhie bRhadevatA (4 / 24) jahA~ dIrghatamA kI kathA Ayo hai| 2. paJcasaMvatsaramayaM yugAdhyakSa prjaaptim| vedAMgajyotiSa, zloka 1; mAghazuklaprapannasya pausskRssnnsmaapinH| yugasya paJcavarSasya kAlajJAnaM pracakSate // vahI, zloka 5 /

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248 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa krama meM ullikhita haiN| isa bAta ko thibo mahodaya apane grantha 'NDrisa' (09) meM haThavAda kA Azraya lekara ThIka nahIM mAnate aura kahate haiM ki vaidika kAla meM paJcavarSIya yuga kA jJAna nahIM siddha kiyA jA sktaa| yaha draSTavya hai ki kauTilya ne paJcasaMvatsara yuga kA ullekha kiyA hai aura sAtha hI sAtha 2 // varSa evaM 5 varSa ke anta ke do malamAsoM ko usameM rakhA hai / " mahAbhArata meM bhI paMcavarSIya yuga kA ullekha hai ( sabhAparva, 11 / 38 ) / pitAmahasiddhAnta ne, jo aprApya hai, yuga ko sUrya evaM candra kA paMca varSa mAnA hai aura kahA hai ki 30 mAsoM ke uparAnta eka malamAsa jur3atA hai| yaha udAharaNa varAhamihira kI paMcasiddhAntikA meM hai / " anya prazna hai --- vaidika kAla meM varSa kA kyA vistAra thA ? R0 (1 / 164 / 11-13 evaM 48 ) meM AyA hai-- Rta ke cakra (pahie ) ke bAraha ara ( tIliyA~) haiM; yaha AkAza meM caturdik ghUmatA hai; yaha kabhI nahIM thakatA (jarA ko prApta nahIM hotA) / he agni, isameM (cakra meM ) 720 putroM ke jor3e nivAsa karate haiN| kucha loga kahate haiM ki pitA (sUrya) ke, jo nIce pAnI girAtA hai, pA~ca paira evaM bAraha AkRtiyA~ haiM, vaha dyau (AkAza) ke sudUra ardha bhAga meM pUrNatA ke sAtha rahatA hai / anya loga kahate haiM ki vaha (sUrya) jo sabako dekhatA hai, nimna (sthAna) meM avasthita hai jisameM sAta cakra evaM chaH ara ( tIliyA~) haiM; sabhI bhuvana pA~ca aroM vAle ghUmate cakra meM nivAsa karate haiM; eka cakra ( pahiA ) evaM bAraha pradhiyA~ ( anta yA dhArA, jahA~ ara yA tIliyA~ cakra se milatI haiM athavA jo pUre cakra kI AkRti ko grathita karatI haiM) tathA tIna nAbhiyA~ - vaha kauna hai jo tumheM (bhalI bhA~ti ) jAnatA hai ? ; usa (cakra arthAt varSa) meM 360 ati asthira khUMTiyA~ haiM / " uparyukta vacanoM meM draSTA RSi ne rahasyAtmaka evaM lAkSaNika DhaMga se varSa ko 3 bhAgoM meM, 5 yA 6 RtuoM meM, 12 mAsoM meM, 360 dinoM, 720 ahorAtroM meM pRthakpRtha bA~TA hai| yaha kahanA sambhava hai ki Rta kA cakra rAzimaNDala hai jo bAraha bhAgoM (dvAdazAra, arthAt 12 aroM) meM vibhAjita hai| kintu isa vibhAjana ko ThIka se mana meM rakha lenA kaThina kArya hai / R0 (11164 / 15) meM AyA hai - ve kahate haiM ki unakA jo eka sAtha utpanna haiM, sAtavA~ eka hI se utpanna hai; devoM se kevala 6 jur3avA~ RSi utpanna hue haiN|' yahA~ 6 RtuoM kI ora saMketa hai, jinameM pratyeka meM do mAsa haiM, sAtavIM meM kevala eka hai 3. paJcasaMvatsaro yugamiti / evamardhatRtIyAnAmabdAnAmadhimAsakam / grISme janayataH pUrvaM paJcAndAnte ca pazcimam // arthazAstra 2, adhyAya 20 ( dezakAlamAna) pR0 109 / 4. kSaNA lavA muhUrtAzca divA rAtristathaiva ca / ardhamAsAzca mAsAzca RtavaH SaT ca bhArata / saMvatsarAH paJcayugamahorAtrazcatuvidhaH / sabhA0 11 / 37-38 / 5. ravizazinoH paJca yugaM varSANi pitAmahopadiSTAni / adhimAstriMzadbhirmAsaMravamo dviSaSTyA tu // paJcasi0 (12 / 1) / varAha ke mata se paitAmaha siddhAnta ne 'zaka 2' (80 I0) arthAt zaka varSa 2 se navIna yuga kA Arambha mAnA hai / ataH sambhavataH yaha lagabhaga san 80 I0 meM praNAMta huaa| 6. yaha sampUrNa sUkta (1 / 164) prahelikApUrNa hai / R0 (1 / 164 / 2 ) meM AyA hai ki ratha (sUrya) meM sA ghor3e jute haiM, isakA eka ho cakra (pahiA ) hai jisameM tona nAbhiyA~ haiN| cakra kA artha hai varSa, tIna nAbhiyA~ tIna Rtue~ haiM, groSma, varSA evaM jAr3A / R0 ( 1 / 164 / 12 evaM 13 ) meM cakra 6 yA 5 tauliyoM vAlA kahA gayA hai; cakra ke 12 ara yA pradhiyA~ mAsa ke dyotaka haiN| dekhie nirukta (4/27 ); milAie Adiparva (3 / 60) jo (1 / 164 / 11-13) ke samAna hai /

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kAla-sambandhI vaidika ullekha 249 (13vA yA malamAsa) tathA 13vA~ mAsa dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie upayukta nahIM hai| atharvaveda (5 / 14 / 4) meM bhI AyA hai ki saMvatsara meM bAraha ara haiM aura mAsoM meM 30 / isase R0 16164 / 11-13 evaM 48 ke artha para prakAza par3a jAtA hai| brAhmaNoM meM bhI varSa meM 360 dina evaM 720 ahorAtra kahe gaye haiM (zatapatha brA0 9 / 1 / 1143; aita. brA0 77) / vaidika saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM meM 13veM mAsa (adhika mAsa yA malamAsa) kI carcA hai (dekhie tai0 saM0 4 / 6 / 7 / 1-2; kauSItaki brA0 19 / 2) / tai0 saM0 (1 / 14 / 4, 6 / 5 / 3 / 4) ne spaSTa rUpa se 13veM mAsa ('saMsarpa' yA aMhaspatya) kA ullekha kiyA hai| aura dekhie vAja0 saM0 (7 / 30 evaM 2213 : aMhaspatya), maitrAyaNI saM. (3 / 12 / 13 : sNsrp)| kauSItaki brA0 (5 / 8) ne 13veM mAsa ko zunAsIrIya yajJa se sambandhita kiyA hai| maitrAyaNI saM0 (1 / 108) ne 'RtuyAjI' evaM 'cAturmAsya-yAjI' ke antara ko lakSita kiyA hai| prathama vaha hai jo yaha samajhakara yajJa karatA hai ki aba vasanta A gayA hai, varSArambha ho gayA hai, zarad kA Agamana huA hai; cAturmAsya-yAjI vaha hai jo 13veM mAsa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara yajJa karatA hai| RgvedIya kAla yA tai0 saM0 ke kAla meM mAsa kisa prakAra prayukta huA, spaSTa nahIM hai| kevala yahI spaSTa hai ki eka pUrA mAsa jor3a diyA gyaa| ataH thivo (gruNDisa, pR07) kA yaha kathana ki sabhI vaidika vacanoM se kevala 360 dinoM vAlA varSa-mAtra vyakta hotA hai, bhrAmaka hai| RgvedIya bhAratIyoM ko vaha varSa jJAta thA jisameM eka mAsa jur3atA thA (arthAt 390 dina vAlA varSa, jisameM malamAsa hotA thaa)| ataH una dinoM do kaileNDaroM (paMcAMgoM) kI bAta jJAta thI; prathama dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie 360 dinoM kA (30 dinoM vAle 12 mAsa) thA, aura dUsarA jisameM eka aura mAsa jur3atA thA, jisase varSa ke krama ko bhalI bhA~ti jAnA jA ske| Age calakara 360 dinoM vAlA varSa 'sAvana' nAma se vikhyAta huA (savana kA artha hai yajJa meM somarasa nikAlanA) aura lagabhaga 30 mAsoM ke uparAnta eka mAsa jor3a diyA jAtA thA jisase cAndra varSa (354 dinoM vAlA) saura varSa kI saMgati meM baiTha ske|| zatapatha brA0 (2 / 1 / 3 / 2) meM sUrya ke uttarAyaNa evaM dakSiNAyana kI gatiyoM kA ullekha hai, yadyapi ayana' zabda vahA~ nahIM prayukta hai, yathA 'sa yatrodagAvartate deveSu tahi bhavati |...ytr dakSiNAvartate pitRSu tahi bhvti|' R0 (3 / 33 / 0) meM ayana zabda 'gati yA mArga' ke artha meM AyA hai (AyannApo aynmicchmaanaaH)| pazcAtkAlIna sAhitya meM uttarAyaNa evaM dakSiNAyana zabda bharapUra apane hI artha meM prayukta hue haiN| cha: mAsoM taka uttara tathA chaH mAsoM taka dakSiNa meM sUrya kI gatiyA~ bu0 upa0 (6 / 2 / 15-16) meM bhI ullikhita haiN| vasanta evaM grISma uttarAyaNa ke pramukha bhAga haiM, ataH inake anuSaMga meM tathA samanurUpatA kI dRSTi se varSA Rtu bhI devoM kI pUjA ke lie hai| RtuoM ke viSaya meM aspaSTa kathana haiN| R0 (1 / 15) meM RtunA' zabda kaI bAra AyA hai, kintu eka bAra 'RtUn' bhI AyA hai-he indra, Rtu ke anusAra brAhmaNa kI sampatti (sazrIka pAtroM) se soma kA pAna kro|' R0 (2 / 36 evaM 37) ko Rtavya sUkta kahate haiN| svayaM R0 pA~ca RtuoM kA ullekha karatA hai, yathA vasanta (10 / 161 / 4, 10 / 90 / 6), grISma (10|9006),praavRtt (7 / 103 / 3 evaM 9), zarad (25 bAra, 2 / 12 / 11, 7 / 66 / 11, 10 / 161 / 4 Adi), hemanta (10 / 16114), kintu spaSTa rUpa se 'zizira' kA ullekha nahIM hai| atharvaveda (6 / 55 / 2) meM chaH RtuoM ke nAma Aye haiM, kintu krama se nahIM (grISmo hemantaH ziziro vasantaH zaravarSAH svite no ddhaat)| aita0 brA0 (111) meM pA~ca RtuoM kA ullekha hai, hemanta evaM zizira eka sAtha haiN| zatapatha brA0 (2|1|3|16)ne kahA hai ki saMvatsara meM chaH Rtue~ haiN| atharvaveda (6 / 6102) meM sAta RtuoM kA ullekha hai, kintu isase parezAna hone kI bAta nahIM hai, kyoMki sAtavIM Rtu sambhavataH malamAsa hai jo atharva0 (5 / 6 / 4) meM spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita hai| ta0 saM0 (4 / 4 / 11 / 1) meM chaH RtuoM meM pratyeka ko do mAsa vAlI kahA gayA hai| vasanta ko 32

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250 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prathama sthAna milA hai (tai0 brA0 11112 / 6) / zatapatha brA0 (2 / 1 / 3 / 1-5) ne vasanta evaM grISma ko devoM kI, zarad, hemanta evaM zizira ko pitaroM kI RtuoM ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA hai, isI prakAra mAsa kA zukla pakSa, dina evaM pUrvAlla devoM ke lie tathA kRSNa pakSa, rAtri evaM aparAla pitaroM ke lie mAnya ThaharAyA hai, aura anta meM vyavasthA do hai ki brAhmaNoM, kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ko krama se vasanta, grISma evaM zarada Rtu meM pavitra agni prajvalita karanI caahie| azoka ke samaya meM 'varSa' (jo vyutpatti ke anusAra varSA Rtu kA dyotaka hai) evaM 'saMvatsara' zabda eka hI artha meM prayukta hote the| kucha pAzcAtya vidvAn yaha kahate haiM ki vedakAlIna bhAratIyoM ko grahoM kA jJAna nahIM thaa| kintu unake kathana bhrAmaka haiN| thibo mahodaya ne veda-kAlIna bhAratIyoM ko Rtu-jJAna-vihIna kahA thA, jo uparyukta vivecana se bhrAmaka ThaharatA hai| isI prakAra unakI graha-viSayaka dhAraNAeM bhI TipraNaM haiN| thibo (NDisa, pa06, 11) evaM keyI (pR0 33) yaha siddha karane para tule hue haiM ki bhAratIyoM meM aise ucca jJAnoM taka pahu~cane kI zakti hI nahIM thI, graha-pUjA, jo yAjJa0 (1295-308) meM varNita hai, vaidika kAla meM nahIM pracalita thii| kama-se-kama bahaspati kI ora do mantra saMketa karate haiN| R0 (377) meM AyA hai-'sAta adhvayaM (yAjaka) pA~ca RtvijA ke sAtha priya evaM pakSI (agni) ka nihita pada kI rakSA karate haiM, baila khAte hue, nirAya, pUrva meM Anandita hote haiM, deva loga devoM ke lie bane niyamoM kA anusaraNa karate haiN|' yahA~ pA~ca adhvayaM yA baila pA~ca grahoM ke dyotaka haiN| isI prakAra "usane (indra ne) dyAvA, pRthivI evaM rodasA (AkAza evaM pRthivI ke madhya sthala) ko bhara diyaa| vaha pA~ca devoM kA vibhinna rUpoM meM adhIkSaNa karatA hai, 49 devoM (marutoM) kA ucita RtuoM meM, 34 prakAzoM kA, jo usake samAna hI haiM, unake vibhinna niyamo ke anusAra adhIkSaNa karatA hai|' 'ye pA~ca baila jo vyoma ke bIca meM sthita haiN| (R0 11105 / 10) / R0 (10 / 123 / 1 evaM 5) meM jo vena' zabda AyA hai vaha venasa (zukra) kA dyotaka ho sakatA hai| isakI pAMcavI RcA kA artha yoM hai--'apsarA (yuvA nArI) uSA (yA vidyut) musakAna ke sAtha apane premI kI aura unmukha hotI huI, ucca vyoma meM vena ko dhAraNa karatI hai, vaha vena ke sthAnoM meM ghUmatI hai aura sunahale paMkha para usake sAtha baiThatI hai|' pUrva meM sUryodaya ke pUrva udita hote hue zukra tAre kA yaha sundara varNana hai| .7. bRhaspatiH prathamaM jAyamAno maho jyotiSaH parame vyoman / saptAsyastu vijayate raveNa vi saptarazmiradhamattamAMsi // R0 (4 / 50 / 4; athrv020|88|4; bRhaspatiH prathamaM jAyamAnastiSyaM nakSatramabhisambabhUva / zreSTho devAnAMpRtanAsu jiSNuH dizo nu sarvA abhayaM no astu|| te0 prA0 (3 / 1 / 1 / 5) / tiSya zabda puSya kA dyotaka hai aura isake adhiSThAtA (devatA) bRhaspati haiM (tai0 brA0, vahI); yahA~ taka ki Age ke grantha, yathA gobhilagRhma (3 // 3 // 14) meM taiSI kA artha hai pauSI (paurnnmaasii)| tiSya R0 (5 / 54 / 13) meM AyA hai| aura dekhie R0 (10 // 648) / 8. A rodasI apRNAdota madhyaM paJca devA~ RtuzaH sptspt| catustriMzatA purudhA vi caSTe sarUpeNa jyotiSA vivratena ||R0 (10155 / 3) / yaha gUr3ha artha yukta padya indra kI prazaMsA meM hai| pA~ca deva ve graha haiM jo eka sAtha hI nahIM prakaTa hote haiM, pratyuta ve apanI Rtu ke anusAra (RtuzaH) prakaTa hote haiN| 34 prakAza haiM--sUrya, candra, 5 graha, 27 nakSatra / luDaviga evaM olDenabarga ne yaha vyAkhyA svIkRta kI hai| 34 ko koI anya ucita evaM santoSadAyinI vyAkhyA nahIM hai|

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graha, nakSatra Adi kI bhAratIya maulikatA 251 mAsa ke viSaya meM Age bahuta kucha likhA jaaygaa| zabda 'mAs' yA 'mAsa' hai| 'mAs' zabda R0 (1.25 / 8, 4 / 18 / 4, 1052 / 3) meM hai-'vaha (agni) pratyeka dina evaM pratyeka 'mAs' meM prakaTa hotA hai (R0 3 / 31 / 9) / R0 (5178 / 9) meM bhI 'mAs' AyA hai (vaha zizu jo mAM ke peTa meM dasa mAs' rahatA hai jIvitAvasthA meM nikala aaye...)| 'mAs' kA artha candra bhI hai (R0 8 / 94 / 2, 10|12|7-suurye jyotiradadhurmAsyaktUn, arthAt devoM ne sUrya meM jyoti tathA candra meM andhakAra rakha diyaa)| 'mAs' (candra) evaM 'mAsa' (mahInA) bhAropIya hai, kyoMki yaha zabda vibhinna rUpoM meM bhAropIya bhASAoM meM prayukta hotA hai| katipaya granthoM meM nakSatroM ke viSaya meM lambe-lambe vivecana upasthita kiye gaye haiN| 'nakSatra' zabda ke tIna artha haiM-(1) sAmAnya tArAgaNa, (2) rAzi-cakra ke 27 samAna bhAga evaM (3) rAzi-cakra ke tArA-dala (jinameM pratyeka ke sAtha eka yA adhika tAre hote haiN)| prastuta lekhaka ke mata se vaidika saMhitA meM prathama evaM tRtIya artha meM hI nakSatra' kA prayoga huA hai| yaha ho sakatA hai ki rAziyAM 27 samAna bhAgoM meM vibhakta thIM aura unheM nakSatra kahA gayA, kintu saralatara evaM adhika rUpa meM prArambhika DhaMga thA adhika prabhAvazAlI tAroM se tArA-daloM ko abhivyakta karanA, yathA kRttikAe~, mRgazirAe~, aura unheM 'nakSatra' zabda se sUcita krnaa| 'nakSatra' zabda vaidika saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM meM kaI bAra AyA hai| dekhie R0 (115012 : coroM ke samAna nakSatra-gaNa, rAtriyoM ke samAna sUrya ko lakSya banAne ke lie, jo saMsAra ko dekhatA hai, cale jAte haiM); R0 (3 / 54 / 19, 7 / 86 / 1,10 / 11117, 1085 // 2) / ina sthAnoM para 'nakSatra' zabda 'tAre' ke artha meM AyA hai| kintu R0 (1085 / 2 evaM 1068 / 11) meM (pitaroM ne nakSatroM ke sAtha vyoma ko alaMkRta kiyA), lagatA hai, 'nakSatra' zabda vikhyAta 27 tArA-puMjoM kA dyotaka hai| zata0 brA0 ne kRttikAoM (jo pUrva dizA se vicalita nahIM hotIM) evaM anya nakSatroM meM (jo vicalita ho jAte haiM) bheda prakaTa kiyA hai| dUsarA zabda hai 'stR' (jo bhAropIya hai) jo R0 (116815, 1 / 87 / 1, 11166 / 2 Adi) meM AyA hai aura isakA sambandha hai AkAza ke alaMkaraNa se| RkSa zabda 'tArA' ke artha meM AyA hai (R0 1|24|10)-'ye RkSa jo ucca sthira haiM, rAtri meM dikhAI par3ate haiM, kintu dina meM ve kahA~ cale jAte haiM ?' yaha saptarSi-maNDala kA dyotaka hai| atharvaveda (6 / 40 / 1) meM spaSTa rUpa se saptarSi-maNDala kI ora saMketa hai-'... saptarSiyoM ko Ahuti dene se hameM abhaya prApta ho|' zata0 brA0 (2 / 1 / 2 / 4) kA kahanA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM saptarSi (sAta RSi) 'RkSa' kahe jAte the| R0 (5 / 56 / 3, 8 / 24 / 27 evaM 8168 / 15) meM 'RkSa' zabda kA artha 'bhAlU (rIcha) yA anya kucha hai| hamane Upara dekha liyA hai ki R0 (1055 / 3) meM 27 nakSatroM kI ora saMketa milatA hai| isake atirikta R0 tiSya evaM aghA tathA arjunI (10 / 85 / 13) kA ullekha karatA hai jinameM antima do atharvaveda ke anusAra maghA eva phAlgunI haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki yA to aghA evaM maghA donoM RgvedIya kAla meM eka hI nakSatra ke nAma the, yA tai0 saM0 evaM atharvaveda ke samayoM meM aghA maghA ke nAma kA dyotaka ho gyaa| aghA evaM arjunI ke, jo 27 nakSatroM meM sammilita the, atirikta Rgveda mRgazIrSa, punarvasu, zatabhiSak tathA kucha anya nakSatroM ke nAma bhI letA hai| nakSatra 27 yA 28 (uttarASADhA ke uparAnta tathA zravaNa ke pUrva abhijita ko jor3ane se) haiN| vaidika sAhitya, vedAMgajyotiSa, yahA~ taka ki yAjJavalkyasmRti meM bhI nakSatroM kA varNana kRttikA se apabharaNI - (yA bharaNI) taka huA hai, kintu tIsarI yA cauthI zatAbdI se aba taka ke granthoM meM azvinI se revatI taka hotA hai| __aba hama nakSatroM ke nAmoM, unake devatAoM, liMga evaM unameM rahane vAle tAroM kI sUcI deNge| nAmoM evaM nakSatra-devoM ke viSaya meM mata-matAntara haiN| pUrNa sUciyA~ tai0 saM0 (4 / 4 / 10 / 1-3), tai0 brA0 (115 evaM 31), atharvaveda (2 / 13 / 30) evaM vedAMgajyotiSa meM milatI haiN|

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saMkhyA vaidika nAma 1 kRttikA kRttikA agni 2 rohiNI | rohiNI prajApati mRgazIrSa mRgazIrSa | soma 3 4 nakSatroM kI sUcI, unake nAma, devatA Adi vartamAna | vaidika / tai0 saM0 | tai0 brA0 | tai0 brA0 | atharvaveda kAThaka saM0 maMtrAyaNI nAma 115 3 / 1 / 4 - 5 19 / 7 / devatA 4|4|10| 1-3 2-5 ArdrA 6 tiSya kRttikA kRttikA kRttikA kisI nakSatra ke devatA kA nAma nahIM rohiNI rohiNI mRgazIrSa | invakA ArdrA rudra ArdrA bAhu puSya 5 punarvasu punarvasu | aditi punarvasu punarvasu punarvasu punarvasu bRhaspati tiSya tiSya vedaag39|13 | saM0 2 / jyotiSa kRttikA kRttikA agni 13 / 20 | 25-26 (R0 ), 36 / 40 ya0 kevala devanAma rohiNI mRgazIrSa mRgazIrSa invakA invakA soma yA invakA (devatA, (devatA, maruta) maruta ) ArdrA ArdrA bAhu rohiNI rohiNI rohiNI prajApati strIliMga tiSya puSya tiSya bAhu rudra liMga tiSya strIliMga tai0 saM0 (3111411 ) meM sAta nAma haiM, yathA ambA, dulA Adi ( bahulA) napuMsaka liMga punarvasu punarvasu aditi pulliMga tAroM kI saMkhyA 1 1 bahuvacana, 0 brA0 115, kAThaka, maitrA0 strIliMga 2 ( tai0 brA0 1 5 ), tai0saM0, kATha0, maMtrA 0 (puMlliMga) 2 pulliMga 1 kATha0 evaM maMtrA0 bRhaspati pulliMga 1 252 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa

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7 8 9 AzrapA | AlezSA sarpAH pitaraH arthamA maghA 10 phAlgunI 15 maghA phAlgunI pUrvA phAlgunI uttarA bhaga phAlgunI | indra vAyu anurAdhA anurAdhA mitra 16 rohiNI jyeSThA 17 vicRtau mUla AzrUSA | ASA maghA maghA phAlgunarvA phAlgunI pitaraH phAlgunI uttara phAlgunI 11 hasta hasta savitA hasta hasta hasta 12 citrA citrA citrA citrA 13 svAtI svAtI svAtI AzrUSA | AzleSA / AzleSA AzleSA | sarpAH pitaraH phAlgunIH phAlgunIH bhaga (bhaga, (bhaga, devatA) devatA ) maghA phAlgunI | pUrvA maghA phAlgunI grw- waa nnddaa phAlgunI citrA hasta citrA ( tvaSTA) niSTayA niSTyA svAtI (vAyu) (vAyu) avarNita uttarA maghA rohiNI rohiNI jyeSThA indra vicRtau mUlavaNI mUla mUlam ( pitaraH ) (nirRti) maghA jyeSThA phAlgunI arthamA phAlgunI: (de0 (aryamA ) | arthamA ) ! hasta hasta 14 vizAkhA vizAkhA indrAgnI vizAkhe vizAkhe vizAkhe vizAkhe vizAkham vizAkham indrAgnI strIliMga 2 napuMsaka liM0, kATha0, maMtrA0 savitA citrA citrA ( tvaSTA) ( tvaSTA) niSTyA niSTyam vAyu (vAyu) anurAdhA anurAdhA anurAdhA anurAdhA anurAdhA anurAdhA mitra jyeSThA jyeSThA (indra) (varuNa) tvaSTA mUlam mUlam (nirRti) (nirRti) strIliMga bahuvacana strIliMga bahuvacana strIliMga bahuvacana, 2 (atharva0, tai0 brA0 15, 31; 1 ( tai0 saM0 ) indra strIliMga 1 2 te 0 brA0 1|5|3|1|4|10 pulliMga 1; kATha0 meM 2 strIliMga 1 strIliMga 1 napuMsaka liMga matrA0 strIliMga bahuvacana, pulliMga, tai0 brA0 3|1|5|1 strIliMga 1 pulliMga yA strIliMga, 2 ( vicRtau), napu0 1 mUla, kATha0, to braa03|1|5|3, strI 0 1 (mUlabarhaNI ) nakSatroM kA prAcIna ullekha 253

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18 aSADhA pUrvASADhA ApaH / aSADhA pUrvASADhA apADhAH | aSADhA aSADhA | ASADhA | ApaH | strIliMga bahuvacana 254 19 / aSADhA uttarA- vizvedevAH aSADhA uttarA- aSADhAH | uttarA SADhA SADhA uttarA- aSADhA vizvedevAH strIliMga bahuvacana pADhA abhijit abhijit brahmA / anulli- abhijit abhijit abhijit avaNita | abhijit anulli- napuMsaka (avaNita) khita (devatA / (brahmA) (brahmA) khita liMga 1 | zroNA zravaNa viSNu / zroNA zroNA zroNA zravaNa azvattha zroNA / viSNu strIliMga 1 (viSNu) zraviSThA dhaniSThA | vasu zraviSThA | zraviSThA | zraviSThA | zraviSThA zraviSThA | zraviSThA | vasu | strIliMga bahuvacana zatabhiSak zatabhiSak indra zatabhiSak zatabhiSak zatabhiSak zatabhiSak zatabhiSak zatabhiSak | (varuNa) (indra) puMlliga 1 athava0 evaM napuMsaka0 maitrA0 . proSThapadA proSThapadA proSThapadA 24 proSThapadA pUrvAaja bhAdrapadA ekapAd proSThapadA proSThapadA aj| (ahirbu- ekapAt ghnya) bahuvacana, tai0 brA0 15 evaM 31 strIliMga anyoM meM dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 25 / proSThapadA uttarA | ahirbu- proSThapadA proSThapadA proSThapadA proSThapadA uttare | poSThapadA ahirbu- | puMlliga | (yA strIliMga ?) bhAdrapadA niy| (ahirbu- (ahirbu- (ahirbu- poSThapadA (ajaghanya bahuvacana niyaniya niya) (ahirbu- ekapAt) niya) 26 revatI revatI pUSA revatI / revatI | revatI revatI revatI | revatI / pUSA strIliMga 1 27 azvayujau azvinI azvinI- azvayujau, azvayujI azvayujau azvayujau azvayujau azvayujau azvinau puMlliga | 2 (donoM azvinI kumAra) mAra dAnA) 28 apabharaNI bharaNIyama apabharaNI apabharaNI/ bharaNI bharaNyaH apabharaNIH bharaNIH | yama strIliMga bahuvacana

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nakSatroM ko bhAratIyatA 255 isa sUcI ko dekhane se patA calatA hai ki nakSatroM ke nAmoM meM kahIM-kahIM bheda hai| devatA bhI kahIM-kahIM bhinna haiN| kahIM-kahIM nakSatra meM kevala eka tArA hai, to kahIM do, tIna yA adhika / eka prazna uThatA hai-tai0 saM0 evaM tai0 brAhmaNa tathA tai0 brA0 (115) evaM 0 brA0 (3 / 1) meM antara kyoM hai ? isa prazna kA uttara sarala nahIM hai| itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki tai0 saM0 kA vacana upekSAkRta prAcIna hai| tai0 brA0 se kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva tai0 saM0 kA prayaNana huA thaa| kintu tai0 brA0 (115) apane (3 / 1) se antara kyoM rakhatA hai ? isakA uttara bhI kaThina hai| isa vivecana ko sthAnAbhAva se hama yahIM chor3ate haiN| aba eka prazna uThatA hai-kyA bhAratIya nakSatra yahIM ke haiM yA kisI bAharI deza se unakA jJAna prApta kiyA gayA? prasiddha phrAMsIsI jyotiHzAstrajJa vioTa kA kahanA hai ki bhAratIyoM ne nakSatra-jJAna cIniyoM se grahaNa kiyA hai aura hviTanI mahodaya bhI isa mata ke samarthaka haiN| kucha anya vidvAnoM ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki bhAratIyoM ne nakSatra-jJAna bebilona ke logoM yA araba logoM se prApta kiyA hai| hama isake vivecana meM nahIM par3anA cAhate / svayaM araba logoM ne kahA hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya siddhAntoM se hI apanA jyotiHzAstra bnaayaa| ataH yaha vivAda hama yahIM chor3ate haiM (dekhie thibo, gruNDrisa, pR0 14) / bar3e vidvAn adhikatara durAgraha karate haiM aura tathya se apanI A~kheM banda kara lete haiN| siiyU ke cInI siddhAnta meM pahale kevala 24 nakSatra the jo Age calakara lagabhaga I0 pU0 1100 (dekhie thibo, gruNDrisa, pR013) meM 28 ho gye| vaidika granthoM meM 24 nakSatroM kI koI carcA nahIM hai| bebilona evaM cIna meM rAziyoM kA sambandha dhArmika kRtyoM se nahIM thaa| vaidika kAla meM koI vyakti kisI nirdiSTa nakSatra meM agni prajvalita kiye binA koI yajJa nahIM kara sakatA thaa| mAgha, phAlguna, caitra Adi mAsoM ke nAma nakSatroM ke AdhAra para hI bane, aura yaha bAta saMskRta bhASA meM hI pAyI jAtI hai, yUnAnI, laiTina yA cInI meM nhiiN| nakSatroM ke devatA-gaNa vaidika haiM, unake bebilonI yA cInI nAma nahIM pAye jaate| bebilona meM jo Alekha prApta hue haiM unameM nakSatroM kI gaNanA vaisI nahIM hai jaisI ki hama vaidika sAhitya meM pAte haiN| taittirIya saMhitA aura tai0 brA0 ke bahuta pahale se vaidika logoM ne nakSatroM kI saMkhyA (27 yA 28) nizcita kara lI thii| nakSatroM, unake nAmoM, unake devatAoM Adi ke krama yajJiya kRtyoM meM samAhita ho cuke the| sabhI nakSatroM ke nAma mahatvapUrNa (sArthaka) haiM aura unake sAtha anuzrutiyA~ bhI baMdhI huI haiN| udAharaNArtha, ArdrA kA artha hai 'bhIgA huA', yaha nakSatra ArdrA nAma se isI lie prakhyAta huA kyoMki jaba sUrya isameM avasthita ho to varSA Arambha ho jAtI hai| punarvasu kA sambhavataH yaha nAma isIlie par3A ki dhAna evaM jau ke anAja jo bhUmi meM par3e the aba naye dhAna ke rUpa meM aMkurita hue| puSya nAma isIlie par3A ki naye aMkura bar3he aura phalitapoSita hue| AzreSA yA AzleSA nAma isalie par3A ki dhAna yA jau ke paudhe itane bar3ha gaye ki ve eka-dUsare kA AliMgana karane lge| maghA nAma isalie par3A ki dhAna yA anya paudhe khar3e annoM ke rUpa meM ho gaye, jo svayaM dhana hai| kRttikA nAma isalie par3A ki ve (6 yA 7) citakabare mRgacarma ke samAna haiM, jisa para veda ke chAtra vedAdhyayana ke lie Asana jamAte the| ina tathyoM ke rahate hue yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki bhAratIyoM para nakSatra-sambandhI bAharI RNa hai| jina logoM ne bAharI RNa kI bAta kahI hai, unake pAsa koI ucita pramANa nahIM hai| durAgrahoM eva kalpanAoM kA sahArA hI kucha vidvAnoM kI haLuvAditA ke mUla meM hai| kevala eka hI bAta ina durAgrahiyoM ko milatI hai ki bhAratIyoM kI nakSatra-gaNanA jo 28 taka hai, bebilona evaM cIniyoM meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai aura isIlie katipaya vicAra kintu huTavAdI vidvAno ne yaha kahane kA sAhasa kiyA ki lagabhaga 3500 varSa se adhika pahale bhAratIyoM ne nakSatra-jJAna udhAra liyaa| vahIM yaha kalpanA bhI sambhava thI ki bebilona evaM cIna ke logoM ne bhAratIyoM se yaha jJAna prApta kiyA yA bhArata, bebilona evaM cIna ne kisI eka prAgaitihAsika mUla se yaha jJAna prApta kiyaa| bioTa (phaMca, biA), vebara evaM hviTanI ke siddhAntoM kA khaNDana tilaka ne 'orAena' (vizeSataH pR0 61-95) meM kiyA hai

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256 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa evaM pro0 jaikobI ne yaha spaSTa kara diyA hai ki kRttikA se Arambha nakSatra-zreNI prAcInatama vyavasthA nahIM thI, pratyuta bhAratIyoM ke pAsa isase bhI prAcIna vyavasthA thI, jisameM mahAviSuva ke kAla se Arambha kara mRgazIrSa nakSatra se nakSatra-zreNI kI gaNanA hotI thii| vizeSa adhyayana ke lie dekhie iNDiyana eNTIkverI kI jildeM (23, pR0 154-159; pR0 238-249; 361-369; jilda 48, pR0 95-97) jahA~ bio, vebara, buhalara, thibo Adi kI mAnyatAe~ vyakta haiN| yAska ne nakSatra kI vyutpatti 'naz' (jAnA) dhAtu se kI hai, zatapatha brA0 (2 / 1 / 2 / 17-18) evaM tai0 brA0 (2 / 7 / 18) ne isakI vyutpatti 'na+kSatra' se kI hai aura pANini (6 / 3 / 75) ne ise svIkAra kiyA hai| yaha nakSatra' zabda R0 (6 / 67 / 6) meM sUrya ke lie bhI prayukta hai| tai0 brA0 (1 / 5 / 2 / 1) ne batAyA hai ki kisa prakAra kisI dhArmika kRtya ke lie nakSatra ko jAnanA cAhie; vyakti ko cAhie ki vaha sUryodaya ke pUrva evaM usake samaya, jaba sUrya kI prathama kiraNa utaratI haiM, AkAza ko dekhe jahA~ nakSatra paridarzita hotA hai, jaba sUrya prakaTa hotA hai to nakSatra usake pazcima meM rahatA hai, usI samaya use, jo kucha karanA hai, karanA caahie| aisA AyA hai ki RSi matsya ne isI vidhi se 'yajJeSu' evaM 'zatadhumna' kI mahattA sthApita kI thI (ta0 brA0 1 / 5 / 2 / 1) / aitareyabrAhmaNa (3 / 44) ke jaise Arambhika kAla meM vaidika bhAratIya isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca gaye yaM eka hai aura vaha kabhA asta nahIM hotA'-'yaha sUrya vAstava meM na to asta hotA hai aura na udit| jaba loga aisA socate haiM ki vaha (sUrya) asta hotA hai to yaha hotA hai ki vaha dina ke anta meM pahu~catA hai, ulaTA ho jAtA hai, nIce rAtri banAtA hai aura Upara dina / jaba loga aisA socate haiM ki prAtaHkAla udita hotA hai, to usakA artha hai ki vaha rAtri ka antima rUpa meM pahuMca kara ulaTA ho jAtA hai, nIce dina banAtA hai aura Upara raatri| vaha vAstava meM kabhI bhI nahIM asta hotA hai|' yaha 'sUryaprajJapti' meM ullikhita jaina siddhAnta ke virodha meM jAne vAlI eka hRdaya graah| uvita hai, kyoki jaina siddhAnta ke anusAra do sUrya evaM do candra hai| grIsa (yUnAna) meM hirAvilaTasa (I0 pU0600) ne bhI bhrAmaka ukti kahI thI ki eka nayA sUrya prati dina janma letA hai aura maratA hai (iyeslara, pR0 42) / brAhmaNa kAla meM bhAratIyoM ne viSuva-kAla kA jJAna kara liyA thA (viSuva ko yajJiya varSa ke madhya meM rakhA gayA thA, usa dina rAta-dina barAbara vistAra ke the)|te0 prA0 (112 / 3) ma AyA hai-'jaba koI do pakSoM ko yA zAlA ke jhukane vAle do bhAgoM ko kisI bA~sa yA dharana se lagAte haiM to vaha madhya meM hotA hai, iso prakAra loga divAkAtyaM dina kA upayoga do pakSoM (adhaM varSoM) ke madhya meM karate haiN| 9. sa vA eSa na kadAcanAstameti nAdeti / taM yadastameAti manyante'hna eva tadantamitvAthAtmAnaM viparyasyate rAtromevAdhastAtkurutevhaH parastAt / atha yadanaM prAtarudaMtAti manyanta rAtrarava tadantamitvAthAtmAna viparyasyata'haravAvastAtkurute rAtri parastAt / sa vA eSa na kadAcana nimlaaNcti| ai0 prA0 (3 / 44) / yaha vicAra kucha purANoM ne bhAgrahaNa kiyA hai, udAharaNArtha, viSNupurANa (2 / 8 / 15) / brahmagupta ne brAhmasphuTasi0 (11 // 3) meM jaina siddhAnta kA khaNDana kiyA hai| ora dekhie paJcasiddhAntikA (1338) / 10. ekAdazametadaharupayanti viSuvanta madhye saMvatsarasya / ai0 bA0 (4 / 18 yA 1854) / yathA zAlAyai pakSasI madhyama vaMzamabhi samAyacchati evaM saMvatsarasya pakSasA divAkArtyamabhisaMtanvanti nAtimAcchanti / te0 prA0 (11213) / tANDyabrAhmaNa (4 // 6 // 3-13 evaM 4 / 7 / 1) ne viSuva dina kA ullekha kiyA hai aura pratipAdita kiyA hai ki vivAkoya'sAma kA gAna usa dina honA cAhie, kyoMki devoM ne usa andhakAra ko, jisase kisI asura ke putra svarbhAnu me.

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bhAratIya jyotirgaNita ko maulikatA 257 yahA~ para jAna-bUjhakara vaidika kAla ke jyotiSa-jJAna kA vivaraNa thor3A lambA kara diyA gayA hai| kucha yUropIya vidvAnoM ne, jinhoMne prAcIna evaM madhyakAlika bhArata kI jyotiSa-sambandhI upalabdhiyoM para likhA hai, bhAratIya jyotiHzAstra tathA sAmAnya rUpa se sabhI bhAratIya pakSoM para apamAnajanaka evaM tiraskArapUrNa uktiyA~ kahI haiN| yahA~ kucha hI udAharaNa diye jA rahe haiN| thibo (gruNDisa, pR.0 3) ne kRpApUrvaka yaha udghoSita kiyA hai ki yUnAnI prabhAva ke pUrva kA bhAratIya jJAna na-kucha sA hai aura jo kucha hai vaha mAtra prArambhika avasthA kA hai| hviTanI (je0 e0 o0 esa0, jilda 6,pR.0 471) mahodaya ne bhI apane kSudra jJAna kA paricaya diyA hai| ve amerikA ke saMskRtajJa paNDita rahe haiM, kintu unhoMne hindU-mastiSka kI upalabdhiyoM ko gauNa sthAna diyA hai| unake sahakarmI zrI bargesa to aura Age bar3ha gaye haiN| yaha hai pazcimI vidvAnoM ke alpa jJAna, haThavAditA, virodhapakSatA Adi kA ruup| kintu kyA hama hviTanI mahodaya ko unhIM ke zabdoM meM uttara nahIM de sakate haiM ? TAlmI ke uparAnta lagabhaga 1400 varSoM taka hviTanI mahodaya tathA anya ahaMkArI pAzcAtya lekhakoM ke pUrvaja logoM ne jyotiSa ke kSetra meM koI bhI navIna jJAna nahIM jor3A aura abodha rUpa meM gulAma ke samAna TAlmI ke elmAgesTa para hI Tike rahe aura yUropIya andhakAra-yuga ke praNetA bane rhe| usa lUthara ne bhI, jisane popa ke adhikAra kA khulakara virodha kiyA thA, koparnikasa ko mUrkha kahA aura use jyotiHzAstra ko ulaTa dene kA aparAdhI mAnA, bAibila kI nirbharatA sthApita kI aura ghoSita kiyA ki jozuA ne sUrya ko, na ki pRthivI ko, sthira rahane kA Adeza diyA (jozuA, 10 / 12) / yaha ulaTI gati hai, jo kucha bAibila meM hai vahI satya hai ! hAya re buddhi aura usakA camatkAra ! hviTanI Adi tathAkathita vidvAnoM ko lUthara ke samAna kathanoM evaM apane alpa jJAna, haThavAditA Adi para lajjA AnI cAhie thI, itylm| prastuta lekhaka sabhI pAzcAtya lekhakoM se, jo bhAratIyatA-zAstra meM abhiruci rakhate haiM tathA kucha yUnAnI lekhakoM kI upalabdhiyoM ke cakAcauMdha meM par3e hue haiM, nivedana karatA hai ki ve sara nArmana lAkIara (DAna Ava aisTraoNnAmI, 1894 I.) ke nimnokta zabdoM ko par3heM-'ainekz2imaiNDara ne kahA ki pRthivI kI AkRti vartuMlAkAra thI aura una dinoM ke pratyeka jJAta sthAna usa vartula rUpa kI capaTI sImA para avasthita the; aura pleTo ne, isa AdhAra para ki jyAmiti kA atipUrNa rUpa ghana hai, kalpanA kI ki pRthivI ghanAkAra hai, aura yUnAniyoM dvArA jJAta pRthivI isakI UparI sataha para thii| ina viSayoM meM atirpita yUnAnI mastiSka kucha bhI unnati nahIM kara sakA thA aura apane pUrvaja vaidika yAjakoM se bahuta pIche thA (108) / ' yadi jJAna ke do-eka kSetroM meM yUnAnI Age bar3he to vizva ke anya bhAgoM ke kucha loga anya mahattvapUrNa viSayoM meM bahuta Age the| prastuta lekhaka unase yaha bhI nivedana karatA hai ki ve sArTana mahodaya kI likhita 'e hisTrI Ava sAiMsa' kI bhUmikA sUrya ko viddha kara DAlA thA, divAkoyaM se naSTa kara diyA, aura varSa kA AtmA viSuva hai tathA isake donoM pakSa caturdik calate rahate haiN| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 2, jahA~ 'gavAmayana', sAMvatsarika satra evaM viSuva dina kI avasthiti ke viSaya meM likhA huA hai| yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhie ki viSuva kevala eka jyotiHzAstrIya avadhi hai aura vaha vaijJAnika yantroM ke binA ThIka se nirIkSita nahIM ho sktii| yajJiya varSa meM kevala 360 dina hote haiM tathA viSuva nAmaka dina madhya meM hotA hai to isa prakAra dinoM ko kula saMkhyA 361 huI, kintu saura varSa meM lagabhaga 365 dina hote haiM to viSuva ke samaya rAta evaM dina kI barAbarI kevala lagabhaga hogii| 33

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258 parnazAstra kA itihAsa (pR. 9) par3heM, jahA~ sArTana mahodaya ne pAzcAtya lekhakoM kI akSamya bhUloM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, yathA misra ke vaijJAnika prayAsoM, maisopoTAmiyA Adi anya dezoM kI vaijJAnika upalabdhiyoM para pAzcAtya lekhakoM kA dhyAna nahIM gayA hai| ve bacapane ke sAtha yahI kahate haiM ki vijJAna kA Arambha yUnAna se huA, aura ve yUnAnI andhavizvAsoM ko chipAne kA prayatna karate haiN| 19vIM evaM 20vIM zatAbdiyoM ke lekhakoM ke lie yaha ucita nahIM thA ki ve kisI deza ke logoM kI nindA karake use nIce rakha deM aura kisI deza ko AkAza meM uchAla deN| unheM pramANayukta, saMtulita, pakSapAtarahita hokara, vizva ke prAcIna logoM kI upalabdhiyoM para saceta hokara nirNaya denA cAhie thaa| vaidika kAla kI prAcInatA ke viSaya meM vibhinna mata haiN| jaikobI, dIkSita, tilaka Adi ne ise I0 pU0 4000 yA isase bhI adhika mAnA hai| vinTaranitz2a ne I0 pU0 2500, maiksamyUlara tathA unake anusaraNakartA pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne vaidika sAhitya ko I0 pU0 1500 se I0 pU0 800 ke bIca rakhA hai| yadi hama antima mata bhI svIkAra kara leM to yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki vaidika sAhitya meM jyotiSa-sambandhI viSayoM meM paryApta unnati ho cukI thI, jo yUnAna se kisI prakAra bhI prApta nahIM kI jA sakatI thii| yUnAna kA koI aisA sAhitya nahIM hai jo nizcitatA ke sAtha I0 pU0 900 yA 800 ke pUrva rakhA jA ske| yUnAna meM homara kI kavitAe~ evaM hesioDa ke grantha atyanta prAcIna yUnAnI sAhitya haiN| homara meM sUrya, candra, prAtaH evaM sAyaM, tArA, pleiADasa (kRttikA), hyADesa, orAina, greTa biyara, siriyasa (orAina kA kuttA), bUTesa kA ullekha hai, jinheM haisioDa ne bhI ullikhita kiyA hai| hesioDa kA kathana hai ki jAr3e ke 60 dinoM ke uparAnta vasanta kA Agamana huA, kintu usameM viSuva dinoM kA ullekha nahIM hai| isa bAta se spaSTa hai ki vaidika jyotiHzAstra ina do yUnAnI lekhakoM se kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva (yadi hajAroM varSa pUrva nahIM) inase kaI gunA vikasita thaa|" bhAratIyoM evaM cIniyoM ke atirikta ati prAcIna loga haiM misrI, bebilonI, hiTTAiTa evaM cAlDiyana log| misra ke viSaya meM kaimbrija aiMzyeNTa hisTrI (jilda 2, pR0 218) meM AyA hai ki vahA~ ke loga gaNita kA upayoga jyotiHzAstra meM nahIM ke barAbara karate the| hiTTAiToM evaM cAlDiyanoM meM koI aisI bAta nahIM thI aura na kisI pAzcAtya lekhaka ne aisA kahA hI hai ki bhAratIyoM ko unase kucha prApta haA thaa| I0pU0800 ke karIba bhI homara evaM hesioDa kA alpa thaa| hippArkasa, jo prAcIna kAla kA sabase bar3A jyotiHzAstrajJa kahA gayA hai, aura / lagabhaga I0 pU0 130 meM pUrA kiyA, mesopoTemiyA meM kiye gaye I0 pU0 747 I0 ke nirIkSaNoM kI jAnakArI rakhatA thaa| TAlmI ne lagabhaga 150 I0 meM likhA aura usakA grantha elmAgesTa hippArkasa dvArA kiye gaye nirIkSaNoM para AdhArita thA aura TAlmI ke pUrvajoM ke sAre kArya bhI hippArkasa para hI AdhArita the,jo TAlmI ke spaSTa kAryoM ke samakSa Thahara na sake aura yA to unakA paThana-pAThana banda ho gayA yA ve naSTa ho gye| phalita jyotiSa para yUnAnI prabhAva ke bAre meM Age likhA jAyagA. kinta thoDe-se zabda bhAratIya siddhAntoM evaM pazcAtkAlIna granthoM ke viSaya meM likha denA Avazyaka hai| pahalI bAta yaha hai ki siddhAnta-sambandhI bhAratIya grantha yaha nahIM svIkAra karate ki bhAratIya jyotiHzAstra kA AdhAra yavana-jJAna thA aura na jyotiHzAstra ke granthoM meM utanI saMkhyA meM yUnAnI mUla 11. dekhie 'grIka aisTrAnaoNmI' (TI0 ela0 hItha, 1932), bhUmikA pR0 11-12 evaM sara nArmana lAkIera likhita 'DAna Ava esTrAnaoNmI (1894), pR0 133, jahA~ yaha ullikhita hai ki jAba kI pustaka evaM homara tamA hesiADa meM kevala thor3e se tAroM kA jJAna pAyA jAtA hai|

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bhAratIya jyotirgaNita kI maulikatA 259 vAle zabda hI prApta hote, jisane ki varAhamihira ke phalita jyotiSa meM / paJcasiddhAntikA ke viSayoM meM kahIM bhI yUnAnI zabda kA mUla prakaTa nahIM hotA / vebara Adi ne varAhamihira dvArA prayukta 'romaka' evaM 'pauliza' para adhika nirbharatA vyakta kI hai| yadi romaka zabda alekjeMDriyA kA hai to isase yaha nahIM siddha hotA ki ina siddhAntoM para yUnAnI prabhAva hai| madhyakAla kA koI grantha yA paMcAMga pramukha rUpa se romaka siddhAnta para AdhArita thA, isa viSaya meM koI pramANa nahIM miltaa|" varSa kA vistAra hai 365 dina 5 ghaNTe 55 minaTa evaM 12 sekaNDa, jo hippArkasa kI gaNanA se milatA hai aura jise TaoNlmI ne mAna liyA hai (thibo, guNDrisa, pR0 42 ) / varAha dvArA ahargaNa ke lie vyavasthita niyama (romaka siddhAnta ke anusAra ) yavanapura (ujjayinI nahIM) ke madhyAhna ke lie ThIka utaratA hai / pazcima ke vidvAnoM ne isa bAta para kabhI nahIM socA ki romaka- siddhAnta jo saMskRta meM thA, kisI aise yUnAnI dvArA, adhika sambhava hai, praNIta ho sakatA hai, jo bhArata nivAsI rahA ho tathA saMskRta evaM yUnAnI donoM bhASAoM yA alekjeMDriyA ke jyotiHzAstra kA jJAtA rahA ho, tathA TAlmI aura yahA~ taka ki hippArkasa kA pUrvakAlIna rahA ho, tathA isI se varAha ne apane karaNa meM usakA niSkarSa diyA ho, kyoMki unhoMne apane prasiddha phalita jyotiSa grantha 'bRhatsaMhitA' meM yavana - dRSTikoNa kA ullekha kiyA hai aura adhikatara apanA matabheda prakaTa kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, varAha yUnAnI phalita jyotiSa ke prati udAra bhI the-- ' yavana, sacamuca mleccha haiM aura yaha zAstra unameM samyak rUpa se vyavasthita hai; yavana bhI pUjita haiM, mAno ve bhI RSi hoM / tava phalita jyotiSa ke paNDita kisI brAhmaNa ke viSaya meM kyA kahA jAya ? arthAt vaha brAhmaNa to unase bhI adhika pUjita hogA) / yahA~ para 'zAstra' zabda 'horA - zAstra' kA dyotaka hai| kintu varAha ne anyatra aisI prazaMsA yUnAniyoM ke viSaya meM nahIM kI hai, unake jyotiHzAstra evaM gaNita kI yogyatA kI carcA nahIM kI hai| unhoMne yUnAniyoM ko jyotiHzAstra ke viSaya meM koI mAnyatA nahIM dI, aura na unake siddhAntoM kA koI AdhAra mAnA / unhoMne apane phalita jyotiSa-sambandhI grantha meM prayukta zabdoM kI sannidhi meM koI grIka ( yUnAnI) zabda nahIM prayukta kiyA hai| ( 12. kevala yahI bAta nahIM thI ki romaka siddhAnta svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA, pratyuta bahuta pahale chaThI zatAbdI meM brahmagupta (598 I0 meM utpanna ) ne isakI bhartsanA kI aura isakA smRtiyoM meM samAveza karanA amAnya ThaharA diyA : 'yugamanvantarakalpAH kAlaparicchedakAH smRtAvuktAH / yasmAnna romake te smRtibAhyo romakastasmAt // ' brAhmasphuTasiddhAnta (1 / 13 ) / 13. mlecchA hi yavanAsteSu samyak zAstramidaM sthitam / RSivatte'pi pUjyante kiM punardaivavid dvijaH // bRhatsaMhitA ( 2 / 15, karna kA sampAdana ) / alabarUnI (sacau, jilda 1, pR0 23) ne bhI isa padya kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| pANini (4|1|49) meM bAraha zabda ( indravaruNa yavanamAtulAcAryANAmAnuk) Aye haiM jinake adhikAMza ke sAtha patnI ke artha meM 'AnI' pratyaya lagA hai| 'yavana' zabda 'ioniyA' (ionia) kA spaSTa Avartana hai, jo eziyA mAinara ke taTa para 20-30 mIla caur3A pahAr3I bhUmi khaNDa hai| pANini ne alekjeNDara tathA usake sAtha yA bAda ke Ane vAle yUnAniyoM ko carcA nahIM kI hai, jaisA ki pAzcAtya vidvAn kahate haiM / I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI meM mAileTasa yUnAna kA sabase samRddha nagara thA / pANini ke kAla meM yavanAnI zabda kA artha thA yavana kI patnI, kintu kAtyAyana ke kAla meM yaha zabda yUnAnI lipi kA dyotaka thaa| Age calakara sabhI grIsavAsI io niyA ke rahane vAle logoM ke samAna 'yavana' kahe jAne lge| dekhie vila DyUrIM kRta 'lAipha Ava grIsa' (1939), pU0 134 evaM sArTona kRta 'e hisTrI Av sAiMsa', pU0 162 /

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260 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa thibo (gruNDsi ,pR.0 42) kA kathana hai ki 'puliza' zabda nizcita rUpa se abhAratIya hai| yaha ati Azcarya kA viSaya hai ki pazcimI vidvAn lekhaka kisI zabda kI abhAratIyatA ko siddha karane meM itane nizcayAtmaka ho uThate haiN| saMskRta meM kucha ati prAcIna zabda ye haiM-pulastya, pulaha," paulastya (kubera), jinameM 'puliza' zabda ke kaI tattva samAhita haiN| Aja bhI aise nAma Ate haiM, yathA nvaabsiNh| siddhAntoM ko paitAmaha evaM pauliza isalie kahA gayA hai ki ve pitAmaha evaM puliza dvArA praNIta hue the| thibo kA kathana hai ki alabarUnI ne 'puliza' ko 'paulusa' nAmaka yUnAnI lekhaka mAnA hai| kintu bhAratIya evaM yUnAnI lekhakoM ke nAmoM se paricita hote hue bhI alabarUnI Aja ke pAzcAtya lekhakoM ke samAna bhUla kara sakatA hai| vebara, jo apane adhyayana evaM parizrama ke lie atyanta prasiddha haiM, aisI bhUla karate haiM to auroM kI to bAta hI dUsarI hai| yaha bAta abhijJAnazAkuntala meM pAye jAne vAle usa ullekha ke sadRza hai, jahA~ zakuntalA ke putra ke naukara ne yaha kahA hai ki lar3akA nAmoM ke sAdRzya se bhrama meM par3a gyaa| svayaM thibo ne svIkAra kiyA hai ki yaha siddha nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki pauliza siddhAnta yUnAna ke phalita jyotiSa ke jJAtA paulusa (yA paulasa) ke grantha se sambandhita hai| pauliza-siddhAnta apekSAkRta kevala jyotiHzAstra kI bAtoM se sambandhita hai| hamane Upara dekha liyA hai ki pitAmaha-siddhAnta lagabhaga 80 I0 meM praNIta huA thaa| ataH usa siddhAnta ne san 150 I0 meM praNIta TAlmI se kucha bhI udhAra nahIM liyaa| aba hama isa viSaya para itanA hI kaha denA paryApta samajhate haiM ki jina bhAratIyoM ne saMskRta bhASA ke tattvoM ko itane parimArjita evaM vaijJAnika DhaMga se mA~jA evaM parizuddha kiyA (pANini), jinhoMne 'yoga' jaise mAnasa anuzAsana kI vyavasthA kI, akSaroM ke uccAraNasambandhI mukhAMgoM para prakAza DAlA, jinhoMne prAtizAkhyoM evaM zAkhAoM ke granthoM kA praNayana kiyA, jinhoMne sarvaprathama bIjagaNita ke siddhAntoM kA niyamana kiyA, jinhoMne vizva ko dazamalava kA jJAna diyA, jisake AdhAra para Aja kA gaNita AdhArita hai, jinhoMne apane zUnya ke jJAna ko araboM dvArA yUropa meM bhejA, Adi-Adi, ve bhAratIya kisI anya pichar3e deza se jJAna-RNa kaise le sakate haiM ? / hamane vaidika kAla ke jyotiHzAstra-sambandhI vacanoM kA adhyayana kiyA hai| aba hama vaidika vacanoM ke antargata phalita jyotiSa-sambandhI jJAna kA vivecana kreNge| mAnava-mana bhaviSya-jJAna ke lie ati utsuka rahatA hai aura kucha dinoM, kAloM evaM pariNAmoM ko zubha yA azubha mAnane ko sannaddha rahatA hai| ati prAcIna kAla meM logoM dvArA bhaviSya kI jAnakArI ke lie bahuta se sAdhanoM kA Azraya liyA jAtA thaa| sUrya, candra evaM grahoM kI jo sthiti janma ke samaya jaisI hotI hai, usake AdhAra para jo bhaviSyavANI kI jAtI hai vahI phalita jyotiSa kA viSaya hai| aisI sAmAnya dhAraNA hai| kintu ati prAcIna kAla meM aisI dhAraNA kama-se-kama isI artha meM nahIM thii| asIriyA meM AkAza-sthitiyoM evaM grahoM kI dazAoM ke AdhAra para anna-utpatti, bAr3hoM, andhar3oM, AkramaNoM evaM anya upadravoM ke viSaya meM phalita-jyotiSa dvArA bhaviSyavANI kI jAtI thii| AkAza ke nakSatroM evaM pRthivI kI ghaTanAoM kA sambandha devoM ke vicAroM se samajhA jAtA thA aura Asanna ghaTanAe~ unase parilakSita kI jAtI thiiN| hama ise bhautika phalita jyotiSa kaha sakate haiM (naicyUrala esTrAlAjI), paMcAMga-sambandhI phalita jyotiSa pazcAtkAlIna 14. 'pulastya' zabda aparArka dvArA (12vIM zatI kA pUrvArdha) lagabhaga bAraha bAra aura smRticandrikA (13vIM zatI kA pUrvArdha) dvArA lagabhaga tIsa bAra prayukta huA hai| ina sthAnoM para vaha eka smRtikAra kahA gayA hai| smRticandrikA ne 'pulaha' ko smRtikAra kahA hai| manu (1 / 35) ne 'pulastya' evaM 'pulaha' ko prajApati ke dasa putroM meM parigaNita kiyA hai| pulastya evaM pulaha saptarSiyoM meM do RSi haiM (bRhatsaMhitA, 13 / 11) /

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nakSatroM ke zubhAnumatvakA prAcIna ullekha 261 vikAsa hai| svapnoM, pakSiyoM kI ur3AnoM evaM svaroM, bher3oM ke yakRta (kaleje) para par3e saMketoM (jo bebilona yA roma meM deva-yajJoM ke samaya kATe jAte the) se bhI kuzala daivajJa loga bhaviSyavANiyAM kiyA karate the| Rgveda meM bhI zubha dinoM kI carcA hai, yathA sudinatve ahnAm (3 / 8 / 5, 3 / 23 / 4, 7 / 8814 evaM 1070 / 1), sudinatvama hAm (2 / 21 / 6), sudineSva hAma (4 / 37 / 1) / kucha aisI uktiyA~ bhI haiM jahAM yajJa Adi ke zubha dinoM ke lie AkAMkSA prakaTa kI gayI haiM (R0 4 / 4 / 7, 5 / 60 / 5, 7 / 11 / 2,7 / 18 / 2, 1312412 evaM 10 // 39 / 12) / Rgveda-kAla meM aghA (maghA) meM gaue dUlaha ke ghara bhejI jAtI thIM aura vivAhoparAnta dulahina arjunI (yA phAlgunI) nakSatra meM ratha meM baiThakara apane pati ke ghara jAtI thii| isI ke AdhAra para vivAha ke lie baudhAyanagRhyasUtra meM rohiNI, mRgazIrSa, uttarAphAlgunI evaM svAtI kA ullekha huA hai| kAThaka saM0 (81), zatapatha brA0 (2 / 1 / 2), tai0 brA0 (1 / 2 / 6-7) ke anusAra agnyAdheya (pavitra agni kI sthApanA) kA sampAdana sAta nakSatroM meM kisI dina yA vasanta, grISma yA zarad Rtu meM kartA ke varNa ke anusAra hotA thA, kintu somayajJa ke lie apavAda bhI rakhA gayA thaa| aisA AyA hai ki somayajJa kA abhikAMkSI vyakti kisI bhI Rtu meM agnyAdheya kara sakatA thA aura usase use aizvarya kI prApti hotI thii| prAcIna vaidika uktiyoM meM prAkRtika (bhautika) phalita jyotiSa evaM vyaktiparaka phalita jyotiSa kA antara prakaTa nahIM ho paataa| udAharaNArtha, tai0 saM0 (maMtreNa kRSante, 1 / 8 / 4 / 2) meM pratipAdita hai ki anurAdhA meM, jisake devatA mitra haiM, logoM ko kheta meM hala calAnA caahie| pAraskaragRhya0 (2 / 13) meM AyA hai ki logoM ko (apane kheta meM) lAMgala (hala) puNyAha (zubha dina) meM yA indra devatA (varSA indra ke hAtha meM rahatI hai) vAle jyeSThA (nakSatra) meM rakhanA cAhie (puNyAhe lAMgala yojanaM jyeSThyA vendrdevtym)| vahIM yaha bhI AyA hai ki yadi vyakti yaha kAmanA karatA hai ki usakI putrI apane pati kI priyA ho to use cAhie ki vaha apanI putrI kA vivAha niSTyA (svAtI) nakSatra meM kare; yadi vaha aisA karatA hai to usakI putrI patipriyA ho jAtI hai aura apane pitA ke ghara nahIM lauTa kara AtI (ta0 brA0 2 / 13) / kRttikA se lekara vizAkhA taka ke nakSatra devanakSatra kahe gaye haiM aura unameM sampAdita kRtya puNyAha (pavitra yA zubha dina) para sampAdita mAne jAte haiN| atharvaveda (6 / 110 / 2-3) ke kAla meM aisA vizvAsa thA ki jyeSThA yA vit (mUla nakSatra) meM utpanna baccA yA kisI vyAghra-sadRza nakSatra (bhayaMkara nakSatra) meM utpanna baccA yA to svayaM mara jAtA hai yA apane mAtA-pitA kI mRtyu kA kAraNa banatA hai|'' 15. poSaM rayINAmariSTi tanUnAM svAdanAnaM vAcaH sudintvmhnaam| R0 222116; jAto jAyate sudinatve ahnAM samartha A vidathe varSamAnaH / R0 3 / 8 / 5; ni tvA dadhe vara A pRthivyA ilAyAspade sudinatve ahnAm / dRSadvatyAM mAnuSa ApayAyAM sarasvatyAM revadagne didIhi // R0 3 / 23 / 4 / 16. yUnAnI loga kSayonmukha candra ko azubha evaM bar3hate candra ko zubha mAnate the| hesioDI paddhati (jo Rgveva se kaI zatAmbiyoM pazcAt kI hai) bhI zubhAzubha dinoM kI carcA karatI hai, yadyapi hesioDa yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki isameM mataikya nahIM hai| hesioDa ne mAsa kI pAMcavIM tithi ko viziSTa rUpa se vajita mAnA hai| apolo ke lie yUnAna meM sAtavIM tithi pavitra thI aura bebilona meM bhI sAtavIM pavitra tithi thii| 17. jyeSThaghnyAM jAto vicUtoryamasya mUlabarhaNAtparipATenam / atyenaM neSad duritAni vizvA dIrghAyutvAya zatazAravAya // vyAghrayajaniSTa vIro nakSatrajA jAyamAna suviirH| sa mA badhItpitaraM varSamAno mA mAtaraM praminInamitrIm / / atharvaveda (6 / 110 / 2-3) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa isase prakaTa hai ki kucha nakSatra (tai0 brA0 115 / 2 / 1 yA 3 / 1 / 218) to zubha evaM kucha azubha (yathA jyeSThA, mUla) the| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6 // 3 // 1) se prakaTa hai ki kucha nakSatra puMska (puruSavAcI yA pulliga) the--"yadi koI vyakti aisI kAmanA kare 'maiM mahattA ko prApta karU~ to use uttarAyaNa meM kisI zukla pakSa meM bAraha dinoM taka kevala dUdha kA bhojana karanA cAhie aura kisI puMska nakSatra meM kisI puNya dina meM agni meM Ahuti denI caahie|" uparyukta udAharaNoM se vyakta hai ki Arambhika vaidika kAloM meM bhaviSyavANiyA~ nakSatroM ke AdhAra para kI jAtI thIM, aura janma kA koI nakSatra zubha yA azubha mAnA jAtA thaa| pANini ke samaya meM, puSya nakSatra zubha mAnA jAtA thA, use unhoMne 'sidhya' nAma se pukArA hai| kintu ina prArambhika yugoM meM koI aise niyama nahIM bana pAye the jinase grahoM kA kisI nakSatra meM prabhAva jAnA jA sake aura na kuNDaliyA~ hI banatI thIM, jinameM grahoM, nakSatroM evaM rAziyoM ke ghara Adi bane hoN| una dinoM pradhAnatayA kevala nakSatroM, dinoM evaM bhautika lakSaNoM tathA zArIrika lakSaNoM taka hI bhaviSyavANiyA~ sImita thiiN| dekhie pANini 114 / 39 (rAdhIkSyoryasya vipraznaH), 4 / 3 / 73 (agRgayanAdibhyaH) evaM kAzikA (pANini 3 / 2 / 53) jisameM jAyAdhnastilakAlakaH, patighnI pANirekhA (hathelI kI rekhA) ke udAharaNa haiN| Rgveda (2 / 42 / 1 evaM 3; nirukta' 9 / 4) meM kucha aise mantra haiM jo kapijala-jaise pakSiyoM kI boliyoM se ghaTane vAlI zubha yA azubha ghaTanAoM kI ora saMketa karate haiN| bRhatsaMhitA (98 / 14) ne pratipAdita kiyA hai ki yAtrA meM saMlagna vyakti ko pakSigaNa yaha batAte haiM ki pUrva janmoM meM usake karma acche the yA bare aura unake phala kyA haiN| pazaoMevaM pakSiyoM ke paridarzana, uDAna, svara se sambandha rakhane vAle zakunoM ke viSaya meM varAhamihira ke yogayAtrA grantha meM tathA adbhutasAgara (pR0 569-582) meM paryApta vistAra pAyA jAtA hai| yogayAtrA (14 / 20 evaM 26) meM * AyA hai ki yAtrA karate samaya kucha pakSI yA pazu vyakti kI dAhinI dizA yA dakSiNa dizA meM hoM to zubha hotA hai aura jaba cASa pakSI apane mukha meM kucha lekara vyakti kI dAhinI ora ur3a jAtA hai to kalyANa hotA hai| zubhAzubha dinoM evaM nakSatroM se sambandhita bhAvanAoM kA pariNAma yaha huA ki loga nirIkSaNoM meM vyasta ho gaye tathA nirNaya dene lage, jisake phalasvarUpa 'nakSatra vidyA' kA udaya huaa| chAndogyopaniSad (7 / 1 / 2 evaM 7.71) meM isa vidyA kI carcA hai| jaba nArada jJAna ke lie mahAn AcArya sanatkumAra ke pAsa gaye to AcArya ne unase pUchA ki ve kyA-kyA par3ha cuke haiN| isa para nArada ne vidyAoM kI eka lambI sUcI sunAyI jisameM cAra vedoM, itihAsa-purANa Adi ke sAtha nakSatra-vidyA (jyotiH-zAstra evaM phalita jyotiSa) kA bhI ullekha hai| Ajakala kI bhAMti una dinoM bhI nakSatra-nirIkSakoM, phalitajyotiSiyoM Adi ke viSaya meM vicitra dhAraNAe~ pracalita thiiN| bahudhA loga aise logoM kI pravaMcanAoM meM pha~sa jAte the aura nirAzA ke nada meM DUbane-utarAne lagate the| dekhie te0 prA0 (3 / 4 / 4) evaM vAja0 saM0 (30 / 10 evaM 20) jahA~ eka 'nakSatradarza' (nakSatranirIkSaka) prajJAna ke samakSa abhiyukta ke rUpa meM lAyA gayA hai aura 'gaNaka' (nakSatroM evaM grahoM kI gatiyoM kI gaNanA karane vAlA) grAma ke mukhiyA ke sAtha jelajantuoM ke bIca pheMka diyA gayA hai| manu ne bhI nakSatra vidyA se jIvikA calAne vAle ko una brAhmaNoM ke sAtha ullikhita kiyA hai jinheM deva-kRtya evaM zrAddha meM na bulAye jAne kI vyavasthA hai (3 / 162) / manu (6 / 50) ne sAdhuoM ko utpAtoM (bhUcAla Adi), zArIrika gatiyoM (A~kha phar3akanA Adi) yA nakSatravidyA yA aMgavidyA (hAtha dekhanA Adi) ke dvArA jIvikA calAne kI manAhI kI hai| hArIta evaM zaMkha-likhita ke prAcIna sUtroM ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki nakSatrajIviyoM evaM nakSatrAdezavRttiyoM (jo nakSatroM kA saMdeza kahakara jIvikA calAte haiM) ko anya brAhmaNoM kI paMkti meM baiThane kI ayogyatA prApta hai (kRtya kalpataru, zrAddha, pR0 88 meM uddhRt)| yahI bAta sumantu ne (kR0 ka0 ta0, pR0 91) 'mUlyasAMvatsarika' (jo dhana ke lie phalita jyotiSa kA upayoga karatA hai) ke viSaya meM kahI hai| dekhie viSNudharmasUtra (42 / 7) / tevijjasutta (sakreDa buka Ava di IsTa, milda 11, pR0 196-198

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namatroM ke abhAzubhatva kA prAcIna ullekha 263 evaM digdhanikAya (1, pR. 68) meM mahAzIla ne bauddha sAdhuoM ke lie aisI vRtti kI bhartsanA kI hai jo manuSya kI Ayu batAkara, bhaviSyavANiyA~ (grahaNa, tArA giranA, vijaya, hAra Adi) karake prApta kI jAtI hai| kintu buddha ne kevala nakSatrAdhyayana vAMchita mAnA hai (sai0 bu0 I0, jilda 20, pR0 292-294) / arthazAstra meM kauTilya ne (9vA~ adhikaraNa, cauthA adhyAya, pR0 351, zAmazAstrI sampAdana, 1919) lAbhavighnoM meM tithi-nakSatra kI zubhAzubhatA ko parigaNita kiyA hai| ina uktiyoM se spaSTa hai ki IsA ke kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva ve loga nindita samajhe jAte the jo phalita jyotiSa dvArA jIvikA calAte the| kauTilya ne phalita jyotiSa kI ati nirbharatA kI nindA kI hai na ki usake jJAna kii| usane rAjA ke purohita ke lie jina guNoM ko Avazyaka mAnA hai unameM nakSatravidyA kA guNa bhI sammilita hai (arthazAstra 119, pR0 15-16) / yahI bAta kauTilya ke kaI sau varSa uparAnta yAjJavalkya ne bhI kahI hai-'purohitaM prakurvIta daivajJamuditoditam / daNDanItyAM ca kuzalamathavIMgirase tthaa||' jisakA artha hai-rAjA ko aisA purohita niyukta karanA cAhie jo daivajJa ho (phalita jyotiSa-vizArada ho), zAkhAnuzAsita bAtoM se zAsana-zAstra (daNDanIti) meM pravINa ho aura atharvaveda ke aindrajAlika kRtyoM meM pAraMgata bhI ho (yAjJa0 1 / 3 / 13) / ' nakSatroM para AdhArita phalita jyotiSa ke vikAsa ke viSaya meM kucha aise vacana bhI prApta hote haiM jo kucha aMzoM meM pazcAtkAlIna kuNDalI-paddhati ke 'gRhoM ke samanurUpa haiN| isake viSaya meM saMketa milate haiM, kintu ve ati prAcIna nahIM haiN| vaikhAnasasmArtasUtra (4 / 14) meM janma, karma, sAMghAtika, sAmudAyika evaM vainAzika nAmaka nakSatroM kA ullekha hai aura inakI vyAkhyA varAha ne (yogayAtrA meM)evaM viSNudharmottarapurANa ne kI hai| yogayAtrA (9 / 1-3 evaM 10) meM AyA hai'jisa nakSatra meM vyakti utpanna hotA hai use Adya (prathama) kahate haiM, Adya se dasavA~ karma kahA jAtA hai, Adya se solahavA~ nakSatra sAMghAtika kahA jAtA hai (sAMghAtika kA artha hai eka dala yA vyakti-samUha), Adya se aThArahavA~ samudAya (saMgraha yA samUha), 23vA~ vainAzika (mRtyu yA nAza se sambandhita), 25vA~ mAnasa kahalAtA hai, isa prakAra sabhI vyakti cha: nakSatroM (pahale, 10 veM, 16 veM, 18 veM, 23 veM evaM 25 veM) se sambandhita haiN| logoM kA kathana hai ki rAjA nau nakSatroM se sambandhita hai, tIna atirikta ve haiM jo rAjA kI jAti, deza evaM usa nakSatra se sambandhita haiM jisameM rAjyAbhiSeka huA rahatA hai|' yogayAtrA evaM viSNudharmottara0 (1178 / 14-16) meM Age AyA hai-'jaba janma-nakSatra kisI bure nakSatra yA usake svarUpa se prabhAvita ho jAtA hai to vyAdhi, dhana-kSaya evaM jhagar3e hote haiM; jaba karma-nakSatra (isa prakAra) prabhAvita hotA hai to saMkalpa meM asaphalatA milatI hai; jaba sAMghAtika (16vA~) prabhAvita hotA hai to dhokhA milatA hai ; jaba sAmudAyika (18veM) kI aisI gati hotI hai to ekatra dhana kA kSaya hotA hai; jaba vainAzika (23veM) ke sAtha aisA hotA hai to vAMchita vastuoM kA nAza hotA hai; jaba mAnasa (25vA~) prabhAvita hotA hai to cintAkulatA evaM aprasannatA kA udaya hotA hai| jaba sabhI (chaH) nakSatroM para koI burA prabhAva nahIM par3atA to vyakti svastha hotA hai, Ananda pAtA hai, usakA zarIra bhalI-bhA~ti poSita hotA hai aura use dhana prApa hai| kintu sabhI nakSatra (cha:) prabhAvita ho jAte haiM to vyakti kA nAza hotA hai aura tIna ke sAtha chaH nakSatra prabhAvita rahate haiM to rAjA kI bhI gati vaisI hotI hai| yadi abhiSeka nakSatra prabhAvita ho to rAjya kI hAni hogI, yadi 18. lAbhavighnaH kAmaH kroSaH sAdhvasaM maMgalatithinakSatreSTi (STa ?) tvamiti / 'nakSatramatipacchantaM baalmdhotivrtte| aryo jharyasya nakSatraM kiM kariSyanti tArakAH // sAdhanA prApnuvantyaryAn narA ytmshtairpi| artharAH prabanyate gaNAH prviyrvriss|' (arthazAstra, 9, 4, pR0 351, zAmazAstrI, 1919) /

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264 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa deza - nakSatra prabhAvita ho to deza evaM rAjadhAnI para kaSTa par3egA aura yadi rAjA kI jAti prabhAvita ho to rAjA kI kI bhaviSyavANI honI caahie| rAjA kI jAti ke viSaya meM ye nakSatra haiM-tIna pUrvA (pUrvAphAlgunI, pUrvASAr3hA evaM pUrvAbhAdrapadA ) tathA kRttikA brAhmaNa jAti ke rAjA ke lie haiM; tIna uttarA ( uttarAphAlgunI, uttarASAr3hA evaM uttarAbhAdrapadA ) tathA puSya kSatriya rAjA ke lie; anurAdhA, maghA evaM rohiNI kRSaka jAti ke rAjA ke lie; punarvasu, hasta, abhijit evaM azvinI vaNik jAti ke rAjA ke lie haiN| deza ke nakSatroM kA ullekha bRhatsaMhitA ke 14 veM adhyAya meM hai / yahA~ varAhamihira TAlmI se do bAtoM meM antara rakhate haiM : (1) varAha dezoM ko rAziyoM se zAsita na mAnakara kevala nakSatroM se mAnate haiM; (2) varAha ne apane ko bhArata taka sImita rakhA hai, kintu TAlmI ( TeTrAbiblosa, 1113, pR0 157 - 159 ) ne usa samaya ke sabhI jJAta dezoM kA sparza kiyA hai| yaha eka mahattvapUrNa bAta hai jo isa siddhAnta kA khaNDana karatI hai ki varAha ne TAlmI yA pazcAtkAlIna yUnAnI lekhakoM kI nakala kI hai| sampUrNa bhArata 9 bhAgoM meM bA~TA gayA hai -- madhyadeza evaM ve bhUmikhaNDa jo pUrva se lekara uttara-pUrva taka ATha bhAgoM meM ba~Te haiM; pratyeka bhUmikhaNDa kRttikA se Age ke tIna-tIna nakSatra - daloM se sambandhita hai / aura dekhie viSNudharmottara 0 ( 1186 | 1 - 9 ) / jaba 9 khaNDoM meM pratyeka ke tIna nakSatroM kA dala sUrya, maMgala yA zani se prabhAvita hotA hai to una sabhI nakSatroM se prabhAvita deza vipattiyoM meM pha~sate haiM / aura dekhie mArkaNDeya purANa ( 58 / 10-54) / viSNudharmottara0 (18911-13), yogayAtrA (9 / 13-18) evaM parAzara ( adbhutasAgara, pR0 271-274 meM uddhRta) dvArA uparyukta nau nakSatroM se upAhata ( prabhAvita ) phaloM ko dUra karane ke lie zAnti kRtyoM kI vyavasthA batalAyI gayI hai / yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki phalita jyotiSa meM 12 rAziyoM evaM 12 bhAvoM (sthAnoM yA gharoM) meM karma nAma 10veM bhAva ko diyA gayA hai aura mRtyu ( vinAza ) 8veM bhAva ko / mahAbhArata evaM rAmAyaNa meM katipaya aise kathana haiM jahA~ kinhIM nakSatroM ke sambandha meM graha sAmAnyatayA logoM para Apatti DhAte, senAoM evaM vyaktiyoM ko kaSTa meM DAlate kahe gaye haiM / yathA, jaba rAma evaM rAvaNa meM pracaNDa yuddha cala rahA thA aura rAvaNa kA pakSa prabala par3a rahA thA to rAmAyaNa ( yuddhakANDa 103 30 evaM 31 ) meM AyA hai'rohiNI, jisake devatA prajApati haiM aura jo candra kI priyA hai, budha dvArA AcchAdita hai ataH isase logoM kA azubha hai|' isI prakAra yaha AyA hai--'AkAza meM vizAkhA nakSatra, jisake devatA indra evaM agni haiM aura jo kosaloM kA nakSatra hai, maMgala dvArA ghirA huA hai|"" mahAbhArata meM grahoM, nakSatroM evaM tithiyoM kI sthitiyoM ke viSaya meM bahuta adhika kathana haiM, jinheM sulajhAnA asambhava sA hai / dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3 / yahA~ hama zakunoM evaM bhaviSyavANiyoM para hI likha rahe haiN| bhISmaparva ( 312, 13, 16 evaM 1 meM hama par3hate haiM, 'citrA nakSatra kA atikramaNa karake eka zvetagraha avasthita hai; isameM kuruoM kA nAza hI koI dekhatA hai; puSya nakSatra kA atikramaNa karake ghUmaketu khar3A hai; yaha ghora ( bhayaMkara ) mahAn graha donoM senAoM kA aziva kregaa| eka zveta prajvalita graha, jo dhUma chor3atA 19. prAjApatyaM ca nakSatraM rohiNIM zazinaH priyAm / samAkramya buvastakhyau prajAnAmazubhAvahaH // kosalAnAM ca nakSatraM vyakta-mindrAgnidevatam / AkramyAMgArakastasthau vizAkhAmapi cAmbare / rAmAyaNa ( yuddhakANDa 103 / 30 evaM 33) / bAlakANDa (5 / 5-6) meM AyA hai ki kosala deza sarayUtIra para sthita hai, ayodhyA isakI rAjadhAnI hai| raghuvaMza (4 / 70) meM rAma ke pUrvaja raghu kosalezvara kahe gaye haiN| bRhatsaMhitA ( 1418 - 10) ke anusAra kosala uttarapUrva meM prathama deza hai, aura usake nakSatra haiM AzleSA, maghA evaM pUrvA /

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nakSatra-jyotiSa, nau tArAbaloM kA zubhAzubhatva 265 huA agni-sA hai, indra devatA vAle tejasvI jyeSThA nakSatra ko ghere hue hai; eka nirmama ghUmaketu citrA evaM svAtI meM sthita hokara rohiNI, sUrya evaM candra ko pIr3ita kara rahA hai|' maMgala ke viSaya meM katipaya kathana paraspara-virodhI haiN| udAharaNArtha, udyogaparva (143 / 9) kA kathana hai-'jyeSThA meM vakra maMgala mitra devatA vAlI anurAdhA ko khoja rahA hai, mAno mRtyu lA rahA hai'; bhISmaparva (3 / 14) meM AyA hai-'maMgala maghA meM vakra hai, bRhaspati zravaNa meM hai tathA zani bhaga devatA vAle nakSatra (pUrvAphAlgunI) ko pIr3ita kara rahA hai|' zani ke viSaya meM bhI kathana haiM-'mahAdyutimAn evaM tIkSNa graha zani nakSatra (prajApati vAlI, rohiNI) ko pIr3ita kara rahA hai aura logoM ko aura pIr3A degA'; 'zani rohiNI ko atikrAnta karake khar3A hai| bRhaspati evaM zani vizAkhA ke pAsa haiN|' mahAbhArata-kathanoM meM eka draSTavya bAta yaha hai ki jahA~ ve sUrya, candra evaM grahoM kI sthitiyoM ko, unake nakSatroM ke sambandha meM, batAte haiM, ve kahIM bhI grahoM kI sthitiyoM ko unakI rAziyoM athavA saptAha-dinoM (yathA maMgala, ravi Adi) ke sambandha meM nahIM btaate| AtharvaNa-jyotiSa (1011-11) ne nakSatra-jyotiSa-siddhAnta ko anya rUpa se darzAyA hai| isameM AyA hai-manuSya ke janma se 10 vA~ nakSatra karma kahalAtA hai; 19 vA~ garbhAdhAnaka; dUsarA, 11 vA~ evaM 20 vA~ milakara sampatkara (samRddhi lAne vAlA); tIsarA, 12 vA~ evaM 21vA~ milakara vipatkara; cauthA, 13 vA evaM 22 vA~ milakara kSema ; 5 vA~, 14 vA~ evaM 23 vA~ milakara pratvara; chaThA, 15 vA~ evaM 24 vA~ milakara sAdhaka; 7 vA~, 17 vaevaM 25 varSa milakara naidhana; 8 vA~, 17 vA~ evaM 26 vA~ milakara maitra; navA~, 18 vA~ evaM 27 vA~ milakara paramamaMtra kahalAte haiN| ye 9 nakSatra-dala haiM (jinameM pratyeka meM 3 nakSatra haiM, kula nakSatra 27 haiN)| prathama evaM dUsare 9 saMkhyA meM kama haiN| ye nAma punaH 12 bhAvoM se samanvita hote haiM---janma (tanu yA lagna'), sampat (dhana, dUsarA bhAva), karma (10 vA~ bhAva), naidhana (8vA bhAva, vinAza yA mRtyu), maMtra (cauthA bhAva, suhRd), kSema (11 vA~ bhAva, Aya yA laabh)| isake Age AtharvaNa jyotiSa ne ina 9 daloM meM karane yA na karane yogya bAtoM para vistAra ke sAtha vicAra kiyA hai| AtharvaNa jyotiSa kA kAla lagabhaga dvitIya yA prathama zatAbdI I0 pU0 hai| viSNudharmottarapurANa apane samaya kA eka vizvakoza-sA hai| isakA samaya cauthI evaM chaThI zatAbdI ke bIca meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM yajJa ke lie zubha dinoM kI vyavasthA kI ora saMketa milatA hai| brAhmaNoM evaM kalpasUtroM ne vaidika yajJoM ke lie zubha nakSatroM evaM RtuoM kI vyavasthA kI thii| gRhya evaM dharmasUtra bhI gharelU kRtyoM ke lie kucha hera-phera ke sAtha brAhmaNoM, bRhadAraNyakopaniSad evaM kalpasUtroM ke samAna hI vyavasthA dete haiN| udAharaNArtha, Azva0 (1 / 13 / 1), Apastamba0 (6 / 14 / 9), baudhAyana0 (1 / 10 / 1), pAraskara0 (1 / 14) tathA anya gRhyasUtra vyavasthA dete haiM ki pusavana (jo kRtya lar3akA utpanna hone ke lie hotA hai) kA sampAdana garbhAdhAna ke uparAnta tIsare mAsa meM tiSya nakSatra meM yA puska nakSatra vAle candra ke dina kiyA jAnA caahie| bhAradvAjagRhya ne spaSTa rUpa se puMsavana ke lie tiSya, hasta anurAdhA, uttarA bhAdrapadA nakSatra nirdhArita kiye haiM (1121) / caula ke lie ApastambagRhya (6 / 16 / 3) ne janma ke uparAnta punarvasu nakSatra ThIka mAnA hai| punarvasu kA artha hI hai nayA dhana yA nayI vRddhi| kauzikasUtra ne pApanakSatra (46 / 25) evaM 'nakSatra (bhAgyazAlI) kA ullekha kiyA hai (35 / 2) / vivAha ke lie katipaya vibhinna vyavasthAe~ haiN| Apa0 gR0 ke mata se zizira (mAgha evaM phAlguna) ke do mAsoM evaM grISma ke ASAr3ha ke atirikta sabhI mAsa vivAha ke lie ThIka haiN| gobhilagRhya ne kevala zubha nakSatra kI carcA kI hai| pAraskara kA ullekha lambA hai| baudhAyana gR0 (1 / 1 / 18-22) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki 'vivAha ke lie sabhI mAsa ucita haiM, kintu kucha RSi ASAr3ha, mAgha evaM phAlguna ko vajita ThaharAte haiM; vivAha ke nakSatra haiM rohiNI, mRgazIrSa, uttarA

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266 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa phAlgunI evaM svAtI / anya kRtyoM ke nakSatra haiM punarvasu, tiSya, hasta, zroNA (zravaNa) evaM revtii| Azva0 gRhya ne sabhI mahattvapUrNa saMskAroM ke zubha kAloM ke lie yoM kahA hai (1|4|1-2)-'caul, upanayana, godAna evaM vivAha kA sampAdana uttarAyaNa meM, candra-vRddhi kAla vAle pakSa meM tathA zubha nakSatra meM honA cAhie; kucha RSiyoM ke mata se vivAha sabhI kAloM meM sampAdita ho sakatA hai|' Azva0 meM AyA hai ki vivAhoparAnta kanyA ko mauna dhAraNa karanA cAhie tathA dhruva, arundhatI evaM saptarSi-maNDala ke darzana ke uparAnta hI bolanA caahie| yaha bAta pUrvamImAMsAsUtra meM aura Age AyI hai-'devoM ke sammAna meM kiye jAne vAle kRtya uttarAyaNa meM, zuklapakSa ke kisI zubha dina meM kiye jAne cAhie (6 / 8 / 23) / ' ___ uparyukta kathanoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki IsA se kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva vaidika evaM gharelU kRtyoM ke lie kevala zubha nakSatra kA nirdhAraNa hotA thA na ki kisI tithi kaa| saptAha ke dinoM kA bhI ullekha nahIM kiyA jAtA thaa| rAziyA~ bhI vaNita nahIM haiM aura grahoM kI ora bhI saMketa nahIM hai, kevala zubha nakSatra meM kRtya-sampAdana kI vyavasthA hai| kisI zubha dina yA nakSatra kI khoja (vizeSataH vivAha jaise kRtyoM ke lie yA gRhya-kRtyoM ke lie yA kisI saMkalpa-pUrti ke lie) madhyakAlIna saMskRta granthoM meM muhUrta kI khoja ke nAma se vikhyAta hai| ataH 'muhUrta' zabda ke artha evaM itihAsa para vicAra karanA Avazyaka hai|

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adhyAya 16 muhUrta 'muhUrta' zabda do bAra Rgveda meM AyA hai|' zutudri (satalaja) evaM vipAzA (vyAsa) ke saMgama para Aye hae vizvAmitra RSi evaM nadiyoM ke saMvAda meM isa prakAra AyA hai-'mere vacanoM (tumhArI stuti meM kahe gaye) ke lie, jinake uparAnta soma kA arpaNa hogA, tuma, jo eka vyavasthita niyama yA krama meM ho, thor3I dera ke lie ruka jaao| dUsare sthAna para AyA hai-vibhavazAlI indra bahuta-sI mAyAoM kA prayoga karake apane hI zarIra se adhikatara bahuta-se rUpa dhAraNa karatA hai, kyoMki vaha sambodhita mantroM se AhUta hokara vyavasthita niyama kA pAlana karatA hai, jo soma kA rasa nizcita yA anizcita kAloM meM pItA hai, vaha AkAza se thor3I dera ke lie tIna bAra AtA hai| ina donoM kathanoM meM 'muhUrta' zabda kA artha hai 'alpa kAla, thor3e kssnn|' yahI artha zata0 brA0 (118 / 3 / 17 : tan muhUrta dhArayitvA; 2 / 3 / 2 / 5 : atha prAtaH anazitvA muhUrtaM samAyAmAsitvApi) evaM prAcIna saMskRta granthoM meM AyA hai, yathA raghuvaMza (5 / 58) / ___ zata0 bA0 (10 / 4 / 2 / 18 evaM 12 / 3 / 2 / 6) meM 'muhUrta' kA dUsarA artha bhI hai| aisA AyA hai ki dina ke 15 muhUrta evaM rAtri ke 15 muhUrta (ahorAtra ke 30 muhUrta) hote haiM aura varSa meM kula 10800 (30 x 360) muhUrta hote haiN| yahA~ muhUrta dina kA 15 vA bhAga (arthAt sAmAnya rUpa se lagabhaga 2 nAr3ikA yA ghaTikA) hai| R0 (10 // 189 / 3) meM dina-rAtri ke 30 bhAgoM kI ora eka gUr3ha saMketa hai, yathA 'triMzad ghAma vi rAjati vAkpataMgAya dhIyate', arthAt 'sUrya kI kiraNoM se dina (evaM rAtri) ke 30 dhAma prakAzita hote haiM', 'usa pakSI (sUrya) ko yaha stuti arpita haiM' (prativastoraha dhubhiH) / ta0 brA0 (3 / 10 / 1 / 1-3) meM dina evaM rAtri ke muhUrtoM kA ullekha hai| vedAMgajyotiSa 1. ramadhvaM me vacase somyAya RtAvarIrupa muhurtamevaiH / R0 (3 // 33 // 5) / yaha nirukta (2025) dvArA yoM bhyAkhyAyita hai-uparamadhvaM me vacase somyAya somasampAdine RtAvarIH RtavatyaH...muhurtam evaiH ayanaH avanarvA / muhUrtaH muhuH RtuH| RtuH ataH gtikrmnnH| muhuH mUDhaH iva kaalH| yahA~ 'muhUrta' kA artha hai 'alpa samaya ke lie, eka bhaNa ke lie|' nirakta ne isakI vyutpatti muhuH evaM 'Rtu' (vaha kAla jozIghra hI samApta ho jAtA hai) se kI hai| 2. rUpaM rUpaM maghavA bobhavIti mAyAH kRNvAnastanvaM pari svaam| triryaddivaH pari muhUrtamAgAtsvamantrairanRtupa RtAvA // R0 (3 // 53 // 8) / savana (dina meM somarasa nikAlanA) tIna haiM : prAtaHsavana, mAdhyandinasavana evaM tiiysvn| dekhie isa mahAprantha kA khaNDa 2 / 3. citraH, ketuH, prabhAn, AbhAn, saMbhAn, jyotiSmAn, tejasvAn, Atapan, tapan, abhitapan, rocanaH,rocamAnaH, gobhanaH, zobhamAnaH, kalyANaH, ye dina ke muhurta haiN| rAtri ke ye haiM-dAtA, pradAtA, AnandaH, modaH, pramodaH, Avezayan, navezayan, saMvezanaH, saMzAntaH zAntaH, Abhavana, prabhavan, saMbhavana, saMbhUtaH, bhuutH|

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268 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke mata se do nADikAe~ eka muhUrta kI ghotaka (Rgveda kA vedAMgajyotiSa, zloka 7) haiM aura saba se bar3e evaM saba se choTe dina meM 6 muhurtoM (12 ghaTikAoM) kA antara par3atA hai| manu (1964), kauTilya (arthazAstra 2, adhyAya 20, pR0 107-108, zAmazAstrI kA sampAdana) evaM katipaya purANoM ne rAta-dina ko 30 muhUrtoM vAlA kahA hai| ataH brAhmaNa-kAla ke bAda muhUrta kA dUsarA artha rahA hai 'do ghaTikAoM kI avdhi| kauSItaki-upaniSad (1 / 3) ne 'yeSTiha' nAmaka muhUrtoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki IsA ke kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva dina ke 15 muhatoM ke nAma tai0 brA0 meM ullikhita nAmoM se bhinna par3a gaye the| brAhmamuhUrta eka prasiddha muhUrta hai, jisakA ullekha bau0 gha0 sU0 (2 / 10 / 26), manu (4 / 92) evaM yAjJa0 (11115) ne kiyA hai| mahAbhArata (droNaparva, 80 / 23) meM brAhmamuhUrta kA ullekha hai| kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza (5 / 36) meM AyA hai ki aja kA janma brAhmamuhUrta (brahmA devatA vAle abhijit meM) meM huA thaa| kumArasambhava (7 / 6) meM AyA hai ki pArvatI kI nArI-sambandhiniyoM ne unako maitra muhUrta meM, jaba candra uttarAphAlgunI nakSatra meM thA, vivAha ke lie alaMkRta kiyA thaa| aura dekhie anya zubha tithiyoM ke lie sabhA0 (2115, 25 / 4), vana0 (253 / 28) / AtharvaNa jyotiSa (1 // 6-11) meM 15 muhurtoM ke nAma ye haiM---raudra, zveta, maitra, sArabhaTa, sAvitra, vairAja, vizvAvasu, abhijit (madhyAhna meM), rauhiNa, bala, vijaya, naiRta, vAruNa, saumya, bhg| muhUrtadarzana (yA vidyAmAghavIya) meM bhI ye nAma haiM, kucha antara yaha hai-vizvAvasu ke sthAna para gAndharva hai, vAruNa ke pUrva zAka jor3a diyA gayA hai aura saumya chor3a diyA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki abhijit, vairAja, zveta, sAvitra, maitra, bala evaM vijaya zubhakArya-siddhijanaka haiN| aura dekhie mahAbhArata, Adi0 (123 // 6), udyoga0 (6 / 17-18) / manu (2 / 30) meM AyA hai ki zizu ke janma ke 10veM yA 12veM dina zubha tithi, muhUrta evaM nakSatra meM nAmakaraNa karanA caahie| aisA mAnA jA sakatA hai ki manu evaM vidyAmAdhavIya meM 7 zubha muhUrta samAna hI haiN| purANoM meM bhI 15 nAma Aye haiM, kintu bhinnatA ke saath| matsya (22 / 2) meM abhijit evaM rauhiNa nAma Aye haiM aura kahA gayA hai ki naye gRha ke nirmANa ke lie ATha zubha muhUrta haiN| isameM kutapa nAmaka AThaveM muhUrta kA ullekha hai (22 / 84) / uparyukta bAtoM se prakaTa hai ki muhUrtoM ke nAma do bAra par3e, eka bAra ta0 brA0 meM aura dUsarI bAra AtharvaNajyotiSa evaM purANoM meN| eka tIsarA yuga aisA AyA ki ye nAma pRSThabhUmi meM par3a gaye yA vyAvahArika rUpa se vilupta-se ho gaye, jaisA ki varAhamihira aura anya granthoM ke avalokana se prakaTa hotA hai| kevala 30 muhUrtoM ke devatAoM ke nAma raha gaye aura unhIM se unake nAma dyotita hone lge| bRhatsaMhitA (42 / 12 evaM 9813) meM ve nAma nahIM Ate, kintu vahayogayAtrA meM 30 devatAoM ke nAma Ate haiN| bRhatsaMhitA (9851) meM AyA hai--'kinhIM nakSatroM meM karane ke lie jo kArya vyavasthita haiM ve unake devatAoM kI tithiyoM meM kiye jA sakate haiM aura karaNoM tathA muhUrtoM meM bhI 4. svAtau (zvete ?) maitretha mAhendra gAndharvAbhijiti rauhiNe / tathA vairAjasAvitre muhUrte gRhamArabhet // matsya0 (253 / 8-9) / 5. shivbhujgmitrpishyvsujlvishvvirinycipNkjprbhvaaH| indraagniindunishaacrvrunnaarymyonyshcaahni| rudrAjAhirbudhnyAH pUSA dlaantkaagnidhaataarH| indvaditiguruhariravitvaSTranilAkhyAH kSaNA raatrau|| ahnaH paJcadazAMze rAtrazcavaM muharta iti sNjnyaa| bRhadyogayAtrA (6 / 2-4) / aura dekhie ratnamAlA (11-2) / yaha draSTavya hai ki rAtri-sambandhI muhUrta vAyu 0 (4344) ko tAlikA se milate haiN| aura dekhie muhUrtamArtaNDa (214), alabarUnI (sacau, jilda 1, 10 338342) /

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ahorAtra ke 30 muhUrta aura unakA parimANa 269 ve sampAdita ho sakate haiM / " udAharaNArtha, yadi koI kRtya ArdrA nakSatra meM karane ko pratipAdita hai, to vaha ziva ke muhUrta ( dina ke prathama muhUrta) meM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki donoM (ArdrA evaM prathama muhUrta) kA devatA eka hI (rudra) hai / AtharvaNajyotiSa ( 211-11, evaM 3 / 1-6) meM dina ke 15 muhUrtoM meM kiye jAne vAle kAryoM para vistArapUrvaka likhA huA hai / udAharaNArtha, bhayaMkara kArya raudra meM, priya kArya maMtra meM, zatruoM ke akalyANa ke lie jAdU-TonAsAramaTa meM, kAmya kRtyoM evaM saMkalpa - saphalatA ke lie abhijit meM, vijaya ke lie AkramaNa vijaya meM, zubha evaM zAnti ke kRtya (isI) vijaya meM, brAhmaNakumArI se vivAha bhaga muhUrta meM (kyoMki aisA karane se patnI duzcaritra nahIM hotI) / yaha draSTavya hai ki pataMjali (vArtika, pANini, 5 / 1 / 80 ) ne aise vyakti kI carcA kI hai jo mahInA bhara pratidina eka muhUrta taka pATha pddh'e| vAsantika viSuva ke uparAnta rAtri kI apekSA dina kramazaH bar3e hote jAte haiM aura zAradIya viSuva ke uparAnta rAtriyA~ lambI hotI jAtI haiM / kintu eka sUryodaya se dUsare sUryodaya taka 30 muhUrta hote haiM, ataH yaha kahanA adhika yuktisaMgata hai ki eka muhUrta do ghaTikAoM ( 48 mi0) ke barAbara hai / kintu yaha bhI to kahA jAtA hai ki dina meM 15 murhata hote haiN| vedAMgajyotiSa ke sthAnIya mAna ke anusAra bhArata meM saba se bar3A dina 36 ghaTikAoM kA hai, aisI sthiti meM 15 saMkhyA vAle muhUrtoM meM pratyeka kI avadhi 21 ghaTikA hogI, aura sabase choTA dina jaba 24 ghaTikAoM kA hogA to usakI avadhi 1 ghaTikA kI hogI / isa antara ko hama viSNudharmottara (1 / 73 / 68) evaM brahmANDapurANa (1 / 2 / 21 / 122-123) meM bhI pAte haiM / hamane bahuta pahale yaha jAna liyA hai ki prAcIna vaidika kAla meM muhUrta ke do artha prakaTa ho cuke the, yathA (1) 'thor3I dera ' evaM (2) 'do ghaTikAe~ / ' kintu dina ke kucha muhUrta (do ghaTikAoM kI avadhi vAle) zubha ghoSita ho gaye, ataH kramazaH muhUrta kA tIsarA artha bhI parilakSita ho gayA, yathA 'vaha kAla jo kisI zubha kRtya ke lie yogya ho' ('kAlaH zubhakriyAyogyo muhUrta iti kathyate / ' muhUrtadarzana, vidyAmAdhavIya 1 / 20 ) / Age calakara hama dekheMge ki isI tIsare artha meM madhya kAla ke dharmazAstra-granthoM ne 'muhUrta' kA prayoga kiyA hai| uparyukta tIsare artha kI abhijJatA ke lie hameM grahoM, dvAdaza bhAvoM ( kuNDalI meM nirmita dhAma yA gRha yA sthAna ) evaM rAziyoM kA jJAna kara lenA Avazyaka hai| kintu aisA karane ke pUrva yaha bhI jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki I0 pU0 cauthI zatAbdI ke uparAnta bhArata ke zreSTha mastiSkoM meM kyA parivartana A cukA thA / hamane yaha dekha liyA hai fa fae prakAra AkAza nirIkSaka evaM gaNaka heya dRSTi se dekhe jAne lage the aura dhana ke lie phalita jyotiSa kahane vAle loga ayogya brAhmaNa ThaharA diye gaye the / kintu I0 pU0 5vIM yA chaThI zatAbdI taka kucha loga jyotiSI ko, vizeSataH rAjA ke mAmale meM, bahuta mahattvapUrNa mAnate the / gautamadharmasUtra ( 11/12-13, 15-16 ) meM pratipAdita hai-- 'rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha aise purohita ( prAsAda - purohita) kI niyukti kare jo vidyA, acche kula, vaktRtA, saundarya, upavayaskatA na to adhika bUr3hA aura na kama avasthA kA ), caritra se sampanna ho aura nyAyazIla evaM tapasvI ho; aise purohita dvArA nirdezita dhArmika kRtya karane cAhie; rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha daivotpAtacintakoM kA sammAna kare, kyoMki AcAryoM ne aisA kahA hai ki deza - kalyANa una para AdhArita hai|' yaha dhAraNA dRDhatara hotI gayI aura yahA~ taka ki smRtikAra yAjJavalkya (1 / 307 - 308) ne IsA kI AraMbhika zatAbdiyoM meM udghoSita kiyA 6. yatkArya nakSatre taddevatyAsu tithiSu tatkAryam / karaNamuhUrteSvapi tat siddhikaraM devatA sadRzam // vRhatsaMhitA (9813) /

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270 dharmAttra kA itihAsa - ' jo-jo graha duHstha (duSTa yA bure nakSatra se upahata yA prabhAvita ) hoM unakI pUjA yatna se kI jAnI cAhie / brahmA ne grahoM ko vara diyA hai ki jaba pUjita ho jAo taba pUjaka kA kalyANa kro| rAjA kA utkarSa evaM apakarSa grahoM para AdhArita hai; ataH graha pUjyatama haiM / ' niHsandeha yAjJa0 ( 11349, 351 ) ne kahA hai- 'karmasiddhi deva evaM pauruSa para avalambita hai, ina donoM meM deva pUrvajanma meM kiyA gayA karma (isa janma meM abhivyakta) hI hai / jisa prakAra eka pahie se ratha nahIM calatA hai, usI prakAra binA pauruSa ke daiva kI siddhi nahIM hotI / " daiva evaM pauruSa kI tulanAtmaka mahattA para dharmazAstra-granthoM meM, vizeSataH mahAbhArata meM, adhika vivecana hai| tIna vicAradhArAe~ bhI haiM - ( 1 ) daiva sarvazaktimAn hai, (2) pauruSa sarvopari hai evaM (3) donoM meM madhya kA mArga prazasta hai ( dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3 ) / bRhadyogayAtrA kA prathama adhyAya (20 zloka ) evaM yogayAtrA kA prathama adhyAya ( 22 zloka ) daiva (bhAgya) evaM puruSakAra ( pauruSa ) para vivecana upasthita karate haiN| itanA hone para bhI rAjA se lekara raMka taka sabhI loga jyotiSa ke pUrNa prabhAva meM the| Aja bhI bahuta-se par3he-likhe loga taka jyotiSa bar3e prabhAva meM haiM / vaha jyotiSa jo kuNDaliyoM kA nirmANa karatA hai aura vyakti vizeSa se sambandhita hai, horAzAstra yA jAtaka ke nAma se vikhyAta hai / varAhamihira ke kAla meM vidvAn loga bhI 'horA' zabda ke udgama ke viSaya meM anabhijJa the| bRhajjAtaka (113 ) meM AyA hai - " kucha logoM ke mata se 'horA ' ahorAtra ke pahale evaM antima akSara ke nikAla dene se banA hai / horAzAstra pUrvajanmoM meM kiye gaye acche yA bure phaloM ko bhalI-bhA~ti vyakta karatA hai / " yaha draSTavya hai ki bRhajjAtaka do bAtoM para bala detA hai - ( 1 ) yaha horAzAstra ko karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAntoM se samanvita karatA hai ( karma ko bhoga se naSTa karane ke lie punarjanma ), ( 2 ) zAstra batAtA hai ki kuNDalI eka nakzA yA yojanA mAtra hai jo pUrva janma meM kiye gaye karmoM se utpanna kisI vyakti ke jIvana ke bhaviSya kI ora nirdeza karatI hai / horAzAstra yahA~ yaha nahIM kahatA ki vyakti kI kuNDalI ke graha use yaha yA vaha karane ke lie bAdhya karate haiM, pratyuta vaha kahatA hai ki kuNDalI kevala yaha batAtI hai ki vyakti kA bhaviSya kina dizAoM kI ora unmukha hai / ye siddhAnta pazcAtkAlIna madhyavartI lekhakoM dvArA bhI duharAye gaye haiN| udAharaNArtha, raghunandana ne apane udvAhatattva ( pR0 125 ) meM dIpikA ke mata ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki graha kevala yaha batAte haiM ki pUrva janmoM meM pApa kiye gaye the, graha svayaM bure prabhAva nahIM ddaalte| unhoMne matsyapurANa kA uddharaNa diyA hai-purAne jIvanoM (pUrva janmoM) meM kiye gaye pApa vartamAna jIvana meM rogoM, durgatiyoM evaM priyajana - mRtyu ke rUpa meM pratiphala dete haiN| sambhavataH eka tIsarA antahita siddhAnta bhI thA, yathA nakSatra aise mandira haiM jinameM devatA nivAsa karate haiM ( nakSatrANi vai sarveSAM devAnAmAyatanam, za0 brA0 14 / 3 / 2 / 12; devagRhA va nakSatrANi / ya evaM veda gRhyeva bhavati, te0 brA0 1 / 2 / 5 / 11) / aura dekhie matsya 0 ( 127 / 14-15) / bebilona evaM asIriyA ke logoM ne apane jyotiSa ko tIna dhAraNAoM para nirbhara samajhA thA -- yathA ( 1 ) nakSatra mandira haiM, jinameM deva rahate haiM; (2) nakSatra bhaviSya ke viSaya meM manuSya ko devoM kA mantavya batAte haiM; (3) mAnava itihAsa mArdaka kI adhyakSatA meM svargika 7. deve puruSakAre ca karmasiddhirvyavasthitA / tatra vaivamabhivyaktaM pauruSaM paurvadehikam // yathA hyekena cakreNa rathasya na gatirbhavet / evaM puruSakAreNa binA daivaM na sidhyati // yAjJa0 ( 1 / 349, 351 ) / 8. ata eva dIpikAyAm-ye grahA riSTisUcakAH -- ityanena grahANAM pUrvasiddhapApabodhakatvamiti, na tu pApajanakatvam / tathA ca matsyapurANam / purA kRtAni pApAni phalantyasmistapodhanAH / rogadaurgatyarUpeNa tathaiveSTavardhana ca / tadvighAtAya vakSyAmi sadA kalyANakArakam // udvAhatattva ( pR0 125 ) /

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deva (pUrvajanma-karma) kA sUcaka jyotiSa 271 sabhA meM pUrva-nizcita kiyA jAtA hai| ye siddhAnta prathama ko chor3a kara varAhamihira evaM unake pazcAt hone vAle lekhakoM ke siddhAntoM se bhinna haiN| bebilona evaM grIsa (yUnAna) meM karma evaM punarjanma ke siddhAnta nahIM pAye jaate| ataH vahA~ ke loga parokSa rUpa se apane jyotiSa dvArA logoM ko uccAzaya vAlA nahIM banA sakate the ki ve vartamAna jIvana ko sadAcArapUrNa banA skeN| prAcIna kAla kI anaitika evaM zizuvat dantakathAoM ke rahate hue bhI graha-sambandhI bhAvanA ke prabhAva evaM pUjA ne adhikAMza mastiSkoM ko pakar3a rakhA thA aura logoM ko vaha apekSAkRta bahuta adhika buddhivAdI evaM vizvasanIya jaMcatI thii| kalyANavarmA kI sArAvalI (2 / 2 evaM 4) ne isakA anusaraNa kiyA hai aura jor3A hai ki logoM ko isa zAstra meM 'jAtaka' nAma se jo jJAta hai, vaha horA' nAma se vikhyAta hai, yA horA' zabda (jo 'ahorAtra' ke Adi evaM antima akSara 'a' evaM 'tra' ke vilopa se banA hai) 'daivavimarzana' (niyati ke viSaya meM vivecana) kA paryAyavAcI hI hai| saMskRta jyotiSa meM 'horA' ke do anya artha bhI haiM; yathA lagna (vaha rAzi yA lakSaNa jo kisI viziSTa kSaNa meM pUrva kSitija meM udita hotA rahatA hai) evaM rAzi kA ardha aMza (bRhajjAtaka, 119) / jyotiSa evaM jyotiSiyoM kI mahattA evaM upayogitA ke viSaya meM atizaya prazaMsAtmaka vacana kahe gaye haiN| sArAvalI (25) meM AyA hai-'dhanArjana meM jAtaka (jyotiSa) se bar3hakara koI anya itanA bar3A sahAyaka nahIM hai, ApattiyoM ke samudra meM yaha pota ke samAna hai tathA yAtrA yA AkramaNa meM yaha mantrI ke samAna hai| varAhamihira ne bhI garva ke sAtha kahA hai- 'jo vana meM rahate haiM (vAnaprastha yA muni haiM), sAMsArika viSaya-bhogoM se rahita haiM aura vinA sampatti ke haiM, ve bhI nakSatroM kI gati ke jAnakAra jyotiSI se prazna pUchate haiN| binA jyotiSI ke rAja samAna mArga meM avasthita haiM, jaise ki binA dIpa ke rAtri tathA vinA sUrya ke nabha hai| yadi jyotiHzAstrajJa evaM jyotiSI na ho to zubha muhUrta (kAla), tithi, nakSatra, Rtue~ evaM ayana (sUrya kI uttarAyaNa evaM dakSiNAyana gatiyA~) Akula ho uThe arthAt unase saMbhrama utpanna ho jAya / jo kucha eka deza-kAla sarvajJa sAMvatsara (jyotiSI) jAnatA hai vaha eka sahasra hAthI yA cAra sahasra azvArohI nahIM jAna sakate yA kara sakate' (bRhatsaMhitA, 217-9) / aura dekhie kAlaviveka (pR0 4) / rAjamArtaNDa (zloka 4) meM AyA hai-'purohita, gaNaka (jyotiHzAstrajJa), mantrI evaM daivajJa (jyotiSI, phalitajJa)-ye sabhI cAhe kitanA bhI kaSTa yA Apatti ho, rAjA dvArA poSita (rakSita) hone cAhie, jaisA ki striyoM ke viSaya meM kiyA jAtA hai| 12 9. AdyantavarNalopAkhorAzAstraM bhavatyahorAtram (5 / 1 raatraat)|...jaatkmiti prasiddhaM yalloke tadiha koya'te horaa| athavA daivavimarzanaparyAyaH khalvayaM zabdaH // sArAvalI (222 evaM 4) / 10. arjine sahAyaH purussaannaamaapvrnnvpotH| yAtrAsamaye mantrI jAtakamapahAya naastyprH|| sArAvalI (215) / 11. vanaM samAbhitA yepi nirmamA nissprigrhaaH| api te paripRcchanti jyotiSAM gatikovidam // apradIpA yathA rAtriranAvitya yathA nmH| tathA'sAMvatsaro rAjA bhramatyandha ivAdhvani // muhartatithinakSatramatavazcAyane tthaa| sarvAvyevAkulAni syunaM syAtsAvatsaro yadi // bRhatsaMhitA (2 / 7-9) / na tatsahanaM kariNAM vAjinAM vA caturguNam / karoti dezakAlako yadekI devcintkH|| bR0 saM0 (2220) / 12. puroSA gaNako mantrI daivajJazca caturyakaH / ete rAjJA sadA poSyAH kRcchreNApi striyo yathA // rAjamArtaNDa (zloka 4) /

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272 parmazAstra kA itihAsa yaha draSTavya hai ki varAhamihira adhikatara isa siddhAnta kA tyAga karate haiM ki kuNDalI eka citra mAtra (nakzA) hai jo prabhAvoM (pariNAmoM) ko abhivyaMjita karatI hai, pratyuta ve nizcayAtmaka bhASA meM grahoM ke viSaya meM udghoSita karate haiM ki ve sthitiyoM ke niyAmaka bhI hote haiN| do-eka udAharaNa paryApta hoNge| bRhajjAtaka (5 / 6) meM unhoMne kahA hai-'RSiyoM kI ghoSaNA hai ki vaha vyakti nizcita rUpa se para puruSa se utpanna hai, jisakI kuNDalI meM bRhaspati kI dRSTi lagna para yA candra para yA sUryayukta candra para na ho yA yadi candra sUrya se yukta ho aura usake sAtha duSTa (hAnikara) graha (maMgala yA zani) hoN|" punaH bRhajjAtaka (6 / 11) meM AyA hai-'prathama, pA~caveM, sAtaveM, AThaveM, nave yA bArahaveM ghara meM kisI hAnikara (duSTa yA azubha) graha se samanvita candra se (naye utpanna zizu kI) mRtyu hotI hai, yadi vaha zukra yA budha yA bRhaspati se yukta na ho yA vaha ina tInoM zaktizAlI grahoM meM kisI eka kI dRSTi meM na ho (to bhI vaisA hotA hai)|' punaH bRhajjAtaka (14 / 1) meM AyA hai--'jaba sUrya kisI anya graha se samanvita ho to vaha nimna phala utpanna karatA hai-candra se samanvita hone para vyakti lakar3I kI mazIna banAne vAlA yA patthara se kArya karane vAlA hotA hai; maMgala se bure AcaraNoM vAlA; budha se kuzala, buddhimAn prasiddha evaM prasanna vyakti ; bRhaspati se krUra yA dUsaroM ke kArya ko karane kI utkaTa icchA vAlA; zukra se raMgamaMca kI jIvikA karane vAlA yA AyudhajIvI; zani se dhAtuvizeSajJa yA vibhinna prakAra ke baratanoM ko banAne vAlA hotA hai| sArAvalI (33 / 48-61) ne bahadhA vibhinna sthitiyoM ke phaloM kA ullekha kiyA hai| kucha aura kahane ke pUrva yaha kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki jyotiSa meM aTala vizvAsa karane vAlA kevala bhArata hI nahIM thaa| sikandara ke uparAnta sampUrNa yUropa meM bhI aisI hI bAta pAyI jAtI thii| yaha hamane dekha liyA hai ki bebilona ke jyotiSI loga rAjA ko sUrya, candra evaM grahoM kI avasthitiyAM batAyA karate the (dekhie Ara0 kampavela TAmsana kRta 'dI riporTa Ava dI maijizIyanasa eNDa aisTrAlAjarsa Ava nineveha eNDa bebilona', jilda 1 evaM 2, saMkhyA 9, 15, 16, 21, 32, 33, 52, 43, 63, 66, 67, 72, 74, 76, 86, 151, 164) / kintu kuNDalI-yukta jyotiSa kA vikAsa vahA~ kAlAntara meM huaa| aura dekhie 'olDa TesTAmeNTa ijAiAha' (I0 pU0 759-710) : 47 / 1 evaM 15; Dainiela (4 / 7, 1120 evaM 212 tathA 27) / cAlDiyanoM ke anusAra pA~ca graha vizeSataH manuSyoM ke bhAgyoM ko niyantrita karate the aura ina grahoM se bebilona ke pA~ca nagara samanvita mAne jAte the| aura dekhie bauce leklerka ('la' aisTrAlAjI grIka, pR0 572) / heroDoTasa (2382) ne misra dezavAsiyoM ke vicitra vyavahAroM kI carcA kI hai, yathA-ve pratyeka mAsa evaM dina ko kisI devatA ke lie pavitra mAnate the| ve aisA samajhate the ki janma ke dina se vyakti ke bhAgya, caritra evaM mRtyu sUcaka devatAyukta dina nizcita kara diye jAte haiN| kintu isase kuNDalI-jyotiSa (horAzAstra) kI ora nirdeza nahIM mila paataa| misriyoM ko sikandara-yuga ke pUrva rAzi-jJAna prApta nahIM thaa| Arambhika yUnAnI jyotiSAcAryoM ko phalita jyotiSa kA jJAna nahIM thA, unhoMne sikandara dvArA bebilona para adhikAra kara lene ke uparAnta bebilonI logoM se yaha jJAna liyA, kyoMki tabhI bebilona ke jyotiSAcArya yUnAna pahu~cane lge| isake bAda hI yUnAnI mastiSka jyotiSa se prabhAvita 13. na lagnaminduM ca gunirIkSate na vA zazAMka raviNA samAgatam / sapApako'rkeNa yutothavA zazI pareNa jAtaM pravadanti nizcayAt / / bRhajjAtaka (56) / laghujAtaka (44) meM bhI isI ke samAna ukti hai| sArAvalI meM eka aisA hI zloka hai 'pazyati na guruH zazinaM lagnaM ca divAkara sendum / pApayutaM vA sArka candraM yadi jArajAtaH syaat||' yaha vraSTavya hai ki utpala ko varAhamihira ke siddhAnta evaM kathana kA samarthana karanA Avazyaka lgaa|

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pAzcAtya jagat meM jyotiSa kA prasAra 273 hone lagA / phalita jyotiSa se paricita hone se pUrva yUnAnI loga bhaviSyaphala kA jJAna AptavacanoM, svapna vyAkhyAoM, ye hue pazuoM kI aMtar3iyoM evaM yakRta ( kaleje) ke nirIkSaNa, pakSiyoM kI ur3Ana evaM pukAroM ( cillAhaToM), grahaNoM, dhUmaketuoM evaM ulkApAtoM se karate the / bebilona ke devatA bela ke pujArI basasasa ne apane AzrayadAtA eNTikasa prathama soTara ( I0 pU0 280-261) ko bebilona evaM cAlDiyA ke itihAsa para eka grantha banAkara diyA, usI pujArI ko bebilonI jyotiSa ( phalita ) ko yUnAna meM prasArita karane tathA sarvaprathama eziyA mAinara ke dakSiNa-pazcima koNa meM sthita kosa nAmaka sthAna kI pAThazAlA meM use par3hAye jAne kA yaza prApta huA thA / yUnAna se roma meM phalita jyotiSa lagabhaga I0 pU0 dUsarI zatAbdI meM pahu~cA / tabhI se yUnAna evaM roma ke ghara-ghara meM rAziyoM kI carcA hone lagI / posiDoniasa - jaise sToikoM ne isakA samarthana kiyaa| kaMTo ne apane kRSi sambandhI grantha meM cAlDiyanoM ke jyotiSa - jJAna ke viruddha sAvadhAna kiyA hai aura I0 pU0 139 meM eka Adeza nikalA, jisase cAlDiyA loga iTalI se bAhara kara diye gaye / DAyaDorasa sisalasa (roma ke AgasTasa ke samakAlIna) ne kuNDalI banAne kI cAlDiyA-vidhi evaM siddhAnta kA varNana kiyA hai / horesa ( mRtyu I0 pU0 8 ) ne apanI mAisenasa nAmaka kavitA meM librA (tulA), skApiana (vRzcika) evaM kaipikArnasa (makara) ke viSaya meM tathA jova (bRhaspati) kI rakSAdAyinI zakti evaM zani ke hAnikAraka svarUpa kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| sTraibo ( mRtyu san 24 I0) ne dRDhatA ke sAtha kahA hai ki cAlDiyAvAsI jyotiSa evaM kuNDalI nirmANa meM dakSa the / peTroniyasa ( prathama zatI) ne apane 'saiTarikana' nAmaka upanyAsa meM rAtri ke prIti bhoja meM, jo 40 pRSThoM meM varNita hai, eka aise thAla kA ullekha kiyA hai jisameM sabhI rAziyoM ke AkAra race hue the aura pratyeka ke sAtha viziSTa bhojana rakhA huA thA (dekhie vila Dra likhita 'sIz2ara eNDa krAisTa', pR0 298 ) / juvenala ( prathama zatI ke anta meM ) ne cAlDiyA ke jyotiSa meM adhika vizvAsa rakhane vAlI nAriyoM kI bar3I bhartsanA kI hai| aisA nahIM socanA cAhie ki roma evaM madhya yUropa meM jyotiSa ke virodha meM kucha nahIM kahA gayA / sisaro jyotiSa meM vizvAsa nahIM karatA thA aura usakA kahanA thA ki graha bahuta dUra sthita haiN| seNTa AgasTAina ( 354-430 I0) ne apane grantha 'siTI Ava gADa' meM jyotiSa ko bhrama mAnA hai / bebilona evaM yUnAna ke jyotiSa meM bahuta-se bheda the| bebilonI jyotiSa mUlataH rAjya evaM rAjakula se sambandhita thA, kintu yUnAnI jyotiSa vyaktiyoM se ; bebilonI jyotiSa kA sambandha purohita-vRtti se thA, kintu yUnAna 'ke jyotirvid sAmAnya jana the / jyotiSa Age calakara yUropa meM antararASTrIya mahattA rakhane lagA aura jyotiHzAstra ( aisTrAnAmI) ke sAtha mUlyavAn viSaya ke rUpa meM vizvavidyAlayoM meM par3hAyA jAne lagA / isakA pracalana vizeSatayA isake vaijJAnika DhA~ce ke kAraNa thA, jo ki grahoM, koSThakoM, bAraha rAziyoM Adi se abhivyakta hotA thA / koparnikasa, gaililio evaM keplara svayaM jyotiSa kA vyavahAra karate the yA isake vyavahAra kA vistAra karate the| bekana yaha kahane ko taiyAra thA ki nakSatroM meM koI prANaghAtI avazyaMbhAvitA ( pheTala nesesiTI ) nahIM hai kintu ve duHkha dene yA balapUrvaka bAdhya karane kI apekSA anugrahazIla haiN| TAlmI kA 'TeTrAbiblosa' nAmaka grantha lagabhaga 1400 varSoM taka apanA prabhutva jamAye hue thA aura Aja bhI vaha jyotiSa meM vizvAsa karane vAloM ke samakSa eka mahattvapUrNa pramANa hai| yaha eka manoraMjaka bAta hai ki mahAn jarmana kavi, nATakakAra evaM dArzanika geTe (1749-1832) ne apane janma ke grahoM kI dRSTiyoM (svarUpoM ) kA ullekha karate hue apane saMsmaraNoM kA Arambha kiyA hai| gata do zatAbdiyoM meM jyotiHzAstra jJAna meM gambhIra vRddhiyoM ke kAraNa tathA helioseNTrika ( sUryakendraka) siddhAnta ke pakSa meM jioseNTrika ( bhUkendraka ) siddhAnta ke tyAga ke kAraNa yUropa meM phalita jyotiSa kA prabhAva kama par3a gayA / kintu isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki pazcima yA amerikA meM yaha vilupta ho gayA hai| donoM mahAyuddhoM 35

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274 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ke bhayaMkara prabhAvoM evaM klezoM ke kAraNa isake prabhAva ke prasAra ko zaktizAlI gati milI hai| lAkhoM kI saMkhyA meM chapane vAle samAcAra-patroM meM prati dina evaM prati saptAha nakSatroM se sambandhita bhaviSyavANiyA~ nikalatI haiN| kintu ye bhaviSyavANiyA~ adhikatara aspaSTa hotI haiN| bAraha rAziyoM meM pratyeka meM lAkhoM vyakti hoMge, kisakA kyA bhAgya hai ? aisA kahA jAtA hai ki kevala amerikA meM 25000 rajisTarDa jyotiSI haiN| TaoNlmI ne phalita jyotiSa ke pakSa meM bahuta sI bAteM kahI haiN| usane isa bAta para bala dekara kahA hai ki nakSatroM ke prabhAvoM kI jAnakArI karane ke pUrva jyotiSI ko yaha jAna lenA Avazyaka hai ki vyakti kisa deza, samAja, rASTrIyatA, rahana-sahana, AcAra-vicAra evaM vAtAvaraNa kA hai, nahIM to bhaviSyavANI karane meM bhayaMkara truTiyA~ ho sakatI haiM-ithiyopiyA kA nivAsI gorA evaM sIdhe kezoM vAlA tathA jarmanI kA nivAsI kAlA evaM dhuMgharAle bAloM vAlA siddha ho jAyagA, Adi-Adi / laghujAtaka (411) meM utpala ne bhI isI prakAra kahA hai'(jyotiSI ko cAhie ki) vaha vyakti kI jAti ke parijJAna ke uparAnta usakI mUrti kA nirdeza kare, kyoMki zvapAka (cANDAla) evaM niSAda kAle hote haiM; use yaha socanA cAhie ki (jisakI kuNDalI kI jA~ca ho rahI hai) vaha vyakti kisa kula meM, gore logoM yA kAle logoM ke yahA~, utpanna huA, aura kisa deza meM, kyoMki karNATaka ke loga kAle, videha ke zyAma evaM kazmIra ke gore hote haiN|' spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya jyotiSAcAryoM ne bhI dezAcAra evaM lokAcAroM ke jJAna para bala diyA hai| rAjamArtaNDa (zloka 399-401) meM AyA hai-'sarvaprathama lokAcAroM para vicAra karanA cAhie; katipaya zatAbdiyoM se jo sthira hai, usa para vicAra karanA cAhie; paNDita loga burA lagane vAlI (lokaduSTa) bAta kA tyAga karate haiM; ataH jyotirvid ko lokamArga se calanA caahie| kula evaM deza kI cittavRtti kA khaNDana nahIM karanA caahie...|' vipattiyoM yA ghaTanAoM se sambandhita sAmAnya jyotividyA, TAlmI ke anusAra, zAkhA yA saMhitA ke antargata (saMkIrNa dRSTikoNa se) AtI hai| muhUrta-sambandhI sAhitya bar3A vizAla hai| kAla para likhe gaye sabhI grantha, yathA hemAdri, kAlamAdhava, kAlatattvavivecana, nirNayasindhu Adi vAstava meM muhUrta para hI haiM, kyoMki ve saMskAroM evaM dhArmika kRtyoM ke ucita kAla kA vivecana karate haiN| 'muhUrta' zabda se yukta grantha ye haiM-~-muhUrtakalpadruma (viTThala dIkSita kRta, 1628 I0), muhUrtagaNapati (gaNapati rAvala kRta, 1685 I0), anantaputra rAma dvArA likhita muhUrtacintAmaNi (rAma ke bar3e bhAI nIlakaNTha ke putra govinda kI isa para TIkA 'pIyUSadhArA' hai, 1604 I.), kezavaputra gaNeza kRta' muhUrtatattva, vidyAmAdhava kRta muhurtadarzana (isa para usake putra viSNu kI TIkA hai muhUrtadIpaka), nAgadeva kRta muhUrtadIpaka, devagiri ke nikaTa TAyara grAma ke nivAsI ananta ke putra nArAyaNa kA muhUrtamArtaNDa (1572 I0) evaM raghunAtha kRta muhUrtamAlA tathA muhuurtmuktaavlii| inameM kevala tIna hI mudrita haiM-muhUrtadarzana, muhUrtacintAmaNi tathA muhUrtamArtaNDa, anya pANDulipiyoM meM haiM (bAmbe eziyATika sosAiTI, laaibrerii)| isa prakaraNa meM zrIpati (1039 I0) dvArA likhita jyotiSamArtaNDa, bhoja racita rAjamArtaNDa tathA anya kAla-sambandhI granthoM kA sahArA liyA gayA hai| muhUrtacintAmaNi (480 zlokoM meM), muhartadarzana (600 zlokoM meM TIkA ke sAtha) vizAla grantha haiN| ina granthoM kI sabhI bAteM denA sambhava nahIM hai| muhUrtamArtaNDa (161 zlokoM meM) ne madhyama mArga apanAyA hai| isake viSaya saMkSepa 14. sattvaM rajastamo vA trizAMze yasya bhAskarastAdRk / balinaH sadRzI mUtirbuddhvA vA jAtikuladezAn // jAtiM buddhvA mUrtinirdezaH, yataH zvapAkaniSAdA jAtita eva kRSNA bhavanti |...krnnaattaa: kRSNA vaidehAH zyAmAH kAzmIrA gauraaH|

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275 muhUrta-saMbandhI anya aura nakSatroM kA vicAra meM yoM hai--kina grahoM kI sthitiyA~ evaM dRSTiyA~, kauna yuga, tithiyA~, nakSatra, mAsa evaM deha-mana kI dazAe~ zubha karmoM meM vajita haiM ; saMskAroM (yathA garbhAdhAna, puMsavana, jAtakarma, karNachedana, caula, upanayana, vedAdhyayana-samApti) ke ucita kAla; vivAha ke viSaya (yaha lagabhaga pUre grantha ke eka tihAI bhAga meM hai, 55 zloka meM); gRhyAgni ko jalAne ke kAla; gRha-nirmANa evaM praveza ke kAla; yAtrA yA AkramaNa karane ke kAla; zubhAzubha zakuna; rAjyAbhiSeka, mUlyavAn vastroM evaM AbhUSaNoM kA dhAraNa, kRSi-karma, pazuoM kA kraya-vikraya, tila evaM tiSyaphalA ke sAtha snAna, lupta vastuoM ko prApta karane, kUpa-puSkara khodane ke, adhika yA alpa samaya ke lie anadhyAya ke kAla; zarIra para chipakalI yA giragiTa gira jAne ke phala ; janma kI rAzi se kauna graha zubha yA azubha haiM tathA kisa rAzi meM haiM; saMkrAntiyoM kA punnykaal| yaha draSTavya hai ki ina kRtyoM meM bahuta-se Aja bhI sampAdita hote haiM, yadyapi inake sampAdana meM kamI hotI jA rahI hai| yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki zakunoM ke viSaya meM varAhamihira ne siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA hai ki anya janmAntaroM meM kiye gaye zubhAzubha karmoM kA phala hI logoM kI yAtrA yA AkramaNa ke samaya zakunoM dvArA abhivyakta hotA hai| jahA~ eka ora vivAha jaise pavitra avasaroM para bAla banavAne, navIna vastra dhAraNa karane ke viSaya meM muhUrta nikAlA jAtA thA, vahIM caurya karma ke lie bhI muhUrtamuktAvalI meM muhUrta nikAlane kI vyavasthA hai, yathA jaba AzleSA, mRgazIrSa, bharaNI, svAtI, ghaniSThA, citrA, anurAdhA nakSatroM meM, zanivAra yA maMgalavAra ko yadi riktA tithiyoM (caturthI, navamI, caturdazI) meM corI kI jAtI hai to vaha saphala hotI hai| yaha muhUrta nikAlane ke viSaya meM eka vicitra utsukatA yA pAgalapana kA paricAyaka hai| yaha Avazyaka hai ki hama thor3A jAtaka ke kucha aMzoM kA parijJAna kara leN| jAtaka kI sabhI bAtoM kA ullekha karane meM eka svatantra grantha bana jAyagA, ataH hama saMkSepa meM mukhya-mukhya bAtoM kI ora saMketa kreNge| nakSatroM, unake devatAoM (svAmiyoM) evaM unakI zreNiyoM ke atirikta hameM kuNDalI meM rAziyoM, grahoM evaM bhAvoM (gharoM yA sthAnoM) kA jJAna bhI rakhanA hogaa| isa viSaya meM hama varAha kI bRhatsaMhitA evaM bRhajjAtaka, sArAvalI, zrIpati kI jyotiSaratnamAlA, rAjamArtaNDa tathA gaNeza ke jAtakAlaMkAra (1613-14 I0 meM praNIta) granthoM para nirbhara rheNge| 27 yA 28 nakSatroM evaM unake devatAoM kA vivaraNa pahale hI diyA jA cukA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki nakSatroM ke devatA se adhikatara nakSatra yA tithi kA bhI saMketa milatA hai| yahA~ para sarvaprathama nakSatra-vibhAjana kA ullekha hogaa| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6 / 3 / 1) se prakaTa hai ki nakSatra bahuta prAcIna kAla (lagabhaga I0 pU0 1000) meM hI puNya evaM pApa (zubha evaM azubha) tathA nArI evaM puruSa (puMsa) ke rUpa meM ullikhita ho cuke the| vedAMgajyotiSa (yAjuSa, zloka 42) ne nakSatroM ko ugra evaM krUra bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai (upANyAA ca citrA ca vizAkhA shrvnnoshvyuk| krUrANi tu maghA svAtI jyeSThA mUlaM yamasya yat // ) / bRhatsaMhitA (97 / 6-11) meM ve dhruva (yA sthira), tIkSNa (yA dAruNa), upa (yA krUra), kSipra (yA laghu), mRdu (maitra), mRdutIkSNa (yA sAdhAraNa yA mizra), cara (yA cala) kahe gaye haiN| bR0 saM0 (9716-11) meM AyA hai ki dhruva nakSatroM meM rAjyAbhiSeka, zAnti kRtya, vRkSAropaNa, nagara-sthApana, kalyANa-karma, bIjAropaNa evaM anya sthira karma kiye jAne cAhie; tIkSNa nakSatroM meM hAni karane meM saphalatA, 15. anyajanmAntarakRtaM puMsAM karma zubhAzubham / yattasya zakunaH pAkaM nivedayati gacchatAm // bRhadyogayAtrA (2331) /

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276 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa mantra-prApti, bhUta jagAnA, bandI banAnA, pITanA, sambandha tor3anA Adi kiye jAte haiM; ugra nakSatroM kA prayoga dUsare kI sampatti ko naSTa karane, dhokhA dene, bandI banAne, viSa dene, AgajanI karane, hathiyAra se mArane evaM mAra DAlane meM hotA hai; kSipra (laghu) nakSatra bikrI karane, prema karane, jJAna prApta karane, alaMkaraNa, kalAoM, zilpoM (yathA bar3haIgirI), oSadhiyoM, yAtrAoM ke lie ghoSita haiM; mRdu nakSatra mitra-prApti, kAma-kRtyoM, vastroM, AbhUSaNoM, zubha utsavoM (vivAha Adi) evaM gAnA gAne meM lAbhaprada haiM; mRdu-tIkSNa (yA sAdhAraNa) nakSatra milA-julA phala (jaba mRdu yA bhISaNa karma kiye jAte haiM) dete haiM; cala nakSatra adhruva (asthira) karma meM lAbhaprada hote haiN| muhUrtamArtaNDa meM AyA hai ki vijJa jana saphalatA ke lie nakSatroM ke nAmoM evaM daloM ke anusAra karma karate haiN| yaha draSTavya hai ki jyotiSaratnamAlA (3 / 9) evaM muhUrtacintAmaNi (2 / 2-8) Adi ne ravivAra, somavAra, maMgalavAra, budhavAra, bRhaspativAra, zukravAra, zanivAra ko krama se dhruva, cala, ugra, mizra, laghu, mRdu evaM tIkSNa kahA hai, aura batalAyA hai ki ina daloM ke tulya jo karma haiM unheM krama se unhIM saptAha-dinoM meM karanA cAhie (saMjJAtulyamihAcaranti sudhiyo kArya hi saMsiddhaye / mu0 mA0 2 / 3) / bR0 jA0 (adhyAya 16 / 1-2) ne azvinI se lekara Age ke 27 nakSatroM meM utpanna logoM kI vizeSatAoM para 14 zloka likhe haiM, yahA~ hama udAharaNa ke lie do zlokoM kA anuvAda de rahe haiM-'azvinI meM utpanna vyakti AbhUSaNoM kA premI, hotA hai, sundara hotA hai, subhaga (darzanIya svarUpa vAlA yA mohaka) hotA hai, (pratyeka bAta meM) dakSa hotA hai evaM matimAn (buddhimAn) hotA hai; bharaNI meM utpanna vyakti kRtanizcayI, satyavAdI, rogarahita, dakSa, cintAmukta (sukhI) hotA hai; kRttikA meM utpanna vyakti bahubhukta (peTU arthAt adhika khAne vAlA, paradArapremI, adhairyavAn, tejasvI, evaM prasiddha hotA hai; rohiNI meM utpanna vyakti satyavAdI, pavitra, priya bolane vAlA (priyaMvada), sthiramati evaM surUpa hotA hai|6 rAjamArtaNDa (zloka 16-40) ne 27 nakSatroM ke paryAya diye haiM, jinake sAtha nakSatroM ke svAmiyoM ke nAma aura nakSatrasvAmiyoM ke paryAya bhI sammilita haiN| jyotiSaratnamAlA, bhujabala evaM muhUrtacintAmaNi (222-23) ne abhijit ke sAtha 28 nakSatroM ko cAra-cAra ke sAta daloM meM bA~TA hai, jo ye haiM--andhAkSa, mandAkSa, madhyAkSa evaM svkss| unhoMne yaha bhI kahA hai ki andhAkSa meM curAyI gayI sampatti zIghra hI phira pAyI jA sakatI hai, mandAkSa meM curAyI huI prayatna se, madhyAkSa meM curAyI gayI nahIM prApta hotI kintu svAmI ko patA calegA ki vaha cora dvArA le jAyI gayI hai; svakSa yA sulocana meM curAyI gayI na to milegI aura na usake viSaya meM kucha patA clegaa| aura dekhie bR0 saM0 (adhyAya 14 evaM 15 / 1-27), jisakA eka zloka yoM hai-'kRttikA meM zveta puSpa hote haiM, AhitAgni (jo pavitra agniyA~ jalAte haiM), mantrajJa (veda mantroM kA jJAtA), sUtroM evaM bhASyoM kA jJAtA, AkArika (khAnoM yA bhANDAroM ke adhikArI-gaNa), nApita (nAI), brAhmaNa, purohita, ghaTakAra evaM abdajJa (jyotiSAcArya) utpanna hote haiN| 16. priyabhUSaNaH surUpaH subhago dakSozvinISa, matimAMzca / kRtanizcayasatyArugdakSaH sukhitazca bhrnniissu|| bahubhukparadAraratastejasvI kRttikAsa vikhyaatH| rohiNyAM satyazuciH priyaMvadaH sthiramatiH surUpazca // bRhajjAtaka (1631-2) / aura dekhie bR0 saM0 (adhyAya 101) / 17. Agneye sitkusumaahitaagnimntrjnysuutrbhaassyjnyaaH| aakriknaapitdvijghttkaarpurohitaabvnaaH|| saMhitA (15 / 1) /

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277 nAtra-jyotiSa kA rAzi-jyotiSa meM pariNamana - bR0 saM0 (104 / 1-5) ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki kauna-kauna-se nakSatra (27 meM) usa kAla ke aMga haiM jise puruSa kahA jAtA hai| yaha prAcIna dhAraNA kA vistAra mAtra hai| te. brA0 (115 / 2-7) meM AyA hai-'prajApati kA hAtha hasta nakSatra, unakA sira citrA, unakA hRdaya niSTyA (svAtI), unakI donoM jA~ghe vizAkhA ke do tAre aura unakI pratiSThA (Azraya yA sthiratA) anurAdhA hai| vAstava meM prajApati nakSatroM ke daloM ke rUpa meM haiN|' uparyukta bAtoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki rAzi-jyotiSa ke atirikta nakSatra-jyotiSa kA vikAsa bhArata meM pUrNarUpeNa pUrva kAla meM hI ho cukA thA aura TAlmI mahodaya kevala rAziyoM taka hI sImita the, unakA nakSatroM se sambandha nahIM ke barAbara thaa| 12 rAziyA~ eka cakra meM pAyI jAtI haiM ; pratyeka rAzi 21 nakSatroM taka vistRta hotI hai, yathA meSa kA vistAra azvinI, bharaNI evaM kRttikA ke eka cauthAI bhAga taka hotA hai, vRSabha kA vistAra kRttikA ke 3 bhAga, pUre rohiNI evaM mRgazIrSa ke Adhe taka rahatA hai, aadi-aadi| meSa se lekara Age kI sabhI 12 rAziyA~ kAlapuruSa ke nimna aMgoM se sAyujya sthApita karatI batAyI gayI haiM-sira (meSa), mukha (vRSabha), chAtI (vakSasthala), hRdaya, AmAzaya, mekhalA (kamara),peTa (nAbhi evaM guptAMgoM ke madhya kA bhAga), guptAMga, donoM jA~gha, donoM ghuTane, donoM piMDalI, donoM pA~va / varAha ne jor3A hai ki 'rAzi', 'kSetra', 'gRha', 'RkSa', 'bha' evaM 'bhavana' jAtaka meM paryAyavAcI ke rUpa meM prayukta hote haiN| kAla ke aMgoM se rAziyoM kA sAyujya jyotiSa-granthoM meM isalie kiyA gayA hai ki yadi kisI vyakti kI kuNDalI meM koI duSTa graha kisI rAzi meM rahatA hai to vyakti usI zarIrAMga se pIr3ita hotA hai jo kAlapuruSa ke kisI aMga kI rAzi se sambandhita rahatA hai, kintu yadi janma ke samaya koI zubha graha kisI rAzi meM rahatA hai to vyakti usase sambandhita aMga kA zreya prApta karatA hai| nIce hama bAraha rAziyoM ke saMskRta nAma aMgrejI evaM laiTina nAmoM evaM paryAyavAciyoM ke sAtha de rahe haiN| saMskRta paryAya aMgrejI laiTina meSa aja, chAga, kriya raima (Ram) erIsa (Aries) vRSabha | ukSA, vRSa, go, gopati, tAurI yA (taduru) bula (Bully Taurasa (Taurus) mithuna yugma, nRyuga, jituma, jutuma yA jitma TviMsa (Twins) jemini (Gemini) karka | | karkI, karkaTa, kulIra kaiba (Crab) kaiMsara (Cancer) siMha | hari, mRgendra, leya lvAyana (Lion) liyo (Leo) kanyA | aMganA, yuvati, kumArI, prAthona (prAthena) varjina (Virgin) fait (Virgo) tulA tauli, ghaTa, vaNij, tulAghara, jUka baileMsa skela (Balance Scale)| litrA (Libra) vRzcika ali, kITa, kaurya, kaupi skArpiyana (Scorpion) | skArpiyo (Scorpio) dhanu / cApa, dhanvI, hayAMga, taukSika (taukSa) Arcara (Archer) afirefour (Sagittarius) makara mRgAsya, mRga, Akokera goTa (Goat) kaiprikArnasa (Capricornus) kumbha ghaTa, kumbhadhara, hRdroga vATara kairiyara(Water carier)/ ekvAriasa (Acquarius) mIna | matsya, zaSa, animiSa, ittha yA (cettha ? ) | phizeja (Fishes) | piskesa (Piscus) - -

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278 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ___ yaha draSTavya hai ki paryAyoM kI sUcI aura bhI lambI hai| usI artha ke anya zabda bhI diye jAte rahe haiN| siMha ke lie mRgarAja, mIna ke lie pRthuromA prayukta ho sakatA hai| vebara Adi ne yaha batAyA hai ki uparyukta tAlikA meM jo rekhAMkita zabda haiM ve yA to yUnAnI zabda haiM yA yUnAnI zabdoM ke rUpAntarita saMskRta zabda haiN| yaha ThIka kahA jA sakatA hai ki ina nAmoM meM bahuta-se yUnAnI rAziyoM ke nAmoM se milate haiN| 'pAthona' yUnAnI 'pAthena' honA caahie| koI kAraNa nahIM dIkhatA ki 'kulIra' ko yUnAnI zabda mAnA jaaye| karna ne ise zuddha saMskRta zabda mAnA hai| TAlmI meM kulIra ke tulya koI zabda nahIM hai| 'karka' yA 'karkI' zabda atharvaveda (4 / 3816-7) meM AyA hai aura isakA artha saMbhavataH 'zveta' hai| bRhajjAtaka (118) ke kathana kA yahI tAtparya hai ki bAraha rAziyoM ke anya nAma bhI haiN| varAhamihira ne adhikatara yavana-matoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura apanA antavirodha bhI prakaTa kiyA hai| prastuta lekhaka ne 'yavanezvara evaM utpala' nAmaka lekha (jarnala Ava bAmbe eziyATika sosAyaTI, jilda 30, pR0 1-8) meM darzAyA hai ki sphajidhvaja nAmaka rAjA dvArA likhita lagabhaga 4000 zlokoM meM 'yavanajAtaka' nAmaka evaM mInarAja dvArA, jo apane ko yavanAdhipati kahatA hai, kaI sahasra zlokoM meM likhita 'vRddhayavanajAtaka' nAmaka jyotiSa grantha pAye jAte haiN| pro0 sena-gupta kI yaha dhAraNA ki R0 (1 / 5111) jaisI RcAoM meM ullikhita meSa evaM vRSabha zabda rAziyoM kI ora nirdeza karate haiM (abhi tyaM meSam . . .) ThIka nahIM jaMcatI, kyoMki svayaM unhoMne svIkAra kiyA hai ki Rgveda meM anya zeSa dasa rAziyoM ke nAma nahIM Ate (aiMzyeNTa iNDiena kronolAjI, pR0 99) / bRhajjAtaka (115) dvArA saMkSepa meM varNita evaM utpala dvArA vyAkhyAyita rAziyoM kA AkAra isa prakAra hai-"mIna (piskesa) do machaliyoM (eka dUsare kI pUMcha ke sammukha) ke rUpa meM; kumbha eka puruSa ke samAna, jo apane kaMdhe para khAlI ghar3A liye hai| mithana eka puruSa ke rUpa meM jo hAtha meM gadA evaM vINA liye eka nArI ke sAtha hai; dhanu usa puruSa ke samAna vyakta hai jisake hAtha meM dhanuSa hai aura jisake paira ghor3e ke paira ke samAna haiM; makara kA rUpa ghar3iyAla ke sadRza hai jisakA mukha mRga kA hai; tulA puruSa ke samAna hai jisake hAtha meM tulA (tarAjU) hai; kanyA naukA meM sthita kanyA ke samAna hai, jisake eka hAtha meM anAja kI bAlI evaM dUsare meM agni hai; zeSa rAziyA~ apane nAmoM ke anurUpa abhivyakta kI gayI haiN| bahuta-sI rAziyoM ke prabhAva meM Ane vAle padArthoM kI carcA utpala . (bR0 saM0 40, kI vyAkhyA meM) ne kAzyapa kA uddharaNa dekara kI hai, udAharaNArtha vastroM, Una, bakarI (yA bher3a) ke bAla se bane vastroM, masUra-dAla, gehU~ (godhUma), arAlaMka (rAla), jau (yava), sonA evaM sUkhI bhUmi para ugane vAle paudhoM kA svAmI meSa hai| aura dekhie vAmanapurANa (5 / 49-51) / varAha ke varNana se patA calatA hai ki meSa, vRSabha, karkaTa, siMha, vRzcika, makara evaM mIna pazuoM (caupAyoM yA kITa-pataMgoM) kI AkRtiyA~ haiM aura zeSa pA~ca, pratyeka meM viziSTa bAtoM ke sAtha, mAnava AkRtiyoM dvArA dyotita haiN| ye rAzi-nAma kama-yA-adhika vahI artha rakhate haiM jo bebilona, yUnAna , bhArata evaM anya yUropIya dezoM meM prayukta hote haiN| kintu unakI pazu aura mAnava AkRtiyoM meM sabhI dezoM meM sAdRzya nahIM hai| cIna meM bAraha rAziyA~ yoM haiMcUhA, bala, vyAghra, kharagoza, nAga (agni pheMkatA sA~pa), sarpa, azva, bher3a, bandara, murgI, kuttA evaM suuar| rAziyoM kI saMjJAoM kA udgama ajJAta hai| meSa, vRSabha Adi nAma pUrNa rUpeNa kalpanAtmaka haiM; rAniyA~ sudUra sthita haiM; eka-dUsare se bahuta dUra haiM; dUra se vibhinna rUpoM meM dRSTigocara hone se vRzcika, siMha Adi rUpoM meM pratIta svagata-praticchAyA mAtra 18. matsyau ghaTI nRmithunaM sagadaM savINaM cApI naro'zvajaghano makaro mRgaasyH| taulI sasasyavahanA plavagAva kanyA zeSAH svanAmasadRzAH khacarAzca srve||bR0 jA0 (15) /

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rAziyoM ke rUpa tathA guNa-dharmo kA vikAsa 279 haiM ( kisI ko kucha dikhAI par3atA hai kisI ko kucha) / eka hI prakAra ke nakSatroM ko vibhinna nAma de diye gaye haiM / misra ke dhArmika jyotiHzAstra meM bAraha rAziyoM kA abhAva hai, mistriyoM ko sikandara yuga ke pUrva rAzi jJAna nahIM prApta thA, isa taraha bahuta thor3I sI rAziyA~ roma-kAla se prAcIna ThaharatI haiN| asIriyA ke logoM ne jyotiSa- jJAna yUfoTa ( dajalA - pharAta ) kI ghATiyoM meM vikasita kiyA thA, ataH adhika vidvAn rAzi- jJAna kA udgama bebilona meM mAnane ko sannaddha haiM / kintu veba mahodaya aisA nahIM mAnate, ve bebilona ko isakA zreya na dekara yUnAna ko hI sabhI jJAnoM kA mUla mAnate haiM, ve kahate haiM ki yaha jJAna klIyosTreTasa kA diyA huA hai, jo plinI (yA linI) ke anusAra I0 pU0 520 kA hai / kintu veba mahodaya kA mata ThIka nahIM hai, hama bebilona ko hI rAzi jJAna kA zreya dene ko sannaddha haiN| saba se anta meM likhe gaye grantha 'hisTrI Ava sAiMsa ( 1953 I0 ) meM lekhaka zrI sArTana ne darzAyA hai ki bebilona ke logoM ne klIosTreTasa se sahasra varSa pUrva hI rAzi jJAna prApta kara liyA thA, klIosTreTasa ne to kevala rAziyoM ko barAbara vistAroM meM Age calakara bA~TA thA / yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki misra, mesopoTAmiyA evaM yUnAna tIna dezoM meM mesopoTAmiyA ko hI yaha zreya milanA cAhie, jahA~ rAzi jJAna kA sarvaprathama udaya huA / bhArata ke viSaya meM hama Age likheNge| rAzinAma meSa vRSabha mithuna karka siMha kanyA tulA vRzcika dhan makara kumbha mIna dizA ke svAmI pUrva dakSiNa pazcima uttara pUrva dakSiNa pazcima uttara pUrva dakSiNa puruSa yA strI cara yA sthira puruSa strI pu0 strI pu0 strI pu0 strI pu0 strI pazcima pu0 uttara strI rAzi- vibhAjana - vibhinna DhaMga dinabalI yA nizAbalI cara sthira dvisvabhAva cara sthira dvisvabhAva ni0 ni0 ni0 ni0 di0 di0 cara di0 sthira di0 dvisvabhAva ni0 cara ni0 sthira di0 dvisvabhAva di0 saumya yA krUra krUra saumya K krUra saumya krUra saumya krUra saumya K E K E krUra saumya krUra saumya pR0 pR0 pRSThodaya yA zIrSodaya zI0 pR0 zI0 zI0 zI0 zI0 pR0 pR0 bRhajjAtaka (1 / 10-11 ) ne thor3e meM uparyukta bAtoM para prakAza DAlA hai aura utpala ne pAribhASika viSayoM kI vyAkhyA kI hai| zIrSodaya rAzi meM kI gayI raNa-yAtrA se vAMchita phala milate haiM, kintu pRSThodaya rAzi meM aisA karane se hAra hotI hai aura apanI senA kA saMhAra hotA hai| jo loga krUra rAzi meM utpanna hote haiM ve krUra svabhAva ke tathA saumya rAzi vAle mRdu svabhAva ke aura puruSa rAzi meM utpanna loga sAhasI evaM strI rAzi vAle mRdu svabhAva ke zI0 donoM (ubhayodaya )

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280 parmazAstra kA itihAsa hote haiN| cara rAzi vAle asthira tathA sthira rAzi vAle sthira svabhAva ke aura dvisvabhAva vAle mizrita svabhAva ke hote haiN| kisI rAzi ke svAmitva kI dizA ke jJAna se corI gayI huI vastu kI dizA kA patA calatA hai yA corI karane vAlA vyakti pakar3A jAyagA yA hRta vastu milegI, Adi kA jJAna hotA hai| TAlmI evaM bRhajjAtaka kI bAtoM meM kahIM sAmya hai to kahIM asAmya / bRhajjAtaka (1 / 20) evaM laghujAtaka (116) ne raMgoM meM bhI meSa Adi rAziyoM ko bA~TA hai-'lAla, zveta, harA (tote kA raMga), pATala raMga (piMka yA gaharA lAla), dhUma ke samAna zveta, citakabarA (citravicitra), kAlA, sunahalA, pIlA, nAnAvidha raMga, gaharA bhUrA (nevale kA raMga), shvet| TAlmI meM yaha saba nahIM pAyA jaataa| rAziyA~ cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM-mAnava (mithuna, kanyA, tulA, dhanu kA agra rUpa evaM kumbha), caupAyA yA catuSpada (meSa, vRSa, siMha, dhanu kA antima bhAga, makara kA agrima bhAga), jalIya (karkaTa, mIna, makara kA antima bhAga) evaM kITa (vRshcik)| dekhie TeTrAbiblosa, 4|4,pR0 389 evaM 391, jahA~ para yaha varNana kucha antara se prApta hai| bRhajjAtaka (171-12) meM una vyaktiyoM ke guNoM kA varNana hai jo candra yukta meSa tathA Age kI rAziyoM meM utpanna hote haiM aura anta meM (13veM zloka meM) jo phala ghoSita haiM ve tabhI satya utara sakate haiM jaba ki candra, usakI rAzi evaM rAzi-svAmI prabala hote haiN| bR0 jA0 (1119) meM aisA AyA hai ki dvipada rAziyA~ (mithuna, kanyA, tulA, kumbha evaM dhanu kA agra bhAga) yadi kendra meM hoM to dina meM prabala hotI haiM; catuSpada rAziyA~ (meSa vRSa, siMha, makara kA agra bhAga evaM dhana kA antima bhAga) kendra meM rahane se rAtri meM prabala hotI haiM; zeSa arthAt jalIya rAziyA~ evaM kITa rAziyA~ (kulIra,vRzcika, mIna evaM makara kA antima bhAga) kendra sthAna meM sandhyA samaya zaktizAlI hotI haiN| bR0 jA0 (18 / 20) meM AyA hai ki vahI (17 veM adhyAya vAlA, uparyukta) phala taba bhI prApta hotA hai jaba ki vyakti ke janma kA lagna meSa yA koI anya rAzi ho| aba hama grahoM ke rAziyoM se sambandhoM evaM unake saMyukta prabhAvoM ke ullekha para saMkSepa meM prakAza ddaaleNge| hamane dekha liyA hai ki vaidika saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM meM bRhaspati ko chor3akara anya sabhI grahoM ke spaSTa ullekha kA sarvathA abhAva hai, kucha vaidika sUktoM meM pAMca graha evaM zakra (vena), lagatA hai, sAMketika rUpa se Aye haiN| asura ke putra svarbhAna ko andhakAra dvArA sarya ko DhaMkate hae vaNita kiyA gayA hai, arthAta aisA varNana hai ki svarbhAna ne sarya ko andhakAra se Dhaka liyA (grahaNa utpanna kara diyA, dekhie R0 5 / 4015, 6, 8 evaM 9) / chAndogyopaniSad (8 / 13) meM AyA hai ki satya jJAna se pUrNa AtmA sabhI pApoM se mukta hone para zarIra ko usI prakAra chor3a detA hai jisa prakAra azva apane zarIra kI dhUla ko kezoM dvArA jhAr3a detA hai yA candra rAhu se mukta ho jAtA hai| maitrAyaNI upa0 meM zani, rAhu (UrdhvagAmI piNDa) evaM ketu (adhogAmI piNDa) kA ullekha hai| kintu vaidika sAhitya meM grahoM ke jyotiSa-prabhAvoM (phalita) kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| mahAbhArata meM grahoM ke duSTa prabhAvoM kI ora bahudhA saMketa milate haiM, kintu ve nakSatroM taka hI sImita haiN| rAhu evaM ketu AkAza meM vizva-kSaya ke lie udita hote hue darzita haiN|" kauTilya (arthazAstra 2, adhyAya 24, pR0 116 ) ne bRhaspati ke sthAna, gamana evaM meghIya garbhAdhAna se, 19. azva iva romANi vidhUya pApaM candra iva rAhormukhAtpramucya dhUtvA zarIramakRtaM kRtAtmA brhmlokmbhismbhvaami| chA0 upa0 (8 / 13) / 20. zanirAhuketUragarakSoyakSanaravihagazarabhabhAdayo'dhastAdudyanti / maitrAyaNI u0 (76) / 21. rAhuketU yathAkAze uditau jagataH kssye| karNaparva (87192) /

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grahoM ke muNa-dharmoM kA vikAsa aura rAzigata prabhAva 281 zukra ke udaya, asta evaM gamana tathA sUrya ke prAkRtika evaM aprAkRtika prabhAva se varSA ke pUrva jJAna, sUrya se bIjasiddhi, bRhaspati se anAja kI paryApta puSTi evaM zukra se varSA hone kA vicitra ullekha kiyA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki bhArata meM sAmAnya jyotiSa (vyaktigata yA kuNDalI vAlA nahIM) kA pracalana, mesopoTAmiyA meM rAjapurohitoM dvArA diye gaye prativedanoM ke samAna, IsA kI kaI zatAbdiyoM pUrva se thaa| bRhajjAtaka (2 / 2-3) ne sUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, bRhaspati, zukra, zani, rAhu evaM ketu nAmaka grahoM evaM unake paryAyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| bebilonavAsiyoM dvArA graha-nirIkSaNa I0 pU0 dUsarI sahasrAbdI meM kiyA gayA thaa| sarvaprathama zukra kA adhyayana huaa| zukra-nirIkSaNa se utpanna tAlikAe~ I0 pU0 1921-1901 meM bniiN| bRhaspati evaM maMgala kA bhI nirIkSaNa huaa| bRhaspati ko svAbhAvika rUpa se acchA mAna liyA gayA, jaba ki vaha camakadAra ho yA candra kA anusaraNa kre| kintu maMgala abhAgya kA graha thA, kintu yadi vaha durbala ho yA asta ho gayA ho to bure prabhAva bhI naSTa ho jAte the| zani (aTala rUpa se khar3A rahane vAlA) bhAgya kA graha kahA gyaa| isI prakAra anya grahoM ke kAla meM utpanna vyaktiyoM ke phala kahe gye| bebiloniyA meM grahoM ko vibhinna nAma bhI mile| vibhinna kAloM meM grahoM ke krama vibhinna the| graha kA vAcaka aMgrejI zabda 'plaeNneTa' yUnAnI hai, jisakA artha hai ghUmane vaalaa| graha tAroM kI tulanA meM sthAna-parivartana karate rahate haiM aura vibhinna kAloM meM vibhinna sthAnoM meM rahate haiN| vartamAna kAla meM tIna anya grahoM kA jJAna huA hai, yUrenasa (Uranus), nepcUna (Neptune) evaM plUTo (pluto) jinakA patA krama se 1781 I0, 1846 evaM 1930 I0 meM claa| bRhajjAtaka (2 / 2-3), sArAvalI (4 / 10-11) evaM rAjamArtaNDa (zloka 8-15) ne sUrya, candra evaM anya sAta grahoM ke vibhinna nAmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, yathA 1. sUrya : ravi, bhAnu, ina, Aditya, savitA, bhAskara, arka, divAkara, tigmAMzu, tapana, sahasrAMzu, prabhAkara, uSNakara, uSmagu, mArtaNDa, dinamaNi, dinakartA, heli| 2. candra : vidhu, indu, candramA, zItAMzu, soma, mRgAGka, nizAkara, zItarazmi, nizAnAtha, rohiNIpriya, zazI, zItagu, nksstrpti| 3. maMgala : aMgAraka, kuja, bhauma, bhUmija, mahIsuta, Avaneya, lohitAMga, kSitisuta, krUrAkSa, mAheya, rudhira, vakra, aar| 4. budha : jJa, vid, bodhana, vibudha, kumAra, rAjaputra, saumya, candrasuta, tArAputra, rauhiNeya, himarazmija, (himna yA himnaa)| 5. bRhaspati : guru, ijya, IDya, aMgirA, suraguru, suramantrI, surAcArya, vAkpati, girIza, dhiSaNa, sUri, jIva / 6. zukra : bhRgu, bhRgusuta, sita, bhArgava, kavi, uzanA, daityamantrI, dAnavapUjita, asuraguru, kAvya, aasphujit| 7. zanaizcara : sauri, sUryaputra, manda, asita, arkanandana, Aki, bhAskari, dinezAtmaja, sahasrAMzuja, pAtaMgi, yama, zani, chAyAputra, konn| 8. rAhu : tama, agu, asura, svarbhAnu, siMhikAsuta, dAnava, surAri, mujaMgama, vidhuntuda, amRtacaura, upplv| 9. ketu : zikhI, brahmasuta, dhuumrvrnn| uparyukta nAmoM meM rekhAMkita nAma, kucha pAzcAtya lekhakoM ke mata se, yUnAnI nAma haiN| kintu bAta aisI nahIM hai| koI yUnAnI nAma candra ke lie nahIM hai| jIva zabda veda meM AyA hai| R0 (1 / 164 / 30, 10 / 18 / 37) meM isakA artha hai prANI, eka vykti| dekhie chA0 upa0 (6 / 3 / 2) / jaba bRhaspati sabhI grahoM meM zreSTha ginA jAne lagA aura

