Jain Sanskrit Mahakavyo Me Bharatiya Samaj

Author(s): Mohan Chand
Publisher: Eastern Book Linkers
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/023198/1

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM bhAratIya samAja DaoN. mohana canda

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grantha paricaya itihAsa ke lakSya prAja badala cuke haiN| aba itihAsa jana-jana kI AkAMkSAnoM tathA bhAvanAoM kA pratilekhana karatA hai, kevala rAjavaMzoM ke utthAnapatana kA nhiiN| ina badale hue itihAsa mUlyoM ke pariprekSya meM pichale cAra-pAMca dazakoM se lokamUlyoM se anuprANita sAhityika srotoM ke mAdhyama se sAmAjika itihAsa lekhana kI jo eka navIna vidhA astitva meM AI hai usameM jaina sAhitya kA bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| adhikAMza jaina sAhitya kisI rAjyAzraya meM nahIM apitu lokacetanA evaM janasAmAnya kI anubhUtiyoM se prerita hokara nirmita huA hai| prastuta grantha meM AThavIM se caudahavIM zatAbdI taka racita jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke AdhAra para madhyakAlIna bhAratIya samAja ke vividha pakSoM kA vivecana huaA hai / grantha ko nau adhyAyoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai jo isa prakAra haiM : 1. sAhitya, samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya 2. rAjanaitika zAsana taMtra aura rAjya vyavasthA, 3. yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA, 4. arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga vyavasAya, 5 prAvAsa vyavasthA, khAnapAna tathA vezabhUSA, 6 dhAmika janajIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM, 7. zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna vijJAna, 8 striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA tathA 9. bhaugolika sthiti / _dillI vizvavidyAlaya kI pI-eca0 DI0 upAdhi ke lie prastuta kiyA gayA tathA Adhunika samAjazAstrIya mUlyoM ke prariprekSya meM likhA gayA yaha zodha prabandha isa tathya ko rekhAGkita karatA hai ki bhAratavarSa ke madhyakAlIna itihAsa ko jAnane ke lie jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI sAmagrI kitanI mahattvapUrNa hai| ye mahAkAvya sAmAjika itihAsa ke vividha pakSoM para navIna prakAza DAlane ke sAthasAtha itihAsakAroM dvArA pracArita aneka bhrAntiyA kA nirAkaraNa bhI karate haiN| lekhaka ne 'nigama' sambandhI dhAraNA kI punarsamIkSA kI hai tathA usake svarUpa nirdhAraNa ke kSetra meM navIna aitihAsika tathya juTAe haiN| AzA hai, madhyakAlIna itihAsa ke vizeSa adhyetAnoM tathA zodhArthiyoM ke lie yaha anusandhAna kArya upayogI siddha hogaa| 2300.00

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM bhAratIya samAja ( 8vIM zatI I0 se 14vIM zatI I0 taka ) DaoN0 mohana canda saMskRta vibhAga, rAmajasa kAleja, dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI IsTarna buka liMkarsa dillI (bhArata)

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prakAzaka: IsTarna buka likarsa 5825, nyU candrAvala, javAhara nagara, dillI-110007 prathama saMskaraNa : 1689 (c) lekhaka mUlya : ru.300.00 mudraka-amara priMTiMga presa, (zAma priMTiMga ejensI), 8/25, Dabala sTorI, vijaya nagara, dillI-110006

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JAINA SANSKRTA MAHAKAVAYON MEIN BHARATIYA SAMAJA ( 8TH CENT. A. D. TO 14TH CENT. A. D.) DR. MOHAN CHAND Department of Sanskrit, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi Eastern Book Linkers ii (INDIA) DELHI

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Published by EASTERN BOOK LINKERS 5825, New Chandrawal, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi-110007 First Edition : 1989 (c) Author Price: Rs. 300.00 Printed by: Amar Printing Press (Sham Printing Agency), 8/25, Double Storey, Vijay Nagar, Delhi-110009

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samarpaNa (17 janavarI 1856-12 jUna 1942) svargIya rAya kedAranAtha ( sevAnivRtta DisTrikTa eNDa sezana jaja, paMjAba ) yasmin sarvANi bhUtAnyAtmaivAbhUd vijAnataH / tatra ko mohaH kaH zoka ekatvamanupazyataH // } tyAga aura Adarza ke ujjvala pratimAna, vyaSTi ko samaSTi meM lIna karane vAle, jJAna kI gaMgA ko dharatI para utArane vAle, mahAn samAja puruSa jinhoMne asamarthoM tathA sAdhanahInoM kI zikSA hetu apanA sarvasva nyauchAvara kara diyA tathA rAmajasa zikSA saMsthAeM Aja bhI jinakI kIrtipatAkA ko phaharA rahI haiM, unhIM tyAgamUrti kI puNyasmRti meM zraddhA sahita samarpita / - mohana canda

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Amakha jaina sAhitya meM sAmAjika evaM Arthika itihAsa ke nirmANa ke lie bahumUlya sAmagrI upalabdha hai, para abhI taka isakA upayoga adhika nahIM huA hai| bhArata ke itihAsa kI mukhya dhArA meM isa sAmagrI ko taba taka sthAna nahIM milegA jaba taka aitihAsika dRSTi se isake vibhinna aGgoM kA anuzIlana na ho aura una para zodhaprabandha na likhe jaaeN| isa pariprekSya meM DA0 mohana canda kI yaha pustaka sarAhanIya prayAsa hai| unhoMne bar3e parizrama pUrvaka jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM pAe gaye tathyoM ke AdhAra para pUrvamadhyakAlIna bhAratavarSa kI Arthika, sAmAjika, dhArmika aura rAjanaitika avasthAoM kA vizleSaNAtmaka vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| unhoMne batalAyA hai ki zabdoM ke artha badalate rahate haiM / udAharaNasvarUpa dikhalAyA gayA hai ki 'nigama' jisakA artha nagara hotA hai madhyakAlIna bhArata meM gAMva ke rUpa meM dekhA jAne lgaa| yaha prAcIna nagaroM kI avanati ke kAraNa humA jisakA sambandha sAmantavAda ke udaya se hai| isameM sandeha nahIM ki DA. mohana canda ne jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA gaharA adhyayana kiyA hai aura soca samajhakara niSkarSa nikAle haiN| maiM mAzA karatA hUM ki saMskRta aura itihAsa ke adhyetA isa pustaka se lAbha utthaaeNge| paTanA, 24 akTUbara, 1988 rAma zaraNa zarmA bhUtapUrva adhyakSa, bhAratIya itihAsa anusandhAna pariSad, naI dillI

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zubhAzaMsA sAhitya kA zabdArtha hai shittaa| sahitatA hI samAja kA bhI vyAvataMka dharma hai / isa nAte sahitatA ke mAdhyama se sAhitya samAja se avicchinna rUpa meM jur3A hai / bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa meM AdikAlika vaidika RSi kI dRSTi mUlataH sAmAjika thii| saMskRta kA prAdikAvya rAmAyaNa bhI mUlataH sAmAjika sambandhoM kA vizleSaNa karatA hai| samayAnusAra isa dhArA meM parivartana huA aura bhAratIya dRSTi samaSTi se haTakara vyaSTi para adhika kendrita ho gii| isa vyaSTiparaka dRSTi meM se sAhitya kI rasaparaka vyAkhyA paddhati udbhUta huI / vartamAna yuga meM hamArI dRSTi punaH vyaSTi se samaSTi kI ora unmukha huI hai aura sahaja hI sAhitya kI rasaparaka vyAkhyA ke sAtha samAjaparaka vizleSaNa bhI kiyA jAne lagA hai| bhAratIya vidyAnoM kA adhyayana karane vAloM ke liye yaha aura bhI adhika Avazyaka isaliye ho gayA ki bhAratIya svabhAva se itihAsa lekhana meM ruci na rakhane para bhI sAhitya sRjana meM kisI se pIche nahIM rahe aura isaliye prAcIna bhAratIya samAja ko samajhane ke liye sAhitya eka mukhya srota hai| jaina paramparA prArambha se hI vyaSTi kI ora adhika unmukha rahI hai| jisa yuga meM jaina lekhakoM ne kAvya likhane ke lie saMskRta bhASA ko mAdhyama ke rUpa meM cunA usa yuga meM sambhavataH samagra bhAratIya cintana vyaSTiparaka mor3a le cukA thA aura isaliye vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke samakakSa sAmAjika mUlyoM ko ubhArane vAle sAhitya ke sRjana kI saMbhAvanA nahIM raha gaI thii| DaoN0 mohana canda ne jisa yuga ke mahAkAvyoM kA adhyayana prastuta zodha prabandha meM kiyA hai usa yuga meM likhe gaye mahAkAvyoM kA rasa paraka athavA kAvyazAstrIya adhyayana pahale ho cukA hai| isa viSaya meM DA0 nemicandra zAstrI kA grantha "saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna" eka mAnaka zodha prabandha hai, kintu isa grantha kA mukhya lakSya kAvyazAstrIya adhyayana hone ke kAraNa isameM samAjazAstrIya adhyayana AnuSaMgika ho gayA hai| prastuta zodha prabandha meM samAjazAstrIya adhyayana hI mukhya hai / isaliye maiM ise DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI ke zodha prabandha kA eka sukhada pUraka samajhatA huuN|

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jaina vidyA ke kSetra meM samAjazAstrIya adhyayana karane vAle zodha prabandhoM meM agraNI DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina kA "jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja" nAmaka grantha hai kintu usakA vivecyakAla jahA~ samApta hotA hai prastuta zodhaprabandha kA vivecyakAla lagabhaga vahIM se prArambha hotA hai| isa prakAra eka dUsarI dRSTi se prastuta zodha prabandha DaoN. jagadIza candra jaina ke grantha kA bhI paripUraka hai| spaSTa hai ki isa zodha prabandha ne usa viSaya ko chupA hai jo aba taka prAyaH achUtA hI thA / usa achUte kSetra kA eka mahattvapUrNa dRSTi se anuzIlana karake vidvajjagat ke sanmukha rakhane ke liye nizcaya hI DaoN0 mohana canda dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiN| DaoN0 mohana canda ne jisa viSaya kA vivecana kiyA hai usa para koI bhI niSkarSa aise nahIM ho sakate jinheM nirvivAda kahA jA sake kintu anusandhAna meM jina do bAtoM kA sarvAdhika mahattva hai-vaijJAnika paddhati tathA vastuniSThatA athavA taTasthatA-unakI dRSTi se prastuta zodha prabandha kharA hI utregaa| bhaviSya meM bhI jo kisI anya paramparA yA yuga ke sAhitya kA samAjazAstrIya adhyayana karanA cAheMge unake liye DA0 mohana canda ke isa grantha se mArga prazasta hogA, aisA maiM samajhatA huuN| unake grantha kA prastAvanAtmaka prathama adhyAya kisI bhI bhAratIya sAhitya ke samAjazAstrIya adhyayana kI saiddhAntika pRSThabhUmi pradAna karatA hai| isameM unhoMne bhAratIya paramparA ke sAtha pAzcAtya paramparA ko bhI samAna mahattva diyA hai jo ki viSaya kI prakRti ke anusAra Avazyaka thaa| dUsare adhyAya ke bAda ke sabhI adhyAyoM ke prArambha meM lekhaka ne jaina mahAkAvyoM kA adhyayana karane se pUrva pUre bhAratIya pariprekSya meM bhI tad-tadviSayaka carcA pRSThabhUmi ke rUpa meM dI hai| pariNAmasvarUpa jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya viSayaka carcA ko pAThaka samagra pariprekSya meM rakhakara dekha sakatA hai| pratyeka adhyAya meM diye gaye niSkarSa bhI isa bAta ke sUcaka haiM ki lekhaka ne kevala srota granthoM se tathyoM ko nikAla kara unakA vargIkaraNa mAtra hI nahIM kiyA hai balki una tathyoM ko apane maulika cintana ke saMsparza se satya meM bhI badalane kA vinamra prayAsa kiyA hai| sAhitya kA isa prakAra kA samAjadharmI anuzIlana eka aisI saraNi prastuta karatA hai jisake dvArA prAcIna sAhitya ko vartamAna yuga meM bhI prAsaMgika banAyA jA sakatA hai / mAlocya kAla bhAratIya itihAsa kA aura vizeSakara jaina paramparA ke itihAsa kA eka mahattvapUrNa mor3a hai / jainoM ne eka aora saMskRta ko apanA kara bhArata kI mukhya dhArA se jur3anA cAhA to vahA~ dUsarI ora isI yuga meM anekAnta kI vizeSa pratiSThA karake usa bhAvadhArA ko puSTa kiyA jise hama Aja kI bhASA meM samanvaya-dRSTi kahate haiM / zAyada isI samanvaya-dRSTi kI pRSThabhUmi meM rahane kA pariNAma hai ki prastuta grantha kA viSaya jaina vidyA hai kintu na isakA lekhaka jaina hai,

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ne isakA prakAzaka / jaina vAGmaya kA jaba taka jana sampradAya ke saGkIrNa kaTaghare se nikalakara pUrI bhAratIya paramparA ke sandarbha meM adhyayana na hogA taba taka usa vAGmaya ke aneka mUlyavAn pakSa anudghATita hI raha jaayeNge| isa dizA meM kiye jAne vAle kucha virala prayatnoM meM se eka prayatna prastuta zodha grantha hai| isaliye maiM isakA aura isake lekhaka kA abhinandana karatA hUM pora yaha kAmanA karatA hUM ki yaha paramparA nirantara pracIyamAna ho tAki bhAratIya paramparA kI bhAvadhArA meM indradhanuSa kI bahuraMgI chaTA banI rahe, ekarUpatA kI nIrasatA utpanna na ho aura sAtha hI rASTra kI bhAvAtmaka ekatA ko bala mile jo ki Aja ke yuga kI sabase bar3I AvazyakatA hai aura jisakI pUrti ke lie bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko sabase Age AnA cAhie kyoMki bhArata ke sAMskRtika mAnacitra kI prAntarika ekatA kA jo sUtra sthUla rAjanaitika dRSTi kI pakar3a meM nahIM pAtA use kevala saMskRti kA adhyetA hI pakar3a pAtA hai / dayAnanda bhArgava prAcArya evam adhyakSa, jodhapura, saMskRta vibhAga, vasanta paJcamI, samvat 2045 jodhapura vizvavidyAlaya

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prAkkathana bhAratIya vidyA ke kSetra meM vaidika, jaina tathA bauddha sAhitya kI tulanAtmaka gaveSaNAoM se yaha aitihAsika satya vizeSa rUpa se ubhara kara pAyA hai ki prAcIna bhArata kI sAmAjika saMracanA tathA usake udbhava evaM vikAsa kI gatividhiyAM kevala vaidika cintana se hI nahIM balki jaina evaM bauddha vicAroM se bhI vizeSa prabhAvita rahIM thiiN| vaidika kAla se lekara uttarottara yugoM meM sAmAjika parivartana ke mUlya ina tInoM paramparAmoM ke pArasparika AdAna-pradAna se anuprerita the| kabhI vaidika dhArA ke netRtva meM samAja kI mukhya dhArA kA nirmANa huA to kabhI zramaNa paramparA ne sAmAjika parivartana ke mUlyoM kI dizA nirdhArita kii| isI utAra car3hAva ke itihAsa meM kabhI vaidika mUla ke cintakoM ko zramaNa bhAvadhArA ke anurUpa bhI brAhmaNa saMskRti kA punaruddhAra karanA par3A to kabhI aisI bhI paristhitiyAM utpanna huI jaba zramaNa saMskRti jina vaidika mUlyoM kA virodha karatI AI thI unheM hI apanAne ke lie vivaza huii| Aja bhI bhAratIya saMskRti kI vibhinna paramparAeM yadi jIvita haiM to unako jIvantatA kA samAjazAstrIya rahasya bhI yahI hai ki bhArata ke sAmAjika cintaka sadaiva dharma ke zAzvata evaM kUTastha mUlyoM kI rakSA karate hue hI sAmAjika cintana ko badalI huI paristhitiyoM meM bhI yugIna gatizIlatA pradAna karate Ae haiN| dhArmika utthAna-patana kA hajAroM varSa purAnA bhAratIya itihAsa sAkSI hai ki jaba bhI sAmAjika parivartanoM ke lie paristhitiyAM taiyAra huyIM dhArmika netRtva kI prabhutA se hI unameM badalAva AyA aura isa kAraNa bhAratIya itihAsa ke sandarbha meM sAmAjika parivartana kA dUsarA nAma hai dhArmika parivartana / Adhunika 'samAjazAstra' jaisA zAstra prAcIna bhArata meM 'dharmazAstra' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thA jisake antargata itihAsa, purANa, smRti granthoM kI sAmAjika vyavasthAeM samAviSTa thiiN| isI prakAra jainoM tathA bauddhoM ke sAmAjika prAdarza Agama, purANa, nikAya, jAtaka Adi dhArmika sAhitya se hI anuprerita the / prAja 'samAja' kI jaisI avadhAraNA samAjazAstra ke pariprekSya meM banI hai prAcIna bhArata meM vaisI hI avadhAraNA kA paryAyavAcI zabda koI hai to vaha 'dharma' hai| antara kevala itanA hai ki prAdhunika 'samAnazAstra' samAja kyA hai ?-isa samasyA kA hI samAdhAna kara pAtA hai to prAcIna bhAratIya 'dharmazAstra' samAja kaisA honA cAhie ? -isa samasyA

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xiv para kendrita thaa| prAcIna kAla meM dharma ko dhAraNA atyanta vyApaka thI jisameM sAmpradAyikatA kA utanA Agraha nahIM thA jitanA ki vyakti aura samAja ke vyavahAroM ko vyavasthApita karane kI sadbhAvanA kintu yaha bhI aitihAsika satya hai ki jaba bhI dharma sAmpradAyika saGkIrNatAoM se jur3A hai usane una tamAma mAnavIya mUlyoM ko tAka para rakha diyA jo dharma ko zAzvatatA se anuprerita haiM tathA sAmAjika sauhArda evaM bandhutva-bhAvanA kA prasAra karate haiM / atIta ke mAnava vyavahAroM kA itihAsa cAhe kisI bhI deza kA rahA ho, vartamAna ko isa aora sAvadhAna karatA AyA hai ki siddhAntataH dharma, rAjanIti aura Arthika mUlya sAmAjika niyaMtraNa ke prabhAvazAlI upAdAna haiM parantu dveSa tathA prabhutA kI bhAvanA se dharma ko jaba bhI sAmpradAyika mor3a diyA gayA hai to rAjanaitika mUlyahInatA aura Arthika viSamatA ke kAraNa sAmAjika pragati avaruddha huI hai aise meM dezakAla kI paristhitiyoM ke anusAra kabhI sAmpradAyikatA ke netRtva meM rAjacetanA aura Arthika vikAsa kaMThita ho jAtA hai to kabhI bhautika unnati kI gajanimIlana pravRtti se dharma aura rAjanIti ke kSetra meM eka gaharI zUnyatA chA jAtI hai / isI prakAra janatAMtrika mUlyoM ko virodhI rAjacetanA jaba samAja para hAvI hotI hai to sAmpradAyika tanAvoM aura Arthika asantoSoM kA samAjazAstra phUTane lagatA hai : ___ saca to yaha hai ki 'sattva', 'rajas' tathA 'tamas', kI sAmyAvasthA jaise sAMkhya darzana kI 'prakRti' ke lie atyAvazyaka hotI hai jisase ki 'puruSa' kA kalyANa ho sake ThIka usI prakAra dharma, rAjanIti tathA arthavyavasthA kA samucita niyojana sAmAjika vyavasthA ke lie bhI eka anivArya AvazyakatA hai tAki manuSya mAtra kA hita-sampAdana ho sake / 'prakRti' kI pradhAnatA aura 'puruSa' kI udAsInatA isa samAjazAstrIya pravRti kI bhI dyotaka hai ki samaSTi sAdhanA kA puNyalAbha sadA byakti ko hI milatA hai| prAcIna sAhitya meM samagra janasamaha tathA vyakti ke vAstavika svabhAva donoM ke lie 'prakRti' zabda kA vyavahAra huA hai jisakI arthavattA kA aucitya bhI tabhI siddha ho sakatA hai jaba vyaSTi aura samaSTi ke madhya eka advaita sambandha banA rahe tathA vyakti aura samUha eka dUsare ke prati samarpita bhAva hokara hI vyavahata hoM / kintu vyaktivAdI bhAvano jaba bhI samAja para hAvI huI hai sAmAjika vighaTanoM kA mArga prazasta huA hai| dharma ko balapUrvaka sampradAyoM meM vibhAjita honA par3A tathA 'nako RSiryasya vaca: pramANam' kI vedanA ko bhI sahanA pdd'aa| rAjanIti 'vasudhA-upabhoga' kI arAjakatA kA nizAnA banI aura arthavyavasthA kA niyojana karane vAle hI usake sabase bar3e bhakSaka bana baitthe| sAmAjika AdarzoM tathA vyAvahArika paristhitiyoM meM sadA saMgharSa hotA pAyA hai| sAmAjika cintana aura samAja vyavasthA meM bhI kaTu saMvAda kI yuga cetanA ubharatI mAI hai| itihAsakAroM ke lie aba bhI yaha khoja kA hI viSaya banA huA hai ki

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XV kyA kabhI sarvAGgINa rUpa se samunnata prAdarza samAja kA astitva vAstava meM rahA bhI thA ? parantu aitihAsika sAkSyoM se yaha bhI vidita hotA hai ki aneka avasaroM para bhAratIya samAja svarNayuga kI avasthAoM se gUjarA hai aura aneka aise sAmrAjya bhI sthApita hue haiM jinakI upalabdhiyA~ svarNAkSaroM meM likhane yogya haiN| apane atIta se tathA apane purAtana sAMskRtika mUlyoM se gauravAnvita hone kI pravRtti mAnava mAtra kI eka svAbhAvika aura sAmAjika manovRtti rahI hai parantu bhAratIyoM ke prAcya manovijJAna kI yaha eka vizeSa upalabdhi hai ki unhoMne apane pUrvakAlika itihAsa ko saMrakSita karane tathA use Age bar3hAne kI cintA ke kAraNa jahA~ eka ora vaidika kAla meM hI itihAsa tathA purANa vidyAoM kI vedoM ke samAna hI divya utpatti svIkAra kara lI thI to vahA~ dUsarI ora itihAsa-purANa ke Aloka meM vedoM kI punarvyAkhyA paddhati ko bhI vaijJAnika AyAma mile tathA itihAsa cetanA se anabhijJa vyAkhyAnoM dvArA vedoM kI avajJA hone kI avadhAraNA bhI pallavita huI itihAsapurANAbhyAM vedaM samupabRhayeta / bibhetyalpazrutAdvedo mAmayaM prahariSyati // vaidika tathA zramaNa donoM paramparAmoM meM dhArmika sAhitya ke mAdhyama se prAcIna itihAsa aura paurANika AkhyAnoM ko saMgrahIta karane kI eka adamya AkAMkSA rahI hai| itihAsa-purANa lekhana kI sAhityAnuprANita vidhAnoM kA ina donoM paramparAoM meM sUtrapAta huaa| rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata aura paMcalakSaNAtmaka vizAla purANa sAhitya. kI racanA eka vaidika abhigama hai to nikAya, jAtaka Adi bauddhoM ke sAhitya meM bhI bhagavAn buddha kI prAcIna paramparAnoM ke AkhyAna tathA kathAeM saMkalita huI haiN| jainoM kI zrutajJAna-paramparA eka aora vizAla Agama sAhitya ke mAdhyama se pravAhita huI hai to dUsarI ora prathamAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga tathA dravyAnuyoga nAmaka anuyoga-catuSTaya ke viSayopakathana jaina dharma tathA darzana ke atirikta prAcIna itihAsa-purANa sambandhI pravRttiyoM se bhI anuprerita haiN| jaina purANoM tathA paurANika zailI ke carita mahAkAvyoM kA kathAnaka taMtra triSaSTizalAkApuruSoM ke jIvana vRtta tathA unake dvArA sthApita prAdarzoM ke prati samarpita hotA hai / jaina lekhakoM kI sarAhanA karanI hogI ki unhoMne purAtanatA kI paridhi meM rahate hue bhI apane yuga ke samAja mUlyoM kI apekSA se samAja ko svastha evaM gatizIla dizA pradAna karane ke eka mahAn dAyitva kA bhI nirvAha kiyA hai| prastuta zodha grantha meM jina jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ko adhyayanArtha cunA gayA hai unake adhikAMza lekhaka mAtra kavi hI nahIM the balki apane yuga ke mahAn

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dArzanika aura prabhAvazAlI dharmAcArya bhI the| jaina dharma aura darzana kI ina yugAcAryoM ne samasAmayika sandarbho meM navIna vyAkhyAeM bhI prastuta kI haiN| ye mahAkAvyakAra kisI rAjyAzraya se prerita hokara apanA kAvyakarma sampAdita nahIM kara rahe the balki jana sAmAnya kI anubhUtiyoM se saMsparza pAkara vibhinna prAntoM, nagaroM, gAMvoM kI sthAnIya lokacetanA kA hI sAhityIkaraNa kara rahe the| AdarzoM aura samAja mUlyoM kI purAtana aitihAsikatA tathA yuga paristhitiyoM kI samasAmayika nUtana itihAsa-dRSTi kA maNikAMcanasaMyoga ina mahAkAvyoM meM piroyA gayA hai| ina mahAkAvyoM ke itihAsa satya madhyakAlIna mAnava tathA usake saMsthAgata paryAvaraNa kA vAstavika aMkana karate haiM / abhilekhIya tathA purAtattvIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para madhyakAlIna itihAsa kI jo aneka gutthiyAM nahIM sulajhAI jA sakI haiM, jaina mahAkAvyoM ke sAhityika sAkSya unakA prAMkhoM-dekhA vivaraNa upasthita karate haiN| bhAratIya itihAsa meM 'nigama' ke svarUpa nirdhAraNa kI samasyA eka aisI hI ulajhI huI samasyA hai parantu jaina mahAkAvyoM ke sAkSyoM se 'nigama' samasyA kA pUrNa samAdhAna ho jAtA hai| madhyakAlIna samAja ke itihAsa lekhana hetu srota-sAmagrI ke ke abhAva kA jo saMkaTa itihAsa jagat meM chAyA huA hai jaina mahAkAvyoM kI vaividhyapUrNa sAmagrI usa prabhAva kI pUrti karatI hai tathA itihAsa lekhana kI dizA meM nae AyAmoM ke lie bhI mArga prazasta karatI hai / prastuta grantha dillI vizvavidyAlaya kI pI-eca0 DI0 upAdhi ke lie san 1977 meM svIkRta zodha prabandha "jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM pratipAdita sAmAjika paristhitiyAM" kA kiJcit parivaddhita aura saMzodhita rUpa hai| isa grantha meM AThavIM se caudahavIM zatI I0 taka racita jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke AdhAra para madhyakAlIna bhArata ke sAmAjika itihAsa ke vividha pakSoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| __ prastuta grantha nau adhyAyoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama adhyAya meM sAhitya aura samAja ke saiddhAntika vivecana sahita samAjazAstra aura sAhityazAstra ko samAjadharmI pravRtiyoM, bhAratIya sAhitya ke nirmANa kI pRSThabhUmi tathA mahAkAvya sAhitya ke pariprekSya meM sAmAjika cetanA ke svarUpa para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isI adhyAya meM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke zilpavaidhAnika svarUpa kA vizleSaNa karate hue pAlocya mahAkAvyoM kA paricaya bhI diyA gayA hai| dvitIya adhyAya rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM se sambaddha hai jisameM zAsana tantra ke vividha pakSa, uttarAdhikAra, maMtrimaMDala koSasaMgrahaNa, nyAyavyavasthA, kendrIya tathA prAntIya prazAsana, grAma saMgaThana prAdi se sambandhita tathya prastuta kie gae haiN| tRtIya adhyAya meM yuddha nIti, senA kA svarUpa, yuddha bheda, vividha prakAra ke prAyudhoM kA varNana Adi sainya vyavasthA se sambandhita carcA kI gaI hai|

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xvii caturtha adhyAya meM arthavyavasthA se sambaddha madhyakAlIna Arthika pravatiyoM, bhUmidAna, bhUsvAmitva ke hastAntaraNa aura vikendrIkaraNa, vyAvasAyika varga vibhAjana kRSi-udyoga, pazupAlana, vANijya, zilpa tathA jIvikopArjana sambandhI vibhinna prakAra ke vyavasAyoM kI vivecanA kI gaI hai| paJcama adhyAya meM grAma tathA nagara cetanA se anuprANita bAraha prakAra kI prAvAsIya saMsthitiyoM para gaveSaNAtmaka prakAza DAlA gayA hai tathA 'nigama' kI aitihAsika samasyA kI punarsamIkSA kI gaI hai / isI adhyAya meM vividha prakAra ke khAdya evaM peya padArthoM tathA vastrAbhUSaNa sambandhI vivaraNoM ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai| SaSTha adhyAya meM jaina dharma kI vizeSatAnoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai jisameM jaina gRhastha dharma evaM muni dharma, devopAsanA, mandira evaM tIrtha sthAna, devazAstra, tapazcaryA prAdi kI carcA pramukha hai / isI adhyAya meM pAlocya yuga ke jaina darzana ke pramukha siddhAnta vivecita hue haiM aura vibhinna dArzanika vAdoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| saptama adhyAya meM zikSA kA svarUpa, zaikSika gatividhiyA~, uccastarIya adhyayana viSaya vibhinna prakAra kI kalAe~ aura jJAna-vijJAna prAdi kI carcA huI hai| aSTama adhyAya meM striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA ke vaiziSTya para prakAza DAlA gayA hai tathA navama adhyAya meM bhagolazAstrIya mAnyatAoM ke nirUpaNa sahita vibhinna parvatoM nadiyoM tathA dezapradeza kI bhaugolika sImAoM Adi kA nirdhAraNa kiyA gayA hai / taduparAnta 'siMhAvalokana' meM sabhI adhyAyoM meM pratipAdita tathyoM kA aitihAsika dRSTi se mUlyAMkanaparaka niSkarSa prastuta kiyA gayA hai| 'sandarbha grantha sUcI' ke antargata ve sabhI granya, patra-patrikAeM Adi apane apekSita vivaraNoM sahita nirdiSTa haiM jinheM zodha prabandha meM uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / bhAratIya vidyA evaM jaina vidyA kI tulanAtmaka gaveSaNA paddhati ko eka vyavasthita evaM vaijJAnika dizA pradAna karane ke prayojana se tathA isa kSetra meM kArya karane vAle zodhArthiyoM ko suvidhA hetu tIna vistRta anukramaNikAeM- nAmAnukramaNikA, sthAnukramaNikA tathA viSayAnukramaNikA grantha ke anta meM jor3I gaI haiN| maiM sarvaprathama vizvavidyAlaya anudAna Ayoga' ke prati kRtajJatA jJApita karatA hUM jisane isa zodhakArya hetu mujhe akhila bhAratIya stara kI chAtravRtti pradAna karane kA anugraha kiyaa| 'bhAratIya itihAsa anusandhAna pariSad', phiroja zAha roDa, naI dillI kI ora se zodha prabandha ke prastutIkaraNa hetu jo Arthika anudAna prApta hupA hai usake lie maiM pariSad kA vizeSa AbhArI huuN| zodha kArya ke paJjIkaraNa se lekara isake prastutIkaraNa, isake prakAzana kI anumati lene tathA vartamAna rUpa meM isake mudraNa ko samayAvadhi lagabhaga do

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xviii dazakoM se kama nahIM rahI hai / isa avadhi meM mujhe dillI vizvavidyAlaya ke saMskRta vibhAgAdhyakSa pro0 satyavrata zAstrI, pro0 rasika vihArI jozI, DA0 esa0 esa0 rANA tathA pro0 bI0 ema0 caturvedI kI satpreraNAeM tathA upayogI sujhAva samayasamaya para milate rahe haiM, unake prati maiM apanI hArdika kRtajJatA prakaTa karatA hU~ / dillI vizvavidyAlaya ke parIkSA vibhAga ne isa zodha prabandha ke prakAzana kI anumati pradAna karane ke sAtha parIkSakoM ke jo bahumUlya sujhAva bhI mujhe pradAna kie usake lie maiM parIkSA vibhAga kA dhanyavAda prakaTa karatA hU~ / prastuta grantha kI aneka zodha samasyAoM kI saMskRta vibhAga kI 'saMskRta zodha pariSad' kI saMgoSThiyoM meM carcA-paricarcA huI hai / ina avasaroM para pro0 kRSNalAla, pro0 puSpendra kumAra, pro0 vAcaspati upAdhyAya, pro0 satyapAla nAraMga, DA0 zravanIndra kumAra, DA0 Ara0 esa0 nAgara, DA0 bI0 Ara0 zarmA, DA0 rAmAzraya zarmA Adi aneka vidvAnoM kI bahumUlya sammatiyoM se mujhe lAbha huA hai unake prati bhI maiM apanA prabhAra prakaTa karatA hU~ / bhAratIya sAmantavAda ke prathama prastotA tathA bhArata ke sAmAjika zrIra Arthika itihAsa ko eka naI dizA pradAna karane vAle antarrASTrIya khyAtiprApta itihAsakAra pro0 rAmazaraNa zarmA ke bahumUlya sujhAvoM kA hI pratiphala hai ki maiM prastuta grantha kI aneka aitihAsika gutthiyoM ko sulajhA skaa| pro0 zarmA ne isa grantha kA pramukha likhakara mere isa tuccha prayAsa ko jo gauravAnvita kiyA hai usake lie maiM unakA vizeSa prabhArI rahUMgA / pro0 dayAnanda bhArgava, vartamAna adhyakSa, saMskRta vibhAga, jodhapura vizvavidyAlaya ke sAnnidhya meM maiMne rAmajasa kAleja meM bhAratIya vidyA ke prathama pATha 'IzAvAsyamidaM sarvam' se lekara 'tena tyaktena bhuJjIthAH' taka ke samAjazAstra kI zikSA pAI hai / prastuta zodha prabandha kI samasyA ke sarjaka bhI ve hI haiM tathA unhIM ke kuzala mArga darzana se maiM isa jaTila sArasvata anuSThAna kA niyojana kara kA hU~ / ina sabake lie maiM unakA sadaiva RNI hI rahUMgA / saMskRta vibhAga, rAmajasa kAleja ke sahayogI DaoN0 sUryakAnta bAlI, DA0 raghuvIra vedAlaGkAra, tathA DaoN0 zaradalatA zarmA kI satpreraNA mujhe milatI rahI hai | itihAsa vibhAga ke DA0 jI0 bI0 upretI tathA zrI sudhAkara siMha se zodha prabandha se sambandhita aneka samasyAoM para vicAra vimarza huA hai / DaoN0 rAjendra prasAda, prAcArya, rAmajasa kAleja, dillI, hindI akAdamI ke saciva DaoN0 nArAyaNa datta pAlIvAla tathA saMskRta akAdamI ke saciva zrI zrIkRSNa semavAla ke sAtha prAcIna bhArata kI aneka sAmAjika samasyAoM ke viSaya meM carcA huI hai / isake lie maiM unakA hRdaya se dhanyavAda prakaTa karatA hU~ / zrAcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa

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xix mahArAja abhinandana grantha 'AsthA aura cintana' ke prabandha sampAdaka samyaktva ratnAkara zrI sumata prasAda jaina tathA 'RSabhadeva phAuNDezana' ke mahAmaMtrI zrI hRdayarAja jaina ke bahumUlya parAmarzoM evaM satpreraNAnoM ke prati bhI maiM pratyanta prAbhArI huuN| isa zodha prabandha ke lie aneka durlabha granthoM kI prApti mujhe prAkiyA~laoNjikala pustakAlaya, janapatha, naI dillI; vIra sevA mandira pustakAlaya, dariyAgaMja, naI dillI, zrI mahAvIra jaina pustakAlaya tathA mAravAr3I pustakAlaya, cA~danI cauka, dillI, kendrIya sacivAlaya pustakAlaya, manDI hAusa, naI dillI; rAmajasa kAleja pustakAlaya tathA kendrIya sandarbha pustakAlaya, dillI vizvavidyAlaya, dillI se huI hai| tadartha maiM ina pustakAlayoM ke adhikAriyoM evaM karmacAriyoM kA vizeSa AbhArI huuN| zrI jaMga bahAdura khannA, asisTenTa lAibreriyana, dillI vizvavidyAlaya kA maiM vizeSa AbhAra prakaTa karatA hU~ ki unake nirantara sahayoga se hI mujhe samaya samaya para durlabha pustakoM kI prApti ho sakI tathA isa grantha kI vargIkRta viSayAnukramaNikA taiyAra karane ke preraNA srota bhI ve hI haiN| mere abhinna mitra zrI bizana svarUpa rustagI, DA0 jazosiMha biSTa, DA0 jI0 DI0 bhaTTa, zrI devakI nandana bhaTTa, zrI prabodha rAja candola, DA0 rAjendra prasAda, zrI satyanArAyaNa zarmA, kavirAja DA0 ema0 ema0 esa0 yAdava, zrI narendra malhotrA, paM0 bacIrAma upAdhyAya, paM0 dayArAma semvAla zrI jagat siMha bhaMDArI tathA zrI sundaralAla zAha kA satata utsAha vardhana tathA sahayoga bhAvanA isa grantha ke praNayana meM aneka dRSTiyoM se sahAyaka rahI hai| isake liye ve sabhI dhanyavAda ke pAtra haiN| mere sAMskRtika evaM sAmAjika saMsthAoM ke sahayogI zrI ke. pI. siMha, zrI khImAnanda pANDe, zrI rAmaprasAda panta, zrI mehatAba siMha kaThaita, zrI nArAyaNa siMha kanavAla, zrI mathurAdatta kANDapAla, zrI prakAza candra zarmA, zrI bI0 DI0 jozo, zrI dhanasiMha rAvata prAdi aneka mahAnubhAvoM kA maiM vizeSa rUpa se prAbhArI hUM ki unhoMne mere dvArA sampAdita kie jAne vAle aneka saMsthAgata dAyitvoM se mujhe mukta rakhA tathA isa prakAzana kArya meM sahayoga pradAna kiyA / divaMgata pitA jI kI adRzya preraNA aura AzIrvAda mere isa anuSThAna meM sadA sAtha rahe haiM, unake prati maiM apanA sAdara praNAma nivedana karatA huuN| pUjanIya mAtA tathA cAcA-cAcI kA vAtsalyapUrNa AzIrvAda jo mujhe sadA milatA AyA hai unake prati maiM natamastaka huuN| dharmapatnI aAnandI tathA anuja jayakisana aura gopAla ne parivAra ke sabhI dAyitvoM se mujhe jo cintA mukta rakhA hai, usake lie ve sabhI sAdhuvAda ke adhikArI haiN|

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anta meM maiM grantha ke prakAzaka zrI zyAmalAla malhotrA kA vizeSa dhanyavAda prakaTa karatA hUM jinake saujanya se isa bRhadAkAra grantha kA prakAzana ho sakA / amara priTiMga presa ke mudraNa-prabhArI zrI vidhI canda tathA zrI chavilAla vizeSa rUpa se badhAI ke pAtra haiM jinakI niSThA aura lagana se pustakIya dAyitva kA saphala nirvAha ho pAyA hai / bahuta prayatna karane para bhI pustaka meM aneka prakAra kI truTiyAM raha gaI haiN| tattvagrAhI udAra pAThaka unheM svaviveka se sudhArakara hI grahaNa kreNge| bhAratIya vidyA tathA jaina vidyA ke vidvAnoM tathA madhyakAlIna itihAsa ke zodhArthiyoM ko isa pustaka se kiJcit bhI yadi lAbha huA to maiM apane isa kRtya ko saphala hI samajhaMgA kyoMki kalikAlasarvajJa hemacandra ke anusAra jJAna-sAgara ko lAMghanA aura jJAnapipAsA ko bujhAnA donoM hI atyanta duSkara kArya haiM vAgvaMbhavaM te nikhilaM vivektumAzAsmahe cenmahanIyamukhyam / laGghama jaGghAlatayA samudra bahema candradyutipAnatRSNAm / / dillI, RSabhadeva jayantI, 31 mArca, 1986 mohana canda

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viSaya-sUcI xiil prAkkathana saMketa sUcI 'xxx prathama adhyAya 1-64 prastAvanA sAhitya, samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya 1. bhAratIya sAhitya aura samAja : eka saiddhAntika vivecana 1-35 samAja zAstra-samAja kA eka vyavasthita vivecana 3, samAja kI aitihAsika adhyayana paddhati 5, samAjazAstra ke vividha tattva 6, sAmAjika-sAMskRtika 'parivartana kI dizA , samAja meM krAnti kI avadhAraNA 10, prAcIna bhAratIya sAmAjika vicAraka 11, prAcIna bhAratIya dharmazAstra tathA Adhunika samAjazAstra 13, sAhitya evaM samAja meM pravRtti-sAmya 25, sAhitya evaM samAja : udbhava evaM vikAsa 17, sAhityazAstra kI samAjadharmI mAnyatAeM 16, bhAratIya sAhitya ke nirmANa kI pRSThabhUmi aura sAmAjika cetanA 24, dhArmika sAhitya evaM varga cetanA 25, rasaparaka sAhitya evaM varga cetanA 27, sAhitya sajana evaM samasAmayika mUlya 28, mahAkAvya evaM sAmAjika cetanA 26, sAmAjika vikAsa kI cAra avasthAeM tathA mahAkAvya 30, bhAratIya mahAkAvya-lakSaNoM ke sandarbha meM sAmAjika cetanA kA svarUpa 32, niSkarSa 34 / 2. jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke nirmANa kI dizAeM 35-64 jaina saMskRta sAhitya ke lekhana kA prArambha 35, mahAkAvya paramparA kA vizvajanIna mahattva 36, mahAkAvya vikAsa kI do dhArAeM 37, vikasanazIla mahAkAvya 37, alaMkRta mahAkAvya 38, dvividha pAzcAtya mahAkAvyadhArA ke sandarbha meM jaina purANa tathA mahAkAvya 38, jaina purANa : vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM ke rUpa meM 36, jaina saMskRta alaGkRta mahAkAvya 40, jaina saMskRta alaGkRta mahAkAvyoM kA zilpa vaidhAnika svarUpa 41, jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA vargIkaraNa 43, jaina saMskRta carita mahAkAvya 44, jaina saMskRta caritetara mahAkAvya 45, jaina saMskRta sandhAna mahAkAvya 46, jaina saMskRta prAnanda mahA

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XXII kAvya 47, jaina saMskRta aitihAsika mahAkAvya 47, zrAlocya jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya 48, mahAkAvyetara anya srota sAmagrI 46, zrAlocya jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya 50, jaTAsiMha nandikRta varAGgacarita 50, ghanaJjayakRta dvisandhAna 52, mahAsenakRta pradyumnacarita 53, vIranandikRta candraprabhacarita 54, prasagakRta vardhamAnacarita 54, haricandrakRta dharmazarmAbhyudaya 55, vAdirAjasUrikRta pArzvanAthacarita 56, vAgbhaTakRta neminirvANa 56, hemacandrakRta dvayAzraya 57, abhayadeva sUrikRta jayantavijaya 58 vastupAlakRta naranArAyaNAnanda mahAkAvya 56, amaracandrakRta padmAnanda mahAkAvya 56 somezvarakRta kIrtikaumudI 60. bAlacandra sUrIkRta vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya 61 nayacandra sUrikRta hammIra mahAkAvya 63, niSkarSa 64 / dvitIya adhyAya rAjanaitika zAsanatantra evaM rAjyavyavasthA 65-147 1. rAjanaitika zAsanatantra 65-83 bhAratIya zAsanatantra 65, rAjya viSayaka samAjazAstrIya dRSTikoNa 65, bhAratIya vicArakoM ke rAjya viSayaka siddhAnta 68, sAmantayugIna madhya kAlIna 'rAjya' saMsthA kA svarUpa 66, jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM zAsanatantra viSayaka vicAra 70, saptAGgarAjya 70, SaDvidhabala 70, trividha zakti 73, SADguNya 74, catuvidha upAya 75, catuvidha upAya tathA pakSa-vipakSa 77, sAma 78, dAna 76, bheda 80, bheda nIti tathA pralobhana 80, daNDa 82 2. rAjya byavasthA rAjAoM ke bheda evaM upAdhiyA~ 83 sAmanta paddhati 85, Adarza rAjA ke karttavya evaM uttaradAyitva 88 uttarAdhikAra kA adhikArI 86, uttarAdhikAra ke lie saMgharSa 60, uttarAdhikAra sambandhI mantraraNA 61, rAjyAbhiSeka 2, rAjyAbhiSeka kA samaya ha2 uttarAdhikArI rAjakumAra kI yogyatAeM 63, rAjA tathA usakA mantrimaNDala 64, maMtrimaNDala kI upAdeyatA 65, koSasaMgrahaNa ke sAdhana 97, balapUrvaka koSa -saMgraharaNa 68 upahAra - dahejAdi se koSasaMgrahaNa 66, yuddhaprayAga se koSa-saMgrahaNa 66, nyAyavyavasthA 101, jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya tathA nyAyavyavasthA 101, aparAdhavRtti dhArmika mAnyatAnoM ke sandarbha meM 101, hAkAra- mAkAra tathA dhikkAra nIti 102, vibhinna prakAra aparAdha evaM daNDa 103, corI tathA DAkA 103, coroM para niyaMtraNa 104, hatyA 105, strI-vyabhicAra 105, rAjaSaDyantra 107, juprA khelanA 107, pazudaNDavyavasthA 107, aparAdha puSTi kI nyAyAlayIya prakriyA 108, zAsana vyavasthA ke uccAdhikArI 108, kendrIya zAsanavyavasthA 108, kendrIya

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zAsanavyavasthA ke uccAdhikArI-pada tathA kArya 111, strI karmacArI 124, grAmaprazAsana aura grAmasaMgaThana 124, grAmaprazAsana ke sandarbha meM mahattara/ mahattama evaM kuTambI 125, mahattara/mahattama 126, kuTumbI 134, rAjAoM tathA maMtriyoM kI aitihAsika vaMzAvaliyAM 142, cAhamAna vaMzakrama 142, cAlukya vaMzakrama 144, maMtrI vastupAla tathA tejapAla kA vaMzakrama 145, niSkarSa tRtIya adhyAya yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA 148-188 yuddhoM kI rAjanaitika pRSThabhUmi 148, yuddhoM ke kAraNa 148, yuddha sambandhI dUtapreSaNa evaM patravyavahAra 146, daNDanIti ke anusAra yuddha kI pRSThabhUmi 150, yuddhanIti tathA mantrimaNDala dvArA vicAra vimarza 150, sainya prazAsakIya vyavasthA 153, senA kI paribhASA tathA svarUpa 154, senA ke prakAra 155, yuddha dharma 156, yuddhaprayANa ke avasara para zakuna-apazakuna vicAra 157, yuddhaprayANa tathA senA saJcAlana 158, senA ke sAtha jAne vAlI striyAM Adi 156, yuddhaprayANa sambandhI anuzAsanahInatA 160, sainika zivira vyavasthA 160, sainika manoraJjana evaM bhogavilAsa 161, sainya pazunivAsa vyavasthA 162, yuddhoM ke bheda 162, dRSTi yuddha 163, vAgyuddha 163, bhuja yuddha 163, padAti yuddha 163, ratha yuddha 164, azva yuddha 164, gaja yuddha 164, durga yuddha 164, pulinda yuddha 165, gurillA yuddha 166, yoddhAoM kA dAha saMskAra 167, pAhata yoddhAoM kI prAthamika cikitsA 167, prAyudha varNana 168, Ayudha vibhAga 168, AkramaNAtmaka prAyudha 166, muktavarga ke Ayudha 166, upakaraNAtmaka Ayudha 180, surakSAtmaka prAyudha 180,divyAstra 180, yuddha meM bArUda evaM 'eTamabama' kA prayoga 186, prAgneyAstra nirmANa kI rAsAyanika vidhiyAM 182, yuddhopayogI vAdya yaMtra 184, bhAratIya sainya zakti ke kSINa hone ke kAraNa 185, niSkarSa 187 / caturtha adhyAya arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 186-241 1. arthavyavasthA 186-206 Arthika saMsthA tathA arthavyavasthA 186, Arthika saMsthA tathA bhAratIya prArthika vicAraka 160, sampatti upabhoga aura jaina paramparAgata navanidhiyA~ 162, caturdaza ratna 264, madhyakAlIna arthavyavasthA kA svarUpa 194, prAtmanirbhara Arthika ikAiyAM 194, bhUmidAna 165, jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM madhyakAlIna

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xxiv artha-cetanA 165, bhUsvAmitva kA hastAntaraNa tathA vikendrIkaraNa 167. sAmantI DhA~ce ke sandarbha meM zreNigaNapradhAna 166, agrahAra grAmoM meM zilpI Adi jAtiyoM ke punarvAsa para pratibandha 201, udyoga-vyavasAyauM kA Arthika DhA~cA 202, varNavyavasthA ke AdhAra para Arthika vibhAjana 202, kula paramparAgata vyavasAya cayana para bala 203, brAhmaNa tathA paurohitya vyavasAya 204, kSatriya tathA sainya vyavasAya 206, vaizya-zUdra tathA vANijya-kRSi Adi vyavasAya 207 / 2. pramukha udyoga vyavasAya 206-241 kRSi 206, siMcAI ke sAdhana 211, kRSi upaja, 211, Ikha-utpAdana : eka pramukha vyavasAya 212, bagIcoM meM utpanna hone vAlI zAka-mabjiyAM 212, vRkSa udyoga 213, udyAna vyavasAya tathA bAgavAnI 213, udyAnoM Adi meM vRkSAropaNa 214, vRkSa-udyoga kA Arthika dRSTi se mahattva 215, phaloM, mevoM, masAloM tathA sugandhita dravyoM ke vRkSa 217, puSpavRkSa evaM chAyAdAra vRkSa 218, pazupAlana vyavasAya 221, pAlatU pazu 221, yuddhopayogI pazu 221, murgApAlana 222, vanya pazuoM kI vyAvasAyika upayogitA 222, pazupakSiyoM se durvyavahAra 223, vANijya vyavasAya 224, vyApAra kA svarUpa 224, vyApArika kAphile 225, nagara seThoM kA Arthika vaibhava 226, videzoM se vyApArika sambandha 226, nagaroM ke bAjAra 227, vikrayArtha phuTakara vastueM 228, mudrA tathA kraya zakti 226, vastunoM meM milAvaTa tathA jhUThe mApataula kA prayoga 231, zilpa vyavasAya 232, zreNi * vyavasAya tathA aSTAdaza zreNiyAM 232, jIvikopArjana sambandhI takanIkI vyavasAya 233, pandraha prakAra ke niSiddha vyavasAya 238, niSkarSa 236 / paJcama adhyAya prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAnapAna tathA vezabhUSA 242-312 1. prAvAsa vyavasthA 242-264 vividha AvAsIya saMsthitiyAM 242, tIna pramukha prAvAsIya saMcetanAeM-grAma, nagara, nigama 243, grAma 244, grAma : Arthika utpAdana ke mukhya kendra 244, nagara 245, nagara jIvana : Arthika samRddhi kA pariNAma 246, nagaroM meM bhavana vinyAsa 248, nagaroM ke vAstuzAstrIya cihna 246, parikhA 246, gopura 246, vapra 250, prAkAra 250, aTAlaka 250, eka Adarza nagara-prAnartapura kA vAstuzilpa 251, nagara cihna 251, rAjaprAsAda kA vAstuzAstrIya svarUpa 252, nagara ke samIpastha kSetroM meM grAmAdi nirmANa 252, nigama 253, jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM nigama varNana 252, rAjadhAnI 256, Akara 257

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xxv na kheTa 258, droNamukha 260, maDamba 261, pattana 261, karbaTa 262, sambAdha 263, ghoSa 264 / pAvAsIya saMsthiti ke rUpa meM nigama-eka puvivecana 264-261 rAmAyaNa 266, aSTAdhyAyI, mahAbhArata tathA arthazAstra 271, abhilekha, mudrAbhilekha tathA sikke 272, bauddha sAhitya 277, jaina sAhitya 276, koSa grantha 282, vAstuzAstra ke grantha 285, smRtigrantha evaM nibandha grantha 287, dakSiNa bhArata ke vyApArika nigama 288 / / 2. khAnapAna 262-266 vividha prakAra ke khAdya padArtha 262, prodana 262, karambhaka 262, maNDaka 292, maNDikA 263, khAdya 263, apUpikA 263, marmarAla 263, vaTaka 263, tImana 293, iDDurikA 264, modaka 264, anya bhojya padArtha 264, mAMsa bhakSaNa 264, peya padArtha 265, madirA sevana 265 / 3. vezabhUSA 266-312 vastroM ke vividha prakAra 266, sile hue vastra 267, sAmAnya vastra 268, striyoM ke vastra 268, striyoM ke saundarya prasAdhana 300, striyoM ke AbhUSaNa 301, sira ke prAbhUSaNa 303, karNAbhUSaNa 304, kaNThAbhUSaNa 305, karAbhUSaNa 307, kaTipradeza ke AbhUSaNa 306, pAdAbhUSaNa, 310 niSkarSa 310 / SaSTha adhyAya dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 313-406 1. dhArmika jana-jIvana 313-375 dharma kI sAmAjika anupreraNA 313, jaina dharma : samAjonmukhI mUlya evaM . paramparAeM 315, brAhmaNa vyavasthA ke saiddhAntika virodha kA samAjazAstra 315, varNavyavasthA kA virodha 316, jAti vyavasthA kA virodha 317, vedapramANya kA virodha 317, purohitavAda kA virodha 318, devopAsanA kA virodha 318, jaina dharma ko samanvayamUlaka samAjazAstrIya pravRttiyAM 316, aAlocya yuga meM jaina dharma kI rAjanaitika lokapriyatA 322, jaina gRhastha dharma evaM vratAcaraNa 323, jainAnumodita 'dharma' kA svarUpa 3:3, dvividha dharma sAgAra evaM anAgAra 314, sAgAra evaM anAgAra dharma meM antara 325, dvAdaza vratAcaraNa 326, rAjA kumArapAla dvArA jaina vratoM kA pAlana 330, dhArmika karmakANDa evaM pUjA paddhati 332, paMcopacAra evaM aSTavidha pUjana 332, jinendrapUjA 333, pratimA abhiSeka 333, karmakANDaparaka vidhiyAM 335, pUjA sAmagrI 335, vividha pUjA dravyoM kA anuSThAnaphala 336, pUjA-dravya ke rUpa meM

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vahumUlya vastueM 337, devI pUjA 338, vijaya ke upalakSya meM devIpUjA mahotsava 336, jaina mandira evaM tIrtha sthAna 336, jaina mandiroM ko dhArmika lokapriyatA 340, jaina mandiroM kA sthApatya 341 vastupAla tathA kumArapAla kI tIrthayAtrAeM 342 vastupAla dvArA dhArmika sthAnoM kA jIrNoddhAra tathA mandira nirmANa 344, rAjA kumArapAla dvArA mandira nirmANa 347, jaina dhArmika parva evaM mahotsava 348 jaina devazAstra tathA paurANika vizvAsa 350, jaina devoM kA vargIkaraNa 350, jaina devoM kA svarUpa 352, jaina deviyoM kA svarUpa 354, kAla vibhAjana evaM yugacakra 356, avasarpiNIkAla 356, utsarpiNI kAla 357, caudaha kulakara athavA solaha manu 357, triSaSTizalAkApuruSa 358, jaina muni dharma 356, bhoga se virakti kI ora 35, munidharma : sAmAjika prAsaGgikatA 360, samAja meM munibhAva ke prati AsthA 360, municaryA kA svarUpa 362, sAMsArika virakti ke kAraNa 362, muni pracAra 362, tapazcaryA 363, tapoM ke bheda 363, vividha prakAra ke kaThora tapa 364, muni vihAra 365, sAdhviyoM kI tapazcaryA 366, brAhmaNa dharma kI yugIna pravRttiyA~ 367, yajJAnuSThAna 367, baliprathA 368, devopAsanA 370, zaiva sampradAya 371, vaiSNava sampradAya 372, sUryopAsanA 372, prasiddha tIrtha sthAna 373 / 2. dArzanika mAnyatAeM xxvi 375-406 mahAkAvya yuga kA jaina darzana: pravRtiyAM aura prayoga 375, jaTAsiMha nandi kI anekAnta avadhAraNa 376, anekAntavAda para virodhI prahAra 378, Astika aura nAstika darzanoM kA navIna dhruvIkaraNa 376, jaina darzana 381, pramANa vyavasthA 381, nayavyavasthA 382, dravya vyavasthA 382, tattva vyavasthA 383, jaina darzana ke sAta tattva 353, jIva 384, ajIva 386, pudgala SaDvidha 387, zrAzrava 386, bandha 360, saMvara 360, nirjarA 361, mokSa 361, jainetara dArzanikavAda 362, sRSTi viSayaka prAcInavAda 363, kAlavAda 313, niyativAda 363, svabhAvavAda 364, yadRcchAvAda 364, sAMkhyAbhimata satkArya - vAda 365, mImAMsAbhimata sarvajJavAda 366, bauddhAbhimata vividhavAda 367, zUnyavAda 367, kSaNikavAda 367, nairAtmyavAda 368, paurANika devavAda 368, cArvAkAbhimata bhUtavAda 366, anya lokAyatikavAda 401, mAyAvAda 401, tattvopaplavavAda 402, niSkarSa 403 / 1. zikSA saptama adhyAya zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna madhyakAlIna bhArata meM zaikSika vAtAvaraNa 407, 407-457 4072437 zikSA kI tIna dhArAeM 408,

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vidyArambha kI prAyu sImA 406, zikSA sambandhI saMskAra 410, upanayana saMskAra kI sthiti 411, garu-ziSya sambandha 412, zikSA kA svarUpa 412, Adarza zikSaka ko yogyatAeM 412, sagrantha tathA nirgrantha zikSaka 413, zikSaka prazikSaNa tathA pramaziSya praNAlI. 413, ziSya kI yogyatAeM tathA ayogyatAeM 414, kuziSya 415, jJAnArjana kI dRSTi se ziSyoM ke vibhinna stara 415, zikSaNa vidhiyA~ 416, pAThavidhi 516, punarAvRtti vidhi 417, praznottara vidhi 417, kaNThastha vidhi 418, saiddhAntika tathA vyAvahArika bidhi 418, zikSA kendra 416, pAThyakrama 420, vaidika vidyA paramparA 420, bauddha vidyA paramparA 421, jaina vidyA paramparA 422, paramparAgata jaina vidyAeM 423, upavidyAoM ke rUpa meM bahattara kalAeM 424, varNavyavasthAnusArI pAThyakrama 425, zikSA kA vyavasAyIkaraNa 426, svataMtra zAkhAoM ke rUpa meM vidyAnoM kA vikAsa 426, uccastarIya adhyayana viSaya 428, veda 428, vedAGga 426, vyAkaraNa 426, bhASA tathA lipi 430, zikSA kA mAdhyama saMskRta bhASA 431, darzana 432, rAjanItizAstra 433, sAhitya zAstra 435, yuddha bidyA 435, dhanurvidyA 436, khaDgavidyA 437, zastravidyA 437 / 2. kalA 437-445 saGgIta kalA 437, vAdya yaMtra 438, vINA-bheda 440, svara rAga evaM mUcchaMnAeM 440, sapta svara 440, caturvidha dhvani 441, nRtyakalA 441, citrakalA 443, kAstuzAstrIya citrakalA 443, aMGgArika citrakalA 444 / 3. mAna-vijJAna 445-457 mAyurveda 444, cikitsA evaM prAthamika upacAra 446, pAhatopacAra 447, kuSTharoga kI zalyacikitsA 47, balyacikitsA vidhi 448, anya romopacAra 446. dhArmika niHzulka cikitsA 450, jyotiSa evaM nakSatra vijJAna 450, graha-nakSatroM ke prati avizvAsa bhAvanA 452. zakuna zAstra 453, zakuna 453, apazakuna 453, svapnadhAstra 454, niSkarSa 455 / / praSTama adhyAya striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 458-506 1. striyoM ko sthiti 458-484 vaidika kAlIna nArI 458, bauddhakAlIna nArI 460, jaina Agama kAlIna nArI 462, smRti kAlIna nArI 464, pAlocya yugIna madhyakAlIna nArI 467, samAja kI sarvavyApaka zakti ke rUpa meM strI 466, rAjanaitika kSetra meM strI 466, dhArmika kSetra meM strI 470, dArzanika kSetra meM strI 471, Arthika kSetra

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xxviii meM strI 472, parivAra meM strI kA sthAna 473, mAtA ke rUpa meM strI 473, kanyA ke rUpa meM strI 474, putravadhU ke rUpa meM strI 475, patnI ke rUpa meM strI 476, strI-bhogavilAsa tathA madirApAna 478, dAmpatya jIvana tathA yauna sambandha 480, garbhavatI strI tathA dohada 481, vezyA 481, nartakI tathA vArAGganA 483, satI prathA kA virodha 483 / 2. vivAha saMsthA 485-506 vivAha bheda 486, maMtraNA pUrvaka vivAha 486, svayaMvara vivAha 486, pUrvAgrahapUrNa svayaMvara vivAha 460, prema vivAha 461, anutandhanAtmaka prema vivAha 462, pratijJA vivAha 463, apaharaNa vivAha 463. vara evaM vadhU ke cayana kA prAdhAra 465, vivAha vidhiyAM 466, vividha prakAra kI kSetrIya vivAhAnuSThAna vidhiyAM 466, varAMgacarita 466, padmAnanda 367, sanatkumAracakricarita 466, dvayAzraya 500, zAntinAthacarita 500, vivAha sambandhI anya rIti-rivAja 501, svayaMvara vivAha vidhi 502, svayaMvara meM pAe rAjakumAroM kI cayana yogyatAeM 503, vivAha saMsthA sambandhI anya prathAeM 504, daheja prathA 504, daheja prathA kA virodha 506, bahuvivAha prathA 506, niSkarSa 5.08 / navama adhyAya bhaugolika sthiti 510-540 bhUgolazAstra sambandhI prAcIna mAnyatAeM 510, vaidika purANoM meM bhaugolika mAnyatAeM 510, jaina bhaugolika mAnyatAeM 511, prAcIna aitihAsika dezavibhAjana 512, pAlocya yuga meM bhaugolika paristhitiyAM 513 / .. 1. parvata ____514-518 ujjayanta 514 arbudAcala 514, zatrujaya 514, vindhyAcala 514, himAlaya 515, kailAza 515, pArijAta 515, RkSa parvata 515, mAhendra 515, sahya 515, zaktimat, 516, malaya 516, andha 516, uzInara 516, nIlAdri 516, zailaprastha 516, zAlva 516, maNikUTa 517, meru 517, pUrvamandara 517, iSukAra giri 517, vijayAdha parvata 517, velAdri 517, sammedAcala 117, zrI parvata 518, 2. nadiyAM 518-522 gaMgA 518, yamunA 518, tApI 518, sarayU 518, mahI 518, sarasvatI 516, carmaNvatI 516, jambUmAlI 516, drumatI 520, RjukUlA 520, sItA 520, narmadA 520, revA 520, pArA 521, bhogAvatI 521,

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xxix zArAvatI 521, zoNa 521, sindhu 521, siprA 521, zvabhravatI 522, zItodA 522, jalavAhinI 522, varadA 522, 3. deza-videza 522-540 kozala 522, avantI 523, puNDa 523, kuru deza 524, kAzI 524, aGga 524, vaGga 515, zUrasena 525, kAzmIra 525, vatsa 526, pAJcAla 526, kaccha 526, magadha 526, vidarbha 526, koMkaNa 527, Andhra 527, karNATaka 527, videha 528, sindhu 528, gAndhAra 528, AbhIra 528, cedi 526, Takka 526, kAmboja 526, bAhlIka 526, turuSka 526, zaka 526, kaliGga 530 dravir3a 530, lATa 530, alakA 530, ur3ha 531, ariMjaya 531, kIra 531, khaza 531, pArasa 532, pUrvadeza 532, maGgalAvatI 532, sugandhi 532, hUNa 532, kAmarUpa 533, siMhala 533, saurASTra 533, suramA 533, DAhala 533, mugukaccha 533, kuntala 534, mAlavA 534, gauMDa 534, kerala 534, malaya 534, pANDya 535, kAMcI 535, maru 535, godraha 535, zAkambharI 535, gurjaradeza 536, tilaMga 536, cAhamAnadeza 536, mahArASTra 536, madhya deza 536, nepAla 536, mUlasthAna 537, azmaka 537, sauvIra 537, DhillI 537, nagara-pura tAlikA 538, niSkarSa 540 / / siMhAvalokana 541 sandarbha grantha sUcI nAmAnukramaNikA sthAnAnukramaNikA 579 viSayAnukramaNikA zuddhi-patra 682 560

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saMketa sacI anu0 abhi0 abhidhAna0 bhayo partha praSTA0 mAcArAMga0 mAdi uttara uttarA0 praupa0 kalpa0 kAmandaka0 koti0 kumAra0 kSatra cUDA0 candra0 jayanta. trikANDa triSaSTi0 daza0 dIgha0 dezI0 anuzAsana parva (mahAbhArata.) abhijJAnazAkuntala abhidhAnacintAmaNi ayodhyAkANDa (rAmAyaNa) arthazAstra aSTAdhyAyI prAcArAMgasUtra AdipurANa uttarapurANa uttarAdhyayanasUtra propapAttikasUtra kalpasUtra kAmandakanItisAra kItikaumudImahAkAvya kumArapAlacarita kSatracUDAmaNi candraprabhacaritamahAkAvya jayantavijayamahAkAvya trikANDazeSa triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritamahAkAvya dazakumAracarita dIghanikAya dezInAmamAlA dvayAzrayakAvya dvisandhAnamahAkAvya dhammacetiyasutta dvayA0 dvisa0 dhamma0

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jana saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dharma nara0 nATya nAmaliGgA0 nArada0 nIti0 nemi0 pada. padma0 pamA0 pari0 pAvaM0 / pradyu0 prabandha prabhAvaka0 bRhatkathA0 bRhaspati majhi0 . manu mahA. mahAvastu0 yazastilaka0 yazo0 yuddha0 raghu0 rAjadharma varAMga0 varAMga0 (varSa) vardha0 vasanta vastu vAGmayArNava0 vidvanmano. dharmazarmAbhyudayamahAkAvya naranArAyaNAnandamahAkAvya nATyazAstra nAmaliGgAnuzAsana nAradasmRti nItiprakAzikA neminirvANamahAkAvya padakaumudI TIkA (dvisandhAna mahAkAvya) padmacarita padmAnandamahAkAvya pariziSTaparva pArzvanAthacarita pradyumnacaritamahAkAvya prabandhacintAmaNi prabhAvakacarita bRhatkathAkoza bRhaspatismRti majjhimanikAya manusmRti mahAbhArata mahAvastu avadAna yazastilakacampU yazodharacarita yuddhakANDa (rAmAyaNa) raghuvaMza rAjadharmakaustubha varAMgacarita mahAkAvya varAMgacaritamahAkAvya (vardhamAnakavikRta) vardhamAnacarita vasantavilAsamahAkAvya vastupAlacarita vAGmayArNavakoza vidvanmanovallabhATIkA (candraprabhacarita)

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saMketa-sUcI vizvakarma 0 vyavahAra0 zatapatha 0 zAnti 0 zukra 0 SaDdarzana0 o sanatkumAra0 / sana0 samarAMgaNa0 sAhitya sukRta 0 saMyuta hammIra 0 Arch. Sur./A.S.I. Bajpai, Geog. Ency. 0 C. I. I. Dey, Geog. Dic. Epi. Ind./E.I. Gupta, Geog. in Ind. Ins. Ind. Ant./I.A. J.A.O.S. Narang, Dvayasrayakavya. Z.D.M.G. xxxii vizvakarma vAstuzAstra vyavahAraprakAza (dharmatattva kalAnidhi ) zatapathabrAhmaraNa zAntinAthacaritamahAkAvya zukranItisAra SaDdarzanasamuccaya sanatkumAracakricaritamahAkAvya samarAMgaNasUtradhAra sAhityadarpaNa sukRtasaMkIrtana saMyuka hammIra mahAkAvya Archaeological Survey of India Bajpai, K.D., The Geographical Encyclopaedia of Ancient and Medieval India. Corpus, Inscriptionum Indicarum Dey, N.L., The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval India. Epigraphia Indica Gupta, P. Geography in Ancient Indian Inscriptions Indian Antiquary Journal of American Oriental Society. Narang, S. P., Hemacandra's Dvayasrayakavya-A Literary and Cultural Study. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Margenlandichen Gesellschaft.

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prathama adhyAya prastAvanA sAhitya samAja aura jaina mahAkAvya 1. bhAratIya sAhitya aura samAja : eka saiddhAntika vivecana itihAsa ke lakSya Aja badala cuke haiM / aba itihAsa jana jana kI AkAMkSAoM tathA bhAvanAoM kA pratilekhana karatA hai, kevala rAjavaMzoM ke utthAna - patana kA nahIM / ina badale hue itihAsa mUlyoM ke pariprekSya meM prAcya vidyA anusandhAna kI eka mahattvapUrNa pravRti sAhitya ke mAdhyama se sAMskRtika evaM sAmAjika itihAsa lekhana kI ora vizeSa gatizIla hai / sAhityAnuprerita sAMskRtika adhyayana kI isa atyAdhunika evaM lokapriya adhyayana zAkhA ke antargata itihAsa ke ghaTanA kendrita ekAGgI citraraNa kI apekSA pravRtti-mUlaka samAja ke vyApaka citraNa para bala diyA jAtA hai / pariNAmataH Aja kevala mAtra prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya ke AdhAra para hI vedakAlIna samAja se lekara uttaravartI samAja kI vividha rAjanaitika, Arthika, dhArmika, bhaugolika Adi paristhitiyoM evaM pravRttiyoM ko jAnanA sugama ho gayA hai / isa adhyayana zAkhA ko protsAhita karane vAle prasiddha vidvAn zrI vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla mahodaya ke 'pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa' nAmaka anusandhAna kArya se prAcyavidyA-anusandhAna ke kSetra meM eka aisA mAnadaNDa upasthita huA jisakI preraNA se bhAratIya itihAsa lekhana ko katipaya navIna mUlya bhI prApta hue aura naI dizA bhI / sAhityika sAkSyoM ke srotoM se prAcIna rAjavaMzoM ke itihAsa para pUraka prakAza par3A tathA vibhinna yugoM kI sAmAjika pravRttiyoM tathA loka cetanA ke vividha pakSoM se hama paricita ho sake / jaina saMskRta jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya mUlataH sAhitya grantha haiM to sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ yA unase anuraJjita sAMskRtika itihAsa kA sambandha 'samAja' se hai / isa prakAra 'sAhitya meM 'samAja' khojane kA praucitya bhI eka vaijJAnika evaM saiddhAntika pRSThabhUmi para avalambita hai / Adhunika yuga kI pracalita mAnyatAoM ke sandarbha meM 'kalA kalA ke lie' (ArTa phAra da seka Apha ArTa) eka bahucarcita mAnyatA hai / isa mAnyatA ke

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja anusAra to sAhitya meM samAja Adi kA aucitya aprAsaGgika hI ThaharatA hai kintu 'sAhitya samAja kA darpaNa hai' jaisI mAnyatAeM sAhitya aura samAja ke sambandha ko ghaniSTha banAtI jAna par3atI haiN| AvazyakatA hai sAhitya aura samAja kI mUla pravRtiyoM para vaijJAnika evaM vyavasthita DhaMga se prakAza DAlane kii| Adhunika AlocakoM ke atirikta prAcIna sAhitya samIkSakoM kI mAnyatAoM kA bhI paryAlocana kiyA jAe to hama dekhate haiM ki kAvya prayojanoM ke sandarbha meM prAcArya daNDI jaise sAhityazAstrI ne eka aise kAvya prayojana kI ora hameM AkRSTa kiyA hai jisakA uddezya 'itihAsa saMrakSaNa' rahA thaa| pUrvakAlIna rAjAoM kA yaza rUpI bimba vAGamaya rUpI darpaNa ko prApta karake pratibimbita ho jAtA hai| una rAjAoM kA astitva yadyapi aAja nahIM hai tathApi yazobimba rUpI unakA itihAsa kAvya ke mAdhyama se hI pratibimbita ho rahA hai prAdirAjayazobimbamAdazaM prApya vAGmayam / teSAmasannidhAne'pi na svayaM pazya nazyati // ' sAhitya evaM samAja jaise paraspara sambaddha donoM pakSoM para eka dUsare ke par3ane vAle prabhAva kI jaba hama carcA prArambha karate haiM to dekhA jAtA hai ki kabhI samAja se anuprerita hokara sAhitya ke nirmANa kI pRSThabhUmi taiyAra hotI hai to kabhI sAhitya eka prabhAvazAlI mAdhyama banakara sAmAjika anupreraNA kI bhUmikA banAtA hai| isa prakAra sAhitya evaM samAja paraspara anupreraNAbhAva se eka dUsare ko prabhAvita karatA hai aura prabhAvita hotA hai to samAja ko mUla ikAI 'manuSya' aura usakA 'vyavahAra' hai| sAhitya aura samAja kI donoM kar3iyoM ko jor3ane vAlA hai'manuSya', jisakI abhivyakti 'sAhitya' hai, aura 'vyavahAra' 'samAja' kahalAtA hai / isa prakAra 'sAhitya' aura 'samAja' kabhI kabhI eka dUsare ke pUraka bhI bana jAte haiM aura sAhitya' 'samAja' kA darpaNa siddha hotA hai / sAhitya aura samAja kI sama pravRttiyoM meM svarUpa kI dRSTi se eka mahAn viSamatA bhI dekhane ko milatI hai, vaha hai sAhitya kA mUrta rUpa aura samAja kA amUrta rUpa / mUrta sAhitya se amUrta samAja kI gaveSaNA niHsandeha eka atyanta durUha kArya hai / pratyeka adhyetA kucha samasyAoM evaM mUlyoM ke ke sandarbha meM sAhitya se abhivyaMjita samAja ko eka rUpa tathA AkAra dene kI ceSTA karatA hai parantu Avazyaka nahIM ki vaha vAstavikatA kA samagra udghATana ho| prayojana kI apekSA, tathA sAkSyoM kI caritArthatA se bhI udghATita samAja kA svarUpa saGkIrNa yA vyApaka ho sakatA hai| yadi kAla kA dIrgha phalaka sAhitya-sImA kA nirdhAraNa kare to itihAsa cetanA kI apekSA yuga cetanA kA digdarzana adhika hotA hai / paurANika evaM a-aitihAsika kathAnakoM para prAghRta sAhitya ke mAdhyama se prati 1. kAvyAdarza 15

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya bimbita samAja ke tathya ghaTanA paraka dRSTi se aitihAsika na ho sakeM parantu sAmAjika itihAsa kI mUla pravRttiyoM kA prAmANika vizleSaraNa unake dvArA hotA hI hai / 3 'sAhitya' evaM 'samAja' ke vAstavika vizadIkaraNa ke lie hameM inase sambaddha zAstroM kI ora dekhanA par3atA hai / 'sAhitya' kA zAstrIya pakSa 'sAhityazAstra' ke rUpa meM bahucarcita evaM pratyanta lokapriya rahA hai parantu sAMskRtika adhyayana ke kSetra meM anusandhAna karane vAle vidvAn 'samAja' kI zAstrIya pravRttiyoM ko anadekhA karate hue sAmAjika itihAsa lekhana kI ora pravRtta hote haiM / vAstava meM sAmAjika adhyayana kI rUparekhA 'samAjazAstrIya' anabhijJatA ke binA adhUrI hI samajhI jAnI cAhie / mAnavIya vyavahAra ko ucita sandarbha dene meM 'samAjazAstra' atyanta upayogI evaM atyAdhunika paddhati siddha ho sakatI hai / 'samAjazAstra' na kevala prAcya bhAratIya vidyAoM ke kSetra meM prapitu sampUrNa vizva kI vividha adhyayana vidyAoM ke kSetra meM bhI sarvathA eka navIna zAstra ke rUpa meM AvirbhUta huA / AviSkAra Adhunika yuga kI eka mahattvapUrNa upalabdhi hai jo nirantara eka pragatizIla vijJAna ke rUpa meM sAmAjika anusandhAna ko navIna dizA pradAna kara rahA hai / samAjazAstra kA prastuta zodha prabandha kA prathama adhyAya 'sAhitya' aura 'samAja' ke saiddhAntika vivecana se sambaddha hai / isa adhyAya meM yaha puSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki sAmAjika-sAMskRtika parivartanoM tathA varga saMgharSo kI pRSThabhUmi meM sAhitya nirmANa kI dizA kyA thI tathA bhAratIya sAhityazAstra sambandhI mAnyatAnoM meM yugIna sAmAjika mUlyoM evaM AdarzoM ko kisa rUpa meM saMgrahIta kiyA gayA ? samAja dharmI sAhitya kI pravRttiyoM ko ujAgara karane vAle isa vivecana meM apekSita samAjazAstrIya tattvoM evaM siddhAntoM kI saMkSipta rUpa se carcA kI gaI hai jo zodha prabandha meM vivecita sAmAjika saMsthAoM ke vaijJAnika svarUpa ko samajhane kI dRSTi se bhI upayogI hai / sarvaprathama prastuta hai 'samAja zAstra' kA saMkSipta paricaya 'samAjazAstra' - samAja kA eka vyavasthita vivecana 'samAjazAstra' arthAt ( Sociology ) zabda kA AviSkAra sarvaprathama phreMca dArzanika 'AgasTa kATe' (August Comte) ne unnIsavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM kiyA tathA isI ke sAtha samAjazAstra kI nIMva bhI DAlI / vartamAna do zatAbdiyoM meM isa vijJAna para paryApta kArya huA hai, kintu abhI bhI yaha eka pragatizIla vijJAna hone ke kAraNa pUrNa rUpa se vyavasthita nahIM ho pAyA hai / 'kATe' mahodaya saMsAra bhara ke sabhI vijJAnoM ko ekIkRta kara unakA sambandha mAnava vyavahAroM se jor3anA cAhate the / isI dRSTi se unhoMne 'samAjazAstra' para prakAza DAlA hai /

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 'samAjazAstra' eka vijJAna hai, athavA kalA hai, athavA darzana- isa sambandha meM samAjazAstriyoM meM paryApta matabheda hai| prasiddha samAjazAstrI 'cArlsa harTana kUle (Charls Horton Cooley) kA isa viSaya meM kathana hai ki mAnava vyavahAroM kA yaha vaiziSTya hai ki kabhI ve vyavasthita hote haiM kintu kabhI-kabhI AvezAtmaka paristhitiyoM meM avyavasthita bhI ho jAte haiN| dArzanika evaM kalAtmaka vyavahAra bhI mAnava samAja meM hI upalabdha hote haiM isalie 'kUle' ke anusAra 'samAjazAstra' eka vijJAna bhI hai, darzana bhI hai aura kalA bhI hai|' 'kAmTe' ke anusAra 'samAjazAstra' kisI manuSya kI ghaTanA vizeSa kA adhyayana nahIM karatA apitu samAja meM kArya karane vAle vividha vyavahAroM, saMgaThanoM tathA sAMskRtika mUlyoM meM vidyamAna mUla siddhAntoM kA adhyayana karatA hai| kAmTe ne do prakAra kI sAmAjika ghaTanAoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai-'sAmAjika sthiti vijJAna' (Social Statics) tathA 'sAmAjika gativijJAna' (Social Dynamics) prathama vibhAga ke antargata vyakti, parivAra, tathA samAja ke nagara, grAma, rAjya, rASTra Adi saMsthAeM prAtI haiM to dUsare vibhAga ke antargata ina saMsthAnoM meM kArya karane vAlI nizcita evaM nirantara parivartanazIla paddhatiyAM 'samAjazAstra' ke adhyayana kA viSaya rahatI haiM / 2 'sorokina' (Sorokin) ke matAnusAra 'samAjazAstra' mAnava samudAya ke samasta varga meM pAI jAne vAlI sAmAnya vizeSatAoM kA adhyayana karatA hai aura isa adhyayana kA mukhya prayojana hai sAmAjika vyavahAroM kA vibhinna Arthika, rAjanaitika, dhArmika, naitika, nyAyika vargoM kI dRSTi se mUlyAGkana karanA / vAstava meM 'sorokina' dvArA pratipAdita samAjazAstra kA yaha svarUpa vyAvahArika evaM tarkAnukUla jAna par3atA hai| isa mAnyatA ke anusAra samAjazAstra ke antargata sabhI vargoM, saMsthAoM tathA samitiyoM ko samAviSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai jo pratyakSa evaM apratyakSa rUpa se mAnava-samAja ko prabhAvita karate haiM tathA samaya-samaya para yugIna paristhitiyoM ke dvArA sAmAjika mUlyoM tathA vyavahAroM ko parivartana ke lie bAdhya karate haiN| 'prAgasTa kAmTe' kI mAnyatA hai ki vividha prakAra ke rAjanaitika, Arthika tathA dhArmika mAnava vyavahAroM kA mUla prAdhAra 'samAjazAstra' hI honA cAhie 1. Colley, C.H., Life & the Students, New York, 1927, p. 160 2. Das, A.C., An Introduction to the Study of Society, Delhi, 1972, pp. 10-11 3. Sorokin, P.A., Contemporary Sociological Theories, New York, 1928, pp. 760-61

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya tathApi rAjanIti, dharma Adi ke vizeSa adhyayana ke lie rAjanItizAstra evaM dharmazAstra Adi kA svatantra astitva bhI hai / ' ' harabarTa spensara' 'kAmTe; se asahamata rahate hue anya sAmAjika vijJAnoM kI upekSA kara dete haiM tathA kevala rAjanItizAstra ko hI 'samAjazAstra' se sambandhita mAnate haiM / 'sorokina' ko 'samAjazAstra' eka sAmAnya vijJAna ke rUpa meM mAnya hai tathA isakA sambandha saMskRti sabhyatA zrAdi se bhI hai / saMkSepa meM 'sorokina' 'samAjazAstra' ke antargata mAnava vyavahAroM ke rAjanaitika, Arthika, dhArmika, vaidhAnika tathA naitika mUlyoM ko svIkAra karate haiM / isake lie unhoMne eka vyavasthita siddhAnta kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA hai / 4 niSkarSataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki samAjazAstra ke anusAra gaveSaNA kI ikAI ( Unit of Investigation) sAmAjika hotI hai / isameM manuSya kA eka vyakti ke rUpa meM nahIM varan eka sAmAjika vyakti ke rUpa meM adhyayana hotA hai / samAjazAstra ke anusAra sAmAjika sambandhoM ke antargata rAjanItika, Arthika, dhArmika, saMvaidhAnika tathA anya zakti-sAdhya sambandha bhI samAviSTa hote haiN| samAja kI aitihAsika adhyayana paddhati 'samAjazAstra' samAja meM pracalita mAnava vyavahAroM kA eka vyavasthita evaM vaijJAnika adhyayana hone ke kAraNa samAja ke vividha tattvoM kI vyAkhyA bhI vyavasthita rUpa se karatA hai / 'samAjazAstra' kI yaha mAnyatA hai ki pratyeka samAja ke 'mUlya' evaM 'paristhitiyA~' eka nizcita dizA kI ora mor3a letI haiM aura isa parivartana ke kucha kAraNa bhI hote haiM / samAjazAstrIya adhyayana kI aneka paddhatiyoM meM 'aitihAsika adhyayana paddhati', ( The Historical Method in Society) eka mahattvapUrNa evaM lokapriya paddhati hai / prAcIna kAla ke sAmAjika adhyayana ke liye yaha paddhati atyadhika upAdeya mAnI jAtI hai / isa paddhati ke anusAra yaha svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai ki vartamAna samAja prAcIna sAmAjika paristhitiyoM evaM ghaTanAoM kA hI pariNAma hai aura isI prakAra bhAvI samAja ke svarUpa - nirdhAraNa para bhI isakA 1. tejamaladaka, sAmAjika vicAra evaM vicAraka, ajamera, 1661 pR0 55-56 2. vahI, pR0 56 3. Sorokin, P. A., Society, Culture and Personality, New York, 1948, p. 16 4. Sorokin, Contemporary Sociological Theories, pp. 760-61 5. zambhUratna tripAThI, samAja zAstrIya vizvakoSa, kAnapura, 1660, pR0 18 6. Das, A.C, An Introduction to the Study of Society, pp. 50-51

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja sthAyI rUpa se prabhAva par3atA hai|' samAjazAstra ke vividha tattva 'samAjazAstra' ke sandarbha meM samAja ke vividha tattvoM jaise-'samAja' (Society), 'samudAya' (Community), 'samiti' (Association), 'saMsthA' (Institution) Adi kI paribhASA jana-sAdhAraNa meM pracalita paribhASA na hokara eka zAstrIya evaM vaijJAnika paribhASA hai| vividha samAjazAstriyoM ne eka-eka tattva kI paribhASA ko vividha prakAroM se prastuta kiyA hai| samAja ke ina vividha tattvoM kI saMkSipta samAjazAstrIya pRSThabhUmi isa prakAra hai 1. 'samAja' (Society)-samAjazAstrIya paribhASA ke anusAra 'samAja'una do yA do se adhika manuSyoM ke samUha kA nAma hai jisameM janakalyANa kI bhAvanA se mAnava vyavahAroM kA AdAna pradAna hotA hai| samAja ke antargata pazu vyavahAroM tathA paraspara udAsIna jhuNDoM (samUhoM) kA adhika mahattva nahIM hai, kyoMki ye vyavahAra lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA se achUte rahate haiM / 'sAmAjika saMgaThana' kI mAnyatA bhI samAja kI paribhASA se sambaddha hai| rUTara (Reuter) tathA hArTa (Hart) ke anusAraka sAmAjika saMgaThana se abhiprAya sAMskRtika samitiyoM kI pUrNatA aura samUha kI vizeSatA tathA asaMgaThita kriyAoM ke samUha sahita unake paraspara saMbaMdhoM 1. tu0 - "sAmAjika anusandhAna meM aitihAsika paddhati atyanta mahattvapUrNa hotI hai / sAmAjika ghaTanAeM sAmAjika zUnya meM nahIM hotI, ataH unake bhUta aura vartamAna kA kahIM kramabaddha lekhA avazya honA caahie| isa paddhati ke prayoga ke lie pralekhoM, mUla sAmagrI ko ekatra karanA tathA ati saralatA, sAmAnyIkaraNa kalpanA tathA buddhimatA pUrvaka mahattvapUrNa aura sAmAnya meM bheda na kara pAne ke doSoM se bacanA Avazyaka hai|" -vizva jJAna saMhitA-1, (sAmAjika vijJAna), pradhAna sampA0 moTUri satyanArAyaNa; prakAzaka-hindI vikAsa samiti, madrAsa-naI dillI, pR0 25 "A Society is made up of two or more persons associating directly or indirectly, voluntarily or involuntarily. Society is thus a pattern of interpersonal behavior." -Sanyal, B.S., Culture An Introduction, Bombay, 1962, p. 226. 3. Gavin, R.W. etc., Our Changing Social Order, Boston, 1953, p.9

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sAhitya samAja zraura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyaM tathA se hai / ' isa prakAra sAmAjika saGgaThanoM ke antargata sAMskRtika 'samitiyAM ' 'sasUha' ke vyavahAra bhI samAviSTa haiM / 2. 'samudAya' ( Community ) - samAjazAstra ke anusAra 'samudAya' sAmAjika jIvana se sambaddha eka prakAra kA jAla ( Complex) hai jisameM bahuta se prANI sammilita rahate haiM tathA nirantara parivartanazIla rUDhiyoM tathA paramparAnoM se paraspara jakar3e hue hote haiM / sAmAnya sAmAjika lakSyoM tathA hitoM ke prati ina prANiyoM meM sajagatA rahatI hai / 2 'samudAya' ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM bahuta matabheda haiM / 'maikAivara' tathA 'peje' ke anusAra grAma, nagara, jAti, rASTra zrAdi 'samudAya' haiM, kintu dUsare samAjazAstrI ukta ikAiyoM ko 'samudAya' saMjJA dene ke pakSa meM nahIM tathA 'nagara' Adi ko bhI 'samudAya' kA praGga hI mAnate haiM / saMkSepa meM 'samudAya' eka sI paramparA vAle logoM kA vaha choTA sA zraGga hai jo 'samAja' ke bhItara hI rahatA hai aura 'samAja' sadRza hI hotA hai / 3 3. 'samiti' (Assoclation) - mAnava samAja kI katipaya sAmAnya AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie 'samitiyoM' kA janma hotA hai / 'maikAivara' ke anusAra 'samiti' vaha aicchika saMgaThana hai jisake mAdhyama se usake sadasyoM ko kucha hita sAmUhika rUpa se prApta ho pAte haiM / ' 'ginsabarga' ne 'samudAya' tathA samiti meM antara dikhAte hue kahA hai ki 'samudAya' 'samiti' se kahIM bar3A saMgaThana hotA hai tathA samudAya meM sadasyoM ke sabhI hitoM ke surakSita rahane kI bhAvanA vidyamAna rahatI hai kintu 'samiti' kisI hita vizeSa ke sampAdana ke lie hI prayatnazIla rahatI hai / vyApAriyoM ke saMgaThana, rAjanaitika dala, vidvAnoM ke maMca Adi samitiyA~ kahalAtI haiM / 7 saMkSepa meM 'samiti' samAna hitoM athavA lakSyoM kI prApti ke lie manuSyoM dvArA svecchA se banAyA gayA samUha hai jisake kucha niyama hote haiM tathA usameM sahayoga kI bhAvanA sarvopari rahatI hai / 1. Reuter and Hart, Introduction to Sociology, New York, 1935, p. 143 Cole., G.D.H., Social Theory, London, 1920, p. 25 2. 3. Das, A.C., An Introduction to the Society, p. 26 4. vahI, pR0 25-30 5. rAmanAtha zarmA, samAja zAstra ke siddhAnta, bhA0 2, meraTha, 1668, pR0 264 6. 7. Ginsberg, Psychology of Society, London, 1933, p, 121 Das, An Introduction to the Study of Society, p. 31

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 4. 'saMsthA' (Institution)-'saMsthA' ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM samAjazAstriyoM meM bahuta matabheda hai / 'maikAivara' ke anusAra 'saMsthA' eka aisA nizcita saMgaThana hai, jo kisI vizeSa svArtha kA athavA eka vizeSa DhaMga se sAdhAraNa svArthoM kA anusaraNa karatA hai / ' 'bogArDasa' ke anusAra 'saMsthA' vaha sAmAjika DhA~cA hai jisameM suvyavasthita vidhiyoM ke dvArA manuSyoM kI AvazyakatA-pUrti kA sampAdana hotA hai / 2 'grIna' ke anusAra 'saMsthA' kucha janarItiyoM tathA rUDhiyoM kA aisA saMgaThana hai, jo aneka sAmAjika kArya karatA hai|3 'kUle' ke matAnusAra 'saMsthA' manuSyoM kA saMgaThana na hokara manuSyoM ke sAmAjika sambandhoM kA amUrta rUpa hai|4 'samiti' sAkAra manuSyoM kA samUha hai jabaki saMsthA janarItiyoM evaM rUDhiyoM para AdhArita pArasparika sambandhoM kA amUrta rUpa hai / udAharaNa ke lie 'dharma' 'vivAha' 'rAjya' Adi 'saMsthAe~' kahalAtI haiM / 5 ina saMsthAnoM ke sahayoga se mAnava samAja sAmUhika rUpa se gatizIla rahatA hai / prAcIna bhAratIya samAja meM varNAzrama vyavasthA kA svarUpa bhI Adhunika samAjazAstrIya saMsthA ke anurUpa hI hai| samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se 'saMsthA' kaI prakAra kI ho sakatI hai--jaise, rAjanaitika saMsthA, dhArmika saMsthA, Arthika saMsthA, vivAha saMsthA Adi / ___5. 'saMskRti'-'sorokina' ke anusAra sAmAjika parivartana kA mUlAdhAra hI 'saMskRti' hai / 'saMskRti' kI paribhASA karate hue unakA kathana hai ki do yA do se adhika vyaktiyoM kI cetana athavA acetana pratikriyAoM kA samagrIkaraNa athavA prasphuTIkaraNa 'saMskRti' kahalAtA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM samAja ke cetana vyavahAroM se pratikriyA ke rUpa meM AvirbhUta dharma, darzana, sAhitya, kalA paraspara sambaddha hokara kisI bhI deza kI saMskRti bana jAtI haiN| 'saMskRti' meM mukhyataH vicArAtmakatA (Ideational) tathA aindrika (Sensate) ke tattva pAe jAte haiM / vicArAtmaka saMskRti ke antargata jJAna, kalA, dharma, darzana Adi amUrta tathA atIndriya tattva Ate haiM / isake 1. rAmanAtha zarmA, samAjazAstra ke siddhAnta, bhAga 2, pR0 268 2. Bogardus, E.S. Sociology, p. 478 3. Green, A. W., Sociology, p. 79 4. Cole, Social Theory, p. 45 5. Das, An Introduction, p. 33 6. rAmanAtha zarmA, samAjazAstra ke siddhAnta, bhAga-2, pR0 305-53 7. Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics, New York, 1937, F.2

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya viparIta aindrika saMskRti buddhi mastiSka ko prabhAvita kie binA hI hamArI indriyoM Adi ko prabhAvita karatI hai / isa saMskRti kA sambandha vyAvahArika evaM sAmAnya jIvana se adhika rahatA hai / aindrika saMskRti ke antargata samAja meM pratyakSa dikhAI dene vAle vividha dhArmika vyavahAra, kriyAkalApa, veza-bhUSA Adi tattvoM kA adhyayana hotA hai / " isa prakAra samAjazAstrIya pRSThabhUmi meM 'saMskRti' kA svarUpa samAja se anuprANita to hai kintu 'samAja' aura 'saMskRti' paraspara do bhinna-bhinna pahalU haiM | samAja mAnava vyavahAroM kA vaha amUrta rUpa hai jisameM 'saMskRti' ke tattva gatizIlatA lAte haiM aura 'samAja' ko parivartana ke lie bhI bAdhya karate haiM / dUsare zabdoM meM rAjya, dharma, zikSA Adi mUlataH 'samAja' ke antargata samAviSTa hote haiM / - ina tatvoM kI sArvabhaumikatA tathA sArvakAlikatA vyApaka hotI hai tathA pratyeka deza kA sAmAjika adhyayana inhIM tattvoM ke AdhAra para kiyA jA sakatA hai, kintu saMskRti ke viSaya meM aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / saMskRti pratyeka deza kI bhinna-bhinna ho sakatI hai | samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se sAmAjika adhyayana kA kSetra sAMskRtika adhyayana kI apekSA adhika suvyavasthita evaM vyApaka hotA hai / sAmAjika-sAMskRtika parivartana kI dizA 'samAja zAstra' ke vidvAnoM ke anusAra sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika mUlya eka dizA vizeSa kI ora gatimAna rahate haiM, sthira nahIM / sarvadA sAmAjika parivartana kA mUla kAraNa sAMskRtika cetanA hotI hai| vicArAtmaka evaM aindrika saMskRtiyoM meM antaHkriyA se vividha yugoM meM samAja parivartanazIla rahatA hai / ina sAmAjikasAMskRtika parivartanoM ke vyavasthita adhyayana ke lie itihAsa kI upekSA bhI nahIM kI sakatI hai / itihAsa ke dvArA ina sAmAjika-sAMskRtika cetanA ko samaya evaM ghaTanAoM ke dvArA spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai / , gata 3000 varSoM ke pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya itihAsa para dRSTipAta karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki aindrika evaM vicArAtmaka saMskRtiyoM meM sadaiva saMgharSa hotA rahA hai / aindrika saMskRti samasAmayika samAja kA jIvanta rUpa hotI hai tathA vicArAtmaka saMskRti kevala mAtra Adarza ke rUpa meM samAja ko kisI dizA vizeSa ke lie kevala mAtra bAdhya karatI hai / kintu yaha bAdhyatA aindrika saMskRti se TakarAne para samApta ho jAtI hai tathA tatkAlIna samAja ke samarthana se mAnava sabhyatA sthira na rahakara parivartanazIla ho jAtI hai / 'samAjazAstra' ke anusAra 'saMskRti' meM sadaiva utAra car3hAva kI prakriyA samarekhIya hotI hai / samarekhIya kA abhiprAya hai - eka samarekhA ke rUpa meM vikasita hone ke uparAnta carama sImA taka pahucate-pahucate saMskRti 1. tejamaladaka, sAmAjika vicAra evaM vicAraka, pR0 317 2. vahI, pR0 31e

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bana saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dUsarI dizA meM mor3a le letI hai, kintu yaha mor3a bhI samarekhIya hotA hai aura caramasImA taka pahuMcate-pahuMcate punaH pratikUla dizA grahaNa kara letA hai / isa prakAra sAmAjika-sAMskRtika parivartana kI dizA na to unnata hI ho pAtI hai aura na hI cakrAkAra rekhA ke samAna mila hI pAtI hai| sAmAjika sambandhoM kA utAra-car3hAva, vargIkaraNa, zakti tathA Arthika dazA kA saMgharSa, eka dharma kI dUsare dharma para prabhutA, Adi mAnava vyavahAroM kI parivartana zIlatA hI sAmAjika-sAMskRtika parivartana kI dizA hai / / sAMskRtika parivartana ko samajhAne ke lie pro0 'pAgabarna' kA sAMskRtika vilambana kA siddhAnta paryApta mahattvapUrNa mAnA jAtA hai| inake anusAra pratyeka saMskRti ke do bhAga hote haiM 'bhautika saMskRti' tathA 'abhautika saMskRti' / 'bhautika saMskRti' meM mAnava nirmita mUrta padArtha aura utpAdana Adi sammilita hote haiM, jabaki 'abhautika saMskRti' meM prAdarza, vicAra, paramparAeM, rIti rivAja, sAvadhAniyA~ tathA nirdeza Adi sammilita hote haiN| prAyaH aisA dekhA jAtA hai ki 'bhautika saMskRti' meM zIghratA se parivartana A jAte haiM kintu 'abhautika saMskRti' ke tattvoM meM manda gati se parivartana pAte haiM / samAja meM krAnti kI avadhAraNA prasiddha vidvAn 'kArla mArksa' (Karl Marx) sAmAjika udvikAsa (Social Evolution) ke lie krAnti (Revolution) ko atyAvazyaka mAnate haiN| mArksa ke siddhAntoM ke anusAra itihAsa meM sadaiva do varga hote rahe haiN| eka varga zoSaNa karatA hai to dUsarA barga zoSita hotA hai| isalie zoSita varga zoSaNa ko kama karane ke lie sadA hI prayatnazIla rahA hai tayA yaha sadaiva krAnti (Revolution) se hI saMbhava hai| isalie zoSaNa karane vAle varga kI prabhusattA ko kama karane ke lie saMgharSAtmaka krAnti atyAvazyaka hai| dUsarI ora prasiddha samAjazAstrI 'sorokina' kA kahanA hai ki krAnti ke dvArA samAja ke pArasparika sambandhoM meM itanA parivartana A jAtA hai jisake kAraNa samAja ke bhItarI evaM bAharI vargoM ke mahattvapUrNa sAmAjika hitoM ko kSati pahuMcatI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM 'krAnti' samAja ke lie eka bhayaGkara abhizApa hai jisake dvArA samAja kA koI hita to nahIM 1. tejamaladaka, sAmAjika vicAra evaM vicAraka, pR0 320 2. Barnes, H.E. An Introduction to the Sociology, pp. 891-92 3. vizva jJAna saMhitA, bhAga-1 (sAmAjika vijJAna), pR0 33 4. vahI, pR0 33 5. gurudatta, dharma tathA samAjavAda, dillI, 1672, pR0 207-10 6. Sorokin, The Sociology of Revolution, New York, p. 347

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11 sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya hotA kintu samAja meM vighaTanakArI evaM hAnikAraka tattva aura adhika bar3ha jAte haiN| 'sorokina' ne isa sambandha meM 'yuddha' (War) tathA 'krAnti' (Revolution) ke pArasparika sambandhoM para bhI vicAra kiyA hai jo prAcInakAla se calI A rahI mAnavIya sabhyatA ke vizeSa praGga rahe haiM / inake matAnusAra 'yuddha' evaM 'krAnti' anyonyAzrita haiM tathA kabhI 'yuddha' 'krAnti' ko janma detA hai to kabhI 'krAnti' se 'yuddha' lar3e jAte haiM / kintu yaha sthiti samAja ke sarvAGgINa vikAsa ke lie ghAtaka hai / bhAratIya itihAsa meM rAjAoM mahArAjoM dvArA kiye gae yuddhoM kA hI maha pariNAma mAnanA cAhie ki eka samaya aisA AyA jaba bhAratavarSa pUrNataH dAsatA kI zRGkhalA meM jakar3a gayA tathA isakI prAcIna sAMskRtika evaM sAmAjika cetanA bhI zanaiH zanaiH kSINa hotI gaI / yuddhoM ke bAda samAja ke punarnirmANa ke kAryoM para vizeSa bala denA par3atA hai / isase mAnava samAja ke zrAvazyaka sambandhoM para vighanAtmaka zaktiyoM dvArA zithilatA bhI thopa dI jAtI hai / prAcIna bhAratIya sAmAjika vicAraka-- jaisA ki kahA jA cukA hai ki samAja se sambandhita vyavasthita vijJAna sarvathA eka navIna vijJAna hai tathA pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne hI isa vijJAna kA zrAviSkAra kiyA hai / ataeva prAcIna bhAratIya vidyAnoM meM 'samAjazAstra' jaise kisI zAstra kI kalpanA nahIM kI jA sakatI / bhAratIya cintakoM ne kAvya, dharma, darzana ke samAna 'samAja' kI koI zAstrIya paribhASA na dI ho, kintu samAja ke vividha saMsthAnoM, saMgaThanoM tathA samUhoM ko lakSya kara inhoMne samAja kA sadaiva patha pradarzana kiyA hai / gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA jAe to bhAratIya cintaka 'samAja kaisA honA cAhie' isa prayojana ko adhika mahattva dete the jabaki 'samAjazAstra' 'samAja kyA hai' isa samasyA kA hI samAdhAna kara pAtA hai / " prAcIna bhAratIya samAja ke pramukha srota apane 1. tu 0 . (i) "The Hindu Social thinkers have given us theories of Social institutions and organization, what they should be and ought to be. That is to say, they have thought out and and portrayed social and individual ideals." -Prabhu, P. H., Hindu Social Organization, Bombay, 1961, p. 5 (ii) "Sociology as such is an empirical science and does not concern itself with social or moral values, which are the primary concern of Social philosophy as the speculative study of society". -Das, An Introduction to the Study of Society, p. 12.

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12 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja apane saMskRtiyoM ke dhArmika grantha haiM jinameM veda, upaniSad, dharmasUtra, rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, dharmazAstra, purANa Adi granthoM kA bhAratIya saMskRti evaM samAja ke nirmANa evaM vikAsa meM bahuta yogadAna rahA hai / jaina evaM bauddha saMskRti ke mUlAdhAra dhArmika granthoM meM kramazaH Agama evaM jAtaka granthoM ko svasaMskRtiyoM ke sAmAjika svarUpa ke nirdhAraNa kA zreya prApta hotA hai / bhAratavarSa ke prAcIna itihAsa para dRSTipAta kareM to hama pAte haiM ki- yadyapi bhArata meM vividha saMskRtiyA~ rahI thIM kintu brAhmaNa athavA hindU saMskRti inameM sarvopari thI ataH sampUrNa bhAratIya samAja kI sAmAjika saMsthAoM para hindU saMskRti ke dhArmika granthoM kA vizeSa prabhAva pdd'aa| hindU saMskRti ke dharmazAstroM kI racanA kA tatkAlIna deza-kAla-sImA ke antargata niyamAnusAra samAja ko suvyavasthita karanA hI pramukha uddezya thA / ' tadartha manu yAjJavalkyAdi manISiyoM ne varNa-vyavasthA, varNa-dharma, vivAha, parivAra, rAja-dharma, zikSA tathA striyoM Adi ke kartavyoM evaM adhikAroM ke sambandha meM apanI apanI mAnyatAeM dI haiM / isa prakAra sampUrNa bhArata kA prAcIna sAmAjika jIvana 'varNavyavasthA kI paridhi meM pUrI taraha se jakar3A huaA thaa| yaha alaga bAta hai ki zramaNa paramparA ke cintakoM ne isa vyavasthA kA virodha bhI kiyA, kintu unakA vaha virodha vyAvahArika dRSTi se adhika saphala na ho paayaa| anta meM jAkara eka samaya aisA bhI AyA jaba jaina saMskRti ke sAmAjika jIvana meM 'varNavyavasthA' ko bhI svIkAra karanA par3A, udAharaNArtha brAhmaNa saMskRti ke ghora virodhI jaTAsiMha nandi ne siddhAnta rUpa se varNa-vyavasthA kA virodha to kiyA, kintu rAjya meM varNAzrama vyavasthA kA pAlana kiyA jAnA unake anusAra bhI eka Adarza rAjA kA prazaMsanIya guNa hI thA / 4 varNAzrama-vyavasthA kA manovaijJAnika AdhAra 'dharma' bana cukA thA isalie prAcIna bhAratIya samAja kI vyavasthA sarvathA dharmAnuprANita thI tathA sAmAjika vyavasthAoM ke pratipAdaka 'dharmasUtra' tathA dharmazAstrAdi grantha dhArmika sAhitya ke antargata samAviSTa kie jAte haiN| isI prakAra zramaNa paramparA ke Agama, jAtakAdi grantha dharmAnuprANita hone para bhI saMskRti kI sAmAjika AvazyakatAoM ke pUraka haiM / isa prakAra prAcIna 1. tu0-etaddezaprasUtasya sakAzAdagrajanmanaH / svaM svaM caritraM zikSeran pRthivyAM sarvamAnavAH / / -manusmRti, 2.20 2. tu0-dezadharmAjAtidharmAnkuladharmAMzca zAzvatAn / pASaNDagaNadharmAMzca zAstre'sminnuktavAn manuH // -manusmRti, 1.118 3. varAGgacarita, 25. 2-11 4. vahI, 1.51

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya bhAratIya sAmAjika vicArakoM ne dhArmika paramparAoM ke pariprekSya meM hI sAmAjika cintana dhArA ko pallavita kiyaa| prAcIna bhAratIya dharmazAstra tathA Adhunika samAjazAstra __'dharma' kI paribhASAnoM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki dharma ihaloka tathA paraloka donoM dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa rahA thA / ' 'dharma' kI pAralaukika sandarbha meM vyAkhyA karanA sambhavata; dharma kA dArzanika athavA adhyAtmika pakSa rahA ho / vAstava meM prAcIna bhAratIya samAja vyavasthA meM 'dharma' kI laukika evaM vyAvahArika upAdeyatA hI sarvopari rahI thI / 2 dUsare zabdoM meM dharma eka aisA tattva vizeSa rahA hai jisakI tulanA 'samAja' (Society) jaise samAjazAstrIya tattva se kI jA sakatI hai| isa tathya ko dharmasUtroM tathA dharmazAstroM meM pratipAdita viSayAvalI aura bhI spaSTa kara detI hai-udAharaNArtha gautama, baudhAyana, Apastamba, vasiSTha Adi mahattvapUrNa dharmasUtroM tathA manusmRti, yAjJavalkyasmRti, bRhaspatismati prAdi mahattvapUrNa dharmazAstra ke granthoM kI sAmAnya viSayavastu isa prakAra hotI hai-(1) varNAzrama vyavasthAadhikAra kartavya evaM dAyitva, (2) garbhAdhAna se lekara antyeSTi taka ke saMskAravarNana tathA unakI vidhiyA~, (3) brahmacArI ke kartavya, AcaraNa tathA adhyayanapaddhati' (4) vivAha evaM usakI vividha paddhatiyA~ (5) gRhastha ke karttavya tathA anya yajJa, dAna evaM atithi satkAra (6) strI dharma evaM strI viSayaka vividha mAnyatAeM (7) kSatriyoM tathA rAjAoM ke prAdarza karttavya (8) vyavahAra-vidhAna, saMvidhAna, aparAdha, daNDa, sAjhedArI, baMTavArA, dAyabhAga, goda lenA Adi (8) cAra pramukha * varNa, varNasaGkara tathA unake vyavasAya, prApadharma, Adi (10) vratAcaraNa, mandiradharmazAlA-nirmANa Adi janakalyANa sambandhI kArya / uparyukta viSaya vastuoM para yadi samIkSAtmaka dRSTi DAlI jAe to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki dharmasUtra athavA dharmazAstra 'Adhunika 'samAjazAstra' ke anusAra samAja ke Arthika, rAjanaitika, dhArmika, sAmAjika, sAMskRtika tathA pArivArika pakSoM para prakAza DAlate rahe the tathA tatkAlIna samAja ke pratyeka pakSa ke nizcita sAmAjika mUlya kI ora bhI iMgita karate haiM / isa prakAra Adhunika 'samAja' zabda 1. zrutismRtyuditaM dharmamanutiSThanhi mAnavaH / iha kIrtimavApnoti pretya cAnuttamaM sukham / / -manu, 2.6 2. Bhargava, D.N., Jain Ethics, Delhi, 1968 p. 1 3. pI. vI. kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, anu0-arjuna caube kAzyapa, lakhanaU, pR0 1.1 .

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14 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja ke samakakSa prAcIna bhAratIya 'dharma' zabda kA vizeSa mahattva thA / ' isa sambandha meM dharmazAstra ke manISI DA0 pI. vI. kANe kahate haiM ki 'prAcIna kAla meM dharma sambandhI dhAraNA bar3I vyApaka thI aura vaha manuSya ke sampUrNa jIvana ko sparza karatI thI / dharmazAstroM ke matAnusAra dharma kisI sampradAya kA dyotaka nahIM hai, pratyuta yaha jIvana kA eka DhaMga yA zrAcaraNa saMhitA hai jo samAja ke kisI praGga evaM vyakti ke rUpa meM manuSya ke karmoM evaM kRtyoM ko vyavasthApita karatA hai tathA usameM kramazaH vikAsa lAtA huA use mAnavIya astitva ke lakSya taka pahuMcane yogya banAtA hai / varNadharma, zrAzrama dharma, varNAzrama dharma, guraNa dharma, naimittika dharma, sAdhAraNa dharma zrAdi dharma ke chaH prakAroM meM bhI vividha mAnava vyavahAroM ko eka sAmAjika DhA~ce meM vibhAjita kara 'dharma kA vaiziSTya ubhAranA hI mukhya prayojana thA / 'dharma' niHsandeha mAnava vyavahAroM kA dyotaka hai tathA pazuoM evaM manuSyoM meM vibhAjana rekhA bhI dharma ke dvArA hI khIMcI jA sakatI hai / sUtrakAroM tathA smRtikAroM ne 'dharma' ke mahattva ko ubhArate hue isake anusaraNa karane ke lie vizeSa bala diyA hai / jaina paramparA ke anusAra bhI 'dharma' kA svarUpa sarvathA samAja ke sandarbha meM hI huA hai / sAgAra-dharma anAgAra-dharma, zrAvaka-dharma, muni-dharma, Adi vibhAjana na kevala sAmAjika vibhAjana hI haiM apitu vividha prakAra ke mAnava-vyavahAroM ke pArasparika sambandhoM meM bhI inakI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai / jaina saMskRti ke 'sAgAra dharma' kA to sIdhe samAja se hI sambandha hai| 1. jayazaGkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, paTanA, 1674, pR0 6 2. kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0 101 3. tu0 - pratra ca dharmazabdaH SaDvidhasmArtaM dharmaviSayaH tadyathA - varNadharma zrAzramadharmo varNAzramadharmo guNadharmo nimittadharmaH sAdhAraNadharmazceti / - mitAkSarA TIkA yAjJavalkyasmRti, caukhambA saMskRta sIrija, banArasa, 130, 1.1, pR0 4 tu0 - AhAranidrAbhayamaithunaM ca sAmAnyametat pazubhirnarANAm / dharmo hi teSAmadhiko vizeSo dharmeNa hInAH pazubhiH samAnAH // - ( manu ke nAma se uddhRta), mayUrabhaTTa viracita sUryazataka, ramAkAnta tripAThI, vArANasI, 1964, bhUmikA, pR0 28 5. vizeSa draSTavya, kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, pR0 1-5 tathA pR0 101-108 4.

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya sAhitya evaM samAja meM pravRtti-sAmya pUrvokta samAja sambandhI pAribhASika vyAkhyAnoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'samAjazAstra' kA mukhya prayojana manuSya ko sAmAjika vyavahAra se paricita karAnA hai to dUsarI ora sAhitya bhI apratyakSa rUpa se isI uddezya kI pUrti karatA hai| donoM meM aneka dRSTiyoM se pravRtti-sAmya hai / 'sAhitya' zabda ke mUla meM 'sahita' athavA hita kI bhAvanA rahatI hai| 'sahita' kA abhiprAya sAmUhikatA tathA saMgaThana zakti se hotA hai to 'hita' se jana-kalyANa kI bhAvanA grahaNa kI jAtI hai| ye donoM vizeSatAeM sAhitya kI ve ullekhanIya vizeSatAeM haiM jo mAnava-vyavahAroM ko pazu vyavahAroM se pRthak karatI haiN| isI prakAra samAjazAstra ke anusAra 'samAja' kI paribhASA kevala mAtra mAnava vyavahAroM taka sImita mAnI jAtI hai aura pazu vyavahAroM ko isake antargata nahIM liyA jAtA hai| bhAratIya vicArakoM ne bhI yaha svIkAra kiyA hai ki sAhitya evaM saGgIta manuSya jIvana kI ve vizeSatAeM haiM jinase pazuoM tathA manuSyoM meM bheda kiyA jA sakatA hai| vaise bhI saMskRta 'samAja' zabda kA vyavahAra kevala 'manuSya-samUha' taka hI sImita hai tathA pazu-samUha ke lie 'samAja' kA prayoga na hokara 'samaja' kA prayoga hotA hai / 4 spaSTa hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya vicArakoM ne yatra-tatra 'samAja' kI atyanta sUkSma vizeSatAoM kI ora bhI iGgita kiyA hai jo prAdhunika yuga meM samAjazAstrIya paribhASAnoM ke sandarbha meM bhI tarkasaGgata baiThatI haiN| samAjazAstrIya paribhASA ke anusAra 'samAja' manuSyoM kA vaha samUha hai jisameM manuSyoM ke pArasparika vyavahAroM kA AdAna-pradAna jana kalyANa kI bhAvanA se hotA hai / samAja kI isa paribhASA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki samAja pazu-bhinna 1. mAnavikI pAribhASika koSa (sAhitya khaNDa), sampA0 DA0 nagendra, dillI, 1665, pR0 158 2. Das, A.C., An Introduction to the Society, p. 3 3. tu0-sAhityasaGgItakalAvihInaH sAkSAtpazuH pucchaviSANahInaH / tRNaM na khAdannapi jIvamAnastadubhAgadheyaM paramaM pazUnAm / / -bhatRharikRta nItizataka, sampAdaka-esa0 ena0 zAstrIyara, madrAsa, 1657, pR0 75 4. Apte, V. S., The Student's Sanskrit English Dictionary, Delhi, 1970, p. 507. "A Society is a group of Individuals united in the persuits of a common interest". --Gavin, R.W., Our Changing Social Order, p. 9

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16 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja mAnava vyavahAroM kA vaha pratiphalana hai jisameM pArasparika AdAna-pradAna loka kalyANArthaM hI hotA hai| zAstrIya paribhASA ke anusAra samAja manuSyoM ke usa vizAla jhuNDa (Crowd ) kA nAma nahIM jo mAnava vyavahAroM ke bahuta nikaTa hone para bhI pradAna-pradAna kI dRSTi se udAsIna rahatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA jhuNDa (Crowd ) meM nahIM rahatI isalie samAjazAstra use 'samAja' (Society) kI saMjJA se bahiSkRta kara detA hai / " samAjagata ina paribhASAtroM ke pariprekSya meM yahA~ sAhitya kA abhiprAya kevala kAvya granthoM se hI nahIM apitu dharma-darzana se sambaddha sabhI saMskRta Adi granthoM se hai / prAdhunika yuga meM 'sAhitya' kA prayoga sAmAnya tathA vyApaka artha meM bhI kiyA jAne lagA hai tathA kisI bhI prakAra kI likhita sAmagrI ko 'sAhitya' (Literature ) kaha diyA jAtA hai / sAhitya ko cAhe jisa kisI rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiyA jAe usakA sAmAjika-prAvazyakatAoM kI saMpUrti karanA hI parama uddezya hai / kabhI-kabhI dharma-darzana se sambaddha sAhitya racanAeM rasAlaGkAroM Adi se vimukha hote hue bhI saundaryAtmaka evaM udAtta-bhAvanAoM se achUtI nahIM raha pAtI haiM aura pradhAnarUpa se AdhyAtmika evaM dArzanika rahasyoM kA pratipAdana hone para bhI ina para yugIna paristhitiyoM kI pratikriyAoM kA pratiphalana spaSTa rUpa se dekhA jA sakatA hai / abhiprAya yaha hai ki pratyeka sAhitya samAja kI kisI na kisI apekSA se nirmita hotA hai, yaha gauNa hai ki usameM prAlaGkAritA kA puTa hai athavA dArzanikatA kA / 3 lokakalyANa kI bhAvanA bhI sAhitya evaM samAja kI vizeSatA hai / manuSya parivAra varga, rASTra Adi vividha saMgaThanoM ke mAdhyama se mAnava kalyANa ke lie jitane bhI kArya karatA hai unheM sAmAjika kArya mAnA jAyegA ye lokahita kI bhAvanA se prerita hone vAle varga 'samAja' kahalAyeMge / vAstava meM samAjazAstra 'samAja' ke antargata kevala mAtra 'sAmAjika vyavahAroM kI hI anumati detA hai / anya 6 ?. Macdougall, W., The Group Mind, Cambridge, 1920, p. 30 2. mAnavikI, pAribhASika koSa ( sAhitya khaNDa), pR0 158 3. vahI, pR0 158 4. tu0 - kAvyaM yazase'rthakRte vyavahAravide zivetarakSataye / sadyaH paranirvRtaye kAntAsammitatayopadezayuje // -- kAvyaprakAza, 1.2 5. 6. Gavin. R.W., Our Changing Social Order, p. 9 "A well-socialized person is one who havitually acts in ways that are valuable to society". --Gavin, Our Changing Social Order, p. 107

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya 'asAmAjika vyavahAra'1 tathA 'samAja virodhI vyavahAra'2 samAja kI surakSA ke hita meM na hone ke kAraNa isake antargata nahIM pAte / ThIka usI prakAra sAhitya bhI 'rAmAdivat pravartitavyam na rAvaNAdivat'3 isa nyAya se sAmAjikatA kI ora jAtA hai tathA asAmAjikatA kA virodha karatA hai| manuSya bhASA prayoga evaM udAtta bhAvanAoM ke kAraNa pazuoM se kahIM adhika UMcA hai ataH loka kalyANa kI kAmanA manuSya se hI kI jA sakatI hai / 4 sAhitya meM bhI sadaiva sAmUhika kalyANa ke tattva nihita rahate haiM / manuSyoM dvArA manuSyoM ke lie sAhitya kA nirmANa hone se isameM bhI AdAna-pradAna kA stara paryApta UMcA hotA hai / sAhitya evaM samAja : udbhava evaM vikAsa dhArmika kriyAkalApoM se sAhitya kI utpatti mAnI jAtI hai / tadanantara lokagIta evaM loka nRtya sAhitya ke aGkura ke rUpa meM vizAla sAhitya nirmANa karane meM samartha hote haiM / 5 dhArmika avasaroM para manoraJjanArtha bhI loka-gIta evaM lokanRtya 9. "Good intentioned but thoughtless people may be quite unsocial in their behaviours". -Gavin, Our Changing Social Order, p. 108 "The anti-social individual is one who is deeply frustrated and is expressing his anger by attacking society". -vahI, pR0 106 3. "caturvargaphalaprAptihi kAvyataH "rAmAdivatpravartitavyaM na rAvaNAdivat" ityAdi kRtyAkRtya-pravRtti-nivRttyupadeza-dvAreNa supratItaiva -sAhityadarpaNa, 1.2 "Aristotle in his 'Politics', chapter 2, thought : for in this particular, man differs from other animals, that he alone has a perception of good and evil, of just and unjust and it is a participation of these common sentiments which forms a family and a city." -Haas, F. J., Man & Society, New York, 1952, p. 13 5. "Early poetry was undoubtedly choral and mainly in the service of communal religious ceremonies." -Gummere, F.B., Introduction to Old English Balladas, London, p. 84. "The earliest poetry of all races-it is not altogether a conjecture-appears to have been the ballad-dance." -Dixon, M,, English Epic and Heroic Poetry, London, 1912, p. 28

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18 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja Adi ke prati mAnava svabhAva kI vizeSa pravRtti dekhI jAtI hai / zanaiH zanaiH kaviyoM SAT para ye pravRttiyAM hI sAhitya ke rUpa meM prAvirbhUta ho jAtI haiM / isa sambandha meM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki ina sabhI kAryoM ko manuSya sAmUhika rUpa se karatA hai / sAmUhika prAgraha hI kisI kavi vizeSa ko kAvya nirmANa ke liye prAkRSTa evaM prerita karatA hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI vicAra karane para yaha jJAta hotA hai ki manuSya meM sarvaprathama ' samUha' kI bhAvanA AI hogii| manuSya kI prAdya avasthA jise pASANa yuga (Old Stone Age) ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai, adhika vikasita nahIM thI / khuGkhAra pazuoM kA zikAra karanA usakA pramukha vyavasAya thA / yaha vyavasAya hI usake jIvana kA prayojana bhI bana cukA thA / udara-pUrti ke lie vaha isa bhayaGkara kArya ke lie eka prakAra se vivaza bhI thA / yaha bhI sambhAvanA svAbhAvika hI jAna par3atI hai ki usake saha vyavasAyI anya loga bhI yadA-kadA usake samparka meM 1 te hoNge| eka hI uddezya vAle vividha logoM meM ekatA evaM sAmUhikatA ke tattva to zrA hI jAte haiM / pASANa yuga meM bhI manuSya samUhoM meM rahakara hI bhayaGkara pazuoM Adi kA sAmanA kara sakatA thA / aisI dazA meM harSa evaM duHkha ke vividha avasaroM para usake sAthiyoM kA sAnnidhya bhI use prApta thA / ye loga harSAvasaroM para nRtya gItAdi dvArA apanA manoraJjana bhI karate the aura duHkha ke samaya eka dUsare kI sahAyatA bhI karate the / samAja kI prAdya avasthA kI yahI kahAnI rahI hogI jisameM sAhitya evaM samAja donoM aGkura vidyamAna the / jaise-jaise mAnava sabhyatA vikasita hotI gaI, samAja ke mUlyoM ke anusAra unake manoraJjana kA stara bhI usI anupAta se vikasita hotA rahA / pariNAmataH prAgvaidika sabhyatA arthAt sindhu ghATI kI sabhyatA meM mAnava pUrNa rUpa se vikasita ho cukA thA / rahana-sahana, dharma-darzana, manoraJjana Adi kA sindhu ghATI kI sabhyatA meM stara paryApta UMcA thA / hama aisA bhI anumAna lagA sakate haiM ki isa sabhyatA meM utkRSTa sAhitya kA nirmANa bhI huA hogA kintu anupalabdha pramAraNoM ke AdhAra para isa viSaya meM aura adhika kucha kahanA prAsaGgika na hogA | sAhitya kA utkRSTa evaM saMzodhita svarUpa vaidika sAhitya meM dekhA jA sakatA hai / Rgveda jaisI vizva kI prAcInatama utkRSTa sAhitya racanA yaha socane ke lie bAdhya karatI hai kI Rgveda se pUrva kI sAhitya racanA bhI niHsandeha sundara rahI hogI / nRtya gItAdi se akasmAt hI RgvedakAlIna kAvyasuSamA kA AvirbhAva nahIM ho sakatA / ataH Rgvaidika kAvya sAdhanA mAnava sabhyatA ke nirantara abhyAsa kA pariNAma thI / bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya, bhAratIya samAja kA aitihAsika vizleSaNa, dillI, 173, pR0 216 2. vahI, pR0 62 1.

