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________________ 100sedow /DETER/ SEEDS SAMprAkRta, janazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna a TharaERNET 60/ apure kA svarNa-jayantI gaurava grantha nAbhasmAnIyasarimAnAmadhyavazadatyAganajAgyastahAnAmA amhAnamantraNavatAtAmanyatAtarasadAzaMkarapAnAdAvamAsa sayamatikaramA kamayArAmAdabAra0paDavaLavyAnidiyotyAgaUyAdAvAnsyanAvakAtakasyakA yAvasahakappayaradhAna sampAdakArakatamastastaspavayAnayaka yaammivsaadyaarnnke| nako mahinamAnAkabAsaMsDaoN . RSabhacandra jainadhAnmAlakanAmAsanAlA basapomAnacanAmAsAttaticagaMDamAnAsadharamavalamjaenasaca jhAtAti vAvA [prAkRta jana zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna Tappa sayAkA nAmanipaniyamohIbhavatAkAyatalakaNAMnamamadesammamAnAmatImagAvipaTiknI liyAlamapatinavasAmaramaragAvasaharamAhAtyamAnya tA svAmahikAnomalAlatAnA prAkRta vidyApITha vaizAlI) XDETAmes. Pache zAkhA prAkRta, jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI 1985 bAsIkuNDa, mujaphpharapura (bihAra) 7644128 Jaka lama A . 48-2010-OnORNHFlaya
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________________ maiM samajhatA hU~ ki vaizAlI meM prAkRta anusaMdhAnazAlA kI sthApanA bahuta hI sAmayika hai| maiM AzA karatA hU~ ki yahA~ jo adhyayana hogA aura jo khoja kI jAyagI, unake pariNAma svarUpa jahA~ bhAratIya itihAsa kI TUTI huI zRMkhalAoM ke jur3ane kI AzA hai, vahA~ hama eka atyanta pratApI aura yazasvI vibhUti kI jIvana-kathA tathA vicAradhArA kA pUrNa jJAna prApta kara apane Apako kRtakRtya kara skeNge| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki yaha prAkRta anusaMdhAnazAlA, jisakA zilAnyAsa kA dAyitva Apane mujhe sauMpane kI kRpA kI hai, zIghra hI bana kara taiyAra ho jaaygii| mujhe sandeha nahIM ki kAlAntara meM isa zAlA ke kAraNa vaizAlI phira vidyA aura saMskRti kA kendra bana jaaygaa| bihAra sarakAra aura dUsare jina logoM ne isa anusaMdhAnazAlA kI sthApanA meM Arthika tathA anya prakAra kI sahAyatA kI hai, hamAre dhanyavAda ke adhikArI haiN| Age bhI isa puNya kArya meM sabhI kA pUrNa sahayoga rahegA, aisI merI AzA hai| - DaoN. rAjendra prasAda (prathama rASTrapati) ISBN: 978-81-904865-7-6 | ISBN : 978-81-9048 ru. 600.00
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________________ prAkRta, jaina zodha saMsthAna granthamAlA - 78 prAkRta, jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI kA svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha THE GOLDEN-JUBILEE GLORIOUS-VOLUME of Research Institute of Prakrit Jainology & Ahimsa, Vaishali pradhAna sampAdaka DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina nidezaka prAkRta, jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI prAkata vidyApIThazA prAkRta, jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI bAsokuNDa, mujaphpharapura (bihAra) - 844128 2010
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________________ prAkRta, jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI kA svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha pradhAna sampAdaka : DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina, nidezaka, prAkRta, jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI (c) prAkRta, jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI prathama saMskaraNa : 2010 ISBN : 978-81-904865-7-6 mUlya : ru.600.00 prAkRta, jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI, bAsokuNDa, mujaphpharapura 844128 ke lie DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina, nidezaka dvArA prakAzita / (bihAra) - imprezana pablikezana, sAlimapura aharA 'baoNliyA' kadamakuA~, paTanA-800003, mo. 09234255597 dvArA bhArata meM mudrita /
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________________ 500 The Government of Bihar established the Research Institute of Prakrit Jainology and Ahimsa at Vaishali in 1955, with the object, inter alia, to promote advanced studies and research in Prakrit and Jainology and to publish works of permanent value to scholars. This institute is one of the six research institutes being run by the Government of Bihar. The other five are : (i) Mithila Institute of Post-graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning at Darbhanga; (ii) K.P., Jayaswal Research Institute for research in ancient, medieval and modern Indian History at Patna; (iii) Bihar Rastrabhasha Parishad for research and advanced studies in Hindi at Patna; (iv) Nava Nalanda Mahavihara for research and post-graduate studies in Buddhist Learning and Pali at Nalanda and (v) Institute of Post-graduate Studies and Research in Arabic and Persian at Patna. As part of the programme of rehabilitating and reorienting ancient learning and scholarship, this is the Research Volume no. 78 which is the The Golden-Jubilee Glorious-Volume of Research Institute of Prakrit Jainology & Ahimsa, Vaishali (igant, aga 311 31EUR HT PITET FIYA, aust aft Faut-print Tha-t-er). The Government of Bihar hope to continue to sponsor such projects and trust that this humble service to the world of scholarship and learning would bear fruit in the fullness of time.
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________________ pradhAna sampAdakIya aitihAsika, rAjanItika tathA dhArmika dRSTi se prAcIna videha kI rAjadhAnI rahI vaizAlI nagarI kA sAtizaya mahatva hai| vaizAlI ke nikaTavartI kuNDagrAma vartamAna vAsokuNDa meM jaina paramparA ke caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAna mahAvIra kA janma huA thaa| DaoN. jagadIzacandra mAthura ke satprayatna se vaizAlI meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma divasa ke upalakSya meM 1944 I. meM vaizAlI mahotsava ke Ayojana kA zrIgaNeza kiyA gyaa| taba se aba taka vaizAlI mahotsava kA Ayojana prativarSa ho rahA hai| vaizAlI ke vikAsa ko dRSTi meM rakhakara zrI mAthura ne vaizAlI saMgha nAmaka saMsthA kI sthApanA kI thii| saMgha ne AThaveM vaizAlI mahotsava ke avasara para 6-7 apraila, 1952 ko vaizAlI meM prAkRta jaina insTIcyUTa kI sthApanA heta eka prasatAva pArita kiyA thaa| yaha prastAva bihAra sarakAra tathA jaina samAja ke gaNamAnya logoM ko bhejA gyaa| tatpazcAt bihAra sarakAra, dAnavIra sAhu zAnti prasAda jaina evaM sthAnIya logoM ke sahayoga se 1955 I. meM bihAra sarakAra ne prAkRta jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna kI sthApanA kI thii| dinAMka 23 apraila, 1956 I. ko bhArata ke prathama rASTrapati DaoN. rAjendra prasAda ne vAsokuNDa grAma meM saMsthAna bhavana kI AdhArazilA rakhI thii| zilAnyAsa ke avasara para bihAra ke rAjyapAla zrI raMganAtha rAmacandra divAkara, zikSAmaMtrI AcArya badarInAtha varmA, sAhu zAnti prasAda jaina evaM anya aneka gaNamAnya vyakti upasthita the| prArambha meM yaha saMsthAna mujaphpharapura meM kirAye ke bhavana meM kAryarata rhaa| saMsthAna kA apanA bhavana nirmita hone ke bAda mArca, 1965 meM saMsthAna ke sabhI kArya vAsokuNDa meM saMcAlita hone lge| - saMsthAna kI sthApanA kA pramukha uddezya prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya ko saMrakSaNa pradAna karanA tathA jainavidyA kI vibhinna vidhAoM kA adhyayana-adhyApana, zodha tathA vyakti aura samAja meM ahiMsA ke prati jAgarUkatA utpanna karanA hai| ina uddezyoM ke pUrti ke nimitta saMsthAna meM prAkRta aura jainazAstra viSaya meM snAtakottara adhyApana, pI-eca. DI. evaM DI.liT upAdhiyoM hetu zodha kArya, prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya se sambandhita graMthoM kA prakAzana, vaizAlI insTIcyUTa risarca buleTina nAma se dvibhASika zodha patrikA kA prakAzana, saMgoSThiyoM tathA viziSTa vyAkhyAna Adi kA Ayojana nirantara hotA hai| snAtakottara adhyApana : saMsthAna meM varSa 1956 se prAkRta aura jainazAstra viSaya meM snAtakottara (ema.e.) kakSAoM kA niyamita rUpa se adhyApana kArya saMcAlita ho rahA hai| yaha saMsthAna bI.Ara.e. bihAra vizvavidyAlaya mujaphpharapura ke snAkottara prAkRta evaM jainazAstra vibhAga ke rUpa meM kArya kara rahA hai tathA isakA saMcAlana bihAra sasarakAra ke mAnava saMsAdhana vikAsa vibhAga dvArA ho rahA hai| yaha pUrNataH bihAra sarakArI saMsthAna hai| saMsthAna meM snAtakottara chAtroM ke lie pA~ca chAtravRttiyoM kI bhI vyavasthA hai|
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________________ svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha zodhakArya : saMsthAna meM prAkRta aura jainazAstra kI vibhinna vidhAoM yathA - jaina-darzana, itihAsa, sAhitya, kalA Adi vibhinna viSayoM para pI-eca. DI., DI.liT upAdhiyoM ke lie zodha kArya karAyA jAtA hai| do zodha chAtravRttiyA~ bhI prativarSa chAtroM ko dI jAtI haiN| saMsthAna ke utkRSTa zodha-prabandhoM ko saMsthAna dvArA prakAzita bhI kiyA jAtA hai| kAzana : saMsthAna prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya ke mUla graMtha, unakI TIkAe~, hindI aura aMgrejI anuvAda tathA zodha adhyayana graMthoM ko prakAzita karatA hai| saMsthAna ke vidvAnoM dvArA sampAdita graMthoM ke atirikta deza ke anya vidvAnoM dvArA kiye gaye kAryoM kA bhI prakAzana kiyA jAtA hai| prakAzana yogya graMthoM ke cayana hetu sarakAra dvArA eka ucca starIya prakAzana samiti gaThita hai, jo saMsthAna ke uddezyoM ke anurUpa utkRSTa prastAvoM para vicAra kara prakAzana hetu anuzaMsita karatI hai| abhI taka saMsthAna se kula 77 graMthoM kA prakAzana ho cukA hai| isameM 21 risarca buleTina bhI zAmila haiN| isa zrRMkhalA meM prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASA ke mUla sAhitya ke prakAzana ko prAthamikatA dI jaayegii| vyAkhyAnamAlAe~ : saMsthAna ke uddezya ke anurUpa tathA samAja meM prAkRta aura jainazAstra ke adhyayana ke prati ruci jAgRta karane ke nimitta saMsthAna meM vyAkhyAnamAlAoM kA Ayojana kiyA jAtA hai| vaizAlI ke prati sva. jagadIzacandra mAthura ke yogadAna kA smaraNa karate hue saMsthAna kI adhiSThAtrI pariSad ne "jagadIzacandra mAthura smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA" prArambha kI hai| isakA Ayojana saMsthAna meM prativarSa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma divasa caitra zukla trayodazI ko vaizAlI mahotsava ke prasaMga meM hotA hai| saMsthAna ke pUrva nidezaka tathA jaina itihAsa ke marmajJa vidvAn DaoN. gulAbacandra caudharI kI puNya smRti meM "DaoN. gulAbacandra caudharI smAraka vyAkhyAnamAlA" prArambha kI gayI hai| 2009 I. meM saMsthAna ke saMsthApaka nidezaka DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina kI smRti meM "DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA" evaM AcArya kundakunda kI smRti meM "AcArya kundakunda vyAkhyAnamAlA" prAraMbha kI gaI haiM, jo kramazaH 27 navambara, 2009 evaM 23 pharavarI, 2010 ko saMsthAna meM Ayojita ho cukI haiN| jinameM DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, DaoN. jayakumAra upAdhye, DaoN. kamaleza kumAra jaina, DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva, DaoN. pramoda kumAra siMha, DaoN. deva nArAyaNa zarmA, prabhRti manISiyoM ke vyAkhyAna sampanna ho cuke haiN| ina vyAkhyAnamAlAoM ke Ayojana se saMsthAna kI garimA bar3hI hai| Age DaoN. rAjendra prasAda, prathama rASTrapati ke nAma se bhI eka vyAkhyAnamAlA prArambha karane kA prastAva hai| unhoMne prAcya bhASAoM aura unake sAhitya ko saMrakSita karane hetu rASTra ko prerita kiyA thaa| saMsthAna ke vidvAnoM evaM anya vidvAnoM dvArA eka mAsika vyAkhyAnamAlA kA bhI Ayojana kiyA jAtA hai| saMsthAna meM viziSTa vidvAnoM kA bhI samaya-samaya para Agamana hotA rahatA hai, jinake jJAna evaM anubhavoM kA bhI lAbha saMsthAna ke logoM evaM anya sthAnIya logoM ko prApta hotA rahatA hai| pustakAlaya : uparyukta adhyayana, zodha Adi vibhinna prakAra kI akAdamika gatividhiyoM ke saMcAlana hetu saMsthAna meM eka Adarza pustakAlaya hai, jisameM prAyaH sabhI vidhAoM kA jaina sAhitya, sabhI vaidika darzanoM kA sAhitya, bauddha sAhitya, tulanAtmaka adhyayana viSayaka
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________________ pradhAna sampAdakIya vii sAhitya, veda, purANa, koSa ke sAtha-sAtha insAiklopIDiyA briTainikA, Adi mahatvapUrNa sandarbha graMthoM kA vizAla saMgraha hai| pustakAlaya meM aneka prakAra ke prAcIna jarnaloM kA bhI saMgraha hai| pustakAlaya meM pustakoM kI kula saMkhyA lagabhaga 17,000 hai| saMsthAna meM zrImatI hIrA kumArI, kalakattA ne apanA 804 pustakoM kA nijI saMgraha dAnasvarUpa pradAna kiyA thA, jise unhIM ke nAma se saMsthAna pustakAlaya meM rakhA gayA hai| anya jo mahAnubhAva aura saMsthAe~ apanA saMgraha dAnasvarUpa saMsthAna ko denA cAheMge, saMsthAna use AbhArapUrvaka svIkAra karegA tathA pustakAlaya meM unhIM ke nAma se saMrakSita kregaa| isa dizA meM DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ke nijI saMgraha ko prApta karane hetu saMvAda jArI hai| unake parijana saMsthAna ko DaoN. jaina kA graMthAlaya supurda karane kA vicAra kara rahe haiN| saMsthAna ke adhyetA pratiSThita vidvAnoM meM DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI, DaoN. ke.Ara. candra, DaoN. yogendra candra sikadara, DaoN. yogendra prasAda sinhA, DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, DaoN. prema sumana jaina, DaoN. gokula candra jaina, DaoN. vimala prakAza jaina, DaoN. vidhAtA mizra, DaoN. dAmodara zAstrI, DaoN. rAma prakAza poddAra, DaoN. nAgendra prasAda sinhA, DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva, DaoN. rAmajI rAya, paM. padmacanda jaina, DaoN. mithileza kumArI mizra, DaoN. DI.pI. zrIvAstava, DaoN. chagana lAla zAstrI, DaoN. rAya azvinI kumAra Adi vidvAnoM ne saMsthAna meM adhyayana kara arjita jJAna se deza ke vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM, mahAvidyAlayoM evaM anya sarakArI-gaira sarakArI saMsthAnoM meM apanI sevA dekara saMsthAna kA gaurava bar3hAyA hai itanA hI nahIM, DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, DaoN. gokulacandra jaina evaM DaoN. prema sumana jaina ne prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM vizeSajJatA ke lie rASTrapati sammAna bhI prApta kiyA hai, jo saMsthAna ke lie vizeSa rUpa se gauravapUrNa hai| sarvaprathama saMsthAna ke saMsthApaka nidezaka prAcya bhASAoM ke manISI DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina niyukta hue the, unhoMne pA~ varSoM taka saMsthAna ke kAryoM ko sucAru rUpa sase saMcAlita kiyaa| tatpazcAt 12 varSoM taka pAli evaM prAkRta ke pratiSThita vidvAna DaoN. nathamala TATiyA ne nidezaka kA dAyitva nibhaayaa| usake bAda DaoN. gulAbacandra caudharI, DaoN. nAgendra prasAda, DaoN. rAma prakAza poddAra, DaoN; deva nArAyaNa zarmA, DaoN. lAlacandra jaina, DaoN. yugalakizora mizra Adi vidvAnoM ne saMsthAna ke nidezaka kA padabhAra smbhaalaa| saMsthAna ke pratiSThita prAdhyApakoM meM DaoN. satkarI mukharjI, DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina, DaoN. ananta lAla ThAkura, DaoN. chagana lAla zAstrI, DaoN. oma prakAza zaraNa Adi vidvAnoM ke nAma ullekhanIya haiN| yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki saMsthAna ke do vidvAna nidezakoM - DaoN. lAlacandra jaina evaM DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina ko zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya viSayaka "AcArya vidyAnanda puraskAra" pradAna kiyA gayA tathA DaoN. lAlacandra jaina ko "vidvatratna" evaM DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina ko "prAkRta bhASA vizArad" kI mAnada upAdhi se 15 janavarI, 2004 ko naI dillI meM sammAnita kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra prAkRta bhASA aura jaina sAhitya ke kSetra meM prAkRta jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna apane sthApanA kAla se anavarata jainadharma evaM saMskRti kI sevA meM samarpita hai|
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________________ svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha prastuta graMtha meM saMsthAna ke itihAsa, prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya, jaina darzana tathA jaina sAhitya se sambandhita 53 zodha nibandhoM/AlekhoM kA saMgraha kiyA gayA hai jinameM prAkRta bhASA kI prAcInatA aura jaina saMskRti ke itihAsa para vistAra se vicAra huA hai| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki yaha sAmagrI zodha jagat ke lie upayogI sAbita hogii| etadartha maiM vidvAna lekhakoM kA kRtajJa huuN| grantha saMyojana meM sarvazrI pramoda kumAra caudharI, divAkara jhA aura vijaya kumAra sinhA ke sahayoga hetu unheM dhanyavAda detA huuN| anya jina vidvAnoM ne samaya-asamaya, pratyakSa-apratyakSa rUpa meM mArgadarzana kiyA hai, una sabhI kA hRdaya se AbhArI huuN| AkarSaka mudraNa ke lie imprezana pablikezana, paTanA ke saMcAlaka zrI rAkeza raMjana dhanyavAdAha haiN| caitra zukla trayodazI RSabhacandra jaina 28 mArca, 2010 nidezaka
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________________ anukramaNikA 3-7 8-10 bihAra Cofshrishudaya evaM 11-13 14-15 16-22 23-25 26-31 32-44 1. supaMDiya-pasatthi (satpaNDita-prazasti) pro. (DaoN.) rAjArAma jaina 2. rASTrapati DaoN. rAjendra prasAda kA bhASaNa 3. Presidential Address of Shri R.R. Diwakar, Governor of Bihar bihAra ke zikSA-maMtrI AcArya badarInAtha varmA kA bhASaNa Address of Shri Shanti Prasad Jain prAkRta zodha saMsthAna ke udaya evaM vikAsa kI gaurava gAthA DaoN. rAjendra kumAra baMsala prAkRta jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI (vAsokuNDa) kA atIta gaurava aura vartamAna DaoN. devanArAyaNa zarmA 8. vaizAlI ke sArasvata santa puNyazloka DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina - sAhitya vAcaspati DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva 9. My Revered Guru : Dr. Jain Late Dr. J.C. Sikdar 10. DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina : graMtha paricaya DaoN. dharamacaMda jaina 11. DAka TikaTa se sammAnita DaoN. sva. jagadIza candra jaina DaoN. kapUracanda jaina 12. prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA pro. (DaoN.) rAjArAma jaina prAkRta evaM pAli bhASA kA sambandha DaoN. vijayakumAra jaina 14. kuvalayamAlA kahA sva. ramA kAnta jaina 15. saMskRta-nATya-sAhitya meM prAkRta-prayoga kI pRSThabhUmi pro. (DaoN.) pramoda kumAra siMha 16. Jaina Theory of Production of Sound and Evolution of Language Dr. R.P. Poddar 45-56 57-58 59-97 98-103 104 105-107 108-113
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________________ svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 17. AcAryazrI sunIlasAgarajI kA prAkRta kAvya sAhitya 114-118 DaoN. mahendra kumAra jaina 'manuja' 18. prAkRta sAhitya meM varNita vAstuvijJAna 119-126 DaoN. jayakumAra upAdhye 19. jJAtAdharma kathA meM varNita bauddhika dRSTi 127-135 DaoN. eca. sI. jaina Adhunika yuga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-mUlyoM kI prAsaMgikatA 136-141 dulIcaMda jaina 21. jainadharma sammata ahiMsA kA prazikSaNa 142-149 pro. DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAgendu' / vizva-zAMti aura anekAMtavAda 150-159 DaoN. zekharacandra jaina An Introduction to Jain Philosophy 160-181 Dr. Vijaya Kumar jaina darzana meM mana-eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 182-186 DaoN. nemicandra jaina jaina darzana meM paryAya kA svarUpa 187-191 DaoN. vIrasAgara jaina 26. kSamA kI zakti 192-197 sureza jaina AI.e.esa. (se.ni.) 27. Agama aura Adhunika pariprekSya meM zramaNAcAra 198-205 DaoN. zreyAMsakumAra jaina 28. zramaNAcAra viSayaka granthoM meM muni-AryikAoM kI vandanA-vidhi 206-211 DaoN. kamaleza kumAra jaina zrAvaka ke SaTkarma-upAdeyatA 212-217 vimalA jaina 'vimala' jaina Agama ke Aloka meM pUjana vidhAna 218-223 pratiSThAcArya paM. varddhamAna kumAra jaina sorayA 31. bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 224-253 (eka samanvayAtmaka vivecana) pro. sAgaramala jaina 32. aSTAGgoga. 254-263 DaoN. rAmaprakAza poddAra 33. ahiMsA kI paridhi meM paryAvaraNa santulana 264-274 pro. (DaoN.) puSpalatA jaina
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________________ anukramaNikA 275-283 284-291 292-296 297-333 334-343 344-358 359-366 367-371 372-375 34. paryAvaraNa saMtulana aura jaina siddhAnta DaoN. pI.sI. jaina 35. jainadarzana meM jIva aura paryAvaraNa cetanA rAmanareza 'nIraja' jaina 36. mahAvIra-yuga kI vaizAlI sAhityavAcaspati DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva jaina saMskRti DaoN. vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA 38. tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA nirvANa sthala - DaoN. ramezacandra jaina jainadharma ke caubIsa tIrthaMkara DaoN. zarmilA jaina sUrimaMtra aura usakI mahattA pratiSThAcArya paM. vimalakumAra jaina sorayA 41. jaina sAhitya meM rAmakathA DaoN. gokulacandra jaina 42. rAjA zrI khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha DaoN. zazikAnta 43. khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha evaM jainadharma DaoN. citaraMjana prasAda sinhA 44. keralI saMskRti meM jaina yogadAna rAjamala jaina 45. South East Asia and Indian Ocean in Jaina Literature Prof. Bhagchandra Jain 46. AcArya kaMdakaMda aura unake caurAsI pAhUDa le. jitendra saugAnI 47. ajJAta jaina vidvAna paM. nandalAla jI chAvar3A kA sAhityika avadAna pro. (DaoN.) phUlacanda jaina premI 48. bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti evaM unakI guru-ziSya-paramparA DaoN. kastUracandra jaina 'sumana' 49. zrI paM. nAthUrAma 'premI' kI sampAdana-kalA arddhakathAnaka ke saMdarbha meM DaoN. jinendra jaina 376-381 382-399 400-413 414417 418426 427-431 432-436
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________________ xii svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 437-443 444-450 50. vedanA kI gaNitIya samatulyatAdi nizcalatAe~ DaoN. ela. sI. jaina 51. sUryaprajJapti meM varNita jainajyotiSa DaoN. jayakumAra upAdhye 52. Ayurveda aura pataJjali DaoN. gajendra kumAra jaina 53. jaina mahilAoM ke vyaktitva kA caturmukhI vikAsa vimalA jaina 54. saMsthAna citrAvalI 451-460 461-468
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________________ supaMDiya-pasatthi (satpaNDita-prazasti) pro. (DaoN.) rAjArAma jaina* 1. vaMsANumodida jaNANumadasya kaci je, rAyA jaDo vi hoI iha viNA ayaasN| paMDiyattu buddhi-vihaveNa mahassameNa hi, jAdo hi paMDiya rAya samatta nntthi|| vaMza-paramparAnumodita (yA rAjatantrAnumodita) athavA prajAtantrAnumodita hone ke ajJAnI vyakti bhI rAjya-siMhAsana athavA sattA kA adhikArI bana sakatA hai, kinta satpaNDita to pUrvajanma ke susaMskAra, susaMgati, svAdhyAya, buddhi kI prakharatA evaM kaThora parizramapUrNa sAdhanA se hI bana sakatA hai| (1) 2. jAdI Na jIvadi susakidi aMtareNa, sAhittameva parirakkhadi sakidI tN| paMDiyAhi taM sijadi teNa buho sa ego, NUNaM sadA vidahAdi jagaM smtthN|| susaMskRti ke binA koI bhI jAti jIvita nahIM raha sakatI aura satsAhitya ke binA saMskRti surakSita nahIM raha sakatI aura usa satsAhitya kA praNayana karane vAlA satpaNDita hI hotA hai| ataH vahI akhila vizva kA saMrakSaka bhI ho sakatA hai| (2) 3. dhamma hi rakkhadi Nirikkhadi vatthu - taccaM, vijjaM vitaradi Na cecchadi kici annnnN| daiNNaM Na gacchadi Na mANamapecchadI jo, thadi jogga iha supaDiya pvv-sggo||| satpaNDita hI dharma kI rakSA kara sakatA hai| vahI vastu-tatva kA nirIkSaNa bhI kara sakatA hai| sadvidyA bhI vahI pradAna kara sakatA hai, kintu usake badale meM vaha cAhatA kucha bhI nhiiN| phira bhI, vaha dInatA kA anubhava nahIM karatA aura na mAna-sammAna kI apekSA hI karatA hai| vastutaH satpaNDita kI sRSTi hI apUrva hotI hai, isa kAraNa vaha sarvadA stutya hai| (3) * bI-5/40 sI. dhavalagirI, sekTara-34, noeDA (yU. pI.)-210301.
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________________ svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 4. -paMDiesu NegA vihidAvarAdhA, viruddha sAsaNaparA dhnn-miihmaannaa| Nassadi tahavi Na suviNNappahAvo, savvaM pagAsadi Na kiM sakalaMko vi caMdo? isa saMsAra meM kucha paNDita aise bhI hoMge, jo dhanAgama kI abhilASA se zAsana-viruddha-kArya karate hoMge, kintu isase satpaNDita-varga kI chavi kyA dhUmila ho sakatI hai? pUrNamAsI ke candramA meM kalaMka spaSTa dikhAI detA hai, phira bhI, kyA vaha apanI samasta kalAoM ke sAtha saMsAra ko pUrNa prakAzadAna nahIM detA? (4) 5. -mAyA-pavaMca para-vaMcaNa caMcalassiri. jassAmaNAdarAbhIdiva Nehi paasN| tamhA apAva paripUrida mANasaM taM, lohAdakuThida NihiM sudhiM nnmaamo|| catura lakSmI apane janma-jAta guNa-mAyA, prapaMca, para-vaMcanA evaM caMcalatA ke pradarzana ke kAraNa apane anAdara ke bhaya se hI mAnoM virodhI guNavAle satpaNDitoM ke pAsa nahIM phttktii| vastutaH satpaNDitoM kI suSTi hI nirAlI hai| aise manasvI, sarala-hRdaya evaM nirlobhI satpaNDita sadA praNamya haiN| (5)
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________________ Dr. Rajendra Prasad First President of India
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________________ Shri R.R. Diwakar The Governor of Bihar
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________________ Shri Shanti Prasad Jain
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________________ Acarya Badrinath Verma Minister of Education, Bihar
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________________ rASTrapati DaoN0 rAjendra prasAda kA bhASaNa vaizAlI meM prAkRta zodha saMsthAna kA zilAnyAsa karate samaya (23 apraila, 1956 ) yaha bihAra kA saubhAgya hai ki usakA atIta prAcIna bhArata ke itihAsa kI pRSThabhUmi hai| itihAsakAlIna bhArata ke jIvana ko samajhane ke lie bihAra ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| hamAre gauravamaya atIta se sambandhita jitane bhI pramukha sthala bihAra meM haiM, vaizAlI nissandeha unameM se eka hai| yaha nagarI licchaviyoM aura vajjiyoM ke gaNarAjya kI rAjadhAnI thii| prAcIna kAla meM gaNarAjya athavA prajAtantra kA yaha sthAna prasiddha kendra thaa| eka samaya thA jaba isa bhUmi meM kisI rAjA kA zAsana nahIM thA, janatA ke sAta hajAra se adhika pratinidhi sArA rAjakAja calAte the aura nyAya kA vidhAna itanA sundara thA ki svayaM bhagavAn buddha ne apane mukha se usakI prazaMsA kI thii| nizcaya hI loka zAsana kI sArI cetanA yahA~ mUrtarUpa se dekhI jAtI thii| isake atirikta vaizAlI bhagavAn mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi hai aura bhagavAn buddha ko bhI bahuta priya thii| svayaM buddha bhagavAn ne isa sthAna ko bAra-bAra apanI caraNa raja dekara pAvana banAyA thA aura isakI sabhA kI devatAoM kI sabhA se tulanA kI thii| vaizAlI se jo sad-vicAradhArA pravAhita huI usase samasta bhArata hI nahIM, balki eziyA ke nikaTavartI deza bhI lAbhAnvita hue| isalie vaizAlI kA sthAna hamAre prAcIna itihAsa meM mahattvapUrNa hai| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki prAkRta anusaMdhAnazAlA ke lie yaha sthAna hI sabase adhika upayukta hai| hamAre sAMskRtika jIvana meM aura itihAsa ke adhyayana meM yaha anusaMdhAnazAlA eka bahuta bar3e abhAva kI pUrti kregii| isa anusaMdhAnazAlA meM jaina sAhitya aura prAkRta granthoM ke saMbaMdha meM anusaMdhAna aura adhyayana kI vyavasthA hogii| saMskRti kI dRSTi se hI nahIM, bhAratIya itihAsa aura cintana kI dRSTi se bhI, isa dizA meM prayAsa kA vizeSa mahattva hai| cAra varSa hue, dillI meM prAkRta granthoM ke prakAzana ke lie prAkRta grantha pariSad kI sthApanA huI thii| maiM samajhatA hU~ ki usa pariSad kA kArya-kSetra itanA vistRta nahIM ki vaha prastAvita anusaMdhAnazAlA dvArA kiye jAnevAle kArya kA bhAra bhI sa~bhAla ske| prAkRta grantha pariSad se merA saMbaMdha saubhAgya se usI samaya se hai jaba usakI sthApanA huI thI / prAkRta bhASA meM likhita granthoM kI khoja aura TIkA sahita unake prakAzana ke saMbaMdha meM merA sadA yaha vicAra rahA hai ki yaha kArya itihAsa, sAhitya aura saMskRti kI dRSTi se
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________________ svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha atyanta Avazyaka hai| gata tIsa-cAlIsa varSoM se hI itihAsavettAoM aura jaina AcAryoM kA isa ora vizeSa dhyAna gayA hai, parantu yaha kArya niyamita rUpa se hAla hI meM Arambha kiyA jA sakA hai| prAkRta anusaMdhAnazAlA meM jo uccakoTi kA kArya aura anusaMdhAna kiyA jAyegA, usase prAkRta grantha pariSad ke kArya ko patha-pradarzana aura hara prakAra kI sahAyatA prApta hogii| Aja vaizAlI meM baiThakara yaha kalpanA karanA bhI kaThina jAna par3atA hai ki DhAI hajAra varSa pahale yaha nagarI eka sampanna aura prabhAvazAlI gaNarAjya kI rAjadhAnI thii| vibhinna bhASAoM meM likhe granthoM, stUpoM Adi para aMkita zilAlekhoM se hI isa dhAraNA kI puSTi nahIM hotI, balki dhIre-dhIre jaise lupta granthoM kI khoja hotI jA rahI hai, isa saMbaMdha meM hamArI jAnakArI meM vRddhi hotI jA rahI hai| vaizAlI jo bhagavAn mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi thI aura sadiyoM taka unake matAvalambiyoM tathA anuyAyiyoM kI dhArmika aura sAhityika gatividhiyoM kA kendra rahI, Aja jIrNa-zIrNa avasthA meM hamAre sAmane hai| parantu DhAI hajAra varSa kI uthala-puthala ke bAda bhArata meM phira gaNarAjya kI sthApanA huI hai| Aja isa yazasvI bhUmi ke rajakaNa se hameM utpreraNA milatI hai| yaha svAbhAvika hai ki prAcIna itihAsa ke jAnakAra vaizAlI ke prati zraddhAMjali bheMTa kareM aura una UMce AdarzoM ko jIvana meM phira se utArane kA prayatna kareM, jo bauddha tathA jaina vicAradhArA ke anusAra, vaizAlI ke nAgarikoM kA patha-pradarzana karate the| vaizAlI jisa rAjya kI rAjadhAnI thI, vaha yadyapi deza bhara meM prabhAvazAlI thA, para bahuta bar3A rAjya nahIM thaa| prAcIna kAla meM vaha deza ke hRdaya ke samAna thaa| yahA~ ke gaNarAjya kI khyAti cAroM ora phailI huI thI aura yahA~ kI paramparAoM tathA vicAradhArA ne dUra sthita pradezoM ko prabhAvita kiyA thaa| yahA~ ke jaina aura bauddha AcArya jo apanI bhramaNazIlatA ke lie vikhyAta the, deza ke sabhI bhAgoM meM ghUmate the aura buddha tathA mahAvIra ke upadezoM kA pracAra karate the| bhArata meM hI nahIM, tibbata, nepAla, IrAna, iNDoneziyA, aphagAnistAna Adi eziyA ke dUsare dezoM meM bhI ina logoM kA samparka thaa| usa samaya deza meM saMskRta ke atirikta do bhASAe~ pracalita thIM- pAlI aura praakRt| mahAtmA buddha aura unake anuyAyiyoM ne adhikatara pAlI ko prazraya diyA aura mahAvIra svAmI tathA unake matAvalambiyoM ne prAkRta ko apnaayaa| ina donoM matoM ke AcAryoM aura anuyAyiyoM ne kAlAntara meM jo kucha likhA, vaha adhikatara pAlI aura prAkRta meM hI upalabdha hai| saubhAgya se pAlI bhASA ke kSetra meM bahuta kucha kAma ho cukA hai jisake phalasvarUpa prAcIna-kAlIna bhArata kI rAjanItika aura sAmAjika sthiti ke saMbaMdha meM hamArI jAnakArI meM kAphI vRddhi huI hai| sau varSa ke karIba hue jaba bhAratIya aura videzI vidvAnoM ke sahayoga se pAlI grantha-pariSad ne aneka granthoM kA sampAdana kara unheM prakAzita kiyA hai| kintu durbhAgyavaza prAkRta ke saMbaMdha meM yaha bAta nahIM kahI jA sktii| kinhIM kAraNoM se hamArA dhyAna usa ora adhika nahIM gayA hai aura videzI vidvAnoM ne bhI prAkRta sAhitya ke mahattva ko bIsavIM sadI ke Arambha meM hI samajhA hai| yaha batAne kI maiM AvazyakatA nahIM samajhatA ki kina kAraNoM se prAkRta ke kSetra meM utanA kArya nahIM kiyA jA sakA, jitanA pAlI sAhitya ke saMbaMdha meM
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________________ rASTrapati DaoN. rAjendra prasAda kA bhASaNa LO kiyA jA cakA hai| yahA~ yaha kaha denA paryApta hogA ki isa abhAva ko dUra karanA aura deza bhara meM bikhare hue prAkRta granthoM ko prApta kara sampAdana ke bAda unheM prakAzita karanA, isa anusaMdhAnazAlA tathA grantha pariSad kA uddezya hogaa| prAkRta sAhitya ke mahattva aura usakI vizAlatA ke saMbaMdha meM do zabda kaha denA Avazyaka jAna par3atA hai| jahA~ pAlI sAhitya kI paramparA adhika se adhika sAta zatAbdiyoM taka calI, vahA~ prAkRta kI paramparA kI avadhi karIba pandraha zatAbdiyoM taka calatI rhii| bhASA-vijJAna kI dRSTi se yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki inDo-Aryana parivAra kI bhAratIya bhASAoM kA pAlI kI apekSA prAkRta se kahIM adhika nikaTa saMbaMdha hai| vAstava meM isa deza kI Adhunika bhASAyeM pUrva madhyayuga meM pracalita vibhinna prAkRtoM tathA apabhraMza kI hI uttarAdhikAriNI haiN| hindI, ba~galA, marAThI Adi kisI bhI bhASA ko lIjiye, usakA vikAsa kisI na kisI prAkRta se hI huA hai| vikAsa kAla meM kucha aise granthoM kI racanA bhI huI, jinakA vargIkaraNa nihAyata kaThina hai arthAt jinake saMbaMdha meM sahasA yaha kaha denA ki unakI bhASA prAkRta hai athavA kisI Adhunika bhASA kA purAnA rUpa, AsAna kAma nhiiN| isa dRSTi se dekhA jAya to Adhunika bhASAoM kI utpatti aura pUrNa .vikAsa ko samajhane ke lie prAkRta sAhitya kA samyak jJAna Avazyaka hai| apanI paramparA ke anusAra jaina AcArya eka sthAna meM tIna cAra mahInoM se adhika nahIM Thaharate the aura barAbara bhramaNa karate rahate the| unhoMne jo upadeza diye aura jina granthoM kI racanA kI, ve deza bhara meM bikhare par3e haiN| saubhAgya se unameM se adhikAMza hastalikhita AlekhoM ke rUpa meM bhaNDAroM meM Aja bhI surakSita haiN| ye grantha saurASTra, gujarAta, rAjasthAna, karnATaka aura uttara tathA pUrva ke aneka sthAnoM meM pAye gaye haiN| ina sabako ekatra karanA aura Avazyaka anusaMdhAna ke bAda Adhunika DhaMga se unake prakAzana kI vyavasthA karanA eka Avazyaka kArya hai| jaina AcAryoM aura vidvAnoM kI eka aura vizeSatA unakI racanAoM kI vyApakatA hai| prAyaH sabhI kI bhASA prAkRta hai, parantu unakI sAhityaka paridhi mahAvIra svAmI ke upadeza aura dhArmika viSayoM ke vivecana taka hI sImita nhiiN| jaina zramaNoM ne lokabhASA ko sAhitya kA vAhana banAyA thaa| una yugoM kI deza kI lokabhASA prAkRta thii| isI kAraNa prAkRta bhASA meM vipula sAhitya mila rahA hai, zilAlekha mila rahe haiM, sikke mila rahe haiN| sunate haiM ki isa bhASA meM choTe bar3e pratyeka viSaya ko milA kara eka hajAra ke karIba grantha haiM, jinameM mahAvIra ke upadeza sambandhI dhArmika granthasUtra, niyuktiyA~, cUrNiyA~, bhASya, mahAbhASya, TIkA Adi ke 300 se 350 grantha haiN| dhArmika sAhitya ke atirikta laukika sAhitya bhI, jaise kAvya, chanda, nATaka, koza, gaNita, mudrA-zAstra, ratnaparIkSA zAstra, Rtu vijJAna, jAtIya vijJAna, bhUgola, jyotiSa, zilpa-kahAniyA~, caritra, kathAnaka, pravAsakathA Adi mAnava jIvana se saMbaMdha rakhanevAle sabhI viSayoM para uttama grantha jaina zramaNoM ne prAkRta bhASA meM likhe haiM, aura jo bhI unhoMne likhA, bar3I bArIka chAnabIna ke sAtha vistAra se likhA hai|
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________________ 6 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha isa vyApakatA ke kAraNa jaina sAhitya athavA prAkRta sAhitya kA mahattva aura bhI bar3ha jAtA hai| jaisA maiMne abhI kahA, IsA se pUrva sAtavIM zatAbdI se lekara idhara AThavIM zatAbdI taka prAkRta meM granthoM kI racanA hotI rhii| hamAre itihAsa ke isa mahattvapUrNa kAla meM deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM jo rAjanItika tathA sAmAjika sthiti rahI hai, usa para isa sAhitya dvArA kAphI prakAza par3atA hai| prAkRta sAhitya kA adhikAMza bhAga abhI bhI itihAsa ke sAdhAraNa vidyArthI kI pahu~ca se bAhara hai aura hamArI sAhitya-saMbaMdhI dhAraNAe~ prAkRta sAhitya meM diye gaye tathyoM aura vivaraNoM se abhI prakAzita nahIM ho pAyI haiN| isa bAta se AzA hotI hai ki bhArata ke sAhitya meM jo sabase adhika andhakAramaya kAla hai, arthAt jisa kAla ke saMbaMdha meM hamArI jAnakArI bahuta kama hai athavA adhikatara aTakala para AdhArita hai, usa kAla ke saMbaMdha meM prAkRta sAhitya se prakAza mile| sambhava hai, isase hamAre itihAsa kI aneka gutthiyA~ sulajha jAyeM aura TUTI huI zrRMkhalAe~ jur3a jaayeN| ina sabhI dRSTiyoM se prAkRta sAhitya kI khoja tathA avalokana aura prAkRta granthoM ke prakAzana kA mahattva asAdhAraNa hai| bhAratIya vidvAnoM ke atirikta DaoN0 zUbiMga Adi videzI vidvAnoM kA bhI yahI mata hai| unakA kahanA hai ki prAkRta sAhitya kA pUrNa jJAna prApta kiye binA bhArata ke sAhitya kA hamArA jJAna sadA adhUrA rhegaa| yadi svAdhIna hone ke bAda bhI hama prAkRta ke lupta aura vismRta prAya granthoM kI pUrI khoja kara, unheM sAdhAraNa jJAna kI saritA meM na milA sakeM, to yaha Azcarya hI nahIM, lajjA kI bAta hogii| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sandeza aura unake laukika jIvana ke saMbaMdha meM adhika se adhika jAnakArI prApta karane kA bhI hamAre lie hI nahIM, samasta saMsAra ke lie vizeSa mahattva hai| "ahiMsA paramo dharmaH" kA sandeza unakI anubhUti aura tapazcaryA kA pariNAma thaa| mahAvIra ke jIvana se mAlUma hotA hai ki kaThora tapasyA karane ke bAda bhI ve zuSka tApasI athavA prANiyoM ke hita-ahita se udAsIna nahIM ho gaye the| dUsaroM ke prati unakI AtmA snehArdra aura sahRdaya rhii| isI sahAnubhUtipUrNa svabhAva ke kAraNa jIvoM ke sukha-duHkha ke bAre meM unhoMne gaharAI se socA hai aura isa viSaya meM socate hue hI ve vanaspati ke jIvoM taka pahu~ce haiN| unakI sUkSma dRSTi aura bahumUlya anubhava jisake AdhAra para ve ahiMsA ke Adarza para pahu~ce, asAdhAraNa jijJAsA kA hI viSaya na raha kara vaijJAnika adhyayana tathA anusaMdhAna kA viSaya honA caahie| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvana se eka aura tattva hameM grahaNa karanA cAhie vaha hai unakI samanvaya-dRSTi / apane vicAroM ko udAra rakha dUsaroM ko sahAnubhUtipUrvaka unakI dRSTi se samajhane kI kSamatA aura apane meM milAne kI zakti hI samanvaya dRSTi hai| mahAvIra kI samanvayAtmaka dRSTi bhAratIya dharma tathA darzanazAstra ke lie bahuta bar3I dena hai| isa siddhAnta kI gaharAI aura isake ucca vyAvahArika pahalU ko hama mahAvIra ke jIvana meM hI samajha sakate haiN| isa sabhI kAraNoM se maiM samajhatA hU~ ki vaizAlI meM prAkRta anusaMdhAnazAlA kI sthApanA bahuta hI sAmayika hai| maiM AzA karatA hU~ ki yahA~ jo adhyayana hogA aura jo khoja
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________________ rASTrapati DaoN0 rAjendra prasAda kA bhASaNa kI jAyagI, unake pariNAma svarUpa jahA~ bhAratIya itihAsa kI TUTI huI zrRMkhalAoM ke jur3ane kI AzA hai, vahA~ hama eka atyanta pratApI aura yazasvI vibhUti kI jIvana-kathA tatha vicAradhArA kA pUrNa jJAna prApta kara apane Apako kRtakRtya kara skeNge| mujhe vizvAsa hai| ki yaha prAkRta anusaMdhAnazAlA, jisakA zilAnyAsa kA dAyitva Apane mujhe sauMpane kI kRpA kI hai, zIghra hI bana kara taiyAra ho jaaygii| mujhe sandeha nahIM ki kAlAntara meM isa zAlA ke kAraNa vaizAlI phira vidyA aura saMskRti kA kendra bana jaaygaa| bihAra sarakAra aura dUsare jina logoM ne isa anusaMdhAnazAlA kI sthApanA meM Arthika tathA anya prakAra kI sahAyatA kI hai, hamAre dhanyavAda ke adhikArI haiN| Age bhI isa puNya kArya meM sabhI kA pUrNa sahayoga rahegA, aisI merI AzA hai| 7
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________________ Presidential Address of Shri R.R. Diwakar Governor of Bihar On the occasion of the Foundation Laying Ceremony of the Institute Vaishali is a name to conjure with. This place is hardly about twentythree miles from Muzaffarpur. It is associated with the federal republic of the Vajjis as early as the sixth century B.C. It was the federal capital as well as the capital of the Licchavi-clan which was the most powerful of the eight republics which formed the Vajji federation. The republics were run in a very systematic and efficient manner. In organising his religious order Buddha is said to have copied a number of features of the republic set up of the Vajjis. But the political significance of Vaishali and its formidable citizens, the Licchavis, pales the religious and cultural importance of the place. It was a place loved by Buddha who spent long spells of time preaching there. He designated the people of the place as Timsa gods'. He admired their unity and democratic as well as religious spirit. It was here that Amrapali, the wealthiest and most beautiful courtesan of the palace, surrendered herself and everything beloning to her to Buddha proving thereby that inner peace and integrated personality are a far greater prize than charm of person and love of luxury. Nearby is the stupa of Kolhua, dedicated to Ananda, Buddha's greatest disciple, close to a huge 42 feet Asok pillar crowned by a lion counchant. What is the most important today however, April 23, 1956 is that Basokund in this area is the birth-place of Vardhamana Mahavira, the last of the Jaina Tirthamkaras and today is his birthday. He is worshipped as the founder of present Jainism. He spent here thirty years of his normal life and twelve years of life after he took samnyas. It is for more than two millenium that a small area in village Basokund
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________________ Presidential Address of Shri R.R. Diwakar lies dedicated to Mahavira as his birth-place. None use it nor is it cultivated. It remains inviolate and virgin. It is there on that plot that the foundation of a memorial to Mahavira is laid today by our beloved President. It was on account of this significant background, political, cultural and religious, that Vaishali attracted the attention of scholars as well as laymen and it soon turned into a place of archaeological and cultural importance. It became a place of pilgrimage when the Vaishali Sangh under the inspiring guidance of Dr. S.K. Sinha, began to celebrate the Vaishali Mahotsav since a few years. It is this multi-sanctified area today that the foundation is laid by our Union President of an Institute for Post-graduate Studies and Research in Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa. It should be specially noted that Ahimsa is qite a new and very fruitful subject for research. Here Ahimsa does not mean merely the theological or the religious aspect of it but means the doctrine of Ahimsa including the doctrine of love which in fact is the foundation of all life and relationship between sentient beings. The research in this subject has become much more important in view of our great traditions and emphasis laid on it by Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. In fact, in Jainism, Ahimsa is the keynote and cornerstone. In recent years, Mahatma Gandhi in his own life and in all that he said and did, exhibited the potency and usefulness of Ahimsa in all fields of human activity including relations between nation and nation. Panch-Shila is a corollary of Ahimsa in the international field. Dr. Albert Schweitzer in his profound writings has pointed out that reverence for life (this is but the 20th century western edition of Ahimsa) must be the foundation of new values, if civilization is to be saved. All these point to the fact as to how profound and basic is the doctrine of Ahimsa, how comprehensive is its sweep, and how wide are its implications for man as a social being. The founding of this Institute is one more proof of the fact that the Bihar Government is fully alive to its obligations in the field of thought and culture, since Bihar has the richest legacy from the
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________________ svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha past in the whole of India. This is the land of Yajnavalkya and Maitreyi of the Upanisads, of Janaka of Mithila, of Buddha, of Mahavira, of Candragupta, of Canakya, of Asoka and others too many to mention here. It is this living consciousness that inspired this State to organize the Mithila Institute for Sanskrit research in Darbhanga and Nalanda Institute for research in Pali and Buddhism. Those institutes are already running and the Nava-Nalanda Maha Vihar was opened very recently in March at Nalanda by Dr. Radhakrishnan. An institute for research in Persian and Arabic with the noted Khudabux library as a nucleus has already been set up. Now comes this Institute at Vaishali for Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa. I must here pay a very well-deserved tribute to our Jain friends, notably to Mr. Shanti Prasad Jain, who is the industrial magnate of Bihar. The credit for quickening the process of bringing into existence this Institute goes to him and his colleagues because he came forward with a handsome donation of rupees five lacs for the building etc. of this Institute and a share in the recurring expenditure for a period of five years. The Government as in the case of other similar institutes mentioned above, has already decided to run this Institute on the same lines as others and bear all the expenses. It is expected that rich and liberal as is the Jain community, it would see to it that this Institute would not only attract all Indian scholars but scholars from all over world, especially because it is taking up research in Ahimsa, a subject of world-wide importance. Nalanda has already attracted scholars from many of the Buddhist countries. But I have no doubt that Vaishali would be as attractive a centre for research scholars as the best in India and elsewhere.
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________________ saMsthAna ke zilAnyAsa ke avasara para bihAra ke zikSA-maMtrI AcArya badarInAtha varmA kA bhASaNa Aja bihAra rAjya aura yahA~ kI janatA kI ora se ApakA (DaoN. rAjendra prasAda kA) svAgata karatA huuN| ke sAMskRtika vikAsa kI ora ApakA kitanA dhyAna hai yaha to isI se spaSTa hai ki isa grISmakAla aura sudUra grAma kI aneka asuvidhAoM kA vicAra na karake bhI Apane Aja yahA~ zrI mahAvIra smAraka aura prAkRta vidyApITha kI sthApanA ke lie padhArane kA kaSTa svIkAra kiyA hai| svatantra bhArata ke yugArambha meM hI bihAra rAjya ne uccatama adhyApana aura anusandhAna kArya ke lie jina tIna vidyApIThoM kI yojanA taiyAra kI thI, unameM se vaidika aura saMskRta vidyApITha kI sthApanA darabhaMgA meM tathA pAlI aura bauddha dharma viSayaka adhyayana ke lie nAlandA vidyApITha kI sthApanA nAlandA meM Aja se koI sAr3he cAra varSa pUrva Apake hI paNyazAlI hAthoM dvArA kI gaI thii| hameM yaha sacita karate harSa hotA hai ki ve donoM vidyApITha apanI-apanI yojanA ke anusAra niyata uddezyoM kI pUrti meM lage hue haiM aura uttarottara unnati karate jA rahe haiN| usI yojanA kI tIsarI saMsthA vaizAlI prAkRta vidyApITha kI zilAnyAsa-vidhi Aja yahA~ Apake varadAnI kara-kamaloM dvArA sampanna hone jA rahI hai| hameM yaha ghoSita karate hue harSa hotA hai ki bihAra rAjya ke pramukha udyogapati aura jaina samAja ke gaNamAnya agraNI zrI zAntiprasAda jI ne apane udAra dAna ke dvArA isa vidyApITha kI sthApanA meM bihAra sarakAra kA hAtha baTAyA hai aura usake Arambhika Arthika bojha ko halakA kara diyA hai| unhoMne isa vidyApITha ke hetu pA~ca lAkha kA dAna bhavana Adi ke lie tathA prati varSa paccIsa hajAra ke hisAba se pA~ca varSa taka cAlU kharca ke lie, isa prakAra savA chaH lAkha rupayoM kA dAna vIkAra kiyA hai| sarakAra ne unake sthAyI dAna se cAra lAkha to vidyApITha ke kAryAlaya, pustakAlaya, chAtrAlaya tathA nivAsa bhavana Adi banAne meM, eka lAkha rupayA pustakAlaya ke lie Avazyaka granthoM, zodha-patrikAoM Adi ke saMgraha ke lie niyata kara diyA hai| yaha aura bhI prasannatA kI bAta hai ki zrI zAntiprasAda jI ne vidyApITha ke lie ukta gavazyaka bhavana apane nijI sAdhanoM dvArA zIghra banavA dene kA vacana diyA hai, jisase AzA kI jA sakatI hai ki yahA~ bhavanAdi banane meM aura usameM vidyApITha kA kArya prArambha hone meM aba adhika vilamba nahIM hogaa| isake lie bihAra kI janatA aura sarakAra zrI zAntiprasAda jI, zrI harakhacanda jI tathA unake dvArA samasta jaina samAja kA bar3A upakAra mAnatI hai| jisa
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________________ 12 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha kSetra para vidyApITha kI sthApanA ho rahI hai, vaha bhI sarakAra ko sthAnIya janatA se dAna ke rUpa meM prApta huA hai| yahA~ kI janatA ke sahayoga kA pratyakSa udAharaNa hai| vidyApITha ke lie pacAsa ekar3a bhUmi prApta karane kA nizcaya kiyA gayA hai, jisameM se teraha ekar3a mila cukI hai| zeSa zIghra prApta ho jAne kI AzA hai| jaba taka yahA~ Avazyaka bhavana nahIM bana sakeMge, taba taka vidyApITha kA kArya mujaphpharapura meM saMcAlita hogaa| yahA~ hameM yaha prakaTa karate hue harSa hotA hai ki isa vidyApITha ke DAyarekTara pada ke lie DAkTara hIrAlAla jaina kI sevAe~ prApta ho gayI haiN| DAkTara jaina isa vizvavidyAlaya ke saMskRta, pAlI aura prAkRta vibhAga ke adhyakSa tathA usakI vidyApariSad ke pradhAna (DIna oNpha dI phaikalTI oNpha ArTas) the| unheM ukta viSayoM meM snAtaka aura snAtakottara pAThyakrama par3hAne evaM anusandhAna-kArya kA saMcAlana karane kA tIsa varSa kA anubhava hai| unake saMzodhita, saMpAdita lagabhaga 20-25 prAkRta aura jaina tattva-jJAna viSayaka grantha tathA koI 50 saMzodhanAtmaka lekha unakI vidvattA ke paricAyaka haiN| AzA hai ki unake saMcAlakatva meM vidyApITha apane uddezyoM kI pUrti meM saphala hogaa| jina kAraNoM se prabhAvita hokara isa vidyApITha kI yahA~ sthApanA kI gayI hai aura usakI zilAnyAsa-vidhi ke lie Aja kA dina niyata kiyA gayA hai, usakA bhI kucha paricaya denA asAmayika na hogaa| bihAra sarakAra ne apane sthApita vidyApIThoM ke lie canane meM aitihAsika aucitya kI ora bhI dhyAna diyA hai aura isI dRSTi se mithilA vidyApITha kI sthApanA darabhaMgA meM tathA pAlI bauddha vidyApITha kI sthApanA nAlandA meM kI hai| prAkRta jaina vidyApITha ke lie sarakAra ke sammukha do sthAnoM ke sujhAva upasthiti the-eka rAjagRha ke lie aura dUsarA vaizAlI ke lie| vaizAlI ke saMbaMdha meM logoM ko pUrNa jAnakArI nahIM thI, kintu aba purAtattva aura jaina granthoM se yaha bhalIbhA~ti siddha ho gayA hai ki vartamAna basAr3ha aura usake AsapAsa kI bhUmi hI prAcIna kAla kI suprasiddha licchavi rAjadhAnI vaizAlI hai aura usa videha sthita kuMDapura yA kuMDagrAma ko jaina zAstroM meM bhagavAn mahAvIra tIrthaGkara kI janmabhUmi tathA kumAra krIDAkSetra mAnA gayA hai| yahI nahIM. bAsokaMDa grAma ke bhItara lagabhaga do ekaDa ke eka aise kSetra kA bhI patA calA hai jo sthAnIya janazruti ke anusAra paramparA se bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma-sthAna mAna kara kabhI jotA-boyA nahIM gayA, kintu jana sAdhAraNa dvArA pUjA jAtA hai| isalie aba isameM kisI ko sandeha nahIM rahA ki yathArthataH yahI sthAna isa vidyApITha kI sthApanA ke lie sabase adhika upayukta hogaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ko jaina granthoM meM vaizAlika arthAt vaizAlI ke nAgarika kahA gayA hai| unake pravrajita hone ke pazcAt unakA prathama AhAra kollAga nAmaka sanniveza meM huA thA jo kolhuA nAma se vAsokuMDa se saTA huA grAma aba bhI vidyamAna hai| bhagavAn ke bAraha varSa nivAsa vaizAlI aura vANijya grAma meM hue the| isa vANijya grAma kA vartamAna pratinidhi baniyA gA~va aba bhI yahIM vidyamAna hai| isa prakAra bhagavAn mahAvIra kI saccI janmabhUmi vAsokuNDa grAma ke pAsa vidyApITha kI sthApanA ucita mAnI gyii| uparyukta do ekar3a ke sthala ko unake svAmI kisAnoM ne sarakAra ko
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________________ bihAra ke zikSA maMtrI AcArya badarInAtha varmA kA bhASaNa 13 dAna kara diyA hai aura vahA~ para zrI mahAvIra smAraka kI sthApanA vidyApITha ke zilAnyAsa se pUrva hI Apake karakamaloM dvArA ho gayI hai| isI prakAra mahAvIra ke janmotsava kA yaha divasa isa pavitra kArya ko sampanna karane ke lie upayukta samajhA gyaa| aba mujhe kevala isa vaizAlI prAkRta vidyApITha ke uddezya ke saMbaMdha meM kucha nivedana karanA hai| abhI taka jitanA dhyAna saMskRta tathA pAlI bhASA aura sAhitya kI ora diyA jA cukA hai, utanA prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kI ora nahIM diyA jA sakA, yadyapi isa bhASA kA mahattva kisI prakAra kama nahIM hai, kyoMki prAkRta bhASA ke dezabhedAnusAra nAnA rUpoM se hI vartamAna hindI, ba~galA Adi bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA mAnA jAtA hai| jaina sAhitya apanI kAvya-kalA tathA jJAna-vijJAna ke atirikta darzana, itihAsa evaM sAmAjika tathA sAMskRtika pracura sAmagrI ke lie bhI vikhyAta hai, kintu usakA pUrA-pUrA vizleSaNa hokara usake dvArA bhAratIya tattvajJAna kA poSaNa honA abhI zeSa hI hai| ahiMsA tattva kA mahAtmA gA~dhI jI ne jo vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM vyAvahArika prayoga karake dikhalAyA, usase isa tattva ne bhArata kI rASTrIya aura antarrASTrIya nIti kI AdhArazilA bana jAne ke sAtha hI sAtha samasta cintanazIla saMsAra ko bhI apanI ora AkarSita kiyA hai| isa ahiMsA tattva kA jitanA vivaraNa hameM jaina sAhitya meM milatA hai, utanA anyatra nhiiN| isa tattva aura taMtra kA saMsAravyApI dRSTi se anusandhAna karanA Avazyaka hai| inhIM viSayoM ko dRSTi meM rakhate hue isa vidyApITha kI sthApanA kI jA rahI hai| isakA mukhya kArya adhyayana aura anusandhAna hogA, para isa kArya ke lie kArya-kartAoM ko taiyAra karanA Avazyaka hai| isalie cune hue vidyArthiyoM ko upayukta zikSA dekara taiyAra kiyA jaayegaa| ye bihAra vizvavidyAlaya kI parIkSA de skeNge| jo anusandhAna kI vizeSa zikSA leMge, ve pI-eca. DI. aura DI. liT kI upAdhiyoM kI parIkSA meM sammilita ho skeNge| adhyApakoM aura vidyArthiyoM dvArA kiye gaye anusandhAnoM kA prakAzana bhI kiyA jaaygaa| vibhinna viSayaka aprakAzita granthoM ko sampAdita kara prakAzita karanA vidyApITha kA vizeSa kArya hogaa| ina kAryoM meM yathAzakti bAhara ke vidvAnoM se samparka rakhane kI bhI vyavasthA vidyApITha ke yojanA-Adeza meM kara dI gayI hai| prAkRta vidyApITha kI sthApanA meM jo ApakA varadahasta aura AzIrvacana prApta ho rahA hai, usake prasAda se AzA kI jA sakatI hai ki vidyApITha apane uddezyoM kI pUrti meM saphalatA prApta karatA huA uttarottara unnati karegA aura deza kI prAcIna sAMskRtika paramparA kI kar3iyoM ko jor3a kara phira usake gaurava ko saMsAra ke samakSa upasthita karane meM sahAyaka siddha hogaa|
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________________ Address of Shri Shanti Prasad Jain On the occasion of the Foundation Laying Ceremony of the Institute It is my unique honour and privilege to have to welcome you here at the site of old Vaishali for unveiling the Mahavira Memorial and laying the foundation stone of the Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa. The establishment of an Institution like this, is one of the most outstanding fruits of free India in the field of our national regeneration and culture. All people and particularly the Jains all over the country are happy that at last, the vicinity where their last Tirthamkara Bhagwana Mahavira was born has been located. The owner of the sacred spot has made a donation of it to the Government of Bihar, and the letter have honoured it by setting up a memorial stone inscription there. The value of the monument has been highly enhanced by its being unvelied by your noble self today which is the 2,555,th day of the Tirthamkara's holy birth. This great event of today will, I am sure, gradually lead to the development of the spot as a unique place of pilgrimage for all those who honour the memory of founders of culture, philosophy and religion. It gives me great satisfaction and joy that I have been allowed to associate myself with the establishment of this Research Institute by an humble donation for the initial cost of the necessary buildings and library etc. The Institute will, I am sure, develop to its full stature by your blessings and serve as a great centre for higher studies and research in Jain history, philosophy and literature which are its special spheres. Ahimsa was great principle of life imparted to us by a series of Jain prophets and saints. It has now been recognised as the basis of Indian nationalism and India's international policy. This principle would be studied and investigated here in its evolutionary and historical aspects. The activities of the Institute are expected not only to revive
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________________ Address of Shri Shanti Prasad Jain 15 interest in the Prakrit language and literature, Jainology and Ahimsa, but also to explore and bring to light the hidden treasures of our ancient glory, and thus to radiate knowledge which otherwise would have been extinct. I am particularly happy at the choice of the first Director Dr. Hiralal Jain who has already distinguished himself as a University teacher of Indian classics and a great scholar in the field of Prakrit and Jainology, under whose care the progress of the Institute is assured. I thank you, Sir, most heartily once again, for the trouble you have taken and the interest that you have shown in this work of great cultural importance.
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________________ prAkRta zodha saMsthAna ke udaya evaM vikAsa kI gaurava gAthA DaoN. rAjendra kumAra baMsala * yaha harSa kA viSaya hai ki 'prAkRta jaina zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI' dvArA svarNa jayantI gaurava grantha kA prakAzana kiyA jA rahA hai| vaizAlI zabda kA apanA atizayakArI AkarSaNa hai| vaizAlI gaNarAjya thA, jo prAcIna licchavi gaNataMtra kA smAraka hai / yaha vajjisaMgha ke nAma se vikhyAta thaa| isake sAtadharma arthAt saMvaidhAnika kArya praNAlI, ekajuTatA, kAnUna kI pratibaddhatA, vRddhoM kA satkAra, kulanAriyoM evaM kulakumAriyoM ke sammAna kI rakSA, dharma sthaloM kA saMrakSaNa aura dhArmika sahiSNutA Aja bhI zreSTha prajAtaMtrIya praNAlI kI saphalatA ke AdhAra haiN| videha deza sthita vaizAlI gaNarAjya ke aMtargata vAsokuNDa meM jaina dharma ke caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara rAjakumAra mahAvIra-varddhamAna kA janma IsA pUrva 599 meM huA thaa| yahA~ mahAvIra ke garbha, janma aura tapa kalyANaka sampanna hue the| vaizAlI mahAtmA buddha ko atipriya thii| yaha unakI karma aura sAdhanA sthalI thii| buddha mahAvIra ke samakAlIna the| unhoMne jJAna kI khoja meM vaizAlI ke do mahAyogI alArakamAla aura uddhata rAmaputra ke Azrama meM rahakara yoga vidyA sIkhI thii| ye bha. pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI the| vaizAlI ( vasAda) meM mahAtmA buddha ke aneka smRti cinha vidyamAna haiN| isa prakAra vaizAlI (bAsokuNDa) vizva kI do mahAna vibhUtiyoM se upakRta huii| loka jIvana meM mahAvIra ke darzana aura AcAra ke cinha abhI bhI pIr3hI-dara-pIr3hI pravAhita hote A rahe haiN| yaha mahAvIra ke vyaktitva kA viziSTa prabhAva hai jo vaizAlI vAsiyoM meM anubhUta kiyA jA sakatA hai| bihAra rAjya meM videha, aMga aura magadha deza sammalita the| jainadharma ke caubIsoM tIrthaMkara paramparAgata rUpa se hajArIbAga jile ke sammeda zikharajI se mokSa jAte haiN| vidyamAna huMDAvasarpiNI kAla ke doSa ke kAraNa isa yuga meM bIsa tIrthaMkara sammeda zikhara jI se nirvANa ko prApta hue| bihAra sthita pAvApura evaM campApura se eka-eka tIrthaMkara mokSa gye| isa prakAra bAisa tIrthaMkaroM ke nirvANa se bihAra pAvana huaa| RSabhadeva kailAza parvata aura neminAtha bhagavAna giranAra jI se mukta hue| caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM meM pA~ca tIrthaMkaroM yathA- vAsupUjya, mallinAtha, munisuvrata nAtha, naminAtha aura mahAvIra kA janma bihAra meM huA / isa dRSTi se bihAra rAjya aura vahA~ kA janamAnasa samanvaya aura vizAla dRSTikoNa kA dhanI rahA hai| isI * bI - 369, o. pI. ema. amalAI, jilA zahaDola, ma.pra. - 484117.
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________________ prAkRta zodha saMsthAna ke udaya evaM vikAsa kI gaurava gAthA 17 vaicArika udAratA ke phalasvarUpa tatkAlIna bihAra sarakAra ne darabhaMgA meM vaidika aura saMskRta vidyApITha, nAlandA meM pAlI aura bauddha dharma viSayaka vidyApITha kI sthApanA kI aura usI krama meM vaizAlI meM prAkRta jaina zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna kI sthApanA kI, jisakA zilAnyAsa mahAmahima rASTrapati DaoN. rAjendra prasAda jI dvArA dinAMka 23.04.1956 ko kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra vaidika, bauddha aura jaina dharma viSayaka tIna zodha saMsthAna bihAra rAjya meM kAryarata haiN| inakI sthApanA kA zreya tatkAlIna rAjyapAla mahAmahima Ara0 Ara0 divAkara, mukhyamaMtrI, DaoN. zrIkRSNa siMha evaM zikSA maMtrI, AcArya zrI badarInAtha varmA kI bhAratIya darzanoM ke prati agAdha niSThA aura sAMskRtika vikAsa kI ruci ko hai| ina vidyApIThoM meM ucca starIya adhyApana aura anusaMdhAna kArya, zodha pustakoM kA prakAzana aura vidvadgoSThiyA~ Adi kArya sampanna hote haiN| prAkRta zodha saMsthAna kI sthApanA meM vaizAlI-saMgha kI bhUmikAH prAkRta jaina zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI, vAsokuNDa kI sthApanA kI pRSThabhUmi atyaMta rocaka, vismayakArI aura dhArmika sahiSNutA kI jIvanta mizAla hai| isakA zreya 'vaizAlI saMgha' ke saMsthApaka zrI jagadIza candra mAthura, AI. sI. esa., tatkAlIna anuvibhAgIya adhikArI, hAjIpura ko hai| ve 17.07.1944 se 17.12.1945 taka hAjIpura meM rhe| sAhitya ke vidyArthI hote hue bhI inhoMne vaizAlI ke itihAsa kI ora jhaaNkaa| unhoMne vaizAlI ke atIta kA paridRzya dekhaa| rAjA vizAla se lekara vajjisaMgha kI gaNataMtrAtmaka zAsana paddhati aura bhagavAna mahAvIra-buddha kI smRtiyoM ne unheM vaizAlA sagha Ara vaizAlI-mahotsava manAne ke lie utprerita kiyaa| unhoMne azAsakIya sadasyoM kI eka samiti banAkara dinAMka 31.12.1944 ko hAjIpura ke sarasvatI sadana meM vaizAlI mahotsava manAne kA saMkalpa kiyaa| vAsokuNDa meM prathama vaizAlI mahotsava dinAMka 31.03.1945 ko Ayojita kiyA gayA, jisameM khyAtiprApta itihAsakAra sarvazrI DaoN. rAdhA kumuda mukharjI aura DaoN. o. sI. gaMgulI sammilita hue| DaoN. rAdhA kumuda mukharjI ne apane abhibhASaNa meM vaizAlI ke garimAmaMDita atIta para prakAza DAlA aura AvirbhUta hokara kahA 'apane jIvana meM kabhI itane vizAla janasamUha ke sAmane maiMne bhASaNa nahIM diyA thaa| upasthita janasamUha ko bhI prathama bAra aise ucca itihAsakAra kA bhASaNa sunane kA avasara milaa| dvitIya vaizAlI mahotsava dinAMka 10.04.1946 (rAmanavamI) aura tRtIya dinAMka 14.04.1947 (caitrasaMkrAnti) ko manAyA gyaa| isake bAda pratyeka varSa mahAvIra jayaMti ke pAvana parva para vaizAlI mahotsava dhUma-dhAma se vAsokuNDa meM manAyA jAne lgaa| Azcaryajanaka tathya yaha hai ki vaizAlI saMgha meM koI bhI sadasya jaina nahIM thA aura vAsokuNDa sadiyoM se jaina-jana vihIna rhaa| aSTama vaizAlI mahotsava DaoN. ke. ema. muMzI, khAdyamaMtrI, bhArata sarakAra ke mukhya Atithya meM dinAMka 07.04.1952 (mahAvIra jayaMti) ko sampanna huaa| isa samAroha meM vaizAlI saMgha ne prastAva (kra-2) pArita kiyA, jo isa prakAra hai "saMgha, jainoM aura bihAra sarakAra se anarodha karatA hai ki ve jainoM ke caubIsaveM tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi vaizAlI meM vaizAlI prAkRta jaina insTIcyUTa kI
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________________ 18 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha sthApanA kareM, kyoMki bihAra meM saMskRta aura pAlI ke ucca adhyayana kA prabaMdha ho gayA hai, para abhI taka prAkRta ke ucca adhyayana kA prabaMdha nahIM ho sakA hai"| isa uddezya kI pUrti hetu DaoN. nathamala TATiyA ke saMyojakatva meM eka upasamiti kA gaThana kiyA gyaa| sarva zrI lallana jaina, nemicandra zAstrI, pro0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, DaoN. e. esa. alTekara, jagadIzacandra mAthura AI. sI. esa. (adhyakSa), pro. yogendra mizra isa upasamiti ke sadasya the| zrI badrInAtha varmA, zikSAmaMtrI, bihAra ne isakA samarthana kiyaa| jUna 1952 meM zrI jagadIza candra mAthura ne 'vaizAlI insTIcyUTa oNpha posTa grejueTa sTaDIja eNDa risarca ina prAkRta eNDa jainolaoNjI' vaizAlI saMgha kI vistRta yojanA banAI aura bihAra sarakAra ke samakSa vicArArtha prastuta kii| prathama yojanAnusAra vaizAlI saMgha ne 5 lAkha pUMjIgata vyaya evaM 5 lAkha cAlU kharcoM (prathama pAMca varSa hetu) kI yojanA nirmita kI aura usake dAna hetu apIla-prArUpa bnaayaa| isI bIca dinAMka 04.02.1953 ko mukhyamaMtrI evaM adhyakSa, vaizAlI saMgha DaoN. zrI kRSNa siMha ke nivAsa para vaizAlI saMgha kI sAdhAraNa sabhA huii| isameM yaha nirNaya liyA gayA ki vaizAlI saMgha dvArA insTIcyUTa sthApita karane kI apekSA bihAra rAjya zAsana dvArA isakI sthApanA kI jAye aura saMgha ne isa uddezya hetu jo bhI dhanarAzi ekatrita kI hai vaha zAsana ko upalabdha karAyI jaaye| isI dina (04.02.1953) ko bhArata ke sabhI samAcAra patroM meM insTIcyUTa kI sthApanA hetu dAna dene kI apIleM prakAzita huiiN| saMsthAna ke svarUpa aura uddezyoM kA vicAra san 1945 meM vaizAlI saMgha kI zikSA kendra kholane kI yojanA thii| uddezya thA ki vaizAlI bha0 mahAvIra kI janma sthalI hai dUsare saMsthAna ucca starIya zodha ke dvArA sudUra grAmINa aMcala ke sAmAnya nAgarikoM ke jIvana se sambaMdha sthApita kregaa| rAdhAkRSNana samiti ke anusAra saMsthAna prAkRta aura jaina zikSA ke sambandha meM ucca adhyayana evaM zodha ke sAtha grAmINa vizvavidyAlaya ke rUpa meM vikasita hogaa| bAda meM san 1953 meM mahAmahima rAjyapAla (bihAra) zrI Ara. Ara. divAkara mahodaya ke mana meM nayA vicAra udbhUta huaa| unhoMne sajhAva diyA ki saMsthAna jaina aura prAkRta vidyA kA ucca anusaMdhAna kendra to bane hI, sAtha hI ahiMsA darzana kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana aura jIvana meM ahiMsA ke AcaraNa para bhI zodha ho| isa prakAra rAjyapAla mahodaya ke punIta sujhAva ke anusAra saMsthAna ke uddezyoM meM ahiMsA ko bhI sammilita kiyA gyaa| yaha sambhAvanA vyakta kI gayI ki kAlAntara meM saMsthAna ina uddezyoM ke kriyAnvayana kI ucca / anokhI takanIki vikasita kregaa| jaina darzana meM ahiMsA kI vistRta aura gUr3ha vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| bha. mahAvIra ne siddhatva kI prApti meM ahiMsA kA prayoga kiyaa| ma. gAMdhI ne rAjanaitika stara para svataMtratA kI prApti meM ahiMsA kA prayoga kiyaa| mAnava jIvana ke mahattama kalyANa kI aneka vidhAoM meM ahiMsA darzana kisa prakAra phalIbhUta evaM vyavahArika sUtra degA, isa sambandha meM gahana zodha aura prayogoM kI AvazyakatA hai| zodha vahI upayogI hotA hai jo jIvana kA aMga bane aura jo jIvana ko spaMdita kre| mAtra dArzanika carcA se jIvana sukhamaya-AnaMdamaya nahIM hotaa|
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________________ prAkRta zodha saMsthAna ke udaya evaM vikAsa kI gaurava gAthA 19 saMsthAna hetu dAna kI apIleM bihAra ke mukhyamaMtrI DaoN. zrIkRSNa siMha kI ora se vaizAlI meM prAkRta zodha saMsthAna kI sthApanA hetu prathama pAMca varSa ke vyaya hetu dasa lAkha rupaye dAna dene kI apIla jaina samAja evaM anyoM se kI gyii| dUsarI apIla mahAmahima rAjyapAla zrI raMganAtha rAmacandra divAkara kI ora se prakAzita kI gyii| unhoMne apIla meM kahA ki ahiMsA ke Upara zo, vizvavyApI hitakara hogA, yaha na kevala paraspara mAnavIya vyavahAra kintu mAnavIya sAmAjika sambaMdhoM aura sabhyatA tathA saMskRti ke vikAsa hetu Avazyaka hai| Apane kahA vaizAlI saMgha ko Apa saba khule hRdaya se sahayoga kreN| paccIsa zatAbdiyoM pUrva vaizAlI se 'ahiMsA paramodharma:' kA udghoSa huA thaa| vaizAlI-saMgha dvArA prAkRta zodha saMsthAna kI sthApanA se yaha uddezya pUrNa hogaa| ukta apIloM kA adbhuta prabhAva huaa| kalakattA ke svanAma dhanya jaina zreSThI sAhu zAMti prasAda jI jaina ne utsAhapUrvaka prAkRta zodha saMsthAna ke bhavana nirmANa hetu pAMca lAkha rupayA aura prathama pAMca varSoM ke cAlU vyaya hetu paccIsa hajAra prati varSa dene kI ghoSaNA kI, jise bihAra rAjya sarakAra ne svIkAra kara liyaa| kalakattA ke anya jaina bandhuoM ne bhI sahayoga diyaa| vaizAlI-saMgha ne dinAMka 06.02.1953 ko rAjya sarakAra ke samakSa prAkRta zodha saMsthAna kI sthApanA hetu prastAva rakhA, yaha Age kI kAryavAhI kA AdhAra bnaa| nauvAM vaizAlI mahotsava dinAMka 28.03.1953 ko DaoN. zrIkRSNa siMha kI adhyakSatA meM sampanna huaa| isa avasara para prAkRta zodha saMsthAna kI yojanA darzAkara zAsana se use svIkAra karane kA anurodha kiyaa| rAjya zAsana ne tatkAla kAryavAhI kI aura patra kramAMka 1271, dinAMka 18.05.1953 dvArA vezAlI-saMgha ko prAkRta zodha saMsthAna kI sthApanA kI svIkRti pradAna kii| zrI jagadIza candra mAthura, AI. sI. esa. kI kalpanA sAkAra huii| vaizAlI-saMgha ne apane ko gauravAnvita anubhava kiyaa| tadanusAra, bihAra rAjya sarakAra ne patrAMka-5314 dinAMka 25.11.1955 dvArA mujaphpharapura jile ke vaizAlI meM 'insTIcyUTa oNpha posTa grejueTa sTaDIja eNDa risarca ina jaina eNDa prAkRta laraniMga' kI sthApanA kI svIkRti pradAna kii| nirdhanoM dvArA bhUmi dAna kA Adarza aba samasyA bhUmi prApta karane kI thii| saMsthAna kI sthApanA hetu tIsa ekar3a bhUmi Avazyaka thii| jisa sthAna para saMsthAna kI sthApanA hetu bhUmi kA cayana kiyA gayA usa sthAna ke nirdhana ajaina bhUmisvAmiyoM ne atyaMta udAratA aura tyAga kA paricaya diyaa| vaizAlI-saMgha kI preraNA se unhoMne binA kisI pratidAna yA yazakAmanA ke apanI prANadayArI aura jIvanadAyanI teraha ekar3a bhUmi apane ArAdhya bha. mahAvIra kA nAma smaraNa karate hue lokahitArtha samarpita kara dii| dAna kI yaha adbhuta mizAla thI, jo sadaiva preraNAspada banI rhegii| bhUmidAna dAtAoM ne jAti aura dharma ke saMkIrNa bheda vismRta kara dhArmika sahiSNutA, avirodha aura tyAga kA Adarza prastuta kiyaa| bhUmidAna dAtAoM meM kSatriya, bhUmihAra, pAsavAna (harijana) evaM musalamAna baMdhu bhI sammilita the| inake nAma haiM- abhUcaka
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________________ 20 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha grAmavAsI sarvazrI kAlI sAha, janaka rAya, mahAvIra rAya, mUsArAya aura yAkUba miyA~, phatehapura nivAsI zrI kezava nArAyaNa siMha, vAsokuNDa nivAsI sarvazrI khelAvana siMha, dahAura pAsavAna, bijalI siMha, mahAvIra pAsavAna, mahAvIra siMha, mahendra siMha aura zAMti siMha tathA ibrAhimapura vAsI zrI nathunI siNh| ina sabhI bhUmidAna dAtAoM ke nAma kA smaraNa smRtizilA meM utkIrNa hai| ina sabhI ko nmn| ___ bha. mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi sadiyoM se do ekar3a 'ahalla bhUmi' (binA jutI) mAnI jAtI hai jo cAra kuNDoM ke madhya sthita hai| vaizAlI saMgha kI pAvana preraNA se vAsokuNDa vAsI kSatriya parivAra ke sarvazrI mahendra siMha, bijalI siMha, khilAvana siMha, mahAvIra siMha aura nathunI siMha ne apane ArAdhya bha. mahAvIra ke smAraka nirmANa hetu mahAmahima rAjyapAla mahodaya ko bha. mahAvIra ke nAma dAna de dii| isa bhUmi ko pAvana mAnA jAtA hai aura use malamUtra Adi se surakSita rakhakara vizeSa avasaroM para sabhIjana ekatrita hokara mahAvIra kI ArAdhanA karate haiN| janma jayaMti aura nirvANa divasa manAte haiN| vAsokuNDa meM adbhuta mahotsava vaizAlI-saMgha ke anavarata prayAsoM aura bihAra rAjya sarakAra kI dhArmika sahiSNutA tathA sAMskRtika abhiruci ke pariNAma svarUpa dinAMka 23.04.1956, mahAvIra jayaMti kA dina vaizAlI vAsiyoM ke lie aitihAsika dina siddha huaa| mahAmahima rASTrapati DaoN. rAjendra prasAda jI kI agavAnI ke lie vaizAlI vAsI palaka-paoNvar3e bichAye utsukatA se unakI pratIkSA kara rahe the| pratIkSA kI ghar3I samApta huii| mahAmahima rASTrapati jI, mahAmahima rAjyapAla jI (zrI Ara. Ara. divAkara), zikSAmaMtrI AcArya badarInAtha varmA, jaina samAja ke agraNI netA sAhU zrI zAMtiprasAda jI (udyogapati), DaoN. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla (itihAsakAra) Adi sabhI bha. mahAvIra kI pAvana janmabhUmi kI rajamastaka para dhAraNa kara apane ko kRtArtha mAna rahe haiN| ahalla bhUmi para mahAmahima rASTrapati jI ne karatala dhvani ke madhya bha. mahAvIra janmabhUmi paTTa kA anAvaraNa kara lokArpita kiyaa| sadiyoM se abhizapta vaizAlI ke abhizApa kA zamana huaa| sabhI ne bha. mahAvIra aura unakI parama kalyANakArI ahiMsA kA jayaghoSa kara naye yuga kA sUtrapAta kiyaa| bha. mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi ko upakRta kara mahAmahima rASTrapati jI ne vAsokuNDa vaizAlI meM prAkRta zodha saMsthAna kA zilAnyAsa kiyaa| Apane apane udabodhana meM prAkRta bhASA kI mahattA drshaayii| bha. mahAvIra ke 'ahiMsA paramo dharmaH' sandeza ko smaraNa kiyA aura kahA mahAvIra ne hameM samanvayAtmaka dRSTi dI hai| yaha bar3I dena hai| isakI gaharAI ko samajheM aura usake vyavahArAtmaka pahalU ko jIvana meM utaareN| vaizAlI meM prAkRta anusaMdhAna zAlA kI sthApanA se bhAratIya itihAsa kI TUTI huI zRMkhalAe~ jur3eMgI aura bhaviSya meM vaizAlI punaH vidyA aura saMskRti kA kendra sAbita hogaa| Apane dAnadAtAoM aura bihAra rAjya sarakAra ko dhanyavAda diyaa| vAsokuNDa-vaizAlI meM punaH naye yuga kA sUtrapAta huaa| sabhI meM navodaya kI bhAvanA jAgrata huii| rAjyapAla mahAmahima zrI Ara. Ara. divAkara, zikSAmaMtrI zrI AcArya badarI nAtha varmA aura sAhU zrI zAMti prasAda jI ne bhI apane bhAvabhIne udgAra
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________________ prAkRta zodha saMsthAna ke udaya evaM vikAsa kI gaurava gAthA 21 vyakta kiye| isake sAtha bhavana nirmANa kA kArya prArambha huA jo san 1965 meM pUrNa huaa| mujaphpharapura meM prAkRta zodha saMsthAna kA prArambha vAsokuNDa meM bhavana kI anupalabdhatatA ke kAraNa prAkRta zodha saMsthAna mujaphpharapura meM eka kirAye ke makAna meM san 1955 se prArambha huaa| isake prathama nidezaka DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina the, unhoMne san 1961 taka saMsthAna ko garimApUrNa DhaMga se claayaa| pazcAt varSa 1961 se 1973 taka pro. nathamala TaoNTiyA nidezaka rhe| isake bAda varSa 1974 se 1984 taka sarvazrI pro. gulAbacandra caudharI, pro. nAgendra prasAda aura pro. rAmaprakAza poddAra ne nidezaka pada kA kAryabhAra smbhaalaa| san 1984 se disambara 2004 taka kA sAta prAdhyApakoM ne sthAnApanna nidezaka ke rUpa meM kArya kiyaa| DaoN. lAlacandra jaina ko do bAra nidezaka kA kAryabhAra sambhAlane kA avasara milaa| san 2004 ke disambara meM pro. (DaoN.) RSabhacandra jaina ne niyamita nidezaka pada kA kAryabhAra sambhAlA aura ve manoyoga pUrvaka saMsthAna ke uddezyoM kI pUrti hetu saMlagna haiN| unakA vyaktitva gatizIla hai, prajJA aura zrama-sAdhanA ke dhanI haiN| vaizAlI vAsiyoM ke loka jIvana meM mahAvIra ke darzana-AcaraNa ke loka sarvekSaNa meM ve lekhaka ke sahayogI rhe| isa sarvekSaNa kA prativedana vaizAlI insTIcyUTa risarca buleTina 'naM. 19 meM 'vaizAlI ke mAnasa meM mahAvIra kA prabhAva' ke nAma se prakAzita huA hai| sarvekSaNa kA vistRta prativedana lekhaka kI pustaka 'janmabhUmi kA saca' meM prakAzita hai| saMsthAna kI upabdhiyA~ janavarI 2007 taka prAkRta jaina zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI, vAsokuNDa se 261 vidyArthiyoM ne snAtakottara upAdhiyA~ arjita kI haiN| sarvazrI DaoN. yogendra prasAda sinhA aura DaoN. vidyAvatI jaina ne DI. liT kI upAdhiyA~ prApta kara saMsthAna ke gaurava meM vRddhi kI hai| abhI taka 70 zodhArthiyoM ko pI-eca. DI. kI upAdhiyA~ milIM, jabaki vartamAna meM gyAraha zodhArthI zodhakArya meM saMlagna haiN| zodha saMsthAna dvArA mahatvapUrNa prAcIna prAkRta aura saMskRta graMthoM kA prakAzana 'prAkRta jaina insTIcyUTa sIrIja' ke aMtargata kiyA jAtA hai| abhItaka 74 prakAzana hue| inameM 'bha. mahAvIra kA janma sthAna' prakAzana janma-bhUmi sambaMdhita bhrama nivAraNa hetu mahatvapUrNa hai| isake lekhaka DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina haiN| vaizAlI abhinandana-graMtha (dvitIya saMskaraNa) san 1985 meM isI saMsthAna se prakAzita huaa| varSa 1963 se apraila 1986 taka mahAvIra jayaMti ke avasara para prativarSa vividha viSayoM para saMgoSThiyA~ sampanna huii| san 1987 se sva. zrI jagadIza candra mAthura, AI. sI. esa. kI smRti meM vyAkhyAnamAlA kA Ayojana prativarSa hotA hai| varSa 2005 se pUrva nidezaka DaoN. gulAbacandra caudharI kI smRti meM eka vyAkhyAnamAlA prArambha huii| anya sAmayika vyAkhyAnamAlAe~ bhI Ayojita kI jAtI haiN| 2009 meM DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA aura AcArya kundakunda vyAkhyAnamAlA bhI prArambha kI jA rahI hai| san 1982 se prAkRta aura jaina zAstroM ke vividha AyAmoM para saMsthAna ke sadasyoM dvArA saMgoSThI Ayojita kI jAtI rahI hai, jo niraMtarita hai|
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________________ 22 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha upasaMhAra : pratyAzA saMsthAna meM zodhArthiyoM ke nivAsa hetu suvidhA upalabdha hai| vAcanAlaya samUha hai| vAtAvaraNa zAMta aura kolAhala rahita hai| zaharI tanAvoM aura vyastatAoM se mukta hai| AvazyakatA hai ki jaina samAja kI sambaddha saMsthAe~ AkarSaka zodhavRtti upalabdha karAkara zodyArthiyoM ko AkarSita kareM tathA sarva prayAsa kara prAkRta bhASA ko kendrIya pratiyogI parIkSA meM eka viSaya ke rUpa meM svIkRta karavAne ke bhagIratha prayAsa kiye jAveM tAki zodhArthiyoM ko pratiyogI parIkSAoM meM sammilita hone kA avasara mile| bha. mahAvIra kI ahiMsA kI avadhAraNA atyaMta vyApaka hai jo vyavahArika jIvana kA aMga bananA caahiye| ma. gAMdhI ne rAjanaitika stara para svataMtratA kI prApti hetu ahiMsA kA saphala prayoga kiyaa| vaizAlI vAsiyoM ke jana-jIvana meM dhArmika sahiSNutA, avirodha, samabhAva, naitika maryAdAoM ke sUtra vidyamAna haiN| AvazyakatA una vidhiyoM, tarIkoM evaM praNAliyoM kI khoja karane kI hai jo jIvana ke hara mor3a para ahiMsA kI anubhUti karA ske| isI meM loka kalyANa nihita hai| zodha saMsthAna isa dizA meM sArthaka prayAsa karegA, aisI AzA hai| saMsthAna kA svarNa jayaMti mahotsava bhAvI vikAsa hetu mIla kA patthara yA prakAza staMbha siddha ho yahI kAmanA hai|
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________________ prAkRta jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI ( vAsokuNDa ) kA atIta gaurava aura vartamAna DaoN. devanArAyaNa zarmA* bhagavAna mahAvIra ke janma sthAna vAsokuNDa meM unake upadezoM ke pracAra-prasAra hetu eka snAtakottara zikSaNa saMsthAna kI sthApanA kA nirNaya rAjya sarakAra kA eka mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika kadama thA aura apane isa kadama ko gauravAnvita karane ke lie usane saMsthAna ke prathama nidezaka pada para prAkRta- jainazAstra ke eka udAra apratima vidvAna DaoN. hIrAlAla "jaina ko niyukta kiyaa| isa niyukti ne na kevala saMsthAna ko apitu, isa kSetra meM kAryarata rAjya ke aneka zIrSastha vidvAnoM ko bhI apratyAzita lokapriyatA pradAna kii| DaoN. jaina ke chAtra banane kA saubhAgya mujhe do varSa pazcAt prApta huA, kintu unake sAnidhya kA lAbha mujhe prArambha se hI mila cukA thaa| kyoMki maiM sarakAra ke aise pada para thA, jahA~ saMsthAna ke prAdhyApaka aura lipika donoM prazikSaNa prApta karane ke lie jAyA AyA karate the| maiMne DaoN. jaina ko eka udAra hRdaya prazAsaka tathA mahAna pratibhAsampanna, vinayazIla zikSaka ke rUpa meM dekhA thaa| ve dharma-sampradAya ke rAjanItikaraNa ke sarvathA virodhI the| ve apanI 'jaina' upAdhi ke sambandha meM kahA karate ki mere anya bhAIyoM ke nAmoM ke sAtha to apanI kula - paramparAgata upAdhi (modI) hI hai, kintu, mere sAtha yaha vizeSa upAdhi jur3a gayI hai| para, maiMne apane lar3ake ke nAma ke sAtha paramparAgata upAdhi ko hI rahane diyA hai| yaha mujhe acchA bhI lagatA hai| unakA jIvana bhItara-bAhara eka jaisA thaa| ve sadA kahA karate ki 'yadi Apa niSkapaTa aura nirmala hRdaya ke haiM to isa saccAI kI anubhUti ApakI nAka ke sAmane rahane vAle Apake par3osI ko bhI honI caahie| aisA nahIM hone para apane ko nizchala -nirmala batAnA vyartha hai| eka zikSaka ke rUpa meM bhI ve eka kaThora parizramI aura udAra hRdaya the| yadi kabhI pada sambandhI vyastatA ke kAraNa unheM pAThyagrantha dekhane kA avasara nahIM milatA, ve varga meM Ane ke turata bAda chAtroM ke sAmane niHsaMkoca apanI asamarthatA vyakta karate hue usa grantha ke sthAna meM chAtropayogI anya sAhitya athavA darzana sambandhI viSaya para hI rocaka carcA karate aura varga jJAna-varddhana ke sAtha vizeSa AkarSaNa kA kendra bana jaataa| unakI adhyApana - zailI itanI AkarSaka aura preraka hotI thI ki varga ke chAtroM kI to bAta hI kyA, * pUrva nidezaka, prAkRta jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaishaalii|
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________________ 24 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha saMsthAna bhavana ke samIpa se nikalane vAle pathika bhI khar3e hokara unheM dhyAna-pUrvaka sunane laga jaate| eka samaya thA ki kucha samaya ke lie saMsthAna meM zikSaka kI bhArI kamI ho calI thI, usa bIca ve lagAtAra pA~ca-pA~ca varga liyA karate the| eka anuzAsanapriya prazAsaka hone ke sAtha hI ve eka komala hRdaya udAra abhibhAvaka bhI the| jaba kabhI chAtrAvAsa meM zAsanahInatA kA patA unheM lagatA, ve chAtrAvAsa-adhIkSaka ko bulAkara usa dina chAtrAvAsa meM hI sAmUhika cAya-vyavasthA karane ko kahate aura usake lie apanI jeba se unheM artharAzi bhI upalabdha karA dete| chAtrAvAsa meM unakI upasthiti se hI sArI samasyAe~ apane Apa sulajha jaatii| parIkSA-phArma bharane ke samaya ajJAnatA athavA asamarthatA ke kAra kisI chAtra ke pAsa paise kI kamI rahatI, ve use apanI ora se pUrA kara dete aura use vApasa na karane kI madhura cetAvanI bhI de dete| usa samaya bihAra vizvavidyAlaya ke adhIna kaoNlejoM ke prAyaH sabhI vibhAgoM ke zikSaka tathA snAtakottara ke chAtra unake sarasa aura sAragarbhita vyAkhyAna sunane ko utsuka rahA karate the| unake isa bahuAyAmI vyaktitva ke kAraNa hI prAkRta bhASA aura jainazAstra kI ora zikSA ke kSetra meM ruci jagI aura yaha saMsthAna atilokapriya ho paayaa| DaoN. jaina kI chatrachAyA meM rahakara hI DaoN. yogendra sikadara, DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina, DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI, DaoN. vimala prakAza jaina Adi vidvAna apane-apane kSetra meM sammAnita he| unake nirdezana meM yaha saMsthAna bar3e-bar3e vidvAnoM ke lie Adarza kendra bana cukA thA, jahA~ parAmarza hetu DaoN. alTekara, DaoN. upAdhye, paM. nAthUrAma premI jI Adi kA AnA-jAnA huA karatA thaa| DaoN. hIrAlAla jI jaina ke pazcAt saMsthAna meM dUsare jisa zikhara puruSa kA nAma vizeSa ullekhanIya hai, ve the DaoN. nathamala jI ttaattiyaa| saMsthAna ke nidezaka pada ko suzobhita karane kA samaya inheM sarvAdhika prApta huaa| inake kuzala-nirdezanakAla meM hI saMsthAna mujaphpharapura ke kirAye ke bhavana se vAsokuNDa ke apane bhavya bhavana meM sthAnAntarita huA aura dazAdhika varSoM taka vikAsa kI sabhI dizAoM kI ora agrasara hotA rhaa| isa kAlAvadhi meM rAjabhavana se ekAdhika bAra darzanazAstra ke diggaja vidvAna bhI nirIkSaNa hetu bheje gaye aura nidezaka se milane ke bAda pUrNa saMtuSTa hokara lautte| isa prakAra rAjya ke sabhI zodha saMsthAnoM meM isakA sarvAdhika lokapriya sthAna rhaa| inake kuzala abhibhAvakatva meM pro. ananta lAla ThAkura, DaoN. rAma prakAza poddAra, DaoN. devanArAyaNa zarmA jaise apane-apane viSaya ke marmaja vidvAna adhyayana-kArya karate the| dargama darzana ke saMskata granthoM meM mArgadarzana ke lie DaoN. sAtakaDi makharjI (parva nidezaka. nava nAlandA mahA vihAra), pro. brahmAnandajI tathA prAcIna itihAsa ke lie DaoN. DI.esa. triveda kI upasthiti bhI saMsthAna ko mahimAmaMDita karatI rhii| isa bIca tIsare zikhara puruSa ke rUpa meM prAkRta ke prophesara DaoN. jagadIzacandra jI jaina kA nAma vizeSa ullekha yogya hai| inakA prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa eka maulika grantha ke rUpa meM vidvAnoM ke bIca samAdRta hai| isa vRhad grantha kI pANDulipi DaoN. jaina ne saMsthAna meM rahakara taiyAra kI thii| ye mUlataH darzana ke vidvAna hote hue bhI prAkRta evaM hindI-sAhitya bhaja vidvAna adhyaya na dezaka, nava
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________________ prAkRta jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI ... ke eka adhikArI vidvAna ke rUpa meM vikhyAta the| inakA dRSTikoNa bhI saMkIrNa dharma-sampradAyoM ke prabhAva se sarvathA mukta thaa| unhoMne apanI kanyA kA vivAha bhI yahIM vaizAlI kSetra ke eka brahmarSi parivAra meM kiyA thA aura jaba kabhI saMsthAna meM Ate to bar3e sneha-sammAna ke sAtha apane sambaMdhiyoM se milane jaate| unakI putrI aura jAmAtA bhI yahA~ rahane para unase milane aate| ye bar3e nirbhIka vidvAna the, isa kAraNa DaoN. hIrAlAla jI jaina kA ina para bar3A bharosA thaa| DaoN. jaina aura DaoN. TATiyA ke bAda saMsthAna ke nidezaka pada para DaoN. gulAbacanda jI caudharI AsIna hue| ve bar3e sarala aura sahRdaya vidvAna the| prAcIna itihAsa ke eka adhikArI vidvAna DaoN. caudharI darzana aura vyAkaraNa zAstra meM bhI niSNAta the| ve dRr3ha nizcayI vyakti the aura saMsthAna ke vikAsa ke lie unhoMne kucha yojanAe~ bhI taiyAra kara lI thii| kintu, vidhAtA ne unheM aisA karane kA avasara hI nahIM diyA aura ve acAnaka saMsthAna parivAra ko chor3a cala base / 25 DaoN. gulAbacanda jI caudharI ke bAda DaoN. nAgendra prasAda, DaoN. rAmaprakAza poddAra aura DaoN. devanArAyaNa zarmA ne kramazaH saMsthAna kA bAgaDora apane kuzala hAthoM meM liyA aura nidezaka pada kI garimA ko saba prakAra se surakSita rakhane kA prayAsa bhI kiyaa| isI kAla meM vaizAlI abhinandana grantha kA punarIkSita parivardhita saMskaraNa tathA vaizAlI kSetra kI bhASA bajjikA para DI. lIT zodha prabaMdha kA granthAkAra prakAzana huaa| abhI saMsthAna saMcAlana kA gurubhAra DaoN. RSabhacandra jI jaina ke kaMdhoM para hai| ve kaThina parizrama aura AtmavizvAsa ke sAtha saMsthAna kI gAr3I ko paTarI para lAne ke lie anavarata prayatnazIla haiN| merA mAnanA hai ki DaoN. jaina apanI isa kArya ke lie sarvathA upayukta vyakti haiN| inake nirdezana meM saMsthAna apane atIta ke gaurava ko avazya prApta kara legA /
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________________ vaizAlI ke sArasvata santa puNyazloka DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina sAhitya vAcaspati DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva* prAkRta - jainazAstra ke stambha puruSa puNyazloka DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina vaizAlI ke sArasvata santa ke rUpa meM parigaNanIya mAne jAte haiN| yaha sarvamata satya hai ki vaha vaizAlI ke prAkRta-jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna ke saMsthApaka nidezaka the| parantu, isase bhI bar3hakara vaha aise kUTastha mahAmanISI the, jinakI manISA maNDita chatra-chAyA meM rahakara aneka vyakti manISI - pada kI garimA se suzobhita hue| unake ziSyoM se eka mahanIya vidvatparamparA hI sthApita ho gii| unakI vidvatA utanI hI U~cI thI, jitanI unakI bhadratA ! unameM vidvattA aura bhadratA kA samAnAntara saMyoga sulabha huA thaa| vaha ArSa paramparA aura vidvatparamparA donoM kA eka sAtha pratinidhitva karate the| DaoN. jaina ne apane zubhAvataraNa se madhyapradeza ke prasiddha narasiMhapura jile ke 'gAMgaI' gA~va ko dhanya kiyA thaa| lekina unakI pratibhA - payasvinI digdigantapravAhinI ho gii| AkSitIza-samudra vyApta ho gii| vaizAlI prAkRta- zodha-saMsthAna se prakAzita buleTina - saM0-2 ke pradhAna sampAdaka evaM usa saMsthAna ke tatkAlIna nidezaka DaoN. gulAbacandra caudharI ke sampAdakIya vaktavya se jJAta hotA hai ki DaoN. jaina kA chAtra-jIvana bahuta hI dhanyatama thA / jIvanotkarSa ke lie kiyA gayA unakA sArasvata zrama atizaya spRhaNIya aura anukaraNIya evaM AdarzAtmaka mUlya se maNDita thA / DaoN. jaina ne apane grAmINa vidyAlaya se hI prAthamika zikSA prApta kI aura gADaravArA evaM narasiMhapura se mAdhyamika zikSA upalabdha kii| vaha san 1916 se 1920 I0 taka jabalapura ke rAbarTsana kaoNleja ke chAtra rhe| unhoMne san 1920 I0 meM bI. e. kI parIkSA meM prathama sthAna Ayatta kiyA aura unheM rAjakIya chAtravRtti prApta huI, sAtha hI puraskAra bhI milaa| unhoMne san 1922 I. meM prayAga vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda se saMskRta meM ema. e. kI parIkSA prathama zreNI meM uttIrNa kI aura zodha chAtravRtti bhI prApta kii| isI krama meM unhoMne ela.ela.bI. kI bhI parIkSA pAsa kii| isa parIkSA meM unhoMne uccatama sthAna adhigata kiyaa| usa samaya vakAlata kA pezA bahuta hI AkarSaka mAnA jAtA thaa| parantu, unhoMne san 1923 I. meM kAraMjA jaina grantha-bhANDAra ko apane jIvanAbhyudaya ke prasthAna-bindu ke rUpa meM * 37, bhA. sTeTa baiMka Aphisarsa kaoNlonI, kAlI mandira mArga, hanumAna nagara, kaMkar3abAga, paTanA - 800020.
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________________ vaizAlI ke sArasvata santa puNyazloka DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina apanAyA aura san 1924 I. meM bhANDAra meM saMgRhIta hastalikhita pothiyoM kI vizada sUcI taiyAra kii| usa samaya prAkRta aura apabhraMza ke kSetra meM zodha kI praur3hatA nahIM AI thii| DaoN. jaina mukhyatayA AcArya puSpadanta kI apabhraMza kRtiyoM kI ora AkRSTa hue aura unhoMne una kRtiyoM kA samIkSAtmaka sampAdana kArya vaiduSyapUrNa DhaMga se sampanna kiyaa| ye pramukha kRtiyA~ thIM- 'NAyakumAra cariu' aura 'jasaharacariu ' / ina donoM apabhraMza--kRtiyoM ke atirikta DaoN. jaina kI sampAdita kRtiyoM meM nimnAMkita mukhya haiM 1. sAvayadhamyadohA (kAraMjA sIrIja: 1932 I.) 2. 3. 4. pAhuDadohA (prathama saMskaraNa : kAraMjA sIrIja 1939 I.; dvitIya saMskaraNa : bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1964 I.) 27 SaTkhaNDAgama : dhavalA TIkA sahita khaNDa 1 se 16 ( esa. ela. jaina sAhityoddhAraka phaNDa, 1938 I. se 1958 I.) jaina zilAlekha-saMgraha, bhAga - 1 ( ema. DI. jaina granthamAlA, 1928 I.) tatvasamuccaya (bhAratIya jaina mahAmaNDala, 1952 I.) 5. 6. sugaMdhadazamI kathA ( bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1966 I.) 7. sudaMsaNacariu ( prAkRta risarca insTIcyUTa, vaizAlI, 1969 I.) mayaNaparAjayacariu ( bhAratIya jJAnapITha, 1962 I.) 8. 9. kahakosu (prAkRta TeksTa sosAiTI, ahamadAbAda, 1969 I.) DaoN. jaina kI kAlajayI maulika kAvyakRti hai- 'bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogdaan'| yaha madhyapradeza zAsana dvArA san 1962 I. meM prakAzita huI hai| isakA aba dvitIya saMskaraNa upalabdha hai| isa bhAgyazAlI kRti kA marAThI aura kannar3a meM anuvAda huA hai| DaoN. jaina kI yathA prastAvita janmazatI samAroha ke sandarbha meM vitarita 'pholDara' meM yaha sUcanA aMkita kI gaI hai ki isa mahArdha kRti ke aMgrejI anuvAda kA kArya DaoN. jaina ke yogyatama antevAsI adhItI manISI pro. DaoN. vimala prakAza jaina (pUrva-nidezaka, bhogIlAla laheracandra insTIcyUTa oNva iNDolaoNjI, dillI) dvArA sampanna ho rahA hai| prakhyAta zikSAvid DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina eka Adarza zikSaka the| san 1925 I. meM, vyAkhyAtA ke rUpa meM unakI niyukti amarAvatI gavarnameMTa kaoNleja meM huii| san 1944 I. meM vaha nAgapura kaoNleja meM sthAnAntarita hue| unhoMne nAgapura vizvavidyAlaya se DI. liT kI zodhopAdhi prApta kii| vaha madhyapradeza zAsana kI sevA se san 1954 I. meM nivRtta hue / tadanantara vaha bihAra sarakAra kI sevA meM 'prAkRta risarca insTIcyUTa', vaizAlI ke saMsthApaka nidezaka ke rUpa meM niyukta hue aura vahA~ san 1961 I. kI julAI taka sevArata rahe / san 1961 I. meM hI unheM jabalapura vizvavidyAlaya ke prAkRta, pAli aura saMskRta vibhAga ke adhyakSa pada para pratiSThita kiyA gyaa| vahA~ vaha lagAtAra san 1970 I. taka ukta pada ko garimAmaNDita karate rhe| isa prakAra, DaoN. jaina kA sArasvata vyaktitva bahuvyApaka, bahuvidita evaM bahujanapriya thaa|
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________________ 28 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha vAGmaya tapa kI prabhA se proddIpta DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina santocita vibhUti se vibhAsita the| tatkAlIna bihAra ke sAhitya-marmajJa zikSA-saciva DaoN. jagadIzacandra mAthura kI, yogya vyakti ko yogya pada para pratiSThita karane aura usakI yogyatA ko parakhane-pahacAnane kI adbhuta yogyatA thii| unhoMne svAtantryottara bihAra meM saMskRta, hindI, prAkRta-apabhraMza evaM pAli ke zodha-vikAsa kI bahumukhatA ke nimitta bihAra sarakAra dvArA sthApita cAra saMsthAoM meM cAra aise vyaktitvoM kA viniyojana kiyA, jo tattad viSaya ke cUDAnta aura niSNAta vidvAna the| saMskRta ke lie darabhaMgA meM saMsthApita saMskRta-zodha-saMsthAna meM paM. umeza mizra ko; prAkRta-apabhraMza ke lie vaizAlI (bAsokuNDa) meM saMsthApita prAkRta-saMsthAna meM DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ko; pAli ke nimitta nAlandA meM saMsthApita navanAlandA mahAvihAra yA pAli zodha saMsthAna meM bhikSu jagadIza kazyapa ko aura hindI ke lie paTanA meM saMsthApita bihAra-rASTrabhASA-pariSad meM AcArya zivapUjana sahAya ko padasthApita kiyaa| ukta baleTina saM0-2 meM kaI vidvAna lekhakoM ne zraddhAnata bhAva se DaoN. jaina ke sadguNoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| prAkRta-jagat ke pratiSThita hastAkSara puNyazloka dalasukha mAlavaNiyAjI ne likhA hai ki "DaoN. hIrAlAla jI ne apane jIvanakAla meM jo kucha kiyA hai, usake kAraNa unakI smRti cirakAla taka banI rahegI, isameM sandeha nhiiN| kintu jaina samAja ke vidvAnoM ke lie to ve eka cunautI chor3a gaye haiN| vaha hai satyaniSThA kI sAmpradAyikatA se Upara uThakara satyapriya banane kii"| (pR.-75) puNyazloka mAlavaNiyAjI ne DaoN. jaina kA puNyasmaraNa jisa bhAvaniSThA se kiyA hai, vaha isa bAta kI ora saMketa karatA hai ki prAkRta vidyApITha (aba 'prAkRta-jainazAstra aura ahiMsA-zodha-saMsthAna') ke udbhava aura vikAsa ke lie DaoN. jaina ne prANapaNa se parizrama kiyaa| 'saMsthAna' ke nidezaka ke rUpa meM unhoMne saMsthA-saMcAlana ke lie apekSita prazAsana-kSamatA evaM karmaThatA kA paricaya diyaa| Aja 'saMsthAna' ke sAtha DaoN. jaina kI smRti isa prakAra jur3I huI hai ki donoM ekameka ho gaye haiN| 'saMsthAna' ko racanAtmaka astitva pradAna karanevAle DaoN. jaina ko Aja bhI unake sudhI antevAsI aura 'saMsthAna' ke vartamAna kAryakartA parivAra zraddhA aura AdarapUrvaka smaraNa karate haiN| 'saMsthAna' ke sthApatya ke sAtha unakI kIrti-kAyA bhI zazvatpratiSTha ho gaI hai| merA asaubhAgya hai ki mujhe parama sAdhucarita DaoN. jaina se milane aura satsaMga karane kA avasara nahIM milA, parantu unake zAstradIkSita ziSyoM, jo mere sArasvata mitroM meM anyatama haiM, jaise pro. DaoN. vimala prakAza jaina, pro. DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, pro. DaoN. rAmaprakAza poddAra, pro. DaoN. devanArAyaNa zarmA Adi se unakA guNa-kIrtana sunane kA saubhAgya maiMne avazya prApta kiyA hai| jaba maiMne isa saMsthAna ke eka parIkSArthI ke rUpa meM prAkRta-jainazAstra meM ema. e. kI parIkSA uttIrNa kI aura pI-eca. DI. kI DigrI hAsila kI aura kucha dinoM taka mujhe usa mahAmahima saMsthAna meM bihAra sarakAra dvArA niyukta hokara prAkRta ke vyAkhyAtA ke rUpa meM adhyApakIya jIvana jIne kA svarNima avasara milA, taba maiM yaha soca-socakara gauravAnvita aura harSa-pulakita hotA rahA ki mujhe DaoN. jaina kI divya AtmA ke antarnAda
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________________ vaizAlI ke sArasvata santa puNyazloka DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina se ninAdita isa saMsthAna ke sakriya samparka meM Ane kA alabhya lAbha milaa| sacamuca saMsthAna kI eka- eka IMTa meM, vahA~ ke per3a-paudhoM ke eka-eka patte meM aura vahA~ ke zodha - granthAgAra ke granthoM ke eka-eka panne meM DaoN. jaina kI vaikharI antardhvanita hotI huI pratIta hotI hai| kahanA na hogA ki 'saMsthAna' ke, DaoN. jaina ke paravartI sabhI nidezaka unakI gaurava-garimA aura mAna mahimA ko akSuNNa rakhane kA bharasaka prayatna karate A rahe haiN| yaha bAta aura hai ki aba bihAra sarakAra meM puNyazloka DaoN. jagadIzacandra mAthura AI. sI. esa. jaise guNajJa zikSA - saciva aura AcArya badarInAtha varmA jaise zAstrajJa zikSAmaMtrI nAmazeSa raha gaye haiN| vartamAna bihAra sarakAra ko 'saMsthAna' kI sArasvata upayogitA ko, usakI zaikSika mahattA ko samajhane kI zakti aura samaya nahIM hai| aura phira, DaoN. jaina jaise svAbhimAnI aura dabaMga nidezaka bhI durlabha haiM, jo sarakAra kI A~khoM meM U~galI DAlakara use 'saMsthAna' kI sattA, mahattA aura guNavattA se avagata kraayeN| DaoN. jaina zAnta, saumya aura vinamra prakRti ke vidvAna avazya the, para unameM adbhuta dRr3hatA bhI thii| vaha jitane prakhara anuzAsaka the, svayaM utane hI anuzAsana priya the| AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI ne DaoN. jaina kA vyaktitva vizleSaNa karate hue likhA hai ki "ve zAntabhAva se sArI bAteM sunate the aura bAda meM usapara vicAra karate the| unameM vinaya, zIla, vidvatA aura dRr3hatA kA milita rUpa thaa| unhoMne lagabhaga caudaha pustakeM hameM dI haiM, jo eka se eka mahatvapUrNa haiN| una pustakoM se jahA~ jainazAstra ke unake pragAr3ha adhyayana kA patA lagatA hai, vahIM apabhraMza sAhitya meM unakI gaharI paiTha kA bhI patA calatA hai| unakI vidvattA aura sujanatA aba kevala yAda karane kI cIja raha gaI hai|" (dra tatraiva, pR. 77 ) niHsandeha, DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina jaisI atalasparza gambhIratA anyatra sudurlabha hai| DaoN. devanArAyaNa zarmA DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ko apanA RSikalpa pUjya guru mAnate hue zraddhAsikta bhAva se marmasparzI zabdoM meM likhA hai ki 'DaoN. jaina sAhaba se merI antima bheMTa unake mahAprayANa se pA~ca mahIne pUrva jabalapura aspatAla meM huI, jaba maiM prAkRta vidyApITha ( prAkRta risarca insTIcyUTa) ke apane sahakarmI DaoN. rAmaprakAza poddAra ( ye donoM 'saMsthAna' ke nidezaka pada ko alaMkRta karane vAloM meM pAMkteya haiM) ke sAtha prAcya vidyA-sammelana meM bhAga lekara ujjaina se lauTa rahA thaa| jyoMhI hamAre mitra DaoN. vimala prakAza jaina (DaoN. jaina ke sadAnugAmI putrakalpa ziSya) ne DaoN. jaina ko sUcita kiyA- 'mujaphpharapura ke poddArajI tathA devanArAyaNajI zarmA Apase milane Aye haiN|' ve isa adhIratA se vistara para uTha baiThe aura hAtha bar3hAkara hama donoM ko unhoMne aise pakar3a liyA, mAno dIrghakAla kI khoI sampatti hAtha A gaI ho| usa rugNAvasthA meM bhI unakA sahaja vAtsalya umar3a pdd'aa| usa pUjya guru kA vaha antima pArthiva sparza thA, jisane apane jIvana meM chAtroM ke lie sarvasva luTAnA hI sIkhA thA, unase kucha bhI prApta karanA nhiiN| (dra tatraiva, pR. - 79) mahAn cintakoM kA vinodI svabhAva kA honA bahudhA dekhA jAtA hai| AcArya haribhadra sUri mahAn dArzanika hote hue bhI atizaya vinodI the, yaha unhoMne ' 'dhUrttAkhyAna' likhakara siddha kara diyA hai| inake paravartI Adhunika kAla meM mahA mahopAdhyAya paM. 29
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________________ 30 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha rAmAvatAra zarmA ne eka ora 'paramArtha darzana' jaise cintana gUr3ha grantha kI racanA kI hai, to dUsarI ora hAsya-vyaMgya kRti 'mudgarAnanda caritAvalI' likhakara apane ko prabala vinodI bhI sAbita kiyA hai| isI prakAra DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina bhI jitane mahAn cintaka the, utane hI vinodI svabhAva ke the| unameM vidyA, vinaya aura vinoda, ina tInoM kI yugapad sthiti pAI jAtI thii| DaoN. jaina prAcyavidyA ke adhyayana ke kSetra meM sadA smaraNIya raheMge aura jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa lekhakoM ko unake lie aneka pRSTha surakSita karane pdd'eNge| AcAryakalpa DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne apane apratima vaiduSya se jaina siddhAnta ke antargata saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASA sAhitya ko spRhaNIya samRddhi pradAna kI thii| vizeSatayA prAcya bhAratIya itihAsa saMskRti, bhASAzAstra aura zilAlekhIya sAhitya meM unakI .. sArasvata upalabdhi kI dvitIyatA nahIM hai| isI prakAra, jaina dharma, darzana aura sAhitya ke sarvatobhadra vikAsa kI dizA meM unakI dena advitIya hai| vaha jaina manISA ke itihAsa-puruSa ke rUpa meM abhinandanIya haiM aura abhivandanIya bhii| DaoN. jaina kI kathanI aura karanI meM ekamekatA thii| vaha 'karmaNyeka', 'vacasyeka' tathA 'manasyeka' sakti ko sArthaka karane vAle mahAtmA the| vaizAlI meM to vaha sArasvata santa ke rUpa meM supratiSThita the| unake nidezana-kAla meM vaizAlI prAkRta-zodha-saMsthAna ke karmacAriyoM meM jaisI kauTumbika bhAvanA thI, vaisI, unake paravartI kAla meM, pArivArikatA prAyodurlabha ho gaI hai| vaizAlI kI bhUmi ke lie yaha mahAn saubhAgya ghaTita huA thA ki DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina jaise sArasvata santa ke pAvana pUta caraNa vahA~ par3e the| unake jaise devatAtmA ke padArpaNa se vaizAlI ke prAkRta-zodha-saMsthAna kI apanI svatantra pahacAna kAyama huii| anuzAsana priya DaoN. jaine ne prAkRta-zodha-saMsthAna ko usI prakAra sarakArI A~ca se barAbara bacAye rakhA, jisa prakAra AcArya zivapUjana sahAya ne bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad ko sarakArI tantra kI jaTilatA se sarvathA alaga rakhA thaa| kheda hai ki Aja vaha sthiti AkAzakusuma ho gaI hai| 'saMsthAna' ke vartamAna nidezaka DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina puNyazloka DaoN. jaina kI sArasvata puNyasmRti ko apanI racanAtmaka prazAsanika kSamatA se akSuNNa rakhane ke nimitta nirantara prayatnazIla haiM, parantu sarakArI tantra kI apekSita anukUlatA inheM sulabha nahIM ho pA rahI hai| phalataH, DaoN. jaina ke dvArA jIvana kI bAjI lagAkara rope gaye isa 'saMsthAna' rUpa birave ke apekSita rUpa se pallavita-puSpita hone kI sambhAvanA bAdhita ho rahI hai| prathitanAmA jaina manISI DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara' ke zabdoM meM, "puNyacarita DaoN. jaina naI pIr3hI ke lie varadAna-svarUpa the tathA vidvAnoM aura vidyArthiyoM ke lie ajasra preraNAsrota the| vaha nizcita rUpa se sacce mAnava aura karmaTha pratibhAzAlI, kazala vidvAna evaM mArgadarzaka zikSaka the|" (dra. tatraiva, pR.-80) isameM sandeha nahIM ki DaoN. jaina ne vaizAlI ke prAkRta-zodha-saMsthAna ke Adya nidezaka ke rUpa meM atyanta parizrama tathA buddhimatA ke sAtha isa saMsthAna kA saMyojana, prabaMdha aura vikAsa kiyA thaa| unake nidezana-kAla meM 'saMsthAna' se aneka mahatvapUrNa zodha-graMthoM
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________________ vaizAlI ke sArasvata santa puNyazloka DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina 31 kA prakAzana huaa| AcArya ananta prasAda jaina 'lokapAla' ko DaoN. jaina kI AtmIyatA sahaja sulabha thii| inhoMne unake sambandha meM unakI bhUrizaH prazaMsA karate hue likhA hai ki "unake (DaoN. jaina ke) sAnnidhya meM eka prakAra ke viziSTa Ananda kI anubhUti hotI thii| sadA praphulla rahanA unakA svabhAva thaa| unakI bAteM bar3I mIThI, manohArI aura hRdayagrAhI hotI thiiN|" (dra. tatraiva, pR.-81) nizcaya hI, DaoN. jaina ne jaina vAGmaya kI jo apUrva sevA kI hai, vaha to avismaraNIya hai hI, vaizAlI prAkRta-zodha-saMsthAna kI samyak samRddhi ke lie kiye gaye unake bahumukha prayatnoM kA bhI krozazilAtmaka aura aitihAsika mahatva hai| DaoN. jaina jaise akSara puruSa ko dhyAna meM rakhakara AcArya bhartRhari ne likhA hogA jayantite sukRtinaH rasasiddhAH kviishvraaH| nAsti yeSAM yaza:kAye jarAmaraNajaM bhym| nissandeha, DaoN. jaina kA pArthiva zarIra nirastitva ho gayA hai, para vaha apane yazaHzarIra se sanAtana puruSa ke rUpa meM 'na mamAra na jIryati' ukti ko caratArtha karate rheNge|
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________________ My Revered Guru : Dr. Jain Late Dr. J.C. Sikdar* It is a very difficult task for me to write something about the life of revered Guru, late Dr. Hiralal Jain, Ex-Director of Vaishali Research Institute and Ex-Prof. of Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit, University of Jabalpur, for the self within his mortal body was higher and nobler than all his noble works. It was unfathomable and beyond my comprehension with my little knowledge. So I make an attempt to present here a glimpse of his life as he appeared to me as my Pujya Guru in the course of my life as his dear pupil from the 15th March 1957 to the 13th March 1973. The news of his sudden departure from this mortal world on the 13th March 1973, come to me as a rude shock, leaving me behind as a lonely traveller in the up and down journey of my life. Only he could say what spiritual relation I had with him. Now all is over. I recall the day when I was gropping in the darkness at Vishwa Bharati University (Shantiniketan) as a Research Scholar in 1957 without a Research Guide to work out my Ph. D. thesis on the Bhagavati Sutra, after the sudden death of my first revered Guru, late Dr. Prabodh Chandra Bagchi, Ex-vice-chancellor of Vishwa Barti University in 1956 who saved me from that stranded condition. It was Dr. Hiralal Jain, the then Director of Vaishali Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology and Ahimsa, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, who lifted me up by welcoming there with a beacon light which was rich in meaning and hope for my future life. * M.A., Ph.D., lit., Ahmadabad.
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________________ My Revered Guru: Dr. Jain On my first meeting with him at Muzaffarpur on the 7th March 1957, I was so much impressed by his cordial reception, his solution of my problems with affection and his offer of a research scholarship to me to carry on my research studies under his guidance there that I felt within myself the presence of divine grace through such a Guru for the turn of my life. I welcomed his offer to be a regular research scholar at his Institute, but my mind was still wavering with the thought whether I should join his Institute or not in such a dirty and unhealthy atmosphere of Muzaffarpur. The sight of the new Institute with a very small liabrary, housed in a small rented building in an unsuitable locality, depressed my mind more and more to take the final decision. 33 When I was walking side by side with Dr. Jain by the Railway Station, he suddenly drew me to his side by pulling my left arm with a fatherly touch to save me from the dashing accident of a running rickshaw driven by a reckless driver. This affectionate magnetic touch of future Guru made my wavering mind settle down and inspired me to come to him as his pupil on the 15th March 1957, by severing all connections with Vishwa Bharti. On the very day of my joining the Vaishali Research Institute, Dr. Jain told me straightway 'Now you are a member of our small family. I would like to see your day-to-day progress in the field of research. I am here to help you in every respect. Of course, your task is heavy, no scholar upto this time dared to touch this Bhagavati Sutra to work out a Ph. D. thesis on it.' Since then I started my research work under his guidance, sitting at his feet and completed my thesis 'Studies in the Bhagavati Sutra' within three years. Truly speaking, I did not know Prakrit well and A B C D of Jainism when I began my work under his guidance. But his inspiring teaching raised me up day by day to learn Prakrit and Jainology with devotion to my work with his blessings. Now I do realise how great was my Guru to teach his own religion and philosophy to a pupil of another religion, having a different tradition and to convert him to his ideals gradually. It was the spiritual relation between the Guru and the Sishya which brought
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________________ 34 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha them closer in their mutual life and work. If it were not, the latter would have left the former in the very beginning. I remember the day on which he thrice congratulated me on the success in my first drafting of the chapter 'Political conditions as reflected in the Bhagavati Sutra', with these words, 'It is very difficult for a student to satisfy me with the standard of his writing, but you have satisfied me in your first attempt. Keep it up. 'It was this encouragement of his which gave me much confidence in my capacity to work out my thesis. According to a fixed routine. I had to attend my regular research classes with him thrice a week to show my progress work to him at proper time in course of three years. If there was any mistake in my writings, he at once corrected it and suggested new things to add to my writings. He followed the same method of teaching in the case of other Research Scholars Sri K.R. Candra, D.B. Pathan and others so that all his pupils could make progress equally in their respective work without difficulty. He used to say that the students have the right to make mistakes, but the teachers have the right to correct them. How may teachers in India will follow his maxim? I find most of them condemning the students as mediocre etc. with their so-called empty intellectual snobbery. Here was my Guru Dr. Hiralal Jain above all with his intellectual majesty and fatherly affection for his dear students. But he followed a very strict principle in regard to their study, sanction of scholarship, moral conduct, social behaviour etc. Here I am citing a few cases. On the termination of my two years scholarship I requested him for the renewal of my research scholarship for another year, as it was not possible for me to complete my thesis within two years. He refused to do so on this principle that it would be a bad precedence if it was done so. He proposed to offer me financial assistance at the rate of Rs. 100/- per month from his own pocket so that I could finish my work within another year without difficulty. But I declined his kind offer with thanks and told him that I would sell out my plot of land at Burdwan to defray my expenses for another year. Having fully realised the whole situation with at
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________________ My Revered Guru : Dr. Jain 35 kind heart, he advised me not to sell out my plot of land in this way. He atonce sanctioned a research scholarship for six months, but not for one year and promised to pay my examination fee of Rs. 200/which he actually gave at the time of submitting my Ph.D. thesis to the Bihar University. From this incident one can easily judge how he followed a strict principle on the one hand and on the other he had the softest heart for his pupils to help them in their needs so that financial difficulties must not come in their way of work. On another occasion he told me in regard to some Hostel affairs of which I was the prefect, that one student was taking his meal in the hotel because of unwelcome atmosphere in the Hostel. It was no other than good hearted V.P. Jain with his sentimental mind who went to the hotel, because I had to take him to task as his elder brother for his emotional behaviour for many things, i.e. to exhaust the mess-store by entertaining so many guests and to starve on the next morning. Any way Dr. Jain told me that this matter was hanging heavy on his heart. I told him the fact how his emotional behaviour forced me to be strict. At one point Dr. Jain told me, 'all of you have not come for studies, but for fighting.' This was the anti-climax of our relationship in another direction. When I promised him to bring back Sri V.P. Jain and peace to the Hostel, his face beamed with smile and happiness. I did my job immediately on my return to the Hostel to his satisfaction. Here one can observe his strict principle for our studies in a peaceful atmosphere. On the report of the Superintendent (Civil Surgeon) of Victoria Hospital of Muzaffarpur regarding a strong letter of my friend Sri K.R. Candra, charging the eye-specialist with corruption of extracting money for treating eyes of the patients, Dr. Jain called my friend for explanation and apology for his unseemly behaviour. He wrote to the Civil Surgeon about his appropriate action, but he added in his letter that the fact remained that the eye-specialist demanded money from my student. Here was Dr. Jain with strict principle in regard to the social behaviour of his students and moral conduct of others also.
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________________ 36 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha Besides his own research work and that of guiding his scholars, Dr. Jain used to take regular Post-Graduate classes almost alone, I should say, as there was one halfhearted assistant professor with him. He (Dr. Jain) made the study of Prakrit and Jainology so interesting, popular and attractive with his mode of teachings and magnetic personality endowed with affection for his students that within a short period the old learned Maithili Brahmin Sanskrit Pandits of 60 to 70 years age came to him to study Prakrit and Jainology, by giving up their jobs as teachers in local Sanskrit Colleges and Schools or by taking study leave. All of them were senior to him in age. But they paid their due respect to Dr. Jain always by touching his feet like ancient pupils of India. Here I recall the remark of Dr. Satkari Mukarjee, the erudite scholar of Bengal, about Dr. Jain, when he happened to visit our Institution on his way to Mithila from Nalanda. The Shudras count seniority by age, but the true Brahmanas count seniority by knowledge. Dr. Jain is senior in every respect by knowledge as a true Brahmana, with a dispassionate feeling towards worldly things.' In the course of time some Hindi, Sanskrit and English students having their M.A. degrees in their respective subjects became students of Prakrit and Jainology. Even two clerks (one of them was from R.M.S.) and a principal of local Higher Secondary School studied Prakrit and Jainology under his inspiration and obtained their M.A. degrees in Prakrit and Jainology in the 1st class. What was the attraction behind their study in these subjects? It was the intellectual majesty of a great Guru like Dr. Jain with a loving heart for his pupils which attracted a host of students from different walks of life. Did this study pay them? I say, no. Then why did they study the subject? The answer is simple. They felt proud to become the pupils of such a noble hearted Guru endowed with the knowledge of the heart of Jainology. Today the professors of Indology, Sanskrit, Pali and Prakrit lament in the open in all India Seminars for the loss of interest of the students in the study of these subjects and ultimately they blame the students for their mediocre merit, etc. to console themselves for their
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________________ My Revered Guru : Dr. Jain 37 own failure as teachers. It is pathetic condition for them to say so. What was the cause of the success of Dr. Jain as a Guru? It was the student's welfare which was the main cause of his success in attracting students with his magnetic affectionate heart. Dr. Jain as a Welfare Teacher On the very first day when I joined the Vaishali Institute he told me that there are some places even in London where the people could get their home-made food-stuff at less cost, if they managed their own mess themselves. So he advised me to start, common selfmanaged mess for our food. Somebody must be there to bell the cat. "You are the elder, so you should start it in co-operation with other boys.' I don't like to see my boys going for food to the dirty hotels he said. At first I hesitated to take up the responsibility because of my past bitter experiences in Calcutta University Hostel; but at last I had to take the responsibility as the prefect of our newly started hostel, the selection of which was made by me wining over Dr. Jain with my convincing arguments to cancel his own order for another building for the sake of our welfare. Here is the point of student's welfare when the teacher revises his decision and accepts that of his student for the interests of all students. After fifteen days when he visited the hostel, he was glad to see it suitable for living on the completion of its repair, white-washing etc. He told me, 'Sikdar, we have come to the right place. I am pleased to see it as a student's home. Whenever you need anything for it, approach me directly. I shall do the needful. On my recommendation he appointed a ward servant even without the sanction of the Bihar Government and paid his salary for 12 years from his own pocket as loan to us in the absence of the sanction of this post. Whenever there was shortage of money to run the mess, he at once gave me the required amount as loan so that we could tide our crisis. He sanctioned money for our out-door games so that we could maintain for physical fitness. He used to say that a student must live once at least the collective life of the Hostel; otherwise he could not become fully developed to lead a collective social life. One must depend on his own self for essential work.
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________________ 38 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha Whoever fell sick, whether his students or the ward servant, he made proper arrangements for their medical treatment in the local Hospital by requesting its superintendent for admission there is this regard. Dr. Jain participated in our every feast and function as a father of a small family on invitation. He also invited us now and then for enjoying meals together with him. He was very glad of find us living like brothers without distinction of caste and creed, being free from communalism and provincialism. He once took all of us to Bhainsa Loton, a place situated on the bank of the river Gandak which flows between India and Nepal for excursion on the invitation of his friend Sri Chaudhary, a manager of a local Sugar Mill and showed the working system of the Sugar Mills. Dr. Jain as a Social Teacher & Guide Every year Dr. Jain used to take us to Vaishali on the occasion of Lord Mahaveera's birth anniversary and performed himself puja, together with otherjains and his students. He equally paid his obeisance to Lord Siva and Lord Buddha. In the last part of his life he once told me that he was fully convinced by all literary evidences that Lord Siva and Lord Rishabhadeva were one and the same divine personality. He firmly believed that Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism are the three currents of one great Indian culture. Once he expressed this view in his lecture at the local Sri Ramakrishna Sevashram on the occasion of Sri Ramakrishna anniversary that Sri Ramakrishna's Samadhi Mudra (right hand up and left hand touching his heart) indicated that Jivatma and Paramatma were one at the last stage of spiritual development, and the infinite supreme Soul manifested itself in and through the finite Soul. The self and the universe were within oneself. 'So look inside, be introvert.' He spoke about Swami Vivekanand that he was ready to face the whole world with his spiritual power and remove animality from the human mind and to bring divine light to them. All the Indian saints respected one cultural heritage from the time immemorial. His liberal views on socio-religious matters were reflected in his dayto-day life.
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________________ My Revered Guru : Dr. Jain 39 When Muni Lavchandraji observed Chaturmas at Muzaffarpur in 1957, he proposed Dr. Jain and the local people to hold a religious conference of all Indian religions for seven days. He atones took the responsibility and organised it very successfully with the help of his students and the local volunteers. I found in Muni a liberal Jain saint ever come across by me like a spiritual light, while Dr. Jain was the guide spirit of the conference. He came to the resource of the able speakers when they were in difficulties to answer to the queries of the intelligent listeners and thus be satisfied all with his proper answers to them on behalf of the speakers. Here he had the intellectual majesty above all. I remember the day when he spoke to the workers of a Sugar Mill at Bhaisa Lotan on the contribution of Bihar to Indian culture. He said that Bihar is the birth place of three Indian systems of thought Vedantra of Upanishadic philosophy, Buddhism and Jainism. They took their birth in the North-East, but they were much developed in the South. In a word Bihar (a monastery) was the mother of these three systems. Truly speaking it is so. Biharis are called Buddhus (foolish) by the arrogant foolish people of other parts of India. But Dr. Jain never behaved in that manner, so he won the hearts of the Biharis with his love and respect for them. In return he received their spontaneous love. He told me once that when he was introduced by Sri J.C. Mathur, I.C.S. the then Education Secretary of Bihar Govt. to the people of Hazipur, lakhs of people came to see him with love and respect. At Vaishali I myself observed their love and respect for him on the occasion of Mahavira Jayanti every year. The so-called scholars with their false intellectual ego without any heart or love for the people avoid the association of the people and sometimes dislike them. But Dr. Jain loved them with respect. Dr. Jain as an Organiser of the Institute On the request of late Dr. Amarnath Jha and Sri J.C. Mathur, I.S.C. the then Education Secretary of the Bihar Government, Dr. Jain accepted the offer of Directorship of Vaishali Research Institute in 1955-56, which was born in a mysterious way because of the
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________________ 40 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha donation of Sri Sahu S.P. Jain and the dream and effort of Sri Mathur. There was nothing to call an institute. Out of scratch he had to build it up slowly. It was only on paper tell them. He was given only a clerk. He came to Muzaffarpur and hired two small buildings-one for his residence and the other for the office. Then he appointed three office peons. He had to get his meals from the hotel for a few months. Next he appointed Sri Rajaram Jain (now Dr. Rajaram Jain) as librarian and a typist named Sri Brajen Jha. He set to work with this skeleton staff and introduced the post graduate classes in Parkrit and Jainology and research class with a negligible library within a short time. Gradually it grew up within five years and became worthy for a Research Institute because of his strenuous efforts for the collection of necessary books, etc. He straightened the affairs of the office very smoothly, single handed and made the path easy for his successors to run the Institute on his outlined path. Sri J.C. Mathur and Dr. Jain had the plan that the Vaishali Institute at Vasukunda, Mahavira Memorial there, the Archaeological Museum near the International Guest House on the bank of Coronation Tank and the future Degree College near the of King Vishal would be established and be connected culturally by exchange of thoughts and ideas of scholars and the people; so that at new Vaishali would emerge with new light. But their dreams or plans remained dreams for want of helpful cooperation of the authorities. Dr. Jain moved in the official circle of Bihar with dignity and self-respect and self-respect without bowing his head down to the crafty officials. Sri R.R. Diwakar and Dr. Zakir Hussain, the successive Governors of Bihar had great respect and every praise for him. Or the visit to our Institute Dr. Zakir Hussain told Dr. jain that the Bihar Government had done the wisest thing by appointing the latter as the first Director of the Institute; and this Infant Institute would be well fed by the Bihar Government, just as the infants of England were well fed by the British Government during the second world war. When Dr. Jain resigned his post as the Director on the expiry of his five years term, Dr. Hussain wrote to him, 'Dr. Jain you did not
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________________ My Revered Guru : Dr. Jain 41 give us an opportunity to think over your decision.' I have seen that he always made the direct approach to the concerned secretaries of the Bihar Government to get his things done quickly, as the official correspondences made little effect on them. That to why he was loved and respected by all as he made a great impact on them by his personality. Dr. Jain at His Farewell After handing over the charge of his grown up child, the Vaishali Research Institute to his successor, Dr. Jain came to his family of students in July 1961 at the hall of the Institute with a heavy heart. I never saw him in such a mood. In reply to our farewell address he rose slowly and spoke that, 'My boys, a large tree should go away, so that the small trees may grow up luxuriously with the new sun-shine. You are giving me farewell, that is more touching. I have made one scholar here (pointing his figure to me), but I shall not be able to see that he will take the Ph. D. degree in the convocation before my eyes.' Immediately he burst into tears and sat down on his chair with a surcharged living emotions for his dear pupils. We also wept for him-a father-like Guru. The life's events separated us. Dr. Jain is My Guru at Jabalpur University Again my revered Guru lifted me up in 1963, from the intellectual stagnant condition of life at Burdwan Raj College, West Bengal, by making arrangements for the award of Senior Research Fellowship of the U.G.C. to carry on my Post-Doctorate research work at Jabalpur University under his guidance. He was very glad to receive me there on the 9th November 1963. Sri V.P. Jain, his another pupil, also joined this University as Lecturer in Pali and Prakrit. We were very happy to join the family of our Guru gain at Jabalpur. We know how he protected us like a big intellectual bird with his spreadout wings of defence so that no mishaps could happen to our life in any form-physical, mental and intellectual. I completed my D. Litt. Thesis 'Doctrine of Matter in Jainism' and Sri V.P. Jain his Ph. D. thesis Jambu-Swami Cariu' and obtained our respective degrees in the convocation of Jabalpur University in February 1968 before his eyes.
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________________ 42 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha At the farewell function of Vaishali he expressed his sadness that he would not be able to see me receiving the degree of Ph. D. before his eyes. But this time he was very glad to see his two dear pupils receiving their respective degrees before his eyes. And he was proud of me that I was the first D. Litt. of the Jabalpur University. Good helped us both in gladdening the heart of our severed Guru in this way. During my stay, he had sometimes discussions with me on social, economic and political matters etc. Once he told me that the people who need more money to maintain themselves physically and mentally are not getting. "But we get more though we do not need it. See how is the economic order of the society.' This remark gives an insight into his heart having a sympathetic feeling for the needy. Another time he told me the untold misery of the Bengalee refuges due to the partition of India. 'I am surprised to see how you, the Bengalees, still survive intellectually, mentally, socially and spiritually after this great misery of partition. There is surely a great spiritual power in your people 'he said'. Dr. Jain once warned me about the condition of service in India that one should note that there is only one relation in the service i.e. the relation of the employers and the employees whether one is an officer or professor or any staff in the Government Institution or Private Institution or Factory of Field. Don't you see how the ministers are dropped own from the cabinet unceremoniously? Now I conclude with a few quotations of his letters written to me, to throw light on his inner soul. 'I am glad to find that by your spiritual strength you are slowly but surely getting a mastery over your bodily ailments and failings, and I am sure you will be soon your normal self again. 'Dhar, 24-10-1969. I suffered terribly from small-pox in 1969. On hearing this news he wept for me for the so-called intellectual vultures did not come to my help.
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________________ My Revered Guru : Dr. Jain 'Do not be discouraged by the coolness and silence of most of your readers and listeners. Remember the Jain dictum that the ignorant are infinite, while enlightened are few.' Balaghat, 17-09-1972 He wrote this to me when I sent the copy of my papers 'Kulkara System with a new approach.' I am very sorry that your invitation to the Magadh University Seminar was not kept up, particularly when you had once accepted it and also promised to contribute a research paper. But you should not be too much upset over it or feel any bitterness towards anybody, for such happenings are becoming very common of these days on account of personal likes and dislikes. A scholar and religious man like you should ignore them, and continue to concentrate on one's own programme of work, without taxing the mind with these small things. You should also free your mind of the past unpleasant memories if any, and plan your future with a pure mental vision.' Balaghat, 22-01-1971 It was written in reply to my letter regarding the unscholarly behaviour of some members of the organising committee of the Prakrit Seminar, Magadh University, to drop my name from the list of the delegates, although I was invited first and also to the heartless behaviour of some scholars not to give a glass of water even to their dying colleague like myself due to attack of pox. 'I also note your growing interest in medicine which of course, affords for more opportunities of serving humanity and relieving its sufferings. My advice to you, however, is that more serious thought should keep it as your side activity or make it your whole-time occupation. Think about it from the point of view of your main interest as well as the practical requirements of life.' Balaghat, 30-11-1970
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________________ 44 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha As I wrote to him that I had turned a Homoeopath to serve humanity, he wrote this letter to me. One receipt of the offprint of my papers on 'Jaina Theory of Sound' he wrote, 'I am so happy to find that the scholar in you is not being smothered by the medical doctor, as generally happens when rival tendencies grow. You are thus maintaining that balance of life which constitutes Yoga. O godi'Why not? You are truly Yogendra.' Balaghat, 05-10-1982 At Jabalpur University also he referred to me before his colleagues as 'his recluse student.' I question myself whether I am worthy of this attribute given by revered Guru. On the contrary I found him as a great sage, a great yogin who maintained the balance of his brain and heart as a great Jain ever come across in my life in India. He came to this world with a divine Soul and left it behind to be remembered with reverence and worshipped by his dear pupils. (With obligation -SMARIKA, Dr. Hiralal Jain Janmashatabdi Samaroha Samiti, Jabalpur)
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________________ DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina : graMtha paricaya DaoN. dharamacaMda jaina* yasya naisargikI prajJAM srvaarthgaaminiim| jJAtAH sarvajJa sadbhAve nirArekA mnsvinH|| unakI svAbhAvika sarvArthagAminI prajJA dekhakara vidvatajan sarvajJa ke sadbhAva ke viSaya meM saMdeha rahita ho jAte the| bhArata meM AryabhASA kA vikAsa pramukha rUpa se tristarIya mAnA gayA hai| eka prAcIna yuga jisameM veda, upaniSad, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata kI kAvya-bhASA AtI hai| dUsarA madhya yuga jisameM lokabhASAoM kA sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM vikAsa huaa| bauddhoM ke tripiTika kI pAlI va jainAgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI madhya yuga kA pahalA caraNa hai| dUsarA caraNa dUsarI zatI se pAMcavI zatI taka hai| isake bAda aMtima sopAna jise apabhraMza kAla ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| apabhraMza kA vikAsa dasavIM zatAbdI taka calA aura usake sAtha Arya bhASA ke vikAsa kA madhya yuga yA dvitIya stara samApta hokara tRtIya stara kA prAdurbhAva huA jisakI pratinidhi hindI, marAThI, gujarAtI, baMgAlI Adi Adhunika bhASAe~ haiM vastutaH apabhraMza se hI hindI Adi bhASAoM kA vikAsa huA hai aura isa dRSTi se isa bhASA ke svarUpa kA bar3A mahatva hai| apabhraMza kI vyAkaraNika vizeSatAoM ke atirikta usameM kAvya racanA kI bilkula naI praNAliyoM aura naye chaMdoM kA prayoga pAyA jAtA hai| dohA aura paddhar3iyA, chaMda, apabhraMza kAvya kI apanI vastu haiM aura inhIM se hindI ke dohoM va caupAiyoM kA AviSkAra huaa| apabhraMza bhASA meM likhA gayA pracura sAhitya adhikAMzata: jaina manISiyoM aura kaviyoM dvArA likhA gayA hai| saMbhavataH isIlie AryabhASA aura sAhitya ke vikAsa kA adhyayana karane vAloM ne use dhArmika sAhitya mAnakara sAhityika adhyayana kI zreNI meM zAmila nahIM kiyaa| AcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI ne apanI pustaka hindI sAhitya kI bhUmikA meM isa tathya kI ora dhyAna AkRSTa kiyA hai ki madhya yuga ke eka hajAra varSa kA sAhitya loka jIvana se sampRkta hai| smArta aura bauddha donoM hI hindI ke janmakAla ke samaya lokamata kA prAdhAnya svIkAra kara cuke the| jainiyoM meM to lokajIvana aura lokabhASA ke prabhutva vAlI puSTa dhArmika paraMparA hI thii| * ema.e., pI-eca.DI., chtrpur|
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________________ 46 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha hama Upara madhya yuga kI jisa lupta kar3I kI ora saMketa kara Aye haiM usako jJAna-sulabha karane kI zrama-sAdhya ceSTA karane vAle manISiyoM meM DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina kA sthAna sarvaprathama hai| DaoN. jaina kA pahalA mahatvapUrNa kArya zaurasenI prAkRta aura kAnar3I lipi meM lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa taka sUrya-prakAza-vaMcita SaTkhaMDAgama kI tAr3apatra kI prati kA uddhAra karanA aura nAgarI lipi meM prAmANika pATha aura TIkA sahita SoDazika bhASAnuvAda prakAzita karanA thaa| smaraNIya hai ki yaha jainAgama puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali AcAryoM dvArA IsA kI dUsarI zatAbdI meM sUtrabaddha kiyA gayA thaa| nauvIM zatAbdI meM AcArya vIrasena ne isakI dhavalATIkA racI thii| siddhAMta cakravartI nemicaMdra ne gyArahavIM sadI meM SaTkhaMDAgama aura dhavalATIkA ke AdhAra para gommaTasAra jIvakAMDa aura karmakAMDa khaNDoM meM sAra nicor3akara 1695 gAthAoM meM do khaMDoM kI racanA kI thii| taba se mUla khaMDAgama ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI praNAlI samApta ho gyii| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne mUla khaMDAgama aura dhavalATIkA kI prAmANika prati bhASya aura bhASAnuvAda solaha graMthoM meM 20 varSa ke adhyavasAya ke bAda prakAzita kara digambara jaina AmnAya ke mala graMtha ko loka hitArtha salabha karAne kA akalpita kArya kiyA hai| isalie unheM hameM siddhAMta zodha cakravartI ke rUpa meM asImita Adara aura parama zraddhA ke rUpa meM smaraNa karanA caahie| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina kA dUsarA mahatvapUrNa aura aitihAsika kArya apabhraMza bhASA meM racita carita kAvyoM kA uddhAra kara AryabhASA-vikAsa kI madhyakAlIna kar3I ko usakA aitihAsika sthAna dilAnA aura apabhraMza bhASika-saMracanA, vyAkaraNa aura dhvanyAtmaka vikAsa ke prAmANika adhyayana ke sAtha Adhunika hindI bhASA kI utpatti aura vikAsa kI saMgati prastuta karanA rahA hai| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina kA tIsarA mahatvapUrNa yogadAna unake purAtAtvika adhyayana ke hai| unhoMne prAcIna jaina zilAlekhoM kA sakSma adhyayana-vizleSaNa kara itihAsa kI bikharI kar3iyoM ko zrRMkhalAbaddha karane kA atyaMta mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| ve prAcya vidyAcArya the aura AryabhASA ke vividha staroM ke vikAsa se hone vAle parivartanoM kI samajha rakhane vAle aura usakI abhivyaktikSama saMgati biThAne kI kalA meM dakSa advitIya adhyetA aura vidvAna the| Adhunika yuga meM jaina-jJAna ke adhyayana aura anusaMdhAna ko vaijJAnika AdhAra dene vAloM meM DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ananyatama the| sAhitya, darzana, kalA, bhASAzAstra, tulanAtmaka vivecana aura maulika cintana sabhI meM unakI pratibhA ne naye AyAmoM kA udghATana kiyaa| hama yahA~ unakI prakAzita kRtiyoM kA paricaya prastuta kara rahe haiN| pustaka paricaya ko kAlakramAnusAra dene kI apekSA viSaya-saMgati ke anukUla denA aucityUparNa hogaa| apabhraMza ke caritakAvyoM aura unakI aitihAsika zodhaparaka kRtiyoM ke prakAzana ko kAlakramAnusAra hI rakhA gayA hai| SaTkhaMDAgama (zi. la. jaina nyAsa, 1938-58) Agama pratyakSa ke barAbara kA pramANa mAnA jAtA hai| dharasenAcArya ne paSpaMdata aura
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________________ DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina : graMtha paricaya bhUtabali ko ve hI siddhAMta sikhAye jo unheM unase pUrvavartI AcAryoM dvArA prApta hue aura jinakI paraMparA mahAvIra svAmI taka pahuMcatI hai| puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali kI racanA tathA usa para vIrasena kI TIkA isI pUrva paraMparA kI maryAdA ko lie hue hai| isIlie ve Agama ke rUpa meM prakhyAta haiN| AcArya indranandi dvArA isa AptavANI ko SaTkhaMDAgama nAma diyA gayA hai| isa graMtharAja ke 6 khaMDa haiM- jIvaTThANa, khuddAbaMdha, baMdha svAmitva vicaya, vedanA, vargaNA aura mhaabNdh| digambara AmAnya kI mAnyatAnusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI kI vANI se saMbaMdhita dvAdazAMga zruta kA bArahavA~ aMga dRSTivAda hI prastuta Agama kA srota hai| dRSTivAda ke aMtargata parikarma, sUtra, prathamAnuyoga, pUrvagata aura cUlikA ye pAMca prabheda haiN| inameM se pUrvagata bhedoM meM se dvitIya aura AgrAyaNIya pUrva se hI jIvaTThANa kA bahabhAga aura zeSa pAMca khaMDa sampUrNa nikale haiN| SaTkhaMDAgama meM puSpadantAcArya ke sUtra prAkRta bhASA meM hai| vIrasenAcArya kI TIkA aura usameM uddhRta prAcIna gadya-padya prAkRta aura saMskRta bhASA meM haiN| TIkA kA prAkRta gadya praur3ha muhAvaredAra aura viSayAnukUla saMskRta kI tarkazailI se prabhAvita hai| graMtha kI saMskRta zailI atyaMta praur3ha, parimArjita aura nyAyazAstra ke graMthoM ke anurUpa hai| dharasenAcArya ke samakAlIna eka aura AcArya guNadhara the| inheM bhI dvAdazAMga kA kucha jJAna thaa| unhoMne kaSAya prAbhRta kI racanA kii| isapara bhI AcArya aura unake ziSya vIrasena, jinasena ne TIkA likhI jo jayadhavalA nAbha se khyAta huii| SaTkhaMDAgama ke aMtima khaMDa mahAbaMdha kI racanA AcArya bhUtabali ne vistAra se kii| yaha kRti itanI sUkSma vivecana saMpanna thI ki vIrasenAcArya ne svataMtra rUpa se likhii| mahAbaMdha kI yahI TIkA Agama ke TIkA-itihAsa meM mahAdhavala ke rUpa meM khyAta huii| ukta mahAgraMthoM kI tAr3apatra para kAnar3I lipi meM likhI prati mUr3avidrI ke bhaMDAra meM banda thii| graMtharAja kevala darzana sulabha the| inakI nAgara lipi meM usakI pratiyA~ karAyA jAnA aura unake pATha-saMzodhana, sampAdana, bhASA-TIkA aura hindI anuvAda kI vivRti kA saMkalpa svayaM meM itihAsa hai| vidizA ke seTha zitAbarAya lakSmIcaMda ne gajaratha ke lie saMkalpita rAzi ru. dasa hajAra kA dAna SaTkhaMDAgama ke prakAzana hetu samarpita kara diyaa| gajaratha calavAte to siMghaI kI upAdhi milatI; SaTkhaMDAgama ke prakAzanArtha dAna kI ghoSaNA kI to samAja ne unheM zrImaMta seTha kI upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyaa| unheM aura unake bAda unakI saMtati ko eka nahIM solaha gajaratha calAne kA yaza-bhAga milaa| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne SaTkhaMDAgama ke pAThAntara, sampAdana, bhASA-TIkA aura hindI anuvAda racanA para apane bahumUlya jIvana ke bIsa varSa aura apanI amUlya jIvana saMganI kA utsarga kara hameM IzvarIya vANI kA sAkSAt kraayaa| brAhmaNoM ke veda aura bauddhoM ke tripiTika kI taraha jainiyoM ke Agama graMtha bhI samAja sulabha hue to na kevala jaina dharmAvalambiyoM meM cintana kI virAsata ke garva kA ahasA huA varan bhAratIya saMskRti kI cintana-triveNI ko prakAza meM lAne para hone vAlI rASTrIya garva ke lie jaina samAja ne paramparA-sammata alaMkaraNa 'siddhAMta cakravartI' se unheM vibhUSita kiyA aura na hI hamAre deza ke karNadhAroM ne 'bhArata ratna' yA 'padmavibhUSaNa'
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________________ 48 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha jaise rASTrIya sammAna (maraNoparAMta hI sahI) se unheM alaMkRta karane ke lie unake nAma para vicAra kiyaa| 'SaTkhaMDAgama' arthAt AptavANI ke chaH bhAga haiN| ina cha: bhAgoM kI ciMtana sAmagrI ko usakI saMjIvanI TIkA ke sAtha DaoN. jaina ne solaha khaMDoM meM pustakakArUr3ha kiyA hai| pahale khaMDa jIvaTThANa ke A. anuyoga dvAra aura nau cUlikAoM meM guNasthAna aura mArgaNAoM zraya lekara kiye gaye vistRta varNana kI chaH graMthoM meM vidvattApUrNa prastuti kI gayI hai| dUsarA khaMDa 'khuddAbaMdha' hai| isake 11 adhikAra haiM sAtaveM graMtha meM ina gyAraha prarUpaNAoM dvArA karmabaMdha karane vAle jIva kA bhedoM sahita varNana-vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| tIsarA khaMDa 'baMdhasvAmitvavicaya' hai| isa khaMDa kI sAmagrI karmabaMdha sambaMdhI viSayoM kA baMdhaka jIva kI apekSA se saMbaMdhita hai jo AThaveM graMtha meM samAhita hai| cauthe khaMDa kA nAma vedanA hai| isa khaMDa meM kRti aura vedanA anuyogadvAra haiN| sAta prakAra kI kRti aura solaha adhikAroM ke dvArA vedanA kA varNana vyAkhyA vistAra ke kAraNa graMtha 9, 10, 11 aura bAraha meM pUrA ho pAyA hai| pAcavA~ khaMDa vargaNA hai| yaha khaMDa graMtha kramAMka 13 aura 14 meM pUrA huA hai| isa khaMDa kA pradhAna adhikAra baMdhanIya hai| jisameM 23 prakAra kI vargaNAoM kA varNana aura unameM se karmabaMdha ke yogya vargaNAoM kA vistAra se kathana kiyA hai| chaThavA~ khaMDa svayaM bhUtabali AcArya dvArA savistAra racita ikAI hai| AcArya vIrasena ne dhavalA meM usakI TIkA kI AvazyakatA nahIM smjhii| agrAyaNIya pUrva ke 14 adhikAroM meM pAMcaveM adhikAra kA nAma cayanalabdhi hai| cayanalabdhiyoM ke 20 prAbhRta haiN| inameM caturtha prAbhRta kA nAma karmaprakRtiprAbhRta hai| isa prakAra ke 24 adhikAra haiN| mUla SaTkhaMDAgama meM ukta-anuyogadvAroM meM se pahale 6 kA hI vivaraNa kiyA gayA hai| zeSa nibaMdhana Adi 18 anuyogadvAroM kA vivecana AcArya vIrasena ne apanI TIkA meM kiyA jise DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne do graMthoM meM bAMTA hai| unake paMdrahaveM graMtha meM nibaMdhana, prakrama, upakrama aura udaya anuyogadvAroM kI tathA aMtima graMtha saM. 16 meM mokSa anuyogadvAra se lekara zeSa 14 anuyogadvAroM kA paricaya vizleSaNa dhavalATIkA aura hindI meM anuvAda kiyA gayA hai| saMkSepa meM hama DaoN. hIrAlAla ke isa vipula zrama kI pavitra upalabdhi ko 'SaTkhaMDAgama' kA SoDazika prasphoTana nAma de sakate haiN| 'SaTkhaMDAgama' AptavANI kA sarvAdhika prAcIna ekamAtra upalabdha graMtha hai| AcArya vIrasena dvArA likhI usakI dhavalA TIkA advitIya hai| isa dhavalarAja ko saiMkar3oM varSoM taka kautuhala, zraddhA aura bhakti se dekhane bhara kI suvidhA thii| isake tAr3apatra bhI ATha sau varSa jIrNa ho gaye the| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ke bhagIratha prayatna ke suphala ke rUpa meM 1958 se vaha solaha bhAgoM meM darzana, paThana, adhyayana aura AptavANI ko AtmasAta karane hitArtha sahaja sulabha haiN| ina graMthoM kI prastAvanA atyaMta mahatvapUrNa hai| unameM aneka viSayoM para vaijJAnika soca se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| vidvAnoM kI zaMkAoM ke samAdhAna haiN| bhASA zAstriyoM ke lie madhyakAlIna luptakar3iyoM ko zRMkhalAbaddha karane kI paripUrNa sAmagrI hai| bikhare aura chUTe aMzoM kI prastati se bhAratIya ciMtA ke svAbhAvika vikAsa ke upakaraNa saMskRti ke itihAsa kI punaH prastuti kI preraNA dete haiN|
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________________ DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina : graMtha paricaya 49 apabhraMza carita kAvya mahAkavi puSpadaMta 'tisaTThi-mahApurisa-guNAlaMkAra' likhakara amara ho gye| unakI anya mahatvapUrNa racanAoM meM 'jasaharacariu' aura 'NAyakumAra cariu' ullekhanIya haiN| jasaharacariu' kA saMpAdana san 1931 meM DaoN. pI. ela. vaidya ne kiyA thaa| isa racanA kI saMzodhita AvRtti aura usakA hindI anuvAda DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne 1973 meM apane mahAprayANa se kucha hI samaya pUrva kiyA thaa| DaoN. jaina kI pratibhA aura prastuti kauzala se DaoN. vaidya abhibhUta the, isIliye unhoMne apane saMsmaraNAtmaka lekha meM DaoN. jaina ko utkRSTa vidvAna nirUpita karate hue isa dUsare saMskaraNa para saMtoSa aura prasannatA jAhira kii| 'jasaharacariu' cAra saMdhiyoM meM vibhAjita hai| saMdhi-1 meM rAjapura ke rAjA mAridatta dvArA AkAzagAminI vidyA prApti hetu narabali kA Ayojana hai| saMdhi-2 meM narabali ke lie lAye gaye jainamuni ke svarUpavAna ziSya abhayaruci ke pUrvajanma kA vRttAMta hai| saMdhi-3 meM bhava-bhramaNa ke vRttAMta se prApta niSkarSa ki mAridatta hI abhayaruci kA pitA hai| saMdhi-4 rohita bhairava Adi sabhI ko vairAgya hone aura dIkSA lene kA prakaraNa hai| isa kathAnaka ko puSpadaMta ne bar3e kAvya-kauzala ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| DaoN. jaina ne kAvya meM prayukta bhASA kI nivRtti, dharma kA lokahitakArI rUpa aura kathAnaka kA hRdaya-narma anuvAda AkarSaka rUpa meM kiyA hai| NAyakumAra-cariu (kAraMjA 1933) mahAkavi puSpadaMta ne zrutapaMcamI kathA ke mAhAtmya ko pragaTa karane ke lie kAmadeva ke avatAra nAgakumAra kA caritra, 9 saMdhiyoM meM varNana kiyA hai| magadha janapada ke kanakapura rAjya meM rAjA jayaMdhara kA putra zrIdhara huaa| rAjA ne dUsarA vivAha girinagara kI rAjakumArI se kiyaa| yathA samaya isa rAnI ko bhI eka putra huA jo durghaTanAvaza vApI ke mArga se nAgaloka jA pahuMcA aura vahIM nAgasaMskRti meM palakara bar3A huaa| usakA vivAha manohArI kinnarI se huaa| kAlakrama se use vimAtA aura sautele bhAI kA dveSa bhAjana bananA pdd'aa| idhara nAga kumAra pitA ke nirdeza se dezATana ko nikalA kintu yahI deza nikAlA usake yaza aura parAkrama meM vArdhakya aura vaibhava ke svAmI banane kA kAraNa bnaa| phira usakI bheMTa munipiTisvava se huI jinake mukha se apane aura apane pitakula ke pUrvabhava kI kathA aura zrutapaMcamI vrata ke upavAsa ke phala kA varNana sunaa| isI samaya nAgakumAra ke pitA aura parivArajana A gaye aura unhoMne vairAgya utpanna hone para nAgakumAra ko rAjya sauMpa dIkSA le lii| nAgakumAra bhI lambe samaya taka rAjya kiyA aMta meM apane rAjya putra ko sauMpa digambarI dIkSA lI aura marakara svargaloka ko gyaa| isa jaTila kathAnaka ne mahAkavi puSpadaMta ne anekAneka varNanoM, vividha chaMdoM ke prayoga aura vividha rasa aura bhAvapUrNa citraNoM se samRddha kara rocaka DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne apane pAMDulipiyoM kA adhyayana aura pAThAlocana kara mUla racanA kA zuddha rUpa prastuta kiyA hai| kathA sauMdarya meM kavi ke rAjyAzraya mAnyakheTa kI sAhityika garimA, bhArata kA rAjanItika mAnacitra caritanAyaka kI lokapriyatA Adi tatvoM
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________________ 50 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha tathA rAjamahala aura lokajIvana ke citroM kI prastuti ke sAtha vidvattApUrNa vizleSaNa prastuta kiyaa| mahatvapUrNa yaha hai ki DaoN. jaina ne bhASika racanA aura vyAkaraNa ke sAtha chAyAtmaka bhASika parivartana kA siddha bhASA-zAstrI kI taraha vivecana kiyA hai| apabhraMza kA pratIka vidhAna aura chaMda-racanA kar3avaka aura ghattA ke kauzala kA vivecana pAMDityapUrNa hai| karakaMDacariu (kAraMjA 1934) muni kanakAmara dvijavaMzI va candrarSi gotrIya vidvAna the| vairAgya se ve digambara ho gaye the, unhoMne AsAI nagarI meM eka rAjamaMtrI ke anurAga se yaha caritra likhaa| isa graMtha kA racanA kAla 1050 I. ke lagabhaga hai| yaha racanA 12 saMdhiyoM meM pUrNa huI hai| kathAnAyaka karakaMDa jaina aura bauddha paraMparA meM pratyeka buddha ke rUpa meM svIkRta nAyaka hai| ve aMgadeza meM caMpAnagarI ke rAjA ghAr3I vAhana aura rAnI padmAvatI ke putra the kintu ghaTanA vazAt unakA janma zamazAna meM huA thaa| graMtha meM zamazAna, gaMgAnadI, prAcIna jinamUrti ke bhUmi se nikalane evaM rativegA ke vilApa kA varNana bar3I khUbI se kiyA gayA hai| isa graMtha kI racanA apabhraMza meM huI hai| yahI usa yuga kI lokabhASA thI aura isI bhASA meM usa yuga meM aneka viziSTa graMtha likhe gye| 'karakaMDacariu' mahArAja karakaMDu ke jIvana para likhita lalita racanA hai| bhASA aura sAhitya kI dRSTi se yaha racanA jitanI mahatvapUrNa hai utanI hI sAMskRtika itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhii| kathA kI rocakatA, chaMdoM kI sarasatA rasa aura alaMkAroM kI madhuratA tathA sarala suspaSTa, prAMjala zailI isakI vizeSatA hai| DaoN. jaina ne hindI-aMgrejI prastAvanA meM karakaMDacariu ke adhyayana kI pIThikA ke sAtha aitihAsika tathyoM para bhI vidvattApUrNa vicAra kiyA hai| mUla racanA ke sAtha hindI-aMgrejI anuvAda aura vivecanAtmaka TIpa pAThakoM ko jJAnavarddhana meM sahAyaka hai| isa graMtha ke dvitIya saMskaraNa ko bhAratIya jJAnapITha dvArA martidevI graMthamAlA ke antargata 1964 meM prakAzita kiyA gayA hai| sudaMsaNacariu nayanaMdi kRta yaha racanA vi. saM. 1200 kI hai| jaina bhaMDAroM meM surakSita apabhraMza carita kAvyoM meM isakA sthAna mahatvapUrNa hai| graMtha kI bAraha saMdhiyoM kI puSpikAoM meM kavi ne apanA aura apane guru mANikyanaMdI traividya kA nAmollekha kiyA hai| sudaMsaNacariu kathAtmaka kAvya hai, jisakI racanA vizeSa rUpa se jainadharma ke suprasiddha paMcaNamokAra maMtra ke jApa kA puNya-prabhAva pragaTa karane ke lie huI hai| graMtha meM bAraha saMdhiyAM haiN| prastuta graMtha ke kathAnaka se yaha spaSTa hai ki usakI kendrIya ghaTanA eka strI ke para-puruSa ke Upara mohAsakta hokara usakA prema prApta karane kA eka utkaTa karatA hai| yahAM kathAtala sAMsArika jIvana kA eka zAzvata aMza hai aura usake dRSTAMta prAcInatama graMthoM se lekara vartamAnakAla ke sAhitya meM pAye jAte haiN| sudaMsaNacariu kI racanA bhAratIya AryabhASA ke madhyayugIna tRtIya stara kI usI vizeSa bhASA meM huI hai jo apabhraMza nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| isa bhASA ke prAcIna aura prakANDa kavi svayaMbhU aura puSpadaMta kI racanAoM meM isa bhASA aura usakI kAvya zailI kA svarUpa
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________________ DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina : graMtha paricaya 51 hamAre sAmane spaSTa ho cukA hai| prastuta racanA meM bhI vahI TakasAlI bhASA kA svarUpa va kAvya zailI pAyI jAtI hai| carita kAvya yA kathA kA vibhAjana saMdhi meM aura saMdhi kA vibhAjana kar3avakoM meM kiyA jAtA hai| aMta meM eka ghattA chaMda hotA hai| prasaMgAnusAra vividha chaMdoM kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai jisakA sAmAnya lakSaNa tukabandI hai| yahI ise saMskRta-prAkRta se alaga karatA hai| prastuta racanA meM chaMdoM kA vipula vaicitrya hai| lagabhaga sau prakAra ke chaMdoM meM viSama padI chaMda vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| mAtrika aura varNika chaMdoM kA acchA vyavahAra isa racanA meM dekhane ko milatA hai| yaha kAvya vizeSa rUpa se chaMda aura alaMkAra pradhAna racanA hai| yahAM kavi kI kalpanA aura zabdacAturI kA paricaya milatA hai| saMdhi cAra meM varNita strI jAti ke lakSaNoM aura saMdhi nau meM yuddha vistAra se varNana kavi ke pAMDitya aura kalA-paTutA kA uttama pramANa hai| yaha prAkRta jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI se 1970I. meM prakAzita tathA samprati upalabdha hai| dohA kAvya sAvayadhammadohA ke racayitA devasena haiN| isa kRti kI racanA san 933 meM mAlavA pradeza kI dhArA nagarI meM huI hai tathA yaha graMtha dohA chaMda kA atyaMta prAcIna udAharaNa hai| isa graMtha kA viSaya zrAvakoM kA dharma aura AcAra hai| yaha graMtha dhArmika upadeza aura sUkti kI dRSTi se to suMdara hai hI para usakA sarvAdhika mahatva usakI bhASA meM hai| prAkRta aura apabhraMza bhASAyeM jana sAmAnya kI bhASAeM rahI haiM isIliye ve apane-apane samaya meM saMskRta se bhI madhura aura priya ginI jAtI thiiN| isIliye vidyApati ne kahA hai- "desilavaanA saba jana miTThA taiM taisana jampao avahaTThA" DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne sAvayadhamma kI apabhraMza bhASA kI miThAsa ko hI prakaTa nahIM kiyA hai usakI vyAkaraNika vivecanA kara bhASA ke anuzAsita caritra ko bhI ujAgara kiyA hai| isa kRti ke lekhaka kA nAma bhramotpAdaka rahA hai| DaoN. jaina ne aneka pratilipiyoM ke adhyayana samakAlIna dohAkAvyoM kI vivIkSA ke bAda prAmANika rUpa se lekhaka kI vAstavikatA kI jAnakArI prastuta kI hai| isa graMtha kA sarvaprathama prakAzana hindI graMtha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, hIrAbAga, muMbaI dvArA 1939 I. ke pUrva hI kiyA gayA thaa| pAhuDa dohA sAvayadhammadohA aura pAhuDa dohA meM viSaya kI dRSTi se ullekhanIya bheda yaha hai ki pahalA gRhasthoM ke lie likhA gayA hai aura dUsarA graMtha jogiyoM ke lie| isa graMtha ke kartA muni rAmasiMha eka yogI the aura yogiyoM ko hI yaha racanA sambodhita hai| kartA ke lie deha eka devAlaya hai jisameM aneka zaktiyoM sahita eka deva adhiSThita hai| usa deva kA ArAdhana karanA, use pahacAnanA, usameM tanmaya honA eka bar3I gaDha kriyA hai| jisake lie guru ke upadeza aura niraMtara abhyAsa kI AvazyakatA hai| isa graMtha kI racanA san 1000 I. ke lagabhaga siddha hotI hai| graMtha kI bhASA sAvayadhammadohA ke kAla kI hI nirvivAda hai| vastutaH apabhraMza zabda kA bhASA ke saMdarbha meM sarvaprathama ullekha pataMjali ke mahAbhASya meM milatA hai| unakA Azaya saMskRta se nikalI
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________________ 52 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI Adi sabhI bhASAoM ko apabhraMza kahA jAnA caahie| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne dohA - pAhuDa kI prastAvanA meM saMskRta-kAla aura pazcAta yuga ke madhyakAla kI racanAoM kI bhASA gata vivecanA bharatamuni se lekara AcArya hemacaMdra taka ke bhASA zAstriyoM ke tarka ko sAmane rakhakara bar3e manoyoga se kI hai| jinavANI (jJAnapITha-1975) jaina dharma kI saMyama sambaMdhI zikSAe~ aura dArzanika siddhAMtoM kI mUla udbhAvanAoM kI 856 prAkRta gAthAoM kA saMkalana-saMpAdana kara mUla ke sAtha hindI anuvAda kara jinavANI ko pustakArUr3ha kiyA gayA hai| vastutaH jaina jJAna kA puMjIbhUta ratnarAzi meM se cunacunakara jina amUlya maNi- mANikyoM kI mAlA DaoN. hIrAlAla jI ne taiyAra kI thI vaha unake mahAprayANa ke pazcAt hI pustaka rUpa meM prakAzita ho paayii| graMtha kI lagabhaga AdhI gAthAe~ jJAna-vijJAna se sambaddha haiM aura zeSa gAthAe~ AcAra-sambaMdhI haiN| graMtha kA prAraMbha ratnatraya se hotA hai| yaha ratnatraya hI mokSa kA mArga hai| pahale samyaka darzana kA svarUpa batalAyA hai| phira chaH dravya, mArgaNA, karma siddhAMta, guNasthAna, syAdvAda aura nayavAda ke vivecana ke sAtha samyak jJAna kA prakaraNa hai| samyak cAritrya vAle prakaraNa meM zrAvakAcAra aura sAdhu AcAra kA vivecana hai| zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAoM kI prastuti saMkSipta hote hue bhI paripUrNa hai| muniAcAra ke aMtargata pA~ca mahAvrata, pA~ca samiti, tIna gupti, indrijaya, tapa, dasa dharma, bAraha bhAvanA, bAIsa pariSahajaya, dhyAna aura sAmAyika- vivaraNa kA prastuti kauzala dRSTigocara hotI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke vacanoM para AdhArita atyaMta prAcIna aura prAmANika gAthAoM ke isa saMkalana meM sArarUpa meM jaina dharma kA sabakucha milatA hai| gAthAoM kA hindI anuvAda na kevala prAmANika hai balki bhASika vivecanA ke sAtha spaSTa hindI paryAya aura AvazyakatAnusAra vizeSArtha dvArA tAtvika bhAva bhI prasphuTita huA hai| jaina darzana kI maulika udbhAvanAoM ko darzana, jJAna aura caritra ke aMtargata Ane vAle siddhAMtoM kI vastu aura prastuti kI aisI kalA durlabha hai| tatva- samuccaya ( bha. jai. ma. vardhA 1952 ) tatva samuccaya meM jainadharma ke prAcIna prAkRta bhASA ke graMthoM kI gAthAoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta bhASA na samajhane vAloM ke lie hindI anuvAda bhI de diyA hai / jijJAsuoM, svAdhyAyiyoM Adi ke hitArtha zabdakoSa, graMtha aura graMthakAroM kA prAmANika paricaya bhI DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne diyA hai| isa saMkalana meM solaha pATha haiM jinameM jainadharma se sambandha rakhane vAlI naitika, AdhyAtmika va dArzanika vyavasthAoM kI rUparekhA prAmANika graMthoM ke AdhAra para dI gaI hai| pAThoM meM gAthAoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga 600 hai| AraMbha meM hI saMkalana kI bhUmikA hai| isa bhUmikA meM jainadharma, sAhitya aura siddhAMta sambaMdhI DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina, kI mahatvapUrNa vivecanA hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki dharma kA svarUpa deza aura kAla ke anusAra sadaiva badalatA rahA hai| bhArata pramukha aura prAcIna dharma tIna hai- brAhmaNa, bauddha aura jain| vaidika dharma meM jIvana kA vibhAga aura samAja racanA kA prayatna dikhAI detA hai| zramaNa sampradAya ke
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________________ DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina : graMtha paricaya 53 anuyAyI vedoM kI prAmANikatA nahIM maante| na hI yajJAdi kriyAkANDa ko grahaNa karate haiN| zramaNa mana, vacana aura kAya kI pravRttiyoM meM vizuddhi para jora dete haiN| ve indriyanigraha aura parigrahatyAga ko Atmazuddhi ke lie Avazyaka samajhate haiM aura ahiMsA ko dharma kA anivArya aMga mAnate haiN| virodha meM sAmaMjasya jainadharma kI udAra dRSTi hai jo usake syAdvAda aura nayavAda meM pAyI jAtI hai| isIliye kahA gayA hai ki jaina nAgarika apane anekAnta mithyAmatoM ke samaha meM hI parNa satya dekhane kA prayatna karatA hai| yahI jainadharma kI STIya bhamikA hai| yahI usakI sAmAjika cetanA hai| yadi hama anekAtmaka vicAra saraNi aura ahiMsAtmaka vRtti ko apanA leM to dukhoM se mukti mila sakatI hai aura samAja meM zAMti, sukha aura baMdhutva sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai| itihAsa aura saMskRti (ma. pra. sAhitya pariSada 1962) 'jaina itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA aura hamArA abhyutthAna' nAmaka eka kRti hindI graMtha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, muMbaI dvArA san 1939 meM prakAzita kI gaI thii| vastutaH yaha racanA prophesara hIrAlAla jaina dvArA unakI prathama saMtati rAmakalI devI ke 21 varSa kI alpAyu meM svargArohaNa para unakI smRti meM jAmAtA zrImAna seTha rAmakaraNa lAla thAlA nivAsI ke udvigna citta ko zAMti pradAna karane hetu kiye gaye anyAnya upakramoM kA eka aMga thI isa pustaka kI sAmagrI pro. hIrAlAla jI ke graMthoM, patra-patrikAoM aura vyAkhyAnoM dvArA pUrva meM hI prakAza meM A cukI thii| lekina isa sAmagrI ke vyavasthita aura sthAyitva kI kAmanA meM pustakArUr3ha A jAne se janamAnasa para prophesara jaina kI cintanadhArA kA ekIkRta prabhAva vAMchita uddezya kI pUrti meM sahAyaka huA hai| isa graMtha kI sAmagrI do bhAgoM meM hai| pahalA bhAga itihAsa hai jisameM jaina itihAsa kI pUrva pIThikA, hamArA itihAsa, prAcIna itihAsa nirmANa ke sAdhana aura bhinna prAMtoM meM jainadharma ke prasAra kA vivaraNa hai| dUsarA bhAga samAja zIrSaka se hai| isameM hamArA abhyutthAna, saMskRti kI rakSA, samAja saMgaThana aura dharma prabhAvanA ke upAya samayocita upAya sujhAye gaye haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna madhyapradeza zAsana sAhitya pariSada ne bhopAla meM DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ke cAra vyAkhyAna Ayojita kiye the| 7, 8, 9 aura 10 mArca 1960 ko diye gaye vyAkhyAnoM ke viSaya the- jaina itihAsa, jaina sAhitya, jaina darzana aura jaina klaa| ina vyAkhyAnoM kI adhyakSatA kramazaH mukhyamaMtrI DaoN. kailAzanAtha kATajU, vidhAnasabhAdhyakSa paM. kuMjIlAla dube, ma. pra. ke vittamaMtrI zrI mizrIlAla gaMgavAla aura pradeza ke zikSAmaMtrI DaoN. zaMkaradayAla zarmA ne kii| viSaya kI rocakatA aura usake mahatva ko dekhate hue pradeza ke zikSAmaMtrI ke anurodha para vyAkhyAnoM ko pallavita kara pustakArUr3ha prakAzana hetu pANDulipi taiyAra kI gii| ma. pra. zAsana sAhitya pariSada ne uparyukta zIrSaka se prathama saMskaraNa 1962 meM aura punarmudraNa 1975 meM prakAzita kiyaa| pustaka kI lokapriyatA isI se pramANita hotI hai ki isake marAThI aura kannar3a bhASAoM meM anuvAda ke ekAdhika saMskaraNa prakAzita ho cuke haiM aura bhAratIya jJAnapITha dvArA usakA aMgrejI anuvAda zatAbdI varSa meM prakAzita kiyA jA rahA hai|
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________________ 54 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma kA yogadAna graMtha advitIya aura zIrSa mahatva kI racanA hai| isa kRti meM lekhaka kI udAra dRSTi, sAmAjika cetanA samanvayavAdI dizA ke bharapUra darzana aura sampUrNa sAkSAta hotA hai| unakI sthApanA hai ki jainadharma apanI vicAra aura jIvana saMbaMdhI vyavasthAoM meM kabhI kisI saMkucita dRSTi kA zikAra nahIM huaa| usakI bhUmikA rASTrIya dRSTi se sadaiva udAra aura udAtta rahI hai| prAntIyatA kI saMkucita bhAvanA evaM dezavAhya anucita anurAga ke doSoM se jainamatAvalambI sadaiva mukta rahe haiM unhoMne loka bhAvanAoM ke saMbaMdha meM bhI yahI udAra nIti apanAI / isIliye adhikAMza jaina sAhitya lokabhASA meM hI likhA gayA hai| dhArmika loka mAnyatAoM ko bhI jainadharma meM sammAna dekara apanI paraMparA meM AdarapUrvaka sthAna diyA hai| yaha graMtha Azcaryajanaka rUpa meM gAgara meM sAgara zatapratizata caritArtha karatA hai| isa deza meM zramaNa paraMparA jJAta Arya paraMparA se bahuta purAnI hai| vastutaH prAcInatama Arya samUha isa deza kI prakRti se ekAkAra hokara sahaja hI jIvana ke carama rahasya kI khoja meM unmukha hue the| ve AcAra-vicAra meM udAra aura hiMsA se virata udAtta sAmAjika bana gaye the| jaba Arya usa deza meM phaile usase pUrva hI yahAM vairAgya kRccha sAdhanA yogAcAra aura tapazcaryA kI prathA pracalita ho cukI thii| kintu zramaNa paraMparA ke AryoM ne dravir3a aura brAhmaNa saMskRti ko itanI AtmIyatA dI ki yajJa-pradhAna brAhmaNa paraMparA upaniSadoM kI adhyAtma cetanA kI ora unmukha ho gii| Age calakara bauddha aura jaina paraMparA ne apanI sthApita viziSTa cintanadhArA ke bAvajUda vaidika saMskRti se AtmIya saMbaMdha banAye rkhaa| jainadarzana kI sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa dena syAdvAda hai| anaMkotavAda kA saMbaMdha manuSya ke vicAra se hai, kintu syAdvAda usa vicAra ke yogya ahiMsA mukta bhASA kI khoja karatA hai| jainadharma ne apanI anekAMta dRSTi ke anusAra jIvana ke samasta pakSoM para yathocita dhyAna diyA hai| jaina paraMparA meM kalA kI upAsanA ko jo sthAna diyA gayA hai usase usakA vidhAna pakSa spaSTa ho jAtA hai| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne isa graMtha meM jaina cintana, jaina sAhitya, jaina kalA ko jitane sahaja rUpa aura pUrNa spaSTatA se bodhagamya karAyA hai vaha vastutaH camatkAra hI hai- daivI nahIM deva pauruSeya cmtkaar| yaha graMtha unake prajJA puruSa hone kA sAkSAta pramANa hai| mayaNaparAjaya cariu ( jJAnapITha 1962 ) isa kAvya racanA meM zrI harideva ne tapa, saMyama Adi bhAvoM ko mUrtamAna pAtroM kA rUpa dekara moharAja aura jinarAja ke bIca yuddha kA citraNa kiyA hai| yaha apabhraMza bhASA kI mahatvapUrNa lalita racanA hai| isameM manuSya kI pAzavika vRtti para paramAtma vRtti kI vijaya kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| isa racanA meM bhAratIya sAhitya kI pratIkAtmaka zailI kA manohArI prayoga milatA hai| isa prakAra kI zailI va ukti - samRddha vidyA hindI sAhitya meM paramparAgata rUpa se pracalita hai| samakAlIna carita kAvyoM se isa racanA kI viSaya aura zailI bhinna hai| yahAM samasta ghaTanAcakra bhAvAtmaka aura kalpita hai| vastu aura chaMda prayoga kI dRSTi se yaha geyAtmaka kAvya rasika graMthoM kI zreNI meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| kathA meM saMvAda yojanA spaSTa aura paine haiN| varNanAtmaka prasaMga saMtulita hai| racanA meM spaSTa saMdeza milatA hai ki aMtima
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________________ DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina : graMtha paricaya 55 kAryasiddhi Asakti aura niSiddha vyApAra se nahIM hotI usake lie AMtarika zuddhi aura sadAcAra hI ekamAtra upAya hai| mayaNaparAjaya eka rUpaka kAvya hai| ataH isameM sAdRzyamUlaka alaMkAroM kA svAbhAvika bAhulya hai| chaThavIM zatAbdI meM mAtrika chaMdoM kA asAdhAraNa vikAsa huA hai| tukabandI ke aviSkAra se chaMdoM kA prayoga 'mayaNa parAjaya' meM dRSTavya hai| isa graMtha meM bar3I arthagarbhita sUktiyAM milatI haiN| yaha racanA vyAkaraNika dRSTi se Adhunika Arya bhASAoM ko samajhane ke lie atyaMta mahatvapUrNa hai| suaMdhadahamI kahA (jJAnapITha 1966) isa graMtha ke racayitA kavivara udayacaMda the jo bAda meM dIkSA lekara mani ho gye| inakA nivAsa aura bihAra kSetra mathurA aura bharatapura rAjya kA bhUmibhAga rahA hai| sugaMdha dazamI kA racanA kAla 1150 I. mAnA gayA hai| sukhalipsA kI cetanA manuSya meM AdikAla se rahI hai| isI preraNA se vaha karma karatA hai aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM kA AhvAna kara unakI pUjA stuti se unheM prasanna kara du:kha nivAraNa tathA sukha sAdhana kI ceSTA karatA hai| sugandha dazamI kathA ke mUlatatvoM kA darzana hameM mahAbhArata ke matsyagaMdhA prasaMga se lekara anya aneka prasaMgoM meM milatA hai| prAyaH hara kathAnaka meM muninirAdara ke pApa se durgandhita zarIra aura nIca yoni prApti kI paraMparA dRSTigocara hotI hai| yajJAnuSThAna, avamRthasthAna, gurusevA aura muni-AzISa se use punaH uttama kula aura gaMdhamAdana deha prApta hotI hai| isa kathA meM bhI muni ke prati rbhAva ke kAraNa jo rAnI duHkhI aura daridrI aura durgandhA huI thI vahIM sugandhadazamI vrata ke puNya se pUrvokta pApa ko dhokara punaH rAnI bana gii| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne isI vastu aura prasaMga para racita saMskRta, hindI, gujarAtI, marAThI kathAkAvyoM kA vivecana kiyA hai| yahI nahIM unhoMne ina bhASAoM kI racanAoM ko mUla aura hindI anuvAda sahita graMtha ke kalevara meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana hetu sthAna bhI diyA hai| ina bhAratIya bhASAoM kI kathA sAmya aura bhinna vizeSatAoM ko rekhAMkita karane ke sAtha hI unhoMne phreMca aura jarmana bhASA meM upalabdha aMgrejI kathAnaka siMDrelA kA AkarSaka vizleSaNa bhI prastAvanA meM rakhA hai| isa prasaMga meM unakA lekha 'pairAlijima oNva Telsa biTavIna apabhraMza eNDa vesTarna liTarecara' atyaMta mahatvapUrNa hai| graMtha meM apabhraMza kI suMgadhadazamI kathA kI citramaya mUla racanA kI ArTa pepara para mudita 67 pleTeM manojJa haiN| kahakosu-le. zrIcaMda (laghu kathAeM) zrIcaMda kA kathAkoSa apabhraMza bhASA meM likhA gayA hai| isameM lokajIvana kI sAmAjika cetanA aura varga-bheda ke asAmAnya stara ko prastuta karane vAlI laghu kathAyeM haiN| varga cetanA kabhI saMgharSa meM pariNita nahIM hii| jaina prabhAvanA aura muni upadeza tathA usase prApta anubhUta pUrva janma jJAna ke udaya se varga bheda tirohita hokara samatA bhAva prakaTa hotA hai| kaSAyajanya pIr3A kI AvRtti se mokSa pAne ke parama lakSya ko sAmane rakhakara kathA pAtra tapa-sAdhanA aura mokSa-prApti ke uddezya se muni aura tApasa jIvana kA ihaloka meM sukha aura svarga meM vaibhava aura zAMti prApta karane ke lie pravRtta hote haiN| ina kathAoM kA prANa
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________________ 56 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha hai vaha viveka jisake jAgRta hone para mAnava kaSAya nivRtti aura samatA tathA prANImAtra se prema ko AtmA kA sukha mAnane lagate haiN| moha, parigraha, Akroza aura viSAda, Asakti aura kAmanA bhAva jaina muniyoM ke upadeza ko sunakara tirohita ho jAte haiM tathA kaSTasAdhya jIvanavRtti toSa, samatA aura prANIjagata meM prIti-vyavahAra ko vikasita karatI hai| yahAM laghukathAoM ke mAdhyama se dharma pracAra mAtra nahIM hai balki loka jIvana, rASTrIya cetanA aura uttama caritra kI pravRtti ko jagAnA hI parama lakSya hai| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina dvArA anudita yaha kathAkoza, prAkRta sosAyaTI, ahamadAbAda se 1969 meM prakAzita huA hai| jaina zilAlekha saMgraha ( mA. diga. jaina graMthamAlA 1928) jainadharma kA prasAra bhinna-bhinna pradezoM meM kisa-kisa rUpa meM aura kaba-kaba huA isakA vidhivata itihAsa upalabdha nahIM hai| bhAratIya itihAsa nahIM hai| bhAratIya itihAsa va vAGgamaya meM jaina manISI aura AcAryoM kA kyA yogadAna thA aura dharma kI pITha kahA~-kahA~ sthApita thIM isakA prAmANika vivaraNa pAne ke lie hindI graMtha ratnAkara kAryAlaya muMbaI ke svatvAdhikArI zrI nAthUrAma premI ke Agraha para DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne 1926 meM vibhinna kSetroM meM dharmapITha, maMdira aura sAdhanA - kendra parvata guphAoM meM upalabdha zilAlekhoM kA adhyayana, pAThAlocana aura arthanivRtti dvArA mahatvapUrNa kintu jainadharma ke ajJAta itihAsa se saMbaMdhita sUcanAoM ko ekatra kiyA aura usakA vidvatApUrvaka saMpAdana kara prakAzanArtha pAMDulipi taiyAra kii| premIjI ne jaina zilAlekha saMgraha bhAga-1 nAma se ise pustaka rUpa meM prakAzita kiyaa| uttarakAla meM DaoN. jaina ke ziSya aura sahayogI DaoN. vidyAdhara joharApura ne isa vidhA ko Age bar3hAyA aura jJAnapITha dvArA isa sIrIja ke bhAga - 3, 4 aura 5 prakAzita kiye gye| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina kI kRtiyoM kA paricaya dene ke lie jo yojanA banAyI gayI yogAyoga se unakI sarvaprathama 1928 meM prakAzita racanA jaina zilAlekha saMgraha ko sabase aMta meM sthAna milaa| yaha kRti DaoN. jaina ke pitA modI bAlacaMda jaina ko samarpita hai| DaoN. jaina kA koI anya graMtha kisI vyakti vizeSa ko samarpita nahIM hai| unakA saMpUrNa jJAna zrama aura upalabdhi sadaiva lokArpita rhii| lipsA aura eSaNA se asaMpRkta isa sahasrAbdi ke anUThe prajJApuruSa ne ghoSaNA to lokahita kI bhI nahIM kii| (sAbhAra- smArikA, DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina janmazatAbdI samAroha samiti, jabalapura )
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________________ DAka TikaTa se sammAnita DaoN. sva. jagadIza candra jaina DaoN. kapUracanda jaina* jaina dharma / darzana / saMskRti / prAkRta bhASA tathA bhAratIya sAhitya ke vizvavizruta vidvAn DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina kA janma mujaphpharanagara (u. pra.) ke grAma baser3A meM san 1909 meM huA thaa| bAlyakAla meM hI Apako pita-zoka kA sAmanA karanA par3A, ataH bacA Arthika kaThinAiyoM meM gujraa| prArambhika zikSA pUrI karane ke pazcAt Apane banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya meM saMskRta, jaina sAhitya aura Ayurveda kA adhyayana kiyaa| usa samaya deza parataMtra thA aura deza ko AjAda karAne kI bhAvanA pratyeka naujavAna ko AMdolita kara rahI thii| jagadIza caMdra jI bhalA kaise pIche rahate? san 1929 meM apanI par3hAI chor3a mahAtmA gAMdhI dvArA calAye jA rahe satyAgraha AMdolana meM kUda pdd'e| gurudeva ravIndranAtha Taigora ke saMparka meM Aye aura zAMtiniketana sthita vizvabhAratI vidyAlaya meM zodha chAtra ke rUpa meM sAhitya kI ora unmukha hue| DaoN. jaina ne apane kairiyara kI zurUAta ajamera riyAsata meM eka skUla adhyApaka ke rUpa meM kii| jaba mukhya adhyApaka ne unake gAMdhI TopI pahanane para Apatti kI taba DaoN. jaina ne svAbhimAna kI rakSA karate hue naukarI chor3a denA hI behatara smjhaa| san 1948 meM dillI meM gAMdhI jI kI hatyA ke silasile meM cala rahe mukadameM meM DaoN. jaina mukhya gavAha the| kRtajJa bhArata rASTra ne 28 janavarI 1998 ko DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina kI smati meM 250 malya kA DAka TikiTa jArI kiyA thA jisake bAMyI ora DaoN. jaina kA citra evaM dAyI ora sindhu sabhyatA se prApta do sIloM ko darzAyA gayA hai| 200 * sarvodaya, jaina maNDI, khataulI-251201.
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________________ 58 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha jagadIza candra jI ne apanI karmabhUmi bambaI ko banAyA aura rAmanArAyaNa ruiyA kaoNleja meM 30 varSoM se adhika samaya taka hindI, saMskRta aura prAkRta ke prophesara ke rUpa meM kArya kiyaa| bAda meM Apa prAkRta jaina insTIcyUTa, vaizAlI (bihAra) meM prophesara ke pada para aneka varSoM taka rhe| 1952-53 meM peciMga (cIna) meM bhASA vijJAna aura sAhitya vibhAga meM hindI viSaya ke prAdhyApaka rhe| ahamadAbAda ke ela.DI. prAcya vidyA saMsthAna ke tatvAvadhAna meM Apane prAkRta bhASA meM racita jaina kathA sAhitya ke vikAsa para aneka mahatvapUrNa bhASaNa diye| 1970 meM DaoN. jaina ne kIla (jarmanI) meM bhAratIya vidyA vibhAga meM AmaMtrita prophesara ke rUpa meM 4 varSoM taka kArya kiyaa| san 1980 meM ve bhAratIya darzana para vyAkhyAna dene brAjIla gye| jJAnArjana aura jJAna pracAra-prasAra hetu unhoMne zrIlaMkA, cIna, nepAla, cekoslovAkiyA, DenamArka, pUrvI jarmanI, phrAMsa, poleNDa, rUsa, pazcimI jarmanI, svIDana, iMglaiMDa Adi aneka dezoM kI yAtrA tathA vahAM bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sAhitya ke pracAra-prasAra ke liye aneka mahatvapUrNa kArya kiye| DaoN. jaina ne bhAratIya darzana, arvAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa aura saMskRti, hindI sAhitya, prAkRta bhASA aura jaina vicAradhArA se saMbaMdhita aneka zodha lekha evaM 50 se adhika pustakeM hindI aura aMgrejI bhASA meM likhiiN| Apane saMskRta, prAkRta, pAlI, apabhraMza, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi kI pustakoM kA aMgrejI meM anuvAda bhI kiyaa| "lAipha ina aiMziyeMTa iMDiyA eja DipikTeDa ina jaina kenansa" nAmaka ApakA bahucarcita zodha prabaMdha rhaa| isI kA hindI rUpAMtaraNa hai "jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya smaaj"| isameM jaina zramaNa saMskRti ke kramika vikAsa kA citra prastuta kiyA gayA hai| DaoN. jaina dvArA racita aneka pustakeM jaise "prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa", "pazcimI sAhitya samIkSA eka sarvekSaNa" Adi vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM dvArA pAThyakrama meM nirdhArita haiN| samaya-samaya para Apa aneka rASTrIya evaM aMtarrASTrIya puraskAra / sammAna pAte rahe the| aneka pratiSThita puraskAra jaise "soviyata laiNDa puraskAra","u. pra. zAsana puraskAra", "jJAna bhAratI puraskAra","aMtarrASTrIya ahiMsA puraskAra" Adi se bhI Apa na jaina gaurava DaoN. jagadIza candra para 28 janavarI 1998 ko eka DAka TikaTa jArI kiyA gayA thaa| unakI janma zatAbdI para kRtajJa rASTra zraddhAMjalI arpita karatA hai|
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________________ prAkRta bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA pro. (DaoN.) rAjArAma jaina* bolI aura bhASA : antara deza-videza ke prAcya - vidyAvidoM ne apane dIrghakAlIna bhASika adhyayana ke bAda isa tathya kI khoja kI hai ki mAnavIya vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna meM jisa mAdhyama kA prayoga kiyA jAtA rahA hai, use do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai- (1) bolI evaM (2) bhASA / sAdhAraNatayA bolI evaM bhASA meM loga antara nahIM mAnate, kintu vyAkaraNa aura bhASA - vijJAna kI dRSTi se una donoM meM bhArI antara hai| unake anusAra bolI kA kSetra vyApaka hotA hai jabaki bhASA kA kSetra sImita / jana-sAdhAraNa (arthAt prAkRta-jana ) sAmAnyatayA apane dainika jIvana meM jisa bhASA kA prayoga karatA hai, use "bolI" kahA jAtA hai, jo ki vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se Abaddha nahIM hotii| vaktA kI suvidhA ke anusAra zabda-rUpa banate-bigar3ate rahate haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM kaha sakate ki bolI azikSita yA ardha- zikSita Adi, jana-sAmAnya kI uccAraNa-suvidhA ke anusAra bolI jAtI hai aura use 'hAthI jAtI hai" 'dahI khaTTI hai ' meM bhI vyAkaraNa-doSa dikhAI nahIM detaa| use amarUda ko amadura, sar3aka ko saraka, matalaba ko matabala, lakhanaU ko nakhalaU ke prayoga bhI galata mahasUsa nahIM hote| kintu 'bhASA' meM aisA nahIM hotA kyoMki vaha to vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM meM baMdhI rahatI hai| bhASA meM vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI yatkiMcit bhI upekSA nahIM kI jA sktii| lokabhASA evaM devabhASA bhASA - zAstriyoM ke anusAra pratyeka yuga meM (jana - bhASA yA bolacAla kI bhASA arthAt) prAkRta tathA (devabhASA yA sAhityika bhASA athavA ) saMskRta, nirantara eka sAtha calatI rahI haiN| saMskRta nATakoM meM saMskRta bhASA kA prayoga jahAM zikSita, sabhya tathA uccakulIna vyaktiyoM se karAyA gayA hai, vahIM para prAkRta kA prayoga sAdhAraNa zreNI ke pAtroM aura mahilAoM ke dvArA karAyA gayA hai| vartamAna meM bhI yahI dekhA jAtA hai ki sabhya-varga tathA nagara - nivAsI-jana sAhityika bhASA kA prayoga karate haiM jabaki grAmINa janatA rAjasthAnI, * bI-5/40sI., sekTara-34, dhavalagiri, noyaDA - 201301.