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282 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jJAna evaM sukha kA mUla bana gayA (jIvo zAna-sukham, bR0 jA0, 2 // 1) to vaha prANiyoM kA bIvana arthAt jIva kahA jAne lgaa| 'bRhaspatirnRNAM jIvaH' arthAt bRhaspati manuSyoM kA jIva hai (sArAvalI, 10 / 116) / bhujabala meM AyA hai-usakA anya graha kyA bigAr3eMge jisakI kuNDalI meM bRhaspati kendra sthAna meM ho| hAthiyoM kA jhuNDa eka siMha dvArA mArA jAtA hai / 22 hama nIce grahoM kI vizeSatAoM, yathA raMgoM, svAmiyoM, dizAoM, tattva, veda, varNoM, prabhAvoM Adi kI eka tAlikA upasthita karate haiN| raMga svAmI dizA / tattva veda varNa(jAti) zubha yA azubha sUrya candra zveta lAla agni jala ati lAla kArtikeya harA viSNu maMgala uttara-pazcima dakSiNa uttara agni pRthivI budha kSatriya hAnikara vaizya kSINa candra hAnikara sAmaveda | kSatriya | hAnikara atharvaveda zUdra hAnikara grahoM se yukta hone para hAnikara Rgveda brAhmaNa zubhakara yajurveda brAhmaNa zubhakara bRhaspati zukra pIlA uttara-pUrva / AkAza vicitra indrANI dakSiNa-pUrva jala (citakabarA) kAlA prajApati - pazcima vAyu dakSiNa-pazcima zani cANDAla azubhakara yogayAtrA (6 / 1) meM ATha dizAoM ke devatAoM evaM unake grahoM meM antara pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| indra, agni, yama, niRti, varuNa, vAyu, kubera evaM ziva krama se pUrva, pUrva-dakSiNa, dakSiNa, dakSiNa-pazcima, pazcima, pazcima-uttara, uttara evaM uttara-pUrva nAmaka ATha dizAoM ke devatA yA svAmI haiN| yahI bAta grahoM ke viSaya meM bhI hai| isa prakAra ke vibhAjana kA upayoga bhI batAyA gayA hai-grahoM ke raMgoM se corI gayI yA khoyI huI vastu kA raMga evaM grahoM kI pUjA ke nimitta phUloM kI ora saMketa milatA hai| graha-pUjA meM grahoM ke sAtha graha-svAmiyoM kI pUjA bhI hotI hai| grahoM kI dizAoM se rAjA kI raNa-yAtrA kI dizA kA jJAna kiyA jAtA hai| hitakara yA ahitakara grahoM se vyakti ke acche yA bure caritra kA patA calatA hai| bR0 jA0 (27) meM AyA hai ki candra, sUrya evaM bRhaspati sattva-guNa ke svAmI haiM, budha evaM zukra rajo-guNa ke, maMgala evaM zani tamoguNa ke svAmI haiN| utpala ne prakaTa kiyA hai ki varAha evaM yavanezvara meM antara hai| yavanezvara ne sUrya, maMgala evaM bRhaspati ko sAttvika, candra evaM zukra ko rajoguNI, 22. kiM kurvanti grahAH sarve yasya kendra bRhsptiH| mattavAraNasaMghAtaH siMhenaikena hanyate // bhujabala (pR0 280, 1262 //

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grahoM ke guNa-dharmo kA vikAsa aura rAzigata prabhAva 283 zani ko tamoguNI tathA budha ko apane sAtha saMyukta graha ke guNa ko dhAraNa karane vAlA mAnA hai / aura dekhie bR0, jA0 (228- 10) evaM laghujAtaka ( 2 / 13-19 ) jahA~ grahoM kI vizeSatAoM kA varNana hai| bR0 jA0 (2111, 12, 14) evaM sArAvalI (4 / 15-16) meM eka anya tAlikA pAyI jAtI hai jisameM grahoM se zAsita mAnavazarIra, unake sthAnoM, vastroM, ratnoM, maNiyoM evaM rasoM kA ullekha hai graha sUrya candra maMgala budha bRhaspati zukra zani zarIrAMga asthiyA~ rakta majjA carma mAMsa vIrya mAMsapeziyA~ sthAna mandira jala-sthAna agni-sthAna krIr3A-sthala koSAgAra zayyA kakSa dhUli - bila vastra bhaddA ( moTA ) navIna vastra eka bhAga jalA huA bhIMgA na to navIna aura na bahuta purAnA majabUta phaTA ratna evaM maNi tAmra ratna sonA kAMsya cA~dI motI lohA rasa ugra namaka kaTu mizrita (sabhI rasa) madhura khaTTA kaSAya aisA kahA gayA hai ki yadi bRhaspati apane gRha ( arthAt dhanu yA mIna) meM ho, to vaha sone kA bhI svAmI hotA hai / " isa prakAra ke niyojana se vyAvahArika jIvana para prabhAva par3atA hai| jyotiSI ko, yadi graha prabala hai, to patA cala sakatA thA ki janma kA sthAna kyA hai, use cora kA patA bhI cala sakatA thA aura yaha bhI jJAta ho sakatA thA ki bhojana ke lie Amantrita vyakti ko kisa prakAra kA bhojana mila sakatA hai| bR0jA0 (25) meM AyA hai ki sUrya, maMgala evaM bRhaspati puruSa haiM, candra evaM zukra strI haiM tathA budha evaM zani napuMsaka haiN| TeTrAbiblosa (126) meM zani puMlliMga hai / bR0 jA0 (2 / 21 ) ke anusAra candra, maMgala evaM zani nizAprabala ( rAtri meM zaktizAlI ) haiM, sUrya, bRhaspati evaM zukra divAprabala haiM tathA budha donoM (dinaprabala evaM nizA prabala) hai| TeTrAbiblosa (117 ) meM antara hai, vahA~ zukra ko nizAprabala aura zani ko divAprabala kahA gayA hai / kucha rAziyA~ grahoM ke svagRha ( apane gRha ) ghoSita haiM, kucha rAziyA~ unako ucca kahIM gayI haiM aura ucca ke kucha aMza paramocca ghoSita haiM; ucca se sAtavIM rAzi nIca kahI gayI hai aura nIca ke kucha aMza paramanIca ghoSita 23. arkAvi tAmramaNi hemayuktirajatAni mauktikaM loham / vaktavyaM balavadbhiH svasthAne hema jIvepi // laghujAtaka (utpala dvArA bR0 jA0 2 / 12 meM uddhRta ) / grahoM evaM mukhya dhAtuoM meM jo sambandha sthApita kiyA gayA, vaha raMgasAdRzya para nirbhara thaa| vibhinna graha zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM para zAsana karate haiM, isa siddhAnta ne vaidyakazAstra para jyotizAstra kA prabhAva DAlA /

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284 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa haiN| sUrya evaM candra meM pratyeka kI eka hI rAzi svagRha hai, kintu anya pAMca grahoM kI do-do rAziyA~ svagRha haiN| dekhie nimna tAlikA svagRha ucca rAzi nIca rAzi meSa sUrya candra maMgala budha bRhaspati vRSabha makara tulA vRzcika karkaTa siMha karkaTa meSa evaM vRzcika mithuna evaM kanyA dhanu evaM mIna vRSabha evaM tulA makara evaM kumbha 10 aMza 3 aMza 28 aMza 15 aMza 5 aMza 27 aMza 20 aMza 10 aMza 3 aMza 28 aMza 15 aMza 5 aMza 27 aMza kanyA mIna makara zukra karkaTa mIna tulA kanyA meSa zani 20 aMza ucca evaM nIca rAziyoM ke bagala ke aMza krama se paramocca evaM paramanIca ke dyotaka haiN| isakI vyAkhyA sphujidhvaja ke yavanajAtaka evaM mInarAja ke vRddhayavanajAtaka meM kI gayI hai| sUrya ko siMha svagRha isalie diyA gayA ki vaha atyanta zaktizAlI rAzi hai tathA candra ko zItalatA ke kAraNa jala-rAzi krktt| sUrya evaM candra meM pratyeka ne anya pA~ca grahoM ko zeSa rAziyoM meM se eka-eka rAzi dI hai, yathA kanyA, tulA, vRzcika, dhanu evaM makara sUrya dvArA budha, zukra, maMgala, bRhaspati evaM zani ko dI huI haiM (ye graha dUrI ke AdhAra para vyavasthita haiM) tathA candra ne unhIM pA~coM grahoM ko mithuna, vRzcika, meSa, mIna evaM kumbha meM krama se eka-eka rAzi dI hai| TeTrAbiblosa (1 / 17) ne bhI isI prakAra kI vyAkhyA svagRhoM ke viSaya meM kI hai aura bR0 jA0 (1 / 13) meM nirNIta ucca evaM nIca rAziyA~ se usakA mela baiTha jAtA hai| kintu TAlmI ne paramocca evaM paramanIca ke aMza nahIM diye haiN| ___ vaha rAzi jisameM usakA svAmI rahatA hai, yA jisa para usake svAmI kI dRSTi rahatI hai, yA jahA~ budha yA bRhaspati baiThA rahatA hai, yA jaba usa para unakI dRSTi hotI hai aura yadi vaha zeSa grahoM meM eka yA adhika grahoM se AkrAnta nahIM rahatI, yA usa para kisI kI dRSTi nahIM rahatI, to vaha rAzi zaktizAlI (prabala) hotI hai| eka aura vyavasthA hai ki vazcika rAzi yadi sAtaveM ghara meM rahatI hai, to prabala hotI hai| mAnava rAziyA~ (mithuna, kanyA, tulA, dhanu kA agra bhAga evaM kumbha) lagna meN| jala-rAziyA~ (karkaTa, mIna, makara kA antima bhAga) taba prabala hotI haiM jaba ve cauthe ghara meM rahatI haiM tathA catuSpada rAziyA~ (meSa, vRSa, siMha, dhanu kA antima bhAga evaM makara kA agra bhAga) dasaveM ghara meM prabala hotI haiN| dekhie bR0 jA0 (1 / 17) / grahoM kI svAbhAvika zaktimattA nimna krama meM hai zani, maMgala, budha, bRhaspati, zukra, candra, sUrya meM pratyeka Age vAlA graha apane se pIche vAle se apekSAkRta adhika zaktizAlI hotA hai| yadi kinhIM do yA adhika grahoM

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bhAva-mAmatAlikA 285 kI zakti anya dRSTiyoM se barAbara ho to isI krama ko dhyAna meM rakhakara yaha nizcaya karanA cAhie ki kauna adhika balazAlI hai|" kuNDalI meM jyotiSa-sambandhI bAraha ghara hote haiM, aura unameM pratyeka ke bahuta-se paryAya haiM, jinameM bahuta-se yaha batAte haiM ki kauna sI viziSTa bAteM usa ghara kI dazA se jAnI jA sakatI haiN| inakA ullekha bR0 jA0 (1 / 15-19), la0 jA0 (1 / 15-19) evaM sArAvalI (3 / 26-33) meM huA hai, yathA kuNDalI ke dvAdaza sthAna (bhAva) pahalA ghara : horA, tanu, kalpa, zakti, mUrti, lagna, deha. aMga, udaya, vapu, mAdya, vilagna / dUsarA ghara : dhana, sva, kuTumba, artha, kosh| tIsarA ghara : sahottha, vikrama, pauruSa, sahaja, duzcikya / cauthA ghara : bandhu, gRha, suhRd, pAtAla, hibuka, vezma, sukha, caturasra, ambu, jala, ambA, yAna, vAhana / pA~cavA~ ghara : suta, dhI, putra, pratibhA, vidyA, vAksthAna, trikonn| chaThA ghara : ari, ripu, kSata, vrnn| sAtavAM ghara : jAyA, jAmitra, ghuna, dhUta, patnI, strI, cittottha, astabhavana, kAma, smara, madana / AThavA~ ghara : maraNa, randhra, mRtyu, vinAza, caturasra, chidra, vivara, laya, yaamy| navA~ dhara : zubha, guru, dharma, puNya, tritrikoNa, trikoNa, tp| dasavA~ ghara : Aspada, mAna, karma, meSUraNa, AjJA, kha, gagana, tAta, vyaapaar| gyArahavA~ ghara : Aya, bhava, lAbha, Agama, praapti| bArahavA~ ghara : vyaya, riHpha (yA riSpha), antya, antima / yaha draSTavya hai ki uparyukta bhAvoM ke nAma (upAdhiyA~ athavA saMjJAe~) do prakAra ke hote haiM--(1) ve, jo ghara ke kisI viziSTa kArya kA binA saMketa kiye kevala nAma mAtra dhAraNa karate haiM, yathA horA, duzcikya, meSUraNa, ri:pha, caturasra ; (2) ve, jo gharoM ke viziSTa kAryoM kA nirdeza karate haiM, yathA tanU (deha), sva (dhanasampatti) yA kuTumba, sahaja (bhaaii)| bahuta-se gharoM (bhAvoM) kI kucha viziSTa upAdhiyA~ yA nAma haiN| pahalA, cauthA, sAtavA~ evaM dasavA~ ghara kaNTaka, kendra, catuSTaya kahA jAtA hai; kendra ke Age ke ghara paNaphara (dUsarA, pA~cavA~, AThavA~ evaM gyArahavA~) kahe jAte haiM; tIsarA, chaThA, navA evaM bArahavA~ Apoklima ke nAma se vikhyAta haiM ; chaThA, AThavA~ evaM bArahavA~ trika kahalAtA hai; tIsarA, chaThA, dasavA~ evaM gyArahavA~ upacaya tathA zeSa apacaya kahe jAte haiN| garga ke mata se tIsarA, chaThA, dasavA~ evaM gyArahavA~ tabhI upacaya kahe jAte haiM jaba ki una para hAnikara grahoM kI dRSTi na ho yA unake svAmI kA zatru na ho| trikoNa ko yUnAnI zabda kahA gayA hai| gharoM (bhAvoM) ke katipaya nAmoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki unase nimna bAtoM kI bhaviSyavANI kI jA sakatI 24. mandAra-saumya-vAkpati-sita-candrArkA yayottaraM balinaH / naisargikabalametad blsaamye'smaadssikcintaa|| laghujAtaka (27); utpala dvArA bu0 jA0 (2 / 21) meM uddhRta; isakA caturtha caraNa yaha hai 'zarubuguzucasAdyA vRddhito voryavantaH' jahA~ 'zarAbuguzucasa' meM krama se zani, rudhira (maMgala), budha, guru zukra, candra evaM savitA haiN|

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286 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai-pahale bhAva se svAsthya evaM zarIra-vRddhi; dUsare se kuTumba kI sampatti; tIsare se bhAI (evaM bahineM) evaM zaurya; cauthe se sambandhI, mitra, saukhya, ghara-dvAra evaM mAtA; pA~caveM se putra, buddhi, jJAna; chaThe se zatru evaM vraNa; sAtaveM se patnI, prema-karma, vivAha; AThave se mRtyu, doSa evaM pApa; naveM se dharma, bar3e loga (samAnya Adi), tapa; dasaveM se karma, mAna, sthiti evaM pitA; gyArahaveM se acche guNoM kI prApti; bArahaveM se vyaya, RNa aadi| thibo (gruNDsi, pR0 68) ne jaikobI kA anusaraNa karake pratipAdita kiyA hai ki bAraha bhAvoM vAlA siddhAnta, jo varAhamihira dvArA vikasita kiyA gayA aura bhAratIya phalita jyotiSa kA eka pramukha aMga hai, pAzcAtya dezoM meM phirmIkasa maiTarnasa (cauthI zatI ke madhya meM) ke pUrva nahIM pAyA jAtA, aura yUnAnI jyotiSa kA praveza bhArata meM phirmIkasa evaM varAhamihira ke madhya kAla meM hI huaa| du:kha ke sAtha kahanA par3atA hai ki aisI ukti 'andhe vyakti dvArA andhe vyakti kA anusaraNa' vAlI kahAvata caritArtha karatI hai| pahalI bAta yaha hai ki TAlmI ke TeTrAbiblosa (218,pR0 191, 3|10,pR0 273-275) meM bhAvoM kI dhAraNA kA abhAva nahIM hai, jahAM pahale, sAtaveM, naveM, dasaveM evaM gyArahaveM bhAvoM kI ora saMketa hai, hA~ yaha satya hai ki TAlmI ne bhAvoM kI paddhati para vizeSa dhyAna nahIM diyA hai| sambhavataH yaha bAta jaiko bI evaM thibo ko nahIM suujhii| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki bhAvoM kA siddhAnta sabase pahale varAha meM hI nahIM aayaa| svayaM varAha ne apane pUrvavartI katipaya bhAratIya lekhakoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai jinake granthoM meM yaha paddhati bhalI-bhA~ti vikasita ho cukI thii| esA vizvAsa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA ki itanA bar3A vizAla sAhitya lagabhaga eka sau varSoM meM hI praNIta huA aura vaha bhI phirmIkasa ke uparAnta / isake atirikta garga, parAzara jaise lekhaka, jo vedAMgajyotiSa evaM siddhAntoM ke madhyakAla meM rakhe gaye haiM (I0 pU0 lagabhaga 800 evaM I0 ke uparAnta 250 I0 ke bIca meM), yaha siddhAnta jAnate the| karna (bR0 saM0 kI bhUmikA, pR0 50) ne garga ko I0 pU0 50 meM rakhA hai| thibo ne, Azcarya hai, jyotiSa para vizvakoza likhate samaya TAlmI kA bhI ThIka se adhyayana nahIM kiyA aura na AtharvaNajyotiSa, vaikhAnasasUtra, viSNudharmottara jaise granthoM kI parIkSA kI, jahA~ jyotiSa nakSatroM para AdhArita hai| yaha sacamuca bar3e Azcarya kA viSaya hai| tIsarI bAta yaha hai ki thibo ne bhArata meM rahane vAle yUnAniyoM dvArA likhita saMskRta granthoM kA lekhA-jokhA nahIM liyA, jinakI ora varAha ne adhikatara saMketa kiyA hai, aura kahIM-kahIM unakI bAtoM kA virodha kiyA aura khaNDana bhI kiyA hai tathA utpala ne jinake saikar3oM vacana uddhRta kiye haiN| dekhie sphujidhvaja dvArA likhita prAcIna yvnjaatk| Upara kahA jA cukA hai ki phirmIkasa ke kaI zatiyoM pUrva kama-se-kama 5 bhAvoM ke nAma milate haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki phirmIkasa ne varAha ke pUrvavartI jyotiSAcAryoM ke uddharaNa liye hoM aura ve AcArya yunAnI the aura saMskRta meM hI unhoMne apane grantha likhe the| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki TAlmI ne bhI aisA kiyA ho, kyoMki vaha bhAvoM ko jAnatA thA, yadyapi usakA bhAva-sambandhI vivaraNa navasikhavA sA hai| isake atirikta yaha bhI bAta hai ki 12 gharoM (bhAvoM) meM sabhI saMskRta-granthoM meM yanAnI nAmAnuvartI nAma nahIM milte| yanAnI nAmoM ke anavI nAma pahale, tIsare, cauthe, sAtaveM, dasaveM evaM bArahaveM bhAvoM tathA kucha kendra, paNaphara evaM Apoklima) meM pAye jAte haiN| isake atirikta katipaya bhAvoM se prApta kucha viziSTa bAteM (jo bR0 jA0 meM ullikhita haiM) phirmIkasa ke kathanoM se sarvathA mela nahIM khaatiiN| varAha ne dUsare bhAva ko 'kuTumba' evaM 'sva' (sampatti) kahA hai to phirmIkasa ne use 'lukrama' (arthAt koI apanI jIvikA kaise kamAegA) kI saMjJA dI hai; varAha meM gyArahaveM bhAva kA 'Aya' nAma hai to phirmIkasa ne use satkarmoM kI saMjJA dI hai; phirmIkasa meM cauthA bhAva pitA yA mAtA-pitA kA hai to varAha ne use bandhu (saMbandhI) kahA hai| phirmIkasa meM chaThA evaM 12vA~ bhAva krama se sampatti evaM bandIgRha haiM to barAha ne unheM vaira' evaM vyaya' mAnA hai|

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horA, dreSkANa Adi kA vikAsa 287 kucha pAribhASika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA abhI nahIM ho sakI hai| horA kA eka artha hai 'rAzi kA ardh'| viSama saMkhyAoM (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11) kI rAziyoM ke prathama artha kA devatA hai sUrya, dUsare ardha kA devatA candra hai; kintu sama rAziyoM (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 evaM 12) ke prathama artha kA devatA candra hai tathA dUsare ardha kA devatA hai sUrya (bR0 jA0 1111) / isakA upayoga yaha hai ki sUrya ke horA meM utpanna vyakti svabhAva se udyogI yA sAhasI hotA hai aura jo candra ke horA meM utpanna hotA hai vaha mRdu svabhAva kA hotA hai| bR0 jA0 (1112) meM kucha logoM (yavanezvara, utpala ke anusAra) kA yaha mata varNita hai ki prathama horA kA svAmI vahI hai jo rAzi kA svAmI hotA hai tathA dUsare horA kA svAmI kuNDalI ke 11veM ghara kA svAmI hotA hai| isa mata kA phala yaha hogA ki sabhI graha horAoM ke svAmI ho sakate haiM na ki kevala sUrya evaM candra hI aise ho sakate haiM, jaisA ki varAha, satya Adi kA kahanA hai| pratyeka rAzi (30 aMza) tIna bhAgoM meM ba~TI huI haiM, jinameM pratyeka meM 10 aMza hote haiM aura ve dreSkAga (yA dekkANa) yA dRkANa yA dRgANa kahe jAte haiM (bR0 jA0 35, sambhavataH mAtrA ke AdhAra para ye vibhinna nAma haiN)| pratyeka rAzi ke tInoM bhAgoM ke svAmI krama-se svayaM rAzi ke svAmI (prathama bhAga ke), pA~cavIM rAzi ke svAmI (dUsare bhAga ke) tathA navIM rAzi ke svAmI (tIsare bhAga ke) hote haiN| udAharaNArtha, vRSabha ke viSaya meM (jisakA svAmI zukra hai) prathama, dUsare evaM tIsare bhAgoM ke svAmI krama se zukra, budha (vRSabha se Age pA~cavIM kA svAmI) evaM zani (vRSabha se navIM kA svAmI) haiN| yahI bAta anya rAziyoM ke viSaya meM bhI hai| 'dreSkANa' ke viSaya meM do zabda Avazyaka haiN| vebara Adi ke mata se yaha yUnAnI zabda 'DekanoI' (Decanoi) hai| 'DekAna' prAcIna misra meM pracalita the jahA~ malataH koI rAzi nahIM thii| DekAnala paddhati I0 pU0 tIsarI zatI meM bhitra meM prakaTa hii| mala rUpa meM DekAna prabhAvazAlI nakSatra yA nakSatra-samaha the jo pratyeka dasa dinoM kI 36 avadhiyoM meM rAtri ke kinhIM viziSTa ghaNToM meM udita hote the aura ina avadhiyoM se misrI varSa banatA thaa| DekAna mUlataH 'jenAI' (devatA) the jomisrI varSa kI 36 dasa-avadhiyoM ke svAmI the| dasa dinoM kI pratyeka avadhi saryAsta para pUrva kSitija meM ugane vAle Age ke DekAna se saMketita hotI thii| boce leklarka (elaesTaoNlojI grIka,pa0 215-240) ne kahA hai ki misrI bhASA meM koI viziSTa nAma (yathA yUnAnI zabda 'DekAnosa') nahIM pAyA jAtA aura DekAna ke kaI paryAya haiN| boce mahodaya ne yahI siddha kiyA hai ki misrI rAziyA~ roma-kAlIna haiM aura yUnAnI rAziyoM kI anukRtiyA~ haiN| bRhajjAtaka meM eka viziSTa adhyAya hai 27 vA~, jisameM 36 zloka haiN| isa adhyAya kA nAma dreSkANAdhyAya hai jisameM dreSkANoM ke 36 devatAoM kA ullekha hai| lagatA hai, yaha adhyAya devatA-adhIkSakoM ke rUpa meM DekAnoM kI misrI dhAraNA kI ora saMketa karatA hai| bhASA lAkSaNika hai| yahA~ rAziyoM ke bhAgoM kI carcA kI gayI hai| 36 DekAnoM meM do-tihAI puruSa haiM aura zeSa strIliMga dyotk| kucha puruSa-nArI mizrita AkRtiyA~, catuSpada, pakSI yA sarpa bhI Ate haiN| varAha (27 / 2, 19, 21) ne spaSTa kahA hai ki ve kevala vahI vivaraNa de rahe haiM jo yavanavarNita hai| TAlmI ke drAbiblosa meM aisA kucha nahIM hai aura varAha ne TAlmI evaM maniliasa ke pUrvavartI kisI bhAratavAsI yUnAnI ke saMskRta-grantha kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| jyotiSa-sambandhI kAvya 'aisTonomikA' ke lekhaka maniliasa ne san 9 I0 meM DekAnoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, kintu pratIta hotA hai ki inakA prayoga TAlmI ke kAla meM yUnAna se lupta ho gayA thaa| sArAvalI (49 / 2) ne 36 dreSkANoM kA vivaraNa diyA hai jo bRhajjAtaka se bhinna hai| lagatA hai, usake samakSa koI aisA saMskRta-grantha thA jo kisI anya yavana kA thA aura vaha bRhajja sarvathA bhinna thaa| aba hama kucha anya pAribhASika zabdoM kI vyAkhyA kreNge| kisI graha kI rAta navAMza, dvAdazAMza evaM trizAMza-kula chaH milakara graha ke varga yA SaDvarga kahe jAte haiM

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288 pazAstra kA itihAsa tulA evaM makara (jo cara rAziyA~ haiM) kA navAMza vargottama kahA jAtA hai, yahI bAta vRSa, siMha, vRzcika evaM kumbha (jo sthira rAziyA~ haiM) ke pA~caveM navAMza tathA mithuna, kanyA, dhanu evaM mIna (jo dvisvabhAva vAlI rAziyA~ haiM) ke naveM navAMza ke viSaya meM bhI hai (ve bhI vargottama haiM, bR0 jA0 1114) aura ve zubha phaladAyaka haiN| rAziyoM ke vargottamanavAMza rAziyoM ke nAma vAle hote haiN| candra ke ghara se Age ke dUsare ghara meM jaba sUrya ko chor3akara koI anya graha rahatA hai to sunaphA yoga hotA hai; candra ke ghara se Age 12 veM ghara meM jaba sUrya ko chor3akara koI anya graha hotA hai to anaphA yoga hotA hai tathA candra ke ghara se Age ke dUsare tathA 12 veM ghara meM (arthAt donoM meM) jaba graha hote haiM to durudharA yoga hotA hai| jaba candra kendra meM nahIM hotA, yA jaba kendra meM sUrya ke atirikta koI anya graha nahIM hotA aura uparyukta tInoM yoga nahIM hote to kemadruma nAmaka yoga hotA hai| bRhajjAtaka (13 / 4) ke anusAra anaphA evaM sunaphA ke prakAra 31-31 (pratyeka meM 31) hote haiM, durudharA ke 180 prakAra hote haiN| jaba kuNDalI meM kisI rAzi meM sUrya hotA hai to usase Age kI dUsarI rAzi vezi kahalAtI hai (bR0 jA0 1 / 20) / uparyukta pA~coM zabda yUnAnI kahe gaye haiN| 'liptA' zabda, jisakA artha hotA hai 'eka aMza kA 60 vA~ bhAga', bhI yUnAnI kahA gayA hai| aura dekhie 'harija' (horAijana) jo 'horoja' (yUnAnI) kA dyotaka mAnA gayA hai| ve zabda, jinheM vebara, karna Adi ne yUnAnI ThaharAyA hai, kula milAkara 37 haiM-kriya, tAri, jituma, kulIra, leya, pAthena, jUka, kauH, taukSika, Akokera, hRdroga, ittha, heli, Ara, himna, jIva, Asphujita, koNa, horA, dreSkANa, kendra, trikoNa, paNaphara, Apoklima, meSUraNa, duzcikya, hibuka, jAmitra, ghuna, riHpha, anaphA, sunaphA, durudharA, kemadruma, vezi, liptA, hrij| kulIra evaM trikoNa, karna ke anusAra, saMskRta zabda haiN| jIva, 'jhUsa' nahIM hai| yUnAnI zabda jyUsa (yA iyUsa, (zcus)) saMskRta zabda dyaus se milatA hai kintu 'jIva' se nhiiN| 'jhayUsa' bhAropIya zabda hai aura isakA artha hai 'svarga' yA 'AkAza' / 'dreSkANa' yA 'dyUtam' ke vibhinna rUpoM kI gaNanA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| 'horA' zabda bhAratIya jyotiSa ke mArambhika kAla meM tIna arthoM meM prayukta hotA thA, jinameM koI bhI 'ghaMTA' ke artha meM nahIM prayukta huA hai| yaha sambhava hai ki yadi yaha yUnAnI hai to misra yA bebilona se udhAra liyA gayA hai, kyoMki 'ghaMTA' ke artha meM yaha pazcAtkAlIna hai aura yaha nizcita nahIM hai ki hipArkasa (I0 pU0 140) ne ise usa artha meM prayukta kiyA thaa| yadi uparyukta cAra zabda chor3a diye jAye to 33 zabdoM ke viSaya meM yaha tarka kiyA jA sakatA hai ki ina para yUnAnI prabhAva hai| inameM kucha, yathA rAziyoM ke 12 nAmoM, grahoM ke 6 nAmoM, kucha bhAvoM, yathA hibuka, jAmitra, dhUna evaM kendra ke kaI saMskRta paryAya haiM (kabhI-kabhI eka darjana), jinakA prayoga bR0 jA0 meM huA hai| ataH ina para bhI vicAra karanA vyartha hai| ye 'bRhajjAtaka dvArA isalie prayukta hue ki kaI bhAratIya yUnAniyoM ne, jinhoMne saMskRta meM grantha likhe the, unakA prayoga kiyA thA aura bRhajjAtaka ne vivaraNa kI pUrNatA ke lie unakA prayoga kiyaa| yahA~ taka ki 'kendra' zabda ke, jisakA artha hai pahalA, cauthA, sAtavA~ evaM dasavA~ ghara, do saMskRta paryAya haiM 'kaNTaka' evaM 'ctusstty'| isake saMskRta evaM yUnAnI arthoM meM antara bhI hai (yUnAnI zabda keNTrAna kA artha hai kiil)| ataH kevala 10 zabda, yathA anaphA, sunaphA Adi, aise haiM jinakA bhAratIya phalita jyotiSa meM bahuta alpa yogadAna hai| aisA kahanA ki varAhamihira dvArA vikasita bhAratIya jyotiSa ina zabdoM ke prayoga ke kAraNa yUnAnI jyotiSa para AdhArita hai, bahuta bar3I bhUla evaM dUra kA kolAhala hai| yaha mAnanA atyanta sandehapUrNa hai ki bhAratIya, kucha RSiyoM yA dArzanikoM ko chor3akara, yUnAna gaye aura vahA~ se lauTa kara Ane para unhoMne yUnAnI jyotiSa kA jJAna bhArata ko diyA; pratyuta hamAre pAsa pracura pramANa haiM ki yUnAnI bhArata meM base, unhoMne saMskRta meM zilAlekha aura vistAra ke sAtha jyotiSa ke grantha likhe| dekhie bauce-leklarka likhita 'la' aisTrAlAjI (Bouche'-leclerca : 'L' Astrologie Greque) evaM jI0 Ara0 kAe (AryolAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA, membAyara, saM0 18, pR0

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prahoM kA mitra-zatrutva, bala, svabhAva, dRSTi Adi 289 39-40) jahA~ krama se yUnAnI, laiTina, phreMca nAmoM aura rAziyoM, grahoM Adi ke yUnAnI zabdoM ke vikAsa para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| bR0 jA0 (2 / 15-17), laghujAtaka (2 / 10-12), sArAvalI (4 / 28-31), muhUrta-cintAmaNi (6 / 2728) Adi granthoM meM grahoM ke mitrabhAva, vairabhAva evaM pArasparika bhinnatA tathA udAsInatA para paryApta prakAza DAlA gayA hai| mitra evaM zatru do prakAra ke hote haiM----svAbhAvika evaM prAsaMgika (taatkaalik)| dekhie tAlikA mitra zatra udAsIna (yA sama) 0 zukra, zani koI nahIM budha maMgala, bRhaspati, zukra, zani zukra, zani maMgala, bRhaspati, zani maMgala budha candra, maMgala, bRhaspati sUrya, budha sUrya, candra, bRhaspati sUrya, zukra sUrya, candra, maMgala budha, zani budha, zukra budha bRhaspati zani candra budha, zukra sUrya, candra sUrya, candra, maMgala zukra maMgala, bRhaspati bRhaspati zani uparyukta tAlikA ke paridarzana se patA calegA ki sambandhoM meM parasparatA (badale kI bhAvanA) nahIM hai| udAharaNArtha, budha kA zatru candra hai, kintu vahI budha ko mitra mAnatA hai; candra kA koI zatru nahIM hai, kintu zukra candra ko zatru mAnatA hai| yavanoM ke anusAra koI graha sama (na mitra na zatru) nahIM haiM, yA to ve mitra haiM yA shtru| prAsaMgika mitratA evaM zatrutA ke viSaya meM ye niyama haiM-jaba graha pratyeka se dUsare, tIsare, cauthe, dasaveM, gyArahaveM yA bArahaveM ghara meM hote haiM to ve vivAha, AkramaNa yA yAtrA Adi ke avasaroM para mitra hote haiM, aura nahIM to ve usI rAzi meM yA 53, 6The, 7, 8, 9veM gharoM meM (pratyeka se) zatru hote haiN| yahA~ bhI vibhinna mata haiM, jinheM hama chor3a rahe haiN| grahoM kA bala cAra prakAra kA hotA hai-sthAna, dizA, ceSTA, kAla ke anusaar| koI graha apane sthAna meM tabhI balavAn hotA hai jaba ki vaha apane ghara meM ho, yA ucca ho yA apane mitra ke ghara meM ho yA apane trikoNa meM ho yA navAMza meM ho| yahI sthAnabala kahalAtA hai| budha evaM bRhaspati pUrva meM (arthAt jaba ve lagna meM hote haiM) zaktimAn hote haiM ; sUrya evaM maMgala dakSiNa meM (jaba ve 10veM ghara meM hote haiM); zani pazcima meM (sAtaveM ghara meM); candra evaM zukra uttara meM (cauthe ghara meM) balavAn hote haiN| ise digbala kahA jAtA hai| sUrya evaM candra uttarAyaNa meM (arthAt makara se Age 6 rAziyoM meM) aura; zeSa graha tabhI balavAn hote haiM jaba ve vakra hote haiM yA candra se saMyukta hote haiM yA jaba yuddha (sUrya evaM candra ko chor3akara anya grahoM ke sAtha) hotA hai, inameM uttara vAlA apekSAkRta adhiva balavAn hotA hai| garga (adbhutasAgara meM uddhRta) kA kathana hai ki grahayuddha tabhI hotA hai jaba koI graha kisI anya graha ko Dhaka letA hai, yA jaba yaha thor3A hI DhakatA hai, yA jaba eka kA prakAza dUsare ke prakAza ko pRSThabhUmi meM kara deta

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290 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai, yA jaba koI graha dUsare se thor3A bAyIM ora rahatA hai| isako ceSTAvala kahate haiN| candra, maMgala evaM zani rAtri meM prabala hote haiM, budha rAta evaM dina donoM meM, anya graha dina meM balavAn hote haiM; krUra evaM saumya graha krama se mAsa ke kRSNa evaM zukla pakSa meM balavAna hote haiM ; graha apane dvArA zAsita varSa meM balavAn hotA hai, yA apane saptAha-dina meM yA horA meM yA apane dvArA zAsita mAsa meN| yahI kAlabala hai| yavanezvara kA kathana hai ki zukla pakSa kI pratipadA se dasa dinoM taka candra madhyabalI hotA hai, kintu Age ke dasa dinoM (zukla ekAdazI se kRSNa paMcamI) taka candra kA bala zreSTha hotA hai tathA antima dasa dinoM (kRSNa SaSThI se amAvAsyA) taka candra alpabalI hotA hai, kintu yadi candra para saumya (bRhaspati Adi) grahoM kI dRSTi par3atI hai to vaha sadA balavAn hotA hai| sArAvalI (5 / 2) meM graha ke nau prakAra ke svarUpoM kA ullekha hai, yathA dIpta (ucca-hone para prajvalita), svastha (apane ghara meM susthira), mudita (mitra ke svagRha meM prasanna), zAnta (zubha varga meM avasthita ), zakta (camakate rahane para sAmarthyavAn), nipIr3ita (dUsare graha se parAbhUta), bhIta (nIca hone para DarA huA), vikala (sUrya-prakAza haTa jAne para vikala) evaM khala (jaba vaha duSTa saMgati meM rahatA hai taba duSTa hotA hai)| sArAvalI (5 / 5-13) ne ina nau paristhitiyoM meM par3e hue graha kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA hai| jyotiSa-granthoM meM anuzrutiyoM ko bhI mAnya kiyA gayA hai| varAhamihira kI yogayAtrA (3 / 19-20) meM AyA hai-'sUrya aMga (bihAra) meM utpanna huA, candra yavanoM ke deza meM, maMgala avantI meM, budha magadha meM, bRhaspati sindhu meM, zukra bhojakaTa meM, zani saurASTra meM, ketu mlecchoM ke deza meM evaM rAhu kaliMga meN| yadi ye graha prabhAvita hote haiM to apanI utpatti ke dezoM meM kaSTa DhahAte haiM, ataH rAjA ko una dezoM para AkramaNa karanA cAhie, jaba eka yA adhika graha prabhAvita hoN| bhAratIya jyotiSa kA eka ati mahattvapUrNa siddhAnta hai dsstti| bRhajjAtaka (2 / 13), laghujAtaka (28), sArAvalI (4 / 32-33) evaM muhUrtadarzana (127) meM nimna niyama haiM-apane ghara meM sthita sabhI graha 7veM ghara meM pUrNa dRSTi vAle hote haiN| zani apane ghara se tIsarI evaM 10vIM rAzi para pUrNa dRSTi vAlA hotA hai aura apane ghara se tIsare evaM 10veM grahoM para bhI pUrNa dRSTi vAlA hotA hai| isI prakAra bRhaspati apane ghara se 5vIM evaM 9vIM rAzi para tathA apane se 5veM evaM 9veM grahoM para pUrNa dRSTi rakhatA hai ; maMgala cauthI evaM 8vIM rAziyoM tathA unameM se pratyeka ke graha para pUrNa dRSTi vAlA hotA hai| sUrya, candra, budha evaM zukra apane-apane gharoM se 7vIM rAzi para tathA apane se 7ve graha para pUrNa dRSTi rakhate haiN| sabhI graha tIsarI evaM 10vIM para 1 dRSTi, 5vIM evaM 9vIM para 3 dRSTi tathA cauthI evaM 8vIM para dRSTi rakhate haiN| ina sAta (tIsarI, cauthI, 5vIM, 7vIM, 8vIM, 9vIM evaM 10vIM) rAziyoM ko chor3akara kisI anya rAzi (yA sthAna) para kisI graha kI dRSTi spaSTa rUpa se varNita nahIM hai tathA AMzika dRSTiyoM kA phala bhI AMzika (33, 3) hotA hai| TAlmI meM dRSTiyoM kA vyaurA bhinna hai| ataH dRSTiyoM ke bAre meM bhI TAlmI evaM varAhamihira meM paryApta antara hai| eka anya siddhAnta hai gocr| isakA tAtparya hai janma kI rAzi se zubha yA azubha sthAnoM meM, adyatana avadhi meM grahoM kI zubha yA azubha sthitiyoM para vicAra-vimarza / isakA vivecana muhUrta cintAmaNi meM hai| udAharaNArtha, yadi sUrya janma kI rAzi se chaThe sthAna para ho to vaha zubha hotA hai, kintu yadi usI samaya janma kI rAzi se 12veM sthAna para zani ko chor3akara koI anya graha avasthita ho to vaha zubha hotA huA bhI azubha ho jAtA hai| kintu yaha phala taba nahIM hotA jaba ki graha dUsare graha kA pitA yA putra hotA hai (jaise, zani sUrya kA putra tathA budha candra kA putra hai)| isI prakAra yadi budha janma-rAzi se dUsare ghara meM ho yA cauthe yA chaThe yA 8 veM yA 10 veM yA 11 veM meM ho tathA anya graha (candra ko, jo budha kA pitA hai, chor3akara) krama se 53, tIsare, 9veM, pahale, 8veM yA

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gocara, kAraka, dazA-antardazA Adi 291 12veM meM hoM to badha, jo zubha hai, usa samaya ke lie azubha ho jAtA hai| eka zabda kAraka hai, jisakI vyAkhyA Avazyaka hai| yaha jaTila prazna hai| bR0 jA0 (22 / 1) evaM sArAvalI (7/8 evaM 11) ne isa para vicAra kiyA hai| jitane bhI graha apane gRha yA ucca yA mUlatrikoNa meM hote haiM aura pahale, cauthe, sAtaveM evaM dasaveM sthAna meM hote haiM to ve eka-dUsare ke kAraka hote haiM, kintu vaha graha, jo kuNDalI ke 10 veM gRha meM hotA hai, viziSTa rUpa se kAraka hotA hai| mAna lIjie, lagna karka hai aura usameM candra hai (arthAt vaha candra kA svagRha hai) aura maMgala, zani, sUrya evaM bRhaspati apane ucca (makara, tulA, meSa evaM karkaTa) meM haiM, to ve eka-dUsare ke kAraka hote haiN| isa viSaya meM bahuta-se niyama haiM (bR0 jA0 22, sArAvalI 6) / sArAvalI (7 / 7-12) ne eka dUsarA artha bhI diyA hai-pratyeka graha viziSTa rUpa se logoM se sambandhita hotA hai, una para zAsana karatA hai yA katipaya bAteM prakaTa karatA hai| kaviyoM, puSpoM, bhojyoM, maNiyoM, cA~dI, zaMkha, lavaNa, jala, vastroM, bhUSaNoM, nAriyoM, ghI, tila, tailoM evaM nidrA kA svAmI candra hai| mAMgalika vastuoM, dharma, aizvarya-kRtyoM, mahattA, zikSA, niyogoM (AjJAoM), puroM, rASTroM, yAnoM, zayanoM, AsanoM, sonA, dhAnyoM, nivAsoM evaM putroM kA svAmI bRhaspati hai| aba hama grahoM kI dazA evaM antarvazA para vicAra kreNge| viMzottarI siddhAnta meM manuSya kI kalpita adhikatama Ayu 120 varSa hai tathA aSTottarI meM vaha 108 varSa hai| ye varSa grahoM meM vibhinna varSa-saMkhyAoM meM vibhAjita haiM aura aisA kahA gayA hai ki dazAoM ke vibhinna vibhAjana antardazAe~ haiN| yaha siddhAnta bRhajjAtaka ke AThaveM adhyAya meM varNita hai aura isakI vyAkhyA meM utpala ne yavanezvara se bahuta padya uddhRta kiye haiN| aSTakavarga kA siddhAnta bRhajjAtaka ke naveM adhyAya meM ullikhita hai| kahA gayA hai ki sAta graha evaM lagna ATha sattAe~ haiM aura ve apane pUrNa yA zubha phala tabhI utpanna karatI haiM jaba ki ve manuSya ke jIvana kI viziSTa avadhiyoM evaM viziSTa gharoM meM hoN| sthAna-saMkoca se hama isakI vyAkhyA nahIM kreNge| bRhatsaMhitA, bRhajjAtaka tayA yAtrA vAle do granthoM meM varAhamihira ne apane pUrvavartI jyotiSAcAryoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| yahA~ saMkSepa meM unakA ullekha hogaa| nimna sUcI meM sAmAnya rUpa se khagola vidyA (jyotiHzAstra) ke pranthoM ke nAma nahIM Aye haiN| atri, jinhoMne, ba0 sN045|1 ke anasAra utpAtoM para likhA hai, ve garga ke ziSya the; bAdarAyaNa (vR0 saM0 39 / 1) jinase utpala ne apanI TIkAoM meM bahuta se padya uddhRta kiye haiM, jinameM eka aisA hai (bR0 jA. 6 / 2) jisameM zizu kI akAlamRtyu para yavanendra kA mata varNita hai; bhAguri (jise ba0 saM0, 85 / 1 ne zakunoM para likhane vAlA prAcIna lekhaka mAnA hai); bhAradvAja (bR0 saM0 85 / 2 meM varNita eka lekhaka, jisake grantha para ujjayinI ke rAjA dravyavardhana ne apanA zakuna-grantha AdhArita kiyA); bhRgu (bR0 saM0 85 / 43); yavana (bR. yo0 29 / 3); devala (bR0 saM0 7 / 15 evaM yogayAtrA 9 / 12); devasvAmI (bR0 jA0 717); avyavardhana (ujjayinI kA rAjA evaM zakunoM para likhane vAlA); garga (bR0 saM0 kI TIkA meM utpala ne garga ke 300 se adhika padya uddhRta kiye haiM; bR0 saM0 35 / 3 kI vyAkhyA meM utpala ne gargalikhita mayUracandrikA grantha kA ullekha kiyA hai, bR0 saM015 kI vyAkhyA meM usane vedAMgajyotiSa para garga ke 3 padya uddhRta kiye haiM); vRddhagarga (utpala, bR0 saM0 1111); gArgI (utpala ne bR0 jA0 kI TIkA meM ise uddhRta kiyA hai, isakA dUsarA nAma hai bhagavAn); gautama (bR. yo0 29 / 3); jIvazarmA (bR0 jA0 7 / 9; utpala 13 // 3); kAzyapa (bR0 yo0 19 / 1); kAzyapa (utpala, bR0 sN040|2); mANDavya (bR0 saM0 103 / 3, utpala, bR0 jA0 6.6, 1113 evaM 5, 1332 evaM 12 / 4); maNitya (bR0 jA071, 11 / 9); maya (bR0 saM0 24 / 2, 55 / 29, 5618, bR0 jA071 Adi); nArada (bu0 saM0 1115, 24 / 2); parAzara (bR0 saM078, 1713, bR0 jA0 71 Adi) poliza ; pitAmaha (bR0 saM0 14); ratnAvali (bRhayogayAtrA 2 / 1); RSiputra (va0 saM0 48185); satya (bR0 jA0 7 / 3, 9-11, 13,

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292 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 12 / 2, 20110; bR0 yo0 11 // 34); sArasvata (bR0 saM0 53 / 99); siddhasena (bR0 jA0 77); uzanA (yogayAtrA 5 / 3); vajra (bR0 saM0 2102); vasiSTha (bR0 saM0 5138, yogayAtrA 213, 8.6); viSNugupta (bR0 jA0 77); yavana (bR0 jA0 71, 8 / 9, 1111, 2113, 26:19, 21; laghujAtaka 9 / 6) / uparyukta lekhakoM ke grantha kaI zatAbdiyoM meM bikhare rahe hoMge, kyoMki unakI prasiddhi evaM mahattA ke lie samaya apekSita hai| garga se lekara varAhamihira taka pA~ca zatAbdiyoM kA samaya hai| garga kA kAla I0 pU0 50 hai| garga ke kAla se kama-se-kama do zAtiyoM uparAnta TAlmI kA janma huA aura phimikasa usake 400 varSoM ke uparAnta huaa| garga ne rAziyoM ke viSaya meM likhA hai, ataH spaSTa hai ki bhAratIyoM ne yUnAniyoM se rAzi-jJAna nahIM prApta kiyaa| yUnAniyoM ko sikandara ke AkramaNa ke uparAnta (I0 pU0 cauthI zatI) bebilona se puNDalI-sambandhI jyotiSa kA jJAna prApta huA thaa| 'joDiaka' (Zodiac) nAmaka yUnAnI zabda ke viSaya meM kucha jAnakArI Avazyaka hai| 'jyotiScakra' isakA saMskRta rUpAntara-sA lagatA hai| yaha zabda yUnAnI zanda 'joDiana' (Zodian) se nikalA hai jisakA artha hai 'choTe paza' kintu isakA zAbdika artha hai 'pazaoM kA vRtta' / heroDoTasa (1170) meM yaha 'aMkita yA takSita AkRti' ke artha meM AyA hai| yaha usa samaya vyoma-cakra meM kucha nakSatra-daloM kI kalpita Ava viSaya meM prayakta hotA thaa| 'joDiaka' (rAzicakra) vyoma kI eka mekhalA (vatta) hai jo lagabhaga 16 aMza caur3I hai aura ravimArga dvArA do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, jisameM sUrya, candra tathA anya graha ghamate haiN| 'sAinsa Ava di joDiaka' (Signs of the Zodiac) do arthoM meM prayakta ho sakatA hai, yathA (1) nakSatroM ke 12 dala, jo ravimArga (eklepTika, Ecleptic) kI sannidhi meM bikhare dIkhate haiM aura sthiti-vyatikrama, vistAra-asAmya evaM camaka kA dyotana karate haiM; tathA (2) vyoma-mekhalA ke samAna nirmita (mAne hae) vibhAga, jinameM pratyeka 30 aMza (rekhAMza) taka vistata hai| sAmAnyataH yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki prathama artha dUsare se prAcIna hai| messanera ne saMketa kiyA hai ki bebilona meM I0 pU06ThI zatI meM nebucar3a nejz2Ara ke rAjyakAla meM (I0 pU0 567) kevala nakSatroM ke citra prakaTa kiye jA sake the aura bAraha nakSatra-dala I0 pU0 418 ke lagabhaga dArA ke rAjya-kAla meM bne| ina citroM kA nirmANa kisane kiyA aura inheM vibhinna nAma kisane diye, isake viSaya meM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai| sambhavataH nAma vibhinna kAloM meM diye gye| meissanera kA kathana hai ki I0 pU0 13vIM zatI meM nakSatra-citra bana gaye the aura usa samaya ke sImA-pattharoM meM bhI ve pAye jAte haiN| ziyAparelI ne aisTrAnAmI ina di olDa TesTAmeNTa' (pR0 85) meM likhA hai ki bebilona meM khar3e patthara khetoM meM sImA-cihnoM (budusa, bebilonI bhASA) ke rUpa meM rakhe jAte the yA sAmAnya logoM kI sUcanA ke lie sampatti-adhikAra ke sUcaka ke rUpa meM gAr3e jAte the| inameM aba taka 30 patthara pAye gaye haiM, jina para AkRtiyA~ khicI huI haiM aura isa artha ke zilAlekha haiM ki jo unheM haTAyegA usa para bhayAnakA abhizApa pdd'ege| pR0 86 para ziyAparelI ne I0 pU0 12 vIM zatI ke bebilonI smAraka-cihna kA citra diyA hai jisameM candra, sUrya evaM zukra kendra sthala meM aMkita haiM aura unake caturdika bahuta-sI AkRtiyA~ haiM, jinameM vRzcika (bicchU), meSa (bher3a, jisakI pUMcha machalI kI hai) evaM dhanu bar3I saralatA se pahacAne jA sakate haiN| aisA tarka kiyA jA sakatA hai ki Rgveda kI do RcAe~ (1 / 24 / 8 evaM 11164 / 11) rAziyoM kI mekhalA kA dyotana karatI haiM---'rAjA varuNa ne eka caur3A mArga banAyA haiM jisase sUrya usakA anugamana kara

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nakSatra-rAziyoM ke vaivika aura bebilonI ullekha 293 sake'; 'Rta ke cakra meM bAraha tIliyA~ haiM aura vaha bAra-bAra vyoma meM cakkara kATatA hai kintu thakatA nhiiN| 25 uparyukta bebilonI sImA-patthara evaM smAraka-cihna yaha siddha karane ko paryApta haiM ki bebiloniyA meM I0 pU0 1000 ke pUrva jyotiScakra kI 4 yA 5 rAziyA~ pracalita ho cukI thIM, kintu rAziyoM kI AkRtiyoM kI pUrI sUcI bebiloniyA (yA bebilona) meM lagabhaga I0pU0 chaThI zatI meM pracalita ho skii| sArTana ne bar3I sAvadhAnI ke sAtha yaha sambhAvanA vyakta kI hai ki IrAna, bhArata evaM cIna meM bebilonI prabhAva par3A, kintu unhoMne Age isa viSaya ko sandigdha hI rakha chor3A (dekhie hisTrI Ava saaiNs,pR.78)| vidvAnoM ne yaha bAta saba se prAcIna kuNDaliyA~ mesopoTemiyA meM hI pAyI jAtI haiM, na ki yUnAna yA misra meN| sArTana kA 453) ki 'horoskoposa' zabda bahuta bAda meM yUnAna meM banA, isakA prayoga maMniliyasa ne prathama zatI meM tathA klImeMTa (alekjeMDriyA ke nivAsI) ne (150-220 I0) tIsarI zatI ke pUrvAdha meM kiyaa| isa zabda kA prayoga isa kAla ke pUrva nahIM jA sktaa| atyanta prAcIna yUnAnI kuNDalI misra se I0 pU0 4 meM AyI aura pro0 neyugebAvara (I0 es. e0,10 85, je0 o0 esa0, jilda 63, pR0 115-124) kA kathana hai ki unheM I0 pU0 4 se 500 I0 taka lagabhaga kI 60 kuNDaliyA~ prApta huI haiN| atyanta prAcIna DemoTika evaM yUnAnI kuNDaliyA~ IsA kI prathama zatI meM likhI gyiiN| hamane Upara dekha liyA hai ki vaidika kAla meM na kevala sAmAnya jyotiSa-vidyA (phalita jyotiSa) kA vikAsa ho cukA thA, pratyuta nakSatroM para AdhArita vyakti-sambandhI jyotiSa atharvaveda ke kAla se hI par3hA jAne lagA thA aura bhAva Adi nAmoM se milatI huI nAma-saMkhyAoM athavA pAribhASika zabdoM kA Arambha ho cukA thA, janma ke nakSatra para AdhArita bhaviSya-vANiyAM kI jAne lagI thIM, itanA hI nahIM, janma ke nakSatra se dUra sthita nakSatroM para AdhArita jJAna bhI prApta kiyA jAne lagA thaa| yaha bAta pazcAtkAlIna jyotiSa-vidyA ke Arambhika svarUpoM kI ora, jo mAdhyamika kAla meM ati vikasita hue (yathA, vyakti kA bhaviSya janma-kAla para hI nizcita ho jAtA hai, usakI niyati kA patA kuNDalI se laga sakatA hai) saMketa karatI hai| yaha jJAta hai ki bhArata kA mesopoTemiyA evaM pAsa ke dezoM se sambandha ati prAcIna kAla se hai| sikandara ke AkramaNa ke uparAnta I0 pU0 cauthI zatI meM yaha sambandha aura dRDha ho gyaa| aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki sikandara ke AkramaNa ke uparAnta bhArata ne, jahA~ para nakSatrajyotiSa vikasita ho cukA thA, bebilonI smAraka-cihnoM evaM sImA-pattharoM para aMkita rAziyoM kI AkRtiyoM ko lekara apane anurUpa banA liyaa| bodhagayA ke sImA-stambhoM para banI AkRtiyoM ko dekhakara yaha bAta haThAt mana meM baiTha jAtI hai ki bhAratIyoM ne I0 pU0 prathama zatI meM rAziyoM kI AkRtiyoM kI pahacAna kara lI thii| stambhoM para vRSa se tulA, dhanu evaM makara kI AkRtiyA~ takSita haiN| isase siddha ho jAtA hai ki rAzi-jJAna meM bhAratIyoM ne yUnAna se kucha bhI udhAra nahIM liyA, jaisA ki vebara Adi pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne likhA hai| bodhagayA meM takSita AkRtiyA~ bebilonI AkRtiyoM se bahuta milatI haiN| abhAgyavaza sabhI stambha surakSita nahIM raha sake haiN| dekhie isa viSaya meM baruA kRta 'gayA evaM buddha gayA' (pR. 90-92, 12, jilda 2) / 25. uhaM hi rAjA varuNazcakAra sUryAya panthAmantavA u| R0 (122418), vAja0 saM0 (8 / 23), tai0 saM0 (1 // 4 // 45 // 1); dvAvazAraM nahi tajjarAya varvati cakra pari dhAmRtasya / R0 (11164 / 11), atharvaveda (9 / 9 / 13) /

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294 * dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bebilona evaM bhArata ke ApasI sambandha ke viSaya meM do zabda likhanA anivArya hai| e0 eca0 saIsa kA kathana hai ki I0 pU0 tIsarI zatI meM bebilona evaM bhArata meM sAMskRtika evaM sambhavataH sAmAjika sambandha sthApita thaaura yaha sambandha sthala-mArga se hI thA, kyoMki abhI taka jala-mArga se sambandha-sthApana ke viSaya meM koI pramANa nahIM mila pAyA hai| jenesisoM evaM rAjAoM ke hibrU itihAsa-kathAoM meM Aye hue tamila zabdoM se siddha hotA hai ki philastIna meM mora, cAvala, bhAratIya candana Adi kA prayoga hotA thaa| lagabhaga I0 pU0 1400 ke bogojakeI zilAlekha meM hiTTiyoM ke rAjA evaM mitannI ke rAjA ke madhya huI sandhiyoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki mitannI ke vaMza ke logoM ke deva-dala meM vaidika deva bhI sammilita the, yathA indra, varuNa, mitra evaM naasty| itanA hI nahIM, bogojakeI ke grantharakSAgAroM vAle cAra patrakoM ke AlekhanoM se spaSTa ho gayA hai ki mitannI deza ke kisI kikkulI nAmaka vyakti ne azvoM ke zikSaNa para jo grantha likhA hai usameM bahuta-se aise pAribhASika zabda haiM jo saMskRta zabdoM se milate haiM aura mitannI, najI evaM sIriyA ke rAjAoM evaM sAmantoM ke nAma bhAropIya mUla ke hI haiN| bAveru-jAtaka ne bebilona evaM bhArata ke pArasparika vyApAra kA ullekha kiyA hai| yUnAnI rAjadUta, yathA megasthanIz2a (jise silyUkasa ne candragupta maurya ke pAsa bhejA thA), deImekasa (jo candragupta maurya ke putra bindusAra ke rAjatvakAla meM AyA thA), bhArata meM bheje gaye the aura yaha kahanA ThIka hI hai ki bhArata se bhI selasiu evaM TAlemika the aura isa prakAra kA AdAna-pradAna azoka dvArA bheje gaye dharmadatoM se bahuta pahale se hI pracalita thaa| azoka ne pAMca rAjAoM ke pAsa bauddha dharmadUta bheje the, jinake nAma ye haiM-antiyoga (sIriyA ke aiNTiokasa), turamaya (misra ke TAlmI dvitIya), antikina (maisIDoniyA ke eNTigonasa), magA (sIrina ke magasa) evaM (ipirasa ke) aliksundr| maithyU ke gaoNspela (111-2) meM AyA hai ki bethalahema meM jaba IsA kA janma huA to pUrva se vijJa loga jerUsalema meM yaha kahate hue Aye ki unhoMne pUrva meM navajAta zizu ke rUpa meM prakaTa hote hue nakSatra ko dekhA hai aura ve usakI pUjA karane ko Aye haiN| philosTreTasa dvArA likhita TAyanA ke apolloniyasa ke jIvanavRtta (tIsarI zatI ke prathama caraNa) meM AyA hai ki bhArata meM bebiloniyoM kA Adara-satkAra hotA thA aura bhAratIya rAjA iArcasa ne apolloniyasa ko sAta aMgUThiyA~ dI thIM jinake nAma sAta grahoM para AdhArita the aura jinheM use saptAha ke dinoM meM pahananA thaa| yahAM para yahI siddhAnta pratipAdita karane kA prayatna ho rahA hai ki bhAratIyoM ne bebilona meM smAraka-cihnoM evaM sImA-pattharoM para aMkita rAzi-AkRtiyoM ko dekhakara, lagabhaga I0 pU0 cauthI evaM tIsarI zatI meM, vahA~ ke jJAna ko apane yahA~ prAcIna kAla se pracalita nakSatra-jyotiSa meM yathAsthAna milAyA aura rAzi-jyotiSa kA vikAsa apane DhaMga se kiyaa| varAhamihira ne dreSkANoM kI carcA karate hue spaSTa likhA hai ki ve yavanoM ke matoM kA digdarzana karA rahe haiN| yadi sampUrNa bhAratIya jyotiSa yavanoM se liyA gayA hotA to varAhamihira use spaSTa kahate aura unake matoM kA vivaraNa kyoM upasthita karate? mlecchA hi yavanAsteSu samyak zAstramidaM sthitam / RSivatte'pi pUjyante ki punardevavid dvijaH // (bRhatsaMhitA 2 / 15) varAhamihira ke isa kathana se spaSTa hai ki yavana jyotiSa-paramparA evaM bhAratIya jyotiSa-paramparA eka hI nahIM thI aura yavanoM ne jyotiSa para saMskRta meM grantha likhe the| barAha ne spaSTa rUpa se kaI bAtoM para yavanoM se virodha prakaTa kiyA hai|" I0 pU0 200 ke AsapAsa vAsantika viSuva (dina-rAtri kA samamAna) meSa rAzi kI 26. varAha evaM yavanoM ke antavibhedoM meM kucha nimna haiM : (1) yavanoM ke matoM ke anusAra sabhI graha horA n Education International

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bhAratIya, bebilonI evaM yavana jyotiSa kA vikAsa aura mizraNa 295 maNDalIya rekhA ke Arambha meM thA, jo meSa rAzi kI AkRti se sarvathA milatI-julatI thii| bhAratIya jyotivid, jaba meSa Adi rAziyoM kA prayoga karane lage, to ve rAziyoM kI gaNanA meM kRttikA se Arambha karane kI paripATI chor3a kara azvinI nakSatra se karane lage aura use prathama nakSatra ke rUpa meM mAnane lage, yadyapi uttarA-bhAdrapadA kI agragati ke kAraNa vAsantika viSuva kA bindu pIche raha gayA thaa| IsA pUrva kI zatiyoM meM rAzi-paddhati ke viSaya meM bhAratIya jyotiSiyoM ke prArambhika prayAsoM kA vikAsa jAnanA evaM usakA varNana karanA kaThina hai, kyoMki varAhamihira ke zreSTha grantha bRhajjAtaka ne sabhI pUrvavartI granthoM ko grasa liyA aura ve kramazaH kAla ke mukha ke grAsa ho gaye, aura yahI bAta TAlmI ke do granthoM 'siNTaiksisa' (yA elmAgesTa) evaM 'TeTrAbiblosa' ke viSaya meM bhI hai , kyoMki unhoMne bhI apanI zreSThatA se apane pUrvavartI yUnAnI jyotiSa-granthoM kI zrI chIna lI aura ve ina donoM ke prabhAva ke kAraNa kramazaH vilupta ho gye| yadyapi sabhI vidvAnoM ne yaha mAnA hai ki yUnAnI kuNDalI-jyotiSa bebilonI aisTraoNnaoNmI (jyotiHzAstra) evaM aisTraoNlaoNjI (phalita jyotiSa) se prabhAvita huA thA, kintu donoM ke bIca kI sambandha-rekhA vilapta ho gayI hai| yaha sambhava hai ki bhAratIya evaM yanAnI paddhatiyoM meM bahata-sI samAna bAteM pAyI jAya~, kyoMki donoM para bebilonI paddhati kA prabhAva thaa| kintu aisA kahanA ki bhAratIya paddhati, jo varAhami dvArA vikasita huI, phirmikasa evaM paulasa alekjaiNDinasa se udhAra lI gayI, sarvathA bhrAmaka hai| pro0 neyugebAvara ne, aisA kahate hue ki sUrya siddhAnta yUnAnI kendrabhraSTa evaM paridhi-vidhiyoM (ekseNTrika evaM episAikTika DIvAiseja) para avalambita hai, svIkAra kiyA hai ki ve vidhiyA~ bhAratIyoM dvArA parimArjita kI gyiiN| unhoMne spaSTa kahA hai ki anukaraNa nahIM huA pratyuta prArambhika preraNA kA buddhimAnI se parimArjana kiyA gyaa| hamane pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki bRhajjAtaka dreSkANoM evaM bhAvoM (kuNDalI ke sthAnoM) ke bAre meM phirmikasa se mataikya nahIM rkhtaa| prastuta lekhaka kI yahI pramukha dhAraNA hai aura pratipAdana hai ki bhAratIya jyotiSa meM TAlmI ke pUrva hI rAziyoM evaM bhAvoM ke viSaya meM vikAsa ho gayA thaa| kuNDaliyoM athavA janmapatroM kA nirmANa kevala vyaktiyoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai, pratyuta kampaniyoM, jahAjoM, pazuoM, gRha-nIvoM, nagaroM evaM dezoM ke janmapatra bhI banate haiN| jaba koI vyakti koI bAta jAnane ke lie jyotiSI ke pAsa jAtA hai to jyotiSI prazna karane ke kAla kI rAzi (lagna) kA jJAna karatA hai| usa dina evaM kAla ke grahoM ke sthAnoM kI gaNanA karatA hai aura taba zakuna evaM bhAvI lakSaNa Adi batAtA hai| janma-patrikA banAne ke (rAzi ke arSAMza) ke svAmI ho sakate the, kintu bRhajjAtaka (1311-12) meM aisI bAta nahIM hai| (2) yavanoM ke anusAra candra kabhI bhI hAnikara graha nahIM hai, kintu bR0 jA0 (25) ise kucha bAtoM meM ahitakara mAnatA hai; (3) yavanoM ne maMgala ko sAttvika mAnA hai, kintu bR0 jA0 (27) ne ise tAmasika mAnA hai; (4) yavanoM ke anusAra graha Apasa meM kevala mitra yA zatru ho sakate haiM, kintu bR0 jA0 (2 / 15) meM AyA hai ki ve na to mitra hI ho sakate haiM aura na zatru; (5) yavana evaM varAha (bu0 jA0 2 / 18) grahoM kI tAtkAlika mitratA evaM zatrutA ke viSaya meM mataikya nahIM rakhate; (6) yavanoM ne vajrayoga kI carcA kI hai, kintu bR0 jA0 (12 / 3 evaM 6) ke mata se aisA yoga asambhava hai| (7) yavanoM ke mata se kevala kumbha-dvAdazAMza azubha hai, kintu bR0 jA0 (21 // 3) ne isameM doSa dikhAyA hai| 27. prazna-kAla se sambandhita jyotiSa para doprasiddha grantha haiM, varAhamihira ke putra pRthuyazA ko SaTpaJcAzikA evaM utpala kI aasptti| prathama grantha ke do zloka ye haiM--'horAsthitaH purNatanuH zazAMko jIvena dRSTo yadi vA sitena / kSipraM praNaSTasya karoti labdhi lAbhopayAto balavA zubhazca // dUragatasyAgamanaM sutdhnshjsthithairlgnaat|

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296 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa lie varSa, mAsa, dina, ghaNTA yA ghaTikA evaM janma kA sthAna jAnanA Avazyaka hai| bambaI, pUnA yA kalakattA jaise nagaroM ke akSAMzoM evaM dezAntaroM ke AdhAra para paMcAMga banate haiN| ye aisI tAlikAoM (sAraNiyoM) kA nirmANa karate haiN| jinake anusaraNa se vyakti ke janma- kAla kI rAzi kA jJAna hotA hai| kintu ina nagaroM kI tAlikAoM se anyatra bane paMcAMgoM meM ucita lagna ke jJAna ko yathArthatA nahIM pAyI jA sakatI / janma-patra varga AkRtiyoM meM yA vRttaAkRtiyoM meM banate haiM, kintu varga AkRtiyoM meM bhI lagna rakhane ke kaI bheda haiM (janma ke samaya kSitija meM udita hotI huI rAzi hI lagna hai) / saumpairnaSTaprAptiH ladhvAgamanaM guhasitAbhyAm // ' (5 evaM 35) / 35 veM zloka meM prayukta 'lagnAt' kA artha hai prazna ke samaya kA lagna / usI grantha kA 55 vA~ zloka hai--'aMzakAjjJAyate dravyaM dreSkANaMstaskarAH smRtAH / rAzibhyaH kAladigdezA vayo jAtizca lagnapAt // ' isakA artha hai 'prazna karate samaya ke lagna ke navAMza se hRta vastu kA saMketa milatA hai, lagna ke dreSkANoM se cora kI vizeSatAoM kA patA calatA hai (jaisA ki bu0 jA0 adhyAya 27 meM ullikhita hai), rAziyoM se samaya, dizA evaM sthAna kA parijJAna hotA hai, tathA lagna ke svAmI se cora kI avasthA evaM jAti jAnI jAtI hai|'

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adhyAya 17 dhArmika kRtyoM ke muhUrta aba hama dhArmika kRtyoM evaM vyaktiyoM ke karmoM ke lie vyavasthita muhUrtoM para prakAza ddaaleNge| kintu aisA karane meM hama thor3e hI kRtyoM evaM karmoM kA ullekha kareMge / sarvaprathama kucha sAmAnya niyamoM kA ullekha Avazyaka hai / AtharvaNa jyotiSa' kA kathana hai ki yadi vyakti saphalatA cAhatA hai to use tithi, nakSatra, karaNa evaM muhUrta para vicAra karake karma yA kRtya karanA cAhie; yadi ucita tithi na mila sake to zeSa tInoM para Azrita honA cAhie, yadi prathama do ( arthAt tithi evaM nakSatra) na prApta ho sakeM to antima do kA Azraya lenA cAhie, kintu yadi prathama tIna ( tithi, nakSatra evaM karaNa) na prApta ho sakeM to kevala muhUrta kA sahArA lenA cAhie, kintu yadi zIghratA ho aura ina cAroM meM koI upalabdha na ho sake to brAhmaNoM ke udghoSa se ki Aja zubha dina hai, use karma karanA cAhie aura aisA kara dene se saphalatA milatI hai| kucha dhArmika kRtya pratipAdita kAloM meM hI hone cAhie, una paristhitiyoM meM bRhaspati evaM zukra kI avasthA ( bAlya evaM vRddhAvasthA), bRhaspati kA siMha rAzi meM honA, yA dakSiNAyana tathA malamAsa kA dhyAna nahIM rakhanA cAhie, yathA puMsavana se lekara annaprAzana taka ke kRtyoM meM / rAjamArtaNDa meM AyA hai ki 'Arta avasthA meM grahoM evaM dinoM kI jyotiSa- sthiti para vicAra nahIM karanA cAhie, bhRgu ne kahA hai ki ye niyama ( zubha sthitiyoM se saMbaMdhita ) tabhI mAne jAne cAhie jaba jIvana svastha ho (bAteM ThIka dazA meM hoM) / ' soma, budha, bRhaspati evaM zukra vAra sabhI karmoM ke lie zubha phaladAyaka haiM; kevala ve hI karma ravivAra, maMgalavAra evaM zanivAra ko saphala hote haiM jinako karane ke lie ve pratipAdita hoM athavA ucita ThaharAye gaye hoM / kintu nAradIya purANa ( 1156 / 359-60) kA kathana hai ki budhavAra, bRhaspativAra evaM zukravAra sarvottama haiM, ravivAra evaM somavAra kI sthiti madhyama hai tathA anya do, maMgalavAra evaM zanivAra upanayana ke lie nindya ThaharAye gaye haiM / sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki sabhI saMkalpita karma saphala hote haiM yadi ve taba kiye jAya~ jaba lagna se tIsare, chaThe, 10 veM evaM 11 veM ghara kisI zubha graha ke sAtha hoM yA una para kisI zubha graha kI dRSTi ho aura jaba lagna 1. caturbhiH kArayetkarma siddhihetovicakSaNaH / tithinakSatrakaraNam teneti nizcayaH / dUrasthasya muhUrtasya kriyA ca tvaritA yadi / dvijapuNyAhaghoSeNa kRtaM syAtsarvasampadam // AtharvaNajyotiSa ( 7 / 12 evaM 16 ) / 2. prahavatsarazuddhizca nAtaM kAlamapekSate / svasthe sarvamidaM cintyamityAha bhagavAnbhRguH // rAjamArtaNDa (zloka 388 ) / 3. somasaumyaguruzukravAsarAH sarvakarmasu bhavanti siddhidAH / bhAnubhaumazanivAsareSu ca proktameva khalu karma sidhyati // ratnamAlA ( 3 / 15); AcArya saumyakAvyAnAM vArAH zastAH zazInayoH / vArau tu madhyamau caiva vratenyau ninvitau matau // nAradIyapurANa (1156 / 350-69) / 38

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298 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa donoM se saMyukta ho, jaba 8 vA~ evaM 12 vA~ ghara doSa rahita ho aura candra tIsare, 6The, 10veM yA 11veM ghara meM ho (muhUrtacintAmaNi, 2 / 44) / yaha draSTavya hai ki hamAre madhyakAlika dharmazAstrakAroM ne Arambhika sarala utsavoM evaM kRtyoM ko muhurta ke vistAroM se bojhila banA DAlA hai| saMskAroM meM hama sarvaprathama jAtakarma (bacce ke janma ke samaya ke kRtya) ko uThAte haiN| ratnamAlA meM AyA hai--jAtakarma kA sampAdana mRdu, dhruva, kSipra yA cara nakSatra meM honA cAhie, santa loga nAmakaraNa ke lie bRhaspati yA zukra kI catuSTaya sthiti (zizu kI kuNDalI ke pahale, cauthe, sAtaveM yA dasaveM bhAva) kI prazaMsA karate haiM (13 / 2) / janma ke viSaya meM kucha lekhaka (yathA, muhUrtamArtaNDa, 4 / 19) gaNDAnta kI carcA karate haiM, jo janma, vivAha, yAtrA yA AkramaNa ke lie azubha hai; arthAta 15 vIM tithi kA do ghaTikAoM taka pratipadA se sAyujya isI prakAra eka ghaTikA ke artha bhAga taka jaba karka evaM siMha, yA vRzcika evaM dhanu, yA mIna evaM meSa saMyukta hoM, aura cAra ghaTikA taka jaba revatI evaM azvinI, AzleSA evaM maghA, jyeSThA evaM mUla eka-dUsare se saMyukta hoN| ye gaDAnta sAyujya bacce ke pitA yA mAtA Adi ke lie hAnikAraka hote haiN| isI prakAra ke phala kI ghoSaNA azleiSA evaM mUla ke kucha bhAgoM meM hue janma ke viSaya meM bhI kI gayI hai| nAmakaraNa ke viSaya meM manu ne kahA hai ki janma ke uparAnta 10 veM yA 12 veM dina meM yA kisI zubha tithi meM yA zubha guNa vAle muhUrta yA nakSatra meM isakA sampAdana honA caahie| caula yA cUDAkarma ke viSaya meM Azva0 gR0 (1 / 17 / 1) meM AyA hai ki isakA sampAdana kulaparamparA ke anusAra janma ke uparAnta tIsare varSa meM honA cAhie; kintu manu (2 / 25) ke anusAra yaha pahale yA tIsare varSa meM sampAdita ho sakatA hai| caula, upanayana, go-dAna evaM vivAha ke viSaya meM Azva0 gR0 (1 / 4 / 1-2) ne kahA hai ki inakA ucita kAla hai uttarAyaNa, zuklapakSa tathA zubha nksstr| ApastambagRhyasUtra (16 / 3) meM AyA hai ki caula kA sampAdana janma ke tIsare varSa meM punarvasu nakSatra meM honA caahie| kintu madhyakAlika dharmazAstralekhakoM ne bahuta-sI bAteM bhara dI haiN| dekhie rAjamArtaNDa (jisameM isa viSaya meM 32 zloka haiM), smRtica0 (1, pR0 23), aparArka (pR0 29, yAjJa0 1 / 11-12) / aise hI niyama prauDha logoM ke sAmAnya kSaura (bAla banavAne) ke viSaya meM bhI haiN| kucha zloka yoM haiM-'nimnokta nakSatra kSaura ke lie hitakara haiM-hasta, citrA, svAtI, mRgazirA, zravaNa, dhaniSThA, zatabhiSak, revatI, azvinI, jyeSThA, puSya evaM punarvasu yA jaba nakSatra udita hote samaya candra se yukta ho aura tArAbala ho| makara, dhanu, kanyA, mithuna yA vRSa ke udaya ke samaya bhI kSaura kA sampAdana pratipAdita hai| aisA karane se sampatti, zakti evaM buddhi kA vikAsa hotA hai / jaba kisI anya rAzi ke udita hote samaya kSaura kiyA jAtA hai to vyAdhi, bhaya kI utpatti hotI hai| rAjA kI AjJA, brAhmaNa kI sammati, vivAha ke samaya, mRta-sUtaka para, bandIgRha se chUTane para tathA kisI vaidika yajJa kI dIkSA lene ke samaya kSurakarma saba samaya AjJApita hai|' 4. mRdudhruvakSipracareSu bheSu sUnovidheyaM khalu jaatkrm| gurau bhRgau vApi catuSTayasthe santaH prazaMsanti ca nAmadheyam // ratnamAlA (13 / 2 / / 5. nAmadheyaM dazamyAM tu dvAdazyAM vAsya kArayet / puNye tithau muhUrte vA nakSatre vA guNAnvite ||mnu (2 / 30) / 6. hastAtrayaM mRgaziraH zravaNatrayaM ca pauSNAzvizukragurubhAni punarvasU ca / kSaure tu karmaNi hitAnyudayakSaNe ca yuktAni coDupatinA yadi shsttaaraaH|| kSauraM prazastaM mRgacApalagne kanyAkhyalagne mithune vRSa c| puSTiM balaM

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upanayana-mUhUrta 299 aba hama upanayana ke muhUrta kI carcA kreNge| yaha saMskAra do atyanta mahattvapUrNa saMskaroM meM eka hai| Azva0 gR0 (1 / 4 / 1) ne cAra saMskAroM ke lie eka bahuta sarala niyama diyA hai, jisakA ullekha abhI thor3I dUra pahale kiyA jA cukA hai| Apa0 gha0 sU0 (11111119) ke mata se brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya kA upanayana krama se vasanta, grISma evaM zarada meM honA cAhie aura avasthA garbhAdhAna ke uparAnta Rma se 8, 11 evaM 12 varSa honI caahie| dekhie yahI bAta manu (2 / 36) evaM yAjJa0 (1314) meN| yaha draSTavya hai ki na to kisI sUtra ne aura na manu evaM yAjJa0 kI smRtiyoM ne isa viSaya meM graha-sthiti yA rAziyoM yA saptAha-dinoM yA mAsoM kI sthiti kA ullekha kiyA hai| Age cala kara bahuta se niyama banate aura juTate. cale gye| rAjamArtaNDa meM 70 zloka (304 se 373 zloka) haiN| isake anusAra varSa-gaNanA garbhAdhAna se kI jAtI hai| upanayana ke lie ucita muhUrta prApta karanA bar3A duSkara kArya ho gayA hai| eka niyama yaha hai--upanayana evaM vivAha Adi zubha kRtya janma ke nakSatra, mAsa, dina para nahIM hone cAhie aura jeSTha putra yA jyeSTha putrI ke zubha kRtya jyeSTha mAsa meM nahIM kiye jAne caahie| janma mAsa ke viSaya meM RSiyoM meM mata-bheda hai / vasiSTha ke mata se kevala janma-mAsa varjita hai; garga ke anusAra janma se kevala ATha dina, atri ke anusAra kevala dasa dina aura bhAguri ke anusAra janma se kevala 15 dina vajita haiM (rAjamArtaNDa, ni0 si0, pR0 263 meM uddhRt)| upanayana-sampAdana candra ke na rahane para (jaba vaha sUrya kI kiraNoM se na camake), zukra ke chipa jAne para, jaba sUrya rAzi ke prathama aMza meM rahe, anadhyAya (vedAdhyayana jaba varjita ho) ke dinoM meM tathA galagraha meM nahIM honA cAhie (aparArka, pR0 32; smRtica0 1, pR0.27; hemAdri, kAla, pR0 751) / kucha tithiyA~ evaM kAla galagraha kahalAte haiM, yathA saptamI se viddha aSTamI, trayodazI se caturdazI, pratipadA se dvitIyA aadi| yadi bRhaspati janma kI rAzi se dUsarI, 5 vIM, 7 vIM, 9 vIM yA 10 vIM rAzi meM ho taba vaha ati zubha hai; jaba vaha janmarAzi se prathama, tIsarI, chaThI yA 10 vIM rAzi meM ho to zAnti kRtya se zuddha hone para zubha hotA hai; kintu jaba bRhaspati janma-rAzi se cauthI, 8 vIM yA 12 vIM rAzi meM ho to vaha azubha mAnA jAtA hai (muhUrtacintAmaNi 5 / 46) / jyotiSiyoM ne eka suvidhAjanaka siddhAnta yaha nikAlA hai ki duSTa graha kA zamana kiyA jA sakatA hai aura hAnikara phala dUra kiye jA sakate haiM, yA yadi sampUrNa doSa dUra na kiyA jA sake to zAnti kRtyoM ke dvArA unakA prabhAva kama kiyA jA sakatA hai, yA ratnoM yA dhAtuoM Adi ke vyavahAra se doSa kA zamana ho sakatA hai| yathA maMgala evaM sUrya ko prasanna karane ke lie mUMgA pahananA cAhie, zukra evaM candra ke lie cAMdI, budha ke lie sonA, bRhaspati ke lie motI, zani ke lie lauha tathA anya do (rAhu evaM ketu) ke lie rAjAvarta dhAraNa karanA cAhie (ratnamAlA, 10 / 15; pIyUSadhArA, mu0 ci04|11)| aura dekhie ratnamAlA (10 / 29), bR0 saM0 (103 / 48) / upanayana meM bRhaspati ko bar3I mahattA prApta hai, kyoMki vaha devoM kA guru hai evaM vANI kA svAmI hai aura upanayana kA sambandha vedAdhyayana se hai| bRhaspati kI sthiti para dhyAna diyA jAtA hai| kintu bRhaspati ke ThIka na rahane para kucha apavAda bhI lakSita kiye gaye haiN| eka apavAda yaha hai-'yadi bRhaspati janma-rAzi se 8 veM ghara meM ho yA siMha rAzi (jo sUrya kA svagRha hai) meM ho yA nIca (makara meM) ho, yA apane zatru ke ghara meM ho to bhI upanayana buddhivivarSanaM ca zeSeSu rogaM kurute bhayaM ca // napAjJayA brAhmaNasaMmatena vivAhakAle mRtasUtake c| baddhasya mokSe kratudIkSaNe ca sarveSu zastaM kSurakarma bheSu // rAjamArtaNDa (258, 272, 279), bhujabala (pR0 130-131), aparArka (pR0 30), smRtica0 (1,10 23) / antima zloka 0 saM0 (98314) meM bhI hai|

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300 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zubha hotA hai yadi catra meM sampAdita ho, jaba ki sUrya mIna (bRhaspati ke svagRha) meM ho|' yaha apavAda isalie hai ki upanayana kA mukhya kAla hai garbhAdhAna se AThavA~ varSa aura anya dazAe~ gauNa mahattva kI hotI haiM (dharmasindhu, pR0 201) / brAhmaNoM ke upanayana evaM samAvartana meM kucha hI nakSatra zubha mAne gaye haiM, yathA hasta, citrA, svAtI, puSya, dhaniSThA, revatI, azvinI, mRgazIrSa, punarvasu evaM zravaNa ; jaba candra zaktizAlI ho (arthAt zukla pakSa kI paMcamI se kRSNapakSa kI paMcamI taka) to kisI pratipAdita tithi para upanayana sampAdita honA cAhie (hemAdri, kAla, pR0 749; rAjamA0, zloka 316; aparArka, pR. 32) / vivAha ke lie ati jaTila niyama pratipAdita haiN| Azva0 gR0 (1 / 4 / 1-2) ne cAra saMskAroM (caula. upanayana, godAna evaM vivAha) ke lie bar3A sarala niyama diyA hai---uttarAyaNa, zukla pakSa evaM koI zubha nksstr| baudhA0 gR0 (1 / 1 / 18-20) ke anusAra vivAha kisI bhI mAsa meM ho sakatA hai, kintu kucha logoM ke anusAra ASAr3ha, mAgha evaM phAlguna vajita haiM, zubha nakSatra haiM rohiNI, mRgazIrSa, uttarA-phAlgunI evaM svaatii| Apa0 gR0 meM bhI yahI bAta hai| kauzikasUtra (75 / 2-4) madhyakAlIna evaM vartamAna kAla ke vyavahAra kI vidhi taka pahu~ca jAtA hai aura pratipAdita karatA hai ki vivAha-sampAdana kArtika pUrNimA se vaizAkha-pUrNimA taka ho sakatA hai, yA apane mana ke anusAra ho sakatA hai, kintu caitra kA mAsa yA AdhA caitra chor3a denA caahie| madhya evaM vartamAna kAla meM mataikya nahIM hai| rAjamArtaNDa ne caitra evaM pauSa ko chor3akara sabhI mAsa mAna liye haiN| kintu dharmasindhu ke mata se mAgha, phAlguna, vaizAkha evaM jyeSTha zubha haiM, mArgazIrSa madhyama hai; kucha granthoM meM ASAr3ha evaM kArtika AjJApita haiM aura dezAcAra ko mAnyatA de dI gayI hai| aba nakSatroM, saptAha-dinoM, graha-sthitiyoM, vizeSataH bRhaspati, zukra, sUrya evaM candra para vicAra karanA caahie| kintu aisA karane ke pUrva 11 vIM zatI ke pUrvArdha meM praNIta rAjamArtaNDa evaM bhujabala kI kanyA-vivAha-sambandhI sammati para jyotiSa meM vizvAsa karane vAle tathA usake anusAra calane vAle vyaktiyoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa karanA Avazyaka hai| rAjamArtaNDa meM AyA hai-jaba (AkrAmaka) rAjA ne deza para adhikAra kara liyA ho, jaba yuddha cala rahA ho, jaba mAtA-pitA kA jIvana bhaya meM (saMzaya meM) hoto prauDha kanyA ke vivAha ke lie kisI (zubha) kAla kI pratIkSA nahIM karanI cAhie; yadi kanyA ati prauDha ho aura dharma-virodhinI na ho to use, avizuddha hone para bhI, vivAha ke lie de denA cAhie, aura isa para vicAra nahIM karanA cAhie ki candra evaM lagna zaktizAlI haiM athavA 7. rAjJA graste'thavA yuddha pitaNAM praannsNshye| ati prauDhA tu yA kanyA na tu kAlaM pratIkSate // atiprauDhA tu yA kanyA na tu dhrmvirodhinii| avizuddhA tu sA deyA lgncndrblvinaa||raajmaartnndd (zloka 397-398), udvAhatattva (pa.0 124), ni0 si0 (pR0 303) dvArA uddhRta / saMvarta (zloka 67) meM pratipAdita hai ki yauvanAvasthA se pUrva kanyA kA vivAha ho jAnA cAhie, kintu ATha varSa kI kanyA kA vivAha prazaMsita honA caahie| parAzara (19) kA kathana hai ki yauvanAvasthA prApta kanyA se vivAha karane para brAhmaNa paMkti meM baiTha kara bhojana karane ke ayogya ho jAtA hai aura vaha vRSalI kA pati ho jAtA hai| rAjamArtaNDa (zloka 391) meM AyA hai : 'aSTavarSA bhaved gaurI dazavarSA ca knykaa| saMprApte dvAdaze varSe parastAttu rajasvalA // ' ataHprauDha kanyA ke viSaya meM kucha lAMchana laga gaye haiN| bhujabala (pR0 152) meM AyA hai : 'dazavarSavyatikrAntA kanyA shuddhivijitaa| tasmAttArendulagnAnAM zuddhau pANigraho mtH||' ataH rAjamArtaNDa ne 'avizuddhA' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| udvAhatattva ne isa niyama ko yaha kahakara mRdu banA diyA hai ki prauDha kanyA ke vivAha meM kevala candra evaM lagna kA vicAra karanA caahie|

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vivAha kara-kamalApaka 301 hIM / ' bhujabala ( yA bhujabalabhIma) ne kahA hai-- RSiyoM kI ghoSaNA hai ki kanyA ke viSaya meM grahoM, varSoM, mAsa: naRRtu evaM dinoM kI zuddhatA ( zubhakaratA) para tabhI vicAra hotA hai jaba vaha dasa varSoM kI rahatI hai (udvAhattva, pR0 124 evaM jyotistattva, pR0 605 meM uddhRta ) / vivAha-nakSatroM ke viSaya meM matabheda hai, kintu rohiNI, mRgazIrSa, maghA, uttarAphAlgunI, uttarASAr3hA, uttarAbhAdrapadA, hasta, svAtI, mUla, anurAdhA, revatI ke viSaya meM sabhI sahamata haiM (bR0 saM0 20011 ) / datta Adi ne 4 nakSatra aura jor3a diye haiM, yathA, azvinI, citrA, zravaNa evaM ghaniSThA / kintu yadi inameM koI kesI duSTa ( yA hAnikara ) graha se saMyukta ho to use chor3a denA caahie| saptAha meM soma, budha, bRhaspati evaM zukravAra zubha haiM, aura anya tIna madhyama haiN| jyotistattva dvArA uddhRta eka zloka ke anusAra saptAha ke dinoM kA rAtri meM bhAva nahIM hotA, vizeSataH maMgalavAra, zanivAra evaM ravivAra kA / tithiyoM meM amAvAsyA varjita hai; riktA tithiyA~ (cauthI, navamI evaM caturdazI ) kucha acchI haiM; anya tithiyA~ zubha phaladAyaka haiM; zukla pakSa atyuttama hai; tathA kRSNa rakSa meM trayodazI taka kI tithiyA~ madhyama haiM / yadi bRhaspati zubha ho to chaH varSoM ke uparAnta kanyA kA vivAha sama varSoM meM karanA cAhie, kintu jaba sUrya zubha ho to lar3ake kA vivAha viSama varSoM meM karanA cAhie; kintu donoM kA vivAha zubha hai yadi candra kalyANakara ho / yadi bRhaspati ucca ho, svagRhI ho yA apane mitra ke gRha meM ho to vaha pUrNa jIvana, dhana-sampatti ke vividha prakAra Adi detA hai; kintu yadi vaha prathama yA AThaveM gRha meM ho, yA nIca ho, yA apane zatru ke gRha meM ho, asta ho to vaha vaidhavya evaM santati-kleza pradAna karatA hai / vivAha ke samaya lagna ke viSaya meM nimnokta grahoM ko jita karanA cAhie : sUrya ko apane se tIsare, chaThe evaM 8veM ghara meM; candra ko dUsare, tIsare yA cauthe ghara meM, maMgala ko tIsare yA chaTheM ghara meM; budha evaM bRhaspati ko AThaveM evaM 12 veM ghara meN| yadi zukra lagna meM ho, yA apane se {sare, cauthe, pA~caveM, naveM yA 10 veM ghara meM ho, aura usase zani, rAhu evaM ketu tIsare, chaThe evaM AThaveM ghara meM hoM, aura lagna se 11 veM ghara meM pratyeka graha ho to vivAha se Ananda kI prApti hotI hai| yadi vivAha ke samaya bRhaspati janma kI rAzi se dUsare, 5 veM, 7 veM 9 veM evaM 11 veM ghara meM ho to vaha kanyA ke lie zubha hotA hai; yadi vaha pahale, tIsare, chaThe yA 10 veM meM ho to vaha zAnti-kRtya kara dene se zubhakara ho jAtA hai; yadi vaha cauthe, 8 veM yA 12 veM ho to azubhakara hotA hai; kintu yadi vaha vivAha ke samaya karka, dhanu yA mIna meM ho to azubhatA kA tyAga kara detA hai, bhale hI vaha cauthe, 8 veM, yA 12 veM meM ( janma kI rAzi se ) ho / Apatti kAla meM cauthe yA 12 veM ghara meM avasthita bRhaspati do zAntiyoM (bRhaspati - homoM) se tathA AThaveM meM avasthita bRhaspati tIna zAntiyoM (zAnti - kRtyoM) se zubha ho jAtA hai| lar3ake (vara) ke viSaya meM janma kI rAzi se tIsare, 6The, 10 veM yA 11veM kA sUrya zubha hotA hai; kintu anya rAziyoM meM avasthita sUrya homa kara dene se zubha ho jAtA hai / yadi kanyA yauvanAvasthA meM A gayI ho to bRhaspati kI zubhatA para vicAra nahIM karanA cAhie, yahA~ taka ki yadi kanyA kI rAzi se bRhaspati 8veM gRha meM ho taba bhI tIna zAntiyA~ karake vivAha sampAdita kara denA caahie| yadi bRhaspati sUrya ke ghara ( arthAt siMha rAzi ) meM ho aura sUrya bRhaspati ke ghara ( mIna yA dhanu) meM ho ise gurvAditya kahA jAtA hai aura yaha sabhI kRtyoM ke lie nindita mAnA jAtA hai| siMhastha guru ke viSaya meM madhyakAla ke granthoM meM bahuta kucha ullikhita hai, jise Aja bhI loga yathAvat mAnate mAye haiN| 'rAjamArtaNDa ne isa para chaH zloka likhe haiM / jaba bRhaspati (guru) siMha rAzi meM hotA hai to katipaya kRtya azubha mAne jAte haiM, yathA raNayAtrA, vivAha, upanayana, gRha praveza, deva-pratimA pratiSThApana / RSiyoM ne kucha

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302 varmazAstra kA itihAsa parimArjana upasthita kiye haiN| parAzara meM AyA hai ki gaMgA evaM godAvarI ke madhya ke dezoM meM, jaba bRhaspati siMhastha ho, vivAha-kRtya nahIM karanA cAhie tathA sabhI (bhArata ke) dezoM meM jaba bRhaspati maghA nakSatra (arthAt siMha ke prathama nakSatra) meM ho aura sUrya mIna meM ho to vivAha nahIM honA caahie| vasiSTha ne kahA hai-'gaMgA ke uttara evaM godAvarI ke dakSiNa ke dezoM meM siMhastha guru meM vivAha evaM upanayana burA nahIM hai (bhujabala, pR0 275; rAjamArtaNDa, zloka 1057; ni0 si0, 10 305) / muhUrtoM ke jaTila svabhAva ke kAraNa vivAha ke lie godhUli yA goraja nAmaka laghu mArga apanAyA jAtA hai| rAjamArtaNDa ne isa viSaya meM 10 zloka diye haiM (550-559) jinameM tIna yoM haiM --'vaha samaya jaba ki sUrya asta hotA huA kuMkuma yA lAla candanalepa ke samAna pratIta hotA hai, jaba ki nabha meM sthita tArAgaNa apane prakAza se TimaTimAte hue nahIM dIkhate, jaba ki nabha gAyoM ke khuroM kI nokoM se cUrNa kI huI dhUli se bhara jAtA hai vaha velA dhanadhAnya' kI vRddhi karane vAlI godhUlikA kahalAtI hai| isa muhUrta meM graha, tithiyA~, viSTi yA tArAgaNa yA nakSatra (RkSa) vighna nahIM utpanna karate; yaha avyAhata yoga bhArgava dvArA vivAha-kAla evaM yAtrA ke lie udghoSita hai| jaba koI anya vizuddha lagna nahIM ho to RSigaNa isa godhUlikA (muhUrta) ko vizuddha kaha kara Adeza dete haiM ; kintu yadi vizuddha evaM balavAn lagna prApta ho jAya to godhUlikA muhUrta zubha phala nahIM pradAna krtaa| dharmasindhu (pR0 254) ne kevala muhUrtamArtaNDa (4 / 38) ko uddhRta kiyA hai, jahA~ yaha AyA hai ki yaha muhUrta kevala zUdroM ke lie hai, kintu atyanta kaThinAI ke samaya, jaba ki kanyA yauvanAvasthA ko prApta ho gayI ho, yaha brAhmaNoM evaM anya vargoM ke logoM ke lie zubha ho sakatA hai| Ajakala bhI kabhI-kabhI sabhI vargoM dvArA yaha goraja-muhUrta apanAyA jAtA hai| vivAha-sambandhI bahuta-se jaTila jyotiSIya viSaya haiM, yathA dazayogacakra evaM saptazalAkAcakra, jinako hama sthAna-saMkoca se yahIM chor3a dete haiN| kintu eka viSaya para, jisake bAre meM Aja bhI vicAra hotA hai, hama saMkSepa meM kucha kaheMge, yathA vadhU evaM vara kI janma-rAzi evaM nakSatroM se sambandhita ATha kUToM kI tulanA para guNoM kI gaNanA krnaa| isa viSaya ko vadhUvaramelApaka vicAra yA ghaTitaguNavicAra kI saMjJA milI hai| ATha kUTa ye haiM-~~varNa, vazya, tArA, yoni, grahamaitrI, gaNamaitrI, rAzikUTa evaM nAr3I (mu0 ci0 6 / 21) / varNa kA eka guNa yA lakSaNa, vazya ke do, tArA ke tIna'. . . isa prakAra kula 36 guNa haiN| inameM sabhI, kahIM bhI vyAkhyAyita nahIM haiM, yahA~ taka ki saba se anta meM Ane vAle grantha bhI sabhI kuToM kA vivaraNa nahIM upasthita krte| dharmasindhu ne anta ke cAra kUToM para hI vicAra kiyA hai| Ajakala bhI brAhmaNoM evaM anya jAtiyoM meM gaNa evaM nAr3I ko vizeSa mahattva diyA 8. yAvatkuMkumaraktacandananibhopyastaM gato bhAskaro yAvaccoDugaNo nabhaHsthalagato no dRzyate rshmibhiH| gobhizcApi khurAnabhAgadalitavyApta nabhaH pAMsubhiH sA velA dhanadhAnyavRddhijananI godhUlikA shsyte|| nAsminprahA na tithayo na ca viSTivArA RkSANi naiva janayanti kadA na vighnam / avyAhataH sa tu nAmavA (satatameva ? ) vivAhakAle yAtrAsu cAyamudito bhRgujena yogaH // lagnaM yadA nAsti vizuddhamanyad godhUlikaM sAdhu tdaavishnti| lagne vizuddha sati vIryayukte godhUlikaM naiva zubhaM visste||raajmaartnndd (zloka, 551, 556 evaM 559); ' jyotistatva (pR0 610611) / milAie bR0 saM0 (102 / 13) : goparyaSTyA hatAnAM khurapuTadalitA yA tu dhUlidinAnte soDhAhe sundarINAM vipuldhnsutaarogysaubhaagykoN| tasminkAle na cakSaM na ca tithikaraNaM naiva lagnaM na yogaH khyAtaH puMsAM sukhArtha zamayati duritAnyutthitaM gorjstu||

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cana-tArAvala, mAtrAmuhUrta 303 jAtA hai| ina donoM para isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa 2 meM vicAra ho cakA hai| mu. mA0 (4 / 1-12), mu. ci0 (6 / 21-35), saMskAra-prakAza (vIramitrodaya kA bhAga) evaM saMskAraratnamAlA meM ina ATha kUToM para vistRta prakAza DAlA gayA hai| bahuta-sI bAtoM ko eka niyama ne sarala banA diyA hai, yathA yadi vadhU evaM vara ke janma kI eka hI rAzi ho, kintu donoM ke janma-nakSatra bhinna hoM, yA nakSatra to eka hI ho kintu rAziyA~ bhinna hoM to gaNa evaM nAr3I Adi kA vicAra nahIM hotA, yadi donoM kA nakSatra eka hI ho aura ve donoM vibhinna dizAoM meM utpanna hue hoM to vivAha zubha mAnA jAtA hai| vivAha meM bRhaspati kI anukUlatA ko bahuta mahatva diyA jAtA hai| ratnamAlA (16 / 26) meM AyA hai-'budha, jo udaya ho (sUrya se dUra rahane para), aura janma-patra ke prathama, cauthe evaM 10 veM sthAna ko grahaNa karatA ho, eka sau jyotiSIya doSoM kA zamana karatA hai| zukra isa prakAra ke dUne doSoM ko dUra karatA hai aura devoM ke guru (bRhaspati) jaba prabala hote haiM to zata-sahasra doSoM ko dUra karate haiN|' vivAha meM candrabala evaM tArAbala donoM kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| yaha pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai ki janma ke nakSatra se tIsarA, pA~cavA~ evaM sAtavA~ nakSatra krama se 'vipad', 'pratyari' (zatru ke sammukha) evaM 'vadha' (nAza) kahalAtA hai aura ve sabhI apane nAmoM ke anurUpa phala pradAna karate haiM; ataH unakA zubha kRtyoM, vizeSataH vivAha meM tyAga karanA par3atA hai| janma se lekara nakSatra tIna-daloM ke AdhAra para 9 bhAgoM meM ba~Te haiN| dUsare dala meM duSTa nakSatra haiM 12 vA~, 14 vA evaM 16 vA~ tathA tIsare dala meM haiM 21 vA~, 23 vA~ evaM 25 vaaN| aisI vyavasthA thI ki jahA~ candra balavAn hai to tArAbala para vicAra nahIM kiyA jAtA, kintu jahA~ candra durbala (jaisA ki kRSNa pakSa meM) hai vahA~ tArAbala mahattvapUrNa hotA hai| kucha lekhakoM ne janma-nakSatra ko bhI kucha kRtyoM meM varjita mAnA hai, yadyapi vaha anya kRtyoM meM svIkArya hai| 'vipad', 'pratyari' evaM 'vadha' nAmaka duSTa tArA brAhmaNoM ko gur3a, namaka evaM sone kA dAna tila ke sAtha dekara prasanna kiye jA sakate haiN| vivAha ke viSaya meM rAjamArtaNDa (zloka 611-612) kA kathana hai-'tithi se dina kA mUlya caugunA, nakSatra kA 16 gunA, yoga kA sau gunA, sUrya kA sahasra gunA hotA hai aura candra kA mUlya lAkha gunA hotA hai| ataH anya baloM kI apekSA candrabala ko adhika mahattva diyA jAnA caahie| aba bhArata meM rAjA kA mahattva nahIM raha gayA hai ataH rAjyAbhiSeka ke muhUrtoM kA mahattva nAmamAtra kA raha gayA hai, isalie hama isa prakAra ke muhUrtoM kA ullekha nahIM kreNge| jo loga par3hanA cAheM ve dekheM ratnamAlA (14 / 1-8), mu0 mA0 (811), mu0 ci0 (10 / 1-4), rAjanItiratnAkara (pR0 82-84, DA0 ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla dvArA smpaadit)| eka anya jyotiSIya zabda hai yAtrA, jisake do artha haiM : (1) tIrtha ke lie yA dhana kamAne ke lie yAtrA tathA (2) vijaya ke lie rAjA kI rnn-yaatraa| prathama prakAra sabhI vargoM meM samAna hai, kintu dUsarA kevala kSatriyoM yA rAjA ke lie hai (mu0 ci0 1111) / isa viSaya meM na kevala jyotiSa-granthoM, pratyuta smRtiyoM, kauTilya ke arthazAstra evaM purANoM meM bahuta mahattva prApta hai| AzramavAsikaparva (7 / 12-18), manu (7 / 181-212), matsya0 (240-243), agni0 (233-235), viSNudharmottara (21175-176), arthazAstra (9, usakA kArya jo AkrAmaka honA cAhatA hai, evaM 10, yuddha ke sambandha meM) ne vistAra ke sAtha yAna yA yAtrA kA vivecana kiyA hai| bRhatsaMhitA (adhyAya 2, pR0 61, karna kA sampAdana evaM pR0 71, dvivedI kA sampAdana) meM yAtrA ke viSayoM ko isa prakAra rakhA gayA hai-yAtrA ke antargata ucita tithiyoM, divasoM, karaNoM, nakSatroM, muhUtoM, vilagna (prasthAna ke samaya kA lagna), (vibhinna) yoga (grahoM, nakSatroM, rAziyoM Adi ke yoga), zarIra-spandanoM, svapnoM, vijaya-snAnoM, graha-yajJoM,

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304 barmazAstra kA itihAsa gaNa-yAgoM (deva-gaNoM kA daloM meM pUjana, yathA guhyaka), agniliMgoM (homa ke samaya agni-jvAlA ke saMketoM), hAthI, ghor3oM ke iMgitoM, senA ke logoM kI bAtacItoM evaM ceSTAoM, nava-grahoM, 6 guNoM (saMghi, vigraha, yAna, Asana, dvaidhIbhAva, Azraya) ke prayoga (grahoM ke balAnusAra), zubhAzubha vastuoM evaM dRzyoM, cAra upAyoM (sAma, dAna, daNDa, bheda), zakunoM, sainya-niveza (senA-par3Ava), agni-varNa (agni jvAlA ke raMga), mantriyoM, caroM, dUtoM, ATavikoM kI yathAkAla meM niyukti evaM paradurgoM ko prApta karane ke sAdhanoM kA jJAna sammilita hai| - varAhamihira ne bRhatsaMhitA meM yAtrA ke viSayoM para kaI adhyAya (43 / 50, 88-96) likhane ke atirikta tIna anya grantha likhe haiM, yathA bRhadyogayAtrA, yogayAtrA evaM TikkanikA / bRhatsaMhitA ke atirikta varAhamihira ne yAtrA para 1100 zloka likhe haiN| pazcAtkAlIna grantha, yathA, ratnamAlA (15 / 1-74), rAjamArtaNDa (zloka 653-795), mu. ci0 (111-109) ne bhI yAtrA para likhA hai| 'yogayAtrA' nAma par3ane kA kAraNa yoM hai-jaba yuddha sira para khar3A rahatA hai to zubha tithiyoM, divasoM, nakSatra Adi kA vicAra karane evaM unako johane se adhika derI ho sakatI hai| ataH kisI sthira sthAnavartI kinhIM grahoM kI sthitiyoM (arthAt yoga) para jyotiSIya DhaMga se vicAra kiyA jAtA hai|' yogayAtrA evaM ratnamAlA meM AyA hai-'jisa prakAra viSa bhI (dUdha jaise padArthoM se mizrita hone para) amRta ke samAna kArya kara sakatA hai yA jisa prakAra madhu ghRta se mizrita hone para viSa kA rya kara sakatA hai, usI prakAra graha apanI viziSTa zakti kA tyAga karake kinhIM yogoM ke kAraNa anya phala de sakatA hai| rAjA yogoM meM raNayAtrA karate haiM. cora evaM cAraNa zakunoM para kArya karate haiM, brAhmaNa nakSatroM ke gaNoM ke AdhAra para kArya karate haiM, anya loga (inake atirikta) muhUrtoM kI zakti se apanI kArya-siddhi prApta karate haiN| yadi kisI vyakti ke janma (lagna) ke samaya kI rAzi kA patA na ho, to yAtrA ke viSaya meM prazna karane ke lagna kA prayoga jyotiSa-sambandhI bAtoM ke lie ho sakatA hai| yadi aisA lagna meSa, karka evaM tulA ho yA makara ho aura usameM zubha graha hoM yA usa para unameM se kisI kI zubha dRSTi ho, to prazna-kartA apane saMkalpa meM saphala hotA hai; kintu yadi lagna meM cAhe maMgala evaM candra ho yA candra para zani kI dRSTi ho yA vaha 7veM yA 8veM ghara meM ho aura sUrya lagna meM ho yA koI duSTa graha lagna meM ho yA cauthe, 7veM yA 8veM ghara meM ho to ina sabhI sthitiyoM meM praznakartA (zatruoM dvArA) harAyA jAyagA yA naSTa hogA (mu0 ci0 11 // 4-5) / yAtrA meM saptAha-divasoM kA koI mahattva nahIM hai| yAtrA ke lie SaSThI, aSTamI, dvAdazI, pUrNimA, amAvAsyA, riktA tithiyA~ (cauthI, navamI evaM caturdazI) evaM zukla pratipadA pratipAdita nahIM haiM (anya haiN)| yAtrA 9 nakSatroM, yathA azvinI, punarvasu, anurAdhA, mRgazirA, puSya, revatI, hasta, zravaNa evaM dhaniSThA meM pratipAdita hai| yogayAtrA (4), rA0 mA0 (695-752), ra0 mA0 (15 / 1-74), mu. ci0 (11155-74) ne katipaya yogoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinameM rAjA saphala hotA hai| udAharaNasvarUpa kucha yoga yoM haiM-vaha rAjA, jisakI raNayAtrA ke kAla ke lagna meM bRhaspati ho, budha evaM zukra krama se cauthe evaM pA~caveM ghara meM hoM, maMgala evaM zani chaThe meM hoM, sUrya tIsare meM ho tathA candra 10 veM meM ho, manovAMchita phala kI prApti karatA hai (yo0 yA0 4 / 6 ; mu0 ci0 11155); rAjA vijayI hotA hai jaba bRhaspati lagna meM ho aura anya graha dUsare evaM tIsare ghara meM hoM (mu0 ci0 11159); yadi prayANa ke samaya zukra, budha evaM sUrya krama se dUsare evaM tIsare ghara meM hoM to usake zatru yuddhAgni meM pataMgoM ke samAna girate haiM (yo0 yA0 4 / 11); jaba zukra cauthe, tIsare yA 11veM ghara meM rahatA hai, aura usa para bRhaspati kI dRSTi rahatI hai, jo kendra (pahale, cauthe, 7 veM yA 10 vA~ ghara) meM rahatA hai aura duSTa graha 7 veM yA 8 veM yA 9 ve meM na hokara anya gharoM meM hote haiM to aise yogoM se rAjA ko dhana (evaM vijaya) adhika mAtrA meM prApta hotA hai|

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yAtrA ke muhala evaM zubhAluma kA vicAra 305 kucha anya bAtoM kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA jA sakatA hai| pauSa se Age ke cAra mAsoM meM varSA binA Rtu vAlI kahI jAtI hai| usake uparAnta 7 dinoM taka vrata evaM yAtrA nahIM karanI cAhie; binA Rtu kI varSA se rAjA ke prayANa meM koI doSa nahIM hotA, yadi sthala para manuSyoM evaM pazuoM ke caraNa-cihna na hoN| mu0 ci0 (11176) meM AyA hai ki jaba taka upanayana, mUrti-sthApana, vivAha, (holikA jaise) utsava, azauca (janma-maraNa para sUtaka) samApta na ho jAya~ aura anRtu-varSA, vajrapAta yA tuSArapAta ke uparAnta 7 dina bIta na jAye taba taka yAtrA nahIM karanI caahie| dekhie ra0 mA0 (15159) / gRha-praveza kI tithi ke uparAntaH navamI dina ko gRha ke bAhara jAnA yA jAne ke uparAnta praveza karanA tathA svayaM navamI vajita hai; yahI bApta saptAha-divasa evaM nakSatra ke viSaya meM bhI hai (mu0 ci0 11179) / zukra sammukha ho to prasthAna nahIM karanA caahie| yaha vizvAsa bahuta prAcIna hai, yaha zAntiparva evaM kAlidAsa meM bhI ullikhita hai| yadi rAjA yA kisI ne kisI zubha dina yA yoga meM yAtrA karane kA nirNaya kara liyA ho, kintu kisI apratyAzita yA anivArya kArya se vAstavika jAnA na ho pAye to use prasthAna (prArambha kara ke kucha dUra jAkara punaH lauTa AnA yA zubha dina para koI vastu bheja denA aura usake uparAnta kucha nizcita dinoM ke bhItara prayANa kara denA) rakha denA cAhie / brAhmaNa ko janeka (yazIpavIta), kSaSiya ko koI hathiyAra, vaizya ko madhu, zUdra ko koI pavitra phala (nAspila AdiH) bhejanA cAhie yA kisI bhI varNa vAle ko apanI koI priya vastu bhejanI cAhie (rA0 mA0, zloka 771; mu. ci0 11389) / isa viSaya meM, arthAt kitanI dUra jAyeM aura lauTa AyeM, RSiyoM ke matoM meM bheda hai| gArgya ke mata se vyakti ko apane ghara se dUsare ghara (bahuta sannikaTa) meM jAnA cAhie; bhRgu ke mata se apane gA~dha kI sImA pAra karake dUsare gAMva meM ThaharanA cAhie; bharadvAja ke mata se zarakSepa (eka tIra jitanI dUra pahu~catA hai) taka, tathA vasiSTha ke mata se nagara ke bAhara ho jAnA caahie|" prasthAna yAtrA kI dizA meM hI honA caahie| yadi rAjA prasthAna kare to use 10 dinoM taka eka sthAna para nahIM TikA rahanA cAhie (arthAt vaha 9 dinoM taka Thahara sakatA hai), sAmanta (mANDalika) sAta dinoM taka tathA sAdhAraNa vyakti pA~ca dinoM taka ; kintu koI ina nirdhArita avadhiyoM se adhika Thahara jAtA hai to use punaH naye muhUrta meM yAtrA karanI cAhie (ra0 mA0 15 / 56; mu0 ci0 11192) / Ajakala bhI prasthAna kI paramparA hai, aura loga bahudhA par3osI ke ghara meM cAvala, supAr3I, haldI Adi rakhakara vAstavika yAtrA ke samaya use lekara cala dete haiN| yogayAtrA (13 / 3) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki raNayAtrA ke samaya rAjA ko 'maMgala' vastu kA darzana, zravaNa evaM sparza karanA caahie| veda evaM vedAMgoM ke pAThoM ke, zaMkhoM ke, Dholaka ke, 'puNyAha' (yaha pavitra dina hai) jaise zabdoM ke evaM purANoM ke svara; dharmazAstra, arthazAstra, mahAbhArata evaM rAmAyaNa; sArasoM, cASoM, mayUroM, haMsoM evaM jIvaMjIvaka (cakora) kI cahacahAhaTa ; paMkila kachuoM kI pIThoM para baiThe kaue; bilva vRkSa, caurI, candana, bachar3e ke sAtha gAya, bakarI, priyaMgulatA, bhune hue anna, puruSoM se bhare ratha zubha vastue~ haiM; jhaNDe, sarvoSadhi, svastika cihna, 9. yato vAyuryataH sUryo yataH zukrastato jyH|puurv pUrva jyAya eSAM sannipAte yudhiSThira ||shaanti0 (100 / 20); dRSTiprapAtaM parihRtya tasya kAmaH puraH zukramiva pryaanne| kumArasambhava (3 / 43) / 10. gRhAda gahAntaraM gAyaH sImnaH sImAntaraM bhRguH| zarakSepAda bharadvAjo vasiSTho ngraadvhiH|| rA0 mA0 (zloka 769); mu. ci0 (11310) / 39

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dharmazAla kA itihAsa 306 bheMToM se yukta pAtra; ghor3A, azuSka sirakA, gobara, sarasoM, darpaNa, rassI se ba~dhA baila, mAMsa, jalapUrNa ghar3A, pagar3I, bA~surI, chatra, dahI, madhu, ghI, pIlA rogana, kumArI lar3akI, jhaMDe kA stambha, sonA, kamala, zaMkha, zveta baila, puSpa, sundara vastra, machalI, sundara DhaMga se vastrAvRta brAhmaNa, sar3aka para calane vAle, vezyAe~, jalatI agni, hAthI, bhIMgI bhUmi, aMkuza, hathiyAra; ratna, yathA marakata, mANikya, sphaTika; putra ke sAtha yuvatI nArI; ina cihnoM evaM padArthoM ko isa prakAra vyavasthita rakhanA cAhie ki ve apane Apa dRSTigocara ho jaayeN| aura dekhie agni0 (adhyAya 343), 20 bhA0 ( 15/97-98), mu0 mA0 (7 / 15-16) aadi| zubhAzubha dRzyoM, pazuoM, vyaktiyoM evaM padArthoM kI lambI sUciyA~ bRhatsaMhitA (adhyAya 86 96, RSabha, bhAguri, devala, bhAradvAja Adi para AdhArita tathA garga Adi ke yAtrA -granthoM ke, jinameM sabhI prakAra ke zakunoM kA ullekha hai, yathA kuttoM kA bhauMkanA, pakSiyoM evaM kooM kI boliyoM para AdhArita), bRhadyogayAtrA (adhyAya 21 - 28), yogayAtrA (13 / 14 ), mu0 ci0 ( 11 99-100 ), mu0 bhA0 (7 / 17-19), rAjanItiprakAza ( pR0 335 - 360 ) meM pAyI jAtI haiN| yogayAtrA kA eka zloka udAharaNa ke lie yahA~ diyA jA rahA hai- nimna azubha haiM ( yAtrA meM kapAsa, auSagha (jar3I-bUTI); kAlA anna, namaka, napuMsaka vyakti, asthiya, tAla ( haratAla ), agni, sA~pa, koyalA, viSa, keMcula ( sA~pa kI carma khola), mala, kezAri (churA ), rogI, jisane vamana kiyA ho, pAgale, jar3a ( lakavA kA mArA huA), aMdhA, tRNa (ghAsa ), tuSa (bhUsI), kSutkSAma ( kSudhA se pIr3ita ) vyakti taka (maThA ), zatru, muNDita sira vAlA vyakti, tela lagAyA huA vyakti, bikhare bAla vAlA vyakti, pApI, lAla vastra dhAraNa karane vAlA vyakti / ' gRhyasUtroM evaM dharmasUtroM meM bhI gRha nirmANa ( vAstu) eka mahattvapUrNa viSaya mAnA gayA hai| isa mahAtmya ke khaNDa do meM gRha nirmANa evaM prathama praveza ke viSaya meM likhA huA hai, kintu vahA~ jyotiSIya carcA nahIM huI hai / pAraskara gR0 (3 / 4 / 1-2 ) meM kevala itanA AyA hai ki kisI zubha dina meM gRha nirmANa ( zAlAkarma) karanA cAhie / hiraNyakezigRhya ( 1 / 27 / 1 ) meM vizeSa bAteM haiM; zAlAkarma uttarAyaNa meM, zukla pakSa meM tathA rohiNI yA tIna uttarAoM meM karanA caahie| matsya0 (a0 253 ) ra0 bhA0 (a0 17) rA0 bhA0 (zlo0 805-884) hemAdri (kAla0 pR0 817-829) muhUrtadarzana ( 9 ) jyotistatva ( pR0 662-670), mu0ci0 ( 1211-29 ), ni0 si0 ( pR0 364 ) meM gRha nirmANa kA ullekha hai / matsya 0 ( 252 / 2-4 ) ne vAstuzAstra ke 18 AcAryoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| matsya0 ne 12 mahInoM meM gRha nirmANa ke phaloM kA varNana kiyA hai| ASAr3ha meM gRha nirmANa se roga, acchI gAyeM, mRtyu, acche naukara evaM pazuoM kI prApti hotI hai; kArtika meM naukara, hAni, patnIkI mRtyu, dhanadhAnya; phAlguna meM cAvala, coroM se bhaya, bahuta-se lAbha, sonA evaM putra / zubha nakSatra ye haiM- azvinI, rohiNI, mUla, tIna uttarAe~, mRgazIrSa, svAtI, hasta evaM anurAdhA; dinoM meM ravivAra evaM maMgalavAra ko chor3a anya zubha haiM / rA0 bhA0 (zloka 886-887) ne bahuta-sI jyotiSIya AvazyakatAoM ko do zlokoM meM yoM vyakta kiyA hai : 'RSiyoM kathana hai ki gRha nirmANa kA zubha karma zubha tArA se yukta punarvasu, puSya, rohiNI, mRgazIrSa, citrA, dhaniSThA, tInoM 11. kArpAsauvadha kRSNadhAnyalavaNa klIbAsthitAlAnalaM sarpAGgAragarAhicarmazakRtaH kezArisavyAdhitAH / vAtonmattajaDAndhakatR NatuSakSutkSAmatakrArayo muNDAbhyaktavimuktakezapatitAH kASAyiNazcAzubhAH // bRhadyogayAtrA (27 / 6), yogayAtrA (13 | 14), TikkanikAyAtrA (9/15 ) ; matsya 0 ( 243|1-8), Adi0 (29 / 34 ), nAradasmRti ( prakIrNaka 54), piyUSadhArA ( mu0 ci0 11199-100 ) /

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gRha-nirmANa, praveza moramatikA mahataM uttarAoM, revatI, zravaNa, zatabhiSA, anurAdhA, svAtI nakSatroM meM, somavAra, budhavAra, bRhaspativAra yA zukravAra ke dina, zubha yoga para, riktA tithiyoM (cauthI, navamI evaM caturdazI) ko chor3a kara kisI anya tithi para, usa dina jaba viSTi na ho, jaba zubha graha kendra (prathama, cauthe, 7 veM evaM 10 veM gharoM) meM hoM, jaba bRhaspati lagna yA kendra meM ho, yA zukra ina gharoM meM kahIM ho aura gRhI kI rAzi zubha ho, jaba koI sthira nakSatra udita ho rahA ho taba Arambha karanA cAhie yA prathama gRha-praveza karanA caahie| ratnamAlA kA kathana hai ki gRha-nirmANa cara rAziyoM meM nahIM honA caahie| bahuta-sI aisI jaTila gaNanAe~ evaM rekhAkRtiyA~ banI haiM jo gRha-nirmANa ke Arambha ke ucita kAloM kA patA calAtI haiM, yathA Aya, vyaya evaM rAhamukhacaka jinakA vivecana yahA~ nahIM kiyA jaayegaa| .. . . gRha-praveza ke silasile meM dekhie rAjamArtaNDa (zloka 887, 900-908), ratnamAlA (18 / 1-11), jyotistattva (pR0 670-71), mu0 ci0 (13), ni0 si0 (pR0 366) / rA0 mA0 kA kathana haiM ki gRha-praveza revatI, dhaniSThA, zatabhiSak, rohiNI, tInoM uttarAoM, zubha dina, jaba candra durbala na ho, riktA ko chor3a anya tithiyoM meM honA caahie| gRha-praveza ke samaya pharza para puSpa bikhare hoM, toraNa bane hoM, jalapUrNa pAtra (kalaza) rakhe hoM, jinameM candana, puSpa evaM homa se deva-pUjA kI gayI ho aura jahA~ brAhmaNoM dvArA veda-pATha ho rahA ho| . devamUrti-pratiSThApana ke ucita kAloM ke viSaya meM bR0 saM0 (60120-21), matsya0 (264), viSNudharmottara (3196), rA0 mA0 (zloka 909-943), hemAdri (kAla, pR0 830-847), jyotistattva (pR0 666-667 evaM 672-73), ni0 si0 (pR0 334-335), dha0 si0 (pR. 318) meM bahuta kucha ullikhita hai| bR0 saM0 (60 / 20-21) meM AyA hai uttarAyaNa, zukla pakSa meM, jaba candra bRhaspati ke varga meM ho, jaba lagna sthira rAzi kA ho, lagna kI navamAMza rAzi sthira ho, jaba zubha graha kendra meM hoM yA janma-patrikA ke 5 veM evaM 9 veM ghara meM hoM, jaba duSTa praha tIsare, chaThe, 10 veM yA 11veM sthAna meM hoM, dhrava yA madanakSatra zravaNa, puSya yA svAtI jaise hoM, zabha dina (maMgala ko chor3akara) para deva-sthApana honA caahie|' matsya (26413-12) ke mata se jaba mUrti kI pratiSThA caitra, vaizAkha, jyeSTha, mAgha yA phAlguna meM ho, dakSiNAyana ke uparAnta zukla pakSa meM ho, dUsarI, tIsarI, 5 vIM, 7 vI, 10 vIM tithiyoM meM ho, pUrNimA, trayodazI (sarvottama tithi) meM ho yA 16 nakSatroM (bharaMNI, kRttikA, ArdrA, punarvasu, AzleSA, maghA, pUrvA phAlgunI, citrA, vizAkhA, dhaniSThA, zatatArakA ko chor3a kara) meM ho, jaba lagna para budha, bRhaspati evaM zukra kI dRSTi ho, zubha yoga ho, jaba lagna yA nakSatra (pratiSThApana kA) duSTa grahoM se gRhIta na ho aura brAhma muhUrta ho, to zubha phala prApta hote haiN| _ratnamAlA (20 / 2-3) ne vibhinna devoM kI mUrti-pratiSThA ke lie vibhinna nakSatroM kI vyavasthA dI hai aura manoraMjaka bAta yaha hai ki usameM bauddha pratimA sthApana ke lie zravaNa nakSatra kA pratipAdana haiN| mAtAoM, bhairava, varAha, narasiMha evaM trivikrama avatAroM, devI (mahiSAsuramardinI) kI pratimAoM kI sthApanA dakSiNAyana meM bhI ho sakatI hai| liMga-sthApana ke lie viziSTa niyama haiM (dekhie nirNayasindhu, pR0 335-336) / rA0 mA0 (zloka 942) ke maMta se mUrti sthApanA ke lie dvitIyA, tRtIyA, dazamI, trayodazI evaM paJcadazI kI tithiyA~ mAnya haiM, itanA hI nahIM, pratyuta sthApaka kI icchA se saptamI evaM SaSThI bhI mAnya ho sakatI haiN| . . madhyakAlika granthoM, yathA rA0 mA0, bhujabala, mu. mA0, jyotistattva, ni0 siM0 meM sUrya ke nIce sabhI viSayoM (dhArmika honA koI Avazyaka nahIM) ke muhUrtoM evaM azubha kAloM kA vivecana pAyA jAtA hai, yathA pazuoM, galloM Adi kA kraya-vikraya, kRSikarma, vRkSAropaNa, kUpoM, puSkaroM Adi kA khodanA, tela-snAna, triphalA-snAna Adi ke viSayoM meN|

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308 barmazAstra kA itihAsa uparyukta bAtoM se prakaTa hai ki bhAratIyoM ke mana ko lagabhaga do sahasa varSoM se jyotiSa ne kisa prakAra pakar3a rakhA thaa| zubha evaM azubha zakunoM ke viSaya meM varAhamihira ne svayaM kahA hai-'yadi sabhI zubhAzubha rAziyA~ yA lakSaNa eka ora hoM aura dUsarI ora manaHzuddhi ho to manaHzuddhi se hI saphalatA kI prApti hotI hai|' yA eka aura sabhI zakuna aura dUsarI ora manaHzuddhi, donoM ke yuddha meM mana bhayAkrAnta ho sakatA hai| yahA~ taka ki kevala vAyu hI vijaya yA parAjaya kA kAraNa bana sakatI hai' (bR0 yo0 yA0 14 / 3 / 6, yo0 yA0 5 / 15) / aura dekhie matsya. (243 / 25-27), viSNudharmottara0 (2 / 163 / 32), agni0 (230 / 13) aadi| ___ jyotiSa meM sArvabhauma vizvAsa ke kAraNa logoM ne avatAroM evaM nAyakoM kI janma-patrikAe~ bhI nirmita kara ddaaliiN| rAmAyaNa kI kucha pANDulipiyoM meM rAma kI janma-patrI bhI banI hai, jisakI kucha bAteM yoM haiM- lagna karka thA, jisameM candra evaM bRhaspati kA yoga thA, pA~ca graha ucca the| candra karka meM rahane ke kAraNa ucca nahIM thA, kyoMki vaha vRSabha meM ucca hotA hai| rAma caitra zukla navamI ko utpanna hue the, ataH sUrya meSa meM thA jo (sUrya kI uccatA kA dyotaka hai| ataH budha yA to sUrya yA mIna se yukta hogaa| inameM koI bhI budha kA ucca nahIM hai| sambhavataH budha ko zukra se saMyukta samajhanA cAhie, kyoMki donoM mitra haiM, kintu jaba budha vRSabha meM hogA to vaha zatru ke ghara meM pdd'egaa| rAmAyaNa meM rAhu evaM ketu ke ullekha kA sarvathA abhAva hai| parazurAma, haSavardhana, zaMkarAcArya Adi ke janma-patroM kA bhI ullekha huA hai, kintu ve ThIka nahIM haiN| kalhaNa dvArA varNita kazmIra ke rAjA harSa (1059 I0 meM utpanna, zAsana kAla 1089-1101 I0) kA janma-patra ThIka jaMcatA hai| isa viSaya meM yahA~ itanA hI paryApta hai| vartamAna kAla ke vaijJAnika, dArzanika evaM dharma-vizeSajJoM ne phalita jyotiSa kI sAmAnyataH upekSA kI hai| kucha logoM ne isakI khillI ur3AyI hai, kucha ne ise andhavizvAsapUrNa mAnA hai aura kucha logoM ne ise bhrAmaka evaM jAla mAtra samajhA hai| pAzcAtya dezoM meM vaijJAnikoM dvArA nindita kiye jAne para bhI ise lAkhoM loga mAnate haiN| jyotiSa kA maulika siddhAnta yaha hai ki sUrya, candra tathA graha hamAre jIvana ko prabhAvita karate haiM aura yaha kahanA vaijJAnika hai| prazna yaha hai ki kyA bRhajjAtaka jaise granthoM ke jyotiSa-siddhAnta bauddhika vizleSaNa evaM parIkSAoM se ThIka utarate haiM? yaha kaThina prazna hai| hama bahata-se jyotiSiyoM kI karAmAtoM kA vivaraNa par3hate-sunate haiM ki ve ThIka-ThIka bAteM batA dete haiM, kintu janma-patra se jIvana kI sabhI bAtoM kA parijJAna, bhAgya evaM utthAna-patana Adi kA lekhA-jokhA jAna lenA kaThina hai| - jyotiSIya vivecanoM se kabhI-kabhI baddhamUla dhAraNAeM ghara karatI rahI haiN| AzleSA yA jyeSThA meM yA gaDa yA gaNDAnta meM utpanna zizu ko loga pheMka dete the| isa vizvAsa kI jar3eM atharvaveda (6 / 110 / 2-3) meM bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| prayogapArijAta meM uddhRta garga meM AyA hai-'gaNDAnta para dina meM utpanna zizu pitA kI mRtyu kA kAraNa banatA hai, rAtri meM utpanna mAtA kI mRtyu kA tathA sandhyA meM utpanna apanI mRtyu kA kAraNa banatA hai; koI gaNDa nirAmaya (bhayarahita) nahIM raha paataa| gaNDa meM utpanna baccoM kA tyAga kara denA cAhie, yA pitA ko 6 mAsoM taka na to use dekhanA cAhie aura na usakA svara sunanA caahie|' (zAntikamalAkara, ni0 si0, pR0 244) / bhallATa ne vyavasthA dI hai-'jyeSThA kI antima ghaTikA meM utpanna yA mUla kI prathama do ghaTikAoM meM utpanna zizu ko tyAga denA cAhie yA pitA ko usakA mukha ATha varSoM taka nahIM dekhanA cAhie; zizu mUla ke prathama caraNa meM utpanna ho to pitA kI, dUsare pAda (caraNa) meM mAtA kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai, tIsare pAda meM utpanna hone se dhana hAni hotI hai tathA cauthe pAda meM zizu ke utpanna hone se zubha hotA hai; yahI bAta AzleSA meM utpanna hone se hotI hai, kintu gaNanA ulaTI hotI hai, arthAt antima caraNa se phalotpatti hotI hai| yaha sabhI bAteM bhrAmaka-sI haiM, kyoMki

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phalita jyotiSa para janatAko nAsthA 309 isa prakAra ke kAloM meM utpanna baccoM ke mAtA-pitA dIrghajIvI hote dekhe gaye haiM, svayaM baccoM para koI vipatti nahIM AyI hai| TaoNlmI ne sAmAnyetara kakSoM evaM prAkcakroM kA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA hai| yadyapi vartamAnakAlika jyotiHzAstrIya vivecanoM se parIkSita hone para usake siddhAnta truTipUrNa Thaharate haiM tathApi vaha aura usake anuyAyI grahaNoM ke viSaya meM bhaviSyavANI karane meM samartha the| isase vidita hotA hai truSTipUrNa dhAraNAoM se bhI kucha viSayoM meM samyak anumAna nikAle jA sakate haiN| varAhamihira tathA unake anuyAyiyoM ke sivandroM kI jAMca bhI sambhava nahIM ho sakI hai, kyoMki pUrva jIvanoM meM kiye gaye karmoM kI jA~ca sambhavataH nahIM ho sktii| lAkhoM vyakti apane pUrva jIvana ke karmoM meM koI vizvAsa nahIM rakhate aura na pUrva evaM bhaviSya ke jIvanoM meM abhirkhaca rakhate haiN| kucha loga apane jIvana kI bhAvI bAtoM meM kucha jAnakArI prApta karane meM abhiruci avazya rakhate haiN| janma-patra se bhAcI pravRttiyoM para prakAza par3atA hai, aisA jyotiSa kA vizvAsa hai| yadi jyotikI loca keka bhAvI bAtoM para hI carcA kareM aura koI bhAvAtmaka bAta na batAyeM to unake paira ke nIce kI dharatI hI saraka jAyagI aura unakI kRtti samApta ho jaaygii| Aja na kevala bhArata meM pratyuta vizva ke adhikAMza bhAgoM meM jyotiSa eka jItA-jAgatA vizvAsa hai, aura aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isa vizvAsa ko vaijJAnika evaM aitihAsika loga maSTa nahIM kara skte| kintu aisA vizvAsa karanA ki grahoM ke kAraNa hI jIvana-gatiyAM rUpa dhAraNa kI jAtI hai, bar3I bhayaMkara dhAraNA hogI, kyoMki aparAdhI aisA kaha sakatA hai ki usane jo aparAdha kiyA usakA sAradAyitva isa para nahIM hai, pratyuta usane grahoM ke prabhAva meM Akara hI yaha aparAdha kiyA hai, jisameM usakA koI bala yA adhikAra nahIM hai, vaha to asahAya rahA hai, usakA kyA doSa hai, aadi| bhAratIya jyotiSa ke isa saMkSipta vivaraNa ko samApta karane ke pUrva kala ke eka anya musaMhitA ke viSaya meM kucha likhanA Avazyaka hai, jisake viSaya meM yaha vidita hai ki usameM meSa se lekara Ane kI 12 rAziyoM meM utpanna logoM kI janma-patrikAeM ullikhita haiM, jahAM vyaktiyoM ke pUrva janmoM ke karmoM kI ora saMketa hai, vyaktiyoM ke janma se mRtyu taka kI graha-sthitiyoM evaM mahattvapUrNa jIvana-ghaTanAboM kA pUrva ullekha hai| jinake pAsa bhRgusaMhi ve sampUrNa grantha kisI anya ko nahIM dikhAte, kevala ne jijJAsuoM ke samakSa hI unheM rAya dene ke lie kucha zloka par3ha kara sunA dete haiM aura loga suna kara Azcarya meM par3a jAte haiN| isameM bahuta sI bambA hai| prastuta lekhaka ne bambaI vizvavidyAlaya ke desAI saMgraha meM bhRgusaMhitA kI cAra pANDulipikAM dekhI haiN| vaha sahita gaMdhamAdana parvata para bhRgu dvArA apane putra zukra ko par3hAyI gayI hai| isameM meSa, vRSabha, mithuna evaM karka mAmaka pAra lagnoM meM pratyeka ke 600 janma-patroM kA ullekha hai, pratyeka janma-patra ke viSaya meM 15 se 20 zloka haiM jo ekahI lana meM vibhinna grahoM kI vibhinna sthitiyoM para prakAza DAlate haiN| sabhI sambhava janma-patroM ko yadi 15 yA 20 zlokoM meM ullikhita kiyA jAya to bhRgusaMhitA ko kisI pustakAlaya meM rakhanA sambhava nahIM hai| ladoM ke rUpa meM 12 rAziyAM haiM, 9 graha (rAhu evaM ketu ko sammilita kara) haiM aura 12 bhAva haiN| yadi baNita kAbahAna kiyA jAya to karor3oM janma-patra baneMge aura 15 yA 20 zlokoM meM phala ghoSita kiye jAyeM to karor3oM zlokoM kA prassana ho jaaygaa| ataH bhRgusaMhitA se uddharaNa lekara janma-patra kA vivaraNa upasthita karanA adhikatara dhokhA hai| bhAratIya jyotiSa meM saba se adhika mahatvapUrNa viSaya haiM rAziyAM, maha evaM bAraha bhAva (ghara yA sthaan)| sarvaprathama rAziyoM kI carcA kreNge| kucha tArAgaNa yA tArA-dala meSa yA vRSabha Adi kyoM kahe jAte haiN| AkAza meM to bher3a evaM baila nahIM haiN| pRthivIsthita kucha nirIkSakoM ne kalpanA kI ki kucha tArAmaNa asaMkhoM ke sAmane pazuoM mAnavIya AkRtiyoM evaM paurANika kalpita jIvoM ke sadRza lagate haiN| yaha hamane dekha liyA hai (dUsare khaNDa ke

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa adhyAya 16 meM) ki cInI evaM jApAnI loga inheM vibhinna nAmoM se pukArate haiN| ataH rAziyoM ke nAmakaraNa meM bahuta-se kalpanAtmaka evaM manamAne DhaMgoM kA sahArA liyA gayA hai| eka bAra abhihita ho jAne ke uparAnta rAziyA~ kaI prakAra se vibhAjita hotI haiM aura unake varga ke anusAra hI bhaviSyavANiyA~ kI jAtI haiN| ye vibhAjana samAna krama meM Ane vAle (apanI anubhUti ke anurUpa) vicAroM evaM kalpanA para AdhArita haiN| kintu meSa evaM mithuna (jo puruSa evaM nArI donoM hai) donoM puruSa (puMlliga) kyoM haiM aura vRSabha evaM vRzcika strI kyoM haiM ? isakA koI uttara nahIM hai, kevala yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki rAziyoM ko do bhAgoM, puruSa evaM strIliMga meM vibhAjita karatA thA to unheM anurUpatA ke lie (eka ko) puruSa evaM (dUsare ko) strI kaha diyA gyaa| isI kAraNa se samanurUpatA ke krama meM meSa evaM karka ko tathA siMha evaM vRzcika ko sthira kahA gyaa| sUrya (sabhI prakAzoM ko dene vAle evaM vizva ke Azraya), maMgala evaM zani ko krUra yA pApa (duSTa) graha kahA gayA, bRhaspati evaM zukra ko zubhakara tathA kSayazIla candra ko azubhakara kahA gayA / yahA~ vicAroM ke sAhacarya evaM upamA kA sahArA liyA gayA hai| bRhaspati evaM zukra donoM camakadAra evaM zveta haiM, kintu maMgala lAla (rakta ke raMga kA) hai| isake atirikta prathama do krama se devoM evaM asuroM ke guru haiN| ataH ve zubhakara haiM aura maMgala azubhakara hai| sUrya, bRhaspati evaM maMgala pulliMga, candra evaM zukra strIliMga tathA budha evaM zani napuMsaka vicAra-sAhacarya ke kAraNa hI haiN| candra evaM zukra sundara evaM mRdu haiM, ataH ve strIliMga haiM, kintu sUrya (jisameM bhayAnaka agni hai), maMgala (rakta raMga vAlA) evaM bRhaspati (devoM ke AcArya) puMlliga haiN| Aja ke jyotiHzAstra ke anusAra candra zuSka hai aura usameM jvAlAmukhiyoM ke avazeSa mAtra haiM, tathApi, jyotiSiyoM ke anusAra vaha strIliMga hai| saMskRta meM candra ko 'zazAMka' kahA jAtA hai| jApAnI candra-devI gvATena' kharagoza ke sAtha aMkita hai| ...... . aba hama svagRhoM evaM uccoM (grahoM kI uccatAoM) ke siddhAnta kI carcA kreNge| bAraha rAziyA~ evaM sAta graha haiM; pA~ca grahoM ko do-do rAziyA~ svagRha ke rUpa meM dI gayI haiM aura zeSa do grahoM ko eka-eka rAzi svagRha ke rUpa meM milI hai / / bRhajjAtaka meM sUrya evaM candra kI kevala eka-eka rAziH mAnI gayI hai krama se siMha evaM karka, kintu anyaH pA~ca grahoM meM pratyeka ko do rAziyAM dI gayI haiN| aisA kyoM hai? koI santoSajanaka uttara nahIM diyA jA sktaa|"do, rAziyoM ko svagRha ke rUpa meM lenA kevala anukrama kA dyotaka hai, yathA siMha ke uparAnta eka tathA karka ke uparAnta eka, arthAta kanyA evaM mithana badha ko; isI prakAra dUrI ke AdhAra para anya grahoM ko rAziyA~ dI gayI haiN| isakA pariNA raNAma yaha hai ki varSabha evaM tulA sundara evaM camakadAra graha zukra ke svagRha haiM tathA dhana evaM mIna bRhaspati ke svagRha haiN| yadi hama ucca ke siddhAnta kI bAta kareM to koI bauddhika jyotiSIya uttara nahIM milatA ki meSa, vRSabha, makara, kanyA, karka, mIna evaM tulA krama se sUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, bRhaspati, zukra evaM zani ke ucca kyoM kahe gaye haiN| - bAraha bhAvoM ke nAmakaraNa evaM unakI vyavasthA kA bhI koI bauddhika AdhAra nahIM prApta hotaa| janma evaM maraNa vyakti ke jIvana ke do chora haiN| yadi pahalA bhAva tanu hai to mRtyu kA bhAva (antima bhAva) 12 vA honA cAhie, kintu bRhajjAtaka Adi granthoM meM mRtyu kA bhAva AThavA~ hai| kucha bhAvoM ke bAre meM bahuta-se viSaya haiN| udAharaNArtha, cauthe bhAva meM vyakti ke sambandhI, mitra, ghara, Ananda (sukha) evaM vAhana Adi haiN| pAMcaveM bhAva meM putra, jJAna, buddhi evaM vANI hai| mAna liyA jAya ki yaha bhAva bar3e sundara DhaMga se vyavasthita hai to bhaviSyavANI hogI ki vyakti ko kaI putra hoMge, vaha vidvAn hogA aura acchA vaktA hogaa| kintu ye saba eka sAtha bahuta kama ghaTita hote haiN| buddhimAna vyakti putrahIna hotA hai tathA ati vidvAn vyakti adhikatara acchA vaktA nahIM hotaa| . aba hama grahoM kI pArasparika mitratA evaM zatrutA kA vivecana kreNge| isa viSaya meM koI bhI spaSTa kAraNa

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graha aura rAziyoM kI avasthAoM kA vivecana nahIM miltaa| siddhAnta rUpa se zubha graha zukra sUrya kA zatru kyoM hai, jaba ki dUsarA zubha graha bRhaspati usakA mitra hai? isakA uttara denA ati kaThina hai| itanA hI nahIM, ye sambandha pArasparika sambandhoM para nahIM AdhArita haiN| candra kA koI zatru nahIM hai, kintu zukra ke dRSTikoNa se zukra candra kA zatru hai| budha (jo. paurANika rUpa se candra kA putra hai) candra kA mitra hai, kintu budha ke dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra para usakA candra zatru hai| eka aura Azcaryajanaka viSaya hai| manuSya ke samAna graha bhI (sUrya evaM candra ko chor3a kara anya sabhI) Apasa meM yuddha karate haiN| isake atirikta maMgala evaM bRhaspati ke bIca bahuta-se choTe-choTe graha haiM ; prAcIna evaM madhya kAloM ke janma-patroM meM yUrenisa, nepacUna, plUTo evaM bRhaspati ke katipaya upagrahoM kI carcA hI nahIM huI hai| bhAratIya jyotiSa kA eka mahatvapUrNa siddhAnta hai dRSTi, jisakI vyAkhyA gata adhyAya meM ho cukI hai| jaba prAcIna kAla meM grahoM kI dUrI nahIM jJAta thI to isa siddhAnta kA mahattva thA, kintu jJAna-paridhi bar3ha jAne se dRSTi-siddhAnta kA koI aucitya nahIM hai| isa vizAla brahmANDa meM pratyeka graha evaM tArA vAstava meM eka-dUsare ko dekhatA hai, bI va meM koI AkAzIya tattva A jAne se isa prakAra ke dekhane meM vyatikrama utpanna ho sakatA hai| kintu yaha jAnanA kitanA kaThina hai ki koI graha yA tArA eka cauthAI, yA ardha yA tIna-cauthAI dRSTi (vibhinna koNoM meM) para dUsare graha yA tArA ko dekhatA hai| jaba koI jyotiSI yaha kahatA hai ki koI graha (mAna lIjie zukra) apane ghara (svagRha) meM hai, arthAt candra ke sAtha vRSama meM, to isakA kyA tAtparya hai ? vRSabha rAzi meM kaI tAre hote haiM, jinameM saba se adhika jyotirmAn rohiNI hai| prakAza eka sekaNDa meM 1,86,000 mIla calatA hai aura vartamAna jyotiHzAstra ke anusAra rohiNI sa pRthivI para pahu~cane meM use 57 varSa lagate haiN| sthiti yoM hai : pRthivI para kA nirIkSaka candra, zukra evaM rohiNI ko eka-dUsare ke pAsa dekhatA hai| Aja ke jyotiHzAstra ke anusAra candra pRthivI se lagabhaga 2, 40,000 mola, zukra isase kucha karor3a mIla tathA rohiNI araboM mIla dUra hai| ve sannikaTa kevala dUra rahane ke kAraNa hI dRSTigocara hAta hai| yaha eka eMsI kaThinAI hai jise jyotiSI bhUla jAte haiN| jaba koI nirIkSaka Aja rohiNI ko dekhatA hai to use jo kiraNa Aja dIkha paDatI haiM ve Aja se 57 varSa pUrva vahA~ (rohiNI) se calI thIM, kintu maMgala kI kiraNeM apane prasthAna se kucha minaToM meM dIkha jAtI haiM tathA candra kI Der3ha sekaNDa meM dIkha jAtI haiN| sambhavataH rAzi-jyotiSa kA prAdurbhAva bhArata meM IsA ke 3 zatiyoM pahale huA thaa| varAhamihira ke pUrvajoM tathA svayaM unhoMne meSa, vRSabha Adi rAziyoM ko jyotirmaNDala ke kisI viziSTa vRttAMza meM dekhA, aura una vyaktiyoM kI mAnasika vizeSatAoM evaM vRttiyoM ke viSaya meM niyama pratipAdita kiye jo taba utpanna hue the jaba candra meSa meM thA, yA una vyaktiyoM ke viSaya meM likhA jo meSa yA anya rAziyoM meM utpanna hue the, jaba sUrya, maMgala Adi graha una rAziyoM meM the| Aja se do sahasra varSa pahale jahA~ vRSabha rAzi thI, vahA~ Aja meSa rAzi hogii| aisI sthiti meM jyotiSIya gaNanA kaise ThIka ho sakatI hai, jaba ki samaya ke vyavadhAna se rAzi-sthaloM meM itanA parivartana ho jAtA hai| uparyukta vivecanoM se bhAratIya jyotiSa ke doSa svataH prakaTa ho jAte haiM, aura vicArazIla vyakti svayaM niSkarSa nikAla sakate haiM ki jyotiSa ke niyamoM kA prabhAva unake saMkalpoM evaM kriyAoM para bahuta kama par3atA hai| ati prAcIna kAla meM jyotiSIya vistAra adhika nahIM thA, kintu gata do sahasra varSoM meM vaha bahuta bar3ha gayA tathA dhArmika mAnyatAe~ phalataH bahuta bojhila ho gyiiN| jo loga aisA vizvAsa karate haiM ki sabhI ghaTanAe~ grahoM evaM tAroM se prabhAvita evaM abhibhUta haiM, ve eka prakAra se bhUla karate haiN| ve eka ora bhagavAn ke niyantraNa ko nagaNya ThaharA dete haiM aura mAnava kI svatantra icchA-zakti ko chIna lete haiN| yadi jyotiSI grahoM ke dvArA nirdezita ghaTanAoM ko

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312 - dharmazAstra kA itihAsa roka nahIM sakate yA unheM nirarthaka nahIM siddha kara sakate to unake pUrva jJAna se hameM kyA lAbha hai ? yadi ve niyati kI ghaTanAoM ko roka sakate haiM yA unheM nirarthaka siddha kara sakate haiM to ve isa siddhAnta ko kisa prakAra prazraya de sakeMge ki grahoM se hI ghaTanAe~ udbhUta hotI haiM ? aba prazna uThatA hai ki upanayana evaM vivAha jaise dhArmika kRtya kisa sImA taka jyotiSIya nirdhAraNAoM para AdhArita rheN| gRhya sUtroM evaM manu ke kAloM meM jyotiSIya AvazyakatAe~ bahuta kama thIM, ye AvazyakatAe~ kramazaH bojhila hotI calI myiiN| 11 vI zatI meM bhI rAjamArtaNDa jaise granthoM meM viziSTa sthitiyoM meM vivAha Adi ke samaya dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie jyotiSIya vyavasthAoM ko zithila kara dene kI bAta calAyI gayI hai| hameM gRhyasUtroM evaM manu ke niyamoM taka hI apane ko sImita rakhanA caahie|

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adhyAya 18 paMcAMga (paMjI), saMvatoM, varSoM, mAsoM Adi kI katipaya gaNanAe~ vratoM evaM utsavoM ke sampAdana ke samyak kAloM tathA yajJa, upanayana, vivAha Adi dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie ucita kAloM ke parijJAnArtha hameM paMjI yA paMcAMga kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| loka-jIvana ke prayoga ke lie dhArmika utsavoM evaM jyotiSIya bAtoM kI jAnakArI ke heta bahata pahale se hI dinoM, mAsoM evaM varSa ke sambandha meM jo grantha yA vidhika saMgraha banatA hai use paMcAMga yA paMjikA yA paMjI kahate haiN| bhArata meM IsAiyoM, pArasiyoM, musalamAnoM evaM hinduoM dvArA lagabhaga tIsa paMcAMga vyavahAra meM lAye jAte haiN| vartamAna kAla meM hinduoM dvArA nAnA prakAra ke paMcAMgoM kA prayoga hotA hai| inameM kucha to sUryasiddhAnta para, kucha AryasiddhAnta para, kucha apekSAkRta pazcAtkAlIna granthoM, yathA grahalAghava Adi para AdhArita haiN| kucha paMcAMga caitra zukla pratipad (pratipadA) se, kucha kArtika zukla pratipadA se Arambha kiye jAte haiM tathA kacha aise sthAna haiM, yathA halAra prAnta (kAThiyAvAr3a), jahA~ varSa kA Arambha ASADha zakla pratipadA se hotA hai| gajarAta evaM uttarI bhArata (baMgAla ko chor3a kara) meM vikrama saMvata, dakSiNa bhArata meM zaka saMvat tathA kazmIra meM laukika saMvat kA vyavahAra hotA hai| kucha bhAgoM (uttarI bhArata evaM telaMgAnA) meM mAsa pUrNimAnta (pUrNimA se anta hone vAle) hote haiM, anyatra (baMgAla, mahArASTra evaM dakSiNa bhArata) meM amAnta (amAvAsyA se anta hone vAle) hote haiN| isakA pariNAma yaha hai ki kucha upavAsa evaM utsava, jo bhArata meM sArvabhauma rUpa meM pracalita haiM, yathA ekAdazI evaM zivarAtri ke upavAsa evaM zrIkRSNajanma-sambandhI utsava vibhinna bhAgoM meM vibhinna sampradAyoM dvArA do vibhinna dinoM meM hote haiM tathA kucha kRtyoM ke dinoM meM to eka mAsa kA antara par3a jAtA hai| yathA pUNimAnta gaNanA se koI utsava Azvina kRSNa pakSa meM ho sakatA hai to vahI mAsa bhAdrapada kRSNa pakSa (amAnta gaNanA ke anusAra) kahalA sakatA hai aura vahI utsava eka mAsa uparAnta manAyA jA sakatA hai| Ajakala to yaha vibhramatA aura bar3ha gayI hai jaba ki kucha paMcAMga, yathA dRk yA dRkpratyaya, jo nAvika paMcAMga para AdhArita haiM, isa prakAra vyavasthita haiM ki grahaNa jaisI ghaTanAe~ usI prakAra ghaTeM jaisA ki loga apanI A~khoM se dekha lete haiN| aisA lagatA hai ki dakSiNa bhArata meM bahuta-sI paMjikAeM haiN| tamilanADu meM do prakAra haiM, eka dRk-gaNita para AdhArita aura dUsarA vAkya-vidhi (AryabhaTa para AdhArita madhyakAla kI gaNanAe~, jo apekSAkRta kama ThIka phala prakaTa karatI haiM) pr| pudukoTTAI paMcAMga (vAkya-vidhi vAle) usI nAma vAle rAjAoM dvArA prakAzita hote haiN| zrIraMgam paMcAMga (vAkya prakAra) rAmAnujIya vaiSNavoM dvArA vyavahRta hote haiM, kintu mAdhvoM (vaiSNavoM ke eka sampradAya ke logoM) ke lie eka anya paMcAMga hai| smArtoM dvArA vyavahRta kaJjanUra paMcAMga atyaMta pracalita hai aura vAkya paMcAMga hai| smAta loga zaMkarAcArya ke adhikAra se prakAzita dRk-paMcAMga ko vyavahAra meM nahIM laate| telugu loga gaNeza daivajJa ke grahalAghava (san 1520 meM praNIta) para AdhArita siddhAnta-candra paMcAMga kA prayoga karate haiN| malAvAra meM loga dRk-paMcAMga kA prayoga karate haiM kintu vaha parahita nAma vAlI malAvAra-paddhati para AdhArita hai na ki tamiloM dvArA prayukta dRk-paMcAMga pr| teluga loga candra-gaNanA svIkAra karate haiM aura caitra zukla se yugAdi nAmaka varSa kA Arambha mAnate haiM, kintu tamila saura gaNanA ke pakSapAtI haiM aura apane caitra kA Arambha meSa viSuva se karate haiM, kintu unake 40

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314 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vrata evaM dhArmika kRtya, jo tithiyoM para AdhArita haiM, cAndramAna ke anusAra sampAdita hote haiM / baMgAlI loga saura mAsoM evaM cAndra dinoM kA prayoga karate haiM jo malamAsa ke milAne se trivarSIya anukUlana kA paricAyaka hai| tIna siddhAnta prayoga meM Ate haiM, yathA sUryasiddhAnta ( apanI vizuddhatA ke kAraNa sAre bhArata meM prayukta hai), AryasiddhAnta ( trAvaNakora, malAvAra, karNATaka meM mAdhvoM dvArA, madrAsa ke tamila janapadoM meM prayukta) evaM brAhmasiddhAnta ( gujarAta evaM rAjasthAna meM prayukta ) / antima siddhAnta aba prathama siddhAnta ke pakSa meM samApta hotA jA rahA hai| siddhAntoM meM mahAyuga se Arambha kara gaNanAe~ kI jAtI haiM jo itanI bhArI bharakama haiM ki unake AdhAra para sIdhe DhaMga se paMcAMga banAnA kaThinasAdhya hai| ataH siddhAntoM para AdhArita karaNa nAmaka granthoM ke AdhAra para paMcAMga nirmita hote haiM, yathA baMgAla meM makaranda, gaNeza kA grahalAghava / grahalAghava kI tAlikAe~ dakSiNa, madhya bhArata tathA bhArata ke kucha bhAgoM meM prayukta hotI haiM / siddhAntoM meM ApasI antara ke do mahattvapUrNa tattva haiM -- (1) varSa vistAra ke viSaya meM ( varSamAna kA antara kevala kucha vipaloM kA hai) aura (2) kalpa yA mahAyuga yA yuga meM candra evaM grahoM kI cakra-gatiyoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM / aisA nahIM socanA cAhie ki yaha bAta kevala bhArata meM hI pAyI gayI hai / Ajakala kA yUropIya paMcAMga bhI asantoSajanaka hai| prArambhika rUpa meM I0 pU0 46 meM juliesa sIjara ne eka saMzodhita paMcAMga nirmita kiyA aura prati cauthe varSa 'lIpa' varSa kI vyavasthA kI / kintu usakI gaNanAe~ ThIka nahIM utarIM, kyoMki san 1582 meM vAsantika viSuva 21 mArca ko na hokara 10 mArca ko huA / popa gregorI 13 veM ne ghoSita kiyA ki 4 akTUbara ke uparAnta 15 akTUbara honA cAhie ( dasa dina samApta kara diye gaye ) / usane Age kahA ki jaba taka 400 se bhAga na laga taba taka zatI varSoM meM 'lIpa' varSa nahIM honA cAhie ( isa prakAra 1700, 1800, 1900 IsaviyoM meM atirikta dina nahIM hogA, kevala 2000 I0 meM hogA ) / taba bhI truTi raha hI gayI, kintu 33 zatiyoM se adhika varSoM ke uparAnta hI eka dina ghaTAyA jAyegA / Adhunika jyoti zAstra kI gaNanA se gregorI varSa 26 sekaNDa adhika hai / sudhAravAdI proTesTeNTa iMglaiNDa ne san 1750 I0 taka popa gregorI kA sudhAra nahIM mAnA, jaba ki kAnUna banA ki 2 sitambara ko 3 sitambara na mAna kara 14 sitambara mAnA jAya ( 11 dina chor3a diye jAyeM) / taba bhI yUropIya paMcAMga meM doSa raha hI gayA / isameM mAsa meM 28 se 31 taka dina hote haiM, eka varSa ke eka pAda meM 90 se 92 dina hote haiM; varSa ke donoM arghAzoM (janavarI se jUna evaM julAI se disambara) meM krama se 181 ( yA 182 ) evaM 184 dina hote haiM; mAsa meM karma dina 24 se 27 hote haiM tathA varSa evaM mAsa vibhinna saptAha - dinoM se Arambha hote haiM / vratoM kA rAjA IsTara san 1751 ke uparAnta 35 vibhinna saptAha dinoM meM (arthAt 22 mArca se 25 apraila taka) par3A, kyoMki vaha ( IsTara ) 21 mArca para yA usake uparAnta par3ane vAlI pUrNimA kA prathama ravivAra hai / yaha pahale hI nirdeza kiyA jA cukA hai ki prastuta grantha meM zuddha jyotiHzAstrIya bAtoM kA vivecana nahIM hogA, ataH lekhaka tatsambandhI vivaraNoM meM nahIM par3egA / kintu AvazyakatAnusAra yatra-tatra kucha bAtoM para prakAza DAla diyA jAyegA / jo loga bhAratIya jyotiHzAstra ( aisTraoNnaoNmI) ke viSaya meM jAnakArI prApta karanA cAhate haiM ve nimna granthoM evaM lekhoM ko par3ha sakate haiM - vArena kA kAlasaMkalita; sUryasiddhAnta ( TinI dvArA anUdita ) ; varAhamihira kI paJcasiddhAntikA (thibo evaM sudhAkara dvivedI dvArA anUdita ) ; je0 bI0 javasa kRta 'iNDiena meTrAlaoNjI'; zaMkara bAlakRSNa dIkSita kRta 'bhAratIya jyotiHzAstra' (marAThI meM ucca koTi kA grantha, hindI meM anuvAda; sevela evaM dIkSita kA iNDiena kaileNDara ( 1896 I0 ) ; sevela kRta 'iNDiena konographI' (1912 I0) ; sevela kRta' 'siddhAntAja eNDa iNDiena kaileNDara ' ; lokamAnya tilaka kRta 'vedika konolojI eNDa vedAMgajyotiSa' (1925) ; dIvAna bahAdura svAmikannU pillaI kRta 'iNDiena ephimerisa' (sAta jildoM meM ) ; vI0 bI0

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vizva meM viviSa paMcAMgoM kA pracalana aura unakI racanA ke AdhAra 315 ketakara kRta jyotirgaNitam, ketakI, vaijayantI, grahagaNita, evaM eNDiena eNDa phArena krAnolAjI ; jaikobI ke lekha (epipraifiyA iNDikA, jilda 1, pR0 403-460; jilda 2, pR0 487-498; jilda 12, pR0 47, vahI, pR0 158); sevela ke lekha (e0 i0, jilda 14, pR0 1, 24 ; jilda 15, pR0 159; jilda 16, pR0 100 -221; jilda 17, 3, 205; iNDiena hisTArikala kvArTaralI, jilda 4, pR0 483-511, jilda 10, pR0 332336); nATikala elmaineka (1935); pro0 senagapta kRta 'aizyeNTa iNDiena kronolAjI' (1947, kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya): DA0 ke0 ela0 daphtarI kRtakaraNa-kalpalatA' (saMskRta meM): 'bhAratIya jya (marAThI meM): DA. meghanAtha sAhA kA lekha 'riphArma Ava di iNDiena kaileNDara' (sAiMsa eNDa kalcara, kalakattA, 1952, pR0 57-68, 109-123); riporTa Ava di kaileNDara riphArma kamiTI, bhArata sarakAra dvArA prakAzita, 1955 (bahuta lAbhadAyaka grnth)| sabhI dezoM meM kAla kI maulika avadhiyA~ eka-sI haiM, yathA dina, mAsa, varSa (jisameM Rtue~ bhI haiN)| varSa yugoM athavA kAloM ke aMza yA bhAga hote haiM jo kAla-kramoM evaM itihAsa ke lie bar3e mahattva ke haiN| yadyapi kAla kI avadhiyA~, samAna haiM tathApi mAsoM evaM varSoM kI vyavasthA meM dinoM ke krama meM antara pAyA jAtA hai, dinoM kI avadhiyoM (upavibhAgoM), dina ke Arambha-kAla, RtuoM evaM mAsoM meM varSoM kA vibhAjana, pratyeka mAsa evaM varSa meM dinoM kI saMkhyA tathA vibhinna prakAra ke mAsoM meM antara pAyA jAtA hai| kAla ke bar3e mApaka haiM sUrya evaM candra / dhurI para pRthivI ke ghUmane se dina banate haiN| mAsa pramukhataH cAndra avasthiti hai tathA varSa sUrya kI pratyakSa gati hai (kintu vAstava meM yaha sUrya ke caturdik pRthivI kA bhramaNa hai)| ayanavRttIya varSa sUrya ke vAsantika viSuva se agrima viSuva taka kA kAla hai| ayanavRttIya (TrApikala) varSa nakSatrIya varSa (eka hI acala tAre para sUrya kI do lagAtAra arthAt eka ke uparAnta eka pahu~ca ke bIca kA kAla) aryAta sAiDarIyala varSa se apekSAkRta choTA hai aura yaha kamI 20 minaToM kI hai, kyoMki vAsantika viSuva kA bindu prati varSa 50 sekaNDa ke rUpa meM pazcima ora ghUma jAtA hai| Adhunika paMcAMga meM saMvat kA varSa, mAsa, mAsa-dina tathA anya dhArmika evaM sAmAjika ruciyoM kI bAteM pAyI jAtI haiN| manuSya ko yuga, varSa, mAsa ke vistAroM kA jJAna bahuta bAda ko prApta huaa| cAndra mAsa 293 dina se kucha adhika tathA ayanavRttIya varSa 3653 dinoM se kucha kama hotA hai| ye viSabha avadhiyA~ haiN| sAdhAraNa jIvana evaM paMcAMgoM ke lie pUrNa (sama-vibhakta) dinoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| itanA hI nahIM, varSa evaM mAsa kA 1. pRthivI kI do gatiyoM (apanI dhurI para isakI pratidina ko gati yA cakkara evaM sUrya ke caturdika isake vArSika cakkara) ke atirikta eka tIsarI gati bhI hai jise loga bhalI bhAMti nahIM jAnate haiN| pRthivI pUrNataH golaka nahIM hai, isakA nirakSIya (bhUmadhya rekhIya) vyAsa isake dhruvIya vyAsa se bar3A hai| isakA phala yaha hotA hai ki bhUmadhya rekhA (nirakSa) para padArtha-samUha ubharA huA hai jo usa sthiti se adhika hai jaba ki pRthivI pUrNarUpeNa gola hotii| pRthivI ko dhurI para eka halako sUcyAkAra cakkara meM ghUmane vAlI gati hai jo laTU ke samAna hai aura vaha 25,800 varSoM meM eka cakkara lagA pAtI hai| yaha vArSika haTanA 50".2 sekaNDa kA hai, jo sUrya evaM candra ke nirakSIya ubhAra para khicAva ke kAraNa hotA hai| isI se sthira tAre, yahA~ taka ki dhruva tArA, eka zatI ke uparAnta dUsarI zatI yA dUsare kAla meM apane sthAnoM se parivartita dRSTigocara hote haiN| (nArmana laoNkara evaM hikkI)