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16 sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya sAhitya zAstra kI samAjadharmo mAnyatAeM bhAratIya sAhitya zAstra ke saMkSipta sarvekSaNa se bhI yaha pratipAdita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki bhAratIya kAvyAcArya sAhitya ke tattvoM ke pratipAdana ke avasara para sAmAjika prayojanoM tathA yugIna AvazyakatAoM ke prati sajaga the| cAhe kAvya ke prayojanoM kA sambandha ho yA phira kAvya lakSaNoM kA, sAhityazAstrIya mAnyatAeM samAjadharmI vaiziSTya se prabhAvita hotI AI haiN| sAhitya evaM samAja : kAvya prayojanoM ke sandarbha meM-nATyazAstra ke anusAra bharata ne nATya kalA kA pracAra sAmAjikoM ke jJAna vardhana, prAnanda evaM vizrAma mAdi ke liye kiyA thaa| tadanantara kAvyazAstra ke anya prAcAryoM ne bhI kAvya keyazalAbha, dhanalAbha, vyavahAra jJAna, pApanAza, paramAnanda prApti evaM strIjanocita sarasa upadeza pradAna Adi kAvya prayojana svIkAra kie haiM / anya kAvya zAstriyoM ke kAvya prayojana bhI uparyukta prayojanoM para hI AdhArita haiN| bhAmaha ke matAnusAra dharma, artha, kAma tathA mokSa, kalA-napuNya, kIrti evaM prIti prApti kAvya ke pramukha prayojana haiN| 3 vAmana yaza prApti ko kAvya kA adRSTa prayojana evaM prIti ko dRSTa prayojana ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate haiN| isI prakAra hemacandra ne bhI Ananda, yaza tathA madhura upadeza ko kAvya kA prayojana svIkAra kiyA hai| kuntaka dvArA pratipAdita kAvya prayojanoM kA samasAmayika sandarbha meM bhI vizeSa mahattva hai| kuntaka ne 1. duHkhArtAnAM zramArttAnAM zokArtAnAM tapasvinAm / vizrAntijananaM loke nATyametad bhaviSyati // -nATyazAstra, caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, 1926, 1.114 tathA, dhamyaM yazasyamAyuSyaM hitaM buddhivivardhanam / / lokopadezajananaM nATyametad bhaviSyati / / nATyazAstra, 1.115 2. kAvyaM yazase'rthakRte vyavahAravide zivatarakSataye / sadyaH paranirva taye kAntAsammitatayopadezayuje // -kAvyaprakAza, 1.2 3. dharmArthakAmamokSeSu vaicakSaNyaM kalAsu ca / karoti kIrti prItiM ca sAdhukAvyanibandhanam // -kAvyAlaGkAra, 1.2 4. kAvyaM sadRSTAdRSTArtha prItikIrtihetutvAt / -kAvyAlaGkAra sUtravRtti, 1.15 5. kAvyamAnandAya yazase kAntAtulyatayopadezAya ca / -kAvyAnuzAsana, 1, pR0 3

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20 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja rAjakumAroM kI zikSA se kAvya prayojanoM ko jor3ate hue tatkAlIna sAmAjika sandarbha meM kAvya kI upAdeyatA svIkAra kI hai| Adhunika kAlIna sAhitya samIkSakoM kI dhAraNA yahI hai ki sAhitya ke mAdhyama se manuSya ko susaMskAra, viveka, atyAcAra evaM zoSaNa ke damana kA sAhasa evaM pAzavika vRttiyoM se Upara uThane kI preraNA prApta hotI hai / isa sambandha meM prAcArya hajArI prasAda dvivedI ke anusAra sAhitya kA uddezya ina zabdoM meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai-''sAhitya kA lakSya manuSyatA hI hai jisase manuSya kA ajJAna, kusaMskAra aura aviveka, dUra nahIM hotA, jisase manuSya zoSaNa aura atyAcAra ke viruddha sira uThAkara khar3A nahI ho jAtA hai, jisase vaha chInA jhapaTI svArthaparatA aura hiMsA ke daladala se ubara nahIM pAtA vaha pustaka kisI kAma kI nahIM hai aura kisI jamAne meM vAg vilAsa ko bhI sAhitya kahA jAtA rahA hogA, kintu isa yuga meM sAhitya vahI kahA jA sakatA hai jisase manuSya kA sarvAGgINa vikAsa ho|"2 sAhitya ke uparyukta prayojanoM ke viSaya meM itanA nizcita hai ki sAhitya kA pramukha prayojana samAja kA patha pradarzana karanA evaM sad-asad viveka denA hai| isI sAmAjika prayojana ke antargata prAyaH sabhI kAvya prayojana samAviSTa ho jAte haiN| kAvyazAstriyoM dvArA pratipAdita ina kAvya prayojanoM kA samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se bhI vizeSa mahattva hai| samAjazAstra ke anusAra samAja ke prayojana bhI ina prayojanoM se sAmyatA rakhate haiM / samAja bhI manuSya ko kalyANAtmaka zikSAoM kA upadeza detA hai tathA manuSya ko surakSA kI vyavasthA karatA hai|4 'kAmTe' ke anusAra prArambha meM 'parivAra' nAmaka saMgaThana se usake pAlana poSaNa kI vizeSa vyavasthA hotI hai| tadanantara 'rAjya' athavA 'rASTra' nAmaka saMgaThana samaya-samaya para pratikUla zaktiyoM se usakI rakSA kI ora prayatnazIla rahatA hai / 'rAjya' nAmaka saMgaThana kA astitva 1. vakroktijIvitam, 1.3-5 2. hajArI prasAda dvivedI, vicAra vitarka, pR0 54 3. tu0-yatkAvyaM lokottara-varNanAnipuNakavikarma tat kAnteva sarasatApAdanenA bhimukhIkRtya rAmAdivartitavyaM na rAvaNAdivadityupadezaM ca yathAyogaM kaveH sahRdayasya ca karotIti sarvathA tatra yatanIyam / -kAvyaprakAza, 1.2 4. Malinowski, Crime and Custom in Savage Society, New York ___1926, p. 139 5. tejamaladaka, sAmAjika vicAra evaM vicAraka, pR0 66

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya hI isI lie huaA hai ki vaha prajA ke pratyeka vyakti ko abhayadAna de|' isake liye zAsana vyavasthA, nyAya vyavasthA, sainya vyavasthA, Arthika vyavasthA Adi saMsthAeM rAjya ko sAmAjika dRSTi se sudRDha banAtI haiM / samAja kI anya dhArmika, dArzanika tathA sAMskRtika gatividhiyA~ bhI manuSya kI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika zakti kA saMvardhana karatI haiM / samAja meM jaba kabhI bhI ina sAmAjika vyavasthAnoM kA koI vyakti athavA varga athavA anya koI samudAya ullaGghana karane kA prayAsa karatA hai hai to samAja meM use daNDa dene kI vyavasthA bhI hai| isa prakAra hama yaha dekhate haiM ki sAhitya evaM samAja ke prayojana haiM--manuSya kI sAmUhika cetanA ko protsAhita karanA tathA viSama paristhitiyoM meM usakA patha pradarzana krnaa| sAhitya manuSya kI uparyukta prAvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karate hue use prAthika, zaikSika, dhArmika dRSTi se prazikSita karatA hai aura sAtha hI utkRSTa mAnanda bhI pradAna karatA hai| sAhitya evaM samAja : kAvya lakSaNoM ke sandarbha meM-bhAratIya sAhityazAstra athavA kAvya zAstra ke granthoM meM kAvya ke maulika tattvoM kA zAstrIya vivecana upalabdha hai| kAvya zAstra meM pratipAdita kAvya lakSaNoM kA pratyakSa rUpa se kAvya se hI sambandha hai kintu kAvya kA samAja ke sAtha samvandha hone ke kAraNa apratyakSa rUpa se ina kAvya lakSaNoM kA samAja se bhI sambandha sthApita ho jAtA hai| sarvaprathama nATyazAstra ko hI leM, isameM nATaka kA jo svarUpa pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai usameM sAmAjika mUlyoM ke prati pUrNa AsthA hai| mUla rUpa se nATaka meM nRtya, abhinaya, saGgIta, gAyana Adi tattvoM kA prAdhAnya rahatA hai / ye tattva nATaka ke atirikta bhI mAnava samAja ke liye isa rUpa meM varadAna haiM ki inake dvArA mAnava vyavahAroM meM pArasparika AdAna-pradAna kI kSamatA meM evaM saMgaThana zakti meM vRddhi hotI hai tathA mAnava samAja ko inase manoraJjana ke atirikta udAtta evaM saundaryAtmaka dRSTi bhI pradAna hotI hai| inameM se eka-eka tattva sAmUhikatA kI manovaijJAnika pRSThabhUmi ko sudRDha karatA hai / niHsandeha ye sabhI tattva rasa mizrita hokara mAnava samudAya ko Ananda dene ke sAtha sAmAjika mUlyoM kI bhI zikSA dete haiM / nATya sAhitya vAstava meM prAcIna sAmAjika mUlyoM ko navInIkaraNa kI ora le jAtA hai isaliye nATaka kI pAMca 1. bholAnAtha zarmA, aristU ko rAjanIti, lakhanaU, 1666, pR0 65 2. Roucek, J.S., Social Control, New York, 1962, p. 83-84 3. rAjavaMza sahAya hIrA, bhAratIya sAhityazAstra koza, paTanA, 1673, pR0 621 4. tu0-na gItavAdyanRtajJA lokasthitivido na ye| _ abhinetuM ca ka ca prabandhAste bahirmukhAH // -nATyadarpaNa, pradhAna sampA0 nagendra, dillI, 1961, 1.4 .

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33 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja sandhiyA~, ' pAMca kAryAvasthAeM, pAMca zrarthaprakRtiyA~ Adi nATaka kI ghaTanAoM ko rocaka evaM sAbhiprAya hI nahIM banAtI haiM, apitu ina tattvoM se bhAratIya samAja ke mUla tattva puruSArtha evaM bhAgya, karma siddhAnta, AzAvAda kI pRSThabhUmi bhI sudRDha hotI hai tathA manuSya ko aneka viSama paristhitiyoM se jUjhane kA sandeza bhI prApta hotA hai Adhunika manovaijJAnika makDUgala ke vicArAnusAra mAnava kI 18 prakAra kI manovRttiyA~ hotI haiM / DA0 Ara0 je0 esa0 makDovala ne inheM 14 manovRttiyoM taka hI sImita kara diyA hai| nATaka meM bhI mAnava svabhAva kI ina manovRttiyoM kA saphala pradarzana hotA hai / nATyazAstra ne inheM sthAyI bhAvoM kI saMjJA dI hai tathA ye saMkhyA meM ATha yA nau hote haiM - rati, hAsa, zoka, krodha, utsAha, bhaya, jugupsA, vismaya tathA zama / isI prakAra, anya, vibhAva, anubhAva evaM vyabhicArI bhAva bhI mAnava svabhAva kI vicitra evaM vividha anubhUtiyoM ke hI pariNAma haiM / prekSaka ko inase vividha paristhitiyoM meM tadanukUla mAnavIya AcaraNa kA manovaijJAnika jJAna prApta hotA hai / nATya zAstra ke anusAra pratipAdita rUpaka ke dasa bhedoM kA bhI sAmAjika varga bhedoM evaM sAmAjika ruciyoM kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva hai / udAharaNArtha 'nATaka' prasiddha vRtta ko lekara pravRtta hote haiM tathA uccastarIya sAmAjika AdarzoM kA inameM pratipAdana hotA hai / 'prakaraNa' kA stara kucha nimna hotA hai / isameM vipra, amAtya tathA vaizya bhI nAyaka ho sakate haiM tathA vezyAoM ko bhI nAyikA ke rUpa meM isameM sthAna diyA jAtA hai / samAja ke anya nimna varga 1. sAhityadarpaNa, 6.75 2 . vahI, 6.70 3. vahI, 6.64 4. tuo rAjavaMza sahAya hIrA, bhAratIya sAhityazAstra koza, pR0 380 5. ye caudaha prakAra kI manovRttiyoM ke nAma haiM-bhaya, krodha, ghRNA, vAtsalya, autsukya, garva, dAsatva, dainya, rati, ekAkIpana, kSudhA, adhikAra-bhAvanA, sRjanotsAha tathA hrAsa | - pI0 vI0 kANe, saMskRta kAvya zAstra kA itihAsa, pR0 442 6. tuo - ratirhAsazca zokazca krodhotsAho bhayaM tathA / jugupsA vismayazcetthamaSTau proktAH zamo'pi ca // - sAhityadarpaNa, 3.175 tu0 'nATakaM khyAta- vRttaM syAt ' -- sAhityadarpaNa, 6.7- 10 tathA 'khyAtAdyarAjacaritaM dharmakAmArthasatphalam' - nATyadarpaNa, 1.5 8. sAhityadarpaNa, 6.224-26 nATyadarpaNa, 2 . 1 7.

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23 sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya ke dhUrta, jupArI, viTa-ceTAdi bhI 'prakaraNa' meM citrita kiye jA sakate haiN| ke carita ko pradhAnatA se pratipAdita karane vAle rUpaka bheda kI 'bhANa' saMjJA hai| 'vyAyoga', 'samavakAra', 'Dima', 'IhAmaga' Adi rUpaka bhedoM meM sAMskRtika evaM aitihAsika caritoM ke mAdhyama se samAja ke paramparAgata sAmAjika mUlyoM kI vizeSa surakSA ho pAtI hai| isI prakAra jana-sAdhAraNa ko nAyaka ke rUpa meM citrita karane vAle rUpaka bhedoM meM 'aGka' tathA 'vIthI' kA tathA hAsya pradhAna-'prahasana' bhI niHsandeha lokadharmI sAhitya ke udAharaNa kahe jA sakate haiN| nATakoM meM saMskRta prAkRta kA prayoga tathA uttama, madhyama evaM nimna pAtroM kI abhiyojanA samAja ke vividha vargoM tathA bhASAoM meM sAmaMjasya sthApita karane kA hI sadprayatna mAnanA cAhiye / 'nATaka' 'mahAkAvya' kI bhAMti saMskRti ke samagra phalaka para kendrita hote haiM ataeva unakI saMpreSaNIyatA 'bhAraNa' 'prakaraNa' ke apekSA adhika vyApaka rahatI hai isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki sAhitya kI vizvajanIna vidhA 'rUpaka sAhitya' samAjadharmI samagratA ko aGgIkAra kiye huye hai| isa sAhitya vidhA kA yadi samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se gambhIra adhyayana kiyA jAye to hama pAyeMge ki nATya sAhitya mAnavIya samAja ko samAjadharmI pravRttiyoM se jor3ane kA eka mahattvapUrNa evaM prabhAvazAlI mAdhyama siddha hotA hai| zravya kAvya ke antargata mahAkAvya, gItikAvya, gadyakAvya Adi aneka vidhAyeM AtI haiM / kAvya zAstra ke prAcAryoM ne ina sabhI vidhAnoM meM 'kAvyatva' kI anivAryatA svIkAra kI hai / mahAkAvya, gItikAvya prAdi kAvya ke vividha svarUpoM meM mAnava jIvana kI vividhatA ke darzana hote haiM / mahAkAvya meM prAyaH sabhyatA saMskRti ke udAtta prAzayoM kA va mAnava jIvana kI vividha paristhitiyoM kA rASTriya stara para sAmaMjasya sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA hai to gItikAvya athavA khaNDakAvya Adi laghukAvyoM meM mAnava ke kisI pakSa vizeSa kA hI udAttIkaraNa evaM samAjIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai|4 kAvya zAstra ke prAcAryoM ne rasa, alaGkAra, dhvani, rIti, guNa Adi vividha kAvya tattvoM ke sandarbha meM kAvya lakSaNoM kA pratipAdana 1. tu0-kitvdyuutkaaraadivittcettksngklH| -sAhityadarpaNa, 6.227 tathA dAsatreSThiviTairyuktam / nATyadarpaNa, 2.2 / / 2. bhANaH syAd dhUrtacarito nAnAvasthAntarAtmakaH / -sAhityadarpaNa, 6.227 3. draSTavya, sAhityadarpaNa, 6.228-54 4. tu0-'khaNDa-kAvyaM bhavetkAmyasyaikadezAnusAri ca' yathA meghadUtAdi / -sAhityadarpaNa, 6.326

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kiyA hai| vizvanAtha ne ina sabhI tattvoM kA samanvaya karate huye mAnavIkaraNa athavA kAvya puruSa ke dRSTAnta dvArA kAvya ke svarUpa ko samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai| yaha dRSTAnta yaha spaSTa kara detA hai ki vAstava meM kAvya kA koI eka lakSaNa kAvya ke svarUpa ke pratipAdana meM asamartha hai apitu sabhI sampradAyoM ke kAvya lakSaNa eka dUsare ke pUraka hokara kAvya ke svarUpa ko batAne meM samartha haiN| kAvyapuruSa ke dRSTAnta dvArA zarIra, AtmA, zauryAdi guNa, zrutikaTutvAdi doSa, aGgaracanA tathA prAbhUSaNAdi sAMketika rUpa se mAnava samAja ke mahattvapUrNa aGgoM para prakAza DAlate haiM / abhiprAya yaha hai ki samAjazAstra' jina jina tattvoM ko lekara samAja kA adhyayana evaM vizleSaNa karatA hai usI prakAra kAvyazAstra bhI vividha rasa alaGkArAdi tattvoM ke dvArA kAvya ke svarUpa ko udghATita karatA hai| ina donoM zAstroM kA antima prayojana eka hI hai-mAnava samAja ko ziSTa banAnA tathA janakalyANa kI cetanA se usakA patha pradarzana krnaa| kAvya zAstra tathA samAja zAstra isakI saiddhAntika pRSThabhUmi hai to sAhitya evaM samAja usakA vyAvahArika rUpa hai| samAja ko pratyakSa rUpa se koI dekhanA cAhe to vaha vartamAna samAja ko hI dekha sakatA hai parantu sAhitya eka aisA mAdhyama hai jisameM vartamAna ke atirikta atIta ke samAja ko bhI hama darpaNa ke samAna dekha pAte haiN| bhAratIya sAhitya ke nirmANa kI pRSThabhUmi aura sAmAjika cetanA __ samAja zAstrIya dRSTi se sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika parivartanoM ke sandarbha meM prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya kI yadi samIkSA kI jAe to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki yugIna varga saMgharSa tathA rAjanaitika-dhArmika paristhitiyA~ sAhitya kI dizA ko gati detI AI haiN| sAtha hI usa varga saMgharSa evaM sAmAjika anyAya ke prati sAhitya ne bhI pratikriyA ke svara ko mukharita kiyA hai| vibhinna saMskRtiyoM kI cetanA se prAdurbhata sAhitya kI pravRttiyA~ isakA pramANa haiM / 1. tu0-(ka) 'zarIraM tAvadiSTArtha vyavacchinnA padAvalI' / kAvyAdarza, 1.10 (kha) 'kAvyasyAtmA dhvaniH / ' dhvanyAloka, 1.1 (ga) rItirAtmAkAvyasya / ' kAvyAlaGkArasUtra, 1.2.6 (gha) 'zabdAthoM sahitau kAvyam / ' kAvyAlaGkAra 1.16 (Ga) tadadoSau zabdAthoM saguNAvanalakRtI punaH kvApi / ' -kAvyaprakAza, 1.4 (ca) 'vAkyaM rasAtmakaM kAvyam / ' sAhityadarpaNa, 1.3, pR0 16 2. tu0-'kAvyasya zabdAthoM zarIram, rasAdizcAtmA, guNAH zauryAdivat, doSAH kANatvAdivat, rItayo'vayavasaMsthAna-vizeSavat, alaGkArAH kaTakakuNDalAdivat' iti| -sAhityadarpaNa, 1.2, pR0 16

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya dhArmika sAhitya evaM varga cetanA vaidika sAhitya se prArambha hue bhAratIya sAhitya ke itihAsa meM brAhmaNa prAraNyakAdi granthoM ke bAda upaniSad Adi granthoM kA sRjana humA / brAhmaNa granthoM ke racanAkAla taka bhAratIya jana-jIvana meM vaidika karmakANDa kA eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna bana cukA thaa| isI yuga meM varNa vyavasthA pUrNarUpa se vikasita ho cukI thI tathA brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya samAja ke do zaktizAlI varga apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna banAe hue the / jaba taka vaidika saMskRti Arya saMskRti ke rUpa meM vikasita hotI rahI taba taka varNa vyavasthA sahaza dhArmika vibhAjana gatizIla nahIM thA kevala mAtra vedavirodhI kucha zaktiyAM anArya saMskRti ke rUpa meM saMgharSa zIla thIM kintu jaba brAhmaNAdi granthoM kA kAla AyA to brAhmaNa varga eka zaktizAlI varga ke rUpa meM ubharakara pAyA aura sampUrNa bhAratIya saMskRti meM vaidika karmakANDoM tathA yajJAnuSThAnoM kI uttarottara vRddhi hotI gii| samAja meM dhArmika cetanA ke isa utkarSa kA tatkAlIna rAjanaitika jIvana para prabhAva par3e binA na raha pAyA aura eka samaya aisA bhI AyA jaba kSatriya varga ko brAhmaNoM kA yaha utkarSa sahya na rhaa| kSatriya varga ne 'brahmavidyA' athavA 'upaniSad vidyA' ke dvArA vaidika karmakANDa se prabhAvita samAja ko apanI prora AkarSita karanA caahaa| hiriyinnA mahodaya isa mAnyatA ke vizeSa poSaka vidvAn haiN|' bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya kI yaha mAnyatA rahI hai ki brAhmaNAdi granthoM tathA upaniSad Adi granthoM kI racanA kA mukhya prayojana kramazaH brAhmaNa varga tathA kSatriya varga ko prabhAvazAlI banAe rakhanA thaa| brAhmaNoM tathA kSatriya rAjakumAroM kA prAntarika saMgharSa hI isa sAhitya pravRtti ko vizeSa prabhAvita kara rahA thaa| propaniSadika samAja kI yahI vaha pRSThabhUmi hai jisa para brAhmaNa-kSatriya saMgharSa janmA aura phailA, jahA~ kSatriyoM ne brAhmaNa vidhi-kriyAoM aura yajJAnuSThAnoM ke viruddha vidroha kiyaa| brAhmaNoM ke virodha meM upaniSad janme aura unake prati vidroha meM sAMkhya vaizeSika uThe / yuga kA krama bar3hatA calA-pAva-mahAvIra-buddha pAe -tInoM abhijAtakulIya, tInoM kSatriya, tInoM brAhmaNa-veda virodhii| vargoM kI brAhmaNa vyavasthA para coTeM pdd'iiN| isa yuga kI yaha prabala dena hai jise sAhityakAra 9. "The divergence between the two views as embodied in the Brahmanas and the Upanisads respectively is now explained by some scholars as due to the divergence in ideals between the Brahmins and the Ksatriyas-the priests and princes of ancient India," --Hiriyanna, M., Outlines of Indian Philosophy, London, 1951, p. 49

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36 mukta kaNTha se svIkAra karegA / 1 sAMskRtika ekatA ke chinna-bhinna hone meM isa prakAra kI pratikriyAtmakakrAntikArI zaktiyoM kA vizeSa hAtha rahatA hai / yahI kucha buddha pUrvavartI bhAratIya saMskRti ke sAtha bhI huA / brAhmaNa evaM kSatriya varga kI paraspara saMgharSAtmaka sthiti ko dekhate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra evaM gautama buddha ke netRtva meM brAhmaNa saMskRti kI varga cetanA aura nirbala hotI gaI / yaha smaraNa rahe ki brAhmaNa saMskRti ke samAnAntara uThI huI jaina evaM bauddha saMskRtiyoM ke prAdurbhAva meM kSatriya varga kA vizeSa hAtha thA / isa prakAra varga cetanA ke saMgharSa ke kAraNa hI IsvI pUrva kI pAMca chaH zatAbdiyoM taka bhAratIya samAja mukhya rUpa se tIna dhArAoMoM meM vibhakta ho cukA thA - 1. brAhmaNa saMskRti 2. bauddha saMskRti evaM 3. jaina saMskRti / inameM bhI brAhmaNa saMskRti sarvAdhika prabhAvazAlI thI aura dharmasUtrAdi vibhinna sAhitya granthoM kA brAhmaNa saMskRti se hI sambandha hai / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja brAhmaNa saMskRti ke samAna jaina evaM bauddha vicArakoM ne bhI dhArmika sAhityanirmANa dvArA apane vargoM ko vizeSa sudRDha banAyA / isaliye hama dekhate haiM ki ina donoM saMskRtiyoM ne IsvI pUrva kI chaThI zatAbdI se lekara IsvI taka kI uttaravartI tIna cAra zatAbdiyoM taka Agama, jAtaka, nikAya, avadAna, Adi dhArmika granthoM kI racanAaiM bhI kara lI thIM / 'dharma' kisI bhI samAja kI varga cetanA ko ekatA ke sUtra meM bA~dhane meM vizeSa sahAyaka rahatA hai| jaina evaM bauddha sAhityakAra isa tathya ko jAnate isalie unakI sAhitya - sAdhanA bhI sarva prathama dhArmika cetanA se hI anuprANita evaM prerita thI / brAhmaNa dharma kA dUsarA parivartita rUpa dharmasUtroM, purANoM tathA smRtigranthoM meM darzanIya hai / prAcIna kAla se cale A rahe dhArmika mUlyoM kA yadyapi ina granthoM meM nirAkaraNa nahIM kiyA gayA tathApi dharmasUtroM evaM purANa granthoM meM pratipAdita brAhmaNa saMskRti pahale kI apekSA bhinna thI / purANa granthoM meM ziva, viSNu tathA brahmA Adi kA mAhAtmya bar3ha cukA thA tathA bhArata meM zaiva, vaiSNava, saura, zAkta Adi navIna sampradAya astitva meM A gae the| isI prakAra jaina evaM bauddhadharma bhI bAda meM vividha sampradAyoM meM vibhakta hotA gayA tadanusAra unake sAhitya meM bhI vibhAjana abhiprAya yaha hai ki mAnava samAja varga cetanA evaM varga saMgharSa se sadaiva prabhAvita hotA AyA hai aura jaba kabhI samAja meM kisI varga vizeSa kI upekSA Adi ke cihna gita hone lagate haiM to usameM vibhAjana ho jAtA hai| bhAratIya dhArmika sAhitya 1. bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya, bhAratIya samAja kA aitihAsika vizleSaNa, pR0 86-87 2 . vahI, pR0 107-108

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya meM yaha sAmAjika cetanA spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigata hotI hai| sAmpradAyika vibhAjana ke pariNAma svarUpa sAhitya sRjana kI pravRttiyA~ bhI vibhAjita hotI jAtI haiN| rasa paraka sAhitya evaM varga cetanA IsvI pUrva kI sAhitya racanAoM meM kAvya-nATakoM kA vizeSa prabhAva thaa| rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata tathA bhAsa ke teraha nATako ke atirikta isa yuga meM aura adhika sAhityika grantha nahIM likhe jA sake the| IsvI kI prathama zatAbdI se lekara chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI paryanta kA kAla bhAratIya kAvya sRjana kA mahattvapUrNa kAla thaa| isI kAla meM kAlidAsa, azvaghoSa, bhavabhUti, bhAravi, bANa, daNDI, subandhu, vizAkhadatta evaM mAgha jaise prasiddha kavi evaM nATakakAra huye / vAstava meM isa yuga meM jitanI kAvya sAdhanA huI vaha stara evaM parimANa donoM dRSTiyoM se utkRSTa thii| kAvya kA kAvyazAstrIya svarUpa bhI isI yuga meM rUDha huaa| kAvya kalA kI dRSTi se sAtavIM zatAbdI taka kA kAvya naisargika evaM sahajaguNoM tathA alaGkAroM se suzobhita thA / kAvya ke vividha bhedoM kI kalpanA tathA kRtrima kAvya prayoga bhI isI yuga kI dena mAnI jAtI hai| dRzyakAvya, mahAkAvya, gItikAvya, stutikAvya, gadyakAvya arthAt kathA evaM AkhyAyikA Adi vividha kAvya bhedoM ke mAdhyama se isa yuga kA sAhitya aizvarya sampanna thaa| samasAmayika paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM isa yuga meM rAjanaitika evaM dhArmika sthiratA vidyamAna thii| brAhmaNa, jaina evaM bauddha saMskRtiyoM ke varga sthira ho cuke the kyoMki ina tIna saMskRtiyoM meM dhArmika cetanA nitAnta rUpa se apane apane dharmoM ke prati AsthAvAn bana cukI thii| dUsarI ora IsvI kI prathama zatAbdI se lekara sAtavIM zatAbdI taka bhArata kI rAjanaitika paristhitayA~ bhI rasaparaka sAhitya nirmANa ke liye upayukta vAtAvaraNa taiyAra kara cukI thiiN| guptakAla kA svarNayuga to bhAratIya kAvya kA bhI svarNima yuga thaa| bauddha saMskRti ke azvaghoSakRta saundarananda, buddhacarita tathA jaina-saMskRti ke samantabhadrakRta svayambhUstotra evaM raviSeNAcAryakRta padmacarita Adi utkRSTa kAvya racanAyeM bhI isI yuga kI dena haiN| jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki bhAratIya sAhitya kA preraNA srota dharma hI rahA hai / IsvI kI zatAbdiyoM ke uparAnta sAhitya vidhA bhI mUlataH dharma se hI anuprANita thI kintu usakA jhukAva kAvya zAstrIya saundarya kI ora adhika thaa| azvaghoSa ke kAvya bauddha dharma kA pracAra va prasAra karane ke liye hI likhe gye| udhara kAlidAsa-bhAravi Adi kI kAvya sAdhanA baidika saMskRti se anuprerita thI tathA zava mata kI ora AkarSita thii| isI prakAra anya brAhmaNa saMskRti se sambaddha kAvyoM, mahAkAvyoM athavA gItikAvyoM meM kavi ke ArAdhya deva kI stuti tathA abhISTa dhArmika pravRttiyoM ke prati vizeSa Agraha dekhA jA sakatA hai| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAyoM meM bhAratIya samAja bhI prAyaH jaina dharma evaM saMskRti se pUrNataH prabhAvita haiN| vastutaH ina kAvya vidhAtroM meM 'dharma' hI eka aisA tattva hai jo sAhitya evaM samAja ke sambandhoM ko madhura evaM sudRDha banAtA hai / ___kAvya vidhAoM meM stotra kAvya kI eka aisI vidhA hai jo gItikAvyoM se sambaddha hone para bhI apanA svatantra astitva banAye huye hai| vibhinna saMskRtiyoM ke apaneapane stotra athavA stuti kAvya haiM / ina stuti kAvyoM kA pradhAna uddezya apane ArAdhya devoM kI bhaktibhAvanA se yukta hokara stuti karanA hai / stutikAvya kI paramparA kA dhArmika jana jIvana se pratyakSa sambandha hai| ina stuti kAvyoM ke lekhaka prAya: ucca kavi hote the tathA rasaparaka carita-kAvyoM kI bhAMti inakI kAvya racanAoM meM rasa, alaGkAra, dhvani, guNa Adi vividha zailpika tattvoM kA nipuNatA se vinyAsa kiyA jAtA thA / ' kintu pratyeka padya ArAdhya deva kI stuti meM hI likhe jAne ke kAraNa bhaktirasa athavA zAntarasa kA inameM prAdhAnya hotA thaa| vAstava meM yugIna dhArmika cetanA ina stotroM ke mAdhyama se ubhara kara AI hai / lagabhaga sahasrAdhika utkRSTa stotroM athavA stuti kAvyoM ke adhyayana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vividha saMskRtiyoM tathA dhArmika sampradAyoM ne apanI dhArmika cetanA ko mukharita karane ke liye ina stotroM ko sAhitya ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM cunaa| sAhitya sRjana evaM samasAmayika mUlya sAhitya sRjana kI dRSTi se 7vIM 8vIM zatAbdI ke uparAnta bhAratIya sAhitya cetanA ne kRtrima sAmAjika mUlyoM kI ora mor3a lenA prArambha kara diyA thaa| isakA eka mukhya kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki bhAratIya rAjanaitika paristhitiyA~ prazAnta thiiN| harSa kI mRtyu ke uparAnta sAtavIM zatAbdI ke bAda sAmantavAda uttarottara vRddhi meM thaa| bhAratavarSa meM aneka rAjAoM kA svatantra astitva sthApita ho cukA thA pariNAmataH kaviyoM kI zobhA bhI rAja darabAroM meM hone lgii| adhikAMza rUpa se yuddhoM kA vAtAvaraNa hone ke kAraNa vIra rasa kI kavitAoM kA adhika pracalana hone lagA thaa| dUsarI ora sAmanta rAjAroM ke vilAsapUrNa evaM aizvarya sampanna jIvana se preraNA pAkara rAjyAzrita kavi kI kAvya-sAdhanA meM pANDitya, vaidagdhya, zabdADambara Adi kRtrima kAvya guNoM kA prAdhAnya thA tathA naisargikatA evaM gAmbhIrya Adi kAvya ke svAbhAvika guNa upekSita hote gaye / sAtavIM zatAbdI se prArambha hone vAlI isa sAhitya cetanA ke sUtradhAra bhAravi haiN| bhAravi ne hI sarvaprathama citrakAvya evaM zabda pANDitya jaise navIna kAvya mUlyoM ko sthAna dekara kRtrima kAvya kI pravRtti ko protsAhana diyaa| ajantA evaM elorA kI zRGgAraparaka mohana canda, jaina saMskRti ke stotroM kA sAhityika parIzIlana, zrI mahAvIra parinirvANa smRtigrantha, pradhAna sampA0 DA0 maNDana mizra, naI dillI, 1675, pR068-108

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya 26 kalA kRtiyoM ne bhI isa yuga kI kAvyasAdhanA ko vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita kiyA / rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata kAlIna sAmAjika mUlya isa yuga meM yadyapi heya nahIM the tathApi samasAmayika mUlyoM ne inheM gauNa banA diyA thaa| sAtavIM zatAbdI se 16vIM zatAbdI taka kI kAvya cetanA meM madhuzAlA varNana, salila krIDA, rati krIDA prAdi sAmAjika rUpa se lokapriyatA prApta zreGgArika varNanoM ke binA kAvya adhUre mAne jAne lage the| isa prakAra bhAratIya sAhitya sAdhanA kabhI bhI sAmAjika sAMskRtika cetanA se achUtI nahIM rahI / dhArmika cetanA isa sAhitya meM pradhAna rUpa se mukharita huI hai to rAjanaitika evaM yugIna sAmantavAdI mUlyoM kA bhI sAhitya sRjana para vizeSa prabhAva par3A hai / mahAkAvya evaM sAmAjika cetanA - 'mahAkAvya' sAhitya kI vaha mahattvapUrNa vidhA hai jisameM mAnava jIvana kI sarvAGgINa gatividhiyoM kA lekhAjokhA vidyamAna rahatA hai| mahAkAvya cAhe pUrva ke hoM yA pazcima ke, uttara ke hoM yA dakSiNa ke, inakI prakRti tathA uddezya bhI samAna rahate haiM / ' mahAkAvyoM meM mahApuruSoM kI mahAn ghaTanAoM ke citraNa dvArA kavi samAja kA patha pradarzana karatA hai / mahAkAvyoM kI udAtta evaM naitika rASTriya cetanA inheM samAja zAstrIya mUlyoM se jor3a detI hai| mahAkAvya kA vIra nAyaka una sabhI naitika kAryoM ke sampAdana meM sadaiva tatpara rahatA hai jinheM eka sAdhAraNa manuSya bhI sampAdita kara sakatA hai| mahAkAvya kA lekhaka evaM nAyaka apane pUrvapuruSoM ke prAdoM kA pAlana karatA hA eka sandezavAhaka ke rUpa meM jana sAdhAraNa ko sAmAjika mUlyoM ke prati sajaga rakhatA hai| saMkSepa meM mahAkAvya ke nAyakIya prAdarza samAja ke aise anukaraNIya Adarza kahe jA sakate haiM jo sAmAjika apekSA se nirUpita hote haiN| vikasana zIla evaM alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM kI donoM dhArAeM pratyeka deza meM sAmAjika vikAsAtmaka pravAha ke anusAra hI nirmita hotI haiN| vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM ke kalevara meM zatAbdiyoM ke sAmAjika mUlya evaM Adarza surakSita rahate haiN| alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM kI apekSA vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM kA sambandha adhikAMza vargoM tathA samAja ke vyApaka sandarbho se jur3A hotA hai / isa kAraNa vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM meM rASTrIya stara ke mAnavIya AdarzoM kA pratipAdana rahatA hai, jabaki 1. Dixon, M., English Epic & Heroic Poetry, p. 24 2. zambhUnAtha siMha, hindI sAhitya koza, bhAga-1, pradhAna sampA0 DA0 dhIrendra varmA, pR0 627

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja alaGkRta mahAkAvyoM meM pratipAdita sAmAjika AdarzoM kA sambandha kisI saMskRti vizeSa se prabhAvita hotA hai / sambhava hai ki alaGkRta mahAkAvyoM meM dUsarI saMskRtiyoM ke sAmAjika mUlyoM ke prati upekSA dikhAI gaI ho athavA unakA khaNDana kiyA gayA ho| bhAratIya vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM-rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata meM tatkAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti ke prAdarza mUlya Aja bhI bhArata ke bhU-bhAga meM sammAnanIya evaM anukaraNIya mAne jAte haiM jabaki raghuvaMza evaM kirAta Adi mahAkAvyoM ko utanI sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika mAnyatA prApta nahIM hai| ina donoM mahAkAvyoM meM brAhmaNa saMskRti ke siddhAntoM ke prati vizeSa Agraha hai isI prakAra azvaghoSa ke saundarananda evaM buddhacarita mahAkAvyoM ko leM to unameM bauddha saMskRti ke prati vizeSa pakSapAta pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra jaina AlaGkArika mahAkAvyoM meM brAhmaNavAda, varNa vyavasthA evaM yajJAnuSThAnoM kA ghora virodha kiyA gayA hai| na kevala brAhmaNa saMskRti ke siddhAntoM ke prati hI inameM upekSA dikhAI gaI hai apitu bauddha saMskRti ke dArzanika siddhAntoM kA bhI inameM khaNDana kiyA gayA hai / isa prakAra mahAkAvya kI donoM dhArAgoM kA sAmAjika mUlyoM evaM paristhitiyoM se nyUnAdhika sambandha hotA hai| sAmAjika vikAsa kI cAra avasthAeM tathA mahAkAvya bhAratIya mahAkAvya hI nahIM, apitu vizva ke sabhI mahAkAvya samAjazAstrIya vaiziSTya se prabhAvita hokara hI nirmita hote haiM / vidvAnoM ke anusAra mAnava samAja kA uttarottara vikAsa huA hai| isake vikAsa kI cAra nimnalikhita avasthAeM svIkAra kI gaI haiM-4 1. kabIlA yuga-kabIloM arthAt ToliyoM meM bhojana ke nimitta vicaraNa krnaa| 2. jana samUha yuga- kabIloM se kucha U~cA uThakara eka bar3e jana samUha kI bhAvanA dvArA bhojana prApti ke navIna sAdhanoM kA AviSkAra karanA tathA eka vyavasthita paddhati se jIvana yApana krnaa| 3. sAmanta yuga-rAjya evaM vividha saMghoM kI sahAyatA se kRSi kA AviSkAra kara lenaa| yaha pUrva sAmanta yuga kI vizeSatA hotI hai kintu uttara sAmanta yuga meM kRSi tathA pazu pAlana ke dvArA samAja pahale kI apekSA adhika vikasita rahatA hai| 9. Lunia, B.N., Evolution of Indian Culture, Agra, 1960, p. 94 2. tu0-varAGgacarita, sampA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, 1938, bambaI, sarga-25 3. vahI, bhUmikA, pR0 70 4. vizeSa draSTavya-kezavarAva musalagAMvakara, saMskRta mahAkAvya kI paramparA, vArANasI, 1966, pR0 62

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sAhitya-samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya 4. rASTrayuga-isa yuga meM manuSya apane vikAsa ke carama lakSya kI ora agrasara rahatA hai / vikasita evaM suvyavasthita arthavyavasthA tathA praudyogika vikAsa isa yuga kI ullekhanIya vizeSatA mAnI jAtI hai / ' uparyukta do yugoM-kabIlA yuga tathA janasamUha yuga meM mAnava sabhyatA kevala mAtra bhojana ekatra karane ke lie hI apanI zakti kA prayoga kara pAtI thii| sAhitya nirmANa ke liye na to usake pAsa samaya hI bacatA thA aura na hI isake liye upayukta vAtAvaraNa hI thaa| kevala nRtya gItAdi dvArA vaha sAhitya kI AvazyakatA kI pUrti kara letA thaa| sAmanta-yuga meM Akara mAnava samAja bhojana kI samasyA ko sulajhA cukA thaa| aba usake pAsa manoraJjana ke lie bhI paryApta samaya thaa| isa yuga meM mukhyata: dhArmika sAhitya kA nirmANa huA / bhAratIya samAja ke sAmantavAdI yuga kA prArambha vaidika kAla se mAnA jAtA hai| uttara vaidika kAla paryanta pahuMcate huye bhAratIya samAja kRSi evaM pazupAlana ke mAdhyama se Arthika kaThinAiyoM para bhI vijaya prApta kara cukA thaa| isI yuga meM mahAkAvyoM kI pRSThabhUmi kA nirmANa bhI hone lagA thaa| Rgveda kI indra viSayaka zaurya pUrNa gAthAyeM tathA dAna stutiyAM, atharvaveda ke kuntApa mantra evaM zatapatha brAhmaNa ke 'pAriplava' AkhyAna mahAkAvyoM ke aMkura bana cuke the / sAmanta yuga kI bhI vikAsa kI dRSTi se tIna avasthAyeM mAnI jAtI haiM---prArambhika kAla, madhyakAla tathA uttara kAla / ita tInoM kAloM kI avadhi vaidika kAla se lekara 19vIM zatI taka mAnI jAtI hai|4 jaisAki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki vaidika kAla pUrva sAmanta yuga hai / isameM mahAkAvyoM kI pRSThabhUmi kA nirmANa humA tadanantara lagabhaga IsvI pUrva kI pAMcavIM chaThI zatAbdI se prArambha hone vAle madhya sAmanta yuga meM rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata nAmaka vikasanazIla mahAkAvya nirmita hue| uttara sAmanta yuga nAmaka tIsare kAla meM utkRSTa alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM kI racanA prArambha hone lgii| isa kAla ko bhI samaya kI dRSTi se do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai| pUrvakAlIna bhAga meM nirmita mahAkAvya kAvya kI dRSTi se sarvottama the| inameM se raghuvaMza, kumArasambhava, kirAta Adi mahAkAvyoM ke nAma vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / isa prakAra mAnava samAja ke vikAsa kI cAra 1. vizeSa draSTavya-kezavarAva musalagAMvakara, saMskRta mahAkAvya kI paramparA, pR0 62 2. vahI, pR0 63 3. Keith, A.B., A History of Sanskrit Literature, London, 1941, p. 41; Winternitz, M., History of Indian Literature, Vol. I, part I, Calcutta, 1959, p. 130 4. musalagAMvakara, saMskRta mahAkAvya kI paramparA, pR0 63

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja avasthAoM ke sAtha bhAratIya mahAkAvyoM ke vikAsa krama kI pRSThabhUmi kA bhI nirmANa hotA gyaa| bhAratIya mahAkAvya lakSaNoM ke sandarbha meM sAmAjika cetanA kA svarUpa rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata meM mahAkAvya viSayaka mAnyatA yadyapi sthira ho cukI thI, tathApi mahAkAvya ke zAstrIya svarUpa kA varNana karane kA sarvaprathama zreya bhAmaha ko jAtA hai|' bhAmaha ke uparAnta daNDI,2 rudraTa,3 bhojadeva,4 tathA hemacandra ne mahAkAvya lakSaNoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| ina mahAkAvya lakSaNoM meM uttarottara vikAsa hotA rahA aura yaha vikAsa kI dizA samasAmayika kAvya ke mApadaNDoM evaM sAmAjika parivartanoM se bhI vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita rahI hai| bhAmaha dvArA pratipAdita mahAkAvya ke pratipAdya viSayoM meM rAja darabAra, dUta-sampreSaNa, yuddha prayANa prAdi varNana tatkAlIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke citraNa ko vizeSa mahattva dete haiM / prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika DhAMcA dharma, artha, kAma, mokSa para hI pUrNatayA AdhArita thaa| inameM se bhI bhAmaha ke mahAkAvya lakSaNa 'artha' ko hI mahattva dene ke pakSa meM haiN| daNDI ne pratipAdya viSayoM meM nagara, samudra, parvata, candrodaya, sUryodaya, udyAna, salila krIDA, madhupAna, vivAhotsava Adi varNanoM ko jor3ate hue mahAkAvya meM mAnava jIvana kI vividha gatividhiyoM ke citraNa ke lie mArga prazasta kiyA hai| daNDI tathA bhAmaha ke mahAkAvya lakSaNoM ke pariprekSya meM yaha dekhA jA sakatA hai ki ina AcAryoM ke samaya bhArata kI rAjanaitika sthiti yuddhoM ke kAraNa prazAnta thI isalie unake lakSaNoM meM prAya: rAjanaitika varNanoM ke prati adhika jhukAva hai| daNDI ke samaya 1. kAvyAlaGkAra, 1. 16-23 2. kAvyAdarza, 1.14-16 3. kAvyAlaGkAra, 16.2-16 4. sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 5.126-37 5. kAvyAnuzAsana, adhyAya 8, pR0 458 6. tu0-'mantradUtaprayAgAjinAyakAbhyudayaizca yat / ' 7. tu0-'caturvargAbhidhAne'pi bhUyasArthopadezakRt / ' 8. tu0-'nagarANavazailatacandrArkodayavarNanaiH / udyAnasalilakrIDA-madhupAnaratotsavaH // vipralambhavivAhezca kumArodayavarNanaiH / mantradUtaprayANAjinAyakAbhyudayairapi // ' -kAvyAlaGkAra, 1.20 -kAvyAlaGkAra, 1.21 -kAvyAdarza, 1.16-17

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya 33 meM saMbhavataH yuddhoM kA vAtAvaraNa kucha zAnta ho gayA thA rAjA mahArAjAoM meM bhoga vilAsitA zanaiH zanaiH vRddhi ko prApta ho cukI thI / yahI kAraNa hai ki daNDI mahAkAvya ke pratipAdya viSayoM meM prAkRtika varNanoM tathA salilakrIDA, madhupAna, ratotsava Adi vilAsapUrNa mAnava jIvana kI gatividhiyoM ko bhI mahAkAvya meM vizeSa sthAna dene ke pakSadhara haiM / rudraTa ne ina donoM prAcAryoM ke mahAkAvya lakSaNoM ko svIkAra karate huye RtuvarNana, zatruvarNana, nAgarika kSobha, vana, dvIpa, bhuvana, skandhAvAra, senA niveza Adi viSayoM kA samAveza kiyA / bhoja deva ke mahAkAvya lakSaNoM meM sAmantavAdI bhoga-vilAsitA ke lie paryApta sthAna hai / inhoMne daNDI kI bhAMti pAna goSThI, salila krIr3A, udyAna varNana, ratotsava Adi ke varNana kA vidhAna karate hue inheM zrRGgAra rasa kI puSTi meM sahAyaka mAnA hai / 2 bhoja yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki rAjakumAra, rAjakanyA, strI, senA prAdi varNanoM dvArA mahAkAvya meM rasasrota bahatA hai / sAmAjika dRSTi se vicAra karane para ina varNanoM dvArA tatkAlIna manoraJjana kI vividha vidhAoM kI ora prakAza par3atA hai / aitihAsika efSTa se madhyakAlIna bhArata meM sainika varga meM atyadhika bhoga-vilAsitA kA prAdhAnya ho gayA thA / paravartI mahAkAvya lakSaNa isake pramANa haiM / hemacandra tathA vAgbhaTa ke mahAkAvya lakSaNa bhI apane pUrva-vartI prAcAryoM ke lakSaNoM se prabhAvita haiM / hemacandra gaja, azva Adi vividha vAhanoM ke citraraNa para vizeSa bala diyA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAkAvya lakSaNoM meM pura, deza, nagara Adi ke varNanoM se tatkAlIna sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke vizeSa samasAmayika AgrahoM kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / isake atirikta anya aizvarya evaM zRGgAraparaka citraNoM dvArA bhI tatkAlIna mAnava samAja ke vividha vyavahAroM Adi kA vistRta jJAna prApta kiyA jA sakatA atha nAyaka - prayANe nAgarika kSobhajanapadAdrinadIH / aTavIkAnanasarasImarujaladhidvIpabhuvanAni // skandhAvAranivezaM krIDAM yUnAM yathAyathaM teSu / vyastamayaM sandhyAM satamasamathodayaM zazinaH // rajanIM ca yatra yUnAM samAjasaGgItapAna-zRGgArAn / kAvyAlaGkAra, 16.13-15 2. tu0 -- Rtu rAtrindivarkedUdayAstamayakIrtanaH / 1. 3. 4. kAlaH kAvyeSu sampanno rasapuSTi niyacchati // - sarasvatIkaNThAbharaNa, 5.131 tu0 - rAjakanyAkumArastrIsenAsenAGgabhaGgibhiH / pAtrANAM varNanaM kAvye rasasroto'dhitiSThati // vahI, 5 . 132 tu0--kumAravAhanAdivarNanam / - kAvyAnuzAsana, adhyAya 8, pR0 458

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34 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja hai| adhikAMza jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya rudraTa, vAgbhaTa tathA hemacandra ke lakSaNoM se vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita haiN| ina mahAkAvyoM meM tatkAlIna rAjanaitika, sAmAjika, dhArmika paristhitiyoM kA itihAsa sammata samasAmayika rocaka varNana prApta hotA hai / niSkarSa ___ isa prakAra sAhitya evaM samAja ke saiddhAntika vivecana dvArA yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA tarkasaMgata jAna par3atA hai ki sAhitya sadaiva sAmAjika cetanA ke prati jAgarUka rahate hue tathA yugIna sAmAjika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hote hue hI samAja meM apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna banAtA hai| sAmAjika cetanA se achUtA sAhitya na to lokapriya hI ho pAtA hai aura na hI use samAja meM koI mahattvapUrNa sthAna milatA hai / bhAratIya sAhitya ke sarvekSaNa se yaha bhalI bhAMti spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya kI jo vibhinna dhArAeM pratisphuTita huI tathA vibhinna rAjanaitika, dhArmika, dArzanika, sAhityika mUlyoM meM se kisI eka mulya ko bala dete hue vibhinna yugoM meM jo sAhitya sRjana huA vaha yugIna paristhitiyoM kI mAvazyakatA thii| prAcIna bhAratIya sAhitya kI jo vibhinna avasthAeM rahI haiM una pravasthAoM kA vikAsa bhI eka vizeSa prakAra kI samAjazAstrIya vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM hI huA / udAharaNArtha dhArmika sAhitya, sAhitya sRjana kA prathama caraNa thaa| tadanantara vizuddha rasaparaka sAhitya ke lie prayAsa kiye ge| brAhmaNa saMskRti meM vedoM, upaniSadoM, dharmazAstra evaM purANa granthoM ke bAda kAvya, mahAkAvya Adi kA nirmANa honA, jaina saMskRti meM Agama granthoM tathA dhArmika, dArzanika granthoM ke bAda vibhinna paurANika kAvyoM, mahAkAvyoM Adi kI racanA honA; isI prakAra bauddha sAhitya meM nikAya, jAtaka, avadAna Adi dhArmika sAhitya ke bAda hI kAvyamahAkAvyoM kA nirmANa honA isa tathya ke pramANa haiM / jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya cintana meM 'samAja' kA pratIka hI dharma rahA hai ataH dhArmika sAhitya kA pramukha uddezya apane-apane vargoM ko sAmUhika rUpa se saMgaThita karanA thaa| prAyaH aisA sabhI dharmoM ne kiyA hai| eka nizcita varga athavA samudAya ke nirmita ho jAne ke bAda hI sAhitya kA rasa-paraka rUpa saphala ho sakatA thaa| phalataH hama dekhate haiM ki moTe taura para IsvI pUrva kI bhAratIya sAhityika cetanA sAmAjika vargoM ke nirmANa meM uttarottara prayatnazIla thii| isa kAla meM dhArmika sAhitya ke atirikta kucha bhI na likhA jA skaa| isake bAda IsvI ko pazcAdvartI zatAbdiyoM meM kAvyAtmaka sAhitya nirmANa kI ora hI adhika jhukAva rahA thA pariNAmataH sAhitya kI vibhinna kAvyAtmaka vidhAeM IsvI kI pazcAdvartI zatAbdiyoM meM hI astitva meM prAI, tathA inakA uttarottara vikAsa bhI huaa| bhAratIya pariveza meM nirmANa kI yaha pravRtti pratyeka yuga meM rahI thI aura aisA bhI dRSTipatha meM pAtA hai ki pratyeka

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35 sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya sAhitya ne navIna rUpa meM athavA kisI navIna saMskRti ko prazraya dene ke uddezya se jaba bhI apane itihAsa kA prArambha karanA cAhA to dhArmika cetanA ke svara se hI usakA zrIgaNeza ho pAyA thaa| hindI sAhitya kI dhArmika cetanA kA rItikAlIna kRtrima kAvya-pradhAna sAhitya-cetanA meM padArpaNa karanA bhI prAcIna bhAratIya sAhityika pravRttiyoM kI aisI hI punarAvRtti thii|' 2. jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke nirmANa kI dizAeM jaina saMskRta sAhitya ke lekhana kA prArambha-jaina lekhakoM dvArA saMskRta bhASA ke mAdhyama se sAhitya-sRjana kI paramparA bahuta prAcIna rahI hai| jaina Agama granthoM ke praNetAoM ne saMskRta bhASA ko bhI prAkRta ke samAna prazasta mAnA hai| jaina jana-zrutiyoM kI mAnyatAoM ke anusAra bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina saMskRti kA pUrva sAhitya saMskRta bhASA meM likhA gayA hogA kintu mAja yaha sAhitya upalabdha nahIM hai isalie jana-saMskRti se sambaddha pUrva sAhitya meM saMskRti kA kyA svarUpa rahA hogA pramANAbhAva ke kAraNa spaSTa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai|3 upalabdha sAhitya ke prAdhAra para prAcInatama jaina AgamAdi grantha prAkRta meM hI likhe gae haiM aura isakA pramukha kAraNa thA sAdhAraNa buddhi vAle puruSoM tathA striyoM ko bhI jaina-dharma tathA vicAroM se avagata karAnA / 4 upalabdha granthoM ke prAdhAra para prAcArya umAsvAti kA 'tattvArthasUtra' nAmaka dArzanika grantha jaina sAhitya kA sarvaprathama saMskRta grantha hai tathA vidvAnoM ne isa grantha kA samaya-nirdhAraNa prathama zatAbdI IsvI se lekara tRtIya zatAbdI IsvI taka kiyA hai| prAcArya umAsvAti ke 'tattvArthasUtra' 1. sAvitrI sinhA, hindI sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga-6, sampA0 DA0 nagendra, kAzI, saM0 2025, pR0 17 2. sakkayA pAyayA ceva bhANIIao hoti doNNi vA / saramaMulammi gijjate pasatthA isibhAsiyA / / -anuyoga dvAra sUtra, gAthA, 127 3. muni devendra, sAhitya aura saMskRti, vArANasI, 1970, pR0 55 4. vahI, pR0 55, para tu0 bAla-strI-manda-mUrkhANAM nRNAM cAritrakAMkSiNAm / anugrahArtha sarvajaiH siddhAntaH prAkRte kRtaH // -dazavakAlika TIkA kA uddharaNa 5. draSTavya-'prAcIna jainAcAryoM kA saMskRta sAhitya ko yogadAna'- vizva saMskRta sammelana ke avasara para muni suzIla kumAra dvArA diyA gayA bhASaNa dillI, 28 mArca, 1972, pR0 11; tathA paM0 sukhalAla, tattvArthasUtra, pR06

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja ke bAda jaina lekhakoM ne zanaiH zanaiH 'saMskRta' ko bhI sAhitya sRjana ke lie prayoga karanA prArambha kara diyA thaa| sambhavata: 'saMskRta' ko brAhmaNa saMskRti tathA abhijAta varga kI bhASA mAnane jaisI saGkIrNa bhAvanAtroM ke pracalana hone ke kAraNa sAtavIM zatAbdI IsvI taka jaina lekhakoM kA saMskRta ke prayoga karane meM manda utsAha rahA thA, kintu sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI se uttarottara jaina lekhaka pUrNa manoyoga se saMskRta ke mAdhyama se vibhinna dhArmika, dArzanika tathA sAhityika sRjana ke lie juTa ge| pariNAmataH sAtavIM zatAbdI ke bAda jaina lekhakoM kA saMskRta sAhitya ke itihAsa meM eka mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai / 2 36 'mahAkAvya' viSayaka pAzcAtya evaM Adhunika dhAraNAoM kI dRSTi se bhI yadi vicAra kareM to 'vikasanazIla mahAkAvya' tathA 'alaGkRta mahAkAvya' sambandhI mahAkAvyAtmaka vikAsa kI dhArAeM bhI saMskRta jaina mahAkAvya paramparA meM sutarAM caritArtha ho pAtI haiM / isa dRSTi se saMskRta jaina kAvya kA sarvaprathama grantha raviSeNa kA 'padmacarita' hai tathA ise jaina vikasanazIla mahAkAvya kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai / jaTAsiMhanandi kA varAGgacarita saMskRta jaina alaGkRta mahAkAvya hai DA0 e. ena. upAdhye mahodaya ke anusAra 'padmacarita' ke bAda lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI IsvI meM likhA gayA pratIta hotA hai / 4 mahAkAvya paramparA kA vizva janIna mahattva mahAkAvya sAhitya vizva kA eka lokapriya sAhitya rahA hai / adhikAMza deza meM sAmAjika krAnti ko jAgRta karane tathA pratIta ke vizvAsoM evaM ghaTanAoM ko surakSita rakhane ke mAdhyama bhI prAyaH mahAkAvya hI rahe haiM / " yUropa, iMglaiNDa, jarmanI, phrAMsa, AyaralaiNDa sahita bhArata Adi dezoM meM nirmita mahAkAvyoM ke nirmANa evaM vikAsa kI dizA samAna hI hai / pAzcAtya evaM bhAratIya mahAkAvyoM ke aGakura haiM - 'zaurya pUrNa gAthAeM ' / vIra yuga kI zauryapUrNa gAthAeM jinameM yuddha sambandhI ghaTanAeM mukhya haiM, zatAbdiyoM taka maukhika rUpa se kahI jAne ke kAraNa anta meM 16 1. 2. draSTavya - bholAzaGkara vyAsa, saMskRta kavi darzana, vArANasI, vi0 sa0 2012, bhUmikA, pR0 16 draSTavya- - muni suzIla kumAra, prAcIna jainAcAryoM kA saMskRta sAhitya ko yogadAna, pR0 16-25 3. draSTavya - prastuta grantha, pR0 35-40 4. upAdhye, varAGgacarita bhUmikA, pR0 74 5. 6. Sidhant, N.K., The Heroic Age of India, p. 72 Steinberg, S.H., Cassell's Encyclopaedia of Literature, Vol. I, London, 1953, p. 195

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya raiva varNanAtmaka rUpa ko prApta kara mahAkAvya saMjJA prApta kara letI haiM / ' yahA~ taka ki AyaralaiNDa jaise deza meM jahA~ adhikAMza sAhitya gadyAtmaka hai kintu vahA~ bhI usa deza kI vIra gAthAeM padyAtmaka rUpa meM maukhika rUpa se calatI thIM tathA bAda meM unheM bhI varNanAtmaka mahAkAvya kA svarUpa prApta ho gayA / bhAratIya mahAkAvyoM ke aGka ura bhI indra kI zauryapUrNa gAthAoM ke rUpa meM Rgveda meM surakSita haiM / tadanantara Rgveda kI dAna stutiyoM, atharvaveda ke kuntApa mantroM tathA zatapatha brAhmaraNa ke gAthAnArAzaMsiyoM ke mAdhyama se mahAkAvyoM ke maulika tattvoM kA mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM satata vikAsa huA hai / mahAkAvya vikAsa kI do dhArAeM vikasanazIla mahAkAvya tathA zralaGkRta mahAkAvya pAzcAtya vicAradhArA ke anusAra mukhyataH mahAkAvyavikAsa ko do dhArAeM haiM 5 - 1. 'vikasanazIla mahAkAvya ' ' jise 'Epic of Growth, 'Authentic Epic', 'Folk Epic'5, 'Herole Epic' ', Adi nAmoM se bhI jAnA jAtA hai / tathA 2. 'alaMkRta mahAkAvya' jisake ' Epic of Art', 1deg 'Imitative Epic' ' ' 'Literary Epic'12 Adi paryAyavAcI nAma bhI prasiddha haiM / (ka) vikasanazIla mahAkAvya vIra gAthAoM ke dharAtala se uThate hue prAma: kaI zatAbdiyoM taka kevala mAtra maukhika gAthAoM ke rUpa meM vikasita hote rahate haiM / 1. 2. 3. Dixon, M., English Epic & Heroic Poetry, p. 27; Ghosh, J., Epic Sources of Sanskrit Literature, Calcutta 1963, p. XXV. Sidhant, The Heroic Age of India, p. 70 Upadhyaya, Ramji, Sanskrit and Prakrit Mahakavyas, Saugar, 1962, p. 15 4. Kieth, A History of Sanskrit Literature, p. 41. Sidhant, The Heroic Age of India, p. 70-76 5. 6. zambhUnAtha siMha, hindI sAhitya koza, bhAga - 1, 7. 8. pradhAna sampA0-DA0 dhIrendravarmA, pR0 627 Sidhant, The Heroic Age of India, p. 70 Watt, H.A. and Watt, W. W., A Dictionary of English Literature, New York, 1952, p. 355 Sidhant, The Heroic Age of India, p. 70 e. 10. vahI, pR070 11. vahI, pR0 70 12. vahI, pR0 70

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36 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja tadanantara unheM varNanAtmaka zailI dvArA mahAkAvya kA antima rUpa prApta ho jAtA hai| kabhI kabhI ina mahAkAvyoM ke nirmANa meM eka se adhika kaviyoM kA yogadAna bhI rahatA hai| vikasanazIla mahAkAvya kisI samaya vizeSa meM likhI racanA nahIM apitu kAla ke vividha yugoM se isakA sambandha rahatA hai|' yUropa ke 'iliyaDa' (Iliad) tathA 'praoNDesI' (Odyssey) tathA bhAratIya 'rAmAyaNa' eva 'mahAbhArata' isI dhArA ke udAharaNa haiM / inake atirikta iMglaiNDa kA 'biyovulpha' (Beowulf), jarmanI kA 'nibelugenalIDa' (Nibelungenlled) phrAMsa kA 'sAMga Apha da rolAM' (Song of the Ronald) Adi anya dezoM ke vikasanazIla mahAkAvya haiN| 3 (kha) alaMkRta mahAkAvya prAyaH vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM para AdhArita hote hue prathama dhArA ke mahAkAvyoM se srota grahaNa karate haiN| kisI kavi vizeSa dvArA kisI samaya vizeSa meM inakA nirmANa hotA hai| alaGkRta mahAkAvyoM kI vizeSatA hai ki ina mahAkAvyoM meM prathama dhArA ke mahAkAvyoM kI apekSA kRtrimatA adhika hotI hai tayA kavi kA uddezya sAmAjika prAdarzoM kI saMsthApanA kI apekSA kAvya tantuoM ko prazraya denA mukhya hotA hai| dUsare zabdoM meM vikasanazIla mahAkAvya kAvya sauSThava ke prati udAsIna rahate hue sAmAjika mUlyoM ke prati sajaga rahate haiM to alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM kA zilpavaidhAnika dRSTi se kAvya sRjana mukhya uddezya rahatA hai tathA sAmAjika mUlyoM ke saMrakSaNa ke prati gauNa dRSTi rahatI hai|4 ___vajila kA 'inIDa' (Aeneid) tathA milTana kA 'pairADAiz2a lAsTa' (Paradise Lost) prAdi pAzcAtya mahAkAvya5 tathA raghuvaMza' 'kirAta'6 Adi bhAratIya mahAkAvya alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM kI zailI ke antargata haiN| dvividha pAzcAtya mahAkAvya dhArA ke sandarbha meM jaina purANa tathA mahAkAvya bhAratIya sAhitya kI vaidika, jaina evaM bauddha-tInoM dhArAoM meM 'mahAkAvya' 1. Sidhant, The Heroic Age of India, pp. 70-76; zambhUnAtha siMha, hindI sAhitya koza. bhAga-1.50 627 2. Sidhant, The Heroic Age of India; pp. 70-76 3. vahI, pR0 70-76, tathA hindI sAhitya koza, bhAga-1, pR0 627 4. hindI sAhitya koza, bhAga 1, pR0 27 5. hindI sAhitya koza, bhAga-1. 10 627, tathA tu0 Shiplay, J.T., Dictionary of World Literature, London, 1945, pp. 213-14 6. hindI sAhitya koza, bhAga-1 pR0 627

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya vidhA eka mahattvapUrNa vidhA ke rUpa meM prAdurbhUta huI hai tathA tInoM dhArAmoM ke mAdikAvyoM ke prathama saMskRta grantha bhI mahAkAvya hI rahe haiM, udAharaNArtha vaidika prayavA brAhmaNa saMskRti kI 'rAmAyaNa', jaina saMskRti kA 'padmacarita' tathA bauddha saMskRti kA 'buddha carita' athavA 'saundarananda' apanI-apanI saMskRti ke prAdi mahAkAvya haiN| jaina saMskRti ke agradUta ke rUpa meM bhI jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI bhUmikA bhI utanI hI mahattvapUrNa hai, jitanI brAhmaNa saMskRti ke sandarbha meM 'rAmAyaNa' 'mahAbhArata' tathA 'raghuvaMza' 'kirAta' Adi kii| aisA mAnanA cAhie ki jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya dIrSakAla se apanI saMskRti evaM sabhyatA ke anurUpa sAmAjika mUlyoM ko mukharita karane ke lie bhUmikA kA nirmANa karane meM prayatnazIla the| purANa puruSoM kI maukhika gAthAeM jaina samAja meM pracalita thiiN|' ina mahApuruSoM ke Adarza caritroM meM pAI jAne vAlI zauryapUrNa gAthAoM, jaina dharma evaM darzana Adi tattvoM ne jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ko varNanAtmaka svarUpa pradAna kiyaa|2 inake atirikta rAma evaM kRSNa ko triSaSTizalAkA puruSoM meM kramazaH pAThaveM tathA nauveM balabhadra ke rUpa meM bhI sthAna prApta hai| isa prakAra se rAmakathA evaM pANDavakathA kA prabhAva bhI jaina mahAkAvyoM para par3A / yaha sarvavidita hI hai ki rAmakathA evaM pANDava kathA kI bhAratIya janajIvana meM gaharI chApa thii| jaina kavi bhI jana-mAnasa kI isa ruci kI kadApi upekSA nahIM karanA cAhate the| pariNAmasvarUpa jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM jainAnumodita rAmakathA evaM pANDavakathA ko bhI vizeSa sthAna diyA gyaa| isa prakAra sAmAjika AvazyakatA ko dekhate hue tathA zramaNa paramparA kA bhI pAlana karate hue jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA tIna dhArAoM meM vikAsa huA-1. viSiSTa zalAkA puruSoM kI paramparA, 2. rAmakathA kI jainAnumodita dhArA, tathA 3. pANDavakathA kI dhaaraa| jaina purANa : vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM ke rUpa meM jaina saMskRti meM prAcIna AkhyAnoM ko 'purANa' saMjJA dI gaI hai / 5 digambara paramparA ke anusAra jisameM eka zalAkA puruSa kA varNana AtA hai use 'purANa' saMjJA 1. candraprabhacarita, bhUmikA, e. ena. upAdhye tathA hIrAlAla zAstrI, pR0 II 2. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna, vArANasI, 1968, pR0 16 3. Winternitz, M., Jainas in Indian Literature (article), Indian Culture, Vol. I, Oct. 1934, p. 148 4. vahI, pR0 148-46 5. 'purAtanaM purANaM syAt |'--praadipuraann, 1.21

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dI jAtI hai / ' zvetAmbara paramparA meM purANoM ke antargata triSaSTi zalAkA puruSoM kA carita bhI variNata hotA hai| hemacandra kRta 'triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita' isakA udAharaNa hai| vinTaraniTja ke anusAra bhI mahAkAvyoM ko digambara sampradAya 'purANa' tathA zvetAmbara sampradAya 'carita' ke nAma se nibaddha karate the|2 purANokta kathAnoM kA adhikAMza rUpa se dharma ke sAtha ghaniSTha sambandha hotA hai| purANoM kI kathAeM sAdhAraNa kAvyoM athavA mahAkAvyoM kI kathAnoM kI apekSA adhika satya evaM prAmANika mAnI jAtI haiN| jaina saMskRta 'purANa' bhI uparyukta purANa sambandhI vizeSatoM se yukta hone bhara bhI 'mahAkAvya' zailI se bahuta prabhAvita haiN| hemacandra kRta 'triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita' purANa ko 'mahAkAvya' bhI kahA jAtA hai isake atirikta aneka digambara evaM zvetAmbara paramparA ke purANa mahAkAvyocita varNya viSayoM se bhI vizeSa prabhAvita haiN| jaina saMskRti ke adhikAMza zalAkA puruSoM ke jina caritoM ko paravartI alaGkRta jaina carita kAvyoM meM nibaddha kiyA gayA hai, unameM se adhikAMza jaina purANoM se hI srota grahaNa karate haiN| isa kAraNa jaina saMskRti ke purANoM ko mahAkAvya vikAsa kI prathama dhArA ke mahAkAvyoM ke samakakSa rakhA jA sakA hai / pariNAmataH paurANika vaiziSTya se yukta ina granthoM ko jaina saMskRti ke 'vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM' kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai tathA inase kathAnaka grahaNa karane vAle dvisandhAna prAdi paravartI jaina saMskRta 'carita' tathA 'caritetara' mahAkAvyoM ko jaina saMskRti ke 'alaGkRta zailI' ke mahAkAvyoM ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina saMskRta alaGkRta mahAkAvya jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki mahAkAvya vikAsa kI dvitIya dhArA alaGkRta mahAkAvyoM ke nAma se prasiddha hai| jaina sAhitya meM bhI dvitIya dhArA ke mahAkAvyoM kI racanAe~ huI / brAhmaNa saMskRti ke paJcamahAkAvyoM meM hI mahAkAvya ke zilpavidhAna kA kAvyazAstrIya rUpa uttarottara vikasita hotA rahA thaa| kAlidAsa ke 'raghuvaMza' evaM 'kumArasambhava' mahAkAvyoM meM yadyapi mahAkAvya ke svabhAvika lakSaNa caritArtha hote haiM kintu Agraha pUrvaka mahAkAvya ke zAstrIya lakSaNoM kA anukaraNa karanA ina mahAkAvyoM kI pravRtti nahIM hai / isalie prAyaH inheM 'rItimukta' kI saMjJA bhI dI jAtI hai| jabaki isI dhArA ke 'bRhattrayI' ke antargata Ane vAle 1. nemicandra zAstrI, AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 18 2. Winternitz, M., Jainas in Indian Literature, Indian Culture, Vol. I., p. 149

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvye jar 'kirAtArjunIya', 'zizupAlavadha' tathA naiSagha mahAkAvyoM meM mahAkAvya lakSaNoM kA sAgraha nibandhana huA hai / ataH ina mahAkAvyoM ko 'rItibaddha' mahAkAvya kahA jAtA hai / ' Age calakara rItibaddha mahAkAvyoM ke madhya bhI kAvya starIya mApadaNDa parivartita hote rahe the / isI sandarbha meM jaina saMskRta alaGkRta mahAkAvyoM ke nirmANa kI dizAoM para vicAra kiyA jAe to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina alaGkRta mahAkAvya bAhya zailI kI dRSTi se apane pUrvavartI mahAkAvyoM ke vikAsa kI dhArA meM eka kar3I kA kArya kara rahe the / 8vIM zatI I0 ke varAGgacarita se prArambha hokara lagabhaga 14vIM zatAbdI I0 taka jaina saMskRta alaGkRta mahAkAvyoM kI dhArA nirantara rUpa se pravAhita hotI rahI / adhikAMza saMskRta ke jaina carita' tathA caritetara-mahAkAvya apane pUrvavartI vikasanazIla mahAkAvyoM (jaina saMskRta purANoM) para hI pUrNatayA avalambita haiM / dUsare, ina mahAkAvyoM meM kAvya-sauSThava kA vizeSa Agraha hai / ina tathyoM ke pariprekSya meM mahAkAvya vikAsa kI dvitIya dhArA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhI upayukta baiThatI hai / jaina saMskRta alaGkRta mahAkAvyoM kA zilpa vaidhAnika svarUpa jaina saMskRta alaGkRta mahAkAvyoM ke samaya taka bhAmaha, 2 daNDI zrAdi kAvyAcAryoM ke mahAkAvya lakSaNa lokapriya ho cuke the / ina mahAkAvyoM kI racanA se pUrva hI kAlidAsa tabhA bhAravi ne mahAkAvyoM kI racanA kara mahAkAvya lakSaNoM ko vyAvahArika rUpa bhI pradAna kara diyA thaa| isa prakAra jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke samaya saMskRta mahAkAvya paramparA pUrNataH vikasanazIla avasthA se vicaraNa kara rahI thI / saMskRta kAvyAcAryoM meM bhAmaha tathA daNDI ke atirikta rudraTa tathA hemacandrAcArya Adi ke mahAkAvya lakSaNoM ke anurUpa hI jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA uttarottara zilpa vaidhAnika vikAsa huA hai / mahAkAvya lakSaNoM ke kramika vikAsa ke sambandha meM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki rudraTa ne jina do prakAra kI utpAdya kathAvastuoM kA ullekha kiyA hai, 6 tathA hemacandra ne mahAkAvya ke kathAnaka vikAsa zyAmazaGkara dIkSita, terahavIM caudahavIM zatAbdI ke jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya, jayapura, 1666, pR0 15 kAvyAlaGkAra, 1.16-23 2. 3. kAvyAdarza, 1.14 - 16 4. kAvyAlaGkAra, 16.7-16 5. kAvyAnuzAsana, adhyAya 8, pR0 446 6. kAvyAlaGkAra, 16.2-7

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja meM avAntara kathA-saMyojana para jo vizeSa bala diyA hai, usase jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA prAntarika zilpa vidhAna kAvyazAstrIya dRSTi se vizeSa puSTa huA hai / isa dRSTi se yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki sabhI alaGkRta zailI ke mahAkAvyoM kA adhyAya-vibhAjana sargoM meM hI huA hai tathA sargoM kI saMkhyA bhI mahAkAvyocita pariNAma ke anurUpa hI hai / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI zilpa vaidhAnika vizeSatAeM isa prakAra haiM (a) kathAsrota-adhikAMza rUpa se jaina saMskRta alaGkRta mahAkAvyoM ke kathAsrota itihAsa purANa evaM mahaccaritra hI haiN| ina granthoM meM jinasena evaM guNabhadrakRta 'AdipurANa' evaM 'uttarapurANa', 'padmapurANa', 'harivaMza purANa' evaM 'tiloyapaNNatti' Adi grantha ullekhanIya haiN| rudraTa pratipAdita dvividha kathAnaka kI dRSTi se vicAra karane para sabhI caritanAmAnta, mahAkAvya anutpAdya kathA vAle mahAkAvya haiM tathA purANoM para AdhArita haiN| rAmakathA se sambaddha paravartI prAlaGkArika mahAkAvya 'dvisandhAna' evaM 'saptasandhAna' Adi 'padmapurANa' ke kathAnaka se prabhAvita haiN| isI prakAra jainAnumodita pANDava kathA se sambandha rakhane vAle mahAkAvyoM meM 'dvisandhAna', 'saptasandhAna', 'pradyumnacarita', prAdi mahAkAvya 'harivaMzapurANa' se prabhAvita haiM / 'mahAbhArata' se hI sIdhe srota grahaNa karane vAle mahAkAvyoM meM vastupAla kA 'naranArAyaNAnanda' mahAkAvya hai| utpAdya kathA vAle mahAkAvya 'jayantavijaya' kA kathAnaka kavi kalpita evaM kiMvadantiyoM para AdhArita hai| jaina saMskRta aitihAsika mahAkAvya itihAsa purANoM para AdhArita na hokara samasAmayika rAjAoM tathA mantripoM ke jIvana vRttoM para AdhArita haiN| (A) kathAnaka saMyojanA-jana saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke kathAnaka vikAsa ke prayojana se kaviyoM dvArA katipaya pravidhiyoM kA prayoga bhI kiyA gayA hai / ina pravidhiyoM meM (1) mahAkAvya ke zAstrIya lakSaNa, (2) purANokta mahApuruSoM ke jIvana carita, (3) jaina dharma sambandhI muni varNana, tattva upadeza evaM dIkSA grahaNa, (4) alaukika tattvoM kA nirUpaNa, (5) avAntara kathAnoM kI saMyojanA Adi katipaya pramukha pravadhiyA~ haiM jinakI sahAyatA se kaviyoM ne mahAkAvya ke Antarika kalevara ko vizeSa rUpa se vikasita kiyA hai / 'alaukika tattva' evaM 'avAntara kathA' ke dvArA jaina mahAkAvyoM kI kathAnaka saMyojanA vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita huI hai| (ka) alaukika tasva-kathAnaka vikAsa kI dRSTi se jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM alaukika tattvoM ke prati vizeSa Agraha rahA hai / brAhmaNa saMskRti ke sAhitya meM bhI 1. tu0-'dezakAlapAtraceSTAkathAntarAnuSaMjanam' / -kAvyAnuzAsana, adhyAya 8, pR0 460

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya alaukika tattvoM ko vidyamAnatA rahI hai| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM nAyaka kI sahAyatA karane athavA nAyaka ke samakSa kaThinAiyAM utpanna karane kI dRSTi se RSimuni, deva tathA anya amAnuSika zaktiyoM kA citraNa kiyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra kI ghaTanAoM se kathAnaka ko mor3a dene athavA saMbahaNa karane meM vizeSa sahAyatA milatI hai / jaina dharma kA pracAra karanA, kathAvastu ko AkarSaka banAnA, nAyaka ke caritra kA uttarottara vikAsa pradarzita karanA, Adi prayojanoM kI dRSTi se bhI ina alaukika tattvoM ke saMyojana se kathAnaka vistAra meM sahAyatA lI gaI hai| (kha) pravAntara kathA-mahAkAvya lakSaNoM meM hemacandra dvArA pravAntara kathA kI saMyojanA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / 2 sthAna sthAna para jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM prApta avAntara kathA ke prasaGga pahale to kucha vicitra evaM aprAsaGgika se lagate haiM kintu bAda meM unakA mukhya kathA se sambandha sthApita ho jAne para kathAnaka meM nirantaratA A jAtI hai| ina avAntara kathAoM kA mukhya kathA se tAla-mela baiThAne kA kArya punarjanma evaM karma siddhAnta para avalambita hai / 3 nAyaka prAdi kA akasmAt apaharaNa ho jAnA athavA kisI divya puruSa dvArA parIkSA lenA, tadanantara mahAkAvya se sambandhita pAtra ko usake pUrva janma kI sUcanA denA Adi ghaTanAeM avAntara rUpa se mahAkAvyoM meM kautUhala tattva kI abhivRddhi ke lie bhI paryApta upAdeya siddha huI haiN|4 sambhavataH prAkRta kathA sAhitya evaM bANa kI kAdambarI Adi granthoM se avAntara kathAoM ke saMyojana kI pravRtti jaina mahAkAvyoM meM bhI prAdurbhUta huI hogii| isa prakAra alaukika tattva evaM avAntara kathAeM bhAratIya sAhitya ke lokapriya tattva rahe haiM tathA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM tathA jaina kathA sAhitya meM inakA carama vikAsa huA hai| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke vargIkaraNa kI samasyA eka bahuta bar3I samasyA hai| isake kaI kAraNa haiM--jaise jaina kaviyoM dvArA mahAkAvya kI 'purANa' ke rUpa meM 1. vizeSa draSTavya-candraprabhacarita, sarga 5 tathA 6, pArzvanAthacarita, sarga 4 2. pUrvokta, pR0 42 3. pArzvanAthacarita, sarga-3 4. candraprabhacarita sarga, 5, varSamAnacarita sarga, 3-6, tathA tu0 purAkRtaH sampadavApyate zubhaiH kRtAni no tAni mayA bhavAntare / tato babhUva ca daridratAsukhaM yadasti vA hetukamatra hetumat / / -zAntinAthacarita, 6.150

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja vyAkhyA karanA, ' 'dharma'kathA' kahanA ?, purANoM ko bhI 'mahAkAvya' saMjJA denA 3 Adi / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA adhikAMza rUpa se caritanAmAnta honA eka ullekhanIya vizeSatA hai / kintu sabhI caritanAmAnta kAvya mahAkAvya nahIM haiM / ataH ina mahAkAvyoM ke vizuddha mahAkAvyatva kA mukhya AdhAra AcAryoM dvArA pratipAdita mahAkAvya ke lakSaNa tathA mahAkAvyocita garimA ko hI mAnanA cAhie / kucha mahAkAvya yadyapi mahAkAvya ke lakSaNoM ke anusAra zAyada mahAkAvyatva saMjJA prApta bhI kara leM kintu pANDitya pradarzana yathA anya kRtrima kAvya zailI kA pratipAdana karanA hI mukhya uddezya hone ke kAraNa sAmAjika dRSTi se inakA mahattva kama ho jAtA hai / sapta-sandhAna Adi mahAkAvya isI prakAra ke mahAkAvya haiM / smaraNa rahe ki brAhmaNa saMskRti kI dhArA meM bhI mahAkAvyoM ke astitva kI eka dIrgha paramparA rahI hai kintu kevala mAtra paMca mahAkAvyoM ko hI ' mahAkAvyatva' ke rUpa meM lokapriyatA milii| jaina mahAkAvyoM ko pAMca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai - (1) caritanAmAnta mahAkAvya, (2) caritetara mahAkAvya, (3) sandhAna mahAkAvya ( 4 ) prAnanda mahAkAvya tathA ( 5 ) aitihAsika mahAkAvya 44 (1) jaina saMskRta carita mahAkAvya saMskRta carita mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA azvaghoSa ke buddhacarita se prArambha ho cukI thI / jaina kaviyoM ne bhI carita kAvya kI paramparA ko vizeSa rUpa se samRddha kiyA / prAkRta 'paumacariu' kAvya se preraNA prApta kara raviSeNa ne sarvaprathama 'padmacarita' nAmaka jaina saMskRta purANa kI racanA kI / tadanantara alaMkRta zailI ke mahAkAvyoM meM sarvaprathama jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya jaTAsiMhanandi kA ' varAGgacarita' hai / vAstava meM zailI kI dRSTi se jaina saMskRta carita grantha 'purANa' carita granthoM ke samAna 1. tu0 - mahApurANasambandhi mahAnAyakagocaram / trivargaphalasandarbha mahAkAvyaM tadiSyate // - jinasenakRta prAdipurANa, 1.66, mahApurANa, prathama bhAga, sampA0 paM0 pannA lAla jaina, 1951 2. tu0 - iti dharma kathoddeze caturvargasamanvite sphuTazabdArtha sandarbhe varAGgacaritAzrite0 / - varAGgacarita sarga 1 kI puSpikA 3. tu0 - ityAcArya zrohemacandraviracite triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarite mahAkAvye dvitIyaparvaNi zrIzrajitasvAmipUrva bhavavarNano nAma prathamaH sarga // -- triSaSTi0 2.1 kI puSpikA 4. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0, pR0 21, 32 tathA 40 5. phAdara kAmila bulke, rAmakathA - utpatti tathA vikAsa, prayAga, 1971, pR0 65-66

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya 45 hI haiM / antara kevala itanA hai ki jaina carita purANoM meM eka se adhika mahApuruSoM kA citraNa milatA hai tathA ina carita-purANoM meM 'dharmakathA' ke tattva adhika tathA kAvya ke tattva alpa pAye jAte haiN| isake viparIta alaMkRta zailI ke carita granthoM meM prAyaH eka hI mahApuruSa kA athavA usake aneka bhavoM kA citraNa prApta hotA hai| kathAnaka sImita hone ke kAraNa alaMkRta zailI ke carita granthoM meM kAvya ke tattvoM ke vikAsa ke lie adhika avasara prApta ho jAte haiM / carita purANoM kI viSaya-sAmagrI bhI alaMkRta zailI ke caritoM kI apekSA parimANa meM adhika hotI hai / ata: caritapurANa bRhadAkAra tathA alaMkRta zailI ke carita laghvAkAra hote haiN| DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ne bhI purANoM meM 63 mahApuruSoM kA caritra-citraNa tathA alaMkRta zailI ke caritoM meM kevala eka hI puruSa ke caritra-citraNa kI vizeSatA ko svIkAra kiyA hai| purANoM meM bahunAyakatva tathA caritoM meM eka nAyakatva kA honA bhI inakI ullekhanIya vizeSatA hai / alaMkRta zailI ke carita granthoM ke kathAnaka prAyaH pUrvApara janmoM se sambaddha rahate haiM / ata: eka hI kAvya meM zRGgAra prAdi vividha rasoM-bhAvoM kA samAveza kara jahA~ eka aora vAsanAtmaka evaM saundaryAtmaka kAvya pakSa puSTa huA to dUsarI ora vAsanA kI tucchatA ko cunautI dete hue nAyaka ko zreyasa kI ora agrasara karate hue jaina saMskRta kaviyoM ne sahRdayatA evaM AdhyAtmikatA donoM pakSoM ko samAna mahattva diyA hai| yaha samajhanA cAhie ki jaina mahAkAvyoM kA lekhaka sahRdaya kavi se prakasmAt eka kaThora dArzanika kA rUpa grahaNa kara letA hai| __mahAkAvya ke zAstrIya lakSaNoM kI kasauTI para caritArtha hone vAle jaina saMskRta alaMkRta mahAkAvyoM ke antargata Ane vAle carita nAmAnta mahAkAvyoM meM (1) jaTAsiMha nandikRta-varAGgacarita (8vIM zatI I0), (2) mahAsenakRta-pradyumnacarita (974 I0), (3) vIranandikRta-candraprabhacarita (675 I0), (4) asagakRtavardhamAnacarita (10vIM zatI), (5) vAdirAjasUrikRta-pArzvanAthacarita (1025I0), 6. munibhadrakRta -zAntinAthacarita (14vIM zatI I0) Adi vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM , (2) jaina saMskRta caritetara mahAkAvya jaina kaviyoM ne aise mahAkAvyoM kI bhI racanAeM kI jinake nAma ke anta meM 'carita' kA prayoga nahIM hotaa| vAstava meM cAritika zailI kA caritetaranAmAnta mahAkAvyoM para bhI pUrA pUrA prabhAva hai| antara kevala itanA hai ki caritanAmAnta mahAkAvyoM meM cAritrika abhyutthAna ke prati kavi kA adhika jhukAva rahatA hai kintu 1. rAjanArAyaNa pANDeya, mahAkavi puSpadanta, jayapura, 1668, pR068 2. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0, pR0 16

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46 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja caritetara mahAkAvyoM meM kavi svacchandatA pUrvaka kAvya pakSa kI saundarya vRddhi para adhika bala detA hai| pariNAmataH mahAkAvyoM meM bhoga-vilAsa Adi ke vistRta varNanoM se caritetara mahAkAvyoM meM AdhyAtmika dRSTi gauNa raha gaI hai| vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra se sambaddha bhoga-vilAsa, krIDA-vihAra tathA madyapAna Adi varNanoM se caritetara mahAkAvya vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita haiN| hambhIra mahAkAvya jisameM prAdyopAnta vIrarasa kA hI paripAka huA hai, usameM bhI kavi nayacandra ne zRGgAra rasa ke lie asvAbhAvika dRzyoM kI saMyojanA kI hai| vAstava meM 10vIM zatI ke uparAnta sAmantavAdI sAhitya pravRttiyoM ke sandarbha meM kAvya sambandhI eka navIna mAnyatA udita ho cukI thii| isa mAnyatA ke anusAra zRGgAra rasa se vaMcita kAvya lavaNarahita bhojana ke samAna mAnA jAne lgaa|' jaina saMskRta caritetara mahAkAvyoM kA prArambha dasavIM zatI ke haricandrakRta 'dharmazarmAbhyudaya' se hotA hai| mahattvapUrNa jaina saMskRta caritetara mahAkAvya nimnalikhita haiM-(1) haricandrakRtadharmazarmAbhyudaya (10vIM zatI I0), (2) vAgbhaTakRta-neminirvANa (1075 I0), (3) abhayadevakRta -jayantavijaya (13vIM zatI I0) Adi / inake atirikta 'sandhAna' tathA 'pAnanda' nAmAnta mahAkAvya bhI isI vibhAga meM samAviSTa kie jA sakate haiN| (3) jaina saMskRta sandhAna mahAkAvya sandhAna mahAkAvyoM kI racanA jaina kaviyoM kI saMskRta sAhitya ko abhUtapUrva dena hai / sandhAna mahAkAvyoM kA sRjana karate hue kaviyoM ne 'zleSa' alaGkAra kA adhikAdhika lAbha uThAyA hai| saMskRta zabdoM ke anekArthaka hone ke kAraNa bhI jaina kaviyoM ne eka hI padya meM do yA adhika kathAnoM kI samAnAntara saMyojanA kI hai| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra anekArthaka kAvya kI paramparA kA zrIgaNeza vasudeva-hiNDI kRta--'cattAri aTTha gAthA' (pAMcavIM-chaThI zatI I.) se mAnA jAtA hai| jaina saMskRta sandhAna-mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA meM dhanaJjaya kRta 'dvisandhAna' mahAkAvya (8vIM zatI I0) hI sarvaprathama jaina saMskRta sandhAna mahAkAvya hai / isake atirikta jaina kaviyoM ne 'trisandhAna', 'catussandhAna', 'paMcasandhAna', 'saptasandhAna' tathA 'caturvizatisandhAna' kAvyoM kA nirmANa kara 'sandhAna' kAvya paramparA ko samRddha bnaayaa| 1. rasostu yaH ko'pi paraM sa kiJcinnAspRSTazRGgAraraso rasAya / satyavyahopAkimapezalatve na svAdu bhojyaM lavaNena hInam // hammIra0 14.36 / 2, nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0, pR0 234

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya 47 sandhAna mahAkAvyoM meM do yA do se adhika kathAeM eka sAtha calatI haiM, 'dvisandhAna'' mahAkAvya meM rAma evaM pANDava kathA 'saptasandhAna' mahAkAvya meM RSabhadeva, zAntinAtha, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra, rAma evaM kRSNa ina sAta mahApuruSoM kI kathAeM samAnAntara rUpa se nibaddha haiN| alaMkRta zailI ke sandhAna mahAkAvyoM meM pramukha mahAkAvya do haiM--(1) dhanaJjaya kRta 'dvisandhAna' (8vIM zatI I0), evaM (2) meghavijayakRta 'saptasandhAna' (1703 ii0)| (4) jaina saMskRta Ananda mahAkAvya saMskRta sAhitya meM 'pAnanda' nAmAnta se kAvya, nATaka Adi kI racanA karane kI paramparA atyadhika prAcIna hai| 'pAnanda' nAmAnta kAvyoM meM sarvaprathama pataJjalikRta-'mahAnanda' kAvya thaa| tadanantara rAmacandra kRta-'kaumudImitrAnanda' nATaka (12 vIM zatI I0), nepAlI kavikRta-'bhAratAnanda nATaka' (14vIM zatI I0), pAzAdharabhaTTakRta-'kovidAnanda' (17vIM zatI I0), veNkaTAdhvari kRta-'pradyumnAnanda' appayadIkSita kRta-'kuvalayAnanda' (17vIM zatI I0) tathA zrIpati kRta'ToDarAnanda' Adi granthoM kA nirmANa samaya samaya para hotA rahA hai / 2 pramukha 'prAnanda' nAmAnta jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya haiM- (1) vastupAlakRta 'naranArAyaNAnanda' (13vIM zatI I0) tathA (2) amaracandrasUrikRta 'padmAnanda' (13vIM zatI ii0)| (5) jaina saMskRta aitihAsika mahAkAvya bANabhaTTa ke 'harpacarita' (7vIM zatI I0) se saMskRta aitihAsika kAvyoM kI paramparA prArambha hotI hai| tadanantara padmagupta ke 'navasAhasAGkacarita' kAvya (1005 I0), bilhaNakRta-vikramAGkadevacarita' mahAkAvya (1085 I0), kalhaNakRta-'rAjataraGgiNI' kAvya (12vIM zatI I0) kA aitihAsika kAvyoM kI paramparA meM vizeSa sthAna hai / jaina kaviyoM ne bhI saMskRta aitihAsika kAvyoM tathA mahAkAvyoM kI racanA kI / mahAkAvyoM meM sarvaprathama hemacandrakRta-'dvayAzraya' (12vIM zatI I0) hai / 'dvayAzraya' meM varNita caulukya kumArapAla (12vIM zatI I0) eka aitihAsika vyakti hai tathA isa mahAkAvya meM varNita ghaTanAeM bhI bahuta kucha samasAmayika haiM / tatkAlIna gujarAta kI rAjanaitika, sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika gatividhiyoM ke itihAsa digdarzana ke lie 'dvayAzraya' mahAkAvya kA vizeSa mahattva hai / isI prakAra mahAmAtya vastupAla ke jIvana carita ko lekara likhe gae somezvarakRta-kIrti kaumudI' (13vIM zatI I0) tathA bAlacandrakRta- 'vasanta vilAsa' mahAkAvya (14vIM 1. dvisandhAna, 1.8 2. vAcaspati gairolA, saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, vArANasI, 1960, pR0 645

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48 . jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja zatI I0) ke dvArA bhI gujarAta kI tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM para vizeSa prakAza par3atA hai / nayacandra sUri ke hammIra mahAkAvya kA nAyaka 'hammIra' yadyapi kavi kA samakAlika nahIM hai kintu aitihAsika vyakti avazya hai / isa mahAkAvya meM rAjapUtoM kI cAhamAna senA tathA yavana nareza alAuddIna khilajI ke madhya hue yuddha evaM rAjanaitika varNanoM kA AdhAra bhI aitihAsika vRtta hI hai / pramukha jaina saMskRta aitihAsika mahAkAvya nimnalikhita haiM-(1) hemacandrasUrikRta - 'dvayAzraya' mahAkAvya (12vIM zatI I0), (2) somezvaradevakRta---'kIrtikaumudI' (13vIM zatI I0), (3) bAlacandrasUrikRta --- 'vasantavilAsa' mahAkAvya (14vIM zatI I0) / Alocya jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya prastuta grantha meM lagabhaga AThavIM zatAbdI I0 se lekara caudahavIM zatAbdI I. taka kI kAlAvadhi meM nirmita mahattvapUrNa jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ko adhyayanArtha sammilata kiyA gayA hai| ina mahAkAvyoM ke lekhaka, nAma Adi kA aitihAsika krama se vivaraNa isa prakAra hai1. jaTAsiMhanandikRta 'varAGgacarita' (8vIM zatI I0) 2. dhanaJjayakRta 'dvisandhAna' (8vIM zatI I0) 3. vIranandikRta 'candraprabhacarita' (10vIM zatI I0) 4. mahAsenakRta 'pradyumnacarita' (10vIM zatI I0) 5. asagakRta 'vardhamAnacarita' (10vIM zatI I0) 6. haricandrakRta 'dharmazarmAmyudaya' (10 vIM zatI I0) 7. vAdirAjasUrikRta 'pArzvanAthacarita' (11vIM zatI I0) 8. vAgbhaTakRta 'neminirvANa' (11vIM zatI I0) 6. hemacandra kRta 'dvayAzraya' (12vIM zatI I0) 10. abhayadevasUrikRta 'jayantavijaya' (13vIM zatI I0) 11. vastupAlakRta 'naranArAyaNAnanda' (13vIM zatI I0) 12. amaracandrasUrikRta 'padmAnanda' (13vIM zatI I0) 13. somezvarakRta 'kIrtikaumudI' (13vIM zatI I0) 14. bAlacandrasUrikRta 'vasantavilAsa' (13vIM zatI I0) 15. munibhadrakRta 'zAntinAthacarita' (14vIM zatI I0) 16. nayacandrasUrikRta 'hammIra mahAkAvya' (14vIM zatI I0) mahAkAvyetara anya srota sAmagrI lagabhaga isI kalAvadhi meM nirmita jaina digambara tabhA zvetAmbara paramparA ke mahattvapUrNa purANoM ko uparyukta mahAkAvyoM dvArA pradatta sUcanAoM ke samarthanArtha

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya 46 tathA pUraka paristhitiyoM ke udghATanArtha zodha grantha meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna diyA gayA hai / ina jaina purANoM meM jinasenakRta 'AdipurANa' (havIM zatI I0), guNabhadrakRta 'uttarapurANa' (havIM zatI I0), hemacandrakRta 'triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritamahAkAvya' tathA 'pariziSTaparva' (12vIM zatI I.) ke nAma vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / inake atirikta jaina mahAkAvyoM ke samakAlika jaina sAhitya kI vividha vidhAoM ke granthoM ko bhI saMskRta jaina mahAkAvyoM ke srotoM kI puSTi karane athavA prAsaGgika prakAza DAlane ke lie yathocita rUpa se prayoga meM lAyA gayA hai / adhikAMza rUpa se zAstrIya mahAkAvya lakSaNoM ko caritArtha karane vAle uparyukta solaha jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA sambandha gujarAta, rAjasthAna tathA karnATakAdi pradezoM se hai kintu ina mahAkAvyoM ke lekhaka prAyaH jaina dharma ke prAcArya bhI hote the tathA jaina dharma kI kisI zAkhA vizeSa se inakA sambandha rahatA thaa| isa kAraNa zAkhA gata paramparAoM kA pAlana karate hue hI saMskRta jaina kaviyoM ne mahAkAvyoM kI racanA kI hai / ye prAcArya deza-dezAntaroM meM jAkara dhArmika upadeza bhI dete the, isa kAraNa vibhinna pradezoM ke vRttAntoM evaM anubhavoM kA mahAkAvyoM kI varNya viSaya-vastu para prabhAva par3anA bhI svAbhAvika pratIta hotA hai| pariNAmata: bhaugolika vibhAjana kI rekhAnoM meM bA~dhakara kisI eka mahAkAvya kI sAmAjika paristhiti ko kisI prAnta vizeSa se sambaddha kara denA vyAvahArika rUpa se samIcIna jAna nahIM pdd'taa| kintu aitihAsika tathA abhilekhAdi sAkSyoM dvArA yaha dikhAne kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai ki kisI vyavasthA vizeSa, kI sAmAjika pRSThabhUmi kitanI samasAmayika hai tathA usakA mahAkAvyoM meM variNata gatividhiyoM se kitanA sambandha ho sakatA hai| zodhagrantha meM vivecita kisI paristhiti vizeSa vizeSakara rAjanaitika evaM prazAsanika mahattva ke varNanoM kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi kA mUlyAMkana karane ke prayojana se tatkAlIna abhilekhIya evaM aitihAsika sAkSyoM se bhI sahAyatA lI gaI hai| adhikAMza mahAkAvya sAMskRtika cetanA se prabhAvita hokara vastu varNana meM pravRtta hue hai jinakI aitihAsikatA kisI stara para sandehAspada bhI ho jAtI hai, parantu samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se mAnavIya itihAsa ke ina mahattvapUrNa sAMskRtika mUlyoM kI upekSA bhI nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| bhAratIya janacetanA ke sandarbha meM paramparAgata sAMskRtika mUlya bhI samasAmayika itihAsa ke nirmANa meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha karate pAe haiN| isa prakAra itihAsa-niSTha aura saMskRti-niSTha jaina mahAkAvyoM ke sAmAjika itihAsa kA isI sandarbha meM mUlyAMkana kiyA jAnA caahie| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI sAmAjika paristhitiyoM kA sambandha jaina saMskRti ke kisI samudAya vizeSa se na hokara 8vIM zatAbdI se 14vIM zatAbdI I0 taka ke sampUrNa bhAratIya jana jIvana ke itihAsa se hai| dhArmika paristhitiyoM evaM

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dArzanika mAnyatAoM ke viSaya meM kahA jA sakatA hai ki inakA sambandha jaina dharma ke prabhAva vAle pradezoM se adhika rahA hogA / kintu anya rAjanaitika tathA sAmAjika citraNa para tatkAlIna vividha rAjavaMzoM, rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM tathA anya sAmAjika saMsthAnoM kA bhI bahuta prabhAva par3A hai| 12-13vIM zatAbdI se sambaddha aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM kI aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi sudRr3ha rahI hai tathA rAjasthAna evaM gujarAta ke rAjanaitika vAtAvaraNa kA ina para vizeSa prabhAva bhI par3A hai| kula milAkara jaina saMskRti se anuprANita jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya madhyakAlIna bhAratIya itihAsa kI sAmAjika pRSThabhUmi ko vizada karane vAle mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika srota siddha hote haiN| Alocya jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA saMkSipta paricaya (1) jaTAsiMhanandikRta varAGgacarita (8vIM zatI I0) alaMkRta zailI se sampuSTa varAGgacarita mahAkAvya ke racayitA jaTAsiMha nandi the, jinake jaTila muni evaM jaTAcArya upanAma bhI pracalita haiM / ' varAGgacarita ke antaHsAkSyoM se siddha hotA hai ki jaTila muni karnATaka deza ke nivAsI the / upAdhye mahodaya ke anusAra varAGgacarita kI racanA sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI I0 meM huI thii| varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM 31 sarga haiN| isa prakAra mahAkAvya lakSaNoM ke anusAra isa mahAkAvya meM eka sarga adhika hai / 3 svayaM kavi ne bhI anya mahAkAvyoM kI bhA~ti ise 'mahAkAvya' saMjJA se sambodhita na kara 'dharmakathA' ke rUpa meM sambodhita kiyA hai / DA0 nemicandra zAstrI mahodaya ne isa mahAkAvya ko jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke sandarbha meM viziSTa sthAna nahIM diyA hai / sambhava hai ki unhoMne varAGgacarita ko purANa mAnakara isakA vizeSa adhyayana prastuta nahIM kiyA ho / DA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye mahodaya varAGgacarita ko eka mahAkAvya ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra karate haiM / 5 anya jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ko dRSTipatha meM rakhate hue varAGgacarita bhI ina 1. upAdhye e0 ena0, varAGgacarita, bambaI, 1638, bhUmikA, pR0 16 2. vahI, pR0 71 3. khuzAlacandra gorAvAlA, varAGgacarita (hindI anuvAda), mathurA, 1953, bhUmikA, pR0 16 4. tu0-'iti dharmakathoddeze caturvargasamanvite sphuTazabdArthasandarbha varAGga caritAzrite' varAGga0, puSpikA 5. upAdhye, varAGgacarita, bhUmikA, pR0 68-66

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya 51 mahAkAvyoM ke samakakSa hI hai / kevalamAtra eka sarga ke adhika hone ke kAraNa varAGgacarita ke mahAkAvyatva kI avahelanA karanA ucita jAna nahIM par3atA hai / mahAkAvya lakSaNoM kI dRSTi se varAGgacarita eka utkRSTa mahAkAvya siddha hotA hai / varAGgacarita meM mahAkAvyocita pratipAdya viSayoM kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai / varAGgacarita ke nAyaka bAIsaveM tIrthaGkara neminAtha ke samakAlika 'varAGga' haiM / varAGga dhIrodAtta nAyaka ke guNoM se yukta haiM / nAyaka ke varAGgacarita kI kathAvastu kA sambandha nAyaka varAGga ke pitRvaMza se lekara putra ke vivAha evaM rAjyAbhiSeka paryanta kI ghaTanAoM se hai / varAGgacarita kI tulanA azvaghoSa ke saundarananda evaM buddhacarita se kI jA sakatI hai / azvaghoSa ne ina donoM mahAkAvyoM ke mAdhyama se bauddha dharma kA pracAra kiyA to jaTila muni ne bhI varAGgacarita meM jaina dharmaM evaM darzana ke maulika siddhAntoM ko nibaddha kiyA hai / cauthe sarga se dasaveM sarga taka tathA chabIsaveM evaM sattAisaveM sargoM meM vizuddha rUpa se jaina dharma evaM darzana kA upadeza diyA gayA hai tathA ina nau sargoM kA mahAkAvya ke mUla kathAnaka se koI vizeSa sambandha bhI nahIM hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki varAGgacarita ko 'dharmakathA' evaM 'mahAkAvya ' kI donoM saMjJAe dI jAtI haiM / ise paurANika mahAkAvya kI saMjJA bhI dI gaI hai / ' harivaMzapurANakAra jinasena varAGgacarita se bahuta prabhAvita the - varAGganeva sarvAGgairvarAGgacaritArtha' vAk / kasya notpAdayedgADhamanurAgaM svagocaram // 2 varAGgacarita meM 7vIM devIM zatAbdI kI dakSiNa bhArata kI vizeSakara karnATaka kI yugIna paristhitiyA~ pratibimbita haiM / isa kAla meM dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma unnata dazA meM thA / kavi ne sundara DhaMga se jainetara matoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai / brAhmaNa dharma ke yajJoM, dAnoM, tathA anya dhArmika evaM sAmAjika vizvAsoM kI varAGgacarita meM khulakara nindA kI gaI hai / varNAzrama vyavasthA evaM purohitavAda para jaTila muni ne vyaMgyAtmaka prahAra kiyA hai| 3 dUsarI ora varAGgacarita meM tatkAlIna jaina dharma ke abhyudaya ke pramANa prApta hote haiM / varAGgacarita meM aneka vizAla jaina mandiroM kA varNana prApta hotA hai / isake atirikta varAGga dvArA eka vizAla jina mandira kA nirmAraNa bhI karavAyA gyaa| isa prakAra zodha prabandha ke vivecya 1. upAdhye, varAGgacarita, bhUmikA, pR0 68 2. jinasenakRta harivaMza purAgA 135: mANika candra- digambara jaina granthamAlA, puSpa 31-32, bambaI 3. varAGga0, sarga--25 4. vahI, sarga 22 -

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja mahAkAvyoM meM varAGgacarita sarvaprathama mahAkAvya hone ke sAtha aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI eka mahattvapUrNa mahAkAvya siddha hotA hai| (2) dhanaJjayakRta dvisandhAna (8vIM zatI I0) sandhAna nAmAnta mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA meM dvisandhAna mahAkAvya sarvaprathama mahAkAvya hai / isakA apara nAma 'rAghava-pANDavIya' bhI hai kyoMki isameM rAma-kathA evaM pANDava-kathA samAnAntara rUpa se calatI haiM / dvisandhAna mahAkAvya kA racanAkAla sunizcita nahIM hai / pro0 bhaNDArakara dvisandhAna ke lekhaka dhanaJjaya ko san 666I. se 1147 I0 ke madhya rakhate haiN|' upAdhye mahodaya kA anumAna hai ki dhanaJjaya kA astitvakAla 800 I0 honA cAhie kintu yaha kisI bhI rUpa se bhoja ke samaya (11vIM zatI kA madhya bhAga) se paravartI nahIM ho sktaa|2 nemicandra zAstrI mahodaya ne bhI dvisandhAna mahAkAvya kA sthitikAla 8vIM zatI ke lagabhaga hI svIkAra kiyA hai / 3 DA0 hIrAlAla dvArA isa sambandha meM eka mahattvapUrNa sUcanA dI gaI hai / unhoMne dhanaJjaya ke anekArthanAmamAlA ko dhavalATIkA (748-816 I0) dvArA uddhRta karane kI ora dhyAna AkarSita kiyA hai / 4 isa tathya dvArA dhanaJjaya kA sthitikAla nirdhArita karanA sahaja ho jAtA hai| dhanaJjaya 816 I0 se pUrva vidyamAna the tathA dvisandhAna mahAkAvya kA racanA kAla kisI bhI rUpa se navIM zatAbdI I0 se paravartI nahIM ho sktaa| dvisandhAna mahAkAvya meM 18 sarga tathA 1105 padya haiN| mahAkAvya ke sabhI lakSaNoM kA isa mahAkAvya meM sundaratA se samAveza kiyA gayA hai / 5 vaise to dvisandhAna kI kathA gautama dvArA rAjA zreNika ke lie kahI gaI hai, kintu 1. dvisandhAna mahAkAvya, sampA0 khuzAlacanda gorAvAlA, dillI, 1970, bhUmikA, pR0 17 2. hIrA lAla jaina, AdinAtha neminAtha upAdhyAya, dvisandhAna, bhUmikA, pR0 23 3. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0, pR0 364-65 4. tu0-hetAvevaM prakArAdyaH vyavacchede vipryye| prAdurbhAve samAptau ca iti zabdaM viduburdhAH // -dhavalA TIkA, amarAvatI saMskaraNa, prathama bhAga, pR0 387 5. vizeSa draSTavya-nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0, pR0 371 6. tu0-'anujJayA vIrajinasya gautamo gaNAgraNIH zreNikamityavocata / ' - -dvisandhAna, 1.6

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sAhitya samAja zraura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya 53 dvisandhAna kI preraNA ke mUla srota rAmAyaNa kI rAmakathA evaM mahAbhArata kI pANDavakathA hai / kavi ne zleSa dvArA samAnAntara rUpa se rAma kathA evaM pANDava kathA kA jisa prakAra varNana kiyA hai vAstava meM vaha zrAzcaryajanaka evaM ramaNIya bana par3A hai| nimnalikhita padya meM kavi ne zleSa dvArA vyAkaraNa evaM cApa-vidyA kA sundaratA se varNana kiyA hai padaprayoge nipuNaM vinAme sandhI visarge ca kRtAvadhAnam / sarveSu zAstreSu jitazramaM taccApe'pi na vyAkaraNaM mumoca // 1 dvisandhAna mahAkAvya ke kaI padya kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza tathA meghadUta, bhAravi kirAta evaM mAgha ke zizupAlavadha se bhI prabhAvita haiM / dvisandhAna mahAkAvya meM yuddhakalA evaM anya sainya gatividhiyoM kA mahattvapUrNa citraNa huA hai / isake atirikta tatkAlIna aizvarya-bhoga, strI- vilAsa, madirApAna zrAdi sAmantavAdI yugIna cetanA kA bhI mahAkAvya meM citraNa prApta hotA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM dvisandhAna mahAkAvya tatkAlIna sAmantI-pravRttiyoM kA eka sundara darpaNa hai / samAja zAstrIya dRSTi se dvisandhAna meM prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, rAjatAntrika siddhAnta, yuddha prakriyA evaM loka-janajIvana ke mahattvapUrNa ullekha prApta hote haiM / (3) mahAsenakRta pradyumnacarita (974 I0 ) - pradyumnacarita ke racayitA mahAkavi asaga haiM / mahAkAvya ke anta 'zrI sindhurAjasatkavi mahattazrI paprpaTaguroH paNDitazrI mahAsenAcAryasya kRte' ke ullekha yaha pratIta hotA hai ki kavi ne sindhula ke mahAmAtya parpaTa kI preraNA se prerita hokara isa mahAkAvya kI racanA kI hogI / nemicandra zAstrI kA vicAra hai ki mahAsena kisI na kisI rUpa meM muMja tathA sindhula se sambaddha the / yaha sUcanA pradyumnacarita kI prazasti se prApta hotI hai / isa kAraNa muMja ( 674 I0) ke samakAlika hone ke kAraNa mahAsena kA samaya par3atA hai / 974 I0 mAnanA ucita jAna pradyumnacarita mahAkAvya meM caudaha sarga haiM / mahAkAvya ke pratipAdya viSayoM ke anurUpa varNya viSaya nibaddha kie gae haiN| pradyumnacarita ke nAyaka pradyumna haiM / jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra pradyumna 24 kAmadevoM meM se eka hai / pradyumnacarita kI kathA paurANika hai tathA yaha mahAkAvya bhI paurANika zailI meM nibaddha mahAkAvya hai / azvaghoSa ke saundarananda evaM buddhacarita, kAlidAsa ke meghadUta evaM kumArasambhava, bhAravi ke kirAta evaM mAgha ke zizupAlavadha se pradyumnacarita prabhAvita hai / 1. dvisandhAna, 3.36

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja (4) vIranandikRta candraprabhacarita (970-675 I0)-- candraprabhacarita ke racayitA vIranandi haiM / candraprabha kI prazasti ke anta meM vIranandi ko prAcArya abhaya nandi kA ziSya batAyA gayA hai / ' vAdirAja (1025 I0) ne pArzvanAthacarita meM candraprabhacarita ke nAmollekha sahita vIranandi kI prazaMsA kI hai / ataH vIra nandi kA samaya 1025 I0 pU0 nizcita hai| gommaTasAra kI racanA vAGgavaMzIya rAjArAmabala ke pradhAnamantrI cAmuNDarAya se prerita hone ke kAraNa, tathA cAmuNDarAya dvArA zravaNabelagolA kI gommaTa svAmI kI pratimA kI 13 mArca 681 meM sthApanA hone ke kAraNa, prastuta mahAkAvya kA racanAkAla 670975 ke madhya mAnA gayA hai / candraprabha carita meM 18 sarga haiN| prArambha meM maGgalAcaraNa ke anantara sajjanaprazaMsA evaM durjanAbhinandana kiyA gayA hai|4 candraprabhacarita mahAkAvya meM mahAkAvya viSayaka sabhI lakSaNa pUrNataH caritArtha hote haiN| (5) asagakRta vardhamAnacarita (988 I.) mahAkavi asagakRta vardhamAnacarita mahAkAvya kI prazasti ke anusAra isa mahAkAvya kA racanA kAla zaka saMvat 110 arthAt 182 I0 ullikhita hai|5 kahA jAtA hai ki mahAkavi asaga ne cola rAja zrInAtha ke rAjyakAla meM lagabhaga pATha granthoM kI racanA kI thI unameM vardhamAna carita bhI eka thaa| dUsare, DA0 nemicandra zAstrI mahodaya ke matAnusAra asaga ne haricandra ke dharmazarmAbhyudaya (10vIM zatI) kA anusaraNa kiyA thaa| ina sabhI pramANoM ke AdhAra para vardhamAnacarita mahAkAvya kA racanAkAla 688 IsvI arthAt dasavIM zatAbdI honA samucita jAna par3atA hai| vardhamAna carita mahAkAvya meM kula 18 sarga haiM tathA isameM vardhamAna mahAvIra kA jIvanacaritra citrita kiyA gayA hai| mahAkAvya ke nAyaka mahAvIra haiM tathA 1. candraprabhacarita, prazasti, padya-1 2. candraprabhAbhisambaddhA rasapuSTA manaH priyam / kumudvatIva no dhatte bhAratI vIranandinaH ||-paarv0, 1.30 3. nemicanda zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0, pR0 77 4. candra0 1.1-8 5. tu0-saMvatsare dazanavottarayukte--vardha0, 18.104 6. dharma0 10.11 tathA varSa0, 5.5 7. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0, pR0 136

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya pratinAyaka vizAkhanandi / nAyaka ke sabhI udAtta guNa bhagavAn mahAvIra meM pAe jAte haiN| mahAvIra evaM vizAkhanandi kA kaI janmoM taka virodha dikhAyA gayA hai jisake pariNAma svarUpa kavi ne saphalatA se vizAkhanandi kA pratinAyaka ke rUpa meM citraNa kiyA hai| mahAkAvya meM deza, vana, vasanta, sandhyA, prabhAta, parvata, samudra, dvIpa tathA vivAha, sambhoga, rAjamantraNA, dUtapreSaNa, yuddhaprayANa evaM yuddhavarNana Adi varNya viSayoM kA saphalatA se aGkana kiyA gayA hai / (6) haricandrakRta dharmazarmAbhyudaya (10vIM zatI I0) haricandrakRta dharmazarmAbhyudaya kA sthitikAla sunizcita nahIM hai / zrI nAthUrAma premI dvArA dI gaI sUcanA ke anusAra pATana kI dharmazarmAbhyudaya kI pratilipi (san 1230 I0) ke anta meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki vi0 saM0 1287 meM haricandrakRta dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya kI pratilipi ratnAkarasUri ke AdezAnusAra kIrticandra gaNi dvArA likhI gaI / ' isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 1230 I0 se pUrva dharmazarmAbhyudaya kI racanA ho cukI thii| paM0 kailAza candra zAstrI mahodaya ne dharmazarmA0 para candraprabha0 tathA hemacandra ke yogazAstra ke prabhAva ko dikhAte hue haricandra kA samaya vi0 saM0 1200 (1143 I0) nirdhArita kiyA hai / 2 zrI amRtalAla zAstrI ne bhI paM kailAzacandra jI kA samarthana kiyA hai / DA0 nemicandra zAstrI kA mata hai ki varSamAna carita (688 I.) ke lekhaka asaga ne haricandra ke dharmazarmAbhyudaya kA anusaraNa kiyA hai, na ki haricandra ne asaga kaa| unake anusAra dharmazarmA0 se naiSadhacarita bhI prabhAvita huA hai / ataH dharmazarmAbhyudaya kA samaya 10vIM zatAbdI I0 rahA hogaa| dharmazarmAbhyudaya meM 21 sarga haiN| 'dharma' tathA 'zarma' arthAt zAnti kA 'amyudaya' mahAkAvya kA mukhya uddezya hai ataH isakA nAmakaraNa bhI 'dharmAzarmAbhyudaya' kiyA gayA hai| dharmazarmAbhyudaya ko nemicandra zAstrI ne zAstrIya mahAkAvya kI saMjJA dI hai| mahAkAvya ke lakSaNoM ke anusAra isakA prArambha maGgalAcaraNa se hotA hai / pUrva kavi prazaMsA, sajjanazlAghA evaM durjana nindA kI carcA mahAkAvya ke prArambha meM kI gaI hai| mahAkAvya ke varNya-viSaya haiM-nagaravarNana, parvata varNana, prabhAta varNana, sandhyAvarNana, Rtu varNana, kumArodaya, vivAha, pAnagoSThI, surata varNana, salila krIr3A, Adi / niHsandeha dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya eka utkRSTa sarasa kAvya hai jisameM kavi ne aneka sthAnoM para kautukAvaha tattvoM kA sundaratA se vinyAsa kiyA hai| sajjana prazaMsA 1. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0, pR0 235, pAda Ti0 6 2. anekAnta, varSa 8, kiraNa 10-11, pR0 376-382 3. jaina sandeza, zodhAMka, 7, mathurA 1660, pR0 250-54

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja sajjana prazaMsA durjana nindA tathA kathAnaka meM kautukAvaha sthaloM kA vinyAsa karanA vAstava meM kathA evaM prAkhyAyikA ke pramukha tattva the jo bAda meM saMskRta jaina mahAkAvyoM meM bhI samAviSTa ho gae the / dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya isa dRSTi se eka Adarza evaM utkRSTa mahAkAvya kahA jA sakatA hai / 56 (7) vAdirAjasUrikRta pArzvanAthanAthacarita (1025 I0 ) - mahAn dArzanika vAdirAja ne teIsaveM tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha ke caritra ko AdhAra mAnakara zaka saMvat 147 (1025 I0 ) meM pArzvanAtha carita kI racanA kI / ' prameyakamalamArtaNDa tathA nyAyakumudacandra jaise mahAn dArzanika granthoM ke racayitA prabhAcandra ke ve samakAlika the / vAdirAja ke anya kAvya yazodharacarita meM dakSiNa bhArata ke solaGkI vaMza ke rAjA jayasiMha prathama ( 1016-1042 I0) kA zrapratyakSa rUpa se ullekha bhI huA hai / jayasiMha ke rAjyakAla meM hI vAdirAja ne yazodhara carita kI racanA bhI kI thI / pArzvanAtha carita 12 sargoM kA paurANika zailI meM racA huA mahAkAvya hai / zAstrAnusAra maGgalAcaraNa se prArambha hue isa mahAkAvya meM nagara, vana, parvata, nadI, samudra, prAtaHkAla, sAyaGkAla, sUryodaya, candrodaya Adi ke varNanoM ke atirikta janma, vivAha, sainika prayANa tathA yuddha ke varNana bhI prApta hote haiM / mahAkAvya kA nAyaka pArzvanAtha apane aneka janmoM se vicaraNa karatA huA satata rUpa se apane vyaktitva ko unnata karane meM prayatnazIla rahatA hai / kula milAkara pArzvanAtha' kA caritra dhIrodAtta nAyaka ke tulya hai / (8) vAgbhaTakRta neminirvANa (1075 - 1125 I0 ) - vAgbhaTa racita neminirvAraNa mahAkAvya ke racanAkAla ke sambandha meM vAgbhaTAlaGkAra ke lekhaka vAgbhaTa dvitIya ke mAdhyama se vizeSa sahAyatA milatI hai / vAgbhaTa prathama ke neminirvANa mahAkAvya ke lagabhaga Adhe darjana padyoM ko vAgbhaTa dvitIya ne apane vAgbhaTAlaGkAra meM jyoM kA tyoM uddhRta kiyA hai| isa prakAra neminirvANa vAgbhaTAlaGkAra se pUrva viracita ho cukA thA / vAgbhaTa dvitIya cAlukya rAjA 1. tu0 'zAkAbde nagavAdhirandhragaNane saMvatsare krodhane mAse kArttikanAmni buddhimahite zuddha tRtIyAdine' - pArzvanAthacarita, prazasti-5 2. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0, pR0 174 3. neminirvANa, sampA0 zivadattazarmA tathA kAzInAtha pANDuraGga paraba, mudrakapANDuraGga jAvajI, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, dvitIya saMskaraNa, 1936

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya jayasiMha deva ke rAjyakAla meM hue the / ' pro0 bUlara ne jayasiMha deva kA rAjyakAla vi0 saM0 1150-1166 taka nirdhArita kiyA hai / 2 hemacandra ke dvayAzraya mahAkAvya se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki vAgbhaTa cAlukya vaMzIya karNadeva ke putra the tathA rAjA jayasiMha deva ke amAtya the| ataH ina sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para DA0 nemicandra zAstrI mahodaya ne neminirvANa mahAkAvya kA racanAkAla 1127 I0 se pUrva hone kI sambhAvanA para bala diyA hai| dharmazarmAbhyudaya ke katipaya padyoM kA vAgbhaTa ke neminirvANa meM prabhAva dekhe jAne ke kAraNa nemicandra mahodaya ne neminirvANa mahAkAvya kI nizcita samayAvadhi 1075.1125 I0 nirdhArita kI hai / / neminirvANa mahAkAvya meM kula 15 sarga haiM jinameM tIrthaGkara neminAtha kA caritra citrita kiyA gayA hai / prArambha meM caubIsa tIrthaGkaroM ko namaskAra kiyA gayA hai| sandhyA , prabhAta, parvata, vana, nadI, nagara, samudra Adi varNanoM se yukta isa mahAkAvya meM yuddha, senA-prayANa prAdi vIratApUrNa varNanoM kA abhAva hai| inake atirikta mahAkAvya meM vivAha, kumArodaya, madhupAnagoSThI, salilakrIDA, munivarNana Adi varNyaviSaya vizeSa rocaka haiN| (9) hemacandrakRta dvayAzraya (12vIM zatI I0) hemacandrasUri dvArA racita dvayAzraya mahAkAvya ke 'cAlukya vaMzotkIrtana' tathA 'kumArapAlacarita' apara nAma bhI prasiddha haiM / 5 dvayAzraya mahAkAvya ke praNayana ke do pramukha lakSya the / prathama saMskRta vyAkaraNa kA paricaya denA evaM dvitIya cAlukya vaMza kA kathA varNana karanA / dvayAzraya mahAkAvya ke prathama bIsa sargoM kI bhASA saMskRta hai tathA antima ATha sarga prAkRta meM likhe gae haiN| saMskRta bhAga 'dvayAzraya' tathA prAkRta bhAga 'kumArapAlacarita' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / isa prakAra saMskRta tathA prAkRta donoM bhASAoM meM likhe jAne ke kAraNa athavA vyAkaraNa tathA kAvya donoM zAkhAoM para Azrita hone ke kAraNa isakA 'dvayAzraya' nAma sArthaka hI hai| hemacandra kA cAlukya 1. Buhlar, The Life of Hemacandracarya, Santini ketan, 1936, p. 12 2. dvayAzraya, 20.61, 62 3. vahI, 20.61, 62 4. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya pR0 283 5. Kavyanusasana of Acarya Hemacandra, ed. by Parikh, R.C., and Kulkarni, V.M., Bombay, 1964, p. 62

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kumArapAla ke samakAlika hone ke kAraNa dvayAzraya mahAkAvya kA racanA kAla 12vIM zatI IsvI nizcita hai| dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM mahAkAvya ke sabhI lakSaNa caritArtha hote haiN| prAyaH vidvAn ise pUrNataH aitihAsika mahAkAvya na mAnakara arddha-aitihAsika mahAkAvya svIkAra karate haiM / muni zrI jina vijaya ke anusAra kumArapAla ke jIvana-sambandhI vRttAntoM kI jAnakArI ke lie yadyapi dvayAzraya mahAkAvya kI prAmANikatA sandehAtIta hai tathApi kumArapAla ke jIvana va rAjya kI sabhI aitihAsika ghaTanAoM kA isameM ullekha nahIM pAyA hai / (10) abhayadevadevasUrikRta jayantavijaya (1221 I0) abhayadevasUri kRta jayantavijaya mahAkAvya kA samaya sunizcita hai| kavi ne kAvya ke anta meM dI jAne vAlI prazasti meM racanA kAla kA bhI nirdeza kiyA hai| isa prazasti ke anusAra abhayadeva kA samaya terahavIM zatAbdI I0 tathA japanta vijaya mahAkAvya kA samaya 1221 I0 ThaharatA hai / tIrthaGkaroM evaM sarasvatI devI kI stuti se mahAkAvya prArambha hotA hai / nagara varNana, sarovara varNana, Rtu varNana, yuddha, mantraNA,1deg evaM yuddha prayANa11 Adi varNanoM se mahAkAvyocita varNya viSayoM kA sundara vinyAsa kiyA gayA hai| sthAna-sthAna para kavi ne apanI kAvya viSayaka mAnyatAoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA 9. Kavyanusasana of Acarya Hemacandra, ed. by Parikh, R.C., and Kulkarni, V.M., p. 61 R. Narang, S.P. Hema Candra's Dvyasrayakavya, Delhi, 1972, pp. 46-52 3. muni jinavijaya, rAjarSi kumArapAla, pR0 2 4. tu0-dikkarikulagiridinakara (1278) parimita vikrama narezvarasabhAyAm / dvAviMzatizatamAna zAstramidaM nirmitaM jayatu // -jayantavijaya, prazasti-10 5. jayanta0, 1.1-7 6. vahI, sarga-1 7. vahI, sarga-1, tathA 8 8. vahI, sarga 7 6. vahI, sarga-10 10. vahI, sarga-7 11. vahI, sarga-11

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sAhitya samAja zraura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya 5ha hai / ' kula milAkara jayanta vijaya mahAkAvya rasa- alaGkAra ke saphalatA pUrvaka niyojana meM tathA nATakIya paMcasandhiyoM ke vinyAsa meM bhI saphala rahA hai / mahAkAvya kA kathAnaka adhikAMza rUpa se kavi kI kalpanA kA pariNAma hai phira bhI isakA zilpavidhAna paurANika mahAkAvyoM kI paramparA ke anurUpa hI vikasita huA hai / (11) vastupAlakRta naranArAyaNAnanda mahAkAvya ( 13vIM zatI I0 ) - mahAmAtya vastupAla kRta naranArAyaNAnanda mahAkAvya kI racanA saMbhavataH san 1230-31 I0 meM huI hogI / vastupAla ne san 1221, 1234, 1235, 1236 aura 1237 I0 meM giranAra ke lie yAtrA saMgha nikAle the / 2 16 sargoM vAle naranArAyaNAnanda mahAkAvya kA prArambha dvArAvatI nagara ke varNana se huA hai / mahAkAvya ke varNya viSayoM meM nagara, Rtu, sUryodaya, candrodaya, vana, surApAna, ratikrIr3A, jalakrIr3A, puSpAvacaya, vivAha, vipralambha, sainya niveza, yuddha varNana Adi pramukha haiM / bhAravi ke kirAtArjunIya ke samAna mahAkAvya ke caturdaza sarga meM ekAkSara, dvayakSara tathA gomUtrikA, muraja, sarvatobhadra, khaDgabandha Adi vividha citrakAvyoM kI yojanA kI gaI hai / 3 mahAkAvya meM arjuna, zrIkRSNa, subhadrA, balarAma Adi pramukha pAtra haiM / arjuna mahAkAvya kA nAyaka hai aura balarAma pratinAyaka / (12) amaracandrakRta padmAnanda mahAkAvya ( 13vIM zatI I0 ) - mahAkavi amaracandrasUri gurjarezvara vIsaladeva ke sabhApaNDita the / vIsaladeva kA rAjyakAla 1243-1261 I0 thA / 4 mahAmAtya vastupAla tathA amaracandrasUri samakAlika the / isake atirikta pATaNa ke TAMgadiyAvAr3A ke jaina mandira meM amaracandrasUri kI pratimA vidyamAna hai jo saMbhavataH inakI mRtyu ke uparAnta lagAI gaI thI / usa pratimA meM utkIrNa lekha ke anusAra bhI zramaracandrasUri kI mRtyu 1262 1. tu0 - mahAkavInAmapi navyakAvye doSAH kadAcit kila saMbhaviSNuH / pramAdanidrodayamudrayA hi kroDIkriyante sudhiyAM dhiyo'pi // jayanti te satkavayo yaduktyA bAlA api zrIkhaNDavAsena kRtAdhivAsAH zrIkhaNDatAM 2. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0, pR0 330 3. naranArAyaNAnanda, sarga - 14 4. padmAnanda mahAkAvya, bhUmikA, pR0 34 syuH kavitApravINAH / yAntyapare'pi vRkSAH // - jayanta0, 1.6; 1.17