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________________ 60 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha bhojapurI, magahI, avadhI, harayANavI, marAThI, braja athavA apane-apane janapadoM kI grAmINa boliyoM ke prayoga karate haiN| bolI hI bhASA kA rUpa le letI hai bhASA - zAstriyoM ke anusAra kisI sAhityika- bhASA kA vikAsa janabhASA (yA lokabhASA) se hotA hai, kintu jaba usameM sAhitya-racanA kI jAne lagatI hai, to vaha kramazaH pariSkRta hokara dhIre-dhIre sthira ho jAtI hai tathA vaha jJAna-vijJAna, kalA, dharma, saMskRti, itihAsa evaM prazAsanika kAryoM kI saMvAhikA bana jAtI hai| usakA zabda - bhANDAra starIya evaM samRddha hone lagatA hai| santakabIra ke zabdoM meM "saMsakirata hai kUpajala pirAkirata bahatA nIra" arthAt saMskRta ke zabda rUpa aura usake prayoga vyAkaraNa-sammata hone lagate haiM, jabaki jana- bhASA athavA bolacAla kI bhASA yA bolI vyAkaraNa ke anuzAsana se svataMtra rahate hue apane svAbhAvika rUpa se hI pravahamAna rahatI hai| yahI nahIM, usameM vividha parivartana, zAbdika mizraNa tathA vikAsa bhI Ate rahate haiN| isa kAraNa usakA sAhityika rUpa jana-sAdhAraNa ke liye jaTila evaM durUha ho jAtA hai| jaise dUDabha - durlabha, suvaH svaH, suvarga svarga aadi| aura, jaba sAhityika bhASA kA prabhAva kSetra zikSita varga taka hI sImita raha jAtA hai, to sAhityakAra apanI lokapriyatA bar3hAne kI icchA athavA vyApaka prabhAva DAlane ke uddezya se samakAlIna jana- bhASA meM likhane lagate haiM, taba vaha janabhASA bhI sAhityika bhASA banakara vyAkaraNa ke anuzAsana meM Abaddha ho jAtI hai aura isa prakAra donoM arthAt pUrvavarttI - jana- bhASA tathA usakA hI paravarttI parivartita pariSkRtarUpa- sAhityika- bhASA kI, zailI, vyAkaraNa, zabda- bhANDAra aura usake uccAraNa meM bhI antara spaSTa dikhAI dene lagatA hai| tAtparya yaha ki sAhityika- bhASA kA vikAsa jana-bhASA athavA loka-bhASA se hotA hai| suprasiddha bhASA - zAstrI DaoN. baharI ke zabdoM meM- "kisI bhI sabhya deza meM bhASA ke do rUpa hote haiM- eka bolacAla kA aura dUsarA sAhitya kA, eka grAmya kA aura dUsarA zaharI-nAgarika kaa| donoM rUpa, prArambha meM eka hote hue bhI kAlAntara meM bhinna-bhinna ho jAte haiM aura eka sAhitya kI zailI aura zabdAvalI (athavA alpajanoM dvArA prayukta - bhASA) sAmAnya janatA ke liye durUha aura kaThina ho jAtI hai, to bahujana mAnya vahI bhASA (bolI) usakA (sAhityika bhASA kA) sthAna le letI hai| " isa prakAra bolI evaM bhASA kA yaha cakra sahasroM varSoM se calA A rahA hai tathA Age bhI isI krama se calatA rahegA, isa siddhAnta meM kahIM bhI do mata nahIM hai| yadi hama bolI ko prAkRta-janAnAmidaM arthAt prAcIna jana-sAdhAraNa kI vaicArika abhivyakti ko prAkRta arthAt bolI tathA usake pariSkRta rUpa ko saMskRta arthAt 'bhASA kaheM, to isameM koI asaMgati nahIM hogii| bhASAoM kA yaha dvividha prakAra, saMsAra meM hara jagaha pAyA jAtA hai| kisI bhI deza kI abhivyakti ke mAdhyama kI prArambhika bolI- prAkRta (arthAt jana-sAdhAraNa kI svAbhAvika bolI ) kahI jAtI hai tathA yugIna paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa jaba usameM saMskAra
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________________ prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA 61 athavA sudhAra hone lagatA hai athavA yoM kaheM ki jaba use vyAkaraNika anuzAsana meM baddha kara diyA jAtA hai, to vahI bolI, bhASA arthAt 'saMskRta' kahalAne lagatI hai| aMgrejI bhASA meM bhI zeksapIyara ke pUrva kI abhivyakti kA mAdhyama arthAt bolI bhI yadi bhAratIya bhASA meM kaheM to vaha prAkata hI thI. jabaki usakI pazcAtavartI sAhityika aMgrejI athavA pariSkRta aMgrejI-bhASA bhAratIya-bhASA meM 'saMskRta' thii| arthAt Aja kI sAhityika aMgrejI jitanI saMskRta hai, zeksapIyara kI pUrvavartI aMgrejI (svAbhAvika bolI) prAkRta thI aisA kahA jA sakatA hai| prAkRta evaM saMskRta kI pUrvAparatA : jaMgala pahale yA vATikA? bIsavIM sadI ke prArambha meM prAkRta tathA saMskRta kI pUrvAparatA ko lekara prAcya-bhASAvidoM meM vivAda cala rahA thaa| kucha logoM kI mAnyatA thI ki saMskRta-bhASA, prAkRta-bhASA kI apekSA prAcIna hai arthAt saMskRta se prAkRta kA vikAsa huaa| lekina isa prasaMga meM bhASAvidoM ne una vivAda-kartAoM se eka prazna pUchA ki "sRSTi meM sabase pahale jaMgaloM kI utpatti huI athavA vATikAoM kI?" to unase spaSTa uttara milA ki sabase pahale to prAkRtika-svAbhAvika hone ke kAraNa jaMgaloM kI utpatti huI aura bAda meM usake aMzoM kA saMskAra karake tathA kAMTa-chAMTa kara use sAja-saMvAra kara sundara vATikAeM banA dI gaI arthAt jaMgala prakRti kI Adya svAbhAvika dena hai, jabaki vATikA jaMgala ke eka hisse kA mAnava ke prayatna dvArA sajAyA-saMvArA gayA paravartI eka kRtrima sundara hissaa| ataH yaha svataH siddha hai ki jaMgala AdikAlIna prAkRta-svAbhAvika hai aura bagIcA paravartIkAlIna pariSkRta sNskRt| ThIka yahI sthiti prAkRta evaM saMskRta bhASAoM kI utpatti kI pUrvAparatA kI mAnI gaI hai| saMskRta zabda-prayoga pANinikAlIna hai saMskRta-zabda kA prayoga sarvaprathama maharSi pANinI (IsA pUrva chaThavIM sadI kA uttarArddha) ne kiyA jabaki bhASAvidoM ne Rgveda meM prAkRta kI pracura mAtrA meM zabdAvalI khoja lI tathA yaha bhI batAyA ki Rgveda-pUrva-kAla meM jana-sAdhAraNa dvArA kisI aisI bolI kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA, jo mAnava-sRSTi ke prArambha se hI calI A rahI thI aura usameM paristhitivaza Avazyaka saMskAra kara usameM Rgveda kA praNayana kiyA gyaa| isIliye Rgveda kI bhASA ko saMskRta nahIM, balki use chAndas-bhASA kahA gyaa| isa chAndas-bhASA kA vikAsa Rgveda-pUrvakAlIna bolI arthAt prAkRta se huaa| punaH isI chAndas kA saMskAra kara usase laukika 'saMskRta' kA udaya huaa| AcArya namisAdhu dvArA prastuta prAkRta zabda kI vyutpatti (AcArya rUdraTa kRta kAvyAlaMkAra ke suprasiddha TIkAkAra -) AcArya namisAdhu ne 'prAkRta' zabda kI vyutpatti karate hue likhA hai:- prAk pUrva kRtaM prAkRtam (2/2 TIkA) arthAt pahale kiyA gayA athavA kahA gyaa| isakA spaSTa artha yaha hai ki "prAkRta" vaha bhASA hai, jo mAnava-sRSTi ke prArambhika kAla se vyAkaraNa Adi ke saMskAroM se rahita hone para bhI svAbhAvika rUpa se sAmAnya janatA ke vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna kA svAbhAvika
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________________ 62 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha mAdhyama rahatI AI ho| isIlie "prAkRta" zabda kI vyutpatti meM 'prakRtyA svabhAvena siddha prAkRtam' tathA 'prakRtInAM arthAt sAdhAraNa janAnAmidaM prAkRtam' kaha kara jana-sAmAnya kI svAbhAvika bhASA ko 'prAkRta' kahA gyaa| prAkRta kI ukta vyutpattiyoM tathA anya bhASA-vaijJAnika khojoM ke AdhAra para, jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA jA cukA hai, yaha bhI siddha ho gayA hai ki vedoM meM prayukta chAndusa-bhASA se 'laukika-saMskRta' kA vikAsa huA tathA Rgveda-kAlIna prAcyA yA pUrva dezIyA-bolI se jo 'bhASA' vikasita huI vaha 'prAkRta' khlaaii| isa dRSTi se ukta saMskRta evaM prAkRta bhASAoM ke vikAsa kA srota eka hI hai arthAt donoM sahodarA bahaneM haiN| donoM meM antara kevala yahI hai ki chAndasa se vikasita bhASA ke rUpa ko caMki maharSi pANinI ne vyA niyamoM meM bAMdha diyA, ataH saMskAra ho jAne se yaha saMskRta kahalAI, jabaki prAkRta kA svAbhAvika arthAt janabhASA (prAkRta) kA hI rUpa banA rahA, yadyapi usameM deza, kAla evaM paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa nAnA prakAra ke parivartana avazya hote rhe| prAkRta-bhASA jana-sAmAnya kI lokapriya evaM svAbhAvika bola-cAla kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa hI tathA "jana-sAdhAraNa ke hita ke liye jana-sAdhAraNa kI hI bhASA meM" bhASA kI isa lokatantrAtmaka praNAlI ke anukUla hI bihAra ke mahAn sapUta lokanAyaka mahAvIra, buddha, samrATa-azoka evaM kaliMga-samrAT khAravela ne apane loka-maMgalakArI sarvodayI Adarza vicAroM evaM AjJAoM kA prAkRta-bhASA meM hI pracAra-prasAra kiyaa| prAkRta ke janabhASAI rUpa evaM lokapriyatA ke kAraNa saMskRta ke prAyaH sabhI nATakakAroM- zUdraka, bhAsa, kAlidAsa, hastimalla Adi ne bhI yuga kI mAMga kI anivAryatA ko dekhakara unheM sarvAgINa rUpa dene kI dRSTi se apane-apane saMskRta-nATakoM meM use sammAnita sthAna pradAna kiyaa| Rgveda meM prAkRta kI pracura zabdAvalI upalabdha saMskRta evaM prAkRta ke viSaya meM lokaruci meM itanI vibhinnatAeM hone para bhI, donoM kI ghaniSThatA meM kabhI koI kamI nahIM aaii| saMskRta ke sAtha prAkRta kI sahabhAgitA yathAvat banI rhii| pariSkRta bhASA vAlI saMskRta meM prAkRta ke anekoM zabda aise haiM, jo dUdha meM cInI ke samAna usI prakAra ghula-milakara eka ho gaye, jisa prakAra ki prAkRta meM saMskRta kI shbdaavlii| bhASA-zAstriyoM ke anusAra vedoM meM vividha prakAra ke prAkRta tathA prAdezika zabda prayoga bahutAyata se upalabdha hote haiN| yathA-uccA, niccA, bhAMDa (bartana), muMDa, sUra (zUra), pacchA, bhotu, sithira Adi zabda lokabhASA-prAkRta ke haiM, saMskRta ke nhiiN| isI prakAra amatta (amAtya) dUDabha (durlabha), suvarga (svarga), suvaH (sva:), devebhiH (devaiH) Adi prAkRta zabdarUpa vaidika-sAhitya meM upalabdha haiN| maharSi pANinI ne ukta rUpoM meM parivartana kiyA aura unheM pariSkRta kara ekarUpa banAne ke prayatna bhI kiye aura unheM sAhityika rUpa meM sthira karanA cAhA kintu unake vyAkaraNika baMdhana bhI unheM bAMdhakara sthira na kara ske| ataH ve vaikalpika rUpa meM bane rhe|
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________________ prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA 63 prAkRta evaM saMskRta kI zabdAvaliyoM kA paraspara meM AdAna-pradAna isI prakAra saMskRta meM bhI prAkRta ke saiMkar3oM zabda apanA Asana jamAkara baiTha gye| yathA-ghoTaka-ghoDaka (ghoTakaH), prastaraH (patthara), meDhA (meSaH), kukkura, vikaTa (vikRta), mleccha (mleccha), nApita (snApita), purANa, guggula, galla, zakaTa, vATikA jaise zabda, jo ki saMskRta jaise lagate haiM, ve vastutaH prAkRta ke haiN| inakI vyutpatti prAcIna Arya-bhASA se siddha nahIM hotii| kucha aise bhI zabda haiM, jo saMskRta meM prAkRta ke prabhAva se donoM rUpoM meM milate haiN| yathA- musala-muSala, kalasa-kalaza, kaccha-kakSa, zApa yA sApa (zrApa), pRthivI-pRthvI, gehe-gRhe, loma-roma, pragaTa-prakaTa aadi| ukta udAharaNa to sAmAnya jAnakArI ke liye prastuta kiye gaye haiM, vastutaH pracura mAtrA meM aise prAkRta zabda bhI upalabdha hote haiM, jinapara saMskRta-bhASA kA bahuta ghanA AvaraNa car3hA hai aura unakI pahicAna kara pAnA zakya nhiiN| kucha bhASA-zAstrI to yahAM taka mAnate haiM ki saMskRta-sAhitya kA kucha bhAga mUlataH prAkRta meM thaa| yathA-vaDDhakahA, paMcakkhANa aadi| unakA to yahAM taka kathana hai ki prArambha meM nATaka prAkRta-bhASA meM likhe jAte the tathA bAda meM unakA saMskRta rUpAntara kara liyA jAtA thaa| kathA-kahAnI kI Adi jananI-vaDDhakahA mUlatayA paizAcI-prAkRta meM hI thii| kintu usakA mUlarUpa naSTa ho gayA, jabaki usakA saMskRta rUpAntara athavA bhAvArtha kathAsaritsAgara ke rUpa meM hI vartamAna meM upalabdha hai| DaoN. jaoNna harTela ke anusAra saMskRta-paMcatantra mUla-rUpa meM upalabdha hai, jabaki mUla paMcakkhANa vartamAna meM upalabdha nahIM hai| eziyAI dezoM meM prAkRta kI lokapriyatA eka aisA bhI samaya thA jaba lokabhASA-prAkRta kA mahAsArthavAhoM evaM paryaTakoM ke AvAgamana ke kAraNa dUra-dUra aneka dezoM taka pracAra-prasAra ho gayA thaa| khoja karane para vizva kI zabda-sampadA kA yadi tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jAya, to usase vidita hotA hai ki prAkRta zabda dugdha meM zarkarA ke mizraNa ke samAna sarvatra mila sakate haiN| merI dRSTi se isakA kAraNa sambhavataH yahI rahA hogA ki sahasrAbdiyoM pUrva se hI paNiyoM (baniyoM yA vyApAriyoM) kA vyApArika dRSTi se videzoM meM AnA-jAnA lagA rahatA thaa| inake mAdhyama se vyApAra ke sAtha-sAtha sAMskRtika evaM bhASika AdAna-pradAna bhI hote rahe the| paNiyoM (RgvedakAlIna) ke bAda bhI isa paramparA ko jArI rakhA-seTha cArudatta, zrIpAla, jinendradatta, bhaviSyadatta, acala evaM naTTala sAhU Adi mahAsArthavAhoM ne jinakA vyaktitva evaM kartavya vividha bhASAoM ke prAcIna vividha kAvyoM meM varNita hai| isI prakAra videza se bhI sikandara, selyUkasa, megAsthanIja, phAhiyAna, hvenasAMga, itsiMga, avalerunI Adi Aye aura ina sabhI ke mAdhyama se bhASAoM kA AdAna-pradAna aura mizraNa hotA rhaa| bhASAoM kA yaha tulanAtmaka adhyayana jitanA rocaka hai, utanA hI kaThina kasa-kisa deza meM prAkRta zabdAvalI malarUpa meM athavA kacha sthAnIya parivartanoM ke sAtha upalabdha hai, usake kucha udAharaNa yahAM tAlikAoM ke mAdhyama se prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM
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________________ 64 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha prAkRta-bhASA mahAvihAra dhaNAgAra teja amAtta atulla vipula kittima (kRtrima) payAsathaMbha (prakAzakhambha) ghosaga (ghoSaka) kallANI ladA siri satAMga raTThamaMtI (rASTramaMtrI) bhUmivAla thAi (-laiNDa)-bhASA mahAvihAra dhanAgAra (baiMka) deja Amatta (amAtya) adulya pivula kittima paphAkhaMbha khosaka galyANI latA siri zatAMga (rupaye meM eka paisA) rathamotrI bhUmivola (thAIlaiNDa-nareza kA nAma) kita phArasI-bhASA susurA aMgArA yakA paMjA kida (kRta) prAkRta-bhASA sasuro aMgAro egaM dahA gAu mUsaga tesu paMja (pAMca) daha (dasa) go (gAya) mUsika tassa, tasu bhAyA me (mujhe, merA) haM (maiM) pidA mAdA brAdara haM, (maiM) pidara mAdara mithra puthrama hapta mitta satta (sAta)
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________________ prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA 65 kataraha pA kAMtAra pada (paira) prAkRta aMtara vasaha. aggi sUra (sUrya) prAkRta-bhASA aucca (atyanta U~cA) vihAra (bhramaNa) thANa (sthAna) caMdaNa laiTina iMTara bosa ignisa sola arabI-bhASA aUja buhAra istAna saMdala (arabI meM ca evaM Ta nahIM hote) karanaphula mahatAra yA mehatara tanu ummA elA avestA-bhASA navA girI banA kaNNaphulla mahattara (zreSTha) taNu aMbA elA (ilAyacI) prAkRta-bhASA NavaM giri vaNaM tIyaM (tIna) prAkRta-bhASA NavaM kamela (U~Ta) saMta NavalaM pidA mAdA rAmassa bhAyA thrI aMgrejI-bhASA nyU kemila seMTa nobula phAdara madara remase bradara tArakA thANa sana (Son) sTAra (Stars) sTeNDa
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________________ 66 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha hArda kaoNTa zeMpU hiya khaTTA cappa taru prAkRta-bhASA NavaM giri pazto-bhASA navI girI vaNaM vanA aMgAra dasaM aMgAra dahaM paMja (pAMca) prAkRta-bhASA aggi dhUma te (ve) maM (merA) ede kayA tayA saDa (chaha) prAkRta-bhASA sayaMbhu saMbhU (zambhU) samana (zramaNa) giha (gRha) kuvera piMjA rUsI-bhASA Agona dhuima te moi, moMyA eti kogdA togdA SeSTa maMgola-bhASA soyaMbhu zubhu (rASTrapati kI upAdhi) samana (zramaNa) gera (ghara) kuvera sumera suMdarI suMdarI prAkRta-bhASA caMdagutta (caMdragupta) harikulIsa (baladeva) goula (gokula) vasaha pavaNa grIka-bhASA seMTrokoTTosa harakulisa gokulA vusa pAna
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________________ prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA putto prAkRta-bhASA aphagAnI-bhASA girIso gIzA kailAso (kailAza) kailAza mahattara (zreSTha) mehatA puTu tAta, pidA (pitA) tatA mAdA nana prAkRta-bhASA somAliyA-bhASA kerisA (kaisA) kaisA jalaghaTa jalahada vaNiya vaniyA girIsA gIsA isI prakAra prAkRta-khaTTA (khaTvA)- hindI-khATa kA aMgrejI meM kaoNTa tathA prAkRta-cappa kA aMgrejI-zepU jaise aneka zabda khojane se mila sakate haiN| IrAkI zAsaka kA nAma thA saddAma husain| saddAma arthAt sat+dAma arthAt jisane mana evaM indriyoM para vijaya prApta kara lI ho| vastutaH ukta saddAma bhArata se hI niryAtita prAkRta zabda hai| amerikI-IrAkI yuddha ke samaya sabhI ne par3hA hI hogA ki ukta saddAma husaina ke do putra the, jinake nAma the udaya evaM ksy| isI prakAra khojane para videzoM meM anya samakakSa aneka zabda mila sakate haiN| prAcIna mahAkaviyoM dvArA prAkRta-bhASA kA mahimA-gAna jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA gayA hai, apanI sarala, sahaja, svAbhAvika guNavattA evaM lokapriyatA ke kAraNa prAkRta-bhASA ne bhArata ke bAhara kaI eziyAI dezoM ke bhASika parivAra para bhI apanA prabhAva chor3A thaa| yUropIya evaM amerikI dezoM kI bhASA evaM saMskRti para bhI apanA prabhAva chor3A hI thA, tattad dezoM kI bhASAoM ke sAtha bhI vyutpatti mUlaka tathA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI AvazyakatA hai| bhASA evaM sAMskRtika prabhAvoM kA AdAna-pradAna vastutaH prAcIna kAla se hI paryaTakoM ke AvAgamana ke kAraNoM se huA hai| prAkRta kI saralatA, sarasatA evaM lokapriyatA dekhakara tathA usake mAdhurya aura samRddha zabda-sampadA kI prAkRta ke prAcInatama mahAkavi tathA (zaka-saMvat ke pravartaka) samrAT sAtavAhana-hAla (prathama sadI IsvI) ne apanI gAhA-sattasaI (gAthA-saptazatI) meM usakI prazaMsA karate hue use amRta-kAvya "amiaM pAuakavvaM" kahA hai tathA zRMgAra-rasa ke rasika hote hue bhI, jo use jAnate nahIM use sunate nahIM, unakI isa ajJAnatA para kavi ne kheda vyakta karate hue kahA hai amiaM pAua kavvaM paDhiuM souM a je Na jaannNti| kAmassa tattatattiM kurNati te kaha Na ljjti|| (gAthA-saptazatI, gAthA-2)
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________________ 68 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha gauDavaho ke lekhaka mahAkavi vAkpatirAja (8vIM sadI kA pUrvArddha) ne prAkRta-bhASA ko AdikAlIna batalAkara usakI zrI-samRddhi kI prazaMsA kara NavamatthadaMsaNasaMnivesa-sisirAo bNdh-riddhiio| avirala maNimo AbhuvaNa baMdhamiha NavaraM pyymmi|| arthAt sRSTi ke prArambha se lekara Aja taka pracura mAtrA meM nUtana-nUtana arthoM kA darzana tathA sundara racanA vAlI prabaMdha-sampatti yadi kahIM hai to vaha kevala prAkRta-kAvyoM meM hI hai| jana-jana ke mahAkavi evaM Adya saTTakakAra evaM saMskRta ke mahAkavi rAjazekhara (10vIM sadI) ne to saMskRta evaM prAkRta kI tulanA karate hue apanI kUrparamaMjarI saTTaka meM yaha jayaghoSa taka kara DAlA hai ki paruso sakkaya-baMdho pAua-baMdho vi hoI suumaaro| purisa mahilANaM jettiamihaMtaraM tettiamimaannN|| arthAt saMskRta-bhASA karkaza aura prAkRta-bhASA sukumAra hotI hai, puruSa aura mahilA meM jitanA antara hotA hai, utanA hI antara saMskRta evaM prAkRta meM hotA hai| lekina mahAkavi jayavallabha ne apane 'vajjAlagga' kAvya (13-14vIM sadI) meM bahuta hI zAlIna zabdoM meM prAkRta-bhASA kI prazaMsA karate hae kahA hai| lalie mahurakkharae juvaIyaNa vallahe s-siNgaare| saMte pAiyakavve ko sakkai sakkayaM paDhiuM? arthAt jaba lalita, madhura, yuvatiyoM kA priya tathA zrRMgAra-rasa pUrNa-prAkRta-kAvya upalabdha hai hI, taba saMskRta-kAvya kauna paDhe? prAkRta-vyAkaraNa prAkRta-bhASA sarvatra kitanI lokapriya thI, usakI jAnakArI vibhinna kAloM meM jo darjanoM vyAkaraNa-graMtha likhe gaye unakI saMkhyA dekhakara Azcarya hotA hai| usakI jAnakArI hetu yahAM tadviSayaka kucha pramukha graMthoM kI nAmAvalI prastuta kI jA rahI haikra.saM. vyAkaraNa-graMthanAma graMthakAra 1. prAkRta lakSaNa maharSi pANinI kRta-(anupalabdha) (I. pU. 6vIM zatI ke aaspaas)| aindra prAkRta vyAkaraNa (indra-kRta anulbdh)| saddapAhuDa (anuplbdh)| kasAyapAhuDa meM ullikhita AcArya guNadhara (I.pU. prathama zatI ke prAkRta-vyAkaraNa graMtha lagabhaga) (lekhaka-nAma ajJAta evaM anuplbdh)| prAkRta-lakSaNa caNDa (tIsarI-cauthI sadI) prkaashit| prAkRta-prakAza vararuci (500 I.) prkaashit| laM
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________________ prAkata-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanImatA prAkRta-saMjIvanI . 11. prAkRta-kAmadhenu prAkRta-vyAkaraNa prAkRta-vyAkaraNa-vRtti prAkRta-prakriyA-vRtti (duTikA) prAkRta-bodha prAkRta-kalpataru prAkRta-candrikA prAkRta-manoramA prAkRta-rUpAvatAra prAkRta-dIpikA prAkRta-maMjarI vasantarAja (isakA ullekha mArkaNDeya kRta prAkRta sarvasva meM upalabdha hai|) (anupalabdha) laMkezvara (anupalabdha) samantabhadra (anupalabdha) trivikramadeva (1300 I.) prkaashit| udayasaubhAgya (anupalabdha) naracandra (anupalabdha) rAma zarmA tarkavAgIza (17vIM sadI) prkaashit| vAmanAcArya (anupalabdha) bhAmaha (lagabhaga 7vIM sadI) (isakA ullekha mahAkavi bhAmaha ke prAkRta-sarvasva meM upalabdha hai|) (anupalabdha) siMharAja (anupalabdha) caNDIzvara zarmA (anupalabdha) kAtyAyana (7vIM sadI I. ke lagabhaga) (anupalabdha) mArkaNDeya (17vIM sadI) prkaashit| raghunAtha zarmA (anupalabdha) AcArya hemacandra (13vIM sadI) prakAzita narasiMha (anupalabdha) cinnavommabhUpAla (anupalabdha) appayaNNavana (anupalabdha) - (anupalabdha) - (anupalabdha) - (anupalabdha) svayambhU-apabhraMza ke Adya mahAkavi (AThavIM sadI) (anupalabdha) lakSmIdhara (anupalabdha) bhAmakavi (anupalabdha) - (anupalabdha) durgAcArya (anupalabdha) kramadIzvara (anupalabdha) prAkRta-sarvasva prAkRtAnanda siddha-haima-vyAkaraNa prAkRta-pradIpikA prAkRta-maNi-dIpikA prAkRta-maNi-dIpa SaDbhASA-maMjarI prAkRta-sAhitya-ratnAkara SaDbhASA vArtika svayambhU-prAkRta-vyAkaraNa 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. SaDbhASA-candrikA SaDbhASA-candrikA SaDbhASA-suvantAdarza SaDbhASA-rUpamAlikA saMkSiptasAra-prAkRtapAda (saMskRta-vyAkaraNa ke aMtargata) 32. 33.
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________________ 70 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. prAkRta-vyAkaraNa prAkRta- anuzAsana prAkRta-vyAkaraNa (zAkalya ) prAkRta-vyAkaraNa (bharata) prAkRta-vyAkaraNa (kohala) prAkRta-vyAkaraNa prAkRta - candrikA prAkRta- maNi- dIpa prAkRta-yukti prAkRta zabda rUpAvalI audArya cintAmaNi svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha zubhacandra ( anupalabdha) puruSottama (12vIM sadI) (anupalabdha) ye tInoM graMtha anupalabdha haiM mArkaNDeya ne ina tInoM ke ullekha kie haiN| (anupalabdha) hRSikeza (anupalabdha) zeSakRSNa (anupalabdha) appaya dIkSita ( anupalabdha) devasundara ( anupalabdha) pratApavijaya ( anupalabdha) zrutasAgara ( anupalabdha) bAlmIki ( anupalabdha) prAkRta- sUtra ukta vaiyAkaraNoM ne prAkRta-vyAkaraNa para laghu athavA vistRta sUtra - vRtti zailI meM graMthoM kI racanA kI tathA usakI vividha zailiyoM meM vividha kAloM meM vyAkaraNa-gata siddhAntoM kA sodAharaNa vizleSaNa bhI kiyA hai| durbhAgya se prAkRta-vyAkaraNa evaM bhASA-vijJAna ke viziSTa adhyayana kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa hone para bhI prAkRta kA yaha kSetra abhI taka upekSita hI rahA hai| ataH anupalabdha granthoM kI khoja tathA unake vaiziSTya evaM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiye jAne kI mahatI AvazyakatA hai| & isa prakAra abhI taka dekhA ki prAkRta bhASA kA udbhava evaM vikAsa kaise huA? Rgveda - pUrva kI jana-bhASA ke pariSkRta rUpa meM Rgveda kI racanA huI aura usakI bhASA ko chAndas kI saMjJA pradAna kI gii| punaH chandas ke pariSkRta rUpa se eka ora laukika saMskRta kA janma huA, to dUsarI ora sAhityika prAkRta kA janma huaa| bhASA - zAstriyoM kI dRSTi se prAkRta - prAkRtika svAbhAvika jaMgala ke samAna tathA saMskRta, manuSya-prayatna kRta ke baMdhanoM meM jakar3I huI- kabIra ke zabdoM meM saMskRta kUpajala ke samAna tathA prAkRta bahate nIra ke samAna thii| saMskRta evaM prAkRta donoM hI sahodarA haiM aura eka dUsare kI pUraka sahayoginI bhii| paravartI kAloM meM ve donoM hI vizva vyApI bniiN| pratyakSataH aura parokSata: donoM hI bhASAoM ne vizva kI bhASAoM ko prabhAvita kiyaa| yadyapi deza - videza ke prAcya vidyAvidoM ne donoM hI bhASA ke sAhitya kA mUlyAMkana karane kA prayatna kiyA, phira bhI prAkRta bhASA kA vizva kI bhASAoM ke sAtha jaisA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jAnA cAhiye thA, vaha nahIM ho pAyA hai| ataH usakA vizvajanIna rUpa nirdhArita karane ke lie tulanAtmaka gambhIra evaM vistRta adhyayana evaM mUlyAMkana kiyA jAnA atyAvazyaka hai| aba yahA~ prAkRta-sAhitya ke bahuAyAmI vaibhava para bhI sUtra - zailI meM vicAra kara liyA jAya / suvidhA kI dRSTi se use chaH bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA
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________________ prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA 71 prAkRta kA dhArmika-sAhitya _ (lagabhaga 200 se adhika pramukha grantha) (ka) chakkhaMDAgama-sutta-sAhitya zaurasenI-prAkRta kA aagm-saahity| isakA varNya-viSaya chaH khaNDoM meM vargIkRta hone se usakA SaTkhaNDAgama-sUtra nAma pdd'aa| isake mUlabhUta 6177 sUtroM para IsA kI prathama sadI se chaThavIM-sAtavIM sadI taka vibhinna bhASAoM meM 5 TIkAeM likhI gaI, jinakI zloka saMkhyA lagabhaga paune do lAkha thI kintu durbhAgya se ve kAla-kavalita ho gii| 9vIM sadI ke prArambha meM AcArya vIrasena svAmI ne citrakUTa (cittaur3a, rAjasthAna meM elAcArya guru ke pAsa prAkRta-bhASA evaM jaina-siddhAMta kA gahana adhyayana kiyA aura unhoMne unhIM chakkhaMDAgama-suttoM para dhavala, mahAdhavala evaM kasAyapAhuDa-sutta para jayadhavala ina tInoM kI kala milAkara 132000 zloka-pramANa TIkAeM likhI, jinakA prakAzana lagabhaga 12 niSNAta vidvAnoM ke lagabhaga 50 varSoM taka ke athaka parizrama ke bAda sampAdana-anuvAda evaM samIkSA ke sAtha 39 khaNDoM athavA vistata pRSThoM vAle lagabhaga 20,000 pRSThoM meM sampanna huaa| yuga kI mAMga ko dekhate hue vartamAna meM inakA aMgrejI evaM kannar3a-anuvAda kA kArya bhI pragati para hai| kasAyapAhuDa-sutta (athavA pejjadosapAhuDa-suttaM) lekhanopakaraNa-sAmagrI kI durlabhatA ke kAraNa AcArya guNadhara ne kaNTha-paramparA se mUlabhUta 16 sahasra-padoM kA sUtra-zailI meM sArAMza 180 mUla gAthA-sUtroM evaM 53 vRtti-sUtroM meM taiyAra kiyA thaa| jaisA ki unhoMne svayaM kahA hai - gaMthoccheda bhaeNa pavayaNa-vacchala paravasIkaya-hiyaeNa edaM pejjadosa-pAhaDaM solasa-pada-sahassa pamANaM hotaM asIdisadametta gAhAhi uvdhaaridN| arthAt jina AcArya guNadhara kA hRdaya pravacana ke vAtsalya-bhAva se bharA huA thA, unhoMne hI solaha sahasra pada pramANa prastuta pejjadosa-pAhuDa (kasAyapAhuDa) ke viccheda ho jAne ke bhaya se use 180 gAthA-sUtroM dvArA avadhArita kiyA hai| jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA jA cukA hai isa para jayadhavalA nAmakI TIkA likhI gaI jisakA prakAzana 16 khaNDoM ke lagabhaga 8000 pRSThoM meM huA hai| vidvAnoM ne ukta AcAryoM kA kAla IsA pUrva prathama sadI ke lagabhaga nirdhArita kiyA hai| inake bAda I. pU. prathama sadI ke hI AcArya kundakunda kA darzana, adhyAtma, AcAra evaM sRSTi-vidyA saMbaMdhI sAhitya vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| unhoMne 84 pAhuDa graMthoM kA prAkRta-bhASA meM praNayana kiyA thA, jinameM se vartamAna meM kevala 16 racanAeM hI upalabdha haiN| bAkI kI racanAeM adyAvadhi anupalabdha haiN| sAmAjika krAnti kI dRSTi se inakA upalabdha aSTapAhuDa graMtha vizeSa mahatva kA mAnA gayA hai| isI prakAra AryabhaTa-pUrvakAlIna AcArya jadivasaha (dUsarI-sadI) kRta purANetihAsa gola evaM khagola kA Adya prAkRta jaina graMtha-tiloyapaNNattI, zramaNoM kI AcAra-saMhitA
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________________ 72 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha tathA anya samAja-zAstra se saMbaMdhita vividha siddhAntoM ke vivecanoM se yukta vaTTakara (dUsarI sadI) kRta mUlAcAra, zramaNAcAra varNana ke sAtha hI samakAlIna sAmAjika rIti-rivAjoM ke saMdarbho ke sAtha-sAtha sAMskRtika evaM Arthika jIvana tathA Anatomy and Physiology para vaijJAnika vivecanoM se samanvita, pANitalabhojI AcArya zivArya (prathama sadI IsvI) kRta bhagavatI-ArAdhanA-grantha bar3A hI lokapriya siddha huA hai| usapara vividha kAloM meM aneka vistRta TIkAeM bhI likhI gaI haiN| sAdhu-saMgha meM phaila rahe pASaNDa kI bhartsanA dekhiye kavi ne kisa prakAra kI hai ghoDagaliMDasamANassa tassa abbhatarammi kudhidss| bAhira karaNaM kiM se kAhidi bargANahudakaraNassa (gAthA-1374) - arthAt jo sAdhu bAbADambara to bahuta dhAraNA karatA hai kintu apanA aMtaraMga zuddha nahIM rakhatA, vaha ghor3e kI usa lIda ke samAna hai, jo Upara se to sundara suDaula evaM camakIlI dikhAI detI hai kintu bhItara se vaha atyanta durgandha-pUrNa hai| aise sAdhu kA AcAra bagule ke samAna mithyA hotA hai| caMcala-mana tathA rasalolupI indriyoM kA avarodhana kara sukha, zAnti evaM svastha-jIvana vyatIta karane kA mArgadarzana karane vAle svAmi-kArtikeya (dUsarI sadI IsvI) kRta kaartikeyaanuprekssaa| svastha samAja evaM vizva ke nava-nirmANa hetu vyaktigata AcaraNa kI zuddhi ko anivArya ghoSita karane vAle AcArya vasunandi (12vIM sadI) kRta vasunandi-zrAvakAcAra, jisameM varNita zrAvakavratAticAroM kI tulanA Adhunika Indian penal code kI samasta dhArAoM se kI jA sakatI hai aura jo prAcIna bhUgola evaM khagola saMbaMdhI siddhAntoM kI jAnakArI dene vAlA mahatvapUrNa graMtha hai| yaha graMtha zrAvakoM arthAt sadgRhasthoM kI AcAra-saMcitA kA bahuAyAmI sundara prAkRta-graMtha mAnA gayA hai| karma-siddhAnta kA sUkSmAtisUkSma vivecana ke sAtha-sAtha bhUgola, khagola evaM gaNita kA sundara vivecana karane vAle siddhAnta-cakravartI AcArya nemicandra (dasavIM-sadI) kRta gommaTasAra, trilokasAra Adi grNth| prAcya bhUgola evaM khagola kA muni padmanandi kRta (11vIM sadI) kRta jNbuudiiv-pnnnnttii| saSTi-vidyA saMbaMdhI si. ca. nemicandrAcArya (dasavIM-sadI) kRta davva-saMgaho bhautika-vijJAna kI dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa graMtha hai| yahA~ yaha dhyAtavya hai ki ukta nemicandrAcArya gommaTezvara bAhubali kI mUrti ke nirmAtA tathA gaMga-nareza rAjA rAcamalla ke pradhAna senApati cAmuNDarAya ke guru the| inhoMne hI ukta vizAla-mUrti kI pratiSThA kA kArya sampanna kiyA thA tathA ukta cAmuNDarAya ne zravaNabelagolA meM digambara-jaina-maTha kI sthApanA kara unheM hI usakA prathama paTTAdhIza bhI niyukta kiyA thaa| ukta gommaTasAra-graMtha ke varNya-viSaya itane mArmika haiM ki mahAtmA gAMdhI ke zatAvadhAnI guru rAyacandra bhAI ne sabhI tatva-jijJAsuoM ke liye pratidina usake svAdhyAya kI salAha dI thii| ukta graMtha kA prakAzana bhI rAyacandra jaina zAstramAlA ke antargata agAsa (bambaI se) kiyA gayA thaa|
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________________ prAkata-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA 73 mUla varNya-viSaya-14 guNasthAnoM ke vivecana ke sAtha-sAtha prAsaMgika rUpa meM bAhyADambaroM tathA kriyAkANDoM aura bauddha, cArvAka, kaulika evaM sAMkhya-matoM kA nirasana aura uttara-bhArata meM dvAdaza-varSIya bhISaNa duSkAla Adi kI carcA ke saMdarbho vAle AcArya devasena (12vIM-13vIM sadI) kRta bhAvasaMgraha-graMtha aitihAsika dRSTi se vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai kyoMki usakI ajamera (rAjasthAna)-prati kI 48vIM gAthA meM mUrtibhaMjaka kisI eka turka rAjA kA saMdarbha AyA hai| yathA deve haNiUNa guNA labbhahi jadi ittha uttamA keii| taM tU turukkavaMdaNIyA avare pAraddhiyA svve||48|| arthAt yadi mUrtiyoM kA bhaMjana karane se kinhIM uttama guNoM kI prApti hotI to mUrtibhaMjaka turko tathA zikAriyoM ko bhI uttama guNoM kI prApti ho jAtI tathA ve bhI vandanIya ho jAte kintu aisA dekhA-sunA to nahIM gyaa| pratIta hotA hai ki graMtha ke racanA-kAla meM muhammada gajanI evaM zahAbuddIna gaurI kI mUrti evaM sthApatya-bhaMjana kI romAMcaka dardabharI ghaTanAoM kI carcAeM ho rahI hoMgI, isIliye kavi ne sambhavataH unakI smRti meM ukta saMdarbha prastuta kiyA hai| ukta AcArya devasena-kRta darzanasAra-graMtha jainadarzana kI dRSTi se to mahatvapUrNa hai hI kinta usameM ullikhita eka vizeSa aitihAsika tathya yaha bhI hai ki usake anusAra gautama-buddha tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha (I. pU. 777) ke tIrthakAla meM utpanna hue the| ukta graMtha ke anusAra usI samaya kI ghaTanA hai ki bha. mahAvIra kA samakAlIna, sarayU nadI ke kinAre para base palAzanagara ke muni pihitAzrava kA ziSya muni buddhakIrti AgamazAstra kA prakANDa vidvAna thaa| kintu vaha kaThora digambara jaina-caryA kA pAlana na kara sakane ke kAraNa unake mArga se vaha skhalita ho gayA thA, jo bAda meM mAMsAhArI evaM madyapAyI bhI ho gayA thA tathA raktAmbara-dhArI banakara kSaNikavAda kA pracAraka bana gayA thaa| yathA siripAsaNAhatitthe sarayUtIre plaasnnyrtthe| pihiyAsavassa sisso mahAsudo buddhakitti munnii|| timipUraNAsaNehi ahigaya pavajjAo pribhtttto| rattAMvaraM dharittA pavaTThiyaM teNa eyNte|| (gAthA-6-7) (kha) -ardhamAgadhI-Agama-sAhitya darzana, AcAra evaM adhyAtma kA sAhitya to hai hI jJAna-vijJAna, manovijJAna, bhUgola, khagola, gaNita, itihAsa evaM saMskRti kA bhI apUrva bhaNDAra hai| usakA mUla sampAdita evaM anudita bhAga 38 khaNDoM meM prakAzita hai| usapara vividha TIkAeM, bhASya, niyuktiyAM Adi bhI likhita evaM prakAzita haiN| yadi usakA mUla sAhitya tathA samIkSA-sAhitya aura usake vividha saMskaraNoM kA eka sAtha saMgraha kiyA jAya to usase eka acchA vargIkRta granthAlaya bana sakatA hai| usakI vizAlatA evaM vividhatA dekhakara deza-videza ke vikhyAta prAcya vidyAvidoM ne use jJAna-vijJAna vizeSatayA nIti evaM dharma-kathAoM kA apUrva koza kahA hai| vaizAlI ke mAgadhoM evaM vaizAliyoM ke saMgrAmakAlIna rathamasala-saMgrAma evaM mahAzilAkaNTaka-saMgrAma. vanaspatiyoM kI jAti-prajAtiyoM
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________________ 74 kA sUkSmAtisUkSma vivecana, vaizAlI - gaNarAjya ke karor3apati zrImantoM kI rocaka kathAeM Adi samakAlIna rAjanIti, arthanIti evaM samAjanItiyoM kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahatvapUrNa haiN| isa sAhitya ke vividha pakSoM para paryApta mAtrA meM uccastarIya zodhakArya bhI ho cuke haiM tathA abhI-bhI vaha krama cala rahA hai| prAkRta - kathA - sAhitya - ( lagabhaga 20 se. mI. adhika pramukha grantha ) kathAeM mAnava manovinoda tathA patha - nirdezikA ke rUpa meM citrita kI jAtI rahI haiN| unakA itihAsa bhI utanA hI prAcIna hai, jitanI kI mAnava sRSTi / prAkRta kathAkAroM ne vividha dRSTikoNoM se unakA lekhana kiyA hai| AcArya udyotana sUri (sAtavIM sadI) ne kathAoM ke nimna prakAra pAMca bheda kiye haiM(1) sakala-kathA arthAt jisa kathA ke anta meM abhISTa kI prApti kA varNana ho! yaha kathA vistRta hotI hai| (2) khaNDakathA arthAt jisa kathA kA mukhya itivRtta kathA ke madhya yA anta ke samIpa meM prastuta kiyA jaay| yaha kathA laghu hotI hai| (3) ullApa-kathA arthAt aisI sAhasika kathA, jisameM samudra yAtrA athavA anya sAhasika yAtrAoM yA sAhasI kAryoM kI carcA rhe| isameM asambhava yA durghaTa kAryoM kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| (4) parihAsa - kathA - jisameM hAsya-vyaMgya kI ghaTanAoM dvArA manoraMjana kiyA jaay| (5) mizra kathA jisameM aneka tatvoM kA mizraNa kara janamAnasa kA manoraMjana kiyA jaay| romAMTika dharmakathAeM tathA prabandhAtmaka racita kathAeM isI kathA-zreNI meM Ate haiN| ina saba dRSTiyoM se nimna prAkRta kathA - sAhitya vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai-(guNADhya, prathama sadI) anupalabdha (vi. saM. kI tIsarI sadI) vaDDhakahA taraMgavA vasudeva- hiNDI samarAiccakahA dhUrtAkhyAna nirvANa-lIlAvatI kathAkoSaprakaraNa saMvegaraMga- zAlA NANapaMcamI - kahA kahArayaNakosa nammayAsuMdarI - kahA AkhyAnamaNikoza jinadattAkhyAna pAiakahAsaMgaho kumArapAla - pratibodha sirisirivAlakahA - svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha - I (saMghadAsa - dharmadAsa gaNI, tIsarI cauthI sadI) (haribhadra, 8vIM sadI) ( haribhadra, 8vIM sadI) (jinezvarasUri, 11vIM sadI) (jinezvarasUri 11vIM sadI) (jinacandra, 12vIM sadI) ( mahezvara sUri, vi. saM. 12vIM sadI) (devabhadrasUri, vi. saM. 12vIM sadI) ( mahendrasUri, 12vIM sadI) ( nemicandrasUri, 12vIM sadI) (sumatisUri, 12vIM sadI) ( ajJAta, sambhavata: 13vIM sadI) (somaprabhasUri, 13vIM sadI) ( ratnazekhara sUri, 15vIM sadI)
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________________ prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA 75 rayaNaseharaNivakahA - (jinaharSasUri, 15vIM sadI) racanA-sthala-citrakUTa-cittaur3a mahIvAlakahA - (vIradevagaNi, 15vIM sadI) ArAmasohAkahA - (saMghatilakagaNi, 15vIM sadI) aadi-aadi| . jaisA ki kahA jA cukA hai prAkRta-jaina-kathA-sAhitya kevala dhArmika sAhitya hI nahIM hai apitu usameM arthakathA, kAmakathA Adi se saMbaMdhita rocaka kathAeM bhI likhI gaI haiN| jarmanI ke prAcyavidyAvid DaoN. morisa viMTaranIja, oTo sTena, DaoN. kAlidAsa nAga, DaoN. kAlIpada mitrA Adi ne ina kathAoM kA adhyayana kara unakI prazaMsA meM samIkSAeM likhI haiM tathA batalAyA hai ki prAkRta jaina-kathAoM ne apanI sarasatA evaM rocakatA se yugoM-yugoM se sAre saMsAra ke sAhitya ko prabhAvita, prerita evaM utsAhita kiyA hai| unake dvArA use jJAna-vijJAna evaM manovijJAna kA apUrva vizvakoSa mAnA gayA hai| ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke Agama-sAhitya meM zIlanirUpaka aneka prAsaMgika kathAeM AI haiM aura unake vividha bheda-prameda bhI batalAe gaye haiM kintu unheM yahAM sthAnAbhAva ke kAraNa prastuta kara pAnA sambhava nhiiN| svataMtra kathAgraMtha bhI itanI pracura mAtrA meM haiM ki una sabhI kA paricaya de pAnA bhI sambhava nahIM kintu pUrvokta meM se kucha pramukha upalabdha graMthoM kA paricaya Avazyaka samajhakara use kucha Avazyaka TippaNiyoM ke sAtha yahAM prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai pAlitta (pAdaliptasUri-hAla-sAtavAhana-nareza ke samakAlIna tathA unake rAja-darabArI kavi, prathama sadI) kRta taraMgavatIkathA, jisakA mUla bhAga anulabdha hai kintu nemicandragaNi kRta usakA saMkSita rUpa-taraMgalolA upalabdha hai, jisakI 1642 gAthAoM meM rAjagahI kI sundarI kanyA taraMgavatI apane jIvana kI vyathA-kathA aura anubhava aupanyAsika-zailI meM prastuta karatI hai| prAkRta-sAhitya kA ise prathama rocaka upanyAsa mAnA gayA hai| vasudevahiNDI ko vizvakathA-sAhitya meM sarvazreSTha kRti mAnA gayA hai| usameM bha0 zrIkRSNa ke pitA vAsudeva ke bhArata-bhramaNoM kA mArmika-zailI meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| prAcya bhAratIya paryaTana-vidyA kA yaha apUrvagraMtha mAnA gayA hai| isake lekhaka saMghadAsa-dharmadAsagaNi (tIsarI-cauthI sadI) haiN| - AcArya haribhadra (8vIM sadI) kRta punarjanma-siddhAnta kA vizleSaka kathAgrantha samarAiccakahA mahArASTrI-prAkRta kA bar3A hI rocaka kathA-graMtha hai| bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se prastuta graMtha kA prAkRta-sAhitya meM vahI mahatva hai, jo saMskRta-sAhitya meM bANabhaTTa kRta kAdambarI kaa| antara kevala itanA hI hai ki kAdambarI premakathA hai jabaki samarAiccakahA eka dhrm-kthaa| isakA mahAnAyaka hai-ujjaina kA rAjakumAra smraadity| isake bhava-bhavAntaroM saMbaMdhI nau vistRta-kathAeM agnizarmA evaM guNasena ke mAdhyama se prastuta graMtha meM citrita haiN| AcArya haribhadra kRta dUsarA kathA graMtha dhUrtAkhyAna hai, jisameM purANoM meM varNita asambhava evaM avizvasanIya bAtoM kA pratyAkhyAna pAMca dhUrtoM kI kathAoM ke mAdhyama se kiye gaye haiN| vyaMgyopahAsya kI itanI puSTa racanA anya kisI bhASA meM milanA durlabha hai kintu ina pAMcoM dhUrtoM kA vyaMgya-prahAra dhvaMsAtmaka nahIM, racanAtmaka hai|
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________________ svarNa-jayantI gaurava-prantha jinezvara sUri (11vIM sadI) kRta krodhAdi kaSAyoM tathA hiMsAdi pAMca pApoM ke duSphaloM kA varNana karane vAlA graMtha-nirvANalIlAvatI, jinezvara sUri (12vIM sadI) kRta kathAkoSa-prakaraNa, jinacandra sUri (12vIM sadI) kRta saMvega-bhAvanA kA kathAoM ke mAdhyama se nirUpaNa karane vAlA graMtha-saMvegaraMga-zAlA. mahezvarasari (12vIM sadI) kata NANapaMcamIkahA, jisameM prasaMga-prApta eka kathAnaka-bhaviSyadatta-sArthavAha ke mAdhyama se madhyakAlIna vaidezika vyApAra tathA usakI samudrI-yAtrA kI kaThinAiyoM kA sundara citraNa kiyA gayA hai, vaha vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| devabhadra athavA guNacandra (12vIM sadI) kRta kahArayaNakosa, jisameM sarasa evaM rocaka 50 prAkRta-kathAeM prastuta kI gaI haiN| mahendrasUri (12vIM sadI) kRta mahAsatI narmadA-sundarI ke satItva kA 1750 gAthAoM meM nirUpaNa karane vAlA mArmika kathA-graMtha-nammayAsuMdarI kahA, somaprabha sUri (13vIM sadI) kRta cAritrika-niSThA jAgRta karane hetu praNIta preraka kathAgraMtha-kumAravAlapaDivoha (kumArapAla-pratibodha), jisameM 58 kathAeM varNita haiM, prAkRta-vAGmaya kA gaurava-graMtha mAnA gayA hai| nemicandrasUri (12vIM sadI) kRta upadezaprada caritrapradhAna 146 kathAnaka vAlA graMtha AkhyAnamaNikoSa, AcArya sumatisUri (12vIM sadI) kRta jIvana ke prazasta evaM aprazasta pakSoM kA udghATana kara use sarala, sAtvika evaM caritraniSTha banAne kI prareNA pradAna karane vAle jinadatta ke AkhyAna saMbaMdhI jinadattAkhyAna nAmaka kathAgraMtha, ratnazekhara-sUri (15vIM sadI) kRta sirisirivAla-kahA, jisameM campAnareza rAjA zrIpAla kA siddhacakravidhAna-pUjA ke phala-svarUpa kuSTharoga se pUrNa svAsthya-lAbha kI rocaka kathA varNita hai aura pUrNa svastha hone ke bAda vahI zrIpAla samudrI-mArga se videza-yAtrA karatA hai tathA usameM Ane vAlI dila dahalA dene vAlI usakI kaThinAiyoM kA mArmika citraNa kiyA gayA hai| jinaharSasUri (15vIM sadI) kRta tathA citrakUTa (vartamAna cittaur3a, rAjasthAna) meM praNIta premakathA kAvya-rayaNaseharaNivakahA (ratnazekharanRpakathA) kA kathAnaka itihAsakAroM ke anusAra mahAkavi jAyasI kRta padmAvata ke kathAnaka kA pUrvarUpa mAnA gayA hai| vIradeva-gaNi (14vIM-15vIM sadI ke AsapAsa) kRta mahIvAla-kahA, jisameM ujjayinI nareza narasiMha ke rAjakumAra mahIpAla kA kathAnaka varNita hai| usake pitA ne kisI kAraNa se ruSTa hokara mahIpAla ko deza-nikAlA de diyaa| ata: vaha samudrI-mArga se kaTAhadvIpa jA pahuMcatA hai| kavi ne usake sAtha ghaTita aneka ghaTanAoM kA mArmika citraNa isa grantha meM kiyA hai| saMghatilakasUri (15vIM sadI) kRta ArAmasohAkahA (ArAmazobhA-kathA) kA gadya-zailI meM kathAnaka bar3A manorama hai| ise prAkRta-sAhitya kA eka laghu upanyAsa mAnA gayA hai| isakI nAyikA brAhmaNa kanyA-vidhutprabhA apanI sautelI mAtA dvArA bar3I pratAr3ita rahatI hai| eka bAra vaha apanI gAeM carAne ke liye jaMgala meM jAtI hai| usI samaya eka deva usakI parIkSA lene hetu bhayaMkara nAga kA rUpa dhAraNa kara vidyutaprabhA ke sammukha Akara vyathita mana se prAthanA karatA hai ki gAruDika loga mujhe pakar3ane A rahe haiN| ve mujhe pakar3akara le jaaveNge| ataH he putrI, unase merI rakSA kro| mujhe apanI goda meM chipA lo| karuNA
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________________ 17 prAkata-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA vidyutaprabhA ne usa bhayabhIta nAga ko apanI goda meM chipA kara surakSita kara liyaa| thor3I dera meM usakI khoja karate hue gAruDika loga vahAM aaye| usa kanyA se usa nAga ke viSaya meM pUchA, to usane usase apane ko anajAna btaayaa| unake cale jAne para nAga usakI godI se bAhara nikalakara AyA aura usane apanA vAstavika nAgadeva svarUpa dhAraNa kara kahA-he kanye, tumhArI karuNAbhAvanA se maiM bahuta prabhAvita huuN| ataH mujhase koI varadAna mAMga lo| kanyA ne svayaM apane liye to kucha nahIM mAMgA kintu apanI gAyoM ke sukha-santoSa ke liye usase varadAna meM mAMgA ki isI retIle-pradeza ko sundara-sundara jharanoM vAlA tathA harA-bharA pradeza banA do, jisase hamArI gAyoM ko sukha sAdhana mila ske| deva prasanna hokara usa pradeza ko harA-bharA sundara pradeza banA detA hai aura kahatA hai ki yaha pradeza nirantara tumhAre sAtha-sAtha hI calA karegA tathA jaba tuma apane ghara pahuMcogI to tuma ise chAte ke samAna kara ghara meM eka kinAre meM rakha bhI skogii| usI samaya usakA nAma bhI vidyataprabhA se badalakara ArAmazobhA arthAt "vATikA kI zobhA dhAraNa karane vAlI" ghoSita kara vaha vahAM se vilIna ho jAtA hai| yaha kathAnaka abhUtapUrva, atyanta prabhAvaka aura mana mohaka bana par3A hai| aisA kathAnaka sambhavataH anyatra durlabha hI hogaa| isI prakAra kI anya rocaka evaM zikSA-prada kathAoM meM paMDita dhaNavAla-kahA, gacala-kahA. rohagatta-kahA, sabhamati-kathA, mallavAdI-kathA, bhadrabAhu-kathA, siddhasena divAkara-kathA, nAgadatta-kathA, metAryamuni-kathA, saMgrAmasUra-kathA, candralekhA-kathA, malayasundarI-kathA Adi-Adi prAkRta kathAeM haiM, jinake kAraNa prAkRta kathA-sAhitya samRddha evaM khyAti ko prApta huA hai| yaha to jJAta, upalabdha evaM prakAzita kathA-sAhitya kA kathana hai, bAkI abhI taka aprakAzita aura ajJAta kitanA kathA-sAhitya ajJAta sthAnoM meM par3A huA prakAzadAna hetu tarasa rahA hogA, usakI vyathA-kathA zAyada AgAmI pIr3hI suna sake tabhI usakA uddhAra sambhava hai| prAkata kAvya-sAhitya- (pramukha grantha lagabhaga 67 se bhI adhika) __prAkRta-kAvyoM kI pracuratA dekhakara aisA vidita hotA hai ki jaina evaM jainetara-kaviyoM meM unake lekhana meM mAno hor3a hI lagI ho| cAhe paurANika rAmakathA yA mahAbhArata-kathA ho yA anya, sabhI viSayoM ko lekara vibhinna vidhAoM meM, vibhinna kAloM meM unakA praNayana kiyA gyaa| kucha kAvya dvayarthaka, paMcArthaka athavA saptArthaka bhI likhe gaye haiN| jaina kaviyoM ke ye adhikAMza kAvya carita-nAmAnta pAye jAte haiN| adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se unakA vargIkaraNa nimna prakAra kiyA jA sakatA haizAstrIya mahAkAvya- (kula grantha lagabhaga 12) setubaMdha (aparanAma rAvaNavaho) mahAkAvya ., yaha mahArASTrI-prAkRta kA sarvotkRSTa mahAkAvya mAnA gayA hai| isake 15 AzvAsoM (soM) kI 1290 gAthAoM meM sItA kI khoja meM rAma kI vAnara-senA dvArA zrIrAma ke laMkA jAne ke laye setubaMdha banAye jAne kA AlaMkArika zailI meM varNana kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta-sAhitya kA nissandeha hI yaha gaurava graMtha hai| setubaMdhana-prakriyA meM nala evaM nIla jaise
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________________ 78 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha vizeSajJoM (tatkAlIna iMjiniyarsa) tathA hanumAna ke tatvAvadhAna evaM kriyAzIlatA ke kAraNa alpakAla meM hI Thosa samudrI-mArga taiyAra ho jAtA hai aura rAma apanI vAnara-senA ke sAtha rAvaNa kI laMkA meM pahuMca jAte haiN| yaha mahAkAvya pAMcavIM sadI ke lekhaka-vAkATaka-vaMzI nareza rAjA pravarasena dvArA likhita hai| isa graMtha ke kathAnaka meM rAvaNavadha ke bAda rAma ke vimAna se lauTane kI carcA to hai, lekina yaha ullekha nahIM hai ki usa setubaMdha arthAt samudrI-mArga ko naSTa yA dhvasta kara diyA gayA thaa| gauDavaho-kavvaM mahAkavi vAkpatirAja (AThavIM sadI kA pUrvArddha) dvArA 1209 gAthA pramANa isa . graMtha meM gaur3adezAdhipa kA kannauja ke rAjA yazovarmA dvArA vadha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| isakI bhASA mahArASTrI-prAkRta hai| isameM baMgadeza, paMjAba, ayodhyA, pArasIkadeza, kannauja, kAndhAra aura mAravAr3a deza ke prAsaMgika varNana bahuta hI sundara bana par3e haiN| lIlAvaikahA prastuta graMtha ke lekhaka mahAkavi kutUhala (koUhala 10vIM sadI) haiN| kavi ne isa graMtha kI bhASA ko marahaTTha desI-bhASA kahA hai| isameM pratiSThAna (vartamAna paiThaNa) ke rAjA sAtavAhana tathA siMhaladvIpa kI rAjakumArI lIlAvatI kI premakathA varNita hai| divya-loka evaM mAnava-loka donoM ke pAtra isake kathAnaka meM hone ke kAraNa kavi ne isa kathA ko divya-mAnuSI kahA hai| kumAravAla cariyaM prAkRta-vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko spaSTa karane ke liye suprasiddha prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNa AcArya hemacandra (12vIM sadI) ne kumAravAla-cariyaM apara-nAma dvayAzraya-mahAkAvya kA praNayana kiyaa| isake ATha sargoM meM se prathama chaha sargoM meM cAlukyavaMzI samrATa kumArapAla ke carita-varNana meM prayukta zabdAvalI meM prayukta mahArASTrI prAkRta ke niyama evaM udAharaNa varNita haiN| zeSa antima do sagoM meM zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA-paizAcI aura apabhraMza-bhASA ke udAharaNa prastuta kiye gaye haiN| prastuta kAvya kA prAkRta-sAhitya meM vahI mahatva hai, jo saMskRta meM rAghava-pANDavIya kaa| ukta mahAkAvya meM AcArya hemacandra ne eka ora apane ziSya gujarAta ke caulukyavaMzI samrATa kumArapAla kA mahAkAvya-zailI meM kRtitva evaM vyaktitva kA citraNa kiyA hai sAtha hI dUsarI ora prAkRta-vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM ko bhI grathita kara apanI camatkArI pratibhA kA prabhAvaka udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai| siriciMdha-kavvaM (zrIcinhakAvyam) kRSNa-lIlA varNana se saMbaMdhita 12 sarga pramANa mahArASTrI-prAkRta ke isa graMtha ke lekhaka kA nAma hai- kavi kRSNa lIlAMzuka (prathama ATha sargoM ke lekhaka tathA unakI mRtyu ke bAda unake ziSya durgA prasAda dvArA likhita antima cAra sarga) prastuta graMtha kA vaiziSTya yaha hai ki isameM kRSNa-lIlAoM ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta vaiyAkaraNa-vararuci tathA trivikrama
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________________ prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA 79 ke prAkRta-vyAkaraNoM kI vyAkhyA bhI upasthita kI gaI hai| isa zailI meM prastuta yaha kRti saMskRta ke bhaTTikAvya aura lakSaNAdarza evaM AcArya hemacandra dvArA likhita prAkRta ke "kumAravAlacariyaM" se milatI-julatI hai| mAlAvAra nivAsI mahAkavi zrIkaNTha (16vIM sadI) dvArA likhita kRSNa-kathA se saMbaMdhita soricarita tathA kerala dezavAsI mahAkavi rAmapANivAda (18vIM sadI) dvArA likhita kRSNacarita saMbaMdhI 280 padya pramANa-usANiruddha evaM 233 padya-pramANa kaMsavaho nAma kI racanAeM prasiddha haiN| anupalabdha kAvya racanAe~ AcArya hemacandra kRta kAvyAnuzAsana meM sarvasena kRta harivijaya-kAvya, rAvaNavijaya mahAkAvya tathA sAhityadarpaNakAra vizvanAtha ne kuvalayAzvacarita tathA dhvani-TIkAkAra abhinava gupta ne bhaTTa indurAja kI eka prAkRta-kRti ke nAmollekha kara unakI bar3I prazaMsA kI hai kintu durbhAgya se ve racanAeM vartamAna meM anupalabdha haiN| muktaka-kAvya- (pramukha 16 racanAe~) prAkRta ke muktaka-kAvyoM meM zakasaMvat ke pravartaka mahAkavi hAla (sAtavAhana, prathama sadI) kA nAma agragaNya hai| ye pratiSThAna (paiThaNa) ke rAjA the| prazAsana evaM lekhanI donoM meM hI inheM praur3hatA prApta thii| kahA jAtA hai ki inhoMne lokapracalita pUrvAgata athavA samakAlIna eka karor3a prAkRta-padyoM meM se 700 sarvotkRSTa prAkRta-gAthAoM kA saMkalana kara apanI ukta gAhAsattasaI arthAt gAthAsaptazatI ko taiyAra kiyA thaa| isakA mahatva isI se AMkA jA sakatA hai ki dhvanyAloka, tallocana, sarasvatI-kaNThAbharaNa evaM kAvyaprakAza jaise mahanIya graMthoM meM bhI usakI gAthAoM ko Adarza rUpa meM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| mahAkavi rudraTa, vAgbhaTTa, vizvanAtha, govardhanAcArya, bANabhaTTa evaM rAjazekhara jaise sabhI samIkSakoM ne bhI ukta graMtha kI prazaMsA kI hai| paravartI mahAkaviyoM ne to isake anukaraNa para saMskRta meM AryAsaptazatI tathA hindI meM matirAma-satasaI, bihArI-satasaI, bRnda-satasaI kI racanAeM hI kara ddaalii| . mahAkavi hAla sAtavAhana vidvAna kaviyoM ke prati ananya snehAdara kA bhAva rakhate the| kahA jAtA hai ki paizAcI-prAkRta ke AdyakathA-grantha-baDDhakahA ke lekhaka mahAkavi guNADhya tathA kAtaMtra-vyAkaraNa ke sadhI vidvAna zarvavarmA inake rAja-darabAra kI zobhA mAne jAte the| AcArya jayavallabhasUri (13vIM-14vIM sadI ke AsapAsa) ne parvokta gAhAsattasaI ke anukaraNa para vajjAlaggaM nAmaka graMtha kA saMkalana kiyA thaa| isameM vajjA-zailI (arthAt samAna viSayaka gAthAoM kA gucchaka) kI 48 vajjAoM (vRjyAoM) kI kula 794 gAthAeM haiN| saMkalana kartA ne svayaM likhA hai ki vividha kaviyoM ke dvArA viracita kavitAoM meM se maiMne mArmika gAthAeM cunakara yahAM saMgrahIta kI haiN| isake uddharaNa saMskRta-kavi ruyyaka, jayaratha, somezvara, vizvanAtha, hemacandra Adi alaMkAra-zAstriyoM kI racanAoM meM milate haiN| daridratA kA varNana dekhiye kavi ne kitanI mArmika zailI meM kiyA hai
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________________ 80 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha dAridaya tujjha Namo jassa pasAeNa erisI riddhi / pecchAmi sayalaloe te maha loyA Na pecchati / / (gAthA - 139 ) arthAt he daridrate, tujhe namaskAra karatA huuN| kyoMki terI kRpA se mujhe aisI Rddhi prApta ho gayI hai ki jisake kAraNa maiM to saba logoM ko dekha letA hU~ kintu mujhe koI bhI nahIM dekhatA / isI prakAra sajjanatA kA citraNa bhI kitanA sundara kiyA hai dohiM ciya pajjataM bahuehiM vi kiM guNehi suyaNassa / vijjupphurio roso mitti pAhANareha vva / / (gAthA - 42 ) arthAt sajjana vyakti ke aneka guNoM se kyA matalaba? kyoMki usake to do guNa hI paryApta haiM- megha kI bijalI ke samAna AyA gayA krodha tathA pASANa kI rekhA ke samAna maitriibhaav| bhaktiparaka muktaka kAvya- (pramukha grantha 16 ) isa vidhA meM stutiyoM evaM stotra - sAhitya parigaNita hai| prAkRta bhASA meM yaha sAhitya bhI pracura mAtrA meM likhA gayA, usameM kucha pramukha racanAeM isa prakAra haiM AcArya bhadrabAhu (I. pU. cauthI sadI) kRta uvasaggahara-stotra, AcArya kundakunda (I. pU. prathama sadI kA antima dazaka) kRta stuti-paraka bhakti - racanAeM, titthayara- thudi evaM nirvANakANDa - stotra, AcArya samantabhadra ( dUsarI sadI) kRta arihanta - stotra yogIndradeva (chaThavIM sadI) kRta nijASTakam / si. ca. nemicandra (dasavIM sadI) kRta gommaTesa thudi, AcArya somasundara sUri ( lagabhaga 10vIM sadI) kRta jinendrapaMcaka stotra, jo bhASA kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai| kavi ne RSabhadeva, zAntinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha evaM mahAvIra jinendroM kI stutiyoM meM se pratyeka kI eka sAtha saMskRta, zaurasenI, mAgadhI, paizAcI, cUlikA-paizAcI evaM apabhraMza ina chaH bhASAoM ke kramazaH eka-eka padya meM stuti likhI hai| isa prakAra isa stotra meM pratyeka bhASA ke 5-5 padya nibaddha hai aura kula milAkara 30 muktaka-padyoM meM ukta jinendroM kI stuti kI gaI hai| udAharaNArtha dekhiye kavi zAntinAtha kI stuti meM kitanI AlaMkArika chaTA bikherate hue apanI vinamra bhakti pradarzita karatA hai kujjA kujjA vale vummada madaNariu matta mAtaMgagAmI, sAmI cAmIkArA bhajjadi ruirataNU NivvudiM saMtiNAdho / vaMde rAjadi jassakkamakamalavahA dhammalacchINa vAsiM, jhillaMtINaM daNDaMdasapavarasarA kuMkummIsidavvA // arthAt ve zAntijinendra kAmarUpI zatru ke mada ko naSTa karane vAle haiM, madonmatta gajarAja ke samAna gamana karane vAle unake caraNa-kamala kI vandanA rAjendragaNa, devatA evaM asura- gaNa bhI kiyA karate haiN| ve paramAnanda svarUpa haiM tathA pApoM ko dUra karane vAle haiN| isa prakAra zobhana kavi (10vIM sadI) kRta RSabhapaMcAzikA, janavallabhasUri (12vIM sadI) kRta ladhvajita zAnti-stavanam, malliSeNa kRta padmAvatI stotra athavA
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________________ prAkRta bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA bhairava - padmAvatI-stotra, indranandi kRta candraprabha stotra, devendra sUri (13vIM sadI) kRta bhava - zAzvata caitya-stava evaM dharmaghoSa sUri (14vIM sadI) kRta bhava-stotrANi kisI ajJAta kavikRta vairAgya zataka (17vIM sadI), lakSmIlAbha gaNi kRta vairAgyarasAyaNa- prakaraNa evaM muni padmanandi kRta candraprabha-stuti Adi bhakti kI gaMgA-yamunA pravAhita karane vAle mAne gaye haiN| 81 prAkRta kA carita-kAvya-sAhitya- (lagabhaga 22 pramukha grantha) prAkRta-bhASAtmaka carita-kAvyoM kI kathAvastu zalAkA tathA zalAketara mahApuruSoM ke jIvana tathyoM se sambaMdhita pAI jAtI haiN| prArambhika carita-kAvya rAmakathA se prArambha hotA hai| isameM AcArya vimalasUri ( prathama sadI ke lagabhaga) kRta paumacariyaM (padmacarita aparanAma rAma - carita) sarvaprathama likhita hai| AcArya vimalasUri ke sammukha sambhavataH pUrva meM likhita koI bhI ekabaddha prAkRta-bhASAtmaka padmacarita kAvya na thaa| rAmakathA saMbaMdhI sUtra-saMketa mAtra the| bhale hI unakA kucha vivaraNAtmaka vistAra huA ho, phira bhI vaha pUrNa vikasita rUpa na le sakA hogA anyathA vimalasUri use kaNTha- paramparA se pracalita nAmAvalI - nibaddha mAtra kI saMjJA na dete, jaisA ki unhoMne svayaM kahA hai NAmAvaliya- Nibaddha Ayariya paraMparAgayaM savvaM / vocchAmi paumacariyaM ahANupuvviM samAseNa / ( 1/8 ) vimalasUri ne graMtha - racanA meM mUla srota ke prasaMga meM yaha spaSTa rUpa se batalAyA hai ki - maiMne rAmakathA saMbaMdhI jo vRttAnta sunA thA, vaha kevala nAmAvalI - nibaddha mAtra thA, susaMgaThita kathA kA rUpa usameM nahIM thaa| ataH usI kaNTha paramparA se prApta nAmAvalI ke AdhAra para mere dvArA isa paumacariya athavA rAma carita kI kramabaddha-kathA kA lekhana kArya kiyA jA rahA hai| kavi ne apane isa carita-kAvya ko 7 adhikAroM (sargo) meM vibhakta kiyA hai yathA- (1) vizva kI sthiti kA varNana / (2) rAma kI vaMzotpatti / (3) yuddha ke liye laMkA ke liye prasthAna / ( 4 ) rAma-rAvaNa yuddha / (5) lavaNAMkuza - utpatti / (6) rAma kA parinirvANa evaM (7) pUrvabhavAntara / ukta adhikAra 118 uddezyoM (upAdhikAroM) meM vibhakta haiN| ukta paumacariya-graMtha paravartI AcArya-lekhakoM ke liye preraNA-srota bana gyaa| AcArya raviSeNa (AThavIM sadI) to usase itane prabhAvita the ki kucha zodhArthiyoM ke anusAra use unhoMne apane padmacarita (saMskRta) ke lekhana ke liye na kevala AdhAra banAyA, apitu kahIM-kahIM usakA chAyAnuvAda bhI kara liyaa| raviSeNa ke paravartI saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, kannar3a, rAjasthAnI evaM hindI bhASA ke padmacaritoM athavA rAmacaritoM ke liye ukta graMtha hI prareNA srota banA rhaa| mahApaNDita rAhu sAMkRtyAyana kI gahana khojoM ke anusAra mahAkavi svayambhU (8vIM sadI) kRta apabhraMza- paumacariu kA gosvAmI tulasIdAsa kRta rAmacaritamAnasa para pUrNa prabhAva hai| isa viSaya para unakA eka tulanAtmaka zodhaparaka vistRta nibandha bhI prakAzita haiN|
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________________ svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha prAkRta ke anya carita-kAvyoM meM guNapAla (9vIM sadI) kRta jaMbucariyaM, zIlAMkAcArya (9vIM sadI) kRta cauppana-mahApurisacariyaM (54 mahApuruSoM ke carita), dhanezvara sUri (11vIM sadI) kRta premAkhyAnaka-kAvya surasuMdarIcariyaM (16 sarga athavA 4001 gAthA-pramANa), lakSmaNagaNi (12vIM sadI) kRta supAsaNAhacariyaM (8 sahasra-gAthA-pramANa), abhayadeva-sUri ke ziSya candrabha-mahattara (12vIM sadI) kRta sirivijayacaMda-kevalicariyaM (1063 gAthA-pramANa), AmradevasUri ke ziSya nemicandra sUri (12vIM sadI) kRta mahAvIracariyaM (2385 gAthA-pramANa), devendra sUri (13vIM sadI) kRta sudaMsaNacariyaM (4000 padya-pramANa), anaMtahaMsa (16vIM sadI) kRta kummAputtacariyaM (198 padya-pramANa), somaprabhasUri kRta sumatiNAhacariyaM (9000 gAthA-pramANa), vardhamAnasUri kRta AdiNAhacariyaM tathA maNoramAcariyaM, devendrasUri kRta kaNha-cariyaM (kRSNacaritam), jinezvarasUri kRta caMdappahacariyaM (40 gAthA-pramANa) evaM kaNhacariyaM (kRSNacaritaM-1163 gAthA pramANa), devacandrasUri kRta saMtiNAhacariyaM, zAntisUri (1104 IsvI) kRta puhavIcaMdacariyaM (pRthivIcandra-caritam), maladhArI hemacandra kRta miNAhacariyaM, zrIcandra (1135 IsvI) kRta muNisuvvayasAmicariyaM, zrIcaMdasUri (1154 I.) kRta saNaMkumAracariyaM, munibhadra (1353 I.) kRta saMtiNAhacariyaM, nemicandra sUrI (12vIM sadI) kRta rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM evaM guNacandra (12vIM sadI) kRta mahAvIracariyaM, aadi-aadi| ina carita-kAvyoM ke mAdhyama se prAkata-kaviyoM ne na kevala prAcya bhAratIya vidyA ko samRddha kiyA apitu unake mAdhyama se mAnava ke vyaktigata caritra-nirmANa, svastha-samAja evaM rASTra-nirmANa ke lie mArga-nirdezana ke sAtha-sAtha samakAlIna saMskRti ko bhI prakAzita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| prAkRta campU-kAvya gadya-padya mizrita vidhA vAlA kAvya campU-kAvya kahalAtA hai| isa dRSTi se prAkRta-sAhitya meM isa koTi ke kAvya prAyaH nahIM ke barAbara hI likhe gye| yadyapi pUrva meM jina carita-kAvyoM ke nAmollekha kiye gaye haiM, unameM se kucheka meM gadya-padya kA mizraNa pAyA jAtA hai kintu ve campU kI isa kAvya-vidhA meM parigaNita nahIM kiye jA sakate kyoMki gadya-padya ke mizraNamAtra se hI koI kAvya campU-kAvya nahIM bana jaataa| usakI zAstrIya paribhASA ke anusAra to jisa kAvya meM vastu aura dRzyoM kA rUpa-citraNa gadya meM kiyA gayA ho aura usakI puSTi ke nimitta bhAvoM yA vibhAvAdi kA padya meM nirUpaNa ho, vastutaH use campU-kAvya kahA gayA hai| kathAvastu kA gumphana bhI mahAkAvyoM evaM carita yA purANa-kAvyoM kI apekSA bhinna zailI meM kiyA jAtA hai tathA gadya aura padya donoM kA aisA avinAbhAvI saMbaMdha rahatA hai ki unameM se kisI bhI eka aMza ko nikAla dene se kathA-pravAha avaruddha dikhAI dene lagatA hai| prAkRta meM yadyapi pUrvokta mahAvIracariyaM, samarAiccakahA, jaMbUcariyaM, rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM meM bhI gadya-padya kA mizraNa pAyA jAtA hai kintu unakI gaNanA isa koTi meM nahIM kI jA sktii|
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________________ prAkRta bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA prAkRta-sAhitya meM kuvalayamAlA - kahA eka mAtra aisA graMtha hai, jise campU- kAvya kI zreNI meM rakhA jA sakatA hai kyoMki usameM (1) dRzyoM evaM vastuoM ke citraNa meM prAyaH gadya kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, (2) vibhAva, anubhAva aura saMcArI bhAvoM kA citraNa prAyaH padyoM meM kiyA gayA hai aura (3) gadya evaM padya kathAnaka ke suzliSTa avayava haiN| donoM meM se kisI ekAdha aMza ke nikAla dene para bhI kathA - pravAha avaruddha hone lagatA hai (de. prA. bhA. aura sA. - zAstrI pR. 360 ) prAkRta-sAhitya meM campU kAvya-vidhA kA ekamAtra upalabdha ukta graMtha-kuvalayamAlAkahA kA praNayana haribhadrasUri ke ziSya dAkSiNya - cinha virudadhArI udyotana - sUri ne rAjasthAna ke jAbAlipura (vartamAna jAlora) meM vIrabhadrasUri dvArA banavAe hue RSabhadeva ke caityAlaya meM baiThakara zak saMvat 700 ( meM se eka dina kama) meM kiyA thaa| yathA- jAbAliure aTThAvayaM egadiNeNUNehiM raiyA avaraNhavelAe / ( kuvalaya. pR. 282 anu. 430 ) ****** 83 ukta graMtha ke kathAnaka ke anusAra madhyadeza sthita vinItA ke rAjA dRr3havarmA evaM usakI paTTarAnI priyaMguzyAmA niHsantAna the| unakA maMtrI suSeNa thaa| vaha rAnI ko eka ajJAta kulotpanna paMcavarSIya bAlaka bheMTa svarUpa prastuta karatA hai| usake cAturya evaM saundarya ko dekhakara vaha usI ke sadRza apane liye putra prApti kI kAmanA karatI hai| bhagavatI devI kI upAsanA ke phalasvarUpa usakI kokha se bhI eka sundara putra utpanna hotA hai jisakA nAma vaha kuvalayacandra rakha detI hai| jJAna-vijJAna kA prazikSaNa lene ke bAda kuvalayacandra ko aneka saMgharSoM se jUjhanA par3atA hai kintu vaha unase hAra nahIM maantaa| kisI kAraNavaza vaha dakSiNa deza kI vijayAnagarI meM pahuMcatA hai| vahAM kI rAjakumArI kI pratijJA thI ki jo koI bhI usakI samasyA kI pUrti karegA, usI ke sAtha vaha vivAha kregii| usa rAjakumArI kA nAma thA kuvalayamAlA / kuvalayacandra usakI samasyA kI pUrti kara detA hai aura donoM kA vivAha ho jAtA hai| prastuta 13000 gAthA - pramANa campUkAvya meM bhakti, dharmasamanvita-kathAeM, kAvyatatva aura darzana saMbaMdhI tatvoM kA samanvaya hone se kathAnaka bar3A hI rocaka bana par3A hai| inake atirikta bhI isameM upalabdha samakAlIna citrakalA evaM mUrtizilpa, vAstu evaM sthApatya - vidyA, saMgIta - vidyA, aitihAsika, bhaugolika, sAmAjika jIvana, bhAratIya vezabhUSA, vastra- prakAra, alaMkAra-prasAdhana, rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM evaM arthopArjana ke vividha prakArI vANijya evaM udyoga-dhaMdhe, samudrI yAtrAoM, dhAtuvAda evaM svarNasiddhi 18 dezoM-prAntoM kI samakAlIna bhASAoM ke namUne tathA unake prayoga karane vAloM kI pahicAna evaM svabhAva Adi ke saMketa bhI isameM upalabdha haiN| mAravAr3a ke vyApAriyoM kI carcA karate hue kavi ne batalAyA hai ki mAruka - loga bAMke, zithila, jar3abuddhivAle, adhika bhojana karane vAle tathA kaThora aura moTe aMgavAle the| ve ammAM ammAM (apanA-apanA ) tumpAM-tumpAM (tuma-tuma ) jaise zabdoM kA uccAraNa karate rahate the
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________________ svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha baMke jaDe yA jaDDe bahu-bhoi ktthinn-piinn-thuunnNge| "ampA-tumpA" bhaNi re aha pecchai mArue tno||153/3 ukta pracura sAmagrI kI prastuti ke kAraNa DaoN. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, paM. hajArIprasAda dvivedI, pro. DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye, muni jinavijayajI prabhUti vidvAnoM ne use jJAna-vijJAna kA amUlya vizvakoSa kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai| saTTaka-sAhitya prAcya bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vizeSajJa mahAmanISI pro. DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye ne 'saTTaka' zabda kI utpatti ke viSaya meM vicAra karate hue likhA hai- "saTTaka zabda sambhavataH drAviDa-bhASA kA zabda hai| usake "ka" pratyaya ko haTA dene se usameM kevala do zabda raha jAte haiN|- sa aura aTTa athavA aatttt| sambhavataH pUrva meM yaha kisI lapta vizeSaNa kA vizeSya thaa| drAviDa-zabda meM aTTa athavA ATTama kA artha nRtya yA abhinaya hotA hai, jo mUla dhAtu aDDa yA ADu se banA hai| jisakA artha nAcanA athavA hAva-bhAva dikhalAnA hotA hai| ataH yadi mUla-artha nAcanA hogA, taba lupta zabda rUpaka hogaa| ataeva nRtya-yukta nATakIya pradarzana ko saTTa kahA jaayegaa| saTTaka meM nRtya kA bAhulya rahatA hai| zAradAtanaya ne bhI nRtyabhedAtmaka rUpaka ko saTTaka kahA hai"| AcArya vizvanAtha ke anusAra saTTaka vaha uparUpaka hai, jisameM pravezaka evaM viSkambhaka nahIM hote| usameM aMka kA nAma javanikA hotA hai aura unakI saMkhyA-4 hotI hai| usameM adbhuta-rasa kA prAcurya hotA hai aura Adi se lekara anta taka prAkRta-bhASA meM hI usakI racanA kI jAtI hai, jaisA ki mahAkavi rAjazekhara (10vIM sadI) ne apanI karpUramaMjarI-saTTaka kI prastAvanA meM kahA hai so saTTao tti bhaNNai dUraM jo NADiAi annuhri| kiM uNa ettha pavesaa-vikkaMbhAI Na kevalaM hoti|| (1/6) tAtparya yaha ki nATikA meM jahAM pravezaka evaM viSkambhaka' hote haiM, saTTaka meM unakA abhAva hotA hai| nATikA meM jahAM aMka kA prayoga hotA hai, vahIM saTTaka meM javanikA kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| nATikA meM jahAM saMskRta evaM prAkRta donoM ke prayoga rahate haiM, vahIM saTTaka meM prArambha se lekara anta taka kevala prAkRta kA hI prayoga rahatA hai| inake atirikta bhI saTTaka kI kathAvastu kalpita rahatI hai| nAyaka rAjA hotA hai, jisapara paTarAnI kA pUrNa zAsana rahatA hai| nAyaka anya premikA se prema karatA hai, jabaki paTarAnI usameM bAdhaka banatI hai kintu anta meM paristhiti aisI bana jAtI hai ki paTarAnI 1. kisI aMka ke samApta hone ke bAda anya aMka ke prArambha meM pravezAMka yA viSkambhaka nAmakI bhUmikA hotI hai, jisameM sAmAjikoM ke sammukha una ghaTanAoM kA varNAna kiyA jAtA hai, jo unake sAmane raMgamaMca para ghaTita na hokara nepathya meM ghaTita huI haiN| yaha isaliye ki ve agalI ghaTanAoM ko acchI taraha samajhane ke yogya ho skeN|
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________________ prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA 85 kI sahamati se nAyaka premikA ke sAtha vivAha bhI kara letA hai| usameM khulakara zrRMgAra-rasa kA prAdhAnya rahatA hai| prAkRta-jagat meM abhI taka 5 saTTaka upalabdha ho sake haiM, jo nimna prakAra haiM1. kappUramaMjarI (karpUramaMjarI), jisameM usake lekhaka yAyAvara-vaMzIya mahAkavi rAjazekhara (10vIM sadI) ne rAjA caNDapAla tathA kuntala rAjakumArI karpUramaMjarI kI praNaya-kathA kA citraNa kiyA hai| ukta kathAnaka yadyapi laghu hai aura caritra-citraNa bhI vizeSa nahIM hai, phira bhI vaha sarasa, rocaka evaM manoraMjaka hai| usameM saTTaka ke samasta lakSaNa upalabdha hote haiN| 2. caMdalehA (candralekhA) saTTaka, jisameM usake pArazavavaMzI (arthAt manusmRti ke anusAra brAhmaNa pitA evaM zUdrA strI se utpanna) mahAkavi rudradAsa (san 1660 I. ke lagabhaga) ne mAnaveda evaM candralekhA kI praNayakathA evaM vivAha kA varNana kiyA hai| usameM saTTaka ke samasta lakSaNa upalabdha hote haiN| 3. ANaMdasuMdarI (AnandasundarI) saTTaka, jisameM usake lekhaka sarvabhASAkavi tathA mahArASTra-cUr3AmaNi-viruda-dhArI mahAkavi ghanazyAma (18vIM sadI) ne rAjA zikhaNDacandra evaM aMgarAja kI kanyA AnandasundarI kI praNaya-kathA evaM vivAha kA varNana kiyA hai| saMskRta-sAhitya ke itihAsa ke anusAra mahAkavi ghanazyAma ne vividha viSayaka 64 graMtha saMskRta-bhASA meM, 20 graMtha prAkRta-bhASA meM tathA 25 racanAeM dezya-bhASA meM likhI thiiN| ANaMdasundarI ke atirikta ghanazyAma ne anya saTTaka-vaikuNThacarita evaM eka anya racanA bhI likhI thI kintu ve donoM anupalabdha haiN| (de. prA. sA. iti.-zAstrI pR. 423) 4. raMbhAmaMjarI - jisameM usake lekhaka mahAkavi nayacandra (14vIM sadI pUrvArddha) ne vArANasI ke rAjA jaitracandra aura lATanareza devarAja kI pautrI raMbhAmaMjarI ke prema-vyApAra kA varNana kara unake paraspara meM vivAha karane kI carcA kI hai| prastuta racanA meM saTTaka ke sabhI lakSaNa nahIM milate kyoMki usameM saMskRta evaM prAkRta donoM bhASAoM ke prayoga milate haiN| isameM tIna javanikAeM hI upalabdha haiN| pratIta hotA hai ki isakI cauthI javanikA naSTa ho cukI hai| phira bhI, varNana-saundarya evaM kAvya-kalA kI dRSTi se yaha racanA uttama zreNI kI hai| 5. siMgAramaMjarI zRMgAramaMjarI) saTTaka, jisake lekhaka almor3A (himAcala) nivAsI kavi vizvezvara (18vIM sadI kA pUrvArddha) ne rAjA rAjazekhara evaM avantirAja jaTAketu kI putrI zRMgAramaMjarI ke sAtha praNaya-vyApAra tathA vivAha kA varNana sarasa-zailI meM kiyA hai| sAhitya-darpaNa ke eka saMdarbha ke anusAra prAkRta-sarvasva ke lekhaka suprasiddha prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNa mArkaNDeya (17vIM sadI) ne bhI vilAsavatI nAma kA koI saTTaka likhA thA kintu vartamAna meM vaha anupalabdha hai| zilAlekhIya sAhitya abhilekhoM kA adhyayana karanA koI sAdhAraNa bAta nahIM kyoMki unake adhyayana ke liye prAkata-saMskRta evaM kannaDa bhASAoM, sthAnIya boliyoM, sthAnIya sa pariveza, samakAlIna bhAratIya itihAsa evaM saMskRti kA jJAna, prayukta lipiyoM kA jJAna evaM
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________________ 86 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha abhilekhoM meM prayukta pAribhASika zabdAvaliyoM kA jJAna honA anivArya hai| prAkRta-abhilekha zilAoM, stambhoM, svarNa, rajata evaM tAmra-patroM, peTikA-mukhoM evaM mUrti-lekhoM Adi para upalabdha hue haiN| unakI saMkhyA to zatAdhika sambhAvita hai kintu deza-videza ke prAcya vidyAvidoM ke pichale lagabhaga do sau varSoM ke athaka prayatnoM se abhI taka choTe-bar3e sabhI milAkara lagabhaga 66 mahatvapUrNa prAkRta abhilekha prakAza meM A pAe haiM, jo akhaNDa-bhArata ke vilocistAna se lekara bhArata ke kone-kone se prApta hue haiN| unakI bhASA samakAlIna prAkRta hai| akhaNDa bhArata ke vilocistAna evaM uttarI paMjAba meM jo lekha mile haiM, unakI bhASA paizAcI-prAkRta hai tathA lipi kharoSThI hai| isI prakAra pazcima-bhArata evaM madhya bhArata ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA zaurasenI-prAkRta, pUrvI-bhArata ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA mAgadhI-prAkRta, dakSiNa bhAratIya abhilekhoM kI bhASA mizrita mahArASTrI evaM madhyakAlIna kannar3a haiN| vaise yaha niyama koI pASANa-rekhA ke samAna nahIM hai| kyoMki usakI pracura-zabdAvalI ke anusAra hI ukta niyama kahA jA sakatA hai| prAkRta-abhilekha bhArata ke prAcInatama abhilekha mAne gaye haiM, jinakA kAla IsA pUrva pAMcavIM sadI se lekara IsvI san kI pAMcavIM sadI ke AsapAsa taka mAnA jA sakatA hai| prAkRta-abhilekha bhale hI sambhavataH pAMcavIM sadI ke bAda ke na milate hoM, kintu saMskRta ke abhilekhoM ke sAtha-sAtha brAhmI-lipi agale lagabhaga 4-5 sau varSoM taka prayukta hotI rahI aura devapAlakAlIna siyadonI (lalitapura, yU. pI.) meM upalabdha vi. saM. 1024 kA vistRta saMskRta-zilAlekha nAgarI-lipi kA sambhavataH prathama abhilekha hai| jahAM taka lipi-prayoga kA prazna hai, sImAntavartI paizAcI prAkRta vAle abhilekha kharoSThI-lipi meM hI mile haiM, jabaki uttara-bhAratIya pradezoM meM brAhmI-lipi kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| yadyapi purAvidoM ne isameM bhI vibheda kiyA hai- jaise uttara bhAratIya brAhmI-lipi, dakSiNa bhAratIya brAhmI-lipi, madhya evaM pUrva-bhAratIya brAhmI-lipi aadi-aadi| unake antara kA vaiziSTya to purAlipivettA hI batalA sakate haiM kintu hamAre anubhava se unameM vaisA hI antara hogA, jaisA ki devanAgarI aura marAThI, gujarAtI, devanAgarI aura baMgalA, ur3iyA yA anya dakSiNa bhAratIya lipiyoM meM pAyA jAtA hai| yaha vizeSatayA dhyAtavya hai ki paizAcI-prAkata evaM kharoSThI-lipi vAle pradezoM meM uttarI-prAkRta tathA uttara-lipi vAle tathA uttarI-prAkRtoM tathA lipi-vAle pradezoM meM paizAcI-prAkRta evaM kharoSThI-lipi vAle abhilekha nahIM milte| prAkRta-abhilekha kevala jaina-paramparA se hI saMbaMdhita nahIM haiM, balki usameM bauddha evaM vaidika-paramparA se saMbaMdhita sAmagrI bhI upalabdha hotI hai| vastutaH ye abhilekha kisI sampradAya-vizeSa ke nahIM, balki samagra bhAratIya saMskRti evaM itihAsa kI amUlya prAmANika dharohara haiM aura unakI surakSA evaM Adara karanA aura unameM samAhita bhAratIya itihAsa, saMskRti evaM lokajIvana ke AdarzoM kI khoja karanA bhI sabhI kA samAna karttavya hai| prAkRta-bhASA nibaddha brAhmI-lapi meM likhita kaliMgAdhipati samrATa khAravela ke 17 paMktivAle abhilekha ke adhyayana meM purAvidoM ko lagabhaga do sau varSa laga gaye, phira
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________________ prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA 87 bhI usameM kucha na kucha truTiyAM raha hI gii| usameM prayukta coyaTThi palavabhAra, kalpadruma-vidhAna, kimicchika-dAna niSadi, vAcanA jaise pAribhASika zabdoM ke artha lambe samaya taka bhramAtmaka hI hote rahe kintu jaina-paramparA kI isa zabdAvalI ke jAnakAroM ne jaba unakA vizeSa adhyayana kara unakA vizleSaNa kiyA, taba kahIM unakA artha spaSTa ho skaa| anya zilAlekhoM ke adhyayanoM meM bhI lagabhaga yahI sthiti rhii| jaisA ki kahA jA cukA hai, pichale lagabhaga do sau varSoM ke deza-videza ke jijJAsu prAcya-vidoM ke athaka parizrama se abhI taka lagabhaga 66 prAkRta bhASAtmaka abhilekha mile haiM, jinakI maiM anyatra carcA kara cukA huuN| ata: sthAnAbhAva evaM samayAbhAva ke kAraNa maiM yahAM unakI vistRta carcA na kara unake kevala nAmollekha mAtra hI kara rahA hU~1. baDalI abhilekha, jo ajamera ke pAsa baDalI (yA bI) nAmaka sthAna para prApta huA hai, jo bha. mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke 84 varSa bAda (arthAt I. pU. 443 meM) TaMkita kiyA gayA thA tathA jo paM. gau. hi. ojhA tathA DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya ke anusAra bhArata kA prAcInatama abhilekha mAnA gayA hai| 2. priyadarzI samrATa azoka ke abhilekha kula-saMkhyA 39, jo I. pU. 272 se 232 ke madhya TaMkita karAye gaye the| 3. kaliMgAdhipati jaina samrATa khAravela kA hAthIguMphA-likhAlekha (I. pU. dvitIya sadI) tathA 4. I. pU. dUsarI sadI se lekara IsvI kI cauthI sadI taka ke 25 abhilekh| bhArata ke pramukha sthaloM para brAhmI evaM kharoSThI lipiyoM meM upalabdha hue haiM tathA bhAratIya itihAsa ke nirmANa meM unakA bar3A bhArI yogadAna rahA hai| prAkRta kA dharma-nirapekSa (Secular) sAhitya dharma-nirapekSa sAhitya vaha hai, jo binA kisI paMtha, sampradAya, jAti, dharma yA prAnta Adi ke bheda-bhAva ke, sabhI ko samAna rUpa se apanA-apanA vikAsa kara pAne ke bauddhika yA vaicArika sAdhana prApta karA ske| isa dRSTi se bhI prAkRta-sAhitya kA bhAratIya saMskRti ko samRddha karane meM kama yogadAna nahIM rhaa| usake jainAcAryoM ne prAkRta-bhASA meM darzana adhyAtma, AcAra, dharma, dhyAna-yoga evaM Atma-saMbodhana Adi viSayoM para to pracura-mAtrA meM likhA hI, vyAkaraNa, chanda, alaMkAra, rasa, kAvya-zAstra tathA dravya-vyavasthA jaise dharma-nirapekSa sAhitya kA lekhana kara yuga kI mAMgoM ko pUrNa karane ke yathAzakya prayatna bhI kiye aura samagra mAnava-jAti ke vikAsa ke jJAna-saMvardhana meM racanAtmaka yogadAna kie haiN| ___ yahI kyoM? mAnava-zarIra-vijJAna (Anatomy and Physiology)-(de. taMDulaveyAlisa evaM bhagavatI-ArAdhanA), roga-nidAna evaM auSadhi-vijJAna (Medical Sciences, -de. ardhamAgadhI ke 5veM, 6veM evaM 7veM upAMga tathA bhagavatI-ArAdhanA) ratna-parIkSA, dravya-parIkSA evaM vAstu-vidyA (Testing of Precious stones, Test of Coins and Science of Architecture -de. karanAla, (hariyANA) nivAsI tathA dillI ke bAdazAha alAuddIna ke samakAlIna paM. Thakkura pheru (vi. saM. 1372) kRta
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________________ 88 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha vAstu-sAra, dhAtu evaM dravya parIkSA nAmaka graMtha ) jyotiSa, gaNita, bhUgola evaM khagola (Astronomy, Astrology, Methamatics, Geography and Cosmology etc.)- de. ardhamAgadhI ke upAMga saM. 5veM, 6veM evaM 7veM tathA tiloyapaNatI, tiloyasAra, jayapAhuDa, saMgahaNI, loyasAra, AyajJAnatilaka, isi bhAsiya evaM jyotiSasAra Adi) nimittazAstra ( Science of Prognostication), ramala athavA pAsaka - vidyA (Science of pretelling events by casting dice) zakunazAstra (Science of Omens) dhAtuvidyAparIkSA ( Lesting of Alchemy) azvazAstra (Deep Knowledge of various kinds of Horses) hastiparIkSA (art of training of elephants ) mRgapakSizAstra ( Knowledge of birds and Animals) gaMdharvaveda (Science of Music) dhanurveda ( Archery ) vRkSAyurveda ( Art of Planting or cultivating trees) aMgavidyA (Science of Divination - de aMga-vidyA evaM karalakkhaNa) bIjaropaNa - nakSatra (Selecting a proper constellation for planting seeds written in Kannada Language) joNi- pAhuDa ( AcArya dharasena kRta jo ki digamvara - zvetAmbara sabhI ke liye mAnya hai evaM muni bhojasAgara kRta pAzika- vidyA 18vIM sadI) aadi-aadi| koSa -graMtha ( Dictionaries ) AcArya hemacandra ne apane dezInAmamAlA ( rayaNAvalI) nAmaka koSa-graMtha meM apane pUrvavarttI koSa-graMthakAroM ke nAmollekha karate hue kahA hai ki inhoMne zabda koSa -graMthoM kI racanAeM kI haiN| unake nAma isa prakAra haiM- (1) dhanapAla, (2) devarAja, (3) droNa, (4) abhimAna - cinha, (5) pAdaliptAcArya evaM (6) zIlAMka / AcArya hemacandra ke ullekha se yaha spaSTa hai ki ve sabhI arthAt pUrvavarttI arthAt 13vIM sadI ke pUrvavarttI koSakAra the| unameM se mahAkavi dhanapAla kRta pAiyalacchImAlA nAmaka graMtha to upalabdha evaM prakAzita hai kintu anya zabdakoSagraMtha upalabdha nahIM haiN| ukta upalabdha zabda-koSoM meM se kucha zabdoM kA yadi adhyayana kareM to unameM vismayakArI laukika sAMskRtika sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai| dhyAtavya hai ki yaha zabdAvalI 13vIM sadI ke pUrva kI hai, jo atyanta manoraMjaka hai| udAharaNArtha kucha rocaka evaM sUcaka sAMskRtika evaM bhASA - zAstrI tathA AdikAlIna hindI sambaMdhI zabdAvalI yahAM prastuta kI jA rahI haihindI bhASA ke udbhava ke mUla srota hindI ke udbhava ke viSaya meM vibhinna vidvAnoM meM kucha matabheda rahe haiN| mahApaNDita rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne mahAkavi svayaMbhU ke paumacariu (AThavIM sadI) meM hindI ke mUla bIja khojate hue usase gosvAmI tulasIdAsa ke rAmacaritamAnasa ko prabhAvita batAyA hai| vaha krama Age bhI calatA rahA kintu AcArya hemacandra ( 13vIM sadI) ke desInAmamAlA ( rayaNAvalI) meM hindI ke zabda-rUpoM ko to spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNArtha nimna zabdAvalI dRSTavya hai
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________________ prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA 89 ammA-mAtA (1/5) ukkha lo - (1/8) cullI - (1/88) utthallA-patthallA - (1/22) ulluTa (1/179) uDido (1/96) uvvAo (1/102) oDDaNaM- (1/155) kaTTArI (2/4) koilA (2/44) khaDDA (2/66) khaDakI-(2/71) khalla (2/66) cAulA-(3/8) chaillo (3/24) rAjasthAnI, braja, bundelI hindI tathA bhojaparI meM okhalI, ukhalI, ukhrii| = cUlhA-cUlo (rAjA., bundelI, braja, hindI, bhojapurI Adi meN)| uthala-puthala = ulaTA, = uDisa- (bhoja, baMgalA, maithilI, khaTamala) UbanA, ubakAI or3hanI, kaTAra, kaTArI (churI) koyalA, khaDDa, gaDDhA, = khir3akI, khirakI, khAla, camar3I, = caoNvala, = chailA, (bana-Thana kara rahane vAlA zaukIna yuvaka) = chinAra, bAjAru aurata = rAjasthAnI-joNara, joNaro, braja-juNarI, bhoja. janarI, bundelI, juNvaar| jhamelA jhUThA TipakI, DheMkanA, laeNkanI tAgA, DorA, = mAmI zedhanI, jhADU = cipaTI, cipaTI (nAka) = aMgUThI chiNAlI (3/27) joNNaviyA (3/50) jhamAla- (3/53) jhuTTha (3/58) TippI (4/3) DhaMkaNI (4/14) taggaM- (5/1) mammI (6/112) sohaNI (8/17) cicco (3/9) aMguTThI (1/6) manoraMjana ke sAdhana khela-krIr3A-sUcaka-zabda aMveTTI (1/7) - apanI muTThI meM kucha kaMkara athavA choTe sikke lekara apane sakhA-sakhiyoM se pUchanA
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________________ 90 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha AluMkI (1/153) gaMdINI (2/83) AmalakI-krIDA ki merI muTThI UnI hai yA pUrI aura praznottaroM ke mAdhyama se jaya-parAjaya kA nirNaya krnaa| = AMkheM bandakara chivA-chibauala yA lakA-chipI kA khela khelnaa| AMkhoM evaM mana ko atyanta manoraMjaka lagane vAlA vicArottejaka utsAhavardhaka khela, jise dekhate-dekhate mana nahIM thktaa| vartamAna meM use aMDA-DAvalI-khela kahA jAtA hai| isameM vRkSArohaNa-kriyA karane kI pratiyogitA se jaya-parAjaya kA nirNaya kiyA jAtA hai| ardhamAgadhI Agama-sAhitya ke anusAra bha. mahAvIra ke bacapana kA yaha khela lokapriya thaa| ve svayaM apane sakhAoM ke sAtha yaha khela khelA karate the| = dyUta-krar3A kA sthala jue kA khela juA ke khilAr3I TeMTA- (4/3) Apharo- (1/63) Dabhio- (4/8) keza-vinyAsa-evaM sAmagrI khabbarI (6/90) DhumaMtao (5/47) phuTA (9/84) oaggiaM (1/172) kuMbhI (2/34) samayAbhAva ke kAraNa jaldIbAjI meM kezoM ko jaise-taise bAMdha lenaa| = rUkhe-sUkhe kezoM ko sAdhAraNa DhaMga se lapeTa lenaa| - binA taila lagAe hI kezoM kA jhoMTA bAMdha lenaa| kezoM kA sAmAnya jUr3A baaNdhnaa| = vyavasthita evaM sandara DhaMga se sajAyA kesh-vinyaas| = sira ko dhUlAdi se bacAne ke liye use raMgIna kapar3e se bAMdhanA yA sAr3I kA pallA sira para rkhnaa| kezoM meM kisI lasadAra padArtha ko lagAkara kezoM ko sthira banAe rkhnaa| candana kA cuurnn| = sugandhita dravyoM ko milAkara banAye gaye cUrNa se kezoM ko sApha krnaa| aNarAho (1/24) NIraMgI (5/31) vaNNayaM (7/37) vahU-cuNNa (7/31) pUNA
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________________ prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA AbhUSaNa ullarayaM (1/90) kauMDiyoM tathA sIpiyoM ke bane hue aabhuussnn| caDulAtilayaM (3/8) = bahumUlya ratnajaTita svarNa kA haar| ajjholliyA (1/33) ___= muktAphaloM se jaTita gale kA haar|| uAlI (1/90) - svarNanirmita krnnaabhuussnn| siMhabhaMDaka-siMha-mukhAkRtivAlA gale kA aisA AbhUSaNa, jisameM siMha ke mukha meM se motiyoM ke jhugge laTakate rahate the, (rayaNAvalI-gAthA-147-59)- isI prakAra makarAkRti, vRSabhAkRti, gajAkRti, cakravAkamithunAkRti vAle gale ke AbhUSaNa bhI atyaMta lokapriya the| etadviSayaka vaha gAthA nimna prakAra hai tirIDaM mauDo ceva taha siihss-bhNddkii| alakassa padikkhevo ahavA mtthkkNttk|| (rayaNAvalI-147) NiDAlabhAsaka - mAthe kI TikulI yA tilaka muhaphalaka - muMha ko sajAne vAlA AbhUSaNa, karNaloDhaka - karNaphUla yA kAna kI lauNg| valaya - cUr3iyAM kaMkaNa kaMkaNa hastakalApaka hAthoM meM raMga-viraMgI cUr3iyoM ke samUha NadividdhaNaka - mAMgalika AbhUSaNa, maMgala-sUtraapalokaNikA - gavAkSAkRti, jAlAkRti kA ratna-jaTita svarNAbhUSaNa, jo muMha para dhAraNa kiyA jAtA thaa| sIsopaka - svarNa evaM candrakAnta maNi dvArA nirmita zirobhUSaNa (rAjasthAnI-TikulI) . isI prakAra anya karNAbhUSaNoM meM tAlapatra, Abaddhaka, kuNDala, jaNaka, okAsaka (TaoNpsa), kaNNepuraka (sAdhAraNa vyakti ise dhAraNa karate the), suvaNNasutaka- (svarNajaMjIra), tipisAcaka (tIna yakSoM kI AkRtivAlA gale kA hAra), maNisomaNaka (vimAnAkRti kA maNi-hAra, saubhAgyavatI nAriyoM ke liye), aTThamaMgalaka- grahanivAraka aSTamaMgalAkRti (bANabhaTTa kI bhASA meM aSTa-maMgalaka-mAlA) vAlA hAra, pecukA (haMsulI), kaThevaTTaka (kaThulA), orANI (dhaniyA-phala ke AkAra vAlA svarNahAra), NitaraMNI (lahariyAdAra-mAlA), kaMTakamAlA (nukIle dAnoM vAlA hAra), pippala-mAlikA (maTaramAlA, muktAvalI) isI prakAra anya AbhUSaNoM meM kAMcI, razanA, mekhalA, jaMbUkA, kaMTikA evaM sNpddikaa| pairoM ke AbhUSaNoM meM Neura (nUpura), parihareka (pairoM ke kar3e) khiMkhiNikA-ghugharu/pAdamudrikA (vichiyA), aadi| bhujAoM ke AbhUSaNoM meM aMgada, tuDiya, TaDDe, hAthoM meM hastakaTaka, aMguliyoM meM aMguleyaka muddeyaka (aNguutthii)| Adi-Adi vastra-prakAra oDDhaNaM (1/155)- uttarIya, (rAjasthAnI-or3hanI) braja, avadhI evaM bundelI meM phariyA
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________________ svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha ghaggharaM-jaghanastha vastraM-(2/107)- rAjasthAnI, braja evaM bundelI meM ghAMgharA avaacchaM-adhovastra (1/25)- aMDaraviyara, jAMghiyA, peTIkoTa pAdatrANa-(jUtA) addhajaMghA-pAdatrANa (1/33)- eka prakAra kA AdhI jaMghA taka pahinA jAne vAlA juutaa| ukta sAMskRtika sAmagrI ko dekhakara yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki phaizana ke kSetra meM hamArA vartamAna hI bahuta Age nahIM hai, prAcIna kAla meM bhI eka se eka bar3hakara sundara-sundara sAjasajjA evaM prasAdhanoM kI vividha sAmagriyAM prayoga meM thii| antara yahI hai ki vartamAna prasAdhanoM kI sAmagrI utanI svAsthyakara nahIM, jitanI ki prAcInakAlIna griyaaN| kyoMki unake nirmANa ke AdhAra Ayurvedika-paddhati tathA zuddha jar3I-bUTiyAM thI aura Aja kI prasAdhana sAmagriyAM kRtrima rAsAyanika padArthoM ke mizraNa se taiyAra kI jAtI prAkRta-vyAkaraNa-graMtha prAkRta vyAkaraNa saMbaMdhI mUla graMtha abhI taka jo upalabdha haiM, ve saMskRta meM likhe hue milate haiM, prAkRta meM nhiiN| yahI eka Azcarya kA viSaya hai| kyoMki prAkRta-sAhitya kI racanAeM jaba IsvI san ke kucha samaya-pUrva se hI lekara paravarsI kAloM meM vistRta rUpa meM likhI jAtI rahIM aura usake zabda-rUpa, pada-rUpa, vAkya-gaThana Adi ke gaThana vyAkaraNa-sammata haiM, taba use dekhakara yahI lagatA hai ki pAli-bhASA ke "kaccAyana-vyAkaraNa" ke samAna hI prAkRta-bhASA meM likhita koI prAkRta-vyAkaraNa bhI avazya rahA hogA kyoMki AyAraMga (dvi. 4/1 sUtra 366), ThANAMga (aSTama) aNuogadAra-suttaM, kasAyapAhuDa, chakkhaMDAgama Adi meM usake saMketa bhI milate haiN| isase lagatA hai ki prAkRta-bhASA ke vividha niyamoM kA nirdezaka koI eka yA ekAdhika prAkRta bhASAtmaka vyAkaraNa-graMtha avazya likhA gayA yA likhe gaye hoMge, kintu durbhAgya se meM Aja upalabdha nahIM haiN| vizeSa ke liye dekhiye isI nibandha kI pR. saM. 9-10 vartamAna meM saMskRta-bhASA meM likhe gaye prAkRta-vyAkaraNa ke jo graMtha upalabdha haiM, ve nimna prakAra haiM1. vaiyAkaraNa caMDa (dUsarI-tIsarI sadI ke AsapAsa) dvArA likhita prAkRta-lakSaNa, eka laghu-racanA, jisakA varNya-viSaya cAra pAdoM meM vibhakta aura kula 99 sUtroM meM hai| dhyAtavya hai ki isakA sarvaprathama sampAdana jarmana vidvAna roDolpha hArnale ne kiyA tathA san 1880 I. meM vivaliothikA-iMDikA meM prakAzita karAyA gayA thaa| nepAlI hastalipi kI eka prati mAsko (rUsa) meM surakSita hai| vararuci (mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke samakAlIna tathA samrATa vikramAditya ke navaratnoM meM se eka ratna ke rUpa meM prasiddha prAkRta-vaiyAkaraNa) kRta prAkRta-prakAza, isakA varNya-viSaya bAraha paricchedoM ke kula 509 sUtroM meM varNita hai| isa graMtha kI mahattA evaM lokapriyatA isI se siddha hai ki yuga kI mAMga ko dekhate hue usapara mahAkavi bhAmaha ne manoramA-TIkA, mahAkavi kAtyAyana ne prAkRta-maMjarI-TIkA, mahAkavi
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________________ 3. prAkRta bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA vasantarAja ne prAkRta-saMjIvanI TIkA tathA mahAkavi sadAnanda ne subodhinI jaisI mahatvapUrNa TIkAeM likhIM haiN| AcArya hemacandra ( 13vIM sadI) kRta siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana, jise sarvAdhika vyavasthita evaM lokopayogI mAnA gayA hai| isakA varNya viSaya cAra pAdoM ke kula 1119 sUtroM meM varNita hai| 93 ukta graMtha meM kramaza: zaurasenI, mAgadhI, cUlikA-paizAcI evaM apabhraMza bhASAoM kI vizeSa pravRttiyoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| apabhraMza-vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI 119 sUtroM meM carcA karate hue lekhaka dvArA pUrvavarttI apabhraMza-kaviyoM ke apabhraMza-dohoM ko uddhRta kiyA gayA hai| unase lekhaka ne apabhraMza-niyamoM ko to spaSTa kiyA hI, sAtha hI una udghRta dohoM ko naSTa hone se bhI surakSita kara sAhitya- surakSA kA mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| 4. isake bAda trivikramadeva kRta 'prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana" (3 adhyAyoM meM 1036 sUtra - pramANa), zrutasAgara kRta audArya cintAmaNi evaM zubhacandra kRta zabda - cintAmaNi, lakSmIdhara kRta " SaDbhASA- candrikA" (jo ukta trivikrama-vyAkaraNa kI vRtti ke gUDhArtha ko samajhane ke liye Avazyaka graMtha mAnA gayA hai), siMharAja ( 15vIM sadI) kRta " prAkRta rUpAntara", appaya dIkSita (16vIM sadI) kRta prAkRta-maNidIpa, mArkaNDeya ( 15vIM sadI) kRta prAkRta- sarvasva (varNya viSaya kula 20 pAdoM meM likhita), raghunAtha kavi ( 18vIM sadI) kRta zeSakRSNa kRta prAkRta- candrikA nAmaka vyAkaraNa-graMthoM ne prAcya bhAratIya vidyA ko samRddha banAne meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai| prAkRta chanda zAstra - sAhitya mAnava ko mAnava ke prati, kiMvA, prANijagat ko saMvedanazIla banAne kA pramukha sAdhana saMgItAtmaka chaMda hai| jisa prakAra kisI bhavana ke nirmANa ke pahale usakI lambAI, caur3AI aura U~cAI Adi kA mAnacitra taiyAra kiyA jAtA hai aura usake anurUpa nirmANa sAmagrI taiyAra kara lI jAtI hai, usI prakAra AzA-AkAMkSAoM, anurAga-virAga, prAkRtika saundarya, kAlpanika ur3AnoM ke saMtulana evaM bhAvanAoM kI preSaNIyatA evaM vyakti se dUsare vyakti, eka pIr3hI se AgAmI pIr3hI aura eka yuga se dUsare yuga taka banAne ke liye chaMda-paddhati kA Azraya Avazyaka hotA hai| mAtrA, varNa aura yati-niyojana bhAvoM ko spandita karate haiN| laya dvArA bhAvoM ke Aroha-avaroha nirdhArita kiye jAte haiN| chaMdobaddha padyoM meM bhAvoM ke atireka ko bAMdha kara saMkSepa meM bhI adhika kathana kI sAmarthya hotI hai| tathA saMgItAtmaka hone se use tatkAla kaNThastha kara lene meM bhI kaThinAI nahIM hotii| yahI kAraNa hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya vAGmaya kA prArambha padyamaya milatA hai| " ataH chaMda - zAstra saMbaMdhI sAhitya ke nirmANa ke kSetra meM bhI prAkRta kaviyoM kA yogadAna paryApta mahatvapUrNa rahA hai| isa dRSTi se virahAMka kavi (chaThavIM sadI) kRta vRtta - jAti- samuccaya atimahatvapUrNa-graMtha hai, jisakA varNya viSaya chaH niyamoM (adhyAyoM) meM vibhakta hai| prathama evaM dvitIya adhyAya meM prAkRta ke chaMda - prakAra batalAe gaye haiN| tIsare
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________________ 94 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha adhyAya meM 52 prakAra ke dvipadI-chaMdoM, cauthe adhyAya meM 26 prakAra ke gAthA-chandoM, pAMcaveM adhyAya meM 50 prakAra ke saMskRta ke vArNika-chaMdoM tathA chaThaveM adhyAya meM prastAra, naSTa, uddiSTa, laghukriyA, saMkhyA aura adhvAna nAmaka chaH prakAra ke pratyayoM ke lakSaNa batalAe gaye haiN| prastuta graMtha kI eka anya vizeSatA yaha bhI hai ki isameM AbhIrI-bhASA kA aDDilA, mAravADI-bhASA kA DhosA, mAgadhoM kA mAgadhikA tathA apabhraMza ke raDDA chaMdoM kI carcA kI gaI hai| isI prakAra eka ajJAta nAmA kavi (13vIM sadI) kRta chaH uddezya (adhyAya)pramANa kavi-darpaNa evaM mahAkavi nanditADhya (dasavIM sadI ke lagabhaga) kRta 92 gAthA-pramANa-gAhAlakkhaNa nAmaka graMtha mahatvapUrNa mAne gaye haiN| prAkRta-paiMgalaM (14vIM sadI) eka saMgraha gaMtha hai| kintu usake saMkalana-kartA kA nAma ajJAta hai| prastuta graMtha meM prAcIna hindI ke AdyakAlIna kaviyoM dvArA prayukta vArNika evaM mAtrika chandoM kA sodAharaNa nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| isameM mevAr3a ke parAkramI rAjapUta rAjA vIra hammIra ke parAkramoM kA sundara citraNa milatA hai| cUMki isameM karpUramaMjarI saTTaka (rAjazekhara kRta) ke padya bhI uddhRta milate haiM, ataH ukta graMtha kA kAla dasavIM sadI ke bAda kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| isakA varNya-viSaya do paricchedoM meM vibhakta hai, prathama meM mAtrika-chaMdoM kA tathA dvitIya meM varNavRttoM kA sodAharaNa nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| nimitta, jyotiSa, muhUrta-zodhana tathA aMga-vidyA saMbaMdhI prAkRta-sAhitya jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA jA cukA hai, prAkRta-sAhitya meM nimitta, jyotiSa, aMga-vidyA, graha-nakSatroM ke prabhAva tathA graha-nakSatroM kI paraspara meM dUrI batalAne vAlA sAhitya bhI pracura mAtrA meM upalabdha hai| AcArya dharasena (I. pU. prathama sadI ke AsapAsa) kRta nimitta-vidyA saMbaMdhI-joNI-pAhuDa- (vartamAna meM anupalabdha), AcArya haribhadra (AThavIM sadI) kRta 133 gAthA pramANa lagnazuddhi, jinaprabhasUri (14vIM sadI) kRta vaDDhamANa-vijjAkappa, AcArya durgadeva (11vIM sadI) kRta 144 gAthA pramANa dinazuddhi, aMga-pratyaMgoM kI saMracanA dekhakara phalAdeza batalAne vAle graMtha-aMga-vijjA evaM karalakkhaNa, ajJAta-kartRka 238 gAthA-pramANa jyotiSasAra. akAla. duSkAla tathA samRddha sukAla kA varNana karane vAlA 30 gAthA pramANa jyotiSa graMtha-lokavijaya-yaMtra, ardhamAgadhI-upAMgoM ke sUriyapaNNatI, caMdapaNNattI evaM jaMbUdIvapaNNattI meM varNita nakSatra-vidyA tathA gaNitIya siddhAntoM kI dRSTi se tiloyapaNNatI, saMgrahaNI, trilokasAra, loyasAra Adi graMtha vizeSa mahatvapUrNa haiN| vijJAna ke kSetra meM bhI prAkRta-kaviyoM ke mahatvapUrNa yogadAna rahe haiN| usake jainAcAryoM ke padagala saMbaMdhI siddhAnta (Atomic Theory). bhautika-zAstra ke deza-videza ke vaijJAnikagaNa paryApta tulanAtmaka adhyayana karate hue usake vaiziSTya para prakAza DAla rahe haiN| isI prakAra prAkRtAcAryoM dvArA varNita jIva-dravya (Soul Substance), dharma-dravya (Medium of Motion),adharma-dravya (Medium of Rest), AkAza-dravya- (Spal substance) Adi para bhI Adhunika vijJAna ke saMdarbho meM tulanAtmaka adhyayana kiyA jA rahA hai|
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________________ prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA 95 ratna-pASANa, dhAtutpatti, davyAdi-parIkSA, bhUmi-parIkSA saMbaMdhI prAkRta sAhitya bahumUlya pASANa evaM dhAtudravya Adi ke parIkSaNa kI dRSTi se paM. Thakkura pheru (14vIM sadI) kA pramukha sthAna hai, jinhoMne 132 gAthA-pramANa ratnaparIkSA nAmaka apanI racanA meM ratnoM kA utpatti-sthala, usakI jAti aura usake mahatva Adi kI carcA kI hai| unhoMne apanI dravya-parIkSA nAma kI 149 gAthA-pramANa racanA meM samakAlIna pracalita rAjakIya mudrAoM kI nirmANa-vidhi, unake nAma evaM mUlya kI carcA kI hai| isI prakAra apanI 57 gAthA-pramANa dhAtUtpatti nAmaka racanA meM unhoMne tAMbA, pItala, rAMgA, sIsA, kAMsA, pArA, hiMgulaka, siMdura, karpUra, candana kI utpatti-vidhi kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| inakI eka anya racanA vAstusAra bhI hai, jisameM unhoMne bhavana-nirmANa hetu bhami-parIkSaNa, bhUmi-lakSaNa Adi kA sandara vivecana kiyA hai| isa graMtha kA jayA bhagavAnadAsa jI ne sampAdana evaM gujarAtI anuvAda kara use san 1948 meM prakAzita karAyA thaa| gaNita-vidyA jyotiSa-vidyA ke samAna hI prAkRta ke AcAryoM ne gaNitIya-siddhAntoM kA bhI sUkSmAtisUkSma vivecana kara gaNita-jagat ko Azcaryacakita kiyA hai| isa vidhA para itanA adhika sAhitya likhA gayA ki jaina-paramparA ke vargIkRta sAhitya meM use gaNi-vijjA arthAt gaNita-vidyA ke nAma se hI abhihita kara diyA gyaa| usakI pAribhASika zabdAvalI bhI maulika evaM navIna hai| udAharaNArtha- saMkhyAta, asaMkhyAta aura ananta, asaMkhyAta ke bhI parItAsaMkhyAta, yuktAsaMkhyAta,saMkhyAtAsaMkhyAta tathA inake bhI bheda-prabheda kiye gaye haiN| isI prakAra ananta, usake bhI vividha bheda-prabheda, dhArA, saMkhyA evaM unake bhI anekavidha bheda-prabhedoM ke varNana kiye gaye haiN| kAla kI paribhASA, usake bheda-prabheda tathA khagola se unake saMbaMdha Adi kA bhI vistAra se varNana kiyA gayA hai| cUMki yaha karaNAnuyoga kA viSaya hai, ataH tadviSayaka prAkRta-graMtha-gaNi-vijjA, tiloyapaNNattI, tiloyasAra, gommaTasAra, loyasAra, Adi grantha vizeSa mahatvapUrNa mAne gaye haiN| si. caM. nemicandrAcArya (10vIM sadI) kRta tiloyasAra meM dekhiye gaNanA, saMkhyA evaM kRti kI paribhASA kisa prakAra prastuta kI gaI hai egAdIyA gaNaNA bIyAdIyA hati sNkhejjaa| tIyAdINaM NiyamA kadi tti saNNA munnedvvaa|| (gAthA-16) arthAta ekAdika ko gaNanA. do Adika ko saMkhyA evaM tIna Adika ko kati kahA jAtA hai| eka evaM do meM kRtitva nahIM hotA kyoMki jisa saMkhyA ke varga meM se vargamUla ko ghaTAne para jo zeSa bace, usakA varga karane para usa saMkhyA se adhika jisa rAzi kI upalabdhi ho, vahI kRti kahalAtI hai| yaha kRtidharma tIna Adi kI saMkhyA meM hI pAyA jAtA hai| eka ke saMkhyAtva kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai kyoMki eka kI ginatI gaNanA saMkhyA meM nahIM hotI kyoMki eka ghaTa ko dekhakara "yahAM ghaTa hai" isakI pratIti to hotI hai, kintu usakI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM jJAna nahIM hotaa|
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________________ 96 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha tAtparya yaha ki tInoM lokoM ke khagola, bhUgola, gaNita evaM kAla kI sUkSmAtisUkSma evaM vaijJAnika vivecanA kA ukta tiloyasAra graMtha Adhunika vaijJAnika saMdarbho meM bhI apanA vizeSa mahatva rakhatA hai| saMskRta-nATakoM meM prAkRta nATaka mAnava ke yathArtha jIvana se sIdhA saMbaMdha rakhatA hai| ataH prAkRta-boliyoM ne saMskRta-nATakoM ko yathArtha jIvana kI ora mor3ane kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahatvapUrNa kArya kiyA hai| kyoMki saMskRta-nATaka ke saMvidhAna ke anusAra saMskRta, jahAM kathAnAyaka rAjA, maMtrI, purohita, brAhmaNa jaise uccavargIya sAmanta evaM samaddha-vargoM kI bhASA hai aura ve gadya-padya ke mAdhyama se paraspara meM usI meM vArtAlApa karate haiM, jabaki mahilAeM, nimnavargIya, bacce, azikSita yA ardhazikSita, sevaka evaM vRddhajana prAkRtoM kA prayoga karate haiN| vastutaH saMskRta-nATakoM meM prAkRtoM kA prayoga kara tathA usakA (prAkRtoM kA) prayoga karane vAle pAtroM kA saMyojana kara jahAM saMskRta-nATakakAroM ne sAmAjika samarasatA kA sundara udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai, vahIM yaha bhI siddha kara diyA ki saMskRta evaM prAkRta sahodarA bahineM haiN| ve eka-dUsare ke vikAsa meM sahabhAgI haiM na ki virodhI tathA unakA paraspara meM avinAbhAvI saMbaMdha hai| mahAkavi zUdraka kRta mRcchakaTika nATaka isa dRSTi se uttama koTi kA nATaka mAnA gayA hai kyoMki usameM uccavargIya evaM nimnavargIya sabhI zreNiyoM ke pAtroM ko sammilita kiyA gayA hai| usameM lagabhaga 11 prakAra kI prAkRtoM ko bolate pAtra haiN| usameM dhUta-krIr3A, steya-karma, seMdhamArI, Adi ko samakAlIna kalA ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| isake darjanoM saMskaraNoM meM se eka pro. rAiDara (Ryder) dvArA sampAdita saMskaraNa sarvazreSTha mAnA gayA hai| ___ bhavabhUti (7vIM sadI) ne apane nATaka meM zaurasenI-prAkRta kA pracura mAtrA meM prayoga kara use garimApUrNa banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| mahAkavi rAjazekhara ne to saMskRta kI apekSA prAkRta ko hI sarvazreSTha mAnakara apanI karpUramaMjarI meM AdyopAnta prAkRta kA hI prayoga kiyA hai| usakI yaha ghoSaNA bar3I vicArottejaka bana par3I hai paruso sakkaya-baMdho pAuda-baMdho vi hoI suumaaro| purisamahilANaM jetiamihaMtaraM tetiamimaann|| (kappUra.) arthAt saMskRta-bhASA karkaza evaM prAkRta-bhASA sukumAra hotI hai| puruSa aura mahilA meM jitanA antara hotA hai, utanA hI antara saMskRta evaM prAkRta meM hotA hai| etadviSayaka mahAkavi hAla-sAtavAhana (prathama sadI), vAkpatirAja (AThavIM sadI) evaM jayaballabhasUri (13vIM-14 yaballabhasari (13vIM-14vIM sadI) kI uktiyAM pahale hI batalAI jA cukI haiN| tAtparya yaha ki saMskRta-nATakoM meM prAkRtoM ke prayoga kara unake eka pakSIya-rUpa arthAt kevala uccavargoM ke pratinidhitva karane vAle rUpa taka sImita na kara unheM parivartita kara unameM prAkRta-bhASI itara-vargoM ko bhI sammilita kara unhoMne sAmAjika samarasatA kA Adarza udAharaNa prastuta kiyA hai, jo sarvathA sarAhanIya hai|
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________________ prAkRta-bhASA kI prAcInatA evaM sArvajanInatA 97 isa prakAra loka-bhASA-prAkRta ne prArambha se hI bhAratIya saMskRti evaM sAhitya ke bahumukhI vikAsa meM racanAtmaka yogadAna kara use samRddha kiyA hai| samAja ke upekSita, dalita, pIr3ita evaM pichar3e vargoM meM unakI suSupta-zaktiyoM ko jAgRta kara unheM pUrNa vikasita hone ke suavasara pradAna kiye haiN| lokabhASA kI zakti ko pradarzita karane, prakRti meM antarnihita vaijJAnika zaktiyoM ko udghATita karane, itihAsa ko nirmita karane evaM naitika saMdezoM ko rAjamahaloM se lekara jhuggI-jhopar3oM taka bhejane meM usake yogadAna ko vismRta nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| madhyakAlIna bhAratIya bhASA-apabhraMza kI mAtA tathA Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI dAdI ke rUpa meM prasiddha ukta prAkRta-bhASA ke prati kRtajJatA jJApita karanA hama sabhI kA parama kartavya hai| prAkRta meM sambodhana-sUcaka "halo-halo" zabda ne mAnoM kAla kI sImA ko pATakara apanA vizvavyApI rUpa dhAraNa kara Teliphona ke mAdhyama se rAjamahaloM se jhopar3oM tathA amIra-garIba ko "halA-halA", "halo-halo" kahanA sikhalAkara vaha apanI vyathA-kathA kaha rahA hai ki abhI taka usakA jo sAhitya prakAzita ho sakA hai, vaha to ThIka hai hI, phira bhI, usake aneka pakSa abhI bhI upekSita par3e hue haiM, ata: prAcya-bhAratIya vidyA ko samRddha banAne kI dRSTi se unake kAla-kavalita hone ke pUrva unakA bhI uddhAra aura prakAzana honA anivArya hai|
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________________ prAkRta evaM pAli bhASA kA sambandha DaoN. vijayakumAra jaina* pAli evaM prAkRta donoM janabhASAyeM thiiN| Aja hameM jo sAhitya prApta ho rahA hai vaha 'viziSTa' hai| prAkRta bhASA meM sabhI bhASAeM vilIna ho jAtI haiM tathA isI prAkRta bhASA se sabhI bhASAeM nikalatI haiM, jisa prakAra samasta jala samudrameM vilIna ho jAtA hai aura samudra se hI nikalatA hai| isa dRSTi se dekhA jAya to vaidika bhASA bhI 'prAkRta' hI hai| vartamAna meM prApta pAli evaM prAkRta saMskRta kI apekSA vaidika saMskRta se adhika najadIka haiN| yaha alaga bAta hai ki pAli evaM prAkRta ke jo vyAkaraNa bane ve saMskRta vyAkaraNa se upakRta haiN| Aja prAkRta ke vibhinna rUpa milate haiN| pAli ko pahale 'mAgadhI' kahA jAtA thA / jabaki mAgadhI prAkRta bhASA kI eka bhASA hai| bhagavAna buddha ne sakAyaniruttiyA = apanI-apanI bhASA meM upadeza dene ko kahA thaa| bhikSuoM dvArA buddha vacanoM ko 'chAndas' meM kara lene para 'dukkaTa' (duSkRta) kA doSI bhI batalAyA thaa| buddhavacanoM kA saMkalana jise hama tripiTaka ke rUpa meM jAnate haiM tathA usakA upakArI sAhitya pahale mAgadhI nAma se jAnA jAtA thaa| bauddha paramparA meM ise mUlabhASA kahA hai 'sA mAgadhI mUlabhASA narAyayAdi kppikaa'| 'moggallAna' vyAkaraNa meM bhI 'mAgadhI' hI kahA gayA hai| siddhamiddhaH guNaM sAdhu namassitvA tathAgataM / sadhammasaMgha bhAsissaM mAgadhaM saddalakkhaNaM / / - maMgalAcaraNa kaccAyana vyAkaraNa meM bhI ise mAgadhI kahA gayA haisA mAgadhI mUlabhAsA sambuddha cApi bhaasre| buddha vacanoM ke saMgraha kI apanI aitihAsika paramparA hai| jise bhANaka paramparA ke rUpa meM buddha ke samaya hI isakA pracalana ho gayA thA / buddha vacanoM ko pahale nau aMgoM meM bAMTA gayA- sutta, geyya, veyyAkaraNa, gAthA, udAna, itivRttaka, jAtaka, adbhutadharma aura veddll| prathama saMgIti meM prathama bAra vinaya evaM dharma kA saMgAyana buddha ke parinirvANa ke turanta bAda kiyA gyaa| dvitIya saMgIti parinirvANa ke 100 varSa bAda huI, jisameM saMgha bheda ho gyaa| eka paramparA theravAdI tathA dUsarI mahAsAMghika kahalAyI / theravAdI paramparA kA sAhitya pAli meM tathA mahAsAMghika paramparA kA sAhitya saMskRta meM prApta hotA hai jise 'bauddha * rIDara, rASTrIya saMskRta saMsthAna (mAnita vizvavidyAlaya), gomatI nagara, lakhanaU - 226010.
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________________ prAkRta evaM pAli bhASA kA sambandha mizra saMskRta' kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH yaha 'mizra saMskRta' bhI prAkRta ke samIpa hai| buddha vacanoM kA 'pAli' nAmakaraNa bhI bAda meM huaa| aTThakathAoM meM yaha nAma prApta hotA hai| aTThakathAkAra 'pAli' zabda kA prayoga pahale buddha vacanoM ke lie karate haiM imAni tAva pAliyaM, aTThakathAyaM pana' neva pAliyaM na aTThakathAyaM aagtN|' prAkRta meM mAgadhI (pAli) kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| bharatamani ne sAta prAkata bhASAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| unameM mAgadhI, Avanti, prAcyA, zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI, vAhalIkA aura dkssinnaatyaa| bhASA tatva kI dRSTi se pAli aura prAkRta meM aneka samAnatAeM haiN| - R,la, ai aura au kA prayoga pAli aura prAkRta meM nahIM pAyA jaataa| (bAda meM pAli kI eka paramparA meM ai aura au kA samAveza ho gayA hai|) - R dhvani a, i, u svaroM meM se kisI eka meM parivartita ho jAtI hai| - visarga kA prayoga pAli aura prAkRta donoM meM hI nahIM miltaa| - za, Sa kI jagaha sa ho jAtA hai (mAgadhI prAkRta ko chor3akara) mUrdhanya dhvani 'la' pAli aura prAkRta meM pAI jAtI hai| prAkRta tatva jo pAli meM aniyamita pAe jAte haiM aghoSa sparza kI jagaha y yA v kA aagmn| - zabda ke antaH sthita mahAprANa kI jagaha ha ho jaanaa| - zabda ke ataH sthita aghoSa sparzo kA ghoSa ho jaanaa| - mahAprANatva (ha kAra) kA Akasmika Agamana yA lop| - Akasmika varNa vytyy| bharatasiMha upAdhyAya kA mata hai ki pAli meM isakA sUtrapAta hai prAkRta meM pUrNa vikaas| pAli bhASA ko pahale mAgadhI kahA jAtA thaa| kyoMki bhagavAna buddha ke vicaraNa kA pramukha kendra magadha thaa| lekina 'mAgadhI' prAkRta evaM mAgadhI-pAli ko eka nahIM mAnA jaataa| Aja jo mAgadhI prAkRta prApta hotI hai use pAli ke AcArya bAda kI prAkRta mAnate haiM arthAt prAkRta vyAkaraNoM, abhilekhoM aura nATaka granthoM kI mAgadhi kA vikaas| mAgadhI bhASA kI tIna pradhAna vizeSatAeM haiM- ra aura s kA kramazaH la aura z meM privrtn| - pulliMga aura napuMsaka liMga akArAnta zabdoM kA prathamA vibhakti ekavacana kA rUpa ekArAnta honaa| jabaki pAli meM r rahatA hai la meM parivartana aniyamita hai| - jaise taruNa kA taruNa bhI hai aura taluNa bhii| - azoka ke pazcima lekhoM meM rAjA, purA, Arabhitva jaise prayoga milate haiM, kintu
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________________ 100 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha pUrva ke lekhoM meM kramazaH lAjA, puluvaM Alabhitu rUpa ho jAte haiN| sa kA za meM parivartana to pAli meM bilkula nahIM hotaa| lUDarsa ne prAcIna arddhamAgadhI ko pAli kA AdhAra mAnA hai| inakA mata hai ki maulika rUpa meM pAli tripiTaka prAcIna ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM thA bAda meM usakA anuvAda pAli meM huA jo pazcimI bolI para Azrita thii| inakA mAnanA hai ki tripiTaka meM jo mAgadhI rUpa dRSTigocara hote haiM ve arddhamAgadhI ke avaziSTa aMza haiN| phrenca vidvAna silvAlevI ne pramANita karane kA prayatna kiyA thA ki pAli tripiTaka maulika buddha vacana na hokara kisI pUrvavartI mAgadhI bolI kA anuvAdita rUpa hai jisameM dhvani parivartana pAlI bhASA kI apekSA adhika vikasita avasthA meM thaa| pAlI ke kodI evaM saMghAdisesa jaise zabdoM ke unase saMskata pratirUpa 'ekoTi' saMghAtisesa jaise zabdoM ke sAtha talanA kI hai jisameM zabda ke madhya sthita saMskRta aghoSa (kaca t p Adi) sparzoM ke sthAna para ghoSa (ga ja da b Adi) sparza hone kA niyama thaa| levI ne pAli tripiTaka aura azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM isa taraha kI khoja kI hai jaise bhAbrU abhilekha meM 'rAhulovAda' kI jagaha 'lAghulovAda' hai| adhikRtya kI jagaha 'adhi gicya' hai| 'ka' ke sthAna para 'ga' pAli meM alpa hI hotA thaa| 'adhigicya' meM 'cya' bhI pAli kI pravRtti ke anukUla nahIM hai| levI ne pAli ko aisI bhASA se prabhAvita mAnA hai jisameM aghoSa sparzoM (kt p) ko ghoSa sparzoM (ga daba) meM parivartana ho jAtA hai| jaisemAkandika - mAgandiya kayaMgala kajaMgala aciravatI ajiravatI pArAcika pArAjika RSivadana - isipatana levI kA to kahanA thA ki pAli tripiTaka apane maulika svarUpa meM aisI bhASA thI jisameM zabda ke madhya sthita aghoSa sparzo ke ghoSa spoM meM parivartita hone kA niyama thaa| gAyagara ne levI ke isa mata ko pramANita isalie nahIM mAnA hai ki ukta ke viparIta arthAta saMskRta ghoSa kA pAli meM aghoSa hotA hai| agaru akalu parigha paligha kusIda kusIta mRdaMga mutiMga zAvaka cApaka prAvaraNa pApuraNa
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________________ prAkRta evaM pAli bhASA kA sambandha 101 - AcArya buddhaghoSa ne 'sahAya niruttiyA' pada se 'mAgadhI' kA artha liyA hai| "ettha sakA nirutti nAma sammAsambuddhena vuttappakAro mAgadhako vohAro' - pAlI ko mAgadhI na mAnane se usakA tAtparya thA ki pAli azoka ke abhilekhoM kI bhASA nahIM hai| - DaoN. I. je. thAmasa (pR. 28) arddhamAgadhI evaM pAli- samAnatAeM - saMskRta 'asa' aura 'ara' ke sthAna meM 'e' ho jAtA hai| pAli meM pure (puraH), suve (zvaH), bhikkhave (bhikSavaH) purisakAre (puruSakAraH), dukkhe (duHkhaM) - saMskRta tad ke sthAna para 'se' ho jAnA- jaise- seyyathA (tadyathA) - yad ke sthAna para 'ye' ho jAnA - r kA l (kahIM-kahIM) - svaroM aura anunAsika svaroM meM 'eva'-yeva arddhamAgadhI meM pAli meM bhI khiiN-khiiN| - varNa parivartana saMskRta-sAkSaM sakkhi (pAli) sakkhaM (arddhamAgadhI) tsaru veNu lAMgala naMgala lUDarsa ina vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para arddhamAgadhI ko pAli kA AdhAra mAnate haiN| zaurasenI prAkRta evaM pAli zaurasenI prAkRta jo vrajamaMDala yA madhyamaNDala kI bhASA thI, pAli ke najadIka hai| uttarakAlIna pAli meM vizeSa sAdRzya hai| jo vidvAna pAli kA AdhAra pUrvI bolI nahIM mAnate ve pazcima bolI ko pAli kA AdhAra mAnate haiN| DaoN. sunIti kumAra caTarjI mAnate haiM ki pAli ke dhvani samUha aura rUpavidhAna kI sarvAdhika samAnatAeM zaurasanI ke sAtha haiN| zaurasenI meM prathamA ekavacana kA rUpa okArAnta, pAli meM bhI hai jaise buddho, naro aadi| zakAra evaM pakAra ke sthAna para sakAra jaise puriso, sadda - madhya meM aghoSa spazoM kA ghoSa spoM meM parivartana jaise mAkandika-mAgandiya, aadi| - pUrvakAlika avyaya meM zaurasenI meM dUNa pratyaya lagatA hai yathA, ptthiduunn| pAli meM kAtUna, nikkhamittUna Adi tUNa pratyaya haiN| (paizAcI meM bhI yaha samAnatA tharu tharu velu velu naMgala isI taraha pekkha, gammissati, sakkati rUpoM meM samAnatA hai| paizAcI prAkRta evaM pAli - ghoSa sparzoM (g d b) ke sthAna para aghoSa sparza (k t p) - zabda ke madhya meM vyaMjana kA surakSita rahanA- jaise bhAriya, silAna kasaTa zabdoM
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________________ 102 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha meM saMyukta varNoM kA vishlessnn| - jJa, Nya, nya, b meM parivartana honaa| - y kA j meM parivartana na hokara surakSita rhnaa| - akArAnta zabdoM ke prathamA ekavacana meM o ho jaanaa| - dhAtu rUpoM meM smaantaaeN| - ra kA parivartana na hokara surakSita rhnaa| nya kI jagaha - rAjJA se rakSA, puNya se puJja anya se aJja-pAli, mAgadhI aura paizAcI meM pAe jAte haiN| - tUna pratyaya ya kA ja meM parivartana na hokara "ja' banA rhnaa| DaoN. nalinAkSa datta ne pAli ke paizAcI AdhAra ko siddha karane kA prayatna kiyA -(arlI hisTrI oNva spreDa oNpha buddhijma eNDa da buddhisTa skUla, landana, 1925 pR.-256) bharatasiMha upAdhyAya mAnate haiM ki ukta mata ekAMgI hai kyoMki ina prAkRtoM kA vikAsa pAli ke bAda huaa| bhale hI pAli mizrita sAhityika bhASA hai, jisameM aneka boliyoM ke sammizraNa ke cinha milate haiN| bauddha mizra saMskRta evaM prAkRta bauddha mizra saMskRta bhASA saMskRta ke prabhAva ko kAyama rakhakara prAkRta bhASAoM ke mizraNa se banI hai| kacha loga ise gAthA saMskata kahate haiM jo saMskata evaM pAli kI madhyavartI hone ke kAraNa ina donoM ke lakSaNoM se AkrAnta hai| vastuta bauddha saMskRta granthoM kA bhASA vaijJAnika adhyayana mAtra eDarsana ne kiyA hai| bhAratIya vidvAnoM ne isakI bhASA para tulanAtmaka adhyayana nahIM kiyA hai| bauddha mizra saMskRta meM prAkRta bhASA kA prabhAva sabhI vidvAna svIkAra karate haiN| pizela kA kahanA hai ki bauddha mizra saMskRta granthoM kI bhASA meM aneka zabda saMskRta ke haiM aneka prAkRta ke, prAkRta ke zabdoM meM saMskRta kI vibhakti lagAI gaI hai| upasaMhAra prAkRtoM kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM pizela kA kahanA hai ki prAkRta kI utpatti vaidika athavA laukika saMskRta se nahIM, kintu vaidika saMskRta kI utpatti jisa prathama stara kI prAdezika prAkRta bhASA se pUrva meM kahI gaI hai usI se huI hai| yahI bAta pAli ke sandarbha meM kahI jA sakatI hai| - pAli, prAkRta evaM saMskRta bhASAoM kA saubhAgya yaha rahA hai ki eka-eka
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________________ prAkRta evaM pAli bhASA kA sambandha 103 sampradAya vizeSa ke granthoM ke kAraNa inheM dhArmika saMrakSaNa prApta huA vahIM yaha durbhAgya bhI kahA jAegA ki dhArmika chApa laga jAne se inako jo sammAna evaM vyApaka svIkRti milanI cAhie thI nahIM milii| Aja Avazyaka hai ki yadi hama bhArata ke prAcIna gaurava ko jAnanA cAhate haiM to inake sAhitya ko sarakSita rkheN| saMdarbha grantha vivaraNa 1. pAli moggallAna vyaakrnn| kaccAyana vyaakrnn| "bauddha mizra saMskRtasya vaiziSTyam" lekha-atta dIpo bhava, DaoN. vijaya kumAra jain| 4 "pAli evaM prAkRta eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana",DaoN. vijaya kumAra jaina kA lekha, prAkRta vidyA varSa 11, aMka-3, akTUbara-disambara, 1999. pizela kA prAkRta vyAkaraNa, pAia sadda mahaNNavo kI bhuumikaa| pAli sAhitya kA itihAsa, bharatasiMha upAdhyAya, hindI sAhitya sammelana pryaag| 7. lokAyataM kutarka ca prAkRtaM mlecchbhaassitm| na zrotavyaM dvijenaitadadho nayati tad dvijm|| garuDapurANa, pUrvakhaNDa-78. 8 cullvggpaali|
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________________ kuvalayamAlA kahA sva. ramA kAnta jaina* prAcIna bhAratIya kathA sAhitya kA eka anamola upahAra hai 'kuvalayamAlA khaa| isakI racanA AcArya vIrabhadra ke ziSya udyotanasUri ne jAvAlipura (sonagiri kI talahaTI meM basA aura bhillamAla se 33 ki. mI. kI dUrI para sthita vartamAna jAlaura) ke RSabha jinAlaya meM zaka saMvat 700 pUrA hone se eka dina pUrva caitra kRSNa/14 tadanusAra 21 mArca, 779 I. ko pUrNa kI thii| usa samaya vahAM gurjara-pratihAra rAjA vatsarAja raNahastin rAjya karatA thaa| yaha kathA-grantha prAkRta bhASA meM gadya-padyamaya campU zailI meM nibaddha hai| prAkRta bhASA ke tatsamaya pracalita vividha rUpoM ke sAtha pAtroM kI sAmAjika evaM vyaktigata yogyatA ke anurUpa kathanopakathana meM saMskRta, apabhraMza, paizAcI aura dezI bhASAoM ke zabdoM kA prayoga isa kRti meM huA hai| dharma. artha aura kAma ina tIna puruSArthoM para kendrita yaha kathAkRti pradhAnatayA dharmakathA hai| kathAkAra ne prastuta kathA ko 'saMkIrNakathA' yA 'mizrakathA' nAma diyA hai| 283 adhikAroM meM anusyUta janma-janmAntara kI kathA kI nAyikA kuvalayamAlA hai aura nAyaka hai kuvlycndr| anya pramukha pAtroM ke rUpa meM saMsAra-bhramaNa ke kAraNa krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha aura moha ko rUpAMkita kara caMDasoma, mAnabhaTa, mAyAditya, lobhadeva aura mohadatta kI kathA kahI gaI hai| eka dhArmika santa hote hue bhI udyotanasUri kI vividha viSayaka vidvattA agAdha thii| unheM vibhinna darzanoM kA jJAna thA aura laukika kalAoM ke vaha marmajJa the| unakI ekamAtra upalabdha kRti 'kuvalayamAlA kahA' unakI sAhitya sRjana pratibhA kI dyotaka hai| sAhitya marmajJoM ne ise bANabhaTTa kI 'kAdambarI' ke samatulya mAnA hai| san 1916 I. meM isa kathAkRti kA ratnaprabhasUri dvArA kiyA gayA saMskRta rUpAntara prakAzita huA thaa| san 1959 I. meM bhAratIya vidyA bhavana, mumbaI, se DaoN. e. ena. upAdhye dvArA sampAdita hokara yaha prakAzita huaa| san 1965 I. meM isakA gujarAtI anuvAda pra huaa| san 1975 I. meM DaoN. prema sumana jaina ne 'kuvalayamAlA kahA kA sAMskRtika adhyayana' meM isa kathAgrantha meM samAhita sAmAjika jIvana ke vibhinna pakSoM kI manoraMjaka jhAMkiyoM kA vizada vivecana kiyA thaa| 7vIM-8vIM zatI I. meM bhArata ke sAmAjika jIvana ke adhyayana ke lie yaha kathA-grantha vizeSa rUpa se upayogI hai| * jyoti nikuJja, cArabAga, lakhanaU-226004.
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________________ saMskRta-nATya-sAhitya meM prAkRta-prayoga kI pRSThabhUmi pro. (DaoN.) pramoda kumAra siMha* bharata muni ke bhASA-vaividhya aura tadgata nATakIya upayoga se avagata the| unhoMne apane samaya ke nATya-sAhitya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara hI pAtragata saMvAdoM ke lie saMskRta aura prAkRta ke mAdhyamoM ko nirdiSTa kiyA thaa| yaha anumAna-mAtra nahIM hai| sAmAnyataH lakSya-granthoM ke binA lakSaNoM kA nirdhAraNa nahIM hotA hai| yaha aura bAta hai ki bharatakAlIna nATyakRtiyA~ Aja anupalabdha haiN| 'nATyazAstra meM bhASika prayogoM kI dRSTi se pAtroM ko sUcIbaddha kiyA gayA hai| bharata ne kahIM saMskRta to kahIM prAkRta ke saMvAdoM ko vihita batalAyA hai| unhoMne dhIrodatta evam dhIraprazAnta nAyakoM, rAniyoM, gaNikAoM aura zrotriya brAhmaNoM ke kathanoM ko saMskRta meM tathA zramaNoM, tapasviyoM, bhikSuoM, cakradharoM, bhAgavatoM, unmattoM, baccoM, nIcagrahagrasta logoM, striyoM, nIcavarNajAta vyaktiyoM, hijar3oM Adi ke vaktavyoM ko prAkRta meM upanibaddha kie jAne kI vyavasthA dI hai| unake anusAra nATya-sAhitya meM nAyikAe~ evaM unakI vayasyAe~ zaurasenI, vidUSaka prAcyA arthAt pUrvI zaurasenI, dhUrta avantijA yA ujjayinI kI zaurasenI, ceTa evaM zreSThI arddhamAgadhI, ranivAsoM ke nivAsI, suraMgoM ke khanaka, seMdha lagAnevAle cora, azvapAlaka evaM vipatti meM par3e nAyaka mAgadhI; sainika, nagara-rakSaka, dyUtakAra Adi dAkSiNAtyA tathA uttaravAsI aura khasa vAhalIka kI bolI ke prayoktA hoNge| bharata ne pAtra-bheda se mAgadhI, avantijA, prAcyA, zaurasenI, ardhamAgadhI, dAkSiNAtyA aura vAhalIkA ke atirikta cANDAlI, zakArI, AbhIrI yA zAbarI evaM drAvir3I ke saMvAdoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| ve pulakasoM yA DomoM ko cANDAlI; koyale se jur3e logoM, vyAdhoM, bar3haIyoM evaM taMtra-maMtrajIviyoM ko zakArI; pazupAlakoM ko AbhIrI aura vanacaroM ko drAvir3I ke prayoktAoM ke rUpa meM cihnita karate haiN| saMskRta-nATakoM meM uparyukta bhedoM ke atirikta paizAcI aura DhakkI ke samAveza kI bhI carcA milatI hai| 'dazarUpaka' meM paicAzI prAkRta ke nATakIya viniyoga kA ullekha huA hai aura 'mRcchakaTikam' DhakkI saMjJaka viziSTa prAkRta ke prayoga kA sAkSAt karAtA hai| saMskRta-nATyazAstra ke paryAlocana se UparI taura para yaha tathya ujAgara hotA hai ki uccvargIya pAtroM ke kathopakathana saMskRtabaddha aura nimnavargIya evaM strI pAtroM ke saMvAda * pUrva adhyakSa, hindI vibhAga, bI.Ara.e. bihAra vizvavidyAlaya, mujaphpharapura, bihaar|
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________________ 106 prAkRtabaddha hote the / saMbhavataH saMskRta - jJAna ke abhAva ke kAraNa striyA~ prAkRta bolane ke lie bAdhya jAna par3atI haiN| isakI pUrI saMbhAvanA hai ki zikSAhInatA unheM nicalI zreNI meM le AI thii| zudraka ke 'mRcchakaTikam' meM unake saMskRta - uccAraNa ko hAsyAspada jJApita kiyA gayA hai| vahA~ 'sU-sU' kI dhvani kA nissaraNa karanevAlI nAthI gayI gAya se saMskRtabhASiNI striyA~ upamita huI hai / yoM to ye saMdarbha vargabheda evaM liMgabheda se sambandha asamAnatA ke dyotaka jAna par3ate haiM, kintu smaraNIya hai ki saMskRta nATyAlocana meM uttamavargIya janoM ke bhASika 'vyaktikrama' ko bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / vahA~ tapasviyoM, rAjaputroM aura Apattigrasta rAjAoM-jaise uccavargIya logoM ko prAkRtabhASI darzita kiyA gayA hai tathA prasaGgAt saMskRtabhASiNI agramahiSiyoM, maMtriyoM kI putriyoM evaM vezyAoM kI carcA kI gaI hai " | mAgadhI, avantijA, prAcyA, zaurasenI, arddhamAgadhI, dAkSiNAtyA, vAlIkA, cANDAlI, zAbarI, zakArI, AbhIrI, drAvir3I Adi kI nATyazAstragata carcA" se saMskRta nATakoM meM aneka rUpAtmaka prAkRta kI vidyamAnatA hI nahIM, tatkAlIna jIvana kI vAstavikatA kA bhI parijJAna hotA hai| bharata kA ukta bhASika vidhAna pAtroM ke sAmAjika, bhaugolika aura manovaijJAnika yathArtha para avalambita hai| ise uccatA kI granthi aura brAhmaNavAdI mAnasikatA kA pratiphalana nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yahA~ vastutaH zAstrakAra kI dezakAlagata pRSThabhUmi viSayaka abhijJatA vyaMjita huI hai| prAkRta kA prakRta yA naisargika jIvana se sambandha mAnA gayA hai| yaha mAnava-prakRti kI svAbhAvikatA ko mUrta karatI hai| ise kabhI-kabhI saMskRta kI pahale kI bhASA ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| 2 / rUdraTa ke 'kAvyAlaGkAra 3 ke TIkAkAra nami sAdhu kI dRSTi meM yaha vastutaH loka bhASA hai| ise vyAkaraNa ke sambandhoM se rahita, baccoM evaM striyoM ke lie bodhagamya aura saba bhASAoM kI nIMva kahane kA yahI marma hai | 4 | svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha uparyukta tathya ko dekhate hue saMskRta-nATya - sAhitya evaM prAkRta kI grAhyatA sArthaka aura sAMketika jAna par3atI hai| vahA~ yaha pAtrAnukUla prAkRtika bhASA kI lakSyapUrti kI dyotikA kI bhAMti pratibhASita hotI hai| nizcaya hI zreNya nATakoM meM isakI upasthiti nAgara jIvana kI kRtrimatA meM sahajatA kI pratiSThA karatI hai| rAjakIya raGgamaMca dvArA prAkRta kI yaha svIkRti suniyojita hai| yaha zAstra ke sAtha loka kI sahabhAgitA ko bhalI-bhA~ti udAhRta karatI hai| bhAsa, kAlidAsa, zUdraka, harSa, vizAkhadatta, bhaTTanArAyaNa, somadeva Adi kI nATya-kRtiyoM meM nihita prAkRta- aMzoM kI isI dRSTikoNa se parakha karane kI AvazyakatA hai| kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai ki aitihAsika dRSTikoNa se ukta bhASika prayoga prAkRta ke nATya-sAhitya ke pRSThAdhAra kA bhI sAkSAtkAra karAte haiN| saMdarbha 1. DaoN. e. bI. kItha, 'saMskRta - nATaka', bhASAntarakAra : DaoN. udayabhAnu siMha, molIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI - paTanA-vArANasI, prathama rUpAntara, san 1965 I.
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________________ saMskRta-nATya-sAhitya meM prAkRta-prayoga kI pRSThabhUmi 107 bharata, 'nATyazAstra', 17/31/43. uparivat, 17/31/43; 17/50/2. uparivat, 17/53/6. dhanaMjaya, 'dazakarUpaka', 2/65. "dyUtakAra sabhrika mAthura kI uktiyoM meM pRthvIdhara ne DhakkI mAnI hai| DhakkI kA nAma bharata meM kahIM nahIM milatA hai|" - DaoN. bholAzaGkara vyAsa, 'saMskRta-kavi-darzana', pR. 303, caukhambA vidyAbhavana, banArasa, saMvat 2012 vi. 7. (ka) "pAThyaM tu saMskRtaM nRNAmanIcAnAM kRtaatmnaam|" - dazakarUpaka, 2/64. (kha) "strINAM tu prAkRtaM prAyaH zaurasenyadhameSu c|" - uparivat, 2/65. 8. "itthiyA dAva sakkaaM paDhantI diNNaNavaNassA vi a giTTI ahiaM saMsuAadi" - zUdraka, 'mRcchakaTikam', 3, zloka 3 ke pshcaat| 9. "kAryanazcottamAdInAM kAryoM bhaassaavytikrmH|" - 'dazakarUpaka', 2/66. 10. (ka) bharata, 'nATyazAstra', 17/31/43 aura 17/50/2. (kha) "pAThyaM tu saMskRtaM nRNAmanIcAnAM kRtaatmnaam| liMginInAM mahAdevyA mantrijAvezyayoH kvcit|| - dhanaMjaya, 'dazakarUpaka', 2/64. 11. 'nATyazAstra', 17/50/2 aura 17/53/6. 12. (ka)"sadA isa saMskRta nahIM ko dekhate dekhate hama asaMskRta yA asvAbhavika prAkRta nadiyoM ko bhUla ge| ... hama yaha kahane lage ki nahara se nadI banI hai, nahara prakRti hai aura nadI vikRti ... / " - candradhara zarmA gulerI, 'purAnI hindI', pR. 1, nAgarI pracAriNI sabhA, kAzI, prathama saMskaraNa, saMvat 2005 vi. (kha)" ... mAgadhI vAle kahate haiM ki mAgadhI hI mUlabhASA hai jise prathama kalpa ke manuSya, deva aura brAhmaNa bolate the|" - uparivat, pR. 3. (ga) "kucha vidvAnoM ne prAkRtoM ko hI pradhAnatA dI hai aura 'prakRti' ko prAkRta kA AdhAra mAnA hai yA 'prAk kRta' pUrva meM huI vaha prAkRta hai, isa prakAra kI vyAkhyA kI hai|" - DaoN. rAma siMha tomara, 'prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya tathA unakA hindI sAhitya para prabhAva', pR. 1-2, hindI-pariSad-prakAzana, prayAga vizvavidyAlaya, prayAga, san 1963 I. 13. rudraT, 'kAvyAlaGkAra', 2/12. 14. "sakalajagajjantUnAM vyAkaraNAdibhinAhitasaMskAra: sahajo vacanavyApAraH prakRtiH tatra bhavaM saiva vA praakRtm| ... prAkRtaM bAlamahilAdisubodhaM sakalabhASAnibaMdhanabhUtaM vcnmucyte|" - namisAdhu, kAvyAlaGka', 2/12 kI ttiikaa| 15. bhAsa ke 'daridracArudattam' kA zakAra mAgadhI bolatA hai aura 'avimAraka' kA vidUSaka zaurasenI kA prayoga karatA hai| kAlidAsa ne gadya meM zaurasenI aura padya meM mAgadhI kA vyavahAra kiyA hai| unake 'abhijJAna zAkuntalam' ke machue mAgadhI meM saMbhASaNa karate haiN| zUdraka ke 'mRcchakaTikam' meM zaurasenI, prAcyA, mAgadhI, zakArI, cANDAlI aura DhakkI kI upasthiti hai| harSa ke 'nAgAnanda' meM mAgadhI milatI hai aura bhavabhUti ne zaurasenI kA prayoga kiyA hai| vizAkhadatta ke 'mudrArAkSasam' kA candanadAsa zaurasenI bolatA hai aura bhaTTa nArAyaNa ke 'veNIsaMhAra' meM bhI zaurasenI prayukta huI hai| somadeva ke 'lalitavigraharAja' meM mahArASTra, zaurasenI aura mAgadhI ke saMvAda milate haiN|
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________________ Jaina Theory of Production of Sound and Evolution of Language Jaina scriptures often adopt the question-answer method for the exposition of a subject. They treat 'language' in the same way. Questions are put by Gautama ganadhara to the Tirthankara Mahavira who answers them. The questions are i) Bhasa nam bhante! kimadiya, ii) iii) Dr. R.P. Poddar* ii) Where lies the beginning of the language? Kim pavaha, From where is it produced? iv) Kim pajjavasiya, Kim santhiya, What is it shaped like? The answers are i) Where does it come to an end? Bhasa nam jivadiya, Language begins with the jiva, the principle of life. sarirappabhava, It is produced from the body. iii) vajjasanthiya, It is shaped like vajra-narrow in the middle and spreading out towards the ends; in Jaina metaphysics the cosmos is supposed to be of this shape, roughly like that of a man standing akimbo with the legs wide apart. * Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune -4.
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________________ Jaina Theory of Production of Sound and Evolution ... iv) logantapajjavasiya, It ends at the extremities of the cosmos (because motion if limited to the cosmos). 109 Jiva, though the ultimate source of language or speech, can produce it in conjunction with a physical body. The jivas are embodied in a physical frame because of their respective Karmans of which there are eight types [jnana-darsana-varana-vedaniya-mohaniyayuska-namgotrantarayah TS. 8.5] and (according to TS) ninety-seven [5+9+2+28+4+42+2+5] sub-types. The Karman which determines the body of a jiva is called nama-Karman. It has forty-two sub-types. The sub-type (i) gati determines whether the jiva in question will be born as (a) sura (god), (b) nara (human), (c) naraka (infernal being) or (d) tiryanca (non-human beings living on earth, in water and in air); (ii) jati determines species; (iii) sarira determines the shape and size of the body; (iv) varna, gandh, rasa, phasa, atapa, uddyota etc. determine colour, smell, taste, touch, heat and lustre etc. of the body; (v) svara-namakarma determines voice whether agreeable or disagreeable; etc. Of the earthly jivas, there are six categories (sad-jiva-nikaya) these may be divided as mobile (trasa) and immobile (sthavara). The latter consists of (1) the earth-bodied beings, (2) water-bodied beings, (3) fire-bodied beings, (4) wind-bodied beings, and (5) plant-bodied beings. All these are one-sensed beings, having only the sense of touch. The sixth category is that of the mobile beings. These may be (i) twosensed, having the sense of taste in addition, as the earth-worm; (ii) three-sensed, having the sense of smell in addition, like the ants; (iv) four-sensed, having sight in addition, like the black bee; and (v) fivesensed, having the sense of hearing in addition, like birds, animals and humans. The immobile beings cannot have the faculty of producing
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________________ 110 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha sound. But all the mobile beings from two-sensed onwards can have this faculty. There are ten vitalities, bala, manifest marks of life. These are (i) sense of touch, (ii) body, (iii) respiration, (iv) life-span. (v) sense of taste, (vi) faculty of speech, (vii) sense of smell, (viii) (i) sense of sight, (iv) (i) sense of hearing and (x) rationality. One-sensed beings have the first to the fourth vitalities. Two-sensed have the fifth and the sixth in addition. The three-sensed beings have the seventh in addition. The four-sensed have the eighth and the five-sensed nonrationals have the ninth in addition. Only the five-sensed rational beings, i.e. those having a discriminative mind, have all the ten vitalities. In the Jaina scriptures sound (sabda/nada) has been conceived as pudgala (non-sentient matter and also energy). It is produced by the vibration of material particles. Since the immobile beings cannot vibrate the material particles of their bodies, they are without the faculty of producing sound. The mobile ones can do that. Therefore they can have this faculty. In physical observation worms etc. (two-sensed) and ants etc. (three-sensed) do not seem to be producing any sound. But on minute observation it has been found that insects produce sound by friction and the ants and the like produce sound by vibrating their proboscis. The snakes produce hissing sound by short, quick breath, the crickets by vibrating the membrane and the black bee by vibrating their wings. Fishes produce sound by vibrating the inner muscles of their body. Animals and birds produce vocal sound. All these sounds are inarticulate. For the production of articulate sound a discriminative mind has to come into play to conceptualize the percepts and express the concepts in language. In the worldly existence, this is possible for humans only. There may be exceptions in this regard. But these may be covered under the provision of paryapti (completion). There are six components of completion. viz.
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________________ Jaina Theory of Production of Sound and Evolution ... 111 1. ahara-intake of body-making material particles; 2. sarira-body; 3. indriya-senses touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing; 4. svasocchvasa-breathing. 5. bhasa-production of sound for self-expression; and, 6. manas-mind. Standard in respect of the one-sensed beings is the first to the fourth paryaptis, sense being limited to touch only. In case of twosensed beings, it is the first to the fifth, senses being limited to touch and taste only. Three-four-and five-sensed beings develop additional senses of smell, sight and hearing respectively. The sixth component of completion-mind, capability of rational thinking remain the privilege of the humans only. A jiva may be deficient (aparyapta) in respect of one or more components of completion. So the possibility of mute two-sensed etc. cannot be ruled out. Next, we come to the question of transmission of language or speech. The scriptures say that as soon as the language is emitted, it assumes a Vajra-shape, i.e. the shape of the cosmos, at the extremities of which it terminates because motion is not possible in the transcosmic space. Language as sound is a sort of mechanical energy which is transmitted by compression waves at different speeds in different media like air, water and metal etc., much less than the speed of light (roughly three lakh kilometers per sec). So language or speech consisting of sound, instantly touching the extremities of the cosmos, is an impossibility. Since language or speech is said to have its origin in jiva, it is supposed to be accompanied with spiritual energy which can traverse and pervade the cosmos instantly. This supposition might be somewhat like that of the nada-brahma, sound as the supreme spirit. Essentially language is the expression of the self. It manifests primarily as spiritual vibration which can be instantly transmitted from one jiva to another, before it is uttered in very very inefficient conventional sound. It is by means of this transmission that the Tirthankara's teachings are immediately conveyed not only to the
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________________ 112 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha humans but also to the birds and the animals. From the spiritual level language or speech comes down to the physical level. It is here that its objects are perceived and conceptualized in terms of language and uttered. The spiritual and the different physical stages are comparable with the para, pasyanti madhyma and vaikhari stages of speech (vani). At the spiritual stage it may be called para while perceiving the object to be expressed it may be called pasyanti, while transforming the object into speechsounds, when it is not quite physical, it may be called madhyma; at the utterance stage it is vaikhari. Perception and conceptualization, in other words 'meaning' and the expression, cannot be independent of each other. Their separation is like that of the sabda and its sphota a-g-a-m--a as a cluster of five sound-units is a 'sabda'. When it conveys the meaning coming near or traditional learning according to the requirement of the context, it realizes its purpose and this realization is the 'sphota'. Several other questions are raised about the types of language and their moral value, about the validity of word-meaning relationship etc. But the one question which is pertinent to our topic is - 'katihi va samaehi bhasati bhasam?' How many samayas the jiva takes in utterance of language? [The 'samaya' is the smallest unit of time which cannot be further divided). There answer is the jiva can utter language in two samayas (instants). There cannot be utterance without conception. So the jiva will take one smallest unit of time in conceiving and another in delivering. If the process is to continue, in the second instant there will be fresh conception and delivery of the preconceived matter both and so on till at the end there is delivery and no conception. In a continuous process the delivery continues without break. But the speaker may conceive the matter for linguistic expression and deliver it at another time at will with a gap of two to innumerable samayas this process of conceiving and delivering is called grahna-nissarana. In the process of grahana the entire self of the person-his mind and the senses are in action. In nissarana, however, the vocal organ, and
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________________ Jaina Theory of Production of Sound and Evolution ... 113 of course the mind, are in action - ginhai ya kaienam,nisarai taha vaiena jogenan. This apparently two phased action of grahana and nissarana, is actually three phased. The initial phase is the identification of the matter to be expressed in language (bhasadravya). It is to be followed by its conversion into language (bhasatvena parinamana). This is the inner linguistic expression of the matter which is of necessity, interwoven with the process of identification of the matter to be expressed in language. It is a link between grahana and nissarana, the final utterance. Any object of knowledge may become a matter for linguistic expression (bhasadravya) provided that (i) it is existant (sthita) before the senses and mind of the speaker; (ii) it is in full contact with the speaker (jiva), in other words the speaker (jiva) is preoccupied with it, and (iii) the speaker is competent to express it in language. Speaker's competence is tested at the listeners end. Five types of delivery have been identified in the scriptures, viz. (i) piece by piece, i.e. specifying and elucidating all the details (khandabheda); (ii) layer after layer, i.e. generic not specific (pratarabheda); (iii) pounded. i.e. mixed up and confused (curnikabheda); (iv) marginal or superficial (anutatika); (v) scattered, i.e. incoherent (utkarikabheda). The Jaina scriptures do not envisage a time when humans were without language. As the world in their view is a continuous process without any beginning or end, so is the language. There are ups and downs, but the continuation is unbroken. Nevertheless, language is seen to be gradually rising from the inarticulate to the articulate, according to, the increasing number of sense perceptions, viz. two, three, four and five. Even the animals and birds of the last category can develop acquaintance with articulate language on being trained for the purpose. Even among the humans infant's language is inarticulate which gradually becomes articulate under the impact of the incumbent language.
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________________ AcAryazrI sunIlasAgarajI kA prAkRta kAvya sAhitya DaoN. mahendra kumAra jaina 'manuja'* madhyapradeza ke sAgara jilAntargata tigor3A (hIrApura) nAmaka grAma meM 7 akTUbara 1977 ko janmeM, 20 apraila 1997 ko muni dIkSA prApta aura 25 janavarI 2007 ko AcArya pada se vibhUSita AcAryazrI sunIlasAgara jI mahArAja dvArA alpakAla meM 26 granthoM / pustakoM kA sajana / vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| unameM 6 kRtiyA~ prAkRta meM haiN| ina 6 meM bhI 4 kRtiyA~ kAvyAtmaka haiM, ve haiM 1. NIdI saMgaho, 2003 2. thudIsaMgaho, 2006 3. ajjhappasAro, 2007 4. bhAvaNAsAro, 2007 5. bhAvAloyaNA-bhattisaMgaho, 2009 NIdI saMgaho NIdI saMgaho. meM dhamma-NIdI gAthA 60 aura loga-NIdI gAthA 101 haiN| tathA aMta meM kucha stutiyA~ saMgRhIta haiN| isameM dharma aura nIti se saMbaMdhita padya haiN| lekhaka ne svayaM likhA hai ki isameM suprasiddha rAjanItijJa cANakya kI kaI nItiyA~ to kevala rUpAntarita haiM, kaI jainAcAryoM ke vAkyAMza bhI isameM liye gaye haiN| kintu yaha sabhI samAja dvArA samAdaraNIya va grAhya hone ke kAraNa ise esa.DI. jaina saMskRta kaoNleja, jayapura ne apane yahA~ pAThayakrama meM sammilita kara liyA hai| dharmanIti kI prasiddha sUkti 'yato dharmastato jayaH' isa padya meM samAhita hai rAvaNo khayarAhIso, rAmo ya bhuumigoyro| vijido so vi rAmeNa, jado dhammo tado jo|| - NIdI, dharmanIti-421 arthAt rAvaNa vidyAdhara rAjAoM kA svAmI thA aura rAma bhUmigocarI the| phira bhI vaha rAma ke dvArA jIta liyA gyaa| kyoMki jahA~ dharma hotA hai vahIM jaya hotI hai| lokanIti ke padya meM AlaMkArika guMphana dRSTavya hai dANaM dayA damikkhANaM, daMsaNaM devpuuynnN| dakArA jassa vijjaMte, gacchaMte te Na duggdiN|| - NIdI, lokanIti-141 * 22/2, rAmagaMja, jinsI, indaura - 452 006.