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316 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa Arambha bhalI bhA~ti vyAkhyAyita honA cAhie, aura unameM RtuoM evaM kisI saMvat kA prayoga atyanta Avazyaka hai| paMcAMga kI AvazyakatAe~ haiM / uparyukta do jyotiHzAstrIya avadhiyoM kI atulyatA hI paMcAMgoM kI jaTilatA kI dyotaka hai| musalamAnoM ne ayanavRttIya varSa ke vistAra para dhyAna na dekara tathA candra ko kAla kA mApaka mAna kara isa jaTilatA kA samAdhAna kara liyaa| unakA varSa vizuddha cAndra varSa hai| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki musalamAnI varSa kevala 354 dinoM kA ho gayA aura lagabhaga 33 varSoM meM unake sabhI utsava varSa ke sabhI mAsoM meM ghUma jAte haiM / dUsarI ora prAcIna misra vAloM ne candra ko kAla ke mApaka rUpa meM nahIM mAnA aura unake varSa meM 365 dina the (30 dinoM ke 12 mAsa evaM 5 atirikta dina ) / unake purohita-gaNa 3000 varSoM taka yahI vidhi mAnate rahe; unake yahA~ atirikta varSa yA malamAsa nahIM the / Rgveda (1 / 25 / 8) meM bhI atirikta mAsa kA ullekha hai, kintu yaha kisa prakAra vyavasthita thA, hameM jJAta nhiiN| hameM vidita hai ki vedAMgajyotiSa ne pA~ca varSoM meM do mAsa jor3a diye haiN| prAcIna kAloM meM mAsoM kI gaNanA candra se evaM varSoM kI sUrya se hotI thI / loga pahale se sahI jAna . lenA cAhate the ki vratoM evaM utsavoM ke lie pUrNimA yA parivA ( pratipadA) kaba par3egI, kaba varSA hogI, zarada kaba AyegI aura kaba bIja DAle jAyeM aura anna ke paudhe kATe jaayeNge| yajJoM kA sampAdana vasanta Rtu meM yA anya RtuoM meM, prathama tithi yA pUrNimA ko hotA thA / cAndra varSa ke 354 dina saura varSa ke dinoM se 11 kama par3ate the / ataH yadi kevala cAndra varSa kI abhiyojanA ho to RtuoM ko pIche haTAnA par3a jAyagA / isI lie kaI dezoM meM adhika mAsa kI abhiyojanA nizcita huii| yUnAniyoM meM AkTAeTerisa (ATha varSoM ke vRtta) kI yojanA thI, jisameM 99 mAsa the jinameM tIsarA, pA~cavA~ evaM AThavA~ malamAsa the / isake uparAnta 19 varSoM kA meTAnika vRtta banA, jisameM 7 adhika mAsa (1912+7= 235) nirdhArita hue| olmasTIDa ( amerikana jarnala Ava semeTika laiMgvejez2a, jilda 55, 1938, pR0 116 ) kA kathana hai ki bebilona meM malamAsa - vRtta ATha varSoM kA thA, jise yUnAniyoM ne apanAyA / phAdiraMghama ( jarnala va helenisTika sTaDIja, jilda 39, pR0 179) kA kahanA hai ki bebilonI malamAsa-paddhati I0 pU0 528 taka asaMyamita thI tathA yUnAna meM I0 pU0 pA~cavIM evaM cauthI zatiyoM meM avyaafted at | dekhie kaileNDara riphArma kamiTI kI riporTa, pR0 175-176 / bhArata meM janma patrikAoM ke upayoga ke lie saMvatoM kA prayoga lagabhaga 2000 varSo se adhika prAcIna nahIM hai| saMvat kA lagAtAra prayoga hindU-sithiyanoM dvArA, jinhoMne Adhunika aphagAnistAna evaM uttara-pazcimI bhArata meM lagabhaga I0 pU0 100 evaM 100 I0 ke bIca zAsana kiyA, unake vRttAntoM meM huA / yaha bAta kevala bhArata nahIM pAyI gayI, pratyuta misra, bebilona, yUnAna evaM roma meM saMvat kA lagAtAra prayoga bahuta Age calakara zurU huA / jyotirvidAbharaNa meM (jo pazcAtkAlIna racanA hai, jisameM yaha AyA hai ki yaha gatali 3068 arthAt IsA saMvat se 33 varSa pUrva meM praNIta huA ) kaliyuga ke 6 vyaktiyoM ke nAma Aye haiM, jinhoMne saMvat calAye the, yathA - yudhiSThira, vikrama, zAlivAhana, vijayAbhinandana, nAgArjuna evaM kalkI, jo krama se 3044, 135, 18000, 10000, 400000 evaM 829 varSoM taka calate rhe| prAcIna dezoM meM saMvat kA lagAtAra prayoga nahIM thA, kevala zAsana varSa hI prayukta hote the / azoka ke Adeza - lekhanoM meM kevala zAsana varSa hI prayukta haiN| kauTilya (arthazAstra, 226, pR0 60) ne mAlagujArI saMgraha karane vAle ke kArya kI vyavasthA karane ke silasile meM kAloM kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA hai, jinase mAlagujArI ekatra karane vAle sambandhita the, yathA rAjavarSa, mAsa, pakSa, dina Adi / 2. rAjavarSa mAsAH pakSo divasazca vyuSTaM varSAhemantagrISmANAM tRtIyasaptamA vivatonAH pakSAH zeSAH pUrNAH

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bhArata meM pracalita vibhinna saMvat kali saMvat 317 yahI bAta vyavahArarUpa se kuSANoM evaM sAtavAhanoM ke kAloM taka calatI gayI, arthAt zAsana-varSa hI prayukta hote rhe| saikar3oM varSoM taka bhArata meM vibhinna prakAra ke saMvat prayoga meM Ate rahe, isase kAlanirNaya evaM itihAsa meM bar3e-bar3e bhrama upasthita ho gaye haiN| saMvatoM kI sUciyoM ke viSaya meM dekhie kaniMghama kRta 'iNDiena erAja'; svAmikanna pillaI kRta 'iNDiena ephemerisa' (jilda 1, bhAga 1, pR0 53-55); bI0 bI0 ketakara kRta 'iNDiena eNDa phArena kronolAjI' (pR0 171-172); pI0 sI0 senagupta kRta 'aizyaNTa iNDiena erAja' (pR. 222238 ); DA0 meghanAtha sAhA kA lekha 'sAiMsa evaM kalcara' (1952, kalakattA, pR0 116) tathA kaleNDara riphArma kamiTI (1955) / yahA~ hama kucha hI saMvatoM kI carvA kreNge| albarUnI (sacau, jilda 2, pR0 5) ne pA~ca saMvatoM ke nAma diye haiM , yathA zrIharSa, vikramAditya, zaka, vallabha evaM gupta sNvt| pahale ke viSaya meM usake do vibhinna kathana haiM aura prazna anirNIta chor3a diyA gayA hai| prAcIna kAla meM bhI kaliyuga ke Arambha ke viSaya meM vibhinna mata rahe haiN| Adhunika mata hai ki kaliyuga I0 pU0 3102 meM Arambha huaa| isa viSaya meM cAra pramukha dRSTikoNa haiM--(1) yudhiSThira ne jaba rAjya-siMhAsanArohaNa kiyA; (2) yaha 36 varSa uparAnta Arambha huA jaba ki yudhiSThira ne arjuna ke pautra parIkSita ko rAjA banAyA; (3) purANoM ke anusAra kRSNa ke dehAvasAna ke uparAnta yaha Arambha huA (viSNu0 4 / 24 / 108-113); (4) varAhamihira ke mata se yudhiSThirasaMvat kA Arambha zaka-saMvat ke 2426 varSa pahale huA, arthAt, dUsare mata ke anusAra, kaliyuga ke 653 varSoM ke uparAnta / aihola zilAlekha ne sambhavataH dUsare mata kA anusaraNa kiyA hai; kyoMki usameM zaka saMvat 556 se pUrva 3735 kaliyuga saMvat mAnA gayA hai| kaliyuga saMvat ke viSaya meM saba se prAcIna saMketa AryabhaTa dvArA diyA gayA hai| unhoMne kahA hai ki jaba ve 23 varSa ke the taba kaliyuga pRthagadhimAsaka iti kAlaH / arthazAstra (11 / 6, pR060)| phloTa, zAmazAstrI Adi ne isa vacana ko kaI DhaMga se anUdita kiyA hai| vibhinna arthoM kA kAraNa hai 'vyuSTa' zabda kA prayoga, jisakA zAbdika artha hai 'prAtaHkAla yA prakAza' aura yahA~ tAtparya hai 'varSa kA prathama dina, jo zubha mAnA jAtA hai|' dekhie pANini (5 / 1196-97) : tatra ca dIyate kArya bhavavat / vyussttaadibhyo| prastuta lekhaka isa kathana kA anuvAda yoM karatA hai : 'rAjavarSa, mAsa, pakSa, dina, zubha (varSa kA prathama dina),tIna RtuoM, yathA varSA, hemanta, grISma ke tIsare evaM sAtaveM pakSa meM eka dina (30 meM) kama hai, anya pakSa pUrNa haiM (mAsa meM pUrNa 30 dina haiM), malamAsa (adhika mAsa) pRthak (kAlAvaSi) hai| ye sabhI ve kAla haiM (jinheM mAlagujArI saMgraha karane vAlA dhyAna meM rkhegaa)|' prAcIna kAloM meM varSa meM 6 Rtue~ thoM, 12 mAsa the aura ye pratyeka mAsa meM 30 din| arthazAstra kA yahA~ kathana hai ki chaH pakSa aise haiM jinameM pratyeka meM 14 dina haiM, ataH cAndra varSa (1446 / -1546+3046=354) 354 dinoM kA hogaa| ise saura varSa ke sAtha calAne ke lie adhika mAsa kA samAveza kiyA gyaa| 3. triMzatsu trisahasreSu bhaartaavaahvaaditH| saptAbdazatayukteSu gateSvabdeSu paJcasu ||pnycaashtsu kalau kAle SaTsu paJcazatAsu c| samAsu samatotAsu zakAnAmapi bhUbhujAm // epinaphiyA iNDikA (jilda 4, pR07)| yahA~ para spaSTa rUpa se kaliyuga kA Arambha mahAbhArata yuddha ke uparAnta mAnA gayA hai| pazcAtkAlIna jyotiHzAstrIya granthoM ke anusAra kaliyuga saMvat ke 3719 varSoM ke uparAnta zaka saMvat kA Arambha huaa| dekhie 'yAtAH SaNmanavo yugAni bhamitAnyanyayugAMghritrayaM nandAdrInduguNAstathA zakanRpasyAnte klevtsraaH|| siddhAntaziromaNi (1128) / 'nandAdrInduguNA' 3179 ke barAbara hai (nanda =9, adri=7, indu= 1, gunn-3)|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 318 ke 3600 varSa vyatIta ho cuke the ( arthAt ve 476 I0 meM utpanna hue)| eka caula vRttAntAlekhana kaliyuga saMvat 4044 (943 I0) kA hai| dekhie je0 Ara0 e0 esa0 (1911, pR0 689-694), jahA~ bahuta se zilAlekhoM meM ullikhita kaliyuga saMvat kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| madhyakAla ke bhAratIya jyotiSiyoM ne mAnA hai| ki kaliyuga evaM kalpa ke Arambha meM sabhI graha ( sUrya evaM candra sameta ) caitra zukla pratipadA ko ravivAra ke sUryodaya ke samaya eka sAtha ekatra the / kintu bargesa evaM DA0 sAhA jaise Adhunika lekhaka isa kathana ko kevala kalpanAtmaka mAnate haiM / kintu prAcIna siddhAnta - lekhakoM ke isa kathana ko kevala kalpanA mAna lenA ThIka nahIM hai| yaha sambhava hai ki siddhAnta lekhakoM ke samakSa koI ati prAcIna paramparA rahI ho / " pratyeka dhArmika kRtya ke saMkalpa meM kRtyakartA ko kAla ke bar3e bhAgoM evaM vibhAgoM ko zvetavArAha kalpa ke Arambha se kahanA par3atA hai, yathA vaivasvata manvantara kaliyuga, kaliyuga kA prathama caraNa, bhArata meM kRtya karane kI bhaugolika sthiti, sUrya, bRhaspati evaM anya grahoM vAlI rAziyoM ke nAma, varSa kA nAma, mAsa, pakSa, tithi, nakSatra, yoga evaM karaNa ke nAma / devala kA kathana hai ki yadi kRtyakartA mAsa, pakSa, tithi, ( kRtya ke) avasara kA ullekha nahIM karatA to vaha kRtya kA phala nahIM prApta karegA ( zAntimayUkha, pR0 2 ) / yaha hai bhAratIyoM ke dhArmika jIvana meM saMtoM varSoM evaM inake bhAgoM evaM vibhAgoM kI mahattA / ataH pratyeka bhAratIya (hindU) ke lie paMcAMga anivArya hai / vikrama saMvat ke udbhava evaM prayoga ke viSaya meM kucha kahanA kaThina hai| yahI bAta zaka saMvat ke viSaya meM bhI hai| kisI vikramAditya rAjA ke viSaya meM, jo I0 pU0 57 meM thA, sandeha prakaTa kiye gaye haiM / isa saMvat kA Arambha gujarAta meM kArtika zukla pratipadA se ( navambara, I0 pU0 58 ) hai aura uttarI bhArata meM caitra kRSNa pratipadA ( apraila, I0 pU0 58 ) se / bItA huA vikrama varSa barAbara hai IsavI san + 57 / kucha Arambhika zilAlekhoM meM ye varSa kRta ke nAma se Aye haiM (yathA nanda-yUpa zilAlekha meM 282 kRta varSa ; tIna yUpoM ke maukharI zilAlekhoM meM 295 kRta varSa, vijayagar3ha stambha - abhilekha meM 428; mandasaura meM 461 tathA gadAdhara meM 480 ) / vidvAnoM ne sAmAnyataH kRta saMvat ko vikrama saMvat kA pUrvavartI mAnA hai| kintu 'kRta' zabda ke prayoga kI vyAkhyA santoSajanaka nahIM ho sakI hai| kucha zilAlekhoM meM mAlava- gaNa kA saMvat ullikhita hai, yathA naravarmA kA mandasaura zilAlekha / kRta evaM mAlava 4. laMkAgadAcca bhAnostasyaiva vAre prathamaM babhUva / maSoH sitAdevina mAsavardhayugAvikAnAM yugapat pravRttiH // grahagaNita, madhyamAdhikAra, zloka 15 ( bhAskarAcArya kA ) ; caitrasitAdevayAd bhAnodina mAsavarSayugakalpAH / sRSTyAdau laMkAyAM samaM pravRttA dine'rkasya // brAhmasphuTasiddhAnta ( 114 ) / 5. dekhie epiphiyA iNDikA ( jilda 8, pR0 261) / epi0 iNDikA ( jilda 28, 5063) meM arkezvara deva ke kaI paTTa lekha haiM jinameM yugAbda 4248 ( kaliyuga saMvat ) kA ullekha hai, jo 6 pharavarI 1948 I0 kA hai| aura dekhie 'ainalsa Ava sAiMsa' (jilda 8, saMkhyA 3, 1952, pR0 221-228) jahA~ pro0 neugebAvara evaM DA0 o0 ricamDTa kA 'hindU aisTronomI eTa nyU misTara ina 1428' nAmaka lekha hai, jisameM iMglaiNDa ke nyUmiMsTara sthAna meM likhita eka ajJAta lekhaka ke eka prabandha kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai, jisameM 1428 varSa evaM misTara ke akSAMza ke lie jyotiHzAstrIya gaNanAe~ kI gayI haiM / usa prabandha meM katipaya arabI lekhakoM ke uddharaNa haiM, jinameM eka 'omara' (yA umara, jo 815 I0 meM marA) kA ullekha hai, aura prabandha meM AyA hai ki elphaijo ne avatAra ke 3102 varSa pUrva 16 pharavarI ko bAr3ha (phlaDa) ke varSa kA Arambha kiyA; yaha tithi spaSTa rUpa se kaliyuga saMvat (jise bhAratIya jyotiSAcAryoM ne prayukta kiyA hai) ke Arambha se sarvathA milatI-julatI hai /

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319 bhArata meM pracalita vibhinna saMvat saMvat eka hI kahe gaye haiM, kyoMki donoM pUrvI rAjasthAna evaM pazcimI mAlavA meM vyavahRta hue haiN| yaha draSTavya hai ki kRta ke 282 evaM 295 varSa to milate haiM kintu mAlava saMvat ke itane prAcIna zilAlekha nahIM milte| yaha saMbhava hai ki kRta nAma purAnA hai aura jaba mAlavoM ne use apanA liyA to vaha 'mAlava- gaNAmnAta' yA 'mAlava-gaNasthiti' ke nAma se pukArA jAne lgaa| kintu yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yadi kRta evaM mAlava donoM bAda meM Ane vAle vikrama saMvat kI ora hI saMketa karate haiM, to donoM eka sAtha hI lagabhaga eka sau varSoM taka prayoga meM Ate rahe, jaise ki hameM 480 kRta varSa evaM 461 mAlava varSa prApta hote haiM / yaha mAnanA kaThina hai ki kRta saMvat kA prayoga kRtayuga ke Arambha se huaa| yaha sambhava hai ki 'kRta' kA vahI artha hai jo 'siddha' kA hai (yathA 'kRtAnta' kA artha hai ' siddhAnta' ) aura yaha saMketa karatA hai ki yaha kucha logoM kI sahamati se pratiSThApita huA hai| 8 vIM evaM 9 vIM zatI se vikrama saMvat kA nAma viziSTa rUpa se milatA hai| itanA hI nahIM, saMskRta ke jyotiHzAstrIya granthoM meM yaha zaka saMvat se bhinnatA pradarzita karane ke hetu sAmAnyataH kevala saMvat nAma se ullikhita hai / cAlukya vikramAditya SaSTha ke veDarAve zilAlekha se patA calatA hai ki rAjA ne zaka saMvat ke sthAna para cAlukya vikrama saMvat calAyA, jisakA prathama varSa thA 1076-77 I0 / lagabhaga 500 I0 ke uparAnta saMskRta meM likhita sabhI jyotiHzAstrIya grantha zaka saMvat kA prayoga karate pAye gaye haiN| isa saMvat kA yaha nAma kyoM par3A, isa viSaya meM kaI eka mata haiN| ise kuSANa rAjA kaniSka ne calAyA yA kisI anya ne, abhI taka kucha bhI antima rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakA hai| yaha eka aisI samasyA hai| jo bhAratIya itihAsa evaM kAla-nirNaya kI atyanta kaThina samasyAoM meM parigaNita hotI hai / varAhamihira ne ise zaka kAla ( paMcasiddhAntikA evaM bRhatsaMhitA 1333 ) tathA zakendrakAla yA zaka- bhUpakAla (bR0 saM0 8 20-21 ) kahA hai| utpala (lagabhaga 966 I0) ne bU 0 saM0 (8/20 ) kI vyAkhyA meM kahA hai ki jaba vikramAditya dvArA zaka rAjA mArA gayA to yaha saMvat claa| isake varSa cAndra saura- gaNanA ke lie caitra se evaM saura gaNanA ke lie meSa se Arambha hote the / isake varSa sAmAnyataH bIte hue haiM aura san 78 I0 ke vAsantika viSuva se yaha Arambha kiyA gayA hai / saba se prAcIna zilAlekha, jisameM spaSTa rUpa se zaka saMvat kA ullekha hai, cAlukya vallabhezvara kA hai, jisakI tithi hai 465 zaka saMvat ( arthAt 543 I0 ) / kSatrapa rAjAoM ke zilAlekhoM meM varSoM kI saMkhyA vyakta hai, kintu saMvat kA nAma nahIM hai, kintu ve saMkhyAe~ zaka kAla kI dyotaka haiM, jaisA ki sAmAnyataH logoM kA mata hai| kucha logoM ne kuSANa rAjA kaniSka ko zaka saMvat kA pratiSThApaka mAnA hai / pazcAtkAlIna, madhyavartI evaM vartamAna kAloM meM (jyotirvidAbharaNa meM bhI yahI bAta hai) zaka saMvat kA nAma zAlivAhana hai / kintu saMvat ke rUpa meM zAlivAhana rUpa 13 vIM yA 14vIM zatI ke zilAlekhoM meM AyA hai| yaha saMbhava hai ki sAtavAhana nAma (harSacarita meM gAthA saptazatI ke praNetA ke rUpa meM varNita ) zAlavAhana banA aura punaH zAlivAhana ke rUpa meM A gyaa| dekhie kaileNDara riphArma kamiTI riporTa (10 244-256 ) / kazmIra meM prayukta saptarSi saMvat eka anya saMvat hai jo laukika saMvat ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hai / rAjataraMgiNI ( 1/52 ) ke anusAra laukika varSa 24 gata zaka saMvat 1070 ke barAbara hai| isa saMvat ke upayoga meM sAmAnyataH zatAbdiyA~ nahIM dI huI haiN| yaha cAndra-saura saMvat hai aura caitra zukla kI pratipadA ko I0 pU0 apraila 3076 meM Arambha huaa| bR0 saM0 (13 / 3-4 ) ne eka paramparA kA ullekha kiyA hai ki saptarSi eka nakSatra meM sau varSoM taka rahate haiM aura jaba yudhiSThira rAjya kara rahe the to ve meSa rAzi meM the / sambhavataH yahI sau varSoM vAle vRttoM kA udgama hai / bahuta-se anya saMvat bhI the, yathA vardhamAna, buddha-nirvANa, gupta, cedi, harSa, lakSmaNasena ( baMgAla meM ), kollama yA parazurAma (malAvAra meM ), jo kisI samaya ( kama-se-kama laukika jIvana meM) bahuta pracalita the / inakA ullekha yahA~ nahIM hogA /

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320 varmazAstra kA itihAsa ___ hamane yaha dekha liyA hai ki vaidika granthoM meM varSa ke kaI nAma the, yathA saMvatsara, samA, vrss| nAradasaMhitA (3 / 1-2) meM aisA AyA hai ki kAla ke nau prakAra ke mAna the, yathA brAhma (brahmA kA), deva (devoM kA), mAnuSa (mAnava), pizya (pitaroM kA), saura, sAvana, cAndra, nAkSatra evaM bArhaspatya, kintu sAmAnya bhautika kAryoM meM inameM kevala pA~ca hI prayukta hote haiN| vedAMga-jyotiSa ne, lagatA hai, cAra prakAra diye haiM, kyoMki usameM AyA hai ki eka yuga (pA~ca varSoM ke) meM 61 sAvana mAsa, 62 cAndra mAsa, 67 nAkSatra mAsa hote haiN| hemAdri (kAla, pR0 9) ne kevala tIna varSa-mAna batAye haiM, yathA cAndra, saura evaM sAvana / mAdhava (kAlanirNayakArikA 11-12) ne do aura likhe haiM, yathA nAkSatra evaM bArhaspatya / viSNudharmottara ne cAra kA ullekha kiyA hai (bArhaspatya chor3a diyA hai) / hemAdri dvArA varNita tIna adhikatara dhArmika evaM laukika kAryoM meM prayukta hote rahe haiN| eka amAvAsyA se dUsarI amAvAsyA taka kI avadhi ko cAndra mAsa kahate haiM, aura aise 12 mAsoM se 354 dinoM vAlA eka cAndra varSa banatA hai| ise eka candrodaya se dUsare candrodaya taka kI avadhi lyUnezana' bhI kahate haiN| cAndra mAsa kI lambAI (avadhi yA vistAra) 29.246 se 29.817 dinoM taka kI hotI hai, kyoMki candrakakSA ke thor3e jhukAva (vipathagAmitA) evaM anya kAraNoM se kucha-na-kucha antara par3a jAtA hai, kintu madhyama lambAI hai 29.53059 din| saura mAsa usa avadhi kA sUcaka hai jo sUrya dvArA eka rAzi ko pAra karane se banatI hai| isa prakAra ke 12 mAsoM se saura varSa banatA hai tathA saura varSa kA prathama dina saura mAsa kA prathama dina meSa hotA hai| yadi sUrya kA rAzi meM praveza dina meM hotA hai to vaha dina mAsa kA prathama dina hotA hai| yadi praveza rAtri meM hotA hai to dUsarA dina mAsa kA prathama dina hotA hai| kisI rAzi meM sUrya ke praveza kA kAla vibhinna paMcAMgoM meM vibhinna hotA hai, kisI paMcAMga meM sUryAsta ke pUrva aura kisI meM sUryAsta ke uparAnta hotA hai| ataH mAsa ke prathama dina ke viSaya meM eka dina kA antara ho sakatA hai| vibhinna ayanAzoM evaM varSa kI lambAI ke antara ke prayoga se dRk, vAkya evaM siddhAnta paMcAMgoM meM antara par3a sakatA hai aura parva-utsavoM ke viSaya meM varSa ke prathama dina meM bhinnatA pAyI jA sakatI hai| sAvana varSa 30 dinoM ke 12 mAsoM kA hotA hai aura dina kI gaNanA eka sUryodaya se dUsare sUryodaya taka hotI hai| nAkSatra mAsa vaha hai jisameM 27 nakSatroM meM candra ke gamana kI avadhi pUrI hotI hai| bArhaspatya varSa vaha hai jo eka rAzi meM bRhaspati ke bhramaNa se banatA hai (lagabhaga 361 dina kA vrss)| Ajakala kI gaNanA ke anusAra bRhaspati sUrya ke cAroM ora 11.86 varSoM meM cakkara lagA letA hai| ye cAra yA pA~ca kAla-vibhAga prArambhika granthoM meM nahIM varNita haiM, yahA~ taka ki pazcAtkAlIna gaNanA meM cAra vibhAgoM kA upayoga nahIM huA hai, yadyapi jyotiHzAstrIya evaM dharmazAstrIya granthoM meM unakA ullekha avazya huA hai| kauTilya (arthazAstra, 2120, pR0 108) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki zramikoM kA mAsa 30 ahorAtra (dina-rAtra) 6. brAhmadevaM mAnuSaM ca pitryaM saura ca sAvanam / cAndramAkSaM gurormAnamiti mAnAni vai nava // eSAM tu navamAnAM vyavahAro'tra pnycbhiH| teSAM pRthak-pRthak kArya vakSyate vyvhaartH|| nArada-saMhitA (3 / 1-2) / kalpa brahmA kA dina hai (sUryasiddhAnta 120)!; eka mAnava-varSa devoM ke eka dina ke barAbara hai (eka vA etad devAnAmaho ytsNvtsrH| tai0 brA0, 3 / 9 / 22 / 1); eka mAnava-mAsa pitaroM kA ahorAtra hai (manu 1266) / mAnuSamAna (mAnava mAna) vimizra (mizrita) hai kyoMki loga vibhinna upayogoM ke lie cAra mAna prayukta karate haiM , jaisA ki si0 zi0 (1 // 30-31) meM ullikhita hai (jJeyaM vimizraM tu manuSyamAnaM mAnazcatubhirvyavahAravRttaH // varSAyanartuyugapUrvakamatra saurAna mAsAstathA ca tithayastuhinAMzumAnAt / yatkRcchrasUtaka cikitsitavAsarAcaM tatsAvanAcca ghaTikAdikamArtamAnAt // ) kintu usane Age kahA hai (1 / 32) ki grahoM ke mAna mAnava mAna se kiye jAte haiM (grahAstu sAdhyA manujaH svamAnAt)

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varSoM aura mAsoM ke bheda tathA parimANa 321 kA hotA hai, saura mAsa 1 dina bar3A hotA hai ( eka mAsa meM 303 dina), cAndra mAsa meM 1 dina kama (293 dina), nAkSatra mAsa meM 27 dina, malamAsa meM 32 dina ( yA 32 veM mAsa meM yaha ghaTita hotA hai ? ) / jo loga ghor3oM ko carAte haiM ( yA rakhavAlI karate haiM) unake mAsa meM ( pArizramika ke lie ) 35 dina tathA hastivAhakoM (pIlavAnoM) ke mAsa meM ( pArizramika ke lie) 40 dina hote haiN| brAhmasphuTasiddhAnta ( bR0 saM0 24, pR0 40 para utpala dvArA uddhRta ) meM AyA hai ki saura gaNanA se yuga, varSa, viSuva, ayana, RtuoM, dina evaM rAtri kI vRddhi kA jJAna hotA hai, cAndra gaNanA se tithiyoM, karaNoM, malamAsa, mAsa yA kSayamAsa, rAtri ke kRtyoM kA jJAna hotA hai; sAvana gaNanA se yajJoM, vanoM (tIna soma yajJoM), graha-gatiyoM, upavAsoM, janana-maraNa- AzaucoM, cikitsA, prAyazcittoM tathA anya dhArmika kRtyoM kA paricaya milatA hai| dekhie viSNudharmottara (1 / 72 / 26-27 ) bhI / Adhunika kAla meM varSa kA Arambha bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM kArtika yA caitra mAsa meM hotA hai| prAcIna kAloM meM vibhinna dezoM meM vibhinna upayogoM ke lie vibhinna mAsoM meM varSa kA Arambha hotA thaa| kucha vaidika vacanoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki gaNanA pUrNimAnta thI aura varSa phAlguna pUrNimA ke uparAnta Arambha hotA thA aura vasanta varSa kI prathama Rtu thA ( tai0 brA0 111 2 13; kau0 brA0 5 / 1; zAMkhAyana brA0 19 / 3; tANDya mahA brA0 5 / 917-12 Adi ) | kAlanirNaya ( pR0 61 ) meM mAdhava kahA hai ki veda pUrNimAnta mAsa para ArUDha | smRtica0 (zrAddha, pR0 377 ) kA kathana hai ki dakSiNApatha meM amAnta evaM uttarApatha ( uttara bhArata ) meM pUrNimAnta gaNanA hotI hai / daijyotiSa (15) ke mata se yuga (pA~ca varSa ) kA prathama varSa mAgha zukla ( makara saMkrAnti yA uttarAyaNa) se Arambha hotA hai| albarUnI (sacI 2, pR0 8-9 ) kA ullekha hai ki caitra, bhAdrapada, kArtika, mArgazIrSa se bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM varSa kA Arambha hotA hai| kauTilya (arthazAstra 26, pR0 63 ) ne kahA hai ki prazAsana ke Aya-vyaya-nirIkSaNa kAryAlaya meM karmasaMvatsara cAndra thA jo ASAr3ha kI pUrNimA ko samApta hotA thA / vanaparva ( 130 / 14-16) meM varSa ke caitrArambha kA ullekha hai / yaha sambhava hai ki varSa mArgazIrSa se Arambha hotA thA, kyoMki anuzAsana, ( 106 / 17 - 30) ne mArgazIrSa se kArtika taka ke ekabhakta vrata ke phaloM kA varNana kiyA hai / kRtyaratnAkara ( pR0 452 ) ne brahmapurANa ko uddhRta kara likhA haiM ki kRtayuga meM mArgazIrSa kI pratipadA se varSa Arambha hotA thA / aba hama kucha bAteM 60 varSa vRtta vAle (SaSTyabda) bArhaspatya mAna ke viSaya meM kaheMge / viSNudharmottara (1| 828) kA kathana hai ki SaSTyabda kA prabhava nAmaka prathama varSa mAgha zukla se Arambha huA, jaba sUrya evaM candra afroor nakSatra meM the aura bRhaspati se unakA yoga thA / bRM0 saM0 (4/27-52) meM SaSTyabda ke vibhava se 60 veM kSaya taka ke phaloM kA ullekha hai / aura dekhie viSNudharmottara ( 118219), agni0 (adhyAya 139 ) evaM bhaviSya 0 ( jyotistattva, pR0 692-697 meM uddhRta ) / SaSTyabda ke pratyeka varSa ke sAtha 'saMvatsara' zabda jur3A huA hai| dakSiNa meM pratyeka varSa ke Arambha meM bArhaspatya nAma sadA parivartita rahA hai; kintu uttara bhArata meM 'prabhAva' ke sthAna para 'vijaya' zabda rahA hai| bArhaspatya varSa kA vistAra 361.9267 dinoM kA hai aura yaha nAkSatra varSa se 4.23 dina 7. triMzadahorAtraH prakarmamAsaH / sArdhasauraH ( sArdhaH sauraH ? ) / ardhanyUnazcAndramAsaH / saptaviMzatirnakSatramAsaH / dvAtriMzad malamAsaH / paJcatriMzadazvavAhAyAH / catvAriMzaddhastivAhAyAH / arthazAstra ( 2020, pR0 108 ) / mahAbhASya (pANini 4 / 2 / 21 ke vArtika 2 para) ne bhRtakamAsa ( vetana vAlI naukarI ke mAsa) kA ullekha kiyA hai jo prakarmamAsa kA paricAyaka -sA hai| 41

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322 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kama hai| isakA pariNAma yaha hai ki 85 nAkSatra varSoM meM 86 bArhaspatya varSa haiM aura 85 varSoM ke uparAnta eka varSa kA kSaya ho jAtA hai| mAsoM kA viSaya atyanta jaTila hai| bhAratIyoM ne Adi kAla se hI cAndra-saura paMcAMga kA prayoga kiyA hai aura yahI bAta bebilona, cAlDiyA ke logoM, yahUdiyoM evaM cIniyoM ke bIca pAyI gayI hai| ataH sabhI ne malamAsa kA sahArA liyA hai| kintu bhAratIyoM meM kSaya mAsa bahuta virala thA, jisakA anya dezoM meM abhAva thaa| yaha antara sUrya evaM candra kI gatiyoM evaM sthAnoM kI gaNanA ke vibhinna DhaMgoM ke kAraNa upasthita huaa| adhika mAsa kI anivAryatA para kucha zabda yahA~ diye jAte haiN| saura varSa cAndra varSa se 11 dinoM se thor3A adhika bar3A hotA hai| yaha adhikatA lagabhaga 32 mAsoM meM eka cAndra mAsa kI hotI hai bebiloniyoM ke 19 varSoM ke eka vRtta 7 malamAsa (arthAt ) saba milA kara 235 cAndra mAsa) the| isI vRtta ko yUnAna meM atheniyAnivAsI meTAna ke nAma para meTAnika sAikila (vRtta) kahA gyaa| isI ke AdhAra para yahUdI evaM IsAI paMcAMga bane, vizeSataH IsTara se sambandhita / vedAMga-jyotiSa se prakaTa hai ki eka yuga (pAMca varSoM ke vRtta) meM do malamAsa hote the, eka thA DhAI varSoM ke uparAnta, dUsarA ASAr3ha aura dUsarA yuga ke anta meM dUsarA pauss| yahI bAta kauTilya meM hai| purANoM meM malamAsa kI vividha avadhiyoM kA ullekha hai| eka apekSAkRta adhika nizcita niyama yaha hai ki vaha cAndra-mAsa, jisameM saMkrAnti nahIM hotI, adhika kahalAtA hai aura Age ke mAsa ke nAma se, jo zuddha yA nija yA prAkRta kahalAtA hai, dyotita hotA hai| yadi eka saura mAsa meM do amAvAsyA par3atI hoM taba malamAsa hotA hai| cAndra mAsa meM jaba do saMkrAntiyA~ hotI haiM to do mAsa ho jAte haiM, jinameM prathama svIkRta hotA hai aura dUsarA chor3a diyA jAtA hai| yaha dUsarA kSayamAsa kahalAtA hai| isakA tAtparya yaha hai ki jaba eka mAsa meM do saMkrAntiyA~ hotI haiM to kSayamAsa hotA hai| vaha cAndra mAsa jisameM sUrya meSa rAzi meM praviSTa hotA hai, caitra tathA jisameM vaha vRSabha rAzi meM praveza karatA hai vaha vaizAkha kahalAtA hai| ___adhika evaM kSaya mAsoM ke viSaya meM kucha aura kahanA Avazyaka hai| phAlguna se Azvina taka ke sAta mAsa kevala adhika ho sakate haiM, kSaya nhiiN| kArtika evaM mArgazIrSa adhika evaM kSaya donoM ho sakate haiM, kintu aisA bahuta kama hI hotA hai| mAgha adhika ho sakatA hai, kintu yaha adhika yA kSaya kabhI nahIM huA hai| (dekhie ketakara kA grantha, iNDiyana eNDa phArena kronolAjI, pR040)| kintu zuddhikaumadI (10 272) meM AyA hai ki zaka saMvat 1397 meM mAgha mAsa kA kSaya huA thaa| malamAsatattva (pR0 774) meM uddharaNa AyA hai ki mAgha malamAsa ho sakatA hai, kintu pauSa nhiiN| ketakara (pa040) ke mata se pauSa ke adhika mAsa hone kI sambhAvanA nahIM hai kintu vaha bhArgazIrSa kI apekSA kSaya mAsa hone kI adhika sambhAvanA rakhatA hai| kSaya mAsa sAmAnyataH adhika mAsa ke pUrva yA uparAnta (turata uparAnta nahIM) hotA hai, ataH jaba kucha varSoM meM kSaya mAsa hotA hai to do adhika mAsa pAye jAte haiN| isa viSaya meM aura dekhie kaileNDara riphArma kamiTI riporTa, pR0 246-252 / zAntiparva (301146-47) ne saMvatsaroM, mAsoM, pakSoM evaM divasoM ke kSaya' kA ullekha kiyA hai| jaba kSayamAsa hotA hai to isake pUrva kA adhika mAsa anya sAdhAraNa mAsoM ke samAna pavitra rahatA hai, arthAt usameM dhArmika kRtya karanA manA nahIM hai, tathA vaha adhika mAsa jo kSayamAsa ke uparAnta AtA hai, dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie vajita ghoSita kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNa se ina donoM ko samajha liyA jaay| mAna lIjie caitra amAvAsyA ko meSa saMkrAnti hai, aura amAvAsyA ke Age kI tithi se dUsarI amAvAsyA (jo vaizAkha hai) taka koI saMkrAnti nahIM hai, aura taba usake uparAnta prathama tithi meM vRSabha saMkrAnti hai, to aisI sthiti meM vaha mAsa jisameM saMkrAnti nahIM hai adhika vaizAkha kahA jAyagA, aura vaha mAsa jisameM vRSabha saMkrAnti par3atI hai zuddha vaizAkha hogaa| aba kSaya mAsa kA udAharaNa

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mAsoM ke prakAra (adhika, amAnta, pUrNimAnta, saura, sAvana, nAkSatra Adi) leM-mAna lIjie bhAdrapada amAvAsyA ko kanyA saMkrAnti hai, usake uparAnta adhika Azvina ke bAda zuddha Azvina AtA hai, jisakI prathama tithi para tulA saMkrAnti hai, isake uparAnta kArtika zukla pratipadA ko vRzcika saMkrAnti hai, aura mArgazIrSa-zukla pratipadA ko dhanu saMkrAnti hai aura usI mAsa kI amAvAsyA ko makara saMkrAnti par3atI hai| aisI sthiti meM do saMkrAntiyoM (dhanu evaM makara) vAlA mAsa kSayamAsa hogA aura taba pauSa (mArgazIrSa evaM pauSa se bane) kA eka mAsa hogaa| jaba mAgha amAvAsyA ko kumbha saMkrAnti hai to phAlguna adhika mAsa hogA aura zuddha phAlguna zukla pratipadA ko mIna saMkrAnti hogii| isa prakAra usa varSa meM, jisameM kSayamAsa hotA hai, aba bhI 13 mAsa hote haiM aura usake dina 390 se thor3e kama hote haiN| ___cAndra tathA anya varSoM ke varNana ke silasile meM hamane cAndra, saura, sAvana evaM nAkSatra mAsoM kI ora saMketa kara diyA hai| jaisA ki kRtyaratnAkara meM AyA hai (pR080),dharmazAstra meM nAkSatra mAsa kI AvazyakatA nahIM par3atI, yaha kevala jyotiSa-zAstra meM hI calatA hai| paMcAMga sAmAnyataH pratyeka varSa ke lie banate haiN| unameM 12 (yA 13, jaba malamAsa hotA hai) ke do pakSoM ke pRthak pRSTha hote haiN| bhAratIya paMcAMga ke pAMca mahattvapUrNa bhAga haiM; tithi tha, saptAhadina, nakSatra, yoga evaM krnn| muhUrtadarzana (1 / 44) ke mata se isameM rAziyoM ke samAveza se chaH tathA grahoM kI sthitiyoM ke ullekha se sAta bhAga hote haiN| eka sUryodaya se dUsare sUryodaya taka eka vAra (dina) hotA hai| tithiyoM evaM nakSatroM ke viSaya meM pahale hI kahA jA cukA hai| yoga evaM karaNa ke viSaya meM Age likhA jaaygaa| bAraha mahInoM evaM unake do-do se gaThita 6 RtuoM kA ullekha bahuta prAcIna hai| dekhie taittirIya-saMhitA (4 / 3 / 11 // 1),vAja0 saM0 (13 / 25) / mAsoM ke vaidika nAma haiM-madhu, mAdhava, zukra, zuci, nabhas, nabhasma, iSa, Urja, sahas, sahasya, tapas evaM tapasya / brAhmaNoM meM nakSatroM se jJApita cAndra mAsoM kA ullekha hai| isI se kucha loga saura evaM cAndra RtuoM kA bhI ullekha karate haiN| saura mAsa mIna rAzi yA meSa rAzi se Arambha hote haiM tathA caitra Adi (yA zeSa vAle) kahalAte haiN| pANini' ne mAsoM kI vyutpatti kI hai, yathA citrAyukta paurNamAsI se caitra, aura spaSTa rUpa se (4 / 2 / 22) AgrahAyaNI, phAlgunI, zravaNA, kArtikI evaM caitrI (4 / 2 / 23) ke nAma diye haiN| 'paurNamAsI pUrNamAsa se vyutpanna hai (vArtika 2, pA0 4 / 3 / 35) / puSya nakSatra vAlI paurNamAsI tithi 'pauSI' kahI gayI hai (pA0 4 / 2 / 2 evaM 4 / 2 / 31) / isa prakAra vikAsa ke tIna stara haiM : (1)27 nakSatroM ke rUpa prakaTa hue aura unake nAma vaidika saMhitAoM meM hI pracalita ho gaye; (2) isake uparAnta paurNamAsI caitrI paurNamAsI kahI gayI Adi, kyoMki usa tithi para candra citrA nakSatra meM thA, Adi; (3) isake uparAnta mAsoM ke nAma yoM par3e-caitra, vaizAkha Adi, kyoMki unameM caitrI yA vaizAkhI paurNamAsI thii| yaha saba pANini ke bahuta pahale pracalita huaa| Age calakara saura mAsa madhu, mAdhava Adi caitra, vaizAkha Adi cAndra mAsoM se dyotita hone lage aura samAnArthI ho gye| yaha kaba huA, kahanA kaThina hai| kintu IsA ke bahuta pahale aisA huaa| paurNamAsI ke dina candra bhale hI citrA yA zravaNa nakSatra meM yA usake pAsa na ho kintu mAsa taba bhI caitra yA zrAvaNa kahalAtA hai| yaha hamane dekha liyA hai ki prAcIna brAhmaNa-kAloM meM mAsa pUNimAnta (pUrNimA se anta hone vAle) the| yahA~ taka ki kaniSka evaM huviSka jaise uttara bhArata ke videzI zAsakoM ke vRttAntoM meM pUrNimAnta mAsoM kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai, kintu kahIM-kahIM vahA~ maisIDonI nAma bhI Aye hai| . __ IsA pUrva ke zilAlekhoM meM mAsoM (I0 pUrva dUsarI zatI ke meneNDara ke kharoSThI abhilekha meM kArtika caturdazI kA ullekha hai) ke nAma bahuta kama Aye haiN| pracalita DhaMga thA Rtu, taduparAnta Rtu meM nAmarahita mAsa tathA divasa kA ullekha / kahIM-kahIM kevala Rtu, pakSoM kI saMkhyA evaM dina ke nAma Aye haiN| kabhI-kabhI mAsa kA nAma

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324 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa AyA hai, kintu pakSa yA dinoM ke nAma lagAtAra (1 te 30 taka) nahIM Aye haiN| yaha sthiti, arthAt pakSoM evaM dinoM kI varNana-rahitatA, 9 vIM zatI taka calI gyii| Ajakala loga sudi, vadi yA vadya kA prayoga karate haiM, unameM prathama (arthAt sudi) zukla dina (yA divasa) yA zuddha dina kA choTA rUpa hai tathA dUsarA (vadi) bahula dina yA divasa (va' yA ba parivartita hote rahate haiM) kA choTA rUpa hai| vadya kA artha spaSTa nahIM ho paataa| yaha nahIM samajha meM AtA ki IsA ke pUrva evaM uparAnta ke bahuta-se zilAlekhoM meM 'pakSa' zabda kA ullekha kyoM nahIM huA hai, jaba ki brAhmaNoM evaM upaniSadoM jaise prAcIna granthoM meM usakA ullekha huA hai| dakSiNa bhArata meM mAsoM ke nAma rAziyoM para AdhArita haiM,yathA mIna-mAsa, meSa-mAsa aadi| yahI prayoga pANDya deza meM bhI pracalita thaa| adhika mAsa kaI nAmoM se vikhyAta hai --adhimAsa, malamAsa, malimluca, saMsarpa, aMhaspati yA aMhasaspati, purussottmmaas'| inakI vyAkhyA Avazyaka hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki bahuta prAcIna kAla se adhika mAsa nindya ThaharAye gaye haiN| aita0 brA0 (3 / 1) meM AyA hai : 'devoM ne soma kI latA 13 veM mAsa meM kharIdI, jo vyakti ise becatA hai vaha patita hai, 13 vA mAsa phaladAyaka nahIM hotaa|' tai0 saM0 meM 13 vA~ mAsa 'saMsarpa' evaM 'aMhaspati' (1 / 4 / 4 / 1 evaM 6 / 5 / 3 / 4) kahA gayA hai| Rgveda meM 'aMhas' kA tAtparya pApa se hai| yaha atirikta mAsa hai, ataH aghimAsa yA adhikamAsa nAma par3a gayA hai| ise malamAsa isalie kahA jAtA hai ki mAno yaha kAla kA mala hai| atharvaveda (8 / 6 / 2) meM 'malimluca' AyA hai, kintu isakA artha spaSTa nahIM hai| kAThakasaMhitA (38 / 14) meM bhI isakA ullekha hai| pazcAtkAlIna sAhitya meM 'malimluca' kA artha hai 'cora' / aura dekhie Rgveda (10 / 136 / 2), vAja0 saM0 (22 / 30), zAM0 zrau0 sU0 (6 / 12 / 15) / malamAsatattva (pR0 768) meM yaha vyutpatti hai : 'malI san mlocati gacchatIti malimlucaH' arthAt 'malina (gaMdA ) hone para yaha Age bar3ha jAtA hai|' 'saMsarpa' evaM 'aMhasaspati' zabda vAja0 saM0 (22 / 30 evaM 31) meM tathA 'aMhasaspati' vAja0 saM0 (7 / 31) meM Aye haiN| aura dekhie tai0 saM0 (1 / 4 / 14 / 1 evaM 6 / 5 / 3 / 4) / 'aMhasaspati' kA zAbdika artha hai 'pApa kA svaamii|' pazcAtkAlIna lekhakoM ne 'saMsarpa' evaM 'aMhasaspati' meM antara vyakta kiyA hai| jaba eka varSa meM do adhimAsa hoM aura eka kSaya mAsa ho to donoM adhimAsoM meM prathama saMsarpa' kahA jAtA hai aura yaha vivAha ko chor3akara anya dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie nindya mAnA jAtA hai| aMhasaspati kSaya mAsa taka sImita hai| kucha purANoM meM (yathA padma0, 6 / 64) adhimAsa puruSottama mAsa (viSNu ko puruSottama kahA jAtA hai) kahA gayA hai aura sambhava hai, adhimAsa kI nindyatA ko kama karane ke lie aisA nAma diyA gayA hai| dharmazAstrIya granthoM meM adhimAsa ke viSaya para bahuta kucha likhA huA hai| kucha bAteM yahA~ dI jA rahI haiN| agni0 (175 / 29-30) meM AyA hai--vaidika agniyoM ko prajvalita karanA, mUrti-pratiSThA, yajJa, dAna, vrata, saMkalpa ke sAtha veda-pATha, sA~r3a chor3anA (vRSotsarga), cUr3AkaraNa, upanayana, nAmakaraNa, abhiSeka adhimAsa meM nahIM karanA caahie| hemAdri (kAla, pR0 3.6-63) ne vajita evaM mAnya kRtyoM kI lambI-lambI sUciyAM dI haiN| aura dekhie nirNayasindhu (pR0 10-15) evaM dharmasindhu (pR. 5-7) / kucha sAmAnya vyavasthAoM kI carcA kI jA rahI hai| sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki malamAsa meM nitya karmoM evaM naimittika karmoM (kucha viziSTa avasaroM para kiye jAne vAle karmoM) ko karate rahanA hI cAhie, yathA sandhyA, pUjA, paMcamahAyajJa (brahmayajJa, vaizvadeva Adi), agni meM havi DAlanA (agnihotra ke rUpa meM), grahaNa-snAna (yadyapi yaha naimittika hai), antyeSTi karma (naimittika) / yadi zAstra kahatA hai ki yaha kRtya (yathA soma yajJa) nahIM karanA cAhie to use adhimAsa meM sthagita kara denA cAhie yaha bhI sAmAnya niyama hai ki kAmya (nitya nahIM, vaha jise kisI phala kI prApti ke lie kiyA jAtA hai) kama

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malamAsa kA vivecana 325 nahIM karanA caahie| kucha apavAda bhI haiM, yathA kucha karma, jo adhimAsa ke pUrva hI Arambha ho gaye hoM (yathA 12 dinoM vAlA prAjApatya prAyazcitta, eka mAsa vAlA cAndrAyaNa vrata), adhimAsa taka bhI calAye jA sakate haiN| yadi dubhikSa ho, varSA na ho rahI ho to usake lie kArIrI iSTi adhimAsa meM bhI karanA manA nahIM hai, kyoMki aisA na karane se hAni ho jAne kI sambhAvanA rahatI hai| ye bAtoM kAlanirNaya-kArikAoM (21-24) meM varNita haiN| kucha bAteM aisI haiM jo malamAsa ke lie hI vyavasthita haiM, yathA pratidina yA kama-se-kama eka dina brAhmaNoM ko 33 apUpoM (pUoM) kA dAna karanA caahie| kucha aise karma haiM jo zuddha mAsoM meM hI karaNIya haiM, yathA vApI evaM tar3Aga (bAvalI evaM talAba) khudavAnA, kUpa banavAnA, yajJa karma, mahAdAna evaM vrt| kucha aise karma haiM jo adhimAsa evaM zuddha mAsa, donoM meM kiye jA sakate haiM, yathA garbha kA kRtya (puMsavana jaise saMskAra), byAja lenA, pArizramika denA, mAsa-zrAddha (amAvAsyA para), Ahnika dAna, antyeSTi kriyA, nava-zrAddha, maghA nakSatra kI trayodazI para zrAddha, solaha zrAddha, cAndra evaM saura grahaNoM para snAna, nitya evaM naimittika kRtya (hemAdri, kAla, pR0 52; samayaprakAza, p0145)| jisa prakAra hamAre yahA~ 13 veM mAsa (malamAsa) meM dhArmika kRtya vajita haiM, pazcimI dezoM meM 13 vIM saMkhyA abhAgyasUcaka mAnI jAtI hai, vizeSataH meja para 13 cIjoM kI sNkhyaa| bhAratIya paMcAMgoM ke pA~ca aMgoM meM eka saptAha-dina bhI hai| ataH dinoM evaM saptAha-dinoM para saMkSepa meM likhanA Avazyaka hai| donoM sUryodayoM ke bIca kI kAlAvadhi atyanta mahattvapUrNa avadhi mAnI jAtI hai| yaha saura dina hai aura loka-dina bhii| kintu tithi to kAla kA cAndra vibhAga hai jisakA saura dina ke vibhinna dig-vibhAgoM meM anta hotA hai| 'dina' zabda ke do artha haiM : (1) sUryodaya se sUryAsta taka, (2) sUryodaya se sUryodaya tk| Rgveda (6 / 9 / 1) meM 'ahaH' zabda kA dina ke kRSNa bhAga (rAtri) evaM arjuna (camakadAra yA zveta) bhAga kI ora saMketa hai (ahazca kRSNamahararjunaM ca vi vartete rajasI vedyaabhiH)| Rgveda meM rAtri' zabda kA prayoga utanA nahIM huA hai jitanA 'ahana' kA, kintu 'dina' kA sAmAsika prayoga adhika huA hai, yathA 'sudinatva', 'sudina', 'madhyandina / ' 'ahorAtra' (dina-rAtri) eka bAra AyA hai (R0 10 / 190 / 2) / pUrvAhna (dina kA prathama bhAga) R0 (10 / 34.11) meM AyA hai| dina ke tInoM bhAgoM (prAtaH, saMgava evaM madhyandina) kA ullekha hai (R0 5 / 17 / 3) / dina ke pA~ca bhAgoM meM uparyukta tIna ke atirikta anya do haiM aparAhna evaM astamya, astagamana yA saayaahn| ye pA~coM bhAga zatapathabrAhmaNa (2 / 3 / 2 / 9) meM ullikhita haiN| 'prAtaH' evaM 'sAyam' R0 (5 / 7742, 8 / 2 / 20 evaM 10 / 146 / 3 evaM 40) meM Aye haiN| kauTilya (1 / 19), dakSa evaM kAtyAyana ne dina evaM rAtri ko ATha bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai| dina evaM rAtri ke 15 muhUrtoM kA ullekha pahale hI ho cukA hai| dina ke Arambha ke viSaya meM kaI mata haiN| yahUdiyoM ne dina kA Arambha sAyaMkAla se mAnA hai (jenesisa 15 evaM 1 / 13) / misravAsiyoM ne sUryodaya se sUryAsta taka ke dina ko 12 bhAgoM meM bA~TA ; unake ghaNTe RtuoM para nirbhara the| bebiloniyoM ne dina kA Arambha sUryodaya se mAnA hai aura dina tathA rAtri ko 12 bhAgoM 8. kAmyArambhaM tatsamAptiM malamAse vivrjyet| ArabdhaM malamAsAt prAk kRcchaM cAndrAdikaM tu yt| tatsamApyaM sAvanasya mAnasyAnatilaMghanAt // Arambhasya samAptezca madhye syaaccnmlimlcH| pravRttamakhilaM kAmyaM tadAnuSTheyameva tu|| kAroryAdi tu yatkAmyaM tsyaarmbhsmaapne| kAryakAlavilammAsya pratIkSAyA asambhavAt // ananyagatikaM nityamagnihotrAdi na tyajet / gatyantarayutaM nityaM somayAgAdi varjayet ||kaa0 ni0 kArikA (21-24) /

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326 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM bA~TA hai, jinameM pratyeka bhAga do viSuvIya ghaNToM kA hotA hai| etheMsa evaM yUnAna meM aitihAsika kAloM meM dina, sAmAnyataH paMcAMga ke lie sUryAsta se Arambha hotA thaa| roma meM dina kA Arambha AdhI rAta se hotA thaa| bhAratIya lekhakoM ne dinArambha sUryodaya se mAnA hai ( brAhmasphuTa - siddhAnta 11 / 33), kintu ve dina ke vibhinna ArambhoM se anabhijJa nahIM the| paMcasiddhAntikA (15 / 20 evaM 23 ) meM AyA hai ki AryabhaTa ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki laMkA meM dina kA Arambha ardharAtri se hotA hai, kintu punaH unhoMne kahA hai ki dina kA Arambha sUryodaya se hotA hai aura laMkA kA vaha sUryodaya siddhapura meM sUryAsta se milatA hai, yamakoTi meM madhyAhna ke tathA romaka deza meM ardharAtri se milatA hai / ' Adhunika kAla meM loka-dina kA Arambha arddharAtri se hotA hai / saptAha kevala mAnava nirmita vyavasthA hai| isake pIche koI jyotiHzAstrIya yA prAkRtika yojanA nahIM hai / spena - AkramaNa ke pUrva meksiko meM pA~ca dinoM kI yojanA thii| sAta dinoM kI yojanA yahUdiyoM, bebiloniyoM eva dakSiNa amerikA ke iMkA logoM meM thI / lokatAntrika yuga meM romanoM meM ATha dinoM kI vyavasthA thI, mistriyoM evaM prAcIna atheniyanoM meM dasa dinoM kI yojanA thii| olDa TesTAmeNTa meM AyA hai ki Izvara ne chaH dinoM taka sRSTi kI aura sAtaveM dina vizrAma karake use AzISa dekara pavitra banAyA (jenesirA 211-3 ) / eksoDasa (201 8-11, 23 / 12-14) evaM De uTeronAmI (5 / 12-15) meM Izvara ne yahUdiyoM ko chaH dinoM taka kAma karane kA Adeza diyA hai aura eka dina ( sAtaveM dina ) ArAma karane ko kahA hai aura use Izvara ke saibbAtha (vizrAmavAsara) ke rUpa meM pavitra mAnane kI AjJA dI hai / yahUdiyoM ne saibbAtha (jo saptAha kA antima dina hai) ko chor3akara kisI dina ko nAma nahIM diyA hai; use ve ravivAra na kahakara zanivAra mAnate haiN| olDa TesTAmeNTa meM saptAha - dinoM ke nAma ( vyaktivAcaka) nahIM milte| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki nyU TesTAmeNTa meM bhI saptAha-dina kevala saMkhyA se hI dyotita haiM ( maithyU 28|1; mArka, 169; lyUka, 24|1) / saptAha meM koI na koI dina katipaya dezoM evaM dhArmika sampradAyoM dvArA saibbAtha ( vizrAmadina ) yA pavitra mAnA gayA hai, yathA somavAra yUnAnI saibbAtha dina, maMgala pArasiyoM kA, budha asIriyoM kA bRhaspati mistriyoM kA, zukra musalamAnoM kA, zanivAra yahUdiyoM kA evaM ravivAra IsAiyoM kA pavitra yA vizrAma dina hai / sAta dinoM ke vRtta ke udbhava evaM vikAsa kA varNana aipha aica0 kolsana ke grantha 'dI vIka' (kaimbrija yUnIvarsiTI presa, 1926) meM ullikhita hai / usa grantha kI kucha bAteM nimna haiN| DAyona kaisiasa ( tIsarI zatI ke prathama caraNa meM) ne apanI 37vIM pustaka meM likhA hai ki pAmpeyI ne I0 pU0 83 meM jerUsalema para adhikAra kiyA, usa dina yahUdiyoM kA vizrAma dina thaa| usameM AyA hai ki grahIya saptAha ( jisameM dinoM ke nAma grahoM ke nAma para AdhArita haiM) kA udbhava misra meM huA / Diyo ne 'romana hisTrI' (jilda 3, pR0 129, 131 ) meM yaha spaSTa kiyA hai ki saptAha kA udgama yUnAna meM na hokara misra meM huA aura vaha bhI prAcIna nahIM hai balki hAla kA hai| isase prakaTa hai ki yUnAna meM saptAha kA jJAna praveza IsA kI pahalI zatI meM huaa| pAmpeyI ke nagara meM, jo san 79 I0 lAvA (jvAlAmukhI) meM DUba gayA thA, eka dIvAra para saptAha ke chaH dinoM ke nAma alikhita haiN| isase saMketa milatA hai ki san 79 I0 ke pUrva hI iTalI meM saptAha-dinoM ke nAma jJAta the / kolsana mahodaya isa bAta se bhramita ho gaye haiM ki TyUTAna dezoM meM 'veMsDe' evaM 'thasTaDe' jaise nAma kaise Aye / sArTana ne 'hisTrI Ava sAiMsa' meM 9. kArdharAtrasamaye vinapravRttiM jagAda cAryabhaTaH / bhUyaH sa eva sUryodayAtprabhUtyAha laMkAyAm // udayo yo laMkAyAM so'stamayaH savitureva siddhapure / madhyAhno yamakoTyA romakaviSaye'rdharAtraH saH // paMcasi0 15, 20, 33 //

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vibhinna dezoM meM pAMca yA sAta vAroM, saptAha, dazAha Adi kA vyavahAra 327 likhA hai ki yahUdI saibbAtha, misrI dina-ghaNTe evaM cAlDiyA ke jyotiSa ne vartamAna saptAha kI sRSTi kI hai (pR0 76-77) / sArTana kA mata hai ki grahIya dinoM kA Arambha misra evaM bebilona meM huA, yUnAna meM isakA pUrvajJAna nahIM thaa| Adhunika yUropIya ghaNTe bebilonI ghaNToM evaM misrI paMcAMga kI dina-saMkhyA para AdhArita haiN| I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI taka yUropa meM tathA madhya eziyA meM Aja ke saptAha-dinoM ke nAmoM Adi ke viSaya meM koI jJAna nahIM thA / TAlmI ne apane TeTrAbiblAsa meM saptAha kA jyotiSIya-prayoga nahIM kiyA hai| Aja ke dinoM ke nAma grahoM para AdhArita haiM, yathA sUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, bRhaspati, zukra evaM zani nAmaka sAta grahoM pr| kaI kAraNoM se ravivAra saptAha kA prathama dina hai; eka kAraNa yaha hai ki usI dina sRSTi kA Arambha huaa| jisa prakAra dinoM kA krama hai, usameM grahoM kI dUrI, unake gurutva, prakAza evaM mahattA kA koI samAveza nahIM hai| yAjJa0 (12293) ne grahoM kA krama yoM diyA hai-sUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, bRhaspati, zukra, zani, rAhu evaM ketu| yahI bAta viSNupurANa (1 / 12 / 92) meM bhI hai| __ aisA tarka diyA jAtA hai ki saptAha-dinoM kA krama mistriyoM ke 24 ghaNToM vAlI vidhi para AdhArita hai, jahA~ pratyeka dina-bhAga krama se eka graha se zAsita hai| ravivAra ko prathama bhAga para sUrya kA, 21 veM bhAga ke uparAnta 22veM bhAga para punaH sUrya kA, 23 veM para zutra kA, 24 veM para budha kA zAsana mAnA jAtA hai tathA dUsare dina 25 veM bhAga (yA ghaNTe) ko somavAra kahA jAtA hai| yadi yaha vyavasthA 24 ghaNToM evaM ghaNTA-zAsakoM para AdhArita hai to vahI krama lambe DhaMga se bhI ho sakatA hai| 24 ghaNToM ke sthAna para 60 bhAgoM (ghaTikAoM) meM dina ko bA~TA jA sakatA hai| yadi hama candra se Arambha kareM aura eka ghaTI (yA ghaTikA) eka graha se samanvita kareM to 57vIM baTI candra kI hogI, 58vIM budha kI, 59vIM zukra kI, 60vIM sUrya kI aura somavAra ke uparAnta dUsarA dina hogA mNglvaar| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prAcIna kAloM meM kisI deza meM (aura Aja bhI aisA hai) saptAha-dinoM meM eka ke uparanti-eka dinoM meM dhArmika kRtya nahIM hote the| saptAha ke dinoM ke udbhava evaM vikAsa ke viSaya para mata-matAntara hai| aisA kahA gayA hai ki bhAratIya saptAha-dina bhArata ke nahIM haiM, pratyuta ve cAlDiyA yA yUnAna ke haiN| yahA~ hama yaha dekheMge sAhityika evaM zilAlekhIya pramANa hameM isa viSaya meM kitanI dUra le jAte haiN| isa viSaya meM atyanta prAcIna zilAlekhIya pramANa hai eraNa kA stabha-zilAlekha, jo budhagupta (san 484 I0) kA hai, jisameM ASAr3ha zukla dvAdazI evaM bRhaspati kA ullekha hai| mAna liyA jAya ki saptAha kI dhAraNA abhAratIya hai, to isake pUrva ki vaha sarvasAdhAraNa ke jIvana meM isa prakAra samAhita ho jAya ki gupta samrATa apanI ghoSaNAoM meM usakA prayoga karane lageM, to yaha mAnanA par3egA ki aisA hone meM kaI zatiyoM kI AvazyakatA pdd'egii| - aba hama sAhityika pramANa leN| AryabhaTIya (dazagItikA, zloka 3) meM gurudivasa (bRhaspativAra) kA ullekha hai| bRhatsaMhitA (1 / 4) meM maMgala (kSititanaya divasa) kA ullekha hai| paMcasiddhAntikA (18) meM soma 10. kAho Dha manuyuga zkha gatAste ca manuyuga chanA c| kalpAderyugapAvA ga ca gurudivasAcca bhAratAtpUrvam // dazagItikA, zloka 3 / TIkAkAra ne likhA hai : 'rAjyaM caratAM yudhiSThirAdInAyantyo gurudivaso bhaartgurudivsH| vAparAvasAnagata ityrthH| tasmin vivase yudhiSThirAvayo rAjyamutsRjya mahAprasthAnaM gatA iti prsiddhiH| tasmAdgurudivasAt pUrvakalpAderArabhya gatA manvAdaya ihoktaaH| isa zloka kA artha hai : 'brahmA ke eka dina meM 14 manu haiM tathA 72 yuga eka manvantara banAte haiN| isa kalpa meM bhAratayuddha ke bRhaspativAra taka 6 manu, 27 yuga, 3 yugapAda dhyatIta ho cuke haiN|' 'kAhaH' kA artha hai kasya brahmaNaH ahaH divasaH; AryabhaTa ke anusAra 8 14; zkha 72 Sa 70 evaM kha 2, chnA 27 (cha 7 evaM na yA nA 20); ga 3 /

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328 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa divasa (somavAra) AyA hai| bR0 saM0 (103 / 61-63) ne ravivAra se zanivAra taka ke karmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| isI viSaya meM utpala ne garga nAmaka prAcIna jyotirvid ke 18 anuSTupu zlokoM kA uddharaNa diyA hai| karna ne garga ko I0 pU0 pahalI zatI kA mAnA hai| isase prakaTa hai ki bhArata meM saptAha-dinoM kA jJAna I0 pU0 prathama zatI meM avazya thaa| philAsTreTasa ne TAyanA ke apolloniyasa (jo san 98 I0 meM marA) ke jIvana-carita meM likhA hai ki kisa prakAra bhArata meM yAtrA karate samaya amolloniyasa ne brAhmaNoM ke netA ircusa se 7 aMgUThiyA~ prApta kI, jina para 7 grahoM ke nAma the aura jinheM use pratidina eka-eka karake pahananA thaa| isase bhI yahI prakaTa hotA hai ki graha-nAma vAle saptAha-dinoM kA jJAna bhAratIyoM ko prathama zatI meM prApta thaa| ataH I0 pU0 prathama zatI evaM I0 uparAnta prathama zatI ke bIca meM bhArata ke loga grahIya dinoM se paricita the| vaikhAnasa-smArta-sUtra (1 / 4) evaM baudhAyanadharmasUtra (2 / 5 / 23) meM sUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, bRhaspati, zukra, zani, rAhu evaM ketu nAmaka grahoM ke nAma Aye haiN| prathama grantha (2 / 12) meM budhavAra kA bhI ullekha hai| AtharvaNavedAMga-jyotiSa (vAraprakaraNa, zloka 1 se 8) meM ravivAra se lekara zanivAra taka ke karmoM kA ullekha hai| gAthAsaptazatI (hAla kRta prAkRta kAvya-saMgraha) meM maMgala evaM viSTi kA ullekha hai (3 / 61) / yAjJa0 (11296) meM Aja kI bhA~ti dinoM evaM rAhu-ketu ke sAtha navagrahoM kI carcA hai| yahI bAta nAradapurANa (1151180) meM hai| aura dekhie matsya0 (93 / 7), viSNudharmottara (78 / 1-7) aadi| purANoM meM saptAha-dinoM ke viSaya meM bahuta-se vajita evaM mAnya karmoM ke ullekha haiN| bahuta-se purANoM kI tithiyoM ke viSaya meM matabheda hai, kintu itanA to pramANoM se siddha hai ki IsA kI prathama do zatiyoM meM grahoM kI pUjA evaM saptAha ke dinoM ke viSaya meM pUrNa jJAna thaa| mahAbhArata jaise vizAla grantha meM, jahA~ dharmazAstrIya ullekha adhika saMkhyA meM hue haiM, saptAha-dinoM kI carcA nahIM hai| jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai, yaha sapramANa siddha ho cukA hai ki bhAratIya loga I0 pU0 prathama zatI evaM I0 uparAnta prathama zatI ke bIca grahoM kI pUjA evaM grahayukta dinoM ke jJAna se bhalI bhA~ti paricita the| eka anya draSTavya bAta yaha bhI hai ki dinoM ke nAma pUrNatayA bhAratIya haiM, una para yUnAnI yA abhAratIya prabhAva nahIM hai| kintu rAziyoM ke nAma ke viSaya meM aisI bAta nahIM hai, vahA~ 'kriya' evaM 'leya' jaise zabda bAhya rUpa se A gaye haiN| TaoNlmI (san 150 I0) ne 24 ghaNToM evaM 60 bhAgoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| bhAratIyoM meM 60 ghaTikAoM kA prayoga prAcIna hai| bhAratIyoM ne dopahara yA rAtri se dina kI gaNanA nahIM kI, pratyuta prAtaH se kI hai| Azvamedhikaparva (4412) meM spaSTa kathana hai ki pahale dina AtA hai taba rAtri AtI hai| bhArata meM sAta dinoM vAle dina-vRtta ke viSaya meM kaI siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana karanA sambhava hai| budha, zukra, maMgala, bRhaspati evaM zani pA~ca grahoM ke sAtha prAcIna bebiloniyoM ne pA~ca devoM kI kalpanA kI thii| ye deva Age calakara romaka rUpoM meM parivartita ho gye| prema kI devI IsTara zukra ke rUpa meM ho gayI, marduka nAmaka bar3A deva bRhaspati ho gayA. . . aadi| ye pA~coM graha sUrya evaM candra ke sAtha svagika rUpa vAle ho gye| cAlDiyA ke mandiroM meM jo pUjA hotI thI aura jo sIriyA taka pracArita thI, usameM viziSTa dina para pratyeka deva kI prArthanAe~ hotI thiiN| jo deva jisa dina pUjita hotA thA vaha usI dina ke sAtha samanvita ho gyaa| jo dina sUrya evaM candra ke lie pavitra the ve ravivAra evaM somavAra ho gye| iMglaiNDa meM kucha dina-nAma prayoga meM A gaye, yathA veDnasa De (voDesaDe) evaM tharaDe (thorsa dde)| kintu saptAha ke dina yUropa meM bebilonI devoM ke nAma se hI bne| bhArata evaM bebilona meM Ate prAcIna kaoNla se vyApArika tathA anya prakAra ke samparka sthApita the| isa viSaya meM hamane pahale hI carcA kara lI hai| bhArata meM sUrya-pUjA prAcIna hai, yathA kazmIra meM mArtaNDa, uttarI gujarAta meM moDherA, ur3IsA meM konnaark| Aja bhI kahIM-kahIM rAhu evaM ketu ke mandira haiM, yathA ahamadanagara jile meM rAhuri sthAna pr| kauTilya ne kAla ke bahuta-se bhAgoM kA

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bhArata meM sAta vAroM kA pracalana; kAla-gaNanA 329 (truTi se yuga taka) ullekha kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki do nADikAe~ eka muhUrta ke tathA eka ahorAtra (dina-rAta) 30 muhUrtoM ke barAbara haiN| isase prakaTa hai ki kauTilya ko kevala 60 nADikAoM vAlA dina jJAta thaa| eka nAr3I barAbara thI eka ghaTI (yA ghaTikA) ke| kAla-gaNanA kI anya vidhi bhI pracalita thI, yathA-6 bar3e akSaroM ke uccAraNa meM jo samaya lagatA hai use prANa kahA jAtA hai; 6 prANa milakara eka pala ke barAbara hote haiM, 60 pala eka daNDa, ghaTI yA nArDa ke barAbara (sUryasiddhAnta 1 / 11; jyotistattva, pR0 562) / pANini (3 / 2 / 30) ne 'nADindhama' ko vyutpatti 'nAr3I' se kI hai| 'nAr3I' eka ati prAcIna zabda hai|" yaha Rgveda (10 / 13517) meM AyA hai jisakA artha hai murlii| lagatA hai, Age calakara yaha kAlAvadhi kA dyotaka ho gayA jo zaMkha yA muralI yA turahI jaise bAje ke bajAne se prakaTa kiyA jAtA thA aura jo 'nAr3I' ke rUpa meM (eka dina ke 60 veM bhAga meM) ghoSita ho gayA, kyoMki una dinoM ghar3iyA~ nahIM hotI thiiN| ataH 60 nAr3iyoM evaM ghaTiyoM (donoM zabda pataJjali dvArA, jo I0 pU0 150 meM vidyamAna the, prayukta hue haiM) kA dina-vibhAjana bahuta prAcIna hai| sUryasiddhAnta meM 24 ghaNToM kI carcA hai, kintu vaha grantha pazcAtkAlIna hai aura usa para bAhya prabhAva ho sakatA hai, kintu uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki bhArata meM dina-vibhAjana kI paripATI (arthAt dina ko ghaTiyoM evaM nAr3iyoM meM bA~TanA) ati prAcIna hai aura usa para bAhma prabhAva kI bAta hI nahIM utthtii| svayaM pataMjali ne nAr3I evaM ghaTI ke prayoga ko purAnA mAnA hai| ataH I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI se bahuta pahale nAr3I evaM ghaTI kA pracalana siddha hai| pUrNa rUpa se saptAha-dinoM para bhI bAhya prabhAva siddha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bebilonI evaM sIriyAI pracalana ke prabhAva kI bAta uThAyI jAtI hai, kintu ise samAnatA mAtra se siddha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| kevala pAzcAtya haThavAditA pramANa nahIM ho sktii| dekhie kaniMghama (iNDiyana eNTIkverI, jilda 14,101) jahA~ yuropIya evaM bhAratIya saptAha-vibhAjana kI tAlikAe~ evaM rekhA diye hae haiN| albarUnI (sacI, jilda 1, adhyAya 19, pa0 214-215) ne likhA hai ki bhAratIya loga grahoM evaM saptAha-dinoM ke viSaya meM apanI paripATI rakhate haiM aura dUsare logoM kI paripATI ko, bhale hI vaha adhika ThIka ho, mAnane ko sannaddha nahIM haiN| 11. 'nAr3I' evaM 'nADikA ke kaI artha haiM--muralI, nalI, dhamanI, eka AdhA muhuurt| 'nADindhama' kA artha svarNakAra hai (kyoMki vaha eka nalI se phUMkakara Aga ghoMkatA hai)| kAThakasaMhitA (2334 : saiSA vanaspatiSu vAgvavati yA nADyAM yA tUNave) se prakaTa hotA hai ki nAr3I eka aisA nAya thA jisase svara nikalate the| 42

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adhyAya 19 kalpa, manvantara, mahAyuga, yuga yuga (pA~ca varSa) se lekara saptAha evaM dina ke kAla-vibhAjana para prakAza DAlane ke uparAnta aba hama yuga, mahAyuga, manvantara evaM kalpa kI kAla-vibhAjana-sambandhI carcA kreNge| 'kalpa' zabda kA bIja Rgveda (10 / 19013) meM pAyA jAtA hai, jahA~ aisA AyA hai-'sRSTikartA ne sUrya, candra, dina, pRthivI evaM antarikSa kI, pahale kI bhAMti, sRSTi kii|' nizcita tithi vAlA atyanta prAcIna pramANa azoka ke bhanuzAsanoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, yathA giranAra evaM kAlsI kA cauthA prastara-lekha (Ava savaTa kapA arthAt yAvat saMvarta-kalpam ) tathA zahabAjagar3hI evaM mAnaserA kA pA~cavA prastara-lekha (Ava kapam-yAvat kalpam) / isase yaha pramANita ho jAtA hai ki kalpa ke vizAla vistAra ke siddhAnta I0pU0 tIsarI zatI ke bahuta pahale se ghoSita the| bauddhoM ne bhI kalpoM ke siddhAnta ko apanAyA thA, jaisA ki mahAparinibbAnasutta (3 / 53) se prakaTa hai-'he bhagavan, kRpA karake kalpa meM rheN| he mahAbhAga, asaMkhya logoM ke kalyANa evaM sukha ke lie kalpa bhara rheN|' aisA vizvAsa calA A rahA hai ki Adi kAla meM mAnava-samAja Adarza rUpa se ati utkRSTa thA aura kramazaH naitika bAtoM, svAsthya, jIvana-vistAra Adi meM kramika apakarSa hotA calA gayA aura sudUra bhaviSya meM punaH naitika bAtoM Adi kA svarNa yuga avatarita hogaa| isa viSaya meM hamane isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa 3 meM par3ha liyA hai| 'yuga' zabda ke kaI artha haiM-kAla kI alpAvadhi (R0 3 / 26 // 3), pAMca varSoM kA eka vRtta, dIrghAvadhi evaM sahasroM varSa kI avdhi| pro0 mankar3a ne 'pUnA oriNTalisTa' (jilda 6, pR0 211-212) meM isake dasa artha diye haiN| unakI sabhI bAteM grahaNa nahIM kI jA sakatIM, udAharaNasvarUpa, jaba ve zAkuntala (4 yugAntaram ArUDhaH savitA) meM yuga ko dina kA cauthAI bhAga mAnate haiN| aisA kahIM bhI ullikhita nahIM huA hai| zAkuntala meM usakA artha honA cAhie 'sUrya AkAza meM (pUrva kSitija meM) eka yuga (dhurA) Upara A gayA hai|' R0 (101608, 10 / 10113 evaM 4) meM bhI yahI artha hai| mahAbhArata, mana evaM purANoM meM yugoM, manvantaroM evaM kalpoM ke viSaya meM bahata kucha vistAra ke sAtha kathita hai| yaga cAra hai-kRta, tretA, dvApara evaM tiSya yA kali aura ye kevala bhArata se sambandhita mAne gaye haiN| hamane isa mahAgrantha ke sana 3 meM par3a liyA hai ki bhArambhikampa meM cUta (juA) ke kinhIM cAra pAzoM ke 1. sUryAcandramasau pAtA ythaapuurvmklpyt| divaM ca pRthivIM cAntarikSamayo svH| R0 (10 / 1903) / 2. catvAri bhArate varSe yugAni munayo viduH| kRtaM zretA dvAparaM ca tiSyaM ceti caturyugam // vAyu0 (2411, 45 / 137 evaM 57 / 22) / aura dekhie matsya0 (142317-18), brahma (27364) / dvApara yuga ke anta ke viSaya meM kaI bAteM pAyI jAtI haiN| aisA AyA hai ki kauravoM evaM pANDavoM kA yuddha vApara evaM kali kI sandhyA meM huA (Adi0 2 / 13) zalya0 (60 / 25), vana0 (149 / 38) meM pAyA hai ki jaba bhAratayuddha hone vAlA thA to kaliyuga samIpa thaa| kintu bahuta-se purANoM meM aisA AyA hai ki kRSNa ne jaba apane avatAra kA anta kiyA aura svarga cale gaye

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kalpa aura yuga kA parva evaM vistAra 331 prakSepoM (pheMkoM) ko yuga kahA jAtA thA, kintu lagabhaga I0 pU0 cauthI zatI (yadi isase pUrva nahIM) yuga mAnavoM se sambandhita ho gyaa| Arambhika guptAbhilekhoM meM kRta yuga ko mahAn guNoM ke vRtta se sambandhita mAnA gayA hai (epi0 iNDikA, jilda 23, pR0 81) / mahAbhArata meM yugoM, manvantaroM evaM kalpoM ke siddhAnta kA vistAra se ullekha huA hai (vana0 adhyAya 149, 188; zAnti0, a0 69, 231-232); manu (1 / 61-74, 79-86), viSNudharmasUtra (2011-21), viSNupurANa (1 // 3, 6 // 3), brahma (5 / 229-232), matsya0 (142-145), vAyu0 (adhyAya 21, 22, 57, 58,100), karma0 (1,051 evaM 53), brahmANDa0 (2 / 6 evaM 31-36, 31), mArkaNDeya0 (58-64, 66-70, 71-97) meM bhI yuga-sambandhI vizAla sAhitya hai| jyotiHzAstrIya grantha bhI, yathA AryabhaTIya, sUryasiddhAnta, brahmagupta, siddhAntaziromaNi inake viSaya meM ullekha karate haiN| kintu inameM kahIM bhI kalpoM, manvantaroM evaM yugoM ke udbhava ke viSaya meM santoSajanaka vyAkhyA nahIM pAyI jAtI / pAjiTara mahodaya' kA kathana hai ki yuga-vibhAjana kA aitihAsika AdhAra hai| aisA ho sakatA hai aura nahIM bhI ho sktaa| katipaya purANoM meM AyA hai ki yuga-siddhAnta bhArata taka hI sImita thaa| sAmAnyataH yugoM ke svabhAva yA svarUpa kA varNana ina pranyoM meM eka-sA hai, kintu vistAroM meM matabheda hai| manusmRti ke ullekha prAcInatama ullekhoM meM parigaNita haiM, ataH hama saMkSepa meM unheM yahA~ sarvaprathama rkheNge| sAta mana ye haiM-svAyambhava, svArociSa, uttama, sAmasa, raivata, cAkSuSa evaM vaivasvata / isake uparAnta nimeSoM kA vibhAjana hai (18 nimeSa-kASThA, 30 kASThA-kalA, 30 kalA-muhUrta, 30 muhUrta ahoraatr)| aisA AyA hai ki mAnava mAsa pitaroM kA ahorAtra (dina evaM rAtri) hai, mAnava varSa deva ahorAtra hai| kRtayaga kA vistAra deva-mAna se 4000 varSa hai, isake pUrva sandhyA 400 varSa hai, isake uparAnta sandhyAnta 400 varSa hai| zeSa tIna, tretA, dvApara evaM kaliyaga Rma se 3000. 2000 evaM 1000 deva varSa ke haiM: sandhyA evaM sandhyAnta krama se haiM 600,400 evaM 200 daiva varSa / isa prakAra cAra yugoM kA vistAra 12000 varSoM (4800+3600+2400+1200) kA hai, jise devoM kA yuga (yaha divya mAnaka hai) kahA gayA hai| ina cAroM ke 1000 varSa brahmA kA eka dina aura utanI hI brahmA kI eka rAtri hai| 12000 deva varSoM ke 71 yugoM meM pratyeka ko manvantara kahA jAtA hai aura manvantara asaMkhya haiM aura isI prakAra sRSTiyAM evaM pralaya bhI asaMkhya haiN| manu meM kalpa kA ullekha nahIM hai| manusmRti ke atirikta anya granthoM meM yathA viSNupurANa (6 / 3 / 11-12) meM AyA hai ki 14 manvantaroM kA eka kalpa hotA hai, jo brahmA kA eka dina hai| devoM kA eka dina eka mAnava varSa hai, ataH 12000 varSoM kI caturyugI 43,20,000 mAnava varSoM ke barAbara hogI (120004360), jise mAnuSa kAla-mAnaka kahA jAtA hai| yugoM kI ina vizAla varSa-saMkhyAoM kA nirdeza kaba aura kaise huA, yaha abhI eka pahelI hI hai| zatapatha brAhmaNa kAla meM hI loga vizAla varSa-saMkhyAoM se paricita the| vahA~ (104 / 2, 22, 23 evaM 25) AyA hai ki eka varSa meM 10,800 muhUrta hote haiM (304360, 30 ahorAtra kA dyotaka hai), prajApati ne Rgveda kI vyavasthA to kaliyuga kA Arambha ho gyaa| yaha bAta vAyu0 (99 / 428-29), brahmANDa0 (3 / 741241), matsya0 (273 // 49-50), viSNu0 (124110), bhAgavata 0 (12 / 2 / 32), brahma0 (212 / 8) meM dUsare zabdoM meM kathita hai| mausalaparva (za13 evaM 2 / 20) meM AyA hai ki kRSNa bhArata-yuddha ke 36 varSoM ke uparAnta svarga ko cale gye| ina bAtoM se itanA to spaSTa hai ki bhArata-yuddha (mahAbhArata) ke turanta uparAnta hI yA kucha varSoM ke uparAnta dvApara kA manta hbhaa|

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112 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa isa prakAra kI ki isake akSaroM kI saMkhyA 12000 vyAhRtiyoM (pratyeka vyAhRti meM 36 akSara hote haiM) ke barAbara hai, arthAt kula akSara 4,32,000 haiM; aisA bhI kahA gayA hai ki Rgveda meM 10,800 paMktiyA~ ( pratyeka paMkti meM 40 akSara haiM, ataH 10800 x 40 = 4,32,000) haiM / prajApati ne anya do vedoM kI vyavasthA bhI kI aura tInoM vedoM meM 8,64,000 akSara haiM / 360 yajJiya dinoM meM 10,800 muhUrta hote haiM aura muhUrta ke uparAnta muhUrta para 80 akSaroM kI vRddhi hotI hai, ataH 10800x80 = 8,64,000 akSara hue| perisa ke 'kAleja di phrAMsa' ke pro0 DA0 jIna filiyojAta ne eka mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki zatapatha meM dI huI uparyukta saMkhyA vaijJAnika hai| aura herAkliTasa ne jo kahA hai ki 10,800 sAdhAraNa mAnuSa varSa 'mahAn varSa' ke dyotaka haiM aura berosasa ne jo yaha kahA hai ki mahAn jyotiSIya kAla 4,32,000 varSoM kA hai, to ina donoM se zatapatha brAhmaNa kA kathana bahuta prAcIna hai / ataH yadi udhAra lene kI bAta uThatI hai to vaha yaha hai ki yUnAniyoM ne bhArata se udhAra liyA ( dekhie DA0 je0 filiyoz2Ata, je0 o0 Ara0, madrAsa, jilda 25, 1957 I0, pR0 1-8 ) / brahmA kA eka dina barAbara haiM eka kalpa ke, arthAt 4,32,0000x1000 = 4, 32,00,00,000 varSa / brahmA ke jIvana ke 100 varSa ke mAnuSa barSa jAnane ke lie 4,32,00,00,000 ko 2 se guNA aura punaH 360 aura punaH 100 se guNA karanA hogA, isa prakAra brahmA kA varSa barAbara hogA 31,10,40,00,00,00,000 varSa ke / yahI bAta albarUnI (sacI, jilda 1, pR0 332 ) ne bhI kahI hai| kucha logoM ne brahmA ke jIvana ko 108 varSa mAnA hai / brahmA aba taka 50 varSa ke ho 'cuke haiM aura yaha unake jIvana kA dUsarA arghAza hai, aba vArAhakalpa evaM vaivasvata manvantara (sAtavA~ ) cala rahA hai| atIta chaH manu haiM - svAyaMbhuva, svArociSa, uttama, tAmasa, raivata evaM cAkSuSa tathA Aja ke manu haiM vaivasvata ( sAtaveM ) / dekhie brahma0 (5/4-5 ), viSNu 0 ( 3 / 1 / 6-7 ) / zeSa 7 manu vibhinna rUpoM se saMjJApita haiM / narasiMhapurANa (24 / 17-35) meM bhAvI manuoM ke nAma ye haiM sArvANa, dakSa sAvaNi, brahmasAvarNi, dharmasAvarNika, sAvarNi, ruci evaM bhauma; brahma0 (5/5-6 ) meM 7 meM 4 nAma ye haiM- sAvarNi, raibhya, raucya evaM merusAvaNi / nAradapurANa ( 1 / 40 / 20- 23 ) meM 14 manuoM ke nAma Aye haiN| aisA AyA hai ki pratyeka manvantara' meM vibhinna RSiyoM, manu-putroM, devoM, rAjAoM, smRtiyoM, indra evaM dharma kI samyak vyavasthA evaM logoM kI rakSA ke pAlakoM kA dala hotA hai (brahma0 5 / 39; viSNu0 3 / 1-2 ) / viSNu0 meM aisA AyA hai ki kucha deva cAra yugoM taka, kucha eka manvantara taka aura kucha eka kalpa taka rahate haiM (1 / 12 / 93) / viSNudharmasUtra ( 2011 - 15 ) meM manu ke samAna hI manvantaroM evaM kalpoM kA ullekha hai kintu isameM eka anya bAta bhI hai ki brahmA kA sampUrNa jIvana puruSa (viSNu) ke eka dina ke barAbara hai aura puruSa kI rAtri bhI itanI hI lambI hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki yahIM mata alabarUnI (sacI, jilda 1, pR0 332 ) ne puliza siddhAnta meM bhI pAyA hai| yaha nahIM jJAta hai ki una yUropIya vidvAnoM ne, jo puliza ko paulasa alekjaiMDrinasa kahate haiM, yaha kisa prakAra darzAyA hai ki uparyukta bAteM yUnAnI jyotirvid paulasa meM pAyI jAtI haiM / anya vistAra hama yahIM chor3ate haiN| 3. manvantara kA artha hai 'anya manuH' yA 'manUnAmantaramavakAzo'vadhirvA / yadi 1000 mahAyugoM ko 14 se bhAga deM to pratyeka manvantara 71 mahAyuga + kucha aura ( arthAt 1 mahAyuga ) / 'manu' zabda Rgveda evaM anya saMhitAoM meM AyA hai| manu ko mAnavatA evaM RSiyoM (muniyoM) kA pitA kahA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki ve mAnavoM ke ucita mArga kA pradarzana karate haiN| dekhie R0 (2 / 33 / 13, 813013, 45451 ) ; tai0 saM0 (2 / 2 / 10 / 2); kAThaka saM0 ( 1115 ) / zatapatha brA0 ( 128|1|1) meM manu evaM pralaya ko prasiddha gAthA AyI hai| taM0 saM0 (301 / 9 / 4-6 ) evaM ai0 brA0 (22/9) meM manu evaM unake putra nAbhAnediSTa kI kathA hai|

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malaya kA varNana 333 kaliyuga ke ( jo purANoM ke anusAra 4,32,000 varSoM taka calegA aura jo 5071 varSo laka, san 1970 I0 meM, bIta cukA hai) nirAzAvAdI evaM dAruNa vRttAntoM kA ullekha vana0 (adhyAya 188, 190 ), zAnti0 (69/80 - 97 ), harivaMza ( bhaviSyaparva, adhyAya 3-5 ), brahma0 ( adhyAya 229 - 230 ), vAyu0 (a0 58, 99), matsya 0 ( 144132 - 47 ), kUrma0 ( 1 / 30 ) tathA anya purANoM meM kiyA gayA hai| dekhie isa mahAgrantha kA khaNDa 3, jahA~ vanaparva kA saMkSepa diyA huA hai / vAyu0 (a0 21 23 ) meM 33 kalpoM ke nAma Aye haiM / matsya 0 ( 290 ) ne 30 kalpoM ke nAma diye haiM / brahmANDa 0 ( 2 / 31 / 119) meM AyA hai ki kalpa 35 se na kama haiM aura na adhika / purANoM meM pralaya ke cAra prakAra diye gaye haiM nitya ( jo janma lete haiM unakI prati dina kI mRtyu ), naimittika ( jaba brahmA kA eka dina samApta hotA hai, aura vizva kA nAza hotA hai ) prAkRtika ( jaba pratyeka vastu prakRti meM vilIna ho jAtI hai) tathA Atyantika pralaya (mokSa, samyak jJAna se paramAtmA meM vilInatA) | katipaya purANoM meM naimittika evaM prAkRtika pralayoM kA ati duHkhAvaha varNana pAyA jAtA hai / kUrma 0 ( 2245 | 11-59) meM ullikhita varNana kA saMkSepa yahA~ diyA jA rahA hai| jaba eka sahasra caturyugoM kA anta hotA hai to eka sau varSoM taka varSA nahIM hotI; pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki prANI mara jAte haiM aura pRthivI meM vilIna ho jAte haiM; sUrya kI kiraNe asahya ho jAtI haiM, yahA~ taka ki samudra sUkha jAte haiM; parvatoM, vanoM evaM mahAdvIpoM ke sAtha pRthivI sUrya kI bhISaNa garmI se jalakara rAkha ho jAtI hai| jaba sUrya kI kiraNeM pratyeka vastu ko jalAtI giratI haiM to sampUrNa vizva eka vizAla agni ke sadRza lagatA hai| cala evaM acala sabhI vastue~ jala uThatI haiN| mahAsamudroM ke jantu bAhara Akara rAkha bana jAte haiN| saMvartaka agni pracaNDa A~dhI se bar3hakara sampUrNa pRthivI ko jalAne lagatI hai aura usakI jvAlAe~ sahasroM yojana Upara uThane lagatI haiM, ve gandhava, pizAcoM, yakSoM, nAgoM, rAkSasoM ko jalAne lagatI haiM, kevala pRthivI hI nahIM, pratyuta 'bhuvaH' evaM 'svaH' loka bhI jala jAte haiN| taba vizAla saMvartaka bAdala hAthiyoM ke jhuNDoM ke samAna, vidyuta se camatkRta ho AkAza meM uThane lagate haiM, kucha to nIle kamaloM ke sadRza, kucha pIle, kucha dhUmila, kucha moma se lagane lagate haiM aura AkAza chA jAte haiM aura ati varSA kara agni bujhAne lagate haiN| jaba agni bujha jAtI hai, nAza ke bAdala sampUrNa loka ko bAr3hoM se ghera lete haiM; parvata chipa jAte haiM, pRthivI pAnI meM nimagna ho jAtI hai aura sabhI kucha jalArNava ho jAtA hai aura taba brahmA yaugika nidrA meM A jAte haiM / vana0 (27232-48) meM naimittika pralaya kA saMkSipta varNana hai / kUrma 0 ( 1 / 46 ) evaM viSNu 0 ( 6 / 4112-49) meM prAkRtika pralaya kA varNana hai jo sAMkhya ke varNana ke samAna hai| saMkSepa meM yoM hai jaba adhaH lokoM ke sAtha sabhI loka anAvRSTi se naSTa ho jAte haiM aura mahat se Age ke sabhI prabhAva naSTa ho jAte haiM, to jala sarvaprathama gandha ko sokha letA hai aura jaba gandhatanmAtrA naSTa ho jAtI hai, pRthivI jalamaya ho jAtI hai; jala ke viziSTa guNa rasa-tanmAtrA kA nAza ho jAtA hai, kevala agni zeSa rahatI hai aura sampUrNa loka agnijvAlA se paripUrNa ho jAtA hai; taba vAyu agni ko AtmasAt kara letA hai aura rUpa sanmAtrA kA vinAza ho jAtA hai; vAyu sabhI 10 dizAoM ko hilA detA hai; AkAza vAyu ke sparza-guNa ko hara letA hai aura kevala AkAza hI zUnya- sA par3A rahatA hai aura zabda-tanmAtrA calI jAtI hai| isa prakAra sAta prakRtiyA~ mahat evaM ahaMkAra ke sAtha krama se samApta ho jAtI haiM; yahA~ taka ki puruSa evaM prakRti paramAtmA (viSNu) meM vilIna ho jAte haiM / viSNu kA dina mAnuSa varSoM ke do parArthoM ke barAbara hotA hai / kucha aise grantha, yathA harivaMza (bhaviSyaparva, adhyAya 10/12-68), kahate haiM ki kalpa ke anta meM kevala muni mArkaNDeya bace rahate haiM aura pralaya ( yA kalpa) ke samaya taka viSNu meM avasthita rahate haiM aura phira unake mukha se

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vAhara A jAte haiN| brahma (52112-29 evaM 53 / 55) kA kathana hai ki kalpAnta ke samaya mArkaNDeya eka vaTa vRkSa dekhate haiM aura ratnajaTita eka zayyA para par3e hue eka bAlaka (svayaM viSNu) ko dekhate haiN| isake uparAnta ve usameM praveza kara jAte haiM aura bAda ko bAhara A jAte haiN| aura dekhie matsya0 (167 / 14-66) / bhagavadgItA (8 / 18-19) meM brahmA kI rAtri ke Agamana para sabhI prANiyoM ke bAra-bAra laya evaM brahmA ke dina ke Arambha para prANiyoM ke punarudbhava kI bAta AyI hai| yugoM, manvantaroM evaM kalpoM kA siddhAnta tathA kalpanAmaya varSoM kI saMkhyA evaM pralaya ke bhISaNa rUpa kA varNana Adi avAstavika evaM manorAjyamayI kalpanA mAtra hai| kintu isameM antahita bhAva hai akhila brahmANDa kI kAla-rahitatA; yadyapi samaya-samaya para yaha prakaTa hotA hai, kramazaH ghaTatA, naSTa ho jAtA hai, kevala divya prakAza ke uparAnta pUrNatA ke rUpa meM punaH prakaTa hone ke lie| isameM yaha bhAvanA bhI hai ki mAnava vAstavikatA ke pIche par3A rahatA hai aura bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke AdarzoM kI prApti karanA cAhatA hai| isameM yaha mahAn bhAvanA hai ki mAnava kisI viziSTa lakSya ko lekara calatA hai, vibhinna prakAra ke bar3e-bar3e prayAsoM evaM udyogoM ke sAtha usakI prApti kA prayatna karatA hai, kucha saphalatA ke uparAnta usa lakSya kA tyAga karatA hai aura usa DhaMga ko bhI chor3atA hai jisake sahAre vaha Age bar3hA thA aura punaH kisI anya lakSya kA nirdhAraNa karatA hai aura usakI prApti ke lie bahuta kAla taka isa AzA se prayatna karatA hai ki sUdUra kAla meM vaha aise samAja kA nirmANa kara sake jo pUrNa ho| manu (1986) meM AyA hai-'kRtayuga meM tapa sarvocca lakSya thA, tretA meM jJAna, dvApara meM yajJa, kali meM kevala daan|' yaha bAta mAnava ke vibhinna sundara udyogoM evaM preraNAoM kI dyotaka hai| . yugoM, manvantaroM evaM kalpoM ke siddhAnta ke vistAroM ke viSaya meM kaI mata-matAntara haiN| kucha yahA~ diye jA rahe haiN| AryabhaTa ke mata se cAroM yugoM kA vistAra samAna thA, na ki 4, 3, 2 evaM 1 ke samAnupAta meM; unhoMne kahA hai ki jaba ve 23 varSa ke the to tIna yugapAda evaM 3600 varSa vyatIta hue the (kAlakriyApAda 10) / brahmagupta (119) ne kahA hai ki yadyapi AryabhaTa ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki kRtayuga Adi yugoM ke cAra pAda barAbara haiM, kintu smRtiyoM meM aisI bAta nahIM pAyI jaatii| eka anya virodhI bAta bhI hai| AryabhaTa (dazaghaTikA, zloka 3) ne kahA hai ki manu 72 yugoM kI eka avadhi hai, kiMtu anya smRtiyoM evaM purANoM ne manvantara ko 71 yuga mAnA hai| AryabhaTa ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki brahmA kA dina 1008 caturyugoM ke barAbara hai (brahmagupta za12) / prasiddha vaijJAnika jyotivid bhAskarAcArya (1114 I0 meM utpanna) ne adharya ke sAtha kahA hai-'kucha logoM kA kathana hai ki brahmA kA ardha jIvana (arthAt 50 varSa) samApta ho cukA hai, kintu kucha logoM ke mata se 58 varSa vyatIta hue haiN| cAhe jo satya paramparA ho, isakA koI upayoga nahIM hai, brahmA ke cAlU dina meM jo dina myatIta ho cuke haiM, unhIM meM grahoM kI sthitiyoM ko rakhanA hai|' ' uparyukta bAtoM ke silasile meM hameM saMkhyAoM, aMkoM, unakI prAcInatA tathA tathA aMka-lekhana ke viSaya meM bhI thor3I vijJatA prApta kara lenI caahie| Rgveda meM 1 se 10 taka ke aMkoM kA bahudhA ullekha hai| 'sahasra' evaM 'ayata' (10 sahastra) bhI ullikhita haiM (R0 4 / 267, 8 / 15 evaM 82 // 18) / aura bhI dekhie R0 (8 / 46 / 22), (1153 / 9), (1 / 126 // 3), (8 / 4 / 20), (8 / 46 / 29) Adi / tai0 saM0 (4 / 4 / 11 / 3-4) 4. tapaH paraM kRtayuge tretAyAM jJAnamucyate / dvApare yajJamevAhunamakaM kalau yuge|| manu (1186) / dekhie yahI bAta zAnti0 (23 / 28), vAyu0 (8065-66), parAzarasmRti (1923) /

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bhArata meM aMka-zAna kI prAcInatA meM IMToM kI saMkhyAe~ AyI haiM, yathA 1, 100, 1000, ayuta (10,000), niyuta, prayuta, arbuda, nyarbuda, samudra, madhya, anta evaM praardh| aura dekhie vahIM (7 / 2 / 11-19), (72 / 20), (4 / 4 / 11 / 3-4) aadi| ina bAtoM se spaSTa hai ki I0 pU0 eka sahasra varSa pahale se varSoM kI jyotizzAstrIya saMkhyAe~ parijJAta thiiN| kyA yUnAna meM arbuda ke Age kI saMkhyAe~ pAyI gayI thIM? nirukta (3 / 10) ne eka, dvi, tri, catur, aSTa, nava, daza, viMzati, zata, sahasra, ayuta, niyuta, prayuta, arbuda kI vyutpatti kI hai| aura dekhie pANini (5 / 1 / 59), sabhA0 (65 / 3-4), AryabhaTa (gaNitapAda 2), vAyu0 (101 / 93-102) / yaha draSTavya hai ki prAcIna yUnAniyoM ke pAsa eka niyuta (dazalakSa) ke lie koI eka zabda thA hI nhiiN| viSNupurANa (6 / 3 / 4-5) ke mata se parArdha eka se Age kA 18 vA trama hai, aura pratyeka krama apane se pUrva ke krama se dasagunA hai| bhArata meM kaI zatiyoM se prayukta 18 kramoM kI tAlikA nimna DhaMga se hai-"eka-dazazatasahasrAyutalakSaprayutakoTayaH krmshH| arbudamajaM kharvanikharvamahApadmazaMkavastasmAt // jaladhizcAntyaM madhyaM parArdhamiti dazagaNottarAH sNjnyaaH| saMkhyAyAH sthAnAnAM vyavahArArtha kRtAH puurvH||" lIlAvatI (paribhASA, 10-11 / / parArdhamiti dshgnnottraa:sNjnyaaH| saMkhyAyAH sthAnAnAM vyavahArArtha kRtAH puurvaiH||" lIlAvatI (paribhASA, 10-11) / (1) eka (10) abja yA pakSa (2) daza (11) kharva (3) zata (12) nikharva (4) sahasra (13) mahApadma (5) ayuta (14) zaMku (6) lakSa (15) jaladhi yA samudra (7) prayuta (16) antya (8) koTi (17) madhya (9) arbuda (18) parArdha saMhitAoM ke nirdezoM se prakaTa hai ki Aja se sahasroM varSa pUrva bhAratIyoM ko dazamalava paddhati kA jJAna thA, kintu dazamalava' sthAnIya thA yA sthAnamUlya paddhati vAlA-ina donoM meM kauna-sA vaidika kAla meM jJAta thA, abhI taka jJAta nahIM ho sakA hai| sAmAnyataH yaha vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki Adhunika dazamalava paddhati bhAratIya hai, jise bharaba vAloM ne bhArata se liyA aura Age calakara yUropiyoM ne araboM se use prApta kiyaa| yaha paddhati araba vAloM ne 12 vIM zatI meM yUropa meM pracArita kii| yaha paddhati mAnava ke uccatama koTi vAle AviSkAroM meM eka hai| isa viSaya meM bahuta kucha likhA jA cukA hai aura siddha kiyA jA cukA hai ki gaNita-guru bhAratIya hI rahe haiN| bahuta-se haThavAdI yUropIya lekhaka bhArata ko isakA zraya nahIM denA cAhate the| san 1956 I0 meM kAsTesa rIDa mahodaya ne apanI pustaka 'phArma jIroTu inaphinaTI' meM likhA hai ki zUnya dasa aMkoM meM prathama aMka hai aura isake dvArA ananta taka kI saMkhyAoM kI parigaNanA sambhava hai| isa adbhuta AviSkAra para paithAgorasa, yUkliDa evaM ArkimiDija jaise mahAn yUnAniyoM kA bhI dhyAna nahIM jA sakA thaa| mistriyoM ko bhI dazamalava ke sthAnIya mUlya kA jJAna nahIM thaa| bebalonI loga bhI isa jJAna se achUte rahe haiN| yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki bhArata meM yaha jJAna kaba utpanna huaa| kintu IsA ke pahale kaI zatiyoM pUrva bhAratIyoM ne isakA jJAna kara liyA thaa| chanda-mAtrA ke viSaya para piMgala muni kA eka grantha vedAMga hai| piMgala kA vaha chandaH sUtra zUnya kA prayoga karatA hai (8 / 28-31) / zatapatha brA0 (11 / 4 / 3 / 20)

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhI vedAMgoM se paricita hai, kintu vaha piMgala ke grantha se paricita thA ki nahIM, koI saMketa nahIM miltaa| sambhavataH Apastamba-dharmasUtra (2 / 4 / 8 / 10-11) meM yaha chandoviciti' ke nAma se ullikhita hai (SaDaMgo vedH| chandaH kalpo vyAkaraNaM jyotiSaM niruktaM zIkSA chndovicitiriti)| zabara (lagabhaga 200 I0, 400 I. ke uparAnta kabhI nahIM) ne piMgala ke grantha ko pANini-sUtra ke samakakSa rakhA hai| isase piMgala kI prAcInatA svataH pramANita ho jAtA hai| aMkoM ko likhane kI kaI paripATiyA~ thiiN| eka paripATI aisI thI jisake anusAra eka aMka vibhinna sthAnoM ke anusAra vibhinna mUlyoM vAlA ho jAtA thA, yathA aMka 2, kevala 2 yA 20 yA 200 Adi ho sakatA thA yadi use ikAI para yA dahAI para yA saikar3A sthAna para rakhA jAya / eka paripATI thI zabdoM dvArA pUrNa aMkoM kA dyotana krnaa| yaha jyotiSIya granthoM meM uttama paripATI thI, kyoMki lambe-lambe AlekhanoM meM yaha sarala sI thI aura una dinoM pANDulipiyA~ hI banatI thIM, mudraNa-yantra nahIM the| pANDulipiyoM ke nirmANa meM aMkoM ke lekhana meM azuddhi ho sakatI thI, kintu mAtrAoM se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa zabda meM se kucha bhI chUTanA sambhava nahIM thA, kyoMki aisA hone para azuddhi haThAt prakaTa ho jAtI thI aura lekhaka zuddha kara lete the| yaha thA zloka yA mAtrA ke prayoga kA camatkAra / udAharaNArtha, ta0 brA0 (1 / 5 / 1111) meM 'kRta' zabda 'cAra' ke artha meM prayukta huA hai| varAhamihira (chaThI zatI ke Arambha meM) ne zabda-aMkoM kA prayoga kiyA hai, kintu mUlya-sthAna paddhati ke anurUpa / nIce hama zabda-aMkoM kI sUcI de rahe haiN| yaha antima sUcI nahIM hai| eka hI aMka yA saMkhyA ke lie bahuta-se paryAya pAye jAte haiN| dekhie albarUnI (sacau, khaNDa 1,pa.0 174-179) evaM buhalara kI 'iNDiena pailiogrAphI' (iNDiyana aiTIkverI, ,jilda 33 ; pariziSTa, pR083-86)| 0 : zUnya, kha, ambara, gagana, abhra, AkAza, bindu, puurnn| ___ eka : eka, bhUmi, indu, rUpa, Adi, vissnnu| do : dvi, akSi yA locana, pakSa, azvinI, dasra, doH, doSan, bhuja, yama yA yml| tIna : tri, krama (viSNu ke tIna pAda, R0 1122 / 18), grAma (saMgIta meM), rAma, pura (rudra dvArA jalAyA gayI nagariyA~), loka (pRthivI, svarga evaM naraka), guNa (sattva, rajas, tamas), agni (gArhapatya, AhavanIya evaM dkssinnaagni)| cAra : catur, abdhi (samudra), kRta, yuga, veda, zruti, vrnn| pA~ca : paMca, iSu yA zara (madana ke bANa), vAyu (prANa, apAna, vyAna, udAna evaM samAna), bhUta (pRthivI, jala, teja, vAyu, AkAza), akSa (indriyA~), indriya, pANDava' yA pANDu-suta / chaha : SaT, rasa (madhura, tikta, kaSAya, lavaNa Adi), aMga (vedAMga), Rtu, tarka (dravya se samavAya taka kI tarka-koTiyA~), darzana (SaT drshn)| sAta : sapta, RSi yA muni, svara, azva (saptAzva), giri, parvata, dhaatu| ATha : aSTa vasu, sarpa, maMgala, mataMgaja (ATha dizAoM ke hAthI), siddhi| nau : nava, saMkhyA (1 se 9 taka), nanda (9 nanda rAjAgaNa), randhra yA chidra, nidhi, aMka, gau, graha yA nbhshcr| dasa : daza, paMkti, AzA yA dizA (Urdhva evaM aghara ko milAkara), avatAra, raavnnshiirss| 5. paMktiviMzatitriMzaccatvAriMzatpaJcAzatSaSTisaptatyazItinavatizatam / pANini (6 / 1159) /

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paMcAMga kA caturva maMga-yoga 337 gyAraha : ekAdaza, mahezvara, rudr| bAraha : dvAdaza, Aditya, arka, sUrya, mAsa / teraha : trayodaza, vizve (vishvedevaaH)| caudaha : caturdaza, manu, indra, bhuvana, ratna / pandraha : paJcadaza, tithi| solaha : SoDaza, kalA (candrakalAe~), nRpa yA rAjA, aSTi / satraha : saptadaza, atysstti| aThAraha : aSTAdaza, dhRti| unnIsa : ekonaviMzati, atidhRti / bIsa : viMzati, kRti, nakha (nAkhUna), aNguli| ikkIsa : ekaviMzati, prakRti, mUrcchanA (saMgIta meN)| bAIsa : dvAviMzati, jAti, aakRti| caubIsa : caturvizati, jina yA siddha (24 tiirthkr)| paccIsa : paMcaviMzati, tattva (25 saaNkhy-siddhaant)| sattAIsa : saptaviMzati, bhU, nksstr| battIsa : dvAtriMzat , dazana yA dvija (donoM kA artha dA~ta hai)| taitIsa : trayastrizat, sura (devtaa)| unacAsa : ekonapaMcAzat, tAna (saMgIta meN)| varAhamihira (paMcasiddhAntikA evaM bRhatsaMhitA) evaM anya pazcAtkAlIna jyotirvidoM ne adhikatara aMkoM evaM dazamalava sthAnoM ke lie isI prakAra ke viziSTa zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA hai| eka viziSTa draSTavya bAta yaha hai ki zabda-dala (jo saMkhyAsUcaka hote haiM) ke prathama zabda ikAI ke sthAna meM hote haiM aura usake uparAnta bAda vAle zabda dahAI ke sthAna meM hote haiM, yathA saptAzviveda-saMkhyam'-427; niyama hai--"aMkAnAM vAmato gtiH|" AryabhaTa ne apane grantha 'dazagItikApAda' (zloka 3) meM eka anya vidhi dI hai, jahA~ ka (kA bhI) se ma taka 1 se 25 aMkoM ke dyotaka haiM; ya, ra, la, va, za, Sa, sa, ha krama se 30,40, 50, 60, 70,80, 90, 100 ke dyotaka haiN| astu, paMcAMga ke pAMca aMgoM meM eka aMga hai yog| isake lie koI pratyakSa jyotiSIya ghaTanA nahIM hai| yaha sUrya evaM candra ke rekhAMzoM ke yoga se (yA yaha vaha kAla hai jisameM sUrya evaM candra deza ke 13 aMza evaM 20 kalA pUrNa karate haiM) mAnA jAtA hai / jaba yoga 13.20 aMzoM kA hotA hai usa samaya viSkambha yoga kA anta hotA hai; jaba vaha 26.40 aMzoM kA hotA hai to prIti yoga kA anta hotA hai| yoga 27 haiM aura 360 aMza banAte haiN| ratnamAlA (4 / 1-3) meM isa prakAra ke yoga haiMdevatA mAma devatA 1. viSkambha yama 5. zobhana bRhaspati 2. prIti viSNu 6. atigaNDa 3. AyuSmAn candra 7. sukarmA 4. saubhAgya brahmA 8. dhRti ApaH nAma candra

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338 prazAstra kA itihAsa sUrya mitra pRthvI nAma devatA nAma devatA 9. zUla 18. varIyAn kubera 10. gaNDa agni 19. parigha vizvakarmA 11. vRddhi 20. ziva 12. dhruva 21. siddha kArtikeya 13. vyAghAta pavana 22. sAdhya sAvitrI 14. harSaNa 23. zubha kamalA 15. vajra varuNa 24. zukla gaurI 16. siddhi gaNeza 25. brahma azvinI 17. vyatIpAta ziva 26. aindra pitara gaNa 27. vaidhRti aditi ye nitya yoga kahe jAte haiN| ratnamAlA ke mata se ye apane nAmoM ke anusAra zubha yA azubha phala dete haiN| muhUrtadarzana (2 / 16) ke mata se ina 27 yogoM meM 9 nindha haiM, yathA parigha, vyatIpAta, vajra, vyAghAta, vaidhRti, viSkambha, zUla, gaNDa evaM atigaNDa / 'ratnamAlA' meM kahA gayA hai ki vyatIpAta evaM vaidhRti pUrNarUpeNa azubha haiM, parigha kA pUrvArdha evaM azubha nAma vAle yogoM kA prathama pAda azubha haiM; sabhI zubha kRtyoM meM viSkambha evaM vajra kI tIna ghaTikAe~, vyAghAta kI 9,zUla kI 5, gaNDa evaM atigaNDa kI 6 ghaTikAeM vajita haiN| aura dekhie agnipurANa (127 / 1-2), kAlanirNaya (pR0 329-330) evaM kAlanirNayakArikA (108-109) / yogoM kI paddhati bahuta prAcIna mAnI jAnI caahie| yAjJa0 (11218) meM vyatIpAta yoga kA ullekha hai| harSacarita (ucchvAsa 4) meM bANa ne kahA hai ki jaba harSa kA janma huA taba vyatIpAta' jaise doSoM se dina rahita thA (vytiipaataadi-srvdossaabhissNgrhite'hni)| sAmAnyataH varSa meM 13 (kabhI-kabhI 14) vyatIpAta yoga hote haiM aura 96 zrAddhoM meM 13 vyatIpAtoM ke zrAddha sammilita haiN| ina 27 yogoM ke atirikta kucha aura bhI yoga haiM jo kinhIM tithiyoM ke sAtha kinhIM saptAha-dinoM ke saMyukta hone se utpanna hote haiM yA ki jaba koI graha kinhIM viziSTa rAziyoM meM kinhIM viziSTa tithiyoM yA nakSatroM para baiTha jAte haiN| kapilASaSThI evaM ardhodaya isI prakAra ke yoga haiN| vyatIpAta, jo 27 yogoM meM 17 vA hai, do arthoM meM prayukta hotA hai-(1) jaba amAvAsyA ravivAra ko par3atI hai aura candra zravaNa, azvinI, dhaniSThA, ArdrA evaM AzleSA nakSatroM meM kisI ke prathama pAda meM rahatA hai, (2) jaba zukla pakSa kI dvAdazI ko bRhaspati evaM maMgala siMha rAzi meM hoM, sUrya meSa meM aura jaba vaha ho tithi hasta nakSatra meM ho| ina donoM ko kabhI-kabhI mahAvyatIpAta bhI kahate haiN| ina yogoM para dAna karane kI vyavasthA dI gayI hai (laghuzAtAtapa 150; hemAdri, kAla, pR0 672) / sUryasiddhAnta (11 / 1-2) ne vyatIpAta evaM vaidhRta (yA vaidhRti) kI vyAkhyA kI hai| jaba sUrya evaM candra donoM ayanoM (uttarAyaNa evaM dakSiNAyana) kI ora rahate haiM aura jaba donoM ke rekhAMzoM kA jor3a eka vRtta meM hotA hai aura ve barAbara jhukAva meM rahate haiM taba vaidhRti yoga hotA hai| jaba sUrya evaM candra ayanoM ke donoM ora rahate haiM aura unake jhukAva samAna hote haiM taba vaha vyatIpAta hotA hai aura unake rekhAMzoM kA jor3a ardhavRtta hotA hai| yaha nahIM samajha meM AtA ki ye yoga-kAla azubha kyoM mAne jAte haiN| vaidhRti nAmaka 27 vA~ yoga sabhI dazAoM meM vyatIpAta ke samAna hI hai| bharadvAja kA kathana hai ki ina donoM yogoM meM dAna karane se ananta phala milatA hai| ina 27 yogoM ke atirikta bahuta-se yogoM kA ullekha paMcAMgoM meM hotA hai, yathA amRtasiddhi, yamaghaNTa,

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paMcAga kA antima maina-karaNa daSayoga, mRtyuyoga, ghabAr3a aadi| sthAna-saMkoca se inakA varNana yahAM nahIM hogA (dekhie ratnamAlA, 818; bhujabalanibandha, pR0 31, zloka 126 evaM pR0 28, zloka 114) / paMcAMga kA pAMcavAM aMga hai krnn| tithi kA artha karaNa hotA hai, ataH eka tithi meM do karaNa tathA eka cAndra mAsa meM 60 karaNa hote haiN| karaNa ke do prakAra haiM, : cara evaM sthir| bR0 saM0 (99 / 1-2) meM devatA-nAma ke sAtha 7 cara karaNa ye haiM : (1) bhava-indra; (2) bAlava-brahmA; (3) kolaka-mitra; (4) taitila---aryamA; (5) gara (yA gaja)--pRthivI; (6) vaNija--zrI; (7) vissttiym| devatA-nAma ke sAtha cAra sthira karaNa ye haiM : (1) zakuni kali; (2) catuSpAda-vRSa; (3) nAga--sarpa; (4) kiNstudhn-vaayu| tithi kA do meM vibhAjana rAzi ke do horAoM ke vibhAjana ke samAna hai (bRhajjAtaka 129) / ina vibhAjanoM meM pUrvavartI kauna hai ? sambhavataH tithiyoM kA do karaNoM meM vibhAjana pUrvavartI hai| 'karaNa' zabda 'kR' dhAtu se banA hai, yaha tithi ko do bhAgoM meM karatA hai, ataH yaha karaNa kahA gayA hai| bahuta-se karaNoM ke nAma vicitra haiM, unake artha kA bodha nahIM ho paataa| karaNoM kA upayoga jyotiSIya (phalita jyotiSIya) hai ataH unakA prayoga 400 I0 ke pUrva hI huA hogaa| inake viSaya meM dekhie bR0 saM0 (99 / 3-5) / dharmazAstra ke madhya kAla ke lekhakoM ke mana meM viSTi nAmaka sAtaveM karaNa ne dAruNa bhaya utpanna kara diyA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki yadi cAndra mAsa kI tithiyoM ko 60 bhAgoM meM bA~TA jAya aura amAnta mAsa kI pratipadA ke dUsare ardha meM bava kA Arambha ho to viSTi eka mAsa meM ATha bAra AyegI, jaisA nimna tAlikA se vyakta hai bava- 2 1 16 23. 30 37 bAlava-3 10 kolava-4 11 taitila-5 12 19 gara-6 13 20 27 34 41 vaNija-7 14 21 28 viSTi-8 15 22 29 36 inameM sthira karaNa hoMge zakuni 58, catuSpAda 59, nAga 60 evaM kiMstughna 1 (Age ke mAsa ke prathama pakSa kI prtipdaa)| karaNoM kI praNAlI manorAjyamayI kalpanA mAtra hai| karaNoM ke viSaya meM, vizeSataH viSTi ke viSaya meM (jo mAsa meM ATha bAra hotI hai) jo yaha kahA gayA hai ki yaha bhujaMga (saoNpa) ke AkAra kI hai, dAruNa hai, AdiAdi, vaha jyotiSIya bhAvanAoM se sambandhita kalpanA kI ucca ur3Ana mAtra hai| 13 6. kuryAda bave zubhacarasthirapauSTikAni dharmakriyAdvijahitAni ca baalvaalye| saMprItimitravaraNAni ca kaulave spaH saubhAgyasaMzrayagRhANi ca taitilAlye // kRSibIjagRhAzrayajAni gare vaNiji dhruvkaaryvnnigyutyH| na hi viSTikRtaM vivaSAti zubhaM paraghAtaviSAdiSu sisikaram // kArya pauSTikamauvaSAdi zakuno mUlAmi mantrAstathA gokAryANi catuSpade vijapitRnuvizya rAjyAni c| nAge sthAvaravAruNAni haraNaM daurbhAgyakamayitaH kistunne zubhAmaSTipuSTikaraNaM maMgalyasiddhikyiA // 10 saM0 (99 // 3-5) /

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340 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa paMcAMgoM ke pAMcoM aMgoM kI carcA kara lene ke uparAnta hindU paMcAMgoM ke viSaya meM kucha kaha denA Avazyaka hai| bhArata meM bahuta-se paMcAMga haiM, aura eka prakAra se isa kSetra meM arAjakatA-sI hai| kadAcit hI do paMcAMga Apasa meM mela rakhate hoNge| bahuta-se bhAratIya aisA cAhate haiM ki bhAratIya gaNanA-paddhati Adhunika vaijJAnika jyotiHzAstrIya paddhati ke pAsa lA dI jaay| yadi varAhamihira jaise jyotivid Aja hote to ve aisA hI krte| varAhamihira ne bRhatsaMhitA (105 / 5) evaM bRhajjAtaka (2818) meM kahA hai-"isa grantha ko prayoga meM lAte samaya jo kucha avaijJAnika lage, yA pANDulipi (likhAvaTa) meM doSa ke kAraNa jo kucha truTipUrNa a~ce, yA mere dvArA jo kucha truTipUrNa ho gayA ho yA alpa raha gayA ho yA na ho sakA ho, vaha, vidvAnoM dvArA rAga kA tyAga karake evaM vidvAnoM ke mukha se jJAna prApta karake ThIka kara liyA jAnA caahie|" Adhunika kAla meM bhAratavarSa meM jyotiSiyoM ke tIna sampradAya haiM-sUryasiddhAnta (saura pakSa) kA sampradAya, (2) brahmasiddhAnta (brAhma pakSa) kA sampradAya evaM (3) AryasiddhAnta (Arya pakSa) kA smprdaay| inake antara meM do bAteM pramukha haiM-(1) varSa kA mAna (vistAra) evaM (2) mahAyuga jaisI kisI viziSTa kAlAvadhi meM sUrya, candra evaM grahoM ke bhramaNoM kI sNkhyaa| varSa ke vistAra kA antara ina siddhAntoM meM bahuta alpa hai, yathA kucha vipala (eka vipala 1/60 pala, eka pala 1/60 ghaTikA aura eka ghaTikA 24 mintt)| sUryasiddhAnta ke anusAra varSa-vistAra meM 365 dina, 15 ghaTikAe~ evaM 31.523 pala haiM, kintu vAsantika viSuva taka sUrya ke donoM ayanoM ke bIca kI avadhi hai 365 dina, 14 ghaTikAe~ evaM 31.972 pala tathA nAkSatra varSa meM 365 dina, 15 ghaTikAe~, 22 pala evaM 53 vipala pAye jAte haiN| isakA niSkarSa yaha hai ki sUryasiddhAnta ke anusAra hindU jyotividoM kA Arambha-bindu Aja vAsantika biSuva ke bindu se pUrva meM 23 aMza adhika hai| isa antara ko ayanAMza kahA jAtA hai| viSuva se ginane para AkAzacArI piNDoM ke rekhAMzoM meM ye ayanAMza bhI sammilita haiM, ataH ye sAyana (sa=ayana) kahe jAte haiN| sUryasiddhAnta evaM madhyakAlika saMskRta granthoM kI vidhiyoM se prApta AkAzIya piNDoM ke sthAna nirayana gaNanA dvArA prakaTa kiye jAte haiN| Ajakala adhikAMza paMcAMgoM ke mata se, jo sUryasiddhAnta para AdhArita haiM, makarasaMkrAnti sAmAnyataH 14 janavarI ko par3atI hai, kintu Aja kI adhikatama sahI gaNanA ke anasAra yaha 21 disambara ko par3anI caahie| una paMcAMgoM ke anasAra, jinheM ThIka zaddha hone kA garva hai, makarasaMkrAnti 9 janavarI ko par3atI hai, arthAta hamArI makara saMkrAnti zaddha samaya se 23 yA 18 dina uparAnta par3atI hai aura yahI bAta vAsantika evaM zArada viSava tathA grISma ayana Adi nirIkSaNoM ke viSaya meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai| Aja bhI azvinI (jisameM zaka saMvat 444 meM vAsantika viSuva par3atA thA) ko prathama nakSatra kahA jAtA hai, jaba ki vAsantika viSuva-bindu uttarA-bhAdrapadA nakSatra (jise aba prathama nakSatra mAnA jAnA cAhie) meM A gayA hai| Adhunika gaNanA ke samIpa bhAratIya paMcAMga ko milAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai, kintu abhI saphalatA nahIM ke barAbara prApta ho sakI hai| lokamAnya bAlagaMgAdhara tilaka ne san 1914 (bambaI), 1917 (pUnA) evaM 1919 (sAMgalI) meM tIna jyotirvid-goSThiyA~ kI aura prastAva bhI rakhe gaye, kintu paramparAvAdI dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa vizeSa saphalatA nahIM prApta ho skii| Aja bhI loga sUryasiddhAnta se zAsita honA pasaMda karate haiN| 7. granthasya yatpracarato'sya vinAzameti lekhyAd bahuzrutamukhAdhigama krmenn| yadvA mayA kukRtamalpamihAkRtaM vA kArya tadatra viduSA parihRtya raagm|| -0 saM0 (105 / 5) evaM bRhajjAtaka (2838) /

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paMcAMga sudhAra samiti kA prativedana 341 paMcAMga-nirmANa meM sthAna vizeSa para loga dhyAna nahIM dete| pUnA evaM bambaI meM dUrI kA antara hai, rekhAMzoM kA antara hai| donoM ke paMcAMga eka nahIM ho skte| 10 yA 15 mIla kI dUrI vizeSa dUrI nahIM hai, kintu pUnA evaM bambaI kI dUrI adhika hai| vAstava meM pratyeka nagara kA paMcAMga pRthak honA caahie| navambara san 1952 meM zAsana kI ora se DA0 meghanAtha sAhA kI adhyakSatA meM paMcAMga sudhAra samiti (kaleNDara riphArma kamiTI) banI, jisa para sAre bhArata ke lie eka paMcAMga banAne kA bhAra sauMpA gyaa| usa samiti ne navambara san 1955 meM apanA mUlyavAn niSkarSa upasthita kiyaa| loka-paMcAga evaM dhArmika paMcAMga riporTa ke pR0 6-8 meM aMkita haiN| svatantra bhArata ke prazAsana dvArA sabake lie samAna paMcAMga kI vyavasthA kI jAnI caahie| loka paMcAMga ke lie samiti dvArA nimna niSkarSa diye gaye haiM--- (1) zaka saMvat kA prayoga honA caahie| zaka saMvat 1886 san 1964-65 I0 ke barAbara hai|' (2) varSa kA Arambha vAsantika viSuva ke agale dina se honA caahie| (3) sAmAnya varSa meM 365 dina hoM, kintu pluta (lIpa) varSa meM 366 dina hoN| zaka saMvat meM 78 jor3ane para yadi 4 se bhAga laga jAya taba vaha pluta varSa mAnA jaaygaa| kintu jaba yoga meM 100 kA bhAga laga jAya to jaba usameM 400 se bhAga lagegA tabhI pluta varSa mAnA jAyagA, anyathA vaha sAmAnya varSa hI samajhA jaaygaa| (4) caitra (yA chaitra bhI likhA jAtA hai) varSa kA prathama mAsa hogA aura mAsoM ke dina nimna prakAra se hoMge caitra : 30 dina (yA 31 dina, pluta varSa meM) vaizAkha : 31 dina Azvina : 30 dina jyeSTha : 31 dina kArtika : 30 dina ASADha : 31 dina mArgazIrSa : 30 dina zrAvaNa : 31 dina pauSa : 30 dina bhAdrapada : 31 dina mAgha :- 30 dina phAlguna : 30 dina saMzodhita bhAratIya paMcAMga ke dinAMka gregaoNrI paMcAMga ke dinAMkoM kI saMgati meM haiN| dinAMka isa prakAra haiMbhAratIya pregarI bhAratIya pregarI caitra 1 : mArca 22 (sAmAnya varSa meM) azvina : sitambara 23 : mArca 21 (lIpa varSa meM) kArtika : aktUbara 23 vaizAkha 1 : apraila 21 mArgazIrSa : navambara 22 jyeSTha 1 : maI 22 pauSa : disambara 22 ASADha 1 : jUna 22 mAgha : janavarI 21 zrAvaNa 1 : julAI 23 phAlguna : pharavarI 20 'bhAdrapada 1 : agasta 23 saMzodhita paMcAga ke anusAra bhAratIya Rtu-krama yoM hogA grISma : vaizAkha evaM jyeSTha hemanta : kArtika evaM mArgazIrSa varSA : ASAr3ha evaM zrAvaNa zizira : pauSa evaM mAgha zand : bhAdrapada evaM Azvina vasanta : phAlguna evaM kSetra

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342 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dhArmika paMcAMga ke viSaya meM nimnAMkita niSkarSa haiM (5) saura mAsoM kI gaNanA, jo usI nAma vAle mAsoM kI jAnakArI ke lie Avazyaka hai, vAsantika viSuva se 23 aMza evaM 15 kalA (nizcita ayanAMza) pahale hI kI jaaygii| yaha Aja ke adhikAMza paMcAMga-nirmAtAoM ke vyavahAra kI saMgati ke lie hai| ___ isa prakAra mAsoM kA Arambha nimna rUpa se hogA--saura vaizAkha sUrya ke 23deg15' rekhAMza se Arambha hogA, saura jyeSTha aura catra taka anya saura mAsa krama se ye hoMge-53deg15', 83deg15',113deg 15', 143deg15', 173deg 15', 203deg 15', 233deg15, 263deg 13', 393deg 15', 323deg 15', 353deg 15' / yaha kevala samajhautA mAtra hai, jisase paramparA acAnaka ukhar3a na jaay| phira bhI isase kAlidAsa evaM varAhamihira ke kAloM kI RtuoM aura Aja kI RtuoM meM samAnatA nahIM pAyA jA skegii| aisI AzA jAtI hai ki zIghra hI sudhAroM ke phalasvarUpa cAndra evaM saura parvotsava unhIM R oM meM ho sakeMge, jaisA ki Arambhika kAloM meM sambhava thA aura unakA pracalana thaa| (6) jaisA ki pahale bhI mAnya thA, dhAmika upayogoM ke lie cAndra mAsa pratipadA se Arambha hoMge aura usa saura mAsa ke, jisameM pratipadA par3atI hai, nAma se pukAre jaayeNge| yadi saura mAsa meM do pratipadAe~ par3a jAya~gI to prathama pratipadA se Arambha hone vAlA cAndra mAsa adhika yA malamAsa kahalAyegA aura dUsarI pratipadA se Arambha hone vAlA cAndra mAsa zuddha yA nija mAsa khlaayegaa| (7) 13deg 20' nakSatra mAga se candra ke Age cale jAne yA asta kA kSaNa yA usameM sUrya kA praveza parivartita ayanAMza se gaNita kiyA jaaygaa| isa ayanAMza kA mUlya (mAna) 21 mArca san 1956 meM 23deg 15' 0" thaa| isake uparAnta yaha kramazaH bar3hatA gayA hai jisakA madhyama mAna lagabhaga 50deg 27" hai| ____ ina vyavasthAoM se sUrya dvArA nirdhArita honevAle dhArmika kRtya, yathA viSuva-saMkrAMti, uttarAyaNa-saMkrAnti evaM dakSiNAyana-saMkrAnti jyotiSIya DhaMga se ucita RtuoM meM par3eMgI, kintu cAndra paMcAMga se nirdhArita kRtya Aja kI vidhiyoM se hI calate raheMge aura saMzodhita niyama dvArA prayukta zodhana se RtuoM kI gar3abar3I ruka jaaygii| Aja se 1400 varSa pahale jina RtuoM meM kRtya hote the unase Aja ke kRtya 23 dina pUrva khisaka Aye haiN| kyoMki paMcAMga-nirmAtAoM ne viSuva-sambandhI agragamana para dhyAna nahIM diyaa| aba yaha gar3abar3I kramazaH dUra ho jaaygii| yoM to yaha gar3abar3I acAnaka rokI jA sakatI hai kintu saMzodhakoM ne santulana para bala diyA hai| nakSatroM kI gaNanA meM parivartita ayanAMza kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, jisase ki kisI viziSTa nakSatra meM candra AkAza meM usI nAma ke tArA yA tArA-samUha meM dikhAI par3a jaay| yaha vaidika kAla se hI calA AyA hai aura pUrNarUpeNa vaijJAnika bhI hai| (8) dina kI gaNanA argharAtri se ardharAtri taka hogI (823deg pUrva rekhAMza evaM 23deg 11' uttarI akSAMza ke madhya se) kintu yaha loka-dina hai| dhArmika upayogoM meM sUryodaya se hI dina kI gaNanA hogii| (9) gaNanAoM ke lie sUrya evaM candra ke rekhAMzoM kA jJAna unakI gatiyoM ke samIkaraNoM se kiyA jAya, jisake nirIkSita mUlyoM se saMgati baiThatI rhe| (10) bhAratIya zAsana dvArA bhAratIya paMcAMga evaM nau (nAvika) paMcAMga kA nirmANa hote rahanA cAhie, jisase sUrya, candra, grahoM tathA anya AkAzIya piNDoM ke sthAnoM kA agrima jJAna hotA rhe| prati varSa upayukta saMzodhanoM ke AdhAra para bane hue laukika evaM dhArmika bhAratIya paMcAMga kA nirmANa honA caahiye|

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adhyAya 20 zAnti kA vaidika artha evaM vidhiyA~ zAnti zabda 'zam' dhAtu se banA hai, jisake kaI artha haiM ( yathA banda karanA, dUra karanA, burA prabhAva haTAnA, manA karanA, prasanna honA, zamana karanA yA prANa haranA) aura vaha cauthe evaM dasaveM dhAtu-gaNa se sambandhita hai| yaha Rgveda meM nahIM AyA hai, kintu atharva evaM vAja0 saM0 meM prayukta huA hai| kintu 'zam' dhAtu evaM isake katipaya rUpa, vyutpattiyA~ tathA 'zam' avyaya saikar3oM bAra Rgveda meM Aye haiM (1 / 93 / 5, 11065, 317/3, 3 / 1835 nAdi meM 'yo' ke sAtha zam, yathA 'zaMyoH ' ; 1 / 11412, 189/2, 2 / 33 / 13 Adi meM 'zaM ca yozca' ) / ina sthaloM para zabdoM kA sAmAnyataH artha lagAyA jAtA hai, 'sukha evaM kalyANa' yA 'svAsthya evaM dhana' | 'zam' zabda Rgveda meM 160 bAra AyA hai| R0 (1 / 114 / 1 ) meM AyA hai - 'hama loga ina stutiyoM ko usa rudra ko dete haiM, jo zaktizAlI hai, jisako jUr3A hai, jo vIroM para zAsana karatA hai, jisase ki hamAre do pairoM vAle evaM cAra pairoM vAle prANiyoM kA kalyANa ho tathA isa grAma meM pratyeka vastu samRddhizAlI evaM kaSTarahita ho / " yahA~ 'zam' kA bhAva spaSTa hai / kahIM kahIM vastuvAcaka saMjJAoM ke rUpa meM 'zam' evaM 'yoH' zabda spaSTa rUpa se prakaTa ho jAte haiN| udAharaNArtha 'zaM ca yozca rudrasya vazmi' (R0 2|33|13 ) evaM 'yacchaM ca yozca manurAyeje pitA tadazyAma tava rudra praNItiSu ( R0 1 / 114 / 2), arthAt 'he rudra, hama Apake mArgadarzana se una 'zam' evaM 'yoH' ko prApta kara sakeM, jinheM pitA manu ne yajJa se prApta kiyaa|' nirukta (4 / 21 ) meM vyutpatti AyI hai / 'zam' evaM 'yoH' kA anvaya-rUpa artha krama se 'sukha' evaM 'duHkha-viyoga' hai / atharvaveda (19/9) meM 'zAnti' zabda 17 bAra AyA hai / 3 se lekara 5 taka ke mantroM meM vAk evaM mana tathA pA~ca indriyoM kI ora saMketa AyA hai aura aisA kahA gayA hai ki ye sAtoM ghora ( bhayaMkara yA azubha) utpanna karate haiM aura inhIM meM zAnti utpanna karane ke lie prayAsa karanA cAhie ( 19/9/5 ) / 6 se 11 taka ke mantroM meM devoM, grahoM,pRthivI, ulkApAtoM, gauoM, nakSatroM, jAdU- kRtyoM, rAhu, ghUmaketu, rudroM, vasuoM, AdityoM, RSiyoM evaM bRhaspati kI stuti sukha dene ke lie kI gayI hai / 12veM mantra meM indra, brahmA tathA anya devoM se prArthanA kI gayI hai ki ve stutiyoM ke praNetA ko Azraya deM, aura 13veM meM ghoSaNA hai-- isa vizva meM (zAnti dvArA ) jitanI vastueM prasanna kI gayIM, unheM sAtoM RSi jAnate haiM / ve sabhI mere sukha ke lie hoM; sukha merA ho, bhaya se merI rahitatA ( chuTakArA ) ho / ' 14 vA~ mantra jo vaoNja0 saM0 (36 / 17 ) ke samAna hai, ghoSita karatA hai, 'pRthivI, rodasI, svarga, jala, vRkSa-paudhe, sabhI deva ( isa vacana ke) praNetA dvArA kiye gaye kRtyoM se unhIM zAntiyoM dvArA prasanna ho cuke haiM aura zubha ho cuke haiM tathA una zAntiyoM dvArA yahA~ jo kucha dAruNa haiM, krUra (azubha) hai, pApa hai ( unake bure prabhAva ) dUra hoM; ve sabhI 1. imA rudrAya tavase karpAdane kSayadvIrAya prabharAmahe matIH / yathA zamasad dvipade catuSpade vizvaM puSTaM grAme asminnamAturam // R0 ( 1 114 / 1) /

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344 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prasanna hoM, zubha hoM aura hamAre lie sukhaprada hoN|" atharva 0 ( 1911011-10) meM 'zam' 51 bAra AyA hai, vahA~ kaI devoM ke kalyANa ke lie prArthanA hai aura (19 / 11) meM eka 'zAnti' hai jisameM 'zam' 18 bAra jAyA hai| dekhie vAja0 saM0 (36 / 8-12), jahA~ 'zam' kaI bAra AyA hai aura eka mantra ( 36 / 12 ) isa prakAra hai - 'divya jala hamAre lie abhiSTa hoM, ve hameM sukha, sahAyatA evaM rakSA deM, ve hamArI ora hamAre sukha evaM kalyANa ke lie baheM / " tai0 saM0 meM 'zamayati' evaM 'zAnti' kA prayoga eka hI saMdarbha meM yA eka hI vacana ( vAkya - samUha ) meM huA hai / AyA hai -- "rudra devoM meM krUra (deva) haiM,... purohita jaba rudra ( se sambandhita vacana kA ) pATha karatA hai, to mAno krUra (karma) karatA hai, 'mitra ke mArga meM vaha prasanna karane ke lie kahatA hai / " aura dekhie aita0 brA0 ( 13 / 10 ) / ta0 saM0 (3|4|10|3) meM rudra ko vAstoSpati kahA gayA hai aura unheM prasanna karane ke lie bala diyA gayA hai| aura dekhie tai0 saM0 (6 / 3 / 3 / 2-3 ) aura milAie vaoNja0 saM0 (5142-43) evaM zata0 brA0 ( 3|6|4|13 ) jahA~ samAna zabda Aye haiM / uparyukta vacanoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki 'zam', 'zamayati' evaM 'zAnti' zabdoM kA vaidika saMhitAoM meM bar3A mahatva hai / R0 (1 / 16 / 7, 1277 / 2, 9 / 104 | 3 ) meM ' zantam' zabda agni, indra, soma ( 176 1 6 3211 ), yAjaka yA gAyaka (8/13 / 22), devoM dvArA rakSA (5/7611, 10/15/4) Adi ke lie lagabhaga caubIsa bAra AyA hai aura usakA sAmAnyataH bhAva hai 'zubhakara yA sukha dene vaalaa|' isI prakAra 'zantAti' (R0 1 / 112/20, 811817 ) kA artha hai 'zubha karane vAlA / ' 'zamayati' (zam se nirgata) evaM 'zAnti' zabda R0 meM nahIM pAye jAte, kintu taittirIya evaM anya saMhitAoM tathA brAhmaNoM meM unakA prayoga huA hai / R0 meM kahIM-kahIM 'zami' zabda AyA hai ( 1187/5, 2/316, 3 / 55 3, 8245 / 27, 10 / 40 / 1), jisakA artha sAyaNa ke anusAra 'karma' (karma, yajJa Adi) haiM / 'zamI' zabda bhI AyA hai (1 / 20 2, 1 / 83 / 4, 1 / 11014, 2019 Adi) / yahA~ bhI sAyaNa ne 'zamI' ko 'karma' ke hI artha meM liyA hai, na ki zamI vRkSa ke artha meM / kintu eka sthAna ( R0 6 / 3 / 2 ) para 'zamI' lakar3I yA IMdhana ke artha meM AyA hai / kAtyAyanazrautasUtra (26 / 51 : zAntikaraNamAdyantayoH ) ke anusAra vAjasaneyI saMhitA kA sampUrNa 36 vA~ adhyAya pravargyaM kRtya ke Arambha evaM anta meM zAnti ke rUpa meM prayukta hotA hai| yajJa meM pazu kI bali ke pUrva hotA adhrigu praiSa kA pATha karatA hai, jisameM 'zam' dhAtu kA prayoga hai, yathA . he agui, tumheM (pazu ko ) isa prakAra kATanA yA mAranA cAhie ki use ThIka se le jAyA jA sake' (azva0 zrI0 3 / 3) / yahA~ 'zam' dhAtu mAra DAlane ke artha meM spaSTa rUpa se prayukta hai / yaha artha pUrva likhita arthoM (prasanna karanA, burA prabhAva dUra karanA) se sarvathA bhinna hai / kintu yaha gauNa artha meM hI prayukta hai, arthAt yajJa meM bali diye hue pazu ke aMgoM ko dekara devoM ko prasanna karanA / taittirIya brAhmaNa (1|1|3|11 ) ne zamI vRkSa yA zAkhA ko devoM ke kruddha rUpoM ko zAMta karane se sambandhita kiyA hai| AyA hai-- 'prajApati ne agni utpanna kI, be Dara gaye 'yaha agni mujhe jalA sakatI hai|' usane zamI 2. tAbhiH zAntibhiH sarvazAntibhiH zamayAmo'haM yadiha ghoraM krUraM yadiha pApaM tacchAntaM tacchivaM sarvameva zamastu naH / / atharva 0 ( 19 / 9 / 14 ) / 3. zaM no devIrabhiSTaya Apo bhavantu pItaye / zaM yorabhi sravantu naH // vAja0 saM0 (36 / 12), R0 (10 94), atharva 0 ( 1|6|1), sAmaveda ( 33 ), tai0 brA0 ( 1 2011) /

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zAnti sambandhI vaidika ullekha (zAkhA) se agni (kI bhayaMkara jvAlA) ko zAnta kiyA; yahI zamI kA zamitva hai, isameM zamImaya sambhAra hotA hai, jisase agni ke jalAne se bacAva ho ske|" bhAva yaha hai ki utpanna hote hI agni meM bhayaMkara dAhakatA thI jo zamI ke prayoga se dUra kI gayI; zAnti vaha karma yA kRtya hai jo deva ke krUra svarUpa ko prasanna karatA hai aura deva ko zubhakara banAtA hai| aura dekhie aitareya brAhmaNa (3 / 2) 1 zatapatha brA0 (10 / 2 / 3 / 36 evaM 37) meM bhI zamI kI zAkhA se agni-jvAlA kI zAnti kA ullekha hai, aura 'zamI' ko 'zam' se vyutpanna ThaharAyA gayA hai aura use zAnti (prasanna karane) kA sAdhana samajhA gayA hai| brAhmaNoM meM zAnti ke kaI sAdhanoM kA varNana hai, kintu ye bar3e sarala haiN| kabhI-kabhI veda-mantra pATha hI paryApta mAnA gayA hai| taittirIya brA0 (1 / 1 / 82) ne zrauta agniyoM ko prajvalita karane ke samaya sAma-gAna kI vyavasthA dI hai / tIna sAma haiM--rathantara, vAmadevya evaM bRhat, pratyeka krama se tInoM lokoM se sambandhita hai, "jaba agni nikAlI jAtI hai to vaha vAmadevya sAma kA gAyana karatA hai; vAmadevya antarikSa hai, aura usake (vAmadevya gAna) dvArA vaha agni ko antarikSa meM pratiSThApita karatA hai| vAmadevya zAnti hai; (vAmadevya gAna para) vaha zAnta (prasanna) agni ko, jo pazavya (pazu pradAyaka) hai, nikAlatA hai|" aura dekhie tai0 saM0 (3 / 4 / 2 / 6-7), aita0 brA0 (37 / 2) / sAmiSenI mantroM ke pATha ke pUrva evaM pazcAt hotA japa karatA hai| zAMkhAyana brA0 (3 / 3) meM AyA hai ki sAmidhenI sadA vajra haiM aura inake sAtha japa karane se agni zAnta (prasanna) hotI hai| bure prabhAvoM ko dUra karane ke lie jala bhI eka sAdhana rUpa meM ghoSita hai| jala zAnti kA sAdhana hai (dekhie aita0 brA0 32 / 4) / te0 AraNyaka (4 / 42) ne pravardI kRtya meM 37 zAnti-mantroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vaidika sAhitya se prakaTa hotA hai ki Arambhika kAla meM zAnti kA prayoga kaI arthoM meM hotA thA, yathA (1) bure prabhAvoM se dUra hone kI avasthA, (2) bure prabhAvoM ko dUra karane kA sAdhana, jaise jala, vaidika mantra yA sUkta evaM (3) zAnti kRty| yajJa-sambandhI bAtoM meM devoM ko prasanna yA zAnta karane kI sarala zAntiyoM ke atirikta Rgveda meM kucha aisI azubha ghaTanAoM kI ora bhI saMketa milate haiM jinako dUra karane ke lie upAya batAye gaye haiN| udAharaNArtha, R0 (10 / 164 / 1-5) nAmaka RcA duHsvapnoM ko dUra karane ke lie ghoSita hai| tIsarA mantra ghoSita karatA hai-'agni una sabhI bure evaM avAMchita karmoM ko hamase dUra pheMka de (kara de), jinheM hamane jAgaraNa yA svapna kI avasthA meM kiyA ho, cAhe ve icchAjanita rahe hoM yA zApita rahe hoM yA icchA ke abhAva meM hue hoN|' Rgveda (5 / 82 / 4-5) meM AyA hai-'he savitA deva, Aja santati se yukta kalyANa hamAre lie utpanna karo tathA bure svapnoM ke prabhAvoM ko bhayabhIta karo; he savitA deva, sabhI pApoM (duSkRtyoM) ko dUra karo tathA hameM vaha do jo zubha ho| 'he rAjA 4. prjaaptirgnimsRjt| so'bibhetta mA pazyatIti / taM zamyA'zamayat / tacchamya shmitvm| yacchamImayaH sambhAro bhavati zAntyA apravAhAya / te bA0 (131 // 3 // 2) / sAyaNa ne vyAkhyA kI hai : 'zamayatyaneneti vyutpattyA zamIti nAma sampannam / atastatsaMbhAraH pUrva vidyamAnasya vAhasyopazAntyai, itaH paramadAhAya ca smpdyte|' 5. adyA no deva savitaH prajAvat sAvIH saubhgm| parA duHkhaSvajyaM suva / vizvAni deva savitaritAni parA suv| yad bhavaM tanna A suv|| R0 5 / 82 / 4-5; yo me rAjan yujyo vA sasA vA svapne bhayaM bhIrave mhaamaah| stano vA yo vipsati vRko vA tvaM tasmAddharaNa pAhyasmAn // 10 raa28|10; trite duHSvapnyaM sarvamAptye pari vayasyanehaso va UtayaH suUtayo va uutyH||08547|15| /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa varuNa, cAhe jo, mitra yA sahAyaka mere prati ghoSita karatA hai ki mujhe svapna se bhaya hai, yA koI bhI,cAhe cora yA bher3iyA merI hAni karanA cAhatA hai, usase Apa hamArI rakSA kreN|' R0 (8147 / 15) meM RSi ghoSaNA karatA hai-'hama sabhI duHsvapna trita Aptya ko de dete haiM, ApakI kRpA kisI dvArA rokI nahIM jA sakatI, Apa dvArA kI gayI rakSA acchI hai|' dekhie R0 (8 / 47 / 14, 16-18; 10 / 3614; 10137 / 4), jahA~ bure svapnoM kI carcA huI hai| isI prakAra R0 meM pakSiyoM kI boliyoM se acche yA bure zakunoM evaM ullU kI bolI se apazakuna kI bAta kahI gayI hai (2 / 41 / 1) / aura dekhie R0 (2 / 43 / 1-3; 10 / 165 / 1-3; 10 / 165 / 5) evaM atharva0 (6 / 27 / 1-3; 6 / 29 / 1-2) tathA Azva0 gR0 (3 / 77), mAnava gR0 (2 / 17), kauzikasUtra (477) evaM RgvidhAna (4 / 20 / 2) / zAMkhAyanagRhma (5 / 6, 7, 10 evaM 11) meM AyA hai-'yadi koI rogagrasita ho jAya to use R0 (1 / 114) ke mantroM ke, jo rudra kI stuti meM kahe gaye haiM, sAtha gavedhuka annoM kI AhutiyAM denI caahie| yadi kisI ke ghara meM madhumakkhiyAM chattA banA leM to use R0 (11114) ke sAtha 108 udumbara-Tukar3oM ko dahI, madhu evaM ghI se yukta kara yajJa karanA cAhie aura upavAsa karanA cAhie tathA R0 (7 / 35) kA pATha karanA cAhie; madi ghara meM cIMTiyAM DhUha banA leM to ghara kA tyAga kara denA cAhie aura tIna rAtoM (evaM dinoM) kA upavAsa karake mahAzAnti kA kRtya karanA caahie| aitareya AraNyaka (3 / 2 / 4) meM dasa svapnoM kA ullekha hai, yathA koI vyakti kAle dA~ta vAle kAle puruSa ko dekhatA hai, aura vaha puruSa use mAra DAlatA hai, yA sUara use mAra DAlatA hai, yA usa para bandara jhapaTatA hai, vAyu use tejI se ur3A le jAtI hai| vaha sonA nigalakara vamana kara detA hai; madhu khAtA hai; kamaloM ke DaMThala cUsatA hai; kevala eka (lAla) kamala-nAla lekara calatA hai; gadahoM yA sUaroM ke jhuNDa hA~katA hai; nalada puSpoM kI mAlA pahanakara vaha kAle bachar3e ke sAtha kAlI gAya ko dakSiNa dizA meM hA~katA hai| yadi koI inameM se eka bhI svapna dekhatA hai to use upavAsa karanA cAhie, eka pAtra meM dUdha ke sAtha cAvala pakAnA cAhie aura usakI AhutiyAM agni meM DAlanI cAhie aura rAtrisUkta (R0 10.127 / 1-8) kA pATha karanA cAhie, anya bhojana (gRha meM pakA) brAhmaNoM ko denA cAhie aura svayaM cAvala khAnA caahie| isI AraNyaka meM kucha vicitra prakRti-rUpoM ke dekhe jAne kI carcA hai, yathA sUrya ko pIle candra kI bhAMti dekhanA, AkAza ko majITha ke rUpa meM dekhanA aadi| chAndogyopaniSad (5 / 2 / 9) meM AyA hai-'yadi koI kAmya kRtya meM saMlagna rahane para svapna meM strI dekhatA hai to samajhanA cAhie use samRddhi prApta hogI (icchita vastu prApta hogii)|' chAndogyopaniSanad (8 / 10 / 1), bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (4 / 3 / 7-20) evaM prazna0 (415) meM svapna-prakRti-rUpoM ke manovijJAna para vicAra prakaTa kiye gaye haiM, jina para hama yahA~ vicAra nahIM kreNge| atharva0 meM bhI svapnoM evaM kapota (kabUtara) jaise pakSiyoM ke viSaya meM katipaya vacana haiN| kauzika-sUtra meM zAnti ke rUpa meM atharva0 ke mantra (4 / 45 / 1 evaM 46 / 1) ullikhita haiM (8 / 20) : 'svapna dekhane para vyakti atharva0 (2 / 45 / 1 evaM 46 / 1) ke pATha ke sAtha mukha-prakSAlana karatA hai, yadi vaha bhayAnaka svapna dekhatA hai to mizra dhAnya (kaI anna ) agni meM DAlatA hai yA dUsarI dizA (zatru ke kheta) meM DAlatA hai| atharva0 (7 / 10011) ke sAtha karavaTa badala letA hai, svapna meM khAte samaya vaha atharva0 (7101 / 1) kA pATha karatA hai aura dekhane lagatA hai; atharva0 (6 / 6. RnikrdjjnussN..."vidt||R0 2 / 421 / nirakta (94) ne isakA artha kiyA hai| sAyaNa ke mata se yahA~ kapijala pakSI kI ora saMketa hai|

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zAnti vidhAna 347 46 / 2) ke pATha se sabhI svapna naSTa ho jAte haiN| do padya isa prakAra haiM- 'he svapna, hama tumhArI janmabhUmi jAnate haiM, tuma devoM kI bahinoM ke putra ho, tuma yama ke sahAyaka ho; tuma antaka ho, tuma mRtyu ho; he svapna, hama tumheM vaisA samajhate haiM; he svapna, tuma hameM duHsvapnoM se bacAo; maiM du:svapna dekhane para ghUma jAtA ( karavaTa badala letA hU~, aisA hI bure bhAgya meM bhI karatA hU~, maiM brahma (vaidika prArthanA) ko apanI surakSA banAtA hU~, maiM svapnoM se Agata duzcintAoM ko bhI bhagAtA hU~ / ' aura dekhie kAtyAyanazrautasUtra ( 25 / 11 / 20 ) / ApastambagR0 (8|23 / 9) ne katipaya asAdhAraNa dRzyoM ke lie eka hI prakAra kI zAnti kI vyavasthA dI hai -- sthaNAvirohaNa ( ghara ke khambhe arthAt nhI meM aMkura nikalane) meM, ghara para madhumakkhI kA chattA hone para, yadi cUlhe para kapota padacihna dIkha par3e yA ghara meM roga utpanna ho jAya yA anya adbhuta utpAta prakaTa ho jAyeM to amAvasyA kI ardharAtri meM, jahA~ jala-zabda na sunAI par3e, vyakti ko agni meM samidhA DAlane se lekara Ajya bhAga kI AhutiyoM ke kRtya karane cAhie, tadanantara japa evaM AhutiyA~ denI caahie| isI prakAra sAmavidhAna brAhmaNa meM bhI utpAtoM para zAnti kI vyavasthA hai (5 / 2-3, 5 / 7 / 2 Adi) / atharva 0 ( 19/9/9) meM ulkApAta (nakSatramutkAbhihataM zamastu naH ), SaDviMza0 (5/9/2 ) meM bhI ulkApAta tathA ( 5 / 10 / 2 ) meM mUrti ke ha~sane, rone Adi kI ora saMketa hai| sthAnAbhAva se gRhyasUtroM meM varNita zAntiyoM kA aura ullekha nahIM kiyA jAyagA / uparyukta vivecana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vaidika sAhitya, zrautasUtroM, sAmavidhAna - brAhmaNa evaM RgvidhAna meM zAntiyoM kA prayoga na kevala kruddha devoM yA zaktiyoM ko prasanna karane ke lie pratyuta kusvapna jaisI ghaTanAoM tathA sUrya-candra-rUpoM, azubha pakSiyoM kI boliyoM Adi ke lie bhI hotA thA / sabhI prakAra ke zakunoM evaM utpAtoM kI zAntiyoM ke viSaya meM pazcAtkAlIna vaidika sAhitya meM vizada vivecana pAyA jAtA hai| gRhyasUtroM, kauzikasUtra, atharva pariziSToM, purANoM, bRhatsaMhitA ( adhyAya 44), kRtyakalpataru (zAntika-pauSTika-kANDa), ballAlasena evaM unake putra lakSmaNasena ke adbhutasAgara, madanaratna ( zAntikhaNDa), raghunandana ke jyotistattva, kamalAkara bhaTTa ke zAntikamalAkara evaM nIlakaNTha ke zAntimayUkha meM zAnti-viSayaka vizada carcAe~ pAyI jAtI haiN| inameM adbhutasAgara eka vizAla grantha ( 751 pRSThoM meM ) hai / bahuta-se zAnti kRtya aba prayoga meM nahIM lAye jAte / hama yahA~ saMkSepa meM kucha hI zAntiyoM kA ullekha kreNge| kauzikasUtra (adhyAya 13, kaNDikA 93 136 ) meM adbhutoM evaM unakI zAntiyoM kA ullekha hai / 93 vIM kaNDikA meM 42 aupasargika utpAtoM kA ullekha hai, anya kaNDikAoM meM kuzakunoM yA utpAtoM tathA pratyeka kI zAnti kA varNana hai / ina zAntiyoM meM atharvaveda ke mantra gauNa mahattva rakhate haiM, adhikAMza mantra svatantra rUpa se Aye haiN| yaha draSTavya hai ki bAda meM ye zAntiyA~ prAyazcitta ke nAma se pukArI gayI haiN| madanaratna (lagabhaga 1425 se 1450 I0 ) meM varNita zAntika- pauSTika viSaya yaha prakaTa karate haiM ki madhyakAla meM zAntiyoM kA bar3A mahattva thA / isakI aprakAzita pANDulipi kI anukramaNikA meM nimna varNana haivinAyakastAna; sUrya se ketu taka navagrahoM ko prasanna karane kI zAntiyA~; zanaizcaravrata zani ko prasanna karane kI zAntiyA~ (skanda purANa ke nAgarakhaNDa evaM prabhAsakhaNDa se uddharaNa liye gaye haiM) ; bRhaspati evaM zukra kI pUjA; pA~ca yA adhika grahoM ke yoga para yAmaloM para AdhArita zAntiyA~ viSNudharmottara0 se uddhRta grahastAna; jvara yA anya 1 7. yAmala tantra koTi ke grantha haiM, jinakI saMkhyA bahuta hai, kintu bahudhA unakI saMkhyA 8 kahI jAtI hai / gaNezayAmala, brahmamAmala, rudrayAmala, viSNuyAmala, zaktiyAmala bhAdi grantha bhI haiN| smRtikaustubha ne kucha tithiyoM,

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348 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa rogoM meM tithi evaM saptAha-dina kI zAnti nakSatrazAnti; janma kAla ke 9 ugra nakSatroM evaM zeSa kI zAntiyA~; amAvAsyA, mala yA AzleSA yA jyeSThA nakSatroM meM janma para zAntiyA~; pitA yA bar3e bhAI ke nakSatra para janma hone para zAnti; gaNDa, vaidhRti, vyatIpAta yoga, saMkrAnti, viSanAr3I, grahaNoM para janma hone para zAntiyA~ ; gomakhaprasava nAmaka zAnti'; garbhAdhAna se eka mAsa tathA usake Age ke mAsoM ke bhrUNa kI rakSA ke lie ghoSita zAntiyA~ ; bali ; bhrUNapIr3A ke mArjana ke lie oSadhi; saralatA se janana ke sAdhana; janma ke uparAnta rakSA ke lie; mantroM ke sAtha prathama dina para bali, nIrAjana Adi; pavitra jala se zizu para chir3akAva, devoM evaM pitaroM kA jala-tarpaNa, homoM, yantroM dvArA devoM evaM pitaroM ko santuSTa karanA; janmoparAnta pahalI tithi se 12 vIM tithi taka ke kRtyoM ke sAmAnya niyama tathA prathama mAsa tathA Age ke eka varSa ke mAsoM ke kRtya-niyama; duSTa AtmA dvArA pakar3e jAne para mantroM ke sAtha zizu kA lepa, vAsanA, snAna; dUrvA se homa, lambI Ayu ke lie homa; adbhutoM ke lie zAnti tathA mUrtiyoM, agni, vRkSoM, varSA, jalAzayoM ke viSaya meM vicitra ghaTanAoM, vicitra jananoM, jur3avA~ utpatti, hathiyAroM, pazuoM, mandira-dhvaMsa evaM gaha-dhvaMsa ke viSaya meM vicitra upasthitiyoM ke bAre meM zAntiyA~ ; katipaya utpAtoM evaM adbhutoM kI zAntiyA~ ; kapota pakSI evaM kauoM kI maithuna-kriyA darzana para zAntiyA~; zarIra para giragiTa evaM chipakalI girane para zAntiyA~ ; janana-maraNa ke azIcoM para zAntiyA~ ; hAthI-ghor3oM ke viSaya kI zAntiyA~; saptAha-dinoM kI zAntiyA~; mahAzAnti; navagrahamakha ; ayutahoma aura usakI vidhi tathA narasiMha0, devI0 evaM bhaviSya meM varNita lakSahoma evaM koTihoma ke niyama; devIpurANa meM varNita vasordhArA / kaNDikA saMkhyA 93 (kauzika sUtra) meM varNita adbhuta ye haiM-- (ghRta, madhu, mAMsa, sonA, rakta Adi kI bhayaMkara) varSA; yakSa (bandara, pazu, kaue Adi jo mAnava AkRti meM prakaTa hote haiM); do mer3hakoM kI TarraTarI; kula ke sadasyoM kA jhagar3A-phasAda (kalaha); bhUcAla ; sUrya-grahaNa; candra-grahaNa; auSasI (prAtaH ? yA uSaH kAla) jaba Upara nahIM jAtI; jaba varSa bhayaMkara ho jAtA hai, jaba bAr3ha kA bhaya hotA hai; jaba brAhmaNa astra-zastra grahaNa karate haiM; jaba deva-pratimAe~ nAcane lagatI haiM, nIce gira jAtI haiM, ha~satI haiM, gAtI haiM aura anya rUpa dhAraNa karatI haiM; jaba do hala-sAthI ulajha par3ate haiM; jaba do rassiyA~ yA dhAge eka-dUsare se ulajha jAte haiM; jaba eka agni dUsarI ke sparza meM A jAtI hai| jaba kauA jur3avA~ baccA paidA karatA hai; jaba ghor3I yA gadahI yA nArI do bacce janatI haiM; jaba gAya se rakta-dUdha nikalatA hai| jaba baila gAya kA dUdha (thana se) pIne lagatA hai; jaba eka gAya dUsarI gAya kA thana pIne lagatI hai; jaba gAya, ghor3A, khaccara yA mAnava AkAzaphena sUMghane lagate haiM; jaba cIMTiyA~ aprAkRtika DhaMga se vyavahAra karane lagatI haiM; jaba nIlI madhu-makkhiyA~ aprAkRtika DhaMga se vyavahAra karane lagatI haiM; jaba koI apUrva adbhuta prakaTa hotA hai; jaba gA~va, ghara, agni-zAlA, sabhA-sthala meM koI vastu TUTa-phUTa jAtI hai; jaba zuSka sthAna se pAnI calane lagatA hai; jaba tila se utanA hI tela (?) nikalatA hai; jaba yajJiya sAmagrI pakSiyoM, dvipadoM, catuSpadoM ke sparza se apavitra ho jAtI hai; jaba veNI (lar3ake yA lar3akI kI) bAyIM ora ho saptAha-dinoM evaM nakSatroM kI kucha ghaTiyoM (nAr3iyoM yA ghaTikAoM) ko viSanAr3I yA viSaghaTI (jinase azubha phala milate haiM) kahA hai| kintu jyotiSIya granthoM meM kevala nakSatroM kI kucha ghaTiyoM ko hI yaha upAdhi dI gayI hai aura ina ghaTiyoM meM utpanna vyakti mAtA, pitA, mana evaM apanI hAni kA kAraNa batAyA gayA hai (dharmasindhu, pR0 184) / madanaratna ne zAntika meM 27 nakSatroM ke viSaya meM vizada varNana upasthita kiyA hai, yathA pratyeka nakSatra kI viSaghaTI, azvinI meM 50 vIM ghaTikA ke uparAnta tIna ghaTikA viSanADI, bharaNI meM 24ke uparAnta eka oTakA, punarvatu evaM puSya meM krama se 30 evaM 20 ghaTikAmoM ke uparAnta eka ghaTikA hai|