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maina saMskRta mahAkAyoM meM bhAratIya samAja I0 ke pUrva hI ho cukI thii|' ina tathyoM ke AdhAra para amaracandrasUri kA samaya terahavIM zatI kA uttarArdha nizcita hotA hai| isa mahAkAvya meM 16 sarga haiM jinameM mahaccarita ke rUpa meM RSabhadeva kA jIvana caritra 12 bhavoM meM aGkita kiyA gayA hai / mahAkAvya kA prArambha maMgalastuti se huA hai| nagara-vana-parvata, SaD-Rtu, prabhAta, sandhyA , sUryodaya, candrodaya, nadI-samudra, yuddha, evaM mantraNA prAdi varNanoM se panAnanda mahAkAvya meM mahAkAvya ke lakSaNa caritArtha hote haiN| padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM apane yuga kI sAMskRtika cetanA ke tattva bhI surakSita haiN| (13) somezvaradevakRta kItikaumudI (13vIM zatI I0) aitihAsika mahAkAvya kIrtikaumudI ke lekhaka mahAkavi somezvara haiM / sargAnta meM nirdiSTa puSpikA ke anusAra yaha dyotita hotA hai ki . somezvara gUrjara rAjAroM ke rAja-purohita bhI the| 1255 I0 ke mAuNTa Abu sthita bhagnAkSara zilAlekha se bhI isa tathya kI puSTi hotI hai / somezvara ne bhI svayaM ko dhavalakkaka ke lavaNaprasAda kA purohita batAyA hai|4 kAThavATe mahodaya ke niSkarSAnusAra somezvara aNahilavADapaTTaNa ke rAjA bhImadeva tathA DholkA ke lavaNaprasAda ke rAja-purohita the / jaina amAtya vastupAla ne somezvara ko rAjya saMrakSaNa diyA huaA thaa| somezvara ne bhI vastupAla ke parAkramoM evaM vyaktitva sambandhI vizeSatAoM se prabhAvita hokara prastuta mahAkAvya kA praNayana kiyA / 3. 1. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya. pR0 352, pAda0 Ti0 3 2. tu0 'iti zrIgUrjarezvarapurohitazrIsomezvaradevaviracite kIrtikaumudInAmni mhaakaavye-|' koti0, sarga 1, pR06 'Kathavate's Introduction to the first edition of Kirtikaumudi. -kIrtikaumudI tathA sukRtasaMkIrtana mahAkAvya, sindhI jaina granthamAlA, sampA0 muni puNyavijaya sUri, pariziSTa, pR0 56 4. vahI, pR0 46, pAda Ti0 2 5. vahI, pR0 46 6. vahI, pR0 46 7. tu0-vilokya vastupAlasya, bhakti cAtmani nirbharAm / zrI somezvaradevena tatsvarUpaM nirUpyate / / - kIrti0, 1.46 tathA 1.47

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya kIrtikaumudI mahAkAvya kA nAyaka mahAmAtya vastupAla hai / kAvya ke lekhaka vastupAla ke samasAmayika siddha hone ke kAraNa kItikaumudI mahAkAvya kA samaya 13vIM zatAbdI IsvI kA pUrvArgha nizcita kiyA gayA hai|' kIrtikaumudI mahAkAvya nau sau meM likhA gayA mahAkAvya hai| mahAkAvya ke lakSaNoM kI dRSTi se bhI isakA mahAkAvyatva puSTa hai| svayaM kavi ko bhI ise mahAkAvya kahanA abhISTa hai / maGgalAcaraNa ke prArambhika padyoM meM brahmA, ziva, viSNu, devoM tathA sarasvatI devI kI ArAdhanA kI gaI hai| pratipAdya viSayoM meM nagara varNana,4 narendra vaMza varNana,5 mantripratiSThA varNana, dUtasamAgama varNana, yuddha varNana, purapramoda varNana, candrodaya varNana,'' yAtrAsamAgama varNana' Adi vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya kahe jA sakate haiN| mahAkAvya kA nAyaka sadguNAzrita. vastupAla hai / ' 2 isa prakAra kItikaumudI mahAkAvya kA aitihAsika kalevara bhI mahAkAvya lakSaNoM ke anurUpa hI nibaddha kiyA gayA hai / (14) bAlacandrasUrikRta vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya' 3 (san 13vIM zatI I0) bAlacandrasUri kRta vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya eka aitihAsika mahAkAvya hai / isa mahAkAvya meM DholkA ke rAjA vIradhavala ke mahAmAtya bastupAla kI jIvana ghaTanAoM kA citraNa kiyA gayA hai| prastuta racanA vastupAla kI mRtyu ke uparAnta 1. kIrtikaumudI, pariziSTa, pR0 45-46 2. tu0 'somezvaradevaviracite kIrtikaumudInAmni mahAkAvye / ' -puSpikA, kIrti0, sarga 1 3. kIti0, 1.1-6 4. vahI, sarga-1 5. vahI, sarga-2 6. vahI, sarga-3 7. vahI, sarga-4 8. vahI, sarga 5 6. vahI, sarga-6 10. vahI, sarga-7 11. vahI, sarga-6 12. vahI, 1.46-47 13. vasantavilAsa, sampAdaka-sI0 DI0 dalAla, gAyakavAr3a proriyaNTala sorIz2a, bar3audA, 1917

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62 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja nirmita huI' ata: vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya saMvat 1296 (1236 I0 ) ke bAda kI racanA hai / isa prakAra vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya kA samaya IsA kI 13vIM zatI honA samucita pratIta hotA hai / 3 mahAkAvya sarasvatI kI vandanA se prArambha hotA hai / isameM kula 14 sarga haiM | pratipAdya viSaya kI dRSTi se mahAkAvya meM rAjadhAnI - nagara varNana, 5 Rtu varNana, 6 sUryodaya, 7 candrodaya varNana, yAtrA varNana, keli varNana, 10 mantraraNA 11 evaM yuddha 12 varNana prAdi citrita haiM / mahAkAvya kA nAyaka vastupAla dhIrodAtta evaM parAkramazAlI guNoM se yukta hai / 13 vastupAla kI vijaya yAtrAoM tathA sAmAjika evaM dhArmika kriyAkalApoM kI kIrtikaumudI, sukRtasaMkIrtana vastupAlacarita Adi aneka granthoM meM varNana prApta hotA hai / vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya bhI vastupAla sambandhI aitihAsika ghaTanAoM tathA tatkAlIna sAmAjika, dhArmika evaM rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM se avagata karAtA hai| somezvara kRta kIrtikaumudI evaM arisiMha kRta sukRtasaGkIrtana granthoM kA vastupAla kI mRtyu se pUrva saMbhavataH 1286 I0 se pahale hI nirmANa ho cukA thA / 14 tadanantara bAlacandrasUri ne vastupAla ke vyaktitva se prabhAvita hokara evaM uparyukta do granthoM se preraNA lekara prastuta mahAkAvya kA praNayana kiyaa| tInoM granthoM para tulanAtmaka dRSTi DAlane se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya ne adhikAMza rUpa se kIrti0 tathA sukRta0 se paryApta prabhAva grahaNa kiyA hai kintu ina donoM granthoM se prastuta mahAkAvya adhika vistRta hai / 15 1. vasantavilAsa, bhUmikA, pR0 1 tathA vasanta0 1.76 2. tu0 - samvat 1296 mahaM0 vastupAlo divaMgataH', vasantavilAsa, bhUmikA, pR0 8 pAda TippaNa- 1 3. vahI, pR0 11 4. 5. 6. vasanta 0; 1.1 vasanta 0, vahI, sarga - vahI, sarga - 6 vahI, sarga 8 vahI, sarga - 10, 13 10. vahI, sarga - 7 11. vahI, sarga - 3 7. 8. 6. sarga - 1 6 12 . vahI, sagaM - 5 13. vahI, 1.74-75 14. vahI, bhUmikA, pR0 1 15. vahI, pR0 6-10

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sAhitya samAja aura jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya (15) munibhadrakRta zAntinAthacarita mahAkAvya (14vIM zatI I0) zAntinAthacarita mahAkAvya ke racayitA munibhadra haiM / munibhadra ne zAntinAtha carita meM hI racanAkAla kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa prazasti ke ullekhAnusAra zAntinAthacarita kA racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1410 arthAt san 1353 I0 nizcita hai|' munibhadra ke viSaya meM bhI yaha prasiddha hai ki tatkAlIna bAdazAha phirojazAha tugalaka (1351-1388 I0) inakA bahuta sammAna karatA thaa| - zAntinAthacarita mahAkAvya 16 sargoM meM likhA gayA hai| 14veM sarga se lekara 16veM sarga taka kI kathAvastu kA sambandha tIrthaGkara zAntinAtha se hai / zAntinAthacarita meM mahAkAvya ke sabhI lakSaNa vidyamAna haiN| pratipAdya viSayoM meM sandhyA-varNana, prAtaH kAla varNana, sUryodaya varNana, Rtu varNana, parvata-vana-samudra Adi varNana, yuddha varNana, saMyoga viyoga varNana Adi mukhya kahe jA sakate haiN| zantinAthacarita bhI anya jaina mahAkAvyoM kI bhA~ti kAlidAsa, bhAravi, mAgha, azvaghoSa Adi ke mahAkAvyoM se prabhAvita hai| (16) nayacandrasUrikRta hammIra mahAkAvya (1400 I0) nayacandrasUrikRta hammIra mahAkAvya ke racanAkAla ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM matabheda hai / kavi naya candra tathA hammIra samasAmayika nahIM the| hammIra mahAkAvya meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki hammIra ne nayacandra ko svapna meM darzana die / isa ghaTanA se nayacandra sUri ko hammIra kI zaurya pUrNa gAthAoM ko mahAkAvya kA rUpa dene kI preraNA prApta huI / 4 zrIagaracanda nAhaTA ke pAsa eka hammIra mahAkAvya kI pratilipi surakSita hone kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai jisakA samaya vi0 sa0 1486 (san 1430 I0) hai| isa prakAra hammIra mahAkAvya kA samaya 1361 I0 se 1400 I. ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai / hammIra mahAkAvya meM caudaha sarga haiM / hindU devatAoM evaM jaina tIrthaGkaroM se sambaddha stuti se mahAkAvya kA prArambha huaA hai| yaha eka ullekhanIya vizeSatA hai 1. antarikSarajanauhRdIzvarabrahmavaktrazazisaMkhyavatsare / vaikrame zucitayojayAtithau zAntinAthacaritaM vyaracyata / -zAntinAthacarita, prazasti-17 2. vahI, prazasti3. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0 pR0 226 4. hammIra0, 14.26 5. nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, kAzI, varSa 64, pR0 67

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___ jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja ki nayacandra yadyapi jaina dharmAnuyAyI thA kintu hindU dharma ke lokapriya deva 'ziva' kI prArambha meM stuti karanA tathA apane mahAkAvya ke nAyaka ke rUpa meM cAhamAna vaMzIya hammIra ke udAtta evaM zauryapUrNa gAthA kA citraNa karanA kavi kI sahiSNutA evaM udAratA kA pratIka hai / mahAkAvya meM nagara, samudra, vana, prAtaHkAla, sandhyA, candrodaya RtuvarNana, putrotpatti, suratotsava, mantraNA, sainya saJcAlana, evaM ghamAsAna yuddha ke varNana hue haiM / hammIra mahAkAvya ko 'vIrAGka' kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / ' saMbhavata: yaha 'vIra' saMjJA dvayarthaka ho, prathama, hammIra ke vIratApUrNa kRtyoM kA pratIka rahA hogA, dUsare, kavi ne apane prAzrayadAtA 'vIram' ko prasanna karane ke lie 'vIra' zabda kA prayoga kiyA ho| isa prakAra 'lakSmya' 'thrayaGka' prAdi mahAkAvyoM se prerita hokara kavi ne hammIra mahAkAvya ko 'vIrAGka' kI saMjJA dI hai| niSkarSa ___ isa prakAra prastuta prastAvanA adhyAya meM do mukhya samasyAoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| prathama samasyA sAhitya meM sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke anveSaNa ke aucitya se sambaddha hai to dvitIya samasyA zodha prabandha ke mUla srota-granthoM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI paricayAtmaka pRSThabhUmi se sambaddha hai| ina donoM samasyAoM ko madhya rakhate hue jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke sAMskRtika adhyayana kI dRSTi se nimnalikhita tathyoM kA pratipAdana kiyA jA sakatA hai-- 1. sAhitya kI mahattvapUrNa vidhA mahAkAvya samAja-zAstrIya mUlyoM tathA yugona sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke prati sadaiva cetanazIla rahatI hai| 2. sAmAjika paristhitiyAM samAja kI rAjanaitika, bhaugolika, Arthika, dhArmika, zaikSika Adi vAtAvaraNoM se ekIbhUta hokara prabhAvita hotI haiN| 3. jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya bhI jaina saMskRti kI sAmudAyika varga cetanA se prabhAvita hokara nirmita hue haiN| 4. mahAkAvya vikAsa kI vizvajanIna pravRtti ke anurUpa hI prAcIna bhAratIya mahAkAvya paramparA samAjonmukhI dizA meM nirmita huI tathA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA bhI isI sandarbha meM mUlyAMkana kiyA jA sakatA hai| 5. 8vIM zatAbdI I0 se 14vIM zatAbdI I0 taka ke sAmantayugIna madhyakAlIna bhArata se sambaddha lagabhaga 16 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya mahAkAvya ke zAstrIya lakSaNoM kI dRSTi se saphala mahAkAvya hone ke sAtha-sAtha yugIna cetanA ke anurUpa sAmAjika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita the / ye jaina mahAkAvya madhyakAlIna bhAratIya samAja ke rAjanaitika, Arthika, bhaugolika, dhArmika, zaikSika, dArzanika prAdi vividha pakSoM para mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlate haiN| 1. cakrANaM kAvyametannRpatitatimude cAruvIrAGkaramyam / -hammIra0, 14.26

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dvitIya adhyAya rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 1. rAjanaitika zAsanatantra bhAratIya zAsana tantra prAcIna dharmazAstra ke granthoM meM 'rAjya' ke sambandha meM mahattvapUrNa carcA kI gaI hai| kauTilya kA arthazAstra eka vizuddha rUpa se rAjazAstra kA prathama grantha hai jisameM rAjanIti ke vividha tattvoM ko 'artha' se sambaddha karate hue rAjA evaM rAjya viSayaka mAnyatAoM ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya rAjazAstra kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai ki usameM sampUrNa rAjanaitika siddhAnta 'dharma' para hI AdhArita haiN| rAjanIti para 'dharma' ke isa gahare prabhAva se vyAvahArika evaM rAjatantra sambandhI siddhAntoM kA svatantra vikAsa nahIM ho paayaa| isa sambandha meM pI0 vI0 kANe mahodaya kI yaha dhAraNA rahI hai ki bhAratIya rAjazAstriyoM ne dharmazAstra Adi granthoM meM rAjA ke samakSa jitane bhI naitika Adarza rakhe haiM ve lagabhaga 2000 varSoM taka bhAratIya itihAsa meM eka DhA~ce ke rUpa meM gatizIla na hokara sthira hI rahe haiN|' yahAM taka ki bhAratavarSa meM videzI zaktiyoM ne bhI apane pAMva jamA lie kintu phira bhI yugIna cintaka 'rAjA' ke viSaya meM paramparAgata mUlyoM kI hI punarAvRtti karate rhe| bhAratIya rAjanaitika cintana kA mUlAdhAra 'rAjA' athavA 'rAjya' hai isalie Avazyaka hogA ki rAjya ke sambandha meM pahale Adhunika samAjazAstrIya paribhASAoM tathA vivecya yuga se pUrvavartI zAsana-tantra saMbaMdhI mAnyatAoM para eka vihaGgama dRSTi DAlI jaae| 'rAjya' viSayaka samAjazAstrIya dRSTikoNa - samAja zAstra ke anusAra samAja kI vividha saMsthAeM' va 'samitiyA~' hotI haiN| unameM se rAjya bhI eka pramukha 'saMsthA' hai jo vyavasthita saGgaThana ke rUpa meM 1. pI0 vI0 kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga-2, lakhanaU, 1965, pR0 666 2. draSTavya-prastuta grantha, pR0 6-8

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66 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja samAja ke mukhya uddezyoM ke siddhAntoM kA niyamana karatA hai| 'arastU' 'rAjya' ko 'samudAya' ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara isakA 'samAja' se abhinna sambandha mAnate haiN| 'samAja' gAMva, nagara Adi vividha samadAyoM se samagra rUpa se sambaddha rahatA hai jabaki 'rAjya' kA inase kevala mAtra rAjanaitika sambandha hI adhika hotA hai / ataH 'samAja' 'rAjya' se kahIM adhika vyApaka hai / ' prasiddha samAjazAstrI 'maikAivara' mAnate haiM ki 'rAjya' 'samAja' kI anya saMsthAoM' tathA 'samitiyoM ke samAna hI eka 'saMsthA' vizeSa hai jisakA mukhya uddezya samAja meM niyamana karanA hai / 2 bosAMkveTa ne 'rAjya' ko do arthoM meM prayoga kiyA hai| ye eka artha ke anusAra 'rAjya' ko 'rAjanaitika saGgaThana' samajhate haiM tathA dUsare artha meM 'rAjya' ko sAmAjika niyaMtraNa sambandhI eka aisI saMsthA' vizeSa bhI mAnate haiM, jo parivAra, dharma, zikSA, nAgarika adhikAra prAdi ke sambandha meM niyaMtraNAtmaka nirdeza detA hai / 3 'rAjya' kI yaha dUsarI paribhASA 'samAja' tathA 'rAjya' ke samAna prayojanoM kI ora iGgita karatA hai tathA samAja meM isakI vyApakatA ko bhI caritArtha karatA hai / 'rAjya' kI paribhASA karate hue kucha dUsare samAjazAstrI tathA 'bahutvavAdI' (plularisTa) vicArakoM kI mAnyatA hai ki 'rAjya kA sambandha sadA kucha rAjanaitika saGgaThanoM se rahatA hai ataH isako eka pRthak 'rAjanIti zAstra' kI kSetra-sImA ke antargata hI svIkAra karanA caahie| ina vicArakoM ke anusAra vyakti 'rAjya' ke adhikAra ke lie bahuta nirbala tathA asamartha hai kyoMki sadaiva 'rAjya' ko prApta karane ke lie eka bahuta bar3e saGgaThana, netRtva, yuddha-sAmarthya Adi kI AvazyakatA hotI hai jisake lie kucha 'rAjanaitika saGgaThana' hI samartha hote haiN| isa prakAra samAjazAstriyoM kA yaha dUsarA varga 'rAjya' ko samAja se pRthak mAnakara isakI pravRttiyoM kI ora adhyayanarata hai| vAstava meM dekhA jAe to 'samAja' se 'rAjya' ko bhinna mAnane vAle sAmAjika vicAraka madhyakAlIna yUropIya rAjya vyavasthA se bahuta prabhAvita the / 5 yUropa ke itihAsa meM rAjA ko Izvara kA pratinidhi mAnane sambandhI devI siddhAntoM kA rAjAoM ne durupayoga bhI kiyA thA tathA zakti prayoga dvArA sampUrNa samAja para niyaMtraNa pAnA caahaa| Adhunika yuga ke vicArakoM kI yaha dhAraNA hai ki ina rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM se samAjazAstrI bhI dabAva meM Akara yaha pratipAdita karanA cAhate the ki rAjAroM dvArA kie jAne vAle anucita daNDa 1. vizvanAtha varmA, rAjanIti aura darzana, paTanA, 1656, pR0 136 2. rAmanAtha zarmA, samAja zAstra ke siddhAnta, bhAga-2, pR0 318 / 3. Bosanquet, Philosophical Theory of the State, p. 149 4. Roucek, J.S., Social Control, New York, 1965, p. 80 5. vahI, pR0 80

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 67 prayoga Adi 'zakti-adhikAra' ke udAharaNa sarvathA rAjatantrIya haiM tathA 'samAja' ke prayojanoM se prerita 'samAjazAstra' ko isameM adhika hastakSepa nahIM karanA caahie|' eka bAra samAja jise bhI zAsaka kA adhikAra sauMpa detA hai to usake bAda yadi samAja use haTAnA bhI cAhe to nahIM haTA sakatA / yadi koI dUsarA zaktizAlI 'rAjanaitika saGgaThana' isa zAsaka ko padacyuta kara detA hai to punaH vahI zAsana kA adhikArI bana jAtA hai / isa prakAra 'rAjya' meM zAsakatva sAmarthya zakti se anuprerita eka yathArtha-tattva hai nyAya-tattva nahIM / 2 inhIM kucha vicAroM kI pRSThabhUmi meM 'rAjya' ko kucha samAjazAstrI rAjanItizAstra kA viSaya mAnakara isakI sAmAjika upAdeyatA ko zithila banAnA cAhate haiN| kintu dUsare sAmAjika vicAraka 'rAjya' ko 'samAja' ke sandarbha meM eka Avazyaka tattva mAnate haiM / isa sandarbha meM harabarTa spensara tathA mahAtmA gAMdhI jI ke 'rAjya' saMbaMdhI vicAroM kA ullekha kara denA prAsaGgika hogA / spensara sadaiva 'rAjya' tathA 'zAsana tantra' ke ghora virodhI rahe haiN| spensara kI mAnyatA hai ki samAja meM anaitikatA ko dUra karane kA kArya 'rAjya' kA hai aura yadi samAja meM anaitikatA na rahe to 'rAjya' kI koI AvazyakatA hI nahIM raha jaatii|3 gA~dhI jI ke rAma-rAjya kI kalpanA kA abhiprAya bhI eka 'rAjya' vihIna zAsana se thA / eka aisA zAsana jisameM lAkhoM karor3oM logoM kA koI bhI zAsaka nahIM hogA balki deza ke samasta nAgarika hI apane zAsaka svayaM hoMge / gAMdhI jI ke anusAra rAjya 'zakti kA saGgaThana' hai jo sadaiva nirdhanoM evaM zaktihInoM kA zoSaNa karatA hai isalie eka ahiMsaka samAja ke lie 'rAjya' sabase bar3A bAdhaka hai|4 pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne 'rAjya' ke sambandha meM aneka siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai jinameM se sAmAjika anubandha5, vikAsavAda, sAvayavavAda, devI adhikAra 1. mahAdeva prasAda, samAja darzana, kAzI, 1668, pR0 221 2. kiMgsale Devisa, mAnava samAja, anuvAdaka, gopAla kRSNa agravAla, ilAhAbAda, 1674, pR0 425 3. tejamala daka, sAmAjika vicAra evaM vicAraka, ajamera, 1661, pR0 104 4. vahI, pR0 351 5. tula0-kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga-2, pR0 563-64, tathA satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana vyavasthA aura rAjazAstra, masUrI, 1668, pR0 302 6. satyaketu, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana0, pR0 268 5. vahI, pR0 310

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 68 vAda' Adi siddhAnta vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya kahe jA sakate haiM - bhAratIya vicArakoM ke 'rAjya' viSayaka siddhAnta satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra mahodaya ne uparyukta 'rAjya' sambandhI samAjazAstrIya siddhAntoM kI bhAratIya dharmazAstra ke granthoM meM anviti biThAI hai jisase yaha siddha hotA hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya rAjazAstriyoM ne tAttvika dRSTi se bhI rAjya ke svarUpa para vicAra kiyA thA / prAcIna bhAratIya rAjanIti se sambaddha 'mAtsya nyAya', 3 'sAvayava siddhAnta' 4 tathA 'devI siddhAnta'" pAzcAtya siddhAntoM se bahuta kucha sAmyatA rakhate haiM / kauTilya ke arthazAstra kA rAja-zAstrIya cintana niHsandeha bhAratIya rAjanaitika vicAroM ke vikAsa ke lie bahuta mahattvapUrNa siddha huA hai / kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM rAja-vidyAoM ke prazna ko lekara matavaibhinya rahA thA jisakA kauTilya saMketa bhI diyA hai / ye vicAradhArAeM tIna prakAra kI thIM - 1. manu Adi dvArA trayI, vArtA, daNDanIti - tIna vidyAnoM ko hI rAjavidyA mAnanA, 2. bRhaspati Adi ke anusAra vArtA evaM daNDanIti ko hI rAjavidyA ke rUpa meM svIkAra karanA, tathA 3. uzanA Adi AcAryoM dvArA kevala mAtra daNDanIti ko hI rAja-vidyA ke rUpa meM grahaNa karanA / ina tIna vicAradhArAznoM ke prAdhAra para prAcIna bhAratIya cintakoM ne 'dharmapradhAna', 'arthapradhAna' tathA 'daNDapradhAna' rAjanIti ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / isa prakAra bhAratIya rAjazAstra ke granthoM meM mahAbhArata, dharmazAstra, purANa evaM smRti granthoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai / ina granthoM meM rAjanIti viSayaka feat siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana huA hai ve yugAnusArI- rAjya saMsthAnoM ke lie sadaiva anukaraNIya mAne jAte rahe haiN| Alocya jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA yuga aitihAsika dRSTi se madhya yuga kahalAtA hai / isa kAla meM bhI ina granthoM kI mAnyatAnoM kI mahatvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai| madhya yuga joki rAjanaitika cetanA kI dRSTi se 'sAmanta-yuga' bhI kahalAtA hai, kramazaH vaidika kAla, uttara vaidika kAla tathA sAmrAjya kAla (500I0 pU0 se 600 I0 taka) se uttaravartI hai / 1. kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga - 2, pR0 564 2. satyaketu, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana0, pR0 268-310 3. mahAbhArata, zAnti0, 66.16 4. zukranItisAra, 5.12.13 5. manu0 7.4 tathA matsyapurANa, 226.1 6. zyAmalAla pANDeya, bhAratIya rAjazAstra praNetA, lakhanaU, 1964, pR0 10

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA sAmanta yugIna madhyakAlIna 'rAjya saMsthA kA svarUpa-- lagabhaga sAtavIM zatAbdI se bArahavIM zatAbdI I0 taka ke bhAratIya itihAsa ko madhya-yuga kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai / ' rAjanaitika arAjakatA isa yuga kI vizeSatA hai| chaThI zatAbdI meM gupta sAmrAjya ke anta ke sAtha bhArata ke uttarI bhAga meM turkaaphagAnoM Adi AkrAntAoM ke zAsana sthApita hone prArambha ho gae the| rAjanaitika ekatA ke abhAva ke kAraNa sampUrNa bhArata choTe-choTe rAjyoM meM vibhakta ho gayA thaa| sAmrAjya kAla meM vidyamAna rAjanaitika ekatA tathA rASTrIya bhAvanA kA sthAna aba vaiyaktika zakti-saMvardhana tathA sAmantavAdI pravRttiyoM ne le liyA thaa| AThavIM sadI meM uttarI bhArata meM pAla, garjara-pratIhAra, karkoTaka Adi tathA dakSiNa bhArata meM rASTa kUTa, cAlukya, pallava, gaGga, cola Adi rAjavaMzoM ke apane svatantra rAjya sthApita hue tathA inhIM rAjyoM meM hI utthAna-patana hotA rahA / kabhI koI eka rAjavaMza zakti meM A jAtA thA to anya nirbala rAjyoM ko usakI adhInatA svIkAra karanI par3atI thii| prAyaH rAjA digvijaya ke lie prayANa karate the aura anya rAjAoM ko prAdhInatA svIkAra karane ke lie bAdhya karate hue vibhinna bheMToM, upahAroM Adi se koSa saMcaya karane evaM sainyazakti juTAne meM hI vizeSa prayatnazIla the / gupta vaMza ke kAla se hI sAmanta paddhati (phya Dala sisTama) kA bIjAropaNa ho cukA thA, pariNAmataH vivecya yuga meM sAmanta-paddhati pUre vega se vikasita ho rahI thii| yUropa ke madhyakAlIna itihAsa meM pAI jAne vAlI sAmantI pravRttiyAM bhArata meM bhI pratiSThita hone lagI thIM aura rAjanaitika jagat meM 'mAtsyanyAya' hI sarvopari bana cukA thaa| naitikatA evaM rAjazAstrokta prAdarzoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa isa yuga ko arAjakatA athavA andhakAra-yuga kI saMjJA bhI dI jAtI hai| sAmanta-paddhati ke kAraNa yaha sambhava hI nahIM ho pAyA ki rAjA prajA ke hitoM kI ora dhyAna de kyoMki usakI sampUrNa zakti tathA koSa kA upayoga AtmarakSaNa athavA sAmrAjya-vistAra para hI hone lagA thaa| isa yuga ke rAjanaitika vicArakoM meM smRtikAroM tathA nibandha-grantha-lekhakoM kA prAdhikya pAyA jAtA hai / ina vicArako ne bhI 'rAjanIti' ko koI nayA mor3a nahIM diyA apitu prAcIna dharmazAstroM ke vacanoM kI punarAvRtti mAtra hI kI hai| ina smRtiyoM ne jAtivAda, varNa-vyavasthA Adi sAmAjika saGkIrNatAoM kA vizeSa pracAra kiyA hai / phalataH rAjanaitika vAtAvaraNa kI rASTrIya pRSThabhUmi kA sthAna aba kisI saMskRti vizeSa athavA samudAya vizeSa ne le liyA thaa| brAhmaNa saMskRti tathA jaina saMskRti ko prazraya dene ke bahAne se hI kaI mahattvapUrNa rAjavaMzoM ne sAmpradAyika AdhAra para hI rAjya kiyA / pAlocya yuga kI 1. satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana vyavasthA aura rAjazAstra, pR0 270 2. kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR0 666

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7. jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAna inhIM rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM se prApta rAjanaitika varNanoM kA prAkalana kiyA gayA haijaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM zAsana taMtra viSayaka vicAra1. saptAGga rAjya zAsana taMtra ke sAta aGga svIkAra kie gae haiM-1. svAmI, 2. mamAtya, 3. rASTra athavA janapada, 4. durga, 5. koSa, 6. daNDa tathA 7. mitra / ' jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM siddhAnta rUpa se rAjya ke sAta aGgoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA haiN| dvisandhAna mahAkAvya ke TIkAkAra ne 'prakRtiSu saptasu sthiti:' kI vyAkhyA karate hue saptAGga rAjya ke antargata inhIM aGgoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai jo prAcIna rAjanIti-zAstrajJoM ko bhI mAnya the| 2. SaDvidha bala 'SaDvidha bala' kI vyAkhyA prAya: chaH prakAra kI senAoM ke rUpa meM kI jAtI hai| ye chaH prakAra kI senAeM haiM-(1) 'maula' (vaMzaparamparAnugata) (2) 'bhUta', 'bhRtaka' yA 'mRtya' (vetana bhogI senA), (3) 'zreNI' (vyApAriyoM yA anya 1. tu0-(ka) svAmyamAtyajanapadadurgakozadaNDamitrANi prakRtayaH / -arthazAstra, 6.1 (kha) svAmyamAtyo puraM rASTaM kozadaNDau suhRttthaa| saptaprakRtayo hya tAH saptAGgaM rAjyamucyate / / -manu0, 6.264 (ga) svAmyamAtyaH suhutkozo rASTra durga tathA balam / prAkRtaM saptakaM proktaM nItizAstravizAradaH // -kAmandakanIti, 4.1 2. tu0-(ka) mRtyAMzca mitrANyatha kozadaNDAnamAtyabargAjanatAM ca durgAn / -varAGga0, 26.40 (kha) aGgAni rAjyasya mahAtmanA svayaM, saptApi gopyAni sadA'pi mntrinnaa| -padmA0, 3.100 (ga) saptakaM sthirA'bhavat prakRtiSu saptasu sthitiH / -dvisa0, 2.11 (gha) rAjyaM na saptAGgamidaM vidhatte dharmANi puMsAM guNalAlasAntam / -zAnti0, 2.134

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA samudAyoM kI senA), (4) 'mitra' (mitroM yA sAmantoM kI senA), (5) 'amitra' (aisI senA jo kabhI zatru pakSa kI thI) tathA (6) 'aTavI' yA 'pATavika' (jaMgalI jAtiyoM kI senaa)|' SaDvidhabala' kI saMkhyA yA svarUpa meM antara bhI dekhane ko milatA hai / rAjA zambhukRta 'budhabhUSaNa' nAmaka rAjanItizAstra ke grantha meM maula, bhUta, zreNI, suhRd, dviSad, pATavika nAmaka jo chaH bheda mAne gae haiM unameM 'bhUta' vetana bhogI senA hai to 'zreNI' gamana mArga ke sthAna para niyojita senA kahI gaI hai / 2 sabhAparva meM caturvidha senA kA ullekha hai| jinameM 'zreNI ebaM 'amitra' kA ullekha nahIM hai| yuddhakANDa meM pAMca prakAra (zreNi rahita) kI senAeM vaNita haiN|4 vaizmpAyanakRta 'nItiprakAzikA' maula, vaitra, bhRtya, pATavika nAmaka caturvidha bala kA hI ullekha karatI hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 'SaDvidhabala' kI dhAraNA samaya aura paristhitiyoM kI dRSTi se pRthak rahI thii| vividha rAjya-vyavasthAoM meM isakI sthiti kiMcit prakArAntaroM se pracalita rahI thii| dvisandhAna ke anusAra rAjya ke 'SaDvidhabala' kA vizeSa mahattva hai| TIkAkAra nemicandra ne 'SaDvidhabala' kI vyAkhyA karate hue isake antargata (1) maula (2) bhRtaka (3) zreNI (4) prAraNya (5) durga tathA (6) mitra nAmaka cha: prakAra kI senAoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai / 7 candraprabhacarita meM uparyukta pAribhASika SaDvidha baloM meM se 'maula' 'pATavika' (pAraNya) 'sAmantabala' (mitra) ke ullekha dvisandhAna ke 'SaDvidhavala' ko zAsanatantrIya pAribhASika tattva ke rUpa meM spaSTa kara dete haiM / candraprabha0 ke TIkAkAra ne bhI 'maula' ke antargata mantrI, 1. kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga-2, pR0 677 2. tu0-'maulaM bhUtaM zreNi suhRd dviSadATavikaM balam'-budhabhUSaNa, 2.186 para uddhRta TIkA-"bhUtaM yAvadvibhavasthAyi / 'zreNi' gamanamArge sthAne nivezitam" 3. sabhAparva, 5.63 4. yuddhakANDa, 17.24 5. tu0-'caturvidhabalA camUH' nItiprakAzikA, 1.55 para uddhRta TIkA 'caturvidhabalA maula-vaitra-bhRtyATavikarbalayuktA' 6. dvisa0, 2.11 7. tu0--'tacca maulabhRtakazreNyadurgAmitrabhedam / ' -dvisa0 2.11 para nemicandra kRta padakaumudI TIkA, pR0 27 8. tu0--vidhAya maulaM balamAtmamUle sa nItimAnATa vikaM bahiH sthitam / ___ madhye ca sAmantabalaM balIyazcacAla cUDAmaNibhAsitAzaH // -candra0 4.47

Page #106
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja purohita, senApati, durgAdhikArI, karmAdhikArI, kozAgArika, daivajJa; 'pATavika' ke antargata zabara senA tathA 'sAmantabala' ke antargata mitra rAjAoM kI senA kI sthiti mAnI hai|' isa prakAra 'SaDvidhabala' kA ullekha sainika saGgaThana ke sandarbha meM kiyA gayA hai / 'zreNI' bala ke antargata una aThAraha tattvoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai jinakA sainyabala kI apekSA rAjya vyavasthA evaM saGgaThana kI dRSTi se adhika mahattva rahA thaa| nemicandrakRta pada kaumudI TIkA ke anusAra 'SaDvidhabala' kA svarUpa isa prakAra hai1. maula-vaMzaparamparAgata kSatriyAdi senA / 2. mRtaka5-padAti senA athavA vetana ke lie bharatI huI senA / 3. zreNI 6-senApati, gaNaka, rAjazreSThI, daNDAdhipati, mantrI, mahattara, talavara, caturvarNa (brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra), caturaGgiNI senA (padAti, azva, gaja tathA ratha senA), purohita, amAtya tathA mahAmAtya / kANe mahodaya ne zreNI bala ke antargata vyApAriyoM tathA anya jana samudAyoM kI senA ko svIkAra kiyA hai|' 4. pAraNya - bhIla Adi jaGgalI jAtiyoM kI senA / 50 prAyaH ise 'zabara'11 1. 'mantripurohitasenApatidurgAdhikArikarmAdhikArIkozAgArikadevajJA iti saptavidhaM maulaM balam / pATavikaM zabarabalam / sAmantavalaM rAjJAM balam / ' -candra0 4.47 para municandra kRta vidvanmanovallabhA TIkA, pR0 106 2. draSTavya-nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0, pR0 53 3. tu0-'zreNayo'STAdaza-senApatiH, gaNakaH, rAjazreSThI, daNDAdhipatiH, mantrI mahattaraH, talavaraH, catvAro varNAH, caturaGga-balaM, purohitaH, amAtyo, mahAmAtyaH |'-dvisndhaan 2.11 para nemicandrakRta padakaumudI TIkA, dvisandhAna, pR0 27 4. tu0-'maulaM paTTasAdhanam' -dvisa. 2.11, padakImudI TIkA, pR0 27 5. tu0-'bhRtakaM padAti-balam / ' -dvisa0, 2.11, pada0, pR0 27 6. dvisa0, 2.11 para padakaumudI TIkA, pR0 27 7. varAGga0, 11.63 8. pI0 vI0 kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR0 677 6. 'pAraNyamATavikam' -dvisa0 2.11, padakaumudI, pR0 27 10. nemicandra, saMskRta kAvya, pR0 531 11. tu0 'pATavikaM zabarabalam' -candra0 4.47 para vidvamano0, pR0 106

Page #107
rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 73 'pulinda', 'ATavika '; 'pArvatIya' 3 Adi bhI kahA jAtA thA / 5. durga 4 - durga meM lar3ane vAlI senA, jo prAyaH jaGgalI jAtiyoM se nirmita senA hotI thI / 6. mitra - sAmanta arthAt mitra rAjAoM kI senA / 7 zAsana tantra ke antargata uparyukta SaDvidha sainya bala kA vizeSa mahattva thA / 3. trividha-zakti mahAbhArata meM trividha zaktiyoM kA ullekha huA hai 15 ye trividha zaktiyA~ haiM-- 'utsAha', 'prabhu' evaM 'mantra' - zakti / 'utsAha' zakti ko vikrama bala, 'prabhu' zakti ko koza bala, evaM 'mantra' zakti ko jJAna bala kahA jAtA hai / kAmandaka ne aura adhika spaSTa karate hue tIna zaktiyoM ko paribhASA kI hai / SADguNya prAdi kA nIti nirdhAraNa 'mantra' zakti hai, koSa evaM sainya zakti 'prabhu' zakti kahalAtI hai tathA vijigISu rAjA kI sAmrAjya vistAra ke prati prakaTa kI gaI parAkramaNapUrNa kriyAzIlatA 'utsAha' zakti kA dyotaka hai| tIna zaktiyoM se yukta rAjA sadaiva vijayI hotA hai / 1deg jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhI rAjA ke lie uparyukta tIna zaktiyoM kI zrAvazyakatA para bala diyA gayA hai / candraprabha0 ke anusAra cakravartI ajitasena 1. tu0 pulindakAnAM vaNijAM ca ghoraM muhUrtamevaM samayuddhamAsIt / --varAGga0, 14.23 2. candra0, 4.47 3. jayanta0, 11.42 4. tu0 durgaMdhUlikoTTaparvatAdi, dvisa0 2.11, para pada kaumudI, pR0 27 5. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0, pR0 532 - dvisa0, 2.11 para pada kaumudI, pR0 17 6. tu0 - mitraM sauhRdam' 7. tu0 - 'sAmantabalaM rAjJAM balam' - candra0 4.47 para vidvanmano0, pR0 106 mahAbhArata, zrAzramavAsikaparva, 7.6 8. 6. tu0 - ' zaktistrividhA - jJAnabalaM mantrazaktiH, kozadaNDabalaM prabhuzaktiH, vikramabalamutsAhazaktiH / __artha0, 6.2 10. tu0 - maMtrasya zaktiM sunayopacAraM sukozadaNDI prabhuzaktimAhuH / utsAha-zaktiM balavadviceSTAM trizaktiyukto bhavatIha jetA / -- kAmandaka0, 15.32

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GX jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja trividhazaktisampanna rAjA thaa|' dvisandhAna varAGgacarita Adi mahAkAvyoM meM bhI tIna zaktiyoM kA ullekha huA hai| dvisandhAna ke TIkAkAra ne tIna zaktiyoM kI 'svaparavidhAyI' tathA 'vibhUti-hetu'-ina do vizeSatAoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai| dvisa0 TIkA ke anusAra zakti-krama isa prakAra pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai-prabhuzakti mantrazakti tathA utsAha zakti / (4) SADaguNya mahAbhArata, arthazAstra, manusmRti, zutra nItisAra prAdi rAjanItizAstra ke granthoM ke anusAra jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhI zAsana tantra ke 'sandhi', 'vigraha', 1. shktibhistisRbhirnvito'bhvdyH| -candra0, 7.66 tu0-zaktibhiH prabhUtsAhamantrazaktibhiH / --candra0 7.66 para vidvanmano0 TIkA, pR0 180 2. tu0-anArataM tisRSu satISu zaktiSu trivargyapi vyabhicarati sma na svayam / -dvisa0, 2.14 __ tu0-'utsAhamantraprabhuzaktiyogAjjayAnayodhyAdhipatiH kSitIzAm' varAGga, 16.60, 'tvaMcApi zaktitrayamabhyupetaH', 16.62, svAnmantriNo mantraguNapravINAn', 16.76 4. prAdipurANa, 8.253 / 5. tu0--'tisRSu zaktiSu prabhumantrotsAhalakSaNAsu svaparajJAnavidhAyinyaH prabhu mantrotsAhazaktirUpAstisraH zaktayo bhUbhRtAM vibhUti-hetavaH / uktaJcatistro hi zaktayaH svAmimantrotsahopalakSaNAH / svaparajJA vidhAyinyo rAjJAM rAjyasya hetavaH // ' __-dvisa0, 2.14 para pada0 TIkA, pR0 16 6. tu0-dvisa0, 2.11 para-'tathAcoktam-prabhuzaktirbhavadAdyA mantrazakti dvitiiykaa| tRtIyotsAhazaktizcetyAhuH zaktitrayaM budhAH / pada-kaumudI TIkA, pR0 203 7. zukra0, 4.1065-66 8. tu0 (ka) viditAribalA prayuJjate nanu SADguNyamudArabuddhayaH / -candra0, 12.104 (kha) sandhyAzrayasthAnaguNaH prsiddhiH| --varAGga0, 16.64 (ga) sukhAya sandhipramukhA guNAH SaT / padmA0, 6.16 (dha) yogakSemasyatayoH SaDguNAste yonistebhyaH / -dvisa0, 11.15 para 'te SaDguNA sandhivigrahayAnAzAsanasaMzrayadvaidhIbhAvalakSaNAH yoniH / ' -padakaumudI TIkA, pR0 204

Page #109
rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthAM 75 'yAna', 'Asana', 'saMzraya' tathA 'dvaidhIbhAva' ina chaH guNoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai / saMkSepa meM 'saMdhi' zrarthAt do rAjyoM ke madhya sauhArdapUrNa evaM zAntipUrNa sambandha, 'vigraha' arthAt yuddha, 'yAna' (athavA yAtrA ) arthAt yuddha prayANa tathA zatru rAjA ke nagara ko ghera lenA, 'Asana' zrarthAt yuddha kA kRtrima bhaya pradarzita karanA kintu svayaM ko asamartha dekhakara yuddha ke prati nirutsAhI ho jAnA, 'saMzraya' arthAt kisI anya zaktizAlI rAjA kI zaraNa lenA tathA 'dvaidhIbhAva' arthAt zatru se mitratA evaM zatrutA pUrNa dvividha sambandhoM kA pararASTra nIti kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva hai / ' varAGgacarita meM rAjA indrasena ke mantrimaNDala meM ina chaH nItiyoM kA vyAvahArika svarUpa vizeSa rUpa se ubhara kara AyA hai / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM ' SADguNya' ke dezakAlAnusArI prayoga kI AvazyakatA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / 3 saMbhavataH ' SADguNya' rAjanIti ke saiddhAntika pakSa para vizeSa rUpa se prakAza DAlatA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM 'sAma', 'dAna', 'bheda', 'daNDa', ina catuvidha upAyoM kA ' SADguNya' ke antargata hI antarbhAva ho jAtA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya rAjanIti zAstra ke granthoM meM tathA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM catuvidha upAyoM ko ' SADguNya' kI apekSA adhika mahattva diyA gayA hai / isake atirikta 'sAma', 'dAna' 'bheda', 'daNDa' ke vyAvahArika prayoga ke kramoM tathA yogyatA Adi ke viSaya meM bhI nirdeza prApta hote haiM, kintu ' SADguNya' ke viSaya meM isa prakAra ke prAyogika svarUpa para vizeSa prakAza nahIM gayA hai / (5) catuvidha upAya - rAjanIti zAstra ke granthoM ke nirdezAnusAra 'sAma', 'dAna', 'bheda' tathA 'daNDa' ina catuvidha upAyoM kA pararASTra nIti-nirdhAraNa meM vizeSa mahattva hai / 'sAma' ke 1. tu0 - tatra paraNabandhaH sandhiH / apakAro vigrahaH / upekSaNamAsanam / abhyuccayo yAnam / parArpaNaM saMzrayaH / sandhivigrahopadAnaM dvaidhIbhAva iti SaDguNAH / --artha0, 8.1.1-11 tathA vizeSa draSTavya - Jauhari, Manorama, Politics and Ethics In Ancient India Varanasi, 1968, pp. 192-99. 2. varAGga0, 16.50-75 3. dvisa0, 11.15, candra0, 12.104 4. mahA0, Adi 0 202.20; manu0, 8.168, artha, 2.10

Page #110
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja antargata do rAjyoM meM mitratApUrNa evaM paropakAritA kI bhAvanA rahatI hai / ' nirbala rAjA zaktizAlI rAjA ko upahArAdi se santuSTa kara 'dAna' nIti kA Azraya le sakatA hai / zatru rAjya ko nirbala karane ke lie vividha prakAra ke kie gae upAya 'bheda' ke antargata Ate haiN| 3 'daNDa' kA abhiprAya hai yuddha karanA / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM 'sAma', 'dAna', 'daNDa' tathA 'bheda' kA vizeSa ullekha pAyA hai| inake vyAvahArika prayoga kI dRSTi se prAcIna rAjanItijJoM kI mAnyatAeM rahI haiM ki 'sAma' 'dAna' 'bheda' ina tIna upAyoM ke asaphala ho jAne para hI rAjA ko 'daNDa' arthAt 'yuddha' nIti kA prayoga karanA cAhie / hammIra0 ke matAnusAra bhI 'sAma', 'dAna' aura 'bheda' 'dharma' 'artha' aura 'kAma' kI bhA~ti sevanIya haiN| inake asaphala ho jAne para 'mokSa' ke samAna 'daNDa' nIti kA prAzraya lenA caahie| varAGga carita ke anusAra rAjA ko sarvaprathama 'sAma', 'dAna' ke prayoga dvArA vyavahAra karanA cAhie tadanantara 'bheda' tayA 'daNDa' kA prayoga upayukta hai|" candraprabha0 ke anusAra bhI 'sAma', 'dAna' ke prayoga se siddhi na milane para bheda' tathA 'daNDa' kA prayoga karanA ucita hai| isa sambandha meM tarka dete hue candraprabha0 kA mata hai ki 'sAma' hI cAroM upAyoM meM sarvotkRSTa upAya hai, kyoMki 'dAna' se dhana hAni, 'daNDa' se senA-vinAza, tathA 'bheda' se mAyAvI hone kA apayaza prApta hotA hai isalie 'sAma' nIti hI sarvAdhika lAbhaprada hai| dvisandhAna mahAkAvya kI yaha 1. zukra0, 4.25, 28 2. zukra0, 4.25, 26 3. zukra0, 4.30 4. varAGga0, 16.54 5. dvisa0, 11.17, 16; candra0, 10.81; jayanta0, 11.7; padmA0, 10.75; hammIra 8.78 6. dharmArthakAmA iva sAmadAnabhedA: krameNava purA prayojyAH / sarvAtmanaiSAmasati pracAre dhAryA matirmokSa ivAtha daNDe / / -hammIra0, 8.78 7. varAGga0, 15.70 8. candra0, 12.76 9. ta0-dhanahAnirupapradAmato balahAniniyamena daNDataH / ayazaH kapaTIti bhedato bahubhadraM nahi sAmataH param / -candra0, 12.81 . m

Page #111
rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 77 mAnyatA hai ki rAjA sad-asad viveka dvArA 'sAma-dAna' Adi kA prayoga kare / ' cAroM upAyoM kA svatantra astitva hai; yathA 'sAma' se mitra prApti hotI hai tathA 'daNDa' se zatru prApti hotI hai; isaliye 'sAma' ke sthAna para 'daNDa' kA aura 'daNDa' ke sthAna para 'sAma' kA prayoga karanA yuktisaGgata nahIM / 2 'sAma' ke dvArA zatru kA pratIkAra, sambhava nahIM isalie guptacaroM dvArA zatrurAjya meM 'bheda' DAla dene se rAjya ko jItanA sugama ho jAtA hai| dvisandhAna0 ke vicAroM se aisA avagata hotA hai ki 'sAma-dAna', Adi kA krama se prayoga kara purAtana rAjanaitika mAnyatAoM kA anusaraNa karanA ucita nahIM hai apitu dezakAlAnusArI paristhitiyoM ke pariprekSya meM hI caturvidha upAyoM kA prayoga karanA cAhie / candraprabha0 meM bhI yuvarAja suvarNanAbha dvArA saiddhAntika nIti prayoga kI kaTu AlocanA kI gaI hai aura yathAparisthiti upAyoM ke vyAvahArika prayoga kI sarAhanA kI gaI hai| catuvidha upAya tathA pakSa-vipakSa Alocya yuga meM sAmantavAda kI uttarottara vRddhi hone ke kAraNa rAjanaitika jagat meM paryApta asthiratA ke darzana hote haiM / SADguNya' tathA caturvidha upAyoM ke prayoga kA Adarza mApadaNDa yadyapi siddhAntataH svIkArya thA tathApi vyAvahArika dRSTi se ina rAjanaitika siddhAntoM kA durupayoga bhI kiyA jAne lagA thaa| prAyaH uddaNDa rAjA sAmanta rAjAoM kI satata vRddhi evaM koza saMcaya karane ke lie 'daNDa' kA bhaya dikhAkara nirbala rAjAoM ko balapUrvaka apane adhIna kara lete the| varAGgacarita6 tathA candraprabha mahAkAvya meM isa prakAra caturvidha upAyoM kA durupayoga karane vAle rAjAoM kA varNana prApta hotA hai jo svayaM 'daNDa' prayoga ke lie asamartha the tathA bAda meM parAjita bhI ho gae tathApi unakI ora se hI sarvaprathama yuddha kA prastAva AyA thaa| donoM mahAkAvyoM meM varNita maMtrimaNDala ne ina uddaNDa rAjAnoM kI kaTu AlocanA kI hai| dUsarI ora alpa zakti vAle rAjAoM 1. dvisa0, 11.16 2. tu0-sAmnA mitrArAtipAto bhavetAM daNDe nAraM kevalaM naiva mNtrii| sAntve daNDa: sAma danDe na vahanerdAho'styekaH zaityadAho himasya / -dvisa0, 11.17 3. dvisa0, 11.16 4. draSTavya-candra0, 12.85-88 5. candra0 12.65-85; varAGga0, 16.61; dvisa0 11.17 6. varAGga0, sarga 16 7. candra0, sarga 12

Page #112
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja ke lie pararASTranIti nirdhAraNa karanA bhI duSkara hotA jA rahA thA kyoMki samIpavartI rAjyoM kI saMkhyA dina pratidina bar3hatI jA rahI thI aura yaha anumAna lagAnA kaThina ho jAtA thA ki ina rAjyoM meM kauna vAstavika rUpa se zaktizAlI haiM tathA kauna kevala mAtra dhamakiyoM dvArA koza evaM rAjya sImA kI vRddhi meM lage hue hai / " harSavardhana ke bAda bhArata meM ekacchatra rAjya ke sthAna para anekacchatra rAjyoM meM vRddhi hone lagI thii| ina rAjyoM meM kucha aise rAjya bhI the jo paramparA se kisI sAmanta athavA mahAsAmanta rAjA ke adhIna the kintu zanaiH zanaiH svatantra hote jA rahe the / ina rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM rAjA tathA maMtrimaNDala nIti - prayoga ke sambandha meM eka mata nahIM thA / vividha prakAra kI rAjanaitika vyAkhyAnoM dvArA rAjanIti ke maulika siddhAntoM ko spaSTa kiyA jAne lagA thA / mukhya rUpa se pararASTra nIti nirdhAraNa ke avasara para tIna prakAra kI rAjanaitika cetanAeM ubhara kara AI haiM - ( 1 ) yuddha kA samarthana karanA ( 2 ) yuddha kA virodha karanA (3) chala kapaTa pUrNa bheda nIti ke prayoga ke anantara yuddha karane athavA na karane kA nirNaya karanA / uparyukta tIna maulika vicAradhArAmroM ke pUrvAgraha ke kAraNa 'sAma', 'dAna', 'daNDa' kI vyAkhyA bhI prabhAvita huI hai / isa rAjanaitika pRSThabhUmi ko madhya rakhate hue catuvidha upAyoM kI sthiti isa prakAra bhI - 78 1. sAma -- pararASTranIti nirdhAraNa kI dRSTi se vizeSakara yuddha karane athavA sandhi karane ke vikalpoM meM sAma' ke samarthaka vicArakoM kA mata thA ki rAjA ko sadaiva 'sAma' ke prayoga dvArA zatru rAjA se sandhi kara lenI cAhie 3 cAroM upAyoM meM 'sAma' hI sarvotkRSTa upAya hai tathA dharma tulya hai / prAyaH 'dAna' se dhana 1. tu0 - ( ka ) zauryoddhatAvaprati kozadaNDI gRhIta sAmantasamastasArau / - varAGga0, 16.67 (kha) nijaiH samastAnabhibhUya dhAmabhiH samuddhatAn maNDalino'tiduHsahaiH / - candra0, 1.47 varAGga0, 16.7 (kha) na nAma prati sAmantaM tresuH ke saMghavRttayaH / dvisa0, 18.64 (ga) praNamanti madanvayodbhavaM tava vaMzyA iti pUrvaja sthitiH / --candra0, 12.11 2. tu0 - ( ka ) gRhIta sAmanta samastasAro | (gha) nanu khaDgabalena bhujyate vasudhA na kramasaMprakAzanaiH / -- candra0 12.31 3. candra0, 12.77 tathA varAGga0, 1653-57 4. tu0 - bahubhadraM na hi sAmataH param / 5, hammIra0, 8.78 -- candra0, 12.81

Page #113
rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA hAni, 'bheda' se apayaza prApti tathA 'daNDa' se sainya bala kI kSati hotI hai kintu' sAma' ke prayoga se kisI bhI prakAra kI hAni nahIM hotI / " rAjA ko svAbhimAna kI cintA kie binA uddaNDa tathA pratyAcArI rAjA ke sAtha 'daNDa' tathA 'bheda' kI nIti se vyavahAra nahIM karanA cAhie prapitu 'dAna' ke prayoga ke sAtha 'sAma' nIti kA prazraya lete hue zatru rAjA ko vizAla dhanarAzi, grAma-nagara-hAthI Adi dAna dekara prasanna karane kA prayatna karanA cAhie / 'sAma' kI uparyukta nIti se asahamata hone vAle pakSa kA vicAra thA ki kuTila vyakti ke sAtha kuTilatA kA vyavahAra hI samIcIna hai| vijigISu rAjA yadi uddaNDa prakRti vAle rAjA ke sAtha bhI dAsya bhAva niHsandeha vaha nindAgarhita prANI hai tathA usakA jIvana vyartha hai / 4 vyavahAra karegA to 2. dAna - 'sAma' nIti ko sudRr3ha prAdhAra dene ke lie 'dAna' kA prayoga kiyA jAtA hai / isalie siddhAntataH 'sAma' tathA 'dAna' yuddha virodhI nIti ke aMga 76 haiM 5 ataeva 'dAna' kI pakSa vipakSagata tArkika pRSThabhUmi 'sAma' ke samAna hI mAnanI cAhie / 'sAma' tathA 'dAna' meM kucha antara bhI hai vaha yaha ki samAna zaktizAlI rAjA kevala 'sAma' ke vyavahAra se yuddhAbhimukha ho sakate haiM kintu zaktizAlI tathA nirbala rAjAoM ke madhya 'sAma' ke sAtha 'dAna' kA prayoga Avazyaka hai / prAyaH digvijaya ke lie prayANa karane vAle rAjAoM ke mArgavartI rAjya yuddha se bacane ke 1. tu0 - dhanahAnirupapradAnato balahAniniyamena daNDataH / yazaH kapaTIti bhedato bahubhadraM nahi sAmataH param / / - candra0, 12.81 2. tu0 - dhanena dezena pureNa sAmnA ratnena vA svanena gajena vApi / sa yena yenecchati tena tena saMdheya eveti jagI sunItiH / - varAGga0, 16.57, tathA candra0, 12.76-7e 3. tu0 - paravRddhinibaddhamatsare viphaladveSiriNa sAmakIdRzam / sutarAM sa bhavetkharaH priyairavibhAvyaprakRtirhi durjanaH // - candra0, 12.85 4. candra0, 12.61-63 5. tu0 - sAma premaparaM bAkyaM dAnaM vittasya cArpaNam / bhedo ripujanAkRSTirdaNDaH zrI prANa saMhRtiH // - dvisa0 4.16 para padakaumudI TIkA, pU0 50 varAGga0, 16.53-57 tathA candra0, 12.81 6. kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR0 660-61

Page #114
80 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja lie vijigISu rAjA ko upahAra Adi dekara, 'dAna' se hI sandhi kara lete the|' 'dAna' ke samarthakoM kA mata thA ki rAjya-koSa kI kucha rAzi dekara athavA grAma prAdi dAna kara yadi rAjya kI prabhutA banI rahe to isameM koI hAni nhiiN|' dUsarI ora vipakSa kI yaha mAnyatA thI ki 'dAna' prAdi se rAjya ke koSa meM kSati hotI hai tathA zatru rAjA kA dhana-lobha sadaiva bar3hatA hI jAtA hai isalie 'dAna' nIti dvArA zatru kA pratikAra saMbhava nahIM / 3. meva-'bheda' nIti aAlocya yuga kI sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa nIti hai| bheda nIti ko rAjya ke mahAmantrI mAdi mahattvapUrNa adhikAriyoM kA vizeSa samarthana prApta thaa| mantrimaNDala dvArA maMtraNA karane ke uparAnta jo bhI nirNaya hotA thA vaha pUrNatayA bhedanIti para hI avalambita thA / abhiprAya yaha hai ki yuddha na karane tathA karane vAlI do rAjanaitika vicAradhArAtroM ke madhya sAmaMjasya sthApita karane ke lie 'bheda nIti' kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki 'bheda' nIti ke dvArA zatru ko nirbala karane ke uparAnta yuddha karane ke prazna para donoM pakSoM kA samajhautA ho jAtA thA tathA yuddha kI ghoSaNA kara dI jAtI thii| candraprabha0 meM varNita maMtrimaNDala kI carcA-paricarcA ke niSkarSAnusAra anta meM mukhyamantrI kA yaha nirNaya ki zatru ko eka mAsa ke anta meM abhISTa hAthI dene anyathA yuddha ke lie taiyAra rahane kA nirNaya bheda nIti para hI prAdhArita thA / ' candraprabha0 meM yahA~ taka svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki bheda nIti dvArA nirbala rAjA bhI zaktizAlI rAjA para vijaya prApta kara sakatA hai| bhedanIti tathA pralobhana-- hammIra mahAkAvya meM varNita alAuddIna kI rAjyasabhA meM maMtrimaNDala ke vicAra vimarza kI sthiti vidyamAna hote hue bhI alAuddIna ne sabhI rAja darabAriyoM 1. candra0, 16.25 2. varAGga0, 16.57 3. paravRddhinibaddhamatsare viphaladveSiNi sAmakIdRzam / candra0, 12.85 4. varAGga0 16.70-72, candra0, 12.106 5. vahI 6. tu0-kariNaM pradizAmi nizcitaM samaraM vAhani mAsapUraNe / -candra0, 12.110 7. amiyAtumataH prayujyate bhavato vRddhimataH kSaye sthitaH / prabhavetkhalu mAgyasaMpadA sahitaH sthAnagato'pyarAtiSu // -vahI0, 12,67

Page #115
rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA ko haTAkara ekAnta meM hammIra ke senApati ke sAtha gupta vArtA kii|' yaha gupta vArtA bheda kI nIti para AdhArita thii| alAuddIna ne ratipAla kA vizeSa svAgata kiyA tathA apane stara ke Asana para sthAna diyA / 2 rAjA ne ratipAla ko apanA prAzaya prakaTa karate hue kahA ki tuma raNathambhaura ke durga ko vijita karane meM merI sahAyatA karo to maiM tumheM hI usakA rAjA banA duuNgaa| isa prakAra ke pralobhana se Azvasta ratipAla rAjA alAuddIna kI kUTanIti kA zikAra bhI ho gayA / 4 tadanantara ratipAla ko aura adhika vizvasta karane ke lie alAuddIna ne use prIti bhoja diyA tathA antaHpura meM le jAkara apanI bahina ke hAthoM madirA-pAna bhI krvaayaa| isa prakAra alAuddIna ne bhedanIti dvArA ratipAla ko apane vaza meM kara liyaa| isI prakAra senApati ko bhedanIti dvArA apane vaza meM karane kA ullekha dharmazarmAbhyudaya meM bhI prApta hotA hai| rAjA dharmasena se svayambara meM vijaya prApta kara lene kI IrSyA se vahA~ pAe hue rAjAnoM dvArA dharma sena ke senApati suSeNa ko pralobhana dene ke prayAsa kie ge| dUta dvArA suSeNa se kahA gayA hai ki rAjA dharmasena kAyara hai tabhI vaha svayaM rAja kumArI ko lekara calA gayA hai aura tumheM senA kA dAyitva sauMpa gayA hai| tumheM cAhie ki tuma ina rAjAroM se mila jAgo badale meM tumheM apAra dhanarAzi milegii| isake viparIta yadi tuma dharmanAtha ke prati kRtaja banakara ina rAjAoM ke sAtha yuddha karate ho to tumhArI vijaya saMzayAspada hI hai| jItane para tumheM dharmanAtha puraskAra ke rUpa meM eka kambala se adhika aura 1. tu0-apavArya sabhAstArAn bhrAtRmAtradvitIyakaH / -hammIra0, 13.73 2. tu0-prAyAte ratipAle'tha sa mAyAvI zakezvaraH / upAvIvizadenaM svAsane'bhyutthAnapUrvakam / / arajayacca kUTena mAnairdAna ranekadhA / --hammIra0, 13.71-72 3. tu0-etad rAjyaM tavaivAstu jayecchaH kevalaM tvaham / -hammIra0, 13.77 4. hammIra0, 13.78-76 5. tu0-anantarantaHpuraM nItvA zakezastamabhojayat / ___apIpyata tadbhaginyA ca pratItyai madirAmapi / -hammIra0 13.81 6. dharma0 16.1-20 7. vahI, 16.7-8 . 8. vahI, 16.12.22

Page #116
82 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kyA degA ?' isa prakAra rAjAroM ne senApati suSeNa ko uccapada-dhana Adi ke pralobhanoM se bhedanIti kA prayoga karanA cAhA kintu ve asaphala rahe / suSeNa ne yuddha meM una sabhI rAjAnoM ko parAsta bhI kara diyA / 2 unase prApta apAra dhanarAzi rAjA dharmanAtha ke caraNoM meM samarpita kara dii| kintu rAjA dharmanAtha ne isa dhanarAzi ko dAna meM de diyaa| 4. daNDa-daNDanIti arthAt yuddha ke sambandha meM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM spaSTa rUpa se do virodhI vicAra-dhArAeM ubhara kara AI haiN| yuddha ke samarthaka pakSa kI yaha mAnyatA thI ki 'daNDa' prayoga hI sarvotkRSTa upAya hai; 'sAma-dAnAdi' zatru kA pUrNa pratIkAra karane meM asamartha hai|5 'daNDa' kA 'bheda' ke sAtha prayoga karane se 'daNDa nIti' ke prayoga meM asamartha rAjA bhI zatru ke zatru rAjAoM se mitratA kara evaM zatru ke mitra rAjAroM meM zatrutA utpanna kara 'daNDa' kA saphalatApUrvaka prayoga kara sakatA hai|6 rAjanaitika jagat meM prAyaH uddaNDa evaM sAmrAjyavAdI rAjA 'sAma-dAna-bheda' kI upekSA kara sIdhe daNDa prayoga dvArA samIpavartI rAjAoM meM bhaya evaM mithyA parAkrama se AtaGka phailAnA cAhate the| isalie caturvidha upAyoM ke 'sAma-dAna-bheda' tathA 'daNDa' ke kramAnusArI prayoga kI upekSA karane vAle ina rAjAroM ke Age natamastaka honA samIcIna nahIM rahA thaa| samaya kI ina paristhitiyoM ke kAraNa 'daNDa' prayoga zAstrAnumodita na rahakara samayAnusArI bana gayA thA / yuddha pakSapAtI varga ina paristhitiyoM meM 'sAma-dAna' kA bahiSkAra karate the aura 'bheda' tathA 'daNDa' ke prayoga ko prazasta mAnate the / yuddha karane kI AzaGkAmoM se bhayabhIta pakSa kI yaha 1. dharma0, 16.24 2. vahI, 16.64 3. vahI, 16.103 4. vahI, 19.104 5. varAGga0, 16.70, candra0 12.85 6. varAGga0, 16.73, candra0, 12.67-68 7. varAGga0, 16.15, candra0 12.34 8. tu0-candra0, 12.61-64 6. candra0, 12.83 10. tu0-kAlo vyatIto naradeva zAnto dAnAzrayasthAnavidhistathaiva / upasthitI saMprati bhedadaNDau tasmAdvaye dhatsva matiM na cAnyat // -varAGga0, 16.70 tathA nahi vajrarAyudhocite kramate grAvariNa lohamAyudham / / -candra0, 12.86

Page #117
rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 83 vicAradhArA thI ki yadi uddaNDa rAjA sIdhe daNDa kA bhaya dikhAkara badale meM kozAdi kI yAcanA karatA hai taba bhI rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha yuddha vibhISikA se bace aura zatru rAjA ko prasanna karane ke lie pratyeka saMbhava prayAsa kre| varAGgacarita kA prathama maMtrI, candraprabha kA purubhUti Adi aise maMtrI haiM jinheM yuddha ke prati udAsIna rahane vAle pakSa kA pratinidhi mAnA jA sakatA hai|' hammIra mahAkAvya meM hammIra ke kozAgArika 'jAhar3a' ne isI yuddha virodhI buddhi ke kAralA kRtrima-annAbhAva kA bhaya dikhAkara hammIra ko yuddha se vimukha karane tathA alAuddIna se sandhi kara lene ke lie vivaza karane kA asaphala prayAsa bhI kiyaa| saMkSepa meM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM yadyapi yuddha birodhI vAtAvaraNa ke darzana bhI hote haiM tathApi yuddha ke samarthakoM kA bahumata thA tathA yuddha hote the| 2. rAjya-vyavasthA rAjAroM ke bheda evaM upAdhiyA~ jaina paurANika mAnyatAoM ke anusAra prAyaH rAjAoM ke cakravartI, ardhacakravartI, maNDalezvara, ardhamaNDalezvara, mahAmANDa lika, adhirAja, rAjA, napati bhUpAla, prAdi bheda hote the / 3 mahAkAvyoM meM rAjA ke lie cakravartI,4 mANDa lika,5 nRpati,6 napa,deg urvIpati, bhUpa, bhUpAla,10 kSitIndra," 1. varAGga0, 16.54, tathA candra0 12.81 2. ta0-koze'nnaM kiyadastIti nRpaH papraccha jAhaDam / / . vadAmi yadi nAstIti tadA saMdhirbhaved dhruvam / -hammIra0 13.136-37 3. nemicandra zAstrI, AdipurANa meM, pR0 364 4. padmA0, 16.16 5. candra0, 1.45, 5.52, kIrti 2.65 6. varAGga0 16.16, candra0, 13.15, nemi0, 3.47 8. varAGga0 16.3, candra0, 13.32 8. varAGga0, 16.1 6. varAGga0, 16.12, candra0, 16.54, nemi0, 11.46 10. candra0, 16.36 11. varAGga, 16.4

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84. jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja vasudhezvara, narezvara,2 kSitipati, mahIpati,4 narapati,5 kSitibhuja, bhUbhuja, rAjA, sAmanta,6 Adi zabdoM kA vyavahAra hotA hai| rAjA ke lie prayukta hone vAlI ina saMjJAnoM meM se cakravartI tathA ardhacakravartI upAdhiyAM paurANika rAjAoM ke sambandha meM kahI gaI haiN| purANoM ke anusAra cakravartI bharata kSetra ke chaH khaNDoM kA tathA ardhacakravartI tIna khaNDoM kA svAmI mAnA gayA hai / 10 rAjA ke ke mahArAja, mANDalika, sAmanta Adi bheda sAdhAraNataH rAjA ke artha meM hI prayukta hote the kintu guptakAla se prArambha hone vAlI zAsana-vyavasthA meM ina saMjJAnoM meM rAjya zakti evaM dhana samRddhi ke AdhAra para pArthakya rahA thaa|11 udAharaNArtha'mahArAja' sAmAnya rAjA se kucha adhika rAjya kA svAmI hotA thaa| 'mANDalika' ke antargata bhI aneka rAjA evaM sAmanta hote the| 'sAmanta' jinheM prAya: 'rAjA' "mapati' Adi se bhI sambodhita kiyA jAtA thA, rAjAoM kI bhedaparaka saMjJA kI nyUnatama ikAI hote the / 12 sAtavIM zatAbdI se bArahavIM zatAbdI taka ke rAjasthAna ke pratihAra zAsanapraNAlI'3 tathA cAlukya zAsana vyavasthA14 para dRSTipAta kareM to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'rAjAdhirAjaparamezvara' 'mahArAja', 'mahArAjAdhirAja paramezvara', 'parama bhaTTAraka', 'mahArAjAdhirAja', 'paramezvara', cakravartI' Adi upAdhiyAM pracalita thiiN| rAjA kumArapAla ko 'mahArAjAdhirAja', 'paramezvara', 9 1. varAGga0, 16.21 2. varAGga0, 16.7, nemi0, 7.28 3. nemi0, 2.1 4. nemi0, 2.1, padmA0, 15 187 5. vasanta0, 2.15 6. kIrti0, 2.113 7. kIrti0, 3.1 8. varAGga0, 25.71 6. barAGga0, 16.6, dvisa0 18.114, candra0, 15.15, vasanta0, 11.1 10. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0, pR0 524 11. vahI, pR0, 524 12. triSaSTi0 2.1.240, candra0, 3.7, 5.52, varAGga0, 16.6 13. Sharma, Dashratha, (Gen. ed.), Rajasthan Through The Ages, Bikaner, 1966, p. 309 98. Majumdar, R.C., (Gen. ed.), The History and Culture of the Indian People-The Classical Age, Bombay, 1954, p. 353

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA mAdi 'samastarAjAvali', 'gurjaradharAdhIzvara', 'paramAhata', 'umApativaralabdha' upAdhiyoM se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai|' sAmanta paddhati madhyakAlIna rAjya vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM 'sAmanta' eka mahattvapUrNa pAribhASika zabda mAnA gayA hai / azvaghoSa kRta saundarananda (2.45) tathA kAlidAsa kRta raghuvaMza (5.28, 6.33) meM 'sAmanta' zabda kA isI pAribhASika artha meM prayoga huA hai / bANa ke harSacarita ke samaya taka sAmanta vyavasthA eka rAjanaitika pRSThabhUmi meM vizeSa rUr3ha ho cukI thii| Alocya yuga meM 'sAmanta paddhati' uttarottara vRddhi para thii| varAGgacarita meM mathurAdhipa indrasena tathA usake putra upendrasena dvArA samIpavartI sabhI 'sAmanta' rAjAnoM ko apane adhIna kara lene kA ullekha pAyA hai| ina 'sAmanta' rAjAoM ne bhI mathurAdhipa kI prabhutA zirodhArya kara lI thii| isI mahAkAvya ke eka mahattvapUrNa ullekha se tatkAlIna sAmanta vyavasthA kA zoSaNaparaka rUpa bhI sAmane AtA hai / prAyaH uddaNDa rAjA sAmanta rAjAoM se cApalUsI karavAte the tathA inakI senA tathA koSa para balapUrvaka adhikAra jatalAte the| sAmanta rAjA bhI aise uddaNDa rAjA ke sAmane apanA mastaka nahIM uThA pAte the tathA rAjA ko prasanna karane ke lie apanI prabhutA kA paTTA ina rAjAoM ke hAthoM se pahanate the / candraprabhacarita ke ullekhAnusAra rAjA padmanAbha ke rAjyArohaNa karate hI sabhI 'sAmanta' athavA mANDalika rAjAoM ne apanI kuTilatA tyAga kara padmanAbha ke Adhipatya ko natamastaka hokara svIkAra kiyA / 5 candraprabhacarita meM hI yaha bhI ullekha milatA hai ki yadi rAjA rAjyavyavasthA ko DhIlA chor3a detA hai to usake sabhI mANDa lika 1. lakSmI zaMkara vyAsa, mahAn caulukya kumArapAla, kAzI, 1962, pR0 64 2. vizeSa draSTavya-vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, harSacarita eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, ___ paTanA, 1964, pariziSTa-2, pR0 221-24 tathA rAmazaraNa zarmA, bhAratIya sAmantavAda, anuvAdaka-Aditya nArAyaNa siMha, dillI, 1973, pR0 1-2 3. varAGga0, 16.4-7 4. tu0-samastasAmantanibaddhapaTTau samastasAmantamadAvarodhau / samastasAmantagaNAtidhaiyauM babhUvatuzcandradivAkarAbhau // zauryoddhatAvapratikozadaNDo gRhItasAmantasamastasArI / -varAGga0, 16.6-7 5. candra0, 1.82

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 'sAmanta' rAjA svatantra hone kI ceSTAeM prArambha kara dete haiM / ' ye rAjA ke lie samaya-samaya para upahAra prAdi le jAte the / 2 'sAmanta' rAjA rAjya ke mahattvapUrNa avasaroM para rAja-sabhA meM upasthita rahate the| sambhavataH 'mANDalika' tathA 'sAmanta' rAjA eka hI rahe hoNge| mahAkAvyoM ke TIkAkAra 'mANDa lika' tathA 'sAmanta' donoM kA hI 'rAjA' artha karate haiN| rAjya sImA ke vividha maNDaloM ke svAmI hone ke kAraNa inheM 'mANDa lika' kahA jAtA hogaa|5 ina 'mANDalika' rAjAoM ke svAmI ke lie prAya: 'maNDalezvara' tathA 'mahAmaNDalezvara' kA prayoga hotA hai| isI prakAra 'mahAsAmanta' Adi bhI pada the / 'sAmanta' tathA 'mANDalika' rAjAmoM kA yaha kartavya thA ki ve rAjA ke sAtha yuddha meM bhI jaaeN| candraprabha0 ke ullekhAnusAra yuddha ke lie dIkSita sAmantoM ko rAjA upahAra prAdi se santuSTa karatA thaa|' yuddha ke avasara para eka rAjA ke 'sAmanta' prAyaH dUsare rAjA ke sAmantoM ke sAtha hI yuddha karate the| isa prakAra mahAkAvyoM ke paurANika rAjAmoM ke sandarbha meM tatkAlIna itihAsa sammata rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke anukUla hI rAjAnoM tathA sAmantAdi ke varNana upalabdha hote haiM / bArahavIM-terahavIM zatAbdI se sambandhita 1. tu0 -svAtantryaM yayurakhilAni maNDalAni mandatvaM bhavati na kasya vAbhibhUtyai / -candra0, 16.23 2. candra0, 5.52 3. tu0 -{ka) amAtya-senApatimantriputrAH sutAzca sAmantanarezvarANAm / -varAGga0, 28.12 (kha) ye mantriNo ye'tra maNDalIkAsteSu kramo nAsti parAkramo'sti / -kIrti0, 2.65 (ga) zrImadbhirna pasAmantaiH pRSThataH pArvato'grataH / ApatadbhiH zobhamAno, graharAjo grahairiva / / / -triSaSTi0, 2.1.140 4. tu. candra0 15.12 para tathA 5.52 para vidvanmanovallabhATIkA sAmantAn-bhUpatIn / maNDalinAM-bhUbhRtAm / ' 5. tu0-maNDalapatIn / candra0, 3.7 6. Sharma, Dashratha, Rajasthan Through The Ages, p. 359 7. vahI, pR0 306 8. candra0, 15.12 6. vahI 10. candra0, 15.75-65

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthAM cAlukyakAlIna rAjya vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki 'sAmanta ' 1. tathA 'mANDalika' pUrNa rAjA na hokara vibhinna prAntoM ke uccAdhikArI hote the / 2 cAlukyarAja mUlarAja kI sabhA meM 'mahAmaNDalezvara' tathA 'sAmantoM' kA astitva thA / 3 isI prakAra kumArapAla kA bhAganeya kRSNadeva bhI eka isI prakAra kA 'sAmanta thA jisake adhikAra meM eka vizAla senA bhI thI / dvayAzraya0 bhI rAjA kumArapAla ke vijaya evaM kRSNaka nAmaka do sAmantoM ke astitva kI sUcanA detA hai / 4 dvisandhAna mahAkAvya meM sAmanta rAjAoM ke saMgha bhI variNata haiM / candraprabhacarita tathA hemacandra ke triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM 'sAmanta ' kA prayogabAhulya hai / rAjA yadi apane rAjya ke prati udAsIna ho jAe to avasara pAkara aneka adhIna sAmanta svatantra hone kI ceSTA bhI karane lagate the| 5 candra0 kA mahAsena rAjA pratyadhika viSayasukhoM kI prora prAkRSTa hone ke kAraNa rAjya vyavasthA ke prati sAvadhAna ho cukA thA / aisI sthiti meM usake adhInastha kaI rAjyasvatantra ho gae / bAda meM mantriyoM ke dvArA sAmanta rAjAnoM ke sira uThAne ke samAcAra ko jAnakara vaha punaH vyavasthA ke prati sAvadhAna ho gyaa| mahAsena apane anya sAmantoM ko sAtha lekara rAjya vistAra kI icchA se vijaya yAtrA ke lie nikala par3A thA / 10 aneka dezoM ke 'sAmanta' rAjA mahAsena ke parAkrama se bhayabhIta hokara isake pradhIna ho gae / kavi ne isa avasara para ina 'sAmanta rAjAnoM kI adhInatA svIkAra karane kA varNana atyanta rocaka DhaMga se kiyA hai / " 1. Narang, S.P., Hemacandra's Dvyasrayakavya, Delhi, 1982 P, 174 2. lakSmI zaMkara vyAsa, mahAn caulukya kumArapAla, pR0 126 3. tu0 - ' tatrAsti kRSNadevAkhyaH sAmanto'zvAyuta sthitiH / ' 87 4. dvayAzraya 6.26 5. tu0 - 'na nAma pratisAmantaM tresuH ke saMghavRttayaH ' - dvisa0 18.114 6. candra0 2.30, 4.45, 15.113, 16.37, 16.47 - prabhAvakacarita, zradhyAya 22, pR0 197 7. triSaSTi0 2.3.175, 236, 240 8. tu0 - svAtantryaM yayurakhilAni maNDalAni ' -- candra0 16.23 9. candra0, 16.24 10. candra0, 16.24 11. vahI, 16.25 - 50

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66 zrAdarza rAjA ke kartavya evaM uttaradAyitva jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM rAjA ke ucca Adarza pratipAdita kie gae haiM, yathA rAjA ko dharma artha kAma mokSa ke sAtha nyAyapUrvaka rAjya kA pAlana karanA cAhie / ' rAjA sadaiva prajA ko abhayadAna dene vAlA hotA hai tathA dayAlu evaM hitakArI hotA hai| rAjA ko sadaiva sahiSNu honA cAhie, isalie jaina matAvalambI rAjA ke rAjya meM bhI varNAzrama vyavasthA kA samucita prAdara hone kA ullekha milatA hai / 3 rAjA svayaM vidvAn ho tathA vidvAnoM kA zrAzrayadAtA ho / 4 prajA kA poSaraNa, zikSA evaM saGkaTa nivAraNa rAjA kA karttavya hai / 5 devabhakti, guru zraddhA, parAkrama, sajjana - maitrI Adi rAjA ke guraNa hote haiN| rAjA sajjanoM kA bhAgya vidhAtA evaM durjanoM kA nAzaka hai, ataH prajA ko jo bhI prApta hotA hai vaha bhAgya se nahIM apitu rAjA ke puruSArtha se prApta hotA hai / 7 rAjA kI kevala tIna hI gatiyA~ meM nivAsa 15 zaurya, buddhi tathA zrAtmaparivAra ko vaza meM / rAjA ko apane mukta 1 haiM - dharma - sevA, raNa meM mRtyu tathA vana vizvAsa rAjA ke lie pratyAvazyaka haiM rakhanA cAhie tabhI vaha vipadAoM se raha sakatA hai / 10 rAjA ko sadA vRddha maMtrI -purohitoM ke AjJAnusAra kArya karanA cAhie / ' rAjA prajAvirodhI karmacAriyoM ko daNDa de aura prajAhitaiSI karmacAriyoM ko protsAhita kare / 12 rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha apanI mantraNAoM ko taba taka gupta rakhe jaba taka ki unase kArya siddhi nahIM ho jAtI / 13 rAjA ko sadA vijayecchu honA cAhie aura zatrunoM kI gatividhiyoM para usake dvArA aMkuza laganA cAhie / 14 rAjA svayaM to prajA ke 1. varAGga0, 1.46 2 . vahI, 3.38 3. vahI, 1.51 4. vahI, 2.4 5. candra0, 3.4 varAGga0, 2.5 dvisa0, 4.17 8. naimi0, 1.62 6. hammIra0, 4.74 10. candra0, 4.37 6. 7. jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 11. candra0, 4.40 12. vahI, 4.41 13. vahI, 4.42 14. vahI, 4.34

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA kaSToM ko nahIM jAna pAtA, kintu guptacaroM dvArA vaha unake kaSToM ko jAna sakatA hai, tathA unakI sahAyatA kara sakatA hai / ' uttarAdhikAra kA adhikArI prAcIna bhArata kI paramparAgata mAnyatAnoM ke anusAra rAjya kA uttarAdhikAra prAnuvaMzika hotA thA tathA prAyaH jyeSTha putra ko hI rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI cunA jAtA thA / kauTilya ke arthazAstra ke matAnusAra rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI jyeSTha putra ho isameM koI hAni to nahIM hai kintu pravinIta rAjaputra rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI nahIM ho sakatA / 3 guptakAla ke aitihAsika udAharaNoM se bhI spaSTa saMketa prApta hote haiM ki samudragupta ne apane choTe putra candragupta dvitIya ko hI rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI cunA / svayaM samudrapta bhI candragupta kA choTA putra thA aura rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI banA thA / 4 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke anusAra bhI rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI rAjA kA vaMzaja hotA thA tathA jyeSTha putra ko hI pahale uttarAdhikAra dene kI mAnyatA prasiddha thI / yadi jyeSTha putra ayogya ho to choTe putra ko rAjya kA uttarAdhikAra diyA jA sakatA thA / varAGgacarita meM rAjA dharmasena tathA mantrIvarga choTe putra varAGga ko rAjya dene ke pakSa meM thA, kintu rAjA kI dUsarI rAnI apane jyeSTha putra ko rAjya dilAnA cAhatI thI / hammIra mahAkAvya ke anusAra rAjA ke donoM putra samAna yogya the, phalataH donoM ko kramazaH rAjA evaM pradhAnamantrI banA diyA gayA / 7 pradyumnacarita meM kaniSTha putra ko hI rAjya dene kA ullekha milatA 5 isI prakAra candraprabhacarita meM bhI rAjakumAra zrIvarmA yadyapi choTA putra thA kintu jyeSTha putroM kI apekSA adhika yogya hone ke kAraNa usI ko rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI 9. vahI, 4.35 2. kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR0 566, tathA, tu0 81 3. tu0 - arthazAstra, 1.17 4. kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR0 566 5. tu0 - jyeSTha sute rAjyadhuraH samarthe parAbhiSekaM tu kathaM sahiSye / 6. varAGga0, sarga 11, 12 7. hammIra0, 4.41 8. pradyumna0, 4.61 - hammIra0 8.53 -- varAGga0, 12.6, tathA tu0 - dvisa0, 4.21

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja cunA gyaa|' isa prakAra jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke kAla meM jyeSTha putra ko rAjya dene kI mAnyatA to thI kintu yadi choTA putra jyeSTha kI apekSA adhika yogya ho ho to use rAjya denA anucita nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa|2 varAGga meM dharmasena ke dvArA rAjakumAra varAGga ko rAjya dene ke nizcaya ke prati pratikriyA vyakta karate hue usake sautele bhAI IrSyA evaM krodhAveza meM prAkara yaha socane lage 'kyA hama rAjA ke putra nahIM kyA hamArI mAtA kA kula zuddha nahIM, hama parAkrama, bAhubala, teja, kAnti, dhairya Adi kisa guNa meM rAjakumAra varAGga se kama haiM ? aisI kauna sI laukika vyavasthA hai jise hama nahIM jAnate ? kyA rAjakumAra varAGga hama logoM ke sAtha yuddha kara yuvarAja pada ko dhAraNa kara sakatA hai ?'3 isa prakAra jaina mahAkAvyoM kI rAjanaitika pRSThabhUmi meM uttarAdhikAra ke lie bhAI-bhAI meM bhI yuddha kI sambhAvanA banI huI thii| uttarAdhikAra ke lie saMgharSa aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke kAla meM uttarAdhikAra sambandhI eka prAntarika saMgharSa cala rahA thaa| yadyapi saMgharSa kA yaha svarUpa spaSTa rUpa se sAmane nahIM A pAyA tathApi jaina kaviyoM ne apratyakSa rUpa se isa saMgharSa kI rAjanaitika pRSThabhUmi ko vyakta avazya kiyA hai| rAjA ke apane parivAra meM hI saMgharSa kI yaha sthiti vidyamAna thii| varAGgacarita meM rAjA dharmasena kI dUsarI rAnI ne apane putra ko rAjyAdhikAra dilAne ke lie rAjA ke anya mastriyoM ke sAtha SaDyantra racakara bhAvI rAjakumAra varAGga ko eka duSTa prazva para biThAkara jaMgala meM chor3a dene kI yojanA banAI, tathA apane putra suSeNa ko rAjya dilaayaa| jaina mahAkAvyoM ke rAjA uttarAdhikAra ke viSaya meM vaise to udAra dikhAI dete haiM kintu unake hRdaya meM eka saMzaya kI bhAvanA bhI vidyamAna thii| pariziSTaparva ke eka udAharaNa ke anusAra rAjA ne apane dUdhamuMhe putra ko hI uttarAdhikAra dene meM paryApta tatparatA dikhAI / isa prakAra ke choTe putra ke uttarAdhikAra kI rakSA mantriyoM para 1. candra0, 4.4 2. tu0-jyeSThe tanUje sati rAjyalakSmIyA kadAcinna kiletarasmai / jAnannapItthaM nayavartmasaMsthAM mahya kathaM ditsati tAmadhIzaH // -hammIra0, 8.53 3. varAGga0, 11.81-73 4. vahI, 22.7-25 5. jayanta0, 5.43

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-rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA et chor3a do jAtI thI / ' hammIra0 meM donoM putroM ko rAjA prasanna karanA cAhatA hai|" rAnI kA bhI uttarAdhikAra para vizeSa hastakSepa rahatA thA / pradyumna0 meM rAjA kAlasaMvara ne apanI rAnI ko die vacanoM ke anusAra pradyumna ko hI rAjA banAyA / anya mahAkAvyoM meM bhI uttarAdhikAra sambandhI rAjaparivAra kA saMgharSa pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai / jayantavijaya meM rAjya prApta karane ke lie bhAI bhAI meM bhI saMgharSa kI sthiti prA gaI thI / 4 uttarAdhikAra sambandhI mantraraNA uttarAdhikAra ke prazna para vicAra vimarza karane ke lie rAjA mantriyoM se bhI parAmarza letA thA / mantriyoM, purohitoM ke parAmarza sahita rAjya ke uttarAdhikArI kA cunAva karanA vAstava meM tatkAlIna rAjanaitika zrAvazyakatA bhI thI / prabhAvaka carita ke anusAra rAjA jayasiMha ke uttarAdhikArI ke cunAva ke lie eka sabhA bulAI gaI / usameM eka yuvaka kI parIkSA lI gaI, kintu vaha yuvaka rAjA jayasiMha evaM usake sabhAsadoM kI dRSTi meM rAjya ke uttarAdhikArI ke rUpa meM upayukta nahIM thA / tadanantara kumArapAla sabhA ke sammukha upasthita huA / kumArapAla apane rAjyocita guNoM ke kAraNa tathA parAkrama ke kAraNa sabhI sabhAsadoM ko svIkRta thA / varAGgacarita meM rAjA dharmasena ko pramAtya varga dvArA rAjakumAra varAGga hI uttarAdhikArI banAne kA parAmarza diyA gayA / candraprabhacarita meM cakravartI ajitasena ne aneka rAjAoM kI upasthiti meM apane putra kA rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA 15 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM pratyakSataH rAjA ke prati kisI prakAra kI anAsthA evaM vizvAsa kI bhAvanA ke darzana nahIM hote / mantrimaNDala tathA rAjA ke madhya 1. pariziSTa0, 1.53 2. hammIra0, 4.41 3. pradyumna0, 4.61 4. jayanta 0, 5.43 5. merutuGga, prabandhacintAmaNi, sampAdaka jinavijaya muni, kalakattA, prakAza 4, pR0 78 6. tu0 - lakSmIzaMkara vyAsa, mahAn caulukya kumArapAla, pR0 84-85 7. varAGga0, 11.56 tathA 26.43 8. candra0, 7.30

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja prAyaH sauhArdapUrNa vAtAvaraNa upalabdha hotA hai| ina kAraNoM se uttarAdhikAra jaise mahattvapUrNa praznoM para rAjA prApta-pramANa mAnA jAtA thA aura mantrimaNDala bhI rAjA kI icchA ke anukUla hI parAmarza detA thaa|' rAjyAbhiSeka rAjyAbhiSeka ko jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM atyadhika mahattva diyA gayA hai / rAjyAbhiSeka kA eka mahotsava ke rUpa meM varNana karanA prAyaH sabhI jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI pravRtti rahI hai| sabhI mahAkAvyoM meM rAjyAbhiSeka varNana milatA hai| kinhIM kinhIM mahAkAvyoM meM to aneka bAra rAjyAbhiSeka kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| rAjyAbhiSeka mahotsava rAjA evaM prajA donoM ke lie harSonmAdakaavasara thaa| rAjyAbhiSeka kA samaya rAjyAbhiSeka ke samaya rAjakumAra kI nizcita prAyu kyA ho, isa viSaya meM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM se koI sunizcita pramANa nahIM milate / prAyaH rAjakumAra ke yuvA hone, zikSA pUrNa karane tathA vivAhoparAnta hI rAjyAbhiSeka kiyA jAtA thA / 5 athavA rAjA jaba samajhe ki vaha aba vRddha ho cukA hai aura svayaM rAjakAja sambhAlane meM asamartha hai taba vaha rAjakumAra kA rAjyAbhiSeka karane kI icchA karatA thaa|6 tRtIya vayasa meM jaba rAjA ko sAMsArika jIvana se virakti ho jAya aura 1. tu0-prathaivaM mantriNo'pyUcuH; svAminnevaMdhiyA dhiyaH / -triSaSTi0 1.1.63 2. varAGga0, sarga-23, dvisa0, sarga-4, candra0, sarga-4, pari0, sarga-6, dharma0, sarga-18, jayanta, sarga-6, pradyumna0, sarga-8, padmA0, sarga-12, pari0, sarga-6 3. varAGga0, sarga-11 tathA 23, candra0, sarga-4, 5 tathA 7, dharma0, sarga-20 tathA 27 4. candra0, 7.31 5. candra0, 4.1-5, 5.1-50, yazo0, 2.15 6. tu0 --tRtIyavayasaH zastramiva yauvanaghAtakam / tanmUrdhni palitaM dRSTvA rAjA duramanAyat // rAjA provAca jihami nAhaM palitadarzanAt / daurmanasye punaridaM kAraNaM jIvitezvari / / - pari0, 1.68-69

Page #127
rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA vaha dIkSA lene ke lie kaTibaddha ho jAtA to yaha samaya bhI putra ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke lie upayukta avasara thA / ' uttarAdhikArI rAjakumAra kI yogyatAeM jaisAki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki rAjA ke uttarAdhikArI ke lie rAjakumAra kA jyeSTha honA hI anivArya nahIM thA apitu usameM rAjya-saMcAlana kI yogyatA bhI apekSita thii| putra ko rAjya dene se pahale rAjakumAra kI yogyatAoM para bhI bhalI-bhAMti vicAra kara liyA jAtA thaa| zArIrika, dhArmika, sAmAjika, rAjanaitika evaM zaikSika dRSTi se uttarAdhikArI rAjakumAra kI nimnalikhita yogyatAeM Avazyaka thIM 1. zArIrika yogyatAeM- prabhAvazAlI rUpa saundarya evaM AkarSaka vyaktitva / / 2. dhArmika yogyatAeM-dhArmika kriyAkalApoM meM AsthA, dharma, artha tathA kAma meM naipuNya / 3. sAmAjika yogyatAeM-ziSTAcAra Adi meM nipuNatA,5 vinamra svabhAva, sevA parAyaNatA, guruSoM ke prati AsthA evaM ahaMkAra Adi para vijaya / 4. rAjanaitika yogyatAeM-mantrI Adi pramukhoM para vizvAsa prApta karanA, yuddha ke lie sadaiva sannaddha rahanA,'' nyAya priyatA' 2 evaM prajAnuraMjana meM tatpara rhnaa|' mm 1. dvisa0, 4.58, varAGga0, 28.61-62, dharma0, 20.1-26 2. varAGga0, 2.4 3. vahI, 11.48 4. vahI, 11.55 5. varAGga0, 11.50 6. vahI, 11.46 7. vahI, 11.46 8. vahI, 2.5 6. vahI, 2.6 10. vahI, 11.54 11. vahI, 2.5 12. vahI, 2.4 13. vahI, 11.52

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 5. zaikSika yogyatAeM-vidyAoM tathA upavidyAoM meM dakSatA,' causaTha kalAoM meM naipuNya,2 nItizAstra kA jJAna, aneka prakAra kI yuddha kalA se abhijJatA, tathA dhanuvidyA, khaDgavidyA, azvavidyA tathA gajavidyA meM vaiziSTya / 5 rAjA tathA usakA mantrimaNDala abhilekhoM meM prApta ullekhoM ke anusAra guptottara rAjya saMsthA' meM rAjA, nRpati, bhUpati, prAdi kI pAribhASika upAdhiyAM 'mahArAja' 6 'mahArAjAdhirAjaparamezvara' Adi thiiN| ina upAdhiyoM kA sambandha prAyaH sAmanta paddhati se rahA thaa| Alocya yuga kI prArambhika zAsana vyavasthA se itanA to spaSTa hI hai ki 'mahArAjAdhirAja' hI sampUrNa rAjyatantra kA ekamAtra svAmI hotA thA tathA adhikAroM kI dRSTi se use pUrNa niraMkuzatA bhI prApta thii| prAvarzAtmaka mApadaNDoM ke pari 1. varAGga0, 11.51 2. vahI, 2.6 3. vahI, 11.55 4. vahI, 2.6 5. vahI, 2.7 "Maharaja, Lit. 'great king', appears to have been, in some what earlier times, one of the titles of paramount sovereignty .... But in the early Gupta and subsequent periods Maharaja was habitually used simply as a technical official title, indicative no doubt of considerable rank and power, but applied only to feudatories, not to paramount sovereigns." - Fleet, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. III, Varanasi, 1970, p. 15, fn. 4. 6. "Maharajadhiraja, Lit. 'supreme king of Maharajas .....in somewhat later times, is almost always coupled with two others, Paramesvara, supreme Lord', and Paramabhattaraka, 'most worshipful one". -Fleet, C.I.I., Vol. III, p. 10, fn. 3. __ "There can be no doubt that though Harsh's Government was personal in one sense the royal authority was no means despotic." -Panikkar, K. M., Shri Harsha of Kannauj, p. 32.

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA prekSya meM smRtikAroM prAdi ne rAjo ko yaha nirdeza die haiM ki ve apanA zAsana maMtriyoM prAdi ke parAmarzoM ke anusAra claae|' rAjadharmoM ke niyamoM ke anusAra rAjA ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki vaha mantrimaNDala ko bhI vizvAsa meM le| rAjA harSavardhana isI prakAra kA rAjA thA tathA sadaiva apane mantriyoM kI mantraNAmoM ko zAsana kArya meM ucita Adara detA thaa| maMtrimaNDala kI upAdeyatA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke adhyayana se yaha bilkula spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki rAjA ke lie maMtriyoM arthAt mantrimaNDala kA parAmarza kitanA upayogI hai| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM yaha mAnyatA svIkAra kI gaI hai ki rAjA ko apane mantriyoM tathA purohitAdi se bhI rAjakArya meM sahAyatA lenI cAhie / 2 kisI bhI prakAra kI kunIti ke lie na kevala rAjA hI doSI mAnA jAtA hai apitu usake mantrivarga Adi para bhI yaha doSa AtA hai| rAjA kI parAjaya kA eka mukhya kAraNa mantriyoM kI sammati ko na mAnanA bhI hai|4 varAGgacarita meM mantriyoM se mantraNA karate hue rAjA devamena ko mukhya mantrI ke mukha se yaha sunanA par3A ki unhoMne dUta ko apamAnapUrvaka nikAlakara usa samaya ko kho diyA hai java 'sAma' upAya kA prayoga kiyA jA sakatA thaa| apratyakSa rUpa se mantrimukhya ke isa kathana meM rAjA ko doSI ThaharAnA abhISTa hai| rAjA dUta ke sAtha abhadra vyavahAra karane se pUrva yadi mantrimaNDala se parAmarza kara letA to saMbhava hai rAjya meM yuddha saMkaTa upasthita nahIM ho pAtA / 5 varAGgacarita meM uttarAdhikAra ke prazna ko lekara tathA yuddha prasaMga ko lekara rAjA dvArA maMtrimaNDala se parAmarza karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| candraprabha 1. manu0, 7.55-56, yAjJa0, 1.312, 17 2. vRddhAnumatyA sakalaM svakArya sadA vidhehi prahatapramAdaH / -candra0, 4.40 para tu0-vaddhAnumatyA-vRddhAnAM mantripurohitAnAm / ' -vidvanmanovallabhA TIkA, pR0 104 3. tu0-kimamantri gRhaM tadIyamityapavAdena janasya vAritam / / -candra0, 1264 4. prakauzalaM tasya hi mantriNAM ca nirIkSyatAmityapare nirAhuH / -varAGga0, 16.41 tathA tu0 16.42 5. varAGga0, 16.66 6. vahI, sarga-10 7. bahI, 16.50.7.

Page #130
66 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja carita ke anusAra rAjA prAyaH apane mantrimaNDala se parAmarza letA thaa| yuddha viSayaka samasyA ko lekara candraprabhacarita meM bhI maMtrimaNDala se rAjA kI maMtraNA karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / ' rAjA padmanAbha ne apane mantrimaNDala ko bulAkara mantrimaNDala kI upAdeyatA ko mukta kaNTha se svIkAra kiyA hai / 2 rAjA ko rAjanaitika dAMva pecoM kI zikSA mantrimaNDala ke sadasyoM se hI mila sakatI hai| rAjanItizAstra ke granthoM meM pratipAdita siddhAntoM kA bhI mantrivarga ke anubhavoM ke AdhAra para prayoga karanA hI zreSTha mAnA jAtA thaa|4 candraprabha0 meM mantrimaNDala kI tulanA mAM se karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jaise mAM apane bacce kA pAlana-poSaNa karatI hai, use kauzala kI zikSA detI hai aura pramAdapUrNa kAryoM se sAvadhAna rakhatI hai usI prakAra mantrimaNDala bhI rAjA ko kauzalapUrNa nItiyoM kI zikSA dete hue anarthoM se saceta rakhatA hai|5 pada-pada para bhUla karane vAle madAndha rAjAoM para guru varga aMkuza ke rUpa meM rahatA hai tathA pathabhraSTa hone se bacAtA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki parAkramI rAjAoM tathA buddhimAna mantriyoM ke aneka vaMzoM taka sambandha rahate haiM; tathA isase rAjya bhI susthira rahatA hai / mantrivarga bhI samasyA ke pratyeka pakSa para sUkSmatA se vicAra kara rAjA ko antima nirNaya detA thA / kabhI-kabhI rAjA kA putrahIna honA mantriyoM ke lie bhI cintA kA viSaya bana jAtA thaa| aise samaya meM maMtrimaNDala maMtraNA dvArA rAjya kI sthiti kA paryAlocana karate hue yuddha se bacane kA nirNaya bhI le lete the| kintu kabhI-kabhI maMtriyoM kI carcA ke pazcAt rAjA ke na cAhate hue bhI yuddha karane kA nirNaya ho jAtA thaa| isa prakAra mantrivarga rAjA ko aisI sammati detA thA jisase yuddha karanA bhI kabhI-kabhI lAbhaprada ho sakatA thaa| dvisandhAna mahAkAvya meM bhI 'mantrazAlA' meM 1. candra0, 12.57-66 2. vahI, 12.58-61 3. tu0-vayamapyagamAma kauzalaM nayamArga yadayaM bhavadguNa: / candra0, 12.58 4. tu0-nayazAstranidarzitena yaH satataM saMcarate na vartmanA / candra0, 12.76 tathA nahi kAryavipazcitaH puro nigadanarAjati zAstrapaNDitaH / candra0, 12.70 5. tu-rivardhayati sva kauzalaiH kuzalaM zAstyavati pramAdataH / jananI janikeva tatphalaM kurute naH sakalaM bhavanmatiH // candra0, 12.56 6. tu0-apathAdvinivartayeta ko guravazcenna bhaveyuraGkuzA: / candra0, 12.61 7. tu0-nandasya vaMze kAlena nandA saptAbhavannRpAH / teSAM ca maMtriNo'bhUvanbhUyAMsaH kalpakAnvayAH // pari0, 8.2 8. varAGga0, sarga-16, 50-70, tathA candra0, sarga0-12,57-101 6. hammIra0, 4.21-23 10. varAGga0, 16.50 tathA 75

Page #131
rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA rAjAroM mantriyoM Adi kI mantraNA hone kA ullekha huA hai jisakA mukhya viSaya thA-yuddha kI sthiti para vicAra krnaa| dvisandhAna meM mantraNA ke pAMca tattva svIkAra kie gaye haiN| maMtraNA kA svarUpa cAra dRSTiyoM se hotA thA-(1) parSa sAdhaka artha (2) anarthakArI artha (2) arthabAdhaka anartha tathA (4) anarthakArI anartha / koSa-saMgrahaNa ke sAdhana candraprabhacarita meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki rAjA ko prajA se Aya kA SaSThAMza vetana ke rUpa meM prApta hotA hai|4 dvisandhAna mahAkAvya ke eka uddharaNa se vidita hotA hai ki vaNikpatha, khAna, vana, setu, vraja, durga tathA rASTra rAjyakoSasaMgrahaNa ke mahattvapUrNa sAdhana the|5 vaNikpatha arthAt vyApAriyoM ke mArgoM se, khAnoM arthAt ratnotpatti sthAnoM se, vanoM se, setu arthAt samudra taTa para Ane jAne vAle vyApAriyoM kI naukAnoM se, vrajoM arthAt pazu-pAlana vyavasAya karane vAle grAmoM (gokuloM) se, rAjA apane koSa kI vRddhi karate the| durga se prAya-vRddhi hone kA abhiprAya durgoM meM vyApAra prAdi karane vAle logoM se liyA gayA 'zulka' saMbhava ho sakatA hai / nItivAkyAmRta ko uddhRta karate hue TIkAkAra nemicandra ne 'rASTra' ko 1. dvisa0, sarga 11 2. 'mantraM paJcakaM zAstra-zuddhaH' dvisa0, 11.2 tathA tu0 'kathambhUtaM mantram ? paJcakaM paJcAvayA yasya tam, kasmin mantryam, kimmantryam, kaiH saha mantryamiti trividho vikalpaH / prAdyo dezakAlApekSayA dviSThaH dvitIyaH karmaNAmArambhopAya ityAdibhiH paJcakaH / katham ? iti kRtvA mantribhirmantraM samArebhe / bho mantriNaH sarvakAryAdhurINAH dhyAyatAM paryAlocyatAm, kA ? kAryasiddhiH, kathaM yathA bhavati ? dIrgha dIrghakAlaM dUraM dUradezaviSaye, kaiH ? bhavadbhiriti sambandhanIyamiti / -dvisa0, 11.2 para pada0 TIkA, pR0 196-200 3. 'tenAlocyaM yo'nubndhshctubhiH|' dvisa0, 11.3 tathA anubandhaizcatubhiH-artho'rthaH, arthamanarthaH, arthamarthaH, anarthamanarthaH, -dvisa0, 11.3, padakaumudI-TIkA0, pR0 200 4. rakSAya prajayA dattaM SaSThAMzaM vetanopamam / candra0-15.137 / / 5. vaNikpathe khaniSu vaneSu setuSu vrajeSu yo'hani nizi durgarASTrayoH / -dvisa0, 2.13 6, dvisa, 2.13 para padakaumudI-TIkA, pR0 28

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E8 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja pazu-dhAnya-hiraNya (svarNa) prAdi sampattiyoM se sampanna mAnA hai|' rAjA kI prAyavRddhi ke pramukha sAdhana ye rASTra bhI the / sAmanta rAjAoM dvArA upahAra Adike rUpa meM svAmI rAjAoM kI aneka prakAra kI dhana-sampatti inhI rASTroM se prApta hotI thii| isa prakAra dvisandhAna mahAkAvyakAra ke anusAra uparyukta sAta srotoM se mukhyatayA rAjyakoSa meM vRddhi sambhava thii| balapUrvaka koSa-saMgrahaNa varAGgacarita se yaha vidita hotA hai ki kucha uddaNDa sAmanta rAjA svakoSa vRddhi ke uddezya se nirbala rAjAoM ke koSa para balapUrvaka adhikAra karane kI ceSTA kiyA karate the| kucha sAmanta rAjAoM ko yuddha se bacane ke evaja meM dhana sampatti dene ke lie bhI bAdhya kiyA jAtA thA / 3 varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM lalitezvara ko mathurAdhipa dvArA hAthI dene anyathA yuddha karane ke lie isI prakAra vivaza kiyA gayA thaa| kintu lalitezvara senA, mitra, koza Adi kI dRSTi se sakSama nahIM thA / 5 aura na hI vaha mathurAdhipa ke dvArA yAcita hAthI ko hI denA cAhatA thaa| aisI viSama sthiti meM maMtrimaNDala ke eka mantrI dvArA rAjA ko dhana, bhUmi, pura, ratna tathA apane hAthI taka ko upahAra meM dekara mathurAdhipa ko santuSTa karate hue yuddha vibhISikA se bacane kI sammati dI gaI thii|7 varAGgacarita kA prastuta dRSTAnta balapUrvaka koSa-saMgrahaNa kI rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ko spaSTa kara detA hai| hammIra mahAkAvya ke anusAra bhI hammIra ko nirbhaya hokara rAjya karane kI zarta ke rUpa meM alAuddIna ne hammIra kI kanyA ke sAtha eka lAkha svarNa-mudrAoM, cAra gajoM, tathA 1. pazu-dhAnya-hiraNya-sampadA rAjate zobhate iti rASTram / -(nIti-vAkyAmRta, 20.1), pada-kaumudI-TIkA, pR0 28 para uddhRta 2. tu0-zauryo dvatAvapratikozadaNDau gRhItasAmantasamastasArau / -varAGga0, 167 3. vahI, 16.26 4. ekasya hetoH kariNo yadAsau necchetsukham / vahI, 16.28 5. vayaM ca hInA balamitrakozeDhuMgai ca sadurgaguNairapetam / -vahI, 16.50 6. asmai na me dantivarasya ditsA pareNa sAkaM na ca yoddhakAmaH / / -vahI, 16.51 7. dhanena dezena pureNa sAmnA ratnena vA svena gajena vApi / -vahI, 16.50

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA tIna sau azvoM kI mAMga bhI rakhI thii|' isa prakAra AThavIM zatAbdI se lekara caudahavIM -pandrahavIM zatAbdI taka kI rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM kisI bhI zaktizAlI rAjA dvArA choTe tathA nirbala rAjA ko koSa-saMgrahaNa ke prayojana se dabAyA bhI jA sakatA thA / && upahAra bajAdi se koSa-saMgrahaNa vivAha Adi avasaroM para rAjAnoM ke darabAra meM aneka sAmanta rAjA bahumUlya upahAroM ko dekara rAjAnukampA ke pAtra bane rahanA cAhate the / pariNAmataH rAjA ko upahAra ke rUpa meM hI svarNa-ratna zrAdi prabhUta dhana sampatti prApta ho jAtI thI / isI prakAra daheja ke avasara para bhI rAjAnoM meM paraspara dhanasampatti kA prAdAna-pradAna hotA thA / varAMgacarita meM daheja meM eka hajAra hAthI, bAraha hajAra ghor3e, eka lAkha grAma, caudaha koTi pramANa svarNa mudrAeM Adi milane kA ullekha mAyA hai / 3 isa prakAra daheja bhI koSa vRddhi kA eka mahattvapUrNa sAdhana rahA thA / yuddhaprAraNa se koSa-saMgrahaNa candraprabhacarita' tathA dvayAzraya' mahAkAvyoM meM yuddha prayANa ke avasara para parAjita rAjAoM se dhana-sampatti grahaNa karane kA ullekha AyA hai| isI prakAra jayanta vijaya mahAkAvya meM bhI rAjA ko dhana sampatti upahAra ke rUpa meM milane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / 1. hammIra ! rAjyaM yadi bhoktumIhA tat svarNalakSaM caturo gajendrAn / azvo raNAnAM trizatIM sutAM ca datvA kirITa kuru no nidezam // - hammIra0, 11.60 2. varAGga0, 1167 3. tu0 - mattadvipAnAM tu sahasrasaMkhyA dviSaTsahasrANi turaGgamAnAm / grAmAH zatena prahatAH sahasrA hiraNkoTayazca caturdazaiva // --varAGga0, 16.21 4. tu0 -- tairdattAM bahuvidha ratnagarbha daNDavyAjenAdita gurudakSiNAmivAsI / --candra0, 1642 5. dvayA0, 15.35 6. jayanta0, 11.7

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100 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja nyAya vyavasthA nyAya vyavasthA tathA rAjya saMsthA - sAmAjika niyaMtraNa ke lie rAjya saMsthA kA vizeSa mahattva hotA hai / ' janasAmAnya meM kAnUna tathA daNDavidhAna dvArA vyavasthA sthApita karanA bhI rAjya kA hI mahattvapUrNa uttaradAyitva svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai / prAyaH yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai ki rAjya saMsthA se bhinna sAmAjika AdarzoM athavA naitika AcaraNoM ke dvArA bhI samAja meM vyavasthA banI raha sakatI hai kintu viSama rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita jaTila samAjoM meM kore sAmAjika Adarza athavA naitika upadeza aparAdhoM ke niyantA nahIM ho sakate / samAjazAstriyoM tathA rAjanaitika cintakoM ne daNDavidhAna dvArA aparAdhoM kI rokathAma karane kI pravRtti ko 'rAjya - saMsthA' kI eka pramukha vizeSatA mAnI hai tathA eka aisI vizeSatA bhI jo 'samAja' ke svarUpa se mela nahIM khAtI hai / 'samAja' meM pracalita AdarzoM tathA naitika niyamoM meM prAyaH zArIrika athavA anya kisI prakAra kI hiMsaka paddhati se daNDa dene kA vidhAna nahIM hotA / samAja to kevala dharma Adi kA bhaya dikhAkara hI sAmAjika aparAdhoM kI saMkhyA ko manovaijJAnika DhaMga se kucha kama kara sakatA hai / isake viparIta zakti sampanna hone ke kAraNa, 'rAjya saMsthA krUrAtikrUra paddhati se bhI nyAyavyavasthA ko banAe rakhane ke lie samartha hotI hai / ' grIna dvAtA pratipAdita daNDa viSayaka siddhAnta ke antargata yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki 'rAjya saMsthA' dvArA daNDa kI vyavasthA karane kA prayojana manuSyoM meM badalA lene kI bhAvanA ko kAryAnvita na hone denA hai| jaba taka 'rAjya saMsthA' kA vikAsa nahIM huA thA, manuSya apane prati kie gae anyAya athavA atyAcAra kA svayaM pratikAra kara letA thA / aisI avasthA meM nirbaloM ke lie nyAya prApti sugama nahIM ho sakatA thA / 'matsyanyAya' kI isa pravRtti ko rokane ke lie hI 'rAjyasaMsthA' kA vikAsa huyA tathA nyAya kI vyavasthA sthApita karane kA kArya vyaktiyoM ke badale svayaM rAjA karane lagA / isa prakAra rAjya ke sandarbha nyAya vyavasthA kI samasyA eka sAmAjika samasyA hai jisakA samAdhAna pUrNataH rAjanaitika paddhatiyoM se kiyA jAtA hai / daNDa denA rAjya kA adhikAra hI nahIM karttavya bhI hai| rAjya una vyaktiyoM ko 1. satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra, rAjanIti zAstra, masUrI, 1668, pR0 437 2. kiMgsale Devisa, mAnava samAja, pR0 54 3. vizvanAtha varmA, rAjanIti aura darzana, pR0 136 4. kiMgsale Devisa, mAnava samAja, pR0 55 5. satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra, rAjanIti zAstra, pR0 460

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rAjana tika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 101 daNDa de sakatA hai jo prasAmAjika pravRttiyA~ rakhate hoM tathA aisA karanA samAja ke hita va kalyANa ke lie bhI zrAvazyaka ho / samAja meM bhinna-bhinna samayoM tathA kAloM meM vibhinna prakAra kI daNDa vyavasthAeM ho sakatI haiN| ina daNDa vyavasthAmAnoM meM daNDa viSayaka nimnalikhita siddhAnta ullekhanIya haiM 1. pratizodhAtmaka siddhAnta ( Retributive Theory ) 2. niroddhAtmaka siddhAnta ( Deterrent Theory ) 3. sudhArAtmaka siddhAnta ( Reformative Theory ) 4. daivI siddhAnta (Divine Theory ) ' jana saMskRta mahAkAvya tathA nyAya vyavasthA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke anusAra nyAya kA mukhyAdhAra rAjA hI mAnA jAtA thA / prAyaH rAjA kI prazaMsA karate hue yatra-tatra rAjya meM kisI prakAra kI bhI arAjakatA athavA kuTilatA na hone ke udgAra vyakta kie gae haiM / 3 jaina kaviyoM ne cUMki rAjA ko Adarza rAjA ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA hai phalataH nyAya vyavasthA se sambaddha vibhinna aparAdhoM tathA daNDoM kA inameM adhika ullekha nahIM ho pAyA hai / prAsaGgika rUpa se prApta nyAya vyavasthA sambandhI ullekha isa prakAra haiM-- zraparAdhavRtti dhArmika mAnyatAoM ke sandarbha meM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM pratipAdita muniyoM Adi ke dhArmika upadezoM ke avasara para sAmAjika aparAdhoM ke niyantraNa para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / varAGga carita mahAkAvya ke anusAra caritrahIna, tathA nirantara pApakarmoM meM rata rahane vAle logoM ke lie naraka yAtanA kA vidhAna hai / atyanta mAyAvI, jhUThe mApataula kA prayoga karane vAle tathA vastunoM meM milAvaTa karane vAle vyakti bhI tiryaJca gati prApta karate haiM / inake atirikta jhUTha bolane vAle, dUsaroM kI sampatti curAne vAle, 1. satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra, rAjanIti zAstra, pR0 459-63 2. tu0 - nyAyena loka-paripAlanasaktabuddhiH / -- varAGga0, 1.46 tathA puraskRtya nyAyaM khalajanamanAdRtya -kIrti 0, 3.77 nijAH prajAH pAlayatA nayena / jayanta0, 1.56 vardha0, 5.14, candra0 2.142; dvayA0, 16.137, kIrti0, 4.3, vasanta0, 3.25 4.82 4. pracAritraH punarghore narake pacyate ciram / - varAGga0, 5. tu0 - mAyAtivaJcanaprAyAH kUTamAnatulA ratAH / nantyAyustirazcAM te rasabhedazcakAriNaH / varAGga0, 4.64

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102 jaina mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dUsaroM kI striyoM kA satItva naSTa karane vAle logoM ke lie naraka loka meM jAne ko mAnyatA prasiddha thI / ' anya striyoM ke sAtha ratikrIr3A karane ke aparAdha karane vAloM ko naraka to milatA hI hai sAtha hI naraka ke nArakI inheM garama lohe yA tAMbe se banAe gae prAbhUSaNoM, mAlAoM tathA vastroM ko pahanAte haiM / tadanantara nArakI striyAM zRGgAra sajjA ke sAtha ina puruSoM kA AliGgana karatI hai / 3 isa prakAra gAr3ha AliGgana mAtra se hI unakA zarIra pighala jAtA hai / 4 2 dhArmika vizvAsoM ke sandarbha meM parigaNita anya aparAdhoM meM pazu-pakSiyoM ko pAlane vAle dhanatRSNA rakhane vAle Adi bhI anaitika vyakti kahe gae haiM / inake viSaya meM ghar3e meM banda kara pakAne, atyanta uSNa bAlU tathA rAkha meM bhunane, tathA mArapITa kara bhUse ke samAna cUrNa kara dene jaisI bhayaGkara yAtanAoM ke prApta hone kI dhArmika mAntAeM pracalita rahI thiiN| isa prakAra jaina dharma meM naraka prApti tathA anya bhayaGkara yAtanAeM sahane vAle loga ve hI loga ho sakate the jo saMsAra meM aneka prakAra ke kukRtya aparAdha karate the / 7 dhArmika upadezoM ke dvArA ina mAnyatAoM kA pracAra va prasAra samAja meM manovaijJAnika rUpa se aparAdha nivRtti meM bhI vizeSa sahAyaka banA huA thA / hAkAra - mAkAra tathA dhikkAra nIti padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM daNDa vyavasthA sambandhI jaina paurANika mAnyatA kA bhI pratipAdana huA hai / isake anusAra hAkAra, 5 mAkAra tathA dhikkAra nIti 1. tu0 - hiMsAyAM niratA nityaM mRSAvacanatatparAH / paradravyasya hartAraH paradArAbhilaGghinaH // 2. tu0 - mAlyAbharaNavastrANi taptatAmramayAni ca / dhArayanti parastrINAM ratisaGgamakarkazAH // vahI, 5.60 3. tu0 - bhAvayanti striyaH puMsa prAzliSyanti priyA iva // - varAGga0, 5.26 tathA 5.26 --vahI, 5.62 4. tu0 - tAbhirAzliSyamANAzca dagdhasarvAGgayaSTayaH / - vahI, 5.63 5. vahI, 5.66-67 6. vahI, 5.66 7. 8. vizeSa draSTavya - varAGgacarita, sarga - 5 tu0 - hA tvayA re kRtaM duSTamiti / - padmA0 7.166 e. tu0 - tato yazasvI mAkAradaNDaM yugaliSu vyadhAt / - padmA0 7.213 0

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA dvArA aparAdhiyoM para aMkuza lagAyA jA sakatA hai|' alpa aparAdha ke lie 'hAkAra' madhyama stara ke aparAdha ke lie 'mAkAra'2 tathA isase bar3e aparAdha ke lie 'dhikkAra' nIti kA prayoga kiyA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM pracalita uparyukta daNDavyavasthA kI dhAraNA manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI eka saphala vyavasthA kahI jA sakatI hai| Adhunika kAla meM pracalita daNDa vyavasthA ke sudhArAtmaka siddhAnta (Reformative Theory of Punishment) se bhI isakI kiMcit tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| isa siddhAnta ke anusAra manuSya ko aparAdhI hone ke kAraNa daNDa bhogI nahIM, apitu sAmAjika paristhitiyoM se vivaza rogI ke samAna dekhA jAtA hai| pariNAmataH aparAdha karane ke pratyuttara meM gho zArIrika yAtanAeM denA athavA artha-daNDa denA aparAdha kI mUla samasyA kA nivAraNa nahIM hai / hAkAra, mAkAra tathA dhikkAra sambandhI daNDa vyavasthA meM zArIrika yAtanAeM Adi dene ke badale aparAdha karane ke manobala ko hatotsAhita karane para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / - uparyukta tIna nItiyoM ke asaphala hone para (1) bandhana (2) tAr3ana (3) nirvAsana tathA (4) prANa daNDa ke kramAnusAra prayoga dvArA bhI aparAdhoM para niyatraMNa pAyA jA sakatA thaa| vibhinna prakAra ke aparAdha evaM daNDa corI tathA DAkA-Alocya kAla meM para dravya-haraNa kI pravRtti sambhavataH vyAvasAyika aparAdha vRtti kA rUpa le cukI thii| coroM ke pAsa vizeSa vidyAeM hotI thiiN| hemacandra ne isa sambandha meM cAra prakAra kI vidyAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| 1 avasvapanikA vidyA-logoM ko nidrAmagna kara denA / 5 2. tAlodghaTATinI vidyA praveza karate hue mArga meM dvAra Adi kI bAdhAoM ko samApta krnaa| 3. stambhanI vidyA-vyakti ko stabdha arthAt kriyAvihIna kara denaa| 4. mokSaNI vidyA-mukta karane kI vidyA / 1. tu0-AvizcakAra dhikkAranItimanyAM prasenajit / -padmA0, 7.225 2. tu0-alpe'parAdhe hAkAraM mAkAraM madhyame tu saH / -vahI, 7.214 3. tu0 -so'han hAkAra-mAkAra-dhikkArairyugmidurna yam / -vahI, 7.226 4. tu0-avasvapanikAtAlodghATinIbhyAM samanvitaH / --pari0, 2.171 tathA vayasya dehi me vidyAM stambhanI mokSaNImapi / vahI, 1.182 5. tu0-jAgrataM sakalaM lokaM jambuvarjamasUSuSat / -vahI, 2.174 6. tu0 te caurAH stabdhavapuSo'bhUvan lepyamayA iva / -vahI, 2.176

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jaina mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja prAyaH cora dasyu nagara ke dhanika sArthavAhoM ke ghara kI tAka meM rahate the / ' vivAha Adi avasaroM para ye DAkA DAlane kI vizeSa yojanAeM banAte the / cora DAkU parvata guphA prAdi meM chipe rahate the / 3 varAGgacarita meM aisI pulinda jAti kA ullekha AyA hai jo sArthavAhoM ke kAphiloM para acAnaka AkramaNa kara dhana lUTa letI thI / isa prakAra bar3e coroM tathA DAkuoM kI apanI senA bhI hotI thii| coroM ke apane guptacara bhI hote the jo dhana sampatti ke bhaNDAroM kI sUcanA dete rahate the / kucha pakSI bhI isa kArya ke lie prazikSita kie jAte the| pathikoM ko dekhakara ye pakSI unake dhana kI sUcanA cora dasyunoM ko de dete the / 7 104 candra ke pariziSTa parva meM Aye ullekha ke anusAra kabhI kabhI rAjya ke asantuSTa vyakti bhI corI DAkA DAlane kA vyavasAya apanA lete the / rAjakumAra ' prabhava' ko rAjya na milane para usane isI vyavasAya dvArA apanI jIvikA ko calAyA 15 ullekha ke anusAra rAjAoM sUcanAeM rakhate the / nagara coroM para niyantraNa -- yazodharacarita meM Ae ke apane guptacara the jo cora dasyutroM ke sthAnoM kI meM corI kI vastuoM ko becanA pUrNataH niSiddha thA / 10 jo bhI isa prakAra ke corI ke sAmAna ko becatA thA use rAjA ke karmacArI usI samaya bandI banA lete the / 11 kIrtikaumudI mahAkAvya ke anusAra grantha ke lekhaka kavi somezvara ke samakAlika rAjA lAvaNya prasAda ke rAjya meM corI ke aparAdhoM para vizeSa niyantraNa pA liyA gayA thA / phalataH usake rAjya meM coroM kA AtaGka pUrNataH zAnta ho cukA thA / 13 1. tu0 - taM sArthaM luTituM tatra cauravyAghrA dadhAvire / pari0, 2.162 2 . vahI, 2.176 3. vahI, 2.166 4. varAGga., sarga - 18 5. vahI, 6. pari0, 2.171 7. vahI, 8.156 8. vahI, 2.170 6. yazo0, 2.20 10. pari0, 1218, 216 11. vahI, 1.216 12. tu0. - na caurAstasya saurAjye daurAtyaM kurvate vavacit / - kIrti0, 2.70

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rAjanaitika samAja tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 1.5 yazodharacarita meM coroM para niyantraNa pAne ke lie kaThora daNDoM kA ullekha AyA hai| ina kaThora daNDoM meM coroM ko pakar3a kara unake zarIra ko bIMdhate hue yAtanA denA,' unheM 'kusUlaka' (dhAnya Adi rakhane kA pAtra jise karnATaka bhASA meM 'kaNaja' kahA jAtA hai) meM DAlakara Upara se lAkSA kA lepa kara denA prAdi daNDa die jA sakate the| abhayakumAracarita (6.660-668) ke AdhAra para corI karane vAle vyakti ko dhAtumaya cUNaM se kAlA kara, gale meM sarAvamAlikA pahanAkara, sira para jIrNasUrpa kA chatra lagAkara binA pUMcha tathA kAna se yukta gadhe para biThAkara, sAre nagara kA bhramaNa karAte hue vadha-sthAna kI ora le jAyA jAtA thA / hatyA tatkAlIna samAja meM pArasparika dveSa ke kAraNa hatyA karane kI ghaTanAoM kI sUcanA milatI hai| hatyA kara dene ke uparAnta aparAdha siddha hone ke bhaya se zava ko vahIM khaDDe meM gAr3ha diyA jAtA thA / 5 rAjakarmacAriyoM meM se yadi kisI eka kI hatyA kara dI jAe to sarvaprathama hatyAre vyakti ko rAjA ke pAsa le jAyA jAtA thaa| kintu sarala svabhAva bAle vyaktiyoM se yadi anajAne meM hatyAdi aparAdha ho jAte the to ve rAjapuruSoM dvArA bandI banAe jAne se pUrva hI rAjA ke pAsa jAkara svayaM hI apanA aparAdha svIkAra kara lete the| strI-gyabhicAra para-strI ke sAtha anaitika sambandha sthApita karanA Alocya kAla kI bahupracalita aparAdhavRtti sI bana gaI thii| kabhI kabhI rAniyoM tathA rAjakumAriyAM dvArA parapuruSa se anaitika sambandha sthApita karane kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| inameM 1. tu0-nigRhya cauraM tu nihatya cocyakaiH kadAcidekaM paramANumAtrakam / -yazo0, 4.15 2. tu0-pravezya cauraM hi mahatkusUlakaM, vilipya lAkSAM bahirapyarandhrakam / -vahI, 4.17 3. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM0, pR0 529 4. tu0-ityahaM khaNDazo'kArSa kUSmANDamiva tadvapuH / -pari0, 3.208 5. tu0-garta khanitvA tatraiva nyadhAmatha nidhAnavat / -vahI, 3,208 6. pari0, 7.71 7. tu0-tadadya rajakavadhAparAdhAnnupapuruSaH / ____nIye na yAvattAvaddhi svayaM yAmi nRpAntikam // - vahI 7.71 8. tu0-paradArAbhilaGghinaH / - varAGga0, 5.26 parastrIsuratapriyAn / - vahI, 5.56