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________________ AcAryazrI sunIlasAgarajI kA prAkRta kAvya sAhitya arthAt dAna, dayA, icchA damana, darzana (devadarzana), devapUjA ye dakAra jisake pAsa rahate haiM ve durgati ko nahIM jAte haiN| thudIsaMgaho 115 thudIsaMgaho meM usahajiNa tthudI, saMtiNAha - tthUdI Adi 17 stutiyAM haiM, gommaTeza aSTaka va varddhamAna aSTaka do aSTaka haiM, eka maMgala paMcaka, paMca NamokkAro, rattibhoyaNa- cAga-pasaMsA, majjhabhAvaNA isa taraha 23 laghuracanAoM kA guccha hai| jaina zramaNa paraMparA meM stuti kA sAtizaya mahatva hai, kyoMki isake mAdhyama se stuti karane vAlA svayaM stutya bana jAtA hai| yahA~ stutiyoM kI prAcIna paraMparA hai, jise Age bar3hAte hue paramapUjya munizrI sunIlasAgara jI mahArAja ne apanI kAvya-pratibhA kA viziSTatA pUrvaka prabhAva chor3ate hue zaurasenI prAkRta ke vibhinna sarasa chandoM meM vibhinna stutiyoM kI racanA kI hai| yadyapi prasiddha gommadeza thudI - 'visaTTa kaMdoTTa dalANuyAraM' kI koI sAnI nahIM hai; kintu mAlinI chaMda meM gommaTeza aSTaka bhI anupama hai| isakA prathama padya isa taraha hai thudI saMgaho, go. thu. 1 / usahajiNa-suputtaM suNaMdANetta rammaM, Niva-bharaha kaNiTTaM adi-uttuMga dehaM / paudaNapura- dhIsaM sAhimANI girivvaM, bhuvaNa-mauDarUvaM gommaTesaM NamAmi / / arthAt RSabhadeva ke suputra, mAtA sunaMdA kI A~khoM ke ramya, nRpazreSTha bharata cakravartI ke choTe bhAI, ati uttuMga dehadhArI, podanapura ke svAmI, parvata ke samAna svAbhimAnI tathA tIna loka ke mukuTa svarUpa gommaTezvara bAhubalI jinendra ko maiM namana karatA huuN| isI taraha 'vaDDhamANa thudI' bhI sundara upajAti chaMda meM nibaddha hai| ' rati- bhoyaNa- cAga-pasaMsA' aura jana-jana ke hRdaya meM sthita paNDita jugalakizora mukhtAra 'yugavIra' dvArA racita merI bhAvanA kA 'majjha bhAvaNA' nAma se prAkRta bhASA ke gAthA chaMda meM rUpAntaraNa kiyA hai, jo merI bhAvanA kI bhAMti hI jana-jana kA kalyANa karane meM samartha hai| tribhASA kavi munizrI cUMki svayaM zAstrI va snAtaka haiM, isalie unakA sAhitya kI vibhinna dhArAoM, vidhAoM, vyAkaraNa aura bhASAoM para acchA adhikAra hai| prastuta kRti 'thudI saMgaho' meM unhoMne chaMdazAstra aura vaiyAkaraNika siddhAMtoM kA khyAla rakhate hue bhI alaMkAroM, navarasoM aura sAhitya kI vibhinna zaktiyoM kA samAveza kiyA hai| isameM vibhinna chaMdoM kA prayoga huA hai| yathA- upajAti, iMdravajA, upendravajrA, vaMzastha, basaMtatilakA, zikharaNI, gAhA, gAhI, uggAhA, mAlinI aura anuSTupa ke vividha rUpa / prAkRtoM meM mUlataH zaurasenI prAkRta kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| zaurasenI ke mahAkavi AcArya kuMdakuMdadeva, apabhraMza ke joiMdu, puSpadaMta Adi kI dRSTAMta zailI vividha dRSTAntoM ke sAtha vividha rUpoM meM AkarSaka DhaMga se ekadama naI vezabhUSA
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________________ 116 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha meM avatarita huI hai| 'thudI saMgaho' ke kucha chaMda bhaktAmara, mahAvIrASTaka, kalyANa maMdira tathA kucha prAcIna gAthAoM-zlokoM kA baravasa hI smaraNa karAkara kRti kI prAmANikatA ke praharI banakara hRdaya ko AhlAdita kara dete haiN| ajjhappasAro ajjhappasAro, san 2007 meM sRjana kI samaSTi ko prApta huaa| isameM 100 prAkRta padya haiN| nAmAnukUla viSaya hai kintu adhyAtma ko bahuta hI sarala DhaMga se isameM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, jisase adhyAtma jaisA viSaya bhI sarvagamya ho gayA hai| yaha kRti anUThI sRjanadharmitA kI dyotaka hai| sAhityakAra kI abhivyakti meM kAvya aura zAstra ye donoM dRSTiyA~ samAhita hotI haiN| zAstra meM zreya rahatA hai aura kAvya meM anabhatiyoM kA prayatna rahatA hai| 'ajjhappasAro' grantha meM samayasAra jaisI anubhUtiyoM kA samAkalana kiyA gayA hai| nija AtmA hI paramAtmA hai Niya appA paramappA, appA appammi atthi sNpunnnn| to kiM gacchadi bahire, appA appammi savvadA jheyo|| - ajjhappasAro / / 27 / / arthAt nija AtmA hI paramAtmA hai, AtmA apane Apa meM saMpUrNa hai, to phira tuma bAhara kyoM jAte ho, AtmA meM AtmA kA hamezA dhyAna kro| yaha kuMdakuMda kI sAhitya zrRMkhalA meM sammilita karane jaisA graMtha bana par3A hai| AcAryazrI ke isa prAkRta kAvya meM rasa hai, alaMkAra hai, anubhUti hai aura AtmAnubhava kI tIvra preraNA hai| bhAvaNAsAro __ bhAvanA kI paribhASA karate hue paMcAstikAya graMtha kI tAtparya vRtti TIkA meM likhA hai- 'jJAte'rthe punaH punazciMtanaM bhAvanA' arthAt jAne hue artha kA bAra-bAra ciMtana karanA bhAvanA hai| mUlAcAra meM tapa bhAvanA, zruta-bhAvanA, satva-bhAvanA, dhRti-bhAvanA, saMtoSa-bhAvanA, bAraha bhAvanA Adi ko sadA bhAne kA parAmarza diyA gayA hai, sAtha hI klezakAriNI kAMdI, sAMmohI, AsurI Adi durbhAvanAoM se bacane ke lie kahA gayA hai| ___vyakti kI bhAvanA-zuddhi hetu AcArya kuMdakuMda ne 'bArasANuvekkhA' AcArya kumArasvAmI ne 'kArtikeyAnuprekSA', AcArya zubhacaMdra ne 'jJAnArNava' tathA muni nAgasena ne nazAsana' jaise svataMtra graMtha likhe| inake alAvA aura bhI kaI graMtha isa dizA meM mArga darzana hetu upalabdha haiN| bhAvanApradhAna graMthoM kI zrRMkhalA meM AcAryazrI sunIlasAgara jI ne 'bhAvaNA-sAro' nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kI hai| cAroM anuyogoM ke gahana adhyetA AcAryazrI eka yuga-vicAraka saMta hote hue bhI siddhAMta-grarthoM para gaharI pakar3a rakhate haiN| ___ 'bhAvanAsAra' meM unhoMne anitya, azaraNa, saMsAra, ekatva, anyatva, azucitva, Amrava, saMvara, nirjarA, loka, bodhidurlabha aura dharma ina bAraha bhAvanAoM kA saMkSipta kintu
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________________ AcAryazrI sunIlasAgarajI kA prAkRta kAvya sAhitya 117 sAragarbhita vivecana kiyA hai| prastuta graMtha ke maMgalAcaraNa meM siddhoM kI vaMdanA ke sAtha hI graMtha-racanA karane kI pratijJA kI gaI hai| pazcAt eka suMdara anuSTupa avatarita huA hai jeNa bhAveNa jaM rUvaM, jhANI jhAyadi tccdo| teNeva tammayaM jAdi, sovAhi phaliho jhaa|| arthAt jina bhAvoM se dhyAtA jisa rUpa ko tatvataH dhyAtA hai, vaha usI meM tanmaya ho jAtA hai, jaise ki sphaTika mnni| vaha jisa raMga ke saMsarga meM AtI hai vaisI hI dikhane laga jAtI hai| isake bAda to eka ke bAda eka suMdara-suMdara gAthA-sUtra avatarita hue haiN| AcAryazrI ne alaMkAroM kA bhI khuba prayoga kiyA hai| duSTAMta-alaMkAra to paga-paga para dekhane ko milatA hai| sphaTika prayoga AnaMdadAyaka bana par3A hai| AlaMkArika guMphana darzana isameM varavaza ho jAte haiN| nijAtmA kI zreSThatA meM sarIreNa varaM iMdI, iMdiehiM varaM mnnN| maNasA ya varaM bohI, bohiNA Niya appnno|| -bhAvaNAsAro-441 arthAta zarIra se indriyAM zreSTha haiM, indriyoM se mana zreSTha hai. mana se bodhi zreSTha hai aura bodhi se jina AtmA zreSTha hai| navarasoM meM se AcAryavara ne mUlataH zAMta kA prayoga kiyA hai| kintu AvazyakatAnusAra anAyAsa hI vIra, raudra, bIbhatsa, karuNa, bhaya aura zRMgAra rasa kA bhI suMdara prayoga huaa| kRti meM sAhitya kI abhidhA, vyaMjanA aura lakSaNA zaktiyoM ke darzana bhI hote haiN| AcAryavara ne kRti ke 72 meM se 71 chaMdoM meM anuSTupa-chaMda kA prayoga kiyA hai, aMtima gAhA (AryA) chaMda meM hai| bhAvAloyaNA-bhattisaMgaho 2009 bhAvAloyaNA padya 25 / prAcIna zaurasenI bhASA meM likhI gaI bhAvoM kI AlocanA hai| isameM apane doSoM kI niMdA-gardA karate hue sAdhaka ne sAmAyika va nirmamatva kI prArthanA kI hai| sAmAyika kA sAdhAraNa artha hai aatm-miln| yaha jIvAtmA bAharI padArthoM meM vimohita hokara svayaM ko bhUla gayA hai| sAmAyika se sva-smRti hotI hai| sva-smRti se svakRta doSoM-pApoM kA bodha hotA hai aura phira pshcaataap| pazcAtApa arthAt svaniMdA, grdaa/aalocnaa| isa AlocanA/pazcAtApa se prAyazcitta janmatA hai| prAyazcitta se Atmazuddhi, Atmazuddhi se sAmya aura sAmya se mokSa kA mArga prazasta hotA hai| AcArya amitagati ke 'dvAtriMzatikA (sAmAyikapATha)' kI zailI meM likhI gaI yaha kRti nizcita hI bhavyajIvoM ke bhAvoM ko bhAsvata karane meM sahayogI hogii| AcAryazrI ne ina prAkRta kAvyoM ke atirikta AcArya umAsvAmI dvArA racita sarvaprAcIna saMskRta kRti tatvArthasUtra kI sanmatiprabodhinI TIkA ke sAtha sabhI 357 sUtroM kA prAkRta rUpAntaraNa kiyA hai| jisase isakA prAkRta arthAt svAbhAvika bhASA meM bhI pATha kiyA jA ske| ise bI.Ara.e. bihAra vizvavidyAlaya, mujaphpharapura ne apane pAThayakrama meM sammilita kiyA hai|
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________________ 118 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha prAkRtabodha prAcIna sAhitya, darzana aura itihAsa ko samajhane ke lie vibhinna prAkRtoM kA bodha Avazyaka hai| prAkRta meM pravezakartAoM ko lakSya kara prAkRta vyAkaraNa kI 'prAkRta-bodha' nAmaka pustikA kA sajana kiyA hai| isameM 18 prakaraNa diye gaye haiM1. varNavicAra- svara va vyaMjana 2. svara parivartana-hrasva svaroM kA dIrdhIkaraNa 3. sarala vyaMjana parivartana 4. kaThina vyaMjana parivartana, vyaMjana Agama, svara Agama, varNa viparyaya 5. saMdhi prakaraNa-svarasaMdhi, hrasva-dIrgha saMdhi, prakRtibhAva, vyaMjana-saMdhi 6. kAraka prakaraNa-vibhaktiyA~ evaM zabda rUpa 7. kriyA prakaraNa-dhAturUpa-vartamAna, bhUtakAla, bhaviSyakAla aura vidhi rUpa 8. kRdanta prakaraNa-sAmAnya pratyaya, bhAvArthaka pratyaya 9. taddhita prakaraNa-sAmAnya pratyaya, bhAvArthaka pratyaya 10. samAsa prakaraNa- samAsoM ke vividha prAkRta prayoga 11. avyaya prakaraNa- bhAvasUcaka katipaya avyaya 12. liMga-vicAra- strI pratyaya ke prayoga 13. vizeSaNa-vicAra-bheda sahita vizleSaNa 14. paryAyavAcI zabda- cAlIsa prAkRta zabdoM ke paryAyavAcI rUpa 15. vividha prAkRtoM kI vizeSatAe~, zaurasenI, arddhamAgadhI, mAgadhI, pAli 16. vAkya racanA- prAkata meM vAkya prayoga 17. gadya bhAga- prAkRta meM laghu nibaMdha 18. padya bhAga- upayogI prAkRta stutiyA~ pariziSTa- saMjJA evaM kriyA zabda saM.saM.vi.vi. vArANasI prAkRta evaM jainAgama vibhAga ke adhyayana borDa ne bhI isakI pratiyA~ pAThayakrama meM sammilita karane hetu vicArArtha maMgAI haiN| isa taraha alpavaya meM AcAryazrI kI sAhitya sRjana kI yaha mahatvapUrNa upalabdhi aura sAhitya jagata ko anupama dena hai|
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________________ prAkRta sAhitya meM varNita vAstuvijJAna DaoN. jayakumAra upAdhye* varddhamAna mahAvIra ke prathama gaNadhara dvArA racita 'pratikramaNasUtra' meM pA~ca sthAvara ekendriya jIvoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai, jinake nAma haiM- (1) puDhavikAiyA jIvA, (2) AukAiyA jIvA, (3) teukAiyA jIvA, (4) vAukAiyA jIvA aura (5) vANapphadikAiyA jIvA, saMkhejjA asaMkhejjAya haiN| pRthvI, jala, teja (agni), vAstu evaM vanaspati ina pAMcoM ko kevala jIva ke rUpa meM na svIkAra karate hue ekendriya sthAvara jIva kA Ayu, zvAsocchvAsa zarIra tathA sparzana indriya hone kA siddhAMta 2500 varSa siddha kiyA hai| ina sthAvara jIvoM ko saMkhyAta evaM asaMkhyAta kahA gayA hai| aura yaha sarvavidita hai ki bhavana nirmANa vidhi meM upari nirdiSTa pAMca tatvoM kA prayoga anivArya hai kyoMki inake prayoga ke binA bhavana nirmANa asambhava hai| AcArya kundakunda ne 'prAkRta dazabhakti' meM IryApatha pratikramaNa meM cAra mukhya dizA aura upadizAoM kA sundara vivecana kiyA hai| 'caudisu vidisaasu| pUrva, pazcima, dakSiNa, uttara ye cAra mukhya dizAeM haiM aura Agneya, naiRtya, vAyavya evaM IzAna ye cAra upadizAeM haiN| ina sabhI meM eka-eka maulika tatva upasthita haiM jo prANI mAtra ke jIvana yApana meM atyaMta sahakArI haiM, jinakA prayoga vaidhAnika dRSTi se honA hI cAhie, kyoMki dizAvihIna pradeza, tatva vikRta vAstu cAroM puruSArthoM kI sAdhanA meM bAdhA DAlate haiN| jaise-pRthvI vikAra, salila prakopa, agnidAha, caura prayoga, vidyutpAtAdi vAyu upadrava, vanaspatijanya vikRta viSaya prayoga dvArA jIva apane sAdhanA mArga ko prazasta nahIM kara sktaa| ataH susaMskRta sabhyatApUrNa evaM dharmamaya jIvana ko pAne ke lie vAstu eka Avazyaka aMga mAnA gayA hai| AcArya vIrasena ne "SaTkhaNDAgama" grantha kI dhavalA TIkA meM vAstuvidyA sambaMdhI uddharaNa dete hue spaSTa kahA hai ki "vAstu vijaM bhUmi-saMbaMdhamaNNaM pi suhAsuhakAraNaM vaNNedi" bhAratIya prAcya vidyA ke aise aneka grantha upalabdha haiM, jinameM prAcIna kalAoM kA vistRta varNana hai|- "vasudevahiNDI" nAmaka kathA grantha saMghadAsagaNi dvArA racita eka prasiddha prAkRta kRti hai| prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI mUladhArA Agamika kathAoM se uddhRta huI hai| * vyAkhyAtA, prAkRtabhASA vibhAga, zrI lAla bahAdura zAstrI rASTrIya saMskRta vidyApITha, naI dillii|
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________________ 120 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha DaoN. nemicandra zAstrI ne ucita hI likhA hai ki "Agama sAhitya prAkRta kathA sAhitya kI gaMgotrI hai|" __ukta graMtha meM vAstuzAstra kA vistRta varNana hai, jisakA vaijJAnika paricaya dete hue vizeSajJoM ne sthApatyazAstra, zilpazAstra aura citrazAstra kI dRSTi se usake mukhyaH tIna bheda batAe haiN| bhavana nirmANa, pratimA-nirmANa tathA citrakarma vidhAna ye tIna vAstu zAstra ke mukhya pratipAdya viSaya haiN| isa prakAra vAstuzAstra kA kSetra bar3A vyApaka hai| yaha zAstra zilpazAstra kA bhI pratinidhi hai| isalie vastroM aura alaMkAroM kI nirmANa kalA bhI vAstu zAstra meM hI antarbhUta hai| saMghadAsagaNi kI vAstu kalpanA ko yadi unake dvArA citrita vastroM aura alaMkAroM kI kala-ramaNIyatA ko vividha kalpanA se jor3akara dekhA jAya to unakI kalA bhUyiSTha kalAkRti 'vasudeva hiNDI' vAstuzAstra kA uttama nidarzana siddha hotI hai| isa kalA ke dvArA prakRti nirmita jar3a padArthoM meM bhI vibhinna manohArI bhAvoM kI utpatti hotI hai| jisase deza kA mUrttimAna itihAsa prakaTa hotA hai tathA vahA~ ke nivAsiyoM ke guNadharma, svabhAva, AcAra-vicAra aura vyavahAroM kI vaijJAnika evaM manovaijJAnika jAnakArI milatI hai AdikAla se maukhika paramparA se sarakSita yaha kalA kAlakrama se vedasUtragranthoM, smRtiyoM aura purANoM meM samAviSTa ho gyii| veda, purANa, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata meM jo vizvakarmA kA ullekha huA hai ve tatkAlIna sthApatya zAstra ke pUrNajJAtA sUtradhAra ke rUpa meM mAnya haiN| vAsa sthAna ko 'vAstu' kahate haiM, jinameM prANI nivAsa karate haiN| vAstu zabda kI utpatti meM kahA gayA hai "vasanti prANino yatra saH vAstu" nivAsArthaka vas dhAtu ke sAtha tuNa pratyaya ke yoga se vAstu zabda niSpanna huA hai| isa vAstu kA AdhAra ghara yA bhavana avazya hai, parantu bhavana nirmANa ke atirikta yaha kucha aura bhI hai| eka vAstuzAstrI ne vAstukalA kI lalita kalA se tulanA karate hue bar3A saTIka hI kahA hai, "kavitA kevala padya racanA hI nahIM hai apitu vaha usake atirikta kucha aura bhI hai|" madhura svara meM gAe jAne para vaha aura bhI adhika prabhAvazAlI ho jAtI hai| usake sAtha jaba upayukta saMgIta aura sAre vAtAvaraNa se bhI use avagata karA detI hai| ThIka isI prakAra vAsta kalpanA dArzanika gatividhiyoM, kAvyamaya abhivyaktiyoM aura sammilita layAtmaka, saMgItAtmaka evaM varNAtmaka arthoM se paripUrNa hotI hai| aisI utkRSTa vAstu kRti mAnava ke antarmAnasa kI chUtI huI sabhI prakAra se usakI prazaMsA kA kAraNa banatI hai phira vaha vizvavyApI khyAti arjita karatI hai, sAtha hI vaha bhAvI pIr3hiyoM kI prerikA bhI hotI hai| kauTilya ke yuga meM vAstu-vijJAna carama zikhara para thaa| unhoMne apane artha zAstra 21veM adhyAya meM kuzala vAstu-vaijJAnikoM kA sAdara ullekha kiyA hai| sAtha hI sAtha vAstu siddhi ke samasta upakaraNoM kI vizad carcA bhI kI hai| grAma samudAyoM aura nagaroM kI racanA, vizeSataH durga-nirmANa kI rUparekhAoM kA spaSTa aMkana isa graMtha meM huA hai| kauTilya ne vAstu parimANa kI prAcIna mAnyatA meM vikAsa karake yaha niyama banAyA thA ki gRha nirmANa
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________________ prAkRta sAhitya meM varNita vAstuvijJAna 121 ke lie bhUmi aMzoM kA vibhAjana evaM vitaraNa nirmAtAoM kI vRtti ke anurUpa honA caahie| saMyoga se Adhunika kAla ke vAstu kA nirmANa paramparAdhRta na hokara nirmAtAoM kI ruci aura pravRtti ke anusAra hI ho rahA hai| vAstu sAhitya meM vAstu ke samIpa per3a lagAne kA bhI vidhAna prApta hotA hai| usake samIpa kaNTakamaya vRkSa lagAne se zatrubhaya, kSIrIvRkSa se arthanAza aura phalIvRkSa se prajAkSaya hotA hai| ina saba kI lakar3ioM kA upayoga bhI gRha nirmANa meM nahIM karanA caahie| yadi ina vRkSoM ko lagAkara bhI unako kATane kI icchA na ho to unake doSa parihAra ke lie una vRkSoM ke nikaTa punnAga, azoka, ariSTa, bakula, panasa, zamI aura zAlavRkSa lagA denA caahie| vAstu-maNDala meM kauna-sI vastu kisa dizA meM rahanA cAhie isakA bhI nirdeza prAcIna vAstukAroM ne kiyA hai| vAstu ke sammukha devAlaya, pUrva meM praveza-nirgama aura yajJamaNDapa, agnikoNa meM pAkazAlA, dakSiNa kI ora atithizAlA, naiRtya meM zAstrAgAra, kuza kASThAdi saMgraha, pazcima meM vAtAyana yukta janAgAra, vAyukoNa meM gozAlA, (kubera) uttara dizA meM bhaNDAragRha aura IzAna koNa meM gandhapuSpAlaya honA caahie| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra vAstu kalA karaNAnuyoga kA viSaya hai| yativRSabhAcArya racita 'tiloyapaNNattI' ke nau adhikAroM meM varNita nau lokoM - sAmAnya loka, naraka loka, bhavanavAsI loka, manuSya loka, tiryag-loka, jyotirloka-deva-loka aura siddha-loka kA varNana milatA hai| tRtIya adhikAra kI gAthA 22 se 62 taka asura kumAra Adi devoM ke bhavanoM, vedikAoM, kUToM, jina-mandiroM evaM prAsAdoM kA varNana upalabdha hai| bhavana kI vAstu saMracanA meM batAyA gayA hai ki pratyeka bhavana ko cAroM dizAoM meM cAra vediyA~ hotI haiM, jinake bAhya bhAga meM azoka, saptacchada, campaka aura Ama vRkSoM ke upavana rahate haiN| ina upavanoM meM caityavRkSa sthita hote haiM, jinakI cAroM dizAoM meM toraNa, ATha mahAmaMgala dravya aura mAnastambha sahita jina pratimAeM virAjamAna rahatI haiN| vediyoM ke madhya meM vetrAsana ke AkAra vAle mahAkuTa hote haiM aura pratyeka kUTa meM cAra-cAra gopura hote haiN| ina koToM ke bIca kI vIthiyoM meM eka-eka mAnastambha, nau-nau spUta vana, dhvajAeM aura caitya sthita hote haiN| jinAlayoM ke cAroM ora ke upavanoM meM tIna-tIna mekhalAoM se yukta vApikAeM hotI haiN| unake zikharAnoM ke Upara phaharAne vAlI dhvajAeM do prakAra kI hotI haiM - 'mahAdhvajA' aura 'kssudrdhvjaa'| mahAdhvajAoM meM siMha, gaja, vRSabha, garur3a, mayUra, candra, sUrya, haMsa evaM cakra ke cinha aMkita hote haiN| jinAlayoM meM vandanA, abhiSeka, nRtya, saMgIta aura Aloka inake lie alaga-alaga maNDapa hote haiM, krIr3AgRha, svAsthyazAlA, paTTazAlAeM, citrazAlA bhI nirmita rahatI haiN| jina mandira meM jinendra kI mUrtiyoM ke atirikta zrIdevI, zrutadevI tathA yakSoM kI mUrtiyA~ evaM aSTamaMgala dravya-jhArI, kalaza, darpaNa, dhvaja, camara, chatra, vyaMjana aura supratiSTha bhI sthApita hote haiN| jina pratimAoM ke AsapAsa nAgoM aura yakSoM ke yugala apane hAthoM meM camara lie hue sthita rahate haiN| asuroM ke bhavana sAta, ATha, nau Adi bhUmiyoM se yukta hote haiM, jinameM
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________________ 122 janma, abhiSeka, paricaryA aura maMtraNA ke lie alaga-alaga zAlAeM hotI haiN| unameM sAmAnyagRha, darbhagRha, kadalIgRha, citragRha, nAdagRha, latAgRha Adi hote haiM tathA toraNa, prAkAra, puSkariNI, vApI aura kUpa, mattavAraNa aura gavAkSa dhvajA-patAkAoM evaM nAnA prakAra kI puttaliyoM se susajjita hote haiN| svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha isa prakAra yativRSabhAcArya ne vAstu ke Adarza prastuta kie haiN| prAkRta sAhitya meM varNita vAstu vinyAsa ke AdhAra - Adarza ke rUpa meM 'tilloyapaNNattI' kI upayogitA saMdigdha nahIM hai| yaha mahatvapUrNa kRti bhAratIya itihAsa ke svarNakAla kI avadhi caturthapaMcama zatI meM likhI gaI hai, bahuta sambhava hai ki 'saMghadAsagaNI' ne bhI apane vAstuvarNana ke prasaMgoM meM 'tiloyapaNNatti' kA prabhAva grahaNa kiyA ho? vAstu-siddhAMta ke anusAra gRha kI dIvAroM para citrakArI karate samaya giddhapakSI, kAka, kabUtara, bandara aura saMgrAma sambandhI citra nahIM banAne cAhie, kyoMki ye azubha phalaprada hote haiN| isI prakAra rAjabhavana ko chor3akara bhavana zobhA hetu hAthI, siMha Adi jaMgala meM rahane vAle pazuoM evaM pakSiyoM kI mUrtiyA~ gRhasthoM ko apane gharoM athavA daravAjoM para nahIM banavAnI caahie| kyoMki ye sabhI bahuta azubha phala dene vAlI hotI haiN| nATyazAlA rAjapraznIyasUtra ke varNana ke anusAra nATyazAlA ( prekSAgRhamaNDapa) aneka stambhoM ke Upara banAI jAtI hai, jo vedI, toraNa aura zAlabhaMjikAoM (puttalikAoM) se zobhita rahatI thii| isameM eka se eka sundara vaiDUryaratna jar3e hue the aura pUrvokta IhAmRga, vRSabha Adi ke citra nirmita kiye jAte the| yahAM para suvarNa aura ratnamaya aneka stUpa tathA raMga biraMgI ghaMTiyoM aura patAkAoM se unake zikhara zobhAyamAna the| vidyAdhara- yugala bhI bane rahate the jo yaMtra kI sahAyatA se calate phirate rahate the| maNDapa ko lIpapota kara sApha-sutharA banAyA jAtA thaa| prekSamaMDala - isake madhya meM eka nATyagRha ( pekkhADagiha) rahatA thA, jo maNipIThikA se alaMkRta rahatA thaa| maNipIThikA ke Upara maNiyoM se jaTita eka sundara siMhAsana banAyA gayA thA jo cakra cakkala siMhapAda pAdazIrSaka, gAtra aura sandhiyoM se suzobhita thaa| yahAM ke sundara sundara sopAna; uttaraNa, Nimmaddha pratiSThAna; mUlapradeza, stambha, phala, sUcI, sandhi avalambana aura avalambanavAhU se suzobhita the| zayanAgAra prAcIna prAkRta sAhitya ke anusAra rAjA zreNika kI rAnI dhAriNI kA zayanagRha, varagRha tathA bAhyadvAra ke caukaThe, chakkaTThaga se alaMkRta the aura usake pAliza kie hue khambhoM para sundara puttilikAeM, zAlabhaMjikAeM, stUpikAeM, sarvocca zikhara, viDaMka, biTaMka kapotapAlI, kabUtaroM ke rahane kI chatarI, gavAkSa (jAla) ardhacandra ke AkAra vAle sopAna, khUMTI, (gijjUha), jharokhe (kaNayAli) aura aTTAlikA ( cedasAliyA) nirmita thii| -
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________________ prAkRta sAhitya meM varNita vAstuvijJAna 123 prAsAda-nirmANa prAcIna jaina vAstuzAstra ke anusAra dhanI logoM ke lie U~ce-U~ce prAsAda (avasaMtaka) banAe jAte the| jaina graMthoM meM sAta tala vAle prAsAdoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| prAsAdoM ke zikhara gagana-tala ko sparza karate the, apanI prabhA se ve haMsate hue se jAna par3ate the tathA maNi, kanaka aura ratnoM se nirmita hone ke kAraNa ve bar3e citra-vicitra pratIta hote the| unake Upara vAyu ke jhaMkAroM se patAkAeM phaharA rahI thI tathA chatra aura atichatra se ve atyanta zobhAyamAna jAna par3ate the| prAsAdoM ke skandha, stambha, maMca, mAla aura tala harmyatala ke bhI ullekha kiye gaye haiN| rAjagRha apane patthara aura IToM (kANiTTagA) bhavanoM ke lie vikhyAta thaa| bharata cakravartI kA prAsAda apane Adarza gRha sIsamahala ke lie prasiddha thaa| vardhaka ratna bar3haI ke dvArA eka yaMtramaya kabUtara banAkara taiyAra kiyA thaa| kaliMgarAja ke anurodha para usane sAta talle ke eka sundara bhavana kA bhI nirmANa kiyA thaa| makAna banAne ke lie IMTa (ITTikA), miTTI (puDhavI), zarkarA, (sakkarA), bAlU (bAluA) aura patthara (upala) Adi kI AvazyakatA par3atI thii| pakke makAnoM meM cUnA potane (sudhAkammata) kA rivAja thaa| pattharoM ke ghara (saMlovaTTavANa) bhI banAe jAte the| dropadI ke svayaMvara ke lie banAyA huA maNDapa saikar3oM khambhoM para avasthita thA aura aneka puttalikAoM se vaha ramaNIya jAna par3atA thaa| rAjA-mahArAjAoM ke majjaNaghara-snAnagRha kA pharza maNi. maktA aura ratnoM se jaDita rahatA thaa| prAcIna yuga meM catuzzAla bhavana banAne kI paripATI thii| saMghadAsa gaNi ne catuzzAla bhavana kA varNana kiyA hai| yathA "ananyA kayAi piyajaNasahio ahiMmatarille cAusAle" cara makAnoM ke varga yA cAroM ora bhavanoM se ghire hue catuSkoNa vAstu ko catuzzAla kahA jAtA thaa| saMghadAsagaNi ne sarvatobhadra prasAda kA ullekha kiyA hai| jisa vAstu ke cAroM aura dvAra hote haiM vaha sarvatobhadra kahalAtA hai| sacamuca sarvatobhadra prAsAda prAcIna vAstu vidyA ke zailpika camatkAra kI ora saMketa karatA hai| IsA-pUrva prathama zatI meM prAcIna devajJa-vAstukAroM meM se eka suprasiddha varAhamihira ne apanI vRhatsaMhitA meM sarvatobhadra prAsAda kI nirmANa vidhi dI hai| isake atirikta jisa vAstu kA pazcima dvAra nahIM hotA aura cAroM ora cabUtare pradakSiNa bhAva se bane rahate haiM use nandayAvatthe kahA gayA hai| mahAkavi rAjazekhara dasavIM sadI kRta 'karpUramajjarI kI dvitIya javanikA meM rAjA vicakSaNa ke saMvAda vAkyoM dvArA nAyikA ke zArIrika-alaMkAra kA jo vizeSa varNana prApta hotA hai vaha bhI vastutaH zilpazAstrIya vivecana hai| 'mudrArAkSasa' nATaka ke prathama aMka meM cANakya ke bhavana, rAjabhavanadvAra, kanakatoraNa, sagAMgaprAsAda, kasamapura ke cANakyabhavana varNana Adi prasaMgoM meM bhI vAstazAstrIya katipaya binduoM ke saMketa prApta hote haiN| paMcamaratna zilpamati nAmaka graMtha meM kahA gayA hai ki bhavana-dvAra ke madhya meM yadi
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________________ 124 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha koI vRkSa sthita ho, vizeSakara nIma kA vRkSa ho, to vaha graha-svAmI asuroM ko priya hogaa| ata: aisA bhavana chor3a denA caahie| mRcchakaTikam-prakaraNa ke caturtha aMka meM kavi zUdraka ne vasantasenA ke ATha prakoSTha vAle bhavana kA vidUSaka ke dvArA varNana karAte hue samakAlIna vAstuvijJAna yA vAstuzAstra ke lakSaNa kA saMketa kiyA hai| usake anusAra manamohaka gehadvAra, prathama prakoSTha meM zaMkhAdi maMgala dhvani ghaTikAoM se veSTita khir3akiyAM, suvarNa aMlakAroM se maMDita sopAna paMkti nirmita thI, jahAM dvArapAla upasthita the| dvitIya prakoSTha meM pazudhana kA nivAsa-niyojana kiyA gayA hai jisameM gajazAlA, azvazAlA tathA gozAlA vRSabha, mahiSa, meSa, bandara ke nirmANa kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai| tRtIya prakoSTha meM zrRMgArarasa prakAzaka sAhitya ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI sAdhana sAmagriyoM kA vizleSaNa hai, jisameM pAzaka pITha juA khelane kI caukI Asana tathA citraphalaka kA varNana hai| caturtha prakoSTha meM saMgIta-sabhA kA niyojana kiyA jAtA hai, jahAM mRdaMga, kA~syamajjIrA, bAMsurI, vINA Adi vAdyayaMtroM ke prayoga dvArA nRtya-nATya ke abhinaya kI zikSA dI jAtI thii| paMcama prakoSTha meM mahAnasa kA vizleSaNa hai aura vahAM susvAdya evaM sugandha yukta vividha vyaMjanoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| SaSTha prakoSTha meM bhavana sajjA evaM alaMkAra nirmANa meM ratnoM ke prayoga kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| kastUrI gharSaNa, candana mizraNa evaM gandha saMyojana tAmbUla pradAna evaM pAna goSThI kA varNana bhI usa prakAra ke prakoSTha meM kiyA gayA hai| saptama prakoSTha meM zuka-sArikA, kapota-kokilA, mayUra, rAjahaMsa evaM sArasa pakSiyoM kA nirdeza hai| kaI pakSI piMjar3oM meM bhI maujUda rahate the| aura ___ aSTama prakoSTha meM pArivArika sadasyoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai| ATha Aya ke nAma __ vAstuzAstra ke marmajJa paM. Thakkura pherU ke anusAra dhvaja, dhUma, siMha, zvAna, vRSa, khara, gaja aura dhvAkSa ye ATha Aya haiN|| yathA dhaya dhUma sIha sANa visa khara gaya dhaMkha aThTha Aya ime| pUvvai dhayAi ThiI phalaM ca naamaannusaarenn|| arthAt pUrvAdi dizAoM meM sRSTa-krama arthAt pUrva meM dhvaja, agnikoNa meM dhUma, dakSiNa meM siMha ityAdi krama se yadi rakhe jAveM to ve unake nAma ke sadRza phaladAyaka siddha hote haiN| arthAt viSama Aya-dhvaja, siMha, vRkSa aura gaja ye zreSTha mAne gaye haiM aura sama-Aya dhUma, zvAna, khara aura dhvAkSa ye azubha mAne gaye haiN| Thakkara pherU ke anusAra kisa-kisa ThikAne para kauna-kauna sA honA cAhie -
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________________ prAkRta sAhitya meM varNita vAstuvijJAna vippe dhayAu dijjA khitte sIhAu vaisi vasahAo / sudde a kuMjarAo dhaMkhAu muNINa nAyavve / / arthAt brAhmaNa ke ghara meM dhvaja Aya, kSatriya ke ghara meM siMha-Aya, vaizya ke ghara meM vRSabha-Aya, zUdra ke ghara meM gaja Aya aura muni saMnyAsI ke Azrama meM dhvaMkSa Aya honA caahie| 125 tamilanADu ke nirmita mandira tamilanADu meM prastara nirmita jaina mandiroM kA krama pallava zailI ke mandiroM se prArambha hotA hai| udAharaNArtha, kAMcIpuram ke upanagara tirUpparUttikkuraNam athavA jina-kAMcI ke jaina mandira samUha meM se eka candraprabha - mandira hai, jo Aja bhI jainadharma kA lokapriya kendra hai| vizAla prAkAra ke bhItara cAra bar3e mandiroM tathA tIna laghu mandiroM meM yaha mandira nitAnta uttaravartI saMracanA hai| yaha tIna tala kA caukora vimAna mandira hai, jisake sAmane mukha-maNDapa hai| tInoM taloM meM sabase nIce kA tala Thosa hai jo madhya tala ke lie caukI kA kAma detA hai, jisa para mukhya mandira hai| yaha tatkAlIna jaina mandiroM kA pracalita rUpa hai / isa mandira kI bhUmi sthAnIya bhUre raMga ke balue patthara kI banI hai, ThIka usI prakAra, jisa prakAra ki pallava nareza rAjasiMha dvArA nirmita anya mandira haiN| rAjasiMha kI rAjadhAnI kAMcI meM adhiSThAna kI goToM ke lie grenAiTa patthara ko upayoga meM lAyA gayA hai| rAjasiMha tathA usake uttarAdhikAriyoM dvArA nirmita mandiroM kA yaha eka vizeSa lakSaNa hai| mandira kI bAharI bhitti para vyAlAdhArita stambhoM kA aMkana hai aura unake madhya uthale devakoSTha utkIrNita haiN| devakoSThoM ke Upara makara-toraNa bane hue haiN| sabhI devakoSTha rikta hai| prathama tala para hAra, kAnoM para caukora karNakUTa aura unake bIca meM AyatAkAra bhadrazAlAeM nirmita haiN| madhya tala nIce kI apekSA kama caukora hai aura usake cAroM ora pradakSiNA-patha hai| isakI bAharI bhitti para balue patthara ke bhitti stambha haiN| bhittiyA~ IMToM kI haiM aura unheM balue patthara ke bhitti stambhoM se jor3A gayA hai| zIrSabhAga meM laghu devakoSTha paMktivaddha aMkita haiN| ina laghu devakoSThoM kI pramukha vizeSatA, unake agrabhAga meM aMkita tIrthaMkaroM aura anya devatAoM kI pratimAeM haiN| laghu devakoSThoM ke dvAra ke pIche tIsare tala kI uThAna kama hai, jisameM caturbhuja sapATa bhitti-stambha haiM aura cabUtare para cAra ukaDUM baiThe hue siMha haiN| isa tala ke Upara caukora grIvA hai, jisake Upara caukora zikhara aura usake rUpI stUpa haiN| zikhara ke cAroM ora tIrthaMkara - mUrttiyAM haiN| madhya tala kA garbhagRha candraprabha ko samarpita hai| isa garbhagRha meM praveza nIce ke Thosa tala meM banAI gaI do sIr3hiyoM ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| samagra dRSTi se yaha mandira AThavIM zatAbdI kA nirmita hai| isa garbhagRha meM praveza nIce ke Thosa tala meM banAI do sIr3hiyoM ke dvArA kiyA jAtA hai| samagra dRSTi se yaha mandira AThavIM zatAbdI kA nirmita mAnA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi isakA UparI bhAga vijayanagara - zAsanakAla meM IMToM dvArA punarnimita kiyA gayA pratIta hotA hai|
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________________ 126 upasaMhAra dakSiNa kara bhojana kare, DAve pIve nIra / DAve karavaTa sovanA, rahe niroga sarIra / / santa kabIra ne apane isa dohe meM nIroga zarIra pAne ke lie vAstuzAstra ke tIna sUtra die haiM- sIdhe hAtha se bhojana kare, bAyeM hAtha se pAnI pIve, bhojana ke pazcAt vAmakukSI zayana kare, jisase zarIra rogarahita hotA hai| svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha manuSya kA utthAna yA patana usake zubha yA azubha karma ke adhIna hai| durvyasanoM kA tyAga kara, dharma puruSArtha prApta karane ke lie gRhastha ko apanA ghara vAstu vijJAna ke AdhAra para banAnA cAhie, jisake kAraNa jIvana meM zAnti, parivAra meM santuSTi, samAja meM yaza aura vipula samRddhi prApta ho ske| nItikAroM ne "gRhiNImeva gRha ucyate" isa sUkti ke AdhAra para sadgRhiNI gRhastha kA saccA jIvana sAthI hai| suzIla dampatti kA jIvana sArthaka taba hogA jaba unheM suyogya santAna kI prApti hogii| dIrghAyu prApta mAtA-pitA, pati-patnI aura santAna, vAhana, jamIna, sevakoM kA saubhAgya prApta karane ke lie vAstu niyamAnusAra guhA, niSidhikA, maTha, dharmazAlAoM kA prayoga meM lAnA anivArya hai| vAstu ke lakSaNoM se nirmita bhavana dharma, kAma aura mokSa ko sulabha karatA hai| sahAyaka grantha-sUcI pratikramaNa sUtra gautama gaNadhara / prAkRta dazabhakti - AcArya kundakunda deva / SaTkhaNDAgama dhavalA pustaka- 1, AcArya dharasena | vasudeva hiNDI - bhAratIya jIvana aura saMskRti kI vRhat kathA -1, DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva / hindI vizvakoSa, khaNDa- 10, kAzI nAgarI pracAraNI / 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. rAjapraznIyasUtra | 10. mRcchakaTikam - mahAkavi zUdraka | uttarAdhyayana ttiikaa| karpUramaMjarI - rAjazekhara | tiloyapaNNatti - yativRSabha /
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________________ jJAtAdharma kathA meM varNita bauddhika dRSTi DaoN. eca. sI. jaina* AgamoM ke AdhyAtmika ciMtana meM jJAna-vijJAna kI pracuratA hai| unameM dharma, darzana, cAritra evaM saMskRti ke vyApaka pakSa bhI haiN| inhIM AgamoM meM vividha prakAra kI paristhitiyoM kA citraNa hai| saMskRti ke adhyetA inake mUla meM praveza isakI gaharAI se aneka tathya pratipAdita karate haiM unapara vizleSaNa karake mAnavIya mUlyoM kI bhI sthApanA karate haiM / Agama sUtra, artha aura donoM ke samanvaya kA pratirUpa hai| jinameM Apta pratipAdita vacanoM kA rahasya bhI nihita hai| usameM itanA praveza karate haiM utanA hI rahasyapUrNa vivecana prApta hotA hai| Aja ina AgamoM kA vidhivat anusaMdhAnAtmaka vivecana bhI ho rahA hai| dharma guruoM, saMtoM aura vizeSa manISI vidvAnoM dvArA unake samasta tathyoM para prakAza DAlA jA rahA hai| aMga Agama sAhitya ke gyAraha hI aMga grantha sarvajJa ke artha se unake ziSyoM dvArA sUtrabaddha kiyA gayA hai| una AgamoM meM buddhitatva ke aneka pakSa vidyamAna haiN| isakA mUla kAraNa yahI hai ki sarvaprathama inheM artharUpa meM nirUpita kiyA gyaa| gaNadharoM ne sUtrabaddha kiyA aura bauddhika dRSTi ke jJAniyoM ne viziSTa pratibhA se unameM jJAna puSpoM ko pallavita kiyaa| " arhanta bhAsiyatthaM " / AcArAMga, sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga, vyAkhyA prajJapti Adi aMga granthoM evaM aneka upAMga granthoM meM bauddhika dRSTi ko pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| anuyoga dvAra, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya Adi meM bauddhika dRSTi ke buddhitatva para kathana kiyA gyaa| vijJAna rUpI vRkSa puSpita evaM pallavita hokara jo sUtra, pada aura vAkya ko vyavasthita rUpa meM kahe gaye haiN| aneka bauddhika dRSTiyoM se yukta haiN| ve pUrNarUpa se udabuddha sUtra haiM / viziSTa dharma AkhyAta haiN| zrutakalpa haiM / kalpasUtra meM kalpa bauddhika dRSTi kA vAcaka hai / vinayapiTaka meM bauddhika tatva nAma diyA gayA hai / suttanipAta meM buddha ke bauddhika tatva ko mahatva dekara kahA gayA ki jo kucha jJAta hai ve bauddhi haiN| jJAtAdharma kI bauddhika dRSTi - NAyAdhamma, NAhadhamma Adi nAma se prasiddha Agama jJAtRputra mahAvIra ke artha kA bauddhika jJAta pradhAna sUtra grantha hai| isa Agama meM bauddhika dRSTi se hI pratyeka kathA ko udAtta banAyA gyaa| isake prathama adhyayana meM 72 bauddhika dRSTiyA~ haiM jinheM kalA kahA gayA hai| * saha-AcArya, jainolaoNjI evaM prAkRta vibhAga, mohanalAla sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura /
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________________ 128 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, veda, upaniSada evaM bauddha paramparA ke sUtra granthoM meM bauddhika dRSTiyoM ko sarvopari mAnA gyaa| puruSoM kI 72 kalAe~ evaM nAriyoM kI 64 kalAe~ zikSA paddhati kA sarvAMgINa vikAsa mAnA gyaa| jJAtAdharma kathA meM bauddhika dRSTi se megha kumAra ke buddhitatva kA vistAra kiyA gyaa| megha kamAra dIkSA kI ora agrasara hotA hai taba usake mAtA-pitA nimna bauddhika dRSTiyA~ rakhate haiN| Avazyaka dRSTi :- sAmAnya pratipAdita karane vAlI vaannii| prajJApanA dRSTi :- vizeSa rUpa se pratipAdita karane vAlI vaannii| saMjJApanA dRSTi :- sambodhana karane vAlI vaannii| vijJApanA dRSTi :- anunaya-vinaya karane vAlI vaannii| megha kumAra ke sAmane ukta sAMsArika bauddhika dRSTiyA~ thIM parantu vaha vairAgyapUrNa bauddhika dRSTi vAlA thaa| isalie vaha apane mAtA-pitA ke sAmane nimna dRSTi rakhatA hai| caraNasattari dRSTi:- kaSAya nigraha sambandhI dRSTi jisameM cAritra kI pramukhatA hotI hai| pA~ca mahAvrata, dazadharma, vaiyAvRtti, nau brahmacarya guptiyA~, jJAna, darzana, cAritra kI ArAdhanA evaM 12 tapa ko mahatva diyA gyaa| karaNasattari dRSTi:- AhAra, vastra, pAtra, zayyA Adi kI vizuddhi, samiti pAlanA, anuprekSA, pratimA, indriya nigraha, pratilekhanA, tIna guptiyA~ evaM 4 prakAra kI avagraha bauddhika dRSTiyA~ sAmane rakhatA hai| megha kumAra kI yaha bauddhika nirgrantha dRSTi thii| kyoMki vaha svayaM saMsAra se virakta hokara isa taraha adhyavasAya karake AtmakalyANa karatA hai| usakI samAdhi dRSTi meM bhI bauddhika va parAkrama, zraddhA, dhRti, saMvega Adi ke kAraNa haiN| saMghAha adhyayana meM manoratha tatva kI pramukhatA hai jisameM nigraha sambandhI bauddhika dRSTi kA vizeSa svarUpa dekhA jAtA hai| isameM dharma ke 2 svarUpa vidyamAna haiM eka saMvibhAga evaM eka rakSA kA jo binA kisI prayojana ke nahIM hotaa| aMDaka meM bauddhika dRSTiH- tameva saccaM NIsaMkaMjaM jiNohiM veiyo / isa adhyayana kI yahI dRSTi jisameM sudRr3ha zraddhA evaM lakSya kI prApti ko vizeSa mahatva diyA gyaa| azraddhA aura zraddhA kA pariNAma aMDaka ke udAharaNa dvArA pratipAdita kiyaa| buddhi kI malinatA meM eka mayUrI ke aMDe ko utpatti zakti se hIna kiyaa| vahI bauddhika guNoM se pUrNa jinadatta ke putra ne usakA paripUrNa rakSaNa kiyaa| usakI utpatti hone para use aneka kalAoM meM pravINa kiyaa| bauddhika guNoM kI vizeSatA jahA~ rahatI hai vahA~ kisI prakAra kA bhI abhAva nahIM hotaa| kUrma adhyayana meM bauddhika dRSTiH- AtmasAdhaka vyakti ke lie jo bauddhika dRSTi dI gaI hai vaha nizcita hI atyanta hI sArthaka hai| kUrma athavA kachuA eka aisA prANI hai, jo sabhI taraha se surakSita rahatA hai| usakA uparibhAga atyanta kaThora hotA hai jise kisI taraha se chedana-bhedana nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| yaha dRSTi sAmAnya hai parantu jaba isa para vicAra karate haiM to isameM laukika aura pAramArthika donoM hI dRSTiyoM kA jJAna hotA hai| saMsAra meM rahane
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________________ jJAtAdharma kathA meM varNita bauddhika dRSTi 129 vAlA viSaya-vAsanAoM se Asakta janma aura mRtyu ke cakkara meM hI phaMsA rahatA hai| parantu AsthA aura zraddhA meM yukta dRr3ha vizvAsI paramArtha kI ora agrasara hotA hai| kachue jaisA jalacara jIva ke uddharaNa meM do dRSTiyA~ hai jo sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zrAvaka aura zrAvikAoM ko indriya viSaya se virakta hone ke kAraNoM kI ora saMketa karatA hai| ananta saMsAra indriya viSaya se banate haiM aura indriya gopana se ananta saMsAra ke paribhramaNa se mukti milatI hai| kUrma aura pApI zRMgAla pApI hote haiM aura kUrma indrIya viSaya ko gopana karane vAle hote haiN| jo indriya viSaya bhogoM se virakta hotA hai vaha arcanIya, vandanIya, namaskAraNIya, pUjanIya, saMskAraNIya evaM sammAnIya hotA hai yahI kalyANa kA sUcaka hai, maMgala pradAtA hai, deva svarUpa kA kAraNa hai aura caitya kA vizuddha sAdhaka hai| zailaka adhyayana kI bauddha dRSTiH- zailaka adhyayana meM thAvacA putra dharma cetanA evaM dRDhanizcaya kI bauddhika dRSTi ke kAraNa dIkSita ho gyaa| isI dRDhanizcaya dharma cetanA ke kAraNa jina dharma ko svIkAra kiyaa| rAjA zailaka bhI dharma cetanA ke kAraNa pA~ca aNuvratoM, sAta zikSAvratoM ko dhAraNa kara pA~ca sau maMtriyoM ke sAtha zramaNopAsaka bana gayA tathA sudarzana bhI thAvacyA putra ke upadeza evaM dharma cetanA kI bauddha dRSTi ke kAraNa prati bodhita hokara dIkSita ho gyaa| jisameM kahA hai ki he sudarzana hamAre dharma ke anusAra bhI prANAtipAta ke viramaNa se yAvat mithyAdarzana zalya ke viramaNa se zuddhi hotI hai jaise rUdhira lipta vastra kI yAvat zuddha jala se dhoye jAne para zuddhi hotI hai| isa prakAra dharma cetanA, dRDhanizcaya Adi bauddhika dRSTi se pratyeka pakSa apanA kalyANa karatA hai| tumbaka adhyayana kI bauddhika dRSTi:- jIvoM, gurutva evaM laghutva kI bauddhika dRSTi ko samajhakara hI jIva apanA kalyANa kara sakatA hai jisako tumbe ke udAharaNa dvArA puSTa kiyA hai| ATha karma prakRtiyA~ rUpI miTTI ke lepa se tumbA bhArI hokara jalAzaya ke peMde meM calA jAtA hai arthAt jIva kI adhogati hotI hai| jaba karma prakRtiyoM kA galana hotA hai to punaH jIva apane vAstavika svarUpa ko prApta kara arthAt laghutva ko prApta kara letA hai| isa bauddhika dRSTi ko samajhakara jIva apanA kalyANa kara sakatA hai| rohiNI adhyayana meM bauddhika dRSTi:- rohiNI adhyayana meM saMyukta parivAra prathA meM buddhi cAturya evaM bauddha dRSTi se dhanya sArthavAha ne paMca mahAvratoM ke rakSA svarUpa rohiNI kI sujha-bujha evaM usakA sammAna dharma jAgaraNa evaM sakriyatA ko bar3hAvA denA hai| isameM dhanya sArthavAha kI dUradRSTi hai| isI dUradRSTi kI bauddhikatA se parivAra meM dharma (paMca mahAvratoM) kI rakSA kA saMdeza dekara saMyukta parivAra ko TUTane se bacAtA hai| malli adhyayana kI bauddha daSTi:- malli adhyayana meM karma pariNiti, chala, kapaTa evaM mUrchA kI bauddhika dRSTi hai| jisameM ajJAna hai, moha hai, sAtha-sAtha dhArmika kriyAoM ke vAyade meM chala-kapaTa Ane ke kAraNa malli kanyA ke rUpa meM janma lenA par3atA hai| rAjakumArI kI saundarya evaM Asakti janma bhAva ko pUrvajanma kA vRtAnta, pratimA meM azuci padArthoM kI sar3ana ke AdhAra para apanI sujha-bujha se mukta ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra pauma cariyaM, paumacariyaM meM lakSmaNa kI mRtyu usake zava ko cha: mAha taka lekara dara-dara bhaTakanA
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________________ 130 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha rAma kA moha hai| devatAoM dvArA patthara kI zilA para kyArI lagAnA, use siMcanA Adi kriyAoM kI bauddhika dRSTi se moha ko zithila kiyA jAtA hai| yahI ghaTanA kuvalayamAla kI sundarI kathA meM bhI milatI hai| isa prakAra ina sAre prasaMgoM meM bauddhika dRSTi hai jisameM pUrva karmoM kI pariNiti hai, moha ke duSpariNAma hai inako bar3e sujha bujha se samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai| mAkandi adhyayana kI bauddhika dRSTiH- isa adhyayana meM viSaya vAsanA kA ajJAna evaM nipAlita kI dRr3ha icchAzakti kI bauddhika dRSTi hai jina rakSita vAsanA ke Aveza meM apane mArga se bhaTaka jAtA hai pariNAmasvarUpa ratnadevI naSTa kara detI hai| jabaki viSaya vAsanA ko niyaMtraNa kara kisI se ghabarAtA nahIM usako zailaka apanI pITha para baiThAkara saMsAra samudra - ko pAra karA detA hai| arthAt usakA kalyANa ho jAtA hai| arthAt viSaya vAsanA kA ajJAna evaM jinapAlita kA saMyama evaM dRr3ha icchAzakti kI bauddhika dRSTi use pAra pahu~cAtI hai| arthAt apane uddezya meM jina pAlita sthUla ho jAtA hai 25 | candra adhyayana kI bauddhika dRSTiH- isa adhyayana meM candramA ke samAna samatA evaM guNa-avaguNoM kI bauddhika dRSTi se hI jIvoM ke guNa aura hrAsa yA utthAna-patana hotA hai| yadi sadguNoM kI nirantara vRddhi ke pUrva hI naSTa kara denA caahie| isa prakAra samatA evaM guNa-avaguNa kI bauddhika dRSTi se hI jIvoM kI vRddhi evaM hrAsa saMbhava hai / dAvadrava adhyayana kI bauddhika dRSTiH- isa adhyayana kI bauddhika dRSTi sahanazIlatA jaise samudra ke kinAre dAvadrava vRkSa havA ke jhokoM ko sahana kara letA hai to vaha surakSita rahatA hai yadi vaha sahana nahIM kara pAtA to naSTa ho jAtA hai| usI prakAra sAdhu bhI zrAvakoM Adi kaThora vacanoM ko sahana kara letA hai to mokSa mArga taka pahu~ca jAtA hai 27 | ataH sAdhu sAdhaka ko sabhI durvacana kSamA bhAva se sahana kara lenA cAhie / 1 udakajJAta adhyayana kI bauddhika dRSTiH- isa adhyayana kI bauddhika dRSTi yaha jJAnI puruSa apanI samyak dRSTi evaM tAtvika jJAna se hI avalokana karatA hai| usa dRSTi se hI vaha rAga-dveSa Adi ko dUra kara sakatA hai, mithyA dRSTi se nahIM yahI isa adhyayana kI bauddhika dRSTi hai| isameM subuddhi samyak dRSTi vyakti jabaki rAjA mithyA dRSTi hai| ataH rAjA ke dvArA bhojana kI bAra-bAra prazaMsA karane para bhI hAM nahIM karatA hai| kyoMki rAjA satya para zraddhA nahIM kara rAjA asatya ko satya samajhakara bhrama meM par3a rahA hai| taba vaha subuddhi jalazodhana kI bauddhika dRSTi se rAjA ko parikhA ke gande pAnI ko mRdu banAkara prabhAvita karatA hai| isa prakAra rAjA ko cAturyAma dharma kA upadeza dekara rAjA ko zramaNopAsaka banA detA hai| samyak dRSTi jIva ke bAre meM kahA hai ki samyak dRSTi AtmA bhojana, pAna, paridhAna Adi sAdhanabhUta padArthoM ke vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAtA hotA hai| usameM rAga-dveSa kI nyUnatA hotI hai| ataeva samabhAvI hotA hai| kisI vastu ke upabhoga se na to vyakti vismita hotA hai na pIr3A, duHkha-dveSa kA anubhava karatA hai| vaha yathArtha svarUpa ko jAnakara apane svabhAva meM sthira rahatA hai| yahI samyak dRSTi jIva kI vyavahArika kasauTI hai 28 | rAjA ko subuddhi ne apanI bauddhika dRSTi se hI sat tatva kA jJAtA kahate hue kahA ki jagat
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________________ jJAtAdharma kathA meM varNita bauddhika dRSTi 131 kI pratyeka vastu dravya-paryAyAtmaka hai yA dravya aura paryAya milakara hI vastu kahalAte haiN| ataH pratyeka padArtha utpAda, vinAza aura dhrauvyamaya hai| bhagavAna ne apane ziSyoM ko yahI mUla (sat) tatva sikhAyA aura yahI bauddhika dRSTi hai| dardura jJAta adhyayana kI bauddhika dRSTi:- isa adhyayana meM vyAdhi nidAna evaM sadguru ke samAgama se Atimaka guNoM kI vRddhi hotI hai evaM Asakti adha:patama kA kAraNa hai| Asaktijanya duSpariNAma ke kAraNa naMdamaNikAra seTha ke zarIra meM solaha roga utpanna ho gaye arthAt sAre roga eka sAtha utpanna ho gye| ArtadhyAna ke vazIbhUta hAkara mRtyu ke samaya meM kAla karake usI naMdA puSkariNI meM eka mer3haka ke rUpa utpanna huaa| Asakti rAga, moha, AtmA ke adhaHpatana kA eka kAraNa yahI isa dardara jJAta kI bauddhika dRSTi hai| agara vaha puSkariNI meM itanA Asaktijanya bhAva nahIM rakhatA to usakI durgati nahIM hotii| puSkariNI meM jAti smaraNa jJAna se jJAta huA ki maiM nandamaNikAra seTha thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sAmane 12 vrata grahaNa kiye the kintu sAdhuoM ke darzana evaM satgurU kI saMgati ke abhAva ke kAraNa maiM mithyA dRSTi hokara puSkariNI kA nirmANa kara merI durgati huii| agara maiM apane vratoM se bhraSTa nahIM hotA to merI Aja yaha durdazA nahIM hotI yahI sadgurU kA upadeza kI bauddhika dRSTi usakA kalyANa karatI hai|| taitali putra adhyayana kI bauddhika dRSTi:- prastuta adhyayana satsamAgama samitra se sadguNoM kA vikAsa saMbhava hai| prArambha meM to kanakaratha rAjA sattAlolapatA karatA ne sAre baccoM ko vikalAMga kara detA thA tAki vaha rAjyAsita banA rhe| isa adhyayana meM yaha krUratA bauddhika dRSTi hai| atyadhika mAna-sammAna prApta karanA ghAtaka hai jaba taka isase mukta nahIM ho kalyANa saMbhava nahIM hai| isalie deva ne use apamAnita batAkara taitaliputra ko pratibodhita kiyaa| jaba taka usapara mAna-sammAna kA AvaraNa car3hA rahA taba taka kucha nahIM kara skaa| mAna-sammAna AtmakalyANa meM bAdhaka hai| ataH mAna-sammAna karatA isakI bauddhika dRSTi hai| nandIphala kI bauddhika dRSTiH- isa adhyayana meM indriya viSayoM (zabda, sparza, rUpa, rasa, gandha) se dUra rahanA hI bauddhika dRSTi hai| isI viSaya rUpI viSa bauddhika dRSTi ko samajhane-samajhAne naMdIphala kA udAharaNa diyA gayA jisameM sArthavAha ne ghoSaNA karavAyI ki Age eka bhayaMkara aTavI hai| jisameM naMdIphala nAmaka viSa vRkSa hai| vaha dikhane sundara, manohara, atyanta madhura hai kintu isake sevana pAte hI naSTa ho pAyegA tathA jo isase dUra rhegaa| vaha isa aTavIkara pAra kara jaayegaa| isameM kucha vyaktiyoM isa phala kA bhakSaNa kiyA aura naSTa ho gaye aura kucha isase dUra rhe| unhoMne isa saMsAra sAgara ko pAra pA liyaa| isa prakAra he AyuSmAna! zramaNoM hamArA nirgrantha, nirgranthI paMcendriya kAma bhogoM meM Asakta nahIM hotA vaha isI bhava meM bahuta se zramaNoM, zramaNiyoM, zrAvakoM aura zrAvikAoM kA pUjanIya hotA hai aura paraloka meM bhI du:kha nahIM pAtA hai| saMsArarUpI bhayaMkara aTavI ko pAra kara siddhi prApta karatA hai| isake viparIta pravrajita hokara pA~coM indriya viSayoM meM Asakta rahatA hai vaha saMsAra sAgara meM bhramaNa karatA rahatA hai| ataH viSaya rUpI viSa kI bauddhika dRSTi hai jo isako samajhegA tabhI siddhi prApta kara sakatA hai|
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________________ 132 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha dropadI adhyayana kI bauddhika dRSTi:- isa adhyayana meM prathama bauddhika dRSTi saMrakSaNa evaM jIva saMrakSaNa kA bhAva yA ahiMsA kI bauddhika dRSTi hai| dvitIya bauddhika dRSTi bhAvAtmaka hai jaisI ApakI bhAvanA yA vicAra hoMge vaisI hI karma pariNati hogii| jaise dropadI apane pUrvabhava meM sukumArikA pA~ca puruSoM ke sAtha vezyA kA vilAsa yA ratikrIr3A dekhatI hai use khAbhASa hotA hai tathA saMkalpa karatI hai ki merI tapasyA kA koI phala ho to maiM bhI aisA hI sukha prApta kruuN| dropadI ke rUpa meM pA~ pati ke sAtha dikhAI detI hai| yahI bhAvanA yA bhAvAtmaka bauddhika dRSTi hai| tRtIya bauddhika dRSTi yaha hai ki dropadI apanI rakSA chaH mahIne kI mohalata mAMgakara apane pativrata dharma kI rakSA kara svarga prApta karatI hai| chaH mahIne kI mohalata mAMgakara zIlavrata dharma kI rakSA karane ke dRSTAnta anya kaI kathA granthoMmeM bhI milate haiN| jIvarakSA evaM ahiMsA kI bauddha dRSTi meM kar3ave tumbe kI zAk ko jamIna para nahIM DAla kara svayaM khAkara apanA prANAnta kara lete haiM tAki aneka ciMTiyoM kA ghAta na ho sake tathA nAgazrI pApa karmoM ke duSpariNAma bhI bhayaMkara hote haiN| matsya Adi yoniyoM meM bhaTakanA par3atA hai| bhAvAtmaka yA vicAra ke anusAra hI karma pariNati meM dropadI kA pUrva bhava TIkA huA hai| isameM sukumArikA ne devadeta gaNikA pA~ca goSThiAka purUSoM ke sAtha ucca koTi ke manuSya sambandhI kAma bhoga bhogate dekhaa| dekhakara use isa prakAra saMkalpa utpanna haa| ahAra yaha strI pUrva meM AcaraNa kiye gaye isa tapa. niyama aura brahmacarya kA kacha bhI kalyANakArI phala vizeSa ho to maiM bhI AgAmI bhava meM isI prakAra ke manuSya sambandhI kAmabhogoM ko bhogatI huI vicruuN| usake isa prakAra ke nidAna ne dropadI ke bhavarUpa meM janma lenA pdd'aa| AkIrNa adhyayana kI bauddha dRSTi:- yahA~ para AkIrNa kA artha uttamajAti kA Azrava hai| isa adhyayana kI bauddhika dRSTi indriya viSayoM se dUra rahanA hai jo inase vimukha rahatA hai vaha vItarAga bhAva ke kAraNa sAMsArika yAtanAoM se baca jAte haiM tathA jo isameM lulobhita rahate haiM janma yA maraNa Adi devanAoM ko sahana karate hue saMsAra sAgara meM bhaTakate rahate haiM kyoMki indriya viSayoM kI Asakti evaM caMcalatA parAdhInatA kA kAraNa hai tathA saMyama ananta Atmika Ananda ko upalabdha karavAtA hai| azvoM ke udAharaNa meM yaha bauddhika dRSTi hai ki hamArA jo sAdhu, sAdhvI zabda, sparza, rUpa, rasa aura gandha meM Asakta nahIM hotA vaha azva kI taraha hii| vaha isa loka meM bahuta se sAdhu-sAdhviyoM, zrAvakoM aura zrAvikAoM kA pUjanIya hotA hai aura cAturgatika saMsAra kAntAra ko pAra kara jAtA hai| isake viparIta hamAre nirgrantha yA nirgranthI dIkSita hokara priya, zabda, sparza, rUpa, rasa meM gRddha hotA hai, mukta hotA hai, Asakta hotA hai vaha isI loka meM bahuta zramaNoM, zramaNiyoM, zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM kI avahelanA kA pAtra hotA hai tathA cAturgatika saMsAra aTavI meM punaH bhramaNa karatA hai| jaise ki gati azvoM kI huii| suMsumA adhyayana kI bauddhika dRSTi:- prastuta adhyayana meM cilAta ke niraMkuza evaM svacchandI batAyA gayA hai jisake kAraNa hI vaha vyasanI ho jAtA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa corI, DakaitI Adi kA kArya karanA evaM susumA para prIti kI bhAvanA se use mRtyu ke mu~ha meM
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________________ jJAtAdharma kathA meM varNita bauddhika dRSTi 133 dhakelanA hai| isakI prathama bauddhika dRSTi niraMkuza evaM svacchanda bhAvanA ke duSpariNAma ko samajhanA hai tathA dvitIya bauddha dRSTi nirAsaktabhAva se khAna-pAna hai| isI kAraNa sArthavAha ke putroM ne susumA kA rudhira pAna karane para bhI ve apane mukti ke lakSya para pahu~ca ske| sAdhaka ke mana meM bhI AhAra ke prati aNamAtra bhI Asakti nahIM rahanI caahie| ve jambU jaise usa dhanya sArthavAha ne varNa, rUpa, bala aura viSaya ke lie suMsumA dArikA ke rudhira aura mAMsa AhAra nahIM kiyA thA kevala rAjagRha nagara ko pAne ke lie hI AhAra kiyA thaa| __ isI prakAra he AyuSmAn zramaNoM hamArA jo sAdhu yA sAdhvI vamana, pitta, zukra, zoNita ko mArane vAle yAvat avazya hI tyAgane yogya isa audArika zarIra ke varNa ke lie, bala ke lie athavA viSaya ke lie AhAra nahIM karate haiN| kevala siddha gati ko prApta karane ke lie AhAra karate haiM, ve isI bhava meM bahuta zramaNoM, bahuta zramaNiyoM, bahuta zrAvakoM 3 bahata zrAvikAoM ke arcanIya hote haiM evaM saMsAra kAntAra ko pAra karate haiN| isa prakAra anAsatti kI bauddhika dRSTi saMsAra sAgara ko pAra karA sakatI hai| isa bAta ko samajhAyA gayA hai| puNDarIka adhyayana kI bauddhi dRSTi:- isa adhyayana meM indriya viSaya lolupatA evaM Asaktijanya bhAva kI bauddhika dRSTi hai, jo inake duSpariNAma ko samajha letA hai vaha mukti ko prApta kara letA hai jaisA ki puMDarIka ne ise samajhAyA aura kaMDarIka dIkSita hone ke bAda bhI punaH indriya viSayoM meM lolupa hokara bhoga bhogane lagA aura marakara narakaloka meM gayA aura puNDarIka mukti kI ora agrasara huA jaisA ki adhyAya meM varNita hai:- puNDarIka rAjA dhAya mAtA kI bAta sunakara saMbhrAnta ho utthaa| uThakara antaHpura ke parivAra ke sAtha azokavATikA meM gyaa| jAkara kaNDarIka ko tIna bAra isa prakAra kahA - devAnupriya! tuma dhanya ho ki yAvat dIkSita ho| maiM adhanya hU~ ki yAvat dIkSita hone ke lie samartha nahIM hotaa| ataeva devAnupriya tuma dhanya ho tumane mAnavIya janma aura jIvana kA sundara phala pAyA hai| phira bhI kaMDarIka cupa rhaa| dUsarI bAra aura tIsarI bAra kahane para bhI mauna rhaa| taba puMDarIka rAjA ne kaMDarIka se pUchA-bhagavAna kyA bhogoM se prayojana hai? arthAt kyA bhoga bhogane kI icchA hai? taba puMDarIka ne kahA hA~ prayojana hai| unakA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA gayA aura svayaM puMDarIka mahAtapasvI ho gyaa| isI indriya viSaya kI lolupA kI bauddhika dRSTi ko nahIM samajhane ke kAraNa ugra kaSTa bhogate hue puMDarIka naraka gAmI huA aura puMDarIka ko samajhA aura apanA AtmakalyANa kiyaa| isa prakAra jJAtAdharma ke adhyayana ke bAda yaha niSkarSa nikalA ki sampUrNa adhyayana meM anAsakta bhAvanA, ahiMsA, sadgurU kA samAgama, samyak dRSTi, sattatva, mAna-sammAna kI Asakti, krUratA, sattAlolupatA, saMyama Adi bauddhika dRSTiyoM ko samajhate hue apanA kalyANa kara sakatA hai jinako dRSTAntoM ke mAdhyama se samajhAyA hai tathA jo prANI ina bauddhika dRSTiyoM ko samajhA Atma kalyANa kiyaa| jisane nahIM samajhA usakI durgati
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________________ 134 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha isa prakAra jJAtAdharma ke adhyayana ke bAda yaha niSkarSa nikalA ki sampUrNa adhyayana meM, anAsakta bhAvanA, ahiMsA, sadguru kA samAgama, samyak dRSTi, sattatva, mAna-sammAna kI Asakti, kraratA, sattAlAlalupatA, saMyama Adi bauddhika dRSTiyoM ko samajhate hue apanA kalyANa kara sakatA hai jinako dRSTAntoM ke mAdhyama se samajhAyA hai tathA jo prANI ina bauddhika dRSTiyoM ko apane samajhakara usakA AcaraNa kiyA usakI durgati huii| sandarbha 1. AcArya kundakunda kRta sUtra paahudd| 2. anuyoga dvAra, pR. 179. samavAyAMga sUtra, 341. aupapAtika pR. 117-118. kalpasUtra pR. 110. vinayapiTaka pR. 242. suttanipAta, pR. 108. tatvArthabhASaya 1/20. jJAtAdharma, pR. 48 (prakAzaka Agama prakAzana samiti, byaavr)| 10. vahI, pR. 50-52. 11. vahI, pR. 62. 12. oghaniyukti gAthA-2. 13. jJAtAdharma, pR. 74. 14. vahI, pR. 131-132. vahI, pR. 133. vahI, pR. 142. vahI, pR. 143-144. 18. vahI, pR. 150-153. 19. vahI, pR. 152-153. 20. vahI, pR. 161. 21. vahI, pR. 172. 22. vahI, pR. 192-193. 23. vahI, pR. 207. 24. NAya kumAra criu| (a) pauma cariyaM sandhi 27, bhAga-5. (ba) kuvalayamAlA kahA, sundarIkathA, pR. 225. 25. jJAtAdharma kathA, mAkandI nAmaka navAM adhyyn| 26. jJAtAdharma kathA, 10vAM adhyayana, pR. 312. 27. vahI, pR. 316. 28. vahI, pR. 324. 29. vahI, pR. 329.
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________________ jJAtAdharma kathA meM varNita bauddhika dRSTi 135 30. sAse kAle jAre dAhe, kucchisUte bhgNdre| ariyA ajIraeM diTThi-muddhasUte agArae acchiveyaNA kannaveyaNA kaMDU daudare koddhe| vahI, pR. 347. 31. vahI, pR. 351. 32. vahI, pR. 370-378. 33. vahIM, pR. 387--388. 34. vahI, pR. 347. 35. vahI, pR. 318. 36. vahI, pR. 419. 37. vahI, pR. 483. 38. vahI, pR. 509.
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________________ Adhunika yuga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-mUlyoM kI prAsaMgikatA dulIcaMda jaina* Aja hama isa bAta para vicAra kareMge ki tIrthakara mahAvIra ne Aja se DhAI hajAra varSoM pUrva jina jIvana mUlyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA thA unakI Adhunika yuga meM kyA upAdeyatA hai, kyA prAsaMgikatA hai| Adhunika yuga vijJAna aura prodyogikI kA yuga hai| vijJAna ke kSetra meM manuSya ne itanI tIvra pragati kI hai ki sArA vizva eka parivAra bana gayA hai| zikSA kI takanIki kA bhI abhUtapUrva vikAsa huA hai| iMTaraneTa ne zikSA ke kSetra meM camatkAra paidA kara diyA hai| Aja sAmAnya vyakti ko bhI sukha-suvidhApUrNa jIvana bitAne kI jo suvidhAeM prApta haiM ve prAcIna kAla meM sampanna varga ko bhI upalabdha nahIM thii| lekina isake viparIta dUsarI ora hama dekhate haiM ki sArA vizva hiMsA, dveSa, tanAva aura AtaMkavAda se grasta hai| manuSya kI svArthaparatA bar3ha gaI hai| parivAroM ke pArasparika sambaMdhoM meM asahiSNutA aura kaTutA bar3ha gaI hai| paryAvaraNa kA bhayaMkara vinAza huA hai| prakRti ke saMsAdhanoM kI tIvra kSati ho rahI hai| saMkSepa meM manuSya ke mastiSka kA vikAsa huA hai para hRdaya kA kSetra pIche chUTa gayA hai| mahAkavi dinakara ne ThIka hI kahA thA buddhi tRSNA kI dAsI huI, mRtyu kA sevaka hai vijnyaan| cetatA aba bhI nahIM manuSya, vizva kA kyA hogA bhgvaan|| aba hama zikSA ke bAre meM vicAra kreNge| zikSA do prakAra kI hotI hai- pahalI bhautika zikSA jisake dvArA hama vibhinna viSayoM kA jJAna prApta karate haiN| vijJAna aura prodyogikI (Science and Technology) bhI isake aMtargata AtI hai| isake dvArA hama hamAre bhautika jIvana meM saphalatA prApta karate haiN| isakI bhI hamAre jIvana meM bahuta upayogitA hai| lekina hamAre deza ke AcAryoM ne kahA ki kevala bhautika zikSA mAtra paryApta nahIM hai| hameM isake sAtha AdhyAtmika zikSA bhI prApta karanI caahiye| yaha zikSA jIvana se AdhyAtmika mUlyoM arthAt anuzAsana, vinamratA, paropakAra, paraduHkhakAtaratA, karuNA, sahRdayatA Adi kA vikAsa karatI hai| isake binA manuSya kA jIvana apUrNa hai| yaha AdhyAtmika zikSA hamAre jIvana meM jJAna kA vikAsa karatI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne jJAna kI * adhyakSa, karuNA antarrASTrIya, 70, zambudAsa sTrITa, cennaI - 600001.
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________________ Adhunika yuga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-mUlyoM kI prAsaMgikatA 137 bar3I suMdara paribhASA dii| unhoMne kahA "jeNa taccaM vibujjhejja, jeNa cittaM nnirujjhdi| jeNa attA visujjhejja, taM NANaM jinnsaasnne||" arthAt jJAna ke aMtargata tIna bAteM AtI haiM- 1. jisase tatva kA bodha hotA hai, 2. citta kA nirodha hotA hai tathA 3. AtmA vizuddha hotI hai, usI ko jinazAsana meM jJAna kahA gyaa| ___ mahAvIra ne karmakANDoM, aMdhavizvAsoM evaM dharma meM ghusapaiTha kara baiThI hiMsaka pravRttiyoM ke viruddha sazakta AvAja bulaMda kii| AcArya vinobA bhAve ne likhA hai ki mahAvIra pahale dharmAcArya the jinhoMne samAja kI rUr3hiyoM kA bhaMjana kara nAriyoM ko Adara aura sammAna kA sthAna diyaa| unake dharmasaMgha meM 36000 viduSI pratibhAsampanna sAdhviyA~ thiiN| tIrthakara mahAvIra ne mukhya rUpa se tIna bAtoM kA saMdeza diyA- ahiMsA, aparigraha evaM anekaaNt| ina tInoM kI Aja ke yuga meM bahuta bar3I AvazyakatA hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ahiMsA para sabase adhika jora diyaa| unhoMne kahA- "kisI bhI prANI kI hiMsA nahIM karanI cAhiye" yahI jJAniyoM ke jJAna kA sAra hai| ahiMsA, samatA, samasta jIvoM ke prati Atmavat bhAva- yahI zAzvata dharma hai| 'mitti me savvabhUesu veraM majhaM na keNai' ke dvArA unhoMne saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM se mitratA kI bAta khii| ahiMsA ke do pakSa haiM- sakArAtmaka aura nkaaraatmk| hiMsA nahIM karanA yaha nakArAtmaka pakSa hai| para AcArya amitagati ne 'sAmAyika pATha' meM ahiMsA kA sakArAtmaka pakSa prastuta kiyA hai jo bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa hai __ satveSu maitrI guNiSu pramoda, kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpaaprtvN| mAdhyasthabhAvaM viparItavRttau, sadA mamAtmA vidadhAtu dev|| isake antargata cAra jIvana-mUlya Ate haiM- 1) sabhI jIvoM ke prati maitrI, 2) guNajJoM ke prati Adara, 3) duHkhI evaM pIr3ita vyaktiyoM ke prati karuNA aura 4) apane se viparIta bhAva rakhane vAloM ke prati mAdhyastha yA taTasthatA kA bhAva bhagavAna ne kahA- pratyeka prANI meM caitanya kA aMza hai, jise AtmA kahate haiN| usakI rakSA honI caahiye| jaina dharma ko chor3akara kisI bhI dharma ne jIne ke adhikAra (Right to life) ko mAnyatA nahIM dii| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne zrImad rAjacandra se ahiMsA kA samyak jJAna prApta kiyA tathA isakA rASTrIya stara para asahayoga ke rUpa meM vyavahAra kiyA tathA svataMtratA kI lar3AI ldd'ii| unakA eka prasiddha bhajana hai "vaiSNava jana to tene kahiye je pIra parAI jANe re| para du:khe upakAra kare toe mana abhimAna na ANe re||" dUsare kI pIr3A ko samajhanA aura usakA duHkha dUra karanA yahI ahiMsA kI mUla bhAvanA hai| ahiMsA ke sAtha hI bhagavAna ne aparigraha kA saMdeza diyaa| bhagavAna ne kahA'icchA hu AgAsasamA aNatiyA' arthAt icchAeM AkAza ke samAna ananta haiN| jaise Idhana se
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________________ 138 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha Aga tRpta nahIM hotI, hajAroM nadiyoM se samudra tRpta nahIM hotA, vaise hI mAnava kI AkAMkSAeM kabhI bhI tRpta nahIM hotii| asImita parigraha evaM aniyaMtrita tRSNAeM viSamatA ko paidA karatI haiN| ataH bhagavAna ne icchA parimANa vrata kA vidhAna btaayaa| unhoMne kahA ki hameM sarjana ke sAtha visarjana kA bhAva samajhanA caahiye| Aja saMsAra meM upabhoktAvAda bar3ha rahA hai| samRddha dezoM meM saMsAra kI kevala 25 pratizata AbAdI rahatI hai, lekina unhoMne pUre saMsAra kI sampatti kA 80 pratizata bhAga hathiyA liyA hai| eka ora vikasita dezoM dvArA aNu aura paramANu bamoM tathA vinAzakArI hathiyAroM ke nirmANa para 80000 karor3a DaoNlara se adhika prativarSa kharca ho rahe haiM, vahIM saMsAra ke avikasita dezoM meM karor3oM vyaktiyoM ko pIne kA pAnI dUbhara hai, prAthamika zAlA ke lie pAThazAlAeM nahIM hai, svAsthya ke lie aspatAla evaM DaoNkTara upalabdha nahIM hai| isalie hameM 21vIM zatAbdI meM aparigraha ko eka sAmAjika uttaradAyitva evaM cunautI ke rUpa meM dekhanA hogaa| anekAMta dRSTi jaina darzana kI mAnavatA ko anUThI dena hai| yaha manuSya ko eka taraphA yA ekAMgI hone se bacAtI hai| yaha vaicArika dharAtala para samanvaya bhAvanA ko sazakta karatI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane yuga meM 363 mata-matAntaroM ke bIca bar3hatI viSamatA ko sahiSNutA evaM samanvayavAda dvArA hala kiyaa| unhoMne dUsaroM ke mata kI niMdA evaM bhartsanA nahIM kii| unakI mAnyatA thI ki vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna kro| pratyeka vicAradhArA meM satya ka aMza hai aura mAtra apanI, svayaM kI mAnyatA hI eka mAtra satya nahIM hai| vibhinna matoM kA Adara karate hue unhoMne viSamatA, jAtivAda evaM IzvaravAda ke viruddha ahiMsaka krAMti kA AhvAna kiyaa| anekAMta ke mAdhyama se unhoMne prema, maitrI, samatA, kAruNya aura samanvaya kA saMdeza diyaa| aba hama bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI prAsaMgikatA para vicAra kreNge| Aja vizva meM saMyukta rASTra saMgha zAnti sthApita karane kA kArya kara rahA hai| isake ghoSaNA patra meM likhA hai ki jisa prakAra yuddha kA prArambha manuSya ke mana meM hotA hai, usI prakAra zAnti kI saMrakSA kA kArya bhI manuSya ke mana ko prazikSita karake hI kiyA jA sakatA hai| isI saMsthA kA eka aMga hai- yUnesko (United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation) jo zikSA, samAja aura saMskRti ke vikAsa kA kArya karatI hai| isa saMsthA dvArA vizva meM sarvAdhika zAnti kA pracAra karane vAle vyakti ko nobala zAnti puraskAra diyA jAtA hai| san 1901 se prArambha hue isa puraskAra dvArA aba taka 108 sarvazreSTha vyaktiyoM ko puraskRta kiyA jA cukA hai| hAla hI ke varSoM meM jina mahatvapUrNa vyaktiyoM ko sammAnita kiyA gayA unameM mArTina lUthara kiMga, henarI kisiMgara, mikhAila gorabAceva, nelasana maMDelA, yAssara arAphalata, kophI annAna, jimi kArTara, madara TeresA evaM nirmalA dezapAMDe kA nAma sammilita hai| yUnesko ne san 2002 meM vizva zAMti sammelana kA Ayojana kiyA tathA nobala zAnti puraskAra prApta vyaktiyoM se pUchA ki vizva meM zAnti aura ahiMsA kI sthApanA ke lie Apake kyA sujhAva haiN| una vyaktiyoM ne kahA ki zAnti kI sthApanA ke lie Avazyaka hai ki vidyArthiyoM ke jIvana meM bAlyakAla se kucha mUlyoM
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________________ Adhunika yuga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-mUlyoM kI prAsaMgikatA 139 kA pracAra kiyA jaay| unhoMne jina mUlyoM ke pracAra kI bAta kI, ve haiM1. sabhI jIvoM ke prati sammAna (Reverence for all forms of life) 2. sahI prakAra kI zikSA (Right type of education) 3. paraspara sahayoga dvArA ahiMsA ko vyavahAra meM laanaa| 4. lar3AI-jhagar3oM kA zAntipUrNa tarIkoM se hl| 5. sabhI rASTroM meM svataMtratA, nyAya evaM lokataMtra kI bhAvanA kA prcaar| 6. rASTroM ke bIca jAti, varNa, raMga Adi kA bhedabhAva samApta karanA evaM 7. mAnavIya jIvana mUlyoM kA prcaar| uparokta sabhI sujhAva bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM se sAmya rakhate haiM tathA unakA pAlana karane se vizva meM zAnti, pArasparika prema, sauhArda tathA sadbhAva sthApita ho sakatA aba maiM Apako eka pratyakSa udAharaNa jo zrImatI menakA gAMdhI ke jIvana meM ghaTita huA sunAnA cAhatA huuN| ve pIpala phaoNra enimalsa saMsthA calAtI haiM tathA unhoMne paza-karatA ke viruddha abhiyAna calAyA hai| unhoMne batAyA ki eka aMtarrASTrIya saMsthA ne unako amerikA Ane kA nimaMtraNa diyaa| ve mumbaI se vimAna meM baitthii| thor3I dera meM vimAna paricArikA ne unako pUchA- "maiM bhojana lA rahI huuN| Apa khAne meM kyA pasaMda kareMgI? zAkAhAra yA mAMsAhAra?" unhoMne kahA- "maiM to aNDA khAnA bhI pasaMda nahIM krtii| mujhe to zuddha zAkAhArI bhojana caahiye|" paricArikA ne pUchA- "kyA Apa jaina haiM?" unhoMne kahA ki maiM jaina to nahIM hU~ para jaina dharma ke niyama aura siddhAMta mujhe acche lagate haiM, maiM unakA pAlana karane kA prayAsa karatI huuN| aura phira ve socane lagIM, kitanA mahAn hai yaha jaina dhrm| eka yA do dina ke tyAga se yaha pahacAna nahIM milatI, aisI pahacAna to sadiyoM meM milatI hai| isake Age bhI eka aura ghaTanA ghaTita huii| ve amerikA pahuMcI aura unhoMne eka sammelana meM bhAga liyaa| dopahara ko ve resToreNTa meM bhojana kara rahI thii| usI samaya eka navayuvaka bhI unakI Tebala para bhojana karane aayaa| usakA vyaktitva prabhAvazAlI thaa| bAtacIta se patA calA vaha hariyANA se AyA hai tathA jaina hai| hoTala ke veTara ne usa yuvaka se pUchA- "Apa bhojana meM kyA lenA pasaMda kareMge, zAkAhAra yA mAMsAhAra?" jaina yuvaka ne kahA - 'maaNsaahaar'| menakA jI cauMka utthiiN| unhoMne pUchA - "Apa jaina dharmAvalambI haiM, phira mAMsAhAra kaise?" yuvaka ne kahA- "maiMne amerikA se iMjiniyariMga kii| ghara para to mAMsAhAra kA prazna hI nahIM hai| yahAM hosTala meM kabhI-kabhI lene kI Adata par3a gii|" menakAjI ne use samajhAyA aura kahA- "yaha jo jaina dharma kI mahAnatA banI huI hai use banAe rakho, use vikata mata kro|" unakI bAta sanakara usa yuvaka ne pratijJA kI ki maiM kabhI bhI mAMsAhAra nahIM kruuNgaa| yadi mujhe koI upadeza detA to bhI maiM nahIM chor3a pAtA, para aba maiM samajha gayA, ataH jIvanaparyaMta mAMsAhAra nahIM kruuNgaa| zAkAhAra kA pracAra karane ke lie cennaI meM san 1995 meM aMtarrASTrIya zAkAhAra
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________________ 140 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha saMgaThana (International Vegetarian Union) kA eka sammelana huaa| usameM cennaI ke zrI surendra bhAI mehatA antarrASTrIya adhyakSa the| vahAM para 200 adhyApaka / adhyApikAeM bhI AI thiiN| hamane unase pUchA ki hameM zAkAhAra ke pracAra ke lie kyA karanA caahie| unhoMne kahA ki Apako vidyArthiyoM meM vaijJAnika DhaMga se pracAra karanA hogaa| bAda meM unase parAmarza karake hama logoM ne eka yojanA banAI jise karuNA klaba kahate haiM tathA eka saMsthA karuNA aMtarrASTrIya kI sthApanA kii| isameM hama adhyApaka evaM vidyArthI prazikSaNa kAryakrama Ayojita karate haiM tathA niraMtara kAryazAlAeM, seminAra evaM prativarSa rASTrIya sammelana Ayojita karate haiN| hameM anubhava huA ki jIvadayA evaM zAkAhAra ke pracAra kA yaha eka prabhAvaka kAryakrama hai tathA bAlyAvasthA meM, jaba vidyArthiyoM kA mastiSka aparipakva rahatA hai, unako saMskArita karanA sarala hotA hai| hama karuNA kI kahAniyAM, nATaka Adi para vidyArthiyoM ko niHzulka sAhitya vitarita karate haiN| ina teraha varSoM meM deza ke 1500 vidyAlayoM evaM mahAvidyAlayoM meM karuNA klabeM sthApita ho gaI haiM jo jIvadayA, ahiMsA, karuNA, paryAvaraNa rakSA, pazu krUratA nivAraNa evaM zAkAhAra kA prabhAvaka kAryakrama kara rahI haiN| ye klabeM vyavahArika kAryakramoM evaM gatividhiyoM ke dvArA vidyArthiyoM ke hRdaya ko parivartita kara rahI haiN| Aja 1 lAkha se adhika vidyArthI aura adhyApaka zAkAhArI bana cake haiN| hamane vidyArthiyoM se camaDe ke jatoM kA upayoga nahIM karane kI apIla kii| 95 vidyAlayoM ke 1 lAkha se adhika vidyArthiyoM ne camar3e ke jUte pahananA baMda kara diyA hai| _Aja sabase adhika vidyArthiyoM ko saMskArita karane kI AvazyakatA hai| hameM unheM vaijJAnika DhaMga se jaina dharma kA tatvajJAna samajhAnA hogaa| divAkara prakAzana, AgarA ne jaina dharma kI kahAniyoM kI 200 pustakeM hindI evaM aMgrejI meM prakAzita kI hai| unhoMne paccIsa bola para evaM jaina tatvajJAna para aMgrejI evaM hindI meM citrAtmaka suMdara pustakeM prakAzita kI haiN| unake dvArA jaina dharma ko rocakatA se samajhAyA jA sakatA hai| isI prakAra posTara, cArTa, praznottara evaM sI. DI. dvArA bhI pracAra kiyA jAnA caahie| Apako yaha jAnakara harSa hogA ki cennaI ke madrAsa vizvavidyAlaya meM jaina dharma kI uccastarIya par3hAI ke lie pichale bIsa varSoM pUrva jaina vidyA vibhAga (Department of Jainology) sthApita kiyA gayA thA hA~ ema. e., ema. phila. evaM pI-eca. DI. kI uccastarIya kakSAeM lI jAtI haiM tathA zodha-kArya bhI hotA hai| isI vibhAga dvArA samAja meM prAkRta bhASA kI par3hAI bhI hotI hai jisameM paccAsa mahilAeM pratimAsa bhAga letI haiN| DaoN. rAmajIsiMha, jo jaina vidyA ke tatvajJa haiM, kA kathana hai ki jaina dharma meM 200 se adhika suMdara kathAeM haiM jinheM TI. vI. evaM sinemA meM pradarzita kiyA jA sakatA hai tathA usakA rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata kI taraha pracAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| Aja jaina vidyA para zodha kA mAtra eka vizvavidyAlaya lADanUM meM hai| isa taraha ke kaI vizvavidyAlayoM kI sthApanA kI AvazyakatA hai| Aja jaina samAja kI sAmUhika AvAja (Collective Voice) nahIM hai| kabhI hamAre samAja ke saMsada meM 50 pratinidhi the, aba mAtra tIna haiN| hamArA saMgaThana kamajora ho
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________________ Adhunika yuga meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke jIvana-mUlyoM kI prAsaMgikatA 141 gayA hai tathA hama sampradAyoM meM baMTa gae haiN| bhArata meM eka karor3a se adhika jaina haiM para sarakArI AMkar3oM ke anusAra hama mAtra 42 lAkha haiN| ataH hama eka sUtra ma mAtra 42 lAkha haiN| ataH hameM eka sUtra meM gumphita hone kI AvazyakatA hai| ___ Aja yuga kA takAjA hai ki hama naI pIr3hI ko evaM rAjanItijJoM ko jaina dharma ke sArvabhaumika siddhAMtoM se paricita kraaeN| vaizvIkaraNa ke isa yuga meM TI. vI. aura iMTaraneTa dvArA jo pAzcAtya prabhAva naI pIr3hI para par3a rahA hai, unakI vikRtiyoM ko dUra kara jaina saMskAroM kI sthApanA karanA eka cunautIpUrNa kArya hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne upadezoM dvArA mAnava ko maitrIpUrNa, naitika aura prAmANika jIvana jIne kA jo mArga batAyA thA use pracArita karane kI AvazyakatA hai| usakA pAlana karane se vyaktigata jIvana kA vikAsa tathA samAja evaM vizva meM zAnti kI sthApanA ho sakatI hai|
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________________ jainadharma sammata ahiMsA kA prazikSaNa pro. DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAgendu'* 'ahiMsA paramodharmaH' ahiMsA ko parama dharma ghoSita karane vAlI yaha sUkti Aja bhI baha pracalita hai| yaha to eka svIkRta tathya hai ki ahiMsA parama dharma hai, para prazna yaha hai ki ahiMsA kyA hai? sAdhAraNa bhASA meM ahiMsA zabda kA artha hotA hai- hiMsA na karanA, kintu jaba bhI hiMsA-ahiMsA kI carcA calatI hai, to hamArA dhyAna prAyaH dUsare jIvoM ko mAranA, satAnA yA unakI rakSA karanA Adi kI ora hI jAtA hai| hiMsA-ahiMsA kA sambandha prAyaH dUsaroM se hI jor3A jAtA hai| dUsaroM kI hiMsA mata karo, basa yahI ahiMsA hai, aisA hI sarvAdhika vizvAsa hai; kintu yaha ekAMgI dRSTikoNa hai| 'apanI bhI hiMsA hotI hai'- (puruSArtha si., padya-42), isa ora bahuta kama logoM ko dhyAna jAtA hai| jinakA dhyAna jAtA bhI hai to ve bhI AtmahiMsA kA artha kevala viSa-bhakSaNAdi dvArA AtmaghAta (AtmahatyA)hI mAnate haiN| usakI gaharAI taka pahuMcane kA / nahIM kiyA jAtA hai| antaraMga meM rAga-dveSa-moha kI utpatti honA bhI hiMsA hai. yaha bahuta kama loga jAnate haiN| prasiddha jainAcArya amRtacandra sUri ne antaraMga pakSa ko lakSya meM rakhate hue 'puruSArthasiddhayupAya' grantha meM hiMsA-ahiMsA kI nimnalikhita paribhASA dI hai: aprAdurbhAvaH khalu rAgAdInAM bhvtyhiNseti| teSAmevotpatti-hiMseti jinAgamasya sNkssepH|| 44 / / AtmA meM rAga-dveSa-mohAdi bhAvoM kI utpatti honA hI hiMsA hai aura ina bhAvoM kA AtmA meM utpanna nahIM honA hI ahiMsA hai| yahI jainAgama kA sAra hai| prazna hai kyA ahiMsA kA prazikSaNa sambhava hai? isa prazna kA uttara 'satyatA ke pramANIkaraNa prayoga' se sambhava hai| pratyeka siddhAnta tabhI mAnya hotA hai jaba vaha prayogoM meM kharA utre| dharma paribhASA nahIM, prayoga hai aura jIvana hai dharma kI pryogshaalaa| tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra ne dharma kI paribhASA raTI nahIM thii| usakA sahI rUpa samajhakara, anubhava kara prayoga kiyA thaa| zAzvata sukha arthAt mukti ke jisa mArga para ve svayaM cale vahI unhoMne sAre jagata * DAyarekTara, saMskRta, prAkRta aura jaina anusandhAna kendra, 28, sarasvatI nagara, damoha (ma.pra.) - 470661.
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________________ jainadharma sammata ahiMsA kA prazikSaNa 143 ko bhI batAyA; mAtra vANI se nahIM, jIvana se| unake anusAra saccA sukha aura zAnti prApta karane kA ekamAtra upAya-syAdvAda zailI meM abhivyakta anekAntAtmaka vastu-svarUpa tathA ahiMsAtmaka jIvana zailI hai| isa ahiMsA kA prazikSaNa sambhava hai| ahiMsA-prazikSaNa kA svarUpaH prazikSaNa ke AdhAraH - ahiMsA-prazikSaNa kA AdhAra hai- hiMsA ke bIjoM ko prasupta banAkara ahiMsA ke bIjoM ko aMkurita krnaa| isake lie prazikSaNa Avazyaka hai| ahiMsA prazikSaNa kI prakriyA ke do caraNa haiM: 1. saiddhAntika bodha, 2. prAyogika abhyaas| ahiMsA ke saiddhAntika bodha ke antargata hiMsA ke kAraNa, pariNAma evaM ahiMsA ke samvarddhana ke upAya kA prazikSaNa samAviSTa hai| jisase vyakti kI avadhAraNAoM meM pariSkAra kA avasara mile aura usake sAtha-sAtha prAyogika prazikSaNa bhI cle| hiMsA kI jar3aH (hiMsA ke mUla kAraNa): hiMsA ke kAraNa bAhara pariveza meM bhI haiM aura andara hamArI vRttiyoM meM bhii| kucha kAraNa vyakti meM haiM, aura kucha samAja meM haiN| hiMsA kA mUla kAraNa, upAdAna vyakti meM hai| usako uddIpta karane vAle nimitta kAraNa pariveza meM, samAja meM haiN| hiMsA bhar3akAne vAle mUla kAraNaH Arthika, sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika kAraNa hiMsA ko protsAhana dete haiN| viSamatA, berojagArI, zoSaNa, daridratA, atibhAva, vilAsitA Adi aise Arthika kAraNa haiM, nimitta haiM, jinase vyakti meM nihita upAdAna ko uttejanA milatI hai| jo hiMsA bhar3akAne meM nimitta banate hiMsA ko bhar3akAne meM sAmAjika vikRtiyA~, varNabheda, aspRzyatA, viSama paristhitiyA~, kurUr3hiyA~, dAsatA Adi kA bhI bahuta bar3A hAtha rahatA hai| rAjanIti meM saiddhAntika AtaMkavAda tathA vyAvasAyika AtaMkavAda hiMsA kI Aga meM ghI DAlane kA kAma karate haiN| sAmpradAyika kaTTaratA bhI hiMsA bhar3akAtI hai| ye bAhya kAraNa vyakti ke Antarika kAraNoM ko jagAte haiN| vyakti ke bhItara hiMsA ke aneka kAraNa haiN| usameM mukhya haiM- vyakti kI vRttiyaaN| niSedhAtmaka bhAva, krUratA, bhaya, IrSyA, krodha, ahaMkAra, lobha Adi vRttiyA~ hiMsA ko janma detI haiN| vyakti meM hiMsA kA dUsarA kAraNa hai- apane mata kA durAgraha evaM svayaM ko hI sahI samajhane kI dRsstti| apane se bhinna mata vAle ko galata samajhane kA dRSTikoNa antataH hiMsA ko protsAhita karatA hai, hiMsA ko poSaNa detA hai| ___vyakti kI jIvana zailI kA bhI hiMsA se bahuta gaharA sambandha hai| suvidhAvAdI, asaMyamita, bhogapradhAna jIvana zailI hiMsA ko uttejita karatI hai| hiMsA nivAraNa ke upAya: hiMsA aura ahiMsA donoM ke bIja manuSya ke bhItara haiN| aisI sthiti meM vAtAvaraNa para dhyAna denA bahuta jarUrI hai; kyoMki vahI sabase pahale hamAre sAmane AtA hai| bhagavAna
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________________ 144 mahAvIra ne kahA- nimitta aura upAdAna, paristhiti aura antarjagat, donoM ko tor3akara alaga-alaga karake mata dekho| kucha loga sArA bhAra paristhiti para hI DAla dete haiN| paristhiti nahIM badalegI to samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM hogaa| dUsarI ora jo adhyAtmavAdI loga haiM, unakA mata hai- antarjagat meM sudhAra nahIM hogA, upAdAna nahIM badalegA to samasyA kA samAdhAna nahIM hogaa| ye donoM hI ekAMgI dRSTikoNa haiN| nimitta aura upAdAna donoM jur3e hue . haiN| upAdAna zaktizAlI aura nimitta pratikUla hai to upAdAna kucha nahIM kara paaegaa| jo ghaTita hotA hai ina donoM (nimitta upAdAna ke) ke yoga se hotA hai| samagra parivartana ke lie donoM para dhyAna denA apekSita hai| ahiMsA-prazikSaNa ke AyAmaH svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha jahA~ kucha vidvAna mAnasa-parivartana, saMracanAtmaka parivartana, vyaktivAdI prazikSaNa evaM sAmUhika prazikSaNa ko ekala rUpa meM rekhAMkita karate haiM, vahIM kucha mahApuruSoM kI avadhAraNA eka samekita prArUpa ke prastutIkaraNa para bala detI hai| unake dvArA vikasita ahiMsA prazikSaNa kI caturAyAmI (Four Steps) avadhAraNA mAtra vyakti yA mAtra samAja taka nahIM pahu~catI hai para donoM ko eka sAtha samAhita karatI hai| samagratA ke ina cAra AyAmoM meM (1) hRdaya parivartana, (2) dRSTikoNa parivartana, (3) jIvana zailI parivartana evaM tadnurUpa, (4) saMracanAtmaka parivartana (vyavasthA parivartana ) - sammilita haiN| 1. hRdaya parivartana- ahiMsA prazikSaNa kA prathama AyAma hai- hRdaya parivartana / hRdaya parivartana kA artha hai bhaav-privrtn| bhAvoM kA udgama sthala hai- mastiSka kA eka bhAga, limbika saMsthAna / ataH ise mastiSkIya prazikSaNa kahA gayA hai| hRdaya parivartana kA pahalA sUtra hainiSedhAtmaka bhAvoM ke parivartana kA prazikSaNa / niSedhAtmaka bhAvoM kA uddIpana hamAre zArIrika asvAsthya ke kAraNa bhI hotA hai| ataH hRdaya parivartana kA dUsarA sUtra hai- zArIrika svAsthya meM mitAhAra kA prshikssnn| niSedhAtmaka bhAvoM (saMvegoM) ke parivartana ke lie nimnanirdiSTa siddhAnta-sUtroM kA prazikSaNa Avazyaka hai: hiMsA ke hetu pariNAma lobha adhikAra kI manovRtti bhaya 1. 2. zastra nirmANa aura zastra prayoga pratirodha kI manovRtti kalahapUrNa sAmudAyika jIvana ghRNA, jAtibheda ke kAraNa chuAchUta zoSaNa, hatyA 3. vaira-virodha 4. krodha 5. ahaMkAra 6. krUratA asahiSNutA 7. sAmpradAyika jhagar3A ye saMvega (niSedhAtmaka bhAva) vyakti ko hiMsaka banAte haiN| hRdaya parivartana kA
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________________ jainadharma sammata ahiMsA kA prazikSaNa 145 tAtparya hai saMvegoM kA pariSkAra karanA, inake sthAna para nae saMskAra-bIjoM kA vapana krnaa| saiddhAntika prazikSaNa ke sUtraH 1. lobha kA anudaya : zarIra aura padArtha ke prati amUrchA bhAva kA prshikssnn| 2. bhaya kA anudAya abhaya kA prazikSaNa (Atmaupamya bhAva kA prazikSaNa) zastra nirmANa aura zastra vyavasAya na karane kI saMkalpa-zakti kA prshikssnn| 3. vaira-virodha kA anudaya : maitrI kA prshikssnn| pratizodhAtmaka manovRtti se bacane kA prshikssnn| 4. krodha kA anudaya : kSamA kA prshikssnn| 5. ahaMkAra kA anudaya : vinamratA kA prazikSaNa, ahiMsaka pratirodha evaM anyAya ke prati asahayoga kA prshikssnn| 6. krUratA kA anudaya : karuNA kA prshikssnn| 7. asahiSNutA kA anudaya : sAmpradAyika sadbhAva kA prazikSaNa, bhinna vicAroM ko sahane kA prshikssnn| - zarIra kriyA manovijJAna ke anusAra AcAra aura vyavahAra hamAre bhAvoM (saMvegoM) dvArA niyamita hote haiN| hamAre bhAvoM kA niyamana rasAyanoM dvArA hotA hai| ye rasAyana antaHsrAvI granthi-taMtra dvArA srAvita hote haiN| unakA saMcAlana limbika-saMsthAna (bhAva-saMsthAna) dvArA hotA hai| dhyAna evaM anuprekSA ke prayogoM dvArA ina rasAyanoM ko prabhAvita kara saMtulita kiyA jA sakatA hai| isase bhAvadhArA, AcaraNa aura vyavahAra meM parivartana ghaTita hotA hai| ahiMsA ke vikAsa ke lie nimna nirdiSTa anuprekSAoM kA abhyAsa Avazyaka haiprAyogika prazikSaNa ke abhyAsa sUtraH 1. lobha kA anudaya : anAsakti kI anuprekssaa| 2. bhaya kA anudaya : abhaya kI anuprekssaa| 3. vaira-virodha kA anudaya : maitrI kI anuprekssaa| 4. krodha kA anudaya :: zAnti kI anuprekssaa| 5. ahaMkAra kA anudaya : mRdutA kI anuprekssaa| 6. krUratA kA anudaya : karuNA kI anuprekssaa| 7. asahiSNutA kA anudaya : sahiSNutA kI anuprekssaa| bhAvAtmaka parivartana ke lie anuprekSA ke prayoga bahuta saphala rahe haiN| isa prayoga meM mastiSka aura pUre zarIra ko zithila kara sujhAva diye jAte haiM, sAtha-sAtha raMgoM kA dhyAna bhI kiyA jAtA hai| dhvani aura raMga-ye donoM acetana yA avacetana mana ko prabhAvita karate haiN| inase purAne saMskAroM aura arjita AdatoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai| naye saMskAroM aura nayI
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________________ 146 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha AdatoM ke nirmANa kI bhUmi prazasta ho jAtI hai| ye prayoga saMkalpa-zakti, Atma-vizvAsa aura Atma-nirIkSaNa kI kSamatA ko bar3hAte haiN| svAsthya aura mitAhAra kA prazikSaNaH hRdaya-parivartana kA dUsarA sUtra-svAsthya aura mitAhAra kA prshikssnn| zArIrika svAsthya aura ahiMsA meM bhI Antarika sambandha hai| zArIrika svAsthya ke abhAva meM hiMsA kA bhAva upajatA hai| ataH yaha ahiMsA ke prazikSaNa kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga hai| prAyogika prazikSaNaH prAyogika prazikSaNa ke antargata yogAsana aura prANAyAma kA abhyAsa ahiMsA prazikSaNa kA eka mahatvapUrNa aMga hai| 2. dRSTikoNa parivartanaH ahiMsA prazikSaNa kA dvitIya AyAma hai- dRSTikoNa privrtn| galata dRSTikoNa ke kAraNa mithyA dhAraNAeM, nirapekSa cintana aura ekAMgI Agraha panapate haiN| mithyA dhAraNAeM, nirapekSa cintana aura ekAMgI Agraha hiMsA ke mukhya kAraNoM meM haiN| jabaki sApekSa cintana sAmAjika sambandhoM kI bhUmikA meM eka mahatvapUrNa tatva hai| sApekSa cintana hotA hai to phira svArtha kI sImA nizcita ho jAtI hai| yaha nahIM ho sakatA ki samAja ke bIsa pratizata vyakti atibhAva meM jIeM aura assI pratizata vyakti bhUkhe marate rheN| mAnavIya sambandhoM meM jo kaTutA dikhAI de rahI hai usakA hetu nirapekSa dRSTikoNa hai| saMkIrNa rASTravAda aura yuddha bhI nirapekSa dRSTikoNa ke pariNAma haiN| sApekSatA ke AdhAra para sambandhoM ko vyApaka AyAma diyA jA sakatA hai| manuSya, padArtha, vRtti, vicAra aura zarIra ke sAtha sambandha kA viveka karanA ahiMsA ke vikAsa ke lie bahuta Avazyaka hai| manuSyoM ke prati krUratApUrNa, padArtha ke prati AsaktipUrNa, vicAroM ke prati AgrahapUrNa, vRttiyoM ke sAtha asaMyata, zarIra ke sAtha mUrchApUrNa sambandha hai to hiMsA avazyaMbhAvI hai| jaina darzana ke mahAn siddhAnta anekAntavAda ke prayoga se lAbhaH anekAnta kA prazikSaNa mithyAdhAraNA, nirapekSa cintana aura Agraha se mukta hone kA prayoga hai| parivartana kevala jAnane se nahIM hotaa| isake lie dIrghakAlika abhyAsa apekSita hai| sarvAMgINa dRSTikoNa ko vikasita karane ke lie nimna nirdiSTa anekAnta ke siddhAnta aura prAyogika abhyAsa-anaprekSAoM kA prazi Avazyaka hai: siddhAnta prayoga sapratipakSa sAmaMjasya kI anuprekSA saha-astitva saha-astitva kI anuprekSA svataMtratA svataMtratA kI anuprekSA sApekSatA sApekSa kI anuprekSA samanvaya samanvaya kI anuprekSA 3. jIvana zailI parivartanaH ahiMsA prazikSaNa kA tIsarA AyAma hai- jIvana zailI kA privrtn| jIvana zailI parivartana kA eka mahatvapUrNa sUtra hai- suvidhAvAdI jIvana zailI meM
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________________ jainadharma sammata ahiMsA kA prazikSaNa 147 privrtn| hama pradUSaNa se cintita haiM, trasta haiN| suvidhAvAdI jIvana zailI pradUSaNa paidA kara rahI hai| usa para hamArA dhyAna hI nahIM jA rahA hai| samAja suvidhA chor3a nahIM sakatA kintu vaha asIma na ho- yaha viveka Avazyaka hai| yadi suvidhAoM kA vistAra niraMtara jArI rahe, ADambara aura vilAsapUrNa jIvana calatA rahe to ahiMsA kA svapna yathArtha meM pariNata nahIM hogaa| icchAoM kI vaddhi se hiMsA ko pallavana milA hai| jaba taka icchA kA saMyama nahIM hogA, jIvana zailI meM saMyama ko pratiSThA nahIM milegI, tabataka ahiMsA kA sArthaka pariNAma nahIM A skegaa| jIvana zailI parivartana ke lie saMyama, zrama, svAvalambana aura vyasana-mukta jIvana kA saiddhAntika aura prAyogika prazikSaNa apekSita hai| nimnalikhita prAyogika abhyAsa ahiMsA prazikSaNa meM samAviSTa hai 1. ahiMsA kI anuprekSA 2. satya-acaurya kI anuprekSA 3. brahmacarya kI anuprekSA 4. icchA-parimANa/aparigraha kI anuprekSA 5. svAvalambana kI anuprekSA 6. vyasana mukti ke prayoga 4. vyavasthA parivartanaH ahiMsA prazikSaNa kA caturtha AyAma hai- vyavasthA privrtn| vyakti ke Antarika rUpAntaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha vyavasthAgata parivartana bhI Avazyaka hai| vyavasthAoM ke mukhya tIna pahalU haiM- (1) Arthika vyavasthA, (2) sAmAjika vyavasthA tathA (3) rAjanaitika vyvsthaa| 1. Arthika vyavasthAH artha kI prakRti meM hI hiMsA hai, ataH arthazAstra evaM Arthika vyavasthA ko pUrNataH ahiMsaka nahIM banAyA jA sakatA; parantu isase aparAdha, krUratA, zoSaNa aura vilAsitA ko avazya samApta kiyA jA sakatA hai| vikAsa kI mAtra bhautika avadhAraNA kA vikalpa, ahiMsaka vyavasthA se hI sambhava hai| ahiMsaka vyavasthA meM- sAdhana-zuddhi, vyaktigata svAmitva kI sImA, upabhoga kI sImA, arjana ke sAtha visarjana tathA vilAsitA kI sAmagrI ke utpAdana aura AyAta para roka kI vyavasthA kA ImAnadArI ke sAtha vyakti tathA sarakAra donoM ko pAlana karanA hogaa| isake sAtha-sAtha ahiMsaka takanIka kI khoja, ahiMsaka tarIkoM se kalaha zamana sahakAra kA arthazAstra tathA svadezI ko Avazyaka sthAna denA hogaa| 2. sAmAjika vyavasthAH ahiMsaka Arthika vyavasthA ke andara hI ahiMsaka samAja-vyavasthA kA svarUpa chipA hotA hai| jisa samAja meM Arthika zoSaNa hotA hai vaha ja ahiMsaka nahIM hai| ahiMsaka samAja kA AdhAra azoSaNa ke lie zrama tathA svAvalambana kI cetanA aura vyavasthA kA vikAsa, vyavasAya meM prAmANikatA tathA karatA kA varjana anivArya hai| samAja meM aneka prakAra kI hiMsA hotI hai| ahiMsaka samAja meM kucha vizeSa prakAra kI hiMsA kA sarvathA varjana ho| udAharaNArtha-AkrAmaka hiMsA, niraparAdha vyaktiyoM kI hatyA, bhrUNa hatyA, jAtIya-ghRNA, chuAchUta Adi kA vyavasthAgata niSedha ho| aise kRtyoM ko mahimA maMDita karane vAle patra va mIDiyA para bhI niyaMtraNa ho| sAmpradAyika abhiniveza, mAdaka vastuoM kA sevana tathA pratyakSa hiMsA ko janma dene vAlI rUr3hiyoM aura kurItiyoM kA varjana
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________________ 148 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha bhI Avazyaka hai| naI samAja vyavasthA ke antargata vaikalpika cikitsA paddhati kA bhI vikAsa karanA caahie| 3. rAjanaitika vyavasthAH ahiMsaka rAjanaitika vyavasthA kA svarUpa kyA ho? svaccha rAjanIti vaha hai jisameM vyakti kI svataMtratA kA hanana nahIM hotaa| jahA~ vyakti aura rASTra kA sambandha mAtra yAntrika nahIM hotA, vyakti kI svataMtratA kA mUlyAMkana kiyA jAtA hai| vyakti kI svataMtratA AtmAnuzAsita hotI hai| aisI svataMtratA vyaktigata vizeSatAoM kA saMrakSaNa hai jo rASTra kI samRddhi kI Avazyaka zarta hai| ahiMsaka rAjanIti kI dUsarI vizeSatA hai, vyakti nirmANa kI dizA meM Thosa kAryakrama lAgU krnaa| kevala hiMsA kI rokathAma karanA aura vidhi-vyavasthA kAyama rakhanA rAjanIti kA kAma nahIM hai| jIvanta rAjanIti kA lakSya hai- vyakti kA hita aura mAnava klyaann| vikendrita rAjanaitika vyavasthA ho tAki dalagata rAjanIti ko avasara na mile| vartamAna rAjanIti meM rAjanItijJoM ke prazikSaNa ke lie koI vyavasthA nahIM hai| pariNAmasvarUpa guNavattA ke sthAna para sirpha saMkhyA isakA AdhAra raha gayI hai| vyavasthA parivartana ke lie saMgaThanAtmaka prazikSaNa kI AvazyakatA hai, jisameM anusandhAna, yojanA, kArya ke lie taiyAra honA, pracAra, kArya kA prArambha, netRtva Adi saMgaThana ke vibhinna pahaluoM ke lie prazikSaNa prApta karanA Avazyaka hai| upasaMhAraH vastutaH jaina dharma aura ahiMsA eka tatva ke paryAya jaise hI haiN| 'mittI me savvabhUaisu, veraM majjhaMNa keNa vi' jaise udAtta siddhAnta kI phalazruti dayA, karuNA, prema, saha astitva evaM samvedanazIlatA jaise sarvotkRSTatA ke sampAdaka/sampoSaka tatva isI kI pAlathI mAre baiThe haiN| jaina dharma kI ahiMsA kI sAMskRtika virAsata ne kara hiMsA. svArthI hiMsA ke prati bar3e jatana se, bar3e tyAga va puruSArtha se gambhIratApUrvaka tArkikI TaMkArI AvAja uThAyI aura sareAma, khule maidAna meM ho rahI ina hiMsAoM ke silasile ko tor3ane ke lie jabardasta krAnti kI tathA isa krAnti ko kAmayAbI bhI hAsila huI thii| jaina dharma kI isa sAMskRtika virAsata ne yaha avabodha karAyA ki savve jIvA vi icchati, jIviuM na mrijjiuN| tamhA pANavahaM ghoraM, NiggaMthA vajjayati nn|| jaha te na piaM dukkhaM, jANia emeva svvjiivaannN| savvAyaramuvautto, attovammeNa kuNasu dy|| jIvavaho appavaho, jIvadayA appaNo dayA hoi| tA savvajIvahiMsA, paricattA attkaamehiN|| -- samaNasuttaM, 148, 150-151 isa sAMskRtika virAsata ne prANimAtra ko eka aisA sAtvika AkAza pradAna kiyA jahA~ ve sakUna se zvAMsa le sakeM, apanI svataMtratA, apanI asmitA pahacAna skeN| jahA~ pratyeka jIvAtmA apanI mAnasikatA ko mAnavatA ke mAnadaNDa para mApa ske| aise
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________________ jainadharma sammata ahiMsA kA prazikSaNa 149 saiddhAntika, sAMskRtika evaM vyAvahArika mAnadaNDa ke utkarSa kA sUkSmAtisUkSma nidarzana rAgAdINamaNuppAo, ahiMsakattaM tti desiyaM sme| tesiM ce uppattI, hiMsetti jiNehi nnidditttthaa|| - samaNasuttaM, 153. (zrI jinendra deva ne kahA hai- rAga Adi kI anutpatti 'ahiMsA' hai aura unakI utpatti 'hiMsA' hai|) isa gAthA meM huA hai| kintu durbhAgya se aise aizvaryavanta siddhAnta kAlacakra ke tIkhe pada tale padadalita hone lage haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM aisA bhI kaha sakate haiM ki- hamane svayaM unheM kAla cakra ke sAmane paTaka diyA hai aura becArA kAla cakra unheM roMdane ko majabUra hai| jo kucha bhI huA ho, galatI hamArI hai| ahiMsaka vyaktitva ke nirmANa meM hama baune par3a gaye haiN| jisa ahiMsaka vyaktitva kI bahuta bar3I AvazyakatA Aja sampUrNa saMsAra anubhava kara rahA hai vahIM hama apane kadama Age bar3hAne ke bajAya pIche lauTA rahe haiN| aura hama itane pIche pahu~ca gaye haiM ki vahI bIbhatsa vakta hamAre samakSa punaH A khar3A hai jisase mahAvIra ne hameM ubArA thaa| bhautika/vaijJAnikI takanIkI saMsAdhanoM meM tarakkI se nayI kismoM kI hiMsAe~ bhar3aka uThI haiN| nitya prati kitanA lahU baha rahA hai katlakhAnoM meM? kitanI mAMgoM kA sindUra, kitanI mAtAoM kI godeM ujar3a rahI haiM sampUrNa vizva meM phaile arthavAda aura AtaMkavAda se? kitane ajAna-bejubAna mAre-kATe-jhoMke jA rahe haiM cApalUsa rAjanIti ke hathakaNDoM se? koI gaNita hai? koI hisAba hai? kitanI hajAra citAe~ roja jala-bujha rahI haiM, unhIM ke dhue~ se dharatI aura AkAza mAno Dhaka gayA hai| ataH samaya rahate sAvadhAna hone kI AvazyakatA hai| isa Aga ko ahiMsA ke zItala jala se bujhAnA hogaa| paurANika kimvadantI hai ki- 'zaMkara pralaya karate haiM' para Aja kA aNu bama mahAzaMkara banakara nRtya karane ko taiyAra hai, kucha nAca to dikhA bhI cukA hai| bhayaMkara astroM kA nirmANa, sTAra dvAra kI kalpanA surakSA muMha bAe tAka rahI hai| nakSatrIya-nAbhikIya yuddha chiDane ko vyAkala hai| aise nAjaka daura meM jaina dharma kI sAMskRtika virAsata-ahiMsA kA mahatva aura bhI bar3ha jAtA hai| lar3a-jhagar3akara, hiMsA ke bala para cAhe jo kucha mila jAya parantu sukha-zAnti sakUna se bharA AMgana evaM jIvAtmA kA prANabhUta tatva dharma kahIM-kabhI bhI nahIM mila sktaa| jIvana meM ahiMsA ko jIvita rakhane ke lie kucha racanAtmaka soca aura carcAoM kA AdAna-pradAna Avazyaka hI nahIM anivArya bhI hai| yaha kArya kara sakatI hai mana kI zakti aura hRdaya kI nirmltaa| ye bahumUlya vRttiyA~ asambhava ko bhI sambhava banAne kA pracaNDa pauruSa apane meM antargarbhita kiye jaina dharma ke uttuMga sAMskRtika mandira ke bhavya prAMgaNa kI divya prarocanA haiahiNsaa| isI 'ahiMsA kA jaina dharma sammata prazikSaNa' eTama jaise durdAnta dAnava ke ahaMkAra ke mada meM aiMThe aura bArUda ke Dhera para baiThe vizva ko paritrANa dene meM pUrNata: samartha hai|
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________________ vizva zAMti aura anekAMtavAda DaoN. zekharacandra jaina* Aja hama jaba vizvazAMti aura anekAMtavAda kI carcA kara rahe haiM isa saMdarbha meM hama isa viSaya ko isa prakAra prastuta karanA cAheMge- sarvaprathama hama anekAMtavAda kI vyAkhyA aura usakI upayogitA para vicAra kreNge| tatpazcAt yaha siddhAMta vizvazAMti meM kitanA upayogI yA mahatvapUrNa ho sakatA hai isakI carcA kreNge| anekAMtavAda jainadarzana kA sarvAdhika mahatvapUrNa aura upayogI siddhAMta hai| yaha jaina darzana kI rIr3ha hai yoM kaheM to atizayokti nahIM hogii| ise AcAryoM ne isa prakAra prastuta kiyA hai ki siddhAnta meM jo anekAMtavAda hai use prastuta karane kI kalA syAdvAda hai| hama yoM bhI kaha sakate haiM ki anekAMta aura syAdvAda eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| hama isI pariprekSya meM isa siddhAnta kI darzana ke saMdarbha meM aura phira isake vyavahArika pakSa para vicAra kreNge| AcAryoM ne isake aneka lakSaNa prastuta kiye haiN| dhavalA meM kahA gayA hai ki " aneka dharmoM yA svAdoM ke eka rasAtmaka mizraNa se jo jAtyaMtarapanA yA svAda utpanna hotA hai vahI anekAMta zabda kA vAcya hai|" isI prakAra yaha bhI ullekha prApta huA hai ki eka vastu meM vastutva ko upajAne vAlI paraspara viruddha do zaktiyoM kA prakAzita honA anekAMta hai evaM jo anaMtadharmA hai vahI anekAMta hai| aneka logoM ne isa anekAMtavAda meM jo syAt zabda prayukta huA hai usake kAraNa use saMzaya kahakara usakA virodha bhI kiyA hai| lekina eka bAta sarvathA satya hai ki jabataka kisI vastu ke pUrNa satya ke jJAna hetu isa anekAMta kA prayoga nahIM kiyA jAyegA tabataka usake pUrNa satya ko nahIM jAnA jA skegaa| svayaMbhU stotra meM isakI puSTi karate hue kahA gayA hai ki "vAstava meM yaha vastu tatva kA bheda - abheda jJAna kA viSaya hai aura aneka tathA ekarUpa hai| bhedajJAna se aneka aura abhedajJAna se eka hai| aisA bhedAbheda grAhyajJAna hI satya hai| jo eka ko hI satya mAnakara dUsare ko nahIM mAnate haiM ve mithyAtva hote haiN| kyoMki donoM dharmoM meM se eka kA abhAva mAnane para dUsare kA abhAva ho jAtA hai, aura donoM kA abhAva ho jAne para vaha niHsvabhAva ho jAtA hai|" ise yoM samajhAyA gayA hai- yadi vastu sarvathA nitya ho to vaha udaya asta ko prApta nahIM ho sakatI, aura jo sarvathA asat hai usakA janma nahIM hotaa| jo sat hai usakA nAza nahIM hotaa| hameM * pradhAna sampAdaka, tIrthaMkara vANI, ahmdaabaad|
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________________ vizva zAMti aura anekAMtavAda vastu kA vivakSA ke anusAra hI nirNaya lenA caahie| satya to yaha hai ki sabhI nyAyAyika pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa meM anekAMta kA svIkAra to karate hI haiN| isake prayojana ko prastuta karate hue samayasAra kI mUla TIkA meM kahA gayA hai ki "anekAMta ke binA jJAnamAtra Atmavastu hI prasiddha nahIM ho sktii| svabhAva se hI bahuta se bhAvoM se bhare hue isa vizva meM sarvabhAvoM kA svabhAva se advaita hone para bhI, dvaita kA niSedha karanA azakya hone se samasta vastu svarUpa meM pravRtti aura pararUpa se vyAvRtti ke dvArA donoM bhAva meM adhyAsika hai| kisI bhI vastu meM virodhI bhAva hote hue bhI unameM ekatA ho sakatI hai|" dhavalA meM ise spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA ki "yugapat samIcIna aura asamIcIna zraddhA vAlA jIva samyak mithyAdRSTi hai aisA mAnate haiM, aura aisA mAnane meM virodha bhI nahIM aataa| kyoMki AtmA aneka dharmAtmaka hai| isalie usameM aneka dharmoM kA sahAnavasthA lakSaNa virodha asiddha hai| AcAryoM ne bahuta spaSTa kahA hai ki jaba hama kisI padArtha meM aneka dharmoM kI chavi nihAranA cAhate haiM taba usameM dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva cAroM kI apekSAoM hI usakA nirNaya karanA caahie| 151 hamane Upara yaha saiddhAntika carcA sirpha isalie kI hai ki hama isake mAdhyama se pahale AtmA ke lakSaNa ko bhI jAne, padArtha ke guNadharma ko bhI pahicAne aura usake aMtima satya ko prApta karane kI kSamatA prApta kreN| jaisA ki maiMne pahale kahA hai ki yaha anekAMtavAda jaina darzana kI rIr3ha hai aura isakA sarvAdhika prasAra yA upayoga bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kiyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra usa yuga meM janmeM jaba bhAratavarSa meM 363 mata pracalita the, aura sabhI apanI-apanI DhaphalI meM apanA-apanA rAga AlApa rahe the| saba apane hI satya ko aMtima satya mAnakara paraspara vaimanasya meM ulajhe the, aura yaha ekAMtavAditA sabhI saMgharSoM kI bhedabhAvoM kI jananI hone se bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yaha anekAMta kI naI dRSTi logoM taka phuNcaayii| unhoMne yaha kahA ki hameM kisI bhI vastu ko mAtra eka hI dRSTi se nahIM dekhanA cAhie kyoMki pratyeka vastu meM aneka guNadharma vidyamAna hote haiN| ataH apekSA kI dRSTi se hI hameM usakA mUlyAMkana karanA caahie| apane satya ke sAtha dUsaroM ke satya ko bhI samajhanA hogaa| isase paraspara vicAroM kA AdAna-pradAna ho skegaa| eka-dUsare ko samajhakara sauhArdatA bar3hA sakeMge, aura yahI paraspara prema kA kArya hogaa| isI anekAMta ke siddhAMta ko unhoMne bar3I hI zAlInatA se prastuta kiyA, aura vahI syAdvAda ke nAma se prasiddha huA / aba hama thor3I sI carcA syAdvAda ke viSaya meM bhI karanA cAheMge jo hameM apane lakSya taka le jA skegii| eka ora jahA~ anekAnta mana ke dvandvoM kA parimArjana karatA hai vahIM vacana kI spaSTatA, nirdvandvatA isa syAdvAda pUrNa bhASA se prakaTa hotI hai| isase pUrva viSaya para gaharAI se vicAra kareM- pahale isa syAdvAda ke zAbdika evaM nihitabhAva ke artha ko samajha leM / 'syAdvAda" " syAt " evaM "vAda" do padoM kA saMyojana hai| jaina Agama meM " syAt " kA artha " kathaMcit" arthAt eka nizcita apekSA mAnA hai aura "vAda" kathA kA dyotaka hai| isa taraha yoM kahA jA sakatA hai ki eka nizcita apekSA se kiyA gayA kathana hI syAdvAda
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________________ 152 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha hai| thor3A sA aura gahare utareM to nizcita apekSA meM eka nizcita dRSTikoNa yA nizcita vicAroM kA bodha nihita hai; jo yaha saMketa detA hai ki vastu ke jisa aMza ke bAre meM jo dRSTikoNa prastuta kiyA jA rahA hai vaha usa aMza kA pUrNa kathana hai| para sAtha hI yaha bhI dizA nirdeza hotA hai ki kathita aMza ke uparAnta anya zeSa aMza meM anya guNa bhI haiN| yugapuruSa hemacandrAcArya ne 'siddhahemazabdAnuzAsana' graMtha meM spaSTa karate hue likhA hai ki " syAt " arthAt " amuka apekSA se", yA amuka dRssttikonn| syAt yahA~ avyaya hai jo anekAnta sUcaka hai| arthAt anekAMta rUpa se kathana zailI hI syAdvAda kA artha hai| isakA dUsarA nAma anekAMta hai| 'aneka' evaM 'anta' zabda kA yugma hai| yahA~ aMta kA artha dharma, dRSTi, dizA apekSA kiyA jaayegaa| sarala zabdoM meM kaheM to yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki vastu ke hama jisa guNa kI carcA pramukha rUpa se kara rahe haiM usameM anya guNa yA svabhAva bhI vidyamAna haiM hii| isase yaha pratiphalita yA siddha hotA hai ki vastu meM aneka dharma arthAt guNa vidyamAna haiM evaM aMza meM sabhI dharma yA svabhAva pUrNa haiM yaha kathana asaMbhava hai aura aisAkathana apUrNa hogaa| vastu eka hI nizcita svabhAvI yA nizcita guNa dharma svabhAvI hai yaha kathana hI ekAMta dRSTi yukta hai jo anya guNoM kI upasthiti kA asvIkAra yA tiraskAra hai, jo saMgharSoM kA janaka hai| isI vaicArika yA mAnasika saMgharSa ko TAlane ke liye vastu ke aneka svarUpI rUpa ko svIkAra karate hue use vANI kI zuddhatA bhI jainadarzana ne pradAna kii| jainadarzana ke isa 'syAt' meM mAtra syAt nahIM apitu "syAdasti" kA prayoga kiyA hai| dekhie syAt ke sAtha saMlagna asti eka svIkRti hai| arthAt apekSita hai| sarva prathama " asti" yAni hakArAtmaka yA vidheyAtmaka dRSTi ko hI svIkAra kiyA hai| kisI vastu meM nihita tathya yA lakSaNa kA "nAsti" yA mAtra syAt " zAyada " kI anizcitatA meM prayukta nahIM kiyaa| isase itanA to taya ho hI jAtA hai ki kathita tathya ke " asti" bodha kA svIkAra hai| isa asti meM svIkRta vastu ke svabhAva yA guNadharma kA svIkAra karate hue bhI hama yaha nahIM kahate ki "yaha hI hai"| hama kahate haiM yaha bhI hai arthAt anya guNa yA dharma bhI haiN| tAtparya ki hama jisakA kathana kara rahe haiM usake uparAMta ke guNoM kA hama niSedha nahIM kara rhe| apane vicAroM kI sthApanA jaisA ki hama vastu ke svarUpa ko vartamAna meM nihAra rahe haiM- karate hue usake prati anya dRSTikoNoM kA niSedha nahIM krte| pariNAma svarUpa apane kathana ke sAtha anya kathana meM virodhI nahIM banate aura vaicArika saMgharSa nahIM krte| vANI meM kaTutA nahIM lAte aura vaicArika AkramaNa se bacate hue sUkSma hiMsA se bhI baca jAte haiN| isa prakAra yaha " syAt " vastu ke kathita dharmoM ke sAtha anya sthita dharmoM kA rakSaka bana jAtA hai| jisa samaya jisa vastu ko jisa paristhiti aura saMdarbha meM dekhate haiM usa samaya tathAkathita guNa mukhya bana jAte haiM para anya guNa naSTa nahIM ho jaate| yadi anya vyakti anya guNoM kI apekSA vastu kA kathana kare to use asatyabhASI kaise kahA jA sakegA? udAharaNArtha eka vyakti patnI kI apekSA se pati hai, usI samaya vaha mAM kI apekSA se putra bhI hai| yahA~ vyakti ko parakhane kA dRSTikoNa hai| isI prakAra pratyeka vastu, vicAra Adi
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________________ vizva-zAMti aura anekAMtavAda 153 ko samajhanA caahiye| isase yaha bhI spaSTa huA ki "syAdvAda" socane kI ciMtana kI vizAla pradAna karatA hai| hama jisa samaya jo socate haiM vaha utane meM parNa nizcaya hai- saMzaya nhiiN| saca to yaha hai ki vastu yA vicAra gata "yahI hai", yA "isake alAvA koI satya nahIM" jaise ekAMgI bhAva hI saMgharSa, matabheda evaM saMkIrNatA ko janma dete haiN| vyakti ko anudAra banAte haiM jo apanI hI bAta manavAne ko hiMsAtmaka taka ho jAtA hai| Aja ke saMgharSoM kI jar3a inhIM ekAMgI vicAroM kA pariNAma hai| vidvAnoM ne isa "asti" ke mAdhyama se parIkSaNa kara vividha dRSTiyoM se satya ko samajhane kA prayAsa kiyaa| ekAdhikAra vAda kA dUSaNa isI se miTAnA saMbhava hai| "syAt" zabda eka aisI aMjanazalAkA hai jo dRSTi ko vikRta nahIM hone detI, vaha use nirmala aura pUrNa darzI banAtI hai|" yaha jainadharma kI vizAlatA hI hai ki usane paraspara virodhI mAlUma hone vAle dharmoM ko bhI sAmaMjasya se dekhA aura prkhaa| isIlie use vAstava meM bahutvavAdI kahA gayA hai| vaha pratyeka vastu yA vicAra para sahAnubhUti se vicAra kara nirarthaka bhrama jAloM ko toDatA hai aura vicAroM ko to zuddha karatA hI hai, vANI ko bhI zuddha banAtA hai| DaoN. mahendra kumAra jaina nyAyAcArya ne ThIka hI likhA hai- "jahAM anekAntadarzana citta meM mAdhyastha bhAva, vItarAgatA aura niSpakSatA kA udaya karatA hai vahA~ syAdvAda vANI meM nirdoSatA Ane kA pUrA-pUrA avasara detA hai|" bhagavAna mahAvIra kA samaya vaha samaya thA jaba upaniSadavAdI vizva sat hai yA asat, ubhaya yA anubhaya kI anizcitatA meM the..... jaba mahAtmA buddha vicAra vaividhya se bacane yA TAlane ke liye yA to mauna the yA ziSyoM ko mauna rahane kA upadeza de rahe theusa samaya ina vividha mAnyatAoM ko virAsata meM lekara mahAvIra ke paMtha meM dIkSita hone vAloM ko jijJAsA kI pUrNa tRpti Avazyaka thI anyathA vaicArika saMgharSa bhaviSya ke liye bar3A aniSTakArI ho jaataa| ata: mahAvIra ne vItarAgatA aura ahiMsA ke upadeza se bAhya vyavahAra zuddhi ke sAtha citta ke ahaMkAra aura hiMsA ko bar3hAne vAle sUkSma matabhedoM ko bhI nirmUla kiyaa| unhoMne vastu ke utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya pariNAmI svarUpa ko samajhAyA aura dravya evaM paryAya kI dRSTi se usakI nityatA evaM anityatA ko spaSTa kiyaa| sacamuca isa sApekSa dRSTi ne ziSyoM ko nirdvandva bnaayaa| kathana ke sAtha yA usase bhI vizeSa vastu ke parIkSaNa para jora diyaa| agni garama yA ThaMDI isa carcA ko matabheda kA viSaya banAne se kyA yaha acchA nahIM ki usako chUkara sahI dazA ko parakhA jaaye| 'syAdvAda' yaha spaSTa karatA hai ki bhAI! kisI vastu kA eka hI bAra eka hI dRSTi se pUrA paricaya de denA asaMbhava hai| yaha syAta vidyamAna guNa-dharmoM ke sAtha avidyamAna guNoM yA avivikSita guNoM ke astitva kA bhI dyotana karAtA hai| isIlie vidvAnoM ne isa syAt ko eka sajagatA kA pratIka bhI mAnA hai| "syAdvAda" aneka vikalpoM ko dUra karatA hai| zrImad rAjacandra ne ThIka hI kahA- "karor3a jJAniyoM kA eka hI vikalpa hotA hai jabaki eka ajJAnI ke karoDa vikalpa hote haiN|" jo bhI loga ekAMtavAdI hote haiM ve vastu ke dharma vaividhya ko samajhe binA hI
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________________ 154 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha apanA virodha karate haiN| sUkSmatA se dekhA jAye to vastu virodhI svabhAvI nahIM hai, apitu virodha hamArI dRSTi yA samajha kA hai| isI nA samajhI kI auSadhi yaha "syAt" hai| hindU jahA~ para vasta Izvara nirmita mAna lI, vahIM ekAMgI vicAra pnpe| isI saMdarbha meM jAti-pAMti ke bheda bddh'e| itanA hI nahIM, Izvara ko avatArI mAnane ke kAraNa usake sabhI kRtya lIlA bana gye| veda Izvara kathita mAne gaye aura unheM hI AstikatA kA mAnadaMDa mAnakara, unheM na mAnanevAle loga yA vicAradhArA ko nAstika kahakara tiraskAra kI dRSTi se dekhA gayA, jisakA zikAra jaina va bauddhadharma bne| jAti-pAMti kA vaimanasya, Izvara ke prati mAnyatAoM kA viSaya jvara isI se pnpaa| jainadharma yA siddhAnta ne vastu ko utpAda-vyaya evaM dhrauvya mAnate samaya sthAna, kAla, dravya, bhAva ke sAtha pariNAmI mAnA hai| eka hI vastu dravya ke pariprekSya meM sthira hai to paryAya ke pariprekSya meM parivartanazIla bhI hai| jaise sonA dravya hai- sthira yA avinAzI hai ... para alaga-alaga gahanoM meM parivartana usakA vinAza bhI hai| kucha loga yaha zaMkA uThAte haiM ki eka hI sAtha eka hI vastu sthAI bhI hai aura asthAI bhI hai yaha kaise saMbhava hai? para ve bhUla jAte haiM ki isa kathana meM dvandva yA zaMkA nahIM hai para usakA parIkSaNa dravya evaM paryAya ke saMdarbha meM hone se vaha amiTa bhI hai aura usameM parivartanazIlatA yA vaividhya bhI dekhate haiN| usake mUla meM vahI guNa vaividhya hai- yA paryAya parivartana kI svAbhAvika prakriyA hai| saca kaheM to saMsAra kI parivartanazIlatA isI guNa ke kAraNa hai| isIlie jaina darzana ke anusAra saMsAra kA kabhI pUrNa nAza nahIM hotaa| usameM niraMtara kSaya aura nirmANa kI prakriyA anavarata calatI rahatI hai| hA~ dRzya parivartana hote rahate haiN| jaina darzana meM isa syAdvAda kI madada se hama vastu ke anaMta dharma evaM artha ko pakar3a sakane meM saphala banate haiN| jainAcAryoM ne isa syAdvAda ko zrutajJAna kA sakaladeza rUpa mAnA hai| jise 'pramANa' kahA hai| jo vastu ke akhaMDa svarUpa ko grahaNa karatA hai| AcArya akalaMkadeva ne saralatA se spaSTa kiyA hai ki jahA~ "asti" zabda ke dvArA sArI vastu samagra bhAva se pakar3a lI jAya vaha sakalAdeza hai| .... sakalAdeza meM samagra dharma arthAt pUrA dhamI ekabhAva se gRhIta hotA hai| isI prakAra A. siddhasenagaNI, abhayadevasUrI Adi ne "sat, asat aura avaktavya" ina tInoM bhaMgoM ko sakalAdezI mAnA hai| jabaki upA. yazovijaya jI ne sAtoM bhaMgoM ko saMkalAdezI evaM vikalAdezI (eka dharma kA mukhya rUpa se kathana karane kI paddhati) mAnA hai| isa 'syAdvAda' ko lekara aneka dharmAvalaMbI vidvAnoM ne vividha rUpa se mUlyAMkana kiyA hai jo aneka prakAra se vivAdAspada yA syAdvAda ko pUrNa rUpa se AtmasAt na karane ke kAraNa yA ekAMgI dRSTi ke kAraNa doSa yukta hI rhaa| are! ye Alocaka yA matapravartaka mahAvIra kI usa dRSTi ko nahIM samajha sake jisameM vastu ko adhika se adhika kathanoM se jAnane samajhane kA vidhAna hai| jo saptabhaMgI ke siddhAMta se prasiddha huii| vastu ko guNAtmaka, RNAtmaka yA ubhaya rUpoM se dekhane kA pratipAdana hI isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki mAtra eka hI kathana yA dRSTi se vastu ke ananta dharmoM kA kathana asaMbhava hai aura usake prati pUrNa nyAya ke lie
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________________ vizva-zAMti aura anekAMtavAda 155 ye sAta kathana- prakAra pUrNa parIkSaNa meM sahAyaka hoNge| mahApaMDita rAhula jI ne isa syAdvAda kI utpatti saMjayavelapitta ke cAra aMgoM vAle anekAntavAda se mAnate hue use hI sAta aMgoM meM parivartita mAnA hai| para rAhulajI ne saMjaya ke nitAMta anizcayavAda ke sAtha kaise syAdvAda ko jor3A yaha vicitra lagatA hai! DaoN. mahendrakumAra jaina nyAyAcArya ne ina vividha mImAMsakoM ke matoM ke sAtha syAdvAda ke viSaya meM spaSTatA kI hai| - maiM pahale hI ullekha kara cukA hai ki jahAM bhagavAna buddha ne zaMkA nivAraNa ke sthAna para mauna dhAraNa kiyA yA ziSyoM se yaha kahakara- 'inake bAre meM kahanA sArthaka nahIM, bhikSucaryA ke lie upayogI nahIM, na vaha nirveda, nirodha zAMti paramajJAna yA nirvANa ke lie Avazyaka hai|'- unheM mauna kara diyA, vahIM mahAvIra ne jijJAsuoM ko mauna rahane kA Adeza nahIM diyA, apitu unakI jijJAsA ko saMtuSTa kiyaa| saMjaya kI bhAMti anizcitatA kA to prazna hI nahIM utthtaa| isa saMtuSTi kA AdhAra thA saptabhaMgI evaM syAdvAda pddhti| DaoN. sampUrNAnaMda ne ise saptabhaMgI nyAya yA syAdvAda kI bAla kI khAla nikAlane vAlI paddhati khaa| para ve bhUla gaye ki vAda-vivAdoM, saMzaya evaM anizcitatA ke yuga meM yaha parama Avazyaka paddhati thii| DaoN. jaina ne sahI likhA-'jaina darzana ne darzana zabda kI kAlpanika bhUmi se uThakara vastu sImA para khar3e hokara jagata meM vastu sthiti ke AdhAra se saMvAda, samIkaraNa aura yathArtha tatvajJAna kI anekAnta dRSTi aura syAdvAda bhASA dI, jinakI upAsanA se vizva apane vAstavika svarUpa ko samajha, nirarthaka vAdavivAda se bacakara saMvAdI bana sakatA hai|' zrI zaMkarAcArya jI ne eka hI padArtha meM "asti evaM nAsti" paraspara virodhI dharma kA honA asaMbhava mAnakara isa syAdvAda kathana ko asaMgata kathana kahA hai| zrI zaMkarAcArya jI cUMki eka hI padArtha meM zIta-uSNa hone kI bAta kA udAharaNa dekara kucha tarkoM dvArA siddhAMta ko asaMgata kahate haiM para ve bhUla gaye ki apekSA bheda se eka hI padArtha meM aneka virodhI dharma ho sakate haiN| jaise koI vyakti bar3e kI apekSA kaniSTha hai to choTe kI apekSA jyeSTha bhI hai| are! eka hI narasiMha svarUpa para evaM siMhazarIra ke bhAga kI apekSA kyA satya nahIM hai| tAtparya ki hameM sApekSa dRSTi se dekhanA hogaa| hAM yadi eka hI dRSTi se "asti/nAsti" kathana ho to avazya doSa hogaa| jaise eka vyakti ko pati aura putra eka hI strI ke saMbaMdha meM kahA jAye to bhArI viDaMbanA hogI hii| svarga-naraka kI dRSTi se nAsti hone para kyA svarga miTa gayA? zaMkarAcArya jI ne apekSA bheda se isa siddhAMta ko samajhA hotA to zAyada ve spaSTa ho sakate the| zrI pro. baladeva upAdhyAya bhI yadyapi syAt kA zabdArtha "zAyada" nahIM karate para 'sambhavataH' zabda ko mAnakara ve zrI zaMkarAcArya jI kA samarthana karate haiN| zrI zaMkarAcArya jI kI mAnyatA ko vidvAna bhI rucigata mAnate jA rahe haiM jo loga "syAdvAda" meM "syAt" kA artha "saMbhavata:" mAnate haiM ve bhI ardhasatya taka hI apanI dRSTi daur3Ate haiN| syAdvAda to vastu ke nizcita guNa kathana spaSTatA kA dyotaka hai ata: usameM saMzaya yA saMbhAvanA donoM kI kalpanA hI avyavahArika hai| vartamAna yuga ke vidvAna ciMtaka DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana ne syAdvAda ko ardhasatya taka pahuMcAne vAlA jJAna mAnA hai| pUrNa satya nahIM jAnA jA sktaa| unake anusAra syAdvAda
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________________ 156 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha ardhasatya taka pahuMcA detA hai| isa ardhasatya mAnyatA kA khaMDana karate hue bhI mahendra kumAra jI ne saca hI likhA hai ki "rAdhAkRSNana isake hRdaya taka nahIM pahuMce, na hI unhoMne jaina darzana ke usa satya ko parakhA jo vedAMta kI taraha cetana aura acetana kAlpanika abheda kI dimAgI daur3a meM zAmila nahIM huaa| sAtha hI jaba pratyeka vastu svarUpataH ananta dharmAtmaka hai, taba usa vAstavika natIje para pahuMcane ko ardhasatya kaise kaha karate haiM?" DaoN. devarAja jI ne bhI " pUrva aura pazcimI darzana" meM syAt kA anuvAda 'kadApi' kiyA jo ThIka nhiiN| kyoMki kadAcit to saMzaya hI udbhava kregaa| are! pramANavArtika meM AcArya dharmakIrti to jaise roSa meM pralApa hI kara baiThe aura balihArI to yaha hai ki sabhI tatvoM ko ubhayarUpa mAnane ke saMdarbha meM ve dahI aura U~ToM ko eka mAnakara dahI kI jagaha U~Ta khAne kI bAta kara baiThate haiN| aba ise tarka kahA jAye yA vikRti yA kutarka ! unheM yahI bheda mAlUma nahIM ki dravya kI atIta aura anAgata paryAyeM judI haiN| vyavahAra to vartamAna paryAya ke anusAra calatA hai| prajJAkara gupta jaise ciMtaka to vastu ke utpAda-vyaya aura dhrauvya ko hI satya nahIM maante| ve kyA yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki miTTI ghaTa banakara miTTI ke mUla svarUpa meM hai? kyA paryAya nahIM badalI? kyA eka kSaNa ke vyaya hue binA nayA kSaNa AyegA ? kSaNa santati nirantara cAlU rahatI hai| kAza ve samajha sakate ki- 'vartamAna kSaNa meM atIta ke saMskAra aura bhaviSya kI yogyatA kA honA hI dhrauvyatva kI vyAkhyA hai|' isI prakAra tatkAlIna aneka bauddhacAryo evaM hindU dharma ke ciMtakoM ne 'syAt' ko pUrNa rUpa se na samajhane ke kAraNa yA ekAMtavAdI dRSTi se isameM zaMkA kadAcit, ardhasatya jaise vidhAnoM se apanA roSa yA virodha prakaTa kiyaa| zrI zrIkaMTha jaisoM ne syAdvAda meM apekSA rUpI vyavasthA ko gur3a caTAkara mUrkha banAne vAlI bAta hI kaha dii| zrI rAmAnujAcArya yA ballabhAcArya ise virodhAbhASI dUSaNa dRzya upasthita karane vAlA darzana hI mAnate rhe| cUMki ye saba vedoM ke ekAMtavAda se prabhAvita haiM ataH aisI vicAra vaividhya kI bhASA darzana ko mAnanA saMbhava bhI kaise hotA ? ina sabhI vicAra dhArAoM para vicAra prakaTa karate hue DaoN. mahendra jI ne kitanA sacoTa tarka prastuta kiyA hai| "vyatikara paraspara viSaya gamana se hotA hai yAnI jisa taraha vastu dravya kI dRSTi se nitya hai to usakA paryAya kI dRSTi se bhI nitya mAna lenA yA paryAya kI dRSTi se anitya hai to dravya kI dRSTi se bhI anitya mAnanA / parantu jaba apekSAyeM nizcita haiM, dharmoM meM bheda haiM, taba isa prakAra ke paraspara viSayagamana kA prazna hI nahIM hai| dharmI kI dRSTi se to saMkara aura vyatikara dUSaNa nahIM, bhUSaNa hI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne upeya tatva ke sAtha upAya tatva kA bhI sAMgopAMga varNana karake sAre saMzaya dUra kiye| kSu. jinendra varNI jI ne jainendra siddhAMta koza meM kitanA spaSTa artha kiyA hai 'mukhya dharma ko sunate hue zrotA ko anya dharma bhI gauNa rUpa se svIkAra hote raheM, unakA viSedha na hone pAye, isa prayojana se anekAMtavAdI apane pratyeka vAkya ke sAtha syAt yA kathaMcit zabda kA prayoga karatA hai|
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________________ vizva-zAMti aura anekAMtavAda 157 cUMki unake sthAnoM para brahmavAdiyoM yA ekAMta dArzanikoM ke kathanoM meM hI syAdvAda kI parokSa svIkRti, syAdvAda kI mahattA kI svIkRti dyotaka kumArila bhaTTa evaM pAtaMjali ke hI aise udAharaNa apane grantha adhyAtmopaniSad meM uddharita kara syAdvAda kI pratiSThA ko prasthApita kiyA hai| hote raheM unakA niSedha na hone pAve isa prayojana se anekAntavAdI apane pratyeka bAhya ke sAtha syAt yA kathaMcit zabda kA prayoga karatA hai| isa vivecana yA carcA-ciMtana ke pazcAt itanA spaSTa ho hI gayA ki pratyeka vastu ananta dharmI hai| usakI parakha vividha dRSTikoNa se ho jAye to usakA sahI mUlyAMkana kiyA jA sakatA hai| pratyeka padArtha paryAyAnusAra parivartanazIla hai para dravyArthika dRSTi se sthira bhI hai| syAdvAda kA vyavahArika svarUpa vyaktiyoM ke bIca prema, maitrI aura samabhAva ko panapAtA hai| citta ko roga-dveSa mukta karake svastha banAtA hai| "graMthI" se bacAtA hai| vizva azAMti dUra karane kA isase sarala upAya kyA hogA ki hama apanI bAta manavAne ke sAtha dUsaroM kI bAta bhI maane| vartamAna yuga ke mahAna vaijJAnika AInsTAIna ke sApekSavAda meM dRSTi vaividhya se vastu parIkSaNa meM syAdvAda darzana hI to prasthApita huA hai| paraspara dveSa kA kAraNa dRSTi bheda haiM ise prema meM parivartita kiyA jA sakatA hai| dRSTi ko samajhane kI syAdvAdamayI vizAlatA-saralatA evaM taralatA se hai| hamane anekAMta aura syAvAda kI viSada carcA kI aura bIca-bIca meM hama yaha bhI prastuta karate rahe ki saMsAra meM prema, maitrI ke bhAva isI se jAgRta ho sakate haiN| jaba hama vizvazAMti kI bAta karate haiM to hameM yaha samajha lenA cAhie ki pratyeka yuga meM azAMti ke kAraNa ke mUla meM manuSya kI ekAMtavAditA yA usakI svArthabhAvanA hI kendra meM rahI hai| yaha satya hai ki Aja vizva meM jo azAMti hai usake mUla meM vaicArika ekAMtavAda hI pramukha hai| pUrA vizva jaisA ki do prakAra kI vicAradhArAoM meM baMTa cukA thA, eka mUDhavAdI vicAradhArA aura dUsarI sAmyavAdI vicaardhaaraa| isa vizva meM jo varSoM se yuddha yA zItayuddha calate rahe usakA kAraNa thA ki "merI hI vicAradhArA sahI hai|" yaha bhAva isake mUla meM thaa| vizva ke ye rAjanItijJa eka dUsare ke vicAroM ko samajhanA hI nahIM cAhate the| isake pIche sattA kA mada aura mUla meM dekhA jAya to ati parigraha kI eSaNAyeM hI mukhya thiiN| isa yuga kI vicitratA to yaha rahI ki kisI kI jamIna har3apane se adhika apane vicAroM se use dabAnA yA AkramaNa karanA pramukha bhAva rahA, aura kahIM dhArmika unmAda bhI isa ekAMta ke poSaNa meM mahatvapUrNa rhaa| yadi hama donoM vizvayuddhoM para najara kareM to ye hI ekAMtavAditA usake mUla meM kAraNarUpa rhii| yahUdioM ko mAra DAlanA hiTalara kA uddezya rhaa| to sAmyavAdiyoM ko kucala denA amerikA kA uddezya rahA, to vizva ko Dregana ke havAle hI kara lene kI bhAvanA rakhanA sAmyavAdiyoM kA uddezya rahA, aura inhIM ekAMtavAdiyoM ne pUre vizva ko baMdI banAyA aura usakA vinAza bhI kiyaa| vartamAna kAla meM bhI jo dharatI para pratyeka kSetra meM yuddha ho rahe haiM usakI taha meM jAkara ke dekhA jAya to sarvAdhika rUpa
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________________ 158 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha se dhArmika unmAda kAryarata hai, aura zaktizAlI ke dharma ko nahIM mAnane para vaha kamajoroM kA vinAza kara rahA hai| araba-ijarAIla yuddha isakA pratyakSa pramANa hai| bhArata aura pAkistAna ke bIca isI dhikkAra kI bhAvanA ne kArya kiyA hai| Aja vizva jAne anajAne meM bhI islAmika dezoM aura nonaislAmika dezoM meM vibhAjita ho gayA hai| Aja kI ina samasyAoM meM AdamI pisa rahA hai| . hamaloga vizvazAMti kI bAta karate haiM, aura isI ke lie hamane 'yUno' jaisI saMsthAoM kA gaThana bhI kiyA hai| lekina dekhA jAye to hama usameM AMzika saphala hI hue haiN| jabataka hama manuSya ko kendra meM rakhakara ina saMkucita bhAvanAoM se Upara nahIM uTheMge taba taka hama vizvazAMti kI bAteM karanA phAlatU mAnate haiN| Aja kI eka aura samasyA dhArmika unmAda aura ekAMtavAditA hai to dUsarI ora mAnava samAja kA adhikAMza bhAga bhUkha-garIbI se trasta hai| jinake pAsa dhana hai ve bhUkhoM kI ora upekSA ke bhAva se dekha rahe haiN| anekAMtavAda yahI sUcita karatA hai ki hama apanI amIrI ke sAtha dUsaroM kI garIbI kI pIr3A ko bhI samajheM, aura yaha samatAmUlaka dRSTikoNa anekAMtavAda kI hI eka upadhArA hai| bha. mahAvIra ne jaba paraspara prema kI bAta kahI to mAtra vaicArika ekatA kI bAta nahIM thI, samAja meM eka samarasatA paidA ho yaha bhAvanA bhI unakI makhya thii| vizvazAMti meM yaha anekAMtavAda hI mukhya bhUmikA adA kara sakatA hai| ise saMtoM ne to samajhA hI thA lekina vartamAna yuga meM mahAtmA gAMdhI jI ne ise samajhA aura pcaayaa| unhoMne aMgreja jaisI mahAsattA ke samakSa apanA ahiMsaka yuddha cher3A, aura yaha anekAMta kI hI saphalatA thI ki gAMdhI jI ne pApa se ghRNA kI pApI se nhiiN| unheM aMgrejoM dvArA bhArata ko gulAma banAkara zoSaNa karane ke prati roSa thA, aMgrejoM ke prati nhiiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne isa vicAra vaividhya ke vistaraNa se una logoM ke mana ko bhI badalane meM mahad aMza se saphalatA prApta kii| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne yoM kaheM ki bha. mahAvIra ke pazcAt prekTIkala rUpa meM ahiMsA aura syAdvAda ko mUrtarUpa pradAna kiyaa| unase prerita hokara vizva vibhUtiyoM meM abrAhima liMkana, kiMgamArTana lyUthara, nelsana maMDelA aura Aja aneka dezoM ke loga isa tathya ko mAnane lage haiM ki bha. mahAvIra yA AInsTAIna ke sApekSavAda yA mahAtmA gAMdhI ke paraspara maitrI ke siddhAnta se hI vizva zAMti saMbhava ho sakatI hai| AvazyakatA isa bAta kI hai ki hama apane vicAroM ke sAtha dUsaroM ke vicAroM ko bhI smjheN| maiMne Upara 'yUno' kA jikra kiyaa| Aja aisI aneka vizvastara kI saMsthAyeM haiM jahA~ paraspara virodhI vicAroM ke loga bhI eka sAtha baiThakara eka maMca se apanI bAtoM ko prastuta karate haiN| aneka tarka aura vitoM ke pazcAt ve apane vicAroM meM parivartana aura parivardhana karate haiN| maiM yaha samajhatA hU~ ki bhale hI Aja eka ora paraspara mAra-kATa kA mAhaula banA huA hai, trAsavAda ke kAraNa AtaMka chAyA huA hai lekina ina ghane nirAzA ke bAdaloM ke bIca bhI AzA kI yaha kiraNa AsthA pradAna karatI hai ki paraspara virodhI loga kama se kama ekamaMca para baiThakara vicAra vinimaya to karate haiN| yaha anekAMtavAda kI hI vijaya hai, aura hamane yaha bhI dekhA hai ki aneka samasyAoM kA nidAna isI ke kAraNa huA
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________________ vizva zAMti aura anekAMtavAda hai| jaba hama do virodhI dezoM ke bIca maMtraNAoM kI bAta socate haiM taba usake kendra meM dekhA jAya to yaha anekAMta hI pramukha rahatA hai| kyoMki paraspara virodhI jaba baiThate haiM to apane-apane haThAgrahoM ko chor3ane kI maMzA banA lete haiN| yahI maMzA banAnA anekAMtavAda kA svIkAra hai aura isake pratyakSa udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama dekhate haiM ki do jarmanI eka ho gye| koriyA eka hone kA prayatna kara rahA hai| yaha punaH ekatA kI janmI huI bhAvanA vaicArika vidveza aura ekAMtavAda ko tilAMjalI denA hai| AjakA vizva saMparka sAdhanoM ke kAraNa bahuta choTA ho gayA hai| ilekTroniksa mIDiyA ke kAraNa hama ati nikaTa ho gaye haiN| eka deza kI choTI-sI ghaTanA bhI eka kSaNa meM pUre vizva meM phailatI hai, aura logoM ko vicAra karane para yA socane ko majabUra karatI hai| maiM yaha samajhatA hU~ ki eka-dUsare ke prati yaha bhAvanA hI hameM paraspara prIti yA sahakAra ke sAtha jIne kI kalA sikhAtI hai| 159 anekAMtavAda to kahatA hI hai ki 'maiM' kI soca ko badalakara 'hama' kI soca ko vikasita kreN| 'hU~' hI ke sthAna para 'ho bhI sakatA hai' ke ciMtana kA vikAsa kreN| jisa dina manuSya - manuSya ke hRdaya ko samajhane lagegA, paraspara kI bhAvanAoM ko samajhane lagegA taba usameM se aham kA dUSaNa dUra hogaa| apane saca ke sAtha dUsaroM ke saca ko samajhane kI kSamatA bar3hegI, aura tabhI hama vizvazAMti kI ora sahI arthoM meM Age bar3ha sakeMge, aura tabhI hama jainadarzana ke 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm' ke vyaktigata siddhAMta ko vaizvika siddhAMta ke rUpa meM vikasita kara skeNge| Ao hama paraspara vaiyaktika saMkucitatAoM ko chor3akara mAnava mAtra aura prANimAtra ke kalyANa kI bAta soMce aura aise vizva ke nirmANa kI ora agrasara hoM jahA~ paraspara prIti ho, sanmAna ho, sahayoga ho, jahA~ bArUda aura bama kI jagaha bhajana aura gItoM kI gU~ja ho
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________________ An Introduction to Jain Philosophy Dr. Vijaya Kumar* Introduction Indian culture consists of two main trends : Brahmanic and Sramanic. The Vedic tradition represents Brahmanic culture and Jainism and Buddhism represent Sramanic culture. The Brahmanic schools accept the authority of the Vedas and Vedic literature. The Jainas and Buddhists have their own canons and canonical literature and they accept their authority, but Jainism is older that Buddhism. Jainism is more prominent than others in the world. According to traditional point of view this religion is without beginning. We can understand this from the term Jina. The name 'Jina' is applied to one who has conquered Raga (desire) and Dvesa (hatred). The word 'Jina' is derived from 'Ragadvesadina Satun Jayatiti Jina'. One who has conquered the internal enemies raga and dvesa i.e. one who has rooted out desire and hatred is called a Jina. So, that religion which has been propagated or spread by him is known as the Jaina religion. Because of this reason, his followers are known as Jainas. Mahavira was the twenty fourth and last Tirthankara, of the Jain religion of this era. In the sacred books of the Jainas the time cycle has been divided into two categories: the ascending spiral and the descending spiral, during each of which 24 Tirthankras appear in India and preach religion. It is the descending timespiral that is running its course now, and 24 Tirthankras have already appeared, of whom Rsabhadeva is the first and Mahavira * Lecturer, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth,I.T.I. Road, Kauandi, Varanasi-221005.
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________________ An Introduction to Jain Philosophy 161 the last. All the Tirthankaras, except Parsvanatha and Mahavira are described as superhuman. As it is believed their birth places, families, symbols, birth all happened millions years ago, the have had their heights in thousands of cubits, lives extending over thousands of years. They all (except Vasupujya, Neminatha and Mahavira) died on the Parsvanatha Hill, popularly called Parsnath Hill in Bihar. Modern scholars are of the view that all of them except Parsvanatha and Mahavira are mythical. The religion preached by the Tirthankaras is known as the religion of the Sramanas or of the Nirgranthas, currently called Jainism. Jainism is purely a religion concerning the soul. For the spiritual development of beings having different kinds of nature, different step are shown in this system. In this article there is not enough space even to describe their names. Therefore important things are described briefly and in easy language. Mahavir was born as a prince of Kundagrama, a suburb of Vaishali in Bihar, India. He was born on the thirteenth day of rising moon of Chaitra month, 599 B.C. His Parents name was king Siddhartha and queen Trsala. Siddhartha was the king of Kshatriyakunnd. According to Swetambar's literature he had two children other than Mahavira-Nandivardhan, the eldest son and Sudarshsna, a younger daughter. On the other hand we find no mention of them in the Digambar's Literature. Siddhartha belonged Kashyapa family Line (gotra) and his wife Trsala Devi a member of the Vasistha gotra. Siddhartha was resolute, brave and an expert swordman, but also a great worshipper of non-violence and truth. Accomplished both in virtue and deeds of arms, Siddhartha firmly believed in the world of Lord Parsvanatha. Lord Parsvanatha was the twenty third Tirthankara of Jain Religion. Mahavira was known by three name-1. Vardhamana, 2. Mahavira and 3. Sramana. His parents fixed his name as Vardhamana or *Prosperous One', because with his birth the wealth, fame and merit of family increased. The gods gave him the name of Mahavira for his fortitude and hardihood in patiently bearing all sorts of
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________________ 162 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha privation and hardship, for his strictly adhering to the rules of penance, and no less for his indifference to pleasure and pain. He was called Sramana by the people; as he remained constantly engaged in austerities with spontaneous happiness. Being son of a king, he had many worldly pleasures, comforts, and services at his command. But at the age of thirty, when his parents died, with the permission of his elders he left his family and royal household, gave up his worldly possessions, and become a monk in search of a solution to eliminate pain, sorrow, and sufferings. After observing fast for two days and having put on one garment, he left for a park known as Jnatskhanda in a palanquin named Chandraprabha. He descended from the palanquin under an Asoka tree, took off his ornaments, plucked out his hair in five handfuls and entered the state of houselessness. For a year and a month since he renounced the world, Mahavira did not leave off his robe. Thereafter he gave up his robe and became unclothed. He spent the next twelve years of presence and mediation he attained omniscience at the age of forty-two, and thereafter for thirty years to preach his religion in Northern India. During this period, his spiritual powers fully developed and at the end he realized perfect perception, knowledge, power, and bliss. In the thirteenth year of his yogic life, in course of wandering on the outskirts of the village called Jambhia, situated on the bank of the river Rjubaluka, near the temple of a Yaksa named Vaiyavstta, in the fields of a man named Samaga (Syamaka), on the tenth day of the bright fortnight of the month of Vaisakha, in the fourth prahar (part) of the day, under the auspices of the star Uttrafalguni, at the foot of a sala tree, and in the stage of a two days fast and deep meditation Mahavira attained the Kevalajnana or the perfect enlightenment. After he realized this knowledge, he wandered on, knowing and seeing all the actual tendencies and attitudes of minds, speeches and bodies of all creatures in all the worlds. The trumpets of the gods sounded in the heavens. Then the Sramana Lord Mahavira became Arhat, Jina, Kevali, all knowing and all
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________________ An Introduction to Jain Philosophy 163 seeing. He knew and saw the grades mutations of all the worlds including those of the gods, men, and titan's etc. The life of Lord Mahavira is full of revolution, Mahavira himself was an embodiment of revolution. He led the people from darkness to light and taught them the art of living. He not only radically changed the social life of those days but also the mental pattern of life of the people and that is still influencing the people today. He endeavors and succeeded in completely changing the society by the over-all progress of an individual. There is no doubt Mahavira was a great teacher, but it is a misfortunate that we have got no direct information regarding his gospel. All our information is secondary and comes from the Acaryas. The Acaryas says that whatever they say is the word of Sarvagya, but how can we convince others of this truth in the absence of any direct proof? The Jaina Literature, as given by our Acaryas, is likely to make them hesitate from taking it for granted that they say the word of Sarvagya. Mahavira teachings are embedded in canonical texts Angas, and they are interpreted by series of commentaries known as Niryukti, Curnis, Bhasya and Tikas. Individual topics are discussed in manuals and further illustrated by extensive narrative literatures. The Angas come in the course of time to be known and acknowledge as the only authoritative sacred books of Jainism. They were expressly referred in the Sutrakstanga as the 'Canon of the Jainas', which has been taught, produced and declared by the 'Sramanas, the Nirgranthas'. The Digambras, however, refuse to recognize the authenticity of the Angas. The Angas are the main set of text upon which we should rely in giving an account and estimate of Mahavira teachings. Mahavira messages are mainly based on the concept of selfrealization for ultimate attainment of Moksa. Moksa, the ultimate objective of his teaching is how one can attain total freedom from the cycle of birth, life, pain, misery, and death, and achieve the permanent blissful state of one's self. This is also known as liberation, nirvana, absolute freedom. Moksa is a real state of sukha or bliss.
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________________ 164 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha But question arise that if Nirvana or Moksa is real state of sukha or bliss, the opinion that 'Pleasant things are produced from pleasant things' introduces 'Moksa is a pleasant thing achieved through a comfortable life. But another pleasant thing' is opposed and proved to be futile. The Sukha or infinite bliss was the goal of Mahavira's religious life, which was not to be measured by the finite happiness of mortals. So the main aphorism of Mahavira's teachings was: The Infinite bliss is not fortunate among men as the reigning monarchs, it is reachable only through dukkha or pain of foregoing and forsakingall finite happiness. True Happiness must be free from every possibility of pain even in the future. This can only the found in Moksa and hence its importance. The way to the Moksa is the main object of every Jaina work. Trratna First sutra of Tattvarthasutra a famous work of Umasvati has introduced the path of liberation in these word 'Samyagdarsanajnanacaritrani moksamargah2. This is trio spiritual jewels. The three jewels are right faith, right knowledge and right conduct. Right faith (samyak darsana), right knowledge (samyak jnana), and right conduct (samyak caritra) together is the real path to attain the liberation from karmic matter of one's self. These trios do not represent three different paths, but are the three facets of the same path. Of the three, Right faith (samyaka darsana) is the most important. In its absence, no knowledge, however much, wide and varied, or objectively correct can be called Right Knowledge, and no conduct, however, noble and moral, can be described as Right Conduct. The Uttaradhyayanasutraenvisages without right faith, there is no right knowledge; without right knowledge, there is no virtuous conduct; without virtue, there is not deliverance; and without deliverance, there is no perfection. Right Faith Right Faith (Samyagdarsana) is considered to be the prime cause of moksa in as much as it paves the way to right knowledge and right conduct. Right faith removes all doubt and skepticism
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________________ An Introduction to Jain Philosophy from one's mind and helps to establish or reestablish faith. It is no ordinary or blind faith that inspires action by opening a new view of life and the possibility of its perfection. Right Knowledge 165 Right Knowledge consists of the knowledge about substance, attributes and modes. Right Knowledge as spiritual knowledge enables the individuals to appreciate the nature of the soul in its proper perspective, and this enables him to adopt necessary practical steps leading to moksa. Right Conduct Proper, correct, appropriate and truly natural conduct of the soul, which is conducive to its salvation, is known as Right Conduct. The Jaina say that there may be Right Knowledge and Right Faith, if these are not accompanied by Right Conduct all are worthless.. Five great Vows: Anuvrata and Mahavrata There are two kinds of vows-small and great. The vows of a lay-votary (householder) are called small, because he is unable to desist from violence etc. completely and the vows of an ascetic (homeless) are called great, in as much as the desist from all sins completely. The lay-votary vows are partial, whereas those of the ascetic are complete. The five Anuvratas and five Mahavratas are related to Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truth), Asteya (non-stealing), Brahmacarya (continence or sense control) and Aparigraha (nonpossession). Since these are observed partially by a lay-votary, they are called anuvratas in his case. An ascetic observes them completely, and therefore, in his case they are known as mahavratas. These are to be practiced in their most rigorous from without indulging in relaxation in any way. A Sramana observes these five great vows most appropriately. These vows are strictly to be observed by the monks, i.e. in speech, in mind and in deed and this until their death. In other worlds I may say these five great vows are carried on through three means (Triyoga) and in three ways (trikarana i.e. in speech, mind and action), but the five small vows are carried
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________________ 166 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha on through three sense organs- in mind, body and speech in two ways, viz. by doing it himself or by getting in done through others. The anuvratas are technically known as: sthula-pranatipataviramana, sthula-mrsavada-viramana, sthula-adattadana-viramana, svadara-santosa and iccha-parimana. These vows (anuvratas and mahavratas) are depends on the distinction between sthula (subtle) and suksma (gross). These five principles are: 1. Ahimsa : Non-Killing and Non-Violence, 2. Satya : Truth-Abstain from telling lie. 3. Asteya : Non-Stealing. 4. Brahmacarya : Celibacy 5. Aparigraha : Non-Attachment and Non-Possession. Ahimsa (non-violence) The Jain conception of Ahimsa is quite different that what is commonly understood by non-violence. Ahimsa is the fundamental principle of Jainism forming cornerstone of its ethics and doctrine. Ahimsa means 'non-violence', 'non-injury' or absence of desire to harm any life forms. Ahimsa does not merely indicate absence of physical violence, but also indicates absence of desire to indulge in any sort of violence. It means not to injure any life whether small or big, but to gives protection to all jivas. Himsa implies not only killing, but also torturing or forcing a living creature to act against his will. To desist from such acts is ahimsa. In the words of Umasvsti, himsa is injury of violence caused to the living organism and actuated by passions like pride, prejudice, attachment and hatred. This makes it clear that the physical act is not separated from the mental attitude, and the two are equally important. Coordination between mind and body is thus necessary for the practice of Ahimsa. This should be accompanied by proper and measured speech. Therefore, the principle of non-violence implies purity of thought, word and deed. A Jain ascetic is expected to uphold the vow of Ahimsa to the highest standard, even at the cost of his own life. Monks not only observe this form of Ahimsa themselves, but also do not advise anybody to do such acts which cause death
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________________ An Introduction to Jain Philosophy or injury to any living organism nor approve such acts, if others. do it. Satya (non-lie) 167 The second great vow is non-lie is complete abstention from all kinds of lies by all the ways, as described above. In case a truth uttered causes pain or death to a living being, speaker should remain silent. Little talk is the best way to practice this vow and the situation is inconvenient to leave the place. A man who talks much inevitably indulge in falsehood. Asteya (non-stealing) Stealing is abandoned for ever. A Jaina Sadhu does not use even a very small thing without obtaining the permission of its owners. The vow of non-stealing restricts the use of things to what one has so that he does not even pick up a fruit fallen under a tree unless bestowed on him by the master of tree. Brahmacarya (maithunviramana) Brahmacarya means abstaining from immoral conduct or nonsex. Monks are required to observe this vow strictly and completely. From the time the Jaina Sadhu takes up Diksa till the end of his life he practices the vow of Brahmacarya. He does not touch women. If by accident he happens to touch even the garment of a woman he has to do prayascitta (expiation). They themselves do not enjoy sexual pleasure, nor ask another to do the same nor approve of it. If they had any experience of sexual pleasure in their past domestic life, they will not now think of it and observe this vow strictly. Aparigraha (non-possession) The fifth and last great vow is aparigraha. Monks are required not to have attachment to any thing viz. wealth, property, grains or house, whatever it may be. They do not use any carriage, horse, cycle, motor car, plane or other vehicles. From country to country and place to place they go on foot only. They do not use umbrella, sandals, boots etc. They do not prepare their food themselves. In the same way as a bee collects honey from different flowers, the Sadhu goes to separate houses for collecting food.
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________________ 168 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha The Nine (or Seven) Tattvas The main system of Jainism came to be represented as navatattva or doctrine of nine terms". In Jaina metaphysics the terms sat, sattva, tattva, tattvartha, artha, padartha and dravya have been used in various contexts as equivalent terms. However, these terms have their variations of uses. Acarya Umaswati in his Tattvarthsutra has used the word tattvarth, sat and dravya in similar way, in the context reference to substance. According to Dr. M.L. Mehta"In the Jaina canons we do not find the word 'sat' as the criterion of reality or substance. Only the world 'dravya' has been used there. As it is mentioned in the Anuyogadvarasutra that the universal criterion of reality is 'dravya' (substance) and the particular characteristics of reality are the Java dravya and the Ajiva dravya, i.e. the conscious substance and the non-conscious substance. Umasvati developed this canonical conception of 'dravya' (substance) into 'sat' (existence) and made no distinction between 'sat' and 'dravya.' His language was philosophical rather than canonical. Although he mentioned 'sat' as the criterion of reality, yet, he did not define 'sat' in the same manner as it was defined by the other philosophical system"5. There are three fundamental approaches to the numbers of tattvas: 1. From the point of view of the cosmic order, it can be said that universe consists of two fundamental principles-Java (living substance) and ajiva (non-living substance). From the point of view with the elements of the spiritual considerations, we can say that there are seven tattvas. These are jiva (soul), ajiva (Non-living substance), asrava (influx of karma), bandha (nondage of karma), samvara (arrest of the influx of karma), nirjara (exhaustion of karma) and moksa (liberation). 3. From the point of view of ethical and religious elements we have nine principles which include the seven principles mentioned above and two more are added i.e. papa and punya.
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________________ An Introduction to Jain Philosophy 169 The Digambaras as well as some Svetambras take the number of tattvas to be seven, for they do not regard punya and papa as separate tattvas but include punya among the samvara and papa among the asrava. The Uttaradhyayanasutras, Sthanangasutra?, Samvayangasutras, Saddarsanasamucaya', and Pancastikaya!' have mentioned nine principles. Acarya Nemicanda has stated in Dravyasamgraha that there are two-fold distinctions in the Tattvasjiva and ajivall. Acarya Umasvati has included, in the Tattvarthsutra'2, the principles of punya and papa in the principle of asrava or bandha and mentioned the seven distinctions of the tattvas. But in reality the principles of jiva and ajiva comprehend the whole world. The other five principles simply explain how the soul is defined by coming into contact with karma, and ways and means of be coming free from it. We too shall regard the tattvas as seven in number. Jiva (Soul) Jiva has been characterized as 'Upyogo Laksanm.' It means Upyoga is the characteristic of Jiva. Upyoga denotes the power of knowing. The power of knowing may be seen in consciousness. Where there is no consciousness there can be found no power of knowing. Therefore Jiva may be known as possessor of consciousness (cetana). Upyoga consists of knowledge (Jnana) and faith (Darsana). But every jiva whether it is small undeveloped insect or developed human being, possesses four infinites (Ananta Catustaya): i. Infinite Faith (Ananta Darsana) ii. Infinite Knowledge (Ananta Jnana) iii. Infinite Bliss (Ananta Ananda) iv. Infinite Power (Ananta Virya) There are two types of Upyoga - Jnanopyoga and Darsnopyoga. The Jnanopyoga is determinates (Savikalpa) while Darsnopayoga is indeterminate (Nirvikalpa) Joanopyoga There are two types of jnanopyoga-a. Svabhavajnana- The knowledge which is related to soul and which needs no help from any sense or mind, known as Svabhavajnana. It is also named as
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________________ 170 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha Kevaljnana, which is a complete knowledge or omniscience. So the Kevali is addressed as omniscient. b. Vibhavajnana - The knowledge which is incomplete and which needs help from different senses, mind and soul also is known Vibhavajnana. The Vibhavajnana is divided into two classes - Samyak-Jnana (Right Knowledge) and Mithya Jnana (False Knowledge) Samyak-Jnana has four types1. Matijnana- The knowledge which based on senses and mind is known as Matijnana, such as sight, touch, taste, smail, sight sound etc. 2. Srutajnana- The knowledge which is attained by going through scripture and hearing the teachings of saints, seers and great scholars. 3. Avadhijnana- It has limitation of time, though it is achieved through soul. Ajiva Ajiva is not only non-jiva but is also anti-jiva, which means that is not only the absence of the qualities of jiva which characterizes ajiva, but ajiva is also antagonistic to jiva by nature. As we have seen Jaina philosophy starts with a perfect division of the universe into living and non-living substance, jiva and ajiva. The ajiva, i.e. non-living or non-soul substance are of five kinds, namely, (i) Pudgala i.e. matter, (ii) dharma i.e. medium of motion, (iii) Adharma, i.e. medium of rest, (iv) akasa, i.e. space and (v) kala, i.e. time. These six substance (jiva and five kinds of ajiva) are called dravyas, i.e. elementary substance in Jaina philosophy. A dravya has got three characteristics as follows: (i) dravya has the quality of existence, (ii). dravya has the quality of permanence through origination and destruction and (iii). dravya is the substratum of attributes and modes. Pudgala (matter) Atom (parmanu) or combination of atoms is called pudgala. 'Pudagal', in the Jaina philosophy, is the technical term used for matter. Etimologically it means that which is capable to integrate
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________________ An Introduction to Jain Philosophy 171 and disintegrate itself. It is also named as "Rupi, because it is touched, tasted smelt and seen. It is the combination of innumerable parts. The smallest part of a 'Pudagala' which further cannot be divided is called as 'anu' or atom. An atom occupies simply one Pradesa, but not vice-veresa. A paradesa may have one atom or more than one. The atom cannot be perceived by our sense organs, they too have the qualities of form, taste, smell, touch and sound. Dharma (Medium of Motion) Dharma is a principle of motion. If this principle of motion never existed it would not have been possible for a jiva or pudgala to move. Generally the word 'Dharma' is used for duty' or 'morality' but here it has been used in some technical sense. Umasvati defines it as a permanent, eternal and fixed substance. 'Dharma' consists of numberless (asnkhya) 'Pradesas' and is without consciousness. It is immaterial. It supports souls and the matter while they make any movement from one place to another. Though it helps all souls and matter to move, it cannot make them move. It is only the helper of Jiva, as water is the helper of fish. Adharma (Medium of Rest) "Adharma' is also technical world, like 'Dharma.' It is used generally for that which is unreligious or unrighteous, but in Jaina literature it is used technically for the medium of rest. It helps a moving jiva or pudgala to stop, if it desires to stop. Adharma is also non-corporeal, devoid If all sense qualities and pervades the whole loka. Akasa (Space) Akasa gives room for jiva and pudgala to exist. It is that one in which all jivas, pudgalas, dharma, adharma and kala are accommodated. It is eternal and pervasive. It is formless and imperceptible. According to Jainsim, Akasa is divided into two divisions Lokakasa and Alokakasa. The Lokakasa is the same universe in which we are living. But beyond this universe or Lokakasa, there is another division of Akasa which is named as Alokakasa in which there is no substance like that of the Lokakasa.
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________________ 172 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha Kala (Time) That which is cause or circumstance of the modification of the soul and other dravyas is kala that is time. It is immaterial and it has the peculiar attribute of helping the modification of other substances. As Umasvati defines, Kala or times is essential condition of duration, motion, change, newness and oldness. Kala consists of innumerable minute particles which are indivisible. Many Jaina scholars has made distinction between kala and samaya. Technically kala is named as 'Parmarthika Kala, while 'Samaya' is known as Vyavharika Kala.' Parmarthika Kala is one. It has neither beginning nor end. It has eternal and formless. The Vyavharika Kala or empirical time is limited and conventionally it is divided into years, month, weeks etc. Asrava The causes which lead the influx of good and evil karma for the soul are called asrava. Just as the mouths of channels, drains etc. which are instrumental for the flow of water into a tank may be regarded as its asravas, so also those factors by means of which karma enters into the jiva viz. yoga or the activities of the body, mind and speech are called asrava, inflow. In short, asrava may be described as attraction in they jiva towards sense objects. Mithyatwa (ignorance), avirati (lack of self-restraint), kasaya (passions like anger, conceit, deceit and lust), pramada (unmindfulness) and yoga (activities of mind, body and speech) are the five causes for the influx of good and evil karma and hence they known as asrava. Bandha Bandha is the attachment of karma pudgala to the soul. When the karmic matter enters the soul, both get imperceptibly mixed with each other. This combination of the jiva with pudgala is bandh or bondage and the cause of this bondage are the kasayas. The cause of bandha or bondage are five, viz. (i) mithya-darsana, i.e. wrong belief or faith or wrong perception, (ii) avirati, i.e. vowlessness or non-renunciation, (iii) pramada, i.e. carelessness, (iv) kasaya, i.e. passions, and (v) yoga, i.e. vibrations in the soul through mind, speech and boyd.
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________________ Samvara An Introduction to Jain Philosophy Samvara is the principle of self-control by which the influx of sins is checked or stopped. The category of samvara comprehends the whole sphere of right conduct. It can be accomplished by constant practice of restraining the mind, body and speech, by religious meditation, conquering of desire, forgiveness, tenderness, purity, truth, austerity, renunciation, un-attachment, chastity, abstention from evil action and avarice etc. Nirjara 173 Partial wearing off of karma-bondage is called nirjara viz. nirjara consists in the wearing out of the accumulated effects of karma on the soul by the practice of austerities, and Moksa, which logically follows from nirjara, signifies the final deliverance of the soul from the bondage of Karma. Just as when a tank is to be made waterless, the inflow of water into the tank is first to be stopped and then the water already accumulated in the tank is to be removed by strenuous effort, so also in removing the pudgala bondage of the soul, the accretion of further karma is to be prevented by samvara and then the karman already previously accumulated is to be worn off by nirjara. Moksa Moksa is the liberation of the soul after complete exhaustion or elimination of all karmas. Moksa is the essential point in the teaching of Mahavira which is generally understood as emancipation. It really means the attainment of the highest state of sanctification by the avoidance of pain and miseries of worldly life. This state of the soul is the liberated or perfected state and this is nirvana. Perfect belief, perfect knowledge and perfect conduct-these three constitute the road to moksa. The liberated soul does not expand to the extent of the universe, as there is no cause for it. The expansion or contraction of the soul is determined by the physique-making karma. Since there is no physique-making karma in the state of emancipation, there is neither expansion nor contraction in the case of the soul in liberation. All liberated soul is essentially equal.
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________________ 174 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha Anekantavada-Syadvada-Nayavada Jaina philosophy is based on the nature of reality which is considered through non-absolutism, i.e. Anekantavada. The entire super-structure of the Jaina Metaphysics is standing on the edifice of Anekantavada on whatever matter Jaina dharma reflected upon it has done so from the point of view of Anekantavada only. Basically Anekantavada is the heart of Jaina Metaphysis and Nayavada and Syadvada are its main arteries. Or, to use a happier metaphor, the bird of Anekantavada flies its two wings of nayavada and Syadvada. The term 'Anekanta' indicates the ontological nature of reality, according to which every object possesses infinite aspects. When we speak of a particular aspect, we have to use the word 'syat', i.e., from a particular point of view or as related to this aspect, this object is such and not otherwise. As for instance, when we speak of the aspect of existence of a pot, we choose the 'existence' aspect of that pot which possesses many other aspects as well. We make a statement about the aspect of existence, i.e. in relation to the aspect of existence, the pot exits. It means to view the things from only one angle is incomplete and un-authentic evaluation, on the other hand, the way of evaluation of things from different angle and revelation of their qualities is complete and authentic one. This style of evaluation is 'Comparativism' (Apeksavada) is pluralism. Pluralism stands for understanding and evaluating the things from the different angles. Suppose a man is standing in the market. A boy comes there and he addressed him as a father. From the other direction and old man reaches the spot and says to him O child. From the third direction comes a middle aged man and talks to him in a brother way. But the same time from the fourth direction comes a student and he recognizes the man as a teacher. The purpose of this example is to explain that the same man is being addressed and recognized by different labels. All the four fight on this point that the man under reference is only father, son, brother and teacher. Now Anekantavada says. here, a man possesses many aspects like those of father, son, brother
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________________ An Introduction to Jain Philosophy 175 and teacher etc. In relation to his son, he is father. Thus, he is a father as related to his son, i.e. relatively he is a father. In this way he has numerous designations. One man has so many qualities, but for different persons in situation. According to Jainism every object of experience is complex, and it can be viewed neither analytically part by part, nor wholly in an integral vision. The first is covered in the doctrine of nayas, the second in that of Syadvada13 The Anekantavada gets expressed through a language which is called the language of 'Syadvada'. 'Anekanta' is thus an attitude and 'Syadavada' its manifestation through a specific style of wordutterance. The theory of 'Syadavada is also called 'Anekantavada', because the relativity of judgment is nothing but a relative judgment about an object that possesses infinite aspects of qualities. In other words the relative judgment is not possible unless the object for which that judgment stands is Anekantavada. Hence the judgment that stands for an object possessing many characteristics is also known as Anekantavada. According to Jaina literature, to understand any truth or reality, there can be two different forms. One is to known it fully well and the second to know it up to certain extent. These are known as Pramana and Naya. Nayas are divided into two types viz., dravyarthika and paryayarthika. Dravyarthika naya is of three types, viz., Naigama naya, Samgraha naya, Vyavhara naya, Paryayarthika naya, is of four types, viz., sjusutra naya, Subda naya, Samabhirudha naya and Evambhuta naya. On the same lines, in spiritual discussions, the things could be described both from a practical point of view and from a realistic point of view. Thus when things are described from the practical point of view, it is termed the Vyavhara-naya; and when things are described from the pure of realistic point of view, it is termed the Niscaya naya. Naigam naya (universal-particular or teleological point of view) which described things without distinguishing between their general and special properties.
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________________ 176 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha Samgraha naya (the class point of view) which deals exclusively with the general qualities of things. Vyavhara naya (the standpoint of the particular) takes into consideration a general object possessing specific properties. (Nayakarika, 8) It does not deal with generally in the sense as the samngraha naya deals with it. Rjusutra naya (the standpoint of the momentariness) studies things as they exist in the present, and without regard to their past and future aspects. Sabda naya (the standpoint of synonymous) pays exclusive attention to number, gender, tense etc. of the word employed. Samabhirudha naya (the etymological standpoint) is the standpoint of an etymologist who distinguishes between synonymous words on etymological ground. Evambhuta naya (the such-like standpoint) literally such like, hence the point of view which describes things by word expressing their special functions. e.g. to call a man a devotee because of his being engaged in devotion. Acarya Akalamka defines the naya as Nayjnatrabhiprayh i.e. naya is a particular approach of the knower, a synthesis of these different points of view is a practical necessity; therein every point of view must be able to retain its relative importance and this is fulfilled by the doctrine of Syadvada. Syadvada is a true doctrine whereas Ekantavada is a false one. To speak of a thing only from one stand point will not help us to know the full truth, because it has to be studied from other standpoint also. Syadvada defined as the doctrine that helps us to study a thing from many standpoints and know its nature. It helps us to understand the complete nature of a thing. It will be mere illusion to speak of a thing as such, from studying only one quality or aspect of a thing. Because at one and the same time there are many characteristics found in one and the same thing. We are able know the real truth about a thing only with the help of Syadvada. There are, according to this doctrine (Syadvada), seven-fold
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________________ An Introduction to Jain Philosophy 177 of metaphysical propositions, and all contains the word 'syat' e.g. syad asti sarvam, syad nasti sarvam. Syat means 'may be', and is explained by kathamcit, which in this connection may be translated 'somehow.'The word syat here qualifies the word asti, and indicates the indefiniteness of being. For example, we say, a jar is somehow, i.e. it exist, if we mean thereby that it exists as a jar; but it does not somehow, if we mean thereby that it exists as a cloth or the like. From the point of view of grammatical presentation of the propositions, there are three forms of predications, the affirmative, the negative and the one which gives expression to the idea of indescribableness. Of these, the first kind affirms and the second denies the existence of a quality, property or thing, but the third declares an object to be indescribable. A thing is describable when both existence and non-existence are to be attributed to it at one and the same time. These three forms of judgment give rise to seven possible modes of predication14 which are as follows: 1. Syat-asti- From a particular point of view 'it is.' A pot exists as a pot. Syat-nasti- From a different point of view 'it is not.' From the point of its nature, other than its own and its expression of other forms like place, time and the material out of which it is made, the pot is not a pot. Syat-asti-nasti- From a still different approach to problem 'it is and not.' From the point of view of the four-fold scheme of expression of self-nature (svacatustaya-dravya, ksetra, kala and bhava), the pot exist as pot and from the point of view of the expression of the other nature (paracatustaya) the pot does not exist as pot. Syat-avaktavyam- From a point of view, 'it is inexpressible.' This fold refers to the impossibility of simultaneous affirmations and negations of the characteristics of the pot. Syat-asti-avaktavyam- From another point of view, 'it is and is inexpressible.' This fold affirms the existence of the pot as
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________________ 178 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha a pot, but expresses the inability to express the full nature the pot. 6. Syat-nasti-avaktavyam- From another point of view, 'it is not and is inexpressible.' This predication is a composite predication of negation and inexpressible. 7. Syat-asti-nasti-avaktavyam- From a different point of view 'it is, it is not and is inexpressible. This predication is a composite predication of affirmation, negation and inexpressibility. . The seven-fold system of predication is called the Saptbhangi, and stands in the same relation to philosophy as grammar does to speech. The Jainas hold that every aspect of an object can be viewed from seven-stand points, every one of which is true but the whole truth about that aspect lies in the combination of all these seven views. This seven-fold declaration of judgment in regard to everything a peculiar and unique method of Jaina dialectic. According to Vasunandi there is no contradiction involved and no violation of the Law of Non-contradiction in applying opposite predicates to the same thing, because they are applied to its different aspects according to matter, state, space and timels. The Theory of Karma The doctrine of karma is the most important doctrine in Indian thought. Karma is the basic pre-supposition of Indian thought. According to this doctrine, time, temperament, nature, etc. are all ineffective. Everywhere karma (deeds act) reign supreme. Two children are born to a mother, one them is wise, while the other one is an idiot. One is beautiful and attractive; the other has very ugly appearance. One is king and another is a poor man, one is happy when another is miserable, one is sickly person while another is without any sickness. All these wonderful appearances are due to what? After seeing all these things we have to understand that a powerful force named karma is working behind them. All the human beings differ from each other to a great extent, and this differentiation is justifiable on logical grounds. Karma can elevate a poor man to the highest status of king in the society and vice
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________________ An Introduction to Jain Philosophy 179 versa. It is karma that puts the soul in a suitable body, it tends to move its limbs and act. The Jainas have considered karma as material in nature. The particles of matter which enter the soul and get intermingled with it are called Karma in the Jaina terminology. The karmic particles affecting the soul are called karma-varganas. The particles of matter which are responsible for constituting the body are called 'nokarmavarganas.' Jiva attracts the karma-vargana by the activity which is three fold, i.e. bodily, speech and mind. The karmic encrustation with the jiva is due to these activities and the activities are in turn specificated by the karmic encrustations. In this way the karmic particles of encrustations and the yoga of the jiva are mutually interactive. Karma and the tendency to activity are intimately related with each other with the mutually casual relations, in the state of bondage, jiva and karma are more intimate than milk and water. But the liberation of jiva (soul) from matter is possible by certain means. The soul must stop the influx of new karmas and eliminate the acquired ones. Through this two-fold method, it can attain the ultimate goal, i.e., emancipation. Type of Karma There are eight types of karma has distinguished in Jaina Philosophy. These are: i. Jnanavaraniya karma which obstructs the knowledge of soul. ii. Darsnavaraniya karma which obstructs right faith. iii. Vedaniya karma which cause sensations or feelings of pain and pleasure. Mohaniya karma which cause infatuation and affects right belief and right conduct. Nama karma which determines the personality of the being, viz., his body, structure etc. vi. Gotra karma which determines the gotra, family or descent etc. vii. Ayu karma which determines the duration of life.
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________________ 180 viii. Antaraya karma which obstructs charity, prosperity, pleasures and the prowess of the soul. Out of these eight karmas divided into two fold-ghati and aghati. Ghati karmas are those which an encased soul can terminate while still in body, but aghati karmas terminate only when the soul is permanently separated from the body. Four ghati karmas are jnanavaraniya, darsnavaraniya, mohaniya and antraya and four aghati karmas are vedaniya, ayu, nama and gotra. Karma and Rebirth Rebirth is very closely associated with the karma and jiva. The karma of the past life is responsible for the present life". Karma of the present life will be responsible for the future life. According to Dasavaikalikasutra krodha (anger), mana (ego), maya (deceit) and lobha (greed) are the root cause of the cycle of births, The Jainas are accepted four states of existence: the human, the lower animal, the heavenly beings and the infernal world. The karmas that it has accumulated determine its existence and status in the next life. Tattvarthabhasya consists when the karmas are removed the soul reaches perfection and liberated. One the karmas are removed and the soul reaches perfection, fresh karma would not enter into the soul, just as the fried seeds do not sprout. Reference 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha 6. 7. Kalpasutra, 121. Tattvarthasutra, 1/2, Vivecaka- Pt. Sukhlal Sanghvi, Pub.- P.V. Research Institute, I.T.I. Road, Varanasi-221005. Uttradhyayanasutra, Editor- Sadhvi Chandna, 28/30, Pub.- Virayatan, Rajgriha, Bihar. Uttradhyayanasutra, Editor- Sadhvi Chandna, 28/14, Pub.- Virayatan, Rajgriha, Bihar. Mehta, Mohanlal, Jaina Philosophy, PP. 60-61, Pub.- P.V. Research Institute, Hindu University, Varanasi-221005. Jivajiva va bandha ya punnam pavasavo taha. Samvaro nijjara mokkho santeya tahiyanava. Uttradhyayansutra, 28/ 14. Nava sabhava payattha pannata tanjaha jiva ajiva punana pavo asavo samvaro nijjara bandho mokkho. Sthanangasutra, 9, Abhayadevasuri Tika, P. 422.
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________________ 8. 9. An Introduction to Jain Philosophy Jivajivasrav Aandhasa Samvaranirjarapunyamoksasyannavapdarthan. Samavayangasutra, Abhayadevasuri Tika, P. 110. Jivajivao tatha punyam papamasravasamvarao. Bandhao vi nirjaramoksao navatattvani tanmate. Saddarsanasamuccaya, 47. 1/4. 10. Jivajiva bhava punna pavam ca asavam tesim. samvaranijjarabandho mokho ya havanti te attha. Pancastikaya, 108. 11. Jivamjivam davvam jinavaravasahena jena nidittham. devindavindavandam vande tam sav vada sirasa. Dravyasamgraha, 100000. 12. Jivajivasravabandhasamvaranirjaramoksastattvam. Tattvarthsuttra, 13. Nyayavtara, Siddhasena Divakara, karika, 30. 14. Bhagavatisutra, 9/5. 15. Vasunandi, 47. 181 16. Shastri, Devendra Muni, A Source Book in Jaina Philosophy, PP. 429430, Pub.- Sri Tarak Guru Jain Granthalaya, Sastri circle, Udaipur (Rajasthan). 17. Bhagavatisutra, 2/5. 18. Dasavaikalikasutra, 8/39.
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________________ jaina darzana meM mana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana DaoN. nemicandra jaina* saMsAra meM rahane vAlA prANI zarIra aura AtmA sahita hotA hai| prANI use kahate haiM, jisake prANa hote haiN| jaina darzana meM AcAryoM ne mUlataH cAra prANa mAne haiM parantu bheda karane para daza prANa mAne gaye / yathA tikkAle cadupANA indiyabalamAuANapANo ya vyavahAro so jIvo NiccayaNayado du cedaNA jss|| - dravyasaMgraha, gA. 3 mUlataH indriya, bala, Ayu aura zvAsocchvAsa ye cAra prANa haiM jisake ye prANa hote haiM use vyavahAra naya se prANI yA jIva kahate haiN| nizcaya naya se jisameM cetanA hotI hai vaha jIva hai| indriyAM pA~ca, manabala, vacanabala, kAya (zarIra) bala, Ayu aura zvAsocchvAsa kula dasa prANa mAne gaye haiN| jinake inameM se koI bhI prANa evaM AtmA hotI hai to use jIvita prANI kahA jAtA hai| prANa kA saMbaMdha zarIra se hotA hai ataH ve saba jar3a tatva ke antargata Ate haiN| cetanA sahita prANa dhAraNa karane vAle ko prANI kahA jAtA hai aura jIvita mAnA jAtA hai| jinakA apanA-apanA svataMtra astitva evaM kArya hotA hai use indriya kahate haiN| AcArya umAsvAmI ne tattvArtha sUtra meM likhA hai: paJcondriyANi - sUtra 15 / a. 2, sparzanarasana - ghrANa- cakSuzrotrANi, sUtra 19 / a. 2 jaina darzana meM saMsArI jIva do prakAra ke mAne gaye haiM trasa evaM sthAvara-saMsAriNastrasasthAvarAH ta.sU.a.2, sU. 121 sthAvara nAma karma ke udaya se prApta huI avasthA vizeSa ko sthAvara kahate haiM aise jIva pA~ca prakAra ke hote haiN| pRthvI, apa, teja, vAyu aura vanaspati kAya ina sabake mAtra eka sparzana indriya hI hotI hai aura prANa cAra hote haiM jaise sparzana indriya, kAyabala, Ayu aura zvAsocchvAsa / trasa nAma karma ke udaya se do indriya se pAMca indriyataka ke jIva trasa haiMdvindriyAdayastrasAH ta. sU.a.2-14 do indriya jIva ke 6 prANa hote haiM- sparzana, rasanA, kAyabala, vacanabala, Ayu aura shvaasocchvaas| jaise-laT, zaMkha, joMka, keMcuA Adi / tIna indriya jIva ke 7 prANa hote haiN| sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, kAyabala, vacanabala, Ayu aura zvAsocchvAsa, jaise- cIMTI, cITA aadi| cAra indriya jIva ke ATha prANa hote haiN| sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu, kAyabala, * sevAnivRtta prAcArya, gurukula roDa, khuraI / -
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________________ jaina darzana meM mana-eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana 183 vacanabala, Ayu, zvAsocachvAsa, jaise - makkhI, macchara, bhauMrA aadi| paJcendriya jIva do prakAra ke hote haiM, eka mana sahita jaise-gAya, bhaiMsa, manuSya, pakSI aadi| dUsare mana rahita - mana rahita koI totA aura saaNp| mana rahita jIva ke sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu, karNa, kAyabala, vacanabala, Ayu, svAsocchvAsa nau prANa hote haiN| manasahita jIva ke sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu, karNa, kAyabala, vacanabala, manabala, Ayu, zvAsocchvAsa dasa prANa hote haiN| sabhI prakAra ke jIvoM meM cetanA arthAt AtmA eka atirikta prANa ke rUpa meM hotA hI hai| dasa prANa sahita ko saMjJI kahate haiN| saMjJinaH samanaskAH - ta.sa., a.2, sU. 24. hita-ahita kI parIkSA tathA gaNa-doSa kA vicAra aura smaraNAdi karane ko saMjJA kahate haiN| hitAhita meM pravatti mana kI sahAyatA se hI hotI hai| isa prakAra jaina darzana meM mana kA ati mahatva hai| mana aura indriyoM ke kAraNa hone vAle jJAna ko matijJAna mAnA gayA hai| -tadindriyAnindiyAnimittim - ta.sU., a.1, sU. 14. isa sUtra meM mana ko anindriya kahA gayA hai| isa sUtra kI vyAkhyA karate hue pUjyapAda AcArya ne sarvArthasiddhi grantha meM anindriya ko ISadrindriyamindrimiti kahA hai| __ isa prakAra jaina darzana meM manabala, anindriya, ISadindriya, samanaska, noindriya Adi zabdoM kA prayoga kara mana ke mahatva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| AtmakalyANa karane ke lie mana kA honA ati Avazyaka hai| aba anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM mana kI sthiti para tulanAtmaka vivecana karane kA prayAsa kreNge| vaidika sAhitya meM mana vaidika sAhitya meM varNita prasaMgoM meM mana ko svIkAra to kiyA gayA hai para indriya ke rUpa meM nhiiN| jaise atharvaveda-kANDa 21 meM pAte haiM ki 'imAni yAni paJcendriyANi mana: SaSThAni me hRdi brahmaNaH saMzliSTAni' arthAt ye pAMca indriyAM mana ke sAtha chaH hokara brahmA ke dvArA hRdaya meM ur3elI gayI haiN| yahA~ para mAtra pAMca hI indriyoM ke hone kA ullekha hai| jaba mana kA inase yoga hotA hai taba ye chaH ho jAtI haiN| bAda ke dArzanikoM ne mana ko indriya meM pratiSThApita karane meM nimnAnusAra tarka prastuta kiye haiM ki 'mana ke sAtha chaH hone kA artha mana kA indriya honA hI hai| mImAMsA darzana meM vedoM ke anuvAda meM savistAra AkhyAna milatA hai jisameM sApekSa kathana varNita hai ki hama vedoM meM "yajamAna paMcamA iDA bhakSayanti" arthAt pAMcoM yajJa bhAva sahita iDA (buddhi) kA bhakSaNa karatI haiN| yahAM cAra-cAra prakAra ke Rtvika pujArI haiM aura pAMcavAM yajamAna hai| ata: yaha kabhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki "yajamAna ke sAtha milakara pAMca" meM yajamAna bhI eka (Rtvika) veda karAne vAlA hai| yajamAna hamezA pujArI se bhinna haiN| kalpanA kI kisI bhI sImA meM vaha pujAriyoM kI koTi meM samAviSTa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| isI meM eka udAharaNa uddhata kiyA jAtA hai "vedAnadhyApayAmAsa mahAbhArata-paMcamAn" arthAta usane mahAbhArata ke sAtha milAkara pAMca veda sikhlaaye| yaha jJAta hai ki mahAbhArata
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________________ 184 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha veda nahIM hai ataH "mahAbhArata ko sAtha milAkara pAMca" kathana mAtra se mahAbhArata ko kabhI veda nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| ataH uparyukta tarka ke dvArA "mana ke sAtha pAMca indriyAM chaH huI, se mana ko kabhI indriya nahIM samajhanA caahiye"| dharmarAjadhvarindra likhita vedAnta paribhASA meM likhA hai, "na tAvadantaH karaNamindriyamityatra manamasti" koI pramANa nahIM hai ki mana (anta:karaNa) indriya hai| Age lekhaka likhatA hai "manaH SaSThAnindriyANi prakRtisthAni karSati" (gItA 15/7) kA uddharaNa dekara likhatA hai mana ke sAtha chaha hone meM koI virodha nahIM hotA, mana ko indriya ke aMga ke rUpa meM nahIM samajhA jaay| kathA upaniSada meM AtI hai ki "indriyebhyaH parAhyarthaH arthebhyazca paraM manaH" karma indriyoM ke aMgoM ke pare hai| aisA lagatA hai ki vedAnta paribhASA ke kartA ne anta:karaNa ko mana mAnakara dUsare rUpa meM mana ko indriya ke rUpa meM mAna liyA hai| jabaki pAMca indriyoM ko bahirindraya tathA mana ko Abhyantara indriya kahA gayA hai| veda meM pAte haiM "etasmAd jAyate prANo manaH sarvendriyANi ca" arthAt Izvara se prANa, mana aura sabhI indriyoM kI utpatti huii| isa prakAra vedoM meM sarvatra mana ke sabhI indriyoM se bhinna hone ke ullekha milate haiN| vedAnta-sUtra aura mana zaMkarAcArya ne vedAntasUtra meM likhA hai, "dazeme puruSe prANA AtmaikAdazaH AtmazabdenAtrAnta:karaNaM parigRhyate" arthAt puruSa meM daza indriyAM aura eka AtmA jise antaH karaNa kahate haiM isa taraha gyAraha prANa haiN| isa prakAra mana ko indriyoM se bhinna hI kiyA hai| ve Age kahate haiM ki smRtiyoM meM mana ko indriya hI mAnA hai| "smRtItvekAdazendriyANIti manaso'pIndriyatvam zrotrAdivat sNgrhyte|" isa prakAra pAMca karmendriya, pAMca jJAnendriya tathA mana ko milAkara gyAraha indriyA~ prAcIna muniyoM meM mAnI haiN| gItA aura mana gItA meM mana ko indriya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| vedAnAM sAmavedo'smi devAnAmasmi baasvH| indriyANAM manazcAsmi bhuutaanaamsmicetnaa| a. 10-22 isa prakAra indriyoM meM mana kI zreSThatA svIkAra kI gaI hai| indriyANi svakIyAni vaze yena kRtAni vaiH| jitaM lokatrayaM tena kiJcit tasya na durlbhm| isameM bhI indriyoM ke sAtha mana ko bhI vaza meM karane ke saMketa spaSTa haiN| sAMkhyasUtra aura mana sAMkhyasUtra meM hama pAte haiM "ubhayAtmakaM manaH" 2-26 arthAt mana donoM prakAra kA hotA hai| jJAnendriya rUpa aura karmendriya ruup| sAMkhyakArikA meM yahI vicAra dRSTigocara hotA hai| ubhayAtmakamatramanaH saMkalpakAnindriyazca saadhaat| guNaparimANamavizeSAnnAnAtvaM baahybhedtH| kA-27
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________________ jaina darzana meM mana eka tulanAtmaka adhyayana sAMkhyadarzana mana ko gyArahavIM indriya mAnatA hai| gyAraha indriyoM meM mana jJAnendriya tathA karmendriya donoM svarUpa hai, kyoMki cakSu Adi jJAnendriya tathA vAgAdi karmendriya donoM kI mana ke AdhAra hI se apane-apane viSayoM meM pravRtti hotI hai| mana kA lakSaNa saMkalpa-vikalpa karanA hai| vizeSaNa - vizeSya bhAva kA vivecana mana hI karatA hai isaliye saMkalpa rUpa vizeSa dharma se mana bhI eka ubhayAtmaka indriya hai| gautama darzana meM mana gautama ne apane nyAya meM indriyoM kI ginatI karate hue pAMca indriyoM- sparza, rasana, ghrANa, cakSu aura zravaNa para hI vicAra kiyA hai zeSa ko chor3a diyA hai| hindu nyAya darzana meM mana ko indriya mAnA gayA hai, para pAMca indriyoM se bhinna batAyA gayA hai kyoMki pAMcoM indriyAM apane-apane nizcita karma meM sthira haiN| AMkha kA kAma dekhanA hai, para vaha ghrANa kA sUMghane kA kAma nahIM kara sakatI hai| para mana apanI sabhI avasthAoM aura guNoM meM pratyeka karma meM apane ko lagA sakatA hai| vAtsyAyana nyAya sUtra 1.1.8 ke apane bhASya meM isako isa taraha uddhRta karate haiM bhautikAnindriyANi niyataviSayANi, saguNAnAM caiSAmindriya bhAva iti / manastu abhautikaM sarva viSayaJca nAsya svaguNasthendriyabhAva iti / sati cendriyArthasannikarSe sannidhimasannidhiM cAsya yugapajjJAnAnutpattikAraNaM vakSyAma iti / manazcendriyabhAvAnna vAcyaM lakSaNAntaramiti tantrAntara samAcArAccaita pratyetavyamiti / - udyotakara bhI apane nyAyavArtika meM isI vicAra kA pratipAdana karate haiN| manaH sarvaviSayaM smRtisaMyogAdhAratvAt Atmavat / sukhagrAhaka-saMyogAdhikaraNatvAt samastendriyAdhiSThAtRtvAt / 185 jaina darzana meM mana anya darzanoM kI taraha jaina darzana meM bhI indriyAM pAMca mAnI gaIM jinake sambandha meM Alekha ke prArambha meM hI carcA kI jA cukI hai| AcArya umAsvAmI ne tatvArthasUtra grantha meM paJcendriyANi, dvividhAni nirvRtyupakaraNe dravyendriyam, labdhyupayogau bhaavendriym| a. 2 sUtra 15, 16, 17, 18 meM spaSTa kiyA hai ki indriyAM pAMca hotI haiM aura dravyendriya tathA bhAvendriya ke bheda se do prakAra kI haiM parantu mana ko indriyoM meM sammilita nahIM kiyA hai| parantu 'zrutamanindriyasya" ta.sU. 2-21 kahakara anindriya arthAt mana kA kArya spaSTa kiyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne bhI pramANa mImAMsA meM likhA hai - sparza-rasagandha- rUpazabdagrahaNalakSaNAni sparzanarasa ghrANa cakSuH zrotrANIndriyANi dravyabhAva bhedAni / 44 yahA~ para mana ko na indriya kahA na anindriya balki 'sarvArthagrahaNaM manaH ' (pramANa mImAMsA 1.1.25 ) mana sabhI indriyoM ke artha grahaNa kA kAma karatA hai| isakA yaha artha nahIM lagAnA cAhiye ki mana kA antarbhAva indriya meM ho gyaa| jaisA indriyoM ko dravyendriya tathA bhAvendriya do rUpoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| vaise hI mana ke bhI bheda kiye gaye haiM yathA dravyamana aura bhAvamana / manodvividhA dravyamanobhAvamanazceti (sa.si. a. 2/11/170/3) pudgalavipAki karmodiyApekSaM dravyamanaH (sa.si. a. - 2/11/170/3 )
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________________ 186 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha dravyamanazca rUpAdiyogAt pudgaladravyavikAraH (sa.si.-5/3/269/4) arthAt dravyamana pudgala vipAkI nAma karma ke udaya se hotA hai| rUpAdiyukta hone se dravyamana pudgala kI paryAya hai jo hRdaya sthAna meM ATha pAMkhur3I ke kamala ke AkAra vAlA hai tathA AMgopAMga nAmakarma ke udaya se manovargaNA ke skandha se utpanna huA hai ataH dravyamana kahate haiN| yaha atyaMta sUkSma tathA indriyAgocara hai| (bRhad, dravyasaMgraha 12/30/3) bhAvamana vIryAntarAya noindriyAvaraNa-kSayopazamApekSayA AtmanovizuddhirbhAva mnH| arthAta vIryAntarAya aura no indriyAvaraNa karma ke kSayopazama kI apekSA rakhane vAle AtmA kI vizuddhi ko bhAvamana kahate haiN| (jai. si. koSa, bhAga 3, pR. 381) donoM mana kacit mUrta va pudgala haiN| isa prakAra pUjyapAda svAmI ne aura akalaMkadeva ne mana para vizeSa: vicAra kiyA hai| akalaMkadeva ne satra 1-14 para apane tatvArtha rAjavArtika meM likhA hai| "anindriyaM mano'nudarAvat" isa bhASya kI vyAkhyA karate hue ve likhate haiNmno'ntHkrnnmnindriymityucyte| kathaM indriya pratiSedhena mana ucyte| yathA'nudarA kanyA iti| mana ko antaHkaraNa yA anindriya kahA jAtA hai isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki mana indriya nahIM hai| hama loga garbhadhAraNa karane kI kSamatA vihIna kanyA ko kahate haiM ki "yaha binA peTa kI aurata hai" isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki usake peTa nAma kI cIja nahIM hai balki vaha garbhadhAraNa karane se asamartha hai| isI prakAra mana ko anindriya kahane kA matalaba yaha nahIM hai ki vaha indriya nahIM hai| mana yadyapi indriyoM kI sahAyatA se sAre kArya karatA hai| para usameM kisI vizeSa karma sampanna karane kI pravRtti nahIM hai| cakSu Adi indriyoM kI taraha mana aura anya indriyoM kI vibhinnatA isa rUpa meM nirUpita kI jAtI hai| cakSu Adi indriyoM kI avasthA karmoM ke samparka meM Akara prabhAva grahaNa karatI hai lekina mana vastuoM ke nikaTa samparka meM Akara prabhAva grahaNa nahIM krtaa| bhAva mana to Atma vizuddhi ke kAraNa antaraMga taka prabhAva sthApita karatA hai| ata: jaina darzana meM mana kI avadhAraNA anya darzanoM kI apekSA bhinna hI hai| isakA saMcAlana samunnata AtmA ke rUpa meM hotA hai| vaidika sAhitya meM mana ko indriya nahIM mAnA hai| smRtiyAM tathA anya dArzanika mana ko indriya rUpa meM hI grahaNa karate haiN| vaidika sAhitya meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA pAMca hai| smRti aura sAMkhya darzana meM indriyA~ gyAraha mAnI gaI haiN| hindU nyAya darzana meM pAMca jJAnendriyAM aura eka mana ko hI indriya ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| __ jaina dArzanikoM kA dRSTikoNa hindunyAya darzana dvArA varNita dRSTikoNa se kathaMcit samAna hai| ve mana ko indriya ke rUpa meM mAnate haiM para anya indriyoM evaM mana meM antara karate haiN| kyoMki mana ko vizeSa anupama guNa ke phalasvarUpa mana, manobala, ISad indriya, anindriya, noindriya Adi saMjJA se abhihita karate haiN| mana meM sabhI vastuoM, karmoM ko grahaNa karane kI kSamatA hai jabaki indriyAM kisI vizeSa kArya kA hI sampAdana karatI haiN| ataH mana AtmakalyANa ke mArga meM sApekSa hone para bhI nirapekSa hai|
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________________ jaina darzana meM paryAya kA svarUpa DaoN. vIrasAgara jaina* 'paryAya'- jaina darzana kA eka ati sUkSma viSaya hai| ise samajhane ke lie sarvaprathama vastu kA svarUpa samajhanA Avazyaka hai, kyoMki paryAya vastu kA hI eka aMza hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra pratyeka vastu dravya-paryAyAtmaka hai, ata: usake do mukhya hisse (aMza) haiM- eka dravyarUpa aura dUsarA pryaayruup| vastu ke nitya aMza ko dravya kahate haiM aura anitya aMza ko paryAya, ataH hama ise isa prakAra bhI kaha sakate haiM ki jaina darzana ke anusAra pratyeka vastu nityAnityAtmaka hai| sAMkhya darzana meM vastu ko sarvathA nitya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai aura bauddha darzana meM vastu ko sarvathA anitya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, parantu jaina darzana ke anusAra isa sampUrNa vizva meM koI bhI vastu aisI nahIM hai jo sarvathA nitya yA sarvathA anitya ho, apitu pratyeka hI vasta nityAnityAtmaka hai| usameM eka sAtha nityatA bhI hai aura anityatA bhii| vastutaH koI bhI vastu tabhI sat ho sakatI hai jaba usameM eka sAtha nityatA aura anityatA donoM hI nivAsa karatI ho| ekAntataH nitya vastu bhI kabhI sat nahIM ho sakatI aura ekAntataH anitya vastu bhI kabhI sat nahIM ho sktii| kyoMki sat kA lakSaNa hI yaha hai "utpAdavyayadhrauvyayuktaM st|' arthAt sat utpAda vyaya-dhrauvya se yukta hotA hai| pratyeka vastu meM navIna avasthA ke Agamana ko utpAda kahate haiM, pUrva avasthA ke tyAga ko vyaya ko vyaya kahate haiM aura utpAda-vyaya donoM se rahita vastu ke sthira svabhAva ko dhrauvya kahate haiN| ise hama AcArya samantabhadra dvArA pradatta do udAharaNoM dvArA bhalI prakAra samajha sakate haiN| yathA dUdha kA dahI bnaa| to yahA~ dahI avasthA kA utpAda huA, dUdha avasthA kA vyaya huA aura gorasa dhrauvya rahA, kyoMki usakA na utpAda huA, na vyy| isI prakAra svarNamaya ghaTa kA mukuTa bnaa| yahA~ mukuTa avasthA kA utpAda huA, ghaTa avasthA kA vyaya huA aura svarNa dhrauvya rahA, usakA utpAda-vyaya kucha nahIM huaa| yahA~ yaha vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya hai ki ukta donoM udAharaNa bahuta sthUla haiN| yadi * adhyakSa, jainadarzana vibhAga, zrI lAlabahAdura zAstrI rASTrIya saMskRta vidyApITha (mA.vi.vi.), naI dillI -- 16.
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________________ 188 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha sUkSma rUpa se dekhA jAe to vizva ke pratyeka padArtha meM pratisamaya utpAda-vyaya- dhrauvya kI upalabdhi hotI hai| sUkSma pariNamana hamAre alpajJAna meM pakar3a nahIM nahIM AtA, ataH udAharaNa sthUla pariNamana ke diye gaye haiN| isa prakAra yaha suspaSTa hai ki pratyeka vastu sadaiva utpAda - vyaya - dhrauvya - yukta athavA dravyaparyAyAtmaka hai, kyoMki pratyeka vastu meM hI do aMza niyama se pAye jAte haiM- eka anvaya rUpa aura dUsarA vyatireka rUpa / 'yaha vahI hai, vahI hai'- aisI pratIti jisameM hotI hai use anvaya kahate haiM aura 'yaha vaha nahIM hai, vaha nahIM hai'- aisI pratIti jisameM hotI hai use vyatireka kahate haiN| vastu meM rahane vAle zAzvata nitya yA anvaya rUpa aMza ko dravya kahate haiM aura kSaNika parivartanazIla yA vyatirekI aMza ko paryAya kahate haiN| 'paryAya' kA niruktyartha vikrama kI sAtavIM zatAbdIM ke diggaja AcArya zrImadbhaTTAkalaMkadeva ne paryAya kI nirukti isa prakAra prakaTa kI hai "pari samantAdAyaH paryAyaH" arthAt jo sarva ora se bheda ko prApta kare vaha paryAya hai| isI prakAra AcArya devasena bhI 'AlApa paddhati' meM likhate haiM"svabhAvavibhAvarUpatayA yAti paryeti pariNamatIti paryAyaH iti paryAyasya vyutpattiH / ' arthAt jo svabhAva-vibhAva rUpa se gamana karatI hai, pariNamana karatI hai, vaha paryAya 116 hai| paryAya ke nAmAntara jaina-granthoM meM paryAya ke aneka nAmAntara ginAye gaye haiN| yadyapi AcAryoM dvArA paryAya ke lie ina nAmAntaroM kA prayoga kahIM-kahIM hI kiyA gayA hai, tathApi paryAya ke svarUpa - parijJAnArtha ina nAmAntaroM kA bhI jJAna honA Avazyaka hai| yathA " paryAyo vizeSo'pavAdo vyAvRttirityarthaH / arthAt paryAya, vizeSa, apavAda aura vyAvRtti - ina sabakA eka artha hai| "vavahAro ya viyappo bhedo taha pajjao tti artha :- vyavahAra, vikalpa, bheda aura paryAya- ye saba ekArthavAcI haiN| "paryayaH paryavaH itynrthaantrm|" arthaH- paryaya, paryava aura paryAya- ye ekArthaka haiN| " api cAMzaH paryAyo bhAgo hAro vidhA prakArazca / bhedazchedo bhaMgaH zabdAzcaikArthavAcakA ete / / 0 arthaH- aMza, paryAya, bhAga, hAra, vidhA, prakAra, bheda, cheda aura bhaMga- ye saba eka hI artha ke vAcaka haiN| yahA~ vizeSa dhyAna dene yogya tathya yaha hai ki ukta cAroM uddharaNoM meM paryAya ke nAmAntaroM meM aMza, bhAga Adi ko bhI ginAyA gayA hai aura paryAya zabda kA sAmAnya artha 'vastu kA aMza' hotA bhI hai, parantu yahA~ hama jisa paryAya ko samajhane kA prayatna kara rahe
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________________ jaina darzana meM paryAya kA svarUpa 189 haiM vaha vastu kA koI-sA bhI aMza nahIM hai, apitu mAtra vyatirekI aMza hai| aura aisA rUr3hivazAt hI hai| aisA samajhanA caahie| isI tathya ko kSullaka jinendra varNI ne bhI acchI taraha spaSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai: "paryAya kA vAstavika artha vastu kA aMza hai| dhruva anvayI sahabhUta tathA kSaNika vyatirekI yA kramabhAvI ke bheda se ve aMza do prakAra ke hote haiN| anvayI ko guNa aura vyatirekI ko paryAya kahate haiN| ve guNa ke vizeSa pariNamanarUpa hotI haiN| aMza kI apekSA yadyapi donoM hI aMza paryAya haiM, para rUr3hi se kevala vyatirekI aMza ko hI paryAya kahanA prasiddha hai|" paryAya ke bheda __ jainAcAryoM ne paryAya ke bhedoM kA nirUpaNa aneka prakAra se kiyA hai| yathA(1) "yaH paryAyaH saH dvividhaH kramabhAvI sahabhAvI ceti|"12 artha:- jo paryAya hai vaha kramabhAvI aura sahabhAvI- isa taraha se do prakAra kI hai| (2) "dvidhA paryAyA dravyaparyAyA gunnpryaayaashc|''13 artha:- paryAya do prakAra kI hai- dravyaparyAya aura gunnpryaay| (3) "athavA dvitIyaprakAreNArthavyaMjanaparyAyarUpeNa dvidhA paryAyA bhvnti|"4 artha:- arthaparyAya va vyaMjanaparyAya ke bheda se bhI paryAya do prakAra kI hotI hai| (4) "paryAyAste dvedhA svbhaavvibhaavpryaaybhedaat|"15 arthaH- paryAya do prakAra kI hai- svabhAvaparyAya aura vibhaavpryaay| (5) "svabhAvaparyAyastAvat dviprakAreNocyate kAraNazuddhaparyAyaH kaaryshuddhpryaayshceti|"6 ____ arthaH- svabhAvaparyAya do prakAra kI kahI jAtI hai- kAraNazuddhaparyAya aura kaaryshuddhpryaay| kintu inameM se svabhAva-vibhAva, dravya-guNa aura artha-vyaMjana ke tIna bhedayugaloM kI hI zAstroM meM vizeSa vivakSA dikhAI par3atI hai| inako bhI hama sAmAnyataH isa prakAra kaha sakate haiM ki paryAya ke mUla bheda do haiM:- svabhAvaparyAya evaM vibhaavpryaay| phira ina donoM ke do-do prabheda haiM- dravyaparyAya evaM gunnpryaay| dravyaparyAya kA apara nAma vyaMjanaparyAya hai aura guNaparyAya kA apara nAma arthaparyAya hai| yahA~ hama 'dravyaparyAya kA apara nAma vyaMjanaparyAya hai aura guNaparyAya kA apara nAma arthaparyAya hai'- isa kathana kI puSTi hetu nimnalikhita zAstroM ke uddharaNa prastuta karanA Avazyaka samajhate haiM:(1) "vaMjaNapajjAyassa dvvttaamuvgmaado|"17 artha:- vyaMjanaparyAya ke dravyapanA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| "api coddiSTAnAmiha dezAMzairdravyaparyAyANAM hi| vyaMjanaparyAyA iti kecinnAmAntare vadati budhaaH||18 artha:- kacha vidvAna dravyaparyAyoM kA hI dasarA nAma vyaMjanaparyAya bhI kahate haiN|
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________________ 190 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha (2) "guNaparyAyANAmiha kecinnAmAntaraM vadanti budhaaH| artho guNa iti vA syAdekArthAdarthaparyAyA iti c||"19 arthaH- kucha vidvAna artha aura guNa donoM ke ekArthavAcI hone ke kAraNa guNaparyAya ko hI arthaparyAya bhI kahate haiN| paryAya ke ukta sabhI bhedoM kA svarUpa saMkSepa meM isa prakAra haiN| (ka) svabhAvaparyAya evaM vibhAvaparyAya svabhAvaparyAya sabhI dravyoM evaM sabhI guNoM meM hotI hai, kintu vibhAvaparyAya katipaya dravyoM (mAtra jIva evaM pudgala dravyoM) aura unhIM ke katipaya guNoM meM hI hotI hai|20 dravya yA guNa kI svAbhAvika avasthA ko svabhAvaparyAya kahate haiM aura svabhAva se viparIta avasthA ko vibhAvaparyAya kahate haiN| udAharaNArtha siddha avasthA, kevalajJAna, paramANu Adi svabhAvaparyAyeM haiM aura matijJAna, skandha Adi vibhAvaparyAyeM haiN| (kha) davyaparyAya evaM guNaparyAya dravyoM meM hone vAle pariNamana ko dravyaparyAya kahate haiM aura guNoM meM hone vAle pariNamana ko guNaparyAya kahate haiN| yathA siddha, manuSya, skandha Adi dravyaparyAyeM haiM aura kevalajJAna, matijJAna, kAlA, pIlA Adi guNaparyAyeM haiN| (ga) arthaparyAya evaM vyaMjanaparyAya arthaparyAya atyanta sUkSma hotI hai| use Agama-pramANa se hI jAnA jA sakatA hai| vaha pratyeka dravya ke pratyeka guNa meM pratisamaya hotI rahatI hai tathA vyaMjanaparyAya sthUla hai, prakaTa hai aura cirasthAI hai| arthaparyAya evaM vyaMjanaparyAya kA svarUpa jaina-granthoM meM isa prakAra samajhAyA gayA "sahamA avAyavisayA khaNakhaiNo atthapajjayA ditttthaa| vaMjaNajajjAyA puNa thUlA giragoyarA cirvivtthaa||121 arthaH- arthaparyAya sUkSma hai, avAya (jJAna) viSayaka hai- zabda se nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai aura kSaNa-kSaNa meM badalatI hai; kintu svayaMjanaparyAya sthUla hai, zabdagocara hai- zabda se kahI jA sakatI hai aura cirasthAI hai| paryAya aura kriyA meM antara paryAya ko kucha loga sAmAnya apekSA se kriyA bhI kaha dete haiM, para vastutaH paryAya evaM kriyA meM bar3A antara hai| kriyA halana-calana rUpa pariNamana ko hI kahate haiM, parantu paryAya vastu ke pratyeka sUkSma se sUkSma pariNamana kA nAma hai| zrImadbhaTTAkalaMkadeva ne bhI 'tatvArthavArtika' meM isa viSaya ko isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA hai "bhAvo dvividhaH parispandAtmakaH aprispndaatmkshc| tatra parispandAtmakaH kriyetyAkhyAyate, itaraH prinnaam:|22 ___arthAt bhAva do prakAra ke hote haiM- parispandAtmaka aura aprispndaatmk| parispandAtmaka ko kriyA kahate haiM aura aparispandAtmaka ko pariNAma (pryaay)|
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________________ saMdarbha 1. isase spaSTa hai ki kriyA aura pariNAma meM bar3A antara hai| paryAya isa pariNAma kA hI nAma hai| 2. 3. 4. jaina darzana meM paryAya kA svarUpa dekhie AcArya samantabhadra dvArA racita ' AptamImAMsA' ke tRtIya pariccheda kI kArikA 37 se 60 jinameM isa viSaya ko aneka tarkoM dvArA spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| tatvArthasUtra 5/30. jainendra siddhAnta koza, pR. 1/357. 'ghaTamaulisuvarNArthI nAzotpAdasthitiSvayaM / zokapramodamAdhyasthaM jano yAti sahetukam // payovrato na dadhyatti na payotti dadhivrataH / agorasavrato nobhe tasmAttattvaM trayAtmakaM / / " - AptamImAMsA, kArikA 59-60. tatvArthavArtikam 1/33/1. 6. 5. 6. AlApa paddhati 7. AcArya pUjyapAda, sarvArthasiddhi, 1/33. 8. AcArya nemicandra siddhAntacakravartI, gommaTTasAra (jIvakANDa), gAthA-572. AcArya malliSeNasUri, syAdvAdamaJjarI, 23/272 / 11. 9. 10. paJcAdhyAyI, pUrvArddha, zloka 60. 11. jainendra siddhAnta koza, pR. 3/44. 12. - - zlokavArtika - 1/33/60 (AcArya vidyAnandi). 13. AcArya jayasena, paMcAstikAya TIkA, 16/35. 14. vahI, 16/36. 15. AlApapaddhati - 3. 16. niyamasAra - TIkA, gAthA - 15. 17. AcArya vIrasena, dhavalA - 4 / 1.5.4/337. 18. paMcAdhyAyI, pUrvArddha, zloka - 63. 19. vahI, 62 20. AcArya jayasena, paMcAstikAya-TIkA 16/34/17. 21. AcArya vasunandi, zrAvakAcAra, gAthA-25 22. tatvArthavArtika, 5/22. 191
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________________ kSamA kI zakti sureza jaina AI.e.esa. (se.ni.)* krodhita honA sarala hai| koI bhI vyakti AsAnI se krodhita ho sakatA hai| kisI bhI vyakti yA vastu para apanA krodha pragaTa kara sakatA hai| kintu sahI vyakti para krodhita honA sarala nahIM hai| sahI sImA taka krodhita honA sarala nahIM hai| sahI uddezya ke lie krodhita honA sarala nahIM hai| sahI vyakti para, sahI sImA taka, sahI samaya para aura sahI uddezya ke lie krodhita honA kaThina hai| yaha sahI hai ki hamAre lie krodha kA niyaMtraNa evaM niyamana karanA kaThina avazya dikhAI detA hai, kaThina pratIta hotA hai kintu hama thor3e se prayatna, prazikSaNa aura dhairya se apane krodha ko niyamita aura niyaMtrita kara sakate haiN| aise niyaMtrita krodha ko hama kucha sImA taka kabhI-kabhI racanAtmaka svarUpa bhI pradAna kara sakate haiN| kabhI-kabhI vizeSa prayAsa kara krodha ko udita hI na hone deN| krodha utpanna hone para turaMta hI krodha ko zAMta kreN| maMda kreN| kSamA kA prayoga kreN| kSamA zizu sulabha saralatA evaM adbhuta AnaMda kI jananI hai| anubhavI, paripakva sajjana aura vRddhajana kI sajanI hai| kSamA karane kI pravRtti adbhuta mAnasika zakti aura kSamatA kI jananI hai| kSamA saMyamita jIvana kI upalabdhi evaM abhivyakti hai| kSamA kA bhAva sahanazIlatA, udAratA aura sadbhAva kA janaka hai| mahatvapUrNa naitika guNa hai| AMtarika cetanA kA zodhaka hai| kSamA hamArA bhalA karatI kSamA hamArA kalyANa karatI hai| dUsare ko kSamA karanA, apanI galatI svIkAra karanA aura dUsare se kSamAyAcanA karanA mahatvapUrNa kalA hai| isa kalA ko hama prayatna pUrvaka siikheN| dainika jIvana meM isa kalA kA upayoga kreN| hama apane hRdaya meM kSamA, maitrI aura karuNA ko bharakara rkheN| apane hRdaya se sadaiva karuNA, kSamA aura maitrI ko chalakane deN| vizva ke sabhI dharmagranthoM dvArA hamAre dainika vyavahAra meM kSamA kI mahattA evaM upayogitA ko spaSTa zabdoM meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| prAcInakAla se hI bhArata meM kSamA para aneka svataMtra pustakeM likhI gaI haiN| sahasroM varSa pUrva bhAratIya purANoM meM varNita kSamA aura pratikSamA kI aneka jIvaMta gAthAyeM paThanIya aura anukaraNIya haiN| 3. aisI gAthAeM prabhAvI DhaMga se hameM kSamA kA yaha pATha par3hAtI haiM ki kisI bhI vyakti ke prati ghRNA na rakheM doSI vyakti ko apanI icchApUrvaka kSamAkara hama adbhuta * 30, nizAta kaoNlaunI, bhopAla, ma.pra. - 462003. 2.