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adbhuta, utpAta, durnimitoM ko zAnti 349 jAtI hai; jaba yajJiya stambha se aMkura nikala Ate haiM; jaba dina meM ulkApAta hotA hai; jaba ghUmaketu aMdhakAra utpanna kara detA hai; jaba bAra-bAra ulkApAta hotA hai; jaba coMca meM mAMsa lekara pakSI kisI ke ghara para utaratA hai; jaba binA agni ke prakAza phUTane lagatA hai; jaba agni phUtkAra karane lagatI hai; jahA~ ghRta, tela, madhu Tapakane lagatA hai; jaba grAmAgni se koI ghara jala jAtA hai; jaba durghaTanA se kisI kA ghara jala jAtA hai; jaba bA~sa svara nikAlane lagate haiM; jaba jalAzaya meM pAtra phUTa jAtA hai yA baTalohI phUTa jAtI hai yA yavayukta pAtra phUTa jAtA hai| sthAnAbhAva se uparyukta adbhutoM kI zAntiyoM kA vivecana yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| do-eka udAharaNa paryApta hoNge| jaba bhUcAla ho to pA~ca mantroM ke sAtha ghRta kI AhutiyA~ dI jAnI cAhie, inameM tIna jiSNu (viSNu) ke viSaya meM haiM aura isa prakAra haiM- "jisa prakAra sUrya svarga meM jyotirmAn hai, vAyu AkAza meM hai, agni pRthivI meM praveza karatI hai, usI prakAra yaha jiSNu aTala evaM sthira rahe / jisa prakAra saritAe~ rAta-dina apane tattva (miTTI, kIcar3a Adi ) ko samudra meM DAlatI haiM, usI prakAra ( devoM ke ) sabhI varga, eka mana hokara mere AvAhana (yajJa) meM AyeM; devI pRthivI sabhI devoM ke sAtha mere lie sthira ho, vaha sabhI duSTatAoM ko bhagA de aura una zatruoM ko, jo mujhase ghRNA karate haiM, cIra-phAr3a DAle / " 'svAhA' zabda ke sAtha AhutiyA~ dekara use atharva 0 ( 6 87 1, 6 881 ) ke mantroM aura atharva 0 ( 12 / 1 / 2) ke anuvAka ke pATha ke sAtha AhutiyA~ denI cAhie / yahI prAyazcitta hai ( bhUcAla ke viSaya meM ) / dekhie kauzikasUtra (adhyAya 98 ) / aura dekhie vahI, adhyAya 99 evaM 100 jahA~ krama se sUrya grahaNa evaM candra grahaNa sambandhI zAntiyoM kA varNana hai / aura zAntiyoM ko 'adbhuta zAntiyoM ke sambandha meM adbhuta, utpAta evaM nimitta nAmaka tIna zabdoM ko bhalI bhA~ti samajha lenA cAhie / 'adbhuta' prAcIna zabda hai / Rgveda meM kaI bAra prayukta huA hai aura kisI devatA ke lie 'Azcaryayukta' ke artha meM AyA hai / kahIM-kahIM yaha 'bhaviSya' evaM sambhavataH 'autpAtika' ke artha meM bhI AyA hai nirukta (114 ) ke anusAra R0 (1 / 17011 ) kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra hai-- 'RSi agastya ne sarvaprathama indra ko havi dene kA vacana diyA, kintu Age calakara unhoMne vahI marutoM ke lie karanA cAhA, isa para indra ne agastya ke pAsa Akara virodha kiyA ki jo Aja vacana diyA gayA, vaha nahIM hai, aura na vaha kala bhI hogA, kauna jAne, bhaviSya meM kyA hogA / " yAska ne 'adbhuta' kA anvaya 'a-bhUta' (jo abhI nahIM ghaTita huA hai) se kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki sAmAnya bhASA meM adbhuta kA artha yaha bhI hai 'vaha jo abhI ghaTita nahIM huA hai / ' gRhyasUtroM meM 'adbhuta' zabda hI AyA hai zAntiyA~' kahA gayA hai| adbhuta na kevala mUcAloM, grahaNoM, dhUmaketuoM, ulkApAtoM Adi ke lie prayukta huA hai, pratyuta yaha asAdhAraNa ghaTanAoM ke lie bhI prayukta huA hai, yathA gAya dvArA rakta dUdha denA, gAya dvArA gAya kA thana pInA Adi / vRddha-garga ne 'adbhuta' ko aisI ghaTanA samajhA hai, jo pahale na huI ho ( arthAt apUrva) athavA jo pahale huI ho, kintu usase pUrNa rUpeNa parivartita dUsarI ghaTanA ho jAya / 67 vA~ AtharvaNa pariziSTa 'adbhuta zAnti' kahA jAtA hai / isane adbhutoM ko sAta daloM meM bA~TA hai -- indra, varuNa, yama, agni, kubera, viSNu evaM vAyu aura pratyeka ke kucha adbhuta ke nAma likhe haiM, yathA rAtri meM indradhanuSa ( indra ), giddha ( gRddha ) yA ullU kA ghara para utaranA yA kapota kA ghara meM praveza (yama), binA agni kA dhuvA~ (agni), kisI ke janma ke nakSatra para grahaNa (viSNu) / pariziSTa sAmaveda ke adbhuta usake brAhmaNa para AdhArita haiM / 8. nirukta ( 115 ) : 'agastya indrAya havinirupya maruddbhyaH saMpraditsAMcakAra sa indra etya paridevayAMcakre / na nUnamasti no zvaH kastadveda yadadbhutam / anyasya citamabhisaMcareNyamutAdhItaM vinazyati // ( R0 1 / 17011) /

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350 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zrota yA gRhmasUtroM meM utpAta' zabda virala hI prayukta hai| gautamadharmasUtra (11 / 12-13, 15-16) ne rAjA ko Adeza dete hue ki use vidvAn, zIlavAn brAhmaNa ko purohita banAnA cAhie, yaha vyavasthA dI hai ki use jo jyotiSI evaM zakuna-vyAkhyA karane vAle karane ko kaheM usa para dhyAna denA cAhie aura purohita ko cAhie ki vaha zAntikRtya kare (yathA vAstu-homa) tathA indrajAla (jAdU) kRtya (rAjA kI ora se) kre| kintu purANoM evaM madhyakAlika saMskRta granthoM meM utpAta zabda adbhuta zabda kI apekSA adhika prayukta huA hai, kabhI-kabhI donoM samAnArthaka rUpa meM prayukta hue haiN| garga kA kathana hai-'devatA manuSyoM ke duSkarmoM se azubhakara ho jAte haiM aura AkAza, antarikSa evaM bhUmi meM adbhuta (asAdhAraNa ghaTanAe~) utpanna karate haiN| ye sabhI lokoM ke lie devoM dvArA utpanna utpAta haiM; ye utpAta saba logoM ke nAza ke lie prakaTa hote haiM aura apane bhayAnaka rUpoM dvArA logoM ko (acchA kArya karane ke lie) prerita karate haiN|' yahA~ adbhuta evaM utyAta zabda eka dUsare ke paryAya haiN| aura dekhie matsyapurANa (228 / 1-2) / sAmAnyataH, utpAta ve ghaTanAe~ haiM jo saba ke lie bhayAnaka hotI haiN| amarakoza ne 'ajanya', 'utpAta' evaM 'upasarga' ko samAnArthaka kahA hai| garga, varAhamihira evaM atharva-pariziSTa ne utpAta ko svAbhAvika krama (sthiti) kA ulaTA (viloma) mAnA hai| amarakoza ke anusAra nimitta kA artha hai 'kAraNa yA agrasUcaka cihn|' nimitta zubha evaM azubha donoM ho sakatA hai, yahI utpAta (jo sAmAnyataH azubha hotA hai) evaM nimitta kA antara hai| eka anya antara bhI hai| nimitta bahudhA vyakti ke aMgoM ke phar3akane taka sImita hai (matsya0 adhyAya 241), kintu kahIM-kahIM vyApaka artha meM bhI isakA prayoga huA hai (nimittAni ca pazyAmi viparItAni kezava, gItA 131) / dekhie rAmAyaNa (ayodhyA0 4 / 17-19), bhISma0 (2 / 16-17), virATa0 (46 / 30) / manu (6 / 50) ne 'utpAta' evaM 'nimitta' meM bheda kiyA hai| mahAbhArata meM azubha ghaTanAoM (nimittoM yA utpAtoM) kA bahuta ullekha huA hai, yathA sabhA parva (80 / 28-31 81122-25), vana0 (179 / 41, 224 / 17-18), virATa (39 / 4-6) aadi| pramukha utpAta evaM adbhuta ye haiMbhayaMkara svapna ; andhar3a-tUphAna (nirghAta); ulkApAta; dakSiNa meM zRgAlina kA ronA; bAlU ke kaNoM ke sAtha bhayaMkara evaM sUkhI A~dhI; bhUcAla; asAmAnya kAla meM sUrya-grahaNa ; binA bAdaloM ke vidyuta-camaka ; mandiroM para gRddha, kauoM kA vAsa; durga kI dIvAroM evaM prAkAroM para bhI unakA vAsa; acAnaka agni; phaTe jhaMDe yA patAkAe~; sUrya-candra kA maNDala ; nadiyoM meM rakta-jala-pravAha; binA bAdaloM kI varSA; rakta yA paMka kI varSA ; hAthiyoM kI ciMghAr3a; andhakArayukta AkAza; ghor3oM kA azru-pravAha; svaccha AkAza meM bAdala-garjana; nadiyoM kA ulaTA pravAha; bAyeM hAtha evaM A~kha kA phar3akanA; meDhaka kI Tarra-Tarra; samudra kA tUphAna; mUrtiyoM kA kA~panA, nAcanA, ha~sanA evaM ronA; pIlA sUrya ; sUryAbhimukha ho kapota, mainA evaM hariNa kA rudana, sUrya ke pAsa muNDarahita dhar3oM kA prakaTa honA; vicitra janma, yathA gAya se gadahA, nevale se cUhA (yuddhakANDa 35 / 30) / ina granthoM meM zubha cihna bahuta kama varNita haiM (bAlakANDa 22 / 4, udyoga0 83 / 23-26, 84 / 117, bhISma0 3 / 65-74, zAnti0 52 / 25, Azvamedhika0 53 / 5-6) / pramukha zubha lakSaNa ye haiM-binA bAdaloM ke svaccha gagana ; zItala evaM sparza se Ananda dene vAlI vAyu kA pravAha; dhUla kA na ur3anA, manuSya kI dAhinI ora pakSiyoM evaM pazuoM kA jAnA; ghUmarahita agni, jisakI jvAlA dAhinI ora ho; puSpavarSA, cASa, kauMca, mora jaise zubha pakSiyoM kA dAhinI ora cahacahAnA (karNa0 72 / 12-13) / 9. brAhmaNaM ca purodadhIta vidyAbhijanavAgrUpavayaHzIlasampannaM nyAyavRttaM tpsvinm| tatprasUtaH karmANi kurviit|.....'yaani ca devotpAtacintakAH pryustaanyaadriyet| tavadhInamapi hoke yogakSemaM prtijaante| gau0 gha0 sU0 (11312-13, 15-16) /

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divya, AntarikSa, bhauma utpAtoM kI vividha zAntiyA~ 351 garga, parAzara, sabhAparva, bRhatsaMhitA (45 / 2), matsya0 (229 / 5), atharva-pariziSTa (69 / 112) Adi ne utpAtoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai--divya (svargika vastuoM se uThane vAle), AntarikSa (AkAza meM ubharane vAle) evaM bhauma (pRthivI meM prakaTa hone vaale)| yaha vibhAjana prAcIna hai (atharva0 19 / 9 / 7) / garga evaM bu0 saM0, matsya0 (229 / 6-9), agni0 (263 / 12-13) meM tInoM prakAra ke utpAtoM kA ullekha hai| divya utpAta haiM--grahoM, nakSatroM, grahaNoM evaM dhUmaketuoM kI asAmAnya dazAe~; AMtarikSa utpAta haiM-andhar3a, tUphAna, asAmAnya ghana-khaNDa, ulkApAta, sandhAe~, dizAoM kA adbhuta lAlimAyukta prakaTa honA, maNDala, vAyu meM bhramAtmaka AkRti prakaTa ho jAnA, indradhanuSa evaM adbhuta varSA (yathA raktima jala, machaliyoM kI varSA, kachuoM kI varSA Adi); bhauma utpAta ye haiM--bhUcAla, tAlAboM kI asAmAnya sthiti / bR0 saM0 meM AyA hai ki bhauma utpAta zAntiyoM se dUra kiye jAte haiM, AMtarikSa utpAta zAntiyoM se kucha kama (mRdu) ho jAte haiM, kintu divya utpAta zAntiyoM se nahIM dUra hote (jaisA ki utpala ke mata se kAzyapa ne kahA hai, kintu varAhamihira ke anusAra adhika sonA, bhojana, gAya evaM bhUmi ke dAnoM, pRthivI para gAya kA dUdha ziva para (rudra ke mandira meM) car3hAne evaM koTihoma karane se divya utpAta dUra kiye jA sakate haiN| varAhamihira evaM matsya0 ke anusAra divya utpAta ATha prakAra se burA phala dete haiM svayaM rAjA para, usake putra, koza, vAhanoM, rAjadhAnI, rAnI, purohita evaM prajA pr| vibhinna nAmoM vAlI zAntiyoM ke nAma matsya0, varAhamihira Adi dvArA ullikhita haiN| matsya0 meM varNita 18 zAntiyAM saMkSepa meM yoM haiM-- abhaya zAnti taba kI jAtI hai jaba rAjA vijayI honA cAhatA hai yA jaba usa para AkramaNa hotA hai, yA jaba use bhaya hotA hai ki usa para mAyA kI gayI hai yA jaba vaha zatruoM kA nAza karanA cAhatA hai yA jaba usa para bar3A bhaya A jAtA hai| saumya zAnti taba kI jAtI hai jaba rAjaroga (TI0 bI0) ho jAtA hai, ghAvoM se durbala hone para yA yajJa karane kI icchA hone pr| vaiSNavI zAnti kI vyavasthA bhUcAla meM, durbhikSa meM, ati vRSTi meM, anAvRSTi meM, TiDDiyoM ke bhaya meM tathA coroM kI kriyA hone meM hotI hai| raudrI zAnti kA prayoga pazuoM evaM mAnaboM meM mahAmArI utpanna ho jAne para yA bhUta-preta ke prakaTa hone para yA rAjyAbhiSeka meM yA AkramaNa hone para yA jaba rAjya meM koI vizvAsaghAta hotA hai yA jaba zatru -hanana hotA hai, taba kI jAtI hai| brAhmI zAnti kI vyavasthA taba kI jAtI hai jaba vedAdhyayana ke naSTa hone kA Dara rahatA hai yA jaba nAstikatA phailane lagatI hai yA jaba kupAtroM ko sammAna milane lagatA hai| jaba andhar3a-tUphAna tIna dinoM taka calate rahate haiM aura vAta se roga phailane lagate haiM taba vAyavI zAnti kI vyavasthA hotI hai| vAruNI zAnti anAvRSTi meM yA jaba asAmAnya varSA (rakta-jala kI varSA Adi) hone lagatI hai taba kI AtI hai| prAjApatya zAnti asAmAnya janana meM kI jAtI hai| svASTrI zAnti hathiyAroM kI asAmAnya dazAoM meM kI jAtI hai| kaumArI zAnti kI vyavasthA baccoM ke lie hotI hai| AgneyI zAnti agni ke adbhuta rUpoM meM kI jAtI hai| gAndharvo zAnti AjJollaMghana meM, patnI evaM mRtyoM ke nAza meM yA azvoM ke lie kI jAtI hai| AMgirasI zAnti hAthiyoM ke vikRta hone para kI jAtI hai| nairRtI zAnti pizAcoM ke bhaya meM kI jAtI hai| yAmyA zAnti kI vyavasthA mRtyu yA duHsvapna kI ghaTanAoM meM hotI hai| kauberI zAnti dhana kI hAni meM kI jAtI hai| jaba vRkSoM kI asAmAnya dazAe~ AtI haiM to pArthivI zAnti kI vyavasthA hotI hai| jyeSThA yA anurAdhA nakSatra meM utpAta hote haiM to aindrI zAnti kI jAtI hai| 10. AtmasutakozavAhanapuradArapurohiteSu loke c| pAkamupaiti devaM parikalpita mssttdhaanRpteH|| bR0 saM0 (457), matsya0 (229 / 12-13) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa agni0 (263 / 7-8 ) ne uparyukta 18 zAntiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki amRtA, abhayA evaM saumyA nAmaka zAntiyA~ sarvottama haiN| katipaya asAmAnya utpAtoM kI dazAoM meM kaI zAntiyoM kI carcA varAhamihira ne bhI kI hai| sthAna- saMkoca se hama usakI carcA yahA~ nahIM kara skeNge| kintu eka zAnti kA ullekha Avazyaka hai--'yadi koI yakSoM ( yAtudhAnoM) ko dekhe, jaba jyotiSiyoM dvArA mahAmArI kA nirdeza ho to aisI sthitiyoM meM garga ne unake nAza ke lie nimna zAntiyoM dI vyavasthA dI hai-- mahAzAnti, bali, paryApta bhojana, indra evaM indrANI kI pUjA (bR0 saM0 45 / 79-80 ) / bR0 saM0 (45 / 82 - 95 ) ne kucha RtuoM meM upasthita ghaTanAoM ko utpAta nahIM mAnA hai aura matsya 0 ( 229 / 14 - 25) meM Aye hue RSiputra ke vacanoM ko (kucha antaroM ke sAtha) uddhRta kiyA hai, yathA caitra evaM vaizAkha meM nimna zubha (aise utpAta jinameM zAnti kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI ) haiM - vidyuta camaka, ulkApAta, mUcAla, camakatI sandhyAe~, andhar3a-tUphAna, maNDala, gagana dhUli, vana dhUma, raktima sUryodaya evaM sUryAsta / 352

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adhyAya 21 katipaya viziSTa zAntiyA~ aba hama kucha viziSTa zAntiyoM kA ullekha kreNge| inameM adhikAMza vaidika kAla ke pazcAt kI haiN| pahalI hai vinAyaka-zAnti yA gnnpti-puujaa| yaha upanayana evaM vivAha jaise saMskAroM ke Arambha meM kI jAtI hai, jisase ki nirvighna phala kI prApti ho, utpAtoM ke azubha prabhAva dUrahoM yA sapiNDa kI mRtyu se utpanna pratikUla pariNAmoM kA nivAraNa ho ske| isakA svatantra rUpa se sampAdana zukla pakSa kI caturthI yA bRhaspati yA puSya, zravaNa, uttarA, rohiNI, hasta, azvinI, mRgazIrSa zubha nakSatroM meM hotA hai| kintu jaba isakA sampAdana upanayana jaise saMskAroM ke Arambha meM kiyA jAtA hai taba usa pramukha kRtya kA kAla hI isake lie upayukta mAnA jAtA hai| isakA saMkalpa dharmasindhu (pR0 205) meM diyA huA hai| mAnavagRhya evaM baijavApagRhya meM cAra vinAyakoM (sabhI duSTa AtmAoM ke rUpa meM) kA ullekha hai, kintu Age calakara yAjJa0 (11271-294) meM vinAyaka na-kevala vighnakartA mAnA gayA hai, pratyuta vighnahartA bhI kahA gayA hai, kintu aura Age calakara gaNapati-pUjA ko pratyeka kRtya ke lie anivArya ThaharAyA gayA hai (gobhila 1113) / yAjJa0 (1 / 293) meM AyA hai ki vinAyaka kI pratipAdita pUjA tathA graha-pUjA se sarvottama phala evaM zrI kI prApti hotI hai| aura dekhie viSNudharmottara (2 / 105 / 2-24) / brahmANDa0 meM AyA hai ki garbhAdhAna se lekara jAtakarma Adi saMskAroM, yAtrA, vANijya, yuddha-kAla, deva-pUjA, saMkaTa meM tathA icchAoM kI siddhi meM gajAnana kI pUjA avazya kI jAnI caahie| bhaviSya0 (adhyAya 144) kI gaNanAthazAnti yAjJavalkya kI vinAyakazAnti se milatI julatI hai|| yAjJavalkya (1-294-308), vaikhAnasasmArta-sUtra (4 / 13-14), baudhAyanagRhyazeSasUtra, matsyapurANa (93 / 1-105), viSNudharmottara (1193-105) evaM anya purANoM, bRhadyogayAtrA (1811-24) evaM madhyakAlika nibandhoM meM navagrahoM (sUrya, candra, maMgala, budha, bRhaspati, zukra, zani,rAhu evaM ketu) ke zAnti-kRtya kI vyavasthA hai| yaha navagrahazAnti nibandhoM meM varNita zAnti-homoM kA namUnA (prakRti) hai| vaikhAnasasmArtasUtra (4 / 14) meM AyA hai ki sabhI dhArmika kRtyoM ke Arambha meM navagrahazAnti kA sampAdana honA caahie|' 1. evaM vinAyakaM pUjya grahAMzcaiva vidhaantH| karmaNAM phalamApnoti zriyaM cApnotyanuttamAm // yAjJa0 (1293), bhaviSya (brAhmaparva, 23 / 30) / 2. jAtakarmAdisaMskAre garbhAdhAnAvikepi ca / yAtrAyAM ca vaNijyAdau yuddhe devArcane shubhe|| saMkaSTe kAmasiddhayartha pUjayedyo gjaannm| tasya sarvANi kAryANi sidhyantyeva na sNshyH|| brahmANDa0 (3 // 42 // 44); brahmANDa0 (4 / 44 / 65-70) ne gaNeza ke 51 nAma diye haiN| 3. grahapUjAM puraskRtya sarvakarma samArabheviti vijnyaayte| vai0 smA0 sU0 (4 / 14); zAntikamalAkara meM AyA hai : 'ayaM sarvazAntiprakRtistu grahayajJa ucyte| tatra skAndayAjJavalkyau zrIkAmaH zAntikAmo vaa...|'

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354 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yAjJavalkya (1 / 294) kA kathana hai-'jo zrI-prApti kI kAmanA karane vAlA hai, sabhI vipattiyoM ko dUra karanA cAhatA hai, (kRSi ke lie) varSA kI kAmanA karatA hai, lambI Ayu cAhatA hai, svAsthya cAhatA hai aura zatruoM ke nivAraNa ke lie indrajAla (jAdU) kRtya karane kA icchuka hai, use graha-yajJa sampAdita karanA caahie|' matsya0 (93 / 5-6) ke anusAra navagrahamakha tIna prakAra kA hai--(1) ayutahoma (jisameM 10000 Ahuti hotI haiM), lakSahoma evaM kottihom| ayutahoma kA sampAdana vivAhoM, utsavoM, yajJoM, mUrtipratiSThApanoM evaM anya karmoM meM hotA hai, jisase unameM koI bAdhA na upasthita ho; isakA sampAdana una avasaroM para bhI hotA hai jaba ki mana udvigna hotA hai yA jaba koI azubha zakuna yA asAmAnya ghaTanA ghaTatI hai|' yAjJavalkyasmRti meM jo vidhi hai, vaha saMkSepa meM hai aura grahayajJa-sambandhI granthoM meM sabase prAcIna hai| hama matsya0 evaM vaikhAnasa0 se kucha lekara usa vidhi ko upasthita karate haiN| krama se tAmra, sphaTika, lAla candana, sonA (budha evaM bRhaspati donoM ke lie), cA~dI, lohA, sIsA, pItala yA (yadi ye saba upalabdha na hoM) to kisI vastra-khaNDa para grahoM ke anurUpa raMgoM ke cUrNa se citroM yA (candana jaise sugaMdhita lepa se) vRttoM dvArA nava-grahoM kI AkRtiyA~ banA lenI caahie| matsya0 (93 / 11-12) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki AkRtiyoM ke citrAMkana meM sUrya madhya meM honA cAhie, maMgala, bRhaspati, budha, zukra, candra, zani, rAhu evaM ketu kI AkRtiyA~ cAvala-annoM se krama se dakSiNa, uttara, uttara-pUrva, pUrva, dakSiNa-pUrva, pazcima, uttara-pazcima meM pratiSThApita (aMkita honI caahie| yAjJa0 (1298) meM vyavasthA hai ki puSpoM, sugaMdhita padArthoM ke raMga grahoM ke upayukta vastroM, hone cAhie, havi dI jAnI cAhie, sabhI grahoM ke lie guggula kI dhUpa denI cAhie tathA pake cAvala kI AhutiyA~ mantroM ke sAtha krama se nava-grahoM ko dI jAnI caahie| 4. vivAhotsavayajJeSu pratiSThAdiSu krmsu| nirvighnArtha munizreSTha tathodvegAdbhuteSu ca // kathito'yutahomo'yaM lakSahomamataH zRNu // matsya0 (93384), bhaviSya0 (4 / 141186-87) / TippaNiyoM se abhivyakta hai ki yAjJa0 evaM matsya0 meM bahuta-se padya eka hI haiM aura matsya0 meM apekSAkRta adhika vistAra hai| yaha sambhava hai ki tInoM meM yAjJa0 sabase prAcIna hai, vai0 yAjJa0 evaM vai0 smA0 sU0 se smA0 sU0 usake uparAnta tathA matsya0 tInoM ke uparAnta likhita huA hai| 5. matsya0 (93 / 11-12) ko mitAkSarA ne yAjJa0 (12297) evaM vai0 smA0 sU0 (4 / 13) kI TIkA meM uddhRta kiyA hai : 'mdhyaagneydkssinneshaanyottrpuurvpshcimnaiRtvaayvyaashritaaH|' jo krama se sUrya (madhya meM), candra (Agneya arthAt dakSiNa-pUrva meM), maMgala (dakSiNa meM), budha (aizAna arthAt uttara-pUrva meM), bRhaspati (uttara meM), zukra (pUrva meM), zani (pazcima meM), rAhu (nairRta arthAt dakSiNa-pazcima meM) evaM ketu (vAyavya arthAt uttara-pazcima meM) ko dizAoM kA dyotaka hai| 6. navagrahoM evaM unake devoM ke anurUpa raMgoM kA ullekha vai0 smA0 sU0 meM isa prakAra hai : rktsitaatirktshyaampiitsitaasitkRssnndhuumrvrnnaaH| anlaappliguhhriindrshciiprjaaptishessymaadhidevtyaaH|| matsya0 meM kucha antara hai; vahA~ (93 / 16-17) raMga isa prakAra haiM : sUrya evaM maMgala ke lie lAla, candra evaM zukra ke lie zveta, budha evaM bRhaspati ke lie pIta, zani evaM rAhu ke lie kAlA tathA ketu ke lie dhUma varNa / matsya0 (93 / 13-14) ke anusAra grahoM ke adhideva haiM : ziva, umA, skanda, hari, brahmA, indra, yama, kAla evaM citragupta (krama se sUrya, candra Adi ke lie)|

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graha sUrya candra maMgala budha zukra udbudhyasva, vAja 0saM0 (15054) 0 saM0 (417|13|5 ) bRhaspati bRhaspate ati yadaryaH, R0 (2 / 23 / 15) zani rAhu mantra, yAjJa0 (1 / 299-301 ) meM A kRSNena, R0 (1 / 35 / 2) ke tu imaM devA, vAja0 saM0 (9140 evaM 10 / 18 ) agnirmUrdhA, R0 (8044116 ) annAt parizrutaH, vAja0 saM0 ( 19/75), maMtrA 0 ( 3 / 116) navagraha zAnti navagrahoM kI tAlikA mantra, matsya0 (93 / 33 - 37) meM mantra, vaikhAnasa0 sUtra ( 4114 ) meM vahI Asatyena, tai0 (3 / 4 / 11 / 2) devIr R0 (10 / 9 / 4 ) | vahI ApyAyasva, R0 ( 1191 / 16 somo dhenuM, R0 (191120 ), yA 9|31|4) vAja0 saM0 (34121) vahI vahI vahI jo yAjJa0 meM hai agne vivasvaduSasaH, R0 ( 1141/1 ) bRhaspate paridIyA rathena, R0 vahI jo yAjJa0 meM hai ( 10 / 10314) zukraM te anyat, R0 (6 / 58 / 1) vahI jo matsya0 meM hai kANDAt, vAja0 (13 / 20 ) taM 0 saM 0 (4/2/9/2 ) ketuM kRNvan, R0 (1 / 6 / 3 ) vahI kayA nazcitra, (4 / 3 / 11) R0 355 the the vahI viSNudharmottara (1 / 102 / 7-10 ) ke mantra yAjJa0 ke samAna haiM / aura dekhie bhaviSya 0 ( 4 / 141 / 34-36) evaM padma0 (5 / 82 / 30-32 ) / yAjJa0 ne pratyeka graha ke lie homa kI samidhAoM kI saMkhyA 108 yA 28 batAyI hai, jo madhu yA ghRta yA dahI yA dUdha se mizrita honI cAhie aura sUrya se lekara ketu taka ke lie samidhA krama se arka, palAza, khadira, apAmArga, pippala, udumbara, zamI, dUrvA evaM kuza kI honI caahie| tIna varNoM ke vyakti ko pratipAdita vidhi ( pAda- prakSAlana Adi) se brAhmaNoM kA sammAna karanA cAhie aura unheM krama se gur3a ke sAtha pakA cAvala ( bakhIra), dUdha evaM zakkara meM pakA cAvala (khIra), haviSya, dUdha meM pakA sAThI (60 dinoM meM hone vAle dhAna) kA cAvala, dahI ke sAtha pakA cAvala, ghRta ke sAtha pakA cAvala, tilacUrNa ke sAtha pakA cAvala, mAMsayukta cAvala, kaI raMgoM vAlA cAvala (sUrya, candra Adi grahoM ke krama se ) khilAnA cAhie yA apanI sAmarthya ke anusAra jo upalabdha ho denA caahie| dakSiNA krama se yoM hai- dudhArU gAya, zaMkha, gAr3I kA baila, sonA, basana, zveta ghor3A, kAlI gAya, lauhaastra, memanA / yahI bAta viSNudharmottara ( 11103 / 1-6 ) meM bhI hai| vyakti ko kisI nizcita kAla meM apane nakSatra meM sthita pratikUla graha kI viziSTa pUjA karanI caahie| yAjJa0 ne niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki rAjAoM kA utkarSa - apakarSa grahoM para nirbhara hai| aura dekhie viSNudharmottara ( 1 / 106 9-10 ), kRtyakalpataru ( zAntika), zAnti - mayUkha ( pR0 21) / vahI jo matsya0 meM hai vahI

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356 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vaikhAnasa smA0 sU0 (4 / 13) ne nava-grahoM ke lie kucha vibhinna naivedya bhojana dI vyavasthA dI hai| matsya. ne ayutahoma ke varNana ke anta meM kahA hai-'jisa prakAra bANoM se rakSA ke lie kavaca hotA hai usI prakAra zAnti (graha-yajJa) devopaghAtoM se rakSA karatI hai|" ___matsya0 (93 / 92) meM aisI ghoSaNA hai ki lakSahoma kI AhutiyoM evaM dakSiNAoM meM ayutahoma kA dasagunA tathA koTihoma lakSahoma kA saugunA hai tathA yahI prakAra grahoM evaM unake devoM ke AvAhana evaM visarjana meM homamaMtroM, snAna evaM dAna ke viSaya meM bhI hai| matsya0 (93 / 111-112) meM eka vijJapti hai ki annahIna yajJa rASTra ko jalA detA hai (arthAt rASTra para vipatti AtI hai ), mantrahIna yajJa se Rtvija jala jAtA hai, dakSiNAhIna yajJa yajamAna ko jalA detA hai; yajJa ke samAna koI zatru nahIM hai| ataH daridra vyakti ko lakSahoma kabhI nahIM karanA caahie| kyoMki yajJa meM (bhojana evaM dakSiNA-sambandhI) vigraha (yajamAna para) sadA vipatti DhAtA hai| dekhie bRhadyogayAtrA (1831-24), yogayAtrA (adhyAya 6) / yAjJa0 meM grahayajJa sarala evaM saMkSepa meM hai, kintu purANoM, nibandhoM evaM Adhunika granthoM meM yaha bahuta bojhila ho gayA hai| do-eka bAteM yahA~ dI jA rahI haiN| pratyeka graha ko gotra de diyA gayA hai aura usake janma ke lie deza nirdhArita kara diyA gayA hai| ataH pratyeka graha ke AvAhana meM ina do bAtoM ko jor3a diyA jAtA hai| sUrya se ketu taka gotra krama se yoM hai-kAzyapa, Atreya, bhAradvAja, Atreya, AMgirasa, mArgava, kAzyapa, paiThInasi evaM jaimini| aura dekhie raghunandanakRta saMskAratattva (pR0 946), jahA~ para yaha ullekha hai ki yadi graha-pUjA binA gotroM evaM dezanAmoM ke kI jAyagI to vaha grahoM ke lie anAdara kI sUcaka hogii| zAntimayUkha (pR0 12) jaise kucha madhyakAlika granthoM ne skandapurANa ke padyoM ko uddhRta karate hue kahA hai ki zani kI pratikUla dRSTi ke kAraNa saudAsa ko mAnuSa mAMsa khAnA par3A, rAhu ke kAraNa nala ko pRthvI para ghUmanA par3A, maMgala ke kAraNa rAma ko vanagamana karanA par3A , candra ke kAraNa hiraNyakazipu kI mRtyu huI, sUrya ke kAraNa rAvaNa kA patana huA, bRhaspati ke kAraNa duryodhana kI mRtyu huI, budha ke kAraNa pANDavoM ko unake ayogya karma karanA par3A tathA zukra ke kAraNa hiraNyAkSa ko yuddha meM maranA pdd'aa| __ kucha nibandhoM meM azubha grahoM ke lie viziSTa dAnoM kI carcA huI hai| yahAM hama dharmasindhu (pR0 135) se kucha udAharaNa de rahe haiN| sUrya ke lie : lAla maNi, gehU~, gAya, lAla vasana, gur3a, sonA, tAmra, lAla candana, kamala; candra ke lie : bA~sa ke bane pAtra meM cAvala, kapUra, motI, zveta vasana, ghRtapUrNa ghar3A, baila; maMgala ke lie : pravAla (mUMgA), geI, masUra dAla, lAla baila, gur3a, sonA, lAla vasana, tAmra ; vudha ke lie : pIlA vasana, sonA, pItala kA pAtra, mudga (mUMga) dAla, marakatamaNi (pannA), dAsI , hAthIdAMta, puSpa; bRhaspati ke lie : puSparAga (pokharAja), haldI, zakkara, 7. yathA bANaprahArANAM kavacaM bhavati vAraNam / tadvad daivopaghAtAnAM zAntirbhavati vAraNam // matsya0 (93381), viSNudharmottara (13105 / 14) / matsya0 (228 / 29) meM punaH AyA hai : 'bANaprahArA na bhavanti yadvat rAjannRNAM sanahanairyutAnAm / devopaghAtA na bhavanti tadvasarmAtmanAM zAntiparAyaNAnAm // ' 8. aMgeSu sUryo yavaneSu candro bhaumo hyavantyAM magadheSu saumyH| sindhau gururbhojakaTeSu zukraH sauraH surASTra viSaye babhUva // mleccheSu ketuzca tamaH kaliMge jAto yato'taH pripiidditaaste| svajanmadezAnparipIDayanti tatobhiyojyAH kSitipena deshaaH|| yogayAtrA (3319-20) / milAie sArAvalI (7.14-15) jahA~ zukra ko samataTa meM tathA rAhU evaM ketu donoM ko dravir3a meM janame kahA gayA hai|

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SaSTayabda-pUrti zAnti (hIraka jayantI) 357 ghor3A, pIta anna, pIta vasana, namaka, sonA; zukra ke lie : katipaya raMgoM ke vasana, zveta azva, gAya, hIrA, sonA,.. cA~dI, lepa, cAvala; zani ke lie : indranIla (nIlama), mASa, tila, tila kA tela, kulittha (kulthI) kI dAla, maiMsa, lohA, kAlI gAya; rAhu ke lie : gomeda, ghor3A, nIlA vasana, kambala, tila kA taila, lohA; ketu ke lie : lahasuniyA ratna, tila evaM tila kA tela, kambala, kastUrI, memanA, vsn| zAntiyoM kI saMkhyA-sUcI bahuta lambI hai| unakA sampAdana prAkRtika ghaTanAoM, yathA grahaNoM, bhUcAloM, asAmAnya varSAoM, andhar3a-tUphAnoM, ulkApAtoM, dhUmaketuoM, maNDaloM ke lie hotA hai; grahoM kI gatiyoM evaM sthitiyoM ke azubha prabhAvoM se rakSA karane ke lie hotA hai; mAnavoM evaM pazuoM ke vicitra janmoM para hotA hai; ghor3oM evaM hAthiyoM kI acchAI ke lie hotA hai; kucha pratikUla ghaTanAoM, yathA mUrtiyoM ke ha~sane, rone, gAne, girane, pazu-pakSiyoM kI boliyoM, zarIra para chipakalI, giragiTa ke girane tathA kucha pavitra avasaroM para hotA hai| zAnti-kRtya, pauSTika kRtya evaM mahAdAna Adi sAdhAraNa agni meM hI kiye jAte haiN| dekhie zAntimayUkha (pR0 4) / manu0 (3 / 67) evaM yAjJa0 (1197) ne gRhyasUtroM meM pratipAdita dhArmika kRtyoM kA hI ullekha kiyA hai| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 11285-86) ne vinAyakazAnti meM sAdhAraNa (gRha kI) agni kI hI vyavasthA dI hai| manu (4 / 150) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (71186) meM pratipAdita hai ki sUrya ke lie homa evaM zAntihoma gRhastha dvArA parvo (arthAt pUrNamAsI evaM amAvasyA) para honA caahie| ye zAntiyA~ nizcita kAloM meM hotI thiiN| isI prakAra jaba bhI kisI jAti kA, koI strI yA puruSa 60 varSa pUrA kara letA thA, to yaha sambhava mAnA jAtA thA ki vaha zIghra hI mara jAyagA, yA usakI mAtA yA pitA yA patnI yA putra mara sakate haiM, yA bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke rogoM se vaha grasita ho sakatA hai ; isa prakAra ke bhaya ko dUra karane ke lie eka zAnti vyavasthita thI (Aja bhI yaha kI jAtI hai) jisase vaha lambI Ayu pA sake, sabhI prakAra kI vipattiyoM se mukta rahe aura use pUrNa samRddhi prApta ho| isa zAnti ko SaSTa padapUrti yA uparathazAnti kahA jAtA hai| ugrarathazAnti ke viSaya meM prAcInatama ullekha bodhAyanagRhyasUtra (5 / 8) meM pAyA jAtA hai| isakA sampAdana janma ke mAsa evaM usake nakSatra meM hotA hai| janma ke dina para jaba vyakti 60 varSa kA ho jAtA hai, vaha zubha snAna karatA hai, Ahnika kRtya karatA hai, brAhmaNoM ko nimantrita kara unameM eka ko, jo vedajJa hotA hai, vedAMgoM ko jAnatA hai aura sucaritravAn hotA hai, cunatA hai| sarvaprathama gaNeza-pUjA kI jAtI hai, usake uparAnta puNyAhavAcana hotA hai, mAtR-pUjA kI jAtI hai aura taba nAndIzrAddha kiyA jAtA hai| vyakti ko sarvoSadhiyAM lAnI hotI haiM, pA~ca vRkSoM kI zAkhAe~ evaM pattiyA~, pA~ca ratna, paMcagavya evaM paMcAmRta ekatra karanA hotA hai| isake uparAnta navagraha-pUjA kI jAtI hai| eka yA yA pala kI mArkaNDeya-pratimA banAyI jAtI hai jise do vasanoM se AcchAdita jalapUrNa pA jAtA hai, isake uparAnta 16 upacAra kara mArkaNDeya ko 1008 yA 108 yA 28 yA 8 indhanAhutiyA~ dI jAtI haiM tathA pakA huA cAvala, ghRta, dUrvA evaM sundara pAtra mantroM ke sAtha diye jAte haiN| isake uparAnta kRtyakartA dUrvA evaM 10000 yA 5000 yA 3000 yA 1000 tilAhutiyoM ke sAtha mRtyuMjaya (ziva) ke sammAna meM homa karatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha pRthak rUpa se ciraMjIvI rUpoM kI pUjA karatA hai, yathA azvatthAmA, bali, vyAsa, hanumAna, vibhISaNa, kRpa evaM parazurAma kI puujaa| isake uparAnta vaha apanI samarthatA ke anusAra bhune cane kA homa karatA hai aura ___9. sAvitrAJ zAntihomAMzca phuryAtparvasu nityshH| manu (4150); parvasu zAntihomaM kuryAt / vi0 dha0 sU0 (71186) /

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358 * dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zrIsUkta, rudra, AyuSyamantroM, puruSasUkta tathA vizeSataH pUrva veda kA pATha karatA hai| use homa samApta kara pUrNAhuti denI caahie| isake uparAnta yajamAna (kRtyakartA, jisane 60 varSa pUre kara liye hoM) para pAtra se jala chir3aka jAtA hai, aisA hI usakI patnI, sage sambandhiyoM ke sAtha bhI kiyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta zAntimantra, puruSa sUkta, R0 (10 / 18 / 1) kA mantra, AyuSya mantra, pAvamAna mantra, zivasaMkalpa ke 6 mantroM (vAja0 saM0 32 / 1-6) evaM mahAzAnti kA japa kiyA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta Rtvik ko pAtra, abhiSeka se sikta vasana, bachar3e ke sAtha sajAyI huI gAya kA dAna kiyA jAtA hai| brAhmaNoM ko dasa dAna evaM eka sau mAnoM kA sonA diyA jAna caahie| yajamAna ko AjyAvekSaNa karanA cAhie aura sabhI jIvoM (kauoM Adi) ko bali denI caahie| isake uparAnta use brAhmaNoM se AzIrvAda grahaNa karanA cAhie aura navIna vastra dhAraNa karanA caahie| isake uparAnta use nIrAjana karake devoM ko namaskAra karanA cAhie tathA eka sahasra yA sau brAhmaNoM ko bhojana karAnA cAhie aura taba apane sambandhiyoM ke sAtha svayaM bhojana karanA caahie| jo koI isa zAnti ko grahazAnti ke lie pratipAdita niyamoM ke anusAra karatA hai vaha nizcita rUpa se sau varSoM taka jIegA, sabhI abhAgya dUra hoMge aura sabhI samRddhi usakI hogii| ' isa zAnti ko 'ugraratha' kyoM kahA gayA hai, kahanA kaThina hai| eka anya zAnti 70 varSa kI pUrNatA yA 776 varSa ke 7 veM mAsa kI 7 vIM rAtri ko kI jAtI hai, jise bhaimarathI-zAnti kahA jAtA hai (zabdakalpadruma) bau0 gR0 zeSasUtra (1 / 24) meM eka zAnti kA ullekha hai jo sau varSoM yA 1000 amAvAsyAoM kI samAppi para kI jAtI hai| zAnti-sampAdana ke kAla ke viSaya meM sAmAnya niyama yaha hai ki yaha kabhI bhI avasara par3ane para hotA hai yathA svapna meM dekhe gaye zakunoM se nirdezita duSTa phaloM ke nivAraNa, grahoM ke duSTa yA bure phaloM, utpAtoM Adi surakSA pAne Adi ke lie| isake lie sUrya ke uttarAyaNa, zukla pakSa Adi ke lie bATa nahIM johI jAtI zAnti-sampAdana dakSiNAyana evaM malamAsa meM bhI ho sakatA hai (malamAsatattva, pR0 796 ; kRtyklp0)| yadi zIghrata na ho to yaha sampAdana kisI zubha dina, zubha tithi, nakSatra meM ho sakatA hai, yathA tIna uttarAoM, rohiNI, zravaNa dhaniSThA, zatatArakA, punarvasu, svAtI, maghA, azvinI, hasta, puSya, anurAdhA evaM revatI meM (dharmasindhu, pR0 176) lakSahoma kA sampAdana zubha-grahoM evaM nakSatroM meM honA cAhie (matsya0 93 / 86) / koTihoma kA sampAdana caitra yA kArtika meM honA cAhie (matsya0 239 / 20-21) / ___ adbhutoM evaM utpAtoM ke lie mahAzAnti kI vyavasthA hai| isake vistAra ke viSaya meM vibhinna granthoM / vibhinna bAteM haiN| dekhie adbhutasAgara (pR0 341), zAntimayUkha (pR0 106-108) evaM kamalAkarakRta zAnti rtn| isakA sampAdana rajasvalA hone para (nirNayasindhu, pR0 233), rAjyAbhiSeka, raNa-yAtrA, duHsvapnoM, azu nimittoM Adi meM (bhvissyottr,143|2-46) hotA hai| jaba azubha graha hoM; ulkApAta ho; ketu-darzana ho; andhA bhakampa ho; mala yA gaNDAnta meM janma ho; jar3avA~ utpanna hoM; jaba chatra yA jhaNDe-pathivI para gira jAyeM: jaba kauoM ulla yA kabatara gaha meM praveza kara jAyeM; jaba pApa (dRSTa) graha vakra (vizeSa janma-rAzi yA nakSatra meM) hoM: jA bahaspati, zani, maMgala evaM sUrya krama se prathama, cauthe, AThaveM yA bArahaveM ghara meM hoM; jaba grahayuddha ho; jaba vasana hathiyAra, ghor3e, gAyeM, ratna evaM keza lupta ho jAyeM; jaba rAtri meM sAmane indradhanuSa dIkha par3e; jaba ghara kI thUna (stambha yA sthANu) TUTa jAya; jaba khaccarI ko garbha raha jAya; jaba grahaNa ho to mahAzAnti kI jAnI cAhie sthAna-saMkoca se isakI vidhi (prayoga) kA varNana yahAM nahIM kiyA jaaygaa| vizeSa varNana ke lie dekhie bhaviSyA tara0 (143 / 2-46) /

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grahaNa, utpAta, ulkApAta-Adi ko zAnti 359 adbhutasAgara nAmaka vizAla grantha meM maNDaloM, indradhanuSoM, tUphAnoM (mahAvAtoM), digdAhoM, ulkApAtoM, dhUmaketuoM, bhUcAloM, ghanarahita varSA, raktavarSA, matsya-varSA Adi virala prAkRtika ghaTanAoM kA ullekha hai, jinameM kucha ke viSaya meM saMkSepa meM yaha hai-bRhatsaMhitA (32 / 12) meM bhUcAla ke viSaya meM pahale ke cAra AcAryoM ke mata prakAzita haiM : yaha samudra meM rahane vAle jIvoM se utpanna hotA hai (kAzyapamata); pRthivI ke bhAra ko Dhone se thakita diggajoM kI lambI zvAsoM se isakI utpatti hotI hai (garga Adi kA mata); AkAza meM pracaNDa vAyu ke pArasparika ghAtapratighAta evaM bhUmi para girane se bhUcAla-svara hotA hai (vasiSTha Adi); yaha adRSTa (pRthivI ke logoM ke pApoM) se utpanna hotA hai (vRddhagarga Adi aacaary)| dekhie bR0 saM0 (32 / 3-7, 32 / 8-22), adbhutasAgara (pR0 383409), droNaparva (77 / 4) evaM zalyaparva (56 / 10 evaM 58 / 49) / yadyapi varAhamihira ke pahale se grahaNoM ke vAstavika kAraNa jJAta the, kintu sAmAnya jana meM zatiyoM taka (aura Aja bhI) kucha vicitra vizvAsa rahA hai| varAha ne vRddha garga evaM parAzara jaise prAcIna AcAryoM kI AlocanA kI hai, kyoMki unhoMne grahaNa kA kAraNa budha se yukta pA~ca grahoM kA saMyoga mAnA hai aura sUrya ke maNDala evaM manda kiraNoM ko nimitta mAnA hai|" hama grahaNa kI zAnti ke viSaya meM sthAnAbhAva se yahA~ kucha aura nahIM likheNge| * dekhie ni0 si0 (pR0 68) / ulkApAtoM meM bhI zAnti kI vyavasthA thii| inake viSaya meM kaI prakAra kI dhAraNAe~ thiiN| garga ke anusAra ulkAe~ lokapAloM dvArA pheMke gaye kSepaNAstra-zastra haiM jo zubha yA azubha ghaTanAoM kA nirdeza karate haiN| kucha logoM ke mata se ye vAstava meM ve mahAtmA haiM jo svarga meM apane acche karmoM ko bhogakara pRthivI para punaH janma lene ko Ate haiN| ye bhayaMkara avasaroM para bhI giratI haiM, yathA zalyaparva (58 / 50-51) meM vyakta hai ki bhIma se gadAyuddha karate samaya jaba duryodhana girA to jalatI huI ulkA bhayaMkara svara evaM pracaNDa vAta ke sAtha pRthivI para girii| aura dekhie droNaparva (7 / 38-39), matsya0 (163 / 43) evaM adbhutasAgara (pR0 342) / ulkApAtoM meM amRtA mahAzAnti karane kI vyavasthA hai| kucha prAkRtika rUpa, jo kucha kAloM meM utpAta kahe jAte haiM, anya avasaroM para vaise nahIM samajhe jAte / bu0 saM0 (45 / 82) meM AyA hai : madhu evaM mAdhava (caitra evaM vaizAkha) meM nimnokta zubha haiM--vidyut, ulkApAta, bhUcAla, 10. brahmapurANa (21123-24) meM bhUcAla kA eka bhinna kAraNa batAyA gayA hai : 'yadA vijRmbhate'nanto * mdaapuunnitlocnH| tadA calati bhUreSA sAvitoyAdhikAnanA // ' 11. na kathaMcidapi nimittairgrahaNaM vijJAyate nibhittaani| anyasminnapi kAle bhavantyayotpAtarUpANi // paMcagrahasaMyogAnna kila grahaNasya sambhavo bhvti| tailaM ca jaleSTabhyAM na vicintyamidaM vipshcidbhiH|| bR0 saM0 (5 / 16-17) / 12. lokapAla cAra dizAoM evaM cAra madhya dizAoM ke svAmI yA rakSaka haiM jo pUrva se Arambhita ho krama se yoM haiM : indra, agni, yama (dakSiNa ke), sUrya, varuNa (pazcima ke), vAyu, kubera (uttara) evaM som| kucha grantha sUrya ke sthAna para niRti ko rakhate haiN| manu (5 / 96) / 13. ulkAsvarUpamAha grgH| astrANi visRjantyete shubhaashubhnivedkaaH| lokapAlA mahAtmAno lokAnAM jvalitAni tu|| utpala (bR0 saM0 33 // 1) evaM a0 sA0 (pR0 321) : divi bhuktazubhaphalAnAM patatAM rUpANi yAni tAnyulkAH / vR0 saM0 (3331) /

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360 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dIptimAn sandhyA, mahAdhvani vAlA tUphAna ( mahAvAta ), sUrya evaM candra ke maNDala, AkAza meM dhUli, vana meM dhUma, raktima sUryodaya evaM sUryAsta, vRkSoM se bhojana evaM rasoM kI prApti kI sambhAvanA, tailayukta padArtha, katipaya puSpa evaM phala, gAyoM evaM pakSiyoM meM kAma-sambandhI kriyaaeN| nimnokta grISma ( jyeSTha evaM ASAr3ha) meM zubha haiM : nakSatroM evaM ulkAoM ke pAta se gagana kA dhUmila ho jAnA, yA jisameM sUrya evaM candra timirAcchanna ho jAya~, jo binA agni ke bhayaMkara agnijvAlA se paripUrNa lage, mahAsvana, ghUma, dhUli evaM pracaNDa vAta, jisameM sandhyA lAla kamala-sI dIkha par3e aura jo andhayukta samudra-sA pratIta ho aura jaba nadiyA~ zuSka ho jAya~ / varSA (zrAvaNa evaM bhAdrapada) meM nimnokti bhayaMkara nahIM haiM : indradhanuSa, maNDala, bijalI, zuSka vRkSoM se aMkura nikalanA, pRthivI kA hilanA, cakkara lagAnA ya asAdhAraNa rUpa dhAraNa karanA, pRthivI meM svana honA yA usameM mahAchidra bana jAnA yA jhIloM evaM nadiyoM meM bahuta pAnI ho jAnA, arthAt bAr3ha kA dRzya upasthita ho jAnA, kUpoM kA labAlaba bhara jAnA, parvatoM para se gharoM kA lur3hakanA / zarad (Azvina evaM kArtika) meM nimna bure nahIM haiM : divya nAriyoM ( apsarAoM ), pretoM, gandharvo, vimAnoM evaM anya adbhutoM ke darzana, gagana meM dina meM bhI grahoM, nakSatroM evaM anya tAroM kA dikhAI par3a jAnA, vanoM, parvatoM para saMgIta evaM gAna kA sunAI par3a jAnA, anAja ke paudhoM kI adhikatA evaM jalAbhAva | hemanta (mArgazIrSa evaM pauSa) meM nimna zubha haiM ThaNDI vAyu evaM tuSArapAta, pazu-pakSiyoM kI U~cI boliyA~, rAkSasoM, yakSoM tathA anya adRzya jIvoM kA prakaTa ho jAnA; amAnuSI svara, AkAza evaM dizAoM kA timirAcchanna ho jAnA, vanoM evaM parvatoM kA dhUmila ho jAnA, sUryodaya evaM sUryAsta kA U~cAI para ho jAnA / zizira ( mAgha evaM phAlguna) meM nimna darzana zubha haiM: varpha giranA, tIkhI havAe~, bhayaMkara jIvoM evaM adbhutoM kA prakaTIkaraNa, nakSatroM evaM ulkAoM ke pAta se gagana kA aMjana- sadRza evaM lohita-pIta ho jAnA, nAriyoM, gAyoM, bher3oM, khaccaroM, pazu-pakSiyoM meM asAmAnya zizuutpattiyA~, pattiyoM, aMkuroM evaM latAoM kA vicitra rUpa dhAraNa kara lenA / uparyukta bAteM jaba apanI RtuoM meM ghaTatI haiM to zubha hotI haiM, kintu anya kAloM meM ghaTane para ve bhayaMkara utpAta evaM adbhuta kI dyotaka hotI haiM / : mahAbhArata, kauzikasUtra ( kaNDikA 105 ), matsya 0 ( 243), viSNudharmottara, bRhatsaMhitA, adbhutasAgara ( pR0 425-436), hemAdri (vrata, khaNDa 2, pR0 1078-1079) evaM madanaratna (zAnti) meM eka vicitra ghaTanA kA ullekha hai aura vaha hai devoM kI pratimAoM kA kampana, nRtya, hAsa, rudana / bhISmaparva ( 112 / 11) meM kauravoM ke mandiroM kI mUrtiyoM ke sambandha meM aisA ullekha hai / " aura dekhie matsya0 ( 163 / 45-46, padma0 5 / 42 / 137-138) jahA~ hiraNyakazipu-nRsiMha yuddha ke samaya kI deva-pratimAoM kI astavyastatA kA varNana hai / " AtharvaNa-pariziSTa (52) yaha varNana gadya meM huA hai| ina vicitra lIlAoM se anAvRSTi, astra-bhaya, durbhikSA mahAmArI, rAjA evaM mantriyoM ke nAza kI sambhAvanAe~ hotI haiN| isake lie zAnti kI vyavasthA hai, jisakI carcA yahA~ nahIM hogI / mAnava-janma se sambandhita zantiyA~ kaI haiM jo vibhinna prakAroM, rUpoM evaM dazAoM meM hue janmoM para AdhArita haiM, yathA mUla, AzleSA, jyeSThA nakSatra, gaNDAnta Adi meM hue janmoM, kRSNa pakSa kI caturdazI yA amAvasyA, vyatIpAta 14. atha taddaivatAni nRtyanti cyotanti hasanti gAyanti vAnyAni vA rUpANi kurvanti ya AsurA manuSyA mA no vidannamo devavardhamya ityabhayairjuhuyAt / sA tatra prAyazcittiH / kauzikasUtra ( 105) / 15. devAyatanasthAzca kauravendrasya devatAH / kampante ca hasante ca nRtyanti ca ruvanti ca // bhISmaparva ( 112 / 11) / unmIlanti nimIlanti hasanti ca rudanti ca / vikrozanti ca gambhIrA dhUmayanti jvalanti ca / pratimAH sarvadevAnAM vedayanti mahadbhayam // matsya0 ( 163 / 45-46, padma0 5 / 42 / 137 - 138) /

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krUra nakSatra, trika-janana, apazakuna, svapna Adi kI zAnti yoga yA vaidhRti yA grahaNa para, yA jur3avAM janmoM, yA tIna putroM ke uparAnta kanyA ke janma yA tIna kanyAoM ke uparAnta putra ke janma para kI jAne vAlI shaantiyaaN| inameM kucha Aja bhI sampAdita hotI haiN| mUla nakSatra kA janma vahI phala detA hai jo jyeSThA evaM AzleSA vAlA detA hai| sthAnAbhAva se hama ina zAntiyoM kA ullekha nahIM kara skeNge| kauzikasUtra (kaNDikA 110 evaM 111), bR0 saM0 (45 / 51-54) evaM adbhutasAgara (pR0 559-569) meM striyoM, gauoM, ghor3iyoM, gadahiyoM Adi ke prasava ke viSaya meM prabhUta varNana milatA hai| kucha bAteM yahA~ dI jA rahI haiN| varAha kA kathana hai : 'jaba strI eka hI samaya meM do yA tIna yA cAra yA adhika bacce janatI hai yA adbhuta rUpa vAlA baccA (rAkSasa yA rAkasa) utpanna karatI hai, yA jaba samaya se bahuta pahale hI bacce utpanna ho jAte haiM taba deza yA kula kA nAza ho jAtA haiM' (45 / 52) / aura dekhie matsya0 (235 / 1-3) evaM viSNudharmottara (2 / 140 / 1-3) / isI prakAra sarvaprathama adbhuta rUpa vAle baccoM ke janma, vedajJoM kI patniyoM dvArA mora, gRddha Adi ke janma, ghor3iyoM dvArA bachar3e evaM zRgAlina dvArA kutte ke janma, cAra yA pA~ca kanyAoM ke janma ke viSaya meM bhISma0 (3 / 2-7) meM ullekha hai| bR0 saM0 (45 / 53-54) meM AyA hai : yadi vaDavA (ghor3I), U~Tina, bhaisa, gohastI ko jur3avA~ bacce utpanna ho jAte haiM to ve mara jAte haiN| aise janmoM kA prabhAva 6 mAsoM taka rahatA hai| garga ne isake lie do zlokoM kI zAnti kI vyavasthA dI hai| jo vyakti apanA bhalA cAhatA hai use jur3avA~ yA rAkSasa utpanna karane vAlI striyoM ko dUsare deza meM bheja denA cAhie, use brAhmaNoM ko unakI icchA ke anukUla dAna denA cAhie aura zAnti-sampAdana karanA caahie| vicitra janma dene vAle pazuoM ko unake jhuNDoM se pRthak kara anya dezoM meM tyAga denA cAhie, nahIM to nagara, svAmI evaM yUtha (pazu-samUha) kA nAza ho jaaygaa| " __ bhaviSya ko jAnane ke kaI DhaMga hote haiM, yathA (1) grahoM evaM nakSatroM kI sthiti, (2) vyaktiyoM kI janma-patrikAe~, (3) khaMjana evaM kauoM Adi kI ur3Ana evaM boliyA~, (4) prAkRtika ghaTanAe~ (grahaNa, ulkAe~ Adi), (5) svapna, (6) acAnaka sune gaye svana, (7) manuSyoM, pazuoM Adi kI daihika evaM mAnasika dshaaeN| prathama cAra ke varNana ho cuke haiN| aba hama svapnoM kA vivaraNa upasthita kreNge| yaha hamane bahuta pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki vaidika sAhitya meM svapnoM kA sambandha bhAgya yA abhAgya se lagAyA gayA hai| rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata, AtharvaNa-pariziSTa (svapnAdhyAya, 68, pR0 438-449), bRhadyogayAtrA (16 / 1-31), purANoM (vAyu 19 / 13-18; matsya 242; viSNudharmottara 2 // 176; bhaviSya 2194; brahmavaivarta, gaNeza-khaNDa 34 / 10-40 Adi) meM acche-bure svapnoM kA ullekha hai| agnipurANa (229, jisake bahuta se zloka matsya0 242; bhojakRta bhujabala0, pR0 298-304 meM pAye jAte haiM) evaM adbhutasAgara (pR0 493-515) meM vistAra ke sAtha svapnoM evaM unakI zAntiyoM kA ullekha hai| zaMkarAcArya ne vedAntasUtra (3 / 2 / 4) kI TIkA meM kahA hai ki svapnAdhyAya ke pAThaka yaha ghoSita karate haiM ki hAthI Adi para car3he hue apane ko dekhanA zubha hai tathA gadahoM se khIMce jAte hue vAhana para apane ko baiThA dekhanA azubha hai| aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki aMgirA jaise prAcIna lekhakoM meM virale loga hI aisA kahate haiM--'grahoM kI gatiyA~, svapna, nimitta (A~kha phar3akanA Adi), utpAta saMyoga se hI kucha phala utpanna karate haiM; samajhadAra loga unase bhIta nahIM hote|'16 bahuta-se avasaroM para rAmAyaNa meM katipaya svapnoM kA ullekha huA 16. giitshcaaymryo'nggirsaa| grahANAM caritaM svapnanimittautpAtika tthaa| phalanti kAkatAlIyaM tebhyaH prAjJA na bibhyati // veNIsaMhAra (2015) /

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362 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai| kucha udAharaNa diye jA rahe haiN| trijaTA rAkSasI ne apane bahuta-se svapnoM kA varNana kiyA hai jinase rAkSasoM ke nAza evaM rAma ke lie zubha kA saMketa milatA hai (sundarakAMDa, 27 / 23) / duHsvapna aise the : rAvaNa kA sira ghuTA huA hai; usane usa tela ko pI liyA, jisase vaha nahAyA huA thA; vaha lAla vasana pahane thA; madonmatta thA; karavIra puSpoM kI mAlA pahane thA; puSpaka vimAna se pRthivI para gira par3A; vaha gadahoM dvArA khIMce jAte hue ratha meM baiThA thA Adi-Adi (19-27) / aura dekhie vana0 (280 / 64-66), ayodhyA0 (69 / 8), mausalaparva (3 / 1-4) / purANoM, parAzara, varAha ke granthoM Adi ke AdhAra para adbhutasAgara ke zubha evaM azubha svapnoM kA ullekha itanA vizAla hai ki una sabakA varNana yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai| dekhie matsya0 (242 / 2-14), bRhadyogayAtrA (a0 sAgara, pR0 494) / matsya0 (242 / 21-35) meM zubha svapnoM kA ullekha hai| bhadrabAhu ke jaina kalpasUtra meM 14 ati zubha svapnoM kI carcA hai, yathA hAthI, bala, siMha, zrI devI kA lepa, mAlA, candra, sUrya, jhaNDA, pAtra, kamala kI bAvalI, samudra, devI sthAna (nivAsa), ratnoM kI rAzi, jvaalaa| aura dekhie matsya0 (343 / 2-12), yogayAtrA (13 / 4), jyotistattva (pR0 729-730), vasantarAjazAkuna (5 / 2-6) / bhArata meM apekSAkRta ucca vicAra yaha thA ki svapna bhaviSya kI zubhAzubha ghaTanAoM ke saMketa mAtra haiM (vedAntasUtra 3 / 2 / 4, zaMkarAcArya kI usa para ttiikaa)| kintu kucha logoM ne bure svapnoM se utpanna phaloM ko dUra karane kI vyavasthA bhI dI hai (mujabala0, pR0 304) / ___ AtharvaNa-pariziSTa (68, pR0 438-449) ne kahA hai ki vibhinna vyakti apanI prakRtiyoM ke AdhAra para svapna dekhate haiM, yathA pitta, vAta evaM kapha kI prakRti ke anusAra svapna uThate haiN| usameM varAha ke samAna hI zAnti kI vyavasthA hai| dharmasindhu (pR0 359-360) meM zubhAzubha svapnoM kA ullekha hai aura azubha svapnoM ke pratiphaloM ke nivAraNa ke upAya bhI batAye gaye haiM, yathA R0 (2 / 28 / 10) evaM tai0 saM0 (4 / 14-123) ke mantroM ke sAtha sUrya kI pUjA, yA amAvAsyA ko zrAddha karanA, yA caNDI ke sammAna meM saptazatI yA viSNu-sahasranAma Adi kA pATha / sabhI prAcIna dezoM evaM logoM meM svapnoM ke viSaya meM vizvAsa rahA hai aura unake vizleSaNa ke viSaya meM utsukatA pAyI gayI hai| bebilona evaM asIriyA ke darabAroM meM cAlDiyA ke jyotiSiyoM evaM svapna-vizleSakoM ko bar3e Adara ke sAtha rakhA jAtA thaa| Dainiela (adhyAya 2) meM ullikhita hai ki bebilona kA rAjA nebucanandejjAra cAlDiyAvAsiyoM ko na kevala svapna-vizleSaNa ke lie kahatA thA, pratyuta isa bAta ke lie unheM udvelita karatA thA ki ve una svapnoM ko bhI batAyeM evaM unakA vizleSaNa kareM jinheM vaha bhUla gayA hai, nahIM to unheM mRtyudaNDa diyA jaaygaa| yUnAna ke sarvazreSTha dArzanika pleTo ne svapnoM ko mahattvapUrNa daihika evaM mAnasika lakSaNa mAnA hai, usane kucha svapnoM ko alaukika AdhAra bhI diyA hai aura apanI pustaka TAimiyasa (adhyAya 46 evaM 47) meM vyAkhyA kI hai ki svapna aise bhAvI dRzya haiM jinheM nimna zreNI kI AtmAe~ grahaNa karatI haiM / je0 Ara0 e0 esa0 (jilda 16, pR0 118-171) meM ena0 blaiNDa ne musalamAnoM ke tAbira-vijJAna yA svapna-vizleSaNa ke viSaya meM eka lambA lekha likhA hai| nauzeravA~ (531-579 I0) ke eka svapna kA manorama varNana milatA hai| nauzeravA ne svapna meM dekhA ki vaha svarNapAtra se zarAba pI rahA hai, aura usI pAtra meM eka kAle kutte ne muMha DAlakara zarAba pI lii| usane apane mantrI bujuramihara se isakA artha jAnanA caahaa| mantrI ne batAyA ki isase prakaTa hotA hai ki usakI priya rAnI ke pAsa koI kAlA dAsa hai jo usakA premI hai| mantrI ne kahA ki rAjA ke samakSa antaHpura kI nAriyoM ko nagna hokara nAcanA caahie| una nAriyoM meM eka ne AnAkAnI kI aura patA calA ki vaha eka kAlI dAsI thii| isa prakAra vaz2Ira (mantrI) kI vyAkhyA saca niklii| vaz2Ira ke nAma meM 'varAhamihira' nAma kI dhvani nikalatI hai aura aisA socanA

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svapnoM kA vizvavyApI vizvAsaH vividha zAntikarma 363 vicitra-sA nahIM lagegA ki sambhavataH prAcIna kAla kA prasiddha jyotiSI varAhamihira nauzeravA~ ke darabAra meM ucca pada para AsIna thA, kyoMki usI kAla meM vaha haA thaa| Adhunika kAla meM bahuta-se par3he-likhe loga svapnoM meM koI vizvAsa nahIM rakhate; kucha loga unako AgAmI ghaTanAoM kA amogha lakSaNa mAnate haiM, kintu tIsarI zreNI meM ve loga Ate haiM jo svapna-vizleSakoM ke tarkoM ko suna lene ko to taiyAra haiM, kintu svapna ke mahattva ko svIkAra karane ko taiyAra nahIM haiN| dekhie kaitharina Telara kaiga kI pustaka 'phaibrika Ava DrImsa', phAyaDa kRta 'iNTaraprITezaMsa Ava DrImsa' evaM DablU0 eca0 DablU 0 saibAina kRta 'sekaNDa sAiTa ina DelI laaiph|' ina granthoM ke vivecana kI yahA~ AvazyakatA nahIM hai| aba hama kucha anya manoraMjaka zAntiyoM kA ullekha kreNge| jaba koI prapautra (putra ke putra kA putra) janma letA hai to prapitAmaha ko usakA mukha dekhane ke lie zAnti karanI hotI hai| isameM saMkalpa hotA hai| vyakti ko gaNeza pUjana se Arambha kara mAtR-pUjana ke kRtyoM ko karake jalapUrNa pAtra kI pratiSThA karanI hotI hai, phira usameM varuNa kI pUjA kI jAtI hai aura Dholaka kI dhvani ke sAtha nIrAjana" kRtya karanA hotA hai; taduparAnta kambala se yukta udumbara ke pIr3he para baiThakara brAhmaNoM se prArthanA kI jAtI hai ki ve usake zarIra para jala chidd'keN| brAhmaNa vaisA karate haiM aura varuNa kA mantra evaM gaMgA kA mantra kahate haiN| abhiSeka ke uparAnta kRtyakartA navIna vastra dhAraNa kara gaMgApUjana karatA hai| pItala ke pAtra meM tarala ghI rakhA jAtA hai, kRtyakartA usameM sarvaprathama apanI parichAIM dekhatA hai aura phira sone ke pAtra meM rakhe dIpaka ke prakAza meM vaha apane prapautra kA mukha dekhatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha sone ke eka sau phUloM ke sAtha prapautra para jala-bindu chir3akatA hai| phira abhiSeka vAle pAtra se jala lekara vaha prapautra para jala chir3akatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha samApti para eka gAya dAna karatA hai aura yathAzakti brahmabhoja karatA hai| taba vaha viSNu-pratimA kA pUjana karatA hai aura use pAyasa detA hai aura prArthanA mantra kA pATha karatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha viSNu-pratimA kA dAna karatA hai aura usa ghI ko bhI, jisameM usane apanA mukha dekhA hai, brAhmaNoM ko de detA hai| udakazAnti eka anya zAnti hai jo Aja bhI bahudhA kI jAtI hai| isakA sampAdana bahuta-sI ghaTanAoM ke prabhAva ke nivAraNa, svAsthya-lAbha, pitta, vAta evaM kapha se utpanna rogoM ko dUra karane Adi ke lie hotA hai| Ajakala isa zAnti kA bahuta vistAra kiyA jAtA hai| isake viSaya meM dekhie baudhAyanagRhyazeSasUtra (1 / 14) / isake viSaya meM hama sthAna-saMkoca se yahA~ nahIM likha rahe haiN| dharmasindhu ne eka zAnti kA ullekha kiyA hai jo kisI ke punarjIvita ho jAne para kI jAtI hai| yadi kisI ko mRta samajha kara loga zmazAna le jAte haiM aura vaha jIvita ho jAtA hai to isa zAnti kI vyavasthA hotI 17. prapautra kI mahattA ke lie dekhie zloka 'putreNa lokAJ jayati pautrennaanntymshnute| atha putrasya pautreNa adhnasyApnoti viSTapam // man (9 / 137), vasiSTha (17 / 5), viSNudharmasUtra (15 / 46) / 18. mama brahmalokAvApti-sarvatIrthayAtrA-sakaladAnajanyapuNyajAtAvAptidvArA zrIparamezvaraprItyartha prapautramukhadarzanaM krissye| tavaMga gaNezapUjanaM svastipuNyAhavAcanaM mAtRkApUjanaM nAndIzrAddhaM ca kariSye iti sNklpy| 19. 'nIrAjana' meM manuSyoM evaM azvoM ke samakSa dIpoM kA ghumAnA yA AratI karanA hotA hai| bR0 saM0 (43 / 2) meM nIrAjana eka zAnti bhI hai : 'dvAdazyAmaSTamyAM kArtikazuklasya paMcadazyAM vaa| Azvayuje vA kunniIrAjanasaMjJitAM zAntim // '

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364 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai / jisa vyakti ke ghara meM aisA vyakti praveza karatA hai vaha mara jAtA hai, aisA vizvAsa hai / ataH eka homa kiyA jAtA hai, jisameM 1008 udumbara- samidhAoM ko dUdha evaM ghI meM milA kara agni meM DAlA jAtA hai aura gAyatrI mantra ( R0 3 / 62 / 10 ) kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai| homa ke anta meM kisI brAhmaNa ko eka kapilA gAya aura tilapUrNa pItala kA pAtra diyA jAtA hai| pAtra yathAzakti 81 paloM yA 403 yA 20 yA 9 yA 6 yA kama-se-kama 3 paloM ke vajana kA honA cAhie / kucha granthoM meM bhAdrapada mAsa meM gAya, mAgha meM bhaiMsa yA dina meM ghor3I ke baccA dene para zAnti kI vyavasthA huI hai| ghI evaM tila kI 108 AhutiyAM dI jAtI haiM tathA asyavAmIya (R0 1 164) evaM tadviSNoH' (R0 1 / 22 / 20 ) ke mantroM kA pATha hotA hai| aisA vizvAsa rahA hai ki yadi bhaiMsa mAgha mAsa meM budhavAra ko yA ghor3I zrAvaNa mAsa meM dina meM yA gAya jaba sUrya siMha rAzi meM ho, biyAe ( baccA jane) to svAmI kI mRtyu 6 mahInoM meM kabhI ho jAtI hai / dekhie zAntikamalAkara, adbhutasAgara ( pR0 568) / Adhunika kAla meM kisI naye gRha meM praveza ke eka dina pUrva yA usI dina vAstuzAnti yA vAstu zamana (matsya 0 268 / 3) nAmaka zAnti kI jAtI hai| isa viSaya meM hamane isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa 2 meM par3ha liyA hai| pazcAtkAlIna nibandhoM meM isakA vizada varNana hai / gRha meM rahane vAlI chipakalI (pallI, pallikA, kuDyamatsya yA gRhagodhikA ) kI dhvaniyoM, gatiyoM (cAloM) yA zarIra ke vibhinna bhAgoM para isake girane se sambandhita agra sUcanAoM ke viSaya meM zAnti-vyavasthA hai| dekhie vasantarAja-zAkuna (adhyAya 27), adbhutasAgara ( pR0 666 - 668), jyotistattva ( pR0 706 - 707), zAntiratna yA zAnti kamalAkara, dharmasindhu ( pR0 347 - 348 ) / antima do granthoM se kucha bAteM yahA~ dI jA rahI haiN| yadi chipakalI puruSa ke dAhine aMga meM, sira para (ThuDDI ko chor3akara), chAtI, nAbhi yA peTa para gire to zubha hotA hai, kintu aisA hI striyoM ke vAma aMga para girane se zubha mAnA jAtA hai| yahI bAta giragiTa ke car3hane para bhI hotI hai| yadi chipakalI aura giragiTa aMga para gire tathA aMga para daur3a jAya to vyakti ko vastrasahita snAna kara lenA cAhie aura azubha ko dUra karane tathA zubha kI vRddhi ke lie zAnti karanI caahie| yadi ghara vAlI chipakalI yA giragiTa se sparza ho jAya to snAna kara lenA cAhie, paMcagavya pInA cAhie, ghRta meM mukha dekhanA cAhie, chipakalI yA giragiTa kI svarNa - pratimA ko lAla vastra meM lapeTa kara usako sammAna gandha, puSpa se denA cAhie, jalapUrNa pAtra meM rudra kI pUjA karanI cAhie, agni meM mRtyuMjaya mantra ke sAtha 108 khadira samivAe~ DAlanI cAhie, vyAhRtiyoM ke sAtha agni meM tila kI 1008 yA 108 AhutiyA~ denI cAhie aura sviSTakRt se lekara abhiSeka taka kA kRtya karake sonA, vasana evaM tila kA dAna karanA cAhie | yogayAtrA ( 711-12 ) evaM hemAdri ( vrata, 2, pR0 894-897) ne azvinI se revatI taka ke nakSatroM evaM unake devatAoM kI pUjA evaM dhArmika snAnoM kA tathA tajjanita katipaya lAbhoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| AtharvaNapariziSTa ( 1, nakSatrakalpa, bhAga 37-50 ) meM kRttikA se bharaNI taka ke nakSatroM meM snAna kA vidhAna pAyA jAtA hai| kintu bRhatsaMhitA ( 47 / 1-87), AtharvaNa-pariziSTaM ( 5, pR0 66-68), viSNudharmottara ( 2/103), yogayAtrA ( 7 / 13-21), kAlikApurANa (adhyAya 89 ) evaM hemAdri ( vrata, bhAga 2, pR0 600-628) meM puSya snAna yA puSyAbhiSeka nAmaka zAnti kA varNana hai / aisA kahA gayA hai ki bRhaspati ne indra ke lie yaha zAnti kI, taba vRddha garga ne ise prApta kiyA aura unhoMne isakA jJAna bhAguri ko diyaa| adhikAMza granthoM ne ise rAjA taka hI sImita rakhA hai, kyoMki rAjA mUla hotA hai aura prajA vRkSa, mUla ke AyAta se vRkSa prabhAvita hotA hai / ataH

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pallIpatana, aMga-sphuraNa, hAthI-ghor3oM ke lie zAnti 365 rAjA ke kalyANa kI cintA kI jAtI hai (jisase prajA svataH sukhI ho jAya ) / sthAnAbhAva se isakA ullekha nahIM kiyA jAyagA / bRhadyayAtrA (13/1-10), matsya0 (241 / 1-14), vasantarAja ( 6 4 / 1-14, pR0 87-92 ) meM spandana yA sphuraNa se sambandhita agrasUcakoM ke viSaya meM vizada ullekha hai / tInoM granthoM meM samAna bAteM pAyI jAtI haiN| vasantarAja anya donoM granthoM para AdhArita hai, isameM sandeha nahIM hai / varAhamihira matsya0 para AdhArita hai ki matsya varAhamihira para, kahanA kaThina hai; yaha bhI sambhava hai ki donoM kisI anya grantha para AdhArita haiN| ho sakatA hai ki varAhamihira ne matsya0 se udhAra liyA ho / puruSa ke dAhine aMgoM kA sphuraNa ( spandana) zubha evaM bAyeM kA azubha hotA hai| yahI bAta nAriyoM meM ulaTI hai| sira se lekara pA~va taka ke aMgoM ke spandanoM ke phaloM kA varNana bahuta sthAna grahaNa kara legA / kevala do-eka udAharaNa yahA~ paryApta hoNge| lalATa ke sphuraNa se pRthivI lAbha hotA hai; mastaka se prApta dhana kI vRddhi hotI hai; bhUnasa ( bhauMha aura nAka ke madhya sthala) se priyasaMgama hotA hai; A~kha-sthala se mRtyu hotI hai; A~kha ke pAsa se dhanAgama hotA hai; bAhuoM se mitra-sneha milatA hai; hAtha se dhanAgama hotA hai; pITha se parAjaya milatI hai; chAtI se saphalatA prApta hotI hai aura paira ke UparI bhAga se uttama sthAna kI prApti hotI hai; pAdatala se dhana lAbha ke sAtha yAtrA hotI hai| matsya0 (241 / 14 ) meM AyA hai ki azubha lakSaNayukta spandanoM meM brAhmaNoM ko suvarNa dAna se prasanna karanA caahie| ati prAcIna kAla se aMgoM kA prasphuraNa (vizeSataH hAtha evaM A~kha kA ) bhAvI zubha evaM azubha ghaTanAoM kA sUcaka mAnA jAtA rahA hai / manu ne utpAtoM yA nimittoM, nakSatroM yA aMgavidyA se agrasUcanAoM kI ghoSaNA karake bhikSA mAMganA saMnyAsiyoM (parivrAjakoM) ke lie varjita ThaharAyA hai (manusmRti 6 / 50 ) / kAlidAsa ne nAyaka ke bAhu ke phar3akane evaM zakuntalA kI dAhinI A~kha ke phar3akane se uttama bhAgya kI ghoSaNA kI hai / " zeksapiyara ne apane nATaka 'othelo' meM DesaDemonA se kahalavAyA hai ki usakI A~khoM kI khujalI se azubha lakSaNa pratIta hotA hai| bRhadyogayAtrA (13 / 10), bR0 saM0 (51 / 10 ) evaM vasantarAja ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki tiloM, ghAvoM, cihnoM evaM massoM ( zarIra ke) ke sphuraNoM se vaise hI phala prApta hote haiM jo unake sthAna vAle zarIrAMgoM se utpanna mAne jAte haiN| bRhatsaMhitA ( 93 / 1-14), bRhadyogayAtrA ( 2111 - 21 ) evaM yogayAtrA ( 1011-75 ) meM raNayAtrA ke avasara para hAthiyoM ke dA~toM kI vyavasthA, dA~toM ke kaTa jAne para unake cihnoM, hAthiyoM ke thaka jAne ke svarUpa evaM unakI gatiyoM ke AdhAra para agra sUcanAoM ke viSaya meM savistAra ullekha milatA hai / kintu isa viSaya meM kisI zAnti kI carcA nahIM hai, ataH hama yahA~ kucha vizeSa nahIM likheNge| agnipurANa ( 291 / 1-24), viSNudharmottara 20. dekhie mana ( 6 / 50) : na cotpAtanimittAbhyAM na nakSatrAMgavidyayA / nAnuzAsanavAdAbhyAM bhikSAM lipseta karhicit // TIkAkAroM ne aMgavidyA ke kaI artha kiye haiM / sambhavataH yaha sAmudrika hai| muni puNyavijaya ne aMgavijjA nAmaka eka prAkRta grantha kA prakAzana kiyA hai, jisameM nimittoM ke ATha prakAra kahe gaye haiM: aMga, svapna, lakSaNa, vyaMjana, svapna, cihna, bhauma evaM AntarikSa / aura dekhie zAkuntala, aMka 5, zloka 11 evaM aMka 7, zloka 13 / 21. iti piTakavibhAgaH prokta A mUrdhatoyaM vraNatilakavibhAgopyevameva prakalpyaH / bhavati mazakalakSmAvarta janmApi na forfenphalakAri prANinAM vehasaMstham // bRhatsaMhitA ( 51 / 10 ) ; mazakaM tilakaM piTakaM vApi vraNamatha cihnaM kimapi kadApi / sphurati padAnyadhitiSThati yAvatsyAt pUrvoktaM phalamapi tAvat // vasantarAja0 ( 6 |4|11, pR0 91) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (2 / 50 / 1-93), baudhA0 gR0 sU0 (1 / 20) evaM hemAdri (vrata, jilda 2, pR0 1036-1051) ne hAthiyoM ke rogoM ke nivAraNa ke lie zAntiyoM kI vyavasthA dI hai, ataH baudhA0 gR0 sU0 se gajazAnti kA varNana upasthita kiyA jA rahA hai jo sambhavataH sabase prAcIna aura sarala hai-- ___ "kisI mAsa ke zukla pakSa kI aSTamI yA caturdazI tithi ko yA zravaNa nakSatra meM svAmI ko cAhie ki vaha brAhmaNoM ko bhojana de aura unase ghoSita karAye 'yaha zubha dina hai, kalyANa ho, samRddhi ho|' vaha sarvaprathama tila evaM cAvala kI havi taiyAra kare, gAyatrI mantra (R0 3 / 62 / 10) kA pATha karake jala lAye, do ghar3oM kA mukha naye vastra se gAyatrI mantra ke sAtha DhaMka de aura unake Upara nAriyala yA koI phala rakha de tathA pakA cAvala pazcima dizA meM rakhe aura donoM ghar3oM ko pA~ca dUrvA-daloM para rakha de| isake uparAnta hastizAlA ko darbha kI mAlAoM se sajjita karake agni meM bhojana chor3e, jisakI gaMdha hAthI ko mile| taba svAmI azvattha kA cammaca (camasa), Idhana evaM darbha ghAsa taiyAra rakhatA hai| isake uparAnta vaha sAdhAraNa homa kI kriyA karatA hai aura ghRtasUkta (R0 8181 / 1-9) kA pATha karatA hai| taba purohita ghRta evaM pA~ca mantroM (tai0 saM0 4 / 5 / 1-5) ke sAtha 1008 atirikta AhutiyA~ detA hai| isake uparAnta sviSTakRta Ahati se lekara godAna kI kriyAvidhi apanAyI jAtI hai| taba pavitra agni ke samakSa 'bhUtoM ko svAhA' ke sAtha zeSa bhojana ko dUrvA para rakhA jAtA hai| isake uparAnta vaha (purohita) thAlI meM rakhe bhojana ko hAthI ko khilAtA hai aura AyuSyasUkta ke pATha ke sAtha ghar3oM ke noce kI pA~ca dUboM ko khilAtA hai| isake uparAnta vaha (purohita) praNItA kA jala chir3akatA hai aura 'Apo hi SThA' (R0 10 / 9 / 1-3) Adi ke sAtha hAthI ko pavitra karatA hai| taba hAthI hastizAlA meM lAyA jAtA hai| vaha lambI Ayu vAlA ho jAtA hai|" agnipurANa (adhyAya 291) meM varNita gajazAnti pUrNatayA bhinna hai| viSNudharmasUtra (2 / 50 / 1-93) meM isakA ati vistAra hai| hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 2, pR0 1036-1051) meM bhI isakA vizada varNana hai jo 'pAlakApya' dvArA udghoSita hai| amarakoza meM hAthiyoM ke ATha prakAra haiM, jinameM pratyeka eka dizA se sambandhita hai, yathA-- airAvata, puNDarIka, vAmana, kumuda, aJjana, puSpadanta, sArvabhauma evaM suprtiik| aura dekhie udyogaparva (103 / 9.16), droNaparva (121 / 25-26), jahA~ diggajoM kA ullekha hai| viSNudharmottara (2 / 50 / 10-11) meM ATha nAma haiM, kintu vahA~ sArvabhauma ke sthAna para nIla nAma AyA hai| hemAdri ke katipaya zloka hastyAyurveda (AnandAzrama saMskaraNa, adhyAya 35 evaM 36) se uddhRta haiN| kintu hama yahA~ adhika varNana nahIM upasthita kara skeNge| ___ bRhatsaMhitA (92 / 1-14), bRhadyogayAtrA (22 / 1-21) evaM yogayAtrA (11 / 1-14) meM ghor3oM kI cAloM, hinahinAne, kUda-phA~da, TApa se pRthivI kuredane tathA unake AsanoM Adi ke zubhAzubha pratiphaloM kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai, kintu vahA~ kisI prakAra kI zAnti kA varNana nahIM hai, ataH hama anya bAteM yahA~ nahIM deNge| agnipurANa (290 / 1-8), viSNudharmottara (2 / 47 / 1-42), bau0 gR0 sU0 (1 / 19) evaM hemAdri meM eka zAnti kA ullekha hai jisake dvArA ghor3oM ke rogoM kA nivAraNa hotA hai| sthAnAbhAva se isa zAnti kA ullekha yahA~ nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| zAntiyoM kA sambandha zakunoM se bhI hai| RgvedasaMhitA (4 / 26 / 6, 9 / 86 / 13, 9 / 96 / 19 evaM 23, 9 / 107 / 20, 9 / 11212, 10 / 687 Adi) meM 'zakuna' kA artha hai 'pakSI' aura vaha 'zakuni' (R0 2 / 42 / 1, 22. praNItA jala vaha hai jo agni ke uttara eka pAtra meM mantra-pATha ke sAtha rakha diyA jAtA hai|

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367 zakuna-vicAra; vasantarAja0 grantha kA paricaya 2 / 43 / 2 evaM 3) evaM 'zakunti' (R0 2 / 42 // 3, 2 / 43 / 1) kA paryAyavAcI hai| R0 (10 / 16 / 6) 'yat te kRSNaH zakuna Atutoda) meM kauA ko kAlA pakSI kahA gayA hai| hamane bahuta pahale dekha liyA hai ki kapota jaise pakSiyoM ko Rgveda meM abhAgya evaM bhaya kA sUcaka mAnA gayA hai| isI se 'zakuna' zabda kAlAntara meM pakSiyoM kI bolI, gati Adi se samanvita ho bhaya evaM vipattiyoM kA sUcaka bana gyaa| zakunoM para vizada sAhitya milatA hai| kucha grantha ye haiM matsyapurANa (adhyAya 237, 241, 243), agni0 (adhyAya 230-232), viSNudharmottara0 (2 / 163164), paya0 (4 / 100 / 65-126), bR0 saM0 (a0 85-95), bR0 yo0 (a0 23-27), yo0 yA0 (a0 14), bhadrabAhu kA 'nimitta', vasantarAjazAkuna, somezvara cAlukya (1126-1136 I0 san) kA mAnasollAsa (2 / 13), adbhutasAgara, rAjanItiprakAza (pR0 345-347) / inameM vasantarAja-zAkuna atyanta vizada hai aura isakA uddharaNa adbhutasAgara Adi granthoM ne liyA hai| isa grantha kA paricaya denA Avazyaka hai| yaha bIsa vargoM meM vibhAjita hai aura isameM vibhinna chandoM meM 1525 zloka haiN| isameM AyA hai"--maiM una zakunoM ko udghATita karU~gA, jo isa vizva meM jIvoM ke vargoM dvArA abhivyakta haiM. yathA-do padoM vAle (manaSya evaM pakSI). cAra pada vAle (hAthI. azva Adi), SaT padoM vAle (madhumakkhiyA~), aSTa padoM vAle (anuzrutiyoM arthAt kalpita kathAoM vAle pazu, yathA zarama), aise jIva jinake bahuta-se pada hoM (yathA--bicchU), binA pada vAle (yathA-sarpa Adi) jIvoM dvaaraa| vaha zakuna haiM, jisake dvArA zubhAzubha phaloM kA nizcita jJAna prApta kiyA jAtA hai, yathA-gati (bAyIM yA dAyIM) ora Adi), (pakSiyoM evaM pazuoM ke) svara, unake Alokana evaM bhaav-cessttaa| jo vyakti zakunazAstra raMgata hotA hai vaha yaha jAna kara ki usako kisI padArtha se kaThinAiyA~ utpanna hoMgI yA aisA nahIM hogA, use tyAga detA hai yA use kAryAnvita karatA hai| isake kevala adhyayana mAtra se hI pAThaka ko Anandamaya jJAna prApta ho jAtA hai aura phala mila jAte haiN| isa grantha ne varAhamihira (bR0 saM0 85 / 5) kA mata ghoSita kiyA hai ki zakuna yAtrA karate samaya yA ghara meM rahane para, kisI bhI avasthA meM, pUrvajanma ke karmoM ke phala ghoSita karate haiN| yaha grantha isa virodha kA uttara detA hai ki yadi koI vyakti pUrvajanma ke karmoM ke phaloM se chuTakArA nahIM pA sakatA to isa zAstra kA mahattva hI kyA hai| isakA kathana hai ki pUrvajanmoM ke karma kinhIM kAloM evaM sthAnoM meM phala dete haiM aura manuSya pUrvajanmoM ke karmoM ke phaloM se chuTakArA usI prakAra pA sakatA hai jisa prakAra vaha sarpo, agni, kA~ToM Adi bhayAvaha padArthoM se pAtA hai| yadi bhAgya (niyati) hI nizcayAtmaka 23. prakIrtitA vizatireva yasminvargA mhaashaakunsaarbhuutaaH| sahasramekaM tviha vRttasaMkhyA tathA sapAdAni zatAni paJca // vasantarAja (11 / 12) / 24. dvipdctusspdssttpdmssttaapdmnekpdmpdm| yajjantuvRndamasmin vakSyAmastasya zakunAni // zubhAzubhajJAnavinirNayAya hetu NAM yaH zakunaH sa uktH| gatisvarAlokanabhAvaceSTAH saMkIrtayAmo dvipadAvikAnAm // sarapAyametannirapAyametatprayojana bhAvi mameti bujhyaa| asaMzayaM zAkunazAstravijJo jahAti copakramate manuSyaH // .... avekSitasminna khalUpadeSTA na cAtra kArya gaNitena kiMcit / utpadyate muSya hi jJAnamAtrAjjJAnaM manohAri phlaanusaari|| pUrvajanmakRtakarmaNaH phalaM pAkameti niyamena dehinaH / tatprakAzayati devanoditaH prasthitasya zakunaH sthitasya ca // .... devameva yadi kAraNaM bhavenItizAstramupayujyate katham / yadbalena suSiyo mahodyamAH pAlayanti jagatI jnaadhipaaH|| pUrvajanmajanitaM purAvidaH karma devamiti saMpracakSate / udyamena tadupAjitaM tadA daivamudhamanazaM na tatkatham // vasantarAja 116-8, 14, 21-22 / adbhutasAgara ne (pR0 569) zubhAzabha0 evaM anya zloka uddhRta kiye haiN|

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368 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa tattva hai to rAjanIti-zAstra evaM zAsana-zAstra se kyA lAbha, jinake jJAna se rAjA udyogapUrvaka isa saMsAra kI rakSA karate haiM ? vidvAnoM ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki deba (bhAgya) kevala vaha karma hai jo pUrvajanmoM meM saMgRhIta hotA hai, pUrvajanma ke karma manuSya ke udyoga se hI prApta hote haiM, taba koI kaise kaha sakatA hai ki daiva manuSya ke udyoga para nirbhara nahIM rahatA? vasantarAja ke viSaya 20 vargoM evaM 1525 zlokoM meM vibhAjita haiM, jinakA saMkSipta varNana yoM hai-(1) zAstrapratiSThA (31 zloka); (2) zAstrasaMgraha (13 zloka); (3) abhyarcana (31 zloka); (4) mizraka (72 zloka); (5) zubhAzubha (16 zloka); (6) nareMgita (50 zloka); (7) zyAmAruta (400 zloka); (8) pakSivicAra (57 zloka); (9) cAza (5 zloka); (10) khaMjana (27 zloka); (11) karApikA (11 zloka); (12) kAkaruta (181 zloka); (13) piMgalikAruta (200 zloka); (14) catuSpada (50 zloka); (15) SaTpada, bahupada evaM sarpa (13 zloka); (16) pipIlikA (15 zloka); (17) pallI-vicAra (32 zloka); (18) zva-ceSTita (222 zloka); (19) zivAruta (90 zloka); (20) zAstraprabhAva (24 shlok)| vasantarAja ke grantha kI eka vizeSatA yaha hai ki isakA Adhe se adhika bhAga (781 zloka) tIna pakSiyoM ke svaroM se sambandhita hai, yathA zyAmA para 400 zloka, kauA para 187 zloka evaM piMgalikA (ullU ke samAna pakSI) para 200 shlok| 312 zloka kuttoM ke bhUkane evaM gati para tathA unake zoragula para 222 zloka haiM aura isI prakAra zRgAlinI kI bolI para 90 zloka haiN| yaha draSTavya hai ki zAkta logoM kA aisA vizvAsa hai ki zRgAlinI kAlI kI dUtI hai aura zubha hai; isake svara ko prAtaHkAla sunane para vyakti ko namaskAra karanA cAhie aura aisA karane para saphalatA milatI hai| uparyukta bAteM yaha spaSTa karatI haiM ki vasantarAja ne zakuna ke artha kA vistAra kara DAlA hai aura usake antargata manuSyoM evaM pazuoM ke karmoM para AdhArita nimittoM ko sammilita kara liyA hai| vasantarAja ne anta meM svayaM kahA hai ki vaha zakuna hai, jo isa loka meM smarita hotA hai, sunA jAtA hai, jisakA sparza kiyA jAtA hai, jise dekhA jAtA hai yA jo svapnoM meM udghoSita hotA hai, kyoMki ina sabhI se phala prApta hote haiN| usakA kathana hai ki zakuna utanA hI prAmANika hai jitane ki veda, smatiyA~ evaM pUrANa haiM, kyoMki yaha satya jJAna dene meM kabhI asaphala nahIM hotA hai| usake kucha manohArI vaktavya saMkSepa meM yahA~ kahe jA sakate haiMyadi ulla rAtri meM ghara ke UparI bhAga para baiTha kara bolatA hai to duHkha kA saMketa milatA hai aura gaha-svAmI ke putra kI mRtyu ho jAtI hai (8 / 40) / aisA Aja bhI vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai| nimittasUcaka svaroM meM kaue kI bolI pradhAna hai| kuttoM kA mUMkanA sabhI zakunoM kA sAra hai| bRhadyogayAtrA meM aisA AyA hai ki kucha pazu evaM pakSI kucha RtuoM meM agrasUcanA ke lie vyartha haiM, yathA-rohita (lAla) hirana, azva, bakarI, gadahA, U~Ta, kharagoza zizira Rtu meM niSphala hote haiN| kauA evaM kokila vasanta Rtu meM niSphala hote haiM; sUara, kuttA, bher3iyA Adi para bhAdrapada meM vizvAsa nahIM karanA cAhie; zarad meM kamala (yA zaMkha), sA~r3a evaM krauMca jaise pakSI niSphala siddha hote haiM; zrAvaNa meM hAthI evaM cAtaka niSphala hote haiM; hemanta meM vyAghra, bhAlU, bandara, cItA, bhaiMsa tathA ve jIva jo biloM meM rahate haiM (yathA sarpa) tathA mAnavIya baccoM ke atirikta sabhI zizu niSphala hote haiN| yahI bAta vasantarAja ne bhI jyoMkI-tyoM kahI hai (4 / 47-48) / vasantarAja ne varAhamihira se bahuta udhAra liyA hai| vasantarAja (3 / 3-4) kA kathana hai ki zakunoM ke viSaya meM pA~ca sarvottama haiM, yathA-podakI pakSI, kuttA, kauA, piMgalA pakSI evaM shRgaalinii| sarasvatI, yakSa (kubera), caNDI evaM pArvatI kI sakhI krama se podakI, kutte (tathA cIla), piMgalA evaM zRMgAlina ke devatA evaM devI haiN| usane Age kahA hai ki sabhI pazuoM evaM pakSioM ke devatA hote haiM, ataH zakuna-vaktA ko cAhie ki vaha unheM na mAre, kyoMki unheM mArane para unake devatA ruSTa ho jAte *

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upazruti evaM sustaka-nAma kA prayoga haiN| upAyuti ke viSaya meM basantarAja kA kathana avalokanIya hai| 'pradoSa yA prAtaHkAla jaba ki loga bahudhA mauna rahate haiM, usa samaya yadi koI akti koI kArya ko ko sannaddha rahatA hai to use upazrutiyoM (divya vANI yA AkAzavAsI) ke sabhI sthAnoM para vicAra karanA cAhie / binA kisI saMketa para eka bacA jo kucha kaha uThatA hai vaha yugAnta taka mRSA nahIM ho sktaa| upazruti ke atirikta manuSyoM ke lie koI anya aisA suboSa evaM satya zakuna nahIM ho sktaa|' mAnasollAsa (2 / 13, zloka 920-926, pR0110-113) evaM vasantarAz2a (6, pR078-80, zloka 5-12) ne 'upazruji' nAmaka bhaviSyavANI kI jAnakArI ke eka vicitra daMDa kA hAlekha kiyA hai| jaba sabhI loga khoye rahate haiM aura grAmArsa para koI kAita nahIM rahatA, tIna vivAhita gAyoM ko kisI kumArI kanyA ke sAtha goza kI pUjA (gandha, puSpa Adi se) kasmI mAhie; isake uparAnta cIna kA avivAdana kara kuDava-pAtra meM anna ko akSata ke sAtha maranA cAhie aura usa para sAta bAra marata-pATha karanA cAhie: taba usa annarAzi para mADU ke ghAsa vAle bhAma ko rakhakara usa para gaNeza pratimA rakhanI caahie| unheM cAhie ki ve usa kuDava ko gaNeza-pratimA ke sAtha kisI rajaka (dhobI) ke para le jaayeN| ghara ke sammukha apane mana kI bAta (saMkalpa) ko mauna rUpa se hI kaha kara kheta akSatoM ko pheMka denA caahie| isake uparAnta unheM dhyAnapUrvaka sunanA caahie| jaba ve ghara ke bhItara se kisI puruSa, strI kA bacce yA kisI bhI vyakti dvArA sArasaMkhlapa (mAle mana se kahA nayA kucha bhI ) suneM, cAhe vaha zubha ho yA anubha, to unheM sune gaye vacana ke artha para vicAra karanA caahie| isa prakAra prApta niSkarSa bhaviSya ke saMkalpa ke viSaya meM asatya nahIM Thahara sktaa| isI prakAra kI vidhi cANDAla ke ghara jAkara bhI apanAyI jA sakatI hai|" 25. pradoSakAle yadi vA prabhAte loke kvacit kiJcana bhaassmaanne| upazrutiH kAryasamudyatena sArvatrikI vA pribhaavniiyaa|| yadbAlakenoktamavoditena tatsyAvasatyaM na yugaantrepi| upazrute nyavihAsti kiJcitsatyaM subodha zakunaM janAnAm // vasantarAja (6,1080-81) 'upazruti' R0 (110 // 3) meM bhI AyA hai aura usakA artha kevala yaha hai 'sunane ke lie pAsa meM aanaa|' aura dekhie R0 (81815 evaM 8134 / 11) / arcayitvA gnnaadhiish| kumAryAH sahitA nAryatistraH supte jne'khile| akSataH pUrayeyustA yatkiJcit kuddvaadikm| caNDikAyai namaH kRtvA saptakRtvo'bhimantritam // saMmArjanIkRlAveSTe sthaapyeyurgnnaadhipm| vrajeyustaM samAdAya sjakasya niketnm|| tadgahasya purobhAge nikSipeyuH sitAlatAn / manogataM samuddizya zRNuyuH susmaahitaaH|| zrUyate vacanaM kiJcid rajakAlayama dhyagam / nAryA nareSa bAlena proktamanyena kencit|| svarasaMlApanodbhUtaM zubhaM vA yadi vaashubhm| zRNvantIbhiH phalaMjJeyaM taakvaarthvicaartH|| caNDAlamilabe'pyevaM zravaNe boSane krmH| yad bUyurvacanaM tatra tatayA na tdnythaa|| mAnasollAsa (2 / 13, zloka 920-926) / vasanta rAja ne adhikAMza meM ye hI zabda kahe haiN| kisane kisase udhAra liyA hai, kahanA kaThina hai| sambhavataH bonoM ne kisI anya se uddharaNa liyA hai, arthAt sambhavataH donoM kA mUla eka hI hai| 'kuDava' ana kI eka taula hai aura vaha 'prastha' kI cauthAI hotI hai| hemAdri (vata, bhAga 1, pR0 57) evaM parAzaramASavIya (2 / 1, pR0 141) dvArA uddhRta bhaviSyapurANa ke anusAra 2 pala prasRti, 2 prasUti kuDava. 4 kukhya prastha, 4prastha AkSaka, 4 AThaka droNa, 16 droNa khaarii| zabara (jaimini 10 // 3 // 45) ne kuDava, ADhaka, droNa evaM khArI kA ullekha kiyA hai| pANini ne AThaka evaM khArI kA ullekha kiyA hai (5 / 1153 evaM 5 / 4 / 101) / prAcIna smRtiyoM ke anusAra rajaka (dhobI) sAta antyajoM meM parigaNita hai--rajakazcarmakArazca naTo buruDa eva c| kaivartamevabhillAzca saptaite cAntyajAH smRtaaH|| atri 199, aMgirA, yama (33) / abhI kucha varSa pUrva 47

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa upazruti ke samAna hI eka vicitra DhaMga padma0 ( pAtAlakhaNDa, 100/65 - 166 ) meM bhI varNita hai| aisA ullikhita hai ki vibhISaNa ko jaba usane rAmezvara nAmaka sthApita zivaliMga kA darzana kara liyA thA, taba dravir3oM sikar3iyoM se bAMdha liyA aura jaba kisI ko isakA patA na cala sakA to rAma ne svayaM zambhu se pUchA aura zambhu ne batAyA ki purANoM (zloka 51-53 meM varNita ) kA nimittAtmaka zabdoM ke rUpa meM upayoga ho sakatA hai / vidhi yoM hai - pA~ca varSa se adhika kintu dasa varSa se kama avasthA avivAhita kanyA athavA yuvA hone ke pUrva kisI kanyA kA gandha, puSpa, dhUpa evaM anya upacAroM se sammAna karanA cAhie aura usase nimnokta zabda kahane cAhie, 'satya bolo, priya satya bolo; he kalyANakAriNI sarasvatI, Apako praNAma hai, Apako praNAma hai|' use dUrvA ke tIna jor3e dene cAhie jinheM vaha kisI grantha ke do pRSThoM ke bIca meM ddaalegii| inhIM pRSThoM ke bIca kA zloka saMkalpa kI saphalatA ko batAyegA / zloka kA artha bhalI bhA~ti baiThAyA jAyagA aura saMkalpita bAta se usakA mela baiThAyA jAyagA / yadi pRSTha spaSTa na hoM athavA Adhe jala gaye hoM, to aisA kahA gayA hai ki usa zloka ko bhAgya dvArA bhejA gayA mAnA jAnA cAhie, jaisA ki upazruti vidhi se jAnA jAtA hai| aisA ullikhita hai ki isa vidhi kA prayoga prati dina nahIM karanA caahie| vidhi-prayoga ke pUrva purANa kI pUjA kI jAnI cAhie aura prAtaH kAla zakuMna ke lie usakA upayoga karanA caahie| isa prakAra ke zaMkuna ke lie skandapurANa sarvazreSTha mAnA jAtA hai| kucha logoM ke mata se viSNu evaM rAmAyaNa se bhI sahAyatA lI jA sakatI hai| kintu padma0 ke mata se viSNupurANa kA upayoga zakuna ke lie nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki yadi koI sadAcaraNahIna vyakti usakA upayoga karegA to usase azubhasaMketa prApta hoNge| svayaM zambhu ne skandapurANa kI pUjA kI aura pUchA ki zivabhakta vibhISaNa ko sikar3iyoM se kyoM bA~dhA gyaa| isa prakAra tIna zloka prakaTa hue jinameM do isa prakAra haiM o 370 baddhvA samudraM sa tu rAghavendro rurodha guptAn kSaNadAcarendrAn / yoddha samAgatya samAyayuste laMkApurasthAstvatikAyamukhyAH / / aTTazUlA janapadA zivazUlA dvijAstathA / pramadAH kezazUlinyo bhaviSyanti kalau yuge / / ( padma0 pA0 1001133-134) yahA~ para dUsarA zloka pahelI rUpa hai aura kaliyuga ke svarUpavarNana meM bhI AyA hai| aura dekhie vamaparva (188 / 42 ) / anta meM purANa kA kathana hai ki mahAbhArata kA Adiparva yA isake sabhI parva zakuna ke lie prayojita ho sakate haiM / uparyukta vidhi ke samAna hI nimittoM evaM zakunoM kA patA calAne ke lie hindI ke mahAkavi tulasIdAsa ( saMvat 1589 yA san 1532 I0 meM janma) kI do kRtiyA~ - rAmAjJA ( yA rAmazakunAvalI, jisameM 343 dohe haiM) lekhaka ko eka navIna prakAzita evaM e0 liyo openahAima dvArA likhita 'di iMTarapriTezana Apha DrImsa ina di aiMzyaeNTa niyara 'IsTa' grantha par3hane ko milA, jisake sAtha lekhaka dvArA anUdita 'asIriyana DrIma buka' bhI thI (jilda 46, bhAga 3, 1956, amerikana philAsAphikala sosAiTI, nyU sIrIja ) / lekhaka ne svapna viSayaka manoraMjaka bAtoM ke samAnAntara svarUpoM kI ora saMketa nahIM kiyA hai; kintu pR0 211 para lekhaka ne saMyoga se ghaTane vAlI vANiyoM (asambandhita logoM dvArA uccarita) kI ora saMketa avazya kiyA hai jo prAcIna kAla meM na kevala philastIna meM, pratyuta mesopoTAmiyA meM bhI vikhyAta thIM / 1

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* cikitsakIya zakuna... 371 evaM rAmazalAkA prasiddha haiN| dekhie isa viSaya meM zrI jI0 e0 griyarsana (iNDiyana aiNTIkverI, jilda 22, pR0 204) evaM eca0 jaikobI (phesTageva, pR0 449 - 455) / yaha draSTavya hai ki carakasaMhitA jaise vaijJAnika grantha bhI vaidya ko nirdeza dete haiM ki vaha rogI kI evaM samAcAra dene vAle kI dazA para dhyAna de, anya kriyAoM kA avalokana kare aura azubha zakunoM para dhyAna de| yaha saba indriyasthAna (adhyAya 12 ) meM varNita hai| do-eka bAteM yahA~ dI jA rahI haiM-- 'vaha rogI kevala eka mAsa taka jIvita rahegA, jisake sira para gobara ke sUkhe cUrNa ke samAna cUrNa yA bhUsI ubharatI hai; vaha rogI eka pakSa se adhika kAla taka jIvita nahIM raha sakatA jisakI chAtI snAna karate yA candana lagAte samaya sUkha jAya jaba ki anya zarIrAMga abhI gIle hI raheM / ve dUta ( samAcAravAhaka), jo rogI ke yahA~ se vaidya ke pAsa usa samaya pahu~cate haiM jaba ki vaha offer meM AhutiyAM DAlatA rahatA hai yA pitaroM ko piNDadAna karatA rahatA hai, rogI ko mAra DAleMge (arthAt isase rogI kI Asanna mRtyu prakaTa hotI hai ) / dayanIya dazA vAlI, DarI huI, AturatA se calatI huI, duHkhI, gandI evaM vyamicAriNI nArI; tIna vyakti ( sAtha Ane vAle), Ter3he aMga vAle (vikalAMga), napuMsaka - aise vyakti una logoM ke samAcAravAhaka hote haiM jo maraNAsanna hote haiN| samAcAravAhaka dvArA bulAye jAne para jaba vaidya usake dvArA romI kI dazA kA varNana sunatA huA koI azubha lakSaNa dekhatA hai, yA kisI dukhI vyakti, zava yA mRta vyakti ke lie kiye jAne vAle alaMkaraNa ko dekhatA hai to use rogI ke pAsa nahIM jAnA caahie| dahI; pUrNa anAja, brAhmaNa, baila, rAjA, ratna, jalapUrNa pAtra, zveta azva Adi zubha lakSaNa kahe gaye haiM / kintu vaidya ko cAhie ki vaha apane dvArA dekhe azubha zakunoM kI ghoSaNA na kare, kyoMki aisA karane se rogI ko dhakkA laga sakatA hai aura una logoM ko bhI kaSTa mila sakatA hai jo usa ghoSaNA ko sunate haiM / ' zAnti sambandhI paThanIya mantroM tathA viSayoM kI jAnakArI ke lie Rgveda ke zAnti sUkta eka sthAna para nimna prakAra se rakhe jA sakate haiM- (1) A no bhadrAH (R0 1 / 89 / 1 - 10 ) / (2) svasti na indro (R0 1 / 89 / 6-10) / (3) zaM na indrAgnI ( R0 7 / 35 / 1-11) / (4) yata indra mayAmahe ( R0 8 / 61 / 13 - 18 ) / (5) bhadraM no api vAtaya manaH (R0 10 2011) / ( 6 ) AzuH zizAno (R0 10 / 103 / 1-13) / (7) muJcAmi tvA ( R0 10 / 161 / 1-5) / ( 8 ) tyamu zu ( R0 10 / 18511-3 ) / (9) mahi trINAm (R0 10 / 185 / 1-3) / (10) rAtrI vyakhyat (R0 10 / 12711-8) / uparyukta sUktoM meM adhikAMza pUrNa rUpa se yA khaNDAMza meM atharvaveda, taittirIya saM0 evaM anya vaidika saMhitAoM meM pAye jAte haiM / kucha aise mantra bhI haiM jinheM 'rakSoghna' (sabhI duSTa AtmAoM kA hanana karane vAle) kahA jAtA hai, yathAkRNuzva pAjaH (R0 41411-15), 'rakSohaNam' (R0 1018711-25), indrAsomA tapatam (R0 7 104/1-25), 'agne haMsi nyatriNam' (R0101118 1-9), 'brahmaNAgniH' (R0 10 162 / 1-6) / inameM bhI kucha pUrNa rUpa se yA khaMDa aMza meM tai0 saM0, atharvaveda evaM anya vaidika granthoM meM pAye jAte haiM /

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372 parmazAstra kA itihAsa ____ taittirIya saMhitI (415) ke gyArahaM anuvAka, jinakA arimbha 'namaste rudraM manyava se hotA hai, samAdhyAya yA kevala rudra kahe jAte haiN| unakA eka vAcana 'Avartana' kahA jAtA hai, kintu inakA gyAraha bora kA vAcana ekAdasimI' kahA jAtA hai| ekAdazinI' ke gyAraha bAra ke vArcana kA nAma 'laghurudra' hai, laghurudra ke gyAraha bAra ke vAcana ko 'mahArudra' evaM gyAraha mahArudra 'atirudra' kahe jAte haiN| rudra ke tIna svarUpa ho sakate haiM-japa, homa (agni meM mantrI0 ke sAtha AhutiyAM DAlanA), abhiSeka (mantra pATha ke sAtha pavitra jala ko devatA para nirantara cddh'aanaa)| rudrAdhyAya ke pATha ke lie yajamAna (yadi vaha svayaM aisA na kara sake to) kisI brAhmaNa ko niyukta kara sakatA hai| aisA ekAdazinI ke lie bhI ho sakatA hai| kintu laghurudra evaM mahArudra ke lie sAmAnyataH gyAraha evaM atirudra ke lie 21 brAhmaNa niyukta hote haiN| rudrAbhiSeka kA ullekha baudhAyanagRhyazeSasUtra (2 / 18 / 11-16) meM huA hai| ___ 'yambakaM yajAmaheM' (R0 7159 / 12; tai0 saM0 1 / 8 / 6 / 2; vAja0 saM0 360) mantra ko 'mRtyuMjaya' kahA jAtA hai| isakA japa alpAvadhi meM hone vAlI mRtyu se bacane ke lie kiyA jAtA hai| baudhAyanagRhyazeSasUtra (3 / 11) ne apekSAkRta adhika vistAra ke sAtha isa kRtya kI vyavasthA dI hai aura isake anusAra japa ke mantra haiM apatu mRtyu:' (ta0 saM0 3 / 7 / 14 / 4), 'paraM mRtyo' (tai0 brA0 37 / 14 / 5), 'mA no mahAntam' (R0 1311417), 'mA nastoke' (te0 saM0 3 / 4 / 11 / 2), 'tryambakaM yajAmaheM' (tai0 saM0 11862), 'yaM tu sahasram' (tai0 saM0 3 / 10 / 8 / 2) / isa adhyAya meM vaiNita bahuta-sI zAntiyA~ aba pracalita nahIM hai| Ajakala aisI havA baha rahI hai ki jo zAntiyA~ kI bhI jAtI haiM, aisA lagatA hai, ve bhI bhaviSya meM vilupta ho jaayeNgii|

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adhyAya 22 , purANa-sAhitya kA udgama evaM vikAsa hamane isa grantha ke prathama khaNDa meM purANoM para eka saMkSipta adhyAya likha diyA hai| vahA~ yaha dikha lAyA gayA hai ki kisa prakAra taittirIya AraNyaka, chAndogya evaM bRhadAraNyaka upaniSadoM ne itihAsa evaM purANa (kabhI-kabhI sAmUhika rUpa se 'itihAsapurANam' aura kabhI-kabhI 'itihAsaH purANam' kahA gayA hai) kA ullekha kiyA hai aura kisa prakAra vidyamAna purANa IsA kI chaThI zatI ke pUrva ke haiN| yaha bhI pradarzita kiyA gayA hai ki paramparA se pramukha purANoM kI saMkhyA 18 rahI hai aura matsya, viSNu, vAyu evaM bhaviSya nAmaka purANoM meM dharmazAstra viSayaka bahuta-sI bAteM kahI gayI haiN| garur3a-purANa evaM agnipurANa meM aise.saikar3oM padya haiM jo yAjJavalkyasmRti ke samAna hI haiM, sabhI purANoM ke vistAra meM atyadhika antara bhI hai, bahuta-se purANoM ne svayaM lagha kRtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo upapurANa ke nAma se vikhyAta haiN| purANa tIna daloM meM vibhakta haiM, yathA-sAttvika, rAjasa evaM tAmasa (jaisA ki garuDa 12223 / 17-20, evaM paya 6 / 263 / 81-84 meM kiyA gayA hai)| hamane purANoM ke una adhyAyoM kI ora bhI saMketa kara diyA hai jahA~ dharmazAstrIya bAteM, yathA--AcAra, Ahnika, dAna, rAjadharma, zrAddha, tIrtha Adi varNita haiN| isa vibhAga meM hama IsA kI Arambhika zatiyoM meM purANoM ke prabhAva se utpanna una katipaya bhAvanAoM, AdazoM evaM prayogoM kA ullekha kareMge jo samaya-samaya para prAcIna bhAratIya janatA para apanA prabhAva evaM parivartana chor3ate gaye haiN| Age kI bAtoM para prakAza DAlane ke pUrva kucha Arambhika bAteM kaha denA Avazyaka hai| sAhitya-varga meM purANoM kA ullekha usa kAla se bahuta pahale huA hai, jisakI ora hamane pahale saMketa kiyA hai (dekhie, isa grantha kA prathama khnndd)| atharvaveda (1117 / 24) ne purANa ko eka vacana meM likhA hai : 'Rk evaM sAma ke padya, chanda, purANa yaju ke niyamoM ke sAtha yajJiya bhojana ke zeSa aMza se udita hue, (jaise ki) deva loga, jo svarga meM rahate haiN| usane apanA sthAna parivartita kiyA aura bRhat dizA kI ora calA gayA; aura itihAsa evaM purANa, gAthAe~, vIroM kI prazaMsA meM kahe gaye padyoM (nArAzaMsI) ne usI prakAra anusaraNa kiyaa|' zatapathabrAhmaNa (11 / 5 / 6 / 8) ne bhI 'itihAsa 1. matsya (53 // 18-19), agni (27214-5) evaM nArada (1192 / 26) ne vAyu ko aThAraha mahApurANoM meM parigaNita kiyA hai, kintu viSNu (3 / 6 / 19), mArkaNDeya (13418), phUrma (1 / 1 / 13), papa (1162 / 2), liMga (1139 / 61), bhAgavata ( 23), brahmavaivarta (3313314) ne bAya ke sthAna para zava rakhA hai aura vAyu ko maTAraha mahApurANoM kI sUcI se sarvapA haTA diyA hai| 2.pA sammAni chandAMsi purAna manuSA sh| ucchiSTAjasire sarve divi devA vivishritaaH|| aparva0 (1124); sabalI vishmnuvclt| tamitihAsazca purANaM ca gAvAzca naaraashNsiishcaanuvycln| atharva0 (15 / 6 / 10-11) /

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374 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa purANam' (eka sAmAsika zabda ke rUpa meM) kA ullekha kiyA hai aura usameM aisA AyA hai ki pAriplava ke 9veM dina hotA purohita anya bAtoM ke sAtha isa prakAra nirdeza detA hai--'purANa veda hai; yaha vahI hai; aisA kahate hue use koI purANa kahanA cAhie (13 / 4 / 3 / 13) / zAMkhAyana zrautasUtra (16 / 2 / 27) evaM AzvalAyana zrautasUtra (107) ke anusAra pAriplava ke do dinoM meM itihAsaveda evaM purANaveda kA pATha honA caahie| kintu ye donoM sUtra (yadyapi ye R0 se sambaddha haiM) pATha karane ke dina ke viSaya meM bhinna mata dete haiN| yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki atharvaveda, zatapathabrAhmaNa evaM upaniSad purANa nAmaka granthoM se paricita the yA nahIM, athavA ve kevala kisI eka purANa nAmaka grantha se paricita the| kintu tai0 AraNyaka (2 / 10) ne itihAsa evaM purANa ko bahuvacana meM likhA hai, jisase prakaTa hotA hai ki pazcAtkAlIna vaidika kAla meM tIna yA adhika purANa nAmaka grantha the jinheM azvamegha jaise pavitra yajJa karane vAle par3hate the| aisA socanA ThIka bhI ho sakatA hai ki ekavacana meM prayukta 'purANam' zabda kisI viziSTa prakAra ke grantha kA paricAyaka thaa| upaniSadoM meM 'itihAsa-purANa' ko pA~cavA~ veda kahA gayA hai aura zata0 prA0 meM 'itihAsapurANam' sAmAsika zabda hai, isase aisA anumAna nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki 'itihAsa' evaM 'purANa' kucha bAtoM evaM viSayoM meM eka-dUsare ke samAna the| ApastambadharmasUtra (1 / 6 / 19 / 13) ne eka purANa (ekavacana meM) ke do padya uddhRta kiye haiM (pratyeka do sthAnoM para), jinameM eka bhaviSyat purANa kA kahA gayA hai aura dUsare sthAna para eka purANa kA saMkSepa upasthita kiyA gayA hai, jisameM aisA AyA hai ki jaba koI vyakti kisI ko hAni pahuMcAne ke lie AkramaNa karatA hai to yadi vaha vyakti jisa para AkramaNa kiyA gayA hai, AkrAmaka ko mAra DAlatA hai to aisA karane se pApa nahIM lgtaa| isase spaSTa hotA hai ki Apastamba ke samakSa bhaviSyat nAmaka eka purANa thA aura aisA yA aise purANa bhI the jisameM yA jinameM bhojana-sambandhI, gRhastha evaM naiSThika brahmacArI jaise AzramoM ke niyama bhI the aura unameM AtatAyI ko mRtyuparyanta rokane evaM pralaya tathA punaH sRSTi ke viSaya meM varNana milatA thaa| ye bAteM smRtiyoM evaM purANoM ke antargata A jAtI haiN| 'purANa' zabda kA artha hai 'prAcIna', ataH 'bhaviSyat purANa' zabda virodhasUcaka zabda hai| ApastaMba ke bahuta pahale se 'purANa' nAmaka zabda aise grantha ke lie prayukta hotA thA jisameM prAcIna gAthAe~ Adi rahatI thIM; isa prakAra ke katipaya grantha praNIta rahe hoMge, aura sambhavataH unameM samakAlIna ghaTanAe~ bhI saMgRhIta hotI rahIM aura aisI ghaTanAe~ bhaviSyavANI ke rUpa meM rakha dI gyiiN| isI se 'bhaviSyatpurANa' nAma pdd'aa|' 3. madhvAhutayo ha vA etA devAnAM yadanuzAsanAni vidyA vAkovAkyamitihAsapurANaM gAthA nArAzaMsIrityaharahaH svaadhyaaymdhiite| zatapatha 1 / 5 / 6 / 8; athaassttme'hn| matsyAzca matsyahanazcopasametA bhavanti / tAnupadizatItihAso vedaH soyamiti kaMciditihAsamAcakSIta / atha navame'han / . . . tAnupadizati purANaM vedaH soyamiti kicitpuraannmaackssiit| za0 brA0 13 / 4 / 3 / 12-13 / TIkA ke anusAra itihAsa 'Arambha meM kucha nahIM thA, kevala jala thA', aura purANa kA artha hai purUravA evaM urvazI jaise kathAnaka / milAie gopathabrAhmaNa (2021) / 4. yaha draSTavya hai ki varAhapurANa (177) / 34) ne spaSTa rUpa se bhaviSyatpurANa kA ullekha kiyA hai| saMketa milA hai ki kRSNa ke putra sAmba ne bhaviSyat nAmaka purANa kA navIkaraNa kiyA aura cAra sthAnoM meM sUrya-pratimAe~ sthApita kI, yathA--(1) yamunA ke dakSiNa meM,(2) yamunA evaM multAna ke madhya meM, jise kAlapriya kahA gayA, (3) mUlasthAna (Aja ke multAna) meM evaM (4) mathurA meN| dekhie bhaviSya0 (1172 / 4-7) jahA~ sUrya-pratimA ke tIna kendroM kA ullekha hai| matsya0 (53162) ne bhI bhaviSyat kA ullekha kiyA hai|

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purANa-saMbandhI prAcIna ullekha 375 Apastamba ne bhaviSyat purANa evaM purANa kA ullekha kiyA hai, isase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki I0 pU0 500 ke pUrva katipaya purANa the, jinameM eka thA bhaviSyatpurANa aura usa samaya ke prasiddha purANoM meM sarga, pratisarga evaM smRti ke viSayoM kA samAveza thaa| uparyukta niSkarSa anya granthoM se bhI pramANita hotA hai| gautamadharmasUtra ne vyavasthA dI hai ki bahuzruta vaha brAhmaNa hai jo logoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra, veda, vedAMga, vAkovAkya (kathanopakathana ), itihAsa evaM purANa jAnatA hai / usameM yaha bhI AyA hai ki rAjya zAsana evaM nyAya kArya meM rAjA ko veda, dharmazAstra, veda ke chaha aMgoM, (cAra) upavedoM evaM purANa para avalambita honA caahie|' uparyukta vivecana se pratIta hotA hai ki yadyapi hama atharvaveda, zatapathabrAhmaNa evaM upaniSadoM meM ullikhita purANa athavA purANoM ke viSayoM ke saMbandha meM koI nizcita mata prakAzita nahIM kara sakate, kintu Apastamba evaM gautama kAla taka vidyamAna purANoM ke viSayoM se milate-julate viSayoM kA samAveza karane vAle purANa upasthita the, aisA kahA jA sakatA hai| kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM AyA hai ki trayI kA artha hai tInoM veda, yathA-- Rgveda, sAmaveda evaM yajurveda aura atharvaveda evaM itihAsaveda ( bhI ) veda haiM / ' isase prakaTa hotA hai ki kauTilya ke kAla meM itihAsa tInoM vedoM ke samAna eka nizcita prakAra kI kRti thA / eka anya sthAna para kauTilya ne vyavasthA dI hai, 'arthazAstra meM pravINa evaM rAjA kA bhalA cAhane vAle mantrI ko cAhie ki vaha anya mArgadarzakoM dvArA pathabhraSTa kiye gaye rAjA ko itivRtta ( itihAsa athavA aitihAsika ghaTanAoM ) evaM purANoM ke dvArA ucita mArga para le Aye / ' rAjA ke pratidina kI caryA ke lie niyama banAte samaya kauTilya ne vyavasthA dI hai ki dina ke bAda vAle bhAga meM rAjA ko itihAsa sunanA cAhie; itihAsa ko unhoMne purANa, itivRtta, AkhyAyikA, udAharaNa ( sAhasapUrNa athavA sAhasikoM yA vIroM ke udAharaNa), dharmazAstra evaM arthazAstra ( zAsana evaM rAjya - zilpa ke vijJAna) se samanvita mAnA hai| lagatA hai, kauTilya ne yahA~ para itihAsa ko mahAbhArata mAnA hai / mahAbhArata ne apane ko itihAsoM meM sarvazreSTha mAnA hai, apane ko dharmazAstra, arthazAstra, kAmazAstra evaM kRSNaveda kahA hai / " rAjA ke karmacAriyoM meM aise nAma Aye haiM--kArtAntika ( phalita jyotiSa vizeSajJa), naimittika ( zakuna evaM pUrva sUcanAoM kI jAnakArI rakhane vAle), mauhUrtika ( zubha kAla jAnane vAle), paurANika, sUta evaM mAgadha, jinheM vetana ke rUpa meM 1000 paNa milate the / apekSAkRta ati prAcIna evaM Arambhika dakSasmRti ( 2 / 69 ) ne dina ke chaThe evaM sAtaveM bhAga meM sabhI dvija gRhasthoM ke lie itihAsa evaM purANa ke adhyayana kI vyavasthA dI hai| ozanasaMsmRti ne kahA hai ki vedAMgoM evaM purANoM kA adhyayana utsarjana ke uparAnta mA 5. tasya ca vyavahAro vedo dharmazAstrANyaGgAnyupavedAH purANam / gau0 gha0 sU0 ( 11 / 19 ) / 6. sAmarthyajurvedAstrayastrayI arthavavedetihAsavedau ca vedAH / arthazAstra ( 1 | 3 ) ; mukhyairavagRhItaM vA rAjAnaM tatpriyAcitaH / itivRttapurANAbhyAM bodhayedarthazAstravit // arthazAstra ( 5 / 6, pR0 257 ) / 7. pUrvamaharbhAgaM hastyazvaramapraharaNavidyAsu vinayaM gacchet, pazcimamitihAsazravaNe / purANamitivRttamAkhyAyikodAharaNaM dharmazAstramarthazAstraM cetItihAsaH / arthazAstra ( 115, pR0 10 ) / / ...itihAso 8. arthazAstramidaM proktaM dharmazAstramidaM mahat / kAmazAstramidaM proktaM vyAsenAmitabuddhinA // ... tamAdasmAjjAyante kavibuddhayaH / asyAkhyAnasya viSaye purANaM vartate dvijAH / Adiparva ( 2083, 85-86 ) / Adiparva (62 / 23 ) meM mahAbhArata ko dharmazAstra, arthazAstra evaM mokSazAstra kahA gayA hai| mArkaNDeyapurANa (116-7) ne mahAbhArata ko cAroM puruSArthoM kA zAstra aura cAroM varNoM ke ucita karmoM kI jAnakArI kA sAdhana mAnA hai|

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376 dharmazAla kA itihAsa ke kRSNa pakSa meM karanA caahie| manusmRti (3 / 232) ne jo yaha kahA hai ki zrAddha kRtya meM nimantrita brAhmaNoM ko vedoM, dharmazAstroM, gAthAoM, itihAsoM, purANoM evaM khila mantroM kA pATha karanA cAhie, usase spaSTa hotA hai ki usameM jina purANoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai, ve Aja ke vidyamAna purANa hI haiN| yAjJavalkyasmRti ne 14 vidyAsthAnoM ke nAma isa prakAra ginAye haiM : purANa, nyAya (tarkazAstra), mImAMsA (vaidika vyAkhyA ke niyama), dharmazAstra, 4 veda evaM 6 vedaaNg| lagatA hai, yAjJa0 ke kAla meM ye vidyAe~ mahattA ke anusAra kramabaddha rakhI gayI thiiN| yAjJa0 ne una RSiyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai, jinhoMne vedoM, purANoM, vidyAoM (chaha aMgoM), upaniSadoM, zlokoM (itihAsa ? ), sUtra granthoM (yathA jaimini yA nyAya ke sadRza sUtra-granthoM), mASyoM tathA jo kucha sAhitya meM vidyamAna haiM unakI vyAkhyA kI hai yA jinakA pravartana kiyA hai| eka anya sthAna para yAjJa ne vyavasthA dI hai ki gRhastha ko snAna ke uparAnta prAtaHkAla devoM evaM pitaroM kI pUjA karanI cAhie aura japa-yajJa karanA cAhie tathA apanI yogyatA ke anusAra veda, atharvaveda, itihAsa evaM purANoM tathA dArzanika granthoM ke katipaya bhAgoM kA pATha karanA caahie| isase patA calatA hai ki itihAsa evaM purANoM ko eka-sAtha rakhA jAtA thA, ve donoM vaidika sAhitya se bhinna the tathA kama-se-kama IsA kI tIsarI zatI meM yAjJa0 ke kAla meM dhArmika bAtoM meM punItatA evaM prAmANikatA grahaNa kara cuke the| mahAbhASya (pANini 4 / 2 / 59-60) ke eka vArtika ne AkhyAna (yathA-yAvakrIlika, yAyAtika), AkhyAyikA (yathA--kAsavadattika, saumanottarika), itihAsa (aitihAsika), purANa (paurANika) meM Thak (ika) pratyaya lagA kara zabda-nirmANa kI vyavasthA dI hai| mahAbhArata kI katipaya uktiyoM meM 'purANa' ekavacana meM prayukta hai (Adi0 5 / 2, 31 / 3-4, 5116, 65 / 52; udyoga0 78 / 47-48; karNa0 34 / 44; zAnti0 20815; anuzAsana0 22 / 12, 102 / 21), aura kahIM-kahIM bahuvacana meM (Adi0 109 / 20; virATa0 51 / 10; strIparva 13 / 2; zAnti0 339 / 106; svargArohaNa 5 / 46-47 jahA~ purANoM kI saMkhyA 18 hai)| vanaparva (191 / 15-16) meM matsyapurANa evaM vAyu0 dvArA udghoSita eka purANa kA ullekha huA hai| aisA kahanA asambhava hai ki purANa-sambandhI aneka saMketa pazcAtkAlIna kSepaka haiM, yadyapi kucheka ho sakate haiN| jaba mahAbhArata meM purANa-gAthAe~ ekatra kI mayIM usake pUrva Aja kA koI purANa utanA vizada nahIM thA, aisA kathana ThIka nahIM hai, kyoMki aise kathana ke lie koI pramANa nahIM hai| bANa (7 vIM zatI kA pUrvArdha) jaise prArambhika saMskRta granthakAra, zabara (200-400 I0 se pazcAtkAlIna nahIM) jaise mASyakAra, kumArila (7 vIM zatI), zaMkarAcArya (650-800 I0 ke kisI kAla meM) evaM vizvarUpa (800-850 I0) isa viSaya meM koI saMdeha nahIM chor3ate ki unake samaya meM purANoM ke viSaya Aja ke viSayoM ke sadRza hI the| jaimini (10 / 4 / 23) ke bhASya meM zabara ne yajJoM ke sambandha meM devatA kI paribhASA karate hue likhA hai ki eka mata ke anusAra ve agni Adi haiM jinakA ullekha itihAsa evaM purANoM meM svarga meM rahane vAloM ke rUpa meM huA hai| kAdambarI evaM harSacarita meM bANa ne mahAbhArata evaM purANoM kA bahudhA ullekha kiyA hai jinameM kAdambarI 9. puraannnyaaymiimaaNsaadhrmshaastraanggmishritaaH| vedAH sthAnAni vidyAnAM dharmasya caturdaza // yAna0 113; yato vedAH purANAni vidyopaniSadastathA / zlokAH sUtrANi bhASyANi yacca kiMcana vAjamayam // yAja0 33189; vevAthapurANAni setihAsAni shktitH| japayajJaprasiDyayaM vidyAM cAdhyAtmikI japet // mAta0 (1 / 101) / milAie, viSNupurANa 51137-38 evaM yAsa0 13 / kabhI-kabhI yAma0 kI sUcI meM cAra upavevoM, prathA Ayuga, dhanurveda, gAndharvaveda evaM arthazAstra ko milA liyA jAtA hai aura saMkhyA 14 se 18 ho jAtI hai| dekhie, viSNupurANa (3 / 6 / 25-26, jahA~ 14 vidyA0 evaM upavedoM kA ullekha hai)|

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purANa-sambandhI prAcIna ullekha 377 kI do evaM harSacarita kI eka ukti manoraMjaka hai| jAbAli muni kI kuTI kA varNana karate hue bANa ne eka zleSa kA prayoga kiyA hai, 'purANa meM vAyupralapita' (vAyu devatA dvArA udghoSita, pralapita yA jalpanA) thA, kintu kuTI meM (vAtavyAdhi kA pralApa) nahIM thaa| isI prakAra tArApIDa ke prAsAda ke varNana meM bANa ne zleSa prayukta kiyA hai, jahA~ use purANa ke tulya mAnA hai (do artha ye haiM, 'jahA~ vizva kA saMcita dhana ucita rUpa meM vyavasthita hai', 'jisameM lokoM ke sampUrNa golakoM kA varNana hai; jisakA pratyeka bhAga ucita rUpa meM vyavasthita hai')| kAdambarI ke uttarabhAga (bANa ke putra dvArA praNIta) meM AyA hai ki sabhI AgamoM (paramparA se cale Aye hue dhArmika grantha), yathA--purANoM, rAmAyaNa evaM bhArata meM zApoM ke viSaya meM bahuta-sI kahAniyA~ haiN| yahA~ purANoM ko pahale rakhA gayA hai, isase prakaTa hotA hai ki ve rAmAyaNa evaM bhArata (mahAbhArata) se sambhavataH adhika sammAnita evaM pracalita the| harSacarita' meM aisA AyA hai ki pustakavAcaka sudRSTi ne bANa evaM usake sambandhiyoM tathA mitroM kA sammAna karane ke lie vAyu dvArA pravartita purANa kA saMgItamaya pATha karAyA, jo muni (vyAsa) dvArA racA gayA thA, jo ati vizada hai, jo vizvavyApI (sabhI sthAnoM para jJAta) hai, jo pAvana hai, jo harSa ke carita se bhinna nahIM hai (jisake lie purANa meM prayukta sabhI vizeSaNa upayukta haiN)| yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki yahA~ vAyu purANa spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita hai (jisake lie pavamAnaprokta evaM pAvana zabda Aye haiN)| yahA~ yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki purANoM meM vizva ke katipaya bhAgoM kA varNana pAyA jAtA hai| yaha varNana vAyu, matsya (adhyAya 114-128), brahmANDa (2 / 15) kI ora saMketa karatA hai| aisA tarka kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bANa dvArA ullikhita purANa brahmANDa ho sakatA hai, kyoMki usa purANa meM AyA hai--'Arambha evaM anta meM brahmA ne use vAyu ko diyA, jisase vaha katipaya daivI evaM argha daivI vyaktiyoM ko prApta huA aura anta meM use sUta ne vyAsa se prApta kiyaa|' yaha tarka svIkArya nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki bANa ko yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahane meM koI roka nahIM sakatA thA ki sudRSTi dvArA brahmANDa purANa kA pATha karAyA gayA thaa| kumArila bhaTTa ne apane tantravArtika meM kaI sthAnoM para purANoM evaM unameM pAyI jAne vAlI bAtoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| do-eka manoraMjaka uktiyA~ yahA~ dI jA rahI haiN| jaimini (1 / 3 / 1) para kumArila kA kathana hai-"ataH sabhI smRtiyoM kI prAmANikatA usa prayojana se siddha hai jo unake dvArA kiyA jAtA hai; unameM (smRtiyoM meM) saba kucha dharma evaM mokSa se sambandhita hai (prAmANika hai), kyoMki vaha veda se utpanna hotA hai; jo kucha artha evaM sukha se sambandhita hai vaha logoM ke vyavahAra para AdhArita hai| isa prakAra eka antara kiyA jAnA caahie| yahI tarka itihAsa evaM purANoM ke upadeza vAkyoM meM bhI prayukta hotA hai| upAkhyAnoM kI vyAkhyA artha 10. purANe vaayuprlpitm| kA60, pUrvabhAga, vAkya-samUha 37; purANamiva ythaavibhaagaavsthitsklbhuvnkoshm| kAda0, pUrvabhAga, vAkya-samUha 85 (raajkul)| svayaM vAyupurANa meM AyA hai ki sUta ne naimiSa vana meM muniyoM se vAyu dvArA pravatita purANa sarvaprathama kahA (1 / 47-48 purANaM saMpravakSyAmi yaduktaM maatrishvnaa| pRSThena munibhiH pUrva naimissiiyairmhaatmbhiH||); vAyu0 ke adhyAya 34-49 meM bhuvanavinyAsa hai; AgameSu sarveSveva purANarAmAyaNabhAratAviSu samyaganekaprakArAH shaapvaartaaH| kAda0, uttarabhAga (candrApIDa ke hRdaya TUTane ke samAcAra para rAjA tArApIDa ko sAntvanA dene ke lie zukanAsa ko vktRtaa)| 11. pustakavAcakaH sudRSTiH...gItyA pavamAnaproktaM purANaM ppaatth| harSacarita 3, cauthA nAma-samUha donoM ke lie prayukta AryA chanda hai tadapimunigItamatipRthu tadapi jagadvyApi pAvanaM tdpi| harSacaritAdabhinnaM pratibhAti me purANamivam // ' harSa0 3, 5vA vaaky-smuuh| pavana kA artha hai vAyu aura isI se pAvana 'vAyavIya' ke sthAna para AyA hai| 48

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378 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vAdoM meM prayukta hone vAle tarka se kI jA sakatI hai (arthAt ve veda ke stutidyotaka vAkyoM ke sadRza prayojana evaM prAmANikatA vAle haiN)| pRthivI ke vibhAgoM kA kathana pradezoM ke antara ko samajhane ke upayoga meM AtA hai, jisake dvArA dharmAdharma se utpanna phaloM ko bhogA jAtA hai, jo kucha aMza meM apane anubhava para AdhArita hotA hai tathA kucha aMza meM veda para AdhArita hotA hai| purANoM meM vaMzoM kA jo kramabaddha nirUpaNa hotA hai usase brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya jAtiyoM aura unake gotroM ke jJAna kI prApti hotI hai aura vaha vAstavika anubhUtimUlaka evaM smRtimUlaka hotA hai (arthAt vaha vAstavika anubhUti evaM paramparA se cale Aye hue jJAna para AdhArita hotA hai); dezoM evaM kAla ke parimANoM se sAMsArika AdAna-pradAna evaM jyotiHzAstra-sambandhI vyavahAra meM sahAyatA prApta hotI hai aura ve vAstavika pratyakSa, gaNita, paramparA evaM anumAna para AdhRta hote haiN| bhAvI kathana (bhaviSya meM ghaTane vAlI bAtoM kA kathana) veda para AdhRta hai, kyoMki vaha dharmAdharma se utpanna phaloM ke vibhinna prakAra ke jJAnoM kI anubhUti karAtA hai aura anAdi kAla se cale Aye hue yugavaiziSTya-jJAna kA paricaya detA hai|"12 isa kathana se yaha spaSTa hai ki kumArila ko itihAsa evaM purANoM kA jo paricaya thA usameM gAthAe~, pRthivI sthiti-jJAna (bhUgola), vaMza-sUciyA~, kAla-parimANa evaM bhaviSya meM ghaTane vAlI ghaTanAoM kA ullekha thaa| kumArila (jai0 1 // 3 // 7) kA eka anya kathana bhI draSTavya hai-'purANoM meM aisA varNita hai ki kaliyuga meM zAkya (gautama buddha) evaM anya udita hoMge jo dharma ke viSaya meM viplava khar3A kareMge, unake zabdoM ko kauna sunegA ?'' isase prakaTa hai ki sAtavIM zatI ke pUrva purANoM meM kaliyuga ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa pAyA jAtA thA aura kumArila ko purANa jJAta the| ve buddha ko viSNu kA avatAra nahIM mAnate the, pratyuta ve unakI bhartsanA karate the| kSemendra ne apanA dazAvatAra grantha san 1066 I0 meM likhA hai, aparArka ne matsyapurANa (adhyAya 285) se eka lambA vAkya-samUha uddhata kiyA hai, jisake sAta zlokoM meM viSNa' ke dasa avatAroM (baddha bhI sammilita kiye gaye haiM) kA ullekha hai, jayadeva ke gItagovinda ne buddha ko avatAra mAnA hai| ina bAtoM se spaSTa hai ki 1000 I0 ke pUrva buddha viSNu ke eka avatAra ke rUpa meM mAna liye gaye the, yadyapi sAtavIM zatI meM kucha purANoM ne unakI nindA kI thii| 'svarga' zabda ke artha ke viSaya meM vicAra karate hue kumArila ne pUchA hai-'kyA yaha nakSatroM kA loka hai yA meru parvata kA pRSTha bhAga hai, jaisA ki itihAsa evaM purANoM meM AyA hai, yA yaha mAtra sukha kI eka sthiti kA dyotaka hai ?" isase prakaTa hai ki kumArila ke kAla meM purANoM meM meru kA pRSTha bhAga svarga ke rUpa meM nirUpita thaa| 12. tena sarvasmRtInAM prayojanavatI praamaannysiddhiH| tatra yAvaddharmamokSasambandhi tadvadaprabhavam / yattvarthasukhavivayaM tallokavyavahArapUrvakamiti vivektvym| eSaivetihAsapurANayorapyupadezavAkyAnAM gtiH| upAkhyAnAni tvaryavAdeSu vyaakhyaataani| yattu pRthivIvibhAgakathanaM tddhrmaadhrmsaadhnphlopbhogprdeshvivekaay| kiMciddarzanapUrvakaM kiMcidvedamUlam / vaMzAnukramaNamapi brAhmaNakSatriyajAtigotrajJAnArya darzanasmaraNamUlam / dezakAlaparimANamapi lokajyotiHzAstravyavahArasiddhapartha drshngnnitsNprdaayaanumaanpuurvkm| bhAvikathanamapi tvanAdikAlapravRttayugasvabhAvadharmAdharmAnuSThAnaphalavipAkavaicitryajJAnadvAreNa vedamUlam / tantravAtika (jai0 113 / 1: dharmasya zabdamUlatvAdazabdamanapekSaM syaat)| 13. smRyante ca purANeSu dharmaviplutihetavaH / kalau zAkyAdayasteSAM ko vAkyaM zrotumahati // tantravArtika pR0 203, jai0 1137 / kucha purANoM, yathA-varAha (113 / 27-28), brahma (122168-70), padma (6 / 21 / 1315) ne viSNu ke dasa avatAroM (buddha ko sammilita karate hue) kA varNana kiyA hai| kintu ina purANoM meM pazcAtkAlIna kSepaka A gaye haiM aura inakI tithiyoM ke viSaya meM nizcita bAta karanA sambhava nahIM hai| 14. tathA svargazabdenApi nakSatradezo vA vaidikapravAdapaurANikayAjJikadarzanenocyate... yadi vetihAsapurA

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paurANika viSayoM kA prAcIna ullekha 379 zaMkarAcArya ne vedAntasUtra ke bhASya meM purANoM ke viSayoM evaM unake una viziSTa svarUpoM kA ullekha adhikatara kiyA hai jo Aja purANoM meM yathAvat pAye jAte haiM, yadyapi unhoMne kisI purANa kA nAma nahIM liyA hai| udAharaNArtha, unakA kathana hai ki purANa dvArA yaha pratiSThApita hai ki atIta evaM bhAvI kalpoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM koI sImA nahIM hai (ve0 sU0 2 / 1 / 36) / ve0 sU0 (2113130 ) meM AcArya zaMkara ne do zloka uddhRta kiye haiM jinheM ve smRtimUlaka mAnate haiM, kintu vAstava meM ve viSNupurANa (1 / 5 / 59-60 ) ke haiM aura manu evaM yAjJa0 jaisI prAcIna smRtiyoM meM nahIM pAye jAte / ve0 sU0 ( 3 / 1 / 15 : api ca sapta) meM bhASya kA kathana hai ki ve, jinhoMne purANa par3he haiN| yA unheM jAnate haiM, aisA kahate haiM ki raurava Adi sAta naraka haiM, jahA~ pApI loga duSkarma karane ke phalasvarUpa jAte haiM | viSNupurANa ne tAmitra, raurava Adi sAta narakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jahA~ vedavirodhI, yajJavirodhI evaM ucita dharmAcaraNa na karane vAle jAte haiN| manu (4 / 87-90), yAjJa0 ( 3 / 222 - 224), viSNudharmasUtra ( 43 / 2-22 ) ne 21 narakoM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura sabhI purANoM ne 21 yA isase adhika narakoM kI ora saMketa kiyA hai| isa viSaya meM hamane isa grantha ke prathama khaMDa meM hI par3ha liyA hai / ve0 sU0 ( 1 / 3 / 26 evaM 33 ) meM bhASya ne kahA hai ki vaidika mantroM, arthavAda - vAkyoM, itihAsa evaM purANa tathA pracalita vizvAsa ke AdhAra para loga samajha sakate haiM ki devoM ko zarIra prApta haiM / ve0 sU0 (21111 ) meM zaMkarAcArya ne eka aisA zloka uddhRta kiyA hai jo vAyupurANa meM bhI hai aura 1 / 3 / 30 meM 5 zloka smRti ke kahe gaye haiM jo vAyupurANa (9 / 57-59 evaM 64-65 ) ke haiM / yAjJavalkyasmRti kI TIkA meM vizvarUpa ne purANoM para do manoraMjaka TippaNiyA~ dI haiM / yAjJa0 ( 3 / 170 ) meM jahA~ vizva - vikAsa ke sAMkhya-siddhAnta kA varNana hai, usakI TIkA meM vizvarUpa kA kathana hai ki yaha siddhAnta ( vizva kI sRSTi evaM vilayana kA siddhAnta ) purANoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| yAjJa0 ( 3 / 175 ) meM jahA~ yaha kahA gayA hai ki pitRloka kA mArga agastya nakSatra evaM ajavIthi ke madhya meM hai, vizvarUpa kI TippaNI hai ki purANoM meM AkAza meM sUrya kI kaI vothiyA~ (mArga) haiM aura ajavIthi agastya ke anantara hai / uparyukta nirUpaNa se yaha vyakta hotA hai ki zabara se vizvarUpa taka ke lekhakoM ne purANoM ke viSayoM ke bAre meM jo kucha saMketa athavA ullekha kiye haiM unase yaha prakaTa hai ki IsA kI dUsarI zatI se lekara chaThI yA sAtavIM zatI taka ke purANoM meM ve hI bAteM pAyI jAtI haiM jo Aja ke purANoM meM dekhane ko milatI haiM / Age kucha likhane ke pUrva yahA~ yuga-purANa ( gArgI saMhitA kA eka aMza) ke bAre meM kucha carcA kara denA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki yaha una prArambhika evaM vidyamAna purANoM meM parigaNita hai, jinheM 'purANa' kI saMjJA evaM vidhA prApta hai| karna mahodaya ne bRhatsaMhitA kI apanI bhUmikA ( pR0 32 - 40 ) meM isa virala purANa kI carcA kI aura vidvAnoM ke samakSa isake bahumUlya aitihAsika A~kar3oM ko eka kaTI- cha~TI pANDulipi se nikAla kara rkhaa| Age cala kara DA0 jAyasavAla mahodaya ne karna kI apUrNa pANDulipi tathA anya do pANDulipiyoM se yugapurANa kA saMzodhita saMskaraNa upasthita kiyA jo anuSTup chanda kI 115 ardha paMktiyoM meM hai / punaH pro0 levI kI prati bhI prApta huI, jisakA upayoga DA0 jAyasavAla ne kiyA ( je0 bI0 o0 Ara0 es0, jilda 14) / aura dekhie pro0 ke0 ec0 dhruva kA lekha (vahI, jilda 16, pR0 18-66 ), pro0 DI0 ke0 manakar3a kA grantha ( cArutara prakAzana, vallabhavidyAnagara, tress merupRSTham, athavA anvayavyatirekAbhyAM vibhaktaM kevalameva sukham / tantravArtika, pu0 299 (jai0 1 / 3 / 30 ) / bahuta-se purANoM meM deva evaM upadeva meru parvata ke pRSTha bhAga ke nivAsI kahe gaye haiN| dekhie, matsya (2 / 37-38), padma (5/8/72-73) /

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380 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 1951), jahA~ jAyasavAla ke yuga-purANa sambandhI matoM kI AlocanA Adi hai aura aitihAsika tathyoM kI ora paryApta nirdeza haiN| yugapurANa ko pro0 manakar3a dvArA prApta pANDulipi meM skandapurANa kahA gayA hai| yaha bRhatsaMhitA kA 113 vA~ adhyAya hai| 'skandapurANa' nAma sambhavataH isalie par3A hai ki isa purANa ke Adi meM skanda ne vibhinna yugoM kI vizeSatAoM ke viSaya meM ziva se prazna pUchA hai| kRta, tretA evaM dvApara kI vizeSatAoM kA ullekha krama se 11. 28, 29-45 evaM 46-74 paMktiyoM meM huA hai (dekhie pro0 manakar3a kA sNskrnn)| pro0 manakar3a ke saMskaraNa meM 75-235 paMktiyA~ evaM DA0 jAyasavAla ke saMskaraNa meM 1-115 paMktiyA~ (je0 bI0 o0 Ara0 esa0, jilda 14, pa.0 400-408) kaliyuga kI vizeSatAoM evaM grantha ke pUrva kI kucha zatiyoM ke rAjanItika, sAmAjika evaM Arthika itihAsa para prakAza DAlatI haiN| yugapurANa meM varNita kaliyuga kI vizeSatAe~ vanaparva (188 / 30-64) meM ullikhita vizeSatAoM se sarvathA mila jAtI haiN| donoM meM zloka kA ardhAMza eka hI hai| . mahattvapUrNa bAteM saMkSepa meM yoM haiM-'draupadI kI mRtyu ke uparAnta kaliyuga kA Arambha huaa| kaliyuga ke Arambha meM parIkSit kA putra janamejaya eka prasiddha rAjA hogA, kintu vaha brAhmaNoM se virodha kregaa| kaliyuga meM zizunAga kA putra udAyi gaMgA ke dakSiNa kinAre para pATilaputra nagara basAyegA, jo puSpapura ke nAma se pukArA jAyegA, pA~ca jo sahasra, so, pA~ca varSoM, pA~ca mAsoM, pA~ca dinoM evaM pA~ca muhUrtoM taka avasthita rhegaa| . usa puSpapura meM zAlizUka nAmaka udbhrAnta evaM duSTa rAjA hogA, jo apane guNI bar3e bhAI vijaya ko sAketa meM sthApita kregaa| taba vIra yavana, pAJcAla evaM mAthura loga sAketa para AkramaNa kareMge aura kusumapura ko, jisakI kilebandI miTTI kI hogI jIta leNge| yavanoM ke isa AkramaNa se sabhI deza Akula ho jaayeNge| isake uparAnta anArya loga AryoM ke vyavahAroM kA anusaraNa kreNge| kaliyuga ke anta meM brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya samAna rUpa se vastra dhAraNa kareMge aura eka-sA vyavahAra kreNge| loga nAstika sampradAyoM meM sammilita hoMge aura patniyoM ke lie (una para balAtkAra karane ke lie) eka-dUsare se mitratA kreNge| zUdra loga 'om' ke sAtha AhutiyA~ DAleMge tathA dUsaroM ko 'bhoH' zabda se sambodhita kareMge aura brAhmaNa loga dUsaroM ko 'he Arya' kheNge| yavana nagara (puSpapura) meM pA~ca rAjA sthApita kreNge| yavana loga madhyadeza meM bahuta samaya taka nahIM rheNge| yavanoM ke nAza ke uparAnta sAketa meM sAta zaktizAlI rAjA hoNge| madhyadeza meM raktaraMjita yuddha hoNge| sabhI Agnivezya rAjA yuddha meM samApta hoMge aura yahI dazA prajA kI hogii|' 'isake uparAnta kaliMga ke rAjA sAta ke virodha se lobhI zaka nAza ko prApta hoMge, pRthivI kA satyAnAza hogA evaM puSpapura meM zanyatA prApta hogii| rakta-cakSa amalAta puSpapura ko prApta kregaa| mleccharAja amalAta asahAya janatA evaM cAroM vargoM kA nAza kregaa| amalAta apane sambandhiyoM ke sAtha nAza ko prApta hogA aura eka rAjA hogA jisakA nAma gopAla hogA, vaha eka varSa rAjya kara ke mara jaaygaa| isake uparAnta pUSyaka nAmaka nyAyI rAjA hogA jo kevala eka varSa taka rAjya kregaa| do anya rAjAoM ke uparAnta agnimitra rAjA hogA jo eka kanyA ke lie brAhmaNoM se bhayaMkara yuddha kregaa| usake uparAnta usakA putra 20 varSoM taka rAjya kregaa| zabaroM se yuddha hone ke kAraNa prajA kI dazA burI hogii| taba sAta rAjA rAjya kregaa| isake uparAnta zakoM kA viplava hogA jo prajA kI eka-cauthAI kA nAza kara deMge aura logoM ko anaitika banA deNge|' isa prakAra yugapurANa eka nirAzAjanaka TippaNI ke sAtha samApta hotA hai| ___ yugapurANa zakoM ke Age ke vaMzoM kI carcA nahIM karatA, arthAt vaha AndhroM, AbhIroM evaM guptoM ke viSaya meM mauna hai, ataH vaha una purANoM se purAnA hai jinameM ina vaMzoM kI bhI carcA hai| DA0 jAyasavAla ne ise I0 pU0 prathama zatI ke uttarArdha meM rakhA hai, jo ThIka hI jaMcatA hai|

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purANoM kA viSaya-vivecana evaM gaNanA pro0 e0 ke0 nArAyaNa ne eka pustaka likhI hai jo abhI hAla meM chapI hai / usakA nAma hai 'dI iNDo-grIksa' (AksaphorDa, 1957) / isa pustaka meM yugapurANa ke kucha kaThina vAkyoM para sundara TippaNiyA~ dI huI haiN| unhoMne yaha batAyA hai ki karNaparva meM yavana loga sarvatra mlecchoM se bhinna evaM vIra kahe gaye haiM ( karNaparva 45 / 36) / matsya (53 / 3-11), vAyu ( 1/60-61 ), brahmANDa (1 / 1 / 40 - 41), liMga ( 112 / 2), nAradIya (1 / 92 / 22-26), padma (5 / 1 / 45-52) meM AyA hai ki purANa maulika rUpa se eka hI thA aura brahmA ne sarvaprathama isake viSaya meM vicAra kiyA, isake uparAnta unake adharoM se veda nikle| maulika rUpa meM purANa meM eka sau karor3a zloka the tathA vyAsa ne isakA sAra 4 lAkha zlokoM meM pratyeka dvApara yuga meM ghoSita kiyaa| purANoM kI koI prAcIna paramparA thI Arambha meM kevala eka hI purANa thA, jo kalpanA mAtra hai, yaha saba kucha nizcitatA se kahanA sambhava nahIM hai| Upara hamane dekha liyA hai ki bahuta prAcIna kAla meM ( taittirIya AraNyaka ke kAla meM ) purANa bahuvacana meM prayukta hote the / ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vartamAna kAlika purANa prAcIna purANoM ke uttarAdhikArI mAtra haiM, yadyapi prAcIna purANoM ke viSaya meM hama kucha bhI nahIM ke barAbara jAnate haiM / 381 purANoM kI ( Age calakara evaM svayaM purANoM dvArA ghoSita mahApurANoM kI) saMkhyA paramparA se aThAraha hai| ye katipaya purANoM meM varNita haiM, yathA-- viSNu ( 3 / 6 / 21 - 23), varAha ( 112 / 69-72), liMga ( 1139 / 61-63), matsya (53 / 11), padma ( 10/51-54), bhaviSya ( 1 | 1161-64 ), mArkaNDeya ( 134 / 7-11), agni ( 272), bhAgavata (12 / 13 / 4-8), vAyu (104) 2- 10), skanda ( prabhAsakhaNDa, 2 / 5-7 ) / aThAraha nAmoM evaM unake vistAra tathA viSayoM ke bAre meM antara milatA hai| matsya ( 51 / 18-19), agni ( 272 / 4-5 ), nAradIya ( 1 / 92 / 26-28 ) ne vAyu ko 18 meM cauthA mAnA hai, jaba ki adhikAMza purANa zivapurANa ko cauthe sthAna para rakhate haiN| skanda (prabhAsa khaNDa 2 / 5 evaM 7) ne cauthe sthAna para ziva ko rakhA hai na ki vAyu ko aura vAyavIya ( sambhavata: brahmANDa ) ko antima sthAna para / devIbhAgavata meM eka zloka AyA hai jisameM 18 purANoM ke prathama akSara Aye haiM aura vahA~ zivapurANa nahIM hai / " sorapurANa (9 / 5-12 ) kI 18 vAlI sUcI meM vAyu cauthe sthAna para hai (yahA~ ziva nahIM hai) aura brahmANDa anta meM / sUtasaMhitA ( 1 / 1 / 7-11) ne 18 purANoM ke nAma diye haiM, vAyu ko chor3a diyA aura usake sthAna para zivapurANa ko rakhA hai| dAnasAgara ne apanI bhUmikA ke zlokoM ( 11-12, pR0 2-3 ) meM vAyavIya evaM zaiva ko pRthak-pRthak rakhA hai| hemAdri ( dAna, bhAga - 1, pR0 531 ) dvArA uddhRta kAlikApurANa ke zlokoM meM ziva, kAlikA, saura tathA vahnija (Agneya, jo vAstavika hai) pramukha aThAraha purANoM meM parigaNita haiN| DA0 e0 DI0 pusalkara kI dhAraNA hai ki vAyu ko hI aThAraha purANoM meM rakhA jAnA cAhie na ki zivapurANa ko / " alabarUnI ne apane grantha 15. mayaM bhadvayaM caiva bratrayaM vacatuSTayam / anApalaMga kUskAni purANAni pRthak pRthak / / devIbhAgavata ( 1 | 312) / madvaya matsya, mArkaNDeya; bhAya bhaviSya, bhAgavata; bratrayaM brahma, brahmavaivarta, brahmANDa; vacatuSTaya varAha, vAmana, vAyu, viSNu a, nA, pa, liM, ga krama se agni, nAradIya, padma, liMga, garur3a; kU kUrma; eka skanda | vilsana ne viSNu ke anuvAda kI bhUmikA meM likhA hai ki unakI varAha vAlI pANDulipi meM garur3a evaM brahmANDa ke nAma nahIM Aye haiM, pratyuta vAyu evaM narasiMha ke nAma 18 kI sUcI meM haiM / avazya hI yaha pANDulipi isa viSaya meM vicitra hai / 16. DA0 e0 DI0 pusalkara ( vidyA bhavana sIrIja, bambaI, 1955) dvArA likhita 'sTaDIja ina di epiksa eNDa purANaca Ava iNDiyA' (adhyAya 2, pR0 31-41 ) / matsya ( 53 / 18-19 ) meM vahI varNita hai jo vAyupurANa meM likhita hai /

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382 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM (1030 I0 meM likhita) eka purANa-sUcI dI hai, usameM kevala zivapurANa ko vAyupurANa ke sthAna para rakha diyA gayA hai tathA anya antara nahIM prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| alabarUnI ko viSNupurANa par3hakara sunAyA gayA thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki pramukha purANoM kI sUcI IsA kI dasavIM zatI ke bahuta pahale pUrNa ho cukI aura viSNupurANa meM vaha sUcI san 1030 I0 ke bahuta pahale A gayI rahI hogii| alabarUnI ne eka anya sunI-sunAyo sUcI bhI dI hai, jo yoM hai--Adi, matsya, kUrma, varAha, narasiMha, vAmana, vAyu, nanda, skanda, Aditya, soma, sAmba, brahmANDa, mArkaNDeya, tArkSya (garur3a), viSNu, brahma evaM bhaviSya / isa sUcI meM vAyu kA nAma hai, kintu zaiva (ziva purANa yA zaiva purANa) kA nhiiN| isa sUcI meM kucha purANoM meM varNita kucha upapurANa bhI sammilita kara liye gaye haiM (yathA-Adi, narasiMha, nanda, Aditya, soma evaM sAmba) aura kucha aise purANa jo ekamata se mahApurANa kahe jAte haiM (yathA-padya, bhAgavata, nArada, agni, liMga evaM brahmavaivarta) chor3a diye gaye haiN| isase spaSTa hai ki kucha upapurANa, yathA-Adi, narasiMha, Aditya, sAmba, nanda (nandI?) kama-se-kama san 1000 I0 ke kucha varSa pahale hI praNIta ho cuke rahe hoNge| bAlambhaTTa (18 vIM zatI ke uttarArdha meM) ne mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 113) kI TIkA meM likhA hai ki vAyavIyapurANa ko zaivapurANa bhI kahA jAtA thaa| aba hama nIce 18 purANoM kI sUcI de rahe haiN| isameM pratyeka purANa ke zlokoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM mI jAnakArI dI jA rahI hai| krama-saMkhyA purANa kA nAma matsya, vAyu 104 evaM anya granthoM ke anusAra anya purANoM ke anusAra zlokoM kI saMkhyA tathA TippaNI zlokoM kI saMkhyA brahma agnipurANa (272 / 1) ke anusAra 25,000 / 10,000 nArada (92 / 31) evaM bhAgavata (12 / 13 / 4) ke anusAra 55,000 23,000 24,000 padma viSNu vAyu katipaya granthoM meM saMkhyA 6 se 24 sahasra taka likhI huI hai| agni (272 / 4-5) ke anusAra 14,000 evaM devIbhAgavata (113 / 7) ke anusAra 24,600 / bhAgavata nAradIya mArkaNDeya 18,000 25,000 agni svayaM mArkaNDeya (134 / 39) ke anusAra 6900 tathA nArada (1198 / 2 evaM vAyu 104 / 4) ke anusAra 9000 / bhAgavata (12 / 13 / 5) ke anusAra 15,400 tathA agni (272 / 10-11) ke anusAra 12,000 / agni (272 / 12) ke anusAra 14,000 / bhaviSya brahmavaivarta 14,500 18,000