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja se yazodharacarita meM yazodhara kI rAnI kA mahAvata se anaitika sambandha honA' tathA varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM rAjakumAra varAGga ke rUpa lAvaNya para Asakta hokara rAjakumArI manoramA dvArA vivAha karane kI utkaTa icchA prakaTa karanA Adi kucha isI prakAra ke udAharaNa haiN| varAGgacarita ke isa dUsare dRSTAnta ke sambandha meM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki rAjakumAra varAGga (kazcidbhaTa) ne manoramA ke ukta vivAha prastAva ko 'svadArasaMtoSavata' ke ullaGghana hone ke bhaya se asvIkAra kara diyA thaa| manoramA kI sakhI ne varAGga ke isa prAzaya ko tarkahIna batAte hue kahA ki vratoM ke dvArA svarga prApta hotA hai tathA svarga meM sAra vastu koI hai to vaha vahA~ kI apsarAeM hotI haiN| isIlie isI janma meM pratyakSa rUpa se prApta apsarAoM ke tulya rUpasaundarya vAlI manoramA ko tyAga kara vratAcaraNa dvArA svargastha deva kanyAoM kI kAmanA karanA sarvathA anucita hai|4 varAGgacarita ke isa dRSTAnta se sahaja meM hI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki strI-bhoga vilAsa sambandhI mUlya samAja meM prabhAvazAlI mUlya bana cuke the tathA kabhI-kabhI viSaya-vAsanAoM ke vazIbhUta hokara naitikadharmAcaraNa ko bhI heya mAnA jAne lagA thaa| samAja meM aisI striyAM thIM jo abhISTapremI ko mAyA prayogoM tathA vazIkaraNa maMtroM dvArA vaza meM karanA bhI jAnatI thiiN| isIlie jaina dhArmika upadezoM meM strI-puruSoM ke ina avaidha sambandhoM kI nindA kI gaI hai| pArzvanAthacarita meM kamaTha dvArA apane choTe bhAI kI patnI vasundharA ke 1. varAGga0, 10.40-55 2. tu0-svadArasaMtoSamaNuvratAkhyaM sAdhvIzvarau mahyamupAdideza / -vahI, 16.61 3. tu0-vrate divaM yAnti manuSyavaryA divazca sAro'psaraso varAGgayaH / vratAbhigamyA yadi devakanyA iyaM hi tAbhyo vada kena hInAH / -vahI, 19.24 4. tu0-pratyakSabhUtaM phalamudvihAya parokSapAtaM mRgaye hyApArtham / na paNDitastvaM bata bAlizo'si saMdigdhavastunyatha mukhyamAste / -vahI, 16.63 5. tu0-jAnAmi vidyAM vividhaprakArAM mAyAmadRzyAM madanaprayogam / AvezanaM bhUtavazIkRtiM ca yadIcchasi tvaM pravadetyavocat / / -vahI, 53 6. vahI, 5.26 tathA 5.56

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 107 rUpa-lAvaNya para AkRSTa hokara vyabhicAra karane kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai / rAjA ne kamaTha ko isa kukRtya ke lie nagara-nirvAsana kA daNDa diyaa|' rAja SaDyantra rAjAroM ke rAjya meM prAyaH SaDyaMtroM kI yojanAeM bhI banAI jAtI thiiN| varAGgacarita meM svayaM rAnI tathA maMtrI bhAvI uttarAdhikArI rAjakumAra ko chalakapaTa dvArA naSTa karane kI yojanAoM ke sUtradhAra the| kintu isa SaDyantra kI sUcanA rAjA taka nahIM pahuMca pAI thii|2 hemacandra ke pariziSTaparva meM rAjA nanda ko kalpaka ke rAjaSaDyantra kI guptacaroM dvArA pahale hI sUcanA mila gaI thii| rAjaSaDyantra ke badale meM SaDyantrakartA kalpaka ko saparivAra gahare kueM meM DAla diyA gyaa| jUmA khelanA samAja meM jUmA khelanA bhI bahuta pracalita thaa| rAja darabAra meM bhI jUmA khelane kI prathA thii| prAyaH jue meM kapaTapUrvaka vyavahAra bhI hote the| juAriyoM meM pArasparika vaimanasya hone kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai| jumAriyoM ke jhagar3oM meM astroM dvArA mAra piTAI bhI kI jAtI thii| pazu daNDa-vyavasthA yazodharacarita meM tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita pazu-daNDa vidhAna kI ora bhI saMketa kiyA gayA hai| kisI eka bhaiMse dvArA rAjA ke ghor3e ko mAra diyA gayA thA / isa aparAdha ke lie rAjA kI ora se bhaiMse ko daNDa diyA gyaa| daNDa dene ke prayojana se bhaise ke cAroM pairoM ko bhUmi meM gAr3hakara namaka mile uSNa jala se nahalAyA gyaa| tadanantara use ulTA kara agni meM jalA diyA gayA / pazu-daNDavidhAna kA mm 1. pArzva0, 2.1-60 2. varAGga0, 12.1-40 3. pari0, 7 98-100 4. kIrti0, 6.6, pari0, 1.247 tathA 8.352-54 5. pari0, 8.352-55 6. tu0-candraguptaguruH kUTapAzakaistu jigAya tAn / -pari0, 8.355 7. tu0-saMjAtadyUtakalahe sadyo'streNa nyahanyat // -pari0, 1.274 8. tu0-kIliteSu caraNeSu caturpu kSAravAriparizoSitakukSim / UrvajAnumadahannRpabhRtyAste kRpAvirahiNo mahiSaM tam / / -yazo0, 3.70

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108 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja prastuta dRSTAnta eka virala dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM prAcIna pazu-daNDavidhAna sambandhI krUra prakriyA para mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlatA hai / aparAdha puSTi kI nyAyAlayIya prakriyA rAja darabAra meM pArasparika kalahoM kA nirNaya hotA thA / darabAra meM donoM pakSoM ke loga upasthita hote the / ina donoM pakSoM ke apane apane sAkSI bhI pairavI ke lie jAte the / 2 putra Adi arpaNa karane ke avasaroM para bhI sAkSiyoM ko sAmane rakhane kI prathA thI / rAjA ke nirNaya karane se pUrva sambaddha vyakti bhI apane vicAra prakaTa kara sakatA thA tathA rAjA ko parAmarza Adi bhI de sakatA thA / pArzvanAthacarita meM kamaTha dvArA apane choTe bhAI kI patnI ke sAtha kie gae durAcAra kI rAjakarmacAriyoM ne sUcanA dI thI kintu marubhUti kA isa sambandha meM vicAra thA ki yadyapi rAjakarmacArI jhUTha nahIM bola sakate tathApi prAyaH pratyakSa ghaTita hone vAlI ghaTanAeM bhI prasatya ho jAtI haiM to strI ke sAtha ekAnta meM kie gae vyabhicAra ke lie abhiyukta kamaTha ko hI kaise doSI pAyA jA sakatA hai / ataH satya ke udghATanArtha aura adhika prayatna kie jAne cAhieM tadanantara hI doSI ko daNDa diyA jAnA cAhie / marubhUti kI ukta sammati kA rAjA ne svAgata kiyA tathA aura adhika chAna-bIna karane ke uparAnta doSI siddha hue kamaTha ko gadhe para biThAkara tiraskAra pUrvaka nagara nirvAsana kA daNDa diyA / 4 aparAdhI vyakti ne yadi pahale kabhI rAjA ke prati upakAra kiyA ho to use kSamA dAna bhI diyA jA sakatA thA / zAsana vyavasthA ke uccAdhikArI (ka) kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM zAsana vyavasthA sambandhI vibhinna padoM ko mukhya rUpa se tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-- (ka) kendrIya zAsana, (kha) prAntIya zAsana se sambaddha uccAdhikArI tathA ( ga ) grAma prazAsana ke adhikArI / guptakAlIna zAsana vyavasthA meM pracalita aneka 'pada' zrAlocya yuga meM tathaiva 1. tu0 - pakSayorubhayorevamuccairvivadamAnayoH / lokavAdIdamuM vAdaM rAjA nirdhArayiSyati // pari0, 12.105 2 . vahI, 12.106 3. tatazca sAkSiNaH kRtvA sanirvedaM sunandayA / -- vahI, 12.44 4. pArzva0, 2.50-60 5. pari0, 1.221

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA prApta hote haiN| 'rAjA', 'yuvarAja' ke atirikta 'amAtya', 'saciva', 'mantrI', 'purohita', 'senApati', 'sAndhivigrahika', 'daNDanAyaka' padoM kI guptakAlIna zAsana vyavasthA meM mahattvapUrNa sthiti thii|' mAlocya mahAkAvyoM kI kAlasImA ke antargata dakSiNabhArata tathA usake samIpavatI bhUbhAga meM gurjaradeza se sambandhita cAlukya zAsana vyavasthA,2 rAjasthAna Adi prAntoM se sambandhita pratihAra cAhamAna Adi zAsana vyavasthA,3 karnATaka Adi pradezoM se sambaddha alUpIya evaM pazcimI cAlukya zAsana vyavasthA mahattvapUrNa hai| inake atirikta kadamba, rASTrakUTa, kAkatIya, cAhamAna tathA muslima zAsana vyavasthA kI gatividhiyoM se bhI hammIra Adi katipaya jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya prabhAvita hue haiM / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA se sambaddha nimnalikhita padoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai :--5 1. vizeSa draSTavya -Puri, B.N., History of Indian Administration, ____Vol. I. 1968, Bombay, p. 119-130 2. gujarAta ke antargata nimnalikhita maNDaloM kI zAsana vyavasthA sammilita thI-aSTAdazazatamaNDala (mAbu prAnta), avanti maNDala (mAlava) bhillasvAmImahAdvAdazakamaNDala (parvatIya prAnta), dadhipadramaNDala (paMcamahala jilA, jhabugrA, ratalAma, Adi pradeza), gUrjaramaNDalalATamaNDala (bhar3auca, sUrata tathA thAnA ke pradeza) kacchamaNDala, medAtaTamaNDala, narmadAtaTamaNDala (bhar3auca kA bhAga, rAjapipalA ke pradeza tathA raveDa jilA) satyapuramaNDala (jodhapura), sArasvatamaNDala (mehasana, radhanapura, pAlanapura), saurASTa maNDala, timvanakamaNDala, (bhAvanagara ke samIpa saurASTa stha prAnta) dyatavimaNDala (kaccha kA prAnta vizeSa)-vizeSa draSTavya Munshi, K.M., Glory that was Gurjara Desa (A.D. 550-1300), Bombay, pp. 348-49. 3. bhaugolika vibhAjana ke lie draSTavya-Sharma, Dashratha, ___Rajasthan Through the Ages, pp. 18-19 4. Saletore, B.A., Ancient Karnataka, Poona, 1936, Map I & p. 82 5. tu0-bhANDAgArI camUbhartA durgAdhyakSaH purohitaH / karmAdhyakSo'tha daivajJo mantrI mUlaM hi bhUbhRtAm / / -dvisa0 2.22 para uddhRta nemicandra padakaumudITIkA tathA candra0, 4.47 para uddhata municandrakRta vidvanmanovallabhATIkA-'mantri-purohita-senApatidurgAdhikArI-karmAdhikArI-kozAgArika-daivajJA iti saptavighaM maulaM balam /

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110 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja (1) sAmanta rAjA' (2) yuvarAja athavA rAjaputra (3) mahAmAtya (4) amAtya (5) pradhAna maMtrI' (6) maMtrI (7) saciva (8) purohita (6) senApati camUpati' (10) sAndhivigrahika' (11) AyudhAgArika12 (12) daivajJa tathA dnnddnaayk| AdipurANa'5 tathA hemacandrakRta abhidhAnacintAmaNikoza' meM bhI uparyukta mantrimaNDala ke adhikAMza padAdhikAriyoM kA ullekha milatA hai| 1. pUrvokta, pR0 85-86 2. varAGga0, 15.2, 17.14, 22.2 3. pari0, 8.41, dvayA0, 6.26, hammIra0, 8.67 4. varAGga0, 28.2, kIrti0, 3.45, padmA0, 4.20 5. varAGga0, 23.5, candra0, 12.67 6. varAGga0, 16.46, 111, 15.2, candra0, 12.57, dharma0, 4.62, pari0, 8.2,14 kIrti0, 2.65, 6.42, 1.113, hammIra0, 8.66, 4.21 varAGga0, 16.110, nemi0, 6.10, kIrti0, 3.76, pari0, 8.26, hammIra0, 8.67 8. barAGga0, 16110, pama0, 4.20, dvayA0, 3.80, triSaSTi0, 2.4.33, hammIra0, 2.22, 8.57 6. varAGga0, 28.2, candra0, 2.34, 15.61, SiSTi0, 2.4.34, 356 10. varAGga0, 17.14, candra0, 15.67, dvayA0, 8.60, triSaSTi0; 2.4.164 11. Age dekheM, pR0 114-15 12. dvayA0, 17.44 13. hammIra0, 6.1 14. varAGga0, 15.2, 17.10 nemi0, 6.10 15. draSTavya-nemicandra zAstrI, AdipurANa meM0, pR0 352-55 16. tu0-amAtya sacivo mantrI-mahAmAtrapradhAnAni, purodhAstu purohitaH / caturaGgabalAdhyakSaH senAnIrdaNDanAyakaH / abhidhAna0, 716-25 / -anuvAdaka tathA sampA0, vijayakastUrasUri, ahamadAbAda, vi0 sa0 2013, pR0 163-64

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA ke uccAdhikArI-pada tathA kArya 1. rAjA (sAmanta' athavA mANDalika rAjA)- kendrIya mantrimaNDala meM vibhinna maNDaloM evaM pradezoM ke svAmI (Governor) 'sAmanta' tathA 'mANDalika' rAjA hote the| madhyakAlIna bhAratIya zAsana vyavasthA meM ina 'sAmanta' rAjAoM kA zAsana vyavasthA kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| rAjA ina adhInastha sAmanta rAjAoM ko apane zAsana ke antargata rakhate the aura kendrIya mantrimaNDala ko inase jo bhI lAbha ho sakatA ho usake lie ina rAthAoM ko prayatnazIla rahanA par3atA thaa| prAntIya zAsana vyavasthA kA kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA se sUtra baMdhA rahe isalie ina 'sAmanta' tathA 'mANDalika' rAjAroM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thaa| bar3e rAjA ke adhikAra meM aneka 'sAmanta' rAjA rahate the| ataH ina 'sAmanta' rAjAoM ke Upara bhI 'mahAsAmanta' kA pada thA jo anya sAmantoM se bala evaM parAkrama kI dRSTi se zreSTha hotA thaa| zukranIti sAra meM 'sAmanta', 'mANDalika' Adi kA vArSika Aya kI dRSTi se mUlyAMkana kiyA gayA hai| 'sAmanta', 'mANDalika', 'rAjA', 'mahArAja', 'svarAda', 'samrATa', 'virAT' evaM 'sArvabhauma' Adi kI pAribhASika saMjJAeM rUr3ha ho cukI thiiN| vArSika Aya ke anusAra inako upAdhiyoM kA tAratamya bhI svIkAra kiyA jAne lagA vA / udAharaNArtha 'sAmanta' kI eka lAkha se tIna lAkha, 'mANDalika' kI 4 lAkha se 10 lAkha, 'rAjA' ko 11 lAkha se 20 lAkha, 'mahArAja' kI 21 lAkha se 50 lAkha, 'svarATa' kI 51 lAkha se 1 karor3a, 'samrATa' kI 2 karor3a se 10 karor3a tathA 'virATa' kI 11 karor3a (cAndI ke kArSApaNa) se adhika Aya hotI thii| 'sArvabhauma' ina sabhI se adhika Aya vAlA hotA thA tathA saptadvIpA-pRthvI para zAsana karatA thaa| 2. maMtrI-'amAtya', 'saciva' tathA 'mantrI' padoM meM bheda atyadhika spaSTa nahIM 1. Samanta, Lit. 'bordering, neighouring, a neighbour, a feudatory prince, the chief of a tributary district, is a technical official title, denoting a rank next below that of the Mahasamanta. --Fleet, John, Fithfull, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. III, Varanasi, 1970, p. 148, fn. I. 2. zukranItisAra, 1.182-86 3. candra0, 16.23-24 4. candra0, 4.47 5. pUrvokta, pR0 101 6. vizeSa draSTavya, zukranItisAra, 1.182-86

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112 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja nahIM hai / ' baise to ye tInoM saMjJAeM paryAyavAcI pratIta hotI haiM, kintu phira bhI utkIrNa lekhoM tathA anya aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para itanA nizcita hai ki ye saMjJAeM zAsana vyavasthA meM pAribhASika rUpa se bhI pracalita rahI thIM / padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM spaSTa ullekha hue haiM ki rAjya meM aneka maMtrI hote the / una sabhI maMtriyoM se Upara 'mahAmAtya kA pada hotA thA / ' ' mahAmAtya' kA pada eka prakAra se durlabha thA / rAjya ke sabhI mahattvapUrNa kAryoM kI gopanIyatA banAe rakhanA 'mahAmAtya' kA vizeSa karttavya thA / isI prakAra maMtriyoM ke pradhAna pada ko dyotita karane vAle 'mantrIzvara' Adi pada 'mahAmAtya' ke hI paryAyavAcI pratIta hote haiM / 5 3. senApati ( camUpati) - vaise to rAjA hI senA kA sarvocca adhikArI hotA thA kintu sainya vibhAga kI sampUrNa vyavasthA evaM dekharekha kA uttaradAyitva ha 1. Puri History of Indian Adm., p. 149, fn. 42, 49 2. madhyakAlIna zAsana vyavasthA meM bhI cAhe maMtrI, amAtya, saciva pAribhASika hoM kintu jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM maMtrI ke sAmAnya artha meM inakA prayoga huA hai, tulanIya - 'zramAtya senApati mantriputrA:' ( varAGga0 28.12), ye mantriraNo ye'tra maNDalIkA ( kIrti0 2.65), 'vastupAla sacivasya' ( vasanta 0 5.65), 'zrIvastupAlate japAle mantrIzvarau - ( rAjazekharakRta vastupAlaprabandha), vasantavilAsa (pariziSTa), pR0 81 3. C. I. I., Vol. III, p. 70 4. pare ca sannibhamatiH zatAnmatirmahAmatirmantrivarAstrayaH sthitAH / - padmA0 3.67 tathA varAGga0, 11.85 5. padmA0, 3.68 6. zritomahAmAtyapadaM mahIpateH, prAgjanma puNya pratihastakopamaH / padmA0, 3.101 7. aGgAni rAjyasya mahAtmanA svayaM, saptApi gopyAni sadA'pi mantriNA / - padmA0, 3.100 8. tu0 - AhUya mantrIzvaradaNDanAthAn / varAGga0, 17.10 camUpamantrIzvararAjaputrAH gRhItazastrA yudhi duHprardhaSAH / --varAGga0, 17.14 6. tu0 - padAtayo'zvAH kariNaH zatAGgAH sainyasya bhartA bharato'pi sarve / - padmA0, 17.66

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 'senApati' para hI thA / rAjA jaba kabhI senA ke sambandha meM jo kucha prAjJA denA cAhatA thA to vaha 'senApati' ke mAdhyama se hI saMbhava ho pAtA thA / ' senA saJcAlana kA pramukha adhikArI bhI 'senApati' hI thaa| 'senApati' ke adhIna cAroM prakAra kI senAeM (caturaGgabala) hotI thiiN| yuddha ke avasara 'senApati' ke vizeSa dAyitva the / 'senApati' zatru-senA tathA sva-senA kI gatividhiyoM evaM upalabdhiyoM para vizeSa dhyAna rakhatA thA aura jaba vaha dekhe ki usakI senA hatotsAhita ho rahI hai to aise avasara para 'senApati' svayaM yuddha meM kUdakara apane raNakauzala kA paricaya dete hue apanI senA ko vizeSa utsAhita karatA thA / yuddha ke samApta ho jAne para yoddhAnoM kI mRtyu prAdi kI sUcanAoM ko ekatra karane ke lie 'senApati' raNakSetra kA nirIkSaNa bhI karatA thaa| 4. purohita (purodhas)-prAcInakAla se calA A rahA eka mahattvapUrNa pada hai| 'purohita' rAjA ko dhArmika, jyotiSIya tathA anya karaNIya athavA prakaraNIya kAryoM ke prati mArgadarzana karAtA thaa| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhI 'purohita' athavA 'purodhas' kA rAjya meM vizeSa mahattva thA / 5 vividha avasaroM para 'purohita' graha nakSatra Adi se rAjA ko avagata karAtA thA / yuddha prayANa ke avasara para bhI 'purohita' 1. tu0-senApatiM samAdizya senAmAvAseyeti sH|-cndr0, 2.34 2. patiM camUnAM suSeNam |-dhrm0, 17.107, tathA caturaGgabale tatra parisarpati zAtrave / sainyamAzvAsayAmAsa vyAkulaM evaM campatiH ||-dhrm0, 16.76.77 3. dharma0, 16.77-78 4. suSeNaH zodhayAmAsa raNamiM mahAbalaH / -dharma0, 16.65 'Hammira is advised by purohita Visvarupa, Khandadeva by Soma chandra vyasa who has as much influence as many other minister or perhaps a little more, thus for various reasons sacredotal influence appears to have been on the increase during this period. -Sharma, Rajasthan Through the Ages, p. 705. Puri, History of Indian Adm., Vol. I, p. 77, fn. 22 tathA, tu0-purohitAmAtyatAhitArambhAH / -padmA0, 4.20 tathA purA purodhAstadanu kSitIndupAstato'nye sacivAstatazca / tato mahebhyAstadanu prajAzca tasyAbhiSeka racayAMbabhUvuH ||-hmmiir0, 8.57 rAjA muhUrta maGgalye purodhaH kRtamaGgalaH / / digyAtrAyai gajaratnamAruroha ||-trisssstti0, 2.4.33

Page #148
114 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja yuddha meM sAtha jAtA thaa|' yuddha ke lie zastra sthApanA ke avasara para bhI 'purohita' apane hAtha se zastra sthApanA karatA yA / 2 'purohita' prAyaH vidvAn tathA kavi pratibhA sebhI sampanna hote the / kItikaumudI mahAkAvya ke lekhaka somezvara isI prakAra ke 'purohita' the jo cAlukya rAjA ke sabhA-paNDita bhI the / 5. koSAdhyakSa-jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM prAya: 'koSa' kI carcA AI hai|4 kintu 'koSAdhyakSa' sadRza kisI pada vizeSa kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM huA hai| hammIra mahAkAvya meM 'jAhaDa' ke 'koSAdhyakSa' hone kI sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai|5| 6. devajJa- rAjyAdhikAriyoM meM 'purohita' kI bhA~ti 'daivajJa' kA pada bhI mahattvapUrNa hotA thaa| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM daivajJa tathA purohita do bhinna-bhinna pada the / 'daivajJa' kA mukhya kArya nakSatra lagna Adi kI sUcanA denA hotA thA jabaki 'purohita' anya mahattvapUrNa dhArmika kriyA kalApoM ko karatA thA / 6 'purohita' kA rAjakIya gatividhiyoM se jitanA sambandha thA utanA 'daivajJa' kA nahIM / 'daivajJa' ke samAna hI 'naimittika' kA bhI triSaSTi0 meM ullekha huA hai / 'naimittika' kA mukhya kArya thA zakuna-apazakuna, svapna Adi ke phaloM kI rAjA ko jAnakArI denA / ' varAGgacarita meM 'daivajJa' ke lie hI saMbhavataH 'sAMvatsarika' kA prayoga bhI pAyA hai / 7. sAndhivigrahika- abhilekhoM kI sUcanAoM dvArA 'sAndhivigrahika' 12 1. varAMga0, 17.110, candra0, 4.40, triSaSTi0, 2.4.63, 356 2. tu0-sajjIkRtaM mahAmAtra ropitAstraM purodhasA / -candra0, 15.21 3. iti zrI gUrjarezvarapurohitazrI-somezvara-devaviracite kIrtikaumudInAmni mahAkAvye-kIrti0 kI puSpikA, pR0 6 4. tu0-vayaM ca hInA balamitra-kozaiH / varAMga0, 16.50 tathA hammIra0, 13.136 koze'nnaM kiyadastIti nRpaH papracchaH jAhaDam / --hammIra0, 13.136 6. daivajJanirdiSTa-bale'li lagne / - hammIra0, 8.56, tathA ropitAstraM purodhasA / candra0 15.21 tathA hammIra0, 8.57 candra0, 15.21 tathA hammIra0, 8.57 triSaSTi0, 2.2.61 6. vahI 10. tu0-amAtyasAMvatsaramantriNazca / -varAMga0, 11.64 Fleet, C.I.I.. List Nos. 35. 120. 139. 171: Bhandarkar's List Nos. 559 (dated in V. S. 1317), 1205 (dated in Kalachuri Year 346), 2038 (dated in Kalchuri year 831), 2043 dated in Harsha Samvat 293), -Puri. B.N.. History of Indian Administration, p. 150, fn.73-74. 12. "Samdhivigrahika', Lit. 'an officer for peace and war, is a technical official or Military title, other synonymous titles were 'Samdhivigrahadhikaranadhikrita and Samdhivigrahin'. -Fleet, C.I.I., Vol. III, p. 167, fn. 6.

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA tathA 'mahAsAndhivigrahika'1 padoM kA zAsanatantra kI pararASTranIti ke sandarbha meM vizeSa mahattva hotA thA / 'sAndhivigrahika' eka prakAra ke rAjanaitika dUta kA kArya karate the tathA kendrIya sarakAra ko para-rASTra kI rAjanaitika gatividhiyoM se sAvadhAna rakhate the| rAjA kumArapAla ke zAsana kAla ke kirADU zilAlekha meM khelAditya nAmaka 'sAndhivigrahika' kA spaSTa ullekha pAyA hai|sNbhvtH rAjya meM vividha maNDaloM athavA prAntoM se sambaddha aneka 'sAndhivigrahika' rahe hoNge| inhIM padoM kA uccAdhikArI 'mahAsAndhivigrahika' thA / dvayA0 mahAkAvya meM pAe 'sAndhivigrahika' kI abhaya-tilaka gaNi dvArA 'pradhAna puruSa' ke rUpa meM vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| nAraGga mahodaya ne bhI 'sAndhivigrahika' ko zAnti tathA yuddha kA uccAdhikArI mAnA hai / 4 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM 'sAndhivigrahika' ke adhika ullekha nahIM hue haiM tathApi mahAkAvyoM meM 'dUta' ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa vyakti se hI 'sAndhivigrahika' kA svarUpa bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai / 5 'dUta' apane rAjya tathA zatru-rAjya ke madhya sandezoM kA AdAna-pradAna karatA thaa| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM ullikhita 'dUta' kA vyaktitva pratibhAzAlI rAjanItijJa se kama nahIM / 6 saMbhavata: 'sAndhivigrahika' hI svayaM dUta kA kArya karatA ho athavA usake adhIna 'dUta' kA pada rahA hogaa| 8. prAyudhAgArika--isa pada kA ullekha dvayAzraya mahAkAvya tathA dvisandhAna kI TIkA meM huaA hai / prAyaH ise zAstrAstra bhaNDAra kA uccAdhikArI kahakara spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai| hammIra mahAkAvya meM 'jAhaDa' nAmaka vyakti bhI isI prakAra lh * 1. Mahasamdhivigrahika, Lit. 'a great officer entrusted with the arrangement of peace and war' is a technical official title denoting an official superior to the Samdhivigrabikas. Fleet, C.I.I., Vol. III, p. 105, fn. 5 2. vyAsa, caulukya kumArapAla, pR0 148 3. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XI, p. 44, List No. 287 8. Narang, Dvyasrayakavya, p. 174 5. tu0-dUtamukhyo dadarza bhUpam / varAMga0, 16.12 tathA tu0-candra0, 12.1-56, hammIra0, 12.56-64 tathA draSTavya-Fleet, C.I.I., Vol. III, p. 105. fn.5 6. candra0, 12.1-56 7. dvayA0, 17.44 tathA tu0 'bhANDAgArI', dvisa0, 2.22 para padakImudITIkA 5. Narang, Dvyasrayakavya, p. 174. `r

Page #150
116 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kA adhikArI rahA hogaa|' hammIra mahAkAvya meM ise pAribhASika pada dvArA spaSTa nahIM kiyA gayA hai tathApi isake varNana se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'jAhaDa' durga ke anna bhaNDAra kA uccAdhikArI thA,2 sambhavataH prAyudhAdi kA bhaNDAra bhI isI ke adhIna rahA ho / 'bhANDAgArika'3 bhI isI ke samAna pada vizeSa thaa| ___6. daNDanAyaka-'daNDanAyaka' meM Ae 'daNDa' zabda ke viSaya meM itihAsakAroM meM matabheda hai / 5 ise prAya: 'senAnAyaka' (The Leader of the forces) 'senApradhAna' (Commander of the forces) ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai / nyAyavyavasthA ke sandarbha meM 'daNDanAyaka' ko 'nyAyAdhIza' tathA 'daNDAdhikArI' (Administrator of Punishment) aAdi mAnA jAtA hai| kabhI-kabhI ise 'pulisa suparinTeNDenTa' athavA 'pulisa kamiznara' ke rUpa meM bhI pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| abhilekhoM meM 'daNDanAyaka' sadRza 'mahAdaNDanAyaka', 'daNDanAtha', 'daNDAdhinAtha', 'daNDAdhipa', 'daNDAdhipati', 'daNDeza', 'daNDezvara', Adi padoM kA ullekha pAyA hai| karagudari zilAlekhoM meM Ae 'daNDAdhinAtha' tathA 'daNDAdhipa' padoM se sambodhita 'Izvarayya' ko 'camUpa' arthAt 'senApati' bhI kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra 1. hammIra0, 13.136-38 2. tu0-koze'nnaM kiyadastIti napaH papraccha jAhaDam / -hammIra0, 13.136 Luder's List No. 1141. 4. The 'Bhandagarika' was incharge of stores or granary. The term is noticed in earliar references. -Puri, B.N., History of Indian Adm., Vol. I, p. 158 5. 'Dandika, Lit. 'a chastiser', 'a punisher', may denote either a judicial functionary, from 'danda' in the sense of a 'fine', or 'a police officer', from the same word in the sense of 'a rod (of punishment).' -Fleet, C.I.I., Vol. III, p. 218, fn.4 'Mahadandanayaka, Lit. 'great leader of the forces' is a technical military title. The Officer who held this rank was the superior of the 'dandanayaka', or leader of the forces' Prinsep translated 'Mahadandanayaka' by 'administrator of Punishments' (Magistrate) and 'Criminal Magistrate'. -Puri, History of Indian Adm., p. 16, fn. 5 7. vahI, pR0 151, pAda0 86 8. Fleet, C.I.I., Vol, III p. 16, fn. 5. 6. vahI, pR0 16, pAda0 5 6..

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rAjana tika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 117 itihAsakAra 'daNDanAyaka' ke viSaya meM eka mata nhiiN| nemicandra zAstrI ke matAnusAra jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM upalabdha 'daNDanAyaka' 'nyAyAdhIza' hotA thA jo sampUrNa vivAdoM kI paryAlocanA kara nirNaya detA thA / ' nAraGga mahodaya ne dvayAzraya ke 'daNDa netra' ko 'daNDa nAyaka ke samakakSa svIkAra karate hue abhaya tilaka gaNi dvArA 'daNDanetra' ke 'senAnI' artha ko svIkAra kiyA hai / 2 pro0 dazaratha zarmA ne hambhIra mahAkAvya ke 'daNDanAyaka' ko 'Commander of the forces' ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA hai / 3 varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM senA ke uccAdhikArI ke lie hI 'daNDanAyaka'4 tathA 'daNDanAtha'5 kA prayoga huA hai| isI prakAra hammIra0 ke 'daNDanAyaka' ratipAla kA bhI senA ke uccAdhikArI ke rUpa meM hI varNana kiyA gayA hai na ki 'nyAyAdhIza' ke rUpa meM / 6 varAMgacarita meM uparyukta 'daNDa nAtha' kA yuddha ke prasaMga meM ullekha hone tathA senApati ke lie 'camUpa' kA prayoga hone ke kAraNa spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'daNDanAyaka' athavA 'daNDanAtha' senA ke uccAdhikArI hote the kintu inakA pada 'senApati' se kucha nyUna hotA thA / 'daNDanAyakAH' tathA 'daNDanAthAn' Adi bahuvacanAnta prayoga yaha siddha karate haiM ki rAjya kI senA meM isa prakAra ke padAdhikArI aneka hote the jo saMbhavataH senA ke pRthak-pRthak aGgoM kA dAyitva saMbhAlate the / kintu 'senApati' (camUpa, camUpati) pada kevala mAtra eka hI hotA thA / isI prakAra dvayAzraya ke 'daNDanetra' kI abhayatilaka dvArA 'senAnI' ke rUpa meM vyAkhyA karanA bhI 'daNDanAyaka' ko sainya vyavasthA se sambaddha karatA hai na ki myAyavyavasthA se / neminirvANa meM 'daNDadhara' kA prayoga huA hai| isa prakAra 1. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya0 pR0 526 Narang, Dvayasryakavya, p. 174 3. After that Hammir appointed Ratipala as his 'dandanayaka' (Commander of the forces). -Sharma, Rajasthan Through the Ages, p. 628 4. tu0-rAjAno rAjaputrAzca mantriNo daNDanAyakAH / bhojakA bhRtyavargAzca ye rAjJA saha nirgatAH / / -varAMga0, 15.2 5. tu0-pAhUya mantrIzvaradaNDanAthAn saMnahyatetyAzu zazAsa yoddham / -varAMga0, 17.10 6. tu0-tasmin gate kSitipatiH prasaratpramodahRd daNDanAyakapade ratipAlavIram / -hammIra0, 6.188 7. tu0-cmuupmntriishvrraajputraaH| -varAMga0, 17.14 8. nemi0, 6.10

Page #152
118 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja madhyakAlIna zAsana vyavasthA meM 'daNDanAyaka' pada 'sainika adhikArI' ke rUpa meM rUr3ha ho gayA thaa| rAjasthAna ke cAhamAna zAsana vyavasthA para mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlane vAle hammIramahAkAvya meM 'daNDanAyaka' 'ratipAla' kA varNana 'senApati' ke tulya kiyA gayA hai jisase anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki kabhI kabhI 'senApati' pada kI anupasthiti meM 'daNDanAyaka' pada isI ke samakakSa mAnA jAtA rahA ho| 10. yuvarAja-rAjaka mAra athavA 'yuvarAja' kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA se sambaddha eka mahattvapUrNa uccAdhikArI hotA thA / guptakAla meM 'kumArAmAtya' nAmaka padavizeSa pracalita thA jisakA mukhyataH rAjakumAroM ke lie hI prayoga hotA thaa| rAjakumAra bhAvI rAjA hotA thA isalie rAjA hone se pUrva rAjakAryoM se avagata karAne ke lie usa para kaI dAyitva sope jAte the|' mantrimaNDala kI mahattvapUrNa mantraNAoM ke avasara para bhI rAjakumAra upasthita rahatA thaa|2 candraprabha0 ke varNanAnusAra rAjakumAra sUvarNanAbha ne bhI maMtriyoM ke vicAra vimarza ke avasara para bhAga liyA tathA eka acche rAjanItijJa hone kA paricaya bhI diyaa| dharma ke svayaMvara varNana ke avasara para vibhinna rAjakumAroM ke paricaya se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjakumAra prAntoM athavA rAjyoM ke zAsaka bhI hote the|4 yuddha ke avasara para 'maMtrI', 'purohita' Adi anya uccAdhikAriyoM ke sApa 'yuvarAja' athavA rAjakumAra bhI jAte the| 1. 'The Provincial headquarters known as 'adhikaranas' had a number of officials whose seals have been found at Basarh. These included the Kumaramatya-in this case probably the chief-minister attached to the prince-head. The officer Kumaramatya carries the curious title of 'yuvaraja', repeated on another seal and coupled with another title 'bhattaraka': The two titles 'yuvaraja' and 'bhattaraka' are also associated with the head of the forces.'-Puri, History of Indian Adm., 135. 2. candra0, 12.104 3. vahI, 12.104 4. dharma0, 17.31, 47 5. tu0-(ka) cabhUpamantrIzvararAjaputrAH gRhItazastrA yudhi duHpradharSAH / -varAMga0, 17.14 (kha) rAjAno rAjaputrAzca mantriNo daNDanAyakAH / bhojakA mRtyavargAzca ye rAjJA saha nirgatAH // - varAMga0, 15.2 (ga) mahendrasenapravarA mahIndrA upendrasenapramukhAzca putrAH / -varAMga0, 16.31

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 116 hammIra mahAkAvya ke anusAra yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki rAjakumAroM ko maMtrI kA pada bhI diyA jAtA thaa|' (kha) prAntIya zAsana vyavasthA ke mahattvapUrNa uccAdhikArI prAntIya prazAsana kI mahattvapUrNa ikAiyoM meM maNDala, viSaya (deza) Adi vizeSata: ullekhanIya haiN| maNDala, viSaya se bar3e hote the / 2 'maNDalezvara' tathA viSayapati' nAmaka prAntIya zAsana ke padAdhikArI guptakAla meM vizeSa prasiddha rahe the| tadanantara madhyakAlIna zAsana vyavasthA meM bhI inakI sthiti thii| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM prAntIya zAsana vyavasthA ke uccAdhikAriyoM meM se nimnalikhita vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM 1. mANDalika- 'sAmanta' athavA 'mANDa lika' rAjA mantrimaNDala ke mahattvapUrNa sadasya hone ke sAtha prAntIya zAsaka bhI hote the| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM 'maNDaleza',5 'maNDalapati'6 Adi saMjJAnoM kA prayoga prAntIya zAsaka ke abhiprAya ko spaSTa kara detA hai| 2. nagarAdhyakSa maNDaloM tathA viSayoM kA upavibhAjana nagaroM evaM grAmoM ke AdhAra para hotA thA / triSaSTi0 meM 'nagarAdhyakSa' kA spaSTa ullekha huaA hai| 'nagarAdhyakSa' puroM athavA nagaroM kI zAsana vyavasthA kI dekharekha karatA thaa| 1. tu0-nyadhAt pralhAdanaM rAjye pradhAnatve ca vAgbhaTam / -hammIra0, 4.41 2. vyAsa, cAlukya kumArapAla, pR0 150-51 3. vahI, pR0 150-51 4. pIche draSTavya, pR0 111 5. triSaSTi0, 2.4.243 6. candra0, 3.7 7. And the person in charge of the city (nagaradhyakasa) seems to be incharge of the Law and Order and Civil defence of the city and the borders'. -Puri, History of Indian Adm., p. 21 8. tu0-maDamba-nagara-grAmAdInAmadhIzvaram / triSaSTi0, 2.4.170 6. ta0-ityAjJAM nagarAdhyakSo, hastyArUDhainijairnaraiH / puryAmAghoSayAmAsa, sadyo DiNDimikairiva / / -triSaSTi0, 2.4.366

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 3. grAmeza' - cAlukya kAlIna zAsana vyavasthA se sambandhita grAma - zAsana ke uccAdhikArI ke lie 'grAmeza' kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| mArga meM rAjA kI digvijaya kI yAtrA avasara para 'maNDalezoM' 'durgapAloM' ke sAtha 'grAmezoM' dvArA rAjA kA abhinandana karane kA ullekha huA hai / 'mahattara' / 'mahattama' tathA 'kuTumbI' kI bhI grAma prazAsana meM ullekhanIya bhUmikA rahI thI / 3 120 4. zreSThI-- 'zreSThI' bhI kisI samaya meM zAsana vyavasthA se sambandhita mahattvapUrNa adhikArI hotA thA / Alocya yuga meM 'zreSThI' (sArthAdhipati) nagaroM ke svAmI hote the tathA inakI nijI senA bhI hotI thI / isa kAraNa saMbhavata: isa yuga meM bhI 'zreSThI' vyApAra ke atirikta nagaroM athavA grAmoM ke prazAsana meM bhI hAtha baMTAte the / 6 5. sArthavAha - 'zreSThI' ke sAtha 'sArthavAha' bhI rAjakArya se sambaddha the / prazAsana kI dRSTi se inakA bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA / 7 6. rAjaputra - sAmanta putra mantriputra - jaisAki pahale kahA jA rAjakumAroM ko zAsana prabandha meM vizeSa dakSa karAyA jAtA thA / rAjAnoM tathA mantriyoM ke putroM ko bhI zAsana prabandha ke anubhavArtha zAsana vyavasthA se sambaddha kiyA jAtA thaa| 5 rAjakumAra bhI prAntIya zAsanavyavasthA se sambaddha eka 1. 'The 'gramapati' corresponds to the 'gramika' of earlier records signifying the headman in the village, while 'mahattaras' were men of position or the leading men in the village'. -- Puri, History of Indian Adm., pp. 237-38. 2. tu0 - grAmezairdurgapAlaizca, maNDalezaizca vartmani / - triSaSTi0, 2.4.243 3. vizeSa draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 125 4. vAsudeva upAdhyAya, gupta sAmrAjya kA itihAsa, dvitIya khaNDa, ilAhAbAda, cukA hai ki usI prakAra 1652, pR0 34 5. tu0 - prapare bahavaH zreSThisArthavAhAdayo'pi hi / 6. -- triSaSTi0, 2.4.356 tathA draSTavya, varAMga0, upAdhyAya, ga upta sAmrAjya kA itihAsa, pR0 34 7. tu0 - samIkSya sArthAdhipatirna taskaro / - varAMga0, 13.81 pradApya pAdyaM vaNijAM patistato / durgapAla-zreSThi- sArthavAhAdIn vyasrajat svayam / tu 0 - zramAtya senApatimantriputrAH sutAzca sAmantanarezvarANAm / punaH pradhAnaddhitamAtmajAzca narendraputraiH sahasaMpradAnAH // - varAMga0, 28.12 8. sarga--13-14 -varAMga, 13.87 tathA - triSaSTi0, 2.4.345

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA mahattvapUrNa uccAdhikArI thA / 1 (ga) rAjya ke anya mahattvapUrNa karmacArI jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM antaHpura tathA anya sainya prazAsana sambandhI karmacAriyoM kA ullekha huA hai / kAryAdhikAroM sahita ina karmacAriyoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai 1. vanapAla ? -- ise 'udyAnapAla' bhI kahA jAtA hai / 3 vana kI surakSA kA dAyitva isa karmacArI para hotA thA / prAyaH jaina muni Adi ke Agamana kI sUcanA bhI rAjA ko vanapAla ke mAdhyama se hI prApta hotI thI / 4 2. dvArapAla -- dvAra para sthita mahattvapUrNa karmacArI hotA thA jo samayasamaya para Ane vAle vyaktiyoM ko rAjabhavana meM praveza dene se pahale rAjA kI anumati prApta karatA thA / 'daNDadhara', 'pratihAra' 5 'vetrin ' ' Adi isake apara nAma haiM / 7 3. kaMcukI - antaHpura kA eka vizvAsa pAtra sevaka / 4. vidUSaka 11 - nATakoM meM rAjA ke vizvAsapAtra mitra ke rUpa meM isakA varNana prApta hotA hai jo apane hAsyAspada kathanoM se rAjA kA manoraJjana karatA thA / mahattva hai / 1. 2. 3. 4. 8. e. 10. 10 12 5. guptacara - rAjA ke rAjanaitika pakSa kI dRSTi se guptacara kA vizeSa guptacara chadmaveza se dUsare rAjyoM ke gupta vRttAnta ekatra karane meM 3 121 5. candra0, 2.1 6. dharma0, 2.76 7. vahI, 2.76 pIche draSTavya, pR0 116 dharma0, 3.2, candra0, 2.2 dharma 0, 2.75 candra0, 2.1-2 Narang, Dvayasraya, p. 175 dvA0, 7.16, triSaSTi0, 2.2.61 dharma0, 4.37 11. varAGga0, 23.45 12. dvisa0, 2.16, kIrti0, 5.1 13. yazo0, 2.26

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja nipuNa hote the|' bheda kI nIti ko vyAvahArika rUpa dene ke lie bhI guptacaroM kA vizeSa mahattva thA / 2 guptacaroM ke rUpa meM vezyAoM ko bhI niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa| 6. dUta-dUsare rAjA taka kisI bhI prakAra ke sandezavAhaka kA kArya dUta hI karate the / 5 dUta rAjanIti-zAstra meM vizeSa dakSa hote the,6 tathA vAkcAturI inakI ullekhanIya vizeSatA thii| 7. aGgarakSaka-rAjA ke samIpa rahane vAlA karmacArI-yaha vizvAsapAtra karmacArI hotA thA jisa para rAjA kI surakSA kA pUrA dAyitva rahatA thaa| 8. sUta 0 --- rAjA kI kAvyAtmaka zailI se stuti karane vAlA krmcaarii||1 ise 'bandijana' bhI kahA jAtA thaa|12 6. kubja13 (kubar3A)-antaHpura meM rAjakumAroM kI sevA-zuzrUSA ke nimitta niyukta kiyA gayA karmacArI / 14 saMbhavataH rAjakumAroM kA manoraJjana karane Adi 1. tu0-kRSIvalaM kRSibhuvi vallavaM bahirvanecaraM caramaTvISvabhuGktayaH / vaNigjanaM purasImni yoginaM niyoginaM nRpasuta bandhumaMtriSu / -dvisa0, 2.16 2. tu0-kathitAri-vicAreNa, cAreNa preritsttH,| -kIrti0, 5.1 3. tu0-evamAjJApayAmAsa vezyAzcAturyazAlinIH / ___muniveSeNa gtvaanggsprshernvnvoktibhiH| -pari0, 1.42-43 4. varAMga0, 16.11, candra0, 12.5 5. tu.-lekhena sAmnA rahitena tena sampreSayAmAsa sa dUtavaryam / -varAGga0, 16.10, 16.66 6. tu0-vadatIti bhavantamakSatapraNayaM dUtamukhA hi pArthivAH / -candra0, 12.5 7. tu0-iti bhASiNa eva bhAratI ripudUtasya / -candra0, 12.25 8. tu0-zrIyakastvagarakSo'bhUdbharivizrambhabhAjanam / -pari0, 8.10 6. vahI, 8.10 10. dvisa0, 4.22, 5.56 11. tu0-sUtA nRpANAM yudhi nAmadheyaM vRttaM nipeThuH kRtavRttabandham / -dvisa0, 5.56 12. tu0-apAThiSurbandijanAH -hammIra0, 8.80 13. dvisa0 3.15, 3.21, tathA tu0-tato vAma nikAH kubjA dhAtryaH saparicArikAH / -varAGga0, 15.36 14. tu0-dinAni labdhvA vavRdhe zazIva kubjAnavaSTabhya vicakrame ca / -dvisa0, 3.21

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 123 kI dRSTi se kubar3oM ko niyukta kiyA jAtA thaa| kubar3I striyAM bhI bhI hotI thiiN| 10. sUpakAra-1-bhojana banAne vAlA karmacArI / 11. mojaka2 --bhojana parosane vAlA krmcaarii| 12. bhaTa3 (rAjakarmacArI)-prAdhunika 'sipAhI' kI bhA~ti rAjakarmacArI hotA thA / rAja-yAtrA ke avasara para vyavasthA Adi rakhane kA kArya karatA thA zastrAdi se susajjita azvArohI 'subhaToM' kA ullekha huaA hai|4 13. rajaka-rAjA tathA anya mahattvapUrNa vyaktiyoM ke vastra dhone vAlA karmacArI / pari0 ke ullekhAnusAra rajaka ko rAjA dvArA eka rAjadrohI vyakti ke vastra vApasa na dene kA nirdeza bhI diyA gayA thaa|6|| 14. citrakAra-rAjAjJA ke anusAra citrakAroM ko citra banAne kI AjJA dene ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjya kI ora se bhI citrakAroM kI niyukti hotI thii| 15. naTa - rAjya kI ora se 'naTa' abhinayAdi ke pradarzana ke lie bhI niyukta kiye jAne kI saMbhAvanA pratIta hotI hai| rAjya mahotsava ke avasara para naTa-gAthaka-sUta Adi ke kalA pradarzana kA ullekha huaA hai / 10 1. padmA0, 2.48 2. varAGga0, 15.2 3. kIrti0, 6.18 4. tu0 -purazca pRSThe'pi ca pArzvayozca, parisphuTantaH kharaheti hastAH / ' yAtrAjanaM vartmani tasya zazvadazvAdhirUDhA subhaTA rrkssuH|| -kIrti0, 618 5. pari0, 7.52 6. vAsAMsi nArpayattasya rajako rAjazAsanAt / -vahI, 7.52 7. vahI, 1.131 8. tu0-athAdizaccitrakarAMstatra yAta tapovane vane nivasato rUpamAlikhyAnayat drutam / -vahI, 1.131-32 6. dvisa0, 4.22 10. tu0-naTagAthakasUtasUnavaH paTava: peThurupetya maGgalam / -vahI, 4.22

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 16. strI-karmacArI - strI karmacAriyoM meM dhAtrI, 1 ceTikA Adi kA vizeSa rUpa se ullekha huA hai / prAyaH rAjA ke antaHpura meM rAniyoM- rAjakumAriyoM Adi kI sevAzuzrUSA ke nimitta inheM niyukta kiyA jAtA thA / baunI tathA kubar3I paricArikAoM kA bhI ullekha AyA hai / antaHpura meM assI assI varSa kI vRddha paricArikAeM bhI hotI thIM / 4 124 (ga) grAma prazAsana madhyakAlIna rAjanaitika zAsana vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM grAma- prazAsana sambaddha grAma saMsthAoM kI vizeSa bhUmikA rahI thI / isa yuga meM grAma saMsthAnoM ne eka svAyatta saMgaThanoM ke rUpa meM choTe choTe rAjyoM kA rUpa le liyA thA / Arthika, sAmAjika evaM rAjanaitika sabhI dRSTiyoM se ve itane Atmanirbhara evaM sazakta the jisake kAraNa unheM bAhya tantra se aprabhAvita mAnA jA sakatA hai| rAjavaMzoM kA utthAna patana hotA rahA parantu grAma saMgaThana prabhAvita hue binA apane saMgaThanAtmaka caritra kI rakSA karane meM samartha rahe / madhyakAlIna sAmanta paddhati ke saiddhAntika pakSa ko vizada karane kI prora nIti zAstriyoM ne yadyapi vizeSa ruci nahIM dikhAI hai tathApi madhyakAla meM racita yuktikalpataru ne yaha mahattvapUrNa prazna uThAyA hai ki 'cakravartI samrAT' aura grAma ke 'svAmI' donoM ko hI 'rAjA' kyoM kahA jAtA hai ? uttara diyA gayA hai kyoMki 'cakravartI samrAT' aura grAma ke 'svAmI' donoM hI apane kSetra meM zAsana ko svIkAra karAte haiM ataeva 'rAjA' ke nAma se caritArtha hote haiM / vastutaH aneka rAjadharma praNetAoM ne 'grAma' kI carcA sAmAnya 'grAma' ke rUpa meM nahIM apitu, 'rASTra' (Estate) ke rUpa meM kI hai / sAmantoM kI ina grAmoM meM vizeSa sthiti rahI thI 'sAmanta ' kA eka artha yaha bhI kiyA gayA hai jisake anusAra vaha 'samAna grAmoM kA svAmI' mAnA jAtA thA / " grAma prazAsana aura grAma saMgaThana grAmoM kI anavasthita dazA ko sthira karane tathA ina grAmoM ke antargata Ane vAle 'kuTumba' athavA 'kuloM' ko vyavasthita karane ke uddezya se mahAbhArata, kauTilya ke arthazAstra Adi meM 'rAjatantra' kI upAdeyatA svIkAra kI gaI hai tathA vAstuzAstrIya vyavasthita paddhati ke anurUpa grAma, durga, janapada Adi ke niveza ko mahattva diyA 1. varAGga0, 15.36 2. pari0, 8.46 3. 4. varAGga0, 15.36 tu0 - zrAzItikA varSavarAH purandhrayaH / - dvisa0, 3.15 5. tu0 - sAmantA vA samagrAmAH', yAjJavasmRti, 6.55 52 vAtyAyana TIkA

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 125 gayA hai| isa prakAra 'grAma saMgaThana' kI prArambhika paSThabhUmi mUlata: sAmAjika saMgaThana kA mahattvapUrNa aGga rahI thI jisameM gotra, kula, vaMza, parivAra Adi kA vizeSa aucitya thA / 2 kintu paravartI kAla meM kRSi vikAsa ke kAraNa grAmoM dvArA hI Arthika utpAdana kiyA jAtA thA phalataH grAma saMgaThana ko rAjanaitika zAsana vyavasthA meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna milA / guptakAla tathA isase uttarottara zatAbdiyoM meM grAma saMgaThana sAmantavAdI arthavyavasthA kI rIr3ha kI haDDI hI bana gae, jo aAtmanirbhara arthavyavasthA se kendrita the tathA rAjanaitika zakti ke prabhutva kI mukhya zakti ke rUpa meM ubhara kara pAe the / 3 sAtavIM zatAbdI I0 se bArahavIM zatAbdI I0 taka ke madhyakAlIna grAma saMgaThanoM kA bhAratIya artha-vyavasthA ko prAtmanirbhara evaM grAmonmukhI banAne meM vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai / parivartita Arthika paristhitiyoM ke anusAra kisI bhI 'sAmanta' rAjA kI upAdeyatA usake adhIna hue grAmotpAdana ke lAbha se kI jAtI thii| isa vyavasthA meM kisAna bhUmi se bandhe hote the tathA bhUmi ke svAmI ve jamIMdAra 'sAmaMta' the jo asalI kAstakAroM aura rAjAnoM ke bIca kI kar3I bane hue the| inhIM rAjanaitika tathA Arthika paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM madhyakAlIna grAma saMgaThanoM kA zAsana-prabandha kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva ho gayA thaa| 'sAmanta' rAjAoM ne 'grAma saMgaThana' para pUrNa niyantraNa rakhane ke uddezya se grAmoM meM rahane vAle jamIMdAroM, zilpIpramukhoM, jAti-pramukhoM Adi ko bhI zAsana-prabandha meM apanA bhAgIdAra banA liyA thaa| grAma prazAsana ke sandarbha meM mahattara/mahattama evaM kuTambI4 grAma saMgaThana ke sandarbha meM 'mahattara'/'mahattama' tathA 'kuTumbI' zabdoM kA itihAsa chipA huA hai / ina pAribhASika zabdoM ke arthoM ko samajhane ke lie prAcIna 1. mahAbhArata (zAntiparva), 12.87.2-8 Sharma, R.S., Social Changes in Early Medieval India, The First Devraj Channana Memorial Lecture, University of Pelhi, Delhi, 1969, p. 13 tathA tu0'zUdrakarSakaprAyaM kulazatAvaraM paMcazatakulaparaM grAmaM nivezayet' / , arthazAstra, 2.1 grAmAH gRhazateneSTo nikRSTa: samadhiSThitaH / parastatpaJcazatyAsyAt susamRddhakRSivalaH / / -AdipurANa, 16.165 Altekar, State & Government in Ancient India, Delhi, 1972, pp. 226-227; Pran Nath, A Study in the Economic Condition of India, London, 1929, pp. 30-33 4. etad sambandhI zodhanibandha 'pAla iNDiyA auriyenTala kAnphreMsa', sesana 30, pUnA', 1680 meM par3hA gayA tathA saMzodhita rUpa se "AsthA aura cintana" -prAcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha ke 'jaina itihAsa kalA aura saMskRti' 'khaNDa, dillI, 1987, pR0 80-63 meM prakAzita huaa|

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126 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja tathA madhyakAlIna grAma saMgaThana ke una donoM svarUpoM ko samajhanA Avazyaka hai jisameM sarvaprathama grAma saMgaThana sAmAjika saMgaThana kI mUla ikAI rahe kintu paravartI kAla meM ina para rAjatantra kA vizeSa aMkuza lagA jisake kAraNa 'grAma saMgaThana' kA prIcitya Arthika evaM rAjanaitika mUlyoM kI dRSTi se kiyA jAne lagA / pariNAmataH 'mahattara' - 'mahattama' evaM 'kuTumbI' ke padoM kA prArambhika svarUpa sAmAjika saMgaThana paraka hone ke bAda bhI madhyakAla meM rAjanaitika vyavasthA ke anurUpa rAjakIya prazAsanika pada ke rUpa meM parivartita ho gayA / mahattara / mahattama 'mahat' zabda se tarap pratyaya lagAkara 'mahattara' zabda kA nirmANa huA hai / isa tarap pratyaya ke prAgraha se aisI pUrNa sambhAvanA vyakta hotI hai ki 'mahattara' kisI anya vyakti athavA pada kI tulanA meM bar3A rahA hogaa|' isa sandarbha meM agnipurANa meM ullekha prAyA hai ki pA~ca kuTumboM vAle grAma tathA chaThe 'mahattara' kI saMgaThita zakti ko bar3e se bar3A zaktizAlI vyakti parAjita nahIM kara sakatA / isa prakAra grAma saGgaThana ke sandarbha meM vibhinna kuloM prathakA kuTumboM ke mukhiyA 'kuTumbI' kahalAte the tathA una pAMca-cha: kuTumbiyoM ke Upara 'mahattara' kA pada thA / jaina sAhitya meM upalabdha hone vAle aneka 'mahattara' sambandhI ullekha milate haiM jinase jJAta hotA hai ki yaha pada grAma saMgaThana se sambandhita pada thA / bRhatkalpabhASya ke eka ullekhAnusAra kisI utsava-goSThI ke avasara para 'mahattara', 'anumahattara', 'lalitAsanika', 'kaTuka', 'daNDapati' Adi rAjakIya adhikAriyoM ke upasthita rahane evaM rAjA kI anumati se surApAna Adi karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / isa uddharaNa se yaha siddha hotA hai ki 'mahattara' grAma saMgaThana kA sadasya hotA thA tathA usakI sahAyatA ke lie 'anumahattara' pada bhI astitva meM A gayA thA / nizIthabhASya ke pramANoM ke AdhAra para DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina ne 'grAma- mahattara' evaM 'rASTra - mahattara' do padoM ke astitva kI sUcanA dI hai / 5 DA0 jaina ne 'rASTra - mahattara' ko 'rAThaur3a' ( raTThauDa) ke samakakSa mAnA hai / 6 isa sambandha meM yaha vizeSa rUpa se vicAraNIya prazna hai ki yadi rASTra mahattara ko 'rAThaur3a' kA saMskRta mUla mAnA jAtA 1. tu0 - ' prayamanayoratizayena mahAn / - zabdakalpadruma, bhAga 3, pR0 652 2. tu0 - kuTumbaiH paJcabhigrAmaH SaSThastatra mahattaraH / devAsuramanuSyairvA sa jetuM naiva zakyate // - agnipurANa, 165.11 bRhatkalpabhASya, 2.3574 3. 4. vahI, 2.3574-76 5. jagadIzacandra jaina, jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, vArANasI, 1665, pR0 62 tathA tula0 nizIthamASya, 4. 1735 6. vahI, pR0 62

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 127 hai to 'grAma mahattara' ko bhI 'goDa' kA saMskRta mUla mAnanA caahie| DA0 Ara0 esa0 zarmA mahodaya ke anusAra madhyakAlIna dakSiNa bhArata meM 'grAma pravara' tathA 'grAmamukhiyA' ke rUpa meM 'gaunDa' athavA 'goDa' kA astitva rahA thA / vartamAna meM maisUra meM ye 'goDa' zUdra varNa ke haiN|' kintu dUsarI ora 'goDa' brAhmaNoM ke astitva kI bhI sUcanA milatI hai / abhiprAya yaha hai ki madhyakAlIna gaunDa' jinheM ki bhUmidAna diyA jAtA thA tathA jo rAjakIya prazAsanika adhikAroM kA bhoga karate the grAma saMgaThana ke sandarbha meM 'grAma mahattara' se abhinna rahe the| vartamAna meM 'mahattara' ke aneka avazeSa prApta hote haiM jinameM 'mahato', 'mehatA', 'mahatthA', 'malhotrA', 'meharotra' 'mehatara' Adi vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / 2 'mahattara' mUla kI ina jAtiyoM meM brAhmaNa, vaizya, kAyastha, zUdra Adi sabhI vargoM ke loga sammilita the tathApi madhyakAlIna sAmantavAdI caritra ke kAraNa artha vyavasthA ke grAmonmukhI ho jAne se jisa dAsa prathA kI vibhISikA ko janma milA usake kAraNa adhikAMza kRSi grAma zUdroM dvArA basAe gae pariNAmataH 'grAma-mukhiyA' bhI adhikAMza rUpa se zUdra hI hone lage the| ina badalI huI paristhitiyoM meM 'mahattara' zUdra ke rUpa meM rUr3ha hone lage sAtha hI inake pada kA avamUlyana bhI hotA gyaa| trikANDa zeSa (14vIM zatI I0) meM 'mahattara' ko zUdra tathA 'grAmakUTa' ke paryAyavAcI zabda ke rUpa meM parigaNita karane kA mukhya kAraNa bhI yahI hai ki ye adhikAMzataH zUdra hote the| pAribhASika dRSTi se ye 'grAmakUTa' arthAt grAma ke mukhiyA bhI the / kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM grAma ke mukhiyA ke lie 'grAmakUTa' kA prayoga pAyA hai jo paravartI kAla meM 'mahattara' ke rUpa meM prasiddha ho gyaa| hemacandra kI dezInAmamAlA (12vIM zatI I0) meM 'mahattara' ke prazAsakIya vaiziSTya ko vizeSa rUpa se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / hemacandra ne 'mahattara' ke tatkAlIna prAkRta evaM janapadIya bhASAoM meM pracalita aneka dezI rUpoM kA ullekha kiyA hai / inameM se eka rUpa thA 'maihara' tathA kucha loga ise 'meharo' 'mahara' athavA 'mehara' bhI kahate the| isa 'maihara' athavA 'meharo' ko 'grAma pravara' arthAt 1. 'Similarly 'gaumdas' village elders and headmen who were assigned lands and given fiscal and administrative rights in the medieval Deccan, did not belong to one single cast, and their modern representatives called 'gaudas' in Mysore are regarded as Sudras'. -Sharma, R. S., Social Changes in Early Medieval India, pp. 10-11. 2. vahI, pR0 10 3. 'zUdraHsyAt pAdajo dAso grAmakUTo mahattaraH / ' -trikANDazeSa, 2.10.1 4. arthazAstra, 4.4.6

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128 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 'grAma mukhiyA' ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / ' ' mahattara' ke eka dUsare zabda rUpa kA bhI hemacandra ullekha karate haiM, vaha hai- 'mahayaro' jise jaGgalAta ke adhipati (garapati) ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra 12vIM zatAbdI IsvI meM 'mahattara' ke dezI rUpa 'mahara' athavA 'mahayara' pracalita hone lage the tathA inakA prayoga grAma saMgaThana Adi ke artha meM hI kiyA jAtA thA / abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para itihAsakAroM kI dhAraNA hai ki navIM zatAbdI I0 ke madhya taka 'mahattara' zabda kA sthAna 'mahattama' ne le liyA thA / 3 pI0 vI0 kANe mahodaya ke dvArA dI gaI sUcanA ke anusAra gupta kAlIna abhilekhoM tathA dAnapatroM meM 'mahattara' kA ullekha AyA hai| inameM se jayabhaTTa ke eka dAna patra ( 5vIM zatI I0 ) meM 'rASTragrAma- mahattara' kA prayoga bhI milatA hai / pariNAmataH yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki grAma saMgaThana ke atirikta 'rASTra' ke sandarbha meM bhI 'mahattara ' nAmaka prazAsanika pada kA prayoga hone lagA thA / pAlavaMza ke dAnapatroM meM 'mahattara' kA tima prayoga devapAla kA moMgyAra dAna patra hai / tadanantara navIM zatI I0 ke madhya bhAga meM 'mahattama' kA prayoga hone lagA thA / devapAla ke nAlandA patra meM isakA sarvaprathama ullekha milatA hai / 7 tadanantara trilocana pAla ke tAmra patra 5 govinda candra ke basaI - dAna patra, ' madana pAla tathA govinda candra ke tAmrapatra, govindacandra ke banArasa dAna patra 11 meM nirantara rUpa se 'mahattara' ke sthAna para 'mahattama' kA ullekha AyA hai / 10 1. ' maiharo grAmapravaraH / meharo ityanye / ' - dezInAmamAlA, 6.121; tathA tu0 pAThabheda - ( 1 ) mahara ( 2 ) mehara 2. 'mahayaro gahvarapatiH / ' - dezI0, 6.123 3. 4. go Kavi Plate of Jayabhata (5th cent. A.D.), Indian Antiquary, Vol. V, p. 114, Maliya Plate of Dharasena II, Gupta Inscription No. 38, plate 164, p. 169; Abhona Plates of Sankaragana (595 A.D.), Epigraphia Indica, Vol. IX, p. 297; Palitana Plate of Simhaditya (Gupta year 255), E.I. Vol. XI, pp. 16, 18. Valabhi Grant of Dharasena II, ( Gupta year 252 ), I.A., Vol. 15, p. 187 I.A., Vol. V, p. 114. Monghyar Grant of Devapala Nalanda Grant of Devapala I.A., Vol XVIII, p. 33. ff. 1.4 I.A, XIV, p. 101, ff. 1.11 10. I.A., XVIII, p. 14, ff. 1.12 11. I.A., II, plate No. 29, ff. 1.9 5. 6. 7. 8. Choudhry, Early Medieval Village, p. 218 e.

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 126 vastutaH abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha dyotita hotA hai ki guptakAla ke uparAnta grAma saMgaThana kA vizeSa mahattva bar3ha gayA thA phalataH sAmanta paddhati kI vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM adhikAdhika vyaktiyoM ko santuSTa karane kI AvazyakatA anubhava hone lagI thI, tathA bhUmidAna evaM grAmadAna ke rAjakIya vyavahAroM meM bhI vRddhi ho gaI thii| isa kAraNa 'mahattara' se bar3e pada 'mahAmahattara', 'rASTramahattara' 'vIthimahattara' Adi bhI astitva meM Ane lage the| 'mahAmahattara' kA ullekha dharmapAla ke khalImapura dAna patra' meM AyA hai jo abhaya kAnta caudhurI ke anusAra mahattaroM ke saGgaThana kI ora saGketa karatA hai / 2 'mahAmahattara' sabhI mahattaroM ke Upara kA pada thaa| 'vIthimahattara' jilA stara para niyukta kiyA gayA rAjakIya adhikArI thaa| guptavaMza varSa 120 dAna patra meM isakA ullekha pAyA hai| 'rASTramahattara' kA ullekha 'rASTragrAmamahattara' ke rUpa meM 5vIM zatAbdI I0 ke gupta lekha meM huA hai|4 uttaravartI madhyakAla meM 'rASTra mahattara' ke AdhAra para maMtrI Adi ke lie 'mahattara' kA prayoga hone lagA / vAstava meM guptakAla se lekara 12vIM zatAbdI I0 taka ke kAla meM 'mahattara' eka sAmantavAdI alaGkaraNAtmaka pada ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA jAne lagA thaa| samaya-samaya para tathA bhinna-bhinna prAntoM meM 'mahattara' ke prayoga meM vibhinna dRSTikoNa rahe the / jaina sAhitya tathA anya madhyakAlIna bhAratIya sAhitya meM 'mahattara' se sambandhita vibhinna tathya isa prakAra haiM - 1. kalpasUtra kI TIkA meM Ae 'kauTumbikA' (kauTumbiyA) ko 'grAmamahattara' ke tulya svIkAra karate hue use 'grAmaprabhu' 'avalagaka', 'kuTumbI' Adi zabdoM se spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| 2. jinasena ke Adi purANa meM vibhinna rAjadarabArI adhikAriyoM ke prasaMga meM 'mahattara' kA ullekha AyA hai| 6 isake dUsare pATha meM 'mahattama' kA prayoga bhI 1. Khalimpur Plate of Dharmapala, E.I., Vol. IV, plate No. 34, 1.47 2. vahI, Vol. IV, plate No. 34, 1.47 3. Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. 19, plate 12, pp. 16, 21 4. tu0- 'rASTragrAmamahattaraH' 5. 'kauTumbikAH katipaya kuTumbaprabhavovalagakA: grAmamahattarAH',-kalpasUtra, 2.61 para uddhRta TIkA; Stein Otto, The Jinist Studies, Ahmedabad, 1948, p. 79. sAmantaprahitAn dUtAn dvA:sthairAnIyamAnakAn / saMbhAvayan yathoktena saMmAnena puna: punaH / / paracakranarendrANAmAnItAni mahattaraiH/mahattamaH / upAyanAni saMpazyan yathAsvaM tAMzca pUjayan // -AdipurANa, 5.10-11

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130 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja upalabdha hotA hai| ___3. somadeva ke yazastilaka campU kI TIkA meM rAjya ke aThAraha prakAra ke adhikArI padoM meM se 'mahattara' nAmaka pada kA ullekha bhI milatA hai|' maMtrI ke ekadama bAda 'mahattara' kA parigaNana karanA isake mahattva kA dyotaka bhI hai| 4. vIranandikRta candraprabhacarita mahAkAvya (970-675 I0) meM yuddha prayANa ke avasara para rAjA padmanAbha tathA usakI senA ke ahIroM ke ghoSa grAmoM ke nikaTa se jAne para kambala or3he hue gozAlAoM ke ahIroM--'goSThamahattaroM' dvArA dahI tathA ghI ke upahAra se rAjA kA svAgata karane kA ullekha pAyA hai| aisA hI sandarbha kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza meM bhI pAyA hai kintu unhoMne vahA~ para 'goSThamahattara' ke sthAna para 'ghoSavRddha' kA prayoga kiyA hai jo isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki kAlidAsayugIna ghoSa grAmoM ke mukhiyA (ghoSavRddha) navIM dazavIM zatAbdI I0 meM 'goSThamahattara' ke nAma se vyavahRta ho gae the| candraprabhamahAkAvya kI TIkA kAvyapaMjikA meM 'goSThamahattara' ko 'gopAla-prabhu' arthAt 'ahIroM ke svAmI' ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / candraprabhacarita ke prastuta ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki ahIroM ke grAmoM meM bhI 'mahattara' pada kA astitva A cukA thaa| ye 'mahattara' yuddha prayANa Adi avasaroM para rAjA ko upahAra dekara prasanna karate the| rAjA dvArA dAna meM dI gaI bhUmi ke anugraha ke bhugatAna kA bhI yaha ucita avasara thaa| 5 dazavIM zatAbdI I0 meM nirmita puSpadantakRta jasaaracariu (yazodharacarita) 1. 'senApatirgaNako rAjazreSThI daNDAdhipo mantrI mahattaro balavattarazcatvAro varNAzcaturaGa gabalaM purohito'mAtyo mahAmAtyazcetyaSTAdaza rAjJAM tIrthAni bhavanti' / yazastilaka 1.16 para uddhata TIkA Kane, P.V., History of Dharmasastra, Vol. III, p. 113, fn. 148 2. candra0, 13.1-41 3. tu0 ---rucirallakarAjitavigrahaivihitasaMbhramagoSThamahattaraiH / pathi puro dadhisarpirupAyanAnyupahitAni vilokya sa pipriye / / -vahI, 13.41 4. haiyaGgavInamAdAya ghoSavRddhAnupasthitAn / . nAmadheyAni pRcchantau vanyAnAM mArgazAkhinAm ||-rghuvNsh, 1.45 5. tu0-'goSThamahattaraiH-gopAlaprabhubhiH upahitAni AnItAni / ' -candra0, 13.41 para paJjikA TIkA 6. tu0-koMDillagottaNaha diNayarAsu vallahariMdadharamahayarAsu / NaNNaho maMdiri riNavasaMtu saMtu ahimANa meru kai pupphayaMtu / / puSpadantakRta jasaharacariu, 1.1.3-4, sampA0 hIrAlAla, dillI, 1972

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 131 meM puSpadanta kA rAjA narendra ke nijI 'mahattara' nanna ke nivAsa sthAna para rahane kA ullekha milatA hai / 'mahattara' nanna maMtrI bharata kA putra thA tathA apane pitA ke uparAnta vaha hI maMtrI pada para AsIna huA / " isa ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki dazavIM zatAbdI I0 meM dakSiNa bhArata ke rASTrakUTa zAsana meM 'mahattara' pada eka gauravapUrNa pada ho gayA thA jo maMtrI pada se thor3A hI kama mahattvapUrNa rahA hogA / 6. hariSeNakRta bRhatkathAkoza (10vIM zatAbdI I0 ) meM azoka nAmaka dhanADhya 'mahattara' dvArA gokula kI bhUmi adhigrahaNa karane ke evaja meM prativarSa eka hajAra ghI ke ghar3e rAjA ko dene kI zarta kA ullekha AyA hai / azoka nAmaka isa 'mahattara' ne apanI donoM patniyoM ko saMtuSTa karane ke liye gokula ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kara pratyeka patnI ko pAMca sau ghI ke ghar3e dene kA dAyitva sauMpa diyA / 3 bRhatkathA ke isa ullekha se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'mahattara' pada rAjA dvArA kinhIM zartoM para diyA jAne vAlA pada vizeSa rahA hogaa| grAma saGgaThana ke sandarbha meM 'mahattara' apane kAma ko AsAna banAne ke lie apanI patniyoM athavA anya logoM ko bhAgIdAra banA lete the / azoka nAmaka 'mahattara' kI do patniyoM ko Adhe-Adhe grAma kA svAmI banA dene kA vRttAnta bhI grAma saGgaThana ke sAmantavAdI DhAMce ko vizada karatA hai / bRhatkathAkoza meM 'mahattarikA' 3 kA bhI ullekha AyA hai jo saMbhavata: 'mahattaraka' kI patnI ho sakatI hai jisa para sambhavataH prazAsanika jimmevArI bhI rahatI thI / bRhatkathAkoza meM eka anya sthAna para rAjadarabAra meM bhI 'mahattaroM' kI upasthiti kahI gaI hai jo 1. puSpadantakRta jasaharacariu, bhUmikA, pR0 2. tu0 - vArANasamIpe ca gaGgArodhasi sundaraH / palAzopapadaH kUTo grAmo bahudhano'bhavat / / AsIdazokanAmA'tra grAme bahudhano dhanI / mahattaro'sya bhAryA ca nandA tanmAnasapriyA // vRSabhadhvajabhUpAya ghRtakumbhasahasrakam / varSe varSe pradAyAste bhuJjAno gokulAni sa / / dRSTvA azoko mahArATi tathA nandAsunandayoH / ardhAgokulaM kRtvA dadau kAryavicakSaNaH // - bRhatkathAkoza, sampA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, bambaI, 19.43, 21.3-4; 21.7-8 -- vahI, 73.53 3. tu0 - mInopI papAtAzu tanmahattarikA varA /

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132 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja rAjakIya utsavoM ke avasara para yAcakoM ko dAna Adi dene kA kArya karate the| bRhatkathAkoza ke 'kaDArapiGgakathAnaka' meM 'mahattara' ko mantrI ke rUpa meM bhI varNita kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra mahattara evaM mahattama sambandhI uparyukta sAhityaka evaM abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke pramANoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'mahattara' grAma saMgaThana se sambandhita eka adhikArI vizeSa thA / 'mahattara' rAjya dvArA niyukta kiyA jAtA thA athavA nahIM isakA koI spaSTa ulekha nahIM milatA kintu madhyakAlIna Arthika vyavasthA meM 'mahattara' kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI thii| vaha grAma saGgaThana ke eka pramukha vyakti ke rUpa meM rAjA tathA usakI zAsana vyavasthA se ghaniSTha rUpa meM sambaddha thaa| pAMcavIM zatAbdI I0 ke uttaravartI abhilekhIya sAkSyoM meM 'mahattara' tathA 'mahattama' ke ullekha milate haiM jinakA sambandha pradhAnataH rAjAoM dvArA bhUmidAna Adi ke vyavahAroM se rahA thaa| itihAsakAroM dvArA pratipAdita yaha mAnyatA ki havIM zatAbdI I. ke uttarArdha ke uparAnta 'mahattara' ke sthAna para 'mahattama' kA prayoga hone lagA thA, eka mahattvapUrNa tathya hai tathA yugIna sAmantavAdI rAjya vyavasthA ke vyAvahArika pakSa para mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlatA hai / 'mahattara' kA 'mahattama' ke rUpa meM sthAnAMtaraNa hone kA eka mukhya kAraNa yaha bhI hai ki navIM zatAbdI I0 meM pAlavaMzIya zAsana vyavasthA meM 'uttama' nAmaka eka dUsare grAma saGgaThana ke adhikArI kA astitva A cukA thA / 2 'uttama' kI tulanA meM 'mahattara' kI apekSA 'mahattama' adhika yuktisaGgata par3atA thaa| isa kAraNa 'uttama' nAmaka grAma mukhiyA se kucha bar3e pada vAlA adhikArI 'mahattama' kahA jAne lagA thA / pAlavaMzIya dAna patroM meM 'mahattara'/'mahattama'| 'kuTumbI' Adi ke ullekhoM se yaha bhI dyotita hotA hai ki sAmAnya kisAnoM ke lie 'kSetrakara' kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai|4 'kuTumbI' ina sAmAnya kisAnoM kI tulanA meM 1. tu0-paTTabandhaM vidhAyAsya karkaNDasya narAdhipAH / maMtriNastalavargAzca vineyuH padapaGkajam // kanakaM rajataM ratnaM turaGgaM karivAhanam / sa dadumahattarA hRSTA yAcakebhyo muhurmuhuH / -bRhatkathA0, 1.56,264-65 tathA- satyaM kaDArapiGgo'yaM manmahattaranandanaH -vahI, 82.35 2. I.A. Vol. XXIX, No. 7,1.31 3. tu0-mahattamottamakuTumbI, Land grants of Mahipala 1, ___-LA. Vol, XIV, No 23, 11.41-42 8. Choudhari, Early Medieval Indiau Village, p. 220

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 133 kucha vizeSa varga ke kisAna the jo vibhinna kuloM tathA parivAroM ke mukhiyA ke rUpa meM grAma saGgaThana se sambaddha the| usake uparAnta 'uttama' nAmaka grAmAdhikAriyoM kA sthAna prAtA thA jo saMbhavataH 'kuTumbI' se bar3e hone ke kAraNa 'uttama' kahalAte the| ina 'uttama' nAmaka grAmAdhikAriyoM ke Upara 'mahattama' kA pada rahA thaa| pAlavaMzIya zAsana vyavasthA meM ina vibhinna padAdhikAriyoM ke krama ko isa prakAra rakhA jA sakatA hai kSetrakara> kuTumbI> uttama> mahattama 'uttama' nAmaka eka navIna padAdhikArI ke astitva se 'mahattara' ke pUrva pracalita pada ko dhakkA hI nahIM lagA apitu isake artha kA avamUlyana bhI hotA calA gayA / bhAratavarSa ke kucha bhAgoM, vizeSakara uttarapUrvI prAntoM tathA kazmIra Adi pradezoM me 'mahattara' tathA 'mahattama' donoM kA prayoga milatA hai kintu 'mahattara' antaHpura ke rakSaka (chamberlain) ke lie prayukta huA hai jabaki 'mahattama' zAsana vyavasthA ke mahattvapUrNa vyakti ke lie AyA hai|' kathAsaritsAra meM bhI 'mahattara' antaHpura ke rakSaka ke rUpa meM hI nirdiSTa hai| kintu gujarAta dakSiNa bhArata Adi prAntoM meM 'mahattara' ke avamUlyana kA kama prabhAva par3A tathA vahA~ 12vIM zatAbdI I0 taka bhI 'mahattara' ko grAma saGgaThana ke adhikArI ke rUpa meM hI mAnyatA prApta thii| 12vIM zatAbdI I. ke uparAnta 'mahattara' evaM 'mahattama' padoM ke prazAsakIya padoM kI lokapriyatA kama hotI gaI tathA isakI dezI saMjJAe~ 'meharA', 'mehera', 'meharU', 'mahato' Adi vaMza athavA jAti ke rUpa meM rUr3ha hotI calI giiN| ina jAtiyoM meM kisI varNa vizeSa kA Agraha yadyapi nahIM thA tathApi zUdra evaM nimna varNa kI jAtiyoM kA inameM prAdhAnya rahA thaa| isakA kAraNa yaha hai ki madhyakAla meM ina jAtiyoM se sambaddha loga grAma saGgaThana ke mukhiyA rahe the evaM rAjakIya mahattva ke kAraNa bhI unakI vizeSa bhUmikA rahI thii| phalata: ina mahattaroM kI Ane vAlI pIr3hiyoM ke lie 'mahattara' tathA usase sambaddha 'meharA', 'mahato' Adi sambodhana garimA kA viSaya thA / yahI kAraNa hai ki vartamAnakAla meM bhI mahattara mahattama ke avazeSa vibhinna jAtiyoM ke rUpa meM surakSita haiN| Arthika dRSTi se inameM kaI jAtiyA~ aAja nirdhana kRSaka jAtiyA~ hai kintu kisI samaya meM ina jAtiyoM ke pUrvaja bhAratIya grAmINa zAsana vyavasthA ke mahattvapUrNa padoM ko dhAraNa karate the| ThIka yahI siddhAnta 11vIM-12vIM zatI I. ke 'paTTakila'2 tathA Adhunika 'paTela' athavA 'pATila', madhyakAlIna 'gonDa'3 tathA Adhunika 'gaur3a'; madhyakAlIna 'kuTumbI', Adhunika 'kunvI', 'kumi' 1. rAjataraGgiNI, 8.656 tathA 7.438 2. Sharma, R.S., Social Changes in Early Medieval India, p. 10 3. vahI, pR0 10

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 'kor3I'; madhyakAlIna, 'rASTra mahattara',' prAdhunika 'rAThaur3a'; madhya kAlIna 'raNaka', 'ThAkura', 'rota', 'nAyaka' tathA Adhunika 'rANA', 'ThAkura', 'rAvata', 'nAika' prAdi para bhI lAgU hotA hai| inameM se 'raNaka', 'ThAkura', 'rauta', 'nAyaka' Adi katipaya ve upAdhiyA~ thIM jo prAyaH zilpiyoM, vyApAriyoM Adi ke pradhAnoM ko sAmantI alaGkaraNa ke rUpa meM pradAna kI jAtI thIM tathA paravartI kAla meM ina alaGkaraNAtmaka padoM ke nAma para jAtiyA~ bhI rUr3ha hotI calI giiN| kuTumbI ____saMskRta 'kuTumbI' bhASA zAstra evaM vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se avaidika evaM apANinIya prayoga hai| cAroM vedoM tathA pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI' meM isake prayoga nahIM milte| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prAkRta 'kuDa' dhAtu se niSpanna 'koDiyo', 'koDiya', 'kauDumbiyo', 'kuDumbI' Adi janapadIya dezI zabdoM kA saMskRtaniSTha rUpa 'kuTumba' athavA 'kuTumbI' hai| vaidika paramparA ke sAhitya kI dRSTi se 'kuTumbI' kA chAndogyopaniSad meM sarvaprathama prayoga milatA hai jisakA prAyaH 'parivAra' athavA 'gRhasthAzrama' athaM kiyA gayA hai| matsyapurANa meM upalabdha hone vAle 'kuTumbI' viSayaka lagabhaga sabhI prayoga caturthyanta haiM tathA brAhmaNa ke vizeSaNa ke rUpa meM prayukta hue haiN| dIkSitAra mahodaya ne brAhmaNa ke 'kuTumbI' vizeSaNa ko eka aisA vizeSaNa mAnA hai jisase usameM dAnagrahaNa ke adhikArI vizeSa kI yogyatA parilakSita hotI hai| isI sandarbha meM vAyupurANa ke ve ullekha bhI vidvAnoM ke lie vicAraNIya haiM jahA~ saptarSiyoM ke svarUpa ko brAhmaNa-vaiziSTya ke rUpa meM ubhArA gayA hai tathA inheM gotra pravartaka mAnane ke 1. jagadIzacandra jaina, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 62 2. Majumdar, N.G., Inscriptions of Bengal, III, No. 5.36 3. draSTavya-caturveda vaiyAkaraNa padasUcI, hoziyArapura, 1960 4. Katre, S.M., Dictionry of Panini, Poona, 1968, Part I, pp. 180-181 5. kuTumbe zucau deze svAdhyAyamadhIyAnaH-chAndogyopaniSad, 8.15.1 6 kuTumbe gArhasthyocita karmaNi-chAndo, 8.15.1 para upaniSadbrahmayogI, pR0 225 7. matsyapurANa, 53.16, 59.40, 73.35, 66.15, 75.3, sampA0 jIvAnaMda, kalakattA, 1876 5. Dixitar, Purana Index, Vol. I, p. 387.

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 135 sAtha-sAtha 'kuTumbI' bhI kahA gayA hai / " kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM durga-niveza ke avasara para rAjA dvArA kuTumbiyoM ke sImAnirdhAraNa kI carcA AI hai / kintu isa sandarbha meM bhI 'kuTumbI' ke artha nirdhAraNa meM mata - vaibhinya dekhA jAtA hai / kauTilya arthazAstra meM Ae isa 'kuTumbI' ko prAyaH 'gRhastha', 'zramika', 'nAgarika' nimna varga ke 'durgAntavAsI' 6 Adi vividha prarthoM meM grahaNa kiyA jAtA hai / isa prakAra IsvI pUrva ke prAcIna sAhitya meM upalabdha 'kuTumba' ke parivAra artha meM to koI anupapatti nahIM kintu isase sambaddha 'kuTumbI' kA svarUpa saMdigdha evaM aspaSTa jAna par3atA hai / IsvI pUrva ke jaina Agama grantha tathA jaina zilAlekha 'kuTumbI' ke artha nirdhAraNa kI dizA meM hamArI bahuta sahAyatA karate haiM / jainAgama kalpasUtra 7 meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke AThaveM uttarAdhikArI 'sutthiya' dvArA 'koTika' athavA 'koDa' garaNa kI sthApanA kA ullekha AyA hai jo ki bAda meM cAra zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA thaa| 5 vAyupurANa meM nirdiSTa gotra pravartaka 'kuTumbI' kalpasUtrokta 1. tu0 - vAyupurANa - 61.62-66 tathA- grAmyatayanti sma rasaizcaiva svayaM kRtaiH / 2. tu0 - 'karmAnta kSetravazena vA kuTumbinAM sImAnAM sthApayet' / - arthazAstra, 2.4.22 sampAdaka, TI0 gaNapati zAstrI; trivendram, 1924 3. tu0 -- ' kuTumbiyoM arthAt sAdhAraNa gRhastha ke kArakhAne, - arthazAstra, anu0 rAmateja zAstrI, pR0 62 4. kuTumbina RddhimaMto bAhyAtaraM nibAsinaH // vAyupurANa, 61.66 gurumaMDala sIrIja, kalakattA, 1656 5. 7. 8. Families of workmen may in any other way be provided with sites befitting their occupation and field work. Kautilya's Arthasastra, Sham Snastri, Mysore 1951, p. 54 'nagara meM basane vAle parivAroM ke lie nivAsa bhUmi kA nirNaya' - arthazAstra, anu0 udayavIra zAstrI, pR0 114 6. 'kuTumbinAM durgAntavAsayitavyAnAM varNAvarANAM karmAntakSetravazena... sImAnaM sthApayet / ' - arthazAstra, 2.4.22, TI0 gaNapati zAstrIkRta zrImUla TIkA Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXII, p. 292 Buhler, J.G., The Indian Sect of the Jainas, Calcutta, 1963, p. 40

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136 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 'koTika' athavA 'koDiya' se bahuta sAmyatA rakhatA hai / 'koDiya' garaNa meM phUTa par3ane ke kAraNa jo cAra zAkhAeM athavA kula bana gae the unameM 'variNaya' athavA ' vaNijja' nAmaka kula bhI rahA thA / ' kalpasUtrokta isa sAmAjika saGgaThana meM phUTa par3ane kI ghaTanA kI vasiti abhilekha ( lyUDarsa saMsthA - 1147 ) se bhI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai / isa lekha meM kahA gayA hai ki madhyamavarga ke kRSaka tathA vaNik loga paraspara TUTakara svatantra 'gRhoM' tathA 'kuTumboM' (kuloM) meM vibhakta ho gae the / 3 Siri Pulumayi ke anusAra ina 'gRhoM' tathA 'kuTumboM' ke mukhiyA kramazaH 'gRhapati' tathA 'kuTumbI' kahalAte the / 4 kalpasUtra tathA propapAttika sUtra meM 'koDumbiya' ( kauTumbika ) kA ullekha 'mAmba' (mADambika) 'talavara' Adi prazAsanika adhikAriyoM ke sAtha AyA hai, jo yaha siddha karatA hai ki jaina Agama granthoM ke kAla meM 'kauDumbiya' athavA 'kauTumbika' prazAsanika padAdhikAriyoM ke artha meM prayukta hone lagA thA / isa sambandha meM kalpasUtra kI eka TIkA ke anusAra 'koDumbiya' athavA 'kauTumbika' una aneka 'kuTumba' (kuloM) athavA parivAroM ke svAmI the jinheM prazAsakIya dRSTi se 'avalagaka' athavA 'grAmamahattara' ke samakakSa samajhA jA sakatA hai-- 'kauTumbikA:katipayakuTumba prabhavo valagakAH grAmamahattarA vA' / 7 prastuta TIkA meM Ae 'avalagaka' ko 'lagAna ekatra karane vAle grAmAdhikAriyoM' ke rUpa meM samajhanA cAhie 5 baMgAla hajArIbAga jile ke 'dudhapani' sthAna se prApta zilAlekha meM variMgata eka ghaTanA ke anusAra rAjA prAdisiMha dvArA bhramarazAlmali nAmaka pallI grAma meM grAmavAsiyoM kI icchA se dhana dhAnya sampanna vaNik ko 'avalagaka' meM rUpa meM niyukta karane kA ullekha AyA hai / vaha 'avalagaka' rAjA kA vizeSa pakSapAtI vyakti thA tathA 1. Buhler, The Indian Sect of the Jainas, p. 40 I.A., Vol. XLVIII, p. 80 vahI, pR0 80 vahI, pR0 80 2. 3. 4. 5. kalpasUtra, 2.61 6. aupapAttikasUtra 15 7. 8. 6. Stein, The Jinist Studies, p. 79 tu0 -- 'AAlavana' - phasala kATanA (lU) tathA 'prarvana' - pahalI phasala jo gRha devatAoM ko samarpita kI jAtI hai / --Turner, R.L., A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo Aryan, London, 1912, p.62 Stein, The Jinist Studies, p. 80

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA pallI grAma kA rAjA kahalAtA thaa|' isa zilAlekha se 'avagalaka' ko rAjya prazAsana kI ora se niyukta adhikArI ke rUpa meM siddha karane ke lie prAmANika AdhAra milatA hai tathA isI rUpa meM 'kuTumbI' ko bhI samajhA jA sakatA hai| madhyakAlIna grAma saGgaThana ke pArthika pakSa para prakAza DAlane bAle isa zilAlekha ke ullekhAnusAra 'avalagana' (prema upahAra) ko rAjA taka pahuMcAne vAle vyakti kI 'avalagaka' saMjJA thii| saMbhavataH prArambha meM kaTI huI phasala ke rAjakIya bhAga se isakA abhiprAya rahA hogaa| kintu bAda meM kisI bhI vyakti se sambandha acche banAne ke lie bhI kisI prakAra kA premopahAra denA 'avalagana' kahalAne lgaa|' madhyakAlIna arthavyavasthA meM sAmantavAdI caritra kI yaha vizeSatA hI bana gaI thii| 'kuTumbI' ke kozazAstrIya artha kA bhI rocaka itihAsa hai| amarakozakAra (5vIM zatI I0), 'kuTumbinI' tathA 'kuTumbavyApRtta'4 zabdoM ke ullekha to karate haiM kintu svatantra rUpa se 'kuTumbI' ke kisAna-arthaparaka paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA kahIM bhI ullekha nahIM karate / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki amarakoza ke kAla meM 'kuTumbI' ko kisAna ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM sthAna nahIM mila pAyA thaa| unhoMne kisAna ke 'kSetrAjIvaH', 'karSakaH', 'kRSika:' 'kRSivalaH' kevala cAra paryAyavAcI zabda ginAe haiM jabaki dazavIM zatAbdI I0 meM nirmita halAyudha koza meM ina cAra paryAyavAcI zabdoM ke atirikta 'kuTumbI' bhI jor3a diyA gyaa| isa prakAra halAyudha koza ne sarvaprathama dasavIM zatAbdI I0 meM 'kuTumbI' ke kisAnaparaka artha ko mAnyatA dii| tadanantara hemacandra ne bhI ise paramparAgata rUpa se kisAna ke paryAyavAcI zabda ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA / 12vIM zatAbdI I0 meM hemacanda kI dezInAmamAlA meM 'kuTumbI' se sAdRzya rakhane vAle aneka prAkRta zabda milate haiM unameM 1. Stein, The Jinist Studies, p. 80 2. ta0-Turner, Comparative Dic. p. 62; Stein, The Jinist Studies, p. 80, fn. 172 3. Stein, The Jinist Studies, p. 81-82 4. tu0 - 'bhAryA jAyAthapuMbhUmnidArAH syAttu kuTumbinI'-amara0 2.6.6 tathA 'kuTumbavyApRtastu yaH syAdabhyAgArikaH'-vahI 3.1.11 5. 'kSetrAjIvaH karSakazca kRSikazca kRSIvalaH / ' - bahI 2.6.6 6. tu0-'kSetrAjIvaH kRSikaH kRSivalaH karSaka: kuTumbI ca / ' -abhidhAnaratnamAlA, 2.416 7. abhidhAnacintAmaNi, 3.554 8. triSaSTi0, 2.4.173 tathA 2.4.240

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138 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 1 'kaDuccitram ' ' tathA 'koMDigro ra mahattvapUrNa haiM / hemacandra ne 'kuDuccitram' kA artha 'surata' athavA 'maithuna' kiyA hai, kintu 'koMDipro' ko eka aise vyakti ke rUpa meM spaSTa karane kI ceSTA kI hai jo 'grAmabhoktA' hotA thA tathA chala-kapaTa se grAmavAsiyoM ko paraspara lar3A-bhir3Akara gAMva meM apanA Adhipatya jamA letA thA - 'meNa grAmabhottA ya koMDiyo - koMDiyamro bhedena grAmabhoktA / aikamanyaM grAmINAnAmapAsya yo mAyayA grAmaM bhunakti / 4 isa prakAra dezInAmamAlA se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prAkRta paramparA se cale A rahe 'kauDambiya' 'koDiya' Adi prayoga hemacandra ke kAla taka 'koMDio' ke rUpa meM grAmazAsana ke adhikArI ke lie vyavahRta hone lage the / sAtavIM zatAbdI I0 ke bANaracita harSacarita meM 'kuTumbiyoM' ke jo ullekha prApta hote haiM, unake sambandha meM do tathya mahatvapUrNa haiM / eka to 'kuTumbI' kA prayoga 'agrahAra' 'grAmeyaka' 'mahattara' 'cATa' zrAdi ke sAtha huA hai jo spaSTa pramANa hai ki 'kuTumbI' bhI 'grAmeyaka' Adi ke samAna prazAsanika adhikArI rahA hogA / dUsare rAjA harSa digvijaya ke avasara para kisI vana grAma meM 'kuTumbiyoM ke gharoM ko dekhakara vahA~ rahane lagate haiM / phalataH ye kuTumbiI' sAmAnya kisAna na hokara rAjA ke vizvAsapAtra vyakti rahe hoMge jina para yuddha prayANa Adi ke avasara para rAjA tathA usakI senA ke rahana-sahana tathA bhojana Adi kI vyavasthA kA dAyitva bhI rahatA thA / isa prakAra harSakAlIna bhArata meM 'kuTumbI' grAma saGgaThana ke prazAsanika DhA~ce se pUrNata: jur3a cuke the / kAtyAyana ke vacanAnusAra zrotriya, vidhavA, durbala, kuTumbI Adi ko 'rAjabala' mAnA gayA hai tathA inakI prayatna pUrvaka rakSA karane kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai / 1. dezInAmamAlA, 2.41 2. vahI, 2.48 3. 'kuDuccitraM surae' - vahI, 2.41 4. vahI, 2.48 5. harSacarita, saptama ucchvAsa, sampAdaka - pI0 vI0 kANe, dillI, 1965 pR0 35, 68, 66, tathA 226 6. zrotriyA vidhavA bAlA durbalAzca kuTumbinaH / ete rAjabalA rAjJA rakSitavyA prayatnataH // - ( kAtyAyana), kRtyakalpataru, rAjadharmakANDa, bhAga 11, pR0 84

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 130 madhyakAlIna bhArata ke mahattvapUrNa grantha somadeva ke nItivAkyAmRta (10vIM zatI I0) meM 'kuTumbiyoM' ko 'bIjabhojI' kahA gayA hai tathA unake prati anAdara kI bhAvanA abhivyakta kI gayI hai| isI prakAra nItivAkyAmRta meM rAjAnoM ko nirdeza die gaye haiM ki ve dyUta Adi vyasanoM ke atirikta kAraNoM se pAe hue 'kuTumbiyoM' ke ghATe ko pUrA kareM tathA unheM mUla dhana dekara sammAnita kareM / 2 nItivAkyAmRta ke ina ullekhoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'kuTumbI' rAjA ke prazAsana meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhate the kintu sAmantavAdI bhoga-vilAsa tathA sAmAnya kRSakoM ke sAtha durvyavahAra karane ke kAraNa inakI sAmAjika pratiSThA samApta hotI jA rahI thii| nItivAkyAmRta meM sAmAnyatayA kisAna ke lie 'zUdrakarSaka'3 prayoga milatA hai ataeva 'kuTumbI' ko una dhanadhAnya sampanna kisAnoM ke vizeSa varga ke rUpa meM samajhanA cAhie jo paravartI kAla meM jamIMdAra ke rUpa meM apanI mahattvapUrNa sthiti banA sake the / bArahavIM zatAbdI I0 madhyakAlIna sAmantavAdI arthavyavasthA kI carama pariNati mAnI jAtI hai| isa samaya taka grAma saGgaThana pUrNataH sAmantavAdI pravRttiyoM se jakar3a lie lie gae the| isakA pariNAma yaha huA ki grAma saGgaThanoM ke 'kuTumbI' Adi ThIka usI prakAra samajhe jAne lage the jaise 'sAmanta' rAjA / hemacandra ke triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita mahAkAvya meM yuddha prayANa ke avasara para 'grAmAdhIza' Adi svayaM ko 'kuTumbiyoM ke samAna kara dene vAle tathA adhIna rahane vAle' batAte haiM / triSaSTi0 meM eka dUsare sthAna para 'kumbiyoM' ko senA tathA 'sAmanta' rAjAoM ke 1. bIjabhojinaH kuTambina iva nAstyadhArmikasyAyatyAM kimapi zubham / -nItivAkyAmRta, 1.45 2. avyasanena kSINadhanAn mUladhanapradAnena kuTumbinaH pratisambhAvayet / -vahI, 17.53 3. vahI, 16.8 8. "Out of the revenue retained by the vassal he was expected to maintain the feudal levies which underlying his oath of loyality to his king, he was in duty bound to furnish for the king's services. To break his oath was regarded as a heinous offence.' Thapar, Romila, A History of India, Part I, p. 242 tathA tu0-triSaSTi0, 2,4.170-72 5. kuTumbikA iva vayaM karadA vazagAzca vaH / -triSaSTi0, 2.4.173

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140 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja samAna adhInastha mAnA gayA hai| 1 hemacandra ke triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM Ae ye ullekha yaha spaSTa kara dete haiM ki 'kuTumbI' svarUpa se kRSaka avazya rahe hoMge kyoMki samagra kRSakavarga para ye Adhipatya karate the; kintu ye vAstavika vyavasAya karane vAle kisAna nahIM the / hemacandra dvArA abhidhAnacintAmariNa meM kozazAstrIya artha ke rUpa meM 'kuTumbI' ko kRSaka mAnanA artha kI dRSTi se paramparAnumodita tathA yuktisaGgata hai kintu laukika vyavahAra kI prAsaGgikatA kI dRSTi se 'kuTumbI' dezInAmamAlA meM kahe gae 'koMDigro' ke tulya thA jo 'grAmabhoktA' hone ke sAthasAtha chalakapaTapUrNa vyavahAra se grAmavAsiyoM para zAsana karatA thA / apanI haisiyata ko banAe rakhane ke lie yaha 'kuTumbI' vizvAsapAtra tathA vinamra sevaka ke rUpa meM rAjA kI hara prakAra se sahAyatA karatA thA / madhyakAlIna Arthika vyavasthA evaM sAmudAyika DhA~coM ke sandarbha meM itihAsakAroM tathA purAtattvavettAnoM ne 'kuTumbI' sambandhI jina mAnyatAoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai, unameM pro0 Ara0 esa0 zarmA kA mantavya hai ki madhyakAlIna 'kuTumbI' vartamAna kAlika bihAra evaM uttara pradeza kI zUdra jAti ' kurmiyoM' tathA mahArASTra kI 'kunviyoM' ke mUla vaMzaja rahe the / unake anusAra madhyakAlIna bhArata meM hue sAmAjika parivartanoM ke phalasvarUpa vaizyoM tathA zUdroM ke vyavasAyoM meM kAphI parivartana A cuke the / guptakAla kI uttarottara zatAbdiyoM meM zUdroM ne vaizyoM dvArA kie jAne vAle kRSi vyavasAya ko apanA liyA thA / 4 sAtavIM zatAbdI I0 ke ha entsAGga tathA gyArahavIM zatAbdI I0 ke alabarUnI ne isa tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki zUdra kRSi kArya meM laga cuke the tathA vaizyoM evaM zUdroM meM rahana-sahana kI dRSTi se koI vizeSa bheda nahIM raha gayA thA / isI aitihAsika evaM sAmAjika pariprekSya meM pro0 zarmA 'kuTumbiyoM' ko sambhavata: eka aisI kRSaka jAti se jor3anA cAhate haiM jo varNa se zUdra thI / DI0 sI0 sarakAra' tathA vAsudevazaraNa agravAla kI bhI yahI dhAraNA hai ki 'kuTumbI' uttara 1. kuTumbinaH pattayo vA sAmantA vA tvadAjJayA / ataH paraM bhaviSyAmastvadadhInA hi naH sthitiH // -- triSaSTi0, 2.4.240 2. abhidhAnacitAmaNi, 3 . 554 Sharma, Social Changes in Early Medieval India, p. 11 4. vahI, pR0 11 3. 5. Sircar, D.C., Select Inscriptions, Vol. I, Calcutta, 1942, p. 498 6. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, harSacarita eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, paTanA, 1653, pR0 181, pAda0 4

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 141 bhArata kI 'kulambI' athavA 'kunbI' jAti ke loga rahe hoNge| isa prasaGga meM Tarnara mahodaya kI 'iNDo Aryana DikzanarI' ke ve tathya bhI upayogI samajhe jA sakate haiM jinameM unhoMne saMskRta 'kuTa mbI' tathA prAkRta 'kuDumbI' ko Adhunika pUrvI hindI tathA sindhI ke 'kUrmI', pazcimI hindI ke 'kunbI', gujarAtI ke 'kanbI' tathA 'kalmI' purAnI gujarAtI ke 'kalambI' 'marAThI ke 'kalAbI' tathA 'kunbI' kA mUla mAnA hai|' bhASAzAstrIya isa sarvekSaNa ke AdhAra para sabhI prAntoM meM bolI jAne vAlI tattadbhASAoM meM 'kisAna' artha kI ekarUpatA dekhI jAtI hai| isa prakAra itihAsakAroM tathA kozakAroM ne 'kuTumbo' zabda ke kevala usa pakSa ko vizada kiyA hai jisake AdhAra para 'kuTumbI' ko kRSaka jAti ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| kintu 'kuTumbI' kA vartamAna samAdhAna vyavahArataH sarvathA pUrNa nahIM hai / abhilekhIya sAkSyoM tathA aneka sAhityika sAkSyoM ke aise uddharaNa diye jA sakate haiM jinase yaha bhAvanA dRr3ha hotI jAtI hai ki kuTumbI' logoM kI grAma saGgaThana ke dharAtala para eka aisI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hogI jisake kAraNa 'kuTumbI' rAjA tathA kisAnoM ke madhya bIca kI kar3I rahe hoMge aura unheM grAma prazAsana kA mahattvapUrNa adhikArI mAnA jAne lagA thaa| ___ madhyakAlIna grAma saGgaThanoM ko grAmonmukhI tathA Atmanirbhara arthavyavasthA ne bahuta prabhAvita kiyA jise itihAsakAra sAmantavAdI arthavyavasthA ke rUpa meM bhI spaSTa karate haiM / 2 guptavaMza tathA pAlavaMza ke dAna patroM se isa vyavasthA ke usa Arthika evaM rAjanaitika DhA~ce kI puSTi hotI hai jisake antargata aise aneka prazAsakIya padoM kA astitva A gayA thA jo bhUmidAna tathA grAmadAna ke saMvaidhAnika vyavahAroM kI dekha-rekha karate the| isa sandarbha meM 'kuTumbI' pada vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai / 5 madhyayugIna dakSiNa bhArata ke grAma saGgaThana ke sandarbha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki 'koDukkapillai' nAmaka eka adhikArI ke pada kA astitva rahA thaa| 9. Turner, R.L., A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London, 1912, p. 165 2. prAra0 esa0 zarmA, bhAratIya sAmantavAda, anu0 Aditya nArAyaNa siMha, dillI, 1973, pR0 1-2 3. Puri, B.N. History of Indian Administration, Vol. I, Bombay, 1968, p. 138 4. Choudhari, Early Medieval Indian Village, p. 220 5. Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIX, p. 15 Meenakshi, C., Administration & Social Life under the Pallavas, Madras, 1938, p. 56

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142 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja isa adhikArI kA mukhya karttavya grAma dAna tathA grAmoM se Ane vAle 'parihAra' Adi karoM se sambandhita vyavahAroM ko dekhanA thA / ' 'parihAra' Adi karoM ke sambandha meM yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai ki ye kara grAmoM se prApta hone vAle aThAraha prakAra ke kara the jinakI sUcanA bhI pallavavaMza ke abhilekhoM se prApta hotI hai| isa prakAra dakSiNa bhArata meM 'kuDumbanI' athavA 'koDiya' kI sAmyatA para 'koDukkapillai' nAmaka prazAsakIya pada svarUpa se vizuddha rAjakIya adhikArI kA pada rahA thA tathA yaha grAma saGgaThana ke Arthika DhA~ce ko niyantrita karatA thaa| isa prakAra 'kuTumbI' viSayaka jaina sAhitya evaM jainetara sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki prArambha meM 'koDiya' ke rUpa meM guptakAlIna evaM madhyakAlIna 'kuTumbI' samAja saGgaThana kI nyUnatama ikAI parivAra athavA kula ke pradhAna ke rUpa meM pratinidhitva karate the| tadanantara pA~ca athavA usase adhika parivAroM ke samUha-'grAma' ke saGgaThanAtmaka DhAMce meM unakA mahattvapUrNa sthAna banatA gyaa| madhyakAlIna grAma saGgaThana meM 'mahattara' se kucha choTe pada ke rUpa meM unakI prazAsakIya sthiti rahI thii| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhUmidAna tathA grAmadAna sambandhI abhilekhIya vivaraNa 'karada-kuTumbI' ke rUpa meM inakI upasthiti ko rekhAGkita karate haiN| itihAsakAroM ne 'kurmiyoM' tathA 'kunbiyoM' ke rUpa meM jisa kRSaka jAti ko 'kuTumbiyoM' kA mUla mAnA hai vaha usa avasthA kA dyotaka hai jaba 'kuTumbI' grAma prazAsana kI apekSA gotra athavA jAti ke rUpa meM adhika lokapriya hote cale gae the tathA saGgaThanAtmaka DhA~ce meM inakA sthAna 'jamIdAroM' Adi ne le liyA thA / 'kuTumbI' ke sambandha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki ye adhikAMza rUpa se zUdra the| brAhmaNa Adi varNa ke rUpa meM bhI inakA astitva rahA thA / adhikAMza grAma zUdroM dvArA basAye jAne ke kAraNa hI vartamAna meM zUdra 'kunbiyoM' tathA 'kurmiyoM' kI saMkhyA adhika hai| rAjAoM tathA maMtriyoM ko aitihAsika vaMzAvaliyAM 1. cAhamAna vaMzakrama (ajamera, zAkambharI tathA raNathambhaura) hammIra mahAkAvya meM cAhamAna (cauhAna) vaMza kI vaMzAvalI kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| harSanAtha ke zilAlekha (vi0 saM0 1030) bijolyA ke zilAlekha (saM0 1226) tathA pRthvI rAjavijaya (saM0 1248) bhI cAhamAna vaMza para mahattva 1. Aiyangar, K.V.R., Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Polity, Madras, 1938, pp, 118-9 2. vahI, pR0 118 3. tu0-agnipurANa, 165.11, tathA dezI0, 2.48

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 143 pUrNa prakAza DAlate haiM / " hammIra mahAkAvya kI cAhamAna vaMzAvalI kI ina aitihAsika srotoM se tulanA karane para adhika antara dRSTigata nahIM hotA / kucha ko chor3a kara prAyaH sabhI cAhamAnavaMza ke rAjAoM kI vaMzAvalI itihAsa sammata hai aura cAhamAna vaMza kI aitihAsika ghaTanAoM para mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlatI hai / (ka) utpatti -- hammIra mahAkAvya meM cAhamAna vaMza kI utpatti sUrya se mAnI gaI hai| eka bAra puSkara meM brahmA ne yajJa meM rAkSasoM ke vighna ke pratikAra ke lie sUryadeva kA smaraNa kiyA jisake pariNAma svarUpa sUrya se eka yoddhA avatarita huA aura usane yajJa kI rakSA kI / brahmA kI kRpA se usane pRthvI meM sAmrAjya vistAra kiyA tathA 'cAhamAna' nAma se prasiddha ho gayA / pRthvIrAjavijaya bhI cAhamAna vaMza kI utpatti sUrya se hI mAnatA hai / isI vaMza meM sarvaprathama rAjA vAsudeva huA / (kha) vaMzakrama ' -- hammIra0 ke prathama sarga se lekara caturtha sarga paryanta vAsudeva se lekara siMharAja taka kA varNana hai tathA inakA krama isa prakAra haivAsudeva>naradeva>candrarAja > cakrIjayapAla > jayarAja > sAmantasiMha > gUyaka> nandana> vaprarAja > harirAja > siMharAja > bhIma > vigraharAja > guMdadeva > vallabharAja >rAma > cAmuNDarAja> durlabharAja > duHzaladeva > vizvala ( prathama ) > pRthvIrAja (prathama) > AlhaNadeva > prAnaladeva > jagadeva > vizvaladeva (dvitIya) >jayapAla> gaGgadeva>somezvara>pRthvIrAja (dvitIya) > harirAja > tathA govinda (joki raNathambhaura meM rAjya karatA thA / harirAja (bhAI) ke agnipraveza kara lene ke uparAnta usake sabhI mantrI Adi raNathambhaura meM zaraNa lene zrA gae / ataH isake uparAnta raNathambhora se hI cAhamAna vaMza kA sambandha raha gayA thA / harirAja taka ke cAhamAna rAjAoM kA sambandha ajamera tathA zAkambharI se thA / 7 > [ govinda ] > bAllaraNa > prahlAda, vIranArAyaNa tathA vAgbhaTa > jaitra siMha > hammIra / 1. tu0 - dazaratha zarmA, hammIra mahAkAvya meM aitihya sAmagrI, hammIra mahAkAvya, bhUmikA, sampA0 munijinavijaya, rAjasthAna, 1668, pR0 26 2. vahI, pR0 26-26 3. vahI, 1.14 - 18 4. hammIra mahAkAvya, bhUmikA, pR0 12 5. vahI, pR0 27 6. vahI, sarga 1-4 7. Sharma, Dasaratha, Rajasthan, Through the Ages, pp. 245-46, 615-20

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144 itihAsa sammata cAhamAna - vaMzakrama 1. vAsudeva > sAmanta > naradeva, jayarAja > vigraharAja ( prathama ) > candanarAja ( prathama ) > gopendrarAja ( prathama ) > govindarAja ( prathama ) ( gUthaka prathama ) > durlabharAja govindarAja (dvitIya) ( gayaka dvi0 ) > candanarAja ( dvi0 ) > vAkpatirAja ( prathama ) ( vappai rAja ) > siMharAja ( 656 I0 ) > vigraharAja ( dvi0), durlabharAja dvi0 )> govindarAja (tRtIya) > vAkpatirAja ( dvi0), vIrya rAma tathA cAmuNDarAja > siMhala, durlabharAja ( tR0 ) > vigraharAja ( tR0 ) > pRthvIrAja ( prathama ) > ajayapAla > bharNorAja > jagadeva, vigraharAja (caturtha) ( 1153-54 I0), amara gAMgeya, pRthvIrAja ( dvi0), somezvara pRthvIrAja (tRtIya), (1171 - 1161) I0 harirAja ( 1164 I0 ) / cAhamAna rAjavaMza ( raNathambhaura ) - govinda rAja > bAlharaNa, prahlAda tathA vAgbhaTa> vIranArAyaNa > jaitrasiMha > hammIra (1283-1301 I0) 2. cAlukya vaMzakrama (ka) utpatti - cAlukya vaMza kI utpatti ke viSaya meM aneka mAnyatAeM pracalita haiM jinameM se eka yaha bhI mAnyatA hai ki cAlukya vaMza kI utpatti agni se huii| kahA jAtA hai ki AbU parvata para vasiSTha RSi ne yajJa kiyA aura usa yajJa vedI se 'cAlukya' utpanna huA thA / 3 cAlukya kI apara saMjJA 'solaGkI' bhI bhI mAnI jAtI hai / vikramAditya ke ( vi0 saM0 1133 tathA 1183) zilAlekhoM ke anusAra 'solaMkIM' arthAt cAlukya vaMza kI utpatti candravaMza se huI thI / 4 eka tIsarI mAnyatA ke anusAra brahmA se 'culuka' nAmaka pIra utpanna huA isI se 'cAlukya vaMza kI sthApanA huii| jaina vidvAn hemacandra rAjA bhImadeva ko candravaMza se sambandhita mAnate hue cAlukya vaMza kA udbhava bhI candravaMza se hI mAnate haiM / isa prakAra itihAsakAroM meM cAlukya vaMza ke viSaya meM matabheda hai kintu adhikAMza zilAlekhoM Adi ke pramANoM se 'candravaMza' kI hI puSTi hone ke kAraNa cAlukyoM ko candravaMzI kSatriya mAnA jAtA hai| 6 1. jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja Kirtane, N.J., The Hammira Mahakavya of Nayacandra Suri, introduction, p. x-xxxix. 2. lakSmIzaGkara vyAsa, mahAn caulukya kumArapAla, vArANasI, 1962, pR0 47 3. vahI, pR0 47-48 7. 4. Indian Antiquary, Part 21, p. 167 5. vikramAMkadevacarita, 1.36-36 dvayA0 6.40-60 vyAsa, caulukya kumArapAla, pR0 47

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA .145 (kha) vaMzakrama-itihAsa sammata mAnyatA ke anusAra mUlarAja cAvar3a rAjakumArI lIlAvatI kA putra thA tathA bar3A hone para yaha apane mAmA ke hAtha se rAjya chInakara svayaM rAjA bana baitthaa| kIrtikaumudI, dvayAzraya tathA vasantavilAsa ke anusAra cAlukya vaMzakrama isa prakAra hai mUlarAja' (973-664 I0)>cAmuNDarAja'>vallabharAja Page #180
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja malladeva, vastupAla tathA tejapAla / ' rAjA vIra dhavala ne vastupAla tathA tejapAla ko apanA mantrI banAyA thA / 146 1: niSkarSa se isa prakAra jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM pratipAdita rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM se yaha bhalIbhAMti siddha ho jAtA hai ki madhyakAlIna sAmantavAdI rAjya vyavasthA rAjazAstra ke AdarzoM ke prati yadyapi sAvadhAna rahIM thI kintu paristhitiyoM kI vivazatA ke kAraNa 'rAjya' kA kSetra sAmantavAdI rAjanaitika saMgaThanoM se prabhAvita rahA thaa| kisI bhI rAjA ke rAjya kI sthiti pUrNataH sudRr3ha nahIM thI / isa yuga meM aneka rAjavaMzoM kA utthAna va patana isa tathya kI aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI puSTi karatA hai / sAmanta rAjAoM netRtva meM calane vAle tatkAlIna rAjanaitika saMgaThana rAjya-grasthiratA ke pramukha kAraNa bane hue the / svayaM rAjya parivAroM meM hI uttarAdhikAra ke lie saMgharSa kI sthiti vidyamAna thii| kisI bhAvI rAjakumAra ko uttarAdhikAra se vaMcita karAne meM usI rAjA kI rAniyA~ tathA mantrI Adi bhI SaDayantroM ke sUtradhAra rahe the / zAsana tantra se sambandhita jaina mahAkAvyoM ke srota mUlataH paramparAgata rAjazAstra ke granthoM kI mAnyatAoM se pUrNatayA prabhAvita hone ke bAda bhI yugIna paristhitiyoM ke sama-sAmayika mUlyoM se anuprANita rahe the / ina tathyoM ke pariprekSya meM yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya jaina dharma ke pracAra-prasAra ke uddezya se likhe jAne para bhI rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM tathA vicAroM kA samasAmayika svarUpa niSpakSa rUpa se udghATita karate haiM / ina mahAkAvyoM meM kisI bhI dArzanika athavA dhArmika pUrvAgraha ke kAraNa 'rAjanaitika mUlyoM' kI yathArthatA naSTa nahIM hone pAI hai / pararASTra nIti viSayaka jaina mahAkAvyoM ke srota to tatkAlIna rAjya vyavasthA' ko spaSTa karane meM paryApta upAdeya siddha hote haiM / madhyakAlIna bhArata ke rAjanaitika vicAroM ko itihAsa ke abhilekhAdi sAkSya utanA vizada nahIM kara pAte jitanA ina mahAkAvyoM ne kiyA hai| isI prakAra koSa vRddhi Adi ke sAmantavAdI taura tarIkoM ne rAjanaitika jagat meM 'mAtsya nyAya' aura 'prabhutvavAda' kI jo dayanIya sthiti utpanna kara dI thI, jaina mahAkAvyoM kI sAmagrI usa para mahattvapUrNa prakAza hai / rAjya vyavasthA se sambandhita jina prazAsakIya padoM kA jaina mahAkAvyoM meM ullekha huA hai aitihAsika dRSTi se ve mahattvapUrNa haiM tathA abhilekhIya srotoM ke ke AdhAra para bhI unakI bhalIbhAMti puSTi hotI hai / isa sambandha meM yaha ullekhanIya 1. kIrti0, 3.22-24

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rAjanaitika zAsana tantra evaM rAjya vyavasthA 147 hai ki prastuta adhyAya meM rAjya vyavasthA se sambandhita vibhinna kendrIya athavA prAntIya zAsana vyavasthA ke pratipAdaka tathya samagra rUpeNa madhyakAlIna bhAratavarSa kI rAjya vyavasthA para prakAza DAlate haiN| dakSiNa bhArata ke prasiddha rAjavaMzoM tathA cAlukya, cAhamAna Adi rAjavaMzoM kI zAsana praNAlI kA rAjya vyavasthA para vizeSa prabhAva par3A thaa| grAma prazAsana se sambaddha 'mahattara'/'mahattama' aura 'kuTumbI' Adi ke jaina mahAkAvyIya ullekhoM se itihAsakAroM kI aneka bhrAntiyoM kA nirAkaraNa ho jAtA hai tathA tatkAlIna grAma prazAsana ke sAmantavAdI caritra ko vizada karane meM inase paryApta sahAyatA milatI hai| dvayAzraya, kIrtikaumudI, vasantavilAsa tathA hammIramahAkAvya meM upalabdha vividha rAjavaMzAvaliyoM Adi ke ullekha aitihAsika dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa kahe jA sakate haiM /

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tRtIya adhyAya yaddha evaM sainya vyavasthA yuddhoM ko rAjanaitika pRSThabhUmi san 646 I0 meM harSavardhana kI mRtyu ke uparAnta bhAratavarSa kI rAjanaitika ekatA chinna-bhinna ho gaI thii| harSavarddhana ke rAjyakAla ke kucha svatantra sAmanta rAjA aba apane sAmrAjya-vistAra ke liye bhI vizeSa prayatnazIla the / dakSiNa bhArata meM hI aneka rAjavaMza astitva meM A cuke the| ina rAjavaMzoM kA zIghrAtizIghra patana evaM utthAna pAlocya yuga kI eka mahattvapUrNa vizeSatA thii| vaise to bhArata ke rAjanaitika itihAsa meM yuddha evaM senA kA prAcInakAla se hI mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahatA AyA hai, kintu gupta athavA maurya sAmrAjya kAla meM cIla-kauoM jaise yuddha nahIM lar3e jAte the| na hI koI sAmAnya rAjA ina bar3e sAmrAjyoM se yuddha karane kA sAhasa hI kara pAtA thaa| kintu madhyakAla meM sAmanta paddhati ke uttarottara vikAsa ke kAraNa bhAratIya rAjanaitika cetanA rASTrIya ekatA se vimukha hotI huI choTe-choTe rAjyoM taka sImita ho cukI thii| pariNAmataH sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI I0 ke bAda bhAratIya itihAsa meM yuddha bahuta adhika mAtrA meM lar3e gaye yuddhoM ke vAtAvaraNa se ArAjaka bane bhAratavarSa kI sainya byavasthA kA choTI-choTI ikAiyoM meM vibhakta ho jAnA bhI svAbhAvika hI hai / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke yuddha varNanoM tathA sainyavyavasthAoM kI yahI rAjanatika pRSThabhUmi rahI thii| paurANika kathAnakoM para avalamvita yuddha varNana bhI tatkAlIna yuga cetanA se atyadhika prabhAvita haiN| yuddhoM ke kAraNa ___ jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke anusAra yuddha ke lie prAyaH rAjA svayaM uttaradAyI nahIM hotA thaa| prAyaH koI anya zatru rAjA hI use yuddha karane ke liye bAdhya karatA thA / 2 kintu digvijaya ke liye prayANa karate hue rAjA svayaM dUsare rAjAoM ko adhIna banAne athavA yuddha karane ke lie vivaza karate the| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM jina kAraNoM se yuddha lar3ane ke prAyaH ullekha pAye haiM 1. Thapar, Romila, A History of India, Vol. I, p. 168-69, 2. varAGga0, 16.46-46; candra0, 12.1-25 3. candra0, sarga-16; jayanta0, sarga-10

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yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA 146 unameM eka rAjA kA dUsare rAjA kI sImA para balapUrvaka adhikAra kara lenA,' pUrva zatrutA honA,2 mA~gI huI vastu meMTa ke rUpa meM na denA,3 kanyA kI vivAhArtha yAcanA karane ke prastAva ko ThukarA denA,4 svayamvara ke samaya dveSa vaza apanI zatrutA prakaTa karanA, svazakti pradarzana Adi mukhya kAraNa haiM / yuddha sambandhI dUta preSaNa evaM patra vyavahAra yuddha ke kAraNa kI sUcanA dene ke liye eka rAjA dUsare rAjA kI sabhA meM dUtoM dvArA apane sandeza bhijavAte the| dUta yA to svayaM ukta sandeza ko rAjA ke samakSa kahatA thA athavA vaha rAjA kI ora se diye gae patra ko prastuta karatA thaa| dUta prAyaH spaSTavaktA hotA thA aura atyadhika krodhita hone para dUta ko kisI prakAra kA daNDa denA rAjadharma ke viruddha thA / dUta zatru rAjA ke abhiprAya ko samajha kara apane rAjA ko sthiti se avagata karAtA yA / 10 dUta ke parAmarzAnusAra rAjA yuddha karane yA na karane kA nirNaya lete the|'' isa prakAra kI dUta paddhati kA sabhI rAjA pAlana karate the| kintu lUTa-mAra karane vAlI bhIloM kI senA binA kisI pUrva sUcanA ke bhI AkramaNa kara detI thI / kyoMki unakA yaha aAkramaNa sArthavAha Adi jAtiyoM kI prabhUta dhana sampatti kI balapUrvaka lUTane kI dRSTi se hotA thaa| varAGgacarita meM yaha ullekha milatA hai ki lagabhaga 12 hajAra senA ke sAtha pulindapati ne eka sArthavAha ke nagara ko cAroM ora se ghera liyaa| yaha sUcanA sArthavAha ke apane karmacArI ke dvArA use bAda meM prApta huI / 12 1. varAGga0, 20.6 2. hammIra0, 4.83 3. varAGga0, 16.8-10 4. candra0, 6.66 5. hammIra0, 4.82-84 6. vahI, 11.60 7. varAMga0, 16.12, candra0 6.86 8. varAGga0, 16.10 6. candra0, 6.60-64, hammIra0, 11.64 10. hammIra0, 11.74 11. vahI, 11.75 12. varAGga0, 14.6

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 150 'daNDanIti' ke anusAra yuddha kI pRSThabhUmi ( jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM rAjasattA pramukha rUpa se bala para hI nirbhara thii| zukranItisAra meM chaH prakAra ke baloM kA ullekha hai -- ( 1 ) zArIrika bala (2) prAtmika bala 3 ) sainya bala, (4) astra bala (5) buddhi bala tathA ( 6 ) Ayu bala / ina chaH baloM meM sainya bala rAjA ke astitva ke lie atyadhika Avazyaka thA / kauTilya ke matAnusAra rAjA ko sadaiva zramAtyoM ke kopa tathA bAhya zatru rAjAnoM ke kopa se bhaya rahatA hai / rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM kauTilya-kathita yaha bhaya Alocya kAla meM vyAvahArika rUpa se caritArtha hone lagA thA / isa bhaya se mukti pAne ke lie bhI sainya bala kA mahattva atyadhika bar3ha gayA thA / 1 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM varNita pararASTra nIti meM yuddha kA vizeSa mahattva thA / vijayecchu rAjA ko daNDanIti ke anusAra hI pararASTra nIti kA Azraya lenA Avazyaka thA / isa pararASTra nIti ke antargata 'trividha zakti' - ' prabhuzakti', 'mantra - zakti', 'utsAha zakti'; ' SADguNya-vyavahAra' - 'sandhi', 'vigraha', 'yAna', 'grAsana', 'dvaidhIbhAva' tathA 'saMzraya' 4; tathA 'catuvidha' upAya - 'sAma', 'dAna', 'daNDa' 'bheda' Adi Ate haiM / ' siddhAntataH uparyukta nIti ke anusAra rAjA ko yuddha se pUrva mantraNA lenI Avazyaka thii| yaha bhI prAvazyaka nIti kA aGga thA ki yadi 'sAma', 'dAna' se yuddha vibhISikA ko bacAyA jA sakatA ho to bacAnA caahie| kyoMki 'daNDa' evaM 'bheda' ke sambhAvita pariNAma to yuddha evaM vinAza hI the / 7 yuddha nIti tathA mantrimaNDala dvArA vicAra-vimarza jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM sAma-dAna- bheda-daNDa - ina cAra upAyoM ke dezakAlAnusArI prayoga para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / aisI sambhAvanA prakaTa kI gaI hai ki buddhimattApUrNa kArya paddhati se ' SADguNya' tathA 'catuvidha upAyoM ke prayoga 1. zArIraM hi balaM zauyaM balaM sainyabalaM tathA / caturthamAstribalaM paJcamaM dhIbalaM smRtam / / SaSThamAyurbalam // -- zukranItisAra, 4.868-66 2. arthazAstra, 6.1.1 3. 4. 5. varAGga0, 21.66-67 6. vahI, 21.68 7. vahI, 21.68 candra0, 5.23; dvisa0, 2.14; hammIra0, 6.1 padmA0, 6.16; hammIra0, 6.1