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________________ kSamA kI zakti 193 prasannatA, zAMti aura mukti kA anubhava kreN| hama sadaiva saMskRta ke nimnAMkita zloka kA paThana, pAThana, ciMtana aura manana kareM: satveSu maitrIM guNiSu pramodaM kliSTeSu jIveSu kRpaaprtvm| madhyastha-bhAvaM viparIta-vRttau sadA mamAtmA vidadhAtu dev|| madhyapradeza sarakAra dvArA prakAzita kakSA-7 kI bhASA bhAratI kI nimnAMkita hindI kavitA kI paMktiyoM ko ganaganAe~: maitrI bhAva meM jagata meM merA, saba jIvoM se nitya rhe| dIna-dukhI jIvoM para mere, ura se karuNA-srota bhe|| durjana-krUra-kumArgaratoM para, kSobha nahIM mujhako aae| sAmyabhAva rakkhU maiM una para, aisI pariNiti ho jaae| gaNIjanoM ko dekha hRdaya meM, mere prema umar3a aae| bane jahA~ taka unakI sevA, karake yaha mana sukha paae|| hoU~ nahIM kRtaghna kabhI maiM, droha na mere ura aae| guNa grahaNa kA bhAva rahe nita, duSTi na doSoM para jaae|| phaile prema paraspara jaga meM, auroM kA upakAra kreN| apriya kaTuka kaThora zabda nahIM, koI mukha se kahA kreN|| 5. kSamA ke bhAva hameM vikAsa ke patha para sadaiva Age bar3hAte haiN| U~cA uThAte haiN| hama kSamA karane se Arthika rUpa se lAbhAnvita hote haiN| zArIrika, mAnasika aura bhAvanAtmaka rUpa se svastha rahate haiN| apanA kArya kuzalatA pUrvaka karate haiN| jIvana meM sadaiva pragati karate haiN| apanI bhUla svIkAra karane se bhI yahI lAbha prApta hote haiN| hama Thesa pahuMcAne vAle vyakti ke sAtha mitratA kA bhAva rkheN| Thesa pahuMcAne kI ghaTanA ko yathAzIghra bhulA deN| Thesa pahu~cAne vAle ko kSamA kara deN| Thesa pahu~cAne kI ghaTanA ke bojha ko kabhI na DhoeM, kala huI ghaTanA ko kala para hI chor3a deN| aisI ghaTanA ko yathAzIghra vismRta kara deN| usako kabhI smaraNa nahIM kreN| usakI kabhI carcA na kreN| usakA kabhI smaraNa na kreN| aisI nakArAtmaka ghaTanA ke smaraNa se hamako hI kSati pahu~catI hai| kSamA kI sakhI maitrI ke bhAvoM ke vikAsa ke lie apanI vicAradhArA ko hama vizAla evaM saMvedanazIla bnaayeN| pratyeka vyakti ke prati sadbhAva rkheN| pratyeka vyakti ke sAtha sadvyavahAra kreN| apanI cetanA ko udAra aura vyApaka bnaayeN| apanI cetanA ko kSudratA aura saMkIrNatA se bcaayeN| maitrI kevala hamAre Upara hI nirbhara hotI hai| maitrI kisI dUsare vyakti para nirbhara nahIM hotI hai| maitrI se hamAre mana meM ullAsa aura utsAha kA saMcAra hotA hai| apane mitra ko dekhate hI hamAre cehare para muskAna khila jAtI hai| hamArI AMkheM camakane lagatI hai| hamArA hAtha prasannatA se mitra ke hAtha se milane ke lie Age bar3ha jAtA hai| maitrI bhAva se hamAre mana kI granthiyA~ khula jAtI haiN| hamAre vyaktitva se durAva, chipAva, tanAva aura avasAda jaise durgaNa dUra ho jAte haiN| hamArA vyaktitva sahaja, sarala, sarasa aura bhAramukta ho jAtA hai|
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________________ 194 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 7. maitrI meM krodha sadaiva bAdhaka hotA hai| krodha kI pravRtti bAdhaka hotI hai| ataH hama apane vyaktitva meM krodhita hone kI pravRtti ko panapane hI na deN| choTI-choTI bAtoM para dhyAna na deN| yadi koI vyakti hameM coTa pahuMcAtA hai, hamArA apamAna karatA hai to hama krodhita ho jAte haiN| aisI coTa aura aise apamAna ko hama apane krodha kA kAraNa banA lete haiN| isa prakAra dhIre-dhIre krodhita honA hamArI svAbhAvika pravRtti bana jAtI hai| coTa pahu~cAne vAle ke prati hama apane mana meM dveSa pAla lete haiN| dveSa hamAre zArIrika, mAnasika, bhAvanAtmaka aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko dhImA kara detA hai| kabhI-kabhI roka detA hai| 8. dveSa se bharA vyakti jIvana ke patha ke bIca meM hI aTaka jAtA hai| vaha jhuMjhalAne ko taiyAra rahatA hai| jhagaDane ko taiyAra rahatA hai| jhaMjhalAne evaM jhagaDane meM hI apane samaya aura zakti kA apavyaya karatA hai| duniyA ko dhuMdhale cazmeM se dekhatA hai| vaha sadaiva dUsare kI kamiyoM ko khojatA rahatA hai| ataH hama jhagar3e ko sulajhAne ke guNa vikasita kreN| vivAda sulajhAne kI pravRtti vikasita kreN| vivAda sulajhAne kI kSamatA vikasita kreN| apane parivAra ke sadasyoM ke sAtha kabhI vivAda yA jhagar3A na kreN| yadi kabhI choTA-moTA vivAda ho jAe to use turaMta suljhaaeN| apakAra karane vAle vyakti ke prati hama apane mana meM kisI prakAra kA tiraskAra yA pratizodha kA bhAva utpanna nahIM hone deN| yadi hama krodha pragaTa karate haiM to hamArA krodha, krodha ke rUpa meM hI hamAre pAsa turaMta lauTa AtA hai| yadi hama krodha kA vicAra bhI karate haiM to krodha se otaprota vicAra turaMta hI hamAre pAsa lauTa AtA hai| ataH hama krodha kA prabhAvI DhaMga se prabaMdhana kreN| krodha ke bhAvI aura dIrghakAlika pariNAmoM para vicAra kara krodha ko niyaMtrita kreN| krodha hamAre lakSya kI prApti meM bAdhaka hotA hai| yaha vicAra kara krodha ko viniyamita kreN| yoga aura dhyAna ke mAdhyama se krodha aura krodhAnvita pratikriyA ko zAMta kreN| dhyAna hamAre hRdaya kI dhar3akana ko upazAMta karatA hai| mastiSka kI pratikriyA ko dhImI karatA hai| 10. kSamA karane kA nirNaya lene ke lie hama svayaM sakSama hote haiN| kSamA karane ke lie hama pUrNataH uttaradAyI hote haiN| kSamA kara hama apanI pravRttiyoM ko sakArAtmaka banA sakate haiN| hama apane soca, vyavahAra aura bhAvanA ko saralatA se niyamita kara sakate haiN| hama dUsare vyakti ke soca, vyavahAra aura bhAvanA ko niyaMtrita nahIM kara sakate haiN| jaba kabhI hama socate haiM ki dasare vyakti ne apanI galatI svIkAra nahIM kI hai| ataH hama use kSamA kyoM kareM? kSamA pradAna karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai ki dUsarA vyakti apanI galatI svIkAra kreN| kSamA, kSamAkartA ke lie Avazyaka hotI hai| kSamA karane se kSamAkartA kA svAsthya zreSThatara aura zreSThatama ho jAtA hai| usakI kAryakuzalatA meM vRddhi ho jAtI hai| kSamA kA pUrNa lAbha kSamAkartA ko hI prApta hotA hai| kSamA, kSamAkartA kA bhalA karatI hai| kSamAkartA kSamA kara apane mastiSka kA bojha utArakara prasanna hotA hai|
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________________ kSamA kI zakti 195 11. kSamA karane se pIr3ita vyakti ko aparAdhI vyakti kI tulanA meM adhika lAbha hotA hai| doSI ko kSamAkara hama svayaM ko hI rAhata pahuMcAte haiN| kSamA kI auSadhi gaharAI meM jAkara hamArI coTa aura ghAva kA upacAra karatI hai| hamAre hRdaya meM prema aura sauhArda ko utpanna karatI hai, bar3hAtI hai| kSamA karane se hamArA jIvana svastha aura laMbA ho jAtA hai| hama kSamAkara bar3I rAhata prApta karate haiN| dUsarI ora doSI vyakti ko kSamA karane se usake jIvana meM naI kiraNa khila jAtI hai| hameM kSamA karane kI pravRtti apane pitAjI se virAsata meM milI hai| janma se milI hai| maiMne kSamA ke guNa aura kSamA kI kSamatA ko prabhAvI DhaMga se satata vistAra diyA hai| use nae AyAma die haiN| apane vyAvahArika jIvana meM kSamA kA prayoga kara aneka zArIrika, mAnasika, bhAvanAtmaka evaM Arthika lAbha prApta kie haiN| saMtoSajanaka anubhava prApta kie haiN| caturmukhI vikAsa ke patha para kucha paga Age bar3hAye haiN| 12. yaha sahI hai ki kSamA karanA prAyaH sarala nahIM hotA hai| vIra aura ativIra vyakti hI pUrNataH kSamA kara pAtA hai| kSamA karane ke lie nijI sAhasa kI AvazyakatA hotI hai| isIlie kSamA ko parama bala ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| samartha vyaktiyoM ke AbhUSaNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kSamA karane ke lie bhagavAna se prArthanA karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| kSamA karane kI zakti prApta karane ke lie upavAsa aura AMzika upavAsa karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| gaharI aura gaMbhIra coTa ko bharane ke lie dhairyapUrvaka satata prArthanA karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| isake lie Izvara se zakti prApta karanA Avazyaka hotA hai| 13. yadi hama kSamA nahIM karate haiN| Aveza meM rahate haiN| badalA lene kI yojanAyeM banAte rahate haiN| badale kI bhAvanA ko painI aura teja karate rahate haiN| isake pariNAma svarUpa hamArI hRdayagati bar3ha jAtI hai| hamAre blaDaprezara meM vRddhi ho jAtI hai| hamAre hAtha aura paira phUla jAte haiN| lar3akhar3Ane lagate haiN| hama udAsa aura ciMtita ho jAte haiN| samucita nIMda nahIM le pAte haiN| kSamA kA pravRtti kI pravRtti dabbUpana, vivazatA, kamajorI, mUrkhatA yA atikaruNA kI sUcaka nahIM hai| hama yaha sAmAnya bhrama na pAleM ki kSamA hameM kamajora banAtI hai| yaha bhrama sahI nahIM hai| hama apane zatru se bhI zatrutA na rkheN| usase ghRNA na kreN| usake prati sahAnubhUti rkheN| use kSamA karane kA prayAsa kreN| kSamA karane aura kSamA mAMgane meM jhijhakeM nhiiN| yadyapi apane zatru ke prati ghRNA ke sthAna para sahAnubhUti rakhanA adhika kaThina hai tadapi hamAre svayaM ke vyaktitva vikAsa ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai| 15. doSI vyakti ko bhulA denA kSamA nahIM hai| usake sAtha apane saMbaMdha samApta karanA kSamA nahIM hai| usake sAtha dUrI rakhanA kSamA nahIM hai| doSI vyakti se Age ke lie saMbaMdha tor3a lenA kSamA nahIM hai| kSamA AMtarika prakriyA hotI hai| kSamA pIr3ita vyakti dvArA doSI vyakti ko pradatta mahatvapUrNa bheMTa hotI hai| yaha bheMTa dekara kSamAkartA saMtoSa prApta karatA hai| kSamA karane ke pUrva pIr3ita vyakti doSI vyakti kI coTa se pahu~ce kaSTa ko apane
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________________ 196 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha hRdaya se nikAla detA hai| kSamA kI koI zarta nahIM hotI hai| kSamA karate samaya kyA? kauna? kyoM ? aura kaise? jaise prazna udita nahIM hote haiN| kSamA ke sAtha kintu aura parantu se nahIM jur3ate haiN| ataH hama pUrI sahI aura saccI kSamA pradAna kreN| aisI kSamA ke pazcAt bhaviSya meM punaH kSamA karane kI kabhI bhI AvazyakatA zeSa nahIM raha jAtI hai| aisI kSamA hI pavitra kSamA hotI hai| isa prakAra kSamA kara hama apane saMbaMdhoM ko ghanIbhUta banAyeM pArasparika nikaTatA bddh'aayeN| doSI vyakti ke sAtha durbhAvanA ke sthAna para sadbhAvanA vikasita kareM / usakI kabhI burAI na kareM / usakI sadA bhalAI kreN| usase nikaTatA rkheN| 16. pratizodha ke lie Avazyaka krodha aura durbhAvanA vastutaH hameM hI kSati pahu~cAtI hai|tthes pahu~cAne vAle vyakti kA smaraNa karate hI hamArA raktacApa bar3ha jAtA hai| hamAre hRdaya kI dhar3akana teja ho jAtI hai| hamAre cehare kI mAMsapeziyoM meM tanAva utpanna ho jAtA hai| hamAre hAtha-pairoM meM pasInA A jAtA hai| Thesa pahu~cAne kI ghaTanA aura Thesa pahu~cAne vAle vyakti kA smaraNa hI hameM pIr3AdAyaka hotA hai| dUsarI ora aparAdhiyoM ke prati sahAnubhUti rakhane aura unheM kSamA karane se hamArI zArIrika ugratA kama ho jAtI hai| tanAva kama ho jAtA hai| kSamA karane se hama adhika svastha ho jAte haiN| hamAre jIvana meM saMtoSa A jAtA hai| ghabarAhaTa aura becainI kama ho jAtI haiN| hamArI soca sakArAtmaka ho jAtI hai| ataH yaha Avazyaka evaM upayukta hai ki apane caturmukhI vikAsa aura Atma kalyANa ke lie hama doSI vyakti ko kSamA pradAna kreN| 17. jaba hama kSamA nahIM karate haiM taba nakArAtmaka bhAvanA ko pAle rahate haiN| Thesa pahu~cAne vAle vyakti ke prati dveSa aura ghRNA kI bhAvanA ko apane mana meM banAyeM rakhate haiM / dveSa aura ghRNA kI aisI bhAvanA hamAre zArIrika, mAnasika, bhAvanAtmaka aura AdhyAtmika vikAsa ko viparIta rUpa se prabhAvita karatI hai| ataH pratizodha lene ke lie gusse kI Aga ko jalAye na rkheN| aisI Aga ko bujhAne kA prayatna kreN| yadi hama gusse kI Aga ko bujhA nahIM pAte haiM to yaha Aga hameM hI jalAne lagatI hai| isa Aga se hama aneka bImAriyoM se pIr3ita ho jAte haiN| hamArI pratirodhaka kSamatA kama ho jAtI hai| 18. apane mana meM dveSa kI bhAvanA ko banAye rakhanA aura kSamA nahIM karanA acchI bAta nahIM hai| kSamA na karanA burI bhAvanA ko janma detA hai| yaha burI bhAvanA hamAre svAsthya para ghAtaka prabhAva DAlatI hai| badalA lene kI bhAvanA rakhane se hama mausamI bImAriyoM se pIr3ita ho jAte haiN| badalA lene kI bhAvanA aura aisI bhAvanA se utpanna IrSyA aura manamuTAva se hama dhIre-dhIre avasAdagrasta ho jAte haiN| durbhAvanA tanAva kI jananI hai| aisI durbhAvanA hamAre tana, mana aura dhana ko kSati pahu~cAtI hai| badalA na lene kI bhAvanA pavitra hotI hai| badalA lene kI bhAvanA apavitra hotI hai| ataH hama apavitra bhAvanA se mukta hokara pavitra bhAvanA apanAyeM aura zAnti prApta kreN| 19. jaba bhI hama bure anubhava kA smaraNa karate haiN| taba hama anAvazyaka rUpa se krodha ko
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________________ kSamA kI zakti 197 AmaMtrita kara lete haiN| aise krodha kA hamAre zarIra para ghAtaka prabhAva par3atA hai| yadi hama punaH-punaH bure anubhava ko smaraNa kara punaH-punaH krodhita hote haiM to hama apane zarIra para anAvazyaka rUpa se ghAtaka prabhAva DAlate haiN| krodha viSa kI bhAMti hamAre zarIra ko kSati pahu~cAtA hai| kSamA zaktizAlI davA kI bhA~ti hameM zAMti pahu~cAtI hai| kSamA svAsthya, sukha aura upalabdhi kI vaijJAnika aura sudRr3ha sIr3hI hai| sakArAtmaka ciMtana kI AdhArabhUmi hai| kSamA hamArI AMtarika zaktiyoM ko unmukta karatI hai| unheM racanAtmakatA aura prabhAvakatA pradAna karatI hai| kSamA karane se hameM pUrI saMtuSTi aura rAhata prApta hotI hai| kSamA hamArI mahatvapUrNa saMvedanA hai| kSamA kI saMvedanA ko sIkhanA aura apanAnA atyAvazyaka hai| pariNAmataH hama sadaiva kSamA karane kA nirNaya leN| kSamA karane kA nirNaya lene ke pUrva samucita aura sahI samajha ke bhAva vikasita kreN| gaMbhIratA aura lagana pUrvaka kSamA kI bhAvanA ko apane jIvana meM utaareN| apanI jIvana zailI ko racanAtmaka bnaayeN| apane jIvana ko sukhI, saMtuSTa evaM sArthaka bnaayeN| kSamA kI zakti kA udghATana kara vikAsa ke caturmukhI patha para Age bddh'eN|
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________________ Agama aura Adhunika pariprekSya meM zramaNAcAra DaoN. zreyAMsakumAra jaina* jainAgama meM zramaNa ke AcAra ko nizcaya-vyavahAracAritra ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| nizcaya cAritra ke binA makti asambhava hai| ataH AcAryoM ne nizcayacAritra kA vistArapUrvaka varNana kiyA hai kintu nizcayacAritra kI prApti vyavahAra cAritra ke binA nahIM ho sakatI hai, so vyavahAra cAritra ko bhedoM sahita Agama meM nirUpita kiyA hai| AcArya zrI kundakunda nizcayacAritra kI vivakSA se cAritra ko samajhAte haiM: cArittaM khalu dhammo dhammo jo so samotti nniddittttho| mohakkhohavihINo pariNAmo appaNo hu smo||7|| - pravacanasAra cAritra hI dharma hai tathA vaha cAritra samatAbhAvarUpa kahA gayA hai| moha aura kSobha se rahita AtmA kA pariNAma hI samatA hai| yahA~ moha aura kSobha donoM zabda vicAraNIya haiN| AcArya moha zabda ko darzana moha ke artha meM prayukta kara rahe haiM aura cAritramoha ke artha meM kSobha zabda kA prayoga kara rahe haiN| kAraNa yaha hai ki samatA rUpa cAritra dazama guNasthAna taka utpanna nahIM ho sakatA hai, kyoMki dazama guNasthAna paryanta cAritramohanIyakarma kA udaya rahatA hai| jaisA ki AcArya zrI amRtacandrasUri ne ukta gAthA kI TIkA meM hI spaSTa kiyA hai- "svarUpe caraNaM cAritraM svsmyprvRttirityrthH| tadeva ca ythaavsthitaatmgunntvaatsaamym| sAmyaM tu darzanacAritra-mohanIyodayApAditasamastamohakSobhAbhAvAdatyantanirvikAro jIvasya prinnaamH"| ___ arthAt svarUpa meM ramaNa karanA so cAritra hai| svasamaya meM pravRtti karanA yaha isakA artha hai vahI vastu kA svabhAva hone se dharma hai| zuddha caitanya kA prakAza karanA yaha isakA artha hai| vahI yathAvasthita AtmaguNa hone se (viSamatA rahita susthita AtmA kA guNa hone se) sAmya hai aura sAmya, darzanamohanIyakarma tathA cAritramohanIyakarma ke udaya se utpanna hone vAle samasta moha aura kSobha (rAgadveSa) ke abhAva ke kAraNa se atyanta nirvikAra jIva kA pariNAma hai| yahA~ moha kI abhAva dazA meM nizcayacAritra ko batAne se spaSTa hotA hai ki zuddha nizcayacAritra upazAntamoha aura kSINamoha kI avasthA meM hotA hai| yathAkhyAtacAritra hI zuddha nizcayacAritra hai| isameM moha ke cihna na hone ke kAraNa jIvAtmA meM vizuddhi vizeSa hotI * adhyakSa, saMskRta vibhAga, di. jaina kaoNleja, bar3auta (baagpt)|
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________________ Agama aura Adhunika pariprekSya meM zramaNAcAra 199 hai| yaha vizuddhi aura moha kI abhAva rUpa avasthA vartamAna ke hIna saMhananadhArI sAdhaka ke ho hI nahIM sakatI hai| Aja to zreNyArohaNa kI zakti kA bhI abhAva hai isalie nizcayacAritra kI siddhi mAnI hI nahIM jA sakatI hai, jo sAkSAt mukti lAbha karAne vAlI hotI hai| yaha satya hai ki usakA kAla nahIM hai kintu kAla ke abhAva meM vyavahAracAritra ko nirdoSa rIti se pAlana karane kI jinAjJA hai| vyavahAra ke binA nizcayacAritra kA honA asaMbhava hai| jaise latA ke binA puSpotpatti nahIM hai usI prakAra vyavahAracAritra ke binA nizcayacAritra nahIM hai| vyavahAracAritra nizcayacAritra kA kAraNa hai| vyavahAracAritra ke sAdhaka vartamAna meM vidyamAna haiN| Aja yadi mokSa nahIM hai to muniyoM yA mokSamArga kA abhAva to nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai| cAritracakravartI nAmaka graMtha meM eka prasaMga hai ki eka vyakti ne cAritracakravartI AcArya zrI zAntisAgara mahArAja ke sAmane eka prazna kiyA thA ki jaba mokSa nahIM hai to Aja sAdhu/muni banane kI kyA AvazyakatA hai? taba AcArya zrI jahA~ baiThe the vahIM eka Ama kA per3a thA use dikhAkara AcArya zrI ne usa vyakti se kahA thA ki yaha per3a kisakA hai taba prazna karane vAle ne uttara diyA ki Ama kA hai| AcArya zrI ne usase / kahA thA ki isameM Ama to nahIM phira Ama kA vRkSa kaise hai? usa samaya usa vyakti ne kahA ki abhI Ama ke phalane kA samaya nahIM hai| tabhI AcArya zrI ne usase kahA thA ki isI prakAra abhI mokSa kA samaya nhiiN| mokSa jaba bhI milegA isI muni avasthA se milegaa| isalie yaha muni avasthA Avazyaka hai| vartamAna meM isa muni mudrA ko avazya dhAraNa karanA cAhie isake dvArA mukti kA mArga prazasta hogaa| isake lie hI vyavahAracAritra kA nirdoSa pAlana bhI avazya hI karanA caahie| aba mokSamArga para Age bar3hAne vAle isI vyavahAracAritra ko Agama ke pariprekSya meM pratipAdita kiyA jA rahA hai saMsAra zarIra bhogoM se nirviNNa mumukSu ghara ke sAtha samasta parigraha se antaraMga-bahiraMga sambandha tyAgakara paJcAcAra pAlaka AcArya ke pAsa jAkara dIkSA pradAna karane kA nivedana karatA hai| bandhu-bAndhavoM se AjJA lekara Aye hue bhavya prANI kI parIkSA karake AcArya zreSTha use dIkSita karate haiN| sAdhaka apane vastra Adi samagra parigraha kA tyAga kara hiMsA se bacane ke lie mayUra picchikA grahaNa karate haiN| zuddhi ke lie kamaNDalu grahaNa karake paMca mahAvratoM kA samyak AcaraNa karatA hai| Atma prabhAvanA karate hue jJAnAbhyAsa ke lie zAstra apane pAsa meM rakhate haiN| pIchI, kamaNDalu aura zAstra ke atirikta kisI bhI padArtha ko apane pAsa na rakhakara sadA paidala vihAra karate haiN| inakA vihAra nirantara calatA hai| cArtumAsa meM cAra mAha eka sthAna para rahakara sAdhanA karate haiN| anya samaya meM nagara meM pAMca dina aura grAma meM eka dina rukakara zrAvakoM ko kalyANa kA mArga batAte haiN| jisa kisI nagara ke sadgRhastha ke ghara zuddha bhojana vidhi anusAra mila jAtA hai to vahIM para bhojana grahaNa karate haiN| bhojana-zayana ke alAvA zeSa samaya AtmadhyAna, svAdhyAya, zAstracarcA yA upadeza Adi meM vyatIta karane vAle sAdhu hote haiN| sAdhu kA svarUpa spaSTa karate hue ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra meM kahA gayA hai
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________________ 200 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha viSayAzAvazAtIto niraarbhbho'prigrhH| jJAnadhyAnataporaktastapasvI sa prshsyte||10|| arthAta jo indriyoM kI viSaya-vAsanAoM se alipta ho. khetI. vyApAra, udyoga tathA bhojanAdi ke Arambha-kAryoM se alaga rahatA hai, kisI bhI prakAra kA raMcamAtra parigraha jisake pAsa na ho, jo jJAnAbhyAsa karane meM tathA AtmadhyAna meM lagA rahatA ho, aisA tapasvI sAdhu prazaMsanIya hai| digambara sAdhu kI sAdhutA hI prazaMsanIya kyoM hai? isake pIche kAraNa yaha hai ki bAhya parigraha parityAga meM vastra kA tyAga karanA ati kaThina hai| jaisA ki hindI ke eka kavi ne kahA bhI hai dhana-mAna mAyA tyAganA to hai bar3A AsAna, chor3anA apanI jamIM maMkA bhI hai bhale aasaan| bandhu bAndhava aura nArI chor3a sakatA hai manuja para vastra taja honA digambara nahIM hai aasaan|| digambaratva se Azaya hai moha mAyA ke sAtha vastra kA tyAga krnaa| digambara sAdhu bAhya padArthoM meM to mucrchA bhAva rakhatA hI nahIM, vaha to zarIra meM bhI mamatva nahIM rakhatA hai| paJcendriyoM ke viSayoM se virakta hokara 28 mala guNoM kA samyakarItyA pAlana kara apanI AtmA ko vizuddha karane meM prayatnavAn rahatA hai| mUlaguNoM ke pAlana se zarIra para Atmavizuddhi karanA hI sAdhuoM kA dhyeya hotA hai| mUlaguNoM ko batalAte hue digambarAcArya zrI kundakunda svAmI ne kahA hai vadasamididiyarodho loco aavaasymcelmnnhaannN| khidisayaNamadaMtavaNaM ThidibhoyaNameyabhattaM c|| arthAt paJca mahAvrata (ahiMsA, satya, acaurya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha) paJca samiti (IryA, bhASA, eSaNA, AdAnanikSepaNa aura utsarga) paMcendriyarodha (sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu aura zrotra) ina pAMcoM indriyoM ke vazIbhUta nahIM honaa| kezaluMcana, SaD Avazyaka (samatAbhAva, stuti, vandanA, svAdhyAya, pratikramaNa aura kAyotsarga) acelakatva, asnAna, bhUmizayana, adantadhAvana, khar3e-khar3e bhojana karanA aura dina meM eka hI bAra anya jala grahaNa krnaa| ye aTThAIsa mUlaguNa zramaNAcAra kI prAthamikatA haiN| Agama ke anusAra inakA pAlana karanA sAdhu kA anivArya dharma hai| inameM yatkicit doSa hone arthAt eka yA do mUlaguNa meM zithilatA hone para pulAka Adi saMjJAoM se abhihita kiyA jAtA hai| pulAka, vakuza, kuzIla (kaSAyakuzIla aura pratisevanAkuzIla) nigraMtha aura snAtaka sabhI bheda bhAvaliMgI munirAja ke hI haiN| hA~ mUlaguNoM kI upekSA kara Arambha parigraha meM lipta hone vAle sAdhu ko mokSamArga meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai jo Arambha parigraha se dUra hai, apanI caryA kA pAlana karate haiM, ve hI mokSamArga meM calane vAle haiM, jaisA ki kahA bhI gayA hai
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________________ Agama aura Adhunika pariprekSya meM zramaNAcAra - mokSapAhuDa - 80 NiggaMthaM mohamukkA bAvIhaparisahA jiyksaayaa| pAvAraMbhaM vimukkA te gahIyA mokkhamaggammi || jo parigraha se rahita haiN| putra, mitra, strI Adi ke sneha se rahita haiN| 22 parISahoM ko sahana karane vAle haiN| kaSAyoM ko jItane vAle haiM tathA pApa aura Arambha se dUra haiN| ve mokSamArga meM aMgIkRta haiN| zramaNa hI duHkhoM se mukta ho pAte haiN| jaisA ki kundakundAcArya ne kahA haievaM paNamiya siddhe jiNavaravasahe puNo puNo samaNe / paDivajjadu sAmmaNaM jadi icchadi dukkhaparimokkhaM |120|| yadi duHkhoM se mukta hone kI icchA hai to bAra-bAra siddhoM ko, arhantoM ko tathA zramaNoM ko namaskAra karake yatidharma ko aMgIkAra kro| pravacanasAra 201 Agama meM kahA gayA hai ki sAdhu kA dravyaliMga yA zarIra kA cihna pAMca vizeSaNoM sahita jAnanA cAhie - parigraha rahita pUrNa rUpa se nagna hotA hai, mastaka aura dAr3hI mUMchoM ke zRMgAra sambandhI rAgAdi doSoM ko haTAne ke lie mastaka dAr3hI aura mUMchoM ke kezoM ke loMca sahita, caitanya camatkAra ke virodhI sarva pApa yogoM se rahita, mamatA Arambha karane ke bhAva se rahita tathA upayoga aura dhyAna kI zuddhi sahita para dravya kI apekSA rahita mokSa kA kAraNa rUpa munirAja kA bhAvaliMga hotA hai / bhAvaliMga hI mukti kA kAraNa hai kintu bhAvaliMga dravyaliMga ke sAtha hotA hai| jo ekadeza saMyamI aura asaMyamI kI dravyaliMgI saMjJA Agama hai usase abhinna zarIra kI racanA aura liMga ko grahaNa kiyA hai| samAja ke madhya dravyaliMga ko hI mokSamArgI svIkAra kara liyA jAtA hai aura usako pUjyatA bhI pradAna kI jAtI hai| samAja ko bhAvaliMga ko pahacAnane kI yogyatA nahIM hotI hai isalie samAja ko dravyaliMga ko bahumAna denA ucita hai| samAja to muniliMga ke bAhya upakaraNoM ko dekhakara vinaya kare yaha Avazyaka hai kintu sAdhu/muni ko apane pariNAmoM kI saMbhAla karane kA karttavya hai| yadi pariNAmoM ke rAga-dveSa kI sthiti ke sAtha parigraha ke prati cAha rahatI hai to vaha apramatta-pramatta guNasthAnoM se girakara dravyaliMgI ho jAtA hai| bhAvaliMga zUnya dravyaliMga mAtra se kalyANa hone vAlA nahIM hai| sAdhu ko apane zarIra ke Azraya se rahane vAle ratnatraya kI sthiratA avazya rakhanI cAhie jaisA ki AcArya zrI kundakunda ne kahA hai Na ya hodi mokkhamaggo liMgaM jaM dehaNimmamA arihA / liMgaM muttu daMsaNaNANa carittANi sevate / / dravyaliMga mAtra hI mokSamArga nahIM hai apitu usa liMga/zarIra ke AdhAra se rahane vAlA jo ratnatraya hai, usI se mokSa prApta hotA hai| ataH bhAva sahita usa dravyaliMga ko svIkAra kara usake mAdhyama se abheda ratnatraya ko prApta kara usameM sthiratA prApti ke lie sadA prayAsarata rahanA caahie| ratnatraya kI sthiratA ke lie paripUrNa zramaNa honA ati Avazyaka hai| pravacanasAra meM paripUrNa zramaNa ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai
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________________ 202 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha caradi Nivaddho NicvaM samaNo NANammi dNsnnmuhmmi| caryA kA paripAlana kareM to mokSamArga kI saccI prabhAvanA hotI rhegii| zramaNa kA mUla uddezya vibhAva se haTakara svabhAva meM ramaNa karanA hai| parabhAva se haTakara svabhAva meM AnA pradarzana nahIM Atmadarzana hai| laukika kAryoM ke lie dIkSA kA vidhAna nahIM hai apitu kevala AtmavikAsa ke lie pravajyA grahaNa karane kA vidhAna AcAryoM ne batAyA hai syAdvAda-kauzala sunizcalasaMyamAbhyAM yo bhAvayatyaharahaH svmihopyuktH| jJAnakriyAnaya paraspara tIvra maitrI pAtrIkRtaH zrayati bhUmimimAM sa ek|| - samayasAra kalaza, 267 - syAdvAda kI kuzalatA aura nizcala saMyama ke dvArA jo muni niraMtara apane meM upayoga lagAkara AtmA kA anubhava karatA hai tathA jJAna naya aura kriyA (AcaraNa) naya kI paraspara aTUTa maitrI ne jise pAtra banAyA hai, vaha isa utkRSTa zuddhopayoga, zukladhyAna athavA nirvikalpa anubhava kA Azraya letA hai| arthAt Atma vikAsa ko prApta hotA hai| zramaNa ke lie bAhya zauca kI apekSA AdhyAtmika zuddhi kA vizeSa mahatva batAyA gayA hai| isameM paMcamuSTi loMca, jIvana kI antima sAdhanA, pAdopagamana Adi kA ullekha hai| sAdhanA kA parama bAdhaka tatva Asakti hai| Asakti se patana avazyambhAvI hai| viSaya bhoga nandIphala kI taraha bhale hI madhura pratIta hoM kintu ve jIvana ko samApta karane vAle hote haiN| jisa zramaNa ke AcAra meM nirmalatA hotI hai, vahI vijJa hai aura AcAra kA sahI rUpa se pAlana karane vAlA hai| jo bhogAsakta hotA hai, indriyoM ke adhIna hotA hai| usakI vahI sthiti hotI hai jaisI sundara harI ghAsa khAne vAle bakare kI hotI hai| saMyamIvRtti-gocarI, bhrAmarI, gartapUraNikA, akSamrakSaNa kahI gaI haiM, vaha zrAvaka ke ghara AhAra letA hai dAtA ke dvArA jo yogya padArtha diyA jAtA hai use santoSa se grahaNa karatA hai aura dAtA ko na dekhakara AhAra ko zodhatA hai| isa prakAra AhAra vihAra caryA meM nipuNa sAdhu prAyaH tapazcaraNa meM nirata rahate haiM aura saMvara nirjarA dvArA mokSamArga ko prazasta karate haiM aparAjitasUri gAthA-7 kI utthAnikA meM likhate haiM- 'tapo nirjarAM mukteranuguNAM karoti sati cAritre saMvarakAriNi nAnyatheti drshyti|' saMvara ko karane vAle caritra ke hone para hI tapa mukti ke anukUla nirjarA karatA hai| bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM hI yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki vastutaH cAritra hI eka ArAdhanA hai, isI meM jJAna, darzana aura tapa ArAdhita ho jAte haiM anya ArAdhanAoM ke hone para cAritra ArAdhanA bhajanIya hai arthAt hotI hai aura nahIM bhii'| isa prakAra zramaNa ko cAritra pAlana kI mukhyatA darzAyI gaI hai| sAdhuoM kI caryA Agama sammata hI zreSTha kahI gayI hai, vahI mAnya bhI hai kintu samprati samAja ke bIca rahane vAle kucheka sAdhakoM ko kriyAeM Agama se sarvathA bAhya haiN| Aja arthayuga hai isase gRhastha kA prabhAvita honA alaga bAta hai kintu sAdhu ko to artha/dhanAdi se kisI bhI rUpa meM prabhAvita nahIM honA caahie| atyanta du:kha kA viSaya hai ki vartamAna meM kucha munijana dhanAdi
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________________ Agama aura Adhunika pariprekSya meM zramaNAcAra 203 kI giraphta meM phaMsa gaye haiN| tRSNA AkAza kI taraha ananta hai, vaha kabhI pUrNa nahIM hotI hai| jo zramaNa ke lie hAniprada hI nahIM apitu zramaNa saMskRti vighAtaka hai| Adhunika samaya meM sAdhaoM meM eka badalAva AyA hai jisase bIsa varSa purAnI sAdhuoM kI caryA Aja bilkula badalI huI dikhatI hai| Agama kI AjJA kA pAlana karate hue pUrva meM sAdhu vana / jinamandira tIrthakSetra / dharmazAlA Adi sthAnoM para rahakara dharmArAdhanA meM tatpara rahate the| vartamAna meM bhI Agama kI AjJA kA pAlana karane vAle sAdhaka prAcIna RSiyoM-muniyoM kI bhA~ti vasatikAoM meM rahate haiN| AhAra caryA ke lie hI zrAvakoM ke gharoM para jAte haiN| nirdoSa caryA kA pAlana karate haiM kintu kucha sAdhuoM ke dvArA mahAnagaroM meM cArtumAsa yA dhArmika AyojanoM ke nimitta praveza kiyA jAtA hai aura vahA~ unheM mandira/dharmazAlAe~ nivAsa ke lie upayukta nahIM lagatI haiM ata Thaharate haiN| koThI kI eka maMjila meM gRhastha aura dUsarI meM sAdhu nivAsa karate haiN| paraspara meM rAta-dina vArtA calatI rahatI hai| isI se caryA meM badalAva A jAtA hai| zrAvakoM ke lie maMtra auSadhi Adi batAkara/dekara unase AdAna-pradAna taka vyavahAra zurU ho jAtA hai| sAdhu kI karaNIya zuddha bhAvanA se bahuta dUrI ho jAtI hai| yaMtra maMtra taMtra vidyAoM kI pravRtti bar3ha jAtI hai jisakA AcAryoM ne sarvathA niSedha kiyA hai aura sAdhu ko gRhasthoM se dUra rahakara zuddhAtmA kI bhAvanA meM rata rahane ko kahA gayA hai| zramaNa ko apane dharma kA vidhivat pAlana karane hetu laukika janoM ke saMsarga ko nahIM rakhanA caahie| laukika kAryoM meM ruci rakhane vAloM kI saMyama sAdhanA nirarthaka ho jAtI hai aura unheM zramaNadharma kA pAlaka hI nahIM mAnA jAtA hai NiggaMthaM pavvaido vaTTadi jadi ehi gehi kmmehi| so logigotti bhaNido saMjamatavasaMpajutto vi||691 -pra0sA0 nirgrantha dIkSA kA dhAraka hokara muni yadi isa loka sambandhI jyotiSa-vaidyaka tathA taMtra-maMtra Adi kAryoM meM pravartatA hai to vaha saMyama aura tapa se yukta hokara bhI laukika kahA gayA hai| AcArya jayasena svAmI ne bhI zaddhAtmA ke abhedajJAna kI bhAvanA karane kI preraNA dete hue kahA hai ki jyotiSa maMtra taMtra kA Azraya paramAtmA kI bhAvanA kA nAza karane vAlA hai- "jyotiSka maMtravAda rasasiddhayAdIni yAni khaNDa vijJAnAni mUDhajIvAnAM ciccamatkArakAraNAni paramAtmabhAvanAvinAzakAni ca tatrAgrahaM tyaktvA jagattrayakAlatrayasakalavastuyugapatprakAzakamavinazvaramakhaNDaikapratibhAsarUpaM sarvajJazabdavAcyaM yatkevalajJAnaM tasyaivotpatti kAraNabhUtaM yatsamastarAgAdivikalpajAlena rahitaM sahajazuddharAtmano'bhedajJAnaM tatra bhAvanA karttavyA iti"| jyotiSa, maMtra, vAda, rasa siddhi Adi ke jo khaNDajJAna haiM tathA jo mUr3ha jIvoM ke citta meM camatkAra karane ke kAraNa haiM aura jo paramAtmA kI bhAvanA ke nAza karane vAle haiM una sarva jJAnoM meM Agraha yA haTha tyAga karake tIna jagat va tIna kAla kI sarvavastuoM ko eka samaya meM prakAza karane vAle avinAzI tathA akhaNDa aura eka rUpa se udyota rUpa tathA sarvajJatva zabda se kahane yogya jo kevalajJAna hai, usakI hI utpatti kA kAraNa jo sarva
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________________ 204 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha rAgadveSAdi vikalpajAloM se rahita svAbhAvika zuddhAtmA kA abhedajJAna arthAt svAnubhavarUpa jJAna hai, usameM bhAvanA karanI yogya hai| isa prakAra kI zAstrAjJA kA ullaMghana kara maMtra taMtra vidyA meM hI samaya lagAyA jA rahA hai| isake alAvA nirmANa yojanAoM ko prAthamikatA dI jA rahI hai| sAmAjika cintana zAstrAdhyayana Adi kA sthAna vAstuvidyA aura gRhasthoM ke sAtha kI vArtA letI jA rahI hai| sAdhu nagaroM ke madhya Azrama yA nivAsa yogya bhavana Adi ke nirmANa kI preraNA hI samAja ko nahIM de rahe haiM apitu gaharI ruci lekara usa kArya ko pUrA karA rahe haiM jabaki AtmAnuzAsana meM sAdhuoM dvArA vana meM nivAsa ko chor3akara grAma athavA nagara ke samIpa rahane para kheda prakaTa karate hue kahA hai- "jisa prakAra mugAdi rAtri ke samaya siMhAdi ke bhaya se gAMva ke nikaTa A jAte haiM, usI prakAra isa kalikAla meM munijana vana ko chor3akara gAMvoM ke samIpa rahane lage haiM, yaha kaSTakara hai| aba yadi grAmAdi meM rahane se kAlAntara meM striyoM ke kaTAkSa rUpI luTeroM ke dvArA sAdhu kA tapa haraNa kara liyA jAya to sAdhu caryA kI apekSA gRhastha jIvana hI zreSTha hai"| aba yahA~ taka sunane aura dekhane meM A rahA hai ki khyAti lAbha pUjA kI cAha meM koI-koI muni zreSTha cAritradhArI kI nindA bhI karate haiM apanI prazaMsA kara zrAvakoM ko apanA bhakta banAne meM lage hue haiN| apane muni svarUpa kI maryAdA kA pAlana nahIM kara rahe haiN| isa pravRtti vAloM ke viSaya meM AcArya zrI kundakunda ne kahA hai ki jo muni jina zAsana meM sthita uttama zramaNa ko dekhakara dveSa bhAva se usakI burAI karatA hai tathA vinayAdi kriyAoM meM anumati nahIM karatA hai, vaha nizcaya se naSTa cAritra hai| ___ina Agama vAkyoM ko jAnakara munirAjoM ko doSa pUrNa kriyAoM kA parityAga kara zramaNAcAra ko AgamAnusAra hI pAlana karanA zreSTha hai usI se Atma prabhAvanA ke sAtha jinadharma prabhAvanA hogii| vartamAna meM sAdhuoM kI sthAyI nivAsa kI pravRtti dharma aura Agama ke apalApa kA nimitta banatI jA rahI hai| yadyapi vItarAgI sAdhakoM ke lie sthAna kA koI mahatva nahIM hotA hai / tathApi una vasatikAoM kA niSedha kiyA gayA hai jo vasatikA dhyAna evaM adhyayana meM bAdhAkAraka ho, mohotpAdaka hoM, kuzIla saMsakta (zarAbI, juAri, cora, vezyA, nRtyazAlA Adi se yukta) hoM, striyoM evaM anya jIvana-jantuoM kI bAdhA se yukta hoM, devI-devatAoM ke mandiroM se yukta hoM, rAjamArga, bagIcA, jalAzaya Adi sAmAjika sthAnoM ke samIpa hoM, telI, kumhAra, dhobI, naTa Adi ke gharoM ke pAsa ho| sAdhuoM ke lie ukta sthAna ayogya batAye gaye haiN| isakA tAtparya hai ki sAdhuoM zAnta sthAna meM hI rahanA cAhie tabhI unake dvArA dhyAna sAdhanA karanA sambhava hai| vartamAna meM samaya ko doSa diyA jAtA hai jo ucita nahIM hai| Aja bhI mokSamArga hai| laukAntika aura saudharmendra Adi padoM ko agalI paryAya meM dhAraNa karane kI yogyatA vAle sAdhaka isa paMcama kAla meM yahA~ hote haiM aura vartamAna sAdhakoM meM sAdhanA dvArA caturthakAlIna sAdhakoM se bhI adhika karma nirjarA kI sAmarthya hai| ataH sAdhakoM ko Adhunika vAtAvaraNa se prabhAvita na hokara Agama meM pratipAdita zramaNadharma ko zAnti tathA kalyANa kA mArga
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________________ Agama aura Adhunika pariprekSya meM zramaNAcAra 205 aMgIkAra kara yahA~ AcaraNa karanA caahie| zramaNa jIvana sarvazreSTha hotA hai| gRhastha vratoM kA pAlana karatA huA pratipala/pratikSaNa yahI cintana karatA hai ki vaha dina kaba AyegA jisa dina maiM zramaNadharma ko grahaNa kara apane jIvana ko sArthaka kruuNgaa| sAdhanA ke anukUla vAtAvaraNa pAne ke lie gRhavAsa kA tyAga aura veSa parivartana karanA Avazyaka hai| Antarika jIvana kI pUrNa zuddhi gRhastha jIvana meM saMbhava nahIM hai| AdhyAtmika samutkarSa ke lie bAhya vAtAvaraNa bhI apekSita hai| yadi sAdhaka ko anukUla vAtAvaraNa nahIM milatA hai to mArga meM hI idhara-udhara bhaTaka jAtA hai| ataeva yogya vAtAvaraNa Avazyaka hI nahIM anivArya bhI hai| sandarbhaH 1. Apiccha baMdhuvaggaM, vimocido gurukalatta - puttehiN| Asijja nnaann-dsnn-crittviiriyaayaa| samaNaM gaNiM guNaDDhaM kulruuvvyovisitttthmitttthdrN| samaNehiM taMpi paNado paMDiccha maMcedi annughido|| prava. 202 evaM 205 bhagavatI ArAdhanA-71 pravacanasAra - 205-206 ahavA cArittArAhaNAe ArAhiyaM havai svvN| ArAhaNAe sesassa cArittArAhaNA bhjjaa||8|| bha.A. itastatazca trasyanto vibhAvaryA yathA mRgaaH| vanAviMzatyupagrAmaM kalau kaSTaM tpsvinH||197|| varaM gArhasthyamevAdya tapaso bhaavijnmnH| zva: striikttaaksslunnttaaklopyvairaagysmpdH||198|| - AtmAnuzAsana dhavalA 13/5, 4.26 15.20/66 7. bhagavatI ArAdhanA - 228, 229, 663, 635 pravacanasAra - 263
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________________ zramaNAcAra viSayaka granthoM meM muni-AryikAoM kI vandanA-vidhi DaoN. kamaleza kumAra jaina* mokSamArga meM vinaya kA viziSTa sthAna hai| isIliye AcAryoM ne bhinna-bhinna sthAnoM para bhinna-bhinna dRSTikoNoM se ise grahaNa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| SoDazakAraNa bhAvanAoM ke antargata dvitIya bhAvanA vinayasampannatA hai| aura isake sambandha meM kahA gayA hai kivinayasampannatA eka bhI hokara solaha avayavoM se sahita hai, ataH usa eka hI vinayasampannatA se manuSya tIrthakara nAmakarma ko bA~dhate haiN| isI prakAra daza dharmoM ke antargata mArdavadharma ko dvitIya dharma ke rUpa meM arthAt vinamratA ke bhAva ko aMgIkAra karane evaM ahaMkAra ko tyAgane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| muni ke liye avazya karaNIya dvAdaza tapoM meM bhI antaraMga rUpa jo chaH tapa kahe gaye haiM, unameM dvitIya tapa ke rUpa meM vinaya tapa ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| aura usake jJAna, darzana, cAritra aura upacAra-ye cAra vinaya ke bheda kahe gaye haiN| kinhIM-kinhIM AcAryoM ne ukta cAra ke atirikta tapovinaya ko bhI svIkAra kiyA hai|| mUlAcAra meM vinaya karane ke pA~ca kAraNoM kA ullekha hai, jinameM loka ke anukUla pravRtti ko lokAnuvRtti nAmaka prathama vinaya, prayojana vizeSa ke vazIbhUta hokara kI gaI vinaya ko dvitIya arthavinaya, kAmAnuSThAna hetu kI gaI vinaya ko kAmataMtra nAmaka tRtIya vinaya, bhaya ke kAraNa kI gaI vinaya ko bhaya nAmaka caturtha vinaya, aura mokSaprApti hetu kI gaI vinaya ko mokSa nAmaka paMcama vinaya kahA hai| Age vinaya ke ina pA~ca bhedoM ke svarUpa Adi kA bhI vivecana mUlAcAra meM vistAra se kiyA gayA hai| punaH mokSa vinaya ke pUrvokta darzana, jJAna, cAritra, tapa aura upacAra- ye pA~ca bheda kahe haiN| mokSa mArga meM inhIM pA~ca vinayoM kA mahatva svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki vinaya dharma kA mUla hai| malAcAra meM kahA gayA hai ki- vinaya se rahita vyakti kI sampUrNa zikSA nirarthaka hai| zikSA kA phala vinaya hai aura vinaya kA phala samasta kalyANa hai| AcArya vasunandI ke anusAra yahA~ samasta kalyANa kA tAtparya paJca kalyANakoM se hai| ve likhate haiM ki vinayaphalaM srvklyaannaanybhyudyni:shreyssukhaani| athavA * prophesara evaM adhyakSa, jaina-bauddhadarzana vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vaaraannsii|
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________________ zramaNAcAra viSayaka granthoM meM muni-AryikAoM kI vandanA-vidhi 207 svargAvataraNajanmaniSkramaNakevalajJAnotpatti-parinirvANAdIti klyaannaadiiniini| Age ve likhate haiM ki viNao mokkhaddAraM viNayAdo saMjamo tavo nnaannN| viNaeNA rAhijjadi Airiyo savvasaMgho y"| arthAt vinaya mokSa kA dvAra hai| vinaya se saMyama, tapa aura jJAna kI prApti hotI hai| vinaya se AcArya aura sarvasaMgha kI ArAdhanA hotI hai| mokSamArga meM kAryakArI aisI vinaya ko municaryA kA anivArya aMga svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yataH vinaya antaraMga tapoM meM parigaNita hai, ata: jisa kisI ke sAmane avamAnanApUrvaka athavA pramAdapUrvaka zira jhukA denA vinaya tapa nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki yaha vinaya tapa bhI municaryA kA aMga hai| itanA hI nahIM, apitu muniyoM ke jina aTThAisa mUlaguNoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, unameM SaDAvazyakoM ke antargata vandanA tRtIya Avazyaka malagaNa hai| isameM mani mana, vacana aura kAya se tIrthakarAdi evaM zikSA-dIkSA-pradAtA gurujanoM/AcAryoM ke prati bahumAna prakaTa karatA hai| ___ arahanta pratimA, siddha pratimA, tapoguru, zrutaguru, guNaguru, dIkSAguru aura dIkSA meM jyeSTha muni ko mana, vacana kI zuddhi sahita kAryotsargapUrvaka siddhabhakti, zrutabhakti tathA gurubhakti karate hue praNAma karanA vandanA hai| ise kRtikarma bhI kahA jAtA hai| jisa akSarasamUha se yA pariNAma se yA kriyA se AThoM karmoM kA kartana yA chedana hotA hai use kRtikarma kahate haiM arthAt pApa ke vinAza ke upAya kA nAma kRtikarma hai| mUlAcArakAra ne kRtikarma para vibhinna dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA hai| tathA isa sandarbha meM nimna nau prazna upasthita kiye haiN|5 1. kRtikarma kauna kare? 2. kisakA kare? 3. kisa vidhi se kare? 4. kisa avasthA meM kare? 5. kitanI bAra kare? 6. kitanI avanatiyoM se kare? arthAt kRtikarma karate samaya kitane bAra jhukanA cAhiye? 7. kitane bAra mastaka para hAtha rakhakara kare? 8. kitane AvartoM se zuddha hotA hai? 9. vaha kRtikarma kitane doSa rahita kare? ina nau praznoM kA saMkSipta samAdhAna isa prakAra hai16 1. saMyamI vyakti kRtikarma kA adhikArI hai| 2. arahanta aura siddha kI pratimA tathA tapaguru, zrutaguru aura guNaguru tathA jo dIkSA meM jyeSTha hai usakA katikarma kre| 3. paryakAsana athavA kAyotsarga mudrA meM kRtikarma karanA caahie|
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________________ 208 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 4. jo muni-AcArya paryakAsana meM sukhapUrvaka baiThA ho, use kRtikarma kre| 5. pUrvAhna evaM aparAhna- ina do kAloM meM kre| 6. do avanati se kRtikarma kre| sAmAyika ke prArambha aura anta meM tathA thossAmi daNDaka ke prArambha aura ananta meM-isa prakAra cAra bAra zironatipUrvaka kRtikarma kre| 8. sAmAyika ke prArambha meM tIna aura anta meM tIna, isI prakAra caturviMzatistava ke prArambha aura anta meM tIna-tIna- isa prakAra kula bAraha AvoM se kRtikarma kre| 9. battIsa doSoM7 se rahita hokara kRtikarma kre| paNDitapravara AzAdhara ne nikSepoM kI apekSA vandanA ke chaH bheda kiye haiM- nAma vandanA, sthApanA vandanA, dravya vandanA, kAla vandanA, kSetra vandanA aura bhAva vndnaa| arhanta Adi meM se kisI bhI eka pUjya puruSa kA nAma uccAraNa athavA stavana Adi nAma vandanA hai| jina pratimA kA stavana sthApanA vandanA hai| jina bhagavAna ke zarIra kA stavana dravya vandanA hai, jisa bhUmi meM koI kalyANaka huA ho, usa bhUmi kA stavana kSetra-vandanA hai aura bhagavAna ke guNoM kA stavana bhAva-vandanA hai| saMsAra se bhayabhIta, nirAlasI zramaNa AcArya, pravartaka, upAdhyAya, gaNI, sthavira tathA ratnatraya ke vizeSa rUpa se ArAdhakoM kI mAna rahita hokara vandanA karanI caahiye| yadi AcArya dezAntara meM hoM to muniyoM ko karmakANDa meM kahI gayI vidhi ke anusAra pravartaka Adi kI vandanA karanI caahiye| yadi ve bhI dUra hoM to muniyoM ko jo apane se dIkSA meM jyeSTha muni hoM unakI vandanA karanI caahie| deza saMyamI zrAvakoM aura muniyoM ko kisakI vandanA nahIM karanI cAhiye? isakA nirdeza dete hue paNDitapravara AzAdhara jI likhate haiM ki- muni kI to bAta hI kyA, yathokta anuSThAna karate hue zrAvaka ko bhI mAtA-pitA, zikSA guru, dIkSA guru aura rAjA yadi asaMyamI hoM to unakI vandanA nahIM karanI caahiye| tathA tApasa Adi aura pArzvastha Adi kuliGgiyoM kI va rudra Adi aura zAsana devatA Adi bhUdevoM kI bhI vandanA nahIM karanI caahie| aura zrAvaka yadi zAstropadeza kA adhikArI bhI ho to bhI usakI vandanA muni ko nahIM karanI caahiye| saMyamI sAdhu ko saMyamI sAdha kI vandanA bhI vandanA ke yogya kAla meM jaba vandanIya sAdhu acchI taraha se baiThe hoM, taba unakI anujJA lekara karanI caahiye| yadi vandanIya sAdhu kisI vyAkulatA meM hoM, yA bhojana karate hoM, yA mala-mUtra tyAga karate hoM, yA asAvadhAna hoM, yA apanI ora unmukha na hoM to vandanA nahIM karanI caahiye| vandanA ke kAla ke sandarbha meM AzAdhara jI likhate haiM ki- prAta:kAla meM prAta:kAlIna anuSThAna karane ke pazcAt kriyAkANDa meM kahe huye vidhAna ke anusAra AcArya Adi kI vandanA karanI caahiye| madhyAhna meM deva vandanA ke pazcAt vandanA karanI caahiye| aura sandhyA ke samaya pratikramaNa karake vandanA karanI caahiye| sAtha hI pratyeka naimittika
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________________ zramaNAcAra viSayaka granthoM meM muni AryikAoM kI vandanA - vidhi kriyA ke anantara vandanA karanI cAhiye 23 | AcArya aura ziSya meM tathA doSa saMyamiyoM meM paraspara vandanA aura prativandanA kI vidhi kyA ho ? isakA vivecana karate huye paNDita pravara AzAdhara jI likhate haiM ki- sabhI nitya aura naimittika kRtikarma ke prArambha meM ziSya ko AcArya kI vandanA karanI cAhiye aura usake uttara meM AcArya ko ziSya kI vandanA karanI caahiye| isake sivAya mArga meM anya yatiyoM ko dekhane para paraspara meM vandanA - prativandanA karanI caahiye| sAtha hI mala-tyAga ke pazcAt tathA kAryotsarga ke pazcAt yatiyoM ko dekhane para paraspara meM vandanA - prativandanA karanI cAhiye / yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki khar3e hokara donoM kuhaniyoM ko peTa ke Upara rakhakara tathA donoM hAthoM ko mukulita karanA vandanA mudrA hai tathA isI sthiti meM donoM hAthoM kI aMguliyoM ko paraspara meM milAnA muktAzukti mudrA hai 25 | Avazyaka karane vAle ko vandanA karate samaya vandanA mudrA kA prayoga karanA cAhiye 2 | vijayodayA TIkA meM AcArya aparAjitasUri ne jina daza kalpoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, unameM sAtaveM kalpa kA vivecana karate hue ve kahate haiM ki- cirakAla se dIkSita aura pA~ca mahAvratoM kI dhArI AryikA se tatkAla dIkSita purUSa bhI jyeSTha hotA hai| isa prakAra puruSa kI jyeSThatA sAtavA~ sthiti kalpa hai| puruSatva kahate haiM saMgraha, upakAra aura rakSA karane meM samartha honaa| dharma puruSa ke dvArA kahA gayA hai isaliye puruSa kI jyeSThatA hai| isaliye saba AryikAoM ko sAdhu kI vinaya karanI cAhiye / yataH striyA~ laghu hotI haiM, para ke dvArA prArthanA kiye jAne yogya hotI haiN| dUsaroM se apanI rakSA kI apekSA karatI haiN| puruSa aise nahIM hote isaliye puruSa kI jyeSThatA hai| kahA bhI hai- yataH strI laghu hotI hai, dUsaroM ke dvArA prasAdhya hotI hai, prArthanIya hotI hai, Darapoka hotI hai, arakSaNIya hotI hai, isaliye puruSa jyeSTha hai| 209 thI hu laghusiMgA parappasajjhA ya pacchaNijjhAya / bhIrU arakkhaNajjetti teNa puriso bhavadi jeTTho / / 27 prAta:kAlIna devavandanA ke pazcAt AcArya Adi kI vandanA karane kI vidhi kA ullekha karate hue paM. AzAdhara jI likhate haiM ki- sAdhu ko gavAsana se baiThakara laghu siddha bhakti aura laghu AcArya bhakti se AcArya kI vandanA karanI cAhiye / yadi AcArya siddhAnta ke jJAtA hoM to laghu siddha bhakti, zrutabhakti aura AcArya bhakti se unakI vandanA karanI cAhiye tathA AcArya se anya sAdhuoM kI vandanA AcArya bhakti ke binA siddhabhakti se karanI cAhiye, kintu yadi sAdhu siddhAnta ke vettA hoM to siddhabhakti aura zrutabhakti pUrvaka unakI vandanA karanI cAhiye 28 | dUsaroM se asAdhAraNa guNoM se yukta jo sAdhu paramArtha se jagat ko saMtRpta karate haiM, una dIkSA meM jyeSTha athavA indrAdi ke dvArA pUjya sAdhuoM kI pUjA karane vAlA isa loka aura paraloka meM pUjya hotA hai 29 / paraspara vandanA Adi ke viSaya meM AcArasAra meM kahA hai ki- ailaka - kSullaka paraspara meM 'icchAmi' karate haiN| muniyoM ko 'namo'stu' karate haiM aura AryikAoM ko
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________________ 210 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 'vandAmi' karate haiN| brahmacArIgaNa yA zrAvaka bhI muniyoM ko 'namo'stu' AryikAoM ko 'vandAmi' karate haiN| ye muni-AryikA bhI vratiyoM ko 'samAdhirastu' athavA 'karmakSayo'stu' aisA AzIrvAda dete haiN| avratI zrAvaka-zrAvikAoM ko 'saddharmavRddhirastu' 'zubhamastu' yA 'zAntirasta' aisA AzIrvAda dete haiN| anya dharmAvalambiyoM dvArA vandita hone para unheM 'dharmalAbho'stu' aura nimna jAti ke logoM dvArA vandanA kiye jAne para 'pApakSayo'stu' aisA kahakara AzIrvAda dete haiN| isa prakAra mokSamArga meM saMlagna saMyamIjanoM ke liye apane se bar3oM, choToM athavA anya sAmAnyajanoM ke liye kisa prakAra vandanA karane, namaskAra karane athavA AzIrvAda dene Adi kA vidhAna zramaNAcAra viSayaka granthoM meM kiyA gayA hai, isakA saMkSipta vivecana maiMne yahA~ prastuta kiyA hai| sabhI bhavya prANiyoM ko apanI-apanI bhUmikA ke anukUla vyavahAra kara mokSamArga meM pravRtta honA caahie| saMdarbha grantha 1. tatvArthasUtra (gRddhapiccha AcArya), vivecanakartA- paM. phUlacandra siddhAnta zAstrI, prakA.-zrI gaNaze varNI jaina granthamAlA, bhadainIghATa, banArasa, prathama saMskaraNa, vI. ni. saM. 2406. jainendra siddhAnta koza (kSu. jinendra varNI), bhAga-3, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, prathama saMskaraNa, san 1972. bhagavatI ArAdhanA (AcArya zrI zivArya), sampA. evaM anu.- paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura, tRtIyAvRtti, vI. ni. saM. 2532. mUlAcAra (AcArya vaTTakera), saMskRta AcAravRtti evaM bhASA vacanikA sahita sampA.- DaoN. phUlacandra jaina premI Adi, bhA. anekAnta vidvat pariSad, pra. saM., 1996. 5. dharmAmRta (anagAra), paNDita pravara AzAdhara, sampA.- anu.-paM. kailAzacandra zAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, pra. saM. 1977. mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, DaoN. phUlacandra jaina premI, prakA.-pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI-5, prathama saMskaraNa, 1987. pAda TippaNI 1. tatvArthasUtra 6/24. 2. jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga-3, pR.-559. tatvArthasUtra 9/6. vahI, 9/20. viNao puNa paMcaviho NiddiTTho nnaanndNsnncrite| tavaviNavo ya cauttho cariyo uvayArio vinno|| -bhagavatI ArAdhanA, gAthA-111. 6. mUlAcAra, gAthA 7/79. 7. vahI, gAthA 7/80-82.
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________________ zramaNAcAra viSayaka granthoM meM muni-AryikAoM kI vandanA-vidhi 211 8. vahI, gAthA 7/83. 9. viNayeNa vippahINassa havadi sikkhA NiratthiyA svvaa| viNao sikkhAe phalaM viNayaphalaM savva kllaannN|| - vahI, 5/188. 10. vahI, gAthA 5/188 kI saMskRta aacaarvRtti| 11. vahI, gAthA 5/189. 12. arahaMtasiddhapaDimAtava sudaguNa guruguruunnraadiinnN| kidiyamyeNidareNa ya tiyaraNasaMkocaNaM pnnmo|| - vahI, gAthA 1/25. 13. dharmAmRta (anagAra) 8/46 kA vishessaarth| 14. mUlAcAra, gAthA 7/76. 15. mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 103. 16. vahI, pR. 104-109. 17. mUlAcAra, gAthA 7/102-106, dharmAmRta (anagAra) 8/98-111. 18. naamoccaarnnmrcaanggklyaannaavnynehsaam| guNasya ca stvaashcaikgurornaamaadivndnaa|| - dharmAmRta (anagAra), 8/49. 19. dharmAmRta (anagAra), 8/50. 20. vahI, 8/51. 21. vahI, 8/52. 22. vahI, 8/53. 23. vahI, 8/54. 24. vahI, 8/55. 25. sthitasyAdhyudaraM nyasya karpUrau mukuliikRtau| karau syAd vandanAmudrA muktaashuktiyutaanggulii|| -vahI 8/86. 26. vahI, 8/87. 27. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, gAthA 423 kI vijayodayA TIkA, pR. 331. 28. dharmAmRta (anagAra), 9/31. 29. vahI, 9/33. 30. namo'stviti natiH zAstA smstmtsmmtaa| karmakSayaH samAdhiste'stvityAryajane nte|| dharmabuddhiH zubhaM shaantirstvityaashiirgaarinnii| pApakSayo'stviti prAjJaizcANDAlAdiSu diiytaam|| - AcArasAra 66-67, pR. 37-38 (draSTavya- mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 319)
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________________ zrAvaka ke SaTkarma-upAdeyatA vimalA jaina "vimala'* eka lokokti hai "mahApuruSa kyA karate haiM yaha anukaraNIya nahIM hai apitu ve kyA kahate haiM yaha karaNIya hai|" mahApuruSoM kA jIvana janma-janma ke satpuruSArthoM se tapA huA hotA hai ataH sAmAnya kriyA-kalApa ve kareM hI yaha Avazyaka nhiiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apane pUrvajanmoM mukhyataH, antima daza bhava mokSa mahala ke sopAna ke rUpa meM car3he the, AThavA~ bhava tIrthakara pada kI taiyArI meM asidhArA tapazcaraNa, solaha kAraNa bhAvanA aura dvAdazAMga ke jJAna kI phalazruti ke rUpa meM "puNyaphalA arihantA" avatarita huye the| garbha meM Ane se chaha mAha pUrva hI yaha abhivyakta ho cukA thaa| ve jIvana ke tIsa varSa ghara meM rahakara avazya vyatIta karate haiM parantu ve alaukika haiM, anupama haiM, vItarAgI bhAvoM se paripUrNa haiM, gRharUpI jala meM rahakara bhI kamalavata nirmala haiM, nirlipta haiM, preyasa kI vibhUtiyA~ unake caraNoM meM loTa rahI thI, kaMcana-kAminI unake dRSTi pAta ko tarasa rahI thI para ve nirvikAra anAsakta svAtma cintana meM nimagna rahate haiM, unheM jJAnArjana ko zikSaka, vairAgya ko upadeza aura dIkSA ko guru kI AvazyakatA nahIM pdd'ii| ve svayambhU dIkSita huye, mauna sAdhanA kI aura kaivalya ko prApta kara liyaa| prazna hai, bhagavAna mahAvIra ne gRhasthAvasthA ke tIna dazaka meM zrAvaka ke SaTkarma kiye yA nahIM? uttara spaSTa hai ve ina prAthamika kriyA-kalApoM se bahuta Upara A cuke the unake yogya na guru the na guru vANI, unheM to svayaM hI samyaka ratnatraya kI jyoti ko phailAnA thA, yahA~ taka ki kevalajJAna kI prApti ke bAda bhI yogya zrotA (gaNadhara) ke abhAva meM divyadhvani nahIM khirii| paiMsaTha dina taka samavazaraNa (sabhAmaNDapa) sapta atizaya se pUrNa thA, AThavA~ atizaya divya vANI dhvanita nahIM huI, chayAsaThaveM dina indrabhUti gautama ke samyagdarzana, jJAna, cAritra se vibhUSita hote hI- vItarAgI, sarvajJa, hitopadezI arihanta bhagavAna mahAvIra kI divya amRtavANI dhvanita ho gayI thii| tIrthakara mahAvIra ne zramaNa aura zrAvakacaryA kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai| vartamAna meM "Apta dvArA dhvanita gaNadhara dvArA kathita muni-AcArya dvArA Agata yA racita Agama dArzanika, dhArmika, naitika jJAna zruta rUpa meM mAnava kA mArga prazasta kara rahA hai| Agama granthoM meM samIcIna dharma kI vizada vyAkhyA huI hai| yahA~ AdhyAtmika saMdarbho meM Atmika utthAna aura vaiyaktika vikAsa tathA sAmAjika saMgaThana va jIva mAtra ke kalyANa ke liye maMgala * 1/344, suhAga nagara, phirojAbAda, (u.pr.)|
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________________ zrAvaka ke SaTkarma-upAdeyatA 213 sUtra diye haiM jisapara abhyudaya aura niHzreyasa (kalyANa) kI siddhi ho, yahI dharma hai aura yahI jinavANI hai| jana kA vizuddha rUpa jina hai arthAt manuSya saMyama tapa se indriya vijaya kara, ghAtiyA karmoM ko kSaya kara vItarAga sarvajJa jinendra deva bana tIrtha prarvatana karate haiM aura unake anuyAyI 'jaina' nAma se jAne jAte haiN| inhIM meM jo AgamAnusAra mahAvrata dhAraNa kara mokSa puruSArtha kI sAdhanA karate haiM ve zramaNa kahalAte haiM aura jo mokSa puruSArtha kA lakSya to rakhate haiM parantu pUrNataH nivRtti mArga ko apanAne meM svayaM ko asamartha pAte haiM ve dharma-artha-kAma ina traivarga ke satpuruSArtha ko samIcIna aNuvratI ke rUpa meM rakhate haiM ve zrAvaka kahe jAte haiN| zrAvaka zraddhavAna, tatvArtha, zraddhAnI, vivekazIla (varaNa puNya kA) kriyAvAna/kliSTa karma/pApa dUra karane meM prayatnazIla hotA hai| ve pApa se nivRtti hetu vratAcaraNa karate haiM tathA puNya kRtya meM pravRtti karate huye vairAgya kI ora agrasara hote haiM unakA lakSya vItarAga prabhu ke sAnidhya meM, darzana-pUjA-guNAnuvAda, japa-dhyAna karake unhIM jaisA bananA, guru upAsanA kara Atma vizuddhatA kA guru maMtra sIkhanA, svAdhyAya/zrutajJAna dvArA heya-upAdeya viveka ko jAgrata karanA, saMyama sAdhanA se paMcendriya tathA mana ko jItane evaM tapazcaraNa ke abhyAsa se karmoM kI nirjarA karane, dAna dvArA arjita dhana kA sadupayoga tathA cartuvidhi saMgha ke dharmAcaraNa kA saMrakSaNa karanA, puNya ke sAtha-sAtha mAnavatA kA samvardhana karanA hai| isI uddezya kI pUrti ke liye Agama meM zrAvaka ke SaTkarma kI mImAMsA kI gayI hai| ye SaT Avazyaka karma zreSTha gRhastha zrAvaka ke lie hai, airA-gairA, natthU kher3A, pazuvata mAnava paryAya ko vyatIta karane vAle ke liye ye satkRtya nahIM haiN| jo manuSya AhAra, niMdrA, bhaya, maithuna mAtra ke lie janma lekara mara jAtA hai, usa vahirAtmA ke lie yaha zivatva kA amRta bIja nahIM hai yaha to bhavyAtmA jo kucha hI bhavAntaroM meM siddhatva kI adhikAriNI hai unake liye haiN| rahI ina SaTkarma meM dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva ke sApekSa meM badalAva kI apekSA, vaha to svayaM ho jAtA hai ise karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai yaha nizcaya dharma nahIM ataH zAzvat yA sarvakAlika bhI nahIM ho sakatA yaha vyavahAra dharma hai| mumukSu apanI zakti aura sAmarthya ke anusAra, nimitta aura upAdAna ko samIcIna banA sakatA hai, usakA jJAna aura viveka mAtra eka bhava ke arjita puNya kA phala nahIM hotA, yahI kAraNa hai ki bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko eka hajAra varSa taka kaThina tapazcaraNa ke bAda kevala jJAna kI prApti huI thI jabaki unhIM ke putra aura ziSya (mukhya zrotA) bharata cakravartI ko artamuhurta kI sAdhanA meM dhyAna kI phalazruti ho gayI thii| isI Azaya ko lekara zrAvaka ke nitya-prati karaNIya SaTkarmoM para prakAza DAlA jA rahA hai| devapUjA gurupAsti svAdhyAyaH sNymstpH| dAnaM ceti gRhasthAnAm SaT karmANi dine-dine|| - zrAvakAcAra arthAt deva pUjA, guruoM kI sevA, svAdhyAya, saMyama, tapa aura dAna ye gRhastha ke chaH dainika karma haiM, pratyeka gRhastha ko pratidina ye chaH karma avazya karane caahiye| karmayuga meM karma puruSArtha karake mAnava dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa puruSArtha kI phalazruti pA sakatA hai ataH preya aura zreya ko pAne kA samIcIna upAya bhI caahiye| tIrthakara svayaM sAdhanA karake
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________________ 214 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha sarvajJatA prApta kara samyagdarzana, jJAna, cAritra, ina trairatna mArga ko prarUpaNa karate haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra aise caubIsaveM tIrthakara the ataH unhoMne bhI zrAvaka dharma batAte samaya ye SaTkarma gRhastha ko pratidina avazya karane kI bAta kahI hai| ye mokSa puruSArtha kI nIMva hai jo dharma puruSArtha ke rUpa meM karanA anivArya mAnA hai| dharma sanAtana naitika mUlya hai ata: vyavahAra rUpa meM arthanIti aura kAmanIti kahakara artha-kAma ko dharma se jor3A gayA hai| dharma kA mokSa se anyonyAzraya sambaMdha hai athavA mokSa mArga kA vyavahAra svarUpa dharma ke antargata AtA hai ataH dharma adhyAtmasikta hote huye bhI vyaktivAdI hai| dharma kRtyoM se samaSTi ko bala prApta hotA hai aura vyakti kA pariSkAra hotA hai| jaina darzana meM dharma aura mokSa ko jIvana kA AdhAra kahA hai tathA artha aura kAma para niyaMtraNa rakhane ko bhI zreyasa ko sarvopari mAnA hai| kartRtva aura bhoktRtva meM viveka banA rahe, karmayoga meM Azakti na ho, Atmazuddhi kA mArga prazasta ho, aise hI karttavya ko karaNIya kahA gayA hai| devapUjA:- zrAvaka kA Agamika karma tathA kula paramparA ke rUpa meM Avazyaka kartavya hai| vaha zraddhA, viveka ke sAtha isa satkRtya ko karane meM apanA ahobhAgya samajhatA hai| preyasa (artha-kAma) - zreyasa (dharma-mokSa) kI upalabdhi ke liye vaha apane iSTa deva vItarAgI sarvajJa hitopadezI arihanta bhagavAna kI pratIka rUpa jinabimba kA darzana, abhiSeka, pUjana, guNoM kA stavana, paMca namaskAra maMtra Adi kA jApa aura dharma dhyAna karake aihilaukika aura pAralaukika sukha-zAnti kA zAzvata kalpa vRkSa lagAtA hai| zrAvaka kA dRr3ha zraddhAna hai ki deva pUjA bhukti aura mukti pradAyaka hai| jinendra deva hI maMgala pradAyaka haiM ve hI zAzvata zaraNa haiM aura karmabandha se mukta karAne vAle haiN| vaha apane iSTa deva kI pUjA karake pavitra honA cAhatA hai| unase AtmIyatA sthApita kara unake guNoM ko pAnA cAhatA hai 'vande tad guNalabdhaye' usakA lakSya hai| bhakta bhagavAna se vArtAlApa kara apanI citta vRttiyoM kA nirmalIkaraNa karatA hai| sarvotkRSTa triloka pati jinendra deva ke guNoM kI pUjA kara vyavahArika rUpa meM vaiyaktika utthAna evaM paramArthika rUpa meM Atmika uddhAra kA use pUrNa vizvAsa hai| pUjana sAmagrI arpita karate samaya bhI eka hI bhAvanA aura lagana hai "mohi Apa sama kara dehu svAmI" aura eka dina vaha vAstava meM siddhatva prApta kara legA isameM koI saMdeha nhiiN| gurupAsti guru upAsanA meM nirgrantha muni, AryikA, vratI zrAvaka ke prati kalyANa ke icchuka zrAvaka zraddhA-bhakti rakhate hue unakA dharmopadeza suna lAbhAnvita hote haiM, ekAgra bhAva se unake sAnnidhya meM adhyayana-svAdhyAya kara jJAnArjana karate haiN| unake vratAcaraNa ke saMrakSaNa hetu unakI samIcIna AhAra vyavasthA, vasatikA, upadhi (pIchI Adi), vaiyAvRtti tathA vihAra Adi kI vyavasthA karate haiN| zrAvaka pratidina apane dvAra para khar3A ho guru Agamana kI pratIkSA karatA hai tAki unheM prAsuka AhAra karAke unake ratnatraya sAdhanA meM sahayogI bana sake tathA vaha apane gRha aura gRhastha jIvana ko sArthaka kara ske| zramaNa saMskRti kA samvardhaka zrAvaka bhI hai, zramaNacaryA ko vizuddha rakhanA zrAvaka kA paramAvazyaka kartavya hai|
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________________ zrAvaka ke SaTkarma-upAdeyatA 215 'na dharmo dhArmikairvinA' dharmAtmA ke binA dharma dikhAI nahIM detA ataH cartuvidhi saMgha ke dharmAcaraNa ke nirvahana ke liye zrAvaka pratidina apane isa kartavya kA pAlana kare yaha Avazyaka hai| 'parasparopagraho jIvAnAm' ke anusAra zrI zramaNa zrAvaka ko dharmopadeza deM dharma meM pravRtti karAtA hai aura zrAvaka zramaNa ratnatraya ke dharma saMrakSaNa meM sahayogI ho sva-para kA kalyANa karatA hai| svAdhyAya- sva. AtmA kA dhyAna karanA, nizcaya svAdhyAya hai: "sva Atmane adhyeti iti svAdhyAyaH" bhavyAtmA paramAtmA banane ke lie svAtmA meM lIna ho. AtmadhyAna meM tallIna ho, yaha svAdhyAya hai| vyavahAra naya kI apekSA jinavANI, jinAgama kA zraddhAbhAva se adhyayana karanA svAdhyAya hai| jJAna pipAsu zrAvaka jinendra deva ke vacana, jinAgama kA adhyayana kara tatva bodha ko prApta karatA hai| vartamAna meM jinAgama cAra anuyogoM ke rUpa meM dravya zruta avasthita hai| zrAvaka pratidina anivArya rUpa se inakA paThana-pAThana zravaNa tathA carcA-paricarcA karake samyagjJAna kI pUMjI meM vRddhi kre| jisase usameM saMvega, prazama, anukampA, Astikya guNoM kI abhivRddhi ho prathamAnuyoga meM treSaThazalAkA mahApuruSoM kI jIvana gAthA hai jinake jAnane se Adarza jIvana jIne kI kalA kA jJAna hotA hai, saMvega jAgrata hotA hai, pApa se nivRtti aura dharma meM pravRtti kA mArga prazasta hotA hai| karaNAnuyoga meM lokAloka kI vyavasthA varNita hai ataH prazamatA utpanna hotI hai, kaSAyoM kA upazamana hotA hai, ina zAstroM ko guruoM ke sAnnidhya meM tathA vijJajanoM ke bIca meM carcA-paricarcA karate hue svAdhyAya karanA caahiye| caraNAnuyoga meM zramaNa-zrAvaka caryA kI vistRta vivecanA hai, inakA jJAna cAritra meM vizuddhi lAtA hai tathA anukampA guNa meM vRddhi hotI hai| dravyAnuyoga meM jIvAjIva, sAta tatva, nava padArtha, chaH dravya Adi kI viSad vyAkhyA hai ataH inakA abhijJAna Astikya bhAva meM vRddhi lA zivatva kA bodha karAtA hai| isa prakAra dekha-bhAla kara calane tathA kiye kA phala bhogane, karma siddhAnta ke marma Adi kA samyak bodha svAdhyAya se hI sambhava hai ataH zrAvaka ko dravya, kAla, kSetra, bhAva kI vizuddhi ke sAtha vAcanA, pRcchanA, anuprekSA, AmnAya aura dharmopadeza ina pAMcoM aMgoM ko samajhate hue pratidina svAdhyAya kara sarvajJatA prApti kA bIjAropaNa karane kI bAta kahI gayI hai| zruta jJAna kA phala acyuta aura anupameya hai| Aja jaba sarvajJa deva nahIM haiM to sarvajJa kI vANI jinAgama hI mAnava ko puNya, pApa, kRtyAkRtya kA samIcIna bodha karAtI hai, vaise bhI "NANaM Narassa sAro"jJAna hI jIvana kA sAra hai, mAnavatA kI vizeSatA hI jJAna aura viveka hai ataH heya-upAdeya kA viveka jAgrata karane ko svAdhyAya kI AvazyakatA kala bhI thI, Aja bhI hai aura bhaviSya meM bhI samyak ratnatraya hI mokSa phuNcaayegaa| saMyama- 'saMyamanaM saMyamaH' mana ke saMyama ko mukhyataH saMyama kahA hai, mana hI hai jo pAMcoM indriyoM ko sumArga aura kumArga meM le jAtA hai| mana kA upayoga para padArtha se haTA AtmAnubhava meM lagAnA, svayaM ko sImita kara samyak dizA meM le jAnA, pAMca vratoM ko dhAraNa karanA, pAMca samitiyoM ke antargata rahanA, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha para niyaMtraNa rakhanA, mana-vacana-kAya
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________________ 216 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha kA nigraha karanA, indriya saMyama hai, ata: indriya nirodhaH saMyamaH ke rUpa meM dravya saMyama aura bhAva saMyama athavA vyavahAra saMyama aura nizcaya saMyama kI sAdhanA zrAvaka kA pratidina kA kartavya hai| indriya saMyama ke sAtha prANI saMyama cha: kAya ke jIvoM kI rakSA karanA, zrAvaka ke liye paramAvazyaka hai| mAnava indriya viSayoM meM Azakti chor3a de aura prANI saMyama ke prati sajaga rahe to vizva ke samasta aparAdha samApta ho jAyeMge, na bhAva pradUSaNa hogA na dravya pradUSaNa, vizuddha paryAvaraNa meM Atma sAdhanA kI bahAra A jaayegii| ataH zrAvaka preyasa aura zreyasa kI upalabdhi ke lie saMyamita jIvana zailI apanAye yaha guru maMtra traikAlika upAdeya tapa - 'tapasA nirjarA ca' tapa ke tApa se bAhya mala kI hI nahIM karma raja kI bhI nirjarA hotI hai| zrAvaka sAMsArika sukha ke lie nahIM apitu AdhyAtmika zAzvata sukha ke lie tapa karatA hai "karmakSayArthatapyata iti tapaH" arthAt karmoM kA kSaya karane ke lie tapa karanA hI samyak tapa hai| zrAvaka bhalI bhA~ti jAnakara antaraMga aura bahiraMga bAraha prakAra kA tapa yathAzakti karatA hai 'icchAnirodhastapaH' kahakara aniSTa icchAoM kA zamana karane ke lie tapa kiyA jAtA hai| tapa kA ulTA pata hotA hai ataH patana se bacane ke lie uttama tapa karanA zrAvaka kA pratidina kA kartavya hai| mAnava kI paryAya meM hI siddhatva kI prApti sambhava hai aura usakA eka hI mArga hai samyak zraddhA ke sAtha samyak jJAna pUrvaka samyak cAritra kA pAlana karanA. ina tInoM kI triveNI meM DabakI lagAkara karma mala se makti milatI hai isa upAya rUpa meM saMyama aura tapa kI mahatI bhUmikA hai| dAna - 'dANaM pUyA mukkham' kahakara gRhastha jIvana meM 'dAna denA' sarvopari karttavya hai| prakRti dAna dekara hI cirajIvI banI hai, visarjana karake arjana karanA aura arjita ko visarjita karanA saMsAra kA zAzvat niyama hai| gRhastha dharma nirvahana karane kI prathama bhUmikA dAna se hI Arambha hotI hai mAnava jIvana jIne ke lie use poSita hone, sukhI rahane ke lie bhI dAna denA aura lenA Avazyaka hai 'anugrahArtha svasyAtisargodAnaM' arthAt dUsare ke upakArArtha apanI vastu denA 'dAna' hai| mAnava sabhyatA aura saMskRti bhI khilAkara khAne ko Adarza mAnatI hai| manuSya svArjita dhana ko apane pUrvajoM aura agrajoM para vyaya karatA hai kyoMki unase usane liyA hai aura legA parantu dAna mukhyataH pAtradatti-cartuvidhi saMgha ko, AhAra, auSadhi, abhaya aura jJAna dAna ke rUpa meM de diyA jAtA hai| samadatti meM zrAvaka va samAja ke vikAsa hetu dravya dAna kiyA jAtA hai| dayAdatti meM dona-dukhI jarUrata manda kI yathA yogya sahAyatA kI jAtI hai| anvaya dattI meM svArjita dravya va sattA ko svaputra yA yogya vyakti ko sampUrNa rUpa meM dekara manuSya AtmA ke kalyANa meM niHzalya hokara laga jAtA hai| isa prakAra vidhivat zrAvaka apane dhana, zrama tathA samaya ko samyak kAryoM meM lagAtA hai| vaise bhI dhana kI tIna gati hai, dAna, bhoga aura naash| zrAvaka dharma ke saMrakSaNa aura samvardhana meM dhana lagAkara sva-para kA kalyANa karatA hai| binA dAna ke na zramaNa kA dharma palegA na zrAvaka kA kartavya pUrNa hogaa| samAja kA saMtulana tathA vaiyaktika vikAsa ke lie kartRtva aura bhoktRtva meM vivekazIlatA lAne meM dAna kI mahatI bhUmikA hai|
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________________ zrAvaka ke SaTkarma-upAdeyatA 217 ye SaTkarma jIvana jIne kI kalA ke chaH aMga haiM, inakA anyonyAzraya sambaMdha hai| inase tRpti, tuSTi, zAnti to hotI hI hai, AtmA paramAtmA banane kI yukti bhI jAna jAtI hai| yadi mAnava mAtra ina SaTkarmoM ke marma ko samajhakara pAlana karane laga jAye to saMsAra svarga ho jaaye| dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva ke sApekSa meM hI sahI inakA pAlana kara vizva meM sukha-zAnti kI sugandhi phailAI jA sakatI hai jana-jina banakara hI zAzvat sukha kA upabhoktA bana sakatA hai aura jina banane kI AdhArazilA ye hI hai| jaina gRhastha jo zrAvaka hai apane SaTkarmoM ko pratidina samyak vidhi-vidhAna se karake samyak ratnatraya patha para agrasara ho preyasa aura zreyasa kI upalabdhi kara sakatA hai, isa dRSTi se yaha maMgala kRtya sarvakAlika upAdeya hai| samIcIna 'SaTkarma' se, preyasa-zreyasa sRSTi, 'vimala' vizva sukha zAnti ko, jina vRSavaibhava vRsstti|
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________________ jaina Agama ke Aloka meM pUjana vidhAna pratiSThAcArya paM. varddhamAna kumAra jaina sorayA* prastAvanA jinendra deva kI pUjA paramparA bhagavAna mahAvIra svAmI ke nirvANa ke bAda se maukhika (kaMThagata) rUpa meM pracalita rahI hai| sarvaprathama pAMcavIM zatAbdI meM pa. pU. AcArya zrI pUjyapAda svAmI kA jainAbhiSeka prApta hotA hai| 9vIM zatAbdI meM AcArya zrI nayanaMdI svAmI kA sakala vidhi vidhAna evaM 10-11vIM zatAbdI meM AcArya abhayanaMdI svAmI va zAnticakra pUjA, AcArya zrI malliSeNa kA vajrapaMjara vidhAna tathA AcArya kalpa zrI AzAdhara jI kA jina yajJa kalpa dekhane ko milaa| bArahavIM sadI meM AcArya zrI padmanaMdI jI kA devapUjA evaM pArzvanAtha vidhAna tathA 14vIM sadI meM AcArya zrI zrutasAgara jI kA siddhacakrASTaka evaM zrutaskaMdha pUjA mahAbhiSeka Adi graMtha haiN| isake bAda vidvAnoM ne hindI padyAntara pUjA graMthoM kA nirmANa kiyA hai| ina sabhI ke AdhAra para tathA Agama ke saiddhAntika graMthoM ke pariprekSya meM jo dekhA hai usake AdhAra para isa Alekha ko prastuta kara rahA huuN| jahA~ taka vidhi vidhAna kI bAta hai aneka paurANika graMthoM tathA pratiSThA graMthoM ke AdhAra para hI ahaMta ke pAdamUla meM bhakti karanA upAdeya hai| pUjA kA hetu- rAga pracura hone ke kAraNa gRhasthoM ke lie jinendra kI pUjA karanA pradhAna aura prathama kartavya hai| isameM paMca parameSThI kI pratimAoM kA Azraya hotA hai| parantu svayaM ke pariNAmoM kI pradhAnatA hai jisake kAraNa pUjaka ke dvArA pUjya ke prati kI gaI bhakti se asaMkhyAta guNI karma kI nirjarA hotI rahatI hai| nitya naimittika bheda se pUjA aneka prakAra kI hai| vAdya gAna-nRtya ke dvArA kI gaI pUjA pracura phaladAyI hotI hai| yAga, yajJa, Rtu, pUjA, sthAyI, ijyA, adhvara, maraNa, yaha saba pUjA ke hI paryAyavAcI zabda hai| ataH pUjA vidhAna Agamokta vidhi se yukta hokara karanA caahie| Atmahita meM pUjA kI AvazyakatA devapUjA gurupAsti svAdhyAyaH sNymstpH| dAnaM ceti gRhasthANAM SaT karmANi dine dine|| - (A. samantabhadra) zrAvaka ke dainika SaT kartavyoM meM sarvaprathama kartavya bhagavAna jinendradeva kI pUjA karanA hai| voM kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa pUjaka kI asaMkhyAta guNI pApa karma kI nirjarA * vItarAgavANI kAryAlaya, sailasAgara, TIkamagar3ha (m.pr.)|
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________________ jaina Agama ke Aloka meM pUjana vidhAna hotI hai aura asaMkhyAta guNA zubha karma kA Azrava hotA hai| jaina Agama meM bhagavAna jinendra deva ke sAtha nirgrantha guru aura jinavANI kI pUjA kA bhI vidhAna hai| zrAvaka ke SaT karttavyoM meM deva pUjA ko prathama karttavya ke rUpa meM hamAre paramparAcAryoM ne nihita kiyA hai| jinendra bhakti se hama azubha se bacakara zubha meM pravRtta hote haiN| zubha se hI zukla kI ora bar3hA jAtA hai| azubha se zukla kI ora nahIM bar3hate / ataH jinendra deva kI pUjana paramparA se mokSa kA kAraNa kahI gaI hai| muni ho yA zrAvaka donoM ko jinendra bhagavAna kI pUjana karane kA vidhAna hai| munirAjoM ko bhAva pUjA karane kI AjJA hai jabaki zrAvakoM ko dravya pUjA karane kA hI vidhAna hai| manuSya jIvana kI sArthakatA jinendra bhakti hI hai| isIlie pUrvAcAryoM ne ise pradhAnatA pradAna kI hai| 219 pUjA ke prakAra zrAvaka aura muni kI apekSA se pUjA dravya aura bhAva se do prakAra kI kahI gaI hai| zrI jinasena svAmI ne AdipurANa meM dravya pUjA ke cAra prakAra kahe haiM: 1. sadArcana (nityamaha ) - pratidina apane ghara se gandha puSpa akSata phala Adi le jAkara " jinAlaya meM zrI jinendra deva kI pUjA karanA sadArcana hai| bhaktipUrvaka arhatadeva kI pratimA aura maMdira kA nirmANa karanA, dAna patra para kheta khalihAna bhavana Adi zrI jina maMdira kI vyavasthA hetu denA bhI sadArcana hI hai| 2. caturmukha ( sarvatobhadra ) - mukuTabaddha rAjAoM ke dvArA jo mahAyajJa kiyA jAtA hai vaha caturmukha yajJa kahalAtA hai| 3. kalpadruma- cakravartI ke dvArA kimicchika dAna dete hue jo pUjA kI jAtI hai vaha kalpadruma hai| isameM tIrthaMkara ke samavazaraNa kI racanA kara usake pArzva meM vidhivata tIrthaMkara kI pUjA kI jAtI hai| 4. ASTAnhika- aSTAnhikA parva meM jo pUjA kI jAtI hai vaha aSTAnhika pUjA hai| isameM sabhI zrAvaka aSTAnhika parva meM vizeSa ArAdhanA karate haiN| isake sivAya indra ke dvArA jo mahAyajJa kiyA jAtA hai vaha 'indradhvaja' vidhAna hai| isake alAvA jo anya prakAra kI pUjAeM haiM vaha inhIM bhedoM ke antargata antargata haiN| dhavalA pustaka 8 khaNDa 3 meM likhA hai ki aSTadravya se apanI bhakti prakAzita karane kA nAma pUjA hai| vasunaMdI zrAvakAcAra meM likhA hai ki jinendra pUjana ke samaya jina bhagavAna ke Age jaladhArA chor3ane se pAparUpI maila kA saMzodhana ho jAtA hai| isI prakAra eka-eka dravya ke arpaNa se aneka-aneka saubhAgyoM kA prApta karanA kahA hai| pUjA ke bheda- zrI somadeva AcArya ne chaH prakAra kI pUjA karane kA nirdeza diyA hai 1. prastAvanA - jinendra deva kA guNAnuvAda karate hue jinendra pratimA para jala ke dvArA abhiSeka vidhi sampanna karanA prastAvanA hai| 2. purAkarma- jisa pAtra meM abhiSeka ke lie pratimA sthApita kI jAtI hai usake cAroM konoM para cAra kalaza jalapUrti sthApita karanA purAkarma hai|
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________________ 220 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha 3. sthApanA - abhiSeka ke lie jina pratimA ko thAlI meM sthApita karanA sthApanA hai| 4. sannidhApana- bhagavAna jinendra kI pratimA kA abhiSeka karane ke lie taiyAra ho jAnA / 5. pUjA- abhiSeka ke bAda jina pratimA kI AratI karake pUjana vidhi sampanna karanA / 6. pUjAphala- samasta jIvoM ke kalyANa kI bhAvanA karanA pUjAphala hai| AcArya zrI vasunaMdI svAmI ne vasunaMdI zrAvakAcAra meM bhagavAna jinendradeva kI pUjA ke chaH bheda kahe haiN| 1. nAma- arihaMta Adi kA nAma uccAraNa karake vizuddha pradeza meM jo puSpa kSepaNa kie jAte haiM use nAma pUjA jAnanA caahie| 2. sthApanA- AkAra Adi meM yA AkAravAna vastuyeM arihaMtAdi guNoM kA AropaNa karanA bhAva pUjA sthApanA hai tathA akSata Adi meM amuka devatA hai aisA saMkalpa kara uccAraNa karanA asadbhAva pUjA sthApanA hai| huNDApasarpiNI kAla meM asadbhAva sthApanA pUjA nahIM karanA cAhie kyoMki kuliMgamatiyoM se mohita isa loka meM sandeha ho sakatA hai| 3. dravyapUjA- jala Adi dravyoM se pratimA kI jo pUjA kI jAtI hai use dravyapUjA kahate haiN| arthAt arihaMtAdi ke lie gaMdha puSpa dIpa dhUpa akSata phala Adi samarpaNa karanA dravya pUjA hai| 4. kSetrapUjA - jinendra bhagavAna ke pratyeka kalyANaka yukta bhUmi kI aSTadravya se kI gaI pUjA kSetrapUjA kahalAtI hai| 5. kAlapUjA- jisa dina tIrthaMkaroM ke kalyANaka hue haiM usa dina tIrthaMkara pratimA kA abhiSeka kara pUjana karanA athavA nandIzvara Adi kI aSTAnhika parvoM meM jo jina mahimA kI jAtI hai vaha kAlapUjA jAnanA caahie| 6. bhAvapUjA - mana se arihaMtAdi ke guNoM kA cintana karanA bhAvapUjA hai athavA NamokAra padoM ke dvArA apanI zakti ke anusAra jApa kare yA stotra kA pATha kare yaha bhAvapUjA hai| pUjA kI mahattA - AcAryazrI padamanaMdI svAmI ne "padmanaMdi paMcaviMzati" nAmaka graMtha meM likhA ye jinendra na pazyanti pUjayanti stuvanti n| niSphalaM jIvanaM teSAM dhik ca gRhAzramam // jo jIva bhakti se jinendra bhagavAna kA na darzana karate haiM na pUjana karate haiM aura na hI stuti karate haiM unakA jIvana niSphala hai tathA unake gRhastha ko dhikkAra hai| usI prakAra paMcAdhyAyI mahAna graMtha meM likhA hai ki pUjA mapyarhatAM kuryAdvA pratimAsu tadviyA / svara vyaMjanAdi saMsthApya siddhAtavyarcayetsudhI / / uttama buddhi vAlA zrAvaka pratimAoM meM arhata kI buddhi se arhata bhagavAna kI aura siddha yaMtra meM svara vyaMjana Adi rUpa se siddhoM kI sthApanA karake pUjA kre| vivekI jIva bhAvapUrvaka arihaMta ko namaskAra karatA vaha atizIghra samasta duHkhoM se mukta ho jAtA hai| kyoMki arhata namaskAra tatkAlIna baMdha kI apekSA asaMkhyAta guNI karma nirjarA kA
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________________ jaina Agama ke Aloka meM pUjana vidhAna kAraNa hai| bhagavaMta puSpadaMta bhUtavalI svAmI ne dhavalA graMtha meM likhA hai ki" jiNaviMva daMsaNeNa NidhattANi kAcidassa vimicchattAdi kamma-kalAvassa khayadesaNAdo" 221 arthAt jina bimba ke darzana se nidhatta aura nikAcita rUpa karma bhI mithyAtvAdi karma kalApa kA kSaya ho jAtA hai| arhata bhagavAna kI pUjA ke mAhAtmya se samyak darzana se pavitra bhI pUjaka ko pUjA AjJA Adi utkarSakAraka sampattiyA~ Avazyaka rUpa se prApta hotI haiN| phira vrata sahita vyakti kA to kahanA hI kyA hai| jo vyakti bhakti se jinavANI ko pUjate haiM- vaha puruSa vAstava meM jina bhagavAna ko hI pUjate haiN| kyoMki sarvajJadeva, jinavANI aura jinendradeva meM kucha bhI antara nahIM hai| pUjA kI vaijJAnikatA jJAnapUrvaka zrI arihaMta ke pAdamUla meM kI gaI pUjana hI uttamaphala aura siddhiyoM ko dene vAlI hotI hai| jisa thAlI meM dravya car3hAte haiM usameM bIjAkSaroM ko aMkita karate haiM unakA hetu hameM avazya jAnanA caahie| kyoMki binA kAraNa ke kArya kI siddhi sambhava nahIM hai| viveka pUrvaka kI gaI pUjA pravRtti se hI mokSasiddhi meM sAdhaka hotI hai| dravya car3hAne vAlI thAlI meM sarvaprathama candana yA kezara se U~ bIjAkSara likheM usake nIce "zrI" tathA unake nIce svastika bnaaeN| dAeM hAtha kI tarapha khar3e meM 5 bindu aura bAyeM hAtha kI tarapha khar3e meM cAra bindu svastika ke nIce tIna bindu rakheM tathA thApanA (ThonA) ke Upara aSTaguNI kA kamala bnaayeN| jaba hama pUjana AraMbha kareM to bAyeM hAtha kI tarapha thAlI meM bane cAra binduoM para hI puSpa car3hAyeM yaha cAra bindu arhata siddha sAdhu tathA inake kahe hue dharma ke pratIka haiN| yahI tIna loka meM uttama haiM, maMgalamaya haiM tathA zaraNabhUta haiN| ataH uttama kalyANaka zaraNabhUta ke lie arhata ke pAdamUla meM inhIM 4 binduoM para puSpa car3hAkara kalyANa kI bhAvanA sAkAra karate haiN| pUjana ke AraMbha meM apavitraH pavitro vA pada bola kara pUja ko yaMtra kI, kalyANakoM kI, dvAdazAMga vANI kI, tIrthaMkara ke 1008 guNoM kI evaM tatvArtha sUtra . kI pUjA karanA caahie| ataH pAMca binduoM para pAMcoM pUjAyeM yA 5 artha uparyukta hetuoM kI ArAdhanA ke artha arpita karate haiN| hamAre pUrvAcAryoM ne prAkRta yA saMskRta bhASA meM jina pUjAoM kI racanA kI hai pUrva vidvAna kaviyoM ne hindI padyAntara meM usI anurUpa pUjAyeM likhakara mahAna upakAra kiyaa| vartamAna kaviyoM ne navIna navIna prakAra kI akramika pUjAyeM likhakara pUjA paddhati meM vikRti pradAna kI hai| sarvaprathama devazAstra guru kI pUjA karanA cAhie aura isa pUjA kI aSTa dravya OM bIjAkSara para hI arpita karanA caahie| pratyeka bIjAkSara ko AtmabhUta karane ( siddha karane) ke lie usa bIjAkSara kI tadrUpa kI gaI ArAdhanA kI aSTa dravya car3hAne kI AvazyakatA hai| isase hI vaha bIjAkSara AtmabhUta hotA hai| jaba taka bIjAkSara AtmabhUta nahIM hogA AtmA kI pAtratA mokSarUpa sambhava nahIM hai| OM bIjAkSara paMca parameSThI ke prathama mUla akSaroM kA saMyukta rUpa hai ataH isa bIjAkSara ke AtmabhUta hone para paMcaparameSThI pada
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________________ 222 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha kI prApti sunizcita hai| yaha pada hI mokSa siddhi kA hetu hai| deva ke antargata siddha bhagavAna bhI Ate haiN| ataH devazAstra guru aura siddha bhagavAna kI ArAdhanA sAmagrI OM para hI arpita karate haiN| jaba tIrthaMkara vizeSa yA sAmUhika tIrthaMkara mAtra kI pUjana kareM to 'zrI' bIjAkSara para hI AThoM dravya arpita kreN| 'zrI' bIjAkSara zreya kA pratIka kahA gayA hai| ataH jo zreya tIrthaMkara kI AtmA ne prApta kiyA hai vaisA hI zreya unakI ArAdhanA se mujhe prApta ho| isa AkAMkSA kI sAkAratA meM hama 'zrI' bIjAkSara ko AtmabhUta karate haiN| svastika kalyANa kA pratIka bIjAkSara hai| ataH vrata nirvANa bhUmi, tIrtha maMdira Adi kI ArAdhanA se hamArA kalyANa hotA hai| isalie ina sabhI kI pUjAoM ko dravya ka para hI arpita karate hue kalyANa kI AkAMkSA sAkAra karate haiN| thApanA (ThonA) para ATha paMkhur3I kA kamala banAte haiN| siddhaprabhu ke ATha guNa hai| ataH una guNoM kI prApti hetu AhvAnana sthApanA sannidhikaraNa ke puSpa ThonA para arpita karate haiN| svastika ke nIce jo Ar3e meM tIna bindu rakhe haiM- samasta pUjAyeM karane ke bAda jisa grAma / nagara meM hama pUjA kara rahe haiM usa nagara ke anya samasta jinAlayoM meM virAje jina bhagavantoM ke sAtha usa nagara kI sImA meM jamIna ke andara yadi koI jina maMdira yA pratimA dabI ho athavA usa nagara kI sImA meM AkAza meM koI vyaMtara apanA caityAlaya lie ghUma rahA ho usameM virAje jina bhagavaMtoM kI ArAdhanA kA arghya anta meM car3hAkara zAntipATha / visarjana karanA caahie| pUjAbhakti meM ina pariNAmoM ke sAtha pUjaka pUjya kI ArAdhanA kara apAra zubhAzrava ke sAtha nirjarA bhI karatA hai| dravya arpaNa kI mahattA zrI vasunaMdI AcArya ne apane zrAvakAcAra graMtha meM likhA hai ki jala se pUjA karane se pApa rUpI maila kA saMzodhana hotA hai| candana car3hAne se manuSya saubhAgya se sampanna hotA hai| akSata car3hAne se akSaya nidhi rUpa mokSa ko prApta karatA hai tathA akSINa labdhi yukta hotA hai| puSpa se pUjana karane vAlA kAmadeva ke samAna samarcita dehavAlA hotA hai| naivedya car3hAne se zakti, kAnti aura teja se sampanna hotA hai| dIpa se pUjana karane vAlA kevalajJAnI hotA hai| dhUpa se 'pUjana karane se trailokya vyApI yazavAlA hotA hai tathA phala se pUjana karane vAlA nirvANa sukha rUpa phala ko prApta karatA hai tathA argha AThoM akSaya tithiyoM kI prAptI kA pratIka hai| nirmAlya jinendra bhagavAna kI ArAdhanA ke nimitta lAI gaI sAmagrI athavA car3hAI gaI sAmagrI ko kisI bhI rUpa meM zrAvaka ko grAhya nahIM karanA caahie| aSTa dravyAdi sAmagrI asahAya jIvoM tathA pazu pakSiyoM ko DAla denA cAhie tathA jo mUlyavAna sAja-sajjA yA puna: upayogI vastuyeM haiM unheM maMdira jI ke bhaNDAragRha meM hI rakheM aura punaH punaH upayoga ke bAda anupayogI hone para kisI nadI tAlAba meM unheM visarjita kara denA caahie| jisase usa vastu ke prati mamakAra athavA grAhyatA kI bhAvanA na rhe| AcArya kundakunda svAmI ne niyamasAra graMtha kI gAthA 32 meM likhA hai ki "jinazAsana ke AyatanoM kI rakSA apanA
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________________ jaina Agama ke Aloka meM pUjana vidhAna 223 ArAdhanA ke nimitta pradAna kie hue dAna ko jo manuSya lobha basa grahaNa kare to vaha puruSa narakagAmI mahApApI hai| "rAjavArtika graMtha meM bhI likhA hai ki"- maMdira ke gandha, mAlya, dhUpa Adi kA curAnA azubha nAma karma ke Azrava kA kAraNa hai| athavA deva ke lie nivedita yA anivedita kie gae dravya kA grahaNa antarAya karma ke Azrava kA kAraNa hai| dhavalAdi graMthoM meM bhI nirmAlya ke saMdarbha meM vizeSa vivecana AyA hai| sahAyaka-grantha jainAbhiSeka (AcArya pUjyapAda) zAnticakra (AcArya abhayanaMdI) bajrapaMjara (AcArya malliSeNa) jina pUjA vidhi (zodha nibaMdha) zrI soMrayA jI niyamasAra (kundakundAcArya) rAjavArtika (AcArya akalaMkadeva) jinayajJa kalpa (AcAryakalpa AzAdharajI) 8. devapUjA (AcArya padmanaMdIjI) 9. siddhacakrASTaka (AcArya zrutasAgara) 10. zrutaskaMdha pUjA (AcArya zrutasAgara) 11. ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra (AcArya samantabhadra) 12. AdipurANa (zrI jinasena svAmI) 13. padmanaMdI paMcaviMzati (AcArya padmanaMdI) 14. dhavalA pustaka - 8 (AcArya bhUtabalI svAmI) 15. pUjA ke prakAra (AcArya somadeva) 16. vasunaMdI zrAvakAcAra (vasunaMdI AcArya) in & in o N oo oi
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana (eka samanvayAtmaka vivecana) pro. sAgaramala jaina* tantra zabda kA artha jaina dharma-darzana aura sAdhanA-paddhati meM tAMtrika sAdhanA ke kauna-kauna se tatva kisa-kisa rUpa meM upasthita haiM, yaha samajhane ke lie sarvaprathama taMtra zabda ke artha ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai| vidvAnoM ne taMtra zabda kI vyAkhyAe~ aura paribhASAe~ aneka prakAra se kI haiN| unameM se kucha paribhASAe~ vyutpattiparaka haiM aura kucha ruuddhaarthk| vyutpatti kI dRSTi se tantra zabda 'tan' + 'tra' se banA hai| 'tan' dhAtu vistRta hone yA vyApaka hone kI sUcaka hai aura 'tra' trANa dene yA saMrakSaNa karane kA sUcaka hai| isa prakAra jo AtmA ko vyApakatA pradAna karatA hai aura usakI rakSA karatA hai, use tantra kahA jAtA hai| tAntrika granthoM meM 'tantra' zabda kI nimna vyAkhyA upalabdha hai stanoti vipulAnarthAna ttvmntrsmnvitaan| trANaM ca kurute yasmAt tntrmitybhidhiiyte|| arthAt jo tatva aura mantra se samanvita vibhinna viSayoM ke vipula jJAna ko pradAna karatA hai aura usa jJAna ke dvArA svayaM evaM dUsaroM kI rakSA karatA hai, use taMtra kahA jAtA hai| vastutaH taMtra zabda eka vyavasthA kA sUcaka hai| jaba hama taMtra zabda kA prayoga rAjataMtra, prajAtaMtra, kulInataMtra Adi ke rUpa meM karate haiM, taba vaha kisI prazAsanika vyavasthA kA sUcaka hotA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, apitu AdhyAtmika vizuddhi aura Atma-vizuddhi ke lie jo viziSTa sAdhanA-vidhiyA~ prastuta kI jAtI haiM, unheM bhI 'taMtra' kahA jAtA hai| isa dRSTi se 'taMtra' zabda eka vyApaka artha kA sUcaka hai, aura isa AdhAra para pratyeka sAdhanA-vidhi 'taMtra' kahI jA sakatI hai| vastutaH jaba hama zaivataMtra, zAktataMtra, vaiSNavataMtra, jainataMtra yA bauddhataMtra kI bAta karate haiM, to yahA~ taMtra kA abhiprAya Atma vizuddhi yA cittavizuddhi kI eka viziSTa paddhati se hI hotA hai| merI jAnakArI ke anusAra isa dRSTi se jaina paramparA meM 'taMtra' zabda kA sarvaprathama prayoga AcArya haribhadra ne apane do granthoM-'paJcAzaka' aura 'lalitavistarA' (AThavIM zatI) meM kiyA hai| unhoMne paJcAzaka meM jina Agama ko aura lalitavistarA meM * saMsthApaka nidezaka, prAcya vidyApITha, dupADA roDa, zAjApura (ma.pra.) - 465001.
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 225 jaina dharma ke hI eka sampradAya vizeSa ko 'taMtra' ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| Age calakara Agama kA vAcaka taMtra zabda kisI sAdhanAvidhi yA dArzanikavidhA kA bhI vAcaka bana gyaa| vastutaH taMtra eka dArzanika vidhA bhI hai aura sAdhanAmArga bhii| dArzanika vidhA ke rUpa meM usakA jJAnamImAMsIya evaM tatvamImAMsIya pakSa to hai hI, kintu isake sAtha hI usakI apanI eka jIvana dRSTi bhI hotI hai jisake AdhAra para usakI sAdhanA ke lakSya evaM sAdhanA-vidhi kA nirdhAraNa hotA haiM vastutaH kisI bhI darzana kI jIvanadRSTi hI eka aisA tatva hai, jo usakI jJAnamImAMsA, tatvamImAMsA evaM sAdhanA vidhi ko nirdhArita karatA hai aura inhIM sabase milakara usakA darzana evaM sAdhanAtaMtra banatA hai| vyAvahArika rUpa meM ve sAdhanA paddhatiyA~ jo dIkSA, maMtra, yaMtra, mudrA, dhyAna, kuNDalinI zakti jAgaraNa Adi ke mAdhyama se vyakti ke pAzavika yA vAsanAtmaka pakSa kA nivAraNa kara usakA AdhyAtmika vikAsa karatI haiM yA use devatva ke mArga para Age le jAtI haiM, taMtra kahI jAtI haiN| kintu yaha taMtra kA prazasta artha hai aura apane isa prazasta artha meM jaina dharma-darzana ko bhI taMtra kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki usakI apanI eka suvyavasthita, suniyojita sAdhanA-vidhi hai, jisake mAdhyama se vyakti vAsanAoM aura kaSAyoM se Upara uThakara AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mArga meM yAtrA karatA hai| kintu taMtra ke isa prazasta vyutpattiparaka artha ke sAtha hI 'taMtra' zabda kA eka pracalita rUDhArtha bhI hai, jisameM sAMsArika AkAMkSAoM aura viSaya-vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke lie madya, mAMsa, maithuna Adi paMca makAroM kA sevana karate hue yaMtra, maMtra, pUjA, japa, homa, bali Adi ke dvArA mAraNa, mohana, vazIkaraNa, uccATana, stambhana, vidveSaNa Adi SaTkarmoM kI siddhi ke lae devI-devatAoM kI upAsanA kI jAtI hai aura unheM prasanna karake apane adhIna kiyA jAtA hai| vastutaH isa prakAra kI sAdhanA kA lakSya vyakti kI laukika vAsanAoM aura vaiyaktika svArthoM kI siddhi hI hotI hai| apane isa pracalita rUDhArtha meM taMtra ko eka nikRSTa koTi kI sAdhanA-paddhati samajhA jAtA hai| isa koTi kI tAMtrika sAdhanA bahupracalita rahI hai, jisase hindU, bauddha aura jaina tInoM hI sAdhanA-vidhiyoM para usakA prabhAva bhI par3A hai| phira bhI siddhAntataH aisI tAMtrika sAdhanA jainoM ko kabhI mAnya nahIM rahIM rahI, kyoMki vaha usakI nivRttipradhAna jIvana dRSTi aura ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ke pratikala thii| yadyapi ye nikaSTa sAdhanAeM taMtra ke sambandha meM eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hI haiM, phira bhI sAmAnyajana taMtra ke sambandha meM isI dhAraNA kA zikAra rahA hai| sAmAnyatayA janasAdhAraNa meM prAcIna kAla se hI tAMtrika sAdhanAoM kA yahI rUpa adhika pracalita rahA hai| aitihAsika evaM sAhityika sAkSya bhI taMtra ke isI svarUpa kA samarthana karate haiN| bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi aura vAsanonmukha taMtra kI isa jIvanadRSTi ke samarthana meM bhI bahuta kucha kahA gayA hai| kulArNava meM kahA gayA hai ki sAmAnyatayA jina vastuoM ke upayoga ko patana kA kAraNa mAnA jAtA hai, unheM hI kaulataMtra meM mahAtmA bhairava ne siddhi kA sAdhana batAyA hai| isI prakAra na kevala hindU tAMtrika sAdhanAoM meM apitu bauddha paramparA meM bhI prArambha se hI kaThora sAdhanAoM ke dvArA AtmapIr3ana kI pravRttiyoM ko ucita nahIM
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________________ 226 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha mAnA gyaa| bhagavAn buddha ne madhyamamArga ke rUpa meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pUrti hetu bhogamaya jIvana kA bhI jo AMzika samarthana kiyA thA, vahI Age calakara bauddha dharma meM vajrayAna ke rUpa meM tAMtrika bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi ke vikAsa kA kAraNa banA aura usameM bhI nivRttimaya jIvana ke prati virodha ke svara mukharita hue| cAhe buddha kI mUlabhUta jIvanadRSTi nivRttimArgI ho, kintu unake madhyamamArga ke AdhAra para hI paravartI bauddha AcAryoM ne vajrayAna yA sahajayAna kA vikAsa kara bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi ko samarthana denA prArambha kara diyaa| guhyasamAja taMtra meM kahA gayA hai sarvakAmopabhogaizca sevymaanairythecchtH| anena khalu yogena laghu buddhtvmaapnuyaat|| duSkarairniyamaistItraiH sevyamAno na siddhyti| sarvakAmopabhogaistu sevayaMzcAzu siddhyti|| bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi ke samarthakoM kA tarka yaha hai ki kAmopabhogoM se virata jIvana bitAne vAle sAdhakoM meM mAnasika kSobha utpanna hote hoMge, kAmabhogoM kI ora unakI icchA daur3atI hogI aura vinaya ke anusAra ve use dabAte hoMge, parantu kyA damanamAtra se cittavikSobha sarvathA calA jAtA hogA, dabAyI huI vRttiyA~ jAgratAvasthA meM na sahI, svapnAvasthA meM to avazya hI citta ko matha DAlatI hoNgii| ina pramathanazIla vRttiyoM ko damana karane se bhI dabate na dekha, avazya hI sAdhakoM ne unheM samUla naSTa karane ke lie saMyama kI jAgarUka avasthA meM thor3A avasara diyA ki ve bhoga kA bhI rasa le leM, tAki unakA sarvathA zamana ho jAye aura vAsanArUpa se ve hRdaya ke bhItara na raha skeN| anaMgavajra ne kahA hai ki cittakSubdha hone se kabhI bhI siddhi nahIM ho sakatI, ataH isa taraha baratanA cAhie jisameM mAnasika kSobha utpanna hI na ho tathA tathA pravarteta yathA na kSubhyate mnH| saMkSubdhe cittaratne tu siddhinaiva kdaacn|| jaba taka citta meM kAmabhogopalipsA hai, taba taka citta meM kSobha kA utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki na kevala hindU tAMtrika sAdhanAoM meM apitu bauddha tAMtrika sAdhanA meM bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM bhogavAdI jIvanadRSTi kA samarthana huA hai| yadyapi paravartIkAla meM vikasita bauddhoM kI yaha bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi bhArata meM unake astitva ko hI samApta kara dene kA kAraNa banI, kyoMki isa bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSi apanA lene para bauddha aura hindU paramparA kA antara samApta ho gyaa| dUsare isake pariNAma svarUpa bhikSuoM meM bhI eka cAritrika patana aayaa| phalataH unake prati janasAdhAraNa kI AsthA samApta ho gayI aura bauddha dharma kI apanI koI viziSTatA nahIM bacI, phalataH vaha apanI janmabhUmi se samApta ho gyaa| jainadharma meM taMtra kI bhogamUlaka jIvanadRSTi kA niSedha taMtra kI isa bhogavAdI jIvanadRSTi ke prati jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa mukhyataH niSedhaparaka hI rahA hai| vaiyaktika bhautika hitoM evaM vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke nimitta dhana,
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 227 sampatti, santAna Adi kI prApti hetu athavA kAmavAsanA kI pUrti hetu athavA zatru ke vinAza ke lie kI jAne vAlI sAdhanAoM ke nirdeza to jaina AgamoM meM upalabdha ho jAte haiM, jisase yaha siddha hotA hai ki isa prakAra kI tAMtrika sAdhanAe~ prAcIna kAla meM bhI pracalita thIM, kintu prAcIna jaina AcAryoM ne ise sadaiva heya dRSTi se dekhA thA aura sAdhaka ke lie aisI tAMtrika sAdhanAoM kA sarvathA niSedha kiyA thaa| satrakatAi.gasatra meM causaTha prakAra kI vidyAoM ke adhyayana yA sAdhanA karane vAloM ke nirdeza to haiM, kintu usameM ina vidyAoM ko pApAzruta-adhyayana kahA gayA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM usameM spaSTa rUpa se yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo ina vidyAoM kI sAdhanA karatA hai vaha anArya hai, vipratipanna hai aura samaya Ane para mRtyu ko prApta karake AsurI aura kilviSika yoniyoM ko prApta hotA hai| punaH uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki jo chidravidyA, svaravidyA, svapnalakSaNa, aMgavidyA Adi ke dvArA jIvana jItA hai, vaha bhikSu nahIM hai| isI prakAra dazavaikAlikasUtra meM bhI spaSTarUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki muni nakSatravidyA, svapnavidyA, nimittavidyA, mantravidyA aura bhaiSajyazAstra kA upadeza gRhasthoM ko na kre| isase spaSTa rUpa se yaha phalita hotA hai ki vaiyaktika vAsanAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti ke lie vibhinna prakAra kI vidyAoM kI sAdhanA ko jaina AcAryoM ne sadaiva hI heya dRSTi se dekhA hai| yahA~ yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki sAMsArika viSaya-vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke nimitta pazubali denA, madya, mAMsa, matsya, maithuna aura mudrAoM kA sevana karanA evaM mAraNa, mohana, vazIkaraNa Adi SaTkarmoM kI sAdhanA karake apane kSudra laukika svArthoM aura vAsanAoM kI pUrti karanA jaina AcAryoM ko mAnya nahIM ho sakA, kyoMki yaha unakI nivRttipradhAna ahiMsaka jIvanadRSTi ke viruddha thaa| kintu isakA artha yaha bhI nahIM hai ki jaina dharma aisI tAMtrika sAdhanAoM se pUrNataH asaMpRkta rahA hai| prathamataH viSaya-vAsanAoM ke prahANa ke lie arthAt apane meM nihita pAzavika vRttiyoM ke nirAkaraNa ke lie taMtra, jApa, pUjA, dhyAna Adi kI sAdhanA-vidhiyA~ jaina dharma meM IsvI san ke pUrva se hI vikasita ho cukI thiiN| mAtra yahI nahIM paravartI jainagranthoM meM to aise bhI aneka ullekha milate haiM, jahA~ dharma aura saMgha kI rakSA ke lie jaina AcAryoM ko tAMtrika aura mAntrika prayogoM kI anumati bhI dI gaI hai| kintu unakA uddezya lokakalyANa hI rahA hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, yahA~ AcArAMgasUtra (I. pU. pA~cavI zatI) meM zarIra ko dhuna DAlane yA sukhA dene kI bAta kahI gaI thI, vahIM paravartI AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM zarIra aura jaivika mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa kI bAta bhI kahI gii| sthAnAMgasUtra meM adhyayana evaM saMyama ke pAlana ke lie AhAra ke dvArA zarIra ke saMrakSaNa kI bAta kahI gii| maraNasamAdhi meM kahA gayA hai ki upavAsa Adi tapa usI sImA taka karaNIya haiM- jaba taka mana meM kisI prakAra ke amaMgala kA cintana na ho, indriyoM kI hAni na ho aura mana, vacana tathA zarIra kI pravRtti zithila na ho| mAtra yahI nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne apane guNasthAna siddhAnta meM kaSAyoM evaM vAsanAoM ke damana ko bhI anucita mAnate hue yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki upazama zreNI arthAt vAsanAoM ke damana kI prakriyA se AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI sIr3hiyoM para car3hane vAlA
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________________ 228 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha sAdhaka antataH vahA~ se patita ho jAtA hai| phira bhI jainAcAryoM ne vAsanAoM kI pUrti kA koI mArga nahIM kholaa| hindU tAMtrikoM evaM vajrayAnI bauddhoM ke viruddha ve yahI kahate rahe ki vAsanAoM kI pUrti se vAsanAe~ zAnta nahIM hotI haiM, apitu ve ghRta siJcita agni kI taraha adhika bar3hatI hI haiN| unakI dRSTi meM vAsanAoM kA damana to anucita hai, kintu unakA vivekapUrvaka saMyamana aura nirasana Avazyaka hai| yahA~ isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA karane ke pUrva yaha vicAra kara lenA Avazyaka hai ki sAmAnyataH bhAratIya dharmoM meM aura vizeSarUpa se jaina dharma meM tAntrika sAdhanA kA vikAsa kyoM huA aura kisa krama meM huA? pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA samanvaya yaha eka sunizcita tathya haiM ki mAnava prakRti meM vAsanA aura viveka ke tatva usake astitva kAla se hI rahe haiM, punaH yaha bhI eka sarvamAnya tathya hai ki pAzavika vAsanAoM arthAt pazu tatva se Upara uThakara devatva kI ora abhigamana karanA hI manuSya ke jIvana kA mUlabhUta lakSya hai| mAnava prakRti meM nihita ina donoM tatvoM ke AdhAra para do prakAra kI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA vikAsa huaa| pravRttimArgI paramparA kA mUlabhUta lakSya yahI rahA hai ki svayaM ke prayatna evaM puruSArtha se athavA unake asaphala hone para daivIya zaktiyoM ke sahayoga se jaivika AvazyakatAoM evaM vAsanAoM kI pUrti karake caitasika zAMti kA anubhava kiyA jaay| dUsarI ora nivRttimArgI paramparAoM ne vAsanAoM kI santuSTi ko viveka kI upalabdhi ke mArga meM bAdhaka samajhA aura vAsanAoM ke damana ke mAdhyama se vAsanAjanya tanAvoM kA nirAkaraNa kara caitasika zAMti yA samAdhi ko prApta karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| jahA~ prArambhika vaidika dharma pravRttipradhAna rahA vahIM prArambhika zramaNa paramparAe~ nivRttipradhAna rhiiN| kintu eka ora vAsanAoM kI santuSTi ke prayAsa meM cittazAMti yA samAdhi sambhava nahIM ho sakI, kyoMki naI-naI icchAe~, AkAMkSAe~ aura vAsanAe~ janma letI rahIM; to dUsarI ora vAsanAoM ke damana se bhI cittazAMti sambhava na ho sakI, kyoMki damita vAsanAe~ apanI pUrti ke lie citta kI samAdhi bhaMga karatI rahatI haiN| isakA viparIta pariNAma yaha huA ki eka ora pravRttimArgI paramparA meM vyakti ne apanI bhautika aura laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke lie daivika zaktiyoM kI sahAyatA pAne hetu karmakANDa kA eka jaMjAla khar3A kara liyA to dUsarI ora vAsanAoM ke damana ke lie dehadaNDanarUpI tapa sAdhanAoM kA vartula khar3A ho gyaa| eka ke lie yena-kena prakAreNa vaiyaktika sukhoM kI pUrti yA vAsanAoM kI saMtuSTi hI vareNya ho gaI to dUsare ke lie jIvana kA niSedha arthAt dehadaNDana hI sAdhanA kA lakSya bana gyaa| vastutaH ina donoM ativAdoM ke samanvaya ke prayAsa meM hI eka ora jaina, bauddha Adi vikasita zramaNika sAdhanA vidhiyoM kA janma huA to dUsarI ora aupaniSadika cintana se lekara sahajabhaktimArga aura taMtra sAdhanA taka kA vikAsa bhI isI ke nimitta se huaa| 'tena tyaktena bhuJjIthA' kA jo samanvayAtmaka svara aupaniSadika RSiyoM ne diyA thA, paravartI samasta hindU sAdhanA aura usakI tAMtrika vidhiyA~ usI ke pariNAma haiN| phira bhI pravRtti aura nivRtti ke pakSoM kA samucita santulana sthira nahIM raha skaa| inameM kise pramukhatA dI jAya,
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 229 ise lekara unakI sAdhanA-vidhiyoM meM antara bhI aayaa| jainoM ne yadyapi nivRttipradhAna jIvanadRSTi kA anusaraNa to kiyA, kintu paravartI kAla meM usameM pravRttimArga ke tatva samAviSTa hote rakSaNa ke prayatnoM kA aucitya svIkAra kiyA gayA, apitu aihika-bhautika kalyANa ke lie bhI tAMtrika sAdhanA kI jAne lgii| tAMtrika sAdhanA kA mUla lakSya icchA, vAsanA aura vikalpoM se Upara uThakara nirvikalpa cetanA meM avasthiti hai| yoga sAdhanA meM ise 'cittavRtti nirodha' kahA hai to jaina sAdhanA ne ise moha evaM kSobha se rahita AtmA kI nirvikalpa avasthA maanaa| yoga evaM jainadarzana donoM kA lakSya mana ko amana banA denA, vikalpoM se Upara uTha jAnA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to eka anAsakta cetanA kA vikAsa kintu yaha anAsakta cetanA kI avasthA yA jJAtA, dRSTA bhAva meM avasthiti kaise ho? yaha prazna vivAdAspada hI rahA hai| eka pakSa kA mAnanA yaha hai ki icchAoM evaM pUrti ke mAdhyama se hama usa anAsakta niSkAma cetanA anabhava kara sakate haiN| isa paramparA kA mAnanA yaha hai ki yadi icchAoM evaM vAsanAoM ko tRpta kara diyA jAe to jIvana ke lie karaNIya yA vAJchanIya kucha bhI nahIM rhegaa| isa prakAra eka paramparA vikasita huI jo bhoga ke mAdhyama se usa nirvikalpa avasthA ko prApta karane kA lakSya apane sAmane rakhatIM haiN| dUsarI ora yaha mAnA gayA ki icchAoM evaM vAsanAoM kI pUrti se citta nirvikalpa nahIM banatA hai, kyoMki pratyeka icchA yA vAsanA apanI santuSTi ke sAtha yA to kinhIM naI icchAoM aura vAsanAoM ko janma detI hai yA vahI icchA evaM vAsanA punaH bhoga kI icchA rakhatI hai| ataH icchAoM evaM vAsanAoM kI pUrti ke mAdhyama se nirvikalpa citta dazA kI prApti saMbhava nahIM hai| kyoMki jaina darzana ke anusAra icchAe~ AkAza ke samAna ananta haiM, ataH unakI pUrti sambhava nahIM hai| ye damita icchAe~ cetana yA acetana stara para citta ko bhita karatI rahatI haiN| isa prakAra icchAoM evaM vAsanAoM se Upara uThane ke do vikalpa haiM eka una icchAoM aura vAsanAoM ko dabAkara nirvikalpatA kI dizA meM Age bar3hA jAye kintu kAlAntara meM yaha spaSTa ho gayA hai ki yaha damana kA mArga bhI icchAoM evaM vAsanAoM ko nirmUla nahIM karatA hai apitu unheM mAtra acetana meM bhejane kA prayAsa karatA hai| acetana meM saMkalita ye damita icchAe~ evaM vAsanAe~ citta ko vikSubdha hI karatI rahatI haiN| ata: yaha mAnA gayA ki icchAoM aura vAsanAoM se Upara uThakara cetanA kI upalabdhi inake nirasana se hI sambhava hai| yaha nirasana tabhI saMbhava ho sakatA hai jaba cetana antarmukha hokara AtmadraSTA bane tathA icchA aura vAsanAoM ke rUpa meM citta ko vikSubdha karane vAlI avasthAoM kI nirarthakatA ko smjhe| bhArata meM tAMtrika sAdhanA kA jo vikAsa huA usakA mUla lakSya to anAsakta nirvikalpa cetanA kI upalabdhi hI thA, kintu usane kAlAntara meM do dizAe~ grahaNa kara liiN| eka pravRttimUlaka bhoga mArga kI aura dUsarI nirvRttimUlaka yoga mArga kii| jahA~ cArvAka sampradAya sahita hindUdharma ke vAmamArgI sampradAya, bauddha dharma ke vajrayAna ne bhoga ke mAdhyama
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________________ 230 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha se icchAoM evaM vAsanAoM ke nirAkaraNa mArga ko cunA, vahIM hindU dharma ke jJAnamArgI evaM saMnyAsamArgI sampradAya, bauddha dharma ke hInayAna sampradAya evaM jaina dharma ne nirvRttimUlaka yoga mArga ko svIkAra kiyaa| vaise zaiva evaM zAkta taMtroM meM bhI mUla lakSya to pazu ko pazupati arthAt icchAoM aura vAsanAoM kA svAmI banAne kI bAta kahI gayI, vahI bAta ina tInoM hI paramparAoM ne mAnya rkhii| phira bhI kAlAntara meM pravRttimUlaka bhogamArga kI paramparAoM se ve bhI nahIM baca ske| jaina dharma meM taMtra sAdhanA ke donoM hI pakSoM kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai yadyapi nirvRttimUlaka saMnyAsa mArga kI paramparA kA samarthaka hone ke kAraNa usa para yaha dUsarA pakSa hAvI nahIM ho pAyA, kintu isa nirvRttimUlaka avadhAraNA para kahIM na kahIM pravRttimUlaka bhoga mArga kA prabhAva to AyA hI hai| yaha prabhAva kaise evaM kisa rUpa meM AyA isakI saMkSipta carcA yahA~ apekSita hai| kyA jainadharma jIvana kA niSedha sikhAtA hai? sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki taMtra kI jIvanadRSTi aihika jIvana ko sarvathA vareNya mAnatI hai, jabaki jainoM kA jIvanadarzana niSedhamUlaka hai| isa AdhAra para yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina dharma darzana taMtra kA virodhI hai, kintu jaina darzana ke sambandha meM yaha eka bhrAnta dhAraNA hI hogii| jainoM ne mAnava jIvana ko jIne ke yogya evaM sarvathA vareNya mAnA hai / unake anusAra manuSya jIvana hI to eka aisA jIvana hai jisake mAdhyama se vyakti vimukti ke patha para ArUr3ha ho sakatA hai| itanA avazya hai ki jainoM kI dRSTi meM pAzavika zuddha svArthI se paripUrNa, mAtra jaivika eSaNAoM kI pUrti meM saMlagna jIvana na to rakSaNIya hai, na vareNya; kintu yaha dRSTi to taMtra kI bhI hai, kyoMki vaha bhI pazu arthAt pAzavika pakSa kA saMhAra kara pAza se mukta hone kI bAta karatA hai| jainoM ke anusAra jIvana usa samIpa taka vareNya aura rakSaNIya hai jisa sImA taka vaha vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa meM sahAyaka hotA hai aura apane AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mAdhyama se lokamaMgala kA sRjana karatA hai| prazasta tAMtrika sAdhanA aura jaina sAdhanA donoM meM hI isa sambandha meM sahamati dekhI jAtI hai| vastutaH jIvana kI ekAnta rUpa se vareNyatA aura ekAnta rUpa se jIvana kA niSedha donoM hI avadhAraNAe~ ucita nahIM haiN| yahI jainoM kI jIvanadRSTi hai| vAsanAtmaka jIvana ke nirAkaraNa dvArA AdhyAtmika jIvana kA vikAsa yahI taMtra aura jaina darzana donoM kI jIvanadRSTi hai aura isa artha meM ve donoM virodhI nahIM haiM, sahagAmI haiN| phira bhI sAmAnya avadhAraNA yaha hai ki taMtra darzana meM aihika jIvana ko sarvathA vareNya mAnA gayA hai| usakI mAnyatA hai ki jIvana AnandapUrvaka jIne ke lie hai| jaina dharma meM tapa tyAga kI jo mahimA gAyI gaI hai, usake AdhAra para yaha bhrAnti phailAI jAtI hai ki jaina dharma jIvana kA niSedha sikhAtA hai| ataH yahA~ isa bhrAnti kA nirAkaraNa kara denA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki jaina dharma meM tapa tyAga ke gauravagAna kA artha zArIrika evaM bhautika jIvana kI asvIkRti nahIM hai| AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI svIkRti kA yaha tAtparya nahIM hai ki zArIrika evaM bhautika mUlyoM kI pUrNatayA upekSA kI jAya / jaina dharma ke anusAra
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana zArIrika mUlya adhyAtma ke bAdhaka nahIM, sAdhaka haiN| nizIthabhASya meM kahA hai ki mokSa kA sAdhana jJAna hai, jJAna kA sAdhana zarIra hai, zarIra kA AdhAra AhAra hai| zarIra zAzvata Ananda ke kUla meM le jAne vAlI naukA hai| isa dRSTi se usakA mUlya bhI hai, mahatva bhI hai aura usakI sAra-saMbhAla bhI karanA hai| kintu dhyAna rahe, dRSTi naukA para nahIM kUla para honI cAhie, kyoMki naukA sAdhana hai, sAdhya nhiiN| bhautika evaM zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti kI eka sAdhanA ke rUpa meM svIkRti jaina dharma aura sampUrNa adhyAtma vidyA kA hArda hai| yaha vaha vibhAjana rekhA hai jo AdhyAtmavAda aura bhautikavAda meM antara karatI hai| bhautikavAda meM upalabdhiyA~ yA jaivika mUlya svayameva sAdhya haiM, antima haiM, jabaki adhyAtma meM ve kinhIM ucca mUlyoM ke sAdhana haiN| jainadharma kI bhASA meM kaheM to sAdhaka ke dvArA vastuoM kA tyAga aura grahaNa, donoM hI sAdhanA ke lie haiN| 231 jainadharma kI sampUrNa sAdhanA kA mUla lakSya nirAkula, nirvikAra, niSkAma aura vItarAga mAnasa kI abhivyakti hai, jo vaiyaktika evaM sAmAjika jIvana ke samasta tanAvoM evaM saMgharSoM ko samApta kara ske| usake sAmane mUla prazna daihika evaM bhautika mUlyoM kI svIkRti " kA nahIM hai, apitu vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana meM zAnti kI saMsthApanA hai| ataH jahA~ taka aura jisa rUpa meM daihika aura bhautika upalabdhiyA~ usameM sAdhaka ho sakatI haiM, vahA~ taka ve svIkArya haiM aura jahA~ taka usameM bAdhaka haiM, vahIM taka tyAjya haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne AcArAMgasUtra evaM uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM isa bAta ko bahuta hI spaSTatA ke sAtha prastuta kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM ki jaba indriyoM kA apane viSayoM se samparka hotA hai, taba use samparka ke pariNAmasvarUpa sukhada - duHkhada anubhUti bhI hotI hai aura jIvana meM yaha zakya nahIM hai ki indriyoM kA apane viSayoM se samparka na ho aura usake kAraNa sukhada yA duHkhada anubhUti na ho, ataH tyAga indriyAnubhUti kA nahIM, apitu usake prati citta meM utpanna hone vAle rAga-dveSa kA karanA hai| kyoMki indriyoM ke manojJa yA amanojJa viSaya Asaktacitta ke lie hI rAga-dveSa (mAnasika vikSobhoM) ke kAraNa banate haiM, anAsaktacitta yA vItarAga ke lie nhiiN| ataH jainadharma kI mUla zikSA mamatva ke visarjana kI hai, jIvana ke niSedha kI nahIM / jaina tAMtrika sAdhanA aura loka kalyANa kA prazna tAMtrika sAdhanA kA lakSya Atmavizuddhi ke sAtha loka kalyANa bhI hai| yaha satya hai ki jaina dharma mUlataH saMnyAsamArgI dharma hai| usakI sAdhanA meM Atmazuddhi aura Atmopalabdhi para hI adhika jora diyA gayA hai, kintu isakA artha yaha nahIM hai ki jaina dharma meM lokamaMgala yA lokakalyANa kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai| jaina dharma yaha to avazya mAnatA hai ki vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI dRSTi se samAja nirapekSa, ekAkI jIvana adhika hI upayukta hai| kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha vaha yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki usa sAdhanA se prApta siddhi kA upayoga sAmAjika kalyANa kI dizA meM honA caahie| mahAvIra kA jIvana svayaM isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki 12 varSoM taka ekAkI sAdhanA karane ke pazcAt ve punaH sAmAjika jIvana meM lauTa aaye| unhoMne caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA kI tathA jIvana bhara usakA mArga-darzana karate rhe|
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________________ 232 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha jaina dharma sAmAjika kalyANa aura sAmAjika sevA ko Avazyaka to mAnatA hai, kintu vaha vyakti ke cAritrika unnayana se hI sAmAjika kalyANa kI dizA meM Age bar3hatA hai| vyakti samAja kI mUlabhUta ikAI hai, jaba taka vyakti kA cAritrika vikAsa nahIM hogA, taba taka usake dvArA sAmAjika kalyANa nahIM ho sakatA hai| jaba taka vyakti ke jIvana meM naitika aura AdhyAtmika cetanA kA vikAsa nahIM hotA taba taka sAmAjika jIvana meM suvyavasthA aura zAnti kI sthApanA nahIM ho sktii| jo vyakti apane svArthoM aura vAsanAoM para niyaMtraNa nahIM kara sakatA vaha kabhI sAmAjika ho hI nahIM sakatA, kyoMki samAja jaba bhI khar3A hotA vaha tyAga aura samarpaNa ke mUlyoM para hI hotA hai| lokasevaka aura janasevaka apane vyaktigata svArthoM aura dvandvoM se dUra raheM-yaha jaina AcAra saMhitA kA AdhArabhUta siddhAMta hai| caritrahIna vyakti sAmAjika jIvana ke lie ghAtaka hI siddha hoNge| vyaktigata svArthoM kI pUrti ke nimitta jo tAMtrika sAdhanAe~ kI jAtI haiM, ve sAmAjika jIvana ke lie ghAtaka tI haiN| kyA cora. DAka aura zoSakoM kA saMgaThana samAja kahalAne kA adhikArI hai? kyA cora, DAkU aura luTere apane uddezya meM saphala hone ke lie devI-devatAoM ko prasanna karane hetu jo tAMtrika sAdhanA karate yA karavAte haiM, use sahI artha meM sAdhanA kahA jA sakatA hai? mahAvIra kI zikSA kA sAra yahI hai ki vaiyaktika jIvana meM nivRtti sAmAjika kalyANa kA AdhAra bana sakatI hai| praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki bhagavAna kA yaha sukathita pravacana saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ke rakSaNa evaM karuNA ke lie hai| jaina sAdhanA meM ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha-ye jo pA~ca vrata mAne gaye haiM, ve kevala vaiyaktika sAdhanA ke lie nahIM hai| jaina tantra ke dArzanika AdhAra __jaina tatva darzana ke anusAra jIva karmoM ke AvaraNa ke kAraNa bandhana meM hai| bandhana se mukti ke lie eka ora karma AvaraNa kA kSayopazama Avazyaka hai to dUsarI ora usa kSayopazama ke lie viziSTa sAdhanA bhI Avazyaka hai kintu isa sAdhanA ke lie bandhana aura bandhana ke kAraNoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hai| yaha jJAna dArzanika adhyayana se hI prApta hotA hai| Atmatatva ke jJAna ke binA sAdhanA adhUrI rahatI hai| ataH jaina taMtra meM bhI tAMtrika sAdhanA ke pUrva tatvamImAMsA aura jJAnamImAMsA kA samyak anuzIlana Avazyaka hai| isa prakAra jaina tatva sAdhanA meM darzana ko mahatvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai| jainadharma meM tAntrika sAdhanA kA udbhava evaM vikAsa yadi tantra kA uddezya vAsanA-mukti aura Atmavizuddhi hai to vaha jaina dharma meM usake astitva ke sAtha hI jur3I huI hai| kintu yadi tantra kA tAtparya vyakti kI daihika vAsanAoM aura laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke lie kisI devatA-viziSTa kI sAdhanA kara usake mAdhyama se alaukika zakti kI prApti kara yA svayaM devatA ke mAdhyama se una vAsanAoM aura AkAMkSAoM kI pUrti karanA mAnA jAya to prAcIna jaina dharma meM isakA koI sthAna nahIM thaa| ise hama prArambha meM hI spaSTa kara cuke haiN| yadyapi jaina AgamoM meM aise anekoM sandarbha upalabdha hote haiM, jinake anusAra usa yuga meM apanI laukika eSaNAoM kI pUrti ke
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 233 lie kisI deva-devI yA yakSa-yakSI kI upAsanA kI jAtI thii| aMtagaDadasA Adi AgamoM meM naigameSadeva ke dvArA sulasA aura devakI ke chaH santAnoM ke hastAntaraNa kI ghaTanA, kRSNa ke dvArA apane choTe bhAI kI prApti ke lie tIna divasIya upavAsa ke dvArA naigameSa deva kI upAsanA karanA athavA bahuputrikA devI kI upAsanA ke dvArA santAna prApta karanA Adi aneka sandarbha milate haiM, kintu isa prakAra kI upAsanAoM ko jaina dharma kI svIkRti prApta thI, yaha kahanA ucita nahIM hogaa| prArambhika jaina dharma, vizeSarUpa se mahAvIra kI paramparA meM taMtra-maMtra kI sAdhanA muni ke lie sarvathA varjita hI mAnI gaI thii| prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM isako na kevala heya dRSTi se dekhA gayA, apitu isa prakAra kI sAdhanA karane vAle ko pApazramaNa yA pArzvastha taka kahA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM sUtrakRtAGgasUtra, uttarAdhyayanasUtra evaM dazavaikAlikasUtra ke sandarbha pUrva meM diye jA cuke haiN| AgamoM meM pArzvastha kA tAtparya zithilAcArI sAdhu mAnA jAtA hai| yadyapi mahAvIra kI paramparA ne prArambha meM taMtra sAdhanA ko koI sthAna nahIM diyA, kintu unake pUrvavartI pArzva (jinakA janma isI vArANasI nagarI meM huA thA) kI paramparA ke sAdhu aSTAMganimitta zAstra kA adhyayana aura vidyAoM kI sAdhanA karate the, aise saMketa jainAgamoM meM milate haiN| yahI kAraNa thA ki mahAvIra kI paramparA meM pArzva kI paramparA ke sAdhuoM ko pArzvastha arthAt zithilAcArI kahakara heya dRSTi se dekhA jAtA thaa| prAkRta meM 'pAsattha' zabda ke tIna artha hote haiM- 1. pAzastha arthAt pAza meM ba~dhA huA 2. pAvastha arthAt pArzva ke saMgha meM sthita yA 3. pAvastha arthAt pArzva meM sthita saMyamI jIvana ke samIpa rahane vaalaa| jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra jaise aMga-Agama ke dvitIya zrRtaskandha ke prathama varga meM aura Avazyakaniyukti, AvazyakacUrNi aura Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM aise aneka sandarbha prApta hote haiM, jinameM pAzrvApatya zramaNoM aura zramaNiyoM dvArA aSTAGganimitta evaM maMtra-taMtra Adi kI sAdhanA karane ke ullekha haiN| Aja bhI jaina paramparA meM jo tAMtrika sAdhanAe~ kI jAtI haiM, unameM ArAdhyadeva mahAvIra na hokara mukhyataH pArzvanAtha athavA unakI zAsanadevI padmAvatI hI hotI hai| jaina tAMtrika sAdhanAoM meM pArzva aura padmAvatI kI pradhAnatA svataH hI isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki pArzva kI paramparA meM tAMtrika sAdhanA kI pravRtti rahI hogii| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki pArzva kI paramparA ke granthoM, jinheM 'pUrva' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai, meM eka vidyAnapravAda pUrva bhI thaa| yadyapi vartamAna meM yaha grantha aprApta hai, kintu isakI viSaya-vastu ke sambandha meM jo nirdeza upalabdha haiM unase itanA to siddha avazya hotA hai ki isakI viSaya-vastu meM vividha vidyAoM kI sAdhanA se sambaMdhita viziSTa prakriyAe~ nihita rahI hoNgii| na kevala pArzva kI paramparA ke pUrva sAhitya meM, apitu mahAvIra kI paramparA ke Agama sAhitya meM bhI vizeSa rUpa se praznavyAkaraNasUtra meM vividha-vidyAoM kI sAdhanA sambaMdhI sAmagrI thI, aisI TIkAkAra abhayadeva Adi kI mAnyatA hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki yogya adhikAriyoM ke abhAva meM usa vidyA ko par3hane se koI sAdhaka caritra se bhraSTa na ho, isalie lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI meM usakI viSaya-vastu ko hI badala diyA gyaa| yaha satya hai ki mahAvIra kI paramparA meM prArambha meM taMtra-maMtra aura vidyAoM kI
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________________ 234 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha sAdhanAoM ko na kevala varjita mAnA gayA thA, apitu isa prakAra kI sAdhanA meM lage hue logoM ko AsurI yoniyoM meM utpanna hone vAlA bhI kahA gyaa| kintu jaba pArzva kI paramparA kA vilaya mahAvIra kI paramparA meM huA to pArzva kI paramparA ke prabhAva se mahAvIra kI paramparA ke zramaNa bhI tAMtrika paramparAoM se judd'e| mahAvIra ke saMgha meM tAntrika sAdhanAoM kI svIkRti isa artha meM huI ki unake mAdhyama se yA to Atmavizuddhi kI dizA meM Age bar3hA jAya athavA unheM siddha karake unakA upayoga jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA yA usake prasAra ke lie kiyA jaay| isa prakAra mahAvIra ke dharmasaMgha meM taMtra sAdhanA kA praveza jinazAsana kI prabhAvanA ke nimitta huA aura paravartI aneka jainAcAryoM ne jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA ke lie tAMtrika-sAdhanAoM se prApta zakti kA prayoga bhI kiyA, jaina sAhitya meM aise saMdarbha vipulatA se upalabdha hote haiN| Aja bhI zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM kisI muni ko AcArya pada para pratiSThita hone ke pUrva sUrimaMtra aura varddhamAna vidyA kI sAdhanA karanI hotI hai| mAtra yahIM nahIM zvetAmbara mUrtipUjaka zramaNa aura zramaNiyA~ maMtrasiddha sugandhita vastuoM kA eka cUrNa jise vAsakSepa kahA jAtA hai, apane pAsa rakhate haiM aura upAsakoM ko AzIrvAda ke rUpa meM pradAna karate haiN| yaha jaina dharma meM taMtra ke prabhAva kA spaSTa pramANa hai| isI prakAra maMtrasiddha rakSAkavaca bhI upAsakoM ko pradAna kiye jAte haiN| na kevala zvetAmbara aura digambara bhaTTAraka paramparA meM apitu vartamAna digambara paramparA meM bhI aneka AcArya aura muni vizeSa rUpa se AcArya vimalasAgara jI kI paramparA ke munigaNa taMtra-maMtra kA prayoga karate hue dekhe jAte haiN| lagabhaga sAtavIM zatI ke aneka abhilekhIya evaM sAhityika sAkSya bhI upalabdha hote haiM jinameM jaina-muniyoM dvArA taMtra-maMtra ke prayoga ke prasaMga upalabdha haiN| vastutaH caityavAsa ke pariNAmasvarUpa digambara sampradAya meM vikasita bhaTTAraka paramparA aura zvetAmbara sampradAya meM vikasita yati paramparA spaSTatayA ina tAMtrika sAdhanAoM se sambaMdhita rahI hai, yadyapi adhyAtmavAdI munivarga ne inheM sadaiva hI heya dRSTi se dekhA hai aura samaya-samaya para ina pravRttiyoM kI AlocanA bhI kI hai| vastutaH jaina paramparA meM tAMtrika sAdhanAoM kA vikAsa cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva hI prArambha ho gayA thaa| kalpasUtra paTTAvalI meM jaina zramaNoM kI jo prAcIna AcArya paramparA varNita hai usameM vidyAdharakula kA ullekha milatA hai| sambhavataH vidyAdhara kula jaina zramaNoM kA vaha varga rahA hogA jo vividha vidyAoM kI sAdhanA karatA hogaa| yahA~ vidyA kA tAtparya buddhi nahIM, apitu deva adhiSThita alaukika zakti kI prApti hI hai| prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM hameM jaMghAcArI aura vidyAcArI, aise do prakAra ke zramaNoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki ye muni apanI viziSTa sAdhanA dvArA aisI alaukika zakti prApta kara lete the jisakI sahAyatA se ve AkAza meM gamana karane meM asartha hote the| yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki Arya vajrasvAmI (IsA kI prathama zatI) ne durbhikSakAla meM paTTavidyA kI sahAyatA se sampUrNa jaina saMgha ko surakSita sthAna para pahuMcAyA thaa| vajrasvAmI dvArA kiyA gayA vidyA kA yaha prayoga paravartI AcAryoM aura sAdhuoM ke lie eka udAharaNa
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana bana gyaa| vajrasvAmI ke sandarbha meM Avazyakaniyukti meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki unhoMne aneka vidyAoM kA uddhAra kiyA thaa| lagabhaga dUsarI zatAbdI ke mathurA ke eka zilpAMkana meM AkAzamArga se gamana karate hue eka jaina zramaNa ko pradarzita bhI kiyA gayA hai| isase yahI siddha hotA hai ki IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI se bhI jainoM meM alaukika siddhiyoM kI prApti hetu tAMtrika sAdhanA ke prati niSThA kA vikAsa ho gayA thaa| vastuta: jaina dharmasaMgha meM IsA kI cauthI pAMcavIM zatAbdI se caityavAsa kA Arambha huA aura usI ke pariNAmasvarUpa taMtra-maMtra kI sAdhanA ko jaina saMgha meM svIkRti bhI milii| jaina paramparA meM Arya khapuTa, (prathama zatI), Arya rohaNa (dvitIya zatI), AcArya nAgArjuna (caturtha zatI), yazobhadrasUri, mAnadevasUri, siddhasenadivAkara (caturtha zatI), mallavAdI (paMcama zatI), mAnatuGgasUri (sAtavIM zatI) haribhadrasUri ( AThavIM zatI), bappabhaTTisUri (navIM zatI), siddharSi (navIM zatI), sUrAcArya ( gyArahavIM zatI), jinezvarasUri (gyArahavIM zatI), abhayadevasUri (gyArahavIM zatI), vIrAcArya ( gyArahavIM zatI), jinadattasUri (bArahavIM zatI), vAdidevasUri (bArahavIM zatI), hemacandra (bArahavIM zatI), AcArya *malayagiri (bArahavIM zatI), jinacandrasUri (bArahavIM zatI), pArzvadevagaNa (bArahavIM zatI) jinakuzala sUri (terahavIM zatI) Adi aneka AcAryoM kA ullekha milatA hai, jinhoMne maMtra aura vidyAoM kI sAdhanA ke dvArA jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA kI / yadyapi vividha graMthoM, prabaMdhoM aura paTTAvaliyoM meM varNita inake kathAnakoM meM kitanI satyatA hai, yaha eka bhinna viSaya hai, kintu jaina sAhitya meM jo inake jIvanavRtta milate haiM ve itanA to avazya sUcita karate haiM ki lagabhaga cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI se jaina AcAryoM kA rujhAna tAMtrika sAdhanAoM kI ora bar3hA thA aura ve jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA ke nimitta usakA upayoga bhI karate the| merI dRSTi se jaina paramparA meM tAMtrika sAdhanAoM kA jo udbhava aura vikAsa huA hai, vaha mukhyataH do kAraNoM se huA hai- prathama to yaha ki jaba vaiyaktika sAdhanA kI apekSA saMghIya jIvana ko pradhAnatA dI gaI to saMgha kI rakSA aura apane zrAvaka bhaktoM ke bhautika kalyANa ko bhI sAdhanA kA Avazyaka aMga mAna liyA gyaa| dUsare taMtra ke bar3hate hue prabhAva ke kAraNa jaina AcAryoM ke lie yaha aparihArya ho gayA thA ki ve mUlataH nivRttimArgI aura Atmavizuddhiparaka isa dharma ko jIvita banAe rakhane ke lie tAMtrika upAsanA aura sAdhanA-paddhati ko kisI sImA taka svIkAra kareM, anyathA upAsakoM kA itara paramparAoM kI ora AkarSita hone kA bhaya thaa| 235 adhyAtma ke Adarza kI bAta karanA to sukhada lagatA hai kintu una AdarzoM ko jIvana meM jInA sahaja nahIM hai| jaina dharma kA upAsaka bhI vahI vyakti hai jise apane laukika aura bhautika maMgala kI AkAMkSA rahatI hai| jaina dharma ko vizuddha rUpa se mAtra AdhyAtmika aura nivRttimArgI banAe rakhane para bhaktoM yA upAsakoM ke eka bar3e bhAga se jaina dharma ke vimukha ho jAne kI sambhAvanAe~ thiiN| ina paristhitiyoM meM jaina AcAryoM kI yaha vivazatA thI ki ve apane anuyAyiyoM kI zraddhA jaina dharma meM banI rahe isake lie unheM yaha AzvAsana deM ki cAhe tIrthaMkara unake laukika-bhautika kalyANa karane meM asamartha hoM kintu
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________________ 236 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha una tIrthakara ke zAsana rakSaka deva unakA laukika aura bhautika maMgala karane meM samartha haiN| jaina devamaNDala meM vibhinna yakSa-yakSiyoM, vidyAdeviyoM, kSetrapAloM Adi ko jo sthAna mi usakA mukhya lakSya to apane anuyAyiyoM kI zraddhA jaina dharma meM banAe rakhanA hI thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki AThavIM-nauvIM zatAbdI meM jaina AcAryoM ne aneka vidhi-vidhAnoM ko jaina sAdhanA aura pUjA-paddhati kA aMga banA diyaa| yaha satya hai ki jaina-sAdhanA meM tAMtrika sAdhanA kI aneka vidhAe~ yathA maMtra, yaMtra, japa, pUjA, dhyAna Adi kramika rUpa se vikasita hotI rahI haiM, kintu yaha saba apanI sahavartI paramparAoM ke prabhAva kA pariNAma thI, jise jaina dharma ke upAsakoM kI niSThA ko jaina dharma ke banAe rakhane ke lie svIkAra kiyA gayA thaa| jainadharma meM tAMtrika sAdhanA se sambaMdhita hindU deva-maNDala kA praveza jahA~ taka jaina upAsanA aura pUjA paddhati kA prazna hai usa para hindU tAntrika sAdhanA kA prabhAva lagabhaga cauthI-pA~cavIM zatAbdI se hI milatA hai| yaha suspaSTa tathya thA ki nivRtti mArga ke praNetA vItarAga paramAtmA apane upAsakoM ke bhautika kalyANa meM samartha nahIM the jabaki mAnava kI yaha eka svAbhAvika kamajorI hai ki vaha dharma sAdhanA aura upAsanA ke mAdhyama se bhI apane bhautika kalyANa kI apekSA rakhatA hai| yahI kAraNa thA ki jaina upAsanA paddhati meM zAsanarakSaka deva aura deviyoM ke rUpa meM hindU tAntrika sAdhanA ke deva maNDala ke aneka devI-devatAoM ko samAhita kara liyA gyaa| sarvaprathama vidyA deviyoM ke rUpa meM rohiNI, prajJapti, vajragazrRMkhalA, vajrAMkuzI, apraticakrA, gaurI, gAndhArI Adi aura kAlAntara meM zAsana deviyoM ke rUpa meM kAlI, ambikA, padmAvatI, cakrezvarI, siddhAyikA. nirvANI, tArA Adi aneka deviyA~ aura brahmA, Izvara, gomukha, dharaNIndra, kubera Adi yahA~ jaina deva maNDala kA aMga bana gae aura unakI upAsanA aura ArAdhanA ko adhika mahatva diyA jAne lgaa| isI prakAra navagraha, aSTadikpAla bhI jaina pUjA aura upAsanA ke aMga bana ge| kAlAntara meM gaNeza kA praveza bhI pArzvayakSa ke rUpa meM jaina dharma kA aGga bana gayA aura use bhI gaNeza ke samAna hI gajamukha mAnakara lokamaMgala kA devatA mAna liyA gyaa| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki hindU devamaNDala se sarvaprathama sarasvatI evaM lakSmI ye do deviyA~ jaina deva-maNDala kA aGga bana gii| sarasvatI ko zruta devI ke rUpa meM ArAdhya banAyA gyaa| jaina granthoM meM aneka prasaMgoM para zruta devatA ke rUpa meM isakA ullekha pAyA jAtA hai yaha bhI eka mahatvapUrNa tathya hai ki Aja vizva meM sarasvatI kI jo prAcInatama (IsA prathama zatAbdI) mathurA kI pratimA upalabdha hai vaha jaina abhilekha se yukta jaina sarasvatI yA zrutadevI hI hai| sarasvatI ke pazcAt jaina paramparA meM lakSmI bhI jaina deva-maNDala kA sadasya bana gii| aneka jaina mandiroM meM gajalakSmI kI pratimAe~ Aja bhI upalabdha hotI isI prakAra kSetrapAla ke rUpa meM bhairava aura 64 yoginiyA~ bhI jo ki tAntrika devatA the ve bhI jaina deva maNDala ke sadasya bana ge| jainoM meM Aja bhI sammedazikhara ke
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 237 bhaumiyA jI evaM nAkor3A ke nAkor3A bhairava sarvAdhika upAsanA ke pAtra mAne jAte haiN| lagabhaga prAyaH sabhI jaina mandiroM meM kSetrapAla ke rUpa meM bhairava kI pratimAe~ sthApita haiM aura ina deva-deviyoM ke jaina upAsaka Aja bhI apane bhautika kalyANa ke lie manautiyA~ mA~gate haiN| yadyapi eka vizuddha nivRttimUlaka dharma meM yaha saba vikRtiyA~ hI haiM kintu bhAratIya tantra ke prabhAva se unakA praveza to huA hai| isa tathya se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki manuSya vizuddha adhyAtma yA nivRttimUlaka AdarzoM para jIvita nahIM raha sakatA hai| jaina yoga aura pAtaMjala yoga : eka samanvaya ___yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki ve sabhI bhAratIya dArzanika paramparAe~ jo cittavizuddhi yA Atmavizuddhi (samAdhi) ko apanA lakSya banA kara calatI haiM, una sabhI meM kisI na kisI meM yoga-sAdhanA kA sthAna rahA huA hai| isa dRSTi se yadi hama vicAra kareM to mukhya rUpa se tIna varga hamAre sAmane Ate haiM 1. pAtaJjala yoga 2. bauddha yoga 3. jaina yoga jahA~ taka pAtaJjala yoga aura jaina yoga kI tulanA evaM samanvaya kA prazna hai sarvaprathama hameM yaha samajha lenA hogA ki ina donoM paramparAoM meM prArambhikakAla meM yoga zabda do bhinna arthoM meM hI prayukta hotA thaa| jahA~ jaina paramparA meM yoga zabda kA artha mana, vANI aura zarIra kI pravRtti thA jo Asrava evaM bandha kI hetu thI vahI pAtaJjala yoga meM yoga zabda ko 'cittavRttiyoM ke nirodha' ke artha meM svIkAra kiyA gayA thA, jo mukti kA hetu thii| phira bhI yogasUtra aura tatvArtha sUtra meM aise aneka sandarbha haiM jo unakI saMvAditA ke sUcaka haiN| paM. sukhalAla jI saMghavI ne apanI tatvArtha sUtra kI bhUmikA (pR. 55-56) meM una prasaMgoM kI tulanA kI hai, jo jaina darzana aura yoga darzana kI eka-dUsare se nikaTatA ko sUcita karatI haiN| maiM yahA~ ati vistAra meM na jAkara kevala usa saMkSipta sUcI ko hI prastuta kara rahA hU~, jisase jaina darzana, bauddha darzana aura yoga darzana kI nikaTatA ko samajhA jA sakatA haitatvArthasUtra yogadarzana 1. kAyika, vAcika, mAnasika 1. karmAzaya (2.12) pravRttirUpa Amrava (6.1) 2. mAnasika Asrava (8.1) 2. nirodha ke viSayarUpa meM lI jAne vAlI cittavRttiyA~ (1.6) sakaSAya va akaSAya-yaha do prakAra kliSTa aura akliSTa do prakAra kA kA Asrava (6.5) karmAzaya (2.12) sukha-duHkhajanaka zubha va azubha sukha-du:khajanaka puNya va apuNya Asrava (6.3-4) karmAzaya (2.14)
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________________ 238 5. mithyAdarzana Adi bandha ke pA~ca hetu (81) 6. pA~coM meM mithyAdarzana kI pradhAnatA AtmA aura karma kA vilakSaNa sambandha hI bandha ( 8.2-3 ) 7. bandha hI zubha-azubha heya vipAka kA kAraNa anAdi bandha mithyAdarzana ke adhIna 8. 9. 10. karmoM ke anubhAgabandha kA AdhAra kaSAya (6.5) svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha 11. Asravanirodha hI saMvara (91) 12. gupti samiti Adi aura vividha tapa Adi saMvara ke upAya (9.2-3 ) 13. ahiMsA Adi mahAvrata (7.1) 14. hiMsA Adi vRttiyoM meM aihika, pAralaukika doSoM kA darzana karake unheM rokanA (7.4) 15. hiMsA Adi dorSoM meM duHkhapane kI hI bhAvanA karake unheM tyAganA (7.5) 16. maitrI Adi cAra bhAvanAe~ (7.6) 17. pRthaktvavitarkasavicAra aura ekatvavitarkanirvicAra Adi cAra zukla dhyAna (9.41-46 ) 18. nirjarA aura mokSa (9.3 aura 10.3 ) 19. jJAnasahita cAritra hI nirjarA aura mokSa kA hetu (1.1) 1. 2. 3. avidyA Adi pA~ca bandhaka kleza (2.3) pA~coM meM avidyA kI pradhAnatA (2.4 ) puruSa aura prakRti kA saMyoga hI heya duHkha kA hetu (2.17) puruSa va prakRti kA saMyoga hI heya duHkha kA hetu (2.17) anAdi saMyoga avidyA ke adhIna (2.24) 10. karmoM ke vipAkajanana kA mUla kleza (2.13) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. vivekI kI dRSTi meM sampUrNa karmAzaya duHkharUpa (2.15 ) 16. maitrI Adi cAra bhAvanAe~ (1.33) 17. savitarka, nirvitarka, savicAra aura nirvicArarUpa cAra saMprajJAta samAdhiyA~(1.16 aura 41, 44 ) A~zikahAna-bandhoparama aura sarvathAhAna cittavRttinirodha hI yoga ( 1.2 ) yama, niyama Adi aura abhyAsa, vairAgya Adi yoga ke upAya (1.12 se aura 2.29 ) ahiMsA Adi sArvabhauma yama (2.30) pratipakSa bhAvanA dvArA hiMsA Adi vikkoM ko rokanA (2.33-34) 18. (2.25) 19. sAMgayogasahita vivekakhyAti hI hAna kA upAya (2.26) ye cAra bhAvanAe~ bauddha paramparA meM 'brahmavihAra' kahalAtI haiM aura una para bahuta jora diyA gayA hai| dhyAna ke ye cAra bheda bauddhadarzana meM bhI prasiddha haiN| ise bauddhadarzana meM 'nirvANa' kahate haiM, jo tIsarA Aryasatya hai|
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 20. jAtismaraNa, avadhijJAnAdi divyajJAna aura cAraNavidyAdi labdhiyA~ (1.12 aura 10.7 kA bhASya ) 21. kevalajJAna (10.1 saMyamajanita vaisI hI vibhUtiyA~ * (2.29 aura 3.16 se Age) vivekajanya tAraka jJAna (3.54) isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-yoga, bauddha-yoga aura pAtaJjala yoga aneka sandarbhoM meM eka-dUsare ke ati nikaTa haiN| yadyapi yahA~ yaha kahanA ati kaThina hai ki jo samarUpatAe~ parilakSita ho rahI haiM unheM kisa paramparA se kisane gRhIta kiyA hai, kyoMki aneka sandarbhoM meM vicAra sAmya hote hue bhI bhinna-bhinna zabdAvaliyoM kA prayoga huaa| jaina- yoga aura pAtaJjala yoga ke pArasparika samanvaya ke sUtra hameM AcArya haribhadra (lagabhaga 8 vIM zatI) ke kAla se milane lagate haiN| AcArya haribhadra ne sarvaprathama jaina-darzana meM jo 'yoga' zabda kI paribhASA evaM vyAkhyA calI A rahI thI use parivartita kiyA aura yaha kahA ki jo mokSa se jor3atA hai, vaha yoga hai| jaina paramparA meM mokSa kI upalabdhi hetu yoga nirodha se mAnA gayA hai| ataH yahA~ jainadarzana aura yogadarzana donoM hI citta vRtti ke nirodha ko yoga ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| yahA~ yaha dhyAtavya hai ki isa prakAra se yoga zabda mokSa mArga ke rUpa meM donoM paramparAoM meM svIkRta ho gyaa| AcArya haribhadra ke yoga sambandhI cAra grantha upalabdha haiM- 1. yoga bindu, 2. yogazataka, 3. yogaviMzikA aura 4. yoga dRSTisamuccaya / ina cAroM granthoM para yogasUtra aura kaulataMtra kA paryApta prabhAva hai, pataMjali ke aSTAMgayoga ko haribhadra ne ATha yogadRSTiyoM ke rUpa meM vivecita kiyA hai| kaulataMtra ke AdhAra para kulayogI, gotrayogI Adi kI carcA kI hai| hindU paramparA ke grantha gItA meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga, bhaktiyoga aura rAjayoga ke ullekha hameM spaSTa rUpa se milate haiN| jaina paramparA meM jJAnayoga ko samyakjJAna ke rUpa meM, karmayoga ko samyak cAritra ke rUpa meM, bhaktiyoga ko samyakdarzana ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kintu jahA~ taka gItA meM varNita rAjayoga kA prazna hai use kisI sImA taka jaina paramparA meM samyaktapa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, tapa meM svAdhyAya, dhyAna, vyutsarga Adi kI carcA hai| 4. 20. 21. pAtaJjala yogasUtra meM jo aSTAMgayoga kI carcA hai, vaha kisI rUpa meM jaina AgamoM meM prAcIna kAla se hI upalabdha rahI hai| AcArya AtmArAma jI ne 'jaina Agama aura aSTAMgayoga' nAma se eka laghu pustikA likhI thI aura usameM yaha batAyA ki jaina paramparA meM ye ATha aMga kisa rUpa meM pAe jAte haiN| yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki jaina paramparA meM jina pA~ca mahAvratoM kA ullekha hai ve hI yoga darzana meM paJca yama ke rUpa meM milate haiN| isI prakAra yogasUtra meM varNita paJca niyama hI jaina paramparA meM prakArAntara se upalabdha ho 239 bauddhadarzana meM inake sthAna para pA~ca abhijJAe~ haiN| dekheM - dharmasaMgraha, pR. 4 aura abhidhammasaMgaho, pariccheda 9, pairA 24.