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purANoM kA zlokAtmaka AkAra - matsya, vAyu 104 evaM anya granthoM ke anusAra anya purANoM ke anusAra zlokoM kI saMkhyA tathA TippaNI slokoM kI saMkhyA liMga varAha skanda 11,000 24,000 81,000 agni (272 / 17) ke anusAra 84,000 / dekhie Age kA adhyAya 23, skandapurANa kA vivaraNa / vAmana kUrma 10,000 18,000 matsya 14,000 18,000 garur3a nArada (11106 / 3) evaM bhAgavata (12 / 1318) ke anusAra 17,000, agni (272 / 12) ke anusAra 8,000 / agni (272 / 20-21) ke anusAra 13,000 / bhAgavata (12 / 13 / 8) evaM devIbhAgavata (113) ke anusAra 19,000, tathA agni (272 / 21) ke anusAra 8,000 / bhAgavata (12 / 13-8) evaM agni (272 / 23) ke anusAra 12,000 / / brahmANDa 12,200 matsya (53 / 54) ke anusAra uparyukta tAlikA se spaSTa hai ki aThAraha purANoM meM kula 4,00,600 zloka haiM, jaisA ki adhika purANoM kI sUciyoM se prakaTa hotA hai| yaha saMkhyA kucha purANoM meM varNita 4 lAkha kI saMkhyA se mila jAtI hai| kintu vidyamAna purANoM kI zloka-saMkhyA utanI nahIM hai jitanI ki kahI gayI hai| udAharaNArtha, viSNucittI evaM vaiSNavAkUtacandrikA nAmaka viSNupurANa (3 / 6 / 23) kI TIkAoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki viSNupurANa meM 6,8,9,10, 22, 23 se lekara 24 sahasra zloka taka pAye jAte haiN| donoM TIkAe~ 6000 zlokoM vAle viSNupurANa kI TIkA karatI haiN| yahI bAta kUrmapurANa ke sAtha bhI pAyI jAtI hai, jahA~ yaha bahuta-se purANoM ke kathanAnusAra 17,000 yA 18,000 zlokoM vAlA hai, vahA~ Aja isameM kevala 6000 zloka pAye jAte haiN| nAradIya ke anusAra 10,000 evaM agni ke anusAra 25,000 zlokoM vAle brahma meM Aja lagabhaga 14,000 zloka haiN| dUsarI ora skanda meM 81,000 zloka kahe gaye haiM, kintu mudrita saMskaraNa meM isase kaI sahasra adhika zloka pAye jAte haiN| bhaviSya (brAhmaparva) meM AyA hai ki pratyeka purANa meM pahale maulika rUpa meM 12,000 zloka pAye jAte the, kintu vistAra hotA gayA, kyoMki gAthAe~ bar3hatI gayIM, yahA~ taka ki skanda meM eka lAkha zloka ho gaye aura bhaviSya meM 50,000 shlok| jisa krama meM purANa rakhe gaye haiM, vaha bhI sadaiva eka-sA nahIM rahA hai| adhikAMza purANa brahma ko prathama sthAna meM rakhate haiM evaM uparyukta tAlikA ko hI mAnate haiM, kintu vAyu (104 / 3) evaM devIbhAgavata (1 / 3 / 3) ne sUcI kA Arambha matsya se kiyA hai| skanda (prabhAsakhaNDa 2 / 8-9) ne brahmANDa ko prathama sthAna meM rakhA hai| bhAgavata (12 / 7 / 23-20) ne anya krama meM purANoM kI sUcI dI hai| vAmanapurANa (12 / 48) ne matsya ko sarvopari sthAna diyA hai| sabhI purANoM ke viSayoM kI carcA matsya (adhyAya 53), agni (adhyAya 272), skanda (prabhAsakhaNDa,

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 2 / 28-76), nAradIya (jisameM brahma se brahmANDa taka ke sabhI 18 purANoM ke viSayoM para 18 adhyAya haiM, 1192 - 30-31 se lekara 1 / 109 taka) ne kI hai| vAyupurANa ko chor3a kara anya pramukha purANoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM koI matabheda nahIM hai / 384 purANoM-sambandhI prazna aura jaTila ho uThatA hai jaba hama kucha purANoM meM varNita upapurANoM ke nAma pAte haiM, yadyapi kucha purANa unakI carcA nahIM karate / udAharaNArtha, matsya ( 53 / 59-62 ) ne nArasiMha, nandI, Aditya evaM sAmba ko upapurANoM ke nAma se pukArA hai, usameM yaha bhI vyakta hai ki nArasiMha kA vistAra 18,000 zlokoM taka ho gayA aura usane padmapurANa dvArA udghoSita nRsiMha avatAra varNana vistArita kara diyA hai / kUrma ( 1 / 1 / 16-20 ), padma (4 / 111 / 95-98), devIbhAgavata ( 1 / 3 / 13-16) ne aThAraha upapurANoM ke nAma diye haiN| kucha upapurANoM ke nAma pramukha purANoM ke nAma ke samAna hI haiM, yathA -- skanda, vAmana, brahmANDa evaM nAradIya / pro0 hajA ( upapurANa, jilda 1 ) ke anusAra upapurANoM kI saMkhyA 100 hai / bahuta hI kama upapurANa prakAzita ho sake haiM, aura jo prakAzita haiM unake viSaya pramukha purANoM ke viSayoM se bahuta sImA taka mela rakhate haiM aura sabhI 'paJca-lakSaNa' nAmaka purANa - paribhASA ko asatya ThaharAte haiM / aisA pahale hI vyakta kiyA jA cukA hai ki sabhI pramukha aThAraha purANoM ke zlokoM kI saMkhyA 4 lAkha kahI gayI hai|" yaha draSTavya hai ki isa saMkhyA meM upapurANoM ke zlokoM kI saMkhyA sammilita nahIM hai aura na kisI purANa meM aisA AyA hai ki 4 lAkha kI zloka saMkhyA meM upapurANoM ke zloka bhI sammilita haiM / matsya evaM kUrma ne upapurANoM ke viSaya meM jo TippaNI dI hai, usa para dhyAna denA Avazyaka hai / matsya (53 / 58-59 evaM 63; hemAdri, vrata, bhAga 1, pR021-22 ) ke anusAra sabhI upapurANa pramukha purANoM ke upabheda haiM; vahA~ yaha balapUrvaka kahA gayA hai - 'yaha jAna lo ki jo aThAraha purANoM se spaSTa rUpa se pRthak ghoSita hai vaha unhIM se utpanna bhI huA hai / "" kUrma bhI aspaSTa hI hai, usameM AyA hai ki muniyoM 18 purANoM kA adhyayana 17. purANaM sarvazAstrANAM prathamaM brahmaNA smRtam / anantaraM ca vaktrebhyo vedAstasya vinirgatAH // purANa mekamevAsIttadA kalpAntare'nagha / trivargasAdhanaM puNyaM zatakoTipravistaram // pravRttiH sarvazAstrANAM purANasyAbhavattataH / kAlenAgrahaNaM dRSTvA purANasya tato nRpa / vyAsarUpamahaM kRtvA saMharAmi yuge yuge / caturlakSapramANena dvApare dvApare sadA / tadaSTAdazadhA kRtvA bhUrloke'smin prakAzyate / adyApi devaloke'smin zatakoTipravistaram // tadarthotra caturlakSaM saMkSepeNa nivezitam / purANAni dazA'STau ca sAMprataM tadihocyate // matsya ( 53 / 3 - 11 ) ; padma ( 5 | 1/45-52 ) meM matsya ke ye sabhI zloka haiN| vAyu (1 / 60-61 ) evaM brahmANDa (1 / 1 / 40-41 ) meM prathama zloka pAyA jAtA hai| brahmapurANa (245 / 4) meM AyA hai, 'AdyaM brAhmAbhidhAnaM ca sarvavAJchAphalapradam / ' viSNupurANa (3 / 6 / 20 ) meM AyA hai 'AdyaM sarvapurANAnAM purANaM brAhmamucyate // ' devIbhAgavata (1 / 3 / 3) ne matsya ko prathama sthAna diyA hai / 18. upabhedAn pravakSyAmi loke ye saMpratiSThitAH / pAdye purANe yatroktaM nAsihopavarNanam // tacASTAdaza sAhasraM nArasiMhamihocyate / aSTAdazabhyastu pRthak purANaM yatpradizyate / vijAnIdhvaM dvijazreSThAsta detebhyo vinirgatam / / matsya 53 / 58-59 evaM 63 ( hemAdri, vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 21-22 dvArA uddhRta) / ye iloka skanda ( prabhAsakhaNDa 2 / 79-83) meM bhI Aye haiM / kRtyaratnAkara ( pR0 32) ne vyAkhyA kI hai, 'vinirgatamudbhUtam / yathA kAlikApu rANAt / ' pro0 hajA ne (sTaDIja Adi, jilda 1, pR0 16, TippaNI 33 ) meM paribhASAprakAza ( pR0 15) kA uddharaNa diyA hai 'etAnyupapurANAni purANebhya eva nirgatAnIti yAjJavalkyena purANatvena saMgRhItAni', aura TippaNI kI hai ki isase prakaTa hotA hai ki upapurANa yAjJavalkya ko vidita the| pro0 hajA yahA~ bhrama meM par3a gaye haiM, unakI TippaNI

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upapurANoM kA racanAkAla 385 karane ke uparAnta unake saMkSipta saMskaraNa rUpa meM upapurANa banAye / vibhinna granthoM kI upapurANa-sUciyA~, jinameM adhikAMza pro0 hajA ne apane upapurANa-sambandhI lekha (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 21, pR0 40-48) evaM 'sTaDIz2a' (pR0 4-13) meM rakhI haiM, eka-dUsare se mela nahIM rkhtiiN| matsya0 me kevala cAra upapurANoM ke nAma ginAye haiM, ataH aisA socanA ki usa zloka ke samAveza ke samaya taka kevala cAra hI upapurANa the, atArkika nahIM hai| yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya taka kevala una cAra hI ko upapurANa kI mahattA prApta ho sakI thii| bahuta-se upapurANa pazcAtkAlIna haiN| narasiMha, viSNudharmottara, devI jaise thor3e se upapurANa sambhavataH 7 vIM yA 8 vIM zatI ke haiN| pro0 hajA ne 18 upapurANoM ke nirmANa-kAla ko 650-800 I0 ke bIca rakhA hai (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 21, pR0 51 evaM sTaDIz2a ina upapurANaja', jilda 1) / unhoMne yaha mAnA hai (pR0 14) ki upapurANasAhitya meM bahuta-se grantha apekSAkRta bAda ke haiM, kintu unhoMne bar3e sAhasa ke sAtha udghoSa kiyA hai ki upapurANoM kA Arambha gupta-kAla ke lagabhaga ho cukA thaa| isa udghoSa ke lie hamAre pAsa koI bhI pramANa nahIM hai| upapurANoM ke praNayana kI tithiyoM para lambA vivecana yahA~ anAvazyaka hai| hameM jAnanA cAhie ki jaba pramukha 18 purANoM ne apanA Aja kA rUpa pA liyA, una dinoM upapurANoM kI saMkhyA choTI thI, ve pramukha purANoM ke saMkSipta rUpa mAne jAte the| ve purANa, jinhoMne upapurANoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, aisA nahIM kahate ki ve daivI preraNA se yukta vyAsa dvArA praNIta hue (pratyuta kinhIM muniyoM dvArA, jaisA ki kUrma kA kathana hai), Arambhika rUpa meM unheM 18 purANoM jaisI prAmANikatA nahIM prApta thii| saura (jo svayaM eka upapurANa hai) upapurANoM ko khila kahatA hai (9 / 5) / smRtitattva (1520-1570 I0) yA vIramitrodaya (17 vIM zatI ke pUrvArdha meM) jaise madhyakAlIna nibandhoM ne hI (jo mahApurANoM evaM upapurANoM se kaI zatiyoM ke uparAnta likhe gaye, jinake lekhakoM ko ina do prakAroM vAle purANoM ke kAla kI dUrI kA jJAna nahIM thA) purANoM ko dharma kA mUla mAnA hai (yAjJavalkyasmRti meM) aura ve hI aisA kaha sakate haiM ki sarvathA truTipUrNa hai| isa vAkya meM jo kucha hai usakA yahI artha hai ki vIramitrodaya ne 17 vIM zatI (yAjJavalkya ke lagabhaga 1500 varSoM ke uparAnta) meM aisA vicAra kiyA ki yAjJa0 ne apanI smRti (yAjJa0 113) ke 'purANa' zabda meM 'upapurANoM' ko bhI rkhaa| yaha mitra mizra kA mata hai| yaha koI Avazyaka nahIM hai ki hama ise mAna; hameM isase koI anumAna nikAlane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| dharma-sAdhana ke rUpa meM purANa ko hI yAjJa0 ne mAnA hai, kintu unake samaya meM kitane purANa praNIta ho cuke the, isa viSaya meM ve pUrNatayA mauna haiN| unake samaya meM tIna se adhika purANa the, aisA siddha karane ke lie hamAre pAsa koI pramANa nahIM hai| aisA socanA asambhava hai ki unhoMne 'purANa' zabda ke antargata upapurANoM ko bhI rakhA hai, aura vaha bhI kevala isa bAta para ki kucha upapurANoM kI racanA san 1000 I0 ke pUrva ho cukI thii| 19. anyAnyupapurANAni munibhiH kathitAni tu / aSTAdaza purANAni zrutvA saMkSepato dvijAH // kUrma0 (111116) / yaha aura Age vAle zloka, jinameM 18 upapurANoM kA ullekha hai, hemAdri (vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 21), raghunandana (malamAsatattva, pR0 792-793), mitra mizra (paribhASAprakAza, pR0 13-14, jo vIramitrokya kA eka aMza hai) tathA anya madhyakAlIna lekhakoM dvArA uddhRta haiN| ye lekhaka 15 vIM zatI ke uparAnta ke haiM, kevala hemAdri 13 vIM zatI ke usarArSa kA hai| aisA kahanA ki ye zloka hemAdri meM kSepaka rUpa meM A gaye haiM, ThIka bhI ho sakatA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki raghunandana ne pahale spaSTa rUpa se nArasiMha , nandI, Aditya evaM kAlikA nAmaka cAra upapurANoM ke nAma liye haiM aura taba kUrma 0 se 18 upapurANoM ke nAma uddhRta kiye haiN|

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386 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa purANoM ke sAtha upapurANa bhI haiN| mitra mizrA jaise lekhaka hI aisI ukti kaha sakate haiM, kintu unake mata ko svIkAra karane ke lie hama bAdhya nahIM ho skte| yaha bhI sandehAtmaka hai ki yAjJavalkya purANa zabda se Aja ke mahApurANoM kI ora saMketa karate haiM yA ve yaha jAnate the ki unake kAla meM inakI saMkhyA aThAraha thii| yadi kucha upapurANa apane ko mahApurANoM kI bhAMti hI prAmANika mAneM to yaha vaisA hI hai jaisA ki mahApurANa apane viSaya meM kahate haiM ki brahmA ne sarvaprathama purANoM ke viSaya meM socA aura taba unake adharoM se vedoM kI udbhUti huii| isa prakAra ke Atmagaurava kI bAta para Aja ke vidvAn kisI prakAra kA dhyAna nahIM dete| upapurANa muniyoM evaM RSiyoM ke dvArA hI utpanna hue| kaI mahattvapUrNa bAtoM meM upapurANa mahApurANoM se spaSTa rUpa se bhinna haiN| prathama bAta yaha hai ki 18 purANa ardha-daivI vibhUti vyAsa dvArA praNIta samajhe gaye haiM; dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki matsya0 evaM kUrma ke anusAra ye (upapurANa) purANoM ke saMkSepa haiM; tIsarI bAta yaha hai ki upapurANoM ke zloka sabhI purANoM ke sammilita zlokoM kI saMkhyA cAra lAkha meM sammilita nahIM haiM; cauthI bAta yaha hai ki Arambhika TIkAkAra evaM nibandhakAra (yathA mitAkSarA, kRtyakalpataru) yA to kisI upapurANa kA ullekha hI nahIM karate yA karate bhI haiM to kevala Adhe darjana bAra aura vaha bhI yadA-kadA; antima bAta yaha hai, jaisA ki svayaM pro0 hajrA kahate haiM ki vibhinna sampradAyoM ke anuyAyI, yathA-zAkta, saura, pAJcarAtra apane purANoM meM kSepaka bharate jAte the aura kucha ke viSaya meM to itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki unhoMne sarvathA naye evaM svatantra grantha likha DAle, jinake dvArA ve apane vicAroM kA prasAra karate the aura unheM purANoM kI saMjJA se vibhUSita karate the| dharmazAstra kI prArambhika TIkAe~ evaM nibandha ati prasiddha upapurANoM kI ora bahuta hI kama saMketa karate haiN| mitAkSarA ne, yadyapi isane brAhma kA nAma liyA hai (yAjJa0 113 evaM 45), nimnokta purANoM se uddharaNa liyA hai, matsya (bahuta adhika), viSNu (yAjJa0 316), skanda (yAjJa0 3 / 290), bhaviSya (yAjJa0 3 / 6), mArkaNDeya (yAjJa0 1 / 236, 254, 3 / 19, 287, 289) evaM brahmANDa (yAjJa0 3 / 30) / kintu yAjJavalkyasmRti kI isa prasiddha TIkA meM kahIM kisI upapurANa kA ullekha nahIM hai| lakSmIdhara ke kalpataru (1110-1130 I0 ke lagabhaga praNIta) ne mahApurANoM ke bahuta-se uddharaNa diye haiM, kintu kevala chaha upapurANoM ke nAma liye haiM, yathA--Adi (zuddhi para kevala do bAra), nandI (dAna evaM niyatakAlika para bahuta-se uddharaNa), Aditya, kAlikA, devI, narasiMha (ina sabhI cAroM ke uddharaNa vibhinna viSayoM ke sambandha meN)| aparArka (12 vIM zatI ke pUrvArdha meM) ne brahma, brahmANDa, bhaviSyat, mArkaNDeya, vAyu, viSNu evaM matsya ke uddharaNa diye haiM, kintu nAma se kevala Adi, Aditya, kAlikA, devI, nandI, nRsiMha, viSNudharmottara (sAta bAra), viSNurahasya (eka bAra) evaM zivadharmottara (eka bAra) ko pukArA hai| dAnasAgara (1169 I0 meM likhita) meM AyA hai 'uktAnyupapurANAni vyaktadAnavidhIni c|' arthAt 'upapurANoM kA prakAzana huA hai jo dAnavidhi batAte haiM, aura isameM ye nAma Aye haiM---Adya (Adi yA brahma?), Aditya, kAlikA, nandI, narasiMha, mArkaNDeya, viSNudharmottara evaM sAmba / isameM TippaNI AyI hai ki viSNurahasya evaM zivarahasya kevala saMgraha rUpa meM haiN| upapurANoM ke viSaya meM 1170 I0 ke uparAnta ke lekhakoM kI carcA anAvazyaka hai| lagabhaga eka darjana mukhya purANoM meM 18 purANoM kI ora jo saMketa milate haiM tathA unameM kucha ke viSayoM kA jo ullekhana hai, usase svabhAvataH aisA anumAna nikala AtA hai ki ye vacana (uktiyA~) taba jor3e gaye jaba sabhI aThAraha purANa apane pUrNa rUpa ko prApta ho cuke the| aisA vizvAsa karanA sambhava nahIM hai ki sabhI mukhya purANa eka hI vyakti dvArA eka hI kAla meM praNIta hue, yA eka hI kAla meM bahuta-se lekhakoM dvArA likhe gye| isake atirikta purANoM ke bahuta-se saMskaraNa yA to eka hI pANDulipi para yA aniyamita DhaMga se ekatra kI gayI kucha pANDulipiyoM para AdhArita haiM, jaisA ki mahAbhArata ke usa saMskaraNa ke viSaya meM kahA jA sakatA hai jo bI0 o0 Ara0

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purANa-upapurANoM kA antara, prakSepa, 5 yA 10 lakSaNa 387 AI0 (bhaNDArakara orieNTala ricarsa iMsTITyUTa, pUnA) dvArA prakAzita huA hai| ata: bahuta-se niSkarSa, jo purANoM ke pracalita prakAzita saMskaraNoM para yA pANDulipiyoM para AdhArita haiM, kevala anumAnita hI mAnane cAhie, kyoMki ve Age calakara bhrAmaka evaM truTipUrNa siddha ho sakate haiN| viNTaranitja mahodaya ne apanI pustaka 'hisTrI Ava iNDiyana liTarecara' (aMgrejI anuvAda, kalakattA, jilda 1, pR0 469) meM jo kahA hai, yathA-'mahAbhArata meM pratyeka vibhAga, itanA hI nahIM, pratyuta pratyeka zloka kI tithi kA nirNaya pRthak rUpa se honA caahie|' yahI bAta hama purANoM ke viSaya meM aura adhika bala dekara kaha sakate haiM, vizeSata: aitihAsika evaM tulanAtmaka prayojanoM ke viSaya meM, jaba hama kisI vibhAga yA paMkti kA prayoga karanA cAhate haiN| yaha ThIka hai ki purANoM evaM kucha prApta upapurANoM meM bahuta-sI prAcIna gAthAe~ evaM paramparAe~ pAyI jAtI haiM kintu ye AkhyAna Adi isa prakAra bahuta-se hAthoM meM par3akara dUSita ho gaye haiM yA itane bar3ha gaye haiM, kyoMki sampradAyavizeSa ne apanI mAnyatAoM ko ubhArane ke lie athavA apane sampradAya kI pUjA-paddhati ko zreSThatA pradAna karane ke lie AkhyAnoM evaM paramparAoM meM itanI vRddhi kara DAlI hai ki unase tathya nikAlane ke pUrva tathA prAcIna evaM madhyakAla ke vizvAsoM evaM bhAratIya samAja ke sAmAnya svarUpa ko jAnane ke lie hameM bahuta satarka rahanA pdd'egaa| hamAre pAsa abhI taka koI bhI puSTa pramANa nahIM prApta ho sakA hai jisake AdhAra para hama viSNudharmottara ko chor3akara kisI anya upapurANa ko 8 vIM yA 9 vIM zatI ke pUrva praNIta jAna skeN| purANoM ke viSaya meM bhI bahuta-se kSepakoM kA anAcAra evaM aticAra kama nahIM hai| 18 purANoM, unakI saMkhyA evaM viSayoM ke bAre meM bahuta-se bhayaMkara kSepaka haiN| kintu purANoM meM ati prAcIna bAteM haiM aura ve upapurANoM kI apekSA adhika vizvasanIya haiM, kyoMki unake uddharaNa 8vIM evaM 9vIM zatAbdI ke lekhakoM yA unase bhI purAne lekhakoM kI kRtiyoM meM mila jAte haiN| ___ amarakoza ne 'itihAsa' ko 'purAvRtta' (arthAt atIta meM jo ghaTita huA vaha) evaM 'purANa' ko 'paJcalakSaNa (arthAt jisameM pAMca lakSaNa yA vizeSatAeM hoM) mAnA hai| niHsaMdeha yaha ThIka hI hai ki kucha purANa 'purANa' ko 'paJcalakSaNa' kahate haiM aura una pAMca lakSaNoM ko yoM kahate haiM-sarga (sRSTi), pratisarga (pralaya ke uparAnta punaH sRSTi), vaMza (devoM, sUrya, candra evaM kulapatiyoM ke vaMza), manvantara (kAla kI vistRta sImAvadhiyA~), vaMzAnucarita yA vaMzyAnucarita (sUrya, candra evaM anya vaMzoM ke uttarAdhikAriyoM ke kArya evaM itihaas)| bhAgavata ke anusAra purANoM meM dasa viSayoM kA ullekha hai| usameM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki kucha logoM ke mata se kevala pAMca viSayoM kI carcA hai| bhAgavata ke dasa viSaya haiM-sarga, visarga (nAza ke uparAnta vilayana yA sRSTi), vRtti (zAstra dvArA vyavasthita yA svAbhAvika jIvana-vRttiyA~ arthAt jIne ke sAdhana), rakSA (jo loga vedoM se ghRNA karate haiM unakA avatArI devatA nAza karate haiM), antara (manvantara), vaMza, vaMzyAnucarita, saMsthA (laya ke cAra prakAra), hetu (sRSTi kA kAraNa, yathA AtmA, jo avidyA ke vaza meM hokara karma ekatra karatA hai) evaM apAzraya (AtmAoM kA Azraya, arthAt brhm)| matsyapurANa ne purANoM kI anya vizeSatAoM kI carcA kI hai, yathA-sabhI purANoM meM manuSyoM ke cAra puruSArthoM kA 20. purANalakSaNaM brAhman brahmarSibhirnirUpitam / zRNuSva buddhimAzritya ghedshaastraanusaartH|| sargosyAtha visargazca vRtirakSAntarANi ca // vaMzo vaMzyAnucaritaM saMsthA heturpaashryH| vazabhilakSaNeryuktaM purANaM tadvido viduH| kecitpaMcaviSaM brahman mahavalpavyavasthayA // bhAgavata 121748-10, 11-19 taka ke zlokoM meM basa lakSaNoM kA artha hai: hetu vo'sya sargAvaravidyAkarmakArakaH / ye cAnuzayinaM prAhuravyAkRtamutApare // vyatirekAnvayo yasya jAgratsvapnasuSuptiSu / mAyAmayeSu tad brahma jiivvRttissvpaashryH|| bhAgavata (12 / 7 / 18-19) /

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388 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ullekha hai; dharma ke viruddha AcaraNa karane ke pratiphala bhI varNita haiN| purANoM kA sArivakA, rAjasa evaM tAmasa bhAgoM meM vibhAjana hai; sAttvika evaM rAjasa purANa krama se hari evaM brahmA kI mahattA kI prazaMsA karate haiM, tAmasa purANa agni evaM ziva kI mahattA mAte haiM, mizrita purANa sarasvatI evaM pitaroM kI mahattA gAte haiN| manu ne kezava se jo prazna kiye haiM (matsya0 2 / 22-24) ve una viSayoM ke paricAyaka haiM jo purANa meM kahe jAyeMge, yathA--sRSTi evaM pralaya, vaMza, manvantara, vaMzyAcarita, vizva kA vistAra tathA dAna, zrAddha, varNoM, AzramoM, iSTa evaM pUrta, deva-mUrtipratiSThApana Adi se sambandhita niym| yaha spaSTa nahIM ho pAtA ki amarakoza meM purANoM kI vizeSatAoM ke viSaya meM pA~ca lakSaNoM kA ullekha kyoM ho gayA hai| amarakoza ko hama 5 vIM zatI ke uparAnta kA grantha nahIM kaha skte| yaha sambhava hai ki usa kAla ke pUrva purANoM kI saMkhyA adhika nahIM thI, ve taba taka ati vRddhi ko nahIM prApta ho sake the aura cUMki itihAsa evaM pUrANa eka sAtha hI pA~caveM veda ke rUpa meM upaniSadoM dvArA pUkAre jAte the, ata: una donoM ke kucha viSaya samAna the| itihAsa meM sambhavataH sRSTi, pralaya, manvantaroM Adi kA nirUpaNa nahIM hotA thA, usameM kevala rAjAoM ke vaMzoM kA varNana tathA atIta ke vIroM ke sAhasika kamoM evaM gAthAoM kA ullekha hotA thaa| kabhI-kabhI itihAsa (mahAbhArata) purANa kI saMjJA pA letA hai aura kucha vartamAna purANa apane ko itihAsa kaha uThate haiN| udAharaNArtha, vAyupurANa (103 / 48, 51) eka hI saMdarbha meM apane ko itihAsa evaM purANa donoM kahatA hai| brahmapurANa apane ko purANa evaM AkhyAna donoM kahatA hai (245 / 27 evaM 30) / mahAbhArata jo apane ko sAmAnyataH itihAsa kahatA hai (yathA Adi 1119, 26, 54) yA itihAsoM meM sarvazreSTha kahatA hai, taba bhI apane ko 'AkhyAna' (Adi0 2 / 388-89), 'kAvya' (Adi0 2 / 390), 'kArNaveda' (Adi0 11264) evaM 'purANa' (Adi0 1 / 17) kahatA hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki prArambhika rUpa meM donoM ke bIca meM kevala eka jhInI cAdara jaisA antara thaa| purANa ko 'paJcalakSaNa' rUpa meM paribhASita karate hue amarakoza evaM kucha purANoM ne una viSayoM kI ora saMketa kara diyA hai jo purANoM ko itihAsa evaM saMskRta sAhitya kI anya zAkhAoM se bhinna karate haiN| yaha hamane bahuta pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki Apastamba ke pUrva ke purANa evaM bhaviSyatpurANa meM na kevala sarga evaM pratisarga kA hI ullekha thA, pratyuta smRti-sambandhI viSaya bhI sammilita the| purANoM evaM amarakoza meM dI huI paribhASA se yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA nahIM cAhie ki prAcIna purANoM meM kevala pA~ca hI viSaya nirdhArita the, jaisA ki kirphela sAhaba vizvAsa karate haiM (dekhie kirphala kA AinlItuMga (pR0 21. maiksamUlara ('iNDiyA, hvATa kaina iTa TIca asa', pR0 328, 1882) ne likhA hai ki amarakoza kA cInI anuvAda 561-566 I0 meM huaa| kSIrasvAmI kI TIkA yukta amarakoza ke sampAdana meM zrI oka mahodaya ne ise cauthI zatI kA mAnA hai| hoinrla (je0 Ara0 e0 esa0, 1906, pR.0 940-941) ne eka halake evaM khIMcAtAnI vAle pramANa ke AdhAra para amarakoza ko 625 I0 evaM 950 I0 ke madhya meM kahA hai| 22. imaM yo brAhmaNo vidvAnitihAsaM purAtanam / zRNuyAcchrAvayedvApi tathAdhyApayate'pi ca ||...dhnyN yazasyamAyuSyaM puNyaM vedaizca saMmatam / kRSNadvaipAyanenoktaM purANaM brhmvaadinaa|| vAyu(103148-, 51), aura dekhie vAyu 103 / 56. (itihAsa) evaM 58 (purANa), brahmANDa 4 / 4 / 47, 50 (jo vAyu 103 / 48 evaM 51 hI hai)| 23. jayo nAmetihAsIyaM zrotavyo vijigiissunnaa| udyoga 0136 / 18; jayo nAmetihAsoyaM zrotavyo mokSamicchatA / svargArohaNika0 (5 / 5.1); itihAsottamAdasmAjjAyante kvibuddhyH| Adi0 (22385) / anAzrityedamAkhyAnaM kathA bhuvi na vidyte| Adi0 2 / 37 evaM 388; idaM kavivaraH sarvairAkhyAnamupajIvyate // Adi0 2 / 389 / - . For Private & Personal use only.

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purANoM ke paMca lakSaNa. yA varNanIya viSaya 389 22, purANa paJcalakSaNa); jarnala Ava veMkaTezvara o0 AI0, jilda 7 evaM pR0 94, (jahA~ kirphela kA mata diyA huA hai)| kevala itanA hI kahA jA sakatA hai ki pA~ca viSaya aise the jo purANoM ko sAhitya kI anya zAkhAoM se pRthaka siddha karate the aura vizeSataH itihAsa se, jo isakA sajAtIya thaa| yA yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki ye pAMca lakSaNa purANoM ke lie Adarza rUpa meM nirdhArita kiye gaye the aura purANa-varga ke prArambhika pratinidhi granthoM meM ye pA~ca lakSaNa (Apa0 dha0 sU0 ke pUrva) nahIM pAye jAte the| vidyamAna purANoM meM pAMca se adhika viSaya pAye jAte haiN| kucha purANa ina pA~ca viSayoM ko sparza mAtra karate haiM aura anya vibhinna viSayoM para vizada varNana upasthita karate haiN| kevala kucha purANa hI pA~ca lakSaNoM para prabhUta prakAza DAlate haiN| Aja ke mahApurANoM ke vistAra ke tIna pratizata se kama hI aMza meM 'paMcalakSaNa' kA vivaraNa samApta ho jAtA hai| jitane purANa haiM unameM kevala viSNupurANa hI paMcalakSaNa' paribhASA ke anusAra samyak ThaharatA hai, kintu isameM kucha anya viSaya bhI ullikhita haiN| yadi gaNanA kI jAya to patA calegA ki vidyamAna pramukha 18 purANoM meM lagabhaga 1,00,000 zloka aise haiM, jo vrata, zrAddha, tIrtha evaM dAna ke cAra viSayoM para prabhUta prakAza DAlate haiN| bahuta-se purANoM meM samAna adhyAyoM evaM viSayoM kA samAveza pAyA jAtA hai (yathA matsya evaM padma, vAyu evaM brahmANDa meM lambe-lambe aMza eka-dUsare se liye gaye haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki Aja ke pramukha purANa Adi kAla ke purANoM ke, jo sambhavataH una dinoM saMkhyA meM 18 nahIM the aura yAjJavalkya-smRti se pahale praNIta hue the, ekapakSIya evaM vRddhiprApta pratinidhi mAtra hoN| Aja hameM jo kucha jJAta hai, usake AdhAra para yaha kahanA sambhava nahIM hai ki Adi kAla meM yAjJavalkya 0 ke pUrva purANa kyA the aura unameM kina-kina viSayoM kA samAveza hotA thaa| 18 kI saMkhyA sambhavataH isalie prasiddha huI ki mahAbhArata ke sambandha meM kaI bAtoM meM vaha mahattvapUrNa thI-mahAbhArata 18 dinoM taka calatA rahA, usameM 18 akSauhiNI senAe~ lar3I thIM, mahAbhArata meM 18 parva haiM aura gItA meM bhI 18 adhyAya haiN|25 purANoM ko kaI zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai, yathA--(1) jJAna-kozIya, yathA agni, garur3a evaM nAradIya; (2) vizeSataH tIrtha se sambandhita, yathA padma, skanda evaM bhaviSya ; (3) sAmpradAyika, yathA liMga, vAmana, mArkaNDeya; (4) aitihAsika, yathA vAyu evaM brhmaanndd| sambhavata: vAyu, brahmANDa, matsya evaM viSNu vidyamAna purANoM meM sabase prAcIna haiM, yadyapi unameM bhI samaya-samaya para prabhUta vRddhiyA~ hotI rahI haiN| ____ sAta purANoM meM aitihAsika sAmagriyA~ pAyI jAtI haiM, yathA mahAbhArata taka ke prAcIna vaMza tathA mahAbhArata se Age AndhroM evaM guptoM ke abhyudaya taka ke vaMza; ye sAta purANa haiM-vAyu (99 / 250-435), viSNu (4 / 20 / 12 se 24. udAharaNArtha, matsya adhyAya 55 evaM 57-60 sarvathA padma ke 5 / 24 / 64-278 haiM, matsya 62-64= padma 5 / 22 / 61-164, matsya 69-70= padma 5 / 23 / 2-146, matsya 71 / 72 padma 5 / 24 / 1-64, matsya 74-80= padma 5 / 211215-321, matsya 83492=pamaH 5 / 21181-2.13 aadi| kirphela ne 'purANa paJcalakSaNa' (tathA jilda 7,1084-86, jevI mo0 AI0.) meM brahmANDa ekaM vAmu ke eka adhyAya meM samAnatA pradarzita kI hai aura TippaNI kI hai ki brahmANDa kucha bAtoM meM (1 // 27, jisameM 12.9 zloka haiM tathA 2021-58 jisameM 2141 zloka haiM) vAyu se nahIM milatA, vAyu ke 2704 zloka brahmANDa se kisI prakAra kI samAnatA nahIM prakaTa karate (dekhie purANa paMcalakSaNa, pR0 13 evaM je0 vI0 o0 AI0, jilda 7, 1946, 1087) / kirphela ne brahmANDa evaM vAyu ke samAna adhyAyoM kI eka tAlikA prastuta kI hai (pR0 15-16 evaM jilda 7, pR0 88-90, je0 vI0 o0 aaii0)| 25. dekhie oTTo sTIna kA. 18 saMkhyA sambandhI lekha. (pUnA orieNTalisTa, jilda 1, pR01-37)|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 4124144 taka), brahmANDa (3 / 74 / 104-248), bhAgavata (1192 / 9-16, 9 / 22 / 34-49 evaM 12 / 17), garur3a (140 evaM 141 / 1-12), bhaviSya (3 / 3 evaM 4, yaha vRttAnta vyAvahArika rUpa meM sarvathA vyartha evaM nirarthaka hai)| matsya meM Andhra rAjAoM kI pUrI sacI pAyI jAtI hai aura usameM (273 / 16-17) AyA hai ki 29 Andhra rAjA 460 varSoM taka rAjya kareMge, kintu vAyu (99 / 257-358) ke anusAra 30 Andhra rAjA 456 (406 ? ) varSoM taka rAjya kreNge| vAyu (99 / 355) evaM matsya (373 / 16) donoM pulomA (pulovA, vAyu meM) ko AndhroM kA antima rAjA kahate haiN| TaoNlmI ne, jisane apanI pustaka 'bhArata kA bhUgola' san 150 I0 meM prakAzita kI, likhA hai ki usake samaya meM TolemAioja baiThAna (paiThana) kA rAjA thA (dekhie je0 AI0 eca, jilda 22, 1943, pR0 84, epAsTilsa Ava klyaann)| ataH spaSTa hai ki ye aitihAsika vRttAnta 150 I0 ke uparAnta granthoM meM saMgRhIta hue hoNge| kevala cAra purANoM, yathA vAyu, brahmANDa, bhAgavata evaM viSNu ne sAmAnya rUpa se kahA hai ki gupta kula ke rAjA gaMgA kI talahaTI meM prayAga, sAketa (ayodhyA) evaM magadha meM rAjya kareMge, kintu gupta rAjAoM ke nAma vizeSa rUpa se nahIM Aye haiN| gupta-sambandhI paMktiyA~ bahuta aMza taka azuddha haiN| pAjiTara (DAinesTIz2a Ava di kali eja, pR0 12) Adi ne tarka diyA hai ki samudragupta eka mahAn vijetA thA, jaisA ki prayAga ke stambha kI prazasti se abhivyakta hai (phlITa, gupta iMskripzaMsa, saM0 1) / adhikAMza lekhakoM kA mata hai ki gupta-vaMza kA rAjya I0 320 meM Arambha huaa| aisA tarka upasthita kiyA jAtA hai ki yadi purANoM ke zodhakartA yA zodhakartAoM ko samudragupta kI mahattvapUrNa vijayoM kA patA rahA hotA to ve usakA nAma to avazya hI lete, ataH purANoM kA zodha kArya 320-335 I0 meM huaa| purANoM se sambandhita bahuta bar3A sAhitya nirmita ho gayA hai| jo loga isa viSaya meM abhiruci rakhate hoM athavA jinheM vizeSa jAnakArI prApta karanI ho ve nimokta kucha mahattvapUrNa granthoM yA lekhoM Adi kA avalokana kara sakate haiM-vilsana kI bhUmikA (viSNupurANa kA aMgrejI anuvAda, jilda 1, 1864); epha0 I0 pArjiTara ke grantha, yathA-'purANa TeksTsa Ava di DAinesTIz2a Ava di kali eja' (1913), 'aizyeNTa iNDiyana jIniyAlAjIja' (Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara bheTa grantha, pR0 107-113), 'iNDiyana hisTrArikala TreDizana' (AksaphorDa, 1922); DablU0 kirphala ke grantha, yathA-'DAsa purANa paJcalakSaNa' (baoNna, 1927), 'DAi kaoNsmographI ura iNDera' (1920), 'bhAratavarSa' (sTuTagArTa, 1931); vIz2a kI kRti, yathA--'purANa sTaDIz2a' (patrI kamemorezana jilda, pR0 482-487); haraprasAda zAstrI dvArA eziyATika sosAiTI Ava baMgAla ke tattvAvadhAna meM upasthApita pANDulipiyoM kI vivaraNAtmaka pustaka-sUcI (jilda 5, bhUmikA) tathA unakA lekha (mahApurANa, je0 bI0 o0 Ara0 esa0, jilda 15, pR0 323-340); pro0 bI0 sI0 majumadAra kA lekha (AzutoSa mukharjI rajata jayantI grantha, 3, oriNTeliyA, bhAga 2, pR0 9-30); DA0 e0 banarjI-zAstrI kA lekha (aiMzyeNTa iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala TreDizana, je0 bI0 o0 Ara0 esa0, jilda 13, pR0 62-79, jisameM maikaDonela, pArjiTara Adi ke aprAmANika vaktavyoM ko zuddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai); 'kaimbrija hisTrI Ava iNDiyA' (jilda 1, pR0 296-318); vintaranitz2a kI 'hisTrI Ava iNDiyana liTarecara' (iMgaliza anuvAda, jilda 1,pR0 296-318); pro0 eca0 sI0 hajrA kI 'sTaDIz2a ina dini purAnika rekarDsa Ava hindU rAiTsa eNDa kasTamsa' (DhAkA, 1940), 'purANaz2a ina di hisTrI Ava smRti' nAmaka lekha (iNDiyana kalcara, jilda 1, pR0 587-614); 'mahApurANaja' (DhAkA yUnivarsiTI sTaDIz2a, jilda 2, pR0 62-69); 'smRti caipTarsa ina purANaja' (AI0 eca0 kyU0, jilda 11, pR0 108-130); 'prI-purAnika hindU sosAiTI rAiTsa eNDa kasTamsa iMphlueMsDa bAI di ikanAmika eNDa sozala vyUz2a Ava di saikreDoTala klAsa' (DhAkA yUnivarsiTI sTaDIz2a, jilda 12, pR0 91101); 'iMphlueMsa Ava tantra oNna smRtinibandhaz2a' (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 15, pR0 220-235 evaM jilda 16, pR0 38-62); 'purANa liTarecara eja nona Tu ballAlasena' (je0 o0 Ara0, madrAsa, jilda 12, pR0 129

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paurANika anuzIlana kA sAhitya; pAjiTara evaM kirphala kI AlocanA 391 146); 'sama mAinara purANaja' (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 19, pR069-79); 'di azvamedha, di kaoNmana sorsa oNva orijina Ava di purANa paMcalakSaNa eNDa di mahAbhArata' (e0bI0o0Ara0 AI0, jilda 36, pR0 190-203, 1955); 'sama laoNsTa upapurANaja' (je0 e0 esa0, kalakattA, jilda 20, pR0 15-38); dAsa gupta kI 'iNDiyana philaoNsaphI' jilda 3,pR0 496-511 (oNna philaoNsaoNphikala spekUlezaMsa Ava sama purANaz2a); DA0 DI0 Ara0 pATila kA lekha 'gupta iMskripzaMsa eNDa purAnika TreDizaMsa' (DI0 sI0 Ara0 AI0,jilda 2,pR02-58, guptAbhilekhoM evaM purANoM kI paMktiyoM kI tulanA); pro0 vI0 Ara0 rAmacandra dIkSitAra ke grantha, yathA-'di purANa, e sTaDI' (AI0 eca0 kyU0, jilda 8,pR0747-67) evaM 'purANa iMDeksa' (tIna jildoM meM); DA0 e0 DI0 pusalkara kA lekha (progresa Ava iNDika sTaDIz2a meM, 1917-1942, bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0 kI rajata-jayantI, pR0 139-152) evaM 'sTaDIz2a ina epikasa eNDa purANaz2a Ava iNDiyA' (bI0 vI0 bambaI, 1953); pro0 DI0 Ara0 manakaDa ke lekha, yugoM para (pI0 o0, jilda 6, bhAga 3-4, pR06-10), manvataroM para (i0 hi0 kvA0, jilda 18, pR0 208-230) evaM bI0 vI0 (jilda 6, pR0 6-10) meM ; DA0 ghurye kA sabhApati-bhASaNa (e0 AI0 o0 sI0, 1937, pR0 911-954); DA0 e0 es altekara kA lekha (je0 bI0 e0 yU0, jilda 4, pR0 183-223); DA0 yadunAtha siMha, 'e hisTrI Ava iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI' (jilda 1,pR0 125-177, purANoM ke darzana para); zrI Ara0 mArTina smitha ke do lekha (je0 e0 o0 es0, jilda 77, saM0 2, eprila-jUna, 1957 evaM saM04, disambara 1957) / pAjiTara evaM kirphela ke mahattvapUrNa niSkarSoM ke viSaya meM kucha TippaNiyA~ denA Avazyaka hai| pAjiTara ne Adi kAla se mahAbhArata taka ke itihAsa kA DhA~cA khar3A kiyA hai| unhoMne mahAbhArata kI tithi I0 pU0 950 mAnI hai (e0 AI0 eca0 TI0, adhyAya 15, pR0 182) / unakA mata hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM do paramparAe~ thIM, kSatriya evaM braahmnn| unhoMne kaI bAra brAhmaNoM ke aitihAsika jJAna ke abhAva kI ora saMketa kiyA hai aura aisA ghoSita kiyA hai ki purANa kSatriya paramparA ke paricAyaka haiN| unake mata se tIna jAtIya mUla (jar3eM) the, mAnava (yA mAnva, jaisA ki unhoMne kahA hai), aila evaM saudhumna, jo krama se dravir3a, Arya evaM muNDa kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| unake mata se, purANa prAkRta meM likhe gaye granthoM ke saMskRta rUpa haiM aura ve grantha the kaliyuga ke vaMzoM se smbndhit| bAda ke lekhakoM ne mahAbhArata vAlI unakI tithi nahIM mAnI hai, kyoMki tatsambandhI unake tarka nyAyapUrNa, vastugata evaM pakSapAtarahita nahIM haiM aura ve bahudhA Atmagata dhAraNAoM se parezAna ho ausata para adhika utara Ate haiN| inake mata se mahAbhArata kA yuddha nandoM se 1050 varSa pUrva huA thA; arthAt mahAbhArata kI tithi hai I0 pU0 1475 / pANDulipiyoM evaM mudrita purANoM se hameM parIkSit ke janma evaM nanda ke siMhAsanArohaNa ke bIca ke kAla meM cAra avadhiyA~ prApta hotI haiM, yathA-1015 varSa (viSNupurANa), 1050 varSa (vAyu, brahmANDa evaM matsya kI pANDulipi), 1115 varSa (bhAgavata), 1500 varSa (viSNu evaM matsya kI kucha paannddulipiyaaN)| svayaM pArjiTara ne balapUrvaka tarka diyA hai ki paramparA 26. yAvatparIkSito janma yAvannandAbhiSecanam / etadvarSasahasraM tu jJeyaM paJcadazottaram // viSNu (4 / 24 / 32); bhAgavata (12 / 2 / 26) meM AyA hai 'Arabhya bhavato janma... sahasraM tu zataM pnycdshottrm|' mahApadmAbhiSekAtta yAvajjanma parIkSitaH / etavarSasahasraM tu jJeyaM paJcAzaduttaram // matsya 273 / 35 (yahAM AyA hai, evaM varSa0), vAyu 99 / 415 (yahAM AyA hai, mahAdevAbhiSekAtu), brahmANDa 374 / 227 (yahA~ AyA hai, mhaanndaabhissekaant)| zrIdhara ne bhAgavata ke 12 / 2 / 26 kI TokA meM kahA hai ki naveM skandha meM bhAgavata ne parIkSit ke samakAlIna magadharAja mArjAri se Age ke 20 rAjAoM ke zAsana-kAla ke lie 1000 varSa mAne haiN| isake uparAnta 5 pradyotana rAjAoM ne 138

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392 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa prAmANika hai aura paurANika vaMzAvaliyA~ sarvathA ThIka haiM (Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara prejeNTezana vAlyUma, pR0 107-113 evaM e0 AI0 eca0 TI0, adhyAya 10, pR0 119-125) / isake atirikta yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha eka sAmAnya anubhUti hai ki eka prasiddha ghaTanA evaM anya ghaTanA ke bIca ke varSoM kA jor3a bar3I saralatApUrvaka smaraNa rakhA jA sakatA hai aura maukhika rUpa se saikar3oM varSoM taka calA jA sakatA hai, kintu saikar3oM rAjakIya nAmoM kA isa prakAra calate jAnA sarala nahIM hai, kucha nAma saralatApUrvaka bIca meM hI khisaka jA sakate haiN| aura bhI, svayaM matsya, brahmANDa evaM vAyu kA kathana hai ki ve ikSvAku evaM bRhadratha ke madhyaga kevala prasiddha rAjAoM kA hI ullekha kreNge| paurava vaMza meM bahuta-se rAjA the, kintu sabakA ullekha nahIM huA hai| ata: yaha sambhAvanA hai ki pazcAtkAlIna vaMzoM ke bahuta-se rAjAoM ke nAma bhI chUTa gaye hoM (udAharaNArtha, matsya 213 / 16 ke anusAra Andhra 29 the, vAyu 99 / 357 ke anusAra 30) / kevala rAjAoM ke zAsana-varSoM ko gina lene se hI yaha nahIM patA cala sakatA hai ki amuka vaMza kA rAjya itane varSoM taka calatA rhaa| pArjiTara mahodaya ko apane mana meM do bAtoM (arthAt paramparA evaM paurANika vaMzAvaliyoM kI vizvasanIyatA tathA atyadhika prasiddha ghaTanAoM ke bIca ke kAla ko smaraNa rakhane kI sugamatA) ke sAtha mahAbhArata kI tithi kA bhI patA calAnA cAhie thaa| parIkSit evaM nanda ke bIca kI avadhi se sambandhita vaktavya ko pAjiTara mahodaya avizvasanIya mAnate haiM, kyoMki unake mata se 1015 evaM 1050 nAmaka saMkhyAe~ asaMgata haiN| purANoM kI adhikAMza uktiyoM meM koI-ma-koI asaMgati avazya dekhane meM AtI hai| ata: unheM yaha dekhane kA prayAsa karanA cAhie thA ki 1015, 1050 evaM 1500 meM kauna-sI saMkhyA prAcInatama evaM uttama pANDulipiyoM se pramANita hotI hai, vizeSataH jaba ina tIna saMkhyAoM ke saMskRta paryAyavAcI zabda, yathA paMcadaza, paJcAzat evaM paJcazata, lekhakoM dvArA (jo pANDulipiyA~ taiyAra karate haiM) gar3abar3I meM par3a sakate hoM aura sAdRzya ke kAraNa kucha ke kucha likha liye gaye hoN| yadi hama kama avadhi vAlI saMkhyA hI leM, arthAt 10 15 varSa, to mahAbhArata ko hama 1440 I0 pU0 meM rakheMge (nanda ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke varSa I0 pU0 425 meM 1015 varSa jor3ane se)| bahuta-se pAzcAtya lekhakoM evaM pro0 esa0 ena0 pradhAna (kraoNnaoNlaoNjI Ava aiMzyaNTa iNDiyA, kalakattA, 1927, pR0 249) ne paurANika vaktavyoM meM doSa dekhA hai, ve unheM avyAvahArika mAnakara chor3a dete haiN| pro0 pradhAna ne tIna kuloM ke rAjAoM ko vAstavika mAna liyA hai, aura vizvAsa kiyA hai ki pratyeka ke lie 28 varSa madhyama avadhi hai, aura 28 se guNA karake mahAbhArata kI tithi I0 pU0 1150 nizcita kI hai| yahA~ para unake tarkoM para vicAra karanA sambhava nahIM hai| ve yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki svayaM purANoM ne spaSTa rUpa se kahA hai ki unhoMne kevala mukhya yA mahattvapUrNa rAjAoM kA hI ullekha kiyA hai| aura bhI, pAjiTara jaise anya lekhaka bhI haiM jo anya dezoM kI bhA~ti bhArata jaise deza meM bhI eka rAjA ke zAsana-kAla ke lie 17 yA 18 varSoM kA ausata paryApta samajhate haiN| hama pro0 pradhAna ke tarka ko svIkAra karane meM asamartha haiN| pAzcAtya lekhakoM meM adhikAMza, bhAratIya viSayoM meM prAcIna tithiyA~ nirdhArita karane meM saMkoca karate haiM yA viraktatA pradarzita karate haiN| pAjiTara mahodaya koI apavAda nahIM haiN| pANDulipiyoM ke dvArA zaktizAlI samarthana ke rahate hue bhI uparyukta tIna kAlAvadhiyoM meM se kisI eka ko sIdhe taura se mAna lene kI apekSA ve kucha aise sAdhanoM kA sahArA lete haiM jo unake vicitra jAdUgarI ke prayAsoM ke paricAyaka haiM (e0 AI0 eca0 TI0, pR0 180-183) / unakI paddhati kI kucha vyAkhyA evaM parIkSA Avazyaka hai| varSoM taka rAjya kiyaa| taba zizunAgoM ne 360 varSoM taka rAjya kiyaa| isa prakAra parIkSita evaM nanda ke rAjyAbhiSeka kI avadhi 1498 varSoM kI huii| isI se ve ukta avadhi ko 1500 varSoM vAlI mAnate haiN|

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pAjiTara dvArA asat kAlanirdhAraNa 393 vyAsa ko bhArata-yuddha ke samaya meM, jo dvApara yuga ke anta kA dyotaka hai, jIvita kahA gayA hai aura yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne 18 purANoM kA bhI praNayana kiyA thaa| mahAbhArata ke pUrva ke rAjA-gaNa, pANDava vIra aura unake kucha uttarAdhikArI vaMzaja evaM unake kucha samakAlIna rAjA-gaNa matsya0, vAyu0, brahmANDa 0 Adi dvArA atIta kahe gaye haiN| adhisomakRSNa yA adhisImakRSNa", jo arjuna se Age kA chaThA uttarAdhikArI thA, usa samaya jIvita thA jaba satra meM muniyoM dvArA purANoM kA vAcana huA thaa| vAyu0 (99 / 282) evaM matsya0 (271 / 5) donoM meM aisA AyA hai ki ikSvAku vaMza meM bRhadbala se chaThA (yA pAMcavA, jaisA ki matsya meM AyA hai) uttarAdhikArI vaMzaja divAkara usa samaya jIvita thA jaba purANoM kA vAcana huA thaa| isake uparAnta ye purANa (vaayu99|30, matsya 271123 evaM brahmANDa 3174 / 113) aisA varNana karate haiM ki jarAsaMdha (magadha kA rAjA) ke vaMza meM, jo pANDavoM kA samakAlIna thA aura jisakA putra sahadeva mahAbhArata meM mArA gayA, eka senajit thA, jo adhisImakRSNa evaM divAkara kA samakAlIna thA, aura jo sahadeva se sAtaveM krama meM thaa| ye sabhI tIna rAjA purANoM meM vartamAna rAjA kahe gaye haiM aura ve rAjA, jo ina tInoM ke uparAnta rAjA hue, bhaviSya meM kahe gaye haiN| pAjiTara mahodaya sarvaprathama aikSvAka, paurava evaM mAgadha vaMzoM ke una rAjAoM kA yoga lagAte haiM, jo vAstava meM saMjJApita hue haiM (jinake nAma ginAye gaye haiM) aura una logoM ko chor3a dete haiM jinake nAma nahIM Aye haiM (kyoMki svayaM purANoM ne kahA hai ki ve kevala pramukha rAjAoM ko hI parigaNita kara rahe haiN)| isa prakAra yoga 1408 (varSa) hotA hai| unhoMne ina tIna vaMzoM ke rAjAoM (jinake nAma Aye haiM aura jo krama se 47, 50 evaM 31 kI saMkhyA meM Ate haiM) kA ausata zAsana-kAla nikAlA hai| ve vAstavika aitihAsika ausatoM kI jA~ca meM rAjAoM kI lambI sUciyoM (yathA 47, 50 evaM 31) ko asambhava ThaharAte haiM / bar3e Azcarya kI bAta yaha hai ki pAjiTara mahodaya Upara kahI gayI yaha mahattvapUrNa bAta bhUla jAte haiM ki aikSvAka, mAgadha evaM paurava vaMzoM meM sAmAnyataH kevala mahattvapUrNa rAjAoM ke hI nAma purANoM dvArA ullikhita haiM; ve dUsarI bAta yaha bhUla jAte haiM ki Aja ke purANa prAcIna purANoM ke Tukar3e evaM aMza mAtra haiM, kyoMki brahmANDa (3 / 74) meM sabhI paurava evaM aikSvAka rAjA sarvathA avarNita haiN| pAjiTara mahodaya mahApadma taka ke dasa rAjyoM ke rAjAoM ke zAsana kAloM kA ausata nikAlate haiM aura pratyeka ke rAjya ke lie isa prakAra 26 varSa kA mAdhyama upasthita karate haiN| isake uparAnta ve pUrvI evaM pazcimI dezoM ke caudaha rAjAoM kI parIkSA kara pratyeka ke zAsana-kAla ke lie 18 varSoM kA mAdhyama upasthita karate haiN| pAjiTara mahodaya kA kathana hai ki pUrvI dezoM ke rAjAoM kA zAsana-kAla pazcimI rAjAoM kI apekSA kama hotA hai, ataH 18 varSa kA mAdhyama ve bhAratavarSa ke lie paryApta samajha lete haiN| unakA kathana hai ki aisA mAnanA hamArI udAratA evaM sacAI kA dyotaka hai| isake uparAnta ve zAsanoM kI madhyamAvasthA 18 ko 26 (daza zatiyoM ke rAjAoM kI madhyama saMkhyA) se guNA karate haiM aura 468 varSoM kI saMkhyA nirdhArita karate haiN| isa saMkhyA ko ve mahApadma nanda kI tithi I0 pU0 382 (jisakA nirdhAraNa bhI unhoMne svayaM kiyA hai) se jor3a dete haiM aura isa prakAra I0 pU0 850 (-468+382) ko ve adhisImakRSNa, divAkara evaM senajit (jo vartamAna rAjA 27. adhisoma kRSNa kI vaMza-paraMparA yoM hai : arjuna-putra abhimanyu-putra parIkSit--putra janamejaya--putra zatAnIka, usake uparAnta azvamevadata, aura usake uparAnta aghisIma kRssnn| dekhie vAyu (99 / 249-258, jisakA antima zloka yaha hai--adhisImakRSNo dharmAtmA sAmpratoyaM mhaayshaaH| yasmin prazAsati mahIM yuSmAbhirivamAhRtam // ) matsya (5055-67) meM ve hI zabda haiM jo vAyu meM haiM, kintu vahA~ adhisImakRSNa ko zatAnIka kA putra kahA gayA hai|

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- dharmazAstra kA itihAsa the) ke zAsanakAla kI Arambhika tithi ThaharAte haiN| isa ke uparAnta ve vartamAna rAjAoM evaM yudhiSThira ke bIca ke rAjAoM kA pA~ca kA mAdhyama (ausata) mAnakara pA~ca rAjAoM ke lie lagabhaga 100 varSa mAna lete haiM aura isa prakAra I0 pU0 950 taka pahuMca jAte haiM, jo unake anusAra bhArata-yuddha kI tithi hai| ve purANoM (evaM mahAbhArata) ke jyoti:zAstrIya pramANa ko eka vAkya meM yaha kahakara ki 'jyotiHzAstrIya vaktavyoM meM vaijJAnika yathArthatA nahIM pAyI jAtI aura ve bAda meM hI kahe gaye hoMge', nirAdRta kara dete haiN| isa grantha ke lekhaka ne mahAbhArata, purANoM, varAhamihira, AryabhaTa evaM zilAlekhoM ke pramANoM ke AdhAra para mahAbhArata kI sambhAvita tithi para vicAra kiyA hai (khaNDa 3), ataH yahA~ para isake viSaya meM vistAra karanA anAvazyaka hai| kintu prastuta lekhaka ko pArjiTara kI vidhiyA~ bahuta hI bhrAmaka evaM truTipUrNa jaMcatI haiN| kirphala jaise pazcAtkAlIna lekhakoM ne pAjiTara dvArA pratipAdita do paramparAoM vAlA siddhAnta svIkRta nahIM kiyA hai aura na yahI mAnA hai ki pUrANa kharoSThI lipi meM likhita prAkRta bhASA ke maulika granthoM ke saMskRta rUpa haiM (dekhie 'purANa TekTsa Adi' kI bhUmikA, pR0 16) / eka anya mahattvapUrNa evaM svatantra sAdhana kA upayoga na to pAjiTara ne kiyA hai aura na kirphela ne| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki lagabhaga I0 pU0 300 meM megasthanIz2a ko aisI sUcI dI gayI thI jisameM baccusa se lekara alekjeNDara taka ke rAjAoM (153 yA 154) ke nAma the, jo kula milAkara 6451 varSoM evaM 3 mAsoM taka rAjya karate rahe (maikriNDila, aiMzyeNTa iNDiyA aija DeskrAibDa bAI megasthanIz2a eNDa airiyana, 1877, pR0 115 evaM kaimbrija hisTrI Ava iNDiyA, jilda 1, 1922, pR0 409) / yadi thor3I dera ke lie kalpanA kI jAya ki rAjAoM kA vivaraNa aprAmANika hai taba bhI yaha tathya raha jAtA hai ki lagabhaga I0 pU0 300 meM bhAratIyoM ke pAsa aise rAjAoM kI eka sUcI thI jo usa tithi se pUrva sahasroM varSoM taka rAjya karate rahe, na ki kucha sau varSoM taka (jaisA ki pAjiTara mahodaya hameM vizvAsa dilAte rahe haiM ! ) / - hamane bahuta pahale Upara dekha liyA hai ki Apastamba ne bhaviSyatpurANa kA ullekha kiyA hai aura eka purANa se cAra zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| usa purANa ko bhaviSyatpurANa nAma se sambhavataH isalie pukArA gayA kyoMki usameM bhaviSyavANI ke rUpa meM aise rAjAoM ke nAma evaM vRttAnta diye hue haiM jo mahAbhArata ke vIroM ke uparAnta unake vaMzajoM kI kucha pIr3hiyoM evaM unake samakAlIna rAjAoM ke pazcAt hue the; itanA hI nahIM, yaha bhI sambhava hai ki vaha purANa kisI muni dvArA yA vyAsa dvArA praNIta huA thaa| kyoMki kaliyuga kA Arambha mahAbhArata ke uparAnta mAnA jAtA hai; parAzara, parAzara ke putra vyAsa, vyAsa ke putra zuka adhika yA kama rUpa meM pANDavoM ke samakAlIna the aura ve sabhI dvApara yuga meM hone vAle kahe jAte haiM tathA sabhI aThArahoM purANa vyAsa dvArA dvApara yuga meM racita mAne gaye haiN| ata: adhisImakRSNa evaM usake samakAlInoM ke vaMzajoM ke kaliyugI rAjAoM kA itihAsa purANoM dvArA bhaviSyavANI ke rUpa meM upasthita kiyA gayA hai| pAjiTara evaM kirphela meM donoM ne yaha nahIM dekhA ki tathAkathita bhAvI rAjA do daloM meM vibhAjita haiM, yathA-aila, aikSvAka evaM mAgadha nAmaka vaMzoM ke krama se adhisImakRSNa', divAkara evaM senajit se lekara unake uttarAdhikAriyoM taka" (yathA-aikSvAka vaMza meM sumitra evaM aila vaMza meM kSemaka) kA eka 28. atrAnuvaMzazlokoyaM bhaviSya rudaahRtH| ikSvAkUNAmayaM vaMzaH sumitrAnto bhvissyti| sumitraM prApya rAjAnaM saMsthA prApsyati vai klau|| vAya 99 / 292, matsya 271 / 15-16, brahmANDa 3 / 74 / 106; atrAnuvaMzazloko'yaM gIto vipraH puraavidH| brahmakSatrasya yo yonivaMzo devarSisatkRtaH / kSemakaM prApya rAjAnaM saMsthA prApsyati vai klau|| vAyu 99 / 278, brahmANDa 374 / 265, matsya 51188 / tIsare vaMza kI antima pIr3hI ke logoM ke viSaya meM koI anuvaMzazloka nahIM hai|

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pAjiTara ke mata kI AlocanA 395 dala, tathA dUsarA vaha dala jisameM pradyota, zuMga, Andhra, zaka Adi vaMzoM ke pazcAtkAlIna rAjA sammilita haiN| prathama dala ke rAjA sambhavataH prAcIna bhaviSyatpurANa yA kisI anya purANa meM ullikhita haiM, jaisA ki Apastamba meM AyA hai, kintu dUsare dala ke rAjA-gaNa usa samaya nahIM hae the jaba bhaviSyasparANa praNIta haA (I0pU0500-400 ke parva), pratyata ve Age ke kAloM meM likhita purANoM meM hI cacita ho ske| matsya evaM vAya ke vacanoM se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai|29 matsya meM AyA hai. isake uparAnta maiM aiDa (ela), aikSvAka evaM paurava vaMzoM ke bhAvI rAjAoM kI ghoSaNA karUMgA aura inake sAtha maiM unakI bhI ghoSaNA karU~gA jinake sAtha ye tInoM gaNazIla athavA dharmAtmA vaMza nAza ko prApta hoMge tathA maiM una sabhI rAjAoM kA varNana karU~gA jo bhaviSya (purANa) meM kahe gaye haiN| ina logoM se bhinna rAjA ubhareMge, yathA--kSatra (? kSatriya varga ke), pArazava (pArazI jAti yA aise loga jo zUdra bApa evaM brAhmaNI mAM se utpanna hote haiM), zUdra (rAjA ke rUpa meM) evaM anya jo videzI haiM, andhra, zaka, pulinda, culika, yavana, kaivarta (machalI mArane vAle), AbhIra, zabara evaM anya, jo mleccha (jAti) se udbhUta haiM-ina sabhI ko maiM krama se nAma lekara ghoSita kruuNgaa| ina (donoM daloM) meM prathama hai adhisImakRSNa jo abhI jIvita hai, aura maiM isake vaMza ke una rAjAoM kA varNana karU~gA jo bhaviSya (purANa) meM varNita haiN|' yaha vaktavya ise pUrNarUpeNa spaSTa karatA hai ki prAcIna bhaviSyatpurANa meM aila, aikSvAka evaM paurava nAmaka tIna vaMzoM ke rAjA unake antima rAjA taka ullikhita the, kintu pazcAtkAlIna rAjA, yathA-Andhra evaM zaka, usameM nahIM carcita the| prastuta lekhaka pAjiTara kI isa bAta se sahamati rakhatA hai (pR0 8, bhUmikA, 'purANa TeksTsa' Adi) ki 'bhaviSye kathitAn' (matsya 5077) yA 'bhaviSye paThitAn' (vAyu 99 / 292) bhaviSya (purANa) meM varNita vaMzajoM kI ora saMketa karate haiM aura ve kevala bhaviSya meM vaNita' kA hI artha nahIM dete| kintu yaha bAta nahIM samajha meM AtI ki ve 'bhaviSyat' ko 'bhaviSya' kA bigar3A huA rUpa kyoM mAna baiThate haiN| 'bhaviSyat' vaisA hI zuddha zabda hai jaisA ki 'bhaviSya' kyoMki bahuta vaktavyoM meM aisA prayoga dekhA gayA hai, yathA varAha (177 / 34), matsya (53362) / 29. ata Urdhva pravakSyAmi bhaviSyA ye nupaastthaa| aiDekSvAkAnvaye caiva paurave cAnvaye tthaa||yessu saMsthAsyate tacca aiDekSvAkukulaM zubham / tAnsarvAn kIrtayiSyAmi bhaviSye kathitAnnupAn // tebhyopare pi ye tvanye hatpatsyante nRpAH punH| kSatrAH pArazavAH zUdrAstathAnye ye bhishcraaH|| anyAH (andhrAH) zakAH pulindAzca cUlikA yvnaastthaa| kaivartAbhIrazabarA ye cAnye mlecchsmbhvaaH|| paryAyataH pravakSyAmi nAmatazcaiva taannupaan| aSisoma (sIma?) kRSNazcaMteSAM prathamaM vartate nRpH| tasyAnvavAye vakSyAmi bhaviSye kathitAn nRpAn // matsya (5073-77) / milAie vAyu 99 / 266-270 (kevala ye antara pAye jAte haiM, yathA--'paryAyataH' evaM 'bhaviSye tAvato napAn' ke lie 'bhaviSye paThitAn', 'vrssaagrtH')| 'pArazavAH' (pArzavaH yA parzavaH) sambhavataH 'pazu' nAmaka kisI lar3AkU jAti ke lie prayukta huA hai| dekhie 'pazrvAdiyauSeyAvimyAmaNI' (pANini 5 / 3 / 117) jisase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki pANini ke kAla meM parza yauSaya ke sadRza 'AyuSajIvisaMgha' thaa| Deriyasa ke behustuna abhilekha (I0pU0 522-486) se prakaTa hotA hai ki 'pazu' loga prAcIna pArasI loga the| dekhie DA0 DI0 sI0 sarakAra kRta ('selekTa iMskripzaMs,' jilda 1, pR0 1-6, jahA~ 'parsa' eka deza ke nAma ke rUpa meM AyA hai| Upara jo anya artha diyA huA hai vaha saMdarbha meM nahIM baiTha paataa| pulinda loga vindhya bhAga meM rahate the aura azoka ke 13 ve abhilekha meM andhroM ke sAtha samanvita haiN| amarakoza meM AyA hai 'bhedAH kirAtazabarapulindA mlecchjaatyH| For Priva

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sambhavataH pAjiTara mahodaya Apastamba ke 'bhaviSyat' ko pazcAtkAlIna 'bhaviSya' ke sadRza samajha lenA cAhate haiM / kintu nAma sAmya ke atirikta koI anya pramANa aisA nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para aisA samajhA jAya yA kahA jAya / ataH aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki vartamAna purANa aila, aikSvAka evaM paurava ke vaMzajoM kA vRttAnta 'prAcIna bhaviSya' ke AdhAra para dete haiM, kintu anya evaM apekSAkRta pazcAtkAlIna rAjAoM ke vRttAnta ke lie ve anya bAtoM yA maukhika paramparAoM kA, jinheM ve saMgRhIta kara sake, sahArA lete haiN| anya paristhitiyoM se yaha anumAna dRDhatA prApta karatA hai| Aja ke purANa prAcIna rAjAoM ke bAre meM 'anuvaMza zloka' yA gAthAe~ uddhRta karate haiM, yathA -- kArtavIrya ( vAyu 94 / 20, matsya 43 / 24, brahmANDa 3 / 18-20, brahma 13 / 17 ) | ye purANa aila evaM aikSvAka vaMzoM ke antima rAjA ke nAma bhI batAte haiM, yathA-- krama se sumitra evaM kSemaka / kintu apekSAkRta pazcAtkAlIna rAjAoM, yathAAndhroM, zuMgoM Adi ke bAre meM ina purANoM meM koI gAthA yA zloka nahIM uddhRta hue haiN| pArjiTara mahodaya kA kahanA hai ( pR0 13, 'purANa TeksTsa' Adi ) ki prAcIna bhaviSya meM gupta rAjAoM kA saMketa milatA hai, kintu isa kathana kI puSTi hameM koI pramANa nahIM prApta hotA / prAcIna bhaviSya kA nirmANa Apastamba ( I0 pU0 cauthI yA pA~cavIM zatI) ke pUrva ho cukA thA, isase spaSTa hai ki mUla rUpa meM usameM guptoM kI ora kisI prakAra kA saMketa sambhava nahIM hai, kyoMki guptoM kA zAsana san 320 I0 se Arambha hotA hai| matsya ne guptoM kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai, vaha kevala AndhroM ke adhaHpatana kA ullekha karatA hai / ataH aisA samajhA jAnA cAhie ki matsya kA praNayana athavA saMzodhana tIsarI zatI ke madhya yA anta meM huA hogA, kintu yaha sambhava hai ki kucha adhyAya yA zloka usa tithi ke uparAnta jor3e gaye hoN| jaba vAyu (99/383), brahmANDa ( 3 / 74 / 195 ), viSNu ( 4124 / 18 ) evaM bhAgavata ( 12 / 1 / 37 ) ne guptoM ko zAsakoM ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA to prathama do ne sambhavataH ye zloka tabhI jor3e jaba gupta-zAsana kA Arambha mAtra huA thA aura viSNu evaM bhAgavata (jo azuddha hai) ne sambhavataH vAyu evaM brahmANDa kI pANDulipiyoM se udhAra liyA hogA / yaha spaSTa hai ki ina cAroM meM prathama do lagabhaga 320-335 I0 meM praNIta hue yA saMzodhita hue, aura anya do unase aura bAda / 396 kila kA 'purANa paMcalakSaNa' nAmaka grantha mahattvapUrNa hai, kyoMki isameM paurANika viSaya kA adhyayana eka naye DhaMga se huA hai| isa grantha kI jarmana bhUmikA kA aMgrejI anuvAda zrI veMkaTeza iMsTITyUTa ( tirupati) ke jarnala (jilda 7, pR0 80-121 evaM jilda 8, pR0 9-33 ) meM huA hai / kirphela ne pAjiTara ke bahuta se matoM se apanA virodha prakaTa kiyA hai| unake pramukha niSkarSa ye haiM-agni evaM garur3a ke saMkSepa evaM viSNu meM gadya-vistAra ke rahate hue bhI purANoM ke kevala tIna hI pUrNa dala haiM, yathA - brahma evaM harivaMza, brahmANDa evaM vAyu tathA matsya ke; anya purANa to unake choTe yA bar3e aMza mAtra haiM / uparyukta tIna daloM meM brahmANDa evaM harivaMza sabase prAcIna haiM (brahmANDa evaM vAyu nahIM, jaisA ki pAjiTara kA mata hai ) / kirpela kA athana hai ki brahmANDa evaM vAyu maulika rUpa se eka hI purANa the, vizeSataH isalie ki donoM ke adhikAMza eka-dUsare se milate-julate haiM / kirkela kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki pAjiTara mahodaya kA yaha mata bhrAmaka hai ki vAyu evaM brahmANDa ke saMyojana ( arthAt unameM Age jo jor3a diyA gayA hai) prAcIna bha (purANa) se liye gaye haiM (kirpola, pU0 18, jilda 7, uparyukta jarnala ), pratyuta udhAra liyA huA viSaya kisI anya prAcIna svatantra grantha se hai / kirkela pAjiTara ke isa siddhAnta ko nahIM mAnate ki purANa prAkRta bhASA ke saMskRta rUpAntara haiM aura na yahI svIkAra karate ki viSNu apane vartamAna rUpa meM vAyu yA brahmANDa se bAda kA hai, aisA hote hue bhI ki isameM purANoM ke paMcalakSaNa apane maulika rUpa meM upasthita haiN| purANoM kA 18 prakAroM meM vibhAjana, unakA sAttvika, rAjasa evaM tAmasa meM ba~TanA maulika nahIM hai, pratyuta ve purANoM ke antima pariSkRta rUpoM ke dyotaka mAtra haiN| pAjiTara ne aisA vicAra kiyA thA ki koI ud-purANa thA, jisane paMca lakSaNoM ko vyavasthita rakhA thA aura

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kirphala dvArA pAjiTara kI AlocanA purANoM kA kAla '397 unakA pUrNa evaM spaSTa vyAkhyAtmaka nirvAha kiyA thaa| kirphela mahodaya isa kathana ko vizuddha kalpanAtmaka mAnate haiM (ukta jarnala kI jilda, 8, pR0 31) / prastuta lekhaka kirphela mahodaya ke adhikAMza matoM ko prayogAtmaka rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai, kintu yaha mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM hai ki paMca-lakSaNa (sarga Adi) sampUrNa purANa sAhitya ke prAcInatama maulika aMza haiN| isa prakaraNa ke viSaya ke sAtha purANoM kI tithi athavA yuga para vivecana karanA samIcIna nahIM hogaa| to bhI do-eka bAteM kaha denA pUrNatayA aprAsaMgika nahIM lgtaa| purANoM ke viSaya meM prastuta lekhaka ke vicAra ye haiM--atharvaveda, zatapatha brAhmaNa evaM prAcIna upaniSadoM meM ullikhita 'purANa' ke viSaya meM hameM kucha bhI jJAta nahIM hai, kintu itanA spaSTa hai ki purANa ne vedoM ke samAna hI punItatA ke pada ko prApta kara liyA thA aura vaidika kAla meM vaha itihAsa ke sAtha gahare rUpa se sambandhita thaa| purANa-sAhitya ke vikAsa ko yaha prathama sor3hI thI, kintu hama prAcIna kAloM ke purANa ke bhItara ke viSayoM ko bilkula nahIM jaante| te. A0 ne 'purANAni' kA ullekha kiyA hai, ataH usake samaya meM kama-se-kama tIna purANa to avazya rahe hoMge (kyoMki yaha bahuvacana meM hai aura dvivacana meM rahane para kevala do kA bodha hotA ) / ApastambadharmasUtra ne eka purANa se cAra zloka uddhRta kiye haiM aura eka purANa ko bhaviSyatpurANa nAma se pukArA hai, jisase prakaTa hotA hai ki pA~cavIM yA cauthI I0 pU0 zatI taka kama-se-kama bhaviSyatpurANa nAmaka purANa thA, aura anya purANa rahe hoMge yA eka aura purANa rahA hogA jisameM sarga evaM pratisarga tathA kucha smRti-viSaya rahe hoNge| ise hama purANa-sAhitya ke vikAsa ko dUsarI sor3hI kaha sakate haiM, jisake viSaya ke bAre meM hameM kucha thor3A-bahuta jJAta hai| mahAbhArata ne saikar3oM zloka (zlokoM, gAthAoM, anuvaMza zlokoM ke nAma se vikhyAta) uddhRta kiye haiM jinameM kucha to paurANika viSayoM kI gandha rakhate haiM aura kucha paurANika paridhi meM A jAte haiN| kucha udAharaNa diye jA rahe haiN| vana-parva ne vizvAmitra kI atimAnuSI vibhUti ke viSaya meM evaM unake isa kathana ke viSaya meM ki ve brAhmaNa haiM do zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| anuzAsanaparva ne kucha aisI gAthAe~ uddhRta kI haiM jo pitaroM dvArA putra yA putroM kI mahattA ke viSaya meM gAyI gayI haiN| ye gAthAe~ zabdoM evaM bhAvoM meM isI viSaya meM kahe gaye paurANika vacanoM se mela rakhatI haiN|" udyogaparva (178147-48) meM bhISma ne parazurAma se eka zloka kahA hai, jo marutta dvArA gAyA gayA thA aura purANa meM ghoSita thaa| purANoM meM bhI zlokoM, gAthAoM evaM anuvaMza zlokoM ke uddharaNa pAye jAte haiM, jo logoM meM gAye jAte the aura 'paurANika' (vAyu 70 / 76, 88 / 114-116, 88 / 168-169 meM, brahmANDa 3 / 63 / 69-70 meM)yA 'purAvidaH' 30. yatrAnuvaMzaM bhagavAn jAmadagnyastayA jgau| vizvAmitrasya tAM dRSTvA vibhUtimatimAnuSIm // kAnyakubjepibatsomamindreNa saha kauzikaH / tataH kSatrAdapAkAmad brAhmaNosmIti cAbavIt // vanaparva (87 / 17-18) / vaidika yajJa meM kevala brAhmaNa hI soma kA pAna kara sakate the, kSatriya nhiiN| dekhie isa prantha kA khaNDa 2 / ___31. gAthAzcApyatra gAyanti pitRgItA yudhisstthir| sanatkumAro bhagavAnpurA mayyabhyabhASata // api naH sa kule jAyAdyo no dadyAt trayodazIm / maghAsu sapiHsaMyuktaM pAyasaM dakSiNAyane / Ajena vApi lauhena maghAsveva ytvrtH| hasticchAyAsu vidhivatkarNavyajanavIjitam // eSTavyA bahavaH putrA yokopi gayAM vrajet / anuzAsanaparva (88011-14 / ) milAie viSNupurANa (3 / 16 / 17-20), brahmANDa (3319 / 10-11), vAyu (83 // 11-12), jinameM sabhI ke Adhe zloka haiM 'mapi naH ...zIm' jaisA ki anu0 meM hai|

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398 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yA 'purANajJAH' (vAyu 881171 evaM 95 / 19, brahmANDa 3163 / 171) kahe gaye haiN| vAyu (93394-101) ne yayAti dvArA gAyI gayI bahuta sI gAthAe~ ullikhita kI haiM, jinameM bahuta sI Adiparva (75 / 50-53 evaM 85 / 12-15), brahmANDa (3 / 68-103) evaM anya purANoM meM bhI pAyI jAtI haiN| yaha sambhava hai ki ye gAthAe~ evaM zloka una logoM dvArA ghoSita hue hoM, jo yaha jAnate the ki purANa Apastamba dvArA jAne gaye purANa yA purANoM se liye gaye haiN| yAjJa0 (113) ne purANa ko dharma-sAdhanoM meM eka sAdhana mAnA hai, jisase yaha siddha hotA hai ki kucha aise purANa, jinameM smRti kI bAteM pAyI jAtI thIM, usa smRti (arthAt yAjJavalkyasmRti) se pUrva hI, arthAt dUsarI yA tIsarI zatI meM praNIta ho cuke the| purANa-sAhitya ke vikAsa ko yaha tIsarI sIr3hI hai| yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki vartamAna matsya maulika rUpa se kaba likhA gayA, kintu yaha tIsarI zatI ke madhya yA anta meM saMzodhita huA, kyoMki isameM Andhra vaMza ke adhaHpatana kI carcA to hai, kintu guptoM kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| kintu yaha sambhava hai ki matsya kA maulika bIja isase kaI zatiyoM purAnA ho| yahI bAta vAyu evaM brahmANDa ke sAtha bhI hai| ye donoM lagabhaga 320335 I0 ke AsapAsa saMgRhIta hue yA sambadhita hue, kyoMki inhoMne guptoM kI ora saMketa to kiyA hai kintu gupta rAjAoM ke nAma nahIM liye haiN| Aja ke rUpa meM ye donoM purANa (vAyu evaM brahmANDa) vikAsa kI tIsarI sIr3hI meM hI rakhe jA sakate haiN| mahApurANoM meM adhikAMza 5vIM yA chaThI zatI aura 9vIM zatI ke bIca meM praNIta hue yA pUrNa kiye gye| yaha hai purANa-sAhitya ke vikAsa ko cauthI siiddh'ii| upapurANoM kA saMgrahaNa 7vIM yA 8vIM zatAbdI se Arambha huA aura unakI saMkhyA 13 vIM zatI taka yA isake Age taka bar3hatI gyii| yaha hai purANa-sAhitya ke vikAsa kI antima siiddh'ii| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki purANoM ne hindU samAja ko IsA ke pUrva kI kucha zatiyoM se prabhAvita karanA Arambha kiyA aura IsA ke uparAnta 17 vIM yA 18 vIM zatI taka aura ve Aja bhI prabhAvita kiye hue haiN| navIM zatI ke uparAnta koI anya mahApurANa nahIM prakaTa hue, kintu atirikta viSayoM kA samAveza kucha purANoM meM hotA rahA, jisakA sabase burA udAharaNa hai bhaviSya kA tRtIya bhAga, jisameM 'Adama evaM Iva', pRthivIrAja evaM jayacanda, taimUra, akabara, caitanya, bhaTToji, nAdirazAha Adi kI kahAniyA~ bhara dI gayI haiN| 'purANa' zabda Rgveda meM eka darjana se adhika bAra AyA hai, vahA~ yaha vizeSaNa hai aura isakA artha hai 'prAcIna, purAtana yA vRddh|' nighaNTu (3 / 27) ne purANa ke artha meM cha: vaidika zabda diye haiM, yathA 'pratnam', 'pradivaH', 'pravayAH', 'sanemi', 'pUrvyam', 'ahnAya' / yAska (nirukta, 3 / 19) ne purANa kI vyutpatti kI hai 'purA navaM bhavati' (jo pUrva kAla meM nayA thaa)| Rgveda meM 'purAtana' (prAcIna) zabda nahIM aataa| 'purANa' bIca vAle 'purA aNa' dvArA 'purAtana' kA ati prAcIna rUpa ho sakatA hai| prAcIna ke artha meM 'purANa' zabda Age calakara aise grantha kA dyotaka mAnA jAne lagA jo prAcIna gAthAoM (kathAnakoM) se sambandhita ho; yaha saMjJA ho gayA aura atharvaveda, zatapatha evaM upaniSadoM ke kAla meM aise granthoM ke lie prayakta hone lagA jinameM prAcIna kathAe~ hoN| jaba pUrANa prAcIna kathAnakoM vAle grantha kA dyotaka ho gayA, to bhaviSyat-purANa kahanA spaSTa rUpa se Atma-virodha kA paricAyaka ho gyaa| kintu sambhavataH isa virodha para dhyAna nahIM diyA gayA yA isa vicAra se isa para logoM ne dhyAna nahIM diyA ki aise grantha jinameM prAcIna kathAe~ rahatI thIM, kramazaH hAla kI ghaTI kathAoM ko bhI sammilita karane lage aura isIlie ve bhaviSyavANI kI zailI ko apanA baiThe aura bAda vAlI ghaTanAoM evaM kathAnakoM ko sthAna dene lge| vAyu ne 'purANa' zabda kI vyutpatti 'purA' (prAcIna kAla meM, pahale) evaM dhAtu 'an' (sA~sa lenA yA jInA) se kI hai, ataH isake anusAra 'purANa' kA zAbdika artha hai 'jo atIta meM jIvita hai' yA 'jo prAcIna kAla kI

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purANoM para tatkAlIna sthiti kA prabhAva 399 sA~sa letA hai|' padmapurANa ne thor3I bhinna vyutpatti kI hai, yathA--'yaha purANa kahalAtA hai, kyoMki yaha atIta ko cAhatA hai yA use pasanda karatA hai' ('purA' evaM dhAtu 'vaz' se; 'vaz' kA artha hai cAhanA yA pasanda krnaa)|2 upasthita purANoM meM guptoM evaM unake uttarAdhikArI vaMzajoM kI vaMzAvaliyoM evaM kuloM kA vRttAnta kyoM nahIM pAyA jAtA ? isa prazna kA uttara santoSajanaka DhaMga se nahIM diyA jA sktaa| eka kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki kucha purANoM kA maulika bIjAropaNa (yathA matsya kA) gaptoM ke abhyadaya ke pUrva hI ho gayA thA, kintu vAyu evaM brahmANDa taba praNIta hue jaba gupta-zAsana abhI zaizavAvasthA meM thaa| dUsarA kAraNa yaha ho sakatA hai ki pA~cavIM evaM isake Age kI zatAbdiyoM meM, jaba ki upasthita purANoM meM adhikAMza kA praNayana haA, uttarI bhArata haNoM (toramANa evaM mihirakUla) se padAkrAnta thA, katipaya sampradAya evaM dharma-matabheda utpanna ho gaye the, bauddhadharma zaktizAlI ho gayA thA, ataH buddhimAn evaM veda ke bhakta logoM kA prathama kartavya ho gayA ki ve sAmAnya janatA kA mana dharma-matabheda se alaga kareM (bauddha jaise logoM ko samajhAyeM yA unake prabhAva meM Ane se logoM ko rokeM), janatA meM nayI vicAradhArA kI nIMva DAleM evaM apane prAcIna vyavahAroM evaM paramparAoM meM vibhinna sampradAyoM evaM dhArmika matabhedoM ko pacA ddaaleN| ataH buddhimAn vargoM ne ahiMsA, satya, bhakti ke naitika guNoM, vratoM, tIrthayAtrAoM, zrAddhoM evaM dAnoM kI mahattA para bala denA zreyaskara samajhA, aura sambhavataH ve isa manaHsthiti meM nahIM the ki ve bAhya AkrAmakoM kA vRttAnta upasthita karate yA una choTe-choTe sAmantoM kI gAthA gAte jo pArasparika jhagar3oM meM ulajhe hue the aura krUra AkrAmakoM ko bhagA dene meM azakta the| guptoM evaM unake uttarAdhikAriyoM ke vaMzoM kI ora purANoM ke mauna kA kAraNa pAjiTara mahodaya brAhmaNoM ko samajhate haiM; ve brAhmaNoM ke sira para sArA doSa mar3ha dete haiM aura unakI nimnalikhita AlocanA draSTavya hai-'usa avasthA ke uparAnta paramparAgata itihAsa kA pUrNa abhAva bhalI bhAMti samajhA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki purANa ke saMgrahaNa ne paramparA para eka muhara lagA dI thI tathA purANa zIghra hI brAhmaNoM ke hAtha meM par3a gaye jinhoMne jo kucha prApta kiyA usakA saMrakSaNa to kiyA, kintu itihAsa-sambandhI brAhmaNIya upekSA ke kAraNa unhoMne pazcAtkAlIna rAjAoM ke viSaya meM kucha nahIM jodd'aa| thor3I dera ke lie yadi yaha mAna liyA jAya ki brAhmaNoM meM itihAsa-sambandhI cetanatA nahIM thI, taba bhI pAjiTara kI sammati pUrNarUpeNa ekapakSIya hai| pAjiTara mahodaya yaha nahIM batAte aura na koI tarka hI upasthita karate ki sUtoM ne (jinakA vyavasAya hI thA aitihAsika paramparAoM kA saMgraha karanA evaM saMrakSaNa karanA, jaisA ki ve svayaM kahate haiM, dekhie e0 AI0 eca0 TI0, pR058) kyoM nahIM apanA vaha vyavasAya pracalita rakhA aura kyoM nahIM Age ke rAjAoM kI vaMzAvaliyA~ likhIM tathA itihAsa ke anya viSayoM ko jor3A? aura na pAjiTara mahodaya isakI hI vyAkhyA karate haiM ki sUta loga kyoM apane prAcIna vyavasAya se vaMcita kara diye gaye aura unhoMne kyoM apanI yaha vRti brAhmaNoM ko sauMpa dI? yaha sambhava hai ki kaniSka evaM hUNa jaise bAhya vargoM ne sUtoM ko, jo sAmAjika rUpa meM bahuta nimna varga ke samajhe jAte the, koI bar3hAvA nahIM diyA, aura ve sambhavataH bauddha ho gaye, kyoMki bauddha dharma kI jAtaka kathAe~ itanI mohaka evaM prasiddha rahI hoMgI ki unako sunAne kA vyavasAya karake jIvana-nirvAha karanA sUtoM ke lie koI kaThina kArya nahIM rahA hogaa| .. 32. yasmAtpurA hyanatIdaM purANaM tena tatsmRtam / niruktamasya yo veda sarvapApaiH pramucyate // vAyu (1 / 203), purA paramparA baSTi purANaM tena vai smRtam / pana (5 / 2 / 53); brahmANDa (1 / 1 / 173) meM AyA hai-yasmAtpurA hyabhUccaitatpurANaM tena tatsmRtam / nirukta... mucyte||

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400 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vyAsa evaM sUta se sambandhita anuzrutiyoM para bhI saMkSepa meM vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai| purANoM ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki vyAsa parAzara ke putra the, ve kRSNa dvaipAyana bhI kahe jAte the aura svayaM viSNu ke avatAra the (brahmA ke bhI avatAra kahe gaye haiM, yathA vAyu 77 / 74-75, ziva ke bhI avatAra kahe gaye haiM, yathA kUrma0 2 / 11 / 136) / unakA dvaipAyana" nAma isalie par3A ki unakA janma yamunA nadI ke eka dvIpa meM huA thA aura kRSNa nAma isalie par3A kyoMki unakA raMga kAlA (kRSNa) thaa| unakI mAtA satyavatI thIM aura putra the shuk| unhoMne veda ko cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita yA vyavasthita kiyA, ataeva ve vyAsa kahalAye (dhAtu 'as' tathA upasarga 'vi'; 'as' kA artha hai 'pheNknaa')| unhoMne cAroM vedoM meM cAra ziSyoM ko prazikSita kiyA, yathA-paila, vaizampAyana, jaimini evaM sumantu jo kramazaH Rgveda, yajurveda, sAmaveda evaM atharvaveda meM pAraMgata hue| unake pA~caveM ziSya the sUta romaharSaNa, jinheM itihAsa-purANa meM prazikSita kiyA gyaa| sUta ke putra the sauti, jinhoMne mahAbhArata kA pATha zaunaka evaM anya muniyoM ko naimiSAraNya meM sunaayaa| aisA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai ki jaba kabhI dharma kI hAni dekhI gayI, mAnavoM ke kalyANa ke lie vyAsa ne janma liyA (brahma0 158 / 34) / kUrma0 (1152 / 1-9) ne vibhinna vyAsoM ke 27 nAma diye haiM, kintu vAyu0 (23 / 115-219), brahmANDa0 (2 / 35 / 116-125), viSNu0 (3 / 3 / 11-19) ne vaivasvata manvantara (jo Ajakala cala rahA hai) ke 28 dvApara yugoM ke 28 vyAsoM ke nAmoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vyAsa ne purANoM ko kisa prakAra eka sthAna para saMgRhIta kiyA, isake viSaya meM kaI purANoM meM isa prakAra AyA hai-'usane, jo purANa ke artha ke viSaya meM pravINa thA, AkhyAnoM, ghaTanAoM, gAthAoM se sAmagriyA~ lekara tathA kalpoM kA samyak nirUpaNa karake purANa saMhitA kA praNayana kiyaa| isase spaSTa hai ki jahA~ vaidika viSaya brAhmaNoM dvArA advitIya DhaMga se saMrakSita na itihAsa-pUrANa, jo paMcama veda kahA gayA hai, usI prakAra sAvadhAnI se rakSita nahIM ho pAtA thaa| isIlie cAroM veda aura pA~caveM veda meM samaya-samaya para nayI-nayI bAtoM kA samAveza hotA rahatA thaa| ___33. asminyuge kRto vyAsaH pArAzaryaH parantapaH (parantapa?) / dvaipAyana iti khyAto viSNoraMzaH prkiirtitH|| brahmaNA coditaH sosminvedaM vyastuM prckrme| aya ziSyAn sa jagrAha caturo vedakAraNAt // RgvedazrAvakaM palaM jagrAha vidhivad dvijam / yajurvedapravaktAraM vaizampAyanameva ca // jaimini sAmavedArtha zrAvakaM sonypdyt| tayavAtharvavedasya sumantumRSisattamam // itihAsa purANasya vaktAraM samyageva hi| mAM caiva pratijagrAha bhagavAnIzvaraH prbhuH|| vAyu (60 / 11-16) / brahmANDa (2 // 34 // 11-16, sabhI zabda eka prakAra se samAna haiN)| milAie viSNu (3 // 4 // 7-10), kUrma (152 / 10-15), viSNudharmottara (174) / kUrma (1151148), pana (5 / 1143), bhAgavata (1 / 4 / 14-25 evaM 12 / 6 / 49-80) evaM nAradIya (1 / 1 / 18) ne vyAsa ko nArAyaNa kahA hai| Adiparva ne purANoM ke vaktavyoM ko mAna liyA hai, 'vivyAsaikaM caturSA yo vedaM vedavidAM vrH| Adi 602 evaM 5; yo vyasya vedAMzcaturastapasA bhagavAnRSiH / loke vyAsatvamApede kAnU~tkRSNatvameva ca // Adi (105 / 15) / 34. AkhyAnaizcApyupAkhyAnairgAthAbhiH klpshuddhibhiH| purANasaMhitAM cakre purANArthavizAradaH // viSNu (3 // 6 // 15), brahmANDa (2 // 34 / 21, yahA~ kalpajoktibhiH AyA hai), vAyu (60 / 21, yahA~ kulakarmabhiH AyA hai)| 'kalpajoktibhiH' kA artha hogA aise zabda yA vRttAnta jo kalpoM (kAla kI lambI avaSiyoM) se sambandhita hote haiN| viSNupurA kI TIkA meM AyA hai, 'svayaM dRSTAryakathanaM prAhurAkhyAnakaM budhaaH| zrutasyArthasya kathanamupAlyAnaM prcksste||

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pAjiTara ke racanAviSayaka AkSepa 401 vyAsa ko jo veda ko vyavasthita karane kI anuzrutipUrNa mahattA prApta hai, usake viSaya meM pAjiTara kA eka apanA siddhAnta hai, jisakA saMkSepa meM yahA~ vivaraNa denA evaM usakI jA~ca karanA Avazyaka hai| unhoMne Rgveda ko brAhmaNoM kA sabase bar3A grantha ThaharAyA hai aura kahA hai ki yaha bahuta se lekhakoM ke stotroM kA saMgraha hai aura kucha siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para isakI vyavasthA kI gayI hai| pArjiTara ke zabda ye haiM - 'yaha (Rgveda) spaSTa rUpa se eka yA kaI vyaktiyoM dvArA saMgRhIta evaM saMgaThita kiyA gayA hai, kintu vaidika sAhitya isa viSaya meM kucha bhI nahIM kahatA / brAhmaNa loga isa viSaya meM anabhijJa nahIM rahe hoMge, kyoMki unhoMne isakA saMrakSaNa kiyA aura adbhuta sAvadhAnI ke sAtha isake zabdoM ko zuddha rkhaa|.. . vaidika sAhitya adhikAMza sabhI stotroM ke lekhakoM ke nAma ko jAnatA hai yA unakA udghoSa karatA hai, yahA~ taka ki kucha mantroM ke lekhakoM ke nAma bhI jJAta haiM, tathApi isane usa vyakti yA una vyaktiyoM se apane ko anabhijJa rakhanA cAhA, jisane yA jinhoMne Rgveda kA saMgrahaNa evaM saMgrathana kiyaa| yadi mAna liyA jAya ki isane prArambhika vRttAnta kI rakSA to kI kintu Age ke mahattvapUrNa viSaya ke bAre meM anabhijJa rahA to aisA mAnanA hAsyAspada hogA / ' kisane yA kinhoMne Rgveda kA saMgraha kiyA yA use saMgrathita kiyA, vaidika sAhitya ke isa viSaya meM mauna rahane se pAjiTara mahodaya acAnaka eka bhAvAtmaka evaM dRDha niSkarSa para pahu~ca jAte haiM, jaisA ki pAzcAtya lekhakoM meM dekhA jAtA hai / saMskRta sAhitya evaM bhAratIyatA - zAstra ( iNDolAjI) ke pAzcAtya lekhaka kisI 'mauna' para tarka dene lagate haiM ki 'vaidika sAhitya ne jAna bUjhakara ina viSayoM ko dabAyA hai ( aiMzyeNTa iNDiyana hisTArikala TreDizana, pR0 9 ) / pAjiTara ne isa tathya kI ora saMketa kiyA hai ki mahAbhArata evaM purANa vyAsa nAma se bhare par3e haiM aura bArambAra udghoSita karate haiM ki veda vyAsa dvArA saMgrathita kiyA gayA hai / ve isa ora hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa karate haiM ki vaidika sAhitya vyAsa pArAzarya ke bAre meM mahattvapUrNa DhaMga se mauna hai (vyAsa, sAmavidhAna brAhmaNa ke anta meM evaM taittirIya AraNyaka meM, vaMza-sUcI meM, vizvaksena ke ziSya ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiM ) / isake uparAnta pAjiTara mahodaya vyAsa ke viSaya meM mauna rUpI durabhisandhi ko bAra-bAra duharAte haiM (ai0 i0 hi0 Tre0, pR0 10 ) / pAjiTara isa prakAra kA mauna sambandhI abhiyoga lagA kara eka tarka ke sAtha ubhara par3ate haiM- 'brAhmaNoM ne aisA siddhAnta agrasArita kiyA ki veda anAdi kAla se hI calA A rahA hai, ataH yaha kahanA ki kisI ne isakA saMgraha kiyA yA ise saMgrathita kiyA, isa siddhAnta kI jar3a ko hI kATa denA hai...' ( vahI, pR0 10 ) / vaidika sAhitya ke tathAkathita mauna sambandhI pAjiTara - siddhAnta ke virodha meM kaI samAdhAna upasthita kiye jA sakate haiN| pahalI bAta yaha hai ki pAjiTara mahodaya tathya-sambandhI apane vaktavya ke viSaya meM amaryAdita rahe haiN| pAjiTara isa bAta se pUrNatayA anabhijJa haiM, yahA~ taka ki Rgveda meM bhI Rk mantroM, yajus vacanoM evaM sAma gItoM antara prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| dekhie RkoM ke lie R0 2 / 35 / 12, 5 / 6 / 5, 527/4, 5244 / 14-15, donoM meM Rk maMtra evaM sAma ke mantra alaga-alaga varNita haiM; yajus ke lie dekhie R0 5 / 62 / 5, 10 / 181 / 3; sAma gItoM ke lie dekhie R0 2 / 43 / 2 ( udgAteva zakune sAma gAyasi ), 8 / 8115 ( zravat sAma gIyamAnam ), 8 / 95 7 (zuddhena sAmnA ) / rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata evaM purANoM se patA calatA hai ki maulika rUpa se veda eka thA, kintu cAra daloM meM vibhAjita evaM saMgrathita kiyA gayA aura ye cAroM saMgrathita saMgraha - dala saMrakSaNa evaM prasAra ke lie vyAsa ke cAra vibhinna ziSyoM ko sauMpe gaye / Rgveda meM do vyavasthAe~ haiM, eka maNDaloM evaM sUktoM ke rUpa meM aura dUsarI aSTakoM, adhyAyoM evaM vargoM meM / taittirIya saMhitA evaM atharvaveda kANDoM meM saMgrathita haiM / ina sthAnoM meM kahIM bhI aisA nahIM AyA hai ki ye stotra pahale se hI haiM yA saMgrathita haiM yA maNDaloM yA adhyAyoM yA kANDoM meM vyAsa dvArA vyavasthita kiye gaye haiM / isake atirikta veda ke saMgrathanakartA ke nAma ko dabAne ke viSaya meM jo tarka upasthita kiyA gayA hai vaha 51

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402 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa durbala hai; hAsyAspada kahane kI bAta hI kyoM ubhAH / jAya / Rgveda ke pratyeka stotra yA pratyeka mantra kA eka RSi hai, jo prAcIna bhAratIya paramparA ke anusAra lekhaka nahIM thA (jaisA ki pAjiTara ne kahA hai), pratyuta draSTA thaa| brAhmaNa-granthoM, upaniSadoM evaM smRtiyoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki bahuta prAcIna kAla se hI eka kaThina niyama banA thA ki koI bhI binA RSi, chanda, devatA evaM viniyoga (prayoga) jAne kisI mantra ko na to par3hA sakatA thA, na japa meM kaha sakatA thA aura na yajJa meM usakA prayoga kara sakatA thA, nahIM to ina cAroM bAtoM meM upekSA dikhAne vAle yA pramAdI yA asAvadhAna vyakti ko dAruNa phala bhugatane par3ate the / stotra evaM mantra vibhinna daloM meM isalie vibhAjita evaM saMgaThita the ki unakA upayoga vibhinna dhArmika kRtyoM, punIta yajJoM yA anya kAryoM (yathA - zAnti Adi) meM ho ske| yaha smaraNa rakhanA koI Avazyaka nahIM hai ki kRtyoM, yajJoM evaM anya upayogoM ke lie kisane mantroM ko saMgrathita kiyA / brAhmaNa-granthoM evaM zrauta sUtroM ne vibhinna upayogoM ke lie unhIM mantroM ke prayoga kI vidhi kI vyavasthA dI hai aura unakI anukramaNikAoM meM RSiyoM (draSTAoM ), chanda, stotra - devatAoM evaM katipaya mantroM ke nAma diye hue haiM / veda kA pratyeka mantra RSi dvArA darzita mAnA gayA hai aura amara hai, kevala eka yA kaI saraNiyoM meM mantroM ko saMgRhIta karane, yA unheM yA stotroM ko vibhinna vargoM meM vibhinna upayogoM ke lie saMgrathita karane se mantroM evaM stotroM kI amaratA meM koI antara nahIM par3atA / ataH pAjiTara kA vaha tarka jo veda ke saMgrathanakartA ke nAma ko chipAne ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai, koI tarka hI nahIM hai / pAjiTara mahodaya ne saMbhava samAdhAnoM yA vyAkhyAoM para vicAra karane kI ora socA hI nhiiN| eka vyAkhyA nIce dI jA rahI hai| mahAbhArata evaM purANa ( eka vizada sAhitya) vyAsa dvArA praNIta mAne gaye haiM, jinheM, jaisA ki hamane Upara dekha liyA hai ( pAda-TippaNI 33), viSNu yA viSNu kA avatAra kahA gayA hai| cAra veda evaM pratyeka veda kI vibhinna zAkhAe~ logoM ko bhalI bhA~ti vidita thIM / veda kA cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjana devI zakti se prerita vyAsa kA kArya thA, jinake saMgrathita purANa veda se bhI pUrva ke evaM usase bhI uttama mAne gaye the| aisA thA vyAsa kA mahattva / veda kI amaratA evaM anAditA kI rakSA to karanI hI thI aura sAtha hI vyAsa ko gauravazAlI banAnA thaa| mahAbhArata lekhaka evaM purANoM ko aThAraha bhAgoM meM vibhAjita karane vAle vyAsa ko saralatama DhaMga se gaurava denA cAhie thA yaha udghoSa karake ki ve veda ke vibhAjana evaM saMgrathana ke uttaradAyI mI the / yadi IsA ke pUrva evaM uparAnta kucha zatAbdiyoM meM vyAsa ko yaha saba gaurava diyA gayA thA to vahI mAnA huA veda kA vyavasthApaka evaM saMgrathanakartA prArambhika vaidika sAhitya meM kyoMkara varNita huA aura (jaisA ki adhikAMza vidvAn mAnate haiM) buddha se kucha zatAbdiyoM pUrva (arthAt I0 pU0 chaThI zatI ke pUrva ) usakI mahattA kA varNana banda kara diyA gayA ? aisA koI nahIM kaha sakatA ki maNDaloM yA aSTakoM yA kANDoM kI vyavasthA amara hai / kevala stotra yA mantra hI amara kahe gaye haiM / yahA~ taka ki Rgveda kA padapATha bhI anitya kahA gayA hai aura zAkalya dvArA likhita mAnA gayA hai, jisakI AlocanA nirukta (6 / 28) meM huI hai / yAjJa0 ( 3 / 242 ) kI TIkA meM vizvarUpa ne spaSTa rUpa meM kahA hai ki veda ke pada evaM krama ke saMgaThana meM mAnavIya prayAsa hai| yaha siddhAnta sabhI bAtoM para prakAza DAla detA hai aura pAjiTara mahodaya ke usa siddhAnta se kaI gunA acchA hai jo yaha batAtA hai ki jAna-bUjhakara vyAsa ke viSaya meM mauna kA sahArA liyA gyaa| apane udgama evaM prasAra ke viSaya meM purANa ekamata hokara nahIM bolte| isakA udghoSa karane ke uparAnta ki vyAsa ne purANoM ke saMrakSaNa evaM pracAra kA kArya sUta ko diyA, vAyuM evaM anya purANa vibhinna bAteM kahate haiM / vAyu (61 / 55-61) meM AyA hai -- ' sUta ke 6 ziSya the, yathA - sunIti Atreya, akRtavraNa kAzyapa, agnivarcA bhAradvAja mitrayu vasiSTha sArvANa saumadatti evaM suzarmA zAMzapAyana / inameM tIna, arthAt kAzyapa, sArvANa evaM

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purANa-saMhitA ke pravaktA sUta zAMzapAyana ne nayI purANa-saMhitAe~ nirmita kI aura sUta ke pAsa cauthI aura mUla saMhitA rhii| ye sabhI cAra kANDoM meM vibhAjita kI gayIM, unameM viSaya vahI thA, kintu veda kI zAkhAoM ke samAna ve pAThoM meM antara rakhatI thIM (arthAt unameM pAThAntara pAyA gyaa)| zAMzapAyana kI saMhitA ko chor3akara sabhI meM cAra sahasra zloka the| ye hI cAra maulika saMhitAe~ (brahmANDa 2 / 35 / 66) yA pUrvasaMhitAe~ (vAyu 61158) kahI jAtI rahI haiN| brahmANDa (2 / 35 / 63-70) meM yahI bAta adhikAMzataH inhIM zabdoM meM likhita hai| viSNu (3 / 6 / 16-17), agni (271111-12) meM saMkSepa meM hai, kintu ye donoM vAyu se milate haiN| bhAgavata (12 / 7 / 4-7) kucha bAtoM meM inase bhinna hai| isa kahAnI meM kucha sAra hai, jaisA ki vAyu ke katipaya adhyAyoM ke kucha idhara-udhara bikhare hue zlokoM se patA calatA hai (56 / 1, 60 / 33-34, 62 // 1, 89 / 16) / yahI bAta brahmANDa ke katipaya zlokoM se vidita hotI hai, yathA 2 / 34 / 34, 2 / 36 / 1 Adi / isameM zAMzapAyana ne prazna kiyA hai aura sUta ne uttara diyA hai| mahAbhArata evaM purANoM meM sUta kA vyaktitvA eka pahelI ke samAna hai| sUta ko romaharSaNa yA lomaharSaNa kahA gayA hai, kyoMki ve apanI bhAvabhInI vaktRtA se zrotA ke roMgaTe khar3e kara dete the / skanda meM aisA AyA hai ki svayaM sUta mahodaya ke roMgaTe (roma) khar3e ho jAte the, jaba ve dvaipAyana se zikSA grahaNa karate the| sUta kA eka artha hai 'sArathi' aura dUsarA hai 'vaha vyakti jo pratiloma se janamA ho', yathA--brAhmaNa nArI evaM kSatriya puruSa se utpanna aura isake sajAtIya zabda mAgadha kA artha hai 'vaha vyakti jo vaizya puruSa evaM kSatriya nArI se utpanna huA ho' (dekhie manu 1071, yAjJa0 1193-94) / kauTilya ke arthazAstra ne bhI sUta evaM mAgadha ke bAre meM yahI bAta kahI hai, kintu kucha jor3A bhI hai, yathA--'purANoM meM ullikhita sUta evaM mAgadha inase bhinna haiM, kyoMki vaha (sUta) sAmAnya brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM se bhinna hai| kauTilya ke kahane kA artha yaha hai ki unake samaya meM sUta evaM mAgadha pratiloma jAti ke the, kintu purANoM meM varNita prathama vAcakoM ke rUpa meM sUta evaM mAgadha eka alaga zreNI ke haiM, arthAt ve pratiloma jAti ke nahIM haiM aura donoM brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM se bhinna haiM (arthAt purANoM ke sUta adhika yA kama muni ke rUpa meM yA ardha daivI rUpa meM pUjita haiN)| vAyu (1 / 26-33 evaM 62-147), padma (2 / 27 / 65-87, 5 / 1 / 29-32), brahmANDa (2 // 36 // 158-173), skanda (prabhAsakhaNDa 118) kA kathana hai ki pitAmaha (brahmA) ke yajJa meM sUta, usa dina jaba soma rasa nikAlA jAtA hai, viSNu ke eka aMza ke rUpa meM udita hue aura isI prakAra mAgadha bhI utpanna hue|" unhIM purANoM meM aisA AyA hai ki indra (kSatriya jAti ke pratIka) vAlI havi bRhaspati (brAhmaNa jAti evaM vidyA ke pratIka) kI havi se mila gayI, aura sUta usI samaya utpanna ho gaye jaba mizrita havi devoM ko dI gyii| isase (pazcAtkAlIna) sUta ke ve hI kartavya nirdhArita rahe haiM, jo Arambhika yA maulika sUta ke lie vyavasthita the aura yaha 35. lomAni harSayAMcakre zrotRNAM yatsubhASitaiH / karmaNA prathitastena lokesmillomhrssnnH|| vAyu (1 / 16); tasya te sarvaromANi vacasA harSitAni yat / dvaipaaynsyaanubhaavaatttobhuudromhrssnnH| skanda0 (prabhAsakhaNDa, 116) / . 36. vaishyaanmaagssvaidehko| ksstriyaatsuutH| paurANikastvanyaH sUto mAgadhazca brhmksstraadvishesstH| arthazAstra 37 / sUta evaM mAgaSa ke udgama ke viSaya meM bahuta pahale bhI AyA hai, yathA gau010 suu04|15-16, 'pratilomAstu suutmaagdhaayogvkRt-vaidehkcnnddaalaaH| brAhmaNyajIjanataputrAn varSebhyaH AnupUrvyAd braahmnn-suut-maagdh-cnnddaalaan| 37. etasminneva kAle ca yajJe paitAmahe shubhe| sUto sutyAM samutpanno sautyehani mhaamtiH|| tasminneva mahAyajJe jajJe prAjJotha maagdhH| vAyu (62 / 135-136), brahma (4 / 60-61) / 'sUta' zabda 'su' pAtu se vyutpanna hai, jisakA artha hai 'nikaalnaa| .

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404 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kahA gayA thA ki sUta brAhmaNa nArI evaM kSatriya puruSa se utpanna putra hai| eka dUsarI kathA bhI isI para jur3I huI hai (vAyu 621147, brahmANDa 2036 / 170-173 tathA anya purANoM meM) ki maulika sUta evaM mAgadha ne vena ke putra pRthu kI prazaMsA meM gIta gAye the, jisase prasanna hokara rAjA pRthu ne anUpa deza sUta ko tathA magadha deza mAgadha ko dAna meM diyA aura usI kAla se sUta evaM mAgadha rAjA kI prazaMsA meM gAna gAne lage aura use AzIrvAdoM ke sAtha prAta: jagAne lge|" svayaM vAyu (1 / 31-34) ne kahA hai ki sUta kA janma taba huA thA jaba ki pRthu vainya ke yajJa meM soma kA rasa nikAlA gayA thaa| ___ vartamAna vAya evaM anya purANoM ke lekhakoM ko yaha jJAta hai ki unake samayoM meM sUta evaM mAgadha ko veda par3hane kA adhikAra nahIM thA, sUtoM kI vRtti thI devoM, muniyoM evaM rAjAoM ke kuloM (jo itihAsa evaM purANoM meM pAye jAte haiM) para dhyAna denA aura unake prati saceta rahanA, jisase ve pracArita hote rheN| ye purANa isa bAta se apane ko nindita mAnate the ki zaunaka jaise muniyoM ne sUta se purANoM kI zikSA grahaNa kI thI, kyoMki sUta una dinoM (purANoM ke kAla meM) pratiloma jAti ke the, jisake viSaya meM gautama, viSNudharmasUtra evaM svayaM kauTilya ne vyavasthA dI hai ki pratiloma loga zUdra haiM, AryoM dvArA nindita haiM aura upanayana, vedAdhyayana, adhyApana Adi jaise brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriyoM ke karmoM se varjita haiN|" brAhmaNa dvArA kSatriya se zikSA grahaNa upaniSad-kAla meM bhI asvAbhAvika mAnA jAtA thaa| dekhie gArgya bAlAki se kahe gaye rAjA ajAtazatru ke shbd| ataH zaunaka jaise mahAmuniyoM ke itihAsa evaM purANa ke prazikSaka ke rUpa meM sUta kI sthiti ko batAne ke lie sUta ke janma kI gAthA kA nirmANa kiyA gayA aura ve eka viziSTa sthiti meM rakhe gye| yaha kauTilya ke kaI zatiyoM pahale hI huA hogA kyoMki ve sUta evaM mAgadha kI nimna sthiti se paricita the aura paurANika sUta evaM pratiloma sUta tathA mAgadha meM antara prakaTa karate haiN| sUta kI devI utpatti ko bhale hI koI na mAne, kintu ati prAcIna kAla meM brAhmaNa loga binA kisI manastApa evaM mAnahAni ke sUta se gAthAoM evaM AkhyAnoM ko suna sakate the, kintu jaba pracalita purANa saMgRhIta hue to sthiti meM pUrNa parivartana ho cukA thaa| 38. tataH stavAnte suprItaH pRthuH praadaatprjeshvrH| anUpadezaM sUtAya magadha mAgadhAya ca // tavA vai pRthivIpAlAH stUyante suutmaagvaiH| AzIrvAdaH prabodhyante suutmaagdhvndibhiH|| vAyu (62 / 147-148), brahmANDa (2 // 363171173) / Adiparva (57 / 112-113) meM bhI anUpa evaM magadha kA dAna krama se sUta evaM mAgadha ke lie vaNita hai| aura dekhie brahmANDa (4 / 67) / padma (5 / 1131) meM AyA hai ki pRthu ne sUta ko sUta kA deza diyA thaa| mAgadha ko magadha se nikalA huA samajhanA sAmAnya vyutpatti kA lakSaNa hai| anUpa kA artha hai aisA deza jahA~ pAnI ho yA daladala ho| padma (2027 / 86-87) ne sUta Adi ko diye gaye anya dezoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| ___39. sUta uvAca |...svvrm eSa sUtasya sadbhidRSTaH puraatnH| devatAnA mRSINAM ca rAjJAM caamittejsaam|| vaMzAnAM dhAraNaM kAyaM zrutAnAM ca mahAtmanAm / itihAsapurANeSu viSTA ye brhmvaadibhiH|| na hi vedeSvadhIkAraH kazcit sUtasya dRzyate / vainyasya hi pRthoryajJe vartamAne mhaatmnH| sutyAyAmabhavatsUtaH prathama vrgvaikRtH| vAyu 1 // 31-34, padma 5 / 1 / 27; dekhie brahmANDa 2 / 36 / pRthuvainyapratilomAstu dhrmhiinaaH| gautamadharmasUtra (4 / 20); ta ete pratilomAH svavarmAtikamAdrAjJaH smbhvnti|...shuubsvrmaanno vA anyatra cnnddaalebhyH| arthazAstra 37, pR0 165; prtilomaatsvaarthvihitaaH| viSNudharmasUtra 16 / 3 / 40. sahovAcAjAtazatruH pratiloma caitabad brAhmaNaH kSatriyanupeyAd brahma me vkssytiiti| bRha0 u0 2 / 1 / 15 / dekhie kauSItakibA0 u0 4 / 18, jahAM sarvathA ye hI zabda Aye haiN|

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405 paurANika anusaMdhAna para pro0 hatrA evaM dIkSitAra ke vicAra pAjiTara evaM kirkela ke uparAnta pro0 Ara0 sI0 hajrA ke kArya ke viSaya meM bhI carcA kara denA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki unhoMne purANoM ke viSaya meM bahuta parizrama ke sAtha socA- vicArA hai| unake adhyavasAya, dhairya evaM utsAha ko dekhakara unake prati zraddhA umar3atI hai / kintu duHkha kI bAta yaha hai ki unhoMne puSTa pramANoM ke na rahate hue mI Aja ke purANoM evaM upapurANoM ko bahuta prAcIna tithiyA~ dene kI manovRtti banA DAlI hai / ve purANoM ke adhyayana meM itane tallIna ho gaye haiM ki ve vahA~ bhI purANoM kI gandha pA jAte haiM, jahA~ unakI gati nahIM hai / udAharaNArtha, pro0 hA ( purANika rekaDa sa Ana hindU rAiTsa eNDa kasTamsa, pR0 6) ne aisA samajhA hai ki pitaroM ko diye gaye bhojana ko khA lene para jo prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA hArIta dvArA nirdhArita kI gayI hai, vaha purANoM ke kathana ke anusAra hI hai, jaisA ki vijJAnezvara kahate haiM / kintu mitAkSarA ( vijJAnezvara kRta yAjJavalkya smRti kI TIkA) meM spaSTa AyA hai ki 'purANeSu' zabda kA saMketa hai 'purANa' nAmaka zrAddha kI ora, na ki 'purANa' granthoM kI ora / " pro0 hajA meM eka anya doSa yaha hai ki ve sarala zabdoM meM bhI adhika artha dekhane lagate haiM aura apane niSkarSa ke viSaya meM adhika sAvadhAna nahIM haiM, jo ki unake samAna anubhava evaM khyAti vAle vidvAn ko zobhA nahIM detA / apane eka lekha 'di azvamedha, di kAmana sorsa Ava Arijina Ava di purANa paMcalakSaNa eNDa di mahAbhArata' (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 36, 1956, pR0 190 - 203 ) meM unhoMne atharvaveda (11 / 7 / 24) ko uddhRta kiyA hai, jisameM Rk evaM sAma mantra pRthak-pRthak varNita haiM, aura 'purANa' (purANaM yajuSA saha ) zabda 'yajus' se sambandhita hai| pro0 hajrA kahate haiM ki yaha sthApanA unheM bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa ja~cI hai aura ve yaha kahane meM kisI prakAra kA saMkoca nahIM kara sakate ki purANa - paMcalakSaNa evaM mahAbhArata kA udgama azvamegha yajJa se hai, vizeSataH pAriplava AkhyAnoM se / hama isa lekha kI parIkSA vistAra ke sAtha yahA~ nahIM kara skeNge| kintu maulika virodhoM evaM bAtoM kI carcA kara dI jA rahI hai| 'purANaM yajuSA saha' kA sIdhA artha hai 'purANa evaM yajus' ('devadattaH saputra AgataH' jaise vAkyoM ke samAna) / yAjJa0 (1 / 101 ) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki Ahnika snAna ke uparAnta vaidika gRhastha ko prati dina ( tInoM ) vedoM, atharvaveda, itihAsa ke sAtha purANoM evaM AdhyAtmikI vidyA ( upaniSadoM) ke aMzoM kA japa karanA cAhie / yahA~ 'purANAni 41. mitAkSarA ne yAjJa0 (3 / 29) para vicAra karate hue niSiddha bhojana karane para kiye jAne vAle prAyafrent at vizada vyAkhyA upasthita kI hai| vibhinna prakAra ke zrAddhoM meM kiye jAne vAle bhojana ke viSaya meM isane kaI eka pramANa uddhRta kiye haiM-- hArItenApyuktam / ekAdazAhe bhuktvAnnaM bhuktvA saJcayane tathA / upoSya vidhivatsnAtvA kUSmANDairjuhuyAddhRtam // iti / viSNunApyuktam / prAjApatyaM navazrAddhe paJcagavyaM dvimAsike // idaM cApadviSayam / anApadi tu cAndrAyaNaM navazrAddhe prAjApatyaM tu mizrake / ekAhastu purANeSu prAjApatyaM vidhIyate // iti hArItoktaM draSTavyam / prAjApatyaM tu mizrake ityetadAdyamAsikaviSayaM draSTavyam / zrAddha tIna prakAra ke hote haiM, zrAddha ( mRtyu ke uparAnta 10 dinoM taka ), mizra yA navamizra ( dasa dinoM ke uparAnta lagAtAra eka varSa taka karate jAnA) evaM purANa (jo mRtyu ke eka varSa uparAnta kiyA jAtA hai) / 'purANeSu' zabda kA artha hai purANeSu zraSu / hArIta ne nava mizra evaM purANa nAmaka tInoM zrAddhoM meM bhojana kara lene para prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA do hai| yahA~ zloka meM jo 'purANeSu' zabda AyA hai usakA purANa nAmaka granthoM se koI sambandha nahIM hai| isa mahAgrantha ke khaNDa 4 meM ina bhAvoM ke viSaya meM vistAra ke sAtha bAteM dI huI haiN| 42. vedAtharva purANAni setihAsAni zaktitaH / japayajJaprasiddhyarthaM vidyAM cAdhyAtmikIM japet // yAjJa0 1 / 101 / milAie kUrma (2046 / 129) ekatastu purANAni setihAsAni kRtsnazaH / ekatra paramaM vedametadevAtiricyate //

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 406 setihAsAni ' ko hama 'purANoM evaM itihAsa' ke artha meM hI grahaNa karate haiN| yaha nahIM samajha meM AtA ki 'purANaM yajuSA saha' nAmaka zabda isa vizvAsa ke lie kyoMkara mahattvapUrNa haiM ki azvamedha meM hI purANa evaM mahAbhArata kA mUla hai| usa lekha ke 202 veM pRSTha para pro0 hajA zaMkarAcArya ke bhASya ( chAndogya 3 / 4 / 1-2 para) se eka uddharaNa dete hue eka gaharI bhUla karate haiN| unakA kahanA hai, 'zaMkara dvArA rAtri kA bahuvacana ( rAtriSu) meM prayoga karanA isa bAta hai ki unake mata se itihAsa evaM purANa pAriplava meM pratyeka rAtri meM prayukta hote the, kevala 8 vIM evaM 9vIM rAtriyoM meM hI nahIM, jaisA ki zatapathabrA0 evaM zAMkhAyana zrautasUtra meM AyA hai*3 azvamedha yajJa eka varSa taka calA aura pAriplava kA zravaNa varSa bhara calA, pratyeka pAriplava 10 dinoM kA hotA hai ( 'dina' ke sthAna para 'rAtri' bhI ho sakatA hai kyoMki hotA kA japa prAtaH, madhyAhna evaM sAyaM iSTiyoM ke ho jAne ke uparAnta hotA thA) / dasa dinoM kI pratyeka avadhi ke uparAnta kitane mantra par3he jAyeMge, kisa prakAra ke AkhyAna sunAye jAyeMge, yaha saba nizcita rahatA hai, tathA itihAsa evaM purANa kevala aSTamI evaM navamI ko hI sunAye jaayeNge| pratyeka avadhi dasa dinoM kI hotI thI, ataH varSa meM 36 avadhiyA~ hotI rahI hoNgii| isI se zaMkarAcArya ne 'pAriplavAsu rAtriSu' (bahuvacana meM ) kahA hai, aura yaha nahIM kahate ki itihAsa evaM purANa sabhI rAtriyoM (sarvAsu rAtriSu) meM kahe jAne cAhie, jaisA ki pro0 hajjA unheM aisA kahate hue samajhate haiM / vedAntasUtra kA pramANa pro0 hajA ke sarvathA virodha meM jAtA hai ( 3 / 4 / 23) | pro0 hajA ne san 1958 I0 meM 'sTaDIz2a ina di upapurANaja' (jilda 1, pR0 1-400, saura evaM vaiSNava upapurANa, kalakattA saMskRta kAleja sIrIz2a 1958) kA prakAzana kiyA hai, jisake viSaya meM hama saMkSepa meM kucha Age kaheMge / pro0 rAmacandra dIkSitAra ne bhI purANoM para bahuta kucha likhA hai / inake prakAzanoM meM bhI pro0 hatrA meM pAyI jAne vAlI durbalatAe~ haiM / udAharaNArtha, apane eka lekha 13 vIM iNDiyana hisTrI kaoNMgresa kI prosIDiMga meM prakAzita, pR0 46-50 ) meM inhoMne darzAyA hai ki viSNupurANa I0 pU0 6 ThI yA 7 vIM zatI meM praNIta huA, kyoMki usameM (jo prati Aja milatI hai, usameM) vratoM, upavAsoM evaM tIrthoM para vivecana nahIM hai / mAnI huI bAta hai ki Aja kA koI vidvAn isa tithi ko svIkAra nahIM kara sakatA / pro0 dIkSitAra ko cAhie thA ki ve kucha viSayoM ke abhAva para apane tarkako AdhArita na karake usa purANa ke bhItara kI bAtoM para vicAra karate hue sambhAvita tithi kI carcA karate / purANoM ke viSaya meM carcA karate hue hameM baMgAla ke rAjA ballAlasena kRta 'dAnasAgara' meM likhita Arambhika bAtoM para dhyAna denA Avazyaka hai / isa grantha kA sampAdana zrI bhavatoSa bhaTTAcArya (bI0 AI0 sIrIz2a, 1953-56) ne kiyA hai| rAjA ballAlasena dvArA lakSita bAteM unakI vizleSaNAtmaka zakti kI dyotaka haiM, jo anya madhyakAlIna saMskRta-lekhakoM meM nahIM pAyI jaatiiN| unhoMne gopathabrAhmaNa, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, smRtiyoM evaM gautama, manu, yAjJavalkya ke dharmazAstroM, (zaMkha evaM likhita ko do mAnate hue ) dAna - bRhaspati evaM bRhaspati ( donoM pRthak-pRthak ), vasiSTha Adi dharmazAstroM ( kula 28 ) ke atirikta chAndogyapariziSTa ( kAtyAyana kRta), 13 pramukha purANoM (brahma, varAha, Agneya, bhaviSya, matsya, vAmana, vAyavIya, mArkaNDeya, vaiSNava, zaiva, skAnda, padma evaM kUrma ) tathA kUrma evaM Adi purANoM meM ullikhita upapurANoM (yathA Adya, sAmba, kAlikA, nAnda, Aditya, nArasiMha, viSNudharmottara jo mArkaNDeya dvArA varNita hai) kA ullekha kiyA hai, jinameM dAnoM kI vidhi kA varNana hai| unhoMne viSNudharma 43. bhASya kA vacana yaha hai : 'itihAsapurANaM puSpam / tayozcetihAsapurANayorazvamedhe pAriplavAsurAtriSu karmA gatvena viniyogaH siddhaH / '

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ballAlasena - kRta dAnasAgara ke paurANika ullekha ( kula ATha ) nAmaka zAstra kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki apane grantha meM hamane 1375 dAnoM para ina sabhI granthoM kA sahArA liyA hai| unhoMne kucha aise purANoM evaM upapurANoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinheM unhoMne kucha kAraNoM se dAna-sambandhI apane grantha meM chor3a diyA hai / dAnasAgara ke kucha vaktavya bar3e mahattvapUrNa haiM / " ballAlasena kA kahanA hai ki hamane bhAgavata, brahmANDa evaM nAradIya kI bAteM nahIM dI haiM, kyoMki inameM dAnoM kA varNana nahIM hai| apane grantha meM unhoMne liMgapurANa kA sahArA nahIM liyA, kyoMki yaha bar3A hote hue bhI matsyapurANa meM ghoSita mahAdAnoM meM koI anya bAta nahIM jor3atA / unhoMne bhaviSyapurANa ko kevala saptamI kI vratavidhiyoM taka apane kAma kA mAnA hai, kyoMki aSTamI evaM navamI kI vratavidhiyA~ tAntrikoM, bauddha Adi pASaNDiyoM kI mAnyatAoM evaM dRSTikoNoM se raMgAyita haiM / " ballAlasena ne apane 44. bRhadapi liMgapurANaM matsyapuroditairmahAdAnaiH / avadhArya tulyasAraM dAnanibandhetra na nibaddham // ( 58) / saptamyaiva purANaM bhaviSyamapi saMgRhItamatiyatnAt / tyaktvASTamInavamyau kalpau pASaNDibhirgrastau // lokaprasiddhametadviSNurahasya' ca zivarahasyaM ca / dvayamiha na parigRhItaM saMgraharUpatvamavadhArya // bhaviSyottaramAcAraprasiddhamaviroSi ca / prAmANyajJApakAd dRSTergranthAdasmAt pRthak kRtam // pracaradrUpataH skandapurANakAMzatodhikam / yatkhaNDatritayaM pauNDra revAvantikathAzrayam // tAkSyaM purANamaparaM brAhmamAgneyameva ca / trayoviMzatisAhasraM purANamapi vaiSNavam / SaTsahasramitaM laiMga purANamaparaM tathA / dIkSApratiSThApASaNDayuktiratnaparIkSaNaH // mRSAvaMzAnucaritaiH koSa vyAkaraNAdibhiH / asaMgatakathAbandhaparasparavirodhataH // tanmInaketanAdInAM bhaNDapASaNDalaginAm / lokavaJcanamAlokya sarvamevAvadhIritam // etatpurANopapurANasaMkhyA bahiSkRtaM kazmalakarmayogAt / pASaNDazAstrAnugataM nirUpya devIpurANaM na nibaddha maMtra // (67) / viSNupurANa kI TIkA viSNucittI kA kathana hai ki viSNupurANa ke chaH pAThAntara haiM, yathA 6000 zlokoM vAlA, 8000 vAlA, 9000, 10,000, 22,000 evaM 24,000 zlokoM vAlA; kintu dAnasAgara ne 23,000 zlokoM vAle viSNupurANa kI carcA kI hai, jise usane chor3a diyA hai| medhAtithi (manu 4 | 200 ) kA kathana hai ki pratyeka Azrama kI apanI viziSTatAe~ haiM, yathA baTuka ko mekhalA, mRgacarma, palAza-daNDa dhAraNa karanA hotA hai, gRhastha ko bA~sa kI char3I, karNabhUSaNa Adi, vAnaprastha ko jIrNazIrNa vastra evaM jaTAjUTa tathA saMnyAsI ko kASAya vastra Adi dhAraNa karanA hotA hai / jo loga ina AzramoM meM na rahate hue bhI ina lakSaNoM se yukta hokara jIvikopArjana karate haiM, ve pApakarma karate haiN| parA0 mA0 (112, pR0 386 ne 'ligin' kA artha 'pAzupata dayaH' lagAyA hai| 45. kalpataru (vrata, pR0 274-308) evaM hemAdri ( vrata, jilda 1, pR0 921-956 ) meM durgA kI prazaMsA meM bhaviSyapurANa se navamI tithi ke lie katipaya zloka uddhRta hue haiN| durgA ke kaI nAma haiM, yathA caNDikA, nandA Adi, jinameM zAkta gandha AtI hai| udAharaNArtha, ubhayanavamI vrata ( kalpataru, vrata, pR0 274-282 ) ke bAre meM aisI vyavasthA dI huI hai ki vyambikA nAmaka aSTabhujA durgA ko lAla puSpoM se sammAnita karanA cAhie aura bhaiMse ke mAMsa kA naivedya denA caahie| isI prakAra nAmanavamI vrata (vahI, pR0 283-288) meM naivedya machalI evaM mAMsa kA hai tathA mahAnavamI vrata ( pR0 296-298) meM maMgalA ke lie pAyasa evaM mAMsa kA naivedya vyavasthita hai| nandAnavamI meM durgA konandA kahA gayA hai aura mantra hai 'oM mandAyai namaH' ( pR0 304 ) tathA mahAnavamI vrata (Azvina zukla 9) meM madya evaM mAMsa ke sAtha bhaiMsoM, bher3oM evaM bakaroM ke muNDoM sahita pUjA kI vyavasthA hai| ina sabhI navamI-vratoM meM kumAriyoM ko bhojana karAne kI vyavasthA hai, jo zAkta pUjA kI vizeSatA hai / 11 vIM zatI ke bahuta pahale se uttarI bhArata ke logoM ko tAntrika sampradAya ne prabhAvita kara rakhA thA, jaisA ki sUryamantra 'khakholkAya namaH' se prakaTa hai; 407

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa samaya ke priya grantha viSNu rahasya evaM zivarahasya ko apane grantha meM koI sthAna nahIM diyA hai, kyoMki ve kevala saMgraha mAtra haiN| bhaviSyottara (purANa) ko bhI jo logoM dvArA vyavahRta thA aura kaTTara siddhAntoM ke virodha meM nahIM thA, dAnasAgara meM sthAna nahIM milA hai, kyoMki isakI prAmANikatA siddha nahIM thI / nimnalikhita granthoM kA bhI dAnasAgara meM katipaya kAraNoM se upayoga nahIM huA hai, tIna khaNDa, arthAt skandapurANa ke pauNDra, revA evaM avanti kI kathAe~, tArkSya (garur3a) purANa, apara brahma evaM Agneya purANa, 23000 zlokoM vAlA viSNupurANa, dUsarA ( apara) liMgapurANa ( jisameM 6000 zloka haiM; ye sabhI chor3a diye gaye haiM / inake bahiSkAra ke kAraNa nIce pAda-TippaNI meM batalA diye gaye haiM / 408 dAnasAgara meM ballAlasena ne jo bAteM kahI haiM unase kucha mahattvapUrNa niSkarSa nikAle jA sakate haiN| mitAkSarA, kRtyakalpataru evaM aparArka kI TIkA ke uparAnta dAnasAgara hI una nibandhoM meM AtA hai jinakI tithiyA~ apekSAkR nizcita -sI haiM / dAnasAgara meM mitAkSara, kRtyakalpataru evaM aparArka kA ullekha nahIM hai / purANa - sambandhI ullekhoM meM pramukha ye haiM-- dAnasAgara ne vAyu evaM ziva ko pramukha purANoM ( mahApurANoM) meM ginA hai, liMga, brAhma, Agneya evaM viSNu nAma ke do-do purANa haiM; ye cAroM nAma vAle anya purANa prAmANika nahIM haiM; tAntrika sampradAya kI vidhiyA~ ghRNAspada haiM, ataH devIpurANa evaM bhaviSya ke kucha bhAga bahiSkRta haiM; skanda ke tIna khaNDa upayogI nahIM haiM; garur3a purANa prAmANika nahIM hai / yahA~ yaha kahanA samIcIna hogA ki kUrma ( 1 / 1 / 17-20 ) ke mata se skanda, vAmana, brahmANDa evaM nAradIya jaise kucha upapurANa mahApurANa ke hI nAma dhAraNa karate haiM / kalpataru. (brahmacArikhaNDa, pR0 25) dvArA uddhRta bhaviSyapurANa se liye gaye eka vaktavya para pro0 hajA ne vizvAsa kiyA hai, jahA~ aisA AyA hai ki 'jaya' nAmaka upAdhi nimnokta granthoM ke lie lagAyI gayI hai, yathA-- 18 purANa, rAmAyaNa, viSNuvarmAdizAstra, zivadharma, mahAbhArata, sauradharma evaM mAnavadharma (manusmRti ? ) / viSNudharmapurANa kI carcA hama Age kreNge| kintu isa kathana kI prAmANikatA evaM prAcInatA ke viSaya meM gaharA sandeha hai| yaha kalpataru meM uddhRta hai, ataH yaha 1050 I0 se pUrva kA hai / 18 purANoM kI mahattA gAne ke lie 'jaya' kA artha vistArita kiyA gayA hai| udyogaparva ( 136 / 18-19 ) evaM svargArohaNika ( 5 / 49 evaM 51 ) meM 'jaya' kA prayoga kevala mahAbhArata ke lie huA hai| ata: jaba sabhI purANa praNIta ho cuke the taba, arthAt navIM zatI ke uparAnta hI uparyukta vaktavya sammilita kiyA gayA hogA / 'viSNudharmAdizAstrANi' bahuvacana meM hai, isase spaSTa hai ki kaI aise grantha the jo viSNudharma se sambandhita the| svayaM kalpataru se prakaTa hai ki 'jaya' vAlA zloka kucha logoM dvArA 'smRti' ke samAna ullikhita hai / ataH ise bhaviSya kA zloka mAnanA saMdehAspada hai / ballAlasena ne dAnoM para kevala ATha upapurANoM kA ullekha kiyA hai (jinameM matsya dvArA ullikhita cAra bhI sammilita haiM ) / pro0 hajA ne upapurANoM ke viSaya meM jo kArya kiyA hai vaha bahuta hI mahattvapUrNa hai, kintu unhoMne sAmba, viSNudharma, viSNudharmottara, narasiMhapurANa Adi pramukha upapurANoM kI jo tithiyA~ nirdhArita kI haiM, ve prastuta lekhaka mAnya nahIM ho sktiiN| unakI tithiyA~ yoM haiM -- sAmba, 500 evaM 800 I0 ke madhya ; viSNudharmapurANa, 200-300 dekhie bhaviSya (1 / 215 / 1-6), jahA~ mUla mantra evaM usake anubaMdha, jinameM kucha ye haiM : 'oM viTiviTi ziraH, oM jvAlane iti zikhA, oM sahasrarazmaye phaT kavacam, oM sarvatejodhipataye phaT astram / oM sahasrakiraNojjvalAya phaT UrdhvabandhaH / ' ( kalpataru, vrata, pR0 199) / yaha draSTavya hai ki agnipurANa (27203 ) ne aise viSNupurANa kI carcA kI hai jisameM 23,000 zloka the /

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paurANika anuzIlanakartAoM kI racanAe~ I0; viSNudharmottarapurANa, 400-500 I0 ; narasiMhapurANa, 400-500 I0 / pro0 hajA ne ina tithiyoM ke nirdhAraNa meM jo tarka diye haiM, ve sabhI nirarthaka evaM lacara haiN| hama isa vivecana ko yahIM chor3ate haiN| purANoM ke viSaya meM bahuta-se grantha, anuvAda evaM lekha prakAzita hue haiN| hama yahA~ kucha kA ullekha kara rahe haiN| iyojIna barnApha ne bhAgavata purANa ko phrAMsIsI bhASA meM san 1840 I0 se lekara kaI varSoM meM 5 bhAgoM meM anUdita kiyaa| viSNu evaM mArkaNDeya kA anuvAda krama se eca0 ec vilsana evaM pArjiTara ne kiyaa| pro0 kirphela ne 'purANa paJcalakSaNa' (1927, baoNna) kI bhUmikA likhI (anuvAda, jarnala, zrI veMkaTeza iMsTIcyUTa, jilda 7, pR0 81-121 evaM jilda 8, pR0 9-33); kirphela (phesTa-kriphTa jaikobI, pR0 298-316) kA lekha; ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla kA 'kraoNnAlaoNjikala Tebulsa ina purANika kraoNnikalsa' (je0 bI0 o0 Ara0 esa0, jilda 3,pR0 246-262); 'purANaja eNDa iNDasa Aryasa' evaM 'sTaDIz2a Ava aiMzyeNTa jiAgraphI ina agnipurANa' (iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTaralI, 1933, jilda 18, pR0 461 evaM 470) pro0 rAmacandra dIkSitAra kA vAyu evaM matsya kA adhyayana tathA purANoM kI anukramaNikA, tIna jildoM meM; rubena kA 'purANika lAina Ava hIroz2a' (je0 Ara0 e0 es, 1941, pR0 247-256 evaM pR0 337-350); je0 e0 esa0 bI0 (1938, jilda 4, lekha 15, pR0 393); 'purANaja Ana guptaz2a' (iNDiyana hisTaoNrikala kvArTaralI, jilda 21, pR0 141); DA0 DI0 Ara0 pATila (bI0DI0 sI0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 2, pR0 148-165); eca0 sI0 rAyacaudhurI (prosIDiMga, dasavIM orieNTala kAnphreMsa, pR0 390); DA0 bI0 sI0 majUmadAra kA 'oNrijina eNDa kairekTara Ava purANa liTarecara' (AzutoSa mukarjI rajata jayantI jilda 3, orieNTailiyA, bhAga 2, pR0 9-30); iNDiyana hisTArikala kvArTaralI (jilda 22, pR0 221223) ke pRSTha 30 kA zloka ; penukoNDA dAna-patra (epi0 iNDikA, jilda 14, pR0 338) jahA~ gaMgarAja mAdhava dvitIya ko zAstroM, itihAsa evaM purANoM kA sAra-saMkSepa-jJAtA kahA gayA hai| purANoM ke adhyayana kI carcA san 578 I0 (epi0 iNDikA, jilda 28, pR0 59) meM huI hai| ___aba Age prastuta lekhaka ne prakAzita purANoM evaM nibandhoM ke AdhAra para sabhI purANoM evaM upapurANoM para apanI TippaNiyA~ dI haiN| isakA vizvAsa hai ki sabase prAcIna nibandha jo aba taka prakAza meM A cuke haiM ve lagabhaga 1100 I0 ke pUrva ke nahIM ho skte| yadyapi vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai, taba bhI mitAkSarA, kRtyakalpataru (jo dharmazAstra ke katipaya viSayoM para eka sAmAnya nibandha hai) evaM aparArka kA grantha (jo yAjJavalkyasmRti kI TIkA ke rUpa meM hai, kintu hai nibandha hI) aise prakAzita nibandha haiM jo kama yA adhika rUpa meM samakAlIna hI kahe jA sakate haiM aura unake praNayana kA kAla 1100 se 1140 I0 ke bIca mAnA jA sakatA hai| kRtyakalpataru ne vyavahAra kI carcA karate hue prakAza, halAyudha, kAmadhenu evaM pArijAta kA ullekha kiyA hai| itanA hI nahIM, kRtyakalpataru (niyata0, pR0 280) ne smRtimaJjarI (govindarAja likhita) dvArA parArIka (A0 gha0 sU0 1 / 17 / 26 meM) kI vyAkhyA upasthita kI hai aura zrAddha para (pR0 46 evaM 259) bhI aisA karate hue saMketa kiyA hai| isa mahAgrantha ke prathama khaNDa meM hamane dekha liyA hai ki prakAza, pArijAta, smRtimaJjarI prasiddha nibandha haiM, isI prakAra gopAla kRta kAmadhenu bhI nibandha hI hai| gopAla lakSmIdhara ke mitra the, kintu apane grantha meM lakSmIdhara ne.gopAla ko bhUta kAla ('cakre') evaM apane 46. zloka yaha hai : 'rAmAyaNapurANAbhyAmazeSaM bhArataM dadat / akRtAnvahamacchedyAM sa ca tadvAcanasthitim // ' dekhie i0 hisTA0 kvA0, jilda 22, pR0 221-223 / isameM AyA hai ki rAjA ne bhArata, rAmAyaNa evaM purANoM ke dainika vAcana kI vyavasthA kI thii| yaha zloka IsA ke uparAnta chaThI zatI kA hai| 52

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410 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa grantha ko vartamAna meM ('tanyate') ullikhita kiyA hai, jisase prakaTa hotA hai ki kAmadhenu kA praNayana kalpataru ke kucha varSa pahale ho cukA thaa| prakAza, pArijAta evaM kAmadhenu kI pratilipiyA~ nahIM prApta haiM, ataH unake vistAra Adi ke viSaya meM kucha kahanA asambhava hai, kintu smRtimaJjarI ke prAyazcitta nAmaka vibhAga kI pANDulipi ke anta ke sArasaMkSepa se prakaTa hotA hai ki vaha paryApta lambI rahI hogI aura pazcAtkAlIna kRtyakalpataru kI vidhiyoM ke anusAra hI praNIta huI hogii| kyoMki isakA Arambha paribhASAkhaNDa evaM brahmacAri-vibhAga se huA thA aura taba gRhasthadharmoM, dAna, zuddhi evaM Azauca, zrAddha kA varNana kiyA gayA aura phira vAnaprastha evaM pravajyA (kalpataru ke mokSakANDa ke samAna) tathA anta meM prAyazcittoM para likhA gyaa| kalpataru se pUrva racita ye grantha vistAra evaM AkAra meM lakSmIdhara kI kRti se choTe the, kintu hemAdri, caNDezvara, madanaratna, vIramitrodaya evaM nIlakaNTha ke mayUkhoM kI prasiddhi ke samakSa lakSmIdhara kI kRti bhI manda par3a gyii| kAmadhenu evaM sambhavataH smRtimaJjarI ke pUrva hI bhoja (11 vIM zatI ke dUsare caraNa meM) ne bhujabala evaM rAjamArtaNDa jaise kaI granthoM kA praNayana kiyA (yA karAyA); jinameM puMsavana se vivAha taka ke saMskAroM kI tathA vratoM, yAtrA, zAntiyoM, pratiSThA se sambandhita jyotiSIya AvazyakatAoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai (dekhie prastuta lekhaka kA lekha, je0 o0 Ara0, madrAsa, jilda 23, 1953-54, pR0 94-127, jahA~ bhoja ke pA~ca granthoM para vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai)| to aisI sthiti meM kRtyakalpataru meM koI navInatA nahIM thI, hA~, vaha vistAra meM bar3A thA, viSayoM ke tArkika vivecana aura mahAkAvyoM tathA purANoM se uddharaNa lene meM pramukhatA rakhatA thaa| mitAkSarA meM purANoM ke uddharaNa kama haiM, kintu aparArka evaM kalpataru bahuta uddharaNa dete haiN| kalpataru ne lagabhaga 600 zloka devIpurANa se aura 200 se adhika zloka kAlikA, AdityapurANa, nandipurANa evaM narasiMhapurANa nAmaka upapurANoM meM pratyeka se uddhRta kiye haiN| kintu usane viSNudharmottara se eka bhI zloka nahIM liyA hai| kalpataru ne ise sambhavataH prAmANika nahIM mAnA hai, yadyapi aparArka evaM dAnasAgara ne isakA kucha upayoga avazya kiyA hai| vizada kalpataru ke vidvAn sampAdaka pro0 AyaMgara ne kaThina parizrama pUrvaka isake katipaya zlokoM ko purANoM ke uddharaNoM ke rUpa meM siddha karake vidvAnoM kA kArya sarala kara diyA hai, kintu pro0 AyaMgara kI sabhI bAteM svIkArya nahIM ho sktiiN| unhoMne yaha pradarzita kiyA hai ki hemAdri, caNDezvara evaM mitra mizra ne kisa prakAra kalpataru ko yathAsthAna jyoM-kA-tyoM utAra liyA hai| yaha asambhava nahIM hai ki svayaM kalpataru ne apane pUrvavartI pArijAta, prakAza, smRtimaJjarI evaM kAmadhenu se bahuta-kucha udhAra liyA ho| kintu ve grantha Aja prApta nahIM haiM, ataH isa viSaya meM sapramANa kucha kahanA sambhava nahIM hai| prastuta lekhaka ne rAjamArtaNDa (jisameM 1462 zloka haiM) ke tithiyoM, vratoM evaM utsavoM se sambandhita 286 zlokoM kA sampAdana kiyA hai (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 36, bhAga 3-4, 1956, pR0 306-399) / isameM indradhvajotthApana jaise katipaya vratoM evaM utsavoM kA ullekha hai aura grantha kalpataru se 75 varSa purAnA hai| kalpataru ne bhoja ke viSaya meM mauna sAdha liyA hai, kintu kAmadhenu, govindarAja, prakAza evaM halAyudha kA ullekha kiyA hai, kahIM bhI rAjamArtaNDa meM varNita vratoM kA ullekha nahIM hai| lagatA hai, lakSmIdhara ne yaha nahIM cAhA ki unake vrata-sambandhI varNana evaM bhoja ke varNana meM kisI prakAra kI tulanA kI jaay| purANoM kI tithiyoM ke viSaya meM sacau dvArA anuvAdita albarUnI kA grantha kucha prakAza detA hai| pR0 130 meM AyA hai ki usane (albarUnI ne) nimnokta purANoM ke viSaya meM sunA hai-Adi, matsya, kUrma, varAha, nArasiMha, vAmana, vAyu, nanda, skanda, Aditya, soma, sAmba, brahmANDa, mArkaNDeya, tArkSya (arthAt garur3a), viSNu, brahma evaM bhaviSya / isa sUcI se spaSTa hai ki isameM purANa evaM upapurANa donoM sammilita haiN| albarUnI ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki usane matsya, Aditya evaM vAyu ke kucha aMza mAtra dekhe haiN| pR0 131 (sacau ke anuvAda kA pRSTha) para eka

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paurANika anuzIlana para prastuta granthakAra kA abhimata 411 anya sUcI hai jo use viSNu se par3hakara sunAyI gayI thI (arthAt 18 pramukha purANa, jinameM vAyu ke sthAna para zaiva rakha diyA gayA hai)| punaH pR0 229 para usane Aditya se pRthivI ke nIce ke kucha bhAgoM kA varNana kiyA hai aura pradarzita kiyA hai ki kisa prakAra isase vAyupurANa bhinna hai tathA pR0 248 para usane viSNu, vAyu evaM Aditya se meru ke viSaya meM varNana diyA hai| albarUnI ne san 1030 I0 meM apanA grantha likhA, ataH yaha pratIta hotA hai ki usake dvArA ullikhita purANa kama-se-kama 1000 I0 ke pUrva avazya upasthita ho gaye hoNge| pro0 hajrA Adi ke kucha lekha Adi, jo purANoM evaM upapurANoM para prakAza DAlate haiM, DA0 pusalkara dvArA eka sthAna para saMgRhIta kara diye gaye haiM, yathA 'sTaDIz2a ina epiksa eNDa purANaja' (pR0 218-225), unameM kucha kA ullekha hama kreNge| pro0 hajrA ne lagabhaga 16 lekha vibhinna patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzita karAye, jo unake grantha 'sTaDIz2a ina purANika rekarDsa Ava hindU rAiTsa eNDa kasTamsa' meM saMgRhIta haiN|

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adhyAya 23 purANoM evaM upapurANoM para saMkSipta TippaNiyA~ [ saMketa : akArAdi krama ke anusAra yahA~ purANoM kA vinyAsa kiyA jA rahA hai| pro0 hajrA ko ha0 evaM upapurANa ko upa0 likhA jAyagA / pro0 hajjA ke grantha ko hama 'sTaDIja' kaheMge, sAtha hI use pI0 Ara0 eca0 Ara0 bhI kaheMge ] agnipurANa - 'vartamAna agnipurANa' (ha0), iNDiyana hisTrArikala kvArTaralI, jilda 12, pRSTha 683691 ; 'zuddha Agneya, upanAma vahnipurANa' kA adhyayana (ha0 dvArA 'Avara heriTeja' meM jilda 1, pR0 209-245 evaM jilda 2, bhAga 1, pR0 76 - 109 ); 'zuddha Agneya purANa kI khoja' ha0 dvArA ' ( je0 o0 AI0, bar3odA, jilda 5, 1956,pR0 411-416, isameM yaha vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki AnandAzrama presa dvArA prakAzita Aja kA agnipurANa maulika nahIM hai, vAstavika Agneya yA vahni abhI taka aprakAzita hai ) ; dAnasAgara ( pR0 7, zloka 13 ) meM Agneya kA ullekha hai / jaisA ki adhikAMza purANoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, Agneya purANa ne yaha kahakara apanI mahattA gAyI hai ki ( 272 / 13 evaM 17 ) isa mahApurANa meM hari vibhinna jJAnoM ke rUpa meM nivAsa karate haiM aura Agneya eka aisA mahApurANa hai jisameM veda evaM sabhI vidyAe~ pAyI jAtI haiM / AdipurANa ( upa0 ) - bhAratIya vidyA, jarnala, bambaI (jilda 6, 1945, pR0 60-73 ) / isake viSaya meM pro0 hajA kI mAnyatA hai ki isake prArambhika evaM pazcAtkAlIna do pATha haiN| vAyu0 ( 104 / 7) ne brAhma0 ke sahita 18 purANoM meM eka Adika kA ullekha kiyA hai| albarUnI ( jisane purANoM evaM upapurANoM ko eka meM milA diyA hai) ne eka AdipurANa kA nAma liyA hai| veMka0 presa ne 29 adhyAyoM meM eka Adi purANa mudrita kiyA hai| pro0 hajA kA kathana hai ki eka prAcIna AdipurANa bhI thA, jo Aja upalabdha nahIM hai| unake anusAra isakI tithi 1204 evaM 1525 I0 ke bIca meM kahIM hai ( sTaDIz2a, pR0 288 ) / Adi evaM Adya donoM kA artha eka hI hai / kintu kullUka (manu 2 / 54) ne Adi se kucha zloka uddhRta kiye haiM jo gRhastharatnAkara ( pR0 314 ) dvArA brAhma ke batAye gaye haiM / nibandhoM ne Adi evaM AdityapurANa meM sambhramatA utpanna kara dI hai| dekhie ha0 ( sTaDIz2a, bhAga 1, pR0 302-303) / prakAzita prati pazcAtkAlIna hai, kyoMki lakSmIdhara evaM aparArka dvArA uddhRta zloka isameM nahIM pAye jAte (dekhie sTaDIz2a, jilda 1, pR0 286-289) / AdityapurANa - matsya (53 / 62 ) dvArA upa pu0 varNita, albarUnI (sacau 1, pR0 130, 229, 228 ) dvArA ullikhita ; kRtyakalpataru dvArA rAjadharmaM (lagabhaga 2 zloka ), dAna ( lagabhaga 125 zloka ), zrAddha ( lagabhaga 20 zloka ) evaM vrata ( lagabhaga 22 zloka ) para uddhRta / smRticandrikA ne Ahnika evaM zrAddha para Adi evaM Aditya ke zloka uddhRta kiye haiM evaM donoM ko pRthak-pRthak 'zauca' para uddhRta kiyA hai ( bhAga 1, pR0 94 ) / yahI bAta aparArka evaM dAnasAgara meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai; donoM ne Adi evaM Aditya ke uddharaNa liye haiM / ekAmra- (ur3IsA kA eka grantha) / ha0 ( pUnA oriyaNTalisTa, jilda 16, pR0 70-76 evaM sTaDIz2a, bhAga 1, pR0 341 ) ne yaha 10 vIM yA 11 vIM zatI kI kRti mAnI hai /

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purANoM evaM upapurANoM para saMkSipta TippaNiyA~ 413 kAlikA-(veMka0 presa, bambaI dvArA 93 adhyAyoM meM upa0 rUpa meM prkaashit)| dekhie ha0 (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 22, pR0 1-23); zarmA (iNDi0 hi0 kvA0, jilda 23, pR0 322-326) ne aisA vicAra vyakta kiyA hai ki yaha upapurANa kAmarUpa ke rAjA dharmapAla ke zAsana-kAla meM pUrNa huA; ha0 (bhAratIya vidyA, jilda 16, 1956, pR0 35-40) ne zarmA ke mata kA virodha kiyA hai| pro0 gor3e ne isakI tithi ke viSaya meM je0 o0 Ara0 (madrAsa, ji0 10, pR0 289-294) meM likhA hai| aura dekhie DA0 rAghavana (vahI, jilda 12, pR0 331-360), jinhoMne vyakta kiyA hai ki isake tIna pAThAntara haiN| ha0 ne Aja kI prati evaM pahale kI prati meM antara dikhAte hue Aja kI prati ko 10 vIM yA 11 vo zatI kA mAnA hai| kalpataru ne kAlikA ke zloka (vrata evaM dAna para 100, gRhastha para 14, vyavahAra para 12, niyatakAla evaM tIrtha para 5, brahmacArI para 2) uddhRta kiye haiN| isI prakAra aparArka evaM dAnasAgara meM bhI isake uddharaNa haiN| veMka0 saMskaraNa meM viSNudharmottara kA ullekha hai. (91-70 evaM 92 / 2) / Aja jo prati upalabdha hai usake AdhAra para kAlikA ko 1000 I0 meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| kalkipurANa--dekhie ha0 (sTaDIja, jilda 1, pR0 303-308) / isake tIna saMskaraNa haiM aura sabhI kalakattA ke haiN| ha0 ke kathanAnusAra yaha pazcAtkAlIna purANa hai, ise kisI ne uddhRta nahIM kiyA hai, phira bhI ise 18 vIM zatAbdI ke uparAnta kA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| kUrma-(veMka0 presa saMskaraNa); yaha pUrvArdha (53 adhyAya) evaM uttarArdha (46 adhyAya) bhAgoM meM ba~TA huA hai| dekhie ha0 ('purANaz2a ina hisTrI Ava smRti', iNDi0 kalcara, jilda 1, pR0 587-614; 'smRti caipTarsa Ava kUrma', iNDi0 hisTA0 kvA0, jilda 11, pR0 265-286 evaM sTaDIz2a, pR.0 57-75) / ha0 kA kathana hai ki yaha Arambha meM eka pAJcarAtra kRti thA, jo pAzupata banAne ke lie parivartita kara diyA gyaa| bahuta zlokoM meM kUrma ne kahA hai ki paramAtmA eka hai (2 / 11 / 112-115), kintu nArAyaNa evaM brahmA (1 / 9 / 40) yA viSNu evaM ziva (1 / 2 / 95) ke rUpoM meM do aura kabhI tIna (1 / 1070) / smRticandrikA (bhAga 1,pR0 199) ne isake (1 / 2 / 94, 95, 97-99) uddharaNa diye haiM, jinake dvArA koI viSNu kI pUjA (R022|20 yA 10198ke mantroM ke sAtha).yA ziva kI pUjA gAyatrI yA rudroM ke sAtha (tai0 saM0 4|5|1-11),yaa 'tryambakam' (R0759|12,tai0 sN01|8|6|2) ke sAtha yA 'oM namaH zivAya' ke sAtha kara sakatA hai| smRtica0 ne Ahnika para 84 evaM zrAddha para 19 zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| eka sthAna (111 / 21-22) para isameM AyA hai ki purANa kI cAra saMhitAe~ thIM, yathA-brAhmI, bhAgavatI, saurI evaM vaiSNavI aura prastuta saMhitA 6000 zlokoM meM brAhmI saMhitA hai| nAradIya (1 / 106 / 1-22) ne anya tIna saMhitAoM kA saMkSepa upasthita kiyA hai| padma (pAtAlakhaNDa 102141-42) ne spaSTa rUpa se karma kA ullekha kiyA hai aura isase eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai| aparArka ne upavAsa para isake tIna zloka (pR0 201, 304 evaM 207) uddhRta kiye haiN| gaNezapurANa-dekhie ha0, jarnala Ava di gaMgAnAtha jhA risarca iMsTIcyUTa, ilAhAbAda / 1. kAlikA (9212) meM AyA hai : 'viSNudharmottare tantre bAhulyaM sarvataH punaH / draSTavyastu sadAcAro draSTavyAste prsaavtH||' isake uparAnta putra kI icchA rakhane vAle vetAla evaM bhairava kI kathA kahI gayI hai| 2. kauma samastapApAnAM nAzanaM zivabhaktivam / idaM padyaM ca zuzrAva purANanena bhASitam // brahmahA madyapaH stenastayaiva gurutlpgH| kauma purANaM zrutvaiva mucyate paatkaatttH||pn (pAtAlakhaNDa 102, 41-42) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa garuDapurANa--gata adhyAya meM kahA gayA thA ki ballAlasena ne isakA bahiSkAra kiyA hai| dekhie ha0 (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 19, pR0 69-79; sTaDIz2a, pR0 141 - 145 ) ; e0 pI0 karamarkara, 'bRhaspatinItisAra' ( siddha-bhAratI, jilda 1, pR0 239 - 240 ) ; DA0 ela0 esa0 sTarnabAca (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 37, pR0 63-110) jinhoMne cANakyarAjanItizAstra evaM bRhaspatisaMhitA (garur3apurANa kI) para lekha likhA hai| smRti 0 (2, pR0 257, ekAdazI para ) ne garur3a kA uddharaNa diyA hai| Aja ke garur3apurANa kI prati ne parAzarasmRti kA saMkSepa 39 zlokoM meM diyA hai| isakI tithi I0 chaThIM zatI ke pUrva evaM san 850 ke uparAnta nahIM rakhI jA sakatI / devIpurANa -- ( upapurANa) / dekhie ha0 ( nyU iNDiyana eNTIkverI, jilda 5, pR0 2-20 ) jinhoMne ise sAtavIM zatI ke uttarArdha kA mAnA hai| dekhie dAnasAgara jisane isake upayoga kA bahiSkAra kiyA hai / saMkrAnti ke viSaya meM carcA karate hue bhujabala - nibandha ( lagabhaga 1040 I0 ) ne ise uddhRta kiyA hai / kalpataru ne kaI khaNDoM meM devIpurANa ko uddhRta kiyA hai, yathA rAjadharma meM 210 zloka ( 88 zloka rAjadhAnI kI kilebandI para ), bakariyoM evaM maiM kI bali ke sAtha Azvina zukla navamI para devI kI pUjA meM 37 zloka, devI ke sammAna meM patAkA khar3I karate samaya ke 52 zloka, kArtika amAvasyA para gavotsarga ke 10 zloka; vratakANDa meM lagabhaga 80 zloka ( durgASTamI para 25 zloka, nindAvrata para 44 zloka, eka gadya khaNDa ke sAtha), dAna para; 45 zloka ( yathA -- tiladhenu evaM ghRtadhenu para 28, vidyAdAna para 56, kUpa, vApI, dIrghikA Adi ke nirmANa para 98, vATikA evaM vRkSAropaNa para 27, sAdhusaMnyAsiyoM ke vizrAmasthala nirmANa para 10 zloka ) ; tIrthakANDa meM 101 zloka; niyatakAlakANDa meM 30 zloka ; brahmacAri-kANDa meM thor3e zloka : gRhasthakANDa meM 6 zloka ; zrAddhakANDa meM eka zloka / aparArka ne lagabhaga 34 zloka uddhRta kiye haiM jinameM 3 sthApaka ke guNoM ke viSaya meM haiM, kyoMki sthApaka ko pAJcarAtra ke mAtR-sampradAya evaM zAstroM ke anusAra vAma evaM dakSiNa mArgoM kA jJAna honA Avazyaka thA / devIbhAgavata -- (12 skandhoM meM veMka0 presa dvArA prakAzita) / dekhie ha0 ( je0 o0 Ara0, madrAsa, jilda 21, pR0 49-79, jahA~ yaha siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai ki yaha bhAgavata ke uparAnta likhA gayA hai ) / dekhie tADapatrIkara (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 23, pR0 558-562 ) dvArA likhita 'devI bhAgavata evaM bhAgavata' ; iNDi0 hisTA0 kvA0 (jilda 27, pR0 191-196 ) meM rAmacandrana kA kathana hai ki devagar3ha meM nara-nArAyaNa kA ubharA huA citrAMkana devIbhAgavata para AdhArita hai ( dekhie devIbhAgavata 4 / 5 - 10 ) ; kintu pro0 hajA zrI rAmacandrana kI bAta nahIM mAnate / 414 nandipurANa - ( upapurANa) / dekhie ha0 'bRhannandikezvara eNDa nandikezvara' (DA0 bI0 sI0 lA-bheTa grantha, mAga 2,pR0 415-419, evaM jarnala Ava di gaMgAnAtha jhA risarca iMsTIcyUTa, ilAhAbAda, jilda 2, pR0 305 - 320 ) ; pro0 raMgasvAmI AyaMgara (nyU iNDiyana aiNTIkverI, jilda 4, pR0 157-161) ne nandipurANa para carcA karate hue likhA hai ki maulika purANa lupta hai, tathA lakSmIdhara dvArA uddhRta zloka dAna ke vibhinna prakAroM ke viSaya meM hI haiM / kalpataru ne dAna para 200 zloka uddhRta kiye haiM, jinameM 140 vidyAdAna para 12 ArogyadAna ( inameM aisI vyavasthA hai ki eka aisA aspatAla banavAyA jAya jisameM Ayurveda ke ATha aMgoM kA jJAtA vaidya ho aura auSadhiyoM Adi kI samucita vyavasthA ho ) para haiN| apArka ne vidyAdAna para 100 zloka uddhRta kiye haiM evaM ArogyadAna para kalpataru kI bhA~ti uddharaNa diye haiM / kalpataru ne niyatakAlaM para bhI isa purANa se uddharaNa liye haiM / yaha grantha una cAra upapurANoM meM hai jinheM matsya ne spaSTa rUpa se ullikhita kiyA hai / albarUnI ne ise nandapurANa kahA hai jo sambhavataH nandipurANa kA dyotaka hai / lakSmIdhara, aparAkaM evaM dAnasAgara ne isase paryApta saMkhyA meM uddharaNa liye haiM / ataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaha upapurANa AThavIM yA navIM zatAbdI meM avazya praNIta ho gayA hogA /