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yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA 151. dvArA eka nirbala rAjA bhI zaktizAlI rAjA kA sAmanA kara sakatA hai / sAmantavAda se prabhAvita zAsana vyavasthA meM prAyaH pratyeka rAjA sAmrAjya vistAra hetu: lAlAyita thA / kucha aise uddaNDa rAjA bhI the jo apanI sainya sabalatA kI prAr3a meM. dUsare rAjAoM ko DarA dhamakA kara athavA anya kisI bahAne se yuddha kA bhaya dikhAkara do prakAra ke lAbha prApta karanA cAhate the - eka to koSa saMcaya hotA thA, dUsarA bhayabhIta rAjA adhIna hokara kara ityAdi denA prArambha kara detA thA, 12 isa prakAra ke uddaNDa rAjA pahale apane dUta ko bhejakara apanA mAMga patra usa rAjA taka bhijavAte the / 3 adhikAMza choTe rAjA to yuddha ke bhaya se usa rAjA ke adhIna ho jAte the / kintu aise svAbhimAnI rAjA bhI the jo svayaM bhI anya sAmanta rAjAoM ke svAmI the tathA kisI dUsare rAjA kI adhInatA svIkAra karanA svAbhimAna ke viruddha samajhate hue yuddha karanA hI adhika upayukta samajhate the / 4 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM aise aneka prasaGga upasthita hue haiM jinameM uparyukta pRSThabhUmi meM yuddha huA / varAGgacarita meM rAjA indrasena isI prakAra kA rAjA thA jo lalitapura ke rAjA devasena ke madhuprabha nAmaka Adarza hAthI ko premapUrvaka na mAMgakara balapUrvaka chIna lenA cAhatA thA / isase pUrva bhI vaha aneka rAjAoM kI dhana sampatti ko balapUrvaka chInane kI ceSTA kara cukA thA / 6 devasena eka Adarza rAjA hone ke kAraNa svAbhimAnI thA aura zatru kI kuTila nIti ke prAge jhukanA nahIM cAhatA thA / bAda meM usake mantrimaNDala ne isa samasyA ko hala karane ke lie kaI sujhAva die / eka pakSa ke anusAra rAjA indrasena devasena kI apekSA alpa zaktizAlI thA isaliye 'sAma' tathA 'dAna' kA prayoga karanA hI upayukta thA / parantu dUsare pakSa kI mAnyatA thI ki 'sAma' evaM 'dAna' kA samaya nikala cukA hai kevala 'bheda' evaM 'daNDa' ke prayoga hI samasyA ko niyantrita kara sakate haiM / 10 1. dharma 0, 18.27; varAGga0, 16.44; candra0, 12.74, 104 2. zauryoddhatAvapratikoza daNDau gRhItasAmantasamastasArau / - varAMga0, 16.7 itivakramatiH sa kaitavAhutasmAnabhihantumIhate / / - candra0, 12.65 3. varAGga0, 16.10, candra0, 12.20 4. varAGga 0 16.20, candra0, 12.66 5. varAGga0, sarga 16, candra0, sarga 12, dharma 0, sarga 18 6. varAGga0, 16.1-10 7. vahI, 16.51.61 8. vahI, 16.50-75 6. vahI, 15.57 10. vahI, 15.70; 16.65-66

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja pUrvaja pRthvIpAla ke adhInatA se mukta candraprabhacarita meM bhI pRthvIpAla isI prakAra kA eka uddaNDa rAjA thA jo padmanAbha se yuddha karane ke liye lAlAyita thA / padmanAbha ko bhI eka prakAra se sAmanta rAjAoM kI zreNI meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| pRthvIpAla ke dUta dvArA yaha sUcanA denA bhI mahattvapUrNa jAna par3atI hai ki rAjA padmanAbha ke pUrvaja rAjAoM ke adhIna the kintu inhoMne svayaM ko pRthvIpAla kI kara liyA thA / pRthvIpAla yaha cAhatA thA ki rAjA padmanAbha pUrva paramparA ke anusAra usake adhIna rahe / padmanAbha ke putra suvarNanAbha ne vaMzAnugata rAjya paramparA kI nindA kI aura svabhujArjita rAjya ko hI ucita mAnA hai| isI kAraNavaza yuvarAja suvarNanAbha pRthvIpAla jaise uddaNDa evaM sAmrAjyavAdI rAjA se daNDanIti ke sAtha vyavahAra karanA cAhatA thA na ki 'sAma' nIti se, kyoMki 'sAma' kA prayoga sadaiva namra rAjA ke sAtha hI suzobhita hotA hai / isI sandarbha meM eka anya mantrI kI mAnyatA thI ki zatru kyoMki zaktizAlI hai isalie usake sAtha 'daNDa' kA prayoga karane se rAjya naSTa ho sakatA hai athavA dhana sampatti kI kSati bhI saMbhAvita hai / ataH 'sAma' ke prayoga dvArA rAjya ko isa bhAvI kSati se bacAnA hI buddhimattApUrNa nIti hogI / isa 'sAma' nIti ke pakSadharoM kA mukhya tarka yaha thA ki rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha sarvaprathama 'sAma' kA prayoga kare, isase saphalatA na milane para 'bheda' kA prayoga kare tadanantara 'dAna' kA zraura jaba tInoM upAyoM se saphalatA na mile to anta meM 'daNDa' nIti prayoga karate hue zatru para AkramaNa kara denA cAhie / 7 candraprabhacarita mahAkAvya meM variMgata isa yuddhanIti kI vaicArika pRSThabhUmi meM do prativAdI dRSTikoNa mukhyataH ubhara kara Ate haiN| rAjakumAra suvarNanAbha sIdhe zrAkramaNa karane kA vicAra rakhatA hai jabaki maMtrI 'sAma' nIti kA poSaka hai aura yuddha vibhISikA 152 1. candra0, 12.77 2. kiyatApi purAtanaM kramaM yadatikramya viceSTase'nyathA / praNamanti madanvayodbhavaM tava vaMzyA iti pUrvajasthitiH / kariNeva madazcutArgalA bhavatA sA sakalApi laGghitA // - vahI, 12.10 11 3. bhava gatvA prabhupAdavatsalaH / -- vahI, 12.22 4. vacanaM kva khalUpayujyate prabhurasmi kramato'hamityadaH / nanu khaDgabalena mujyate vasudhA na kramasaMprakAzanaiH // -- vahI, 11.22 5. paravRddhinibaddhamatsare viphaladveSiNi sAma kIdRzam / na hi sAmataH param / - vahI, 12.81 6. 7. prathamaM dviSi sAma buddhimAnatha bhedAdi yunakti siddhaye / gurudaNDanipIDanA riporiyamantyA hi vivekinAM kriyA // - vahI, 12.85 vahI, 12.76

Page #187
sainya evaM yuddha vyavasthA 153 se bacAne kI nIti sujhAtA hai| pUre mantrimaNDala ne ina donoM pakSoM ke bIca kA mArga nikAlA aura rAjA ko yaha sujhAyA ki 'bheda' nIti kA Azraya lenA hI hitakara hogA / isa tIsare prastAva kA anumodana sabhI mantrimaNDala ke sadasyoM ne kiyA tathA rAjA pRthvIpAla se eka mAsa kA samaya mAMga liyA gyaa|' isa eka mAsa meM pRthvIpAla ke sAtha 'bheda' nIti kA vyavahAra kara use nirbala banAyA jA sakatA thaa| abhiprAya yaha hai ki apanI zakti para pUrA vizvAsa na hone tathA zatru kI zakti kA bhI anumAna na hone kI sthiti meM 'sAma-daNDa' kI dvividha nIti se zatru ko kSaNa kiyA jA sakatA thA / isa prakAra use yuddha parAsta karanA bhI sahaja thA / " padmanAbha ke mukhyamaMtrI ne isI rAjanaitika uddezya se pRthvIpAla se eka mAsa kA samaya maaNgaa| 3 sainya prazAsakIya vyavasthA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM mahAmAtya, 4 maMtrI, senApati, purohita, 5 sAndhivigrahika dUta zrAdi senA ke zAsakIya uccAdhikAriyoM kA prasaGgamAtra se ullekha AyA hai / tatkAlIna vibhinna rAjavaMzoM kI sainika vyavasthAoM meM se rASTrakUTa evaM cAlukya kAla meM senA kA uccAdhikArI 'daNDanAyaka' thA, 10 jo pradhAna senApati ke rUpa meM bhI kArya karatA thA / 11 vaise cAlukya rAjA kumArapAla eka prakAra se pradhAna senApati bhI thA kintu senA kA sampUrNa uttaradAyitva 'daNDanAyaka' para hI AtA thA / rASTrakUTa tathA cAlukya kAla meM eka mahattvapUrNa pada 'sAndhivigrahika' kA bhI thA jo pararASTra mantrI ke rUpa meM kAryabhAra saMbhAlatA thA, 1. candra0, 12.104-111 2 . vahI, 12.105.106 3. vahI, 12.110 4. dvayA0, 6.26 5. varAGga0, 15.2 6. candra0, 15.71 ' O 7. dvayA0, 3.80 8. vahI, 6.40 6. varAMga0, 16.12, tathA candra0, 6.86 10. Altekar, A.S., Rastrakutas And their times, Poona, 1967, p. 163 tathA lakSmIzaGkara vyAsa, caulukya kumArapAla, pR0 146 11. vyAsa, caulukya kumArapAla, pR0 138

Page #188
154 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja tathA yuddha evaM zAnti se isakA mukhya sambandha hotA thaa| sabhI rAjavaMzoM kI prazAsanika vyavasthA meM 'purohita' pada atyanta mahattvapUrNa pada thAre senA-prayANa sambandhI zubhAzubha vicAra jyotiSIya gaNanA evaM anya dhArmika kRtyoM ke anuSThAna ke kAraNa 'purohita' kA bhI sainika prazAsana meM vizeSa sthAna thaa| cAlukyakAlIna kendrIya zAsana vyavasthA 32 vibhAgoM meM vibhakta thI, jinameM pararASTra vibhAga, gaja vibhAga, UMTa vibhAga tathA prAyudha vibhAga sainya vyavasthA se hI sambaddha the| pararASTra vibhAga kA adhikArI 'sAndhivigrahika' hotA thA tathA anya vibhAgoM ke adhikArI ko sAmAnyataH 'mahAmaNDalezvara' athavA 'daNDanAyaka' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA thA / 4 rAjasthAna ke cAhamAna evaM pratihAra vaMza kI sainyavyavasthA meM 'pradhAna' tathA 'mahAmAtya' ke pada mahattvapUrNa the jinameM mahAmAtya kI apekSA 'pradhAna' ke Upara sainya vyavasthA kA adhika bhAra hotA thA / 5 isake atirikta 'senApati', 'daNDanAyaka', 'sAndhivigrahika', 'sAdhanika', 'bhANDAgArika' tathA 'purohita' ke pada bhI uttaradAyitvapUrNa hote the / senA kI paribhASA tathA svarUpa ___ zukranItisAra ke anusAra zastroM sathA astroM se susajjita samudAya ko senA kahate haiM- 'senA zastrAstrasaMyuktA manuSyAdigaNAtmikA'7 mukhyatayA senA ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-'svagamA' arthAt padAti senA tathA 'anyagamA' arthAt ratha, azva, gaja grAdi vAhana para calane vAlI senaa| mukhya rUpa se senA 'caturaGga' kahalAtI hai| 'caturaGgiNI' senA meM padAti, azva, ratha tathA gaja senA pAtI haiN| navIM zatAbdI ke paurANika mahAkAvya AdipurANa ke anusAra senAeM sAta prakAra kI ullikhita haiM-1. hastisenA, 2. azvasenA, 3. rathasenA, 4. padAti senA, 5. vRSa senA, 6. gandharva senA, 7. tathA nartakI senaa| ina sAta prakAra kI senAoM ko 1. vyAsa, caulukya kumArapAla, pR0 148, tathA Altekar, Rastrakutas And their., p. 167 Altekar, Rastrakutas And their., p. 169 3. Munshi, K.M., Glory that was Gurjara Desa, Bombay, 1954, p. 349 4. vahI, pR0 346 5. Sharma, Dashratha, Rajasthan Through the Ages, Vol. I, p. 705, 6. vahI, pR0 705 7. zukra0, 4.864 8. nemicandra zAstrI, AdipurANa meM0, pR0 367 9. Adi0, 10.168-69

Page #189
sainya evaM yuddha vyavasthA 155 1 'mahattara' saMjJA dI gaI hai / " AdipurANa meM hI bharatacakravartI kI senA ko 'SaDaGga' kahA gayA hai jisameM 'caturaGgiNI' senA ke sAtha 'deva senA' tathA 'vidyAdhara senA' kA bhI ullekha hai / 3 bharata kI senA ke Age 'daNDaratna' tathA pIche 'cakraratna' calatA thA / 3. DA0 nemicandra zAstrI ke dvArA 'daNDaratna' ko Adhunika 'TaiMka' kI saMjJA dI gaI hai, jo Age calatA thA, mArga sApha karatA thA tathA Ubar3a-khAbar3a bhUmi ko samatala banAtA jAtA thA / 4 aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane para pI0 sI0 cakravartI tathA pI0 ke0 majUmadAra ke anusAra sAtavIM grAThavIM zatI meM yadyapi senA kA svarUpa caturaGgiNI banA huA thA kintu kinhIM kAraNoM se ratha senA kA pracalana kama ho gayA thA / pramANa meM unhoMne yaha tathya prastuta kiyA hai ki bAraNa ke harSacarita meM ratha senA kA kahIM bhI ullekha prApta nahIM hotA / isake atirikta harSavardhana ke samaya meM bhArata bhramaNa ke lie cInI yAtrI yuvAGga cvAMga ne bhI pulakezI dvitIya kI senA varNana ke avasara para ratha senA kA ullekha nahIM kiyA / 6 kintu jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM 'ratha senA' kA ullekha aneka bAra huA hai / 7 madhyakAlIna sainya vyavasthA se sambaddha eka mahattvapUrNa grantha vaizampAyana kRta nItiprakAzikA' meM bhI caturaGgiNI senA ke antargata 'rathikoM' kI vyUha racanA kA spaSTa nirdeza hai / isake atirikta harSakAlIna senA meM nausenA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, kintu jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM nausenA kA ullekha prAyaH nahIM ke samAna hai / senA ke prakAra vIM zatI I0 ke dvisandhAna mahAkAvya para racita nemicandra kI TIkA ke 1. nemicandra zAstrI, AdipurANa meM0, pR0 367 2. hastyazvarathapAdAtaM devAzca sanabhazcarAH / SaDaGgabalamasyeti paprathe vyApya rodasI / - Adi0, 3. vahI, 26.7 4. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdipurANa meM, pR0 368 26.6 5. Chakravarti, P. C. The Art of War in Ancient India, pp. 25-26, tathA prabodhakumAra majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, prathama khaNDa, lakhanaU, 1964, pR0 208 6. Dixitar, War in Ancint India, pp. 165-66. 7. varAGga0, 17.74, candra0, 12.17, hammIra0, 6.116 8. yodheSu rathikAn kuryAdazvapRSThavizAradAn / e. Dixitar, War in Ancient India, p. 289 nItiprakAzikA 6.55

Page #190
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja anusAra senA kI bharatI kaI srotoM se tathA kaI dRSTiyoM se hotI thii| mukhya rUpa se cha: prakAra kI senA kA ullekha hai-(1) 'maula'-vaMza paramparA se AI huI kSatriya prAdi jAtiyAM, (2) 'bhRtya'-kevala vetana bhogI (3) 'zreNI'-zastravidyA meM pAraGgata jAtiyAM (4) 'pAraNya' -bhIla Adi jaGgalI jAtiyAM (5) 'durga'-kevala durga meM hI rahakara lar3ane vAlI senA (6) 'mitra bala-mitra rAjyoM kI senA / ' hammIra mahAkAvya ke anusAra alAuddIna ne hammIra ke raNathambhaura durga para adhikAra karane ke lie sampUrNa bhArata se senA ekatra kI jo apane dezoM ke nAma se prasiddha thI, yathA-aGga, tilaGga, magadha, kaliGga, baGga, pAJcAla, baMgAla, nepAla, DAhAla, tathA bhilla senaa|2 yuddha ke samaya ye yavana senA kA hI pratinidhitva karatI thIM / varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM vaNik senA kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / 3 yuddha-dharma ___sAmAnya rUpa se yuddha prAtaH prArambha hote the tathA sAyaGkAla ko samApta ho jAte the| raNakSetra meM donoM ora kI senAeM ekatra hokara eka dUsare kI zakti kA nirIkSaNa karatI thiiN| yuddha prArambha hone se pUrva donoM pakSoM ke rAjA apane amAtya Adi se parAmarza karate the| isa samaya rAjA apane dUtoM ke AdAna-pradAna dvArA apane mantavyoM kA prakAzana bhI karate the| yaha samaya aisA samaya thA jaba koI rAjA yuddha kA vicAra chor3a Atma-samarpaNa bhI kara sakatA thaa| tadanantara vAdyayaMtroM kI ghoSaNA se vAstavika yuddha prArambha hotA thA / siddhAnta rUpa se yuddha bhUmi meM parAkrama evaM yuddha nipuNatA ko mahattva diyA jAtA thaa| samAna bala vAle yoddhA se hI yuddha karanA nItisammata thA isalie padAti ke padAti se, rathI ke rathI se, 1. SaDvidhaM balam'-dvisandhAna, 2.11 para nemicandrakRta padakaumudITIkA "maulabhUtakazreNyAraNyadurgamitrabhedanam / maulaM paTTasAdhanam, bhRtakaM padAtibalam, zreNyo'STAdazaH, senApatiH, gaNakaH, rAjazreSThI, daNDAdhipatiH..., pAraNyamATavikam, durga dhUlikoTTaparvatAdi, mitraM sauhRdam / " 2. hammIra0, 11.1 3. varAGga0, sarga-14 4. vahI, 17.28 5. vahI, 21.66-67 6. jayanta0. 10.10; hammIra0 11.66 7. hammIra0, 11.60 8. jayanta0, 10.26

Page #191
yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA 157 azvArohI ke azvArohI se hue yuddha ko Adarza mAnA jAtA thA jisameM pratyeka yoddhA ko apanI nipuNatA dikhAne kA avasara mila jAtA thaa|' niHzastra yoddhA para zastra uThAnA zAstrAnukUla nahIM thaa| yuddha prayANa ke avasara para zakuna-apazakuna vicAra yuddha prayANa ke lie muhUrta dekhane kI paripATI thii| sampUrNa senA ko chatroM prAyudhoM tathA patAkAnoM se susajjita kiyA jAtA thaa| merI, paTaha Adi vAdyayantroM ke mahAninAda se sampUrNa nagaravAsiyoM tathA yuddha meM jAne vAle sainikoM ko prasthAna karane kI sUcanA se avagata karAyA jAtA thaa| sabhI nagaravAsI loga rAjA kI jayajayakAra karate hue vijaya kI zubhakAmanAeM prakaTa karate the| bhATacAraNa, Adi bhI rAjA kI vijaya kAmanA ke gItoM kA ucca svara meM gAyana karate the| isa avasara para mAtAeM apane putroM ke mastaka para tilaka bhI lagAtI thiiN| zakuna-apazakuna-nagaravAsiyoM ko yuddha prayANa kI sUcanA mila jAne para, ve mArga meM kisI prakAra ke zubha zakunoM ke sampAdanArtha-jala evaM dahI se bhare ghar3oM tathA anya upahAroM se yukta hokara rAjA tathA senA kA abhinandana karate the| yuddha prayANa ke avasara para prAkRtika zakunoM evaM apazakunoM para vizeSa vicAra kiyA jAtA thA, rAjA ke bAI aura zugAlI evaM gadhe kA zabda karanA, khaMjarITa (bhAradvAja) pakSI kA rAjA kI parikramA karanA, kaue dvArA dUdha vAle vRkSa meM baiThakara dhvani karanA, anukUla vAyu kA calanA,10 dahI milanA,1 jala ke ghar3e bharakara le jAtI 1. padagaH padagaM sAdI sAdinaM rathinaM rthii| niSAdinaM niSAdI, cetyavRNvan sainikA mithaH // hammIra0 6.116, tathA barAGga0, 17.76, jayanta0, 10.40 2. varAGga0, 17.50 3. jayanta0, 6.67 4. tu0-varAMga0, 14.11; candra0, 4.46, 15.20; dvisa0, 14.7; dharma0, 6.78 5. candra0, 15.25, padmA0, 17.103 6. varAGga0, 20.54 7. vahI, 20.54 8. padmA0, 17.103; hammIra0, 12.10 6. hammIra0, 12.26; candra0, 13.41 10. candra0, 15.27-28 tathA 4.46 11. vahI, 13.41

Page #192
158 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja huI striyoM ko dekhanA' Adi zubha zakuna mAne jAte the| isake viparIta dAyIM ora zRgAlI kA zabda karanA, chIMka AnA, sAMpa kA rAstA kATanA, kAMTe vAle vRkSa para kaue kA karkaza svara honA, ghor3e kI pUMcha para Aga laganA tathA pratikUla vAyu kA bahanA Adi apazakuna mAne jAte the| harSavardhana ke samaya meM hI senA meM andhavizvAsa jar3a pakar3a gayA thaa| harSacarita ke anusAra harSa kI senA-prayANa ke samaya tIna apazakuna hue-hiraNa bAI ora se nikalA, kaunA sUrya kI ora mukha karake sUkhe per3a para baiThakara karkaza svara karane lagA tathA nagna sAdhu sAmane dikhAI pdd'aa|4 harSacarita meM zatruoM meM hone vAle apazakunoM kI vistRta tAlikA dI gaI hai / isa prakAra zakuna-apazakunoM kA senA kI vijaya athavA parAjaya para prabhAva par3ane jaisI mAnyatAyeM samAja meM pracalita thiiN| purohita varga rAjA tathA senA ko samaya samaya para zubha muhUrtoM tathA zubha-avasaroM kI sUcanA detA rahatA thaa| yuddha prayAraNa tathA senA-saJcAlana senA prayANa ke samaya nagaravAsI jana bhI kucha dUra taka senA ke sAtha jAte the| yuddha meM jAne vAle uccAdhikAriyoM meM prAya: rAjA, yuvarAja, amAtya, mahAmAtya, senApati, purohita Adi mukhya the / yuddha prayANa ke samaya senA-saJcAlana ke krama ke viSaya meM varAGgacarita ke anusAra Age caturaGgiNI senA calatI thI tadanantara rAjA athavA rAjakumAra kA ratha calatA thaa| usake bAda zastra-astroM tathA anya upakaraNoM se yukta vAhana calate the| ina vAhanoM ke pIche rAjakula kI striyAM pAlikAoM meM calatI thIM / punaH ina rAjakula kI striyoM ko cAroM ora se gherakara sainika calate the| parvata gaphAnoM tathA bhISaNa vanoM meM bhI rAjA tathA rAjaparivAra jaise mahattvapUrNa logoM ke dAeM-bAeM, Age-pIche sainika surakSA kI samucita 1. hammIra0, 12.26 2. candra0, 15.32-34 3. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 226 4. harSacarita, pR0 152 5. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, harSacarita eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 134-35 6. bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 228 7. varAGga0, 20.58 8. vahI, 15.2 6. vahI, 20.56-60 .

Page #193
yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA vyavasthA hotI thI / ' 2 candraprabhacarita ke anusAra yuddha prayANa ke avasara para caturaGgiNI senA meM gaja senA prayANa karatI thI / unake Upara baiThe hue mahAvata DiNDima bajAte hue jAte the / saMbhavataH DiNDima kI dhvani se sabhI nAgarika satarka ho jAte the tathA mArga chor3a dete the / 3 gaja dhIre-dhIre calate the / tadanantara vega se azva senA prayANa karatI thI / usake bAda rathArohI arthAt ratha- senA calatI thii| madhya bhAga meM rAjA ko gherakara sAmanta evaM mANDalika nRpa garaNa prayANa karate the / rAjA ke cAroM ora aGgarakSaka niyukta hote the / 6 padAti senA rAjA ke pIche-pIche use cAroM ora se gherakara calatI thI / 7 156 senA ke sAtha jAne vAlI striyA~ Adi varAGgacarita ke anusAra senA ke sAtha rAniyAM pAlakiyoM meM baiThakara jAtI thIM / tathA candraprabha0 ke anusAra rAniyAM hAthiyoM meM baiThakara jAtI thIM / antaHpura kI dAsI - ceTiyAM Adi khaccara para baiThakara jAtI thIM / 10 sAmAna lAdakara U~Ta senA ke sAtha jAte the / 11 bailoM se jutI gAr3iyoM meM ghI ityAdi khAdya sAmagrI lAdakara le jAyI jAtI thI / 12 kulI bhI kAMvara para bojha lAdakara senA ke sAtha 3 1. varAGga0, 20.61 2. pathiSu hastipakAhata DiNDimadhvanita0 / --candra0, 13.14 3. kupitadhIranivartitadRSTibhiH padamadIyata mattamataGgajaiH / - vahI, 13.14 4. vahI, 13.17 5. vahI, 13.8 6. katipayAni na yAvadayuH padAnyanucarai rabhasena vinirgatAH / - vahI, 13.21 7. tAnbhaTagaNA nRpatInparivarei / - vahI, 13.21 varAGga0, 10.5e-60 8. 6. gajavadhUSvavarodhapuraMdhrayaH / - candra0, 13.24 10. janaravAttrasato nipatantyadhasta ralavegasarAdavarodhikA / - vahI, 13.27 11. kRtakaTusvaramAyatakandharaM sapadi bhANDamapAsya palAyitaH / - vahI, 13,28 12 . vahI, 13.26 13. vahI, 13.31

Page #194
160 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja rAjaparivAra ke uccAdhikAriyoM kI striyA~ yuddha meM sAtha-sAtha jAtI thIM / gaNikAeM tathA vezyAeM sainika bhI apanI striyoM ko yuddha meM sAtha le jAte the / bhI yuddha meM senA ke sAtha hI calatI thiiN| yuddha prayAraNa sambandhI anuzAsanahInatA jaina saMskRta mahAkAyoM meM senA meM yuddha prayANa sambandhI anuzAsanahInatA ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiM yathA - hAthiyoM tathA azvoM ke calate samaya choTe baccoM kA kucalA jAnA / 3 nAgarikoM kA hAthI bhaya se ghabarAkara nIce gira jAnA, 4 senA ke hAthiyoM, U~ToM tathA khaccaroM meM pArasparika TakarAva honA Adi / aitihAsika dRSTi se bhI vicAra kiyA jAe to jJAta hotA hai ki harSavardhana - kAla ke antima samaya meM senA isa prakAra kI uddaNDatA ke lie prasiddha ho cukI thI / 6 senAprayANa ke samaya bhIr3a-bhAr3a meM janatA ko paryApta kSati uThAnI par3atI thI / choTIchoTI bastiyAM tahasa-nahasa ho jAtI thiiN| isa kAraNa se senA ke isa durvyavahAra ke kAraNa prajA meM rAjA ke prati asantoSa kA udaya bhI hone lagA thaa| sainika zivira vyavasthA sainika tathA ghor3e - hAthiyoM ke vizrAma ke lie mArga meM choTe par3Ava DAle jAte the / par3Ava DAlane ke lie prAyaH parvata tathA vanoM ke pradeza upayukta samajhe jAte the / sundara evaM prAkRtika dRzyoM se yukta parvata pradezoM para sainika par3Ava DAlane ke do mukhya uddezya hotA the-- eka to sainya surakSA kI dRSTi se yaha sthAna upayukta hotA thA, dUsare rAjA evaM senA aise sthAnoM para Thaharakara parvata, nadI, jharanoM Adi 1. bAlabhiH kucamujapIDitA yuvAnastadbhUyaH sthapuTadarISu pAnamISuH / -- dvisa0, 2. vezyA gaNAH paricitAnupacAra hetoradhvazramAturatanUnanupAlayantaH / 3. varAGga0, 20.57, candra0, 13.6 4. candra0, 13.60 5. vahI, 13.27 - 26 6. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 223 7. vahI, pR0 223-24 8. candra0, 13.53, dvisaM0, 14.36 14.12 - candra0, 14.47

Page #195
yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA 161 prAkRtika dRzyoM se apanA manoraJjana kara sakatI thii| aise sthAnoM para kaI dina taka ke lie bhI senA ke Thaharane kI vyavasthA kI jAtI thii| sainika par3AvoM para vyApArIgaNa apanI-apanI dukAnoM ko lagAkara pahale se hI pAkara baiTha jAte the| ye dukAneM kapar3e ko tAnakara banAI jAtI thiiN| sainikoM ke bhojana ke lie bhI bar3e-baDe bhojanAlaya banA die jAte the| ina bhojanAlayoM meM se pUriyoM (iDDurikA) Adi kI gandha Ane kA ullekha pAyA hai| sabhI sainika inhIM bhojanAlayoM meM bhojana karate the / __ rAjA, sAmanta, sainikoM ke nivAsa kI pRthak vyavasthA kI jAtI thii| rAjA kA nivAsa bhavana eka bahuta bar3e pravezadvAra se susajjita rahatA thaa| dvisandhAna ke anusAra vana paMktiyoM kI pIche tathA dampati sainika guphAoM meM vizrAma karate the| senA ke Thaharate samaya yadyapi sabhI logoM ke nivAsa kI vyavasthA alaga alaga hotI thI kintu sabhI vargoM ke sainikoM ko nivAsa kI ThIka sUcanA na mila pAne ke kAraNa unake dvArA eka dUsare ko AvAja dekara idhara udhara bulAne kA ullekha bhI candraprabhacarita meM AyA hai| sainika manoraJjana evaM bhoga-vilAsa jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM prApta sainikoM kI ruciyoM evaM gatividhiyoM se aisA pratIta hotA hai ki adhikAMza sainika varga prAkRtika dRzyoM, strI saundarya, tathA saMgIta-gAyana evaM nRtya dvArA apanA manoraJjana karatA thaa| candraprabhacarita meM maNikUTa parvata ke sundara prAkRtika dRzyoM ko dekhane kI jijJAsA se rAjA padmanAbha tathA usakI senA vahIM Thahara jAtI hai| rAjAoM ke sAtha unakI striyAM bhI hotI thIMdeg tathA sainika bhI apanI patniyoM ko yuddhabhUmi meM sAtha le jAte the| ataH isa prakAra ke prAkRtika vana pradezoM meM rAjA tathA senA ko dAmpatya Ananda 1. candra0, 14.42 2. vahI, 14.41 3. vahI, 14.44 4. vahI, 14.44 5. vahI, 14.46 6. vahI, 14.44 7. dvisa0, 14.38 8. candra0, 14.48 6. vahI, 14.1-41 10. varAMga0, 20.56-60, candra0, 13 24 11. dvisa0, 14.12

Page #196
162 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja lene meM pUrNa suvidhA mila jAtI thI aura Amoda-pramoda kA ucita vAtAvaraNa bhI / ' dvisandhAna ke anusAra rAjA tathA sainika vRnda apanI patniyoM sahita vana vihAra karane jAte the tathA salila krIr3A zrAdi kA bhI zrAnanda lete the / anya sainikoM ke lie vezyAoM kA bhI prabandha hotA thA / 3 hammIra mahAkAvya meM sainikoM ke manoraJjanArtha 'zRGgAra-goSThI' kA ullekha huA hai / isa prakAra kI 'zRGgAra goSThI' meM nartakI dvArA zRGgArika bhAvanA ko uddIpta karane vAle nRtya hone tathA isa nRtya ke sAtha-sAtha gAyana evaM saGgIta kA bhI prAyojana hone kA ullekha zrAyA hai / " aisA pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya saMgItajJoM kA eka aisA bhramaraNazIla vyAvasAyika dala thA jo nAcane-gAne vAlI striyoM ko sAtha lekara vAdyayaMtroM sahita eka durga se dUsare durga taka ghUmakara sainikoM kA manoraJjana karatA thA / hammIra mahAkAvya meM variMgata 'zRGgAra goSThI' kA prAyojana karane vAlA dala aisA hI rahA hogA / yavana sainika madirApAna to karate hI the saMbhavata: cAhamAna sainika bhI madirApAna ke abhyasta the / hammIra ke sainika uccAdhikArI ko alAuddIna kI bahana dvArA madirA pilAne kA spaSTa ullekha prAyA hai / 7 siddhAnta rUpa se madirApAna karane vAle vyakti kI nindA kI gaI hai / sainya pazu-nivAsa vyavasthA zivira meM ThaharI huI hAthI ghor3e prAdi sainya pazuoM kI ruci evaM nivAsa kA bhI vizeSa dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| hAthiyoM ko jalAzaya meM snAna karane tathA unake rucikara bhojana kI vizeSa vyavasthA thI / isI prakAra jala snAna evaM pRthvI para loTa lagAne Adi rucikara kriyAoM dvArA azvasenA ke santuSTa rahane kA ullekha bhI 1. dampatayo guhAsu sarvatra puNyasahitAH sukhamAvasanti / dvisa0, 14.38 2 . vahI, 15. 1 3. vezyAgaraNA: paricittAnupacAraheto 0 / vahI, 14.47 4. hammIra0, 13.1 5. vastrANyutsaMvRNoti sma praknUya na bhayAnnaH kaH 6. Shastri, Nilkanth, Pandyan Kingdom, p. 144 7. hammIra0, 13.81 8. vahI, 13.64 6. dvisa0, 14.36, candra0 14.55 10. candra0, 1462 hammIra0, 13.2, tathA

Page #197
yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA 163 AyA hai|' bojha lAdane ke kAraNa thake hue baloM dvArA yatra-tatra sIMgoM tathA paroM se bhUmi khodane tathA parvatIya nadiyoM ke jala pIne jaisI rucikara kriyAeM karane kA bhI varNana milatA hai| isI prakAra U~Ta dvArA karNakaTu zabdoM ko karate hue UMcI-UMcI zAkhAoM ke pattoM ko khAkara dugdha srAvita hone kA ullekha bhI huA hai| tRpta ho jAne para hAthI per3oM ke skandhoM se bAMdha die jAte the| ghor3e paTTamaya astabaloM meM tathA baila vRkSoM kI chAyA meM baiThakara vizrAma karate the / yuddhoM ke bheda jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM yuddhoM ke nimnalikhita prakAroM kA varNana 1. dRSTi yuddha-paraspara prAMkhoM ke dvArA krodha abhivyakta karanA / 2. vAgyuddha-paraspara U~ce garjana ke sAtha eka dUsare ko yuddha ke lie lalakAranA / 3. bhuja-yuddha'1-(mallayuddha)12-prAyudhoM se rahita hokara eka dUsare yoddhAoM se malla yuddha karanA / 13 4. padAti yuddha' 4-zastroM se eka yoddhA kA dUsare para AkramaNa krnaa| isa prakAra ke yuddhoM meM eka dUsare yoddhAoM kI AMkha phor3anA, sira kATanA, mAra kara mUcchita kara denA Adi kriyAeM saMbhava thiiN| 1. dvisa0, 14.37, candra0, 14.51, 54 2., candra0, 14.63 3. vahI, 14.65-66 4. dvisa0, 14.38, candra0, 14.61 5. dvisa0, 14.38; candra0, 14.55 6. candra0, 14.64 7. padmA0, 17.288-62 8. vahI, 17.288 6. vahI, 17.263-267; jayanta0, 10.20 10. padmA0, 17.264 11. vahI, 17.305 12. varAGga, 17.50 13. padmA0, 17.308, tathA kIti0, 5.45 14. varAGga0, 17.45, hammIra0, 6.15 / 15. varAGga0, 17.45-46, hammIra0, 6.15-16

Page #198
164 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 5. rathayuddha'-rathArohiyoM se yuddha karane ke uddezya se kie jAne vAle yuddha meM, astra zastroM kA prayoga to hotA hI thA,2 sAtha meM ratha tor3anA, ratha meM lage dhvajA Adi ko kATanA bhI ratha-yuddha kI ullekhanIya vizeSatA thii|3 6. azva yuddha -prazva-yuddha donoM senAoM ke azvArohiyoM ke madhya hotA thaa| azva atyadhika sphUrti ke sAtha raNa meM apanA yuddha-kauzala dikhAne ke lie prasiddha the| 7. gajayuddha-gaja yuddha sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa yuddha thaa| hAthiyoM ke zarIra kavacoM dvArA surakSita hote the| tIkSNamukha vAle prAyudhoM dvArA hAthiyoM ke zarIra para AkramaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| prAyaH hAthI mAdaka dravya pIkara yuddha karate the| sampUrNa yuddha meM hAthiyoM para hI adhikAdhika astra-zastroM kA prahAra kiyA jAtA thaa|'' isake bAda bhI hasti senA antima kSaNoM taka zatru senA ko hAni pahuMcAne meM adhika samartha thii| lahu-luhAna hote hue bhI hAthI zatruoM para parvata ke samAna TUTa par3ate the|12 yahI kAraNa thA ki anya senAmoM kI apekSA hastisenA para niyaMtraNa pAnA kaThina samajhA jAtA thaa| 8. durgayuddha 3-hammIramahAkAvya meM varNita durgayuddha ko 14vIM-15vIM zatAbdI I0 ke yuddha kalA bikAsa ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa kahA jA sakatA hai / hammIra kI rAjapUtAnA cAhamAna senA tathA alAuddIna khilajI kI yavana senAoM ke madhya hue isa yuddha meM raNathambhaura durga para adhikAra karane ke lie yavana 1. varAGga0, 17.74-76 2. candra0, 15.74-64 3. vahI, 15.75 4. varAGga0, 17.76 5. vahI, 17.76 6. vahI, 17.17, jayanta0, 10.7,8 7. varAGga0, 17.76, 18.10 8. teSAM sanAhavatAM gajAnAm / vahI, 18.11 6. te tomarAghAtavibhinnagAtrAH pracakSarallohitatIvradhArAH / vahI, 18. 12 10. gajA madAndhAH samare ripUNAm / vahI, 18.12 11. vahI, 18.13 12. vahI, 17.75, 18.12 13. hammIra0, sarga 13 .

Page #199
ga evaM sainya vyavasthA 165 senAoM ne, suraGgoM ko khodane tathA khAiyoM ko bharane kA kArya lagabhaga kaI mahInoM taka saMcAlita rakhA / ' zatru kA pratikAra karane kI dRSTi se rAjapUtAnA sainikoM ne parikhAoM meM agni gole rakha die tathA suraGgoM ke mArgoM para garma tela DAla diyA thA / pariNAmataH zatru senA praveza karate samaya jalabhuna kara naSTa ho gaI thI / durga ke AsapAsa yavana senAoM ne apane zivira DAla die kintu cAhamAna senA ke bAraNa varSA dvArA taGga karane para alAuddIna ko apanI senAoM ko pIche haTAnA par3A | hammIra kI senA kI apekSA yavana senA saMkhyA meM kaI gunA adhika thii| isake atirikta hammIra kI senA ke kaI uccAdhikArI bhI alAuddIna ke sAtha jA mile the / aisI saMkaTakAlIna sthiti meM hammIra ko usake hI pakSa ke logoM dvArA utpAdita durga meM kRtrima annAbhAva kI vipatti kA sAmanA bhI karanA pdd'aa| durga meM rAjaparivAroM tathA anya mahattvapUrNa senAdhikAriyoM ke parivAroM ke nivAsa kI bhI samucita vyavasthA hotI thI / 6 durga meM sampUrNa zrAvazyaka sAmagriyoM tathA sainya upakaraNoM kA bhaNDAra bhI hotA thA / 7 durgayuddha nirNAyaka yuddha hotA thA / rAjapUtAnA sainika isa yuddha meM vizeSa dakSa the / aitihAsikoM ke anusAra sAtavIMAThavIM zatAbdI meM durga yuddha kA vizeSa kA pracalana nahIM thA / rAjapUtAnA sainya vyavasthA meM hI durga yuddhoM kA vizeSa pracalana thA rAjapUtAna sainikoM tathA yavana sainikoM ke madhya hI adhikAMza durga yuddha hue the / 6. pulinda yuddha -- sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI ke mahAkAvya varAGgacarita meM pulinda-yuddha kA vizeSa ullekha prApta hotA hai / varAGgacarita kI pulinda jAti dakSiNa bhArata ke vanoM meM nivAsa karane vAlI bhIla jAti thI / jayantavijaya mahAkAvya se bhI isakI puSTi hotI hai / 1deg ye pulinda jAtiyA~ pratyadhika yuddha priya hotI thIM / " 1. hammIra, 13.40-41 2 . vahI, 13.41-43 3. vahI, 13.37-38 4. vahI, 13.81-82 5. vahI, 13.17 6. vahI, 13.107 7. vahI, 13.44-45 8. 6. varAGga0, sarga - 13 10. jayanta0, 11.8 11. varAGga0, 13.47 majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 216

Page #200
166 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja yuvarAja athavA kisI rAjapuruSa ke darzana mAtra se hI pulinda loga bhayabhIta ho jAte the aura yuddha karane ke lie sannaddha rahate the|' pulinda loga DaNDe, dhanuSa bANa, talavAra sadRza sAdhAraNa stara ke AyudhoM se sadaiva laisa rahate the| pulinda ajIba sI vezabhUSA dhAraNa karake jhuNDoM ke rUpa meM vicaraNa karate the| ye loga svabhAva se nirdayI hote the| pulindoM kI pRthak AvAsIya bastiyAM hotI thIM jahAM inakA rAjA bhI hotA thA / 5 pulinda jAtiyAM prAyaH rAjAnoM tathA dhanI sArthavAhoM se vizeSa dveSa rakhatI thiiN| rAjakumAra Adi ke sAtha durvyavahAra karane kA spaSTa ullekha varAGgacarita meM prApta hotA hai / isake atirakta eka dhanI sArthavAha ke dhana ko lUTane ke uddezya se pulinda senA tathA sArthavAha senA ke madhya ghamAsAna yuddha hone kA ullekha bhI huA hai / pulinda loga 'gurillA-paddhati' ke yuddha meM vizeSa dakSa hote the tathA acAnaka hI dhokhe se AkramaNa karanA inakI vizeSatA thii| varAGgacarita ke anusAra pulinda evaM sArthapati sAgaravaddhi kI senAoM ke madhya yuddha meM prayoga kie jAne vAle zastra-astra rAjAoM kI senAoM ke zastra-astroM se kama nahIM the, aura yuddha kalA pradarzana bhI ucca stara kA thaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pulinda jAti ke loga yuddha kalA meM vizeSa dakSa the| SaDvidha bala ke antargata Ane vAle 'pAraNya bala' meM inhIM pulinda Adi jAtiyoM ke logoM ko bharatI kiyA jAtA hogaa| 10 gurillA yuddha-gurillA paddhati se yuddha karanA bhI prAcIna bhAratIya senAmoM kI vizeSatA rahI hai| dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM bhI rAjA 'grAharipu' ke netRtva meM yuddha karane vAlI jAti dvArA chalakapaTa se AkramaNa karane kA ullekha 1. varAGga0, 13.47-46 2. gRhItadaNDAsizarAsanAtmakAH / vahI, 13.47 3. vahI, 13.46-47 4. vahI, 13.58 5. vahI, 13.46-50 6. vahI, 13.56-57 7. vahI, 14.23 8. vahI, 14,6 6. vahI, 14.10.45 10. dvisa0, 2.11 para nemicandrakRta padakaumudI dIkA

Page #201
yurI evaM sainya vyavasthA 167 huA hai|' ye gurillA paddhati se lar3ane vAlI jAtiyA~ yuddha meM bhUmigata khAnoM kA bhI prayoga karatI thiiN| vanoM kI guphAoM ityAdi meM gupta rUpa se rahanA cAhamAna rAjapUta senA ke lie susAdhya thaa| hammIra0 meM rAjapUta evaM yavana senA ke madhya hue gurillA yuddha kA bhI varNana milatA hai| yoddhAoM kA dAha-saMskAra yuddha samApta hone ke bAda 'raNa-saMzodhana arthAt raNasthala ke nirIkSaNa karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / 5 rAjA ke sevaka raNa meM mAre gae yoddhAoM kA nirIkSaNa karate the tathA mahattvapUrNa vipakSI vyaktiyoM yathA rAjA athavA yuvarAja Adi ke kaTe hue sira ko rAjA taka pahuMcAyA jAtA thaa| mRtaka yoddhAoM kI mRtyu ke samAcAra ko unake sambandhiyoM taka bhI pahuMcAyA jAtA thaa| mRtaka yoddhA ke sambandhI prAkara yuddha bhUmi meM apane vyakti ke zava ko pahacAna kara vahIM bANoM kI citA taiyAra karake dAha saMskAra kara dete the| pAhata yoddhAoM kI prAthamika cikitsA varAGgacarita ke anusAra yuddha meM rAjA ke sAtha vaidya ityAdi bhI jAte the| asaMkhya yoddhAoM ke yuddhabhUmi meM Ahata ho jAne ke kAraNa unameM se sabhI ko prAthamika cikitsA kI suvidhA denA sambhavataH vyAvahArika na rahA ho kintu yuddha bhUmi meM prAthamika cikitsA kI vyavasthA hotI avazya thii| varAGgacarita meM varAGga ke yuddha bhUmi meM pAhata ho jAne para upacArArtha usake zarIra ko hAthoM se dabAkara, zItala jala ke chIMTe dekara, candana jala ko mastaka 'pradezoM para lagAkara tathA paMkhe se havA kara, varAGga kI mUcchitAvasthA ko dUra karane kA ullekha pAyA 1. dvayA0, 6.76 2. Narang, Dvayasraya, p. 177-78 3. hammIra0, 11.23 4. vahI, 6.145-51 5. raNaM saMzodhayAmAsa / candra0, 15.131 6. vahI, 15.133 7. vahI, 15.132 8. varAGga0, 14.60

Page #202
6 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja hai / ' tadanantara sArtha pati kI prAjJA se vaidyoM ne varAGga ke rakta se lathapatha zarIra ko jala se dhoyA aura ghAvoM ko bharane vAlI uttama zrauSadhiyoM ko lagA kara kucha hI dinoM meM use svastha banA diyA / zrAyudha varNana mAnava sabhyatA ke vikAsa ke anurUpa AyudhoM kA bhI vikAsa hotA rahA hai / prArambha meM zrAyudhoM kI saMkhyA sImita thI parantu uttarottara yugoM meM yuddhoM ke vAtAvaraNa se rAjya saMsthA jaba vizeSa prabhAvita huI to vividha prakAra ke AyudhoM kI takanIka bhI vikasita huI / Rgveda ke kAla meM RSTi, bAraNa, aMkuza, tUNIra, vajra, kRpANa, parazu zrAdi zrAyudhoM kA yuddha meM prAyaH prayoga hotA thA / 3 atharvaveda ke kAla taka viSAkta bAraNoM kA bhI zrAviSkAra ho cukA thA / 'zataghnI' bhI eka vaidika kAlIna ullekhanIya zrAyudha thA jisake prayoga se sau vyakti taka mAre jA sakate the / Ayudha vibhAga 8 kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM AyudhoM ke ATha vibhAgoM kA ullekha milatA hai(1) sthira yantra, (2) calayantra ( 3 ) halamukha ( 4 ) dhanuSa ( 5 ) bAraNa sadRza zastra (6) khaDga sadRza zastra evaM ( 8 ) yantra cAlita astra / 6 agni purANa aura viSNudharmottarapurANa meM zrAyudhoM ko pA~ca zreNiyoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-- (1) yantramukta, ( 2 ) pANimukta, (3) muktAmukta ( 4 ) pramukta tathA ( 5 ) niyuddha athavA bAhuyuddha | dhanurveda ke eka mahattvapUrNa grantha vaizampAyanakRta nItiprakAzikA meM AyudhoM ke cAra vibhAga upalabdha hote haiM - (1) mukta ( 2 ) amukta (3) muktAmukta evaM ( 4 ) mantramukta / isa sambandha meM ullekhanIya hai ki nItiprakAzikAkAra 1. varAGga0, 14.54 2. vahI, 14.60 3. Rgveda, 5.52.6, 5.56.2, 8.17.10 5.57.2, 10.48.3; 10.22.10; 10.28.8 4. atharvaveda, 4.6.6 5. kRSNayajurveda, 1.5.7.6 6. arthazAstra, 2.18.36 7. agnipurANa, 246-252 8. viSNudharmottarapurANa, 2 178 - 182 9. muktaM caiva hyamuktaM ca muktAmuktamataH param / mantramuktaM ca catvAri dhanurvedapadAni vai // nItiprakAzikA, 2.11

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yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA ne 'khaDga' ko eka pRthak pA~cave prakAra ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa kiyA hai / ' prAyudhoM ke antargata zastra-astra meM mukhya bheda yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki 'zastra' hAthoM dvArA calAyA jAtA thA to 'astra' yantra dvArA saMcAlita ho sakate the / 2 ___SatriMzadAyudha-Alocya jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM aneka bAra 'SaTatriMzadAyudhAni' kA prayoga pAyA hai| ina chattIsa prakAra ke AyudhoM kI paramparAgata mAnyatA evaM saMkhyA isa prakAra kahI gaI hai--- (1) cakra (2) dhanuSa (3) vajra (4) khaDga (5) kSurikA (6) tomara (7) kunta (8) trizUla (8) zakti (10) parazu (11) makSikA (12) bhallI (13) bhindipAla (14) muSTi (15) luNThi (16) zaku (17) pAza (18) paTTiza (16) riSTi (20) kaNaya (21) kampana (22) hala (23) mUsala (24) gulikA (25) kartari (26) karapatra (27) taravArI (28) kuddAla (26) duSphoTa (30) gophani (31) DAha (32) DaccUsa (33) mudgara (34) gadA (35) ghana tathA (36) krvaalikaa|4 1. prAkramaraNAtmaka Ayudha sAmAnyatayA AyudhoM ke do mukhya prakAra haiM (1) AkramaNAtmaka Ayudha tathA (2) surakSAtmaka prAyudha / prathama varga meM nimnalikhita prAyudha rakhe jA sakate haiN| (ka) mukta varga ke prAyudha- prAcIna bhAratIya AyudhavijJAna kI mAnyatAoM ke sandarbha meM prakSepaNAtmaka prAyudhoM ko 'mukta' prAyudhoM kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| ye yA to hAtha se pheMke jA sakate the (pANimukta) yA phira yantra kI sahAyatA se saMcAlita hote the (yntrmukt)| nItiprakAzikA ke anusAra paramparAgata mukta AyudhoM kI saMkhyA bAraha kahI gaI hai-dhanuSa, bANa, bhiNDivAla, zakti, drudharaNa, tomara, nalikA, laguDa, pAza, cakra, dantakaNTaka, tathA bhuzuNDI / 5 isI pariprekSya meM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM variNata AyudhoM kA vivecana isa prakAra hai1. dhanuSa-prAyaH bAMsa athavA sIMga se nirmita hote the| agnipurANa meM lauha 1. nItiprakAzikA, sarga-3 2. Sharma, Major Gautam, Indian Army through the Ages, Madras, 1966, p. 21 3. dvayA0, 11.51; padmA0, 4.22, hammIra0, 12.12 4. padmA0 4.22 para abhayatilakagaNikRtaTIkA 5. nIti0 2.17-18 6. varAGga0, 17.71; dvisa0, 6.27; pradyumna0, 10.43, candra0, 15.48; kIrti0, 5.27; jayanta0, 14.77; hammIra0, 13.31, sanatkumAra0, 20.75

Page #204
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dhanuSa kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / ' dhanuSa kA daNDa cAra hAtha athavA chaha phuTa lambA hotA thA / 2 kauTilya ke anusAra dhanuSa cAra prakAra se banAe jA sakate the:- (1) 'tAla' (tAr3a nirmita) (2) 'pApa' (bAMsa-nirmita) (3) 'dAkha' (kASThanirmita) tathA (4) 'zAGga' (haDDiyoM athavA sIMgoM se nirmita)3 / dhanuSa vaha yantra vizeSa thA jisase bANa ityAdi pheMke jAte the| 2. bANa - bAMsa athavA lohe se nirmita hote the| kauTilya ne pAMca prakAra ke jina bANoM kA ullekha kiyA hai ve haiM-veNu, zara, zalAkA, daNDasAra tathA nArAca / 5 prathama tIna kASTha nirmita the / daNDasAra Adhe lohe prAdhe bAMsa se nirmita hotA thaa| nArAca sampUrNa rUpa se lauha nirmita hotA thaa| bAraNa sadRza anya prAyudha-jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bANa sadRza nimnalikhita AyudhoM kA ullekha AyA hai3. nArAca --sampUrNataH lauha nirmita bANa vizeSa / 4. amodha-bANa vizeSa / 5. zilImukha -bANa vizeSa / 6. urdhvamukha-urdhvamukhI bANa vizeSa / 7. adhomukha'1-adhomukhI bANa vizeSa / 1. agnipurANa, 255.5-6, 7-10 2. Dikshitar, war in Ancient India, p. 95 3. arthazAstra 2.18 4. varAGga, 17.46; pradyumna0, 6.66; candra0, 6.101; jayanta, 10.65; sanatkumAra0, 20.78; hammIra0, 13.32 5. arthazAstra, 2.18 6. vahI, 2.17 7. jayanta0, 14.77 8. pradyumna0 10.44 9. candra0, 15.108, 125 10. hammIra0 11.85 11. vahI, 11.55

Page #205
yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA 8. sucImukha'-suI ke samAna mukha vAlA bANa vizeSa / 6. vatsavatta-danta yukta bANa jo 'ardha' candra se milatA-julatA thaa|' 10. ardhacandra -ardha candra ke AkAra vAlA bANa vizeSa / 5 11. kANDa -bANa vizeSa / 12. agni bANa -agni barasAne vAlA bANa vizeSa / 13. kSurapra -chure ke AkAra vAlA bANa vizeSa / 14. bhinDipAla deg -eka hAtha lambA zastra vizeSa jisakA Age kA bhAga jhukA huA hotA thA eka bar3I gAMTha-dAra TeDhI lakar3I se saMyukta isa zastra vizeSa ko bAe pAMva se saMcAlita kiyA jAtA thaa|11 kATanA, AghAta karanA Adi isake vividha prayoga saMbhava the / ' 2 15. zakti 3-do hAtha lambA zastra vizeSa jisakA mukha caur3A aura khulA rahatA thA / 14 nItiprakAzikAkAra ke anusAra 'tolana' 'bhrAmaNa, 'valgana', 'nAmana', 'mocana' tathA 'bhedana' rUpa chaha dRSTiyoM se zakti kA prayoga kiyA jA sakatA thaa|15 1. varAGga0, 18.42 2. vahI, 18.42 3. Hopkins, J.A.O.S., Vol. 13, p. 279 4. varAGga0, 18.42, pradyu0 10.25, sanatkumAra0, 20.83 5. Hopkins, J.A. O. S. Vol. 13, p. 279 6. kIrti0, 5.25, hammIra0, 10.57 7. hammIra0, 11.80 8. dvisa0, 6.20 6. vahI, pada0 TIkA 10. varAGga, 14.15, 18.45 11. nIti0, 4.30 12. Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, p. 106 13. varAGga0, 14.15, sanatkumAra0, 11.61, triSaSTi0,4.1.660 14. Dikshitar, War in Anclent India, p. 106 15. tolanaM bhrAmaNaJcaiva valganaM nAmanaM tthaa| mocanaM bhedanaJceti SaNmArgArazaktisaMzritAH // nIti0, 4.35

Page #206
172 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 16. tomara'-arthazAstra ke TIkAkAroM ne ise bANa sadRza zastra batAyA hai / do prakAra ke tomaroM kA ullekha milatA hai lohe kI gadA sadRza tomara tathA kASThadaNDa yukta kuntasadRza tomara / varAGgacarita meM bhAle (kunta) aura tomara bhinna-bhinna zastra the|4 nItiprakAzikA ke anusAra moTe guccha vAlA tIna hAtha lambA tomara tIna prakAra ke 'uddhAna' 'vinivRtti' tathA 'vedhana' kAryoM meM prayukta kiyA jA sakatA thA / kauTilya ke TIkAkAroM ke anusAra 'sAdhAraNa', 'madhyama' aura 'uttama' tomara ke tIna bheda the jo kramazaH 4, 43, aura 5 hAtha lambe hote the / agnipurANa ke anusAra zatru kI A~kha evaM hAtha para prahAra karane kI dRSTi se yaha atyanta upayogI zastra rahA thaa| hopakinsa ne isakI trizUla sadRza prAkRti kI sambhAvanA kI hai| 17. laguDa-daNDa sahaza zastra jisakA pAda bhAga sUkSma evaM urdhva bhAga caur3A aura lauha-nirmita hotA thaa| do hAtha lambe isa prAyudha kI 'utthAna', 'patana', 'peSaNa' tathA 'pothana' cAra gatiyA~ kahI gaI haiM / 10 dIkSitAra mahodaya ne 'bhindipAla' ke samAna isake prayoga hone kI sambhAvanA bhI batAI hai|11 18. pAza12-zatru ko bA~dhane ke prayoga meM lAyA jAne vAlA 'pAza' nAmaka zastra prAkRti se trikoNAtmaka thA / 'sIsagulikA' se alaMkRta 'pAza' 'prasAraNa' 'veSTana' aura 'kartana' ke kAryoM meM pradhAnatayA prayukta kiyA 1. varAGga0, 13.15, jayanta0, 10.65 2. arthazAstra (hindI anuvAda) rAmateja pANDeya, pR0 180 3. Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, p. 107 4. varAGga0, 14.15 5. nItiprakAzikA, 4.38.36 6. Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, p. 107 7. vahI, pR0 107 8. Hopkins, J. A. O. S. Vol. 13, p. 291 6. hammIra0, 3.37, 10.41 10. nIti0, 4.42-43 11. Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, p. 108 12. varAGga0, 17.52; dvisa0, 6.27

Page #207
yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA 173 jAtA thaa|' dIkSitAra ne isakI lambAI 30 hAtha mAnI hai jise tIna maNDalAkRtiyoM meM lapeTA jAtA thaa|2 'pAza' kA varNa nIlA kahA gayA hai| 16. caka -madhyarandhra kuNDalAkAra nIle varNa vAle cakra nAmaka zastra ke grathana', 'bhrAmaNa', 'kSepaNa', 'kartana' 'dalana'-pA~ca kArya sambhava the| isake tIna bheda rahe the (1) ATha AroM vAlA cakra (2) chaha pAroM vAlA cakra tathA (3) cAra AroM vAlA ckr| kauTilya ne ise cAlita yantra kI saMjJA dI hai| 20. bhuzuNDI-tIna hAtha lambA zastra vizeSa unnata granthi, TeDhI lakaDI kI mUTha vAlA zastra thaa| kRSNa sarpa ke samAna isakI agra prAkRti hotI thii| bhuzuNDI ke 'yApana' aura 'ghUrNana' do mukhya kArya kahe gae haiN| isakI 'bhusuNDI', 'bhUzuNDI', 'bhUsaNDI' Adi aneka saMjJAeM pracalita thiiN| saMskRta zabdArtha kaustubha meM ise camar3e se nirmita patthara pheMkane vAlA astra kahA gayA hai / 10 dIkSitAra mahodaya ise 'mUsala' sadRza mAnate haiN|11 hopakinsa ke anusAra mahAbhArata kAlIna 'bhuzuNDI' vaha hasta saMcAlita yantra thA jisase DaNDe yA golAkAra patthara Adi pheMke jA sakate the|12 21. daNDa -sambhavataH kASTha-nirmita zastra vizeSa thaa| varAGgacarita mahAkAvya 1. nIti0, 4.45-46 / 2. Dikshitar. War in Ancient India, p. 109 3. nIti0, 4.45 para sItArAmakRta tattvavivRtti, pR0 46 4. varAGga0. 17.77, pradyumna0, 10.2; candra0, 15.127, triSaSTi 0, 4.1.717, jayanta0, 14.77, hammIra0, 10.8 5. nIti0, 447-48 6. Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, p. 109 7. vahI, pR0 106 8. jayanta0, 14.77 6. nIti0 4.51-52 10. saMskRta zabdArtha kaustubha, pR0 860 11. Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, p. 109 12. Hopkins, J. A. O. S., Vol. 13, p. 29 2 13. varAGga0, 14.15, candra0, 15.48; jayanta0, 14.101; hammIra0, 9:155

Page #208
174 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja meM lauha nirmita daNDa (lauhadaNDa) kA bhI ullekha pAyA hai|' muktavarga ke AyudhoM meM 'daNDa' kI gaNanA nahIM kI gaI hai| dIkSitAra ke anusAra 'tomara' ke antargata yA usase milate julate zastra ko 'daNDa' kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI thii| tomara ke jina do bhedoM lauha daNDa athavA sAmAnya daNDa kA 'lakSaNaprakAza' meM ullekha pAyA hai vaha sambhavataH 'daNDa' kI hI vAstavika sthiti rahI hogii| 22. lohadaNDa - 'daNDa' kA hI eka bheda vizeSa / ise 'lauhavRtta' bhI kahA jAtA thaa| 23. kSapaNa -varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM ise prahArAtmaka zastra ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai| 24. yaSTi -bAMsa kA daNDa vizeSa / 25. kuza'degsambhavataH kuza kI noMka jaisA durgabhedaka zastra / 11 26. golaka12-yantra dvArA calAe jAne vAlA prakSepaNAtmaka zastra / 27. loha-golaka | 3-lauha vizeSa se nirmita prakSepaNAtmaka golA / 28. vahni golaka 14-agni kaNoM se yukta prakSepaNAtmaka-golA / (kha) amukta varga ke prAyudha-amukta varga ke antargata aise AyudhoM ko samAviSTa kiyA jAtA thA jinheM pheMkA yA chor3A nahIM jAtA thaa| nItiprakAzikAkAra ne 'amukta' AyudhoM ke antargata vajra, IlI, parazu, gozIrSa, asidhenu, lavitra, prAstara, kunta, sthUNa, prAsa, pinAka, gadA, mudgara, sIra, musala, paTTiza, mauSTika, 1. tu0-"kecitpunarlohanibaddhadaNDaiH" / varAGga0, 17.54 2. Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, p. 107 3. vahI, pR0 107, pAda Ti0, 53 4. varAGga0, 17.54, padmA0, 17.43 5. varAGga0, 17.54 6. vahI, 14.16 7. tu0-"kSapaNaiH prhaarH"| vahI, 14.16 8. dvayA0, 6.56 6. Narang, Dvyasraya, p. 180 10. hammIra0, 13.42 11. vahI, 3.118 12. vahI, 3.118, 11.100 13. vahI, 11.15 14. vahI, 13.42

Page #209
yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA 175 parigha, mayUkhI, tathA zatadhnI-20 AyudhoM ko parigaNanA kI hai|' pRthak rUpa se nirdiSTa 'khaDga' bhI amukta AyudhoM ke antargata hI samAviSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke antargata nimnalikhita amuktavargIya AyudhoM kA ullekha mAyA hai26. khaDga-saMskRta sAhitya meM khaDga arthAt talavAra ko asi, mahA asi, Adi vibhinna tAmoM se jAnA jAtA hai / khaDga se tAtparya bar3I talavAra se hai / uttama khaDga kI lambAI pacAsa aMgula kahI gaI hai|4 'lakSaNaprakAza' ke anusAra 'uttama' 'madhyama' tathA 'sAdhAraNa' khaDga kramazaH pacAsa iMca tathA chattIsa iMca ke hote the / 5 nItiprakAzikA meM talavAra ke ATha nAma isa prakAra die gae haiM-(1) asi, (2) vizasana, (3) khaDga, (4) tIkSNadharmA, (5) durAsada, (6) zrIgarbha, (7) vijaya, tathA (8) dharmamAla / 6 'nistriza' choTI talavAra hotI thI jisakA agrabhAga vakra rahatA thaa| khaDga sadRza anya prAyudha-jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM khaDga sadRza prAyaH laghu prAkRti ke anya zastroM ke nAma isa prakAra variNata haiM30. kRpANa -talavAra ke AkAra kI, kintu parimANa meM choTI, kamara meM laTakAI jAtI thii| 31. kSurikA -churI, ise 'asiputrikA' bhI kahA jAtA thaa| 32. shstrii0-kttaarii| 33. vajra -vajra Ayudha dadhIci kI asthiyoM se nirmita divya astra ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| prayoga kAla meM isakI ghora garjanA hone kA prAyaH varNana 1. nIti0, 2.16.20 2. varAGga0, 14.6, dvisa0 6.27 pradhu0, 6.66, candra0, 6.106 kIrti0, 5.321 jayanta0, 10.73. hammIra0, 13.222 3. Hopkins, J. A. 0. S., Vol. 13, p. 285 4. Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, p. 117 5. vahI, pR0 118 6. nIti0 3.36-37 7. Hopkins, J.A.O.S., Vol. 13, p. 286 8. jayanta0, 10.65, 14.101; hammIra0, 10.43, sanatkumAra0, 10.74 6. sanatkumAra0, 21.73 10. dvisa0,18.20 11. hammIra0, 3.118

Page #210
176 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 1 milatA hai / vividha prakAra ke tIkSNa astra zastroM se yukta 'vajra' eka atyanta zaktizAlI Ayudha mAnA jAtA hai / 'cAlana', 'ghUnana', 'chedana', 'bhedana', - isakI caturvidha gatiyAM kahI gaI haiM / talavAroM kI maNDalAkRti se suzobhita vajra ko jvalanazIla prAyudha bhI kahA gayA hai / 2 34. IlI - khaDga sadRza eka aisA Ayudha jo do hAtha U~cA aura pAMca praguli caur3A, prAge se vistRta evaM karatrANa se rahita hotA thA / 'sampAta' 'samudIrNa' 'nigraha' tathA 'pragraha' - IlI ke cAra prayoga sambhava the / 4 35. parazu - majumadAra mahodaya ne ise 24 inca lambA ardha candrAkAra zastra ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA hai / nItiprakAzikA meM ise sUkSma yaSTi evaM vizAlamukha vAle Ayudha ke rUpa meM pAribhASita kiyA gayA hai / 'pAtana' aura 'chedana' parazu ke do mukhya kArya the / 7 36. kunta - chaha se dasa hAtha lambA isakA AkAra hotA thA / lohanirmita isa zastra vizeSa kI chaha dhAreM hotI thiiN| 5a 'uDDIna', 'avaDIna', 'niDIna', 'bhUmi lIna', 'tiryaglIna' tathA 'nikhAta' isakI chaha gatiyA~ kahI gaI haiM / ' sAmAnyatayA kunta tIkSNAgrabhAga vAle bhAle ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai / 37. prAsa 10 - do hatthoM vAlA, 24 inca lambA zastra mAnA jAtA hai / 11 nItiprakAzikA meM isakI lambAI sAta hAtha kI kahI gaI hai jo lohazIrSa, tIkSNa-pAda evaM kauzeya puMkha se samalaMkRta rahatA thA / 12 1. nIti0, 5.2-6 2. 3. nIti0 5.7-8 varAGga0, 17.45 4. varAGga0, 17.55, dvisa0, 6.27, sanatkumAra0, 21.2, hammIra0, 3.26 5. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 124 6. nIti0 5.6-10 19. varAGga0, 14.15, pradyumna0, 666, candra0, 15.48, kIrti0, 5.32, sanatkumAra0, 21.64, hammIra0, 11.87 8. Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, p. 112 6. nIti0, 5.23 10. candra0, 15.108 19. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 124 12. nIti0, 5.25

Page #211
yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA 177 38. gadA'-nItiprakAzikA ke anusAra cAra hAtha U~cA tathA Age se bRhad zIrSa vAlA 'gadA' nAmaka Ayudha lauhazaMkuoM se vyApta rahatA thA / hAthiyoM tathA caTTAnoM Adi para AghAta karane ke lie yaha atyanta upayogI Ayudha thaa| bIsa prakAra ke AkramaNAtmaka prayojana isa zastra se sAdhe jA sakate the|3 36. mudgara --jisakA pAdabhAga sUkSma ho tathA jo zIrSa rahita ho 'mudgara kahalAtA thaa| isameM pakar3ane kI mUTha vidyamAna rahatI thii| bRhad zaku ke AkAra sadRza isakI lambAI tIna hAtha mAnI jAtI hai| 'bhramaNa' tathA 'pAtana' isake mukhya upayoga rahe the| kauTilya ne ise calayantra kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai| 40. musala - majUmadAra ne ise khaira kI banI huI char3I ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA hai / 10 dIkSitAra ise 'zUla' athavA 'trizUla' zreNI kA zastra mAnate haiN|' 1 'pAtana' aura 'pothana' isakI dvividha gatiyAM kahI gaI haiM / 12 41. paTTiza1 3-donoM ora se pArzvadhAra sahita karatrANayukta khaDga vizeSa / 14 ise donoM ora se trizUla sadRza zastra bhI mAnA jAtA hai / 15 42. paridha 6-kASThanirmita cakrAkAra zastra vizeSa jisakA parimANa cAra 1. varAGga0, 17.77; dvisa0, 6.27; pradyu0, 10.8; candra0, 15.217; jayanta0, 14.77; hammIra0, 10.51 2. nIti0, 5.26 3. vahI, 5.34 4. varAGga0, 14.15; candra0, 15.127; hammIra0, 6.114 5. nIti0 5.35 6. Dikshitar, War in Ancient Indla, p. 114 7. nIti0, 536 8. arthazAstra, 2.18 6. varAGga0, 14.15, sanatkumAra0, 21.55 10. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 124 11. Dikshitar, War In Ancient India, p. 114 12. nIti0, 5.38 13. varAGga0, 17.77, hammIra0, 3.32 14. nIti0, 5.36 15. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 124 16 varAGga0, 18.13, triSaSTi0, 4.1.662

Page #212
178 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja hAtha hotA thA / " nItiprakAzikA ke vyAkhyAkAra sItArAma ne isakI bRhad dvAroM ko banda rakhane vAle pratibandhaka zastra ke rUpa meM vyAkhyA kI hai| 4 anusAra isa dIkSitAra jA sakatI 43. zataghnI 3 - yaha eka prAcIna zrAyudha rahA hai / isake svarUpa ke viSaya meM matabheda hai / zabdArtha kI dRSTi se eka samaya meM sau vyaktiyoM ke saMhAra karane kI isa prayudha meM kSamatA thI / majUmadAra mahodaya ke yantra ko durga kI dIvAroM meM sthApita kiyA jAtA thA / ke anusAra Adhunika topa se isakI tulanA kI hai / " kAlidAsa ne raghuvaMza meM isa prayudha kA ullekha kiyA hai / TIkAkAra mallinAtha ne 'kezava' ko uddhRta karate hue cAra hAtha lambe lauha kaNTakoM se saMvalita yaSTi vizeSa ke rUpa meM 'zataghnI' kI paribhASA' dI hai / 7 'vaijayantI' 5 kAra ne ise 'gadA' sadRza kahA hai to nItiprakAzikA ke anusAra yaha 'mudgara' sadRza zrAyudha thA tathA 'mUTha' ( tsaru ) se yukta thA / " 'zataghnI' ko sAmAnyatayA sabhI ne 'kAMTedAra ' ( kaNTakayukta) zrAyudha mAnA hai / (ga) pramukta varga ke anya Ayudha 44. zUla' 45. trizUla 12 - tIna kAMToM vAlI lambI yaSTi | 13 46. zaMku 14 - vizeSa prakAra kA bhAlA / 10. - tIkSNa mukha vAlI yaSTi | 11 1. nIti0, 5.45 2. parigho nAma bRhatkavATodghATanapratibandhakakAryaprargalavizeSa: / vahI, 5 . 45 3. dvayA0, 11.46 4. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 165 5. Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, p. 115 6. raghu0, 12.65 7. raghu0, 12.65 para mallinAthaTIkA meM uddhRta 'kezava' 8. nIti0, 5.48 para sInArAma kRta TIkA meM uddhRta 'vaijayantI' 6. nIti0, 5.48 10. varAGga0, 17.77, hammIra0 11.61 11. arthazAstra, 2.18, hindI anuvAda ( rAmateja pANDeya), pR0 180 12. varAGga0, 14.15 13. Narang, Dvyasraya, p. 178. 14. candra0, 15.86

Page #213
ya evaM sainya vyavasthA 47. zalya' - zaMku sadRza zastra vizeSa | 48. kaNya - tIkSNamukha lohanirmita zastra, jisake donoM siroM para tIna-tIna nukIle kone hote the / 46. TaMka -- kunta sadRza tIkSNamukha zastra / 6 50. prArA (r) - danta yukta prAyudha vizeSa / 51. kuliza - kulhAr3I / 52. hala --halAkAra zastra vizeSa / 53. sahasrakoTI 10 hajAra dAMtoM vAlI gadA / 11 [12 sambhavataH hathor3e jaisA zrAyudha / ' 3 54. stambhaparaghna 55. dahima 14 - vajra athavA tatsadRza zrAyudha / 15 56. zragniyAstra 16 - agni barasAne vAlA prastra / 17 - prastra prakSepaka yantravizeSa | 57. yantra - 18. 58. bhairavayantra 16 - bRhadAkAra yantravizeSa sambhavataH 'golaka' ityAdi ke prakSepaNArthaM 1. dvayA0, 4.45 2. Narang, Dvyasraya, p. 180 3. varAGga0, 17.7 4. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 124 5. varAGga0, 14.15, hammIra0, 11.61 6. arthazAstra, 2.18, hindI anuvAda ( rAmateja pANDeya), pR0 180 7. dvisa0, 18-21 dvA0, 8.65 8. 6. sanatkumAra0, 21.56 10. 11. vahI, 17.60 12. dvayA0, 8.65 varAGga0, 17.60 13. Narang, Dvyasraya, p. 181 14. dvayA0, 64 15. saMskRtazabdArtha kaustubha, pR0 524 176 16. candra0, 6.205, jayanta0, 14.84 hammIra0, 11.50 17. trizeSa draSTavya - prastuta grantha, pR0 182-84 18. dvayA0, 24.32 16. hammIra0, 11.73

Page #214
180 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja prayoga meM lAyA jAtA thaa|' (gha) upakaraNAtmaka Ayudha 56. tUraNIra-2 bANa rakhane kA upakaraNa / 60. zAna-3 tIkSNamukha vAle prAyudhoM ko painA karane kA upakaraNa / 61. kaTAha -tela garma karane vAlA kar3AhA / durgayuddha ke avasara para isakI vizeSa AvazyakatA hotI thii| 2. surakSAtmaka Ayudha surakSAtmaka prAyudhoM meM (62) kavaca' tathA (63) kheTaka (DhAla) pramukha Ayudha the / (65) zirastra nAmaka Ayudha 'zira' kI surakSA hetu prayoga meM lAyA jAtA thaa| (65) saMnAha sAmAnyatayA kavaca ke lie prayukta hotA hai / varAMgacarita meM hAthiyoM ke kavacoM kA bhI ullekha pAyA hai / ina surakSAtmaka AyudhoM ke atirikta (66) 'argalA' bhI eka surakSAtmaka upakaraNa rahA thA jo zatru senA ke durga Adi praveza-nirodha hetu prayukta hotA thaa| pUrva nirdiSTa parigha'10 aisA hI praveza-nirodhaka Ayudha thA jise mukhya dvAroM para sthApita kiyA jAtA thaa| kucha 'divyAstra' bhI surakSAtmaka dRSTi se prayukta hote the / 3. divyAstra rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata meM divyAstroM ke prayoga hone kA ullekha pAyA hai / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke paurANika yuddha varNanoM ke prasaGgoM meM nimnalikhita divyAstroM kA ullekha milatA hai67. tAmasAstra'-andhakAra phailAne vAlA astra / isakA apara nAma 'timirAstra'12 bhI hai| 1. vizeSa draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 184 2. dvisa0, 6.57 3. vahI, 16.76 4. hammIra0 1172 5. jayanta0, 14.68 6. dvisa0, 16.37; candra0, 15.11 7. varAGga0, 14.6, 18 8. candra0, 15.7,8; varAGga0, 18.11 6. varAGga0, 17.77 10. draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 177 11. candra0, 6.103, (TIkA) pR0 167; pradyumna0, 10.41 12. jayanta0, 14.64

Page #215
15 yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA 68 tApanAstra'-prakAza phailAne vAlA astra / isakA dUsarA nAma 'pradyota nAstra'2 bhI hai| 66. bhujagAstra:-sarpabANa sadRza astra / 70. garuDAstra--sarpabANa kA nivAraka astra / 71. prAgneyAstra-yuddha bhUmi meM agni phailA dene vAlA astra / 72. medhAstra-vRSTi saJcAra karane vAlA prastra / mAgneyAstra kA nirodhaka / 73. parvatAstra -parvata ke samAna bhayaMkara astra / 74. vajrAstra-parvatAstra kA nivAraka / 75. tandrAstra-senA meM tandrA phailA dene vAlA prastra / 76. udyamAstra-tandrAstra kA nivAraka tathA punaH sphUrtidAyaka astra / 77. siddhayastra' 1-siddhi pradAna karane vAlA zastra / 78. vighnavinAyakAstra'2-zatru ke 'siddhayastra' kA nivAraka tathA svasenA ke vighnoM ko zAnta karane vAlA zastra / 76. pavanAstra13-yuddha bhUmi meM pavanAvega dvArA vRSTi nirodhaka astr| isakA dUsarA nAma 'vAyavyAstra' bhI hai|14 80. pavananAzanAstra' 5-'pavanAstra' kA nirodhk| 81. cakrayudhAstra16-praGgoM ko kATa dene vAlA astra / 82. tripurAntakAstrI tathA 83. vidhutudAstra / 18 1. candra0, 6.104 (TIkA, pR0 167) 2. jayanta0, 14.66 3. candra0, 6.105 (TIkA pR0 167) 4. vahI 5. candra0, 6.105 (TIkA, pR0 167), jayanta0, 1484, hammIra0, 11.80 6. candra0, 6.105, jayanta0, 10.86 7. candra0, 6.105, jayanta0, 167 8. vahI hai. vahIM 13. vahI vahI 12. vahI vahI 14. pradyumna0, 10.36, jayanta0, 14.88 15. jayanta0, 14.66 16. vahI, 14.100 17. vahI, 14.100 18. vahI, 14.68

Page #216
62 yuddha meM 'bArUda' evaM 'eTamabama' kA prayoga zrAgneyAstra sambandhI prAyuSoM sandarbha meM sAmAnyatayA yaha dhAraNA pracalita hai ki 16vIM zatI I0 meM sarvaprathama bAvara ne hI yuddha meM 'topa' tathA 'bArUda' kA pravartana kiyA thaa| isake viparIta AgneyAstra sambandhI prAcIna bhAratIya granthoM ke ullekha yaha siddha karate haiM ki vaidika kAla se hI bhAratIya AgneyAstra - 'zataghnI' athavA 'sUrmI' nAmaka jvalanazIla AyudhoM se the / 2 kRSNayajurveda meM nirdiSTa ' zataghnI' athavA 'sUrmI' lohanirmita jvalanazIla astra ke rUpa meM paribhASita kie gaye haiM / 3 propparTa mahodaya kI sudRr3ha mAnyatA hai ki vaidika kAla meM hI bhAratIya AgneyAstra kA yuddha meM prayoga karate the tathA isake astitva ke sambandha aba kisI prakAra kI bhI zaGkA karanA prayuktisaGgata hai / 4 paricita jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja zrAgneyAstra nirmANa kI rAsAyanika vidhiyA~ -- kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM (1) 'agnidhAraNa' ( 2 ) 'kSepyo zragniyoga' tathA (3) 'vizvAsaghAtI' nAmaka tIna prakAra ke grAgneyAstroM kI vidhiyA~ dI gaI haiN| pahalI 'agnidhAraNa' kI prakriyA ke antargata gadhe, U~Ta, bakarI aura bher3a kI lIda se taiyAra choTI-choTI goliyoM ko sarala, devadAru kI lakar3iyoM tathA pUrI tRNa, guggulu, zrIveSTaka aura lAkSA kI pattiyoM ke rAsAyanika saMyoga se puSTa kiyA jAtA thA / yoga' kI thI jisameM priyAla cUrNa, avalaguja, kajjala Adi ke saMyoga se ghor3e, gadhe, dUsarI prakriyA 'kSepyo agni 1. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 351 2. kRSNayajurveda, 1.5.7.6 3. vahI tathA tu0 ' jvalantI lohamayI sthUNA sUrmI' / ( bhaTTabhAskarakRta jJAnayajJa TIkA) 'jvalantI lohamayI sthUNA sUma sA ca karNakAvatI chidravatI ataeva jvalantItyarthaH --ekena prahAreNa zatasaGkhayAn mArayantazzUrAzzata tarhAH ' ( vidyAraNyasvAmIkRta taittirIyavedArtha prakAzaTIkA) 4. 'The weight of these Vedic verses and of their commentaries can hardly be overrated, as they clearly establish the existence of ancient fire arms in the earliest time of Indian history.'- Oppert, Gustav, Nitiprakasika (Reprint) Delhi, 1985, Intr. p. 12 5. Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, p. 102 6. vahI, pR0 102

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ga evaM sainya vyavasthAM = 2 UMTa Adi ke lIda kI goliyAM sampuSTa rahatI thIM / AgneyAstroM meM 'vizvAsaghAtI' prakriyA vAle 'AgneyAstra' prAdhunika bama sadRza the / inheM kUmbhI, sIse, jaste, Adi dhAtu khaNDoM se nirmita kiyA jAtA thA, pAribhadraka, palAza, moma evaM tArapIna ke tela kI aisI saMracanA kI jAtI thI jisase visphoTa ke samaya dhAtunoM ke Tukar3e idhara-udhara vikhara par3ate the / ' dIkSitAra mahodaya ne 'vizvAsaghAtI' AgneyAstra ko bama sadRza Ayudha mAnA hai / zukranItisAra ( 13 -14vIM zatI I0) meM yavakSAra kA pAMca 'pala', gaMdhaka kA eka 'pala' evaM koyale ke cUrNa kA eka 'pala' milAkara agnicUrNa arthAt 'bArUda' banAne kI vidhi ullikhita hai / ina sabhI tathyoM se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhAratavarSa itihAsa ke prArambhika yugoM meM hI 'AgneyAstra' kI avadhAraNA se paricita thA / rAmAyaNa evaM mahAbhArata meM divyAstroM ke prayoga hone kA vizeSa varNana AyA hai / zrAlocya mahAkAvya bhI divyAstroM kA ullekha karate haiM / yadyapi haoNpakinsa ne likhA hai ki bArUda evaM bandUka kA prayoga mahAbhArata ke kAla meM nahIM hotA thA parantu prAdhunika zodha ke niSkarSa kucha dUsarI hI bAta batAte haiM / soviyata vidvAn DA0 e0 e0 gorabovaskI ne apanI pustaka 'buka oNpha hAipaoNthIsisa' (zIghra prakAzya) meM mahAbhArata ke havAle se yaha siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki 'brahmAstra' se utpanna jisa pracaNDa tApamAna kA mahAbhArata meM ullekha prAyA hai usase lagatA hai ki prAcIna bhArata ke loga 'eTamabama' se anajAna nahIM the / to gorabovaskI ke anusAra cAra hajAra varSa pahale mare vyakti ke kaMkAla meM jitanI reDiyodharmitA pAI gaI hai vaha sAmAnya se kaI gunA adhika hai / unake anusAra 'brahmAstra ke kAraNa huye vinAza kA mahAbhArata meM diyA gayA varNana lagabhaga vahI hai jo eTamabama kAraNa huI tabAhI kA hai| Aga kI zalAkA para par3I, dizAeM andhakAra meM DUba gaIM, sUrya Dhaka gayA, saMsAra tapakara jalane lagA / brahmAstra kA uddezya sArI mAnava jAti ko bhasmasAta karanA thaa| jo baca gaye unake bAla aura nAkhUna jhar3a gaye / saMsAra meM khAne lAyaka padArtha hI nahIM bacA aura sArA vAtAvaraNa dUSita ho gayA / ' 6 isa sandarbha meM zrAlocyakAla ke divyAstroM meM agnivarSaNa, dhUmAcchATana se andhakAra sampAdana, jalavarSaNa, pavanAdhikya, nidrA prasAra Adi ke jo ullekha Ae haiM unheM vaijJAnika dRSTi se praucityapUrNa kahA jA sakatA hai / sAmAnyatayA ye Dikshitar, War in Ancient India, p. 102 1. 2 . vahI, pR0 102 3. zukranItisAra, 4.200.203 ( caukhambA saMskaraNa) vArANasI, 1678, 4. Hopkins, J.A O.S., Vol. 13, pp. 299-303 janasattA, sitambara 1, san 1986, pR0 2 5. 6. vahI, pR0 2

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r jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja divyAstra divya zakti se sampanna mAne jAte the / hammIra mahAkAvya ( caudahavIM zatAbdI) meM nirdiSTa yavana nareza alAuddIna khilajI evaM hammIra ke bIca huye yuddha varNanoM meM 'bhairava yaMtra' se topa, 'AgneyAstra' se bandUka evaM 'vahnigolaka' se bArUda ke goloM kI saMbhAvanA kI jA sakatI haiM / " majUmadAra mahodaya ne khilajI vaMza kI sevAoM ko topa se yukta to mAnA hai parantu 'bArUda' jaise visphoTaka padArtha kI saMbhAvanA se inkAra kiyA hai / parantu zrAgneyAstra prayoga kI uparyukta pRSThabhUmi se yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki hammIra mahAkAvya kAlIna senA ke dvArA prayukta 'vahnigolaka' bArUdI gole hI rahe the / 'bhairava yaMtra' arthAt 'topa' se inakA prakSepaNa kiyA jAtA thA / yuddhopayogI vAdyayaMtra senA meM vAdya yantroM kA vIratA kA saMcAra karane tathA yoddhAoM ke yuddhautsAha ko bar3hAne ko dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva hotA thA / sambhavataH tIna bAra vAdyayantroM ko bajAyA jAtA thaa| senA prayANa ke samaya 4 yuddha prArambha hone ke samaya tathA yuddha samApta hone ke samaya 6 / harSakAlIna senA ke samaya meM yuddha ke liye kUca karate huye bhI saGgIta kA upayoga hotA thA / 7 merI 'paTaha'' vAdyayantroM meM sarvAdhika pramukha the / harSacarita ke anusAra 'zaMkha' tathA 'paTaha' senA - prayANa ke samaya vizeSa rUpa se bajAye jAte the / 10 ina vAdyayantroM ke atirikta jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM nimnalikhita vAdya yantroM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai, jinakA yuddhAvasara para prayoga hotA thA 11, dundubhI, 12 mRdaGga, 19. 8. 6. vahI, 3.56 yakkA, 1. draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 176 2. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 332 3. jayanta0, 6.66, 10.26 4. vahI 5. vahI 6. vahI 10. harSacarita, pR0 152, tathA 184 11. hammIra0, 3.56 12. varAGga0, 20.73 13. dvayA0, 18.40 13 majumadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 221 hammIra0, 3.36 14. dvayA0, 6.16 15. dvayA0, 18.40 DhakkA, 14 tathA kAhala / kAhala 15

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yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA 185 lagabhaga do phuTa lambA sunAra kI phUkanI ke AkAra kA vAdya yantra hotA thA jise havA bharakara bajAyA jAtA thaa|' raNa meM yuddha kI sthiti para bhI vAdyayantroM ke saGgIta kA vizeSa prabhAva par3atA thaa| 'vIratA' ko saJcArita karane vAle saGgItasvaroM kA vizeSa mahattva thA / hammIra mahAkAvya meM zatrupakSa dvArA hammIra ke vAdyayantra bajAne vAle logoM ko dhana Adi dekara phor3a liyA gayA thA phalataH unhoMne aisI saGgIta saMyojanA kI jisase azva yuddha karane kI apekSA nRtya karane lge| bhAratIya sainya zakti ke kSINa hone ke kAraNa sainya zakti kI durbalatA kA mukhya kAraNa thA-sainika zakti kA kSINa honaa| sainika zakti ke kSINa hone ke bhI kaI rAjanaitika, sAmAjika evaM dhArmika kAraNa ho sakate haiN| rAjanaitika kAraNoM meM rAjA ke AdarzoM kA patana honA mukhya kAraNa thA / daNDanIti kA ADamvara kara mithyAropoM dvArA par3osI rAjyoM para AkramaNa karanA bhArata kI rAjanaitika ekatA ke liye mahAn abhizApa siddha huA / sAma tathA dAna nIti ke prAzraya sthala zaktihIna rAjA the| bhAravi ke kirAta kA 'ariSu hi vijayArthinaH kSitIzA: vidadhati sopadhi sandhidUSaNAni' (1.45) kA isI ora saMketa hai ki kisI bhI prakAra se kapaTapUrvaka sandhibhaGga kA Aropa lagAkara AkramaNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya sainikoM meM rASTravAda kI bhAvanA samApta ho gaI thii|4 zrI kupalaiNDa kA kathana hai ki bhArata para itanI saralatA se videziyoM kA adhikAra pA jAne kA pradhAna kAraNa hai unase lar3ane ke liye samasta hindU rAjyoM meM sainika ekatA kA abhAva / 5 senA meM andhavizvAsa bar3ha gayA thaa| yuddha meM jAne se pUrva jyotiSI se yaha sunane para ki Aja unakA graha zubha nahIM hai rAjA yuddha meM hI nahIM jAte the| sainya vyavasthA meM kaI doSa A gaye the| sI0 vI0 vaidya ke matAnusAra varNaviSamatA bhAratIya sainya vyavasthA ke liye hAnikArika siddha huI / aitihAsikoM ke matAnusAra bhAratIya azvArohI senA 1. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 222 2. hammIra0, 3.54, 56-60 3. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 283 4. Vaidya, C.V., Down fall of India, p. 451 5. Coupland, R. India (A Re--statement), p. 6 6. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 286 7. vahI, pR0 286

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d jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja araboM tathA turkoM kI azvArohI senA kI apekSA alpavegagAmI tathA susta thI / ' bhAratIyoM kI vijaya kA uttaradAyitva 'gajasenA' para hI adhika nirbhara thA kintu 'gajasenA' kabhI bhI yuddha meM dhokhA de sakatI thI / isake atirikta bhAratIya senA sadA saMrakSaNAtmaka yuddha hI adhika lar3ate the tathA AkramaNAtmaka kama / bhAratIya yuddha dharma kA pAlana karate huye zatru senA ke pRSTha bhAga para bhI AkramaNa nahIM karate the / 3 itihAsakAroM kI yaha bhI mAnyatA rahI hai ki dhArmika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko laukika mUlyoM se apekSAkRta adhika mahatva denA bhI bhAratIya senA ke manobala vardhana ke lie eka abhizApa se kama nahIM thA / majUmadAra mahodaya ne jaina dharma ke 'ahiMsA paramodharmaH' ke siddhAnta ko bhI bhAratIya sainya zakti kI eka truTi ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai| 2 kintu kevala mAtra jaina dharma zrAdi kisI dharma vizeSa ko isakA uttaradAyI mAnanA anucita jAna par3atA hai| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM se bhalIbhA~ti siddha ho jAtA hai ki jaina dharmAvalambI rAjA zrAdi yuddha karane yA na karane ke nirNaya karate samaya dharma ko kabhI bIca meM nahIM lAe / yuddha ke prati aneka prakAra kI jo udAsInatAeM dRSTigata hotI haiM ve bhI jaina dharmAnuprANita na hokara tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita AdhyAtmika evaM rAjanaitika vicAroM kA hI samagra pariNAma samajhanI cAhie / somezvarakRta kIrtikaumudI meM yuddha ke avasara para huI hiMsA siddhAnta kA jo pratipAdana huA hai usase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jaina matAvalambI rAjA yuddhoM ke avasara para ahiMsA ko adhika mahattva nahIM dete the / prAcIna bhAratIya dhArmika cetanA se yuddha bhAvanA kI tulanA kI jAe to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki bhAratIya yuddha meM mRtyu prApta karane svarga kI prApti mAnate the / 7 isa bhAvanA se bhAratIya senA kA manobala paryApta U~cA rahA thA tathA maurya evaM gupta sAmrAjya se lekara madhyakAlIna yuga taka bhAratIya sainika yuddha ko apanA 9. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 286-87 2 . vahI, pR0 287 3. vahI, pR0 287 4. Majumdar, Bimal Kanti, The Military System in Ancient India, Calcuttn, 1960, p. 155-56 5. majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, pR0 285 6. kIrti 0, 5.35-37 7. tu0 - hato vA prApsyasi svargaM jitvA vA bhokSyase mahIm / tasmAduttiSTha kaunteya yuddhAya kRtanizcayaH // - bhagavadgItA, 2.37

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yuddha evaM sainya vyavasthA 167 dharma samajhate Ae the / kintu madhyakAlIna bhArata ke sAmAjika mUlya dharma-darzana se kucha haTakara laukika sukhoM ko ora adhika jhuka gae the| isI kA pariNAma thA ki bhAratIya senA meM bhogavilAsa ke mUlya sAmAjika dRSTi se bhI svIkAra kara liye gae / pradyumnacarita mahAkAvya meM pAe eka mahattvapUrNa ullekha se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bhagavadgItA ke anusAra yuddha meM marane se svarga kI prApti hotI hai-yaha dhAraNA aba heya ho cukI thii| pradyumnacarita mahAkAvya meM isa tathya kI ora saMketa karate hue yaha bhI kahA gahA hai- "yuddha se na to svarga milatA hai aura na hI mokSa, kevala mAtra kIrti hI prApta ho sakatI hai| kintu mRtyu ke uparAnta isa kIrti kA bhI kyA mahattva raha jAtA hai| isa kAraNa apanI sundara striyoM tathA putroM Adi ko chor3akara yuddha meM jAnA vyartha hai|"1 madhyakAlIna bhAratavarSa se sambandhita pradyumnacarita kA yaha uddharaNa tatkAlIna yuddha-viSayaka mAnyatA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya senA kI zakti ke kSINa hone ke kAraNoM meM isa badalI huI madhyakAlIna yuddha bhAvanA kA bhI vizeSa prabhAva par3A thaa| niSkarSa ___ isa prakAra bhAratIya senA kI vividha gatividhiyoM tathA aitihAsikoM kI pratikriyAoM ke AkalanoM se yaha niSkarSa nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki madhyakAlIna sainya vyavasthA bAhya rUpa se zaktizAlI rahI thI kintu rASTrIya ekatA kA prabhAva tathA sAmantavAdI pravRttiyoM kA prAbalya aneka yuddhoM kA kAraNa banA / kRtrima kAraNoM ko lekara lar3e jAne vAle yuddhoM kA mukhya prayojana rAjAoM kI sainya zakti pradarzana hI thaa| eka bAra kisI rAjA dvArA yuddha kSetra meM apanA parAkrama dikhA dene ke bAda aneka choTe-choTe sAmanta rAjAoM ko binA yuddha kie hI apane adhIna kara liyA jA sakatA thaa| rAjanaitika saGgaThana kabhI bhI eka hokara kisI zaktizAlI rAjA ko parAjita bhI kara sakate the| isa kAraNa pratyeka rAjA yuddhoM kI taiyArI evaM sainika zakti ke nirmANa meM hI adhika vyasta rahA thaa| yuddhakalA tathA yuddhanIti ke avasara para kevala mAtra dikhAve ke liye prAcIna paramparAoM tathA yuddha dharmoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA yahA~ taka ki choTe-choTe kAraNoM ko lekara yuddha karanA, nirAza hone kI bhaipa miTAne ke lie IrSyAvaza svayaMvara meM vijayI rAjakumAra ke sAtha yuddha karanA, zAstroM ke anusAra dUta ke sAtha bhadra vyavahAra karane kI paramparAgata mAnyatAoM ko tor3akara usake sAtha abhadra vyavahAra karanA Adi kucha aise tathya haiM jo madhyakAlIna-bhAratIya rAjAoM kI kuTila 1. yuddhAd svargo nApyate nApi mokSaH kIrtyA kiM vA sAdhyamAcakSva mRtvA / yoSA muktvA satsutAzcandravaktrA mA yuddhayastvaM yAhi mA sthA: puro me // -pradyumna0, 10.14

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186 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja tathA ucchRkhala yuddha nIti para prakAza DAlate haiN| rAjya stara para saMkIrNa yuddhanIti tathA yuddha ke prati udAsInatA kA yaha pariNAma nikalA hai ki sainika bhI yuddha ko eka gambhIra tathA saMyamasAdhya vastu na mAnakara sAdhAraNa ghaTanA ke samAna samajhane lge| rAjAoM kI dekhAdekhI sainika bhI apanI patniyoM ko yuddha-kSetra meM sAtha le jAte the| aneka prakAra ke bhogavilAsa, salila krIr3A Adi zRGgArika vAtAvaraNa sainikoM ke zaurya tathA ekAgra vRtti ke lie mahAna ghAtaka siddha hue| sainika par3AvoM meM vaizyAoM ke aDDoM kA laganA yaha siddha karatA hai ki rAjA tathA sainika Adi yuddha ke avasara para bhI ramaNiyoM ke sAtha bhoga-vilAsa kI gatividhiyoM ko vizeSa mahattva dene lage the| videzI AkramaNakArI bhAratIya senA kI isa nirbalatA ko bhalI bhAMti jAna cuke the ki tathA isa kamajorI kA unhoMne pUrA-pUrA lAbha uThAkara bhAratIya sainika zakti ko kSINa karane kI pUrI ceSTA kI hai| hammIra mahAkAvya meM varNita khilajI nIti isakA eka jvalaMta udAharaNa kahA jA sakatA hai| isa dRSTi se kucha rAjapUtAdi jAtiyoM kI senA ne isa kAla meM bhI apanA caritra U~cA uThAyA hayA thaa| astra-zastroM kI dRSTi se bhAratIya senA eka samRddha tathA pragatizIla senA ke rUpa meM dRSTigata hotI hai / 14vIM zatAbdI meM bhAratIya senA dvArA yantroM aura agni goloM (bArUda ke goloM) se khAiyoM ko tor3anA tathA durga ke cAroM ora banI khAI meM garama tela DAlakara zatruoM ke durga-AkramaNa se rakSA karanA Adi yaha saba siddha karatA hai ki bhAratIya senA nirantara Adhunikatama zastroM tathA yuddha-kalAnoM ko yuddha vyavasthA meM sthAna detI jA rahI thI / saMkSepa meM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke yuddha varNana sambandhI ullekha prAcIna bhAratIya senA ke saMsthAgata itihAsa kI madhyakAlIna pRSThabhUmi ko navIna sUcanAoM se vizeSa Alokita karate haiN| itihAsakAroM dvArA pradatta aneka saMketaparaka saMbhAvanAoM kA inase vizadIkaraNa huA hai to aneka bhrAnta dhAraNAeM nirasta bhI huI haiN|

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caturtha adhyAya arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 1. arthavyavasthA Arthika saMsthA tathA arthavyavasthA anya vyavasthAoM ke samAna Arthika vyavasthA bhI samAja kI eka mahattvapUrNa vyavasthA hai / Arthika saMsthAoM kI utpatti ke viSaya meM prasiddha arthazAstrI 'mAgabarna' tathA 'nimakaoNpha' ne kahA hai ki 'bhojana' tathA 'sampatti' viSayaka mAnavIya kriyAoM ne Arthika saMsthAnoM ko janma diyA hai| mAnava samAja kI AdyAvasthA bhautika dRSTikoNa se utanI vyavasthita evaM paripUrNa nahIM kahI jA sakatI hai jitanI prAja hai / kucha samAja zAstriyoM kI yaha dhAraNA hai ki Adima yuga meM bhUmi Adi 'sampatti' para sAmudAyika adhikAra hotA thaa| zikArI tathA pazupAlana arthavyavasthA kI isa prArambhikAvasthA meM lagabhaga Adhe se adhika mAnava jAtiyoM meM sAmudAyika svAmitva kI arthavyavasthA pracalita thii| kintu dUsarI zikArI tathA pazupAlaka jAtiyoM kI bhUmi svAmitva kI ikAiyAM choTe-choTe khaNDoM meM vibhakta thiiN| ina arthavyavasthAoM meM 'sampatti' adhikAra kA vikendrIkaraNa atyadhika mAtrA meM hotA thaa| udAharaNArtha eka vyakti apane bhAI kI bhUmi para binA usakI anumati ke zikAra nahIM kara sakatA thA aura yadi zikAra kisI mitra ke kSetra meM bhI ho jAtA thA to usa bhUmi kA svAmI zikAra ke mAMsa kA eka bhAga lene kA hakadAra thA / 2 ina samAjoM meM bhUmi kA hastAntaraNa kuTumba ke praur3ha vyaktiyoM ke binA nahIM kiyA jA sakatA thaa| isa prakAra Adima yugIna Arthika vyavasthAeM ardhavikasita vyavasthAeM rahI thiiN| f. The activities of man in relation to food and property constitute the economic institution.' -Ogburn, W.F., & Nimkolf, M.F., A band Book of Sociology, p. 375 2. Lowie, Robert, M., Primitive Society, New York, 1920, p. 214 3. vahI, pR0 213

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190 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dUsare prakAra kI 'sAmantavAdI' arthavyavasthA svarUpa se yadyapi sAmUhika nahIM samajhI jAtI hai kintu siddhAntataH aisI hI hai| 'sAmantavAdI' arthavyavasthA siddhAntata: yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhUmi para svAmitva rAjya athavA rAjA kA hotA hai| rAjA 'bhU-sampatti' kA adhikAra mahattvapUrNa athavA dhanI vyaktiyoM ko soMpatA hai tathA punaH ye bhI kisI dUsarI sevA Adi ke badale meM bhUmi choTe logoM ko pradAna kara dete haiM / isa prakAra 'sAmantavAdI' artha vyavasthA 'samatAvAdI' artha vyavasthA yadyapi nahIM hai kintu sAmUhika avazya hai|' isa arthavyavasthA meM sarvAdhika doSa taba utpanna hotA hai jaba kendrIya zAsana nirbala rahatA hai / kendrIya zakti ke nirbala hone para sAmanta apane kSetra meM pUrNataH svatantra bana baiThate haiM tathA samagra sampatti kA upabhoga bhI unhIM taka sImita ho jAtA hai| yUropa kI madhyakAlIna arthavyavasthA isI prakAra kI thii| purAtana samAjoM meM 'sAmantavAdo' prathA kA vizeSa pracalana amerikA meM dekhA jAtA hai / udAharaNArtha ghoMgA janajAti meM bAdazAha lagAna lekara 'bhU-sampatti' bar3ebar3e vyaktiyoM meM bA~Ta detA thaa| tadanantara ye isa bhUmi ko kisAnoM meM bA~Takara lagAna vasUla karate the| bhArata kI jamIMdArI prathA bhI isI arthavyavasthA se bahuta kucha milatI-julatI hai / 'Arthika saMsthA' tathA bhAratIya Arthika vicAraka ___ kRSi prAdi vyavasAyoM ke astitva meM na pA pAne ke kAraNa pahale pahala mAnava samAja 'dhana' ko vyaktigata bhAvanA se achUtA rahA thaa| kintu jaise-jaise utpAdana ke kSetra meM unnati hotI gaI manuSya vyaktigata 'zrama' ke AdhAra para vyaktigata 'dhana' ke prati bhI sajaga hotA gayA / 3 prAcIna bhAratIya sabhyatA ke prAcInatama yuga vaidika-yuga meM hI kRSi utpAdana, pazu pAlana Adi mahattvapUrNa udyogavyavasAya astitva meM A gae the| isI yuga meM vyakti 'dhana' ke svatva kI bhAvanA se bhI pUrNata: anuprANita ho cukA thaa| vaidika mantroM ke adhyayana se jJAta hotA hai ki devatAoM se dhana, putra, gRha Adi vastuoM kI yAcanA kI jAtI thii| 1. kiMgsale Devisa, mAnava samAja, pR0 366 2. vahI, pR0 366 3. Roucek, Social Control, p. 348 4. Mitra, Priti, Life and Society in the Vedic Age, Calcutta, ... 1966, p. 72-73 5. Rgveda 4.2.5; 10.117.5 6. vahI, 7.54.1; 6.7.6

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zrarthavyavasthA evaM udyoga vyavasAya 161 isI prakAra yatra-tatra vedoM meM hI dUsare ke dhana kA lAlaca na karane kA upadeza diyA gayA hai / ' 'karma' karate hue sau varSa taka jIvita rahane kI dhAraNA bhI prArthika dRSTi se 'zrama' ke mahattva para hI prakAza DAlatI hai / Rgveda Adi meM upalabdha 'stena' tathA 'taskara' zrAdi ke ullekha yaha siddha kara dete haiM ki samAja meM kucha aise tattva bhI astitva meM A cuke the jo 'dhana' kI lAlasA ke kAraNa dUsare vyaktiyoM ke 'zrama' se ajita vastu se 'upabhoga' karanA cAhate the | 3 prAcIna bhAratIya Arthika vicAroM ke saMsthAgata vikAsa kI dRSTi se arthazAstra, zukranItisAra, mahAbhArata kA zAntiparva, kAmandaka- nItisAra zrAdi granthoM kA vizeSa mahattva rahA hai / kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM 'zrama' ko pUMjI prApti kA pramukha kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / isI prakAra zAsanatantrIya prArthika nIti-nirdhAraNa ke sandarbha meM kauTilya ne rASTra ke sabhI kArya 'koSa' para avalambita mAnate hue isake mahattva ko muktakaNTha se svIkAra kiyA hai| mahAbhArata meM hI 'vArtA' arthAt kRSi, vANijya tathA pazupAlana ko Arthika unnati kA mUla kAraNa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / 7 manu ne grAmoM ko Arthika utpAdana ke mUla srota ke rUpa meM svIkAra karate hue 'rASTra' saGgaThana ke antargata 'grAma' saGgaThana kI AvazyakatA para hI bala nahIM diyA apitu ina grAmoM meM rakSakoM kI niyukti ke mahattva ko bhI Avazyaka rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai |5 Arthika vyavasthA kI dRSTi se 'utpAdana' ke samAna hI 'vitaraNa' 1. mA gRdhaH kasya svid dhanam / - IzAvAsyopaniSad - 1 2. kurvanneveha karmANi jijIviSecchataM samAH / - vahI, 2 3. satyavrata zAstrI, 'saMskRte paryAyavAcinaH zabdAH', (nibandha), 'paramezvarAnandazAstri - smRtigrantha:,' pradhAna sampA0 - puSpendra kumAra zarmA, naI dillI 1673, - pR0 60 4. prarthasya mUlaM utthAnam / - artha 0, 1.16.40 5. koSapUrvAH sarvArambhAH / - vahI, 2.8.1, tathA koSamUlo hi daNDa: / vahI, 8.1.47 6. pracyutAnanda ghilDiyAla, prAcIna bhAratIya Arthika vicAraka, vArANasI, 1673, pR0 142 7. vArttAmUlo hyayaM lokaH / - mahA0 zAnti0, 68.35, tathA kRSigorakSyavANijyaM lokAnAmiha jIvanam / - vahI, 86.7 manu0, 7.113-14 8. --

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162 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kA bhI mahattva rahatA hai| 'vitaraNa' ke antargata suvyavasthita rUpa se vyApArika gatividhiyoM para pUrNa niyantraNa rakhanA bhI atyAvazyaka hai| manu ne vyApArika zulka ko ekatra karane,' munAphAkhoroM ko daNDa dene tathA mApa taula kI dRSTi se beImAnI karane vAle vyApAriyoM ke lie kaThora daNDoM kA bhI vizeSa vidhAna kiyA hai| rAjA ko vyApAriyoM ke 'yogakSema' arthAt hAni-lAbha ke prati satarka rahane kI AvazyakatA para bala diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra bhAratIya vicAraka 'arthavyavasthA' ke prazAsakIya pakSoM para bhI mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlate haiM / sampatti upabhoga aura jaina paramparAgata 'navanidhiyA~ 'sampatti' kI avadhAraNA usake upabhoga kI pravRttiyoM se mUlyAGkita kI jAtI hai| isa dRSTi se jaina mahAkAvyoM meM paramparAgata navanidhiyoM5 kA varNana tatkAlIna samAja kI upabhogaparaka pravRttiyoM ko vizada karatA hai| dhana, sampatti, khanija padArtha, bhojya evaM peya vastueM hI 'sampatti' ke antargata' samAviSTa nahIM thI apitu vividha prakAra kI bhoga-vilAsitApUrNa sAmagriyA~, ratna-AbhUSaNa, yuddhopayogI prAyudha Adi bhI 'nidhi' kI avadhAraNA kA pratinidhitva karate the| eka Adarza rAjA ke sandarbha meM ina navanidhiyoM kI sthiti isa prakAra mAnI gaI hai 1. naisarpa vidhi-vizAla bhavana, nagara, grAma Adi isake antargata pAte haiM / candraprabhacarita tathA varSamAna carita meM zayyA se sambandhita takiyA, rajAI, palaGga tathA AsanAdi vastuoM ko bhI parigaNita kiyA gayA hai / padmA0 mahAkAvya meM vibhinna prakAra ke nagaroM tathA grAmoM ke svAmitva ko rAjya vaibhava ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki pArasparika rAjya sambandhoM ko madhura banAne ke ke lie nagara-grAma Adi dAna meM bhI die jAte the / tri0 za0 pu. meM dAna tathA gRha 1. zulkasthAneSu kuzalaH sarvapaNyavicakSaNAH / -manu0, 8.398 2. vahI, 8.401 3. vahI, 8.403 4. mahA0 zAnti0, 86.23; manu0, 8.401 5. varAGga0, 28.34, candra0, 7.18-27, varSaH, 14.25 6. candra0, 7.26, varSa0, 14.26 7. candra0, 7.26 8. padmA0, 16.192-200 6. varAGga0, 16.21 tathA 16.57

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 193 dAna kI bhI vizeSa prazaMsA kI gaI hai / " saMkSepa meM rAjasI aizvayaM bhoga kA mUlya isa vidhi se saMketita hai / 2. pANDuka nidhi - isa nidhi ke antargata, gehU~, cAvala, jau, canA Adi anna parigaNita haiM / 3 kRSiparaka utpAdana se sambandhita sampatti 'pANDukanighi' kahalAtI thI / 3. piMgala nidhi 4 - isa nidhi ke antargata striyoM tathA puruSoM ke vibhinna prakAra ke AbhUSaNoM kI sthiti svIkAra kI jAtI hai / kuNDala, candrahAra, mariNa - mekhalA Adi vibhinna prakAra ke ratna samUhoM se nirmita zrAbhUSaNa isameM parigaNita kie gae haiM / 6 saundarya prasAdhana evaM sAjasajjA ke upabhoga paraka mUlya kA yaha nidhi pratinidhitva karatI hai / 4. padmanidhi 7 - isa nidhi ke antargata vividha prakAra ke vastra lAte haiM ratnakambala bhI isI meM parigaNita hai / vastrAdika sampatti kI avadhAraNA 'padmanidhi' se saMpuSTa hotI hai / 5. mahAtAla nidhi 10 - isake antargata sone, cAMdI, zIze, lohe zrAdi dhAtu ke bartana parigaNita haiM / 11 dhAtuparaka bahumUlya vastunoM kA isa nidhi se sambandha hai | 6. zaMkhanidhi 12 vibhinna prakAra ke vAdyayantra isa nidhi ke antargata samAviSTa haiM / 13 saGgIta prAdi lalita kalAnoM ke vaibhava kI ora yaha nidhi iGgita karatI hai / 1. trizaSTi0, 3.7.158-56 candra0, 7.16, varSa0, 14.27 2. 3. vardha0, 14.27 4. candra0, 7.20, vardha0, 14.28 5. vardha0, 14.28 6. 7. candra 0, 7.20 candra0, 7.23, vardha0, 14.32 8. candra0, 7.23 6. vardha0, 14.32 10. 11. candra0, 7.84 12. candra0, 7.22, vardha0 14.31 13. vardha 0, 14.31 candra0, 7.24, vardha0, 14.30

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164 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 7. mAraNavanidhi'-yuddha kI dRSTi se upayogI zastrAstra isa nidhi meM Ate haiM / inameM pAza, bANa, cakra, mudgara, zakti Adi Ayudha ullekhanIya haiM / 2 sAmarika mahattva kI dRSTi se Ayudha Adi bhI sampatti kI avadhAraNA ke pramukha aGga rahe the| 8. kAlanidhi --prAkRtika saundaryopeta vastuoM kA isa nidhi meM parigaNana huA hai / vakSa, gulma, latA, vanaspati, phala-phala Adi vastueM isameM prAtI haiN| prAkRtika vaibhava ko sampannatA bhI 'upabhoga' paraka malya se jur3a cukI thii| 9. sarvaratnanidhi' -yaha nidhi samasta manuSyoM ke lie manovAMchita vastu ko utpanna karatI hai tathA yaha sampatti ke adhikAdhika bhoga samagratA ke ma lya se anuprerita rahI thii| caturdaza ratna navanidhiyoM ke samAna hI jaina mahAkAvyoM meM caturdaza ratnoM kI mAnyatA bhI rAjya ke sandarbha meM dhana sampatti ke tulya hI paramopakArI svIkAra kI jAtI thii| candraprabhacarita ke anusAra ye caudaha ratna haiM - (1) gRhapati, (2) senApati, (3) purohita (4) zilpI, (5) gaja, (6) azva, (7) strI, (8) cakra, (9) daNDa, (10) chatra, (11) asi, (12) cUr3AmaNi, (13) carma tathA (14) kAMkiriNa uparyukta caudaha ratnoM meM prathama sAta ratna cetana aura antima sAta acetana mAne jAte haiN| madhyakAlIna arthavyavasthA kA svarUpa __prAtma-nirbhara prAthika ikAiyAM- madhyakAlIna bhArata kI prAthika dazA prAtmanirbhara Arthika ikAiyoM se prabhAvita rahI thii| rAjanaitika asthiratA tathA sampUrNa rASTra kA choDe-choTe khaNDoM meM vibhAjita hone ke kAraNa isa yuga ke Arthika 1. candra0, 7.25, vardha0, 14.33 2. candra0, 7.25 3. candra0, 7.21, vardha0, 14.26 4. candra0, 7.25 5. candra0, 7.27, vardha0 14.34 6. varAGga0, 28.34, candra0, 7.17, padmA0, 6.151 7. candra0, 7.1-16 8. rAmazaraNa zarmA, bhAratIya sAmantavAda, pR0 67

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 195 utpAdana kA DhAMcA vyApaka na hokara sImita rahA thaa| vibhinna sAmanta rAjAoM ke adhIna Ane vAlI prArthika ikAiyAM apane-apane kSetroM ke bharaNa-poSaNa taka sImita thii| anna Adi utpAdana karane vAle grAmoM ke kRSaka 'kRSi-dAsatva' (sarphaDama) prathA se pUrNatayA prabhAvita the--'isa prathA ke adhIna kisAna bhUmi se baMdhe hote the aura bhUmi ke mAlika ve jamIMdAra hote the jo asalI kAztakAroM aura rAjA ke bIca kI kar3I kA kAma karate the / kisAna jamIna jotane ke badale sAmantoM ko upaja pora baiTha-begAra ke rUpa meM lagAna adA karate the| isa praNAlI kA prAdhAra prAtma-nirbhara artha-vyavasthA thI, jisameM cIjoM kA utpAdana bAjAra meM becane ke lie nahIM, balki mukhyataH sthAnIya kisAnoM aura unake mAlikoM ke upayoga ke lie hotA thaa|' bhUmidAna-uparyukta madhyakAlIna arthavyavasthA ko bhArata ke rAjAoM ke bhUmidAnoM ne vizeSa prabhAvita kiyA hai / isa prathA kA prArambhika svarUpa mahAbhArata ke 'anuzAsana parva' ke 'bhUmi-dAna prazaMsA' meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| abhilekhIya sAkSya kI dRSTi se 'bhUmidAna' kA ullekha karane vAlA prathama-zatAbdI IsvI kA sAtavAhana abhilekha isa sambandha meM sarvaprathama pramANa mAnA gayA hai| isa sambandha meM ullekhanIya hai ki vaidika kAla tathA sUtrakAla meM bhUmi ko mAtRtulya mAne jAne ke kAraNa usake dAna ko naitika dRSTi se anucita mAnA jAtA thaa| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM madhyakAlIna artha-cetanA isa prakAra bhUmi dAnoM kI paramparA IsvI kI prathama zatAbdI se prArambha hokara Alocya kAla taka uttarottara vikasita hotI rahI thI / madhyakAlIna sAmantavAdI rAjanaitika vyavasthA ne 'bhamidAna' prathA ko vizeSa protsAhita kiyA hai| tatkAlIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hokara zaktizAlI rAjA adhikAdhika 'bhUmi' ke svAmI hone kI lAlasA rakhate the| isa kAraNa aneka nirbala sAmanta rAjA apane adhikAra meM Ane vAle puroM athavA grAmoM ko upahAra ke rUpa meM dekara 1. rAmazaraNa zarmA, bhAratIya sAmantavAda, pR0 1-2 2. allAmA abadullAha yUsupha alI, madhyakAlIna bhArata kI sAmAjika mora Arthika avasthA, prayAga, 1626, pR0 51 3. zarmA, bhAratIya sAmantavAda, pR0 2 4. vahI, pR0 2 tathA tu. Sircar, D.C., Select inscription, p. 188 5. atharvaveda, 12.1.10 tathA zatapatha0, 13.7.7.15 6. mImAMsAsUtra, 6.7.3 tathA zabarabhASya 7. varAGga0, 16.17 tathA candra0, 12.31

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166 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kisI bhI zaktizAlI sAmanta rAjA se mitratA jor3a sakate the|' varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM nirbhaya rAjya karane tathA yuddha se bacane ke lie dezAdi bhUmi ko upahAra ke rUpa meM dene kA ullekha bhI pAyA hai / hammIra mahAkAvya meM alAuddIna dvArA bhUmi mAMgane kA yadyapi ullekha nahIM AyA hai kintu aneka hAthI ghor3e tathA svarNa mudrAoM kI usane bhI mAMga rakhI thii| isI prakAra utsava-mahotsavoM tathA daheja Adi dene ke avasaroM para bhI aneka pura, rASTra, grAma Adi ke upahAra athavA dAna dene ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiM / 4 'pRthvI',5 'vasudhA',6 'mahI',7 'bhUmi',8 'kSiti', Adi bhUmi vAcaka vizeSaNa rAjA ke bhU-svAmitva vaiziSTya para prakAza DAlate haiN| tathA 'bhUmi' se anuprANita tatkAlIna sAmantavAdI artha cetanA ke maulika svarUpa kA bhI udghATana kara dete haiN| varAGgacarita candraprabhacarita11 Adi mahAkAvyoM meM 'vasudhA-upabhoga' kI dhAraNA spaSTa rUpa se ubhara kara AI hai| isI prakAra bharata cakravartI ke dhana-aizvarya kI carcA ke avasara para janapada, grAma, pura, maDamba, kheTAdi bhUmi-ikAiyoM ke svAmI hone kI bhI carcA ko bhI vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai / 12 1. dhanena dezena pureNa sAmnA ratnena vA svena gajena vaapi| sa yena yenecchati tena tena saMdeya eveti jagau sunItiH / / -varAGga0, 16.57 2. vahI, 16.57 3. hammIra0, 11.60 4. varAGga0, 11.67, 16.21 5. candra0, 6.40, padmA0, 1.71 6. varAGga0, 11.57, 22.1 7. varAGga0, 2.32, 31.113 8. varAGga0, 11.64.67, 14.83 6. varAGga0, 20.27, 26 62, jayanta0, 758 10. varAGga0, 21.75 11. tu0 -parayA prabhuzaktisaMpadA parirakSansakalAM vasuMdharAm / . nayati prathitaM yathArthatAM pRthivIpAla iti svanAma yaH / / -candra0, 12.3, tathA tu0 -nanu khaDgabalena bhujyate vasudhA na kramasaMprakAzanaH / -candra0, 12.31 tathA, jayanta0, 6.73 12. padmA0, 16.162-200

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 197 hemacandra ne bhI bhUmidAna mahAtmya ko svIkAra kiyA hai|' bhU-svAmitva kA hastAntaraNa tathA vikendrIkaraNa ___ grAma Adi bhUmidAnoM se bhUmi ke hastAntaraNIya vaiziSTya para bhI jaina mahAkAvya mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlate haiN| kRSi-dAsa prathA ke kAraNa kisAnoM dvArA jotI jAne vAlI bhUmi ke vAstavika svAmI kisAna nahIM rahe the aura na hI kisAna kA bhUmi para kisI prakAra kA vaidhAnika adhikAra hI pahuMca pAtA thaa| bhUmi sambandhI adhikAroM ke sambandha meM do prakAra kI vizeSatAeM dRSTipatha meM AtI haiM / eka vizeSatA jisake anusAra rAjA brAhmaNa Adi jAtiyoM ko 'agrahAra' nAmaka grAma dAna ke rUpa meM dete the| dUsarI vizeSatA yaha rahI thI ki prAyaH rAjA dUsare sAmanta rAjAmoM se bhI grAma-nagara Adi dAna meM lete the| svAbhAvika hI hai ki isa dAna meM diye gaye grAmoM ke svAmitva kA adhikAra hastAntaraNIya rahA hogA tathA ina grAmoM ke khetoM Adi meM kArya karane vAle kRSaka Adi eka prakAra se rAjA Adi ke adhIna ho jAte the / 5 kintu kRSakoM kI yaha adhInatA pratyakSa rUpeNa rAjA se prabhAvita na hokara grAma ke jamIMdAroM, grAma-pradhAnoM athavA grAmAdhIzoM ke mAdhyama se anuzAsita thii|6 ina paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM grAmoM ke vikendrIkaraNa' kI 1. tu0-kanyAdAnaM mahIdAnaM pradAnamayasAmapi / tiladAnaM kAsidAnaM dAnaM gavAmapi / / -triSaSTi0, 3.7.158 tathA0 tu0-varAGga0, 7.34 2. zarmA, bhAratIya sAmantavAda, pR0, 15 3. Thapar, Romila, A History at India, I, p. 176 4. varAGga0, 11.67 5. nemicandra, prAdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 360 'The tendency from the seventh century onwards of granting land in lieu of cash salaries intensified the feudal process. The work of cuitivation was carried out by peasants, generally Shudras, who in effect were almost tried to the land and who handed over as fixed share of their assigned land to cultivators from whom they collected the revenue agreed upon. Part of the revenue from the land they sent to the King. Out of the vassal he was expected to maintain the feudal levies which,

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166 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja pravRtti para prakAza DAlA jA sakatA hai| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke nimnalikhita ullekha bhU-svAmitva ke 'hastAntaraNIya' tathA 'vikendrIkaraNa' sambandhI vizeSatAoM kI puSTi karate haiM tathA madhyakAlIna arthavyavasthA ke sAmantavAdI DhAMce ko vizada karane meM upayogI prakAza DAlate haiM 1. varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM rAjAnoM ko aneka pura, rASTra Adi ke upahAra ke rUpa meM prApta hone ke saMketa prApta hote haiN| isI prakAra daheja Adi ke avasara para bhI rAjakumAra ko saikar3oM grAma die jAne ke ullekha milate haiN|' 2. varAGgacarita meM hI prAnartapura kI punaH sthApanA ke uparAnta rAjA dvArA nagara ke samIpastha pradezoM meM kRSi tathA pazu-pAlaka-grAmoM Adi ke basAne kA ullekha AyA hai / prAdipurANa ke sandarbha meM gA~va basAnA, begAra lenA, janatA se rAjasva vasUla karanA rAjA ke zAsakIya dAyitva svIkAra kie gaye haiN| varAGgacarita meM rAjA ko grAmoM kA 'bhoktA' bhI kahA gayA hai| 3. padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM bhI nagara-bhedaka vibhinna prakAra kI ikAiyoM ke antargata Ane vAle kRSi Adi grAmoM ke zAsakatva ke rUpa meM rAjA kI prazaMsA kI underlying his oath of loyalty to his king, he was in duty bound to furnish for the king's Service. To break his oath was regarded as a hinous offence'. -Thapar, Romila, A History of India, I, p. 242 1. tu0-purANi rASTrANi ca pattanAni 'samarpayadbhUmipatiH sutAya / -varAGga0, 11.67 tayA-dhanena dezena pureNa sAmnA saMdeya eveti jagau sunItiH // -varAGga0, 16.57 2. tu0-grAmAH zatena prhtaaH| -vahI, 16.21 dhanena dezena pureNa saamnaa| -vahI; 16.57 3. varAGga0, 21.41-48 4. nemicandra, prAdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 360 5. tu0 --nAtho'yamasmAkamasau kSitIzo bhunaktyayaM grAmasahasramekam / -varAGga0, 8.50 6. padmA0, 16.192-200

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAyaM 166 grAmAdhIzoM' tathA goSThamahattaroM dvArA rAjAnoM kA svAgata karane tathA sampattiyoM ko rAjA ko bheMTa karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| ye 'mAmAdhIza' tathA 'goSThamahattara' rAjAoM tathA kRSakoM Adi ke madhya rahane vAle ve loga the jo kRSakoM dvArA kie gae utpAdana para niyantraNa rakhate the tathA usake badale rAjA ko dhana Adi dekara prasanna bhI karate the| 5. hemacandra ne 'kuTumbI' kRSakoM ko sAmanta rAjAoM ke tulya kara dene vAle tathA adhIna rahane vAle kahA hai| hemacandra dvArA 'kuTumbI' zabda kA prayoga sambhavataH sAdhAraNa kRSaka se na hokara jamIMdAra-kRSakoM athavA 'grAmAdhIza' ke samakakSa rahA thaa| kyoMki rAjA kI AgavAnI karane kA kArya sAdhAraNa kisAna nahIM apitu kisAnoM ke mukhiyA Adi hI karate the / isa prakAra spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki 'kRSaka' kA paryAyavAcI zabda 'kuTumbI' prazAsakIya adhikAra sampanna 'grAmAdhIza' ke artha meM rUr3ha ho gayA thA / sAmantI DhAMce ke sandarbha meM zreriNagaraNa-pradhAna __ aisA pratIta hotA hai ki jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke kAla meM vibhinna prakAra ke zilpI tathA karmakAra apane-apane zreNi-pradhAnoM ke Adhipatya se jIvikopArjana karate ye / rAjyavyavasthA ke sandarbha meM bhI ina vividha zreNiyoM ke pradhAnoM kI 1. tu0-malecchA maDambanagarapAmAdInAmadhIzvarAH / taM tatreyuH sarvato'pi pAzAkRSTA iva drutam / / bhUSaNAni vicitrANi ratnAni vAsanAni ca / rajataM ca suvarNa turaGgAn kuJjarAnapi / / syandanAnyanyadapi yat prakRSTaM vastukiJcana / senAnye tadupaninyuAsApitamivA'tha te // -triSaSTi0, 2.4-170-72 2. rucirarallakarAjitavigrahaivihita saMbhramagoSThamahattaraiH / pathi purodadhisarpirupAyanAnyupahitAni vilokya sa pipriye // -candra0, 13.41 Thapar, A History of India, I, p. 242. kuTumbikA iva vayaM karadA vazagAzca vaH / / sthAsyAmo'treti senAnyaM te baddhAJjalayo'vadan / '-triSaSTi0, 2.4.173 tathA kuTumbinaH pattayo vA, sAmantA vA tvadAjJayA / ataH paraM bhaviSyAmastvadadhInA hi naH sthitiH // -vahI, 2.4.240 5. vizeSa draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 124-42