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________________ 240 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha jAte haiN| jahA~ taka AsanoM kA prazna hai jaina paramparA meM ve hI Asana mAnya rahe haiM jinake mAdhyama se sukha pUrvaka dhyAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina AgamoM meM haThayoga ke kliSTa AsanoM kI to koI bhI carcA nahIM hai kintu padmAsana, goduhAsana aura khaDgAsana ke ullekha vipula mAtrA meM milate haiN| prANAdhAma kI jo carcA hai vaha hameM jaina AgamoM meM alpa hI milatI hai kintu jaina AgamoM meM zvAsocchvAsa ko dekhane kI bAta vistAra se aneka sthaloM para ullikhita hai| jahA~ taka pratyAhAra kA prazna hai, vaha indriya-nigraha evaM saMvara ke rUpa meM usakI vistRta carcA uttarAdhyayana Adi aneka AgamoM meM milatI hai| jahA~ taka dhAraNA kA prazna hai jaina jJAnamImAMsA meM use pratyakSa kA eka aMga mAnakara vivecita kiyA hai| kisI sImA taka dhAraNA ko bauddha darzana ke ASTAMgika Arya mArga meM samyak smRti ke sAtha jor3A jA sakatA hai| kisI sImA taka dhAraNA ko bauddhadarzana ke ASTAGgika Arya mArga meM samyaka smRti ke sAtha jor3A jA sakatA hai| dhyAna ke sandarbha meM jaina AgamoM meM vistRta ullekha milatA hai| yahA~ usakI vistRta carcA to sambhava nahIM hai kintu isI lekha ke antargata Age hamane yaha batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki jaina dhyAna sAdhanA para pAtaJjala yogasUtra ke sAtha-sAtha kaulatantra kA bhI prabhAva AyA hai| piSTapezaNa ke bhaya se isa carcA ko yahA~ virAma de rahe haiN| jahA~ taka samAdhi kA prazna hai vaha jaina paramparA meM yoga nirodha ke rUpa meM hI ullikhita hai aura jaina darzana ke zukla dhyAna ke antima do caraNoM ko pAtaJjala yoga kI samAdhi ke sAtha dekhA jA sakatA hai| isI sandarbha meM yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki AcArya hemacandra ke yoga zAstra kA terahavA~ adhyAya nAthapaMtha se pUrNatayA prabhAvita lagatA hai| maMtra sAdhanA aura jaina daSTi maMtra sAdhanA tAMtrika sAdhanA athavA yoga-sAdhanA kA eka Avazyaka aMga hai| jaina dharma ke prAcIna graMthoM meM to mAMtrika sAdhanA kA spaSTa niSedha kiyA gayA thA kintu paravartI kAla meM tAMtrika paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina dharma meM mAntrika sAdhanAe~ svIkRta ho gii| phira bhI jahA~ tAntrika sAdhanA ho vahA~ maMtra ko AdhyAtmika yA daivIya zakti se sampanna bhautika kalyANa kA hetu mAnA gayA vahA~ jaina darzana meM maMtra aura taMtra ko paudgalika zakti se sampanna bhautika kalyANa kA hetu mAnA gayA vahA~ jaina darzana ne maMtra aura taMtra ko paudgalika zakti se yukta bhautika evaM AdhyAtmika kalyANa kA hetu maanaa| dharasena ne yoniprAbhRta meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA hai ki maMtra evaM taMtra zaktiyoM ko paudgalika zakti kA hI eka vibhAga mAnanA cAhie (joni pAhuDe bhaNidaM-maMta-taMtasattIyo poggalANubhAgotti ghettvvo)| isa prakAra jahA~ tAMtrika sAdhanA meM maMtra ko deva adhiSThita Atmika zakti kahA gayA vahA~ jaina paramparA meM use eka paudgalika zakti hI mAnA gyaa| jainoM ke anusAra maMtra dhvani rUpa hote haiN| dhvani mAtrikA padoM (svara-vyaMjanoM) ke mAdhyama se abhivyakta hotI hai| maMtra dhvani rUpa hai aura dhvani ko jaina darzana meM bhASAvargaNA ke pudgaloM se nirmita eka paudgalika saMracanA mAnA gayA hai| ataH dhvani rUpa maMtra hI
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 241 paudagalika hai| vastutaH maMtra ke uccAraNa se jo dhvani taraMgeM prasata hotI haiM unameM hI maMtroM kI kArya zakti nihita hotI hai| dhvani taraMgoM kI kyA aura kaisI prabhAvaka zakti hotI hai, yaha Aja ke vaijJAnika yuga meM ajJAta nahIM hai| vastuta: Aja adhikAMza vaijJAnika upakaraNoM kA niyaMtraNa taraMgoM ke mAdhyama se hI hotA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM jaina darzana kA to yaha bhI mAnanA hai ki maMtra sAdhanA meM jo dhyAna ke mAdhyama se sUkSma cintana hotA hai vaha vicAra yA cintana hI zabda rUpa hotA hai aura cAhe kitanA hI sUkSya kyoM na ho taraMga rUpa hotA hai| ve sUkSma dhvani kI sUkSmatama taraMgeM bhI kampanoM ko utpanna kara apanA kArya siddha karatI haiN| ataH jaina AcAryoM kI yaha mAnyatA kI maMtra zakti paudgalika zakti hai, pUrNataH vaijJAnika hai| yadyapi yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki jaina darzanAnusAra jisa prakAra karma pudgala cetanA yA citta zakti ko prabhAvita karate haiM usI prakAra maMtra bhI devoM kI citta zakti ko prabhAvita karate haiN| yaha satya hai ki prArambhika kAla meM jaina sAdhanA meM maMtra sAdhanA AdhyAtmika vizuddhi rUpa hI mAnI jAtI thii| yahA~ yaha samajha lenA cAhiye ki jaina paramparA meM jisa maMtra sAdhanA kA prArambhika kAla meM virodha kiyA gayA vaha maMtra sAdhanA mAraNa, mohana, uccATana, vazIkaraNa Adi se saMbaMdhita maMtra sAdhanAe~ hI thiiN| Atma vizuddhi ke hetu ke rUpa meM maMtra sAdhanA kA niSedha nahIM thaa| prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA meM paMca parameSThI namaskAra maMtra ko maMtra rUpa meM mAna liyA gayA thaa| isa namaskAra maMtra ko sarvazreSTha maMgaladAyaka maMtra mAnA jAtA thA aura inhIM pA~ca padoM ke AdhAra para sakalIkaraNa evaM graha zAMti kI jAtI thii| usake pazcAt paramAvadhi jJAnI, kevalajJAnI, labdhidhara Adi ko unameM sammilita kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra 48 padAtmaka sUri maMtra Adi kA nirmANa huaa| kAlAntara meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM aura unake yakSa-yakSiyoM se saMbaMdhita maMtroM kA nirmANa huA aura ina maMtroM ke mAdhyama se sakalIkaraNa, graha zAMti Adi ke kArya sampanna kiye jAne lge| yahA~ taka to jaina maMtra sAdhanA se jaina dharma kA kucha saMbaMdha rahA, kintu Age calakara jvAlAmAlinI Adi deviyoM, 64 yoginiyoM, bhairava Adi se saMbaMdhita maMtra bhI astitva meM Aye- jinheM hama hindU tAMtrika sAdhanA kA spaSTa prabhAva kaha sakate haiN| yaha prabhAva kaise aura kisa rUpa meM hai, Age isakI vistRta carcA kreNge| sarvaprathama to jainoM ne apane namaskAra mahAmaMtra ko hI mAntrika svarUpa pradAna kiyA aura isI krama meM na kevala namaskAra maMtra ke padoM kI saMkhyA meM vikAsa huA apitu pratyeka pada ke sAtha bIjAkSara arthAt OM aiM hrIM Adi yojita kie gye| isa prakAra namaskAra maMtra ko taMtra paramparA meM pracalita bIjAkSaroM se samanvita karake jaina AcAryoM ne use taMtra-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se mAntrika svarUpa pradAna kiyaa| yaha spaSTa hai ki naskAra maMtra ke sAtha bIjAkSaroM ko yojita karane kI yaha paramparA taMtra se prabhAvita hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki jaina AcAryoM ne anya paramparAoM meM pracalita tAMtrika sAdhanA kA mAtra andhAnukaraNa nahIM kiyA hai apitu aneka sthitiyoM meM use vivekapUrvaka apanI paramparA se yojita bhI kiyA hai|
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________________ 242 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha isI krama meM taMtra sAdhanA se prabhAvita hokara jainoM ne na kevala praNava (OM) ko namaskAra maMtra se niSpanna batAyA apitu pratyeka pada ke varNa Adi kA bhI nirdhAraNa kiyA aura AtmarakSA, sakalIkaraNa, aMga nyAsa, graha-nakSatra Adi kI zAMti ke prasaMga meM bhI namaskAra maMtra ko yojita karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| jainAcAryoM ne namaskAra maMtra ke vividha padoM ke AdhAra para vividha prayojana saMbaMdhI maMtroM kI racanA bhI kI jisakI carcA siMhanandi viracita 'paMcanamaskRti dIpikA' ke namaskAra saMbaMdhI maMtroM ke prasaMga meM kI gaI hai| namaskAra maMtra ke pazcAt jaina paramparA meM labdhidharoM, RddhidharoM ke prati namaskAra pUrvaka aneka maMtroM kI racanA huii| sarvaprathama to ina padoM meM sUrimaMtra yA gaNadharavalaya kI racanA huI jisameM ina labdhidhAriyoM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| pratyeka labdhidhArI pada meM namaskAra pUrvaka bIjAkSaroM ko yojita karake aneka maMtra bane aura una maMtroM kI sAdhanAvidhi tathA unase hone vAle phaloM yA upalabdhiyoM kI bhI carcA kI gyii| isake pazcAt 'logassa' aura 'namotthuNaM' (zakrastava) jo mUlataH prAcIna stuti paraka prAkRta racanAe~ haiM, unake AdhAra para bhI maMtroM kI racanAe~ huiiN| inameM ina stuti pAThoM ke aMzoM ke sAtha bIjAkSaroM Adi ko yojita karake maMtra banAe gae aura inakI sAdhanA se bhI vividha laukika upalabdhiyoM kI carcA kI gyii| ina maMtroM ke sAtha-sAtha jaba jaina paramparA meM 16 mahAvidyAoM, 24 yakSiNiyoM evaM 24 yakSoM, navagraha, dikpAla, kSetrapAla Adi ko devamaMDala meM sammilita kara liyA gayA to inase saMbaMdhita maMtroM kI bhI racanAe~ huIM, jo pUrI taraha anya tAMtrika sAdhanA paddhatiyoM se prabhAvita haiN| jahA~ taka paMca parameSThi, 24 tIrthaMkara aura labdhidhAriyoM se saMbaMdhita maMtroM kA prazna hai ve mukhyatayA prAkRta meM race gae haiN| mAtra bIjAkSaroM athavA phaT svAhA Adi ke rUpa meM hI unake sAtha saMskRta zabdoM kI yojanA kI gyii| vidyAdeviyoM, yakSoM, yakSiNiyoM (zAsanadeviyoM) se saMbaMdhita jo maMtra nirmita hue haiM ve mukhyataH saMskRta bhASA meM racita haiM yadyapi inase saMbaMdhita kucha maMtra prAkRta meM bhI milate haiN| vastuta yakSa-yakSI, dikpAla, kSetrapAla (bhairava), navagraha, nakSatra Adi kI avadhAraNAoM kA jaina paramparA meM bhI anya paramparAoM se saMgraha kiyA gyaa| usake pariNAmasvarUpa tatsaMbaMdhI maMtra bhI anya paramparAoM se AMzika parivartanoM ke sAtha gRhIta kara lie ge| punaH ina deva-deviyoM saMbaMdhI jo bhI maMtra bane, unameM laukika upalabdhiyoM kI hI kAmanA adhika rhii| yahA~ taka ki mAraNa, mohana, uccATana Adi SaTkarmoM se saMbaMdhita maMtra bhI jaina paramparA meM mAnya ho gaye jo usakI nivRttimArgI ahiMsaka paramparA ke viparIta the| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki maMtra sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jainoM para anya tAMtrika paramparAoM kA prabhAva hai| vizeSa rUpa se SaTkarma saMbaMdhI maMtroM meM to unhoMne avivekapUrvaka anya paramparAoM kA andhAnukaraNa kiyA hai, kintu aneka prasaMgoM meM unhoMne svaviveka kA paricaya hI diyA hai aura apanI paramparA ke anurUpa maMtroM kI racanA kI tAki sAmAnyajana kI zraddhA ko jaina dharma meM sthita rakhA jA sake aura jaina paramparA kI mUlabhUta jIvana dRSTi ko bhI surakSita rakhA jA ske|
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 243 stotra pATha, nAmajapa evaM maMtrajapa tAMtrika sAdhanA meM iSTa devatA kI prasannatA ke hetu dhyAna ke sAtha-sAtha stuti, nAmasaMkIrtana aura japa kA bhI mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| iSTa devatA kI stuti evaM nAmasmaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha vibhinna maMtroM kI siddhi ke lie una maMtroM kA yA unake adhiSThAyaka devatA kA vibhinna saMkhyAoM meM japa karane ke vidhAna bhI hamako na kevala hindU-tAMtrika paramparA ke granthoM meM, apitu jaina paramparA ke taMtra saMbaMdhI granthoM meM bhI milate haiN| kintu mUla prazna yaha hai ki kyA dhyAna-sAdhanA ke samAna hI nAmasmaraNa yA japa sAdhanA kI bhI jainoM kI apanI koI maulika paramparA rahI hai| hameM jainAgamoM meM aura 9vIM zatI ke pUrva ke jaina granthoM meM japa-sAdhanA aura usase saMbaMdhita vidhi-vidhAnoM ke koI vizeSa ullekha dekhane ko nahIM milate haiN| jo bhI prAcIna ullekha upalabdha haiM ve mAtra stutiyoM se saMbaMdhita haiN| prAcIna AgamoM meM vIrastuti (vIratthuI), zakrastava (namotthuNaM), caturviMzatistava (logassa) aura paMca namaskAra se saMbaMdhita saMdarbha hI milate haiN| jaina paramparA meM nAma smaraNa evaM japa sAdhanA ke hameM jo ullekha prApta hote haiM ve sabhI prAyaH 9vIM zatI ke pazcAt ke haiM aura mukhyataH bhaktimArgI evaM tAMtrika paramparA ke prabhAva se hI vikasita hue haiN| stutiyoM se saMbaMdhita saMdarbha AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, bhagavatI evaM Avazyaka sUtra jaise prAcIna AgamoM meM upalabdha haiN| kintu nAmasmaraNa kI paramparA isameM paravartI hai| jinasahasranAma kA sarvaprathama ullekha jinasena (9vIM zatI) ke AdipurANa meM milatA hai| maMtroM ke japa saMbaMdhI nirdeza to isakI apekSA bhI paravartI haiN| ve IsA kI 10vIM zatAbdI ke bAda ke graMthoM meM hI upalabdha hote haiN| jaina dhyAna sAdhanA para tAMtrika sAdhanA kA prabhAva dhyAna sAdhanA zramaNa paramparA kI apanI vizeSatA hai| usameM dhyAna sAdhanA kA mukhya prayojana Atma vizuddhi arthAt citta ko vikalpoM evaM vikSobhoM se mukta kara nirvikalpa dazA yA samAdhi (samatva) meM sthita karanA rahA hai| isake viparIta tAMtrika sAdhanA meM dhyAna kA prayojana maMtrasiddhi aura haTha yoga meM SaTcakroM kA bhedana kara kuNDalinI ko jAgRha karanA hai| yadyapi unameM bhI dhyAna ke dvArA AtmazAMti yA Atmavizuddhi kI bAta kahI gaI hai, kintu yaha una para zramaNa dhArA ke prabhAva kA hI pariNAma hai kyoMki vaidika dhArA ke atharvaveda Adi prAcIna granthoM meM maMtrasiddhi kA prayojana laukika upalabdhiyoM ke heta viziSTa zaktiyoM kI prApti hI thaa| vastutaH hindU tAMtrika sAdhanA vaidika aura zramaNa paramparAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| usameM mAraNa, mohana, vazIkaraNa, stambhana Adi SaTkarmoM ke lae maMtra siddhi kI jo carcA hai vaha vaidika dhArA kA prabhAva hai kyoMki usake bIja atharvaveda Adi meM bhI hameM upalabdha hote haiM jabaki dhyAna, samAdhi Adi ke dvArA Atmavizuddhi kI jo carcA hai vaha nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA kA prabhAva hai| kintu yaha bhI satya hai ki sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa dhArA aura vizeSa rUpa se jainadhArA para bhI hindu tAMtrika sAdhanA aura vizeSa rUpa se kaulataMtra kA prabhAva AyA hai| vastutaH jaina taMtra meM sakalIkaraNa, AtmarakSA, pUjAvidhAna aura SaTkarmoM ke lie
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________________ 244 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha maMtrasiddhi ke vividha vidhAna hindU taMtra se prabhAvita haiN| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, jaina dhyAna sAdhanA, jo zramaNadhArA kI apanI maulika sAdhanA paddhati hai, para bhI hindUtaMtra vizeSa rUpa se kaulataMtra kA prabhAva AyA hai| vizeSa rUpa se yaha prabhAva dhyAna ke Alambana yA dhyeya ko lekara hai| jaina paramparA meM dhyAna-sAdhanA ke antargata vividha AlambanoM kI carcA to prAcIna kAla se thI, kyoMki dhyAna sAdhanA meM citta kI ekAgratA ke lie prArambha meM kisI na kisI viSaya kA Alambana to lenA hI par3atA hai| prArambha meM jaina paramparA meM Alambana ke AdhAra para dharma-dhyAna ko nimna cAra prakAroM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA thA- 1. AjJA vicaya 2. apAya vicaya 3. vipAka vicaya 4. saMsthAna vicy| ina cAroM kI vistRta carcA hama pUrva meM kara cuke haiN| yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki dharma-dhyAna ke ye cAroM Alambana jainoM ke apane maulika haiN| kintu Age calakara ina AlambanoM ke saMdarbha meM taMtra kA prabhAva AyA aura lagabhaga gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatI se Alambana ke AdhAra para dharma-dhyAna ke navIna cAra bheda kiye gaye- 1. piNDastha 2. padastha 3. rUpastha 4. ruupaatiit| yaha spaSTa hai ki dharmadhyAna ke ina AlambanoM kI carcA mUlataH kaulataMtroM se prabhAvita hai, kyoMki zubhacandra (gyArahavIM zatI) aura hemacandra (bArahavIM zatI) ke pUrva hameM kisI bhI jaina graMtha meM inakI carcA nahIM milatI hai| sarvaprathama zubhacandra ne apane jJAnArNava meM aura hemacandra ne yogazAstra ke anta meM dhyAna ke ina cAroM AlambanoM kI carcA nahIM kI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM, piNDastha dhyAna ke antargata dhAraNA ke pA~ca prakAroM kI jo carcA huI hai. vaha hinda taMtra se prabhAvita hai| ye pA~ca dhAraNAe~ haiM- 1. pArthivI 2. AgneyI 3. mAruti 4. vAruNI aura 5. ttvvtii| vastutaH dhyAna ke ina cAra AlambanoM meM aura paMca dhAraNAoM meM dhyAna kA viSaya sthUla se sUkSma hotA jAtA hai| Age hama saMkSepa meM inakI carcA kreNge| dhyAna ke ina cAroM AlambanoM yA dhyeyoM aura pA~coM dhAraNAoM ko jainoM ne kaulataMtra se gRhIta karake apane DhaMga se kisa prakAra samAyojita kiyA hai, yaha nimna vivaraNa se spaSTa ho jaayegaa| 1. piNDastha dhyAna- dhyAna sAdhanA ke lie prArambha meM koI na koI Alambana lenA Avazyaka hotA hai| sAtha hI isa kSetra meM pragati ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka hotA hai ki ina AlambanoM kA viSaya kramazaH sthUla se sUkSma hotA jaaye| piNDastha dhyAna meM Alambana kA viSaya sabase sthala hotA hai. piNDa zabda ke do artha haiM- zarIra athavA bhautika vstu| piNDa zabda kA artha zarIra lene para piNDastha dhyAna kA artha hogA Antarika zArIrika gatividhiyoM para dhyAna kendrita karanA, jise hama zarIraprekSA bhI kaha sakate haiM, kintu piNDa kA artha bhautika tatva karane para pArthivI Adi dhAraNAyeM bhI piNDastha dhyAna ke antargata hI A jAtI haiN| ye dhAraNAe~ nimna haiM(ka) pArthivI dhAraNA- AcArya hemacandra ke yogazAstra ke anusAra pArthivI dhAraNA meM sAdhaka ko madhyaloka ke samAna eka ativistRta kSIrasAgara kA ciMtana karanA caahie| phira
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 245 yaha vicAra karanA cAhie ki usa kSIrasAgara ke madhya meM jambUdvIpa ke samAna eka lAkha yojana vistAra vAlA aura eka hajAra paMkhur3iyoM vAlA eka kamala hai| usa kamala ke madhya meM daidIpyamAna svarNima AbhA se yukta meru parvata ke samAna eka lAkha yojanA UMcI karNikA hai, usa karNikA ke Upara eka ujjvala zveta siMhAsana hai, usa siMhAsana para AsIna hokara merI AtmA aSTakarmoM kA samUla ucchedana kara rahI hai| (kha) AgneyIdhAraNA- jJAnArNava aura yogazAstra meM isa dhAraNA ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka apane nAbhi maNDala meM solaha paMkhur3iyoM vAle kamala kA ciMtana kre| phira usa kamala kI karNikA para arha kI, aura pratyeka paMkhur3I para kramazaH a, A, i, I, u, U, R, R, lu, lu, e, ai, o, au, aM, a:- ina solaha svaroM kI sthApanA kre| isake pazcAt apane hRdaya bhAga meM adhomukha ATha paMkhur3iyoM vAle kamala kA ciMtana kare aura yaha vicAra kare ki ye ATha paMkhur3iyA~ anukrama se 1. jJAnAvaraNa 2. darzanAvaraNa 3. vedanIya 4. mohanIya 5. AyuSya 6. nAma, 7. gotra aura 8. antarAya karmoM kI pratinidhi haiN| isake pazcAta yaha ciMtana kare ki usa arha se jo agni zikhAe~ nikala rahI haiM unase aSTadala kamala kI aSTakarmoM kI pratinidhi ye paMkhur3iyA~ dagdha ho rahI haiN| aMta meM yaha cintana kare ki arha ke dhyAna se utpanna ina prabala agni zikhAoM ne aSTakarma rUpI usa adhomukha kamala ko dagdha kara diyA hai usake bAda tIna koNa vAle svastika tathA agnibIja repha se yukta vahnipura kA ciMtana karanA cAhie aura yaha anubhava karanA cAhie ki usa repha se nikalatI huI jvAlAoM ne aSTakarmoM ke sAtha-sAtha mere isa zarIra ko bhI bhasmIbhUta kara diyA hai| isake pazcAt usa agni ke zAMta hone kI dhAraNA kreN| (ga) vAyavIya dhAraNA - AgneyI dhAraNA ke pazcAt sAdhaka yaha ciMtana kare ki samagra loka ke parvatoM ko calAyamAna kara dene meM aura samudroM ko bhI kSubdha kara dene meM samartha pracaNDa pavana baha rahA hai aura mere deha aura ATha karmoM ke bhasmIbhUta hone se jo rAkha banI thI use yaha pracaNDa pavana vega se ur3Akara le jA rahA hai| aMta meM yaha cintana karanA cAhiye ki usa rAkha ko ur3Akara yaha pavana bhI zAMta ho rahA hai| (gha) vAruNIya dhAraNA- vAyavIya dhAraNA ke pazcAt sAdhaka yaha ciMtana kare ki arddhacandrAkAra kalAbindu se yukta varuNa bIja 'vaM' se utpanna amRta ke samAna jala se yukta meghamAlAoM se AkAza vyApta hai aura ina meghamAlAoM se jo jala barasa rahA hai usase zarIra aura karmoM kI jo bhasmI uDI thI use bhI dho diyA hai| (Ga) tatvavatI dhAraNA- uparyukta cAroM dhArANAoM ke dvArA saptadhAtuoM se bane zarIra aura aSTa karmoM ke samApta ho jAne para sAdhaka pUrNacandra ke samAna nirmala evaM ujjvala kAMti vAle vizuddha Atmatatva kA cintana kare aura yaha anubhava kare ki usa siMhAsana para AsIna merI zuddha buddha AtmA arahaMta svarUpa hai| isa prakAra kI dhyAna sAdhanA ke phala kI carcA karate hue AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM ki piNDastha dhyAna ke rUpa meM ina pA~coM dhAraNAoM kA abhyAsa karane vAle sAdhaka kA uccATana, mAraNa, mohana, stambhana Adi saMbaMdhI duSTa vidyAyeM aura mAMtrika zaktiyA~ kacha bhI
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________________ 246 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha nahIM bigAr3a sakatI haiN| DAkinI-zAkiniyA~, kSudra yoginiyA~, bhUta, preta, pizAcAdi duSTa prANI usake teja ko sahana karane meM samartha nahIM haiN| usake teja se ve trAsa ko prApta hote haiN| siMha, sarpa Adi hiMsaka jantu bhI stambhita hokara usase dUra hI rahate haiN| yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki hemacandra ne apane yogazAstra meM (7/8-28) tAMtrika paramparA hI ina pAMcoM dhAraNAoM ko svIkAra karake bhI unheM jaina dharmadarzana kI Atmavizuddhi kI avadhAraNA se yojita kiyA hai| kyoMki ina dhAraNAoM ke mAdhyama se ve aSTakarmoM ke nAza ke dvArA zuddha AtmadazA meM avasthita hone kA hI nirdeza karate haiN| kintu jaba ve isI piNDastha dhyAna kI pAMcoM dhAraNAoM ke phala kI carcA karate haiM, to spaSTa aisA lagatA hai ki ve tAMtrika paramparA se prabhAvita haiM, kyoMki yahA~ unhoMne unhIM bhautika upalabdhiyoM kI carcA kI hai jo prakArAntara se tAMtrika sAdhanA kA uddezya hotI haiN| 2. padastha dhyAna- jisa prakAra piNDastha dhyAna meM dhyeya bhautika piNDa yA zarIra hotA hai usI prakAra padastha dhyAna meM dhyAna kA Alambana pavitra maMtrAkSara, bIjAkSara yA mAtRkApada hote haiN| padastha dhyAna kA artha hai padoM arthAt svara aura vyaMjanoM kI viziSTa racanAoM ko apane dhyAna kA Alambana yA dhyeya bnaanaa| isa dhyAna ke antargata mAtRkApadoM arthAt svara-vyaMjanoM para hI dhyAna kendrita kiyA jAtA hai| isa padastha dhyAna meM zarIra ke tIna kendroM arthAt nAbhikamala, hRdayakamala aura mukhakamala kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai| isameM nAbhikamala ke rUpa meM solaha paMkhur3iyoM vAle kamala kI kalpanA karake usakI una paMkhur3iyoM para solaha svaroM kA sthApanA kiyA jAtA hai| hRdayakamala meM karNikA sahita caubIsa paTala vAle kamala kI kalpanA kI jAtI hai aura usakI madhyakarNikA tathA caubIsa paTaloM para kramazaH ka, kha, ga, gha Adi 'ka' varga se 'pa' taka ke paccIsa vyaMjanoM kI sthApanA karake unakA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra aSTa paTala yukta mukhakamala kI kalpanA karake usake una aSTa paTaloM para ya, ra, la, va, za, sa, Sa, ha- ina ATha vargoM kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| cUMki sampUrNa vAGamaya inhIM mAtakApadoM se nirmita hai ataH ina mAtakApadoM kA dhyAna karane se vyakti sampUrNa zruta kA jJAtA ho jAtA hai (yogazAstra 8/1-5) / jJAnArNava ke anusAra maMtra va varNoM (svara-vyaMjanoM) ke dhyAna meM samasta padoM kA svAmI 'aha~' mAnA gayA hai, jo repha kalA evaM bindu se yukta anAhata maMtrarAja hai| isa dhyAna vaSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka ko eka suvarNamaya kamala kI kalpanA karake usake madhya meM karNikA para virAjamAna, niSkalaMka, nirmala caMdra kI kiraNoM jaise AkAza evaM sampUrNa dizAoM meM vyApta 'aha~' maMtra kA smaraNa karanA caahie| tatpazcAt use mukhakamala meM praveza karate hue, pravalayoM meM bhramaNa karate hue, netrapalakoM para sphurita hote hue, bhAla maNDala meM sthira hote hue, tAlurandhra se bAhara nikalate hue, amRta kI varSA karate hue, ujjvala candramA ke sAtha spardhA karate hae, jyotirmaNDala meM bhramaNa karate hae, AkAza meM Na karate hue tathA mokSa ke sAtha milApa karate hue kumbhaka ke samAna sampUrNa avayavoM meM vyApta hone kA cintana karanA caahie| isa prakAra citta evaM zarIra meM isakI sthApanA dvArA mana ko kramazaH sUkSmatA se
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 'ahaM' maMtra para kendrita kiyA jAtA hai| arha ke svarUpa meM apane ko sthira karane para sAdhaka ke antaraMga meM eka aisI jyoti prakaTa hotI hai, jo akSaya tathA atIndriya hotI hai| isI jyoti kA nAma hI Atmajyoti hai tathA isI se sAdhaka ko AtmajJAna kI prApti hotI hai| praNava nAmaka dhyAna meM ahaM ke sthAna para 'U~' pada kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| isa dhyAna kA sAdhaka yogI sarvaprathama hRdayakamala meM sthita karNikA meM isa pada kI sthApanA karatA hai tathA vacana - vilAsa kI utpatti ke advitIya kAraNa, svara tathA vyaMjana se yukta, paMca parameSThI ke vAcaka, mUrdhA meM sthita candrakalA se jharane vAle amRta ke rasa se sarAbora mahAmaMtra praNava (OM) zvAsa ko nizcala karake kumbhaka dvArA dhyAna karatA hai| isa dhyAna kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki stambhana kArya meM pIta, vazIkaraNa meM lAla, kSobhana meM mUMge ke raMga ke samAna, vidveSa meM kRSNa, karmanAzana avasthA meM candramA kI prabhA ke samAna ujjvala varNa kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| 247 5 hemacandra ke anusAra paMcaparameSThI nAmaka dhyAna meM prathama hRdaya meM ATha paMkhur3I vAle kamala kI sthApanA karake karNikA ke madhya meM saptAkSara 'arahaMtANaM' pada kA cintana kiyA * jAtA hai| tatpazcAt cAroM dizAoM ke cAra patroM para kramazaH 'Namo sidvANaM, Namo AyariyANaM, Namo uvajjhAyANaM tathA Namo loe savvasAhUNaM' kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai tathA cAra vidizAoM ke patroM para kramazaH 'eso paMca NamukkAro, savvapAvappaNAsaNo, maMgalANaM ca savvesiM evaM paDhamaM havai maMgalaM' kA dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai| zubhacandra ke matAnusAra madhya evaM pUrvAdi cAra dizAoM meM 'Namo arahaMtANaM' Adi kA tathA cAra vidizAoM meM kramazaH 'samyagdarzanAya namaH, samyagjJAnAya namaH, samyagcAritraya namaH tathA samyak tapase namaH' kA cintana kiyA jAtA hai| inake atirikta ina donoM namaskAra maMtra se saMbaMdhita aneka aise maMtra yA padoM kA ullekha hai jinakA dhyAna yA japa karane se manovyAdhiyA~ zAMta hotI haiM, kaSToM kA parihAra hotA hai tathA karmoM kA Asrava ruka jAtA hai| isa prakAra padastha dhyAna meM citta ko sthita karane ke lie mAtRkA padoM, bIjAkSaroM evaM maMtrAkSaroM kA Alambana liyA jAtA hai| jainAcAryoM ne yaha to mAnA hai ki isa padastha dhyAna se vibhinna labdhiyA~ yA alaukika zaktiyA~ bhI prApta hotI haiM, kintu ve sAdhaka ko inase dUra rahane kA hI nirdeza karate haiM, kyoMki unakA lakSya citta ko zuddha aura ekAgra karanA hai na ki bhautika upalabdhiyA~ prApta krnaa| (3) rUpastha dhyAna- isa dhyAna meM sAdhaka apane mana ko ahaM para kendrita karatA hai arthAt unake guNoM evaM AdarzoM kA cintana karatA hai| arhat ke svarUpa kA avalambana karake jo dhyAna kiyA jAtA hai vaha dhyAna rUpastha dhyAna kahalAtA hai| rUpastha dhyAna kA sAdhaka rAgadveSAdi vikAroM se rahita samasta guNoM, prAtihAryo evaM atizayoM se yukta jinendradeva kA nirmala citta se dhyAna karatA hai| vastutaH yaha saguNa paramAtmA kA dhyAna hai| ( 4 ) rUpAtIta dhyAna- rUpAtIta dhyAna kA artha hai rUpa-raMga se atIta, niraMjana, nirAkAra, jJAna svarUpa evaM AnandasvarUpa siddha paramAtmA kA smaraNa krnaa| isa avasthA meM dhyAtA
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________________ 248 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha dhyeya ke sAtha ekatva kI anubhUti karatA hai| ataH isa avasthA ko samarasIbhAva bhI kahA gayA hai| isa taraha piNDastha, padastha, rUpastha tathA rUpAtIta dhyAnoM dvArA kramazaH bhautika tatvoM yA zarIra, mAtRkApadoM, sarvajJadeva tathA siddhAtmA kA ciMtana kiyA jAtA hai, kyoMki sthUla dhyeyoM ke bAda kramazaH sUkSma aura sUkSmatara dhyeya kA dhyAna karane se mana meM sthiratA AtI hai aura dhyAtA evaM dhyeya meM koI antara nahIM raha jaataa| jaina granthoM meM kuNDalinI jAgaraNa aura SaTcakra bhedana jaina granthoM meM kuNDalinI jAgaraNa kI sAdhanA vidhi kA viziSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| yahA~ taka ki taMtra sAdhanA se prabhAvita zubhacandra ke jJAnArNava evaM hemacandra ke yogazAstra meM bhI isa saMbaMdha meM koI nirdeza nahIM hai| sarvaprathama siMhatilakasUri (13vIM zatI) meM parameSThividyAmaMtrakalpa meM isakA nirdeza kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki kuNDalinItantudyutisaMbhRtamUrtIni sarvabIjAni / zAntyAdi - saMpade syurityeSo gurukramo'smAkam / / kiM bIjairiha zaktiH kuNDalinI sarvadevavarNajanuH / ravi - candrAntardhyAtA bhuktyai ca gurusAram // bhrUmadhya-kaNTha- hRdaye nAbhau koNe trayAntarA dhyAtam / parameSThIpaMcakamayaM mAyAbIyaM mahAsiddhayai // zrIvibudhacandragaNabhRcchiSyaH zrIsiMhatilakasUririmam / parameSThiyamantrakalpaM lilekha sAhalAdadevatAktyA / / parameSThividyAyantrakalpaH / yaha kuNDalinI nAr3I sabhI bIjAkSaroM (maMtra - bIjAkSaroM) kI prakAzavAna mUrti hI hai| vahI zAMti Adi sampadAoM kA AdhAra hai, aisI hamArI guru paramparA yA mAnyatA yA AmnAya haiN| vastutaH ina maMtra - bIjAkSaroM se bhI kyA? jaba kuNDalinI zakti sabhI deva (deva - padoM) evaM varNAkSaroM (bIjAkSaroM) kI janaka hai to phira isI kI sAdhanA karanI caahie| sUrya nAr3I evaM candra nAr3I (IDA piMgalA) meM ina bIjAkSaroM kA dhyAna karane se bhoga aura suSumnA dhyAna karane se mukti kI prApti hotI hai, aisA guru ke dvArA ke dvArA batAyA gayA rahasya hai| bhrUmadhya arthAt AjJAcakra, kaNTha arthAt vizuddhi cakra, hRdaya arthAt anAhata cakra, nAbhi arthAt maNipUracakra aura koNadvaya arthAt svAdhiSThAna aura mUlAdhAracakra meM paMca parameSThi mAyAbIja hrIM kA dhyAna karane para hI mahAsiddhi kI prApti hotI hai| siMhatilaka sUri ke atirikta zvetAmbara paramparA meM kuNDalinI zakti evaM IDA, piMgalA aura suSumnA nAr3iyoM kI carcA karane vAle dUsare AcArya haiM Anandaghana jii| apane eka pada meM isa saMbaMdha meM carcA karate hue ve likhate haiM ki mhAro bAlUDo saMnyAsI, deha devala maThavAsI / iDA piMgalA mAraga taji jogI, sukhamanA dhari AsI /
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 249 brahmAraMdhra madhi AsaNapUrI bAbU, anahada nAda bjaasii|| mhAro / / 1 / / jama niyama AsaNa jayakArI, prANAyAma abhyaasii| pratyAhAra dhAraNA dhArI, dhyAna samAdhi smaasii|| mhAro / / 2 / / mUla uttara guNa mudrAdhArI, pryNkaasncaarii| recaka pUraka kuMbhakakArI, mana indrI jykaarii|| mhaaro||3|| thiratA joga jugati anukArI, Apo Apa vicaarii| Atama paramAtama anusArI, sIjhe kAja svaarii|| mhaaro||4|| merA bAla-alpavayaska (alpaabhyAsI) saMnyAsI jo deha-zarIra rUpa maTha meM nivAsa karatA hai, vaha IDA, piMgalA nAr3iyoM kA mArga chor3akara suSumnA nAr3I ke ghara AtA hai| Asana jamAkara suSumnA nAr3I dvArA prANavAyu ko brahmaraMdhra meM le jAkara anahadanAda bajAtA huA cittavRtti ko usameM lIna kara detA hai| yama-niyamoM ko pAlana karane vAlA, eka Asana se dIrghakAla taka baiThane meM samartha. prANAyAma kA abhyAsI, pratyAhAra, dhAraNA evaM dhyAna karane vAlA sAdhaka zIghra hI samAdhi prApta kara letA hai| ___vaha bAla saMnyAsI saMyama ke mUla aura uttara guNoM rUpI mudrA ko dhAraNa kara tathA paryaMkAsana kA abhyAsI recaka, paraka aura kaMbhaka prANAyAma kriyAoM ko karane vAlA hai| vaha mana tathA indriyoM para vijaya prApta kara yoga sAdhanA kA anugamana karatA huA jaba paramAtma pada kA anusaraNa karatA hai to usake sabhI kArya zIghra hI siddha ho jAte haiN| tAMtrika sAdhanA meM kuNDalinI zakti ke jAgaraNa hetu SaTcakroM kI sAdhanA ko pradhAnatA dI jAtI hai| sAmAnyatayA hindU tAMtrika sAdhanA paddhati meM SaTcakra kI avadhAraNA hI pramukha rahI hai| kintu kucha AcAryoM ne saptacakroM aura navacakroM kI bhI carcA kI hai| ye SaTcakra haiM- 1. mUlAdhAra 2. svAdhiSThAna 3. maNipUra 4. anAhata 5. vizuddhi aura 6. aajnyaackr| jina AcAryoM ne sAta cakra mAne haiM ve sahasrAra ko sAtavAM cakra aura jinhoMne nau cakra mAne haiM unhoMne uparyukta sAta cakroM ke sAtha-sAtha AjJAcakra aura sahasrAra ke madhya meM sthita lalanAcakra aura brahmarandhra meM sthita garucakra kI bhI kalpanA kI hai| jaina tantrasAdhanA meM lagabhaga terahavIM zatI se cakra sAdhanA ke ullekha milate haiM, kintu ve hindU tAMtrika sAdhanA aura haTha yoga kI paramparA se hI gRhIta haiN| jaina paramparA meM haribhadra (8vIM zatI) ke yogadRSTisamuccaya Adi yoga saMbaMdhI graMthoM meM zubhacandra (12vIM zatI) ke jJAnArNava meM evaM hemacandra (12vIM zatI) ke yogazAstra meM bhI hameM ina cakroM kA koI bhI ullekha prApta nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra SaTcakra kI avadhAraNA 12vIM zatAbdI ke pazcAt hI jaina paramparA meM astitva meM aayii| sarvaprathama AcArya vibudhacandra ke ziSya siMhatilakasUri (13vIM zatI) ne apane 'parameSThividyAyaMtrakalpa' nAmaka graMtha meM ina nava cakroM kA ullekha kiyA hai| isase yaha siddha bhI hotA hai ki cakroM kI yaha avadhAraNA unhoMne hindU taMtra se hI avatarita kI hai kyoMki unake nAma Adi hindU paramparA ke anurUpa evaM bauddha paramparA se bhinna haiN| unake anusAra ye navacakra nimna haiM
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________________ 250 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 1. AdhAra cakra 2. svAdhiSThAnacakra 3. maNipUracakra 4. anAhata cakra 5. vizuddhi cakra 6. lalanAcakra 7. AjJA cakra 8. brahmarandhra cakra (somacakra) aura 9. suSumnA cakra (brahmabinducakra yA sahasrAra ckr)| siMhatilakasari ne ina nau cakroM ke zarIra meM nau sthAna bhI batAye haiM unake anusAra AdhAracakra gudA ke madhyabhAga meM, svAdhiSThAnacakra liMgamUla ke samIpa, maNipUracakra nAbhi meM, anAhatacakra hRdaya ke samIpa, vizuddhicakra kaNTha meM, lalanAcakra tAlu meM ghaTikA (kaNThakUpa) ke samIpa, AjJAcakra kapAla meM donoM bhauhoM ke bIca, brahmarandhra cakra mUrdhA ke samIpa aura suSumnAcakra mastiSka Urdhva bhAga meM sthita hai| pratyeka cakra ke kamaladaloM kI saMkhyA isa prakAra batAyI gayI hai- mUlAdhAra cakra meM 4 dala, vAdhiSThAna meM 6. maNipura meM 10. anAhata meM 12, vizuddhi meM 16, lalanA meM 20, AjJA meM 3, brahmarandhra meM 16 aura brahmabindu yA sahasrAra cakra meM 6 dala hote haiN| kucha AcAryoM ke anusAra brahmabindu yA sahasrAra cakra meM sahana (1000) dala hote haiN| siMhatilakasari ke anusAra lalanA cakra meM vAk zakti (sarasvatI), AjJAcakra meM mana aura brahmacakra meM candra zItala evaM nirmala paramAtmazakti kA nivAsa hai| inake daloM para eka viziSTa vyavasthA ke anusAra mAtakAkSaroM kA sthAna hai| inameM AdhAracakra rakta, svAdhiSThAna aruNAbha, maNipUracakra zveta, anAhatacakra pIta, vizuddhicakra zveta, lalanA, AjJA aura brahmacakra raktavarNa ke aura sahasrAra cakra zveta raMga vAlA hai| isa prakAra AcArya tilakasUri ne ina cakroM ke nAma sthAna kamaladaloM kI saMkhyA, raMga, bIjAkSara Adi kI carcA to kI hai kintu vaha hindU taMtra se prabhAvita hai| tAMtrika sAdhanA ke vidhi-vidhAna aura jaina dharma AdhyAtmika zakti ke vikAsa evaM laukika upalabdhiyoM ke lie maMtra aura taMtra kI sAdhanA vidhiyoM kA ullekha aneka jainAcAryoM ne apane-apane granthoM meM kiyA hai| vizeSa rUpa se siMhatilaka sUri ne maMtrarAjarahasya meM, jinaprabhasUri ne vidhimArgaprapA meM, malliSeNa sUri ne bhairavapadmAvatIkalpa meM, AcArya kunthusAgara jI ne laghuvidyAnuvAda meM taMtra sAdhanA kI aneka vidhiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| vibhinna AcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita taMtra sAdhanA kI vibhinna vidhiyoM meM kahIM kramabheda hai to kahIM saMkhyAbheda hai aura kahIM-kahIM to maMtra bheda bhI hai| vastutaH taMtra sAdhanA vidhiyoM ko lekara jaina AcAryoM meM aneka AmnAya pracalita rahe haiM aura una AmnAyoM ke AdhAra para sAdhanA prakriyA tathA maMtra Adi ko lekara kucha matabheda dekhe jAte haiN| phira bhI sAmAnyarUpa se unameM koI mahatvapUrNa antara parilakSita nahIM hotaa| sya meM siMhatilakasari ne tAMtrika sAdhanA ke jisa vidhAna kA ullekha kiyA hai, usake antargata nimna vidhAna Ate haiM- 1. bhUmizuddhi 2. karAGganyAsa 3. sakalIkaraNa 4. dikpAla AhvAna 5. hRdayazuddhi 6. maMtrasnAna 7. kalmaSadahana 8. paMcaparameSThI sthApana 9. AhvAna 10. sthApanA 11. sannidhAna 12. sannirodha 13. avaguNThana 14. choTikApradarzana 15. amRtIkaraNa 16. jApa 17. kSobhaNa 18. kSAmana 19. visarjana aura 20. stuti| varddhamAna vidyAvidhi meM jisa maMtra sAdhanA vidhi kA ullekha hai usameM nimna solaha vidhiyoM ke ullekha haiM - 1. paMcAGgazauca 2. bhUmizuddhi 3. maMtrasnAna 4. vastrazuddhi
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 251 5. paMcAMgulinyAsa 6. kalmaSadahana 7. hRdayazuddhi 8. duHsvapna dunimittAzanividyutzatrubhayAdirakSA 9. sakalIkaraNa 10. paTa yA yaMtra pUjA 11. sajIvatApAdana 12. digbaMdhana 13. japa 14. AsanakSobhaNa 15. kSamAprArthanA 16. visarjana evaM hRdaya meM iSTa sthaapn|| RSimaMDalastava meM maMtra sAdhanA vidhAna ke nimna ATha aMga mAne gaye haiM- 1. maMtra 2. nyAsa 3. dhyAna 4. sAdhana 5. japa 6. tapa 7. arcA aura 8. antyog| zrI sAgaracaMda sUri ne maMtrAdhirAjakalpa meM maMtra sAdhanA ke nimna chaH hI aMga svIkAra kiye haiM- 1. Asana 2. sakalIkaraNa 3. mudrA 4. pUjA 5. japa aura 6. hom| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vibhinna jainAcAryoM ne pUjAvidhAna ke aMgoM ke sambandha meM apane bhinna-bhinna mata pradarzita kiye haiN| inameM saMkhyA, krama evaM maMtra Adi ke sambandha meM bhinnatA hote hue bhI koI maulika antara parilakSita nahIM hotaa| sabhI ne taMtra sAdhanA ke pUrva zarIrazuddhi, vastrazuddhi, bhUmizuddhi, maMtra snAna, kalmaSadahana, hRdayazuddhi nyAsa, sakalIkaraNa Adi kA ullekha kiyA hai| anya tAMtrika paramparAoM ke samAna hI jainAcAryoM ne bhI bhUmizuddhi, zarIrazuddhi, vastrazuddhi ke bAhya vidhi-vidhAnoM ke sAtha vibhinna maMtroM kI bhI yojanA kI hai| mudrA tAMtrika sAdhanA meM mudrAoM kA vizeSa mahatva hai| mudrA zabda 'mud' dhAtu se niSpanna hai jisakA artha hai- prsnntaa| ataH jo devatAoM ko prasanna kara detI hai athavA jise dekhakara devatA prasanna hote haiM use taMtra zAstra meM mudrA kahA jAtA hai| kintu taMtrazAstra meM bhI 'mudrA' ke aneka artha pracalita haiN| inameM nimna cAra artha mukhya haiM- haTha yoga ke prasaMga meM mudrA kA artha hai eka viziSTa prakAra kA Asana, jisameM sampUrNa zarIra kriyAzIla rahatA hai| pUjA ke prasaMga meM mudrA kA artha hAtha aura aMguliyoM se banAyI gaI ve vizeSa AkRtiyA~ haiM, jinheM dekhakara devatA prasanna hote haiN| jaina aura vaiSNava taMtroM meM mudrA se yahI artha abhipreta hai| taMtra kI sAtvika paramparA meM ghRta se saMyukta bhune hue anna ko bhI mudrA kahA gayA haiyaha mudrA kA tIsarA artha hai| jabaki vAmamArgI tAntrikoM kI dRSTi meM mudrA kA artha vaha nArI hai jisase tAMtrika yogI apane ko sambaMdhita karatA hai- yaha mudrA kA caturtha artha hai| paMcamakAroM meM mudrA isI artha meM gRhIta hai| kintu jainoM ko mudrA kA yaha artha kabhI bhI mAnya nahIM rahA hai, ve to mudrA ke uparokta dUsare artha ko hI mAnya karate haiN| abhidhAna rAjendrakoza meM mudrA zabda ke antargata kahA gayA hai ki hAtha Adi aMgoM kA vinyAsa vizeSa mudrA kahA jAtA hai, yathA- yogamudrA, jinamudrA, muktAsuktimudrA aadi| jainendrasiddhAntakoza meM kahA gayA hai ki devavandanA, dhyAna yA sAmAyika karate samaya mukha evaM zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM kI jo AkRti banAI jAtI hai use mudrA kahate haiN| yadyapi hindU, bauddha evaM jaina tInoM hI paramparAoM kI tAMtrika sAdhanA evaM pUjA meM mudrA kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna mAnA gayA hai, phira bhI madrAoM kI saMkhyA svarUpa, nAma aura paribhASAoM ko lekara na kevala vibhinna paramparAoM meM matabheda pAyA jAtA hai apitu eka paramparA meM bhI aneka mAnyatAe~ haiN| hindu paramparA meM zAradAtilaka (23/107-114) meM nau
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________________ 252 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha priyaba mudrAoM kA ullekha hai, to vahIM jJAnArNavataMtra (4/31-47) meM tIsa se adhika mudrAoM kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| viSNusaMhitA (7) ke anusAra to mudrAe~ anaginata haiN| devIpurANa (11/16/68-102), brahmapurANa (61/55), nAradIyapurANa (2157/55, 56) Adi aneka hindU purANoM aura tAMtrika granthoM meM mudrAoM ke ullekha milate haiN| bauddha paramparA meM bhI maMjU zrI kalpa (380) meM 108 mudrAoM ke nAma diye gaye haiN| jaina paramparA meM abhidhAnarAjendrakoza meM yogamudrA, jinamudrA aura muktAsuktimudrA kA tathA jainendrasiddhAntakoza meM yogamudrA, namadrA, vaMdanAmadrA aura muktAsaktimadrA-aisI cAra mudrAoM kA ullekha milatA hai- 1. donoM bhujAoM ko laTakAkara aura donoM pairoM meM cAra aMgula kA antara rakhakara kAyotsarga meM khar3e rahane kA nAma jinamudrA hai| 2. palyaMkAsana, paryaMkAsana aura vIrAsana ina tInoM meM se kisI bhI Asana meM baiThakara, nAbhi ke nIce, Upara kI tarapha hathelI karake donoM hAthoM ko Upara nIce rakhane se yoga mudrA hotI hai| 3. khar3e hokara donoM kuhaniyoM ko peTa ke Upara rakhane aura donoM hAthoM ko mukulita kamala ke AkAra meM banAne para vandanAmudrA hotI hai| 4. vandanAmudrA ke samAna hI khar3e hokara, donoM kuhaniyoM ko peTa ke Upara rakhakara, donoM hAthoM kI aMguliyoM ko AkAra vizeSa ke dvArA Apasa meM saMlagna karake mukulita banAne se muktAsuktimudrA hotI hai| priyabalazAha ne jarnala oNpha insTIcyaTa oNva baDaudA ke khaNDa-6. saMkhyA-1. pRSTha 135 meM mudrAoM se saMbaMdhita do jaina granthoM kA ullekha kiyA hai- 1. mudrA vicAra aura 2. mudrA vidhi| unakA kathana hai ki mudrA vicAra meM 73 mudrAoM kA aura mudrAvidhi meM 114 mudrAoM kA ullekha milatA hai| abhI ye donoM grantha mujhe dekhane ko nahIM mile haiN| upalabdha evaM prakAzita jaina granthoM meM laghuvidyAnuvAda meM 45 mudrAoM ko paribhASita kiyA gayA hai aura kucha mudrAoM ke citra bhI diye gaye haiN| bhairavapadmAvatIkalpa ke aMta meM bhI kucha mudrAoM ke citra haiM, kintu ye mudrAe~ vahIM haiM jo laghuvidyAnuvAda meM ullikhita haiN| mudrAoM ke saMdarbha meM eka vistRta vivaraNa vidhimArgaprapA ke mudrAvidhi nAmaka 37vIM vidhi meM milatA hai| isameM AhvAna saMbaMdhI nau mudrAoM, pUjA saMbaMdhI cAra mudrAoM, SoDaza vidyA saMbaMdhI solaha mudrAoM, dikpAla saMbaMdhI cAra mudrAoM, devadarzana saMbaMdhI tIna mudrAoM, pratiSThA vidhi saMbaMdhI aTThAisa mudrAoM ke ullekha upalabdha haiN| vidhimArgaprapA meM jina mudrAoM kA ullekha hai unake nAma isa prakAra haiM- 1. nArAca mudrA 2. kumbha mudrA 3. hRdaya mudrA 4. ziro mudrA 5. zikhara mudrA 6. kavaca mudrA 7. kSura mudrA 8. astra mudrA 9. mahA mudrA 10. dhenu mudrA 11. AvAhanIya mudrA 12. sthApanI mudrA 13. sannidhAnI mudrA 14. niSThurA mudrA yA visarjana mudrA 15. pANiyuga AvAhanIya mudrA 16. pANiyuga sthApana mudrA 17. nirodha mudrA 18. avaguNThana mudrA 19. govRSa mudrA 20. trasanI mudrA 21. pUjA mudrA 22. pAza mudrA 23. aMkuza mudrA 24. dhvaja mudrA 25. varada mudrA 26. zaMkha mudrA 27. zakti mudrA 28. zrRMkhalA mudrA 29. vajra mudrA 30. cakra mudrA 31. padma mudrA 32. gadA mudrA 33. ghaNTA mudrA 34. kamaNDala mudrA 35. parazu mudrA (dvaya), 36. vRkSa mudrA 37. sarpa mudrA 38. khaDga mudrA 39. jvalana mudrA 40. zrImaNi mudrA 41. daNDa mudrA 42. pAza mudrA 43. zUla mudrA 44. saMhAra
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________________ bhAratIya tantra-sAdhanA aura jaina dharma-darzana 253 yA visarjana mudrA, 45. parameSThi mudrA 46. pArzva mudrA 47. aMjali mudrA 48. kapATa mudrA 49. jina mudrA 50. saubhAgya mudrA 51. sabIja saubhAgyaM mudrA 52. yoni mudrA 53. garur3a mudrA 54. muktAsukti mudrA 55. prANipAta mudrA 56. trizikhA mudrA 57. zrRMgAra (bhaMga) mudrA 58. yoginI mudrA 59. kSetrapAla mudrA 60. umaruka mudrA 61. abhaya mudrA 62. varada mudrA 63. akSasUtra mudrA 64. bimba mudrA 65. pravacana mudrA 66. maMgala mudrA 67. Asana mudrA 68. aMga mudrA 69. yoga mudrA 70. parvata mudrA 71. vismaya mudrA 72. nAda mudrA aura 73. bindu mudraa| mudrAoM ke saMdarbha meM yaha eka vistRta sUcI hai| jinaprabhasUri ne na kevala mudrAoM ke nAmoM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| apitu yaha bhI batAyA hai ki kisa prasaMga meM kisa mudrA kA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai aura usa mudrA kI racanA kisa prakAra hotI hai| vistArabhaya se yahA~ hama ye madrAe~ kisa prakAra banAyI jAtI haiN| isakI carcA hama nahIM kara rahe haiN| yaMtra aura maNDala tAMtrika sAdhanA meM yaMtroM ke sAtha-sAtha maNDaloM kA bhI ullekha pAyA jAtA hai| mudrA aura maMDala tAMtrika sAdhanoM meM apanA viziSTa sthAna rakhate haiN| jahA~ mudrA iSTa devatA ko prasanna karane hetu hAtha aura aMguliyoM kI sahAyatA se banAyI gayI viziSTa zArIrika AkRtiyA~ hotI haiM vahIM maNDala dhyAna hetu cetanA meM kalpita vibhinna AkRtiyA~ hotI haiN| vaise yaMtra aura maNDala meM bahuta adhika aMtara nahIM hai| kintu jahA~ yaMtra pUjA athavA dhAraNa ke kAma meM Ate haiM vahA~ maNDala dhyAna ke viSaya hote haiN| maNDaloM kI bAhya AkRtiyA~ banAkara phira unapara dhyAna kendrita kiyA jAtA hai| yogazAstra meM AcArya hemacandra ne prANAyAma kI carcA ke antargata vAyu kI gatiyoM, maNDala evaM unake prakAroM kA nirdeza kiyA hai| ___ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma meM pratipAdita taMtra sAdhanA aura yoga sAdhanA para anya bhAratIya paramparAoM kA paryApta prabhAva rahA hai| yadyapi jaina AcAryoM ne taMtra sAdhanA aura yoga sAdhanA ke kSetra meM anya bhAratIya paramparAoM se bahuta kucha grahIta kiyA hai phira bhI unakI vizeSatA yaha rahI hai ki unhoMne ise apanI mUlabhUta nivRttimArgI mAnyatAoM ke anurUpa banAne kA prayatna kiyA hai| yadyapi kucha kSetroM meM andhAnukaraNa bhI huA hai, jisake pariNAmasvarUpa jaina dharma darzana ke nivRttimArgI svarUpa para kucha kharoceM bhI AI haiN| kintu yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki jaina taMtra-sAdhanA aura yoga-sAdhanA kA vikAsa apanI sahavartI paramparAoM ke madhya hI huA hai, isalie unake prabhAvoM se pUrNataH achUtA rahanA sambhava bhI nahIM thaa|
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________________ aSTAGgoga DaoN. rAmaprakAza poddAra* 'yoga' zabda saMskRta kI 'yuj' dhAtu se niSpanna huA hai jisakA artha hotA haibA~dhanA, jor3anA, jue se laganA, upayoga meM lAnA yA niyukta krnaa| isakA lAkSaNika artha sammilana yA samAgama bhI ho sakatA hai| isa nibaMdha meM hama jisa sandarbha meM yoga kI carcA karane jA rahe haiM isameM isakA artha hai, 'mana, vacana aura kAyA kI zaktiyoM ko abhISTa ke sAdhana meM lagAnA, buddhi, mana evaM AvegoM ko saMyamita kara aisA AdhyAtmika saMtulana prApta karanA jisase vyakti kA caitanya vividha paristhitiyoM meM 'samabhAva' meM avasthita rhe| _ 'yoga' chaha bhAratIya pAramparika darzanoM meM eka hai| pataJjali ne apane yogasUtra lata aura vyavasthita kiyA hai| isameM kula 185 sUtra haiN| pAramparika bhAratIya vicAradhArA meM samasta dRzya jagata kA kAraNa paramAtmA hai aura jIvAtmA usI kA eka aMza hai| isa sandarbha meM 'yoga' usa paddhati ko kahA gayA hai jisake dvArA jIvAtmA kA paramAtmA se sammilana yA samAgama ho aura sAMsArika AvAgamana kA baMdhana chUTa jaay| jo yogamArga kA anusaraNa karatA hai use yogI kahate haiN| bhagavadgItA ke chaThe adhyAya meM yoga-mArga use kahA gayA jo rAgadveSajanita du:kha se mukti kI ora le jAya "jisake mana, buddhi aura ahaMkAra saMyamita hokara AtmA meM hI avasthita ho jAte haiM, jisakI viSayoM ke prati spRhA chUTa jAtI hai usa vyakti ko 'yukta' athavA yogAvasthA ko prApta kahA jAtA hai| jaise nivAta sthAna meM dIye kI lau kampita nahIM hotI hai, usI taraha mana, buddhi aura ahaMkAra ko niyaMtrita kara AtmA meM adhiSThita yogI rAga-dveSa janita AvegoM se udvelita nahIM hotaa| yogAbhyAsajanita upazama kI avasthA meM citta prasanna ho jAtA hai aura AtmA ko AtmA meM dekhatA huA parama toSa ko prApta karatA hai| yaha Atyantika aura atIndriya sukha kI avasthA hai| isameM citta tattvataH nizcala ho jAtA hai| ise prApta kara lene para anya sArI prAptiyA~ nyUna pratIta hotI haiN| isa avasthA meM gurutama duHkha se bhI citta vicalita nahIM hotaa| isI ko sAre du:khoM ke saMyoga se mukta karane vAlA yoga kahA gayA hai| aise isa yoga kA nirvedarahita hokara abhyAsa karanA caahie|" bhagavadgItA a. 6 (18-23) * bhaNDArakara orieNTala risarca insTIcyUTa, pUNe-4.
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________________ aSTAGgoga 255 yoga kI pAtratA ke bAre meM bhagavadgItA meM kahA gayA hai ki na bahuta khAne vAle ko yoga ho sakatA hai aura na ekAnta nirAhArI ko, na bahuta sone vAle ko aura na sadA jAgrata rahane vAloM ko hii| yaha yoga usake lie sulabha hai jo AhAra vihAra meM aura anya karmoM meM saMyamita hai jo nidrA aura jAgati meM tAla-mela banAye rakhatA hai| bhagavadgItA a. 6 (16-17) yogasUtra ke prathama pAda ke dUsare sUtra meM pataJjali ne yoga ko 'cittavRtti kA nirodha' kahA hai| isakA tAtparya hai citta ke paryAyoM yA avasthAntaroM kA niyaMtraNa yA niyamana krnaa| citta meM mana, baddhi aura ahaMkAra samAviSTa rahate haiN| mana indriyoM ko viSayoM meM pravRtta karatA hai, buddhi ucita-anucita kA nirNaya karatI hai, ahaMkAra yA 'maiM-pana, maiM kartA ha~. maiM bhoktA hU~' aisA bhAva utpanna karatA hai| 'vRtti' zabda saMskRti kI 'vRt' dhAtu se niSpanna hai jisakA artha hotA hai-ghUmanA, palaTanA, cakkara kATanA, Age bar3hanA, ghaTita honA aadi| tadanusAra vRtti kA artha pariNamana yA avasthAntaraNa, bahAva yA pravAha ho sakatA hai| yoga vaha prakriyA hai jisake dvArA pariNamamAna yA aniyaMtrita bhAva se pravahamAna citta ko niyaMtrita kiyA jAtA hai aura tajjanita UrjA ko abhISTa dizA meM lagAyA jAtA hai| gatizIla yA pravahamAna citta kA nirodha koI sarala kArya nahIM hai| bhagavadgItA ke dUsare adhyAya meM arjuna ne kRSNa se kahA- 'Apane mujhe yoga kA mArga to batAyA, parantu (citta kI caMcalatA ke kAraNa) mujhe lagatA hai ki yaha sthAyIrUpa se upalabhya hai nhiiN| mana to svabhAva se caMcala, lobhakArI, prabala aura haThI hotA hai| ataH usakA nigraha carAcara jagata ke pracAlaka vAyu ke nigraha ke samAna duSkara hai|' kRSNa ne uttara diyA- nissandeha mana caMcala hai aura usakA nigraha duSkara hai| parantu abhyAsa aura vairAgya ke dvArA isakA nigraha sambhava hai| sacamuca asaMyata vyakti ke lie yoga duSprApya hai| parantu jo vazI, yatnazIla hai, vaha upAyataH ise siddha kara sakatA hai| bhagavadgItA a. 6 (34-35) yoga ke ATha aMga ___ yoga siddha karane ke upAya ke rUpa meM pataJjali ne yoga ke ATha aMga yA ATha sIr3hiyA~ batAyI haiM ye haiM- (1) yama, (2) niyama, (3) Asana, (4) prANAyAma, (5) pratyAhAra, (6) dhAraNA, (7) dhyAna aura (8) smaadhi| __ yama aura niyama rAga-dveSa janita udvegoM ko saMyamita karate haiM aura yogI ko kalyANakArI sAmAjika jIvana meM pratiSThita karate haiN| Asana se usakA zarIra svastha aura sudRDha hotA hai jisase vaha prakRti ke sAtha samavAya sthApita kara sakatA hai| isase zarIra ke prati mamatva kramazaH ghaTatA jAtA hai aura yogI ise AtmA kA adhiSThAna mAtra mAnane lagatA hai jise svastha aura sudRr3ha rakhane kA eka mAtra uddezya hai AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke lie ise upAdeya bnaanaa| ye prArambhika tIna sIr3hiyA~ 'bahiraMga sAdhanA' kahalAtI haiN| agalI do sIr3hiyoM, prANAyAma aura pratyAhAra ke dvArA yogI zvAsa-prazvAsa kA niyamana karatA hai aura indriyoM ko unake viSayoM se parAkDa.kha karatA hai| inase usakA mana vaza meM AtA hai| ina
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________________ 256 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha donoM ko antaraMga sAdhanA kahate haiN| dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi yogI ko AtmA kI gaharAI meM le jAte haiN| yogI paramAtmA ko prApta karane ke lie AkAza kI ora nahIM dekhtaa| vaha jAnatA hai ki pa antarAtmA ke rUpa meM usake bhItara virAjamAna hai| ye antima tIna sIr3hiyA~ AtmA aura paramAtmA meM samavAya sthApita karatI haiN| isalie inheM 'antarAtmA sAdhana' kahate haiN| samAdhi meM jJAtA, jJAna aura jJAta ekAkAra ho jAte haiM, draSTA, darzana aura dRSTa kA bheda miTa jAtA hai, mAnoM gAyaka, gIta aura sAja saba milakara eka ho gye| jaba yogI ko antarAtmA kI anubhUti hotI hai jo paramAtmA kA aMza hai, mahat jvAlA-puJja kA eka sphulliMga hai| yaha yoga sAdhanA kI caramAvasthA hai| 1. yama - yoga kA prathama sopAna hai| isakA artha hai saMyama yA niyNtrnn| yogasUtra ke anusAra ahiMsA, satya, asteya corI nahIM karanA, dUsare kI koI bhI vastu anadhikRta rUpa se nahIM lenA brahmacarya aura aparigraha kA AcaraNa yama haiN| isa prakAra ke AcaraNa se vyakti aura samAja kA kalyANa hotA hai; sAmAjika jIvana meM sukha-zAnti rahatI hai| isake viparIta hiMsA, jhUTha, corI, durAcAra aura parigraha kI vRtti se anAcAra phailatA hai aura vaiyaktika tathA sAmAjika jIvana azAnta aura duHkhada ho jAtA hai| hiMsA Adi kI pravRttiyA~ IrSyA, dveSa, lobha, moha Adi durbhAvanAoM se udbhUta hotI haiN| ahiMsAdi ke AcaraNa se ye kramazaH kSINa hotI haiM aura sAdhaka kA mana svaccha se svacchattara hotA jAtA hai aura usakI indriyA~ vaza meM AtI haiN| ye pAMcoM yama jainadharma meM gRhasthoM ke lie aNuvrata ke rUpa meM (choTe paimAne para yA sImita rUpa meM) aura sAdhuoM ke lie mahAvrata yA sArvabhauma vrata ke rUpa meM vihita kiye gaye haiN| pataJjali bhI inakA, jAti, deza, kAla aura samaya (zarta yA pAbaMdI) se bAdhita lagha rUpa aura anya sArvabhauma mahat rUpa mAnate haiN| (ka) ahiMsA- ahiMsA kA zAbdika artha hiMsA kA varjana hotA hai arthAt kisI prANI ko nahIM mAranA yA kisI prakAra se nahIM staanaa| parantu, isakI pariNati vizvaprema yA samasta jagata ke prati maitrIbhAva meM hotI hai| yadi koI vyakti apanI zArIrika kriyA dvArA kisI jIva ko kSata nahIM karatA, parantu unake mana meM vairabhAva rahatA hai, IrSyA aura dveSa rahatA hai to vaha ahiMsaka nahIM ho sktaa| ataeva ahiMsA ke AcaraNa ke lie vairabhAva kA sarvathA visarjana aura maitrIbhAva kA abhyAsa Avazyaka hai| vyakti hiMsA kyoM karate haiM? mAMsAhArI bhojana ke lie jIvoM kA vadha karate haiM yA karAte haiM: bhaya ke kAraNa bhI jIva-hiMsA kI jAtI hai| jaise sA~pa se bhaya hai. isalie loga use mAra dete haiN| svatva yA adhikAra kI rakSA ke lie bhI hiMsA hotI hai| kisI kA mAna Ahata hotA hai to vaha pratizodha kI bhAvanA se hiMsA para utArU ho jAtA hai| AjIvikA hetu dainandina kArya ke prasaMga meM bhI hiMsA ho sakatI hai| isa taraha hiMsA ke kaI prakAra ho sakate haiN| ina saboM meM sarvAdhika garhita vaha hai jo rAgadveSa vaza saMkalpapUrvaka kI jAtI hai, isakA sarvathA varjana kiyA jAnA caahie| hiMsA ke vividha prakAroM ko dekhate hue pataJjali
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________________ aSTAGgoga 257 ne ahiMsA ke AcaraNa ke do vibhAga kiye haiM- sAmAnya yA ISat aura dUsarA mht| sAmAnya stara para jahA~ ahiMsA kA AcaraNa jAti, deza, kAla aura samaya (zarta yA pAbaMdI) kI sImA meM hogA vahA~ mahata stara para yaha sArvabhauma hogaa| jaina AcAra meM ise hI aNu (choTA) vrata aura mahAvrata kahA gayA hai| yogI ko sArvabhauma ahiMsA kA AcaraNa karanA hai| manuSya ke lie mAMsAhAra upAdeya nahIM hai| ataeva yogI ke lie AhAra hetu hiMsA karane yA karAne kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA hai| bhaya, lobha yA krodha ke vaza hiMsA yogI se ho nahIM sakatI kyoMki ina bhAvoM ko pUrNa rUpa se samApta kara hI aura apane hRdaya meM asIma maitrIbhAva lekara hI vaha yogArUr3ha hotA hai| usake lie koI zatru hai hI nhiiN| yadi koI isake prati zatrutA kA bartAva bhI kare to bhI usakI zikAyata usa vyakti ke prati nahIM varan usakI kaluSita buddhi ke prati hogI aura vaha usake kaluSa ko miTAkara usake prati apane maitrI bhAva kA nirvAha karanA caahegaa| yaha kArya kaThina to hai parantu asAdhya nhiiN| Adhunika yuga meM bhI gA~dhI ne ise siddha kara dikhA diyaa| (kha) satya- sadAcAra meM satya kA sthAna sarvopari hai| mahAtmA gA~dhI ne kahA hai- 'satya Izvara hai aura Izvara satya hai| mana-vacana aura kAyA kI kriyAoM meM satya kA AcaraNa karane vAlA paramAtmA ke nikaTa pahuMca jAtA hai| kabIra ne kahA hai __ 'sA~I se sA~cA raho, sA~I sA~ca suhaay| sA~ce ko sA~cA mile sA~ce mAhi smaay||' satya ko sAdhane kA mArga hai ahiMsA yA prem| satya kevala yathArtha kathana taka sImita nahIM hai, kisI ko azlIla bAteM kahanA, dhokhA denA, nindA aura pizunatA karanA yA upahAsa karanA bhI satya kA vyAghAta hai| samrATa azoka ne apane eka abhilekha meM kahA hai ki sabhI sampradAyoM kA paraspara milakara rahanA acchA hai (samavAyo eva saadhu)| phira Age hai, usakA mUla hai vacana kA saMyama (tassa mUlaM vaciguti) tatparatApUrvaka vAgvyApAra kA saMrakSaNa karanA hI satya kI sAdhanA hai| (ga) asteya- bhoga aura parigraha ke lie spardhA vyakti ko kadAcAra kI ora le jAtI hai| isI se corI karane yA dUsare ke svatva ko kisI anya rIti se apanA lene kI pravRtti hotI hai| jo bhI arjana anyAya yA kadAcAra se kiyA jAtA hai vaha steya yA caurya hai| kadAcAra yA anyAya se parigraha karane vAlA vyakti jisa samAja meM rahatA hai vaha usa samAja ke prati caurya karma karatA hai| yogI apanI AvazyakatAoM ko nyUnatama kara letA hai| anyoM ke bhoga aura parigraha ke prati usakI koI spRhA nahIM rhtii| bhoga aura parigraha kI icchA aura spardhA kA kahIM koI anta nahIM hai- 'icchA hu AgAsa samA annntiyaa| dUsarI ora vigataspRha ko parama sukha aura zAnti milatI hai __ 'cAha gaI, cintA miTI manuAM beprvaah| jAko kachu nahiM cAhie vA hI saahNsaah|| (kabIradAsa) kintu jIvana vasara karane ke lie kucha to cAhie hii| parantu usa kucha kI sImA bA~dhane ke prati vyakti ko satarka rahanA caahie| yadi sImA kA vaha ullaMghana karane lagA
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________________ 258 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha taba phira AkAza kI anantatA meM kho jaayegaa| kabIra ne kahA 'sA~I itanA dIjiye jAmeM kuTuMba samAya / maiM bhI bhUkhA nA rahU~, sAdhu na bhUkhA jAya / / parantu 'itanA' kI sImA bA~dhane ke prati mAno sAvadhAna karate hue unhoMne kahArUkhA sUkhA khAI ke ThaMDA pAnI pIva / dekhi virAnI cUpar3I mata lalacAve jIva / / yaha virAnI cUpar3I dekhakara jI lalacAne kI jo bAta hai vahI parigraha kI ora le jAtI hai aura parigraha meM pravRtta hone para spRhA aura spardhAvaza ucita-anucita kA viveka calA jAtA hai aura vyakti ThagI, dhokhA, corI, apaharaNa Adi meM pravRtta hotA hai| ataH asteya kA AcaraNa karane ke lie yogI icchA aura spardhA ko vazIbhUta karatA hai| (gha) brahmacarya - pataJjali ke anusAra mana, vacana aura kAyA meM maithuna kA varjana brahmacarya hai| jainadharma bhI brahmacarya kA yahI artha kiyA gayA hai| parantu, mahAvratI jahA~ sarvatobhAvena maithuna kA varjana karegA vahA~ gRhI ke lie maryAdita maithuna kI svIkRti dI gaI hai| isa rUpa meM yaha 'svadAra saMtoSa' hai arthAt gRhI ke lie brahmacarya vrata kA artha hai parakIyA yA sAmAnyA kA varjana / pataJjali ne bhI yamoM ke do stara kiye haiM- 'jAti, deza, kAla aura samayAvacchinna' aura mahat / isa paddhati meM svadAra saMtoSa ko samayAvacchinna brahmacarya vrata ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki vivAha bhI samaya (zarta yA pAbaMdI) hai| vastutaH vivAha ke bandhana kA uddezya hai uddAma aura bahumukhI kAma vAsanA ko maryAdita aura ekaniSTha krnaa| isa rUpa meM yaha 'aNu' yA choTe stara para brahmacarya vrata hI hai| cUMki amaithuna yA maryAdita maithuna AtmasaMyama kI AdhArazilA ke binA Tika nahIM sktaa| isalie, brahmacarya kA pravezadvAra AtmasaMyama hai| jainadharma meM brahmacarya kA mahAvrata ke rUpa meM samAveza bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kiyaa| teisaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ne cAturyAma (cAra yama-ahiMsA, satya, asteya aura aparigraha ) kA upadeza diyA thaa| vivekI ke lie aparigraha meM hI brahmacarya antarbhukta ho jAtA thA kyoMki strI eka parigraha hI nahIM apitu sabhI parigrahoM kI jar3a hai / parantu jaba kucha vakrabuddhi loga aparigraha meM brahmacarya kI avyApti kA Agraha karane lage taba bhagavAna mahAvIra ko alaga se ise vihita karanA pdd'aa| (Ga) aparigraha - asteya aura aparigraha eka hI sikke ke do pahalU haiN| jahA~ anucita DhaMga se vastu kA arjana caurya hai vahA~ anAvazyaka vastu kA arjana aura saMgraha parigraha hai| yaha bhI eka prakAra kA caurya hI hai| jo vastu jarUratamaMda ke kAma A sakatI thI use parigrahI anAvazyaka rUpa se apane pAsa rakha letA hai| ataeva vaha samaSTi ke prati doSI hai| parigrahI ko apane parigraha ke prati moha ho jAtA hai aura jaise-jaise usakA parigraha bar3hatA jAtA hai moha bhI gAr3ha se gAr3hatara hotA jAtA hai| anAvazyaka parigraha nahIM karanA aura pUrva anAvazyaka parigraha ko kramazaH nyUna se nyUnatama kara lenA hI aparigraha hai| aparigraha ke AcaraNa se moha kSINa se kSINatara hotA hai aura kramazaH sAdhaka kA zarIra ke prati moha bhI kSINa ho jAtA
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________________ aSTAGgoga 259 hai| vaha aisA samajhane lagatA hai ki usakA zarIra bhI eka upakaraNa mAtra hai aura jaise upakaraNoM kA hastAMtaraNa hotA hai usI taraha zarIra-rUpa upakaraNa kA svAmI jIva bhI eka zarIra ko chor3akara dUsare zarIra meM calA jAtA hai| yaha krama usake vartamAna jIvana ke pUrva se calatA A rahA thA aura Age bhI calatA rahegA taba taka jabataka prakRti kA bandhana nahIM chUTa jAtA aura usakI antarAtmA kA paramAtmA meM vilaya nahIM ho jaataa| 2. niyama- jahA~ yama vyakti ke sAmAjika AcaraNa kI zuddhatA ko lakSya karatA hai vahA~ niyama usake vyaktigata AcaraNa kI zuddhatA ko lakSya karatA hai| pataJjali ne pA~ca niyama batAyeM haiM- zauca, saMtoSa, tapa, svAdhyAya, Izvara prnnidhaan| (ka) zauca- zauca kA artha hai shuddhi| isake antargata zarIra, vastra, AvAsa aura bhojana kI zuddhi abhipreta hai| kAyazuddhi ke krama meM yogI ko isa bAta kI pratIti hotI hai ki kAyA svabhAvataH azuci hai- mUtra, purISa, zleSmA, sveda Adi ghRNita vastuoM kA ghara hai| isase usameM kAyA ke prati aura kAyA ke svAbhAvika AvegoM (jaise kAmaceSTA) Adi ke prati jugupsA kA bhAva jagatA hai| dUsare vyakti ke zarIra ke prati bhI usake aisA hI jugupsA kA bhAva jaga jAtA hai| isase usakI vRttiyA~ zArIrika dharAtala para se uThakara AdhyAtmika dharAtala para calI jAtI haiN| vaha dekhatA hai ki pazu prema jatAne ke lie cATate haiM, kATane kA svAMga karate haiN| prema kI yaha abhivyakti use ghaTiyA aura ghinaunI lagane lagatI hai aura vaha karuNA, maitrI Adi ke dvArA prema kI AdhyAtmika abhivyakti kI ora sahaja hI pravRtta ho jAtA hai| pataJjali kahate haiM ki zucitA se sattvazuddhi (antarAtmA kI zuddhi) hotI hai, saumanasya hotA hai| saumanasya kA artha hai mana kI prasannatA, mana meM AsthA vizvAsa kA jgnaa| isa taraha mana ke niSkaluSa (IrSyAdi se rahita) hone se ekAgratA hotI hai aura ekAgratA se indriyajaya aura Atmazardana kI yogyatA AtI hai| (kha) saMtoSa- tRSNA ke kSaya se saMtoSa kA udaya hotA hai| saMtoSa aparimita sukha aura zAnti kA janaka hai| kahA gayA hai yacca kAmasukhaM loke yacca divyaM mhtsukhm| tRSNAkSayasukhasyaite nArhataH SoDazI klaam|| (mahAbhArata, zAntiparva. 174-46) arthAta isa loka meM jo kAmya vastuoM ke upabhoga se zurU hotA hai aura svarga kA jo mahAn sukha hai ye donoM milakara bhI usa sukha ke solahaveM bhAga ke barAbara bhI nahIM haiM jo sukha tuSNA ke kSaya se arthAt saMtoSa se hotA hai| saMtoSa se yogI nizcinta ho jAtA hai aura yogamArga meM sthira rahatA hai| (ga) tapa- 'tapa' zabda 'tap' dhAtu se niSpanna hotA hai| yaha dhAtu tapane, jalane, duHkha jhelane ke artha meM prayukta hotI hai| tapa dvArA zarIra mana aura vacana kA vizeSa prakAra se niyamana kiyA jAtA hai| nirAhAra rahanA, nizcala hokara khar3e rahanA yA baiThanA, prANavAyu kA niyamana karanA, grISma meM AtApanA lenA, jAr3e meM khule zarIra khule AsamAna ke nIce ThaMDaka ko
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________________ 260 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha jhelanA Adi tapa ke prakAra haiN| tapa meM pratyakSa yA parokSa rUpa se kAya-kleza uThAnA par3atA hai| jaise svarNa kA zodhana karane ke lie use Aga meM tapAyA jAtA hai, vaise hI mAnasika aura zArIrika zuddhi ke lie tapa kiyA jAtA hai| jaise tapAne se svarNa kA mala jala jAtA hai vaise hI mAnasika aura zArIrika azuddhiyA~ tapa se dUra ho jAtI haiM aura zarIra tathA indriyoM kI kSamatA cAmatkArika rUpa se bar3ha jAtI hai| (gha) svAdhyAya- 'svAdhyAya' zabda 'sva' aura 'adhyAya' kI sandhi se banA hai| isakA artha 'sva' kA athavA apane ApakA, apanI antarAtmA kA, apane mana aura indriyoM kA adhyayana karanA, unakI ceSTAoM kI anuprekSA karanA ho sakatA hai| isase apane Apake sAtha-sAtha jitanI bhI bAhya vastuoM se sAdhaka kA sambandha hai unakI use anubhUti hogI aura usameM sahaja jJAna kA sphuraNa hogaa| satsAhitya yathA vedopaniSad Adi kA adhyAya hai| ye Aptavacana haiN| ataeva inake adhyayana se adhyetA ko aise viSayoM kA jJAna hogA jo pratyakSa yA anumAna dvArA jJAta nahIM hote; balki, jinakA jJAna Agama se hI hotA hai| (Ga) Izvara praNidhAna- pataJjali ke anusAra Izvara puruSa (jIva)-vizeSa hai| jahA~ sAmAnya puruSoM (jIvoM) kI cittavRttiyA~ kliSTa (klezayukta) ho sakatI haiM Izvara meM kleza kA zAzvata abhAva rahatA hai| Izvara ke na puNya-pApa hote haiM, na karma-vipAka hotA hai aura na koI vAsanA rahatI hai| avidyA, asmitA, rAga, dveSa aura abhiniveza ye pA~ca kleza haiN| anitya, azuci, duHkha aura anaatm| (ajIva yA jaDa-buddhi, mana Adi) ko kramazaH nitya, zuci, sukha-rUpa aura Atma-svarUpa mAnanA avidyA hai| buddhi, mana Adi jar3a haiN| ve puruSa (jIva) se hI caitanyayukta hote haiN| ina jar3a padArthoM ko hI caitanya (jIvarUpa) samajhanA, caitanya kA unake sAtha, tAdAtmya karanA, asmitA hai| spaSTa hai ki asmitA Adi kI jananI avidyA hI hai| prItikara meM ramaNa karane kI icchA aura aprItikara ke prati asahanazIlatA kramazaH rAga aura dveSa haiN| jIvana ke prati jo Asakti hai vahI abhiniveza hai| yaha prANI ke pUrva janma meM anubhUta maraNa-bhIti ke kAraNa janma-janmAntara se calA A rahA hai| 'Izvara-praNidhAna' kA artha hai Izvara kI vizeSa bhakti, Izvara ke prati shrnnaagti| isa avasthA meM yogI apane sAre karmoM ko, sAre bhAvoM ko, IzvarArpita kara detA hai| Izvara se pRthak usakI koI vaiyaktikatA nahIM rhtii| usakA svAtma sarvAtma meM lIna ho jAtA hai| isase sahaja hI use samAdhi kI siddhi ho jAtI hai| 3. Asana- zarIra ko sthira aura sukhAvaha avasthA meM rakhane kA nAma Asana hai| yaha zarIra ko eka vizeSa sthiti meM rakhanA hai jisameM sAdhaka kA zarIra abhISTa kAlAvadhi paryaMta sthira rahe aura use kisI zArIrika tanAva Adi kA anubhava na ho| AsanoM kA nAmakaraNa, vanaspati, kITa-pataMga, jalajantu, pakSI, pazu Adi ke nAma para kiyA gayA hai, yathAtAr3a-Asana, padmAsana, vRzcikAsana, bhujaMgAsana, zalabhAsana, matsyAsana, bhekAsana, kUrmAsana, garur3Asana, mayUrAsana, kukkuTAsana, uSTrAsana, siMhAsana aadi| Asana ke abhyAsa se zarIra sugaThita, dRr3ha aura halkA ho jAtA hai aura yogI ke
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________________ aSTAGgoga lie yoga ke agale aMga, prANAyAma kA abhyAsa sukara ho jAtA hai| dhyAna rahe ki Asana kevala zarIra ko sugaThita banAne ke sAdhana nahIM / ve zarIra ko yoga kI sAdhanA ke yogya banAne ke sAdhana haiM jisa sAdhanA kA aMtima lakSya samAdhi aura kaivalya hai| yadyapi yogI ko zarIra ke prati moha nahIM hotA, tathApi antarAtmA ke vAhaka ke rUpa meM vaha, zarIra kA sammAna karatA hai, usake rakha-rakhAva aura upAdeyatA para pUrA dhyAna rakhatA hai| Asana zarIra ko yoga-sAdhanA ke lie upAdeya banAne ke sAdhana haiN| Asanasiddhi se sAdhaka zItoSNa, mRdu-kaThora, snigdha-rukSa Adi dvandvoM ke sparza se abhibhUta nahIM hotA hai| pataJjali ne AsanoM para vizeSa jora nahIM diyA hai| yoga kI eka paddhati haThayoga kahalAtI hai| isakA vistAra se vivecana svAtmArAmakRta 'haThayoga pradIpikA' meM kiyA gayA hai| haThayoga kAyazuddhi, Asana, mudrA Adi para vizeSa jora detA hai| pataJjali kI paddhati meM lakSya samAdhi hai aura sAdhana kI AvazyakatA vahIM taka hai jahA~ taka ve saralatA aura tvarA ke sAtha lakSya taka pahuMcane meM sahAyaka hoN| isalie haThayoga ke sammukha pataJjali kI paddhati ko 'rAjayoga' (saralatA yA AsAnI se sAdhya yoga ) kahA gayA hai| 4. prANAyAma - prANAyAma yoga kA caturtha aMga hai| yahA~ prANa kA artha zvAsa-prazvAsa hai; usakA AyAma arthAt vistAra yA niyaMtraNa prANAyAma hai| pataJjali ne ise zvAsa-prazvAsa ke bIca gati-viccheda ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai| arthAt zvAsa lenA, prANavAyu se phephar3oM ko bharanA, tadanantara use rokanA aura isake bAda chor3anA, phira chor3ane ke bAda bhI zvasana kriyA ko kiMcit kAlaparyaMta avaruddha karanA aura phira zvAsa bhrnaa| isI kriyA ko duhraanaa| zvAsa lete hue phephar3oM ko vAyu se bharane kI kriyA ko pUraka ( bharanevAlI kriyA) kahate haiN| zvAsa lekara prANavAyu ko bhItara rokane kI kriyA ko antaH kumbhaka aura zvAsa chor3akara punaH zvAsa lene kI kriyA ko kicit kAlaparyaMta rokane kI kriyA ko bAhya kumbhaka kahate haiN| prANAyAma kaThina sAdhanA hai aura ise suyogya guru se sIkhanA cAhie tathA guru ke sAnidhya meM hI prAraMbhika abhyAsa karanA caahie| anyathA galatI hone ke ghAtaka duSpariNAma ho sakate haiN| prANAyAma se jahA~ eka ora rakta saMcAra kI kriyA kA vinimana hotA hai aura use sphUrti milatI hai vahA~ dUsarI ora mana aura indriyoM ko vizrAma milatA hai, buddhi nirmala aura prasanna ho jAtI hai| pataJjali kahate haiM ki moha ke kAraNa viveka jJAna ke Upara jo eka AvaraNa par3A rahatA hai vaha prANAyAma ke abhyAsa se kSINa hotA hai| kahA gayA haiprANAyAma se bar3hakara koI tapa nahIM hai| isase zArIrika aura mAnasika maloM kI vizuddhi hotI hai aura jJAna dIpta hotA hai| 261 5. pratyAhAra - indriyA~ svabhAva se hI kSobhakArI hotIM haiN| ve viSayoM kI ora mana ko le jAtIM haiM aura buddhi ko vivaza kara detI haiN| isa svecchacAra ko chor3akara indriyoM kA citta kA anugAmI ho jAnA hI pratyAhAra hai| pratyAhAra ke abhyAsa meM indriyoM ko unake viSayoM se vimukha kiyA jAtA hai| viSaya-vimukha hone para indriyA~ citta kI anugAmI ho jAtI haiN|
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________________ 262 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha taba jaise rAnI makkhI ur3atI hai to sabhI zramika madhumakkhiyA~ ur3a jAtI haiM aura phira vaha jahA~ baiThatI hai vahA~ sabhI baiTha jAtI haiM, isI prakAra indriyA~ citta kA anugamana karatI haiN| jaise-jaise citta vRttiyoM ke nirodha kI ora jAtA hai vaise-vaise indriyA~ usake sAtha calatI haiM, vidroha yA vikSepa nahIM karatI haiN| pratyAhAra ke pariNAma svarUpa indriyoM kI paramAvazyatA hotI hai, aisI vazyatA jo phira zithila nahIM hotii| 6. dhAraNA- citta ko kisI eka sthAna para kendrita karane kI kriyA ko pataJjali dhAraNA kahate haiN| yaha sthAna sAdhaka ke zarIra ke andara ho sakatA hai, yathA, nAbhicakra, hRdayapuNDarIka, nAsikAgra, bhrUmadhya ityaadi| dhAraNA kisI bAhya viSaya kI bhI jA sakatI hai| parantu isakI zarta yaha hai ki 'pratyAhAra' meM jo citta ke prati indriyoM kA samarpaNa huA vaha kisI bhA~ti Digane na paaye| mana kI bhrAnta avasthA ko 'kSipta' kahA gayA hai, jahA~ vaha eka viSaya se dUsare viSaya kI ora pravRtta hotA rahatA hai| udvelita aura bhogotsuka avasthA ko 'vikSipta' kahA gayA hai| ina donoM avasthAoM meM rajoguNa kI pradhAnatA rahatI hai| mana kI niSkriya avasthA ko 'mUr3ha' kahA gayA hai jahA~ tamoguNa kA prAdhAnya rahatA hai| jaba mana apanI sArI zaktiyoM ko kisI eka vastu para kendrita karatA hai to use ekAgra kahate haiN| droNAcArya dvArA dhanarvidyA kI parIkSA ke krama meM jaba arjana ne kahA ki use kevala cir3iyA kI A~kha (lakSya) dIkha rahI thI, taba usakA mana ekAgra thaa| yoga-sAdhanA meM mana kI caramAvasthA ko 'niruddha' kahA gayA hai jahA~ mana, buddhi aura ahaMkAra pUrNataH citta ke niyaMtraNa meM A jAte haiM, ahaMbhAva kA lopa ho jAtA hai| dhAraNA mana kI ekAgratA kI sthiti hai| yahA~ se yogI kI AdhyAtmika upalabdhi zurU hotI hai| isalie pataJjali ne ise vibhUti pAda ke antargata rakhA hai| 7. dhyAna- dhAraNA meM jJAnavRtti kI ekatAnatA nahIM hotI hai| vaha truTita yA khaNDita hotI rahatI hai| yaha jJAnavRtti jaba ekatAna ho jAtI hai to vaha dhyAna kI avasthA kahalAtI hai| jaise jala jisa pAtra meM rakhA jAtA hai usI kA AkAra le letA hai, vaise hI dhyAna kI avasthA meM mana dhyeya vastu-rUpa ho jAtA hai| isalie brahma yA paramAtmA kA dhyAna karane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai jisakA vAcaka U~kAra yA praNava hai| isase yogI ke svAtma kI sarvAtma meM saMlInatA kI anubhUti hotI hai| prAyaH sabhI dharmoM meM dhyAna kI mahimA gAI gaI hai aura ise AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA anivArya aMga batAyA gayA hai| pichale kucha dazakoM meM mAnoM dhyAna ko lekara eka krAnti hI ho gayI hai| AdhyAtmika upalabdhi ke sAtha-sAtha bhautika upalabdhiyoM, yathA rogI ke lie svAsthya-lAbha Adi ke lie bhI isakA prayoga kiyA jAne lagA hai| dhyAna kA mukhya uddezya to AdhyAtmika hI hai| parantu isa krama meM dhyAtA ko bhautika upalabdhiyA~ bhI hotI haiN| jaise bijalI ke balva ke philAmeMTa meM jaba nirbAdha rUpa se vidyuta kA pravAha hotA hai taba vaha camakane lagatA hai| isI taraha dhyAna se sAdhaka kI buddhi aura mana prakhara ho jAtA hai| usakA mukhamaNDala dIptimAna aura zarIra svastha ho jAtA hai| usakI vANI madhura aura gambhIra ho jAtI hai| inake atirikta use atimAnavIya zaktiyoM
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________________ aSTAGgo kI upalabdhi bhI ho sakatI hai| parantu ina upalabdhiyoM ke prati Asakta hone se vaha yogabhraSTa ho sakatA hai| bhagavadgItA meM arjuna ne kRSNa se pUchA ki yogabhraSTa kI gati kyA hotI hai| zrIkRSNa ne uttara diyA ki yoga se bhraSTa hone para bhI sAdhaka durgati ko prApta nahIM hotaa| vaha dIrghakAla taka svarga-sukha kA bhoga karatA hai; phira jJAniyoM aura yogiyoM ke bIca usakA janma hotA hai jahA~ pUrvAbhyAsa ke kAraNa use zIghra yoga kI prApti hotI hai| (a. 6, 38-47) 8. samAdhi- jaba dhyAtA dhyeyAkAra ho jAtA hai aura usakA svarUpa zUnya ho jAtA hai taba vahI dhyAna samAdhi ho jAtA hai| tara, tama avasthA ke anusAra samAdhi ke aneka bheda kie gae haiN| yogasUtra meM dhAraNA, dhyAna aura samAdhi tInoM ekatra saMyama kahe gaye haiN| saMyama ke phalasvarUpa aneka adbhuta zaktiyA~ prApta hone kI bAta kahI gaI hai, yathA apane zarIra para saMyama karane se antardhAna hone kI zakti (3-20) ; sUrya para saMyama karane se bhuvanajJAna (3.26); nAbhicakra para saMyama karane meM zarIra kI saMracanA kA, usakI bhinna-bhinna dhAtuoM kA jJAna (3.29) aadi| yoga kI 1. aNimA, 2. laghimA (halkA hone kI zakti), 3. mahimA (bar3ha jAne kI zakti), 4. prApti (kisI vastu taka pahuMcane kI zakti), 5. prAkAmya (amogha icchAzakti), 6. vazitva (bhautika padArthoM ko apane vaza meM rakhane kI zakti), 7. Izitva (bhautika padArthoM ko utpanna aura vinaSTa karane kI zakti), 8. yathAkAmAvasAyitva (satya saMkalpatA), ye ATha siddhiyA~ to suprasiddha haiM hii| parantu ye siddhiyA~ anubhUtigamya hI ho sakatI haiM, inheM tarkasiddha nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| ina samasta siddhiyoM ke prati vItarAgatA ke phalasvarUpa hI kaivalya, prakRti ke baMdhana se mokSa kI siddhi hotI hai jo yoga kA carama lakSya hai| f 263
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________________ ahiMsA kI paridhi meM paryAvaraNa santulana pro. (DaoN.) puSpalatA jaina* ahiMsA dharma hai, saMyama hai aura paryAvaraNa nisarga hai, prakRti hai| prakRti kI surakSA hamArI gahana ahiMsA aura samaya sAdhanA kA paricAyaka hai| prakRti kA pradUSaNa paryAvaraNa ke asantulana kA AvAhaka hai aura asantulana avyavasthA aura bhUcAla kA pratIka hai ataH prAkRtika santulana banAe rakhanA hamArA dharma hai, karttavya hai aura AvazyakatA bhI / anyathA vinAza ke kagAroM para hamArA jIvana baiTha jAtA hai aura kaTI huI pataMga-sA lar3akhar3Ane lagatA hai| yaha aitihAsika aura vaijJAnika satya hai| jise Aja hama bhoga rahe haiN| hamAre yahAM prAraMbha meM paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa kI samasyA nahIM thii| cAroM dizAoM meM hare-bhare kheta, ghane jaMgala kala-kala karatI nadiyAM, jar3I-bUTiyoM se bhare parvata Adi sabhI kucha prAkRtika suSamA kA bakhAna karate the| hamArA prAcIna sAhitya isI prakRti kI suramya chaTA ke varNana se ApUra hai| usameM vyakti kI bhadra prakRti aura usakI pApabhIrutA kA bhI digdarzana hotA hai| vanaspati jagata kA jo sammAna yahAM kiyA gayA hai, vaha anyatra durlabha hai| avatAroM aura jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke cinha pazu-pakSiyoM meM se grahaNa kiye gaye haiN| prAcIna mUrtikalA, sthApatyakalA tathA mudrAoM para azoka, kadamba, pIpala Adi vRkSoM ke citra bhI isI ke pramANa haiN| vasaMta Rtu meM raMga-biraMge manamohaka puSpa, grISma Rtu kA tapatA huA vAyumaMDala, varSARtu kI lahalahAtI dharatI aura zIta Rtu kI suhAvanI rAteM bhalA kauna bhUla sakatA hai? prAcIna RSiyoM-maharSiyoM aura AcAryoM ne isa prAkRtika tatva ko na kevala bhalI-bhAMti samajha liyA thA balki use unhoMne jIvana meM utArA bhI thaa| ve prakRti ke ramya prAMgaNa meM svayaM rahate the, usakA AnaMda lete the aura vanavAsI rahakara svayaM ko surakSita rakhane ke lie prakRti kI surakSA kiyA karate the| vaidika RSi maharSi, mahAvIra aura buddha jaise mahApuruSoM ke jIvana kI aneka ghaTanAeM prakRti kI chatra-chAyA meM ghaTita huI haiN| kAlAMtara meM una vRkSoM kI pUjA kA vidhAna raca kara unakI surakSA kA prabaMdha dharma mAna liyA gyaa| pIpala (bodhivRkSa) jJAna-prakAzaka hai, grAma goSThI aura vyAkula pathika ke lie AzrayadAtA hai / vaTavRkSa bhI jJAna aura samRddhi kA pratIka hai| azoka vRkSa ne sItAjI ko Azraya diyA thA, isa bAta ko hama sabhI jAnate haiN| vRkSoM kI upayogitA ke kAraNa ve aneka janazrutiyoM * pUrva adhyakSa, hindI vibhAga, esa. epha. esa. kaoNleja, tukArAma cAla, sadara, nAgapura - 440 001.
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________________ ahiMsA kI paridhi meM paryAvaraNa santulana 265 ke bhI kendra bana gye| ina janazrutiyoM kI carcA se adhika mahatva kA prasaMga vRkSoM ke saMrakSaNa kA hai| ___ idhara kucha varSoM se paryAvaraNa saMtulana kAphI DagamagA gayA hai| bar3hatI huI AbAdI tathA Adhunika audyogika manovRtti ne paryAvaraNa ko burI taraha pradUSita kara diyA hai| jaMgala ke jaMgala kaTate cale jA rahe haiN| sAmarthya ke bAhara khetoM se khAdyAnna paidA karane kA prayatna kiyA jA rahA hai| kITanAzaka davAoM aura rAsAyanika khAdoM ke prayoga se khAdya sAmagrI dUSita hotI jA rahI hai, zuddha peya jala kama hotA jA rahA hai| vanya pazu-pakSI lupta-se ho rahe haiN| kAlidAsa jaise mahAkaviyoM ke vana-upavana, araNya Aja adRzya se hote jA rahe haiN| paryAvaraNa ke asaMtulita ho jAne se Rtu cakra meM badalAva aayaa| bhISaNa bAr3ha kA prakopa bar3hA, kaiMsara, hRdayAghAta, mAnasika tanAva, raktacApa jaise vighAtaka rogoM kI saMkhyA bar3hI, zuddha-havA pAnI milanA muzkila-sA ho gayA, gaMgA-narmadA jaisI nadiyoM kI pavitratA para praznacinha laga gyaa| jagaha-jagaha bhUcAla ho rahe haiN| sunAmI laharoM kA prakopa bhI paryAvaraNa ke asantulana kA kAraNa hai| yaha saba huA prakRti para digvijaya kI mahatvAkAMkSA pAlane ke kAraNa aura mAnava kI svArthabharI mAnasikatA ke kaarnn| hamArI ajJAnatA ne hameM prakRti ke vAstavika rUpa ko samajhane se dUra rakhA, dharma-adharma kA viveka hamane kho diyA, mAnavatA ko darakinAra rakha takanIkI aura vaijJAnika vikAsa ne hameM aMdhA banA diyaa| phalataH prAkRtika vipadAoM ke aMbAra laga gye| prakRti pradatta sabhI vanaspatiyAM hama-Apa jaisI sAMsa letI haiM kArbana-DAya-oNksAiDa ke rUpa meM aura sAMsa chor3atI haiM oNksIjana ke rUpa meN| yaha kArbana-DAya-oNksAiDa per3a-paudhoM ke hare padArtha dvArA sUrya kI kiraNoM ke mAdhyama se phira oNksIjana meM badala jAtI hai| isalie bAga-bagIcoM kA honA svAsthya ke lie atyAvazyaka hai| per3a-paudhoM kI yaha jIvana-prakriyA hamAre jIvana ko saMbala detI hai, svastha havA aura pAnI dekara AvAhana karatI hai jIvana ko saMyamita aura ahiMsaka banAye rakhane kaa| sArA saMsAra jIvoM se bharA huA hai aura hara jIva kA apanA-apanA mahatva hai| unake astitva kI hama upekSA nahIM kara skte| unameM bhI sukha-du:kha ke anubhava karane kI zakti hotI hai| unakA saMrakSaNa hamArA naitika uttaradAyitva hai| trasa, ye do prakAra ke jIva batalAye gaye haiN| sthAvara jIvoM meM calane-phirane kI zakti nahIM hotI, aise jIva pAMca prakAra ke hote haiM(1) pRthvIkAyika, (2) apkAyika, (3) vanaspatikAyika, (4) agnikAyika aura 5) vAyakAyikA do indriyoM se lekara pAMca indriyoM vAle jIva trasa kahalAte haiN| jainazAstroM meM ina jIvoM ke bheda-prabhedoM kA varNana baDe vistAra se milatA hai jo vaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI sahI utaratA hai| ina saba jIvoM kA gaharA sambandha paryAvaraNa se hai| hamAre cAroM ora kI bhUmi, havA aura pAnI hI hamArA paryAvaraNa hai| inase hamArA purAnA sambandha hai lekina isase bhI adhika purAnA sambandha hai paudhoM aura jAnavaroM se| hamAre
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________________ 266 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha lie sAre jAnavara aura paudhe jarUrI haiN| unake binA hamArA jIvana susaMcAlita nahIM ho sktaa| yaha paryAvaraNa jIva-jantuoM aura per3a paudhoM ke kAraNa hI jIvanta hai| unakI hiMsA karane para prakRti bhI apanI pratikriyA dikhalAtI hai| Aja ke bhautika vAtAvaraNa meM vijJAna kI cakAcauMdha meM hama ajJAnavaza apane kSudra svArtha ke lie apane prAkRtika paryAvaraNa ko dUSita kara rahe haiN| isase prakRti kA santulana DagamagAne lagA hai| usakI sAdagI aura pavitratA kucalI jA rahI hai, naSTa ho rahI hai| isakA mUla kAraNa hai hamArI asaMyamamUlaka tRSNA aura prabala AzA kA sNcrnn| hamane vana, upavana ko naSTa-bhraSTa kara U~cI-U~cI aTTAlikAyeM banA lIM, bar3e-bar3e kArakhAne sthApita kara lie jinase hAnikAraka rasAyanoM, gaisoM kA nirjharaNa ho rahA hai, upayogI pazu-pakSiyoM aura kIr3oM-makor3oM ko samApta kiyA jA rahA hai| vAhanoM Adi se dhvani, pradUSaNa, gandagI, kUr3A-kacar3A Adi bahA dene se jala pradUSaNa aura gaisoM se vAyu pradUSaNa ho rahA hai| hama apane kSaNika lAbha ke lie sArI prAkRtika sampadA ko asantulita karane ke doSI bana rahe haiN| kucha pradUSaNa prakRti se hotA hai para use prakRti hI svaccha kara detI hai| jaise per3a-paudhoM kI kArbana DAI AksAiDa sUrya kI kiraNoM se sApha hokara AksIjana meM badala jAtI hai| hamArA bahuta sArA jIvana inhIM per3a-paudhoM para avalambita hai| vaijJAnikoM ne apane anusandhAna ke AdhAra para spaSTa kiyA hai ki alaga-alaga taraha ke per3a paudhoM kI pattiyA~ vibhinna gaisoM Adi ke jahara, dhUla Adi se jUjhakara paryAvaraNa ko svaccha rakhatI haiN| isa saMdarbha meM nIma kI pattiyA~ vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| jaMgala kaTa jAne se varSA kama hotI hai, AbahavA badala jAtI hai, sUkhA par3atA hai, bAr3ha AtI hai, garmI adhika hotI hai| yadi hamane paryAvaraNa kI surakSA aura pradUSaNa kI mAtrA kama nahIM kI to paryAvaraNa jaharIlA hokara hamAre jIvana ko tahasa-nahasa kara degaa| naI-naI bImAriyoM se hama trasta ho jaaeNge| paryAvaraNa kI rakSA vastutaH hamArA vikAsa hai| udAharaNa ke taura para kAI, Ama, pIpala, baragada Adi per3a-paudhe vAtAvaraNa kI gandI havA ko chAnakara aura svayaM jahara kA ghU~Ta pIkara hameM svaccha havA aura prANavAyu dete haiN| isI taraha Ama, sUryamukhI, caulAI, kanakaunA, gaura, sanaI Adi bhI gandI havA dUra karake hamArI sevA karate haiN| vaijJAnika anusandhAna ke phalasvarUpa yaha spaSTa hai ki paryAvaraNa kA asantulana hiMsAjanya hai aura yaha hiMsA taba taka hotI rahatI hai jabataka hameM Atmabodha na ho| AtmatulA kI kasauTI para kase binA vyakti na to dUsare ke duHkha ko samajha sakatA hai aura na usake astitva ko svIkAra kara pAtA hai| kadAcit yahI kAraNa hai ki AcArAMga jaise prAcInatama Agama grantha kA prArambha zastraparIkSA se karake hameM astitva bodha karAyA gayA hai| yaha astitva bodha ahiMsAtmaka AcAra-vicAra kI AsthA kA AdhArastambha hai| ahiMsA ke cAra mukhya AdhAra stambha haiM- AtmavAda, lokavAda, karmavAda aura kriyAvAda / prAkRtika paryAvaraNa aura naitika paryAvaraNa, donoM kI surakSA ke lie ina cAroM mApadaNDoM kA pAlana karanA Avazyaka hai| inakI pRSThabhUmi meM ahiMsA - darzana praharI ke rUpa meM khar3A rahatA hai|
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________________ ahiMsA kI paridhi meM paryAvaraNa santulana 267 dizA-dRSTi se dUra par3A huA vyakti "jIvo jIvasya bhojanam" mAnakara svayaM kI rakSA ke lie dUsare kA amAnuSika vadha aura zoSaNa karatA hai, prazaMsA, sammAna, pUjA, janma-maraNa mocana tathA du:kha pratikAra karane ke lie vaha ajJAnatApUrvaka zastra uThAtA hai aura sabase pahale pRthvI aura per3a-paudhoM para prahAra karatA hai jo mUka haiM, pratyakSaH kucha kara nahIM sakate, parantu ye mAtra mUka haiM isalie cetanAzUnya haiM aura nirarthaka haiM yaha socanA vastutaH hamArI mRtyu kA kAraNa bana sakatA hai jise mahAvIra ne kahA- "esa khalugaMthe, esa khalumohe, esa khlunire|" (AcArAMga, 1.25) yaha moha hamArI pramAda avasthA kA pratIka hai| isI se hama pRthvIkAyika Adi jIvoM kI hiMsA karate haiN| ina sthAvara jIvoM meM bhI prANoM kA spandana hai, unakI cetanA satat mUrcchita aura bAhara se lupta bhale hI laga rahI ho para unheM hamAre acche-bure bhAvoM kA jJAna ho jAtA hai aura zastracchedana hone para kaSTAnubhUti bhI hotI hai| bhagavatIsUtra (19.35) meM to yaha kahA gayA hai ki pRthvIkAyika jIva AkrAnta ha para vaddha puruSa se kahIM adhika aniSTatara vedanA kA anubhava karatA hai| itihAsa yaha batAtA hai ki jo pRthvI ke garbha meM karor3oM sAla pahale jIvoM kA rUpa chipA rahatA hai jo phAsilsa (jIvAzma) ke rUpa meM hameM prApta ho sakatA hai, pRthvI ke nirarthaka khodane se unake TUTane kI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai aura sAtha hI pRthvI ke bhItara rahane vAle jIvoM ke vadha kI bhI jimmedArI hamAre sira para A jAtI hai| jainadharma ke anusAra pRthvI sajIva hai, zazarIrI hai- saMti prANA puDho siyA (AcA0 1.16) / sarvArthasiddhi (2.13) meM pRthvI ke cAra bheda batAe gae haiM- pRthivI, pRthivIkAyika, pRthivIkAya aura pRthiviijiiv| mUlAcAra (gAthA 206-09) meM pRthvI ke 36 bheda batAye gaye haiM- miTTI, bAlU, patthara, lohA, tAMbA, sIsA, cAMdI, sonA, hIrA, maNi aadi| ina sabhI ke bAre meM jaina sAhitya meM kAphI sAmagrI bharI par3I huI hai| jaina dharma meM pRthvIkAya kI hI hiMsA varjita hai| yadi vyakti isa hiMsA se virata hotA hai to khanana Adi ke kAraNa jo paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa yA ApattiyoM kI sambhAvanA bar3hatI hai vaha kama ho sakatI hai| isI taraha jalakAyika jIva hote haiM jinakI hiMsA na karane ke lie hameM sAvadhAna kiyA gayA hai| kSetrIya AdhAra para jala meM kIr3e utpanna hone ko to sabhI ne svIkAra kiyA hai para jala ke rUpa meM utpanna hone vAle jIvoM kI svIkRti jaina darzana meM hI dikhAI detI hai isalie utsecana (kuMe se jala nikAlanA), gAlana (jala chAnanA), dhovana (jala se upakaraNa Adi dhonA) jaisI kriyAoM ko jalakAya ke zastra ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa kiyA hai| aisI hiMsA vyakti ke ahita ke lie hotI hai, abodhi ke lie hotI hai (tAe se ahi, taM se abohiie)| isIlie jainadharma meM jala gAlana aura prAsuka jalasevana ko bahuta mahatva diyA gayA hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki jo pAnI jahA~ se le AyeM, usakI bilachAvanI dhIre se usI meM chor3anI cAhie tAki usake jIva mara na skeN| "pAnI pIje chAnakara, guru kIje jAnakara" kahAvata svaccha pAnI ke upayoga kA Agraha karatI hai| prajJApanA (11.21-28) meM jala kAyika jIvoM ke do bheda nirdiSTa haiM- sUkSma aura suukssmettr| osa, hima, ole, zuddhodaka, zItodaka, kSArodaka Adi bAdara jala kAyika jIva
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________________ 268 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha haiM jo pRthvI ke nIce kueM, nadI, sarovara Adi meM rahate haiM ina jala prakAroM meM auSadhiyA~ bhI milI rahatI haiM jo svAsthya ke lie hitakara hotI haiN| yadi jala pradUSita huA to usakA prabhAva vyakti ke svAsthya para nizcita hI par3ane vAlA hai| anarthadaNDa nAmaka vratapAlana ke mAdhyama se sAdhaka jala ko pradUSita hone se tathA use anAvazyaka bahAne se bacAtA hai| jala ko pradUSita karane meM kAgaja, sTIla, zakkara, vanaspati, ghI, rasAyana, udyoga, camar3A-zodhana, zarAba - udyoga, vastra raMgAI udyoga, mAMsa udyoga bahuta sahAyaka siddha ho rahe haiN| saipTika TeMkoM aura malavAhaka pAipoM ke risAva se bhI jala pradUSita ho rahA hai| yaha dUSita jala nizcita hI hamAre svAsthya ke lie hAnikAraka hai| pIliyA aura poliyo jaise vAyarasa roga, dasta, haijA, TAyaphAiDa jaise baikTIriyA roga aura sUkSma jIvoM va kRmiyoM se utpanna hone vAle roga dUSita pradUSita jala ke upayoga se hI hote haiN| eka bUMda pAnI meM hajAroM jIva rahate haiM, yaha vaijJAnika tathya hai| Aja ke pradUSita paryAvaraNa meM pAtAlI kUpoM, jalAzayoM, nadiyoM aura samudroM kA jala bhI upayogitA kI dRSTi se praznacinha khar3A kara detA hai| khAr3I yuddha ke saMdarbha meM samudra meM girAye hue tela se samudrI jIvoM kA astitva khatare meM par3a gayA aura usameM rahane vAle khAdya zaivAla (kAI), lavaNa Adi upayogI padArtha dUSita ho gye| aneka jala saMyaMtroM ke kharAba hone kA bhI aMdezA ho gyaa| agni meM bhI jIva hote haiM jinheM hama miTTI, jala Adi DAlakara pramAdavaza naSTa kara DAlate haiN| vAyu kAyika jIva bhI isI taraha hamase surakSA kI AzA karate haiN| Aja kA vAyu pradUSaNa hameM usa ora apramatta aura ahiMsaka rahane kA saMketa karatA hai| jainAgama meM yaha sthApanA kI gaI hai ki agni se USma zakti utpanna hotI hai| prakAza zakti hai, isalie usakA astitva hai| miTTI, bAlU Adi se use bujhAyA jA sakatA hai| yaha bujhAnA bhI hiMsA hai ( Ava. ni., gAthA 123-24, tiloya. pa. 5-278-80), aMgAra, vidyuta, maNi, jvAlA Adi meM agnikAyika jIva rahate haiN| isI taraha vAyukAyika jIva bhI ekendriya hai| paMkhA, tAr3apatra, cAmara Adi se ina jIvoM kA vinAza hotA hai (Ava. ni., gAthA 170 ) / hama jAnate haiM, jaina zramaNAcAra ke anusAra vaha na bijalI jalAtA hai aura na paMkhA Adi calAtA hai (Ava. 1.7.49, mUlAcAra, 5.15, dasa. 4. 7) / maunavrata, IryA samiti Adi ke mAdhyama se vAyumaNDala ko pradUSita hone se bacAyA jA sakatA hai| vAyu pradUSaNa ke sAtha-sAtha bhUmi pradUSaNa bhI Ajakala bar3hatA jA rahA hai| kRSi meM rAsAyanika urvarakoM aura kITanAzaka davAiyoM ke prayoga kA duSprabhAva bhUmi para paidA hone vAle khAdyAnna, phala-sabjiyoM Adi para par3atA hai aura hamAre bhAjana ko dUSita kara detI haiN| kITanAzaka DI.DI.TI. aura bI.eca.sI. kI viSAktatA to aba aura bhI bar3ha gayI hai| jina kITANuoM para inakA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai, unameM aba nirodhaka kSamatA bar3ha gayI hai isase ina davAoM kA asara unapara kama ho gayA hai| para hamAre khAna-pAna meM ina davAoM se prabhAvita jo vanaspatiyAM A rahI haiM unase kaiMsara, mastiSka, rudhira va hRdaya rogoM meM vRddhi huI hai| vanaspatikAyika jIvoM kI hiMsA Aja sarvAdhika bar3I samasyA banI huI hai| per3a-paudhoM ko kATakara Aja hama unheM vyartha hI jalAte cale jA rahe haiN| ve mUka-badhira
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________________ ahiMsA kI paridhi meM paryAvaraNa santulana avazya dikhAI dete haiM para unheM hama Apa jaisI kaSTAnubhUti hotI hai| per3a-paudhe janamate, bar3hate aura mlAna hote haiN| bhagavatIsUtra ke sAtaveM AThaveM zataka meM spaSTa kahA gayA hai ki vanaspatikAyika jIva bhI hama jaise hI zvAsocchvAsa lete haiN| zarada, hemanta, vasanta, grISma Adi sabhI RtuoM meM kama se kama AhAra grahaNa karate haiN| vartamAna vijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI yaha kathana satya siddha huA hai| prajJApanA (22 se 25 sUtra) meM vanaspatikAyika jIvoM ke aneka prakAra batAye gaye haiM aura unhIM kA vistAra aMgavijjA Adi prAcIna granthoM meM milatA hai| ina granthoM ke uddharaNoM se yaha tathya chipA nahIM hai ki tulasI jaise sabhI hare paudhe aura harI ghAsa, bAMsa Adi vanaspatiyA~ hamAre jIvana ke nirmANa kI dizA meM bahuvidha upayogI haiN| 269 jaina dharma vanaspati meM bhI cetanA ke astitva ko prArambha se hI svIkAra karatA hai jisase Adhunika vijJAna bhI sahamata hai| paudhe apanI hiMsA se bhayabhIta ho jAte haiM, duHkhI ho jAte haiN| isalie jainadharma vanaspati-jagata ko kATane meM hiMsA mAnatA hai aura usase virata rahane kA nirdeza detA hai ( AcArAMga, 1.5.82, mUlA. 5-23, dasa 4-8 ) / usake anusAra vRkSa, kandamUla Adi pratyeka vanaspati haiN| pRthak-pRthak zarIra vAle haiM aura mUlI, adaraka Adi ko sAdhAraNa vanaspati mAnA jAtA hai jinameM ananta jIva rahate haiN| paryAvaraNa ko surakSita rakhane kI dRSTi se jainadharma meM ina sabhI kI hiMsA varjita mAnI gayI hai| svacAlita vAhanoM aura audyogika saMsAdhanoM se nikalane vAlI gaisa se vAyumaMDala tejI se dUSita ho rahA hai| viSAkta dhuAM aura gaisa manuSya ke phephar3oM meM jAkara svAsthya para kuThArAghAta karatI hai| khAMsI, damA, silikosisa, tapaidika, kaiMsara Adi bImAriyAM vAyu pradUSaNa se hI ho rahI haiN| moTara vAhanoM, kala-kArakhAnoM Adi kA tIvra zora paryAvaraNa ko apanI kampanoM dvArA dUSita karatA hai jisase manuSya kI zravaNa zakti prabhAvita hotI hai aura ve bahare ho jAte haiN| itanA hI nahIM, zora se unakA hRdaya aura mastiSka bhI kamajora ho jAtA hai| zora se anidrA, siradarda, tanAva, cir3acir3AhaTa aura jhuMjhalAhaTa bhI bar3hatI hai| isase rogiyoM ko svastha hone meM dera lagatI hai aura kabhI-kabhI to adhika zora rogiyoM kI mRtyu kA bhI kAraNa bana jAtA hai| san 1905 meM nobila puraskAra vijetA rAbarTa koca ne dhvani-pradUSaNa ke bAre meM kahA thA ki eka dina aisA AegA, jaba manuSya ko svAsthya ke sabase bar3e zatru ke rUpa meM nirdayI 'zora' se saMgharSa karanA pdd'egaa| yaha dhvani-pradUSaNa udyoga-dhaMdhoM, mazInoM, parivahana aura manoraMjana ke sAdhanoM dvArA utpanna ho rahA hai, jise saMyamita kiyA jAnA paramAvazyaka hai| kyoMki isakA duSprabhAva per3a-paudhoM, jIva-jaMtuoM aura prAkRtika saMpadA para par3atA hai| reDiyodharmI pradUSaNa bhI ho rahA hai- aNu, paramANu, hAiDrojana bamoM Adi ke parIkSaNoM se| yaha pradUSaNa vanaspati ko burI taraha prabhAvita karatA hai| bhUmi kI urvarAzakti ko naSTa karatA hai aura sAre vAtAvaraNa ko viSelA banA detA hai| hIrozimA aura nAgAsAkI isake jvalaMta udAharaNa haiN| hamAre sAmane eka udAharaNa aura hai bhopAla gaisa kAMDa kA, jisake
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________________ 270 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha risAva se hajAroM loga prabhAvita hue| UrjA kA yadi sahI upayoga kiyA jAe to vaha mAnava ke vikAsa meM bahuta sahAyaka siddha ho sakatI hai| koyalA, tela, gaisa, bijalI, bhApa, peTrola, DIjala Adi UrjA ke hI rUpa haiM jinase hama apanI suvidhAeM juTAte haiN| isakA tApa paryAvaraNa saMtulana ko bigAr3atA hai| reDiyodharmI vikiraNa se tvacA jala jAtI hai| yaha na to dikhAI detI hai, na isameM koI gaMdha hotI hai para zarIra para ghAtaka prabhAva chor3atI hai| isI taraha ojona gaisa hamAre lie eka jIvanadAyinI zakti hai jo rAsAyanika kriyAoM ke dvArA sUrya kI parAbaiMganI kiraNoM ke viSaile vikiraNa ko pRthvI taka Ane hI nahIM detii| parantu pichale do dazakoM meM hamane AdhunikatA kI aMdhI daur3a meM kloro-phloro kArbana kA pracura utpAdana kiyA hai, jisase ojona kI chatarI meM vizAla chidra ho cuke haiM aura usakA kSaraNa prAraMbha ho gayA hai| phalataH pradUSaNa ke kAraNa bhayAnaka rogoM ko hamane AmaMtrita kara liyA hai| isake bAvajUda AvazyakatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara amerikA ne kloro-phloro kArbana kA utpAdana punaH prAraMbha kara diyA hai| 1 janavarI 1987 meM kanADA ke mAMTriyala zahara meM 48 dezoM ne eka samajhautA kiyA jisameM usake utpAdana para niyaMtraNa kA prastAva thaa| bhArata sahita cIna, brAjIla, dakSiNa koriyA Adi rASTroM ne isa samajhaute para hastAkSara karane se apanI asamarthatA vyakta kI, isa tarka ke sAtha ki ukta ghAtaka rasAyanoM ke lie amerikA hI sarvAdhika uttaradAyI hai| nAyAdhammakahAo meM bhI aneka aise prasaMga haiM jahAM prakRti kA suMdara varNana kiyA gayA hai| (1.44; 1.82, 2.10, 2.15, 5.3) aura usase AkarSaka upamAoM, utprekSAoM aura rUpakoM ke lie sAmagrI ekatrita kI gayI hai| bhavanoM meM bhitti-citroM para prAkRtika citroM ko ukerakara unheM janajIvana se samarasa kiyA gayA hai| (1.16-18, 1.30, 1.44) / vanaspati aura pazajagata kI upayogitA dikhAI gayI hai| (1.34, 2.24), dAvAnala se paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa (1.166-183), cAritrika patana se sAmAjika pradUSaNa (2-9), samudra pradUSaNa (navam adhyAya) aura malli pratimA meM kacar3e ke bhara dene se utpanna durgandhajanya pradUSaNa kI ora saMketa milate haiM (AThavAM adhyaay)| maMDapa ko lIpa-pota kara sApha rakhanA tathA nagara kI galiyoM ko taraha-taraha ke puSpoM se sajAkara unheM sugandhita dravyoM se paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa bacAnA bhI yahAM ullekhanIya hai| paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI isa bhISaNatA kA aMdAja hamAre jainAcAryoM ko bahuta pahale hI ho gayA thaa| jainAgamoM meM jisa bhayaMkara akAla, bAr3ha, Adi kA varNana milatA hai vaha svayaM isa tathya kA pratIka hai ki jaina dharma kI ahiMsA kI pRSThabhUmi meM paryAvaraNa surakSA kA bhAva rahA hogA aura paryAvaraNa ke pradUSaNa kI bhayAvahatA kA dhyAna rakhakara vanaspati jagata balki samace pathvI. apa. teja. vAya meM rahane vAle jIvoM ke astitva kI pairavI kI aura unakI hiMsA se logoM ko virata kiyaa| Aja ke vaijJAnika anusaMdhAna ne bhI isa tathya para apanI sIla lagA dI ki sthAvara jIvoM meM bhI bhAvagrahaNa kI zakti hai| sthAvara jIvoM ke samAna trasakAyika jIvoM kI upayogitA ko spaSTa karate hue unakI bhI jIvana rakSA kA upadeza jainAgamoM meM milatA hai| pazu-pakSI samudAya kI surakSA
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________________ ahiMsA kI paridhi meM paryAvaraNa santulana meM jaina dharma kI nizcita hI aham bhUmikA rahI hai| itanA hI nahIM, vanaspati jagata aura pazu-pakSI jagata se tIrthakaroM ke cinhoM ko grahaNa kiyA jAnA bhI unake prati mAM kI mamatA ko prasthApita karanA hai aura 72 kalAoM aura 14 yA 16 svapnoM meM prakRti jagata ko sthAna denA usake mahatva ko svIkAra karanA hai| 44 yaha eka vizvajanIna satya hai ki padArtha meM rUpAntaraNa prakriyA calatI rahatI hai| 'saddravya-lakSaNam" aura "utpAd-vyaya- dhrauvya- yuktam sat" siddhAnta sRSTi saMcAlana kA pradhAna tatva hai| rUpAntaraNa ke mAdhyama se prakRti meM santulana banA rahatA hai| padArtha pArasparika sahayoga se apanI jindagI ke lie UrjA ekatrita karate haiM aura karma siddhAnta ke AdhAra para jIvana ke sukha-duHkha ke sAdhana saMjo lete haiN| prAkRtika sampadA ko asurakSita kara use naSTa-bhraSTa kara hama apane sukha-duHkha kI anubhUti meM yathArthatA nahIM lA skte| aprAkRtika jo bhI hogA, vaha mukhauTA hogA, milAvaTa ke alAvA aura kucha nahIM prakRti kA hara tatva kahIM na kahIM upayogI hotA hai| yadi use usake sthAna para haTAyA gayA to usakA pratiphala burA bhI ho sakatA hai| briTena meM mUMgaphalI kI phasala acchI banAne ke lie makkhI kI sRSTi ko naSTa kiyA gayA phira bhI mUMgaphalI kA utpAdana nahIM huA, kyoMki ve makkhiyA~, mUMgaphalI ke puSpoM ke mAdA aura nara meM yugmana karatI thiiN| sarpa Adi anya kIr3e-makor3oM Adi ke viSaya meM bhI yahI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai| unake vinAza se hameM prAkRtika zaktiyoM se lohA lenA par3atA hai jinase ve nipaTA karate the| Arthika vikAsa evaM tIvra audyogIkaraNa donoM paraspara paryAyArthaka zabda ho gaye haiN| janasaMkhyA kI vRddhi ke sAtha-sAtha Arthika vikAsa bhI Avazyaka ho gayA aura phalataH udyogoM kI sthApanA hone lgii| udyoga ke kSetra meM do ghaTaka hote haiM- utpAdaka aura upbhoktaa| donoM kI vRttiyoM se paryAvaraNa prabhAvita hotA hai| upabhoktA kramazaH ArAmadAyaka aura vilAsitA saMbaMdhI vastuoM ko kharIdatA hai aura utpAdaka usakA zoSaNa kara adhika se adhika paisA arjita karane kA prayatna karatA hai| phalataH donoM ke bIca viSAkta vAtAvaraNa bana jAtA hai aura anaitikatA ghara kara jAtI hai| 271 janasaMkhyA vRddhi kA yaha bhI eka kupariNAma huA hai ki vanoM ko kATakara khetI kI jAne lagI hai| utpAdana bar3hAne vAle Adhunika rAsAyanika urvarakoM kA prayoga hone lagA hai| jisase naisargika utpAdana kSamatA meM hrAsa huA hai aura paryAvaraNa para kuprabhAva par3A hai| AbAdI jaise-jaise bar3hegI, vastra, AvAsa aura anna kI samasyA bhI utpanna hogI isa samasyA ko samAdhAnita karane ke lie eka ora vanoM ko aura bhI kATanA zurU ho jAegA to dUsarI ora jIva - hiMsA kI pravRtti bddh'egii| paryAvaraNa kA sambandha mAtra prAkRtika santulana meM hI nahIM hai balki AdhyAtmika aura sAmAjika vAtAvaraNa ko parizuddha aura pavitra banAe rakhane ke lie bhI usakA upayoga kiyA jAtA hai| isa kathana kI siddhi ke lie hama jaina-bauddha-vaidika Adi paramparAoM meM mAnya una caitya aura bodhi vRkSoM kA ullekha kara sakate haiM jinake nIce baiThakara tIrthaMkaroM, buddhoM aura RSi - maharSiyoM ne jJAna prApta kiyA thaa| itanA hI nahIM, jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke cinhoM
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________________ 272 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha ko bhI paryAvaraNa se jor3A jA sakatA hai| saMkSepa meM yadi kahA jAe to dharma hI paryAvaraNa kA rakSaka hai aura naitikatA usakA dvaarpaal| Aja hamAre deza meM cAroM ora anaitikatA aura bhraSTAcAra surasA kI bhA~ti bar3ha rahA hai| cAhe vaha rAjanIti kA kSetra ho yA zikSA kA, dharma kA kSetra ho yA vyApAra kA, sabhI ke sira para paisA kamAne kA bhUta savAra hai mAdhyama cAhe kaisA bhI ho isase hamAre sAre sAmAjika sambandha tahasa-nahasa ho gae haiN| bhrAtRtva bhAva aura prativezI saMskRti kinArA kATa rahI hai, AhAra kA prakAra maTamailA ho rahA hai, zAkAhAra ke sthAna para aprAkRtika khAna-pAna sthAna le rahA hai| zAkAhAra ahiMsA aura karuNA para TikI eka jIvanazailI hai, sAtvika mAnavIya aura suvikasita jIvana darzana hai| usameM lUTakhasoTa, mArakATa aura krUratA nahIM hotii| Arthika dRSTi se bhI zAkAhAra evaM paryAvaraNa kA atyanta ghaniSTha sambandha hai| zAkAhAra mAnava ko prakRti se jor3atA hai isalie prakRti kI rakSA bhI isase jur3I huI hai usameM mAnava zarIra ke lie sabhI taraha ke poSaka padArtha vidyamAna haiM jabaki mAMsAhAra rogoM kA ghara hai| zAkAhAra se pazu-pakSiyoM kI kaI jAtiyAM lupta hone se bhI baca jAyeMgI aura pradUSaNa kI samasyA kA bhI samAdhAna ho jaayegaa| milAvaTa ne vyApArika kSetra ko sar3I rabara kI taraha durgandhita kara diyA hai| arthalipsA kI pRSThabhUmi meM barbaratA bar3ha rahI hai| prasAdhanoM kI daur3a meM mAnavatA kUca kara rahI hai| ina sabhI bhautika vAsanAoM kI pUrti meM hama apanI AdhyAtmika saMskRti ko bhUla baiThe haiN| mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika kriyAoM ke bIca samanvaya khatma ho gayA hai| hamArI dhArmika kriyAyeM mAtra bAhya AcaraNa kA pratIka bana gayI haiN| parivAra kA Adarza jIvana samApta ho gayA hai, aisI vikaTa paristhiti meM ahiMsA ke mAdhyama se paryAvaraNa ko santulita banAe rakhane kI sAdhanA ko punarujjIvita karanA nitAnta Avazyaka ho gayA hai| aisI vikaTa paristhiti meM paryAvaraNa kA yaha bAhya aura AMtarika asaMtulana dhArmika, sAmAjika aura rAjanItika kSetra meM jabaradasta krAMti laaegaa| yaha krAMti ahiMsaka ho to nizcita hI upAdeya hogI, para yaha asaMtulana aura bar3hatA gayA to khUnI krAMti honA bhI asaMbhava nhiiN| jahAM eka-dUsare samAja ke bIca laMbI-caur3I khAI ho gayI ho, eka tarapha prAsAda aura dUsarI tarapha jhopar3iyAM hoM, eka ora kupaca aura dUsarI ora bhUkha se mRtyu ho to aisA samAja binA varga-saMgharSa ke kahAM raha sakatA hai? sAmAjika samatA kI prasthApanA aura varga saMgharSa kI vyathA-kathA ko dUra karane ke lie ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA aura paryAvaraNa kI vizuddhi eka aparihArya sAdhana hai| yahI mAnava dharma hai, yahI hamArI naitikatA hai evaM khu NANiNo sAraM jaM hiMsai Na kNcnnN| ahiMsA samayaM ceva eyAvaMtaM viyaanniyaa|| - sUtrakRtAMga, 1.1.4.10 jaisA hamane pIche saMketa kiyA hai, paryAvaraNa kA prathamata: dRzya saMbaMdha hamAre zarIra se hai| jainAcAryoM ne upAsaka dazAMga, bhagavatIsUtra Adi graMthoM meM aise bIsoM rogoM kI carcA kI hai jo paryAvaraNa ke asaMtulita ho jAne se hamAre zarIra ko ghera lete haiM aura mRtyu kI ora hameM Dhakela dete haiN| 'aMgavijjA' meM to ina sAre saMdarbho kI eka laMbI lisTa mila jAtI
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________________ ahiMsA kI paridhi meM paryAvaraNa santulana 273 hai| saMdhivAta, sAiTikA, lakavA, mirgI, sujAka, pAyariyA, kSaya, kaiMsara, blaDaprezara Adi jaise rogoM kA mukhya kAraNa kabja hai aura galata AhAra-vihAra tathA zrama kA abhAva hai| zuddha zAkAhAra prAkRtika AhAra hai aura saMyamita-niyamita bhojana rogoM ke nidAna, uttara svAsthya aura mana kI khuzahAlI kA mUla kAraNa hai| mAMsAhAra eka ora jahAM mAnasika kriyAoM ko asaMtulita karatA hai vahIM vaha zarIra ko bhI burI taraha prabhAvita karatA hai| isIlie dharmAcAryoM ne ahiMsA kI paridhi meM zAkAhAra para bahuta jora diyA hai aura una padArthoM ke sevana kA niSedha kiyA hai jo kisI bhI dRSTi se hiMsAjanya hai| isalie prAkRtika cikitsA ahiMsAtmaka sAdhanA ke lie sarvAdhika anukala paithI hai| bAraha vratoM kA paripAlana, triguptioM se viSaya-vAsanAoM kA saMyamana aura paMca samitiyoM se vyAvahArika hiMsA se bacane ke upAyoM kA nidarzana paryAvaraNa kI surakSA tathA vyakti ke AdhyAtmika saMkalpa kI pUrti kA sakSama udAharaNa haiN| jaina zrAvakAcAra ke anusAra nyAyapUrvaka arjana, mAtA-pitAdi kI sevA, dharmazravaNa, jitendriyatA Adi guNa zrAvaka meM honA caahie| pAkSika zrAvaka ATha mUla guNoM kA pAlana karatA hai- paJcANuvrata tathA madya, mAMsa, madhu tyAga, ina aSTa mUlaguNoM kA pAlana karatA hai| devapUjA, gurubhakti, svAdhyAya, saMyama, tapa aura dAna karane vAlA sabhI vyasanoM se nirmukta hotA hai| isI sandarbha meM jaina sAhitya meM ahiMsA aura sadAcAra kA kAphI vistAra se varNana milatA hai| yajJa, bali Adi jaisI karmakANDIya kriyAoM aura trimUr3hatAoM se dUra rahane kA bhI AhvAna kiyA gayA hai| isI taraha naiSThika zrAvaka gyAraha pratimAoM kA pAlana kara AdhyAtmika vAtAvaraNa kA nirmANa karatA hai aura naitika pradUSaNa se bacatA/bacAtA hai| eka dina aisA AyegA jaba manuSya ko svAsthya ke sabase bure zatru ke rUpa meM nirdayI 'zora' se saMgharSa karanA pdd'egaa| yaha dhvani pradUSaNa udyoga-dhandhoM, mazInoM, parivahana aura manoraMjana ke sAdhanoM dvArA utpanna ho rahA hai jise saMyamita kiyA jA sakatA hai parimANa vrata kA pAlana karane se| paryAvaraNa kA yaha vikaTa Antarika aura bAhya asantulana dhArmika, sAmAjika aura rAjanaitika kSetra meM jabardasta krAnti laayegaa| yaha krAnti ahiMsaka ho to nizcita hI upAdeya hogI para yaha asantulana aura bar3hatA gayA to khUnI krAnti honA bhI asaMbhava nahIM hai| jahA~ eka dUsare samAja ke bIca lambI-caur3I khAI ho gayI ho, eka tarapha prAsAda aura dUsarI tarapha jhopaDiyA~ ho. eka ora kapaca aura dasarI ora bhakha se matya ho to aisA samAja binA varga saMgharSa ke kahA~ raha sakatA hai? sAmAjika samatA kI prasthApanA aura varga saMgharSa kI vyathA-kathA ko dUra karane ke lie ahiMsaka samAja kI racanA aura paryAvaraNa kI vizuddhi eka aparihArya sAdhana hai| uparyukta paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa ke bhayAnaka duSpariNAmoM se bacane ke lie yaha aba Avazyaka hai ki hama pradUSaNa-srotoM ko niyaMtrita kareM, vanIkaraNa aura vRkSAropaNa saMbaMdhI cipako AMdolana jaise kalyANakArI kadamoM ko svIkAra kreN| audyogika vikAsa ko roke binA pradUSita padArthoM ko kuzalatApUrvaka nistArita karane kI yojanA banAyeM, rAsAyanika
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________________ 274 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha avaziSTa padArthoM ko jala meM na bahAkara unako khAda Adi jaise upayogI padArtha meM parivartita kareM, janasaMkhyA ko niyaMtrita kareM, AdhyAtmikatA kA vAtAvaraNa banAyeM, zAkAhAra kA pracAra-prasAra kareM aura paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI samasyAoM ko dUra karane ke lie janacetanA ko jAgrata kareM aura logoM ko samajhAyeM ki zuddha paryAvaraNa hI hamArA jIvana hai| usa para chAne vAle hara saMkaTa kI kAlI badalI hamAre lie khatare kI ghaMTI hai| ataH hama prakRti se apane mahanIya jIvana kI kImata para khilavAr3a na kareM aura paryAvaraNa ko svastha aura saMtulita banAye rakhane ke lie niHsvArtha hokara vikAsa ke hara kadama ko tarka aura viveka kI kasauTI para bhalIbhAMti kaseM tAki bhAvI gor3hI paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa ke zikAra hone se baca ske| bIsavIM zatAbdI meM kadAcit sarvaprathama 1948 meM pholablAnagara meM saMyukta rASTrasaMgha ke sahayoga se prakRti ke saMrakSaNa ke uddezya se eka antarrASTrIya saMgha sthApita huaa| isake bAda to lagabhaga sabhI dezoM meM taraha-taraha ke kAnUna banate rhe| hamAre bhArata meM bhI aise kAnUnoM kI kamI nahIM rahI bhale hI hamane unakA upayoga na kiyA ho| kAnUnoM ke bana jAne ke bAda bhI jaMgala Adi kaTate rahe aura udyoga khar3e hote rahe jisase paryAvaraNa santulana vighaTita ho gyaa| saMyukta rASTra ne paryAvaraNa kAryakrama kI pahala para 1992 meM riyoDi jeneriyoM meM hue 'pRthvI sammelana' meM grIna hAusa gaiMsoM ke utsarjana meM kamI lAne ke lie eka vaizvika proTokAla banAne para jora diyA thA jo 1997 meM kyoTo (jApAna) meM taiyAra kiyA gyaa| isase prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM ke aMdhAdhuMdha dohana tathA pradUSaNakArI takanIkoM ke bar3hate istemAla se dharatI kA jo tApamAna bar3ha rahA usase utpanna hone vAle khataroM se bacA jA sakatA hai| 16 pharavarI 2004 se 141 dezoM ne ise lAgU karane kA phaisalA kiyA hai| isake antargata paryAvaraNa surakSita takanIkoM kA istemAla karanA hogA aura paramparAgata srotoM para nirbharatA ghaTAnA hogii| isa phaisale se prakRti aura vAyumaNDala ke lie hAnikAraka gaisoM ke utsarjana meM kamI lAne ke sAjhA prayAsa kiye jaayeNge| isa taraha ke kAnUnoM se Ama AdamI meM yaha soca vikasita hotI hai ki paryAvaraNa hamArI rakSA karatA hai to hama bhI usakI rakSA kreN| jaina dharma prakRtivAdI hai| usakA samUcA adhyAtmavAda prakRti kI surakSA para AdhArita hai| isalie jainAcAryoM ne prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM ko yathAvat surakSita rakhane ke lie prArambha se hI janatA ko AgAha kiyA hai aura use dharma se jor3a diyA hai| anarthadaNDa ko vrata kA rUpa dekara paryAvaraNa ko hI surakSita rakhane kA vidhAna dikhAI detA hai| isa prakAra samagra rUpa meM paryAvaraNa para yadi ciMtana kiyA jAe to samUcA jaina dharma hamAre sabhI prakAra ke paryAvaraNoM ko ahiMsAtmaka DhaMga se saMtulita karane kA vidhAna prastuta karatA hai aura vaiyaktika tathA sAmAjika zAMti ke nirmANa ke sthAyitva kI dRSTi se naye AyAmoM para vicAra karane ko vivaza karatA hai|
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________________ paryAvaraNa saMtulana aura jaina siddhAnta DaoN. pI.sI. jaina* paryAvaraNa zabda kA artha hai paritaH AvRyate arthAt jo hameM cAroM ora se dhAraNa kiye hue haiN| mAnava ke cAroM ora jo prakRti kA AvaraNa hai, vaha AvaraNa kahalAtA hai| mAnava ko cAroM ora se gherane vAlA AvaraNa jisameM jIva aura ajIva sabhI sammilita haiM vaha paryAvaraNa hai| paryAvaraNa aisA gherA hai jisameM hama haiM aura jo hameM cAroM ora se ghere hue hai| paryAvaraNa vaha AvaraNa hai jo manuSya ko zAmila karate hue bAhya bhautika-jaivika paristhitiyoM se jur3A hai| vebasTara zabdakoza ke anasAra "paryAvaraNa se Azaya una parivyApta ra paristhitiyoM, prabhAvoM evaM zaktiyoM se hai, jo sAmAjika va sAMskRtika dazAoM ke samUha dvArA vyakti va samudAya ke jIvana ko prabhAvita karatI hai|" prasiddha mAnavazAstrI haraskoviTja ke anusAra "paryAvaraNa saMpUrNa bAhya paristhitiyoM aura unakA jIvadhAriyoM para par3ane vAlA prabhAva hai, jo jaina jagata ke jIvana-cakra kA niyAmaka hai|' maikamilana zabdakoza ke anusAra "The natural world, including the land, water, air, plants and animals, especially considered as something that is affected by human activity" pro. sAvindra siMha ke anusAra "paryAvaraNa eka abhimAnya samaSTi hai tathA bhautika, jaivika, sAMskRtika tatvoM vAle pArasparika kriyAzIla taMtroM se isakI racanA hotI hai| ye taMtra alaga-alaga tathA sAmUhika rUpa se vibhinna rUpoM meM Apasa meM sambaddha hote haiN| bhautika tatva (sthala, jalIya bhAga, jalavAyu, mRdA, zaila, khanija) mAnava nivAsa kSetra kI parivartanazIla vizeSatAe~ usa taMtra ke suavasaroM aura pratibaMdhaka anAsthitiyoM ko nizcita karate haiN| sAMskRtika tatva (Arthika, sAmAjika, rAjanaitika) mukhya rUpa se mAnava nirmita hote haiM tathA sAMskRtika paryAvaraNa kI racanA karate haiN| paryAvaraNa kA nirmANa mAnava aura usako ghere hue bhautika evaM abhautika tatvoM ke saMyojana se hotA hai| paryAvaraNa meM mAnava, pazu-pakSI, per3a-paudhe, kITa-pataMge, vAyarasa, jIvANu, miTTI, havA, pAnI, khanija Adi sabhI jaiva aura ajaiva tatva sammilita haiN| * nidezaka, jaina anuzIlana kendra, rAjasthAna vizvavidyAlaya, jypur|
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________________ 276 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha paryAvaraNa meM sabhI tatvoM kA eka nizcita anupAta hai jisase paryAvaraNa sucAru rUpa se kArya karatA hai, vaha nizcita anupAta hI paryAvaraNa saMtulana hai| paryAvaraNa meM prakRti pradatta eka vizeSa kSamatA hai ki vibhinna tatvoM ke anupAta meM jo thor3I bahuta kamI-bar3hottarI hotI hai use vaha svayaM saMtulita kara letA hai jisase paryAvaraNa saMtalana banA rahatA hai, parantu jaba yaha anupAta eka sImA se adhika bigar3a jAtA hai to vikAsa utpanna hotA hai| yahIM se paryAvaraNa asaMtulana utpanna hotA hai| paryAvaraNa meM aise tatvoM kA bar3hanA jinase jaina-ajaiva ghaTakoM para hAnikAraka prabhAva par3atA hai aura unakA saMtulana duSprabhAvita hotA hai, paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kahalAtA hai| paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa Adhunika yuga kI vikarAlatama samasyAoM meM se eka hai| duniyA bhara ke vaijJAnika buddhijIvI, vidvAna, vicAraka, dArzanika, patrakAra, samAjasevI, rAjanetA isa samasyA ke prati mAnava samudAya kA dhyAna AkRSTa kara rahe haiN| samAcAra patra-patrikAoM, TI. vI., reDiyo, goSThiyoM, sabhAoM, railiyoM, pradarzanoM meM paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI samasyA ko Aja pramukhatA dI jA rahI hai| paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa ne mAnava astitva ko saMkaTa meM DAla diyA hai| isalie yaha samasyA hamAre gahana vicAra aura anveSaNa kA viSaya hai| paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa ko nimna prakAra vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai ____ 1. vAyu pradUSaNa, 2. jala pradUSaNa, 3. mRdA pradUSaNa, 4. dhvani prduussnn| 1. vAyu pradUSaNa- "vAyu ke bhautika, rAsAyanika evaM jaivika guNoM meM aisA koI avAMchita parivartana jisake dvArA svayaM manuSya kA jIvana yA anya jIvoM kI jIvana paristhitiyoM, hamAre audyogika prakramoM tathA hamArI sAMskRtika sampatti ko hAni pahuMce yA hamArI prAkRtika sampadA naSTa ho yA use hAni pahuMce, vAyu pradUSaNa kahalAtA hai|'' kAraNa- vAyu pradUSaNa prAkRtika aura mAnavakRta kAraNoM se hotA hai| prakRti meM jvAlAmukhI, AMdhI, tUphAna, dAvAnala, koharA, mArza gaisa Adi ke dvArA pradUSaNa hotA hai jisake upacAra meM prakRti svayaM samartha hai| vAyu pradUSaNa kA mahatvapUrNa kAraNa mAnavIya gatividhiyA~ haiN| mAnava kI bhogavRtti ne use bhautika saMsAdhana bar3hAne ko majabUra kiyA hai| gharelU kAryoM, audyogika prakramoM, vAhanoM, khanana, zastra nirmANa-prayoga Adi vAyu pradUSaNa ke mukhya kAraNa haiN| ina vividha kAryoM se kArbana-DAI-oNksAiDa, kArbana-mono-oNksAiDa, salphara-DAI-oNksAiDa, nAiTro AksAiDa, dhUlakaNa, sUkSma kArbana kaNa, sIsA, nAbhikIya avapAta hotA hai| vAya pradUSaNa kA mAnava, sUkSmajIvoM, jIva-jaMtuoM, per3a-paudhoM, kITa-pataMgoM para gaharA duSprabhAva par3atA hai| vAyu pradUSaNa kA phala- vAyu pradUSaNa ke kAraNa mAnava meM broMkAiTisa, damA, phephar3e kA kaiMsara, A~kha dukhanA, sira cakarAnA, jukAma-khA~sI Adi vibhinna roga ho jAte haiN| vAyu pradUSaNa kA jIva-jaMtuoM ke svAsthya para bhI gaharA duSprabhAva par3atA hai, kucha jIva to mara hI jAte haiN| per3a-paudhoM meM pattiyoM kA pIlA par3anA phUloM kA kumhalAnA, murajhAnA Adi vAyu pradUSaNa ke kAraNa hotA hai|
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________________ paryAvaraNa saMtulana aura jaina siddhAnta 277 2. jala pradUSaNa- jala ke bhautika, rAsAyanika va jaivika saMghaTana meM avAMchita bAhya padArthoM ke milane se hAnikAraka parivartana jala pradUSaNa kahalAtA hai| kAraNa- jala pradUSaNa ke prAkRtika aura mAnavIya kAraNa haiN| bhU-kSaraNa, khanija padArtha, gaisa, jIvAMza padArtha, pazu-pakSiyoM ke mala-mUtra, phUla-pattiyoM Adi prAkRtika kAraNoM se hone vAlA pradUSaNa bahuta kama aura dhImA hotA hai| prakRti meM ise sahana karane kI kSamatA hotI hai aura vaha isakA saMtulana kara letI hai| jala pradUSaNa mukhyataH mAnavIya gatividhiyoM se hotA hai| ina gatividhiyoM meM audyogika bahi:srAva, gharelU apaziSTa, vAhita mala, kRSi bahiHsrAva Adi zAmila haiN| carma udyoga, urvaraka, kAgaja, tela-zodhana, rAsAyanika udyoga, chapAI, raMgAI Adi vibhinna udyogoM se nikalane vAlA avaziSTa viSailA jala binA upacAra kiye hI nadiyoM, sAgaroM, tAlAboM meM DAla diyA jAtA hai| gharelU gatividhiyoM, nahAne-dhone, bhojana, sApha-saphAI Adi se nikalane vAlA dUSita jala nAliyoM ke dvArA satahI jala aura bhUgarbhIya jala ko pradUSita karatA hai| gharelU zaucAlayoM kA mala-mUtra jala srotoM ko dUSita karatA hai| nAle-nadiyoM meM pazu-pakSiyoM ke marane se bhI jala pradUSaNa hotA hai| kRSi meM prayukta rAsAyanika urvaraka aura kITanAzaka jala ko pradUSita karate haiN| jala pradUSaNa kA phala- pradUSita jala ke upabhoga se mAnava meM haijA, TAiphAIDa, peciza, hepiTAiTisa, pIliyA, amIbIDIseTrI eskerisa Adi bImAriyA~ ho jAtI haiN| isake atirikta duSita jala ke bAhya prayoga se hI vibhinna carmaroga ho jAte haiM, phlorAiDa yukta jala ke prayoga se dA~toM ko nukasAna pahu~catA hai| pradUSita jala se jalIya jIva-jaMtuoM kA jIvanacakra gahare rUpa se prabhAvita hotA hai| unakI vRddhi, prajanana, cayApacaya Adi kriyAe~ prabhAvita hotI haiM, bahuta se jalIya jIva mara jAte haiN| thalacara aura nabhacara bhI dUSita jala kA prayoga karane se gaMbhIra bImAriyoM ke zikAra ho jAte haiM, yahA~ taka ki mara bhI jAte haiN| pAdapoM kI vRddhi ke lie dUSita jala hAnikAraka hotA hai| jalIya vanaspati duSita jala se naSTa ho jAtI hai| 3. mRdA pradUSaNa- bhUmi ke bhautika, rAsAyanika va jaivika guNoM meM aisA koI avAMchita parivartana jisakA duSprabhAva manuSya va anya jIvoM para par3e yA jisase bhUmi kI prAkRtika guNavattA va upayogitA naSTa ho, bha-pradUSaNa kahalAtA hai| kAraNa- bhU-pradUSaNa gharelU, nagarapAlikA, audyogika apaziSToM, kITanAzakoM, rasAyanoM, bhU-utkhanana, mRdA-kSaraNa Adi se hotA hai| gharelU apaziSToM meM kUr3A-karakaTa, phala-sabjI ke zeSa padArtha, lohe plAsTika ke Dibbe-DibbiyA~, botaleM, paiMkiMga baoNksa, kA~ca yA cInI ke TUTe bartana, plAsTika kI thailiyAM, rabar3a ke bane upakaraNa Adi zAmila haiN| nagarapAlikA apaziSTa meM bAjAra, sabjI-maNDI, aspatAla, nAliyoM, vadhazAlAoM, gaTaroM, pazu-zAlAoM kA kacarA zAmila hai| udyogoM meM prayukta kaccA mAla adhajalA kArbana, vividha rasAyana, bace hue hAnikAraka padArtha Adi bhU-pradUSaNa ke kAraNa haiN| kRSi kriyA meM prayukta kITanAzaka aura rasAyana bhU-pradUSaNa ke mahatvapUrNa kAraka haiN| bhU-pradUSaNa kA anya kAraNa khanana kriyA
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________________ 278 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha hai jisase bhUmi kA upajAUpana naSTa hotA hai, mRdA aparadana bar3hatA hai| mRdA pradUSaNa kA phala- bhU-pradUSaNa ke kAraNa apaziSTa anya pradUSaNa yathA- jala pradUSaNa, vAyu pradUSaNa ko bar3hAte haiN| pradUSita sthaloM se panapane vAle kITANu, jIvANu, mAnava svAsthya ko gaharI kSati pahuMcAte haiN| mala-jala se siMcita bhUmi meM utpanna hone vAlI vanaspati-sabjiyA~ pradUSita hotI haiM, jinake upayoga se mAnava, pazu-pakSiyoM kA svAsthya bhI kharAba ho jAtA hai| bhU-kSaraNa se registAna kA vistAra ho rahA hai, upajAU kRSi bhUmi ghaTa rahI hai jisase mAnava ke lie paryApta upayogI phasaleM utpanna karane meM kaThinAI ho rahI hai| rasAyanoM aura kITanAzakoM ke prayoga se pradUSita mRdA meM utpanna hone vAlI phala-sabjiyA~ apane sAtha viSaile tatva mAnava zarIra taka le jAtI haiM jo mAnava svAsthya ke lie khataranAka hai| 4. dhvani pradUSaNa- vyakti kI zravaNa kSamatAoM se adhika dhvani "dhvani pradUSaNa" hai| eka sImA se ucca ho jAne para sAmAnya dhvani hI dhvani pradUSaNa kA rUpa le letI hai| kAraNa- dhvani pradUSaNa kA mukhya kAraNa nagarIkaraNa aura Adhunika yAMtrikIkaraNa hai| vAhanoM kA vistAra. audyogika ikAIyoM kA calana. dhvani prasAraka yaMtroM kA bar3hanA, paTAkhe, gharela upakaraNa Adi dhvani pradUSaNa ke pramukha kAraka haiN| dhvani pradUSaNa kA phala- dhvani pradUSaNa se mAnava, jIva-jaMtuoM ke svAsthya para viparIta asara par3atA hai| dhvani pradUSaNa se manuSya meM tanAva, snAvIya roga, zravaNa kSamatA kA kama honA, hRdaya roga Adi ho jAte haiN| isase manuSya asamaya hI vRddha ho jAtA hai| paryAvaraNa para Asanna saMkaTa mAnava astitva para Asanna saMkaTa hI hai| isa saMkaTa ke pariNAmasvarUpa mAnava ke mAthe para ciMtA kI rekhAe~ gaharA gaI haiN| yaha prazna svAbhAvika hai ki isakA samAdhAna kyA ho| inhIM samAdhAnoM ko khojate hue hamArI dRSTi vibhinna vikalpoM kI ora uThatI hai| yadi ina vikalpoM meM hamArI paramparAe~ aura dharma darzana ke sArvabhaumika siddhAnta zAmila hoM to kitanA acchA ho| jaina-dharma darzana aisA hI eka vikalpa hai jo apanI dRSTi vizeSa se paryAvaraNa ciMtana ke prati jAgarUka hai| yadyapi jainAgama meM paryAvaraNa zabda nahIM milatA parantu jitanI sUkSma vivecanA paryAvaraNa ke tatvoM ke anya nAma se jaina sAhitya meM kI gaI hai, vaha anyatra bahuta hI kama milatI hai| jaina dharma ke anusAra vyakti kA sarvocca lakSya mokSa hai| mokSa vaha avasthA hai jaba samasta karmoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai| mokSa avasthA kI prApti ke lie jaina darzana meM eka vizeSa mArga diyA gayA hai, vaha mArga hai samyak darzana, jJAna aura caritra kA' yaha mArga hI mAnava ko apanI jIvana zailI meM parivartana karane ko prerita karatA hai aura mAnava jIvana meM Ane vAlI vividha samasyAoM kA samAdhAna batAtA hai| paryAvaraNa saMtulana bigar3ane kA mUla kAraNa dekhane para jJAta hotA hai ki isake mUla meM mAnava kI bhogavatti hai| prAkatika jIvana zailI choDakara manuSya jaba kRtrima zailI apanAtA hai aura usI ke anurUpa bhautika saMsAdhanoM kA upayoga karatA hai to usake pariNAmasvarUpa saMtulana DagamagAne lagatA hai aura pradUSaNa utpanna hotA hai|
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________________ paryAvaraNa saMtulana aura jaina siddhAnta 279 paryAvaraNa meM jIva aura ajIva ghaTaka Ate haiM, jaina darzana meM AkAza kA vaha sthAna jahAM taka jIva aura ajIva haiM vaha loka kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra loka aura paryAvaraNa samAnArthaka zabda he| isa loka meM SaDdravya pAye jAte haiM, ve haiM jIva, pudagala, dharma, adharma, AkAza aura kaal| jIvoM meM sthAvara (pRthvIkAya, jalakAya, vAyukAya, agnikAya, vanaspatikAya) va trasa (dvindriya, trindriya, caturendriya va sainI-asainI-paMcendriya) sammilita __ jaina darzana ke anusAra paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa ke jo kAraNa najara Ate haiM, ve mukhyataH pradUSaNa ke bAhya kAraNa haiM, inake upacAra se samasyA kA pUrNataH samAdhAna saMbhava nahIM hai| pradUSaNa kA mUla kAraNa mAnava kI asIma bhoga-vilAsa, vAsanA kI lAlasA hai, jisake vazIbhUta hokara mAnava prakRti ke anya ghaTakoM ko apane svArtha ke lie nirdayatApUrvaka prayukta karatA hai| jabataka mAnava kI isa bhogavRtti kA sImAMkana nahIM hogA tabataka bhale hI vividha prakAra se naye-naye paryAvaraNa mitrayaMtra banA leM, paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa nahIM rukegaa| mAnava kI kAmavAsanA ne prakRti para AvazyakatA se adhika janasaMkhyA kA bhAra DAla diyA hai| yahIM se zurU hotA hai paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kA ckr| isa atyadhika janasaMkhyA ke bharaNa-poSaNa, nirvahana ke lie adhika sAdhanoM kI AvazyakatA hotI hai aura phira yaMtrIkaraNa kI ora muMha dekhanA par3atA hai| phalasvarUpa pradUSaNa bar3hatA hai aura yaha pradUSaNa usa janasaMkhyA ke lie ghAtaka siddha hogA jisake bharaNa-poSaNa kA dAyitva unake kaMdhe para thaa| jaina dharma kA paMcama vrata brahmacarya isa samasyA ke samAdhAna ke lie behada upayogI hai| brahmacArI vyakti apanI UrjA ko saMyojita kara bahuta kama bAhya padArthoM para nirbhara rahakara hI kArya calA sakatA hai| janasaMkhyA bhI kama banI rhegii| prakRti pradatta vastue~ mAnava ke lie paryApta rheNgii| mAnava sukhI va sarala jIvana jI skegaa| paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI jar3a jahA~ bhoga-vilAsitA hai vahAM yaha bhI pravRti hai ki mAnava prakRti ke anya samasta jaina-ajaiva tatvoM se zreSTha hai| ata: mAnava ko unake upabhoga aura unapara niyaMtraNa-nirdezana kA pUrNa adhikAra hai| jainadharma meM jIva rakSA kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| sthAvara aura trasa sabhI jIvoM ko apanA jIvana vyatIta karane kA pUrNa adhikAra hai| mahAvIra svAmI kI dezanA hai"No hIno No atirikte"| isa jagat meM koI bhI hIna aura koI bhI uccatara nahIM hai| sabhI jIva barAbara haiN| jaba yaha bhAva vistarita hotA hai, tabhI sabhI jIvoM ke prati saMvedanA utpanna hotI hai aura aisI saMvedanA mAnava ko sarvajIva hitAya kI preraNA detI hai| vAyu pradUSaNa, jala pradUSaNa, mRdA pradUSaNa Adi sabhI meM mAnava kI yaha bhAvanA kArya karatI hai ki ye sabhI ajaiva ghaTaka haiM aura inakA upayoga mAnava hetu hI hai| isa dhAraNA ke pariNAmasvarUpa mAnava inakA adhikAdhika zoSaNa karatA hai aura ina tatvoM ko karane meM lagA rahatA hai| jaina darzana kI yaha mUlabhUta mAnyatA hai ki vAyu, jala aura mRdA meM kevala jIva hI nahIM rahate varan ye bhI vAyukAyika, jalakAyika aura pRthvIkAyika jIva haiN| sabhI sthAvaroM meM kAyabala, prANa, AyuprANa, zvAsocchavAsa prANa va sparzana prANa tathA
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________________ 280 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha AhAra, bhaya, maithuna va parigraha cAroM saMjJAe~ hotI haiM, unakA janma hotA hai, unheM bhaya mahasUsa hotA hai, unake prati hiMsA hotI hai, ve saMzleSita hote haiN| vAyu pradUSaNa nivAraNa- vAyu pradUSaNa kAraNa dahana, audyogika nirmANa, khanana, udyoga aura astra-zastroM kA prayoga hai| zrAvakAcAra saMskRti inake pariNAma para niyaMtraNa kara vAyu pradUSaNa kI rokathAma meM sahAyaka ho sakatI hai| vAyu meM pAye jAne vAle jIvoM kI rakSA hI nahIM varan jaba svayaM vAyukAyika jIva kI rakSA dhyeya ho to mAnava kI saMvedanazIlatA svAbhAvika rUpa se bar3ha jAtI hai| jainadharma kA jIva aura pudgala kA bheda isameM sahAyatA karatA hai| mAnava apane sabhI prayAsa zarIra ko sukha-ArAma pahuMcAne ke lie karatA hai, parantu jaba use yaha jJAna ho jAtA hai ki yaha zarIra pudgaloM dvArA nirmita hai tathA AtmA ananta catuSTyadhArI hai to zarIra ke sukha-sAdhana vistAra ke prati usakA moha ghaTatA hai| vaha bhoga-sAdhanoM ko ghaTAne meM laga jAtA hai| ina bhoga sAdhanoM meM kamI lAkara vaha vAyu pradUSaNa ke kArakoM meM svataH kamI lA detA hai| mAnava kI saMvedanA jAgrata hogI yadi vaha sabhI jIvoM ko apane samAna smjhegaa| jaba usakI samajha meM A jAyegA ki sabhI jIvoM kA astitva sabhI jIvoM ke astitva ke lie Avazyaka hai| kisI eka jIva dvArA anya jIvoM para adhikAra aura niyaMtraNa jamAne kA prayAsa samasta sRSTi cakra ke lie ghAtaka ho sakatA hai| jaba vaha yaha samajhegA ki paraspara upakAra karanA hI jIva kA svabhAva hai (parasparopagraho jIvAnAm) tabhI usakI cetanA meM anya sthAvara jIvoM ke nAzaka yaMtroM ke upayoga ke prati moha ghttegaa| jala pradUSaNa nivAraNa- jala meM na kevala jIva rahate haiM, varan jala svayaM eka jIva hai| isa ucca saMvedanA kA vikAsa kevala tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba yaha jJAna ho ki pradUSaNa na kevala jIvoM varan svayaM jalakAyika jIva kA nAzaka hai| jaina dharma meM ahiMsANavata meM kahA hai- "zrAvaka ke sthUla hiMsA kA tyAga, sthUla asatya kA tyAga, sthUla corI kA tyAga, sthUla abrahmacarya kA tyAga va sthUla parigraha kA tyAga hotA hai| inase eka deza yA AMzika virati hI paMcANuvrata hai| sthUla hiMsA se tAtparya usa hiMsA se hai jise loka meM sarvasAdhAraNa bhI hiMsA ke nAma se pukArate haiN| vaha ina saMkalpoM se trasa jIvoM kI dravya va bhAva hiMsA nahIM karatA aura prayojanavaza kI jAne vAlI sthAvara hiMsA se bhI DaratA hai| yathAsaMbhava unakI bhI yatnA (bacAne kA yatna) karatA hai|' zrAvaka ko trasa hiMsA kA pUrNa parityAga aura sthAvara hiMsA se bacane kA prayAsa karane kA nirdeza hai| jala pradUSaNa jo trasa aura sthAvara hiMsA kA kAraka hai, usameM zrAvaka kaise zAmila ho sakatA hai? zrAvaka dvArA ve sabhI prayAsa kiye jAte haiM jo jala pradUSaNa ko roke aura jala pradUSaNa ke kAraNoM kA mUloccheda kre| jainAgama dvArA jala saMbaMdhI AcaraNa ke jo nirdeza die gae haiM ve spaSTa karate haiM ki jala pradUSaNa ke prati jaina dharma meM kitanI cetanA hai "ahiMsA pAlana ke lie pAnI usI samaya chAnakara kAma lAnA caahie| nahAnA, kapar3A dhonA, prakSAlana Adi kriyAe~ usI samaya chane pAnI se karanI cAhie binA chane pAnI
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________________ paryAvaraNa saMtulana aura jaina siddhAnta se snAnAdi karane se ahiMsAvrata khaNDita hotA hai| ''10 yaha bhI kahA gayA hai- "jo agAlita (binA chanA) jala pItA hai, vaha jina AjJA ko nahIM jAnatA, jo agAlita jala pItA hai vaha dhIvaroM kA pradhAna hai| "" // gAlita jala ke niyama ke kAraNa zrAvaka kabhI nadI meM snAna nahIM karate, na vastra dhote haiM, na hI mala-jala kA nadI-nAloM meM pravAha karate haiN| 281 jala pradUSaNa ke kAraNoM meM audyogika bahiHsrAva eka bar3A kAraNa hai| zrAvakAcAra meM ve AjIvikA karma hI varjita haiM jinase pratyakSataH trasa hiMsA hotI hai yA jo trasa hiMsA kA kAraNa banate haiN| sAgAradharmAmRta meM kahA gayA hai- " zrAvaka ko prANI pIr3Ajanaka vyApAra nahIM karane caahie| isa khara karma niSedha vrata ko bhogopabhoga tyAgavrata kahate haiN| vana jIvikA, agni jIvikA, anojIvikA (vAhana nirmANa), sphoTa karma, tela nikAlanA yA IkhAdikA rasa nikAlane jaisI jIvikA, jAnavaroM ke chedana-bhedana se saMbaMdhita jIvikA, hiMsaka prANiyoM ke pAlana-poSaNa va dAsa-dAsiyoM ko poSita kara unheM becane yA bhAr3e para dene jaisI jIvikA ( asatI poSaNa ), sarazoSa yAni jalAzayoM se pAnI nikAlakara dUsarI jagaha le jAnA yAni tAlAba sukhAnA jaisI jIvikAe~, acchI khetI ke lie ghAsa yA vana jalAne jaisI jIvikAe~ niSiddha haiN| viSa se sambaMdhita vyApAra, lAkha, dA~ta va haDDI, keza va akSa vANijya, madirA, madhu, carbI, makkhana AdikA vyApAra bhI niSiddha hai| yaha sUcI saMketa bhara hai, kyoMki pApa rUpI AjIvikAoM kI ginatI nahIM kI jA sktii| 1712 zrAvaka ke dvAdaza vratoM meM se eka pramAdacaryA meM binA prayojana bhUmi khodanA, vAyu rokanA, agni bujhAnA, pAnI sIMcanA yA binA jarUrata pAnI bikheranA, baiThe-baiThe pAnI meM patthara pheMkanA, bace hue jala ko jamIna para DAlanA, ghAsa khIMcanA, phUla-patte tor3anA Adi ke tyAga kI bAta hai| isa prakAra yahA~ niSprayojana jala pradUSaNa para roka lagatI hai| anarthadaNDa vrata ke pApodeza meM nadI meM snAna karane ke lie prerita karanA bhI tyAjya hai| bhogopabhoga parimANa guNavrata dvArA vyakti ke jalabhoga kI sImA nirdhArita kI jA sakatI hai| isa prakAra nirdhArita mAtrA se adhika jala ke pradUSaNa se vyakti baca sakatA hai| nadiyoM, jalAzayoM ke jala meM vividha padArthoM ko DAlane kA niSedha karate hue kahA hai- "jo jIva mare hue jIvoM ke kalyANa ke lie tila piNDAdi jala meM DAlakara tarpaNa karate haiM unameM aneka jIvoM (sthAvara va trasa) kI hiMsA karate haiN| yaha kitanI mUrkhatA kI bAta hai| 13 paMca samitiyoM meM se eka utsarga samiti meM mala tyAga saMbaMdhI saMyama kI bAta kahI gaI hai| jala pradUSaNa kA eka bar3A kAraNa nadI-nAloM meM mala jala pravAha hai| isakI roka jainAgama dvArA nimna prakAra kI gaI hai- "ekAMta sthAna, acitta sthAna, sajIva pRthvI, sajIva jala, sajIva vanaspati arthAt ghAsa, aMkurita phasalAdi, dUra chipA huA bila aura chedarahita (ve trasa jIvoM ke ghara haiM) caur3A sthAna aura jisakI niMdA va virodha na ho aise sthAna para mUtra va viSThA Adi dehamala kA kSepaNa karanA caahie| 14 yadyapi yaha AcAra zramaNoM ke lie nirdiSTa hai parantu yadi zrAvaka bhI isa AcAra kA artha yaha nikAle ki mAnava, jIva-jaMtuoM
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________________ 282 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha kI gaMdagI jala srotoM meM nahIM jAnI cAhie to pradUSaNa kA eka bar3A kAraNa samApta ho jAtA hai| jala pradUSaNa kA eka anya kAraNa kRSi meM rAsAyanika khAda va kITanAzakoM kA prayoga hai| jaina dRSTikoNa rAsAyanika khAda va kITanAzakoM ke prayoga kA virodha karatA hai| zrAvakAcAra ahiMsA dharma ko prAdhAnya detA hai jisake kAraNa kITanAzakoM kA prayoga svataH hI baMda karanA Avazyaka ho jAtA hai| rAsAyanika khAda kA upayoga utpAdana bar3hAne ke lie kiyA jAtA hai parantu jaba upabhoga para hI saMyama lAgU ho jAtA hai to utpAda ko adhika bar3hAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI, sAtha hI rAsAyanika khAda ke sthAna para jaivika khAda kA prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki upaloM- kaNDoM se jainAcArAnusAra bhojana banAnA varjita hai| isa prakAra bace gobara kA upayoga khAda ke rUpa meM ho sakatA hai| pradUSaNa kA yaha srota bhI samApta ho jAtA hai| bhU-pradUSaNa nivAraNa- jainAgama mRdA ko pRthvIkAyika jIva mAnatA hai| isakA bhI janma-maraNa hotA hai| pRthvI para jIva Azrita hote haiM parantu pRthvI bhI khuda eka jIva hai| pRthvI prANoM se yukta eka audArika, kArmaNa va taijasa zarIra se yukta hotI hai|" pRthvI meM prANiyoM kI taraha dInatA, anAthatA, azaraNatA Adi bhI hai, ataH pRthvI jIva hai|" pRthvIkAyika dvArA jo zarIra chor3A jAtA hai, vaha pRthvIkAya hai|" jo jIva pRthvIkAyika nAmakarma ke udaya se pRthvI nAmaka zarIra ko prApta karate haiM ve pRthvIkAyika haiN| 18 mRdA pradUSaNa kA kAraNa gharelU, nagarapAlikA, audyogika apaziSTa, kITanAzaka va rasAyanoM kA prayoga va bhU-utkhanana hai| vividha apaziSToM ko bhogopabhoga parimANa vrata dvArA sImita kiyA jA sakatA hai| mAnava yadi apanI AvazyakatAoM para saMyama rakhe to use utpAdana kI kama AvazyakatA hogI, svAbhAvika rUpa se jaba kama utpAdana hogA to avaziSTa bhI kama hoNge| khanana - udyoga bhI bhU-pradUSaNa kA mahatvapUrNa kAraNa hai| khanana kacce mAla kI prApti hetu kiyA jAtA hai| jaba AvazyakatA kama hogI to utpAdoM kI mAMga kama hogI aura pariNAmasvarUpa kacce mAla kI mAMga bhI svataH kama ho jaaegii| mAnavIya soca meM yaha bhI parivartana lAnA hai ki pRthvIkAya bhI jIva hai tAki saMvedanA kA stara ucca ho aura pRthvI ko pradUSita karane vAlI kriyAoM ko rokane ke prati utsuka ho ske| jaina dRSTikoNa kITanAzakoM aura rAsAyanika khAda kA virodha karatA hai kyoMki inakA prayoga utpAdana bar3hAne ke lie kiyA jAtA hai parantu jaba hama upabhoga kI kamI kara deMge to utpAdana bar3hAne kI AvazyakatA hI nahIM hogii| rAsAyanika khAda ke sthAna para jaivika khAda kA prayoga prazasta mAnA gayA hai| Adhunika yuga meM jaivika khAdyAnna kI mAMga tejI se bar3hI hai jo binA kITanAzakoM aura jaivika khAda dvArA taiyAra kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra AdhunikatA bhI jaina siddhAntoM kA samarthana karatI hai| kITanAzakoM aura rAsAyanika khAda ke prayoga se jamIna kI urvaratA naSTa ho jAtI hai aura vaha jamIna baMjara ho jAtI hai, aisA Adhunika vaijJAnika zodhoM 4
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________________ paryAvaraNa saMtulana aura jaina siddhAnta dvArA siddha huA hai| yaha jaina siddhAnta ke samarthana meM eka aura pramANa hai| dhvani pradUSaNa nivAraNa- dhvani pradUSaNa yaMtrIkaraNa, nagarIkaraNa aura dikhAve kI dena hai| jaina saMskRti bhogavAda kI virodhI hai| bhoga ke kAraNa hI Adhunika yaMtroM kA vistAra huA hai| nagaroM kI vistRta dUriyA~ vAhana prayoga kA pramukha kAraNa hai| vyaktivAdI aham itanA adhika hai ki vyakti sArvajanika vAhanoM ke sthAna para nijI vAhanoM kA prayoga karanA apanI zAna samajhatA hai| isake dohare duSpariNAma nikalate haiM- eka to dhvani pradUSaNa dUsarA vAyu pradUSaNa / dikhAvA itanA adhika bar3ha gayA hai ki railiyoM, jalasoM, sabhAoM, goSThiyoM, bhajana-kIrtana saMdhyAoM, vivAha, janmadina samArohoM Adi meM lAuDaspIkaroM kA prayoga hotA hai jo dhvani pradUSaNa kA bahuta bar3A kAraNa hai| jaina dRSTikoNa isakA virodha karatA hai| jainAgama zabda saMyama para bala detA hai| isake anusAra zabda pudgala hai| jIva zabda pudgala kA bhoga - upabhoga karatA hai| isake isa bhoga-upabhoga para niyaMtraNa Avazyaka hai| jainadharma vacanagukti, bhASAsamiti kI bAta karatA hai, jo zabda niyaMtraNa para bala dete haiN| zrAvakAcAra kA pAlaka mauna kA mahatva samajhatA hai, vaha usa sthAna para rahanA pasaMda karatA hai, jahA~ dhvani pradUSaNa kama ho, sAtha hI vaha svayaM aise kArya karatA hai, jo dhvani #pradUSaNa para niyaMtraNa rakhate haiN| saMdarbha 1. vebasTara zabdakoza / 2. haraskoviTsa ema. je. maina eNDa hija varksa, yU. esa. e., 1956. 3. Macmilan Dictionary. 4. paryAvaraNa bhUgola : pro. sAvindra siMha | 5. paryAvaraNa va pradUSaNa : DaoN. raghuvaMzI, pRSTha 65. 6. tatvArthasUtra, 10/2. 7. 8. 9. 10. praznottara zrAvakAcAra 12/105-106. 11. dharmopadezapIyUSa parva zrAvakAcAra, 4 / 90. 12. sAgara dharmAmRta, 5/22-24. 13. praznottara zrAvakAcAra, 3 / 118. vahI, 1/1. vahI, 5/21. sAgAradharmAmRta, 4/6-7. 14. mUla ArAdhanA, 15/321-323. 15. vyAkhyAprajJapti, pRSTha 105. 16. praznavyAkaraNa sUtra, pRSTha 20. 17. tatvArthavArtika, 2 / 13. 18. SaTkhaNDAgama, 2/18-19. 283
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________________ jainadarzana meM jIva aura paryAvaraNa cetanA rAmanareza 'nIraja' jaina* sampUrNa vizva ke mAnacitra para ubharane vAle pramukha muddoM meM paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa kI cintA eka pramukha muddA banA huA hai| vikAsa ke nAma para manuSya jisa tIvra gati se dina-rAta prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM kA dohana kara rahA hai usase pratIta hotA hai ki vaha dina dUra nahIM jaba yahI vikAsa mAnava jAti ke vinAza kA eka bahuta bar3A kAraNa bana jaayegaa| hamArA IkosisTama jaba asantulita hotA hai aura hamAre jIvana kI asmitA para hI praznacinha khar3A ho jAtA hai taba vikAsa ke sAre tarka thothe najara Ate haiN| yaha bAta sahI hai ki vikAsa ko najaraaMdAja nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kintu jaba vikAsa kI prakriyA mAnavajAti ke astitva ko hI canautI dene laga jAye taba hameM usa para punaH cintana karane kI AvazyakatA ho jAtI hai| prAcIna zAstra hameM batAte haiM ki Aja se hajAroM varSa pahale bhArata deza adhika samRddha va samunnata thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhArata kI prAcIna jJAnarAzi hameM Aja bhI saMtulita aura svastha jIvanazailI kI pravidhi sikhAtI hai| Aja naye sire se isa tathya kI khoja kI jA rahI hai ki prAcIna zAstroM meM aise kauna-se sUtra sannihita haiM jinakI naI vyAkhyA karake hama Aja vikAsa aura paryAvaraNa ke bIca saMtulana sthApita kara skeN| dUra-dRSTi sampanna jainAcAryoM ne sahasrAbdiyoM pUrva hI paryAvaraNa pradUSaNa kI vikaTa samasyA kA anubhava kiyA thA aura usake lie mAnava ko ahiMsA evaM saMyamapUrNa jIvana vyatIta karane kA nirdeza diyA thA tathA isake liye unake dvArA pratipAdita usa niraticAra zrAvaka vratAcaraNa ko prazasta mArga batalAyA, jisakA mUlAdhAra ahiMsA hai| jainAcAryoM ne bhale hI paryAvaraNa zabda kA prayoga na kiyA ho, tathApi zrAvakAdi ke AcAra varNana ke mAdhyama se tadviSayaka vidhi-niSedhoM para usakA vicAra avazya kiyA hai| paryAvaraNa zabda kA artha Asa-pAsa yA pAsa-par3ausa se hotA hai| paryAvaraNa zabda pari+AvaraNa kA mizraNa hai jo hameM arthAta mAnava, samAja, saMskRti Adi ko cAroM ora se AvRtta kiye ho vaha paryAvaraNa hai| * zodha chAtra, jaina vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya, laaddnuuN|
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________________ jainadarzana meM jIva aura paryAvaraNa cetanA 285 sI.sI. pArka mahodaya paryAvaraNa ko paribhASita karate hue kahate haiM ki- manuSya eka vizeSa sthAna para, vizeSa samaya para jina sampUrNa paristhitiyoM se ghirA huA hai use paryAvaraNa kahate haiN| paryAvaraNa kA vibhAjana do ghaTakoM se kiyA jAtA hai (1) bhautika paryAvaraNa (2) jaivika pryaavrnn| (1) bhautika paryAvaraNa- bhautika paryAvaraNa ke antargata Thosa padArtha, tarala padArtha, gaisa padArtha ko samAhita kiyA jAtA hai| Thosa padArtha meM pRthvI, bhUmi ko sammilita kiyA jAtA hai| isI prakAra tarala padArtha meM jala/pAnI ko tathA gaisa padArtha meM vAyu maNDala ko samAhita kiyA jAtA hai| (2) jaivika paryAvaraNa- jaivika paryAvaraNa meM per3a-paudhoM, jAnavaroM tathA manuSyoM ko sammilita kiyA jAtA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki manuSya ke cAroM aura jo bhI padArtha yA vastuyeM dikhAI de rahIM haiM ve sabhI vastuyeM kisI na kisI rUpa meM paryAvaraNa se sambaMdhita haiN| inhIM vastuoM-padArthoM meM (pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, manuSya, per3a-paudhoM) jaina darzana AtmA-caitanya-jIvatva kI sattA svIkAra karatA hai| bhAratIya dharma-darzana kI paramparA para dRSTipAt kareM to hama pAte haiM ki sabhI darzanoM ne pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, vanaspati, pazupakSiyoM ityAdi ko kisI na kisI rUpa meM sthAna diyA hai tathA una sabhI meM AtmA kI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| parantu jaina darzana AtmA kI sUkSma se bhI sUkSma vyAkhyA karatA hai, jo ki vartamAna samaya meM paryAvaraNa zAstriyoM ke lie cintanIya viSaya hogaa| jaina darzana meM jIva kI avadhAraNA jainadarzana meM jIva kA svarUpa batAte hue tatvArthasUtra meM kahA hai ki 'upayogo lakSaNam' arthAt upayogavAn ho jo jAnatA, dekhatA aura sukha-duHkha kA anubhava karatA ho, jisameM jJAna pAyA jAtA hai vaha jIva hai| jIva ke do bheda haiN| __ 1. mukta jIva 2. saMsArI jIva 1. mukta jIva- mukta jIva, ve jIva haiM jo mokSa jA cuke haiM arthAt jo nirvANa ko prApta ho cuke haiN| 2. saMsArI jIva- saMsArI jIva jo saMsAra meM saMsaraNa kara rahe haiN| duHkha se nivRtta hone kA tathA sukhI hone kA prayatna kara rahe haiN| saMsArI jIva do prakAra ke hote haiN| (ka) trasa jIva (kha) sthAvara jIva (ka) trasa jIva- do indriya se lekara pA~ca indriya taka ke jIva trasa jIva kahalAte haiN| (a) do indriya jIva- jisameM sparzana aura rasanA indriya pAI jAye, vaha do indriya jIva hai| jaise laTa, keMcuA aadi|
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________________ 286 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha (b) tIna indriya jIva- jisameM sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa ye tIna indriyA~ pAI jAye, vaha tIna indriya jIva hai| jaise cIMTI, ciMTA aadi| (c) cAra indriya jIva- jisameM sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa aura cakSu ye cAra indriyA~ pAI jAye, vaha cAra indriya jIva hai| jaise bhauMrA, titalI, makkhI, madhumakkhI aadi| (d) pA~ca indriya jIva- jisameM sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu aura karNa se pA~ca indriyA~ pAI jAye, vaha pA~ca indriya jIva hai jaise- manuSya, kuttA, billI aadi| (kha) sthAvara jIva- jinake mAtra eka sparzana indriya pAI jAtI hai ve sthAvara jIva haiN| sthAvara jIva pA~ca prakAra ke haiN| (1) pRthvIkAyika jIva (2) jalakAyika jIva (3) agnikAyika jIva (4) vAyukAyika jIva (5) vanaspatikAyika jiiv| (1) pRthvIkAyika jIva- pRthvI hI jisakA zarIra ho, vaha pRthvIkAyika jIva hai| ArSa meM pRthvI ke cAra bheda kiye gaye haiN| pRthvI, pRthvIkAya, pRthvIkAyika, pRthvI jiiv| mUlAcAra graMtha meM kahA hai ki miTTI Adi pRthvI, bAlU, tikona, caukona, rUpa zarkarA, gola patthara, bar3A patthara, lohA, tA~bA, jastA, sIsA, sonA, cA~dI, hIrA, mUMgA, maNi ityAdi pRthvI ke bheda haiN| inameM jIvoM ko jAnakara sajIva kA tyAga kreN| DaoN. kAmatA prasAda jaina likhate haiM ki Adhunika vaijJAnikoM kI khojoM ke anusAra eka varga jIvita bhUmi meM lagabhaga paccAsa lAkha kITANu rahate haiM jo pRthvI kI urvarA zakti tathA usake khanijoM kI vRddhi meM sahAyaka hote haiN| vaha sabhI ke poSaNa ke lie dhana, dhAnya tathA svAsthya pradAna karane vAle phala, vRkSa, latAe~, per3a-paudhe, jar3I-bUTiyA~ ityAdi utpanna karate haiN| (2) jalakAyika jIva- jala hI jisakA zarIra hotA hai, vaha jalakAyika jIva hai| jalakAyika jIvoM ke jIvanadAyI upakAroM ke kAraNa hI anya sabhI jIva surakSita haiM kyoMki jala ke binA na to koI jIvita raha sakatA hai aura na hI surakSita raha sakatA hai| parantu vartamAna samAja jala meM jIvatva ko svIkAra hI kahA~ karatI hai| jainadarzana to jala kI eka bUMda meM anaMta jIvoM kI sattA svIkAra karatA hai| Adhunika vaijJAnikoM ne bhI jala meM jIvoM kI sattA svIkAra kI hai aura pAnI kI eka bUMda meM 36450 sUkSma jIva dekhe haiN| (3) agnikAyika jIva- agni hI jisakA zarIra ho, vaha agnikAyika jIva hai| vaidika sUktoM meM agni ko devatA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| agni trikoNa va lAla hotI hai| vaTTakera svAmI mUlAcAra meM kahate haiM ki dhuAM rahita, aMgAra, jvAlA, dIpaka kI lau, kaMDA kI Aga, vajrAgni, bijalI Adi se utpanna zuddha agni, ye taijasakAyika jIva haiN| inameM jIvoM ko jAnakara hiMsA kA tyAga kreN| (4) vAyukAyika jIva- vAyu hI jisakA zarIra hai vaha vAyukAyika jIva hai| vAyu ko bhI vaidika sUktoM meM devatA kA sthAna diyA gayA hai| vaTTakera svAmI kahate haiM ki U~cA
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________________ jainadarzana meM jIva aura paryAvaraNa cetanA 287 jAne vAlA pavana, bahuta raja sahita, gUMjane vAlA pavana, pRthvI meM lagatA huA cakkara vAlA pavana, gUMjatA huA calane vAlA pavana, mahApavana, ghanodadhi vAta, ghanavAta, tanuvAta ye vAyukAyika jIva haiN| mahAkavi padma ne vAyukAyika jIvoM kI Ayu 3000 varSa batalAI (5) vanaspatikAyika jIva- vanaspati hI jisakA zarIra hai vaha vanaspatikAyika jIva hai| vanaspati arthAt per3a-paudhoM ko vaidika graMthoM meM pUjyatA pradAna kI gaI hai| yathA- tulasI, pIpala, baragada aadi| vanaspatikAyika jIva do prakAra ke haiM (a) pratyeka vanaspati (b) sAdhAraNa vanaspati (a) pratyeka vanaspati- dhavalA pustaka meM kahA hai ki jinakA pratyeka arthAt pRthak-pRthak zarIra hotA hai unheM pratyeka vanaspati jIva kahate haiM jaise- khaira Adi vnspti| isI prakAra gommaTasAra jIvakANDa TIkA meM kahA hai ki jitane pratyeka zarIra haiM, utane vahA~ pratyeka vanaspati jIva jAnane cAhie, kyoMki eka-eka zarIra meM eka-eka jIva hone kA niyama hai| isI viSaya ko AdhArIkRtya karake jainendra siddhAnta koza meM likhate haiM ki nitya khAne-pIne ke kAma meM Ane vAlI vanaspati pratyeka zarIra hai, vaha do prakAra kI haiapratiSThita aura sprtisstthit| eka hI jIva ke zarIra vAlI vanaspati apratiSThita aura asaMkhyAta sAdhAraNa zarIroM ke samavAya se niSpanna vanaspati sapratiSThita hai| vahA~ eka-eka vanaspati ke skandha meM eka rasa hokara asaMkhyAta sAdhAraNa zarIra hote haiM aura eka-eka usa sAdhAraNa zarIra meM anantAnanta nigoda jIva vAsa karate haiN| sUkSma sAdhAraNa zarIra yA nigoda jIva loka meM sarvatra ThasAThasa bhare hue haiN| parantu sUkSma hone se hamAre jJAna ke viSaya nahIM haiN| santarA, Ama Adi apratiSThita pratyeka vanaspati haiM aura AlU, gAjara, mUlI Adi sapratiSThita pratyeka vanaspati haiN| (b) sAdhAraNa vanaspati- dhavalA pustaka meM kahA hai ki jisa karma ke udaya se eka hI zarIra vAle hokara ananta jIva rahate haiM vaha sAdhAraNa zarIra nAmakarma hai| A. pUjyapAda kahate haiM ki bahuta AtmAoM ke upabhoga kA hetu rUpa se sAdhAraNa zarIra jisake nimitta se hotA hai vaha sAdhAraNa zarIra nAmakarma hai| akalaMka deva kahate haiM ki sAdhAraNa jIvoM ke sAdhAraNa AhArAdi cAra paryAptiyA~ aura sAdhAraNa hI janma-maraNa zvAsocchvAsa, anugraha aura upaghAta Adi hote haiM jaba eka ke AhAra, zarIra, indriya aura AnapAna paryApti hotI hai, usI samaya ananta jIvoM ke janma-maraNa ho jAte haiN| jisa samaya eka jIva zvAsocchvAsa letA yA AhAra karatA yA agni Adi se upahata hotA hai usI samaya zeSa ananta jIvoM ke bhI zvAsocchvAsa, AhAra aura upaghAta Adi hote haiN|
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________________ 288 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha isa prakAra per3a-paudhe vanaspati Adi meM jIva hai aura yaha jIvatva kI siddhi anAdi kAla se jainadharma kahatA A rahA hai aura vanaspati meM jIvatva kI siddhi sara jagadIza canda vasu ne bhI kI hai| elDumasa haksale ne svayaM vasu jI kI prayogazAlA meM jAkara dekhA hai ki vanaspati bhI eka prANadhArI jIva hai| jIva evaM paryAvaraNa kA sambandha hama dekhate haiM ki jaina darzana kI jIva viSayaka dRSTi sUkSma se bhI sUkSma hai| jaina darzana ne sarvatra kisI na kisI apekSA se jIva kI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jaina darzana ne jahA~-jahA~ jIva-AtmA kI sattA svIkAra kI hai vahA~-vahA~ paryAvaraNa bhI samAhita hai| cAhe bhautika paryAvaraNa ho yA jaivika paryAvaraNa donoM hI ghaTakoM meM jIvatva pAyA jAtA hai| bhautika evaM jaivika paryAvaraNa ke mAdhyama se paryAvaraNa kA avabhAsana hotA hai aura ina donoM meM hI manuSya ke sAtha-sAtha prakRti ke kriyA-kalApa saMcAlita hote haiN| yadi hama kisI bhI taraha se paryAvaraNa ke ghaTakoM se cher3a-chAr3a karate haiM to usake duSpariNAma bhugatane ko taiyAra rahanA pdd'egaa| cAhe eka indriya jIva ho yA do indriya, tIna indriya jIva ho yadi inameM se kisI eka kA bhI vinAza hotA hai to hamArI khAdya zrRMkhalA vighaTita ho jaayegii| jisase hamArA IkosisTama bigar3a jaayegaa| eka udAharaNa se samajhate haiM jaise mRta pazuoM ko giddha, cIla Adi khAte haiM jisase hamArA paryAvaraNa pradUSita nahIM hotA, lekina vartamAna samaya meM dekhate hai ki giddha, cIla Adi nahIM dikhAI dete taba mRta pazuoM kA kyA kiyA jAye? aura ina mRta pazuoM se vibhinna prakAra ke rogAdi phaila rahe haiM, vAtAvaraNa pradUSita ho rahA hai| isaliye vAtAvaraNa ko svaccha rakhanA hai to hameM pratyeka prakAra ke jIvoM kI rakSA karanI hogii| jIvatva siddhi aura paryAvaraNa cetanA paryAvaraNa cetanA ke sandarbha jIvatva siddhi kA kaI dRSTiyoM se adhyayana kara sakate haiM, jisase vartamAna samAja jAgarUka hokara paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa meM yogadAna da ske| (i) AdhyAtmika dRSTi se paryAvaraNa cetanA (ii) naitika dRSTi se paryAvaraNa cetanA (i) AdhyAtmika dRSTi se paryAvaraNa cetanA merI bhAvanA meM jugala kizora mukhtAra kahate haiM ki "maitrIbhAva jagata meM merA saba jIvoM se nitya rhe| dIna duHkhI jIvoM para mere ura se karuNA-srota bhe||" arthAt bhAvanA bhAte hue yahA~ kahA hai ki saba jIvoM se merA maitrIbhAva rahe tathA dIna du:khI jIvoM para hRdaya se karuNA bhAva ho| jaina darzana meM to pratyeka padArtha meM jIvatva kI sattA svIkAra kI gayI hai| jaina dharma ahiMsA paramo dharmaH aura dayAmUlo dhammo ke siddhAMta ko svIkAra karatA hai| isake sAtha hI 'jIo aura jIne do' meM vizvAsa rakhatA
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________________ jainadarzana meM jIva aura paryAvaraNa cetanA hai| jaina dharma kahatA hai ki bevajaha per3a-paudhoM, manuSyoM, pazuoM ko mata kATo, mata mAro, kyoMki unameM jIva hai aura jIvoM kI hiMsA karane se, vadha karane se pApa kA bandha hotA hai| jaina darzana ke sAtha-sAtha anya darzana bhI isa bAta ko svIkAra karate haiM ki- manuSya jaisA dUsaroM ke sAtha karegA vaisA usake sAtha bhI hogA aura use vaisA hI phala milegaa| ataH ahiMsA pradhAna deza meM jIvoM kI hatyA na kareM, kyoMki isase pApa ke bandha ke sAtha-sAtha paryAvaraNa asantulita hotA hai aura jaba paryAvaraNa asantulita hogA to jIvana-yApana muzkila ho jaayegaa| (ii) naitika dRSTi se paryAvaraNa cetanA 289 vartamAna samaya meM manuSya samasyAoM se sarAbora hai| jahA~ dekho, jaba dekho manuSya ko samasyA hI dikhAI detI hai| jaba kisI vastu kA AvazyakatA se adhika athavA bevajaha dohana kiyA jAtA hai taba samasyA hotI hai aura pratyeka samasyA ko utpanna kisI aura ne nahIM, svayaM manuSya ne kiyA hai| gAMva se lekara mahAnagaroM meM jala kI vikaTa samasyA, bijalI kI samasyA, rasoI gaisa kI samasyA, sAga-sabjI, vanaspati kI samasyA, bAr3ha kI samasyA, bhUkampa - sunAmI kI samasyA ityAdi ye sabhI samasyAyeM manuSya dvArA hI sRjita haiM aura inakA samAdhAna bhI manuSya hI kara sakatA hai| jaise manuSya ko Avazyaka hai nahAnA, kapar3e dhonA Adi / manuSya ko nahAne ke lie pAnI cAhie mAna lo do bAlTI, parantu yadi do bAlTI kI jagaha tIna-cAra bAlTI pAnI girAye to isase kyA hogA? pAnI kI kamI aayegii| jaina darzana ne eka bUMda pAnI meM ananta jIva batAye haiN| vaijJAnikoM ne bhI yahI siddha kiyA hai| isI prakAra vanaspati, per3a-paudhoM ko bhI na kATeM, kyoMki per3oM ko kATane se bAr3ha kI samasyA, varSA kI kamI evaM tApamAna meM vibhinnatA aadi| haksale ne kahA hai ki kisI pazu-pakSI kI mRtyu kA dRzya dekhakara hamaloga marmAhata ho jAte haiM kyoMki usakI yaMtraNA ko svayaM apanI AMkhoM se dekhate haiM kintu vanaspatiyoM ke jIvana maraNa ko dekhane ke lie to hamArI dRSTi lAkhoM gunI teja honI caahie| isI prakAra trasa jIvoM ko nahIM mAranA cAhie kyoMki yadi ina kSudra kIr3e-makor3e Adi jIvoM ko mArate haiM to hiMsA to hotI hI hai sAtha hI sAtha paristhiti taMtra bhI bigar3atA hai| hama bevajaha macchara-makkhI Adi ko mAra dete haiM, parantu ye jIva bhI paristhiti taMtra ke lie vizeSa upayogI 1 anta meM kaha sakate haiM ki yadi jaina darzana kI jIva rakSA viSayaka avadhAraNA ko svIkAra karate hue caleM to paryAvaraNa sambandhI sabhI samasyAoM kA svataH samAdhAna ho jaayegaa| kyoMki yadi mAnava apane AsapAsa kI vastuoM ko jIva dRSTi se dekhegA to unakI rakSA ke viSaya meM bhI socegaa|
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________________ 290 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha sandarbha grantha-sUcI 1. tatvArthasUtra-A. umAsvAmI, 2/8 2. vahI, 2/10 3. vahI, 2/12 vahI, 2/14 vahI, 2/14 eSAM pRthivyAdInAmArSe cAturvidhyamuktaM prtyekm| tatkathamiti cet? ucyate, pRthvI, pRthvIkAyaH pRthvIkAyikaH pRthvI jIva ityaadi| sarvArthasiddhi, A. pUjyapAda, dvitIya adhyAya, pra.-125-125, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, naI dillI, caudahavA~ saMskaraNa-2006 puDhavI ya valugA sakkarA ya ubale silA ya loNe y| ayaM teva tau ya sIsa ya rUppa suvaNNe ya vaire y||-206 haridAle hiMgulae maNosilA sassa gaMjaNapavAle ya abbhapaDalabbhavAluya vAdarakAyA maNi vidhiy|| 206 gomanjhage ya rujage aMke phalahe ya lohidaMke y| caMdappabha verulie jalakaMte sUrakate ya / / 208 geruya caMdaNa vavvaga vayamoe taha masAragalle y| te jAna puruvi jIvA jaNittA parihara devvA / / 209 malAcAra- A. vaTTakera svAmI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, naI dillii| 'ahiMsA evaM paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa siddhAMtoM kA akSaya srota"- DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, prakAzana zrI mohanalAla candravatI jaina cairiTebila TrasTa, naI dillI, pR.-197 9. vahI, pR.-199 10. agniH trikoNaH raktaH, jJAnasAra zloka, 57, jainendra siddhAnta koza, pR.-35, bhAratIya. jJAnapITha prakAzana, naI dillii| 11. iMgAla jAla accI mummura suddhAgaNI ya agaNI y| te jANa teujIvA jaannitaa-prihredvvaa|| mUlAcAra- A. vaTTakera-gAthA-224, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillii| vAdubbhAmo ukkali maMDali guMjA mahAghaNa NU y| te jANa vAujIvA jaannittaa-prihredvvaa|| mUlAcAra-A. vaTTakera-gAthA, 535 13. vyasahasravarisa vAyutaNuMe- mahAkavi padma-padam-1/440 evaM 'ahiMsA evaM paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa siddhAntoM kA akSayasrota-jaina dharma' tathA 'lokanAyaka varddhamAna mhaaviir|' 14. pratyeka pRthak zarIrayeSAM te pratyeka zarIrAH khadirAdayo vanaspatayaH, dhavalApustaka 1/1.1/sUtra 41/26816 15. yAvanti pratyeka zarIrANi tAvanti eva pratyeka vanaspati jIvAH tatra pratizarIraM ekaikasya pratijJAnAt-gommaTasAra jIvakANDa-nemIcandrAcArya gAthA-186/423/14 16. kSullaka jinendra varNI- jainendra siddhAnta koza-bhA. jJAnapITha, naI dillI, pR.-500 12. vA
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________________ jainadarzana meM jIva aura paryAvaraNa cetanA 291 17. bahunAmAtmanAmuvabhogahetutvena sAdhAraNa zarIraM yato bhavati ttsaadhaarnnshriirnnaam| sarvArthasiddhi-A. pUjyapAda-aSTam adhyAya, gyArahavA~ sUtra pR.-305, bhA. jJAnapITha, naI dillI-2006 sAdhAraNAhArAdi paryApti catuSTaya janmamaraNa prANApAnAnugrahopadyAtAH sAdhAraNa jiivaaH| yadaikasyAhArazarIrendriyaprANApAna-paryApti-nirvRttiH tadaivAnantAnAma .......... tatvArtha vArtikaA. akalaMkadeva, aSTam adhyAya, gyArahavA~ sUtra, pR.-578, bhA. jJAnapITha prakAzana, naI dillI, tRtIya saMskaraNa-1993 19. DaoN. rAjArAma jaina-ahiMsA evaM paryAvaraNa saMrakSaNa siddhAntoM kA akSaya srotaH jainadharma tathA lokanAyaka varddhamAna mahAvIra, mohanalAla candravatI jaina cairiTebila TrasTa, naI dillI, pR.-204
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________________ mahAvIra-yuga kI vaizAlI sAhityavAcaspati DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva* __ Agama-paravartI jaina granthakAra mahAvIra-yuga kI vaizAlI kA nAmollekha pUrvaka varNana meM prAyaH udAsIna haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki mahAvIra-carita-viSayaka granthoM meM vaizAlI kA nAma-saMketa bahuta hI kama huA hai| vaizAlI kI jagaha vahA~ avasthita mahAvIra kI janmasthalI kuNDapura (kuNDalapura yA kSatriya kuNDagrAma) yA phira videha-kSetra kA citraNa upalabdha hotA hai| isake viparIta, bauddha granthoM meM nAma kIrtana-pUrvaka vaizAlI kI bahuta hI manorama sAMskRtika aura aitihAsika, sAtha hI rAjanayika jhAMkI-prastuta kI gaI hai, jisameM buddha aura ambapAlI kI hRdayAvarjaka kathA, pravRtti aura nivRtti, rAga aura virAga ke antardvandva kI nandatika bhAvanA se tato'dhika Urjasvala hokara ubharI hai| isa prakAra vaizAlI mahAvIra aura buddha donoM mahApuruSoM kI samayugIna saMskRti ko yugapat abhivyaMjanA karane vAlI aitihAsika nagarI ke rUpa meM labdhapratiSTha hai| Adhunika yuga meM antara-rASTrIya khyAti aura mahAtIrtha ke gaurava se sampanna vaizAlI purAyuga, arthAt mahAvIra ke yuga meM licchaviyoM kI rAjadhAnI thI, sAtha hI bhArata ke tatkAlIna solaha mahAjanapadoM meM, zaktizAlI gaNataMtrAtmaka bajjisaMgha ke zAsana-kendra ke rUpa meM usakI mAnyatA thii| khuSTapUrva paMcama-SaSTha zatI ke jainAgamoM meM vaizAlI se sambaddha aneka aise aitihAsika sUtra milate haiM, jinase vaizAlI kI vizAlatA saMketita hotI hai| hiMsAvAdI ekAntiyoM ke lie ahiMsAvAdI 'anekAnta' kI jayapatAkA phaharAnevAle parAcetanA se saMvalita vaizAlI-vibhUti mahAvIra ko 'sUtrakRtAMga, meM 'vesAliya' kahA gayA hai 'evaM se udAhu anuttaramuNI anuttaradaMsI anuttaraNANadaMsanadhare arahA NAyaputte bhagavaM vesAlie viAhie tti bemi|' isa prakAra, vaizAlI putra mahAvIra svAmI ke lie 'vesAliya' (vaizAlIka) vizeSaNa 'uttarAdhyayana' Adi vibhinna jainAgamoM meM bhI bhUyazaH AvRtta huA hai| 'jainakalpasUtra' ke anusAra, vaizAlI videha kI rAjadhAnI thI, jisase mahAvIra svAmI kA ghaniSTha sambandha thaa| isa grantha ke anusAra, mahAvIra videhavAsI the aura unakI mAtA kA nAma videhadattA thaa| unhoMne apane jIvana ke bahumUlya tIsa varSa vaizAlI meM vyatIta kiye the| pandrahavIM zatI ke jaina AcArya bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti ne saMskRta-nibaddha * 37, bhA. sTeTa baiMka Aphisarsa kaoNlonI, kAlI mandira mArga, hanumAna nagara, kaMkar3abAga, paTanA - 800020.