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purANoM evaM upapurANoM para saMkSipta TippaNiyA~ 415 narasiMhapurANa ( yA nRsiMhapurANa ) -- kalpataru ne vrata para carcA karate hue isa upapurANa se 29 zloka liye haiM ( ye zloka Aja kI prati meM prApta haiM, dekhie 26 / 2 - 20 ) ; tIrtha kI carcA meM kalpataru ne isase 66 loka liye jo isake adhyAya 65 / 2-21 meM haiN| isI prakAra kalpataru ne niyatakAla para 65, mokSa para 57, dAnakANDa para 13, brahmacArikANDa para 4 zloka uddhRta kiye haiM / aparArka ne bhI isa upapurANa se prabhUta uddharaNa dekara ise mAnyatA dI hai / smRti ne bhI ise uddhRta kiyA hai| lagatA hai, kalpataru evaM aparArka ke samaya isakA AkAra bar3A thaa| yaha draSTavya ki aila vaMza kA antima rAjA kSemaka isa purANa meM naravAhana kA putra evaM udayana tathA vAsavadattA kA pautra kahA gayA hai / Aja jo prati prApta hai usakI tithi lagabhaga navIM zatI hai / nAradapurANa ( veMka0 presa dvArA prakAzita ) -- dekhie ha0 ( iNDi0 kalcara, jilda 3, pR0 477-488, sTaDIja, jilda 1, pR0 309-345, 'bRhannAradIya' evaM 'nAradIya' Adi ) / bRhannAradIya kA prakAzana kalakattA eziyATika sosAiTI evaM baMgavAsI presa dvArA 38 adhyAyoM evaM 3600 zlokoM meM huA hai| ha0 ke anusAra bRhannAradIya eka kaTTara vaiSNava sAmpradAyika kRti hai aura isameM purANa kI vizeSatAoM kA abhAva hai| ha0 ne yaha bhI kahA hai ki matsya (53 / 23) dvArA avalokita ( jisameM 23000 zloka the aura jisameM nArada ne bRhatkalpa ke dharmoM kI ghoSaNA kI hai) evaM agni ( 272 / 8) dvArA ullikhita nAradIya Aja ke nAradIya se bhinna thA aura Aja vAle nAradIya ne bRhannAradIya se bahuta kucha udhAra liyA hai ( sTaDIz2a, jilda 1, pR0 336-341) / veMka0 presa dvArA prakAzita saMskaraNa do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai, prathama 125 adhyAyoM meM hai aura dvitIya 82 adhyAyoM meM (kula lagabhaga 5513 zlokoM meM ) / dvitIya bhAga ke 5513 zlokoM meM 3400 tIrthoM se sambandhita haiM aura zeSa rukmAMgada evaM mohinI kI gAthA se sambandhita haiN| prathama bhAga meM viSNu evaM bhakti kI prazaMsA, bhArata kA bhUgola, sagara kI kathA, bhagIratha evaM gaMgA-mAhAtmya, kucha vratoM, varNadharma, Azramadharma, pAtakoM, sadAcAra evaM zrAddha jaise viSayoM kA ullekha hai / nAradIya kA eka zloka (1 / 9 / 40 ) kirAtArjunIya zloka' se milatA hai aura ghoSaNA karatA hai ki yadi koI brAhmaNa mahAn vipatti meM bhI bauddha mandira meM praveza karatA hai to vaha saikar3oM prAyazcittoM ke uparAnta bhI isa pApa se chuTakArA nahIM pA sakatA, kyoMki bauddha pASaNDI aura vedavinindaka haiN| prathama bhAga meM vaiSNavAgama ( 37, 4) evaM paMcarAtra - vidhi ( 5319 ) kA varNana hai / smRtica0 ne nAradIya se ekAdazI evaM mohinI- gAthA ke viSaya meM kaI zloka uddhRta kiye haiM / aparArka ne ekAdazI ke upavAsa ke viSaya meM do zloka uddhRta kiye haiM / uparyukta dazAoM se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki Aja kA nAradIyapurANa, 700 evaM 1000 I0 ke bIca kabhI saMgRhIta huA / padmapurANa - - ha0 ( iNDi0 kalcara, jilda 4, pR0 73-95), zrI ema0 vI0 vaidya (kANe - meTa-jilda, pR0 530537, yahA~ aisA mata vyakta kiyA gayA hai ki padma kA tIrthayAtrA vAlA vibhAga mahAbhArata- tIrthayAtrA vibhAga se prAcIna hai), DA0 velvelkara (epha0 DablU0 phesTakriphTa, pR0 19-28) kA kathana hai ki padma mahAbhArata para AdhArita hai / pro0 lUDarsa ne yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA ki padma meM ullikhita RSyazrRMga kI vArtA mahAbhArata vAlI vArtA se prAcIna hai (iNDi0 hisTrA 0 kvA0, jilda 20, pR0 209, jahA~ lUDarsa kA mata diyA huA hai) / ha0 ne 'sTaDIz2a ina purANika 3. aviveko hi sarvASAmApadAM paramaM padam / nAradIya ( 1 9150 ) ; milAie 'sahasA vidadhIta na kriyAmavivekaH paramApadAM padam / ' kirAta0 2 / 30 / . bauddhAH 4. bauddhAlayaM vizedyastu mahApadyapi vai dvijaH / na tasya niSkRtirdRSTA prAyazcittazatairapi pAkhaNDinaH proktAH yato vedavinindikAH // nAradIya ( 1 / 15 / 50-52 ) /

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416 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa rekarDasa Ava hindU rAiTsa eNDa kasTamsa' meM vyakta kiyA hai ki padma ke do pATha haiM, jinameM eka uttara bhAratIya hai| aura dUsarA dakSiNa bhAratIya / pahalA 5 khaNDoM meM aura dUsarA 6 khaNDoM meM hai| AnandAzrama evaM veMka0 presa meM kevala dakSiNa bhAratIya saMskaraNa hI prakAzita hai, yadyapi donoM presoM ke pAThoM kI vyavasthA meM antara hai / ha0 kA kathana hai ki padma kA uttara-kANDa 900 I0 ke uparAnta kA, kintu 1500 I0 ke pUrva kA hai| eka bAta draSTavya hai ki matsya evaM padma ke saikar3oM zloka eka samAna haiM aura hemAdri jaise kucha lekhaka vahI bAta kabhI matsya kI aura kabhI padma kI kahate haiM / matsya meM smRti viSayaka bahuta-sI bAteM pAyI jAtI haiM tathA madhyakAlIna nibandhoM ne usase bahuta se uddharaNa liye haiM, ataH prastuta lekhaka kI aisI dhAraNA hai ki padma ne hI matsya se udhAra liyA hai| aisA padma ne kaba kiyA, isa viSaya meM koI nizcita tithi nahIM dI jA sakatI, kintu yaha kArya 1000 I0 ke pUrva hI ho gayA hogA / padma ( 4 / 102 / 40 - 41 evaM 4 / 110 / 483 ) ne kUrma kA ullekha kiyA hai tathA 4 / 5 / 32-43 meM zleSa evaM parisaMkhyA jaise alaMkAra Aye haiM / kalpataru, aparArka evaM smRtica0 ne padma ko uddhRta kiyA hai | AnandAzrama gresa ke saMskaraNa meM 628 adhyAya evaM 48, 452 zloka haiN| isameM azvattha ko bodhisattva ( sRSTikhaNDa 55 / 16 ) kahA gayA hai aura gurjaradeza (2151 / 36-37 ) ke vanasthala nAmaka sthAna kA ullekha huA hai / brahmapurANa - AnandAzrama vAlA prakAzana pazcAtkAlIna saMkalana-sA lagatA hai / dekhie ha0 ' epaoNkriphala brahmapurANa' (iNDiyana kalcara, jilda 2, pR0 235-245 evaM purANika rekarDsa Adi, pR0 145 - 157) / ha0 kA kathana hai ki prakAzita brahma meM jImUtavAhana, aparArka, ballAlasena, devaNNabhaTTa evaM haradatta meM pAye jAne vAle uddharaNa nahIM milate haiM, isameM mahAbhArata, viSNu, vAyu evaM mArkaNDeya ke pUre adhyAya taka uddhRta ho gaye haiM, aura yaha 10 vIM zatI evaM 12 vIM zatI ke bIca meM kahIM praNIta huA hogA / eca0 oTTI zreDara kA kathana hai ki prastuta brahma ke 226244 adhyAya, jinameM sAMkhya evaM yoga kA vivecana huA hai, mahAbhArata se liye gaye haiM (iNDi0 kalcara, jilda 2, pR0 592-93) / dAnasAgara ne do brahmapurANoM kI carcA kI hai aura eka kA usane upayoga nahIM kiyA hai| kalpataru brahmapurANa se 1500 zloka liye haiM ( 600 niyatakAla para, 66 tIrtha para, 60 mokSa para, 78 rAjadharma para, 21 gRhastha para, 22 vyavahAra para, 15 vratoM para, 15 brahmacArI para ) / kalpataru ne vAyu evaM matsya se bhI uddharaNa liye haiM, kintu brahma vAle uddharaNa saba se adhika haiN| zrAddha kI carcA meM kalpataru ne brahmapurANa kucha aise zloka uddhRta kiye haiM jo buddha evaM bauddha sAdhuoM ke lie kisI viziSTa tithi para sammAna kI bAta calAte haiM / prakAzita brahma meM 245 adhyAya evaM 13, 783 zloka haiM / 70 se 175 taka ke adhyAyoM ke 4640 zlokoM meM katipaya tIrthoM kA ullekha hai, adhyAya 28 se 69 taka koNAditya, ekAgra avantI, puruSottama tIrtha jaise tIrthoM kA varNana hai / sampUrNa purANa athavA kama-se-kama eka vibhAga 175 veM adhyAya taka samApta-sA dRSTigocara hotA hai aura 176 veM adhyAya se vAsudevamAhAtmya kA Arambha hotA hai jo 213 veM adhyAya taka calA jAtA hai / yahA~ varNanakartA vyAsa haiM na ki brahmA jo prathama adhyAya se lekara 175veM adhyAya taka varNanakartA rahe haiM / 42veM tathA usake Age ke adhyAyoM se bahuta-se zloka tIrthacintAmaNi dvArA uddhRta kiye gaye haiM / vAcaspati 15 vIM zatI ke uttarArdha meM hue the, ataH Aja ke brahmapurANa kA prathama bhAga 13 vIM zatI ke pazcAt nahIM rakhA jA sktaa| Aja ke brahma ke katipaya zloka brahmANDa evaM vAyu meM pAye jAte haiM / yaha sambhava hai ki jisa brahmapurANa ko ballAlasena ne chor3a diyA thA vaha Aja vAlA hI saMskaraNa ho aura kalpataru evaM ballAlasena ke samakSa koI anya saMskaraNa thA, jo apekSAkRta purAnA thA / Aja kA brahma sambhavataH aise bhUmibhAga meM saMgRhIta huA thA jahA~ se godAvarI (gautamI) daNDakAraNya meM bahatI hai| aisA AyA hai ki daNDakAraNya parama punIta deza hai (88/18, 123 / 117 evaM 129 / 55 ) aura vahA~ se godAvarI bahatI hai ( 129/63, 66 ) / aisA kahA gayA (88 / 22-24) hai ki 'janasthAna' gautamI para vaha sthAna hai jahA~ janaka vaMza ke rAjA ne yajJa kiyA thaa|

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purANoM evaM upapurAphoM para saMkSipta TippaNiyA~ 417 brahmavaivarta-yaha eka vizada grantha hai jo AnandAzrama (pUnA) dvArA cAra khaNDoM meM prakAzita huA hai, yathAbrahma, prakRti, gaNapati evaM kRssnnjnm| isameM dharmazAstra-viSayaka bAteM bhI haiM, yathA--jAtiyA~, dAna, vrata, naraka, varNAzramadharma, strI aadi| smRtica0, hemAdri Adi ne isa purANa se bahuta-se uddharaNa liye haiM, jo prakAzita purANa meM nahIM pAye jaate| vilsana ne viSNupurANa kI bhUmikA meM likhate hue aisA kahA hai ki brahmavaivarta ko purANa nahIM kahanA caahie| dekhie ha0 (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 19, pR075-76 evaM purANika rekarDa Adi, pR0 166 167) / brahmANDa (veMka0 presa dvArA prakAzita-yaha cAra pAdoM meM vibhAjita hai, yathA-prakriyA (5 adhyAya), anuSaMga (33 a0), upodghAta (74 a0) evaM upasaMhAra (4 a0) aura anta meM 40 adhyAyoM meM lalitopAkhyAna hai| kUrma meM spaSTa rUpa se AyA hai ki naimiSAraNya meM eka satra meM pravRtta RSiyoM ko brahmANDa purANa sunAyA gyaa| skanda (prabhAsakhaNDa 2 / 8-9) meM AyA hai ki Arambha meM kevala eka purANa thA, jisakA nAma brahmANDa thA aura usameM eka sau karoDa zloka the jo Age cala kara aThAraha bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gye| sambhavataH isakA praNayana godAvarI ke udgama ke pAsa kahIM huA thA, kyoMki imameM AyA hai ki vaha sthAna, jo sahya parvata kI uttarI coTiyoM ke pAsa hai aura jahA~ se godAvarI prasUta hotI hai, vizva meM sabase sundara evaM ramaNIka hai aura vahA~ parazurAma dvArA sthApita govardhana nAma kI rAjadhAnI thii| isake prathama do pAdoM meM sRSTi, bhAratavarSa evaM pRthivI kA bhUgola, manvantaroM, vyAsa ke ziSyoM, veda kI zAkhAoM ke vibhAjana Adi kA ullekha hai| tIsarA khaNDa (yA pAda) sabase lambA hai, isameM vaivasvata manvantara evaM devoM, asuroM, gandharvo, RSiyoM tathA unakI santAnoM kI sRSTi ke viSaya meM varNana karane ke uparAnta zrAddha ke svarUpoM kA vizada ullekha hai; parazurAma kI tapasyAoM, unake dvArA astra-zastra prApti, kArtavIrya evaM kSatriyoM kI hatyA, unake rakta se pA~ca tAlAboM ke bharane kA vizada varNana hai| isake uparAnta sagara kA kathAnaka, bhagIratha dvArA gaMgA ke utArane kI kathA, samudra se gokarNa kI rakSA, sUrpAraka kI kathA, sUrya evaM candra ke vaMzoM kI kathA Adi varNita haiN| isake uparAnta dhanvantari dvArA bhAradvAja se Ayurveda ke AThoM aMgoM ke jJAna kI prApti kA ullekha hai| cauthe khaNDa (pAda) meM isameM manuoM, jJAna, karma, mokSa Adi kA ullekha hai| brahmANDa prAcInatama purANoM meM parigaNita hai aura isake saikar3oM zloka vAyu meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 309) ne brahmANDa kA zloka uddhRta kara kahA hai ki yadi koI vyakti zaivoM, pAzupatoM, lokAyatikoM evaM nAstikoM, niSiddha mArga para jAne vAle tInoM vargoM ke logoM evaM zUdroM kA sparza karatA hai to use vastra sahita jala meM praveza karanA caahie| aparArka ne isase 75 zloka liye haiM jinameM 43 zrAddha-sambandhI haiN| smRticandrikA ne bahuta-se uddharaNa liye haiN| ina bAtoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki isa purANa ko matsya ke samAna bahuta prArambhika kAla kA nahIM kahA jA sktaa| isameM eka lambA sAmAsika prayoga AyA hai (3 / 48 / 8 evaM 20), bhImasena evaM nArada kA ullekha saMgItazAstra-lekhakoM meM huA hai (3 / 61142-43), gAndharva para eka adhyAya hai (3 / 62), pahale ke AcAryoM kI 5. atra pUrva sa bhagavAnuSINAM satramAsatAm / sa vai provAca brahmANDaM purANaM brahmabhAvitam // kUrma (2 // 43 // 14) / 6. zaivAn pAzupatAn spRSTvA lokAyatikanAstikAn / vikarmasthAn vijAn zUdrAn savAsA jalamAvizet // mitA0 (yAjJa0 3 / 309), smRtica0 (1, pR0 118) / / 7. tasyAgresarasanyayUthacaraNaprakSaNNazaloccayakSodApUritanimnabhAgamavanIpAlasya sNyaasytH| brahmANDa purANa (3 / 4808) / 53

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418 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ora bhI saMketa hai, nATya ke 30 alaMkAroM evaM ina alaMkAroM ke cAra upayogoM (62 / 32 ) kI ora nirdeza hai / " isa purANa ko cauthI evaM chaThI zatiyoM ke bIca meM kahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| vivecana ke lie dekhie pAjiTara (e0 AI0 ec0 TI0, pR0 23, 77) evaM ha0 ( pI0 Ara0 ec0 Ara0, pR0 17/19 ) / brahmANDa meM vyutpatti-sambandhI adhika abhiruci prakaTa huI hai, yathA -- vaizya evaM zUdra ( 227 157 - 158), deva, manuSya-prajA, rAkSasa evaM yakSa (28) 9-10, 20, 34), tryambaka evaM rudra ( 2 / 9 3-4 evaM 78), rAjan ( 2 / 29 / 64), vasudhA, medinI evaM pRthivI (2|37| 1-3), atri, vasiSTha, pulaha evaM pulastya ( 3 / 1 / 44-46), kubera ( 3 / 8 / 44-45) Adi zabdoM kI vyutpattiyA~ / bRhaddharmapurANa ( upa0 ) / dekhie ha0 ( gohATI yUni0 kA jarnala, sTaDIz2a Adi, jilda 1, pR0 115 evaM 277) / yaha 13vIM yA 14vIM zatI meM baMgAla meM praNIta huA / bhaviSyapurANa - matsya (53 / 30-31), agni0 ( 272 / 12) evaM nAradIya (1 / 100) meM ullikhita bAteM veMka0 presa dvArA prakAzita bhaviSya se nahIM miltiiN| yaha cAra parvoM meM vibhAjita hai, yathA -- brAhma, madhyama, pratisarga evaM uttara / kevala brAhma parva kI tithi prAcIna hai / pratisarga parva meM Adhunika prakSepa bhI haiM, yathA--Adama evaM Iva, pRthvIrAja evaM saMyogitA, dehalI ke mlecchoM, rAmAnuja, kabIra, narazrI (narasI ? ), nAnaka, caitanya, nityAnanda, raidAsa, madhvAcArya, maTToja Adi kI kahAniyA~ / ballAlasena ne bhaviSyottara kA bahiSkAra kara diyA thA, yadyapi vaha usake to meM paryApta prasiddha thaa| aparArka ne dAna ke viSaya meM bhaviSyottara se 160 zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| smRtica0 ne eka zloka liyA hai ( bhAga 1, pR0 203 ) / ataH bhaviSyottara ko hama 1000 I0 ke Age nahIM utAra sakate | kalpataru ne saikar3oM zloka udhAra liye haiM / mitAkSarA ( yAjJa0 3 / 6 ) ne sarpa ke kATane para sarpa kI svarNa mUrti ke dAna kI carcA meM bhaviSya ko uddhRta kiyA hai| aparArka ne 125 zloka liye haiM, jinameM lagabhaga 90 zloka prAyazcittoM se sambandhita haiM / eka bAta draSTavya hai ki aparArka dvArA liye gaye bhaviSya ke uddharaNoM meM aMgirA, gautama, parAzara, manu, vasiSTha evaM zaMkha ke mata uddhRta haiM / aparArka ke uddharaNoM ke kucha vaktavyoM se Aja ke pracalita bhaviSya kI tithi para prakAza par3atA hai / isane ATha vyAkaraNoM kI ora bhI nirdeza kiyA hai, yathA--- brAhma, aindra, yAmya, raudra, vAyavya, vAruNa, sAvitra evaM vaiSNava / kintu prasiddha ATha vyAkaraNoM se yaha tAlikA bhinna hai ( kevala aindra milatA hai ) / isameM videzI zabda 'Ara' (maMgala) evaM 'koNa (zani) milate haiM aura aisA AyA hai ki ziva, pArvatI, gaNeza, sUrya Adi ke samAna ina grahoM kI pUjA bhI honI caahie| bhaviSya meM parAzarasmRti kI kucha vyavasthAoM kI ora bhI saMketa hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki isa purANa ko 6ThI yA 7vIM zatI ke pUrva nahIM rakhA jAnA cAhie / dekhie ha0 (iNDi0 kalcara, jilda 3, pR0 223-229 evaM pI0 Ara0 ec0 Ara0, pR0 167-173 jahA~ bhaviSyottara kI carcA hai| vAyu ( 99 / 267) meM jisa bhaviSya ( tAn sarvAn kIrtayiSyAmi bhaviSye paThitAn nRpAn / tebhyaH pare ca ye cAnye utpatsyante mahIkSitaH // ) kI carcA hai vaha Apa0 dha0 sU0 meM ullikhita prAcIna bhaviSyat hai / varAhapurANa ( 177 / 34 evaM 51 ) ne do bAra spaSTa rUpa se bhaviSyat purANa kI carcA kI hai, yaha dUsarA saMketa mahattvapUrNa hai / aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki bhaviSya nAmaka purANa sAmba dvArA saMzodhita huA thA aura sAmba ne sUrya kI eka pratimA sthApita kI thI / 8. dekhie nATyazAstra 320484 'gAndharvametatkathitaM mayA hi pUrvaM yaduktaM tviha nAradena / ' 9. bhaviSyatpurANamiti khyAtaM kRtvA punarnavam / sAmbaH sUryapratiSThAM ca kArayAmAsa tatvavit // varAha

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purANoM evaM upapurANoM para saMkSipta TippaNiyAM :419 bhAgavatapurANa-mitAkSarA, aparArka, kalpataru, smRticandrikA jaise Arambhika nibandhoM ne isa purANa se kucha bhI uddharaNa nahIM liyA hai| dAnasAgara ko isa purANa kA patA thA, kintu dAna-sambandhI bAtoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa usane isakI carcA nahIM kii| isakI tithi bahuta hI vivAdagrasta hai, yaha pA~cavIM zatI se 10 vIM zatI taka khIMcI jAtI hai| DA0 pusalkara ('sTaDIz2a ina epiksa eNDa purANaja', 1953, pR0 214-216) ne isake sambandha ke sabhI lekha ekatra kara DAle haiN| zrI esa0 esa0 zAstrI (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 14, pR0 241-249) ne 'do bhAgavatoM kI carcA meM devIbhAgavata-purANa ko isa bhAgavata se prAcIna mAnA hai| ha0 (je0 o0 Ara0, madrAsa, jilda 21, pR0 48-79) ne isa mata kA ulaTA kahA hai, arthAt devIbhAgavata ko bhAgavata se pazcAtkAlIna mAnA hai| zrI bI0 ena0 kRSNamUrti zarmA (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 14, pR0 182-218) ne bhAgavata ko 5 vIM zatI kA mAnA hai| pro0 dAsagupta ne apane grantha 'iNDiyana philAsaphI ke cauthe bhAga meM isa purANa kI carcA kI hai, kintu unakA mata je0 bI0 Ara0 esa0 (jilda 36, 50 9-50) meM Alocita ho cakA hai| padmapurANa (bhAga 4, adhyAya 189-194) meM 518 zlokoM meM bhAgavatapurANa kA eka mAhAtmya hai| isa purANa kA lekhaka tamila dezavAsI hai, aisA zrI amaranAtha rAya ne kahA hai (iNDi0 hisTA0 kvA0, jilda 8, pR0 49-53 ) / prastuta lekhaka kA kathana hai ki yaha pazcAtkAlIna purANa hai, kyoMki kalpataru ke mokSakANDa meM bhI isakA ullekha nahIM huA hai, jaba ki usI kANDa meM viSNupurANa se 300 zloka uddhRta hue haiN| vartamAna saMskaraNa ko navIM zatI ke pUrva rakhane ke lie hamAre pAsa koI pracura evaM sAdhikAra pramANa nahIM hai| matsyapurANa (AnandAzrama saMskaraNa)---isameM 281 adhyAya evaM 14,062 zloka haiN| yaha prAcIna purANoM meM mukhya hai aura sambhavataH isameM anya purANoM kI apekSA adhika smRti-sambandhI adhyAya haiN| isameM manusmRti evaM mahAbhArata ke bahuta-se zloka Aye haiN| yAjJavalkyasmRti ke bhI kucha zloka Aye haiM (yathA yAjJa0 11295, matsya 93 / 2; yAjJa 2 / 279 / 295-6 evaM 303, matsya 227 / 200, 202-203 evaM 204) / lagatA hai, matsya ne ziva evaM viSNu ko samAna tulA para rakhA hai| isane na kevala viSNu ke matsyAvatAra kI mahattA gAyI hai, pratyuta isane tArakAsura ke vadha para 1270 zloka evaM tripura ke vadha para 623 zloka diye haiM aura ye donoM ziva dvArA hate gaye haiN| vAmanapurANa (12148) ne ise pramukha purANoM meM parigaNita kiyA hai| . mitAkSarA (yAjJa 1 / 297) ne matsya ke adhyAya 94 ke 9 zloka (jo grahoM kI pratimAoM ke AkAra ke sambandha meM haiM) tathA adhyAya 93 ke do (11-12) zloka, jo eka maNDala meM zveta cAvaloM ke sAtha pratyeka ko sthApita karane ke viSaya meM haiM, uddhRta kiye haiN| kalpataru ne vrata para saikar3oM, dAna para lagabhaga 750, rAjadharmakANDa meM 410, gRhasthakANDa meM 115, zrAddha para 112, niyatakAla para 67, vyavahArakANDa meM 18, brahmacArI para 6 evaM mokSa para 2, isa prakAra lagabhaga 2000 zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| aparArka ne lagabhaga 400 zloka liye haiN| dAnasAgara, smRticandrikA 177151 / varAha ne sUrya ke tIna mandiroM kA ullekha kiyA hai (17805-7), eka yamunA ke dakSiNa meM, dUsarA madhya meM jise kAlapriya kahA jAtA hai aura tIsarA mUlasthAna (Aja ke mulatAna) ke pazcima meN| bhaviSyapurANa ne sUrya kI pUjA ke tIna mahatvapUrNa sthAnoM kA ullekha kiyA hai (yathA-muNDIra, kAlapriya evaM mitrvnn)| dilIpakumAra vizvAsa kI yaha bAta ThIka jaMcatI hai. (15 vI iNDiyana hisTrI kAMgresa kI prosIDiMga kA sAra-saMkSepa, pR030) ki muNDIra Aja kA moDherA hai jo uttarI gujarAta meM hai aura jahAM para lagabhaga eka sahasra varSoM se eka sundara sUrya-mandira avasthita hai|

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420 stra kA itihAsa evaM hemAdri kI carcA karanA anAvazyaka hai, kyoMki inameM to bahuta-se zloka uddhRta haiM hii| isase prakaTa hai ki 1000 I0 ke bahuta pahale Aja kA saMskaraNa jyoM-kA-tyoM upasthita thaa| viSNu, vAyu, sambhavataH bhaviSya (1) evaM mArkaNDeya ko chor3akara anya purANoM ke viSaya meM isase adhika nahIM kahA jA sktaa| prastuta lekhaka ke mata se matsya 18 purANoM meM saba se prAcIna evaM surakSita purANoM meM eka hai, isakI tithi 200 I0 evaM 400 I0 ke bIca meM kahIM hogii| hA~, yaha sambhava hai ki yatastataH do-eka zloka kSepaka ke rUpa meM isa purANa meM A gaye hoN| __matsyapurANa meM smRti-viSayaka adhyAyoM kI tithiyoM ke lie dekhie ha0 (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 17, pR01-36 evaM pI0 Ara0 eca0 Ara0,pR026-52) evaM pro0 rAmacandra dIkSitAra (matsyapurANa, e sTaDI, madrAsa, 1935, pR0 1-140) / aniruddha (lagabhaga 1160 I0) kI pitRdayitA (pR0 92) meM svalpa-matsyapurANa ke cAra zloka uddhRta haiM aura zrI manoraJjana zAstrI (je0jI0 je0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 9, pR0 183-188) ne isa para eka - lekha likhA hai| tIrthoM evaM vratoM ke bAre meM matsya evaM padma ke bahuta-se adhyAya eka-se haiN| zaMkarAcArya ne paurANikoM ke jo zloka uddhRta kiye haiM ve matsya ke haiN|" tarpaNa meM jina muniyoM ko jala diyA jAtA hai unameM (matsya-prokta) kapila, Asuri, voDhu evaM paJcazikha bhI haiN| sAMkhyakArikA meM ina cAroM meM prathama do evaM antima sAMkhya-siddhAnta ke tIna mahAn pravartaka kahe gaye haiN| isameM vararuci nATya-veda ke udbhaTa vidvAn kahe gaye haiN| isa ke 24veM adhyAya meM AyA hai ki apsarA urvazI evaM usakI sakhI citralekhA kezI nAmaka rAkSasa dvArA pakar3a lI gayI thIM, aura purUravA ne kezI ko harAkara urvazI ko chur3AyA tathA indra ne purUravA ko urvazI de dii| jaba urvazI bharata dvArA praNIta 'lakSmIsvayaMvara' nAmaka nATaka meM lakSmI kA abhinaya kara rahI thI aura purUravA ke prema meM Asakta hone ke kAraNa vaha bharata dvArA batAyA gayA apanA anukUla abhinaya bhUla gayI, taba bharata ne use latA ho jAne kA zApa de diyaa| yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki matsya ko yaha AkhyAna kAlidAsa ke 'vikramorvazIya' nAmaka nATaka se prApta huA yA kAlidAsa ko matsya se| nAmoM evaM ghaTanAoM ke viSaya meM matsya evaM kAlidAsa ke kathAnaka eka-dUsare se bahuta milate haiN| matsya (24 / 24) meM AyA hai ki kezI ko harAne ke lie purUravA ko vAyavya-astra kA prayoga karanA pdd'aa| nATaka meM bhI yahI ullikhita hai| antara kI bAteM yoM haiM-nATaka meM lakSmI-svayaMvara kA praNayana sarasvatI dvArA kiyA huA mAnA gayA hai, kintu matsya isa viSaya meM mauna hai| matsya meM AyA hai ki bharata ne urvazI ko latA bana jAne kA zApa diyA, kintu nATaka isa viSaya meM kucha nahIM kahatA, usameM itanA AyA hai ki vaha latA ke samAna jo durbala ho gayI usakA kAraNa kumAra (kArtikeya) the| nirNaya isa bAta para nirbhara rahatA hai ki matsya kI tithi kisI anya sAkSya se 10. tathA cAhuH paurANikA:--acintyAH khalu ye bhAvA na tAMstarkeNa yojayet / prakRtibhyaH paraM yacca tadacintyasya lakSaNam // zaMkarAcArya, ve0 sU0 2 / 1 / 27 / yaha matsya (11336) hai| yaha zloka bhISmaparva (5 / 12) meM bhI hai, kintu yahA~ 'yojayet ke sthAna para sASayet hai| paurANika (purANamadhIte iti paurANikaH, jaisA ki pANini 4 / 2 / 59 kA kahanA hai) zabda se nirdezita hotA hai ki AcArya ne purANa kI ora saMketa kiyA hai na ki mahAbhArata kI or| 'kapilazcAsurizcava boDhaH pnycshikhstyaa| sarve te tRptimAyAntu mddttnaambunaakhilaaH||' matsya 102 / 18 (smRtica0 11193 dvArA uvRt)| anta meM sAMkhyakArikA kA kathana hai : 'etatpavitramayaM munirAsuraye anukampayA prddau| Asurirapi paJcazikhAya tena ca bahudhA kRtaM tantram // ' dogdhA vararucizcaiva nATyavedasya paargH| matsya0 25, lakSmIsvayaMvaraM nAma bharatena pravartitam / matsya0 24 / 28 /

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purANoM evaM upapurANoM para saMkSipta TippaNiyA~ 421 kyA hai / prastuta lekhaka ke mata se kAlidAsa matsya kI ghaTanA se paricita the / kucha logoM kA mata hai ki kAlidAsa lagabhaga I0 pU0 57 meM vikramAditya ke kAla meM the| kintu prastuta lekhaka ko yaha mAnya nahIM hai / yaha siddha karane ke lie hamAre pAsa koI puSTa pramANa nahIM hai ki I0 pU0 57 meM uttara bhArata evaM madhya bhArata meM vikramAditya nAmadhArI koI zaktizAlI rAjA thaa| navaratnoM vAlI gAthA nirarthaka hai aura yadi vaha sArthaka bhI hai to vikramAditya nAmaka rAjA (jisake rAjya meM ve navaratna the) 5 vIM yA 6 ThI zatI meM huA hogA, tabhI amarasiMha, varAhamihira evaM kAlidAsa samakAlIna kahe jaayeNge| gupta samrAT candragupta dvitIya ke eka sikke para AyA hai- 'kSitimavajitya sucaritaidivaM jayati vikramAdityaH / ' prastuta lekhaka ke mata se kAlidAsa kI tithi 350 I0 evaM 450 I0 ke madhya meM kahIM hai / mArkaNDeya purANa- isake do saMskaraNa haiM : bI0 je0 (1862) evaM veMka0 presa ke / prastuta lekhaka ne dUsare saMskaraNa kA sahArA liyA hai| donoM saMskaraNoM meM adhyAyoM ke zlokoM kI saMkhyAoM meM antara pAyA jAtA hai / pAjiTara ne isa purANa kA aMgrejI anuvAda kiyA hai| bI0 je0 ke saMskaraNa meM 42 adhyAyoM taka mArkaNDeya ko bAta nahIM karate kintu zeSa adhyAyoM meM ve hI pramukha vaktA haiN| yaha eka vicitra purANa hai| prathama adhyAya mahAbhArata ke viSaya meM jaimini dvArA mArkaNDeya se pUche gaye cAra praznoM ke sAtha Arambha hotA hai, yathA - ( 1 ) nirguNa vAsudeva mAnava rUpa kyoM dhAraNa kiyA ? (2) draupadI pA~ca bhAiyoM kI patnI kyoMkara banI ? (3) balarAma ne brahmahatyA kA prAyazcitta tIrthayAtrA se kyoM kiyA (apanI mRtyu se kyoM nahIM kiyA) ? (4) draupadI ke pA~ca avivAhita putra, jo svayaM mahAn yoddhA the, isa prakAra kyoM asahAya mAra DAle gaye, jaba ki unake sahAyaka svayaM mahAn yoddhA pANDava loga the / mArkaNDeya unheM vindhyAcala ke buddhimAn pakSiyoM ke pAsa jAne kI sammati dete haiM aura isa prakAra uttara cauthe adhyAya se sAtaveM adhyAya meM diye hue haiN| yaha samajha meM nahIM AtA ki jaimini, jo purANoM meM vyAsa ke ziSya kahe gaye haiM, vyAsa ke pAsa na jA kara mArkaNDeya ke pAsa praznottara ke lie kyoM gaye / isa purANa kA eka aMza devImAhAtmya yA saptazatI kahalAtA hai ( veMka0 presa saMskaraNa ke adhyAya 78-90 evaM bI0 je0 saMskaraNa ke adhyAya 81 - 93), jise Adhunika vidvAn kSepaka mAnate haiN| yadi yaha kSepaka bhI hai taba bhI yaha 10 vIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kA hai, kyoMki isakI prAcInatama pANDulipi kI tithi 998 I0 hai; yaha chaThI zatI kA bhI ho sakatA hai|" mArkaNDeyapurANa meM vrata, tIrthayAtrA yA zAnti para zloka nahIM haiM, kintu AzramoM ke kartavyoM, rAjadharma, zrAddha, narakoM, karmavipAka, sadAcAra, yoga (dattAtreya dvArA alarka ko samajhAyA gayA), kArtavIrya kI kathAoM, usake pautra kuvalayAzva kI evaM madAlasA kI kathAoM, sRSTi, manvantaroM, bhUgola Adi para bahuta-sI bAteM dI huI haiN| isameM koI sAmpradAyika dRSTikoNa nahIM hai / devImAhAtmya ko chor3akara prArthanAe~ evaM stotra nahIM ke barAbara haiN| isake eka-dUsare se asambaddha tIna bhAga haiM, yathA-1 se 42 adhyAyoM taka jJAnI pakSigaNa vaktA haiM, 43 se anta taka mArkaNDeya evaM ziSya kroSTuki kA saMvAda cAlU rahatA hai, kevala devImAhAtmya meM aisA nahIM hai, jo ki eka svatantra bhAga hai / kalpataru ne mokSa para mArkaNDeya ke yoga se 120 zloka uddhRta kiye haiM / isI prakAra isake brahmacArikANDa meM 9, zrAddha para 12, niyatakAla para 17, gRhastha para 19, rAjadharma para 3 evaM vyavahAra para eka zloka uddhRta kiyA gayA 11. sarvamaMgala mAMgalye zive sarvArthasAdhike / zaraNye vyambake gauri nArAyaNi namostu te // mArkaNDeya 88 9, devIbhAgavata 7 / 30 / 66 / 'nArAyaNI' supArzva para eka pITha hai| uparyukta 'sarvamaMgalamAMgalye' dadhimatI - mAratA nAmaka abhilekha (jodhapura meM prApta) meM, jisakI tithi 289 gupta-saMvat hai, milatA hai ( epi0 iNDi0, 11, pR0 299 ) / yaha abhilekha san 608 I0 kA hai, ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki devImAhAtmya kA uddhRta zloka 600 I0 se purAnA hai|

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422 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai| aparArka ne 85 zloka (42 yoga para, zeSa zrAddha, dAna, Atithya, zuddhi Adi para) liye haiN| smRticandrikA ne 15 zloka Ahnika para, 40 zrAddha para uddhRta kiye haiN| mArkaNDeya ne katipaya zloka manu evaM mahAbhArata se liye haiN| mArkaNDeya meM lambe-lambe rUpaka bhI Aye haiM, yathA 3.59-70 (jahA~ prajJA ko durga-bhitti evaM AtmA ko usameM nivAsa karane vAlA rAjA kahA gayA hai) evaM 35 / 8-13 (ahamityaMkurotpannaH aadi)| isameM bahu vikhyAta yaha vicAra AyA hai ki nAriyoM ko apane janma ke ghara meM bahuta dinoM taka rahanA zreyaskara nahIM hai, bAndhavoM kI yahI icchA rahatI hai ki vivAhita strI apane pati ke gRha meM rhe| mArkaNDeya kA kathana hai ki duHkha kA ekamAtra kAraNa hai svatva (arthAt yaha merA hai) aura nirvRtti hai isakA abhAva (arthAt yaha merA nahIM haiN)|2 adhyAya 160 / 30 meM lagna evaM horA kA ullekha hai| isameM gItA kA yaha siddhAnta AyA hai ki binA phala kI icchA ke kiyA gayA karma vyakti ko saMsAra ke baMdhana se nahIM baaNdhtaa| dUsarI ora ina purANa meM una datta yA dattAtreya kI kathA bhI AyI hai", jinhoMne alarka ko yoga kI zikSA dI thI (adhyAya 16 se Age) aura jo viSNu ke avatAra ke rUpa meM varNita haiM tathA madyapa, striyoM kI saMgati ke viSayI evaM sahyAdri para patthara evaM lakar3I se bane jalAzaya ke pAsa rahane vAle kahe gaye haiM (16 / 132) tathA avadhUta ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiM (17 / 3) / 54 veM adhyAya meM aisA AyA hai (jaisA ki hamane dekha liyA hai, brahmANDa 2 / 16 / 43-44) ki sahya kI zreNiyoM ke uttara meM evaM godAvarI ke sannikaTa jo sthAna hai vaha vizva meM sabase adhika ramaNIka hai| yaha purANa Arambhika purANoM meM parigaNita hai aura isakI tithi cauthI evaM chaThI zatiyoM ke bIca meM kahIM par3a sakatI hai| liMgapurANa (veMkaTezvara presa saMskaraNa)-jaisA ki isameM (2 / 5) AyA hai, isameM 11,000 zloka haiN| kalpataru ne tIrtha kI carcA meM isase avimuktaka (banArasa, aba ise vArANasI kahA jAne lagA hai) evaM isake anya upatIrthoM ke viSaya meM lagabhaga 1000 zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| aparArka ne aSTamI evaM caturdazI kI tithiyoM meM zivapUjA evaM grahaNoM meM snAna evaM zrAddha ke viSaya meM chaH zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| smRticandrikA ne grahaNa-snAna, vedAdhyayana Adi ke viSaya meM isase kucha zloka grahaNa kiye haiN| dAnasAgara (pR07, zloka 64) ke mata se 6,000 zlokoM vAlA eka anya liMgapurANa bhI thA jisakA usane upayoga nahIM kiyaa| dekhie ha0 (iNDiyana kalcara, jilda 4, pR0 415-421 evaM pI0 Ara0 eca0 Ara0, pR0 92-96) / 12. bAndhaveSu ciraM vAso nArINAM na yazaskaraH / manoratho bAndhavAnAM nAryA bhartagahe sthitiH|| mArka0 74 / 19 / milAie zAkuntala 5 'satImapi jJAtikulakasaMzrayAM janonyathA bhartRmatI vishNkte|' - 13. mameti mUlaM duHkhasya na mameti ca nirvRtiH| mArka0 35 / 6; na ca bandhAya tatkarma bhavatyanabhisaMSitam / mArka0 92 / 15 / 14. battAtreya evaM kArtavIrya ko diye gaye unake varoM kI gAthA kaI purANoM meM AyI hai| dekhie mtsy(43|15), brahma (133160) / brahmANDa (318184) meM eka paurANika zloka uddhRta hai : 'atreH putraM mahAtmAnaM zAntAtmAnamakalmaSam / dattAtreyaM tanuM viSNoH purANajJAH pracakSate // ' bhAgavata (12352) meM viSNu ke 22 avatAra ullikhita haiM, jinameM dattAtreya chaThe haiM, jinhoMne alarka evaM prahlAda ko AnvIkSikI (adhyAtmavidyA) kA jJAna diyaa| mArka (veka0 presa, 17 / 10 / 13) meM dattAtreya ne kahA hai : 'ye ca mAM pUjayiSyanti gndhmaalyaadibhirnraaH| mAMsamopahArazca missttaannaishcaatmsNytH||...tessaamhN parAM puSTiM putradAradhanAdikIm / pradAsyAmyavadhUtazca haniSyAmyavamanyatAm //

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purANoM evaM upapurANoM para saMkSipta TippaNiyAM varAhapurANa (bI0 AI0 saMskaraNa)--isameM 217 adhyAya evaM 9654 zloka haiM, kucha adhyAya pUrNatayA gadya meM haiM (yathA 81-83, 86-87 evaM bhuvanakoza para 74) tathA kucha gadya evaM padya donoM meM haiM (yathA 80, 84, 85, 88 evaM 89) / yaha vaiSNava purANa hai aura varAhAvatAra meM viSNu dvArA pRthivI se kahA gayA mAnA gayA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki isa purANa meM vyAsa nahIM Aye haiM, yadyapi sUta kaI adhyAyoM (yathA 1, 2, 39, 50, 127, 137-138, 148, 151, 181, 213) ke Arambha meM Aye haiN| isameM vrata, tIrtha, dAna, mUrtiyA~ evaM unakI pUjA, Azauca, zrAddha, karmavipAka, naraka, jagatsRSTi, bhUgola, prAyazcitta Adi dharmazAstrIya sAmAnya viSayoM para carcA kI gayI hai| kalpataru ne 150 zloka vrata para, 40 zrAddha para, 250 tIrtha para, 17 niyatakAla para, 5 dAna para evaM 4 gRhasthakANDa para uddhRta kiye haiN| eka vicitratA yaha hai ki isane lohAragala evaM stutasvAmI nAmaka aise tIrthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, jo anya purANoM meM nahIM pAye jaate| aparArka ne kaI viSayoM meM ise uddhRta kiyA hai| brahmapurANa ne varAhapurANa ko kanyArAzi meM prApta sUrya kI sthiti meM paurNamAsI ke dina pitaroM ke zrAddha ke viSaya meM uddhRta kiyA hai| bhaviSyottarapurANa (32 / 12) ne bhI ise uddhRta kiyA hai| varAha ne nandavardhana nAmaka zaka rAjakumAra kI carcA kI hai (122 / 34) aura eka zaka rAjA kA ullekha kiyA hai (122156) / dekhie ha0 (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 18, pR0 321-337) / varAhapurANa kI tithi ke viSaya meM nizcita rUpa se kucha kahanA kaThina hai| yadyapi yaha Arambhika purANoM meM nahIM AtA, taba bhI yaha 10 vIM zatI ke pUrva kA avazya mAnA jA sakatA hai| vAmanapurANa (veMka0 presa saMskaraNa)--matsya, vAyu, varAha Adi kI tulanA meM yaha eka choTA purANa hai| veMkaTezvara presa ke saMskaraNa meM 5451 zloka haiN| adhyAya 26, 44 evaM 93 gadya meM haiN| isake vistAra ke lie isameM bahuta-sI kathAe~ haiM, yathA--zaMkara dvArA brahmA kA eka sira kATa lenA; prahlAda evaM usake pautra bali tathA usake (bali ke) adhaHpatana kI kathA; devI kI mahattA evaM usake vIrocita kArya; devoM kI prArthanA para ziva evaM umA kA vivAha; kArtikeya kA janma evaM unake vibhinna nAmoM kI vyAkhyA; balAtkAra karane ke aparAdhI evaM zukra dvArA zApita daNDa kI kathA; vasiSTha evaM vizvAmitra kA vaimanasya'; gajendramokSa aadi| isameM sAmAnya dharmazAstrIya viSayoM kI saMkSipta carcA hai, yathA-tIrtha, sadAcAra, Azramadharma, sAmAnya dharma, vrata, karmavipAka aadi| kalpataru ne tIrtha para 88 zloka, vrata para 80, dAna para 14 zloka aura aparArka ne niyatakAla para 11 zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| ___ vAmanapurANa ne kAmazAstroM (9173) evaM maMgalavAra (41 / 24) kA ullekha kiyA hai| isane spaSTa rUpa se matsya ko sarvottama purANa mAnA hai| usa daNDa kI kathA, jisane zukra kI kanyA ke sAtha balAtkAra karanA cAhA thA aura jo apane rAjya ke sAtha nAza ko prApta huA lagatA hai, kauTilya ke arthazAstra kI pratidhvani hai (dANDakyo nAma bhojaH kAmAd brAhmaNakanyAm abhimanyamAnaH sabandhurASTro vinanAza / ' 116, pR0 11) / isameM AyA hai ki rAjA ko rAjA ('rAjan') isalie kahA jAtA hai ki vaha prajA kA raMjana karatA hai| yahI bAta kAlidAsa ne bhI kahI hai| isameM AyA hai ki umA ko 'umA' isalie kahA gayA kyoMki use 'u, mA' kahakara tapa karane se manA kiyA gayA thaa| yaha kahA gayA hai ki ziva ne ja ghAsa kI mekhalA pahana kara evaM ASAr3ha (palAza) kA daNDa dhAraNa kara vaidika vidyArthI kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA thaa| yaha bhI kumArasambhava (5) kI pratidhvani-sA hai| smRticandrikA (1, pR0 168) ne 15. tato rAjeti zabdosya pRthivyAM raJjanAdabhUt / vAmana (47 / 24); milAie 'rAjA prakRtiraJjanAt / ' raghu0 (4112); rAjA prajAraJjanalabdhavarNaH parantapo nAma yathArthanAmA / raghu0 (6 / 21) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vAmana se do zloka uddhRta kiye haiM, jinameM yaha AyA hai ki vyakti ko snAna evaM homa ke uparAnta kucha zubha padArthoM ko sparza karake vyavasAya Adi ke lie ghara ke bAhara jAnA caahie| uparyukta bAtoM ke AdhAra para vAmanapurANa ko 600 evaM 900 I. ke madhya meM kahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| dekhie ha0 (iNDi0 hisTraoN0, kvA0, jilda 11, pR0 115-130 evaM pI0 Ara0 eca0 Ara0, pR0 76-92) / vAyupurANa (AnandAzrama saMskaraNa)-isameM 112 adhyAya evaM 10,991 zloka haiN| lagatA hai, brahmANDa kI bhA~ti yaha bhI cAra pAdoM meM vibhAjita hai, yathA-prakiyA (adhyAya 1-6), anuSaMga (adhyAya 7-64), upodghAta (65-99) evaM upasaMhAra (100-112) / varAha kI bhAMti isakA bhI Arambha 'nArAyaNaM namaskRtya' se hotA hai| dUsare zloka meM vyAsa kI prazasti gAyI gayI hai jo anya saMskaraNoM meM nahIM pAyI jaatii| tIsare zloka meM zivabhakti kI ora nirdeza hai| 104 vA adhyAya bahuta-se saMskaraNoM meM upalabdha nahIM hai aura 'gayAmAhAtmya' vAle antima adhyAya, kucha lekhakoM ke mata se, pazcAtkAlIna parivardhana haiN| bahuta-se adhyAyoM meM zivapUjA kI ora vizeSa saMketa hai, lagatA hai yaha kucha pakSapAta hai, yathA 20131-35, 24191-165, 55 evaM 101 / 215-330 / sambhavataH isI pakSapAta ko dUra karane ke lie athavA sAmpradAyika santulana ke lie gayAmAhAtmya ke adhyAya jor3a diye gaye haiN| itanA hI nahIM, adhyAya 98 meM viSNu kI prazaMsA hai aura dattAtreya, vyAsa, kalkI viSNu ke apavatAra kahe gaye haiM, kintu buddha kA ullekha nahIM huA hai| adhyAya 99 sabase bar3A hai, isameM 464 zloka haiM aura isase meM bahuta-sI prAcIna parikalpita evaM aitihAsika kathAe~ haiN| isa purANa meM kucha aise zloka haiM jo mahAbhArata, manu evaM matsya meM pAye jAte haiN| isa purANa meM bhI matsya kI bhA~ti dharmazAstrIya sAmagrI pracura mAtrA meM pAyI jAtI hai| yaha purANa prAcInatama evaM atyanta prAmANika purANoM meM parigaNita hai; kintu isameM kucha pazcAtkAlIna kSepaka evaM parivardhana bhI haiN| ___ kalpataru ne isake uddharaNa vrata evaM niyatakAla ke vibhAgoM ko chor3a kara katipaya anya vibhAgoM meM liye haiN| zrAddha para 160 zloka, mokSa para 35, tIrtha para 22, dAna para 7, brahmacArI para 5 evaM gRhastha para 5 zloka uddhRta haiN| aparArka ne lagabhaga 75 zloka (60 zrAddha para tathA anya 15 upavAsa, dravya zuddhi, dAna, saMnyAsa evaM yoga para haiM) uddhRta kiye haiN| smRticandrikA ne zrAddha, atithi, agnihotra evaM samidhA para 24 zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| vAyu ne gupta-vaMza kI ora eka calatA saMketa kara diyA hai| ise pA~ca varSoM kA eka yuga vidita hai (50 / 183) / isane meSa, tulA (50 / 196), makara evaM siMha (jisameM bRhaspati bhI hai) kI carcA (82 / 41-42) bhI kI hai| adhyAya 87 meM pUrvAcAryoM ke siddhAntoM ke AdhAra para gItAlaMkAroM kA varNana kiyA hai| brahmANDa kA adhyAya (3 / 62) usI viSaya para hai jo vAyu meM hai aura zloka bhI samAna hI haiN| vAyu meM gupta-vaMza kI carcA AyI hai aura bANa ne apane harSacati evaM kAdambarI meM isakA ullekha kiyA hai ataH isakI tithi 350 I0 evaM 550 I0 ke bIca meM kahIM hogii| zaMkarAcArya ne apane vedAntasUtra meM eka zloka jisa purANa se uddhRta kiyA hai vaha vAyupurANa hI hai (ve0 sU0 2|1|1=vaayu0 1 / 205), kevala 'nArAyaNa' zabda ke badale vAyu meM 'mahezvara' rakhA gayA hai| aura bhI dekhie vAyu 4127-28 ve0 sU0 1 / 4 / 1; vAyu 9 / 120 - ve0 sU0 1 / 2 / 25 / thor3e-bahuta antaroM ke sAtha bAta eka hI hai| yogasUtra (1125)para vAcaspati ne tattvavaMzAradI meM vAyu (12 / 33 evaM 10 / 65-66) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| dekhie, pro0 dIkSitAra kA lekha 'sama AspekTsa Ava di vAyupurANa' (1933, 52 pRSThoM meM, madrAsa yUni0); ha0 (iNDi0 hisTraoN0 kvA0, jilda 14, pR0 131-139 evaM pI0 Ara0 eca0 Ara0, pR0 13-17); zrI DI0 Ara0 pATila kA 'kalcarala hisTrI phAma di vAyupurANa' (1946, pUnA, pI-ec0 DI0 anusNdhaan)|

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purANoM evaM upapurANoM para saMkSipta TippaNiyA~ 425 viSNupurANa-(veMka0 presa saMskaraNa evaM zaka saMvat 1824 meM mesarsa gopAla nArAyaNa evaM kampanI dvArA prakAzita, jisameM ratnagarbha bhaTTAcArya kI TIkA vaiSNavAkUtacandrikA tathA viSNucittI nAmaka eka anya TIkA bhI hai)| Aja kA (veMka0 presa vAlA) saMskaraNa 6 aMzoM, 126 adhyAyoM evaM lagabhaga 6000 zlokoM meM vibhAjita hai| gadya meM bhI kaI adhyAya haiM, yathA cauthe aMza meM adhyAya 7, 8 evaM 9; gadya evaM padya vAle adhyAya haiM 1, 2, 6, 11, 12 Adi jo caturtha aMza ke haiN| paMca-lakSaNa rUpa meM yaha purANa anya purANoM kI apekSA adhika mahattvapUrNa hai| yaha vasiSTha ke putra parAzara dvArA maitreya ke prati kahA gayA hai| parAzara ne ise sArasvata se, sArasvata ne narmadA ke taTa para rAjA purukutsa se sunA thA aura purukutsa ne dakSa Adi se tathA dakSa Adi ne ise brahmA se sunA thaa| brahmANDa (3 / 68 / 97-103) ke sAta zloka viSNu (4 / 10 / 23-27) se milate haiM (usa viSaya meM jo yayAti ne tRSNA ke bAre meM kahA hai)| yahI brahmapurANa meM bhI hai (12 / 40-46) / lagatA hai, sabhI ne isa viSaya meM mahAbhArata (Adiparva 75 / 44,85 / 9 evaM anuzAsana 7 / 21) se udhAra liyA hai| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 3 / 6) ne nArAyaNabali para viSNupurANa se 14 zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| kalpataru ne mokSa para 250, niyatakAla para 70, brahmacArI para 21, zrAddha para 28, tIrtha para 21, gRhasthakANDa para 45 zloka liye haiN| aparArka ne viSNupurANa se 75 evaM smRti-ca0 ne 100 zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| kAvyaprakAza (4) ne isase (5 / 13 / 21-22) do zloka liye haiM, jinameM eka gopa-kanyA dvArA kRSNabhakti se mokSa-pada kI prApti kI sUcanA dI huI hai (yahA~ atizayokti para AdhArita rasadhvani ke udAharaNa haiN)| kahIM-kahIM viSNupurANa meM advaita darzana kA siddhAnta vivecita hai -'jo mokSa kI icchA rakhatA hai use cAhie ki vaha saba ke sAtha samAna vyavahAra karane kA prayatna kare, deva, manuSya, pazu, pakSI, vRkSa evaM reMgane vAle jIva ananta viSNu ke hI vibhinna rUpa haiM, jo yaha jAnatA hai use cAhie ki vaha isa vizva ko apane samAna hI jaane|' eka anya sthAna para viSNupurANa meM AyA hai'--'mana hI manuSyoM ke bandhana evaM mokSa kA kAraNa hai; vaha mana jo viSaya-saMgI hai bandhanayukta hotA hai aura jaba vaha niviSaya hotA hai to mokSa prApta karAne vAlA hotA hai|' yaha purANa gItA ke mUla siddhAnta kI ora bhI le jAtA hai, yathA 'binA phala kI icchA kiye jo karma kiyA jAtA hai vaha bandhana kI ora nahIM le jaataa|8 viSNupurANa kI tithi nizcita karanA kaThina hai| isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai ki yaha prAcIna purANoM meM parigaNita hai aura isakI bAteM bahuta adhika prakSipta nahIM haiN| kalpataru, aparArka evaM smRticandrikA meM uddhRta bAteM Aja ke saMskaraNa meM upalabdha haiM, isase yaha siddha hai ki lagabhaga 1000 varSoM se yaha jyoM-kA-tyoM hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki anya purANoM kI bhAMti isameM vyAsa evaM sUta bahuta mahattvapUrNa hAtha nahIM rkhte| jaisA ki kucha anya purANoM meM bhI AyA hai, isakA kathana hai ki vyAsa ke cAra ziSya the, jinheM unhoMne veda sikhAye aura pAMcaveM ziSya sUta lomaharSaNa the (3 / adhyAya 3-7) / kintu isa purANa ke varNanakartA ke rUpa meM sUta kA darzana nahIM hotaa| cauthe aMza meM eka 16. yatitavya samatve ca nirvANamapi cecchatA / devA manuSyAH pazavaH pkssivRksssriisRpaaH|| rUpametadanantasya viSNobhinnamiva sthitam / etad vijAnatA sarva jagatsthAvarajaMgamam / draSTavyamAtmavadviSNuryato'yaM vizvarUpadhRk // viSNupu0 (1 / 19 / 46-48) / 17. mana eva manuSyANAM kAraNaM bndhmokssyoH| bandhAya viSayAsaMgi muktyai nirviSayaM mnH|| viSNupu0 67 / 28 / 18. bubhuje viSayAn karma cakre cAnabhisaMhitam / viSNu 671105'tatkarma yanna bandhAya sA vidyA yA vimuktye| viSNupu0 111941 / 54

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa avalokanIya bAta yaha hai ki isane zAkya, zuddhodana evaM rAhula kA ullekha kiyA hai aura aisA AyA hai ki zuddhodana ikSvAkuvaMza ke bRhadbala se 23 vIM pIr3hI meM utpanna huA thA / kSepakoM kI, vizeSataH gadyAMzoM meM, sambhAvanAe~ spaSTa haiM / isameM rAziyoM, lagna evaM horA kA ullekha huA hai / vAcaspati ne apane yogabhASya kI TIkA meM ( 2132) yamoM evaM niyamoM (viSNu 6 / 7 / 36-38) kA nAma lekara isa purANa se bAteM uddhRta kI haiN| aura dekhie viSNu 0 6 / 7 / 49 evaM yogabhASya 3 / 49 / vAcaspati ne apanA nyAyasUcInibandha 888 vatsara meM likhA, jise vikrama saMvat mAnanA cAhie, kyoMki ve uttara bhAratIya the aura 'vatsara' zabda kA prayoga huA hai na ki 'zaka' zabda kA / ataH isa nibandha kI tithi huI san 831 I0 / nimnalikhita nirdeza uparyukta prazna ke viSaya meM par3he jA sakate haiM -- vilsana kI bhUmikA ( viSNupu0, jilda 1 kA anuvAda) ; ha0 ( viSNupu0 kI tithi, e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 18, pR0 265-275 evaM pI0 Ara0 eca0 Ara0, pR0 19-26) ne ise 100-350 I0 ke bIca rakhA hai; pro0 dIkSitAra (prosIDiMga, iNDiyana hisTrI kA~gresa, 13 vA~ adhivezana, pR0 46-50 ) ; jaikobI ( je0 o0 esa0 e0 bI0 esa pR0 386-396 ) / dAnasAgara ne 23,000 zloka vAle eka viSNupurANa kA upayoga nahIM kiyA hai| Aja ke viSNupurANa ko 300 I0 evaM 500 I0 ke bIca meM kahIM rakhanA satya se bahuta dUra nahIM hogA / viSNudharmapurANa (upa0 ) -- hamane isakI tithi ke viSaya meM carcA karate hue pro0 hajA ke vicAra par3ha liye haiM / pro0 azoka caTarjI ne ise 1250-1325 I0 ke bIca rakhA hai ( e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 38, pR0 305308 ) / haraprasAda zAstrI kA kathana hai ki isakI eka pANDulipi san 1047 meM kI gayI / buhalara ne kahA hai ki yaha evaM viSNudharmottara albarUnI ke mata se dharma-pustakeM haiM (iNDiyana eNTIkverI, jilda 19, pR0 407 ) / haraprasAda zAstrI ke mata ke lie dekhie 'nepAla tAr3apatra pANDulipi' ( pR0 53) / viSNudharmottara ( upa0, veMka0 presa saMskaraNa ) -- yaha eka vizada grantha hai / hamane isa para pahale bhI ( gata adhyAya meM) par3ha liyA hai| kalpataru ne apane vrata, tIrtha, brahmacArI, gRhastha, rAjadharma, mokSa evaM anya kANDoM meM isase uddharaNa nahIM liyA hai| aparArka ne kevala 30 zloka ( jinameM 24 dAna para haiM) liye haiM / smRtica0 ne bhI 30 zloka liye haiM / kintu dAnasAgara ne dAna para bahuta se zloka uddhRta kiye haiM / yaha chaThI zatI se purAnA aura 10vIM zatI ke pazcAt kA nahIM ho sakatA, kintu isake kucha aMza pazcAtkAlIna kSepaka yA parivardhana ke rUpa meM haiN| isake prathama bhAga ke adhyAya 52 -65 zaMkara- gItA ke nAma se vikhyAta haiN| kAlikApurANa ne spaSTa rUpa se (91170 evaM 92/2) viSNudharmottara kI ora saMketa kiyA hai ki usameM rAjanIti evaM sadAcAra para bAteM dI huI haiM / sAmbapurANa (upa0, veMka0 presa saMskaraNa ) -- dekhie ha0 ( 'sAmbapurANa thrU di ejez2a', je0 e0 esa0 bI0, jilda 18, 1952, pR0 91-111; 'oNna sAmbapurANa e zaiva grantha', e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 36, 1955, pR0 62-84 evaM 'sTaDIz2a Adi', jilda 1, pR0 32-108 ) / Arambhika nibandhoM, yathA -- kalpataru, aparArka yA smRti ne isase uddharaNa nahIM liyA hai| dAnasAgara ne isase cAra zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| pro0 hajA ne jo yaha kahA hai ki bhaviSya evaM brahmapurANa ne sAmba se uddharaNa liyA hai, prastuta lekhaka ko mAnya nahIM hai, kyoMki sAmbapurANa ke viSaya meM svayaM pro0 hayA ne vijJApita kiyA hai ki isameM kucha aise aMza haiM jo bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke kAloM evaM sthAnoM meM vibhinna rUpa dhAraNa karate rahe haiM / kintu itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki albarUnI ne san 1030 I0 meM sAmba nAmaka purANa kA ullekha kiyA hai| zivapurANa ( kucha purANoM ke mata se eka mahApurANa ) - veMka0 presa dvArA do jildoM meM prakAzita, dekhie ha0 'praoNblema dI leTiMga Tu zivapurANa' (avara heriTeja, kalakattA, 1953, jilda 1, bhAga 1, pR0 46-48 ) / DA0 pusalkara 426

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purANoM evaM upapurANoM para saMkSipta TippaNiyA~ 427 (sTaDIja ina epiksa eNDa purANaja, pR0 31-41) kA kathana hai ki mudrita vAyu eka zuddha mahApurANa hai tathA zivapurANa pazcAtkAlIna kRti hai aura vaha mAtra upapurANa hai| albarUnI (sacI; jilda 1, pR0 131) meM isake viSaya kA prAcInatama saMketa evaM ullekha hai| dAnasAgara ne ise uddhRta kiyA hai, kintu kalpataru, aparArka evaM smRtica0 ne nhiiN| yaha sAta saMhitAoM meM vibhakta hai, yathA-vidyezvara, rudrasaMhitA (sRSTi, satI, pArvatI, kumAra evaM yuddha nAmaka pA~ca bhAgoM meM), zatarudra, koTirudra, umA, kailAsa, vAyavIya (do bhAgoM meM) / isameM lagabhaga 23,000 zloka haiN| zatarudrasaMhitA (adhyAya 42) meM 12 jyotiliMgoM kA ullekha hai, ve rudra ke avatAra kahe gaye haiM aura unakA varNana upasthita kiyA gayA hai| koTirudrasaMhitA (adhyAya 35) meM ziva ke eka sahasra nAma diye hue haiN| kailAsasaM0 (adhyAya 5) meM pUjA ke maNDala kA varNana hai tathA adhyAya 7 / 5-26 meM katipaya mudrAoM evaM nyAsoM kI vyavasthA hai| rudrasaMhitA ke 'pArvatI' bhAga meM jo varNana hai vaha isa purANa ko kumArasambhava ke samAna prakaTa kara detA hai| zivadharma-dekhie ha0 (je0 jI0 je0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 10, pR0 1-20); aparArka (pR0 274, yAjJa0 12193) ne isase eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai, jo yAjJavalkyasmRti kA anvaya mAtra hai| __ saura (upa0)-dekhie ha0 (ena0 AI0 e0, jilda 6, pR0 103-111 evaM 121-129; bI0 bI0, jilda 4, pR0 212-216 evaM sTaDIz2a, jilda 1, pR0 348 / / skandapurANa-yaha vizAlatama purANa hai aura isase sambandhita samasyAe~ bar3I cakkaradAra haiN| yaha do rUpoM meM prApta hai; eka sAta khaNDoM meM vibhAjita hai, yathA-mAhezvara, vaiSNava, brAhma, kAzI, Avantya, nAgara evaM prabhAsa; aura dUsarA 6 saMhitAoM meM vibhakta hai, yathA--sanatkumAra, sUta, zAMkarI, vaiSNavI, brAhmI evaM saur| veMka0 presa ne sAta khaNDoM vAlA skanda prakAzita kiyA hai aura AnandAzrama presa ne mAdhavAcArya kI TIkA ke sAtha sUtasaMhitA kA prakAzana kiyA hai| isake vistAra ke viSaya meM kaI pATha haiM, yathA 81,000 zloka, 1,00,000 zloka (pI0 Ara0 eca0 Ara0, pR0 158), 86,000 (vahI, pR0 159) / isa purANa kA nAma skanda to hai, kintu skanda devatA kA varNana vizada evaM pramukha rUpa se nahIM huA hai| skanda kA nAma padma (5 / 59 / 2) meM AyA hai| skanda (1 / 2 / 679) sarvathA kirAtArjunIya (2 / 30 'sahasA vidadhIta na kriyAm') ke samAna hai| skanda kA kAzIkhaNDa (2418) zleSa evaM parisaMkhyA meM bANa kI zailI ke samAna hai, yathA--'yatra kSapaNakA iva dRzyante mUladhAriNaH' (zloka 21) yA 'vibhramo yatra nArISu na vidvatsu ca kahicit' (zloka 9) / nATyaveda evaM arthazAstra kA ullekha kAzIkhaNDa (pUrvArdha 7 / 4-5) meM huA hai| dhanvantari evaM caraka kA ullekha kAzIkhaNDa (pUrvArdha 1171) meM Ayurveda para huA hai| 'jhoTiMga' zabda kAzIkhaNDa (72 / 74) meM AyA hai (jhoTiMgA rAkSasAH kruuraaH)| Arambhika TIkAoM evaM nibandhoM meM dharmazAstra-viSayaka prakaraNoM ke silasile meM skanda se uddharaNa liye gaye haiN| mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 2 / 290) ne vezyA kI sthiti ke viSaya meM carcA karate hue isakA ullekha kiyA hai| kalpataru ne vrata para 15, tIrtha para 92, dAna para 44, niyatakAla para 63, rAjadharma (kaumudImahotsava) para 18, zrAddhakANDa meM kevala 4 evaM gRhasthakANDa meM 2 zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| aparArka ne kevala 19 zloka liye haiM, jinameM eka uddharaNa tAntrika paramparA meM A gayA hai| dAnasAgara ne dAna para isase 48 19. sahasA na kriyAM kuryAt pvmetnmhaapdaam| vimRzyakAriNaM dhIraM vRNate srvsmpdH|| skanda (12679) / 20. aparArka ne yAjJa0 (12204) kI TIkA meM godAna ke viSaya meM carcA karate samaya skandapurANa ko uddhRta kiyA hai| sAr3he pAMca zlokoM ko uddhRta karane ke uparAnta eka gadya mantra isa prakAra uddhRta hai--'oM hrIM namo

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428 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zloka liye haiM aura smRtica0 ne kula 23 / isa purANa ke itane bar3e AkAra ke rahane para bhI isake uddharaNa bahuta kama liye gaye haiN| yaha eka vicitra bAta hai| eka zloka meM kAlidAsa kI dhvani milatI hai aura devala kA mata bhI eka sthAna para jhalaka uThatA hai|" itane vizAla grantha meM kSepakoM kA A jAnA sarala hai| ataH tithi-nizcaya karanA kaThina hai| nepAla darabAra pustakAlaya kI eka pANDulipi sAtavIM zatI kI hai, jaisA ki haraprasAda zAstrI kA kathana hai| ata: yadi hama skandapurANa kI tithi ke viSaya meM yaha kaheM ki yaha sAtavIM zatI ke pUrva nahIM rakhA jA sakatA aura na navIM zatI ke pazcAt kA ho sakatA hai, to hama satya se bahuta dUra nahIM hoNge| bhagavati brahmamAtaviSNubhagini rudradevate sarvapApavimocini svarUpaM smara iDe iDAnte havye cAndre timati sarasvati suzrute ehyehi huMkara huMkuru sarvalokamape ehyAgacchAgaccha svAhA / iti dhenukrnnjpH|' 21. maraNaM prakRtizcaiva jIvitaM vikRtirydaa| skanda (1 / 2 / 10 / 27); milAie 'maraNaM prakRtiH zarIriNAM vikRtirjIvitamucyate budhH||' raghuvaMza (8187); trINi jyotIMSi puruSa iti vai devalo'bravIt / bhAryA karma ca vidyA ca saMsAdhyaM yatnatastrayam // skanda (112 / 15 / 10) /

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! adhyAya 24 dharmazAstra para purANoM kA prabhAva sAhityika kRtiyoM evaM samAja kA eka-dUsare para ghAta pratighAta hotA hai / IsA ke pUrva evaM pazcAt kI zatiyoM taka bhAratIya samAja ne bauddha dharma, jaina dharma evaM anya virodhI sampradAyoM dvArA Tukar3e-Tukar3e ho jAne ke kAraNa evaM yUnAniyoM, zakoM, pallavoM, hUNoM tathA anya bAhya logoM ke AkramaNoM evaM atyAcAroM ke phalasvarUpa vaidika dharmAvalambI cintakoM ko socane ke lie vivaza kiyA aura unheM aise granthoM ke praNayana ke lie anuprANita evaM abhiprerita kiyA jinameM naye dRSTikoNoM evaM vyavahAroM kA samAveza ho aura unake phalasvarUpa vaidika evaM smRtidharma kI punarvyAkhyA ho ske| jaba ye grantha prAmANika evaM mahattvapUrNa ho gaye to veda ke anuyAyiyoM kA prayAsa yahI thA ki ve unakA anusaraNa kareM aura yathAsambhava purANoM kI AvazyakatAoM ke anusAra vyavahAroM evaM dhArmika kRtyoM meM anukUlatA sthApita kreN| hameM yahI dekhanA hai ki purANoM ne kisa prakAra punarvyavasthApana kI samasyA kA samAdhAna kiyaa| hameM yaha avazya jAnanA cAhie ki pracalita hindU dhArmika vyavahAroM se yahI prakaTa hotA hai, jaisA for pratyeka kRtya ke Arambha meM liye gaye saMkalpa se spaSTa hotA hai, ki unase zruti (veda), smRti evaM purANoM (zrutismRti - purANokta phalaprAptyartham ) dvArA ghoSita phala kartA ko prApta hotA rhe| isa kriyA ke mUla meM do bAteM thIM, yathA(1) bauddha dharma, jaina dharma kI zakti evaM maryAdA tathA vibhinna utpanna dArzanika sampradAyoM ke prabhAva ko samApta karanA' tathA (2) bauddha dharma ke AkarSaka svarUpoM se adhikAMza logoM ke mana ko haTAnA aura unake mana meM yaha Maratha yr of sthata evaM punaH prakAzita hindU dharma se unhIM sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika lAbhoM ko prApta kara sakate haiM jo bauddha dharma se parilakSita athavA abhisaMdhAnita hote haiM, tathA yaha bhI batAnA ki veda ke anuyAyiyoM ke dhArmika siddhAnta bauddha dharma kI zikSAoM se mela rakhate haiM aura bauddha dharma kI bAteM vaidika vyavahAroM se hI lI gayI haiM / antatogatvA bauddha dharma apane udgama sthAna bhArata se vilupta ho gayA / bauddha dharma ke bhArata se vilupta ho jAne ke kAraNoM para prakAza hama isa bhAga ke anta meM DAleMge, kintu yahA~ para itanA turata kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki bauddha dharma ke adhaHpatana evaM vilupta hone ke mUla meM purANoM kA eka pramukha hAtha thA, kyoMki unhoMne bauddha dharma ve bahuta-se siddhAntoM para svayaM bala diyA tathA unheM apanA liyA, yathA --- ahiMsA para bala diyA, buddha ko viSNu kA avatAra ghoSita kara diyA, nirAmiSa bhojana ko tapasyA kA eka pramukha aMga mAna liyA tathA maThoM evaM vairAgyavAda kA upayoga kiyA, jaisA ki manu evaM yAjJavalkya kI smRtiyoM meM kathita thA / ' 1. mahAvagga (suttanipAta kA bhAga) meM aisA AyA hai ki buddha ke samaya meM 63 vArzanika sampradAya the (dekhie sekreDa buka Ava vi IsTa, jilda 10, bhAga 2,5,092) / 2. pAjiTara ('purANa TekTsa Ava vi DAyanesTIja Ava vi kali eja', pR0 28, pAdaTippaNI) kA vicAra hai ki paurANika sAhitya dvArA hindU dharma kA punavadvAra huA aura bauddha dharma kA adhaHpatana huA /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa purANoM ne apane kartavya ke pAlana meM isa bAta kI ora logoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA ki veda ko samajhane ke lie itihAsa evaM purANa kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| eka prasiddha zloka hai-- 'itihAsa evaM purANa ke ( adhyayana evaM vyavahAra) dvArA veda ko zaktizAlI banAnA cAhie; alpa jJAna vAle vyakti se veda bhaya karatA hai, kyoMki vaha ( alpajJa ) hAni pahu~cA sakatA hai|" manu kA kathana hai ki ve brAhmaNa, jinhoMne veda kA adhyayana niyamAnukUla ( vedAdhyayana ke niyamoM ke anusAra ) aura una granthoM ke sAtha, jo use zaktizAlI banAte haiM, kiyA hai, ziSTa kahalAte haiM, aura ve veda ke artha ko pratyakSa karAne ke hetu banate haiN| vAyupurANa meM aisA balapUrvaka kathita huA hai| ki jo brAhmaNa cAroM vedoM kA unake (chaH ) aMgoM evaM upaniSadoM ke sAtha jJAtA hai, vaha vicakSaNa yA samajhadAra ba taka nahIM kahA jA sakatA jaba taka ki purANoM kA jJAtA na ho jaay|' upaniSadoM meM eka hI brahma se 'AkAza' kI sRSTi ke viSaya meM saMkSepa meM saMketa mAtra hai ( tai0 upa0 2 / 1) / yahI bAta 'teja' ( chA0 upa0 6 / 2 / 3) evaM 'jala' ( chA0 u0 6 / 2 / 4) ke viSaya meM bhI hai / kintu purANoM meM vistAra ke sAtha ina tattvoM kI utpatti evaM vilayana kA vivaraNa pAyA jAtA hai ( vAyu 4117, brahma 1-3, agni 17, brahmANDa 23, kUrma 112, 4, 7, 8 Adi) / aitareya brAhmaNa evaM kaThopaniSad meM ullikhita harizcandra evaM naciketA kI kahAniyA~ brahmapurANa (adhyAya 104 evaM 150, harizcandra), sabhAparva (adhyAya 12, harizcandra ) evaM anuzAsana ( adhyAya 91, naciketA ) meM paryApta vistAra ke sAtha dI huI haiN| yama evaM yamI kA vikhyAta kathanopakathana ( R0 10110) narasiMhapurANa ( 13 / 6-36 ) meM vistArita hai / viSNupurANa (4 | 6 | 64 ) meM purUravA evaM urvazI kI kathA AyI hai aura sAtha hI sAtha Rgveda (10 / 95 ) kI RcA kI ora bhI saMketa hai, kintu RcA kA prathama caraNa kucha azuddha rUpa se uddhRta hai / ' purANa na kevala apane ko veda ko bala dene vAlA kahate haiM, pratyuta ve isa prakriyA meM bahuta Age bar3ha jAte haiM / kUrma meM AyA hai--' itihAsa ( mahAbhArata ) ke sAtha sabhI purANoM ko eka ora rakha do aura dUsarI ora sarvottama veda ko ; ye purANa (veda se) mArI par3a jaayeNge|" mahAbhArata meM bhI aisA hI sAdhikAra vyakta kiyA gayA hai| 430 3. itihAsapurANAbhyAM vedaM samupabRMhayet / bibhetyalpa zrutAdvedo bhAmayaM prahariSyati / / Adiparva (1 / 267268), vAyu (1201), padma (5/2/51-52), brahmANDa (1 / 1 / 171), vasiSThadharmasUtra ( 27 / 61), laghuvyAsasmRti ( 2286), vRddhAtri (adhyAya 3, pR0 50, jIvAnanda saMskaraNa pratariSyati' par3hatA hai) / smRticandrikA (1, pR0 3) ne ise bRhaspati kA zloka mAnA hai / prAyazcittatattva ( pR0 511 ) ne ise vasiSTha se uddhRta kiyA hai| kUrma (12/19) meM aisA AyA hai : 'itihAsapurANAbhyAM vedaarthaanupbRNhyet|' rAmAnuja ne brahmasUtra ke bhASya meM ise uddhRta kiyA hai aura 'pratariSyati' par3hA hai| 4. dharmeNAdhigato yaistu vedaH saparibRMhaNaH / te ziSTA brAhmaNA jJeyAH zrutipratyakSa hetavaH // manu ( 12 / 109) / 5. yo vidyAccaturo vedAnsAMgopaniSado dvijaH / na cetpurANaM saMvidyAnnaiva sa syAdvicakSaNaH // vAyu ( 1 | 200), skanda ( prabhAsakhaNDa 2 / 93), padma (5/2/50-51, yahA~ dUsarI ardhAlI yoM par3hI gayI hai : 'purANaM ca vijAnAti yaH sa tasmAdvicakSaNa:'), brahmANDa meM prathama ardhAlI hai (1 / 1 / 170 ) / 6. viSNupurANa (4|6|64 ) meM yaha gadyAMza AyA hai : 'tatozvonmattarUpo jAye he tiSTha manasi ghore tiSTha aafe kapaTike tiSThetyevamanekaprakAraM sUktamavocat / ' milAie Rgveda (10 / 15 / 1) 'haye jAye manasA tiSTha dhore vacAMsi mizrA kRNavAvahai nu / ' 7. ekatastu purANAni setihAsAni kRtsnazaH / ekatra paramaM vedametadevAtiricyate / / kUrma ( 2046 / 129 ) /

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karmakANDa ko apekSA purANoM kI Atma-prazaMsA 431 purANa veda se apanI varIyatA athavA zreSThapadatA (kabhI-kabhI barAbarI) ghoSita karate haiN| matsya (53 / 3-11), padma (5 / 1145-52), brahma (245 / 4), viSNupu0 (3 / 6 / 20), devIbhAgavata (11313) Adi meM AyA hai ki brahmA ne saba zAstroM ke pUrva purANoM ke viSaya meM socA aura taba veda unake adharoM se ttpke| bahuta-se purANa veda ke samAna mata) kahe gaye haiM, yathA-vAyu (1111,4 / 12), brahma (1 / 29, 245 / 4 evaM 21), viSNu (1 / 1 / 13, 618 12), padma 6 / 282 / 116 katipaya purANa devoM dvArA kahe gaye mAne gaye haiM, yathA brahmA (brahmapurANa 1 / 30), vAyu (vAyu 1 / 196) / kucha purANa viSNu ke avatAroM dvArA kahe gaye haiM, yathA matya (1 / 26) yA varAha (2 / 1-3) / veda ke vacanoM ke japa se sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiM, isI prakAra purANoM ke paThana yA zravaNa yA pATha se sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiM (vAyu 103158; matsya 290 / 20; viSNu 6 // 11813 evaM 12) / kucha purANoM ne apanI prazaMsA karane meM atizayokti kara dI hai, yathA-varAhapurANa (217 / 12-13, 217 / 15-16) meM AyA hai ki isa purANa ke dasa adhyAyoM ke par3hane se vahI phala prApta hotA hai, jo agniSToma evaM atirAtra yajJoM ke sampAdana se| aura dekhie brahma (254 // 34-35), agni (384113-30) evaM devIbhAgavata (12 / 13 / 11-17) / itanA hI nahIM, purANa vaidika yajJoM se bar3hakara tIrtha yAtrAoM, vratoM, bhakti Adi ko mAnate haiN| padma (1138 / 2 evaM 18) meM AyA hai ki kevala gayA jAne yA phalgu meM snAna kara lene se vahI phala prApta hotA hai, jo azvamedha yajJa karane se hotA hai| skanda (112 / 13 / 59-60) meM AyA hai, 'vedokta yajJiya kRtyoM kA koI upayoga nahIM dekhA jAtA, unameM koI jIvana nahIM hai, ve avidyA ke antargata haiM aura unase hiMsA hotI hai| yadi (yajJa kA) sampAdana Idhana (samidhA) jaise nirjIva padArthoM se hotA hai, puSpoM evaM kuzoM se hotA hai to phala bhI vaisA hI hogA, kyoMki karma kAraNa para nirbhara rahatA hai|' dekhie zAntiparva (337) jahA~ muniyoM evaM devoM meM anna yA bakarI ke mAMsa kI AhatiyoM ke viSaya meM carcA haI hai| R devoM ke yajJoM meM mAMsa kI AhutiyA~ dI jAtI thIM, kintu kahIM-kahIM aise saMketa milate haiM ki usa kAla meM ghRta evaM samidhA kI AhutiyoM se vahI phala milatA thA jo pazu-mAMsa kI AhutiyoM se ghoSita thA-'jo koI agni ke lie se yA ghata kI Ahuti se yA veda mantra se yA namita hokara acchA yajJa karatA hai, usI ke lie dratagAmI ghor3e daur3ate haiM aura usakA hI yaza atyanta dyutimAna hotA hai; usake pAsa devoM yA manuSyoM dvArA kisI bhI dizA se koI aniSTa nahIM pahu~catA' (R0 8 / 19 / 5-6) / eka dUsarA mantra bhI hai-'he agni, hama Apake pAsa apane hRdaya se utpanna Rk-mantra ke sAtha Ahuti dete haiN| ve RcAe~ Apake yahA~ baila yA sA~r3a yA gAya hoM (R0 6 / 16 / 57) / veda evaM yajJoM ke viSaya meM katipaya upaniSadoM meM pAyI jAne vAlI manovRtti purANoM meM bhI lakSita hotI hai, yathA muNDakopaniSad meM AyA hai-'vyakti ko do vidyAe~ jAnanI cAhie : parA (uccatara) evaM aparA (nimnatara); aparA meM cAroM veda, zikSA, kalpa (pavitra yajJoM vAle sUtra), vyAkaraNa, chanda, jyotiSa sammilita haiM; parA meM vaha hai jisake dvArA akSara (na miTane vAlI, vAstavika sattA athavA tattva) kA jJAna hotA hai' (1 / 114-5) / isI upaniSad meM aparA vidyA kI bhartsa / / bhI hai--ye yajJa adRDha (cUne vAlI) naukAoM ke samAna haiM jinameM 18 (vyakti) haiM, jina para ve ghoSita karma nirbhara rahate haiM jo avara haiM; ve mUrkha vyakti jo ina karmoM ko sarvottama samajha apanAte haiM, punaH vRddhA ekatazcaturo vedA bhArataM caitdektH| purA kala suraiH sarvaiH sametya tulayA dhRtam // caturvyaH sarahasyebhyo vedebhyo hyadhika ydaa| tavAprabhRti lokesminmahAbhAratamucyate // Adiparva (1 / 271-273) / 8. purANaM saMpravakSyAmi brahmoktaM vedasaMmitam / vAyu 1111; guruM praNamya vakSyAmi purANaM vedasaMmitam / brahma 1 / 29; purANaM nAradopAkhyametadvavArthasaMmitam / nAradIya 111136 /

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432 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa vasthA evaM mRtyu ko prApta hote haiN|" kaThopaniSad kA kathana hai ki jo avidyA evaM vidyA hai, donoM eka dUsare se bahuta dUra haiM , viparIta haiM aura vibhinna phala dene vAlI haiN| jaba nArada sanatkumAra ke pAsa gaye aura unase zikSA dene ke lie prArthanA kI to sanatkumAra ne pUchA, 'batAo, tuma kitanA jAnate ho, taba maiM batAU~gA ki usake Age kyA hai|' taba nArada ne batAyA ki ve cAroM veda, itihAsapurANa (nAmaka) pA~cavA~ veda, katipaya anya vidyAe~ jAnate haiN| isa para sanatkumAra ne kahA ki tumane (nArada ne) jo cAra veda evaM anya vidyAe~ par3hI haiM, ve nAmamAtra haiN| isake uparAnta sanatkumAra ne nArada ko kramazaH paramAtmA kA jJAna diyaa| bahadAraNyakopaniSada (14 / 10) ne usa vyakti kI bhartsanA kI hai, jo yaha samajha kara ki vaha devatA se bhinna hai kisI iSTa kI pUjA karatA hai| jo vyakti satya nahIM jAnatA, vaha devatAoM vAle yajJiya paza ke samAna hai| isI prakAra, upaniSadoM ke katipaya vacanoM dvArA vyakta hotA hai ki ve tapa, udAratA, RjutA, ahiMsA evaM satyatA ko yajJa ke sampAdana ke barAbara yA usase uttama samajhate haiM (dekhie chAndogya 3 / 17 / 4, prazna 1115, muNDaka 112 / 11) / / yadyapi upaniSadoM ke kucha vacanoM meM 'parama AtmA' kA jJAna cAroM vedoM se uttama mAnA gayA hai, kintu sAmAnyataH upaniSadeM vedoM ko pramANa mAnatI haiM aura apane kathanoM kI puSTi meM veda ke mantra uddhRta karatI haiN| udAharaNArtha, aita0 upa0 (215) ne R0 (4 / 27 / 1 : taduktamRSiNA garne nu Adi) ko, praznopaniSad (1111) ne R0 (11164 / 12 : paMcapAdaM pitaram ) ko, bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (2 / 5 / 15 / 17 evaM 19) ne R0 (11116 / 12, 11117 / 22, 6 // 47 // 18 : rUpaM rUpaM pratirUpo) ko uddhRta kiyA hai| upaniSadoM ne punaH bala dekara kahA hai ki brahmavidyA usI ko dI jAnI cAhie jo zrotriya (vedajJa) ho, jo kartavyazIla ho aura jisane zirovrata sampAdita kara liyA ho| bRha0 upa0 kA kathana hai ki vedAdhyayana, yajJoM, dAnoM Adi se brahma-jJAna kI taiyArI hotI hai (arthAt ye brahmajJAna ke upakaraNa haiM) : brAhmaNa (tathA anya loga) vedAdhyayana, yajJoM, dAnoM, tapoM evaM upavAsa se ise (parama AtmA ko) jAnane kI icchA karate haiN|12 uparyukta bAteM spaSTa karatI haiM ki upaniSadeM vedoM evaM yajJoM kI sampUrNataH bhartsanA nahIM karatI, pratyuta brahmajJAna ke lie inheM Avazyaka upakaraNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra karatI haiN| 9. dve vidye veditavye iti ha sma yad brahmavido vadanti parA caivAparA ca / tatrAparA Rgvedo yajurvedaH sAmavedotharvavedaH zikSA kalpo vyAkaraNaM nirukta chando jyotissmiti| aya parA yayA tdkssrmdhigmyte|| muNDakopa0 (11114-5); plavA hyete adRDhA yajJarUpA aSTAdazoktamavaraM yeSu krm| etacchreyo ye'bhinandanti mUDhA jarAmRtyuM te punarevApiyanti // muNDakopa0 11217 / 18 vyakti ye haiM, 16 purohita, yajJakartA evaM yajJakartA kI ptnii| vedAntasUtra (2 / 21) ke bhASya meM zaMkarAcArya ne kahA hai ki yaha zloka aparA vidyA kI bhartsanA ke lie hai| 10. dUramete viparIte viSUcI avidyA yA ca vidyeti jnyaataa| kaThopa0 112 / 4 / 11. tadetad RcAbhyuktam / kriyAvantaH zrotriyA brahmaniSThAH svayaM juhvata ekarSi shrddhyntH| teSAmevaitAM brahmavidyAM vadeta zirovrataM vidhivad yaistu cIrNam // muNDakopa0 3 / 2 / 10 / zirovata meM sira para agni rakhanA hotA hai (jaisA ki AtharvaNa niyama hai)| devIbhAgavata (11 / 9 / 12-13) meM AyA hai--'agnirityAdibhiH mantraH SaDbhiH zuddhana bhsmnaa| sarvAgobUlanaM kuryAt zirovratasamAhvayam ||...yaavdvidyodystaavttsy vidyA khluuttmaa|' atharvaziras mantra 6 haiM--'agniriti bhasma, vAyuriti bhasma, jalamiti bhasma, sthalamiti bhasma, vyometi bhasma, sarva havA idaM bhsm|' 12. tametaM vedAnuvacanena brAhmaNA vividiSanti yajJena dAnena tapasAnAzakena / bRha0 upa0 4 / 4 / 22; dekhie gItA 1805 : yajJadAnatapaH karma na tyAjya kAryameva tt| yajJo dAnaM tapazcaiva pAvanAni manISiNAm //

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vedoM ke prati purANoM kA Adara 433 isameM sandeha nahIM ki purANa yatra-tatra apane ko vedoM se zreSTha ThaharAte haiM tathA apane mUlya evaM prabhAva ko siddha karate haiM, kintu ve upaniSadoM ke samAna hI vedoM ke prati manovRtti rakhate haiN| ve vedoM ko pramANa mAnate haiM aura katipaya kRtyoM meM vaidika mantroM kA prayoga karate haiN| matsya (adhyAya 93) ne nava-grahoM ke homa kI vidhi meM vaidika mantroM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinameM 5 mantra yAjJa0 (11300-301) se bhinna haiN| dekhie matsya (93 / 11-12) / udvAhatattva meM raghunandana kA kathana hai ki 'A kRSNena' tathA anya mantra cAroM vedoM ko mAnane vAloM meM samAna haiN| yahI bAta bhavadeva bhaTTa ne bhI kahI hai| matsya meM aisI vyavasthA hai ki jaba ghara ke pAsa yA usameM (ullU jaise) azubha pakSI dekhe jAyeM yA isI prakAra pazu cillAyeM to homa kiyA jAnA cAhie aura R0 (10 / 165 / 1-5) kI pAMca RcAoM ke japa ke lie pAMca brAhmaNoM ko niyukta karanA caahie| devamUrti yA liMga kI sthApanA kI vidhi ke varNana meM matsya (adhyAya 265) ne (usa utsava ke lie) vividha RcAoM kI vyavasthA dI hai| aura dekhie agnipurANa (41 / 6-8) jahA~ mandira-nirmANa ke silasile meM RcAoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, yathA--R0 (10 / 9 / 1-3, 10 / 9 / 4, 9 / 58 / 1-4) aadi| nAradIyapurANa (2073 / 83-90) ne pratyeka zloka ke anta meM vaidika prArthanA ke aMza rakhe haiM (R0 7166 / 16, te0 A0 4 / 4 / 2-5 evaM vAja0 saM0 36 / 24 meM ve prArthanAe~ haiN)| bhAgavata kA 1 / 2 / 21 muNDakopaniSad (2 / 2 / 8) se uddhRta hai| purANa bahuta-sI bAtoM meM na kevala vaidika mantroM kI vyavasthA karate haiM, pratyuta bahuta-se paurANika mantroM ke prayoga kI bhI carcA karate haiN| aisA lagatA hai ki IsA kI prathama zatI ke Arambha meM hI yA kucha zatiyoM uparAnta hI brAhmaNoM ke dhArmika kRtyoM meM vaidika mantroM ke sAtha paurANika mantra bhI vyavahRta hone lge| yAjJa0 (11229) meM vyavasthA hai ki vizvedevoM ko zrAddha ke samaya R0 (2 / 41113 : 'he vizvedeva loga, Aiye, mere isa AhvAna ko sunie aura ina kuzoM para baiThie') ke mantra ke sAtha bulAnA caahie| isa para mitAkSarA (lagabhaga 1100I0) meM AyA hai ki yAjJa0 dvArA ullikhita mantra ke sAtha smArta mantra kA bhI prayoga honA cAhie, aura vaha mantra skanda evaM garur3a meM pAyA jAtA hai| vAyupurANa ne vyavasthA dI hai ki 'devoM, pitaroM, mahAyogiyoM, svadhA evaM svAhA ko namaskAra; ve sadA upasthita haiM' nAmaka mantra kA vAcana piNDadAna ke samaya zrAddha ke Arambha evaM anta meM karanA cAhie; jaba mantra duharAyA jAtA hai to pitara loga zIghra A jAte haiM aura yAtudhAna loga bhAga jAte haiM, yaha mantra pitaroM kI tInoM lokoM meM rakSA karatA hai|' isa mantra ko 'saptAci' (jisameM sAta jvAlA hoM) kI saMjJA milI hai (vAyu 74120, brahmANDa 3 / 11 / 30, viSNudharmottara 1 / 140 / 68, hemAdri, zrAddha, pR0 1079 evaM 1208, jisane aisA 13. mRgapakSivikAreSu kuryAyomaM sadakSiNam / vevAH kapota iti vA japtavyAH pnycbhidvijH|| matsya 237 / 14. mantra yaha hai--'Agacchantu mahAbhAgA vizvedevA mhaablaaH| ye yatra vihitAH zrAddha sAvadhAnA bhavantu te|| yaha garupapurANa (1221837) hai| kintu ise aparArka ne pR0 478 para bRhaspati kA evaM pR0 481 para brahmapurANa kA kahA hai| 15. mantra yaha hai--'devatAbhyaH pitRbhyazca mahoyogibhya eva ca / namaH svadhAyai svAhAya nityameva bhavantyuta // vAyu 74115-16 / aura dekhie brahmANDa (3 / 11 / 17-18) / mitAkSarA (yAjJa0 11121) meM AyA hai ki isa mantra kA prayoga zUdroM dvArA dainika paMca yajJoM meM honA cAhie, kintu kucha anya logoM kA kathana hai ki zUdroM ko kevala 'namaH' kahane kA hI adhikAra hai| 55

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434 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kahA hai ki yaha sAta purANoM meM AyA hai ) / agnipurANa ke adhyAya 206 meM agastya ko arghya dete samaya R0 ( 1 / 179/6 ) ko zloka 13 ke rUpa meM rakhA gayA hai| purANoM ne na kevala vaidika saMhitAoM se hI kucha kRtyoM ke liye mantra liye haiM, pratyuta unhoMne bahuta-se upaniSad - vacanoM ko kucha parivartanoM ke sAtha prayoga meM lAne kI vyavasthA kara dI hai| udAharaNArtha, kUrma ( 2|9| 12, 13 evaM 18) ne tai0 upa0 (2 / 4 : yato vAco nivartante), zvetAzvataropaniSad ( 318 : vedAhametaM puruSaM ) Adi se liyA hai| viSNu pu0 (6 / 5 / 65) kA padya hai- 'dve vidye veditavye iti cAtharvaNI zrutiH', jisameM muNDaka upa0 ( 1|1|4) kA uddharaNa hai| vAyu ( 2015 evaM 2028) krama se muNDakopaniSad ( 2 / 2 / 4) evaM zvetAzvataropaniSad ( 4/5 ) haiM / vAyu ( 14 / 13) sarvathA zvetAzvatara0 ( 3 / 16 ) hai aura yahI vAmana ( 47/64-65 ) meM hai / vAmana (47/67) R0 (1 / 10 / 1) ke samAna hI hai / isase kucha manoraMjaka prazna uTha khar3e hote haiM / zUdroM ko vedAdhyayana kA adhikAra nahIM hai| kintu vAstava meM, jaisA ki hamane Upara dekha liyA hai, purANoM meM bahuta se vaidika mantra haiN| bhAgavatapurANa ( 114125) meM AyA hai-'striyoM, zUdroM evaM kevala nAmadhArI brAhmaNoM ko veda kA adhikAra nahIM hai; ataH muni (vyAsa) ne kRpA karake unake lie. bhArata kA AkhyAna prastuta kiyA / "" devIbhAgavata kA kathana hai--'striyoM, zUdroM evaM brAhmaNoM (kevala nAmadhArI) ko veda kA adhyayana varjita hai, purANa unake lAbha ke lie saMgrahIta kiye gaye haiN|' ina bAtoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki zUdroM ke lie mahAbhArata - zravaNa vahI mahattva rakhatA thA jo brAhmaNoM ke lie veda aura zUdra bhI mahAbhArata se Atma-jJAna (mokSa) prApta kara sakate the / yadyapi brAhmaNoM ne pA~cavIM evaM usake pazcAt kI zatAbdiyoM meM zUdroM ko, jo hindU janatA meM saba se adhika 16. strIzUdradvijabandhUnAM trayo na zrutigocarA / ... * tasmAd bhAratamAkhyAnaM kRpayA muninA kRtam // bhAgavata 1 / 4 / 25 / paribhASAprakAza ( pR0 37) meM uddhRta, jisameM aisA vaktavya hai-- 'vedakAryakAritvAvagamAd bhAratasya vevakAryAtmajJAnakAritvasiddhiH / ' strIzUdradvijabandhUnAM na vedazravaNaM matam / teSAmeva hitArthAya purANAni kRtAni ca // devIbhAgavata 1 / 3 / 21 / zaMkarAcArya ne ve0 sU0 (1 / 3 / 38 ) meM spaSTa rUpa se vyakta kiyA hai ki zUdroM ko vedAdhyayana para AvRta brahmavidyA kA adhikAra nahIM hai| kintu unhoMne zUdroM ke lie AtmajJAna kA sarvathA niSedha nahIM kiyA hai| unhoMne vidura evaM dharmavyAdha ke udAharaNa diye haiM ki ve pUrva janmoM ke sukRtyoM ke kAraNa brahmajJAnI the, ve brahmajJAna ke phala (mokSa, saMsAra se antima chuTakArA) ko pAyeMge, zUdroM ko mahAbhArata evaM purANoM ke par3hane kA adhikAra hai, jaisA ki 'vaha cAroM varNoM ko sunAyeM, isase vyakta hai, aura isI prakAra ve brahma evaM mokSa kA jJAna prApta kara sakate haiM -- "yeSAM punaH pUrvakRttasaMskAravazAdviduradharmavyAdhaprabhRtInAM jJAnotpattisteSAM na zakyate phalaprAptiH pratiSeddhuM jJAnasyaikAntikaphalatvAt / 'zrAvayeccaturo varNAn' iti cetihAsapurANAdhigameM cAturvarNyasyAdhikArasmaraNAt / vedapUrvakastu nAtyadhikAraH zUdrANAmiti sthitam // bhASya ( ve0 sU0 1 / 3 / 38 ) / ve0 sU0 (304136) meM zaMkarAcArya ne vAcanavI nAmaka eka strI kI carcA kI hai jise brahmajJAna thA, 'raikva vAcaknavI- prabhRtInAmevaMbhUtAnAmapi brhmvitvtyuplbdhH|' gArgI vAcaknavI brahmajJAna kI khoja karane ke lie prasiddha hai (bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 3 / 6 / 1, 3811 evaM 12) / mahAbhArata ( svargArohaNaparva 5 / 50-51 ) meM AyA hai ki vaha dharma, artha, kAma evaM mokSa nAmaka puruSArthI ke viSaya meM jo kucha kahatA hai vaha anyatra bhI prApta hai, kintu vaha jo kucha ina viSayoM para nahIM kahatA vaha anyatra nahIM hai, mahAbhArata kA zravaNa mokSArthI brAhmaNoM, rAjAoM evaM garbhavatI nAriyoM dvArA honA caahie|

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vaidika vidhi kI apekSA paurANika vidhi kA mahatva 435 the, prasanna rakhanA cAhA aura unheM bauddhadharma se dUra khIMcane ke lie bharasaka prayatna kiyA, kintu taba bhI dvijoM evaM zUdroM meM bheda rakhA hI, kevala eka hI chUTa yaha dI ki ve dvijoM ke samAna hI pUjA kara sakate haiM aura apane kRtyoM evaM utsavoM meM (paurANika) mantroM kA prayoga kara sakate haiN| udAharaNArtha, padma ( 4|110 / 286-289) ne bhasmasnAna kI anumati dete hue vyavasthA dI hai ki tIna varNoM ke puruSa vaidika mantroM kA prayoga kara sakate haiM, kintu zUdroM ke lie paurANika mantra hI nirdezita haiM ( padma 4 / 110 / 290 - 293 ) / padma meM punaH AyA hai ki zUdra loga na to 'prANAyAma' kara sakate haiM aura na 'om' kA uccAraNa kara sakate haiM, ve 'prANAyAma' ke sthAna para 'dhyAna' kara sakate haiM evaM 'om' ke sthAna para 'ziva' kaha sakate haiM ( padma 4 / 110 / 316 ) / 17 kramaza: kucha viSayoM meM paurANika vidhiyAM vaidika vidhiyoM se Upara uTha gayIM / aparArka ( pR0 14 ) ne kahA hai ki devapUjA meM logoM ko narasiMhapurANa Adi meM varNita vidhi apanAnI cAhie, na ki pAzupatoM yA pAMcarAtroM kI vidhi ( pR0 15), yahI bAta mandira meM mUrti pratiSThA Adi ke kRtyoM meM bhI karanI cAhie / " narasiMhapurANa (63 / 5-6 ) kA kathana hai ki 'om namo nArAyaNAya' mantra se sabhI prakAra ke padArtha prApta ho jAte haiM aura isake japa se vyakti sabhI pApoM se mukti pA jAtA hai tathA antatogatvA viSNu meM vilIna ho jAtA hai / " agnipurANa (adhyAya 218) ne rAjyAbhiSeka kI vidhi kA varNana kiyA hai aura adhyAya 219 meM lagabhaga aise 70 paurANika mantroM kI vyavasthA dI hai, jo abhiSeka ke samaya kahe jAte haiN| aura dekhie viSNudharmottara ( 2 / 21) jahA~ vaidika mantroM ( 2 / 22 ) ke sAtha 184 paurANika mantroM ke prayoga kI vidhi hai / rAjanItiprakAza ( pR0 4983), nItimayUkha ( pR0 1-4), rAjadharma kaustubha ( pR0 318-363) ke samAna madhyakAlIna nibandhoM ne vaidika evaM paurANika mantroM kI samanvita vidhi viSNudharmottara se lI hai| rAjanItiprakAza ( pR0 430-433) ne prArthanAoM evaM AzIrvacanoM ke rUpa meM aise mantra uddhRta kiye haiM, jo viSNudharmottara meM pAye jAte haiM / padmapurANa (4 / 94 / 68-90) ne dhanazarmA nAmaka vyakti kI bar3I manoraMjaka gAthA kahI hai| dhanazarmA ke pitA kevala zrI mArga kA anusaraNa kiyA aura vaizAkha snAna jaisI paurANika vyavasthAoM kA anusaraNa nahIM kiyA, isIse ve bhayaMkara evaM dukhI preta hue| kucha zloka to bar3e manorama haiM, 'maiMne ajJAnavaza kevala vaidika kRtya kiye aura maiM deva mAdhava ke sammAna meM kabhI vaizAkhasnAna kI vidhi nahIM apanAyI, aura na eka bhI vaizAkha mAsa kI pUrNimA kA vrata rakhA, jo aise pApoM ke per3a ko, jo pApakarma Adi ke indhana se utpanna jvAlA ke samAna kaSTa kAraka hai, kATa detA / 17. prANAyAmazca praNavaH zUdreSu na vidhIyate / prANAyAmapade dhyAnaM zivetyoMkAravarNanam // (padma 4 / 110 316) / 18. narasihapu0 (adhyAya 62 ) ne viSNupUjA kI vidhi kA varNana kiyA hai| aparArka ( pR0 15 ) meM yoM AyA hai--' evaM pratiSThAyAmapi purANAdyuktaiveti kartavyatA grAhyA nAnyA / teSAmeva vyAmizradharmapramANatvena bhaviSyapurANe parijJAtatvAt / ' 19. ki tasya bahubhirmantraiH ki tasya bahubhirvrataiH oM namo nArAyameti mantraH sarvArthasAdhakaH / imaM mantraM japedyastu zucirbhUtvA samAhitaH / sarvapApavinirmukto viSNu sAyujyamApnuyAt // narasiMha0 (63 / 6-7 ) ; kiM tasya bahubhirmantrafear janArdane / namo nArAyaNAyeti mantraH sarvArthasAdhakaH // viSNuryeSAM jayasteSAM kutasteSAM parAjayaH / yeSAmindIvarazyAmo hRdayastho janArdanaH / vAmanapu0 ( 94 / 58-59 ) ; matsya kA kathana hai, 'oM namo nArAyaNeti mUlamantra udAhRtaH / '

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai; yaha to vaisA hI hai jaisA ki bahuta-se zAstroM evaM kaI vedoM ko unake sahAyaka vistRta sAhitya ke sAtha par3ha lene para hotA hai, jaba ki purANoM kA adhyayana na kiyA gayA ho| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki purANoM ko mahattA kevala zUdroM ko suvidhA dene ke kAraNa hI nahIM prApta huI, pratyuta una brAhmaNoM ke lie vyavasthita vidhiyoM ke phalasvarUpa bhI prApta huI, jo pahale kevala vaidika kRtya hI karate the| kramazaH purANoM kA prabhAva bar3hatA gyaa| pahale aisA kahA gayA ki veda se prApta (athavA samajhA gayA) dharma paramocca aura purANoM meM ghoSita dharma avara (hIna athavA gauNa) hai| kintu yaha dhAraNA parivartita huI aura dharma tIna prakAra ke ghoSita hae-mizra, vaidika evaM tAntrika aura bhAgavata evaM padma meM aisA kahA gayA ki viSNa kI pUjA ina tInoM meM kisI bhI vidhi se kI jA sakatI hai| 22 padma ne joDA hai ki vaidika evaM mizraka vidhiyA~ brAhmaNoM A ke lie ucita ghoSita haiM, kintu tAntrika pUjA-vidhi vaiSNava evaM zUdroM ke lie hai| devIbhAgavata (11 / 1 / 21-23) meM AyA hai ki zruti (veda) evaM smRti dharma kI A~kheM haiM, purANa isakA hRdaya hai, aura yahI dharma ina tInoM dvArA ghoSita hai, yaha dharma ina tInoM ke atirikta aura kahIM nahIM pAyA jA sakatA; purANoM meM kabhI-kabhI vaha bhI udghoSita huA hai jo tantroM meM pAyA jAtA hai, kintu use grahaNa nahIM karanA caahie| ___ bhaviSya (brAhmaparva 1143-47) ne zatAnIka evaM sumantu kI vArtA meM sarvaprathama manu se atri taka ke aThAraha dharmazAstroM kA ullekha kiyA hai aura kahA hai ki veda, manu Adi ke zAstra evaM aMga tIna varSoM ke lie, na ki zUdroM ke lAbha ke lie udghoSita hue haiM, becAre zUdra, lagatA hai, asahAya haiM; ve cAroM puruSArthoM kI prApti kaise kara sakeMge? ve Agama (paramparAjanya vidyA) se vaMcita haiM; brAhmaNoM meM buddhimAnoM dvArA unake lie kauna-sI paramparAjanya vidyA udghoSita hai jisake dvArA ve dharma, artha evaM kAma ke tIna puruSArtha pAne meM samartha hoMge? sumantu ne uttara diyA hai'manoSiyoM dvArA cAroM vargoM, vizeSataH zUdroM ke lie jo dharmazAstra udghoSita haiM, unheM sunie, yathA-"18 purANa, 20. mayA kevlmevaikotmaargaanusaarinnaa| uddizya mAdhavaM devaM na snAtaM mAsi maadhve|| vaidikaM kevalaM karma kRtamajJAnato myaa| paapndhndvjvaalaapaapdrumkutthaarikaa|| kRtA naikApi vaizAkhI vidhinA vatsa pUrNimA / avratA yasya vaizAkhI so'vaizAkho bhvennrH| daza janmAni sa tatastiryagyoniSu jAyate // paga (4 / 9468/88-90; bahuzAstraM samabhyasya bahUnvedAn svistraan| puMso'zrutapurANasya na samyagyAti darzanam // padma (4 / 105 / 13) / 21. ataH sa paramo dharmo yo vedAdadhigamyate / avaraH sa tu vijJeyo yaH purANAviSu smRtH|| vyAsa (aparArka, pR0 9; hemAdri, vrata 1, pR0 22; paribhASAprakAza, pR0 29) / kRtyaratnAkara (pR0 39) ne 'aparaH sa tu vijJeyo' par3hA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki aparArka ne 'avaraH' par3hA hai kintu aparArka ke lagabhaga do zatiyoM ke uparAnta kR0ra0 ne 'aparaH' (anya arthAt dUsarA) par3hA hai| 22. vaidikastAntriko mizra iti me trividho mkhH| trayANAmIpsitenaiva vidhinA mAM samarcayet // bhAgavata (127 / 7, nityAcArapaddhati, pR0 510 dvArA uddhRta); padma0 (4 / 90 // 3-4) ne isa prakAra par3hA hai--'vaidika... zrIviSNostrividho mkhH| trayANAmuditenaiva vidhinA harimarcayet // vaidiko mizrako vApi vipraadiinaamudaahRtH| tAntriko viSNubhaktasya zUdrasyApi prkiirtitH|| dekhie agnipu0 (372134) jahA~ ye zabda samAna rUpa se Aye haiN| milAie vRddhahArItasmRti (11177): 'zrautasmArtAgamaviSNostriviSaM pUjanaM smRtam / etacchrotaM tataH smAtaM pauruSeNa ca yatsmRtam //

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veda-zAstra ke adhikArI zUtroM kI sthiti 437 raghuvaMza ke rAma kA carita (rAmAyaNa), parAzara ke putra (vyAsa) dvArA ghoSita bhArata (mahAbhArata); kRpAlu vyAsa ne cAroM varNoM ke kalyANa ke lie eka aise zAstra kA praNayana kiyA jisameM veda evaM dharmazAstroM kA sampUrNa artha diyA huA hai / bhava (sAgara) meM nimagna varNoM ke lie yaha eka uttama naukA hai|" isase spaSTa hai ki purANoM, mahAbhArata evaM rAmAyaNa meM prAkkAlIna (prAcIna ) paramparAe~ evaM vicAra pAye jAte haiM aura ve mAno logoM kI zikSA ke sAdhanoM ke rUpa meM evaM sAmAnya logoM ko prakAza dene ke nimitta praNIta hue the / vAstava meM kucha purANa, yathA -- agni, matsya, viSNudharmottara Adi jJAnodadhisvarUpa ( vizvakozIya ) haiM aura unameM rAjanIti, zAsana, vyavahAra (kAnUna), Ayurveda, jyotiSa phalita jyotiSa, kavitA, saMgIta, zilpa Adi viSayoM kI sAMgopAMga carcA hai| ina ( purANoM meM bhAratavarSa kA deza ke jIvana evaM caritra ke rUpa meM) varNana hai aura unameM bhArata kI upalabdhiyoM, durbala* tAoM evaM sImAoM kA digdarzana hai| do prazna haThAt uTha par3ate haiM - ( 1 ) kyA ve purANa, jinameM vaidika mantra uddhRta haiM, zUdroM dvArA paThita ho sakate the ? yadi mAna liyA jAya ki vaidika mantroM kA uccAraNa zUdra nahIM kara sakate the, to kyA ve binA brAhmaNoM kI sahAyatA ke, svayaM purANoM kA adhyayana kara sakate the ? sabhI nibandhoM evaM TIkAoM ke lekhaka isa bAta meM ekamata haiM ki purANoM (jo sabhI varNoM ke kalyANArtha vaidika mantra bhI rakhate haiM) meM sammilita vaidika mantroM ko zUdra loga na to par3ha sakate haiM aura na suna sakate haiN| unheM kevala tIna ucca varNoM ke loga hI apane prayoga meM lA sakate haiM / kintu kucha lekhaka padmapurANa ke eka vacana kA sahArA lekara isa bAta ko mAnate haiM ki zUdra dhArmika kRtyoM meM paurANika mantroM kA pATha kara sakate haiM / kintu anya lekhaka, yathA-- nirNayasindhu evaM zUdrakamalAkara ke lekhaka kamalAkarabhaTTa jaise loga, bhaviSya pu0 ke zlokoM kA sahArA lekara aisA kahate haiM ki zUdra ke lie kiye gaye kRtya meM paurANika mantroM kA pATha kevala brAhmaNa kara sakate haiM, zUdra brAhmaNa dvArA jAte hue purANa ko kevala suna sakatA hai| zrIdatta jaise kucha lekhakoM kA eka tIsarA mata bhI hai ki zUdra loga paurANika mantra kA pATha kara sakate haiM; kintu ve svayaM purANa ko par3ha nahIM sakate, kevala brAhmaNa dvArA par3he jAte hue purANa ko suna sakate haiM / dharmasUtroM ke kAloM meM kevala vaidika mantroM kA prayoga hotA thA ataH gautama ( 10 / 66 : anujJAto'sya namaskAro mantraH ) ne zUdroM ke lie vaidika mantra ke sthAna para kevala 'namaH' kahane kI chUTa dI hai| IsA ke pUrva kaI zatAbdiyoM taka zUdroM ne buddha ke upadeza sune the, kyoMki ve sabhI ke lie ghoSita the / kumArila jaise apekSAkRta paryApta Arambhika lekhaka yaha jAnate the ki bauddhoM meM adhikAMza saMkhyA zUdroM kI hai| unakA kathana hai'katipaya dama, dAna Adi ke vacanoM ko chor3akara, zAkya evaM anya logoM ke vacana, vidyA ke caudaha prakAroM ke viruddha haiM / ye vacana buddha evaM una logoM dvArA udghoSita haiM, jo tInoM vedoM dvArA upasthita mArga se dUra the aura unake viruddha kArya karate the / ye vacana una logoM meM pracArita evaM prasArita haiM, jo vimUr3ha banA diye gaye haiM, jo tInoM vedoM kI sImA se bAhara haiM, jo cauthe varNa (arthAt zUdra) meM Ate haiM (arthAt parigaNita haiM) aura jo jAti kho cuke haiM / 23 1 23. zAkyAvivacanAni tu katipayadamadAnAdivacanavajjaM sarvANyeva samastacatuvaMzavidyAsthAnaviruddhAni trayImArgabhyutthita viruddhAcaraNaizca buddhAdibhiH praNItAni / trayIbAhyebhyazcaturthavarNaniravasitaprAyebhyo vyAmUDhebhyaH samarpitAnIti na vedamUlatvena sambhAvyante / tantravArtika ( jaimini 1 / 3 / 4, pR0 195, AnandAzrama saM0 ) / 14 vidyAsthAna yAjJa0 (113) evaM bhaviSya (brAhmaparva 226) meM uddhRta haiM (4 veda, 6, vedAMga, purANa, nyAya, mImAMsA, dharmazAstra ) / kabhI-kabhI 4 anya vidyAsthAna bhI jor3a diye jAte haiM, yathA 'Ayurvedo dhanurvedo gAndharvazcaiva te trayaH / arthazAstraM caturtha tu vidyA hyaSTAvazeSa tAH // bhaviSya (brAhma 2|7) evaM viSNupu0 3 / 6 / 28 | yaha zloka evaM aMgAni vedAzcatvAraH

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438 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa ataH una vidvAn brAhmaNoM ne, jo jana-samudAya (jisameM zUdra bhI the) ko bauddha caMgula se chIna lenA cAhate the, sahasroM paurANika mantrapraNIta kiye jinakA zrAddhoM, vratoM Adi meM prayoga hone lgaa| isI se prArambhika nibandhakAra ( yathA zrIdatta Adi ) zUdroM dvArA paurANika mantroM ke pATha ke lie anumati dene ko sannaddha the / kintu bhArata meM bauddhoM ke adhaHpatana ke kaI zatiyoM uparAnta kamalAkara ( jisane nirNayasindhu kA praNayana san 1612 I0 meM kiyA) jaise kaTTara brAhmaNa lekhakoM ne kaThora rUpa dhAraNa kara liyA aura zUdroM ke lie pratibandha lagA diyA ki ve kisI brAhmaNa dvArA par3he jAte hue purANa ko zravaNa mAtra kara sakate haiM aura svayaM paurANika mantra bhI nahIM kaha skte| yaha draSTavya hai ki narasiMhapurANa ne zUdroM ke kartavyoM kI vyavasthA karate hue vidhAna kiyA hai ki zUdra brAhmaNa dvArA kathita purANoM ko suna sakatA hai aura narasiMha (viSNu ke avatAra) kI pUjA kara sakatA hai| nAradIyapurANa (2 / 24 / 14 - 24 ) meM zruti, smRti evaM purANoM ke prayoga ke viSaya meM nimnokta bAta AyI hai - " veda kaI rUpoM meM sthita hai / yajJakarma kI kriyA ( meM bhI) veda hai; gRhasthAzrama meM smRti veda hai; ye donoM 'kriyAveda' evaM 'smRtiveda' purANoM meM pratiSThita haiM / jisa prakAra yaha adbhuta saMsAra purANa puruSa ( paramAtmA ) se utpanna huA, usI prakAra isameM koI saMdeha nahIM hai ki sArA sAhitya purANoM se utpanna huA / maiM purANArtha ( purANa ke artha yA mantavya ) ko vedArtha se adhika vistRta ( mahattvapUrNa ) mAnatA huuN| sabhI veda sadaiva purANoM para sthira rahate haiM / veda alpajJa se isalie DaratA rahatA hai ki vaha use (veda ko ) hAni pahu~cA degA / veda meM na to grahasaMcAra ( grahoM kI gatiyA~) haiM, ( dhArmika kRtyoM ke lie) ucita kAloM ko batAne vAlI zuddha gaNanAe~ haiM, na tithivRddhi yA tithikSaya para koI vicAra hai aura na ( usameM ) parvoM ( amAvasyA, pUrNimA Adi), grahoM Adi para viziSTa nirNaya hI hai| ina viSayoM para prAcIna kAla meM nirNaya ( yA nizcaya ) itihAsa evaM purANoM meM likhA gayA hai / jo veda meM nahIM dekhA gayA hai vaha smRtiyoM meM lakSita hai, aura jo una donoM (vedoM evaM smRtiyoM) meM nahIM dikhAI detA vaha purANoM meM udghoSita hai| jo vedoM dvArA ghoSita hai aura jo upAMgoM dvArA ghoSita hai, vaha smRtiyoM evaM purANoM dvArA ghoSita hai / jo vyakti purANoM ko kisI anya rUpa meM dekhatA hai vaha tiryagyoni meM utpanna hogA / " aura dekhie skanda ( prabhAsakhaNDa, 29092) / nAradIya ( 1 1957-59) meM punaH AyA hai, 'jo duSTa vyakti purANoM ko arthavAda ke rUpa meM ( prazaMsAtmaka yA nindAtmaka kathana ke rUpa meM) lete haiM unake sabhI puNya naSTa ho jAte haiM, jo duSTa vyakti una purANoM ko, jo karmoM ke bure prabhAvoM ko naSTa karane vAle hote haiM, atharvAda kahate haiM, ve naraka meM jAte haiM / 14 ( viSNu 3 / 6 / 27) kalpataru ( brahmacAri0, pR0 2) evaM hemAdri ( vrata, bhAga 1, pR0 18 ) evaM kR0 ra0 ( pU0 27 ) dvArA uddhRta kiye gaye haiN| niravasita kA artha hai bahiSkRta, dekhie pANini - - ' zUdrANAmatiravasitAnAm ' (2|4| 10) evaM isa para mahAbhASya / 24. purANeSvarthavAdatvaM ye vadanti narAdhamAH / tairajitAni puNyAni kSayaM yAnti dvijottamAH // samastakarmanirmUlasAdhanAni narAdhamAH / purANAnvyarthavAdena ( purANAnyarthavAdena ? ) bruvan narakamaznute // nAradIya (111157-59) arthavAdAdhikaraNa jaimini (1 / 2 / 1-18) meM hai / nimnokta vaidika vacana haiM-- 'sorobIdyadarodItsabrudrasya rudratvam' ( tai0 saM0 115 | 1|1), 'sa Atmano vapAmudakkhidat' ( tai0 saM0 2|1|1), 'devA vai devayajanamadhyavasAya vizo na prAjAnan' ( tai0 saM0 6|1|5|1), 'tarati brahmahatyAM'yo'zvamedhena yajate' ( tai0 saM0 5 / 3 / 12 / 2), 'na pRthivyAmagniitavyo nAntarikSe na vivi' ( tai0 saM0 5 / 27) / prazna hai : 'kyA ina vacanoM ko zAbdika rUpa meM liyA jAya, yA

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dharmazAstra para purANoM ke prabhAva kA kAraNa 439 purANoM ne logoM ke dhArmika kRtyoM, vyavahAroM evaM AdarzoM meM katipaya mahattvapUrNa parivartana kara diye| sabase adhika purANoM kA viziSTa vicAra evaM sAra hai thor3e prayatna se hI mahAn puNyoM evaM pratiphaloM kI praapti| viSNupurANa (62) meM AyA hai ki muniyoM ne vyAsa se prazna pUchA-'kisa yuga meM thor3A-sA dharma bhI bar3e puNyoM kI utpatti karatA hai ?' vyAsa gaMgA meM snAna kara rahe the, ve bAhara Akara bole, 'zUdra acchA hai, kali acchA hai aura ve punaH nadI meM DUba gaye; punaH bAhara nikala kara bole, 'striyA~ acchI haiM aura dhanya haiM; unase bar3hakara anya kauna dhanya hai ?' jaba ve snAna aura prAtaHkriyAe~ sampAdita kara cuke to muniyoM ne unase kali, zUdroM evaM nAriyoM ke acche evaM dhanya hone kA kAraNa puuchaa| unhoMne uttara diyA--"koI bhI vyakti kaliyuga meM eka dina meM tapoM, brahmacarya evaM japa se utanA hI puNya kamA letA hai jitanA kRtayuga (satyayuga) meM 10 varSoM meM, tretA meM eka varSa meM aura dvApara meM eka mAsa meM prApta hotA thaa| ataH maiMne kali ko uttama khaa| kali meM vyakti kevala kezava ke nAma ke lagAtAra kathana se jo prApta karatA hai vaha kRtayuga meM gambhIra dhyAna se, vetA meM yajJoM se tathA dvApara meM pUjA se prApta hotA hai| maiM kali se isIlie prasanna hU~ ki isameM vyakti alpa prayAsa se hI dharma kI mahattA prApta kara letA hai| tIna ucca vargoM ke loga kaThina niyamoM ke pAlana ke uparAnta vedoM kA adhyayana karate haiM, punaH unheM yajJa karane par3ate haiM jinameM artha kI AvazyakatA par3atI hai| yadi ve apane kartavya ucita DhaMga se nahIM karate to ve pApa ke bhAgI hote haiM, ve manacAhA na to khA sakate haiM aura na pI sakate haiM pratyuta ve bhojana-sambandhI katipaya niyamoM ke pAlana para AdhArita rahate haiM; dvija loga bahuta kaSTa ke uparAnta ucca lokoM kI prApti karate haiM; zUdra tIna vargoM kI sevA karake uttama lokoM kI prApti karatA hai; use pAkayajJoM (binA mantroM vAle) kA adhikAra hai, ataH vaha dvija kI apekSA adhika dhanya hai| use bhojana-sambandhI kaThora niyamoM kA pAlana nahIM karanA hotA aura tabhI maiMne use uttama yA acchA khaa| nArI bhI vicAra, zabda (vacana) evaM karma dvArA apane pati kI sevA karake bahuta kama kaSTa ke sAtha una lokoM kI prApti karatI hai jinheM usakA pati bahuta prayAsa evaM kaSTa karake prApta karatA hai, isI se maiMne tIsarI bAra yaha kahA ki striyA~ dhanya haiN| kaliyuga meM dharma kI prApti thor3A kaSTa uThAne se ho jAtI hai aura loga apane AtmA kI vizeSatAoM ke jala se apane pApoM ko dho lete haiM, zUdra loga dvijoM kI sevA karake tathA striyA~ apane patiyoM kI sevA karake vahI phala pAtI haiN| isI se maiMne ina tInoM ko dhanya khaa|" yahI bAta brahmapurANa (229 / 62-80) meM bhI hai| aura dekhie viSNupu0 (6 / 2 / 15-30 evaM 34-36) / viSNupurANa kA kathana hai ki vyakti ko usa samAja meM, jisameM vaha janma letA hai, apanA karttavya karate rahanA cAhie, yA jo kArya usane apane hAtha meM liyA hai use karanA cAhie; jo vyakti aisA karatA hai vaha cAhe brAhmaNa ho yA zUdra, ucca lokoM kI prApti karatA hai| yahI bAta gItA (18145-46) meM bhI hai| vedoM, jaiminisUtroM, vedAntasUtroM ke sadRza prAcIna granthoM ne isa bAta para kabhI bhI vicAra nahIM kiyA ki striyA~ evaM zUdra kisa prakAra AdhyAtmika jIvana evaM antima sundara gati prApta kara sakate haiN| vedAntasUtra (1|3|34-38)ne zUdra ko veda evaM upaniSadoM ke adhyayana se vaMcita mAnA hai| buddha ke upadeza kucha dUsare the| unake anusAra sabhI loga, cAhe jisa varNa yA jAti ke hoM, duHkhoM se chuTakArA pA sakate haiN| ataH zUdroM kA dhyAna bauddha dharma kI ora adhika gyaa| bhagavadgItA evaM purANoM ne bhAratIya samAja ke dRSTikoNa ko parivartita inakA koI artha hai ? uttara hai : 'vidhinA tyekavAkyatvAt stutyarthena vidhInAM syuH' (jai0 11217), arthAt ye prazaMsAtmaka yA stuti rUpa haiM aura kevala vidhiyoM kI prazaMsA ke lie unake aMga haiN| 25. sve sve karmaNyabhirataH saMsiddhiM labhate nrH|... yataH pravRttirbhUtAnAM yena sarvamidaM tatam / svakarmaNA tamabhyarcya siddhi bindati maanvH|| bhagavadgItA (18145-46) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kara diyA, choTe yA bar3e, sabhI ko ucca AdhyAtmika jIvana prApta karane kA adhikAra ho gyaa| jo vyakti sAmAjika kartavya ko samajhakara apanA kAma karatA jAya aura sAMsArika phaloM ke pIche na par3e aura apane sabhI karmoM ko bhagavAn ke nAma samarpita kara de, vaha AdhyAtmika jIvana kI uccatA kA adhikArI ho jAtA hai| padmapurANa meM vyAsa ne yudhiSThira se kahA hai-'kaliyuga meM manu dvArA evaM vedoM dvArA vyavasthita niyamoM kA pAlana asambhava hai| eka kArya jo saba ko karanA cAhie, vaha ekAdazI-vrata hai jo mAsa meM do bAra kiyA jAnA caahie| yaha bar3A sarala hai, isameM alpa dhana lagatA hai, bahuta kama kleza hotA hai, kintu mahAphaladAyaka hai, aura yaha sabhI purANoM kA sArabhUta hai| vyakti ko pavitra honA cAhie aura dvAdazI ko puSpoM se kezava-pUjA ke uparAnta sarvaprathama brAhmaNoM ko khilAkara taba svayaM khAnA caahie| jo loga svarga-prApti cAhate haiM, unheM aisA vrata jIvana bhara karanA caahie| yahA~ taka ki ekAdazI-vrata karane vAle pApI, durAcArI evaM dharmavarjita loga bhI yamaloka (naraka) nahIM jAte' (padma 6 / 53 / 4-9) / sUtasaMhitA (17 / 22) meM AyA hai ki 'satya jJAna (Atma-jJAna) kI prApti kA prayatna sabhI kara sakate haiM; (saMskRta ke atirikta) anya bhASA dvArA aura adhika samaya ke prayAsa se (nimna zreNI ke logoM kA) kalyANa hI hogaa|' isase prakaTa hotA hai ki purANoM ne saba ke samakSa una sarala vidhiyoM evaM sAdhanoM ko rakhA jinake dvArA loga isa loka ke uparAnta sundara gati prApta kara skeN| ___ bau0 dha0 sU0 (2 / 4 / 30), manu (3 / 26) evaM vasiSTha (11 / 28) meM AyA hai ki zrAddha meM bahuta-se brAhmaNoM ko nahIM Amantrita karanA cAhie, kyoMki bar3I saMkhyA se ina pA~coM kI hAni hotI hai, yathA--atithiyoM kA ucita sammAna, sthAna evaM kAla kA aucitya , svacchatA tathA yogya (supAtra) brAhmaNoM kI prApti / anuzAsanaparva (9012) Adi meM AyA hai ki devoM kI pUjA meM brAhmaNoM ke jJAna, vaMza evaM caritra kI parIkSA kA vizeSa prayAsa nahIM karanA cAhie, kintu pitaroM ke zrAddha meM isa prakAra kI parIkSA nyAyasaMgata hai| purANa ina donoM vyavasthAoM ke virodha meM jAte haiN| vezrAddhakarma meM kRpaNatA ke .bar3e virodhI haiN| ve nahIM cAhate ki loga zrAddha, ekAdazI jaise vratoM meM kaMjUsI prakaTa kreN| viSNupurANa ne pitaroM dvArA kahe gaye 9 zloka diye haiM (3 / 14 / 22-30)" jinameM do kA anuvAda yahA~ diyA jA rahA hai--'kyA vaha matimAn evaM dhanya vyakti hamAre kula meM janma legA jo kRpaNatA (vittazAThya) na pradarzita kara hameM piNDa degA aura yadi vaha sampattivAna hai to kyA hamAre lie brAhmaNoM ko ratna, vastra, mahAyAna, dhana 26. satkriyAM dezakAlau ca zaucaM braahmnnsmpdH| paJcatAna vistaro hanti tasmAnneheta vistaram // manu (3 / 26); kUrmapurANa (2 / 22 / 27); bau0 dha0 sU0 (214130); vasiSTha (11 / 28) / antima do grantha cauthe pAda ko 'tasmAtta parivarjayet' aisA par3hate haiN| 27. brAhmaNAnna parIkSeta kSatriyo dAnadharmavit / daive karmaNi pitrye tu nyAyyamAhuH parIkSaNam // anuzAsanaparva (9012); he0 (zrAddha, pR.0 511 meM uddhRta); daive karmaNi brAhmaNaM na parIkSeta / prayatnAtpitraye parIkSeta / viSNudha0 (82 / 1-2); na brAhmaNAna parIkSeta savA deye tu maanvH| deve karmaNi pizye ca zrUyate vai parIkSaNam // vAyu0 (83351) / 28. api dhanyaH kule jAyAdasmAkaM mtimaanrH| akurvana vittazAThyaM yaH piNDAno nirvapiSyati // ratnaM vastraM mahAyAnaM sarvabhogAdikaM vsu| vibhave sati viprebhyo yo'smAnuddizya daasyti|| viSNu0 (3 / 14 / 22-23), varAha0 (13 / 50-51 : 'sarva toyAdikam' 24-30) jo zrAddhakriyAkaumudI dvArA uddhRta evaM vyAkhyAyita hue haiN|

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purANoM para paristhiti kA prabhAva 441 tathA anya bhogAdika sAmagrI degA?' pama (1 / 9 / 181) meM AyA hai ki vittazAThya ke tyAga se pitaroM ko tRpti prApta hotI hai| matsya (56 / 11) meM AyA hai ki kRSNASTamIvrata meM kaMjUsI nahIM pradarzita karanI caahie| patra meM AyA hai ki jo dhanavAna vyakti ekAdazI para jAgara ko kaMjUsI ke sAtha manAtA hai vaha apanA AtmA kho baiThatA hai (639 / 21) / brahma (123 / 174) ne sAmAnya rUpa se kahA hai ki jo vyakti dhArmika kRtya vittazAThya (kRpaNatA) se karatA hai vaha pAtakI hai| manu (3 / 149) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki devoM ke sammAna meM kiye jAne vAle kRtya meM dhArmika vyakti ko cAhie ki vaha bhojana ke lie nimantrita kiye jAne vAle brAhmaNoM kI jAMca na kare, kintu pitaroM ke zrAddha meM brAhmaNoM kI yogyatA (pAtratA) kI jAMca avazya karanI caahie| isakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki devapUjA meM koI bhI bulAyA jA sakatA hai| hameM manu (3 / 128) ke sAmAnya niyamoM para dhyAna denA caahie| devoM yA pitaroM ke kRtyoM meM kRtyakartA ko cAhie ki vaha zrotiya (vedajJa brAhmaNa) ko hI bhojana de| manu ne 31149 meM jo kahA hai usakA artha yaha hai ki devoM ke kRtyoM meM kala Adi kA gambhIra parIkSaNa Avazyaka nahIM hai| vAya (82 / 27) meM AyA hai ki gayA meM brAhmaNoM ke kala. zIla, vidyA evaM tapa kI parIkSA nahIM kI jAnI caahie| varAha (165 / 55 evaM 57) meM AyA hai ki mathurA ke brAhmaga devatA ke samAna haiM, mathurA kA vaha brAhmaNa jo eka veda-mantra (RcA) bhI nahIM jAnatA, anya sthAna ke usa brAhmaNa se uttama hai jo cAroM vevoM kA jJAtA ho|" padma evaM skanda (kAzIkhaNDa 6 / 56-57) meM AyA hai ki tIrthoM para brAhmaNoM kA parIkSaNa nahIM honA cAhie aura manu kA kathana hai ki tIrthoM ke anecchuka brAhmaNoM ko bhojana denA caahie| 2 / yaha sambhava hai ki vAyu, varAha evaM padma ke uparyukta vacana pazcAtkAlIna kSepaka hoN| jaba bauddha dharma apanI parAkASThA para thA to bauddha sAdhuoM kI lambI jamAteM logoM dvArA bhojana pAtI thiiN| jaba 12 vIM evaM 13 vIM zatiyoM ke uparAnta bauddhadharma bhArata se vilupta ho gayA to logoM meM eka vizvAsa bhara gayA thA ki daridra brAhmaNoM ko bhojana denA puNya kArya hai, jaisA ki pUrva kAla meM bauddha sAdhuoM ko khilAyA jAtA thA, aura purANoM ne kevala sAmAnya janatA ke manobhAvoM ko hI vyakta kara diyaa| una dinoM sAmAnya janatA meM aisA vizvAsa bhara gayA thA, nahIM to kSepakoM ke A jAne se hI loga vaisA na krte| pazcima evaM pUrva ke lekhaka, 19 vIM evaM 20 zatI meM pracalita dhAraNAoM para AdhArita ho purANoM meM vyavasthita brAhmaNoM ke lie bane niyamoM ke viruddha ati kaThora evaM aparimita nindA-sUtra kaha DAlate haiM, aisA karake ve eka sahana yA adhika varSoM pUrvapraNIta purANoM ke lekhakoM ke prati anyAya karate haiN| aise lekhakoM ko madhyakAlIna dazAoM, vicAroM evaM brAhmaNoM ke karmoM kI tulanA una popoM, IsAI pAdariyoM, 29. vittazAThyena rahitaH pitRbhyaH priitimaahrn| papa (29 / 181); dhanavAn vittazAThyena yaH karoti prajAgaram / tenAtmA hArito nUnaM kitavena durAtmanA // patha (6 / 39 / 21) / 30, vittazAThyena yo dharma karoti sa tu paatkii| brahma (123 / 174) / 31. na vicArya kulaM zIlaM vidyA ca tapa eva c| pUjitastaistu rAjendra mukti prApnoti maanvH|| vAyu (82 // 27); anug vai mAyuro yatra cturvedstthaaprH| vevazcatubhirna ca syAnmAyureNa samaH kvacit // ... mathurAyAM ye vasanti viSNurUpA hi te nraaH|| varAha (165 / 55 evaM 57) / 32. tIrtheSa brAhmaNaM naiva parIkSeta kathaMcana / annArthinamanuprApta bhojyaM taM manurabravIt // pala 5 / 29 / 212 / prA0 kri0 ko0 ne prathama arSAlI ko brahma (pR0 34) evaM devIpurANa (pR0 266) se ubRta kiyA hai|

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442 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa inkvIjizanoM (dhArmika atyAcAroM) evaM yUropa ke maThIya vidhAnoM se karanI cAhie jo 10 vIM zatI se lekara 15 vIM zatI taka pracalita the| tulanA karane se patA calegA ki yUropa kI paristhitiyA~ una zatiyoM meM bhAratIya paristhiti se kaI gunI bhayaMkara evaM hIna thiiN| 1 uparyukta siddhAntoM ke phalasvarUpa purANoM ne bar3e bala ke sAtha dAnoM (vizeSata: bhojana kA dAna), pavitra sthAnoM ke jaloM meM snAna evaM tIrtha-yAtrAoM, vratoM, ahiMsA, bhakti, devanAma-japa, zrAddha Adi kI vyavasthAe~ kI haiN| ina para hama saMkSepa meM yahA~ varNana kreNge| purANoM ne pavitra vaidika yajJoM tathA tIrthayAtrAoM evaM snAnoM meM tulanA sthApita kI hai| vanaparva (82117 Adi) meM AyA hai--"muniyoM dvArA pravartita pUta yajJa daridra vyakti dvArA sampAdita nahIM ho sakate ; yajJoM meM bahuta-se upakaraNoM, bhA~ti-bhA~ti ke sAmAnoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai jinheM kevala rAjA yA dhanika vyakti hI sa~jo sakate haiM, daridra vyaktiyoM kA koI anya sahArA nahIM hai, unheM apane para hI nirbhara rahanA par3atA hai| tIrtha sthAnoM meM jAne se puNya milatA hai aura yaha yajJoM ke sampAdana se apekSAkRta viziSTa hai| jo puNya tIrtha sthAnoM meM jAne se prApta hotA hai vaha agniSToma jaise yajJoM se, jinameM prabhUta dakSiNA-dAna kiyA jAtA hai, nahIM prApta hotaa|" anuzAsanaparva evaM purANoM ne vratoM evaM upavAsoM kI mahattA isI mahAn siddhAnta ke AdhAra para kI hai| anuzAsanaparva (10715-6) meM AyA hai ki puNya ke mAmale meM upavAsa yajJoM ke barAbara haiN| padmapurANa (3 // 21 // 29) meM upavAsa yajJoM se zreSTha gine gaye haiM, aisA AyA hai--'viSNuvrata zreSTha hotA hai; eka sau vaidika yajJa isake barAbara nahIM ho skte| eka yajJa karake vyakti svarga prApta kara sakatA hai, kintu jo kArtikavrata karatA hai, vaha vaikuNTha (viSNu-loka) jAtA hai|" dAna sarvaprathama hama dAna ko lete haiN| Rgvedika kAla se hI dAnoM kI prazastiyA~ gAyI jAtI rahI haiN| hamane isa 33. yUropa ke pratyeka deza meM, vizeSataH spena meM inkvIjizana-sambandhI asabhya vyavahAroM evaM atyAcAroM ke viSaya meM dekhie ublU0 eca0 rUla kA grantha 'hisTrI Ava inkvIjizana', 1868 (vizeSataH pu0 298-314 jahA~ 'govA meM kiye gaye inkvIjizana' kI carcA hai), rAphela sabaTinI kA grantha 'TAkvemer3A eNa di speniza inkvIjizana' (AThavAM saMskaraNa, 1937), 'vi speniza inkvIjizana' (pro0 e0 esa0 Tarabavile, homa yUnivarsiTI lAibrerI, 1932 dhArA likhita) jahA~ pRSTha 235 para lekhaka mahodaya duHkhita ho kahate haiM ki spena meM pavitra kAryAlaya (holI Aphisa) dvArA bhayaMkara nAza ke dRzya upasthita kiye gaye / aura dekhie kaimbrija meDievala hisTrI (jilda 6, adhyAya 20) kA adhyAya 'heresIja eNDa di inkvIjizana di miDila ejeja' (1929, 10 699-726) tathA vahI, jilda 6, pR0 694-695 jahA~ yaha pradarzita hai ki 'iMDaljesez2a (arthAt pApoM ke lie kSamA-pradAna evaM svarga meM praveza ke sarTiphikeTa) niyamAnukUla lAiseMsadhArI vyApAriyoM dvArA bece jAte the aura yaha vyavasthA IsAI carca ke ucca mantriyoM dvArA kI gayI thI, kisI ko aparAdha-svIkaraNa evaM prAyazcitta karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM thI!! . ___34 idamaMgirasA proktamupavAsaphalAtmakam / vidhi yajJaphalastulyaM sannibodha yudhiSThira // anu0 (107 / 5-6) / zreSThaM viSNuvrataM vipra tattulyA na zataM makhAH / kRtvA RtuM vrajetsvarga vaikuNThaM kArtikapratI // pana (3 / 2 / 29) / yahI bAta padma (6396125) meM bhI duharAyI gayI hai|

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dIna-dukhiyoM evaM satpAtroM ko ajha dhAna 443 mahAgrantha ke khaNDa 2 meM dAna-sambandhI bAtoM kI carcA kara dI hai| mahAbhArata ne bahuta-se sthAnoM para ( vizeSata: anuzAsanaparva meM ) evaM purANoM, yathA matsya (adhyAya 82 92 evaM 274 - 289), agni (adhyAya 208-213) varAha ( 99-111), padma (5 / 21 / 81-213, jo matsya ke adhyAya 83 - 92 se sarvathA milatA hai), padma ( 2 / 39-40 evaM 94, 3324), kUrma ( 2 / 26) ne dAna para vistAra ke sAtha ullekha kiyA hai| kintu yahA~ hama dAna ke kevala do viSayoM para, yathA - bhojana dAna evaM brAhmaNoM ko diye jAne vAle dAna para prakAza ddaaleNge| Rgveda aise vyakti kI bhartsanA karatA hai aura use pApI kahatA hai jo na to devoM ko bhojana detA hai aura na apane mitroM ko, aura kevala apanA peTa bharatA hai / " aita0 brA0 evaM tai0 brA0 ne anna (bhojana) ko prANa kahA hai|" bau0 gha0 sU0 meM AyA hai - " sabhI prANI anna para nirbhara rahate haiM, veda kA kathana hai ki 'anna prANa hai, ataH anna dUsare ko denA cAhie, anna sarvazreSTha havi hai / "" manu evaM vi0 gha0 sU0 meM AyA hai-- 'jo kevala apane lie bhojana pakAtA hai (devoM evaM anya logoM ke lie nahIM) vaha kevala pApa khAtA hai| padma meM bahuta sundara DhaMga se eka vacana AyA hai 'jo loga sadA lUle laMgar3e, andhe, bUr3he, dukhiyoM, asahAyoM tathA daridroM ko khilAte haiM, ve svarga meM sadaiva sukha pAte haiM; kUpoM evaM talAboM ke nirmANa se akSaya puNya prApta hotA hai, jahA~ jalavAsI jIva evaM pRthivI para vicaraNa karane vAle pazu icchA hone para jala pIte haiM, kyoMki jala prANiyoM kA jIvana hai aura prANa jala meM kendrita hai / ' brahma (218|1032), padma (5 / 19 / 289 - 307 ) evaM agni ( 211 / 44-46 ) meM vidvAn brAhmaNoM ko bhojana (anna) bAMTane kI bar3I prazaMsA gAyI gayI hai / 'sabhI dAnoM meM anna dAna sarvazreSTha kahA gayA hai; anna hI manuSyoM kA jIvana hai, isI se sabhI jIva utpanna hote haiM; loka anna para hI nirbhara haiM, isI se anna kI prazaMsA hai; anna-pradAna se vyakti svargaprApti karatA hai / jo vyakti nyAyapUrvaka prApta kiye hue anna ko vedajJa brAhmaNoM ko detA hai vaha sabhI pApoM se mukti pA jAtA hai' (brahma, 218 / 10-13, 22-23) / agni kA kathana hai, 'hAthiyoM, azvoM, rathoM, puruSa dAsoM yA nArI dAsiyoM tathA gharoM ke dAna anna dAna ke solahaveM aMza ko ( puNya meM) bhI nahIM pA skte| vaha vyakti jo mahApApa kara baiThatA hai aura usake bAda yadi anna dAna karatA hai to vaha pApoM se svatantra ho jAtA hai aura akSaya lokoM kI prApti karatA hai (211 / 44-46 ) / kUrma meM AyA hai, 'brahmacArI ko zraddhA se pratidina anna denA cAhie (jaba vaha bhikSA mA~gane Aye), isase sabhI pApoM se mukti milatI hai aura brahmaloka kI prApti hotI hai' (2 / 26 / 17 ) / isI prakAra padma ( 5 / 15 / 140-141) meM AyA hai- 'jo vyakti yatiyoM ko pautrapUrNa bhikSA detA hai, vaha sabhI pApoM se vimukta ho jAtA hai aura kisI durmati ko nahIM paataa|' bahuta prAcIna kAloM se hI gRhastha ko paMca Ahnika yajJa karane par3ate the, jinameM do the baliharaNa evaM atithi satkAra ( manu 3570 ); una logoM ke lie jo jAticyuta hote the, pApa- rogI hote the tathA cANDAloM, kuttoM, kauoM, yahAM taka ki kRmiyoM ko bhUmi para bhojana rakha diyA jAtA thA 35. moghamanaM vindate apracetAH satyaM bravImi varSa itsa tasya / nAyaMmaNaM puSyati no sakhAyaM kevalAgho bhavati kevalAdI // R0 (10111716) / 36. annaM prANamannamapAnamAhuH / te0 brA0 2rATATA3; anaM ha prANaH / ai0 brA0 (33|1) meM, jahA~ nArada ne pA~cavIM gAthA kahI hai| 37. ase bhitAni bhUtAni asaM prANamiti zrutiH / tasmAdannaM pradAtavyamatraM hi paramaM haviH // bau0 0 sU0 ( 20368) / 38. ayaM sa kevalaM bhuMkte yaH pacatyAtmakAraNAt / manu 3 / 118, viSNudharmasUtra 67 43 /

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panazAstra kA itihAsa (Apa050 sU0 2 / 4 / 9 / 5; manu 3 / 92) / ina vyavasthAoM ke pIche thI sArvabhauma dayA, dAkSiNya Adi sundara manona bhAvoM kI abhivyakti, sabhI sAmAjika vargo; niyamoM evaM eka-dUsare ke virodha meM jAne vAlI 'bhAvanAoM ke rahate.' hue bhI eka bhAvanA sajaga thI ki eka hI prakAza sabhI sthAnoM meM vyApta hai jo nimma-se-nimna jantuoM ko prakAzita karatA rahatA hai aura sampUrNa vizva ko eka bandhu-zreNI dekhatA hai| yahI Adarza sadaiva rahA hai, kintu aba bhojana-abhAva, adhika dAmoM evaM anna-niyantraNa niyamoM ke kAraNa prAcIna dayA-dAkSiNya-sambandhI bhAvanAe~ vilupta hotI jo rahI haiN| yaha draSTavya hai ki sabhI brAhmaNa purohita nahIM the aura Adhunika kAla meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai| isI prakAra sabhI hinda mandiroM evaM tIrthoM meM sabhI pUjArI brAhmaNa nahIM haiN| mandiroM ke pUjAriyoM kI paramparA evaM saMsthA apekSAkRta pazcAtkAlIna hai aura Aja bhI aise pujArI hIna dRSTi se dekhe jAte haiN| manu (3 / 152) meM AyA hai ki devalaka (vaha brAhmaNa jo kisI mandira kI mUrti kI pUjA karake apanI vRtti calAtA hai), yadi usane tIna varSoM taka lagAtAra vahI kArya kiyA hai to zrAddha meM nimantrita hone ke lie ayogya hai, deva-yajJa meM bhI use nahIM rakhA jaataa| Arambhika kAla se hI brAhmaNoM ke samakSa yahI Adarza thA ki keM daridra raheM, unakA jIvana sAdA aura vicAra ucca rahe, ve dhana-lipsA meM na par3eM, ghe veda evaM zAstroM ke adhyayana meM bhakti rakheM tathA ucca saMskRti vAle hoM aura sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika dRSTikoNa kI paramparA Age bar3hAte jaayeN| yAjJa0 (11213) jaisI smRtiyoM meM AyA hai ki yadi brAhmaNa dhArmika dAna pAne yogya bhI ho taba bhI use dAna asvIkAra kara denA cAhie, aisA karane se use vahI loka prApta hotA hai jo dAtA ke lie nizcita hotA hai| brAhmaNoM meM isI prakAra ke ucca AdarzoM ke saMrakSaNa ke lie yAjJa0 (11333) ne vyavasthA dI hai ki rAjA gAyoM, sone evaM bhUmi kA dAna kare aura 'vidvAn brAhmaNoM ko ghara de tathA unheM vivAha Adi ke upakaraNa (kumAriyA~, vivAha-vyaya Adi) de| Ajakala loga bahudhA prAcIna bhArata kI saMskRti evaM sAhityika maryAdA-paramparAoM kI carcA karate haiN| kintu kisane isa vizAla vaidika evaM saMskRta sAhitya kI racanA kI, usakI rakSA kI aura sahasroM varSoM taka usakA pracAra-prasAra kiyA ? uttara yahI hogA ki yaha kucha brAhmaNoM ke kAraNa hI sambhava ho sakA, jo sahasroM varSoM taka prAcIna AdoM ke sAtha calate rhe| - yadi Rgveda ko Arya bhASA kA sabase prAcIna sAhityika smAraka mAnA jAya to yaha prazna ho sakatA hai ki kina logoM ne isake dasa sahasroM se adhika mantroM ko advitIya DhaMga se surakSita rakhA ki kahIM bhI kevala vAk-preSaNIyatA ke rahate hue (kAnoM kAna Ate hue) bhI koI bhI antara nahIM par3A aura eka hI pATha surakSita rahA? to uttara yahI hogA ki yaha duSkara kArya brAhmaNoM ne hI kiyaa| isa kArya meM brAhmaNoM kA utsarga kitanA mahAn rahA hai, isakI kalpanA mAtra se hamAre roma-roma pulakita ho uThate haiN| brAhmaNoM ko veda kA adhyayana usake aMgoM ke sAtha karanA par3atA thA, jisake pIche koI lAbha kA uddezya nihita nahIM thaa| ve aisA apanA kartavya samajha kara karate the, ve veda kA artha samajhAne ke lie use tathA anya aMgoM ko par3hAte the, pahale se koI zulka nahIM lete the| ve apane kula ko inhIM veda-vedAMgoM meM lagAte the, yajJa karate the aura svayaM dAna karate the| unakI jIvikA kA sAdhana thA yajJo evaM dhArmika kRtyoM meM paurohitya karanA evaM dAna lenaa| ye sAdhana vibhinna prakAra ke, yogyatAnukUla evaM kaSTaH sAdhya rahe hoNge| ___ brAhmaNoM ko koI dhArmika kara ugAhane kA adhikAra nahIM thA, jaisA ki pazcimI dezoM meM hotA thaa| aiMglikana carca meM pAdariyoM kI eka lambI paMkti pAyI jAtI hai, vaisI bAta brAhmaNoM ke viSaya meM nahIM thii| ata brAhmaNoM ko batAyA gayA hai ki ve apanI jIvikA ke lie rAjA yA dhanika vyakti ke pAsa jAya gautama 9 / 63, 'yogkssemaarthmiishvrmdhigcchet')| yaha : draSTavya hai ki bauddhadharma ke prasAra ke pUrva sUtroM evaM smRtiyoM ne

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brAhmaNoM kI pAtratA aura unheM vAna dene ke kAraNa 445 yahI bAta balapUrvaka kahI thI ki dhArmika dAna kevala supAtra brAhmaNoM ko, jo vidvAn evaM sadAcArI hote haiM, dene caahie| aura dekhie Apastamba dharma sUtra (2 / 6 / 15 / 9-10), vasiSTha dharma sU0 (318, 6 / 30), manu (3 / 128, 132, 4131), yAjJa0 (11201), dakSa (3 / 26 evaM 31) / sabhI brAhmaNa dAna ke adhikArI nahIM mAne jAte the, jo guNavAn hote the ve hI pAtra kahe jAte the| pAtra kI kucha paribhASAe~ yahA~ de denA ThIka hogaa| anuzAsanaparva (22 / 33-41) ne yogya (pAtra) brAhmaNa ke guNoM kA varNana yoM kiyA hai-'aise brAhmaNoM ko dAna denA, jo krodharahita, dharmaparAyaNa, satyaniSTha evaM AtmasaMyamI hote haiM, mahAphaladAyaka hotA hai| RSiyoM kA kathana hai ki vahI brAhmaNa 'pAtra' hai jo cAroM veda par3hatA hai, (vedoM ke) aMgoM ko par3hatA hai, jo chaH prakAra ke kAryoM (yathA--madya-mAMsa se dUra rahanA, maryAdA pAlana karanA, pavitra rahanA, vedAdhyayana, yajJa-sampAdana, dAna denA) meM pravRtta rahatA hai| kevala eka brAhmaNa, jo prajJAvAn ho, zrotriya (vedajJa) ho, zIlavAn ho, apane sampUrNa kula ko bacA letA hai| kisI brAhmaNa ke viSaya meM aisA sunakara ki vaha guNoM se paripUrNa hai, sAdhusammati se acchA samajhA jAtA hai, use dUra deza se bhI bulAnA cAhie aura svAgata karanA cAhie tathA sabhI prakAroM se use sammAnita karanA caahie| yAjJavalkya ne bahuta hI saMkSepa meM pAtra brAhmaNa kI paribhASI kI hai-'pAtratA kevala (vaidika) adhyayana se hI nahIM, kevala tapoM se hI nahIM utpanna hotI; vahI vyakti pAtra (kisI dhArmika dAna kA adhikArI) samajhA jAtA hai jahA~ ye donoM (arthAt vedAdhyayana evaM tapa) tathA acchA AcaraNa parilakSita ho| manu kA kathana hai ki aise brAhmaNa ko, jisane vedAdhyayana nahIM kiyA hai, jo lAlacI hai tathA pravaJcaka hai, dAna denA vyartha hai aura dAnakartA naraka meM jAtA hai (4 / 192-194) / bhagavadgItA (17 / 22) ne kupAtra vyakti ko dAna dene kI bhartsanA kI hai aura use tAmasa (tamas se prabhAvita, abodhatA yA bhrama se utpanna) mAnA hai| ___ jaba bauddhadharma paryApta pracalita evaM prabhAvazAlI siddha huA tathA use rAjAoM kA Azraya bhI milane lagA to brAhmaNoM ko bahuta-sI samasyAoM kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| unheM brAhmaNoM kI saMkhyA paryApta rUpa meM ucca rakhanI par3atI thI, unheM una brAhmaNoM ke lie, jo vedAdhyayana meM lage rahate the, jIvikA-sAdhana juTAne par3ate the; itanA hI nahIM, unheM pracalita bauddha vicAroM meM katipaya ko yathAsambhava apane granthoM meM pacA lenA par3A thaa| pratyeka grahmaNa meM svayaM apane veda evaM usake sahAyaka sAhitya meM pANDitya prApta karane evaM use smaraNa rakhane kI yogyatA, buddhi evaM lagana nahIM bhI ho sakatI thii| yadi eka sau brAhmaNa kuloM para yaha bhAra sauMpA gayA hogA to unameM kevala. dasa pratizata kula hI apane veda kA pANDitya prApta kara sakate the| kintu yaha sadaiva sambhAvanA rahI hogI ki jo svayaM veda ke paNDita nahIM the, unake kucha putra aise the jo veda ke prakANDa paNDita rahe hoNge| ataH brAhmaNoM kI saMkhyA bar3hAne kI AvazyakatA par3atI thI aura unheM bhojana Adi diyA jAtA thA, nahIM to unheM apanI jIvikA 39. anuzAsanaparva ke kucha zloka ye haiM (22||33-41)-akrossnaa dharmaparAH satyanityA dame rtaaH| tAdRzA sASako viprAstebhyo dattaM mahAphalam // sAMgAMzca caturo vedAnapIte yo hijrssbhH| SaDmyaH pravRtta karmabhyastaMhIbamuSayo viduH|| prajJAzrutAbhyAM vRttena zIlena ca samanvitaH / tArayeta kulaM sarvamekosIha dvijottmH||: nizamya ca guNopetaM brAhmaNaM sAdhusammatam // dUrAdAnAyya satkRtya sarvatazcApi pUjayet // zloka 33, 36, 38, 41, 'SaDamyaH pravRttaH' para nIlakaNTha ko TIkA yoM hai--'anupadoktaiH madhumAsavarNanamaryAdApAlanazIrcaH saha adhyayanamAgadAnebhyaH, tAnyanuSThAtuM pravRttaH ityrthH|' / 40. na vidhayA kevalayA tapasA vApi pAtratA / yatra vRttamime bone taddhi pAtraM prakIrtitam // yAjJa0 (1 / 200) / For Private & Personal use only

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa kamAne meM apanI zakti evaM samaya kA upayoga karanA par3atA aura vedAdhyayana Adi kArya pichar3a jaataa| inhIM kAraNoM se kucha purANoM ne brAhmaNoM ko dAna dene kI bAta para lagAtAra bala diyA hai| / jaba adhikAMza purANa likhe gaye the una dinoM brAhmaNoM ke samakSa bhAMti-bhAMti kI kaThinAiyAM evaM virodhI zaktiyAM upasthita thiiN| I0 pU0 tIsarI zatI se lekara I0 u0 sAtavIM zatI taka bauddha dharma ko azoka, kaniSka evaM harSa ke samAna rAjAoM kA Azraya prApta thaa| bauddha dharma vAstava meM jAti ke virodha meM krAnti nahIM thA, pratyuta vaha yajJa-praNAlI, veda evaM mokSa kI prApti ke lie veda ke mArga ke viruddha khar3A thaa| buddha ne koI navIna dharma nahIM pravartita kiyA, pratyuta ve hindU dharma ke eka bar3e sudhAraka the| unhoMne naitika prayAsa, ahiMsA, satya Adi para bahuta bala diyA, jo pahale se hI hindU dharma meM samanvita ho cake the aura usake pramakha aMga bana cuke the aura Aja bhI usI prakAra se bane hue haiN| banArasa (vArANasI) ke pAsa sAranAtha meM buddha ne jo prathama upadeza diyA, usameM unhoMne do atirekoM (niratizayoM) ko chor3a dene kI bAta kahI, yathA-'viSayoM ke pIche par3A rahanA evaM nirarthaka tapoM kAvyavahAra', yahI madhyama mArga unheM sUjha par3A thA jo unake jJAna evaM nirvANa kA kAraNa bnaa|" unhoMne cAra AryasatyAni' (cAra satyoM) kI vyAkhyA kI, yathA-du:kha, duHkha kA kAraNa, arthAt tRSNA (taNhA) jise duHkha-samuvaya bhI kahA jAtA hai, duHkha-niroSa evaM puHkha-niropagAminI paTipadA, arthAt duHkha ke nirodha ke lie maarg|" antima ko 'aSTAMgika mAga' kahA jAtA hai, yathA--samyaka dRSTi, samyak saMkalpa, samyak vacana, samyak karma; samyak AjIvikA, samyak vyAyAma, samyak smati, samyak dhyaan| buddha evaM unake ziSyoM dvArA ye siddhAnta saba ke samakSa rakhe gye| ye vizeSataH una zUdroM ko adhika prabhAvita karate the jinakI sAmAjika sthiti vaidika evaM smRtiyoM ke kAloM meM bar3I 41. dekhie dhammacakka-ppavatana-sutta (dharma ke rAjya kA pratiSThApana), saMphreDa buka Ava di IsTa, jilva 11 pR0 146 / 42. yaha praSTavya hai ki upaniSadoM evaM mahAbhArata meM bhI tRSNA yA kAma ke tyAga para bala diyA gayA hai| dekhie- yA sarva pramucyante kAmA ye'sya hRdi sthitaaH| atha mA~ amRto bhavatyatra brahma samaznute // kaTha0 (6 // 14); yA kustyajA durmatibhirvA na jIryati jiirytH| yeSA prANAntiko rogastAM tRSNAM tyajataH sukham // vanaparva (2336), anuzAsanaparva 121, brahmANDa. 3168100; yacca kAmasukhaM loke yacca divyaM mhtsulm| tRSNAlayasukhasyat kalA nAhati SoDazIm // zAnti0 174 / 46, vAyu 933101, brahmANDa 3168103 / . .. 43. dekhie dhammakkApavattana-sutta (saMkeDa buka Ava di IsTa, jilda 11, 10 147, jahA~ 'aSTAMgiko mArgaH piyA hamA hai| pAli zabda ye haiM---sammA-viDi, sammA-saMkalpo, sammA-vAcA, sammA-kammanto, sammA-AjIvo, sammA-cAyAmo, sammA-sati (samyak smRti), smmaa-smaadhi| aura dekhie vIghanikAya (pAli TeksTa sosAyaTI) jilda 1,1.0 157; mahAvagga (olDenavarga), jilda 1, pR010 (1 / 6 / 18) evaM dhammacaka-yavatama-susa (sAranAtha kI bahina vajirA dvArA sampAvita, 10 3): duHkha, duHkhasamudaya, duHkhaniroSa, duHkhavirodhagAminI paTipadA ke lie dekhie mahAvagma (1 / 6 / 19-22), vahI 10 10||ye cAroM 'AryasatyAni' arthAt cAra zreSTha satya kahe jAte haiM kyoMki ve Arya (buddha) dvArA prApta hue the| yogasUtrabhASya meM vyAkhyAyita cikitsA-zAstra evaM yoga ke cAra prakAra ke sUtroM se ye AryasatyAni milate haiM : 'yathA cikitsAzAstraM caturdUham-rogo, rogaheturArogyaM bhaiSajyamiti, evamivamapi zAstraM caturdUhameva, tadyathA-saMsAraH, saMsArahetuH, mokSaH, mokSopAyaH iti / tatra duHkhabahulaH saMsAro heyH| pradhAnapuruSayoH saMyogo heyhetuH| saMyogasyAtyantiko nivRttihanim / hAnopAyaH smygdrshnm| yogabhASya (yogasUtra 2015) /