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200 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI thii| rAjya ke vibhinna utsava-mahotsavoM meM 'zreNigaNa' ke pradhAna hI sampUrNa vyavasthA karate the / 2 rAjyAbhiSeka vivAha Adi avasaroM para 'zreNigaNa' ke pradhAnoM dvArA vibhinna prakAra ke mAGgalika kArya bhI sampAdita kie jAte the| ina tathyoM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki rAjAroM ne ina 'zreNigaNa' pradhAnoM ko rAjya meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna de rakhA thA tathA inhIM ke mAdhyama se ve rAjya ke sampUrNa zilpa Adi vyavasAyoM ko bhI niyantrita kie hue the| kRSi-grAmoM ke samAna hI zilpa-vyavasAya bhI vikendrIkaraNa kI nIti se prabhAvita ho cuke the| tatkAlIna zilpa sambandhI bhavanavinyAsa, mUttikalA Adi ke aizvarya-vaibhava ko dekhate hue aisA pratIta hotA hai ki zilpavyavasAya atyadhika pragati para thaa| isI uddezya se rAjAoM ne Arthika vyavasthA ko santulita banAe rakhane ke lie zilpiyoM ko zreNiyoM ke mAdhyama se pUrNata: niyantrita kara rakhA thA / 5 zilpa sambandhI vyavasAyiyoM ke hastAntaraNa kI ora saMketa karate hue varAGgacarita meM aneka zilpiyoM ko daheja ke rUpa meM dene kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai| padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM rAjya ke sandarbha meM 'kumbhakAra', 'takSaka' (bar3haI) 'citraka' (citrakAra), 'kuvinda' (julAhA), tathA 'nApita' (nAI)-pAMca zilpiyoM kI vizeSa rUpa se carcA kI gaI hai| caturdaza ratnoM 1. zreNipradhAnezvaramantri mukhyAstau snApAyAM prIti mukhA babhUvuH / -varAGga0, 16.16 tathA aSTAdazazreNigaNapradhAnA bahuprakArairmaNiratnamitraiH / gandhodakaizcandanavAribhizca pAdAbhiSeka prathama pracakruH / -vahI, 11.63 2. vahI, 16.25 3. vahI, 11.63, 16.16 4. suzilpinirmApitaramyazAlaM mRdaGgagItadhvanituGgazAlam / vandArudivyastutipUritAzaM babhUva taccaityagRhaM vizAlam / / -vahI, 22.56 5. aSTAdazazreriNagaNapradhAnaraSTAdazAnyeva dinAni tatra / kazcidbhaTasyAvanipAtmajAyAzcakre vibhUti mahatI mahadbhiH / / -vahI, 16.25 6. suzilpina: kama karA vinItA dattAni pitrA vidhivadaduhitre / -vahI, 19.22 7. tenire tadanu kumbhakArakAH / -padmA0, 510.72, tathA tu0 takSacitrakakavindanApitAnAtanoditi sa paJcazilpinaH / svAmyamI tu zatadhA'bhavan yato viMzati prakRtireka ekakaH // -vahI, 10.73

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 201 meM 'zilpI ratna' kA ullekha bhI isI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa kahA jA sakatA hai|' isa prakAra kRSi Adi utpAdana se sambandhita udyogoM ke atirikta zilpa Adi vyavasAya bhI Atmanirbhara arthavyavasthA se vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita the| agrahAra grAmoM meM zilpI Adi jAtiyoM ke punarvAsa para pratibandha bhUmidAna tathA grAmadAna se sambandhita Arthika vyavasthA meM 'agrahAra' grAmoM kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI thii| 'agrahAra' nAmaka grAma rAjAoM dvArA brAhmaNoM ko dAna meM die gae ve grAma the jinakA saMrakSaNa rAjA ke adhIna hI hotA thA / 2 sAtavIMAThavIM zatAbdI ke samudragupta ke nAma se jAlI taura para jArI kie gae do tAmrapatroM se vidita hotA hai ki ina gAMvoM meM dUsare kisI gA~va ke kisAnoM tathA zilpiyoM ko basAne para pratibandha lagA huA thaa| zarmA mahodaya kI mAnyatA hai ki ina 'agrahAra' grAmoM meM binA kara diye bhI rahA jA sakatA thA ataeva aneka kisAna tathA zilpI kara se bacane ke lie ina gAMvoM meM zaraNa lenA cAhate the| isI prakAra aneka dezoM ke zilpI nagaroM meM prAkara jIvana-yApana karanA adhika pasanda karate the|6 AThavIM zatAbdI ke varAGgacarita meM bhI zilpiyoM dvArA samRddha nagara meM vAsa karane ke ullekha milate haiN| ina tathyoM se itanA spaSTa hotA hai ki nimnavarga kI kRSaka-zilpI Adi jAtiyA~ aise nagaroM athavA grAmoM meM jAkara rahanA pasanda karatI thIM jahAM unheM jIvikopArjana ke adhika avasara mila skeN| kintu arthavyavasthA ke chinna-bhinna ho jAne ke bhaya se kRSakoM tathA zilpiyoM ke svecchA se sthAnAntaraNa para pratibandha bhI lagAyA jAtA thaa| 1. draSTavya-prastuta grantha, pR0 164 2. Thapar, Romila, A History of India, Pt. I, p. 176 3. Fleet, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, No. 60, p. 254 4. zarmA, bhAratIya sAmantavAda, pR0 66 5. vahI, pR0 66 6. tu0-dezAnvihAya hi purAdhyuSitAnkalajJAH zilpAvadAtamatayazcai naTA viTAzca / -varAGga0, 1.28 7. tu0-pASaNDizilpibahuvarNajanAtikIrNam / -varAGga0, 1.44 8. zarmA, bhAratIya sAmantavAda, pR0 66

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 202 udyoga vyavasAyoM kA prathaka DhA~cA - varNa-vyavasthA ke AdhAra para Arthika vibhAjana prAcInakAla se calI A rahI varNa-vyavasthA se samAja kI Arthika sthiti mukhyatayA prabhAvita rahatI prAyI hai / utpAdana, vitaraNa tathA vinimaya jaise mahattvapUrNa Arthika siddhAnta varNa vyavasthA se ghaniSTa rUpa se sambaddha rahe the / hindU dharmazAstrIya granthoM meM varNoM ke anusAra hI sAmAjika udyoga evaM vyavasAya vibhAjita kara die gae the| jaina samAja vyavasthApakoM ne bhI Alocya kAla meM varNa vyavasthAnusArI vibhAjana ke aucitya ko svIkAra kara liyA thA / zrAdipurANakAra ke samaya meM varNavyavasthA ko hindU dharmazAstrIya paddhati se nirUpita kiyA jAne lagA thA / isa vibhAjana meM dhArmika bhAvanA kI apekSA prArthika nItiyoM kA adhika Agraha thA / udAharaNArtha vRSabhadeva ne brAhmaNoM ke lie par3hanA, par3hAnA, dAna lenA, pUjA karanA, tathA yajJAnuSThAna sampAdita karane Adi kAryoM kA upadeza diyA / kSatriyoM ke lie zastravidyA evaM yuddha vidyA kI zikSA dete hue zastra - jIvI vyavasAya ( sainya vyavasAya ) kA vidhAna kiyA / vaizyoM ke lie jala-sthalIya vyApAra vidhiyoM kA upadeza diyA / zUdroM ke lie dainya vRtti meM tatpara rahate hue uttama varNoM kI sevA-zuzrUSA karane kA vidhAna kiyA / 6 vIM zatAbdI meM racita zrAdipurANokta varNa-vyavasthAnusArI vyavasAya vibhAjana kI manusmRti yAdi dharmazAstrIya sAhitya se tulanA karane para dyotita hotA hai ki isa yuga meM zrArthika vyavasthA meM kisI prakAra kA maulika antara nahIM raha gayA thA | badalI huI paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM aba brAhmaNa paurohitya karma ke lie, kSatriya yuddhAdi karma ke lie vaizya vANijyAdi karma ke lie, zUdra kRSi Adi ke lie AnuvaMzika adhikAra rakhate the / padmAnanda ke anusAra brAhmaNa 'zAstrajIvI', kSatriya 'zastrajIvI' tathA vaizya evaM zUdra 'kalA kauzala - jIvI' ke rUpa meM variNata kie gae haiN| isa prakAra 12vIM - 13vIM zatAbdI taka prArthika vyavasAya mukhyataH tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho cuke the- - 1. adhyApana tathA zAstraparaka vyavasAya -- jisake antargata paurohitya karma, vividha prakAra kI ucca vidyAoM kA zAstrIya jJAna Adi 1. kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0 106 - 18 2. Adi0, 38.45-46 3. vahI, 16.246-48 4. vahI, 16.243 5. vahI, 16.244 6. vahI, 16.245 7. tu0 -- zAstrakajIvino viprAH kSatriyAH zastrajIvinaH / bhavanti vaizyAH zUdrAzca kalAkauzalajIvinaH // -- padmA0 7.53

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203 sammilita thA / 2. sainya vyavasAya - jisameM yuddha kalA meM pAraGgata honA, rAjakumAroM ko yuddhAdividyAoM kI zikSA denA, senA meM bharatI hokara jIvikopArjana karanA prAdi pramukha thA / 3. kalA-kauzala sambandhI vyavasAya - jisameM vANijya, zilpa, kRSi, pazupAlana Adi udyoga evaM vyavasAya sammilita the / inameM se bhI vaizya varga vANijya karma, tathA anya jAtiyoM ke loga kRSi, pazupAlana tathA anya takanIkI zilpa kauzala dvArA jIvana nirvAha karate the / ' prarthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya at kula - paramparAgata vyavasAya cayana para bala thA Alocya : yuga meM varNavyavasthA ke anurUpa vyavasAya cayana para vizeSa bala diyA jAne lagA thA / apane varNa dvArA nizcita vyavasAya ko chor3akara dUsare varNa ke vyavasAya ko apanAne vAle vyakti ko rAjA dvArA daNDanIya bhI mAnA jAtA thA / u samAja vyavasthA sucAru rUpa se calAne ke lie tathA varNa-saMkIrNatA para kucha sImA taka pratibandha lagAne ke lie aisA karanA Avazyaka bhI ho gayA padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM bhI kula paramparAgata jIvikopArjana ko vizeSa mahattva diyA gayA hai / amaracandra sUri kI spaSTa dhAraNA hai ki kulAgata jIvikopArjana manda manda gati se calane vAlI kintu garimA se yukta gajarAja kI savArI ke samAna hai jabaki kuletara prAjIvikA dunagAmI azva kI savArI ke tulya hai / ina donoM meM gaja kI savArI ke samAna kula paramparAgata prAjIvikA hI zreyaskara evaM garimA se yukta hai / 6 vaNik varga dvArA vyApAra ko hI vyavasAya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane ke lie vizeSa bala diyA jAne lagA thaa| 7 ' kalA kauzala' - An 1. padmA0, 7.53 2. Adi0, 16.187 tathA padmA0, 753, tathA jayazaGkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 112 3. Adi0, 16.248 4. nemicandra, zrAdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 152 5. padmA0, 7.48- 60 6. 7. kalAM kulAgatAmeva sevamAno janapriyaH / mandayAno gajaH zreyAMsturaGgastu tvarAgatiH / / - padmA0, 7.54, tathA tu0Ghurye, G.S., Caste Class and Occupation, Bombay, 1961. P. 14 kalAkauzalameva syAd, variNajAM vatsa ! jIvanam / yannaiva vaNijAM kAryo vikramaH subhaTakramaH / -- padmA0, 7.50, tathA -- vahI, 7.45

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kRSi, pazupAlana, zilpa tathA vANijya prAdi ke lie prayukta hotA thA tathA isake adhikArI vaizya athavA zUdra varga hI mAne gaye haiN|' za@jaya mahAkAvya meM kRSaka, sevaka, kumhAra, vyApArI, niyogI (purohita), kSatriya, sUtrakAra (julAhA), zilpI, svarNakAra, citrakAra, maNikAra (jauharI) Adi vyavasAyoM kA ullekha jAtiyoM ke rUpa meM hone ke kAraNa yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki Alocya kAla meM Arthika-vibhAjana kA mukhya AdhAra varNa vyavasthA evaM jAti vyavasthA bana cukI thI tathA vaha bhI aisI rUr3ha vyavasthA jisameM karma kI apekSA janma kA adhika mahattva thaa| isa prakAra kisI jAti vizeSa meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa koI bhI vyakti apane kulocita vyavasAya ko apanAne ke lie sAmAjika dRSTi se pUrNataH bAdhya thaa| kintu aisI sUcanA bhI milatI hai ki mugala kAla meM vaMzAnugata vyavasAya cayana para DhIla dI jAne lagI thii| AlocyakAla kI Arthika evaM sAmAjika pRSThabhUmi ke sandarbha meM varNavyavasthAmUlaka vyavasAyoM kI sthiti isa prakAra rahI thI(ka) brAhmaNa tathA paurohitya vyavasAya ___ jaina mahAkAvyoM meM brAhmaNoM dvArA cAroM vedoM, SaDaGgoM tathA itihAsa-purANa meM naipuNya prApta karane ke ullekha milate haiM / 4 asaga ke vardhamAnacarita se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki samAja meM brAhmaNa agnihotrI kahalAte the / 5 agnibhUti nAmaka brAhmaNa aisA hI eka brAhmaNa thA / jayanta-vijaya mahAkAvya meM rAja-sabhA meM eka brAhmaNa dvArA darzana-pANDitya pradarzana karane kA bhI ullekha AyA hai| brAhmaNa vividha prakAra kI tapazcaryA, zIla, guNa, jJAnArjana tathA jJAna-vitaraNa ke lie prasiddha the| hemacandra ke kAla meM brAhmaNoM ke lie, 'zrotriya', 'smArta, 'mauhUrtaka' Adi saMjJAoM kA 1. bhavanti vaizyAH zUdrAzca kalAkauzalajIvinaH / -padmA0, 7.53 2. karSakA: sevakAH kumbhakArA vANijyajIvinaH / niyoginaH kSatriyAzca sUtrakArAzca zilpinaH / svarNakArAzcitrakArA maNikArAstathApare / -zatru0, 3.127 3. jayazaGkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 112 4. pradyumna, 6.203, varAGga0, 25.70 5. vardha0, 3.86 6. vahI, 3.86 7. jayanta0, 15.15 8. varAGga0, 25.43; vardha0, 3.68

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 205 prayoga kiyA gayA hai / isase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki varga-cetanA kI bhAvanA se brAhmaNa paurohitya Adi vyavasAya karate the / sandhyA-karma, AcaraNa evaM vaidika vidhiyoM ko tyAga dene vAle mithyA brAhmaNoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / isa prakAra pracAra, zIla evaM zAstra jJAna ke kAraNa hI samAja meM brAhmaNoM kA gaurava rahA thA / 3 vivAha sampanna karAnA, yajJAnuSThAna karAnA, zrAddha karma zrAdi brAhmaNoM ke pramukha vyavasAya the / brAhmaNoM ko badale meM dakSiNA Adi dI jAtI thii| samAja meM paurohitya karma karane vAle brAhmaNoM kA yadyapi vizeSa sammAna rahA thA tathApi sAtavIM prAThavIM zatAbdI meM karnATaka Adi jaina dharma se prabhAvita pradezoM meM brAhmaNoM ko jIvikopArjana ke lie bahuta saMgharSa bhI karanA par3A thA / varAGgacarita ke anusAra dhana prAdi prApta karane kI icchA se brAhmaNa rAjadarabAra meM jAte the to dvArapAla unheM praviSTa nahIM hone dete the / " kisI prakAra se rAjA ke pAsa pahuMca jAne para jo kucha dAna meM milatA thA to usakI bhI samAja meM nindA kI jAtI thI tathA unako apamAnita kiyA jAtA thA / 6 gyArahavIM sadI meM brAhmaNoM kA samAja meM mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA thA tathA rAjya ke sabhI prakAra ke karoM se brAhmaraNa mukta the / " bArahavIM - terahavIM zatAbdI meM jaina dharma ke prabhAva kSetroM meM bhI brAhmaNoM ko ucca sammAna diyA jAtA rahA thA / cAlukya kumArapAla tathA anya vastupAla zrAdi jaina mantrI brAhmaNoM ke sammAna karane ke lie itihAsa meM vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha rahe haiM / 1. tatra kiM zrotriyo'si tvamasi paurANiko'thavA ? smArto vA ? mauhUrto vA'si ? trividyAviduro'si vA ? / / -- triSaSTi0, 26.233 2. pradyumna0, 6.165 3. vidyAkriyA cAruguNaiH prahINo na jAtimAtreNa bhavetsa vipraH / jJAnena zIlena guNena yuktaM taM brAhmaNaM brahmavido vadanti // - varAGga0, 25.43 tathA tu0 - pradyumna0, 6.205 3. jayazaGkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 80-85 5. praveSTukAmAH kSitirasya vezna dvArasthainiruddhAH kSaraNamIkSamANA / -- varAGga0, 25.30 6. 7. nigrahAnugrayoktA dvijA varAkAH parapoSyajIvAH / - varAGga0, 25. 33 jayazaGkara mizra, gyArahavIM sadI kA bhArata, vArANasI, 1668, pR0 110

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206 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja hemacandra ke kAla meM cAroM vedoM tathA caudaha vidyAsthAnoM ke adhyetA brAhmaNa ko hAthI meM baiThAkara rAja sammAna die jAne kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai|' (kha) kSatriya tathA anya vyavasAya kSatriyoM ke sambandha meM prasiddha ho cukA thA ki ye loga zUravIra evaM zastrazAstra meM vizeSa pAraGgata hote haiM / zAstra se yahA~ abhiprAya yuddha sambandhI zAstra se hI rahA thA / veda-purANa Adi bhI zAstra kahalAte haiN| inake lie brAhmaNa prasiddha the| padmAnanda kAvya meM isI bheda ko spaSTa karane ke lie 'zAstrakajIvino viprAH kSatriyA: zastrajIvinaH'3 kahA gayA hai| hammIra mahAkAvya meM varNita cAhamAna vaMza rAjapUta jAti se hI sambaddha thaa| kSatriya yuddha kauzala ke lie vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha ho cuke the| rAjasthAna Adi pradezoM kI vIra rAjapUta jAtiyA~ to apane prANoM ko dekara bhI deza-rakSA ko mahattva detI thIM / 5 hammIra mahAkAvya meM varNita yuddhavarNana kSatriyoM kI vIratA ko spaSTa kara dete haiM / cAhamAna vaMza kI striyA~ bhI vIratA ke lie prasiddha thiiN| isa prakAra kucha kSatriya vaMzoM ne yuddha evaM senA ke kSetra meM apanA gaurava nahIM khoyA thA / hemacandra ke samaya meM kSatriya varga prAyaH yuddha sambandhI zAstroM meM vizeSa dakSa hotA thA / vibhinna prakAra ke zastroM-astroM ke prayoga kI zikSA dene kA kArya bhI sambhavataH kSatriya AcArya hI karate the| vibhinna prakAra kI yuddhakalAnoM meM bhI kSatriya vizeSa rUpa se pAraGgata hote haiN| kSatriya hI mukhyatayA sainyavyavasAya meM jAte the kintu yaha paramparA dhIre-dhIre TUTa bhI rahI thI / sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI meM pulinda arthAt bhIloM tathA variNakoM kI senA ke ullekha bhI milate haiM / dvisandhAna mahAkAvya ke SaDvidhabala' ke sandarbha meM TIkAkAra nemicandra ne cha: prakAra kI senA kA ullekha kiyA hai 10-(1) 'maula'... vaMza paramparAgata kSatriya senA / (2) "mRtaka'-vetanArtha bharatI kI gaI senA, (3) 'zreNI' vyApAriyoM Adi kI senaa)| (4) 'pAraNya'-bhIla Adi jaGgalI jAtiyoM kI senA, (5) 'durga'-durgastha senA m 1. pari0, 13.7-8 2. ahaM tu kSatriyaH zUraH zastrazAstravizArada: / -zatru0, 1.136 3. padmA0, 7.53 4. hammIramahAkAvya, bhUmikA, pR0 23 5. hammIra0, 13.208 6. vahI, sarga-13 7. vahI, 13.185 8. candra0 4.5; triSaSTi0, 2.6.234-37 6. varAGga0, 14.23 10 dvisandhAna0, 2.11 para tu0 nemicandrakRta pada kaumudI TIkA, pR0 27

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 207 tathA (6) 'mitra'-mitra rAjAoM kI senaa| ina Savidha senAoM ke svarUpa se siddha ho jAtA hai ki 'kSatriya' vaMzaparamparAgata paddhati se sainya vyavasAya ko apanAte the , kintu hammIra ke anusAra senA meM vividha jAtiyoM tathA dharmoM Adi ke loga bhI jA sakate the|' rAjya sambandhI kArya bhI kSatriyoM kA janmasiddha adhikAra mAnA jAtA thaa| (ga) vaizya-zUdra tathA vANijya-kRSi Adi vyavasAya madhyakAlIna bharata ke prArambhika caraNoM meM vaizya varga kA mukhya vyavasAya vANijya rahA thaa| itihAsakAroM kI mAnyatA hai ki 8vIM zatAbdI ke bAda baGgAla prAdi pradezoM meM vaizya prAdi vyApArI loga vANijya vyavasAya ke prati upekSA bhAva bhI dikhAne lage the| 3 gyArahavIM zatI ke alaberunI ke anusAra bhI yaha vidita hotA hai ki vaizyoM evaM zadroM meM rahana-sahana, vyavasAya Adi kI dRSTi se adhika antara nahIM raha gayA thA / alaberunI ke anusAra vaizya tathA zUdra eka hI grAma tayA nagara meM rahate the tathA eka hI ghara meM baiThate-uThate the|4 isa prakAra gyArahavIM-bArahavIM zatAbdI ke aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para vaizya tathA zUdra varga meM jIvikopArjana sambandhI vyavasAyoM ke cayana meM varNa-vyavasthA sambandhI prAcIna mAnyatAeM TUTane bhI lagI thiiN| havIM zatAbdI ke AdipurANa meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki vaizyoM ko jIvikA vyApAra, kRSi evaM pazupAlana thI tathA zUdra sevA-zuzrUSA Adi dvArA jIvana nirvAha kara sakate the|5 AdipurANa meM hI do prakAra ke zUdroM kA varNana bhI pAyA hai prathama, ve jo 'kAru' zUdra kahalAte the / dhobI ityAdi jAtiyA~ isase sammilita thiiN|6 dUsare, ve jo 'akAru' zUdra kahalAte the| 1. hammIra0, 11.1 2. Sharma, Ram Sharan, Social Changes in Early Medieval India'-The First Devaraja Chanana Memorial Lecture, Delhi, 1969, pp. 14-15 3. vahI, pR0 12 4. 'Albiruni notes the absence of any significant difference between the vaisyas and the Sudras, who lived together in the same town and village and mixed together in the same house.' -vahI, pR0 11 5. tu0-vaizyAzca kRssivaannijypshupaalyopjiivitaaH| -pAdi0, 16.184 6. tu-teSAM zuzrUSaNAcchUdrAste dvidhA kArvakAravaH / ___ kAravo rajakAdyA: syustato'nye syurakAravaH / / -Adi0, 16.185

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208 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 'kAru' zUdra bhI do bhAgoM meM vibhakta the| prathama ve jo samAja meM aspRzya mAne jAte the| ye samAja se bAhara rahate the| dUsare ve zUdra jo spRzya the tathA samAja meM hI rahate the nAI Adi jAtiyA~ isake antargata AtI thiiN|' isa prakAra havIM zatAbdI taka vaizya evaM zUdra kramaza; kRSi Adi tathA zilpI Adi vyavasAyoM kI dRSTi se hI vibhakta ho cuke the| kintu ina zUdroM meM bhI 'kAra' nAmaka spRzya zUdra aspRzya zUdroM se kucha utkRSTa samajhe jAte the| isIlie 11vIM zatAbdI meM alaberunI ne vaizyoM ke sAtha uThane baiThane vAle jina zUdroM kI carcA kI hai ve sambhavataH spRzya zUdra hI rahe hoMge / 2 12vIM-13vIM zatAbdI meM vaizyoM tathA zUdroM meM pracalita vyavasAyoM kI dRSTi se hemacandra kRta abhidhAna cintAmaNi meM prayukta 'kAra'3 tathA 'kuTumbI' zabda vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| abhidhAna cintAmaNi ne 'kAru' ko 'zilpI' saMjJA dI hai| AdipurANa ke anusAra navIM zatAbdI meM ve hI 'kAru' spRzya zUdra kahe jAte the| isI prakAra abhidhAna0 meM kRSi karma karane vAle logoM ke liye 'kuTumbI' zabda kA pAribhASika prayoga bhI huA hai / pAra esa. zarmA mahodaya ne hemacandra kI abhidhAna cintAmaNi meM pAe 'kuTumbI' zabda kI ora mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlate hue kahA hai ki madhyakAlIna bhArata meM zUdra kRSi evaM pazupAlana udyoga karane lage the tathA isase kucha pahale uttara pradeza tathA vihAra kI 'kumi' evaM mahArASTra kI 'kunvi' nAmaka zUdra jAtiyA~ madhyakAlIna bhArata kI 'kuTumbiyoM' kI hI pUrva rUpa rahIM thiiN| skandapurANa meM 'gRhastha' nAmaka zUdra anna dene vAle (annadA) kahe gaye haiM / 8 hemacandra ne abhidhAna cintAmaNi ke atirikta triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM bhI aneka sthaloM 1. kAravo'pi matA dvedhA spRzyAspRzyavikalpataH / tatrAspRzyAH prajAbAhyAH spRzyAH syuH kartakAdayaH / / -pAdi0 16.186 2. Sharma, R.S., 'Social Changes in Early Medieval India', p. 11 3. abhidhAna0, 3 86 4. vahI, 3.860 5. tu0-kArustukArI prakRtiH zilpI zreNistu tadgaNaH / -abhi0, 2.860 6. tu0-kuTumbI karSaka: kssetrii| -vahI, 3.860 7. Sharma, R.S., 'Social Changes in Early Medieval India', p. 11 8. skanda0, 2.36.161

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 206 para 'kuTumbI' zabdoM kA kRSaka ke rUpa meM hI prayoga kiyA hai / ' 'kuTumbI' kA 'sAmanta' Adi ke sAtha prayoga hone ke kAraNa tathA kuTumbiyoM ko sAmantoM ke 'upamAna' ke rUpa meM hI prayoga karane ke kAraNa yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki 'kuTumbI' Adi kA svarUpa sAmantI caritra ke sAMce meM Dhala cukA thaa| arthAt 'kuTumbI' Adi kRSaka varga rAjA ko kara dete the / ye sAmantoM ke samAna rAjA ke anugraha para hI jIvita the tathA vAstavika kisAnoM ke mukhiyA bhI bane huye the| - vaizya varga kA mukhya vyavasAya vANijya hI raha gayA thA kintu varNavibhAjana kI dRSTi se vANijya, kRSi, pazupAlana, zilpa Adi vyavasAya aba eka hI 'zreNi' meM gine jAne lage the / padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM ina sabhI vyavasAyoM ke liye 'kalA-kauzala' zabda kA vyavahAra huA hai / yaha isa tathya kI ora bhI saMketa karatA hai ki vyavasAya vibhAjana meM jo spaSTa antara pahale thA vaha aba nahI rahA thaa| isa prakAra madhyakAlIga bhArata Arthika vyavasApa-vibhAjana kI dRSTi se eka aisA yuga thA jisameM varNavyavasthA kI cAra pramukha varga cetanAoM kA sthAna aba kevala tIna vargacetanAoM ne le liyA thaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kalAkauzalaparaka navIna Arthika saMcetanA arthavyavasthA ke 'utpAdana' evaM 'vitaraNa' se mukhyatayA jur3a cukI thI jisakA vyAvahArika rUpa se sampAdana vaizya evaM zUdra varga dvArA kiyA jAne lagA thaa| ina donoM vargoM ke ekIkRta hone se sarvAdhika lAbha yadi kisI varga ko mila sakatA thA to vaha sAmanta rAjAoM kA varga hI thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki isa tRtIya varga kI saMcetanA ko rAjasaMsthA dvArA bharapUra protsAhana aura samarthana milA / 2. pramukha udyoga-vyavasAya (ka) kRSi isa yuga meM arthavyavasthA kI mukhya bhitti kRSi para hI avalambita thii| svAyatta evaM Atmanirbhara grAmoM kI arthacetanA bhI mUlataH kRSi utpAdanoM se anu 1. kuTumbikA iva vayaM karadAvazagAzca vaH / -triSaSTi0, 2.4.173 tathA kuTumbinaH pattayo vA sAmantA vA tvdaajnyyaa| prataH paraM bhaviSyAmastvadadhInA hi naH sthitiH // -- vahI, 2.4.240 2. vahI, 2.4.173 2.4.240 tathA 3. bhavanti vaizyAH zUdrAzca kalAkauzalajIvinaH / --padmA0, 7.53, tathA zilpaM kalA vijJAnaM ca mAlAkArastu mAlikaH / -abhi0, 3.600 4. vizeSa draSTavya, prastuta zodha prabandha, pR0 203-7

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210 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 1 prANita rahI thI / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM lahalahAtI phasala kA varNana AyA hai / " kRSi - sampadA ke lie aneka deza to vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha the / adhikAMza rUpa se kRSi grAmoM ko 'nigama' ke rUpa meM prasiddhi prApta thii| ina nigamoM ke khalihAna sadaiva U~ce-U~ce anAja ke DheroM se bhare rahate the / 3 phasala kATane, jutAI karane, rupAI karane Adi vibhinna kRSi sambandhI gatividhiyoM kA bhI sajIva citraNa huA hai / ahIrabAlikAoM dvArA gIta gAkara phasala kI rakSA karane kA varNana bhI prastuta hotA hai / " paGkamaya bhUmi meM dhAna ke acche hone jaisI mAnyatAoM kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai / 6 samaya para huI varSA ko kRSi ke lie bahuta acchA samajhA jAtA thA / 7 dhAnya vRddhi ke lie sUrya kI garamI Avazyaka thI / kintu vRkSa kI chAyA hAnikAraka samajhI jAtI thii| 5 phasala kATane ke bAda ise grAma ke nikaTatama khalihAnoM meM jamA kara diyA jAtA thA / tadanantara bailoM dvArA anAja ko zrIra bhUse ko pRthak kiyA jAtA thA / 1deg anAja ko surakSita rakhane ke liye bar3e-bar3e kumbhoM kA prayoga hotA thA / 11 gAr3iyoM dvArA anAja Dhone Adi ke ullekha bhI milate haiM / 12 1. varAGga0, 21.42, jayanta0, 1.37 2. vardha 0, 1.6, candra0, 1.13 3. candra0, 1.16, dharma0, 1.48, vardha0, 4.4 4. dvisa0 2.23, tathA Adi0, 26.112-13 5. yatrAbhirAmANi vizAlazAlikSetrANi saMrakSitumIyuSINAm / gopAGganAnAM madhuropagItaiH kRcchrAdyuvAnaH pathi yAnti panthAH / nirundhate gItaguNena gopyaH kSetreSu yatrAnizameNayUtham / tathA tu0 - prAdi0, 26.115-20 -- jayanta0, 1.37 bhAreNa stanakalazadvayasya yasminnutthAtuM muhurasahA vidagdhagopyaH / gItena sphuTakalamAgramaJjarINAM luNThAkaM hariNagaNaM vimohayanti / 6. dvisa0, 2.23 pari0, 1.12 7. 8. dvisa0, 4.16 nemi0, 1.31 12. gantrI cayacItkAravibhinnakarNarandhraH / vardha0, 4.4 --candra0, 16.2 e. candra0, 13.46, candra0, 1.16, dharma 0, 1.38, vardha0, 1.11 10. paripuJjitasasya kUTakoTInikaTAluJci vRSaivabhUSitoyaH / vardha0, 4.4 11. adhyAsitA godhanabhUtimadbhiH kuTumbibhiH kumbhasahasradhAnyaiH / - vardha 0 1.11

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 211 siMcAI ke sAdhana yadyapi siMcAI kA pramukha sAdhana varSA evaM naharoM Adi kA jala thA' tathApi rAjya kI ora se bhI khetoM kI siMcAI karane kI vyavasthA kI jAtI thii| dvisandhAna mahAkAvya meM jalayantroM kA ullekha pAyA hai| ina yantroM meM 'ghaTIyantra' 'rahaTa' sahaza hotA thaa| isake 'aroM' arthAt kASTha kIloM ko pAMva se dabAne para pAnI nikAlA jA sakatA thA / imI prakAra siMcAI karane kI eka dUsarI vidhi kA saGketa bhI prApta hotA hai| isake anusAra pahale kisI yantra dvArA pAnI ko ekatra kara liyA jAtA thA / tadanantara usakA nAliyoM dvArA nikAsa kara siMcAI kI jAtI thii| vardhamAnacarita ke anusAra UMcI bhUmi para sthita khetoM kI siMcAI karane ke uddezya se nadiyoM meM kRtrima yaMtra lage hote the| dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM siMcAI karane ke uddezya se banAI gaI praNAliyoM ko 'pAkha' saMjJA dI gaI hai|5 'yantrapraNAlIcaSaka' arthAt kRtrima yantroM dvArA banAe gae panAle bhI siMcAI ke mahattvapUrNa sAdhana rahe the / 6 / / kRSi upaja ___ jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke anusAra kRSi-paidAvAra sambandhI anAjoM meM dhAna kI upaja bahuta adhika mAtrA meM hotI thii| vrIhi, zAli, SaSThika prAdi dhAnoM ke vividha prakAroM kA ullekha AyA hai| dhAna kI paudha ko 'kalama' saMjJA bhI dI gaI hai| isake atirikta godhUma (gehUM), alasI, tila, jau, mudga (mUMga) canA, 1. pari0,1.12 2. arAn ghaTIyantragatAn gatazramaH, payaHkaNairagrapadena pIDayan / - dvisa0, 1.13, tathA varAGga0, 5.106 3. yantroddhRta vAripUritam / zikhAvalAnyatra vahatpraNAlikaM karoti0 // -dvisa0, 1.23 4. jaloddhRtAvudyatakacchikAnAM tulAghaTIyantravikIrNakUlAH / -vardha0, 1.12 5. dvayA0, 13.33 6. yantrapraNAlIcaSakairajasramApIya puNDrekSurasAsavaugham / -dharma0, 1.45 7. varAGga0, 21.41, candra0, 7.16 8. varAGga0, 21.40, candra0, 7.16 dvisa0, 2.23, Adi0, 3.86 10. vizeSa draSTavya, nemicandra, AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 163-65 11. candra0, 16.2

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja ur3ada, kodrava (kaudoM) Adi anAjoM kI paidAvAra mukhya rUpa se hotI thI / sarasoM kRSNa tila, cAvala, jau Adi anAja pUjana vidhiyoM meM prayukta hote the / 2 212 Ikha - utpAdana eka pramukha vyavasAya Alocya yuga meM Ikha utpAdana eka pramukha kRSi vyavasAya bhI rahA thA / karnATaka Adi pradezoM meM 'puNDrekSu' jAti kI Ikha paidA hotI thI / yaha Ikha lAla raGga kI hotI hai / * IkhoM ke bar3e vana hote the / ' udyAnoM Adi meM bhI Ikha kI paidAvAra kI jAtI thI / 6 Ikha kA rasa atyadhika lokapriya peya banA huA thA / 7 Ikha dvArA gur3a, zakkara, khANDa Adi banatI thI / isa kArya ke lie grAmoM meM vizeSakara 'nigama' grAmoM meM 'IkSuyantra' sthApita kie gaye the / IkSu-yantra nirantara gannA perane kA kArya karate the / tadanantara isase banI gur3a Adi vastunoM ko vikraya ke liye gAr3iyoM dvArA nagara Adi taka le jAyA jAtA thA / 10 utpAdana ke sAtha-sAtha Ikha utpAdana bhI vizeSa unnati para thA / IkSu-yantroM Adi ke vidyamAna rahane Adi tathyoM ke AdhAra para yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki isa kAla meM 'Ikha utpAdana' kRSi vyavasAya kI tulanA meM eka svatantra vyavasAya ke rUpa meM bhI vikasita ho cukA thA / bagIcoM meM utpanna hone vAlI zAka-sabjiyA~ isa prakAra anAja pratyeka grAma meM mahAkAvyoM meM aneka sthaloM para zAka-sabjiyoM se samRddha bagIcoM kA ullekha AyA hai / sabjiyoM ke baMgIcoM ke liye 'zAka - vATaka' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA 1. kvacitsagoghUmaya vAtasItilAH / - varAGga0, 21.41, teSu mASacaraNAtasItilabrIhi zAliyavamudgakodravAn / --candra0, 7.16, tathA dvayA0, 3.141, 15.71 2. varAMga0, 23.18 3. barAGga0, 21.41, vardha0, 1.10 4. dvArakAprasAda zarmA, caturvedI, saMskRta zabdArtha kaustubha ilAhAbAda, 1667, pR0 717 5. varAGga0, 21.41 6. yatrekSuvATA guravopi bhUmau / grAme cekSuvATA: / triSaSTi0, 2.1.11 7. kIrti0, 6.14 - pra0, 1.11, vardha0, 1.10 tathA grAme - dvisa0, 10.1, dharma0, 4.7, vardha 0, 8. kIrti 0, 6.37 6. vardha0, 4.4.6 10. vahI, 4.4 1.44

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya hai|' candraprabhacarita mahAkAvya meM kRSi-khetoM kI hariyAlI kA varNana karate huye kahA gayA hai ki zAka-sabjiyoM ke kheta bhI utkRSTa prakAra kI sabjiyoM se yukta the| ina khetoM athavA bagIcoM meM bar3I-bar3I laukiyAM (lAbuka) utpanna hotI thii| isI prakAra 'dharmazarmAbhyudaya' meM kUSmANDa (laukI athavA kadU) cirmaTa (kacariyA) vRntAka (baeNgana) vAstuka (bathuprA) Adi sabjiyoM kA zAka vATakoM meM utpanna hone kA ullekha AyA hai| inake atirikta jina zAka-sabjiyoM kI bagIcoM athabA khetoM meM utpanna hone kI sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai unameM pIlI sarasoM,4 prArdra kanda (adaraka), kaliGga (kaliMdA athavA tarabUja), mUlaka (mUlI), mirca Adi vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / vibhinna prakAra ke dAloM Adi ke paudhoM ko bhI inhIM zAkavATakoM meM ugAne kA pracalana bhI rahA thA jinameM, canA, ur3ada, Adi dAleM vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| zAka bagIcoM kI gvAlinoM (gokula-yoSitA) dvArA dekhabhAla kI kI jAtI thii| (kha) vRkSa-udyoga udyAna-vyavasAya tathA bAgavAnI kRSi ke sAtha sAtha udyAna vyavasAya vizeSa pragati para thaa| grAmoM tathA nagaroM kI zobhA udyAnoM tathA vATikAoM (bagIcoM) Adi se mAnI jAne lagI thii| tatkAlIna jana jIvana meM ina udyAnoM Adi kA vizeSa prabhAva upalakSita hotA hai / sAmAnyatayA 'udyAna' pathikoM ke vizrAma sthala the| rAjA Adi dhanika 1. niSkrAntA kathamapi zAkavATakebhyaH / -dharma0, 16.72 2. bRhadalAbukagauravavAmanAM vRtimupayu pari prasRtaH ppe| -candra0, 13.43 // 3. kUSmANDIphalabharagarbhacirbhaTebhyo vRntAkastabakavinamravAstukebhyaH / . -dharma0, 16.72 4. dharma0, 18.18 5. pAkandaM kaliGgaM (kalinda) vA mUlakaM / / -dharma0, 21.138 6. varAGga0, 22.72 7. candra0, 13.43 8. candra0, 1.31. 12.20 tathA varAGga0, 1.37, dharma0, 3,16, 17, 25-30 tathA sarga-12 6. candra0, 2.120

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214 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya meM bhAratIya samAja vargoM ke liye udyAna kA zobhA evaM ruci kI dRSTi se bhI vizeSa mahattva rahA thaa|' isake atirikta jaina muniyoM dvArA udyAnoM meM bhASaNa karanA, premI-premikAoM dvArA prema-vyavahAroM kA sampAdita honA Adi sA~skRtika evaM zreGgArika gatividhiyoM ke lie bhI udyAna vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha ho cuke the / rAjA loga vanoM meM AkheTa ke liye bhI jAte the|4 rAjya kI ora se nagara ke bar3e-bar3e udyAnoM ko saMrakSaNa prApta thA / pariNAmataH udyAna kI rakSA ke liye 'udyAnapAla' kI niyukti hone ke bhI ullekha prApta hote haiM / prAyaH jaina muniyoM ke udyAnoM meM Ane para 'udyAnapAla' svayaM jAkara rAjA ko sUcita karatA thaa|6 udyAna paryApta vizAla hote the|" upadeza-zravaNa Adi avasaroM para vizAla jana-samUha ina udyAnoM meM baiThakara dhArmika pravacana suna sakatA thA / udyAnoM kI sAmAjika upAdeyatA udyAna-vyavasAya kI Arthika pRSThabhUmi kA nirmANa karane meM vizeSa sahAyaka rahI thii| udyAnoM ke sambandha meM 'svAmitva' kI kalpanA bhI samAja meM mAnya ho cukI thii| isa prakAra Alocya yuga meM 'udyAna' vyaktigata sampatti ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiye jAne lage the| udyAnoM Adi meM vRkSAropaNa vanoM, udyAnoM, vATikAoM,10 nadI ke taTastha'1 sthAnoM meM vRkSAropaNa kiye jAte the / vRkSa Arthika dRSTi se utpAdana ke bhI mahattvapUrNa sAdhana rahe haiN| Alocya kAla meM bhI candana, mAlA, sugandhi, vividha prakAra ke lepa Adi aizvarya evaM bhoga 1. dharma0, 12.1, yazodhara0, 4.10 2. dharma0, 2.75 3. varAGga0, 1.30, dharma0, .17, 123.3 pradyu0, 7.52 4. hammIra0, 4.55-58 5. varAGga0, 3.6 6. dharma0, 2.75, pradyu0, 6.27 7. varAGga0, 3.6, dharma0, 2.75 8. pradyu0, 6.30-31 9. tapohInaM yathA jJAnaM jJAnahInaM yathA tapaH / svAmihInaM tadudyAnaM, tasya nAtimude'jani / -padmA0, 13.370; tathA-arakSaka hya pavanaM pAnthairapyupajIvyate / pari0, 7.106 10. varAGga0, 22.66-72, dharma0, sarga-12 11. dharma0, 1.46

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 215 vilAsa kI sAmagriyA~ vRkSoM tathA puSpoM Adi se prApta hotI thiiN|' ataeva udyAnoM meM vRkSAropaNa kA pramukha lakSya dhanopArjana bhI rahA thA / sugandhita padArthoM tathA loMga; ilAyacI, kaGkola Adi vahumUlya vastuoM ke Arthika utpAdana ke mUlasrota vRkSa evaM udyAna vyavasAya hI the| gannA kI paidAvAra bhI vanoM tathA bagIcoM meM kI jAne lagI thii| isakA abhiprAya thA jo loga kRSi-bhUmi dvArA vyavasAya karane meM asamartha the ve bAga-bagIcoM ke mAdhyama se gannA Adi boka ra jIvana nirvAha kara sakate the| kRSaka varga hI khetoM dvArA tathA bAga-bagIcoM dvArA anAja, zAka, sabjiyAM, phala Adi ugAne kA kArya karate the / bAga-bagIcoM tathA udyAnoM meM aneka prakAra ke vRkSa tathA latAeM lagAI jAtI thiiN| vRkSa-udyoga kA Arthika dRSTi se mahattva ___ Alocya yuga meM vividha prakAra kI bhoga-vilAsa kI sAmagriyoM meM adhikAMza vastueM udyAnoM athavA vanoM meM hI utpAdita hotI thiiN| isa kAraNa udyAnoM ke praudyogika evaM Arthika mahattva kI upekSA nahIM kI jA sakatI hai| campA, mAlatI, nAgakezara, camelI Adi vividha prakAra kI puSpa mAlAnoM ko saundarya prasAdhana ke rUpa meM prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| vRkSoM kI lakar3iyoM Adi se sambandhita udyoga bhI pragati para the|5 candana ke vividha prakAroM kA utpAdana bhI udyAnoM Adi meM hI hotA thA / padyA0 mahAkAvya ke eka ullekhAnusAra gozIrSa candana kA eka lAkha dInAra mUlya honA tatkAlIna sugandhita evaM zItala padArthoM kI Arthika upayogitA ko spaSTa kara detA 1. varAGga0, 7.6-10, 20-22 2. varAGga0, 21.41 3. elAtamAlotpalacampakAnAM gandhAnsvagandhazca vizeSayanti / -varAGga0, 7.6 uraH zirodezanivezacampakaprakArapuSpaprakaro narottama / karpUra-kRSNAgururaGa-kunAmibhiH saurabhyasambhAramayo bhavAnvaham // -padyA0, 3.131, vasanta0, 2.27 4. sugandhisaccampakamAlatInAM punnAgajAtyutpalaketakInAm / / paJcaprakArA racitAgryamAlA mAlyAGgavRkSA visRjantyajasram // -varAGga0, 7.22 5. dvayA0, 18.20 6. turuSkakAlAgarucandanAnAM...svagandhaizca vizeSayanti / / - varAGga0, 7.6 tathA-karpUrakRSNAguru-dhUpanaiH / -padyA0, 3,115

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216 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja hai|' 'kAlAgaru' isa yuga meM zarIra-lepa ke rUpa meM tathA gharoM meM jalAye jAne vAle ghUpa ke rUpa meM vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha rahA thaa| supArI, ilAyacI, loMga, kaGkola, kapUra, kezara, tAmbUla, nAriyala, kastUrI Adi bahumUlya masAle tathA AsvAdya padArthoM kA ucca varga ke logoM meM vizeSa rUpa se sevana kiyA jAtA thaa| phUloM tathA phaloM ke vividha prakAra ke rasoM kA sAra nikAlakara zarbata athavA madirA Adi banAne ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiN| isa sandarbha meM 'ariSTa' (vidhipUrvaka nikAlA gayA phUloM-phaloM kA rasa) 'mareya' (rAsAyanika vidhi se nikAlA gayA phUloM-phaloM kA rasa) 'surA' (phaloM ko sar3Akara nikAlA gayA rasa) 'madhu' (madhu-makkhiyoM dvArA saMcita puSpa-parAga) kAdambarI' (eka vizeSa prakAra kI madirA) Adi phUloM-phaloM se nirmita 'rasoM' tathA madirAnoM ke ullekha tatkAlIna udyAnoM se sambaddha udyogoM para bhI prakAza DAlate haiN| ina sabhI tathyoM ke AdhAra para yaha siddha hotA hai ki vRkSoM; phaloM puSpoM Adi kA bhI Arthika dRSTi se utanA hI mahattva thA jitanA kRSi Adi kaa| pariNAmataH inheM 'nidhi' ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiyA jAne lagA thaa| 1. prayaccha mUlyAnmaNikambalaM ca gozIrSakaM cetyabhijalpitastaiH / vRddho variNag vastuyugasya mUlyamekaikadInArakalakSamUce // -padmA0, 6.56 tathA gozIrSavRkSastaruSu pradhAnastathA bhavAnAM manujatvamAhuH / -varAGga0, 8.10 2. kAlAgarupratatadhUpavahAzca gehA / -varAGga0, 1.25 ___kapUra-kRSNAgarurakunAbhiH / --padmA0, 3.131 3. lavaGgakaGkolakakuGkamAnAm / -varAGga0, 7.6 tathA tu0 dharma0, 3.30, vardha0, 4.7, padmA0, 3.164 4. ariSTamaireyasurAmadhUni kAdambarImadyavaraprasannAH / madAvahAnAsavanAtiyogyAnmadyAGga vRkSAH satataM phalanti // -varAGga0, 7.15 5, lAkSAvikrayaNam - svayonivRkSAduddharaNena TaGgaNamanaHzilAsakUmAprabhRtInAM bAhyajIvaghAtahetutvena guggulikAyA ghAtakIpuSpatvacazca madyahetutvena tadvikrayasya pApAzrayatvAt / (sAgAradharmAmRta, 5.21-23 para TIkA), -jainendra siddhAnta koza, pR0 422 se uddhRt| 6 vRkSagulmatikAma samudbhavaM...puSpapallavamathottamaM phalaM tasya kAlanidhirIpsitaM dadau / -candra0, 7.21

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vyavasthA evaM udyoga vyavasAyaM phaloM, mevoM, masAloM tathA sugandhita dravyoM ke vRkSa 1. Amra' (zrama) 3. dADima (anAra) 5. bilva (bela) 7. jambIra (niMbu vizeSa ) 6. nAraGga (santarA ) 11. kandarpavIra 11 13. prabhayA 13 ( harIti kI ) 15. kramuka 15 ( drAkSA) 17. punnAga 17 ( nAgakezara ) 16. elA ( ilAyacI ) & 6. dvayA0, 1.36 7. dharma0, 4.6 8. 6. dharma0, 4.6 10. 11. 2. kadalI ? (kelA) 4. mAtuliMga (cikotarA ) 6. kanda 1. varAGga0, 22.70, dharma0, 3.30, padmA0, 2.54, nemi0, 6.30, jayanta0, 13.56 pradyu0 7.37 2. varAGga0, 22.72, padyA0, 2.53, dharma0, 6.46, pradyu0, 7.43 3. varAGga0, 22.70, pari0, 235, vasanta0, 6, 53 4. varAGga0, 22.70, pari0, 2.35 5. varAGga0, 22.70 dharma 0, 3.16, dvayA0, 15.81 5. jambU (jAmuna ) 10. zrAmalakI 1 0 ( zrAmalA ) 12. maulasirI 12 dharma0, 4.6, pari0, 2.38, dvayA0, 15.81 padmA0, 2.55 12. candra0, 2.14 13. varAGga0, 22.72 14. varAGga0, 22.70, dvayA0, 15.20 15. varAGga0, 22.70 16. vahI, 22.72 17. dvisa0, 7.60, dharma0, 3.17 14. kharjUra14 ( khajUra ) 16. nArikela 16 ( nAriyala) 18. lavaGga 18 ( loMga ) 20. kaGkola e 0 ( guggula ) 317 18. varAGga0, 22.72, dharma0, 3.30, vasanta0, 6.45 16. dharma0, 3.30, dvayA0, 3.135 20. varAGga0, 22.72

Page #252
21 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 0 0 21. pUga' (supArI) 22. tAmbUla' (pAna) 23. kAlAgaru candana 24. suvarNa4 (haricandana) 25. turuSka' (lovAna) 26. kuGkuma (kesara) 27. karpUra (kapUra) 28. campA 26. marIci (gola mirca) 30. candana. 31. elAta" 32. utpala'2 33. jAti'3 34. sarala (devadAru)14 puSpavRkSa evaM chAyAdAra vRkSa 1. azoka 5 2. kadamba16 3. kaNikAra' (kanera) 4. kuTaja'8 (kauraiyA) 6. kurabaka2 0 (lAla kaTasaraiyA) 1. varSa0, 1.10, nemi0, 8.76, dharma0, 4.6 2. varAGga0, 22.72 / dvayA0, 17.36 3. varAGga0, 22.71 4. vahI, 7.6 5. vahI, 7.6 6. vahI, 7.6, jayanta0, 13.56, vasanta0, 10.74, pradhu0; 3.30, dvayA0, 15.75 7. dharma0, 3.30, nemi0 6.22 8. dharma0, 3.30 6. varAGga0, 22.72 10. dharma0, 3.33, vasanta0, 10.74 11. varAGga0,7.6 12. vahI, 7.6 13. vahI, 7.22 14. dharma0, 10.34 15. varAMga0, 22.70, candra0, 2.13, dharma0, 3.38, nemi0, 8.8, vasanta0, 6.57 16. candra0, 2.22, pradyu0, 11.83, jayanta0, 13.47, 6.22 17. varAGga0, 22.66, candra0, 2.31, nemi0, 8.8 18. candra0, 2.16, pradyu0, 11.87, vasanta0, 6.21 16. candra0, 2.18 20. candra0, 8.8, nemi0, 6.25, vasanta0, 6.61

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 7. campaka 6. navamallikA 11. bandhUka' (madhyAhnapuSpa) 13. jAti (camelI) 15. zirISa 17. kiMzuka'' 19. sallakI 3 (salaI) 21. tilaka'5 23. bakula 25. khadira' (khaira) 8. mallikAre 10. kubjaka (sevatI) 12. mAlatI / 14. atimuktaka 16. lavalI. 18. priyAla 2 20. vAsantika 14 (vAsantI) 22. pAribhadra 6 24. pAkanda-8 26. azvattha20 4 1. varAGga0, 22.70, candra0, 2.16, nemi0, 1.46, pradyu0, 1180, vasanta0, 6.61 2. varAGga0, 12.71, candra0, 2.137, pradyu0, 11.83, vasanta0, 10.75 3. candra0, 2.21, nemi0, 8.8 4. candra0, 22.71 5. varAGga0, 22.71, nemi0, 7.4, vasanta0, 6.50 6. varAGga0, 7.22.22.71, dharma0, 2.36, pradyu0, 3.6 varAGga0, 7.22, 22.71, vasanta0, 7.34 8. varAGga0, 22.71 6. dvayA0, 3.42 10. dvayA0, 3.36, vasanta0, 6.45 11. nemi0, 6.38, 1.47, pradyu0, 11.76, vasanta0, 6.58 12. dvayA0, 4.2 13. candra0, 6.6, nemi0, 6.32 14. varAGga, 22.71 15. candra0, 2.15, dharma0, 3-33, nemi0, 6.22, vasanta0, 6.61, pradyu0, 6.2 16. pari0, 2.38 17. candra0, 2.14, nemi0 6.23, pradyu0, 11.80, vasanta0, 6.60 18. pari0, 2.38 16. dvayA0, 5.68 20. dvayA0, 15.60

Page #254
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 27. saptaparNa' 26. plakSa 31. tAla 33. hintAla 35. dhava 37. nicula'1 36. udumbara 3 41. madhUka 5 43. zAmI17 45. bANa 47. aJjana21 28. kaMcananAra 30. palAsa 32. tamAla 34. pipalI 36. nIpa00 38. laGgalI12 40. sephAlI14 42. kUSmANDI 16 44. japa18 46. azana' (pIlA zAla) 48. lavalI22 1. candra0, 6.6 2. dvayA0, 6.3 3. dvayA0, 44 4. candra0, 2.17, dharma0, 3.25, padmA0, 2.64 5. dharma0, 3.34, padmA0, 2.64, pari0 2.36, pradyu0, 7.43 6. varAGga0, 22.70, candra0, 6.2, padmA0 2.64, vasanta0, 6.45 7. padmA0, 2.64 8. dvayA0,4.63 6. dvayA0, 5.98 10. pradyu0, 11.87, dvayA0, 3.41 11. dvayA0, 5.20 12. dayA0, 5.10 13 dvayA0, 15.60 14. dvayA0, 3.37 15, dvayA0, 3.28 16. dvayA0, 1.76 17. dvayA0, 15.60 18. dvayA0, 1.26, vasanta0 6.46 19. candra0, 2.10 20. varAGga0, 21.66 21. pradyu0, 6.2, dvayA0 6.61 22. dayA0, 3.37 triSaSTi0, 4.5.5

Page #255
arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 221 50. nimba2 (nIma) 46. ketakI' 51. zilidhra , (ga) pazupAlana vyavasAya pAlatU pazu kRSi udyoga kA pazu pAlana vyavasAya se bhI ghaniSTha sambandha rahatA hai| hala Adi calAne, anAja kI cuTAI karane tathA khetoM ko urvarA banAne meM pazunoM se vizeSa sahAyatA lI jAtI thii| pAlocya kAla meM pazupAlana vyavasAya pragati para thaa| gAya, bhaisa baila, U~Ta, ghor3A Adi pazuoM ko pAlane kI vizeSa carcA prApta hotI hai|4 vajoM meM gAyoM ko pAlane tathA svAdiSTa dUdha dene vAlI uttama maiMsoM kA bhI ullekha pAyA hai / 5 bailoM ke jhuNDoM dvArA jalAzaya meM pAnI pIne ke liye jAne kA ullekha bhI pAyA hai|6 'ghoSa' nAmaka grAma isa kAla meM pazu-pAlana ke lie vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha ho cuke the / 'goSTha mahattara' dvArA dahI pora ghI dvArA rAjA kA svAgata karane ke ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki ahIra Adi jAtiyAM pazupAlana vyavasAya karatI thIM / gAr3iyoM ko calAne ke lie prAyaH bailoM athavA UMToM ko prayoga meM lAyA jAtA thaa| ghor3e, hAthI, U~Ta, khaccara, gadhe Adi se bhI bojhA Dhone kA kArya liyA jAtA thaa| yuddhopayogI pazu pazuoM meM se ghor3e, hAthI, khaccara, UMTa, baila Adi kA senA meM bhI 1. varAGga0, 7.28, jayanta0, 13.28, pradyu0, 11.87, vasanta0, 10.75, kIrti0, 7.50 2. varAGga0, 7.41 3. pradyu0, 11.87, vasanta0, 6.22 4. varAGga0, 0.15, padmA0, 10.46 5. nirguNaH smAritakAmadhenuvrajA yatra gavAM vibhAnti / svAdiSTadugdhena mudhAsudhApi yAsAM mahiSyazca manoharAstA: // ___-jayanta0 1.31 tathA varAGga0, 21.47, candra0, 2.123, dharma0, 4.30 6. candra. 1.65 7. yoSastvAbhIrapallikA / abhi0 4.67 tathA tu0-varAGga0, 1.26 8. vahI, tathA tu0-saMbhramagoSThamahattaraH / pathi puro dadhisapirupAyanAnyupahitAni / candra0, 13.41 9. varAGga0, 6.15, candra0, 25-26

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222 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA thaa|' 'caturaGgiNI' senA meM AdhI senA ghor3oM tathA hAthiyoM se hI banatI thii| phalataH hAthI tathA ghor3oM ke lakSaNoM kI parIkSA karane ke nimitta 'gajazAstra' tathA 'azvazAstra' kA tatkAlIna vidyAoM meM vizeSa sthAna bana gayA jA / kAmboja, vAnAyuja, vAhlIka, pArasIka Adi jAtiyoM ke ghor3e yuddha kI dRSTi se utkRSTa samajhe jAte the| hAthiyoM ke bhadra, mandra, mRga prAdi bheda pracalita the|4 isa prakAra yuddha kI dRSTi se hAthI tathA ghor3e isa yuga ke sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa pazu the| yuddha prayANa ke avasara para bailoM, khaccaroM tathA UMToM dvArA sAmAna Dhone ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiM / 5 yuddhopayogI pazuoM kI surakSA tathA AvAsa-vyavasthA para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thaa| murgApAlana gAMvoM meM murgA pAlana vyavasAya bhI pracalita thaa| 'nigama' grAmoM meM murgoM kI uchalakUda karane ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiN| eka gAMva ke murge dUsare gAMvoM meM pAte jAte rahate the|' murgoM kI lar3AI jana-sAdhAraNa meM manoraJjana kA vizeSa mAkarSaNa rahI thii| daNDI ke dazakumAracarita meM bhI murgoM kI lar3AI kA varNana pAyA hai / 10 isa prakAra Alocya kAla meM grAmoM meM murgA-pAlana vyavasAya eka mahattvapUrNa vyavasAya thA / prAyaH ise nimna jAti ke loga karate the| vanya pazumoM kI jyAvasAyika upayogitA hiraNa, siyAra, sUara, vRka, rUruca, nyahavIlaka, siMha, bAgha, camarI mRga Adi 1. dvisa0, 14.36-38 tathA candra0, 13.27-26, 14.57, 60, 63-65, 2. candra0, 15.56 3. kAmbojavAnAyujavAlikAH hayAH sapArasIkAH pathi citracAriNaH / -dharma0, 6.50 4. bhadrAzca mandrAzca magAzca ke'pi ye / -dharma0, 6.46 5. draSTavya-prastuta grantha, pR. 159-60 6. vahI, 162-63 7. kukkuTAnmeSamArjArAnnakulAllAvakAzunaH / -varAGga0, 5.66 parasparaM grAmasahasradarzino nipeturabhyarNatayA hi kukkuTAH / -vahI, 21.44 8. kRkvaatkRtptnkssmaannRpH| -dvisa0, 4.46 6. varAGga0, 21.44 10. dazakumAracarita, 2.5

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 223 ko mAMsa athavA camar3e ke lie bhI mArA jAtA thaa|' camar3oM se nirmita vividha prakAra ke vAdya yantroM kA nirmANa hotA thaa| camarI mRga kI pUMcha ke bAloM se bhI vyAvasAyika upayoga hone kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / 2 muta-hAdhiyoM se hAthI-dAMta tathA motiyoM Adi kA vyApAra bhI Arthika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa vyavasAya rahA thaa| saMbhavata: vyApArI loga bhIloM Adi se hAthI dAMta kharIdakara isakA vyApAra karate the| pazu pakSiyoM se durvyavahAra jainAcArya jaTasiMhanandi ne pazoM tathA pakSiyoM ke sAtha durvyavahAra karane kI nindA kI hai|5 prAyaH hAthI, ghor3e, UMTa, gadhe, khaccaroM Adi pazuoM para apekSA se adhika vajana lAdA jAtA thA tathA inheM bhUkhA pyAsA rakhA jAtA thaa| dhArmika dRSTi se pavitra mAne jAne vAle gAya jaise pazu ko bhI sAmAjika zoSaNa tathA damanapUrvaka vyavahAra kA zikAra honA par3atA thaa| prAyaH pazuoM ko DaNDoM, aMkuzauM, cAbukoM, rassiyoM Adi se mArA pITA bhI jAtA thaa| pazu-pakSiyoM ke gale meM moTI rassI bAMdha dI jAtI thii| kucha pazu-pakSiyoM ko vizAla piMjar3oM meM banda kara diyA jAtA thA athavA usake pAMvoM meM rassI bAMdha dI jAtI thii| AkheTaka prAyaH kabUtara, lavaka, vartaka, mora, kapiMjala, TiTibha, Adi pakSiyoM ko dAnA DAlakara jAla meM phAMsa lete the| isI prakAra pAkheTakoM dvArA nadI, tAlAba prAdi sthAnoM para 1. varAMga0, 6.21 2. vahI, 6.26 3. vahI, 6.26 4. dantavANijyaM hastyAdidantAdyavayavAnAM pulindAdiSu dravyadAnena tadutpatti sthAne vANijyAthaM grahaNam / -(sAgAra dharmAmRta, 5.23, para TIkA), jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 4, pR. 422 se uddhRt| 5. varAGga0, 5.26 6. vahI, 6.15 7. vahI, 6.16 8. vahI, 6.17 6. vahI, 6.17 10. vahI, 6.17

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224 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja jala pIne ke lie Ae hue baguloM, sArasoM, jalamugiyoM Adi pakSiyoM ko mAra dene ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiN|' isa prakAra pazu-pakSI manuSyoM se sadaiva bhayabhIta rahate the| .. (gha) vANijya vyavasAya vyApAra kA svarUpa jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM pratipAdita vyApAra tathA kraya-vikraya sambandhI ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vANijya vizeSa pragati para thA / vaizyavarga vANijya ko apanA janmasiddha adhikAra mAnatA thaa|2 khAnoM se, setuoM se, tathA vaNikpathoM se rAjA dvArA kara prApta karane ke ullekha yaha bhI spaSTa kara dete haiM ki dhAtu vyApAra tathA samudra vyApAra vizeSa pragati para thaa| nagara ke bAjAroM kI samRddhi kA mukhya kAraNa khanija utpAdana tathA vyApAra rahA thaa| bhArata tathA anya, nepAla, cIna Adi dezoM ke madhya bhI vyApArika vastuoM ke AyAta-niryAta hone ke saMketa prApta hote haiM / 5 AdipurANa meM spaSTa rUpa se samudra-vyApAra kA varNana pAyA hai| isI sandarbha meM vyApAriyoM kI naukAnoM kA mArga meM TUTa jAnA, A~dhI tuphAnoM meM naukAoM kA phaMsa jAnA prAdi samudrI vyApAriyoM ko aneka mArgagata kaThinAiyoM kA ullekha bhI pAyA hai|6 sthalamArga se vyApAra karane vAle vaNikoM kI 'sArtha' saMjJA pracalita thii| ye sArthavAha kisI 'sArthanAtha' ke netRtva meM deza-dezAntaroM meM jAkara vyApAra karate the| sArthavAhAdi vyApArI adhikAMza rUpa se vibhinna prakAra ke motI mANikyAdi tathA sone-cAMdI Adi kA vyApAra karate the| 1. vahI, 6.16 2. kalAkauzalameva syAd, vaNijAM vatsa jIvanam / --padmA0, 7.50; bhavanti vaizyAH zUdrAzca, kalAkauzalajIvinaH / -padmA0, 7.53; __ zlAghya kurvan tat karma yannavAtmakulocitam / -padmA0, 7.55 3. vaNikpathe khaniSa, vaneSu setusu / dvisa0, 2.13 4. dvisa0, 1.34, 2.28, candra0, 1.18 / 5. tatazcacAla nepAlaM prAvRTkAle'pi bAlAt / -pari0, 8.154 6. Adi0, 47.45-108 7. varAGga0, 13.76 tathA Adi0, 46.112-142 8. sa sArthanAtha: pripRcchti| -varAGga0, 13.82, tathA tu0-dezAntaraM prApya samAntareSu / varAGga0, 14.62 6. pravAlamuktAmaNirUpyakAJcanarayaM mRtaH sArtha ito nigadyatAm / vahI, 13.78

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya vyApArika kAphile jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki eka sAtha kAphile ke rUpa meM vyApAra karane ke lie jAne vAle variNakoM kI 'sArtha' saMjJA pracalita thI / varAGgacarita meM aise hI 'sArthapati' sAgaravRddhi nAmaka nagara seTha kA varNana AyA hai / varAGgacarita ke anusAra bhI kAphile banAkara vyApAra ke lie jAne vAle vyApArI 'sArtha' kahalAte the / 'sArthavAhAdhipati' rAjAoM ke samAna hI dhana, aizvarya tathA senA, guptacara Adi se sampanna hote the / mArga meM jAte hue inake sAtha aneka guptacara bhI rahate the jo kAphile ko cora-dasyutroM Adi ke Ane kI pUrvasUcanA de dete the / barAGgacarita meM ullikhita varNanoM ke AdhAra para sArthavAhoM ke guptacara dvArA eka vyakti ko sandigdhAvasthA meM ghUmate hue dekhakara 'kahA~ jAte ho ? kyA DhUMDha rahe ho ? kyA prayojana hai ? tumhAre svAmI kA kyA nAma hai ? usakA sainya bala kitanA hai ? yahA~ se kitane yojana kI dUrI para ThaharA hai ? Adi pUchatAcha karane kA ullekha huA hai / isase jJAta hotA hai ki sArthavAha-varga jaGgalI pulinda prAdi jAtiyoM ke logoM se sadaiva bhayabhIta bane rahate the / pulinda zrAdi jAtiyAM bhI senA sahita sArthavAhoM ke kAphile parAkramaraNa kara dhana-sampatti lUTa liyA karatI thiiN| inhIM kAraNoM se sArthavAha loga kAphile meM sazastra senA bhI rakhate the / varAGgacarita meM sArthavAhoM tathA pulindoM ke madhya ghora yuddha hone kA ullekha bhI zrAyA hai 5 1. kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR0 646 2. samUcivAnsaMsadi sArthanAyakaH / - varAGga0, 13.85, pradApya pAdyaM vaNijAM patistato / - vahI, 13.87 3. varAGga0, 13.76, tathA 14.64 4. vahI, 13.86-86 tathA sarga-14 225 5. vahI, 13.78, 14.6 6. kva yAsi kiM pazyasi ki prayojanaM kva vezvaro vA kva ca tasya nAma kim / kiyalaM vA katiyojane sthitaM vadeti saMgRhya babandhurIzvaram || - vahI, 13.77 7. vahI, 14.11, 13-15 8. pulindakAnAM vaNijAM ca ghoraM muhUrtamevaM samayuddhamAsIt / --vahI, 14.23

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226 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja nagara seThoM kA Arthika vaibhava vyApAra karane vAle logoM ko sAmAnyatayA 'variNaka' kahA jAtA thaa| kintu inake adhipati ke lie 'sArthanAtha'' 'sArthanAyaka'2 'sArthAdhipati'3 'variNakpati',4 'vaNikzreNinAtha'5 Adi saMjJAnoM kA prayoga huaA hai| 'variNazreNinAtha' vizeSaNa vyApAriyoM ke saMghaTita svarUpa (guild) para bhI prakAza DAlatA hai| 'sAgaravRddhi' jaise sArthavAhAdhipati dhana dhAnya sampanna vyApArI hote the| prAyaH ye mUMgA, motI, maNi, sonA, cAMdI Adi bahumUlya vastuoM se sampanna hote the| sArthapati sundara vastrAbhUSaNoM, sugandhita mAlAoM Adi upabhogya vastuoM kA sevana karate the| inake adhIna jIvikopArjana karane vAloM meM yuddhakarma-vyavasAyI sainika, hAsyAdi lalita kalAoM ke jJAtA, naTa, nartaka, saGgItajJa, bhANDa (svAMga karane vAle) prAdi hote the / ye sabhI loga kAphile ke sAtha-sAtha jAte the| cora dasyuoM dvArA AkramaNa karane para sainikoM Adi se tathA variNakoM ke manoraJjanArtha naToM, nartakoM Adi se AvazyakatAnusAra kArya liyA jAtA thaa| videzoM se vyApArika sambandha jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM videzI vyApAra dvArA AyAtita katipaya vastuoM kA ullekha pAyA hai| hemacandra ke pariziSTaparva ke anusAra nepAla deza ke 'ratnakambala' prasiddha the / kozA nAmaka vezyA dvArA nepAla ke ratnakambala ke prati icchA prakaTa karane para jaina muni dvArA nepAla jAkara 'ratnakambala' lAne kA ullekha AyA hai / 'ratnakambala' kA mUlya eka lAkha (mudrAeM) kahI gaI haiN| yaha kambala itanA halkA tathA komala hotA thA ki ise bAMsa kI char3I meM bhI chipAkara rakhA jA sakatA thaa|' padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM bhI 'maNikambala' kA ullekha AyA hai tathA 1. varAGga0, 13.82 2. vahI, 13.85 3. vahI, 13.81 4. vahI, 13.87 5. vahI, 13.88 6. nepAlabhUpo pUrvasmai sAdhave ratnakambalam / -pari, 8.153, tathA candra0, 722, tathA vardha0, 14.32 7. pari0 8.154 8. vahI, 8.156 6. vezyAkRte'sya vaMzasyAntaH kSiptoratnakambalaH / vahI, 8.160

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zrarthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 227 isakA mUlya eka lAkha dInAra kahA gayA hai / " zalya cikitsA kI dRSTi se bhI 'ratnakambala' kA vizeSa mahattva rahatA thA / 2 aneka jaina mahAkAvyoM meM, 'cInAMzuka' (cInI zilka) kA ullekha milatA hai / 3 cAlukyakAlIna gujarAta ke samaya meM bhArata ke cIna tathA jAvA se ghaniSTha vyApArika sambandha rahe the / 4 nagaroM ke bAjAra upabhogaparaka vividha prakAra kI vastunoM ke lie jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM varita nagara vizeSa rUpa se samRddha rahe the / ' nAgarikoM dvArA kraya-vikraya kiye jAne ke kAraNa ina nagaroM meM rAta-dina cahala-pahala rahatI thI / 6 ina bAjAroM ko 'vaNikpatha' (Market ) kahA gayA gayA haiM 7 tathA inameM sthita dukAnoM ko 'ApaNa' saMjJA dI gaI hai| yuddha prayANa ke samaya bhI vaNik varga senA ke sAtha-sAtha jAtA thA tathA sainika par3AvoM para kapar3e ko tAna kara asthAyI dukAneM banAI jAtI thIM / candraprabhacarita meM isa prakAra kI dukAnoM kA ullekha zrAyA hai / 1deg samRddhi kI dRSTi se nagaroM ke bAjAra pratyeka dRSTi se utkRSTa tathA sampanna kahe gaye haiM / prAyaH vyApArI varga nagara ke logoM kI AvazyakatAnusAra vastueM apane pAsa rakhate the / 11 ina vyApAriyoM kI kraya nIti tathA vyAvahArika bhASA kI bhI 1. padmA0, 6.56 2. vahI, 6.86 3. saccInapaTAMzukakambalAni / - varAMga0, 7.21 citranetrapaTacInapaTTikA / - candra0, 7.23, vardha0, 24.32 Majumdar, A.K., Chaulukyas of Gujrat, Bombay, 1956 p. 268 4. 5. varAGga0, 1.36, dvisa0, 1.32-35 6. naktaM divaM krayaparikrayasaktamartyam / - varAGga0, 1.40 7. afterthe khaniSu vaneSu / - dvisa0 2.13 8. yadApaNA bhAnti catuH payodhayaH / dvisa0, 1.32 6. vaNigbhiragragartaH paTamayAparaNarAjitAntAH / - candra0, 14.44 10. 11. vahI, 14.44 tasminpure prativasatsulabhaM ca vastu / -- varAGga0, 1.39 tathA dvisa0, 1.34

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228 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja prazaMsA kI gaI hai| vyApAriyoM kA ziSTa vyavahAra hone ke kAraNa tathA pratyeka vastu dukAnoM meM sulabha hone ke kAraNa grAhakoM ko nagara se bAhara jAne kI AvazyakatA nahIM pratIta hotI thii|' vyApArI prAya: vikreya vastuoM ke prayoga ke sambandha meM bhI pUchatAcha kara lete the| kabhI-kabhI dhArmika uddezya se kraya kI jAne vAlI bahumUlya vastu kA bhI vaNik loga mUlya nahIM lete the| padmA0 mahAkAvya meM jaina muni ke upacArArtha kraya kI jAne vAlI eka-eka-lAkha dInAra mUlya vAlI vastuoM kA mUlya svIkAra nahIM kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra nagaroM ke bAjAroM meM sauhArdapUrNa vAtAvaraNa hone kA ullekha pAyA hai| jaina lekhakoM ne bAjAroM ke mApa taula sambandhI vyApAriyoM kI imAnadArI ko vizeSa sarAhA hai|" vikrayArtha phuTakara vastueM __ varAGgacarita tathA dvisandhAna mahAkAvya meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki nagaroM ke . bAjAroM meM durlabha se durlabha vastu bhI prApya thii|5 udAharaNArtha dhAtuoM meM sonA, phUloM meM parAga, dhana padArthoM meM vajra, jalotpanna vastuoM meM motI jaisI bahumUlya vastueM bhI krayArtha upalabdha rahatI thiiN| isI prakAra eka sthAna para vibhinna prakAra kI lakar3iyoM meM devadAru lakar3I ke bhI upalabdha rahane kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| bAjAroM meM vikraya kI jAne vAlI vastuoM ke antargata bahumUlya hIre, motI ratnoM Adi ke antargata pravAla, muktA, nIla, karketana, vajra, gAruDamaNi, vaiDUrya, mahendranIlamaNi, candrakAntamaNi, padmamaNi, zaMkha, sUkti Adi ullekhanIya haiM / dhAtuoM ke antargata, sonA, cAMdI,tAMbA, lohA, zIzA vikrayArtha upalabdha rahatA thaa|' 1. dvisa0, 1.35 2. padmA0, 6.57 3. vinAzi gRhNAmi dhanaM na mUlye, kAGkSAmi kintvakSayameva dharmam / -padmA0 6.65 4. prasiddhanAviruddhena maanenaavybhicaarinnaa| vaNijastArkikAzcApi yatra vastu pramIyate / / -candra0, 2.142 5. varAMga0, 1.36, tathA dvisa0, 1.34 6. dvisa0, 1.34 7. vahI, 1.36 8. dvisa0, 1.32, varAGga0, 7.4-5, 22.64-65 6. candra0, 7.84, vardha0, 14.30, dvisa0, 1.33

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229 arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya inase bane aneka prakAra ke prAbhUSaNoM, AyudhoM tathA anya upakaraNoM ke vikrayA upalabdha rahane kI sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai / mahatvapUrNa vastroM ke antargata paTI, paTakSoma, dukUla, kambala, rezamI vastra, sUkSma vastra, cInI vastra, kamarabanda, aMzuka, ratnakambala, maNikambala, takiyA, zayyA, Adi vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN|' pamAnanda mahAkAvya meM eka sthAna para spaSTa rUpa se 'maNikambala' tathA 'gozIrSacandana' kA eka-eka lAkha dInAroM meM vikraya kie jAne kA spaSTa rUpa se varNana pAyA hai| mudrA tathA kraya zakti prAcIna kAla se hI bhAratIya vyApAra meM rupayoM mAdi ke vyavahAra se vastuoM kA kraya-vikraya hotA thaa| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM vyApArika sandarbho meM vinimaya sambandhI mudrAoM kA adhika ullekha nahIM A pAyA hai| padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM eka sthAna para eka lAkha dInAroM kA prayoga vyApArika lena-dena ke sambandha meM hI huyA hai| isI prakAra hammIra mahAkAvya meM bhI alAuddIna dvArA hammIra se eka lAkha svarNa mudrAeM (svarNalakSam) mAMgI gaI thiiN| ina do ullekhoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki madhyakAlIna bhAratavarSa meM 'dInAra' tathA 'svarga' athavA 'suvarNa' mahattpUrNa mudrAeM rahI hogI / aitihAsika dRSTi se 'dInAra' tathA 'suvarNa' kA gupta lekhoM meM bhI prayoga huA hai| 'dInAra' ko 'kevar3ika' bhI kahA jAtA thA / ' nizIthabhASya ke anusAra mayUrAMka nAmaka rAjA ne apane nAma se cihita 'dInAroM' ko bhUmi meM gAr3a rakhA thaa| 'dInAra' nAmaka sikkoM para 'mora' cihnita rahatA thA tathA sarvaprathama isakA prayoga 'kumAragupta' ne kiyA / tadanantara skandagupta tathA bhAnugupta dvArA calAe gae'dInAra' sikkoM meM bhI mora kA cihna banA rahatA thA / 8 jagadIza candra jaina ke 1. dvisa0, 1.33, candra0, 7.23, tathA vadhaM0, 14.32 2. padmA0, 6.56 3. vRddho variNag vastuyugasya mUlyamekaikadInArakalakSamUce / -padmA0 6.56 4. lat svarNalakSaM caturo gajendrAn / -hammIra0, 11.60 5. e0 esa0 altekara, guptakAlIna mudrAeM, paTanA, 1954, pR0 209 6. jagadIza candra jaina, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR. 186, pAda Ti. 2 7. nizIthabhASya, 13.4315 8. jagadIza candra jaina, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 186

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230 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja anusAra IsvI kI prathama zatAbdI meM, kuSANa kAla meM roma ke 'Dineriyasa' nAmaka sikke kA yaha pratirUpa rahA thaa|' _ 'suvarNa' nAmaka sikke kA prayoga jaina Agama grantha 'nizIthasUtra' meM bhI huA hai| aisI saMbhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai ki saMskRta 'svarNa' tathA 'suvarNa' paryAyavAcI rahe hoNge| dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM jina anya mudrAparaka ikAiyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai unameM 'rUpya'3 'kArSApaNa',4 'niSka',5 'paNa', 'kokaNI', 'suvarNa' 'zUrpa' Adi nAma ullekhanIya haiM / dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM 'lohitika'10 nAmaka lohe kI mudrA kA bhI ullekha AyA hai| ___nAraGga mahodaya ke anusAra, 'rUpya' athavA 'rUpaka' mudrAeM eka hI rahI thiiN|" abhaya tilaka gariNa ke anusAra bIsa rUpakoM meM kharIdI gaI vastu 'viMzatika' kahalAtI thii| 2 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ke anusAra yaha bIsa mASoM ke barAbara kI mudrA rahI hogii|13 saurASTra ke dakSiNastha dvIpa' ke do 'sAbharaka' ko uttarApatha ke eka 'rUpyaka' ke tulya, uttarApatha ke do 'rUpyaka' ko pATaliputra ke eka 'rUpyaka' ke tulya dakSiNApatha ke do 'rUpyaka' ko kAMcIpurI ke eka 'nelaka' ke tulya tathA kAMcIpurI ke do 'nelaka' ko pATaliputra ke eka 'nelaka' ke tulya svIkAra kiyA jAtA thaa|14 kambaloM ke mUlya 18 'rUpyaka' se lekara eka lAkha 'rUpyaka' taka bhI hote the / 15 1. vahI, pR. 188, pAda Ti08 2. nizIthasUtra, 5.35 3. rUpyasya prtikii| -dvayA0, 17.76 4. kArSApaNikI kAJcanasya kim / --vahI, 17.76 5. naiSkikA baistikA dvitribahAdyA / -vahI, 17.85 6. paNaH kArSApaNaH / -dvayA0 17.87 para abhayatilakagaNikRta TIkA, pR0 385 7. vahI, 17.88 8. dvisuvarNAtrisauNikAMzukA / vahI, 17.83 6. zopikaM vAsanam / vahI, 17.81 10. pAJcalauhitikonmeyam / vahI, 17.82 11. Narang, Dvayasraya, p. 215 12. viMzatI rUpakAdIni mAnamasya viMzatikam / -dvayA0, 17.81 para kRta abhaya0 TIkA, pR0 382 13. Agrawala, V.S., India As known to Panini, p. 269 14. jagadIza candra jaina, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 189 15. bRhatkalpabhASya, 3.3890

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 331 'kArSApaNa' nAmaka mudrA rAjA bimbasAra ke samaya meM bhI pracalita thI / saMgha ke niyamoM ko banAte samaya buddha ne ise eka 'sTaiNDarDa' 'mudrA' ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI thI / mUlataH yaha svarNa mudrA rahI thI kintu paravartI kAla meM isakA cAMdI ke rUpa meM bhI pracalana hone lagA thA / dazava kAlikacUrNI ke dvArA eka tItara kA mUlya eka 'kArSApaNa' batAe jAne ke kAraNa jagadIza candra jaina mahodaya kA mata hai| ki yaha mudrA tAmbe kI bhI rahI hogI / 3 uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM 'kUTa' (khoTe) 'kArSApaNa' kA bhI ullekha AyA haiM / 'kArSApaNa' ke lie 'karSa' prayoga bhI huA hai| 'niSka' tathA 'gAya' pArasparika vinimaya ke bhayatikaraNa ne eka 'niSka' ko sau 'pala' ke tulya 'niSka' kA mUlya eka sau ATha 'pala' bhI sambhava thA 15 'kAkaNI' (uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM 'kAkiNI' ) hai ' rUpyaka' se alpa mUlya vAlI mudrA rahI hogI / uttarAdhyayana ke eka ullekha ke anusAra eka rupaye se aneka 'kAkaraNI' bhunAI jA sakatI thIM / 1deg prabhayatilakagariNa ke anusAra eka 'kAkaraNI ' bIsa 'karpada' ke tulya thI / 15 vastuoM meM milAvaTa tathA jhUThe mApataula kA prayoga sAmAnyatayA vyApArI mApa taula ke vyavahAra meM imAnadAra hote the / parantu varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM aise bhI kucha vyApAriyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai ki jo vastuoM meM milAvaTa karate the athavA nakalI vastunoM ko asalI vastu ke rUpa meM becate the / isa prakAra ke bhraSTa vikretA prAyaH taka (maThA) dadhi (dahI) kSIra (dUdha ) mApa daNDa bhI rahe the / mAnA hai / 7 svarNa-nirmita 1. jagadIza candra jaina, jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 187 2. Narang, Dvyasraya, p. 214 3. dazavekAlika cUrNI pR0 58 tathA jagadIza candra jaina, jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM, pR0 186 4. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 20.42 Narang, Dvayasraya, p. 214 5. 6. vahI, pR0 214 7. dvayA0, 15.66 para prabhaya0 kRta TIkA, pR0 233 niSko haimnoSTottaraM zataM palaM vA / dvayA0, 17.84 uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 7.11 8. e. 10. vahI, 11. karpa dakaviMzatiH kAkaNI / - dvA0, 17.88 para kRta abhaya0 kRta TIkA, pR0 386

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263 maina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja ghRta (ghI) gur3a Adi meM pAnI tathA anya sadaza vastuoM ko milAkara beca dete the| isI prakAra pravAla (mUMgA), muktA (motI), mariNa tathA sone Adi meM bhI sasza nakalI vastuoM ko milAkara becane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| isa prakAra ke logoM ke lie daNDa ke rUpa meM pazu-jIvana milane kI dhArmika mAnyatA prasiddha thii| isI prakAra mApataula sambandhI beImAnI karane vAloM kI bhI yahI sajA kahI gaI hai| (Ga) zilpa vyavasAya zreriNa-vyavasAya tathA aSTAdaza zreNiyAM Ara0 sI0 majUmadAra mahodaya ke anusAra 'zreNi' vaha viziSTa zabda hai jo vyApAriyoM athavA zilpiyoM ke 'saGghaThana' kA paricAyaka hai|' bhinna-bhinna jAti ke kintu samAna vyavasAya tathA udyoga apanAne vAle logoM ke saGgaThana kI sthiti ko 'zreNi' kA vaiziSTya svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai / bauddha jAtaka granthoM tathA abhilekhoM meM bhI 'zreNi' ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| majUmadAra mahodaya ke anusAra zreNiyoM kI saMkhyA 18 svIkAra karanA eka paramparAgata mAnyatA rahI hai| unhoMne svayaM vibhinna vyavasAyoM ke AdhAra para 27 zreNiyoM ko sUcI prastuta kI hai|' 1. varAGga0, 635 2. vahI, 6.36 3. vahI, 6.35,36 4. ye vaJcakAH kUTatulAtimAnaH paropatApaM janayanti nityam / -vahI, 6.33 5. ramezacandra majUmadAra, prAcIna bhArata meM saMghaTita jIvana, sAgara, 1966, pR0 18 6. vahI, pR0 18 7. vahI, pR0 18 8. vahI, pR0 18 tu0-1. lakaDI kA kAma karane vAle bar3haI (jinameM peTikA kA nirmANa, cakra-nirmANa, gRha nirmAtA tathA sabhI prakAra ke vAhana banAne bAne Adi sammilita haiM) / 2. sonA, cA~dI, prAdi dhAtuoM kA kAma karane vaale| 3. patthara kA kAma karane vAle / 4. carmakAra 5. dantakAra 6. prodayaMtrika (panacakkI calAne vAle) 7. vasakara (bAMsa kA kAma karane vAle) 8. kasakara (ThaThere) 6. ratnakAra (joharI) 10. bunakara (julAhe) 11. kumhAra 12. tila-piSaka (telI) 13. phUsa kA kAma

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 233 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhI 'zreNi' kI sattA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai tathA inakI paramparAgata saMkhyA bhI aThAraha hI mAnI gaI hai / " jaina mahAkAvyoM ke kAla meM zreNiyAM apane niyamoM tathA saMvidhAnoM ke anurUpa saGgaThita rahI hoMgI / 'kyoMki 'zreNi' ke sAtha prAya: 'gaNa' evaM 'pradhAna' prAdi kA vyavahAra huA hai jo spaSTa rUpa se inake 'saGghaThita' svarUpa kA dyotaka hai / varAGgacarita meM ullikhita 'zreNi' ke sambandha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki rAjadarabAra meM bhI vibhinna prakAra kI zreNiyoM ke pradhAnoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA / vizeSa rAjakIya utsavoM ke zravasaroM para ye 'zreNi-pradhAna' vyavasthA sambandhI kAryoM kI dekhabhAla karate the | 3 rAjyAbhiSeka ke avasara para bhI zreNi gaNoM ke pradhAna hI sarvaprathama gandha tathA candana jala se rAjakumAra kA pAdAbhiSeka karate the / padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM 'prazreNiyoM' kA bhI ullekha AyA hai / 5 jIvikopArjana sambandhI takanIkI vyavasAya jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM ullikhita zilpa vyavasAyiyoM tathA anya jIvikopArjana sambandhI vyavasAyoM kI jAnakArI isa prakAra milatI hai karane vAle aura DaliyA banAne vAle 14. raGgareja 15. citrakAra 16. dharmika (dhAnya ke vyApArI) 17. kRSaka 18. machue 16. kasAI 20. nAI tathA mAliza karane vAle 21. mAlAkAra ( mAlI ) 22. nAvika 23. caravAhe 24. sArthaM sahita vyApArI 25. DAkU tathA luTere 26. vana ArakSI jo sArthoM kI rakSA karate the tathA 27. mahAjana / 1. aSTAdazazreNigaraNa pradhAnaMraSTAdazAnyeva dinAni tatra / kazcidbhaTasyAvanipAtmajAyAzcakre vibhUti mahatIM mahadbhiH // - varAGga0, 16. 25; aSdAdazazreNigaraNapradhAnA bahuprakArairmaNiratnamizraH / gandhodakakaizcandanavAribhizca pAdAbhiSekaM prathamaM pracakruH / 3. varAGga0, 16.25 4. vahI0, 11.63 5. padmA0, 16.193 - vahI0, 11.63 tathA'STadazabhiH zreNiprazreNibhirazobhata / - padmA0, 16.193 2. kArustu kArI prakRtiH zilpI zreNistutadgaNaH / - prabhidhAnacintAmaNi koza 3.866, sampAdaka vijayakastUra sUri, mumbaI, vi0sa0 2013, pR0 204

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234 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 1. lohakAra' (luhAra) -lohe kA kAma karane vAle / 2. kulAla (kumhAra)-miTTI ke bartana banAne vAle / 3. kuvinda (julAhA)-kapaDe bunane vAle / 4. raMgareja-vastroM meM raGga car3hAne vAle / 4 5. rajaka (dhobI)- kapar3e dhone vAle / 6. khanika (khAna-majadUra)-khAnoM ko khodane vAle / 7. udyAnapAla" (mAlI)-vanoM kI rakSA Adi karane vaale| 8. nApita' (nAI)-dADhI-hajAmata banAne vAle / 6. kaMcukazrI' (darjI)-kapar3e sIne vaale| 10. hastipaka'0 (mahAvata)-hAthI saJcAlana karane vAle / ise 'mahAmAtra'11 bhI kahA gayA hai| 11. karNadhAra 2(nAvika)-naukA calAne vAle / 12. kandva 13 (halavAI)-pUrI, miSThAna Adi banAne vAle / 14 13. sUpakAra15 (rasoiyA)-bhojana banAne vaale| 14. bhojaka' 6 (baiyarA)-bhojana parosane vAle / 1. dvayA0, 16.46, dvisa0, 5.11-12 2. padmA0, 12.72, dvayA0, 16.63 3. padmA0, 10.73, dvayA0, 17.11 4. dvayA0, 15.42.44 5. dvayA0, 11.37, pari0, 7.67, padmA0, 4.166 6. dvayA0, 11.37 tathA candra0, 1.18 7. varAGga0, 3.6, dharma0, 2.75, pradhu0, 6.27 8. padmA0, 10.72, dvayA0, 16.21 6. dvisa0, 1.4, dharma0, 2.50 10. yazo0, 2.34 11. candra0, 15.21, dvayA0, 11.84 12. dvayA0, 11,53 13. candra0, 14.46 14. candra0, 14.46 15. padmA0, 2.48 16. varAGga0, 23.47

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 235 15. takSaka' (bar3haI)-lakar3I kA kAma karane vaale| 16. zaunika (kasAI)-mAMsa becane vAle / murge Adi pAlane vAloM ko ___'zvapaca' kahA gayA hai|' 17. bhiSaj (vaidya)-cikitsA karane vAle / 18. vaivadhika (kAvaDika)-kaMdhe para kAMvara uThAkara bojhA Dhone vAle / 19. gopAla (ahIra)-sira para ghar3A uThAkara dahI ghI Adi becane vAle / dahI becane vAlI gopa vadhU ke lie 'vallava yoSitA' kA prayoga huA hai| 20. ranopajIvI (nATakakAra)-nATaka likhane vAle tathA nATakoM kA Ayojana karane vaale| 21. naTa10 (abhinetA)-nATakAdi meM kAma karane vAle / 22. bhANDa'-utsavoM Adi para janatA kA manoraJjana karane vaale| 23. vidUSaka 12-hAsya kalAkAra / 24. viDambaka 3 - nakala karane vAle hAsya kalAkAra / 25. gAthika'4 (saGgItakAra)-saGgIta bajAne vaale| 26 vAgIza'5 (gAyaka)-gIta gAne vAle / 1. padmA0, 10.73, 4.167 2. dvayA0, 22.37 3. yazo0, 3.80 4. yazo0, 3.4, pari0, 2.225, hammIra0, 4.71 5. candra0, 13.31 6. candra0, 13.31 para vidvanmanovallabhA TIkA 7. jayanta0, 1.37, nemi0, 1.31, candra0, 16.2 8. candra0, 13.30, 13.41-42, tathA pari0, 11.11. 6. varAGga0, 1.28, 14-4 21.22 10. vahI, 14.3, 23.47 11. vahI, 14.5, 23.47 12. vahI, 23.47 13. vahI, 23.47 14. dvayA0, 11.37 15. varAGga0, 23.6

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236 27. nartakI' - nRtya karane vAlI / 28. vaizyA vezyAvRtti karane vAlI / 26. citrakAra - citrakalA nibaddha karane vAle / 30. vaNik 4 -- phuTakara - mAla vikretA / 31. sArthavAha - bar3e vyApArI / 32. purohita 6 - karmakANDa Adi vyavasAya karane vAle / 33. garaNaka* - jyotiSa vidyA jAnane vAle / 34. mantravid ( projhA ) - mantroM dvArA roga Adi dUra karane vAle / 35. bhaTa (yoddhA sainika ) -- senA meM kAma karane vAle / 36. kRSaka 10 (kisAna) - khetI kA kAma karane vAle / 37. .11 pulinda 38. vidyAbhUtya 12 12 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja -jaGgaloM meM rahakara vyApAriyoM Adi ko lUTane vAle / vibhinna prakAra kI vidyAoM athavA kalAoM ko jAnane vAle | 36. adhyApaka 13. - adhyApana kArya karane vAle / 40. kAvyakAra 14 - kAvya racanA karane vAle / 1. varAGga0, 14.3, dvayA0, 11.37 2. candra0, 14.47 3. dvisa0, 8.44 dvayA0, 6.108, padmA0, 10.73 4. varAGga0, 14:25, candra0, 13.26, padmA0, 6.56, pari0, 11.110-11 vardha, 5. varAGga0, 13.81, padmA0, 2.27, vardha0, 3, 35, pArzva0, 3.62 6. candra0, 15.21, hammIra0, 2.22 7. 0, 5,61 8. varAGga0, 20.66 hammIra0, 4.41 6. dvisa0, 2.37, varAGga0, 14,62, candra0, 15.4, 15.41 15.47 10. pari0, 1.6, jayanta0, 1.37, candra0, 1.13 tathA nemi0, 1.28 11. varAGga0, 14.7, 13, vardha0, 3.39 12. dvayA0, 13.8 13. zAnti0, 1.111 14. dvisa0 1.48,848 ,

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zrarthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 237 uparyukta tAlikA meM kisI vyavasAyI vizeSa ke AdhAra para tatkAlIna vyavasAyoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / kintu kucha aise bhI vyavasAyoM ke prastitva kI sambhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai jinakA saMskRta jaina mahAkAvyoM meM ullekha to prAyA hai kintu usakI kisI pAribhASika saMjJA vizeSa kA nirdeza nahIM huA hai / isa prakAra ke pracalita mahattvapUrNa vyavasAyoM kI sthiti isa prakAra thI - 41. bailagAr3iyoM dvArA bojhA Dhone vAle vyavasAya-baila gAr3I ke lie 'zakaTa' tathA 'gantrI' Adi zabdoM kA prayoga zrAyA hai / ' 42. gannA pirone prAdi se sambandhita vyavasAya -- yantroM dvArA tila, IkSu zrAdi kA rasa nikAlane ke ullekha milate haiM / 43. phala- puSpoM se madirA sambandha meM vibhinna prakAra kI hai / Adi banAne se sambandhita vyavasAya - isa 'madirA' banAne kI sUcanA bhI milatI 44. vRkSoM se ghUpa prAdi banAne se sambandhita tathA anya sugandhita lepAdi vastuoM ke astitva hotI hai| vyavasAya -- kAlA garu dhUpa kI sUcanA bhI prApta 45. zrAyudha nirmANa sambandhI vyavasAya -- aneka prakAra ke dhanuSa, tIra, talavAra tathA anya lauha-nirmita AyudhoM kA Alocya kAla meM nirmANa hotA thA / 46. vAhana banAne se sambandhita vyavasAya - ' rayakartA' kA spaSTa ullekha AyA hai / - 47. gomaya vyavasAya -- upale prAdi banAne se sambandhita vyavasAya kI sUcanA bhI prApti hotI hai / 48. bhikSA vyavasAya - bhikSA mAMgane ko bhI jIvikopArjana se sambandhita vyavasAya ke rUpa meM varNita kiyA gayA hai 8 1. candra0, 13.26 tathA vardha0, 4.4 - 2. pIDyante tilayantreSu IkSuyantre tathApare / -- varAGga0, 5.71 tilatoyekSuyantrANAM ropaNadAvadIpanam / - dharma0, 21.45 piSyante tilapeSaM citrairyantraizca kutrApi / - padmA0, 3.167 3. prariSTamaireyasurAmadhUni kAdambarImadyavaraprasannAH / - varAGga0, 7.15 4. turuSkakAlAgarucandanAnAm / - vahI, 7.6 tathA karpUrakRSNAgurughUpadhUpanaiH / - padmA0, 3.125 5. vizeSa draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR. 168-84 6. dharma0, 21.45, triSaSTi0, 2.6.38 7. pari0, 3.13 5. pari0, 8.230

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238 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 46. vAstu-zAstrIya-vyavasAya --nagara, devAlaya Adi kA nirmANa karanA eka mahattvapUrNa vyavasAya rahA thaa|' 50. lakar3I kATane kA vyavasAya-jaGgala meM jAkara lakar3I Adi kATakara jIvikopArjana se sambandhita vyavasAya bhI pracalita the| __ ina vyavasAyoM ke atirikta corI karanA, DAkA DAlanA tathA lUTamAra karanA bhI vyavasAya ke rUpa meM pracalita ho cukA thA / pandraha prakAra ke niSiddha vyavasAya jaina purANa granthoM kI mAnyatA ke anusAra jana-jIvana se sambandhita vyavasAyoM (sAvadya karmoM) ko 'asi' (sainya vyavasAya), 'masi' (lekhana sambandhI vyavasAya) 'kRSi' (khetI), 'vidyA' (gaNita Adi vidyAoM se sambandhita vyavasAya), 'zilpa' (takanIkI vyavasAya) tathA 'vANijya' (vyApAra)-chaH vibhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA kiyA gayA hai|4 jaina zAstroM meM 15 aticAra niSiddha haiN| ye aticAra kharakarma bhI kahalAte haiM / 5 ina kharakarmoM meM jo 15 karma niSiddha haiM unakA bhI vyAvasAyika dRSTi se vizeSa mahatva hai| ina vividha prakAra ke aticAra tathA sAvadha karmoM ko vyavasAya kI dRSTi se isa prakAra vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai 6 - 1. dhanajIvikA-chinna athavA achinna vRkSa prAdi vanaspatiyoM ko becanA gehUM Adi anAja ko kUTa-pIsa kara becanA prAdi / 2. anojIvikA-gAr3I, ratha, tathA usake cakra Adi bhAgoM ko svayaM banAnA athavA dUsaroM se banavAnA, gAr3I jotane kA kAma svayaM karanA athavA dUsaroM se karavAnA, gAr3I Adi ko becanA Adi / ~ N 1. varAGga0, 21-31 tathA 22.56 2. dharma0, 21.45, padmA0, 4.163, dvayA0, 2.41 3. draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 103-4 4. asimaSiH kRSividyA vANijyaM zilpameva ca / karmANImAni SoDhA syuH prajAjIvanahetavaH // -Adi0 16.176 tathA karmAstreidhA-sAvadyakarmAyA, alpasAvadyakarmAryA, asAvadha karmAzceiti / sAvadyakaryAiH SoDhA-asi-masi-kRSi-vidyA-zilpavaNikkarmabhedAt / (rAjavAttika, 3.36. 2.200.32), jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 4, pR0 421 5. jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 4, pR0 421 6. vizeSa draSTavya--vahI, pR0 422

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arthavyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 3. agnijIvikA -- koyalA zrAdi taiyAra karanA / 5. sphoTajIvikA - paTAkhe Adi visphoTaka padArthoM ko banAnA / 5. bhATakajIvikA - gAr3I ghor3e Adi se bojhA DhulavAnA / 6. yantrapIDana - tela nikAlane ke lie kolhU calAnA tathA tila prAdi dekara tela kharIdanA / 7. nirlAJchana - baila Adi pazuoM kI nAka chedane kA kArya karanA / 8. satIpoSa - hiMsaka prANiyoM ko pAlanA tathA kirAe para dene ke lie dAsa-dAsiyoM kA pAlana poSaNa karanA / 6. saraH zoSa - anAja bone athavA siMcAI Adi karane ke uddezya se jalAzayoM se nAlI khodakara pAnI kiAlanA / 236 karanA / 10. vavaprada - vana meM ghAsa Adi ko jalAne kA kArya karanA / 11. viSavANijya - viSa kA vyApAra karanA / 12. lAkSAvANijya - lAkha kA vyApAra karanA / TaGkaNa (TAkhana-khAra), manasila, gUggala, dhAya ke phUloM tathA tvacA se madya banAnA bhI lAkSA vANijya ke antargata AtA hai / 13. dantavANijya - bhIloM Adi se hAthI dAMta kharIdakara vyApAra karanA / 14. kezavANijya - dAsa-dAsiyoM tathA pazuoM kA vyApAra karanA / 15. rasavANijya -- makkhana, zahada, carabI, madya zrAdi kA vyApAra dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya meM uparyukta 15 vyavasAyoM ko jaina dharma kI dRSTi se niSiddha mAnA gayA hai / ' sAmAnyatayA ina vyavasAyoM kA zrArthika dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva rahA thA parantu jaina samAja meM inheM 'krUra' vyApAra ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA thA / niSkarSa - isa prakAra prastuta adhyAya meM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke zrAdhAra para madhyakAlIna bhArata kI arthavyavasthA sambandhI mahattvapUrNa tathyoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / itihAsakAroM ne Alocya kAla ko Arthika vyavasthA kI dRSTi se pUrNata: sAmantavAdI pravRttiyoM se jakar3A huA mAnA hai| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke srota isa tathya kI puSTi karate haiM tathA yugIna sAmantI caritra ke aneka anAlocita pakSoM para bhI mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlate haiM / aitihAsika dRSTi se jamIMdArI prathA ke udbhava tathA vikAsa sambandhI tathyoM para dRSTi DAlI jAe to aisA pratIta hotA hai ki madhyakAlIna bhAratavarSa ke bhUmidAnoM se isa prathA kI pRSThabhUmi vizeSa rUpa se sudRr3ha 1. dharma0, 21.144-46

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24. jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja hone lagI thii| rAjanaitika sAmanta-paddhati se anuprerita madhyakAlIna bhAratavarSa kI sAmantI arthavyavasthA ko madhyakAlIna yUropa kI sAmantazAhI arthavyavasthA ke sandarbha meM bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| amerikA kI prAcIna thoMgA prAdi jana-jatiyoM meM bhUmi vitaraNa evaM bhUmi-hastAntaraNa kI jo prakriyAeM pracalita thiiN| tadanurUpa hI madhyakAlIna bhAratIya arthavyavasthA bhI apane dizA nirmANa meM agrasara ho cukI thii| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM spaSTa rUpa se jisa Arthika samRddhi kA citraNa huA hai vaha samagra samAja kA Arthika citraNa na hokara sAmanta rAjAoM tathA dhanika varga se hI adhika sambaddha hai| mAlocyakAla meM kRSaka tathA zilpI varga Arthika utpAdana kI vRddhi ke lie sAdhana kI bhAMti prayoga meM lAe jAte rahe the / inhIM logoM ke kaThora parizrama kA hI pariNAma mAnA jAnA cAhie ki Alocya kAla kA upabhoktA-varga aizvarya sampanna jIvana bitAne kA Ananda lUTa rahA thaa| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke kAla meM dhana-sampatti viSayaka jo mAnyatAeM pracalita thIM unameM mudrA saMcaya kI lAlasA se kahIM adhika vibhinna prakAra ke upabhogoM ko bhogane kI mAnyatAeM balavatI hotI jA rahI thiiN| sAmantI caritra kI eka ullekhanIya vizeSatA 'bhUsampatti' ke upabhoga se samprayukta rahI hai / pAlocya kAla meM rAjasattA 'vasudhA-upabhoga' ke mUlya se hI pradhAnatayA kendrita thii| isI 'vasudhA-upabhoga' kI preraNA se rAjAoM ne utpAdana ke mukhya srota grAmoM ko 'mahattara' (mahattama) kuTumbiyoM ke mAdhyama se niyantrita kara rakhA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki isa yuga meM 'strI' tathA 'zilpI' evaM anya sevaka varga rAjA ke sampatti upabhoga ke sAdhanamAtra bana gae the| ___ guptakAla kI arthavyavasthA meM bhI aizvarya tathA bhoga-vilAsa ke malya astitva meM A gae the kintu inakA upabhoga eka vizeSa varga taka eka nizcita mAtrA meM hI sImita rahA thA kintu madhyakAlIna bhAratavarSa meM jitane adhika se adhika sAmanta rAjA tathA unake prazAsakIya niyojaka baDhate gae utanI hI sImA taka aizvaryaparaka jIvana-yApana kA stara bhI bar3hatA gyaa| pariNAmata: kRSi-zilpAdi vyavasAya karane vAle zramika vargoM ko utpAdana ke anupAta se samRddhi kA lAbhAMza nahIM mila skaa| svAyatta grAma-prazAsana kI vivazatAmoM ke kAraNa 'grAma-mukhiyA' Adi sAmantI sattA ke poSaka aura sahAyaka bane hue the / pramukha udyoga vyavasAyoM ke sandarbha meM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki jaina mahAkAvyoM ke srota lagabhaga 50 vyavasAyoM ke astitva kI sUcanA dete haiM / kRSi udyoga isa yuga kA eka pradhAna udyoga thA tathA samagra arthavyavasthA kRSi utpAdana para hI avalambita thii| kRSi udyoga ke sAtha pazupAlana, vRkSa-udyoga Adi kI bhI Arthika dRSTi se vizeSa bhUmikA rahI thii| gyApAra sambandhI jina mahattvapUrNa gatividhiyoM kI ora jaina mahAkAvyoM ke varNana kendrita haiM unameM sArthavAhoM kI vyApArika gatividhiyAM vizeSa rUpa se vizada huI haiN|

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artha-vyavasthA evaM udyoga-vyavasAya 241 sArthavAhoM ke kAphiloM, unake adhIna kArya karane vAle sevaka vargoM tathA unake mArga meM Ane vAlI kaThinAiyoM Adi kA mahAkAvyoM meM vizada varNana AyA hai| vyavasAyacayana kI yugIna pravRtti kA digdarzana karAte hue jaina mahAkAvyoM kI upayogI sAmagrI varNavyavasthA ke anurUpa vyavasAya cayana kI samAjazAstrIya pravRtti ko vizada karatI hai| brAhmaNa varga evaM kSatriya varga ke kulaparamparAgata vyavasAya kramazaH paurohitya vyavasAya evaM sainya vyavasAya rahe the to vaizya evaM zUdra kalA-kauzalajIvI ke rUpa meM rUr3ha ho cuke the| samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se brAhmaNa, kSatriya apane prAcIna gaurava ko khote jA rahe the evaM kulaparamparAgata vyavasAya se jIvikopArjana karate the| sAmantavAdI arthavyavavasthA ke sandarbha meM kRSi-utpAdaka evaM usake vitaraka zUdra evaM vaizya varga ko eka navIna saMghaTita saMcetanA ko rAja saMsthA kI ora se vizeSa protsAhana mila rahA thA tAki sAmantazAhI upabhoktAoM ko adhikAdhika lAbha mila sake / samAja meM kula paramparAgata cayana ko varIyatA dI jAtI thI aura kuletara vyavasAya cayana ko nirutsAhita kiyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra hama yaha dekhate haiM ki bhUmidAnoM kI prathA ne brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya, evaM zUdra varga ke paramparAgata zrama vibhAjana ke mUlyoM ko zithila banA diyA thaa| Arthika paristhitiyoM ke mUlyoM kI apekSA se zrama vibhAjana kI varga cetanA anuprerita thii|

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paJcama adhyAya AvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA sa-vyavasthA vividha prAvAsIya saMsthitiyA~ nagaroM tathA grAmoM meM prAkAra sambandhI bheda kA mukhya kAraNa bhArata kI bhaugolika prakRti rahI hai / prAyaH vana-parvata-nadI se mile hue pradeza grAmoM ke rUpa meM vikasita hote haiM aura eka nizcita sImA taka Arthika samRddhi prApta kara lene ke uparAnta unheM nagaroM ke rUpa meM prasiddhi mila jAtI hai| inhIM bhaugolika tathA Arthika paridhiyoM meM nagaroM tathA grAmoM kI vividha avasthAeM bhI dekhI gaI haiN| nagara, pattana, puTabhedana, grAma, karbaTa, maDamva Adi nagaroM tathA grAmoM ke vikAsa kI hI kramika ikAiyA~ kahI jA sakatI haiM / jaina pAgama granthoM meM pratipAdita vividha prakAra kI AvAsIya saMsthitiyoM kI ikAiyAM isa prakAra thIM 1. gAma (grAma) 2. nagara 3. rAyahANi (rAjadhAnI) 4. nigama 5. prAgara (Akara) 6. pallI 7. kheDa (kheTa) 8. kabbaDa (karvaTa) 6. doNamuha (droNamukha) 10. paTTaNa (pattana) 11. maDamba 12. sambAha (samvAha) 13. prAsama 14. puTabhedana 15. sanniveza 16, ghosa (ghoSa)' Adi / paravartIkAla meM inakI saMkhyA meM nyUnatA pAtI gaI / madhyakAlIna bhArata meM lagabhaga eka darjana nivAsArthaka ikAiyAM prasiddha rahI thiiN| lagabhaga 8vIM zatAbdI I0 se lekara 14vIM zatI I0 taka ke jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM nimnalikhita bAraha prakAra kI AvAsIya saMsthitiyoM kA ullekha pAyA hai 1. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 30.16, prAcArAMgasUtra 1.7.6, kalpasUtra, 7 86, propa pAttikasUtra, 53.6 .