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________________ mahAvIra - yuga kI vaizAlI 'vIravarddhamAnacarita' ke saptama adhikAra ke prArambha meM mahAvIra kAlIna videha janapada aura vahA~ ke kuNDapura nagara kA vipula sAMskRtika citra upanyasta kiyA hai| tadanusAra, tatkAlIna videha bhAratavarSa ke vizAla pradezoM meM parigaNita thaa| vaha pradeza videha kSetra ke nAma se bhI vikhyAta thA, jisakI mahimA avimukta kSetra kAzI ke samAnAntara thii| ukta pradeza yA kSetra kA 'videha' nAma isalie bhI sArthaka thA ki vahA~ ke nivAsI zramaNa muni apane zuddha cAritra se deharahita ( sadehamukta) ho jAte the evaM ve muni apane jIvana kAla meM videhamukta hote the, jise gItA meM 'jIvanmukta' kahA gayA hai| videhabhUmi kI apanI vizeSatA thI ki vahA~ ke nivAsiyoM meM aneka manuSya sadAcAra aura vizuddha bhAvanAoM se tIrthaMkara nAma-karma arjita karane kI kSamatA Ayatta kara lete the aura aneka manuSya paMcottara vimAnoM meM ahamindratva prApta karane kI zakti se sampanna hote the| katipaya bhavya jIva, satpAtroM ke lie uttama zakti ke sAtha dAna karake bhogabhUmi arjita karate the aura kucha loga jina-pUjana ke prabhAva se indratva ko prApta kara lete the| usa videha - kSetra meM deva, manuSya aura vidyAdharoM se vandanIya tIrthaMkaroM aura sAmAnya kevaliyoM kI nirvANa bhUmiyA~ pade pade dRSTigata hotI thiiN| vahA~ ke vana, parvata Adi dhyAnAvasthita yogiyoM dvArA nirantara Asevita the aura nagara, grAma Adi U~ce-U~ce jina mandiroM se suzobhita rahate the| kevalajJAnI bhagavAna aura unake gaNadhara dharma-pravRtti ke nimitta cAroM saMghoM ke sAtha vahA~ tapo - vihAra kiyA karate the| 293 isa prakAra ke dhArmika tathA autsavika vAtAvaraNa se samalaMkRta usa videhabhUmi, arthAt vaizAlI ke nAbhitulya madhyabhAga meM, ayodhyAnagarI ke samAna kuNDapura nAma kA mahAnagara virAjita thaa| surakSA kI dRSTi se vaha mahAnagara U~ce-U~ce gopuroM, parakoToM aura gaharI khAiyoM se ghirA thA, phalataH vaha zatruoM ke lie durlaghya thaa| vahA~ svarga ke devatA tIrthayAtrA karane tathA kevalI aura tIrthaMkaroM ke paMca kalyANaka mahotsava manAne ke nimitta barAbara AyA karate the| isa prakAra vaha videhabhUmi anavarata samAroha kI suSamA se parama ramaNIya aura nitya navIna banI rahatI thii| usa vizAla nagara meM sone aura ratnoM se nirmita uttama jinAlaya apanI pavitra AbhA bikherate the| jJAniyoM se suzobhita vaha mahAnagara adbhuta dharma-samudra kI bhA~ti pratIta hotA thaa| vahA~ ke jinAlayoM meM barAbara jaya-jayakAra gUMjatA rahatA thA aura stotra, gIta, nRtya, vAdya Adi kI manomohaka svaramAdhurI anudhvanita rahatI thii| jinAlayoM kI divya maNimaya jina pratimAe~ divya suvarNa ke alaMkaraNoM aura upakaraNoM se dIpta rahatI thiiN| pUjana ke lie Ane vAle dampati apane utkRSTa guNoM aura divya rUpoM se devayugala ke samAna suzobhita hote the| usa kuNDapura meM buddhimAna tathA 'kimicchita' dAna karane vAle puruSa nitya apane ghara ke dvAra para atithiyoM kI pratIkSA karate the| vrataniSTha muniyoM ko pAraNa karAne vAle gRhasthoM ke ghara meM nirantara ratnavRSTi yA paMcadivya kI varSA hotI rahatI thI, jise dekhakara dUsare logoM ko bhI dAna karane kI preraNA milatI rahatI thii| vahA~ U~ce-U~ce gaganacumbI prAsAda (mahala) apanI dhvajA-rUpI hAthoM se devendroM kA AhvAna karate se pratIta hote the /
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________________ 294 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha vahA~ ke bhavanoM meM rahane vAle loga dAtA, dhArmika, zUravIra tathA vratazIla guNoM ke dhAraka hote the| ve deva-gurUoM kI bhakti, sevA aura pUjA meM lage rahate the| vahA~ ke nivAsI nItimArga meM nipuNa, loka-paraloka ke hita-sAdhana meM udyata, dharmAtmA, sadAcArI, dhanI, sukhI aura jJAnI the| vahA~ ke divya rUpa guNavAle puruSa aura unake samAna hI divya rUpa guNavAlI striyA~ deva - deviyoM ke samAna pratIta hote the| isa prakAra, vaha kuNDapura tatkAlIna bhAratIya sAMskRtika cetanA kI paramonnata sthiti kA paricAyaka thaa| guNacandragaNiviracita prAkRta - nibaddha 'mahAvIra cariyaM' ke sAtaveM prastAva meM vaizAlI kA nAmollekha pUrvaka varNana milatA hai| mahAvIra svAmI tapo vihAra ke krama meM jisa samaya vaizAlI nagarI lauTe the, usa samaya vahA~ 'zaMkha' nAma kA gaNarAjA rAjya karatA thaa| ( 'so mahAvIra jiNavaro kameNa viharamANo vesAliM nayariM saMpatto, tattha ya saMkho nAma gaNarAyA / ' ) zaMkha ne mahAvIra svAmI kA bar3e ThATa-bATa se svAgata-satkAra kiyA thaa| mahAvIra svAmI vahA~ se punaH vaizAlI ke pArzvavarttI vANijyagrAma nagara meM bhI padhAre the| usa samaya vaizAlI aura vANijya grAma nagara ke bIca atizaya gahare jalavAlI gaNDakI nadI bahatI thI aura usameM nAveM calatI thiiN| nAvika naukA yAtriyoM se khevA lekara hI unheM pAra utArate the| nirgrantha mahAvIra svAmI bhI jaba nAva se pAra utare the, taba nAvikoM ne khevA ke lie unheM roka liyA thaa| phalataH, mahAvIra svAmI ko kar3I dhUpa meM garama bAlU para bahuta dera taka khar3A rahanA par3A thaa| bAda meM, zaMkha rAjA kA bhA~jA 'citta' ne unheM nAvikoM se chuTakArA dilAyA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vANijya grAma nagara ke bahirbhAga meM jahA~ tapovihAra kiyA thA, vaha sthAna vanakhaNDa se maNDita thA, jisameM chahoM Rtue~ krama-krama se apanA saundarya vaibhava bikheratI thiiN| vanapAdapoM meM AmravRkSoM kI pradhAnatA thii| saptaparNa, kaMkola, sarala aura sallakI ke per3oM kI bahulatA thii| usa vanakhaNDa meM hirana caukar3I bharate rahate the| madamatta hAthI jhUmate calate the| pakSiyoM meM papIhe, nIlakaNTha aura koyaloM kI manomugdhakara svara - mAdhurI mukharita rahatI thii| usa janapadIya nagara ke nivAsI jAr3e ke dinoM meM ThaNDa se sikur3ate zarIra meM garamAhaTa lAne ke lie jagaha-jagaha ghUra' (agnipuMja) jalAkara usake irda-girda jame rahate the| mahAvIra svAmI jaba vANijyagrAma nagara ke antarbhAga meM pahuMce, taba vahA~ Ananda nAma ke taponirata zrAvaka ne unake darzana se kevalajJAna prApta kiyA thaa| isa prakAra, prastuta mahAvIra carita meM bhI mahAvIra yuga kI vaizAlI kI dhArmika, prAkRtika tathA jAnapada jIvana kI sthiti kA suramya citra pratibimbita huA hai| AcArya vibudha zrIdhara (bArahavIM zatI) dvArA apabhraMza meM nibaddha 'vaDDhamANacariu' se mahAvIra - yuga kI vaizAlI ke udAtta rUpa kA darzana hotA hai| videha deza kI tatkAlIna vaizAlI ke upakaNTha meM avasthita kuNDapura nagara kA kalAvareNya citraNa karate hue apabhraMza kavi vibudha zrIdhara ne likhA hai: Nivasai videhu NAmeNa desu / khayarAmarehiM suhayara - paesu // supasiddhau dhammiya -loya caaru| Niya-sayala - maNohara kaMti - sAru / / siya-gomaMDala jaNiyANurAya / suNisaNNa mayakiya majjha-bhAya / / jahi jaNa - marA viNiaDai bhAi / sAmanna nisAyara- mutti NAi~ /
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________________ mahAvIra-yuga kI vaizAlI 295 nizcaya hI uparyukta varNana se kuNDapura ke Azramopama bimba kA bhavyatama udbhAvana hotA hai| ukta granthakAra dvArA kiye gaye Age ke varNanoM se kuNDapura ke prAkRtika vaibhava aura sthApatya kI utkRSTatA kA ramaNIya nidarzana prApta hotA hai: vaha kuNDapura padmapUrita jalAzayoM se suzobhita thaa| vahA~ kI kRSi sampadA spRhaNIya thii| maNiratna-khacita, dhvajamaNDita gaganasparzI vimAnoM-prAsAdoM, gambhIra khAiyoM aura unnata parakoToM se vibhUSita kuNDapura atizaya vizAla pratIta hotA thaa| vahA~ kI kAminiyoM ke AbhUSaNoM kI chaTA rAtri meM dIpakoM kI jyoti ko niSprabha kara detI thI aura unake lAvaNya-lalita mukhacandra se candramA bhI malina par3a jAtA thaa| isa prakAra prastuta 'vaDDhamANacariu' se bhI spaSTa hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya kI vaizAlI bhAratavarSa ke tatkAlIna dhanyatama mahAnagariyoM meM anyatama thii| yaha kahanA aprAsaMgika nahIM hogA ki ukta prakAra ke aura bhI aneka dhArmika-paurANika jaina granthoM meM mahAvIra yuga kI vaizAlI kI vaibhava dIpti ke sambandha meM mahatvapUrNa vivaraNa milate haiN| tadanusAra, vaizAlI sthita kuNDapura nagara kI carcA indraloka meM bhI hotI thii| vaizAlI kI bhUmi upavana, kAnana, kuMjavana, nadI, sarovara Adi kI prAkRtika divyatA; bhavana, prAkAra, prAcIra, parikhA, dhvaja, toraNa Adi kI vAstugata bhavyatA tathA dhana-dhAnya, pazudhana Adi kI apAratA ke sAtha hI bahattara kalAoM meM nipuNa rUpavAra nAgarikoM kI dharma-prabhAvanA kI prakarSatA Adi kI dRSTi se devaloka kI samatA rakhatI thI, isalie vaha tIrthakara mahAvIra kI janmabhUmi ke upayukta thii| jina prabhasUri racita 'vividha tIrthakalpa' ke zatrujaya tIrthakalpa meM kuNDagrAma yA kuNDapura kI tIrthopamatA ko svIkAra karate hue kahA gayA hai ki vahA~ kI yAtrA karane se saugunA phala prApta hotA hai| mUlazloka isa prakAra haiM: ayodhyaa-mithilaa-cmpaa-shraavstii-hstinaapure| kauzAmbI-kAzi-kAkandI-kAmpilye bhdrilaabhidhe|| ratnavAhe zauryapure kunnddgraame'pypaapyaa| candrAnanA-siMhapure tathA rAjagRhe pure|| shriiraivtk-smmet-vaibhaaraa-'ssttpdaadrissu| yAtrayAsmisteSu yAtrAphalAcchataguNaM phlm|| isase spaSTa hai ki jainoM kI dRSTi meM vaizAlI kA eka mahimAzAlI tIrtha ke rUpa meM adhika mUlya thaa| kintu bauddha vAD.maya meM vaizAlI kA rAjanItika aura aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA hai aura isa sambandha meM pAli-sAhitya meM vistRta vivaraNa bhI upalabdha hotA hai| isase sahaja hI yaha pratIta hotA hai, buddha ke eka dharmanetA ke rUpa meM vaizAlI pahuMcane para mahAvIra kA vizuddha dhArmika mAhAtmya yA prabhAva dizAntarita ho gayA, sAtha hI magadha (rAjagRha) se AyAtita rAjanIti yA kUTanIti ke upalepa ke kAraNa vaha bhrAnta janadRSTi se apakrAnta bhI ho gyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki paravartI jaina granthakAroM ne apane varNanoM meM vaizAlI ko mUlya na dekara kuNDapura yA kSatriya kuNDagrAma ko adhika pramukhatA dii| IsA kI tRtIya-caturtha zatI ke yugAntarakArI jaina prAkRta-kathAkAra AcArya saMghadAsagaNI
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________________ 296 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha ne to apanI kUTastha kathAkRti 'vasudevahiNDI' meM magadha, mithilA aura aMga kI campA kA sAgraha varNana kiyA hai, kintu vaizAlI yA kuNDapura yA phira licchavi yA vajjisaMgha kA yatkicit ullekha bhI nahIM kiyA hai| prAcIna aitihAsika granthoM meM isa bAta kI bAra-bAra carcA AI hai ki vaizAlI ke mahAvIra-yuga ke vajjisaMgha ke licchavi sadasya itane anuzAsita, nirbhaya aura parAkramI the ki ve apane zatraoM ko taccha samajhate the| ve niyamita rUpa se mahAsabhA meM sammi vicAra-vimarza karate tathA saMgha-niyamoM kA dRr3hatA se pAlana karate the| vajjisaMgha ke sadasyoM kI yaha ekasUtratA magadha-sAmrAjya ke lie IrSyA kA kAraNa thI, yaha bAta buddha aura unake pradhAna ziSya Ananda ke suprasiddha pArasparika saMlApa ke mAdhyama se bhI spaSTa hotI hai| aitihAsika srota se yaha sUcanA milatI hai ki mahAvIra yuga kI vaizAlI ke licchavi uttara-pUrva bhArata kI mahAbalazAlI, suzikSita, sampanna aura kalApremI kSatriya jAti ke the| tabhI to unhoMne videha-kSetra kI grAma sundariyoM kI kalA-pratiyogitA ke mAdhyama se ambapAlI ko nirvAcita kara use vaizAlI kI nagaravadhU yA rAjanartakI ke pada para pratiSThita kiyA thA aura jaba, magadha kI senA vaizAlI para car3ha AI thI, taba yuddhonmAda meM Akara raNabhUmi meM siMhanAda karane vAle sainikoM meM ambapAlI ne hI sabase Age baDhakara vajjiyoM ko zatra-saMhAra ke lie lalakArA thaa| saMketa milatA hai ki mahAvIra-kAlIna vaizAlI kI nAriyA~ kevala kalA vilAsinI hI nahIM thIM, apitu rASTra rakSA ke lie apanI jAna kI bAjI lagA dene meM bhI sabase Age rahatI thI, sAtha hI ve tapassAdhanA ke lie bhoga-vilAsa ko paTAnta-lagna tRNa kI taraha tuccha samajhakara tilAMjali de detI thiiN| isa sandarbha meM campA se vaizAlI meM Akara apane vizAla bhikSuNI saMgha ke sAtha dharma-vihAra karane vAlI mahAvIra kI dharmaziSyA candana bAlA tathA vaizAlI gaNarAjya kI antima adhiSThAtrI kumAradevI ke nAma anuzaMsanIya haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI mAtA videha (vaizAlI) kI thIM isalie mahAvIra ko vaidehI-putra (vaizAlIka) ke rUpa meM sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| isase yaha sahaja hI anumeya hai ki mahAvIra ke samaya videha licchavi zAsana ke antarbhukta thaa| ataeva Atma prakAza mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI velA meM videha ke navamalliyoM ke sAtha hI licchaviyoM ne bhI dIpotsava kA Ayojana kiyA thaa| prAcIna itihAsa ke atirikta parAtana jaina sAhitya se isa bAta kA patA calatA hai ki IsA-pUrva pA~cavIM-chaThI zatI, arthAt mahAvIra ke samaya meM vaizAlI meM licchaviyoM kA rAjya thA aura vaizAlI kI sarvatomukhI samRddhi paravAna car3hI huI thii| itanA hI nahIM, mahAvIra ke samaya vaizAlI meM licchaviyoM ne hI saMsAra kI atisabhya zAsana-vyavasthA gaNarAjya kI, yAnI gaNataMtra kI sthApanA kI thI, jisameM vaMza-paramparA se koI rAjA nahIM hotA thA, varan janatA dvArA cunA gayA pratinidhi hI rAjA mAnA jAtA thaa| ataeva, Aja bhI mahAvIra-yuga kI vaizAlI ke licchaviyoM ko hI gaNataMtrAtmaka rAjya zAsana kA prathama pratiSThAtA ke rUpa meM smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai|
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________________ jaina saMskRti DaoN. vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA* rASTrakavi rAmadhArI siMha 'dinakara' kI prasiddha racanA 'saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya' kI prastAvanA meM bhAratavarSa ke prathama pradhAnamaMtrI paMDita javAharalAla neharU ne likhA hai"saMskRti hai kyA? zabdakoSa ulaTane para isakI aneka paribhASAe~ milatI haiN| eka bar3e lekhaka kA kahanA hai ki saMsAra bhara meM jo bhI sarvottama bAteM jAnI yA kahI gaI apane Apako paricita karAnA saMskRti hai| eka dUsarI paribhASA meM kahA gayA hai ki *saMskRti zArIrika yA mAnasika zaktiyoM kA prazikSaNa yA vikAsa yA usase utpanna avasthA hai|" yaha mana, AcAra athavA rUr3hiyoM kI pariSkRti yA zuddhi hai| yaha sabhyatA kA bhItara se prakAzita ho uThanA hai| isa kathana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki saMskRti mAnavIya AcAra-vicAra kI pariSkRti hai, zuddhikaraNa hai jo vizva ke sarvottama vacanoM evaM karmoM se paricita hone se ho sakatI hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI prakAzita hotA hai ki saMskRti sabhyatA kA Antarika vikAsa hai| ke. ema. muMzI ke anusAra jIvana ko pariSkRta, zuddha aura pavitra banAne ke uddezya se hamAre rahana-sahana ke pIche jo mAnasika prakRti hotI hai use hI saMskRti kahate haiN| muMzI jI ne bhI saMskRti ko jIvana kI zuddhi se sambaddha mAnA hai| DaoN. bhagavAna dAsa ke mata meM mAnasika kSetra meM unnati kI dRSTi se kI gaI sabhI samyak kRtiyAM saMskRti kA aMga hotI haiN| isameM dharma, darzana, sabhI jJAna-vijJAna, kalA, sAmAjika tathA rAjanItika saMsthAeM evaM prathAeM samAhita hotI haiN| isa paribhASA meM saMskRti ke vizAla kSetra ko prakAzita karane kA prayAsa huA hai| paM. phUlacandra zAstrI ne saMskRti zabda kA artha batAte hue kahA hai- "saMskRti zabda se saba satkArya liye jAte haiM jinase vahAM kI sabhyatA phUlatI-phalatI hai| saMskRti ke mukhya pahalU do haiM - AcAra aura vicAra, isalie jisa deza kA darzana aura caritra jitanA adhika unnata hotA hai vahAM kI saMskRti utanI hI adhika zreSTha mAnI jAtI hai| vizva kA pratyeka prANI sukhI kaise ho sakatA hai aura vizva meM saba prakAra kI burAiyoM ko dUra kara zAnti kA sAmrAjya kaise sthApita kiyA jA sakatA hai isa udAtta bhAvanA se prerita hokara jisa AcAra paramparA aura vicAra paramparA kI nIMva DAlI jAtI hai use hI hama saMskRti zabda * pUrva AcArya, darzanazAstra vibhAga, kAzI vidyApITha, vaaraannsii|
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________________ 298 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha se pukArate haiN| saMskRti AtmA hai aura sabhyatA usakA bAhya rUpa hai / isa paribhASA meM yaha batAyA gayA ki saMskRti kA sambandha mAtra vahIM se nahIM hotA hai jahAM kI vaha saMskRti kahI jAtI hai, balki yaha sampUrNa vizva se sambaMdhita hotI hai| sAtha hI yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki saMskRti meM mAnava ke AcAra aura vicAra donoM hI samAhita hote haiN| vizva prasiddha jaina santa evaM cintaka gaNAdhipati tulasIjI ne saMskRti ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai"saMskRti to mAnavIya saMskAroM kA pravAha hai, jo jIvana kI avicchinna paramparA ko lie bahatA rahatA hai"| arthAt saMskRti eka pravAha hai jisase mAnavIya saMskAra abAdha gati se pravAhita hote haiN| paM. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA ne bhI saMskRti ko parivartanazIla mAnate hue kahA hai" saMskRti kA itihAsa dekhA jAya to yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jabataka vaha parivartanazIla pravAha ke rUpa meM pragatizIla hai tabataka vaha saMskRti nAma ko sArthaka karatI hai| kintu jaise hI pravAha kI gati ruka jAtI hai, parivartana ruka jAtA hai, pragati kA avarodha ho jAtA hai, vaha saMskRti nAma ke yogya nahIM rahatI, balki vaha ghAtaka rUr3hiyoM kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai aura rUr3hiyAM mAnava jAti ko saMskRta karane ke bajAya aura roga grasta mAnasa bAlI banA detI hai / isakA matalaba hai ki saMskRti kI sattA usakI pragatizIlatA meM hI nihita hotI hai| saMskRti kI utpatti evaM vikAsa ko batAte hue DaoN. sampUrNAnanda ne likhA hai- " saMskRti kA vikAsa jyAmiti kI sarala rekhA nahIM hai| saiMkar3oM varSoM kI pragati ke bAda dezoM aura mahAdvIpoM para andhakAra-sA chA jAtA hai| sArI bauddhika unnati ur3a jAtI hai, azraddhA, nirutsAha, andhavizvAsa pragati ke sote ko banda sA kara dete haiN| parantu vaha saba * hote hue bhI saMskRti kA pradIpa bujhatA nahIM hai| vaha kisI na kisI kone meM TimaTimAtA rahatA hai aura anukUla paristhiti Ane para phira se uddIpta ho uThatA hai / " isakA matalaba hai ki saMskRti koI aisI cIja nahIM hai jo zIghra utpanna kara dI jAe aura zIghra miTA dI jaay| yaha antaH zalilA ke rUpa meM pravAhita hotI rahatI hai| yaha usa samaya bhI samApta nahIM hotI hai jaba ise samApta mAna liyA jAtA hai| bhAratIya cintakoM ke dvArA dI gaI saMskRti kI paribhASAoM ke AdhAra para saMkSepa meM saMskRti ko paribhASita karate hue kahA jA sakatA hai ki "sampUrNa mAnavatA ke vikAsa evaM vizva ke kalyANa ke lie jo bhI AcAra aura vicAra kiye jAte haiM, ve saMskRti haiM / " saMskRti pAzcAtya jagata meM saMskRti ke lie kalcara (culture) zabda vyavahRta hotA hai| isakA sarvaprathama prayoga briTiza dArzanika phrAnsisa bekana (Francis Bacan) ne kiyA thaa| jarmanI meM kalcara zabda prathama prayoga karane vAle harDara (Herder) ho gae haiN| briTena meM kalcara ko hArTIkalcara (Horticulture) tathA jarmanI meM egrIkalcara (agriculture) se sambaddha dekhA jAtA hai| kyoMki briTiza paramparA meM mAnavIya vikAsa kI tulanA bhUmi aura phUla ke vikAsa se tathA jarmana paramparA meM vikasita phala se kI gaI hai|
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________________ jaina saMskRti 299 jarmana dArzanika kAnTa (Kant) tathA phizTe (Fichte) ne saMskRti ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki svAtaMtraya hI isakA mUla tatva hai| mahAn lakSyoM kI pUrti ke lie kie gae prayoga ko saMskRti kahate haiN| rAbarTa bIrasDIja (Robert Bierstedt) ne saMskRti ko paribhASita karate hue kahA hai ki saMskRti eka jaTila sampUrNatA hai jisameM ve sabhI cIjeM samAhita hotI haiM jinapara vyakti vicAra karatA hai, kAma karatA hai aura samAja ke sadasya hone ke nAte jinheM apane pAsa rakhatA hai| arthAt saMskRti eka vaha sampUrNatA hai jisameM vyakti ke AcAra-vicAra samAhita hote haiN| prasiddha samAjazAstrI maikAivara tathA peja (Macaiwer and Page) ke anusAra, saMskRti vyakti ke rahane, cintana karane, dainika kArya, kalA, sAhitya, dharma, manoraMjana tathA Ananda usakI prakRti kI abhivyakti hai| pAzcAtya dArzanikoM ke dvArA dI gaI uparyukta paribhASAoM para vicAra karane para saMskRti ke viSaya meM nimnalikhita bAteM prakAza meM AtI haiM(ka) saMskRti eka sampUrNatA hai jisameM mAnava jIvana ke utkarSa se sambaMdhita sabhI AcAra-vicAra, sAmagriyAM samAvezita rahatI haiN| (kha) saMskRti mAnavIya prakRti kI abhivyakti hai| (ga) saMskRti prayoga, prayAsa evaM sAdhana haiM jinase mAnava jIvana pariSkRta hotA hai| saMskRti aura sabhyatA (Culture and Civilization) jaba bhI saMskRti kI bAta hotI hai taba svabhAvataH sabhyatA bhI sAmane A jAtI hai kyoMki ina donoM ke bIca bahuta hI nikaTa kA sambandha hai| kabhI to kucha loga ina donoM ko samAnArthI mAnakara eka jaisA hI ina donoM kA prayoga karate haiN| lekina 17vIM evaM 18vIM zatAbdiyoM ke vidvAnoM ne inheM alaga-alaga artha dene kA prayAsa kiyA hai| unalogoM ne aisA mAnA hai ki ziSTAcAra aura mastiSka ke prazikSaNa se saMskRti sambaMdhita hai tathA artha, kalA evaM vijJAna se sabhyatA sambaMdhita hai| sabhyatA zabda 'sabhA' se sambaMdhita hai| jo loga nAgarika tathA rAjanItika sabhA ke sadasya hote haiM unheM sabhya kahA jAtA hai| sabhya se 'sabhyatA' zabda banA hai| isake lie aMgrejI meM 'sivilAijezana' (Civilization) zabda prayoga kiyA jAtA hai| sAmantazAhI yuga aura andhakAra yuga kI avasthA se apane ko utkRSTa evaM bhinna batAne ke lie phrAMsa ke tarkavAdI logoM ne apane lie sarvaprathama isa zabda kA vyavahAra kiyA thaa| kyoMki una logoM ko apanI buddhi para garva thaa| ve apane ko sabhya (Civilized) mAnate the, kyoMki ve buddhimAna the, tarkakuzala the| apane se pahale vAloM ko ve akuzala aura asabhya mAnate the| mAnava apane prArambhika jIvana se prAkRtika vipadAoM se apanI surakSA ke lie saMgharSa karatA A rahA hai| usane sardI-garmI se bacane ke lie makAna aura vastra banAe, bhojana ke lie khetI zurU kI aura anna upajAe, rogAdi se bacane ke lie auSadhiyoM kI khoja kii| AvAgamana ke lie sAikila, moTara, rela, jahAja banAe, zatruoM se rakSA ke lae
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________________ 300 astra-zastra banAe tathA dUra saMcAra kI bhI vyavasthA kii| ye sabhI sabhyatA ke rUpa haiN| mAnava kI AvazyakatAeM bar3hatI gaIM aura unakI pUrti karake vaha sabhya banA aura jaise-jaise vaha sabhya banA usakI AvazyakatAeM bhI bar3hatI gii| isa taraha mAnava kA bAharI jIvana vikasita huA evaM bAharI ke vikAsa ke sAtha-sAtha Antarika jIvana bhI utkRSTatA ko prApta karatA gyaa| mAnava jIvana kA bAhya pakSa bhautika hai, zArIrika hai, jabaki Antarika pakSa AdhyAtmika hai, Atmika hai| svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha aba hama saMkSipta meM kaha sakate haiM ki mAnava jIvana kA bAhya pakSa jo zArIrika hai tathA bhautika hai, sabhyatA hai aura Antarika pakSa jo Atmika hai, AdhyAtmika hai, saMskRti hai / kintu ina donoM ko bilkula alaga-alaga karake nahIM dekhA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki ye donoM eka-dUsarI kI sahayoginI haiN| neharUjI ne to yahA~ taka kahA hai ki sabhyatA kA bhItara se uThanA saMskRti hai| vizva kI prAcIna saMskRtiyA~ vizva kI prAcIna saMskRtiyoM meM nimnalikhita ullekhanIya haiMprAcIna mizra kI saMskRti (1) (2) prAcIna baibiloniyAM kI saMskRti (3) prAcIna AsIriyA kI saMskRti prAcIna yUnAna kI saMskRti prAcIna roma kI saMskRti prAcIna cIna kI saMskRti (4) (5) (6) (7) prAcIna bhArata kI saMskRti prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti vizva kI anya prAcIna saMskRtiyoM evaM sabhyatAoM kI taraha bhArata kI saMskRti tathA sabhyatA kA zrIgaNeza nadI kI ghATI meM hI huA / sindhu nadI kI ghATI meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA janma huA lekina isake vikAsa ko dekhate hue ise kaI rUpoM meM dekhA jAtA hai| yahA~ bAhara se vibhinna loga apanI-apanI saMskRtiyoM ke sAtha Ate gae aura sthApita hote ge| ataH bhAratIya saMskRti ke pragati patha para kabhI saMgharSa to kabhI samanvaya dekhe jAte haiN| sAtha hI vibhinna staroM para ise alaga-alaga nAmoM se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai jaisesindhu ghATI kI saMskRti evaM sabhyatA Rgvaidika saMskRti evaM sabhyatA uttara vaidika kAla kI saMskRti evaM sabhyatA (1) (2) (3) (4) I. pUrva chaThI zatAbdI kI saMskRti evaM sabhyatA isameM koI zaka nahIM ki adhyayana kI dRSTi se ye nAma mahatvapUrNa haiM kintu aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki bhAratIya saMskRti inake bIca vibhAjita hai| ina sabhI ke mile hue rUpa kI samanvita sthiti ko bhAratIya saMskRti nAma diyA gayA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti samanvayavAdI tathA anekAntavAdI 'ekatA meM anekatA tathA
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________________ jaina saMskRti anekatA meM ekatA', yaha ukti bhAratIya saMskRti ke sambandha meM bahuta hI prasiddha hai, kyoMki zata-pratizata yaha isa para lAgU hotI hai| isakI samanvaya vAditA meM isakI ekatA tathA anekAntavAditA meM anekatA samAhita hai| dinakara jI ne apanI racanA 'saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya' meM likhA hai 301 " sahiSNutA, udAratA, sAmAsika saMskRti, anekAntavAda, syAdvAda aura ahiMsA, ye saba eka hI satya ke alaga-alaga nAma haiN| asala meM yaha bhAratavarSa kI sabase bar3I vilakSaNatA kA nAma hai jisake adhIna yaha deza eka huA aura jise apanAkara sArA saMsAra eka ho sakatA hai| anekAntavAdI hai jo durAgraha nahIM krtaa| anekAntavAdI vaha hai jo apane para bhI sandeha karane kI niSpekSatA rakhatA haiM anekAntavAdI vaha hai jo samajhautoM ko apamAna kI vastu nahIM maantaa| azoka aura harSavardhana anekAntavAdI the, jinhoMne eka dharma meM dIkSita hote hue sabhI dharmoM kI sevA kii| akabara anekAntavAdI thA, kyoki satya ke sAre rUpa use kisI eka dharma meM dikhAI nahIM die evaM sampUrNa satya kI khoja meM vaha AjIvana sabhI dharmoM ko TaTolatA rhaa| paramahaMsa rAmakRSNa anekAntavAdI the, kyoMki hindU hote hue unhoMne islAma aura IsAiyata kI sAdhanA kI thii| aura gA~dhIjI kA to sArA jIvana hI anekAnta kA unmukta adhyAya thA | yadi hama bhAratIya saMskRti ke lakSaNoM kI ora dhyAna deM to spaSTataH dinakara jI ke dvArA iMgita isakI vilakSaNatA hamAre sAmane A jaaegii| bhAratIya saMskRti kI vizeSatAe~ (1) prAcIna AdhAra, (2) sthAyitva, (3) sahiSNutA, (4) AtmasAta karane kI samatA, (5) samanvayavAdI dRSTi, (6) dhArmikatA evaM (7) vyApaka dRSTi / (1) prAcIna AdhAra bhAratIya saMskRti kA itihAsa sahasroM varSoM kA hai| vizva ke aneka deza jaba asabhya aura azikSita the tabhI bhAratavarSa meM dhArmika rAjanItika, Arthika vividha vyavasthAe~ sthApita ho cukI thii| sAmAnya taura para yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki vaidika kAla evaM uttara vaidika kAla meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA vikAsa huaa| kintu vaidika kAla jisameM Arya saMskRti prakAzita huI, se pahale bhI bhArata meM sindhughATI sabhyatA thI / prApta avazeSoM se jJAta hotA hai ki sindhu ghATI kA samAja bahuta hI sabhya evaM saMskRta thaa| isa taraha bhAratIya saMskRti kA prArambha sindhu ghATI sabhyatA se huA, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| AryoM ne bhArata meM Akara apanA varcasva jamAyA, kintu aisA nahIM mAnA jA sakatA ki AryoM ke Agamana se hI bhAratIya saMskRti zurU hotI hai| yadi unake yahA~ Ane ke pUrva yahA~ koI saMskRti nahIM hotI, koI samAja nahIM hotA to phira unheM vikaTa saMgharSa karane kI kyA AvazyakatA hotI / itihAsakAroM ne yaha pramANita kiyA hai ki AryoM ko apane ko bhAratavarSa meM sthApita karane ke lie varSoM saMgharSa karanA par3A thaa| isase yaha niHsandeha jJAta hotA hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti kA AdhAra ati prAcIna hai|
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________________ 302 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha (2) sthAyitva bhAratIya saMskRti kA sthAyitva apane Apa meM isakI prAcInakAla se Adhunika kAla taka isakI mUlabhUta sthApanAe~ eka jaisI haiN| vibhinna samayoM meM bhAratavarSa para videziyoM ne mAtra AkramaNa hI nahIM kiyA balki yahA~ kI sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ko miTAne kA bhI prayAsa kiyaa| parantu ve isameM saphala nahIM hue aura prAcIna kAla se Ajataka isa saMskRti meM sthAyitva banA huA hai, ekatA sudRr3hatA ke sAtha karakarAra hai| "chaThI sadI I. pU. se lekara bArahavIM sadI taka vibhinna videzI jAtiyoM ne bhArata para AkramaNa kiyA, apanI zakti aura krUratA ke bala para sthAyI saMgaThanoM ko tor3ane kA sabala upakrama bhI kiyaa| inameM pArasI, yUnAnI, yUnAnI-bAkhkhI, zaka, palava, hyUNa aura musalamAna jaisI videzI jAtiyA~ pramukha haiM, jinhoMne yahA~ apanA rAjya sthApita kiyA tathA sadiyoM taka zAsana kiyaa| ina videzI AkrAmaka jAtiyoM ke kAraNa hindU sAmAjika saMsthAoM ko aneka bAra dhakke lage, kintu unhoMne dRr3hatApUrvaka apanA sthAyitva banAe rkhaa| ........ vibhinna zatAbdiyoM meM hone vAle parivartana aura parivarddhana hindU saMskRti ke aMga bana gae, kintu bhAratIya sAmAjika saMsthAoM kA AdhAra tatva vaha banA rahA jo vaidika yuga meM thaa| (3) sahiSNutA bhAratavarSa para AkramaNa karane vAloM ne yahA~ ke logoM ke sAtha krUratA evaM amAnavIyatA ke vyavahAra kie, inheM miTAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| kintu yahA~ vAloM ne hamezA hI apanI sahiSNutA evaM sadAzayatA kA paricaya diyaa| kyoMki yahA~ ke RSi-muniyoM, santa-mahAtmAoM evaM AcAryoM ne logoM ko zAnti aura prema kA pATha par3hAyA hai| zrI kRSNa ne gItA meM niSkAma karmayoga kI zikSA dekara karttApana ke vyartha abhimAna se apane ko bacAne kI bAta kahI hai| jainAcAryoM ne IriyA pathika karma kA upadeza diyA hai jo niSkAma karma kA hI jaina paramparAgata nAma hai| kyoMki sahiSNutA ke lie abhimAna tyAga Avazyaka hotA hai| gItA, jainAgama, tripiTaka ne bhAratavAsiyoM ko ahiMsA mArga para calane ke lie prerita kiyA hai| ahiMsaka vaha hotA hai jo hiMsA karane vAloM ke sAtha bhI premapUrNa vyavahAra karatA (4) AtmasAt karane kI kSamatA - bhAratIya saMskRti meM AtmasAt karane kI kSamatA atyanta prabala hai| aisI grAhyazakti anya saMskRtiyoM meM nahIM hai| vizva kI anya saMskRtiyAM apane ko turanta alaga kara letI haiM jaba koI bhinna Adarza aura vyavahAra unake sAmane Ate haiN| pUrva vaidika yuga se leka sadI taka deza meM hone vAle sabhI parivartanoM ko yahA~ kI saMskRti meM samAvezita pAyA jAtA hai| bhArata meM jo bhI Ae bhAratavAsiyoM ne unheM apane meM milA liyaa| isa mahAnazakti ko gurudeva ravIndranAtha Taigora ne apanI racanA meM bahuta hI udAratA evaM vinamratA pUrvaka svIkAra kiyA hai| dinakara jI ne Taigora kI paMktiyoM kA anuvAda isa prakAra kiyA hai "Azaya isakA yaha hai ki bhArata deza mahAmAnavatA kA pArAvAra hai| o mere hRdaya! isa pavitratIrtha meM zraddhA se apanI A~kheM kholo| kisI ko bhI jJAna nahIM hai ki kisake
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________________ jaina saMskRti 303 AhvAna para manuSyatA kI kitanI dhArAe~ durbAra vega se bahatI huI kahA~-kahA~ se AyIM aura isa mahA samudra meM milakara kho gyiiN| yahA~ Arya haiM, yahA~ anArya haiM, yahA~ dravir3a aura cInavaMza ke loga bhI haiN| zak, hyUNa, pAThAna aura mogala, na jAne kitanI jAtiyoM ke loga isa deza meM Aye aura sabake saba eka hI zarIra meM samAkara eka ho gye| samaya-samaya para jo loga raja kI dhArA bahAte hue unmAda aura utsAha meM vijaya ke gIta gAte hue registAna ko pAra kara evaM parvatoM ko lAMghakara isa deza meM Aye the, unameM se kisI kA bhI alaga astitva nahIM hai| ve saba mere bhItara virAjamAna haiN| mujhase koI bhI dUra nahIM hai| mere rUpa meM sabakA sura dhvanita ho rahA hai| (5) samanvayavAdI bhAratavarSa meM vizva ke vibhinna bhAgoM se aneka jAti, dharma evaM prathA ke loga Ae aura yahA~ kI udAratA evaM sadAzayatA ne una logoM ko apane meM samAhita kara liyaa| ve sabake saba samanvita ho gae jisase eka unmukta vizAla saMskRti kA rUpa khar3A huA jo Aja kI bhAratIya saMskRti hai| "yaha Agraha bilkula nissAra hai ki hinduoM kA sArA dharma aura sArI saMskRti vedoM se nikalI hai| yaha abhimAna vyartha hai ki jo jAtiyA~ Aja vanoM meM rahatI haiM athavA jo savarNa samAja ke jUtoM ke pAsa baiThI huI haiM, unake bAyeM-dAyeM se AryoM ne koI bhI jJAna athavA dharma kA koI upakaraNa udhAra nahIM liyaa| AryoM ke Ane ke pUrva bhArata asabhya thA tathA dharma aura sabhyatA yahA~ AryoM ne phailAyI yaha bhI mithyA ahaMkAra hai, kyoMki sabhyatA meM dravir3a jAti ke loga AryoM se bar3he-car3he the aura zarIra se hArakara bhI, saMskAroM ke dvArA unhoMne AryoM ko prabhAvita kiyaa| .......... jise hama bhAratIya saMskRti kahate haiM vaha Adi se anta taka na to AryoM kI racanA hai aura na dravir3oM kI, pratyuta usake bhItara aneka jAtiyoM ke aMzadAna haiN|4| (6) dhArmikatA bhAratavarSa dharma pradhAna deza hai| yahA~ ke loga dharmabhIru honA pasanda karate haiN| yahA~ kA dharma mAtra samAdAya taka hI sImita nahIM hai balki isameM bAharI vyApakatA evaM Antarika gahanatA bhI dekhI jAtI hai| dharma bhAratIya jIvana kI bahuta bar3I kasauTI hai| dharmapatha para calanA, dharmAcaraNa ke mAdhyama se jIvana vyatIta karanA, dharma pAlana ke lie jIvana taka kA balidAna kara denA yahA~ ke logoM kI vizeSatA hai| bhAratIya jIvana ke sabhI karma dharma se hI niyaMtrita hote haiN| dharmAtmA hI mahAtmA hotA hai aura mahAtmA hI apanI sAdhanA ke bala para paramAtmA bana jAtA hai| bhAratIya dharmadRSTi bhArata vAsiyoM ko saMkucita bhAvanA se Upara uThakara loka-kalyANa kI ora prerita karatI hai| ataH isameM koI zaka nahIM ki bhAratIya saMskRti dharma pradhAna hai| (7) vyApaka dRSTi bhAratIya saMskRti kI vyApaka dRSTi ne na kevala bAharI AgantukoM evaM AkramaNakAriyoM ko hI sammAna evaM sneha diyA hai, balki mAnava jIvana ke do pakSoM- strI tathA puruSa ko bhI samAnatA ke stara para lAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| isa saMskRti meM
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________________ 304 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 'ardhanArIzvara' evaM 'ardhAMginI' kI mAnyatAeM sthApita haiN| yadyapi kahIM-kahIM kucha vicAra aise avazya milate haiM jinase nArI jAti kI avahelanA kA bodha hotA hai, parantu nArI ko sAmAnya sammAna dene ke sAtha hI use pUjane kI bAta bhI balapUrvaka kahI gaI hai| manu ne kahA hai ki jahA~ nArI kI pUjA hotI hai vahA~ devatva sthApita hotA hai| jisa kula meM nArI kI pUjA nahIM hotI hai vahA~ devatA aprasanna hote haiM aura sabhI kAryoM meM asaphalatA hI milatI hai| kula meM striyAM jaba kaSTa pAtI haiM taba kula kA nAza hotA hai aura kula kI striyoM sanna rahane se kula kA vikAsa hotA hai| ataH apane kula kA kalyANa cAhane vAlA vyakti hamezA nAriyoM kA satkAra karatA hai| - bhAratIya saMskRti kI jaina paramparA meM jIva paryanta ke sukha-duHkha para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| bauddha paramparA kI mahAyAna zAkhA nirvANa ko taba taka pUrA nahIM mAnatI hai jabataka sabake saba duHkha se mukta nahIM ho jAte haiN| ye sabhI bhAratIya saMskRti kI vyApaka dRSTi ke hI paricAyaka haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti kI zAkhAe~ pradhAnataH bhAratIya saMskRti kI do zAkhAeM haiM1. vaidika paramparA vaidika paramparA vedoM para AdhArita hai| vedoM para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa hI isakA nAmakaraNa vaidika paramparA huA hai| veda cAra haiN| Rgveda, sAmaveda, yajurveda tathA athrvved| vedoM kI bhASA saMskRta hai| vaidika paramparA IzvaravAdI tathA yajJavAdI hai| isa paramparA meM brAhmaNa grantha tathA brAhmaNavarNa kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa ise brAhmaNa paramparA bhI kahate haiN| ise mAnane vAle apane ko mUlataH Arya mAnate haiN| ataH isa paramparA ko Arya paramparA ke nAma se bhI sambodhita kara sakate haiN| ise Ajakala hindU paramparA ke nAma se bhI jAnate haiN| kyoMki musalamAnoM ke Agamana ke bAda ise islAma paramparA se bhinna batAne ke lie hindU paramparA kahA gyaa| eka mAnyatA yaha bhI hai ki bhArata meM sindhughATI sabhyatA sabase prAcIna mAnI jAtI hai| usI se sambaMdhita hone ke kAraNa hindU zabda bnaa| sindhu zabda samaya ke pravAha meM 'indu' banA aura indu se 'hindU' bana gyaa| aba hindU eka pracalita zabda hai aura yaha vaidika paramparA ke lie vyavahAra meM AtA hai| 2. zramaNa paramparA prAcInakAla se zramaNa paramparA bhAratIya saMskRti kI svataMtra zAkhA ke rUpa meM virAjamAna hai| zocayanti jAmayo yatra vinazyatyAzu ttkulm| na zocayanti tu yatratA vardhate taddhi srvdaa||57|| tasmAdetAH sadA pUjyA bhUSaNAcchAda naashnaiH| bhUtikAmainarainityaM satkAreSUtsaveSu ca / / 59 // - manusmRti, adhyAya-3 zramaNa paramparA meM kSatriyoM ko pradhAnatA prApta hai| jisa taraha vaidika paramparA meM brAhmaNoM kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa use brAhmaNa paramparA kahate haiM ThIka usI taraha zramaNa paramparA
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________________ jaina saMskRti meM kSatriyoM kI pradhAnatA hone se ise kSatriya paramparA kaha sakate haiN| sAtha hI yadi vaidika paramparA ko Arya paramparA kahate haiM to vaidika paramparA se pRthak hone ke kAraNa ise anArya paramparA kahanA bhI galata nahIM hogaa| zramaNa paramparA yogavAdI tathA anIzvaravAdI hai| 305 zramaNa paramparA kI bhI mukhyataH do zAkhAeM haiM (ka) jaina paramparA- 'jina' ke anuyAyI ko jaina kahate haiN| 'jina' kA artha hotA hai 'jyii'| jo kAma, krodha Adi para vijaya prApta kara letA hai vaha 'jina' hotA hai| isa paramparA meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva se lekara bhagavAna mahAvIra taka caubIsa tIrthaMkara ho gae haiN| bhagavAna mahAvIra tathA bauddha dharma ke pravartaka bhagavAna buddha I. pU. chaThI zatAbdI meM hue| jaina paramparA ke apane AdhAra grantha haiM jinheM jainAgama kahate haiN| jainAgama kI bhASA prAkRta hai| jaina paramparA kaba se calI A rahI hai ise nizcita rUpa se batAnA atyanta kaThina hai lekina jaina dharmAvalambI bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko jaina paramparA kA saMsthApaka mAnate haiM / itihAsa abataka RSabhadeva taka nahIM pahu~ca pAyA hai| (kha) bauddha paramparA - bauddha paramparA ke saMsthApaka bhagavAna buddha ho gae haiN| unakI vANI tripiTakoM meM saMkalita hai jo bauddha paramparA ke AdhAra haiN| tripiTakoM kI bhASA pAli hai| zramaNa zabda kA artha sAmAnyataH zramaNa zabda kI tIna vyutpattiyAM tathA tIna rUpa batAe jAte haiM, jo prasiddha haiN| tIna rUpoM meM tIna artha bhI haiM kintu unameM koI virodha nahIM hai| (1) zamaNa yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki 'zamaNa' kA badalA huA rUpa 'zramaNa' hai| 'zamaNa' zabda kI vyutpatti 'zama' dhAtu se huI hai jisakA artha hotA hai vaza meM karanA, dabAnA, adhikAra meM laanaa| isase yaha artha lagAyA jAtA hai ki 'zamaNa' yA ' zramaNa' vaha hai jisane apanI indriyoM ko apane vaza meM kara liyA hai, jisane kAma, krodha para niyaMtraNa pA liyA hai| (2) 'samaNa' 'samaNa' se badalakara 'zramaNa' zabda ke banane kI sambhAvanA ko bhI vidvAnoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai| 'samaNa' kI vyutpatti 'sama' dhAtu se huI hai jisakA artha hotA haismaantaa| isa prakAra 'samaNa' yA 'zramaNa' vaha hai jo samatA meM vizvAsa karatA hai jo samatA ke mArga para calatA hai| (ga) zramaNa 'zramaNa' zabda 'zrama' dhAtu se banA hai| 'zrama' se artha hotA hai- 'zrama karanA' 'zrama' kaI taraha se kie jAte haiN| majadUra sira para IMTa-patthara uThAtA hai, kulI sira para sAmAna DhotA hai, vidyArthI parIkSA ke samaya dina-rAta parizrama karatA hai| kyA ina sabako zramaNa kaheMge? nahIM, yahA~ zrama karane ke artha meM sAdhanA rUpI zrama AtA hai jo santa, mahAtmA karate haiN| ataH zramaNa vaha hai jo sAdhanA rUpI zrama karatA hai| sAdhanA eka bahuta hI kaThina zrama hai| sAdhaka khAsa taura se haThayogI jo sAdhanA karate haiM, vaha to spaSTataH sAmAnya vyakti ke lie asambhava lagatA hai| 'jalajhapa' kI sthiti meM sAdhaka kisI nadI yA tAlAba ke kinAre
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________________ 306 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha jala ke bIca baiThane kI vyavasthA karake jAr3A ke dina meM sAdhanA karatA hai jabaki sAmAnya loga ThaMDa se ThiThurate rahate haiN| isI prakAra 'agni jhapa' kI sthiti meM vaisAkha, jeTha kI cilacilAtI dhUpa meM apane cAroM tarapha Aga jalAkara bIca meM yogI sAdhanA karatA hai| yaha bhI kitanA kaThina hai| isa taraha AdhyAtmika sAdhanA sAmAnya zArIrika sAdhanA se jyAdA mazkila hotI hai jaina paramparA meM digambara sAdha jADA, garmI hamezA hI binA vastra ke rahate haiN| ye jo sAdhakoM ke dvArA zrama kie jAte haiM ve hI zrama karane vAle zramaNa hote haiN| yadi hama zamaNa, samaNa tathA zramaNa tInoM ke hI arthoM ko eka sAtha kara deM to bhI koI virodha nahIM hotA hai| arthAt aisA bhI hama kaha sakate haiM- "jo indriyoM ko vaza meM kara letA hai, samatA meM vizvAsa karatA hai tathA sAdhanA rUpI zrama karatA hai vaha zramaNa uparyakta arthoM ko dekhate hae hI zramaNa yA samaNa ko dazavaikAlika-niryakti meM nimna prakAreNa paribhASita kiyA gayA hai- jo yaha samajhatA hai ki jisa prakAra use kaSTa hotA hai aura vaha kaSTa bhoganA nahIM cAhatA hai usI taraha anya sabhI jIvoM ko bhI du:kha priya nahIM hotA hai aura aisA vicAra karake vaha kisI prANI kA hanana na to svayaM karatA hai aura na kisI dUsare se hI hanana karavAtA hai vahI samaNa hotA hai| usakI samatA-dhAraNA hI use samaNa banAtI hai| jo vyakti na kisI se rAga karatA hai aura na hI kisI ke prati apane mana meM dveSa pAlatA hai, balki apane mana meM sadA samatA ke bhAva ko saMjoe hue rahatA hai, vahIM samaNa hotA hai| samaNa vaha hotA hai jo puraskAra svarUpa phUla ko pAne ke bAda prasanna nahIM hotA hai aura na apamAna rUpI halAhala ke sAmane Ane para du:khI hotA hai| arthAt jo mAna-apamAna se kisI bhI prakAra prabhAvita nahIM hotA hai aura samatA kI sthiti meM apane ko sudRr3ha rakhatA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki mAtra sira mur3A lene se hI koI samaNa nahIM ho jAtA hai- jJAna se koI vyakti muni hotA hai aura tapa karane se tapasvI hotA hai| samaNa matA kA nAma hai| samatA ke atirikta samaNa kI anya vizeSatAeM kauna-kauna sI hotI haiM unheM dazavaikAlika niyukti meM hI spaSTataH prastuta kiyA gayA hai| (ka) samaNa ke jIvana meM mRdutA usa taraha samAvezita hotI hai jisa taraha sAMpa ke zarIra meM komalatA vAsa karatI hai| (kha) usake jIvana meM pahAr3a kI sthiratA kI taraha sthiratA hotI hai| (ga) agni ke samAna samaNa kA jIvana prajjvalita hotA hai, prakAzita hotA hai| (gha) samudra meM jisa taraha gambhIratA hotI hai ThIka usI taraha samaNa kA jIvana gambhIratAmaya hotA hai| (Da) samaNa meM AkAza ke samAna vizAlatA hotI hai| (ca) vRkSa dUsaroM ko Azraya detA hai, usI taraha samaNa bhI AzrayadAtA hotA hai|
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________________ jaina saMskRti 307 (cha) usakI vRtti madhukara vAlI hotI hai| (ja) samaNa meM hariNa kI saralatA hotI hai| (jha) bhUmi jisa taraha sabako kSamA pradAna karane vAlI hotI hai, usI taraha samaNa kSamAzIla hotA hai| (ba) kamala kI taraha samaNa nirlepa hotA hai| pAnI meM rahakara bhI kamala usase prabhAvita nahIM hotA hai usI taraha saMsAra meM rahate hue bhI samaNa moha-mamatA ke vazIbhUta nahIM hotA hai| (Ta) samaNa meM sUrya kI taraha teja hotA hai| (Tha) vaha abAdhagati se vicaraNa karatA hai jisa taraha havA apratihata rUpa meM vihAra karatI hai| zramaNa zabda kA eka nayA artha pro. vizvambhara zaraNa pAThaka ke anusAra "grIka" 'Telosa' (Telos) tathA vaidika 'caraNa' kI taraha zramaNa paramparA eka bhramaNakArI paramparA thii| bhAratIya vizvakoza ke AdhAra para 'zramaNa' zabda kA vivecana unhoMne isa prakAra kiyA haiklem-krm-shrm-paad-prkssep| zramaNa-bhramaNa karane vAle the| zatapatha brAhmaNa meM aise bahuta se ullekha milate haiM jinameM zrama aura cara maulika rUpa meM sambaMdhita jJAta hote haiM jaise zrAmyantazceruha (1.2.5.7) aitareya brAhmaNa 8.15 meM nimnalikhita paMktiyAM milatI haiM asya sarve paapmaanh| zrameNa prapathe htaah| usake sabhI pApa patha para bhramaNa karane se samApta ho ge"| zramaNa zabda kA bhramaNakArI artha lagAnA eka nayI bAta avazya hai parantu isakI yathArthatA isase bhI pramANita hotI hai ki Aja bhI zramaNa paramparA meM vihAra yA bhramaNa ko mahatva prApta hai| jaina sAdhu sAdhvI ke lie sirpha varSAkAla ke cAra mAhoM (aSAr3ha mAha kI pUrNimA se kArtika mAha kI pUrNimA taka) meM eka sthAna para sthira rahane kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| varSa ke anya ATha mAhoM meM unheM vihAra hI karanA caahie| bhagavAna buddha ke viSaya meM kahA jAtA hai ki jaba unake ziSyoM kI saMkhyA 60 taka pahuMca gaI taba unhoMne una logoM ko sambodhita karate hue kahA "caratha bhikkhave cAri ke bahujana hitAya, bahujana sukhAya, lokAnukampAya" arthAt he bhikSuoM! vicaraNa karo, bahujana ke hita ke lie, bahujana ke sukha ke lie, loka para anukampA karane ke lie| sambhavataH bihAra rAjya. jo zramaNa paramparA kA udgama sthAna hai, kA 'vihAra' nAmakaraNa isIlie haA hogA ki vahAM para jainamuni tathA bauddha bhikSu saba jagaha vicaraNa karate hue dikhAI par3ate rahe hoNge|
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________________ 308 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha jaina saMskRti ke lakSaNa __zramaNa saMskRti kI do pramukha dhArAeM haiM- jaina tathA bauddha, isakI carcA pahale ho cukI hai| cUMki pratipAdya viSaya jaina saMskRti hai ata: yahAM usakI vizeSatAoM para prakAza DAlanA Avazyaka hai| jaina saMskRti ke nimnalikhita vividha lakSaNoM ko jAnane ke lie yaha bhI Avazyaka hai ki unapara vibhinna sambaMdhita dRSTiyoM se vicAra kiyA jAe, kyoMki sabhI lakSaNoM ko mAtra eka hI dRSTi ke mAdhyama se nahIM jA sakatA hai| 1. sApekSatAvAdI dArzanika dRSTi se jaina saMskRti sApekSatAvAdI hai jisakI abhivyakti anekAntavAda. vAda tathA ahiMsAvAda ke rUpa meM haI hai| darzana ke kSetra meM parama tatva para vicAra kiyA jAtA hai| jaina ciMtakoM ke anusAra parama tattva ko koI sAmAnya vyakti nirapekSata: nahIM jAna sakatA hai, kyoMki usake anaMta lakSaNa hote haiN| jo bhI vyakti use jAnatA hai apanI dRSTi se jAnatA hai, apanI apekSA se jAnatA hai| anekAntavAda ko syAdvAda ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyA jAtA hai aura usakA vyAvahArika rUpa ahiMsAvAda ke pAlana meM dekhA jAtA hai| 2. samanvayavAdI sApekSatA ke AdhAra para hI jaina darzana ne sAmAnya-vizeSavAda tathA nityAnityavAda kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, jisase samAnyatayA nityatA ko mAnane vAle advaita vedAnta tathA vizeSa aura anitya ko mAnane vAle bauddha darzana meM samanvaya hotA hai| 3. anIzvaravAdI dhArmika dRSTi se jaina saMskRti anIzvaravAdI hai| IzvaravAda meM Izvara hI parama tatva hotA hai, jo sRSTikartA, pAlanakartA tathA saMhArakartA hotA hai| vizva meM jo kucha hotA hai, vaha Izvara kI icchA se hotA hai| AvazyakatAnusAra apanI sRSTi kI vyavasthA meM sudhAra lAne ke lie Izvara avatarita bhI hotA hai| jaina dharma na to Izvara kI saMskRti meM vizvAsa karatA hai aura na avatAravAda meM hii| jaina paramparA meM sabakucha karmAnusAra hotA hai| cUMki vizva anAdi aura ananta hai, isalie ise Izvara jaise sRSTikartA kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai| 4. svAvalambanavAdI __ Alambana kI dRSTi se jaina saMskRti svAvalambanavAdI hai| kyoMki Izvara ko mAnane vAlA parAvalambI ho jAtA hai| vaha pUrNataH Izvara para AdhArita hotA hai| kintu Izvara kI sattA meM vizvAsa na karane ke kAraNa jaina saMskRti svAvalambI hai| svAvalambI vyakti taba hotA hai. jaba apanI zakti meM vizvAsa karatA hai| jaina paramparAvAdI mAnavIya zakti meM vizvAsa karatA hai 5. mAnavatAvAdI mAnava apanI sAdhanA ke badaulata laukika evaM pAralaukika upalabdhiyoM ko arjita kara sakatA hai| isalie jaina matAvalambI mAnavatAvAdI hote haiM, ve mAnava zakti ko apanAkara jIvana kA vikAsa karate haiN|
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________________ jaina saMskRti 6. samAnatAvAdI sAmAjika dRSTi se jaina saMskRti samAnatAvAdI hai| kyoMki isameM mAnava samAja ke bIca kisI prakAra kA starIkaraNa nahIM pAyA jAtA hai| vaidika paramparA meM samAja ko cAra vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai- brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra / inameM brAhmaNa sarvazreSTha tathA zUdra sarvanikRSTa mAne jAte haiN| aisI bAta jaina samAja meM nahIM hai| jo jaisA karma karatA hai, vaha vaisA samajhA jAtA hai| sukarma karane vAlA zreSTha hotA hai tathA kukarma karane vAlA nikRSTa hotA hai| 7. aparigrahavAdI 309 Arthika dRSTi se jaina saMskRti aparigrahavAdI hai| apiragraha jaina mata ke paMca mahAvratoM meM se eka hai, jo yaha sikhAtA hai ki vyakti ko utanA hI saMgraha karanA cAhie jo jIvana yApana ke lie anivArya ho / anivAryatA se adhika saMgraha karane vAlA corI karatA hai, beImAnI karatA hai, jo dUsaroM ke lie duHkhadAyI hotA hai| dUsaroM ko kaSTa pahu~canA hiMsA hai | ataH jainasaMskRti meM yaha mAnA gayA hai aparigraha kA pAlana hI Arthika vyavasthA ke lie samucita mArga hai| aparigraha se mAtra Arthika vyavasthA hI kalyANakArI nahIM banatI hai balki ahiMsA kA bhI pAlana hotA hai| aparigraha ke binA kisI bhI hAlata meM ahiMsA kA pAlana sambhava nahIM hai| 8. samAjavAdI rAjanItika dRSTi se vicAra karane para jaina saMskRti ko samAjavAda ke kSetra meM rakha sakate haiN| yadyapi jitane bhI jaina tIrthaMkara ho gae haiM sabake saba kSatriya the aura rAjakumAra bhI, jo rAjataMtra kI ora saMketa karatA hai, kintu janma se ve loga bhale hI rAjakumAra the, karma se tyAgI, tapasvI aura samAja uddhAraka the| unalogoM ne rAja sukha kA tyAga karake samAja kalyANa ko apane jIvana kA parama uddezya bnaayaa| unalogoM ne prANImAtra meM samAnatA lAne kA prayAsa kiyaa| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina saMskRti kI samAjavAdI udAratA meM mAtra mAnava hI nahIM balki anya sabhI prANI bhI A jAte haiN| samAnatA kA bhAva jo samAjavAda kA AdhAra mAnA jAtA hai, ko jo sudRr3hatA jaina cintana meM prApta hai, vaha anyatra nahIM hai| khAsa taura se mAnavIya samAjavAda kI rIr3ha ahiMsA to bhagavAna mahAvIra tathA bhagavAna buddha kI hI dena hai| ahiMsA ko apanAkara hI AcArya narendra deva ne AdarzavAdI samAjavAda se mAnavIya samAjavAda ko pRthak sthAna dilAyA hai| 9. ahiMsAvAdI AcAra kI dRSTi se jaina saMskRti ahiMsAvAdI hai| ahiMsA kI vivecanA jisa sUkSmatA ke sAtha jaina AcAryoM ne kI hai usa taraha anya paramparAoM meM durlabha hai| isameM satya, acaurya, brahmacarya, aparigraha ko ahiMsA ke poSaka tatvoM ke rUpa meM hI svIkArA gayA hai| isameM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki ahiMsA ke binA na to kisI vicAra meM zuddhi AtI hai aura na koI AcAra hI sadAcAra kI zreNI meM AtA hai| ahiMsA jIvanI zakti hai| isase mAnava jIvana ko hI nahIM balki samasta jIvanI prakriyA ko bala milatA hai| ahiMsA ke binA
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________________ 310 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha samucita jIvana kI kalpanA taka nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| 10. zAntivAdI vaizvikadRSTi se jaina saMskRti zAntivAdI hai| Aja kA vizva ugravAda aura AtaMkavAda ke kAraNa azAnta hai| saba jagaha hiMsA hI hiMsA vyApta hai| kahIM dhArmika madAndhatA se loga trasta haiM to kahIM para Arthika viSamatA ne halacala macA rakhA hai| vikasita rASTra dhvaMsakArI, pralayaMkArI astra-zastra banAne aura becane meM vyasta haiM aura vikAsazIla rASTra ApasI dveSa ke kAraNa apanI-apanI surakSA tathA dUsaroM para AkramaNa karane kI dRSTi se apanI sArI Arthika kSamatA ko vibhinna astra-zastroM ko kharIdane meM lagA rahe haiN| mAnava jIvana kI sukha-suvidhAeM avahelita haiN| lar3o aura maro siddhAMta prabhAvI hai| vizva azAnta hai| vijJAna jitanA hI Age bar3hatA jA rahA hai mAnava jIvana utanA hI khataroM se lipaTatA jA rahA hai| aisI sthiti meM jaina saMskRti yA jaina saMskRti ke zAnti vAhaka vividha sadopadeza hI prAsaMgika haiM, jo vizva ko zAnti pradAna kara sakate haiN| 11. paryAvaraNavAdI jIva-jIvana surakSA kI dRSTi se jaina saMskRti paryAvaraNavAdI hai| Aja taka mAnava apane ko sabhya banAne kI dRSTi se anya jIva jantuoM, vanaspati evaM vanoM se apane ko dUra rakhane meM garva kA anubhava karatA rahA hai| kintu vaijJAnika khojoM tathA prAkRtika sampadAoM ke vinaSTa ho jAne ke bAda vaha svayaM apane ko mauta kI ora bar3hatA huA pA rahA hai to use apanI surakSA kI bAta sAmane A rahI hai| vaha samajha rahA hai ki jinheM vaha anupayogI samajhakara naSTa karatA jA rahA hai ve hI usakI jIvanIzakti ke sambarddhaka haiN| vijJAna se to usane yaha jAna liyA ki usake jIvita rahane ke lie oNksijana Avazyaka hai kintu Aksijana IMTa-patthara se to prApta nahIM ho sakatA, kala kArakhAnoM meM to oNksijana paidA nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaha to per3a-paudhoM se hI milatA hai| ataH per3a-paudhoM ko naSTa karake mAnava svayaM apane ko naSTa kara rahA hai| aisI sthiti meM paryAvaraNa kI surakSA karake hI mAnava apane ko surakSita rakha sakatA hai| paryAvaraNa kI surakSA para prAcIna kAla se jaina saMskRti meM vicAra hotA A rahA hai| jaina saMskRti meM vanaspatioM ko bhI ekendriya jIva mAnA jAtA hai aura unakI jIvana-rakSA kA yathAsambhava prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai| ataeva jaina saMskRti ko paryAvaraNavAdI mAnanA ucita hI hai| jaina saMskRti kA udbhava evaM vikAsa kisI bhI saMskati yA samAja kI utpatti ko batAne kA matabala hotA hai usake itihAsa kA vivecana krnaa| kintu itihAsa prApta sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para kiye gaye anumAna ke sivAya kucha aura nahIM hotA hai| khojoM ke AdhAra para nae sAkSya Ate rahate haiM jisase purAne sAkSya kabhI-kabhI mahatvahIna ho jAte haiM aura nae anumAna ko pratiSThA prApta ho jAtI hai| isa prakAra itihAsa badalanA rahatA hai aura nizcitatA kA abhAva parilakSita hotA hai| zramaNa saMskRti yA jaina saMskRti ke viSaya meM bhI kucha aisI hI bAta sAmane AtI hai| isakI utpatti ke viSaya meM bhI koI eka mata nahIM balki kaI mata dikhAI par3ate haiM, jisase yaha
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________________ jaina saMskRti 311 batAnA muzkila ho jAtA hai ki jaina saMskRti kI utpatti kaba huii| kintu una vibhinna matoM ko to yahAM dekhA hI jA sakatA hai, jinhoMne isakI utpatti para prakAza DAlA hai| ve siddhAnta isa prakAra haiM(1) Arya-anAryavAdI siddhAnta (The Arya-Arnaya Based Theory) (2) yajJa-yogavAdI siddhAnta (TheYajna-Yoga Based Theory) (3) pratikriyAvAdI siddhAnta (The Reaction Theory) (4) sudhAravAdI siddhAnta (The Refermative Theory) (5) saha astitvavAdI siddhAnta 1. Arya-anAryavAdI siddhAnta yaha siddhAnta mAnatA hai ki madhya eziyA se Arya loga bhAratavarSa meM Ae aura una logoM ne vaidika saMskRti kI sthApanA kii| unake Ane se pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka saMskRti thI jise Arya logoM ne apanA virodhI mAnakara anArya kahA yAnI jo Arya nahIM the| deSa Arya logoM ne unalogoM ko asabhya aura avikasita ghoSita kiyA kintu vAstava meM yathAkathita anArya logoM kI eka apanI unnata paramparA thI aura ve nagaroM meM rahate the| cUMki Arya aura anArya logoM ke bIca saiddhAntika virodha thA aura Aja bhI vaidika paramparA tathA zramaNa paramparA meM saiddhAntika virodha dekhA jAtA hai isalie aisA anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki zramaNa paramparA kA sambandha usa Aryetara paramparA se hai jo AryoM ke yahA~ Ane ke pahale se virAjamAna thI aura AryoM ne jinheM anArya khaa| isa sambandha meM kucha vidvAnoM ke mata draSTavya haiN| DaoN. gulAbacandra caudharI ne apane lekha "AryoM se pahale kI saMskRti" meM likhA hai "AryoM ke bAhara se Ane kI ghaTanA koI kalpita nahIM hai tathA usakA ullekha bhI vedoM taka hI sImita nahIM hai| vaha aisI ghaTanA hai jisakI dhvani bAda ke sAhitya meM bhI milatI hai| saMskRta purANoM meM asuroM kI unnata bhautika sabhyatA tathA bar3e-bar3e prAsAda aura nagara banAne kI kalA kA ullekha hai| brAhmaNa, upaniSad aura mahAbhArata Adi paravartI sAhitya meM ina asaroM kI aneka jAtiyoM kA ullekha hai. jaise kAleya. nAga aadi| ye sAre bhArata meM phaile hue the| inake aneka sthAnoM para bar3e-bar3e kile the| yudhiSThira ke rAjasUya yajJa kA maNDapa isI asura jAti ke maya nAmaka vyakti ne banAyA thaa| mahAbhArata aura purANoM meM brAhmaNa, kSatriyoM ke sAtha anArya nAga aura dAsoM kI zAdI ke aneka ullekha milate haiN| ye zAntipriya, unnatizIla tathA vyApArI the| apane upAyoM se ye bhautika sabhyatA meM bar3he-car3he the| DaoN. caudharI ne apane mata ke samarthana meM DaoN. sunIti kumAra caTarjI ke vicAra ko bhI prastuta kiyA hai jo isa prakAra hai "Aja kI nUtana sAmagrI aura navIna uddhAra kArya batalAte haiM ki bhAratIya sabhyatA ke nirmANa meM na kevala AryoM kA zreya hai balki unase pahale rahane vAle anAryoM kA bhI hai| anAryoM kA isa sabhyatA ke nirmANa meM bahuta bar3A hissA hai| anAryoM ke pAsa AryoM se bahuta bar3hI-car3hI bhautika sabhyatA thii| jaba Arya beghara-bAra luTere the taba anArya bar3e-bar3e
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________________ 312 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha nagaroM meM rahate the| bhAratIya dharma aura saMskRti kI aneka paramparAeM, rItirivAja, prAcIna purANa aura itihAsa anAryoM ne Arya bhASA meM anudita kie haiM kyoMki Arya bhASA aisI thI jo sarvatra chA gaI thI tathApi usakI zaddhi kAyama nahIM raha sakI, kyoMki usameM aneka anArya zabda mila gaye 221 Aja bhI zramaNa saMskRti bhAratIya saMskRti kA abhinna aMga hai aura isake nirmANa meM Arya saMskRti ke sAtha hI usa Aryettara yA anArya saMskRti kA bhI barAbarI kA hAtha hai jo bhAratavarSa meM AryoM ke Ane ke pahale se cala rahI thii| ataH DaoN. caudharI yaha batAnA cAhate haiM ki zramaNa saMskRti usa anArya saMskRti kA hI rUpa hai jo Arya saMskRti kA pUrvagAmI hai| inake mata ke samarthana meM do bAteM sApha dikhAI par3atI haiN| (ka) anArya saMskRti kA bhAratIya saMskRti ke nirmANa meM hAtha honaa| (kha) Aja kI bhAratIya saMskRti ke abhinna aMga ke rUpa meM zramaNa saMskRti kA pAyA jaanaa| kintu yahA~ samasyAeM uTha khar3I hotI haiM(1) kyA anArya zabda samaya ke pravAha meM 'zramaNa' zabda bana gayA hai? lekina anArya kA badalA huA rUpa 'zramaNa' ho jAe aisA Azcaryajanaka lagatA hai| yadi 'anArya' kA hI badalA huA rUpa 'zramaNa' hotA to donoM kI zAbdika saMracanAoM meM kucha na kucha samAnatA hotI, jo ina donoM ke bIca nahIM hai| (2) kyA AryoM se pahale bhArata meM pAI jAne vAlI saMskRti kA nAma prArambha se hI 'zramaNa' thA, parantu AryoM ne apane se usakI bhinnatA darzAne ke lie 'anArya' nAmakaraNa kara diyaa| kyoMki anArya aura kucha artha ho yA na ho lekina 'Arya se bhinna' artha to ho hI sakatA hai| bhikSu jagadIza kAzyapa ne to spaSTa ghoSita kiyA hai- "saca bAta to yaha hai ki bhAratavarSa kI maulika tathA Adima saMskRti zramaNa saMskRti hI rhii| Age calakara jaba AryoM kA praveza bhAratavarSa meM huA taba yahA~ vaidika saMskRti kI paramparA kI sthApanA huii| zramaNa saMskRti tathA vaidika saMskRti donoM ke paraspara mizraNa tathA AdAna-pradAna se hamAre deza kI jo saMskRti banI, use hama hindU saMskRti kahate haiN| DaoN. caudharI ke vicAra meM aspaSTa DhaMga se tathA DaoN. caTarjI aura bhikSu kAzyapa ke kathana meM spaSTa DhaMga se yaha batAyA gayA hai ki zramaNa saMskRti, vaidika saMskRti yA Arya saMskRti ke pahale se hai| kintu kitanA pahale se hai tathA kaba isakI utpatti huI yaha nahIM kahA gayA hai| isase zramaNa saMskRti tathA vaidika saMskRti kA pUrvApara sambandha jJAta hotA hai| (2) yajJa-yogavAdI siddhAnta isa siddhAnta ke anusAra vaidika paramparA yajJa pradhAna hai tathA zramaNa paramparA yoga prdhaan| yaugika prathA kA saMketa sindhu ghATI sabhyatA meM milatA hai| isalie zramaNa saMskRti yA jaina saMskRti kA sambandha sindhu ghATI sabhyatA se hai aura isake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki zramaNa saMskRti kI prAcInatA utanI hai jitanI sindhu ghATI sabhyatA kI prAcInatA hai|
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________________ jaina saMskRti sindhu ghATI kI saMskRti evaM sabhyatA- 'bhArata kI isa prAcInatama sabhyatA kA jJAna sarva prathama san 1922 I. meM khanana kArya ke pariNAmasvarUpa prApta huaa| jamIna ke bhItara se isa sabhyatA ke avazeSoM ko khoda nikAlane kA zreya DaoN. rAkhAladAsa banarjI tathA rAya bahAdura zrI dayArAma sAhanI ko hai| sindha meM kucha bauddha avazeSoM kI khudAI ke daurAna DaoN. banarjI ko citralipi meM kucha muharoM para utkIrNa lekha mile, jinake kAraNa har3appA aura mohanajor3o meM bahuta bar3e paimAne para khudAI kI gaI, isake phalasvarUpa sindhu ghATI sabhyatA kA jJAna huA 24 | 44 313 saiMdhava sabhyatA athavA sindhu ghATI sabhyatA se sambaMdhita prApta sAmAnoM se anumAna lagAyA jAtA hai ki usakA prArambha IsA se 5 hajAra varSa pahale tathA vinAza IsA se 2750 varSa pahale huA hogaa| DaoN. rAjabalI pANDeya ne sindhu ghATI sabhyatA kA samaya I. pUrva 4000 varSa mAnA hai| DaoN. rAdhA kumuda mukharjI ke anusAra usa sabhyatA kA kAla I. pUrva 3250 varSa se I. pU. 2750 varSa ho sakatA hai| ziva pUjA sindhu ghATI meM hotI thI, usake pramANa vahA~ ke bhagnAvazeSoM se prApta hue haiN| eka mudrA para aMkita citra ko dekhane se aisA lagatA hai ki jisa rUpa meM Aja ziva kI pUjA hotI hai karIba-karIba vahI rUpa sindhu ghATI sabhyatA ke logoM ke dvArA bhI pUjita thaa| prApta citra meM eka yogI yogAsana lagAe baiThA hai, usake Asa-pAsa pazu haiM, jo isa prakAra haiM- dAhinI ora hAthI aura siMha, bAIM ora gaiMDA aura bhaiMsA evaM sAmane eka hiraNa hai / usa yogI ke sira para kucha likhA bhI hai jo aspaSTa hai| usake atirikta eka yogI ko sarpoM ke sAtha dikhAyA gayA hai| brAhmaNa mata ke anusAra ye sabhI ziva upAsanA kI puSTi karate haiM, kintu zramaNa mata meM ve mAtra yogiyoM ke citra haiN| jaina matAvalambioM ke anusAra cUMki vaidika paramparA yajJa pradhAna hai tathA jaina saMskRti yoga pradhAna hai| isalie jaina saMskRti kA sambandha hI una citroM se banatA hai aura isa taraha jaina saMskRti tathA sindhu ghATI sabhyatA meM nikaTatA kA sambandha hai| yadyapi ziva kI pUjA vaidika saMskRti meM hotI hai parantu ziva kI adhika bAteM zramaNa paramparA se milatI hai jaise (1) sAdhanAmaya jIvana- ziva kA jIvana sAdhanAmaya dekhA jAtA hai| ve sadA kailAza kI himAcchAdita coTI para sAdhanArata rahate haiN| unake zarIra para pUrA vastra bhI nahIM hotA hai| mRgachAla dhAraNa karane ke bAvajUda bhI ve ardhanagnAvasthA meM rahate haiN| unakA khAna-pAna bhI vicitra hai| ve bhAMga, dhatUra Adi grahaNa karate haiN| ziva ko kabhI kisI ne mevA-miSTAna khAte hue tathA surApAna karate hue dekhA nahIM aura na aisI koI carcA hI milatI hai| ve bhUta, pizAca Adi ke sAtha rahate haiM, isalie vidvAnoM ne unheM anAryoM kA devatA bhI kahA hai| kyoMki AryoM kI dRSTi meM ziva usa taraha nahIM pAe jAte haiM, jisa taraha vaidika devatA hote haiN| vaidika devatA svarga meM rahate haiM, unakA jIvana svargika sukha se ota-prota rahatA hai| ve surApAna karate haiM tathA vibhinna prakAra ke vastra tathA AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karate haiN| devoM ke adhipati indra ko hamezA yaha cintA banI rahatI hai ki kahIM unase svarga kA sukha na china jaae| isa prakAra
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________________ 314 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha kahA jA sakatA hai ki ziva kA jIvana yogavAdI hai jabaki vaidika devoM kA jIvana bhogavAdI hai| (2) samatA- ziva samatAvAdI haiN| unake yahA~ pazu tathA anya jIva-jantuoM ko sneha prApta hotA hai| jina bhayAvaha jIvoM se loga Darakara alaga rahanA pasanda karate haiM ve sabhI unake Asa-pAsa hote haiN| sarpa to ziva ke zarIra se lipaTA rahatA hai| mAnava hI nahIM pazu-pakSiyoM ke AzrayadAtA hone ke kAraNa unheM pazupati nAma se bhI sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| (3) samanvayavAditA- ziva ke parivAra meM eka vicitra samanvayavAditA dekhI jAtI hai| unake sAtha vRSabha, siMha, mora, sarpa, cUhA sabhI mila-julakara rahate haiN| koI kisI kA ghAta nahIM karatA hai, yadyapi sAmAnyataH ye sabhI eka-dUsare ke virodhI mAne gaye haiN| ye sabhI bAteM-sAdhanA, samatA, samanvayavAditA jaina saMskRti meM dekhI jAtI hai jo ziva aura jaina saMskRti ko bahuta najadIka lA detI hai| yadi unheM anArya kA devatA mAna liyA jAtA hai taba to jaina saMskRti aura ziva kA sambandha aura adhika sudRr3ha ho jAtA hai| isa taraha ziva ke rUpa meM yA eka sAmAnya yogI ke rUpa meM pAyA jAne vAlA citra jaina saMskRti ko sindhughATI sabhyatA se milA hotA hai aura isa yogavAdI AdhAra ko mAnane vAle yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki jaina saMskRti kI prAcInatama sindhughATI sabhyatA kI prAcInatA se milatI-jalatI hai| (3) pratikriyAvAdI siddhAnta __ yaha siddhAnta mAnatA hai ki brAhmaNavAda yA vaidika vidhi vidhAnoM se samAja jaba trasta ho gayA taba usase trANa jAne ke lie pratikriyA svarUpa eka naI cintanadhArA kA janma huA jo zramaNa paramparA ke nAma se jAnA gyaa| yaha vastuvAdI uttejaka vicAra (zramaNa-siddhAnta) bahuta se vidvAnoM ke dvArA ullikhita hai kintu isakI utpatti tathA mahatva ko vibhinna rUpoM meM vizleSita kiyA gayA hai| sAmAnya dhAraNA yahI hai ki yaha uttejaka vicAra vaidika dharma ke karmakANDa kI pratikriyA svarUpa prastuta huaa7| jaina saMskRti meM yajJa evaM yajJavAdI hiMsA kA virodha dekhA jAtA hai| varNa vyavasthA bhI isa paramparA meM mAnya nahIM hai| brAhmaNavAda meM brAhmaNoM ko samAja se sabhI suvidhAoM ko prApta karane kA adhikAra diyA gayA hai jise ve Aja bhI bhunA rahe haiM lekina sAmAjika-suvidhA ke badale samAja kalyANa kA mArga prazasta karanA bhI unakA kartavya hai jise usa logoM ne chor3a rakhA hai| ataH samAja meM pratikriyA kA honA to svAbhAvika hai| kintu pratikriyA kaba huI? pratikriyA kyA bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM huI, kyA RSabhadeva ke samaya meM huI yA unase bhI pahale huI isakI koI spaSTa jAnakArI nahIM hotI hai| mahAvIra ke samaya meM jaina saMskRti kA sabase jyAdA vikAsa huA, isalie kahA jA sakatA hai ki brAhmaNavAda ke virodha meM sabase jyAdA pratikriyA I. pUrva chaThI zatAbdi meM huii| kintu pratikriyA kA prArambha to use nahIM mAna sakate kyoMki bhagavAna mahAvIra to 24veM tIrthakara ho gae haiN| yadi RSabhadeva ko jaina saMskRti kA janmadAtA mAnate haiM to kaha sakate haiM ki unake samaya meM hI brAhmaNavAda ke virodha meM sAmAjika pratikriyA huii| lekina yadi zramaNa
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________________ jaina saMskRti 315 paramparA ko RSabhadeva se bhI pahale kA mAnate haiM taba yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki pratikriyA RSabhadeva se pahale huI aura jaina saMskRti kA zrIgaNeza huaa| yaha siddhAnta vaidika cintana ke virodha meM thA jabaki uttara-pazcima meM vaidika vicAra tathA isake bIca sandhi kA rUpa thaa| jaina tathA bauddha sAhitya meM isakA pahalA rUpa milatA hai tathA gItA Adi vaidika sAhitya isakA dUsarA rUpa dikhAI par3atA hai| rAgar3e tathA belavalakara ke anusAra upaniSadoM meM una dharma virodhI cintakoM ke hone ke pramANa milate haiM jo vaidika paramparA ke virodhI the| maiM (DaoN. pANDeya) ne svayaM mAnA hai ki vaidika paramparA meM yati aura muni ke sandarbho ko dekhate hue dharma virodhitA ko aura pahale bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| maiMne yaha bhI tarka kiyA hai ki dharma virodhitA karma tathA punarjanma siddhAntoM ke sAtha hI sanyAsavAda tathA yoga meM bhI milatI hai| isa rUpa meM yaha dharma virodhI dhArA (zramaNa dhArA) ko sindhu sabhyatA meM pAyI jA sakatI hai| kintu yaha tabataka mAtra eka sambhAvanA hai jabataka ki sindhu lipi ko jAna nahIM liyA jAtA hai| DaoN. mohanalAla mehatA ne apanI racanA jaina saMskRti (Jaina Culture) meM sudRr3hatA ke sAtha yaha pratipAdita kiyA hai ki jaina saMskRti kA srota sindhu sabhyatA meM pAyA jAtA hai| unhoMne likhA hai ki sindhu sabhyatA vaidika yuga kI Arya saMskRti se bilkula bhinna hai| sindhu tathA vaidika saMskRtiyoM kI tulanA se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki donoM asambaMdhita the| vaidika dharma pratimAvAdI nahIM hai jaba mohanajor3aro tathA har3appA meM pratyeka jagaha pratimAvAda ke saMketa milate haiN| mohanajodAro ke gharoM meM prAyaH agniveda kA abhAva pAyA jAtA hai| mohanajodAro meM aneka nagna citra pAe gae haiM jinake vyaktitva se aisA lagatA hai ki ve yogioM ke sivA aura kisI ke citra nahIM hai| pratimAvAda tathA nagnatA jaina saMskRti ke mukhya do lakSaNa haiN| mohanajodAro meM prApta nagna citra spaSTataH saMketa karate haiM ki sindhu sabhyatA ke loga sirpha yoga-sAdhanA hI nahIM karate the balki yogiyoM kI pUjA bhI karate the| sindhu sikkoM para khude hue deva-citroM meM se khar3e devacitra se kAyotsarga Asana kA bodha hotA hai| yaha yogAsana yA sAdhanA vilakSaNata: jainAsana hai| arthAt jaina saMskRti kA srota sindhu sabhyatA meM pramANita hotA hai| (4) sudhAravAdI siddhAnta- (The Reformation Theory) zramaNa saMskRti ke viSaya meM eka sudhAravAdI siddhAnta pratipAdita huA hai jo yaha mAnatA hai ki jaina tathA bauddha dharmoM ko vaidika dharma athavA hindUdharma ke dorSoM ko dUra karake usameM sudhAra lAne vAlA pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM "nagendra nAtha ghoSa ne likhA hai ki chaThI zatAbdI pUrva do dhArmika AndolanoM ke lie prasiddha hai| isameM jainadharma tathA bauddhadharma hindU dharma ke sudhAraka ke rUpa meM utpanna hue, luthara aura kAlavina kI taraha mahAvIra aura gautama buddha ne hindU dharma meM pracalita burAiyoM ke virodha meM AvAja bulanda kii| ataH jaina dharma tatha bauddha dharma usI prakAra virodhI athavA sudhAravAdI hindU dharma (Protestant Hinduism) kahe jA sakate haiM jisa prakAra sudhAravAdI lutharavAdI (Lutherianism) tathA kAlavinavAda (Calvinism) ko virodhI IsAI dharma (Pertestant Christianity) kahate haiN28|
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________________ 316 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha pratikriyAvAda tathA sudhAravAda meM kucha bhinnatAeM dekhI jA sakatI haiM pratikriyAvAda tathA sudhAravAda donoM meM hI virodha kI bAteM hotI haiM kintu jisa stara para virodha pratikriyAvAda meM dekhA jAtA hai usI stara para virodha sudhAravAda meM nahIM hotA hai| sudhAravAda ke virodha meM bhI eka sahAnubhUti sannihita hotI hai| sudhAravAda meM alagAva nahIM hotA jo pratikriyAvAda meM hotA hai| isIlie jaina tathA bauddha dharmoM ke lie sudhAravAdI hindU dharma nAma AyA hai 2 | 44 (5) saha-astitvavAdI siddhAnta- (The Theory of Co-Existence) Aja ke itihAsakAra yaha mAnane ke lie taiyAra nahIM hai ki Arya loga bhAratavarSa meM madhya eziyA se Ae aura yahA~ ke rahane vAloM ko parAjita karake apanI paramparA sthApita kI tathA yahA~ ke mUla vAsiyoM ko anArya saMjJA se sambodhita kiyaa| ataH Arya-anArya ke AdhAra para pahale se mAnya kisI siddhAnta ko ye nahIM maante| Aja kA itihAsa mAnatA hai ki yahA~ para Adi kAla se hI do dhArAeM pravAhita ho rahI haiN| DaoN. vI. esa. pAThaka ke zabdoM meM" Adima AryoM meM saMcaraNa-zIla yuga se hI do bhinna paramparAyeM vikasita huIeka caraNa kI aura dUsarI zramaNa kii| vaidika caraNa ke samAna hI zramaNa thA / yadi caraNa saMcaraNazIlatA kA abhidhAna hai to zramaNa bhI (krama < zrama = pAda prakSepa) / devendra muni ne bhI isakA samarthana kiyA hai ki zramaNa sAdhu sadA bhramaNa karate rahate haiM likhA haizramaNa saMskRti santa AdikAla se hI ghumakkar3a rahA hai| ghUmanA usake jIvana kI pradhAna ke caryA rahI hai| vaha pUrva (atharvaveda 15 / 1 / 2 / 1 ), pazcima (atharvaveda 15 / 1 / 2/15), uttara (atharvaveda) aura dakSiNa Adi sabhI dizAoM meM apratibaddha rUpa meM vihAra karatA hai| Agama sAhitya meM aneka sthaloM para use apratibaddha vihArI kahA gayA hai| varSAvAsa ke samaya ko chor3akara zeSa ATha mAha taka vaha eka grAma se dUsare grAma, eka nagara se dUsare nagara vicaratA rahatA hai| bhramaNa karanA usake lie prazasta mAnA gayA hai| yahA~ samajhane kI bAta yaha hai ki Adima Arya kauna the? athavA prAk RgvedIya Arya kauna the? Adima Arya kahIM se Ae nahIM balki bhAratavarSa meM hI the aura inakA kSetra bahuta vistRta thaa| ye bhAratavarSa se bAhara bhI kaI dezoM meM base the| yaha 'Arya' zabda bhAratyoropIya (Indo-European ) zabda bhaNDAra kA zabda hai| ise vaidika paramparA kI sImA meM bAMdhA nahIM nahIM jA sakatA hai balki ise vaidika saMskRti se bhinna mAnanA hI zreyaskara hai| ataH Arya-anArya mAnyatA se bhinna DaoN. pAThaka ne zramaNa kA itihAsa batAyA hai| unhoMne likhA hai " vividha sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para zramaNa saMskRti kI prAcInatA IsA pUrva prathama sahasrAbdi ke karIba sthira kI aura usake vikAsa ke vibhinna staroM kA upanyAsa kiyaa| AjIvaka, jaina aura bauddha dharma isI purAtana zramaNa saMskRti kA SaSTha zatI meM abhivyakta utthAna hai | | punaH DaoN. pAThaka ne RgvedIya yuga ke pahale kI sthiti para prakAza DAlate hue kahA hai ki isa yuga se pahale yAnI Adi yuga meM bhAratavarSa meM Arya saMskRti thI jisake antargata aneka upasaMskRtiyAM thii| zramaNa to the hI unake atirikta muni, yati, vrAtya,
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________________ jaina saMskRti 317 parivrAjaka Adi the jinakI apanI vizeSatAeM thii| DaoN. pAThaka kA yaha vicAra sAmAnyataH pAe jAne vAle matoM se bhinna hai| 'muni' zabda prAyaH zramaNa tathA vaidika paramparAoM meM mAnya hai| 'parivrAjaka' bauddha paramparA meM vyavahata hotA hai| 'vrAtya' tathA 'yati' zabdoM ko jaina vidvAna jaina paramparA kA mAnate haiN| kintu DaoN. pAThaka ne likhA hai "mani prAgvedIya Arya zabda aura jIvana paddhati hai| yati bhI prAgvedIya the unakA utsa bhAraterAnI kAla taka jAtA hai| pAli-prAkRta sAhitya ke khattiya RgvedIya varNa vyavasthA ke kSatriya ke samakakSa nahIM the kinta prAcIna kSama-kSagra-kSAyathya paramparA kI pariNati the| samaNa-brAhmaNa yugma meM prayukta brAhmaNa bhI brAhmaNa varNa se bhinna thA1321 yadi saha-astitvavAdI siddhAnta ke anusAra, yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki AdikAla se zramaNa aura vaidika paramparAeM svataMtra rUpa se sAtha-sAtha calI A rahI haiM to hameM yaha bhI mAnanA hogA ki paristhitivaza ina donoM ke bIca mAtra virodha hI nahIM balki vaicArika evaM vyAvahArika AdAna-pradAna tathA ApasI sahayoga kA bhI honA svAbhAvika hai| isa tathya ko samajhane ke lie ina donoM se sambaMdhita una pAribhASika zabdoM ko vizleSita karanA bhI Avazyaka hai jo apane ApameM mahatvapUrNa haiMmuni- muni zabda ke do artha batAe gae hai (ka) mauna vrata dhArI (amarakoSa 242) (kha) atIndriyArthadarzI (R. 10.136.2. para sAyaNa) jaina paramparA meM sAdha logoM ko mani kahakara sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai| vaidika paramparA meM bhI RSi, muni zabda bahuta hI pracalita haiN| kintu inameM se koI bhI paramparA yadi yaha dAvA karatI hai ki muni zabda mAtra usI kA hai to aisA mAnanA sahI nahIM hai| sAdhanA ke lie mauna dhAraNa karanA, mauna vrata kA pAlana karanA to Avazyaka mAnA jAtA hai| ataH kisI paramparA kA sAdhu yA sAdhaka aisA kara sakatA hai| yadyapi jaina paramparA sAdhanA pradhAna hai kintu yaha to nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki vaidika paramparA meM sAdhanA kA bilkula abhAva 'atIndriyArthadarzI arthAt jJAnI yaha artha bhI batAtA hai ki muni donoM hI paramparA meM ho sakate haiN| jJAnI to kisI bhI paramparA meM hote haiN| aisI kauna sI paramparA hai ki jisameM mAtra ajJAnI hI hote haiN| ajJAna samApta ho jAe aura jJAna kI prApti ho isIlie to sAdhaka sAdhanA karatA hai| ataH tarka saMgata to yahI hai ki muni zabda jaina tathA vaidika paramparA donoM kA hI hai| vrAtya- vrAtya zabda 'vrata' se banA hai| DaoNkTara hevara ke anusAra vrAtya vaha hai jo vratoM ke lie dIkSita ho cukA hai| vrAtya vaha hai jisane AtmAnuzAsana ke uddezya se icchA pUrvaka vrata ko apanA liyA hai| devendra muni zAstrI ne vrata kA mUla artha batAte hue kahA hai ki yaha eka dhArmika saMkalpa hai| ataH isa saMkalpa meM jo sAdhu hai, kuzala hai vaha vrAtya hai| DaoN. grIphitha ke vicAra meM vrAtya dhArmika puruSa mAne gae haiN| maikDolana tathA kItha ke mata meM vrAtya vratoM kA pAlana karate the, ve arhantoM ke upAsaka the tathA prAkRta unakI bhASA thii|
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________________ 318 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha unake sAdhu kSatriya tathA brAhmaNa the 37 | vrAtyakANDa meM vrAtya saMjJA unake lie upayukta kahI gaI hai jo pUrNa brahmacArI hai / inhIM arthoM meM vrAtya paramparA ko zramaNa paramparA kahA gayA hai aura RSabhadeva ko vrAtya kahA gayA hai| vrAtya jaina saMta the aura vrata jainAcAra kI hI cIja hai isakA samarthana dinakarajI ke zabdoM meM milatA hai "hindutva aura jainadharma Apasa meM ghula-mila kara itane ekAkAra ho gaye haiM ki Aja kA sAdhAraNa hindU yaha jAnatA bhI nahIM ki ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya aura aparigraha- ye jainadharma ke upadeza the, hindutva ke nahIM ' ' 39 | vaidika sAhitya meM vrAtya ke do artha kie gae haiN| eka artha meM vrAtya ko bhraSTa tathA AcArahIna kahA gayA hai kintu dUsare artha meM unheM vidvAna evaM puNyazIla kahA gayA hai| manusmRti meM kahA gayA hai ki brAhmaNa kI vaha santAna jo upanayana rahita hai gurumaMtra se hIna hai vaha vrAtya hai / tANDaya mahAbrAhmaNa ke bhASya meM sAyaNa ne bhI vrAtyoM ko AcArahIna ghoSita kiyA hai" / sambhavataH inhIM nindanIya arthoM se prabhAvita hokara AcArya hemacandra ne bhI abhidhAnacintAmaNi koSa meM vrAtyoM ko AcAra tathA saMskAra se hIna mAnA hai 2 | kintu atharvaveda meM vrAtyoM ke lie vidvattama, mahAdhikArI, puNyazIla Adi vizeSaNa batAe gae haiN| vAtarazanA muni muni ke lie eka anya zabda 'vAtarazana' bhI dekhA jAtA hai| 'maikaDonela aura kItha isakA 'vAtamekhalA' se yanda arthAt nagna artha karate haiM / isakA dUsarA artha hai - prANavAyu kA niyamana karane vAle" / Rgveda meM vAtarazanA muni kI carcA pAI jAtI hai| usase jJAta hotA hai ki vAtarazanA muni atIndriyArthadarzI hote haiM aura maladhAraNa karate haiN| mala ke kAraNa unakA zarIra piMgalavarNa kA dikhAI par3atA hai| ve prANopAsanA karate haiN| jaba ve prANopAsanA ke samaya vAyu kI gati ko roka dete haiM to apane tapa ke prakAza se prakAzita hokara devatA ke samAna ho jAte haiN| ve laukika vyavahAroM se Upara uThakara mauneya kI anubhUti karate haiN| ve vAyu meM sthita hokara kahate haiM- he martyo! tuma sirpha hamArA zarIra dekhate ho" / vAtarazanA muni zramaNa paramparA ke the| zrImadbhAgavata purANa ke AdhAra para yaha jaina mAnyatA hai ki vAtarazanA paramparA ko vikasita karane ke lie bhagavAna viSNu ne RSabhadeva ke rUpa meM avatAra liyA thA / vAtarazanA muni ke viSaya meM devendra muni zAstrI ne likhA hai'vAtarazanA muni vaidika paramparA ke nahIM the| kyoMki vaidika paramparA meM saMnyAsa aura muni pada ko pahale sthAna nahIM thA / zramaNa zabda kA ullekha taittarIyAraNyaka aura zrImadbhAgavata ke sAtha hI bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad aura rAmAyaNa meM bhI milatA hai| iNDogrIka aura iNDo- sIthiyana ke samaya bhI jaina dharma zramaNa dharma ke nAma se pracalita thaa| megAsthanIja ne apanI bhArata yAtrA ke samaya do prakAra ke mukhya dArzanikoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| zramaNa aura brAhmaNa usa yuga ke mukhya dArzanika the| usa samaya una zramaNoM kA bahuta Adara hotA thA" /
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________________ jaina saMskRti 319 arhan 'arhan' zramaNa paramparA kA bahuta hI prasiddha evaM pracalita zabda hai| isakA mUlarUpa hai- arihnt| arihanta-arihanta, arthAt jisakA koI zatru nahIM hai| arhan tathA arhan samAnArthI hai| arhat unheM kahate haiM jo rAga dveSa se Upara uThe hue vItarAgI hote haiN| aise loga hI tIrthakara hote haiN| jo loga arhan yA arhata ke anuyAyI hote haiM unheM Arhata kahate haiN| Arhata loga jaina tathA pradhAnataH kSatriya hote haiN| ArhatoM kI carcA vaidika purANoM meM huI hai| viSNu purANa meM ArhatoM ke viSaya meM vizeSa bAteM milatI haiN| usake anusAra Arhata dharma ke mAnane vAle asura the| kisI mAyAmoha nAmaka vyakti ne asuroM ko Ahata dharma meM dIkSita kiyA thaa| asuroM kA vizvAsa vedoM meM nahIM thaa| ve yajJa tathA pazubali ke bhI virodhI the| zrAddha tathA karmakANDa ko ve loga nahIM mAnate the| ve loga ahiMsA dharma meM AsthA rakhane vAle the| jaina darzana ke prasiddha siddhAnta anekAntavAda kA nirUpaNa mAyAmoha ke dvArA hI huA thaa| RSabhadeva RSabhadeva jaina paramparA meM Adi tIrthakara mAne gae haiN| ve ayodhyA ke rAjakumAra the| unake pitA kA nAma nAbhirAya tathA mAtA kA nAma marudevI thaa| bhAgavata purANa ke anusAra bhagavAna viSNu ne vAtarazanA muniyoM ke dharma ko sthApita karane ke lie marudevI ke garbha se RSabhadeva ke rUpa meM avatAra liyA thaa| jaba unakA janma haA to paMDitoM ne bhaviSyavANI kI ki yaha rAjakumAra apanI paramparA evaM dharma se bhinna kisI paramparA evaM dharma kI sthApanA kregaa| unake viSaya meM DaoN. pAThaka ne likhA hai- "RSabhadeva ke caritra kI tripathagA zaiva, vaiSNava aura jaina purANoM meM milatI hai aura usameM yatheSTa bhinnatA hai| zaiva purANoM meM RSabhadeva ke caritra para pAzupata yoga kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| vaiSNava purANoM meM viSNu ke vibhavAvatAra rUpa meM RSabhadeva para bhAgavatIya prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai, jabaki una donoM se yatheSTa rUpa meM bhinna jaina Adi purANa meM RSabhadeva kA carita vyAkhyAna hai| bhAgavata ke isa vivaraNa meM visaMgatiyAM bhI haiM- zataputra utpanna karane vAle gRha meM vidharma kA anuvartana karane vAle nareza RSabhadeva ko vAtarazana urdhvamaMtrI aura zramaNa kahanA susaMgata to nhiiN| yaha spaSTataH vaikhAnasa Adi bhAgavatIya sampradAya ke DhAMce meM jaina AkhyAna ko prastuta karane kA prayAsa dikhAI detA caubIsa tIrthakara- jaina saMskRti meM caubIsa tIrthakara yAnI dharma pravartaka ho gae haiMRSabhanAtha, ajitanAtha, sambhavanAtha, abhinandananAtha, sumatinAtha, padmaprabha, supArzvanAtha, , puSpadatta, zItalanAtha, zreyAMsanAtha, vAsupUjya, vimalanAtha, anaMtanAtha, dharmanAtha, zAntinAtha, kunthunAtha, arahanAtha, mallinAtha, munisuvratonAtha, naminAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra svAmI jinake pratIka cinha kramaza: isa prakAra haiM - baila, gaja, azva, bandara, cakavA, kamala, nandyAvarta, arddhacandra, svAstika, gaiMDA, bhaiMsA, zUkara, sehI, vajra, hariNa, chAga, tagara, kusumA (matsya), kalaza, utpala (nIlakamala), zaMkha, sarpa, siMha aadi|
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________________ 320 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha jaina matAnusAra RSabhadeva sirpha prathama tIrthakara hI nahIM the balki ve sabhyatA aura saMskRti ke saMsthApaka bhI the| unase pahale koI sAMskRtika vyavasthA nahIM thii| unhoMne asi, masi aura kRSi kI zikSA dii| apane putra bharata ko unhoMne 72 kalAoM kI zikSA dii| Aja kA prasiddha bharatanATyam RSabhadeva ke putra ke nAma se hI prasiddha hai| RSabhadeva ne apanI bar3I putrI brAhmI ko lipi kI zikSA dI jo brAhmI lipi ke nAma se jAnI jAtI hai| apanI choTI putrI sundarI ko unhoMne gaNita kI zikSA dii| isa prakAra unhoMne apane samAja ko sabhya aura saMskRta bnaayaa| kintu aisA mAna lene para yahA~ kaI prazna upasthita ho jAte haiN| 1. jaina saMskRti kA udbhava jo loga yaha mAna cuke haiM ki Arya logoM kA bhAratavarSa meM AnA sahI hai| unase pahale yahA~ para eka vikasita saMskRti thI jise AryoM ne anArya kahA aura usa saMskRti se hI zramaNa saMskRti kA prArambha huA yAnI jaina saMskRti vaidika saMskRti yA anya saMskRti kI pUrvagAminI hai| unake vicAra galata pramANita ho jaaeNge| 2. Adiyuga kI do sAMskRtika dhArAeM- jo loga yaha nahIM mAnate haiM ki yahA~ koI Arya AyA balki sahI yaha hai AdikAla se hI yahA~ do dhArAeM pravAhita ho rahI haiM- caraNa yA vaidika tathA shrmnn| unake anusAra bhI yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki zramaNa paramparA RSabhadeva se pahale se A rahI hai| yadi RSabhadeva se hI saMskRti zurU huI hotI to do sAMskRtika paramparAoM kA Adiyuga se hI sAtha-sAtha calane kI bAta nahIM kahI jaatii| 3. avatAravAda kA prabhAva- jaina paramparA meM avatAravAda kA khaNDana huA hai| IzvaravAda meM Izvara sRSTikartA, pAlanakartA tathA saMhArakartA hotA hai| vizva meM jo kucha hotA hai vahI usakA kartA hotA hai| yadi yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai ki RSabhadeva se pUrva koI saMskRti nahIM thI, unhoMne hI saba taraha kI zikSAeM dI aura sArI vyavasthA kI to use avatArI camatkAra ke sivA kucha aura nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai jo jaina cintana ke virodha meM hogaa| 4. mAnavavAda kA virodha- jaina paramparA mAnavavAda kI samarthaka hai| yaha mAnavI zakti meM vizvAsa karatA hai| mAnavIzakti ke mAdhyama se jo kucha hotA hai vaha dhIre-dhIre hotA hai, vikAsa krama meM hotA hai| isameM aisA nahIM hotA ki eka hI vyakti sabakucha kara ddaale| kintu RSabhadeva ko to sarvakartA ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| yaha tarkasaMgata jJAta nahIM hotA hai| 5. anekAntavAda kA virodha- jaina cintana meM anekAntavAda kA pratipAdana huA hai jisake anusAra eka tatva nahIM balki aneka tatvoM ko apekSAkRta mahatva diyA gayA hai| kintu RSabhadeva ko IzvaravAda ke Izvara kI taraha sarvakartA ke rUpa meM prastuta karake eka tatva ko mahatva dene se anekAntavAda kA virodha hotA hai| 6. svavirodha- jaba eka ora yaha kahA jAtA hai ki RSabhadeva rAjakumAra the aura dUsarI ora yaha kahA jAtA hai ki unase sabhyatA aura saMskRti zurU hotI hai to yahA~ vadtovyAghAta kI sthiti utpanna ho jAtI hai kyoMki RSabhadeva yadi rAjakumAra the, unake mAtA-pitA
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________________ jaina saMskRti 321 rAnI-rAjA the to yaha kaise kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya koI sabhyatA-saMskRti nahIM thii| rAja vyavasthA kA honA hI pramANita karatA hai ki RSabhadeva se pahale sabhyatA thI, saMskRti thii| RSabhadeva jaina saMskRti ke unnAyaka sAmane AI vibhinna samasyAoM ko dekhate hue yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina saMskRti RSabhadeva ke pahale se calI A rahI thI unhoMne usakA vikAsa kiyaa| cUMki ve rAjA the isalie sabhI jJAna-vijJAna ke kSetroM meM unheM prAthamikatA de dI gaI hai| vAstava meM unhoMne apane kAryakartAoM ke sahayoga se jaina saMskRti ko Age bar3hAyA, usameM samayAnusAra vividha sudhAra kie| isalie unheM jaina saMskRti kA saMsthApaka yA janmadAtA na mAnakara unnAyaka mAnanA zreyaskara hai| ve prathama tIrthaMkara the isameM koI zaka nhiiN| unhoMne cAra saMghoM kI sthApanA kI - zramaNa saMgha, zramaNI saMgha, zrAvaka saMgha tathA zrAvikA sNgh| aisA to sabhI tIrthakaroM ne kiyA hai| tIrthakara zabda se hI yaha jAnA jAtA hai| kyoMki tIrtha kA artha hotA hai sNgh| neminAtha neminAtha ko 22veM tIrthakara ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| unakA dUsarA nAma ariSTanemi bhI hai| ve sauryapura ke rAjA samudravijaya ke suputra tathA rAjA andhakavRSni ke supautra the| dvArakA ke rAjA ugrasena kI kanyA rAjulamati se unakI sAdI nizcita kI gaI thii| kintu apanI zAdI ke avasara para die jAne vAle bhoja kI taiyArI meM kaTane vAle pazu-pakSioM ke cItkAra ko sunakara unakA dila dravita ho gayA aura unhoMne zAdI se vimukha hokara raivata (giranAra) parvata para zramaNadharma ko apanA liyaa| vahIM para kaThora ke bAda unheM parama jJAna kI prApti huI aura ve tIrthakara bne| . neminAtha ke viSaya eka jaina mAnyatA hai ki ve kRSNa ke cacere bhAI the| isa sambandha meM jaina vidvAnoM kA yaha dAvA hai ki yadi kRSNa kI sattA ko samAja svIkAra karatA hai to use neminAtha kI sattA ko bhI svIkAra karanA caahie| yaha tarka to ThIka hai kintu eka samasyA sAmane AtI hai ki kRSNa ko dvApara yuga kA mAnA jAtA hai jo aitihAsika gaNanA se bahuta hI pahale kI cIja hai yA yaha bhI kaha sakate haiM ki vaha aitihAsika bodha se pare hai| neminAtha pArzvanAtha ke pUrvagAmI the| mahAvIra kA samaya I. pUrva chaThI zatI mAnA jAtA hai| pArzvanAtha mahAvIra se 250 varSa pahale ho gae haiN| ata: anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki neminAtha pArzvanAtha se 250-300 varSa pahale hue hoNge| isa hisAba se neminAtha kA samaya I.pUrva 10vIM, 11vIM zatI ho sakatA hai jaba kRSNa kA samaya aitihAsika gaNanA se pare hai aura neminAtha kA anumAnita samaya 10vIM, 11vIM zatI I.pa. hai to donoM samakAlIna aura cacere bhAI kaise ho sakate haiN| neminAtha kRSNa ke cacere bhAI the athavA nahIM yaha kahanA to kaThina hai| lekina eka tarka sAmane AtA hai jisake dvArA mahAbhArata kAla meM neminAtha ke hone kI sambhAvanA bar3ha jAtI hai| vaha hai mahAbhArata meM ahiMsA siddhAnta kA prtipaadn| gItA jo mahAbhArata,
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________________ 322 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha mahAkAvya kA eka hissA hai, meM kurukSetra jo yuddha kSetra hai ko dharmakSetra kahA gayA hai| sAtha hI kRSNa ne arjuna ko yuddha ke lie prerita kiyA yaha kahakara ki tuma kSatriya ho aura yuddha karanA hI tumhArA dharma hai| ina saba se pahale hI duryodhana ne kRSNa ke yaha Agraha karane para ki sirpha pAMca gAMva hI pANDavoM ko de do tAki Apasa kA dveSabhAva samApta ho jAe, kahA ki he kezava binA yuddha ke maiM sUI ke agrabhAga ke barAbara bhI una logoM ko kucha dene vAlA nahIM huuN| usa viSama sthiti meM, yuddha samApta ho jAne ke bAda zAnti aura ahiMsA kI bAta sAmane AtI hai| mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM kahA gayA hai- "ahiMsA svataH eka pUrNa dharma hai aura hiMsA eka adhrm|"51 yaha eka bahuta bar3A camatkAra jAna par3atA hai| yuddha aura dveSa ke hiMsAtmaka bhAva se ota-prota logoM ke mana meM ahiMsA kA bhAva jaga jAnA kisI camatkAra se kama nahIM hai| kintu aisA huA kaise? yaha vicAraNIya prazna hai| isa sambandha meM aisA kahA jA sakatA hai ki nizcita rUpa se usa samaya koI ahiMsAvAdI mahApuruSa rahA hogA jisane hiMsAvAdI yuddha meM mArane aura maramiTane vAle logoM kI dRSTi meM ahiMsA kI divya jyoti bhara dI: ve loga zAnti tathA ahiMsA ke pakSadhara bana ge| vaha mahApuruSa neminAtha hI raheM hoMge, aisA anumAna karanA koI galata nahIM hogaa| kyoMki neminAtha kI jIvanacaryA meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki unakI sAdhanA-prakriyA kA prArambha ahiMsA ko apanAkara hI hotA hai| ataH kAlagaNanA ke AdhAra para cAhe jo bhI nirNaya kiyA jAe lekina mahAbhArata ke anta meM ahiMsA kA pratipAdana aura neminAtha kA ahiMsAmaya jIvana mahAbhAratakAla meM unake hone kI sambhAvanA ko sudRDha karatA hai aura yadi yaha mAna liyA jAtA hai to aisA mAnane meM bhI saMkoca nahIM honA cAhie ki ve kRSNa ke cacere bhAI rahe hoNge| pArzvanAtha pArzvanAtha jaina paramparA meM 23veM tIrthakara ke rUpa meM pratiSThita haiN| unakA samaya I. pUrva 9vIM zatI mAnA jAtA hai kyoMki ve mahAvIra se 250 varSa pahale hue the aura mahAvIra kA samaya I. pUrva chaThI zatI mAnA jAtA hai| ve kAzI ke rAjA azvasena tathA rAnI vAmA ke suputra the| unhoMne tIsa varSa kI Aya meM saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyaa| mAtra 83 dinoM kI kaThina tapasyA ke phalasvarUpa unheM sarvajJatA prApta huI, 70 varSoM taka unhoMne apane jJAna-prakAza se samAja ko Alokita kiyA aura 100 varSoM kI Ayu meM unheM mokSa prApta huaa| unake dvArA pratipAdita upadezoM meM ahiMsA, satya, asteya tathA aparigraha sirpha cAra vratoM ko hI batAyA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM jaina vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki brahmacarya unake aMtima vrata aparigraha meM hI sannihita thaa| eka anya dhAraNA yaha bhI hai ki unake samaya meM loga bahuta hI saMyamapUrNa jIvana vyatIta karane vAle the| ataeva unhoMne brahmacarya vrata pratipAdana kI AvazyakatA nahIM smjhii| kintu mahAvIra ke prAdurbhAva taka 250 varSa vyatIta ho cuke aura loga dhIre-dhIre apane para saMyama rakhane meM kamajora ho ge| ataH mahAvIra ko paMcamahAvratoM, ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya tathA aparigraha ke upadeza dene pdd'e| pArzvanAtha ke ziSya kezI hue jinakI bheMTa mahAvIra ke prathama gaNadhara indramuni gautama se zrAvastI nagara meM huI thii|
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________________ jaina saMskRti 323 Aja bhI vartamAna vArANasI ke bhelUpura meM pArzvanAtha kA janma sthAna yahA~ ke darzanIya sthAnoM meM se eka hai| vaidika paramparA ke loga vArANasI ko bAbA vizvanAtha kI nagarI kahate haiM to jaina matAvalambI ise bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI nagarI mAnate haiN| mahAvIra mahAvIra caubIsaveM tIrthakara tathA kAlacakra ke anusAra isa yuga ke aMtima tIrthakara ho gae haiN| tIrthakara meM mahAvIra kA nAma sabase jyAdA prasiddha hai| isa kAraNa jaina saMskRti yA jaina dharma ke viSaya meM sAdhAraNa jJAna rakhane vAle bahuta se loga unheM hI jaina paramparA kA pravartaka mAnate haiM kintu bAta aisI nahIM hai| ve to jaina paramparA ke mAtra unnAyaka the| zvetAmbara jaina paramparA ke anusAra mahAvIra ko vikramazatI ke prArambha se 470 varSa pahale mokSa prApta huA thaa| digambara jaina paramparA ke mata meM mahAvIra ko mokSa kI prApti zakazatI ke prArambha se 605 varSa pahale huI thii| kisI bhI hisAba se unakA samaya 577 I. pUrva nirdhArita hotA hai aura cUMki unhoMne 72 varSa kI Ayu meM mokSa prApta kiyA isalie unake janma kA samaya 599 I. pUrva mAnA jA sakatA hai| isase yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki ve buddha se kucha variSTha the, kyoMki buddha kA samaya I. pUrva 567 se 487 kA mAnA jAtA hai| isa prakAra mahAvIra tathA buddha donoM kA hI prAdurbhAva I. pUrva chaThI zatI meM huaa| vikAsa kI dRSTi se I. pUrva chaThI zatI ko zramaNa saMskRti kA svargayuga mAnA jAtA hai| mahAvIra vaizAlI ke kuNDapura yA kuNDagrAma ke kSatriya rAjA siddhArtha tathA rAnI trizalA ke suputra the| ve tIna nAmoM se jAne jAte haiM(1) vardhamAna- jaba mahAvIra apanI mAtA trizalA ke garbha meM the tabhI se pArivArika sampatti- sonA, cA~dI, ratna Adi dhana-dhAnya kI vRddhi hone lgii| isalie unheM vardhamAna saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA gyaa| (2) zramaNa- ve lagAtAra tapasyA meM prasannatApUrvaka lage rahe ataH unheM logoM ne zramaNa khaa| (3) mahAvIra- unhoMne sabhI bhaya evaM AtaMkoM kA sAmanA kiyA tathA sabhI kaThinAiyoM evaM kaSToM ko shaa| ataH ve mahAvIra nAma se ghoSita kie ge| mahAvIra ne tIsa varSa kI Aya meM saMnyAsa grahaNa kiyaa| sAdhujIvana meM unhoMne sirpha eka varSa taka vastra dhAraNa kiyaa| usake bAda unhoMne vastra kA bhI tyAga kara diyA aura digambara yA nagna bana ge| rAjagRha ke pAsa nAlandA meM eka julAhA ke ghara para unhoMne apanA dUsarA varSAvAsa bitAyA, jahAM gozAla se unakI mulAkAta huii| gozAla kI prArthanA karane para mahAvIra ne use apanA ziSya bnaayaa| kucha dinoM taka donoM sAtha rhe| siddhArthapura meM gozAla ne eka tila kA paudhA ukhAr3akara pheMka diyA jisake viSaya meM mahAvIra ne phalI dene kI bhaviSyavANI kI thii| gozAla ne samajhA ki mahAvIra kI bhaviSyavANI galata pramANita ho gaI kintu saubhAgyavaza varSA huI jisase tila kA paudhA punaH miTTI meM lagakara harA ho gayA aura kucha dinoM ke bAda usameM phalI bhI laga gii| yaha dekhakara gozAla ne aisA mata vyakta kiyA ki pratyeka cIja pUrvanirdhArita hai aura hara prANI meM punarjIvana dhAraNa karane kI kSamatA hai| kintu mahAvIra usake vicAra se sahamata nahIM hue| phalasvarUpa vaha unase alaga ho gayA
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________________ 324 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha aura 'AjIvaka' nAma kA eka apanA saMgha sthApita kiyA / mahAvIra lAr3ha pradeza meM gae jo Aja ke pazcima baMgAla meM hai| usake vajrabhUmi tathA zubhrabhUmi kSetroM meM unheM nAnA prakAra ke kaSTa jhelane pdd'e| phira unhoMne vahA~ para apanA 9vAM varSAkAla bitaayaa| bAraha varSoM taka kaThina sAdhanA karane ke bAda 13veM varSa kI vaizAkha pUrNimA ke dina unheM RjupAlikA nadI ke kinAre, jRmabhikagrAma nagara ke bAhara, zyAmAka kRSikSetra meM eka zAla vRkSa ke nIce sarvajJatA kI upalabdhi huii| unhoMne ardhamAgadhI meM paMcamahAvratoM kA upadeza diyaa| mahAvIra ne apane jIvana ke aMtima tIsa varSoM ko eka sarvajJa tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM bitaayaa| unakA aMtima varSAvAsa pAvApurI meM huA jahAM kArtika mAha kI amAvasyA ke dina unhoMne mokSa prApta kiyA / mahAvIra eka uttama saMgha ke pradhAna the jisameM 14000 sAdhu, 36000 sAdhviyAM, 159000 zrAvaka tathA 318000 zrAvikAe~ thiiN| inheM hI jaina meM cAra yA cAra tIrtha kahate haiM jinake saMsthApaka ko tIrthaMkara kahate haiN| unameM tIna stara ke loga thess - (ka) zramaNa-zramaNI yA sAdhu-sAdhvI jaise indrabhUti gautama, candanA Adi / (kha) zrAvaka-zrAvikA yA gRhastha puruSa-mahilA jaise saMkha, sulazA Adi / (ga) samarthaka - jaise zreNika (bimbisAra), kuNika (ajAtazatru), pradyota, udAyana, aadi| mahAvIra ke pazcAt tIsarI zatI I. pUrva mahAvIra ke bAda jina jaina saMtoM ke nAma prasiddha haiM, ve haiMindrabhUti - gautama, sudharmana, jambU, bhadrabAhu tathA sthUlabhadra / indrabhUti gautama tathA sudharmana to mahAvIra ke gaNadhara hI the jo unake bAda bhI jIvita rhe| sudharmana ko bhI mahAvIra ke mokSa prApta hone ke 20 varSa ke bAda mokSa prApta huaa| sudharmana se pahale indrabhUti mokSa prApta kara cuke the| jambUsvAmi unake ziSya the jinheM mahAvIra kI mukti ke 64 varSoM ke bAda mukti milii| sudharmana kI chaThI pIr3hI meM bhadrabAhu kA nAma AyA jinakA samaya I. pUrva tIsarI zatI mAnA jAtA hai| ve antima zrutakevalI the| mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke 170 varSa bAda unakI mRtyu huii| sthUlabhadra ko sabhI zAstroM kA jJAna thA, sirpha dRSTivAda ke cAra pUrvo ko chodd'kr| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki nepAla meM unhoMne bhadrabAhu se pUrvoM kA jJAna prApta kiyA thA jinameM se 10 ke artha to ve sIkha pAe lekina cAra ke artha nahIM jAna paae| unake bAda se zAstroM kI kSati hone lagI / digambara vidvAnoM ke anusAra sabhI prAcIna zAstroM kA lopa ho gayA kintu zvetAmbara vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM aba bhI aneka prAcIna zAstra haiN| zvetAmbara mata meM bhadrabAhu bahuta dinoM taka nepAla meM hI sAdhanArata rahe jisake kAraNa sthUlabhadra Adi jaina saMta unase zAstra jJAna arjita karane ke lie nepAla ge| kintu digambara mata meM bhadrabAhu anya sAdhuoM ke sAtha dakSiNa bhArata lauTa aae| ve hI candragupta ke zAsana kAla yAnI 322 se 298 I. pUrva meM jaina mandira evaM saMgha ke pradhAna the / I. pUrva dvitIya zatI suhasti, samprati tathA khAravela celanA I. pUrva dUsarI zatI meM rAjA suhastina, samprati tathA khAravela hue jina logoM ne
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________________ jaina saMskRti 325 jaina saMskRti ke vikAsa ke lie yathA sambhava prayAsa kie| samprati ko jaina paramparA ke prati ati utsAha thaa| unhoMne sampUrNa deza meM jaina mandira banavAe tathA jaina sAdhuoM ko apane mata ke pracAra-prasAra ke lie vibhinna sthAnoM para bhejaa| unhoMne apanI rAjadhAnI ujjaina meM eka jaina melA lagavAyA thA jisameM pradarzita bhaktibhAva ko dekhakara rAjA suhasti jo sthUlabhadra ke ziSya the tathA jinhoMne samprati para vijaya bhI prApta kI thI, atyanta prabhAvita hue| usake pariNAma svarUpa suhastina ne bhI jaina saMskRti ke vikAsa ke lie vibhinna kArya kie| usI samaya rAjA khAravela ke hone kI jAnakArI hotI hai| udayagiri kI guphA se prApta I. pUrva 2sarI zatI ke eka lekhana se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki kisa prakAra unhoMne pattharoM se nivAsa sthAnoM kI saMracanA karavAI aura jaina bhaktoM ko bhArI mAtrA meM upahAra die| khaNDagiri, udayagiri tathA nIlagiri jo ur3isA meM haiM, jainaguphAoM ke lie prasiddha hai| Aja kA hAthIgumphA bhI jaina guphA hai| ina guphAoM ke vikAsa meM khAravela kA bahuta bar3A hAtha mAnA jAtA hai| kAlakAcArya tathA gardhabhilla I. pUrva prathama zatI meM ujjaina ke rAjA gardhabhilla hue jinakA jaina muni kAlakAcArya se matabheda thaa| kAlakAcArya kI bahana sarasvatI kA unhoMne apaharaNa kara liyA thA aura kAlakAcArya ke Agraha karane para bhI use nahIM chodd'aa| taba kAlakAcArya ne sindhu kI ora prasthAna kiyA aura zakoM ko ujjaina para car3hAI karane ke lie uksaayaa| phalasvarUpa zakoM ne ujjaina para car3hAI kI aura gardhabhilla ko harAkara use apane adhIna kara liyaa| kintu gardhabhilla ke uttarAdhikArI vikramAditya ne zakoM ko apane rAjya se bAhara kara diyaa| bAda meM eka jaina santa se hI prabhAvita hokara usane jaina saMskRti ke vikAsa ke lie kAma kiyaa| kaMkAlI TIlA ___mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIlA para jaina stUpa ke bhI avazeSa meM dUsarI zatI kA eka lekha milA hai jisase jaina saMskRti ke viSaya meM bahuta sI bAteM jAnI jAtI haiM, jaise- 24 tIrthakara jainadharma meM nArI-prabhAva, digambara-zvetAmbara aadi| hemacandrAcArya aura kumArapAla san 1094-1143 taka gujarAta ke rAjA siddharAja jaya siMha hue jinhoMne svayaM ziva bhakta hote hue bhI AcArya hemacandra ko apane darabAra ke eka sammAnita sadasya ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyaa| AcArya hemacandra ne rAjA siddharAja jaya siMha ke uttarAdhikArI kumArapAla jinakA samaya san 1143-1173 thA, ko apane prabhAva se jainadharmAvalambI banA diyaa| kumArapAla ne gujarAta ko eka jaina rAjya banAne kA prayAsa kiyA, sAtha hI hemacandra ne suvidhA pAkara jaina jJAna-vijJAna ko aura sudRr3ha banAyA jisase unheM 'kalikAla sarvajJa' kI upAdhi se sammAnita kiyA gyaa| digambara-zvetAmbara mahAvIra ke saMgha meM donoM hI taraha ke sAdhu rahate the| acelaka jo vastra dhAraNa nahIM
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________________ 326 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha karate the tathA sacetaka jo zveta vastra dhAraNa karate the| ve bAda meM kramazaH digambara tathA zvetAmbara nAma se jAne gae aura dhIre-dhIre ve jaina saMskRti kI do zAkhAoM ke rUpa meM vikasita hue| bhinna zAkhAoM ke rUpa meM sthApita hone ke kAraNa donoM meM kaI saiddhAntika bheda bhI dekhe jAte haiN| zramaNa saMskRtika avanata kAla yadi I. pUrva chaThI zatAbdI ko zramaNa saMskRti kA svarNayuga kahate haiM to san 8vIM sadI ko jaina saMskRti kA andhakAra yuga mAnA jA sakatA hai| isI samaya zaMkarAcArya kA prAdurbhAva huA jinhoMne vaidika saMskRti kI jar3a ko atyanta sudRr3ha banA diyaa| unhoMne bhAratavarSa meM cahu~diza vaidika pITha sthApita kiye aura upaniSadoM kI vyAkhyA kii| unhoMne aupaniSadika brahmavAda ko phira se apane DhaMga se prastuta kiyA jisakA prabhAva samAja para pdd'aa| bhAratIya samAja para saiddhAntika rUpa meM vaidika prabhAva par3anA jaina saMskRti ke lie utanA ghAtaka nahIM huA jitanA ki vividha kubhAvanAoM ke jAgRta ho jAne se zramaNa saMskRti ke prati avahelanA kA bhAva utpanna honA ghAtaka bana gyaa| zramaNa saMskRti ke pAribhASika zabdoM ke nikRSTa artha nirUpita kie gae tathA samAja meM unake galata vyavahAra bhI hone lage, jaiseluncA-luccA jaina sAdhu apane sira ke bAloM ko svayaM ukhAr3ate haiM jise loMca kahate haiN| loMcanA tathA noMcanA samAnArthI haiM jo sAdhu apane bAloM ko loMcana karatA hai yA unheM ukhAr3atA hai use luMcA kahA jAtA hai| luMcA logoM se vaidika paramparA kA saiddhAntika virodha thaa| isalie unake prati yaha dhAraNA banI ki ve dharma virodhI yA adharmI yA nAstika hote haiN| jo adharmI hai vaha samAja ke anukUla nahIM hai aura jo samAja ke anukUla nahIM hai vaha zaitAna hai, jhUTha bolane vAlA hai, anAcArI hai| ata: luMcA zabda anAcAriyoM ke lie vyavahRta hone lagA aura vahI dhIre-dhIre 'luccA' bana gayA jo sAmAnya bola-cAla kI bhASA meM pracalita hai| zrAvagI-kuttA jaina saMskRti meM gRhastha ke lie zrAvaka' zabda nirdhArita hai| zrAvaka kA hI badalA huA rUpa zrAvagI (zrAvaka-zrAvaga-zrAvagI) hai| kintu dakSiNa bihAra meM zrAvagI zabda kuttA ke lae vyavahAra meM Ane lgaa| buddha-buddhU bhagavAna buddha ko buddha taba kahA gayA jaba unheM bodha gayA meM mahAjJAna kI prApti huii| ve mahAjJAnI the| kintu unakA vicAra vaidika paramparA yA brAhmaNa paramparA kA virodha thaa| ataH unheM dharma virodhI aura nAstika mAnA gyaa| jo dharma virodhI hai, jise dharma kA jJAna nahIM vaha ajJAnI hai| ata: buddha tathA unake anuyAyiyoM ko ajJAnI ghoSita kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra ajJAnI ke lie buddha zabda vyavahAra hone lagA aura dhIre-dhIre samaya ke pravAha meM 'buddhU' kaha diyA jAtA hai|
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________________ jaina saMskRti 327 itanA hI nahIM balki yaha bhI kahA gayA- "yadi pAgala hAthI bhI khader3a rahA ho to bhI kisI jaina maMdira meM nahIM jAnA caahie"| arthAt jaina mandira meM jAnA kisI pAgala hAthI se bhI jyAdA khataranAka hai| pariNAma svarUpa trasta hokara zramaNa paramparA vAloM ko apane mUla sthAna ko chor3akara yahA~-vahA~ bhAganA pdd'aa| bihAra tathA pUrabI uttara pradeza zramaNa paramparA kA mUla sthAna hai lekina Aja koI bhI jaina yA bauddha aisA nahIM milegA jo kahe ki vaha bihAra yA uttara pradeza kA mUlavAsI hai| bauddha dharma meM jAne-Ane yA savArI para car3hane kI koI pAbandI nahIM hai ata: ve loga bhAratavarSa ko chor3akara jApAna, cIna, thAIlaiMDa Adi dezoM meM cale ge| jaina dharma meM sAdhu padagAmI hote haiM, ve kisI savArI para nahIM car3ha skte| jainoM ke lie deza se bAhara jAnA asambhava thaa| ataH ve loga apanI surakSA kI dRSTi se pazcima ke registAnoM meM tathA dakSiNa ke jaMgaloM meM cale ge| usake bAda bhI jainoM ko chor3A nahIM gyaa| zramaNa saMskRti yA jaina-bauddha saMskRti kSatriya saMskRti hai kyoMki isameM kSatriyoM kI pradhAnatA hai| parantu unheM nimnastarIya banAne ke lie vaizya ghoSita kiyA gyaa| isake lie brAhmaNa vAdiyoM ne tarka yaha diyA ki kSatriyoM kA dharma yuddha karanA hai| yadi una logoM ne yuddha ko hiMsAtmaka samajhakara, ahiMsA mArga ko apanAne ke lie vyApAra Adi karanA zurU kara diyA to ve vaizya ho ge| kyoMki varNa vyavasthA ke anasAra kaSi aura vyApAra. vaizyoM ke dharma yA karma hai| cUMki jainoM kI saMkhyA kama thI, ataH paristhitivaza una logoM ne apane ko vaizya mAna liyaa| yadyapi zramaNa paramparA meM na to varNa vyavasthA hai aura na koI jAti vyavasthA hii| zramaNa saMskRti eka kSatriya saMskRti 'zramaNa paramparA mukhyataH kSatriyoM kI aura vaidika paramparA brAhmaNoM kI hai 601 vaidika saMskRti meM brAhmaNa grantha evaM brAhmaNa varNa kI pradhAnatA hone ke kAraNa use brAhmaNa paramparA kahate haiN| usI taraha zramaNa paramparA meM kSatriyoM kI pradhAnatA hone se use kSatriya paramparA kahA jA sakatA hai| zramaNa paramparA ke kSatriya pradhAna hone ke samarthana meM nimnalikhita tarka die jA sakate haiM1. caubIsa tIrthakara kSatriya jaina saMskRti yA jaina dharma meM 24 tIrthakara ho gae haiM ve sabake saba kSatriya rAjakumAra the| sabane kSatriya kula meM janma liyA thaa| itanA hI nahIM balki yaha bhI mAnA jAtA hai Age jo 24 tIrthakara hoMge ve bhI kSatriya hoNge| gautama buddha jinheM bauddha dharma kA pratiSThApaka mAnA jAtA hai, bhI kSatriya kulotpanna the| 2. mahAvIra ke janma se sambaMdhita garbha parivartana jaina paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki rAnI trizalA jinake garbha se vardhamAna kA janma huA, vAstava meM unheM apane garbha meM dhAraNa nahIM kiyA thaa| unheM to brAhmaNI mahilA devanandA ne apane garbha meM dhAraNa kiyA thaa| kintu zAsaka yA niyaMtraka indra ko yaha galata jAna pdd'aa| taba unhoMne hariNegamesI ko garbha parivartana ke lie Adeza diyA tathA svapna meM devanandA ko
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________________ 328 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha yaha bodha karAyA gayA ki kSatriya siddhArtha kI patnI trizalA ne usakA garbha le liyA hai| isake samarthana meM lAlA harajasa rAya jaina ne jaina vArAmAsA kI nimnalikhita paMkti prastuta kI hai .... haraNagamesI sura ne Akara trizalA ke ura dInA usase chInA621 yaha kathA batAtI hai ki jaina paramparA meM yaha atyanta hI sudRr3ha dhAraNA hai ki kisI bhI hAlata meM tIrthakara kA janma kisI brAhmaNa kula meM nahIM ho sakatA hai| yadyapi yaha eka dhArmika kathA hai, AsthA hai lekina isase isa vicAra bhI kaTTaratA kI puSTi hotI hai ki jaina tIrthakara ko kSatriya hI honA caahie| 3. jainoM kI kSatriya upAdhiyA~ jaina logoM kI aisI bahuta-sI upAdhiyA~ dekhI jAtI haiM jo kSatriyoM kI hotI haiM, jaise nAhara, sisodiyA, solaMkI Adi ye sabhI kSatriyoM ke prakAroM meM se haiN| isase lagatA hai ye loga malataH kSatriya haiM bAda meM dharma parivartana kara liyA hai| kSatriyoM kI 'siMha' upAdhi bhI jaina logoM ke nAma ke sAtha dekhI jAtI hai jaise dhanarAja siMha jaina, jasavanta siMha jaina aadi| kucha loga siMha hI nahIM balki apane nAma ke pahale 'kuMvara' bhI likhate haiM jo 'kumAra' kA badalA huA rUpa hai aura kSatriya rAjakumAroM ke nAma ke sAtha vyavahAra kiyA jAtA rahA hai| vArANasI meM hI eka mUrtipUjaka pratiSThita jaina haiM jinakA nAma kuMvara vijayAnanda siMha hai| isase spaSTa hotA hai jaina saMskRti mUlataH kSatriya saMskRti hai| 4. vaivAhika prakriyA rAjasthAna meM jaina logoM meM Aja bhI vaivAhika prakriyA kSatriya-paddhati se hotI hai| dUlhA pAga bAMdhakara bagala meM talavAra laTakAe hue ghor3A para savAra hokara zAdI ke lie prasthAna karatA hai| jaba vaha kanyA pakSa ke daravAje para pahuMcatA hai taba bAharI dvAra para baMdhA huA toraNa vaha talavAra se kATakara bhItara praveza karatA hai| yaha vidhi bhI batAtI hai ki jaina loga jinheM Aja vaizya mAnA jAtA hai mUlataH kSatriya haiM jisakI vajaha se unake bahuta se kriyA-kalApa ve hI haiM jo kSatriyoM ke hote haiN| 5. rAja-pradhAna se dharma-pradhAna jaina cintaka mAnate haiM ki jaina saMskRti ati prAcIna hai| DaoN. pAThaka jaise vidvAna mAnate haiM ki AdikAla se hI bhAratavarSa meM do dhArAeM pravAhita ho rahI haiM - caraNa (vaidika) tathA shrmnn| kucha loga yaha mAnate haiM ki zramaNa paramparA vaidika paramparA kI pratikriyA svarUpa utpanna huii| pratikriyA ke rUpa meM zramaNa saMskRti kI pratiSThA huI aisA to nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai kyoMki jyAdA loga yaha mAnane vAle haiM ki zramaNa saMskRti prAcIna hai aura bahuta pahale se svataMtra rUpa se calI A rahI hai| parantu vaidika saMskRti ke prati hone vAlI pratikriyA ko bhI galata nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| yajJa tathA IzvaravAda ke virodha meM pratikriyA to huI thii| jaba yaha pratikriyA huI taba brAhmaNavAda ke samarthaka brAhmaNoM se zeSa tIna vargoM ke loga alaga ho ge| una tIna meM kSatriya pahale se zAsana aura surakSA karane vAle the yAnI rAja pradhAna the hI isalie ve loga dharma pradhAna bhI bana ge| kyoMki anya
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________________ jaina saMskRti 329 do varNoM kI tulanA meM ve adhika sUjha-bUjha vAle the| ataH brAhmaNavAda meM yA brAhmaNa paramparA meM brAhmaNa pramukha the hI zramaNa paramparA meM kSatriya pramukha bana ge| zramaNa saMskRti tathA vaidika saMskRti meM bhedAbheda zramaNa saMskRti tathA vaidika saMskRti donoM hI bhAratIya saMskRti ke aMga haiN| cUMki ye donoM eka hI saMskRti meM aMgIbhUta haiM isalie inheM bilkula virodhI to nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai| kintu donoM svataMtra rUpa se bhAratavarSa meM pravAhita hotI A rahI haiM, isalie donoM ko eka mAna liyA jAe, aisA bhI nahIM ho sakatA hai| taba sthiti bhedAbheda kI banatI hai| kisI eka dRSTi se yadi unameM bheda dikhAI detA hai to kisI anya dRSTi se abheda parilakSita hotA hai| isa bAta ko samajhane ke lie hama yahA~ do binduoM para vicAra kreNge| 1. pravRtti-nivRtti sAmAnya taura se yaha mAnA gayA hai ki vaidika paramparA pravRtti mArgI hai tathA zramaNa paramparA nivRtti maargii| vaidika paramparA meM yajJAdi ke anuSThAna ke phalasvarUpa saMtAna, yaza tathA dhana sampadA kI kAmanA kI jAtI hai jise pravRtti kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai aura vaidika paramparA ko pravRtti mArgI mAna liyA jAtA hai| zramaNa paramparA meM vrata, yoga, sAdhanA, tyAga, tapasyA para bala diyA jAtA hai jisase use nivRtti mArgI kahate haiN| isa AdhAra para donoM paramparA ke bIca bheda samajhA jAtA hai| kintu isI tathya para yadi dUsarI dRSTi se vicAra kareMge to donoM meM abheda najara aaegaa| kisI bhI paramparA meM do pradhAnataH varga hote haiM- (ka) tyAgI, saMnyAsI jisameM RSimuni, zramaNa, sAdhu-sAdhvI hote haiM tathA (kha) gRhastha jinheM zrAvaka-zrAvikA kahate haiN| paramparA koI bhI ho yadi usameM koI sAdhu hai, sAdhvI hai, muni, RSi hai to usakA jIvana nivRttiparaka hogaa| kyoMki pravRtti mArga para calakara koI vyakti sAdhu, muni, RSi, saMnyAsI nahIM ho sakatA hai| yajJa karake usake phalasvarUpa saMtAna, yaza, dhana-dhAnya Adi kI prApti to koI gRhastha hI karatA hai, tyAgI-tapasvI, RSi, muni nhiiN| dharmAtmA yA mahAtmA hone ke lie to nivRtti anivArya hai| isI taraha yadi koI gRhastha hai, zrAvaka hai, zrAvikA hai, pArivArika jIvana yA sAMsArika jIvana jI rahA hai to usake jIvana meM pravRtti hogI hii| binA pravRtti ko apanAe hue koI gRhastha nahIM bana sakatA hai| arthAt gRhastha ke lie pravRtti anivArya hai| kisI bhI paramparA meM na to mAtra saMnyAsI yA zramaNa hote haiM aura na mAtra gRhastha yA shraavk| isalie saMnyAsI zramaNa kI dRSTi se koI bhI paramparA nivRtti mArgI ho sakatI hai aura gRhastha yA zrAvaka kI dRSTi se pravRtti maargii| cUMki zramaNa tathA vaidika donoM hI saMskRtiyoM meM sAdhu, saMnyAsI, muni haiM tathA gRhastha, zrAvaka Adi bhii| isalie donoM hI nivRttiparaka tathA pravRttiparaka haiN| 2. zramaNa-brAhmaNa vaidika paramparA ko brAhmaNa paramparA kahate haiM tathA jaina-bauddha paramparAoM ke lie zramaNa-paramparA nAma AtA hai| donoM ke do nAma haiM aura una nAmoM se donoM meM bheda darzAyA jAtA hai| kintu eka zabda hai- smnn-braahmnn| isake sambandha meM prAcIna granthoM meM ullekha
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________________ 330 milate haiN| yadi samaNa-brAhmaNa ko sahI DhaMga se samajhane kA prayAsa kiyA jAe to donoM hI paramparAoM meM abheda jJAna hogaa| 'samaNa-brAhmaNa' ke viSaya meM DaoN. pAThaka ne likhA hai ki isameM jo brAhmaNa zabda hai vaha varNa vyavasthA meM mAnya brAhmaNa zabda nahIM hai balki usase bhinna hai| kintu maiM jaisA samajhatA hU~ yadi samaNa-brAhmaNa ke brAhmaNa zabda ko varNa vyavasthA kA brAhmaNa bhI mAna liyA jAe to bhI donoM ke bIca sAmaMjasyatA dekhI jA sakatI hai| samaNa-brAhmaNa yA zramaNa-brAhmaNa kauna the isa tathya ko jAnane ke lae isakA artha jAnanA Avazyaka hai| samaNa-brAhmaNa ke nimnalikhita do artha ho sakate haiM(1) samaNa yA zramaNa jisane Atmabodha kara liyA hai vaha brAhmaNa ho gyaa| kyoMki jise Atmabodha ho gayA use paramAtma bodha bhI ho gyaa| kyoMki vaidika paramparA meM AtmA aura paramAtmA meM bheda nahIM mAnA jAtA hai| AtmA, paramAtmA aura brahma saba eka hI tatva ke vividha nAma yA vividha rUpa haiN| jo brahma ko jAnatA hai vahI brAhmaNa hotA hai- 'brahmaM jAnAti iti brAhmaNa:', isa prakAra Atma jJAnI samaNa brahmajJAnI ho jAtA hai aura vaha brAhmaNa ho jAtA hai| use samaNa-brAhmaNa kahA jA sakatA hai| (2) yadi koI vyakti brAhmaNa haiM, brAhmaNa paramparA meM hai| kintu yajJAdi anuSThAnoM meM hone vAlI bali prathA kA vaha virodha karatA hai aura ahiMsAdi vratoM ko apanAkara sAdhanA pUrNa jIvana vyatIta karatA hai to brAhmaNa hote hue bhI vaha samaNa hai| ataH 'samaNa-brAhmaNa' zabda zramaNa paramparA tathA vaidika paramparA ke abheda kA paricAyaka hai| pAda TippaNIH 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, prastAvanA, pR. 5. zramaNa, aMka 8, pR. 33, varSa 1950. eka bUMda eka sAgara, bhAga 4, saM. kusuma prajJA, pR. 1422. zramaNa, aMka 3, pR. 11, varSa 1950 vizva saMskRti kA vikAsa, kAlIdAsa kapUra, paricaya, pR. ka. Kant, Critique of Pure reason, Eng. Tran. Max Mullar, p. 730. Culture is the complex whole that consists of everything we think and do have a member of society Robert Bierstedt, The Social Order, p. 829 Culture is the expression of our nature in our modes I living and I thinking, in our everyday intercourse in art, in literature, in reliagion, in recreation and in enjoyment, Society, Macdver and Page. 9. samAjazAstra, jI. ke. agravAla, pR.299 10. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, rAjapAla eNDa sansa, kazmIrI geTa, dillI, pR. 11 11. prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, DaoN. jayazaMkara mizra, pR.15-16
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________________ jaina saMskRti 12. " he mora cita, puNyatIrthe jAgo re dhIre, eI bhAratera mahAmAnavera, sAgara-tIre, keha na jAne, kAra AhvAne, kata mAnuSera dhArA durbAra srote elo kothA hate, samudra halo haaraa| thAya Arya, hethA anArya, hethAya dravir3a - cIna, zaka - hUNa dala, pAThAna, mogala eka dehe holo lIna, raNadhArA bAhi, jayagAnagAhi, unmAda kalarave bhedi marU pratha, giri parvata yArA ese chilo sabai / tArA mora mAjhe savAI virAje ke ho nahe-nahe dUra, AbhAra zoNite yethe dhvanita tAri vicitra suur|" vahI / 13. 14. vahI, pR. 4-5 15. yatra nAryastu pUjyaMte ramante tatra devatA / yatraitAstu na pUjyante sarvAstatrAphalAH kriyA||56|| zocayanti jAmayo yatra vinazyatyAzu tatkulam / na zocayanti tu yatraitA vardhate taddhi sarvadA |1571 tasmAdetAH sadA pUjyA bhUSaNAcchAdanAzanaiH / bhUtikAmairnarainityaM satkAreSUtsaveSu ca // 5911 - 16. jaha mama na piyaM dukkhaM emeva savvajIvANaM / na haNai na haNAvei ya samaNaI tena samaNo / / dazavaikAlika niyukti, gAthA - 154 17. natthi ya si koI veso pio va savvesu ceva jIvesu / eeNa hoI samaNo eso anno'vi pajjAo / / - vahI, gAthA - 155 18. so samaNo jaI sumaNo bhAveNa ya jai na hoi pAvamaNo / bhAratIya saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pR. 3 manusmRti, adhyAya-3 - samaNe ya jaNe ya samo ya mANAvamANesu / / - vahI, gAthA - 156 19. na vi muNDieNa samaNo da. ni. gAthA - 157 20. uragagirijalaNa sAgara nahayalataruNagaNa samo jo hoi / eeNa bhamara giradharaNijalaruharavipavaNa samo jao samaNo / / da.ni. - gAthA - 157. 21. zramaNa, aMka 8, pR. 15, varSa 1950 22. vahI, pR. 16 23. vahI, aMka 1, pR. 20, varSa 1949 24. vizva kI prAcIna sabhyatA kA itihAsa, DaoN. suzIla mAdhava pAThaka, pR. 552 331 25. "The doctrine of Karman constituted the essential doctrine of the Sramanas and its impact created an unprecedented ferment in the thought world of the sixth century B.C. in India ......... I had also argued that the essence of this heterodoxy insisted in the doctrine of Karman and rebirth as also in the practice of asceticism and Yoga. In this since this heterodox stream could perhaps be traced back to the Indus civilization. While this is undoubtedly
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________________ 332 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha speculative it does not remain possibility which could only be confirmed of and when the Indus script could be deciphered Sraman tradition. It ... contribution to Indian culture p.2. 26. Jaina Culture, Dr. M.L. Mehta, p. 6-7 27. "The phenomenal thought format has been noted by many scholars but its genesis and significance have been explained in many different ways. The commonest assumption has been that this thought format was a reaction to the Vedic ritualism" 28. jainadharma kI prAcInatA, DaoN. vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA; zramaNa, 1969, aMka6, pR.22, varSa-20%; Early History of India, N.N. Ghose, p.44. 29. purovAk, pR.6 30. zramaNa, 1970, aMka 12, pR.6. 31. vahI, 32. vahI, pR.7 33. vahI, 34. Vratya as initiated in vratas. Hence vratya means a person who has voluntarily accepted the moral code of vows for his own spiritual discipline. Dr. Hebar uddhRta, zramaNa saMskRti kI prAcInatA, devendra muni zAstrI, zramaNa-1969, aMka 12, pR.5 viyate yad tad vratam, vrate sAdhu kuzale vA iti vraatyH| zramaNa 1969 aMka 12, pR.7 36. vahI, pR.6 37. vahI, pR.7, vaidika iNDeksa, dUsarI jilda 1958, pR.343-maikDaoNlana aura kiith| 38. vahI, pR.7 39. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pR.125 40. dvijAtayA sarvarvarNAsu, janayantyavratAMstu yaan| tAnsAvitrI paribhraSTAntrAtyAniti vinirdishet|| - manusmRti 10/20 41. vrAtyAn vrAtyatAM AcArahInatAM prApya pravasantA pravAsaM kurvt| - taannddymhaabraahmnnsaaynnbhaassy| 42. vrAtyA saMskAravarjitaH / vrate sAdhuH kAlo vrAtyaH / tatra bhavo vrAtyaH prAyazcittAhaH, saMskAro'tra upanayanaM tena varjitaH/ abhidhAnacintAmaNi koSa-3/518 43. purovAk, pR.10 44. vahI, pR.11 45. munayo vAta'razanA pizaMgA vasate mlaa| vAtasyAnudhrAjimyanti yaddevaso aviksst|| unmAditA maunayena vAtAM A tasthimA vym| zarIredasmAkaM yUyaM martAso abhipshyth|| - Rgveda uddhRta zramaNa 1970 aMka-12, pR.7 46. zramaNa-1970, aMka-12, pR.7
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________________ jaina saMskRti 47. vahI, pR.8 48. viSNupurANa - 3/18/12 3/18/13, 14 3/18/25 3/18/8-11 uddhRta zramaNa 1970, aMka12, pU. 10 49. purovAk ..... pR. 7 50. " dharmakSetre kurukSetre samavetA yuyutsava' zrImadbhagavadgItA, zloka - 1, adhyAya-1 51. ahiMsA sakalo dharmo hiMsAdharmastavAhitaH 11201 adhyAya-272, zAntiparva, mahAbhArata, udghRta jainadharma meM ahiMsA, DaoN. vaziSTha nArAyaNa sinhA, pR.30 52. According to the tradition of the Svetambara Jainas the liberation took place 470 years before the beginning of the vikrama Era. The tradition of the Digambara Jaina maintains that Lord Mahavira attained liberation 605 years before the beginning of the Saka Era. By either mode of calculation the date comes to 527 B.C. since the Lord attained emancipation of the age of 72, his birth must have been around 599 B.C. this makes Mahavira a slightly older contemporary of Buddha who probably lived about 567487 B.C. - Jaina culture, Dr. Mohan Lal Mehta, p. 10 53. vahI, pR.14 54. vahI, pR.14-15 55. Lord Mahavira was the head of an excellent community of 14000 monks, 36000 nuns, 159000 male votaries and 318000 females' votaries. The four groups designated as monks, nuns, laymen and laywomen constitute the four fold order of Jainism. - Jaina Culture, P. 15. 56. vahI, pR.16-17 57. vahI, pR. 18 58. vahI, pR. 19 " 59. vahI, pR. 19 60. bhAratIya saMskRti buddha aura mahAvIra, muni nathamala, gurudeva smRti grantha, pR. 160. 61. Jain Culture, Dr. Mohanlal Mehta, p. 4. 62. vArAmAsA, jaina bhajanamAlA, paMDita sohanalAla, jainasabhA, amRtasara, vi.sa. 1959 333
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________________ tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA nirvANa sthala DaoN. ramezacandra jaina* bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke nirvANa sthala ke viSaya meM tiloyapaNNattI meM nimnalikhita gAthA prApta hotI hai mAghassa kiNha coddasi-puvvaNhe Niyaya jamma nnkkhtte| aTThAvayammi usaho ajudeNa samaM gao mokkhN||1196 RSabhadeva mAghakRSNa caturdazI ke pUrvAhna meM apane janma (uttarASADhA) nakSatra ke rahate aSTApada (kailAza parvata) se dasa hajAra munirAjoM ke sAtha mokSa ge| AcArya kundakunda ne nirvANabhakti meM likhA hai aTThAvayammi usaho caMpAe vAsupujja jinnnnaaho| ujjaMte NemijiNo pAvAe Nivvudo mhaaviiro|| nirvANa bhakti-1 aSTApada para RSabhanAtha, campApura meM vAsupUjya jinendra, Urjayanta giri (giranAra parvata) para neminAtha aura pAvApara meM mahAvIra svAmI nirvANa ko prApta hue| yahA~ yaha bhI kahA gayA hai NAyakumAra muNiMdo bAlimahAbAli ceva ajjheyaa| aTThAvayagirisihare NivvANagayA Namo tesiN|| nirvANabhakti-15 nAgakumAra munirAja, bAlI aura mahAbAlI aSTApada parvata ke zikhara para nirvANa ko prApta hue| unheM namaskAra ho| AcArya jinasena ne harivaMzapurANa meM kahA hai - munigaNa aura devoM ke samUha se pUjita caraNoM ke dhAraka zrI vRSabhajinendra saMsAra rUpI sAgara ke jala se pAra karane meM samartha ratnatraya rUpa bhAvatIrtha kA pravartana kara kalpAntakAla taka sthira rahane vAle tathA tribhuvana janahitakArI kSetra tIrtha ko pravartana ke lie svabhAvavaza (icchA ke binA hI) kailAza parvata para usa taraha ArUr3ha ho gae, jisa taraha ki dedIpyamAna prabhA kA dhAraka vRSa kA sUrya niSadhAcala para ArUr3ha hotA hai| sphaTika maNi kI zilAoM ke samUha se ramaNIya usa kailAza parvata para ArUr3ha hokara bhagavAna ne eka hajAra rAjAoM ke sAtha yoga nirodha kiyA aura anta meM cAra aghAtiyA karmoM kA antakara nirmala mAlAoM ke dhAraka devoM se pUjita ho ananta sukha ke sthalabhUta mokSa sthAna ko prApta kiyaa| * jaina mandira ke pAsa, bijanaura, u.pra.
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________________ tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA nirvANa sthala 335 cakravartI bharata ne bhI kailAza parvata se nirvANa prApta kiyaa| cakravartI sAgara ke sATha hajAra putra kisI samaya kailAza parvata para ge| vahAM ATha pAdasthAna banAkara daNDaratna se bhUmi khodane lage, parantu isa kriyA se kupita hokara nAgarAja ne una sabako bhasma kara diyaa| padmapurANa meM kahA gayA hai athAsau lokamuttIrya prabhUtaM bhvsaagraat| kailAzazikhare prApa nivRttiM naabhinNdnH||4-130. bhagavAn RSabhadeva saMsAra sAgara se aneka prANiyoM kA uddhArakara kailAza parvata ke zikhara se mokSa ko prApta hue| kailAza parvata hI aSTApada parvata hai; kyoMki padmapurANa ke dvitIya parva meM ise aSTApada nAma se abhihita kiyA hai mahimnA sarvasAkAzaM saMchAhova vyvsthite| parvate'STApade ramye bhagavAniva nAbhijaH / / 2-108 arthAt jisa prakAra atyanta ramaNIya aSTApada para bhagavAn vRSabhadeva virAjamAna hue the, usI prakAra ukta vipulAcala para bhagavAn varddhamAna jinendra virAjamAna hue| eka bAra kailAza parvata para bAli muni ke tapa ke prabhAva se apanA vimAna rukA huA jAnakara rAvaNa kupita huA aura vidyAoM kI sahAyatA se use samudra meM pheMkane ke lie tatpara ho gyaa| usa parvata para cakravartI bharata ne nAnA prakAra ke sarvaratnamayI U~ce-U~ce jinamandira banavAe the| bhakti se bhare sura aura asura pratidina inakI pUjA karate the| isa parvata ke vicalita hone se ye jina mandira naSTa na ho jAyeM aisA vicAra kara zubha dhyAna ke nikaTa hI jinakI cetanA thI, aise munirAja bali ne parvata ke mastaka ko apane paira ke aMgUThe se dabA diyaa| aisA hone para rAvaNa parvata ke bhAra se dabane lgaa| usa samaya cUMki usane sarva prayatna se cillAkara samasta saMsAra ko zabdAyamAna kara diyA thA, isalie vaha pIche calakara sarvatra pracalita 'rAvaNa' isa nAma ko prApta huaa| AcArya pUjyapAda ne nirvANa bhakti meM likhA hai kailAzazailazikhare parinirvRto'sau zaileSibhAvamupapadya vRSo mhaatmaa||20|| zaileSI bhAva ko prApta hokara mahAtmA vaSabhadeva kailAza parvata ke zikhara se mukta hue| padmapurANa ke 98veM parva meM kahA gayA hai tato bhartAmayA saardhmudhuktcaityvndne| jinendraatishysthaanessvtyntvibhktaanvitH| agadIta prathamaM sIte gtvaassttaapdprvtm| RSabhaM bhuvanAnandaM praNaMsyAvaH kRtaarcnau||
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________________ 336 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha arthAt anantara bharttA mere sAtha atyanta vaibhava se yukta hokara jinendra bhagavAna ke atizaya sthAnoM meM caityavandana ke lie udyata hue tathA kahA ki sarvaprathama hama aSTApada parvata para jAkara bhuvana ko Ananda dene vAle RSabha kI arcanA kara praNAma kreN| varAMgacarita ke 21veM sarga meM kahA gayA hai kailAzazaile vRSabhe mahAtmA campApure caiva hi vAsupUjyaH / dazArhanAthaH punarurjayante pAvApure zrIjinavarddhamAnaH / / varAMgacarita-21/91 kailAza parvata para mahAtmA vRSabha, campApura para vAsupUjya, giranAra para neminAtha tathA pAvApura meM zrIjinavarddhamAna mokSa ge| uttara purANa ke anusAra isa kailAza parvata para bharata cakravartI ne mahAratnoM se arahanta deva ke caubIsa mandira banavAe the| sagara cakravartI ne apane putro ko Adeza diyA thA ki tuma loga usa parvata ke cAroM ora gaMgA nadI ko una mandiroM kI parikhA banA do| una rAjaputroM ne bhI pitA kI AjJAnusAra daNDaratna se vaha kAma zIghra hI kara diyA / jaba sagara ke prapautra bhagIratha ne sagara tathA usake putroM kA sammeda zikhara se nirvANa gamana sunA to usakA mana nirveda se bhara gyaa| usane varadatta ke lie apanI rAjya zrI sauMpakara kailAza parvata para zivagupta nAmaka mahAmuni se dIkSA le lI tathA gaMgA nadI ke taTa para pratimAyoga dhAraNa kara liyaa| indra ne kSIrasAgara ke jala se mahAmuni bhagIratha ke caraNoM kA abhiSeka kiyA, jisakA pravAha gaMgA meM jAkara mila gyaa| usI samaya se gaMgA nadI bhI isa loka meM tIrtharUpatA ko prApta huI / 1180 se 1240 I. ke madana kIrti ne zAsana catustriMzikA meM kahA haikailAze jinabimbamuttamadhamata-sauvarNavarNaMsurAH / vandyante'dya digambaraM taddmala digvAsasAM zAsanam // kailAza parvata para deva loga camakate hue jinabimboM kI vandanA karate haiM vaha nirmala digambara zAsana Aja bhI vandanIya hai| prAkRta nirvANakANDa meM kahA gayA hai aTThAvayammi usaho caMpAe vAsupujjajiNaNAho / ujjate nemijiNo pAvAe Nivvudo mahAvIro / / arthAt aSTApada se jinanAtha RSabha, campA se vAsupUjya, giranAra se nemijina tathA pAvApura se mahAvIra nirvRtta hue / bArahavIM sadI ke bAda ke udayakIrti ne apanI apabhraMza racanA tIrthavandanA meM kahA hai kailAsasihari siririsahaNAhu jo siddhau payaDami dhammalA hu / puNu caMpaNari jiNavAsupujju nivvANapatta chaMDevi rajju / / arthAt karma rUpI rajju tyAgakara RSabhanAthane kailAza parvata se, tathA vAsupUjyane campApura se nirvANa prApta kiyaa|
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________________ tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA nirvANa sthala 337 bodhaprAbhRta kI TIkA meM zrutasAgara ne tIrthaMkara ke paJcakalyANaka sthAnoM meM kailAzASTApada ko ginAyA hai| pandrahavIM zatAbdI ke guNakIrti ne apanI marAThI tIrthavandanA meM kahA hai kavilAsa parvati zrI yugAdideva AdIzvara siddha jaale| megharAja ne gujarAtI tIrthavandanA meM kailAzaparvata kA smaraNa kiyA hai kailAsa AdijinaMda vAsapujja cNpaapuriie| siddhavIrajinaMda nagara kahu pAvApurIe / / 2 / / solahavIM sadI ke madhya hone vAle sumatisAgara ne jambUdvIpa jayamAla meM aSTApada kA ullekha kiyA hai __ aSTApada saMmedagiri caMpApuri pAvApuri mahAmuni jina khiyaa| kevalajJAna sucaMdra prakAze je lhiyaa| isI prakAra jJAnasAgara, jayasAgara, cimaNA paMDita, merucandra, rAghava, paMDita dilasukha, kavIndra sevaka Adi ne kailAza parvata yA aSTApada kA ullekha kiyA hai| nAgakumAra, vyAla, mahAvyAla Adi kA nirvANa yahIM haa| bhaiyA bhagavatIdAsa ne nirvANa kANDa meM kahA hai vyAla mahAvyAla muni doya nAgakumAra mile traya hoy| zrI aSTApada mukti majhAra te vandoM nita surata sNbhaar|| vartamAna meM kailAza parvata kI kevala pradakSiNA hI kI jA sakatI hai| usapara car3hanA sambhava nahIM. kyoMki AThoM dizAoM meM isake taTa kATe hue se koI do hajAra phITa UMcaM haiN| isa parvata ke samIpa suprasiddha mAna sarovara tathA rAvaNa hrada nAmaka vizAla jhIle haiN| kailAza parvata se sambaMdhita aneka saMsmaraNa jaina purANoM meM prApta hote haiN| tRtIya kAla ke anta meM nAbhirAya ke putra bhagavAna RSabhadeva vihAra karate hue apanI icchA se pRthvI ke mukuTabhUta kailAza parvata para Akara virAjamAna hue| vahAM para AsIna hue una bhagavAna RSabhedava kI devI ne bhakti pUrvaka pUjA kI tathA jur3e hue hAthoM ko mukuTa se lagAkara stuti kii| usI parvata para trijagadguru bhagavAna ko kevalajJAna kI prApti huI, usase harSita hokara indra ne vahA~ samavasaraNa kI racanA kraayii| mahArAja bharata ne manuSya aura devoM se pUjita una jinendradeva kI artha se bhare hue aneka stotroM dvArA pUjA kI tathA vinaya se nata hokara apane yogya sthAna para baiTha ge| unhoMne prazna kiyA ki Apake samAna aura kitane sarvajJa-tIrthaMkara hoMge? mere samAna kitane cakravartI hoMge? kitane nArAyaNa, kitane balabhadra aura kitane unake zatru pratinArAyaNa hoMge? unakA atIta caritra kaisA thA? vartamAna meM aura bhaviSya meM kaisA hogA? ve saba kisa nAma ke dhAraka hoMge? kisa-kisa gotra meM utpanna hoMge? unake sahodara kauna-kauna hoMge? unake kyA-kyA lakSaNa hoMge? ve kisa AkAra ke dhAraka hoMge? unake kyA-kyA AbhUSaNa aura astra hoMge? unakI Ayu aura zarIra kA pramANa kyA hogA? eka-dUsare meM kitanA antara hogA? kisa yuga meM kitane yugoM ke aMza hote haiM? eka yuga
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________________ 338 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha se dUsare yuga meM kitanA antara hogA? yugoM kA parivartana kitanI bAra hotA hai? yuga ke kauna se bhAga meM manu utpanna hote haiM? ve kyA jAnate haiM? eka manu se dUsare manu ke utpanna hone taka kitanA antarAla hotA hai? isake sivAya loka kA svarUpa, kAla kA avataraNa, vaMzoM kI utpatti, vinAza aura sthiti, kSatriya Adi vargoM kI utpatti bhI maiM sunanA cAhatA huuN| mahArAja bharata ne jo kucha pUchA thA, usa sabake viSaya meM bhagavAna ne kramapUrvaka khaa| eka bAra rAjarSi bharata ko eka sAtha tIna samAcAra mAlUma hue ki pUjya pitA ko kevalajJAna huA hai, anta:pura meM putra kA janma huA hai aura AyudhazAlA meM cakraratna prakaTa huA hai| bharata mahArAja ne socA ki sabase pahale dharmakArya hI karanA cAhie, kyoMki vaha kalyANoM ko prApta karAne vAlA hai| isalie jinendra deva kI sarvaprathama pUjana karanA caahie| bharata ne senA sahita jAkara bhagavAna kI stuti kii| anantara tatvoM kA svarUpa puuchaa| tIrthaMkara bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne atizaya gambhIra vANI dvArA tatvoM kA vistAra ke sAtha vivecana kiyaa| puNyAsrava kathAkoza meM jayakumAra tathA sulocanA se sambaMdhita kathA AI hai, jo isa prakAra hai- kisI samaya saudharma indra apanI sabhA meM vrata va zIla ke svarUpa kA nirUpaNa kara rahA thaa| usa samaya ratiprabha nAmaka deva ne usase pUchA ki he deva! jambUdvIpa ke bhItara sthita bharata kSetra meM isa prakAra nirmala zIla kA paripAlana karane vAlA koI hai yA nahIM? uttara meM indra ne kahA ki kurujAMgala deza ke bhItara sthita hastinApura kA adhipati meghezvara nirmala zIla kA dhAraka hai| usakI patnI sulocanA bhI nirmala zIla kA pAlana karane vAlI hai| usa meghezvara ne cUMki pUrvabhava meM vidyAoM ko siddha kiyA thA, isIlie use eka vidyAdhara yugala ko dekhakara jAti smaraNa ho jAne se ve saba vidyAoM prApta ho gyiiN| sAtha hI usakI patnI sulocanA ko bhI ve vidyAyeM prApta ho gayIM haiN| isa samaya usane sulocanA ke sAtha kailAza parvata kI vandanA kii| tatpazcAt usane samavasaraNa se nikalakara eka sthAna meM sulocanA ke sAtha krIr3A kii| isa samaya sulocanA ko vimAna ke bhItara nIMda A jAne se jayakumAra vana meM krIr3A karatA huA eka ramaNIya zilA ko dekhakara usake Upara dhyAna se sthita hai| sulocanA uThI to vaha bhI jayakumAra ko na dekhakara kAyotsarga meM sthita ho gii| ratiprema deva ne deviyoM ko bhejakara jayakumAra ko zIla se bhraSTa karane kA prayatna kiyA tathA svayaM sulocanA ke citta ko calAyamAna karane kA prayatna kiyA, kintu ve saba saphala nahIM hue| taba vaha deva una donoM ko eka sAtha lekara hastinApura gyaa| vahA~ usane una donoM kA gaMgAjala se abhiSeka karake svargIya vastrAbhUSaNoM se pUjA kii| tatpazcAt vaha samyagdRSTi deva svargaloka vApisa calA gyaa| puNyAsrava kathAkoza meM nAgakumAra kI kathA AI hai| usameM kahA gayA hai ki pratApandhara muni ne cauMsaTha varSa taka tapazcaraNa kiyaa| unheM kailAza parvata ke Upara kevalajJAna prApta huaa| usI prakAra vyAla, mahAvyAla, acchedya aura abhedya bhI kevalajJAnI hue| nAgakumAra (pratApandhara) kevalI chayAsaTha varSa taka vihAra karake usI parvata se mukti ko prApta hue| vyAlAdi bhI mukti ko prApta hue| vaha nAgakumAra nemi jinendra ke tIrtha meM utpanna
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________________ tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA nirvANa sthala huA thaa| usakA kumArakAla 70 varSa, rAjyakAla 80 varSa, chadmasthakAla 64 varSa, aura kevalikAla 66 varSa pramANa thA / isa prakAra usakI Ayu eka hajAra varSa pramANa thii| puNyAsrava kathAkoza" meM sagara cakravartI ke sATha hajAra putroM dvArA kailAza parvata ke cAroM ora jala se paripUrNa khAI ko daNDaratna se khodane kI kathA AI hai| prabhAcandrakRta ArAdhanA kathA prabaMdha meM bhI yaha kathA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra kI sukhabodhA TIkA meM likhA hai ki eka bAra koDinna, dinna aura sevAlI tInoM tApasa apane apane pAMca-pAMca sau ziSyoM ke sAtha aSTApada parvata para car3hane ke lie aae| koDinna ekAntara tapa karatA aura kandamUla khAtA thaa| dinna bele tele kI tapasyA karatA aura bhUmi para gire hue patte khAkara nirvAha karatA thaa| sevAlI tele - tele kI tapasyA karatA thA aura sevAla khAkara jIvana nirvAha karatA thA / 339 isase spaSTa hai ki kailAza parvata tApasoM kA bhI nivAsa thaa| muni nathamala ne 'uttarAdhyayana : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana' meM citta sambhUti prakaraNa ke sandarbha meM eka kathA dI hai - isI bharata kSetra ke vaitADhya parvata kI dakSiNa zreNI meM ziva mandira nAma kA nagara thaa| vahA~ jvalana siMha nAmaka rAjA rAjya karatA thA / usakI mahArAnI kA nAma vidyut zikhA thaa| una donoM kI do putriyA~ thiiN| unake bar3e bhAI kA nAma nATyonmatta thaa| eka bAra unake pitA agnizikha mitra ke sAtha goSThI meM baiThe the| unhoMne AkAza kI ora dekhaa| aneka deva tathA asura aSTApada parva ke abhimukha jinendra deva kI vandanArtha jA rahe the| rAjA bhI apane mitra tathA beTiyoM ke sAtha usI ora cala pdd'aa| saba aSTApada parvata para phuNce| jinendradeva kI pratimAoM kI vandanA kii| sugandhita dravyoM se arcA kii| tIna pradakSiNA kara lauTa rahe the| unhoMne dekhA ki eka azoka vRkSa ke nIce do muni khar3e haiN| ve cAraNalabdhi sampanna the| hama unake pAsa ge| vandanA kara baiTha ge| unhoMne dharmakathA kahI saMsAra asAra hai| zarIra vinAzazIla hai| jIvana zaradaRtu ke bAdaloM kI taraha hai| yauvana vidyut ke samAna caMcala hai| bhoga kiMpAka phala jaise haiN| indriyajanya sukha saMsAra ke rAga kI taraha hai| lakSmI kuzAgra para Tike hue pAnI kI bUMda kI taraha caMcala hai| duHkha sulabha hai, sukha durlabha hai, mRtyu sarvatragAmI hai| aisI sthiti meM prANI ko moha kA bandhana tor3anA cAhie | jinendrapraNIta dharma meM mana lagAnA cAhie " | isase spaSTa hai ki aSTApada para RddhidhArI jainamuni vihAra kiyA karate the| zrI bAhuvalI svAmI ko kailAza parvata se nirvANa prApta huaa| isa sambandha meM AcArya jinasena AdipurANa meM ullekha karate haiM itthaM sa vizvIdvizvaM prINayan svavaco'mRtaiH kailAzamacalaM prApata pUtaM saMnidhinA guroH 1136/203 arthAt samasta vizva ke padArthoM ko jAnane vAle bAhubalI apane vacanarUpI amRta ke dvArA samasta saMsAra ko santuSTa karate hue pUjya pitA bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke sAmIpya se pavitra hue kailAza parvata para jA phuNce|
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________________ 340 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha ayodhyA nagarI ke rAjA tridazaMjaya kI rAnI indurekhA thii| unake jitazatru nAmaka putra thaa| jitazatra ke sAtha podanapura nareza vyAnanda kI putrI vijayA kA vivAha huA thaa| dvitIya tIrthaMkara ajitanAtha inhIM ke kuladIpaka putra the| bhagavAna ke pitAmaha tridazaMjaya ne munidIkSA le lI aura kailAza parvata se mukta hue| hariSeNa cakravartI kA putra harivAhana thaa| usane kailAza parvata para dIkSA lI aura vahIM se nirvANa prApta kiyaa| harivAhana duddhara bahu dhrhu| muni hariSeNa aMga tau criu| ghAticaukka kamma khaU kiyu| kevalaNANa udaya taba hyuu|| niru sacarAcaru pekhiu lou| puNi tiNijAya diyau nirujou|| anta yAli saMnyAsa krey| aTThasiddhi guNi hiyaU dhreu|| suddha samAdhi ceyaviya paann| niruvama suha pattau nivvaann|| __ - kavi zaMkarakRta hariSeNacarita, 707-709, (racanAkAla 1526) vividha tIrthakalpa meM jinaprabhasUri ne 'aSTApadakalpa' nAmaka kalpa kI racanA kI hai| usameM likhA hai -indra ne aSTApada para ratnatraya ke pratIka tIna stUpa bnaae| -bharata cakravartI ne yahA~ cAra siMhaniSadyA banavAyIM, jinameM siddha pratimAyeM virAjamAna kraayiiN| unhoMne yahA~ caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM aura ninyAnave bhAIyoM ke stUpa bhI banavAe the| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke mokSa jAne para unakI citA devoM ne pUrva dizA meM bnaaii| bhagavAna ke sAtha jo muni mokSa gae the, unameM jo ikSvAkuvaMzI the, unakI citA dakSiNa dizA meM tathA zeSa muniyoM kI citA pazcima dizA meM banAI gii| bAda meM tInoM dizAoM meM citAoM ke sthAna para devoM ne tIna stUpoM kI racanA kii| aneka jaina granthoM meM ullekha milatA hai ki kailAza para bharata cakravartI tathA anya aneka rAjAoM ne ratna pratimAyeM sthApita karAyI thiiN| yathA kailAzazakhare ramye yathA bhrtckrinnaa| sthApitAH pratimA vA jinaaytnpNktissu|| tathA sUryaprabheNA'pi ................................ / -hariSeNa kathAkoSa - 56/5. ye parvata paMcama kAla meM naSTa ho gae, isa prakAra kI nizcita sUcanA bhaviSyavANI ke rUpa meM prApta hotI hai kailAze parvate santi bhavanAni jineshinaaN| caturviMzati saMkhyAni kRtAni mnnikaanycnaiH|| surAsura narAdhIzairvanditAni divaanishm| yAsyanti du:Same kAle nAzaM tskraadibhiH|| -hariSeNa kRta bRhatkathAkoSa- 119 arthAt kailAza parvata para maNi ratnoM ke bane hue tIrthaMkaroM ke caubIsa bhavana haiN|
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________________ tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA nirvANa sthala 341 sura, asura aura rAjA loga unakI vandanA karate rahate haiN| duHSama (paMcama) kAla meM taskara Adi ke dvArA ve naSTa ho jaayeNge| nAbhirAya ke nirvANa ke viSaya meM zrImadbhAgavata meM maharSi zukadeva ne likhA hai "viditAnurAgamApaura prakRtiM janapado rAjA nAbhirAjatmajaM samayasetu rakSAyAmabhiSicya saha marudevyA vizAlAyAM prasannanipuNena tapasA samAdhiyogena mhimaanmvaap|" arthAt janatA bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko prema karatI thI aura unameM zraddhA rakhatI thii| yaha dekhakara rAjA nAbhirAya dharma maryAdA kI rakSA ke lie apane putra RSabhadeva kA rAjyAbhiSeka kara vizAla (badarikAzrama) meM marudevI sahita prasanna mana se ghora tapa hue yathAkAla jIvanmukti ko prApta hue| jahAM mAtA marudevI ne tapa kiyA thA, vahAM logoM ne mandira banAkara unake prati apanI bhakti prakaTa kii| yaha mandira mANA gAMva ke nikaTa hai| sambhavataH jisa sthAna para baiThakara nAbhirAya ne jIvanmukti prApta kI thI, usa sthAna para unake caraNa sthApita kara die ge| ye caraNa badarInAtha mandira ke pIche parvata para bane hae haiN| unake nikaTa hI bhagavAna RSabhadeva kA vizAla mandira nirmita hai, jisakI mUrti digambara jaina tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI hai|6| padmacarita se jJAta hotA hai ki aJjanA aura pavanaJjaya kA vivAha mAnasarovara ke samIpa hI huA thaa| yuddha ke prasaMga meM vahAM par3Ava DAlane para usane vivAha ke samaya sevita sthAnoM ko gaura se dekhaa| aJjanA kI yAda ke kAraNa ve saba sthAna use netroM ke sAmane Ane para zoka ke kAraNa ho gae aura marmabheda karane vAloM ke samAna duHsaha ho utthe| pavanaMjaya ne vidyA ke bala se eka aisA manohara mahala banAyA thA, jisameM aneka khaNDa the tathA jisakI lambAI, caur3AI aura U~cAI anurUpa thii| usa mahala ke Upara ke khaNDa para mitra ke sAtha svacchanda vArtAlApa karatA huA pavanaMjaya utkRSTa Asana para virAjamAna thaa| yuddha kI vArtA se usakA harSa bar3ha rahA thaa| pavanaMjaya jharokhoM ke mArga se kinAre ke vRkSoM ko tathA manda-manda vAyu se hilate hue mAnasarovara ko dekha rahA thaa| bhayaMkara kachue, mIna, naka, garvIle magara tathA aneka jala-jantu sarovara meM lahareM utpanna kara rahe the| dhule hue sphaTika ke samAna svaccha tathA kamaloM aura nIlakamaloM se suzobhita usa sarovara kA jala haMsa, kAraNDava, krauJca aura sArasa pakSiyoM se atyadhika suzobhita ho rahA thaa| usake madhya meM bhramariyoM kA utkRSTa jhaMkAra sunAI detA thaa| usa sarovara ke kinAre pavanaJjaya ne eka cakavI dekhii| vaha cakavI akelI hone ke kAraNa atyanta vyAkula thii| usakI karuNa dazA dekhakara pavanaMjaya ko aJjanA kI yAda aaii| kailAza kI AkRti vartamAna meM aise liMgAkAra kI hai, jo SoDaza dala ke kamala ke madhya khar3A ho| ina SoDaza dala vAle zikharoM meM do jhukakara lambe ho gae haiN| isI bhAga se kailAza kA jala gaurIkaNDa meM giratA hai| kailAza ina saba parvatoM meM U~cA hai| usakA raMga kaisATI ke Thosa patthara jaisA hai| barpha se Dhake rahane ke kAraNa yaha rajata dikhAI detA hai|
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________________ 342 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha dUsare zRMga lAla maTamaile patthara ke haiN| mAnasarovara kI ora se isakI car3hAI Der3ha mIla kI hai| yaha bahuta kaThina hai| kailAza ke zikhara ke cAroM ora konoM meM aisI maMdira AkRtiyAM svataH banI huI haiM, jaise bahuta mandiroM ke zikhara para cAroM ora banI hotI haiN| tibbata kI ora se yaha parvata DhalAna vAlA hai| udhara tibbatiyoM ke bahuta se mandira bane haiN| tibbata ke logoM meM kailAza ke prati bahuta zraddhA hai| liMga pUjA zabda kA pracalana tibbata se prArambha huA hai| tibbatI bhASA meM liMga kA artha kSetra hai| kalaM sandarbha: 1. itthaM kRtvA samarthaM bhavajaladhijalottAraNe bhAvatIrtha kalpAntasthAyi bhUyastribhuvanahitakRt kSetratIrthaM sa krtum| svAbhAvyAdAruroha zramaNagaNasuravAtasampUjyapAdaH kailAzAkhyaM mahIdhaM niSadhamivavRSAditya iddhprbhaaddhyH|| tasminnadrau jinendraH sphaTikamaNizilAjAlaramye niSaNNo yogAnAM sannirodhaM saha dazabhirathoyoginAM yaiH shsraiH| kRtvA kRtvAntamadhye caturaparamahAkarmabhedasyazarma sthAnaM sthAnaM sa saiddhaM smgmdmlsrgdhraabhyy'maanH|| 81 (haraviMzapurANa 12/80-81) 2. vahI, 13/6. vahI, 13/28-29. padmapurANa 9/104-153. rAjJapyAjJApitA yUyaM kailAze bhrteshinaa| gRhAH kRtAH mahAratnaiH cturviNshtirhetaam| teSAM gaGgAM prakurvidhva parikhAM parito girim| ati te'pi tathA kurvan daNDaratnena stvrm|| - uttarapurANa - 48/107-108. nirvANagamanaM teSAM zrutvA nirvinnnnmaansH| varadattAya dattvAtmarAjyalakSmI bhgiirthH|| kailAzaparvate dIkSAM shivguptmhaamuneH| AdAyapratiyogadhAryabhRta svrdhniittte|| surendreNAsya dugdhaabdhipyobhirbhissecnaat| kramayostata pravAhasya gaGgAyAH saMgame sti|| tadA prabhRti tIrthatvaM gnggaapysminnupaagtaa| katvotkaSTaM tapo gaGgAtaTe'sau nirvtiNgtH|| - uttarapurANa - 48/138-141. 7. dekhiye, DaoN. vidyAdhara johArapurakA dvArA sampAdita tiirthvndnsNgrh| AdipurANa prathama prv| 8. puNyAsrava kathAkoza, kathAMka 26-27. puNyAsrava kathAkoza, kathAMka 34. 10. vahI, kathAMka 47. 11. sukhabodhA patra saM. 155.
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________________ tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA nirvANa sthala 12 muni nathamala, uttarAdhyayana eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR. 297. 13. paM. balabhadra jaina, bhArata ke digambara jaina tIrtha, prathama bhAga, pU. 86. 14. vahI, pU. 86. 15. vahI, pR. 86-87. 16. paM. balabhadra jaina, vahI, pR. 91. 17. padmacarita 16/17-18. 18. vahI, 16 / 101-107. 19. AcArya jinasena kRta AdinAtha parizIlana, pR. 273; zrIrAmajIta jaina eDavokeTa kA lekha 'AdipurANa meM varNita kSetra aura unakI vartamAna sthiti'| 343
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________________ jainadharma ke caubIsa tIrthaMkara DaoN. zarmilA jaina* jainadharma bhAratabhUmi kA prAcIna dharma hai| yaha dharma AcaraNa para vizeSa bala detA hai| AcaraNa ke dvArA saMsArI AtmA paramAtmA bana jAtI hai| jainadharma kA AcAra mArga apanAkara jina mahApuruSoM ne tIrthaMkara pada pAyA hai, unakI saMkhyA jainadharma meM caubIsa mAnI gaI hai| yahA~ una caubIsa tIrthakaroM kA paricaya prastuta hai (1) RSabhadeva bhagavAna RSabhadeva jainadharma ke prathama tIrthaMkara the, jinheM Adya pravartaka yA Adi tIrthakara bhI kahA jAtA hai| inake janma kA samaya " avasarpiNI-kAla" hai| ye "nAbhirAja" "kulakara" kI dharmapatnI marudevI kI kukSi meM ASAr3ha - kRSNA - caturdazI ke dina, uttarASAr3ha nakSatra meM, candrayoga Ane para Aye tathA nau mahIne sAr3he ATha dina garbha meM rahane ke bAda, caitra-kRSNa aSTamI ko AdhI rAta ke samaya paidA hue| inakI jaMghA para vRSabha (baila) kA cinha thA, isalie inakA nAma RSabhadeva rakhA gyaa| jabaki anya sthala para, cinha uru-sthala para batAyA gayA hai| nAmakaraNa ke aneka ullekha haiN| RSabhadeva eka varSa ke hue ki eka dina rAjA nAbhi kI goda meM baiTha vAtsalya sukha de rahe the, tabhI saudharmendra vahAM aaye| khAlI hAtha AnA ucita na samajhakara eka ikSudaNDa saudharmendra hAtha meM lete Aye the| RSabhadeva ne indra kI bhAvanA ko samajha ikSudaNDa lene ke lie hAtha bar3hAyA aura use grahaNa kara prasanna ho gae, isalie devendra ne unake kula kA nAma, "ikSvAkuvaMza" rakha diyaa| unake pUrvaja ikSurasa pIte the, ataH unake "gotra" kA nAma 'kAzyapa" pdd'aa| 44 RSabhadeva bar3e hue| ve sarvaguNa sampanna the, ataH unakI mahattA ke anusAra unheM, prathama - jina, prathama kevalI, prathama tIrthakara, aura prathama dharmacakravartI kahA gayA hai: arahA kosalie paDhamarAyA paDhamajiNe, paDhama kevali, paDhamatitthayare, paDhamadhammavara cakkavaTTI samupajjitthe' | yahI nahIM varan jainAcArya unheM yogavidyA kA bhI praNetA mAnate haiN| puruSoM kI 72 kalAoM, striyoM ke 64 guNoM va 100 zilpoM kA zreya bhI RSabhadeva ko hI hai| bhAgavata ke paMcama skandha meM eka upAkhyAn hai, RSabhadeva ke bAre meM ki, ve vyAkhyAtA, darzanazAstra, dAnApura DigrI mahilA mahAvidyAlaya, dAnApura (paTanA), bihAra |
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________________ jainadharma ke caubIsa tIrthaMkara 345 jambUdvIpa ke prathama dharmacakravartI samrATa the| inake sau putra the| samabhAva tathA kuzalatA se rAjya karane ke bAda aura kaI yajJa karane ke bAda, bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne apane jyeSTha aura vIra putra "bharata ko rAjya sauMpa kara, sarvatyAgI-mahAyogI bana gae the| ve sarvabhUtoM para Atmavat dRSTi rakhate the, aura gaganaparidhAna (nagna) the| usake jyeSTha putra bharata, bhArata ke prathama cakravartI samrATa the, inake kuzalatApUrvaka zAsana evaM netRtva ke kAraNa hI samrATa bhArata ke nAma para hI deza kA nAma bhArata pdd'aa| RSabhadeva, viSNu ke avatAra mAne jAte haiN| ye 84. 00, 300 varSa taka jIvita rhe| RSabhadeva kA bhAratIya saMskRti meM viziSTatama sthAna hai| inheM jaina-dharma kA saMsthApaka mAnA jAtA hai| (2) ajitanAtha ajitanAtha dUsare tIrthakara the| ye ayodhyA meM rAjA jitazatru kI dharmapatnI mahArAnI vijayA kI kukSi se mAgha zukla aSTamI ke dina rohiNI nakSatra meM paidA hue| vijaya ke upalakSya meM inakA nAma "ajita" rakhA gyaa| bar3e hone para rAjyasattA prApta kara bhI ajitanAtha kA mana jJAna-dhyAna kI ora thA, ataH dIkSA grahaNa kara pauSa zukla ekAdazI ko unhoMne jJAna prApta kiyaa| antataH eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha sammedazikhara para eka mAsa ke anazanapUrvaka caitra zakla paMcamI ko mRgazira-nakSatra meM siddha-buddha-mukta hue| yahI tIrthakara "ajitanAtha" kA nirvANa divasa hai| (3) saMbhavanAtha tIsare tIrthakara "saMbhavanAtha" zrAvastI ke rAjA jitArI kI dharmapatnI sainAdevI kI kukSi se mArga zu0 15 ko paidA hue| inake AvirbhAvakAla meM paryApta sAmba, mUMga Adi kI paidAvAra huI, zasyazyAmalA dharatI lahalahA uThI, ata: nAmakaraNa "saMbhavanAtha" kiyA gyaa| yauvanAvasthA meM kucha hI dinoM sAMsArika jIvana evaM rAjya kA sukha prApta kara ye dIkSA kI ora unmukha hue| antataH 14 varSa kI kaThora sAdhanA ke bAda saMbhavanAtha ko "kevalajJAna" prApta huaa| caitra zuklA-chaTha ko mRgazira-nakSatra meM inhoMne sammedazikhara para mokSa prApta kiyaa| (4) abhinandananAtha cauthe- tIrthakara abhinandananAtha the| inakA janma ayodhyA ke rAjA zaMvara kI dharmapatnI siddhArthI kI kukSi se mAgha-zuklA-dvitIyA ko puSya nakSatra meM huaa| bAlaka ke svAgata meM asIma ullAsa kA vAtAvaraNa sarvatra bana gyaa| ataH inakA nAmakaraNa "abhinandananAtha" kiyA gyaa| __ "bhagavammi gabhatthe kulaM rajjaM bAgaraM abhiNaMdaha tritteNa jagaNi jAgAehi viyAriUNa guNanipphaNNaM abhiNaMdaNoti NAmaM ky| yuvAvasthA meM kucha hI dinoM taka rAjya-sukha bhogakara ye "dIkSA" kI ora unmukha hue tathA kaThora sAdhanA ke bAda pauSa-zuklA caturdazI ko "kevalajJAna" kI upalabdhi kii| antataH vaizAkha-zuklA aSTamI ko sammedazikhara para abhinandananAtha ne nirvANa prApta kiyaa|
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________________ 346 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha (5) sumatinAtha sumatinAtha pAMcaveM tIrthakara hue| ayodhyA nareza megha kI rAnI maMgalAvatI se vaizAkha-zuklA aSTamI ko madhyarAtri ko maghA-nakSatra meM sumatinAtha kA janma huaa| yuvAvasthA meM rAjya evaM sAMsArika sukha bhogakara isameM kaSTa kA anubhava karane lage, taba sumatinAtha ne dIkSA grahaNa karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| vaizAkha-zuklA navamI ke dina dIkSA grahaNa kara bIsa (20) varSa taka tapa ke bAda, caitra zuklA ekAdazI ko "kevalajJAna" kI prApti huii| tathA "caturvidha-saMgha" kI sthApanA kara tIrthakara khlaae| antataH caitra-zuklA navamI ko punarvasu-nakSatra meM cAra aghAti karmoM kA kSaya kara, siddha-buddha-mukta ho nirvANa pada prApta kiyaa| (6) padmaprabha __chaThe tIrthaMkara "padmaprabha" kauzAmbI nareza kI rAnI susImA kI kukSi meM 16 zubha svapnoM ke bAda Aye tathA kArtika kRSNa-dvAdazI ko citrA nakSatra meM paidA hue| garbhakAla meM inakI mAtAzrI ko padma-zaiyyA para sone kA dohada utpanna huA thA tathA padma ke samAna zarIra hone ke kAraNa bAlaka kA nAma padmaprabha rakhA gayA: "padmazayyA dohado'smin, ynmaaturgrbhbhvtii| padmAbhahetyaka padaprabha ityAhayat pitaa|" yuvAvasthA meM vaivAhika jIvana evaM rAjya sukha bhogane ke bAda, inhoMne dIkSA grahaNa kI tathA sAdhanA ke pazcAt "kevalajJAna" prApta kara "padmaprabha" ne antataH mokSa ko prApta kiyaa| (7) supArzvanAtha sAtaveM tIrthakara, supArzvanAtha, vArANasI-nareza pratiSThasena kI rAnI pRthvI se jyeSTha-zuklA-dvAdazI ko vizAkhA-nakSatra meM paidA hue| garbhakAla meM inakI mAtAzrI ke pArzva zobhana rahe, ataH inakA nAmakaraNa "suvArzvanAtha" kiyA gayAH "bhagavammi ya guvabhagae jaNaNI jAyA supAsatti tayo bhagavao supAsantiNAmaM kyN|"5 yauvanAvasthA meM vaivAhika evaM rAjya-sukha prApta kara, supArzvanAtha dIkSA kI ora unmukha hue| jo jyeSTha-zuklA-trayodazI ko pUrNa huii| kaThoratama sAdhanA ke pazcAt phAlguNa-zuklA SaSThI ko vizAkhA-nakSatra meM inheM kevalajJAna prApta huaa| antataH supArzvanAtha phAlguna-kRSNa-saptamI ko sammedazikhara se mokSa prApta kara siddha ho gye| (8) candraprabha AThaveM tIrthakara "candraprabha" pauSa-kRSNa-ekAdazI ko candrapurI ke rAjA mahAsena kI rAnI sulakSaNA kI kukSi se paidA hue| garbhakAla meM rAnI ko candrapAna kA dohada huA thA tathA candraprabhA se sundara bAlaka kA nAma tadnusAra "candraprabha" rakhA gayAH "garbhasthe'smin mA'rAsaccandraM pAnAya dohdH| candrAbhazvaiSa ityAhaccandraprabhamamuM pitaa||
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________________ jainadharma ke caubIsa tIrthaMkara 347 yuvAvasthA meM vaivAhika evaM rAjya sukha bhogane ke bAda pauSa-kRSNa-saptamI ko zukladhyAna ke bala se jJAnavaraNAdi cAra ghAtiyA karmoM kA kSaya kara candraprabha ne "kevalajJAna" aura pUrNatA" kI prApti kii| antataH candraprabha ko "bhAdrapada-kRSNa-saptamI ko sammedazikhara para nirvANa prApta huaa| (9) suvidhinAtha (kusumadanta, puSpadanta) naveM tIrthakara "suvidhinAtha"ko kAkandI-nareza sugrIva kI rAnI rAmAdevI ne 16 zubha svapnoM ke bAda mArgazIrSa kRSNa-paMcamI ko janma diyaa| garbhakAla meM mAM ko "puSpa" kA dohada utpanna huA tathA saba prakAra se kuzalatA rahI, ataH nAmakaraNa, "suvidhinAtha" aura "puSpadanta" donoM huAH "kuzalA sarvavidhiSu, garbhasthe'smin jnmbhuut| puSpadohadato dntodugmo'sysmbhaaditi|| suvidhiH puSpadantaracetyabhidhAnadvayaM vibhoH| mahotsavena cakAte, pitaro divase shubhe||" yuvAvasthA meM pANigrahaNa evaM rAjyapada ke bAda suvidhinAtha ne dIkSA grahaNa kii| sAdhanArata kArtika-zaklA-tatIyA ko inheM kevalajJAna kI prApti huii|"crtuvidh-sNgh" kI sthApanA kara suvidhinAtha bhAva tIrthakara khlaae| antataH bhAdrapada-kRSNa-navamI ko sammedazikhara para nirvANa prApta huaa| (10) zItalanAtha dasaveM tIrthakara "zItalanAtha", mahilapura nareza-dRr3haratha kI rAnI nandAdevI kI kukSi se 16 zubha svapnoM ke pazcAt mAgha kRSNa dvAdazI ko paidA hue| rAjA dRr3haratha ne bAla se zItalatA kI anubhUti kara tadanusAra "zItalanAtha" nAmakaraNa kiyAH rAjJaH sansaptamatyaMgaM, nandAsparzena shiitybhuut| garbhasthe'smijjiti tasya, nAma zItala itybhuut|| pUrva tIrthakaroM ke samAna sAMsArika jIvana kucha samaya taka vyatIta karane ke bAda zItalanAtha ne dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| zukladhyAna meM pauSa-kRSNa-caturdazI ko "kevalajJAna" prApta kara antataH vaizAkha-kRSNa-dvitIyA ko nirvANa ko prApta hue| (11) zreyAMsanAtha ___ "zreyAMsanAtha" gyArahaveM tIrthakara the| siMhapurI ke rAjA viSNu kI rAnI viSNudevI ne phAlguna-kRSNa-dvAdazI ko inheM janma diyaa| bAlaka ke janma se sabakA zreyakalyANa huaa| ata: inakA nAmakaraNa "zreyAMsanAtha" usake anurUpa hI kiyA gayA: "jinasya mAtApitarAvutsavena mhiiysaa|| abhidhA zreyasi dine, zreyAMsa iti ckrtH||" sAMsArikatA se zreyAMsanAtha ko bhI virAga ho gyaa| ataH zramaNa-dIkSA, phAlguna-trayodazI ko grahaNa kara sAdhanA meM lIna ho ge| "kevalajJAna" kI prApti ke pazcAt eka hajAra
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________________ 348 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha muniyoM ke sAtha zukladhyAna ke antima caraNa meM ayogI dazA ko prApta kara, zrAvaNa zukla tRtIyA ko sampUrNa karmoM kA kSaya kara siddha-buddha evaM mukta hue| ( 12 ) vAsupUjya bArahaveM tIrthaMkara "vAsupUjya" ko campAnagarI ke rAjA 'vasupUjya" kI rAnI jayAdevI ne 16 zubha svapanoM ke bAda phAlguna-kRSNa catudarzI ko janma diyaa| pitAjI ke anurUpa inakA nAmakaraNa kiyA gyaa| "vAsupUjya" ko kucha AcArya avivAhita mAnate haiN| phAlguna kRSNa amAvasyA ko dIkSA grahaNa kara sAdhanA meM nirata rahe, phira mAgha zuklA-dvitIyA ko inhoMne "kevalajJAna" prApta kiyaa| antataH ASAr3ha zuklA catudarzI ko "uttarA bhAdrapada-nakSatra" meM " campA" samprati mandAra parvata (campA kA upavana) meM tIrthaMkara vAsupUjya ne nirvANa prApta kiyaa| ( 13 ) vimalanAtha vimalanAtha terahaveM tIrthaMkara haiN| kapilapura ke rAjA kRtavarmA kI rAnI pUyAmA mAgha zuklA tRtIyA ko inheM janma diyaa| garbhakAla meM mAtA zrI ke tana-mana kI nirmalatA ke kAraNa inakA nAma "vimalanAtha" rakhA gayAH " "garbhasthe jananI tasmin vimalAbhAdajAyata / tato vimala ityAkhyAM, tasya cakre pitA svayam / / ' 1710 yuvAvasthA ' meM vaivAhika aura rAjya-sukha bhogane ke bAda vimalanAtha ne virakti bhAva se dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| satat sAdhanA meM tallIna rahate hue pauSa - zuklA - SaSThI ko "kevalajJAna" prApta kara caturvidha-saMgha kI sthApanA karake bhAva tIrthakara kI garimA se maNDita hue| antataH chaH sau (600) sAdhuoM ke sAtha samAdhi lekara ASAr3ha - kRSNa - saptamI ko vimalanAtha ne nirvANa prApta kiyaa| ( 14 ) anantanAtha anantanAtha caudahaveM tIrthaMkara hue| ye ayodhyA nareza siMhasena kI dharmapatnI suyazA kI kukSi se vaizAkha - kRSNa trayodazI ko paidA hue| garbhAvasthA meM hI adbhuta pariNAma ke kAraNa inakA nAma anantanAtha" rakhA gayAH "garbhasthe'smin jitaM vinnAnantaM pazbalaM yataH / tatazcahenanta jidityAkhyAM paramezituH / / '' " gaNabhatthe ya bhagavammi piuNA " ajantaM" paravalaM jiyati tao / 12 jathatthaM aNantahajiNo tti nAmaM kayaM yuvaNaguruNo / / vaivAhika sukha aura rAjya sukha bhogane ke pazcAt anantanAtha ne dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| satat sAdhanA meM lIna rahate hue vaizAkha kRSNa caturdazI ko "kevalajJAna" kI upalabdhi kI / anantanAtha caturvidha saMgha kI sthApanA karake bhAva - tIrthaMkara kahalAe / antataH eka hajAra sAdhuoM ke sAtha eka mAsa kA anazana kara caitra zuklA - paMcamI ko sakala karmoM ko kSaya kara siddha-buddha evaM mukta hue|
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________________ jainadharma ke caubIsa tIrthaMkara 349 (15) dharmanAtha pandrahaveM tIrthakara "dharmanAtha" ko ratnapura ke mahApratApI rAjA bhAnu kI rAnI suvratA ne 16 zubha svapnoM ke pazcAt mAgha-zuklA-tRtIyA ko janma diyaa| garbhakAla meM mAtAzrI dharma-sAdhana ke uttama dohada utpanna hote rahe, ataH tadnusAra bAlaka kA nAmakaraNa "dharmanAtha" kiyA gyaa| sAMsArika bandhanoM meM asIma-pIr3A kA anubhava kara inhoMne mAgha-zukla-trayodazI ko dIkSA grahaNa kara sAdhanA kA mArga apnaayaa| aneka parISahoM ko sahana karate hue pauSa-zukla-pUrNimA ko ghAtiyA karmoM kA kSaya kara kevalajJAna kI prApti kii| antataH jyeSTha zukla-paMcamI ko sammedazikhara se "dharmanAtha" ne nirvANa pada prApta kiyaa| (16) zAntinAtha "zAntinAtha" solahaveM tIrthakara hue| inakA janma hastinApura ke rAjA vizvasena kI rAnI acirA kI kukSi se bhAdrapada-kRSNa-saptamI ko huaa| inake AvirbhAva se mahAmArI kA bhayaMkara prakopa zAnta huA, tadnusAra hI bAlaka kA nAma "zAMtinAtha" rakhA gayAH "gaThabhattheNa ya bhagavayA sabvadesaM saMtIsamuppaNA tti| kAUNa sansiMtiNAM asmApitIhi kyN||13 aneka rAjakanyAoM ke sAtha inakA vivAha huA, "tato so jovvaNaM patto paNuvIsavAsasatRssANIkumArakAlaM gmeii|"14 kintu vaibhavazAlI jIvana evaM rAjya ko chor3akara (tyAga kara) zAMtinAtha, dIkSA kI ora unmukha hue| dIkSA grahaNa kara kaThora sAdhanA karate hue inhoMne pauSa-zukla-navamI ko "kevalajJAna" prApta kiyaa| antataH jyeSTha kRSNa-trayodazI ko sammadezikhara para "zAntinAtha" ko nirvANa lAbha milaa| (17) kuMthunAtha satrahaveM tIrthakara, "kuMthunAtha", hastinApura ke rAjA vasu kI dharmapatnI zrIdevI kI kukSi se zrAvaNa vadI navamI ko paidA hue| garbhakAla meM mAtAzrI ne kuMthu nAma ke ratnoM kI rAzi dekhI, ataH bAlaka kA nAma "kuMthunAtha" rakhA gyaa| yuvAvasthA meM vivAha evaM rAjya bhoga karate hue inhoMne cakravartI pada prApta kiyA kintu sAMsArika sukha meM aruci utpanna ho jAne se "kuMthunAtha" ne vaizAkha-kRSNa-paMcamI ko dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| satat sAdhanA meM nimagna caitra-zuklA-tRtIyA ke dina inhoMne "kevalajJAna" prApta kiyaa| yahI nahIM varan "caturvidha-saMgha" kI sthApanA kara bhAva-tIrthakara khlaae| antataH vaizAkha-kRSNa-pratipadA ko kRtikA-nakSatra meM sampUrNa karmoM kA kSaya kara "prabhu" siddha-buddha evaM mukta hue| (18) aranAtha "aranAtha" aThArahaveM tIrthakara hue| hastinApura-nareza, sudarzana kI rAnI mahAdevI ne 16 zubha svapnoM ke pazcAt mRgazira-zuklA-dazamI. ko revatI-nakSatra meM isa putra ratna ko
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________________ 350 janma diyaa| garbhakAla meM tadnurUpa bAlaka kA nAma svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha aranAtha rakhA gayA: " paiTThAviyaM se NAma sumiNami mahArihAiradaMsaNattaNeNa aro tti| 5 yuvAvasthA meM sAMsArika sukhoM ko bhogate hue " aranAtha" ko virakti-bhAva anubhava huA, pariNAmataH mAgazIrSa zukla ekAdazI ko inhoMne dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| "kevalajJAnaM" prApta kara antataH aranAtha ne sammedazikhara se nirvANa prApta kiyaa| ( 19 ) mallinAtha mAtA zrI ne ratnamaya cakra ke ara" ko dekhA thA, isalie 44 .. unnIsaveM tIrthaMkara "mallinAtha" ko mithilA nareza, kuMbha kI rAnI prabhAvatI ne magazira-zukla ekAdazI ko janma diyaa| garbhakAla meM rAnI ko puSpazayyA para sone kA dohada utpanna huA, ataH tadnusAra "mallI" nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA: " jamhANaM amhe imIe dAriyAe mAuemallasamaNijjariva / Dohale viNIte taM houNaM nAmeNa mallI / / ' 16 zvetAmbara, inheM strI rUpa meM mAnakara jahAM "mallI- bhagavatI" nAma se sambodhita karate haiM, vahIM digambara, puruSa rUpa meM mAnakara " mallinAtha" kahate haiN| asIma tyAga, tapa evaM sAdhanoM se " kevalajJAna" prApta kara mallinAtha tIrthaMkara kI varIyatA se vibhUSita hue| ( 20 ) munisuvrata 44 'munisuvrata" bIsaveM tIrthaMkara hue| inakA janma rAjagRha nareza " sumitra" kI rAnI padmAvatI kI kukSi se jyeSTha-kRSNa navamI ko huaa| garbhakAla meM mAtAzrI kI vizeSa ruci vratoM ke pAlana meM rahI, ataH tadnusAra bAlaka kA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA; 44 'gabbhagae mAyApiyA ya suvbatA jAtA / / "" yuvAkAla meM vivAha aura rAjya sukha meM lipta na hokara "munisuvrata" dIkSA kI ora unmukha hue| dIkSA lene pazcAt tapa meM lIna, magazira- kRSNa ekAdazI ko "kevalajJAna " kI upalabdhi kara " arihanta" kahalAe / antataH eka hajAra muniyoM ke sAtha sammedazikhara para unheM nirvANa prApta huaa| ( 21 ) naminAtha 'naminAtha' jainadharma ke 21veM tIrthaMkara hue haiN| inakA janma mithilA ke rAjA vijaya kI mahArAnI vaprA ke garbha se zrAvaNa kRSNa aSTamI ko huA thaa| saMsAra kI asAratA kA anubhava karake inhoMne ASAr3ha kRSNa navamI ko gRhatyAga kara jinadIkSA grahaNa kii| kaThora sAdhanA ke pazcAt mArgazIrSa kRSNa ekAdazI ko 'kevalajJAna' prApta kara sarvajJa - sarvadarzI bana gye| dharmatIrtha kA pravartana karate hue vaizAkha kRSNa dasavIM ko naminAtha ne sammedazikhara se nirvANa prApta kiyaa| ( 22 ) ariSTanemi bAIsaveM tIrthaMkara " ariSTanemi" ko mahArAjA samudravijaya kI rAnI zivAdevI ne 16 zubha svapnoM ke bAda zrAvaNa zuklA - paMcamI ko janma diyaa| garbhakAlIna prabhAva ke kAraNa
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________________ jainadharma ke caubIsa tIrthaMkara bAlaka kA nAmakaraNa "ariSTanemi" kiyA gayA; +120 " ariSTaM aprazastaM tadanena nAmita, nemi sAmAnya / viseso riTTharamaNAmarha nemI, uppayamANI suviNepecchati / / ' bacapana meM hI inakI viziSTatAeM sabake AkarSaNa kA kendra rahI; "tanyanmadaM dazArhANAM, bhrAtozca halikRSNayoH / azvitanemirbhagavAna, vavudye tatra ca kramAt ||21| jyAmAMso'pi laghubhRgraM cikIhuH svAminA samam / sarve'pi bhrAtaraH krIr3A zailodyAnAdi bhUmiSu // 3 // zrIkRSNa - kAla kI vividha ghaTanAoM se ariSTanemi saMbaddha rhe| sAMsArikatA se sukha kI anubhUti na karate hue dIkSA grahaNa kara sAdhanA meM tallIna, inheM Azvina kRSNa amAvasyA ko pUrvAhna kAla meM ghAtiyA karma naSTa kara "kevalajJAna" kI prApti huI / antataH ASAr3ha zuklA saptamI ko ujjayaMtagiri para " ariSTanemi" ko nirvANa prApta huaa| ye 1000 (eka hajAra) varSa taka jIvita rhe| ariSTanemi kA prAcIna sAhitya meM viziSTa sthAna hai| yahI nahIM, varan inakI aitihAsika sthiti ke viSaya meM bhI vidvAna sahamata haiN| ( 23 ) pArzvanAtha " pArzvanAtha" teisaveM tIrthaMkara hue| inakA samaya 8vIM zatI IsA pUrva thaa| ve eka aitihAsika - puruSa the| vArANasI- nareza - azvasena kI rAnI vAmAdevI ne 16 zubha svapnoM ke bAda pauSa - kRSNa - dazamI ko isa putra ratna ko janma diyaa| garbhakAla meM mAM ne pAsa meM sarakate hue sarpa ko dekhA thA, jisase koI hAni nahIM huii| tadanusAra bAlaka kA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA; 351 "garbhasthite'sminjananI, kRSNAnizca tripArzvataH / sarpantaM sarpamadrAkSIta, sadyaH patyuH zaeMsa ca / / smRtvA tadeSa garbhasya, prabhAva iti nirNayan / pArzva ityabhidyAM suunorshvsennRpo'krot||' 1122 uttarApurANa meM batAyA gayA hai ki indra ne bAlaka kA nAma " janmAbhiSeka kalyANapUjA nirvRtyanantaram / pArzvabhidhAnaM kRtvAsya, pitRbhyAM taM samarpayan / / ' 23 " pArzvanAtha" kSatriya kula ke the| bacapana se hI pArzvanAtha bar3e sAhasI, dayAlu va kriyAzIla the| nAgodvAra inakI udAratA kA pratIka hai| isa rAjakumAra ko janatA atyanta pyAra karatI thii| inakA vivAha kuzasthala deza ke samrATa naravarmA kI putrI prabhAvatI ke sAtha huaa| rAjakumAra hote hue bhI sAMsArikatA se virakti-bhAva utpanna huA aura inhoMne dIkSA grahaNa kara lii| sAdhanA meM lIna pArzvanAtha aneka upadravoM se bhI avicalita rahe, ataH dharaNendra ne svayaM Akara unheM padmAsana va saptaphaNoM ke chatra se alaMkRta kiyA / antataH " pArzvanAtha" rakhA;
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________________ 352 kaThoratama sAdhanA ke pazcAt caitra kRSNa caturthI ke dina inako "kevalajJAna" kI upalabdhi huii| isake bAda caturvidha- saMgha kI sthApanA kara pArzvanAtha ne "cAturyAma dharma" kA upadeza diyA; svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha "cAujjAmo ya jo dhammo jo imo paMca sikkhAo desio vaddhamANeNa, pAseNa ya mahAmuNI / / ' 24 arthAt pArzvanAtha ne "ahiMsA", satya, asteya aura aparigraha ina cAra vratoM para bala diyaa| 30 varSa taka gRhasthAvasthA 83 dina chadmasthA (samAdhi kI avasthA), 83 dina 70 varSa kevalI avasthA, isa prakAra kula 100 varSa kI Ayu vyatIta kara mahAvIra se 250 varSa pUrvI sammedazikhara para samAdhipUrvaka pArzvanAtha ne nirvANa pada prApta kiyaa| pArzvanAtha ke anuyAyI 16,000 zramaNa the, aura Aryadatta unameM sarvazreSTha the| unake pAsa ATha gaNa aura ATha gaNadhara the| 38,000 bhikSuNiyoM ne unakA anugamana kiyA thaa| 7,64,000 zrAvakoM aura 3,27,000 zrAvikAoM ne unake batAe gae mArga ko apnaayaa| pArzvanAtha kI aitihAsikatA nirvivAda rUpa se siddha ho cukI hai ki ve aitihAsika puruSa the| DaoN. harmana yAkobI ne prabala pramANoM se isako puSTa kiyA hai; "The parswa was a historical person, is now admitted by all a very probable"25. (24) mahAvIra mAnavatA ke uddhAraka, yuga-nirmAtA tathA pAMca mahAvratoM ke sambala se samAja ko saMvArane vAle caubIsaveM (antima) tIrthaMkara mahAvIra kA janma, caitra zukla trayodazI somavAra 599 IsA pUrva ko licchavI rAjakumArI trizalArAnI ke garbha se huaa| 1126 'pArzvazatIrthasaMtAne paJcAzadravizatAtmake / tad-mantaravatyatyuirmahAvIro ca jAtyAn / / 'pAsa jiNAo ya hoI vIrajiNo, aDDhAijjasamehi gamehi carimo samutyano / / " 1927 vAtmajiNuppattIdo utpattI vaDDhamANassa / / 1128 videha janapada meM vaizAlI nagara ke samIpa "kuNDapura" (kuNDagrAma) hai, jo Adhunika bihAra ke paTanA se 55 kilomITara uttara vaizAlI nAmaka sthAna ke kSatriya jJAtRka rAjA siddhArtha kI dharmapatnI trizalA rAnI ne ASAr3ha zuklA - SaSThI ko brAhmamUhurta meM solaha-sukhakArI svapna dekhe, jo isa prakAra hai: hAthI, baila, siMha, lakSmI, do mAlAeM, candramA, sUrya, do machaliyAM, jala se bharA huA svarNa kalaza, tAlAba, samudra, siMhAsana, devoM kA vimAna, dharaNendra kA bhavana, ratnoM kA Dhera, nirdhUma agni svapna meM dekhii| rAnI kI nIMda svapna dekhane ke bAda khula gaI / rAjA siddhArtha isa tathya ko samajha kara AhlAdita ho uThe kyoMki ve svayaM nimalazAstra ke vettA the; 44
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________________ jainadharma ke caubIsa tIrthaMkara 353 "siddhArthanRpatitanayo bhAratavarSe videhkunnddpure| devyAM priyakAriNyAM susvapnAnsaMpradarzya vibhuH| 79 rAnI trizalA ko zubha phala ke viSaya meM batAte hue kahA ki tuma eka yazasvI, jJAnI, jagat ke uddhAraka putra kI mAtA bnogii| rAnI isa zubha samAcAra se nihAla ho utthii| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra yaha mAnyatA hai ki inhIM svapnoM ko kuNDapura (brAhmaNakuNDa) kI devAnaMdA brAhmaNI ne dekhA thA kintu garbha parivartana ke dvArA 82 rAtri pazcAt yaha avasara trizalA ko indra dvArA pradAna kiyA gyaa| hariNegameSI ne garbhAharaNa kara 83vIM rAtri meM caubIsaveM tIrthakara ko trizalA kI kukSi meM pratiSThita kiyaa| nau mAsa, sAta dina, bAraha ghanTe taka garbha meM pAlana karane ke pazcAt rAnI trizalA ne caitra-zuklA-trayodazI somavAra 599 I. pU. ko AryamA yoga meM eka tejasvI putra ko janma diyA; "caitrasitapakSa phAlguni zazaMkayogadine tryodshyaam| yajJa svovvasthaSu graheSu somyeSu shubhlgne||''30 "dRSTe grahairatha nijotvagataiH samagraiH lagne yathA- patitaM kAlamasUta raajnyii| caitre jinaM sitatRtIyajayA nizAnte somAnhi- cndrmsi-cottrphaalgunisthe||| sarvaguNa sampanna bAlaka kI varIyatA ko parakha siddhArtha aura trizalA ne atyadhika AhlAdita ho samRddhi ke sUcaka "varddhamAna" nAma se use alaMkRta kiyA aura apane isa putra ke janma ko atyanta dhUmadhAma se manAyA thaa| "isa avasara para Taiksa mApha kara diye gaye, logoM kI sarakAra dvArA jabta sampatti unheM lauTA dI gii| sipAhI kisI ke ghara jAkara use pakar3a nahIM sakate the| kucha samaya ke lie vyApAra ko roka diyA gyaa| Avazyaka vastueM sastI kara dI gii| sarakArI karja aura jurmAne mApha kara die gae aura kuNDapura ke kaidiyoM ko isa avasara para choDa diyA gyaa|""vrddhmaan" ke Agamana se hI sarvatra rAjya bhara meM samRddhi umar3ane lagI thii| paidA hone para yaha vaibhava aura adhika bar3hatA rhaa| janatA isa tejasvI bAlaka ko pAkara behada prasanna thii| yahI vahIM, varan vaMza-kula, nagara, rAjya sabhI varddhamAna ko prApta kara dhanya ho gaye, varddhamAna kI varIyatA meM sabakA gaurava samA gyaa| tabhI to vaizAlI, jJAtRvaMza Adi se unheM sambaddha kiyA gayA; "vizAlA jananI yasya, vizAlaM kulameva c| vizAlaM vacanaM cAsya, tena vaizAliko jinH|| 32 "nAma nAeputte nAmakulacandra, videhadinne, videhajacce videha sUmAle tIsaM vAsAI videhasi k1|| 33 rAjaputrocita varddhamAna kA lAlana-pAlana hone lgaa| unakI chavi jahAM sabakA mana moha letI vahIM asAdhAraNa pratibhA se bhI loga prabhAvita hote| siddhArtha evaM trizalA apanA asIma sneha ur3ela "varddhamAna" ko saMvArane lge| sughara-zarIra-alaMkAroM se alaMkRta dviguNita ho utthaa| rAjaputra ke utkRSTatama AbhUSaNoM kA varNana isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai|
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________________ 354 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha yathAH "dhRtvA zekhara paTTahArapadakaM graiveykaalmbkm| keyUrAMgar3hamadhyavandhUrakaTIsUtraM va mudraanvitm|| cinhatkuNDala-karNapUramamalaM pANidvaye kNknnm| manjIraM kaTakaM pade jinapateH shriikndhmudraaNkitm||15 varddhamAna kI pratibhA ke anusAra kalAcArya ke pAsa unheM vidyAdhyayana ke lie bhejA gayA kintu, ve to sabhI vidyAoM ke jJAtA the| apane "pUrva janma" ke saMskAroM kI prabalatA ke kAraNa unheM vidyA-prApti meM jarA bhI parizrama nahIM karanA pdd'aa| "varddhamAna" jaba lagabhaga 8 varSa ke the, eka bAra apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha pramada-vana meM krIr3A karane gaye; "pamyavaNAsitti ghossttaane|" yaha khela vakSoM ko lakSya karake khelA jAtA thA: "tarUpa tesu-rukkhesu jo padma vilayAti-jo padamaM olubhati so veDarAvANi vaaheti||36 jaba ve apane sAthiyoM ke sAtha khela rahe the, tabhI indra dvArA prerita saMgamadeva unakI parIkSA karane AyA; "vaTa vRkSamathekadA mahAntaM, saha DibherAdhisava vrddhmaanm| rayamANamadIkaya saMgamAkhye, vibudhastrAsayitu smaassaad||37 sarpa ke rUpa meM usane varddhamAna ko bhayabhIta karanA caahaa| saba lar3ake to phuphakArate hue sarpa ko dekhakara bhAga gaye, kintu varddhamAna jarA bhI bhayabhIta nahIM hue| "varddhamAna ke caladhara, kAladhara va padadhara nAma ke tIna sAthI bhI vahIM the|''38 bar3e sAhasa ke sAtha unhoMne sarpa kI pUMcha pakar3akara dUra pheMka diyaa| apanI pITha para baiThAkara bhI deva ne unheM DarAnA cAhA, kintu saphala nahIM huaa| antataH varddhamAna ke sAhasa ko parakha deva ne unheM "mahAvIra" kI mahattA se alaMkRta kiyaa| indra ne mahAvIra ke sAhasa kI sarAhanA kI, tabhI ve varddhamAna "mahAvIra" kahalAne lge| isI prakAra varddhamAna kI varIyatA ko parakha kara unheM aneka nAmoM se sambodhita kiyA gayA; "sanmatirmahatirvIro mahAvIro'ntya kaashypH| nAthAnvayo varddhamAno vyattIrthamiha saamprtm||139 mahAvIra ke sAhasa, pauruSa aura pratibhA se saba loga behada prabhAvita hue| itanI kama umra meM varddhamAna ne jo kara dikhAyA, vaha anyatra sambhava nhiiN| yahIM nahIM varan isI avasthA meM satya, ahiMsA, asteya Adi ke aMkura bhI unameM ubharane lage; "svAyurAdhabta varSebhyaH sarveSAM parato bhvet|| uditASTa kaSAyANAM tIrtheNAM deza sNymH||40 yauvana ke prathama caraNa para hI ve car3he the ki unake vivAha ke prastAva Ane lge|
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________________ jainadharma ke caubIsa tIrthaMkara 355 pitAzrI siddhArtha aura mAtAzrI trizalA bhI ati utsuka the ki zIghrAtizIghra mahAvIra kA vivAha kara deN| isI samaya kaliMga ke basantapura ke mahAsAmanta ne apanI kanyA "yazodA" kA vivAha mahAvIra se karane kA prastAva bhejaa| mahAvIra ke virakta manodazA se sabhI paricita the| mitroM ke mAdhyama se unake vicAra jAnane kA prayatna mAtA-pitA ne kiyA, kintu mahAvIra ne kahA, "mohagrasta mitroM? tumhArA aisA kyA Agraha hai, kyoMki strI Adi parigraha bhava-bhramaNa kA hI kAraNa hai aura "bhoge rogabhyam" se kaSTa hI hai| mere mAtAzrI pitAzrI ko jIvita rahate hue mere viyoga kA duHkha na ho, isa hetu se dIkSA lene ko utsuka hotA haA bhI maiM dIkSA nahIM le rahA haiN|" siddhArtha aura trizalA ko mahAvIra kA mantavya jJAta ho gayA, kintu ve kisI bhI rUpa meM mahAvIra ko vivAhita dekhanA cAhate the| antataH mAtAzrI trizalA svayaM mahAvIra ke pAsa aaii| mahAvIra ne turanta khar3e hokara apanI mAtAzrI kA Adara kiyA aura kahane lage- maiM svayaM A jAtA, Apa kyoM aaii| trizalA ne kahA-putra! hama donoM (mAtA-pitA) tumheM vivAhita dekhanA cAhate haiM, tabhI hameM tRpti hogii| mAtAzrI kI mamatA parakha mahAvIra ne vivAha kI svIkRti de dI, tathA kaliMga rAjakumArI "yazodA" ke sAtha unakA pAriNagrahaNa ho gyaa| mahAvIra evaM yazodA ne eka kanyA ko janma diyA, jisakA nAma unhoMne "priyadarzanA" rkhaa| "zvetAmbara-paramparA" mahAvIra ke vaivAhika jIvana kI puSTi kara eka putrI hone taka kA ullekha karatI hai, jabaki "digambara-paramparA" unheM avivAhita mAnatI hai| digambara matAvalambI yaha tathya puSTa karate haiM ki vivAha kA prastAva AyA avazya kintu mahAvIra ne amAnya kara diyaa| vaha jIvanabhara avivAhita hI rhe| isa Ajanma-brahmacarya kI prAmANikatA ke lie digambara aneka uddharaNa prastuta karate haiM; "vAsupUjyo mahAvIro malli pAzvoM yduttmH| "kumAra" nirgatA gehAt pRthiviiptyo'cre||41 "NemI mallI vIro kumAra kAlami vAsupujjo y| pAso viya gahidalavo sesa jiNAM rajja crimmmi||" "vAsupUjyastanA malli namiH pArve'tha snmtiH| kumArA: paMca niSkrAntAH pRthivIpatayaH preH||" vAstava meM yaha viSaya bar3A vivAdAspada hai| mahAvIra ke vaivAhika jIvana kI yathArthatA ko Adhunika-vidvAna sAhitya ke atala meM "paiThakara ujAgara karane kA prayAsa kara rahe haiN| mahAvIra janma se hI bar3e dayAlu the| una dinoM yajJoM meM nirIha pazuoM kI hatyA dekhakara mahAvIra kA hRdaya pighala gyaa| yadyapi varddhamAna-mahAvIra kA prArambhika-jIvana sAdhAraNa gRhastha ke samAna vyatIta huA, para unakI pravRtti, sAMsArika jIvana kI ora nahIM thii| vaha "preya" mArga ko chor3akara "zreya" mArga kI ora jAnA cAhate the| mAtAzrI evaM pitAzrI ke jIvita rahane taka mahAvIra "pravajyA" na lene kA saMkalpa
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________________ 356 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha pahale hI kara cuke the, ataH isakA unhoMne pUrNa pAlana kiyaa| unake svargavAsI hote hI jJAtRka logoM kA rAjA aba siddhArtha kA jyeSTha putra "nandivardhana" bne| apane pitA kI mRtyu ke anantara mahAvIra ne apane agraja "nandivardhana" se "pravajyA" lene kI icchA vyakta kI, para nandivardhana ne kahA- abhI mAtA-pitA ke viyogajanya-duHkha ko to hama bhUla hI nahIM pAye ki isI bIca tuma bhI pravajyA kI bAta kahate ho| yaha to ghAva para namaka chir3akane jaisA hai| ata: kucha kAla ke lie Thaharo, phira pravajyA lenA, tabataka hama zoka rahita ho jAeMge, "acchaha kaMcikAlaM, jAva amhe-visogANi jAtANi||42 isa samaya mahAvIra kI bharI javAnI kI avasthA arthAt 28 varSa kI thii| agraja kI bAta unhoMne svIkAra kara do varSa ke lie aura ghara para rahanA svIkAra kara liyaa| ye do varSa unakI sAdhanA ke hI rUpa meM vyatIta hue, kyoMki viraktabhAva se ve cintana-manana ke sAtha-brahmacarya kA pAlana karate hue apanA jIvana vyatIta karate; "avisAhie dubevAse sItodagamamocadANikkhate, aphAsugaM AhAraM passaMtaM ya-aNAhAreto avisAhie duvejAse, siitodN-amonyaanniksNt|''43 yahI nahIM varan ve bhUmi para zayana karate hue krodhAdi para saMyama kara ekatva-bhAva se rahate the| antataH 30 varSa ke yauvanakAla meM mahAvIra kI "dIkSA" kA dina nizcita huaa| rAjA nandivardhana ke netRtva meM 108 svarNa, raupya Adi kalazoM ko banavAkara bar3I sajadhaja, hAthI-ghor3e evaM apAra jana-samUha ke sAtha "hemanta-Rtu" ke prathama mAsa magazira-kRSNa-dazamI-tithi ko suvrata-divasa, vijaya muhUrta ke caturtha prahara meM uttaraphAlgunI nakSatra meM "vIra-dIkSA" kA samAroha huaa| indra ne svayaM saba vyavasthA sNbhaalii| apAra jana-samUha ke samakSa varddhamAna ne pratijJA kI: "savvaM me akaraNijjaM pAvaM kmm|" arthAt aba mere lie sabhI pApa karma akaraNIya hoNge| yahI nahIM varan punaH kRta-saMkalpa hue ki: "karemi samAiyaM savvaM sAvajaM jogaM pcckkhaami|" Aja se sampUrNa sAvadyakarma kA tIna karaNa aura tIna yoga se tyAga karatA huuN| asIma vaibhava-vilAsa evaM samRddhi ko lAta mArakara kaSToM evaM vipattiyoM se jUjhane ke lie tapasvI-jIvana meM avatarita hote hue, unheM dekha deva, manuSya Adi sabhI cakita raha gae, jabaki mahAvIra ne punaH saMkalpa kiyA ki Aja se sAr3he bAraha varSa paryanta jabataka kevalajJAna utpanna na ho tabataka maiM deha kI mamatA chor3akara rahU~gA arthAt hama bIca meM deva, manuSya yA tiryak jIvoM kI ora se jo bhI upasarga, kaSTa utpanna hoMge, unako samabhAvapUrvaka samyak-rUpeNa sahana kruuNgaa|
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________________ jainadharma ke caubIsa tIrthaMkara 357 tapasyA karate hue mahAvIra ne kevalajJAna prApta kara liyaa| tatpazcAt 72 varSa kI Ayu pUrNakara pAvApura meM nirvANa pA liyaa| sandarbha-sUcI 1. padmapurANa, 5/14 2. jambUdIpa prajJapti 2/30 ca. mahApurisa ca., pR.-75 4. vahI, pR.-83 5. vahI, pR.-86 zlAkA pu. ca. meM janmatithi pauSa kRSNa 13 mAnI gaI hai| (tri. Sa. 3/6/49) 7. vi. upa. 7, saM. 49/50 8 zvetAmbara paramparA meM 14 svapna mAnya haiN| #9. tri. za. pu. ca. 4/1/86 10. tri. Sa. 4/3/48 11. tri. Sa. 4/4/47 12. ca. mahA pu. ca., pRSTha-129 13. ca. ma. pu. ca. pR.-150 14. vasudeva hiNDI, dUsarA bhAga, pR.-340 15. ca. pu. ca., pR.-153 16. zA. A. 8, sU. 66 17. Ava. cU., utta., pR.-11 18. vahI, pR.-11. 19. vahI, pR.-11 20. vahI, pR.-11 21. tri. za. pu. ca. parva, 8, sarga 6 22. vahI, parva, 9, sarga 3, zlo. 45 23. u. pu., parva 73, zloka 92 24. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, trayovizaMtimadhyayanam, nemicandrAcArya kRta TIkA, patra-197. 25. S.B.E. Vol. XIV. Introduction, p-21. 26. uttarapurANa-27, pR.-462 27. A. ni. (malaya) gAthA 17, pR.-241. 28. tiloyapaNNatti yativRSabhAcArya, pR.-578 29. nirvANa bhakti -4 30. vahI,5 31. varddhamAnacaritra 17/58
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________________ 358 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 32. sU. kR. 2/3 33. ka. sU. 11 AzAdhara pUjApATha - 15 35. jJAtRdharmakathA, abhayadeva sUrI kI TIkA, 1/8/73. 36. A. cU., bhAga 1, patra 245 37. asaga (varddhamAna carita 7/96) tIrthakara varddhamAna, muni vidyAnanda, pR.-45 39. dhanaJjaya nAmamAlA - 115 40. A. guNabhadra, ca. pu. 6/35 41. padmapurANa 20/67 42. A. tA. 2/15 bhAvanA 43. Ava. cUrNi. pR.-249.