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bauvadharma kI pratiyogitA hIna thii| zUdra ke samakSa veda-pATha varjita thA, zUdra yajJa nahIM kara sakate the aura usa kAla meM ve tIna ucca varNoM kI sevA karate the| manu (81413) meM zUdroM kI yahI sthiti thI, arthAt ve brAhmaNoM kI sevA karane ko paramAtmA dvArA utpanna kiye gaye the| kintu yaha sthiti kevala Adarza thI, yA kAryAnvita nahIM hotI thii| aisA nahIM socanA cAhie ki sampUrNa bhArata bauddha ho gayA thaa| lAkhoM prAcIna hindU dharmAvalambI the| hA~, isakA bhaya avazya thA ki rAjyAzraya mila jAne evaM sarala tathA AkarSaka upadezoM ke kAraNa bahuta-se loga prAcIna dharma ko chor3a sakate the| jina dinoM bauddha dharma apane utkarSa kI coTI para thA, brAhmaNoM ko prAcIna vaidika dharma ke jhaNDe ko phaharAte rakhanA thA, isake lie er3I-coTI kA pasInA eka karanA par3atA thA ki sAmAnya janatA aura yahA~ taka ki mAnavAn loga bauddhadharma ke caMgula se bace raheM aura prAcIna dhArmika mArga ko na chodd'eN| svayaM bauddha dharma ne apane bahuta-se AdarzoM evaM siddhAntoM meM IsA kI prArambhika zatiyoM evaM unake uparAnta bhI bar3e-bar3e parivartana kara diye the| buddha ke Arambhika siddhAnta vyakti ke apane (vyaktigata) prayAsa evaM nirvANa ke lakSya taka sImita the| Arambhika bauddha granthoM meM AtmA ke astitva kA asvIkaraNa ghoSita thA aura paramAtmA ke viSaya meM koI vicAra-vimarza nahIM thaa|" yadyapi buddha ne nirvANa ke bAre meM kahA, kintu unhoMne usakI paribhASA nahIM kI aura na yahI batAyA ki nirvANa-prApti ke uparAnta vyakti kI kyA sthiti hotI hai| azvaghoSa ne nirvANa kI tulanA bujhI huI jvAlA se kI hai (saundarananda, adhyAya 16 / 28-29) / buddha ke samaya meM karma-siddhAnta logoM ke mana meM samAyA huA thA, ataH unhoMne use jyoM-kA-tyoM apanA liyA, jo abauddhoM ko anAtmA vAle bauddha siddhAnta ke viparIta lagatA hai| pamma zabda pAli 'dhammapada' (yaha zabda 'milinda panho' meM prayukta huA hai, ataH yaha kRti I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI ke pUrva kI hai) meM tIna arthoM meM prayukta huA hai, yathA-(1) satya yA kAnUna (niyama yA vyavahAra) jo buddha dvArA upadezita huA, (2) vastu yA rUpa (AkAra) tathA (3) jIvana kA ddhNg| .. jaisA hamane Upara dekha liyA hai, buddha dvArA evaM unake parinirvANa ke do-eka zatI bAda anuyAyiyoM dvArA upadezita maulika bauddhadharma isa saMsAra ke duHkhoM se chuTakArA pAne yA nirvANa prApta karane ke lie vyaktiyoM ke samakSa eka kaThora naitika AcaraNa mAtra thaa| ati Arambhika bauddhadharma kI tIna kendrIya mAnyatAeM kIM, yathA-para, dharma evaM saMgha nAmaka sIna ratna yA zaraNa, cAra Arya satya tathA aSTAMgika maarg| dhIre-dhIre eka nayA sikhAsta mI.prakaTa huaa|" yaha pracArita huA ki kevala apane mokSa yA nirvANa ke lie prayatna karamA mAtra svArya hai, svayaM buddha ne 44. dekhie 'milinda panhoM, saikeDa buka Ava di IsTa, jilba 35, pR0 88-89, jahA~ isa sivAta ke viSaya meM ki AtmA nahIM hai, vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai| pR0 520, 71-77 para kamma (karma) nAmaka boDa sitamsa evaM usa siddhAnta para, jo janme hue nAma-rUpa (nAma evaM AkAra) kahatA hai na ki AtmA, vivecana hai| sonyAnanda (bibliyopikA iNikA, 16 / 28-29) meM AyA hai : 'vIpo yayA nivRttimabhyupeto nevAvaniM gacchati mAnasitAm / dizaM na kAMcitivizaM na kAMcit snehamayAt kevalameti zAntim // evaM kRtI nitimabhyupeto naiva...kAcit klezabhayAt kevalameti zAntim // 45. zrI eca0 karna ne apane pramya 'mainuala Ava buddhijma (gupita meM, pR0 122) meM kahA hai ki boDoM kA mahApAnavAda bhagavadgItA kA RNI hai| milAie 'labhanta brahmanirvANamRSayaH... sarvabhUtahite rtaaH|| 5 // 25, jo mahAyAna sivanta se milatA hai|

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- 448 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa sampUrNa mAnavatA ke lie kRpAlu hokara 45 varSoM taka logoM meM upadeza kiyA ki ve nirmANa kI prApti kareM, ata bauddhoM ko akele apanI mukti (chuTakArA) kI cintA na kara kRpAlu ho anya logoM ke chuTakAre kI bAta socana cAhie aura aisA karane meM bAra-bAra janma lene ko sannaddha rahanA cAhie, apane nirvANa kI cintA nahIM karanI cAhiA aura na saMsAra se hI DaranA caahie| jina logoM ne isa navIna dRSTikoNa ko apanAyA unhoMne buddha ko devatva kA rUpa diyA aura kahA ki siddhArtha ko kaI bAra janma lekara sevA karane, logoM kI sahAyatA karane Adi se buddhatva prAp huA aura yaha AcaraNa-mArga uttama hai (mahAyAna, bar3A yAna yA vAhana yA vidhi yA DhaMga) tathA vyaktigata mukti ka mArga vyakti mAtra taka sImita hai, arthAt svArthapUrNa hai (jo hInayAna, hIna vAhana yA DhaMga yA vidhi) ke nAma se prasiddha huaa| yaha dRSTikoNa jo mahAyAna ke nAma se pracArita huA, bar3A AkarSaka siddha huA aura eziyA ke adhikAMza deza . ne. ise hI apnaayaa| 46. bauddhadharma para aneka grantha haiN| 'mahAyAna' ke lie dekhie DablU0 ema0 maikagovarna kRta 'aina iNTroDakzana Tu mahAyAna buddhijma' (laMdana, 1922); DA0 ema0 ena0 kta kRta 'aispekTsa Ava mahAyAna buddhijma (1930); .: DA0haradayAla kRta 'boSisattva zakTina ina saMskRta liTarecara' (kegana pAla, laMdana, 1932); pro0 kenetha ublU0 .....mArgama dvArA sampAdita evaM bahuta-se dezoM ke lekhakoM dvArA likhita (hInayAna evaM mahAyAna donoM para) 'di pAtha Ava di buddha', (nyUyArka, 1956) / .... jo loga baukhadharma ke viSaya meM sAmAnya rUpa se evaM hInayAna tathA mahAyAna ke viSaya meM vizeSa jAnakArI ... grahaNa karanA cAhate haiM unake lie kucha anya prakAzanoM kI carcA yahA~ kI jA rahI hai| ve loga dekheM--dherI sTeTaskI kRta 'seNTrala kAMsepzana Ava buddhijma' (laMdana, 1923), 'di kAMsepzana Ava nirvANa' (leninagrADa, 1927), 'buddhisTa lAjika', jilda 1 (1958); je0 jI0 jenisa kRta 'vedAntika buddhijma Ava vi buddha' (AksaphorDa yUni0 presa, 1948); eDamaNDa homasa kRta 'krIDa Ava yuddha (pA~cavA~ saMskaraNa); ga0 zazibhUSaNa dAsagupta kRta 'iNTroDakzana Tu tAntrika buddhijma' (kalakattA yUni0, 1950); hUja AI0 phAseTa kRta 'dI phlema eNDa di lAiTa' (laMdana evaM nyUyArka, 1958); DA0 bI0 Ara0 ambeDakara kRta 'vibuddha eNDa hija dhamma' (1957); pro0 epha0 masUtAnI kRta 'kampareTiva sTaDI bhAva vijma eNDa krizciyAniTI' (Tokiyo, 1957) / asaMga-kRta mahAyAna-sUtrAlaMkAra (pro0 silavA levI dvArA sampAdita) ne do zlokoM (1 / 9-10) meM donoM sampradAyoM ke antaroM (5 antaroM) ko prakaTa kiyA hai| DA0 je0 takA kusu dvArA anUdita itsiga kA 'rekarDsa Ava vi buddhisTa relijina' (AksaphorDa, 1896), isameM Azcarya kI bAta yaha kahI gayI hai ki donoM sAmpradAyika siddhAnta mUla dharma se sarvathA milate haiN| donoM satya ko samAna rUpa se - mAmate haiM aura hameM nirvANa kI ora le jAte haiN| buddha ne AtmA yA Izvara kI bAta hI nahIM kI (bhale hI unhoMne inake ...: astitva ko bhAvAtmaka rUpa se na mAnA ho), unhoMne vyakti ke AtmA evaM amaratA ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| .." unhoMne upaniSad kI 'Anando brahmeti vyajAnAt' nAmaka atyanta mahattvapUrNa zikSA para koI bala nahIM diyaa| unhoMne nirvANa ko parama zAnti kI sthiti kahA hai, sAdhAraNa jIvana ko duHkhAtmaka mAnA hai aura balapUrvaka pratipAdita kiyA hai ki nirvANa isa jIvana meM bhI prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| unhoMne apane ko paramAtmA nahIM kahA, pratyuta mAnava - khaa| mahAyAna siddhAntoM ke kaI prakAra haiM aura paribhASAoM meM bar3I vibhinnatA hai| sAmAnyataH yaha kahA jA sakatA - hai ki ve grantha jo mahAyAna kI zikSA dete haiM, vyAvahArika rUpa meM mAnava buddha ke Adarza kA tyAga karate haiM, buddha evaM . bhAvI buddhoM kI pUjA kI zikSA dete haiM aura pratipAdana karate haiM ki nirvANa prAcIna vidhi se nahIM prApta kiyA jA

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ata dharma ke anuzAsana evaM vaidika yama-niyama 449 buddha ne vArANasI ke sAranAtha nAmaka sthAna para jo zikSA dI usase bodhisattvoM ke siddhAnta kA mela nahIM baiThatA ! hInayAna evaM mahAyAna ke Adarzo meM antara hai| maulika zikSA vyakti prayAsa, naitika vikAsa, duHkha tathA icchAoM yA kAmanAoM tathA svayaM jIvana kI lAlasA ke dUrIkaraNa para nirbhara hai / 'kyA maiM gata yugoM meM jIvita thA yA nahIM ?' aise praznoM para vicAra karane ko buddha samaya naSTa karanA samajhate the| isI prakAra, 'kyA maiM bhaviSya meM rahU~gA? kyA merA astitva hai yA nahIM hai ?' prazna bhI buddha ke lie vyartha the| sabbAsavasuta ( 9 - 13 ) meM AyA hai ki aSTAMgika mArga se calatA huA vijJa puruSa jAnatA hai ki kina viSayoM para vicAra karanA aura kina viSayoM para nahIM / dekhie, sekreDa buka Ava di IsTa (jilda 11, pR0 298-300 ) / bauddhadharma ne eziyA ke ardha bhAga para jo apanA prabhAva DAlA vaha nirvANa pAne kA vacana dekara nahIM, pratyuta apanI usa zikSA dvArA, jinameM adhika sulabha vedanatA ( hArdika anubhavazIlatA ), sakriya dAkSiNya, ( udAratA ), acchAI, madhuratA evaM sajjanatA Adi ke guNa vidyamAna the / mahAyAna ne sevA bhAvanA evaM bhakti para adhika bala diyA / hInayAna evaM mahAyAna donoM kI zikSA apaneapane DhaMga se AkarSaka thI / bauddhadharma ne paMca zIloM para bala diyA hai jo sabhI bauddhoM ke lie anivArya the / yathA - " kisI prakAra kA AghAta evaM jIva-nAza na karanA; corI na karanA; kAma-sambandhI apavitratA se dUra rahanA; jhUTha se dUra rahanA tathA unmata karane vAle peya padArthoM se dUra rahanA / " ina paMca zIloM meM pA~ca anya anuzAsana yA upadeza jor3a diye gaye / ( donoM milakara daza- zikSApada kahe jAte haiM), jo bauddha upAsakoM ke lie Avazyaka the, yathA- " varjita kAla meM bhojana na karanA; nRtya, saMgIta, tamAzA Adi sAMsArika manoraMjanoM se dUra rahanA; aMjanoM evaM AbhUSaNoM kA prayoga na karanA; lambe-caur3e evaM alaMkRta palaMgoM yA khAToM ko vyavahAra meM na lAnA tathA sonA-cAMdI na grahaNa karanA / " ye zIla prAcIna upaniSadoM evaM dharmasUtroM se grahaNa kiye gaye haiN| chAndogyopaniSad (5 / 11 / 5 ) meM AyA hai ki kekaya ke rAjA azvapati ko isakA garva thA ki usake rAjya meM na to koI cora thA, na koI kadarya (kRpaNa) evaM madya pAna karane vAlA thA, koI aisA vyakti nahIM thA jisake ghara meM agnivedikA na ho ( arthAt sabhI AhitAgni the arthAt yajJa karane vAle the ), koI avidvAn nahIM thA, koI svairI (vyabhicAra karane vAlA) nahIM thA, svairiNI ( vyabhicAriNI nArI kI to bAta hI nahIM thI / " isI upaniSad ne eka prAcIna zloka uddhRta kiyA hai- 'jo sone kI corI karatA hai, jo surA pItA hai, jo guru zaiyyA ko apavitra karatA hai (pUjya striyoM ke sAtha gamana karatA hai), jo brahmahatyA sakatA, vaha isa jIvana meM nahIM prApta kiyA jA sakatA, pratyuta zaktiyoM evaM yugoM taka acche karmoM, sevA kAryoM tathA sadvyavahAroM ke phalasvarUpa hI prApta ho sakatA hai| kucha logoM ke mata ke anusAra mantrayAna evaM vajrayAna nAmaka sampradAya mahAyAna kI zAkhAeM kahe jAte haiN| vayAna ke viSaya meM hama agale adhyAya meM savistAra pddh'eNge| zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ke anusAra vajrayAna (7001200 I0) mahAyAna (400-700 I0) kA paryAyavAcI hai; vaha kevala usakA uttarakAlIna vikAsa hai (dekhie 0211, je0 e0, jilva 225, 1934 meM prakAzita 'el Arajine du vajrayAna eTalesa 84 siddhaja' ) / 47. dekhie khuddaka pATha 3, dIghanikAya (2 / 43, 1063) evaM zrI karna kRta 'mainuala Ava iNDiyana buddhijma', pR070, jahA~ paMcazIla para vivecana upasthita kiyA gayA hai| 48. saha prAtaH saMjihAna uvAca 'na me sleno janapade na kabaryo na madyapo nAnAhitAgnirnAvidvAna svairI svairiNI kutaH / ' chA0 upa0 (5 / 1115 ) / 57

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450 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa karatA hai--ina cAroM kA patana hotA hai aura pA~cavA~ vaha (patita hotA) hai jo ina cAroM kA sAtha karatA hai| yaha hama Age dekheMge ki ahiMsA para upaniSadoM meM bhI kisa prakAra bala diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ahiMsA, asteya (corI na karanA), yauna zucitA (brahmacarya), satyatA kisa prakAra atyanta prAcIna upaniSadoM meM bhI balapUrvaka vyAkhyAyita the| parivrAjaka ko sampUrNa sampatti chor3a denI par3atI thI aura apanI jIvikA ke lie bhikSA mAMganI par3atI thI (dekhie bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 3 / 5 / 1 evaM 4 / 4 / 22, jAbAlopaniSad 5, gautama 3 / 10-13, vasiSTha 10) / " anya pA~ca anuzAsana, yathA sonA evaM cA~dI ko grahaNa na karanA, aMjanoM evaM AbhUSaNoM, puSpoM, nRtyoM, gAnoM Adi ke parityAga kI bAta gautama (2 / 19 evaM 3 / 4), vasiSTha (1016) Adi meM hai jo vaidika chAtroM evaM parivrAjakoM ke lie anuzAsita haiN| dekhie eca0 karna (mainuala Ava iNDiyana buddhijma, guNDrisa, pR0 70) jinhoMne kahA hai ki sAdhuoM (bhikSuoM) kI zreSTha naitikatA kevala vahI hai jo cauthe Azrama meM dvija ke jIvana-niyama meM, jaba vaha yati ho jAtA hai, dekhI jAtI hai aura isa viSaya meM sArI bAteM dharmasUtroM evaM dharmazAstroM se lI gayI haiN| ahiMsA mahAbhArata evaM purANoM ne ahiMsA para bar3A bala diyA hai| yahI bAta upaniSadoM meM bhI hai| chAndogya ne kaI bAra carcA kI hai--523|17|4 meM AyA hai ki tapa, dAna, Arjava, ahiMsA evaM satya vacana hI (binA kisI utsava Adi ke yajJa kI) dakSiNA hai| isa bAta kI carcA karate hue ki vaha vyakti jo AtmA kA satya jJAna prApta kara letA hai, isa saMsAra meM lauTakara nahIM AtA, chAndogyopaniSad ne kahA hai, 'vaha tIrthoM (yajJoM) ke atirikta kahIM bhI kisI jIva ko kaSTa nahIM detaa|' bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (5 / 2) kA kathana hai ki kisa prakAra prajApati ne devoM, asuroM evaM mAnavoM 49. tadeSa zlokaH / steno hiraNyasya surAM pibaMzca gurostalpamAvasan brahmahA caite patanti catvAraH paJcamazcAcaraMstairiti / chA0 upa0 5 / 10 / 9 / / 50. etaM vai tamAtmAnaM viditvA brAhmaNAH putraiSaNAyAzca vittaSaNAyAzca lokaSaNAyAzca vyutthAyAtha bhikSAcayaM caranti / bRha0 upa0 3151 (AtmA ke jJAna kI prApti ke uparAnta brahmiNa loga putraiSaNA, vittaSaNA evaM lokaSaNA se dUra haTa jAte haiM aura bhikSuka kI bhA~ti bhramaNa karate haiN)| atha parivAD vivarNavAsA muNDo'parigrahaH zuciradrohI bhakSaNo brahmabhUyAya bhavatIti / jAbAlopa0 5, zaMkarAcArya dvArA vedAntasUtra 3113 evaM 3 / 4 / 20 para uddhRt| 51. varjayenmadhumAMsagandhamAlya-divAsvapnAbhyaMjanadAnopAnacchA-kAma-krodha-lobhamoha-vAdyavAdana-snAna-dantadhAvananRtyagIta-parivAda-bhayAni // gau0 2 / 19; muNDo'mamo'parigrahaH / vasiSTha 1016 / purohitoM ke anya zIloM ke lie milAie gautama (2 / 19) evaM dIgdhanikAya (bhAga 1, pR064 sAmAJnA-phala-sutta 1145): 'virato vikaalbhojnaa| nacca-gIta-vAdita-visUkadassanA paTivirato hoti| mAlA-gandha-vilepana-dhAraNa-maNDaNa-vibhUsaNa tthANA paTivirato hoti / uccAsayana-mahAsayanA paTivirato hoti| jAtarUpa-rajatapaTiggahaNA paTivirato hoti / Amaka-maMsapaTiggahaNA paTivirato hoti|' 52. atha yattapo dAnamArjavahiMsA satyavacanamiti tA asya dkssinnaaH| chA0 upa0 3 / 17 / 4; AcAryakulAd vedamadhItyA. . . svAdhyAyamadhIyAno dhArmikAnvidadhadAtmani sarvendriyANi saMpratiSThApyAhiMsan sarvabhUtAnyanyatra tIrthebhyaH... na ca punraavrtte| chA0 upa0 8.15; tadetattrayaM zikSed damaM dAnaM dayAmiti / bRha0 upa0 5 / 2 /

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bauddha aura vaivika AcAra-niyamoM kI samatA se kahA ki 'da da da svara, jo garajate hue bAdaloM se utpanna hotA hai, devoM ko dama (Atma-saMyama) kI AvazyakatA batAtA hai; asuroM ko kyA evaM manuSyoM ko dAna batAtA hai| gautama (8124-25) ne AtmA ke ATha guNoM kI carcA kI hai, jinameM pahalA hai saba prANiyoM ke prati dayA; unakA kathana hai ki vaha vyakti, jisane 40 saMskAra kara liye haiM, kintu yadi usane ATha guNa nahIM prApta kiye haiM, brahma meM samAhita nahIM ho sktaa| Adiparva meM AyA hai, 'ahiMsA sabhI prANiyoM ke lie parama dharma hai, ataH brAhmaNa ko cAhie ki vaha kisI ko bhI koI kaSTa na de|' 'ahiMsA paramo dharmaH' kaI bAra mahAbhArata meM AyA hai (yathA--droNaparva 192 / 38, zAnti0 265 / 6, 329 / 18, anuzAsana0 115 / 25, 116 / 38, Azvamedhikaparva 28 / 16-18, 43 / 21) / zAntiparva (296 / 22-24) meM sabhI logoM ke lie 13 guNoM kA varNana hai, jinameM prathama do haiM krUratA se dUra rahanA evaM ahiNsaa|| vasiSTha (4 / 4), manu (10 / 63) evaM yAjJa0 (12122) ne sabhI vargoM ke logoM ke lie kucha guNoM ko Avazyaka mAnA hai| purANoM ne bhI ahiMsA para bahuta bala diyA hai| kucha udAharaNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiN|55 vAmanapurANa meM AyA hai-'ahiMsA, satya, asteya, dAna, kSAnti (sahana zakti yA sahiSNutA), dama (Atma-saMyama), zama (indriya-nizcalatA yA zAnti), akArpaNya, zauca (pavitratA), tapa-yahI dazAMga dharma hai jo sabhI vargoM ke lie hai|' padma meM AyA hai ki prANihiMsA karane vAle vedAdhyayana, dAna, tapa evaM yajJoM se svarga kI prApti nahIM karate ; ahiMsA sarvottama dharma, sarvottama tapa evaM sarvottama dAna hai--yahI muniyoM kA kahanA hai; jo loga dayAlu haiM ve maccharoM, reMgane vAle prANiyoM (sA~pa 53. vayA sarvabhUteSa, zAntiranasUyA zaucamanAyAso maMgalamakArpaNyamaspRheti / yasyate catvAriMzatsaMskarA na cASTAvAtmaguNA na sa brahmaNaH sAyujyaM salokatAM gacchati / gau0 50 sU0 (8124-25) / matsya (5218-11) ne bhI gautama dvArA prakAzita ATha guNoM kI carcA kI hai| aura dekhie mArkaNDeya (25 / 32-33) / 54. ahiMsA paramo dharmaH srvpraannbhRtaaNvr| tasmAtprANabhRtaH sarvAnna hisyAd brAhmaNaH kvacit // Adi0 2013-14; ahiMsA sarvabhUteSu dharma jyAyastara viduH| droNa0 192138; ahiMsA sarvabhUteSu dharmebhyo jyAyasI mtaa| zAnti0 265 / 6; na hiMsyAtsarvabhUtAni maitrAyaNagatazcaret / zAnti0 329 / 18, ahiMsA paramo dharmastayAhiMsA paraM tpH| ahiMsA paramaM satyaM yato dharmaH pravartate // anuzAsana0 115 / 25; hiMsA paramo dharmo hiMsA caadhrmlkssnnaa| Azvamedhika0 43 / 21 / 55. ahiMsA satyamasteyaM dAnaM zAntirvamaH shmH| akArpaNyaM ca zaucaM ca tapazca rjniicr| dazAMgo rAkSasazreSTha dharmo'sau sArvaNikaH // vAmana 14 / 1-2; na vedairna ca dAnazca na tapobhina caadhvraiH| kacit svargati yAnti puruSAH praannihiNskaaH|| ahiMsA paramo dharmo hiMsava paraM tpH| ahiMsA paramaM dAnamityAhurmunayaH sadA // mazakAn sarIsRpAn vNshaanyuukaadyaanmaanvaaNstyaa| Atmaupamyena pazyanti mAnavA ye dyaalvH|| padma 123026-28; ye zloka padmapurANa 6 / 243 // 69-71 meM duharAye gaye haiN| tasmAnna hisAyanaM ca prazaMsanti mhrssyH| uJcho mUlaM phalaM zAkamudapAtraM tpodhnaaH| etad vasyA vibhavataH svargaloke prtisstthitaaH|| adrohazcApyalobhazca damo bhUtadayA zamaH / brahmacarya tapaH zaucamanukroza (zaH ? ) kSamA dhRtiH| sanAtanasya dharmasya mUlametad durAsadam // matsya 143330-32; brahmANDa 2 // 31 // 36-38 meM vahI hai jo matsya 143 // 30-32 hai| 'uccho mUlaM phalaM...mUlametatsanAtanam' Azvamedhikaparva 91332-34 meM bhI hai| sanAtanadharma zabda ke lie dekhie mASavavarmA kA khAnapura patraka (epi0 iNDikA, jilda 27, pR0 312): 'zrutismRtivihitasanAtanadharmakarmaniratAya', pro0 vI0 vI0 mirAMzI dvArA sampAdita, inhoMne isa lekha ko 6ThI zatAbdI kA mAnA hai|

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452 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa Adi), juoM Adi tathA mAnavoM ko apane samAna hI mAnate haiN| matsya meM yahA~ taka AyA hai ki maharSi loga aisA yaja karane ko nahIM kahate, jisameM hiMsA hotI hai; kheta meM gire hue annoM ko ekatra kara dAna karane se, mUloM, zAkoM evaM jalapUrNa pAtra apanI sAmarthya se dAna karane se RSi loga tapa karate hue svarga meM pratiSThita hue; akrodha, aloma, dama (Atma-nigraha), bhUtadayA (jIvadayA), zama (indriya-nigraha), brahmacarya, tapa, zauca (pavitratA), sukumAratA, kSamA, dhairya (nizcalatA)--yaha sanAtanadharma kA mUla hai, jo kaThinatA se pAlana kiyA jA sakatA hai| brahmANDa (2 // 31 // 35 : 'tasmAdahiMsA dharmasya dvAramuktaM maharSibhiH) meM AyA hai ki maharSiyoM ne ahiMsA ko dharma kA dvAra kahA hai| padma (5 / 43 / 38) meM AyA hai-'ahiMsA ke barAbara koI dAna yA tapa nahIM hai|' yaha manoraMjaka evaM draSTavya hai ki matsya evaM brahmANDa ne ahiMsA ko 'sanAtanadharma' kahA hai aura pazu-yajJoM kI bhartsanA kI hai| kUrma kA kathana hai-- 'ahiMsA, satya, asteya (corI na karanA), brahmacarya, aparigraha (dhana-sampatti ko ikaTThA na karanA) ko saMkSepa meM 'yama' kahA jAtA hai, jisase manuSyoM ke mana meM pavitratA (citta-zuddhi) utpanna ho jAtI hai| parama RSiyoM ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki sadaiva vicAra, zabda evaM karma se kisI ko kleza na denA ahiMsA hai| ahiMsA se bar3hakara koI dharma nahIM hai, ahiMsA (ke vyavahAra) se bar3hakara koI sukha nahIM hai| (vaidika) vidhi se jo hiMsA ho jAya vaha ahiMsA hI ghoSita hai', (2 / 11 / 13-15) / upaniSadoM ne maryAdita (sImita ) ahiMsA kI bAta calAyI hai, kintu sAmAJa-phala-sutta jaise maulika pAli granthoM ne sabhI prANiyoM kI hiMsA ko varjita batalAyA hai| purANoM meM adhikAMza ne janatA meM yaha vizvAsa jamAne ke lie ki ve bauddha zikSAoM se kisI prakAra pIche nahIM haiM, asImita ahiMsA para bala diyA hai| deza-kAla vicitra hotA hai, vaha kyA-kyA parivartana nahIM lA detaa| laMkA, baramA, cIna, jApAna Adi dezoM ke bauddha machalI, mAMsa khAne meM koI niSedha nahIM baratate, kintu purANoM ke lagAtAra parAmarza para lAkhoM bhAratIya (na kevala brAhmaNa, pratyuta vaizya Adi, yahA~ taka ki ve zUdra jo vaiSNava haiM) nirAbhiSabhojI haiM, yadyapi zatiyoM pUrva bauddha dharma yahA~ se vilupta ho gayA hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki kucha purANa ahiMsA ke atireka ke viruddha bhI haiN| brahmANDa evaM vAyu kA kathana hai ki usa 56. ahiMsA satyamasteyaM brhmcryaaprigrhau| yamAH saMkSepataH proktAzcittazuddhipradA nRNAm // karmaNA manasA vAcA sarvabhUteSu srvdaa| aklezajananaM proktA ahiMsA prmrssibhiH|| ahiMsAyAH paro dharmo nAtyahiMsAparaM sukham / vidhinA yA bhaveddhisA tvahisava prkiirtitaa|| kUrma 2013-15 / liMgapurANa (818-9) ne moga ke ATha sAdhana pratAye haiM jinameM prathama yama hai aura pA~ca sAdhanoM ko kUrma meM ullikhita kahA hai| 'yama' kaI prakAra se varNita haiN| kUrma, lagatA hai, yogasUtra (2 / 30-31) kA anusaraNa karatA hai, yayA--'ahiMsA-satya-asteya-brahmacaryAparipahA ymaaH| zaucasantoSa-tapaH-svAdhyAya-IzvarapraNidhAnAni niymaaH|' manu (4 / 204) ne sAmAnya rUpa se kahA hai ki vyakti ko yamoM kA sadaiva vyavahAra karanA cAhie, saba loga niyamoM kA pAlana sadaiva nahIM bhI kara sakate haiN| kintu manu ne yamoM evaM evaM niyamoM ke nAma nahIM ginAye haiN| medhAtithi ne vyAkhyA kI hai ki yama niSedhAtmaka haiM, yathA ahiMsA, asteya, satya, brahmavarya, aparigraha arthAt dUsare kI sampatti na grahaNa karanA athavA dAna na grahaNa karanA; tathA niyama bhAvAtmaka kriyAe~ haiM, yathA--vyakti ko vedAdhyayana sadaiva karanA kAhie (manu 4 / 147) / yAjJa0 (3 // 312-313) ne dasa yamoM ke nAma ginAye haiM, yayA--brahmacarya, karuNA, zAnti (sahiSNutA), dAna, kuTila vyavahAra (AcaraNa) kA abhAva, ahiMsA, asteya, mAdhurya, indriya-nigraha evaM vasa niym| vaikhAnasasmArtasUtra (9-4) ne dasa yamoM ke nAma liye haiN|| ,

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ahiMsA kI prazaMsA evaM samAjasevA ke sAdhana 453 vyakti (AtatAyI yA sAhasika) ko, jisake mara jAne se bahuta-se loga sukha se jIvana vyatIta karate haiM, mAra DAlanA na pAtaka hai aura na upapAtaka, arthAt isase na bar3A pApa lagatA hai na choTA paap|" pUrta-dharma para purANa atyanta bala dete haiM, yathA janakalyANa kArya, dAna, samAja-sevA, daridroM evaM dukhiyoM kI sevA Adi karane pr| Rgveda meM 'iSTApUrta' zabda eka bAra AyA hai-58 'tuma parama vyoma meM apane pitaroM (pUrva puruSoM), yama evaM iSTApUrta (yajJoM evaM janakalyANa ke lie kiye gaye karmoM se utpanna phala) ke sAtha mila jaao|' 'iSTa' zabda Rgveda meM kaI sthAnoM para AyA hai (1 / 162 / 15, 11164 / 15, 10 / 11 / 2, 10822), kintu kevala R0 (10 / 12 / 2) ko chor3akara, jahA~ yaha 'yajJa' ke artha meM prayukta-sA lagatA hai, kahIM bhI isakA artha nizcita nahIM hai| 'pUrta' Rgveda (6 / 16 / 18, 8146 / 21) meM AyA hai, kintu artha nizcita nahIM ho paataa| 'iSTApUrta' zabda katipaya upaniSadoM meM AyA hai| chAndogyopaniSad (5 / 10 / 3) meM AyA hai-'kintu jo loga grAma meM rahate hue yajJoM kA jIvana bitAte haiM, janakalyANa kA kArya karate haiM evaM dAna dete haiM, ve dhUma Adi kI ora jAte haiN| isI prakAra praznopaniSad (119) meM AyA hai-'ve, jo yajJoM kA DhaMga vyavahRta karate haiM tathA ve jo janakalyANa ke kArma ko hI kartavya samajhate haiM, kevala candraloka ko pahu~cate haiM aura punaH isa loka meM lauTa Ate haiN|' muNDakopaniSad meM kathita hai-'mUDha (bhramita) loga, jo yajJoM evaM janakalyANa ke kAryoM ko hI uttama kArya samajhate haiM, kisI anya kArya ko unase zreyaskara nahIM mAnate, ve svarga kI coTI para apanI sukRti kA phala bhogakara punaH isa loka meM yA isase hIna loka meM praveza karate haiN|' manu (4 / 227) ne 'iSTa' evaM 'pUrta' kA ullekha kiyA hai aura pratipAdita kiyA hai ki vyakti ko prasanna hokara yajJiya dAna evaM pUrta prakAra ke dAna Adi kA vyavahAra supAtra brAhmaNa kI prApti para sAmarthya ke anusAra karanA caahie| amarakoza ne 'iSTa' ko yajJoM ke evaM 'pUrta' ko kUpa, tAlAba khudavAne Adi ke artha meM liyA hai| mArkaNDeya (16 / 123-124) ne nimnokta DhaMga se inheM paribhASita kiyA 57. yasmistu nihate bhadre jIvante bahavaH sukhm| tasmin hate nAsti zubhe pAtakaM copapAtakam // brahmANDa 2 // 36 // 188; vAyu 69 / 162 (yahA~ jIvante ke sthAna para labhante AyA hai)| yahI bAta dUsare zabdoM meM brahmapurANa (141 / 22) meM Ayo hai, yathA--'yasminnipAtite saukhyaM bahUnAmupajAyate / munayastadvadhaM prAhurazvameSazatAdhikam // ' kalpatara (gRhasthakANDa, pR0 300) ne ise vAyu kA mAnA hai (thor3A pAThAntara hai, yathA-jIvante ke sthAna para edhante AyA hai)| 58. saM gacchasva pitRbhiH saM yameneSTApUrtena parame vyoman / R0 (10 / 14 / 8); iSTasya madhye aditini dhAtu no bhrAtA no jyeSThaH prathamo vi vocati // R0 (101122) / 59. apa ya ime grAma iSTApUrte dattamityupAsate te dhUmamabhisambhavanti dhuumaavaatrim...| chA0 upa0 5 / 10 / 3 / to ha vai tadiSTApUrte kRtapirayupAsate te cAndramasameva lokamabhijayante / ta eva punraavrtnte| prazna0 109; iSTApUrta manyamAnA variSThaM nAnyacchyo vedayante prmuuddhaaH| nAkasya pRSThe te sukRte'nubhUtvemaM lokaM hInataraM vAvizanti / muNDakopaniSad // 2 // 10 // 60. dAnava niyaveta nitymaissttikpautikm| parituSTena bhAvena pAtramAsAdya shktitH|| manu (4 / 227); 'triSvaya kratukarmeSTaM pUrta khaataadikrmnni|' amrkosh| For Private & Personal use only.

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai-'agnihotra (pavitra agniyoM ko rakhanA), tapa, satya, vedAdhyayana, Atithya evaM vaizvadeva-ye iSTa haiM; kUpa, vApI (bAvar3I), tar3Aga (tAlAba) khudavAnA, devamaMdiroM kA nirmANa, abhyarthiyoM ko bhojana denA-ye pUrta nAma se ghoSita haiN|61 agnipurANa meM bhI aisI hI bAteM haiN| padma (6 / 243 / 10-14) ne pUrtakArya ko yoM kahA hai-'viSNu evaM ziva ke mandiroM, tAlAboM, kUpoM, kamala-sarovaroM, vaToM, pippaloM (pIpaloM), AmoM, kakkoloM, jAmunoM, nImoM ke vanoM, puSpa-vATikA kA nirmANa, prAtaH se sAyaM taka, annadAna bastiyoM ke bAhara jala-prabandha aadi|' skanda (10 / 2 / 10) meM AyA hai ---'dharmazAstroM meM 'pUrta' zabda kA prayoga mandiroM, tAlAboM, bAvar3iyoM, kUpoM evaM vATikAoM ke nirmANa ke artha meM huA hai|' padma (6 / 244 / 34-35) kA kathana hai ki jo loga maThoM, gozAlAoM, mArgoM para ArAmoM, sAdhuyatiyoM ke nivAsoM, daridroM evaM asahAyoM ke lie parNakuTiyoM, vedAdhyayana ke lie vizAla bhavana, brAhmaNoM ke lie gRhoM kA nirmANa karate haiM, ve indraloka (svarga) meM praveza karate haiN| atri kA kathana hai ki iSTa evaM pUrta dvijoM ke sAmAnya dharmasAdhana haiM, zUdra pUrta-dharma kA sampAdana kara sakatA hai kintu vaidika karma (yajJa Adi) kA nhiiN| aura dekhie anuzAsana parva (adhyAya 58) / kintu varAhapurANa evaM kucha smRtiyoM meM aisA AyA hai ki iSTa se kevala svarga kI prApti hotI hai kintu pUrta se mokSa kI prApti ho jAtI hai|" kabhI-kabhI hama purANoM meM aisI bAteM bhI pA jAte haiM jinameM AdhunikatA kI gandha mila jAtI hai, vizeSataH jaba ve samAja-sevA, Arta janoM ke duHkha evaM kleza ke nivAraNa Adi ke viSaya meM carcA karate haiN| mArkaNDeya meM eka rAjA kahatA hai--'manuSya usa sukha ko svarga yA brahmaloka meM nahIM pAte jise ve Arta janoM ko Azraya yA sahAyatA dekara prApta karate haiN| yajJoM, dAnoM evaM tapoM se yahA~ tathA paraloka meM usa vyakti ko koI sahArA nahIM prApta ho sakatA jisakA mana Arta janoM ke paritrANa meM nahIM lagA ho|'65 viSNupurANa ne kahA hai--'matimAn ko vicAra, zabda evaM 61. agnihotraM tapaH satyaM vedAnAM caiva saadhnm| AtithyaM vaizvadevaM ca iSTamityabhidhIyate // vApIkUpataDAgAni devatAyatanAni c| annapradAnamarthibhyaH puurtmitybhidhiiyte|| mArkaNDeya (16 // 123-124) / agni (209 / 2-3) ne 'cAnupAlane', 'ca prAhuriSTaM ca nAkadam', 'annapradAnamArAmAH pUrta dharma ca muktidam' kA pAThAntara diyA hai| 'vApIkUpataDAgAni...'ko aparArka (pR0 24,290) ne mahAbhArata se uddhRta kiyA hai| uparyukta donoM atrisaMhitA (42-44) meM bhI haiN| 62. suraalysrovaapiikuupaaraamaadiklpnaa| etadartha hi pUkhyiA dharmazAstreSu nizcitA // skanda (102 / 10) / 63. iSTApUtauM dvijAtInAM sAmAnyau dharmasAdhanau / adhikArI bhavecchUdraH pUrte dharme na vaidike // atri (46) / aparArka (pR0 24) ne ise jAtUkarNya kA mAnA hai| aura dekhie aparArka (pR0 290) jahA~ nArada se iSTa evaM pUrta ke viSaya meM udAharaNa diye gaye haiN| 64. iSTApUrta dvijAtInAM prathamaM dharmasAdhanam / iSTena labhate svarga pUrte mokSaM ca vindati // varAha (172-33), yamasmRti (68), atrisaMhitA (145) / 65. na svarge brahmaloke vA tatsukhaM prApyate nraiH| yadAtajantunirvANadAnomiti me mtiH|| yajJadAnatapAMsIha paratra ca na bhUtaye / bhavanti tasya yasyAtaparitrANe na mAnasam // mArkaNDeya (15 / 57 evaM 62); prANinAmupakArAya yayaveha paratra ca / karmaNA manasA vAcA tadeva matimAn vadet // viSNu 3 / 12 / 45; paropakaraNaM yeSAM jAgati hRdaye satAm / nazyanti vipadasteSAM sampadaH syuH pade pade // tIrthasnAnairna sA zuddhirbahudAnairna tatphalam / tapobhirugraistanApyamupakRtya yavApyate // parinirmathya vAgjAlaM nirNItamidameva hi / nopakArAt paro dharmo nApakArAdaghaM param // skanda (kAzIkhaNDa,

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janakalyANa kI prazaMsA evaM sAmAjika nyAya kA Aveza karma se vahI kahanA cAhie (karanA cAhie) jo prANiyoM ke lie yahA~ evaM paraloka meM kalyANakara ho|' skanda (kAzIkhaNDa) meM AyA hai--'jinake hRdaya meM paropakAra kI bhAvanA jagI rahatI hai, unakI vipattiyA~ naSTa ho jAtI haiM aura pratyeka pada para unheM sampadA kI prApti hotI hai| vaha zuddhi tIrthasnAna se nahIM prApta hotI, vaha phala bhA~ti-bhAMti ke dAnoM se nahIM prApta hotA aura na vaha kaThora tapoM se prApta hotA hai, jo paropakAra se prApta hotA hai| sabhI prakAra ke vAgjAla kA manthana karane ke uparAnta yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki paropakAra se bar3hakara koI dharma nahIM hai aura na dUsaroM kI hAni karane se bar3hakara koI pApa hai|' brahmapurANa meM AyA hai-'usakA jIvana saphala (dhanya) hai, jo sadA dUsaroM kA kalyANa karatA hai; agni, jala, sUrya, pRthivI evaM vividha prakAra ke dhAnya paropakAra ke lie utpanna hote haiM, vizeSataH sajjana dUsaroM ke kalyANa ke lie jIte haiN|' yaha Azcaryajanaka hai ki bhAgavatapurANa meM vaha saMketa milatA hai jo Adhunika samAjavAdI siddhAntoM meM parilakSita hotA hai-'manuSyoM kA svatva kevala vahIM taka hai jitane se unakA peTa bharatA hai, jo vyakti usase adhika ko apanA kahatA hai vaha cora hai isalie daNDanIya hai|'66 / / __ bhakti purANoM ne bhakti para adhika bala diyA hai| hama yahA~ para prAcIna kAla se aba taka ke bhakti-sambandhI itihAsa para prakAza nahIM ddaaleNge| usake lie alaga-alaga grantha haiM, jinameM kucha nIce likhe bhI jaayeNge| sAmAnya rUpa se kucha zabda bhakti ke viSaya meM likha denA Avazyaka hai| isake uparAnta hama isa sambandha meM purANoM kI bAteM kheNge| bhakti-siddhAnta ke saMketa RgvedIya sUktoM evaM mantroM meM bhI mila jAte haiM, jinameM kucha Izvara-makti se paripUrNa se lagate haiM, vizeSataH varuNa evaM indra ko sambodhita mantroM meN| udAharaNArtha,-'mere sabhI vicAra (yA uktiyA~) milakara prakAza DhUMr3hate hue, usake lie indra kI stuti karate haiN| jisa prakAra patniyAM apane pati kA AliMgana karatI haiM yA apane sundara navayuvaka premI se AliMganabaddha hotI haiM, usI prakAra ve (vicAra) usakA (indra kA) jo vAnoM kA divya dAtA hai, AliMgana karate haiM'; 'tumhArI mitratA (tumhAre bhaktoM ke sAtha) naSTa nahIM hone vAlI (sadA calane vAlI, nitya ) hai, usake lie, jo gAya cAhatA hai, tuma gAya ho jAte ho, jo azva cAhatA hai usake lie tuma azva ho jAo'; 'he indra, tuma mere pitA yA bhAI se, jo mujhe nahIM khilAte, acche (dhanI) ho; (tuma) evaM merI mAtA, he vasu, barAbara haiM, aura dhana evaM anugraha dene ke lie (merI) rakSA karate haiM'; 'tumane kakSIvAn ko, jisane tumheM eka sUkta sunAyA evaM soma kI Ahuti dI, aura jo bUr3hA ho gayA thA, vRcayA dI, jo navayuvatI thI; tuma vRSNazva kI patnI bane ; tumhAre ye sabhI (anugraha) soma-niSakoM kI AhutiyoM ke samaya udghoSaNA ke pAtra haiM'; (he indra) 'tuma, jo camakane vAle ho, pratyeka ghara meM choTe manuSya kA rUpa dhAraNa karake Ao aura mere dAMtoM se nikAle jAte hue isa somarasa ko bhune anna, ayUpa (pUA) evaM stavaka ke sAtha piio|' (R0 1014311, 1162111 se milAie; 6 / 45 / 26; 8 / 1 / 6; 819112; 1151 / 13) / milAie R0 3 / 43 / 4; 10 // 42 // 11; 10 / 112 / 10 (ina sabhI meM indra ko sakhA kahA gayA hai); 11104 / 9; 7 / 32 / 26 (donoM meM indra ko pitA ke samAna kahA gayA hai)| uparyukta vacanoM se patA calatA hai ki vaidika RSi loga sakhya-bhakti ke stara para pahuMca cuke the, ve indra ko mAtA ke 6 / 4-5 evaM 7); jIvitaM saphalaM tasya yaH parArthodyataH sdaa| agnirApo raviH pRthvI dhAnyAni vividhAni c| parArtha vartanaM teSAM satAM cApi vizeSataH // brahma (125 / 36-37) / 66. yAvad bhriyeta jaTharaM tAvat svatvaM hi dehinAm / adhikaM yo'bhimanyeta sa steno daNDarmahati // bhAgavata (7.148) /

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456 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa rUpa meM samajha lete the, indra apane bhakta ke lie patnI bhI bana jAtA thA, indra apane bhakta se lekara vaha somarasa bhI pI letA thA jo anya yantroM ke abhAva meM dA~ta se hI nikAlA gayA ho / ye RgvedIya prAcIna kathAe~ hameM madhyakAla kI kathAoM kA smaraNa dilAtI haiM, yathA rAma dvArA badarI phala khAnA jo zabarI dvArA jUThe kiye jA cuke the, kyoMki bhakti meM sarAbora bhIla nArI zabarI beroM ko cakha cakhakara rakhatI jAtI thI, jisase rAma ko mIThe phala mileM na ki khaTTe ; paMDharapura ke devatA biThovA jinhoMne mahAra ( camAra, aspRzya) kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA aura bIjApura ke navAba ko utanA dhana de diyA, jo usa anna kA dAma thA jise unake bhakta dAmAjI ne, jo annAgAra ke aphasara the, akAlapIr3ita logoM meM bA~Ta diyA thaa| varuNa ko sambodhita kucha mantra bhI sakhya bhakti ke dyotaka haiM, yathA--' 'he varuNa, vaha kauna-sA aparAdha maiMne kiyA hai jisake kAraNa tuma apane mitra evaM bhATa (cAraNa, stotA ) mujhako hAni pahu~cAnA cAhate ho; ghoSita karo, he ajeya, svecchAcArI deva, jisase tumheM (prasanna karake ) maiM pApa se mukta hoU~ aura zIghra hI namaskAra ke lie tumhAre pAsa pahu~ca jAU~ / ' dekhie R0 7786 / 4; 7885; 718915 | yaha draSTavya hai ki Rgveda meM eka aisA mantra hai jisameM namaH ( namaskAra ) kA devatAkaraNa pAyA jAtA hai, yathA -- ' namaH svayaM zaktizAlI hai; maiM namaskAra ke sAtha sevAbhAva detA hU~; namaskAra ne pRthivI evaM dyau ko sa~bhAla rakhA hai; devoM ko namaskAra; namaskAra ina devoM para zAsana karatA hai, jo koI ( mujhase ) pApa ho jAtA hai, maiM namaH (namaskAra ) se hI usakA zamana kara letA hU~ / " yadyapi pramukha upaniSadoM meM 'bhakti' zabda nahIM AyA hai kintu kaTha evaM muNDaka upaniSadoM meM bhakti - sampradAyoM kA yaha siddhAnta ki yaha kevala bhagavaddmahimA hai jo bhakta ko bacAtI hai, pAyA jAtA hai, yathA-'yaha parama AtmA ( guru ke ) pravacana se nahIM prApta hotA aura na medhA (buddhi) se aura na bahuzrutatA ( adhika jJAna ) se; paramAtmA kI prApti usI ko hotI hai jisa para paramAtmA kA anugraha hotA hai; usI ke sAmane yaha parama AtmA apanA svarUpa prakaTa karatA hai' (kaThopa0 2122; muNDakopa0 3 / 2 3 ) | yaha kathana isa siddhAnta kA dyotaka hai ki paramAtmA kA anugraha hI bhakta ko mokSa pradAna karatA hai| zvetAzvataropaniSad ne 'bhakti' zabda kA prayoga usI artha meM kiyA hai jo gItA tathA anya bhakti-viSayaka granthoM meM prApta hotA hai" - 'ye kathita bAteM usa ucca AtmA vAle vyakti meM, jo paramAtmA meM parama bhakti rakhatA hai aura vahI bhakti jo bhagavAn meM hai, guru rakhatA hai, apane-Apa prakaTa ho jAtI haiN|' isI upaniSad ne bhakti sampradAya ke dRSTikoNa ( siddhAnta ) para bala diyA hai- 'maiM, mokSa kA icchuka usa paramAtmA kI zaraNa meM pahu~catA hU~ jisane pUrva kAla meM brahmA ko pratiSThApita kiyA, jisane usako (brahmA ko ) vedoM kA jJAna pradAna kiyA aura jo pratyeka AtmA kI medhA ko prakAzita karatA hai / ' zvetAzvatara upa0 meM prayukta 'prapadye' zabda rAmAnuja jaise vaiSNava sampradAyoM meM 'prapatti' nAmaka siddhAnta kA AdhAra bana gayA hai| 67. nama idugraM nama A vivAsa namo dAdhAra pRthivImuta dyAm / namo devebhyo nama Iza eSAM kRtaM civeno namasa vivAse // R0 (65118) / 68.. yasya deve parA bhaktiryathA deve tathA gurau / tasyaite kathitA hyarthAH prakAzante mahAtmanaH // zvetAzva0 6 / 23 yo brahmANaM vidadhAti pUrvaM yo vai vedAMzca prahiNoti tasmai / taM ha devamAtmabuddhiprakAzaM mumukSurve zaraNamahaM prapadye // zvetA zva0 6 / 18 / svapnezvara ne zANDilya - bhaktisUtra (4 / 1 / 1 ) ke bhASya meM isa antima mantra kA AdhAra liyA hai|

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bhakti-mArga-pAJcarAtra mata kI prAcInatA kintu bhakti sampradAya ke Arambhika ullekha zAntiparva ke nArAyaNIya upAkhyAna (citrazAlA saMskaraNa, adhyAya 335-351) evaM bhagavadgItA meM pAye jAte haiN| megasthanIz2a kA kathana hai ki herAklIsa (harikRSNa) kI pUjA sosenvAya (zaurasenoM) dvArA jobaresa (yamunA) ke taToM para hotI thI aura usakI do nagariyAM thIM-methorA (mathurA) evaM kleisvorA (kRSNapura?) / nArAyaNIya0 (335 / 17-24) meM aisA AyA hai ki rAjA uparicara vasu nArAyaNa ke bhakta the, unhoMne sUrya dvArA ghoSita sAtvata niyamoM ke anusAra deveza kI pUjA kI, unhoMne yaha socakara apane rAjya, sampatti, patnI evaM ghor3e bhagavAn ke lie samarpita kara diye ki ye sabhI bhagavAn ke haiM, aura sAtvata niyamoM ke anusAra unhoMne yajJiya kRtya kiye| zAntiparva meM sAtvata evaM pAMcarAtra kI pahacAna kI gayI hai aura yaha kahA gayA hai ki 'citrazikhaNDI' (jinakI zikhAe~ camakadAra yA vicitra thIM) nAmaka sAta RSiyoM (marIci, atri, aMgirA, pulastya, pulaha, Rtu evaM vasiSTha) ne (paMcarAtra) zAstra ghoSita kiyA aura nArAyaNa ne unase kahA ki yaha zAstra loka meM prAmANika hogA aura rAjA vasu bRhaspati se (jinheM yaha sAta RSiyoM dvArA kramazaH prApta hogA) ise siikheNge| zAntiparva ke adhyAya 336 meM aisA AyA hai ki kSIrasAgara ke uttara meM zvetadvIpa nAmaka rAjya thA, jahA~ nArAyaNa ke makta rahate the, jo 'ekAntI' kahe jAte the aura paMcarAtra ekAntadharma kahA jAtA thaa| paMcarAtra sampradAya kA eka vicitra siddhAnta hai jo cAra vyahoM (mUrtiyoM yA AkAroM) vAlA hotA hai, yathA-parama vyakti vAsudeva haiM, pratyeka AtmA saMkarSaNa hai, pradyumna mana hai jo saMkarSaNa se utpanna hotA hai tathA aniruddha ahaMkAra hai jo pradyumna se utpanna hotA hai| yaha vahI vAsudeva ke cAra rUpoM vAlA (jinameM se pratyeka apane pUrva se nikalatA hai) siddhAnta hai, jisakA khaNDana, zaMkarAcArya ke mata se, brahmasUtra (2 / 2 / 42-45) meM huA hai| zAntiparva (34818) ne spaSTa rUpa se arjuna ke lie upadiSTa gItA kI ora nirdeza kiyA hai| zAnti0 (349 / 62) meM aisA ullikhita hai ki sAMkhya, yoga, pAMcarAtra, veda evaM pAzupata aisI pAMca vidyAe~ haiM jinakA dRSTikoNa eka-dUsare se bhinna hai tathA kapila (sAMkhya), hiraNyagarbha (yoga), apAntaratamA (veda), ziva (pAzupata) evaM svayaM bhagavAn (pAMcarAtra) dvArA pravartita haiN| viSNudharmottarapurANa (1174134) meM aisA vaktavya AyA hai-'brahma kI khoja ke lie pAMca siddhAnta haiM, yathA-sAMkhya, yoga, pAMcarAtra, veda evaM paashupt|' zAntiparva (339 / 68) para AdhArita ho katipaya lekhaka (vizeSataH rAmAnuja sampradAya ke) aisA kahate haiM ki sampUrNa pAMcarAtra paddhati meM vaidika prAmANikatA hai, kintu aparArka (pR0 13) evaM paribhASAprakAza (pR0 23) ise pUrNarUpeNa vaidika nahIM mAnate, pratyuta vaikalpika mAnate haiN|" 69. kAmyanamittikA rAjan yajJiyAH prmkriyaaH| sarvAH sAtvatamAsthAya vidhi cakra smaahitH||paanycraatrvido mukhyAstasya gehe mhaatmnH| prAyaNaM bhagavatproktaM bhuJjate vAprabhojanam // zAnti0 335 / 24-25 / . 70. yo vAsudevo bhagavAn kSetrako nirgunnaatmkH| zeyaH sa eva rAjendra jIvaH saMkarSaNaH prbhuH|| saMkarSaNAcca pradyumno manobhUtaH sa ucyate / pradyumnAt yo'nirasastu so'haMkAraH sa iishvrH|| zAnti0 339 / 40-41 / 71. vAsudeva sampradAya ko pAJcarAtra kyoM kahA gayA, isakA uttara abhI taka santoSapara nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai| lagatA hai, isa sampradAya kA kinhIM pAMca bAtoM se sambandha hai| kintu 'rAtra' yA 'kAla' zabda kyoM prayukta huA hai ? yahI to kaThinAI hai| zAnti0 (336 / 46) meM pAJcarAtra ko paMcakAla bhI kahA gayA hai (tariSTaH pnyckaaljhrirekaantibhirnraiH)| bahuta se anumAna lagAye gaye haiM, jinameM kucha nimnokta haiM, yathA-(1) pAMca rAtoM taka nArAyaNa ne ise ananta, garur3a, vizvaksena, brahmA evaM rudra ko par3hAyA; (2) paramasaMhitA (31119) meM AyA hai ki paramAtmA ne yaha /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zra vedAntasUtra meM bhAgavata evaM pAMcarAtra paddhati ke viSaya meM cAra sUtra haiN| 2 mahAn AcArya apanI vyAkhyA meM ekamata nahIM haiN| zaMkara kahate haiM ki ye sabhI cAra sUtra bhAgavatoM ke siddhAnta kA khaNDana kara dete haiN| rAmAnuja kA kathana hai ki prathama do sUtra bhAgavata siddhAnta kA khaNDana kara dete haiM kintu antima do nahIM / zaMkarAcArya ne ise ' spaSTa kiyA hai ki bhAgavatoM ke ye siddhAnta ki parama deva vAsudeva parama satya haiM, unake cAra rUpa haiM, tathA vAsudeva kI pUjA unake svarUpa kA ekAgra citta se dhyAna karane meM hai, Apattijanaka nahIM haiM; jo siddhAnta khaNDita hone yogya hai vaha hai bhAgavatoM dvArA kahA jAne vAlA, saMkarSaNa nAmaka AtmA kI vAsudeva se utpatti kA siddhAnta aura yaha ki pradyumna ( mana ) saMkarSaNa se udita hotA hai tathA aniruddha (ahaMkAra) pradyumna se| zaMkarAcArya ne vedAntasUtra (2|2| 45) meM jo kahA hai usase prakaTa hotA hai ki unake samaya meM zANDilya ko loga bhAgavata yA pAMcarAtrazAstra kA 458 siddhAnta pA~ca rAtoM taka cAra muniyoM, yathA-- sanatkumAra, sanaka, sanandana evaM sanAtana ko sikhAyA; (3) isa sampradAya ne pA~ca zikSAoM, yathA--- sAMkhya, yoga, pAzupata, bauddha evaM Arhata ko kAlA kara diyA (rAtri kAlI hotI hai); (4) yaha ( pAJcarAtra) pA~ca svarUpoM, yathA -- para, vyUha, vibhava (arthAt avatAra), antaryAmI evaM ardhA ( pratimA - mUrtiyoM) kI zikSA detA hai; (5) yaha vaiSNavoM ke pAMca kartavyoM, yathA--tApa ( bAhu evaM anya aMgoM para tapta- mudrA se cihna yA vAga lagAnA), ), puNDra ( kisI raMgIlI vastu se mastaka para banI khar3I rekhAe~), nAma ( vAsudevIya nAma rakhanA), mantra ( yathA oM namo nArAyaNAya) evaM yAga ( vAsudeva kI mUrtiyoM kI pUjA) kA vizleSaNa karatA hai| AlvAra sAhitya ne paMcaSA prakRti ( yathA para evaM anya) kA ullekha kiyA hai| dekhie ke0 sI0 varadAcArI kA lekha 'sama kanTrIvyUzansa Ava alvArsa Tu di philaoNsAphI Ava bhakti' (rajatajayantI khaNDa, bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, pR0 621) / paramasaMhitA ( 1 / 39-40) kA kathana hai ka pA~ca tattva, pAMca tanmAtrAe~, ahaMkAra, buddhi evaM avyakta (sAMkhya ke pA~ca tattva) mAno puruSa kI rAteM haiM, ataH yaha zAstra ( jo ina pA~coM se mukta hone kA upAya batAtA hai) pAJcarAtra kahalAtA hai / 72. vedAntasUtra ( 212 / 42-45 ) meM cAra sUtra haiM- "utpattyasambhavAt, na ca kartuH karaNam, vijJAnAdibhAve vA tadapratiSedhaH, vipratiSedhAcca / " yadyapi rAmAnuja ne ina cAroM meM antima do para apanI TIkA kI hai aura bahuta bar3hA-car3hA kara apanI bAta kahI hai aura tIna aisI uktiyA~ uddhRta kI haiM jinheM pAJcarAtra kahA jA sakatA hai, tathApi ve apane zrIbhASya meM yA apane vedArthasaMgraha meM yaha nahIM vyakta karate ki ve sAtvata haiM yA pAJcarAtra / 73. vedavipratiSedhazca bhavati / caturSu vedeSu paraM zreyo'labdhvA zANDilya idaM zAstramadhigatavAnityAvivedanindAdarzanAt / zAMkarabhASya ( ve0 sU0 2 / 2 / 45 ) / zaMkarAcArya 'tatra bhAgavatA manyante' se Arambha karate haiM (brahmasUtra 20242) tathA punaH kahate haiM (2 / 2 / 44 ) : na ca paJcarAtrasiddhAntibhirvAsudevAdiSvekasmin sarveSu vA jJAnezvaryAditAratamyakRtaH kazcid bhedobhyupagamyate / ' yaha draSTavya hai ki zAntiparva meM pAJcarAtra ko sAtvatadharma ( 348 34 evaM 84 ) kahA gayA hai| bANa ne apane harSacarita (AThavA~ ucchvAsa) meM mahAna AcArya divAkaramitra ke pAsa Aye hue vibhinna dharmo evaM darzanoM ke vibhinna siddhAntoM ke mAnane vAloM meM bhAgavatoM evaM pAJcarAtrikoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai -- 'viTapacchAyAsu niSaNNaiH bhAgavatairvaNibhiH kezaluJcanaiH kApilaijaina lokAyatikaiH paurANikaiH sAptatantavaiH zaivaH zAbdaH pAJcarAtrikairanyaizcAtra svasiddhAntAJ zRNvadbhiH Adi / ' sambhavataH bANa ne bhAgavata ko sAmAnya bhakti-sampradAya ke rUpa meM rakhA hai aura pAJcarAtra ko bhAgavata sampradAya kI vibhinna zAkhAoM meM eka zAkhA ke rUpa meM mAnA hai, jisakI eka vizeSatA thI ki vaha cAra vyUhoM vAlA siddhAnta mAnatA thA / yaha 'brAhmaNazramaNanyAya' ke samAna hai| vRddhahArItasmRti ( 11 / 181-192 ) meM AyA hai ki zANDilya ne avaidika vidhi se viSNu kI pUjA karane for a graMtha kA praNayana kiyA, jisase viSNu ne unheM naraka meM par3a jAne kA zApa diyA, kintu jaba zANDilya unase

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bhaktimArga ke upAsya deva; navya-prAcIna bhaktigrantha pravartaka mAnate the, kyoMki ve cAroM vedoM meM parama kalyANa kI bAta nahIM pA sakate the| droNaparva (29 / 26-29) meM paramAtmA kI loka-kalyANakArI cAra mUrtiyoM ke viSaya meM eka anya evaM bhinna nirdeza hai, yathA-eka mUrti isa pRthivI para tapa karatI hai, dUsarI isa loka ke acche evaM bure karmoM para eka A~kha rakhatI hai, tIsarI isa loka meM mAnava rUpa meM AtI hai aura mAnava ke samAna kArya karatI hai, aura cauthI eka sahasra varSoM taka sotI rahatI hai aura jaba jAgatI hai to yogya logoM ko varadAna detI hai| yaha draSTavya hai ki mahAbhArata meM bhI nArada kA nAma pAMcarAtra se sambandhita hai| aisA AyA hai--'yaha rahasyamaya siddhAnta jo cAroM vedoM se samanvita hai, jisameM sAMkhya evaM yoga ke kalyANakArI phala haiM aura jo pAMcarAtra ke nAma se vikhyAta hai, sarvaprathama nArAyaNa ke adharoM se prasphuTita huA aura phira nArada dvArA sunAyA gyaa|' (zAntiparva 339 / 111-112) / bhakti sampradAya ke anya bar3e samarthaka haiM bhagavadgItA (jo nArAyaNIya upAkhyAna 34818 meM spaSTa rUpa se ghoSita hai), bhAgavatapurANa evaM vissnnupuraann| gItA meM bhakti evaM bhakta zabda kaI bAra Aye haiN| yahAM yaha kaha denA Avazyaka hai ki tathAkathita nAradamaktisUtra, nArada-pAMcarAtra, zANDilya-bhaktisUtra tathA anya pAMcarAtra-saMhitAe~ jo prakAzita haiM, gItA se pazcAtkAlIna haiN| agni0 (39 / 1-5) meM pAMcarAtra para praNIta 25 granthoM kA ullekha hai| mahezvaratantra ne bhI viSNu dvArA pravartita 25 pAMcarAtra tantroM kA varNana kiyA hai aura unakI bhartsanA kI hai aura kahA hai ki ve saba satya kA pratipAdana nahIM karate (26 / 16) / bhakti ke pratipAdana para vizAla sAhitya hai| thor3e-se saMskRta ke granthoM, unake anuvAdoM evaM kucha aMgrez2I ke granthoM kA yahA~ ullekha hogaa| bartha, hApkiMsa, kItha, DA0 Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara Adi ne zrI kRSNa ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM vibhinna siddhAnta pratipAdita kiye haiM ki ve usa viSNu ke svarUpa kyoMkara haiM jo Rgveda meM sUrya kA eka anya rUpa hai, aura Age calakara brAhmaNakAla meM jo sabase bar3A devatA ho gayA (yathA-aita0 brA0 'agni devAnAM avamaH, viSNuH paramaH) tathA yajJa kA svarUpa mAnA gayA (yajJo vai vissnnu:)| jaba pANDavoM ke mitra kRSNa parama deva mAna liye gaye to gItA meM pUrNa avatAroM ke siddhAnta kI abhivyakti ho gyii| bhakti-sambandhI mahattvapUrNa grantha ye haiM-zAntiparva kA nArAyaNIya upAkhyAna (adhyAya 322-351, citrazAlA saMskaraNa evaM 322-339 AlocanAtmaka saMskaraNa); bhagavadgItA; katipaya purANa, jinameM viSNu evaM bhAgavata atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM; zANDilya kA bhaktisUtra, svapnezvara dayA kI prArthanA karate hue unake caraNoM meM gira par3e to ve prasanna ho uThe aura naraka-vAsa ke zApa kI avadhi ko kama kara diyaa| 74. yaha draSTavya hai ki rAmAnuja (janma, zaka saMvat 1049, I0 1127) ne usa bhAgavata ko brahmasUtra ke apane bhASya meM kahIM bhI ukta nahIM kiyA hai, jo vallabha evaM caitanya tathA unake ziSyoM jaise madhyakAlIna vaiSNavoM ke lie sarvottama evaM eka mAtra pramANa thaa| kintu unhoMne viSNupurANa se eka sau se adhika zloka uddhRta kiye haiN| vAstava meM vedArthasaMgraha meM rAmAnuja kA kathana hai ki jisa prakAra zrutiyoM meM nArAyaNa kA anuvAka (vibhAga) parabrahma ke viziSTa svarUpa kA udghATana karatA hai, usI prakAra viSNupurANa parabrahma ke vizeSa pradarzana meM pravRtta hai tathA anya purANoM kI vyAkhyA isa prakAra kI jAnI cAhie ki ve isake virodha meM na hoM (yayA sarvAsu zrutiSu kevalaM parabrahmasvarUpavizeSapradarzanAyava pravRtto nArAyaNAnuvAkastathedaM vaiSNavaM ca purANaM...parabrahmasvarUpavizeSanirNayAyava pravRttam / anyAni sarvANi purANAnyetadavirodhena neyAni / vedArthasaMgraha, vAkya-samUha 110-111, pR0 141-142

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 460 kA isa para bhASya (jIvAnanda, kalakattA dvArA prakAzita, 1876) evaM kovela dvArA ina donoM kA aMgrejI anuvAda (1878); zANDilyasaMhitA ( bhaktikhaNDa ) jo anantazAstrI phar3ake dvArA sarasvatI bhavana sIrIja meM sampAdita hai ( 1935 ) ; nAradabhaktisUtra, aMgrejI anuvAda, nandalAla siMha dvArA ( pANini Aphisa, ilAhAbAda, 1911 ) ; nArada-pAMcarAtra (jJAnAmRtasAra vibhAga ke sAtha ) 11 adhyAyoM meM, aMgrejI anuvAda, svAmI vijayAnanda (vahI, 1921 ) ; sara Ara0 jI maNDArakara kA 'vaiSNavijma zaivijma Adi' (1913 ) ; dAsa gupta kI 'hisTrI Ava iNDiyana philaoNsaoNphI' (jilda 4, 1949), jahA~ inhoMne bhAgavatapurANa evaM madhva, vallabha, caitanya evaM unake anya anuyAyiyoM ke siddhAntoM kA ullekha kiyA hai; griyarsana kA lekha 'glIniMgsa phrAma bhaktamAlA aba nAbhAdAsa' (je0 Ara0 e0 esa0 1909, pR0 607-644); Dakana grInalesa kRta 'hisTrI Ava zrIvaiSNavAz2a' (aDayAra, 1951 ) ; nAradabhaktisUtra ( mUla, anuvAda evaM TippaNI, svAmI tyAgIzAnanda, rAmakRSNa maTha, melApura, madrAsa, 1943, jo 5 adhyAyoM evaM 84 sUtroM meM hai ) ; paMcarAtra evaM ahirbudhnya-saMhitA para DA0 oTo zreDara kI bhUmikA ( aDayAra, 1916 ) ; ahirbudhnya-saMhitA (do jildoM meM, aDayAra, 1916); jayAkhya-saMhitA, saMskRta evaM aMgrejI bhUmikA ke sAtha (gAyakavAr3a orieNTala sIrIz2a, 1931 ) ; paramasaMhitA ( gAyakavAr3a o0 sI0, 1946, DA0 esa0 ke0 AyaMgara kRta aMgrejI bhUmikA ) ; nArada-pAMcarAtra kI bRhadbrahmasaMhitA ( AnandAzrama sIrIz2a, 1912 ) ; nArAyaNatIrtha - kRta bhakticandrikA ( zANDilya ke bhaktisUtra kI TIkA) jo sarasvatI bhavana sIrIz2a meM hai ( 1912 evaM 1938 ) ; mitra mizra kA bhaktiprakAza ( caukhambA sIrIz2a, 1934); anantadeva kA bhaktinirNaya ( paM0 anantazAstrI phar3ake dvArA sampAdita, banArasa, 1937) / dakSiNa bhArata meM bhakti sAhitya bahuta adhika hai, yathA ALavAroM ke stotra, kintu katipaya kAraNoM se isakI ora nirdeza nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| purANokta bhakti ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM carcA karane ke pUrva 'bhakti' evaM 'bhAgavata' zabdoM kI vyAkhyA saMkSepa meM Avazyaka hai| zANDilya ne bhakti kI paribhASA ( sA parAnuraktirIzvare) kI hai", jo do prakAra se vyAkhyAyita (Dakana kAleja saMskaraNa, 1956 ) / rAmAnuja ne vedAntasUtra ( 2 / 2 / 41 evaM 45 ) ke bhASya meM pauSkarasaMhitA, sAtvatasaMhitA evaM paramasaMhitA ko pAJcarAtra saMhitAoM meM parigaNita kiyA hai, kintu kahIM bhI unhoMne yaha nahIM aMgIkAra kiyA hai ki ve paJcarAtra siddhAnta ke anuyAyI haiN| bhAgavata para bahuta-sI TIkAe~ aura TIkAoM para bahuta-sI TIkAe~ haiM (vAsa gupta ne jilda 4, pR0 1-2 meM bhAgavata kI 40 TIkAoM kI sUcI dI hai) / yahA~ para madhva evaM anya bar3e vaiSNava AcAryoM ke ziSyoM evaM anuyAyiyoM kI bahuta-sI TIkAoM kI ora saMketa karanA anAvazyaka hai / vallabhAcArya (1479-1531 I0) ke anusAra sandeha kI sthiti meM bhAgavata parama pramANa hai (vedAH zrIkRSNavAkyAni vyAsasUtrANi caiva hi / samAdhibhASA vyAsasya pramANaM taccatuSTayam / uttaraM pUrvasandehavA rakaM parikIrtitam // tattva nibandha, ahamadAbAda, 1926); aura dekhie pro0 jI0 ec0 bhaTTa (iNDi0 hisTA0 kvA0, jilva 9,3000 306) / vallabhAcArya kA puSTimArga (jisakA artha hai kRSNAnugraha) hai aura unakA kathana hai ki kaliyuga meM bhakti kI prApti bhI kaThina hai / 75. athAto bhaktijijJAsA / sA parAnuraktirIzvare / zANDilya ( 1|1|1 - 2); svapnezvara ne yaha TIkA kI hai -- 'ArAdhya viSayaka rAgatvameva sA / iha tu paramezvaraviSayakAntaHkaraNavRttivizeSa eva bhaktiH / ' jisa zloka ko AdhAra mAnA gayA hai vaha yaha hai--' yA prItiravivekAnAM viSayeSvanapAyinI / tvAmanusmarataH sA me hRdayAnmApasarpatu // ' viSNupu0 (1 / 2019) / svapmezvara ne gItA uddhRta kI hai--' maccittA sadgataprANA boSayantaH parasparam / kathayantazca

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bhakti kA svarUpa (paribhASA) ho sakatI hai-'bhakti kA sarvocca rUpa hai paramezvara meM anurakti' yA 'paramezvara ke prati sarvocca anurakti hI bhakti hai|' zANDilya ke bhASyakAra svapnezvara ne prathama vyAkhyA ThIka mAnI hai, kintu nAradabhaktisUtra, tilaka Adi ne dUsarI vyAkhyA apanAyI hai| svapnezvara ne vyAkhyA kI hai--'bhakti' kA sAmAnyataH artha hotA hai 'usake prati anurAga jise jItanA hai yA jisakI pUjA karanI hai', kintu isa zAstra meM isakA artha hai-'mana kI aisI vizeSa sthiti jisameM paramezvara hI lakSya ho|' aisA kahakara svapnezvara ne viSNupurANa kA zloka uddhRta kiyA hai jisameM bhakta prahlAda ne kahA hai-vaha aTala prIti jise avivekI loga sAMsArika vastuoM ke lie cAhate haiM, mujhameM se, jo tumheM sadaiva smaraNa karatA hai, kabhI na htte|' gItA meM bhI 'prIti' zabda AyA hai| usameM AyA hai ki ('bhakti' zabda 'bhaj' dhAtu se niHsRta huA hai) "jinake mana mujhameM lage haiM, jinake prANa mujhe samarpita haiM, jo eka-dUsare ko bodhita karate rahate haiM, jo mere bAre meM kahate rahate haiM, ve sadaiva tuSTa rahate haiM aura prasanna rahate haiN| inameM jo sadaiva (lagAtAra) bhakti meM lage rahate haiM aura prItipUrvaka merI sevA karate rahate haiM, unheM maiM aisA jJAna detA hU~ jisake dvArA ve mujha taka pahuMcate haiN|" svapnezvara ne vyAkhyA kI hai ki 'anurakti' zabda ('anu' upasarga ke sAtha) kA prayoga yaha batalAne ke lie huA hai ki Izvara ke prati prIti yA rakti taba udita hotI hai jaba bhakta Izvara kA jJAna evaM usakI anya upAdhiyoM kA jJAna prApta kara letA hai| viSNupurANa meM 'bhakti' ke sthAna para 'anurAga' zabda prayukta huA hai, jahAM para rAma evaM unake bhAiyoM ke svargArohaNa kI carcA karate hue aisA varNana hai ki kosala rAjadhAnI ke loga, jo bhagavAn (viSNu) ke una avatIrNa aMzoM ke prati aTTa zraddhA (bhakti) rakhate the aura jinake mana unameM lage the, unhIM ke sAtha usI loka kI sthiti meM pahu~ca gye| zANDilya ne Age kahA hai ki yaha aisA upadeza hai jisase vaha vyakti amara ho jAtA hai jo bhagavAn meM nivAsa karatA hai (jo bhagavAn meM sthita rahatA hai)| chAndogya0 (1 / 1 / 30) meM AyA hai-'jo brahma meM sthita rahatA hai vaha amaratva prApta karatA hai|' tAtparya yaha hai ki paramAtmA meM sthita rahane se amaratva prApti kI jo bAta hai usase vyakti meM paramAtmA kI jAnakArI ke lie prayatna karane yA paramAtmA ke prati parama bhakti utpanna karane ke prayatna ke prati koI udAsInatA nahIM aayegii| yaha draSTavya hai ki nArada ke sUtra zANDilya ke sUtroM ke kevala anvaya mAtra haiN|" zANDilya meM Age (sUtra 7) AyA hai ki bhakti, jJAna kI bhAMti karma nahIM hai, kyoMki yaha icchA ke prayatna kA mAM nityaM tuSyanti ca ramanti ca // teSAM satatayuktAnAM bhajatAM prItipUrvakam / vadAmi bukhiyoga taM yena mAmupayAnti te|| (1019-10) / 'anurakti' para svapnezvara ne kahA hai-'bhagavanmahimAvijJAnAvana pazcAt jaaymaantvaavnurktirityuptm|' svapnezvara ne viSNupurANa (4 / 4 / 1 103) kA havAlA diyA hai, yathA--'yapi teSu bhagavazeSvanurAgiNaH kosalanagarajAnapadAstepi tnmnssttsaalokytaamevaapuH|' bhAgavata kA kathana hai ki paramocca bhakti ko.abAdhita (avyavahita) evaM ahetukI honA cAhie ('ahetukyavyavahitA yA bhaktiH puraSottama') / bhAgavata (229 / 12) / mAge ke zloka ne parama-lakSya ke cAra stara varNita kiye hai--sAlokyasASTisAmIpyasAyujyakatvamapyuta' (ekatva pAcavI marthAt mantima lakSya hai)| . 76. satsaMsthasyAmRtatvopadezAt / zANDilya (111130); svapnezvara ne vyAkhyA kI hai--tasminnIzvare saMsthA bhaktiryasya sa tthoktH|' chAndogya meM ghoSita hai-'brahmasaMstho'mRtatvameti' (2 / 23 / 1) aura yahI arva bahmasUtra (1 / 17) 'taniSThasya mokSopadezAt' se bhI prakaTa hotA hai| 77. 'athAto bhaktiM vyaakhyaasyaamH| sA svasmin prmpremruupaa| amRtasvarUpA / nAradamaktisUtra (13) /

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462 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa anusaraNa nahIM karatI ataH yaha jJAna se bhinna hai, jaisA ki gItA ne kahA hai ki Atma-samarpaNa kI sthiti kaI janmoM ke jhAna ke uparAnta AtI hai| __hama logoM ke pUrva puruSoM meM zreNI-vibhAjana kI eka bar3I pravRtti thii| bhakti ko bhI laukikI (sAmAnya logoM kI), vaidiko (vedavihita) evaM AdhyAtmikI (dArzanika), yathA---padma0 (5 / 15 / 164); yA mAnasI, vAcikI evaM kAyikI (zarIra dvArA kI huI, yathA-upavAsa, prata Adi), yathA padma0 (5 / 15 / 165-168); sAtvikI, rAjasI evaM tAmasI (bhAgavata 3 / 29 / 7-10 evaM padma 6 / 126 / 4-11); uttamA, madhyamA evaM kaniSThA (brahmANDa 3 / 34 / 38-41)* Adi vividha zreNiyoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai| rAmAnujIya evaM anya vaiSNava zAkhAoM ke granthoM meM prapatti (Atma-samarpaNa) ko bhakti se bhinna mAnA yayA hai| isameM pA~ca bAteM haiM-anukUlatA kA saMkalpa, pratikUlatA kA tyAga, yaha vizvAsa ki paramAtmA (bhakta kI) rakSA karegA, bhakta kI rakSA ke lie bhagavadbhajana tathA AtmanikSepa kara dene para asahAyatA ke bhAva kA pradarzana / bhakti ke anya paryAya zabda haiM dhyAna, upAsanA Adi aura vaha prapatti kI sahAyikA hai| gItA meM isa prakAra kA bheda nahIM batAyA gayA hai| gItA (217) meM arjuna ne apane ko 'prapanna' (jo mokSa ke lie A pahu~cA ho yA jisane mokSa ke lie Atma-samarpaNa kara diyA ho) kahA hai| gItA ke anta meM antima parAmarza vahI hai jo pazcAtkAlIna granthoM meM prapatti hai-'apane mana ko mujhameM lagAo, mere bhakta ho jAo, merA yajJa karo, mujhe namaskAra karo; tuma avazya hI mujha taka pahu~coge; maiM satya hI ghoSita karatA hU~, tuma mere priya ho| sabhI kartavyoM ko tyAga kara merI zaraNa meM A jAo; maiM tumheM sabhI pApoM se mukta karU~gA; dukhI na hoo| aura dekhie gItA 7 / 14, 15 evaM 15 / 4 jahA~ 'prapad' zabda ke anya prayoga Aye haiN| gItA evaM anya granthoM meM bhakti para jo siddhAnta pratipAdita hai vaha yahI hai ki 78. brahmANDa ne nArada, zuka, ambarISa, rantideva, mAruti, bali, vibhISaNa, prahlAda, gopiyoM evaM ukhava ko uttamA bhakti ke antargata bhaktoM meM ginA hai, vasiSTha evaM manu ko madhyamA bhakti ke antargata tathA sAdhAraNa logoM ko kaniSThA ke antargata parigaNita kiyA hai| nAradabhaktisUtra (83) ne inameM kaI ko 'bhaktyAcAryAH' kahA hai, 'ityevaM vadanti / janajalpanirbhayA ekamatAH kumAravyAsazukazANDilyagargaviSNukauNDinya-zeSa-ukhava-AruNibalihanumadvibhISaNAdayo bhktyaacaaryaaH|' kumAra brahmA ke putra nArada ke lie prayukta huA hai| 79. dhyAnazabdavAcyA bhaktividyAbhedA bhuvissaa|...prpttirnaam'aanukuulysy saMkalpaH prAtikUlyasya varjanam / raziSyatIti vizvAso goptRtvavaraNaM tthaa| AtyanikSepakArpaNyam' ityaacNgpnycaayuktaa| yatIndramatadIpikA (pR.0 64) / isa grantha meM AyA hai ki yaha prapatti guru ke mukha (adharoM) se sunI jAnI cAhie aura tabhI vaha isakI vyAkhyA nahIM upasthita krtaa| kucha loya 'AtmanikSepaH kArpaNyaM' par3hate haiM aura isa prakAra prapati ke aMgoM ko 6 banA dete haiN| 80. manmanA bhava madbhakto madyAjI mAM nmskuru| mAmevaiSyasi satyaM se pratijAne priyo'si me // sarvaSadi parityajya mAmekaM zaraNaM vj| ahaM tvA sarvapApebhyo mokSayiSyAmi mA shucH|| gItA (18165-66) / yahA~ para 'dharmAn' kA artha hai varNoM (brAhmaNa, kSatriya Adi) evaM AzramoM (yathA--gRhastha, vAnaprastha Adi) ke kartavya, yA 'dharmAn' una karmoM ko ora nirdeza karatA hai jo veda evaM smRtiyoM meM vyavasthita haiN| yaha antima prabodhana navama adhyAya kA punarAvartana-sA hai, yathA--'manmanA... nmskuru| mAmevaiSyasi yuktvaivamAtmAnaM mtpraaynnH||' (9 // 34) /

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prapatti evaM bhakti; caturvyUhavAda 463 bhakti se bhagavAn kA 'prasAda' (anugraha yA kRpA ) prApta hotA hai jisase bhakta mokSa prApta karatA hai / " gItA (18 | 56, 58, 62) meM AyA hai - 'vaha vyakti, jo yadyapi sadaiva karma karatA rahatA hai, kintu mujha para hI pUrNarUpeNa nirbhara rahatA hai, mere anugraha se akSaya evaM amara sthAna prApta karatA hai; yadi tuma mujha para apanA mana kendrita karo, tuma merI kRpA se sabhI kaThinAiyoM ko pAra kara jAoge, tuma bhagavAn kI zaraNa meM sampUrNa hRdaya se jAo, he arjuna, usI kI kRpA se parama zAnti evaM amara sthAna pAoge / ' viSNupurANa" meM bhagavAn ne prahlAda se kahA hai - 'tumhArA mana mujhameM nizcala evaM bhaktipUrvaka avasthita hai, tuma mere prasAda ( kRpA yA anugraha ) se nirvANa prApta karoge / ' bhagavAn ke prasAda kI carcA kaThopaniSad evaM zvetAzvataropaniSad meM bhI hai 'choTe-se-choTA evaM bar3e-se-bar3A AtmA samI jIvoM ke hRdaya meM nihita hai; vaha vyakti jo aRtu ( binA kisI icchA kA hai) evaM vIta-zoka ( zokarahita ) hai, sRSTikartA kI kRpA se AtmA kI mahattA ko dekhatA hai|' gItA evaM nArAyaNIya upAkhyAna kI bAtoM meM bar3A antara hai| gItA meM, yadyapi paramAtmA ko vAsudeva kahA gayA hai", kintu cAra vyUhoM vAlA siddhAnta, jo ki nArAyaNIya kI vizeSatA hai, nahIM pAyA jaataa| itanA hI nahIM, saMkarSaNa, pradyumna evaM aniruddha jaise nAma bhI gItA meM nahIM aate| prastuta lekhaka mata se gItA nArAyaNIya upA khyAna se purAnI hai, kyoMki isameM bhakti kA sAmAnya siddhAnta pratipAdita hai, jaba ki nArAyaNIya meM pAMcarAtra vAlA siddhAnta kaI bhakti-zAkhAoM meM se eka hai| nArAyaNIya se patA calatA hai ki gItA kA pratipAdana pahale ho cukA thA aura nArada dvArA zvetadvIpa se lAyA gayA jJAna vahI hai jo harigItA (adhyAya 346 10- 11, 348 / 53-54 ) meM udghoSita hai / zAnti0 ( 348 / 55 -57 ) meM ullikhita hai ki kevala eka vyUha thA, yA do, tIna yA cAra the tathA ekAntI loga ahiMsA para bahuta bala dete the| vAsudeva kI pUjA pANini se prAcIna hai, kyoMki pANini ne 'vAsudevaka' zabda kI racanA kA ullekha kiyA hai aura usakA artha kiyA hai, 'vaha, jisakI pUjA kA AdhAra vAsudeva hoM (pANini 41395 evaM 98, 'maktiH ' / ... .'vAsudevArjunAbhyAM vun / ' vAsudevaH bhaktiH sevyaH yasya sa vAsudevakaH) / dekhie DaoN0 bhaNDArakara kA grantha 'vaiSNavijma, zaivijma Adi' (vAkya-samUha 2 10, jilda 4, saMgRhIta grantha) jahA~ vAsudeva pUjA kI prAcInatA ke viSaya meM vivecana hai / pAJcarAtra ke viSaya meM dharmazAstra ke madhyakAlIna lekhakoM kI sAmAnya dhAraNA kA pratinidhitva pArijAta nAmaka grantha meM hai, jo kRtyaratnAkara meM uddhRta hai aura usameM AyA hai ki pAJcarAtra evaM pAzupata zAstra tabhI taka prAmANika haiM jaba taka ve vedoM ke virodha meM nahIM jaate| yahI dRSTikoNa sUtasaMhitA meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, jisa para prasiddha mAghavAcArya ne eka TIkA likhI hai| 81. bhaktiprapattiyAM prasanna Izvara eva mokSaM dadAti / atastayoreva mokSopAyatvam / yatIndramatadIpikA ( 1064) / 82. yathA te nizcala gheto mayi bhaktisamanvitam / tathA tvaM matprasAdena nirvANaM paramApsyasi // viSNupurANe ( 1120/28 ) / ' 83. aNoraNIyAnmahato mahIyAnAtmAsya jantornihito guhAyAm / tamaRtuH pazyati vItazoko dhAtuH prasAvAda mahimAnamAtmanaH // kaThopa0 (2 / 20), zvetAzva0 (3320, jahA~ AtmA guhAyAM nihitosya jantoH, aRtum, mahiyAnamIzam kA pATha AyA hai) / 84. bahUnAM janmanAmante jJAnavAnmAM prapadyate / vAsudevaH sarvamiti sa mahAtmA sudurlabhaH // gItA ( 719 ) ; bRSNInAM vAsudevo'smi / gItA (10 / 37) /

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464 dharmazAstra kA imihAsa ... kucha purANoM meM 'vAsudeva' zabda 'vasudeva' se vyutpanna na mAna kara (vasudeva ke putra ko na mAna kara) 'vas' (arthAta bAsa karanA yA rahanA) dhAtu se niSpanna mAnA gayA hai| 5 'vAsudeva isIlie kahA jAtA hai ki sabhI jIva paramAtmA meM nivAsa karate haiM aura vAsudeva sabhI jIvoM meM saba ke AtmA ke rUpa meM nivAsa karate haiN|' milAie gItA (9 / 29): 'maiM sabhI prANiyoM ke lie samAna hU~; na to koI merA apriya hai aura na koI priya; kintu jo mujhe zraddhA ke sAtha bhajate haiM ve mujhameM vAsa karate haiM aura maiM bhI unameM vAsa karatA huuN|' bhagavat' zabda kI vyAkhyA bhI Avazyaka hai| yaha zabda sAmAnyatayA vAsudeva ke lie prayukta hotA thaa| viSNupurANa (6 / 5 / 74 evaM 75) meM AyA hai-'bhaga zabda samAhAra rUpa se 6 guNoM ke lie vyavahRta huA hai, yathAaizvarya, vIrya (puruSArtha), yaza, zubhatA, jJAna evaM sAMsArika vastuoM ke prati vairAgya (udAsInatA) kI puurnntaa| yaha mahAna bhagavAna zabda paramabrahma vAsUdeva ke lie prayakta hai kisI anya ke lie nhiiN|86 viSNaparANa (6578-79) ne panaH kahA hai ki 'bhagavata' zabda anya logoM ke lie gauNa rUpa meM prayakta ho sakatA hai. yadi unameM vizeSa gaNa hoM. yathA-"vaha vyakti 'bhagavAn' kahA jA sakatA hai, jo (loka kI) utpatti evaM pralaya, jIvoM kI pragati (phala) evaM gati (antima niyati) kA jJAna rakhatA ho aura yaha jAnatA ho ki vidyA evaM avidyA kyA hai|" . bhAgavata vaha hai, jo bhagavat (arthAt vAsudeva) kI pUjA karatA hai| yaha eka ati purAtana zabda hai| IsA pUrva dUsarI zatI ke besanagara stambha ke lekha meM bhAgavata zabda AyA hai, vahA~ antalikita (aiNTiyAlkAiDisa) ke dUta evaM takSazilA ke yUnAnI heliyodora (heliyoDorasa) ne apane ko bhAgavata (vAsudeva kA bhakta) kahA hai (dekhie pro0 e0 ke0 nArAyaNa kRta 'iNDo-grIksa', 1957) / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki 'bhagavAn' vizeSaNa ziva ke lie bhI prayukta hotA thaa| zvetAzvataropaniSad (3 / 11) ne ziva ko 'bhagavAn' (sarvavyApI sa bhagavAn tasmAtsarvagataH zivaH) kahA hai| pataJjali ne apane bhASya (pANini, 5 / 2 / 76) meM 'ziva-bhAgavata' (zivo bhagavAn bhaktirasya zivabhAgavataH, arthAt vaha makta jo apane sAtha ziva ke Ayudha trizUla ko lekara calatA hai) likhA hai| cittaur3agar3ha (rAjasthAna) meM nagarI nAmaka sthAna ke pAsa ghosuNDI ke saMskRta prastarAbhilekha (epi0 iNDi0, jilda 16, pR0 25-27 evaM iNDi0 aiNTI0, jilda 61, pR0 203-205) meM saMkarSaNa evaM vAsudeva ko bhagavAn kahA gayA hai aura donoM ko sarvezvara mAnA gayA hai (lagabhaga I0 pU0 dUsarI zatI), kintu besanagara-lekha meM kevala 'vAsudeva' AyA hai aura heliyodora 85. sarvANi tatra bhUtAni vasanti paramAtmani / bhUteSu ca sa sarvAtmA vAsudevastataH smRtH|| viSNupu0 (6 / 5 / 80), brahmapu0 (233 // 68, yahA~ nivasanti parAtmani' bhAyA hai)| eka anya zloka hai-'bhUteSu vasate yontarvasantyatra ca tAni yat / pAtA vidhAtA jagatAM vAsudevastataH prbhuH|| viSNupu0 (6 / 5 / 82), brahmapu0 (233170, kintu yahA~ maha AyA hai ki isameM vahI kathana hai jo prajApati ne mahAn RSiyoM ko btaayaa)| viSNupu0 (1 / 2 / 12-13) meM mAyA hai-'sarvatrAsau samastaM ca vasatyatreti pai ytH| tataH sa vAsudeveti vidvadbhiH paripaThyate // ' 86. aizvaryasya samagrasya vIryasya yazasaH bhiyH| jJAnavairAgyayozcava paNAM bhaga tiirnnaa|| evameSa mahAJchando maitreya bhgvaaniti| paramabrahmabhUtasya vAsudevasya naanygH|| viSNupu0 (6 / 574 evaM 76) / pavahArItasmRti (6 / 164-165) meM AyA hai-'aizvayaMca tathA vIra tejaH shktirnuttmaa| jJAna balaM yadeteSAM SaNNAM bhaga itiiritH| ebhirguNaH prapUrNo yaH sa eva bhagavAn hriH|| zaMkarAcArya ne brahmasUtra (2 / 2 / 44) ke bhASya meM vyUhoM ke viSaya meM kahA hai--IzvarA evaite sarve jJAnezvaryazaktibalavIryatejobhirezvaradharmaranvitA abhyupgmynte|' zaMkarAcArya ne sambhavataH viSNupu0 (6 / 5 / 78-79) kA anusaraNa kiyA hai|

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vaha jo bhaga, bhagavAn, bhAgavata kI paribhASA; bhaktimArga evaM jJAnamArga 465 ne apane ko bhAgavata kahA hai| kucha prArambhika lekhoM meM, yathA-siMhavarmA ke pIkara dAna-patra (epi0 iNDi0, jilda 7, pR0 161) evaM gupta abhilekha saMkhyA 8 (pR0 27) meM siMhavarmA evaM samudragupta kA putra candragupta dvitIya parama bhAgavata' kahe gaye haiN| brahmapurANa (190 / 20) meM akrUra ko mahAbhAgavata kahA gayA hai| padmapurANa (6 / 280127) ne 'mahAbhAgavata' kI paribhASA kI hai| prAcIna granthoM meM tIna mArga ullikhita haiM, yathA-karmamArga, bhaktimArga evaM jnyaanmaarg| yahA~ para thor3A bhakti evaM jJAna ke mArgoM para likhanA Avazyaka-sA hai| ye donoM mArga hameM eka hI lakSya arthAt mokSa kI ora le jAte haiN| kintu donoM kI pahuMca ke DhaMga bhinna haiN| jJAnamArga (yA avyaktopAsanA) meM brahma ke, paramAtmA yA nirguNa ke rUpa meM kebala pustakIya jJAna se hI mokSa kI prApti nahIM hotI; usake lie 'brAhmI sthiti' paramAvazyaka hai (gItA 2072) / yaha lambe prayoga evaM prayAsa se hI sambhava hai (gItA 2155 aadi)| jJAna mArga meM vyakti jo kucha karatA hai vaha brahmArpaNa hotA hai (gItA 4118-24) / bhaktimArga meM bhakta Izvara ke prasAda ke lie Atma-samarpaNa kara de kucha karatA hai vaha apane ArAdhya deva ko samarpita kara detA hai (yaha saguNa evaM vyakta upAsanA hai)| gItA (12 // 1) meM arjuna ne bhagavAn se prazna kiyA hai-'jo ananyapremI bhaktajana pUrvokta prakAra (isa prakAra) se nirantara Apake bhajanadhyAna meM rahakara Apako (saguNa paramezvara ko), aura dUsare loga jo kevala avinAzI evaM nirAkAra (avyakta) brahma ko hI ati zreSTha bhAva se bhajate haiM, una donoM prakAra ke upAsakoM meM ati uttama yogavettA kauna haiM ?' isakA uttara gItA (12 / 2-7) meM isa prakAra hai-'mujhameM mana lagAkara nirantara mere bhajana-dhyAna meM lage hue jo bhaktajana atizaya zreSTha zraddhA se yukta hokara mujha (saguNa rUpa paramezvara) ko bhajate haiM, ve mujhako yogiyoM meM ati uttama yogI mAnya haiN| kintu jo vyakti indriyoM ke samudAya ko bhalI bhA~ti vaza meM karake sarvavyApI, anirvacanIya (akathanIya), sadA ekarasa rahane vAle, nitya, acala, nirAkAra, avinAzI (saccidAnandaghana brahma) ko nirantara amita bhAva se (samabuddhi se) bhajate haiM, ve sabhI prANiyoM meM rata tathA saba meM samAna bhAva vAle mujhako hI prApta hote haiN| unake viSaya meM, jinake mana avyakta meM lage rahate haiM, kleza adhikatara hai (arthAt nirAkAra brahma meM Asakta rahane vAle vyaktiyoM ke sAdhana meM parizrama vizeSa hai), kyoMki avyakta lakSya kI prApti dehadhArI jIvoM dvArA kaThinatA se hotI hai| kintu ve vyakti jo sampUrNa karmoM ko mujhameM samarpita kara dete haiM aura mujhako hI sarvottama lakSya samajha kara bhajate rahate haiM, he arjuna ! una mujhameM citta lagAne vAle premI bhaktoM kA maiM zIghra hI mRtyurUpI saMsAra-samudra se uddhAra karane vAlA hotA haiN|' naveM adhyAya meM bhaktimArga ke viSaya meM yoM kathita hai-'yaha vidyAoM meM pramukha hai, rahasyoM (mopacIyoM) meM pramukha hai, yaha ati pavitra hai pratyakSa pahAyaka hai, dharmayukta 87. tApAvipaMcasaMskArI nvejyaakrmkaarkH| arthapaMcakavi vipro saamaanaamtH||pm0 (6 / 280 27), tApa Adike lie dekhie apara isI adhyAya kI pAda-TippaNI va prakArako pUvA ke lie dekhie Age vAlI ttippnnii| jina pAMca zIrSakoM ke antargata rAmAnuja sampradAya ke siddhAnta vivekSiA hai ye haiM-(1) jIva, (2) Izvara, (3) upAya (Izvara taka pahuMcane kA mArya), (4) phala yA pulavA (nAnapAcIvana ke satya), (5) viroghinaH (bhagavatprApti ke mArga meM virodhIgala arthAt baassaaeN)| nArAyaNa-mRta kA namaka anya meM ina pAMcoM zIrSakoM ke 5-5 vibhAga bhI liye gaye haiN| dekhie ga0 Ara0bI0 bhakAramA prosIbinsa Ava di iNTaranezanala kAMgresa Aba bosimvalisTsa', viyenA, 1886 mArya vibhAga, 10 101-110, jahA~ arthapaMcaka kA niSkarSa diyA gayA hai|

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466 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hai, avinAzI hai tathA bar3A sugama hai' ( gItA 9 / 2 ) / gItA ke anusAra bhaktimArga jJAnamArga se apekSAkRta sarala hai / C bhAgavata ( 7 / 5 / 23-24 ) meM bhakti ke 9 prakAra kahe gaye haiM - viSNu ke viSaya meM sunanA, unakA kIrtana karanA (bAra-bAra nAma lenA ), smaraNa karanA, pAda sevana karanA ( viSNu kI mUrti kI sevA karanA), arcana karanA, ' ( pUjA karanA), vandana karanA ( natamastaka ho praNAma karanA ), dAsya bhAva grahaNa karanA ( apane ko viSNu kA dAsa samajhanA), viSNu ko sakhA (mitra) ke rUpa meM mAnanA evaM Atmanivedana ( arthAt unheM apane Apako samarpita kara denA ) / nAradamaktisUtra (83) ke anusAra yaha 11 prakAra kI hai, yathA - guNamAhAtmya, rUpa, pUjA, smaraNa, dAsya, sakhya, vAtsalya, kAnta, Atmanivedana, tanmayatA, parama viraha kI 11 AsaktiyA~ / vRddhahArItasmRti (81-83) ne thor3e antara ke sAtha 9 prakAra kiye haiN| aisA nahIM socanA cAhie ki ye 9 prakAra eka hI samaya prayojita hote haiN| eka bhakta inameM se kisI eka kA sahArA lekara saccA bhakta ho sakatA hai aura mokSa pA sakatA hai ( zANDilyasUtra 73 ) / gItA ( 7 / 16-17) meM AyA hai - 'uttama karma karane vAle arthArthI, Arta, jijJAsu evaM jJAnI - aise cAra prakAra ke bhakta mujhako majate haiN| unameM nitya mujhameM ekIbhAva se sthita ananya premabhakti vAlA jJAnI bhakta ati uttama hai, kyoMki mujhako tatva se jAnane vAle jJAnI ko maiM atyanta priya hU~ aura vaha jJAnI mujhe atyanta priya hai / ' zANDilya0 meM AyA hai ki bhakti ke cAra svarUpa, yathA smRti, kIrtana, kathA ( unake viSaya kI kathAe~ kahanA) evaM namaskAra una logoM lie haiM jo haiM yA prAyazcitta karanA cAhate haiM | viSNupurANa ( 226 / 39) meM AyA hai ki kRSNa kA smaraNa sabhI prAyazcittoM meM zreSTha hai / zANDilya0 meM punaH AyA hai ki ve vyakti jo mahApAtakI haiM ve kevala Arto vAlI bhakti kara sakate haiM, kintu pApamocana ke uparAnta ve anya bhakti prakAroM kA Azraya le sakate haiN| gItA meM navadhA bhakti ke spaSTa nAma nahIM Aye haiM, kintu inameM adhikAMza katipaya zlokoM (yathA gItA 9 / 14, 26, 27) se tathA purANoM ke vacanoM se ekatra kiye jA sakate haiN| udAharaNArtha, viSNupurANa (2/9/39) meM AyA hai - 'jo mI tapoM se pUrNa evaM dAnAdi vAle prAyazcitta haiM unameM kRSNanAmasmaraNa sabase uttama hai / ' isI purANa eka sthAna para punaH AyA hai - 'bhakti ke sAtha unake nAma kA anusaraNa pApa vilayana kA sarvottama sAdhana hai, jisa prakAra agni dhAtuoM kA hai| bhAgavata (11 / 2 / 36 ) meM AyA hai-- 'bhakta apane zarIra, vANI, mana, indriyoM, buddhi yA 88. zravaNaM kIrtanaM viSNoH smaraNaM pAdasevanam / arcanaM vandanaM dAsyaM satyamAtmanivedanam / / iti puMsArpitA viSNau bhaktizcezavalakSaNA / kriyate bhagavatyaddhA tanmanye'dhItamuttamam // bhAgavata 7 / 5 / 23-24 / prahlAva ise apane pitA se kahatA hai / 'smRtikIrtyoH kathAdezcAta prAyazcittabhAvAt / zANDilya 74 ; smaraNakIrtanakathA namaskArAdInAmArta bhaktau nivezaH / svapnezvara ; mahApAtakinAM tvAta / zANDilya 82; patanahetupAparatAnAM ca punarAtibhakto evAdhikAraH prAyazcitavat tatpApakSayasya sarvApekSayAmyahatatvAt / .. . tadapagame tu sutarAmadhikArasiddhiH / dekhie bhaktiprakAza (vIramitrodaya kA eka aMza, pR0 30 -128) jahA~ navadhA bhakti kI vyAkhyA kI gayI hai / tAntrikoM ne bhI bhakti ke ina nau rUpoM ko apanAyA hai, jaisA ki rudrayAmala (271103-104) meM AyA hai - 'mananaM kIrtanaM dhyAnaM smaraNaM pAdasevanam / arcanaM nivedanam / etadbhaktiprasAdena jIvanmuktastu sAdhakaH // ' 89. prAyazcittAnyazeSANi tapaHkarmAtmikAni vai / yAni teSAmazeSANAM kRSNAnusmaraNaM param // viSNu0 2 / 6 / 39, padma0 6 / 72/13 yannAmakIrtana bhaktyA vilAyanamanuttam / maitreyAzeSapApAnAM dhAtUnAmiva pAvakaH // viSNupu0 ( svapnezvara dvArA zANDilyabhaktisUtra 74 kI vyAkhyA meM uddhRta ) /

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bhakti ke 9 yA 11 bheda; niSkAma karma evaM zaraNAgati 467 AtmA yA dhAtu-svabhAva se jo kucha karatA hai use saba kucha nArAyaNa ko samarpita kara denA caahie|' yaha gItA (9 / 27) ke samAna hI hai aura ise dAsya bhakti kahA jA sakatA hai; kintu arjuna kI bhakti sakhya bhakti hai (gItA 4 // 3, kRSNa ne arjuna ko apanA bhakta evaM mitra kahA hai)| aisA prakaTa hotA hai ki gItA ne bhakta dvArA jIvana meM apanI sthiti ke anurUpa kartavya-pAlana ko bhagavAn kI pUjA (arcana yA pUjA) kahA hai--'apane kartavyoM ke pAlana dvArA usa bhagavAn kI pUjA se (jahA~ phala kI koI kAmanA na ho) jisase yaha loka nikalA huA hai, aura jisase yaha loka parivyApta hai, vyakti pUrNatA prApta karatA hai (kevala puSpoM ke car3hAne yA nAma ke anusmaraNa se hI nhiiN)|' isI ko niSkAma karma kahA gayA hai| uparyukta niSkAmakarma ko, jo gItA kA mukhya siddhAnta hai, purANoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| agnipurANa (adhyAya 381) ne 58 zlokoM meM gItA kA niSkarSa upasthita kiyA hai jo adhikAMzataH gItA ke hI vacana haiN| eka zloka ke sAtha niSkarSa kA anta kiyA gayA hai aura antima zloka meM bhakti para bala diyA gayA hai| garuDapurANa ne gItA ko 28 zlokoM meM rakhA hai (1 / 210-238) / padmapurANa (6 / 171-188) ne gItA ke 18 adhyAyoM meM pratyeka kA mAhAtmya upasthita kiyA hai (kula 1005 zlokoM meN)| aura dekhie kUrma (1 / 3 / 21; 27 / 28), mArkaNDeya (92 / 15) evaM bhAgavata (11 / 3 / 46) / upaniSadoM kA advaita siddhAnta (yathA-IzA0 16; tai0 upa0 3 / 4 evaM 8; bR. upa0 2 / 4 / 14, 4 / 3 / 30-. 31, 4 / 5 / 15) jJAniyoM ke lie hai| upaniSad sarvasAdhAraNa ko kucha nahIM detIM, unase bhagavAn, yA parama tattva, mAnava ke antima rUpa, paramAtma-prApti ke mArga ke viSaya meM sAdhAraNa logoM ko kucha nahIM prApta hotA aura na unakI samasyAoM kA samAdhAna hI milatA hai| gItA ne sAmAnya athavA sAdhAraNa vyakti kI samasyAe~ uThAyI haiM, isane nimna stara ke logoM ko bhI AzA dI hai ki unake jIvana meM bhI vaha parama tattva evaM satya svarUpa samA sakatA hai, yadi aise loga apane dainika kartavyoM evaM apanI sthiti ke anurUpa karmoM ko bhagavAn meM samarpita kara deM to unheM mukti milegii| yadi loga zraddhA ke sAtha bhagavAna kI kRpA pUrNa zaraNa meM A jAya~ to mokSa-pada kI prApti ho jaay| gItA (9 / 30-32) meM udghoSaNA hai-'yadi koI atizaya durAcArI bhI ananyabhAva se merA bhakta hokara mujhako bhajatA hai, to vaha sAdhu hI mAnane yogya hai, kyoMki vaha yathArtha nizcaya vAlA hai| arthAt usane bhalI bhA~ti nizcaya kara liyA hai ki paramezvara ke bhajana ke samAna anya kucha bhI nahIM hai| vaha zIghra hI dharmAtmA ho jAtA hai aura sadA rahane vAlI parama zAnti ko prApta hotA hai| he arjuna, tU nizcayapUrvaka satya jAna ki merA bhakta naSTa nahIM hotaa| he arjuna, strI, vaizya, zUdra tathA pApayoni cANDAla Adi jo koI bhI hoM, ve bhI merI zaraNa meM Akara parama gati ko prApta karate haiN|' aura dekhie zANDilyasUtra (78) / purANa usI svara se udghoSita karate haiM jisa svara meM gItA ke vacana haiM, balki ve apekSAkRta adhika spaSTa evaM balazAlI haiN| brahmapurANa ne gItA (9 / 32) kA anvaya mAtra de diyA hai--'merA bhakta, bhale hI vaha cANDAla ho, kintu satya zraddhA se apanI kAmanA kI tuSTi pAtA hai; anyoM ke viSaya meM kahane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai ?' padmapurANa (1 / 5 / 10 evaM 4 / 10 / 66) meM AyA hai-'pulkasa, yahA~ taka ki . 90. yataHpravRttirbhUtAnAM yena sarvamidaM tatam / svakarmaNA tamabhyarcya siddhi vindati maanvH|| gItA (18446) / 91. ataHpravRtti...myarcya viSNuM siddhi ca vindati / karmaNA manasA vAcA sarvAvasthAsu srvdaa| brahmAvistambaparyantaM jagat viSNaM ca vetti yH| siddhimApnoti bhagavadbhakto bhAgavato dhruvam // agnipu0 (381156-58) / karmANyasaMkalpitatatphalAni saMnyasya viSNo paramAtmabhUte / avApya tAM karmamahImanante tasmillayaM ye tvamalAH prayAnti / / viSNu0 (2 / 3 / 25) /

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468 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa zvapAka aura mleccha jAtiyoM ke loga bhI, yadi ve hari ke. caraNoM kI sevA karate haiM, vandya evaM mahAbhAga ho jAte haiM'; 'eka zvapAka bhI vaiSNaba hai yadi usake adharoM para hari kA nAma ho, jisake hRdaya meM viSNu vidyamAna hoM, aura jisake udara meM viSNu kA naivedya (car3hA huA prasAda) jAtA ho|' bhAgavatapurANa (2 / 4 / 18) meM nimnokta vaktavya pAyA jAtA hai-'usa prabhaviSNu ko namaskAra, jisakI zaraNa meM pahuMcane para kirAta (parvatavAsI, yathA bhIla Adi), hUNa, andhra, pulinda, pulkasa, AbhIra, kaMka, yavana, khasa Adi tathA anya pApI vyakti zuddha ho jAte haiN|'92 ye kevala vacana mAtra nahIM haiM, pratyuta ye kAryAnvita bhI hote the| madhyakAla meM nArI bhaktiniyA~ huI haiM, yathA mIrAbAI (uttarI bhArata) tathA ANDAla (dakSiNI bhArata); rAyadAsa (raidAsa), jo camAra the aura rAmAnanda ke ziSya the; ajAmila jaise pApI bhI santoM ke samAna sammAnita hue the| kabIra (eka musalamAna julAhA) evaM tukArAma jaise anapar3ha santoM kI vANiyA~ kaTTara brAhmaNoM dvArA bhI bar3e manoyoga se par3hI jAtI haiN| 11 vIM zatI ke uparAnta jaba bhArata pazcimottara bhAga ke muslima AkramaNoM se AkrAnta ho uThA to isake samakSa eka mahAn cunautI A upasthita huii| vaha cunautI kaI DhaMgoM se svIkAra kI gyii| pahalA DhaMga thA smRtiyoM ke vistRta nibandhoM kA praNayana, jinameM sabase prAcIna upalabdha nibandha hai kRtyakalpataru, jo lakSmIdhara (lagabhaga 1110 se 1130 I0) dvArA praNIta hai| lakSmIdhara uttarI bhArata ke haiM, aura dUsare prAcIna nibandhakAra haiM hemAdri (13vIM zatI ke tIsare caraNa meM), jo dakSiNa bhArata meM utpanna hue the| dUsarA evaM atyanta mahattvapUrNa DhaMga thA aadhyaatmik| 13 vIM zatI se 17 vIM zatI taka abhUtapUrva AdhyAtmika punaruddhAra kI utkrAntiyA~ panapIM, jinake phalasvarUpa bhArata ke sabhI bhAgoM meM santoM evaM rahasyavAdiyoM kA prAdurbhAva huA, yathA---jJAnezvara, nAmadeva, rAmAnanda, kabIra, caitanya, dAdU (rAjasthAna), nAnaka, vallabhAcArya, ekanAtha, tukArAma, rAmadAsa Adi, jinake pramukha tatva eka hI the, yathA paramAtmA eka hai, Atma-zuddhi, jAti kI uccatA kI bhartsanA, pUjA ke ADambaroM kI nindA tathA mokSa ke lie bhagavAn meM aatmsmrpnn| tIsarA DhaMga thA svatantra rAjyoM kI sRSTi, yathA--vijayanagara (1330-1565 I0), mahArASTra (zivAjI tathA pezavAoM ke zAsana kAla meM) evaM sikkhoM kA paMjAba meM raajy| isa antima kA vivaraNa hama yahA~ nahIM kreNge| 92. kirAtahaNAndhrapulindapulkasA AbhIrakakA yavanAH khsaadyH| yenye ca pApA yadupAzrayAzrayAH zudhyanti tasmai prabhaviSNave nmH||bhaagvt 2 / 4 / 18 / jaba vizvAmitra ke 50 putroM ne apane pitA dvArA goda liye gaye putra zunazzepa ko apane bar3e bhAI ke rUpa nahIM svIkAra kiyA to vizvAmitra ne zApa diyA ki inakI santAne andhra hoMgI, nimna jAti kI sthiti vAlI hoMgI aura ve zabara Adi hoMgI tayA adhika saMkhyA meM vasya hoMgI--'tAnanuvyAjahArAntAnvaH prajA bhakSISTeti / ta ete'ndhrAH puNDrAH zabarAH pulindAH mUtibA ityudantyA bahavo bhavanti vaizvAmitrA dasyUnA bhuuyisstthaaH| ai0 bA0 (7 / 18, adhyAya 3666) / aura dekhie epi0 iNDi0 (jilba 8, pR088), jahAM zivadatta ke putra Izvarasena nAmaka AbhIra rAjA ke 93 varSa kA abhilekha vaNita hai| pulkasa evaM zvapAka aspRzya tathA antyaja kahe gaye haiN| vAjasaneyasaMhitA (30 / 16) meM kirAtoM ko guphAoM meM rahane vAle kahA gayA hai| mausalaparva (7446-63) meM AbhIroM ko vasya evaM mleccha kahA gayA hai| jaba arjuna kRSNa ke antardhAna hone ke uparAnta yAdava-striyoM ko liye jA rahe the to AbhIroM ne una para paJcanada meM AkramaNa kara diyA aura una striyoM ko hara liyA (mausalaparva, 8.16-17) / aura dekhie viSNupurANa (5 / 38 / 12-28) / matsya (273 / 18) ne dasa AbhIra rAjAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| khasa jAtiyoM meM eka paramparA thI apane mRta bhAI kI patnI se vivAha kara lenaa|

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46 bhakti kA prabhAva-sahiSNutA, udAratA evaM atyuktiyA~ bhakti ke siddhAnta ne hindU samAja ke sabhI daloM ko prabhAvita kiyA aura jaba purANoM dvArA bhakti kA pracAra bar3hA to bauddha dharma se hindU loga bAhara nikalate gye| apitu, svayaM mahAyAnI bauddha sampradAya ne bhakti siddhAnta ko apamA liyA aura 'milinda prazna', 'saddharmapuNDarIka' jaise granthoM meM aise vacanoM kA samAveza ho gayA jo gItA se bahuta milate-julate haiN| gItA meM aisI Azcaryajanaka sahiSNutA evaM saMyojana pAyA jAtA hai jo mahAn paigambaroM dvArA saMsthApita anya dharmoM meM nahIM upalabdha hotaa| gItA (9 / 23) meM AyA hai-'yahA~ taka ki ve loga, jo anya devoM ke bhakta haiM aura unheM bhakti evaM vizvAsa ke sAtha pUjate haiM, (parokSa rUpa se) mujhe hI bhajate haiM, kintu azAstrIya vidhi se|' bhAgavatapurANa (10 / 408-10) meM yahI bAta bar3hAkara kahI gayI hai| zAntiparva (341 / 36) meM bhI yahI vicAra ullikhita hai.4'jo brahmA, ziva yA anya devatAoM kI pUjA karate haiM aura jinakA AcaraNa prabaddha hai (anta meM) ve mujha parama tattva ke pAsa hI Ate haiN|' isa siddhAnta kA srota Rgveda meM pAyA jAtA hai, jahA~ yaha AyA hai"--'usI eka ko muni loga kaI nAmoM se kahate haiM; ve use agni, yama, mAtarizvA (vAyu) kahate haiN|' hama yahA~ para bhakti kI vibhinna zAkhAoM, yathA--rAmAnuja, madhva, caitanya, vallabha Adi dvArA pravartita zAkhAoM kA ullekha sthAnAbhAva se nahIM kara skeNge| purANoM ne bhakti ke pracAra meM atyukti bhI kara dI hai| brahmapurANa (216187-89) meM AyA hai-'moha meM Akara bahuta pApa kara DAlane para bhI pApa ko harane vAle hari ke smaraNa se vyakti naraka meM nahIM jAtA hai| ye myakti jo sadaiva janArdana kA smaraNa karate haiM ve zaThatA karane para bhI mRtyUparAnta sukhamaya viSNuloka cale jAte haiN| vaha vyaSisa bhI, jo atyanta krodha meM Asakta rahatA hai, hari ke nAma kA smaraNa karane se pAparahita ho jAtA hai aura muktipada prApta kara letA hai, jaisA ki cedi deza ke rAjA ne kiyA thaa| vAmanapurANa (94 / 58-59) meM AyA hai ki jo viSNu kA bhakta hai use bahuta-se mantroM kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| 'namo nArAyaNAya' nAmaka mantra sarvArthasAdhaka hai| jo viSNu ke lie meksi rakhate haiM, unakI jaya hotI hai, jinake hRdaya meM indIvara zyAma janArdana basate haiM unakI parAjaya kA prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| vAmana evaM padma kA kathana hai ki viSNu ke nAma lene se vaise hI phala prApta hote haiM jo isa pRthivI ke pavitra tIrthoM evaM sthAnoM meM jAne se milate haiN| 93. yepyanyadevatA bhaktA yajante shrddhyaanvitaaH| tepi mAmeva kaunteya yajantyavidhipUrvakam // gItA 9 / 23; svAmevAnye zivoktena mArgeNa zivarUpiNam / bahvAcAryavibhedena bhagavansamupAsate / / sarva eva yajanti tvAM sarvadevamapezvaram / ye'pyanyadevatAbhaktA yadyapyagyaSiyaHprabho // yayAdriprabhavA nadyaH parjanyApUritAH prbho| vizanti sarvataH sindhaM tadvatvAM gtyo'nttH||bhaagvt (1040 / 8-10) / 94. brahmANaM zitikaNThaM ca yAzcAnyA devatAH smRtaaH| prabuddhacaryAH sevanto mAmevaSyanti yatparam // zAnti (341336) / 95. eka saviprA bahudhA vadantyagniM yamaM mAtarizvAnamAhuH // R0 (12164146) / 96. cevi deza kA rAjA sambhavataH zizupAla thA, jisakI kathA sabhAparva (adhyAya 43-46) meM bhAyI hai| vaha kRSNa ko bahina kA putra thaa| kRSNa ne usake 100 aparAdhoM ko kSamA kara dene kA vacana diyA thA aura anta meM yudhiSThira ke rAjasUya yajJa ke avasara para use mAra ddaalaa| zizupAla kI kathA viSNupu0 (4 / 15 / 1-17) meM bhI AyI hai aura aisA ullekha hai ki zizupAla zrI kRSNa kA nAma sadaiva letA rahatA thA aura unheM zatru ke rUpa meM sadaiva smaraNa rakhatA thA, isI se vaha anta meM bhagavAna ke pAsa pahuMca gyaa|

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470 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa - katipaya purANa, vizeSataH viSNu evaM bhAgavata bhakti ke saiddhAntika evaM vyAvahArika prayogoM, usakI prazaMsAoM tathA usase sambandhita kathAnakoM se paripUrNa haiN| sthAnAbhAva se hama vistAra meM nahIM jA skte| kucheka viziSTa bAteM yahA~ de dI jA rahI haiN| bhAgavatapurANa kI prazaMsA meM padmapurANa meM yoM AyA hai-~-'sahasroM azvamedha aura saikar3oM vAja reya yajJa zuka dvArA kahI gayI gAthA ke solahaveM aMza ke barAbara bhI nahIM ho skte| jo koI bhAgavata ke Adhe zloka yA cauthAI zloka kA pATha karatA hai vaha azvamedha evaM rAjasUya yajJa kA phala prApta karatA hai| jo mRtyu ke samaya zukazAstra (bhAgavata) sunatA hai, govinda usase prasanna hokara vaikuNTha pradAna karate haiM; viSNu ke nAma lene se sabhI pApa kaTa jAte haiM, yaha svayaM eka prAyazcitta hai, kyoMki smaraNa karate samaya kevala viSNu hI mana meM avasthita rahate haiN|' eka anya bAta hai ajAmila kI kathA (bhAgavata 6 / 1 / 20 evaM 6 / 2; padma 1 / 31 / 109 evaM 6 / 87 / 7 Adi) / ajAmila jisane apanI brAhmaNa patnI kA tyAga kiyA thA aura eka dAsI ko rakha liyA thA, caritra-bhraSTa thA tathA corI evaM jue ke durguNoM se paripUrNa thaa| jaba vaha 80 varSa kI Ayu meM apanI maraNa-seja se apane kaniSTha putra nArAyaNa ko (jo dasa dAsIputroM meM eka thA) jora se pukArane lagA aura snehavaza usI nAma ko mana meM rakhe rahA to vaha pApamukta ho gayA aura kaThina tapaHsAdhya sthiti ko prApta ho gyaa| isa prakAra kI kathAoM se eka vizvAsa-sA jaga uThA ki mRtyu ke samaya antima vicAra apane anurUpa nayA jIvana pradAna karatA hai (ante matiH sA gtiH)| upaniSadoM meM isa antima vicAra kA mUla bIja upasthita hai (chA0 upa0 3 / 14 / 1, 8 / 2 / 10, bR0 upa0 4 / 4 / 5) / 'milinda prazna' (esa0 bI0 I0, jilda 35, pR.0 123-124) meM antima vicAra ke mahattva kI isa bhAvanA para praznottara huA hai| aisA sambhava hai ki kevala eka bAra bhagavAn ke nAma kA AhvAna, pazcAttApa ke uparAnta zraddhApUrvaka kevala eka satkarma tathA bhagavAna kI icchA ke anurUpa Atma-samarpaNa aparAdha evaM pApamaya jIvana ke phala ko kATa de| ajAmila ke jIvana kI gAthA kA yahI naitika niSkarSa hai| kintu isase eka durbhAvanA utpanna ho sakatI hai ki vyakti jIvana bhara durAcArI rahe, bhraSTa rahe tathA hara sambhava pApa evaM aparAdha karatA rahe, kintu yadi vaha marate samaya bhagavAn kA nAma le le to usake sabhI pApa kaTa jaayeNge| yaha eka bhayaMkara siddhAnta hai| gItA (815-7) isa para prakAza DAlatI hai-'vaha vyakti, jo mujhe marate samaya smaraNa karatA hai aura zarIra tyAga kara isa saMsAra se calA jAtA hai, merA tattva prApta karatA hai, isameM koI sandeha nahIM hai| jaba vyakti maratA hai usa samaya vaha jo kucha AkAra yA svarUpa smaraNa karatA hai, vaha usI ko prApta hotA hai, kyoMki vaha usI AkAra yA pratimA yA svarUpa meM sadaiva saMlagna thaa| ataH mujhe sadA smaraNa karo aura yuddha karo; isameM koI sandeha nahIM ki mujhameM apanA mana evaM buddhi lagAkara tuma mujhe prApta kroge|' isa vacana kA tAtparya yaha hai (gItA kA aisA nirdeza hai) ki vyakti bhagavAn kA nAma marate samaya tabhI smaraNa kara sakegA jaba vaha jIvana bhara vaisA karatA rahegA, jaba ki vaha apane kartavyoM kA pAlana niSkAma bhAva se karatA rhegaa| aisA adhikatara nahIM hotA aura yaha eka prakAra se asambhava hai ki vyakti jIvana bhara pApa karatA rahe aura anta meM marate samaya bhagavAn kA nAma lene lge| yahI bAta punaH kahI gayI hai (8 / 10-13; 13 / 3 : yo yacchraddha: sa eva sH)| isa siddhAnta ke rahate hue bhI ki paramAtmA eka hai, aura yaha jAnate hue ki cAhe jisa rUpa meM hama kisI devatA ko pUjeM, vaha pUjA paramAtmA ko hI prApta hotI hai, vaiSNavoM evaM zavoM meM bar3e bhayaMkara vAk-yuddha hote rahe haiN| udAharaNArtha, varAhapurANa (70 / 14 'nArAyaNaH paro devaH') ne rudra dvArA viSNu kI mahattA ghoSita karAyI hai, aura zaiva siddhAntoM ko, vedoM ke bAhara kI bAteM kaha kara nindita kiyA hai aura aisA mata prakAzita kiyA hai--'yaha avaidika mata svayaM ziva ne viSNu kI prArthanA para logoM ko bhrama meM DAlane ke lie pravartita kiyA hai|' kucha purANoM ne aisA pracAra karanA Arambha kiyA ki bauddha evaM jaina asura evaM devoM ke zatru haiM, aura ve bhagavAn dvArA jAna-bUjhakara bhramita

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purANoM meM dhArmika atyuktiyAM evaM nindAeM kara diye gaye haiN| udAharaNArtha, matsya (24143-49) meM AyA hai ki raji ke putroM ne indra ko rAjya evaM yajJoM ke bhAga (aMza) se vaMcita kara diyA; indra kI prArthanA para bRhaspati ne veda ke viruddha jina-dharma nAmaka grantha likhakara raji ke putroM ko bhramita kara diyA aura taba indra ne unheM mAra ddaalaa| vAyu (96 / 230-32), matsya (47 / 11-12), bhAgavata (1 / 3 / 24) ne, lagatA hai, aisA kahA hai ki svayaM viSNu ne logoM ko bhrama meM DAla diyaa| agni (16 // 1-4) meM bhI AyA hai ki viSNa ne bauddhoM ko bhramita kara diyA thaa| viSNupurANa (3 / 17-18) meM ullikhita hai ki jaba deva loga asuroM (jo tapa karate the aura vedAdhyayana karate the) dvArA parAjita hue to ve viSNu ke pAsa gaye aura sahAyatA ke lie prArthanA kii| isa para viSNu ne apane zarIra se mAyA-moha utpanna kiyA aura use devoM ko samarpita kara diyaa| mAyAmoha naMgA thA, usane apanA sira muMr3A rakhA thA aura usake hAtha meM mora ke paMkha the| vaha narmadA ke taToM para tapa karane vAle asuroM ke pAsa gayA (3 / 18 / 12) aura bolA ki yadi de usakI bAta mAneMge to mukti kI prApti kreNge| usane unheM veda ke mArga se vicalita kara diyA aura unheM haThavAdI tarka ke niyama batalAkara dharma se vicalita kara diyaa| isake uparAnta vaha anya asuroM ke pAsa jAkara bolA ki pazu-yajJa pApamaya hai aura unheM nirvANa evaM vijJAnavAda kA pATha pddh'aayaa| kucheka vacana bar3e vicitra haiM--'kucha hI kSaNoM meM asura loga mAyAmoha dvArA mohita ho gaye aura tInoM vedoM para Azrita mArga kA avalambana chor3a diyaa| kucha ne vedoM kI nindA kI, kucha ne devoM kI, tathA yajJa-kAryakalApoM evaM brAhmaNoM kI nindA kii| (unhoMne socA yA kahA ki) 'dharma ke lie (yajJoM meM) hiMsA (pazu-bali) ucita hai aisA kathana tarkasaMgata nahIM hai| aisA kahanA ki agni meM havi DAlane se (usa loka meM) phala milegA, mUrkhatA hai; (yadi aisA kahA jAya ki) bahuta-se yajJoM ke dvArA hI indra ko devatva kI sthiti prApta huI aura vaha zamI vakSa kI samidhA kA upabhoga karatA hai, to vaha paza jozamI kI pattiyA~ khAtA hai, indra se baDhakara hai| yadi veda esA cAhate haiM ki yajJa meM bali diyA huA pazu svarga prApta karatA hai, to yajamAna svayaM apane pitA ko yajJa meM kyoM nahIM mAra DAlatA (aura use svarga meM bheja detA)? yadi koI (putra) (isa vicAra se) zrAddha karatA hai ki jo kisI dvArA khAyA jAtA hai (zrAddha meM brahmabhoja) usase dUsare (yajamAna ke mRta pitA) kI tRpti hotI hai, to yAtrI loga ; (apanI pITha para) anna na Dhote aura na thkte|' ye aise tarka haiM jinheM nAstika (cArvAka loga) prayoga meM lAte haiN|" yaha draSTavya hai ki kulArNavatantra jaise tAntrika grantha ziva se aisA kahalAte haiM ki unhoMne kucha zAstroM kA . udghoSa kevala duSTa logoM ko, jo kaula dharma nahIM jAnate haiM, mohita karane ke lie kiyA thaa| __ 97. svalpenaiva hi kAlena mAyAmohena te'suraaH| mohitAstatyajuH sA trayImArgAzritAM kayAm // kecid vinindAvedAnAM devAnAmapare dvija / yajJakarmakalApasya tathAnye ca dvijanmanAm // natadyuktisahaM vAkyaM hiMsA dharmAya ceSyate / hISyanaladagdhAni phlaayetyrbhkoditm|| yajJaranekardevatvamavApyendreNa bhujyate / zamyAdi yadi cetkASThaM tadvaraM patrabhuk pshuH|| nihatasya pazoryajJe svrgpraaptirssdiissyte| svapitA yajamAnena kinnu tasmAnla hnyte|| tRptaye jAyate puMso bhuktamanyena cetttH| kuryAcchAvaM zramAyAnaM na vaheyuH prvaasinH|| viSNupu0 (3 / 18 / 24-29) / isI prakAra ke mAyAmoha ke viSaya meM dekhie pama0 (5 / 3 / 346-390, antima padya 24 tIrthaMkaroM kI ora saMketa karatA hai)| sarvavarzanasaMgraha (mahAmahopAdhyAya vAsudevazAstrI abhyaMkara dvArA sampAdita, 1924) meM cArvAkadarzana ke adhyAya meM kucha zloka bRhaspati se uddhRta haiM, yayA--pazuzcenihataH svarga jyotiSTome gamiSyati / svapitA yajamAnena taMtra kasmAna hiMsyate // pR0 131 dekhie padma (5 / 13 / 370-374) / . 98. bhAmitA hi mayA devi pazavaH zAstrakoTiSu / kuladharma na jAnanti vRthA shaastraabhimaaninH|| pazuzAstrANi

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jainoM evaM bauddhoM kI bhartsanA karate hue purANa ito Age cale gaye ki ve gItA (9 / 23) ke bacana ko bhI bhUla gaye (dekhie TippaNI 93 ) aura kahane lage ki jo brAhmaNa vaiSNava nahIM hai vaha nAstika ( pASaNDI) hai; svayaM viSNu ne buddha kA rUpa dhAraNa karake eka bhrAmaka zAstra kI udghoSaNA kI aura sabhI zAstra, yathA -- pAzupata, kaNNA kA vaizeSika, gautama kA nyAya, kapila kA sAMkhya evaM bRhaspati kA cArvAka tAmasa haiM; zaMkara kA mAyAvAda eka bhrAmaka zAstra hai aura pracchanna (chipA huA, dUsare veza meM) bauddha hai tathA jaimini kA vizAla zAstra (pUrvamImAMsA ) nindita kyoMki isane devoM ko apanI paddhati ke bhItara nirarthaka siddha kara diyA hai| padmapurANa (6 / 263/67-71 evaM 750 76) meM isa prakAra AyA hai" - "he devi, sunie, maiM krama se tAmasa zAstroM ke viSaya meM batAtA hU~, jinake smaraNa mAtra. se jJAnI loga bhI patita ho jAte haiM / sarvaprathama maiMne zaiva zAstroM, yathA pAzupata kA udghoSa kiyA; isake uparAnta zakti se abhibhUta ho brAhmaNoM ne nimnokta zAstra udghoSita kiye, yathA -- kaNAda ne vaizeSika paddhati kA udghoSa kiyA; nyAya evaM sAMkhya paddhatiyA~ krama se gautama evaM kapila dvArA udghoSita huI; ati garhita cArvAka siddhAnta kI udghoSaNA bRhaspati ne kI; svayaM viSNu ne buddha kA rUpa dhAraNa karake daityoM kA nAza karane ke lie una bor3oM ke bhrAmaka siddhAnta kI udghoSaNA kI jo naMge calate haiM yA nIlA vastra dhAraNa karate haiN| svayaM maiMne he devi, brAhmaNa rUpa dhAraNa karake kaliyuga meM usa mAyAvAda ke bhrAmaka zAstroM kI udghoSaNA kI, jo pracchanna bauddha haiN| brAhmaNa jaimini ne usa pUrvamImAMsA kA praNayana kiyA jo apane nirIzvaravAdI dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa vyartha hai / " sAMkhyapravacana bhASya meM vijJAnabhikSu (lagabhaga 1550 I0) ne padmapurANa ( 6 / 263 ) ke katipaya zloka uddhRta kiye haiM aura eka aisA vicitra mata prakAzita kiyA hai ki koI bhI zAstra, jo Astika ( jo AtmA ko mAnatA ) hai, aprAmANika nahIM hai. aura na kahIM koI virodha hai, pratyeka zAstra apanI paridhi meM zaktizAlI evaM satya hai / vaha maulika sAMkhyasUtra, jisa para usane TIkA kI hai, yaha asambhava sthApanA rakhatA hai ki sAMkhya kI zikSAe~ brahma kI vibhutA evaM ekatA vAle siddhAnta ke virodha meM nahIM pdd'tiiN| sAmpradAyika ananyasamAnatA evaM kaTTarapana itanA Age bar3ha gayA ki brahmANDa meM agastya evaM rAma kI vArtA ke bIca meM kaha diyA gayA hai ki kRSNa ( jo svayaM viSNu ke eka avatAra haiM) ke 108 nAma itane zaktizAlI haiM ki viSNu ke 1008 nAmoM ko tIna bAra kahane se jo puNya prApta hotA hai vaha kRSNa ke 108 nAmoM meM kevala eka ko eka bAra kaha dene se prApta ho jAtA hai| 4572 sarvANi mayaiva kathitAni hi / mUrtyantaraM tu gatvaiva mohanAya durAtmanAm // kulArNavatantra ( 2 / 96-97, Arthara evAlI dvArA sampAdita) / 99. zRNu devi pravakSyAmi tAmasAni yathAkramam / yeSAM smaraNamAtreNa pAtityaM jJAninAmapi // prathamaM hi mayA coktaM zaivaM pAzupatAdikam / macchaktyA ve zirtavipreH proktAni ca tataH zRNu // kaNAdena tu saMproktaM zAstraM vaizeSikaM mahat / gautamena tathA nyAyaM sAMkhyaM tu kapilena vaM // viSaNena tathA proktaM cArvAkamatigarhitam / vaityAnAM nAzanArthAya viSNunA buddharUpiNA / bauddhazAstramasatproktaM nagnanIlapaTAdikam / mAyAvAdamasatchAstraM pracchalaM bauddhamucyate / mayaiva kathitaM devi kalau brAhmaNarUpiNA // dvijanmanA jaimininA pUrva cedmpaarthkm| nirIzvareNa vAvena kRtaM zAstraM mahattaram // padma 0 ( 6 / 263 / 67-71 evaM 75-76, sAMkhyapravacanabhASya, pR0 6-7 meM vijJAnabhikSu dvArA uddhRta) / 100 zRNu devi pravakSyAmi nAmnAmaSTottaraM zatam / sahasranAmnAM puNyAnAM trirAvRtyA tu yatatphalam // ekAcyA yasya nAmaka tatprayacchati / tasmAtpuNyataraM caitat stotraM pAtakanAzanam / / brahmANDa 0 ( 3 / 36 / 18-20) 21-41

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purANoM meM asahiSNutA kI kaTUktiyAM viSNupurANa evaM padmapurANa meM hI aisI nindoktiyA~ nahIM pAyI jAtIM ki svayaM viSNu yA ziva ko nAstikoM evaM vedavirodhiyoM ko moha meM DAlane ke lie bhrAmaka siddhAnta pratipAdita karane par3e, pratyuta anya purANa bhI yahI gIta gAte haiN| udAharaNArtha, kUrmapurANa ne kaI zAstroM evaM paddhatiyoM ke virodha meM kaI sthAnoM para vicAra prakaTa kiye haiN| do-eka vacana yahA~ diye jA rahe haiN| devI kahatI haiM-'bahuta-se zAstra jo isa loka meM vidyamAna haiM aura zrutiyoM evaM smRtiyoM ke viruddha haiM ve tAmasa haiM, yathA-kApAla, bhairava, yAmala (eka prakAra ke tAntrika grantha), vAma (tAntrikoM ke eka varga kI vAma kriyAe~), Arhata (jaina siddhAnta),ye tathA anya kevala moha utpanna karane ke lie haiN| maiMne dUsare janma meM logoM ko moha meM DAlane ke lie ina zAstroM ko prakaTa kiyA'; 'ata: una logoM kI unase, jo veda-prabhAva se bAhara haiM, rakSA ke lie tathA pApiyoM ke nAza ke lie hama, he ziva, unheM mohita karane ke lie zAstra likheNge| isa prakAra mAdhava (kRSNa) dvArA batAye jAne para rudra ne zAstra praNIta kiye aura logoM ko bhramita kiyA tathA rudra dvArA prerita ho viSNu ne bhI vaisA hI kiyA; donoM ne kApila, nAkula, vAma, bhairava (pUrva evaM uttarakAlIna), pAJcarAtra, pAzupata tathA sahasroM anya zAstra banAye / 109 'zaMkara mAnavamuNDoM kI mAlA pahana kara evaM zmazAna se bhasma lekara zarIra meM lagAkara , jaTAjUTa bA~dhe hue, isa saMsAra ko mohita karate hue tathA anya logoM ke kalyANa ke lie bhikSA mAMgate hue isa pRthivI para utre|' 'zabdoM dvArA bhI pAJcarAtra evaM pAzupata logoM kA sammAna nahIM karanA cAhie, kyoMki ve nAstika haiM, varjita vRttiyA~ karate haiM aura vAma zAkta AcaraNa karate haiN| jaba bauddha sAdhu, nimrantha, pAJcarAtra siddhAntavAdI, kApAlika, pAzupata evaM anya samAna nAstika loka (pASaNDI loga) jo duSTa evaM mohita hote haiM, zrAddha kA bhojana khA lete haiM to vaha zrAddha nirarthaka ho jAtA hai, usakA isa loka evaM vAle zlokoM meM kRSNa ke 108 nAma Aye haiN| viSNu ke 1008 nAma mahAbhArata, anuzAsanaparva (149 / 14-120) evaM gar3apurANa (1 / 15 / 1-160) meM Aye haiN| 101. pAni zAstrANi dRzyante loke'sminvividhAni tu / zrutismRtiviruddhAni niSThA teSAM hi taamsii|| kApAlaM bhairavaM caiva yAmalaM vAmamAhartam / evaM vidhAni cAnyAni mohanAryAni tAni tu // mayA sRSTAni zAstrANi mohAyaiSAM bhvaantre|| kUrma0 1112 / 261-263; aura dekhie kUrmaH 1216617-19 evaM 24-26 jahA~ kApAla, nAkula, vAma, bhairava, pAMcarAtra evaM pAzupata usI kArya ke lie utpanna ullikhita haiN| tArAbhaktisuSArNava (chaThI taraMga) ne kUrma kA ukharaNa dete hue kahA hai ki ye vacana kevala veva kI prazaMsA meM kahe gaye haiM, unheM aisA nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki ve tAntrika bhAgamoM ko aprAmANika siddha karate haiN| 'nAkula' vahI haiM jo lakulIza-pAzupata-varzana meM varNita haiM (dekhie srvdrshnsNgrh)| liMgapurANa (24 / 124-133) meM lakulI ke viSaya meM vistAra se ullekha hai| vAyupurANa (23 // 221-224) meM AyA hai ki lakulI eka zaiva sampradAya kA pravartaka thA aura kAyArohaNa (Adhunika kAravaNa, bar3odA ke ubhoI tAlakA meM avasthita) usakA siba-kSetra thaa| mayurA abhilekha, jo candragupta dvitIya ke kAla (gapta saMvat 61, I0 380) kA hai, batAtA hai ki pAzupata sampradAya kA pravartaka lakulI IsA ke uparAnta prathama zatI meM humAyA (epi0 iNDi0, jilba 21) / dekhie ga0 Ara0 jI0 bhaNDArakara kRta vaiSNavijma, zaivijma Avi, pR. 166 evaM 'aiSTikviTIja ina kAravana vitha rephereMsa Tu lakulIza vaziSa' (jarnala mAva bAmbe yUni0, jilda 18, bhAga 4, pR042-67); epi.Ni, jilda 21, pR01-9, je0bI0 bI0 Ara0e0esa0, jilba 22, pR0 151-167 (donoM meM DA010 Ara0 bhaNDArakara ke lekha haiM); iNDi hisTrA0 kvA0, jilda 19, 1943, pR0 270-271, vahA~ para lakulI sampradAya ke udgama evaM itihAsa kA ullekha hai|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa paraloka meM koI upayoga nahIM hotaa|' kucha nAstika sampradAyoM kI jAnakArI ke lie dekhie zrI rAdhAkRSNa caudharI kRta lekha ' hereTikala sekTasa ina di purANaz2a' (e0 bI0 o0 Ara0 AI0, jilda 37, 1956 ) / gItA (16 vA adhyAya) ne mAnavoM ko do zreNiyoM meM bA~TA hai - devI pravRtti vAle evaM AsurI pravRtti vAle aura dUsarI zreNI ke logoM ko 7-20 zlokoM meM varNita kiyA hai| kucha zlokoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki vahA~ nAstikoM Adi kI ora nirdeza hai, kyoMki 8veM zloka meM AyA hai - 'unake kathanAnusAra yaha vizva satyarahita hai ( arthAt isameM kucha bhI aisA nahIM hai jisameM logoM kA vizvAsa ho ), isameM koI sthira siddhAnta nahIM hai ( yathA guNa yA doSa), yaha zAsaka- rahita hai, yaha kevala kAmajanita saMyoga dvArA utpanna hai|' unake vicAroM evaM AkAMkSAoM ke ullekha ke uparAnta gItA ne niSkarSa nikAlA hai - 'ye aise yajJakarma karate haiM jo kevala nAma mAtra haiM, unameM kevala chAdmikatA hai aura ve vidhi-vyavasthA ke pratikUla haiM; ve mujhe apane logoM evaM anya logoM meM ghRNA kI dRSTi se dekhate haiM; ina apavitra evaM krUra duSToM ko maiM sadaiva AsurI yoniyoM meM pheMkatA jAtA hU~; AsurI janmoM meM praviSTa ho ve mohita rahate haiM, pratyeka janma meM ve atyanta burI sthitiyoM meM par3a jAte haiM aura mere pAsa nahIM pahu~ca pAte haiN|' padma evaM anya purANoM ne pAzupatoM, pAJcarAtroM evaM anya avaiSNavoM ke viSaya meM jo kucha kahA hai usase uparyukta kathana pUrNatayA bhinna hai / bhAgavata mAhAtmya yA padma meM AyA hai ki bhakti kA udbhava sarvaprathama dravir3a deza meM huA, isakI vRddhi karNATaka meM huI, yaha mahArASTra ke kucha hI sthAnoM meM pAyI gayI aura gurjara deza meM isakI avanati huI; yaha bhayaMkara kaliyuga ke kAraNa pAkhaNDiyoM dvArA khaNDita ho gayI aura cirakAla taka durbala par3I rahI; kintu vRndAvana (mathurA ke pAsa) pahu~ca kara isane navIna rUpa dhAraNa kiyA aura surUpiNI ho gayI ( bhAgavatamA0 124148-50; padma0 6 / 189 / 54-56) / bhAgavata ( 11 / 5 / 38 - 40 ) meM punaH AyA hai ki kaliyuga meM loga kahIM kahIM pUrNatayA nArAyaNabhakta hoMge, kintu dravir3a deza meM, jahA~ tAmraparNI, kRtamAlA, kAverI evaM mahAnadI pazcima meM bahatI haiM, aise loga adhika vistAra se pAye jAyeMge, jo loga ina nadiyoM kA jala pIte haiM ve sAmAnyataH vAsudevabhakta hote haiN| 474 yaha adhikatara dekhane meM AtA hai ki adhikAMza naitika evaM AdhyAtmika utkrAntiyA~ Age calakara hIna avasthA ko prApta ho jAtI haiN| yaha bAta bhAgavata dharma ke sAtha bhI huii| atri-saMhitA meM bhAgavatoM ke viSaya meM eka vyaMgyAtmaka saMketa milatA hai ( zloka 384 ) - 'vedavihIna loga zAstra ( vyAkaraNa, vedAnta, nyAya Adi) par3hate haiM; zAstrahIna loga purANa par3hate haiM; purANahIna loga kRSaka hote haiM; kintu jo vahA~ bhI bhraSTa hote haiM, ve bhAgavata ho jAte haiM / 102 atri ke kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki bhAgavata loga AlasI hote haiM, jo na to veda par3hate haiM, na zAstra par3hate haiM aura na apanI jIvikA ke lie auroM ko purANa par3hakara sunAte haiM, yahA~ taka ki khetI (zrama) bhI nahIM karate, ve kevala viSNu yA kRSNa ke bhakta banakara anya logoM ke dAnoM para moTe musTaNDe bane rahate haiM, mAno bhagavAn kI bhakti meM par3akara ve saba kucha kA tyAga kara baiThe haiM / ve marAThI bhASA meM 'buvA' aura hindI meM 'bAbAjI' ke nAma se vikhyAta haiN|bhkti sampradAya kA eka anya manoraMjaka vikAsa hai madhurA bhakti, jo kRSNa evaM rAdhA kI bhakti se sambandhita hai aura caitanya evaM vallabhAcArya dvArA saMsthApita vaiSNavavAda ke rUpa meM prakaTa huI hai| isa viSaya meM dekhie DA0 esa 0. ke0 de kRta 'di vaiSNava phetha eNDa mUvameNTa ina beMgAla' ( kalakattA, 1942) evaM prastuta lekhaka kA grantha 'hisTrI Ava saMskRta poiTiksa' (1951), jahA~ pR0 298 - 302 meM rUpa gosvAmI kRta ujjvalanIlamaNi ke viSaya meM ullekha 102. vedavihInAzca paThanti zAstraM zAstreNa hInAzca purANapAThAH / purANahInAH kRSiNo bhavanti bhraSTAstatI bhAgavatA bhavanti // atrisaMhitA (384 vAM zloka) /

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RcAoM kA arya-saMbandhI prasaMga hai| vallabhAcArya dvArA saMsthApita bhakti-sampradAya meM guru ko atyadhika mahattva diyA gayA hai, vaha guru vallabhAcArya ke vaMzajoM meM hotA hai aura use divya sammAna diyA jAtA hai| eka anya bhakti-zAkhA rAma evaM sItA ko lekara calI hai jo rAmAyaNa evaM anya paramparAoM meM pAlita huI hai| maryAdA puruSottama bhagavAn rAma aura unakI patnI sItA madhurA bhakti ke ati zAlIna pratIka haiN| vallabhAcArya ke anuyAyiyoM meM guru bhakta se AzA karatA hai ki vaha use (guru ko) kRSNa samajhe aura svayaM apane ko gopI samajhe / sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa hama anya bhakti-zAkhAoM kA vivaraNa yahA~ nahIM upasthita kara skeNge| vedArtha para kucha vicAra ArAdhanA evaM karmakANDa ke prasaMga meM vaidika evaM paurANika mantroM ko parama mahattva pradAna kiyA gayA hai| tantroM evaM pUrvamImAMsA ke prakaraNa meM hama una para vistAra se vivecana upasthita kreNge| kintu thor3e meM, vizeSataH vaidika mantroM ke viSaya meM, yahA~ kucha kahA jA sakatA hai| Rgveda meM 'mantra' zabda lagabhaga 25 bAra AyA hai| kevala eka bAra 'mantrakRta' zabda AyA hai| apane grantha 'RgbhASya-bhUmikA' (aMgrez2I meM) meM kapAlI zAstrI ne yaha truTipUrNa bAta kahI hai-'hama Rk saMhitA meM mantra ke praNetA ke rUpa meM RSi kA ullekha bahudhA pAte haiM, aura ve kevala R0 9 / 114 / 2 evaM 1267 / 2 kA havAlA de pAte haiN| kintu 1167 / 2 meM 'mantrakRt' zabda AyA bhI nahIM hai| R0 1672 meM pratyakSa rUpa se 'RSi' kI ora koI saMketa nahIM hai, kevala 'nara' kI ora hai| prAcIna kAla meM mantroM dvArA indra ko dina meM tIna bAra thor3I dera ke lie bulAyA jAtA thA (R0 315338) / isI prakAra vijJa loga yama ko havi dene ke lie mantroM dvArA bulAle the (R0 1011414) R0 (1088 / 14) meM AyA hai-'hama mantroM ke sAtha apanA svara vaizvAnara agni kI ora uThAte haiM, jo vijJa haiM aura jo sabhI dinoM meM prakAza ke sAtha camakate haiN|' kabhI-kabhI 'mantra' zabda ekavacana meM bhI AyA hai, yathA R0 1140 / 5-6, 7 / 32 / 13, 10 / 191 / 3 / aura bhI dekhie R0 1131313, 117411, 12147 / 4, 1115212, 2 // 35 / 2, 6 / 50 / 14, 717 / 6, 1050 / 4 evaM 6, 10 / 106 / 11 / do sthAnoM (R0 10195 / 1 evaM 10 / 1913) meM 'mantra' zabda kA artha hai 'parAmarza, ekatra ho mantraNA krnaa|' R0 (1 / 20 / 4) meM 'RbhuoM ko 'satyamantrAH' kahA gayA hai aura aisA kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne apane mAtA-pitA ko yuvA banA diyA thaa| 'Rmu' kona haiM aura 'satyamantrAH' se unakA kyA sambandha hai, isa viSaya meM matabheda hai, spaSTa rUpa se kucha kahA nahIM jA sktaa| R0 (717614) prahelikAmaya kathana hai| isakA artha hai-'kevala ve (aMgirA), hamAre purAne pitara loga vidvAn (vijJa) logoM aura ucita mArga kA anusaraNa karate hue devoM ke sAtha kA Ananda lete rahe aura unhoMne (svarmAnu yA grahaNa dvArA) chipAye gaye prakAza (sUrya) ko prApta kiyaa| unhoMne, jinake mantra satya the, uSA ko prakaTa kiyaa|' kucha vacanoM meM, jahAM stoma yA brahma jaise zabda Aye haiM, kahA gayA hai ki bhakta dvArA stoma yA brahma nirmita kiye gaye yA camakAye gaye (R0 10139 / 14, 5 / 29 / 15, 7 / 32 / 2 evaM 10507) / 'gir' (kaI so bAra), 'ghIti' (lagabhaga sau bAra), 'brahma' (eka sau se adhika bAra), 'yati' (lagabhaga sau bAra), 'manISA' (60 bAra se adhika), 'vacas' evaM 103. RSe mantrAtA stomaiH kazyapovardhayan girH| somaM namasya rAjAnaM yo jajJe vIruSAM patirindrAyendo pari lv||0 (9 / 114 // 2) haste daSAno namNA vizvAnyame devAndhAd guhA nivIdan / vidantImatra naro SiyaM kA havA yattaSTAn mantrI azaMsan // R0 (116742); sAyaNa ne vyAkhyA kI hai : 'agnau havibhiH saha palAyite sati sarve devA anessurityrthH|' bajo nA bAdhAra pRthivIM tastambha dyAM mantrebhiH satyaH / R0 (1167 / 3) /

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 476 'vacasyA' (sau bAra se adhika), 'stoma' (200 bAra se adhika), 'sukIrti' (pA~ca bAra), 'sUkta' (cAra bAra ) ; ye zabda 'vicAra, zabda yA vicAre hue stotra yA prazasti- vAkya' ke artha meM prayukta hue haiN| katipaya prasaMgoM meM Rgveda ke RSiyoM kA kathana hai ki yaha eka nayA padya yA prazasti hai (jise ve prayukta kara rahe haiM) / dekhie R0 5 / 42 / 13, 6 / 49 / 1, 7/5312, 1143 / 1, 6181, 827457, 10/4/6, 6/62/5, 1/6013, 9/915, 9 9 8 | yaha draSTavya hai ki 'sukIrti' evaM 'sUkta' jaise zabda, jo kevala 4 yA 5 bAra prayukta hue haiM 'navya' (navIna) kahe gaye haiM kintu 'mantra' zabda, jo kitanI hI bAra prayukta huA hai, 'navInatA' ke vizeSaNa se kabhI bhI suzobhita nahIM kiyA gayA hai| isase yahI niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki bahuta se mantroM ke samUha pahale se hI vidyamAna the, jinase avasara par3ane para prArthanAe~ grahaNa kI jAtI thIM, yadyapi samaya-samaya para naye padya bhI jor3e jAte the / yahA~ para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki kahIM-kahIM Rgveda ne 'dhIti' jaisI prArthanAoM ko daivI kahA hai aura unheM azvinoM, uSA evaM sUrya ( 8135/2 ) kI prArthanAoM kI zreNI meM rakhA hai aura yaha bhI kahA hai ki prAcIna prArthanAe~ pUrva - puruSoM se prApta kI gayI haiM ( 3 | 3912, 'seyamasme sanajA pitryAdhIH ' ) / Rgveda ke bahuta se mantra evaM sUkta zuddha rUpa se dArzanika, sRSTi-sambandhI, rahasyavAdI evaM kalpanAzIla haiM, yathA 1 / 164 4, 6, 29, 32, 42, 10 / 71, 1090 ( puruSasUkta), 10 / 121 ( hiraNyagarbha ), 10 / 129, 10 / 81-82 ( vizvakarmA), 10 / 72, 10 / 125 ( vAk ), 10 / 154 ( mRtyUparAnta kI sthiti), 10 / 190 (sRSTi) / vaidika mantroM ke artha evaM upayoga ke viSaya meM kaI matabheda haiM / yahA~ itanA kahA jA sakatA hai ki pUrvamImAMsA ke anusAra sampUrNa veda kA sambandha yajJoM se hai, veda do zreNiyoM meM vibhAjita hai-- 'mantra evaM brAhmaNa yA vidhi vAkya', ' jo veda ke atyanta mahattvapUrNa aMga haiN| vaidika vacanoM meM bahuta-se arthavAda haiM ( yA to ve vidhiyoM kI prazastiyA~ haiM yA rUpaka dvArA vyAkhyA ke yogya haiM, yA ve kevala vahI duharAte haiM jo vidyamAna hai yA kevala kAlpanika haiM) tathA mantra kevala yajamAna yA purohitoM ke mana meM yaha bAta baiThAne kA kArya karate haiM ki yajJa meM kyA karanA hai tathA mantroM meM prayukta zabda vahI artha rakhate haiM jo sAmAnyataH saMskRta bhASA meM pAye jAte haiM / ke pUrva ( IsA se kaI zatiyoM pUrva ) vaidika mantra-vyAkhyA kI kaI zAkhAe~ thIM, yathA aitihAsikoM (jinhoMne nirukta 2 / 16 meM aisA kahA hai ki vRtra 'tvaSTA' kA putra evaM asura hai, nairuktoM ke anusAra vRtra kA artha 'bAdala' hai / veda meM yuddhoM kA AlaMkArika vivaraNa hai, tathA ve yugala jinheM R0 10 / 17 / 2 ke anusAra saraNyu ne tyAgA thA, indra evaM mAdhyamikA-vAk the, jaba ki aitihAsikoM ke anusAra ve yama evaM yamI haiM, jaisA ki nirukta 12010 meM varNita hai ) kI zAkhA, naMdAnoM kI zAkhA (syAla evaM sAma, nirukta 6 / 19), purAne yAjJikoM kI zAkhA (nirukta 5 / 11, R0 1 / 164 / 32) / parivrAjakoM evaM nairuktoM ne yAjJikoM kI zAkhA kI vyAkhyA vibhinna DhaMga se kI hai| nirukta meM aise 17 pUrvavartI logoM kA ullekha hai jo usase bhinna mata rakhate the aura Apasa meM bhI eka-dUsare se bhinna the, yathA-- AgrAyaNa, audumbarAyaNa, kautsa, gArgya, gAlava, zAkaTAyana, zAkapUNi / kaI aise mantra haiM jinake do-do artha nirukta dvArA kiye gaye haiM (yathA-R0 8 7714, nirukta 5 / 11) / R0 1 / 164 meM kaI mantroM ke do arthaM yA adhika artha kahe gaye haiM, sAyaNa ne 39 veM mantra ke cAra artha kiye haiM, 41 veM mantra kA artha sAyaNa ne do prakAra se kiyA hai aura ve donoM artha yAska ( nirukta 11140 ) se bhinna haiM; 45 veM mantra kI vyAkhyA sAyaNa ne 6 prakAra se kI hai, isakA artha mahAbhASya ne bhI kiyA hai / R0 4 / 58 | 3 ( catvAri zRMgA : ) kA artha Arambhika kAloM se hI kaI prakAra se kiyA jAtA rahA hai / nirukta ( 13 / 7 ) ne ise yajJa se sambandhita mAnA hai / yahI bAta mahAbhASya meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai / sAyaNa ne ise agni ( yajJIya) se sambandhita mAnA / yaha eka pahelI hI hai| zabara ne pUrvamImAMsAsUtra ( 1 2 38 ) ke bhASya meM isakA artha kiyA hai, kintu kumArila ne apanA matabheda prakaTa kiyA hai / R0 ( 1/164 ) meM 11-13 evaM 48 mantra bahuta hI kalpanAzIla evaM kavitvamaya haiM, inameM varSa, RtuoM, mAsoM, sampUrNa dinoM evaM rAtriyoM kA varNana hai /

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zrI aravina ghoSa aura RgvedArya 477 kucha varSa pUrva zrI aravinda ghoSa ne apane 'hImsa Tu di misTika phAyara' (gUr3ha artha meM anUdita, 1946) meM evaM unake bhakta ziSya zrI TI0 vI0 kapAlI zAstrI ne 'RgbhASyabhUmikA' (saMskRta evaM isakA aMgrejI anuvAda, pANDicerI, 1952) meM Rgveda ke mantroM ke viSaya meM eka siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA hai, jisakA thor3e meM yahA~ vivaraNa upasthita kiyA jA rahA hai| zrI aravinda ghoSa ne sarvaprathama Rgveda kA zabdazaH sampAdana evaM aMgrejI anuvAda karanA cAhA thA, parantu anya kAryoM meM ati vyasta hone ke kAraNa unhoMne vaha vicAra tyAga diyA aura ve prathama, dvitIya evaM chaThe maNDaloM ke 230 mantroM taka uparyukta grantha nirmita kara ske| unhoMne isa grantha meM 48 pRSThoM kI bhUmikA meM apane siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| jina dinoM yaha grantha likhA jA rahA thA, prastuta lekhaka (kANe) ko zrI aravinda ghoSa likhita 634 pRSThoM kA grantha 'Ana di veda' (1956 I0 meM prakAzita) milaa| 60 se adhika sUkta isa vizAla grantha meM vyAkhyAyita haiM aura uparyukta siddhAnta 283 pRSThoM meM vivecita huA hai| 'Ana di veda' ke 93 pRSTha para unaka kathana hai-'sAyaNa dvArA svIkRta nagamika vidhAna jyoM-kA-tyoM raha jAya, yUropIyoM dvArA svIkRta prakRtivAdI vicAradhArA sAmAnya mAnyatAoM ke anurUpa bhale hI mAna lI jAya, kintu ina saba ke pIche veda kA eka satya evaM gapta rahasya aba bhI chipA par3A huA hai ve rahasyabhare zabda jo pavitrAtmAoM ke lie kahe gaye the tathA unake lie niHsRta hue the jo jJAna ke rUpa meM jage hue the|' isa pustaka meM ve 'Rta' kA artha 'satya' mAnane para aDiga haiM au haiM aura pa084 para 'Rtam' ko 'satya-cetanA' ke artha meM (da.tha-kAMzasanesa) liyA hai| Rgveda ke una saikar3oM sthAnoM kI, jahA~ 'Rta' zabda prayukta huA hai, tulanA karake unhoMne apane artha ko hI samyak evaM samIcIna mAnA hai, jo adhikAMza lekhakoM ko mAnya nahIM hai| loga prakAza (lAiTa) evaM cetanA (kAMzasanesa) ke Adhunika evaM RgvedIya arthoM ke antara ko jAnanA caaheNge| jahA~ taka prastuta lekhaka ko jJAta hai, prAcIna pratIkavAdI bhASA meM 'cetanA' 'prakAza' ke anurUpa mAnI jAtI hai| zrI aravinda ghoSa ne apanI pustaka 'Ana di veda' meM sampUrNa veda ke kevala 1/15 aMza (Rgveda meM kula 1017 yA 1028 sUkta haiM) kA ullekha kiyA hai| unhoMne prathama grantha meM Rgveda ke kevala 1/40 veM bhAga kA anuvAda karake yaha cAhA hai ki loga unakI mAnyatA svIkAra kara leN| unhoMne 'Rta' jaise zabdoM kI vyAkhyA taka nahIM kI hai| __ zrI aravinda ghoSa ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki sAyaNAcArya ne veda kI AdhyAtmika prAmANikatA asvIkRta nahIM kI hai aura mAnA hai ki RcAoM meM mahattara satya bharA par3A hai (prAkkathana, pR0 3) / unhoMne punaH kahA hai (prAkkathana, pR09) ki hameM yAska (unhoMne yAska kA uddharaNa nahIM diyA hai, kintu sambhavataH nirukta 120 : 'sAkSAtkRtadharmANa RSayo babhUvuH' kI ora unakA Azaya hai) ke saMketa ko gambhIratApUrvaka lenA caahie| isake uparAnta unakA kathana hai ki bahuta-sI vaidika RcAe~ rahasyavAdI artha vAlI haiM (pR0 17) aura RSiyoM ne unheM gopanIya banAne ke lie do arthoM meM rakhA hai, jo saMskRta bhASA kI eka sarala vidhi hai (pR0 19) / yaha eka aisI dhAraNA hai jo mAtra kalpanA hai aura anya logoM dvArA mAnya nahIM ho sktii| vaidika mantra sahasroM varSa pUrva praNIta hue, jaba ve sabhI loga, jinake bIca RSi rahA karate the, usI bhASA kA vyavahAra karate the, yadyapi unakI bola cAla kI bhASA utanI parimArjita evaM kavitvamaya nahIM rahI hogI jaisI mantroM kI hai, aura ve mantra Ajakala ke logoM ko sambodhita nahIM the jinake vicAra, paristhitiyAM evaM bhASAe~ bhinna evaM pUrNatayA sarvathA pRthak haiN| guru evaM ziSya, donoM (zrI aravinda ghoSa evaM zrI kapAlI zAstrI) yaha socakara ki jo kaThinAI Aja ke pAThakoM ke samakSa hai vahI mantroM ke praNayana ke samaya bhI thI, logoM ko bhrama meM DAlate haiM (yaha sambhava hai ki ve donoM svayaM bhrama meM haiN)| Rgveda kA sarvocca athavA utkRSTa vicAra yaha hai ki indra, varuNa, agni, yama, mAtarizvA Adi vibhinna devoM ke bhItara kevala eka hI zakti hai tathA maulika rUpa meM vahI eka hai| "Arambha meM na to koI dina thA, na rAtri thI aura na thI amaratA"-svayaM

