________________
South East Asia and Indian Ocean in Jaina Literature
411
traders (navavaniyaga) who used to undertake the sea-voyage with praying Jinas. They started their journey from Champā and reached to Gambhīr (Poyapattana), the possible second name of Tāmralipti and then Suvarnadvspa and Kāliyadvīpa. The Kāliyadvīpa was very much famous for gold and silver. The Jaina traders used to purchase them against their goods like sugar, garments etc. (ibid. 17).
Malāyā Prāyadvīpa (Malayesia) is situated in South East of Bay of Bengal. This was the shortest route to enter into East and South East Asia from India, Europe and Western Asia. Traders used this route to enter into Svarnadvīpa. In opinion of Itsing, Lang-Kia-Su or Lankasuk is the name of Kedāh or Kațāhdvīpa. According to a story of the Kathāsaritsāgar, Samudrasur reached to Kalashapur. While going to Svarṇabhūmī his ship was destroyed. Therefore Kalashpur or Ko-Lo-Ko-Fen may have been a part of Malāyā Prāyadvīpa. Kedda or Kadāh may be identical where the following Buddhist Sanskrit inscription is found:
Ye dharmā hetuprabhavā teşāṁ hetus tathāgato (hyavadat). Teşāṁ ca ye nirodha Evamvādi Mahaśramaṇaḥ. Ajñānācciyate karmajanmanaḥ karmakāraṇaḥ.
Jñānānna kriyate karma karmabhāvānna jāyate. Sumātrā is situated in South of Malāyā. It comes under Indonesia. According to French scholar Ferrand, Yavanadvīpa is the name of Sumātrā. There is Yavananagara, which is identified with Jūnāgadh in Gujarat where the Jain Tirthakşetra Girinār is situated.
Śrīvijaya is the most famous Indian colony in Sumātrā which was established in about 4th C.A.D. Sailendra dynesty ruled over the country. The Kuvalayamālā refers to Vijayapur. Dr. V.S. Agrawal identifies it with Nagarjunīkondā. It may have some relations with Vijayapurī of Sumātrā on the line of Champā and other countries.
Jāvā is identified as Yavadvīpa. It was traditionally associated with king Astin, the Apabhramsa form of Hastinapur, the most ancient centre of Jainism. It is also said that it was established by king of Kalinga, the Jaina Emperor. Ho-Ling is the Chinese form
Jain Education International
For Private & Personal Use Only
www.jainelibrary.org