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________________ sUrimaMtra aura usakI mahattA pratiSThAcArya paM. vimalakumAra jaina sorayA* 1. jina pratimA kA mahatva sAkSAt tIrthakara aura kevalI bhagavaMtoM ke abhAva ke bAda unakI sAnidhyatA kI pUrti ke liye jinabimba kI racanA kA upadeza hamAre paramparAcAryoM ne kiyaa| tIrthakara aura kevalI bhagavAna kevalI avasthA meM svAtmalIna rahate huye unakI vItarAga muskAna aura vItarAga mudrA kaisI thI? tadpa pratimA kA nirmANa karanA aura usakI sthApanA naya-nikSepa se maMtroccAra pUrvaka saMskAra kara guNoM kA ropaNa karanA pazcAt pratyakSa ArAdhya ke rUpa meM sthApita kara pratimA ko pratyakSa tIrthakara mAnakara ArAdhanA karane kA vidhAna-pUrva paramparAcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita kiyA gyaa| maMtra eka aisI zakti hai jo jIva aura ajIva dravya ko prabhAvita karatI hai| isIlie tIrthakara bhagavAna ke dvArA divyadhvani rUpa dvAdazAMga vANI ke dazaveM aMga meM vidyAnuvAda kA bhI upadeza hai| jisameM maMtra rUpa bIjAkSaroM kA nirmANa, maMtra racanA, maMtra sAdhana vidhi, Adi nirUpita kiyA gayA hai| maMtra ke dvArA icchita kAryoM kI sAkAratA prApta hone se vyakti kI maMtra ke prati niraMtara mahattA aura Adara zraddhA bar3hatI gyii| Atma kalyANa meM bhI maMtra eka aisA sAdhana hai jo sAdhaka ko sAdhya kI ora le jAtA hai tathA jo jIva ke pariNAmoM meM vizuddhi, nirmalatA, ekAgratA aura karma nirjarA meM sahakArI banatA hai| 2. jaina pratimA kI nirmANa vidhi pratimA vijJAna meM pratimA nirmANa ke aneka rUpoM kA pratipAdana hai| unake mApa aura AkRtiyoM meM bhI vibhinnatAyeM haiN| Arta rUpa, raudra rUpa, vIra rUpa, hAsya rUpa, saumya vItarAga rUpa, dhyAna mudrA, inameM jaina pratimA vijJAna kA pRthak evaM usake mApa ke nirmANa kA pRthak svarUpa hai| rUpa vItarAga ho, dhyAna mudrA ho, vItarAga muskAna ho, vItarAga muskAna kI eka vilakSaNatA nirmita hai| AcAryoM ne jaina pratimA ke viSaya meM likhA hai- sarala, lambA, suMdara saMsthAna yukta taruNa avasthAdhArI nagna yathAjAta mudrAdhArI zrI vRkSa lakSaNa yukta bhUSita hRdayavAlA jAnuparyaMta lambI bhujA sahita 108 bhAga pramANa jinendra bimba, kA~kha mukha dAr3hI ke keza rahita banAne kA ullekha hai| zreSTha dhAtu yA pASANa kI pratimA ko banAne kA - * pradhAna sampAdaka, vItarAgavANI mAsika, TIkamagar3ha (m.pr.)|
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________________ 360 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha ullekha hai| jisa pramANa meM jinabimba kA nirmANa karanA ho usa pramANa kAgaja meM arddha rekhA kreN| usameM 108 bhAga pramANa rekhAyeM kreN| usameM 2 bhAga pramANa mukha, 4 bhAga pramANa grIvA, usase 12 bhAga pramANa hRdaya, hRdaya se nAbhi taka 12 bhAga pramANa, nAbhi se liMga kA mUla bhAga paryaMta 12 bhAga pramANa, liMga ke mUla bhAga se gor3A taka 24 bhAga pramANa jAMgha kreN| jAMgha ke aMta meM 4 bhAga pramANa goMDA kareM, goMDA se TikUnyA 24 bhAga pramANa pIr3I banAyeM, TikUnyA se pAdamUla paryaMta 4 bhAga paryaMta er3I kreN| isa prakAra 108 bhAgoM meM sampUrNa zarIra kI racanA 9 vibhAgoM meM bnaayeN| yaha vibhAga mastaka ke kezoM se lekara caraNa tala paryaMta haiN| mastaka ke Upara golAI keza se yukta zobhanIka kreN| caraNa tala ke nIce Asana rUpa caukI banAnA caahie| 3. jIva tathA pratimA kA saMskAra aura usakA prabhAva jinendra pratimA ko maMtrAccAra pUrvaka savidhi saMskAra karane se ajIva dravya bhI itanA prabhAvI aura sAtizaya bana jAtA hai| jisakI sAnidhyatA se jIva dravya bhI apanA upakAra karane meM pUrNa sakSama ho jAtA hai| pratimA darzana se svAtma pariNAmoM meM vizuddhi evaM saMsAra kI asAratA kA bodha jIva ko hotA hai usI hetu kI sAkAratA ke liye tIrthakara ke kAla meM bhI pUrvavartI tIrthakara kI pratikRti rUpa pratimAyeM nirmita kara maMtroccAra pUrvaka unakA saMskAra kiyA jAtA rahA hai| vAsta sarvekSaNa se prApta pratIka isake pratyakSa udAharaNa haiN| prAyaH dekhA gayA hai ki vyakti ke jIvana kI zubha aura azubha pravRtti usake saMskAroM ke adhIna haiN| jinameM se kucha vaha pUrvabhava se apane sAtha lAtA hai aura kucha isI bhava meM saMgati aura zikSA Adi ke prabhAva se utpanna karatA hai| isIliye garbha meM Ane ke pUrva se hI bAlaka meM vizuddhi saMskAra utpanna karane ke lie saMskAra kriyA kA bhI vidhAna batAyA gayA hai| garbhAvataraNa se lekara nirvANa paryaMta yathAvasara zrAvaka ko jinendra pUjana evaM maMtra saMskAra sahita 53 prakAra kI kriyAoM kA varNana zAstroM meM pratipAdita hai| ina kriyAoM kI se bAlaka ke saMskAra uttarottara vizaddhi hote hae arhata dazA taka pahaMcakara nirvANa sampatti prApta karane kI pAtratA pA letA hai| siddhivinizcaya graMtha ke prathama adhyAya meM likhA "vastusvabhAvoyaM yat saMskAraH smRtibIjamAdadhIt" arthAt vastu kA svabhAva hI saMskAra hai jisako smRti kA bIja mAnA gayA hai| paMcAstikAya graMtha kI tAtparya vRtti meM pRSTha 251 para likhA hai - jo nija parama AtmA meM zuddha saMskAra karatA hai vaha AtmasaMskAra hai| Atma saMskAra hI jIva kI karma zrRMkhalA ko nirmUla karane meM sAdhaka hai aura yahI usakI caramopalabdhi hai| zrI vaTTakera AcArya praNIta mUlAcAra graMtha meM pRSTha 286 para likhA hai ki paThita jJAna ke saMskAra jIva ke sAtha jAte haiN| vinaya se par3hA huA zAstra kisI samaya prabhAva se vismRta ho jAya to bhI vaha anya janma meM smaraNa ho jAtA hai| saMskAra rahatA hai aura krama se kevalajJAna
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________________ sUrimaMtra aura usakI mahattA ko prApta karAtA hai| ataH jIva ke kalyANa meM saMskAra kA hI sarvopari mahatva hai| dhavalA graMtha pustaka 1 khaNDa 4 pRSTha 82 meM bhagavaMta puSpadaMta bhUtabalI svAmI ne likhA hai ki cAra prakAra kI prajJAoM meM janmAntara meM cAra prakAra kI nirmala buddhi ke bala se vinaya pUrvaka 12 aMgoM kA avadhAraNa karake devoM meM utpanna hokara pazcAt avinaSTa saMskAra ke sAtha manuSya meM utpanna hone para isa bhava meM par3hane sunane va pUMchane Adi ke vyApAra se rahita jIva kI prajJA autpAttikI kahalAtI hai| 361 tatvArthasAra graMtha meM jIvAdhikAra pRSTha 45 meM dhavalA kI uparyukta varNita kathanI kI puSTi karate hue AcArya bhagavana likhate haiM "narakAdi bhavoM meM jahA~ upadeza kA abhAva hai vahA~ pUrva bhava meM dhAraNa kie hue tatvArtha jJAna ke saMskAra ke bala se samyakdarzana kI prApti hotI hai|" isI prakAra AcAryakalpa ToDaramala jI mokSamArga prakAzaka graMtha ke pRSTha 283 para likhate haiM ki isa bhava meM abhyAsa kara agalI paryAya tiryaca Adi meM bhI jAya to vahA~ saMskAra ke bala se deva zAstra guru ke binA bhI samyaktva ho jaay| " svAdhyAya eva tapaH " kI bAta pUrva se hI hamAre Agama AcArya bhavyoM ko sambodhate Ae haiN| svAdhyAya kA saMskAra kevalajJAna hone taka sahakArI hotA hai| loka meM jIva ke Atmahita meM yaha sarvopari hai| dravyasaMgraha graMtha kI TIkA meM pRSTha 159/160 para likhA hai ki samyakadRSTi zuddhAtma bhAvanA bhAne meM asamartha hotA hai| taba vaha parama bhakti karatA hai pazcAt videhoM meM jAkara samavazaraNa ko dekhatA hai pUrva janma meM bhAvita viziSTa bhedajJAna ke saMskAra ke bala se moha nahIM karatA aura dIkSA dhAraNa kara mokSa pAtA hai| jainAgama graMthoM meM varNita ina prasaMgoM se spaSTa hai ki manuSya bhava ke samyak saMskAra evaM svAdhyAya use mokSa taka pahuMcane meM pUrNa sahakArI haiN| yaha kathana jIva dravya ke saMskAroM kA hai| pratimA pratiSThA nirdeza paMcasaMgraha graMtha meM dharaNI, dhAraNA, sthApanA, koSThA, pratiSThA ina sabhI ko ekArtha vAcI kahA gayA hai jinameM vinAza binA padArtha pratiSThita rahate haiM vaha buddhi pratiSThA hai| pratimA pratiSThA kA vidhAna sarva prathama AcArya nemicandra deva ne apane pratiSThAtilaka nAmA graMtha meM kiyA hai| AcArya nemicandra deva ke guru AcArya abhayacandra aura AcArya vijaya kIrti the inake pratiSThAtilaka graMtha kA pracAra dakSiNa bhArata meM vyApakatA ke sAtha hai| yaha graMtha vikrama samvat 950 se 1020 ke madhya racA gayA hai| AcArya nemicandradeva ke ziSya AcArya vasunandi hue inhoMne prAkRta bhASA meM upAsakAdhyayana zrAvakAcAra nAma graMtha kI racanA kI usI ke antargata pratiSThA vidhAna kA varNana saMkSipta rUpa meM saMskRta bhASA meM kiyA jo mahatvapUrNa hai| pazcAt AcArya indranandi mahArAja ne vikramasamvat 10/11 vIM zatAbdI meM apane pratiSThA graMtha meM pratimA pratiSThA, vedI pratiSThA aura zuddhi vidhAna kA varNana kiyA hai| lagabhaga isI samaya samvat 1042 1053 meM AcArya zrI vasuvindu aparanAma jayasenAcArya jI ne eka svataMtra pratiSThA graMtha kI racanA kI, jisameM 926 zloka haiN| pratimA pratiSThA kA yaha pramANika graMtha mAnA jAtA hai| zrI jayasena svAmI bhagavat kundakundAcArya ke ziSya the| kahA jAtA hai
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________________ 362 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha ki isa pratiSThA graMtha kI racanA mAtra 2 dina meM hI kI thI isa pratiSThA graMtha kA pracAra uttara bhArata meM hai| vi. saM. 1292-1333 ke madhya AcArya brahmadeva hue inhoMne pratiSThA tilaka nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kI jo zuddha saMskRta bhASA meM hai| aura pratimA pratiSThA kA eka viziSTa hRdayagrAhI varNana isameM likhA hai| isI samaya vi. samvat 1173-1243 meM AcArya kalpa paM. AzAdhara jI praNIta pratiSThA sAroddhAra graMtha prakAza meM aayaa| samaya aura kAla kI paristhiti ke anusAra isa pratiSThA graMtha meM aneka devI devatAoM kI upAsanA kA prasaMga AyA hai| isI samaya vi. saM. 1200 meM narendrasenAcArya hue inhoMne 'pratiSThAdIpaka' nAmaka graMtha kI racanA kii| yaha jayasena AcArya ke vaMzaja the| prastuta graMtha meM mAtra 350 zloka haiN| mUrti maMdira nirmANa meM tithi nakSatra yoga Adi kA acchA varNana kiyA hai| graMtha meM sthApya, sthApaka aura sthApanA kA varNana hai| isake alAvA AcArya hastimalla jI dvArA racita jinendra kalyANAbhyudaya, vi. saM. 1376 AcArya mAghanadi kRta pratiSThAkalpa, AcArya kumudacandrAcArya dvArA praNIta jinasaMhitA, vi. saM. 1292/1333 meM AcArya brahmadeva racita pratiSThA-sAroddhAra, AcArya akalaMka bhaTTAraka ke pratiSThA kalpa graMtha evaM rAjakIrti bhaTTAraka praNIta pratiSThAdarza graMtha bhI dekhane meM Ae jo saMkSipta aura sAmAnyataH pratiSThA prakaraNa kI sAkAratA meM likhita paramparAgata nirdezoM se yukta haiN| ina varNita sabhI AcAryoM ne pratimA aura usakI racanA saMskAra zuddhi ke jo nirdeza maMtra aura ArAdhana vidhiyA~ varNita kI haiM, unase pratimA pratiSThA kI paryApta jAnakArI prApta ho jAtI hai| pratimA pratiSThA ke lie Avazyaka hai ki pratimA sarvAMga sundara aura zuddha honA caahie| zuddha se tAtparya yadi pASANa kI pratimA hai to eka hI patthara meM jisameM kahIM jor3a na ho, patthara meM caTaka, darAja, bhadaraMgatA, dAga-dhabbe na ho| sAtha hI vItarAga mudrA meM svAtma sukha kI jo muskAna hotI hai usakI jhalaka mukha mudrA para honA Avazyaka hai| isI ko vItarAga muskAna kahate haiN| muskAna ke do rUpa hote haiM eka indriyajanya sukha meM jo muskAna AtI hai usameM oMThoM kA phailanA khulanA yA Upara uThanA hotA hai| lekina Atmopalabdhi yA AtmaguNoM ke abhyudaya meM jo antara meM Atma AnaMda kI anubhUti hotI hai usakI AbhA samagra mukhamaNDala para vyApta hotI hai| aisI mukha mudrA ke sAtha pratimA kI do avasthAeM hotI haiN| prathama padmAsana aura dUsarI khddgaasn| Upara varNita nApa anusAra nirmita pratimA kI pratiSThA karanA caahie| pratimA kI saMskAra zuddhi pratimA ko pratiSThA tathA saMskAra zuddhi ke lie nirmita vedI ke IzAna koNa meM sthApita karanA caahie| aura 6 prakAra kI zuddhi kA vidhAna hamAre AcAryoM ne pratipAdita kiyA hai| use savidhi sampanna kareM1. AkAra prokSaNa vidhi- saubhAgyavatI striyoM dvArA tIrtha miTTI se pratimA para lepa krnaa|
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________________ sUrimaMtra aura usakI mahattA 363 2. zuddhi prokSaNa vidhi- sarvoSadhiyoM tathA sugaMdhita dravyoM se yukta jala se pratimA ko zuddha krnaa| guNAropaNa vidhi- tIrthaMkara ke guNoM kA saMkalpa krnaa| maMtra nyAsa-pratimA ke vibhinna aMgoM para caMdana kezara se bIjAkSaroM kA likhnaa| AcAryoM ne 15 sthAnoM para bIjAkSara likhane kA nirdeza kiyA, lekina paM. AzAdhara jI ne pratimA meM 49 sthAnoM para varNa bIjAkSaroM ke likhane kA ullekha kiyA hai| 5. mukhapaTa vidhi- kaMkar3a baMdhana, kANDaka sthApana naivedya, dIpa, dhUpa, phala, yava, paMcavarNa, izu, valivartikA, svarNakalaza, puSpAMjali, mukhodghATana, netronmIlana kI kriyA maMtroccAra pUrvaka karane kA vidhAna diyA gayA hai| isake bAda paMcakalyANaka ropaNa kI kriyA ko sampanna karate hue karjanvayAdi kI sapta kriyAeM karane ke bAda kevalajJAna pragaTa hotA hai| garbhAdhAna Adi 16 kriyAoM ke saMskAra ke lie pratyeka vidhi meM pRthak-pRthak yaMtrAbhiSeka pUjana evaM tadrUpa vividha maMtra pAThoM kA jApa pratimA ke samakSa Avazyaka hai| dIkSA saMskAra ke pUrva dIkSAnvaya kI 48 kriyAeM pratimA meM saMskArita karanA caahie| sUrimaMtra vidhAna pratimA meM sUri maMtra dene kA vidhAna pUrvAcAryoM dvArA praNIta pratiSThA graMthoM meM kahIM bhI nahIM diyA hai| sUri maMtra kyA hai? kaisA hai? pratimA meM kaise sUrimaMtra denA caahie| isakA kyA vidhi-vidhAna hai? aisI jAnakArI kisI parvAcArya praNIta graMtha meM dekhane meM nahIM aaii| dakSiNa bhArata meM to Aja bhI pratimA meM sUri maMtra dene kI paramparA nahIM hai| sUri maMtra dene kA prathama saMketa vi. saM. 1042-1053 meM AcArya jayasena ne apane pratiSThA graMtha meM diyA hai| "atha sari maMtra"aisA likhakara Age jo maMtra likhA hai vaha yaha hai- U~ hrIM Namo arihaMtANaM Namo siddhANaM Namo AirIyANaM Namo uvajjhAyANaM Namo loe savvasAhaNaM cattAri maMgalaM arihaMtA maMgalaM siddhA maMgalaM sAha maMgalaM kevali paNNatto dhammo maMgalaM cattAri loguttamA arihaMtA loguttamA siddha loguttamA sAhU loguttamA kevali paNNatto dhammo loguttamA cattAri saraNaM pavvajjAmi arihaMte saraNaM pavvajjAmi siddhe saraNaM pavvajjAmi sAhU saraNaM pavvajjAmi kevali paNNattaM dhamma saraNaM pavvajjAmi kroM hrIM svaahaa| isa sUrimaMtra ko brahmacArI sItalaprasAda jI ne apane saMgraha pratiSThAsAra meM sUrimaMtra diyA hai paM. gulAbacaMdajI ne apane pratiSThA saMgraha graMtha pratiSThA ratnAkara meM paM. mannUlAla SThAcArya kI DAyarI se saMgrahIta kara likhA lekina vaha bra. sItalaprasAda kI yathAvata nakala hai| AcArya jayasena ke pUrva evaM parAvartI AcAryoM ne kahIM bhI kisI prakAra ke sUrimaMtra kA ullekha apane graMthoM meM nahIM kiyaa| prANa pratiSThA maMtra bhI paravartI vidvAnoM ne apane saMgrahIta graMthoM meM jo sUrimaMtra likhe haiM vaha vibhinna prakAra ke haiM jaise pratiSThAdarpaNa meM gaNadharAcArya zrI kunthasAgarajI ne likhA- "OM hrAM hrIM hU~ hrauM hraH a si A usA arha U~
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________________ 364 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha smlyUM hmalyUM jamlyUM tmlyU~ lmlyU vlyU ppyUM mlyUM bhalyUkSmlyU~ kmlavyU~ hU~ hA~ Namo arihaMtANaM U~ hrIM Namo siddhANaM U~ hU~ Namo AirIyANaM U~ hrauM Namo uvajjhAyANaM U~ hraH Namo loe savvasAhUNaM anAhata parAkramAste bhavatu te bhavatu te bhavatu hIM nmH| "pratiSThA caMdrikA' meM paM. zivarAmajI pAThaka ne likhA hai| OM hrIM aiM zrIM bhU OM bhuvaH OM svaH OM mAH U~ hrAH OM janaH tatsavihuvare eyaM garbho devAya dhI mahIdhi yoni asiA usA Namo arihaMtANaM anAhata parAkramaste bhavatu te bhvtu| pratiSThAcArya zrI sarayA jI ne apane "pratiSThA divAkara" graMtha meM likhA hai| AcAryakalpa paM. AzAdharajI ne apane pratiSThA sAroddhAra graMtha meM sUrya maMtra kA nirdeza to nahIM kiyA lekina kevalajJAna hone para nimnAMkita maMtra pATha kA nirdeza diyA "U~ kevala NANa divAyara kiraNa kalA vappaNAsi ynnnnaanno| Nava kevala laddhAgama sujaNiya paramaparA vveso| asahAyaNANa daMsaNasahio idi kevalI hu joenn| juttotti sajogijiNo aNAiNi haNArise utto| ityeSo hassAkSad trAvatIrNo vizvaM pAtviti svaahaa|" isake alAvA hamAre pAsa 6 prakAra ke saMgrahIta pratiSThA graMtha haiM unameM bra. sItalaprasAda jI aura puSpajI ne to AcArya jayasena kA hI maMtra saMgrahIta kiyaa| bAkI paM. zivarAmajI pAThaka ke pratiSThA caMdrikA gaNadharAcArya zrI kunthasAgara ke saMgrahIta pratiSThA vidhi darpaNa evaM paM. nAthUlAlajI zAstrI ke pratiSThA pradIpa evaM zrI sorayA jI ke "pratiSThA divAkara" saMgraha graMthoM meM pRthak-pRthak sUrimaMtra die haiN| unhoMne aise kisI bhI graMtha kA nirdeza nahIM diyA ki yaha sarimaMtra unhoMne kahA~ se saMgrahIta kiyaa| zrI sorayA ja zrI vimalasAgara jI se surimaMtra prApta hone kA nirdeza diyA hai| gaNadharAcArya zrI kunthasAgarajI dvArA saMgrahIta pratiSThA graMtha "pratiSThA vidhi darpaNa"' meM dvitIya khaNDa pRSTha 292 para likhA hai ki guru paramparA se prApta AcAryoM ne sUri maMtra ko gopya rakhA isalie zAstroM meM varNana nahIM miltaa| sUri maMtra dene ke saMdarbha meM gaNadharAcArya jI ke digambara muni mahAvratI dvArA hI sUri maMtra dene kI bAta likhI hai| 'digambara hokara pratiSThAcArya ko sUrimaMtra nahIM denA' aisA spaSTa ullekha kiyA maiM nahIM kaha sakatA yaha nirdeza unhoMne kahA~ se prApta kiyaa| paMca kalyANakoM ke samasta saMskAra pratiSThAcArya kareM aura phira jahA~ muni sambhava na ho vahA~ phira pratiSThAcArya sUri maMtra de yA na de isakA samAdhAna nahIM diyA, digambara hokara pratimA saMskAra karanA alaga bAta hai ki digambara hokara mahAvrata dhAraNa karanA alaga bAta hai| pratiSThA pradIpa saMgrahIta pratiSThA graMtha meM paM. nAthUlAlajI zAstrI ne graMtha meM dvitIya bhAga pRSTha 185 para sUrimaMtra kA 108 bAra jApa pratiSThAcArya kre| pazcAt usI maMtra ko mani se pratimA meM dilAne kA nirdeza diyA hai| pratiSThA caMdrikA saMgrahIta graMtha ke pRSTha 236 para paM. zrI zivarAmajI pAThaka likhate haiM ki muni brahmacArI ke abhAva meM svayaM nagna hokara pratiSThAcArya 108 bAra jApa karake samasta pratimAoM ko maMtrita kre|
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________________ sUrimaMtra aura usakI mahattA yadyapi maiMne jIvana meM anekoM bAra mahAvratI munirAjoM ke abhAva meM pratimAoM ko digambara hokara sUrimaMtra die haiM mujhe nahIM lagatA ki yaha galata hai| kyoMki sUrimaMtra kA pATha aMtaraMga bahiraMga parigraha kA kucha samaya ke lie tyAga kara mUrti kA saMskAra kiyA gayA hai| sUri maMtra denA bhI eka saMskAra kI hI kriyA hai| mere dekhane meM yaha nahIM AyA ki kisI Agama meM AcArya ne aisA kahIM ullekha kiyA ho ki sUrimaMtra kisa vidhi se kauna, kaise de| agara paramparAgata sUrimaMtra pratimA meM dene kI bAta AI hai to merI dRSTi meM bhI yaha acchI paramparA hai ki sampUrNa saMskAroM ke bAda pratimA meM eka nirgrantha sUrimaMtra deM isase do lAbha haiM eka to nirgrantha jina pratimA kI tIrthaMkara jaisI sampUrNa pAtratA ke lie sUrimaMtra se AbhASita krnaa| dUsare mahAvratAcaraNa jaisA mahAmArgI pUjya vyakti hI mahAvratAcaraNa kI aMtima zreNI meM avasthita hone kI pAtratA kA saMskAra de| isa dRSTi se bhI sArthaka hai| lekina mahAvratI ke abhAva meM pratiSThAcArya saMskArita kareM! isameM merI dRSTi meM kahIM doSa nahIM hai| sahAyaka graMtha pratiSThAtilaka 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. pratiSThA kalpa pratiSThA pATha pratiSThA dIpaka pratiSThA pATha pratiSThA sAroddhAra jinendra kalyANAbhyudaya pratiSThAkalpa jinasaMhitA pratiSThA sAroddhAra 11. pratiSThAdarza 12. pratiSThA pATha 13. pratiSThAsAra saMgraha 14. pratiSThA candrikA 15. pratiSThA vidhi darpaNa 16. pratiSThA pradIpa 17. pratiSThA ratnAkara 18. pratiSThA divAkara anya graMtha 19. paMcasaMgraha - - - 11111111 - - - AcArya nemicaMdra jI AcArya jayasena jI (vasuvindu) AcArya narendra sena jI AcArya vasunaMdi jI AcArya kalpa paM. AzAdhara jI AcArya hastimalla jI AcArya mAghanaMdi jI zrI kumudacandrAcArya jI zrI brahmasUri jI zrI akalaMka bhaTTAraka zrI rAjakIrti bhaTTAraka AcArya indranandi jI bra. sItalaprasAdajI zrI zivarAma pAThakajI zrI A. kunthasAgarajI zrI nAthUlAla jI zrI gulAvacaMda jI zrI vimalakumAra sauMrayA jI bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana 365
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________________ 366 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 20. siddhivinizcaya 21. mUlAcAra 22. paMcAstikAya 23. SaTakhaNDAgama 24. tatvArthasAra 25. dravya saMgraha TIkA 26. mokSamArga prakAzaka bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana paramazruta prabhAvaka maNDala mumbaI amarAvatI prakAzana jaina siddhAnta prakAzaka saMsthA, kalakattA vItarAgavANI TrasTa TIkamagar3ha - vItarAgavANI TrasTa TIkamagar3ha
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________________ jaina sAhitya meM rAmakathA DaoN. gokulacandra jaina* rAmakathA prAcIna kAla se hI jaina sAhityakAroM ko priya rahI hai| saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza tathA kannar3a Adi kSetrIya bhASAoM meM rAmakathA para aneka jaina grantha upalabdha haiN| rAma kA eka nAma padma bhI thaa| yahI nAma jaina sAhityakAroM ko adhika priya lgaa| isI AdhAra para vimalasUrI ne prAkRta meM paumacariyaM, raviSeNa ne saMskRta meM padmacaritam tathA svayambhU ne apabhraMza meM paumacariu kI racanA kii| jaina sAhitya meM jaba rAmakathA lipibaddha honA zurU huI, sambhavatayA taka kathA ke kaI rUpa pracalita ho cuke the| bAlmIki rAmAyaNa, adbhuta rAmAyaNa aura pAli ke dazaratha jAtaka kI paramparA pracalita thii| . aba taka upalabdha jaina sAhitya meM rAmakathA kA varNana karane vAlA pahalA grantha vimalasUri kA prAkRta paumacariyaM hai| katipaya vidvAnoM ne ise cauthI zatI kI racanA mAnA hai aura katipaya isase bhI pUrva kii| vimalasUri ke ullekha ke anusAra rAmakathA kA avataraNa jaina sAhitya meM unake pUrva hI ho cukA thaa| unhoMne paumacariyaM meM likhA hai ki maiM nAmAvalI meM nibaddha aura AcArya paramparA se prApta samasta padmacarita AnupUrvI se saMkSepa meM kahU~gA NAmAvaliyaNibaddhaM AyaripamaraMparAgayaM svvN| vocchAmi paumacariyaM ahANapavviM smaasenn|| tiloyapaNNati meM jina zreSTha zlAkApuruSoM kI gaNanA hai, unameM rAma kI bhI gaNanA kI gayI hai| bAda ke granthakAroM meM svayambhU kA paumacariu, guNabhadra kA uttarapurANa aura raviSeNa kA padmacarita yA padmapurANa vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| jaina sAhitya meM rAmakathA kA vikAsa do dhArAoM meM huA hai| pahalI dhArA vimalasUri ke paumacariyaM ko AdhAra mAnakara calI hai, dUsarI guNabhadra ke uttara purANa ko| 1. paumacariyaM kI kathA rAkSasa tathA vAnara vaMza ke varNana ke sAtha prArambha hotI hai| rAjA zreNika ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pradhAna ziSya gautama gaNadhara se rAmakathA ko jAnane kI icchA prakaTa kii| isapara gautama paumacariyaM sunAte haiN| rAkSasavaMzIya rAjA ratnazravA tathA kaikasI ke cAra santAneM thiiN| rAvaNa, kumbhakarNa, * pUrva adhyakSa, prAkRta evaM jainAgama vibhAga, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vaaraannsii|
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________________ 368 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha candranakhA aura vibhiissnn| jaba ratnazravA ne pahale-pahala apane putra rAvaNa ko dekhA taba zizu mAlA pahane hue thaa| isa sAlA meM pitA ko rAvaNa ke dasa sira dikhAI diye, isa kAraNa zizu kA nAma dazAnana yA dazagrIva rakhA gyaa| apane mausere bhAI kA vaibhava dekhakara rAvaNa Adi bhAI bar3e hone para tapa karane ke lie cale aura tapa ke dvArA aneka vidyAeM prApta kii| isake bAda bAli, sugrIva, hanumAna Adi kA varNana hai| 21veM parva se mUla kathA Arambha hotI hai| janaka tathA dazaratha kI vaMzAvalI ke bAda dazaratha kI tIna patniyoM kA ullekha hai| kauzalyA, sumitrA tathA suprabhA ye tIna rAniyAM thiiN| eka dina nArada ne rAvaNa se kahA ki ApakI mRtyu janaka kI putrI ke kAraNa dazaratha ke putra dvArA hogii| isa para rAvaNa ne apane bhAI vibhISaNa ko ina donoM ko mAra DAlane ke lie bhejaa| vahAM nArada ne janaka aura dazaratha ko rAvaNa ke isa samAcAra se pahale hI sAvadhAna kara diyaa| donoM apane putale mahala meM rakhakara gupta rUpa se paradeza cale gye| vibhISaNa ne ina donoM mUrtiyoM ko hI vAstavika janaka aura dazaratha samajha unake sira kATa kara samudra meM pheMka diye| paradeza meM dazaratha kaikeyI ke svayaMvara meM phuNce| kanyA ne dazaratha ke gale meM mAlA ddaalii| isapara anya rAjA bigar3a gye| unase rAjA dazaratha kA yuddha huaa| kaikeyI vIrAMganA thii| usane svayaM dazaratha kA ratha claayaa| rAjA dazaratha apane pa usakI caturAI se yuddha meM vijayI hue| kaikeyI kI caturAI se prasanna hokara dazaratha ne use manacAhA vara mAMgane ko khaa| kaikeyI ne kahA-jaba AvazyakatA hogI taba mAMga luuNgii| kaikeyI sahita rAjA ke cAra rAniyAM ho gyiiN| inase cAra putra utpanna hue| kauzalyA se rAma, sumitrA se lakSmaNa, kaikeyI se bharata aura suprabhA se shtrughn| rAjA janaka ke videhA nAmaka rAnI se eka putra aura eka putrI utpanna huii| putra kA nAma bhAmaNDala rakhA tathA putrI kA nAma sItA rakhA gyaa| bar3e hone para sItA kA svayaMvara huaa| svayaMvara meM rAma ne ghanuSa cddh'aayaa| unakA sItA ke sAtha vivAha ho gyaa| dazaratha rAma ko rAjya dekara tapasyA ke lie jAne kI socane lge| tabhI kaikeyI ne apanA vara mAMgakara bharata ko rAjya maaNgaa| yaha sunakara rAma, lakSmaNa aura sItA dakSiNa kI ora cale gye| kaikeyI aura bharata ne vana meM jAkara rAma se lauTa calane kA anurodha kiyA, para saba vyartha huaa| rAma ayodhyA nahIM lautte| isake bAda vana bhramaNa kA vistAra se varNana hai| vana meM mleccha rAjAoM se rAma aura lakSmaNa ke aneka yuddha hue| rAma ne kaI vipattigrasta logoM kI sahAyatA bhI kii| jaTAyu se bheMTa hone ke bAda rAma daNDaka vana meM rahane lge| - isake bAda sItA haraNa aura unakI khoja kA varNana hai| candranakhA tathA kharadUSaNa ke putra zambUka ne sUryahAsa khaDga kI prApti ke lie ghora tapasyA kii| sUryahAsa prakaTa huaa| lakSmaNa saMyoga se vahAM phuNce| zambUka khaDga le, isake pUrva hI unhoMne use uThA liyaa| khaDga kI parIkSA ke lie unhoMne vahIM pAsa ke eka bAMsa-samUha para usase prahAra kiyaa| usI bAMsa samUha meM zambUka tapasyA kara rahA thaa| lakSmaNa ke isa prayoga se bAMsoM ke sAtha usakA bhI sira kaTa gyaa| candranakhA ne apane mRta putra ko dekhaa| vaha bahuta vilApa karane rANA
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________________ jaina sAhitya meM rAmakathA lgii| vApasa Akara pati se sArA samAcAra khaa| kharadUSaNa ke sAtha lakSmaNa kA bhayaMkara yuddha huaa| kharadUSaNa ke AhvAna para rAvaNa usakI sahAyatA ke lie aayaa| sItA ko dekhakara unapara mohita ho gyaa| rAvaNa sItA ke apaharaNa kA upAya socane lgaa| usane apanI vidyA ke bala se jAnA ki rAma ko sahAyatArtha bulAne ke lie lakSmaNa ne siMhanAda kA saMketa batAyA hai| usane prapaMcapUrNa siMhanAda kiyaa| rAma lakSmaNa kI sahAyatA ke lie sItA ko akelI chor3akara cale gye| rAvaNa sItA ko akelI pAkara hara le gyaa| sItA haraNa ke bAda rAma bahuta duHkhI hote haiN| isake bAda sugrIva ke sAtha rAma kI maitrI kA varNana hai| sAhasagati ne sugrIva kA rUpa dhAraNa kara sugrIva kI patnI kA apaharaNa kara liyA thaa| rAma ne sugrIva ko usakI patnI prApta karA dii| sugrIva kI AjJA se vidyAdhara sItA kI khoja karate haiN| kucha hI samaya meM ratnajaTI nAmaka vidyAdhara Akara batAtA hai ki sItA kA haraNa rAvaNa ne kiyA hai| rAvaNa eka mahAna balazAlI rAjA thA isalie vidyAdharoM ne isake sAtha yuddha karane se inakAra kara diyaa| tabhI unheM anantavIrya kevalI kA vacana yAda AyA ki jo vyakti koTi-zilA ko uThAyegA, vahI rAvaNa ko maaregaa| sabane koTizilA uThAne kI parIkSA kii| lakSmaNa ne zilA uThA lii| vidyAdhara aba bhI rAvaNa se Darate haiM aura hanumAna ko laMkA bhejane kI salAha dete haiN| hanumAna laMkA jAte haiM aura vahAM para aneka taraha kA vinAza karake sItA kA sandeza lekara rAma ke pAsa lauTa Ate haiN| 369 isake bAda yuddha kA varNana hai| sugrIva Adi vidyAdharoM ke sAtha rAma laMkA ke lie prasthAna karate haiN| mArga meM vAnara vaMzI vidyAdharoM kI senA ko samudra nAmaka rAjA rokatA hai jisase yuddha hotA hai| anta meM samudra kI parAjaya hotI hai| rAma kRpA karake usakA rAjya use vApasa lauTA dete haiN| senA laMkA pahuMcatI hai| vahAM rAvaNa ke sAtha bhayaMkara yuddha hotA hai| anta meM rAvaNa - lakSmaNa para cakra calAtA hai| vaha cakra lakSmaNa ko lagane ke badale unakI pradakSiNA dekara hAtha meM A jAtA hai| lakSmaNa isI cakra se rAvaNa kA vadha karate haiN| rAma ayodhyA lauTakara rAjya karane lagate haiN| bharata virakta hokara dIkSA le lete haiN| lokApavAda ke bhaya se rAma sItA ko vana meM chur3avA dete haiN| sItA vajrabaMdha ke Azrama meM rahatI hai| vahIM unake lavaNa aura aMkuza do putra paidA hote haiN| bar3e hone para lavaNa aura aMkuza kA rAma aura lakSmaNa ke sAtha yuddha hotA hai| bAda meM nArada ke dvArA pArasparika paricaya hone para pitA-putroM meM milApa hotA hai| hanumAna, sugrIva, vibhISaNa Adi ke kahane para rAma sItA ko bulA lete haiN| sItA agni parIkSA detI hai aura usameM saphala hone ke bAda AryikA ho jAtI hai| kisI dina do deva rAma aura lakSmaNa ke sneha kI parIkSA karane ke lie Ate haiM aura lakSmaNa ko rAma kI mRtyu kA asatya samAcAra sunAte haiN| lakSmaNa apane bhAI kI mRtyu ke samAcAra sunate hI apane prANa tyAga dete haiN| aba rAma ko lakSmaNa kI mRtyu kA samAcAra milatA hai| ve atyanta duHkhI hote haiM aura vikSipta se ho jAte haiN| anta meM lakSmaNa kI antyeSTi karane ke bAda rAma muni ho jAte haiM aura sAdhanA karake mokSa prApta karate haiN| paumacariyaM kI kathA yahAM samApta hotI hai|
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________________ 370 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 2. uttarapurANa kI kathA bauddha sAhitya ke dazaratha jAtaka kI taraha prArambha hotI hai| vArANasI meM dazaratha nAma ke rAjA rAjya karate the| unake cAra putra the- rAma, lakSmaNa, bharata aura shtrughn| dazAnana vinami vidyAdhara vaMza ke pulastya kA putra thaa| kisI dina usane amitavega kI putrI maNimatI ko tapasyA karate dekhA aura usapara mohita hokara usakI sAdhanA meM vighna DAlane lgaa| maNimatI ne nidAna kiyA ki maiM terI hI putrI hokara terA nAza kruuNgii| mRtyu ke bAda vaha rAvaNa kI rAnI mandodarI ke garbha meM aayii| usake janma ke bAda jyotiSiyoM ne rAvaNa ko batAyA ki yaha tumhArA nAza kregii| rAvaNa ne bhayabhIta hokara mArIca ko AjJA dI ki vaha use kahIM chor3a aaeN| eka ratnamaMjUSA meM rakhakara mArIca usa kanyA ko mithilA deza meM gAr3a aayaa| hala jotate samaya vaha ratnamaMjUSA dikhAI pdd'ii| loga use rAjA janaka ke pAsa le gye| janaka ne kholakara dekhA to usameM se eka sundara kanyA niklii| janaka ne usakA nAma sItA rakhA aura putra kI taraha usakA lAlana-pAlana karane lge| bahuta samaya ke bAda rAjA janaka ne rAma aura lakSmaNa ko apane yajJa kI rakSA karane ke lie bulaayaa| yajJa samApta hone ke bAda rAma kA sItA ke sAtha vivAha ho gyaa| ve dazaratha se AjJA lekara vArANasI meM rahane lge| nArada ne rAvaNa ke sAmane sItA ke saundarya kA varNana kiyA jisase rAvaNa ne sItA ko hara lAne kA saMkalpa kiyaa| usane apanI bahina zUrpaNakhA ko sItA ke mana kI parIkSA karane ke lie bhejaa| zUrpaNakhA ne lauTakara batAyA ki sItA ke mana ko calAyamAna karanA asambhava hai| eka dina rAma aura sItA vArANasI ke nikaTa citrakUTa vATikA meM vihAra kara rahe the| mArIca svarNa mRga kA rUpa dhAraNa karake rAma ko dUra le gyaa| itane meM rAvaNa rAma kA rUpa banAkara AyA aura sItA se kahane lagA ki maiMne mRga ko mahala bheja diyA hai| vaha sItA ko pAlakI para car3hane kI AjJA detA hai| yaha pAlakI vAstava meM puSpaka vimAna hai jo sItA ko le jAtA hai| rAvaNa apanI AkAzagAminI vidyA naSTa hone ke Dara se pativratA sItA ko sparza nahIM krtaa| dazaratha ko svapna dvArA yaha patA calA ki rAvaNa ne sItA kA haraNa kiyaa| unhoMne yaha samAcAra rAma ke pAsa bheja diyaa| isI mauke para sugrIva aura hanumAna bAli ke viruddha sahAyatA mAMgane rAma ke pAsa phuNce| hanumAna ko laMkA bhejA gayA aura ve sItA ko sAMtvanA dekara vahAM se lauTa aaye| isake bAda lakSmaNa ne bAli kA vadha kiyA aura sugrIva ko usake rAjya kA adhikAra dilaayaa| isake bAda vAnaroM aura rAma kI senA ne laMkA ke lie prasthAna kiyaa| laMkA meM bhayaMkara yuddha huaa| anta meM lakSmaNa ne cakra se rAvaNa kA sira kATa liyaa| digvijaya ke bAda saba lauTa aaye| sItA ke ATha putra utpanna hue| sItA ke tyAga kA yahAM koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| lakSmaNa kI eka asAdhya roga se mRtyu ho jAtI hai aura rAma lakSmaNa ke putra pRthvI sundara ko rAjapada para tathA sItA ke putra atinaMjava ko yuvarAja pada para abhiSikta karake muni dIkSA le lete haiM aura tapa karake mokSa jAte haiN| sItA bhI aneka rAniyoM ke sAtha
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________________ jaina sAhitya meM rAmakathA dIkSA le letI haiM aura tapa karake svarga prApta karatI haiN| isa taraha kathA samApta hotI hai| jaina sAhitya meM rAmakathA kI ina dhArAoM kA paryApta vikAsa huA hai| pahalI dhArA kA AdhAra lekara jina granthoM kI racanA huI usameM vimalasUri kA paumacariyaM, raviSeNa kA padmacarita, svayambhUdeva kA paumacariu, hemacandra kA triSaSThi- zlAkApuruSacarita, jinadAsa kA rAmapurANa, pampa kavi kI pamparAmAyaNa, padmadeva vijayagaNi kA rAmacarita tathA somasena kA rAmacarita mukhya haiN| 371 dUsarI paramparA ke granthoM meM guNabhadra kA uttarapurANa, kRSNa kavi kA puNyacandrodayapurANa, puSpadanta kA mahApurANa, cAmuNDarAya kA triSaSThizlAkApuruSapurANa, bandhuvarmA kA jIvana sambodhana tathA nAgarAja kA puNyAsravakathAsAra mukhya haiN| bhArata kI vibhinna prAntIya bhASAoM meM bhI jitanA rAmakathA sambaMdhI sAhitya jaina sAhityakAroM dvArA likhA gayA vaha uparyukta donoM paramparAoM meM se hI kisI eka ko AdhAra mAnakara nibaddha huA hai| kathAvastu kI dRSTi se vaidika, jaina aura bauddha sAhitya meM upalabdha rAmakathA meM bahuta-sI samAnatAeM aura asamAnatAeM pAyI jAtI haiN| bauddha paramparA meM rAmakathA kA prasAra nahIM huaa| rAmakathA ke aneka rUpa hote hue bhI jaina paramparA meM isakA pracAra atyadhika huA hai| mUla rAmacarita kI kathAvastu kyA thI, isake vivAda meM na par3akara yadi vaidika, jaina aura bauddha tInoM dhArAoM ke rAmakathA sambaMdhI sAhitya ko uThAkara dekheM to jJAta hogA ki kathAvastu meM pAye jAne vAle antara ke bAvajUda rAmakathA ke pAtroM kA caritra, kramazaH nikharatA hI gayA hai| rAma ko hI nahIM rAmakathA ke anya sabhI pAtroM ko eka nayI lAlimA, eka nayA rUpa, eka nayI cetanA aura eka nayA vikAsa Age-Age ke sAhitya meM milA hai| jaina sAhitya pAtroM ke cAritrika vikAsa kI dRSTi se sarvotkRSTa mAnA jA sakatA hai| bAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM rAma ne mAtra rAvaNa kA hI vadha nahIM kiyA balki bAli, zambUka tathA aneka rAkSasoM ko bhI mArA, ahiMsA kI mUla bhitti para pratiSThita jaina dharma yaha svIkAra nahIM kara sakatA thA ki rAma jaisA mahApuruSa, jise isI jIvana meM mokSa prApta karanA hai, aneka manuSyoM kI hatyA kre| isI kAraNa rAma ke carita ko bedAga rakhane ke lie jaina rAmAyaNakAroM ne rAvaNa, bAli aura yahAM taka ki zambUka kA nAza bhI lakSmaNa ke hAtha se karAyA aura rAma ko narahatyA se achUtA bacA liyaa| isI prakAra jaina rAmAyaNakAroM ne hanumAna aura sugrIva ko kevala manuSya hI nahIM batAyA pratyuta unheM vidyAdhara kahakara AkAzagAminI Adi aneka vidyAoM se yukta batAyA hai| saMkSepa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki rAma ke ujjvala carita se rAma kathA ke sabhI pAtroM ke caritra Alokita haiN| rAmakathA bhArata kI mahanIya sAMskRtika nidhi hai| vigata varSoM meM rAmakathA para pracura sAmagrI prakAza meM AyI hai| jaina granthakAroM dvArA likhita aneka mahatvapUrNa prAcIna grantha prakAza meM Aye haiN| idhara ke lagabhaga tIna dazakoM meM una granthoM para anusandhAna kArya bhI vibhinna vizvavidyAlayoM meM hue haiM para ve sabhI prAyaH sAhityika adhyayana kI koTi meM Ate haiN| abhI sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika anusandhAna kA zrIgaNeza bhI nahIM huaa| isa ora vidvAnoM kA dhyAna jAnA caahie|
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________________ rAjA zrI khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha DaoN. zazikAnta* kisI bhI aitihAsika ghaTanA athavA vyakti ke viSaya meM koI vivaraNa tabhI itihAsa kI koTi meM AtA hai jaba vaha kisI puSTa pramANa para AdhArita ho| yaha pramANa prathamata: ve samakAlIna abhilekha hoMge jo usa ghaTanA yA vyakti ke viSaya meM upalabdha hoN| una abhilekhoM se jo tathya jJAta hoM unakA samanvaya aura sambaddhIkaraNa pazcAtvartI sAhityika ullekhoM tathA anya sAmagrI se karake eka aitihAsika vRtta banAyA jA sakatA hai| ata: sarvaprathama yaha AvazyakatA hotI hai ki samakAlIna abhilekhoM ko khojA jAya aura vivaraNa upalabdha ho usako vastaparaka dRSTi se dekhA va jAMcA jaay| isameM Agraha yaha rahanA apekSita hai ki yathAsaMbhava zabdoM kA sarala artha liyA jAya aura usameM apanI kalpanAzIlatA se paurANika upamAoM ko Aropita na kiyA jaay| prAyaH tIsarI zatI IsavI pUrva se eka hajAra varSa paryanta kA samaya bhArata ke itihAsa meM aisA hai jisake bAre meM mukhya sAdhana-srota deza bhara meM vana-prAntaroM meM bikhare, zilA-khaNDoM para utkIrNa, abhilekha haiN| ina abhilekhoM kI jAnakArI vigata 200 varSoM ke bhItara hI huii| prAraMbha meM aMgreja sailAniyoM aura sainya adhikAriyoM kI jijJAsA ke phalasvarUpa unakI jAnakArI huii| 1861 I. meM Archaeological Survey of India kI sthApanA ke bAda purA-sampadA kI khoja kA kArya bhArata kI briTiza sarakAra kI dekha-rekha meM vidhivat vyavasthita huaa| ina abhilekhoM kI lipi ko par3hane aura unakA Azaya spaSTa karane kA kArya bhI 19vIM zatI IsvI meM yUropiyana jijJAsuoM dvArA prathamataH kiyA gyaa| hama bhAratavAsI to apanI lipiyoM aura bhASAoM ko bhUla hI cuke the| aitihAsika vyaktiyoM aura ghaTanAoM ke bAre meM jo bhI sAhityika ullekha upalabdha the ve ekAMgI, atiraMjita aura aspaSTa prakAra ke the| yadi 19vIM zatI ke uttarArddha meM maurya samrATa azoka ke aura gupta samrAT samudragupta ke abhilekha par3he na gaye hote to Aja azoka aura samudragupta ke bAre meM kucha bhI jAnakArI na hotI! kaliMga ke khAravela kA to patA hI nahIM calatA kyoMki usake viSaya meM jAnakArI kA ekamAtra sAdhana-srota 1825 I. meM aMgreja sailAnI mi. sTarliMga dvArA akasmAt dRSTigata 'hAthIgumphA abhilekha' hai| khAravela kA jaina sAhitya meM kahIM ullekha nahIM hai, anya bhAratIya sAhitya meM bhI * jyoti nikuJja, cArabAga, lakhanaU-226004.
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________________ rAjA zrI khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha 373 ullekha nahIM hai aura kisI videzI sAhityika srota se bhI usake bAre meM koI jAnakArI nahIM miltii| ur3IsA meM purI jile meM udayagiri kI pahAr3I para bar3I hAthIgumphA ke muhAne kI siradala para 17 paMktiyoM meM brAhmI lipi meM utkIrNa abhilekha jo 'khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha' ke nAma se aba abhijJAta hai, khAravela ke viSaya meM jAnakArI kA eka mAtra va ekala srota hai| eka-sau varSa se bhI adhika samaya taka usako par3hane aura usakA bhASya karane ke prayatna kiye jAte rhe| 1885 I. meM DaoN. bhagavAnalAla indrajI dvArA eka pATha prakAzita kiyA gayA thA jo pahalA aisA pATha thA jisase isa lekha kA aitihAsika mahatva prakaTa hotA thaa| 1927 I. meM DaoN. kAzI prasAda jAyasavAla aura DaoN. rAkhAla dAsa banarjI dvArA isa abhilekha kA vAcana aura bhASya prakAzita kiyA gyaa| 1929 I. meM DaoN. benI mAdhava baruA ne bhI isakA vAcana aura bhASya prakAzita kiyaa| 1942 I. meM DaoN. dinezacandra sarakAra ne bhI bhASya kiyaa| isa abhilekha ke anusaMdhAna se jur3e anya prAcyavidoM meM jArja byUlara, TI. blaoNkha, pro. kIlahorna, DaoN. je. epha. phlITa, lUDarsa, DaoN. epha. DablyU. TAmasa, prinsepa, sona kono, muni jinavijaya, rAmaprasAda cAMdA aura pro. ema. esa. rAmAsvAmI ullekhanIya haiN| 1971 I. meM hamArI pustaka The Hathigumpha Inscription of Kharavela and the Bhabru Edict of Asoka - A Critical Study prakAzita huii| usameM hamane isa viSaya meM huI samasta zodha kA maMthana kara aura bhASA-zailI va bhAva-vyaMjanA ko dRSTigata rakhate hue abhilekha kA punarvAcana kiyA tathA truTita, khaMDita, aspaSTa yA miTa gaye aMzoM ko punarsthApita kara eka suvAcya pATha prastuta kiyaa| usakA Azaya bhI bhAva, prasaMga, paraMparA aura aitihAsika tathyoM ke sApekSa prastuta kiyaa| isa sabakA vyApaka svAgata vidvat samAja meM bhArata meM aura videzoM meM haa| kaI dezI aura videzI vizvavidyAlayoM meM isa pustaka ko pAThyakrama meM sammilita bhI kiyA gyaa| isa pustaka kA dvitIya parivardhita saMskaraNa 2000 I. meM D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd., Sri Kunj, F-52, Bali Nagar, New Delhi-110015 se prakAzita huaa| vigata 30 varSoM meM hue zodha adhyayana ko isameM samAhita kara liyA gyaa| AppendixIII meM isa abhilekha se saMbaMdhita katipaya binduoM para atirikta prakAza DAlA gyaa| Section-III meM prAkRta bhASA aura bhAratIya lipiyoM para vizeSa adhyayana diyA gyaa| donoM hI saMskaraNoM meM pariziSTa meM nAgarI lipi meM lekha kA mUla pATha aura usakA hindI rUpAntara bhI de diyA gyaa| yaha vizeSakara jaina vidvAnoM kI jijJAsA ko utprerita karane ke uddezya se kiyA gayA hai| zodhAdarza varSa 2000 I. ke aMka 40, 41 va 42 meM isa pustaka aura viSaya kI prabhUta carcA huI hai| punaH aMka 56 (julAI 2005) aura aMka 59 (julAI 2006) meM bhI isa viSaya kI carcA kI gaI hai| 1920 ke dazaka meM zvetAmbara AmnAya ke muni kalyANavijaya aura muni puNyavijaya ne khAravela meM abhiruci pradarzita kI thI jisakA Azaya khAravela ko zvetAmbara
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________________ 374 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha AmnAya kA poSaka sUcita karanA thaa| isake lie unhoMne "himavanta-therAvalI" nAmaka eka grantha ko apanA AdhAra banAyA thaa| isa grantha kI prAmANikatA ke bAre meM muni jinavijaya jI jo svayaM eka zvetAmbara muni the, ne zvetAmbara vidvAna paMDita sukhalAla jI ke sahayoga se 1930 meM jAMca kI thI aura yaha niSkarSa diyA thA ki "par3hane ke sAtha hI hameM vaha sArA hI grantha banAvaTI mAlUma ho gayA aura kisane aura kaba yaha gar3ha DAlA usakA bhI saba hAla mAlUma ho gyaa"| uparokta niSkarSa diye jAne ke bAda purAvettAoM aura itihAsa ke vidvAnoM dvArA isa grantha ko aitihAsika sAkSya ke rUpa meM grahaNa nahIM kiyA gyaa| tadapi kucha zvetAmbara muni-vidvAna AmnAya ke pakSa kA sAdhana karane kI dRSTi se usakA pracAra karate rahe aura isa grantha kI prAmANikatA kI vAstavikatA se anabhijJa kucha vidvAnoM ko vibhrama meM DAlane meM bhI saphala hue| 1970 ke dazaka meM AcAryazrI hastimala jI dvArA isa prasaMga meM kiyA gayA yogadAna ullekhanIya hai| digambara AmnAya ke sAdhu samudAya meM AcAryazrI vidyAnanda jI ne isa viSaya meM abhiruci pradarzita kI aura 1990 ke dazaka meM yaha vizeSa rUpa meM prakAza meM aayii| AmnAya kI prabhAvanA ke vyAmoha meM munibhakta vidvAnoM ne katipaya kAlpanika prasthApanAyeM kI aura "rAjA khAravela" ko "muni khAravela" bhI banA DAlA jisake lie na to isa abhilekha meM koI saMketa hai aura na hI anyatra koI ullekha hai| hAthIgumphA abhilekha se jo viziSTa jAnakArI prApta hotI hai vaha saMkSepa meM nimnavat hai: ____ abhilekha kA prArambha "namo arahaMtAnaM namo sava sidhAnaM" se hotA hai, jo ki jainoM NamokAra maMtra ke prathama do pada haiN| abhilekha kA yaha prArambha spaSTataH yaha sUcita karatA hai ki isa abhilekha ko likhAne vAlA jaina dharma kA anuyAyI rahA hogaa| NamokAra maMtra kA yaha prAcInatama likhita pATha hai jo yaha bhI iMgita karatA hai ki mUla pATha yahI thaa| khAravela svayaM ko "pUjAnuratauvAsaga-khAravela siri" kahatA hai, jisakA tAtparya yaha hai ki vaha devapUjA meM anurakta eka zrAvaka thaa| isa abhilekha kA lekhana khAravela ke 13veM rAjyavarSa meM jaina sAdhuoM kI eka sabhA ke Ayojana se sambaMdhita hai, jo upasthita sAdhuoM dvArA dvAdazAMga ke vAcana ke lie AhUta kI gaI thI, tAki avaziSTa zrutajJAna ko, jo bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke bAda varSa 165 se, dhIre-dhIre vicchinna ho rahA thA, saMrakSita kiyA jA ske| isa sabhA aura vAcanA kA digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM hI AmnAyoM kI sAhityika anuzrutiyoM meM ullekha nahIM hai, ataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki yaha matabhedoM kA samanvaya karane kA eka prayAsa thA jo saMghabheda ke pahale kiyA gayA thaa| abhilekha kI bhASA 'prAcIna zaurasenI yA jaina zaurasenI' prAkRta nahIM hai varan yaha zilAlekhIya prAkRta hai jo azoka ke abhilekhoM kI prAkRta se vyutpanna hai| yaha maurya kAlIna rAjabhASA (Official Language) ke nirantara-krama (continuation) meM thii| abhilekha meM varSa 103, varSa 113 aura varSa 165 kA ullekha hai| sampUrNa
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________________ rAjA zrI khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha 375 aitihAsika paridRzya ko dRSTigata rakhate hue ye varSa mahAvIra nirvANa saMvat (IsavI pUrva 527) meM rahe sUcita hote haiN| prAcIna upalabdha abhilekhoM meM khAravela ke isa abhilekha meM hI sarvaprathama bhAratavarSa (bharadhavasa). uttarApatha (utarApadha) aura tamila dezoM ke saMgha (tamira-daha-saMghAtaM) kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| isI abhilekha se yaha bhI vidita hotA hai ki azoka maurya se pahale magadha ke nanda rAjAoM ne kaliMga kI vijaya kI thI aura unake dakSiNa kI ora abhiyAna ko rokane ke lie tamila dezoM kA eka saMgha banA thaa| khAravela kA yaha hAthIgumphA abhilekha prAcIna bhArata ke itihAsa kA eka atyaMta mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika pralekha (document) hai kyoMki jo sUcanAyeM isameM prApta hotI haiM ve anyatra upalabdha nahIM haiN| maurya samrATa azoka ke IsvI pUrva 236 meM nidhana ke bAda maurya sAmrAjya kA vighaTana huA aura usake pariNAma svarUpa jo prAdezika rAjya udaya meM Aye unameM eka rAjya kaliMga meM khAravela ke pitAmaha dvArA sthApita rAjya bhI thaa| isa abhilekha meM prApta vivaraNa ke AdhAra para khAravela ke rAjyakAla meM kaliMga ke isa rAjya ne vizeSa mahatva arjita kiyaa| jo antakSyi isa abhilekha meM upalabdha hai usase khAravela kA rAjyakAla lagabhaga 185 IsvI pUrva se 172 IsvI pUrva rahA sUcita hotA hai| IsvI pUrva 172 khAravela ke rAjyakAla kA 13vAM varSa thA aura usa samaya usakI Ayu 37 varSa thii|
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________________ khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha evaM jainadharma DaoN. citaraMjana prasAda sinhA* hAthIgumphA abhilekha bhAratIya abhilekhikI meM apane DhaMga kA anokhA hai| isameM kaliMga nareza khAravela ke kAryoM kI carcA hai| mahArAja khAravela prAcIna bhArata ke atyaMta vikhyAta samrAToM meM apanA sthAna rakhate haiN| usake rAjakIya sambodhana meM 'airA', mahArAja, mahAmeghavAdana tathA kliNgaadhipti| uDIsA meM bhavanezvara ke nikaTa udayagiri parvatamAlA ke dakSiNa bhAga meM eka prAkRtika guphA hai jise kacha aMzoM meM kATa kara lamaNa kA rUpa diyA gayA hai| yaha hAthIgumphA ke nAma se suvikhyAta hai| isa layaNa (guphA) ke UparI bhAga meM prAkRta bhASA aura brAhmI lipi meM yaha lekha utkIrNa hai| yaha anya abhilekhoM meM prApta hone vAlI rAjaprazastiyoM se sarvathA bhinna hai| yaha atyuktipUrNa prazasti na hokara mAtra vRtta Alekha hai| isameM alaMkArayukta, sIdhI-sAdhI bhASA meM khAravela ke kAryoM kI ghoSaNA kI gayI hai| kintu kAla-kAraNa se yaha lekha itanA kSatigrasta hai ki isakA pAThoddhAra samucita rUpa se kara sakanA kisI ke lie sambhava nahIM ho skaa| pAThoddhAra ke liye vidvAnoM ko anumAna yA kalpanA kA bhI sahArA lenA par3A hai| isa abhilekha kI ora sarvaprathama rTeliGga kA dhyAna 1825 I. meM AkRSTa huaa| inhoMne eziyATika risarceja, XV (pR. 313 evaM Age) meM isakA varNana kiyA hai| usake uparAnta 1837 I. meM kiTo dvArA abhilekha se taiyAra kiye gaye kaoNpI ke AdhAra para priMsepa ne isakA prakAzana jarnala oNpha eziyATika sosAiTI oNpha baMgAla, VI (pR. 1075-91 pleTa L.VIII) meM kiyA hai| kaniMghama ne kArapasa insakripzana iMDikerama (pleTa, XVIII, pR. 27 evaM Age, 98-101, 132 evaM Age) meM 1877 meM prakAzita kiyA tathA rAjendra lAla mitrA dvArA bhI eMTIkvITIja oNpha ur3IsA, 11 (pR. 16 evaM Age) meM 1880 meM prakAzita kiyA gyaa| 1885 I. meM bhagavAna lAla indra jI dvArA prathama bAra prAmANika pATha diyA gyaa| inhoMne khAravela nAma kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| byUlara ne 1895 evaM 1898 meM kucha sudhAra kiyA thaa| blaoNka dvArA 1906 I. meM isa abhilekha kA chAyA taiyAra kara kilahorna ko bhejA gayA thaa| isI ke AdhAra para phlITa ne 1910 meM apanA pATha prastuta kiyA thaa| vizeSakara * pUrva nidezaka, kAzI prasAda jAyasavAla zodha saMsthAna, pttnaa|
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________________ khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha evaM jainadharma 16vIM paMkti ke par3hane ke sambandha meM apanA vicAra diyA thA / lyUDara' ne bhI isakA sAra prastuta kiyA thaa| 1913 I. meM Ara.DI. banarjI ne isake kucha aMza para vicAra kiyA thaa| 1917 meM isa abhilekha do sTaimpeja liyA gayA thaa| ke. pI. jAyasavAla ko isa duSpAThya kintu mahatvapUrNa abhilekha ko par3hane meM dasa sAla lage the| bihAra risarca sosAiTI ke jarnala ke aMka 3 bhAga 4 meM hAthIgumphA abhilekha para inakA pahalA lekha prakAzita huaa| usake bAda bhI kaI lekha prakAzita hue haiN| 1919 meM ke. pI. jAyasavAla tathA Ara. DI. banarjI ne saMyukta rUpa se isa abhilekha kA nirIkSaNa kiyaa| isakA sTaimpeja bhAratIya purAtatva sarvekSaNa ke ema. pANDeya dvArA taiyAra kiyA gyaa| isa AdhAra para bihAra risarca sosAiTI ke jarnala ke aMka XIII 1927 meM prakAzita kiyA gyaa| pATha kI dRSTi se jAyavAla aura banarjI kA saMyukta prayAsa tathA barUA kA adhyayana vizeSa vicAraNI samajhA jAtA rahA hai| sTena kono, thAmasa, muni jina vijaya, rAma prasAda candA Adi vidvAnoM ne bhI isa lekha ke par3hane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| dineza candra sarakAra ne ina pAThoM ke pazcAt apanA pATha upasthita kiyA hai jo abhI taka logoM meM mAnya hai| kintu abhI hAla meM isakA eka nayA pATha zazikAnta ne prastuta kiyA haiN| 377 abhilekha kA Arambha arhatoM ke namaskAra se huA hai / isalie yaha prAyaH nizcita samajhA jAtA hai ki khAravela jaina dharmAnuyAyI the| isakA samarthana unake viruda pUjAnurata- uvAsaga tathA kaliMga jina ke sanniveza bhI pUjA (paMkti 12 ) se bhI hotA hai| jainadharma ke itihAsa ko jAnane kI dRSTi se isa abhilekha kA atyadhika mahatva hai| yA yoM kahA jAya ki deza meM pAI jAne vAlI zilAlekhoM meM jainadharma ke liye yaha sabase adhika mahatvapUrNa hai| aisA vizvAsa hai ki aMga, baMga tathA magadha kI bhAMti kaliMga meM bhI atyaMta prAcIna kAla se jainadharma kA prabhAva rahA hai| vahA~ kA loka-jIvana jainadharma ke AdhAra aura vicAroM se anupramANita rahA hai| nagendranAtha basu ke bhI anusAra "bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ne aMga- baMga aura kaliMga meM jainadharma kA pracAra kiyA thaa| dharma pracAra ke liye ve tAmralipta bandaragAha se kaliMga gaye the| bhagavAna mahAvIra bhI kaliMga gaye the| kumArI parvata para unakA samavasaraNa lagA thA tathA vahAM bhagavAna kA upadeza huA thaa| uttarAdhyayana sUtra se jJAta hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya meM kaliMga jainadharma kA kendra thA tathA kaliMga pihuMr3a nAmaka bandaragAha prasiddha jainatIrtha thaa| hAthIgumphA zilAlekha meM jisa pithaMDa kA ullekha hai saMbhavataH vaha pithuMDa aura pihuMDa donoM eka hI hai| kintu IsA pUrva cauthI zatAbdI meM nandavaMza ke kisI rAjA dvArA kaliMga para AkramaNa kiyA gyaa| isa yuddha meM kaliMga ko parAjita honA pdd'aa| isa vijaya ke pratIka rUpa meM nandarAja 'kaliMga jina' pratimA ko apane sAtha apanI rAjadhAnI pATaliputra le gyaa| sambhavataH yaha pratimA kaliMga meM rASTrIya pratimA ke rUpa meM mAnya thii| hAthIgumphA abhilekha se bhI isakA samarthana hotA hai| nandarAjA mahApadmananda ke paune tIna sau varSa pazcAt khAravela ne apane zAsana ke 12veM varSa meM uttarApatha ke rAjAoM ko trasta kiyA thaa| isa abhiyAna meM vaha pATaliputra AyA thA aura magadha nareza vRhaspatimita ( vahasatimita) ne usakI
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________________ 378 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha adhInatA svIkAra kI aura vaha magadha aura aMga se pracura dhanarAzi lekara lauttaa| jaba khAravela lauTA to vaha nanda rAjA dvArA lAyI gayI kaliMga jina mUrti ko bhI apane sAtha kaliMga letA aayaa| kaliMga vAsiyoM ne apane arAdhya devatA ke punaH kaliMga padhArane para rASTrIya stara para svAgata kiyA aura rASTrIya utsava mnaayaa| yaha jainadharma ke prati kaliMga vAsiyoM kI agAdha zraddhA kA pratIka thaa| isa purAtAtvika pramANa se yaha svataH spaSTa hai ki kaliMga meM nandarAjA ke samaya se hI jainadharma kA pracAra-prasAra thaa| rAjyakAla ke terahaveM varSa meM khAravela kA mana dharma kI ora adhika unmukha huaa| kumArI parvata (udayagiri) para usane arhata devAlaya ke nirmANa kI vyavasthA kii| arhata mandira ke pAsa hI eka vizAla bhavana bhI banavAyA thaa| yaha mandira saMbhavata: patthara kA banA huA thaa| jisa guphA meM yaha lekha likhA hai, vaha guphA bhI banavAI gayI thii| bhilekha ke paMkti 15 se aisA jAta hotA hai ki terahaveM varSa meM khAravela ne koI aisA Ayojana kiyA thA jisameM usane dezabhara meM jJAniyoM, tapasviyoM, RSiyoM, arhatoM Adi ko ekatra kiyA thaa| vastutaH yaha Ayojana kisa prakAra kA thA, vaha abhilekha ke pATha se spaSTa nahIM hai| zazikAnta ne ise jaina arhatoM kI saMgIti hone kA anumAna kiyA hai aura isa saMgIti kA sthala bhI unhoMne hAthIgumphA kI chata para eka mandira ke dhvaMsAvazeSoM ke rUpa meM DhU~Dha nikAlA hai| yadi unakA yaha anumAna ThIka hai, jisakI sambhAvanA ho sakatI hai, to kahanA hogA ki azoka aura kaniSka ne jo kArya bauddhadharma ke liye kiyA thA, vahIM kArya khAravela ne jainadharma ke liye kiyaa| isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki jainadharma ko sthApita karane meM khAravela ne mahatvapUrNa yogadAna diyA thaa| kintu isa prakAra kI kisI saMgIti kA ullekha jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha nahIM hai| khAravela ke vaMza-kula ke sambandha meM logoM ne taraha-taraha kI kalpanAe~ upasthita kI haiN| 'tatiye-kaliMga-rAjavaMse yage (paMkti 2-3) se kacha vidvAnoM ne unake kaliMga ke tIsare vaMza meM hone kA anumAna prakaTa kiyA hai| kintu yaha anumAna yuga-purUSa ke artha ko ThIka se grahaNa na karane ke kAraNa hI kiyA gayA hai| yuga purUSa kA prayoga vaMzAvalI ke prasaMga meM pIr3hI ke artha meM hotA hai| tAtparya hai ki khAravela kaliMga rAjavaMza kI tIsarI pIr3hI meM the| cedi rAjavaMza (paMkti -1) ke ullekha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki ve cedivaMza ke the| yahA~ cedi kA tAtparya cedi pradeza se hai yA paurANika rAjavaMza se, kahanA kaThina hai| donoM prakAra kI saMbhAvanAe~ prakaTa kI jA sakatI hai| sAmAnya mAnyatA hai ki khArevala cedivaMza ke the aura kaliMga rAjavaMza kI tIsarI pIr3hI meM hue the| abhilekha meM jIvana paricaya dete hue pitA-pitAmaha kisI kA bhI ullekha nahIM hai| isameM mAtra khAravela ke apane nijI kAryoM kI hI carcA hai| Arambha meM unake zaizava kI carcA karate hue unake khela-kUda aura zikSA kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| pandraha varSa kI avasthA meM ve yuvarAja hue tathA 24 varSa kI avasthA meM unhoMne rAjabhAra grahaNa kiyA arthAt rAjyAbhiSeka huaa| tadantara 13 varSa taka zAsaka ke rUpa meM unhoMne jo kucha kiyA usakA ullekha isa abhilekha meM huA hai| isa prasaMga meM vaiyaktika bAtoM meM kevala eka hI bAta
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________________ khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha evaM jainadharma kahI gayI hai ki 7veM rAjavarSa meM unheM vajidharavatI nAmnI rAnI se eka putra huaa| abhilekha meM khAravela ke loka-hitAya kAryoM aura vijaya abhimAnoM kI carcA hai| loka hitAya kAryoM meM kaliMga nagarI khibira ke gopuroM, prAkAroM, makAnoM kA pratisaMskAra, tAlAba ke bAMdhoM kI marammata, bagIcoM kA saMvAranA, lokaraMjana ke liye nRtya, gIta vAdana kA Ayojana, tanasuliyavATA praNAlI kA vistAra, rAjakara kI mAphI tathA dAna Adi kA ullekha hai| 379 rAjanItika itihAsa kI dRSTi se khAravela ke abhimAnoM kA vizeSa mahatva hai| isa abhilekha meM usake dUsare, cauthe, AThaveM, gyArahaveM aura bArahaveM varSa meM kiye gaye abhiyAnoM kA saMkSipta ullekha hai| ina ullekhoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki usake ye abhiyAna sainika zakti pradarzana mAtra the| usane kisI prakAra kA bhU-vijaya kiyA aisA pratIta nahIM hotA hai| inakA pahalA abhiyAna pazcima dizA meM RSika ( mUsika) nagara taka huA thaa| RSika athavA mUsika nagara kI avasthiti kA ThIka jJAna abataka nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai| abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki vaha kanhaveNA (kRSNa-veNA ) nadI ke nikaTa kahIM thaa| kucha vidvAna usake kRSNA nadI hone kA anumAna karate haiN| kintu yaha nadI kaliMga ke pazcima nahIM dakSiNa bahatI hai| kucha loga ise veNagaMgA anumAna karate haiN| yaha madhya pradeza ke cAMdA jile meM sivanI ke nikaTa prANahitA nadI meM milatI hai, jo siroca ke nikaTa godAvarI meM giratI hai| kucha ise veNagaMgA ke sthAna para usakI sahAyaka nadI kanhana ke rUpa meM pahacAnate haiN| abhilekha meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki vaha sAtakarNI kI cintA nahIM kara (upekSA kara) vahA~ taka pahuMcA thaa| sAtakarNI Adhra- sAtavAhana narezoM kA nAma rahA hai| isase anumAna hotA hai ki yaha sthAna sAtavAhana rAjya ke nikaTa thA athavA usake antargata thaa| khAravela ne dUsarA abhiyAna cauthe varSa meM kiyA thaa| yaha abhiyAna bhI pazcima dizA meM hI thaa| isa bAra usane vindhya pAra kara rASTrikoM aura bhojakoM ko parAsta kiyaa| abhilekha meM inake mukuTa, chatra, zRMgAra Adi ke, jo unake rAjacihna the, naSTa kiye jAne kA ullekha hai| isase aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ve svataMtra rAjya the| azoka ke abhilekhoM meM inakA ullekha aparAnta ( pazcimI bhArata ) meM huA hai| loga bhojakoM kI avasthiti barAra meM aura rASTrikoM kI khAna deza (ahamadanagara) meM anumAna karate haiN| isakA artha yaha huA ki sudUra pazcima meM isa bhUbhAga taka pahuMcane meM khAravela ne saphalatA prApta kI thii| para abhilekha kI bhASA se aisA dhvanita nahIM hotaa| usakA yaha abhiyAna vindhya ke kisI pradeza meM hI sImita thA aura vaha kaliMga se bahuta dUra nahIM thaa| isalie ye rAjya narmadA ke dakSiNa veNagaMgA se Age hI kahIM rahe hoNge| khAravela ne tIsarA abhiyAna AThaveM varSa meM uttara kI ora kiyaa| isa bAra usane rAjagRha ke nikaTa gorathagiri ( gayA jilA antargata barAbara parvata) taka dhAvA maaraa| zazikAnta kI dhAraNA hai ki khAravela apane isa abhiyAna meM Age bar3hate hue mathurA kA vimocana karate hue yamunA taka pahuMca gaye the| kintu abhilekha meM jisa aMza ke AdhAra para zazikAnta ne yaha kalpanA kI hai, vaha supAThya nahIM hai| rAjagRha se mathurA ke bIca una dinoM
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________________ 380 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha kosala (ayodhyA), vatsa (kauzAmbI) aura paMcAla (ahicchatrA) ke tIna mahatvapUrNa svataMtra rAjya the jinake zAsakoM kI lambI zrRMkhalA kA paricaya unake sikkoM se milatA hai| yadi khAravela mathurA taka gayA hotA to ina rAjyoM meM se kama se kama do ko rauMda kara hI jaataa| yaha kalpanAtIta hai ki vaha ina rAjyoM ke bIca se jAya aura unakA ullekha na kre| smaraNIya hai ki prathama abhiyAna meM RSika nagara taka pahuMcane meM sAtakarNI kA ullekha karanA vaha nahIM bhuultaa| yadi mathurA taka jAtA to abhilekha meM ina rAjyoM kA ullekha avazya hotA; apane samaya meM ina rAjyoM kA mahatva kama nahIM thaa| unake ullekha ke abhAva meM khAravela ke mathurA taka pahuMcane kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sktii| paMkti 11 evaM 12 meM spaSTa saMketa hai ki vaha magadha ke Age uttarApatha kI ora gayA hI nhiiN| gyArahaveM varSa meM usane apanA tIsarA abhiyAna pithuNDa nagara ke virUddha kiyA thaa| isake sambandha meM zazikAnta kA anumAna hai ki vaha dakSiNa dizA meM hogaa| pithuNDa kI pahacAna loga TAlamI varNita pitindra (Pityndra) se karate haiM jise usane maisoliyA (Maisolia) aura arvaranoI (Arvarnoi) kA pramakha nagara batAyA hai| vaha maisoliyA (Maisolia) ke antargata meM godAvarI aura kRSNA ke bIca ke taTavartI bhU-bhAga meM thaa| yaha bhI anumAna kiyA jAtA hai ki vaha vijayapurI amarAvatI aura vijayavAr3A ke Asa-pAsa Andhra patha meM kahIM rahA hogaa| kAzI prasAda jAyasavAla ne samudragupta ke prayAga prazasti meM ullikhita avamukta ke sAtha isakI samatA dekhane kI ceSTa kI hai| yadi jAyasavAla kA anumAna ThIka ho to avimukta kSetra ko brahmapurANa meM gautama (godAvarI) ke taTa para kahA gayA hai| khAravela ke abhiyAna varNana se bhI yahI jhalakatA hai ki pithuNDa kaliMga ke pAsa hI kahIM dakSiNa sImA para godAvarI nadI ke Asa-pAsa rahA hogaa| bArahaveM varSa meM khAravela ne apanA cauthA abhiyAna uttarApatha ke rAjAoM ke virUddha kiyA thaa| para abhilekha kI paMktiyA~ spaSTa na hone ke kAraNa isa abhiyAna ke svarUpa kA anumAna nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| itanA hI spaSTa hai ki isa abhiyAna meM vaha pATaliputra AyA aura magadha nareza vRhaspatimitra (bahasatimita) ne usakI adhInatA svIkAra kii| bArahaveM varSa ke prasaMga meM hI abhilekha meM pANDya kI ora bhI abhimAna karane kI bAta jJAta hotI hai| isa abhiyAna meM thala senA ke sAtha nau senA ke prayoga kI bhI bAta bhI kahI gayI hai| yaha bhI varNana hai ki usane usI varSa pANDya rAjA se bar3e-bar3e hAthI-jahAja chIne yA balapUrvaka bheMTa meM liye| isake atirikta usane hIre, javAharAta, hAthI-ghor3e tathA anya upahAra bhI prApta kiye| khAravela ke ina abhiyAnoM kA varNana abhilekha meM prApta hotA hai| usase yahI hotA hai ki usake abhiyAnoM kA uddezya rAjya sImA kA vistAra na hokara kevala sampatti prApta karanA hI rahA hai| pithuNDa ke gadahoM ke hala se jutavAne kI bAta se aisA avazya lagatA hai ki usane usa kSetra para adhikAra kiyA hogaa| khAravela kA rAjya bahuta vistRta nahIM thaa| usake abhiyAnoM ke AdhAra para usakI rAjya sImA kA sahaja anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai| uttara meM vaha magadha ko chUtA thA; pazcima
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________________ khAravela kA hAthIgumphA abhilekha evaM jainadharma meM usakI sImA kadAcita veNagaMgA tathA dakSiNa meM vaha godAvarI taka thii| pUrva meM samudra usakI prAkRtika sImA thii| khAravela kI rAjadhAnI ke sambandha meM kucha logoM kA anumAna hai ki usakA nAma khibira thA; kucha loga usakA nAma kaliMga nagarI batAte haiN| yaha nagarI kahA~ thI kahanA kaThina hai; para use prAcI nadI ke taTa para hI kahIM honA cAhie jahA~ usane mahAvijaya prAsAda banavAyA thA / khAravela ke zAsana kAla ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai| kucha vidvAnoM kI sammati meM khAravela kA samaya dvitIya zatAbdI I. pUrva kA prathamamArddha hai| kintu yaha mata sarvamAnya nahIM hai| hAthIgumphA abhilekha ke adhyayana se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki kaliMga kA rAjA khAravela eka mahAna vijetA tathA apane samaya kA eka prabhAvazAlI samrATa thaa| jisa kaliMga para magadhezvaroM (nando aura mauyoM) ne apanI rAjasattA sthApita kI thI, usI deza ke zAsaka ne apane bhujabala se apane samaya ke magadha samrATa ko natamastaka hone ke lie bAdhya kiyA / eka bAra nahIM, apitu do-do bAra uttarApatha para AkramaNa karake khAravela ne apanI zUratA kA paricaya diyaa| zAtakarNI ke bala kI avahelanA karake usane mUSika nagara kA vidhvaMsa kiyA, pithuNDa nagara ko usane vinaSTa kiyA aura dakSiNa (tAmila deza) ke pANDya rAjA se apane vijaya- svarUpa pracura dhana prApta kiyaa| zaurya se bhayabhIta hokara eka yavana nareza ne bhAgakara mathurA meM zaraNa lii| ina saba pramANoM ke AdhAra para yaha niHsaMkoca kahA jA sakatA hai ki khAravela apane samaya kA sabase pracaMDa yoddhA aura vijetA thaa| usakI vaijayaMtI sarvadA phaharAtI hI rhii| vizva ke anya mahAna zAsakoM kI bhAMti mahArAja khAravela meM anya guNa bhI vidyamAna the| usane lokahita ke jo kArya kiye, unake dvArA unakI prajAvatsalatA siddha hotI hai| vaha eka mahAna dAnI tathA jaina dharma kA paripoSaka bhI thaa| hA~, yaha avazya hai ki usane apane mahAn sainyabala ke bAvajUda bhI eka susaMgaThita samrAjya kA nirmANa nahIM kiyaa| eka mahAna vijetA hone para bhI vaha eka mahAna sAmrAjya nirmAtA nahIM thaa| usakI zAsana nipuNatA kA vivaraNa usake abhilekha dvArA hameM nahIM prApta hotA, ataeva hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki vaha eka suyogya zAsaka bhI thaa| bhArata ke rAjanItika nabhomaNDala para kaliMgAdhipati kA udaya eka aise nakSatra ke rUpa meM huA jo ujjvala to thA kintu jisakI AbhA kevala alpakAla ke hI lie camakatI rhii| usakI vijayoM kA koI sthAyI prabhAva nahIM pdd'aa| saMdarbha : 1. orijina oNpha inDiyana brAhmI alphAveTa, inDiyana sTaDIja, naM. III, pR. 13. 2. jarnala oNpha rAyala eziyATika sosAiTI, 1910, pR. 242 evaM Age / 3. ipigrAphikA iNDikA, X, pR. 160-61, (saM. 1345 ) / 4. namo arahaMtAnaM namo savisidhAnaM ... / 5. balabhadra jaina, bhArata ke digambara jaina tIrtha, pR. 187. 381
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________________ keralI saMskRti meM jaina yogadAna rAjamala jaina* eka jaina lekhaka ke lie uparyukta viSaya para kalama calAnA zAyada apane muMha miyAM miThU banane ke samAna laga sakatA hai kintu jaba yaha sunane ko milatA hai ki kerala ke jIvana para jainadharma kI koI chApa nahIM hai, to adhika kaSTa hotA hai ki prAcIna kAla kI sabala jaina paramparA ko kisa prakAra zUnya kara diyA jAtA hai| isa kAraNa yahAM saMkSepa meM isa yogadAna kI carcA kI jaaegii| pakSapAta ke doSa se bacane ke lie saMbaMdhita srota yA lekhaka kA nAma bhI de diyA gayA hai| prAkRta, malayAlama aura prAcIna tamila prAcIna kAla meM jaina zAstroM kI priya. bhASA prAkRta ne malayAlama ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| yahI nahIM, jaina maNipravAla bhASA zailI tathA saMskRta ke prayoga meM bhI agraNI rahe haiN| kucha prAkRta zabda to Aja bhI malayAlama meM pracalita haiN| kerala gajeTiyara ke khaMDa-2, pR.-236 para yaha mata vyakta kiyA gayA hai, "The impact of the Jain terminology on Malayalam is detected by the presence of loan words from Prakrits of Ardhamagadhi, Jain Maharastri and Jain Saurseni than (Accuda), Stamaym (Atthamava), Ambujam (Ambuya), jagam (Jaga), Yogi (Jogi), Narayam (Narayam), Prakajam (Pamkava), Makaviram Magasira), Vairam (Vavara), Vivegikaga) (Vivega) Vedivan (Veddiava) are some such words." tamila sahita draviDa bhASAoM para jaina prabhAva dakSiNa bhArata kI prAdezika bhASAoM ke AkAra aura vikAsa meM jainoM kI pramukha bhUmikA rahI hai yaha tathya sabhI niSpakSa bhASAvid acchI taraha jAnate haiN| saMskRta kA prAdhAnya vizeSakara kerala meM bahuta bAda kI bAta hai| brAhmaNa varga ne to saMskRta ko apane lie surakSita rakhA thaa| kerala ke atyaMta sammAnita samAja sudhAraka zrI caTTampi svAmI aura nArAyaNa guru kA saMgharSa isakA udAharaNa hai| prAcIna tamila sAhitya bhI kerala kI bahumUlya virAsata hai| usake saMpoSaNa meM jainoM kA bahuta bar3A yogadAna rahA hai| (AThavIM sadI taka tamilanADu aura kerala kA itihAsa eka hI rahA hai|) gajeTiyara pR.-235-236 para ThIka hI likhA hai ki, "The earliest votaries of Dravidian literature have been Jains- Robert Caldwell most pertinently remarks 'Doubtless the Jains themselves * bI-1/324, janakapurI, naI dillI - 110058.
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________________ keralI saMskRti meM jaina yogadAna 383 used Sanskrit in southern as in northern India at the commencement of their works as teachers (probably for a century or two before they set themselves to the task of developing amongst each of the Dravidian races a popular literature independent of their rivals the Brahmins.)Some of the oldest Tamil works extant were written or claimed to have been written by the Jains. The Naladiyar and the Kural are said to belong to the Jain cycle in the history of Tamil literature. Some scholars arrived at this conclusion from the internal evidence of the works themselves. Caldwell is of the view that "Tamil is indebted for its high culture and its comparative independence of Sanskrit chiefly to the Jains" jaina muniyoM, dharma pracArakoM Adi dvArA kSetrIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa aura prayoga kA pramukha kAraNa yaha hai ki unhoMne prAkRta ko devavANI Adi nahIM kahA balki isake viparIta unhoMne saMbaMdhita kSetra kI bhASA ko apanAyA aura usI meM apanA upadeza Adi dene ke sAtha hI sAtha usameM bahumUlya sAhitya kA sRjana bhI kiyaa| kannaDa, tamila ke prAcIna koza, vyAkaraNa, kAvya, mahAkAvya Adi isake pramANa haiN| tamila kA upadezAtmaka yA nItiparaka vipula sAhitya jainoM kI vizeSa dena hai| vaha bhI kerala kI virAsata hai| yahAM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki isa sAhityika nidhi ko anya kisI dharma kI dena batalAne kI pravRtti bhI dekhI jAtI hai| na to pichalI sadiyoM meM aura na hI Ajakala jaina muniyoM ne prAkRta meM apanA yA mahAvIra kA saMdeza sunane kA kabhI Agraha kiyaa| jaina muni ke lie yaha vidhAna bhI hai ki ve anya bhASAeM sIkheM aura loka bhASA meM apanA upadeza deN| vAstava meM, jaina saMgha sadA hI loka bhASAoM kA prabala dAvedAra rahA hai| malayAlama bhASA meM 'keralacaritram (kerala kA itihAsa), do bRhadAkAra khaMDoM meM kerala hisTrI asosiezana' dvArA prakAzita kiyA gayA hai jisameM (pR.-1023-24) para bhI jainoM ke yogadAna kI carcA hai| kintu jainadharma ke sAtha bauddhadharma kA bhI nAma jor3A gayA hai| yaha vicAraNIya hai ki bauddhadharma to kerala meM sAtavIM aura nauvIM sadI ke bIca hI lupta ho gayA thaa| jo bhI ho, isa itihAsa ke kucha aMza isa prakAra haiM- "jaina-bauddhadharmoM ke prAbalya ke sAtha kerala meM Ayurveda cikitsA paddhati ko puSTi milii| jaina bauddha saMnyAsiyoM ne nAnA prakAra ke dharma graMthoM kA kerala meM pracAra kiyaa| kuMji kuTTana taMpUrAna apane keralam kAvya ke dvitIya sarga meM likhate haiM, "bauddha jainiyoM ne apane yoga bala se aneka siddhiyA~ prApta kI thI aura apane vaidyaka jyotiSa Adi zAstroM se saMbaMdhita pustakoM kI racanA kI thii| kerala ke brAhmaNoM ne inakA paricaya jaina bauddha graMthoM se prApta kiyA thaa|" "kuMjikuTTana taMpUrAna kA yaha mata gaura karane yogya hai ki malayAlI brAhmaNoM ne jyotiSa, amarakoSa, jyotirgaNita, Ayurveda Adi vidyAoM kA jJAna jainiyoM aura bauddhoM se pAyA thaa| isalie unake prati keralIya brAhmaNoM ne virodha kA pradarzana nahIM kiyA kintu anunaya-anuraMjana ke dvArA unheM apane vaza meM karane kA prayatna kiyA thaa| taMpUrAna kA kahanA hai ki taccoM (tacca bar3haI) dvArA pracAra kiyA gayA taccazAstra (bar3haIgiri kA graMtha), kaNiyAna jAti dvArA pracArita jyotiSa, velana jAti dvArA pracArita vaidyazAstra kerala meM
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________________ 384 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha atiprAcIna kAla se calI A rahI paramparA para AdhArita hai|" taMpUrAna kA samaya unnIsavIM sadI kA aMta aura bIsavIM sadI kA prArambha hai| isalie unake mata ke sAtha bauddhadharma kI saMgati nahIM baiThatI hai| ina ullikhita viSayoM kI carcA Age kI jaaegii| dAmpatya sambandha pati-patnI saMbaMdha kA Adarza bhI jaina saMskRti kI eka mahatvapUrNa dena kerala ko hai| isa saMbaMdha meM uparyukta keralacaritram ke pR.-1098 para yaha mata vyakta kiyA gayA hai, "dAmpatya saMbaMdha meM eka patnI aura eka patitva kA prArambha kaba se huA, isake saMbaMdha meM koI nizcita mata nirdhArita karanA kaThina hai| kerala meM jainadharma ke prabhAva ne isa dizA meM apanA aMzadAna kiyA hogaa| zilappAdikAram meM varNita dAmpatya lakSaNa meM aihika sukhoM se virakti kA jaina darzana parilakSita hotA hai jisameM dAmpatya rati daihika na hokara AdhyAtmika stara para varNita hai| isa kAvya meM spaSTa saMketa milatA hai ki strI-puruSa saMyoga meM laiMgikatA kI apekSA Atmika evaM daivI chAyA kA honA adhika vAMchanIya hai"| yahAM itanA hI ullekha kiyA jAtA hai ki zilappAdikAram meM jaina zrAvikA kaNNagI aura usake pati kovalana kI karuNa kahAnI hai jo ki Aja bhI kerala ke janamAnasa para chAI huI hai| yaha mahAkAvya ceravaMza ke yuvarAja ilaMgo aDigala kI amara kRti hai| kerala ko usapara garva hai| usakA aneka bhASAoM meM anuvAda ho cukA hai| ilaMgo jaina sAdhu ho gae the| unakA samaya IsvI kI dUsarI sadI hai| (adhika vivaraNa evaM tathyoM ke lie dekhie koddNglluur|) punarjanma kA siddhAnta apane zubha aura azubha karmoM ke anusAra pratyeka prANI ko taba taka janma aura maraNa kA duHkha sahana karanA par3atA hai jaba taka ki vaha svayaM tapa kara mokSa prApta na kara le| isa duHkha se use koI Izvara nahIM bacA sakatA, use svayaM hI Atma kalyANa kI rAha para calanA hotA hai| kerala meM punarjanma ke siddhAMta meM vyApaka vizvAsa bhI jaina siddhAMtoM ke vyApaka pracAra kA pariNAma jAna par3atA hai| keralacaritram ke zabdoM meM "IsvI AThavIM-navIM zatAbdI meM pracalita jaina dharma ke siddhAMtoM ke anusAra jo jIva ihaloka ke sukhoM se atRpta hokara mara jAtA hai usakA punarjanma hotA hai|" pR.-1131 zikSA kA prAraMbha namostu jina se kerala meM baccoM kI zikSA kA prAraMbha nAnA monA se zarU hotA thA jisakA artha namosta hai| kinta isa saMbaMdha meM yaha yAda rakhane yogya hai ki isa zabda kA vAstavika saMbaMdha jaina paramparA se hai| bauddha to zaraNam taka sImita rahate the| kheda kI bAta hai ki bauddha dharma ke mAnane vAle amarasiMha ne amarakoSa meM jina zabda kA kevala buddhadharma saMgata paryAya dekara jainadharma ke sAtha nyAya nahIM kiyaa| jina zabda buddha se bhI prAcIna kAla se jaina devatA yA tIrthakara ke artha meM prayukta hotA A rahA hai| (isa saMbaMdha meM svayaM gautama buddha kA kathana "jinaniketana zrImUlavAsam" nAmaka prakaraNa meM dekhie|) kerala gajeTiyara ne bhI amarakoSa kA paryAya doharA diyA aisA lagatA hai| usake pR.-241 para yaha ullekha hai, "It was the practice in Kerala to initiate first lessons in reading and writing with
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________________ keralI saMskRti meM jaina yogadAna 385 the ceremonial invocation of Jina or Buddha Namostu Jina was later on replaced by the Brahmin gurus as Hari Sri Ganapathaye Namah. pAThaka svayaM vicAra kara sakate haiM ki jaina zabda hI jina se banA hai tathA jo jainoM ke paraspara abhivAdana se paricita haiM unheM yaha jJAta hogA ki jaina eka dUsare se milane para jayajinendra kA hI prayoga karate haiN| buddha ke lie jina zabda adhika nahIM claa| kerala meM to unakA dharma kabhI-kabhI luptaprAya ho cukA thaa| zikSA ke kSetra meM jainoM kA yogadAna kerala meM Aja bhI skUla ke pUrva meM pracalita zabda paLaLikkUTam se bhI sUcita hai| maMdiroM, maThoM ke sAtha vidyAlaya huA karate the aura bhArata ke aneka sthAnoM para Aja bhI hote haiN| ilaMgo ar3igala isI prakAra ke maTha yA maMdira meM nivAsa karate the| iriMgAlakuDA kA bharata maMdira, jo ki kisI samaya jaina thA, vidyA kA eka prasiddha kendra thaa| vaidika skala zAlai kahalAte the| Ayurveda aura jaina kerala meM Ayurveda kA bahuta pracAra hai jo ki balavatI prAcIna paramparA kA pariNAma hai| isa zAstra ke adhyayana meM aSTAMgahRdaya nAmaka graMtha kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna hai| usake racayitA vAgbhaTTa bauddha the aisA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA hai| (dekhie gajeTiyara kA pR.-2401 kintu isa mata kI samIkSA Avazyaka hai|) jaina dharma meM tIrthakara kI vANI ko bAraha aMgoM meM saMkalita kiyA gayA hai| usake bArahaveM aMga kA nAma dRSTivAda hai| usake eka bheda pUrva ke aMtargata ardhamAgadhI meM nibaddha prANAvAya meM aSTAMgahRdaya Ayurveda kA vistAra se varNana hai| AcArya dezabhUSaNa abhiniMdana graMtha meM eka lekha "Ayurveda ke viSaya meM jaina dRSTikoNa aura jainAcAryoM kA yogadAna" meM AyurvedAcArya rAjakumAra jaina ne prANAvAya kI paribhASA nimna prakAra uddhata kI hai "kAya cikitsAdyaSTAMga Ayurveda bhUtakarmajAMgulipramaH prANApAnavibhAgopi yatra vistareNa varNitastprANAvAyam" arthAt jisa zAstra meM kAya, tadgata doSa aura unakI cikitsA Adi aSTAMga Ayurveda Adi, pRthvI Adi paMcamahAbhUtoM ke karma, viSaile jIva-jaMtuoM ke viSa kA prabhAva aura usakI cikitsA tathA prANa-apAna vAyu kA vibhAga vistArapUrvaka varNita ho, vaha prANAvAya hotA hai| isa atyaMta prAcIna paribhASA meM aSTAMga Ayurveda kA ullekha spaSTa rUpa se hai| ataH isa nAma ke graMtha ke jaina hone kI saMbhAvanA banatI hai| Ayurvedika cikitsA binA mAMsa aura azuci padArthoM ke sevana ke bhI kI jA sakatI hai yaha siddha karane ke lie jaina AcArya ugrAditya ne kalyANakAraka nAmaka vaidyaka graMtha kI racanA kI thii| usakA bhI dakSiNa bhArata meM Adara hai| isa graMtha meM aSTAMgahRdaya ko "samaMtabhadrai proktaM" arthAt samaMtabhadra dvArA kathana kiyA gayA kahA gayA hai| usase bhI aSTAMgahRdaya jaina graMtha hai aisA sUcita hotA hai| yaha bhI zodha kA viSaya hai| ___paMdrahavIM sadI meM AzAdhara nAma ke eka jaina vidvAna hue haiM jinhoMne jaina gRhasthoM aura jaina muniyoM ke AcAra ke viSaya meM sAgAra dharmAmRta aura anagAra dharmAmRta nAma ke bahuta AdRta graMthoM kI racanA kI hai| Upara die gae abhinaMdana graMtha meM DaoN. tejasiMha gaur3a ne apane
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________________ 386 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha lekha "jaina saMtoM kI Ayurveda ko dena" meM AzAdhara ke sambandha meM yaha likhA hai, "inhoMne vANabhaTTa ke prasiddha graMtha aSTAMgahRdaya para udyotinI yA aSTasaMgahRdayadyotinI TIkA likhI thii| AzAdhara kI graMtha prazasti meM isakA ullekha hai AyurvedavidAmiSTaM vyaktu vaagbhttsNhitaa| aSTAMgahRdayodyotaM nibNdhmsRjccyH|| svayaM AzAdhara ne sAgAra dharmAmRta ke pR.-141 para putrotpAdana dharma saMtati ke lie kiyA jAe yaha likhate hue aSTAMgahRdaya kA eka zloka uddhRta kiyA hai jo nimna prakAra hai pUrNa SoDazavarSA strI pUrNa viMzena sNgtaa| zuddhe garbhAzaye mArge rakte zu'nile hRdi|| vIryavantaM sutaM sUte tato nyUnAbdayoH punH| rogayAlpAyuradhanyo vA garbho bhavati naiva vaa|| pUrNa solaha varSa kI strI kA pUrNa bIsa varSa ke yuvA se saMyoga hone para vIryavAna utpanna hotA hai| isase kama umra meM yadi saMtAna utpanna hotI hai to vaha rogI aura alpAyu hotI hai| pAThaka svayaM vicAra kara sakate haiM ki yadi aSTAMgahRdaya ajaina kRti hotI to jainadharma kI AcAra saMhitA kA mahAna saMkalanakartA AzAdhara saMbhavata: isa graMtha para itanA jora nahIM detaa| uparyukta ullekhoM ko dekhate hue vidvAnoM ko isa graMtha ke jaina graMtha hone kI saMbhAvanA para bhI vicAra karanA caahie| rasavaizeSikasUtrama aura nAgArjuna kerala ke Ayurvedika kAleja meM rasavaizeSikasUtram nAma kA eka graMtha par3hAyA jAtA hai aura usakA kartA dUsarI sadI ke bauddha AcArya nAgArjuna haiM aisA mAnA jAtA hai| kintu isI graMtha kI zrI zaMkara likhita bhUmikA meM yaha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai ki yaha racanA sAtavIM sadI ke kisI bauddha malayAlI lekhaka kI hai jisakA nAma bhI nAgArjuna thaa| isI bhUmikA meM bhI bauddha aura jaina dharma saMbaMdhI bhrAMti parilakSita hotI hai| bhUmikA lekhaka ne kerala meM bauddha aMzadAna kA udAharaNa dete hue likhA hai ki citarAla nAma ke gAMva ke pAsa bauddha avazeSa dekhe jA sakate hai| vahAM bauddha nahIM apitu jaina avazeSa haiN| isa gAMva ke pAsa kI jisa pahAr3I para ye avazeSa haiM vaha tiruccAraNaTTamalai kahalAtI hai arthAt cAraNoM kI pavitra pahAr3I jo ki kisI samaya jainoM ke lie pAvApurI ke samAna pavitra sthAna thii| aba vahAM kA guphA maMdira bhagavatI maMdira kahalAtA hai kintu usameM mahAvIra, pArzvanAtha aura aMbikAdevI kI pratimAeM Aja bhI dekhI jA sakatI haiN| isake atirikta vahAM kI caTTAna para lagabhaga tIna jaina pratimAeM utkIrNa haiN| aisA sambhavataH jina mUrtiyoM saMbaMdhI jJAna ke abhAva ke kAraNa hotA hai| vahAM ke pujArI bhI una pratimAoM ko buddha kI mUrti batalAte haiN| AcArya hastImalajI ne bRhatAkAra graMtha 'jainadharma kA maulika itihAsa' meM nAgArjuna nAmaka eka jaina AcArya kA paricaya diyA hai jisakI kucha pramukha bAteM isa prakAra haiM- AcArya nAgArjuna, "prAraMbha se hI prabala sAhasI hone ke kAraNa parvatoM kI guphAoM evaM jaMgaloM meM
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________________ keralI saMskRti meM jaina yogadAna 387 ghUma-ghama kara vanavAsI mahAtmAoM ke saMsarga se vanaspatiyoM, jar3iyoM aura rasAyanoM dvArA rasa banAnA sIkha liyaa|" unakI jIvanI meM Age kahA gayA hai ki nAgArjuna ne apane guru pAdalipta sari ko svarNa banAne, pairoM meM lepa lagAkara gagana meM vihAra Adi dvArA prabhAvita karane kA bhI upakrama kiyA thaa| isa para sUrijI ne nAgArjuna ko samajhAyA ki ve sAMsArika vibhUtiyoM ke pralobhana se dUra rahakara apanI AtmA ko kalyANa ke mArga meM lgaaveN| nAgArjuna ne vaisA hI kiyaa| unakA samaya guptavaMzI caMdragupta prathama aura samudragupta kA samaya batAyA hai arthAt cauthI sadI IsavI kA puurvaarddh| AcArya nAgArjuna ne dakSiNApatha ke zramaNa yA jaina sAdhuoM ko bhI ekatrita kiyA thaa| kyA yaha saMbhava nahIM ki rasavaizeSika sUtram ina hI kI kRti ho| yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki ukta sadI meM tamilagama meM jaina dharma kA atyadhika prabhAva thaa| isa prazna para zodha kI AvazyakatA hai vizeSa kara kerala ke kavi kujikuTTana taMpUrAna ke isa kathana ke prakAza meM ki kerala ke brAhmaNoM ne vaidyaka kA jJAna jainoM se bhI prApta kiyA thaa| prastuta lekhaka ne uparyakta do graMthoM kA hI sarasarI taura para adhyayana kiyA thaa| anya graMthoM para bhI jaina prakAza kI saMbhAvanA saMbaMdhI khoja honI caahie| jyotiSa aura jaina kuMjikuTTana taMpUrAna kA yaha mata bhI samIcIna hai ki kerala ke brAhmaNoM ne jyotiSa kA jJAna jainoM se bhI prApta kiyA thaa| kerala ke jyotiSa itihAsa meM hI nahIM, apitu bhAratIya jyotiSa ke itihAsa meM bhI jainoM kA bahumUlya yogadAna hai| sva. DaoN. nemicandra jyotiSAcArya ne bhAratIya jyotiSa kA eka vistRta graMtha likhA hai jisake caudaha saMskaraNa prakAzita ho cuke haiN| unhoMne "kevalajJAnapraznacUDAmaNi" nAmaka prazna jyotiSa ke eka prAcIna graMtha kI bhUmikA meM kerala meM lokapriya prazna jyotiSa Adi ke sambandha meM jo tathya die haiM, unakA saMkSipta ullekha yahAM kiyA jaaegaa| ve likhate haiM, "DaoN. zyAma zAstrI ne vedAMga jyotiSa kI bhUmikA meM batAyA hai 'vedAMga jyotiSa ke vikAsa meM jaina jyotiSa kA bar3A bhArI sahayoga hai, binA jaina jyotiSa ke adhyayana ke vedAMga jyotiSa kA adhyayana adhUrA hI kahA jaaegaa| bhAratIya prAcIna jyotiSa meM jainAcAryoM ke siddhAMta atyaMta hI mahatvapUrNa hai|' vizeSakara dakSiNa bhArata ke sambandha meM unakI sUcanA hai ki AryabhaTTa ne bhI jaina yuga kI utsarpiNI aura avasarpiNI saMbaMdhI kAlagaNanA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| pAMDya rASTra meM AcArya sarvanaMdI ne gaNita jyotiSa graMtha likhA thaa| kannar3a meM lIlAvatI nAmaka graMtha prasiddha hai| DaoN. nemicaMdra kA kathana hai ki "jainAcAryoM ne jyotiSa-gaNita saMbaMdhI graMthoM kI racanA saMskRta, prAkRta, kannar3a, tamila evaM malayAlama Adi bhASAoM meM bhI kI hai|" uparyukta cUr3AmaNi kI prastAvanA meM prazna jyotiSa kA vikAsa krama batAte hue DaoN. nemicaMdra ne isa viSaya kA prathama jaina graMtha arhaccUDAmaNisAra ko batAyA hai aura use AcArya bhadrabAhu kI kRti mAnA hai| ve likhate haiM ki, "arhaccUr3AmaNisAra ke pazcAt prazna graMthoM kI paraMparA bahuta joroM se clii| dakSiNa bhArata meM prazna nirUpaNa karane kI praNAlI akSaroM para hI AdhArita thii| 5vIM, 6ThI zatI meM caMdronmIlana nAmaka prazna graMtha banAyA gayA hai jainoM kI 5vIM, 6ThI zatAbdI kI yaha praNAlI bahuta prasiddha thI, isalie isa praNAlI ko hI loga
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________________ 388 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha caMdronmIlana praNAlI kahane lage the| candronmIlana ke vyApaka pracAra ke kAraNa ghabar3A kara dakSiNa bhArata meM kerala nAmaka praNAlI nikAlI gayI hai| keralapraznasaMgrahakha, keralapraznaratna, keralapraznatatvasaMgraha Adi keralIya prazna graMthoM meM candronmIlana ke vyApaka pracAra kA khaMDana kiyA hai "proktaM candronmIlanaM dikvstraistccaashddhm"| pAThaka svayaM dekha sakate haiM ki isa uddharaNa meM yaha kaha diyA gayA hai ki caMdronmIlana kA kathana dikvastrai ne kiyA hai, vaha azuddha hai| dikvastra kA artha hai dizA hI jinake vastra haiM arthAt digambara jaina muni| kerala meM eka graMtha praznacUr3AmaNi nAma kA bhI milatA hai| vaha bhI jyotiSAcArya ke anusAra jaina AcArya dvArA praNIta ho sakatA hai| usake aMta meM "U~ zAnti zrI jinAya namaH" likhA hai| DaoN. nemicandra ke anusAra kevalajJAnapraznacUr3AmaNi kA racanAkAla 13vIM sadI kA madhya bhAga ho sakatA hai tathA usake racayitA samaMtabhadra haiM jo ki Ayurveda aura jyotiSa ke vidvAna the| ve kAMcI ke samaMtabhadra se bhinna haiN| mAMsAhAra kerala ke logoM ke AcAra-vicAra ke saMbaMdha meM jainadharma ke prabhAva kA vizleSaNa keralacaritram meM upalabdha hai| yaha isa prakAra hai- "hinduoM ke AcAra-vicAra meM bauddha-jaina dharmoM kA kAphI prabhAva milatA hai| mAMsAhAra kA varjana isameM pramukha hai|" pR.-323. jarA vicAra kareM, bauddha dharma meM to mAMsAhAra kA varjana nahIM hai| svayaM gautama buddha ne 'zUkara mAMsa kA bhakSaNa kiyA thaa|' unhoMne apane jIvana kAla meM hI tIna prakAra se prApta mAMsa ke bhakSaNa kI anumati apane anuyAyiyoM ko dI thii| mahAyAniyoM ne Age calakara usameM do prakAra aura jor3a die| mAMsAhAra kI anumati avazya hI eka kAraNa hai ki bauddha dharma mAMsAhArI dezoM meM phaila gyaa| isalie mAMsAhAra ke varjana kA zreya jainadharma ko hI diyA jAnA caahie| kerala ke itihAsakAra zrIdhara menana ne likhA hai ki kerala aThArahavIM sadI taka zAkAhArI rhaa| bauddhadharma to isa sadI se lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa pUrva hI kerala se lupta ho cukA thaa| jisa dharma ke loga mAMsa khAte hoM, use zAkAhAra kA zreya kaise diyA jA sakatA hai| aSTamaMgala-dravya . kerala meM 'tAlappoli' nAma ke eka utsava meM aSTamaMgala dravyoM kA prayoga bhI jaina prabhAva kI sUcanA dete haiN| DaoN. ke. ke. ena. kurupa ne bhagavatI aura anya maMdiroM meM isa utsava ke saMbaMdha meM yaha mata prakaTa kiyA hai, "The cult of Talappoli in shirnes and Bhagavti temple of Kerala is a legacy in which the Jains had their contribution in shrines of Kavus of North Malabar where Tayyattam of Bhagavati is performed, the practice of virgin is also observed in festivals. The virgin girls who had observed several ritual like holy bath and clad in white clothes proceed with Talappoli before the Teyyam of Bhagavati; In festival and other occasions the eight auspicious articles like umbrella, conch. Swastik, Purna kumbha and .......... are provided for properity and happiness as a tradition. This custom is also relating to Jainism." (p. 9. Aspects of kerala History and culture). jaina vidhi-vidhAna aura sthApatya kalA se paricita yaha jAna sakeMge ki zAhA
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________________ keralI saMskRti meM jaina yogadAna 389 jaina dharma meM aSTa maMgala dravyoM kA bar3A mahatva hai| mathurA ke kaMkAlI TIle se prApta IsA kI pahalI-dUsarI sadI kI kucha jaina pratimAoM ke sAtha yA jaina AyAgapaTa ke rUpa meM ina hI aSTa maMgala dravyoM kA aMkana pAyA gayA hai| kalA aura sthApatya ina kSetroM meM bhI kerala ke jaina zAyada sabase agraNI rahe haiN| kuNavAyilakoTTama kA jaina maMdira, jise Daca logoM ne naSTa kiyA batAyA jAtA hai, kerala ke maMdiroM yahA~ taka ki vahA~ kI masjidoM ke nirmANa ke lie Adarza thaa| mAlAbAra menuala khaMDa 1, pR.-218 meM viliyama logansa ne isa saMbaMdha meM likhA hai- "The Jains do, however, seem to have left behind one of their peculiar styles of temple architecture, for the Hindu temples and even Muhammadan mosques of Malabar are all built in the style peculiar to the Jains, as it is still to be seen in the Jain Bastis at Mudbidri and other places in the South Canara district." maMdiroM kI isa zailI ke sambandha meM logansa ne prasiddha purAtatvavettA phargusana kA yaha mata uddhRta kiyA hai ki mUDabidrI yA tulu pradeza ke lagabhaga sabhI maMdira jainoM ke haiN| unakI nirmANa zailI na to dravir3a hai aura na hI uttara bhAratIya balki usakA sAmya nepAla ke maMdiroM se adhika hai| inake staMbha aise lagate haiM mAnoM lakar3I ke caukora laDhe hI hoM aura barAmadoM kI DhalavAM chateM kASTha maMdiroM kA smaraNa dilAtI haiN| logansa ne isa zailI kI vyApakatA kanyAkumArI taka batAI hai| masjideM bhI isI zailI meM kyoM banIM isakA kAraNa bhI logansa ne yaha batAyA hai ki nau masjideM to jaina maMdiroM ke sthAna para banI haiM unake sAtha maMdiroM kI bhUmi bhI masjidoM ko de dI gii| pahale maMdiroM ko jyoM kA tyoM upayoga meM lAyA gayA kintu bAda meM yahI zailI apanA lI gii| / kerala meM jainoM ne caraNoM (footprints) guhA-maMdiroM (cave temples) zilA-zayyAoM (rock-beds) chatarInumA zilAcchAdita samAdhi-sthaloM TopI kallu Topikallu, kudakkal Adi kA bhI nirmANa kiyA aura mUrti kalA meM bhI yatheSTa yogadAna kiyaa| zrI e. zrIdhara menana apanI pustaka Social and Culture History of Kerala meM likhA hai- "The Jain relies form an importnt part of the sculptural heritage of Kerala." aneka jaina maMdira masjidoM ke rUpa meM pariNata kara die ge| isI prakAra aneka jaina maMdira Aja ziva, viSNu athavA bhagavatI maMdira ke rUpa meM parivartita haiN| jaina kalA aura sthApatya kA Akalana karate samaya inako bhI dhyAna meM rakhanA ucita hogaa| isameM eka kaThinAI yaha bhI AtI hai ki spaSTa saMketoM ke hote hue bhI inake saMbaMdha meM kucha kathAeM pracalita kara dI gaI haiM jisase itihAsa dhUmila ho gayA hai| maMdiroM kI bahalatA jainoM ke kAraNa yaha sabhI jAnate haiM ki prAcIna samaya meM aura kucha aMzoM meM Aja bhI vaidika dharma kA mukhya lakSaNa yajJa karanA rahA hai| isake lie yajJazAlAeM huA karatI thIM jabaki jaina mUrtiyoM kI pUjA karate the aura aba bhI karate haiN| isake lie maMdiroM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA
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________________ 390 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha thA aura kiyA jAtA hai| kerala meM maMdiroM kI saMkhyA bahuta adhika batAI jAtI hai| isakA kAraNa yajJa to saMbhavata: nahIM ho sktaa| vAstava meM, saMskRta meM kucha maMtra Adi bola kara svAhA svAhA meM sAdhAraNa logoM ko adhika AnaMda kI anubhUti nahIM hote dekhakara saMbhavataH vaidikoM meM bhI maMdira nirmANa kI pravRtti jagI aisA kucha itihAsakaroM kA mata hai| yadi ilaMgo ar3ikala kI amara racanA zilappAdhikAram dhyAna se par3heM to jJAta hogA ki brAhmaNa yajJAdi meM hI adhika vizvAsa karate the| Sri M.S. Ramaswami Ayyangar, author of Studies in South Indian Jainism, opines that "Idol worship and temple building on a grand scale in South India have also to be attributed to Jain influence. The essence of Brahminism was not idol worship. How came it then that the Dravidians built large temples in honour of their Gods? The answer is simple. The Jains erected statutes to their Tirthankaras and other spiritual leaders and worshipped them in large temples. As this method of worship was highly impressive and attractive, it was imitated." (p.77) apane mata ke samarthana meM unhoMne una aneka deva kulikAoM (niches) kA udAharaNa diyA hai jo ki zaiva saMtoM ke sammAna meM bahuta adhika banAe gae haiM tathA maMdiroM meM unheM pratiSThita kiyA gayA hai| saMgIta samayasAra kerala meM saMgIta ke kSetra meM saMgItazAstra nAmaka graMtha kI prasiddhi hai| usakA prakAzana trivedram kI saMskRta sIrIja ke antargata kiyA gayA hai| usake racanAkAra pArzvadeva nAma ke jaina AcArya haiN| inhoMne maMgalAcaraNa kI prathama paMkti meM hI samavasaraNa (tIrthaMkara kI upadeza sabhA) kA ullekha kiyA hai| isake atirikta unhoMne apane Apako samyaktvacUr3AmaNi kahA hai| samyaktva eka jaina pAribhASika zabda hai| isakA nAmakaraNa kI AcArya ne saMbhavataH kuMdakuMdAcArya kI bahuta AdRta evaM prasiddha kRti samayasAra ke anukaraNa para kiyA hai aisA pratIta hotA hai| pArzvadeva ne apanA paricaya "digaMbarasUri" ke rUpa meM diyA hai| isameM unhoMne saMgIta pratiyogitA ke niyama, nirNAyaka kI yogyatA Adi kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| loka vyavahAra siddha rAga ke aMtargata AcArya ne karNATa gaur3a, drAvir3a gurjarI, dakSiNa gurjarI Adi kA vivecana kiyA hai| yaha saMgIta samayasAra kuMdakuMda bhAratI dillI dvArA hindI anuvAda Adi sahita AcArya bRhaspati ke saMpAdana meM prakAzita ho cukA hai| prazna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki karnATaka ke isa digaMbara jaina sAdhu ko rAga, AlApa Adi saMgIta kI vidhAoM se kyA lenA-denA? isake uttara ke lie kerala-karnATaka kI tatkAlIna paristhiti para vicAra karanA caahie| una dinoM zaiva-vaiSNava bhakti AMdolana joroM para thaa| AcArya kI yaha bhAvanA rahI hogI ki jainoM ko bhI saMgItamaya bhakti meM pIche nahIM rahanA caahie| isake atirikta yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki jaina dharma ke tIrthaMkara ke sammukha nRtya aura gAyana kI bahuta prAcIna paraMparA hai| mAnyatA hai ki tIrthakara ke janma Adi ke samaya indra nRtya karatA hai| jaina dhArmika utsavoM ke samaya Aja bhI indra jaisI veza-bhUSA banAkara saMgIta ke sAtha nRtya-gAyana kA Ayojana hotA hai| madhura kaMTha kA varadAna prApta jaina sAdhu bhI saMgItamaya
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________________ keralI saMskRti meM jaina yogadAna upadeza dete haiN| rAjasthAna meM jaina sAdhuoM dvArA lAvaNI nAmaka saMgIta racanA kA bar3A pracAra hai| svayaM pArzvadeva ne likhA hai ki gamakoM se mana kI ekAgratA hotI hai| tanmayatA bhI to isa ekAgratA ko saMbhava banAtI hai| AcArya svayaM bhI mIThI tAna aura laya ke dhanI rahe hoNge| citrakArI 391 jaina maMdiroM meM prAcIna kAla se hI tIrthaMkara ke jIvana, bAhubalI muniyoM para julma ( hastinApura meM ) neminAtha kI bArAta aura unakA vairAgya, pArzvanAtha ko kamaTha dvArA dhyAna se vicalita karane ke lie kaSTa diyA jAnA, lobha, pariNAma, tIrthaMkara mAtA ke svapna, ahiMsAmayI vAtAvaraNa meM siMha aura gAya kA eka sAtha pAnI pInA, gajalakSmI, tIrthaMkara kI upadeza sabhA samavasaraNa, prAkRtika dRzya, tIrthasthAnoM ke citra, dharmacakra, kamala, kalaza Adi mAMgalika padArthoM kA citraNa maMdira kI dIvAloM Adi para kiyA jAtA rahA hai| dakSiNa bhArata ke jaina maMdiroM meM to isakA pracalana thA / kerala meM sASTAMga praNAma karatI huI bhakta mahilA kA bhI prastara aMkana koviloM meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| nAga kovila ke maMdira meM, zucIMdrama ke kovila meM evaM kucha anya maMdiroM meM isa prakAra ke aMkana haiN| saMgama kAlIna sAhitya meM bhI isa prakAra kI citrakArI ke saMketa milate haiN| kerala gajeTiyara (P. 121 ) kA kathana hai, Sangam classics refer to the figures of Gods and scenes of nature painted on walls and canvas. We are led to believe that the Jains were the first to initiate the practice of painting on the walls. " kArtika dIpam utsava kerala meM kArtika mAsa meM zAnadAra tarIke se dIpotsava mAnAyA jAtA hai| yaha utsava bhI prAcIna kAla se, kama se kama saMgama kAla se calA A rahA hai| gajeTiyara ne use cola deza ke kisAnoM ke isI prakAra se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyA hai| dUsare usane yaha anumAna kiyA hai ki prAcIna kAla ke cera zAsakoM ke samaya meM yaha utsava bhagavAna muruga ke sammAna meM manAyA jAtA rahA hogA kintu usake saMpAdaka ne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki unheM cera zAsakoM ke samaya ke kAvya meM aisA koI saMdarbha nahIM milaa| spaSTa hai ki ye kathana aTakala para AdhArita haiN| kerala meM jainadharma kA pracAra thA isase saMbhavataH inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| isa dIpotsava kA saMbaMdha bhI jaina paraMparA se saMbaMdhita kiyA jA sakatA hai| IsA se 527 varSa pUrva bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANa Adhunika paTanA ke samIpa sthita pAvApurI meM kArtika mAsa kI caturdazI ke aMtima prahara meM svAti nakSatra meM huA thaa| usa samaya sarvatra zoka chA gyaa| usa nirvANa rAtri kA vizada varNana do hajAra varSa prAcIna prAkRta graMtha kalpasUtra meM upalabdha hai| usameM likhA hai- jaM rayaNi ca NaM bhagavaM mahAvIre kAlagaye jAva savvadukkhappahINe taM rayaNiM ca NaM nava mallai nava licchaI kAsIkosalagA aTThArasa vi gaNarAyANo amAvasAe pArAbheoyaM posahovavAsaM paTThavaiMsu, gate se bhAvujjoe dvvajjovaM kasssiAmo / / 127 / / arthAt jisa rAtri meM zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra kAladharma ko prApta hue, yAvat unake saMpUrNa dukha pUrNa rUpa se naSTa ho gae, usa rAtri meM kAsI kosala ke nau malla rAjA aura nau
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________________ 392 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha licchavi rAjA kula aThAraha gaNarAjA amAvasyA ke dina ATha prahara kA proSadhopavAsa karake vahAM rahe hue the| unhoMne yaha vicAra kiyA ki jJAnarUpI prakAza calA gayA hai ataH hama dravyodyota kareMge arthAt dIpAvalI prajjvalita kreNge| tabhI se dIpAvalI kA prAraMbha huaa| IsvI san 784 meM racita jaina harivaMzapurANa meM AcArya jinasena prathama ne spaSTa likhA hai ki nirvANa ke samaya devoM aura manuSyoM ne bhagavAna ke zarIra kI pUjA kI aura dIpa prajvalita kie| unake zabdoM meM jvalatpradIpAlikayA pravRddhayA surAsurai-dIpitayA prdiiptyaa| tadA sma pAvAnagarI samantataH pradIpitatAkAzatalA prkaashte||19|| tatastu lokaH prativarSamAdarAt prasiddhadIpAlikayAtra bhaarte| samudyamaH pUjayituM jinezvaraM jineMdranirvANavibhUtibhaktibhAk / / 20 / / artha- usa samaya sura aura asuroM ke dvArA jalAyI huI dedIpyamAna dIpakoM kI paMkti se pAvAnagarI kA AkAza saba ora se jagamagA utthaa| usa samaya se lekara bha ke nirvANa kalyANa kI bhakti se yukta saMsAra ke prANI isa bharatakSetra meM prativarSa AdarapUrvaka prasiddha dIpamAlikA ke dvArA bhagavAna mahAvIra kI pUjA karane ke lie udyata rahane lage arthAt unhIM kI smRti meM dIpAvalI kA utsava manAne lge| uparyukta donoM uddharaNoM ke lie lekhaka paM. balabhadrajI kA AbhArI haiN| bhArata ke jaina Aja bhI ukta tithi ko prAtaH nirvANotsava manAte haiN| aMtara itanA hI par3A hai ki dIpamAlikA saMdhyA ke samaya kI jAne lagI hai| kintu dakSiNa jisameM jainadharma kA kisI samaya atyadhika prasAra thA, aba bhI prAtaH kAla hI dIpAvalI manAtA hai aura subaha ke samaya hI AtizabAjI karatA hai jabaki pAvApurI meM manuSyoM aura devoM ne dIpotsava, kiyA thaa| yadi niSpakSa rUpa se vicAra kiyA jAe to kerala ke dIpam utsava kA aucitya samajha meM A sakatA hai| saMskAra itanI jaldI naSTa nahIM hote| kerala meM jo prAcIna jaina maMdira brAhmaNoM ke adhikAra meM cale gae haiM, unake bAhara kI dIvAloM para eka ke Upara eka aneka paMktiyoM meM jo saiMkar3oM dIpa-AdhAra bane hue haiM unase hI yaha spaSTa ho jAegA ki jaina kitanI dhUmadhAma se bhagavAna mahAvIra kA nirvANotsava athavA dIpAvalI manAte rahe hoNge| sarpakkalam pArzvanAtha aura padmAvatI kI lokapriyatA ke kAraNa kerala meM nAgapUjA kA pracalana adhika lakSita hotA hai| isa tathya kA eka aura pramANa kerala meM raMgIna cUrNoM se jamIna para kI jAnevAlI citrakArI hai jise kalama kahA jAtA hai| isakA rivAja bhI nAyara logoM tathA nimna jAtiyoM meM hI adhika hai| koI biralA hI naMpUtiri parivAra kalamakArI karatA ho| isa citrakArI meM sarpakkalam pramukha hai| isameM tIna, pAMca yA sAta phaNavAle sarpa banAe jAte haiM kintu ye sAdhAraNa sarpa nahIM hote apitu devarUpa hote haiN| isake saMbaMdha meM Studies in folklore of Kerala meM DaoN. cummara cUMDala ne pR.-9 para yaha mata vyakta kiyA hai ki kerala kI isa kalamakArI para maisUra kSetra kA sIdhA prabhAva hai| ukta pradeza meM jainadharma ke prabhAva ke viSaya meM saMbhavata: adhika kahane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| lekhaka
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________________ keralI saMskRti meM jaina yogadAna 393 ne Indian Serpent Lore ke lekhaka Vogel kA yaha abhimata bhI uddhata kiyA hai ki "The divine serpents are many headed." pulavana jAti ke loga isa kalA meM pravINa hote haiN| ye bhI nimna varga ke mAne jAte haiN| lokavArtA (Folklore) saMbaMdhI isa pustaka kI bhUmikA meM zrI vI. vanamamalai ne apanA yaha spaSTa mata vyakta kiyA hai ki, "Any influence on folklore by Aryan culture is marginal." kaNNagI kathA kA jaina saMbaMdha kaNNagI aura kovalana jaina daMpatti the| unakI karuNa kahAnI tamila meM kerala ke yuvarAjapAda ilaMgo ne likhI thii| kaNNagI kA kerala meM koDaMgallUra nAmaka sthAna para maMdira banA thaa| isa daMpatti kI jIvana gAthA aba lokavAtau ke rUpa meM vibhinna rUpoM meM kerala meM punarAvRtta ora abhinIta hotI hai| zrI cUMDala ke anusAra kaNNagI ko bhadrakAlI kA rUpa diyA gayA, usake bAda vaha kAlI banI aura zrIkurumba banA dI gaI jo ki isa samaya koDagallUra ke bhagavatI maMdira kI devI haiM tathA jisameM kaNNagI ke jIvana kA ghaTanAeM kucha vikRti ke sAtha prati varSa doharAI jAtI haiN| isa devI ko aba durgA aura pArvatI bhI kahA jAne lagA hai| kaNNagI vArtA ke kerala ke vibhinna sthAnoM meM kama se kama 6 prakAra pAe jAte haiN| usase strabaMdhita gIta toTTam pADakala kahalAte haiN| kaNNagI se saMbaMdhita eka utsava koDaMgallUra meM hotA hai jise bharaNI utsava kahate haiN| usake maMdira ko apavitra Adi kiyA jAtA hai| pahale usa maMdira para jIvita murge pheMke jAte the jise kerala sarakAra ne baMda kara diyA hai| isI prakAra azlIla gAne, gAliyoM Adi kA bhI calana thaa| aba kerala sarakAra azlII kathana jo karane vAloM ko pakar3atI hai| zrI cUMDala ne likhA hai ki isa utsava meM caiTTI loga jo ----- nimna varga meM Ate haiM, adhika saMkhyA meM bhAga lete haiN| ve yaha bhI pR.-67-68 para sUcita karate haiM ki kummATI logoM kA gomaTezvara se saMbaMdha hai tathA "Kummatti is a Malayam-Tamil word, and it reminds us of the influence of Vaisyas mainly merchants, were these who took part in it. It seems that Kummatti was invented to unlock Jainism." (P.69) rathotsava kerala ke aneka maMdiroM meM rathotsava manAyA jAtA hai| isake saMbaMdha meM yaha anumAna lagAyA gayA hai ki isa para bauddha prabhAva hai| gajeTiyara (pR.-238) kA kathana hai ki, "It is contended by some writers that the temple processions in Kerala own much of their features to Buddhistic ritualistic performances. The elephant procession (Anal Ezhunnallippu) with its accompaniments of Muthukuda, Alavattam, Venchamaram etc. has marked similarity to the processions of the Buddhists." kerala ke itihAsa ke jAnakAra yaha bhalIbhAMti jAnate haiM ki sAtavIM sadI meM jaba cInI yAtrI hvenasAMga kerala meM AyA thA to use digaMbara sAdhu bahuta adhika saMkhyA meM dekhane ko mile the aura yaha ki bauddha dharma kerala se nauvIM sadI meM lupta hI ho gayA thaa| aisI sthiti meM lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa ke bAda bhI
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________________ 394 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha usakA aneka maMdiroM ke rathotsava para prabhAva batAnA aitihAsika khIMcAtAnI hI mAnI jAe to kucha anucita nahIM hogaa| isake viparIta jaina dharma kerala meM Aja bhI jIvita hai| usakI rathotsava kI paraMparA bahuta prAcIna hai| bhAdoM meM dasa dinoM ke payUSaNa parva ke aMta meM, mahAvIra jayaMtI tathA navIna maMdira yA mUrti kI pratiSThA Adi avasaroM para rathayAtrA nikAlI jAtI hai| pichale dazaka meM uttara bhArata meM aneka sthAnoM para gajaratha nikale haiN| ina rathoM meM hAthI jote jAte haiM aura ina UMce rathoM meM tIrthakara pratimA virAjamAna kI jAtI hai| kerala jaise hAthI bahuta Azcarya nhiiN| hAla hI meM gomaTezvara ratha tathA tIrthavaMdanA ratha sAre bhArata meM ghUmA thaa| ina tathyoM ko dekhate hue jaina paraMparA para bhI vicAra kiyA jAnA caahie| periyapurANam IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI meM tamilagam meM jainadharma itanA adhika vyApta thA ki zaiva dharma ke anuyAyiyoM ko isa dharma ke prabhAva tathA jainadharma ke anuyAyI "duSTa rAjAoM (Evil kings)" ke prabhAva se usa samaya ke tamila deza ko mukta karAne kI ciMtA huii| inameM sabase pramukha nAma jJAnasaMbaMdara kA hai| batAyA jAtA hai ki inhoMne jaina muniyoM, paMDitoM ko vAda-vivAda meM harAyA aura kucha camatkAra dikhaae| ina camatkAroM meM eka yaha bhI thA ki zaiva yA vaidika graMtha to pAnI meM DAlane para tairate hue Upara A gae aura jainoM ke graMtha pAnI meM DUba ge| samaya hai ki aisI ghaTanA kerala meM bhI ghaTI ho aura yahI kAraNa hai ki kerala meM jaina graMthoM kA abhAva hai| jaina pallava rAjA maheMdravarmana prathama ko zaiva banA liyA gyaa| usane jainoM para atyAcAra kie aura bahuta-se jaina maMdiroM ko zaiva maMdiroM ke rUpa meM badala diyaa| isake bAda saMbaMdara ne jaina pAMDaya rAjA suMdarara kI kUbar3a camatkArika rUpa se sIdhI kara dii| yaha kArya jainoM se nahIM ho sakA thA aisA kahA jAtA hai vaha bhI zaiva ho gyaa| udhara dharmasena nAma ke 25 varSoM taka jaina AcArya pada para raha cuke maThAdhIza kI udara pIr3A bhI ziva kI kRpA se unakI bahina ne ThIka karA dii| ve zaiva saMta bana gae aura appara kahalAne rara ne eka hI dina meM baige nadI ke kinAre 8.000, (ATha hajAra) jaina muniyoM ko zUlI para car3hA diyaa| isa kAMDa para dakSiNa bhAratIya itihAsa ke prasiddha vidvAna pro. nIlakaMTha zAstrI ne likhA hai, "There is no reason to believe that, even in those days of intense religious strife, intoleration descended to such cruel barbarities." (p.413) periyapurANa to yahI kahatA hai ki jaina svayaM hI zalI para caDha ke ve camatkAra nahIM kara pAe the| vAstava meM unhoMne isa manidharma kA pAlana kiyA hogA ki prANoM kA saMkaTa Ane para bhI badale kA koI prayatna nahIM karanA caahie| socanA cAhie ki mere azubha karmoM ke kAraNa yaha saMkaTa AyA hai| ___ isa ghaTanA kA utsava tamilanADu meM madurai ke mInAkSI maMdira meM manAyA jAtA hai| eka citra bhI thA, sunA hai ki aba miTA diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra kA eka utsava kerala ke zucIMdrama maMdira meM bhI hotA hai| vahAM bairAgI ko khUna se sanI talavAra dikhAnI par3atI hai| ukta tInoM evaM anyoM ke prayAsa se ziva kI bhakti ke gItoM se saMyojita jo paMtha calA use zaivasiddhAMta kahate haiN| isa mata meM jo 63 saMta hue haiM unakA vivaraNa periyapurANam meM hai| yaha purANa saMbhavataH 12vIM sadI meM cola rAjA kulottuMga kI preraNA se
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________________ keralI saMskRti meM jaina yogadAna 395 racA gyaa| ukta tresaTha saMtoM meM prathama tIna to saMbaMdara, appara aura suMdarara haiN| kerala ke kevala do hI saMta haiN| chaH aise bhI haiM jo kahAM ke the yaha patA nahIM hai| (lekhaka kI jAnakArI 1990 ke lagabhaga kI) isa purANa para jaina prabhAva hai aisA kucha niSpakSa vidvAna svIkAra karate khaka ne aDayAra lAibrerI meM eka purAvida ko yaha prabhAva batAyA to vaha bole which is prior? maiMne kahA ours. - saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza aura bhASA meM bhI arthAta prAcIna kAla se hI jaina graMthoM meM 63 zalAkApuruSa yA zreSTha puruSoM ke jIvana-vivaraNa upalabdha haiN| isa saMkhyA meM 24 tIrthakara, bAraha cakravartI Adi 63 mahApuruSoM kI gaNanA hai| inameM rAma aura kRSNa bhI haiN| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita nAma se svataMtra graMtha bhI haiN| nauvIM sadI meM prAkRta meM racita tiloyapaNNatti meM pUrA vivaraNa upalabdha hai| periyapurANa para jaina prabhAva ke saMbaMdha meM itihAsa, purAtatva kI viduSI pro. caMpaka lakSmI ne Medieval Bhakti Movements in India nAmaka abhinaMdana graMtha meM apane nibaMdha Religion and Social Change in Tamilnadu (c600-1300) meM yaha mata vyakta kiyA hai-"The Saiva hymnists i.e. those who composed the Bhakti hymns, were also of the higher castes but later, in the twelfth century and at the time of the codification of the Saiva canon, a deliberate attempt was made to introduce several fictitious saints in addition to the histotical figures to increase the number to 63, many of whom were drawn from low castes including the paraiya or untouchable. The number 63 was a direct borrowal from the Jain Puranas dealing with the 63 Salakapurusas or great beings." (P. 167) periyapurANa kI racanA kA eka pramukha kAraNa eka jaina graMtha kI lokapriyatA bhI thaa| vaha graMtha thA tamila bhASA ke zreSTha pAMca mahAkAvyoM meM se eka jIvakaciMtAmaNi jo ki Aja bhI tamila meM adhyayana kA viSaya hai| isameM jaina carita graMthoM ke prasiddha nAyaka jIvaMdhara kA caritra, unake aneka vivAha tathA unake dvArA yaha pratipAdana ki sAMsArika jIvana bitAne ke bAda bhI yadi saMyama dhAraNa kiyA jAe to karma baMdhanoM se mukti saMbhava hai| jIvaMdhara hemAMgada deza jo ki karnATaka meM sthita mAnA gayA hai, ke zAsaka the| vairAgya hone para ve mahAvIra svAmI kI upadeza sabhA yA samavasaraNa meM ge| vahAM mahAvIra ke pramukha ziSya yA gaNadhara sudharma svAmI ne unheM muni dIkSA dI thii| ve vipulAcala se saMsAra baMdhanoM se mukta hue| cola zAsaka kulottuMga ko ukta carita kI prasiddhi se ciMtA huii| isalie usane periyapurANam kI racanA kArravAI upara saMdarbhita pustaka meM bhI ena. subramaNyam ne pR.-185 para likhA hai, "The story of the circumstances under which the Periyapuranam was written, as tradition has it, indicates the Cola king's anxiety to stop the spreading influance of Jainism made him encourage Sekkilar in the composition of the account of the lives of the Nayanmars." jagahoM ke nAma __ ayodhyA, ujjaina, nAgapura, uraiyUra, nAgapaTTiNam jaise sthala-nAma sAMskRtika mahatva kI sUcanA dete haiN| kerala meM bhI jagahoM ke aise nAma haiM jo yaha sUcita karate haiM kisI has it; insm made him the Nayanm
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________________ 396 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha samaya ve jainadharma se saMbaMdhita rahe haiN| pAlakkADa yA pAlaghATa (kerala) meM eka muhallA hai jo ki jainameDu kahalAtA hai| usI meM prAcIna caMdraprabhu maMdira hai| usa muhalle meM rahane vAle kucha tamila logoM ne usakA dUsarA hI nAma rakha liyA hai kintu jainameDu kA prayoga abhI bhI hotA hai| jainadharma se saMbaMdhita sthala-nAmoM kA vizeSa adhyayana kerala ke hI malayAlama lekhaka zrI vI. ke. ke. vAlaya (aba sva.) ne vizeSa rUpa se kiyA hai| unakI khoja ke pariNAma nIce ullikhita prakAzanoM meM upalabdha haiM ve haiM- Jain Influence on some Kerala place Names, abstract of the chapter Studies in Dravidian Place names, publication of Place Names Society, Tiruvananthapuram. (and) Keralathile Sthala Chrithrangal Ernakulam Jilla (This book is in Malayam) yaha zrI vAlatha ne hI lekhaka ko dI thii| unakA yaha niSkarSa hai ki, "The words such as Kall (kallu), Ampalam, Palli, Kottam meaning temple are very ancient and bear the long lasting marks of Jainism." unakA yaha mata hai ki ye zabda brAhmaNoM kI saMskRta meM nahIM pAe jaate| udAharaNa ke lie kllil| yaha Kal+il se banA hai| kala kA artha hai pASANa aura ila se Azaya hai mNdir| isa sthAna para eka guhA maMdira hai jisameM mahAvIra, pArzvanAtha aura padmAvatI devI kI mUrtiyAM pASANa para utkIrNa haiN| aba vaha bhagavatI maMdira kahalAtA hai| kAlAMtara meM kallila zabda kA vyavahAra sabhI jaina maMdiroM ke lie hone lgaa| koDaMgallUra kA saMdhi viccheda kara unhoMne apane mata kI sthApanA kI hai| isI prakAra ke anya nAma haiM - Kallatikkootu, Kalleekkaatu, Kallar, kallatippeetta, kalpatti, kalleekkulannara (This was the temple of Ambika now known as Heemambika), Kalpaattiilam, Kalpaattikkunnu etc. vidvAna lekhaka kA mata hai ki zaMkarAcArya kI janmabhUmi kAlaDI (Kaalati) bhI jainoM dvArA caraNa utkIrNa karane kI prathA kI ora saMketa kara rahI hai| ve likhate haiM, Engraving the foot prints of Jina on rocks was a usual practice among Jains the place name Kaalati might have originated in this way." tricUra jile meM kUDalamANikyam nAma kA eka maMdira hai jo kisI samaya jaina maMdira thaa| usameM sthApita mUrti RSabha putra bharata kI hai aisA lekhaka sahita kucha vidvAnoM kA mata hai| usakA prAcIna nAma bhI zrI vAlatha ke anusAra mANikkana kallU thaa| silappAdikAram meM eka maMdira Vallayampalam nAma se ullikhita hai jo ki naSTa ho gyaa| aba vaha sthAna --------- kahalAtA hai| jinadeva ke vizeSaNa the- Ponnayirkoon, Ponneyilnathan Adi jo maMdira pahAr3a para haiM, ve Ponmala, Ponmuti Adi nAmoM se jAne jAte haiN| IsAiyoM kA prasiddha kendra Kurismuti pahale Ponmala hI thaa| zrI vAlatha kA mata hai ki hAthI, azva, nAga Adi jainoM ke priya pratIka hai| ina pratIkoM se saMbaMdhita aneka sthala nAma kerala meM haiM jaise Anmala, Kutirmala, Kutiraan, Kutiravattaam, Naagmala, Nagampatam etc. isI prakAra jaina sAdhuoM kI smRti meM nirmita pASANa smArakoM ke kAraNa bhI aneka sthala nAmoM kA vikAsa huA hai jaise- Unnukal, Muttikkal, Kallara etc.
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________________ keralI saMskRti meM jaina yogadAna 397 kerala gajeTiyara ne pra.-229 para yaha ullekha kiyA hai ki jaina sAdha caitya yA vihAra meM bhI rahA karate the aura aise sthAnoM ko koTTama kahA jAtA thaa| isa jAnakArI ke abhAva meM kucha vidvAna ina zabdoM ko dekhate hI unheM bauddha kaha baiThe haiN| DaoN. ke. ke. pillai ne tamilanADu ke vizeSa saMdarbha meM bhArata kA itihAsa likhA hai| usakA eka adhyAya kerala meM jainadharma se bhI saMbaMdhita hai| usameM lekhaka ne ATha bAteM aisI ginAI haiM jina para jaina prabhAva saMbhava hai| unakA saMkSipta ullekha yahAM kiyA jAtA hai| 1. ayyappA kerala meM ayyappA kI pUjana kA bar3A mahatva hai| usakA zreya bauddhoM ko diyA jAtA hai| eka lekhaka kA uddharaNa dekara DaoN. pillai yaha kahate haiM ki ayyappA ke rUpa meM pUjita deva vAstava meM jainoM kA brahma yakSa hai jisakA vAhana gaja hai| prastuta lekhaka kA bhI mata hai ki ayyappA kA saMbaMdha bauddha paraMparA se nahIM apitu jaina paraMparA se jAna par3atA hai| 2. nAgapUjA kerala ke nAgarAja maMdira (nAgarakoyila), tamilanADu meM nAgamalai, nAgapaTTiNama nAgalapuram Adi kA udAharaNa dekara DaoN. pillai yaha mAnate haiM ki kerala meM nAgapUjA kA pracalana jainoM ke kAraNa saMbhava hai| 3. yakSI, bhagavatI aura maMtravAda bhagavatI kI pUjA kerala meM atyaMta lokapriya hai| unhoMne yaha bhI likhA hai ki kerala ke bhagavatI maMdira pahale jaina the| bhagavatI kI kalpanA hinduoM ne jainoM se lI hai| __yakSI kI upAsanA ke sambandha meM unakA yaha kathana hai ki yakSI pahale grAmINa devatA thii| jainoM ne logoM ko AkarSita karane ke lie usakA darjA bar3hAyA, bAda meM hinduoM ne bhI use apanA liyaa| isa kathana ke samarthana meM ve aMbikA kA udAharaNa dete haiN| prastuta lekhaka kA mata hai ki kerala ke jainoM meM padmAvatI devI aura jvAlAmAlinI devI adhika lokapriya haiN| usake atirikta, zAsanadevI kI mAnyatA jainoM kI apanI hai| jaina loka maMtravAdI the aisA uparyukta lekhaka kA mata hai| unakA kathana hai ki jaina tAMtrika prabhAva meM A gae the aura padmAvatI tathA jvAlAmAlinI deviyoM kI sAdhanA karate the| kucha jaina muni bhI inake prabhAva meM the| lekhaka kA saMketa helAcArya (jvAlAmAlinI kalpa ke racayitA) aura AcArya indranaMdi (bhairava padmAvatI kalpa ke kartA) kI ora jAna par3atA hai| hinduoM para bhI isakA prabhAva jainoM ke kAraNa par3A isa kathana meM satyAMza saMbhava hai vizeSakara padmAvatI devI kI pratimAoM kI kerala meM adhikatA ko dekhate hue| DaoN. pillai ne maNiyAra jAti kA bhI isa prasaMga meM ullekha kiyA hai| isa jAti ke lo Ayurveda, gaNita Adi meM niSNAta hote haiM saMbhavataH isa jAti ke nAma kI utpatti 'gaNI' se hai| yaha zabda jaina paramparA kA hai| 4. zivajI kA naMdI bhArata ke anya bhAgoM kI bhAMti kerala ke ziva maMdiroM meM bhI naMdI kI sthApanA kI jAtI hai| naMdI ke viSaya meM DaoN. pillai kA yaha abhimata hai ki, "The idea of the Bull
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________________ 398 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha which is considered the vehicle of Siva is in all probability borrowed from the Jains. The Jains consider the Bull an embodiment of Dharma. It is known that the earliest Tirthankar was Rishabha. The sanctity attached to the bull was probably derived from the Jain belief." (P. 102) isa saMbaMdha meM zrI vAlatha kA bhI yahI mata hai| yaha smaraNIya hai ki prathama jaina tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kA lAMchana (pahacAna cinha) vRSabha yA baila hai| jaina mAnyatA hai ki unhoMne logoM ko khetI karanA sikhAyA thaa| isalie unakA cinha vRSabha nirdhArita kiyA gyaa| ziva aura RSabha meM itanI samAnatAeM haiM tathA vaidika dhArA ke purANoM meM unakA caritra itanA pavitra batAyA gayA hai ki isa mAnyatA para vizvAsa kA AdhAra banatA hai ki donoM eka hI haiN| kevala saMpradAya vibhinnatA ke kAraNa donoM ke svarUpa meM kucha aMtara A gayA hai| 5. tirumenI abhivAdana kerala meM paraspara sammAnapUrNa abhivAdana ke lie prayukta tirumenI zabda ke saMbaMdha meM DaoN. pillai ne eka mahatvapUrNa sUcanA dI hai jo isa prakAra hai- "It is possible that the word Tirumeni is derived from the Jain usage. In kalgumalai of Tirunelveli District, there are some Jain sculptures, the inscriptions below them end with the expression Tirumeni" (tirunemi? neminAtha kA vihAra dakSiNa meM adhika huA thA) which means the sacred image. Tirumeni is a form of respectful address very common in the Malayalam country. It is not unlikely that this was adopted in Malyalam and Tamil from Jain practice." yaha tathya bhI tamilanADu aura kerala meM jainadharma ke vyApaka evaM dIrghasthAyI prabhAva kA pramANa prastuta karatA hai| 6. ratnatraya aura mokSamArga itihAsakAra DaoN. pillai ne yaha niSkarSa prastuta kiyA hai ki keralI saMskRti meM jainoM ke yogadAna kA Akalana kevala maMdiroM se hI kiyA jAnA ucita nahIM hai| unhoMne jainadharma ke tIna ratnoM yA ratnatraya evaM mokSamArga kA ullekha karate hue jainadharma kI rAgadveSa para vijaya, ahiMsA aura aparigraha kI ora bhI dhyAna AkarSita kiyA hai| unakA mata hai ki, "All these principles were adopted in Kerala as well as the rest of the country." unheM isa bAta para bhI Azcarya hai ki kerala meM koI pramukha jaina AcArya nahIM huaa| prastuta lekhaka ko bhI isa para Azcarya hai| yA to jaina graMtha naSTa kara die gae yA unakA abhI sarvekSaNa hI nahIM huA hai| jaina maMdiroM ke sAtha zAstra bhaMDAra huA karatA hai| maMdira meM loga unakA svAdhyAya bhI karate haiN| yadi kerala ke jaina AcAryoM ne svayaM graMtha nahIM likhe to kama se kama kuMdakuMdAcArya jaise AcArya ke graMtha to upalabdha hone caahie| isa saMbaMdha meM bhI anusaMdhAna kI AvazyakatA hai| 7. jIvadayApUrNa nAga saMskRti ___ DaoN. candrazekhara nAyara ne kerala ke jAtivAda virodhI evaM pramukha Adhunika samAja sudhAraka yA logoM ko varNavAda ke kaThora paMje se mukti dilAnevAle caTTampi svAmI kI eka jIvanI maharSi zrI vidyAdhirAja tIrthapAda nAma se prakAzita kI hai| svAmIjI kA samaya
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________________ keralI saMskRti meM jaina yogadAna 399 unnIsavIM sadI kA uttarArddha aura bIsavIM sadI kA prAraMbha hai| unhoMne prAcIna malayAlama aura jIvakAruNyam jaise graMthoM meM nAga logoM kI saMskRti ke saMbaMdha meM paryApta prakAza DAlA hai| unake ziSya zrI nArAyaNa guru bhI kerala meM unake hI samAna pUjya haiN| caTTampi svAmI jIva hiMsA ke kaTTara virodhI the| jIvakAruNyam meM unhoMne likhA hai ki mahAna logoM ne ahiMsA paramodharma kA hI upadeza diyA hai| DaoN. nAyara ke zabdoM meM, "svAmIjI kA pUrNa vizvAsa hai ki parama zreyaskara mokSa kI siddhi ahiMsA ke mArga para calakara hI ho sakatI hai|" kerala kI RSi-paraMparA kA ullekha isa jIvanI meM isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai- "aitihAsika pramANoM se vidita hai ki prAraMbha se lekara akhaMDa rUpa meM jo RSi paraMparA kerala meM hotI A rahI hai, usake sAtha hI bauddha-jaina bhikSuoM kA jIvana itihAsa kerala ke sAMskRtika itihAsa kA aMza banA rahA hai| asaMkhya bauddha-jaina vihAroM kA dhvaMsa ho cukA hai aura Aja bhI unake Azrama athavA vihAra milate haiN|" (pR.-157) yahAM yaha bAta dhyAna dene yogya hai ki bahuta adhika saMkhyA meM jaina smAraka kerala meM kisI na kisI kAraNa naSTa ho cuke haiM tathA prAcIna kAla meM ahiMsApUrNa saMskRti hI kerala kI mukhya saMskRti thii| 8. kalyANam dakSiNa bhArata meM, jisameM spaSTa hI kerala bhI zAmila hai, vivAha ke lie kalyANam zabda pracalita hai| isa saMskRta zabda kA artha hai- maMgala, bhalAI, zubha-karma aadi| isameM vivAha kA artha kaise A gayA? yadi vivAha ko eka utsava mAneM, to isa zabda meM jo navIna artha A gayA hai, use samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaina paraMparA ke anusAra kisI bhI tIrthakara ke pAMca kalyANaka yA mahotsava hote haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM- garbha, janma, tapa, kevalajJAna aura nirvaann| isake atirikta jaba kabhI kisI marti kI prANa pratiSThA kI jAtI hai, taba bhI ye utsava bar3I dhUmadhAma se manAe jAte haiN| prAcIna kAla meM kerala sahita tamilanADu meM jainadharma kA bar3A prabhAva thaa| chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM to aisA lagatA thA ki sArA tamila deza jaina ho jAegA isalie yaha saMbhAvanA sAmane AtI hai ki ina mahotsavoM ke anusaraNa para vivAha ko bhI "kalyANam" kahA jAne lagA hogaa| isa sAMskRtika saMbhAvanA para bhI vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| hajAroM varSoM se kerala meM pravAhita jaina sAMskRtika dhArA aura purAtAtvika avazeSoM ke hote hue bhI jaba yaha kaha diyA jAtA hai ki jainadharma kA kerala meM koI khAsa prabhAva nahIM par3A taba aitihAsika anusaMdhAna kI hAni hI hotI hai| jainadharma kerala meM Aja bhI jIvita hai| usake anuyAyiyoM kI vartamAna saMkhyA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara saMbhavataH isa prakAra ke niSkarSa yadi nikAle jAeM to yaha zubha nahIM hai| saMskRti cAhe vaha kerala kI ho yA anya kisI bhUbhAga kI, vaha eka samudra ke samAna hai| usameM nadiyoM kI bhAMti aneka dhArAeM Akara milatI haiN| phira bhI kisI eka hI dhArA ko pradhAnatA denA yA zuSka dhArA ko AvazyakatA se adhika mahatva denA aura Aja bhI pravahamAna dhArA ko gauNa karanA sAMskRtika itihAsa kI dRSTi se kahAM taka ucita hai?
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________________ South East Asia and Indian Ocean in Jaina Literature Prof. Bhagchandra Jain* South East Asia, like central Asia and Far East, (China, Japan, and Korea) is also an important region of Indian Cultural heritage. In the east of India thee are several countries as Burma, Malyesia, Indonesia, Siam, Combodia, Laos, Vietnam, Philippin, Srilanka etc. where not only the religious missionaries reached for propagation of their religions but also established colonies. The trading relation of India with these countries goes back to a few centuries B.C. It was enriched by efforts of Ashoka who started the Dharmavijayayatra in the leadership of Acarya Upagupta by sending Buddhist religious missionaries in 3rd B.C. These countries were not culturally well developed. Indian missionaries went there for their religious propagation and made them forward on the great path of culture. Indian colonization in South East Asia was started during Sunga-Satavahana period and reached to climax in Gupta period. Further they remained under Indian rulers up to 13th C.A.D. The Jain Agama Texts do not furnish much information about the subject. It starts with the commentaries and narrative literature which leave the impression that wherever the Jain traders went, they established the cities after the names of ancient cities of their motherland, like Banka, Taksasila, Sarayu, Campa, Ayodhya, Kauthar, Panduranga, Amrawati etc. Phunan (Combodia and Siam) was established by Kaudinya Brahmana. Sumatra, Java and other islands of Indonesia and Malaya and Burma were rules over by Indian kings. In almost Former Director, Parshwanath Vidyapeeth,Tukaramchal, Sadar, Nagpur-440001.
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________________ South East Asia and Indian Ocean in Jaina Literature 401 all the countries of South East Asia there are hundreds of Hindu temples, Mathas, Buddhist Vaiharas, stupas and caityas erected by Indian kings and trades and inscriptions inscribed in Sanskrit and Prakrit languages. In a collective way, these countries are included into Greater India.. The Pali Text Niddesa submits a list of countries where the Indian trades used to visit for the purpose of earning the wealth. They wee as follows: Gumba, Takkola, Takkasila, Kalamukha, Maranapara, Vesunga, Verapatha, Java, Tamali, Banga, Elavaddhana, Suvannakuta, Suvannabhumi, Tambapanni, Suppara, Bharukaccha, Surattha, Anganeka, Gangana, Paramagangana, Yona, Paramayona, Allasanda, Marukantara, Jannupatha, Ajapatha, Mendhapatha, Sankupatha, Chattapatha, Vamsapatha, Sakunapatha, Musikapatha, Daripatha and Vetttadhara. The geographical position of some of the places or countries cannot be decided. Allasanda (Alexendria), Yona (Yavana) etc. are situated in the far West and Bharukaccha and Suppara (Sopara) in the Western India. Suvarnabhumi was in South East Asia. Likewise, Takkola, Java, Suvannakuta and Banga etc. were also situated in the South East of India. We are aware of the fact that Samrat Ashok sent Sona and Uttara to Suvarnabhumi for propagation of Buddhism. Some more Acaryas also paid a visit to Svarnadvipa in later period. Jain, Buddhist and Vedic Texts mention the name of Svarnabhumi which indicates that the ancient Indian thinkers were acquainted with Svarnabhumi and other South East Asian countries. The territory of Svarnabhumi is still unknown. But our ancient Texts refer to the names of those countries and Dvipas which are situated in the South Asia and whose geographical position could be decided in a better way. In this connection, the following verses may be mentioned were India is said to be divided into nine parts: Bharatasyasya varsasya nava bhedan vivodha me Samudrantarita jneyaste tvagamyah parasparam. Indradvipah kaseruman tamraparni gabhastiman.
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________________ 402 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha Nagadvipastatha saumyo gandharvo varunastatha. Ayam tu navamastesam dvipah sagarasamvrtah. Yojananam sahasram vai dvipo 'yam daksino satam. The nine parts were Indradvipa, Kaseruman, Tamraparni, Gabhastiman, Nagadvipa, Saumya, Gandharva, Varuna and Daksina. Of these, Indradvipa, Kaseruman, Varuna and Tamraparni may be clearly identified with Burma, Malaya, Bornio, and Srilanka respectively. Nothing much is known about Gabhastiman and other countries. The Garuda and Vaman Puranas mention the names of Kataha and Simhal in place of Saumya and Gandharva- Nagadvipah katahascasimhalo varunastatha. The references to Kataha Dvipa are obviously found in Jain and other literature. The kathasaritsagara refers to a story of Candrasvamin who went to Narikeladvipa, Katahadvipa, Karpuradvipa Suvarnadvipa and Simhal Dvipa in search of Kanakavarma. Here the Narikela Dvipa may be identified with Nikovar Dvipa, Kataha with Kedaha in Malaya Prayadvipa and Karpuradvipa with Bornio. Some more Dvipas in South East Asia are included into the Vayupurana (18th Chapter) as follws: Angadvipa (in bay of Bengal), Malayadvipa (Malaya), Yamadvipa (Yamakoti close to Srilanka), Sankhadvipa (close to Malaya), Kusadvipa and Varahadvipa (Barava), Yavadvipa (Java), Suvarnakudya (Phunan-Combodia, Kin-lin, Malaya Prayadvipa), Samudradvipa (Sumatra), Karmaranga (Malaya Prayadvipa), Varusaka (Varusa-Sumatra), and Balidvipa (Bali). The Jainas and other trades used to visit very oftenly the Svarnadvipa with the purpose of earning wealth. There were three routes to reach Svarnabhumi:1) First route from Northern India to Tamralipti through the Ganges, then Andaman-Nikovar Dvipa and Malaya Prayadvipa:II) the second route was-starting from eastern sea-ports like Dantapur, Cinnaganjam and Kaveripattanam to Malaya Prayadvipa through Bay of Bengal; and III) the third route wasstarting from Simhal to Malaya through Nikovar. There were some ways to reach the South East Asian countries from Malaya Prayadvipa. Singapur is situated in the South of Malaya. There were three
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________________ South East Asia and Indian Ocean in Jaina Literature 403 options for Indian traders: 1) starting from the Southern part of Sumatra to reach the eastern countries like Campa, Kambuj-Combodia and Vietnam. This route was very long and full of calamities; II) From Malakka to the Eastern countries. This route was shortest one but full of robbers; III) the third route was adopting the land route through eastern part of bay of Bengal and by unloading the goods there to reach sea-ports of Siam through land route. This route was more favourable and fearless of robbers. Likewise, Seavoyage from Tamralipti to Burma and then siam, Champa and Kambuj was also easier. The Motifs of sea-voyage Sea-voyage appears to be very common in mediaeval literature. There was some stereotype motifs, which were also followed by Jaina writers in their literature. Before starting their sea-voyage, these traders exchanged their information as to what commodities were in different places and where they could be sold with greater profit. Horses were sold in Kosala in return for elephants; betel nuts were exported to Uttrapatha in exchange for horses; and pearls were exported to eastern country (Purva desa) in exchange for Camaras (fly-whisks). Conchs were available in Dvaraka. From the Barbara-kulatusks and pearls were brought in exchange for clothes. Palasa flowers could fetch gold in Svarnadvipa... Buffaloes and cows fetched netra-patta in China and Mahacina. Neem could buy jewels in Ratnadvipa. Men were in great demanding the kingdom of women etc. (Kerala). In the busy market places, men from different parts of the country came and had conversations in different languages. Here thee are two motifs well known from Gupta period, firstly, relating to the ardent desire of a young son of a rich merchant to earn wealth by his own diligence. His father at first dissuades him from undertaking the journey saying that there was wealth enough in his house to last fro several generations, but in the end, allows the young man to travel to foreign country to earn wealth. The second motif is the description of the caravan consisting of an army of horses and wheeled vehicles for transport of
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________________ 404 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha merchandise. In Surparaka he sold away the excellent horses of the northern breed which he brought with him and earned large profits thereby. At Surparaka, According to the Kuvalayamala, there was a merchant, named Bhadda-setthi whose wealth was lasted for several generations, and there was also a guild of local merchants. It was their custom to hold a reception in honour of merchants and outside and to learn from them the country of their origin, the destination, field of trade, the nature, value, and volume of commodity in which he is interested and all such matters relating to his business. It was the ancient and traditional custom of the great emporium city of Surparaka which also a flourishing seaport for oceanic commerce with the western world. The Sidha-yatra was applied to sea-journey including going and safe return. This had become a technical phrase in medieval literature. The Jain literature gives details of preparation for sea-voyage which include the following items relating to preparatory ritual and the equipment of the ship: I) arrangements of boats or ships (Janavattaim), II) loading of merchandise (bhamdaim); IIT) bringing together other sailors (nijjhamaya), IV) calculation of the duration of the journey both outward and inward (ganijjaediyaham), V) fixation of the date and time of departure (laggam), VI) observation of portends whether favorable or vice verse (niruvijjamtinimittaim); VII) making announcements about the journey (kiramtiavasuio); VIII) prayers to proper deities (sumarijamti itthadevae); IX) feeding the Brahmins (bhujavijjamti bambhane); X) paying respects to select persons (puijjamti visitthayane); XI) worshipping of deities (accijjamti devae); XII) arrangement of sails (sajjijjamti seyavade); XIII) raising of the mast (ubbhujjamti kuvakhambhae); XIV) fitting the furniture for sitting and sleeping (sayane) XV) collecting loads of timber for plank and fuel (kattha-samcae); and XVI) filling the containers with fresh sweet water (jala-bhayane). When the ship was to take off auspicious musical instruments were sounded, counch-shells were blown, auspicious songs were
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________________ South East Asia and Indian Ocean in Jaina Literature 405 sung, ahmnins muttered the asisa; and thus in the sound of invocation and jaya jaya the shop took off its voyage, the sails were unfurled, the ropes and riggings were pulled up, the oars began to be operated, the helmsman took observations, the shop fell into its course, favorable winds began to blow. Thus the shop started its journey being tossed on the high sea waves. The ship reached to its destination. It touched the landing, and the merchant got on the coast. It was then the custom to pay a visit to the king by making suitable presents, while obtaining from him his consent or tacit charter to trade in his territory. They paid all the customs, charges and taxes (dittho raya kao pasao). In the trade of precious stones and gems, it was customary not to utter the value loudly by word of mouth but through a piece of cloth or a scarf on the jewels and pearls to be sold. Then the buyer and seller put their hands under the cloth, both the them negotiating by means of some signs conveyed through the fingers of the hands (dinna hattha-sanna). It is also stated that after taking other goods in exchange and before leaving the place the foreign merchant make some charitable gifts to the local religious teachers and establishments (dinnam danam). On the return journey, the greedy merchant pushed his friend in the mid-ocean and raised a false cry of his having slipped into the sea. The pious merchant after struggling for some time against the waves sank under the water and either lost his life or reached to a Dvspa and got married with its king's daughter. In case he lost his life, he became a Vyantaradeva whom, in order to revenge him against the mischief-making merchant, caused the storm leading to shipwreck. The ships were well guarded along with a lot of bustle of instructions. However, there were attacks from the Bhillas or Dasyus who robbed the caravans of all that was valuable. This had become a literary motif as appears from other Jain and non-Jain works. The Kuvalayamala gives a strange reference to the capture of the floating merchant by some people on Taradvipa and preparing from his blood and flesh an ingredient considered
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________________ 406 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha an essential in making of gold (P. 69). This ingredient was known as Momai in Muslim time and was highly praised by Unanian physicians. The motif of the Bharumda bird darting from the sky and catching hold of and carrying human victim to another place otherwise difficult of access was well-known in medieval time story-literature and occurs in the Brhatkathaslokasamgraha of Buddhasvami, ascribed to Gupta period. Another motif is an auspicious sign before starting the seavoyage. There is a list of eight auspicious girls in the Kuvalayamala (p. 93) holding respectively sprouted water-jars, fan-palm, fly-whick, parasol, mirror, mrdanga, harp, drum and cloth and ornaments. These were regarded as eight celestial nymphs of Indra's heaven and frequently referred in literature as astakanya or sabhakanya. These are depicted on the railing pillars at Mathura during the Kusana period. Some of which were obtained from the Jain Kankali Tila and others from Buddhist stupa. We also find the Jain literature the conventional description of sea as it was visible from the top of the Vijayapuri palace (Kuvalayamala, P. 173). Another motif may be referred to cult-practices and beliefs in Mantras amongst the tribes of Pulindas, Kapalikas, Matangas, Raksasas, Vidyadharas on hilltops and forests formed the part of Sabaravidya. This may be impact of Vidyadhara cult on Sabaravidya. The Jain temples became the centers for performance of Sadhana and for the perfection of Vidyas. The Jain literature has a description of caravan with a large number of camels, bullocks, horses and donkeys. it is also referred that sometimes the monks and nuns went with the caravan and became a serious cause for inviting the calamities. The sea-ports and Dvipas Jain literature mentions some important seaports like Surparak, Bhrgukaccha, Anahipur, Sripur, Vijayapur. There is a nice description of a Sarthavaha in the Kuvalayamala taking his caravan, or a trading expedition, from Taksasila to Surparaka which was perhaps the biggest sea-port. It is Sopara in modern days which comes in the
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________________ South East Asia and Indian Ocean in Jaina Literature 407 district Thane. The eighth pillar inscription of Ashoka is found here which indicates its importance during the Mauryan period. It would have been Samudrapattan of Aparanta. The Surparaka Jatak refers to its importance and describes the interesting seavoyage of the traders. It refers to a prince name Supparaka Kumar of Bhrgukaccha. The Sabhaparva of Mahabharata (31.65) mentions the victory of Sahadeva over it. Bhsgukaccha was also one of the great sea-ports of Gujarat wherefrom Uttamakumar went to Sunyadvipa (Srilanka) through Motapalli seaport in South (Uttamakumaracarit of Jinakirti and Jinaharsasuri of 16th C.A.D.). It comes under the territory of Surparaka. It is Bhadonch of modern times. The Sabhaparva of Mahabharata mentions that the hebitants of Bhrgukaccha went with gits to the Rajyasabha of Yudhisthir (51.10)- Balim cakrtsnamadaya bharukacchanivasinah. Upaninyurmaharaja hayan gandharadesajan. The Girnar inscription of Rudradaman also refers to its importance. Tilakpur was another seaport of South where Bhavisyadatta and Bandhudatta went from Hastinapur for earning the wealth. They had 500 hundred ships with them. The Bhavisayyattakaha of Dhanapal mentions that they were robbed in Tilakpur Pattan. This seaport may be identified with Tiruvankur or Tiruvanjikalam of Keral. Smith is of opinion that Tiruvanjikalam was situated on the bank of Pariyar River (Early History of India, P. 477). Punyapal started his journey with seven ships from Ratnapur to Srilanka via Sripur. This Sripur is situated on the bank of Mahanadi in Raipur district. From here he went to Soparapur. Some Jaina traders also took up their journey from Viratnagar to Simhal via Sripur. The Surasundaricarit of Dhanesvarasuri mentions that Jinadatta, the father of Ranapal borrowed some money from Manman and kept his son Rantnapal with him as mortgage. Ratnapal goes to Kalakutadvipa for earning wealth and returns the borrowed money to Manman. Then he goes to South at Basantapur and searches his father. Now this Basantapur may be identified with Varkala in Keral, which is situated at the bank of sea. As regards the
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________________ 408 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha Kalakutadvipa, it is mentioned in the Mahabharata (Sabhaparva, 20.26-27) where its situation is shown between Kuru and Gandaki River in Bihar. It may be a name of Kalinjar hill. The Kuvalayamala of Udyotanasuri mentions the name of Vijaya or Vijayapuri (p. 152) where the different idioms of speech were spoken by the shopkeepers in the market place. It appears a big town where merchants from all over the country displayed their goods. The situation of Vijayapuri is given as South Sea coast (Dahina-samuddavela). According to Dr. Vasudevasaran Agrawal, it was actually situated on the bank of Krisna (?) a few miles above the sea coast up to a point the river was navigable to big ships which landed on docks. It was the same as Nagarjunikunda. the famous capital of Iksvaku kings as stated in their inscriptions. It seems to be a historical fact that the monument of Vijayapuri stood intact and the place enjoyed wide celebrity. The leader of the caravan in the Kuvalayamala was one Vaisravanadatta. There follows a description of the attack on the Sartha and its plunder by wild Bhillas. Dr. A.N. Upadhye in his introduction to the Kuvalayamala says that in the South of India there are some towns with their names beginning with Vijaya, such as Vijayapur, Vijayanagara, Vijayanti; and some of them pretty ancient. It is located on the Western Coast, as it is reached after crossing the Sahyadri; secondly, it is situated right on the sea-shore; and thirdly, its southern wall was washed by the waves of the ocean (173.31). He is therefore of view that it may be identified with Vijayadurga in Ratnagiri district, one of the best Konkan ports. About the identification Vaijayanti (mentioned in the Kadamba copper plates) and Jayantipur (of the Vijayanagar grant), he mentions a difference of opinion. Some like them to be Banavasi, in the South Kanara District, while R.G. Bhandarkar proposes Vijayadurga. Udyotanasuri distinguishes Jayanti from Vijaya. The environment of Vijaya and the route to it from Ayodhya, as stated by him in the Kuvalayamala, very well suit the present day Vijayadurga which was included in the Vijayapur territory. This may be somewhat different from Vijayanagar established
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________________ South East Asia and Indian Ocean in Jaina Literature 409 in 1336 A.D. by Harihar and Bukka, the two brothers who fought out with Bahumani Sulatanas. Suvarnadvipa or Svarnabhumi and other Dvipas From Burma to Malaya region was called Suvarnabhumi and its eastern region (Combodia, Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Bali, Bornio etc.) was named, as Svarnadvipa. It appears that South East Asia was named as Svarnabhumi or Svarnadvipa. The same has been referred by Talmi as Chryse Chora. It is also supported by Alberuni. This region was famous for gold and other precious metal and therefore its name Svarnadvipa or Svarnabhumi is quite meaningful. The earliest reference to this region is found in connection with trade. The stories of sea-traders visiting to Svarnabhumi are occurred in the Kathasaritsagara, Brhatkathamanjari and Brhatkathaslokasangraha. The Brhatkathaslokasangraha refers to a story of a sea-trader named Acera who visits with his companions to Svarnabhumi in search of gold. They had to face some misfortunes in reaching the destination. The mountain route was very much narrow (Ajapatha) and covered with creepers (vetrapatha). Somehow they could reach to the bank of a river which was covered with golden sand. This story indicates the spirit of sea-traders. The Kathasaritsagara (Taranga 54, Sloka 97) also mentions a number of stories of sea-trades. Accordingly, Samudrasura starts his sea-voyage and reached to Kalashapur seaport of Svarnabhumi. The cargo of a sea-trader Rudra was sunk while returning from Svarnabhumi. Likewise, some other stories are related with Isvaravarma and Yasahketu (Taranga 57, Sloka, 86). Another story mentions that a ship of a queen of Katahadvipa was sunk near Svarnadvipa while returning to India (ibid, Taranga 123). Katahadvipa may be identified with modern Kedda or Kedeh (Kadar). This Island was a centre of sea-trades Guhasena went to Katahadvipa from Tamralipti with his wife. The Kathakosa speaks of a story of Nagadatta who starts his sea-voyage with 500 cargoes. When he entangled with mountains,
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________________ 410 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha he informed about the calamity to Sundar, the king of Svarnabhumi through a letter, which was tied with a string into a leg of parrot. The Samaraiccakaha of Haribhadrasuri draws our attention to obstacles of sea-voyage. Dhana, the son of a Sarthavaha starts his sea-voyage from Susammanagar. His wife Dhanasri manages to make him drunk the poison. He then hand over his all belongings to Nanda. The shop reached to Mahakataha where he sold of his goods. He could not make a profit out of it. He then purchased Paratirabhanda (the goods to be sent to other countries) and reached to Katahadvipa where he earned a lot by way of disposing and purchasing the goods (Caturtha Bhava). In Pancama Bhava of the Samaraiccakaha, Sanatkumar and Vasubhuti Sarthabahas went to Tamralipti with Samudradatta. The ship reached to Svarnabhumi in two months. From Svarnabhumi he went to Srilanka (Sinhal) where his ship was sunk on the way just after thirteen days of his departure. According to another story, Dharan Sarthavaha starts his sea-voyage from Vaijayanti seaport in Karnataka and reached to Svarnadvipa where he heaped of hundred bricks of gold and went to Ratnadvipa. Here the Tamralipti seaport (Samaraiccakaha, p. 241) may be identified with Tamalik or Damalipta in Midnapur district of West Bengal wherefrom the cargoes were used to travel to Sinhal, China, Java etc. The Mahabharata (Sabhaparva, 2.24-25) refers to Tamralipti and Sumha separately. Dasakumaracarita mentions the Kalimandir of Tamralipti. According to the Visnupurana (4.24.64) it was ruled over by Devaraksita in pre-Gupta period. The Mahavansa (11-12th Chapter) also refers to Tamralipti. It was a great centre for learning. The Avasyakacurni (p. 709) presents a vivid picture of seavoyage. It says that the ships were used to ply from Madurai to Saurastra. Two sisteers Mati and Sumati started their journey by ship and wee caught by a cyclone. The Jnatadharmakatha (8.75) says that there were some sea
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________________ South East Asia and Indian Ocean in Jaina Literature 411 traders (navavaniyaga) who used to undertake the sea-voyage with praying Jinas. They started their journey from Champa and reached to Gambhir (Poyapattana), the possible second name of Tamralipti and then Suvarnadvspa and Kaliyadvipa. The Kaliyadvipa was very much famous for gold and silver. The Jaina traders used to purchase them against their goods like sugar, garments etc. (ibid. 17). Malaya Prayadvipa (Malayesia) is situated in South East of Bay of Bengal. This was the shortest route to enter into East and South East Asia from India, Europe and Western Asia. Traders used this route to enter into Svarnadvipa. In opinion of Itsing, Lang-Kia-Su or Lankasuk is the name of Kedah or Katahdvipa. According to a story of the Kathasaritsagar, Samudrasur reached to Kalashapur. While going to Svarnabhumi his ship was destroyed. Therefore Kalashpur or Ko-Lo-Ko-Fen may have been a part of Malaya Prayadvipa. Kedda or Kadah may be identical where the following Buddhist Sanskrit inscription is found: Ye dharma hetuprabhava tesam hetus tathagato (hyavadat). Tesam ca ye nirodha Evamvadi Mahasramanah. Ajnanacciyate karmajanmanah karmakaranah. Jnananna kriyate karma karmabhavanna jayate. Sumatra is situated in South of Malaya. It comes under Indonesia. According to French scholar Ferrand, Yavanadvipa is the name of Sumatra. There is Yavananagara, which is identified with Junagadh in Gujarat where the Jain Tirthaksetra Girinar is situated. Srivijaya is the most famous Indian colony in Sumatra which was established in about 4th C.A.D. Sailendra dynesty ruled over the country. The Kuvalayamala refers to Vijayapur. Dr. V.S. Agrawal identifies it with Nagarjunikonda. It may have some relations with Vijayapuri of Sumatra on the line of Champa and other countries. Java is identified as Yavadvipa. It was traditionally associated with king Astin, the Apabhramsa form of Hastinapur, the most ancient centre of Jainism. It is also said that it was established by king of Kalinga, the Jaina Emperor. Ho-Ling is the Chinese form
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________________ 412 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha of Kalinga. Bornio, Bali, Philippine, Combodia etc. have been the Indian colonies under the kingship of Varman family which has also been a patron of Jainism. The Kuvalayamala refers to king Drdhavarman who wanted to proceed to Vijayapuri. Several Sanskrit inscriptions of Purnavarman are found in Java who may have been related with Drdhavarman. Bornio, Bali, Philippine, Malayesia, Indonesia and Combodia were also ruled over by Varman family. It is observed that the art and architecture of Combodia is very much influnced by Jaina culture. The temple art of Ankor may be related with Jainism. Simhal was originally named as Tamraparni where prince Vijayasingh from Lat or Gujarat got down. His father's name was Simhavahu. Simhal may be named after his name. Then it was called Srilanka. Before Samrat Ashok sent Mahendra and Sanghamitra to Srilanka for propagation of Buddhism, Jainism was in existence as indicated in the Mahavamsa. They had to face the clashes with Vidyadharas or Yaksas. Pandukabhaya succeeded in obtaining their cooperation and constructed a Vihar for Jotiya and other Nigantthas nearby Anuradhapur (Mahavamsa, 33.79). The Jaina tradition also supports that the Vidyadhara cult was there in Srilanka and there was a Jain temple on Trikutagiri near Kishandha Nagari (Harivamsapurana), The Karakandacariu also mentions that there was a Jain temple on Malayagiri (p. 44-69). The Satkhandagama (Pustak, 13, Varganakhanda) is of the view that the language of Srilanka was not sweet and described it as Kubhasa. Srilanka was also named as Ratnadvipa. It was famous for pearls. The Kuvalayamala refers to a conference of the merchants relating to the conditions of their trade. In this connection, one merchant said that he went to Ratnadvipa with leaves of the Nimba tree and brought gems from there (p. 65). The Kuvalayamala narrated a story of Lobhadeva which gives a clear picture of Ratnadvipa. He said that there was a village of Uccasthala situated to the south-west of Taksasila in Uttarapatha. There lived a Sarthavaha's son, Dhanadeva. As he was highly greedy,
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________________ South East Asia and Indian Ocean in Jaina Literature 413 deceitful and avaricious of other's wealth, he was nicknamed Lobhadeva. He requested his father to allow him to go to Daksinapatha for earn in wealth. The horses, conveyances etc. of the caravan were ready. His father indicated to him the possible dangers and instructed him in tactful behaviour to suit an emergency. He reached Daksinapatha and camped at Soparaka with an old Sresthin. In due course, he sold horses and earned enormous wealth. The traders told him that neem-leaves could secure precious stones in the Ratnadvipa, but the journey to it was full of risks. The gains of Ratnadvipa captivated the mind of Lobhadeva who proposed to Bhadrasresthin that they might sail thither for trade. The traders along with Lobhadeva started their sea voyage on an auspicious day. After a rough sea journey, they reached the Ratnadvipa. After trading profitably there, on their return journey, when their ship, full of exchange-commodities, reached the mid-sea, that avaricious Lobhadeva, fearing that Bhadrasresthin would be his partner on reaching the shore, took him to the ante-room under some pretext, cruelly pushed him into the sea, and raised a cry of accident, rather too late. He pretended to jump into the sea to meet his friend; but the sailors dissuaded him, and that suited him well. Lobhadeva, however, floating precariously with a plank touched Taradvipa almost unconscious. The story runs further. In the story so many elements are reflected like difficulties of sea-voyage, result of demerits and something about Ratnadvipa and Taradvipa. Nothing is known about Taradvipa, Kudangadvipa, and Kananadvipa. Some more stories are found in Jaina literature about Ratnadvipa. The Pnnyapalcarit refers to Ratnapur. The Vasudevahindi describes the natural beauty of Simhaladvipa and its richness. The Sravaka Pratikramanasutra of Ratnasekharasuri, the Avasyakacurni of Jinadasa Gani Mahattara and Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala also refer to the Simhaladvipa. Thus the Jaina literature presents a good picture of South East Asia and Indian Ocean and assists us in understanding the heritage of various islands.
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________________ AcArya kuMdakuMda aura unake caurAsI pAhuDa le. jitendra saugAnI* Aja se do hajAra varSa pUrva dakSiNa prAMta ke koNDakuDa grAma meM eka zrAvaka parivAra ApakA janma haa| Apa bacapana se hI kazAgra baddhi ke the| eka bAra aMtima zrutakevalI AcArya bhradabAhu ke ziSya zrI vizAkhAcArya jinake upanAma arahada balI aura guptIgupta the| saMghasahita ve koNDakuMDa grAma meM Aye aura unakI dRSTi bAlaka kuMdakuMda para pdd'ii| kuMdakuMda ko honahAra jAnakara unake mAtA-pitA se carcA kI aura unakI AjJA lekara kundakunda ko apane saMgha meM le gaye aura unheM dharmazikSA se sampanna karake gyAraha varSa kI Ayu meM muni banA diyaa| kuMdakuMda artamana se bahuta prasanna hue| ve AcArya bhadrabAhu svAmI ko paramparAguru mAnane lage aura zrI vizAkhAcArya ko apanA dIkSA guru mAnakara muni dharma kA pAlana karane lge| muni hote samaya ApakI Ayu mAtra gyAraha varSa kI thii| gahana tapasyA karake Apa RddhidhArI muni ho gye| eka dina videha kSetrastha zrI tIrthakara ko vandana karate hue zrI prathama tIrthakara sImaMdhara svAmI ke darzana kA bhAva jAgA aura videha kSetra jAne kA nizcaya kara diyaa| usI samaya pUrvajanma kA eka mitradeva acAnaka Apake darzana ko AyA aura carcA karake apanA paricaya diyA aura AcArya kandakanda ko apane sAtha videha le gyaa| videha pahuMcate hI Apa bhagavAna sImaMdhara svAmI ke samavazaraNa meM phuNce| tIna pradakSiNA dekara bhakti sahita vandana kiyA aura bhagavAna kI divyadhvani sunane lge| videha kSetra meM manuSyoM kA zarIra pAMca sau dhanuSa kA hotA hai kintu inakA zarIra kevala sAr3he tIna hAtha kA thaa| samavazaraNa meM upasthita vahAM ke cakravartI ne Apako dekhakara bhagavAna se nivedana kiyA ki yaha IlAyacI ke barAbara kauna hai| bhagavAna kI divyadhyani meM AyA ki ye bharata kSetra ke AcArya kundakunda haiM turanta hI cakravartI ne ApakI vaMdanA kI aura samavazaraNa meM upasthita sabhI janoM ne Apako praNAma kiyaa| divyadhvani meM apanA nAma Ate hI AcArya kundakunda apane ko mahAbhAgyazAlI mAnane lage aura AcArya kundakunda samavazaraNa meM ATha dina taka divyadhvani kA lAbha lete rhe| AhAra ke hetu eka dina bhI samavazaraNa ke bAhara nahIM gaye kyoMki jaba videha meM * bahuraMga sTora, ibrAhimapurA, bhopaal|
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________________ AcArya kuMdakuMda aura unake caurAsI pAhuDa 415 19. dina hotA hai taba bhArata meM rAta hotI hai aura jaba bhArata meM dina hotA hai to videha meM rAta hotI hai| ataH Apa videha meM nirAhAra hI rhe| ATha dina bAda prabhu kI vaMdanA karake Rddhi bala se bhArata padhAre aura dakSiNa meM ponnUra parvata para Akara vizrAma kiyaa| Apa aTThAIsa mUlaguNoM kA pAlana karate huye nirvikAra rahate the| teraha prakAra kA samyak cAritra pAlana karanA ApakA dharma ho gayA thaa| parantu tapasyA meM rata AcArya zrI ko kaI varSa ke pazcAt pazcAt sImaMdhara svAmI kI sunI huI divyadhvani kA sAra graMtha rUpa meM likhane kA bhAva hRdaya meM jAgrata huA aura tAr3a-patra para graMtha likhane lge| apane jIvanakAla meM unhoMne caurAsI pAhuDoM kI racanA kI, jinake nAma nimna haiM:aMga pAhuDa (sAra) AcAra pAhuDa aSTa pAhuDa ArAdhanA sAra (ArAhaNA pAhuDa) AlApa pAhuDa 6. abhiSeka pATha Ayariya bhakti utpAda pAhuDa ughrAta pAhuDa eyakta pAhuDa karmavipAka pAhuDa krama pAhuDa kriyAsAra pAhuDa kSapaNa sAra 15. gaya pAhuDa caraNa pAhuDa 17. cAritra pAhuDa kurala kAvya (tamila) cUrNi pAhuDa cUlI pAhuDa cikka pAhuDa jIva pAhuDa 23. joNI sAra tatvasAra pAhuDa divva pAhuDa (divya) 26. dRSTi pAhuDa darzana pAhuDa 28. dravya pAhuDa 29. naya pAhuDa 30. niyamasAra pAhuDa 31. nidAna pAhuDa nitya pAhuDa nitAya pAhuDa nokarma pAhuDa paMca pAhuDa paMcAstikAya pAhuDa paryAya pAhuDa pramANa pAhuDa puSpa pAhuDa 40. prakRti pAhuDa pravacanasAra pAhuDa pratikramaNa 43. baMdha pAhuDa pAMca varNa pAhuDa buddhi pAhuDa bodha pAhuDa 47. vArasa aNuvekkhA parikarma TIkA 49. bhAva pAhuDa bhAvasAra pAhuDa bhakti saMgraha 52. bhayA pAhuDa mokSa pAhuDa 54. mUlAcAra . 21. 24. 25. 27. 32. 32 34. nAva 41. 42. prati 45. 16. 51.