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478 bharmazAstra kA itihAsa zrI aravinda ne varNana kiyA hai (pR. 32) ki Rgveda kA yaha 11164146 evaM 10 / 129 / 2 aMza vaidika zikSA (jJAna) kI caramAvasthA hai| eka hI sattA vAlA yaha siddhAnta (dRSTikoNa) R0 85802 meM bhI hai, yathA'eka aura vahI agni kaI sthAnoM meM prajvalita hotA hai, eka hI sUrya sampUrNa vizva meM praviSTa hotA hai aura kaI ho jAtA hai; eka hI uSA isa sabhI (bhautika) vizva ko prakAzita karatI hai, eka hI yaha saba huA (vibhinna rUpoM meM pariNata hotA hai)|' isa maulika satya ko lekara koI gopanIyatA nahIM baratI gayI aura Aja kA koI bhI thor3I-sI saMskRta jAnane vAlA sAdhAraNa vyakti ise samajha sakatA hai| yadi itanI zatiyoM ke uparAnta, bhASA ke parivartana ke kAraNa, Aja kA vyakti bahuta-se mantroM ko nahIM samajha sakatA, to hameM yaha nahIM mAna lenA cAhie ki prAcIna RSiyoM (draSTAoM) ne artha chipAne kA aparAdha kiyA aura unhoMne jAna-bUjha kara mantroM meM do artha bhara diye| hA~, kahIM-kahIM kavitvamaya uktiyoM meM rUpaka evaM zleSa kA A jAnA svAbhAvika hai aura kucha draSTAoM ne kavi-cAturya prakaTa kara diyA ho to koI Azcarya kI bAta nahIM hai|" yadi hama unakA artha nahIM samajha pAte haiM to yaha draSTAoM (RSiyoM) kA doSa nahIM hai, jisa prakAra yadi koI andhA vyakti mArga meM kisI khambhe se bhir3a jAtA hai aura sira phUTa jAne se kaSTa meM par3a jAtA hai aura apane ko doSa na de khambhe ko doSI ThaharAnA Arambha kara detA hai, usI prakAra hamArI bhI sthiti hogI yadi hama apane ajJAna ko doSa na dekara prAcIna RSiyoM ko apanI kalpanA dvArA prasUta yojanA se doSI banAyeM aura kaheM ki unhoMne Ana-bUjha kara do artha kiye haiM, athavA yaha kiyA hai yA vaha kiyA hai|05 - zrI aravinda ghoSa ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai (pR0 33) ki Rgveda meM kucha aise zabda haiM jo kuMjI kA kArya karate haiM, yathA-Rta, Rtu, ketu, zravas; unhoMne yaha bhI mAnA hai ki ina zabdoM ke arthoM ko ThIka-ThIka baiThAne ke lie bRhat kArya karanA caahie| kintu unhoMne ina kuMjI zabdoM (jinameM 'ketu' ko chor3a kara, pratyeka Rgveda meM saikar3oM bAra AyA hai) kA adhyayana nahIM kiyA hai| unheM RgvedIya vacanoM meM prayukta ina zabdoM kI tulanA karanI cAhie thI aura saMhitAoM evaM brAhmaNoM meM pAye jAne vAle zabdoM ke prakAza meM unakA adhyayana karanA cAhie thaa| unhoMne 'Rta' zabda kA prayoga Rgveda ke 1216417 evaM 412113 (sadanAt-Rtasya) meM tathA 'Rtasya pathyA' kA prayoga (R0 3 / 12 / 7) dekhakara jhaTa se yaha niSkarSa nikAla liyA ki 'Rtasya pathyA' kA artha hai 'satya kA mArga' aura 104. guva (zrI aravinda ghoSa) evaM ziSya (zrI kapAlI zAstrI) donoM mantroM ke kavitvamaya svarUpa ke viSaya meM eka-dUsare se pRthak mata rakhate haiN| zrI aravinda (10 34) ne yaha kahane ke uparAnta ki unakA anuvAda sAhityika hai na ki pUrNatayA zAbdika, mantroM ko mahAna kavitA ('preTa poidrI') kahA hai aura unheM raMgoM evaM AkArasthApana meM (kalariMga evaM imaijeja) parama zobhana evaM laya meM utkRSTa tathA sundara mAnA hai| aba hama jarA unake ziSya kI bAta bhI jAna leN| pR0 65 para zrI kapAlI zAstrI kahate haiM : 'stotrIya kavitA asAmAnya hai, anya kavitA se bhinna hai, yahA~ taka ki ati utkRSTa namUno se bhI pRSaka hai|' isake uparAnta ve pAThakoM, prastuta lekhaka ke samAna anya logoM, yahAM taka ki upalakSita DhaMga se svayaM apane guru kI yaha kahakara bhatsanA karate haiM : 'vaivika mantroM ko sAhityika evaM saundaryAbhivyaktimaya kavitA ke antargata rakhanA agrAhya (athavA asvIkRta) hai|' ve aisA kyoM kahate haiM ? pR0 31 meM zrI zAstrI balapUrvaka kahate haiM ki 'mantra do artha vAle haiM, (1) mAntarika, jo manovaijJAnika yA AdhyAtmika haiM aura satya artha vAle haiM tathA (2) bAhya yA sthUla artha vAle, jo sAmAnya logoM ke lie haiM aura unhoMne yaha jor3A hai ki yarthaka zabdoM kA prayoga jAna-bUjha kara kiyA gayA hai kintu vaha svAbhAvika evaM anAyAsa rUpa se huA hai| 105. yatho etadavispaSTArthA bhavantIti / naMSa sthANoraparAdho yadenamandho na pazyati puruSAparASaH sa bhavati / nirukta (1116) /

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zrI aravinda ghoSa aura RgvedArya (Rta evaM satya ) 472 yaha kaha diyA ki hameM satya ke mArga kA anveSaNa karanA cAhie ( prAkkathana, pR0 30 ) / hamane isa mahAgrantha ke cauthe khaNDa meM dekha liyA hai ki Rgveda meM Rta kA artha tIna prakAra kA hai, yathA - ( 1 ) jagat meM niyamita evaM sAmAnya vyavasthA; (2) devoM ke viSaya meM samyak evaM vyavasthita vidhi; (3) 'mAnava kA naitika AcaraNa / ' Rgveda meM 'Rta' vahI nahIM hai jo 'satya' hai, pratyuta donoM meM antara prakaTa kiyA gayA hai| Rgveda (5 / 51/2) meM vizvedevoM ko 'RtadhItaya:' ( jinake vicAra Rta para aTala yA sthira haiM) evaM 'satyadharmANa:' (jinake dharma yA vyavasthAe~ yA niyama satya haiM yA sthira haiM ) kahA gayA hai aura RSi ne unase yajJa meM Ane ke lie tathA agni kI jihvA se ( Ajya evaM soma ) pIne ke lie prArthanA kI hai| Rgveda (10 / 190 / 1 ) meM Rta evaM satya donoM ko ( sRSTikartA ke) kaThina evaM dedIpyamAna tapa se utpanna kahA gayA hai| Rgveda meM 'Rta' kA artha, jaisA ki Upara kahA jA cukA hai, bahuta vyApaka hai, usakA sambandha eka mahAn dhAraNA se hai, kintu 'satya' kA artha eka saMkucita rUpa meM hai, yathA 'mAtra 'satya' yA sthira vyavasthA / Rgveda (9 / 113 / 4 ) meM soma ko Rta, satya evaM zraddhA kI ghoSaNA karane vAlA kahA gayA hai|"" ataH jaba zrI aravinda 'Rta' kA artha 'satya' lagAte haiM to ve bar3I truTi karate haiM aura apane truTipUrNa anuvAda se mahAn niSkarSa nikAlane para utArU ho jAte haiM / isI prakAra zrI aravinda ne 'Rtacit' ko 'satya - cit' ' ( Tra utha - kAMzasa) ke artha meM lekara truTi kI hai ( Trutha - kAMzasa kA artha, unake anusAra, cAhe jo ho) / isa viSaya meM dekhie unakA prAkkathana ( phoravarDa, pR0 30 ) / pR0 46 meM unake ziSya zrI kapAlI zAstrI eka paga Age bar3hakara kahate haiM ki mantroM meM satya jJAna ko Rtacit (dra utha - kAMzasanesa) kahA gayA hai| aisA lagatA hai ki guru evaM ziSya donoM brahma ke lie prayukta 'sat + cit + Ananda meM saMlagna 'cit' ke phera meM par3a gaye haiN| donoM ne 'Rtacit' ko 'Rta' evaM 'cit' do pRthak vastuoM ke artha meM le liyA hai| 'Rtacit' zabda Rgveda meM pA~ca bAra AyA hai, yathA 1 / 14515, 4134, 5 / 3 / 9 ( yahA~ 'Rtacit' "agni kI upAdhi hai), 718514 ( yahA~ yaha hotA kA vizeSaNa hai) evaM 4 / 16 / 10 ( yahA~ yaha indra kI patnI zacI ke sandarbha meM nArI zabda kI vizeSatA batAtA hai) meN|" prastuta lekhaka ko Azcarya hotA hai ki guru evaM ziSya donoM ne ina sthaloM para prayukta 'Rtacit' ke artha ko jAnane kA prayatna kyoM nahIM kiyaa| unhoMne R0 2 / 23 / 17 meM 'prayukta 'RNacit' kI ora, jo brahmaNaspati kI upAdhi hai, apanA dhyAna nahIM diyaa| zrI aravinda evaM zrI kapAlI zAstrI ke anya aprAmANika prastAvoM evaM niSkarSo kI carcA karane ke lie yahA~ sthAna nahIM hai / aba yahA~ zrI aravinda ke antima niSkarSa ko upasthita kiyA jA rahA hai ( prAkkathana, pR0 29 ) -- T 106. RtaSItaya bhA gata satyadharmANo adhvaram / agneH pibata jihvayA // 0 5 / 5112; taM ca satyaM aretarasosdhyajAyata / tato rAjyajAyata tataH samudro arNavaH // R0 10 / 190 / 1; RtaM vavabhUtayumma satyaM vavan satmakarman / bhaddhAM vavan soma rAjan yAtrA soma pariSkRta indrAyendo pari ruva // R0 9 / 113 / 4 / 107. vyabravIt vayunA matyebhyo'gnividAM Rtaciddhi satyaH // zra0 1 / 145/5 / yaha braSTavya hai ki yahA~ ' cit' evaM 'satya' donoM agni kI upAdhiyAM haiN| ina donoM ko yuvaka-yuvaka artha vAlA mAnanA hI pdd'egaa| 'sasukraturRtacivastu hotA ya Aditya zavasA vAM namasvAn / 0718514, jisakA artha yoM hai : 'he aditi ke putro, vaha hotA, jo tumheM zakti ( ucca svara) ke sAtha namaskAra karatA hai, jo hRta jAnatA hai (naitika caritra yA jagat-sambandhI niyama jAnatA hai) vaha acche kamau (yA icchA) vAlA vyakti bane / ' 1 / 14515 meM 'satya' zabda kA artha hogA saccA yA shuddh| 'cit' zabda 'thi' (ekatra karanA) se yA 'cit' (jAnanA) se niSpanna ho sakatA hai| 108. sacivRNayA brahmaNaspatiho hantA maha Rtasya ghartari // R0 2 / 23 / 17 /

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48. dharmazAstra kA itihAsa . "isa prakAra veda ko samajhane para jo prakaTa hotA hai vaha kauna gupta artha hai arthAt vaha kauna gopanIya (alaukika yA gUDha) rahasya chipA huA hai ? . . . vaha vicAra jisa para saba kucha kendrita hai, vaha hai satya, prakAza, amaratA kI khoj| bAhya rUpa se prakaTa hone vAle satya se bar3hakara gUr3ha evaM ucca vaha satya hai, vaha prakAza manuSya kI samajha se bana kara bar3A evaM ucca hai, jo aizonmeSa evaM prabodhana se prApta hotA hai, aura vaha amaratA vaha hai jisake lie AtmA ko uThanA hai (jAganA hai)| hameM usake lie mArga DhUMr3hanA hai, isa satya evaM amaratA ke saMsparza ko prApta karanA hai|" yaha eka mahAn upasaMhAra hai, kintu yaha saba kaccI evaM kampita hone vAlI nIMva para AdhRta hai, kyoMki yahA~ 'Rta evaM 'cit' ke g2alata arthoM kA sahArA liyA gayA hai| zrI kapAlI zAstrI (pR0 46) ne apane guru ke isa niSkarSa ko jyoM-kA-tyoM rakha diyA hai| zrI zAstrI mahodaya ne (pRSTha 22 / 26) sAyaNa ke virodha meM nindAtmaka lekha likhA hai, kintu anta meM unheM yaha (pR0 27-28) mAnanA par3A hai ki sAyaNa veda ke pAThakoM ke lie na kevala upayogI haiM, pratyuta aparihArya haiN| pR0 23 para unhoMne jaimini kA sUtra anudita kiyA hai-'veda kA uddezya kriyA-saMskAra ke lie hai, ve zabda jinakA sambandha isase nahIM haiM, vyartha hai', aura kahA hai ki isase yaha spaSTa vyavasthA jhalakatI hai ki veda kA ekamAtra uddezya hai kriyA-saMskAra-vidhi, jo isase samparka nahIM rakhate (arthAt vidhi yA kriyA-saMskAra se samparka nahIM rakhate) ve mantra nirarthaka haiN| prastuta lekhaka ko jJAta hotA hai ki zrI zAstrI mahodaya ne pUrvamImAMsAsUtroM kA adhyayana sAvadhAnI se nahIM kiyA hai aura na vastusthiti kA prakAzana hI samyak rUpa se kiyA hai| unhoMne jo uddhRta kiyA hai vaha mAtra pUrvapakSa hai| jaimini kA prasaMga yoM hai 'AmnAyasya kriyArthatvAdAnarthakyamatadarthAnAM tsmaadnitymucyte|'... 'vidhinA tvekavAkyatvAt stutyarthena vidhInAM syuH|-puu0 mI0 sU0 (112 / 1 evaM 7) isa dUsare sUtra kA artha hai-'kyoMki ve vacana (jo sIdhI taura se kriyA-saMskAroM athavA vidhi-karmoM se sambaMdhita nahIM haiM) jo vAkyaracanA ke vicAra se vidhi kI vyavasthA karane vAle vacanoM se pUrNatayA (eka rUpa se) sambandhita haiM, ve vidhiyoM ko mAnyatA dene vAle kahe jAte haiN|' zrI zAstrI yaha kahakara santoSa nahIM karate ki 'madhucchanda RSigaNa evaM anya mantradraSTA the, ina prAcIna draSTAoM ke samakSa devatA upasthita the', pratyuta ve aura Age kahate haiM'parokSa ko dekhane vAlA satya ko dekhane vAlA bhI kahA jAtA hai; ataH kavi--draSTA satyazruta (kavayaH satyazrutaH) haiM, veda meM prasiddha haiM' (pR0 64) / prastuta lekhaka ko Azcarya hai aura lagatA hai ki zrI zAstrI ne veda meM Aye hue ina vAkyoM ko sAvadhAnI se nahIM par3hA hai jahA~ 'kavayaH satyazrutaH' prayukta huA hai| 'kaviH' evaM 'kavayaH' zabda Rgveda meM kaI bAra Aye haiM, kintu 'satyazrutaH' kevala tIna bAra AyA hai, yathA 5 / 57 / 8, 5 / 58 / 8 evaM 6 / 49 / 6; R0 5 / 578 tathA 5 / 5808 to eka hI haiN| R0 515748 evaM 5 / 58 / 8 meM marutoM ko 'kavayaH' (vijJa yA samajhadAra) evaM 'satyazrutaH' (satya puraskAra dene meM prasiddha) upAdhiyoM se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai, na ki RSiyoM ko| R0 6 / 49 / 6 109. haye naromarato muLatA nastuvIma ghAso amRtA RtjnyaaH| satyazrutaH kavayo yuvAno bahagirayo bRhatuka maannaaH|| R05|5748 evaM 5 / 5818 parjanyavAtAvRSabhApRthivyAH purISANi jinvatamapyAni / satyazrutaH kavayo yasya gobhirjagataH sthAturjagadA kRNudhvam // R0 6 / 49 / 6 / 515748 ke uttarArdha meM 'satyazrutaH kavayaH' ke sAtha aura jo zabda Aye haiM ve pUrvArSa meM marutoM kI upAdhiyA~ haiN| 6 / 49 / 6 ke uttarArdha meM 'satyazrutaH kavayaH' sambodhana hai jaisA ki padapATha se prakaTa hotA hai aura marutoM ke lie samboSita hai, jaisA ki 5 / 5748 evaM 5 / 5818 se prakaTa hai| 'satyazrutaH kavayaH' zabda veda ke kaviyoM kI ora, kinhIM bhI tIna kArakoM meM, saMketa nahIM krtaa|

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zrI aravinda ghoSa aura RgvedArtha 481 (jisakA prathama ardha bhAga parjanya evaM vAyu devatA ko sambodhita hai) isa prakAra hai - 'hai jagat ko pratiSThApita karane vAle ! ( marut gaNa), jo satya phala dene meM prasiddha haiM aura vijJa haiM, aise Apa jagat ko usa manuSya kI ora ghumA deM jisake gItoM se Apa prazaMsita haiM' (yaha RcArdha, aisA prakaTa hotA hai, marutoM ke jhuNDa yA samUha ko sambodhita hai ) / jaba aura TippaNI vyartha hai / " mImAMsakoM ne eka sameTa meM ( jhADUmAra DhaMga se ) yaha sAmAnyavAda prakAzita kara diyA hai ki sampUrNa veda yajJa ke lie hI hai / aisA kahane meM ve bahuta Age cale gaye, kintu aisA karane ke lie unake pAsa paryApta tarkAdhAra thA / hamane isa grantha ke khaNDa 2 meM yaha dekha liyA hai ki kisa prakAra svayaM Rgveda se prakaTa hai ki una dinoM bhI tIna savanoM, kaI purohitoM, tIna agniyoM vAle yajJa hote the, yathA - atirAtra ( R0 7 103 / 7) evaM trikadruka (R0 1 / 32 / 3, 2 / 11 / 17, 8 13 18, 8 92 21, 10 / 14 / 16 ) nAmaka yajJa / mImAMsakoM ke pIche prAcIna paramparAe~ cIM / kintu zrI aravinda ke siddhAnta sarvathA bhinna haiN| bahuta hI nirbala AdhAroM evaM truTipUrNa arthoM para ve vaidika mantroM ke sAdhAraNa evaM gUr3ha artha vAle tathA dekhane meM bhar3akIle DhAMce kA nirmANa karake udghoSaNA karate haiM ki RSiyoM ne apane siddhAntoM ko gopanIya rakhanA cAhA thA aura ve jo kucha kahanA cAhate the, vaha satya thA, prakAza thA aura thA cetanA / yaha hamane pahale hI dekha liyA hai ki Rgveda meM kaI dArzanika evaM kalpanAtmaka RcAe~ haiM / kintu vahA~ saMgopana-sambandhI koI pravRtti nahIM hai / yadi kevala satya (TUtha), prakAza (lAiTa) evaM cetanA (kAMzasanesa) taka hI vaidika RSiyoM kA sambandha thA to isake lie dasa sahasra padyoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM thii| loga yaha jAnanA cAheMge ki R0 7155 ( sotA huA pralobhana yA kAnti yA zomA yA mAyA Adi), 7 / 103 ( maNDUka-stuti), 10 / 34 (juArI kA gAna ), 10 / 119 ( indra para soma kI zakti kI Ananda - pulakitAvasthA), 10 / 166 ( zatruoM ke nAza kA AvAhana), 10 / 191 ( sahayoga evaM sahakAritA vAlI) RcAoM meM vaha kauna-sA rahasya yA uccatara athavA gUr3hatara satya kA prakAza yA cetanA hai jo sAdhAraNa logoM kI dRSTi se chipA kara rakhI huI hai| isI prakAra bahuta-sI aisI RcAe~ udAharaNa svarUpa prakaTa kI jA sakatI haiM, jahA~ para satya, prakAza evaM cetanA vAlA siddhAnta pUrNatayA asaphala evaM AdhArahIna siddha ho jaaygaa| isake atirikta yaha pUchA jA sakatA hai ki R0 1 / 164/46, 10 / 129 / 2 evaM 8 / 58 / 2 ( jo Upara uddhRta hai) meM vaha kauna-sA ( AdhyAtmika yA gUr3ha rahasya hai, jo atyanta mahAn satya ko spaSTa rUpa se prakaTa karatA hai / yadi mImAMsakoM ne bahuta lambA evaM caur3A sAmAnyavAda prakAzita kiyA hai to zrI aravinda ne bahuta hI kSINa AdhAra para usase bhI bar3A evaM lambA-caur3A sAmAnyavAda udghATita kara diyA hai, arthAt eka choTI bAta ko binA kisI puSTa AdhAra ke bar3I mahattA de denI cAhI hai| Rgveda ke mantroM kA eka arthaM hotA hai, na ki ve tAntrika granthoM ke mantroM ke samAna bahudhA nirarthaka zabdoM ke samuccaya mAtra hote haiM / nirukta ( 1 / 15-16 ) meM eka vivAda diyA huA hai, jahA~ yaha AyA hai ki nirukta ke abhAva 110. zrI aravinda evaM unake ziSyoM kA kahanA hai ki unhoMne veda ke viSaya meM eka aisA nayA prakAza grahaNa kiyA hai jo prAcIna evaM mAdhunika vidvAnoM ko gocara nahIM ho sakA hai| zrI aravinda evaM unake ziSyoM ne yAska, jaimini, sAyaNa evaM anya TIkAkAroM ko bar3I niSThuratA ke sAtha pakar3A hai| zrI aravinda ne jo vaidika nizAmyAsa yA rAtri - adhyayana kiyA hai vaha kyoM evaM kaise galata evaM truTipUrNa hai, yaha kahane kI svatantratA anya logoM ko bhI milanI caahie| zrI aravinda ke bhaktoM evaM samarthakoM se prArthanA hai ki ve prastuta lekhaka kI bhI aravinda ke siddhAntoM se saMbaMdhita AlocanAoM ko anyathA evaM asammAnasUcaka na samajheM / 61

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482 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa meM mantroM meM prayukta zabdoM kA artha prakaTa na ho pAtA, vahIM kautsa kA yaha dRSTikoNa bhI diyA huA hai ki mantroM ke artha ko mAnane ke lie nirukta nirarthaka evaM nirupayogI hai, kyoMki svayaM mantroM kA koI artha nahIM hai (yA ve vyartha yA nirarthaka yA uddezyahIna yA anupayogI haiN)| yAska ne uttara diyA hai ki mantroM ke artha avazya haiM kyoMki unameM aise zabda prayukta haiM jo sAmAnya saMskRta meM prayakta hote haiM, aura ve isa kathana ke uparAnta aitareya brAhmaNa (115) kA eka vacana uddhata karate haiN| zabara (jai0 1 / 2 / 41) kA kathana hai ki jaba koI vyakti artha nahIM lagA pAtA to vaha anya vaidika vacanoM kI vivecanA ke sahAre kisI artha ko pA letA hai, yA nirukta evaM vyAkaraNa ke anusAra dhAtuoM ke AdhAra para koI-na-koI artha kara letA hai| avatAra-vivecana vistAra se varNita purANa-viSayoM meM eka mahattvapUrNa viSaya hai avtaar-vivecn| dhArmika pUjA, vratoM evaM utsavoM ke vividha svarUpoM para avatAroM se sambandhita paurANika dhAraNAoM kA bar3A prabhAva par3A hai| isa mahAgrantha ke dvitIya khaNDa meM hamane avatAroM ke viSaya meM adhyayana kara liyA hai| vahA~ aisA kahA gayA hai ki avatAroM ke siddhAntoM kA Arambha tathA bahuta-se prasiddha avatAra vaidika sAhitya meM pAye jAte haiM, yathA-zatapathabrAhmaNa meM manu evaM matsya kA upAkhyAna (1 / 8 / 1 / 1-6), kUrma kA (7 / 5 / 115) evaM varAha kA upAkhyAna (14 / 1 / 2 / 11), vAmana (1 / 2 / 511) evaM devakIputra kRSNa kA upAkhyAna (chAndogyopaniSad 3 / 17 / 6) / avatAroM kI saMkhyA evaM nAmoM meM bhI bahuta bhinnatA pAyI jAtI hai| kintu pahale avatAra-vivecana vistAra se nahIM huA thA, ata: purANoM evaM sAmAnya bAtoM ke AdhAra para kucha viziSTa bAteM yahA~ kahI jA rahI haiN| . 'avatAra' (dhAtu tR' evaM upasarga 'ava') zabda kA artha hai utaranA arthAt Upara se nIce AnA, aura yaha zabda devoM ke lie prayukta huA hai, jo manuSya rUpa meM yA pazu ke rUpa meM isa pRthivI para Ate haiM (avatIrNa hote haiM) aura taba taka rahate haiM jaba taka ki vaha uddezya, jise lekara ve yahAM Ate haiM, pUrNa nahIM ho jaataa| punarjanma (rI-inakAranezana) IsAI dharma ke maulika siddhAntoM meM eka hai| kintu usa siddhAnta evaM bhArata ke siddhAnta meM antara hai| IsAI dharma meM punarjanma eka hI hai, kintu bhAratIya siddhAnta (gItA 4 / 5 / 8 evaM purANoM meM) ke anusAra Izvara kA janma kaI bAra ho cakA hai aura bhaviSya meM kaI bAra ho sakatA hai| yaha eka santoSa kI bAta sAdhAraNa logoM meM samAyI haI sAra kI gati evaM kAryoM meM gar3abar3I hotI hai to bhagavAn yahAM Ate haiM aura sArI kuvyavasthAe~ ThIka karate haiN| yaha vizvAsa na kevala hinduoM evaM bauddhoM meM pAyA jAtA hai, pratyuta anya dharmAvalambiyoM meM (pazcima ke kucha dhanI evaM zikSita logoM meM bhI) jo eka-dUsare se bahuta dUra haiM, pAyA jAtA hai / taba bhI bahuta-se hindU aisA nahIM vizvAsa karate ki zaMkarAcArya, nAnaka, zivAjI yA mahAtmA gAndhI jaise mahAn vyakti, santa evaM paigambara avatAroM ke rUpa meM punaH AvazyakatA par3ane para (jaba dharma kI hAni hotI hai, asura, mahA-ajJAniyoM kI vRddhi hotI hai Adi) 111. athApIdamantareNa mantreSvaryapratyayo na vidyte|... tadidaM vidyAsthAnaM vyAkaraNasya kAya svArthasAdhakaM c|...arthvntH zabdasAmAnyAt |...ytho etad brAhmaNena rUpasampannA vidhIyanta iti, uditAnuvAdaH sa bhavati / etadvai yajJasya samRddha yatkarma kriyamANamRgabhivadati / nirukta (1315-16); aviziSTastu vAkyArthaH / ja0 (122 // 32); aviziSTastu loke prayujyamAnAnAM vede ca pdaanaamrthH| sa yathaiva loke vivakSitastathaiva vedepi bhavitumarhati / . . . aryapratyAyanAryameva yajJe mantroccAraNam // zabara kA bhASya /

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bhagavAn ke avatAra kA pracalita vizvAsa 483 janma lete haiN| bauddhoM ne apane dhArmika siddhAnta mahAyAna ke anusAra buddha ko buddhatva prApta karane ke pUrva bahuta-se bodhisattvoM ke avatAroM ke rUpa meM janma lete hue pradarzita kiyA hai| Adhunika kAla meM bhI bahuta-se vyakti svayaM apane ko tathA unake anuyAyI-gaNa unheM avatAra kahate haiN| kucha dina pUrva zrI je0 jI0 benneTa (hADara eNDa TAughaTana, 1958) ne 'su-bu-da' (suzIla, buddha evaM dharma) nAmaka eka pustaka prakAzita kI hai, jisameM unhoMne nirdezita kiyA hai aura apanA vizvAsa prakaTa kiyA hai ki iNDoneziyA ke nivAsI pavitra subuha eka avatAra haiM, ve Upara se eka dUta ke rUpa meM Aye haiM jinakI bATa mAnava-saMsAra joha rahA thaa| bhAratIya avatAra-siddhAnta yugoM evaM manvantaroM ke siddhAnta se sambandhita hai| jaba saMsAra gambhIra kleza meM par3a jAtA hai, taba manuSyoM kA aisA vizvAsa hotA hai ki paramAtmA ke anugraha se mukti AyegI aura unakA yaha vizvAsa satya-sA prakaTa ho jAtA hai jaba koI viziSTa vyakti kisI udAtta bhAvanA se prerita hokara kisI viziSTa kAla meM kisI viziSTa sthAna para AvirbhUta ho jAtA hai| madhya evaM vartamAna kAla meM viSNu ke dasa avatAra kahe jAte rahe haiM, yathA--matsya, kUrma, varAha, nRsiMha yA narasiMha, vAmana, parazurAma, rAma (dazaratha ke putra), kRSNa, buddha evaM klki| varAhapurANa ina dasa avatAroM ko eka krama meM rakhatA hai| varAha-perumala mandira meM zaMkara-nArAyaNa kI pratimA ke Upara liNTela bhAga meM jo zilAlekha hai usameM ukta zloka takSita hai, kevala prathama 6 akSara khaNDita haiN|13 bhagavadgItA (4 / 7-8) meM bhagavAn ke avataraNa ke vibhinna rUpoM ke viSaya meM AyA hai-jaba-jaba dharma kI glAni hotI hai, adharma kA utthAna hotA hai, maiM apanA sarjana karatA huuN| yuga-yuga meM maiM acche logoM kI rakSA, duSToM ke nAza evaM dharma-saMsthApana ke lie janma letA huuN| yahI bhAvanA mahAbhArata ke kucha anya parvo meM bhI pAyI jAtI hai, yathA-vanaparva (272 / 71) evaM Azvamedhika-parva (54 / 13) / kRSNa evaM sambhavataH rAma ('rAmaH zastrabhRtAmaham', gItA 10 / 31) ko chor3akara dazAvatAroM meM kisI kA nAma bhagavadgItA meM nahIM AyA hai| mahAbhArata meM avatAroM ke nAmoM evaM saMkhyA meM eka-kramatA nahIM pAyI jaatii| zAntiparva ke nArAyaNIya upAkhyAna meM kevala 6 avatAroM evaM unake kAryoM kA ullekha huA hai (339 / 77-102), yathA-varAha (samudra meM magna pRthivI ko Upara lAte hue), narasiMha (hiraNyakazipu nAmaka rAkSasa ko mArate hue), bAmana (bali ko harAte evaM pAtAla meM use nivAsa karAte hue), bhArgava rAma (kSatriyoM kA nAza karate hue), dazaratha 112. matsyaH kUrmoM varAhazca narasiMhoya vaamnH| rAmo rAmazca kRSNazca buddhaH kalkI ca te daza // varAha 4 / 2 / 113. dekhie ApayAlAjikala sarve Ava iNDiyA, zrI ec kRSNa zAstrI dvArA (membAyara naM0 26) / mahAbalipuram (pR. 5) ke prastara-takSita mandira meM do pallava rAjAoM kI mUrtiyoM evaM pA~ca pallava-abhilekhoM para zrI eca0 kRSNa zAstrI ne likhate hue vyakta kiyA hai ki yaha lekha 7 vIM zatI ke uttarArSa kA hai| surakSita lekha itanA hai...hasya mArasiMhazca vaamnH| rAmo rAmasya (zca) rAmasya (zca ) buddha (:) kalkI ca te daza / isa membAyara ke usI pRSTha para likhA hai ki madhya pradeza ke sIrapura ke eka tIrtha para lagabhaga AThavIM zatI kA eka mandira hai jisameM rAma evaMbara kI pratimAeM agala-bagala meM dhyAna mudrA meM baiThAyI huI haiN| 114. yA yadA hi dharmasya ... sRjAmyaham / ... dharmasaMsthApanArthAya sambhavAmi yuge yuge|| gItA (47-8); milAie harivaMza 1041 / 17 'yadA ydaa...bhaart| dharmasaMsthApanArthAya tadA sambhavati prbhuH||' jajJe punaH punarviSNuryajJe ca zithile prbhuH| kartuM dharmavyavasthAnamadharmasya ca nAzanam // vAyu (98069), matsya (47 / 235, yahA~ 'dharme prazithile' evaM 'asurANAM praNAzanam' kA pATha AyA hai); bahvIH saMsaramANo vai yonIrvAmi sattama / dharmasaMrakSaNArthAya dharmasaMsthApanAya ca // Azvamedhika 54 / 13; asatAM nigrahArthAya dharmasaMrakSaNAya c| avatIrNo

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484 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa putra rAma (rAvaNa ko mArate hue), kRSNa (kaMsa, narakAsura, kAlayavana, jarAsaMdha, zizupAla ko mArate yA harAte hue)| usI adhyAya meM dasa nAma isa prakAra Aye haiM haMsa, kUrma, matsya, varAha, narasiMha, vAmana, rAma (bhArgava), rAma (dAzarathi), sAcata, klki| yahA~ buddha kA nAma nahIM hai| kRSNa ko sAtvata kahA gayA hai aura eka nAma haMsa AyA hai| Adi0 (218 / 12) meM vAsudeva ko sAtvata kahA gayA hai| harivaMza (1 / 41 / 11) meM aisA kathita hai ki prAcIna kAla meM sahasroM avatAra hue haiM aura bhaviSya meM bhI sahasroM hoNge| yahI bAta zAntiparva (339 / 106) meM bhI hai| aura dekhie bhAgavata (1 / 3 / 26) evaM agni (16 / 11-12) / harivaMza (1141 / 27) meM adholikhita nAma Aye haiM varAha, narasiMha, vAmana, dattAtreya, jAmadagnya (parazurAma), rAma, kRSNa evaM vedvyaas| kintu kezava ko navA~ avatAra kahA gayA hai (1 / 41 / 6) / ataH yaha samajhA jA sakatA hai ki matsya evaM kUrma kI bhI gaNanA huI hai, yadyapi inake nAma spaSTa rUpa se Aye nahIM haiM aura viSNuyazA kalki ko bhAvI avatAra kahA gayA hai| dasa avatAroM ke nAma varAha (412,4851722, 55 / 36-37), matsya (285 / 6-7) 15, agni (adhyAya 2-16, jahA~ dasoM kI gAthAe~ dI huI haiM), narasiMha (adhyAya 36), padma (6 / 43 / 13-15) meM Aye haiN| vAyu (98168-104) meM avatAroM kA ullekha anya DhaMga se huA hai aura dasa nAma ye haiM-varAha, narasiMha, vAmana, dattAtreya, mAndhAtA, jAmadagnya, rAma (dAzarathi), vedavyAsa vAsudeva, kalki vissnnuyshaa| brahmANDa (3 / 73 / 75) meM vartamAna dasa nAmoM se bhinna nAma Aye haiN| bhAgavata meM viSNu ke avatAroM kA ullekha kaI sthAnoM para huA hai-1|3|1-25 meM 22 avatAroM kA ullekha hai jinameM brahmA, devarSi nArada (jinhoMne sAtvatasiddhAnta calAyA), nara-nArAyaNa, kapila (jinhoMne Asuri ko sAMkhya siddhAnta par3hAyA), dattAtreya, RSabha (nAbhi evaM merudevI ke putra) 16, dhanvantari, mohinI, vedavyAsa, balarAma evaM kRSNa, buddha, kalki bhI sammilita haiN| 217 meM 23 avatAroM kA ullekha hai, jinameM bahuta-se 1 / 3 meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| 217 meM dhruva, pRthu (bena ke putra), hayagrIva bhI ullikhita haiM, jinameM prathama do kahIM aura avatAroM ke rUpa meM nahIM ghoSita haiN| bhAgavata (11 / 40 / 17-22) meM nimnokta avatAra varNita haiM-matsya, hayazIrSa, kUrma, sUkara, narasiMha, pradyumna, aniruddha, buTa, klki| bhAgavata (11 / 4 / 16-22) meM 16 avatAra ullikhita haiM---sAmAnyataH varNita dasa tathA haMsa, datta (dattAtreya), kumAra (nArada), RSabha, vyAsa evaM hygriiv| matsya (99 / 14) evaM padma (5 / 13 / 182-186) meM 12 avatAroM kA ullekha hai| prapaMcasAratantra (advaita-guru zaMkarAcArya dvArA likhita kahA gayA) ke paTala 2059 meM matsya, karma, varAha, manuSyANAmajAyata yadukSaye // sa eva bhagavAn viSNuH kRSNeti parikIrtyate / vanaparva 272 / 71-72 / brahmapurANa (180 / 26-27 evaM 1812-4) meM gItA ke hI zabda haiN| devIbhAgavata (7 // 39) meM hai 'yadA yadA...bhavati bhuubr| amyu...tavA veSAn bibharmyaham // ' 115. matsya kA 285 / 6-7 aMza kSepaka hai, kyoMki eka anya sthAna para bhavatAroM ke nAma bhitr| matsya ke 47106 meM bhRgu dvArA viSNu ko diye gaye zApa kA ullekha hai, kyoMki viSNu ne apanI patnI ko mAra galA pA ataH unheM sAta bAra manuSya-yoni meM utpanna honA par3A aura ve sAta avatAra hai--battAtreya, mAndhAtA, jAmadagnya (bhArgava) rAma, rAma dAzarathi, vedavyAsa, buddha, kalki tathA tIna anya (47 / 237-340), yathA-mArAyaNa, narasiMha evaM vAmana jor3a diye gaye haiM; matsya (54 / 15-19) meM nakSatrapuruSa-vrata aura dasa avatAroM kA ullekha hai| 116. RSabha, jo nAbhi ke putra the, janoM ke prathama toyaMkara-se lagate haiM, aura ve sambhavataH buddha ke samAna viSNu ke avatAra kahe gaye haiN| bhAgavata (1 / 3 / 24) meM buddha ke lie kahA gayA hai-tataH kalau saMpravRtte saMmohAya suradviSAm / buddho nAmnA'janasutaH kokaTeSa bhaviSyati // namo buddhAya zuddhAya daityvaanvmohine| 10 // 40 // 22 //

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purANoM meM avatAroM kI eM 485 nRsiMha, kubja ( arthAt vAmana), tIna rAmoM (mAyaMva rAma, dAzaratha rAma evaM balarAma ), kRSNa evaM kalki ke nAma Aye haiM ( isameM buddha kA nAma nahIM hai ) / ahirbudhnyasaMhitA (5/50-57) meM vAsudeva ke 30 aktAroM ke nAma Aya haiM jinakI sUcI zrI oTo zreDara ne apanI paMcarAtra evaM ahirbudhnyasaMhitA kI bhUmikA meM upasthita kI hai| viSNapurANa (1 / 9 / 139 - 141 ) meM AyA hai ki lakSmI viSNu ke avatAroM meM unake sAtha AtI haiN| purANoM ne viSNu ke vibhinna avatAroM ke kriyA-kalApoM kA paryApta ullekha kiyA | kintu aisA nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki ziva ke avatAra nahIM the / vAyu (adhyAya 23) ne mahezvara ke 28 avatAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinameM antima haiM nakulI ( lakulI), jaisA ki 221 veM zloka meM varNita hai / varAha ( 15/10-19) meM buddha ko chor3akara sabhI avatAroM ke nAma haiM / barAha (48 / 20-22) meM AyA hai ki narasiMha kI pUjA se pApoM ke bhaya se mukti milatI hai, vAmana kI pUjA se moha kA nAza hotA hai, parazurAma kI pUjA se dhana kI prApti hotI hai, krUra zatruoM ke nAza ke lie rAma kI pUjA karanI cAhie, putra kI prApti ke lie balarAma evaM kRSNa kI pUjA karanI cAhie, sundara zarIra ke lie buddha kI tathA bAta ke lie kalki kI pUjA karanI cAhie / agnipurANa (49/1-9) meM dasa avatAroM kI mUrtiyoM kI vizeSatAboM kA ullekha hai / buddha kI pratimA ke viSaya meM yoM varNana hai--mUrti meM zAntAtmA vAlA mukha honA cAhie, karNa lambe hoM, aMga gaura ho, buddha bhagavAn uttarIya dhAraNa kiye hoM, padmAsana meM baMde hoM aura hAthoM meM varada evaM amaya kI mudrAyeM hoM / 117 viSNu ke dasa avatAroM kI parigaNanA sampUrNa bhArata meM kama-se-kama dasavIM zatI taka pracalita ho cukI thI, jaisA ki kSemendra ne apane dazAvatAra- carita (san 1066 I0 meM praNIta) evaM jayadeva ( lakSmaNasena ke darabArI kavi ) ne gItagovinda meM ullikhita kara rakhA hai| isake atirikta aparArka (12 vIM zatI ke pUrvArdha meM) ne bhI matsya dvArA varNita dazAvatAroM ke zloka kA uddharaNa diyA hai| kumArila (sAtavIM zatI) ne buddha ko avatAra nahIM mAnA, kintu taba taka bahuta se logoM ne unheM bhavatAra mAna liyA thA (dekhie pAda-TippaNI saM0 120 ) / isake atirikta, avatAroM kI saMkhyA, nAmoM evaM krama ke viSaya meM bahuta se dRSTikoNa rahe haiN| dekhie DA0 katre kA lekha (ilAhAbAda yUnivarsaTI sTaDIja, jilda 10, pR0 37 - 130) jisameM 33 avatAroM kA vivecana hai / varAha avatAra kA ullekha toramANa ke eraNa zUkara- prastarAbhilekha (gupta iMskripzaMsa, pR0 158-160 ) meM huA hai| isakI tithi: 6 kI zatI kA prathama caraNa hai| raghuvaMza (4153 evaM 58) ne sahA parvata ke pAsa, pazcimI samudra se, rAma (bhArgavaH) 117. zAntAtmA lambakarNazca gaurAMgazcAmbarAvRtaH / UrdhvaM padmasthito buddho varadAbhayadAyakaH // magni (4918); bRhatsaMhitA 57/4 : padmAMkitakaracaraNaH masantamUrtiH sunIcakezazca / padmAsanopaviSTo piteva jagato mubati buddhaH // dekhie varAha 48 / 20- 22; vAmanaM mohanAzAya vittArtha jamadagnijam / krUrazatruvinAzAya majedAzaraviM buSaH / balakRSNo yajeddhImAn putrakAmo na saMzayaH / rUpakAmo bhajed buddha zatrughAtAya kalkinam // 118. matsyaH kurmo barAha puruSaharipurvAmano jAmadagnyaH / kAkutsyaH kaMsahantA sa ca sugatamuniH pharkinAsA viSNuH // dazAvatAracarita 112 / 119. abhilekha kA prathama zloka hai: 'jayati paramyuddharaNe ghanaghoSAghAtaghUrNitamahIdhaH / devo varAhamUtistrailokyamahAhustambhaH // gupta iMskripzaMsa, pU0 159 / yaha abhilekha jarAz2a toramANa ke rAjyakAla ke prathama varSa meM phAlguna kI 10 vIM tithi ko, jaba ki nArAyaNa ke zUkara avatAra ke mandira kA nirmANa huA thA, takSita kiyA gyaa| manumAnita tithi hai lagabhaga 500 se 510 I0 / yaha avatAra kabhI-kabhI AdivarAha, yajJavarAha, zvetavarAha, mahAvarAha

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486 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa dvArA pRthivI kI puna: prApti kA ullekha kiyA hai| R0 (10 / 110 ) kI sarvAnukramaNI ( pR0 42 ) ne jamadagni RSi yA unake putra rAma kA ullekha kiyA hai| meghadUta meM viSNu ke vAma pAda ko bali ke Upara rakhane kA ullekha haiM (vAmanAvatAra) / mAgha ne zizupAlavadha ( 15 / 58 ) meM bodhisatva (buddha) ko hari kA avatAra mAnA hai ( vahA~) kAmadeva kI senA se buddha ko mohita karane ke prayAsa kI ora nirdeza hai ) / mAgha lagabhaga 725-775 I0 ke AsapAsa hue the| vAmana evaM kRSNa nAma ke avatAroM kI jAnakArI pataMjali ke mahAbhASya se prAcIna hai, kyoMki isameM bali ke bandhana evaM kaMsa vadha ke nATakIya pratirUpoM kA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| elorA kI dazAvatAra guphA meM varAha, narasiMha, vAmana evaM kRSNa kI pratimAe~ haiM / ye guphAe~ AThavIM zatI kI kahI gayI haiM / uparyukta bAla se prakaTa hai ki kucha avatAra, yathA vAmana, parazarAma evaM kRSNa, IsA se kaI zatiyoM pUrva se jJAta the aura bha dasa avatAra kucha lekhakoM evaM anya logoM dvArA sAtavIM zatI taka mAna liye gaye the / dharmazAstra-sambandhI upakaraNoM kI vRddhi meM avatAroM kI dhAraNA ne bahuta kucha sahayoga diyaa| avatAroM kI dhAraNA evaM mAnyatA se bahuta-se vratoM evaM utsavoM kA dhArmika kRtyoM meM samAveza ho gayA, yathA - varAhapurANa meM dvAdazI vratoM ke viSaya meM evaM matsya se lekara kalki taka dasa avatAroM ke sammAna meM 39-48 adhyAya likhita haiN| avatAroM kI jayantiyoM ke viSaya meM pRthak parva bane, yathA-- vaizAkha zukla 14 ko narasiMha jayantI, vaizAkha zukla 3 ko parazurAma jayantI / 120 avatAroM evaM unakI jayantiyoM kA varNana bahuta-se dharmazAstra granthoM meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai, kintu DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya dvArA sampAdita (gaMgA orieNTala sIrIz2a ) ToDarAnanda ( bhAga 1 ) meM sabase adhika vistAra se varNana haiM / purANoM ne dAna, zrAddha, tIrtha, vrata Adi para sahasroM zloka praNIta kiye haiM jo dharmazAstra ke granthoM meM savistAra uddhRta haiN| sthAnAbhAva se hama yahA~ unakI ora saMketa nahIM kara sakeMge / aisA nahIM samajhanA cAhie ki purANoM meM kevala dhArmika viSayoM tathA paMca-lakSaNoM (sarga, pratisarga, vaMza, manvantara vaMzAnucarita yA vaMzyAnucarita) kA hI ullekha hai / kucha purANoM meM agholikhita viSayoM para savistAra varNana hai - rAjAoM, mantriyoM, senApati, nyAyAdhIza, dUta, lekhaka, rAjavaidya ke kartavya, rAjyAbhiSeka, AkramaNa Adi / isa grantha ke khaNDa 3 meM ina viSayoM meM kucha para vivecana ho cukA hai| rAjanItika viSayoM kI ati vizada carcA matsya' (a0 215-226, 240), agni ( 214 - 242), viSNudharmottara (2, a0 2-7, 18-21,24-26, 28, 61-63, 66-72,1 45-152, 177) meM huI hai / anya purANoM, yathA - garur3a (1 / 108-115), mArkaNDeya (24, veMkaTezvara bhI kahA gayA hai| milAie harSacarita (3): 'mahAvarAhapIvaraskandhapIThe narakAsura iva bhuvo garbhAvabhUtaH / ' dekhie 'rAyala kAMkvesTsa eNDa kalcarala mAigrezaMsa', zivarAma mUrti (kalakattA, 1955), jahA~ coyo zatI ke 'AdivarAha' kI AkRti chapI hai (pleTa saMkhyA 2 sI) / 120. nirNayasindhu meM purANasamuccaya se nimnokta zloka uddhRta hai : matsyo'bhUd ghutabhugvine madhusite, kUrmo viSa mAdhave, vArAho girijAsute nabhasi yad bhUte site mAghave / siMho, bhAdrapade site haritiyoM zrIvAmano, mAdhave rAmo gauritithAvataH paramabhUd rAmo navabhyAM maghoH // kRSNoSTamyAM nabhasi sitapare, cAzvine yaddazamyAM buddhaH, kalkI nabhasi samabhUcchuklaSaSThyAM krameNa // bhaktiprakAza (vIramitrodaya kA eka bhAga, pR0 79 ) ne bhI ise uddhRta kiyA hai| nirNayasindhu meM bhI aisI TippaNI hai ki kucha logoM ne vibhinna tithiyoM vAle vacana uddhRta kiye haiM aura kucha koMkaNI lekhakoM ne varAhapurANa ke zloka uddhRta kiye haiM, jinameM matsyajayantI ASAr3ha zukla 11, buddha kI pauSa zukla 7 Adi haiN|

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purANoM meM rAjanIti, nyAya-vyavahAra, samAjavyavasthA saMbandhI niveza 487 presa saMskaraNa, yA 27, banarjIsaMskaraNa), kAlikA (87) meM bhI rAjanItika bAtoM kA ullekha hai / yaha draSTavya hai ki matsya (240 / 2) evaM agni ( 228 / 1) donoM meM 'Ananda' evaM 'pASNigrAha' nAmaka do pAribhASika zabda Aye haiM, jo 'maNDala - siddhAnta' ke antargata kahe gaye haiM (kauTilya 42, pR0 260 ) / atyanta Arambhika nibandhoM meM kRtyakalpataru ne rAjadharma para evaM vyavahAra kANDa para matsyapurANa ko paryApta rUpa se uddhRta kiyA hai| isa nibandha ne brahma0 ko bhI uddhRta kiyA hai, kintu ve uddharaNa prakAzita saMskaraNa (AnandAzrama) meM nahIM milate, yadyapi ve mitra mizra ke rAjanItiprakAza meM tathA anantadeva ke rAjadharmakaustubha meM bhI uddhRta haiN| rAjadharma para kRtyakalpataru ne viSNudharmottara ko apane rAjadharma meM uddhRta nahIM kiyA hai, kintu rAjanItiprakAza meM vaha adhikatara uddhRta huA hai, yathA-vi0 0 2 / 18 / 1, 5-14 = rA0 nI0 pra0 pR0 61; vi0 0 2 / 18 / 2-4 = rA0 nI0 pra0 pra0, 66-81 ( rAjyAbhiSeka para mantroM evaM sAta devoM ke AvAhana ke lie); vi0 0 2 / 23 / 1-13 - rA0 nI0 pra0, pR0 82-83 / rAjadharmakaustubha ne vi0 gha0 ko 21 bAra uddhRta kiyA hai| matsya, agni evaM viSNudharmottara meM rAjadharma evaM usase sambandhita viSayoM para kaI sahasra zloka haiN| garur3apurANa (1 / 108-115) meM rAjanIti para lagabhaga 400 zloka haiM jinameM bahuta-se subhASita rUpa meM haiM aura manusmRti Adi meM bhI Aye haiM (yathA garur3a 1 / 109 | 1 evaM 52, 107 evaM 115/63 krama se manu 7 / 213, 8 26, 2 / 239 evaM 9 / 3 ke jaise haiM, mahAbhArata evaM nAradasmRti, udAharaNArtha, 'na sA sabhA' jo garur3a 115 / 52 hai vaha nArada 3 / 18 hI hai ) / svayaM garur3a meM AyA hai ki vaha arthazAstra para AdhArita nIti ( rAjadharma) kA sAra-saMkSepa rakhegA, kintu 108 - 114 vAle adhyAyoM ke anta meM jo AyA hai vaha bRhaspati dvArA udghoSita nItizAstra hai| bANa kI kAdambarI kA eka Arambhika zloka bhI garur3a meM bhAyA hai|' mArkaNDeyapurANa (24/5, 23-33 yA adhyAya 27 evaM 21-31, banarjI saMskaraNa) ke kucha zloka rA0 nI0 pra0 ( pR0 30-31) dvArA uddhRta haiM ( rAjAoM ke kartavyoM para tathA unake dvArA indra, sUrya, yama, soma evaM vAyu nAmaka paMca devoM ke vilakSaNa guNoM ke apanAye jAne para ) / dAyabhAga ne riktha evaM uttarAdhikAra vAle sApiNDya ko azauca ke sApiNDya se pRthak mAnane meM mArkaNDeyapurANa ko uddhRta kiyA hai| rAjA dvArA manAye jAne vAle 'kaumudImahotsava' para kRtyakalpataru ne (rAjadharma, pU0 182 - 183 ) skandapurANa ko uddhRta kiyA hai| yahI uddharaNa rA0 nI0 pra0 ( pR0 419-421) meM bhI hai / kRtyakalpataru (rAjadharma kANDa) ne vasordhArA para bhaviSyapurANa se eka lambA vacana uddhRta kiyA hai, jo rA0 nI0 prakAza dvArA devIpurANa se uddhRta hai / kAlikApurANa ne 87 veM adhyAya meM rAjanIti para 131 zloka likhe haiM, jinameM rAjA dvArA sampAdita kiye jAne vAle kartavyoM para eka niSkarSa upasthita kiyA gayA hai| isa adhyAya meM uzanA evaM bRhaspati ke granthoM kA ullekha hai (zloka 99 evaM 1930) aura rAjA dvArA aise brAhmaNoM ko sammAnita karane kI ora nirdeza hai, jo jJAna, vidyA, tapa evaM Ayu meM zreSTha hoM Age isameM rAjA ko indriyanigraha, (sAma, dAna, daNDa evaM bheda nAmaka) cAra upAyoM ke pAlana; juA, madyapAna, viSaya-bhoga, AbeTa-yApana Adi ke tyAga; 6 guNoM (yAna, Asana 121. akAraNAviSkRtakopadhAriNaH khalAd bhayaM kasya na nAma jAyate / viSaM mahAheviSamasya durvacaH suduHsahaM saMpitet savA mukhe // gavar3a 1 / 112 / 16; milAie kAdambarI kA prArambhika zloka 5 : 'akAraNAviSkRtavairavAruNAvasajjanAt kasya bhayaM na jaayte| viSaM mahAheriva yasya durvacaH suduHsahaM saMnihitaM sadA mukhe // ' ( khala-vandanA)

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa bhAdi) ke pAlana, rAjakumAroM, mantriyoM, rAniyoM kI tathA anya strI - jAti kI sambandhiniyoM kI upadhA (kaI prakAra se caritra ke viSaya meM khoja karanA) dvArA parIkSA karane kI sammati dI gayI hai / 122 488 aisA pratIta hotA hai ki madhyakAla ke adhikAMza nibandhakAroM ko kauTilya kA arthazAstra upalabdha nahIM pA aura isI se unhoMne rAjadharma ke viSayoM meM purANoM ko adhika uddhRta kiyA hai| kintu Arambhika purANoM meM (maNA matsya Adi meM ) kauTilya kA uddharaNa pAyA jAtA hai| dekhie prastuta lekhaka kA lekha 'kauTilya eNDa di matsyapurANa' (DA0 bI0 sI0 laoN bheTa grantha, jilda 2, pR0 13-15) / nyAya-vyavahAra, riktha, vasIyata (uttarAdhikAra) Adi ke bAre meM bhI purANoM ne nibandhakAroM ke dRSTikoNa hat prabhAvita kiyA hai / kRtyakalpataru ne vyavahAra para kAlikApurANa se sAkSya ke viSaya meM evaM katipaya varNoM ke lie samucita divya parIkSaNa vidhiyoM ke bAre meM lagabhaga bAraha zloka uddhRta kiye haiM ( pR0 79, 205, 210, 211, 221, 231, 238 ) / bAraha prakAra ke putroM, punarbhava, svayaMdatta tathA rAjA ke uttarAdhikArI aura dAsa ke viSaya meM kAlikApurANa se rA0 nI0 pra0 ( pR0 35 evaM 40 ) ne tIna zloka uddhRta kiye haiM / dattakamImAMsA ( pR0 60, AnandAzrama saMskaraNa) evaM vyavahAramayUkha ( pR0 114, yadyapi yahA~ aisA ullikhita hai ki isa purANa kI do tIna pANDulipiyoM meM ve nahIM pAye jAte) ne kAlikApurANa ke adhyAya 91 ke 38 se lekara 41 zloka uddhRta kiye haiM (jinameM goda liye jAne vAle putroM aura kisa avasthA taka ye goda liye jA sakate haiM Adi ke viSaya meM saMketa haiM) / yugma baccoM meM kauna bar3A mAnA jAtA hai, isa viSaya meM mayUkha ne bhAgavata ( 3 / 19 / 18 ) para kI gayI zrIvara kI TippaNiyA~ uddhRta kI haiN| bhAgavata meM AyA hai ki jo pahale utpanna hotA hai vaha choTA hotA hai| isako lekara vyavahAramayUkha ne kahA hai ki purANoM meM smRtiyoM ke virodha meM par3ane vAlI bAteM bahudhA dekhane meM AtI haiN| 122. milAie kauTilya (1 / 10) kA zIrSaka 'upadhAbhiH zaucAzaucajJAnamamAtyAnAm / ' kSIrasvAmI ne 'upamA' kI vyAkhyA karate hue kauTilya kA yaha zIrSaka uddhRta kiyA hai| 123. yattu 'dvau tadA bhavato gabhauM sUtirvezaviparyayAt' ityAdinA bhAgavate pazcAjjAtasya jyeSThyamuktaM tadapyanena bAdhyate / purANeSu smRtiviruddhAcArANAM bahuzo darzanAt / vya0 ma0 pu0 98 ) /

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adhyAya 25 bhArata se bauddha dharma ke vilIna hone ke kAraNa gata adhyAya ke Arambha meM kahA jA cukA hai ki apanI janma bhUmi se bauddha dharma ke vilIna hone ke jitane kAraNa rahe haiM, unameM purANoM kA sabase adhika sahayoga thA / bhArata se bauddha dharma kA vilInIkaraNa pUrNarUpeNa ho gayA aura yaha saba acAnaka huaa| aisA kyoM ho sakA ? yaha eka jaTila samasyA hai| isake lie kisI eka kAraNa ko yA thor3e-se kucha anya kAraNoM ko mAna lenA yuktisaMgata nahIM ja~catA / isa vilInIkaraNa kI mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA ke pIche bhItarI evaM bAharI donoM prakAra ke kAraNa bahuta lambe kAla se paricalita rahe hoNge| inameM se kucha kAraNa to kama yA adhika mAtra kalpanAtmaka the| pAMcavIM zatI ke prathama caraNa meM phAhiyAna ko bauddha dharma apanI utkarSAvasthA meM dikhAI par3A thA, kintu sAtavIM zatI ke pUrvArdha meM yuvA cvA~ga ( hvenasAMga) kI dRSTi meM vaha avanati ke mArga para agrasara ho rahA thA / AThavIM zatI ke Arambha meM bauddha dharma kI adhika avanati ho cukI thI, jaisA ki i-tsiMga kA abhivacana hai| bhArata se bauddha dharma ke sarvathA vilupta ho jAne ke kAraNoM para hama yahA~ saMkSepa meM prakAza ddaaleNge| isa viSaya meM hama katipaya vidvAnoM kI uktiyoM kI samIkSA karane kA prayAsa kreNge| isa viSaya para kucha vidvAnoM ke grantha evaM lekha isa prakAra haiM - e0 bartha kRta 'rilijaMsa Ava iNDiyA' (je0 vuDa dvArA anUdita, 1882 ) ; 'parjIkyUzana Ava buddhisTa ina iNDiyA', rAiz2a DeviDsa dvArA (jarnala Ava pAli sosAiTI, 1896, pR0 87 - 92 ) ; karna kI 'mainyuala Ava buddhijma' (jarmana gruNDrisa meM, pR0 133 - 134 ) ; rAiz2a DeviDsa kRta 'buddhisTa iNDiyA' (1903, pR0 157-158, 319); suso hisTA0 kvA0 ( jilda 9, pR0 361-371, jahA~ ma0 ma0 haraprasAda zAstrI dvArA diye gaye bauddha dharma ke vilopa ke kAraNoM kA ullekha hai); 'di sama Ava hisTrI' jo rene grAuseTa dvArA likhita evaM e0 eca0 Tempula paiTarsana dvArA anUdita hai ( TAvara brija prakAzana, 1951 ) ; DA0 Ara0 sI0 mitra kRta 'di DiklAina Ava buddhijma ina iNDiyA' (1954, vizeSataH pR0 125 - 164 ) ; devamitta dhammapAla kRta 'lAipha eNDa TIciMga Ava buddha' (jI0 e0 naTesana eNDa kampanI, madrAsa, 1938); 'buddhijma ke 2500 varSa (pro0 pI0 vI0 bApaTa dvArA sampAdita, 1956 ) ; pro0 kenetha DablU0 mArgana dvArA likhita 'di pAtha Ava di buddha' ( pR0 47-50, nyUyArka, 1956 ) ; ena0 je0 o0 ' konara, rAlpha phlecara seyamUra dvArA 'hAU buddhijma lephTa iNDiyA' (cikAgo, 1957 ) / bhArata se bauddha dharma ke vAstavika niSkramaNa ke kAraNoM para vicAra karane ke pUrva kucha viziSTa bAtoM para prakAza DAla denA Avazyaka hai / buddha apane kAla ke vyavahRta hindU dharma ke kevala eka sudhAraka mAtra the / unhoMne na to isakA anubhava kiyA aura na aisA kartavya hI samajhA ki ve kisI eka naye dharma kA nirmANa kara rahe haiM aura na to unhoMne hindU dharma kA aura na isake sabhI vizvAsoM evaM vyavahAroM kA parityAga hI kiyA / buddha ne apane kucha upadezoM meM vedoM evaM hindU RSiyoM kI ora sasammAna saMketa kiyA hai| unhoMne yoga kI kriyAoM evaM dhyAna kI mahattA svIkAra kI hai| unakI zikSAoM meM tatkAlIna hindU vizvAsoM meM se kucha to jyoM-ke-tyoM A gaye haiM, yathA karmavAda evaM punarjanma-sambandhI tathA jagat-parivartana sambandhI siddhAnta / buddha kI zikSA kA eka bahuta aMza upaniSad - kAla ke siddhAntoM kA aMga mAtra thaa| jina dinoM buddha kA janma huA thA, janatA meM vicAroM evaM vyavahAroM kI do 62

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490 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pramukha dhArAe~ pravAhita thIM, jinameM eka thI devoM ke lie yajJa-karma ke mArga se sambandhita aura dUsarI thI naitika prayAsa, Atma-nigraha evaM AdhyAtmika lakSya ke mArga se sambandhita / hamane gata adhyAya meM yaha dekha liyA hai ki upaniSadoM ne vedoM evaM unake dvArA vyavasthita athavA unameM pAye jAne vAle yajJoM ko hIna stara para rakhA hai (vedoM ko aparA vidyA ke antargata kahA gayA hai) tathA ucca naitika guNoM kI samprApti ke uparAnta AdhyAtmika jJAna ko yajJoM kI apekSA ucca mAnA hai / upaniSadoM ne pahale to vaidika yajJoM ko pratIkAtmaka DhaMga se vyAkhyAyita karanA cAhA hai, yathA bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (1 / 1 / 1 ) meM, jahA~ uSA, sUrya evaM saMvatsara ko yajJiya azva kA krama se sira, A~kha evaM AtmA kahA gayA hai, yA chAndogyopaniSad (2 / 211-2 ) meM jahA~ 'sAma' ke pA~ca bhAgoM ko pratIkAtmaka DhaMga se pRthivI, agni, AkAza, sUrya evaM svarga kahA gayA hai| isake uparAnta upaniSadoM ne veda kA kevala nAma lenA Arambha kiyA aura use brahmavidyA se nIce bahuta hI nimna zreNI meM rakhA ( yathA - bRha0 upa0 4/4/21, 114/10, chA0 upa0 711-4, muNDaka 0 1 / 1 / 4-5) / itanA to sabhI saMskRta vidvAn sAmAnyataH svIkAra karate haiM ki kama-se-kama bRhadAraNyaka evaM chAndogya jaisI atyanta prAcIna upaniSadeM buddha se bahuta pahale kI haiM aura unameM buddha yA unakI zikSAoM yA piTakoM ke viSaya meM koI saMketa nahIM miltaa| dUsarI ora, yadyapi darjanoM suttoM meM brAhmaNoM evaM buddha kI yA buddha ke ziSyoM evaM dharmadUtoM kI sabhAoM kI AkhyAe~ milatI haiM, kintu una sabhAoM meM donoM ora kI ApasI sadbhAvanAe~ evaM mRdutAe~ spaSTa jhalakatI haiN| Arambhika pAli-granthoM yA brAhmaNa-granthoM meM kahIM bhI kisI prakAra kI eka-dUsare ke virodha meM koI kaTutA nahIM pradarzita hai, na to una pAli-granthoM meM brAhmaNavAda ke siddhAntoM kI aura na brAhmaNa granthoM meM buddha ka vaidhatA kI bhartsanA huI hai| itanA hI nahIM, ina sabhI sabhAoM evaM saMvAdoM meM upaniSadoM kI brahma-sambandhI kendrIya dhAraNA kI na to buddhadeva ne aura na Arambhika bauddha-pracArakoM ne khillI ur3AyI hai / buddha ne jo kucha kahA hai use hama nIce saMkSepa meM de rahe haiM 'he bhikSuo, yahA~ taka ki maiMne pUrva kAla ke samyak jJAnavAn logoM dvArA anusarita prAcIna mArga ko dekhA hai / aura, he bhikSuo, vaha prAcIna patha, prAcIna mArga, jo una samyak jJAnavAn logoM dvArA anusarita huA hai, kyA hai ? sarvathA isI aSTAMgika mArga ( samyak vicAra Adi) kI bhA~ti / he bhikSuo, yaha vahI prAcIna mArga hai jo pUrva kAla meM samyak rIti se jJAna prApta karane vAle vyaktiyoM dvArA anusarita huA thA / usI mArga se maiM gayA hU~, aura usI mArga se calatA huA maiM jarA evaM mRtyu ke viSaya meM bhalI prakAra jJAna prApta kara sakA hU~ / bhalI prakAra jAna lene ke uparAnta maiMne ise bhikSuoM, bhikSukiyoM, upAsakoM, puruSoM evaM striyoM se kahA hai / yahI brahmacarya cAroM ora prasArita hai, vistArita hai, saba ko jJAta hai aura sarvapriya hai tathA devoM evaM manuSyoM dvArA prakaTa kiyA gayA hai|" yaha draSTavya hai ki buddha ne jisa aSTAMgika mArga ko duHkha dUra karane kA sarala upAya mAnA hai use unhoMne una logoM dvArA anusarita mAnA hai| 1. dekhie saMyuttanikAya (pAli TeksTa sosAiTI), bhAga 2 (nidAnavagga ), ema0 leyAna phIyara dvArA sampAdita ( pR0 106-107) / kucha vAkya yoM haiM-- 'evameva svAhaM bhikkhave asaM purANaM maggaM purANaMjasaM puruba kehi sammAbuddhehi anuyAtaM // katamo ca so bhiklave maggo purANaMjaso . . * anuyAto / ayameva aTThagiko maggo / seyyathApi samAdiTThi / ayaM ravo bhikkhave purANamaggo anuyaato| taM anugacchaM / taM anugacchanto jarAmaraNaM abhijJAya cikkhi bhikkhUnaM bhikkhunInaM upAsakAnaM upAsikAnaM / tayidaM bhikkhave brahmacariyaM iddhaM ceva phItaM ca vitthArikaM bahu pRthubhUtaM yAva devamanusse hi suppakAsitaM ti / '

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hindU evaM bauddha dharma kA sahayoga 491 jo prAcIna kAla meM hue the aura samyak sambuddhi se paripUrNa the| buddhadeva ne apane ko vilakSaNa nahIM kahA hai, pratyuta unhoMne yahI kahA ki maiM kevala sambuddha logoM kI paMkti meM A jAtA hU~ aura isa bAta para bala dekara ve kahate haiM ki jina sadguNoM kI ora maiM manuSyoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa karatA hU~ ve prAcIna kAla ke haiM / dhammapada evaM suttanipAta (mahAvagga, vAseTTha sutta) meM vAstavika sadguNI ko brAhmaNa ke samAna kahA gayA hai-"maiM use brAhmaNa kahatA hU~ jo zarIra, vacana evaM vicAra se kisI ko duHkha nahIM detA, jo ina tInoM se saMyata rahatA hai, arthAt jo apane ko ina tInoM se surakSita rakhatA hai"; "koI vyakti jaTA rakhane se, gotra se, jAti se brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, vaha vyakti jisameM satya evaM dharma virAjamAna hai, sukhI hai aura brAhmaNa hai"; "usa vyakti ko maiM brAhmaNa kahatA hU~ jo kAmanA (icchA yA sukha) se nahIM lagA rahatA aura jala meM kamalapatra ke samAna hai (jala meM rahatA kamaladala pAnI ko apane Upara nahIM rakhatA) yA Are ke Upara sarasoM ke dAne (jo usa Are para nahIM ThaharatA) ke samAna hai| isake atirikta, aisA nahIM pratIta hotA ki kisI kAla meM sampUrNa bhArata yA isake bar3e-bar3e bhAga pUrNatayA bauddha ho gaye the| bhArata ke loga eka prakAra se sadaiva hindU the| sabhI kAloM meM lAkhoM lAkha aise bhAratIya the jo hindU the na ki bauddh| itanA hI nahIM, jaba azoka, kaniSka evaM harSa jaise rAjAoM ke Azraya meM bauddha dharma pala rahA thA, una dinoM bhI bauddha dharma kevala maThoM evaM pAThazAlAoM taka sImita thA aura logoM meM eka mahatI sahiSNutA vidyamAna thii| udAharaNArtha, harSa ke pitA sUrya ke upAsaka the aura vaha svayaM ziva kA bhakta thA, usakA bar3A mAI rAjyavardhana paramasaugata (buddha kA bhakta) thA aura harSa ne bauddha yAtrI yuvA cvA~ga (hana-sAMga) ke prati anugraha prakaTa kiyA thaa|' 2. yassa kAyena vAcAya manasA natyi dukkataM / saMvRttaM tIhi ThAnehi tamahaM bUmi brAhmaNam // na jaTAhi na gottena na jaccA hoti braahmnno| yamhi saccaM ca dhammo ca so sukhI soca braahmnno|| vAri pokkharapatava Araggeriva saasvo| yo na limpati kAmesu tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNam ||dhmmpd (391, 393, 401, DA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya kA saMskaraNa, devanAgarI lipi meM, 1934); suttanipAta (mahAvagga, vAseThThasutta) meM antima zloka AyA hai| 'na jaTAhiM Adi se milAie mahAbhArata ke vanaparva kA zloka (216 / 14-15): 'yastu zUdro dame satye Sarmeca sttotthitH| taMbAhmaNamahaM manye vRttena hi bhaved dvijH||' 'vAri pokkharapatteva' Adi ko milAie chAndogyopaniSad (4 / 14-3): 'yathA puSkarapalAza Apo na zliSyanta evamevaMvidi pApaM karma na zliSyata iti / evaM gItA (5 / 10) 'lipyate na sa pApena pnptrmivaambhsaa| 3. dekhie 'rilijaMsa Ava aiMzyeSTa iNDiyA' (yUnivasiTI Ava landana, 1953), jisake lekhaka pro0 reno ne pR0 100 para isI prakAra kA vicAra prakaTa kiyA hai| ...4. dekhie bA~sakher3A patraka (628-29 I0), epi0 iNDi, jilda 4, pR0210-211 tathA madhuvana patraka (631-32 I0), epi0 iNDi0, jilda 1, pR072-73 (bahalara) evaM epi0 iNDi0, jilda 7, pR0 157-158 (kolhaan)| hana-sAMga ne yaha nahIM likhA hai ki rAjyavardhana buddha kA bhakta thA, kintu usane hai ko Arambha se hI bauddha kahA hai aura eka kAlpanika kahAnI dI hai ki kisa prakAra vaha rAjagaddI para baiThane se rokA gayA aura 'kumAra' ko upAdhi dhAraNa karane ko eka aise boSisatva dvArA prerita kiyA gayA jo pUjA ke prabhAva meM Akara alaukika DhaMga se prakaTa ho gayA thaa| isase yaha prakaTa hotA hai ki buddha se sambandhita vivaraNoM ko hameM bahuta soca-samajha kara svIkAra karanA caahie| dekhie vATarsa, 'hana-sAMgsa Trevalsa ina iNDiyA' (landana, 1904, jilva 1, pR0 342). jahA~ yaha gApA vI huI hai|

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492 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa pro0 ke0 DablU0 mArgana jaise kucha hAla ke lekhakoM kA kathana hai ki bauddha dharma ke apakarSa ke kAraNa the saMgha kI zakti kA hrAsa, muslima AkramaNa evaM hindU janatA kA virodha (dekhie 'di pAtha Ava di buddha', pR058)| zrI e0 kumArasvAmI ke isa kathana meM paryApta satyatA pratIta hotI hai ki bauddha dharma evaM brAhmaNa dharma kA jitanA gambhIra adhyayana kiyA jAya, utanA hI donoM ke bIca kA antara jAnanA kaThina ho jAtA hai, yA yaha kahanA kaThina ho jAtA hai ki kina rUpoM meM bauddha dharma, vAstava meM azAstrIya yA ahindU hai (dekhie unakA grantha 'hindUijma eNDa buddhijma', pR0 452) / buddha evaM unake uttarAdhikArI anuyAyiyoM ne brAhmaNa dharma kI kucha loka-pracalita mAnyatAoM para hI AkramaNa kiyA thaa| rAiz2a DeviDsa mahodaya ne apane 'di rilezaMsa biTavIna arlI buddhijma evaM brAhmaNijma' (iNDi0 hisTA0 kvA0, jilda 10, pR0 274-286) nAmaka bhASaNa meM yaha pradarzita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki tripiTakoM se yaha nahIM prakaTa hotA ki unakA brAhmaNoM se koI virodha thA aura buddha ne vahI kahA jo una dinoM ke brAhmaNavAda ke pramukha tattvoM meM vidyamAna thaa| buddha ne upaniSadoM kI usa zikSA ko svIkAra kiyA (yA kama-se-kama usa zikSA se unakA koI vivAda nahIM thA) ki brahmAnanda evaM mokSa kI prApti ke lie naitika AcaraNa ati ucca honA cAhie (bR0 upa0 4 / 423 'tasmAdevaMvicchAnto dAnta uparatastitikSuH samAhito bhUtvA AtmanyevAtmAnaM pazyati'; kaThopaniSad 1 / 2 / 23, 113, 8, 9, 13, 15; praznopaniSad 1115-16 ; muNDakopaniSad 1 / 2 / 12-13) / buddha evaM tatkAlIna hindU dhArmika tathA dArzanika siddhAntoM ke bIca upasthita matabhedoM ke viSaya the jAtivibhAjana, jAti-abhimAna, vedoM kI ekamAtra prAmANikatA evaM yajJoM ke prati sthApita mhttaa|' buddha kA kathana thA ki sadAcAra evaM jJAna sarvottama haiM, unhoMne spaSTa rUpa se Izvara ke astitva ko asvIkAra nahIM kiyA, pratyuta yaha udghoSita kiyA ki isa viSaya meM nizcitatA prApta kara lenA anAvazyaka hai, aura na unhoMne kucha praznoM ke viSaya meM apane nizcita dRSTikoNa hI prakaTa kiye, yathA yaha vizva nitya hai yA anity| kyoMki unake matAnusAra aise praznoM para vicAra-vimarza karanA 'siddhAnta-kriyA kI jaTilatA yA durbhedya saMkulatA, zRMkhalA Adi utpanna karanA hai . . .aura na aisA karane se nivRtti, virAga, nirodha, upazama (zAnti), abhijJAna, sambodhi evaM nirvANa kI hI prApti ho pAtI hai| buddha ne pUjA evaM prArthanA ke viSaya meM adhika nahIM socaa-vicaaraa| unake matAnusAra mahattvapUrNa bAta thI cintA evaM duHkha se vyakti kA chUTa jAnA tathA nirvANa (jisakI sthiti ke viSaya meM unhoMne spaSTa evaM samyak rUpa se kabhI 5. apanI pustaka 'rilijaMsa Ava iNDiyA' (pR0 125-126) meM bArtha ne usa siddhAnta kA upahAsa kiyA hai aura use mAtra kalpanAtmaka kahA hai jisake AdhAra para saMgha-saMkhyA evaM Arambhika bauddha dharma ko jAti-prathA kI prabhutA evaM brAhmaNoM ke AdhyAtmika prabhutva ke virodha ko pratikriyA kahA gayA hai| 6. dekhie majjhima-nikAya (cUla-mAlukyasutta evaM aggi-vaccagotamutta), bI0 kanera dvArA sampAdita, jilva 1, sutta 63 evaM 72, pR0 431 evaM 486 'na nimbidAya na virAgAya na nirovAya na upasamAya meM abhiAya na samboSAya na nimbAnAya sNvttti|' ye hI zabda dInvanikAya ke poThThapaha-sutta meM bhI pAye jAte haiM jahA~ poTThapada ne buddha se pUchA hai ki yaha vizva nitya hai yA anitya, yaha ananta hai yA sAnta, yaha veha evaM AtmA bhinna haiM yA eka ? buddha ne uttara diyA hai ki hamane ina viSayoM kI vyAkhyA isalie nahIM kI hai ki inase koI upayoga siddha nahIM hotA aura na inase nirvANa kI prApti hI hotI hai (pAli TekTsa sosAiTI, jilva 1, pR0 188-189) /

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matabheda ke sthUla AdhAra evaM bauddha dharma ke lopa ke kAraNa 493 bhI koI vyAkhyA nahIM upasthita kI) kI praapti| prArambhika siddhAnta (hInayAna) ke antargata aisA vyakta hai ki sambodhi kA anubhava evaM nirvANa manuSyoM dvArA isI jIvana meM prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai, yadi ve buddha ke nirdhArita mArga kA anusaraNa kreN| astu, aba hama bauddha dharma ke lopa ke una kAraNoM ko upasthita kareMge jinheM vidvAnoM ne samaya-samaya para vyakta kiyA hai| (1) zAsakIya utpIDana ko kucha vidvAnoM ne mukhya kAraNoM meM eka kAraNa mAnA hai| zuMga vaMza ke puSyamitra ne, aisA abhiyoga lagAyA gayA hai, aisI udghoSaNA kI thI ki jo koI kisI zramaNa kA sira lAyegA vaha eka sau dInAra pAyegA; kazmIra ke rAjA mihirakula ko yuvA cvA~ga (athavA na-sAMga, jaisA kucha vidvAn likhate haiM) ne 7. 'nirvANa' kA zAbdika artha hai 'bujhA huA' yA 'ThaNDA ho jaanaa|' buddha kI zikSA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara yadi isakA artha lagAyA jAya to kahA jA sakatA hai-kAma (viSaya yA kAmanA) kI agni, koSa evaM moha kA bumanA, aura inakA naitika zucitA, dayA-dAkSiNya evaM jJAna ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jaanaa| yaha bAibila vAle svarga kA dyotaka nahIM hai| yaha samyak sambodhi, zAnti evaM sukha kI usa sthiti kA ghotaka hai, jo kevala mRtyu ke bAda hI nahIM, pratyuta isI jIvana meM aura isI pRthivI para prApta kI jA sakatI hai| yaha vAstava meM varNanAtIta hai, jaisA ki pAli udAna (8) meM kathita hai-'avyakta, ajanmA, nirAkAra Adi' aura brahma ke lie prayukta 'neti neti' (bR. upa0 2 // 3 // 6, 4 / 2 / 4, 4 / 4 / 21, 4 / 5 / 15) se milatA-julatA hai| 8. azokAvadAna (saM0 39) ke zabda (divyAvadAna, kovela evaM mIla dvArA sampAdita, kaimbrija, 1886, 10434) 'yAvat puSyamitro yAvatsaMghArAmaM bhikhUzca praghAtayan prsthitH| sa yaavcchaaklmnupraaptH| tenAbhihitam / yo me zramaNaziro vAsyati tasyAhaM dInArazataM daasyaami|... yadA puSyamitro rAjA praghAtitastadA mauryavaMzaH smucchinnH|' adhikAMza meM logoM ne puSyamitra ko zuMga kahA hai evaM 'senAnI' zabda upAdhi rUpa meM purANoM, harSacarita (6) evaM ayodhyA zilAlekha (epi0 iNDi0, jilda 20, pR054) meM AyA hai, kintu uparyukta avadAna ne use maurya kahA hai| isase prakaTa hotA hai ki yA to divyAvadAna (jo pazcAtkAlIna kRti hai) kA lekhaka isa viSaya meM zuddha jJAna nahIM rakhatA thA yA vaha vacana truTipUrNa yA kSepaka hai| dekhie hisTrI kAMgresa ko chaThI baiThaka (alIgar3ha 1943, pR0 109-116) ko prosIDiMgs, jahA~ zrI en0 ena0 ghoSa ne yaha siddhAnta ghoSita kiyA hai ki puSyamitra ne bauddhoM ko avazya utpIDita kiyA, kintu usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne aisA nahIM kiyaa| dUsarI ora DA0 rAya caudharI (poliTikala hisTrI Ava iNDiyA, 5vA saMskaraNa) isa siddhAnta ko nahIM mAnate ki puSyamitra bauddhoM kA ghAtaka yA utpIDaka thaa| AryamaJjuzrImUlakalpa (trivendram saMskRta sIrIja, bhAga 3, 53 vA adhyAya, pR0 619-620) meM bhaviSyavANI ke rUpa meM aisA ullikhita hai ki gomimukhya (tathA gomiSaNDa bhI) nAmaka koI rAjA pUrva bhArata se kazmIra taka apane rAjya kA vistAra karatA huA buddha ke zAsana ko tirohita kara degA, vihAroM kA nAza karegA tathA bhikSuoM ko mAra ddaalegaa| kAzIprasAda jAyasavAla ne 'impIriyala hisTrI Ava iNDiyA ina e saMskRta TeksTa' (pR0 19) meM aisA vicAra prakaTa kiyA hai ki gomimukhya puSyamitra kA pracchanna nAma hai aura jo bAta uparyukta ubRta hai, vaha 800 I0 ke lagabhaga likhI gayI hai aura usakA tibbatI anuvAda san 1060 I0 meM huaa| dekhie rAmaprasAda canda kA lekha 'puSyamitra eNDa di zuMga empAyara' (iNDiyana hisTAriphala kvArTalI, jilda 5, pR0 393-407)aura dekhie pR0 397, jahAM divyAvadAna ke antima vAkyoM kA saMprejI meM anuvAda bhI hai tathA pR0 587-613 tathA harikizora prasAda dvArA likhita lekha 'puSyamitra zuMga eNDa buddhisTsa (je0 bI0 Ara0 esa0, jilba 40, pR0 29-30) /

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494 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa utpIDaka kahA hai aura likhA hai ki usane gandhAra meM bauddha stUpoM ko girA diyA, usane maThoM evaM saikar3oM bauddhoM ko mAra DAlA (dekhie 'ina di phUTasTepsa Ava buddha,' rene grosseTa dvArA likhita, pR0 119-120); yuvA~ cvA~ga ne likhA hai ki rAjA zazAMka ne bodhivRkSa kA uccheda kara diyA, buddha-pratimA ke sthAna para mahezvara kI pratimA rakha dI tathA baddha ke dharma kA nAza kiyA (dekhie bIla kI pustaka 'buddhisTa rekarDsa Ava di vesTarna varlDa,' jilda 2, pR0 118, 122 evaM vATarsa kI pustaka 'yuvA~ cvA~gsa Traivelsa', jilda 2, pR0 115-116); kumArila ke kahane para rAjA sudhanvA ne eka anuzAsana nikAlA ki himAlaya se lekara kumArI-antarIpa taka (jo sarvathA asaMgata hai) apane usa naukara ko, jo bauddhoM kI hatyA nahIM karegA, mAra ddaaluuNgaa| ye udAharaNa prasiddha vidvAn rAiz2a DeviDsa dvArA pAli TeksTsa sosAiTI ke jarnala (1896, pR0 87-92) meM parIkSA kI kasauTI para jA~ce gaye haiN| unhoMne yaha kahakara ki pAli piTakoM meM kahIM bhI utpIDana kI carcA nahIM huI hai, pAli granthoM kA svara brAhmaNoM kI prazaMsA se yukta hai, kahIM bhI kisI prakAra ke dhArmika utpIDana athavA ghAta yA vyaktiyoM ke vinAza kI kathA ullikhita nahIM hai; balapUrvaka ghoSaNA kI hai ki ve ina gAthAoM meM vizvAsa nahIM krte| kintu sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA hai ki maiM puSyamitra se sambandhita kiMvadantI ko sarvathA jhUTha mAnane ko sannaddha nahIM hU~ (kintu 'avadAna' kA lekhaka pUrI jAnakArI nahIM rakhatA thA aura jo vacana AyeM haiM ve azuddha haiM, ataH aisA nirNaya abhI nahIM diyA jAnA caahie)| ve sudhanvA evaM kumArila kI gAthA ko sabhI utpIDana-sambandhI gAthAoM meM sabase AdhArahIna mAnate haiM aura kahate haiM ki vaha kevala atyuktipUrNa darpa mAtra hai| rAiz2a DeviDsa kA kathana hai-'donoM virodhI dharmoM 9. dekhie rAija DeviDsa kRta 'buddhisTa iNDiyA', pR0 318-320 (5vauM saMskaraNa, 1917, prathama saMskaraNa 1903 I0 meM prakAzita) jahAM utpIDana ke viSaya meM diyA huA hai, aura dekhie devamitta dhAmapAla kRta 'lAipha eNDa TIciMga Ava buddha' (pR07) jahA~ aisA ullikhita hai ki kumArila evaM zaMkara ne kevala vivAdAtmaka yuddha kiyA thaa| kumArila ke tantravAtika meM bhI aisA AyA hai ki bauddha loga nomAMsakoM se vivAdAtmaka yuddha (zAstrArtha) karane se Darate haiM, aura ve jahA~ eka ora yaha kahate haiM ki pratyeka vastu kSaNika hai vahIM ve mUrkhatApUrvaka yaha garva se kahate haiM ki unake pavitra grantha amara haiM aura isa prakAra ve veda ke siddhAntoM se RNa lete haiM--'yathA momAMsakatrastAH zAkyavaizeSikAdayaH / nitya evAgamo'smAkamityAhuH zUnyacetanam // ' pR0 235; 'tatra zAkyaH prasiddhApi srvkssnnikvaaditaa| tyajyate vedasiddhAntAjjalpabhinityamAgamam // ' pR0 236 / dekhie tantravArtika, pR0 376-377 jisase prakaTa hotA hai ki kumArila buddha ko zikSA kI upayogitA ko kisI sImA taka mAnane ko sannaddha the| anya grantha bhI yahI prakaTa karate haiM ki yaha kevala vivAdAtmaka yuddha (zAstrArtha) mAtra thA, yathA----subandhu (chaThI zato) kI vAsavadattA nATya-pustaka meM AyA hai--'kecijjaiminimatAnusAriNa iva tathAgatapatadhvaMsinaH', pR0 144 sAla kA sNskrnn)| 10. mAdhavAcArya ke zaMkaradigvijaya (1156 evaM 59) meM aisA varNita hai ki rAjA sudhanvA indra kA avatAra thA aura kumArila skanda (jinheM kumAra bhI kahA jAtA hai) ke avatAra the| usa grantha meM sudhanvA kI AjJA isa prakAra hai--'vyapAdAjJAM tato rAjA vadhAya zrutividviSAm / A setorA tuSArAdrauddhAnAvRddhabAlakam / na hanti yaH sahantavyo bhRtyaanitynvshaanRpH||' (zaMkaradigvijaya 1192-93) / yaha pratyakSa rUpa se asaMgatipUrNa gAthA hai| prAcIna bhArata meM kisI bhI rAjA ne, sudhanvA kI to bAta hI nirAlI hai, himAlaya se lekara rAmezvara taka rAjya nahIM kiyaa| Age, yaha bhI draSTavya hai ki vaha AjJA jise pracArita rUpa meM hama mAna bhI lete haiM, kevala rAjA ke bhRtyoM ko hI dI gayI, saba ko nhiiN| zaMkaradigvijaya (15 / 1) meM aisA ullikhita hai ki jaba zaMkarAcArya ne apanI digvijaya

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nirAdhAra yA kAlpanika Aropa 495 ke anuyAyI eka sahasra varSoM taka lagAtAra zAntipUrvaka eka-dUsare ke sAtha rahate cale Aye haiM aura yaha saha-astitva azoka ke kAla se lekara Age taka kI bhAratIya janatA kI vizeSatAoM kI ora hamArA dhyAna AkRSTa karatA hai|' isase prakaTa hotA hai ki bhArata meM dhArmika utpIDana nahIM huA aura pAzcAtya dhArmika utpIDana kI gAthAoM kI AvRtti yahA~ nahIM ho skii| DA0 Ara0 sI0 mitra ne bhI apanI pustaka 'DiklAina Ava buddhijma ina iNDiyA' (pR0 125-130) meM utpIDana-sambandhI gAthAoM ke viSaya meM aisA hI niSkarSa upasthita kiyA hai| bArtha ne apanI pustaka 'rilijaMsa Ava iNDiyA' (pR0 136) meM yaha mAnA hai ki sabhI bAteM yahI siddha karatI haiM ki bauddha dharma avasAda ke kAraNa kSaya ko prApta huA aura hameM isake apane doSoM meM hI isake vilIna hone ke kAraNa DhUMr3hane caahie| unhoMne apane kathana ko isa prakAra puSTa kiyA hai--'sikke evaM zilAlekha tathA atyanta vizvAsa karane yogya pramANa yaha siddha karate haiM ki zAsana-sambandhI zaktiyA~ vizeSa rUpa se sahiSNu evaM udAra thIM' (pR0 133), aura ve isakI puSTi meM udAharaNa bhI dete haiN|" rAmezvara ke lie prArambha kI to unake sAtha rAjA sudhanvA bhI gyaa| mAdhavAcArya apane nAyaka kI garimA bar3hAne ke utsAha meM gAthA-para-gAthA jor3ate jAte haiM aura itihAsa evaM kAla-krama ko havA meM uchAla dete haiM, arthAt ve itihAsa evaM kAla se sambandhita kramoM ko tor3a dete haiN| udAharaNArtha, unhoMne varNana kiyA hai ki AcArya abhinavagupta (jo eka mahAn zaiva evaM tAntrika AcArya the) zaMkara dvArA zAstrArtha meM (15 / 158) harA diye gaye aura yaha bhI likhA hai ki abhinavagupta ne mahAna AcArya ke virodha meM mAraNa kA prayoga kiyA thaa| abhinavagupta kI kRtiyoM se svayaM prakaTa hai ki unake sAhityika karma 980 evaM 1020 I0 ke madhya meM sampAdita hue the (dekhie prastuta lekhaka kA anya hisTrI Ava saMskRta poiTiksa', 1951, pR.0 231-232), kintu zaMkarAcArya ko koI bhI vidvAn 800 I0 ke uparAnta kA nahIM maantaa| mAdhavAcArya ne (15 / 157) yaha bhI kahA hai ki zaMkarAcArya ne 'khaNDanakhaNDakhAdya' ke lekhaka zrIharSa ko bhI, jinheM guru, bhaTTa evaM udayana nahIM harA sake the, apane tarkoM se hraayaa| zrIharSa 12 vIM zatI ke anta meM hue the| tArAnAtha ne apanI pustaka 'hisTrI Ava buddhijma' meM likhA hai ki sambhavataH isI samaya bauddhoM ke prabala zatra zaMkarAcArya evaM unake ziSya bhaTTAcArya prakaTa hue, jinameM prathama (zaMkarAcArya) baMgAla meM evaM dUsare (bhaTTAcArya) ur3IsA meN| usake thor3e samaya ke uparAnta bauddha loga dakSiNa meM kumAralIla evaM kaNAdaharu dvArA utpIDita hue| yahA~ bauTa rAjA zAlivAhana kA ullekha hai, yadyapi bauddhoM kA kathana hai ki kumAralIla, zaMkarAcArya yA bhaTTAcArya Adi ke zAstrArtha ke anta meM dharmakIti kI vijaya haI (iNDiyana eNTIkverI, jilda 4,50365) / yaha prakaTa hai ki ukta vRttAnta sarvayA bhrAmaka hai| dekhie DA0mitra kRta 'DiklAina Ava buddhijma',50129 / 11. yasmindeze ya AcAro vyavahAraH kulsthitiH| tathaiva paripAlyo'sau yadA vshmupaagtH|| dhArmika utpIDana evaM tor3a-phor3a ke kucheka ubAharaNoM ke sampUrNa asvIkAra se kucha prApti nahIM hotii| kintu aise udAharaNa bahuta hI thor3e haiM aura unakI alpatA isa bAta ko bala detI hai aura pramANita karatI hai ki do sahana varSoM se adhika kAla taka bhAratIya janatA meM mahAn dhArmika sahiSNutA virAjamAna thii| ainlUra se prApta eka zilAlekha (epi0 iNDi0, jilda 5, pR0 213, 243) se eka manoraMjaka udAharaNa kI prApti hotI hai, jahA~ ekAntada rAma nAmaka eka kaTTara zaiva kI gAthA varNita hai| ziva ke kaTTara bhakta ekAntava rAma ne huligara (lakSmezvara) ke jainoM ke sAtha, jinake mukhiyA saMkagauDA the, eka zarta badI aura tAr3apatra para likhakara dAva lagAyA ki vaha apanA sira kATa kara huligara meM somanAtha ke caraNoM para rakha degA aura sAta dinoM ke uparAnta apane sira ko punaH prApta kara legaa|

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa yaha avalokanIya hai ki yAjJavalkya jaise smRtikAroM ne aisI vyavasthA dI hai ki jaba koI rAjA kisI anya deza para adhikAra kara le, to usakA yaha kartavya hotA hai ki vaha vijita deza ke AcAra, vyavahAra evaM kula sthiti kA sammAna kare / azoka svayaM buddha - zikSAoM kA anuyAyI thA, kintu usane yaha AjJApita kiyA hai ki sabhI dharmoM evaM sampradAyoM ke prati sammAna prakaTa kiyA jAya aura usane svayaM aisA hI kiyA thA ( 12 vA~ prastara lekha ) - 'na to apane sampradAya kI prazaMsA aura na anya sampradAyoM kI avamAnanA honI cAhie', 'anya sampradAyoM kA sammAna pratyeka rUpa meM honA cAhie', 'kevala samavAya zlAghya hai, arthAt logoM ko eka-dUsare ke dharma ko sunanA evaM sammAna karanA cAhie / "" sAtaveM stambha (dillI - ToparA, pR0 136 ) meM azoka ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki maiMne mahAmAtra nAmaka adhikAriyoM kI niyukti kI hai, jo saMgha ( zikSA yA upadeza karane vAle bhikSuoM kA samudAya), brAhmaNoM, AjIvakoM, nigganthoM evaM anya sabhI pAsaNDoM ( pASaNDoM yA pAkhaNDiyoM) kI surakSA vyavasthA dekheNge| sahasroM varSoM taka bhArata eka aisA deza rahA hai jahA~ pUrNarUpeNa sahiSNutA baratI gayI hai, jo zAbdika artha meM svayaM eka dharma hai / kintu 496 yadi isameM use saphalatA prApta ho gayI to jainoM ko apane dharma evaM paramAtmA kA tyAga karanA par3egA / ekAntada rAma saphala ho gayA, kintu jainoM ne jinadeva kI pratimA ko tyAganA asvIkAra kiyA, jisa para ekAntada ne jainoM dvArA bheje gaye ghor3oM evaM rakSakoM ko harA kara bhagA diyA, jina-mandira tor3a diyA aura vahIM eka bar3A ziva mandira banavA diyaa| jainoM ne rAjA bijjala se zikAyata kI, jinhoMne rAma ko bulA bhejA aura usase pUrI bAteM jAnanI cAhIM / rAma ne likhita pramANa upasthita kara diyA aura punaH vaisI ho zarta badI, jise jaina mAnane ko taiyAra nahIM hue| bijjala ne jainoM se apane par3osiyoM ke sAtha zAntipUrvaka rahane ko kahA, eka jayapatra ( rAma kI saphalatA kA pramANa-patra ) diyA aura somanAtha ke mandira ke lie eka grAma dAna meM diyA / yaha spaSTa hai ki rAma dvArA jainapratimA haTAyI gayI aura usake sthAna para ziva-pratimA rakhI gayI (yahA~ alaukika bAtoM para vicAra nahIM kiyA jA rahA hai| rAma ko hama 1162 I0 ke kucha hI pUrva rakha sakate haiN| sthAnIya jhagar3oM meM, jaisA ki uparyukta lekha se vyakta hai, tathA kisI jana-samudAya yA rAjA kI sampUrNa nAza athavA utpIDana sambandhI sAmAnya nIti meM bar3A antara hotA hai| 12. dekhie 'iMskripzaMsa Ava azoka' (jA0 hulza dvArA sampAdita, 1925, 020-21, jahA~ para giranAra kA prastara lekha anuvAdita hai) / DA0 mInAkSI apane grantha 'eDaminisTrezana eNDa sozala lAipha aNDara di pallavaja' ( madrAsa yUni0, 1938, pR0 170-172 ) meM yaha kahane ke uparAnta ki pallava rAjA loga anya dhArmika sampradAyoM ke prati sahiSNu the, isa bAta kI ora saMketa karate haiM ki pallavamalla rAjA ne kucha kaThora DhaMgoM evaM utpIDana kA sahArA liyA thA / pro0 AnarlDa TAyanbI ne 'IsTa evaM vesTa' (AksaphorDa yUni0 pra0) ne nirdeza kiyA hai ki IsAI dharma evaM muslima dharma ne 'jIo evaM jIne do' ke siddhAnta kA anuzIlana kadAcit hI kiyA hai aura donoM vizvaitihAsa ko apamAnita karane vAle mahAbhayaMkara dvandvoM, krUratama nirdayatAoM evaM duSkarmoM ke uttaradAyI haiM ( pR0 49 ) / isI prakAra vI0 o0 vogTa ne apane grantha 'kalTa eNDa kalcara' meM musalamAnoM evaM IsAI dharmadUtoM ke usa aDiga evaM aTala auddhatyapUrNa ahaMkAra kI bhartsanA kI hai jisake dvArA ve apane dhArmika siddhAnta ko paramAtmA dvArA prApta pramANa mAnate haiM; unhoMne zoka ke sAtha yaha vyakta kiyA hai ki dharma yadi apanI utpreraNA-sambandhI dhAraNA se atIta evaM bhaviSya ko AliMgana-sUtra meM bA~dhane kI prakriyA meM sArvajanInatA nahIM prakaTa karatA ( pR0 70), to vaha nAza ko prApta ho jAyagA

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prAcIna bhArata meM dharmanirapekSatA aura saha-astitva yUropIya dhArmikatA sadaiva asahiSNu rahI hai, aura jaba kabhI yaha asahiSNu nahIM rahIM hai, to yaha mAnasika virodha (IrSyA) yA sampUrNa udAsInatA ke tulya hI rahI hai| bhAratIyoM meM adhikAMza dhArmika vyakti sadaiva atIta meM aisA mAnate rahe haiM aura Aja bhI aisA svIkAra karate haiM ki jIvana ke rahasya evaM AtmA kI mukti ke viSaya meM bahuta-se vaikalpika mArga ho sakate haiN| bhAratIya loga una katipaya lAkhoM logoM ke isa kamana para ki unake dvArA sammAnita paigambara ko hI bhagavAna aura paraloka kI jJAna-prApti kA ekAdhikAra prApta hai, bAla-sAhasa mAnakara upekSA ke sAtha musakarAte rahe haiN| yahA~ anya virodhI siddhAntoM evaM sampradAyoM ke prati aisI sahiSNutA sadaiva virAjamAna rahI hai| azoka ke pahale kaI zatiyoM pUrva se lekara 1300 I0 taka, jaba ki musalamAnoM ne bhArata ko tahasa-nahasa karanA Arambha kara diyA, isake kadAcit hI virala apavAda pAye gaye hoN| kucha thor3e-se udAharaNa (prAcIna evaM pazcAtkAlIna. donoM) yahA~ diye jAte haiM (1) khAravela ne, jo kaliMga kA jaina rAjA thA, apane rAjyakAla ke naveM varSa meM brAhmaNoM ko kara-mukta kara diyA (IsA pUrva dvitIya yA prathama zatI, dekhie epi0 iNDi0, jilda 20, pR079 evaM 88); (2) nAsika guphA-lekha (saMkhyA-10) meM AyA hai ki kSaharAta vaMza ke kSatrapa nahapAna ke dAmAda upavadAta ne pavitra nadiyoM ke taToM para tathA bharukaccha (bhaDoca), dazapura evaM govardhana (nAsika) ke devoM evaM brAhmaNoM ko bahuta dAna diye tathA bauddha saMgha ke bhojana ke liye bhUmi-khaNDa dAna kiyA; (3) gupta samrATa sAmAnyataH viSNu ke bhakta the, kintu unhoMne bhI bauddhoM ko dAna diye, yathA-gupta lekha saM0 5 (gupta iMskripzaMsa, phlITa, pR0 31-34) meM AyA hai ki AmrakArdava (candragupta dvitIya ke eka rAjya karmacArI) ne AryasaMgha ko gupta saMvat ke 93 veM varSa (412-13 I0) meM vizeSa dAna diyA; (4) Andhradeza meM zrIparvata ke ikSvAku rAjA siri cAntamUla ne agniSToma, vAjapeya evaM azvamedha yajJa kiye, kintu usake kula kI striyoM meM adhikAMza bauddha thIM, jinameM eka ne parama buddha ke sammAna meM eka stambha banavAyA (epi0 iNDi0, jilda 20, pR08 evaM jAyasavAla kI 'hisTrI Ava iNDiyA', 50 se 350 I0, pR0 175); (5) valabhI (kAThiyAvAr3a) ke maitraka rAjAoM meM sabhI mahezvara (ziva) ke pUjaka the; bambaI yUni0 ke jarnala (jilda 3, pR074-91) meM inake pAMca dAnapatroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai jinameM cAra bauddhoM ke lie tathA eka brAhmaNa ke lie haiN| inameM prathama gArulaka mahArAja varAhadAsa nAmaka sAmanta dvArA valabhI ke 230 veM varSa (549 I0) meM diyA gayA aura anya svayaM valabhI-rAjAoM dvArA / bauddhoM ko diye gaye cAroM dAna yakSazUra-vihAra evaM pUrNabhaTTa-vihAra (donoM bhikSukiyoM ke maTha the) ko diye gaye bhUmi-khaNDoM evaM grAmoM se sambandhita haiM, jinase bhikSukiyoM ko vastra, anna, bistara, Asana, davA Adi tathA bauddha pratimAoM ke lie dhUpa, puSpa, candana Adi kI vyavasthA kI jA ske| (6) ur3IsA ke rAjA ne, jisakA nAma zubhAkaradeva thA, jo bauddha rAjA kA putra thA aura apane ko paramasaugata kahA karatA thA, AThavIM zatI ke uttarArdha meM vibhinna gotroM vAle so brAhmaNoM ko do grAmoM kA dAna kiyA (epi0 iNDi0, jilda 15, pu0 3-5, neulapura dAna); (7) baMgAla ke rAjA vigrahapAla ne, jo bauddha pAlavaMza kA thA, apane rAjya-kAla ke 12veM varSa meM candra grahaNa ke avasara para buddhake sammAna meM gaMgA-snAna karake (bhagavantaM buddhamaTTArakamuddizya) eka sAmavedI brAhmaNa ko dAna diyA (aMgacchI dAna-patra, epi0 iNDi0, jilda 15, pR0 293, lagabhaga 1000 I0); (8) vigrahapAla ke uttarAdhikArI mahIpAla ne viSuva-saMkrAnti para gaMgA meM snAna karake buddha ke sammAna meM eka brAhmaNa ko eka grAma dAna meM diyA (epi0 iNDi0, jilda 14, pR0 324); aura dekhie iNDiyana aiNTIkverI (jilda 21, pR0 253-258) jahA~ baMgAla ke bauddha rAjA devapAladeva dvArA 9vIM zatI ke anta meM eka vidvAn brAhmaNa ko eka grAma diye jAne kI carcA hai| (9) kasiyA se prApta kalacuri prastarAbhilekha (epi0 iNDi0, jilda 18, pR0 128) meM gadya meM prathama AvAhana rudra kA aura usake uparAnta buddha kA huA hai| prathama do zloka zaMkara kI stuti meM haiM, tIsarA tArA (bauddha devI) kI

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498 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa stuti meM tathA cauthA evaM pA~cavA~ zloka buddha (munIndra) kI prazaMsA meM kahA gayA hai| (10) kannauja ke gahar3avAra rAjA govindacandra kI cauthI rAnI kumAradevI ne, jo eka kaTTara hindU thI, eka vihAra banavAyA, jisameM usane dharmacakra jina arthAt buddha kI pratimA pratiSThApita kI (epi0 iNDi0, jilda 9, pR0 319 evaM 324); (11) svayaM govindacandra ne 6 grAmoM kA dAna zAkyarakSita nAmaka eka vidvAn bauddha ko (jo ur3IsA se AyA thA) tathA usake ziSya ko kiyA, jo jetavana mahAvihAra (dekhie 'saheta-maheta' nAmaka govindacandra kA patraka, saMvat 1186, san 1128-29 I0, epi0 iNDi0, jilda 11, pR0 20 evaM 24) ke saMgha ke kalyANa ke nimitta thaa| (12) pUrvI baMgAla ke bauddha rAjA zrIcandra ke madanapura dAna-patra se prakaTa hai ki rAjA ne agastitRtIyA para snAna karake buddhabhaTTAraka ke sammAna meM zukradeva nAmaka eka brAhmaNa ko bhUmi-dAna kiyaa| (13) cAlukya tribhuvanamalla urpha 'vikramAditya' (zaka saMvat 1017, 1095-96 I0) ke kAla kA dambala zilAlekha buddha ke stavana se Arambha hotA hai aura usameM do vihAroM ke dAna kI carcA hai, jinameM eka buddha kA hai jo dharmapura yA dharmavolala (dhAravAr3a jile meM dambala) ke seTTiyoM dvArA nirmita huA aura dUsarA tArAdevI kA hai, jo lokkiguNDi (yA Adhunika lakkuNDi) ke seTTi dvArA banavAyA gayA thaa| (14) epi0 iNDikA (jilda 16, pR0 48, 51) ke lakSmaNezvara ke zilAlekha (san 1147 I0) se prakaTa hai ki eka senApati zaiva, vaiSNava, bauddha evaM jaina nAmaka cAroM sampradAyoM kA uddhAraka thA (ctussmysmuddhrnnm)| (15) zrAvastI (Adhunika saheta-maheta) se prApta eka zilAlekha se prakaTa hotA hai ki vAstavya kula ke vidyAdhara nAmaka eka vyakti ne bauddha zramaNoM ke lie eka maTha usI bastI (jahA~ zilAlekha prApta huA thA) meM banavAyA (iNDiyana aiNTIkverI, jilda 17, pR0 61) / (16) taMjaura ke sevappa nAyaka ke kumbhakoNam nAmaka zilAlekha (1580 I0) se patA calatA hai ki tirumaliyarAjapuram ke brAhmaNa-grAma ('agrahAra') meM kucha bhUmi kA dAna, tiruviladura ke buddha-mandira se sambandhita eka vyakti ko diyA gayA thaa| uparyukta udAharaNa yaha vyakta karate haiM ki bhArata ke sabhI bhAgoM, uttara se dakSiNa taka meM, rAjAoM ke evaM unake karmacAriyoM ke madhya dhArmika sahiSNutA evaM sabhI dharmoM kI surakSA karanA yaha eka sAmAnya niyama-sA thaa| yadi kahIM koI apavAda thA to vaha kisI vyakti-vizeSa, rAjA yA karmacArI yA usake samAna kisI vyakti taka hI sImita thaa| dUsarI ora, yadyapi azoka, jo prajA ke anya dharmoM ke prati Adara-sammAna prakaTa karane meM prAcIna bhAratIya sahiSNutA kA uttarAdhikArI thA, aura jisake 7 veM evaM 12 veM prastara-lekha sahiSNutA kA ujjvalatama udAharaNa yA pratIka the, Age cala kara vahI yaha kahane meM santoSa prakaTa karane lagA ki jambUdvIpa ke deva loga jhUThe (amAnya)par3a gaye aura vaha garva ke sAtha ghoSita karane lagA ki yaha pariNAma 'merI mahattA kA prabhAva nahIM, pratyuta mere utsAha kA hai|' yaha draSTavya hai ki azoka kI ahiMsA bhI Arambha meM pUrNa nahIM thI, pratyuta sImita thii| apane prathama prastara-lekha meM usane kahA hai ki rAjA kI rasoI meM pahale sahasroM pazu mAre jAte the, aba yaha hatyA prati dina do moroM evaM eka 13. zrIcanda kI tithi ke viSaya meM matabheda hai| dekhie DA0 Ara0 sI0 majUmadAra kRta 'hisTrI Ava baMgAla' (jilda 1, pR0 196), jahA~ zrIcanda kI tithi kucha vidvAnoM dvArA 11 vIM zatI ke Arambha meM rakhI gayI hai| 14, antima do udAharaNoM se prakaTa hotA hai ki yadyapi kannauja ke rAjA jayacanda harA diye gaye the aura kannauja para musalamAnoM kA adhikAra san 1193 I0 meM ho cukA thA, tathApi bauddha dharma 13 vIM zatI ke prathama caraNa meM uttarI bhArata se pUrNatayA vilIna nahIM huA thA aura bauddha dharma ke kucha avazeSa dakSiNa meM 16 vIM zatI taka vidyamAna the|

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prAcIna bhArata meM sarva-dharmasamabhAva aura azoka hirana taka sImita ho gayI hai (vaha bhI kabhI-kabhI,) aura ye tIna pazu bhI bhaviSya meM nahIM mAre jAyeMge (kAsa iskripzanam iNDikeram, jilda 1, pR0 1-2) / yaha antima praNa kAryarUpa meM pariNata huA ki nahIM, koI nahIM jaantaa| isake atirikta, azoka ne sabhI prakAra ke prANiyoM kI rakSA karane kI utsukatA ko bahuta adhika bar3hAvA de DAlA aura eka adhinAyaka kI bhAMti manuSya-svabhAva ke virodha meM apanI rAjazakti kA prayoga kiyaa| dillI-ToparA stambha ke cauthe lekha meM azoka ne ullekha kiyA hai ki usake lajUka nAmaka kara-vyavasthAdhikAriyoM kA hajAroM manuSyoM se pAlA par3atA thA aura unheM daNDa dene, yahA~ taka ki prANa-daNDa dene taka kA adhikAra thA aura usameM tIna dinoM kI chUTa kI carcA hai, jisameM prANa-daNDa pAne vAloM ke sambandhiyoM ko isakA avasara prApta ho sake ki ve lajUkoM se daNDa-vyAkSepa yA kSamA kI mAMga kara skeN| pAMcaveM dillI-ToparA stambha-lekha (kA0 iM0 iNDi0, jilda 1, pR0 125-128) meM rAjyAbhiSeka ke 26 veM varSa ke uparAnta azoka ne ghoSita kiyA hai ki 23 prakAra ke pakSI evaM anya pazu (yathA totA, mainA, lAla yA jaMgalI haMsa arthAt cakravAka yA zveta haMsa, paNDUka, kucha viziSTa machaliyA~ evaM kachuve) bilkula nahIM mAre jAyeMge, bher3a evaM zUkarI, jo abhI choTI haiM yA dUdha dene vAlI haiM yA inake bacce abhI 6 mAsa se kama avasthA ke haiM ve bhI nahIM mArI jaayeNgii| usane kucha pUrNimAoM ko evaM unake eka dina pUrva evaM uparAnta machalI becanA, aSTamI, caturdazI evaM amAvasyA para bailoM, bher3oM evaM ghor3oM ko badhiyA karanA tathA puSya, punarvasu evaM caturmAsiyoM meM ghor3oM evaM bailoM para tapta lohe ke cihna yA dAga lagAnA banda karA diyaa| ina uparyukta AdezoM se nirdhana logoM para burA prabhAva avazya par3A hogA, aura ye niyama logoM ko avazya kaThora lage hoMge, vizeSataH jaba inake viSaya meM lajUkoM ko sabhI prakAra ke adhikAra the| jIvana ke pazcAtkAlIna bhAga meM, aisA lagatA hai, azoka ne hindU devoM kI pUjA kA vinAza cAhA thaa| rUpanAtha prastara-lekha (iNDiyana aiNTIkverI, jilda 6, pR0 154-156) meM aisA AyA hai ki vaha kucha varSoM taka upAsaka mAtra (kevala buddha kI pUjA karane vAlA) thA, kintu abhI AsthAvAn nahIM ho sakA thA, kintu eka varSa yA adhika kAla se (AsthAvAn ho gayA) aura usa avadhi meM ve deva, jo jambUdvIpa (bhArata) meM sacce kahe jAte the, jhUThe par3a gaye aura yaha usakI AsthA (utsAha, prayatna Adi) kA pariNAma thaa| isase yaha artha nikAlA 15. yahA~ para brahmagiri, rUpanAtha evaM anya chaH sthAnoM para pAye gaye prastara-lekhoM ke mahattvapUrNa zabda uddhRta hue hai (kucha bhASAntara haiM aura kahIM-kahIM kucha chUTa bhI gayA hai)| yahA~ pro0 jUlsa bloca ('lesa iMskripzaMsa Do' azoka,perisa, 1950, pR0 145-148) dvArA upasthApita mUla diyA jA rahA hai--'devAnaM piye hevmaah| sAtirekAni maDatiyAmika (ssAni) ya sumi. pAkAsake (upAsake ?) no cu bADhi pakkate (pkknte)| sAtileke cu chapanchare ya sumi haka saMgha (saMdhe) upate bADhi pkknte| yA imAya kAlAya jambudipassi amissA devA husa te dAni missA kttaa| pakkamassa hi esa phle|noc esA mahattatA pApotaveM / khuddakena pi pakkaminena sakiye pipule pi svagge Aroveve (zeSa chUTa gayA hai| isa anuzAsana kI eraMguDI pratilipi yoM hai-'iminA cuH kAlena amissA munissA devahite pAni mismibhuutaa|' Asa-pAsa ke do anya bhASAntara yoM haiM-'iminA cu kAlena amissA samAnA munistA jambudIpassi missA devehi|' inameM kahIM-kahIM chUTa par3a gayI hai aura truTiyAM bhI haiM aura artha prakaTa nahIM ho paataa| sambhavataH ina antima zabdoM kA vAkya yoM anUdita ho sakatA hai-'usa kAla ke antara meM jo manuSya satyaye (yA yadi hama amissA' ko 'amizrA ke rUpa meM leM, jo devoM se mizrita nahIM ho sake the') ve jhUThe par3a gaye, (yA 'devoM se mizrita ho gye')| 'pakkamasa' se Age ke zabdoM kA artha yoM hai--'yaha upakrama (utsAha) kA phala hai| yaha mahattA se (usase jo mahattvapUrNa sthiti vAlA ho) nahIM prApta ho sakatA; kSudra vyakti dvArA bhI upakrama se

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500 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa jA sakatA hai ki jaba vaha AsthAvAn yA kaTTara bauddha ho gayA to usane logoM ko deva-pUjA se dUra karAne kA prayatna kiyA aura sambhavataH usa dizA meM kucha kaThora niyama bhI bnaaye| prastuta abhilekha para DA0 hulza kA anuvAda (kA0 I0 iNDi0, jilda 1, pR0 166) svIkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isa viSaya meM aba hama Age kucha nahIM likheNge| samrATa harSavardhana ke viSaya meM hvenasAMga ne likhA hai ki usane paMca dezoM meM pazu-mAMsa khAnA varjita kara diyA aura jIva-hiMsA karma ke lie prANa-daNDa nirdhArita kiyA (vATarsa, pR0 344) / yaha bhI adhikAMza logoM ko burA lagA hogA aura sambhavata: ise logoM ne dhArmika utpIDana ke rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA hogaa| yaha draSTavya hai ki harSa ne pazu-pakSI-hatyA ke viruddha apane utsAha evaM zatru-vijaya ke lie lambI senA rakhane ke bIca meM kisI prakAra ke saMkoca kA anubhava kahIM kiyaa| anya dharmoM ke prati baratI jAne vAlI sahiSNutA evaM paraspara sahayoga se rahane kI pravRtti ke sambandha meM kucha anya mahattvapUrNa udAharaNa diye jA sakate haiN| lagabhaga 360 I0 meM zrIlaMkA ke bauddha rAjA meghavarNa kI prArthanA para bodhagayA meM tIna maMjiloM vAle saMghArAma ke nirmANa kI anumati hindU gupta samrAT samudragupta ne dii| dekhie 'arlI hisTrI Ava iNDiyA' (cauthA saMskaraNa, 1924, pR0 303-304, vI0 e0 smitha dvArA likhita), jahA~ itihAsakAra ne itanA aura kahA hai ki jaba hvana-sA~ga bodhagayA gayA huA thA to usa saMghArAma meM eka sahasra bhikSu rahate the| muhammada uphI nAmaka eka vyakti ne eka ghaTanA kA ullekha kiyA hai| yadyapi muhammada gajanavI ne kAThiyAvAr3a evaM gujarAta ko kaI bAra lUTA aura mandiroM ko tor3A-phor3A evaM apavitra kiyA, tathApi hinduoM ne AtatAyI evaM AkrAmaka musalamAnoM evaM vyavasAyI musalamAnoM meM vyAvahArika antara banAye rkhaa| pArasiyoM dvArA ukasAye jAne para khambhAta ke kucha hinduoM ne eka masjida tor3a DAlI evaM kucha musalamAnoM ko mAra ddaalaa| unameM se eka bacA huA musalamAna siddharAja nAmaka rAjA ke pAsa gayA aura usake samakSa apanI prArthanA rkhii| veza parivartita kara rAjA ne svayaM sArI bAtoM kA patA calAyA, aparAdhiyoM ko daNDita kiyA aura musalamAnoM ko masjida ke punarnimANa ke lie eka lAkha balotra diye aura khatIba ko cAra vastra-khaNDa diye, jo masjida meM surakSita rakha diye gye| uphI kA kathana svarga prApta kiyA jA sakatA hai|' pro0 raMgasvAmI AyaMgara prejeNTezana vAlyUma (pR0 25-30) meM zrI rAmacandra dIkSitAra ne tarka upasthita kiyA hai ki azoka hindU hai, kyoMki usane 'svarga' kI bAta kahI hai| yaha tarka ThIka nahIM hai, kyoMki svayaM anuzAsana meM yaha AyA hai ki isa anuzAsana ke pUrva DhAI varSoM taka azoka buddha kA upAsaka mAtra thA aura isase eka varSa se kucha pUrva vaha saMgha (bhikSuoM ke samudAya) meM pahuMcA aura upakramI athavA utsAhI moDa bana gayA (yaH sambhavataH bhikSa bana gyaa)| Arambhika pAli granthoM meM bhI aisA AyA hai ki svarga se devatA loga utara kara burA kA sammAna karane AyA karate the| ataH 'svarga' zabda ke ullekha se kucha artha nahIM nikAlA jA sktaa| yadi pavitra pAli grantha rahe bhI hoM to azoka unameM pAraMgata nahIM thaa| usane kahIM bhI nirvANa kA ullekha nahIM kiyA hai aura na apane anuzAsanoM meM kahIM 'cAra Arya satyoM' yA 'aSTAMgika mArga' yA 'pratItya-samutpAda' mAmaka bogoM ke maulika siddhAntoM kA ullekha hI kiyA hai| sambhavataH usane naitika AcaraNa kI zuddhatA ke prayatna se sambandhita bauddha zikSA se AkRSTa hokara hI una siddhAntoM ko svIkAra kiyA thA aura yajJoM ko asvIkAra kiyA thaa| aisA lagatA hai ki vaha devoM meM vizvAsa karatA thA aura cAhatA thA ki loga svarga-prApti ke lie upakrama evaM udyoga kareM (dekhie chaThA prastara-lekha, giranAra-'paratra ca svagga ArAdhayantu' aura isI prakAra ke zabdoM ke lie 10 vA~ prstr-lekh)| kevala itanA hI bhAvAtmaka DhaMga se upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai| Jain Education international

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madhyakAlIna bhArata kI dhArmika udAratA ke jvalanta udAharaNa aura anyatra ke pratyudAharaNa 501 hai ki jIvana meM maiMne isa prakAra kI ghaTanA kahIM aura nahIM sunii| dekhie iliyaTa kI 'hisTrI Ava iNDiyA' (jilda 2, pR0 162-163) / somanAtha- paTTana lekha (iNDiyana aiNTIkverI, jilda 11, pR0 241 ) eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa likhita pramANa hai / harmaja ke eka jahAja vAle vyakti ne pavitra somanAtha- paTTana kI bastI meM eka bhUmi khaNDa kharIda liyA, vahA~ eka masjida, eka ghara evaM eka dUkAna banavAyI / uparyukta patraka (lekha) kA tAtparya thA usa bhUmi kI bikrI ko svIkRta kara lenA, usase prApta dhana kA vyaya somanAtha ke ziyA nAvikoM dvArA manAye jAne vAle viziSTa muslima dhArmika utsavoM meM karane kI vyavasthA karanA aura isakI vyavasthA karanA ki jo kucha zeSa ho vaha makkA evaM madInA ke pavitra nagaroM meM bheja diyA jaay| isakI tithi cAra saMvatoM meM hai, yathA rasula - muhammada saMvat arthAt hI varSa 662, vikrama saM0 1320 ( 1264 I0 ), valabhI varSa 945 evaM siMha saMvat 151 ( arthAt sambhavataH cAlukya siddharAja jayasiMha kA ) / dakSiNa bhArata ke hindU rAjAoM ne sIriyA ke tatkAlIna IsAiyoM ko bahuta-sI suvidhAe~ de rakhI thIM / = uparyukta udAharaNa yaha siddha karate haiM ki madhyakAla meM bhI, jaba musalamAna bhArata para AkramaNa evaM atyAcAra kara rahe the, bhAratIya rAjA evaM prajAjana sahiSNu the| pAThaka gaNa svayaM soceM ki 13 vIM zatI meM yadi koI hindU IsAI yA muslima dezoM meM kisI mandira ke nirmANa kA sAhasa karatA yA IsAI yA muslima dharma evaM jIvana ke viSaya meM likhane ke lie sAmagrI ekatra karane kA sAhasa karatA to usakI kyA gati hotI, jaba ki 11 vIM zatI meM albarUnI binA kisI atyAcAra yA kaSTa ke hindU paNDitoM evaM sAmAnya janoM se vizada sAmagrI ekatra karane meM samartha ho sakA thaa| muslima bAdazAha kitane asahiSNu the, isa viSaya meM vistAra se kahane kI koI AvazyakatA nahIM hai / do-eka udAharaNa paryApta hoNge| hama yahA~ 'kaimbrija hisTrI Ava iNDiyA' kI jilda 3 ke pRSThoM kI ora pAThakoM kA dhyAna AkRSTa kreNge| phIroja zAha tugalaka ne eka brAhmaNa ko jindA jalA diyA, kyoMki usane apane dharma ke prasAra kI jurrata (sAhasa) kI thI (vahI, pR0 187 ) ; yahI kRtya sikandara lodI ne eka brAhmaNa ke sAtha kiyA ( 10 246), usane hindU mandiroM ko bahuta bar3I saMkhyA meM tor3a-phor3a DAlA; kazmIra ke sultAna sikandara ne apanI prajA ke sAmane do vikalpa rakhe : musalamAna bano yA deza ke bAhara jAo ( pR0 280 ) ; baMgAla ke husenazAha ne eka senA navadvIpa ke vidhvaMsa ke lie bhejI aura bahuta-se brAhmaNoM ko balAt musalamAna banA diyaa| jahA~gIra ne apane saMsmaraNa (membAyarsa, e0 rojarsa dvArA anUdita evaM ec0 bevarija dvArA sampAdita, 1909, pR072-73 ) meM likhA hai ki usane guru arjunasiMha ko unake dhArmika kAryakalApa ke phalasvarUpa mAra DAlA / dekhie yadunAtha sarakAra kRta 'hisTrI Ava auraMgajeba' (jilda 3, adhyAya 30, pu0 265-279), jahA~ katipaya pharamAnoM kA ullekha hai, jo somanAtha, mathurA, vizvanAtha (banArasa, jo aba punaH vArANasI kahA jAne lagA hai) evaM ujjaina ke mandiroM ko tor3a dene ke lie nikAle gaye the / aura dekhie usa grantha kA epeNDiksa 5 / yahA~ yUropa meM yahUdiyoM para kiye gaye atyAcAroM, 'iMkvijizana' dvArA vizeSataH spena evaM portugAla meM Acarita bhayaMkara krUra yAtanAoM kI ora dhyAna le jAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| ina bhISaNa duSkarmoM se vizva ke itihAsa ke panne gande ho gaye haiM / yahUdiyoM para kiye gaye atyAcAroM aura utpIDana Adi ke viSaya meM par3hie sesila raoNya kRta 'e zArTa hisTrI Ava di jyUyiza pIpula' (maikmilana eNDa kampanI, 1936), adhyAya 20-21 / do-eka udAharaNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiN| 'inkvijizana' dvArA dharma ke kArya yA 'oNTosda-phA' upasthita kiye jAte the / sahasroM vyaktiyoM kI upasthiti meM, una vyaktiyoM para, jinake viSaya meM pavitra kaitholika dharma ke virodha meM sandeha utpanna ho jAtA thA, mahAdAruNa yAtanAe~ DhAhI jAtI thiiN| jo prAyazcitta karane ke lie mAna jAte the unakI sampatti chIna lI jAtI thI aura ve bandIgRha meM DAla diye jAte the, yA deza-niSkAsita kara diye jAte the yA dAsa banAkara nAva khene yA yuddhapota para patavAra calAne ke lie bheja diye jAte the / kucha loga, jo dharma

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502 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa virodhitA ko svIkAra nahIM karate the aura apane dRSTikoNa para ArUDha rahate the, usI kSaNa jalA diye jAte the| rAjA evaM bhadra loga aise avasaroM ko apanI upasthiti se suzobhita karate the| aise utpIDanoM kI usa samaya vizeSa rUpa se vyavasthA kI jAtI thI jaba ki bhadra logoM ke yahA~ vivAha hote the yA rAjya karane vAle rAjA ko putrotpatti hotI thii| tIna zatiyoM ke mItara jaba taka yaha mahAn dAruNa dhArmika atyAcAra-nATaka khelA jAtA rahA, lagabhaga 3,75,000 vyakti isakI capeTa meM Aye, jinakI 1/10 saMkhyA jIte-jI jalA DAlI gayI (dekhie sesila rAtha kRta uparyukta pustaka, 1936, pR0 312) / henarI sI0 lI ne apane grantha 'suparisTizana eNDa phorsa' (1878, pR0 426-427) meM likhA hai - 'iMkvijizana kA sArA DhaMga isa prakAra kA thA ki dAruNa evaM bhayaMkara kaSTa kA milanA avazyambhAvI thA / isakI kAryavAhiyA~ gupta rahA karatI thIM; bandI ko usake abhiyogoM ke viSaya meM kisI prakAra kI jAnakArI nahIM rahA karatI thI aura na una sAkSyoM ko vaha jAna pAtA thA jina para ve (abhiyoga) AdhRta rahate the| vaha aparAdhI mAna liyA jAtA thA aura nyAyAdhIza tathAkathita aparAdhI dvArA apane Upara thope hue aparAdha ko svIkAra kara lene ke lie usa para apanI sampUrNa zaktiyA~ lagA dete the / isako pUrNa karane ke lie koI bhI sAdhana adhama evaM krUra nahIM samajhA jAtA thaa|' govA meM portugAloM ke zAsana meM hinduoM kI kyA sthiti thI ? isa viSaya meM jAnakArI prApta karanA zikSAprada hogA / govA meM kukhyAta 'iMkvijizana' san 1560 I0 sthApita huA aura isane apanA dAruNa, asahiSNu evaM amAnuSa kRtya lagabhaga 250 varSoM taka claayaa| jo loga isa viSaya meM abhiruci rakhate haiM, ve san 1923 meM portugAlI sarakAra dvArA prakAzita grantha 'e iNDiyA porcugUijA' (jilda 2, vizeSata: govA hAIkorTa ke bhUtapUrva nyAyAdhIza eNToniyo De norunhA kA lekha 'osa iNDase De govA' paThanIya hai) ko par3ha sakate haiN| je0 eca0 De kunhA rAivarA (jo bhArata meM san 1855 se 1870 I0 taka portugIja gavarnara janarala kA sekreTarI thA) dvArA likhita nibandha 'hisTArikala ese Ana di konakanI laiMgvez2a' kA eka saMkSipta vaktavya prakAza DAlane vAlA siddha hogaa| usameM isa prakAra AyA hai ( porcugIz2a bhASA meM ) -- ' aba hama una kAraNoM kI khoja kareMge jo portugAlI zAsana meM koMkaNI bhASA kI saMskRti ke vikAsa ke pakSa yA vipakSa meM the| vijaya ke prathama utsAha meM mandira girAye gaye ; hindU dharma ke sabhI pratIka naSTa kara diye gaye aura ve sabhI pustakeM, jo jana-bhASA meM likhita thIM, jinameM mUrtipUjA viSayaka siddhAnta evaM zikSAe~ pratipAdita thIM athavA jinameM aisI bAtoM kA sandeha thA, jalA DAlI gyiiN| eka aisI icchA parivyApta thI ki jana-saMkhyA kA vaha sampUrNa bhAga, jo zIghratApUrvaka IsAI dharmAvalambI na banAyA jA sake, naSTa kara diyA jAye; yaha icchA kevala usI kAla meM nahIM thI, pratyuta do zatiyoM ke uparAnta bhI banI rhii| eka vyakti aisA bhI thA jisane prazAsaka - jaisI gambhIratA ke sAtha sarakAra ko aisA parAmarza diyA ki vaha vaisI hI nIti kA anusaraNa karatI rahe / "" astu, (2) bhArata se bauddha dharma ke vilIna hone ke dUsare pramukha kAraNa para aba hama prakAza ddaaleNge| siddhArtha (buddha) dvArA apanI rAjakIya sthiti, yuvatI patnI, bacce evaM gRha kA tyAga, duHkha evaM cintA se mAnava kI mukti ke hetu mArga DhU~r3hane ke lie parivrAjaka bana idhara-udhara bhaTakanA, usake uparAnta varSoM taka zarIra ko tapa se sukhAnA, dhyAna ke lie sarvathA ekAnta meM calA jAnA, mAra (kAmadeva) se unakA yuddha evaM antima vijaya unakA aisA vizvAsa ki maiMne mukti kA mArga DhU~r3ha liyA hai, apane dvArA prApta kiye hue satyoM ko lagabhaga 45 varSoM taka gA~va-gA~va, nagara-nagara ghUma-ghUma kara prasArita karanA, yajJoM meM abodha evaM mUka prANiyoM kI bali ke virodha meM unakA abhiyAna, zAnti evaM 16. pro0 e0 ke0 priyolkara kRta 'di priMTiMga presa ina iNDiyA' (bambaI, 1958), pR0 161 se uddhRta /

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bauddha dharma ke vilopa ke kAraNa 503 santoSa ke sAtha pUrNa avasthA ko prApta kara saMsAra se calA jAnA-aisA thA buddha kA mahattvapUrNa evaM garimAmaya jiivn| isake bala para unakA ati udAtta evaM viziSTa vyaktitva manuSyoM ko anAyAsa apanI ora AkRSTa kara letA thaa| eDavina arnAlDa ne apanI prasiddha kavitA 'lAiTa Ava eziyA' kI bhUmikA (pR0 13) meM buddha kI zikSA ke viSaya meM unmukta bhAva se prazasti-gAna kiyA hai-"yaha zraddhAspada dharma, jisameM sArvabhauma AzA kI amaratA hai, asIma pyAra kI akSayatA hai, antima lakSya kI prApti ke vizvAsa meM kabhI na kSaya hone vAlA tattva hai tathA mAnavIya svatantratA (vimukti) ke viSaya meM kiyA gayA aba taka kA saba se garvIlA vacana hai|" buddha dvArA jo prakAza-dIpa jalAyA gayA vaha yogya evaM sAmarthyavAn ziSyoM ke hAthoM taba taka jalatA rahA jaba taka chaThI zatI meM bauddha dharma apanI mahattA ke zikhara para nahIM pahuMca gyaa| usa kAla meM eka pratikriyA uTha khar3I huI thii| prAcIna bauddha dharma meM paryApta parivartana ho gaye the aura AdarzoM meM bhI parivartana dRSTigocara hone lage the| hamane isa viSaya meM Upara dekha liyA hai| isa dharma meM Izvara ke viSaya meM koI spaSTa dhAraNA nahIM thI, bahuta-se aise sampradAya uTha khar3e hue jo pUrNatayA IzvaravAdI the, svayaM buddha kI pUjA kI jAne lagI, aura loga unheM bhagavAn mAnane lage, vajrayAnI tAntrika sampradAyoM ke vicitra siddhAntoM evaM duSprayogoM ke caMgula meM bahuta-se sampradAya par3a gye| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki bauddha dharma kaI virodhI rUDhiyoM kA sammizraNa-sA ho gayA aura pArasparika droha evaM jhagar3oM se isakI dIvAroM meM darAreM par3ane lgiiN| jaba buddha kA dehAvasAna ho gayA usI samaya siddhAntoM ko lekara vivAda uTha khar3A huA, jo rAjagRha meM bulAyI gayI prathama saMgIti meM prakaTa huA, dUsarI saMgIti eka sau varSoM ke uparAnta vesAli (vaizAlI) meM huI aura tIsarI azoka ke zAsana-kAla meM pATaliputra meM huii| paramparAoM se yaha prakaTa hai ki kula cAra saMgItiyA~ huIM jinameM zAstrIya mApadaNDa nirdhArita kiye gaye, kintu azoka (lagabhaga 250 I0 pU0) ke pUrva kI koI pAli pustaka abhI taka prApta nahIM ho sakI hai| ina viSAdoM evaM bhAMti-bhAMti ke uttaroM-prati-uttaroM ke kAraNa tathA unake phalasvarUpa jo dharma-bhedamUlaka zAkhAprati-zAkhAe~ utpanna huI unase bauddha dharma kI hAni hii| zrI ena0 je0 o' konora ne isa kAraNa ko una cAra pramukha kAraNoM meM pradhAna mAnA hai jinake phalasvarUpa bauddha dharma kA hrAsa hotA calA gayA aura anta meM yaha eka dina bhArata se vilIna ho gyaa| (3) sAtavIM zatI kA anta hote-hote bhArata kaI choTe-choTe svatantra rAjyoM meM ba~Ta gayA, jo sadA eka dUsare se yuddha karate rahate the| bauddha dharma ko azoka, kaniSka evaM harSa jaise samartha, prabhu-sattAsampanna, utsAhI evaM prajAvatsala samrAToM kA Azraya nahIM prApta ho skaa| aba use rAjakIya Azraya milanA asambhava thA, hA~, baMgAla ke pAla-vaMzIya rAjAoM se kucha varSoM taka sneha avazya milA, kintu bauddha dharma aba hrAsa kI ora hI unmukha ho gayA thaa| (4) bauddha dharma ke mahAn siddhAntoM ke yogyatama evaM udbhaTa vyAkhyAtAgaNa apane dharma ke pracArArtha isa deza ko chor3akara anya dezoM meM cale gye| DA. rAdhAkRSNana ne apanI pustaka 'iNDiyA eNDa cAinA' meM aise 24 mahattvapUrNa bhAratIya vidvAnoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo buddha ke upadezoM ke pracArArtha cIna meM tIsarI zatI se 973 I0 taka jAte rahe (pR0 27); unhoMne kucha aise cInI vidvAnoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo bauddha dharma-sambandhI pavitra sthaloM ke darzanArtha evaM bauddha dharma kI zikSA grahaNa karane ke lie bhArata meM Ate rahe haiM (pR0 27-28) / (5) gautama buddha dvArA sthApita evaM prakAzita ucca naitika AdarzoM kA pAlana unake adhikAMza anuyAyiyoM ko, vizeSata: unake vyaktigata udAharaNoM ke antarhita ho jAne ke uparAnta, kaSTakArI lagA hogaa| mahAparinibbAnasutta (saikreDa buka Ava di IsTa, jilda 11, pR0 127) meM AyA hai ki usa sumadda ne, jo bur3hautI meM saMgha meM sammilita huA thA, buddha ke nirvANa ke uparAnta apane una sAthiyoM se kahA jo bahuta dukhI the-"roo nahIM, vilApa na kro| hama mahAn zramaNa se chuTakArA pA gye| 'yaha tumhAre yogya nahIM hai, yaha tumheM zobhA nahIM detA' isa prakAra kahe jAne para |

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504 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa hama krodha meM A jAyA karate the; aba hama manonukUla kareMge aura jo karanA nahIM cAhate haiM vaha nahIM kreNge|" sAmAnya jana eka hI prakAra ke upadezoM ko sadaiva nahIM pasanda karate, yathA, isa prakAra ke vicAra ki kleza hI manuSyoM ke bhAgya meM hai, nIrasa maTha-jIvana, manobhAvoM ke prati virAga tathA nirvANaprApti kA vacana jo kadAcit hI sundara DhaMga se vyAkhyAyita ho sakA ho / nirvANa kA arthaM sambhavataH buddha ke matAnusAra thA 'ahaMtA evaM kAmanA kA nAza, eka aisI Ananda-sthiti jo jJAnAtIta thI; na ki sampUrNa nAza yA samApta ho jAnA / ' kintu adhikAMza loga isa antima artha ko hI nirvANa mAnate the| buddha vyartha kI kalpanAtmaka sthiti ke pratikUla the, vizeSataH una bAtoM ke viSaya meM jo unake vizuddha naitika prayatna evaM uddezya ke lie sarvathA anupayukta thIM aura unase mela nahIM rakhatI thiiN| bahuta-se dArzanika evaM kalpanAtmaka prazna, yathA - yaha vizva nitya hai yA nahIM, yaha ananta hai yA antayukta, AtmA vahI hai jo deha hai yA deha se bhinna hai, tathAgata mRtyu ke uparAnta rahate haiM yA nahIM' Adi prazna buddha dvArA anuttarita ho rahe (dekhie majjhimanikAya, 63, TraeNkanara saMskaraNa, jilda 1) / dhIre-dhIre bhikSuoM evaM bhikSukiyoM ke maTha pramAdoM, viSayoM evaM anaitika AcaraNoM ke aDDe ho gaye aura vajrayAnI tantravAdiyoM ke samAna pathabhraSTa logoM ke duSkarmoM evaM vyabhicAroM ke kendra bana gaye / mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne, jo kisI samaya svayaM bauddha bhikSu the, apane nibandha 'vajrayAna eNDa di 84 siddhaz2a' (jarnala, eziyATika 0 jilda 225, 1934, pR0 209 - 230 ) meM likhA hai - " maTha evaM mandira logoM dvArA pavitra mana se diye gaye dhana se paripUrNa the / bhikSu kA jIvana sAdhAraNa upAsaka kI apekSA adhika sukhamaya thA / anuzAsana DhIlA par3a gayA aura ayogya vyakti saMgha meM praviSTa ho gaye / " sundara citrakAriyoM, ekAnta bhUmi, deviyoM evaM devatAoM ke pariveSa meM jo unmukta jIvana pravAhita hotA calA A rahA thA, isase logoM kA dhyAna viSaya-vAsanA, bhoga-lipsA, maithuna kI ora avazya A gayA hogA / kathAvatthu ( 23 / 1) se hameM jJAta hai ki andhaka zAkhA kisI viziSTa uddezya ke lie maithuna kI anumati detI thI; yaha rahasyavAdI sampradAya meM sammilita ho gayA thA / " dakSiNa meM Akara mantroM ke prayoga, mAnasa AcaraNoM evaM indriyoM ke Ananda ke lie kucha viziSTa kriyAoM ke samAveza se vajrayAna pUrNa ho gayA / " (6) gautama (9 / 47, 68, 73 ), manU (4/176, 206, 10/63 ) evaM yAjJavalkya ( 1 / 156, 3 / 312313) jaisI smRtiyoM ne veda evaM brAhmaNa ko sammAna dene ke sAtha-sAtha cAroM varNoM ke lie ahiMsA, satya, asteya, zauca, indriya nigraha, dAna, dama, dayA, zAnti, brahmacaryaM tathA anya guNoM para bala diyA hai, jaisA ki buddha evaM anya prArambhika bauddha 17. DA0 e0 esa0 altekara (17 vIM akhila bhAratIya orieNTala kAnphreMsa, ahamadAbAda, 1953, pu0 243-246) dvArA AcArasAra ( navAgantuka bauddhoM ke lie pratipAdita niyama) kI zramaNera-TIkA para jo nibandha likhA gayA hai usameM bhassaMnAoM kA (jinameM kucha pR0 245 para likhita haiM) ullekha hai, jinase yaha niSkarSa nikalatA hai ki bhikSuoM kI eka lambI saMkhyA aisI hotI thI jisase bauddha dharma ko kukhyAti milatI thii| 'milinda - prazna' (sekreDa buka Avavi IsTa, jilba 35, pR0 49-50 ) meM eka prazna hai -- 'logoM ne saMgha kI zaraNa kyoM lI hai ?' isake uttara meM nAgasena ne mahatvapUrNa uttara diyA hai ki kucha logoM ne isalie saMgha kI zaraNa lI hai ki unake duHkha kA anta ho jAye aura ve punaH duHkha meM na par3e, 'binA vizva se lagAva rakhe pUrNarUpeNa calA jAnA hamArA saba se bar3A uddezya haiM; . kucha logoM ne saMsAra kA tyAga rAjAoM ke atyAcAra ke bhaya se kiyA hai; kucha loga lUTe jAne ke bhaya se yahA~ A gaye haiM; kucha RNoM se parezAna ho yahA~ cale Aye haiM aura kucha loga kevala jIvikA sAdhane ke lie yahA~ praviSTa ho gaye haiM / 18. ekAdhippAyo methuno dhammo paTisevittanvo ti / AmantA / kathAvattha ( 23|1) /

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bauddha dharma ke vilopa ke kAraNa 505 granthoM ne apane anuyAyiyoM ke lie nirdeza kiyA hai| manu (5 / 45) evaM viSNudharmasUtra (51168) meM AyA hai'vaha vyakti jo kevala apane Ananda ke lie ahAnikara pazuoM (yathA hariNa) ko mAratA hai, vaha jIte-jI yA mRtyu ke uparAnta na to sukha-vRddhi kara pAtA aura na caina se palatA hI hai| aisA hI vacana dhammapada (131) meM bhI AyA hai| yahA~ taka ki R0 (10 / 85 / 1) meM AyA hai-'yaha pRthivI satya dvArA AdhRta hai, AkAza sUrya dvArA ThaharA huA hai|' muNDakopaniSad (3 / 116) meM AyA hai-'kevala satya kI vijaya hotI hai, asatya kI nhiiN|' (7) una brAhmaNoM kA zaktizAlI vizvAsa (dharma) evaM jAgarUkatA, jinhoMne veda, upaniSadoM ke darzana, madhyama mArga kI yaugika kriyAoM (yathA-gItA meM 6 / 15-17), vizvAsa evaM bhakti se saba ke lie mukti-prApti ke siddhAnta Adi ko eka meM bAMdha diyA aura jo saba ke mana meM aTala virAjamAna thaa| (8) bauddha dharma ke vega ko rokane ke hetu apane dhArmika vizvAsoM evaM prayogoM meM parivartana karane ke lie evaM hindU dharma ko adhika janapriya karane ke lie brAhmaNoM evaM samAja ke anya netAoM ne IsA ke pUrva evaM uparAnta kaI zatiyoM taka AdAna-pradAna kI vilakSaNa nIti apanA lI thii| purAne vaidika deva (indra, varuNa Adi) pRSThabhUmi meM par3a gaye, bahuta-se vaidika yajJa chor3a diye gaye, devI, gaNeza evaM mAtRkA Adi deva-deviyA~ prasiddhi ko prApta ho gayIM, vaidika mantroM ke sAtha paurANika mantroM kA prayoga hoge lgaa| varAhamihira (chaThI zatI kA pUrvArdha) ne vaidika mantroM ke sAtha sAdhAraNa mantroM kA prayoga kiyA hai (bR0 saM0 47 / 55-70, 47171) / yahA~ taka ki aparArka (pR0 14-15) ne devapUjA meM narasiMhapurANa evaM devapratimA-pratiSThA meM paurANika vidhi kI bAta uThAyI hai| isake atirikta ahiMsA, dAna, tIrthayAtrA evaM vratoM para bala diyA gayA aura yahA~ taka kaha diyA gayA ki antima do (yAtrA, vrata) vaidika yajJoM se apekSAkRta adhika lAbhakara haiN| isa prakAra ke parivartanoM ne bauddha dharma ke prabhAva ko avazya kama kara diyaa| paurANika gAthAe~ jAtaka gAthAoM se hor3a lagAne lagIM, devoM evaM avatAroM se sambandhita kathAe~ logoM ke manoM ko AkRSTa karane lgiiN| bANa (sAtavIM zatI kA pUrvArdha) kI kAdambarI meM AyA hai ki ujjayinI ke loga mahAbhArata, purANoM evaM rAmAyaNa ke anuraagii,the| zrI o' konnora ne ise bauddha dharma ke hrAsa ke cAra pramukha kAraNoM meM antima kAraNa mAnA hai| (9) sAtavIM zatI se buddha hinduoM dvArA viSNu ke eka avatAra kahe jAne lage aura dasavIM zatI taka ve sampUrNa bhArata meM isa prakAra parijJAta ho gye| 19. ahiMsA satyamasteyaM zaucamindriyanigrahaH / etaM sAmAsikaM dharma caaturvrnno'brviinmnH|| manu (10 / 64); ahiMsA satyamasteyaM shaucmindriynigrhH| dAnaM damo dayA kSAntiH sarveSAM dharmasApanam / / yAjJa0 (1222); athaassttaavaatmgunnaaH| dayA sarvabhUteSu, kSAntiranasUyA zaucamanAyAso maMgalamakArpaNyamaspRheti / yasyaite catvAriMzatsaMskArA na cASTAvAtmaguNA na sa brahmaNaH sAyujyaM sAlokyaM gacchati / gautamadharmasUtra (8 / 23-25) / matsya0 (52 / 8-10) veva evaM AcAra kI ora nirdeza karake ina ATha guNoM ko AtmaguNa kahatA hai-'vedo'khilo dharmamUlamAcArazcaiva tadvivAm / aSTAvAtmaguNAstasmin pradhAnatvena sNsthitaaH||' matsya0 (5217-8) / atrismRti (zloka 34-41) ne bhI inhIM ATha kA ullekha kiyA hai aura inakI vyAkhyA kI hai, tathA haradatta ne (gautama kI vyAkhyA meM) ina ATha guNoM kI paribhASA meM ATha zloka udRta kiye haiN| dhammapada (zloka 131) meM AyA hai-'sukhakAmAni bhUtAni yo vaNDena vihiMsati / attano sukhamesAno pecca so na labhate sukham // '

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dharmazAstra kA itihAsa (10) musalamAnI kaTTaratA evaM unake bhAratIya AkramaNa ne bauddha dharma ko antima dhakkA diyaa| lagabhaga 1200 I0 meM evaM usake uparAnta nAlandA evaM vikramazilA jaise vizvavidyAlaya naSTa kara DAle gaye aura adhika saMkhyA meM nirdayatApUrvaka bhikSu mAra DAle gaye / jo loga isa prakAra ke saMhAra se baca gaye ve tibbata yA nepAla meM bhAga gaye / dekhie eca0 ema0 iliyaTa kRta 'hisTrI Ava iNDiyA' (jilda 2, pR0 306) jahA~ bakhtiyAra khilajI ke atyAcAra kA varNana hai, jo tabAkata-e-nAsirI se liyA gayA hai / usameM likhA hai ki bakhtiyAra khilajI apanI senA lekara bihAra gayA aura vahA~ lUTapATa kI, usake hAtha meM prabhUta sampatti par3I, vahA~ ke nivAsI adhikatara brAhmaNa the, jinake sira muNDitathe, ne mAra DAle gaye, bahuta-sI pustakeM pAyI gayIM aura aisA mAnA gayA ki sampUrNa sthAna eka adhyayana kA nagara ( madrasA arthAt madarasA ) thA / isa varNana se prakaTa hotA hai ki muNDita - sira brAhmaNa bauddha bhikSu the / 506 aisA nahIM samajhA jAnA cAhie ki bauddha bhikSuoM ne sampatti kA sampUrNa tyAga kara diyA thA / dekhie iNDiyana aiNTIkverI (jilda 7, pR0 254-256, zilAlekha 2 evaM 9 ) jahA~ bhikSu evaM bhikSuNI dAtA ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiM, aura dekhie kaniMghama kA 'bhilasA stUpa' ( pR0 235-236) jahA~ bahuta se bhikSu evaM kucha bhikSuNiyA~ dAtA ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiN| Arambhika bauddha dharma kA sAdhAraNa janatA para jo AkarSaNa thA, usakA kAraNa isake dvArA pracArita AtmatyAga, anuzAsana, sevA evaM balidAna kI bhAvanA thI / jaba musalamAnI AkramaNoM se bhikSuoM kA vinAza ho gayA to sAmAnya janatA kiMkartavyavimUDha ho gayI, vaha yA to muslima ho gayI yA hinduoM meM samA gayI / yaha pUrva hI kahA jA cukA hai ki buddha striyoM ko saMgha meM nahIM rakhanA cAhate the, kintu apane parama bhakta Ananda ke bAra-bAra kahane para ve jhuka gaye aura bhaviSyavANI kI ki yaha pavitra dharma jo eka sahasra varSoM taka calane vAlA thA aba utane varSoM taka nahIM calegA, kevala 500 varSoM taka hI raha skegaa| dekhie cullavagga (saikreDa buka Ava di IsTa, jilda 22, pR0 325 ) / bhikSuoM ke lie pAtimokkha kI 227 dhArAe~ thIM jo mAsa meM do bAra cAra bhikSuoM kI sabhA meM sunAyI jAtI thIM aura niyamoM ke ullaMghana ko vahA~ svIkAra karanA par3atA thA / yadi cullavagga (saM0 bu0 I0, 20, 50 (330-340) ko par3hA jAya to patA calegA ki jaba bahuta se bhikSu evaM bhikSuNiyA~ maThoM meM ekatra hote the to zAlInatA evaM naitikatA kA sAmAnya pAlana kucha logoM ke lie TUTa-sA jAtA thA / prArambha meM bhikSuoM dvArA bhikSuNiyoM ke samakSa pAtimokkha sunAyA jAtA thA aura bhikSuNiyA~ apane doSoM ko bhikSuoM ke samakSa svIkAra karatI thIM, kintu Age calakara isa vidhi meM parivartana huA aura aisA niyama banA ki kevala bhikSuNiyA~ hI apane lie aisA kareMgI / pR0 333 AyA hai ki bhikSuNiyA~ Apasa meM jhagar3a par3atI thIM aura mukkebAjI karane lagatI thIM / pR0 335 meM aisA ullekha hai ki kucha bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM para gandA pAnI chor3a dete the aura kabhI-kabhI apane aMgoM evaM jA~ghoM ko bhikSuNiyoM ke samakSa khola dete the / prastuta lekhaka ne Upara bauddha dharma ke vilopa ke mukhya kAraNoM kA jo lekhA-jokhA upasthita kiyA hai vaha adhikAMza logoM ke matoM ke anusAra hI hai / vibhinna lekhakoM ne apanI ruci ke anusAra inameM kucha ko ati mahattvapUrNa kahA hai| ye kAraNa bhArata meM bauddha dharma ke nAza ke mUla meM the, kintu prastuta lekhaka ke mata se isakA pramukha kAraNa yaha thA ki bhAratIya samAja kI adhika saMkhyA ne yaha anubhava kiyA ki bauddha dharma ke lekhakoM dvArA jo yaha kahA gayA aura bala diyA gayA ki yaha saMsAra duHkha se paripUrNa hai, sabhI kAmanAoM ko tyAga denA cAhie aura vihAravAsI (parivrAjakIya ) jIvana bitAnA cAhie, vaha sAmAnya logoM ke lie bahuta asahya thA, aura AzramoM para AdhArita hindU jIvana ne, jisameM kartavyoM evaM adhikAroM kI viziSTa vyAkhyA thI, vizeSataH gRhasthAzrama para jo itanA bala diyA gayA thA, logoM ke samakSa kauTumbika jIvana kA aisA Adarza rakhA jo ati niyamAnukUla evaM anuzAsita thA aura usake dvArA paramocca

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ukta kAraNoM kI pRSThabhUmi aura niSkarSa 507 sukha kI upalabdhi sambhava thI / kAmanAoM ke tyAga kI bhAvanA ne mAnava samAja kI sthiratA evaM lagAtAra calate rahane kI prakriyA para prabhAva DAlA aura logoM meM kramazaH zArIrika evaM mAnasika zakti kA hrAsa dRSTigocara hoge lagA tathA pramAda, anaitikatA evaM jAtigata Atmahanana kI bhAvanA ghara karane lgii| manu ( 3 / 77-78, 6 / 89-90 ), vasiSThadharmasUtra (8 / 14-17), viSNudharmasUtra ( 59 / 29 ), dakSa ( 2 / 57-60 ) tathA janya RSiyoM evaM lekhakoM ne gRhastha Azrama ko sarvazreSTha mAnA hai / mahAbhArata (zAnti0 270 / 6- 11 ) evaM rAmAyaNa ( ayodhyA 0 106 / 2 ) evaM purANoM ne bhI yahI bAta kahI hai| kevala dharmazAstroM ne hI nahIM, pratyuta kAlidAsa jaise kaviyoM ne bhI samAja meM gRhasthAzrama ko sarvocca mahattva diyA hai| raghuvaMza ( 5110 ) meM rAjA raghu ne eka vidvAn brAhmaNa vidyArthI se kahA hai- 'aba yahI samaya hai ki Apa dUsare Azrama meM praveza kareM, jo anya AzramoM (meM rahane vAle vyaktiyoM) ke lie upayogI hai / zAkuntala ( 1 ) meM bhI yahI bAta pAyI jAtI hai / jaba buddha paramAtmA ke rUpa meM bauddhoM dvArA pUjita hone lage, jaba bauddhoM ne isI jIvana meM svArthabharI kAmanAoM ke tyAga evaM aSTAMgika mArga ke anusaraNa dvArA sAdhya nirvANa prApti ke maulika siddhAnta kA bahiSkAra kara diyA, jaba bauddhoM ne bhakti ke siddhAnta ko apanA liyA aura unhoMne sukRtyoM ke phalasvarUpa bodhisattvoM ke satata vikAsa ke siddhAnta ko apanA liyA, taba hindU evaM bauddha ke bIca kI dUrI kama ho gayI aura kramazaH samApta-sI ho gyii| isI maulika siddhAnta se haTa jAne ke kAraNa bauddha dharma bhArata se tirohita ho gayA / brAhmaNoM ne hindU dharma ko bahuta vistRta kara diyA, unhoMne Azramika AdarzavAda, bahuta-se devoM kI pUjA, vaidika tathA anya dhArmika kriyAoM ( yathA karmamArga ) ko uccatara AdhyAtmika jIvana ke lie ucita ThaharAyA aura unheM mAnyatA dI / hindUvAda kI antima vijaya yaha vyakta karatI hai ki isake dharma evaM darzana meM zakti evaM vizAlatA hai, jo ki bauddha dharma kI ekapakSatA evaM usake katipaya rUpoM meM nahIM pAyI jAtI thI aura na usameM mAnava-mana kI pipAsA ko zAnta karane kI zakti thI, kyoMki vaha ( bauddha dharma ) ina bAtoM meM mUka thA / purANoM evaM dharmazAstroM ne ahiMsA para itanA bala diyA ki bhArata ke lAkhoM vyakti kaTTara nirAmiSabhojI ho gaye; kaTTara nirAmiSatA na kevala brAhmaNoM meM hI pAyI gayI, pratyuta vaizyoM evaM zUdroM meM bhI phaila gayI, jaba ki Aja ke katipaya bauddha dezoM meM bauddha loga nirAmiSamojI nahIM haiN| bauddha dharma ne jo Adarza upasthita kiye ve sabhI dezoM ke bauddhoM ke lie Aja prayAsa ke viSaya ( kaSTasAdhya ) mAtra haiN| buddha ne pazu-yajJoM ke virodha meM abhiyAna kiyA, azoka ne pazu-pakSI ke prati kI jAne vAlI nirmamatA ke virodha meM niyama evaM anuzAsana ghoSita kiye, taba bhI yaha dekhane meM AyA ki bhAratIya rAjAoM ne IsA ke pUrva evaM uparAnta kaI zatiyoM taka vaidika yajJa ( pazu-yajJa bhI) kiye| kucha udAharaNa yahA~ diye jA rahe haiM - (1) senApati puSyamitra (lagabhaga 150 I0 pU0 ) ne do azvamegha yajJa kiye (epi0 iNDikA, jilda 22, pR0 54-58), harivaMza ( 3 / 2 / 35 ) meM AyA hai ki senAnI kAzyapa-dvija ne kaliyuga meM azvamegha yajJa kiyA, kAlidAsa ke mAlavikAgnimitra (aMka 5) meM rAjasUya yajJa kiye jAne kA ullekha hai / (2) kaliMga ke jaina rAjA khAravela ne apane zAsana ke 6The varSa meM rAjasUya yajJa kiyA (epi0 iNDi0, jilda 20, pR079) / (3) mAraziva vaMza ke bhavanAga ne (lagabhaga 200 I0) dasa azvamegha yajJa kiye (gupta iMskripzaMsa, saM0 55, saM0 236-237; vAkATaka rudrasena dvitIya kI dharmapatnI prabhAvatI guptA ke lekha meM bhI isakA ullekha hai) / (4) vAkATaka samrAT pravarasena prathama ( lagabhaga 250 I0) bhavanAga kA dauhitra evaM cAra azvameghoM kA sampAdanakartA kahA gayA hai (epi0 iNDikA, jilda 15, pR0 39 ) / (5) gupta samrAT samudragupta ( lagabhaga 325-370 I0) bahuta kAla se chUTe hue azvamegha ko punaH karane vAlA kahA gayA hai (dekhie bilsa da prastara-lekha, gupta iMskripzaMsa, saM0 10, pR0 42, skandagupta kA vihAra stambha lekha, vahI, saMkhyA

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508 dharmazAstra kA itihAsa 12, pR0 51) / (6) pallavarAja zivaskandavarmA (lagabhaga 300-350 I0) ko agniSToma, vAjapeya evaM azvamedha karane vAlA kahA gayA hai (epi0 iM0, jilda 1, pR0 2) / (7) pallavarAja siMhavarmA bhI azvamedhakartA kahA gayA hai (epi0 iM0,jilda 8, pR0 159) / (8) cAlukyarAja pulakezI prathama (lagabhaga 570 I0) ne azvamedha yajJa kiyA (aihola zilAlekha, epi0 i0, jilda 6, pR0 1) / (9) cAlukyarAja pulakezI dvitIya ne bhI azvamedha yajJa kiyA (vahI, jilda 6, pR0 1, jilda 9, pR0 98) / (10) viSNukuNDI mAdhavavarmA (vAkATaka kula ke eka sambandhI) ne 11 azvamedha, eka sahasra agniSToma, pauNDarIka, puruSamedha, vAjapeya, SoDazI evaM rAjasUya yajJa (lagabhaga 7 vIM yA 8 vIM zatI meM) kiye| yaha sambhava hai ki yaha mAtra garva kA dyotaka (atyukti) ho| yaha draSTavya hai ki vidvAn brAhmaNa bhI kabhI-kabhI vistAra ke sAtha vaidika yajJa karate the| udAharaNArtha, bhavabhUti se pahale kI pAMcavIM pIr3hI meM dakSiNApatha ke padmapura meM unake pUrva-puruSa ne vAjapeya yajJa kiyA thaa| vAjapeya meM 17 saMkhyA ke aneka varga hote the aura usameM 17 pazuoM kI bali hotI thii| bhavabhUti 8 vIM zatI ke pUrvArdha meM hue the ata: unase pUrva kI pAMcavIM pIr3hI meM lagabhaga sau varSa pUrva arthAt 7 vIM zatI ke pUrvArdha meM unake pUrva-puruSa ne vAjapeya yajJa kiyA thaa| .. Ajakala buddha aura unake siddhAntoM kI prazaMsA karane kA eka phaizana (paripATI) ho gayA hai aura sAtha-hI-sAtha jahA~ bauddha dharma kI prazaMsA meM loga AkAza taka svara-guMjAra karate haiM vahIM hindU dharma kI khillI bhI ur3AyI jAtI hai| buddha ke molika siddhAntoM evaM hindU samAja ke vartamAna vyavahAroM tathA sImAoM kI jo tulanA kI jAtI hai vaha garhita hai| prastuta lekhaka isa pravRtti kA virodhI hai| yadi tulanA karanI hI hai to vaha bauddha dharma ke pazcAtkAlIna rUpoM evaM vartamAna bauddha vyavahAroM ko eka ora rakhakara tathA hindU dharma ke Aja ke rUpoM evaM vyavahAroM ko dUsarI ora rakhakara kI jAnI caahie| upaniSadoM kA darzana gautama buddha ke darzana kI apekSA adhika spaSTa (parimArjita) thA; unhoMne apane darzana ko upaniSadoM ke darzana para hI AdhArita kiyaa| yadi hindU dharma kAlAntara meM hrAsa ko prApta ho gayA aura usane burI pravRttiyAM abhivyaMjita kI, to vahI sthiti yA usase bhI gayI bItI sthiti thI pazcAtkAlIna bauddha dharma kii| jisa bauddha dharma ne hameM vaha bhadra buddha diyA jo mAnava thA, kintu vaha Age calakara devatA ho gayA aura usakI pratimAoM kI pUjA hone lagI aura loga use evaM usake dharma ko lekara itane unmatta ho gaye ki vajrayAna jaisI mahAvikRta vRttiyoM ko phUlane-phalane kA avasara prApta ho gyaa| Aja ke arthazAstriyoM ne bauddha dharma ke bAre meM jo kucha kahA hai usake pratikUla kathana meM prastuta lekhaka svAmI vivekAnanda kI uktiyA~ uddhRta karanA cAhatA hai, jo paryApta zaktizAlI evaM nyAyapUrNa haiM (dekhie 'di sejez2a Ava iNDiyA', kampalITa varkasa, jilda 3, pR0 248-268, 7 vA~ saMskaraNa, 1953, mAyAvatI, almor3A)-"Arambhika bauddhoM ne pazuoM ke vadha ke virodha meM Akroza prakaTa kiyA aura vedoM ke yajJoM kI bhartsanA kI; aura ye yajJa pratyeka ghara meM hote the...| ina yajJoM kI parisamApti huI aura unake sthAna para gananacumbI mandiroM, vizAla utsavoM evaM bhar3akIle purohitoM yA anya una sabhI bAtoM ko, jo Adhunika samaya meM dIkha rahI haiM, kA avasara prApta ho gyaa| jaba maiM Aja ke logoM dvArA likhita granthoM ko paDhatA hU~ to ha~sI AtI hai. unheM yaha jAnanA cAhie ki buddha brAhmaNavAdI mUrtipUjA ke nAzaka the| ve yaha nahIM jAnate ki bauddha dharma ne bhArata meM brAhmaNavAda pa tipUjA ko utpanna kiyA, .. / isa prakAra pazuoM ke prati dayA kA upadeza dene para bhI, udAtta naitika dharma ke rahate hue bhI, AtmA kI nityatA yA anityatA ke viSaya meM vAda-prati-vAda hone para bhI, bauddha dharma kA sampUrNa bhavana khaNDa-khaNDa hokara dhvasta ho gayA aura vaha dhvaMsa vAstava meM mahAdAraNa thaa| kyoMki jugupsita utsava, atyanta azlIla pustakeM tathA dharma ke nAma para atyanta pazuvat jo rUpa sAmane Aye ve sabhI isa bhraSTatA ke pariNAma the|"

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