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prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 243 1. grAma 2. nagara 3. nigama 4. rAjadhAnI 5. pAkara 6. kheTa droNamukha 8. maDamba 6. pattana 10. karvaTa 11. sambAdha tathA 12. ghoSa' tIna pramukha AvAsIya saMcetanAeM-grAma, nagara, nigama prAvAsa vyavasthA ke vividha pAyAma yugIna Arthika paristhitiyoM ke hI pariNAma mAne jA sakate haiM jabaki bhaugolika vividhatA se unakI vAstuparaka saMracanA prabhAvita rahatI hai| lokajIvana ke do mukhya prAyAma grAma-jIvana tathA nagara-jIvana haiM / phalataH AvAsa vyavasthA bhI mukhyatayA inhIM do vibhAgoM meM vibhakta rahatI hai| bhAratIya loka jIvana kA yaha eka aitihAsika satya rahA hai ki grAma arthavyavasthA ke mukhya srota rahane para bhI samRddhi kA upabhoga nagaroM dvArA kiyA jAtA hai / prAkRtika svAbhAvikatA grAmoM kA vaiziSTya hai to nagaroM meM kRtrima vaibhava kA saMgrahaNa karane kI hor3a sI lagI rahatI hai| inhIM do ativAdI mUlyoM meM samanvaya sthApita karate hue 'nigama' nAmaka eka tIsarI saMcetanA kA madhyakAlIna bhArata meM vizeSa pallavana huaa| grAma aura nagara kI mizrita vizeSatAoM se saMghaTita 'nigama cetanA' paramparAgata ardha-vikasita nigama grAmoM kA hI svatantra vikAsa bhI thA aura Alocya yuga kI sAmantavAdo arthavyavasthA se pariNamita eka tIsarI AvAsIya saMsthiti kA kRtrima upasthApana bhii| yahI kAraNa hai ki kahIM 'nigama' grAma ke anukUla the to kahIM nagaroM ke sAtha unakI samAnatA kI jA sakatI hai| vyApArika grAma ke rUpa meM tathA ahIra Adi logoM ke nivAsa sthAna ke rUpa meM bhI inakI bahuAyAmI pravRtti ke darzana hote haiN| vividha zatAbdiyoM evaM vividha prAntoM se sambaddha jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ne grAma, nagara evaM nigama saMsthitiyoM ke saMracanAparaka evaM saMcetanAparaka svarUpa ko isa prakAra udghATita kiyA hai 1. grAmAkarAMzcApi maDambakheTAnpurANi rASTrANi bhuunytiity| -varAGga, 12.44 purANi rASTrANi maTambakheTAn droNImukhAnkharvaDapattanAni / -vahI, 31.55 tathA vahI, 3.4, 11.67, 18.75, 21.44, 47-48, 26.86, 31.55; kheTakarvaTamaTamvacayena loke / -pradyumna0, 5.11: grAmAsamagrAnigamAzca |-vrdh0, 10.11; padmA0, 16.162-200; varAGga, 13.43; tathA tu0-mlecchA maDambanagarapAmAdInAmadhIzvarAH / -triSaSTi0, 2.4.170

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244 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 1. grAma grAma kI niruktiparaka vyAkhyA karate hue sUtrakRtAMga kI 'dIpikA' meM sAdhuoM dvArA bhikSA ke lie grAmoM meM jAkara guNoM kA 'grasana' karanA athavA aThAraha prakAra ke karoM ko sahana karanA athavA kaNTaka tathA vATakoM Adi se prAvRta rahanA grAma ke tIna lakSaNa die gae haiN| inameM se antima lakSaNa hI grAma ke vAstavika svarUpa para prakAza DAlatA hai / AdipurANa meM kRSi-kSetra, jalAzaya, nadI, parvata, guphA, kaTIle vRkSa, vana tathA setu Adi grAmoM kI sImAoM ke cihna mAne gae haiM / 3 choTA grAma vaha hai jisameM sau ghara hote haiM tathA bar3A grAma vaha hai jisameM 500 ghara hote haiN| grAma-Arthika utpAdana ke mukhya kendra jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM kRSi athavA pazupAlana vyavasAya karane vAle grAmoM kA adhikAMza rUpa se ullekha pAyA hai / AdipurANa ke srotoM ke AdhAra para zilpi-grAmoM ke astitva kI bhI sUcanA prApta hotI hai| isI kAla meM brAhmaNa jAti ke grAma 'agrahAra' kahalAte the| usI prakAra 'nigama' Adi grAmoM ko mahAkAvyoM ke TIkAkAroM ne 'bhaktagrAma' ke rUpa meM bhI spaSTa kiyA hai| ina 'bhaktagrAmoM' ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM yadyapi aura adhika kucha nahIM kahA jA sakatA tathApi 1. tu0-purAkaragrAmamaDamba0-varAGga0, 3.4, purAkaragrAma0, - varAGga, 21.48, candra0, 6.38, jayanta0, 1.35 tathA vasanta0, 13.43 2. tu0-bhikSArthaM sAdhurdhamati grAme guNAn grasatIti grAmastasmin grAme'thavA grasati sahate'STAdaza vidhaM karamiti grAmastasminnathavA kaNTakavATakAvRto janAnAM nivAso grAmaH / (sUtrakRtAGga--dIpikATIkA) -Stein, Jinist Studies, pR0 4 meM uddhRta 3. Adi0, 16.166-67 4. grAmAH gRhazeteneSTo nikRSTaH samadhiSThitaH / parastatpaJcazatyA syAt susamRddhakRSIvalaH / / -Adi0, 16.165 5. varAGga0, 21. 41, candra0, 1.16, dharma0, 1.43-55 6. varAGga0, 1.26, 21.47, candra0, 2.123, jayanta0 , 1.31 7. nemicandra, prAdi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 71-72 8. rAmazaraNa zarmA, bhAratIya sAmantavAda, pR0 66 6. draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 253.56

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prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 245 itanA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki utpAdita phasala ke vitaraNa kendra' (Distributing Centre) hone ke kAraNa hI inheM 'bhaktagrAma' kI saMjJA de dI gaI hogii| grAmoM ke jana-jIvana sambandhI vizeSatAoM meM 'kRSi-jIvana' pramukha rahA thA / ' kRSi se sambandhita vividha prakAra kI grAmINa gatividhiyoM ke aneka ullekha prApta hote haiN| prAyaH grAma bahuta samIpa hote the| grAmoM meM yAtAyAta ke sAdhanoM meM bailagAr3I (gantrI) Adi anAja Dhone ke mahattvapUrNa sAdhana rahe the| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM isa tathya kA ullekha AyA hai ki Arthika samRddhi hone para 'vaja' (pazu-pAlana karane vAle logoM ke grAma) grAma-sadRza, grAma nagara-sadRza bana sakate the / 5 mahAkAvyoM meM pratipAdita grAma, Arthika utpAdana ke ekamAtra sAdhana rahe the|6 sampUrNa nagaroM tathA rAjya Adi kI Arthika sthiti inhIM para avalambita rahI thii| AThavIM zatAbdI ke mahAkAvya varAGgacarita meM grAmoM ke upabhoga vaiziSTya ko rAjA kI mahAnatA tathA prabhutA kA pratIka mAnA gayA hai| isI prakAra rAjya ke sandarbha meM 'grAma' eka sampatti ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa haiM / 2. nagara vibhinna Agama granthoM kI TIkAnoM se siddha hotA hai ki 'pura' athavA 'nagara' 1. akRSTapacyAnyanavagrahANi kSetraizca sasyAni sadA vadbhiH / -vardha0, 1.6 2. janaiH pratigrAmasamIpamuccaiH kRtA vRSADhyarvaradhAnyakUTAH / -dharma0, 1.48 3. parasparaM grAmasahasradarzino nipeturabhyarNatayA hi kukkuTAH |-vraangg0, 21.44 grAmaiH kukkuTakasaMpAtyaiH / -candra0 2.118 janaiH pratigrAmasamIpamuccaiH / -dharma0 1.48 4. nigamairvahadikSuyantragantrIcayacItkAravibhinnakarNa rndhrH| -vardha0, 4.4 5. vrajAstu te grAmasamAnatAM gatAH puropamA grAmavarAstadAbhavan / -varAGga0, 21.47 6. draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 164-66 7. vahI, pR0 197-201 8. nAtho'yamasmAkamasau kSitIzo bhunaktyayaM grAmasahasramekam / -varAGga0, 8.50 6. varAGga0, 1.33 tathA tu0-abhyantarasya nagarasya bahipradezaH / vahI, 1.34, purAkaragrAmamaDamba0 / -vahI, 3.4, -candra0, 1.21, tathA tu0rASTra nagaragrAmanirantaraM praviSTa: / candra0, 6.38, pradyumna0, 122, tasmin grAmapuraM vadhUnAM, jayanta0, 1.35, kIti0, 1.48, vasanta0, 4.17

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246 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kI prArambhika avasthA 'nakara' thii|' vaha isalie ki inheM kara se mukta rakhA jAtA thaa| AdipurANa ke lakSaNa ke anusAra nagara, parikhA, gopura, aTTAla (aTArI) vapra, prAkAra se veSTita hote the tathA nAnA prakAra ke bhavana, udyAna, jalAzayoM kA bhI inameM vinyAsa hotA thaa|3 vAstuzAstra ke grantha mAnasAra ke anusAra nagara meM krayavikraya Adi hotA thaa| aneka jAtiyoM, zreNiyoM athavA karmakAroM kI avasthiti ke sAtha-sAtha vibhinna dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke mandira bhI inameM hote the|4 mayamata ke nirdezAnusAra cAroM dizAoM meM nagara dvAra gopuroM se veSTita hone cAhie~ / 5 nagara jIvana : Arthika samRddhi kA pariNAma jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM varNita nagara Arthika samRddhi ke kAraNa sAMskRtika dRSTi se vizeSa samRddha rahe the| nagaroM ke mahaloM meM nirantara rUpa se vINA, mRdaGga Adi saGgIta dhvani ke gUMjate rahane kA ullekha AyA hai| isI prakAra aneka prakAra ke utsava-mahotsava, mandira-pUjA, dAna-kriyA, Adi dhArmika kriyA kalApoM ke prati bhI nAgarika vizeSa ruci lete the|7 nagara jIvikopArjana kI dRSTi se samRddha hone ke kAraNa aneka jAtiyoM ke logoM, pASaNDiyoM, zilpiyoM Adi se yukta the / nagara ke sAMskRtika jIvana meM kisI eka bhASA, veza-bhUSA kA Agraha vizeSa nahIM rahA 1. tu0-nAtra karAH santi (uttarAdhyayana TIkA) naiteSu karo'stIti nakarANi (kalpasUtra TIkA) Stein, Otto, The Jinist Studies, p. 5 2. 'Because 'nagara' is explained by 'na+kara'--'not paying taxes' the contrary of a nagara, the grama pays eighteen kinds of taxes (kara)--vahI, pR0 4 3. parikhAgoparATaTAlavapraprAkAramaNDitama / nAnAbhavanavinyAsaM sodyAnaM sajalAzayam / / -jinasena kRta AdipurANa, 16 166 4. udaya nArAyaNa rAya, prAcIna bhArata meM nagara tathA nagara jIvana, pR0 18 5. vahI, pR0 18 6. saGgItagItakaratAlamukhapralAparvINAmRdaGgamurajadhvanimugiradbhiH / - varAGga0, 1.38 snggiitkaarmbhrsnmRdnggaaH| -dharma0, 1.76, kIrti0, 1.52 7. nekaprakArAmahimotsavacaityapUjAdAnakriyAsnapanapuNyavivAhasaMgaH / -varAGga0, 1.41 pradyu0, 1.28, kIrti0, 1.52, 8. pASaNDizilpibahukarNajanAtikIrNam / -varAGga0, 1.44, dvisa0, 1.18,

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prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 247 thaa|' nagaroM meM varNAzrama-vyavasthA kA samyaka-pAlana honA bhI rAjya kI eka mahattva pUrNa vizeSatA svIkAra kI gaI hai / 2 vRddhoM kA vRddhoM ke sAtha, yuvakoM kA gurutroM ke sAtha saMsarga nagara-jIvana kA vaiziSTya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| nagaroM meM vezyAlaya honA pAlocya kAla kI lokapriya vizeSatA rahI thii| nagara-yuvakoM kA vezyAoM ke pAsa AnA-jAnA bhI sAmAnya bAta thii|5 nagara-vezyAeM zRGgAra-prasAdhana kara logoM ko AkarSita karane meM vizeSa dakSatA dikhAne ke lie prasiddha thiiN| neminirvANa tathA pradyumnacarita mahAkAvyoM meM dvArAvatI nagarI kI striyoM kI svacchanda kAma-vAsanA kA sajIva citraNa kiyA gayA hai| zikSA tathA buddhijIviyoM ke zAstra-jJAna se bhI nagara kI zobhA mAnI gaI hai| nirantara vyApAra vinimaya, kraya-vikraya Adi kI gatividhiyoM ke lie nagaroM kA vizeSa mahattva rahA thA / siddhAnta rUpa se yaha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki loga nyAyAjita dhana kA upabhoga karate the|11 isa prakAra jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM upalabdha nagara varNanoM se nagaroM meM rahane vAle logoM kA Arthika stara paryApta UMcA lagatA hai|12 dvisandhAna mahAkAvya meM Ae eka ullekha ke anusAra nagaroM meM jhuggIjhoMpaDiyoM sadRza makAnoM ke abhAva rahane kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai| 1. anekaveSAkRtidezabhASA nirIruyurvIpatinA sahaiva / -varAGga0, 3.16, pradyu0, 1.36 2. yasyAjJayA svapathamutkramituM na zekurvarNAzramA janapade sakale pure vaa| -varAGga0, 1.51 3. vRddhAH sameSu taruNAzca gurupadeze / -varAGga0, 1.43 4. dharma0, 1.75 tathA pari0, 1.81 5. vaizyAGganAH sulalitAH samadA yuvAnaH / -varAGga0, 1.43 6. dharma0 1.75 7. nemi0, 1.36, 41 8. pradyu0, 1.27.46 6 varAGga0, 1.42 gajAzvazAstrasamRddhayA mahatyA nagarI pravizya / -varAGga0, 2.7 candra0, 2.142 10. varAGga0, 1.40, dvisa0 1.18, 2.28, 1.32-35, jayanta 1.42 11. varAGga0, 1.40, candra0 2.142 12. varAGga0, 21.45 13. gRhANi tArNAni bhavanti pakSiNAM kuragajAtina nareSu sadmasu / -dvisa0, 1.36

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248 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja nagaroM meM bhavana-vinyAsa nagaroM meM bhavana-vinyAsa kA stara Arthika dRSTi se vizeSa samRddha rahA thaa| UMce-UMce mahaloM athavA bhavanoM ke bahudhA ullekha prApta hote haiN|' bhavanoM ke lie 'prAsAda'2 'hah3' 'saudha'4 'gRha'5 'geha' Adi saMjJAnoM kA prayoga bhI huA hai| bhavana vAstu ke anusAra sAta maMjile dhanikoM ke makAnoM ko 'hamyaM', cUne kI saphedI vAle sAmantoM tathA zreSThiyoM ke makAnoM ko 'saudha', AyatAkAra AGgana tathA zayanAgAra, agnyAgAra, garbhavezma, Adi se yukta makAnoM ko 'bhavana', rAjanya varga se lekara madhyama varga taka ke vyaktiyoM ke makAnoM ko 'gRha' tathA dumaMjile, zIta dAyaka makAnoM ko 'vezma' kahA jAtA thaa| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM varNita mahaloM kI dIvAreM cUne Adi se nirmita hotI thiiN| inake atirikta kucha aise bar3e-bar3e prAsAdoM ke ullekha bhI Aye haiM jinakI bhittiyoM meM sphaTikamaNi, nIlamaNi, candrakAntamaNi,10 hare raGga kI maNi' Adi12 jar3e hote the| candraprabhacarita meM camakIle patthara se susajjita gRhoM kI bhittiyoM kA bhI ullekha AyA hai / 3 1. gRhairivAbhraMlihazRGgakoTibhiH / -candra0, 1.24 tathA dharma0, 4.18, pradyu0, 1.36 prAsAdakaTavalabhIgopuraiH / -- varAGga0, 1.37 prAsAdacUlAnihitaizcadbhiH / -nemi0, 1.46 3. hayairanekaparivardhitabhUmideze / -varAGga0, 1.38 uccocca hAgrakapotapAlI / -pradyu0, 1.36 yatroccahamyAgraharinmaNInAm / -dharma0, 4.18 nizAgame saudhshirodhirohinno| -candra0, 1.26 sudhAdhavalasaudhacayaH / -vargha0, 5.36 / 5. gRhAgrabhAgollikhitasya0 / -candra0, 1.30 poragRheSu cauraH / -nemi0, 1.42 6. narendragehottaradikpratiSThito jinendrageho maNiratnabhAsuraH / -varAGga0, 21.38 7. sudhAghavalasaudhacayaH / -vardha0, 5.36 8. dRSTvA sphuTaM sphaTikabhittibhAge / - vahI, 1.26 6. yatsaudhakuDyeSu vilambamAnAnitastato nIlamahAmayUkhAn / -vardha0, 1.23 10. cndrmnniprnnddhsaudhaagrbhuumi| -vahI, 1.33 11. harinmaNInAM kirnnprrohai;| - vahI, 1.25 12. ramyANi hANi suvarNaratnamayAni / -jayanta0, 1.42 13. bahudhojjavalopalapraNaddhabhittInigRhANi sarvataH / -candra0, 1.34

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AvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 246 nagaroM ke vAstuzAstrIya cihna 1. parikhA-prAyaH nagara parikhA se AveSTita hote the|' parikhAeM caur3I tathA gaharI hotI thiiN| inameM jala bharA rahatA thaa|' candraprabhacarita ke anusAra parikhAnoM meM haMsoM Adi ke tairane kA varNana bhI pAyA hai / 4 ina parikhAoM kI caur3AI itanI hotI thI ki inameM striyAM bhI snAna kara sakatI thiiN| parikhAnoM ke taToM para vRkSa lage hote the|5 nagaroM ko parikhAnoM se AveSTita karane kI paramparA arthazAstra tathA mahAbhArata ke kAla meM bhI rahI thii|6 rAjadhAnI nagara ko parikhA se prAveSTita karanA surakSAdi kI dRSTi se Avazyaka thaa| parikhAmoM ke tIna bheda haiM (1) jalaparikhA (2) paGka-parikhA tathA (3) shussk-prikhaa| parikhA-jala meM ghar3iyAloM ko chor3ane ke ullekha bhI milate haiN| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM adhikAMza rUpa se jala-parikhA ke hI ullekha milate haiN| 2. gopura-gopura nagara kA mukhya dvAra kahalAtA hai / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke 'gopura' kI dUsarI saMjJA 'pratolI' bhI pracalita thii|' yuddha-prayANa ke avasara para nagara ke mukhya dvAra- 'gopura' se rAjA sahita senA ke nirgamana kA ullekha bhI AyA 1. AveSTya tatpukharaM parikhA'vatasthe / -varAGga0, 1.36 yatparikhA prathIyasI / candra0, 1.22, -dharma0, 1.62, jayanta0, 146 2. babhUva yasminparikhA sasudravat / -varAGga0, 21.33, dharma0, 1.58, nemi0, 3. parikhAmbavIcayaH / -dvisa0, 1-16, yadambukhAtasya taraGgapaktiH / -vardha0, 1.16 4. haMsAvalistasya jahAra cittaM / -candra0 4.72 5. vahI, 2.133-37 6. udaya nArAyaNa rAya, prAcIna bhArata meM nagara tathA nagara jIvana, pR0 236 7. nemicandra, prAdi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 262-63 udaya nArAyaNa rAya, prAcIna bhArata meM0, pR0 242-43 6. prAsAdakUTavalabhItaTagopuraiH / -varAGga0, 1.37 gopurazRGgavartinAm / --dvisa0, 8.46, candra0, 1.25, vardha0, 5.10 10. pratolyAH gopurasya zikharamagrabhAgam / -candra0, 2.126 para vidvanmanovallabhA TIkA, pR0 65

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250 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja hai|' 'gopura' paryApta U~ce hote the / 2 'gopura' dvAroM ko jhaNDe prAdi se sajAyA jAtA thaa| - uparyukta 'parikhA' tathA 'gopura' zatruoM ke prAkramaNa se rakSA karane ke prayojana se banAe jAte the| 3. vapra -arthazAstra ne, parikhA banAne ke bAda jo miTTI khodakara nikAla dI jAtI thI, usI se 'vapra' banAne kA vidhAna kiyA hai|4 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhI prAkAra-parikhA Adi ke sAtha 'vapra' (antarvedI) ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiM / 5 neminirvANa mahAkAvya meM 'vapra-bhitti' ko zubhra kahA gayA hai| ____4. prAkAra-vapra ke Upara 'prAkAra' arthAt parakoTe kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thaa| bahuta UMce prAkAroM dvArA nagara ko prAveSTita kiyA jAtA thaa| prAkAra ko 'paridhi' tathA 'zAla'1deg bhI kahA gayA hai| 5. aTTAlaka-prAkAroM meM jina bujoM kA nirmANa kiyA jAtA thA unheM hI 'aTTAlaka' kahA gayA hai| ye 'aTTAlaka' nagara kI cAroM dizAoM meM hote the|" AdipurANa ke anusAra parakoTe para 'aTaTAlikAoM kI paMktiyA~ banI hotI thIM jo parimANa meM sATha hAtha lambI tathA eka sau bIsa hAtha UMcI thiiN| 2 'aTTAlaka' 1. nirayaNaM puragopuratazcamUH / -candra0, 13.37 2. himAdrikUTopamAsa gopuram / -varAGga0, 31.3 3. dvisa0, 6.51 4. khAtAdvapraM kArayet / arthazAstra, pR0 51, tathA tu0-udaya nArAyaNa, prAcIna bhArata meM nagara tathA nagara jIvana, pR0 244, 5. prAkArapArikhAva, pAritaH pariveSTitam |-cndr0, 2.141, nemi0, 1.47, hammIra0, 1.26 6. yadvaprabhittiH shrdbhrshubhraa| -nemi0, 1.47 7. vaprasyopari prAkAram / -arthazAstra, pR0 52, udaya nArAyaNa, prAcIna bhArata meM, pR0 245 para uddhRta / 8. dvisa0, 1.20, candra0, 2.51, jayanta0, 1.46, kIrti0, 1.46 6. samucchite yatparidho hirnnmye| -dvisa0, 1.20 vibhAti yasminparidhiH / -candra0, 1.23 10. dvisa0, 8.46 11. udaya nArAyaNa, prAcIna bhArata meM, pR0 248 12. Adi0, 16.62

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zrIvAsa vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 351 toraNoM sahita dhvajAoM tathA patAkAoM se suzobhita rahate the / ' 'praTTAlakoM' kI 'valabhI' saMjJA bhI pracalita thI / eka Adarza nagara - zrAnartapura kA vAstuzilpa varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM Anartapura nAmaka eka nagara ko punaH sthApanA kA varNana AyA hai| paurANika mAnyatA ke anusAra zrIkRSNa ne isa sthAna para jarAsaMgha kA vadha kiyA thA tathA vijayollAsa se prAnandita hokara nRtya karane ke kAraNa isa nagara kA nAma zrAnartapura par3a gayA thA / rAjA varAGga ne isa nagara ke paurANika mahattva se prabhAvita hokara isakI punaH sthApanA kI thii| sAtavIM prAThavIM zatAbdI ke nagaroM kI vAstuzAstrIya kalA kI dRSTi se varAGgacarita meM pratipAdita isa zrAnarta - pura ko eka Adarza nagara kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai / 6 nagara cihna - purAne dhvaMzAvazeSoM ke sthAna para jisa navIna nagara kI sthApanA kI gaI thI usakI bhaugolika sImA ke donoM kinAroM para kramazaH nadI tathA parvata the / nagara ke cAroM prora gaharI tathA caur3I parikhA (khAI) kA nirmANa bhI kiyA gayA thA / 7 nagara kA vizAla prAkAra ( parakoTA ) bhI bahuta UMcA banAyA gayA thaa| 5 nagara meM sarovara, vApI, dIrghikAeM, choTe-choTe jalAzaya, vizAla sabhA sthala, mandira tathA zrAzramoM kA nirmANa bhI karAyA gayA thaa| 5 nagaroM meM trika, caurAhe, caupAla Adi bhI vidyamAna the / 1deg nagara meM vyApAra-vinimaya ke lie 1. satoraNATTAlakarva jayantyazcalatpatAkA rucirA virejuH / varAGga0, 22.67 tathA - sagopurATTAlakacitrakUTam / - vahI, 22.57 2. varAGga0, 1.37, dharma 1.76 3. varAGga0, 21.28.40 4. purA yadUnAM vihagendravAno janArdanaH kAliyanAgamardanaH / raNe jarAsandhamabhIrnihatya yannanartarvAnnartapuraM tato'bhavat / / 5. vahI, 21.30 6. tayornadIparvatayoryadantare / - vahI, 21.28 7. vahI, 21.33 8. vahI, 21.33 6. vahI, 21.32, 3.4 10. vibhaktanAnAtrikacatuSkacatvaram / - vahI, 21.34 vahI 21.26

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252 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja bAjAra bhI banAe gae the / ' rAjaprAsAda ke uttara dizA meM eka vizAla jaina mandira bhI banAyA gayA thaa|' rAjaprAsAda kA vAstuzAstrIya svarUpa nagara ke ThIka bIcoM bIca rAjaprAsAda kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thaa| rAjaprasAda ke cAroM ora vizAla gajazAlAeM tathA prAyudhAgAroM kA nirmANa kiyA gayA thaa| rAjaprAsAda ke nikaTa hI koza gRha, dhAnya-gRha, vastrazAlA, tathA auSadhAlaya bhI banAe gae the| inake atirikta rAjaprAsAda ke andara bhI nivAsagRha, rahogRha (gupta-maMtraNA kA sthAna), dolAgRha, (krIr3AgRha), jalagRha, maNDanagRha (sajjAgRha), nandivardhana, (dharmotsavagRha), mahAnasa (pAkAlaya), tathA vizAla sabhA bhavana banAe gae the|5 rAjaprAsAda se sambandhita sabhI bhavana yathAyogya rUpa se tIna, pAMca, chaha, sAta, pATha tathA nau maMjiloM taka bane hue the| nagara ke samIpastha kSetroM meM grAmAdi nirmANa isa nagara ke cAroM ora ke jaGgaloM ko kATakara vizAla rAja-mArga banAe gae the| vanoM ke prAzrama bhI utkRSTa pattharoM tathA sundara pharzoM se nirmita the| nagara kI sImA ke samIpa hI kRSakoM, gvAloM Adi ke grAma banAye gae the| inake atirikta isake samIpa 'nagara' 'pAkara', 'grAma' 'maDamba', pattana' Adi vibhinna prakAra ke prAdyogika evaM vyApArika zAkhA nagaroM athavA grAmoM ke vidyamAna hone ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiN|' isa prakAra AThavIM zatAbdI meM nagara vinyAsa kalA kI dRSTi se varAGgacarita dvArA pratipAdita upayukta prAnartapura-varNana atyanta mahattvapUrNa kahA jA sakatA hai / 1. varAGga0, 21.34 2. narendragehottaradikpratiSThito jinendrageho maNiratnabhAsuraH / -vahI, 21.38 3. 21.34 4. gajAzvazAlAyudhagehapaMktaya: suvarNadhAnyAmbarabheSajAlayAH / vahI, 21.37 5. sabhAgRhaM vAsagRhaM jalAgnidolAgRhanandivardhanam / mahAnasaM sjjnmnnddnaahvyN...| -varAGga0, 21.36 6. vahI, 21.36 7. vahI, 21.36 8. vahI, 21.40 6. vahI, 21.41-44, tathA 47 10. vahI, 21.48

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prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA 253 3. nigama 'nagara' aura 'grAma' AvAsIya saMsthitiyoM ke do mukhya prAyAma rahe haiN| ina donoM kI mizrita AvAsIya saMcetanA 'nigama' ke rUpa meM vikasita huI hai| prArambha meM 'nigama' ardhavikasita AvAsIya saMsthiti ke rUpa meM avasthita rahe the| prAcIna jaina evaM bauddha sAhitya se isakI saMpuSTi hotI hai| madhyakAla kI Arthika paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM 'nigama' saMcetanA apane pUre vega se vikasita huI jisakA jaina mahAkAvyoM meM vizeSa varNana pAyA hai| isase pahale ki madhyakAlIna 'nigama' saMsthiti ke vaiziSTya para prakAza DAlA jAe yaha nirdiSTa kara denA Avazyaka hogA ki ke0 pI0 jayasavAla prabhUti itihAsakAroM ne 'nigama' ke artha-nirdhAraNa ko bhrAmaka dizA pradAna kI hai ina itihAsakAroM ne 'zreSThi-sArthavAha-kulika-nigama' nAmaka eka zilAlekhIya pramANa ke AdhAra para 'nigama' kA 'vyApArika saGgaThana' artha kiyA hai jisake pariNAma svarUpa andhAnugati se anusaraNa karate huye paravartI aneka itihAsakAroM ne 'nigama' ke prAvAsaparaka artha kI upekSA karate hue 'vyApArika saGgaThana' artha ko svIkAra kara liyA hai jo sarvathA ayuktisaGgata evaM tathyabiruddha hai| pro0 pAra0 esa0 zarmA mahodaya ne jaina mahAkAvyoM meM varNita 'nigama' ko AvAsIya 'grAma' ke rUpa meM sAmantavAdI arthavyavasthA kA pariNAma mAnA hai / 2 lekhaka ne Age Ane vAle pRSThoM meM nigama' kI isa samasyA kA aitihAsika dRSTi se punarvivecana kiyA hai aura samagra prAcIna bhAratIya vAGamaya ke pramANoM ke AdhAra para 'nigama' ke 'vyApArika saGgaThana' artha ke aucitya ko cunautI dI hai tathA usakI eka vikasanazIla AvAsIya saMsthiti ke rUpa meM puSTi kI hai / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM nigama-varNana AThavIM se dasavIM zatI I0 ke madhya racita jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM 'nigama' grAma ke artha meM varNita haiN| dhanaMjayakRta dvisandhAna mahAkAvya (8vIM zatI I0) 1. dvisa0, 4.46, candra0, 1.16, 20 133, 5.4, 13.46, varSa0, 4.4, 5.37, 10-11, dharma0, 1.48 2. Sharma, R.S., Indian Feudalism Retouched (article), The Indian Historical Review, Vol. I, No 2, Sep. 1974, p. 326, fn. 4 3. vizeSa draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 264 nigamAnninAdaiH zikhaNDinAM subhagAndhenu hukRtairapi / sa dadarza vanasya gocarAn kRkavAtkRtpatanakSamAnnRpaH / -dvisa0, 4.46

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254 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja vIranandikRta candraprabhacarita mahAkAvya' (10vIM zatI I0) tathA asagakRta vardhamAnacarita mahAkAvya (10vIM zatI I0) ke varNanAnusAra 'nigama' nAmaka grAmoM meM gAyoM ke rambhAne, moroM ke dhvani karane, murgoM kI uchala-kUda karane Adi gatividhiyAM pradhAnatayA variNata haiN| ina 'nigama' grAmoM ke khalihAnoM meM dhAnya Adi ke bar3e-bar3e Dhera lage rahate the tathA inameM ikSuyantroM kA kalarava hotA rahatA thaa| UMce vizAla bhavana inakI zobhA the / dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya meM 'nigama' ke sthAna para 'grAma' zabda kA prayoga huaA hai tathA jisameM vaNita janajIvana uparyukta 'nigama varNana' se 1. (ka) kvacid godhanahuGkArarikSuyantraravaiH kvacit / kvacicchikhaNDinAM nAdainiMgamA yasya sundarAH // -candra0, 2.123 (kha) vitatAkhilakSititalA: pRthavaH zikharAvalIvalayalIDhaghanAH / samatAM yadIya nigamAntagatA dharaNIdharairdadhati dhAnyacayAH // -vahI, 5.4 (ga) zikhAvalIlIDhaghanAghanAdhvabhirbahiH sthitetanadhAnyarAzibhiH / vibhAnti yasminnigamAH kutuhalAdivopayAtaH kulamedinI dharaiH / -vahI, 1.16 (gha) zazikarAkuranirmalagUnbahiHkRta khalAnnijasImapariSkRtAn / budhanibhAnnigamAnsa vilokayannajani hRSTamanA vasudhAdhipaH / / -vahI, 13.46 2. (ka) nigamarvahadikSuyantragantrIcayacItkAravibhinnakarNarandhraH / paripuJjitasasyakUTakoTInikaTAluJcivRvibhUSito yaH // -varSa0, 4.4 (kha) anapetapuSpaphalacArukujanicitaiH sudhAdhavalasaudhacayaH / nigamaiH samujjavalanivAsijanai ragharIcakAra kurUnapi yaH // -vahI, 5.36 (ga) puNDa kSavATanicitopazalyAH kulyAjalaiH pUritazAlivaprAH / tAmbUlavallIpariNaddhapUgadrumAnvitodyAnavanaizca ramyAH // adhyAsitA godhanabhUtimadbhiH kuTumbibhiH kumbhasahasradhAnyaH / grAmA samagrA nigamAzca yatra svanAthacintAmaNayo vibhAnti // -vahI, 1.10.11

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AvAsa vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 255 sAya rakhatA hai / saMbhavataH aneka prAntoM meM 'nigama saMcetanA' grAma ke rUpa meM hI vikasita ho rahI thI / 'grAma' kI nagaronmukhI vikAsa kI pravRttiyAM 'nigama' meM sanniviSTa hotI jA rahI thIM / dvisandhAna mahAkAvya ke TIkAkAra nemicandra 2 tathA candraprabha0 mahAkAvya ke TIkAkAra municandra kI vidvanmanovallabhATIkA 3 (1503 I0 ) ke anusAra 'nigama' - 'bhaktagrAma' ke rUpa meM svIkAra kie gae haiN| isa prakAra madhyakAlIna sAmannavAdI arthavyavasthA ke sandarbha meM ina 'bhaktagrAmoM' kI anAja ke 'vitaraNa kendra' (Distrlbuting Centre) ke rUpa meM saMbhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke varNana 'nigama' ke svarUpa para spaSTa prakAza DAlate haiM / prAya: ye 'nigama' nagara ke samIpastha rAjamArgoM para sthita hote the / 4 ina 'nigama' grAmoM meM rahane vAle gopoM (gvAle, athavA ahIra ) tathA gopavadhunoM ( gvAlinoM) kA bhI ullekha prAyA hai / adhikAMza jaina mahAkAvya dakSiNa bhArata se sambaddha haiM / aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane para aisA pratIta hotA hai ki 'raTTha', 'mAgaraNa' zabda 6 zrandhrapradeza meM nagara - vibhAjana kI saMjJAnoM ke rUpa meM pracalita the / 'nigamAH ' ( prAkRta - riNagamA ) bhASA vijJAna ke 'zabda - viparyaya' nAmaka dhvani - siddhAnta se prabhAvita hokara saMbhavata: kannaDa bhASA meM nagara - vibhAjaka 'mAgariNa' kI saMjJA ke rUpa meM pracalita ho gayA thA / isa prakAra nagara - vibhAjana kI vAstuzAstrIya paramparA kI dRSTi se bhI 'nigama' saMsthiti 1. janaiH pratigrAmasamIpamuccaiH kRtA vRSADhyairva radhAnyakUTAH / yatrodayastAcalamadhyagasya vizrAmazailA iva bhAnti bhAno // - dharma 0, 1.48 2. sa rAmaH yudhiSThirazca nigamAt - bhaktagrAmAn dadarza / -- dvisa0, 4.46 para nemicandrakRta padakaumudITIkA, pR0 67 3. kulabhUdharairiva nigamAH - bhaktagrAmAH vibhAnti / - candra0, 1.16 para municandrakRta vidvanmanovallabhATIkA, pR. 8 candra0, 13.36-46 vahI, 13.42, 13.46, 16.2 4. 5. . Kunduri Iswar Datt, Inscriptional Glossary of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 1967, p. xxxl. 7. 'Magani' or 'Maganl' in Kannada means a part of a Taluk or a District. This Administrative division also is found during Vijaya Nagar period. This word appears to be a part of Rajya or Sima. vahI, pR0 xxxil

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256 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja eka svatantra saMsthiti ke rUpa meM vikasita huii| nagara vikAsa kI pravRttiyAM 'nigama' meM sanniviSTa hotI jA rahI thiiN| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke 'nigama' sambandhI uparyukta varNanoM ke AdhAra para nimnalikhita ullekhanIya vizeSatAoM ko rekhAGkita kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. 'nigama' 'grAma' se bhinna the tathA eka svatantra nivAsArthaka ikAI ke rUpa meM vyavahRta hote the| 2. sAmAnya rUpa se nigamoM kA jIvana grAmINa jIvana se bahuta kucha milatA julatA thaa| nigamoM meM gAyoM ke rambhAne, moroM ke dhvani karane, murgoM ko uchala-kUda macAne Adi kA vAtAvaraNa grAmatulya hI rahA thaa| 3. 'nigama' vyApAra tathA kRSi-utpAdana ke kendra the| inameM ponDA (Ikha kI eka vizeSa jAti) Ikha, supArI, pAna Adi kI bhI phasala hotI thii| ganne ko yantroM dvArA pera kara gur3a Adi banAne tathA use bAjAra meM le jAne ke lie gAr3iyoM ke AvAgamana ke kAraNa inameM vizeSa cahala-pahala rahatI thii| 4. nigamoM ke sImAnta pradezo meM sthita khalihAnoM meM anAja ke bahuta bar3e Dhera lage rahate the / baila anAjoM ke r3heroM meM ghUmakara cuTayAne kA kArya karate the| cuTe hue anAja ko bahuta bar3e-bar3e ghar3oM meM rakha diyA jAtA thaa| anAja kA saMgrahaNa evaM vitaraNa hone ke kAraNa inheM 'bhaktagrAma' kI saMjJA bhI dI gaI thii| 5. nigamoM kA svarUpa nagaroM se bhI milatA-julatA thaa| inameM bar3e-bar3e mahala (saudha) bane hote the tathA samIpavartI sthAnoM meM phala-phUloM ke samaddha udyAna, vana Adi bhI vidyamAna hote the| 6. nigamoM meM rahane vAle logoM kA rahana-sahana UMce stara kA thA tathA dhana-dhAnya sampanna loga inameM nivAsa karate the| 7. kRSi pradhAna grAma hone ke kAraNa inameM gopa Adi ahIra jAtiyoM ke nivAsa kI saMbhAvanA kI jA sakatI hai / 2 8. aAvAsIya muka pracetanAmoM ke sandarbha meM 'grAma' aura 'nagara' jIvana ke atirikta 'nigama' eka tIsare prakAra kI AvAsIya saMcetanA ko mukharita karatI hai jo svarUpa se 'grAma' sadRza thI parantu stara se 'nagara' cetanA kI ora abhimukha ho rahI thii| 4. rAjadhAnI rAjadhAnI mUlataH nagara ke svarUpa kI hotI hai antara kevala yaha rahatA hai ki aneka nagaroM meM se kisI eka ko 'rAjadhAnI' cunA jAtA hai| mayamata ke 10veM

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prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 257 adhyAya meM rAjadhAnI ke svarUpa para vistAra se prakAza DAlA gayA hai / rAjya zAsana, sainya vyavasthA evaM zatruoM ke AkramaNoM kI surakSA Adi vibhinna AvazyakatAoM ko dekhate hue 'rAjadhAnI' kI sthApanA kI jAtI thii| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM varNita nagara vAstava meM 'rAjadhAnI ke rUpa meM hI variNata haiN|' 5. Akara prAgama granthoM kI TIkAmoM se pratIta hotA hai ki 'pAkara' svarNa athavA lauha prAdi dhAtuoM ke utpatti sthAna (khAna) rahe hoNge| yadi isa paribhASA ko svIkAra kara liyA jAe to jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM ullikhita svarNAdi kI khAnoM ko 'pAkara' saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai|5 AdipurANa ke kartA ne 'pAkara' kI paribhASA spaSTa nahIM ki kintu isa grantha ke sampAdaka pannA lAla jaina ne 'pAkara' ke samIpa sone cAMdI ke khAnoM kI avasthiti svIkAra kI hai| padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM nirdiSTa pAda TippaNI meM bhI 'pAkara' ko sone Adi kI khAna mAnA gayA hai| ina sabhI paribhASAoM meM 'pAkara' ko nivAsArthaka nagara bheda ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA hai kintu grAma nagarAdi ke sAtha 'pAkara' kA prayoga nivAsArthaka hI lagatA hai isalie 'pAkara' ko sone-cAMdI kI khAnoM ke nikaTastha grAma mAnanA cAhie / saMbhavataH inhIM khAnoM meM kAma karane vAle karmakAra ina prAkaroM meM rahate hoNge| jaina mahAkAvyoM ke grAma varNanoM ke sandarbha meM aise pAkaroM kA ullekha hone se bhI aisA pratIta hotA hai ki kavi ina grAmoM ke samIpastha khAnoM kA varNana karanA cAhatA hai / ' rudradAman ke jUnAgar3ha zilAlekha' tathA gautamI putra zAtakarNI ke 1. dvijendra nAtha zukla, bhAratIya vAstu zAstra, lakhanaU, pR0 103 2. evaMvidhAM tAM nijarAjadhAnI nirmApayAmIti kutUhalena / -nemi0, 1.38 3. AkarANAM sa viMzatisahasrANAmadhIzvaraH / -padmA0, 16.168, vasanta0, 13.43, tathA varAGga0, 3.4 4. svarNAdyutpattisthAn (uttarA0 TIkA), lohAdyutpattibhUmayaH (kalpa0 TIkA), Jinist Studies, pR0 12 para uddhRta / 5. samujjavalAbhiH kanakAdiyonibhivikAsanIbhiH khanibhiH samantataH / -candra0, 1.18, tathA dvayA0, 11.37 6. AdipurANa, 16.176 tathA hindI anuvAda, pR0 362 7. hiraNyAkarAdaya prAkarAH / -padmA0, 16.266, pR0 362 para uddhRta 8. candra0, 1.18 6. Epigraphia Indica, VII, p. 44

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258 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja nAsika prazasti' meM 'prAkara-avanti' kA ullekha hone se bhI yaha siddha hotA hai ki 'prAkara' nagara ko bhI kahate the| saMbhavataH nagara ke samIpa hone ke kAraNa 'pAkaraavanti' saMjJA pracalita ho gaI hogii| 6. kheTa Agama granthoM kI TIkAtroM ke anusAra miTTI kI dIvAroM se veSTita 'kheTa' kahalAtA hai| sUtrakRtAMga-TIkA dIpikA tathA prAdipurANa ke anusAra 'kheTa' nadI tathA parvata se ghirA huA nagara vizeSa hotA hai / 5 samarAGgaNa sUtradhAra ne 'kheTa' ko nagara tathA grAma ke madhya rakhA hai / 6 hemacandra vistAra kI dRSTi se 'kheTa' ko 'pura' kA AdhA bhAga mAnate haiM / janasaMkhyA ke prAdhAnya kI dRSTi se kheTa zUdroM ke nivAsa sthAna mAne gae haiM / vizvakarmAvAstuzAstra ke anusAra 'kheTa' nAmaka nagara kI sthiti jaGgala ke madhya mAnI gaI hai tathA isameM zabara, pulinda tathA mAMsajIviyoM kA nivAsa hotA thA / zilAlekhoM ke sAkSyoM se puSTa hotA hai ki 'kheTa' nadI ke tIrastha grAma the| 1. Epigraphia Indica, VIII, p. 60 2. Gupta, P., Geography In Ancient Indian Inscriptions, p. 15 3. maDambakheTAnpurANi raassttraanni| - varAGga0, 12.44 kheTa karvaTamaTaMbacayena loke0 / -pradyumna0, 5.11, kheTasahasrAM prapAlaka: -padmA0, 16.168 tathA triSaSTi0 2.4.263 4. dhUliprAkAraparikSiptam / - (uttara0 TIkA); dhUliprAkAropetam / -(kalpa0 TIkA) Jinist Studies, pR0 6 para uddhRta / 5. nadyadriveSTaM parivRttamamita: |-(suutrkRtaangg TIkA) vahI, pR0 6 tathA tu0 prAMzuprAkAranibaddhAni kvacinnadyadriveSTitAni vA kheTAni / 6. bhAratIya vAstu zAstra, pR0 104 7. abhidhAna cintAmaNi, 4.38 / 8. bhAratIya vAstu zAstra, pR0 105 6. kheTasya vAstubhUmistu prAya: kaannmdhygaa| zabarazca pulindaizca saMyutA mAMsajIvibhiH // -vizvakarmAvAstuzAstra 8.20 vAsudeva zAstrI, taMjaura, 1958, pR0 80

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prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 256 mahArASTra ke amarAvatI jile meM ambhorA nadI ke taTa para 'tivarakheTa' tathA 'ghuikheTa' (Adhunika ghui kheDa) nAmaka do grAma base hue the / ' loha nagara 'bhoga' meM bhI 'azvattha kheTaka' tathA 'varada kheTa' ke astitva kI puSTi pravarasena dvitIya ke 'pattana-abhilekhoM' se milatI hai / dadda ke 'sankheDA dAnapatra' ke sAkSya se anya do 'kheTaka' evaM 'kheDa' nAmaka nivAsArthaka ikAiyoM kI bhI sUcanA milatI hai| inameM se 'saGgama kheTaka' viSaya ke rUpa meM tathA 'sankheDA' jile athavA prAnta ke rUpa meM prasiddha ho cuke the| ina donoM kI sthiti gujarAta meM thii|4 'kheTa' ke Arthika vikAsa krama ke ye donoM utkRSTa udAharaNa kahe jA sakate haiN| isa prakAra 'kheTa' prAcIna bhArata kI nivAsArthaka nagara bheda kI mahattvapUrNa ikAI rahI hai / prArambha meM ye argha-vikasita gAMvoM ke rUpa meM the tadanantara Arthika vikAsa kI nirantara unnati se ye 'kheTa' nagara, viSaya, tathA prAnta taka kI bhaugolika sImA taka vyApta hote ge| Adhunika 'kher3A' se 'kheTa' kI tulanA kI jA sakatI hai / Aja bhI bhAratavarSa meM 'kher3A nAma se vyavahRta hone vAle aneka gAMvoM kI sthiti vidyamAna hai| dillI ke samIpavartI gAMvoM meM Aja bhI 'kher3A khurda', 'kher3A kalAM' Adi nAmoM se prasiddha praAvAsIya saMsthitiyAM haiN| yamunA nadI athavA anya nahareM ina gAMvoM ke nikaTa par3atI haiM / sahAranapura sthita Adhunika 'kUaAMkher3A' nAmaka gAMva kA svarUpa aba bhI prAcIna 1. Tiwarkheda Plates of Nanaraja, Epi. Ind., XI, p. 279 2. Pattan Plates of Pravarasena II, Epl. Ind., XXIII, p. 86 3. Sankheda Grant of Dadda IV, Epl. Ind. V, p. 39 4. Gupta, Geography In Ancient Indian Inscriptions, p. 219 5. (1) kheTa-grAma (khuDaca, pAkistAna)-Halsi Grants of Kakustha varmana and Ravivarman, Ind. Anti. VI, pp. 23, 26 (2) kheTAhAra ( saurASTa)-Prince of Wales Museum Grant of Dhruvasena--II, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. New Serles. p. 70 (3) kheTaka-pradvAra (gujarAta)-Bhavanagara Plates of Dharasena III, Epi. Ind. XXI, p. 183 (4) kheTakAhAra (kairA jilA, gujarAta)-Kaira Grant of Dharasena IV, Ind. Ant. XV, p. 339

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260 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 'kheTa' ke tulya banA huA hai, yadyapi gannA, dhAna Adi ke utpAdana hone se yaha anya sAdhAraNa gAMvoM kI tulanA meM samRddha gAMva hai kintu janocita suvidhAoM ke kAraNa isakI bhaugolika unnati avaruddha rahI hai aura purAtana svarUpa barakarAra hai| rahI hai aocita suvidhAoM ke 7. droNamukha nadI ke taTavartI nagara ko 'droNamukha' kahA jAtA hai| sUtrakRtAGga tathA uttarAdhyayana kI TIkAtroM ne bhI ise isI prakAra spaSTa kiyA hai| uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA ne 'bhRgukaccha' ko 'droNamukha' kA udAharaNa bhI batAyA hai| zilparatna ke anusAra ise bandaragAha mAnA gayA hai / 5 vyApArika kendra ke rUpa meM 'droNamukha' nAmaka nagara kA vizeSa mahattva rahA hogaa| samudra taTa para avasthita isa nagara meM vaNika Adi vyApArI varga kA prAdhAnya thA / koza granthoM ke pramANoM se 'droNa mukha' cAra sau grAmoM ke madhya avasthita hote the / 1. draSTavya --navabhArata TAimsa, naI dillI, 27 mArca, 1976 'najara apanI apanI' zIrSaka ke antargata, kisana siMha cauhAna, gAMva kUtrAM kher3A, DAkakhAnA-bhAvasI, sahAranapura kA eka patra 2. purANi rASTrANi maTambakheTAndroNImukhAn kharvaDapattanAni / -varAGga0, 16.196 sa sahasraNonadroNamukhalakSasya rakSakaH / -padmA0, 16.166 grAmAkaradroNamaDambapattanAni / -vasanta0, 13.43 3. bhaved droNamukhaM nAmnA nimnagAtaTamAzritam / -Adi0, 16.173 4. droNAkhyaM sindhuvelA-valayitam / (sUtra0 TIkA); droNamukhaM jalasthalanirgamanapravezaM tat bhRgukacchAdikam / -(uttarA0 TIkA) 5. tadevAbdhezca nadyAzca saMgamAgatapotakam / dvaupAntaravariNagjuSTaM vidurdoNImukhaM budhAH / / -zilparatna, 5.212 6. vahI, 5.212 7. grAmopagrAmazatASTa ke / tadadhaM tu droNamukhaM |-(vaacspti), abhidhAna0, 672

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zrIvAsa vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 8. maDamba 1 sAr3he tIna koza taka jahA~ anya grAma na ho 'maDamba' dUsarI paribhASA ke anusAra sabhI prora se Adhe yojana se 'mba' kahA gayA hai / 3 prameyaratnamaMjUSA kI paribhASA ke anusAra pAMca sau grAmoM kA upajIvya 'maDamba' kahalAtA hai / AdipurANakAra ne bhI 'maDamba' ko pAMca sau grAmoM se pariveSTita mAnA / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prArambha meM 'maDamba' eka choTe se gA~va ko kahate hoMge tadanantara madhyayuga meM ye vyApAra ke kendra bana gae the tathA lagabhaga pAMca sau grAmoM kA bharaNa-poSaNa karane meM samartha the / prameyaratnamaMjUSA meM prAcIna tathA madhyakAlIna prAvAsIya svarUpa ko dekhate hue hI 'maDamba' kI paribhASA dI gaI hai| lyUDarsa - tAlikA saMkhyA - 1200 ke zilAlekha meM AyA huA 'mba' lenamaina mahodaya ke anusAra jile kA kendra sthAna thA / 6. patana 7 261 eka kahalAtA hai / dUra sthita grAma ko uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA ne 'pattana' ko 'ratnoM kI khAna' ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA - 1. maDambakheTAnpurANi rASTrAriNa bahUnyatItya / - varAGga0, 12.44 purAkaragrAmamaDambakheDaiH / - varAGga0, 16.86 tathA 3.4, 31.55 karbaTAnAM maDambAnAm / - padmA0 16. 167, tathA - kheTakarva TamaDambacayena / (2) ardha vyUta tRtIyAntarhitaM maNTapam / - vahI, pR0 8 (3) - pradyu0 5.11 2. ( 1 ) yasya sarvadikSusArdha tRtIyayojanAntargrAmo na syAt / - ( uttarA0 TIkA ), Jinist Studies, pR0 8 para uddhRta / tRtIya vyUtAntargrAmapaJcazatyupajIvyAni vA maDambAni / - padmA0, 17.167, para prameyaratnamaMjUSATIkA, pR 362 3. sarvato'rghayojanAtparato'vasthitagrAmariNa |- - ( kalpa0 TIkA ) Jinist Studies pR0 8 para uddhRta / 4. prameya ratnamaMjUSA - TIkA, padmA0, 16.167, pR0 362 para uddhRta / 5. maDambamAmananti jJAH paJcagrAmazatIvRttam / - Adi0, 16.172 6. Epi. Ind. II, p. 484 7. purANi rASTrANi ca pattanAni / - varAGga0, 11.67, tathA 21.48, 31.55 pattanASTacatvAriMzat sahasrANAM ca zAsitA / - padmA0, 16.196, grAmAkaradroraNamaDambapattanAnyanekazaH / - vasanta0, 13.43

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262 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja hai tathA 'jalavartI' evaM 'sthalavartI' isake do bheda mAne haiN|' prAdipurANa kI mAnyatA hai ki jo samudra ke kinAre ho tathA jahA~ para loga nAva dvArA utarate hoM, use 'pattana' kahate haiM / 2 eka anya paribhASA ke anusAra naukAoM dvArA gamya-'paTTana' tathA naukAoM ke atirikta ghor3e, gAr3iyoM dvArA bhI gamya sthAna-'pattana' kahalAtA hai| 10. karvaTa prAkAroM se veSTita athavA cAroM ora se parvatoM se ghire hue nagara athavA grAma ko 'karvaTa' kahate haiM / 5 'kavaMTa' ke lie 'kharvaTa' tathA 'kharvaDa' kA bhI prayoga huA hai / 6 vAcaspati koza meM 'kaTa', 'kavuTika' tathA 'kArvaTa' tIna bheda pAe haiM, jo kramaza: eka dUsare ke prAdhe hote the|" AdipurANakAra ne eka 'kharvaTa' meM do sau grAma mAne haiM / vizvakarmAvAstuzAstra ke anusAra 'kharvaTa' nadI ke taurastha nagara 1. yatra sarva digbhyo janAH patantyAgacchantIti pattanamathavA pattanaM ratnakhaniriti lakSaNaM tadapi dvividhaM jalamadhyavatti sthalamadhyavatti ca / -(uttarA0 TIkA), 2. pattanaM tatsamudrAnte ynnaubhirvtiiryte| -Adi pu0, 16.172, pArAvArataTe vApi bhUdharopatyakAtaTe svAdutoyasthale vA'pi pattanam kArayed budhaH / -vizva0, 8.60 3. pattanaM zakaTa gamyaM ghoTikainauMbhireva ca / naubhireva tu yadgamyaM paTTanaM tat pracakSate // -vyavahArasUtra, bhAga 3, pR0 127 4. droNImukhAnakharvaDapattanAni / -varAGga0, 31.55, karbaTAnAM maDambAnAmivA DambarabhAvazriyAm / --padmA0, 16.167, kheTakarvaTamaTambacayena / -pradyu0, 5.11 tathA triSaSTi0, 2.4.262 5. kSullakaprAkAraveSTitAni abhitaH parvatAvRttAni vA krbttaani|-pdmaa0, 16.167 para uddhRta prameya ratnamaMjUSA, pR0 362 6. Adi0, 16.171 tathA varAGga0, 31.55 7. kavaTArdhe kavuTikaM syAt tadardhe tu kArvaTam / -(vAcaspati), abhi0 672, ___ Jinist Studies, pR0 14 para uddhRta / 8. zatAnyaSTau ca catvAri dve ca syumisaMrayayA srvyoH| --prAdi0, 16.175

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AvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSAM 263 hote the / ' isa nagara meM mukhyataH AkheTakoM, mRtyoM tathA kRSakoM kA nivAsa mAnA gayA hai| 11. sambAdha ___sambAdha' athavA 'samvAha' anAja rakhane ke bhaNDAra ke rUpa meM pAribhASita hunA hai / kalpasUtra-TIkA kI eka paribhASA ke anusAra samabhUmi meM kRSi karane ke uparAnta kaTe hue anAja kI rakSA karane ke lie use 'samvAha' nAmaka sthAna vizeSa meM rakhA jAtA thaa| ise 'durgabhUmi' arthAt parvata ke UMce bhAga ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai|4 'samvAha' ke isI vaiziSTya ko propapAttikasUtra-TIkA ne 'parvatanitambAdi durge sthApanI'5 dvArA spaSTa kiyA hai| kintu uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA ne 'sambAdha' meM cAroM vargoM ke logoM kA nivAsa mAnA hai|6 aupa0 tathA kalpa0 kI TokAnoM kI prathama paribhASA 'samvAha' tathA uttarAdhyayana TIkA kI dvitIya paribhASA 'sambAdha' se sambaddha hai / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki 'sambAdha' hI nivAsArthaka nagara bheda kI ikAI rahI hogI tathA cAroM vargoM ke loga isameM nivAsa karate hoMge kintu 'samvAha' anAja Adi ke kevala mAtra bhaNDAra hI the athavA isameM logoM kA nivAsa bhI hotA thA, isakI sUcanA nahIM miltii| vaise bhI anya nivAsArthaka ikAiyoM kI tulanA meM 'sambAdha' kA ullekha bahuta kama tathA kevala padmA0, triSaSTi0 Adi meM hI huA hai / prAdipurANakAra samvAha' kA hI ullekha karate hai 'sambAdha' kA nhiiN| prameyaratnamaMjUSA ke anusAra 'parvata zikharastha nivAsa sthAna' athavA 'yAtrA ke lie Ae hue bahuta logoM ke prAvAsa sthAna' ko 'sambAdha' kahA jAtA thaa| niSkarSataH 'sambAdha' ko hI nivAsArthaka ikAI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai| 1. vAstubhUmiH kharvaTasya nadItIragatA mtaa| -vizva0, 8.22 2. vAgurAjIvibhizcAnya takaizca kRSIvalaiH / madirAgehasaMyuktA vipaNyAdibhirAvRtA / / - vizva0, 8.25 3. caturdazasahasrANAM sambAdhAnAmadhIzitA / - padmA0, 16.166 tathA triSaSTi 0, 2.4.262 4. samabhUmo kRSi kRtvA yeSu durgabhUmiSu dhAnyAni kRSIvalA: saMvahanti rakSArtham / --(kalpa0 TIkA), Jinist Studies, pR0 17 para uddhRta / 5. aupa0 sUtra-TIkA, vahI, pR0 18 6. sambAdhaH prabhUtacAturvarNya nivAsaH (uttarA0 TIkA0), vahI, pR0 18 7. padmA0, 16.169; triSaSTi0, 2.4.262 8. saMvAhastu zirovyUDhadhAnyasaJcaya iSyate / -Adi0, 16.173 6. zailazRGgasthAyino nivAsA yAtrAsamAgataprabhUtajananivezA vA sambAdhAH / -(prameyaratnamaMjUSA), padmA0, 16.166 para uddhRta

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264 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 12. ghoSa' hemacandra kI abhidhAna cintAmaNi se siddha hotA hai ki 'pAbhIra-pallikA' arthAt ahIroM kI bastiyAM 'dhoSa' kahalAtI thIM / 2 candraprabhacarita meM 'ghoSa' meM rahane vAle AbhIroM, gopoM tathA gopavadhunoM kA varNana pAyA hai| vizvakarmAvAstuzAstra ke anusAra bhI 'ghoSa' meM nivAsa karane vAle logoM meM 'gopAlaka' hI mukhya the|4 praAvAsIya saMsthiti ke rUpa meM nigama'-eka punavivecana rAmAyaNa evaM zilAlekhoM meM upalabdha 'nigama' zabda ke arthanirdhAraNa meM prAyaH itihAsakAra sahamata nahIM / itihAsakAroM kA eka varga 'nigama' kA 'vyApArika samiti' (Trader's Body) athavA 'byApArika-saMgaThana' (Trader's Corporation) artha karatA hai, to dUsarA varga isako nivAsArthaka nagarabheda kI ikAI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara, 'nigama' se nagara (Town) kA abhiprAya letA hai| DA0 ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla ne 'nigama' athavA 'nagama' ko 'Corporate Body of Merchants' ke rUpa meM siddha karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai / basAr3ha ke mudrAbhilekhoM meM Ae 'nigama' ko blaoNkha ne 'Chamber of Commerce' kI saMjJA pradAna kI hai| dUsarI ora pAra0 sI0 majUmadAra evaM bhaNDArakara prabhRti aitihAsika jAyasavAla eva blaoNkha ke matoM se sahamata nahIM / ena0 ena0 lA0 tathA e0 esa0 alTekara ne jAyasavAla 1. ghoSA: pratidhvanitamandraguNA guNADhyAH / --varAGga0, 1.26 2. ghoSastvAbhIrapallikA / -abhidhAna0, 4.67 3. candra0, 16.2, 13.42, 46 tathA jayanta0, 1.37 4. gobhirgopAlakaizcApi sarvatassaMvRtA shubhaa| -vizva0, 8.32 5. Jayaswal, K.P., Hindu Polity, Pt. I & II, Banglore, 1943, p. 240 6. Mookerji, Radhakumud, Local Govt. in Ancient India, Oxford, 1920, pp. 112-14 7. Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, pp. 240-54 Bloch, Archeological Survey of India, Annual Report 1903-4, p. 104 (i) Majumdar, R. C., Corporate Life in Ancient India, Calcutta, 1969, p. 41 (ii) Bhandarkar, Carmichael Lectures, (Delivered in Calcutta University), 1918, p. 170, fn. I, p. 176

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zrAvAsa - vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 365 2 ke 'paurajAnapada-siddhAnta' kI kaTu AlocanA karate hue isakI prAmANikatA ko cunautI dI hai / ' smaraNa rahe ki jAyasavAla ke 'paurajAnapada siddhAnta' se 'naigama' kI vyAkhyA bhI pUrNatayA prabhAvita hai / isa sambandha meM prAra0 sI0 majUmadAra kA sujhAva hai ki jaba taka 'nigama' zabda kI sampUrNa bhAratIya vAGmaya se pramANoM ko lekara samyak rUpa se parIkSA nahIM kara lI jAtI aura isa zabda kA vAstavika bhAva nizcita karane kI dizA meM koI prArambhika khoja sAmane nahIM zrA jAtI taba taka bhaNDArakara dvArA pratipAdita 'nigama' ke 'nagara' artha ko hI prAmANika mAnanA caahie| 3 majUmadAra mahodaya ke isa sujhAva ko anya aitihAsikoM ne samarthana dete hue kahA ki 'nigama' kA 'Chamber of Commerce' artha prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana vyavasthA ke anurUpa nahIM hai / 'nigama' kA 'Corporation' Adi artha atyadhika Adhunika hai, jise prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM ThIka baiThAne kA prayAsa karanA samIcIna nahIM / 4 'nigama' ke arthanirdhAraNa kI dizA meM jarmana vidvAna Otto Stein ne bhI kucha kArya kiyA, kintu unake niSkarSo ke prAdhAra para nigama ke 'nagara' zrarthaM tathA 'vyApArika samiti' artha donoM ko samarthana milane ke kAraNa sthiti vivAdapUrNa hI raha jAtI hai / 6 1. 2. -Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, p. 252 3. ramezacandra majUmadAra, prAcIna bhAratIya saMghaTita jIvana, sAgara, 1966, 4. (i) Law, N.N., 'The Janapada and Paura' (article) in the Historical Quarterly, Vol. 2, Nos. 2-3, 1926 (ii) Altekar, A.S., State and Govt. in Ancient India, Banaras, 1972, pp. 146-54 'Now it appears that originally the 'Naigama' of the capital was the mother of the Paura Association.' 5. pR0 43 'The 'Chamber of Commerce' is quite a modern term and we are not at all sure whether this will suit our ancient Indian situation.' --Maity, S. K., Eco. Life of Northern India, Calcutta, 1957, p. 157 Stein, Otto, Jinist Studies, ed. Jinavijay Muni, Ahmedabad, 1948 6. ' Summarizing one could say : nigama : (a) Trader's place, (b) Trader's body'. - vahI, pR0 17

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja isa prakAra bhAratIya itihAsa ke adhyetAoM ke samakSa 'nigama' ke artha evaM svarUpanirdhAraNa kI samasyA aba bhI jaTila banI huI hai| jaisA ki Ara0 sI0 majUmadAra kA kahanA hai ki sampUrNa bhAratIya vAGmaya se pramANoM ko ekatra karake hI 'nigama' ke svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai-isI uddezya se prastuta vivecana dvArA rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, aSTAdhyAyI, arthazAstra, bauddha sAhitya, jaina sAhitya, koSa-grantha, vAstuzAstra-grantha, zilAlekha, mudrAbhilekha, smRti-grantha, nibandha-grantha tathA anya sAhityika evaM aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para 'nigama' ke yathocita dezakAlAnusArI svarUpa ko spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| 1. rAmAyaNa-rAmAyaNa meM 'nigama' ke ullekha prAyaH 'paurajAnapada' ke sAtha hue haiM / ' rAjya ke mahattvapUrNa avasaroM para 'pura-janapada-nigama' ke nivAsI ekatra hote the| kavi ina sabhI logoM kI upasthiti kA varNana prAya: 'paura', 'jAnapada', 'nagama' Adi zabdoM dvArA karatA hai| rAmAyaNakAla kI dUsarI eka vizeSatA rahI hai ki mahattvapUrNa avasaroM para rAjA prajA ke vibhinna pratinidhiyoM ko bulAkara unase mantraNA Adi bhI karatA thaa| rAmAyaNa ke aneka sthaloM para Ae 'paurajAnapada' 1. paurajAnapadazreSThA naigamAzca gaNasaha-Srimad Valmiki Ramayana, pub. by Aiyar, R.N., ed. Sastrigal, S.K., Madras, 1933, ayo0, 14.40 paurajAnapadazcApi naigamazca kRtAtmabhiH-ayo0, 14.55, paurajAnapadAzcApi naigamazca kRtAJjali:-ayo0, 14.54 ---Hindu Polity, p 240 para uddhRta / 2. upaviSTAzca sacivA rAjAnazca sanaigamAH / prAcyodIcyAH dAkSiNAtyAzca bhUmipAH / / -ayo0, 3.25 brAhmaNA janamukhyAzca paurajAnapadaiH saha // --ayo0, 2.16 dadarza paurAna vividhAn mahAdhanAnupasthitAn dvAramupetya viSThitAn / / -ayo0, 14.68 amAtyA balamukhyAzca mukhyA ye nigamasya c| rAghavasyAbhiSekArthe prIyamANAstu saMgatAH / / -ayo0, 15.2 RtvibhibrAhmaNaiH puurvknyaabhirmntribhistthaa| yaudhezcaivAbhyaSiJcaste samprahRSTAH sanagamaH // -yuddha0, 131.62 3. vahI

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AvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veSa-bhUzA 267 tathA 'nagama' isI pratinidhitva kI sUcanA dete haiN|' saralamanA rAmAyaNa kA RSikavi isI prayojana hetu 'pura-janapada-nigama' ke nivAsiyoM ke lie athavA unake pratinidhiyoM ke lie kramazaH 'paura', jAnapada' 'naigama' kA prayoga karatA hai| 'pura-janapada' tathA 'nigama' nagarabheda kI mahattvapUrNa sasthitiyAM hone ke kAraNa rAmAyaNetara granthoM meM bhI inakA prayoga prAyaH sAtha-sAtha hI dekhA jAtA hai / pI0 sI dharmA ke matAnusAra 'nagama' ko tatkAlIna 'nagarazAsaka' kI saMjJA denA upayukta hai|3 dharmA ke 'nagarazAsaka' artha kI rAmAyaNa ke sandarbho meM anviti biThAne kA yadi prayAsa kiyA jAya to rAmAyaNa meM Ae 'nigamavRddha'4 tathA 'nigama-mukhya'5 kA artha 'nigama' kA 'pradhAna' athavA 'mukhiyA' karane meM kisI prakAra kA artha-virodha utpanna nahIM hotA 1. paurajAnapadaizcApi naigamazca kRtAtmabhiH / svayaM vasiSTho bhagavAn brAhmaNaiH saha tiSThati / / -ayo0, 14 55 dadarzAntaHpuraM zrImAn nAnAdvijagaNAyutam / paurajAnapadAkIrNabrAhmaNa rUpazobhitAm / -ayo0 14.30 sametya te mantrayitvA samAgatabuddhayaH / / Ucuzca manasA jJAtvA vRddhaM dazarathaM nRpam / / -prayo0, 2.20 (jAyasavAla dvArA uddhRta hindU poliTI, pR0 241, pAda Ti0 16) te hi brAhmaNehi grAmanigamanagarajanapadehi aNvantehi zAkyAnAM devaDahe nigame subhUtisya zAkyasya saptadhItaro draSTA / -mahAvastu avadAna, Vol. I, ed, Basak, Radha Govinda, Calcutta, 1963, p. 465%; grAmanagaranigameSu mArgavizrAmapradezeSu ca dAnazAlA kArayitvA / The Jatakamala of Aryasura, ed. Diwedi, R. C., & Bhatt, M.R., Delhi, 1966, p. 41; upasRSTapUrvanagaranigamajanapadAnAm / -Junagarh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman-I (150 A. D.), Sircar, D.C. Select Inscription, Vol. I, Calcutta, 1965, p. 178 3. Dharma, P.C., Ramayana Polity, Madras, 1941, p. 70 4. tathA nigamavRddhAzca / -rAmAyaNa, 7.40.18 5. mukhyA ye nigamasya ca / vahI- 3.15.2

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268 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja haiM / kintu isake viparIta rAmAyaNa ke 'paurajAnapada' tathA 'nagama' kI ke0 pI0 jAyasavAla dUsare DhaMga se vyAkhyA karate haiM / jAyasavAla ke anusAra 'paurajAnapada' eka saMvaidhAnika evaM nagara ke pratinidhiyoM kI saGgaThita samiti' hai to 'nigama' nagara ke vyApAriyoM kA eka 'sAmUhika saMgaThana' hai / ' jAyasavAla ke isa tarka kA mukhya prAdhAra 'paurajAnapada' tathA 'negama' kA eka vacana meM prayukta honA hai / 2 ena0 ena0 lA. tathA e0 esa0 alTekara ne jAyasavAla ke mata kA khaNDana kiyA hai| ataH isa sambandha meM aura adhika kahanA prAsaGgika na hogaa| saMkSipta meM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki 'paurajAnapadazca' pATha, jo ki jAyasavAla ko abhimata hai tathA jisa uddharaNa para sampUrNa 'paurajAnapada-siddhAnta' bhI avalambita hai, vaha pATha vidvAnoM ko mAnya nhiiN| isa tathya ko svayaM jAyasavAla mahodaya ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| isake atirikta rAmAyaNa se spaSTa rUpa se 'nagama' kI 'vyApArika samiti' ke rUpa meM puSTi na hone ke kAraNa 'paurajAnapada-siddhAnta' tathA 'negama' kI tathAkathita vyAkhyA bhI nirAdhAra ho jAtI hai / vAstava meM jAyasavAla mahodaya vaidikakAla se calI A rahI 'samiti' kI jisa vizeSatA ko rAmAyaNakAla meM bhI yena kena prakAreNa siddha karanA cAhate haiM, usake lie unhoMne atyadhika paravartI vivAdaratna, vIramitrodaya Adi granthoM se aspaSTa uddharaNoM ko lekara apane mata kA samarthana kiyA hai / isa sambandha meM satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra ne jAyasavAla mahodaya kI 'nigama-dhAraNA' kA khaNDana karate hue kahA hai-"jAyasavAla jI ne jisa DhaMga se 'paurajAnapada' ke svarUpa ko pratipAdita kiyA hai, usake virodha meM bhI yuktiyA~ dI jA sakatI haiN| saMskRta meM sAmUhika artha meM eka vacana kA prayoga asAmAnya bAta nahIM hai| rudradAman aura azoka ke zilAlekhoM meM 'paurajAnapada' kA prayoga jisa rUpa meM huaA hai, usase spaSTatayA yaha sUcita nahIM hotA ki ina nAmoM kI saMsthAeM yA sabhAeM vahA~ abhipreta haiN| 'pura-nivAsI' aura 9. Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, pp. 252-53. 2. vahI, pR0 240 3. (i) Law, N.N., "The Janapada and Paura" (Article), 'Histori cal Quarterly', Vol. 2, Nos. 2-3, 1926. (ii) Altekar, A.S., State and Govt. in Ancient India, Banaras, 1972, pp. 146-54. 8. Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, p. 240. 5. vahI, pR0 18-22 6. Altekar, State and Govt., pp. 153-54

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prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 266 'janapada-nivAsI 'janoM ko santuSTa karanA tathA unake prati anugraha karanA hI rudradAman aura azoka ko abhISTa thA / rudradAman zilAlekha meM spaSTa rUpa se 'paurajAnAdajana' likhA gayA hai| kauTalIya-arthazAstra meM jahA~ 'paurajAnapada' kA prayoga huaA hai, vahAM 'pura-nivAsI' aura 'janapada-nivAsI' artha karane para bhI artha saGgati meM koI antara nahIM par3atA / divyAvadAna meM 'paura' kA jisa DhaGga se prayoga huA hai, vaha usake susaGgaThita saMsthA hone kA paricAyaka avazya hai| takSazilA jaise nagara meM yadi myumispila-zAsana ke lie 'porasabhA' kI sattA ho, to koI Azcarya nhiiN| rAmAyaNa meM jisa prakAra 'paurajAnapada' kA ullekha hai, usase isakA saMsthA hone kA nirdeza avazya milatA hai / parantu jAyasavAla jI ne ise greTavriTena kI vartamAna samaya ko pArliyAmenTa ke samakakSa pratipAdita karane kA jo prayAsa kiyA hai, usakA samarthana kara sakanA sambhava nahIM" / ' vAstava meM jAyasavAla mahodaya ne eka bhI aisA uddharaNa prastuta nahIM kiyA jisase 'paurajAnapada' ko rAjya kI 'saMvaidhAnika-nirNayaka:-samiti tathA 'nigama' ko 'vyApArika samiti' ke rUpa meM spaSTa rUpa se siddha kiyA jA ske| rAmAyaNa kI samasyA kA 15vIM-16vIM zatI ke granthoM se samAdhAna karanA bhI aitihAsika-dRSTi se nyAyapUrNa nhiiN| isake viparIta rAmAyaNa ke nikaTastha kAla meM nirmita jAtakAdi bauddha-granthoM meM 'nigama' nagara-bheda kI saMsthA ke rUpa meM varNita hai / 2 ataH rAmAyaNa meM Ae 'nigama' ko nivAsArthaka-nagarabheda ke rUpa meM grahaNa karane tathA 'nagama' ko 'nigama' se sambaddha nAgarika, zAsakAdi mAna lene para kisI prakAra kA arthavirodha utpanna nahIM hotaa| DA0 rAmAzraya joki mUlataH jAyasavAla ke samarthaka haiM, 'nigama' tathA 'naigama' meM koI bheda nahIM mAnate 13 vastutaH 'nigama' tathA 'nagama' meM 1. satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana vyavasthA aura rAjazAstra, __ masUrI, 1668, pR0 241-42 2. draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 267 3. In the Ramayana both the words Nigama and Naigama are to be met with technically, the term Nigama as well as the Naigama stands for a 'Corporate Body' and so the word Naigama may mean a 'Corporate Body' of merchants or a member of such a body.' - Sharma, Ramasharya, A Socio-Political Study of the Valmiki Ramayana, Delhi, 1971, p. 374, fn. 1

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270 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja bheda mAnanA vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se to anivArya hai hI,' isake atirikta pAribhASika dRSTi se yadi donoM meM bheda nahIM mAnA jAegA to phira 'pura-paura' tathA 'janapada-jAnapada' meM bhI bheda mAnanA 'paurajAnapada siddhAnta' ke anukUla nhiiN| isa prakAra jAyasavAla dvArA pratipAdita nigama ke vyApArika-saGgaThana' artha ke aucitya hetu rAmAyaNa meM koI avakAza nahIM hai / rAmAyaNakAla meM rASTa, rAjya, viSaya, nagara, grAma, pura, janapada, ghoSa Adi AvAsabhedaka vibhinna saMjJAeM pracalita thIM / yadyapi 'nigama' puroM-janapadoM kI bhAMti lokapriya nahIM ho pAe the kintu inakA astitva avazya thaa| saMbhavataH rAmAyaNa ke racanA kSetra meM 'nigama' nAmaka saMsthiti adhika pracalita na rahI ho, kintu dakSiNabhArata ke nigamoM kA pratinidhitva karane ke lie vahAM ke rAjAoM ke sAtha 'negama' bhI upasthita hote the| isa prakAra rAmAyaNa meM 'negama', 'pora', 'jAnapada' kisI prakAra ke vyApArika saMgaThana athavA rAjya kI saMvaidhAnika samiti ke dyotaka nahIM apitu nigamoM, puroM tathA janapadoM se sambandhita nivAsI athavA unake zAsaka Adi ke dyotaka haiN| vastusthiti yaha hai ki 'nigama' kA rAmAyaNakAla meM astitva avazya thA / 5 tabhI rAmAyaNa meM negamoM ke ullekha prApta hote hai / niSkarSataH 'nigama' nAmaka nivAsArthaka-saMsthiti ke nivAsI sAdhAraNata: 'negama' kahalAe jA sakate haiM aura zAsana-sambandhI pAribhASika zabdAvalI ke anusAra nigamoM para zAsana karane vAle loga bhI upalakSaNa se 'naigama' 1. nigamyate nigamaH, gocarasaMcareti (aSTAdhyAyI 3.3.116) sAdhuH / nigame bhavo naigamaH-nAmaliGgAnuzAsana, kSIrasvAmIkRta TIkA, sampA0 kRSNajI govinda prokA, pUnA, 1913, pR0 208 tathA tu0"The literal significance of Nigama, from which Naigama is derived, is in accordance with Panini, III, 3.119. ...The body of the people associated with the Nigama'. -Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, p. 254 2. Sharma, Ramasharaya, A Socio-Political Study, p. 285 3. amAtyA balamukhyAzca mukhyA ye nigamasya ca / -prayo0, 15.2 4. upaviSTAzca sacivA rAjAnazca sanaigamAH / prAcyodIcyAH pratIcyAH dAkSiNAtyAzca bhUmipAH / / -ayo0, 3.25 5. amAtyA balamukhyAzca mukhyA ye nigamasya ca / rAghavasyAbhiSekArthe prIyamANastu saGgatAH // -ayo0, 15.2

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pAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 271 saMjJA prApta kara sakate haiN| tulanIya-nagarAdhikArI-nAgaraka,' grAmAdhikArIgrAmikare Adi / 2. aSTAdhyAyI-mahAbhArata tathA arthazAstra-pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI meM kula chaH sthAnoM para 'nigama' ke ullekha Ae haiN| RgayanAdi-gaNapATha meM paThita hone ke kAraNa aisA pratIta hotA hai ki isakA artha vedavidyA bhI rahA ho| inameM se pAMca sthAnoM para 'nigame' vedArthaka hai tathA kevala eka sthAna para 'gocarasaMcaravahavrajavyajApaNAnimamAzca' (aSTA0 3.3.119) meM Ae 'nigamAH' yadyapi vyAkhyAkAroM ke anusAra vedArthaka hI hai,5 kintu gocara (gaunoM ke carane kA sthAna) saMcara (mArga) vahaH (mArga) vrajaH (gonoM kA bAr3A) vyajaH (paMkhA) ApaNaH (dukAna) Adi grAma-sabhyatA ke vAcaka zabdoM ke sandarbha meM paThita 'nigamAH' kA artha veda kI apekSA mArga athavA grAmAdi artha adhika sandarbhAnukUla jAna par3atA hai| aSTAdhyAyI ke vyAkhyAkAra yA to 'nigamAH' ko vedArthaka (chanda) mAnate haiM athavA mauna rahate haiM / pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa meM prAcIna bhAratIya Arthika jIvana para prakAza DAlate hue vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ke anusAra 'nigama' 'vyApArika saGgaThana' kA 1. samAhata vannAgarako nagaraM cintayet / -arthazAstra, 2.36 2. grAmeyAn grAmadoSAMzca grAmikaH pratibhAvayet // -mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, 87.3; tathA tu0-mahAnagara (pura) kA aAdhunika srvoccaadhikaarii-'mhaapaur'| 3. sADhya sADhvA sADheti nigame (6.3.112) vASapUrvakasya nigame (6.4.6) babhUthAtatanthajagRmbhavavartheti nigame (7.2.64) monAtenigame (7.3.81) sasUveti nigame (7.4.74) tathA gocarasaMcaravahavrajavyajApaNanigamAzca (3 3.116)-aSTAdhyAyI / 4. RgayanAdayaH-Rgayana, pada, vyAkhyAna, chandomAna, chandobhASA, chandoviciti, nyAya, punarukta, nirukta, vyAkaraNa, nigama, vAstuvidyA, chavidyA, -pANinIya zabdakoSa, 32.10, pR0 676 5. gAvazcanti asminniti gocaro dezaH / saMcarantyayena saMcaro mArgaH / vahantyanena vahaH skandhaH vrajaH / vyajastAlavRntam / ApaNaH paNyasthAnam / nigacchantyanena nigamaH chandaH / -aSTAdhyAyI, 3.3.116, para siddhAntakaumudI TIkA 6. vahI

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272 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dyotaka hai|' aSTAdhyAyI se hI pramANita na hone ke kAraNa vAsudevazaraNa agravAla kA yaha kathana pramANAbhAva ke kAraNa sugrAhya nhiiN| aisA samajhanA cAhie ki pANini bhArata ke jisa bhUbhAga se paricita the vahA~ 'nigama' nAmaka nagarabheda kA adhika pracalana na rahA hogaa| aisI hI sthiti mahAbhArata tathA arthazAstra ke sAtha bhI rahI thii| arthazAstra meM AvAsabheda kI 'sthAnIya', 'droNamukha', 'khArvaTika' tathA 'saMgrahaNa' Adi pAribhASika saMjJAmoM kA ullekha to pAyA hai,2 kintu 'nigama' nAmaka nagara bheda se arthazAstra paricita nhiiN| vaise mahAbhArata, aSTAdhyAyI tathA arthazAstra meM nigamAbhAva tathA rAmAyaNa evaM bauddha jAtakAdi granthoM meM prayogabAhulya ke kAraNoM ko jAnakara katipaya navIna niSkarSa bhI nikAle jA sakate haiN| 3. abhilekha, mudrAbhilekha tathA sikke (IsvI0 pUrva 400-600 I0 taka) purAtatvIya srotoM ke AdhAra para bhI nagara athavA grAma ke artha meM 'nigama' ke ullekha prApta hote hai / isa sambandha meM prAcInatama ullekha ilAhAbAda ke samIpa bhITA nAmaka sthAna se prApta mudrAbhilekha meM khude 'zAhijitiye nigamaza'3 ko mAnA jAtA hai, jisakA samaya IsvI pUrva tRtIya athavA caturtha zatI nizcita hai| sara jAna mArzala ke matAnusAra yaha mudrAbhilekha 'zAhajiti' kI 'nigamasabhA' ko mudrita karane kI ora saMketa karatA hai / 5 IsvI pUrva tRtIya zatAbdI ke eka anya 'bhaTTi'proluzilAlekha' meM pAe 'nagamA' ko yadyapi buhalara dvArA zreNI ke sadasya ke rUpa meM rUpAntarita kara diyA gayA hai kintu DI0 pAra0 bhaNDArakara ke matAnusAra 'negamA' saMskRta-'negamAH' hai tathA jisakA artha hai 'nAgarikoM kI saGgaThita samiti' / 1. 'prAcIna bhArata meM Arthika jIvana ko tIna mukhya saMsthAeM thiiN| zilpiyoM ke saGgaThana ko 'zreNi', vyApAriyoM ke saGgaThana ko nigama' aura eka sAtha mAla lAdakara vANijya karane vAle vyApAriyoM ko 'sArthavAha' kahate the|' -vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa, kAzI, 2012 vi0 saM0, pR0 230 2. arthazAstra,2.1 3. Archeological Survey of India, Annual Report, 1911-12, p. 31 4. Majumdar, Corporate Life, p. 134 5. A.S.I., Ann. Rep., 1911-12, p. 31 6. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. II, p. 328 7. vahI, pR0 328 8. Bhandarkar, Carmichael Lectures, 1918, p. 170

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prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 273 majUmadAra ne ise 'nagara' se sambandhita mAnA hai kintu ise spaSTa nahIM kiyA saMbhavataH unakA abhiprAya yahA~ 'nagarasabhA' (Town Council) se ho / ' ___ tRtIya-caturtha zatI IsvI pUrva ke takSazilA se prApta sikkoM meM bhI 'negamA 2 kA brAhmI tathA kharoSTI lipi meM prayoga humA hai| kaniMghama ke anusAra ina 'negamA' nAmaka sikkoM ko zreNiyA~ prayoga meM lAtI thiiN| isa prakAra aitihAsikoM ke anusAra IsvI pUrva ke sikkoM, mudrAbhilekhoM tathA utkIrNalekhoM meM 'nigama' kA abhiprAya yA to nagara athavA grAma se hai athavA nagara athavA grAma kI 'saGgaThita sabhA' (Corporation) se / 4 'nigama' ko 'vyApArikasaGgaThana' se sambaddha mAnanA yahAM kisI bhI rUpa se upayukta nahIM hai| majUmadAra tathA bhaNDArakara ne bhI ina sthaloM meM nigama' ko nagara athavA grAma kI saGgaThita sabhA ke rUpa meM svIkAra to kara liyA hai kintu aisA mAnanA ucita nahIM jAna pdd'taa| prAcIna kAla meM nagaroM evaM grAmoM ko dAna karane ke aneka ullekha prApta hote haiN| ina ullekhoM meM amarAvatI stUpa ke abhilekhoM meM 'dhanakaTaka' nAmaka migama ko dAna meM dene kA ullekha pAyA hai| isI prakAra, eka anya 'karahATakanigama' ko dAna ke rUpa meM dene kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai| sTena mahodaya kA vicAra hai ki 'karahATakanigama' se abhiprAya 'karahATaka' nAmaka grAma se hI lenA caahie| kisI 'vyApArika saGgaThana' athavA 'nagara saGgaThana' ko dAna meM denA tarkasaGgata pratIta nahIM hotA / apane isa mata ke samarthana meM sTena mahodaya ne dhammapada kI eka TIkA kA ullekha karate hue mAladeza meM eka 'anupiya' nAmaka nigama kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai| isa prakAra zilAlekhAdi ke sandarbha meM bhI 'nigama' grAma athavA nagara ke artha meM hI svIkAra kiyA jAnA yuktisaGgata hai| 9. Majumdar, Corporate Life, pp. 134-36 2. Cunningham, Coins of Ancient India, London, 1891, plate III, p. 63 3. vahI, pR. 63 4. Majumdar, Corporate Life, pp. 134-36 5. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XV, p. 263 6. Hultzch, E, Zeischrift der Deutshen Morgenlandishen Gesells chaft, 1886, Vol. XI, p. 62, f.n. 2; Indian Antiquery, 1892, Vol. XXI, p. 20; Luder's List, No. 705, Epigraphia Indica, Vol. X, appendix 7. Stein, Jinist Studies, p. 15, fn. 20 8. vahI, pR0 15 6. vahI, pR0 15

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274 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 150IsvI ke 'rudradAmana zilAlekha' ke 'upasaSTa pUrvanagaranigamajanapadAnAm'' meM Ae 'nigama' kA 'nagaravaNiksaMghapariSad'2 arthAt 'nagara ke vyApAriyoM kI saGgaThita samiti' artha bhI sugrAhya nhiiN| nagara tathA janapada ke sAtha prayukta hue 'nigama' kA artha grAma hI karanA caahie| kyoMki rAjya ke mahattvapUrNa bhaugolika vibhAjana kI ora saMketa karate hue utkIrNa lekhaka kA abhiprAya nagara, nigama, tathA janapada se hI hai| ____ kuSANakAlIna bhITA se prApta cAra miTTI ke mudrAbhilekhoM meM 'nigamasa'3 tathA pAMcavIM guptakAlIna mudrAbhilekha 'nigamasya' meM pAe nigama' ko grAma athavA nagara ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai / IsvI kI pAMca-chaH zatAbdiyoM meM 'nigama' kA svarUpa grAma tathA nagara ke rUpa meM rahA hogA athavA 'saGgaThitasabhA' ke rUpa meM ? aitihAsikoM ke lie yaha nizcita karanA abhI saMbhava nahIM ho paayaa| adhikAMza itihAsakAra isa yuga meM 'nigama' ko 'nagara kI saGgaThita samiti' (Town Corporation) ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane lage haiN| 120 IsvI ke nAsika zilAlekha meM 'nigamasabhA' kA spaSTa rUpa se ullekha AyA hai-'eta ca srAvita (ni) gamasabhAya nibandha ca phalakavAre caritreti / '' isa zilAlekha meM uSavadatta dvArA die gae sabhI dAna ko 'nigamasabhA' meM paMjIkRta karane kA bhI ullekha huA hai / isa zilAlekha meM pAe 'nigamasabhA' kA alTekara 'Town Council' (nagarasabhA) ayaM karate haiM, to Epigraphla Indica meM isakA Town-Hall (nagarabhavana) artha nirdiSTa hai / kintu rAdhAkumuda mukarjI dvArA isa 9. Junagarh Rock Inscription of Rudradaman I (150 A. D.) No. 67, Sircar, D.C., Select Inscription, Calcutta, 1965, p. 178. 2. tulanIya, utkIrNalekhAMjali, sampA0 jayacandra vidyAlaGkAra, vArANasI, vi0 saM0 2020, rudradAmana zilAlekha, pa0 6, pAda0 Ti0 40 3. Arch. Surv. of India, Ann. Rep. 1911-12, p. 56. 4. vahI 5. Majumdar, Corporate Life, pp. 132-36 6. Nasic Cave Inscriptions of the Time of Nahapana (119-24 A,D.), No. 58; Sircar, D.C., Select Inscription, p. 164. 7. Altekar, State & Govt., p. 223 8. 'And all this has been proclaimed (and) registered at the town hall' at the record office according to custom,' -Epigraphia Indica, Vol. VIII (No. 8), p. 83.

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prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 275 sthala para 'nigama' kA Guild (zreNI) artha karanA kisI bhI rUpa se ucita nahIM ho basAr3ha (prAcIna vaizAlI) se prApta hue guptakAlIna miTTI ke mudrAbhilekhoM'zreSThi-sArthavAha-kulika-nigama', 'zreSThi-kulika-nigama', 'kulika-nigama'2 Adi meM pAe 'nigama' kI vyAkhyA karate hue DA0 blaoNsa kA kahanA hai ki una dinoM pATaniputra meM vartamAna 'Chamber of Commerce' jaise vyApArika saGgaThana vidyamAna the| ataH vlaoNkha ke anusAra ina mudrAbhilekhoM meM pAe 'nigama' kA 'vyApArika saGgaThana' artha hai|3 rAdhAkumuda mukarjI bhI unakA samarthana karate haiN| kintu prAra0 DI0 bhaNDArakara evaM majUmadAra kisI bhI prakAra ke saGgaThitasamUha ke artha ko asvIkAra karate hue 'nigama' kA 'Town' artha hI karate haiM / sacindrakumAra maiTI prabhUti aitihAsika bhI blaoNkha dvArA sujhAye gae 'Chamber of Commerce' artha ko atyadhika prAdhunika mAnate hue, asvIkAra kara dete haiM / vastutaH yahAM para bhI 'nigama' pura, janapada prAdi kA vyAvartaka hai| jAtakakAla se hI nagara evaM grAma ke pradhAnoM dvArA nagaroM evaM grAmoM ke zAsana ko niyaMtrita kiyA jA rahA thA / phalataH nigamoM ke uccAdhikAriyoM kI sammilitamuhara 'zreSThI' 'sArthavAha' 'kulika' tatkAlIna zAsakIya padoM kI ora saMketa karatI ) 1. Mookerji Radhakumud, Local Govt. in Ancient India, Oxford, 1920, p. 120 2. A.S. I., Ann. Rep., 1903-4, p. 104 3. vahI, pR0 104 4. Mookerji, Local Govt. in Ancient India, p. 112 5. Carmaichael Lectures Delivered in Calcutta University, 1918, p. 170, fn. I 6. Majumdar, Corporate Life, p. 41 "The 'Chamber of Commerce' is quite a modern term and we are not at all sure whether this will suit our ancient Indian situation'. -Maity, Sachindra Kumar, Economic Life of Northern India, p. 157 5. Alteker, State & Govt. in Ancient India, p: 229; tathA tu0-'savve negamajAnapade' The Jataka, Vol. I, p. 149; ' negamA ca eva jAnapadA ca te bhavaM rAjA Abhantayam / -dIghanikAya, kuTadanta sutta

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276 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja haiN| 'zreSThI' 'sArthavAha' Adi padavizeSa janapadoM tathA anya zAsana-saMsthAnoM meM bhI ho sakate haiM isalie anta meM 'nigama' zabda ko jor3akara ina adhikAriyoM ke adhikAra kSetra ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / 'nagama'' tathA 'jAnapada'2 nAma se aGkita muhareM kramazaH takSazilA tathA nAlandA se bhI prApta huI haiN| aitihAsikoM ke anusAra nAlandA se prApta 'jAnapada' nAma kI mudrAoM ko nAlandA vizvavidyAlaya ke adhikArI varga kAryAlayIya patroM ko mudrita karane ke kAma meM lAte the| isI prakAra 'nigama vizeSa ke uccazAsanAdhikArI 'nagama' bhI 'negamA' (saMskRta-'negamAH') zabdoM se utkIrNa mudrAoM se rAjakIya patroM ko mudrita karate the / isI pariprekSya meM basAr3ha kI 'zreSThi-sArthavAha-kulika-nigama' prAdi mudrAoM ke artha ko bhI samajhanA cAhie / isa prakAra zreSThI' 'sArthavAha' 'kulika' prAdi zAsanAdhikArI the, tathA nigama se sambaddha the / 'zreSThinigamasya' kA bhI sIdhA artha 'nigama kA seTha' hai| guptakAla meM isI prakAra ke 'nagarazreSThI' nAmaka eka pada kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / bRhaspatismRti dvArA pratipAdita cAra prakAra kI sabhAoM meM 'mudritA sabhA' kA ullekha huA hai| kAtyAyana ke anusAra 'nagama' loga rAjamudrA se mahattvapUrNa vyavahAroM Adi ko mudrita karate the| ___isa prakAra purAtatvIya-mudrAbhilekhoM, sikkoM tathA utkIrNa-lekhoM se prApta pramANoM ke zrAdhAra para tRtIya-caturtha zatAbdI I0 se lekara guptakAla taka kI zAsana 1. Cunningham, Coins of Ancient India, (Plate III), p. 63 2. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, No. 66, p. 45. 3. Alteker, State & Govt., p. 229 4. A.S.I.. Ann. Rep., 1913-14, Seal No. 282B, p. 139 5. satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana vyavasthA aura rAjazAstra, pR0 280 6. tu0- pratiSThitApratiSThitA ca mudritA zAsitA tathA / catuvidhA sabhA proktA sabhyAzcaiva tathAvidhAH / / __ mudritA'dhyakSasaMyuktA rAjayuktA ca zAsitA // - bRhaspatismRti, 1.57-58 7. nagamAnumatenaiva mudritaM raajmudryaa| naigamasthaistu yatkArya likhitaM yavyavasthitam / / (kAtyAyana) -(pRthvIcandrapraNItadharmatattvakalAnidhi), vyavahAraprakAza, 7.1.1 sampA0 jayakRSNa zarmA, bambaI, 1962

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zzrAvAMsa vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 277 vyavasthA meM 'nigama' kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna thA kintu spaSTa rUpa se kahIM bhI 'nigama' kA vyApArika samiti' ke rUpa meM ullekha nahIM AyA hai / 4. bauddha sAhitya - bauddha-kAlIna uttarI bhArata 16 mahAjanapadoM meM vibhakta thA / ' mukhyarUpa se svatantra rAjya 'raTTha' (rASTra) kahalAte the tathA rASTra ke bhI do upabheda hote the-- 'janapada' arthAt 'grAma' tathA 'nigama' arthAt 'pura' 2 | mahAvastuavadAna, dIghanikAya, majjhimanikAya, saMyutanikAya zrAdi bauddhagranthoM meM 'nigama' kA grAma-nagara- janapada prAdi ke sAtha aneka bAra prayoga huA hai / 3 bauddhanikAya-granthoM ke ullekhAnusAra 'nigama' meM 'zAkya', 'kaulika', 'kuru', 'medalumpa' Adi jAtiyA~ 1. 'Some Pali texts have lists of famous independent sixteen Mahajanapadas into which northern India was divided and which flourished just before the Buddha's time (c. 567-487 B.C.) and most probably during his life time also. ' -- Mahavastu Avadana, Vol. I, ed. Dr. Radha Gobinda Basak, Calcutta, 1963. Introduction, p. XXIII. tathA - aMguttaranikAya, 1.213, 4.252, 256 2. 'Each of these states under the rule of an Independent monarch was dominated a rattha of which the principal constituent parts were : (i) Janapada or the villages and (ii) nigam or the city.' -De. G.D., Significance and Importance of Jatakas, Calcutta, 1951, p. 131 3. (ka) grAmaM vA nagaraM vA nigamaM vA hanadhvam / - mahAvastu - avadAna, pR0 20 eva grAme nigameSu vA punaH mahAjano bhavati / - vahI, pR0 381 hi brAhmaNehi grAmanigamanaga rajanapadehi aNvantehi zAkyAnAM devaDahe nigame subhUtisya zAkyasya saptaghItaro dRSTA / -- vahI, pR0 465 (kha) ekaM samayaM bhagavA kurUsu viharati kammAsaghammaM nAma kurUnaM nigamo - dIghanikAya, mahAnidAnasutta 2.1.1, (ga) ekaM samayaM bhagavA sakkeSu viharati medalubhpaM nAma sakyAnaM nigamo / - majjhimanikAya, dhammacetiyasutta, 36.102, (gha) thullakoTThikaM nAma kurUnaM nigamo tadavasari / -- vahI, raTThapAlasutta, 32.11, (Ga) ekamidAhaM, mahArAja, samayaM sakkeSu viharAmi nagarakaM nAma sakyAnaM nigamo / saMyuttanikAya, kalyANa mittasutta, 3.18.47.

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298 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAna nivAsa karatI thiiN|' pratyeka jAti-vizeSa ke nAmAnusAra hI 'nigama' nAmaka grAma athavA pura ke sAtha unakI jAti kA nAma bhI jor3A jAtA thA, udAharaNArtha'sakyAnaM nigamo' (zAkya jAti kA nigama) kurUnaM nigamo' (kuru jAti kA nigama)2 Adi / majjhimanikAya ke 'eka samayaM bhaga kA aguttarApesu viharati prApaNaM nAma aguttarApAnaM nigamo' para TippariNa karate hue rAhula sAMkRtyAyana kA mata hai ki 'aguttarApa' kA artha hai janapada, tathA 'ApaNa' nigama kI saMjJA hai|4 saMbhavataH bauddhasAhitya meM prApta ullekhoM ke anusAra prAcIna bhArata meM 'nigamoM' kI bahuta saMkhyA thI, tathA kisI jAti-vizeSa ke AdhAra para athavA anya kisI vizeSatA ke AdhAra para 'nigama' ke 'zakya', 'kuru', 'medalumpa', Adi jAtiyoM se sambaddha ho gae the| 'agutarApa' nAmaka janapada meM sthita 'ApaNa' nAmaka 'nigama' meM lagabhaga bIsa hajAra dukAneM thI / phalataH yaha 'nigama' ApaNapradhAna hone ke kAraNa 'pApaNaM nAma-nigamo' kahalAyA / kaNaverajAtaka ke 'gAmanigamarAjadhAniyo' tathA AryazUra ke yajJajAtaka ke 'atha te tasya rAjJaH sacivAH paramiti pratigRhya tadvacanaM sarveSu grAmanagaranigameSu mArgavizrAma pradezeSu ca dAnazAlA kArayitvA' Adi uddharaNoM se grAma tathA nagara ke samakakSa 'nigama' kI bhI saMsthiti jAnI jA sakatI hai| ___majjhimanikAya meM 'nigama' ke svarUpa ke viSaya meM eka mahattvapUrNa ullekha prApta hotA hai| rAjA prasenajita ke pUchane para kArAyaNa ne rAjA ko 'nigama' kA mArga btaayaa| isa ullekha ke anusAra nagara se 'nigama' tIna yojana dUra para thaa| 1. saMyutta nikAya, kalyANamittasutta, 3.1847 2. vahI, 3.18.47 3. majjhimanikAya, potaliyasutta, 2.1.4 4. majjhimanikAya, bhAga 1, anuvAdaka-rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, banArasa, 1633, pR0 214, pAdaTippaNa 1 5. zAkyAnAM devaDahe nigame |-mhaavstu pR0 465 kammAsadhamma nAma kurunaM nigamo |-diigh0, mahAnidAnasutta, 2.1.1 medalumpaM nAma sakyAnaM nigmo|-mjjhi0, dhamma0 36.102 6. majjhimanikAya, anuvAdaka-rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, pR0 214, pAdaTippaNa 1 6. Kanavera-Jataka, ed., Fausball, Vol.-III, p. 61 8. The Jatakamala of Aryasura, ed. Dviwedi R. C. and Bhatt, M. R. Delhi, 1966, p. 41

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prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 279 isa 'nigama taka pahuMcane ke lie kucha dUra yAna se tathA usake bAda paidala hI jAyA jA sakatA thaa|' isase spaSTa hai ki nigama nagara ke samIpavartI grAma hote the, jahAM kI samIpavartI bhUmi Ubar3a-khAbar3a (viSama) hotI thI, isalie ratha prAdi ke dvArA jAnA asambhava thaa|2 paravartI vAstuzAstra ke granthoM se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki 'nigama' prAyaH vana-parvatAdi se prArakSita hote the| bauddhakAla meM saMbhavataH ina 'nigamoM' ko rAjya kI ora se adhika suvidhAeM prApta nahIM thIM kintu madhyakAlIna bhArata meM nigamoM meM adhikAMza rUpa se pariNaka nivAsa karane lage the| vizvakarmavAstuzAstra ke anusAra 'nigama' nAmaka nagara 'napabhogya' bhI kahalAe jAne lage the, tathA inameM mArga prAdi kI sabhI suvidhAeM bhI pradAna kara dI gaI thiiN| 5. jaina-sAhitya-jaina prAgama-granthoM meM 'nigama' (riNagama) kA aneka bAra 1. tu0-'eka samayaM bhagavA sakkesu viharati / medalumpaM nAma sakyAnaM nigamo tena kho pana samayena rAjA pasenadi kosalo nagarakaM anuppatto hoti / ...kIvadUre pana, samma, kArAyana nagaraphamhA medalumpaM nAma sakyAnaM nigamo hotIti' ? 'na dUre mahArAja, 'tINi yojanAni, sakkAdivasAvasesena gantu'ti / tena hi samma kArAyana, yojehi bhadrAni bhadrAni yAnAni; gamissAma mayaM taM bhagavantaM dassanAya marahantaM sammAsa sambuddha' ti' |...bhdrehi bhadrehi yAnehi nagrakamhA yena maidalumpaM nAma sakyAnaM nigamo tena pAyAsi; teneva divasAvasesena medalumpaM nAma sakyAnaM nigamaM sampApuriNa; yena ArAmo tena pAyAsi / yAvatikA yAnasya bhUmi yAnena gatvA, yAnApaccorohitvA pattiko va mArAmaM pAvisi / ' -majjhimanikAya, dhammacetiyasutta, pR0 322-23 2. vahI, tathA tu0-"nigama or the city, 1.e. urban portion large tracts of forest or groups of mountains which were no man's land belng resorts of 'rlshis' formed generally the boundaries of these states that were seldom conterminant,' -De, Signi. and Imp. of Jatakas, p. 131 3. vanamadhyagato vApi girisAnugato'pi vA ...kathito nigamo budhaiH / / -vizvakarmavAstuzAstra, 8.40-46 ed. K.V. Shastri, Tanjore, ___1958, 4. nigamo variNaggrAmaH / -padacagdrikA, JInIst Studies, pR. 15 para uddhRta 5. nigamAvinagaryastu napabhogyA udiiritaaH| tathA caturdiksthacaturdAro mahAmArgayuto bhavet / -vizvakarma0, 40.42

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja prayoga huA hai / AcArAGgasUtra' sUtrakRtAGga, kalpasUtra, 3 propapAttikasUtra tathA uttarAdhyayana sUtra Adi Agama granthoM meM 'nigama' spaSTa rUpa se nivAsArthaka pravAsa bheda ke artha meM hI prayukta huA hai| jaina AgamagranthoM meM prAya: 'gAma' (grAma), 'gagara' (nagara) 'kheDa' (kheTa) 'kabbaDa' (karvaTa) 'maDaMba' (maDamba) 'paTTA' (pattana ) doga muha ( droNamukha) 'agara ' ( prAkara) 'Asama' (asama) 'saNNiveza' (sanniveza) 'rigama' ( nigama ) ' rAyahAriNa' (rAjadhAnI) ke pratirikta 'sambAha' (samvAha) 'ghosa' (ghoSa ) 'puDabheyaraNa' (puTabhedana) Adi AvAsa bhedoM kI vibhinna pAribhASika saMjJAeM upalabdha hotI haiM / prAcIna bhArata meM prAvAsa bhedoM kI isa prakAra kI saMjJAeM dezakAla ke anusAra pRthak-pRthak rahI haiM / arthazAstra ke anusAra rAjya - vibhAjana evaM prazAsana kI dRSTi se nagaroM evaM grAmoM ko 'sthAnIya', ( ATha sau grAmoM kA samUha), 'droNamukha' ( cAra sau grAmoM kA samUha ) 'khArvaTika' ( do sau grAmoM kA samUha ) ' saMgrahaNa' ( dasa gA~voM kA samUha ) zrAdi ikAiyoM meM vibhakta kiyA 280 2 1. tu0 - gAma, nagara, kheDa, kavbaDa, maDamba, paTTaNa, doraNamuha, Agara, asama, sanniveza, nigama, rAyahANi / -Ayaramgasutra, ed., H. Jacobi, London, 18821, 7.6' 2. tu0 - gAma nagara, kheDa, kabbaDa, maDamba, doraNamuha, paTTana, Asama, sanniveza nigama, rAyahANi / - Suyagadamgasutra, ed., Nirnayasagara Press, Bombay, 1880, II. 2.13 3. tu0 - gAma, Agara, nagara, kheDa, kavbaDa, maDamba, doNamuha, paTTaNa, asama, sambAha, sanniveza, nigama, ghosa, puDabheyaraNa / Kalpasutra of Bhadrabahu, ed. H. Jacobi, Vll, ( 1879), 89 4. tu0 - gAma, Agara, nagara, kheDa, kavbaDa, doraNamuha, maDamba, paTTaNa, prAsama nigama, samvAha, sanniveza / --Aupapatikasutra, ed. E. Leumann, VIII, ( 1883 ), 53 5. tu0 - gAma, nagara, rAyahAriNa, nigama, nAgara, pallI, kheDa, kabbaDa, dogamuha,, paTTana, maDamba / -- Uttaradhyayanasutra, Calcutta, 18:9, XXX, 16

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zrAvAsa vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 38 1 jAtA thA / zrImadbhAgavatapurANa meM pura, grAma, vraja, prAkara, kheTa, kharvaTa, ghoSa, pattana prAdi saMjJAeM AIM haiN| isI prakAra vAtsyAyana ke kAmasUtra meM 'nagara' 'pattana' 'khabaMTa' 'mahat' prAdi nagarabheda sambandhI pAribhASika saMjJAeM pracalita thiiN| isa prakAra bhArata ke uttarI kSetra evaM dakSiNI kSetra meM vibhinna prakAra kI nagara- vibhAjaka saMjJAeM pracalita thIM / dakSiNa bhArata meM 'nigama' Adi prAvAsa bhedaka saMjJAoM kA adhika pracalana thA / bauddha granthoM tathA jaina- prAgama granthoM meM 'nigama' kA prayoga bAhulya hai parantu arthazAstra, mahAbhArata Adi granthoM meM 'nigama' nAmaka pravAsa-bhedaka ikAI kA ullekha prApta nahIM hotA / lagabhaga caturtha zatAbdI IsvI ke jaina grantha aGgavijjA ( praGgavidyA ) meM bhI kiMcit parivartanoM sahita grAma-nagara bheda ke sandarbha meM hI 'nigama' (gima) kA ullekha huA hai / " dazAzrutaskandha meM bhI 'raTTha' (rASTra) evaM 'nigama' (tu0 neyAraM nigamassa) kA ullekha vyApArika grAmoM kI ora saMketa karatA hai / Agama granthoM meM Ae 'nigama' kI vyAkhyA karate hue jaina cUrNI granthoM evaM vRtti granthoM se bhI bahuta upayogI prakAza par3atA hai / AcArAGgasUtra 3 (1.8) meM zrAe 3 praSTazatagrAmyA madhye sthAnIyaM catuzzatagrAmyA droNamukhaM, dvizatagrAmyA khATikaM, dazagrAmIsaMgraheNa saMgrahaNaM sthApayet / --arthazAstra, 2.1 2. puragrAmavrajodyAnakSetrArAmAzramakarAt / kheTakhavaMTaghoSAMzca dadatuH pattanAni ca / / - zrImadbhAgavatapurANa0, 7.2.14 3. nagare pattane khavaMTe mahati vA sajjanAzraye sthAnam / --kAmasUtra, 1.4.2 4. tattha NIhAresu calesu gAma - gagara- riNagama jANapaya-paTTaNa-riNa veza-saNNAkhadhAvipavyaya desa - saMjArarAjA raNAgate / vAra - - zraGgavijjA, sampA0, muni puNyavijaya, vArANasI, 1657, a0 12, pR0 136 5. je nAyagaM ca raTThasya neyAraM nigamasya vA / seTThi bahukhaM hatA mahAmohaM pakkuvai // ' --dazAsra taskandhasUtra, anuvAdaka, prAtmArAma, lAhora, 1636, 6.16, pR0 340 6. praNupavisittA gAmaM vA, gagaraM vA, kheDaM vA, kabbaDaM vA, maDaMbaM vA, paTTaNaM vA, droNamuhaM vA, AgaraM vA, prasabhaM vA, gigamaM vA, rAyahAriNa vA / --pracArAGgasUtra, sampA0, muninathamala prakAzaka jaina zvetAmbara terApanthI mahAsabhA; kalakattA, 1967, 1.8.106

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282 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 'riNagama' (nigama) kI vyAkhyA karate hue AcArAGga-cUrNI (tRtIya-caturtha zatAbdI IsvI) kA kathana hai ki jahA~ 'nagama' arthAt vyApArI loga nivAsa kareM use nigama kahate hai-Nigamo jattha Negama vaggo parivasati / '' isI prakAra zIlAlAcAryakRta prAcArAGga vRtti ke anusAra 'nigama' kI 'prabhUtataravaNigvargAvAsaH'2 paribhASA kI gaI hai / yahI paribhASA 'sUtrakRtAGgaTIkA' ko bhI abhimata hai : tulniiy-'bhuvnnignivaasH| 3 uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA, jo saMbhavataH ina TIkAoM se prAcIna hai 'bhUtavariNagnivAsaH'4 kahakara nigama' ko pAribhASita karatI hai| lagabhaga caturtha zatAbdI I0 se vIM zatAbdI I. taka ke uparyukta cUrNI granthoM evaM vRtti granthoM meM 'nigama' ko vyApArika grAma ke rUpa me pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| madhyakAlIna jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya bhI vyApArika grAmoM ke rUpa meM 'nigama' kA varNana karate haiM / 5... 6. koSa-grantha-koSa-granthoM meM 'nigama' zabda ke aneka paryAyavAcI zabda parigaNita kie gae haiN| ina koSa granthoM para kI jAne vAlI TIkAtroM ke dvArA 'nigama' zabda ke svarUpa-nirdhAraNa meM bhI paryApta sahAyatA milatI hai| sarvaprathama amara koSa lagabhaga chaThI-zatAbdI IsvI meM likhA jA cukA thaa| amarakoSa ke samaya meM 'nigama' ke vaNikAtha (bAjAra) pura, nAgara, vaNika tathA veda partha pracalita the| amarakoSa ke puravarga meM paThita 'nigama' nagarabheda kI saMjJA ke rUpa meM ullikhita hai| pAMcavIM-chaThI zatAbdI I. taka nagara bhedoM meM pura, nagara, pattana, puTabhedana, sthAnIya, nigama, mUlanagara (rAjadhAnI) tathA zAkhA nagaroM kI praAvAsIya saMsthitiyAM vartamAna thIM / ' 'nigama' ke sandarbha meM pradhAnata: amarakoSa 1. prAcArAGgacUrNI, ratalAma, 1941, pR0 182 2. prAcArAGgavRtti, bambaI, 1935, pR0 258 3. Stein, Jinist Studies, pR0 14 para uddhRta 4. vahI, pR0 14 5. vizeSa draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 253-56 6. Kalpadrukosa of Kesava, ed. Ramavatara sarma, Vol. I, Baroda, 1928, Intro , p. xvii. 7. vaNikpathaH puraM vedo nigamo nAgaro vaNik / -nAmaliGgAnuzAsana, 3.140, sampA0, kRSNajI govinda ___okA, pUnA, 1613 8. puH strI purInagayoM vA pattanaM puTa bhedanam / sthAnIyaM nigamo'nyattu yanmUlanagarAtpuram / / -nAmaliGgA0, dvitIya kANDa, puravarga 1, pR0 48 6. mUlanagaraM rAjadhAnI tato'nyatsasudAyasthAnaM (zAkhAnagaraM) zAkhetyupAGgopalakSaNam / -nAmaliGgA0, puravarga-1, para kSIrasvAmIkRta TIkA, sampA0, kRSNajI govinda prokA, pR0 48 /

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mAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 283 kA hI paravartI koSakAroM ne anusaraNa kiyA jinameM vizvakoSa,' trikANDazeSa,, vizvaprakAza,3... medinIkoSa, nAnArthamaMjarI,5. koSa-kalpataru, kalpadrukoSa, zabdaratnasamanvayakoSa, vAGmayArNava koSa Adi ullekhanIya haiM / lagabhaga chaThI zatAbdI se 20vIM zatAbdI taka ke ina koSa-granthoM meM 'nigama' ke svarUpabheda para bhI paryApta prakAza par3atA hai| 12vIM zatI ke hemacandrakRta abhidhAnacintAmariNa meM 'nigama' ke paryAyavAcI zabda prAvAsabheda kI dRSTi se parigaNita haiN|10 hemacandra ke samaya taka bhArata ke bhaugolika evaM rAjanaitika vibhAjana 1. nigamo vANije puryAM kaTe vede vnnikpthe| -vizvakoza 2. kaTe puryAM ca nigamo niyamo nizcaye vrate / -trikANDazeSa, bambaI, 1616, 3.266, pR0 194 3. nigamo vANije puryAM kaTe vede vaNikpathe / -vizvaprakAza, sampA0, zrI zIlaskandhasthavira, banArasa, 1911, matrikam, 42, pR0 113, matrikam 45, pR0 118 4. nigamo vANije puryAM kaTe vede vnnikpthe| -medinIkoSa 5. nigamo strI pure vede vANijye ca variNagdhane / -nAnArthamaJjarI, sampA0, ke0 pI0, kRSNamUrti zarmA, pUnA 1954, 1236, pR0 61 6. puraM trilaGgayAM nagarI napuMsi, draGgo naliGgo nigamaH striyAM pUH / nivezanaM pattanaM paTTane ca sthAnIyamuktaM puTabhedanaM ca // -koSakalpataru, sampA0, ema0 ena0 pATakara evaM ke0 vI0 kRSNamUrti, pUnA, 1975, puravarga-1, pR0 116 7. tadarddhamastriyAM kheTastasyAddhaM pattano striyAm / tadahaM nigamaH puMsi tadaddhaM tu nivezanam / -- kalpadrukoSa 8. nigamo vANije puryAM kaTe vede vnnikpthe| -zabdaratnasamanvayakoSa, sampA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya __ bar3audA, 1932, pR0 228 1. nigamo nagare vede nizcaye ca vnnikpthe| -vAGmayArNava 10. nagarI pU: purI draGgaH pattanaM puTabhedanam // nivezanamadhiSThAnaM sthAnIyaM nigamo'pi ca / -abhidhAnacintAmaNi, sampA0, vijayakastUrasUri, ahamadAbAda, vi0 saM0 2013, padyasaMkhyA 671-72, pR0 221

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284 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja meM vAstuzAstra dvArA anumodita zAstrIya (technical) zabdAvalI prayukta hone lagI thii| nagara ke dasa bhedoM meM nigama' bhI eka mahattvapUrNa meda hotA thaa| vAcaspati ne abhidhAna cintAmaNi ke 'nigama' ko spaSTa karate hue isake pAribhASika svarUpa ko spaSTa kiyA hai| 800 grAmoM ke Adhe bhAga ko 'droNamukha' athavA 'kITa', 'kITa' ke Adhe ko 'kavuTika', 'kavuTika' ke prAdhe ko 'kArvaTa', 'kArvaTa' ke Adhe ko 'pattana' athavA 'puTabhedana' saMjJA dI gaI hai| 'nigama' 'pattana' kA prAdhA bhAga hotA thA tathA 'nigama' ke prAdhe bhAga ko 'nivezana' kahA gayA hai|' isa prakAra lagabhaga 25 gAMvoM ke samUha kI saMjJA 'nigama' ThaharatI hai| abhidhAna cintAmaNi para vijayakastUra sUri kRta 'candrodayA' nAmaka gujarAtI TIkA ke anusAra 'pattana' kA AdhA tathA 25 grAmoM meM zreSTha nagara nigama' kahalAtA thaa| kalpadrukoSa meM bhI isI dizA meM 'nigama' kA svarUpa pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| kalpadruma ke anusAra 'kheTa' kA AdhA 'pattana' hotA thA tathA 'pattana' kA AdhA bhAga 'nigama' kahalAtA thA aura 'nigama' ke prAdhe bhAga ko 'nivezana' saMjJA dI gaI hai| saMskRta koSakAroM ne nigama' zabda ke paryAyavAcI zabda bhI die haiM / eka, 'nigama' ke sAdhAraNa paryAyavAcI zabda jinake pura, veda, nizcaya vANijya, vaNik tathA nagara Adi artha saMbhava the| dUsarA, vAstuzAstrIya dRSTikoNa se 'nigama' nagarabheda sambandhI arthoM se sambaddha thaa| nagarabheda ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM ko prAya: 'puravarga' meM parigaNita kiyA gayA hai / 'nigama' kA artha mUla rUpa se mArga hotA thA bAda meM yaha artha vyApAra-mArga ke rUpa meM, tadanantara vyApAra artha meM, tathA vyApAriyoM ke grAmoM ke artha meM bhI hone lagA thaa| hemacandra ke abhidhAnacintAmaNi meM 'nigama' kA mArga artha bhI diyA gayA hai| isI prakAra 15vIM zatI kI pada Y 1. grAmazatASTake tadargha tu droNamukhaM tacca kavaMTamastriyAm / kavaTArce kavuTikaM syAt tadarthe tu kArvaTam / / tadarthe pattanaM tacca, puTabhedanam // nigamastu pattanArthe, tadardhe tu nivezanam / __ -(vAcaspati), abhidhAna0, 672 2. abhidhAna0 672 para vijayakastUra sUri kRta 'candrodayA' gurjarabhASA TIkA, __ ahamadAbAda, vi0 saM0 2023, pa0 221 / 3. tadaddharmamastriyAM kheTastasyAddha pattano'striyAm / tadarddha nigamaH puMsi tadarddha tu nivezanam // -kalpadrukoza 4. padavyekapadI padyA paddhatirvartma vartanI / ayanaM saraNirgoi'dhvA panthA nigamaH sRtiH // -abhidhAna0, 683, pR0 224 M . .

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mAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 285 candrikA koza ke anusAra nigama ke sura, vedAdi artha hote the kintu nigama grAma ke vyApAriyoM ko bhI kahate the / ' 17vIM zatAbdI ke koSa kalpataru dvArA pratipAdita nigama kA pracalana vyApAra, vaNikpatha, prAdi se adhika sambaddha ho gayA thaa| kyoMki nigama meM adhikAMza rUpa se vaNik loga hI nivAsa karane lage the prataH nigama kA nivAsI-gama' vaNika ke rUpa meM rUDha ho gyaa| abhidhAna0 ne isI prAzaya se 'naigama' ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM kA parigaNana kiyA hai / isase pUrva 12vIM zatAbdI ke samaya taka 'namama' zabda pUrNataH vyApArI ke artha meM bar3ha rahA thaa|' 7. vAstuzAstra ke prantha-vAstuzAstra ke granthoM meM bhI nagara-grAma prAdi ke svarUpa para vizada prakAza DAlA gayA hai / nagara-grAma prAdi kI paribhASAmoM ke sandarbha meM 'nigama' bhI isI prakAra ke prAvAsa bhaMda kA kA eka prakAra thaa| 'vizvakarmaprakAza' saMbhavataH matsyapurANa se prAcIna thA ataH sAtavIM zatI I0 ke lagabhaga isakA samaya nirdhArita kiyA jA sakatA hai| vAstuzAstra ke mahattvapUrNa granthAnusAra nigama, skandhAvAra, droNaka, kunja, paTTaNa tathA zivira nAmaka chaH prakAra ke nagara 'nRpabhogya' nagara kahalAte the| saMbhavata: ye nagara rAjya kI zAsana vyavasthA, surakSA, vyApAra prAdi dRSTiyoM se bhI upAdeya rahe the| 'nigama' nAmaka nagara dhanadhAnya se samRddha hote the tathA rAjya ke mahatvapUrNa uccAdhikArI gaNa inameM nivAsa karate the| ina nagaroM meM bAjAra, nyAyazAlAeM tathA UMce-UMce mahala bhI bane hote the| kyoMki zAsana vyavasthA ke mahattvapUrNa vyaktiyoM tathA kendroM se ina nagaroM kA sambandha hotA thaa| ye nagara prAyaH vanamadhya tathA parvatAdi se prArakSita hote the| surakSA kI dRSTi se ina nagaroM ke cAroM pora rakSaka niyukta kiye jAte the tathA ina nagaroM ke cAroM mora bar3e-bar3e mArga bhI bane hote the| nAnAvidha jAtiyoM ke loga inameM nivAsa karate 1. nigamo vaNiggrAmaH / nigamaH sure vede // -padacandrikAkoza 2. aTTo strI nigamo dvaMdve vipaNiH syAd vaNikpathaH / krayasthalI paNyavIthI vAsanI vipaNiyoH / / -koSakalpataru, puravarga 24, pR0 121 3. satyAnRtaM tu vANijyaM variNajyA vANijo vaNik / krayavikrayikaH paNyAjIvA ''paNikanagamAH / / -abhidhAna0, 867 4. Benerji, S.C., Aspects of Ancient Indian Life, Calcutta, 1972, p. 55 nigamAdinagaryastu napabhogyA udIritAH / -vizvakarmavAstuzAstra, ed. Shastri, K.V., Tanjore, 1958; 8.31

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286 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja the|' mayamata (10vIM zatAbdI) ke anusAra nigama meM cAroM vargoM ke loga nivAsa karate the / ' 'samarAGgaNasUtradhAra' (11vIM zatI) ke anusAra 'nigama' kI sthiti grAma se kucha UMcI mAnI jAtI thii| 'mAnasAra' ke anusAra nigama' ko kArIgaroM kA kasbA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isI prakAra 'zilpa ratna' (16vIM zatI) ke anusAra nigama meM cAroM vargoM ke loga nivAsa karate the tathA ye dhana-dhAnya evaM pazuH Adi se vizeSa samRddha hote the| ____ isa prakAra 10vIM zatAbdI se lekara 16vIM zatAbdI taka ke vAstuzAstra ke granthoM meM 'niyama' nAmaka nagara ke nirmANa ke lie Avazyaka nirdeza die gae haiN| Do0 ena0 zukla mahodaya ke matAnusAra prAyaH nigamoM meM cAroM varanoM ke loga nivAsa 1. vanamadhyamato vApi girisAnumato'pi vA / / sadAtoyAtIrabhAgvA rksskrbhisNvtH| nigamo durgasaMyukto vapreNApi samAvRtaH // caturdiksthacaturdAro mahAbhAgayuto bhavet / pIThAdhiSThAnasadapragopurAdi samanvitaH / / ... rAjakAryakararanyaH purakAryakararyutaH / vipaNyAdi samopeto nyAyazAlAdibhiryutaH / / nAnAjAtijanAkIrNo vAruNyAM devagehabhAk / tuGgassodharupeto'yaM kathito nigamo budhaH // -vizvakarma0, 8.40-46 2. cAturvarNyasametaM sarvajanAvAsasaGkIrNam / / bahukarmakArayuktaM yannigamaM tata samuddiSTam / / -mayamata, 10.34 3. UnaM karvaTameveha guNonigama ucyate / grAmaH syAnnigamAdUno grAmakalpo gRhastvasau / -rAjAbhojadeva kRta samarAGgaNasUtradhAra, sampA0 dvijendranAtha zukla lakhanaU, 1655, 323-24, pR0 252 4. bahukamaMkAra yuktaM nigamaM tadudAhRtam / -mAnasAra0, a0 10, paMkti 84 5. cAturvaNaiH karmakAra nAkarmopajIvibhiH / paNyAzvaSanadhAnyAdyeyuktaM tu nigamaM smRtam // -zilparatna, a05

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prAvAsa vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 287 kara sakate the kintu pradhAna rUpa se inameM zilpI varga kI adhika se 1678 I0 meM almor3A ke candravaMzI rAjA bAjabahAdura ke dvArA praNIta 'rAjadharma kaustubha ' 2 nAmaka grantha meM 'nigama' prabhAva hone se yaha niSkarSa bhI nikAlA jA sakatA hai ki uttarI bhArata ke parvatIya prAntoM meM 'nigama' nAmaka prAvAsIya saMsthiti vizeSa pracalita nahIM thI / saMkhyA thI / 1 1638 sabhApaNDita pratantadeva nAmaka prAvAsa bheda ke 8. * smRti grantha evaM nibandha - grantha - jina smRti granthoM meM 'naigama' kA ullekha milatA hai unameM nAradasmRti tathA bRhaspatismRti ullekhanIya haiM / vyavahAraprakAza dvArA uddhRta yAjJavalkya ke vacanoM meM bhI 'naigama' kA ullekha huA hai / smRti granthoM meM prAya: 'zreNISamaM', 'pASaNDidharma' ke sAtha hI 'naigamadharma' kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai / spaSTa rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai ki smRti granthoM meM * 1. 2. 'yadyapi isa nigama - nagara meM vizeSakara zilpiyoM kI bastiyA~ hotI thIM tathApi ina pravacana ( mayamata - 10, zilpa 0 - 5) pramANa se cAroM varNoM ke logoM ke bhI isameM nivAsa hote the-- isameM sandeha nahIM parantu prAdhAnyena zilpI loga rahate hoNge| nigama-nagara ke vikAsa sambandhI paramparA meM isakI saMjJA - 'nigama' kA mahattva hai| nigama kA zabdArtha to vyApAramArga - Trade Route hai zrataH kAlAntara meM isI vizeSatA ke kAraNa nagara kA nAma bhI nigama par3a gayA / ' 4. -- dvijendranAtha zukla, bhAratIya vAstuzAstra, lakhanaU, 1955, pR0 108 Rajadharmakaustubha of Ananta Deva, ed. Mahamahopadhyaya Kamala Krsna Smrtitirtha, Baroda, 1905, Vastuprakaranam 3. pASaNDanaigamAdInAM sthitiH samaya ucyate / -- vyavahAraprakAza, pR0 306 para uddhRta nAradasmRti naigamA vaidyakitavA: sabhyotkocakavaJcakAH / prakAzataskarA hya ete tathA kuhukajIvinaH // - bRhaspatismRti, 32.3 tathA maryAdA lekhitA kAryA naigamAdhiSThitAsadA / --vyavahAraprakAza, 306 para uddhRta bRhaspatismRti 5. zreNinaM gamapASaNDigaNAnAmapyayaM vidhiH / vahI, pR0 306, para uddhRta yAjJavalkya 6. pASaNDinaMga mazreNIpUgavrAtagaNAdiSu / saMrakSet samayaM rAjA durge janapade tathA // - nAradasmRti, 102

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288 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 'nagama' se kyA abhiprAya rahA hogA ? saMbhAvanA yaha hI adhika pratIta hotI hai ki smRtiyoM meM 'naigama' se abhiprAya 'vyApArI varga' se hI rahA hogaa| smRti granthoM meM pAe 'nagama' tathA svatantra rUpa se 'nagama' kI vyAkhyA karate hue paravartI nibandha granthoM ke lekhaka bhI 'negama' ke svarUpa pratipAdana meM ekamata nahIM / kucha TIkAkAra 'nagama' ko vedAdi se jor3akara isa zabda kA 'veda ko pramANa mAnane vAlA' artha karate haiN|' yAjJa0 ke TIkAkAra vijJAnezvara kI mitAkSarA (1080-1100 IsvI) ke anusAra 'nagama' kI 'pAzupatAdi' sampradAyoM ke sandarbha meM vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| yAja ke hI eka anya TIkAkAra vizvarUpa (800850 I0) ke anusAra 'sArthavAha prAdi kA samUha' 'nagama' kahalAtA hai / yAjJa0 ke tIsare TIkAkAra aparAkaM (1100-1300 I0) ke anusAra 'eka sAtha vyApAra ke lie jAne vAle nAnA jAti ke loga' 'nagama' kahalAte haiN| devaNNabhaTTakRta smaticandrikA (1200-1225 I.) ke mata meM sArthavAhoM kA saMgaThana 'nagama' hai / " mitramizrakRta 'vIramitrodaya' (1610-1640 I0) ke anusAra 'ratnAdi bahumUlya vastuoM kA vyApAra karane vAle' 'negama' kahalAte the| isa prakAra smRti granthoM tathA nibandha granthoM ke sandarbha meM 'nagama' kA artha vyApArI karanA ucita hai| 6. dakSiNa bhArata ke vyApArika nigama-prAcIna bhArata meM rAjA Adi se dAna meM prApta grAma vizeSoM kI 'agrahAra' saMjJA pracalita thii| adhikAMza rUpa 1. nArada0, 10.2 para 'vyavahAramukhya' kI vyAkhyA--'pASaNDi' vyApAra tathA kRSi karane vAle veda virodhI sampradAya, 'nagama' beda kA virodha na karane vAle loga / draSTavya, Mookerji, Local Govt., p. 128, fn. 3 2. negamAH ye vedasya prAptapraNItatvena prAmANyamicchanti, pAzupatAdayAH / -mitAkSarA 3. sArthavAhAdisamUho negamA:-(vizvarUpa), pI0 bI0 kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsya, bhAga 2 pR0 646 se udta tathA tu0-'pASANDanagamAdInAM' para pRthvIcandra kRta TIkA-'pASaNDAkSapaNAdayaH / negamAH sAthikA vaNijaH / -vyavahAra0, pR0 306 4. saha dezAntaraM vANijyArtha ye nAnAjAtIyA adhigacchanti te nagamAH / -aparArka, pR0 766, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, pR0 646 se uddhRta 5. Smrticandrika of Devanna Bhatta, ed. Gharpure, J.R., Mysore, Vol. III, p. 523 6. negamAH ratnAdInAM vaannijykrtaarH| -vIramitrodaya, rAjanItiprakAza, pa0 48 7. Thapar, Romila, A History of India, Great Britain, 1974, Vol. I, p. 176

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zrAvAsa vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 286 se ina grAmoM meM brAhmaNa varga nivAsa karatA thA tathA ye agrahAra - grAma zikSA ke kendra bhI bana gae the / ' agrahAra grAmoM ke samAna hI madhyakAlIna bhArata meM nigama-grAmoM meM bhI mukhya rUpa se vyApArI varga nivAsa karatA thA jinheM 'naigama' bhI kahA jAtA thA / nigamoM meM prabhUtamAtrA meM anAja kA utpAdana hotA thA isake sAtha hI grAmoM ikSu-yantroM ke dvArA ganne ke rasa se gur3a Adi kA utpAdana bhI kiyA jAtA thA / a isa prakAra nigamoM meM anAja Adi kA bhaNDAra hone ke kAraNa ye vyApAra ke prasiddha kendra bana cuke the / daNDI ke dazakumAra carita tathA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM dvArA variNata nigamoM kI sthiti grAma sadRza hI thI / eka prora ina nigamoM meM moroM kI dhvani hone, gAyoM ke rambhAne tathA murgoM kI uchala-kUda ke kAraNa grAmINa vAtAvaraNa banA huA thA to dUsarI ora samRddhi vaibhava ke kAraNa inakI tulanA vikasita nagaroM se bhI kI jA sakatI thI / 5 ina nigamoM meM U~ce-U~ce prAsAda bhI bane hote the tathA rAja mArga Adi vibhinna prakAra kI unnata suvidhAeM bhI inheM prApta thIM / phalataH nigamoM ke lie 'vaNiggrAma' 6 tathA 'nRpabhogyanagara '7 zrAdi saMjJAoM kA bhI prayoga huA hai / dakSiNabhArata ke prathama dvitIya zatAbdI IsvI ke Andhra sAtavAhanayugIna rAjya-vyavasthA ke sandarbha meM 'nigama' nAmaka nagaroM ke astitva hone kI puSTi dakSiNa bhArata ke zilAlekhoM se bhI hotI hai| 5 Andhra sAtavAhana kAla meM dakSiNa bhArata ke bharukaccha (bhar3oMca), sopArA, karaNaherI, kalyAna, peThana, govardhana, ghannakaTaka, 9. Thapar, R.. A History of India, Vol. I, p. 176 2. Gupta, D.K., Society and Culture in the Time of Dandin Delhi, 1972, p. 133 3. candra0, 2.113 4. grahaM ca paJcabAraNavazyaH zrAvastImabhyavartiSi / mArge ca mahati nigame naigamAnAM tAmracUr3ayuddhakolAhalo mahAnasIt / -Dasakumaracarita, ed. Kale, M.R., II. 5 tathA candra0 1.16, 2.113, 5.4, 13.46, dvisa0, 4.66 5. vizvakarmA0, 8.40-46 tathA candra0 2.113, dvisa0, 4.66 6. Gupta, Soclety and Culture, p. 310 8. tu0 - nigamAdinagaryastu nRpabhogyA udIratAH / vizvakarmA 0, 8. 31 7. Puri, B.N., History of Indian Administration, Vol. I, Bombay, 1968, p. 162

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260 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja nAmaka prasiddha 'nigama' vyApAra ke mahattvapUrNa kendra the / ' yaha bhI sUcanA milatI hai ki ina vyApArika nigamoM kI 'nigama-sabhA' nAmaka 'saGgaThita samiti' bhI banI huI thii| isa prakAra rAmAyaNa meM Ae 'negama' zabda dvArA rAmAyaNakAlIna 'nigama' nAmaka prAvAsArthaka saMsthiti ke astitva kI sUcanA milatI hai| 'paura'-'jAnapada' jisa prakAra pura-janapada nAmaka nagarabheda kI saMsthAnoM se sambaddha the usI prakAra rAmAyaNa kA lekhaka nivAsArthaka 'nigama' se bhI paricita thaa| kintu rAmAyaNakAla meM pura-janapada ke samAna 'nigama' atyadhika lokapriya nahIM ho pAe the| saMbhavataH dakSiNa bhArata meM ina nigamoM kA vizeSa pracalana thaa| pANini prAyaH 'nigama' ko veda ke artha meM prayukta karate haiM tathA kabhI-kabhI vedetara artha meM unhoMne 'nigamAH' kA bhI prayoga kiyA hai| mahAbhArata, arthazAstra joki bhAratIya rAjazAstra ke koSagrantha haiM, 'nigama' ke viSaya meM mauna haiN| prAvAsArthaka 'nigama' ke astitva ke prAcInatama purAtatvazAstrIya aitihAsika pramANa tRtIya zatAbdI I0 se pUrvavartI nahIM / saMbhavataH mahAbhArata, arthazAstra tathA aSTAdhyAyI tRtIya zatAbdI IsvI-pUrva se pUrva nirmita hone ke kAraNa 'nigama' nAmaka grAmoM athavA nagaroM se paricita na hoN| vaise uparyukta sabhI granthoM kI kAlasImA sunizcita na hone ke kAraNa isa sambandha meM koI nizcita mAnyatA sthApita nahIM kI jA sakatI hai / kevala itanA spaSTa hotA hai ki rAmAyaNa, jAtaka prAdi prAcIna bauddha sAhitya, tathA jaina pAgama granthoM meM 'nigama' pura-janapada ke sAtha prayukta hone ke kAraNa nivAsArthaka hI thaa| IsvI pUrva ke sabhI zilAlekhoM, mudrAbhilekhoM tathA sikkoM se isa tathya kI puSTi kI jA sakatI hai| 'nagama' kA artha rAmAyaNa meM 'nigama se sambaddha vyakti' thaa| bauddha sAhitya meM 'nagama' kA artha eka aora zAsaka (nagaraseTha) thA to dUsarI ora nagara-seThoM kA vyavasAya mUlataH vyApAra hone ke kAraNa vyApArI varga ke lie bhI isa zabda kA sAmAnya prayoga hotA thA / bauddha nikAya granthoM meM 'nigama' choTe-choTe kasboM ke samAna the jinameM kuru, zAkya Adi jAtiyAM nivAsa karatI thIM / bauddha yuga meM 'nigama' prArthika evaM rAjanaitika dRSTi se pichar3e hue the kyoMki ina nigamoM meM AvAgamana Adi kI bhI samucita vyavasthA nahIM ho pAI thii| bhArata ke svarNa yuga gupta kAla meM nigamoM kA vikAsa huA tathA dasavIM zatAbdI taka ina nigamoM ko mArga prAdi kI unnata nAgarika suvidhAeM pradAna kara dI gaI thIM / phalataH isa yuga meM 'nigama' kRSi utpAdana kI dizA meM bhI bahuta samRddha hone lage the / 1. 2. Puri, B.N., History of Indian Administration, Vol. I, p. 162 Ep. Ind., VIII, No. 12

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zrAvAsa - vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 261 evaM rAjya kI ora se samucita suvidhAeM prApta hone para nigamoM kA uttarottara Arthika vikAsa hotA rahA / anAja tathA anya gur3a prAdi khAdya vastunoM kA utpAdana mUlataH nigamoM meM hI hotA thA / adhikAMza rUpa se inameM nivAsa karane vAle 'naigama' varga kA vyavasAya thA-- kRSi utpAdana karanA tathA rAjya meM usakA vitaraNa karanA / vAstuzAstra ke kucha granthoM ke anusAra 'nigama' nAmaka nagara meM zilpI varga bhI nivAsa karatA thA / phalataH kRSi zilpa ke vyavasAya se nigama atyadhika samRddha evaM aizvarya sampanna hote the / 16vIM zatAbdI I0 ke vIramitrodaya nAmaka grantha ke ullekhAnusAra negamavarga ratna prAdi bahumUlya vastunoM kA vyApAra bhI karane lage the / dakSiNa bhArata ke prAndhra sAtavAhana tathA prArambhika pallava vaMzI rAjAoM ke kAla meM bhAratavarSa meM pAMca cha: nigama aise bhI the jinheM deza kI sarvocca vyApArika kendroM ke rUpa meM mAnyatA prApta ho cukI thii| DI0 ena0 zukla mahodaya ke vicArAnusAra 'nigama' kA vAstavika artha 'Trade Route' thA kintu bAda meM nigama vyApArika grAma athavA nagara ke lie bhI prayukta hone lagA thA / isa sambandha meM DA0 DI0 sI0 sarakAra ne eka mahattvapUrNa sUcanA dI hai| DA0 sarakAra ne 'lekhapaddhati' ke 'nigamAgamadAna' ke pAribhASika artha hone kI ora dhyAna dilAyA hai / " isa sandarbha meM 'dAna' kA artha hai Toll or Tax- - cuMgI athavA zulka tathA 'nigamAnama' kA artha hai - Importing and Exporting -- prayata tathA niryAta | isa pAribhASika vyAkhyA dvArA bhI 'nigama' ke vyApAra se sambaddha hone kA pramANa milatA hai / isa prakAra adhikAMza bhAratIya vAGmaya ke sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahanA sarala ho jAtA hai ki prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana paddhati evaM Arthika janajIvana ke sandarbha meM prayukta 'nigama' kA AvAsArthaka - nagara athavA grAma artha hI upayukta hai / jAyasavAla Adi aitihAsikoM ke dvArA kalpita nigama ke 'Corporation' athavA 'Corporate Body of Merchants' Adi artha kRtrima evaM pramANa - viruddha hone ke kAraNa sugrAhya nahIM haiM / 1. 'The Word dana has been used in the sense of 'a toll or tax' in passages like nigamagamadana-'tax for importing and exporting', occurs in the 'Lekhapaddhati'.' --Sircar, D.C., Society and Administration of Ancient and Medieval India, Vol. I, Culture, 1967, p. 94

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262 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja (kha) khAnapAna vividha prakAra ke khAdya padArtha Alocya kAla meM vibhinna prakAra ke khAdya padArtha kRSi-upaja ke anusAra hI pracalita rahe the| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM nirmita vibhinna prakAra ke khAdya padArthoM kA varNana isa prakAra pAyA hai : 1. prodana' -bhAta ko kahate the| dvisandhAna mahAkAvya meM ise 'andhas' bhI kahA gayA hai / 2 hemacandra ne mAMsamizrita bhAta ke lie 'mAMsodana' tathA kondoM ke bhAta ke lie 'kodravodana' kA prayoga kiyA hai / 2. karambhaka-dahI ke sAtha milAkara taiyAra kie gae 'sakta' (jo cUrNa) ko 'karambhaka' kahA jAtA thA / 5 jo cUrNa ko 'saktu' (mAdhunika sattu) kI saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai| 3. maNDaka-pAjakala ise 'mAMDA' kahA jAtA hai| paMjAbI meM yaha 'manDe' 6 tathA gujarAtI meM 'mAnDe' kahalAtA hai| hariyANavI bhASA meM bhI capAtI arthAt roTI ko 'mAnDA' kahA jAtA hai / ise vizeSa avasaroM para khANDa ke sAtha bhI khAyA jAtA hai| isake lie 'khAMDa-mAMDA' zabda prayukta hotA hai / 1 hemacandra ke anusAra 'maNDaka' khANDa-mizrita bhI hotA thaa|12 1. pari0, 7.66, triSaSTi0, 3.1.16, dharma0, 21.36 2. dvisa0, 1.3 3. dvayA0 17.41, tathA pari0 7.68 4. dvayA0, 3.134 5. karambho dadhisaktavaH / -amarakoSa; dvitIya kANDa, 1802 6. Narang, Dvayasraya, pp. 190-91 7. triSaSTi0, 3.1.43, pari0 12.114 8. bhakSyavizeSA bhASAyAM 'mAMDA' / --triSaSTi0, 3.1.43, pAda-TippaNa, pR0 257 6. Narang, Dvayasraya, p. 192 10. Jani, A.N., A Critical Study of the Naisadhiyacarita, Baroda, 1957, p. 218. 11. maNDikAH khaNDamaNDitAH / -triSaSTi0, 3.1.43 12. maNDakA: khnnddsmmishraa| -vahI, 3.1.43

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zrAvAsa vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 23 4. maNDikA' hemacandra ne 'maNDikA' ko khaNDa - mizrita kahA hai / ise patalI athavA choTe AkAra kI roTI mAnA jA sakatA hai / 5. khAdya - hemacandra ne khAdya' ko bhI susvAdu bhojana ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa kiyA hai / Ajakala kI bhASA meM ise 'khAjA' kahA jAtA hai / 3 6. prapUpikA 4 - zizuoM kA yaha priya bhojana rahA thA / zrAdhunika 'mAlapUe' se ise abhinna mAnA jAtA hai / 6 zrapUpa ko 'mudga' (mUMga) se taiyAra kiyA jAtA thA / 7 5 7. mamaMrAla - ise 'parpaTa' arthAt gujarAtI pApar3a kahA gayA hai / moniyara viliyamas ne ise cAvaloM athavA maTaroM se bane pApar3a ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA hai / 1deg hemacandra dvArA 'sukumAra' vizeSaraNa ke prayoga se bhI yaha anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki 'marmarAla' pApar3a jaisA hI koI patalA evaM halkA bhojya padArtha rahA hogA / 11 10 8. vaTaka 12 - prAdhunika kAla meM ise 'bar3A' kahA jAtA hai / 13 hemacandra ne ise cikane bhojya padArtha ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA hai / 14 6. tImana 15 - triSaSTi mahAkAvya ke sampAdaka ne ise saMskRta 'kvathikA' se bhinna mAnate hue Adhunika 'kar3hI' ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA hai / 16 1. 2. maNDikAH khaNDamaNDitAH / khAdyAni svAdu hRdyAni / vahI, 3.1.43 bhakSyavizeSA bhASAyAM 'khAjA' / vahI, pAda TippaNa, pR0 257 triSaSTi0, 3.1.43 3. 4. dvayA0, 15.52 5. ApUpikairnu mAraNavyam / - dvayA0, 15 52 6. Narang, Dvayasraya, p. 193 7. prapUpamayaM maugikam / dvayA0 16.57 triSaSTi0, 3.1.44 8. e. Johnson, Trisasti, (Eng. Tr.), Vol. II, p. 123 10. Williams, Monier, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oxford, 1899, p. 606 11. sukumArA marmarAlA / - triSaSTi0, 3.1.44 tathA tu0-- marmarazabdavantaH / --vahI, pAda Ti0, pR0 257 12 . vahI, 3.1.44 13. 14. 15. 16. 'vaDA' iti bhASAyAm / vahI, 3.1.44 pAda Ti0, pR0 257 vaTakAzcAtipezalAH / - vahI, 3.1.34 vahI, 3.1.44 FafekA 'kaDhI' iti bhASAyAm / - vahI, pAda Ti0, pR0 257

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264 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 10. iDDurikA' - ise Adhunika 'pUrI' ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA hai| candraprabha carita mahAkAvya meM pUriyoM kI gandha phailane kA bhI ullekha pAyA hai / 11. modaka-laDDU ke nAma se prasiddha yaha eka pramukha evaM lokapriya miSTAna rahA thA / 5 anya bhojya padArtha ___dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM aneka prakAra ke miSTAnoM kA ullekha pAyA hai jinameM 'prodazvika', 'kSareya',7 dugdha nirmita miSTAna the| 'dAdhika'8 dahI se nirmita hotA thA / phaTe hue dUdha se 'kolATa' nAmaka miSTAna taiyAra kiyA jAtA thaa| jo se bane padArtha 'yava'10 tathA 'mASa' se banI miThAI 'vaTakinI'' kahalAtI thii| dvayAzraya meM ullikhita kucha anya bhojya padArthoM meM 'puroDAsa' (yajJAvasara para prayoga kie jAne vAlA pakavAna) zakuli (jalebI), saktu-dhAna (bhune hue cAvala), yavAgu (cAvala kI khicar3I) Adi 12vIM-terahavIM zatAbdI ke lokapriya bhojya padArtha rahe the / 12 mAMsa bhakSaNa samAja meM mAsa khAne kA prAyaH pracalana rahA thA / 3 varAMgacarita mahAkAvya ke anusAra hariNa, zaza, varAha, Adi pazuoM kA bhI mAMsa khAne kA pracalana thA / / 4 dvayAzraya mahAkAvya ke anusAra nimna jAti ke loga gomAMsa bhI khAte the|15 mAMsa ko cAvaloM ke sAtha bhI pakAyA jAtA thA / isa prakAra kA bhojana 'mAMsaudana' ke nAma 1. candra0, 14.46 tathA tu0 pAThabheda-'indurikA' / 2. amRtalAla zAstrI, candra0 hindI anuvAda, pR0 340 3. candra0, 14.46 4. dvayA0, 17.40, -triSaSTi0, 3.1.43, tathA pari0, 12.114 5. modakAzca pramodakAH / triSaSTi 0, 3.1.43 6. dvayA0, 16.5 7. vahI, 16.5 8. vahI, 16.5 E. Narang, Dvayasraya, p. 194 10. dvayA0, 15.77 11. vahI, 18.61 12. Narang, Dvayasraya, pp. 194-95 13. vahI, pR0 163 14. varAGga, 6.21 15. dvayA0, 2.86

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prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 265 se prasiddha thaa|' siddhAntata: jaina dharma kI mAnyatA ke anusAra mAMsa khAnA niSiddha thaa| rAjA kumArapAla dvArA sampUrNa rAjya meM 'mAMsa-bhakSaNa' para eka sara pUrNa pratibandha bhI lagA diyA gayA thA / peya padArtha __ bhojana sambandhI peya padArthoM meM dUdha, takra4 (chAMcha), ikSu rasa,5 nArikela rasa, phAnTa Adi vizeSa rUpa se pracalita the| inameM se bhI phANTa alamizrita vizeSa prakAra kA kasailA (kaSAya) peya hotA thA tathA kucha uSNa hone para isakA pAna kiyA jAtA thA / madirA sevana jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke anusAra Alocya kAla meM madirA pAna kA vizeSa pracalana rahA thA / 'ariSTa' 'maireya', 'surA', 'madhu', 'kAdambarI' Adi vibhinna prakAra kI madirAmoM kA ullekha bhI pAyA hai| 10 madirA kA prayoga puruSa to karate hI the, sAtha hI striyoM meM bhI isakA vizeSa pracalana thaa|12 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM varNita rati-krIDA ke sandarbha meM aneka sthaloM para madirA se matta striyoM dvArA kAma-ceSTAeM karane kA varNana pAyA hai / 13 dharmazarmAbhyudaya 1. dvayA0, 17.41, tathA tu0-mAsaudano mAMsamizra prodanaH / -abhayatilaka gaNikRta TIkA, pR0 358 2. dvayA0, 20.12 3. varAGga0, 6.35, dvayA0, 8.66, kIrti0, 8.29 4. varAGga0, 6.35, dvayA0, 2.48 5. kIrti0, 6.14 6. candra0, 16.31 7. dvayA0, 15.10 5. Narang, Dvayasraya, p. 197 6. dvisa0, sarga 17, dharma0, sarga-15, hammIra0, 13.80-64 10. ariSTamaireyasurAmadhUni kAdambarImadyavaraprasannAH / -varAGga0, 7.15 tathA tu0-strIbhyo maireyamadavihvalAH / -dvayA0, 17.127, maireyapAnacyutacetanAnAm / -kIrti0, 7.77 11. dvisa0, 17.67, dharma0, 15.16 12. dharma0, 15.10, 12, dvisa0; 17.56 13. dharma0, 15.26, 31; dvisa0, 17.60

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266 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja mahAkAvya meM aisI hI nAyikA kA citraNa karate hue kavi haricandra ne eka lar3akhaDAtI zabdAvalI meM eka sundara padya kA nirmANa bhI kiyA hai|' siddhAntataH madirA kA sevana niSiddha thaa| hammIra mahAkAvya meM cAhamAna senA ke eka mahattvapUrNa vyakti dvArA alAuddIna kI bahina ke hAthoM se madirApAna karane kI ghora bhartsanA kI gaI hai / 2 madya-pAna karane vAle vyakti ke sambandha meM bahuta hI hIna vicAra bhI prakaTa kie gae haiN| udAharaNArtha madirA sevana se aGga-aGga meM pIr3A pahuMcatI hai, dhairya samApta ho jAtA hai, buddhi bhraSTa hotI hai, mukha se durgandha AtI hai 5, ceharA lAla ho jAtA hai tathA indriyoM ke vyApAra zithila par3a jAte haiM" ityAdi / phira bhI aisA pratIta hotA hai ki samAja meM madirA pAna kA bahuta adhika pracalana rahA thaa| (ga) veza-bhUSA vastroM ke vividha prakAra ___ jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke kAla meM pracalita veza-bhUSA ke antargata rezamI vastra (kauzeya), UnI vastra (aurNakAmbara), kapAsa ke vastra (kArpAsa vAsasaH) 1. tyajyatAM pipipipipriya pAtraM dIyatAM mumumukhAsava eva / ___ ityamantharapadaskhalitoktiH preyasI mudamadAddayitasya / / -dharma0, 15.22 2. apIpyat tadbhaginyA ca pratItya madirAmapi / --hammIra0, 13.81 tathA 13.61-64 3. kulaM zIlaM matirlajjA'bhimAnaH svaamibhkttaa| satyaM zaucaM ca na kvApi jRmbhate madyapAyini / / -vahI, 14.64 4. dharma0, 15.10 5. tadA cAsya mukhAd gandhaH prasasAra madodbhavaH / hammIra0, 13.61 6. dharma0, 15.6, dvisa0 17.58 7. dharma0, 15.25; dvisa0, 17.56-60 8. kauzeyAnyadhvadarzinAm / --dvayA0, 15.68 tathA varAGga0, 7.21 6. drshitaadhviinnkaambrH| -dvayA0, 15.67 10. proNapoyatvakpaTAnAm / -vahI, 15.68

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prAvasiM-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 267 tathA pazuproM kI tvacA se banAe gae vastra' (tvakpaTa) kA pracalana vidyamAna thaa| dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM saurASTra deza ke logoM kI veza-bhUSA ko 'paurNakAmbara'2 ke rUpa meM prasiddhi prApta thii| isI prakAra saurASTra tathA parvatIya pradezoM ke vastroM ko bhI tvaka 2 kahA jAtA thaa| cInI zilka Alocya kAla kA lokapriya vastra rahA thaa| isI prakAra 'ratnakambala' evaM 'maNikambala' bhI veza-bhUSAnoM ke sandarbha meM bahumUlya vastra svIkAra kiye jAte the / candraprabha0 mahAkAgya meM 'citranetrapaTa '4 tathA dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM 'sakSmavastratamaH'5 prayoga bhI vahata halke tathA bArIka kapaDe kI vizeSatA ko prakaTa karane ke lie kie gae haiM / nepAla deza kA 'ratna kambala' bhI isI prakAra kI vizeSatA ke lie prasiddha rahA thaa| isI prakAra 'sughna' deza bhI sUkSmAtisUkSma kapar3A banAne ke lie prasiddha thaa| dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM 'sara'Adhunika 'Tassara' tathA 'prImaka' -aAdhunika 'lInana' nAmaka vastroM kA bhI ullekha AyA hai / isa prakAra Alocya kAla meM kapar3A udyoga vizeSa rUpa se pragati para hone ke kAraNa vibhinna prakAra ke utkRSTa vastroM kA utpAdana karane meM sakSama rahA thaa| sile hue vastra mAlocya kAla meM vastroM ko suI dvArA sIkara banAyA jAtA thaa|11 'paTyaH' zabda se do sile hue vastroM se abhiprAya rahA thA / 12 striyoM evaM puruSoM ke dvArA pahane jAne vAle vibhinna prakAra ke vastroM meM nimnalikhita vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya 1. teSAmaurNapaTAnAM saurASTrANAm / -dvayA0, 15.68 para abhayatilakakRta TIkA, pR0 233 2. vahI, pR0 233 3. prastuta grantha, pR0 226-27 4. candra0, 7.23 5. dvayA0, 16.58 6. pari0, 8.160 7. dvayA0, 3.58 8. vahI, 2.36 6. vahI, 15.67 10. Narang, Dvyasraya, p. 199 11. paTyaH sIvitavastradvayalakSaNAH / -dvisa0, 1.3 para padakaumudI TIkA, pR0 16 12. candra0, 7.23

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268 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja sAmAnya vastra 1. phTa'-sAdhAraNa vastra / 2 paTTikA'- kaTiveSTana athavA kamarabanda / 3. paTo-dvipaTTikA athavA dupaTTA / 4. bukUla-pror3hanI athavA duzAlA / 5. ralloka-prAya: kambala ko kahA jAtA hoyA athavA yaha kambala ke samAna hI paridhAna vastra rahA hogaa| 6. kambala-paridhAma vastra / candraprabha ke TIkAkAra ne ratkakambala' ko 'lohita kambala ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA hai|' striyoM ke vastra 1. uttarIya-zarIra ke UparI bhAga meM pahanA jAne vAlA paridhAna vastra 'uttarIya' kahalAtA thaa|' vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya meM 'uttarIya' ke mAMcala se A~khoM ko Dhakane kA ullekha bhI pAyA hai / 10 cAdara ke paryAyavAcI zabdoM meM bhI 'uttarIya' kI parigaNanA kI jAtI hai / 11 jana saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM striyoM ke stanAdi UparI pradezoM meM pahane jAne vAle vastra ke lie 'uttarIya' kI saMjJA prasiddha thI / 12 dharmazarmAbhyudaya ke TIkAkAra ne bhI UparI bhAga tathA adhobhAga ke vastroM ke artha meM hI kramaza: 'uttarIya' tathA 'antarIya' kA prayoga kiyA hai| 3 1. candra0, 7.23 2. candra0, 7.23 tathA vidvanmano0 TIkA, pR0 176 3. vahI 4. varAGga0, 7.21, dvisa0, 133 5. candra0, 13.41 6. varAMga0, 7.21, dvisa0, 1.33 7. candra0, 7.23 para vidvanmano0 TIkA, pR0 176 8. dvisa0, 18.4, dharma0, 15.31, nemi0, vasanta, 7.10 6. uparitanavastram / -dharma0, 15.31 para yazaskotikRta sandehadhvAnta dIpikA, TIkA, pR0 235 10. vasanta 7.10 11. gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 145 12. uttarIyamapakarSati nAthe prAvariSTa hRdayaM svakarAbhyAm / -dharma0, 15.31 13. dharma0, 15.31 para yazaskItikRta sandeha0 TokA0, pR0 235

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zrAvAsa byavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA rahaha 2. antarIya ' - striyoM ke nitambAdi adhobhAga meM dhAraNa kie jAne vAle vastra ko 'antarIya' kahA jAtA thA / rati-krIr3A ke avasara para antarIyavastrApanayana kA ullekha AtA hai / 3 striyoM ke viSaya meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki lajjA ko Dhakane ke lie 'uttarIya' ke sAtha 'antarIya' bhI Avazyaka hai / 4 3. aMzuka - jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM 'aMzuka' kA prayoga striyoM ke vastra ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / 6 prAyaH ise 'sAr3I' ke rUpa meM bhI spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai / saMbhavataH yaha eka prakAra kA paridhAna vastra rahA hogA tathA 'antarIya' evaM 'uttarIya' ke Upara pror3hA jAtA hogA / yajJa 4. kaMcuka 7 - kaMcuka' striyoM ke stanAvaraNa vastra ko kahA jAtA thaa| 5 ratikrIr3A ke avasara para pati dvArA 'striyoM ke 'kaMcuka' ko kholane kA bhI ullekha AyA hai / vasantavilAsa ke anusAra vastra gAThoM dvArA bAMdhA jAtA thA / 10 stilaka 'ke anusAra bhI ' kaMcuka' stanoM ko Dhakane kA hI vastra thA / ' 1 isa sthala para TIkAkAra ne isakA 'kUpAsaMka' artha kiyA hai / 12 kAlidAsa ne 'kaMcuka' ke artha meM hI stana-vastra ke rUpa meM 'kRpArsaka' kA prayoga kiyA hai / 13 isase pratIta hotA hai ki guptakAla meM 'kUpAsaMka' vastra hI madhyakAlIna bhArata meM 'kaMcuka' ke rUpa meM prasiddha campU 1. dvisa0, 18.4, dharma0, 4.14, 15.31, hammIra0, 13.15 2. antarIyamaparA punarAzubhraSTameva na viveda nitambAt / - 3. vahI, 15.31 - dharma0, 15.31 4. lajjAluptottarIyeNa nAntarIyeraNa kevalam / - dvisa0, 18.4 5. dvisa0, 1.42 6. rateSu daSTAgharamAhRtAMzukam / dvisa0, 1.42 7. dharma0, 15.32, vasanta0 8.57 motI candra, prAcIna bhAratIya vezabhUSA, prayAga, vi0, saM0 2007 pR0 558 e. dharma0, 15.32 10. vasanta0, 8.57 11. pInakucakumbhapadarpa truTatkaMcukAH / yazastilaka0, pR0 16 12. kaMcukAni kUrpAsakAH / gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 131, pAda Ti0 83 se uddhRta 13. manojJakUrpAsakapIDitastanAH / - RtusaMhAra, 5.8 8.