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________________ 416 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 55. 60. yogasAra pAhuDa ratnasAra labdhi pAhuDa liMga pAhuDa vidyA pAhuDa zIla pAhuDa SaDa darzana saMsthAna pAhuDa sUtra pAhuDa sthAna pAhuDa sUnA pAhuDa daza bhakti toya pAhuDa siddha bhakti zodha pAhuDa yihaya pAhuDa rayaNasAra loka pAhuDa vastu pAhuDa 64. vihiyA pAhuDa 66. zilA pAhuDa 68. samayasAra pAhuDa 70. sAlmI pAhuDa siddhAMta pAhuDa satya paMtha parikarma zaraNa pAhuDa zramaNasAra dravya sAra 82. paMcaguru bhakti 72. 76. 83. isa prakAra mahAna jinavANI kI sevA karate hue terAnave varSa ke ho gaye aura samAdhimaraNa prApta kara svargavAsI ho gye| kAla kI gati vicitra hai| bAda ke AcAryoM ne pAhuDoM kA saMgraha kiyA to mAtra caudaha pAhuDa upalabdha ho sake zeSa kAla ke gAla meM samA gye| ina upalabdha caudaha pAhuDoM ke nAma aura unakI gAthA saMkhyA nimna hai:1. samayasAra-415, 2. pravacanasAra-275, 3. niyamasAra-187, 4. paMcAstikAya-173 evaM aSTa pAhuDoM meM 1. darzana pAhuDa-36, 2. sUtra pAhuDa-27, 3. cAritra pAhuDa-45, 4. bodha pAhuDa-61, 5. bhAva pAhuDa-165, 6. mokSa pAhuDa-106, 7. liMga pAhuDa-22, 8. zIla pAhuDa-40 isa prakAra ina aSTa pAhuDoM ke 502 gAthAe~ huyiiN| isake pazcAt bArasANubekkhA ke 91 padya aura dvAdaza bhakti saMgraha ke 114 padya haiN| uparokta 14 pAhuDoM ke kula 1757 padya haiN| ye sabhI 14 pAhuDa chapa cuke haiN| samayasAra pAhuDa kI TIkA eka hajAra varSa bAda AcArya amRtacaMda ne kii| ina para kalaza bhI likhe aura 47 zaktiyoM ke mahatva kA pUrNa varNana kiyaa| niyamasAra para AcArya padamaprabha maladhArI deva ne kalaza likhe| isa prakAra 14 pAhuDa aura samayasAra, niyamasAra ke kalazoM ko milAkara kula 16 vidhAna bhopAla ke nivAsI rAjamala jI pavaiyA ne likhe| sabhI vidhAna kAvyamaya haiN| samAja meM ina vidhAnoM kA bahuta Adara huaa| anekoM vidvAnoM ne prazaMsA kii| AcArya zrI raMjanasUri deva paTanA ne banArasa se pArzvanAtha vidyApITha ke mukhapatra zramaNa meM pAMca pRSTha kA lekha samayasAra para chaapaa| sabhI pAhuDoM ke vidhAnoM kA sampAdana
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________________ AcArya kuMdakuMda aura unake caurAsI pAhuDa 417 prasiddha vidvAna zrI devendra kumAra jI nImaca vAloM ne kiyaa| kucha kA sampAdana saMhitA sUrI paMDita nAthUlAla jI ne kiyaa| sabhI pAhuDa vidhAnoM kA prAkkathana jainaratna paM. jJAnacaMda vidizA ne likhaa| uparokta vidhAnoM meM se pAMca vidhAnoM kA vimocana apane bacapana ke sAthI rASTrapati DaoN. zaMkaradayAla jI zarmA se rASTrapati bhavana meM pAMca bAra meM kraayaa| isa prakAra AcArya kuMdakuMda ke 14 pAhuDoM para mahatvapUrNa vidhAna likhakara pavaiyA jI ajaraamara ho gye| isake atirikta Apane Der3ha sau vidhAna likhe haiM jo sabhI chapa cuke haiN| ApakI kucha pAMca sau pustakoM meM se abhI taka cAra sau pandraha chapa cukI haiN| ina vidhAnoM meM AcArya dharasena, puSpadaMta, bhUtabalI ke SaTkhaNDAgama para aura AcArya umAsvAmI ke tatvArthasUtra para aura AcArya samaMtabhadra ke ratnakaraNDa para aura anya AcAryoM ke tatvajJAna taraMgiNI, AcArya nemIcaMdra ke gomaTasAra, dravya saMgraha Adi graMthoM para vidhAna likhe| zravaNabelabolA meM samayasAra vidhAna huaa| vahAM ke bhaTTAraka cArukIrti jI ne ApakA bahuta sammAna kiyA aura pacapana sau rupaye dekara bhakta kavi kI upAdhi dii| Apa svataMtratA senAnI haiM, tIna bAra jela yAtrA kara cuke haiN| niraMtara 92 varSa kI Ayu meM bhI likhate rahate haiN| ApakI Antarika bhAvanA hai ki AcArya kuMdakuMda ke zeSa pAhuDa agara mila jAyeM to una para bhI vidhAna likhe jaayeN| isI pavitra bhAvanA ke sAtha AcArya kuMdakuMda ke caraNoM meM apanA praNAma karate haiN| Apane paccIsa hajAra gIta likheM haiN| inameM se abhI taka do hajAra chape haiN|
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________________ ajJAta jaina vidvAna paM. nandalAla jI chAvar3A kA sAhityika avadAna pro. (DaoN.) phUlacanda jaina premI* jaina kAzI ke nAma se prasiddha jayapura nagarI prArambha se hI jaina zAstroM ke adhyayana-adhyApana, lekhana evaM AdhyAtmika zailI ke rUpa meM prasiddha rahI hai| yahA~ jayapura zailI ke paM. ToDaramalajI. paM. jayacandajI chAvaDA. paM. sadAsakhajI kAsalIvAla jaise vidvAna hue haiM, jo jainavidyA aura usakI vizAla paramparA kI rakSA aura abhivRddhi ke lie AjIvana saMgharSa karate rhe| jayapura kI vidvatparamparA kI eka yaha bhI vizeSatA rahI hai ki guru-ziSya paramparA se to vidvAna taiyAra hote hI the, sAtha hI vidvAna apane putroM ko bhI jaina zAstroM kA adhyayana karAke vidvAna banAne meM mahAna gaurava kA anubhava karate the aura apane jIvana kI sArthakatA mAnate the| isI vidvatparamparA meM prAyaH aba taka ajJAta kintu aba eka yazasvI vidvAna ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho cuke paM. kavi zrI nandalAla jI chAvar3A kA nAma gaurava ke sAtha liyA jAne lagA hai| paM. naMdalAla jI saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza Adi aneka bhASAoM evaM prAcIna jaina zAstroM ke marmajJa prasiddha vidvAna paM. jayacaMda jI chAvar3A (janma vi. saM. 1795, mRtyu vi. saM. 1881) ke suyogya vidvAna suputra the, jinhoMne AcArya vaTTakera svAmI kRta "mUlAcAra" nAmaka zramaNAcAra viSayaka prAkRta bhASA ke mahAgraMtha para AcArya vasunandi praNIta saMskRta TIkA AcAravRtti ke AdhAra para bhASA vacanikA likhakara apane ko amara kara liyaa| yadyapi paM. nandalAla jI kA isake antargata vizeSa sAhitya abhI sAmane nahIM AyA hai, para ho sakatA hai eka do anya kRtiyAM aura bhI hoM, kintu kucha ullekhoM se spaSTa hai ki Apa apane pitA paM. jayacandajI chAvar3A ke lekhana kArya meM vizeSa sahayoga karate rahe aura yahI kAraNa hai ki thor3e samaya meM hI paM. jayacandajI aneka prAkRta-saMskRta bhASA ke prAcIna, jaTila aura kaThina bar3e granthoM kI TIkAyeM likha ske| isa taraha AtmakhyAti se dUra paM. nandalAla jI ne paThana-pAThana, zAstrArtha, vyAkhyAna, pravacana, svAdhyAya Adi sva-para kalyANa ke kAryoM meM hI apane ko adhika vyasta rkhaa| jo bhI ho yaha spaSTa hai ki paM. nandalAla jI jayapura kI vidvatparamparA evaM zailI ke eka vidvatratna the, kintu aba taka unakA vyaktitva aura kRtitva ajJAta rahanA kama AzcaryakArI nahIM hai| sambhavataH yadi hama logoM dvArA inakA mUlAcAra bhASA * prophesara evaM adhyakSa, jainadarzana vibhAga, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vaaraannsii|
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________________ ajJAta jaina vidvAna paM. nandalAla jI chAvar3A kA sAhityika avadAna vacanikA jaisA vizAla grantha sampAdita hokara prakAzita na hotA to prastuta mahAn vidvAna kA vyaktitva aura kRtitva aba taka ajJAta hI rhtaa| eka jinavANI sevaka pitA ke samakSa hI usakA beTA bhI usI paramparA kA mahAn vidvAna bana jAye, to usa pitA ke lie isase bar3hakara khuzI aura jIvana kI sArthakatA kyA ho sakatI hai? vyaktitva aura kRtitva sarvArthasiddhi, samayasAra, aSTapAhuDa, prameyaratnamAlA, jJAnArNava jaise saMskRta - prAkRta bhASA ke lagabhaga pandraha zreSTha granthoM para DhU~DhArI jaisI sarala bhASA meM bhASA vacanikAoM ke karttA jayapura ke suprasiddha vidvAna paM. jayacandajI chAvar3A ke suputra aura zrI motIrAma jI chAvar3A phAgaI ( jayapura ) grAma nivAsI ke supautra paM. nandalAla jI chAvar3A kI nizcita janmatithi kA ullekha to nahIM milatA kintu paM. jayacandajI kI janmatithi vi. saM. 1795 ke AdhAra para tathA paM. jayacanda jI ke 1- paM. nandalAla jI, 2- dIvAna sadAsukha jI chAvar3A (dIvAnakAla vi. saM. 1857 se 1867 ) tathA evaM 3 - dIvAna kRpArAma jI chAvar3A (dIvAnakAla vi. saM. 1869 se 1875 taka) ina tIna suputroM ke nAmollekha (khaNDelavAla jaina samAja kA bRhad itihAsa- DaoN. kastUracaMda kAsalIvAla, pRSTha 214) ke AdhAra para paM. nandalAla jI kA janma vi. saM. 1820 ke AsapAsa meM sambhava hai| kyoMki ye apane sabhI bhAIyoM meM jyeSTha the| yaha bhI eka pitA ke jIvana kI bahuta bar3I sAdhanA aura sArthakatA hai ki vaha apanI pUrI sanIta ko yazasvI bnaaye| paM. nandalAlajI ke pitA paM. jayacaMda jI chAvar3A ne apane sabhI putroM ko svayaM par3hA-likhAkara bahuta hI suyogya bnaayaa| ataH Apa hI apane putroM ke pitA bhI the aura guru bhI the| apane jyeSTha putra kA vidyA ke prati vizeSa anurAga hone se paM. jayacanda jI chAvar3A ne unheM prArambha se hI apane sAtha rakhakara niraMtara jaina zAstroM kA gahana abhyAsa karAke inameM pAraMgata kiyaa| tatkAlIna paM. sadAsukhadAsa jI kAsalIvAla, paM. mannAlAla jI sAMgAkA tathA paM. nandalAlajI tathA anyAnya aneka vidvAnoM kI yaha samasta ziSya maMDalI eka sAtha baiThakara zAstroM kA adhyayana karatI thii| apane putra paM. nandalAla jI kI pratibhA ko dekhakara Apako bar3I prasannatA hotI thii| paM. jayacanda jI chAvar3A ne zAstra lekhana kA kArya apanI pacAsa varSa kI umra ke AsapAsa dIrgha anubhava ke bAda kiyaa| isIlie inake lekhana meM praur3hatA kI spaSTa jhalaka sarvatra dekhane ko milatI hai| sAtha hI eka kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki inake putra paM. nandalAla kA bhI inake lekhana meM bharapUra sahayoga rahatA thA / aise suyogya vidvAna putra para gauravayukta honA svAbhAvika hai| tabhI to unhoMne bar3e garva ke sAtha AcArya pUjyapAdakRta (sAtavIM zatI ke ) sarvArthasiddhi grantha kI vacanikA meM likhA hai 419 likhI yahai jayacanda nai sodhI suta nandalAla / budhalakhi bhUli ju zuddhakarI bAMcI sikhaivo bAla || nandalAla merA suta gunI bAlapane taiM vidyA sunii| paNDita bhayau bar3au paravIna tAhU ne yaha preraNa kIna / /
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________________ 420 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha isa ullekha se spaSTa hai ki paM. jayacanda jI ne paM. nandalAlajI ko bacapana se hI jaina zAstroM kA abhyAsa karAnA prArambha kara diyA thA aura sambhavata: inheM aura anya ziSyoM ko jaise-jaise naye-naye vividha jaina zAstra ina sabako ve par3hAte jAte the, vaise-vaise par3hAne ke nimitta sarala DhU~DhArI bhASA meM una-una zAstroM kI vacanikAe~ bhI likhate jAte the| kyoMki jaina vidyA ke acche abhyAsa hetu kramazaH jina granthoM kA adhyayana atyAvazyaka hotA hai, paM. jayacanda jI ne bhI unhIM - unhIM zAstroM kI usI krama se vacanikAyeM bhI likhiiN| pUrvokta ullekha se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki ina zAstroM ke lekhana meM paM. nandalAla jI kI pramukha preraNA aura bhUmikA rahatI thii| paM. nandalAla evaM paM. RSabhadAsa nigotyA kRta mUlAcAra bhASA vacanikA kI Age ullikhita antya prazasti ke aneka ve ullekha vizeSa mahatvapUrNa hai, jinameM paM. jayacanda jI kI bahuzAstrajJatA Adi ke sAtha hI pitA-putra meM gAya-bachar3e ke samAna prema aura isI bhAva se apane putra ko jJAnavAna banAne kI bAta kahI gayI hai| paM. nandalAla jI ke mitra aura ziSya donoM kI taraha paM. RSabhadAsa jI nigotyA dvArA mUlAcAra bhASA vacanikA kI antya prazasti meM ye padya aneka dRSTi se mahatvapUrNa haiN| paM. jayacanda jI dvArA apane putra tathA ziSyoM ko jainadharma ke aneka AdhyAtmika granthoM ke sAtha hI nyAya, chaMda, alaMkAra, vyAkaraNa, sAhitya Adi viSayoM ke graMthoM kA vizeSa abhyAsa karAne kI bAta kahI gayI hai| jayapura ke tatkAlIna dIvAna amaracaMda jI ke ullekha ke binA yaha nibaMdha adhUrA hI rhegaa| kyoMki paM. jayacanda jI, paM. nandalAla jI, paM. RSabhadAsa jI nigotyA, paM. sadAsukhadAsa jI Adi vidvAnoM ne dIvAna amaracaMda jI ke AtmIyatA pUrNa sahayoga, dharma-vAtsalya, saMskRti ke prati agAdha zraddhAna aura samarpaNa ke ina guNoM se yukta dIvAnajI kA bar3e hI kRtajJa bhAva se apane granthoM meM ullekha kiyA hai| mUlAcAra vacanikA kI antya prazasti ke ye padya isa prakAra haiM deza duDhAhAra jaipura nAma, nagarabasai atisukha ko dhAma / dhIra-vIra-gaMbhIra - udAra, nRpa jayasiMha suguNa AdhAra / / rAjakarai sabakauM sukhadAya, prajA rahI atisukha maiM chAya / tinakaiM amaracaMda dIvANa jinadharamI maramI guNavAna / / te zrutiruci hiradaiM bahudharai, paDhana par3hAvana udyama karai / bar3I sahalI maiM abhirAma, jAti chAvar3A jayacaMdra nAma || tinakI mati nirapakSa vizAla, jinamata graMtha lakheM guNamAla / viSayabhoga ra udAsa, jina Agama ko karai abhyAsa / / nyAyachaMda-vyAkaraNa aru alaMkAra sAhitya | matakUM nIkaiM jAnikai kahaiM- vaina jai satya // nyAya adhyAtama graMtha kI kathanI karI rasAla / TIkA bhASA hU~ karI jAmaiM samajha vAla / / bhakti jJAna vairAgya zruta aru bahuguna je sAra / tinake kaulauM varaNiye graMtha hoya vistAra ||
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________________ ajJAta jaina vidvAna paM. nandalAla jI chAvar3A kA sAhityika avadAna tinasama tinakai suta-bhaye, bahugyAnI naMdalAla / gAya-vatya jima premadhari, bahuta paDhAe bAla / / paM. jayacaMda jI ke samaya jahA~ zAstra carcAyeM zrAvakoM aura vidvAnoM ke madhya niraMtara hotI thIM, vahIM jainadharma ke kucha siddhAntoM ko lekara anyAnya dharmAnuyAyI vidvAnoM se zAstrArtha bhI hote the| aise prasaMgoM meM jahA~ bhI zAstrArtha hetu cunautI AtI thI, paM. jayacanda jI yuktizAstra aura tarkazakti meM pravINa, prakhara vaktRtva zailI, gahana vidvattA aura prabhAvaka vyaktitva ke dhanI apane vidvAna suputra paM. nandalAlajI ko zAstrArtha hetu bheja dete the aura ve usa zAstrArtha meM pratipakSI ko parAjita kara jainadharma kI sadA vijayapatAkA phailA dete the| aise yazasvI vidvAna para samasta jaina samAja ko gauravazAlI honA svAbhAvika hai| 421 eka bAra jainadharma aura isake siddhAntoM ko jAnane-samajhane ke lie kucha aMgrejoM ne tathA kucha anya matAnuyAyI vidvAnoM ne jainadharma ke viSaya meM aneka prazna dillI kI jaina samAja ke samakSa samAdhAna hetu rkhe| kintu usa samaya una praznoM kA saTIka uttara dene vAlA koI vidvAna dillI meM upalabdha nahIM thA, ataH sabhI kI sammatti se jayapura ke tatkAlIna vikhyAta vidvAna paM. jayacanda jI chAvar3A ke pAsa una praznoM ko samAdhAna hetu bhijvaayaa| inheM pitA-putra donoM ne milakara vibhinna zAstroM ke AdhAra para inakA yathocita aisA samAdhAna prastuta kiyA ki jinheM par3hakara sabhI praznakarttA aMgreja tathA dillI kI samasta jaina samAja jhUma utthii| aise the ye donoM vidvaan| phira bhI bahuta Azcarya hotA hai ki ina vidvAnoM ko hue bahuta lambA samaya nahIM huA kintu inake dvArA likhita sAhitya Adi ke atirikta inake vyaktitva aura jIvana ke viSaya meM koI vizeSa ullekha prApta nahIM hote aura na hI inake kRtitva Adi ke AdhAra para una prasaMgoM ke sUtra ikaTThe karane yA unheM DhUMDhane athavA isa dizA meM anusaMdhAna kA koI aba taka prayAsa hI kiyA gayA, jinake AdhAra para unakA jIvana paricaya rekhAMkita kiyA jA ske| idhara jitanA bana sakA, vaha prastuta nibaMdha maiMne svayaM tathA merI dharmapatnI zrImatI DaoN. munnIpuSpA jaina ne apane "hindI gadya ke vikAsa meM jaina manISI paM. sadAsukha dAsa kA yogadAna" nAmaka zodhaprabandha meM likhA, jo ki pArzvanAtha vidyAzrama zodha saMsthAna, karauMdI, vArANasI-5 se san 2002 meM prakAzita huA hai| kRtitva jaisA ki pUrva meM yaha ullekha kiyA hI jA cukA hai ki abhI taka paM. nandalAla jI kI vidvattA kI prazaMsA ke kucha ullekha hI milate the, kintu unakI koI kRti nahIM / para jaba se inake dvArA likhita "mUlAcAra bhASA vacanikA" nAmaka grantha pahalI bAra hama donoM ke dvArA sampAdita hokara prakAza meM AyA hai, taba se jaina sAhitya aura inake lekhaka vidvAnoM kI itihAsa paramparA meM paM. nandalAla jI kA bhI nAma jur3a gayA hai| mUlAcAra bhASA vacanikA evaM isake sampAdana kA itivRtta AcArya kundakunda tathA AcArya pUjyapAda Adi aneka mahAn AcAryoM ke kramazaH prAkRta evaM saMskRta bhASA ke aneka graMthoM kI paM. jayacaMda jI chAvar3A kRta bhASA vacanikAoM
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________________ 422 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha kA adhyayana karate samaya una granthoM kI antya prazasti yA anya kisI na kisI prasaMga meM paM. chAvaDA jI apane suyogya vidvAna putra paM. nandalAlajI kA gaurava ke sAtha ullekha avazya karate, kintu na to inakI kisI kRti kA ullekha milatA thA aura na vizeSa paricaya hI, kintu san 1990 I. varSa kA vaha dina bar3A hI zubha kahA jAyegA, jabaki maiM saparivAra rAjasthAna aura buMdelakhaNDa ke tIrthoM kI vandanArtha yAtrA ke krama meM atizaya kSetra tijArA phuNcaa| saMyoga se zrutapaMcamI kA vaha zubha dina thaa| ata: tijArA (rAjasthAna) meM sthita prAcIna di. jaina maMdira, jisakI pratiSThA jayapura ke hI svanAmadhanya paM. sadAsukhadAsa jI ke sAnidhya meM karAI gaI thI, isameM jinavANI pUjana kA vizeSa kAryakrama thaa| maiM bhI saparivAra zrutapaMcamI para zAstroM kI pUjana hetu yahAM phuNcaa| maMdira kI bar3I vedI para bIcoM-bIca kAphI saMkhyA meM hastalikhita zAstra virAjamAna the, jinakI pUjana ho rahI thii| acAnaka merI dRSTi bIca meM rakhe eka bar3e zAstra para gayI, jo vesTana meM lipaTA huA thA, jisameM Upara "mUlAcAra" likhA thaa| cUMki yaha graMtha digambara jaina muniyoM ke AcAra dharma kA pratipAdaka AcArya vaTTakera kRta pramukha prAcIna grantha hai, jisake samIkSAtmaka adhyayana viSaya para zodhakArya karane para mujhe kAzI hindU vizvidyAlaya ne "mUlAcAra kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana" nAmaka vizAla zodhagrantha para pI-eca. DI. kI zodha upAdhi san 1977 meM pradAna kI thii| ata: isa grantha ko dekhane-samajhane aura par3hane kI icchA honA svAbhAvika hai| hamane jaba isa hastalikhita mUlAcAra zAstra ke kucha pRSThoM ko par3hA aura antya prazasti dekhI to Azcarya meM par3a gayA, kyoMki jina vidvAna kI prazaMsA mAtra sunate-par3hate the, una paM. naMdalAla jI chAvar3A dvArA mUlAcAra jaise zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA ke mahAna grantha aura isakI A. vasunandi svAmI dvArA likhita saMskRta TIkA-"AcAravRtti" ke AdhAra para yaha vacanikA purAnI hindI ke rUpa meM jAnI mAnI jayapura kI DhUMDhArI bhASA meM likhI huI thii| lagAtAra do-tIna ghaMTe taka yatra-tatra ke upayogI aMza isa zAstra ke par3hane para merI icchA aba taka ajJAta evaM aprakAzita isa durlabha mahAn zAstra ke saMpAdana aura prakAzana kI huii| merI viduSI dharmapatnI DaoN. zrImatI munnI puSpA jaina ne mujhe protsAhita karate hue kahA ki yadi isa kArya kI jimmedArI loge, to maiM bhI isa bRhad graMtha kI suvAcya pratilipi karane aura anya pratiyoM se milAna karane-karAne Adi meM ApakA sahayoga kruuNgii| isa protsAhana ke bAda maiMne isa maMdira ke udAramanA padAdhikAriyoM se isa zAstra kI prApti hetu prastAva rakhA to unhoMne saharSa svIkRti de dii| isa zrutapaMcamI jaise pavitra parva para aise durlabha grantha kI prApti aura isake saMpAdana kArya ke saMkalpa se bar3hakara, mA~ jinavANI kI yathArtha pUjA aura kyA ho sakatI hai? isI tIrthayAtrA ke krama meM jaba hama kuNDalapura (damoha ma. pra.) tIrthakSetra kI vandanArtha pahuMce, to vahA~ sasaMgha virAjamAna paramapUjya AcArya zrI vidyAsAgara jI mahArAja ko jaba yaha zAstra dikhAyA to ve bhI Azcarya meM bole-are! abhI taka yaha zAstra kahA~ chipA thaa| hamane jaba unheM pUrA vivaraNa sunAkara isake sampAdana kArya kI carcA kI to unhoMne isa kArya hetu hameM saharSa zubhAzISa diyaa| milAna hetu hama isakI dUsarI prati kI talAza
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________________ ajJAta jaina vidvAna paM. nandalAla jI chAvar3A kA sAhityika avadAna 423 meM ajamera meM seTha sA. kI koThI ke pAsa sthita vizAla bhavya mahApUta caityAlaya ke zAstra bhaNDAra pahuMce to vahAM bhI isI mUlAcAra bhASA vacanikA kI eka anya hastalikhita prati mila gyii| jisakI phoTokApI hameM seTha sA. zrI nirmalacanda jI sonI ke saujanya se prApta ho gyii| aba hama donoM ne ina donoM pratiyoM ke sAtha hI vasunandi kI saMskRta AcAravRtti kI mere pAsa surakSita mUla hastalikhita prati kI jIrAksa prati thI, usake AdhAra para milAna karake isakA sampAdana kArya karane lage, isI bIca paramapUjya AcArya zrI vimalasAgara jI mahArAja kA sammeda zikharajI kI ora yAtrAkrama meM sasaMgha banArasa Agamana huaa| usa samaya pUjya upAdhyAya jI bharatasAgara jI ko yaha zAstra aura lambe samaya se cala rahA sampAdana Adi kArya dikhAyA to unhoMne ise bhA. anekAnta vidvata pariSada se prakAzita karAne kA AzvAsana diyA aura 1996 meM paramapUjya bharatasAgara jI mahArAja evaM pUjyanIyA viduSI AryikA syAdvAdamatI mAtAjI ke zubhAzISa se dIrgha parizrama ke bAda isakA prakAzana pUrNa huaa| idhara uttarapradeza sarakAra kI ora se saMcAlita u. pra. saMskRta akAdamI, lakhanaU ne isake zreSTha saMpAdana kArya para san 1998 meM isa grantha para vizeSa puraskAra ke sAtha gyAraha hajAra kI rAzi evaM prazasti patra se rAjabhavana meM Ayojita puraskAra samAroha meM mA. rAjyapAla mahodaya ne mujhe aura zrImatI munnI jaina ko sammAnita kiyaa| isa prakAra eka zreSTha vidvAna paM. nandalAlajI kI adyAvadhi aprakAzita eka mahAna kRti pahalI bAra jaba sAmane AyI to prAyaH sabhI munisaMghoM, vidvAnoM aura samAja ke svAdhyAya premI zrAvakoM ne isa zAstra kA bahumAna se svAgata kiyaa| isI mAdhyama se paM. nandalAla jI ke mahAn vyaktitva aura kRtitva se bhI pahalI bAra pAThakoM kA paricaya huaa| yadyapi prAcIna AcAryoM aura vidvAnoM ne granthoM kA lekhana to kiyA kintu AtmazlAghA ke bhaya se apane jIvana ke viSaya meM kramabaddha aura vistAra se kisI ne nahIM likhaa| yatra-tatra ke ullekhoM Adi ke AdhAra para hI unakA paricaya likhA jAtA hai| jahA~ taka paM. nandalAla jI kA prazna hai, to unhoMne bhI apane viSaya meM vizeSa kucha bhI nahIM likhA hai, inake pitA paM. jayacaMda jI chAvar3A evaM inake mitra aura ziSya paM. RSabhadAsa jI nigotyA ne hI inake viSaya meM kucha sUcanAeM dI haiN| Apake nAma ke sAtha 'kavi' upAdhi kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| isase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki ApakI koI na koI padyamaya mahAn kRti bhI honI cAhie, kintu aba taka upalabdha nahIM huii| prayatnapUrvaka ApakI ekamAtra gadya kRti "mUlAcAra bhASA vacanikA" hI prApta ho sakI hai| isI grantha ke maMgalAcaraNa ke rUpa meM hama inakI kavitA ke utkRSTa udAharaNa dekha sakate haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM baMdau zrI jinasiddhapada AcArija uvjhaay| sAdhu-dharma jinabhAratI jinagRha caitya shaay|| vaTTakera svAmI praNami nami vasunaMdI suuri| malAcAra vicArika bhASauM laSi gunnbhuuri||
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________________ 424 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha isa maMgalAcaraNa meM paM. nandalAla jI ne sarvaprathama paMca parameSThI sahita jainadharma, jinavANI, jinamaMdira aura caitya- ina navadevatAoM kI vaMdanA kI hai| tadanantara zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA ke mahAn graMtha mUlAcAra ke praNetA AcArya vaTTakera aura isa grantha para saMskRta bhASA meM " AcAravRtti" nAmaka TIkA ke praNetA AcArya vasunandi svAmI ko namana kara uddezyapUrvaka mUlAcAra graMtha kI dezabhASA meM vacanikA likhane kI pratijJA kI hai / uparyukta do padya paM. nandalAla jI ke utkRSTa padya racanA ke zreSTha udAharaNa haiN| inake gadya kA vaha udAharaNa bhI yahA~ prastuta karanA aprAsAMgika na hogA, jisameM unhoMne apane acche tarkoM dvArA aneka praznoM kA samAdhAna karate hue muni-AcAra viSayaka graMtha gRhasthoM ko kyoM par3hanA cAhie? tathA prastuta bhASA vacanikA likhane kA uddezya kyA hai- ina sabakA aisA samAdhAna prastuta kiyA hai ki kisI prakAra kI AzaMkA raha nahIM jAtI / prastuta hai usa gadya kA udAharaNa "ihA~ koU kahai- gRhasthAna kau tau vyAkaraNa - kAvyAdika tathA purANAdika puNya-pApa kA phala vAMcanA sunanAM jogya haiM, munidharma kA AcAra kauMna sauM varNe haiM? ara muni AcAra kahA~ hai? gRhasthani kauM munidharma ke graMtha vAMcanA, bhASA karanAM jogya nAMhI / tAkA samAdhAna jIva kA hita mokSa hai| tAke kAraNa saMvara nirjarA haiN| - gupti samiti-dharma-anuprekSA- parISahajaya - cAritra - tapa rUpa jo munidharma, tAtaiM hoya haiM, jaisA nirNaya dravyAnuyoga - adhyAtma, syAdvAda granthani meM pramANa-naya-nikSepa anuyoganataiM kIyA hai| yAteM mukhya upAdeya to munidharma hI hai aura granthani kA sIkhanA par3hanA bahuta hoya, ara isa dharma kA jJAna - zraddhAna na hoya to ajJAnI hI khie| ara isa dharma kA jJAna - zraddhAna hoya, ara vyAkaraNa-kAvyAdika thorA hI paDhyA hoya to jJAnI hI khiye| ara munidharma ke jJAna - zraddhAna binA samyaktva kaiseM hoya? ara muni tau dharmAtmA hai hI, parantu gRhastha jaise grantha sunaiM binA dharma-adharma kA bheda tathA guru-kuguru kA bheda tathA jaina- anya liMga kA bheda tathA digambara-zvetAmbara kA bheda tathA pAtra kupAtra apAtra kA bheda kaise jAneM? ara binA jAnaiM pUjA, stavana, namaskAra, bhakti, vinaya, dAna, vaiyAvRtya rUpa upAsanAM kaiseM karai? ara upAsanA binA gRhastha dharma kahA~? ara guru, ara kuguru sarvakau samAna jAnaiM to mithyAtva kA doSa lAgeM / tAtaiM gRhasthani kau munidharma kA svarUpa avazya nirNaya karanAM / ara isa dharma sambandhI grantha kA vyAkhyAna avazya karanAM / ausA vicArakari yA grantha kI bhASA - vacanikA Arambha kiyA hai| " paMDita nandalAla jI dvArA mUlAcAra mahAgrantha kI bhASA vacanikA meM likhita gadya kA yaha udAharaNa aneka dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa evaM paripUrNa tathA paryApta hai| mUlAcAra bhASA - vacanikA kI antya prazasti meM paM. RSabhadAsa jI nigotyA ne likhA hai ki"sAdhutaNeM AcAra kau bhASA graMtha na koya / tAtaiM mUlAcAra kI bhASA jo aba hoya / / to sabahI vAcai paDhai samujhe muni AcAra / parama digambara rUpa kauM jAnaiM sakala vicAra || taba udyama bhASA tajaiM karaNa lage naMdalAla /
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________________ ajJAta jaina vidvAna paM. nandalAla jI chAvar3A kA sAhityika avadAna mannAlAla ara udayacaMda mANikacaMdaru ju vAla / / naMdalAla tinasauM kahI bhASA likho banAya / kahauM aratha TIkA sahita bhinna-bhinna samujhAya / / isa grantha ke ina padyoM se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki usa samaya muni AcAra sambaMdhI koI grantha loka pracalita sarala bhASA meM nahIM the| sAmAnya zrAvaka bhI saMskRta - prAkRta bhASA ke granthoM ko samajhane meM kaThinAI mahasUsa karate the| ataH sabhI jana AsAnI se ina granthoM kA svAdhyAya kara AtmakalyANa meM pravRtta ho sakeM, isI uddezya se paM. mannAlAla jI Adi kI preraNA se paM. nandalAla jI ne mUlAcAra grantha kI bhASA - vacanikA likhii| kintu ise durbhAgya hI kaheMge ki paMDita naMdalAlajI isakI vacanikA pUrNa nahIM kara ske| mAtra Arambhika 516 gAthAoM arthAt chaTheM piNDa zuddhi adhikAra pUrNa karake saptama SaDAvazyaka adhikAra kI pandraha gAthAoM kI vacanikA pUrNa kara pAye the ki inakI acAnaka mRtyu ho jAne se yaha grantha adhUrA hI raha gayA, jisakI pUrti aneka mitroM kI preraNA se paM. jI ke mitra paM. RSabhadAsa jI nigotyA ne isa mUlAcAra grantha kI zeSa bhASA vacanikA pUrNa kii| nigotyA jI ne likhA hai caupAI - dohA pUrana SaT adhikAra karAya, paMdraha gAthA aratha likhAya / solaha adhika pAMca sai sahI, saba gAthA yaha saMkhyA lahI / AyuSa pUrana kari gaye, te paraloka sujAna, viraha vacanikA maiM bhayo yaha kalikAla mahAn / saba sAdharamI loka kai bhayo duHkha bharapUra, adhira lakhyau saMsAra jaba bhayo zoka taba duur|| bhASA mUlAcAra kI pUrana kihiM vidhi hoya / zalya basai sabakai hRdaya kAraNa vaNyo na koy| haMsarAja bhUpAla ke vAsI kArana pAya / Aye jayapura nagara meM tinakUM dharama suhAya // / jAti nigoyA jAsa kI, RSabhadAsa tasunAma, zobhAcaMda suta deva guru zruta rucikoM zubhadhAma / / jayacaMda ara naMdalAla kI saMgati karI vizeSa / tinasUM zruta dhAraNa kare taji mithyAmata veSa || paM. RSabhadAsa jI ne mUlAcAra kI yaha adhUrI vacanikA kina-kina iSTamitroM kI preraNA se aura kaise kI ? isa viSaya meM ve mUlAcAra bhASA vacanikA ke anta meM caupAI chanda meM likhate haiM 425 saMghahI amaracaMda dIvAna RSabhadAsa puni dUjo jAni / tinasoM haMsarAja niti kahaiM, graMtha vacanikA pUrana cahaiM / / tinakai lAgi rahI adhikAya, RSabhadAsa taba kiye upAya / zrI dIvAnasUM aurauM kahIM, muni Dhiga mANikacaMda hai sahI / /
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________________ 426 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha artha likhana koM jo mana dharai, graMtha yaha hama pUrana kreN| sodhana karai su mannAlAla, tinakI mati zruta mAhi visaal|| taba dIvAnajI mana haraSAya, tina doU tUM kahI bulaay| RSabhadAsa kaisA mila hoya pUrana graMtha karo tuma joy|| paM. nigotyA jI ne isa adhUrI bhASA vacanikA ko pUrNa karake apanI saralatA ko jisa prakAra nimnalikhita dohoM meM vyakta kiyA hai, yaha darzanIya hai maMdamatI hama paMgu jyoM, graMtha sumera smaan| so pUrana kaise kareM, upajyoM soca amaan|| vAnI samaraNa pota caDhi, zruta samudra ke paar| hama utare bina kaSTa hI, vAnI jaga maiM saar|| prAkRta, saMskRta hI paDhe, je paMDita mtimaan| maMdamatI ke heta yaha, bhASA grantha nidaan|| sajjana paMDita je bar3e, tinasauM vinatI eha, jahA~ artha nIka nahIM, tahA~ zuddha kari leh|| bAlaka hamakU jAniyo, je zruta bar3e sujaan| hAsya tyAgikari sodhiyo, dharama prIti mana aan|| deza vacanikA rUpa yaha, bhASA jo hama kiin| mAna vAni kauM tyAgi kaiM, dharama kAja cita diin|| likhata-likhAvata zruta viSa, lAgai diDha upyog| azubha karama tAsoM jharai, zubha mana vaca tana yog|| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki do vidvAnoM ke sahayoga se zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA ke malAcAra jaise prAcIna eka mahAna graMtha kI bhASA vacanikA vi. saM. 1888 meM jayapura meM pUrNa huii| isase yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki paM. jayacaMda jI chAvar3A kI mRtyu (vi. saM. 1881) ke tIna-cAra varSa bAda hI arthAt vi. saM. 1885 ke AsapAsa hI paM. nandalAla jI chAvar3A kA bhI svargavAsa huA hogaa| kyoMki inake dvArA adhUrI mUlAcAra vacanikA ko pUrA karane meM kama se kama tIna varSa kA samaya to avazya lagA hogaa| isa taraha purAnI hindI ke rUpa meM pracalita jayapura ke AsapAsa kI lokapriya bolI 'DhUMDhArI' meM likhita meM prastuta mUlAcAra vacanikA ke prakAza meM A jAne se jahA~ isa sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi huI, vahIM hindI gadya ke vikAsa meM aba taka acarcita do aura mahAn sAhityakAra vidvAna paM. nandalAla jI chAvar3A tathA paM. RSabhadAsa jI nigotyA kA nAma bhI aba hindI aura rAjasthAnI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM jur3a jAne se inakI mUlAcAra bhASA-vacanikA nAmaka mahAn kRti tathA ye donoM vidvAna bhI amara ho gye|
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________________ bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti evaM unakI guru-ziSya-paramparA DaoN. kastUracandra jaina 'sumana'* gulAbI nagarI jayapura meM bhaTTArakoM kA mahatvapUrNa prabhAva rahA hai| mUlataH ve aMkAvatI-vartamAna Amera ke nivAsI the| jayapura-rAmabAga ke uttara meM savAI rAmasiMha roDa para nArAyana sarkila ke nikaTa digambara jaina nasiyA~-bhaTTAraka jI ke nAma se prasiddha sthalI meM digambara jaina mandira suzobhita hai| isa mandira ke prAMgaNa meM apabhraMza akAdamI saMcAlita hai| mandira ke sAmane vAle bhAga meM sundara udyAna hai| isameM tIna chatariyoM kA nirmANa huA hai| nicalA bhAga rikta hai kintu UparI maMjila para tIna kalAtmaka chatariyA~ suzobhita haiN| ye mukhya mArga para hone se inake darzanoM kA sabhI ko avasara sahaja hI prApta ho jAtA ye chatariyA~ aSTakoNI haiN| zveta saMgamaramara pASANa se nirmita haiN| aSTa stambhoM para Azrita haiN| chatariyoM ke UparI bhAga veloM se alaMkRta darzAye gaye haiN| pUrva dizAvartI bhitti ke madhya pUrva dizAbhimukha eka laghukAya kAyotsarga namra pratimA aMkita hai jisake bAyeM hAtha meM saMyama kA upakaraNa kamaNDala tathA dAyeM hAtha meM pIchI kA AkAra pradarzita hai| chatariyoM ke madhya meM aSTakoNI zveta saMgamaramara pASANa para cAra dala ke battIsa vartulAkAra kamala aMkita haiN| ina kamaloM ke madhya meM eka caubIsa dalIya kamala bhI nirmita huA hai| pUrva dizAbhimukha caraNa-pAdukAe~ (cinha) inhIM kamaloM para sthApita haiN| inhIM ke nikaTa saMskRta bhASA aura nAgarI lipi meM pUrva dizA kI ora se abhilekhoM ke mUlapATha vartulAkAra utkIrNa kiye gaye haiN| (1) uttara-dizAvartI caraNa chatarI-abhilekha (bhaTTAraka maheMdrakIrti ke caraNa-cinha) paMkti -1 saMvat (vikrama saMvat) 1853 mAgha mAse zukla pakSe paMcamI (jApyamAlA) guruvAsare duDhAharu deze savAI jayanagare (kamaMDala) mahArAjAdhirAja mahArAja zrI savAI pratApasiMha ji rAjya pravartamAne zrI mUlasaMghe naMdyAmnAye (pIchI) balA* bA~sAtArakher3A (damoha) m.pr.|
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________________ 428 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha paMkti -2 tkAragaNe sarasvatIgacche kuMdakuMdacAryAnvaye aMvAvatI (mAlA) paTTodayAdri dinamaNitulya bhaTTAkendu bhaTTAraka ji chI deveMdra (kamaNDala) kIrtistatpaTTe bhaTTAraka ji chI mahendrakIrtistatpaTTe bhaTTAraka ji chI kSemendrakIrtistatpaTTe ji chI surendrakIti ji devapaTTe bhaTTAraka ji chI supaMkti -3 kheMdrakIrtinA iyaM zrI mahendrakIrti ji guroH pAdukA prasthApya mahotsavena pratiSThitA pUjakAnAM kalyANAvalI karotu zrIrastu zubhaM bhavatu / / hindI anuvAda . saMvat 1853 meM mAgha mAsa ke zukla pakSa kI paMcamI tithi dina guruvAra meM duDhAharu deza ke savAI jayanagara meM mahArAjAdhirAja mahArAja zrI savAI pratApa siMha jI ke pravartamAna rAjya meM zrI mUlasaMgha ke naMdyAmnAya meM valAtkAra gaNa aura sarasvatIgaccha-kundakundAcAryAnvaya meM aMvAvatI-paTTa rUpI parvata para udIyamAna sUrya samAna bhaTTArakoM meM candra samAna bhaTTAraka zrI devendrakIrti jI huye| inake paTTa para bhaTTAraka zrI mahendrakIrti tathA Apake paTTa para bhaTTAraka zrI kSemendrakIrti virAjamAna hue| pazcAt zrI surendrakIrti, bhaTTAraka paTTAsIna huye| bhaTTAraka sukhendrakIrti ke dvArA zrI bhaTTAraka mahendrakIrti ke guru zrI devendrakIrti kI caraNa-pAdukAe~ mahotsava pUrvaka sthApita kara pratiSThita karAI gyiiN| yaha pratiSThA arcakoM kA kalyANa kare, lakSmI unake ho aura maMgala ho| sAra . isa abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki saMvat 1853 ke nikaTa DhuDhArI deza thA tathA jayanagara (jayapura) usakA pradhAna thaa| rAjA the mahArAjAdhirAja pratApa siMha jii| aMvAbatI Amera kA prAcIna nAma rahA hai| yahA~ bhaTTAraka-gAdI bhI rahI hai| bhaTTAraka zrI devendrakIrti isa gAdI ke pradhAna the| bhaTTAraka mahendrakIrti inake ziSya the| pazcAt mahendrakIrti ke ziSya hue kSemendrakIrti tathA inake ziSya hue surendrkiirti| sukhendrakIrti zrI bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti ke ziSya rahe jJAta hote haiN| guruoM ke sammAna meM ApakA kArya stutya rahA hai| (2) madhyavartI caraNa chatarI (pAdukAe~-bhaTTAraka kSemendrakIrti jI) abhilekha-mUlapATha paMkti -1 saMvat 1853 mAgha mAse zukla pakSe paMcamI guruvAsare DhuDhAha deze savAI jayanagare mahArAjAdhirAja mahArAja zrI savAI pratApa siMha jI rAjya pravartamAne zrI mUlasaMghe naMdhAmnAye valAtkAragaNe sarasvatIgacche kuMkudAcAyAnvaye aMvAvatI paTTodayAdri dinamaNi tulya bhaTTApaMkti -2 rakeMdu bhaTTAraka ji chI mahendrakIrtistatpade bhaTTAraka ji chI kSemendrakIrtistatpadde bhaTTAraka ji chI surendrakIrtistatpadde bhaTTAraka ji chI sukheMdrakIrtisteteyaM zrI kSemendrakIrti guroH pAdukA sthApya mahotsavena prtisstthitaa|| pUjakAnAM kalyANAvalI krotu|| "zrIrastu"
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________________ paMkti - 1 vizeSa isa lekha kA samaya aura viSaya-vastu prathama lekha ke samAna hai| vizeSatA yaha hai ki prastuta lekha meM bhaTTAraka sukheMdrakIrti ke dvArA apane dAdA guru zrI kSemendrakIrti kI caraNa-pAdukAe~ mahotsava pUrvaka sthApita evaM pratiSThita kiye jAne kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra paradAdA aura dAdAguru ke sammAna kA sundara ullekha kiyA gayA hai| bhaTTAraka sukhendrakIrti kI guru paramparAtmaka sammAna karane kI bhAvanA sarAhanIya rahI hai| (3) paMkti - 2 bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti evaM unakI guru-ziSya paramparA 429 dakSiNa dizAvartI caraNa chatarI ( bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti jI ke caraNa cinha ) abhilekha mUlapATha saMvat (vikrama saMvat ) 1881 mAgha mAse zukla pakSe paMcamI somavAsare duDhAhau deze savAI jayanagare zrImanmahArAjAdhirAja mahArAja zrI savAI jayasiMha ji rAjya pravartamAne zrImUlasaMghe naMdyAmnAye valAtkAragaNe sarasvatIgacche kuMdakuMdAcAryAnvaye bhaTTArakendu bhaTTAraka ji chrI mahendrakIrtispaTTe bhaTTAraka kSemendrakIrti statpaTTe bhaTTAraka zrI surendrakIrtistatpaTTe bhaTTAraka zrI sukhendrakIrtistatpaTTe ji chrI narendrakIrti ji eteSAM madhye bhaTTAraka zrI narendrakIrtinA mahamahotsava kRtvA bhadrabhAvena zrI surendrakIrti gurozcaraNayugalaM prasthApya pratiSThitaM / pUjakAnAM kalyANaparaMparAM karotu / zrIrastu "zrI" bhaTTAraka Amera - gAdI ke uttarAdhikArI bhaTTAraka prastuta abhilekhoM meM prathama do lekhoM kA samaya saMvat 1853 ( IsavI 1910) batAyA gayA hai| jayapura ko isa samaya jayanagara kahA jAtA rahA hai| yaha nagara abhilekhoM meM duDhAha deza meM batAyA gayA hai| prathama do abhilekhoM meM aMvAvatI aura vahA~ vidyamAna bhaTTAraka-gAdI para virAjamAna rahe bhaTTArakoM ke nAmollekhoM ke Aloka meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki aMvAvatI vartamAna Amera kA prAcIna nAma hai| tIsarA abhilekha saMvat 1881 IsavI 1938 kA hai| isa lekha meM bhaTTAraka sukhendrakIrti ke pazcAt bhaTTAraka paTTa ke uttarAdhikArI bhaTTAraka zrI narendrakIrti kA nAmollekha huA hai| isameM bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti ko guru rUpa meM sambodhita kara yahA~ narendrakIrti bhaTTAraka dvArA unake caraNayugala mahotsava pUrvaka sthApita kiye gaye the| ye sabhI bhaTTAraka mUlasaMgha ke antargata naMdyAmnAya meM valAtkAragaNa sarasvatIgaccha aura kundakundAcAryAnvayI rahe pramANita hote haiN| bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti kRta cA~danapura-mahAvIra-pUjA DaoN. gopIcaMda varmA ne apanI racanA "digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIra jI kA saMkSipta itihAsa evaM kArya vivaraNa" prakAzaka-rAmA prakAzana 2636 rAstA khajAnovAlAn
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________________ 430 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha jayapura ke digambara jaina paMcAyatI mandira pATaudI ke zAstra bhaNDAra meM bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti kRta cA~danapura mahAvIra pUjA saMgRhIta hai| pUjA ke tIna padya bhI DaoN. varmA ne apanI racanA meM nimna prakAra diye haiM atha zrI varddhamAna jI kI pUjA liSi (khi) te| zrI varayuktaM vIra jinendra cA~daNakAkhye grAma smiipe| vaMdyamanidyaM satata vede, svAgata siddhai puurvbhttaanyai||1|| jayamAla aMbAvatIpaTTa sarojabhAnu kSemendrakIrti jytaanyjgtyaaN| yadIya tau vesvanu bhAvatazcaM dharmomato bhUya saraM rraaj||11|| bhaTTArakendreNa tadIya paTTA niviSTa tenaiva surendrkiirtinaa| kRtAtarAcAlpa subuddhitorcA huyaM suzodhyA kavibhi sujnyeyaa||12|| turyayamASTavidhupramitebde caitra site shubhvRttmitaaddhi| maMgalaka bhuvane manujAnAM me kuru caiSAkRta vAmaya key||13|| isa racanA kA samaya vikrama samvat 1824 batAyA gayA hai| turya-4, yama-2, aSTa-ATha, vidhu (caMdra)-1 saMkhyA ke bodhaka zabda hone se tathA aMkAnAM vAmato gati ke anusAra bhI racanA kAla yahI jJAta hotA hai| isa kathana ke Aloka meM bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti jI digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIra jI ke ananyabhakta kahe jA sakate haiN| racanA prakAzita honA Avazyaka hai| bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti kI ziSya-paramparAH digambara jaina nasiyA~ bhaTTAraka jI savAI rAmasiMha roDa jayapura kI caraNa-chatariyoM ke prathama do abhilekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki bhaTTAraka surendrakIti ke padAdhikArI ziSya sukhendrakIrti the| tIsare saMvat 1881 ke lekha meM bhaTTAraka zrI narendrakIrti jI kA nAmollekha huA hai| isa sandarbha meM digambara jaina atizaya kSetra zrI mahAvIra jI kA mAnastambha-lekha bhI paThanIya hai| dakSiNadizAvartI lekha caudaha paMkti kA hai| isameM 8 se 12 paMktiyoM meM bhaTTArakoM ke nAmoM tathA mAnastambha-nirmANa-tithi kA bhI nimna prakAra ullekha huA haipaMkti-8 1952 IsvIye svatantrabhAratasya dvitIyAbde mAgha zukla trayodazayAM zukrapaMkti - vAsare zrI paM. jhummanalAla zrI nivAsa zAstribhyAM pratiSThApya zubhavelAyAM zrI mUlasaMghe naMdhAmnAye valAtkArapaMkti -10 gaNe sarasvatIgacche zrI kundakundAcAryAnvaye bhaTTAraka zrI sukhendrakIrtidevAstatpaTTe bha. narendrakIrtidevAstatpaTTe bha. paMkti -11 zrI devendrakIrtidevAstatpaTTe bha. zrI mahendrakIrtidevAstatpaTTe bha. zrI candrakIrtidevAsteSAM tatvAvadhAne jayapupaMkti -12 rIya digambara jaina paMcAyatIya prabandhakAriNI samiteranujJAM labdhvA zrI mAnastaMbhAropaNaM kRtm| vAsa
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________________ bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti evaM unakI guru-ziSya-paramparA 431 prastuta ullekha meM bhaTTAraka sukhendrakIrti aura narendrakIrti ke nAmollekhoM ke pazcAt zrI devendrakIrtideva, bhaTTAraka zrI mahendrakIrtideva tatpazcAt bhaTTAraka candrakIrtideva kA nAma AyA hai| prathama do nAmoM kA ullekha digambara jaina nAsiyA bhaTaTAraka jI nArAyana sarkila jayapura kI caraNa chatariyoM meM bhI huA hai| ataH zrI devendrakIrtideva mahendrakIrtideva tathA candrakIrtideva ina bhaTTArakoM kA sambandha aMvAvatI-Amera bhaTTAraka gAdI se rahA pramANita hotA hai| candrakIrti bhaTTAraka isa gAdI ke antima bhaTTAraka kahe jA sakate haiN| Amera gAdI kI bhaTTAraka paTTa paramparA isa lekha ke Aloka meM nimna prakAra jJAta hotI hai bhaTTAraka devendrakIrti prathama bhaTTAraka mahendrakIrti prathama bhaTTAraka kSemendrakIrti bhaTTAraka surendrakIrti bhaTTAraka sukhendrakIrti bhaTTAraka narendrakIrti bhaTTAraka devendrakIrtideva (dvitIya) bhaTTAraka mahendrakIrti (dvitIya) bhaTTAraka candrakIrtideva
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________________ zrI paM. nAthUrAma 'premI' kI sampAdana-kalA arddhakathAnaka ke saMdarbha meM DaoN. jinendra jaina* bhAratIya saMskRti meM guNoM kA anukIrtana eka svastha evaM naitika saMskAra ke rUpa meM mAnya hai| isI bhAva ko vidvat jagat meM bhI svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai, jahA~ vidvAn ko rAjA se bhI zreSTha aura pUjya mAnA gayA hai| kahA bhI gayA hai 'svadeze pUjyate rAjA, vidvAn sarvatra puujyte|' vidvAn ke guNa-doSoM ko samajhane / jAnane vAlA koI vidvAn hI ho sakatA hai| isalie yaha ukti bhI sarvatra pracalita hai ki vidvAneva hi jAnAti vidvjjnprishrmm| na hi bandhyA vijAnAti gurvI prsvvednaam|| isa ukti ke anusAra vidvAn kA abhinandana vidvAnoM dvArA kiyA jAnA niHsaMdeha Aja kI prAsaMgikatA bhI hai aura upayuktatA bhii| 19-20vIM zatAbdI meM jaina sAhitya ke saMrakSaNa evaM usake uddhAra ke lie aneka jaina manISiyoM ne apanA sarvasva nyauchAvara kiyA hai| taba jAkara Aja hameM una graMthoM kA sampAdita rUpa svAdhyAya evaM adhyayana ke lie upalabdha ho rahA hai| unhIM adhIti vidvAnoM meM sva. paM. nAthUrAma 'premI' kA nAma bar3I zraddhA se Aja liyA jAtA hai| bhAratIya vAD.maya ke suprasiddha mahAmanISI jaina itihAsakAra evaM samAja-sudhAraka paM. nAthUrAma premI kA janma sAgara jile ke devarI nAmaka grAma meM vi. saM. 1938 (I. 1881) meM huA thaa| paM. pannAlAla bAkalIvAla, paM. gopAladAsa baraiyA jaise jaina manISiyoM ke sAnnidhya meM rahakara paM. jI ne jaina sAhitya kI apUrva sevA kI aura usake saMrakSaNa-saMvarddhana meM apanA sarvasva lagA diyaa| sAdhana sampannatA kI dRSTi se sAdhAraNa se jaina parivAra meM janme pUjya premI jI kA jIvana saMgharSoM ke utAra-car3hAva meM niraMtara hicakole khAtA rahA, kintu nIMva ke patthara kI bhAMti jaina sAhitya ke sampAdana aura jaina itihAsa ke lekhana meM ve aDiga rhe| jaina mitra, jaina hitaiSI jaisI jainavidyA kI prAcIna evaM sammAnita patrikAoM kA saphala sampAdana ApakI sampAdana-zailI kA paricAyaka hai| ApakI jaina sAhitya aura saMskRti ke prati sevA-bhAvanA ke phalasvarUpa 1946 I. meM jaina samAja evaM sAhitya-premiyoM ne Apako 'premI abhinandana * esosieTa prophesara, prAkRta evaM saMskRta vibhAga, jaina vizvabhAratI vizvavidyAlaya, lADanUM - 341306 (raajsthaan)|
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________________ zrI paM. nAthUrAma 'premI' kI sampAdana-kalA arddhakathAnaka ke saMdarbha meM 433 grantha' bheMTa kara sammAnita kiyaa| Apake bahumukhI vyaktitva ke saMdarbha meM hindI sAhitya jagat ke prasiddha manISI jainendrakumAra tathA jainavidyA manISI paM. sukhalAla saMghavI ke vicAra vizeSa mahatva rakhate haiM, jinase pUjya premI jI ke svAbhimAna se yukta sAdagIpUrNa vyaktitva kI jhAMkI pratyeka pAThaka ke mana-mastiSka ko jhaMkRta kara detI hai| paM. nAthUrAma premI abhinandana graMtha meM unake suputra paM. hemacandra modI ne unake viSaya meM tathA anya vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM paM. jI kA jaisA vyaktitva ukerA hai, use ina nimnAMkita binduoM meM samAhita kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. sarala kintu svAbhimAnapUrNa jiivn| 2. vidyaanuraagii| 3. sAmpradAyikatA se pare sthita styaanvessii| hindI bhASI kSetra meM janme pU. paNDita premI jI ne apane jIvana meM saMskRta, prAkRta ke sAtha-sAtha aMgrejI, marAThI, gujarAtI ina bhASAoM para bhI pUrNa adhikAra kara liyA thA, jisake phalasvarUpa sAhitya-jagat meM lagabhaga 19 se bhI adhika graMthoM kA sAnuvAda sampAdana kiyA tathA lagabhaga 12 svataMtra maulika graMtha bhI likhe| maulika graMthoM meM hindI jaina sAhitya kA itihAsa tathA jaina itihAsa se sambaddha kRtiyoM ke lekhana ke kAraNa ApakI chavi jaina itihAsakAra ke rUpa meM vikhyAta ho gyii| jaina graMtha ratnAkara kAryAlaya, mumbaI meM kArya karate-karate Apane 'jaina hitaiSI' nAmaka patrikA kA lagabhaga 8 varSoM taka saphala sampAdana kiyaa| usI avasara para I. 1912 meM Apane hindI graMtha ratnAkara kAryAlaya kI sthApanA mumbaI meM kI tathA svataMtratA nAmaka prathama graMtha ke prakAzana se usakI nIMva rkhii| paNDita jI kI jaina hindI sAhitya ke prati vizeSa AkarSaNa evaM ruci thii| unake dvArA sampAdita hindI kI jaina katiyA~ isake pramANa haiN| 17vIM zatAbdI meM kavivara banArasIdAsa dvArA racita 'arddhakathAnaka' kA sampAdana paM. jI ke dvArA kiyA gyaa| isa graMtha ke sampAdana meM ApakI sampAdana-zailI evaM kalA ke namUne dekhe jA sakate haiN| 'arddhakathAnaka' nAmaka kRti kI bhUmikA meM dI gaI viSaya-sAmagrI paM. jI kI sUkSma satyAnveSI dRSTi evaM asAmpradAyika cintana kI paricAyaka hai| arddhakathAnaka meM dI gaI prazasti ke anusAra kavivara banArasIdAsa ne manuSya kI utkRSTa Ayu 110 varSa svIkAra kI baratamAna nara-Au bakhAna, barasa eka sau dasa prvaan||673|| arddhakathAnaka kRti lekhaka banArasIdAsa kI AtmakathA hai, jisameM unhoMne apane prArambhika jIvana ke 55 varSoM kA ghaTanAbahula vivecana kiyA hai| arthAt jIvana ke Adhe kathAnaka ko saM. 1998 meM unhoMne likhA, lekina 110 varSa taka ve jIvita na raha ske| utkRSTa jIvanakAla 110 varSa kA mAnane se arddhakathAnaka meM 55 varSoM kA hI vivecana hai, isalie paM. premI jI ne graMtha ke zIrSaka ko upayukta evaM tarkasaMgata svIkAra kiyA hai| premI jI dvArA sampAdita arddhakathAnaka meM aneka prakAra kI sAmagrI ko samAhita kiyA gayA hai, jisameM jaina itihAsa hI nahIM balki bhAratIya bhaugolika, sAhityika, bhASAtmaka va sAMskRtika
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________________ 434 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha varNanoM kA sajIva vivaraNa upasthita ho jAtA hai| sampAdita arddhakathAnaka ke pariziSTa meM die gaye vizeSa sthAnoM ke paricaya meM lagabhaga 30 sthAnoM kA ullekha premI jI ne kiyA hai, unameM 'amarasara' nAmaka sthAna kI bhaugolika sthiti jayapura ke govindagar3ha ke samIpa spaSTa kI hai, usakA sambandha zvetAmbara kharataragaccha ke jinakuzalasUri ke sAtha sthApita kiyA hai| isa sthAna para zekhAvatoM ke AdipuruSa rAva zekhA jI gar3ha banAkara rahate the| 'naravara' nAmaka sthAna kA ullekha bhI gvAliyara rAjya ke eka prAcIna sthAna se kiyA hai, jisakA varNana jJAnArNava kI eka prati meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| premI jI dvArA sampAdita isa kRti se aitihAsika dRSTi se aura bhI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| racanAkAra ne jina vidvAnoM kA nAmollekha ghaTanA athavA vRttAMta vizeSa ke saMdarbha meM kiyA hai, una sabhI vidvAnoM kA paricaya premI jI ne pariziSTa meM vistAra se diyA hai| yaha paricaya kathAoM ke saMdarbha meM bhI vizeSa mahatva rakhatA hai, jo kathAnaka ke bIca meM samAhita hai| premI jI ne sampAdana zailI meM kathAnaka ke ve prasaMga pAda-TippaNa ke rUpa meM prastuta kie haiM, sAtha hI anya graMthoM ke sambaddha saMdarbha bhI de die, jisase unakI sampAdana- kalA viziSTa pratIta hotI hai| arddhakathAnaka ke pariziSTa meM premI jI ne kucha jAtiyoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| padya 29 meM prayukta jAtiyoM ke ullekha kA vizleSaNa karate hue premI jI kahate haiM- jaunapura meM basane vAlI 36 jAtiyoM ko, jo pezevara zUdra jAtiyAM haiM, chattIsa pauniyA~ kahA hai| jAyasI ke padmAvata meM bhI 36 kurI kA ullekha aneka jAtiyoM ke lie huA hai, kintu vahAM para kevala zUdra varga hI samAhita nahIM hai| premI jI ne isa saMdarbha meM yaha bhI ullekha kiyA hai ki jaina sAhityakAra Thakkara ( 14vIM zatAbdI) ne bhI ina 36 jAtiyoM kI saMkhyA kA ullekha apane graMtha varNaratnAkara meM kiyA hai| eka anya ullekha meM zrImAla jAti kA varNana banArasIdAsa jI ne kiyA hai| yadyapi isa jAti kA sambandha bhinnamAla se hai, kintu premI jI ne isakI vistRta carcA karate hue purANoM meM isake prAcIna nAmoM se (puSpamAla, ratnamAla, zrImAla, bhinnamAla) sambandha sthApita kiyA hai aura zrImAla jAti ke antargata Ane vAle 125 gotroM meM se kucha gotroM kA ullekha racanAkAra dvArA graMtha meM kiyA gayA hai| paM. nAthUrAma premI dvArA sampAdita arddhakathAnaka kA dUsarA saMskaraNa abhI prakAzita kiyA jA cukA hai| apanI bhUmikA meM premI jI ne isa bAta kA ullekha kiyA hai ki prathama saMskaraNa meM tIna hastalikhita pratiyoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA thaa| tatpazcAt paM. kailAzacaMda zAstrI dvArA aiziyATika sosAyaTI, kalakattA tathA syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya, vArANasI ke graMtha saMgrahAlayoM meM saMgRhIta do pratiyoM ke prApta ho jAne para inase bhI pATha saMzodhana karake dvitIya saMskaraNa kA prakAzana kiyA gayA hai| prAcya graMthoM ke sampAdana ke saMdarbha meM yaha niHsaMdeha kahA jA sakatA hai ki graMtha kI hastalikhita pratiyA~ yadi anya anya sthAnoM se prApta ho jAtI haiM, to pATha-saMzodhana kA avasara sadaiva banA rahatA hai| premI jI ne bhI pUrva pratiyoM ke pATha- saMzodhana ke sAtha-sAtha ina donoM pratiyoM ke pATha saMzodhana dvitIya saMskaraNa meM samAhita kara die haiN|
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________________ zrI paM. nAthUrAma "premI' kI sampAdana-kalA arddhakathAnaka ke saMdarbha meM 435 sampAdita isa kRti ke viSaya-vaiziSTya ko ujAgara karate hue premI jI ne aMdhavizvAsa, adhyAtmamata kA virodha aura usake samarthaka aneka jaina zrAvakoM kA paricaya tathA samAja evaM zikSA kI sthiti kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai| kula 675 dohe evaM caupAI meM samAhita isa kathAnaka meM sajjana-durjana vivecana, guNa-doSoM kA varNana karake banArasIdAsa ne apane vartamAna jIvana kI sArthakatA siddha kI hai| unhoMne kucha bhI chupAe binA sahaja bhAva se svayaM ko madhyama koTi kA manuSya sthApita kiyA hai| jahA~ kahA hai je bhAkhahiM para-doSa-guna, aru guna-doSa sukiiu| kahahiM sahaja te jagata meM, hamase madhyama jiiu|1668|| graMtha kI bhASA ke saMdarbha meM premI jI ne banArasIdAsa ke isa kathana ko hI'madhyadesa kI bolI boli. garabhita bAta kahA~ hiya kholiA' AdhAra banAte hae kI bolI ko isa graMtha kI bhASA mAnA hai| premI jI ne bolI se tAtparya usa samaya kI sAmAnya bolacAla kI bhASA hI liyA hai, sAhityika bhASA nhiiN| yadyapi banArasIdAsa kI anya racanAe~- nAmamAlA, nATaka samayasAra, banArasIvilAsa Adi sAhityika bhASA meM racita haiM, lekina arddhakathAnaka kA viSaya AtmakathA ko lie hue hone se ADambaravihIna sIdhI-sAdI bolacAla kI bhASA meM hI nibaddha hai| AtmakathA kI paramparA meM hindI sAhitya meM arddhakathAnaka prathama AtmakathA hai, jisakA ullekha paM. banArasIdAsa caturvedI ne apane 'hindI kA prathama Atmacarita' nAmaka lekha meM kiyA hai| DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina ne arddhakathAnaka kI bhASA para vicAra karate hue yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki isameM braja evaM avadhI bhASA ke zabda kama tathA urda evaM phArasI bhASA ke zabdoM kA prayoga adhika haA hai| unhoMne yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki catu:sImA meM lagI huI bhASAoM kA sammizraNa isa arddhakathAnaka meM huA hai| prAcIna saMskRta sAhitya (manusmRti 2/21) ke anusAra madhyadesa kI catu:sImA vAle prAMta haiM- uttara meM himAlaya, dakSiNa meM viMdhyAcala, pUrva meM prayAga tathA pazcima meM pNjaab| cInI yAtrI phAhyAna ne mathurA se dakSiNa ke pradeza ko madhyadesa kahA hai| arddhakathAna madhyadeza kI bolI kA rUpa prAcIna hindI ke adhika najadIka pratIta hotA hai, jisameM prAkRta kI aMtima apabhraMza bhASA kA prabhAva spaSTa najara AtA hai| jaise-koI-kou, honaa-hoi| zrI nAthUrAma premI ne DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina dvArA bhASA-viSayaka svIkRta mantavya ko pustaka kI upayogitA mAnate hue isa kArya ke lie unake prati kRtajJa bhAva prakaTa kiyA hai tathA pustaka ke aMta meM jor3e gaye pariziSTa kRti marma ko samajhane meM sahAyaka siddha hoMge, aisA svIkAra kiyA hai| zabdakoza, nAmasUcI, yuktiprabodha ke mUla uddharaNa, pramukha zrAvakoM evaM jaina manISiyoM kA paricaya graMtha kI mahattA ko siddha karate haiN| aMta meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki AdaraNIya paM. nAthUrAma premI jI kA na kevala hindI jaina sAhitya, balki jaina itihAsa aura prAkata sAhitya ko bhI vizeSa avada huA, jisake phalasvarUpa pradyumnacarita, puruSArthasiddhayapAya, sajjanacittavallabha, dhartAkhyAna arddhakathAnaka jaise prAcya graMthoM kA unhoMne sampAdana kiyA tathA jaina aura hindI jaina sAhitya
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________________ 436 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha sa. jainadharma aura varNa vyavasthA. bhaTaTArakamImAMsA. tAraNagraMtha. karnATaka ke jaina kavi jaisI maulika racanAeM samAja ke sAmane A skiiN| premI jI ke saMdarbha meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina patrikAoM ke sampAdana meM jitanA zrama aura samaya Apane diyA, yadi utanA samaya aura zrama graMthoM ke sampAdana tathA maulika graMthoM ke lekhana meM lagAyA gayA hotA to Apake dvArA Aja sRjita sAhitya kA cAra gunA sAhitya samAja ke sAmane A sakatA thaa| nizcaya hI jainavidyA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM premI jI kA apUrva va avismaraNIya avadAna hai|
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________________ vedanA kI gaNitIya samatulyatAdi nizcalatAe~ DaoN. ela. sI. jaina* yahA~ hama vedanA (pathos) ko anubhava ke artha yA feeling ke artha meM grahaNa kara cleNge| sAdhAraNataH vedanA sAtA yA asAtA rUpa meM prakaTa hotI hai| dhavalAkAra ke anusAra sabhI karmoM kI vedanA hotI hai, vaha bhI sAtA rUpa athavA asAtA rUpa / isa praka siddhAnta yaha banatA hai ki karma alaga-alaga prakRti vAle hote hue bhI, tatprakRtirUpa sAtA yA asAtA kA anubhava karAte haiN| ise hama vedanA kA AdhAra lekara eka samatulyatA kA siddhAMta kaha sakate haiM, ThIka vaisA hI jo AinsTAina ne gurutvAkarSaNa nimitta (gravitational field) ko gaNitIya rUpa dene meM jar3a mAnA (inert mass) aura gurUtvAkarSaNIya mAtrA (gravitational mass) meM samatulyatA siddhAnta (principle of quivalence) kA AdhAra batAyA thaa| yahI nizcalatA vizva meM vyApaka sApekSatA siddhAnta (principle of eral relativity) ke nAma se vikhyAta huI tathA tIna sUkSma prayogoM dvArA paripuSTa kI gyii| isake prAyaH dasa varSa pUrva prakAzita AinsTAina ke sApekSatA ke viziSTa siddhAnta (special theory of relativity) meM nyAyasaMgata pAye gaye ve prakAza kI gati se nizcalatA lekara jo nimitta-niyama (field-laws) nyAya saMgata pAye gaye ve lAreja | (Lorentz transformations) ke grupa (samUha) ko samAdhAnita karate the| ise saralatama abhivyakti dene ke lie minkoskI ne AkAza-kAla (space-time) ko eka aisA sApekSa svarUpa diyA jisameM vekTara (sadiza) tathA Tensara kI bhASA meM vidyuccumbakIya nimitta vastuoM ko abhivyakta kiyA jAne lgaa| isI meM se E=mc2 sUtra nikAlA gayA jisake AdhAra para pudgaloM kI apAra zakti ko prApta kiyA jAne lgaa| sApekSatA ke vyApaka siddhAnta meM rUpAntaraNoM kA grupa (samUha) eka vyApaka rUpa meM kiyA gayA jise bindu yA nirdezAMka rUpAntaraNoM (Point or coordinate transformations) kA samUha kahate haiN| nimitta-vastuoM ke gurutvAkarSaNIya niyama isa samUha ke prati sahacara pAye jAnA Avazyaka mAne gaye tathA isake lie upayukta taMtra (frame) rImAna kI AkAza-kAla sambaMdhI jyAmiti (geometry) pAyI gii| isameM bhI vekTara tathA TeMsara kI bhASA ne kucha adhika sAmAnya rUpa liyaa| * saciva, gulAbarAnI karma sAinsa myujiyama, sarAphA, jabalapura (m.pr.)|
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________________ 438 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha vedanA aba hama karma siddhAnta ke vedanA prasaMga ko lete haiN| agrAyaNIya pUrva kI paMcama vastu, cayana labdhi ke aMtargata bIsa prAbhRtoM meM caturtha prAbhUta kA nAma "karma prakRti" hai| inameM kRti va vedanA Adi caubIsa anuyogadvAra haiN| inameM se kRti va vedanA nAmaka do anuyoga dvAra SaTakhaNDAgama ke "vedanA" nAma se prasiddha isa caturtha khaNDa meM varNita hai| vistAra se dhavalA TIkA pustaka nau, daza, gyAraha aura bAraha meM dRSTavya hai| vedanA se saMbaMdhita anya graMthoM meM dI gayI sAmagrI ke lie jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga-3, pR.-598 Adi dRSTavya haiN| vedanA nikSepa, vedanA naya vibhASaNatA ke pazcAt vedanA nAma vidhAna meM baMdha, udaya va satva svarUpa se jIva meM sthita karma rUpa paudgalika skandhoM meM nayAzrita prayoga prarUpaNA ke lie prastuta anuyogadvAra kI AvazyakatA batalAI gaI hai| isake anusAra naigama aura vyavahAra naya ke Azraya se noAgama-dravya karma vedanA jJAnAvaraNIya Adi ke bheda se ATha prakAra kI kahI gayI hai, kAraNa yaha ki yathAkrama se unake ajJAna, adarzana, sukha-dukha vedanA, mithyAtva va kaSAya, bhavadhAraNa, zarIra racanA, gotra evaM vIryAdi viSayaka vighnasvarUpa ATha prakAra ke kArya (Functions) dekhe jAte haiM jo anubhAvAzrita tathya (empirical facts) haiN| yaha vedanA vidhAna kI prarUpaNA huii| nAma vidhAna kI prarUpaNA meM jJAnAvaraNIya Adi rUpa karmadravya ko hI "vedanA" kahA gayA hai| saMgraha naya kI apekSA sAmAnya se Age karmoM ko eka vedanA rUpa se grahaNa karane para samatulyatA kA mUla siddhAnta (principle of equivalence) samAviSTa ho jAtA hai| RjusUtra naya kI apekSA jJAnAvaraNIya vedanA Adi kA niSedha kara eka nAma vedanIya karma ko hI vedanA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai, kyoMki vyavahAra meM (in behaviour) sukha-dukha ke viSaya meM hI vedanA zabda prayukta hotA hai| zabdanaya kI apekSA vedanIya karma dravya ke udaya se utpanna sukha-dukha kA athavA ATha karmoM ke udaya se utpanna jIva pariNAma ko hI vedanA kahA gayA hai kyoMki zabda naya kA viSaya dravya sambhava nahIM hai| ___vedanA rUpa dravya ke sambandha meM utkRSTa, ajaghanyotkRSTa tathA jaghanya Adi padoM kI prarUpaNA vedanA dravya vidhAna hai| isameM pada mImAMsA, svAmitva aura alpabahutva nAmaka anuyogadvAra batalAe jAte haiN| isI prakAra vedanA kSetra, vedanA kAla vidhAnoM meM padamImAMsA, svAmitva aura alpabahutva anuyogadvAroM se varNana milatA hai| aMtataH isI prakAra vedanA bhAva vidhAna kA bhI vivaraNa vistAra se hai| sAmAnyataH tatvArthasUtra meM asAtA evaM sAtA vedanIya ke Asrava nimna rUpa meM dRSTavya haiM du:kha-zoka-tApAkrandana-vadha-paridevanAnyAtma parobhaya sthaanysdvedysy||6.11|| bhUtavratyanukampAdAnasarAgasaMyamAdiyogaH kSAntiH zaucamitti sdvedysy||6.12|| vedanA dravya vidhAna meM padamImAMsA meM ATha karmoM kI dravya vedanA ke viSaya meM utkRSTa, anutkRSTa, jaghanya, ajaghanya, sAdi, anAdi, dhruva, adhruva, oja, yugma, oma, viziSTa aura nooma-noviziSTa- ina 13 padoM dvArA vicAra kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ eka calikA meM yoga ke alpabahutva, aura yoga ke nimitta se Ane vAle karma pradezoM ke bhI alpabahutva
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________________ vedanA kI gaNitIya samatulyatAdi nizcalatAe~ 439 kI prarUpaNA hai| prasaMgAnusAra avibhAgapraticcheda, vargaNA, spardhaka, antara, sthAna, anantaropanidhA, paramparopanidhA, samaya, vRddhi aura alpabahutva prarUpaNA kA vistRta vivecana ina 10 anuyogadvAroM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| kSapita karmAMzika kA lakSaNa bhI dRSTavya hai| isI prakAra kA vivaraNa yathA prAyogya vidhi se kSetra, kAla va bhAva vidhAnoM meM milatA hai| pustaka 11 meM tadanusAra, prathama cUlikA meM cAra anuyogadvAra haiM- sthitibaMdha sthAna, niSeka, AbAdhAkANDaka prarUpaNAeM aura alpbhutv| dvitIya cUlikA meM sthitibandhyavasAya sthAnoM kI prarUpaNA meM 3 anuyogadvAroM dvArA jIva samudAhAra, prakRti samudAhAra aura sthiti samudAhAra nirdiSTa vivecana hai| pustaka 12 meM prathama calikA jo vedanA bhAva se saMbaMdhita hai. guNazreNi nirjarA kA 11 sthAnoM meM vivaraNa diyA gayA hai| isI prakaraNa meM dUsarI cUlikA meM anubhAga bandhAdhyavasAna sthAna kA kathana bAraha anuyogadvAroM dvArA varNita hai- avibhAga praticcheda, sthAna, antara, kANDaka, ojayugma, SaTsthAna, adhastana sthAna, samaya, vRddhi yavamadhya, paryavasAna aura alpabahatva prruupnnaaeN| isI prakaraNa meM tIsarI cUlikA meM jIva samudAhAra kA ATha anuyogadvAroM se vicAra hai- eka sthAna jIva pramANAnugama, nirantara sthAna jIva pramANAnugama, sAntara sthAna jIva pramANAnugama, nAnAjIva pramANAnugama, vRddhi prarUpaNA, yavamadhya prarUpaNA, sparzana prarUpaNA aura alpbhutv| punaH vedanA pratyaya vidhAna, vedanA svAmitva vidhAna, vedanA-vedanA vidhAna, vedanA gati vidhAna, vedanA anantara vidhAna, vedanA sannikarSa vidhAna, vedanA parimANa vidhAna, vedanA bhAgAbhAga vidhAna, vedanA alpabahutva vidhAna- ina zeSa anuyogadvAroM dvArA kula solaha anuyogadvAroM kI prarUpaNA dvArA vedanA khaNDa samApta hotA hai| AinsTAina kA sApekSaNa siddhAnta - eka anubhavavAda kA mArga _ AinsTAina kI parikalpanA meM AkAza (space) aura kAla (time) sApekSa ho jAte haiM aura viziSTa rUpa se kinhIM bhI do kSetrastha yA gamanazIla Adi avasthAgata avalokana kartAoM dvArA kisI bhI ghaTanA (jo kSetra aura kAla ke nirdezakoM dvArA prarUpita hotI hai) kA gaNitIya sambaMdha isa prakAra nirUpita kiyA jAtA hai jo nizcala ho| aisI dUrIka (metric) kA mApadaNDa (jcale) rUpAntaraNoM gata hokara bhI nizcala hI rahA Ave to prakRti kA niyama nyAyasaMgata hotA hai| mAtra gati na hokara, yadi aise avalokana kartAoM meM tvaraNa (acceleration) bhI ho, to yaha nizcalatA kI samasyA kucha aura jaTila ho jAtI hai, tathApi gurutvAkarSaNa ke tvaraNAdi se utpanna sUkSma zakti sambaMdhI aneka sUtra prApta ho jAte haiM jo nyuTana ke nirapekSa AkAza evaM kAla se upalabdha na ho sake the| AinsTAina ne isa samaya taka mAtra sammitIya jyAmitIya vastuoM ko hI upayoga meM lAyA thA tathA vidyuccumbakIya nimitta ko bhI gaNitIya sApekSatA kI paridhi meM lAne ke lie, jahA~ AkarSaNa aura vikarSaNa kA samanvaya bhI karane hetu unhoMne dUrIka (metric) meM sammitIya (symmetric) aura asammitIya (non-symmetric) athavA prati-sammitIya (anti-symmetric) jyAmitIya vastuoM kA upayoga kiyaa| kintu ve kevala eka deza saphala hue aura aneka samasyAeM etadviSayaka chor3a gye| yathA, rUpAntaraNoM
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________________ 440 svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha ke samUha ( group of transformations) kA vistAra, kaNoM ke madhya antarprakriyA, nAbhikIya baloM yA nimittoM (fields ) kA nirdhAraNa Adi / phira bhI AinsTAina ne zrRMkhalAbaddha prakriyA kA upayoga kara aNu kI baMdhIzakti ko vimukta karane kA athavA skandha ko vidhvaMsa ( annihilate) kara eka nayA mArga vaijJAnikoM ke liye khola diyaa| hama isI sambandha meM vedanA dravya ke nAza karane, use niyaMtrita karane, vimukta karane, vedanA bhAvAdi ke pariprekSya meM usakA anusaraNa kreNge| kvAnTama siddhAnta bhI isa mArga kA anusaraNa aMtataH karatA hai| aura koNDo dvArA nirmitta nava siddhAnta meM bhI eka sUcI siddhAnta banAne kI yojanA kavAgacI uccattara parivartana krama vAle AkAzoM (higher order spaces) ke AdhAra para banI tathA phalIbhUta huii| ye tInoM siddhAnta atyaMta jaTila Adhunikatama gaNitoM kA AdhAra dekara banAye gaye aura nita prati naI-naI zodhoM ko protsAhita karate rahe haiM, tAki prakRti ke gUr3hatama rUpa se chipe rahasyoM kA pUrNata: udghATana ho ske| ina tInoM kI vidhiyA~, prArambha se hI bhinna-bhinna haiM aura unameM ApasI tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI vigata zatAbdI se abhI taka calate jA rahe haiM AinsTAina kA darzana, kvAMTama saiddhAntikoM kA darzana tathA koNDo kA darzana vibhinna patha nirdhAraNa karate hue bhI aMtataH usI tatva kI khoja meM lage rahe haiM jisakA AviSkAra jaina karma siddhAnta graMthoM meM atyaMta vilakSaNa DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| karaNa labdhi karaNa labdhi meM jo adhaHkaraNa, apUrvakaraNa evaM anivRttikaraNa kI prakriyAoM meM pariNAma vizuddhi ke aise gaNitIya svarUpa kA vivecana hai jo karmoM ke upazama, kSayopazama, kSayAdi meM kAryakArI ho jAtI hai| yahA~ bhI vizuddhi pariNAma kA artha vahI hai jo AtmA ke aise pariNAma rUpa hai jo sAtA vedanIya karma kA baMdha karate haiN| yaha artha jainendra siddhAnta koza meM vistAra se varNita hai| eka ora baMdha kA kArya aura dUsarI ora baMdhamukti kA kArya-yaha viDamvanA rUpa isa utkRSTa vizuddhi kA camatkAra atyanta rahasyapUrNa pratIta hotA hai| isa bhAratIya paramparAgata vijJAna kA Adhunika bhautika, rAsAyanika, jIvAdi vijJAnoM ke sImAMta (frontier) jJAna meM kyA yogadAna ho sakatA hai, athavA usakI gaharI bhAvanAoM taka pahuMca pAnA Adhunikatama vijJAna kI zodhoM kA pArasparika avadAna ho sakatA hai| yahAM zrutasaMvarddhana ke naye prayAsoM kA prArambha ho sakatA hai| sabhI siddhAntoM meM nizcalatA (invariance) kA AdhAra liyA gayA hai, rUpAntaraNoM ke samUha ke prati athavA sahacalatA (covariance) kA AdhAra lekara nyAya saMgati nimitta vidhAnoM meM lAI gayI hai| vAdoM kI tulanA AinsTAina ke gaNitIya parikalpita AkAza, kAla aura pudgala kI sApekSatApUrNa gaNitIya saMracanA kuTila (curved) rUpa dhAraNa karatI hai jisameM se yadi pudgala nikAla diyA jAye to gaNitIya saMracanA sarala (flat) rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai| AinsTAina kA mArga sApekSatA dhAraNa kiye hue bhI nizcayAtmaka ( deterministic ) mAnA jAtA hai, jabaki kvAMTama saiddhAntikoM kA mArga saMbhAvanApUrNa (probablistic) mAnA jAtA hai|
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________________ vedanA kI gaNitIya samatulyatAdi nizcalatAe~ AinsTAina kA mArga anubhavavAda para AdhArita hai jabaki kvAMTama saiddhAntikoM kA mArga prayogavAda para AdhArita hai jise AinsTAina apUrNa praNAlI rUpa mAnate haiN| AinsTAina kA mArga vizva saMracanA ke vRhadrUpa ko kholatA hai jabaki kvAMTama saiddhAntikoM kA mArga kaNa vijJAna ke rahasyoM ko kholatA hai| koNDo kA mArga AinsTAina aura kvAMTama saiddhAntikoM se Age jAkara jIva vijJAna ko bhI apane siddhAnta meM samanvita kara detA hai| ataH koNDo ke mArga kA anusaraNa karane para bhautika, rAsAyanika evaM jIva vijJAnAdi kA eka sUcI siddhAnta taka pahuMcA jA sakatA hai aura karma siddhAnta meM use samanvita karanA lAbhadAyaka siddha ho sakatA hai| isameM bhI rUpAntaraNoM ke samUhoM ke prati nimitta niyamoM meM nizcalatA nikAlI jAtI hai, jahA~ jyAmiti gaNita atyaMta jaTila rUpa dhAraNa kara letI hai| jaise karmavRkSa dvArA aneka nirUpaNa karma prakRti sambaMdhI dikhAye jAte haiM, usI prakAra koNDo ne aisI hI racanA kA AdhAra kavAgucIvRkSa banAkara darzAyI hai| koNDo kA siddhAnta anubhavavAda evaM prayogavAda, donoM ke mile-jule vAda rUpa hai jahA~ nizcalatA kA prAkaTya jaramilo ke pratibandhoM para AdhArita hai aura jisakA mukhauTA (frame ) kavAgucI kI uccattara (parivartana krama) ke AkAza kI jyAmiti hai / AinsTAina ne arImAnIya jyAmiti kA mukhauTA aMtataH liyA aura kvAMTama saiddhAntikoM ne hilbarTa spesa kA mukhauTA lekara zodha kiyaa| 441 nayA anuSThAna san 1929 meM vAila (Weyl) ne AinsTAina ke ekasUtrI siddhAnta meM gurutvAkarSaNa evaM vidyuccumbakIya nimittoM ko saMyukta karane hetu eka aisA mApadaNDa yA gaija (gauge ) nirdhArita kiyA jo kucha varSoM bAda meTrika skela ko gaija yA phez2a ( gauge or phase) kI ora le gyaa| isakA AdhAra lekara kvAMTama phIlDa siddhAnta (Quantum field theory) nirmANa kiyA gayA jo AinsTAina ke siddhAnta kA anugamana thaa| pheja yA gaija ko bhAva kaha sakate haiM tathA meTrika ko dravya rUpa mAna sakate haiN| jahA~ dravya meM mAtrA rUpa samAntara zreNi meM vRddhi hAni letA hai vahAM bhAva meM vRddhi hAni guNottara rUpa pAI jAtI hai| aise kvAMTama nimitta siddhAnta meM tIna nimitta vidyuccumbakIya, nAbhikIya (prabala evaM nirvala) ko eka sUtrIkRta kara andussalAma, vAinavarga aura glezo ne nobela puraskAra prApta kiyA thaa| yahA~ do prakAra kA bhAva hotA hai, vaizvIkRta evaM sthAnIya ( global and local ) isa siddhAnta kA phAibara baMDila jyAmiti (fibre bundle geometry) hotA hai| vedanA gaNita vedanA kArya prakRti, anya prakRtiyoM kI bhAMti hI eka aise karma AkAza (Karma-space or functional space) kA mukhauTA grahaNa karatI hai jisakA vizeSa vivaraNa viTo volTerA (Veto-Volterra ) ke karma (functional or action) siddhAMta para AdhArita pratIta huA hai| eka hI avibhAgI samaya jaba maMdatama aura tIvratama gati se hone vAle paramANu visthApana dvArA kAla aura kSetra meM eka navIna prakAra kI sApekSatA prakaTa karatA hai to karma-AkAza (functional space) kI jyAmiti ke mukhauTe ko grahaNa karatA hai| karma zabda ke lie phaMkzanala zabda to kRti ke liye phaMkzana (function)
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________________ 442 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha zabda upayukta pratIta hote haiN| jaise y=sin x meM sine function kA kA grApha banatA hai aura y= F[Xb,t] eka phaMkzalana F kA citraNa karatA hai| rUpAntaraNa karane vAlI kriyAoM kA karaNoM meM jo eka samUha yA grupa banatA hai vaha gaNitIya paribhASA se nibaddha hotA hai aura use samAdhAnita karane vAle prAkRtika niyamoM meM kisI na kisI prakAra kI nizcalatA dekhI jAtI hai, jo kisI na kisI prakAra kI sammitIyatA (symmetry) liye hue rahatI hai| aneka prakAra kI kRtiyoM meM tathA karmoM meM yaha alaga-alaga prakAra kI sammitIyatA pAI jAtI hai| prati-sammitIyatA (antisymmetry) bhI pAI jAtI hai aura donoM milakara asammitIyatA (non-symmetry) lakSaNa ko prakaTa karate haiN| isI kA AdhAra uparyukta siddhAnta vAdoM meM kiyA gayA hai| siddhAnta graMthoM meM isa lakSaNa dvArA zodha kiyA jAtA hai| vedanA kA vizuddhi aura saMkleza se sambandha __ zubha aura azubha rUpa do bIthiyoM ke bIca eka atyaMta sakarI galI hai jo yA to vizuddhi rUpa hotI hai yA saMkleza ruup| hama saMkleza pariNAmoM meM cala rahe haiM yA vizuddhi rUpa pariNAmoM meM, pahicAnanA kaThina hotA hai| dayA yA krUratA meM cala rahe haiM yaha bhI bodha honA kaThina hai| vizuddhi, rUpa pariNAma ciMtAmaNi ratna ke samAna hai, ataeva bodha aisA ho ki vizuddhi kA kinArA pakar3A de| asAtA ke bandha yogya pariNAma ko saMkleza kahate haiM aura sAtA ke bandha yogya pariNAma ko vizuddhi kahate haiM (dhavala pustaka 6/1-9-7, 2/180/6) / krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha rUpa pariNAma-vizeSa ko saMkleza kahate haiN| (kaSAya prA. 4/3-22/30/15/13) / jIva ke jo pariNAma bAMdhe gaye anubhAga satkarma ke ghAta ke kAraNa haiM, unheM vizuddhisthAna kahate haiM (ka. paa./5/4-22/619/380/7)| sAtA, sthira, zubha, subhaga, susvara aura Adeya Adika parivartamAna zubha prakRtiyoM ke bandha ke kAraNabhUta kaSAya sthAnoM ko vizuddhisthAna kahate haiM, aura asAtA, asthira, azubha, durbhaga, (dusvara) aura anAdeya Adika parivartamAna azubha prakRtiyoM ke bandha ke kAraNabhUta kaSAyoM ke udayasthAnoM | sthAna kahate haiN| (dhavala. 11/4.2.6.51/208/2) / dhavalAkAra yaha bhI kahate haiM ki varddhamAna va hIyamAna sthiti ko saMkleza va vizuddhi kahanA ThIka nahIM hai| varddhamAna va hIyamAna kaSAya ko bhI saMkleza vizaddhi kahanA ThIka nahIM hai| (jai. si. ko. khaMDa-3. pR.-576)| ___bhAva vijJAna ke tRtIya aMka meM karaNa labdhi meM vizuddhi rUpa pariNAmoM meM uttarottara vRddhi kA gaNita svarUpa "Cybernetics in Jaina Karma Theory" pR.-23-30 meM pratibodhita kiyA gayA hai| adha:pravRttakaraNa, apUrvakaraNa tathA anivRttikaraNa kI aham bhUmikAeM yahAM pratyakSa rUpa sAmane lAne ke lie vibhinna kI vizuddhiyoM kI pahicAna Avazyaka hotI hai jo gaNitIya rUpa meM aMka vA artha saMdRSTi Adi rUpa se darzAyI jAtI hai| paMca labdhiyoM meM se prathama cAra labdhiyAM to bhavya vA abhavya jIva donoM ke vizuddhi uttarottara krama meM bar3hatI pAI jAtI haiM, kintu karaNa labdhi kA puruSArtha kevala bhavya jIva hI kara sakate haiN| karma kA udaya to karma kI pariNati hai aura kaSAya vikalpa jIva kI
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________________ vedanA kI gaNitIya samatulyatAdi nizcalatAe~ 443 pariNati hai, kintu pArasparika nimitta-naimittika yoga vyavasthA meM jaise karmAnubhAga kA udaya hotA hai vaisA pratiphalana jIva ke upayoga AzrayabhUta hokara AkulatAdi meM prakaTa hotA hai| ata: karaNa labdhi kI vizuddhiyAM jo na kevala sAtA vedanIya karma ke baMdha meM nimitta hotI haiM varan nimnalikhita rUpa meM karaNoM ke aMtima samaya meM usa kArya karane meM sakSama bhI siddha hotI haiN| yathA- kSAyika samyaktva ke liye 3 karaNa, anantAnubaMdhI kaSAya ke visaMyojana ke lie 3 karaNa, cAritramoha ke upazama ke lie 3 karaNa, cAritra moha ke kSaya ke lie 3 karaNa, kSAyopazamika samyaktva ke liye Adi ke 2 karaNa, dezacAritra ke liye Adi ke 2 karaNa, sakala cAritra ke liye Adi ke 2 krnn| upasaMhAra karaNa arthAt pariNAma, vibhinna prakAra kI vizuddhi kI uttarottara vibhinna prakAra kI vRddhi lie, vibhinna kAla lete hue, grupa oNparezana karate hue vibhinna-vibhinna rUpAntaraNoM ko karma prakRtiyoM meM prakaTa karate hue pahicAna liye jAte haiN| unameM alaga-alaga prakAra kI nizcalatA hotI hai jo vizuddhi ke uttarottara parivartana kI dara ke dvArA pahicAnI jAtI hai| jaba vizuddhi ke uttarottara parivartana kI dara meM punaH kisI naI dara se parivartana hotA hai vahA~ navIna prakAra kI zakti lie pariNAma prakaTa hote haiM jo naye prakAra kI nizcalatA kA AdhAra banate haiN| jaise nyuTana ke dUsare niyama meM visthApana meM parivartana kI dara se vega jJAta hotA hai usI prakAra vega ke parivartana kI naI dara aise tvaraNa ko batalAtI hai jisameM usameM parivartana lAne vAlI zakti kI pahicAna ho jAtI hai| yahI hAla jIva ke pariNAmoM kI uttarottara vizuddhi rUpa pariNAmoM kI zakti kA prakaTa hotA hai jo adhaHpravRttakaraNa, apUrvakaraNa aura anivRtti karaNa kI vibhinna prakAra kI nizcalatA vA vRddhi rUpa zakti liye hue karma prakRti pariNamana meM dRSTigata ho jAtI haiN| SaT sthAnoM meM hone vAlI hAni-vRddhi bhI isa rahasya kA udaghATana karatI hai| isI prakAra sAtAvedanA karma ke baMdha meM (jo vizuddhi rUpa meM vibhinna nizcalatAeM lie pariNAmoM ke hoMge) usI anupAta meM saMbaMdhita dRSTigata hone kI saMbhAvanA vyakta karate pratIta hote haiN| isI AdhAra ko lekara jIva ke vikAsa rUpa athavA anyathA dazAoM kA gaNitIya zodhAdhyayana apekSita hai jo kAjuo koNDo dvArA sUcanA taMtra ke yA anyataMtra ke monADsa (Monads) Adi avadhAraNaoM para AdhArita hokara kavAgucI jyAmiti vAle vRkSa ke rUpa meM jIva yA pudgaloM meM rUpAntaraNa rUpa vikAsa yA anyathA dazAoM kA digdarzana karate haiN|
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________________ sUryaprajJapti meM varNita jainajyotiSa DaoN. jayakumAra upAdhye* prAkRta Agama sAhitya kA paricaya pratyeka dharma paramparA meM dharmagranthoM kA vizeSa mahatva hai| hinduoM ke lie veda, bauddhoM ke lie tripiTaka, pArasiyoM ke lie avestA, IsAiyoM ke lie bAIbila aura musalamAnoM ke lie kurAna kA jo mahatva hai vahI mahatva jainoM ke lie Agama sAhitya kA hai| Agama apauruSeya nahIM hai, balki mahAvIra svAmI kA sAkSAt upadeza hai jisakA saMkalana gaNadharoM dvArA kiyA gayA hai| bhASAzAstra kI dRSTi se bhI Agama-vijJAna kA akSaya bhaNDAra hai| akSara deha se vaha jitanA vizAla aura virATa hai usase bhI kahIM adhika usakA sUkSma evaM gaMbhIra ciMtana vizada va mahAna hai| Agama-sAhitya meM jaina zramaNoM, AcAra-vicAra, vrata-saMyama, tapa-tyAga, gamanAgamana, roga-cikitsA, vidyA-maMtra, upasarga-durbhikSa tathA upavAsa-prAyazcitta Adi kA varNana karanevAlI aneka paramparAoM, janazrutiyoM, loka-kathAoM aura dharmopadeza kA paddhatiyoM kA varNana hai| vAstuzAstra, jyotiSavidyA, bhUgola-khagola, saMgIta, nATya, vividha kalAe~, prANivijJAna, vanaspativijJAna Adi anekAneka viSayoM kA yahA~ vivecana kiyA gayA hai| ina saba viSayoM ke adhyayana se tatkAlIna sAmAjika, dhArmika aura rAjanItika paristhitiyoM para mahatvapUrNa prakAza par3atA hai jisase hamAre prAcIna sAMskRtika itihAsa kI aneka truTita zrRMkhalAe~ jor3I jA sakatI haiN| paramparAoM se prApta jyotiSa grantha jaina sAhitya vibhinna bhAratIya bhASAoM meM upalabdha hai, kintu isa sAhitya kI prAraMbhika evaM AdhArabhUta bhASA prAkRtabhASA hai| prAkRta-sAhitya meM siddhAnta aura darzana kA jitanA vivecana hai utanA hI laukika aura jIva vijJAna se saMbaMdhita viSaya bhI pratipAdita huA hai| trivikrama ne bhI apane prAkRta zabdAnuzAsana meM dezya bhASAoM kI bhA~ti ArSaprAkRta kI svataMtra utpatti mAnate hue usake lie vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM kI AvazyakatA nahIM btaaii| tAtparya yaha hai ki ArSa bhASA kA AdhAra saMskRta na hone se vaha apane svataMtra niyamoM kA pAlana karatI hai| ise prAcIna prAkRta bhI kahA hai| sAdhAraNatayA magadha ke Adhe hisse meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASA ko ardhamAgadhI kahA gayA hai| abhayadevasUri ke anusAra, isa bhASA meM kucha lakSaNa mAgadhI ke aura kucha prAkRta * vyAkhyAtA, prAkRtabhASA vibhAga, zrI lAla bahAdura zAstrI rASTrIya saMskRta vidyApITha, naI dillii|
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________________ sUryaprajJapti meM varNita jainajyotiSa 445 ke pAye jAte haiM, ata: ise ardhamAgadhI kahA hai| isase mAgadhI aura ardhamAgadhI bhASAoM kI nikaTatA para prakAza par3atA hai| mArkaNDeya ne zaurasenI ke samIpa hone se mAgadhI ko hI ardhamAgadhI batAyA hai| matabala yaha ki pazcima meM zaurasenI aura pUrva meM mAgadhI ke bIca ke kSetra meM bolI jAne ke kAraNa yaha bhASA ardhamAgadhI kahI jAtI thii| mAgadhI kA zuddha rUpa isameM nahIM thaa| kramadIzvara ne apane saMkSiptasAra meM ise mahArASTrI aura mAgadhI kA mizraNa batAyA hai| prAkRta bhASA ke mUla do bheda haiM - kathya sAhitya, nibaddha saahity| kathyabhASA, jo ki janabolI ke rUpa meM prAcIna samaya meM vartamAna thI, jisakA sAhitya nahIM milatA hai, kintu usake rUpoM kI jhalaka chAndas sAhitya meM mila jAtI hai, vaha prathama starIya prAkRta hai| dvitIya starIya prAkRta bhASA ko tIna yugoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| prathama yuga', 'madhya yuga' evaM 'arvAcIna yuga' yA 'apabhraMza yug'| prathama yugIna prAkRtoM meM (1) zilAlekhI prAkRta, (2) prAkRta dhammapada kI prAkRta, (3) ArSa-pAli, (4) prAcIna jaina sUtroM kI prAkRta aura (5) azvaghoSa ke nATakoM kI praakRt| isa yuga kI samaya sImA I. pU. 6vIM zatI se IsvI ke dvitIya zatAbdI taka hai| bauddha jAtakoM kI bhASA bhI isI yuga ke antargata mAnI jA sakatI hai| digambara jaina paramparA yaha mAnatI hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM ko jo 12 aMga granthoM ke rUpa meM saMkalita kiyA gayA thA usameM se kevala 12vA~ aMga dRSTivAda Agama surakSita rahA aura zeSa 11 aMga grantha vicchinna ho ge| upalabdha dRSTivAda Agama ke AdhAra para prAcIna AcAryoM ne vibhinna dArzanika grantha likhe jinameM tIrthakaroM kI vANI surakSita hai| 'kaSAyapAhuDa', SaTkhaMDAgama, AcArya kundakunda ke grantha, tiloyapaNNatti, mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi prAkRta grantha jaina Agama paramparA ke hI grantha mAne jAte haiN| aisI mAnyatA hai ki jyotiSa zAstra kA sarvaprathama varNana dRSTivAda aMga grantha meM huA thaa| usI ke AdhAra para prAcIna Agama granthoM, sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti, jaMbUdvIpaprajJapti, trilokaprajJapti, trilokasAra, dhavalA Adi granthoM meM jyotiSa viSayaka sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai| zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra bhagavAna mahAvIra kI vANI 12 aMga granthoM meM surakSita huI thI kintu usameM se dRSTivAda nAmaka 12vA~ aMga graMtha lupta ho cukA hai aura zeSa 11 aMga grantha tathA unapara likhA gayA vyAkhyA sAhitya jaina AgamoM ke rUpoM meM Aja upalabdha jaina Agama paramparA ke sthAnAMgasUtra, samavAyAMgasUtra, praznavyAkaraNasUtra, bhagavatIsUtra, uttarAdhyayanasUtra, Adi granthoM meM bhI jyotiSa ke vibhinna aMgoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai| ina Agamika granthoM ke atirikta prAkRta granthoM kI paramparA meM jyotiSakaraMDaka, aMgavijjA, gaNivijjA, joisasAra, laggasuddhi, vivAhapaDala, karalakkhaNa, loka-vijaya yaMtra, riTThasamuccaya, joIsahIra Adi prAkRta granthoM meM jyotiSa zAstra kA vizleSaNa huA hai|
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________________ 446 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha sUryaprajJapti grantha kA pratipAdya viSaya sUryaprajJapti evaM candraprajJapti meM kramazaH 6The tathA 7veM upAMga haiN| kaI granthoM meM sUryaprajJapti ko pA~cavA~ tathA candraprajJapti ko sAtavA~ upAMga likhA hai| sUryaprajJapti meM sUrya Adi jyotiSka cakra kA varNana hai| isameM eka adhyayana 20 prAbhRta, upalabdha mUlapATha 2200 zloka parimANa hai| gadyasUtra 108 tathA padyagAthA 103 haiN| isI prakAra candraprajJapti meM bhI hai| candraprajJapti meM candra Adi jyotiSka cakra kA varNana hai| sUryaprajJapti prAcIna upAMga grantha hai| isakA ullekha zvetAmbara, digambara tathA sthAnakavAsI tInoM paramparAoM meM prApta hai| sUryaprajJapti ke 20 prAbhRtoM meM khagolazAstra kI jitanI sUkSma vicAraNAe~ prastuta huI haiM, utanI anyatra kahIM eka sAtha prastuta nahIM huI haiN| isakA upakrama mithilA nagarI meM jitazatru ke rAjya meM nagara se bAhara maNibhadra caitya meM varddhamAna mahAvIra ke padhArane para dharmopadeza ke pazcAt gaNadhara gautama kI jijJAsA ke samAdhAna hetu huA hai| isameM "maNDalagatisaMkhyA, sUrya kA tiryak paribhramaNa, prakAzya kSetra parimANa, prakAza saMsthAna, lezyA pratighAta, ojaH saMsthiti, sUryAvaraka udayasaMsthiti, pauruSI chAyApramANa, yogasvarUpa, saMvatsaroM ke Adi aura anta, saMvatsara ke bheda, candra kI vRddhi apavRddhi, jyotsnApramANa, zIghragati nirNaya, jyotsnA lakSaNa, cyavana aura upapAta, candra sUrya Adi kI U~cAI, unakA parimANa evaM candrAdi ke anubhava Adi" viSayoM kI vistRta carcA hai| ataH yaha grantha khagolazAstra ke cintakoM ke lie paryApta upayogI tathya upasthApita karatA hai| sabhI jyotiSka deva pA~ca yUthoM meM vibhAjita hote haiM aura ve sUrya, candra, graha, nakSatra aura tArAoM kA pratinidhitva karate haiN| kevala manuSya sRSTi ke lie hI ye satat gatizIla haiM aisA pratIta hotA hai. yahA~ sarya-candra kI bahalatA ke sambandha meM spaSTIkaraNa jaina siddhAnta kI lAkSaNikatA ke liye Avazyaka hai| mukhyataH jambUdvIpa (madhyaloka) meM do sUrya, do candroM kA honA mAnA jAtA hai| samaya vibhAjana ina jyotirmaya devoM kI gati se hI nirdhArita hotA hai| jambUdvIpa aura usake bAda vAle asaMkhya dvIpa samudroM meM sUrya-candra hara samaya prakAza phailA rahe haiN| yathA(1) jambUdvIpa meM 2 sUrya 2 candra (2) lavaNasamudra meM 4 sUrya 4 candra (3) dhAtakIkhaNDa meM 12 sUrya 12 candra (4) kAlodadhisamudra meM 42 sUrya 42 candra (5) ardha puSkaradvIpa meM 72 sUrya 72 candra 132 candra Age madhyaloka ke asaMkhyAta dvIpasamudroM ke sUrya-candra paraspara dviguNita saMkhyA meM upasthita haiN| DhAI dvIpa ke bAhara saura maNDala avasthita haiN| arthAta sarya-candra au Adi kA bhramaNa nahIM hotA hai| mAtra manuSya loka meM jyotiSka yUtha satat gatizIla haiN| mAno
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________________ sUryaprajJapti meM varNita jainajyotiSa 447 manuSyoM ko prakAza dete hue sandeza de rahe haiM ki saMsAra bhramaNa se mukti pAne kA yahI nizcita sthAna hai| tIna loka ke anya kisI bhI sthAna se mokSa prApta nahIM hotA hai| adholoka meM jyotirmaNDala nahIM hai| parantu, sAta narakoM ke jo paTala haiM ve prakAza se sambaMdhita haiN| 'ratnazarkarA vAlukA' aadi| sAta paTaloM ke nAma krama se prakAza se cyuta hokara andhakAra kI ora jA rahe haiN| jambUdvIpa ke madhya meM sumeru parvata virAjamAna hai| parvata kI samatalabhUmi se Upara 790 yojanA para tArA maNDala hai| vahA~ se 110 yojana U~cAI taka mAtra tiryag loka vyApta haiN| jyortiloka ko tiryagloka isalie kahA ki sAre graha nakSatra sumeru parvata kI pradakSiNA kara rahe haiN| vRttAkAra meM ghUmate samaya grahoM ke pITha sudarzana meru ke tarapha honA cAhie thaa| parantu aisA huA nahIM yaha eka vicAraNIya bindu hai| tArAmaMDala se 10 yojana Upara sUrya, vahA~ se 80 yojana candramA, vahA~ se 4 yojana nakSatra, se 4 yojana budha, se 3 yojana zukra, se 3 yojana guru, se 3 yojana maMgala, se 3 yojana zani uttarottara U~cAI para bhramaNazIla haiN| sumeru parvata se 1121 yojana dUrI para 'bhramaNavIthI' hai| sUrya 184 maNDaloM meM bhramaNa karatA hai| jambUdvIpa meM do sUrya aura do candramA satat bhramaNa kara rahe haiN| prathama sUrya sumeru kI AgneyadizA se tathA dvitIya sUrya vAyavya dizA se bhramaNa prArambha karatA hai| prathama candra IzAna dizA se tathA dvitIya candra naiRtya dizA se bhramaNa prArambha karatA hai| donoM sarya ke bIca bhramaNa karate samaya 5 yojana 35/61 bhAga antara hotA hai| 184 maMDala ke 183 antara hote haiN| 1 maMDala kA dUsare maNDala taka 2 yojana 48/61 bhAga kA antara hotA hai| jambUdvIpa kSetra eka lAkha yojana ke viSakambha vAlA hai| pratyeka sUrya 180 yojana avagAhana karake saMcAra karatA hai| 'sUryaprajJapti' grantha meM 88 mahAgrahoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| jinake nAma bhI aMkita haiM- iMgAlae, viyAlae, lohiakkhe ityaadi| granthakAra ne pA~ca saMvatsara kA eka yuga mAnA hai- 'tA' paMca saMvaccharie NaM juge'| 12veM prAbhUta meM pA~ca prakAra ke saMvatsara kA ullekha kiyA hai| (1) nakSatra saMvatsara, (2) candra saMvatsara, (3) Rtu saMvatsara, (4) Aditya saMvatsara tathA (5) abhivardhita sNvtsr| chaH RtuoM kA pramANa, chaH kSaya tithiyA~, chaH adhika tithiyA~, eka yuga meM sUrya aura candra kI AvRttiyA~ aura usa sasamaya nakSatroM kA yoga aura yogakAla Adi kA varNana hai| 'sAvaNa bahula paDivae bAlabakaraNe abhiiinkkhtte| savvattha paDhama samaye yugassAAI viyaannhi|| -(jyotiSakaraNDaka) tulanA 'sAvaNa bAhula pADiva ruddamuhutte suhodaye rvinno| abhijissa paDhamajoe jugassa AdIimassa puddh|| -(tiloyapaNNattI) jaina Agama ke anusAra navIna varSa kA prArambha zrAvaNa kRSNa pratipadA kA hotA hai| isa dina bhagavAna mahAvIra kI prathama divyadhvani khirI thii| yuga kA Arambha zrAvaNa mAsa kRSNa pakSa pratipadA tithi abhijit nakSatra, bAlava karaNa, raudra
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________________ 448 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha -kalaM + 6 mUla pUrNimA aura amAvasyA kA candra yoga kA adhikAra paurNimA amAvasyA kulanakSatra upakula kulopakula nakSatra nakSatra zrAvaNI mAghI dhaniSThA zravaNa abhijit bhAdrapadI phAlgunI u. bhAdrapada pU. bhAdrapada zatabhiSA azvinI caitrI azvinI revatI kArtikI vaizAkhI kRttikA bharaNI mArgazIrSI jeSThI rohiNI pauSI ASAr3hI puSya punarvasu ArdrA 7. mAdhI zrAvaNI maghA AzleSA 8. phAlgunI bhAdrapadI u. phAlgunI pU. phAlgunI 9. caitrI azvinI citrA hasta 10. vaizAkhI kArtikI vizAkhA svAti 11. jyeSThI mArgazIrSI jyeSThA anurAdhA 12. ASAr3hI pauSI u. SADhA pU.SADhA pUrNimA aura amAvasyA kA candra yoga kA adhikAra candramA jisa nakSatra ke sAtha saMyoga karegA vaha mAsa kA nAma hogA- jaise citrA nakSatra para candramA pUrNa kalAoM se yukta hotA hai| vaha 'caitra mAsa kahalAtA hai| yaha eka maulika siddhAnta yahA~ taka pratipAdita hai jo Aja taka anya jyotiSa granthoM meM ullekha prApta nahIM hotA hai| zrAvaNa mAha meM candramA zravaNa nakSatra meM pUrNa kalAoM se yukta hotA hai tathA mAgha mAsa kA amAvasyA sahI chaH mahIne bAda maghA nakSatra para candramA rahate hue andhakAra kI rAtri hotI hai| isI taraha pratyeka paurNimA ke nakSatra mAsa ko sahI chaH mahIne bAda Ane vAlA nakSatra mAsa amAvasyA kA hogA 'duvAlasa puNNimAsu amAvAsAsu ya caMdeNa-NakkhattasaMjogo' kula 28 nakSatroM kA ullekha hai, jo abhijit nakSatra se prArambha hokara zravaNa Adi uttarASADhA paryanta nakSatra saMsthAna nirdhArita karake vizvajyotirvijJAna ko eka naye maulika cintana kA srota pratiSThApita kiyA hai| sUrya ke oja sthAna prakAza paridhi kA nirNaya karate hue samaya, muhUrta, rAtri, divasa, pakSa, mAsa, Rtu, ayana, saMvatsara, yuga, varSazata, varSasahasra, varSazatasahasra, pUrva, pUrvazata Adi utsarpiNI avasarpiNI taka 25 bhedoM vAlA kAlacakra kI pratipattiyoM kA ullekha hai| kaal| pramANa - (dhavalA, 3/34) (1) samaya-eka paramANu ke eka pradeza se dUsare pradeza para maMdagati se jAne kA kaal| (2) asaMkhyAta samaya __ 1 AvalI (3) 4 saMkhyAta AvalI 1 ucchvAsa, prANa 1 (4) 7 ucchvAsa 1 stoka 5 1/4 sekaNDa (5) 7 stoka 1 lava 37 1/2 sekaNDa
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________________ (6) (7) (8) (9) 37 1/2 lAva 2 nAlI 30 muhUrta 15 ahorAtra sUryaprajJapti meM varNita jainajyotiSa : : 1 nAlI (ghaTI) 1 muhUrta, 48 minaTa, bhinna muhUrta, aMtarmuhUrtta 1 ahorAtra 24 ghaMTe 1 pakSa sUryaprajJaptikAra ne saptAha kI paripATI ko svIkRta nahIM kiyA hai tathA 15 dina kA pakSa nirdhArita kiyA hai| inake dina rAtri bheda se dina ke 15 svataMtra nAma aura rAtri ke 15 svataMtra nAma ullikhita kiye haiN| somavAra, maMgalavAra Adi vAroM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| 30 muhUtoM ke raudra, zveta Adi nAmoM se 30 nAma aMkita kiye haiN| 30 muhUrtta kA 1 ahorAtra hotA hai jisameM 15 dina ke tathA 15 rAtri ke muhUrta kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| tithi ke viSaya meM dina ke aura rAtri kI tithi ke nAma aMkita kiye haiN| unakI saMjJAyeM (1) NaMde, (2) bhadde, (3) jae, (4) tucche tathA (5) puNNe haiN| ye krama se 1 se 5, 6 se 10, 11 se 15 dina kI tithiyA~ vahI saMjJAyeM eka pakSa meM prayukta hotI haiN| 1 saMvatsara ke 12 mAsa nirdhArita kiye haiN| unake do bheda kiye haiM- (1) laukika mAsa-zrAvaNa se prAraMbha hokara ASAr3ha ko samApta hotA hai| (2) lokottara mAsa ke nAma 12 haiN| ve abhinandana se prArambha hokara 'vanavirohI' saMjJA taka sUcita haiN| upasaMhAra 449 sUryaprajJapti aura candraprajJapti bhUgola va khagola kA mahatvapUrNa koSa hai| DaoN. vinTaranitsa ne sUryaprajJapti, candraprajJapti ko unameM ullikhita gaNita aura jyotiSa vijJAna ko mahatvapUrNa mAnA hai| DaoN. zubriMga ne jarmanI kI hemaeNvarga yUnivarsiTI meM apane bhASaNa meM kahA ki 'jaina vicArakoM ne jina tarkasammata evaM susaMmata siddhAntoM ko prastuta kiyA ve Adhunika vijJAnavettAoM kI dRSTi se bhI amUlya evaM mahatvapUrNa haiN| vizva - racanA ke siddhAnta ke sAtha-sAtha usameM uccakoTi kA gaNita evaM jyotiSa vijJAna bhI milatA hai| sUryaprajJapti meM gaNita evaM jyotiSa para gaharAI se vicAra kiyA gayA hai| ataH sUryaprajJapti ke adhyayana ke binA bhAratIya jyotiSa ke itihAsa ko sahI rUpa se nahIM samajhA jA sktaa| vebara ne san 1868 I. 'phreMca DI sUryaprajJapti' nAmaka nibaMdha prakAzita kiyA thaa| DaoN. Ara. zAma zAstrI ne isa upAMga kA 'e brIpha TrAnsalezana oNpha mahAvIrAja sUryaprajJapti' nAmaka saMkSipta anuvAda kiyA hai| isa Agama meM Aye hue do sUrya aura do candra kI mAnyatA kA 'bhAskara' ne apane siddhAnta ziromaNi grantha meM aura brahmagupta ne apane 'sphuTa siddhAnta' meM khaNDana kiyA hai, kintu DaoN. ghibau ne 'janarala oNpha da eziyATika sosAyaTI oNpha baMgAla' meM 'oNna da sUryaprajJapti' nAmaka apane zodhapUrNa lekha meM pratipAdita kiyA ki grIka logoM ke bhAratavarSa meM Agamana ke pUrva ukta siddhAnta sarvamAnya thaa| unhoMne bhAratIya jyotiSa ke ati prAcIna jyotiSya vedAMga graMtha kI mAnyatAoM ke sAtha sUryaprajJapti ke siddhAntoM kI samAnatA batAI hai| mokSamArga meM Agama sarvopari hai| usake hArda ko samajhe binA koI bhI saMsArI prANI samyakdarzana ko prApta nahIM kara sakatA / zrAvaka aura sAdhu kI caryA ke bAre meM samagra paricaya
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________________ 450 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha AgamoM se prApta hotA hai| zrAvaka dharma meM dAna evaM pUjA mukhya hai| muni dharma meM dhyAna evaM adhyayana ye donoM pramukha kArya haiN| isake binA ratnatraya ArAdhanA nahIM ho sktii| binA ratnatraya ke mokSamArga nahIM, isalie manuSya ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka icchAzakti, jJAnazakti evaM kriyAzakti ina tInoM kI sUcanA graha razmiyoM se prApta hotI hai| jaina cintakoM ke anusAra graha razmiyA~ phala sUcaka nimitta mAtra haiN| vyakti apane prabala puruSArtha se grahoM dvArA sUcita phalAdeza meM utkarSa aura saMkramaNa kara jIvana ko maMgalamaya banAtA hai| kalaM graMtha-saMdarbha 1. jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pRSTha 31, DaoN. jagadIza candra jain| prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, pR. 17, DaoN. nemicandra shaastrii| jaina Agama sAhitya manana aura mImAMsA, pR. 264, zrI devendra muni shaastrii| sUrya-prajJapti prastAvanA, pR. 30, DaoN. rudradeva tripaatthii| tatvArthasUtra, umAsvAmI, adhyAya 3, suutr-1| 6. dhavalA graMtha, khaNDa-4 sUryaprajJapti, dazama prAbhRta (18vA~ prAbhRta) sUtra 52/ka/u jyotiSkaraNDaka saMskRta ttiikaa| 9. tiloyapaNNattI, 1/70 10. dazama prAbhRta, saptama prAbhUta, caMdapaNNattI-saMpAdaka-munizrI kanhaiyAlAla kamala, paM. zobhAcaMdA bhaarill| 11. kAla pramANa, dhavalA 3/34 / 12. prAkRta sAhitya meM varNita jyotiSa kA AlocanAtmaka parizIlana, pRSTha 373, zodha-prabaMdha, DaoN. jayakumAra upaadhye|
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________________ Ayurveda aura pataJjali DaoN. gajendra kumAra jaina* maharSi pataJjali ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM kI do dhArAe~ pracalita haiM: (1) maharSi pataJjali hI caraka ke rUpa meM Ayurveda zAstra agnivezataMtra ke prati saMskartA haiM, pataJjali nAma se pANinIya aSTAdhyAyI ke bhASyakAra haiM aura pataJjali ke nAma se hI yogAnuzAsana ke praNetA haiM, aura (2) tInoM zAstroM ke kartA bhinna-bhinna kAloM meM avatarita bhinna-bhinna vyakti haiN| ata: yahA~ para vyaktitva nirNaya ke viSaya meM kucha yuktiyoM ko pradarzita kiyA jA rahA hai1. maharSi caraka kuSANavaMzIya rAjA kaniSka ke rAjavaidya the| 2. kRSNa yajurveda kI caraka zAkhA ke TIkAkAra vaizyampAyana ziSya caraka hI agnivezataMtra ke prati saMskartA the| 3. irAvatI aura candrabhAgA (paMjAba pradeza kI) nadiyoM ke bIca ke sthAna kapisthala grAma meM utpanna hone se inakA vizeSaNa kapiSThala thA aura yaha zabara gotra artha meM prayukta hotA thaa| maharSi pataJjali ke tIna rUpoM meM eka vyaktitva svIkAra karane kI pRSThabhUmi meM aneka granthoM ke vacana upalabdha hai1. AcArya cakrapANi kA caraka saMhitA TIkA ke Arambha kA zloka pataJjali mahAbhASya caraka prtisNskRte| manovAkkAyadoSANAM harkehipataye nmH|| 2. nAgezabhaTTa kA vacana vyAkaraNa maMjUSA meM AyA hai Apto nAmamanubhavena vastutatvasya kAtsyena nizcayavAn rAgAdivazAdapi nAnyathAvAdI ya, sa iti carake ptnyjliH| 3. bhAva prakAza meM varNita krama ke anusAra meM vizuddha nAmaka RSi ke putra aura ananta zeSanAga ke avatAra the| 4. vAkyapadIya grantha ke brahmakANDa meM trikaraNa zuddhi ke prasaMga meM upalabdha zloka kAyavAgbuddhiviSayA ye malAH smupsthitaaH| cikitsAlakSaNAdhyAtmazAstraisteSAM vishuddhyH| 1/147 ke AdhAra para vAkyapadIya TIkAkAra puNyarAja ne arthApatti se isakA artha maharSi pataJjali kI prazaMsA liyA hai| * upAcArya, shaaskii| Ayurveda mahAvidyAlaya, Abhakho, gvaaliyr|
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________________ 452 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 5. yogasUtra para rAjamArtaNDavRtti (11vIM zatAbdI) ne bhI AcArya cakrapANi ke hI abhiprAya ke samAna tInoM zAstroM ke racayitA ke rUpa meM maharSi pataJjali ke eka vyaktitva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| 6. rAmabhadra dIkSita kRta pataJjalicarita kI vandanA yogena cittasya padena vAcAM malaM zarIrasya ca vaidyken| yo'pAkarottaM pravaraM munInAM pataJjaliM praanyjliraanto'smi| 7. mahAbhASya paspazAhnika udyota kA yaha vAkya yogasUtre ptnyjlyukteH| 8. atha yogAnuzAsanam aura artha zabdAnuzAsanaM vAkyoM meM smaantaa| ___isake viparIta tInoM vyaktitvoM ko pRthak-pRthak svIkAra karane vAloM ke apane tarka haiM1. je. eca. buDsa kI yuktiyA~(ka) dravya kA lakSaNa bhinna-bhinna hone se aura vijJAnavAda kA khaNDana hone se yogasUtrakAra kA kAla vasubandhu ke bAda 300-400 I. ThaharatA hai| (kha) nirAlabba sampradAya vijJAnavAdiyoM kA khaNDana yogasUtra 3/14-15 evaM 4/14-21 meM hai| ata: ye vasubandhu se paravartI haiN| (ga) mAgha ke zizapAlavadha meM yogasatra 1/33 kA ullekha hai ataH ye mAgha (7vIM zatI) ke pUrvavartI hai| (gha) sAtavIM zatI ke AsapAsa hI gauDapAda ne sAMkhya kArikA 23 ke bhASya meM yogasUtra 2/30-32 kA aura pataJjali kA ullekha kiyA hai| 2. prophesara jekobI kI yuktiyA~(ka) pataJjali meM yogasUtra 3/17 meM nAmataH ullekha na karane para bhI bhASyakAra pataJjali ke sphoTavAda kA Azraya liyA hai| (kha) yogasUtra meM anta:karaNa kA vibhutva aura paramANu kA ullekha vaizeSika darzana ke prabhAva se hai| (ga) kAla kI sattA ko kAlpanika aura kSaNoM kI sattA ko vAstavika mAnanA sautrAntika bauddhoM kA prabhAva hai| vimarza1. mahAbhASya ke prayoga(ka) puSyamitraM yajAmahe. mitraM yAjayAmaH, puSyamitra sbhaa| (kha) candragupta sbhaa| (ga) aruNad yavanaH saaketm| ina vAkyoM ke AdhAra para spaSTa hai ki mahAbhASya kI racanA puSyamitra ke kAla meM huI jo IsA se tRtIya-dvitIya zatAbdI pUrva siddha hotI hai| yahI tathya (Manander king of Bactria) ke sAketAkramaNa kAla se bhI siddha hotA hai| candragupta maurya kA bhI yahI kAla hai| hotA hai| yahI tathya Mananae
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________________ Ayurveda aura pataJjali 453 2. rAjavaidya caraka kaniSka ke rAjavaidya caraka kA kAla 2sarI zatI hai| 3. caraka saMhitA meM kApya aura kAtyAyana RSiyoM kA nAma AyA hai para pataJjali kA nAma nahIM hai| 4. caraka zAkhA ke RSiyoM meM se kisI RSi dvArA agniveza taMtra kI racanA nahIM kI gayI apita pratisaMskAra kiyA gayA hai| jabaki agniveza kA nAma pANinI ke gaNapATha meM AyA hai aura ye maharSi pANinI se pUrva vidyamAna the| 5. caraka saMhitA kI puSpikAoM meM pataJjali nAma na hokara caraka nAma AyA hai| yadi zeSanAga ke avatAra ke rUpa meM tIna vyaktitvoM ko pRthak-pRthak bhI svIkAra kiyA jAye to rAma aura kRSNa ke vyaktitvoM ke samAna hI pRthak-pRthak astitva sambhava hai| yaha nizcita hai ki caraka saMhitA kI bhASA upaniSad kAlIna hai jabaki yogAnuzAsana ne sUtra zailI kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| caraka saMhitA kI bhASA meM prasAdaguNa hai jabaki bhASya kI bhASA saMkSepaNa kI pravRtti lie hai| yogasUtra meM Izvara ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jabaki caraka saMhitA meM Izvara ke astitva kA khaNDana kiyA gayA hai| caraka saMhitA meM sAMkhya kA svarUpa brahma-pariNAmavAdI hai to yogasUtra dvaitavAdI hone ke sAtha-sAtha traitavAdI hai| yogasUtra meM 26 tatva mAne gaye haiM jabaki caraka saMhitA meM 24 ttv| ina saba tathyoM ke AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki maharSi caraka aura donoM pataJjali vyaktitva ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna the lekina avatAra mUla ke rUpa meM zeSanAga se abhinna the| jahAM taka vyAkaraNa-maMjUSA meM uddhRta Apta kI paribhASA ke bAda kA uddharaNa vacana kA prazna hai, carake pataJjaliH usakA artha carakopari pataJjali karate hue caraka saMhitA kI vyAkhyA para pataJjali vacana mAnA gayA hai| Arya pradIpa meM caraka kI eka pAtaJjala vyAkhyA kA ullekha hai isakA nAma pAtaJjalavArtika thaa| yajurveda kI caraka zAkhA to mahAbhArata kAla se hI prApta hai isa sampradAya ke hI kisI RSi ne yA RSi samUha ne agniveza taMtra kA prati saMskAra kiyaa| yajurveda ke 86 bhedoM meM caraka ke 12 bheda batAye gaye haiM carakAnAma dvAdaza bhedAH yathA kapiSThalA crkaaH| isalie tInoM vyaktitvoM ko bhinna mAnanA hI ucita hai| 'Ayurveda aura pataJjali' kA abhiprAyaH ukta viSayanAma se spaSTa hai ki pAtaJjala yogasUtra, pAtaJjala mahAbhASya evaM Ayurvedika caraka saMhitA ke varNya viSaya meM samAnatA hai athavA nhiiN| sAtha hI varNya viSaya kA abhiprAya yogadarzana kI viSaya-vasta se hai| ataH yogadarzana kI viSaya-vastu ko kendra meM rakhakara kucha tathya prastuta kiye jA rahe haiN| donoM zAstroM meM sAmAnyataH upalabdha tathya nimnalikhita ho sakate haiM: 1. yoga, yogAMga 2. karma 3. karmaphala
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________________ 454 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha karmabandha mokSa kI paribhASA mokSa kA svarUpa mokSamArga mokSa zAstra mana zarIra 11. pAribhASika zabdAvalI 12. anya pratipAdya 1. yoga yoga zabda kI vyApakatA yogasUtra meM jahA~ yoga zabda yuja samAdhau dhAtu se niSpanna hokara prayukta huA hai vahIM caraka saMhitA meM yuja samAdhau divAdigaNIya (A.pa.); yujira yoge rudhiAdigaNI (u. pa.) aura yuj saMyamane curAdigaNIya (pa. pa.) tInoM dhAtuoM se niSpanna 'yoga' zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai| samAdhi ke artha meM 'yoga' zabda yogshcittvRttinirodhH| yogasUtra 1/1 meM prayukta 'yoga' zabda kA artha citta kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha abhipreta hai| caraka saMhitA meM isa artha meM aneka sthaloM para yoga zabda kA prayoga huA hai yoge mokSe ca sarvAsAM vedanAnAM avrtnm| mokSe nirvRttini:zeSA yogo mokssprvrtkH|| ca. zArIra 1/137 isake atirikta yogiyoM ke aSTavidha bala (ca. zA. 140-141), satyAbuddhi (ca. zA. 5/16-19), sadvRtta (ca. zA. 5/12) ke sandarbha meM prayukta yoga zabda samAdhi ke hI pUrvokta artha meM AyA hai| yoga ke upAya yA prakAra yoga darzana meM cittavRttinirodha artha vAle 'yoga' ke tIna upAya batAye gaye haiM pravara, madhyama aura avr| samAdhipAda meM 'abhyAsavairAgyAbhyAM tnnirodhH|- yogasUtra 1/12 dvArA utkRSTa yogopAya kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, dUsare pAda meM tapaH svAdhyAyezvara praNidhAnAni kriyaayogH| yogasUtra 2/1 dvArA madhyama sAdhakoM ke lie yogopAya batAyA gayA hai, aura isI pAda meM Age yama-niyama Adi aSTAMga yoga (yogasUtra 2/29) kA upadeza avara sAdhakoM ke lie hai| aSTAMga karate hue pAMca niyama batAye gaye haiM:- zaucasantoSatapaH svAdhyAyezvara prnnidhaanaaniniymaaH| yogasUtra (2/32), isameM sammilita zeSa tIna tapa Adi pUrvokta kriyAyoga ke aMga haiN| caraka saMhitA meM Izvara ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai, isa kAraNa Izvara praNidhAna kriyAyoga kA kahIM para bhI ullekha prApta nahIM hotaa| zeSa yogAMga tapa, svAdhyAya, zauca, santoSa kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| AyurvedAvataraNa kI bhUmikA tapa Adi se hI Arambha hotI hai
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________________ Ayurveda aura pataJjali 455 vihanIbhUtA yadA rogaH prAdurbhUtAH shriirinnaam| tapopavAsAdhyayana brhmcryvrtaajussaam| - ca. sUtra 1/6 tathA brahmajJAnasya nidhayo yamasya niyamasya c| dharmArthakAmamokSANAmArogyaM muulmuttmm| rogastasyApa hartAraH zreyaso jIvitasya c| -ca. sU. 1/14-15 saMyamana ke artha meM yuj dhAtu kA prayoga prAkRta vAyu ke kAryoM kA varNana karate hue indriyoM ke udyojaka ke rUpa meM vAyu kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai- .......... vAyustantrayantradharaH ............... sarvendriyANAM udyojakaH ............ | - ca. sUtra 12/8 saMgamana / saMsakti ke artha meM yoga zabda roga aura Arogya ke kAraNa ke rUpa meM cAra prakAra kA aura eka prakAra kA yoga kramazaH batAyA gayA hai- yaha yoga yujir yoge dhAtu se niSpanna hai kAlabuddhIndrayArthAnAM yogo mithyA na cAti ca / dvayAzrayANAM vyAdhInAM trividho hetu sNgrhH| ca. sU. 1/54 isa sUtra meM mithyAyoga, ayoga aura atiyoga ye tIna prakAra batAye gaye haiM, kahIM-kahIM para tIna yoga nAma se bhI upadeza hai| ye cAra yoga roga ke kAraNa haiN| samayoga Arogya kA kAraNa hai zarIraM satvasaMjJaM ca vyAdhInAmAzrayo mtH| tathA sukhAnAM yogastu sukhAnAM kAraNaM smH|| -ca. sU. 1/55 pAtaJjala mahAbhASya meM yadyapi tattat prakaraNoM meM ina zabdoM kA prayoga huA hai, kintu yogadarzana kA pratipAdaka grantha na hone se zabda prayoga ko dArzanika dhArA kA sAmaJja kahA jA sktaa| 2. karma tatvavijJAna arthAt padArtha vijJAna meM dravyAzrita karma ko eka tatva ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jo vaizeSika darzana kA pratipAdya hai| kintu paurvadaihika karma ke rUpa meM eka pRthak tatva kA varNana karma siddhAnta kA pratipAdya usase bhinna hai| bhAratIya darzana kI vibhinna dhArAoM meM paurvadaihika karma ko atyanta vyApaka rUpa meM samarthana prApta hai| yoga darzana meM isI karma kA ullekha huA hai klezamUla: karmAzayo dRssttaadRssttjnmvedniiyH| - yogasUtra 3/12 isI artha meM caraka saMhitA meM paribhASA ke sAtha karma kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| yaha karma yoga kA bhI kAraNa ho sakatA hai| isa prakAra ke yoga kI zAnti usa kAraNabhUta karma ke kSaya se batAyI gayI hai na hi karma mahata kiJcita phalaM yasya na bhjyte| kriyAghnA karmajA rogAH prazamaM yAnti ttkssyaat|| -ca. zA. 1/17 karma aura puruSakAra zabdoM meM bheda sthApita karate hue 'karma' ko paribhASita kiyA
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________________ 456 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha gayA hai aura usa dviprakAraka karma ke tIna-tIna prakAra bhI batAye gaye haiM daivamAtmakRtaM vidyAt karmayat paurvdaihikm| smRtaH puruSakArastu kriyate ya dihaaprm|| balAbalavizeSAt tu tayorapi ca krmnnoH| dRSTaM hi trividhaM karma hInaM mdhymmuttmm|| -ca. vimAna 3/30-31 3. karmaphala jaisA ki pUrva ke prakaraNa meM batAyA gayA hai ki choTA-bar3A aisA koI karma nahIM hai jisake phala kA bhoga nahIM karanA par3atA ho| arthAt yadi karma kA kSaya tapa Adi vizeSa upAyoM se nahIM kiyA jAtA to karma kA phala avazya bhoganA par3atA hai| yogasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki usa karma kA vipAka hone para janma, Ayu aura bhoga hote haiM sati mUle tadvipAko jaatyaayurbhogaaH| yogasUtra 3/13 ___ yaha siddhAnta caraka saMhitA meM bhI samAna rUpa se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jaisA ki pUrva meM kahA jA cukA hai| 'karmaphala' saMyukta zabda kA prayoga bhI caraka saMhitA vimAna sthAna meM AyA hai ..... siddhAH karmaphalamokSapuruSapretyabhAvA iti| - ca. vi. 8/37 4. karmabandha karmaphala ke siddhAnta ko bhAratIya darzana meM sthAna sarvatra diyA gayA hai kinta karmabandha kA svarUpa mAtra jaina darzana meM batAyA gayA hai| karmabandha ke lie prakaraNa meM 'bandha' zabda kA prayoga dekhA jAtA hai| yogasUtra meM bandha zabda kA prayoga jJAta nahIM ho sakA, kintu caraka saMhitA meM karma ke prakaraNa meM bandha zabda kA spaSTa prayoga hai bhAstamaH satyamanRtaM vedAH karma shubhaashubhm| na syuH kartA ca boddhA ca puruSo na bhvedydi|| nAzrayo na sukhaM nArti gati na gati na vaak| na vijJAnaM na zAstrANi puruSo na bhaved ydi|| na bandho na ca mokSaH syAt puruSo na bhaved ydi| - ca. zA. 1/39-40 bandha ke lie saMga zabda bhI prayukta huA hai yanmanovAkkAyakarma nApavargAya sa sNg:| -ca. zA. 5/12 5. mokSa kI paribhASA caraka saMhitA meM karma ke kSaya ko mokSa ke rUpa meM paribhASita kiyA hai aura usakI prakriyA meM raja aura tama doSoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa sabhI saMyogoM se viyo kahA hai mokSo rajastamo'bhAvAt blvtkrmsNkssyaat| viyogaH sarvasaMyogairapunarbhava ucyte| - ca. zA. 1/142 mokSa ko paryAya zabdoM ke dvArA pratipAdita karate hue mokSa kA svarUpa spaSTa kiyA gayA hai
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________________ isa prakAra kA vivaraNa yogasUtra meM prApta nahIM hotA / 6. mokSa kA svarUpa Ayurveda aura pataJjali vipApaM virajaH zAntaM paramakSaramavyayam / amRtaM brahma nirvANaM paryAyaiH zAntirucyate / / ca. zA. 5/23 saMsArI aura mukta jIva meM antara spaSTa karate hue caraka saMhitA meM mokSa kA svarUpa pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai jJAnaM brahmavidAM cAtra nAjJastajjJAtumarhati / - ca. zA. 1/154-155 isI se milatA-julatA samAdhi kA lakSaNa yogasUtra meM prApta hotA haitadevArthamAtranirbhAsaM svarUpazUnyamiva samAdhiH / - yogasUtra 3/3 tathA tasmiMzcaramasaMnyAse samUlA: sarvavedanAH / sasaMjJAjJAnavijJAnAH nivRttiM yAntyazeSataH / / ataH paraM brahmabhUto bhUtAtmA nopalabhyate / niHsRtaH sarvabhAvebhyo cinhaM yasya na vidyate / mukta kA lakSaNa mukta jIva kA koI lakSaNa isalie nahIM hai kyoMki usake sabhI karaNoM kA abhAva ho jAtA hai 8. mokSa zAstra nAtmanaH karaNAbhAvAlliMgamapyupalabhyate / sa sarvakaraNAbhAvAnmukta itybhidhiiyte| 7. mokSa kA mArga yoga darzana meM mokSa nAmaka tatva kA ullekha nahIM hai| viveka khyAti ke prakaraNa meM vItarAga ke dharmamegha samAdhi aura usa dharmamegha samAdhi se klezakarma kI nivRtti pratipAdita karane vAle do sUtra kaivalya pAda meM Aye haiM prasaMkhyAne'pyakusIdasya sarvathA viveka khyAte dharmamegha samAdhiH / tataH klezakarma nivRtti / - yogasUtra 4/29-30 457 - isa avasthA ko jIvanmukta avasthA kahA gayA hai| kintu carakokta mokSa svarUpa meM zarIrendriya satvAtma ke saMyoga ke bhI viyoga kA abhiprAya nihita hai| jIvanmukta aura caramamukta (carama saMnyAsa) ina donoM prakAra ke mokSa ke lie jo mArga hai vahI yoga kA bhI mArga hai aisA jIvanmuktoM ne aura yogiyoM ne nirUpita kiyA hai eva mArgo'pavargAya anyathA badhyate / -ca. zA. 5/12 ca. zA. 5/22 etat tadekamayanaM muktairmokSasya darzitam / tatvasmRti balaM yena gatA na punarAgatAH / / ayanaM punarAkhyAtaM etadyogasya yogibhiH / saMkhyAtadharmaiH sAMkhyai- rmuktairmokSasya cApanam / / -ca. zA. 1 / 150-151 caraka saMhitA ke kAla meM mokSa zAstra nAma se bhI koI zAstra avazya rahA hogA
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________________ 458 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha isakI sUcanA viruddha vAkyadoSa ke prakaraNa meM prApta hotI hai ... samayaH punastridhA bhavati-Ayurvedika samayaH, yAjJika samayaH, mokSazAstrika smyshceti| - ca. vi. 8 1. mana caraka saMhitA meM mana ko dravya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate hue usa kAla meM upalabdha manovijJAna kA paricaya diyA gayA hai| dravya hone ke sAtha hI, Ayu ke eka ghaTaka aura vyAdhi ke Azraya ke rUpa meM satva nAma se mana ko pratipAdya banAyA gayA hai| tatvacintA prakaraNa meM caturviMzati tatvoM meM mana ko ubhayendriya mAnA gayA hai| jabaki yogadarzana meM mana kA tAtvika vivecana prApta nahIM hotA apitu 'citta' kA ullekha mAtra hai| yadyapi yaha citra sAMkhyadarzana kA pratipAdya hai| caraka saMhitA meM prApta mana kA svarUpa, karma, lakSaNa vaizeSika darzana se samAnatA rakhate haiM, kintu sAtvika, rAjasa, tAmasa bhedoM ke bhI upabhedoM ke rUpa meM 16 mAnasa prakRtiyoM kA varNana Ayurveda kI maulika avadhAraNA hai| aisA varNana pAtaJjala yoga sUtra yA anya darzanoM meM nahIM prApta hotaa| zarIraM satvasaMjJaM ca vyAdhInAmAzrayo mtH| tathA sukhAnAM yogastu sukhAnAM kAraNaM smH|| - ca. sU. 1/55 prazAmyatyauSadhaiH pUrvo daivayukti vypaashryeH| mAnaso jnyaan-vijnyaan-dhairy-smRtismaadhibhiH|| - ca. sU. 1/58 mAnasaM prati bhaiSajyaM trivrgsyaanvvekssnnm| tadyavidyasevA vijJAnamAtmAdInAM ca srvshaa:|| - ca. sU. 11/47 10. zarIra cUMki Ayurveda meM zArIrika aura mAnasika vyAdhiyoM ke Azraya ke rUpa meM zarIri puruSa ko adhikaraNa ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai isalie Ayurveda zAstrApekSa zarIra kA varNana caraka saMhitA meM vistRta rUpa se prApta hotA hai| kintu pAtaJjala yoga meM prANa (prANAyAma sApekSa), udAna aura samAna vAyu kA ullekha hai| vibhUti pAda meM zarIra jJAna sambandhI sandarbho kA saMkalana nimnAnusAra haisUrya (sUryanAr3I) 2/26 candra (candranAr3I) 2/27 dhruva (bhUmadhya) 2/28 nAbhicakra 2/29 kaNThakUpa 2/30 karmanAr3I (DAyaphrAma) 2/31 mUrdhA (sahasrAra) 2/32 hRdaya 2/34 udAna 2/39 10. samAna 2/40 11. zrotra 2/41 kAya 2/42 talaM . 12.
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________________ Ayurveda aura pataJjali 459 11. pAribhASika zabdAvali pratyeka darzana kI apanI pAribhASika zabdAvalI hai| kucha zabdoM ko anya darzanoM ke dvArA yathAvat svIkAra bhI kara liyA jAtA hai| caraka saMhitA aura yogasUtra meM yoga darzana viSayaka pAribhASika zabdoM kA prAyaH yathAvat samAveza kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ para aise zabdoM kI sUcI dI jA rahI hai1. saMzaya karmaphala mokSapuruSapretyabhAvAdayaH santi na veti sNshyH| -ca. zA. 5/12 saMzayaH ubhykottispRgvijnyaanm| - yogasUtra 1/30 para bhASya 2. vipratyaya kAryAkArya-hitAhita-zubhAzubheSu viparItAbhinivezo viprtyyH| - ca. zA. 5/12 3. viparyaya viparyayo mithyaajnyaanmtdruupprtisstthitm| -yogasUtra 1/8 4. upasarga ahNkaaraadissuupsrgsNjnyaa| - ca. zA. 5/12 5. anirveda yogArambhe sttmnirvedH| - vahI 6. vairAgya __dRSTAnuavikaviSayavitRSNasya vazIkArasaMjJA vairaagym| - yogasUtra 1/15 7. niyamana niyamanamindriyANAM cetasi, cetasa Atmani, aatmnshc| - ca. zA. 5/12 8. adha srvprvRttissvghsNjnyaa| - ca. zA. 5/12 9. abhiniveza sarvasaMnyAse sukhmitybhiniveshH| - ca. zA. 5/12 12. anya pratipAdya - caraka saMhitA evaM yogasUtra meM prakaraNavaza Aye hue kucha viSaya aura bhI haiM jinameM samAnatA hai1. satyAbuddhi suddhasatvasya yA zuddhA satyAbuddhiH prvrtte| yayA bhinnatyatibalaM mahAmohamayaM tmH| sarvabhAvasvabhAvajJo yayA bhavati nisspRhH| yogaM yayA sAdhayate sAMkhyaH sampadyate yyaa| yayA nopaityahaMkAraM nopAste kAraNaM yyaa| yayA nAlamvate kiJcita sarva sanyasyate yyaa| yAti brahma yayA nityamajaraM shaantmvyym| vidyA siddhirmatirmedhA prajJA jJAnaM ca sA mtaa| - ca. zA. 5/16-17
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________________ svarNa jayantI gaurava-grantha isI prakAra kI prajJA ko yogasUtra meM RtambharA prajJA nAma diyA gayA hai- RtambharA tatra prajJA / yogasUtra 1 /48 2. traikAlika jJAna / kaivalya 460 isI prakAra kA varNana yogasUtra meM bhI AyA hai pazyataH sarvabhAvAn hi sarvAvasthAsu sarvadA / brahmabhUtasya saMyogo na zuddhasyopajAyate / / ca. zA. 5/21 upadhA 3. jAtismara pAtaJjala yogasUtra meM pariNAma traya ke saMyama se jAtismaraNa jJAna kA ullekha haisaMskArasAkSAtkaraNAt puurvjaatijnyaanm| ( yogasUtra 3 / 18 ) / isI prakAra kA sandarbha caraka saMhitA meM AyA hai- yenAsya khalu mano bhUyiSThaM tena dvitIyAyAmAjAtau saMprayogo bhavati tadA tu tenaiva zuddhena saMyujyate, tadA jAteratikrAntAyA api smarati / smArtaM hi jJAnamAtmanastasmaiva mano'nubandhAd anuvartate, yasyAnuvRttiM puraskRtya puruSo jAtismara ityucyate / - ca. zAM. 3/13 aSTa siddhi yAgasUtra meM aSTasiddhi kA spaSTa ullekha hai- tatA'NimAdi prAdurbhAvaH kAyasampat taddharmAnabhidyAtazca / - yogasUtra 3/451 ThIka isI prakAra satvabahula arthAt zuddha mana ke samAdhAna se prApta hone vAlI ATha siddhiyoM kA varNana caraka saMhitA meM AyA haiAvezazcetaso jJAnamardhAnAM chandataH kriyAH / - tad vairAgyAdapi doSabIjakSaye kaivalyam / - yogasUtra 3/50 saMsAra kA kAraNa caraka saMhitA sAMkhya prasthAnIya zAstra hai isalie triguNAtmaka prakRti ko kendra meM rakhakara hI saMsAra aura mokSa kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| mokSa meM raja aura tama kA abhAva kAraNa hai to saMsAra meM raja aura tama se saMyoga kiyA gyaa| dRSTi, zrotraM smRtiH kAntiriSTatazcApyadarzanam / ityaSTavidhamAkhyAtaM yoginAM balamaizvaram / zuddhasatvasamAdhAnAt tratsarvamupajAyate / / - ca. zA. 1/140-141 raja aura tama kA manaHsambandha upadhA hai| yaha upadhA hI duHkha aura duHkha ke kAraNabhUta Azraya (zarIra) kI janayitrI hai| isalie duHkhoM se mukti kA eka mAtra upAya hai upadhA kA tyAga rajastamobhyAM yuktasya saMyogo'yamanantavAn / tAbhyAM nirAkRtAbhyAM tu satvavRddhayA nivartate / / - ca. zA. 1/36 upadhA hi paro hetuH duHkha duHkhAzrayapradaH / tyAgaH sarvopadhAnAM ca sarvaduHkhavyapohaka // icchA dveSAtmikA tRSNA sukhaduHkhAdupajAyate / tRSNA ca sukhaduHkhAnAM kAraNaM punarucyate / / ca. zA. 1/134 isa prakAra yahA~ saMkSepa meM Ayurveda aura maharSi pataMjali ke viSaya meM vicAra prastuta - ca. zA. 1/95
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________________ 1. bhAratIya saMskRti nArI kI svataMtratA aura asmitA ko prAcIna kAla se saMrakSita karatI rahI hai| hamArI saMskRti mahilAoM ko patnItva aura mAtRtva ke taTabaMdhoM ke bIca pArivArika evaM sAmAjika dAyitvoM ke samyak nirvAha kA saMdeza pradAna karatI hai| mahilA ke vikAsa kA sarvocca zikhara usakA mAtRtva hI hai| ataH hama pazcima se Ae nArI svAtaMtrya ke aMdhAnukaraNa se baceM aura mahilA ko sazakta karane aura parAdhInatA se mukta banAne ke lie vivAha saMsthA ko pUrNa sammAna deN| mahilA kI svataMtratA deha kI mukti aura bhoga kI zakti taka hI sImita nahIM hai| mahilA kI svataMtratA patni aura mAtA ke saMbaMdhoM se mukta hokara deha bhoga kI unmukta chUTa taka hI sImita nahIM hai| pratyeka mahilA kA karttavya hai ki vaha patnItva aura mAtRtva kI bhUmikA kA nirvAha kara pArivArika evaM sAmAjika vikAsa meM apanA pavitra evaM racanAtmaka yogadAna deN| bhAratIya mahilAoM ne apanI niSThA, sAhasika bhUmikA aura sajagatA se pUre vizva ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| mahAbhArata ne prabhAvI DhaMga se dropadI, sAvitrI aura zaMkutalA ke svataMtra vyaktitva, dRr3hatA, tejasvitA, apratima sAhasa evaM svAbhimAna kA varNana kiyA hai| Adi kavi bAlmIkI ne rAmAyaNa meM sItA kI sajagatA, mukharatA aura ugratA ko ullekhita kiyA hai| unhoMne sItA ke mAdhyama se hara pala apane pati ke sAtha rahane ke hara mahilA ke adhikAra ko saMrakSita kiyA hai| rAmacarita mAnasa meM tulasIdAsa ne apanI saumyatA ke sAtha sarala kintu sazakta uktiyoM ke mAdhyama se pati saMga rahane ke sItA ke adhikAra ko saMsthApita kiyA hai| sItA ne svaviveka se apane pati rAma ke sAtha vana jAne kA nirNaya lekara apane svataMtra vyaktitva ko sthApita kiyA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ne apanI mahilAoM ko svaviveka se nirNaya lene kI svataMtratA pradAna kI hai| pArivArika, sAmAjika evaM rAjanaitika kSetroM meM sakriya bhUmikA kA nirvAha karane kA avasara pradAna kiyA hai| madhyakAla meM padmAvata (malika muhammada jAyasI) ne padmAvatI ko mAnavIya sadaguNoM kI jananI ghoSita karate hue puruSa kI zreSThatA ke daMbha ko dhvasta kiyA hai| bhAratIya nava jAgaraNa ke agradUta rAjArAma mohana rAya ne satI dAha kA virodha kiyA / Adhunika hindI sAhitya ke janaka bhAratendu harizcandra ne san * jilA evaM satra nyAyAdhIza, 30, nizAta kaoNlonI, bhopAla, ma.pra. - 462003. 2. jaina mahilAoM ke vyaktitva kA caturmukhI vikAsa vimalA jaina* 3.
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________________ 462 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha 4. 5. 1868 meM apanI patrikA kavivacana sudhA meM "nAri nara sama hoMhi" kI prabhAvI udaghoSaNA kI hai| mahAtmA gA~dhI ne mIrAbAI ke caritra se satyAgraha karane kI preraNA prApta kii| svarNima bhAratIya itihAsa kI isa pRSThabhUmi ko dekhate hue bhI vartamAna meM yuvakoM aura yuvatiyoM ke bIca iNTaraneTa para vivAha aura Imela para milana samAroha ho rahe haiN| alaga-alaga nagaroM meM rahate hue apane lepaTaoNpa kampyUTara ke mAdhyama se yuvakoM aura yuvatiyoM ke bIca prema saMbaMdha sthApita ho rahe haiN| prophezanala yuvA patiyoM evaM patniyoM kI kArya saMbaMdhI yAtrAe~ baDhatI jA rahI hai| unameM se kacha dampatti eka-dUsare se yAtrA para Ate-jAte samaya kevala eyara porTa para hI mila pAte haiN| unheM eka nagara meM eka-dUsare ke sAtha kucha samaya ke lie bhI rahanA saMbhava nahIM ho pA rahA hai| prophezanala aura kairiyara navayugala ke lie pArivArika samaya niraMtara ghaTatA jA rahA hai| vaivAhika saMbaMdhoM meM pArasparika madhuratA kama ho rahI hai| ina samasyAoM se mahAnagaroM ke navayugala sarvAdhika prabhAvita ho rahe haiN| kAryasthala se mAtA-pitA ke ghara lauTane taka bacce so jAte haiN| aise mAtA-pitA apane baccoM se saptAha ke aMta meM avakAza ke dina meM hI bheMTa kara pAte haiN| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ve aba sAptAhika mAtA-pitA banate jA rahe haiN| kucha navayugala apanI vyastatAoM ke kAraNa apane zizu ko janma hI nahIM denA cAhate haiN| kucha navayugaloM ne zizu ko janma hI nahIM dene kA nirNaya kara liyA hai| ve doharI Aya kintu zizu nahIM ke siddhAnta kA pAlana kara rahe haiN| unhoMne yaha svIkAra kara liyA hai ki zizu ko janma dene se unake pArasparika milane kA samaya aura bhI kama ho jaayegaa| ve apane prophezana ke sarvocca stara para apanI pArivArika vyastatA ke kAraNa nahIM pahuMca skeNge| dukhada pakSa yaha hai ki ve apanI vartamAna paristhitiyoM se saMtuSTa pratIta hote haiN| bhAratIya udyoga parisaMgha dvArA mahAnagaroM se karAe gae sarve meM yaha niSkarSa prApta huA hai ki Dabala inakama no kiDsa kA phaMDA bhArata meM lokapriya hotA jA rahA hai| aise navayugala bar3hate jA rahe haiM jinake pAsa doharI Aya ke sAdhana to haiM, para koI saMtAna nahIM hai| ve aizo ArAma kA jIvana vyatIta kara rahe haiN| aise navayugala, hoTala, manoraMjana, zaoNpiMga, phiTanesa senTara aura brAMDeDa kapar3oM para vyaya kara rahe haiN| videzoM aura deza ke paryaTana sthaloM ke bhramaNa para vyaya kara rahe haiN| anAvazyaka vastuoM ke kraya para vyaya kara rahe haiM kintu ve garbhAdhAna aura zizu para vyaya nahIM karanA cAhate haiN| pratyeka navayugala kA yaha uttaradAyitva hai ki vaha apane sammilita prayAsa se zizu ko janma de| apanI kokha se zizu ko janma denA pratyeka mahilA kA parama kartavya hai| apane zizu kA pAlana-poSaNa karanA pratyeka mAtA kA dharma hai| pratyeka mahilA apane vivAha ke sAtha prAkRtika rUpa se hI bhAvI mAtRtva ke sapanoM meM kho jAtI hai| garbha dhAraNa karate hI apane mamatva aura vAtsalya se apane garbhastha zizu ko abhisiMcita karatI hai| zizu ko janma dekara atyadhika prasanna hotI hai| yadi nArI svayaM ko kisI bhI kAraNa se aise
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________________ 9. jaina mahilAoM ke vyaktitva kA caturmukhI vikAsa mAtRtva sukha se vaMcita karatI hai to yaha nizcita hai ki vaha apanI kokha ke khAlIpana ko AmaMtrita karatI hai| apane bhAvI jIvana meM apanI khAlI kokha para vaha nizcita hI AMsU bahAtI rhegii| usake AMcala kA dUdha sUkha jaayegaa| nArI kI mAtRtva kI saMvedanAaiM samApta ho jaayegii| vaha prAkRtika jIvana cakra ko dhvasta kara degii| 8. prakRti kA sarvazreSTha varadAna mAtRtva sukha kevala nArI ko hI prApta hai| bhAratIya saMskRti nArI ko sadaiva mAtRtva kI garimA se abhimaNDita karatI rahI hai| bhAratIya nArI ne asAdhAraNa viparIta paristhitiyoM meM bhI mAtRtva ke gaMbhIra uttaradAyitva kA nirvahana karate hue zizu ko saMrakSita aura saMvarddhita kiyA hai| rAma dvArA parityakta garbhavatI sItA ne bhISaNa vana meM asahaya kaSTa uThAte hue lava aura kuza ko janma diyA hai| pahAr3a kI guphAoM meM par3I asahAya aMjanA ne hanumAna ko janma diyA hai| hamAre deza kI jaMgala meM lakar3I bInatI huI AdivAsI mahilAyeM zizu ko janma de detI haiM aura sira para lakar3I aura hAtha meM zizu ko lekara apane ghara A jAtI haiN| yaha sahI hai ki vartamAna samaya meM ucca zikSita evaM prophezanala nava vivAhitAoM aura mA~ banane vAlI mahilAoM ke lie nijI kSetra meM naukarI karanA kaThina hotA jA rahA hai| adhikAMza kaMpaniyAM nava vivAhita mahilAoM se unakI yogyatA evaM kArya anubhava ke sAtha hI unase mAtRtva vivaraNa prApta karatI haiN| Avazyaka yogyatA evaM kArya anubhava hote hue bhI vivAhita, garbhavatI mahilAoM evaM choTe zizuoM kI mAtAoM kI tulanA meM nijI kSetra kI adhikAMza kaMpaniyAM avivAhita mahilAoM ko prAthamikatA de rahI haiN| 463 10. yaha upayukta pratIta hotA hai ki nijI kSetra kI kaMpaniyAM garbhavatI mahilAoM evaM choTe-choTe zizuoM kI mAtAoM ko ghara baiThe kAma deN| pArTa TAima jAba deN| unheM sImita aura nizcita kAla ke lie niyukta kreN| TAima bAuMDa jaoNba kI apekSA unheM apanI suvidhAnusAra pUrva nirdhArita ghaNToM ke lie projekTa AdhArita kArya deN| yaha bhI upayukta pratIta hotA hai ki hamAre ucca zikSita navayugala apane prophezanala uttaradAyitva evaM apane pArivArika / sAmAjika uttaradAyitvoM ke bIca Adarza DhaMga se samanvaya evaM saMtulana sthApita kreN| bhAratIya saMskAroM kA saMrakSaNa / saMvarddhana karate hue sAMskRtika vikAsa meM apanA anupama yogadAna pradAna kreN| 11. jaina samAja jJAna AdhArita samAja hai| jaina saMskRti ke ratnatraya meM jJAna ko mahatvapUrNa ratna aura kendrIya evaM AdhArabhUta kar3I svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| IsA kI dvitIya zatAbdI meM AcArya umAsvAmI dvArA viracita tatvArtha sUtra ke prathama sUtra samyakdarzana - jJAna - cAritrANi mokSamArgaH meM jJAna ko kendrIya bhUmikA pradAna kI gaI hai| isI tatvArtha sUtra ke maMgalAcaraNa meM vizva ke samasta tatvoM ke jAnakAra sarvajJa tIrthaMkara ko praNAma karate hue hamane yaha abhilASA vyakta kI hai ki unakA jJAna hameM prApta ho| jaina saMskRti meM adhyayana, zikSA aura svAdhyAya ko sarvAdhika mahatva pradAna kiyA gayA hai aura ise pratyeka vyakti ke mahatvapUrNa niyamita karttavya ke rUpa meM ghoSita
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________________ 464 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha kiyA gayA hai| paNDita daulatarAma jI dvArA 300 varSa pUrva racita chahaDhAlA kI nimnAMkita paMktiyoM meM, jo hamArI mAtAeM bahine sadaiva par3hatI haiM, jJAna ko sarvAdhika mahatva pradAna kiyA gayA hai: jJAna samAna na Ana jagata meM sakha ko kaarn| yaha paramAmRta janma jarA mRtyu roga nivaarnn|| 12. purA itihAsa kAla meM jaina dharma ke Adi tIrthakara bhagavAna RSabhadeva ne apanI donoM putriyoM brAhmI aura sundarI ko svayaM adhyayana karAyA hai| unhoMne svayaM apane udAharaNa ke mAdhyama se samAja kI sabhI striyoM ko zikSA grahaNa karane kI preraNA dI hai| bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke strI zikSA saMbaMdhI mahatvapUrNa upadeza / Adeza ko AcArya jinasena dvArA racita AdipurANa ke nimnAMkita zloka 16/98 meM lekhabaddha kiyA gayA hai: vidyAvAn puruSoloke sammatiM yAti kovidaiH| nArI ca tadvatI dhatte strIsRSTeragrimaM pdm|| isa zloka kA bhAvArtha yaha hai ki isa loka meM vidyAvAna puruSa ko paNDitoM ke dvArA sammAnita kiyA jAtA hai| vidyAvatI nArI sarvazreSTha pada ko prApta karatI hai| ataH he putriyoM! tuma vidyArjana hetu sadA prayatnazIla rho|| 13. tIrthakara evaM AcAryoM kI satata preraNA evaM upadeza ke kAraNa jaina zrAvakAcAra meM zikSA prApti kA sarvAdhika mahatva rahA hai| zikSita aura jJAnI mahilAoM ko samAja meM sadA agraNI aura sammAnanIya sthAna pradAna kiyA gayA hai| laukika zikSA prApta kara zramaNa saMskRti kA adhyayana karane kI hamArI mahilAoM meM sadaiva jAgarUkatA evaM ruci rahI hai| 14. nArI parivAra kI AdhArazilA hai| vaha sAmAjika ratha kA sazakta cakra hai| pavitra sAmAjika saMskAroM kI jananI hai| saMskRti kI saMrakSiNI hai| divya zaktiyoM se otaprota hai| pArivArika, sAmAjika evaM dhArmika kAryoM kI saphala prabaMdhaka evaM saMcAlaka hai| nArI apane naisargika guNoM se apane ghara ko svarga banAtI hai| pUre parivAra ko eka sUtra meM bAMdhatI hai| vaha karuNA kI jIvaMta mUrti hai| vaha mamatA, samatA, sahiSNutA, zAMti, zramazIlatA, sahanazIlatA, sevA aura vinamratA jaisI zucidhArAoM kI saMgama hai| mamatA, samatA, vAtsalya, prema, samarpaNa aura tyAga ke guNoM se vibhUSita nAriyoM ne bhArata ko hI nahIM pratyuta sampUrNa vizva ko apanI kathanI aura karanI ke mAdhyama se mahatvapUrNa sAMskRtika avadAna diyA hai| ina jaina nAriyoM ne apane gaurava, garimA, tapasyA aura tyAga kI chavi sampUrNa itihAsa meM aMkita kI hai| jaina saMskRti ko amaratA pradAna karane meM isa nAriyoM ne bahumUlya yogadAna diyA hai| 15. jJAna dAna zreSThatama evaM sarvotkRSTa dAna hai| jJAna se hamAre aneka kaSToM kA nidAna ho jAtA hai| jJAna dAna, bhojana dAna aura vastra dAna se zreSTha hai| atithi ko jala pilA kara hama use kucha ghaNToM ke lie saMtuSTa karate haiN| use bhojana dekara Adhe dina ke lie saMtuSTa karate haiN| vastradAna se kucha mAha ke lie saMtuSTa karate haiN| ghara dAna kara
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________________ jaina mahilAoM ke vyaktitva kA caturmukhI vikAsa 465 kucha varSoM ke lie saMtuSTa karate haiN| kintu jJAna dAna dekara use pUre jIvana ke lie saMtuSTa karate haiN| jJAna dAna prANa dAna se bhI U~cA sthAna rakhatA hai| zArIrika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karane se vyakti ko eka nizcita samaya sImA taka hI sukha aura saMtoSa prApta ho pAtA hai| aisA sukha eka nizcita avadhi taka hI prabhAvI hotA hai kintu jJAna pAkara vaha pUre jIvana bhara sukha aura saMtoSa prApta karatA hai| apane parivAra ko aura apane parivAra kI aneka pIr3hiyoM ko saMtoSa pradAna karatA hai| jJAnadAna se vyakti ke kaSTa eka ghaNTe ke lie nahIM, eka dina ke lie nahIM, eka varSa ke lie nahIM kintu pUre jIvana ke lie dUra ho jAte haiN| ataH hama Aja yaha zapatha leM ki apane parivAra, apane saMbaMdhiyoM aura apane samAja ke sadasyoM ko sadaiva jJAnadAna dene kA prayAsa kreN| 16. isa Alekha ke pratyeka pAThaka evaM vizeSataH pratyeka choTI bahina, bahU evaM beTI se merA vyaktigata Agraha hai ki:> Apa rASTrIya samAcAra patroM ko pratidana palaTie, par3hane kA prayAsa kIjie aura ravivAra ko kama se kama eka rASTrIya samAcAra-patra avazya pddh'ie| bhArata sarakAra kI saMsthA rASTrIya zaikSika anusaMdhAna evaM prazikSaNa pariSad (ena. sI.I.Ara.TI.) dvArA pahalI se bArahavIM kakSA taka kI adhikAMza pAThya pustakeM hindI tathA aMgrejI meM prakAzita kI gaI hai| ina pAThya pustakoM meM pratyeka kakSA ke chAtra ke stara kI dRSTi se nyUnatama apekSita jJAna, upalabdhiyoM evaM jIvana mUlyoM kA samAveza vaijJAnika DhaMga se kiyA gayA hai| jaba bhI Apako samaya mile| Apa ina pustakoM ko pddh'eN| hindI bhASA tathA aMgrejI bhASA kI pustakoM ko eka sAtha rakhakara pddh'eN| aisA karane se ApakI aMgrejI bhASA kA jJAna behatara hogaa| Apa bhASA ke cAroM kauzala-sunanA, bolanA, par3hanA aura likhanA- vikasita kreN| apane uccAraNa para vizeSa dhyAna deN| ApakA uccAraNa jitanA spaSTa hogA, ApakA lekhana aura prastutIkaraNa utanA hI zuddha aura prabhAvI hogaa| > apane viSaya se saMbaMdhita eka rASTrIya tathA eka aMtarrASTrIya mAsika patrikA avazya pddhie| par3hakara isa patrikA ko surakSita rkhie| bhaviSya meM jaba bhI samaya mile, ina purAnI patrikAoM ko punaH plttie| 17. yaha Avazyaka hai ki hamArI zikSita mahilAeM Adhunika vijJAna aura takanIka apane grAmINa kSetra meM rahane vAle pratyeka parivAra taka phuNcaayeN| pratyeka maMdira aura dharmazAlA meM jJAnakendra sthApita kreN| grAmoM meM aura choTe nagaroM meM rahane vAle jaina parivAroM kA jIvana stara U~cA utthaaeN| unheM ina takanIkoM se jodd'eN| jisase ve bhI hamArI pragatizIla samAja kI mukhya dhArA meM A ske| hamArI mahilAyeM jaina saMskRti aura jaina kalA ke vaijJAnika evaM takanIkI pakSoM kA pracAra-prasAra kreN| jaina mAnyatAoM, paraMparAoM, jaina jIvana paddhatiyoM evaM pAraMparika jJAna kA dastAvejIkaraNa kreN| 18. bhAratIya saMskRti mAtA ko anekAneka upAdhyAyoM aura AcAryoM se zreSTha mAnatI hai| isa
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________________ 466 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha saMdarbha meM nimnAMkita zloka, jisakA bhAvArtha hai ki dasa upAdhyAyoM se eka AcArya, sau AcAryoM se eka pitA tathA hajAra pitAoM se eka mAtA zreSTha hai, ullekhanIya hai ki: upAdhyAyAndazAcAryaH AcAryANAM zataM pitaa| sahasrAMstu pitana mAtA, gaurvennaatiricyte| 19. parama pUjya vidyAsAgara jI ne apane suprasiddha hindI mahAkAvya mUkamATI meM evaM pUjya kSamAsAgara jI ne apanI pustaka AtmAnveSI meM mA~ kA jIvaMta tathA Adarza citraNa kiyA hai| unhoMne mA~ ko vizva prasiddha evaM vizva kI aneka bhASAoM meM anuvAdita "mA~" upanyAsa ke racayitA gorkI se bhI adhika U~cAI dI hai| bAla brahmacArI digaMbara saMta dvArA mAtRtva ke sarvotkRSTa lakSya kA aisA vivecana nizcita hI atyadhika sarAhanIya hai: mA~ kI goda meM bAlaka ho| mA~ use dUdha pilA rahI ho|| 20. pUjya jJAnasAgara jI ne bundelakhaNDa ke grAmINa kSetra kI nirdhana yuvA pratibhAoM kI pahacAna kii| unhoMne aisI pratibhAoM evaM unake parivAra kA vizvAsa arjita kiyA aura hameM aisI pratibhAoM ko ucca zikSA pradAna karane kA avasara diyaa| nArI zikSA ke kSetra meM unakI yaha vyAvahArika evaM prabhAvI bhUmikA atyadhika sarAhanIya aura anukaraNIya hai| 21. isa Alekha ke mAdhyama se pratyeka choTI bahina, bahU evaM beTI se merA vinamra Agraha hai ki hama jJAna AdhArita samAja ke sakriya evaM prabhAvI aMga bneN| lagAtAra kucha nayA kreN| sadaiva racanAtmaka kArya kreN| naI parikalpanA kreN| naI khoja kreN| naI parikalpanA aura naI khoja ko milAkara kucha nayA gar3hane kA prayAsa kreN| ghise piTe vicAroM ko nayA svarUpa deN| purAne vicAroM ko nae DhaMga se lAgU kreN| acche parivartanoM aura naI prakriyAoM ko svIkAra karane ke lie sadaiva tatpara rheN| pratyeka kSaNa naI saMbhAvanA kI khoja kreN| apane najarie meM loca rkheN| acchI bAta kA Ananda utthaayeN| bhUla ko sudhaareN| hama kisI vastu yA ghaTanA ko bhale hI sAdhAraNa vyakti kI bhAMti dekheM kintu usapara viziSTa vyakti kI bhAMti soNce| sabhI staroM para niraMtara nUtana tarIkA apnaaeN| nita navIna karane kI lalaka rkheN| naI kArya saMskRti vikasita kreN| kuzAgra buddhi evaM racanAtmaka manovRtti vAle yuvaka/yuvatiyoM ko sAmane laaeN| unake vicAroM ko vyAvahArika svarUpa deN| nae vicAroM kI pratispardhA vikasita kreN| aisI pratispardhA ko saMrakSaNa aura saMvarddhana deN| nae vicAra aura soca ko puraskRta aura protsAhita kreN| 22. Apa apane vyaktitva meM acchA najariyA aura sakArAtmaka pravRtti vikasita kreN| takanIkI prazikSaNa ke kAraNa kevala 15 pratizata saphalatA milatI hai| zeSa 85 pratizata saphalatA acche vyaktitva ke kAraNa milatI hai aura acche vyaktitva kA mUlabhUta guNa acchA najariyA hai| acchI aura sakArAtmaka pravRttiyA~ haiN| ataH Apa
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________________ jaina mahilAoM ke vyaktitva kA caturmukhI vikAsa 467 acchA najariyA sIkheM, acchI pravRttiyA~ apanAeM, sakArAtmaka pravRttiyA~ vikasita kreN| jiMdagI ke yuddha hamezA sabase zaktizAlI yA teja vyakti nahIM jiittaa| vahI vyakti dera se yA jaldI jItatA hai jo socatA hai ki vaha jIta sakatA hai| hama apane jIvana kI paristhitiyoM ko turaMta hI parivartita nahIM kara sakate haiM kintu hama apane vyaktitva meM sahajatA aura saralatA se sahana karane kI pravRtti aura zakti vikasita kara sakate haiN| hama deza meM phaila rahe nakArAtmaka vAtAvaraNa ko niyaMtrita nahIM kara sakate, parantu hama apane aura apane baccoM ke mastiSka ko apanI icchAnusAra niyaMtrita kara use sakArAtmaka DhaMga se vikasita kara sakate haiN| 23. Apa satarka rheN| saMvedanazIla bneN| sahI ciMtana kreN| sahI ciMtana karane vAle vyaktiyoM se mile-juleN| unakI acchI Adate siikheN| acche kAryoM ko bAra-bAra karake hama acchI pravRttiyA~ aura acchI AdateM siikheN| Apa pratidina sahI zabda boleM, pratidina acchI pustaka par3heM, pratidina acchA ADiyo Tepa sune, pratidina acche vyaktiyoM ke sAtha raheM, pratidina sahI aura acchA kAma kareM aura pratidina kucha kSaNa bhagavAna kI prArthanA kreN| Apa kabhI kisI ko nIcA na dikhAyeM kisI kI AlocanA nahIM kreN| haMsI-majAka meM bhI AlocanA nahIM kreN| aisI AlocanA kisI ko sthAyI coTa pahuMcA sakatI hai| nIcA dikhAne se kisI vyakti kA svAbhimAna aura AtmavizvAsa kama ho sakatA hai| jaba kabhI bhI avasara mile anya vyaktiyoM kI prazaMsA kreN| apane se choTe ko behatara kAma karane ke lie prerita evaM protsAhita kreN| protsAhana oNksIjana kI bhAMti upayogI hotA hai| protsAhana se vyakti apanA sarvazreSTha pradarzana karate haiN| 24. apane vyaktitva ko vikasita kreN| apane bhItara chupe netRtva ke guNoM ko ubhaareN| apane vyaktitva meM vijayI hone kA najariyA (Winning Attitude) vikasita kreN| apane vyaktitva meM kuzalatA evaM prabhAvI guNoM kI sthApanA kreN| apane vyaktitva ke mUlyAMkana meM vRddhi kreN| apanI vizeSa yogyatA kI pahacAna kara use vikasita kreN| svayaM ko Age bar3hane ke lie prerita kreN| U~cA uThAne ke lie naI-naI jAnakArI prApta kreN| 25. Apa sadaiva yaha smaraNa rakheM ki vibhinna bAharI sAdhanoM ko apanAkara Apa apane cehare kI suMdaratA meM thor3I-sI hI vRddhi kara sakatI haiM parantu Apa apanI durbhAvanAoM aura apanI duSpravRttiyoM ko niyamita evaM niyaMtrita kara apane vyaktitva kI sundaratA meM caturmukhI vRddhi kara sakatI haiN| hamAre jIvana meM alpatAeM, kSudratAeM aura duSpravRttyiA~ Akara hameM saphala nahIM hone detI haiM aura hameM Age bar3hane se roka detI haiN| hameM mahAna nahIM banane detI haiN| inhIM alpatAoM aura kSudratAoM ke kAraNa hama dUsaroM kI anAvazyaka AlocanA karate haiN| isa AlocanA ke kAraNa hama saphalatA ke patha se patita ho jAte haiN| duSpravRttiyA~ hamAre vyaktitva ke vikAsa evaM saphalatA ke lie bAdhaka aura ahitakara hotI haiN| duSpravRttiyoM kA prabhAva sarvaprathama hamAre Upara, hamAre baccoM aura parivAra ke sadasyoM ke Upara evaM isake pazcAt hamAre samAja ke Upara
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________________ 468 svarNa-jayantI gaurava-grantha par3atA hai| ataH Apa apane AcaraNa se duSpravRttiyoM ko bAhara nikAlane kA satata aura prabhAvI prayatna kreN| apanI bhUloM kA nirIkSaNa kreN| apane pramAda kA gahanatApUrvaka parIkSaNa kreN| apanI alpatAoM aura kSudratAoM kI samIkSA kreN| 26. bhagavAna ne Apako bar3I kSamatA aura zakti pradAna kI hai| ataH Apa apanI kSamatA aura zakti kA sadupayoga kreN| sarvaprathama Apa apane Upara vijaya prApta kiijie| apane jIvana meM Atma-anuzAsana vikasita kiijie| Apa Aja se hI Atma anuzAsana ke choTe-choTe bindu vikasita karanA prAraMbha kara deM tAki Apa kala bar3I sImA taka anuzAsati ho skeN| pahalI icchA ko niyaMtrita karanA sarala hai| pahalI icchA ko saMtuSTa kara usake pIche-pIche Ane vAlI aneka icchAoM ko saMtuSTa karanA saMbhava nahIM ho pAtA hai| ataH hama apanI icchaoM ko niyaMtrita kareM aura apanI mAMgoM ko sImita kreN| apane acche uddezyoM aura acche vicAroM ko kArya meM bdlie| saphalatA kI icchA, taiyArI karane kI icchA, prazikSaNa lene kI icchA, apane kauzala ko nikhArane kI icchA se hI Apa Age bar3ha sakate haiN| saphalatA prApta karane ke lie apane jIvana meM satata rUpa se niveza kreN| apanI kSamatA ko phcaaneN| usakA samucita sadupayoga kreN| niSkAma bhAva se parizrama kreN| pratibhA hameM svAbhAvika rUpa se prApta ho jAtI hai| acchA caritra hameM dhIre-dhIre banAnA par3atA hai| hama apanI bhAvanAoM se nahIM kintu apane caritra se saMcAlita ho| acche vicAra, sAhasa aura saMkalpa se acchA caritra aura anuzAsita jIvanazailI bnaaeN| 27. Apa samaya bacAne kA sadaiva prayAsa kreN| pratIkSA ke samaya kA sadupayoga kreN| sadaiva racanAtmaka kArya kareM aura samaya kA sArthaka upayoga kreN| basa aura Trena meM baiThane kena samaya kA upayoga halake-phulake kAma karane aura par3hane meM kreN| kabhI bhI basa aura Trena meM binA pustaka ke nahIM baittheN| jaba bhI Traiphika meM phaMsa jAyeM, to pustaka ko bAhara nikAlakara pddheN| vicAroM ko likhane ke lie noTa paiDa bhI rkheN| isa prakAra Apa vyaktigata vikAsa aura kAma ke lie Apa kucha atirikta ghaNTe hAsila kara sakate haiN| braza karate samaya acchI bAteM smaraNa kreN| snAna karate samaya acche gIta gungunaaeN| apanI zarIrika aura mAnasika sphUrti ke kSaNoM kA nirdhAraNa kreN| sarvocca mahatva ke kArya isI samaya kreN| svAgata evaM sAmAjika saMbaMdhoM ke lie samaya nirdhArita kreN| naMta meM pratyeka choTI bahina. beTI evaM baha ko merI yaha vinamra salAha hai ki isa Alekha ko samaya nikAlakara par3heM, punaH-punaH par3heM evaM isa Alekha se preraNA lekara apane evaM apane parivAra ke caturmukhI vikAsa ke patha para Age bar3hane kA prayAsa kreN| atibhoga aura atityAga se bceN| ativAdI jIvana se bacakara samyaka jIvana prAcIna aura arvAcIna zreSTha jIvana mUlyoM kA vyAvahArika evaM vaijJAnika dharAtala para samanvaya kareM aura samakAlIna paristhitiyoM meM zAzvata jIvana mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa kA sArthaka prayAsa kreN|
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________________ prAkRta janazAstra aura ahiMsAzodhasaMsthAravazAlI mahAvIra jayantIsamAroha-6vidgASThI viSaya-vartamAna saMdarbhamaMaparigrahakI prAsaMgikatA. RELEVANCE OFAPRIGRAH US THE PRESENT CONTEXT dinAMka-22-4-86 maMcAsIna mAnanIya zikSAmaMtrI zrI lokeza nAtha jhA, zrImatI lakSmI siMha, Ayukta, tirahuta pramaNDala, mujaphpharapura pUrva sAMsada zrImatI uSA siMha - 22/4/1986 zrImatI lakSmI siMha, Ayukta, tirahuta pramaNDala, mujaphpharapura saMbodhita karate hue - 1986
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________________ mAnanIya zikSAmaMtrI zrI lokeza nAtha jhA saMbodhita karate hue - 1987 mahAvIra jayantI samAroha, 1987 meM sabhA ko saMbodhita karate hue DaoN. lakSmImala siMghavI, pUrva uccAyukta, bhArata sarakAra
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________________ mAnanIya zikSAmaMtrI, bihAra, zrI lokeza nAtha jhA evaM DaoN. lakSmImala siMghavI, pUrva uccAyukta, saMsthAna pustakAlaya kA avalokana karate hue - 12/4/1987 DaoN. deva nArAyaNa zarmA, nidezaka, vidvadgoSThI ko sambodhita karate hue - 12/4/1987
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________________ rintHISIOS gaNaERIT jagadIzacandra mAthura smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA - 1988 ko sambodhita karate hue pro. vilAsa saMgave, kolhApura mahotsava nagadIzacandramA tivyAkhyAna-mana prAkRta,janazAstrI pro. khuzAlacandra gorAvAlA, vArANasI ko smRti cihna se sammAnita karate Ayukta, tirahuta pramaNDala, mujaphpharapura - 1990
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________________ sva. jagadIzaca prAsa jainazAra Ayukta, tirahuta pramaNDala, mujaphpharapura vyAkhyAnamAlA ko sambodhita karate hue sva. jagadIzacana prAkRta nizA pAla DaoN. nandakizora prasAda, nidezaka, vyAkhyAnamAlA ko sambodhita karate hae - 1990 1990
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________________ yAna-mAlA. vidrada goSThI prANa ta jagadIzacandramAtharasa varSa 1EE aura AhA thAna vaizAla vidvad goSThI ko sambodhita karate mahAmahima rAjyapAla, bihAra, DaoN. e.Ara. kidavaI, 1993 sta.jagadIzacanda mAthura smRtivyAkhyAna-mAlA, kRtajainazAstra aura ahiMsAzodhasaMsthAna 9EE vaizAlI sthAnIya pUrva vidhAyaka zrI nAgendra siMha goSThI ko sambodhita karate hue - 1993
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________________ mahAmahima rAjyapAla, tripurA, pro. zrI siddhezvara prasAda pustaka kA vimocana karate hue - 1996 mahAtmA gAMdhI jayaMtI viziSTa samAroha meM mahAmahima rAjyapAla, tripurA, pro. zrI siddhezvara prasAda sambodhita karate hue - 1996
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________________ disAzodha saMsthAna jagadIzacandra mAthura smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA - 1996 meM maMcAsIna DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva, DaoN. kumAra vimala, DaoN. rAmajI siMha evaM DaoN. yugala kizora mizra kuta.jainazAstra aura ahiMsAzodha saMsthAna mAsika saMgoSThI dinAMka-21-8-2000 I. viSayaH prAkRta rAmakI rAmakathA rAmadAsa rAyaccazikSA rAjya-matrI kita na saride pramukha uccazikSA rAjyamaMtrI zrI rAmadAsa rAya evaM vidhAyaka rAmadeva varmA saMsthAna se prakAzita pustaka kA lokArpaNa karate hue - 2000
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________________ prAkRta.jainazAstra aura ahiMsAzodha saMsthAna mAsika saMgoSThI dinAMka 21-8-2000 I. viSayaHprAkRta rAmAyaNa kI rAmakathA a.yA zrI rAmadAsa rAya mAnanIya uccazikSA rAjya-matrI vikAra saskAra prasva vanAH DaoN.zrIraMjana sarideva uccazikSA rAjyamaMtrI zrI rAmadAsa rAya saMgoSThI kI adhyakSatA karate hue - 2000 tInazAna auraAhasAzAdhasasthAna mAsika saMgoraThI dinAMka-2182000I., Te-prAkRta rAmAyaNAzamakathA rAmadAsa rAvasAya mI fone are lADIrajana sarideva uccazikSA rAjyamaMtrI zrI rAmadAsa rAya saMgoSThI ko sambodhita karate hue - 21/8/2000
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________________ jagatArAcandramAthurasmAtavyAkhyAnamAlA viSaya-vartamAna vaizvika paridRzya ahiMsA 15. aprela 2003 12500 bhagavAna mahAvI zrI razIda ahamada khAna, jilA padAdhikArI, vaizAlI, saMgoSThI kI adhyakSatA karate hue - 2003 saMsthAna meM zrI rAmacandra siMha, cakaramadAsa (vaizAlI) ko mahAtmA mahAvIra avArDa - 2005 se sammAnita karate hue bI.Ara.e. bihAra vizvavidyAlaya ke pratikulapati DaoN. vijaya kumAra ThAkura - 2005
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________________ zrI sI. lalasotA, Ayukta, tirahuta pramaNDala, muja., dIpa prajjvalita kara saMgoSThI kA udghATana karate hue 2006 - 'jagadIzacandra mAthura smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA vidagoSThI 31 mArca 2007 I. viSaya sAmAjika jIvana meM ahiMsA kA mahatva prAkRta janazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna vAnI maMcAsIna grAmINa vikAsa maMtrI, bhArata sarakAra, DaoN. raghuvaMza prasAda siMha, pUrva vidhAyaka yogendra prasAda sAhU, DaoN. azezvara yAdava, kulapati, bihAra vizvavidyAlaya evaM manISI DaoN. zyAma nArAyaNa caudharI 31/3/2007 -
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________________ vyAkhyAnamAlA toors. ahiMsAkAmahatva saMsthAnabAsokRSTa namAnI saMsthAna ke nidezaka vyakhyAnamAlA ko saMbodhita karate hue - 2007 vAruyAnamAlA hasAkAmahatva kaNTa tazAlI mAnanIya maMtrI, DaoN. raghuvaMza prasAda siMha evaM DaoN. azezvara yAdava, kulapati, bihAra vizvavidyAlaya saMsthAna se prakAzita kaileMDara (navIna saMskaraNa) kA lokArpaNa karate hue - 2007
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________________ sthAna mahatva pro. zyAma nArAyaNa caudharI, pUrva adhyakSa, darzanazAstra vibhAga, Ara.ena. kaoNleja, hAjIpura vyAkhyAnamAlA ko sambodhita karate hue 2007 07 I. hiMsAkA mahatva sthAnI Pas N ECC zrI nirmala kumAra seThI, adhyakSa, bhAratavarSIya digambara jaina mahAsabhA, naI dillI sambodhita karate hue 2007 -
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________________ ACEIRNGAL mAnanIya maMtrI, DaoN. raghuvaMza prasAda siMha sambodhita karate hue - 2007 kA mahatva navAsAkaNDa,nazAnI DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva, paTanA, sambodhita karate hue - 2007
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________________ 2078. sasthAnavAsAkaNDa bazAlI DaoN. azezvara yAdava, kulapati, bI.Ara.e. bihAra vizvavidyAlaya, mujaphpharapura, vyAkhyAnamAlA ko sambodhita karate hue - 2007 dAzacandramAthurasmAtavyAkhyAna vidadagASThI.18 apraila, 2008 Da rAna paristhitiyAmaMjana Adha aura ahiMsA zoSalAhAla, SayaHrAkRta zrI jayarAma lAla mINA, Ayukta, tirahuta pramaNDala, mujaphpharapura, dIpa prajjavalita kara vyAkhyAnamAlA kA udghATana karate hue - 2008
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________________ ndra mAthura smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA SThI, 18 apraila 2008 I. rtamAna pari rUtra aura a niyoM meM jaina Aca saMsthAna, bAsokuNDa, vaizA zrI jayarAma lAla mINA, Ayukta, tirahuta pramaNDala, mujaphpharapura saMsthAna se prakAzita pustaka kA lokArpaNa karate hue 2008 vyAkhyAnamAlA bhASThI. 18 apraila 2008 I. vartamAna paristhitiTI meM jaina acA na zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAnI rASTrapati se sammAna prApta manISI DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina 'bhAskara', nAgapura, vyAkhyAnamAlA meM sambodhita karate hue 2008 -
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________________ yA me jaina AcAra nI DaoN. deva nArAyaNa zarmA, pUrva nidezaka, vyAkhyAnamAlA meM abhibhASaNa karate hue 2008 jagadIzacandra mAthura smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA vidagoSThI, 18 apraila, 2008 I0 viSaya vartamAna paristhitiyoM meM jaina AcAra prAkata jaina zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna. vAso DaoN. nanda kumAra yAdava 'indu', pratikulapati, bI. Ara. e. bihAra vizvavidyAlaya, mujaphpharapura, vyAkhyAnamAlA meM sambodhita karate hue 2008 - 1
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________________ zacandramAtharasmativyAkhyAnamAlA dagoSThI.18 apraila, 2008Da vartamAna paristhitiyomajana na zAstra aura Ahata tyAna,bAso Ayukta, tirahuta pramaNDala, muja., vyAkhyAnamAlA meM adhyakSIya bhASaNa karate hue - 2008 DaoN. bhAgacandra jaina, nAgapura, saMsthAna ke sarvaprathama chAtra amarendra kumAra prabhAkara ko svarNapadaka evaM pramANa-patra pradAna karate hue - 2008
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________________ DaoN. hIrAlAla jaina smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA - 2009 kA udghATana karate hue DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva, DaoN. deva nArAyaNa zarmA, DaoN. jayakumAra upAdhye, zrI pramoda kumAra caudharI evaM zrI vijaya kumAra sinhA - 27/11/2009 prAkRta jaina-zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI DaoN0 hIrAlAla jaina smRti yAvyAnamAlA DaoN. jayakumAra upAdhye, naI dillI vyAkhyAna prastuta karate hue - 27/11/2009
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________________ saMsthAna ke sarvaprathama chAtra zrI rAjendra pATila ko svarNapadaka evaM pramANa patra se sammAnita karate hue DaoN. zrIraMjana sUrideva - 27/11/2009 prAkRta jaina-zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI DaoN0 gulAbacandra caudharI smAraka vyAkhyAnamAlA DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina, nidezaka, vyAkhyAnamAlA meM sambodhita karate hue - 16/12/2009
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________________ prAkRta jaina-zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI DaoN0 galAbacandra caudharI smAraka vyAkhyAnamAlA rASTrapati sammAna prApta DaoN. rAjArAma jaina, noeDA, vyAkhyAnamAlA ko sambodhita karate hue - 16/12/2009 prAkRta jaina-zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI DaoN0 galAbacandra caudharI smAraka vyAkhyAnamAlA DaoN. pramoda kumAra siMha, pUrva adhyakSa, hindI vibhAga, bI.Ara.e. bihAra vizvavidyAlaya, mujaphpharapura, 16/12/2009 ko vyAkhyAnamAlA ko sambodhita karate hue
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________________ kRta jaina-zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, baizAlI DaoN0 gulAbacandra caudharI smAraka vyAkhyAnamAlA DaoN. vidyAvatI jaina, noeDA, vyAkhyAnamAlA ko sambodhita karatI huIM 16/12/2009 prAkRta jaina- zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI | AcArya kundakunda vyAkhyAnamAlA maMcAsIna vidvadgaNa - 23/2/2010 WAH
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________________ prAkRta jaina-zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI AcArya kundakunda vyAkhyAnamAlA MENM 2908100. DaoN. maMjubAlA, vyAkhyAtA, maMgalAcaraNa karatI huIM - 23/2/2010 prAkRta jaina-zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI AcArya kundakunda vyArayAnamAlA 6183 DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina, nidezaka, sambodhita karate hue - 23/2/2010
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________________ prAkRta jaina-zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI AvArya kundakunda vyAkhyAnamAlA COME DaoN. kamaleza kumAra jaina, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI, vyAkhyAna dete hue - 23/2/2010 prAkRta jaina-zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI AcArya kundakunda vyAkhyAnamAlA NEHA DaoN. ravIndra kumAra siMha, adhyakSa, darzana vibhAga, bihAra vizvavidyAlaya, mujaphpharapura sambodhita karate hue - 23/2/2010
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________________ prAkRta jaina-zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI AcArya kundakunda vyAkhyAnamAlA DaoN. upendra mizra, sI.sI.DI.sI., bI. Ara. e. bihAra vizvavidyAlaya, mujaphpharapura sambodhita karate hue 23/2/2010 prAkRta jaina-zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, baizAlI AcArya kundakunda vyAkhyAnamAlA 161014 20 DaoN. deva nArAyaNa zarmA, pUrva nidezaka, adhyakSIya bhASaNa dete hue - 23/2/2010 090010
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________________ EL rakakakakakakakakakatalalalalalalallllllllll VERSEEDS 165RSE SCRE BBCCESSES CELEATME V prazasti-patra dhammeNa hodi pujjo, vissasaNijjopi ojassI yA suhasajjhano ya NarANaM, dhammo maNaNivvudikkaro // prAcya bhAratIya bhASAoM ke adhyetA, prAqata, jainadarzana, jaina sAhitya evaM jaina itihAsa ke manISI vidvAna, jaina-saMskRti ke pracAraka-prasAraka, lekhaka samIkSaka pro. (DaoN.) lAlacanda jaina bhuvanezvara, ur3IsA malA ke karakamaloM meM zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM unake samagna yogadAna ko sammAnita karane ke lie tacakravartI paramapUjya AcAryazrI vidyAnanda jI manirAja maMgala AzIrvAda evaM satpreraNA se bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI dvArA pravartita zaurasenI-prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya-viSayaka AcArya vidyAnanda puraskAra varSa 2000 I. ikyAvana hajAra rupayoM kI sammAna-rAzi ke sAtha sabahumAna samarpita kiyA jAtA hai tathA unheM vidvatta ke mAnava viruda se sAdara vibhUSita kiyA jAtA hai| vinIta sAhU ramezacandra jaina sureza candra jaina prabandhanyAsI mantrI bhAratIya jJAnapITha ku ndakunda bhAratI nyAsa dinAMka : 15 janavarI 2004 guruvAra vIra nirvANa saMvata 2530. samAroha sthala : kendriya vidyAlaya saMgaThana sabhAgara. zahIda jIta siMha mArga, naI dillI- 110016 53nAeER SARAL-555 0 MARE Masupen TRENDIN 0027 kAma
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________________ sampAdaka : varSa 2000 ke 'AcArya vidyAnanda puraskAra' se sammAnita manISI jaina vizvabhAratI lADanUM (mAnita vizvavidyAlaya) meM adhyApana kArya prArambha kara Apa prAkRta jaina zAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna vaizAlI (bihAra) meM aTThAIsa varSoM ke adhyApana kArya ke pazcAt vahIM se nidezaka ke pada se sevAnivRta hue| maulika grantha : jaina darzana meM Atma vicAra saMpAdita evaM anuvAdita grantha : * lIlAvaI kahA tattvasAra samayasAra pro. (DaoN.) lAlacanda jaina kA yazasvI jIvanavRtta prAkRta bhASA, jainadarzana aura jaina sAhitya ke kSetra meM DaoN. lAlacanda jaina eka bahuzruta nAma hai| vidvAnoM kI jananI bundelakhaNDa meM 3 maI 1944 ko sva. zrI bAlacanda jI ke yahA~ janme DA. lAlacanda jaina ne jaina darzana evaM sAhitya kI zikSA syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya, vArANasI se prApta kI tathA banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya se darzanazAstra meM snAtakottara upAdhi evaM 'jainadarzana meM AtmA kA svarUpa : tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka adhyayana' viSaya para pIeca.DI. kI upAdhi prApta kii| prAkRta jaina zAstra evaM saMskRta meM snAtakottara upAdhi ke sAtha-sAtha saMpUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya se jainadarzanAcArya kI upAdhi bhI prApta kii| * * * advaitavAda * bhAratIya darzana meM sarvajJatA jainadarzana ke Aloka meM H kaMsavaho * naya cakra prAkRta gadya-padya bandha bhAga 1-2-3 * jaina vAGmaya meM campApurI aura mandAragiri samaNasuktaM jaina vAGmaya meM zikSA ke tattva * mahAvIra vimala dezanA (mAsika) jaina siddhAnta bhAskara (zodha patrikA ) prAkRta jainazAstra aura ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna grantha mAlA ke pradhAna saMpAdaka prAkRta, jaina darzana evaM sAhitya se sambandhita eka zataka se adhika zodha nibandha ApakI lekhanI se prasUta ho cuke haiM tathA rASTriya stara kI lagabhaga ardhazataka saMgoSThiyoM meM bhAga lekara Apane mahattvapUrNa Alekha prastuta kie haiN| pro. (DaoN.) vidyAvatI jaina ne 'saMta kavi devIdAsa aura unake aprakAzita sAhitya kA samIkSAtmaka adhyayana' viSaya para Apake nirdezana meM DI. liTa. kI upAdhi prApta kii| sAta zodhArthiyoM ne Apake nirdezana meM pIeca.DI. kI upAdhi prApta kI tathA chaha chAtra Aja bhI Apake nirdezana meM zodhakAryarata haiN| bihAra vizvavidyAlaya-mujaphpharapura, magadha vizvavidyAlaya-bodhagayA, mohanalAla sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya-udayapura, kAzI vidyApITha-vArANasI, banArasa hindU vizvavidyAlaya-vArANasI, sara harisiMha gaur3a vizvavidyAlaya sAgara, vIra kuMvarasiMha vizvavidyAlaya-ArA, varakatullA vizvavidyAlaya-bhopAla kI vibhinna samitiyoM ke Apa sammAnya sadasya haiN| saMprati utkala saMskRti vizvavidyAlaya, bhuvanezvara (ur3IsA) meM prAkRta evaM jaina vidyAvibhAga ke nidezaka evaM deva kumAra jaina prAcya zodha saMsthAna, ArA ke mAnada nidezaka haiN| DaoN. lAlacanda jaina kI sudIrghakAlIna zaikSaNika, sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika sevAoM kA mUlyAMkana karate hue bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI dvArA pravartita zaurasenI prAkRtabhASA evaM sAhitya-viSayaka 'AcArya vidyAnanda puraskAra' siddhAntacakravartI paramapUjya AcAryazrI vidyAnanda jI munirAja ke pAvana sAnnidhya meM sabahumAna samarpita karate hue hama unake sudIrgha sakriya jIvana kI maMgala kAmanA karate haiN|
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________________ prazasti-patra sammahaMsaNatuMbaM dubAlasaMgArayaM jiniMdANaM / vayaNamidaM jage jayadi, dhammacakkaM tavodhAraM // prAkRta, saMskRta evaM jainadarzana ke adhIti vidvAn, prAcIna pANDulipiyoM ke yazasvI sampAdaka, anuvAdaka, jaina-saMskRti ke pracAraka-prasAraka, jaina vAGmaya ke ananya sevI, DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina vaizAlI, bihAra ke karakamaloM meM zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra meM unake yogadAna ko sammAnita karane ke lie siddhAntacakravartI paramapUjya AcAryazrI vidyAnanda jI munirAja ke maMgala AzIrvAda evaM satpreraNA se bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI dvArA pravartita zaurasenI prAkRta bhASA evaM sAhitya viSayaka AcArya vidyAnanda puraskAra varSa 2001 I. ikyAvana hajAra rupayoM kI sammAna rAzi ke sAtha sabahumAna samarpita kiyA jAtA hai tathA unheM prAkRta bhASA vizArad ke mAnava viruda se sAdara vibhUSita kiyA jAtA hai| vinIta sAhU ramezacandra jaina prabandhanyAsI bhAratIya jJAnapITha dinAMka : 15 janavarI 2004 guruvAra vIra nirvANa saMvat 2530, samAroha sthala : kendriya vidyAlaya saMgaThana sabhAgAra, zahIda jIta siMha mArga, naI dillI- 110016 sureza candra jaina mantrI kundakunda bhAratI nyAsa
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________________ varSa 2001 ke 'AcArya vidyAnanda-puraskAra' se sammAnita manISI DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina kA yazasvI jIvanavRtta prAkRta bhASA aura jaina sAhitya ke pracAra-prasAra meM rata DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina kA janma vidvAnoM kI jananI bundelakhaNDa meM huaa| 2 mArca 1960 ko zrI mallikumAra jaina ke yahA~ janme DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina ne syAdvAda mahAvidyAlaya, vArANasI se prAkRta aura jainavarzana meM AcArya (ema.e.) upAdhi prApta kii| sara harisiMha gaur3a vizvavidyAlaya, sAgara se saMskRta viSayaka snAtakottara upAdhi meM svarNapadaka evaM sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya se 'niyamasAra-pAhuDa suttassa samIkSAtmaka-madhyayanam' viSaya para vidyAvAridhi (pIeca. DI.) kI upAdhi prApta kii| sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI meM adhyApana kArya prArambha kara vartamAna meM Apa rAjakIya prAkRta jaina zAstra evaM ahiMsA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI (bihAra) meM adhyApana kAryarata haiN| Apa prAkRta, saMskRta, jainadarzana kI prAcIna pANDulipiyoM ke vAcana, saMpAvana aura anuvAda ke kAryoM ke adhIti vidvAn hai| | saMpAdita evaM prakAzita racanAe~ : . zrI jainasiddhAnta bhavana granthAvalI bhAga 1-2-3 . avadhUrijavo davyasaMgaho sacitra jaina rAmAyaNa niyamasAra . lIlAvaI kahA prAkRta-gadya-padya baMdha bhAga 3 arhatpravacana paM. jugala kizora mukhtAra smRtigrantha . AtmakalyANa prakAza zodha patrikAoM kA saMpAdana : . jaina siddhAnta bhAskara evaM jaina eNTIkverI . vaizAlI insTIdayaTa risarca baleTina anekAntaH eka dRSTi', 'anekAnta aura syAdvAda', 'dravyasaMgraha eka adhyayana', 'jaina zikSA vartamAna sandarbha meM, "bhagavAna mahAvIra aura unake dvArA pratipAdita dharma', 'lokavyavahAra meM anekAntavAda', 'dhArmika evaM sAmAjika samasyAoM ke samAdhAna ke kSetra meM patra-patrikAoM kI bhUmikA', 'prAkata zabdoM kA vezIkaraNa', 'prAkata bhASAoM kA varNa-vidhAna', 'jaina zramaNAcAra meM samitiyA~', 'jaina pratrakAritA : eka mUlyAMkana 'bArasa aNuvekkhA meM varNita dazadharma', "AcArya kundakundasya prAkRtabhaktaya', 'AcArya kuntakuntasya prAkRtAnyeSu samyAjJAnavimarza', 'jaina paramparA meM Avaka ke bheda sahita pacahattara se adhika zodha lekha ApanI lekhanI se prasUta ho cuke hai| Apane paccIsa saMgoSThiyoM meM sahabhAgI hokara apane Alekha prastuta kie haiN| Apa aneka saMsthAoM ke padAdhikArI evaM savasya haiN| do zodhArthI Apake nirdezana meM zodha kAryarata haiN| soLE bhagavAna mahAvIra kI janmasthalI kuNDapura (videha) kI etihAsikatA ke viSaya meM sapramANa zodhapUrNa vistRta lekha likhakara Apane isa viSaya meM vyApta aneka prAntiyoM kA sazakta nirAkaraNa kiyA hai| saMprati rAjakIya prAkRta janazAstra evaM ahisA zodha saMsthAna, vaizAlI (bihAra) meM snAtakottara kakSAoM ke adhyApana ke sAtha-sAtha Apa deva kumAra jaina prAcya zodha saMsthAna, ArA (bihAra) ke mAnava zodhAdhikArI haiN| zaikSaNika, sAhityika evaM sAMskRtika sevAoM kA mUlyAMkana kara DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina, vaizAlI ko bhAratIya jJAnapITha, naI dillI dvArA pravartita zaurasenI-prAkRtabhASA evaM sAhitya-viSayaka "AcArya vidyAnanta puraskAra' siddhAntacakravartI paramapUjya AcAryazrI vidyAnanda jI munirAja ke pAvana sAnnidhya meM sabahumAna samarpita karate hue hama unake sudIrgha sakriya jIvana kI maMgala kAmanA karate haiN| GIR L ... .. ... .. .. P49477171974 .......
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________________ Jain in Education International BUDDHA MISSION OF INDIA Central Office:- Kacchi Talab, Gardanibagh, Patna: 800 001 (Bihar) CERTIFICATE BUDDHA VISHIST AWARD 2006 This is to certify that Buddha vishist Award is given to RISHAV CHANDRA JAIN for his work and Contribution in the field of EDUCATION on the occasion of 2550th Buddha Jayanti Celebration on 13 May 2006 at Rabindra Bhawan, Patna, Bihar. Banta Er. Ramanuj Gautam Chairman upon Central Ofice Chief Guest Dr. Kamal Prasad Bauddha Secretary
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________________ DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina , nidezaka ko 'buddha viziSTa avArDa-2006' se sammAnita karate hue bihAra vidhAnasabhAdhyakSa mAnanIya zrI udaya nArAyaNa caudharI evaM bihAra sarakAra ke mAnanIya maMtrI zrI janArdana siMha -'sigrIvAla'- 13/05/2006 nizAniya pravItara zIrasainI prakRtabhASA sAhitya divAkara AcArya vidyAnanda puraskAra-samarpaNasamAroha 15 janavarI 2004 susvArAcAra sTriya niyAlama maigaThana sabhAgAra zIba jIta liyAna naI dilla-15 zrI lAlabahAdara zAstrI rASTriya saMskRta vidyApITha navadehalI AcAya kundakunda smRti vyAkhyAnamAlA dinA~ka 15-16 JAN:04 AcArya vidyAnanda puraskAra samarpaNa samAroha, naI dillI meM maMcAsIna AcArya zrI vidyAnanda jI, DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina, DaoN. lAlacanda jaina, DaoN. satyavrata zAstrI, DaoN. vAcaspati upAdhyAya, zrI satIza jaina evaM sambodhita karate hue DaoN. rAjArAma jaina - 2004
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________________ hokaramAvAsAhitya viSayaka -samarpaNasamAroha jopahara 2 baje siTamArganirdani DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina ko AcArya vidyAnanda puraskAra evaM 'prAkRta bhASA vizArada' mAnada upAdhi se sammAnita karate hue DaoN. satyavrata zAstrI, naI dillI - 2004 DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina ko aMgavastra se sammAnita karate hue pro. vAcaspati upAdhyAya, kulapati, zrI lAlabahAdura zAstrI rASTrIya saMskRta vidyApITha, naI dillI - 2004
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________________ DaoN. RSabhacandra jaina janma : 2 mArca, 1960 zaikSaNika yogyatA AcArya (jainadarzana, prAkRta evaM jainAgama), ema. e. (saMskRta sAhitya), tInoM meM prathama zreNI meM prathama sthAna, labdha svarNapadaka-traya, vidyAvAridhi (pI-eca.DI.), siddhAMtazAstrI vizeSajJatA jainadarzana, prAkRta evaM jainazAstra, saMskRta sAhitya, prAcIna pANDulipiyoM kA vAcana, sUcIkaraNa evaM sampAdana aura anuvAda, prAcIna kannar3a, gujarAtI Adi lipiyoM kA jJAna prakAzita grantha jaina siddhAnta bhavana granthAvalI, bhAga-1,2,3 avacUrijudo davvasaMgaho - (saMpAdana) sacitra jaina rAmAyaNa - (saMpAdana) arhatpravacana - (saMpAdana-anuvAda) niyamasAra - (saMpAdana-anuvAda) lIlAvaI - (saMpAdana-anuvAda) prAkRta-gadya-padya-baMdha, bhAga-3 (hindI anuvAda), jainavidyA, prAkRta sAhitya aura bhASAe~ - (saM.) Aspects of Non-Violence - (Ed.) Migration in Bihar : SocioDemographic Analysis - (Ed.) paNDita jugalakizora mukhtAra smRtigrantha - (saM.) Atma-kalyANa-prakAza - (saMpAdana) zodha-patrikAoM kA sampadAna jaina siddhAMta bhAskara evaM jaina eNTIkvairI, ArA vaizAlI insTIcyUTa risarca buleTina, vaizAlI
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________________ xxmosioxsmEJDa d dess 15030028amadenoiseDED 80lAkA kRtavidyApITha vaizAlI) nAvadAtAlA niveSadhAramAdita I-sevarAInarva yAvayAlATaratAkANa |navAnevarevatiSThatAti sammanamukArAyadA niucAigalyAigatA mAyAmavarakA vanarutavAdanAkAma sthAniksanarAdhana yanAmAinasazavAya siddhi gade vIrajiNe vi-aTu-cadu-be subAsa aNkte|| citta siyA terasieM caMdadiNe jAda-Usave saMte // 1 besAlIe pAgaya-vijjAbIDhassa mUla-pahassA siri rAjiMdapasAde rahabaI ThAvaNaM kidavaM // 2 // mahAvIra bhagavAna ke nirvANa se 2482(do hajAra cAra sau vyAsI) varSa vyatIta hone para caitra zukla traye / dazI dina somavAra ko mahAvIra janmotsava ke saavasara para vaizAlI prAkata vidyApITha kI zilAnyAsa vidhi rASTrapati zrI rAjendra prasAda jI ne apane kara-kamaloM dvArA sampanna kii| lA zakolAdivAyAdi pIka hisAbalAvAdvAre pramukha pravRttiyA~ ityAvida yAcA 1. snAtakottara adhyApana 2. zodhakArya 3. zodha prakAzana 4. vidvad goSThiyA~ evaM vizeSa vyAkhyAna 12/05. snAtakottara tathA zodha chAtravRttiyA~ Dasi 152508-1 Dended Baby