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300 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja ho gayA thA / hammIra mahAkAvya meM 'kaMcuka' arthAt colI ke artha meM 'cola' zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / " padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM vadhU ke vivAha vastroM ke lie 'pAriNetra vasana' kA prayoga huA hai / padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM hI vadhu kA 'dUkUla' vastroM se zRGgAra karane kA ullekha bhI milatA hai / uccavargIya striyA~ 'maNikambala' kA bhI paridhAna vastra ke rUpa meM prayoga karatIM thIM / 4 striyoM ke saundarya prasAdhana Alocya yuga meM striyAM saundarya prasAdhanoM kI bahuta zaukIna rahIM thIM / varAGgacarita ke anusAra sundara striyA~ bhI sAja zRGgAra karane meM vizeSa ruci letIM thIM / sundara vezabhUSA dhAraNa karanA tathA aneka prAbhUSaNoM ko pahana kara calanA striyoM kA vizeSa svabhAva rahA thA / candana Adi sugandhita padArthoM kA striyAM zarIra para lepa karatI thIM / 6 striyAM apane kezoM ko bhI susajjita DhaGga se rakhatIM thIM / 7 sira ke jUDe para tathA kAnoM para phUloM ko sajAyA jAtA thaa| 5 aneka prakAra kI patrAvaliyoM se bhI sira ko sajAne ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| kapola - pradezoM para bhI vibhinna prakAra kI citrakArI kI jAtI thii| 1 dharmAzarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya meM 1. dRDhaM caulAntarIyAbhyAM stana zroNIpravibhratI / - hammIra0, 13.15 2. taiH pAriNetra vasanairdyu sadaGganAbhiste rejatuH / - padmA0, 9.63 0 3. aGgAnukUlanavadivyadukUlAni / padmA0 6.45 4. channAbhirmaNimaya kambalaivRSIbhiH / dvisa0, 14.11 5. sumaGgalAyaiva kRtaprasAdhanA / - varAGga0, 11.43, paurAGganAbhiH kRtabhUSaNAbhiH / - vahI, 23.56 santo narA yuvatayazca vidagdhaveSA / - vahI, 1.27, cakrAyamANairmaNikarNapUraiH prAzaprakAzai ra tihArahArai: bhUmizca cApAkRtibhirvireje : kAmAstrazAlA iva yatra bAlAH / nemI0, 1.36 tathA tAmbUlavastrAbharaNaprasUna zrIkhaNDa saMskArasamAkulAbhiH / kIrti0, 7.60 zarIre candanaM gaure saurabhyAdanvamIyata / - kIrti0 7.46 dvisa0 15. 1 tathA jayanta 15.21 kAlikA ca racitAlakAvali0 / - dharma0, 5.43, 50 8. dvisa0, 15.15, dharma0, 14.48 e. Aropya citrAvarapatravallI: / dharma0, 14.60, tathA dvisa0, 15.15 10. dharma0, 5. 51, kIrti0, 7.58 6. 7.

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prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna 301 striyoM ke kapoloM para kasturI rasa se makarI kA cihna banAne kA ullekha pAyA hai|' caraNoM meM lAkSArasa (yAvaka) lagAne kA pracalana thaa| aoThoM para bhI lAkSArasa lagAyA jAtA thaa| prAMkhoM meM kAjala DAlA jAtA thA / 4 striyA~ mastaka para candaka kA tilaka lagAtI thiiN| hAthoM ko kuMkuma se raGgane kI prathA bhI rahI thii| stanoM para kezara (rakta kanda), kapUra, kastUrI tathA kuMkuma Adi sugandhita dravyoM kA lepa kiyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra striyA~ aMga-pratyaMga ko saundarya prasAdhanoM se alaMkRta karatI thiiN| AlocyakAla meM adhikAMza saundarya prasAdhana vRkSoM ke puSpoM, patroM tathA sugandhita dravyoM se nirmita hote the| pariNAmataH ina saundarya prasAdhana kI vastumoM ne Arthika dRSTi se vRkSa-udyoga ko vizeSa rUpa se vikasita kiyA thaa| striyoM ke prAbhUSaNa madhyakAlIna bhArata meM veza-bhUSA ke antargata striyoM evaM puruSoM, donoM kI 1. eNanAbhirasanirmitaikayA patrabhaGgimakarI kapolayoH / -dharma0, 5.51 tthaa-kurunggnaabhiikRtptrbhnggii| -kIrti0, 7.58 2. salAkSikapadanyAsA: kuGkumai raJjitA iva / ----dvisa0, 7.36 tathA ityambujAkSyA navayAvakArdraruSeva raktaM padayugmamAsIt / -dharma0, 14.54 3. mene jano yAvakaraktamoSTham / -dharma0, 14.57 4. dRglekhanI kajjalamajulAM yaH / -dharma0, 14.58 tathA padmA0, 6.51 5. pAropya citrA varapatravallIH zrIkhaNDasAraM tilakaM prakAzya / ___ --dharma0, 14.60 6. nakhapadavitatirdadhau kucAntarbhuvi parizeSitaraktakandalIlAm / ..- dharma0, 13.54 7. adhijalamadhikuGkumaM babhau karadhRtamaGganayA stanadvayam / -dvisa0, 15.30 dharma0, 13.67 tathA yazaHkIrtikRta sandehadhvAntadIpikA TIkA, pR0 212 8. kimu vilulita kuGkumAvali kimadhikucaM nakharakSataM navam / -dvisa0, 15.42 6. vizeSa draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 215

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302 jana saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dRSTiyoM se AbhUSaNoM kA vizeSa mahattva thaa|' parantu mahAkAvya ke lekhakoM ne striyoM ke sandarbha meM AbhUSaNoM ke aucitya kA vizeSa pratipAdana kiyA hai / 2 candraprabhacarita meM eka sthAna para maNikuNDala, aGgada, kirITa, kaTaka, razanA Adi AbhUSaNoM kA vaccoM ke sandarbha meM bhI carcA pAI hai| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke AdhAra para prAbhUSaNoM kI saMkhyA bahuta adhika pratIta hotI hai / kevala varAMgacarita ke hI eka prasaGga meM striyoM ke pandraha prakAra ke prAbhUSaNoM kA varNana prAyA hai| pamAnanda mahAkAvya ke eka prasaMgAnusAra praGgAnusArI prAbhUSaNoM ke pahanane yogya sthAnoM kA bhI ullekha AyA hai / 5 striyAM praGga-pratyaGga meM prAbhUSaNa dhAraNa karatI thiiN| sAmAnyatayA ye prAbhUSaNa sone, cA~dI, muktA, maNi, ratna Adi dhAtuoM tathA puSpoM 1. kirITahArAGgadakuNDalAni grIvorubAhUdarabandhanAni / strIpusayogyAni vibhUSaNAni vibhUSaNAGgA visRjanti zazvat // -varAGga0, 7.17 2. cakrAyamANamaNikarNapUraiH pAzaprakAza ratihArahAreH / bhUmizca cApAkRtibhivarejuH kAmAstrazAlA iva yatra bAlAH / / -nemi0, 1.36 3. maNikuNDalAGgadakirITakaTakarazanAdibhUSaNaH / -candra0, 17.22 4. ratnahArapravAlAMzca na puraprakaTAGgadam / muktApralambasUtrANi mAlAvalayamekhalAH / / kaTakAnyUrujAlAni keyUrAH karNamudrikA: / karNapUrAn zikhAbandhAnmastakAbharaNAni ca / / kaNThikA vatsadAmAni rasanAH pAdaveSTakAH / pAluNThyAkuJcya sarvANi cikSipuvidizo dizaH / / -varAGga0, 15.57-56 5. maNimayakaTake kramayoH kaTisUtraM kaTitaTe vikaTazobham / karayoH kaGkaNayugalaM bhujayoraGgadayugaM caGgam / / hRdayabhubi hAralatikA kaNThataTe kaNThikA'pyakuNThazrIH / / zrutyoH kuNDalayugalaM maulau mAlyaM tathA mukuTa: / -padmA0, 4.7.8 Shastri, Ajay Mitra, India as seen in the Kuttani-Mata of Damodar Gupta, Delhi, 1975, p. 138, tathA dvisa0, 1.38. padmA0, 653.63

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zrAvAsa vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA se nirmita hote the / ' valaya Adi prAbhUSaNa zaGkhoM se bhI bane hote the / 2 vibhinna zraGgoM ke anusAra prAbhUSaraNoM kI sthiti isa prakAra thI (ka) sira ke AbhUSaNa 1. kiroTa ? - sAmAnyatayA 'kirITa' samrATa dhAraNa karate the / kintu padyAnanda mahAkAvya ke anusAra vivAhAvasara para ise vadhU ko bhI pahanAyA jAtA thA prAdipurANa ke anusAra striyAM 'kirITa' dhAraNa karatIM thIM / 'kirITa' svarNAbhUSaNa thA kintu 'kirITI' maNiyoM tathA svarNa donoM dhAtunoM se banatA thA / padmAnanda meM 'kirITa' ko bhI mariNa nirmita kahA gayA hai / 7 4 2. mukuTa striyA~ bhI vivAhAvasara para 'mukuTa' dhAraNa karatIM thIM / 'kirITa' kI tulanA meM 'mukuTa' kama mUlya kA hotA thA isameM tAma-jhAma jhAlara Adi bhI lage hote the / almor3A zrAdi pradezoM meM Aja bhI vivAhAvasara para striyoM ko 'mukuTa' pahanAne kI prathA pracalita hai / 303 3. mastakAbharaNa 10 - varAGgacarita meM striyoM dvArA 'mastakAbharaNa' utArane kA ullekha AyA hai / sambhavataH sira ke vibhinna prakAra ke AbhUSaNoM ke lie 'mastakAbharaNAni ' prayoga kiyA gayA hogA / 11 kintu kucha vidvAn ' mastakAbharaNa' ko 'zIrSaphala' ( Adhunika sIsa phUla) ke rUpa meM bhI spaSTa karate haiM / 12 4. zikhAbandha 13 - kezoM ko bA~dhane ke lie bhI vizeSa prakAra kI mAlAoM 1. nemicandra zAstrI, Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 208 2. Gupta, Kanta, the Bhiksatana a study, Indological Studies, Vol. III, Nos. 1-2, Delhi, Dec. 1974, p. 45 varAGga0 7.17, padmA0, 6.54 3. 4. padyA0, 6.54 5. prAdi0, 3.78 6. nemicandra zAstrI, Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 206 7. padmA0, 9.54 5. varAMga0, 7.70, candra0, 7.63, padmA0, 6.62 6. padmA0, 6.62 varAMga0, 15.58 10. 11. zikhAbandhAn mastakAbhAraNAni ca / - varAGga0, 15.58 12. khuzAlacandra gorAvAlA, varAGga carita ( hindI anuvAda), pR0 128 13. varAGga0, 15.58 1"

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304 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| dvisandhAna mahAkAvya ke anusAra 'muktAvali' kA prayoga bhI kezoM ke bAMdhane ke lie hotA thaa|' 5. paTTa-paTTa pA~ca prakAra ke kahe gaye haiM--(1) rAjapaTTa (2) mahiSIpaTTa (3) yuvarAjapaTTa (4) senApatipaTTa tathA (5) prasAdapaTTa / spaSTa hai ki 'paTTa' nAmaka prAbhUSaNa kA prayoga striyAM va puruSa donoM karate the| 'paTTa' svarNanirmita hote the tathA striyoM ke 'paTTa' meM tIna zikhAeM hotI thiiN| 6. zekhara-jUr3e kI mAlA ko kahate haiM / (kha) karNAbhUSaNa 7. kuNDala 5-kAnoM meM pahane jAne vAle golAkRti ke AbhUSaNa 'kuNDala' kahalAte haiM / madhyakAlIna bhArata meM 'maNikuNDala', 'ratnakuNDala' Adi kA bhI vizeSa pracalana rahA thaa| AdipurANa ke anusAra makarAkRti ke kuNDaloM kA bhI vizeSa pracalana rahA thaa| 8. karNapUra-karNapUra 'kanaphUla' ko kahate haiM / kabhI kabhI isake lie 'karNAvataMsa' kA prayoga bhI kiyA gayA hai / 8 'karNapUra' phUla ke bhI banate the| neminirvANa mahAkAvya meM 'maNi-karNapUra' kA bhI ullekha prApta hotA hai, jisakI prAkRti gola thii| 6. kariNakA *-kAnoM kI bAliyoM ko kahate haiM / 'kaNikA' striyA~ tathA puruSa donoM pahanate the / yadi ye kucha golAkAra hoM to 'kuNDala' kahalAte the| 1. dvisa0, 1.43 2. padmA0, 6.50 tathA prAdi0, 16.233 3. nemicandra zAstrI, Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 210 4. dvisa0, 1.26, 42 5. varAGga0, 7.17, candra0, 13.4, nemi0, 6.35, padmA0, 6.56, jayanta0, 13.32 . 6. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pa0 218 7. varAGga0, 18.6, candra0, 2.7, nemi0, 11.6 8. gokula canda jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 142-43 6. cakrAyamANamaNikarNapUraiH pAzaprakAzai ratihArahAraiH / -nemi0, 1.36 10. dvayA0, 16.72 11. kaniMghama alekjenDara, bharahuta-stUpa, anu0 tulasIrAma zarmA, dillI, 1975, pR0 33

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305 zrAvAsa vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 10. karNamudrikA' - 'karaNakA' ke samAna ho 'mudrikA' ke prAkAra kA AbhUSaNa thA / varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM hI isakA ullekha milatA hai / 11. zravataMsa - zravataMsa' prAyaH pallavoM tathA puSpoM se banate the / 3 dvisandhAna mahAkAvya ke TIkAkAra ne 'avataMsa' ko 'karNAbharaNa' kI saMjJA 4 (ga) kaNThAbhUSaraNa madhyakAlIna bhArata meM kaNThAbhUSaNoM ke vividha prakAra pracalita the / striyAM kaNThAbhUSaNoM ko sarvAdhika pasanda karatIM thIM / zrAdi purANa meM hI 55 prakAra upalabdha hote haiN| inameM bhI gyAraha prakAra kI jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke AdhAra para atyadhika lokapriya prakAra haiM kevala mAtra hAroM ke yaSTi hotI thI / 5 kaNThAbhUSaraNa isa 12 hAra 6 - kaNThAbhUSaNoM ke hai| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM 'ratna hAra', mAlA ' ' kA bhI ullekha AyA hai / 8 lie sAmAnyatayA 'hAra' kA vyavahAra hotA 'muktA hAra Adi ke atirikta 'mariNa - 8 0 13. hAralatA - sAmAnyatayA hAra ko hI kahA jAtA thA / jayantavijaya meM 'mauktika- hAralatA' kA bhI ullekha prAyA hai / 11 'hAralatA' prAyaH lambI hotI thI tathA bhujAnoM taka pahuMcatI thI / 1. varAGga0, 15.58 2. galitAvataMsakAH / - dvisa0, 1.26 3. gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 141 4. gAlitAvataMsakAH patitakararNAbharaNAH / - dvisa0, 1.26 para padakaumudI TIkA, pR0 15 5. nemicandra zAstrI, zrAdi purANa meM; pR0 216 6 varAGga0, 7.17, candra0, 6.7, nemi0, 11.6, dharma 0, 16.76, jayanta0, 7.22 tathA nara0, 1.10 7. varAGga0, 15.5'7 8. dharma0, 20.37 e. candra0, 10. 56 10. candra0, 13.3. jayanta0; 4.26 11. vimalamokti kahAralatA iva / - jayanta0, 4.26

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 14. hAralatikA'-'hAralatA' se kucha choTI hotI thI tathA vakSasthala taka hI lambAI pahuMcatI thii| 15. hArayaSTi 3 ---yaha ikaharI mAlA hotI thii| prAya: ise aneka lar3iyoM vAlA kaNThAbhUSaNa mAnA jAtA hai| 16. ekAvalI-motiyoM kI eka lar3I kI mAlA ko 'ekAvalI' kahate hai| isake madhya bhAga meM mariNa lagI hotI hai| kIrtikaumudI ke anusAra yaha striyoM ke vakSasthala ko suzobhita karatA thaa|" 17. kaNThikA-'kaNThikA' meM auSadhiyoM kI jar3eM maMtrita karake bhA pahanI jAtI thiiN| dAkSiNAtya sainika bhI tIna lar3iyoM vAlI 'kaNThikA' pahanate the|" 'kaNThikA' ratna nirmita bhI hotI thii| 18. niSka12-padmAnanda mahAkAvya ke AdhAra para striyoM dvArA 'niSka' nAmaka kaNThAbhUSaNa dhAraNa karane kA ullekha milatA hai / 3 'niSka' ko prAyaH bacce bhI dhAraNa karate the / 14 16. mauktikadAma' 5-kaNThAbhUSaNoM meM 'mauktikadAma' kI bhI prAyaH gaNanA 1. candra0, 7.85, jayanta0, 7.67 2. bhAti hAralatikAsya vakSasi / jayanta0, 7.67 3. varAGga0, 23.44, tathA nemi0, 6.46, kIti0, 7.54 4. gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, citra phalaka 4. saMkhyA 21 5. kIrti0, 7.56 6. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdi purANa meM; pR0 212 7. ekAvalI vakSasi visphurantI rarAja rAjIvalocanAyAH / __-kIrti0, 7.56 8. varAGga0, 15.56, candra0, 15.17, dharma0, 13. 36 6. gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 146 10. vahI, pR0 146 11. ratnakaNThikayA kaNThaM-candra0, 15.17 12. padmA0, 6.57 tathA dvayA0 8.76 13. padmA0, 6.57 14. dvayA0, 8.10 15. nemi0, 7.30 .

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zrAvAsa vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA kI jAtI hai / " minirvANa meM isa grAbhUSaNa kA ullekha prAyA hai / 20. muktAvali 3 - dvisandhAna mahAkAvya meM 'muktAvali' ko kaNTha tathA sira donoM kA prAbhUSaNa mAnA gayA hai / 4 kaNThAbhUSaraNa ke rUpa meM ise 'ekAvali' se abhinna mAnA jA sakatA hai / 21. vatsadAma 5. - yaha AbhUSaNa zrIvatsa maNiyoM se nirmita hone ke gaI hai / bhI mAlA sahaza kaNThAbhUSaraNa thA / kAraNa ise 'vatsadAma' kI saMjJA dI 22. pralambasUtra 7 - varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM muktA nirmita 'pralambasUtra' kA ullekha AyA hai| saMbhavataH yaha nIce taka laTakane vAlI mAlA rahI hogI / saMskRta zabdArtha - kaustubha ke anusAra ise 'kaNThahAra' se prabhinna mAnA gayA hai / 8 (gha) karAbhUSaraNa 23. aMgada 10 - bhujAnoM para bAMdhA jAne vAlA prAbhUSaraNa hotA hai / 'zraGgada' ko bhujAoM kI kohaniyoM ke UparI bhAga meM dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai| hindI meM ise 'bAjUbanda' bhI kahA jAtA hai / 11 307 24. keyUra' 12 - 'keyUra' bhI mujA meM hI dhAraNa kiyA jAtA hai kintu yaha 'praGgada' se nIce pahanA jAtA thA / 13 kAlidAsa ke raghuvaMza ke AdhAra para 'keyUra' eka nukIlA AbhUSaNa thA / 14 amarakoSakAra 'aGgada' tathA 'keyUra' ko yadyapi paryAyavAcI mAnate haiM kintu ina donoM AbhUSaNoM kA eka sAtha prayoga honA inakI pArasparika 1. gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, 147 pR0 2. nemi0, 7.30 3. dvisa0, 1.43 4. vahI, 1.43 5. varAGga0, 15.56 6. khuzAla candra gorAvAlA, varAGga carita, pR0 128 7. varAGga0, 15.57 8. 6. saMskRta zabdArtha - kaustubha, pR0 780 muktApralambasUtrANi / -- varAGga0, 15.57 10. varAGga0, 7.17, candra0, 13.6, nemi0, 12.7, padmA0, 11. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdi purANa meM; pR0 218 6.60 12. varAGga0, 15.58 13. Satya Vrat, The Ramayana - A Linguistic Study, Delhi. 1964, p. 39 14. raghubaMza, 7.50

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja bhinnatA kA pramANa hai / ' ' ke bAhuzIrSe yauti keyUram' - vyutpatti ke anusAra kucha vidvAn 'keyUra' ko bhujA ke UparI chora para pahane jAne vAle AbhUSaNa ke rUpa bhI spaSTa karate haiM / 308 25. kaTaka - kar3e ke samAna eka prAbhUSaNa hai / padmAnanda meM maNimaya 'kaTaka' kA bhI ullekha zrAyA hai / 4 26. kaMkaraNa - strI tathA puruSa donoM 'kaGkaNa' pahanate the| hAtha kI donoM kalAiyoM meM ise pahanA jAtA thA / 'kaGkaNa' dakSiNa tathA vAma hAthoM kI dRSTi se bane hote the / neminirvANa mahAkAvya meM eka nAyikA dvArA bhUla se dAyeM hAtha ke 'kaGkaraNa' ko bAyeM hAtha meM tathA bAyeM hAtha ke 'kaGkaNa' ko dAyeM hAtha meM pahanane kA varNana bhI AyA hai / vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya meM 'mariNa kaGkaNa' tathA 'ratna- kaGkaNa' kA bhI ullekha prAyA hai / 7 27. valaya - 'valaya' bhI kalAiyoM dhAraNa karane yogya prAbhUSaNa hotA thA / yazastilaka meM bhaiMse ke sIMga se nirmita 'valaya' kA bhI ullekha AyA hai / 'valaya' zaMkhoM se bhI nirmita hote the / 10 9. 'Keyura and Angada have been clearly mentioned as synonyms in the Amarakosa. We have it there, 'Keyuram angadam tulye'. But between them too, there is some difference in meaning. Or else how could these be used together in one verse in the two great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata? The difference in their meaning is explained by the Ramayana-commentator Rama in the following words: Angadam bahumuladharyam bhusanam; Keyuram tadadhobhagastham'. --Satya Vrat, The Ramayana - A Linguistic Study, p. 39 2. gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 147 3. varAGga0, 15.58, candra0, 17.46, padmA0, 4.7 4. maNimayakaTake kramayoH / padmA0, 4.7 5. candra0, 15.16, dharma0, 8.86 padmA0, 6.60, nemi0, 8.74, vasanta0, 7.28 6. dakSiNaH kaGkaNaM vAme vAmazcikSepa dakSiNaM / - nemi0, 8.73 7. vasanta0, 7.28 tathA 7.3 8. varAGga0, 15.57, dvayA0, 18.86 6. gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 148 10. Gupta, Kanta, Indological Studies, Vol. III, Nos. 1-2, p. 45

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zrAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA vaiza-bhUSA 20e 28. mudrikA' - aMguliyoM meM dhAraNa kiyA jAne vAlA prAbhUSaNa | candraprabhacarita meM 'maNimudrikA' kA bhI ullekha prAyA hai / 3 (Ga) kaTipraveza ke AbhUSaNa 26. kaTisUtra - sAmAnyatayA 'kamarabanda' ko kahate haiM / ise 'karadhanI' zrathavA 'tagar3I' ke nAma se bhI jAnA jAtA hai / 30. kAMcI * - ' mekhalA' tathA 'kAMcikA' isakI apara paryAyavAcI saMjJAeM haiM / 'kAMcI' nAmaka AbhUSaNa para choTI choTI bhUmariyAM lagI hotI thIM pariNAmataH hilane-Dulane para ise 'kalakala' kA zabda hotA rahatA thA / isa sAbhUSaraNa kA pahanane kA sthAna nIvIbandha vAlA jaMghA - pradeza thA / yazastilaka ke anusAra virahAvasaroM para striyoM 'kAMcI' ko gale meM pahana letIM thIM 15 31. mekhalAkAMcI sadRza ho 'mekhalA' nAmaka grAbhUSaNa kI sthiti rahI thI / dharmazarmAbhyudayakAra ne 'kAMcI' tathA 'mekhalA' donoM prAbhUSaNoM kA svatantra rUpa se prayoga kiyA hai / 1deg 'mekhalA' ko bhI jaghana pradezoM meM hI dhAraNa kiyA jAtA thA / 11 32. rasanA 12. - yaha bhI kAMcI tathA mekhalA ke sadRza kaTi pradeza ke AbhUSaNoM jaisA hI eka prAbhUSaraNa thA / kaTi pradeza ke ye tInoM AbhUSaNa zramarakoSa - kAra ke anusAra paryAya vAcI hI haiM / '3 kintu aisA pratIta hotA hai ki ina 1. 2. 3. padmA0, 4.7 4. dvisa0, 1.43, dharma0, 15.46, jayanta0, 13.21 tathA dvayA0, 6.54 5. gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 146 6. subhruvaH kalakalo maNikAJcayAH / - dharma0, 15.46 candra0, 17.46 vahI, 4.7 7. dharma 0, 15.46 tathA tu0 - jaghanyavRtti puri yatra kAJcayaH / -- dvisa0, 1.43 8. gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 146 6. varAGga0, 15.57 tathA dvisa0, 15 44 10. dharma0, 15.44, 46 11. mekhalA guNamavApya madAndhopyArurohajaghanasthamasyAH / dharma0, 15.44 12. varAGga0, 15.56 tathA candra0, 7.86 13. amarakoSa, 2.6.108

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310 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja - prAbhUSaNoM ke svarUpa meM kucha na kucha sUkSma antara rahA hogA / 1 33. urujAla e kaTi pradeza meM dhAraNa kiyA jAne vAlA zrAbhUSaraNa kintu yaha 'mekhalA' se bhinna thaa| varAGgacarita meM rAniyoM dvArA AbhUSaNa utAre jAne para 'mekhalA', 'rasanA', tathA 'urujAla' - ina tInoM kA pRthak-pRthak prayoga hunA hai / dvisandhAna mahAkAvya meM bhI 'urujAla' kA ullekha AyA hai / 4 TIkAkAra ke anusAra yahA~ para 'urujAla' ko mekhalA ke paryAyavAcI zabda ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA gayA hai| (ca) pAdAbhUSaNa 34. pAdaveSTaka 6 - varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM isakA ullekha AyA hai / saMbhavataH yaha pAMvoM kA praGgada rahA ho / 35. nUpura - - pAyala ko kahate haiM / nUpuroM meM ghuMgharU lagAe jAte the / zijita nUpura, bhAsvatakala nupura, kala nUpura, mariNa nUpura Adi kaI prakAra ke nUpura pracalita jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM 'mariNa nUpura ' ' tathA mANivaya nUpura ' 10 ha ke ullekha milate haiM / niSkarSa isa prakAra prastuta adhyAya meM lagabhaga 12 prakAra kI AvAsIya saMsthitayoM para vicAra kiyA gayA hai| prastuta adhyayana ke AdhAra para yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA sahaja ho jAtA hai ki jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke yuga meM jana-jIvana kI AvAsIya vyavasthA varNavyavasthA tathA jAti vyavasthA ke AdhAra para vibhakta thii| bhArata kI bhaugolika Arthika tathA rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke mizrita prabhAvoM ke kAraNa prAyaH janasAdhAraNa se samvaddha ina prAvAsaparaka saMsthitiyoM ke svarUpa para bhI samayAnusArI 1. gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 146, nemicandra zAstrI, pradipurANa meM; pR0 216 - 20 tathA varAGga0, 15. 57-56 2. varAGga0, 15.58, tathA dvisa0, 1.26 3. varAGga0, 15.57-56 __ dvisa0, 1.26 4. cyutorujAlA galitAvataMsakAH / 5. cyutorujAlA patitamekhalA / - vahI, padakaumudI TIkA, pR0 15 6. varAGga0, 15.56 7. varAGga0, 15.57, candra0, 6.3, pradyu0, 8.8, nemicandra zAstrI, zrAdipurANa meM; pR0 221-22 8. jayanta0, 13.17, vasanta 0, 7.4 padmA0, e. 10. 8.62 padmA0, 9.62

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prAvAsa-vyavasthA, khAna-pAna tathA veza-bhUSA 311 parivartana prAtA rahA thaa| aisA bhI vidita hotA hai ki eka vizeSa prakAra kI AvAsa vyavasthA Arthika unnati ke kAraNa parivartita hokara dUsarI mAvAsIya saMsthiti kA rUpa dhAraNa karatI jA rahI thii| kheTa, mar3amba, droNamukha Adi saMsthitiyAM isI prakAra kI thiiN| aisA hI 'nigama' nAmaka prAvAsIya saMsthiti ke viSaya meM bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / mUlataH 'nigama' yadyapi vyApArika gatividhiyoM se jur3e grAma the tathApi ina nigamoM meM nagaroM ke vAtAvaraNa kI bhI kucha jhalaka dekhI jAne lagI thii| vyApArika praAyAmoM se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa nigama grAma jahA~ samRddha evaM dhanadhAnya sampanna dikhAI dete haiM vahA~ tatkAlIna sAmantavAdI arthavyavasthA ko niyojita karane vAle kendra sthAna ke rUpa meM bhI inakA vizeSa mahattva bana gayA thaa| paravartI sAkSyoM dvArA inheM anAja-maNDI athavA 'anAja vitaraNa kendra (bhakta grAma) ke rUpa meM pAribhASita kiyA gayA hai| vAstuzAstra tathA koSagranthoM meM vibhinna prakAra kI zAstrIya paribhASAeM yadyapi inake svatantra astitva kI puSTi karatI haiM tathApi Arthika dRSTi se samagra madhyakAlIna AvAsa vyavasthA ke do hI pramukha vibhAjana svIkAra kie jA sakate haiN| ve do vibhAjana haiM--nagara tathA grAma / ina donoM AvAsa cetanAoM ke madhya vikasita hotI tIsarI 'nigama cetanA' kA tAtkAlika svarUpa madhyakAlIna arthavyavasthA kA yugIna pariNAma mAnA jA sakatA hai| prastuta adhyAya meM 'nigama' ke artha nirdhAraNa kI apekSA se bhI isake tulanAtmaka evaM samIkSAtmaka pakSoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai tathA yaha puSTi kI gaI hai ki prAcIna bhArata meM 'nigama' ke 'vyApAriyoM ke saMghaTita samUha' athavA 'vyApArika samiti' artha kA aucitya nahIM rahA thA tathA yaha siddha kiyA gayA hai ki 'nigama' prAcInakAla se lekara madhyakAla taka yA to ardhavikasita grAma ke rUpa meM apanI AvAsIya saMsthiti banAe hue the athavA Arthika samRddhi ke pariNAma svarUpa ye nagara tulya vAstuzilpa kI apekSA se vikasita ho rahe the| khAna pAna evaM veza-bhUSA se sambaddha jaina mahAkAvyoM kI sAmagrI atyanta mahattvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai| prodana (bhAta), karambhaka (sattu), maNDaka (capAtI), khAdya (khAjA), apUpikA (mAlapUprA), marmarAla (pApar3a), vaTaka (var3A), tImana (kar3hI), iDDurikA (pUrI), modaka (laDDU) Adi bhojya padArthoM ke viSaya meM mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI prApta hotI hai| mAMsa bhakSaNa evaM madirApAna tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita thA parantu jaina dharmAvalambI inase paraheja karate the| veza-bhUSA ke antargata vibhinna prakAra ke sile hue vastroM kI carcA AyI hai| striyA~ saundarya prasAdhana evaM AbhUSaNoM kI vizeSa zaukIna hotIM thiiN| uttarIya (UparI vastra), antarIya (adhovastra), aMzuka

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312 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja (sAr3I), kaMcuka (colI ) prAdi striyoM ke lokapriya vastra the / zrAbhUSaNoM kI saMkhyA bar3hatI jA rahI thI / striyoM ke praGga-pratyaGga meM pahane jAne vAle lagabhaga 35 prAbhUSaNoM kA vivecana kiyA gayA hai| prAlocya kAla meM strI- bhogavilAsa ke mUlyoM se bhI prAbhUSaNoM kI saMkhyA va stara meM vRddhi hotI jA rahI thii| adhikAdhika prAbhUSaNoM ko dhAraNa karanA zAna mAnI jAtI thI / svarNa evaM rajata nirmita prAbhUSaNoM ke pratirikta bahumUlya maNi, ratnoM prAdi se nirmita prAbhUSaNoM ko uccavarga kI striyoM dhAraNa karatIM thIM / prAbhUSaNoM kA yaha vaibhava tatkAlIna rAjaparivAroM evaM dhanADhya varga ke logoM kI apAra samRddhi kA dyotaka hai /

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SaSTha adhyAya dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM __(ka) dhArmika jana-jIvana 'dharma' ko sAmAjika anupreraNA sAmAjika vyavasthA kI dRSTi se 'dharma' kA niyantraNa eka prabhAvazAlI niyaMtraNa svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai| prAyaH jina siddhAntoM kA hama dainika jIvana meM pAlana karate haiM tathA jinase sAmAjika sambandha sthApita ho pAte haiM unheM 'dharma' kI saMjJA dI gaI haiM / ' pAzcAtya 'Religion' zabda kI nirukti paraka vyAkhyA se bhI yaha jJAta hotA hai ki mAnavIya evaM devI stara para bhAvanAtmaka sambandha ko sudRr3ha karane meM 'dharma' kI vizeSa bhUmikA hotI hai| bhAratIya saMskRti meM 'dharma' ko jAgatika dhAraNa zakti ke rUpa meM bhI pAribhASita kiyA gayA hai / samAjazAstrIya pRSThabhUmi meM yadi 'dharma' ke svarUpa kA avalokana kiyA jAe to jJAta hotA hai ki yadyapi isakI paribhASAeM samaya ke anusAra badalatI rahI haiM tathApi sabhI samAjazAstrI 'dharma' ko sAmAjika niyaMtraNa kA eka prabhAvazAlI mAdhyama svIkAra karate Ae haiN| isa niyaMtraNa meM kisI rAjA Adi kA bhaya na hokara IzvarIya bhaya vidyamAna rahatA hai / dharma ke dvArA hI sAmAjika pravRttiyoM kA protsAhana, zikSA kA pracAra, cikitsA tathA sevA, dAna tathA tyAga kI bhAvanA, sahiSNutA-bhAva, ahiMsA evaM vizva-bandhutva 1. 'The principles which we have to observe in our daily life and social relations are constituted by what is called 'dharma'. -Radhakrishnan, S. Religions & Society, p. 104 'Religion' is a European word and it came from the root, 'big' to bind, so that 'religio' meant a 'relationship i.e. a com. munication between the human and the superhuman'. -Bonquet, A.C. Comparative Religion, 1951, p. 15. 3. dayAnandabhArgava, 'dharma zabda kA artha' (nibandha) dArzanika traimAsika kAnapura, janavarI 1966, pR0 33 4. Roucek, Social Control, p. 101

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kA prasAra Adi samAjopayogI kArya sampAdita ho pAte haiM to dUsarI ora andha jaina dharma dharma zAzvata aura parivartanazIla vizvAsa, rUr3hivAda, zoSaNa, saMkucitatA, hiMsA, yuddha, ghRNA tathA vaimanasya Adi sAmAjika visaGgatiyA~ bhI 'dharma ke nAma para panapane lagatI haiM / niHsandeha ina sAmAjika burAiyoM kA mUla kAraNa 'dharma' na hokara usakI sAmpradAyika pravRtti hai / vastuta: samAja meM kisI bhI prakAra kI dhArmika rUr3hiyA~ jaba kisI 'saMsthA' yA 'sampradAya' kA rUpa dhAraNa kara letI haiM to unameM isa truTiyoM ke Ane kI saMbhAvanA rahatI hI hai| vaidika dharma, Adi sabhI dharmoM kA itihAsa isakA sAkSI hai / mUlyoM kI paridhi meM rahakara hI apanA apanI maulika pravRttiyoM se haTakara bhI jaina dharma kA bhI isa dRSTi se mUlyAGkana kiyA jAe to hama dekhate kAla meM jaina yuga cintakoM ne vaidika saMskRti kI aneka mAnyatAoM ko saiddhAntika virodha ke bAvajUda bhI svIkAra kiyaa| jaina mahAkAvyoM ke kAla meM jaina dharma eka nae samAjazAstra ko lekara sAmane AyA jisake kAraNa sAmAjika evaM rAjanaitika dRSTi se jaina dharma ko paryApta lokapriyatA prApta huI / dUsarI ora bauddha dharma vaidika saMskRti ke sAtha koI samajhautA na kara sakane ke kAraNa apanI sAmAjika lokapriyatA ko uttarottara khotA calA gayA / kara pAtA hai| pratyeka dharma ko samAja mUlyoM ko prazraya denA hI par3A hai / haiM ki paravartI 314 vAstava meM vikAsa prakAra kI bauddha dharma hindU dharma jaise zaktizAlI dharma ko bhI samaya-samaya para apane dhArmika mUlyoM ko parivartita karanA par3A hai / veda tathA Izvara virodhI buddha bhI guptakAla meM rAma, kRSNa Adi ke samakakSa avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara lie gae ' bauddhAnuyAyiyoM ko AkarSita karane tathA hindU dharma ke bauddha virodha ko samApta karane ke lie aisA karanA Avazyaka thA / jaina dharma ke 'ahiMsA' siddhAnta kA bhI brAhmaNa saMskRti para vizeSa prabhAva par3A / 2 prastuta adhyAya meM isI samAja sApekSa dRSTi ko mahattva dete hue jaina dharma kI vaicArika pRSThabhUmi sahita jana-sAmAnya kI vividha dhArmika gatividhiyoM, vratAcaraNa, pUjA paddhatiyoM, mandira - tIrtha sthAnoM evaM vividha dhArmika utsava mahotsavoM Adi para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| isake sAtha hI jainetara dhArmika janajIvana para apekSita carcA prastuta kI gaI hai / dharmaprabhAvanA kI apekSA se prAdhyAtmika sAdhanA evaM paurANika tathA dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI bhI dizA nirdezaka bhUmikA rahatI hai| isI uddezya se jaina munidharma, tapazcaryA, jaina devazAstra, evaM tatkAlIna jaina evaM jainetara dArzanika pravRttiyoM ko bhI spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / 1. bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya, bhAratIya samAja kA aitihAsika vizleSaNa, pR0 4-7, 16-21 2. kailAza candra, dakSiNa bhArata meM jainadharma, pU0 163

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 315 1. jaina dharma : samAjonmukhI mUlya evaM paramparAeM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA yuga eka aisA saMkrAnti yuga thA jisameM dhArmika aura dArzanika mUlyoM ko navIna dizA dI jA rahI thI / raviSeNa, jinasena, somadeva Adi jainAcArya eka nae sire se jaina dharma kI AcAra saMhitA ko vaicArika prAdhAra de rahe the to dUsarI ora jaTAsiMha nandi jaise prAcArya bhI the jo brAhmaNa saMskRti kI samagra vyavasthA para hI coTa karane meM lage hue the / sarvavidita hai ki jAti vyavasthA, vaidika karmakANDa aura unameM hone vAlI hiMsA zrAdi ke viruddha bhagavAn mahAvIra ne eka vaicArika Andolana calAyA jisake pariNAma svarUpa vaidika saMskRti kI lokapriyatA ko bhArI prAghAta pahuMcA / parantu bhagavAn mahAvIra nirvANa ke eka hajAra varSoM vAda jaina dharma kI apanI saMghIya sthiti vighaTita ho cukI thI aura sAtha hI hindu dharma meM bhI bhAgavata dharma ke udaya se balipradhAna yajJoM kA sthAna aba phala- puSpa-toya kI pUjA paddhati ne le liyA thA / brAhmaNa dharma aura jaina dharma ke bIca isa avadhi meM itanA AdAna-pradAna ho cukA thA ki donoM dharmoM ke yugAcAryoM ko nae dhArmika mUlyoM ko apanAne kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava huA / isase brAhmaNa saMskRti tathA jaina saMskRti ke madhya pArasparika kaTutA meM paryApta kamI zrAI / vaidika saMskRti ne ahiMsA ke mUlya ko praGgIkAra kiyA to jaina saMskRti ne bhI vaidika saMskRti kI aneka samAjazAstrIya evaM devazAstrIya AsthAoM ko apanI dhArmika mAnyatA pradAna kara dI / parantu isake sAtha hI jaina dharma jahA~ rAjanaitika saMrakSaraNa meM apanI lokapriyatA kI UMcAiyoM ko chU rahA thA vahA~ jaTAsiMha nandi jaise dArzanika prAcArya brAhmaNa saMskRti kI kaTu AlocanA meM vizeSa ruci bhI le rahe the / brAhmaNa vyavasthA ke saiddhAntika virodha kA samAjazAstra jaTAsiMha ke samaya meM karnATaka meM jaina dharma apane utkarSa para thA aura vahA~ brAhmaNa saMskRti kA kaTTara virodha bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| sAtavIM prAThavIM zatAbdI I0 meM karnATaka jainadharma kI gatividhiyoM kA vizeSa kendra banA huA thA / jaTAsiMha nandi ke varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM karnATaka ke jaina-vaibhava kA vilakSaNa citraNa hunA hai / yaha svAbhAvika hI hai ki jaTAsiMha nandi ke sAmane brAhmaNa saMskRti ke mUlyoM ke sAtha samajhautA karane kI koI samAjazAstrIya paristhitiyAM nahIM thIM / jaina dharma kI isI rAjanaitika prabhutA se preraNA pAkara unhoMne varNa-vyavasthA, jAti-vyavasthA, veda- prAmANya, purohitavAda, vaidika karmakANDa, devopAsanA Adi kI prandharUr3hiyoM kA upahAsa ur3Ate hue brAhmaNavAda ke anuyAyiyoM ke samakSa aneka tArkika cunautiyA~ prastuta kI / yadyapi hama yaha bhI dekha sakate haiM ki svayaM jaina saMskRti dvArA hI siddhAntataH vaidika saMskRti kI paramparAmroM ko svIkAra karanA par3A aura bhAgavata

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dharma kI sudhAravAdI lahara ne bhI purAtana vaidika karmakANDoM evaM baliprathAnoM ke viruddha AvAja utthaaii| parantu jaTAsiMha nandi dvArA die gae brAhmaNa saMskRti ke virodhI svara isa tathya ke mahattvapUrNa pramANa haiM ki mahAkAvyoM ke samaya meM brAhmaNa saMskRti kI kamajoriyoM ko kaisA vaicArika rUpa diyA gayA thA ? samAja meM vyApta dhArmika andhavizvAsoM aura paurohityavAda ke caMgula meM phaMsI brAhmaNa-vyavasthA kI kina toM ke AdhAra para virodhI varga dvArA AlocanA kI jAtI thI? jaTAsiMha nandi kRta varAGgacarita ke sandarbha meM inakI sthiti isa prakAra hai(ka) varNa-vyavasthA kA virodha jaTAsiMha nandi kA mata hai ki manuSya jAti eka hone ke kAraNa use brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra vargoM meM vibhakta kara viSamatA lAnA pramANoM evaM nayoM kI dRSTi se bhI sarvathA anucita hai / ' unakA kahanA hai ki satyuga meM kisI prakAra kA varNa vibhAjana nahIM thA kintu tretA yuga meM kucha svArthI logoM ne apanI sevA karAne ke uddezya se bhRtyavarga kI nIMva DAlane ke lie hI varNa-vyavasthA kA vidhAna kiyA thaa|2 raGga kI dRSTi se brAhmaNAdi kA vibhAjana karanA bhI sarvathA anupayukta hai kyoMki vyavahAra meM yaha dekhA jAtA hai ki brAhmaNa candra-kiraNoM ke samAna zveta nahIM hote, kSatriya bhI kiMzuka puSpa ke samAna gauravarNa nahIM hote, vaizya haritAla puSpa ke samAna hare raGga ke nahIM hote tathA zUdra bhI koyale ke samAna kRSNa varNa ke nahIM hote haiM / tvacA, mAMsa, rakta, majjA, haDDI prAdi se; calane, uThane, baiThane Adi se tathA raGgarUpa, kezAdi se sabhI vargoM meM samAnatA hai| isalie manuSya jAti ke ekatva ko varNa-vibhAjana dvArA naSTa karanA sarvathA anucita 1. astyaka evAtra yadi prajAnAM katha punarjAticatuSprabhedaH / pramANadRSTAntanayapravAdaiH parIkSyamANo vighaTAmupaiti / / -varAGga0, 25.2 2. kRte yuge nAsti ca varNabhedastretApravRttAvathavAtha bhRtyam / / __-vahI, 25.6 3. na brAhmaNAzcandramarIcizubhrA na kSatriyAH kiMzukapuSpagaurAH / na ceha vaizyA haritAlatulyAH zUdrA na cAGgArasamAnavarNAH // -vahI, 25.7 4. pAda pracAraistanuvarNakezaH sukhena duHkhena ca zoNitena / tvagmAMsamedo'sthirasaiH samAnAzcatuHprabhedAzca kathaM bhavanti // -vahI, 25.8

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 317 (kha) jAti-vyavasthA kA virodha hindU dharma meM pracalita mahattvapUrNa gotroM ke sambandha meM bhI varAGgacaritakAra ne apanI pratikriyA vyakta kI hai| unakI mAnyatA hai ki kauzika, kAzyapa, gautama, kauDiNya, mANDavya, vasiSTha, pAtreya, kautsa, AGgirasa, gArya, maudgalya, kAtyAyana, bhArgava Adi gotroM kA AdhAra bhI pakSapAtapUrNa hai| vizvAmitra, atri, kutsa Adi RSiyoM ke vaMza ko vikhyAta karane' tathA apane parivAra kA mahattva bar3hAne ke nimitta se vibhinna vyaktiyoM ke nAma para pracalita ina aneka gotroM athavA jAtiyoM kA prAdhAra bhI varNa-vyavasthA ke samAna hI doSapUrNa mAnA gayA hai / (ga) beda-prAmANya kA virodha vedoM ko pramANa mAnane vAle logoM ke prati jahAsiMha kA kahanA hai ki vedoM ko pramANa mAnakara unameM nirdiSTa yajJa vidhAnoM kA anusaraNa karane se pazubali kI hiMsA kA pApa lagatA hai / kAlAntara meM niraparAdha prANiyoM kI hiMsA karane se udita hue karmaphala se narakAdi evaM vibhinna prakAra kI yAtanAmoM ko bhoganA par3atA hai / phalata: vedoM ko pramANa mAnanA kisI bhI rUpa se ucita jAna nahIM par3atA hai|4 yajJAvasara para mAre gae pazu kA sIdhe svarga cale jAne ke kAraNa koI pApa nahIM lagatA Adi mAnyatAoM ko dhUrta evaM durAcArI manuSyoM kI ukti mAnA gayA hai / yadi yaha satya kathana hotA to sarvaprathama yajJakartA apane sambandhiyoM ko yajJa kI bali car3hAkara svarga pahuMcA dete / udhara yazastilakAra svayaM jainamatAvalamvI hote hue bhI / 1. ye kozikA: kAzyapagotamAzca kauNDinyamANDavyavasiSThagotrAH / prAtreyakotsAGgirasA: sagAryA maudglyakAtyAyanabhArgavAzca / / -varAGga0, 25.5 2. gotrANi nAnAvidhajAtayazca mAtRsnuSAmaithunaputrabhAryAH / vaivAhika karma ca varNabhedaH sarvANi caikyAni bhavanti teSAm / / -vahI, 25.6 3. vedAH pramANaM yadi yasya puMsastena dhruvo yajJavidhistvabhISTaH / hiMsAnubandhAH khalu sarvayajJAH hiMsA paraprANivihiMsanena // -vahI, 25.12 4. varAGga0, 25.13-14 5. yajJe vadhe naiva vadho'sti kazcidvadhyo dhruvaM yAti surendralokam / idaM vaco dhUrtaviTasya vedyaM dayopazAntizrutivajitasya / / -vahI, 25.14 6. vahI, 25.15-16

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318 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja vedoM kI prAmANikatA ko svIkAra karate haiN| somadeva ne dhArmika sahiSNutA kA paricaya dete hue laukika evaM pAralaukika do prakAra ke gRhastha dharma ko svIkAra kara laukika dharma ke antargata vedoM ko pramANa mAnA hai|' sambhavataH somadeva dhArmika kaTTaratA ke virodhI the tathA tatkAlIna sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM jaina dharma ko eka udAra dharma ke rUpa meM prastuta karanA cAhate the, kintu jaTAsiMha brAhmaNa saskRti ke ghora virodhI hone ke kAraNa usake sAtha siddhAntaH koI samajhautA nahIM kara paae| (gha) purohitavAda kA virodha vaidika yuga meM hI brAhmaNoM evaM kSatriya rAjakumAroM athavA rAjAnoM ke madhya varga-saMgharSa kI sthiti A gaI thii| isI samaya jaina evaM bauddha vicAradhArAoM ke bala pakar3ane aura brahmavidyA ke pracAra se brAhmaNoM ke prabhutva ko bhArI dhakkA pahuMcA thaa| guptakAla ke svarNayuga meM hindU dharma kA paryApta utkarSa huA tathA punaH bhAratavarSa meM purohitavAda ko vizeSa zakti milii| manusmRti Adi granthoM meM brAhmaNa varga kI pavitratA evaM utkarSatA pratipAdita karane kI koI kasara zeSa na rahI thii| purohitavAda ke isa mahAn abhyudaya kI sthiti kA jJAna jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM se bhI hotA hai / kintu jaTAsiMha nandi jaise brAhmaNa virodhI vyaktitvoM ne purohitavAda kI truTiyoM ko sAmane lAkara unakI paryApta AlocanA kI hai| unakA kahanA hai ki brAhmaNa atyanta lobhI hote haiM tathA apane yajamAnoM ke pUNya saMcaya ke nAma para phala, sugandha, vastra, bhojana Adi padArthoM ko svayaM le lete haiM / 4 (Ga) devopAsanA kA virodha varAGgacarita ke anusAra lamabhaga sAtavIM-pAThavIM zatAbdiyoM meM brAhmaNa-dharma ke antargata purANasammata devopAsanA kA bahuta adhika pracalana ho gayA thaa| ina 1. dvau hi dhauM gRhasthAnAM laukikaH pAralaukikaH / tathA zrutirvedamiha prAhurdharmazAstraM smatirmatA / / -yazastilaka, pR0 273, 278 2. bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya, bhAratIya samAja kA aitihAsika vizleSaNa, pR0 86-87 3. ye nigrahAnuhayorazaktA dvijA varAkA: parapoSyajIvAH / mAyAvino dInatamA nRpebhyaH katha bhavantyuttamajAtayaste // -varAGga0, 25.33 4. patrANi puSpANi phalAni gandhAnvastrANi nAnAvidhabhojanAni / saMgRhya samyagbahubhiH sametAH svayaM dvijA rAjagRhaM prayAnti // -vahI, 25.26

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 316 2 3 4 devatAoM meM brahmA, viSNu, ziva, 3 agni, indra, 5 kArtikeya, 6 sUrya 7, Adi devatAoM kI upAsanA vizeSa rUpa se pracalita thI / jaTAsiMha nandi ne brAhmaNa vyavasthA se sambaddha devatAoM ke devatva kI AlocanA kI hai| tathA inakI upAsanA ko anucita ThaharAyA hai / tatkAlIna samAja meM gopUjA kA vizeSa pracalana rahA thA / gAya ke dUdha, ghI, Adi ko bhI pavitra mAnakara devatAoM aura pitaroM ko car3hAyA jAtA thA / 1deg brAhmaNoM ke lie godAna karane se devatA Adi prasanna hote haiM tathA dAna karttA ko abhISTa vastueM prApta hotI haiM, Adi - dhArmika mAnyatAeM tatkAlIna samAja meM vizeSa rUpa se pracalita thIM / 11 kintu jaTAsiMha gAya ko dhArmika pratIka ke rUpa meM nahIM maante| unhoMne kheda prakaTa kiyA ki savArI karane, bhAra lAdane, bala prayoga dvArA duhI jAne, damana karane Adi abhadra vyavahAroM dvArA gAya ko kitanI bhayaGkara yAtanAeM sahanI par3atIM thiiN| ve kahate haiM ki dhArmika dRSTi se pavitra mAne jAne vAlI gAya ke sAtha kie jAne vAle ina durvyavahAroM ko dekhate hue bhI isake devatva kI bhalA kahA~ taka rakSA kI jA sakatI hai ?12 jaina dharma kI samanvayamUlaka samAjazAstrIya pravRttiyAM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke samaya se prArambha hone vAle yuga meM jaina dhArmika paristhitiyoM ko eka nayA mor3a de diyA gayA thA / raviSeNa ke padmacarita (7vIM zatAbdI) tathA usake bAda nirmita hone vAle prAdipurANa Adi granthoM se yaha pratIta 1. varAGga0, 25.76, jayanta 11 varAGga0, 25.77-78 2. 3. vahI, 25.74 4. vahI, 25.75 5. vahI, 2576 6. vahI, 25.76 7. vahI, 24.36 8. vahI0, 25.74-7e 6. vahI, 25.74-76 10. vahI, 25.60 11. vahI. 25.61 12. ArohavAhasya dhanapratodaM pradohavAho damanakriyAbhiH / prapIDitA: klezagaraNAnbhajante devarSisaMghAta sukhAni teSAm // - vahIM, 25.62

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320 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja hotA hai ki jainAcArya jaina dharma ko eka aisA udAra evaM lokapriya dharma banAnA cAhate the jisase brAhmaNa saMskRti ke anuyAyI bhI AkarSita ho pAeM tathA jaina samAja ke maulika tattvoM meM bhI kisI prakAra kA virodha na paae|' sarvaprathama jainAcAryoM ne 'prAkRta' kI ora se apanA dhyAna haTAkara 'saMskRta' ko samparka bhASA ke rUpa meM cunaa| pUrvavartI jaina sAhitya kA lagabhaga sampUrNa aMza prAkRta meM hI upalabdha hotA hai kintu raviSeNa ke 'padmacarita' kI racanA ke bAda adhikAMza dhArmika, dArzanika tathA sAhityika grantha saMskRta meM hI likhe jAne lage / 2 bhASA sambandhI yaha udAratA jaina dharma kI lokapriyatA kA eka bahuta bar3A kAraNa bnii| itanA hI nahIM jainAcAryoM ne brAhmaNa saMskRti meM pracalita aneka dhArmika tathA sAmAjika vyavasthA ke sAtha bhI aneka prakAra ke samajhaute kie| varNavyavasthA, pUjA-paddhati, vedaprAmANya Adi, brAhmaNa-saMskRtijanya mUlyoM para aba nae DhaGga se socA jAne lagA thA aura unheM udAratA se svIkAra bhI kara liyA gayA thaa| saMbhavataH jaina dArzanikoM dvArA tarkazAstra ke kSetra meM 'anekAntavAda' kI jo navIna avatAraNa huI usI kI anupreraNA se havIM-10vIM zatAbdI ke jaina yugacintakoM ne jaina dharma ko sAmAjika dRSTi se lokapriya banAne meM vizeSa ruci lii| prArambhikAvasthA meM varNa-vyavasthA kA jaina dharma siddhAntata: virodha karatA thA kintu varNa-vyavasthA kI sAmAjika lokapriyatA ko dekhate hue navIM zatAbdI meM prAcArya jinasena ne isakA jainIkaraNa kara diyaa| phalataH badalI huI paristhitiyoM meM varNa-vyavasthA jaisI sAmAjika vyavasthA kA jaina loga virodha bhI nahIM kara sakate the| yahI kAraNa thA ki dasavIM zatAbdI meM yazastilakakAra ko vivaza hokara jainAnumodita varNavyavasthA kI tathA zruti-smRtiyoM ko pramANa mAnane Adi ko saMzodhita mAnyatAmoM ko svIkAra karanA par3A thA / 6 dUsare zabdoM meM dharma kI sAmAjika prAsaGgikatA kI dRSTi se jainAcAryoM dvArA kie gae isa prakAra ke parivartana evaM saMzodhana jaina dharma kI lokapriyatA ke lie prabhAvazAlI upAya 1. gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, amRtasara, 1967. pR0 56-60 2. devendra muni, sAhitya aura saMskRti, vArANasI, 1970, pR0 57 3. dalasukha mAlavariNapA, jaina dArzanika sAhitya ke vikAsa kI rUparekhA, banArasa, 1652, pR0 5 4. varAGga0, 1.51 5. mahApurANa, 16.343-46, Rgveda 10.60.12 6. gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pa071-72

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM . 321 thIM / vaidika saMskRti tathA jaina saMskRti ke madhya ghora kaTTaratA kI jo rekhA varAGgacarita jaise granthoM meM dikhAI detI hai, 7vIM se 10vIM zatAbdI taka usameM paryApta parivartana A cuke the| raviSeNAcArya ne varNavyavasthA sambandhI jaina mAnyatAoM ko spaSTa karate hue kahA ki RSabha deva ne sAmAjika dAyitvoM kI rakSA karane ke lie rakSA kAryoM meM kSatriyoM ko, vANijya tathA kRSi karma meM vaizyoM ko tathA hIna kAryoM ke lie zUdroM ko niyukta kiyA thA / ' brAhmaNoM ke viSaya meM raviSeNAcArya kA kathana thA ki RSabhadeva ke putra bharata ne vrata Adi sampAdana karane ke lie zrAvakoM kA jo pRthak varga banAyA thA, use hI brAhmaNa varga mAnanA cAhie / 2 inase kucha paravartI AcArya jinasena manuSya jAti ko eka mAnate hue bhI AjIvikA ke bheda se use cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta karate haiN| unake anusAra vrata-saMskArAdi se brAhmaNa, zastradhAraNa se kSatriya, dhanArjana se vaizya tathA nimna vRtti se zUdra bane / 4 jainAcAryoM kA varNavyavasthA sambandhI uparyukta vibhAjana pUrNatayA Rgvedokta varNa-vyavasthA ke anurUpa hai tathA brAhmaNa saMskRti ke smRti granthoM meM pratipAdita mAnyatAoM se viparIta nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / vAstava meM raviSeNa dvArA varNavyavasthA sambandhI mAnyatAmoM ko jo navIna dizA de dI gaI thI jinasena Adi prAcArya unakA virodha nahIM kara sakate the aura aisA karanA tatkAlIna sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ke anukUla bhI nahIM thA / isa sambandha meM DA0 gokula candra jaina ne ThIka hI kahA hai ki "jinasena ke karIba sau varSa bAda somadeva hue| ve yadi virodha karate to bhI sAmAjika jIvana meM se una mAnyatAoM ko pRthaka karanA sambhava na thaa| isalie yazastilaka meM unhoMne yaha cintana diyA ki gRhasthoM kA dharma do prakAra kA hai-laukika tathA pAralaukika / laukika dharma lokAzrita hai tathA pAralaukika AgamAzrita, isalie laukika dharma ke lie veda (zruti) aura smRti ko pramANa mAna lene meM koI hAni nahI hai|"6 1. padma0, 3.255-58 2. vahI, 4.66-122 3. manuSyajAtirekaiva jAtinAmodayodbhavA / vattibhedAhitAbhedAccAturvidhyamihAznute // Adi0, 38.45 4. brAhmaNA vratasaMskArAt kSatriyAH zastradhAraNAt / / variNajo'rthArjanAnyAyyAtzUdrA nyagvRttisaMzrayAt // -Adi0,38.46 5. tu0-Rgveda, 10.60.12, tathA manu0 1.87-61 6. gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 56

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322 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja rAjanaitika lokapriyatA Alocya yuga meM jaina dharma kI 634-35 I0 ke aihola zilAlekha se jJAta hotA hai ki cAlukya nareza pulakezI dvitIya ke samaya meM dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma utkarSa kI sthiti para thA / " pallavarAja siMha varmana (436 I0) ke rAjyArohaNa ke kAla se lekara kalyANI ke cAlukya tailapa dvitIya dvArA rASTrakUToM ke patana ( 173 I0) taka aneka antarAloM meM jaina dharmaM rAjadharma ke rUpa meM bhI pratiSThita huA thA / pallavakAla meM kAMcI jaina dharma kA pramukha kendra thA / zrAcAryaM samantabhadra, bhaTTa prakalaGka Adi pramukha jaina naiyAyika kAMcI se hI samvaddha the / kAMcI meM upalabdha viSNu-kAMcI tathA ziva - kAMcI ke atirikta jina-kAMcI (niruparutti - kunnum ) ke avazeSoM se jJAta hotA hai ki zaiva tathA vaiSNava sampradAyoM ke utkarSa se pahale kAMcI jaina dharma kA bhI pramukha kendra rahA hogA / navIM zatAbdI meM pallava vaMza ke patana ke bAda cola rAjAoM ne aneka jaina mandiroM tathA anya dhArmika kendroM ko naSTa bhI kiyA thA / jaina dharma ke pracAra va prasAra ke mahattvapUrNa kendra ujjayinI, mathurA, tathA valabhI zrAdi bhI the / 4 sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI meM karnATaka meM jaina dharma rAjadharmaM ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thA / vardhamAnacaritakAra prasaga bhI karnATaka meM rahate hue hI sAhitya sAdhanA kara pAe the| DA0 ena0 ena0 upAdhye mahodaya ke anusAra varAGgacaritakAra jaTAsiMha nandi ( sAtavIM prAThavIM zatAbdI I0) ke samaya meM karnATaka meM jaina dharma kI sthiti bahuta acchI thI / usa samaya karnATaka meM brAhmaNa dharma kI sthiti acchI nahIM thI tathA jaina dharma ko rAjyAzraya prApta thA / 12vIM 13vIM zatAbdI meM prAcArya hemacandra tathA rAjA kumArapAla ke samaya meM gujarAta jaina dharma kA vizeSa kendra thA / cAlukya kAla ke hI rAjA vIradhavala ke samaya meM mahAmAtya vastupAla tathA tejapAla dvArA kI gaI jaina dharma kI sevAoM ko bhI nahIM bhulAyA jA sakatA hai / saMkSepa meM cAlukya nareza pulakezI dvitIya ke samaya se lekara jaina dharma uttarottara vRddhi para rahA thA / aneka dAnapatroM se jJAta hotA hai ki cAlukya nareza vinayAditya, vijayAditya, tathA vikramAditya ne jaina prAcAryoM ko aneka bhUmidAna bhI die the| pazcimI cAlukya vaMza ke saMsthApaka tailapa ne kannaDa 1. Epigraphia Indica, Vol. 8, p. 7. 2. varAGgacarita, khuzAla canda gorAvAlA, bhUmikA, pRSTha 32 3. vahI, pR0 33 4. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM, pa0 515 5. varAGgacarita e0 ena0 upAdhye, bhUmikA, pR0 36

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 313 bhASA ke jaina kavi ranna ko rAjyAzraya bhI diyaa| isa prakAra bhArata meM jaina dharma vizeSa pragati para thA tathA Alocya yuga meM gujarAta, rAjasthAna ke kucha bhAga tathA dakSiNa bhArata ke aneka kSetroM meM jaina dharma kA vizeSa pracAra va prasAra humA thaa| isa ghamaM pracAra meM pallava, gaGga, rASTrakUTa, kadamba, hoyasala cAlukya prAdi rAjavaMzoM kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai / 3 2. jaina gRhastha dharma evaM vratAcaraNa janAnumodita 'dharma' kA svarUpa jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM 'dharma' zabda ko vyApaka rUpa meM grahaNa kiyA gayA hai / pradyumnacarita ke anusAra 'dharma' manuSya ko durgati se bacAtA hai tathA jagat meM prANiyoM ko sthiti kA kAraNa bhI hai / aneka mahAkAvyoM meM dharma' ko hI mAtra saccA mitra mAnA gayA hai jo manuSya jIvana ko soddezya tathA saphala banA pAtA hai / 4 dUsare zabdoM meM mAtA, pitA, bhAI, bandhu AAdi sambandha 'dharma' ke sAmane asahAya tathA phIke par3a jAte haiM / vibhinna upamAnoM kA zrAzraya lekara kaviyoM ne sAMsArika vyavahAroM se tulanA karate hue ise kabhI machaliyoM kI gati ke lie jala kI bhAMti, dIrgha tathA durgama yAtrA ke lie pAtheya kI bhAMti svIkAra kiyA hai, to kabhI durbhedya kavaca, samudrastha naukA tathA pracUka prauSadhi mAnate hue dharma ke lokottara svarUpa ko spaSTa karane kI ceSTA kI hai|7 jaina kaviyoM ne dharma ko aise vRkSa ke samAna bhI mAnA 1. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM, pR0 517 2. draSTathya - Ayyangar M. S.R., & Rao, B.S., Studies in South Indian Jainism, p. 111; Rice, B. L. Mysore and Coorg From the Inscriptions, London, 1909, p. 203; Moraes, G.M., The Kadamba Kula, p. 35. 3. patato durgatau yasmAtprANino dhArayatyasau / tenAnvartho jagatyeSa dharmaH sadbhirnigadyate // --pradyu0, 6.57 4. varAGga0, 15.78, pradyu0, 6.66 5. kasya mAtA pitA kasya kasya bhAryA suto'pi jAto jAto hi jIvAnAM bhaviSyanti pare 6. dharma0, 21.83, pradyu0, 6.65 7. pradyu0, 6.64 vA / pare // -- varAGga0, 15.78

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324 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM bhAratIya samAja hai jo darzana rUpI jala 'sIMcA gayA hai tathA svargaphaladAyI evaM indriyasukhakara hai / " ina sabhI paribhASAoM meM 'dharma' kA svarUpa lokottara dRSTigocara hotA hai / zrAcAraparaka dRSTi se bhI 'dharma' kA svarUpa udghATita kiyA gayA hai / zAntinAtha - carita meM dharma ke cAra prakAra kahe gae haiM - ( 1 ) dAna (2) zIla ( 3 ) tapa tathA (4) bhAvanA / caturvidha dharma kI yaha vyAkhyA jaina dharma meM vizeSa rUpa se lokapriya huI hai / prAcArya hemacandra sUri dvArA rAjA kumArapAla ko dharma kA jo svarUpa samajhAyA gayA thA usameM bhI dharma ke ye hI cAra bheda kahe gae haiM / varAGgacaritakAra 'dharma' ko dayA ke binA prapUrNa mAnate haiM / " yazastilaka campU meM dharma ko laukika evaM pAramArthika ina do bhAgoM meM bAMTA gayA hai| isa prakAra jaina dharma kA kSetra laukika karmakANDa tathA pAralaukika tapa sAghanAnoM taka vyApta hai jisameM gRhasthoM tathA muniyoM kI dhArmika dinacaryA Adi bhI samAhita hai / saMkSepa meM caturvidha dharmabhedoM meM dAna ke antargata karuNA, dAna, dayA Adi tyAgaparaka mAnava mUlya Ate haiM / zIla ke antargata paMcANuvrata, vicArasamannaya, saMyama Adi naitika evaM AcAra sambandhI jIvana mUlya nihita haiM / tapa dvArA Atma-vikAsa evaM Atmazuddhi ke lie mArga prazasta hotA hai / bhAvanA ke dvArA rAga-dveSa, Adi durbhAvanAeM samApta hotIM haiM / dharma ke isI svarUpa evaM paridhi ko lakSya kara jaina dharma para prakAza DAlA gayA hai / dvividha dharma - 'sAgAra' evaM 'anAgAra' jaina dharma ko zrAcAra, vrata Adi dRSTiyoM se do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA sakatA hai / (1) sAgAra dharma tathA ( 2 ) anAgAra dharma / sAgAra dharma kA vidhAna gRhasthoM ke lie hai to anAgAra dharma kI vyavasthA muniyoM ke lie huI -- pradyu0, 6.62 1. svargasaukhyaphalaM svAdu sarvendriyasukhAvaham / dharmadrumaH phalatyeva sikto darzanavAriNA / 2. dAnaM supAtraviSaye pratipAdanIyaM zIlaM vizadaM paripAlanIyam / tapyaM tapazca zuci bhAvanayA sametaM, dharma caturvidhamudAhRtavAJjinezaH / - zAnti0, 3.36 tathA padmA0, 2.176 3. padmA0, 2.177 4. Sheth, C.B., Jainism in Gujarat, Bombay, 1953, p. 72. 5. varAGga0, 15.107 tathA dharmakriyAyA hi dayaiva mUlaM / -- vahI, 25.26 6. varSa 0, 12.47, dharma0, 21.124 7. sAgArikANuvratabhedabhinnanAgArikaH khyAtamahAvratazca / --vardha0, 12.48

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM: 32.5 hai / ' samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se vicAra karane para gRhasthoM ke lie vihita 'sAgAra dharma' athavA 'laukika dharma kA 'anAgAra' athavA 'pAralaukika' dharma apekSAkRta adhika mahattva hai / prAyaH gRhastha dharma hI samAja ke vyApaka dharAtala meM anusyUta rahatA hai jabaki sAdhu dharma atyadhika duSkara evaM kliSTa hone ke kAraNa sAmAnya vyavahAra se kucha bhinna ho jAtA hai / muni nathamala jI kI jainadharma ke viSaya meM yaha bhI dhAraNA rahI hai ki dharma jo prAtmaguNa hai, ko parivartanazIla samAja vyavasthA se jakar3a dene para to usakA dhruvarUpa vikRta ho jAtA hai / puruSArtha siddhaya pAya ke lekhaka prAcArya amRtacandra ke matAnusAra sAdhu-dharma hI jaina dharma kA vAstavika svarUpa thA / phalataH isI dharma kA pracAra va prasAra karanA samucita thA tathA gRhastha dharma kA upadeza denA ThIka nahIM samajhA jAtA thA / paravartI kAla meM paristhitiyA~ badalatI gaIM, aba zrAvakAcAroM kI adhikAdhika racanA hone lagI thI / pariNAmasvarUpa aisI sthiti AI ki gRhastha dharma atyadhika lokapriya hone lagA aura muni-dharma kucha phIkA sA par3ane lagA thA / Alocya mahAkAvyoM ke yuga meM gRhastha dharma utkarSa para thA kintu muni-dharma kI sthiti bhI acchI rahI thI / sAgAra dharma evaM anAgAra dharma meM zrantara sAgAra dharma evaM anAgAra dharma svarUpa evaM uddezya kI dRSTi se bhinna bhinna rahe haiM / sAgAra dharma laukika vidhiyoM para AdhArita hone ke kAraNa gRhasthoM ( zrAvakoM) ke lie hai kintu anAgAra dharma pAralaukika dRSTi se sAdhuyoM ke lie hotA hai / sAgAra dharma kA mukhya phala svarga prApti evaM sukha- aizvarya bhoga hai to nAgAra dharma kA pramukha uddezya mokSa prApti hai / 6 sAgAra dharma ke antargata jinapUjA, mandira sthApanA prAdi karmakANDoM ke pratirikta upadeza - zravaNa, dAna evaM 'aNuvratoM' ke pAlana karane Adi para vizeSa bala diyA jAtA hai to dUsarI zrora 1. Adya gRhastha : paripAlanIyaH paraM paraH saMyamibhiviviktaH / 2. muni nathamala jaina darzana : manana aura mImAMsA, pR0 447 3. kailAzacandra siddhAntAcArya, dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma, pR0 164-65 4. vahI, pR0 165 5. 6. vahI, 12.47 7. varAGga0, 22.28 __vardha0, 12.48 varAGga0, 22.2e-77, vardha0, 22.48

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326 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAjaM nAgAra dharma ke antargata 'mahAvratoM' kA mahattva hotA hai / " sAgAra dharma sAMsArika rAga-dveSa ke rahate hue bhI sAdhA jA sakatA hai kintu anAgAra-dhamaM kI pravRtti hI sAMsArika vairAgya ke uparAnta hotI hai / 3 sAgAra dharma eka prakAra se anAgAra dharma - sAdhanA kA pUrva - sopAna hai / catuvidha saMgha meM se zrAvaka-zrAvikA kA sAgAra ghamaM se tathA sAdhu-sAdhvI kA anAgAra dharma se vizeSa sambandha rahatA hai / prastuta adhyAya meM 'sAgAra dharma' ko gRhastha dharma ke rUpa meM sarvaprathama nirUpita kiyA gayA hai / tadanantara 'anAgAra dharma' arthAt munidharma kA pratipAdana huA hai / dvAdaza-vratAcaraNa jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki sAgAra dharma arthAt gRhastha dharma ke pAlana ke lie aNuvratoM kA pramukha sthAna hai / kula milAkara gRhasthoM ke lie pA~ca 'aNuvratoM' - 'ahiMsANuvrata', satyANuvrata', 'pracIryANuvrata', 'brahmacaryANuvrata', 'parigrahaparimANANuvrata'; tIna 'guNavratoM' - 'divrata', 'dezavrata', 'anarthadaNDavrata' tathA cAra 'zikSA vratoM' - ' sAmAyika', 'proSadhopavAsa', 'bhogopabhogaparimANa', 'atithisaMvibhAga' prAdi kula bAraha vratoM kA pAlana karanA atyAvazyaka hai / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM ina bAraha prakAra ke vratoM kA pratipAdana nimna prakAra se huA hai 1. zrahiMsANuvrata - devatAnoM ko prasanna karane, atithi satkAra karane, tathA oSadhi sevana Adi kisI bhI nimitta se, prANiyoM kI hiMsA na karanA, 'ahiMsA' kahalAtA hai / 5 2. satyANuvrata - lobha, moha, bhaya, pratizodha, kapaTa, grahaGkAra prAdi kisI bhI kAraNa ke vidyamAna rahane para bhI satya bolanA, 'satyANuvrata' kahalAtA hai / 6 3. pracAryANuvrata - kheta, mArga Adi kisI sthAna para pramAda athavA bhUla se girI huI vastu ko svAmI kI svIkRti ke binA na uThAnA 'acoryANuvrata' athavA 'prasteyANuvrata' kahalAtA hai / 7 1. vardha0, 22.48 2. varAGga0, 12.46 3. vardha0, 22.60 4. varAGga0, 15.114 5. varAGga0, 15.112, padmA0, 2.221 6. dharma 0 21.135-40 varA0, 15.133, padyA0, 2.2220 7. 8. vahI, 15.114

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 327 4. brahmacaryANuvrata - vivAhitA patnI ke atirikta anya sabhI striyoM ko mAtA, bahina, tathA putrI samajhakara vyavahAra karanA evaM apanI patnI se hI santuSTa rahanA 'svadAra saMtoSavrata' athavA 'brahmacaryANuvrata' kahalAtA hai / ' strI kA apane pati meM hI anurakta rahanA bhI isI vrata ke antargata AtA hai / 5. parigrahaparimANANuvrata -bhavana, mandira Adi, kheta-jamIMdArI, sonAcA~dI, anna, gAya-bhaiMsa - baila ghor3A, sevaka karmacArI Adi vividha prakAra ke aizvaryotpAdaka vastunoM kA eka nizcita parimANa meM upabhoga karanA 'parigrahaparimANAvrata' athavA 'saMtoSavrata' kahalAtA hai / 6. divrata - Upara-nIce, pUrva - pazcima, uttara-dakSiNa Adi dizAoM, Agneya, vAyavya, naiRta, IzAna Adi vidizAoM ke AvAgamana kA nizcaya kara unakA pratikramaNa na karanA 'digvata' nAmaka guNavrata kahalAtA hai / 7. bhogopabhogaparimANavrata -tela Adi sugandhita padArthoM tathA vastrAbhUSaNa Adi upabhogya vastuoMoM kA prAvazyakatAnusAra prayoga karanA 'bhogopabhogaparimANavrata' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / 4 8. anarthadaNDavrata -- DaNDe rassI Adi tathA viSa, zastra, agni Adi vastuoM ko dUsare vyakti ko na denA, billI Adi dvArA cUhoM ke nAza karane ke upAyoM kA prayoga na karanA, dUsare vyakti ke praGgachedana kA upakrama na karanA, kisI kI hatyA na karanA, dUsare ko bandhana meM DAlane kA nimitta na bananA, sAmarthya se adhika pazuoM para bhAra na lAdanA 'anarthadaNDatyA gavrata' kahalAtA hai / baila Adi pazuko badhiyA karanA, unheM samaya para bhojana na denA, una para adhika bojha lAdanA, vanakrIr3A, citrakarma, lepAdi karma bhI isI vrata ke antargata gRhastha ke lie niSiddha haiM / 6. sAmAyikavrata - paMcanamaskAra mantra ke uccAraNa dvArA prAtaH evaM sandhyA ko vItarAga prabhu ke Adarza kA cintana karanA, prANimAtra ko eka samajhanA, indriyoM evaM mana ko niyantrita karanA, sadaiva apane tathA dUsare vyakti ke 1. varAGga0, 15.115, padmA0, 2.231 2. varAGga0, 15.116, padmA0, 2.232 varAGga0, 15.117 3. 4. vahI, 15- 118, padmA0, 2.240 5. varAGga0, 15.116- 20, dharma0, 21.142 6. dharma0, 21.144-48, padmA0, 2.271-77

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328 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kalyANa kI kAmanA karanA, zatrutA evaM pratizodha kI bhAvanA se dUsare vyaktiyoM ko kSati pahuMcAne Adi durbhAvanAoM se dUra rahakara sadaiva jinendra bhagavAn kI pratimA meM lIna rahanA 'sAmAyika zikSAvrata' kahalAtA hai|' 10. proSadhopavAsavrata-mAsa ke cAra parvo (do aSTamiyoM tathA do caturdaziyoM) meM mana, vacana, kAya se pUrNataH niyantrita hokara arthAt 'manogupti', 'vacanagupti' tathA 'kAyagupti' kA sAvadhAnI pUrvaka pAlana karate hue upavAsa rakhanA 'proSadhopavAsavata' kahalAtA hai / 11. atithisaMvibhAgavata-zAstrokta cAra prakAra ke AhAra se zraddhAyukta hokara muni Adi kA Atithya satkAra karanA 'atithisaMvibhAga' vrata kahalAtA hai / 12 sallekhanAvata-dasa prakAra ke bAhya evaM 14 prakAra ke Antarika parigrahoM kA tyAga kara ahiMsA Adi mahAvratoM kA pAlana karate hue zarIra kA tyAga karanA 'sallekhanA' vrata kahalAtA hai| uparyukta 12 prakAra ke vratoM meM prathama pAMca 'aNuvratoM' ke sambandha meM digambara evaM zvetAmbara AcAryoM kI paramparAoM meM koI vizeSa matabheda nahIM kintu uttaravartI tIna 'guNavatoM' evaM cAra 'zikSAvratoM' kI parigaNanA meM kucha matabheda avazya rahA hai / kucha prAcArya 'sallekhanA' vrata ke astitva ko mAnane ke lie dUsare kisI vrata ko nahIM maante| kabhI-kabhI eka vrata ko kucha prAcArya 'guNavatoM' meM parigaNita karate haiM to dUsare ise 'zikSAvratoM' ke antargata svIkAra karate haiN| bAraha vratoM kI saMkhyA kA jahA~ taka prazna hai sabhI prAcArya ekamata haiM kintu unake vargIkaraNa meM paraspara matabheda haiN| prAcIna jainAcAryoM se calI A rahI 'guNavratoM' evaM zikSAvratoM' kI yaha paramparA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke samaya taka kisa prakAra pravAhita huI thI usakA vivaraNa tAlikA dvArA isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. varAGga0, 15.121-22, dharma0, 11.146 2. varAGga0, 15.123, dharma0, 11.150 3. varAGga0, 15.124; dharma0, 11.152 4. varAGga0, 15.125 5.. vizeSa draSTavya Williams, R., Jain Yoga, London, 1963, pp. 55-62; Bhargava, D.N., Jain Ethics, Ch, V, pp. 110-146, & Sogani, K.C., Ethical Doctrines in Jainism, Sholapur, 1967, Ch. IV, pp. 71-119

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 326 digambara paramparA' prAcArya guNavata zikSAvata kundakunda-1. digvata, 2. anarthadaNDavrata, 1. sAmAyika0, 2. proSadha0, 3. atithi| 3. bhogopabhoga 4. sallekhanA umAsvAti --1. digvata, 2 dezavrata, 1. sAmAyika, 2. proSadha0, 3. bhogopa3. anarthadaNDa0 bhoga0, 4. atithi samantabhadra-1. digvata, 2. anarthadaNDa0, 1. dezavrata, 2. sAmAyika0, 3. proSadha0, 3. bhogopabhoga0 4. vaiyAvRtya0 vasunandi - 1. digvata, 2. dezavata, 1. bhogavirati0, 2. paribhoganivRtti0, 3. anarthadaNDa0, 3. atithi0, 4. sallekhanA0 jaTAsiMha nandi-1. digvata, 2. bhogopa0 1. sAmAyika0, 2. proSadha0, 3. atithi0, 3. anarthadaNDa0 4. sallekhanA0 zvetAmbara paramparA umAsvAti-1. digvrata, dezavrata, 1. sAmAyika0, 2. proSadha0, 3. bhogopa0, 3. anarthadaNDa0 4. atithi0 zrAkkaprajJapti-1. digvata, 2. anarthadaNDa0, 1. sAmAyika0, 2. proSadha0, 3. dezavrata, 3. bhogopabhoga 4. atithi amaracandra-1 digvata, 2. bhogopabhoga0, 1. dezAvakAzika0, 2. sAmAyika0, 3. anarthadaNDa 3. atithi0, 4. sallekhanA0 haricandra-1. digvata, 2. dezavrata, 1. proSadha0, 2. bhogopa0, 3. parimANa, 3. anarthadaNDa0 4. atithi0 uparyukta tAlikA ke tulanAtmaka vivaraNoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki ina vratoM ke vargIkaraNa meM prAcAryoM kI dRSTi se to matabheda hai kintu digambara evaM zvetAmbara sampradAyagata koI matabheda nhiiN| DA. dayAnanda bhArgava ke matAnusAra 'aNuvratoM' evaM 'zikSAvratoM ke vargIkaraNa kA AdhAra ruciparaka hai na ki tAttvika / ' gRhastha ko apanI ruci ke anusAra ina bAraha vratoM kA AcaraNa karanA caahie| sAmAjika dRSTi se ina vratoM kI pRSThibhUmi meM sAmAjika nyAya evaM ahiMsA kA yathAsAmarthya AcaraNa karane ke samAjazAstrIya prAgraha-anusyUta haiN| dhArmika dRSTi se bhI ina bAraha prakAra ke vratoM kA pAlana karane vAle vyakti ko mRtyu uparAnta saudharma Adi kalpoM meM janma milane tathA aSTaguNa-aizvarya lAbha hone kI mAnyatAeM samAja .R. . .move .. 1. varAGga0, 15.117-125 para AdhArita 2. padmA0, 2.212-35, dharma0 21.125-50 para AdhArita 3. Bhargava, Dayanand, Jain Ethics, Delhi, 1968, p. 125

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330 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 2 meM pracalita thIM / gRhastha vyakti kI ina vratAcaraNoM meM zrIra adhika ruci bar3hAne ke lie prapsarAnoM ke sAtha ramaNa karane, pradbhuta prakAra ke bhogoM ko bhogane, mRtyu - uparAnta pRthvI para harivaMza, bhojavaMza, ikSvAku vaMza jaise prasiddha vaMzoM meM janma milane Adi ke dhArmika vizvAsa samAja meM vizeSa rUpa se pracalita the / rAjA kumArapAla dvArA jaina vratoM kA pAlana cAlukya rAjA kumArapAla ne sAmrAjya vistAra karane ke uparAnta maMtrI vAgbhaTa ke kahane para kalikAlasarvajJa prAcArya hemacandrasUri se dharmopadeza prApta kiyA / " rAjA kumArapAla ne jainAcArya hemacandra se prabhAvita hokara mAMsa khAmA tathA prAkheTa karanA banda kara diyA thA / unhoMne vibhinna rAjakIya pravasaroM para pazuoM kI bali car3hAne para bhI pratibandha lagA diyaa| mahAvIracarita se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjA kumArapAla ne manoraJjana kI dRSTi se kI jAne vAlI sUaroM ko dor3oM tathA murgoM kI lar3AiyoM Adi krUra gatividhiyoM para bhI pAbandI lagA dI thii| yahA~ taka ki nimna jAti ke logoM ko bhI pazuoM ke vadha karane kI anumati nahIM thI / dvayAzraya kAvya se spaSTa hotA hai ki 'amAri' arthAt pazuvadha niSedha kI rAjAjJA se prabhAvita hue nimna jAti ke kasAI zrAdi logoM ko prAjIvikA hetu rAjya kI prora se tInatIna varSoM kA vetana diyA gyaa| gujarAta meM 'amAri' kI yaha sthiti lagabhaga caudaha varSo taka rahI thI / hemacandra ne sarvaprathama kumArapAla ko hindU tathA jaina dharmo ke sAmAnya siddhAntoM kI zikSA dI tadanantara jaina dharma ke maulika siddhAntoM se avagata karAyA / kumArapAla ko 'graha' stuti' ke prATha mArgoM kA upadeza bhI diyA gayA 15 1. tedivaM yAnti sadvratAH / , saudharmAdiSu kalpeSu saMbhUya vigatajvarAH / tatrASTaguNamaizvaryaM labhante nAtra saMzayaH / / -- varAGga0, 15.126-27 tathA candra0, 3.55 2. apsarobhizciraM rantvA vaikriyAtanubhAsurAH / bhogAnatizayAnprApya nizcyavante surAlayAt // - varAGga0, 15.128 3. Sheth, C.B., Jainism in Gujarat, p. 65 tathA somaprabhakRta kumArapAlapatibodha, pU0 5-6 somaprabhakRta kumArapAlapratibodha, pR0 40-41 4. 5. mahAvIracarita, 12.65-74 6. dvayA0, 20.4-37 7. Sheth, Jainism in Gujarat, p. 70 8. vahI, pR0 70 76.

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM pAzaM nika mAnyatAeM kumArapAla ne hemacandra ke upadezoM ke mAdhAra para zrAvako dvArA dhAraNa kie jAne vAle bAraha vratoM ko aGgIkAra kiyaa| pratyeka vrata grahaNa karane ke bAda usane svayaM bhI una vratoM kA vyAvahArika rUpa se pAlana kiyA tathA rAjakIya stara para bhI unake AcaraNa para vizeSa bala diyaa| jaina dvAdaza vratoM kI sAmAjika evaM rAjanaitika dharAtala para prAsaGgikatA siddha karane kI dRSTi se kumArapAla dvArA kiyA gayA yaha prayoga gujarAta ke itihAsa meM prAjamAI gaI dharmamUlaka rAjacetanA kA eka virala udAharaNa hai| kumArapAla ne jaina vratoM ke AcaraNa hetu nimna kArya kie : 1. prathama vrata (ahiMsANuvrata)-sampUrNa rAjya meM prANihiMsA kA pratiSedha tathA aThAraha adhIna prAntoM meM ubAla kara pAnI pIne ke AdezoM ko lAgU krnaa|' 2. dvitIya prata (satyANuvrata)-madhura tathA satya bhASaNa karanA tathA parivAra ke sadasyoM se saralatA se vyavahAra karanA / asatya prayoga ho jAne para pazcAtApa ke rUpa meM tapazcaryA karanA / 3. caturtha vrata (brahmacaryANu vrata)-rAjA dvArA vivAha na karanA / 4. paMcama vrata (parigrahaparimANANuvrata)- apanI sampatti ko sImita karanA isake lie kumArapAla ne chaha karor3a svarNa mudrAeM, ATha karor3a dInAreM; eka sahasra tolA sonA, do hajAra ghRta-pAtra, pAMca lAkha azva, eka hajAra U~Ta, pAMca sau ghara, pAMca sau dukAneM, gyAraha sau hAthI, pAMca hajAra ratha, gyAraha hajAra azva tathA maThAraha lAkha yoddhAoM taka svayaM ko sImita kara liyaa| 5. SaSTha vrata (anarthadaNDa vrata)-varSAkAlIna samaya meM khetoM meM hala calAne kA niSedha karanA kyoMki isa mausama meM adhika jIvoM ke naSTa hone kI adhika mAzaGkA hotI hai| 6. saptama vrata (bhogopabhogaparimANavata)-22 prabhakSya tathA 32 anantakAya vastuoM kA sevana banda karanA / ' 7. vazama vrata (sAmAyikavata)-pratidina do sAmAyikoM kA niyamita rUpa se anuSThAna karanA / 1. kumArapAlapratibodha, pR0 81 2. vahI, pR. 84-85 3. vahI, pR0 84-85 4. vahI, pR0 85 5. vahI, pR0 85-86 6. vahI, pR0 87 7. vahI, pR0 88

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332 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 8. ekAdaza vrata (proSadhopavAsavrata)-parvo ke avasara para 'proSadhoM' kA AcaraNa karanA tathA pUrNa upavAsa rakhanA / ' 6. dvAdaza vrata (atithisaMvibhAgavata)-sabhI jainAnuyAyioM se prApta karoM ko lauTAnA tathA unakI Arthika dazA sudhArane kI AjJA denA / / 3. dhArmika karmakANDa evaM pUjA-paddhati paMcopacAra evaM aSTavidha pUjana jaina mahAkAvyoM meM 'paMcopacAra' tathA 'aSTavidhapUjana' ke ullekha pAe haiM / 'paMcopacAra' ke antargata 1. aAvAhana 2. sthApana, 3. sannidhikaraNa, 4. pUjana tathA 5. visarjana Adi kriyAeM AtI haiM / 5 'aSTavidha' jina pUjA ke antargata jinendra pratimA ko snAna karAnA, kapUra-candana Adi sugandhita padArthoM se jina bimba kA lepa karanA, dUrvA, puSpAdi samarpaNa karanA, akSata Adi padArthoM se svastika paktiyoM kA nirmANa karanA, naivedya, phalAdi car3hAnA, jala car3hAnA, dIpa prajjvalita karanA, Adi kriyA-kalApa pracalita the| jainendra siddhAnta koza meM yaha aSTavidha pUjana-vidhi 'aSTadravya' pUjA ke rUpa meM vihita hai| aSTadravya pUjA ke antargata 1. chatra-cAmarAdi dravyoM, 2. jala dhArAmoM, 3. candana Adi sugandhita padArthoM, 4. taNDuloM, 5. puSpAdi mAlAoM, 6. naivedyoM, 7. dhUpa aura dIpakoM, tathA 8. dADima Adi phaloM se devapUjA karane kA vidhAna pAyA hai| padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM jaina pUjA ko mukhya rUpa se do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-(1) dravyapUjA tathA (2) bhAvapUjA / 'dravyapUjA' ke antargata uparyukta aSTavidha pUjana kriyAeM AtI thIM tathA 'bhAvapUjA' ke antargata mukhyataH stutiyoM dvArA guNagAna karanA, saGgIta 1. kumArapAlapratibodha, pR0 88 2. vahI, pR0 88-86 3. varAGga0, (vardhamAnakavikRta) 12.23 4. padmA0, 6.100, tathA tu0aSTadheti jinapUjanaM vyadhAdaSTadhA'pi nijakarma hiMsitum / -vasanta0, 10.81 5. jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 3, pR0 80 6. padmA0, 6.100-114, vasanta0, 10.82 7. jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 3, pR0 78 8. te dravyapUjAM vidhivad vidhAya, vyadhujinendrorathabhAbapUjAm / -padmA0, 6.115

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 333 mahotsava kA Ayojana karanA, bAraha prakAra ke vratoM kA pAlana karanA, caturvidha dhyAna tathA caturvidha saMgha kA sammAna karanA Adi kRtya sammilita the / ' jinendra pUjA anya dharmAcaraNoM kI tulanA meM jinapUjA sarvAdhika lokapriya thii| sAmAnya logoM ke lie bhI anya vratAcaraNoM kI apekSA jinapUjA atyadhika sugama va sahaja thii| aisA vizvAsa kiyA jAtA thA ki jinendra ke prati bhaktibhAva rakhane se manuSya saMsAra kI sabhI vipattiyoM se mukta hokara sukhoM ke vizAla bhaNDAra ko prApta kara sakatA hai| pUrvajanmoM ke pApoM ko naSTa karane ke lie jinendra pUjA kA vizeSa mahattva hai|5 jinendra bhagavAna kI pratimA ke mAdhyama se unake AdarzoM para AcaraNa karane ke kAraNa tInoM lokoM kA kalyANa hone kI mAnyatA prasiddha thii| isake lie zraddhA evaM vidhi pUrvaka pratidina prAtaH jina-pratimA kI pUjA karane kA vidhAna thaa| pratimA abhiSeka pratimA ke abhiSeka ke avasara para svarNa, rajata, kAMsya, tathA tAMbe ke pAtra, vizAla nAdeM, sone ke zaMkha, aneka prakAra ke kalaza, jhAriyAM, pAlikAeM, Avartaka, svarNa yantra, nadiyoM, jharanoM, kUpoM, jalAzayoM, tIrthasthAnoM ke jalapAtra bhare rahate the / '* sone-cAMdI ke bane hue kucha kalazoM meM dUdha, dahI, ghRta Adi vastueM hotI ? 1. padmA0, 6.115-118, vasanta0, 10.73-60 2. varAGga0, 22.23, candra0, 17.32-33 3. varAGga0, 22.45, candra0, 17.36 4. varAGga0, 22.37-38, candra0, 17 34 . 5. anekajAtyantarasaMcitaM yatpApaM samarthA pravihartumAzu / -varAGga0, 22 40, candra0, 17.33 6. pUjyAni tAnyapratizAsanAni rUpANi lokatrayamaGgalA ni / -varAGga0, 22.42 7. prAtaH kumAraH kRtamaGgalArtho jinendrabimbArcanatatparo'bhUt / / -vahI, 11.48 padmA0, 6.100 8. varAGga0, 23.22 6. vahI, 23.23 10. vahI, 23.24, vasanta0, 10.67

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja aura inakA mukha, phaloM, phUloM ke gucchoM se athavA sapheda vastra se Dhaka diyA jAtA thaa|' pratimA abhiSeka ke avasara para eka hajAra pATha bar3e-bar3e kalazoM meM zItala jala bharA rahatA thA jinake mukha kamaloM, athavA nIla kamaloM se Dhake rahate the| cAra prakAra kI upamAnikAoM (miTTI ke ghar3oM) ko haldI, sugandhita dravya tathA modana se alaMkRta kiyA jAtA thaa| ina vastuoM ke atirikta aneka prakAra ke phala, sugandhita dravya, vividha prakAra ke naivedya, puSpa mAlAeM tathA havana sAmagrI (vipaJcikA) bhI pUjA maNDapa meM vidyamAna rahatI thii| abhiSeka kriyA ke avasara para ina sAmagriyoM kA vizeSa upayoga hotA thaa| snapanAcArya (purohita) tAlAba se jinendra kI pratimA ko snAna karAkara nikAlate the tathA mauna dhAraNa karate hue ise abhiSeka zAlA meM vizAla prAsana para sthApita karate the| sarvaprathama jinendradeva ko praNAma kara eka bar3I jhArI se pratimA kA abhiSeka kiyA jAtA thaa|' pratimA ko kapar3e se pocha lene ke uparAnta bAeM hAtha kI hathelI para ardhya-pAtra lekara 'jinAdibhyaH svAhA' kA uccAraNa karate hue hAtha ke aMgUThe ke mAdhyama se praya car3hAyA jAtA thaa| tadanantara mantroccAraNa sahita jina pratimA ke uttamAGga para arghya diyA jAtA thaa| upamAnikAnoM tathA 100 ghar3oM ke jaloM se abhiSeka karAne ke pazcAt prAcArya ubaTana se pratimA kA lepa karate the| isake bAda sundara prAbhUSaNoM tathA puSpamAlAdi se jinabimba kA zRGgAra kiyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki varAGgacarita meM pratimA abhiSeka vidhi kA bhavya varNana citrita hai jo tatkAlIna vizeSakara karnATaka meM pracalita jaina pUjA-paddhati para mahatvapUrNa prakAza DAlatA hai| 1. varAGga0,23.25, vasanta0, 10.67 2. varAGga0, 23.26, dharma0, 8.28.32, vasanta0, 10.68 3. varAGga0, 23.27 4. vahI, 23.26-30 5. vahI, 23.60 6. vahI, 23.61 7. vahI, 23.62 8. varAGga0, 23.63, vasanta0, 10.12 6. varAGga0, 23.64-67, vasanta0, 10.74-76

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM karmakANDaparaka vidhiyA~ pUjA Adi ke avasara para vibhinna prakAra kI karmakANDaparaka vidhiyAM sampAdita kI jAtI thIM, jinameM 'pradakSiNA', 'abhiSeka', 'mantrajApa', 'namaskAra', 'svastivAcana' Adi kA anuSThAna hotA thA - 1. pradakSiNA' - ArAdhya vastu ke bAeM se dAeM prora calate hue tIna bAra parikramA karanA / 2. snapana prathavA zrabhiSeka - jinabimba kA maunapUrvaka snAna / 3. mantrajApa - mantrAkSaroM kA jApa karanA / 4. namaskAra 5 -- zraJjali antima bhAga ke rUpa meM / zeSikA 7 - pUjA kI karanA / 7. ayaM 5. - bAMdha kA praNAma karanA / 5. svasti vAcana - pUjA ke deza, rAjya, nagara Adi ko maGgala kAmanA karanA samApti para savinaya sthApita puSpa, dhUpa dIpa Adi ko nati mantroccAraNa ke sAtha pratimA prAdi ke Upara jala kI dhArA zralaGkaraNa' - pralaGkAra-vastrAdi se pratimA ko sajAnA / ' akSata, puSpa Adi maGgaladravya pratimA ko samarpita karanA / chor3anA / 8 pratimA 0 11 6. dravyasamarpaNa' 1. 2. pUjA sAmagrI jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM pUjA vidhi ke vibhinna avasaroM para mAGgalika dravyoM dvArA pUjA karane kA ullekha AyA hai / isa sambandha meM ke0 ema0 munzI mahodaya kA mata hai ki madhyakAlIna bhArata meM jaina tathA hindU pUjA-paddhati meM koI dharma 0, 6.53, varAGga0, 23.53.57, pari0, 11.71 dharma0, 6.47, dvayA0, 2.64 3. varAGga0, 23.66 4. vahI, 23.62-6e 5. vahI, 23.70 6. varAGga0, 23.66 - 71, vasanta 0, 10.86 6. 7. varAGga0, 23.72 8. vahI, 23.62, 65, vasanta0, 10.73 8. vibhUSaNAni pratibhUSayantIm / - varAGga0, 23.67 10. kIrti0, 6.36, basanta0, 10.76 335 11. varAGga0, 23.66-68, pari0, 11.73-75, padmA0, 3.126 kIrti0, 6.37, vasanta0, 10.75

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja vizeSa antara nahIM raha gayA thaa|' pUrvokta aSTavidha pUjana Adi ke avasara para jaina dharma kI pUjA paddhatiyoM meM hindU pUjA paddhati ke anurUpa hI nimnalikhita pUjAsAmagriyoM kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA (1) jala (2) dUdha (3) dahI (4) puSpa (5) phala (6) mAlA (7) candana (8) ghUpa (8) naivedya (10) jau (11) ghI (12) sarasoM (13) taNDula (14) lAjA (15) akSata (16) kAle tila (17) dUba (18) arghya (19) caru (20) kapUra (21) kRSNAguru (22) kalaza (23) patra (24) madhu (25) khANDa (26) tIrthodaka (27) puroDAza (28) madhuparka (26) havi (30) vastra (31) dIpa Adi / aneka prakAra ke ina maGgaladravyoM meM se anna, naivedya, puSpa, phala, mAlA, candana, dhUpa, akSata, dUdha, dahI, ghI Adi dravyoM kA sAmAnya pUjA Adi ke avasara para prAyaH prayoga hotA thA / hemacandra ke kumArapAlacarita mahAkAya se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki siddharAja ne ujjayanta parvatastha neminAtha kI pUjA ke avasara para IkSu rasa, dugdha, ghRta, dahI, madhu tathA jala yukta 'madhuparka' tathA phala-phUloM Adi vividha pUjA sAmagriyoM kA prayoga kiyA thaa| isI prakAra kItikaumudI meM vastupAla dvArA somanAtha tathA ekallavIrA devI Adi kI pratimAoM kI arcanA karane para bhI uparyukta pUjA sAmagriyoM kA upayoga kiyA gayA thaa| vividha pUjA dravyoM kA anuSThAnaphala dhArmika avasaroM para vividha prakAra kI pUjA sAmagriyoM kA vizeSa mAhAtmya bhI pratipAdita kiyA jAne lagA thaa| vividha prakAra ke ye dravya pavitratA, nirogatA Adi ke pratIka mAne jAte the| jala-zAnti kA, paya-santuSTi kA, dadhi-kAryasiddhi kA, dugdha-pavitratA kA, taNDula-dIrghAyu kA, sarasoM-vighnanAza kA, tila-vRddhi kA, akSata-pArogyatA kA, jau- zubha varNa kA, ghRta-zarIrapuSTi kA, phala-donoM lokoM kI bhogasiddhi kA, gandha (sugandhita padArtha)-saubhAgya kA, 1. Munshi, Glory That was Gurjara Desa, p. 361 2. varAGga0 23.15, 18, 24, 25, 26--30, kIrti0, 6.37, 36, 6.65; pradyu0, 14.47 3. varAGga0, 23.28, dharma0 8.7, tathA pradyu0, 14.47 4. kumAra0, 3.5.6, tathA draSTavya Munshi, Glory that was Gurjara Desa, p. 361 5. kIrti0, 6. 37

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 2 lAjA tathA puSpa saumanasya arthAt prasannatA kA pratIka mAnA jAtA thA / vasunandi zrAvakAcAra nAmaka grantha meM bhI ' praSTadravya pUjA' ke avasara para prayoga kI jAne vAlI sAmagriyoM ke sambandha meM bhI aisI hI dhAraNA kA nirdeza huA hai tathA pUjana ke samaya jala, candana akSata Adi ke samarpaNa kA phala batAyA gayA hai| sAgAradharmAmRta meM spaSTa rUpa se ullekha AyA hai ki jala se pUjaka ke pApa nAza hote haiM / candana se zarIra sugandhita hotA hai / akSata dhana sampadA kA saMrakSaNa karatA hai / puSpa se mandAramAlA kI prApti hotI hai / naivedya se lakSmIpatitva milatA hai / dIpa aura dhUpa kAnti tathA saubhAgya dete haiM / phala se pUjaka ke manoratha pUrNa hote haiM tathA ardha se abhISTa kI prApti hotI hai / 3 pUjA dravya ke rUpa meM bahumUlya vastueM vibhinna rAjakIya mahotsavoM ke avasara para hone vAlI jinendrapUjA athavA mandira sthApanA samaya prayukta sAmAnya pUjA vastuoM ke atirikta anya bahumUlya tathA kaThinatA se upalabdha hone vAlI vastuoM ko bheMTa ke rUpa meM car3hAyA jAtA thA / ina vastunoM meM ratnamaNijaTita mukuTa, darpaNa, bhArI, svarNa Adi vibhinna dhAtunoM se nirmita kalaza, thAlI, dharma-cakra, turahI, caMdovA, chatra, ghaNTA, dhvajA tathA vibhinna tIrthoM ke jala Adi vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / 4 varAGgacarita meM pratipAdita pratimAbhiSeka ke avasara para sone, cAMdI, kAMse tathA tA~be ke pAtra, vizAla nAdeM, zaMkha, aneka dhAtuoM ke ghar3e, pAlikAeM svarNa yantra Adi bahumUlya vastuoM dvArA pUjA karane kA ullekha bhI AyA hai / " sone Adi ke saMskRta eka hajAra ATha kumbhoM meM vibhinna tIrtha sthaloM kA jala bharA jAtA thaa| 1. Apa hi zAntyarthamudAharanti prApyAyanArthaM hi payo vadanti / kAryasya siddhi pravadanti daghnA dugdhAtpavitraM paramityuzanti / / dIrghAyurApnoti ca taNDulena siddhArtha kA vighnavinAzakArthAH / tilaivivRddhi pravadanti nRNAmArogyatAM yAti tathAkSatestu || yaH zubhaM varNavapurdhRtena phalaistu lokadvayabhogasiddhiH / gandhAstu saubhAgyakarA narANAM lAjaizca puSpairapi saumanasyam // 2. vasunandi zrAvakAcAra, 483-12 3. 4. 5. vahI, 23.22, 23 sAgAradharmAmRta, 2.30 varAGga0, 23.76 - 82 337 - varAGga0, 23.16-21 aSTottarAH zItajalaiH prapUrNAH sahasramAtrAH kalazA vizAlAH / -- vahI, 23.26

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338 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja devI pUjA devI pUjA kA jaina dharma meM pracalana rahA thaa| paurANika jaina mahAkAvyoM meM zrI, hrI, dhRti lavaNA, balA, koti, lakSmI, sarasvatI Adi devaloka kI deviyoM kA ullekha AyA hai, aitihAsika mahAkAvya kIrtikaumudI meM devI ekallavIrA kI vastupAla dvArA pUjA karane kA varNana pAyA hai / ekallavIrA devI kI ArAdhanA phala, puSpa Adi dvArA kI jAtI thii| isa avasara para kisI bhI prakAra kI bali Adi dene kA koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM lakSmI, umA, durgA, caNDikA, nimbajA, srotadevI, pIThadevI, kI ArAdhanA karane ke ullekha pAe haiN| 3 ina deviyoM ko mandiroM meM sthApita kiyA jAtA thaa|4 dvayA0 ke TIkAkAroM ne amRtA. brAhmaNI siddha mAhezvarI, kaumArI, vaiSNavI, vArAhI, cAmuNDA, aindrI, kAlasaMkarSiNI prAdi deviyoM kA ullekha karate hue devI kI vibhinna zaktiyoM kI ora bhI prakAza DAlA hai / 5 devazAstrIya dRSTi se chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI ke uparAnta pUjI jAne vAlI jaina deviyA~ mukhyatayA tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta thIM-(1) prAsAda deviyAM (2) kula deviyAM, tathA (3) sampradAya deviyAM / sAmAnyatayA jaina samAja meM ambikA, jvAlAmAlinI siddhidAyikA (yakSiNI), padmAvatI, cakrezvarI, kAlI, bhadrakAlI, mukuTI, tArA, gaurI, sarasvatI, tripurA prAdi deviyoM kI pUjA bhI pracalita thii| inakI pUjA hone ke tathyoM kI puSTi yA to jaina zAstroM 1. zrIhrIMghRtizca lavaNA ca balA ca kIrtilakSmIzca / -vadhaM0 17.50 2. ekallavIrAM pradadarza devIm / -kIrti0 6.55 3. dvayA0, 3.85, 6.106, 5.8, 11.88, 8.41, 7.83, 4.46 4 vizeSa draSTavya-pAda Ti0 6 5. vahI, pR0 230-31 6. 'tatra devyastridhA prAsAdadevyaH sampradAyadevya: kuladevyazca / prAsAdadevya: pIThopapIThaSa guhyasthitA bhUmisthitA prAsAdasthitA liGgarUpA vA svayambhUtarUpA vA manuSyanirmitarUpA vA sampradAyadevya: ambAsarasvatItripurAtArAprabhRtayo guruupdissttmntropaasniiyaaH| kuladevyaH caNDIcAmuNDAkanTezvarIvyAdharAjI prabhRtayaH // ' [prAcAradinakarapraNIta pratiSThAvidhi]-puSpendra kumAra, jaina dharma meM deviyoM kA svarUpa, [nibandha], 'mahAvIra parinirvANasmRti granthaH' pradhAna sampAdaka DA0 maNDanamizra, dillI, 1975, pR0 133

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM se hotI hai athavA jaina saMgrahAlayoM meM rakhI mUrtiyoM ke AdhAra para tatkAlIna devI - pUjA kI lokapriyatA kA anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai / " vijaya ke upalakSya meM devI- pUjA mahotsava aitihAsika mahAkAvya kIrtikaumudI meM devI 'ekallavIrA' kA bhavya pUjAmahotsava varita hai / vastupAla dvArA zaGkha ko parAjita kara die jAne ke uparAnta nagara meM eka vijaya yAtrA kA prAyojana kiyA gyaa| sabhI nAgarikoM ne isa yAtrA meM bhAga liyA tathA devI 'ekallavIrA' ke mandira taka ge| isa avasara para rAjakIya mArgoM ko bhI vizeSa rUpa se sajAyA gyaa| sabhI gharoM meM devI-devatAoM kI pUjA bhI sampanna huI / striyoM ke maGgala gIta tathA turahI zrAdi vAdya yantroM se vAtAvaraNa gUMja utthaa| 3 vastupAla ne mandira meM jAkara dUdha, dahI, zahada, ghI, khADa, puSpa, kapUra, kAle agaru candana Adi pavitra sAmagriyoM se devI pratimA kI pUjA kI, 4 naivedya car3hAyA tathA vastrArpaNa kiyaa| isa avasara para vastupAla ne apane talavAradaNDa meM tathA hRdaya meM vAsa karane ke lie devI se vizeSa prArthanA kI / 6 devI ke mahAtmyoM kA guNagAna karate hue tathA bAra-bAra praNAma karate hue vIra bhUpAla ne devI ekallavIrA ke prati apanI apAra bhakti pradarzita kI / 4. jaina mandira evaM tIrthasthAna jaina dharma meM mandira nirmANa kA manovijJAna varAGgacarita meM vizeSa rUpa se ubhara kara AyA hai / sAtavIM prAThavIM zatAbdI meM bAdAmI ke cAlukya rAjAzroM se jaina mandiroM ke nirmANa ko jo protsAhana milA varAGgacarita meM usakA citraraNa huA hai / ' 1. puSpendra kumAra, jaina dharma meM deviyoM kA svarUpa, pUrvokta, pR0 132-140 2. kIrti0, 6.16-17 3. vahI, 6.2-3 4. dugdhena dadhnA madhunA ghRtena, khaNDena toyena ca zuddhimUrtim / prAnarca devIM saciva: prasUna kapUra - kRSNA gurucandanAdyaiH // 5. vahI, 6.36 6. nutyA ca natyA vizeSavatyA, devIM samAnIya mudaM sa zrIvarabhUpAla kRpANadaNDe, sthiti yayAcaM hRdi ca 7. - e0 ena0 upAdhye, varAGgacarita, bhUmikA, pR0 70-72 336 vahI, 6.37 mAnI / svakIye // -- vahI, 6.40

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340 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja jaina mandiroM kI dhArmika lokapriyatA mandiroM kA nirmANa karanA jaina samAja kI eka vizeSa dhArmika pravRtti rahI hai / bhAratavarSa meM aAja asaMkhya jaina mandira apanI sundaratA tathA sthApatyakalA kI dRSTi se bahuta prasiddha haiM / vAstava meM dhArmika pracAra meM mandiroM kI eka mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahatI hai / jaTAsiMha nandi ne apane mahAkAvya meM jaina mandiroM ke nirmANa ko dharmapracAra evaM dharmalAbha se jor3A hai| unakA kahanA hai ki alpa dhanavyaya se banAe gae jinAlayoM se bhI mahAn dharma-prApti hotI hai / ' mandiroM dvArA sAmUhika rUpa se janasAdhAraNa meM bhI dhArmika pravRtti kA udaya hotA hai| isa dhArmika manovijJAna ko spaSTa karate hue varAGgacaritakAra kI mAnyatA hai ki sAMsArika viSaya bhogoM meM pratyAsakta vyakti bhI jina mandira rUpI sIr3hiyoM meM car3hakara svarga ke dvAra taka pahuMca jAte haiN| prataeva rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha apane prajA kI hitakAmanA ke lie samRddha mandiroM kA nirmANa karavAe / 2 rAjA loga apane parivAra ke sadasyoM ke dharmalAbha ke lie bhI mandiroM kA nirmANa karavAte the| varAGgacarita meM hI ullekha AtA hai ki rAjA dharmasena ne pUjA karane ke uddezya se apanI putravadhunoM ke lie eka mAsa ke bhItara hI jinAlaya kA nirmANa karavA diyaa| isI prakAra rAjA varAGga ne bhI apanI mahArAnI ke dharmAcarara kI icchA ko jAnakara eka vizAla indrakUTa nAmaka mandira kA nirmANa krvaayaa| udhara cAlukya mahAmAtya vastupAla dvArA nirmita jaina mandiroM meM se kucha aise mandira bhI the jinakA nirmANa kevala mAtra rAjaparivAra ke sadasyoM ke dharmalAbha prApta karane ke nimitta se huA thA / 5 dharmArtha prApta dhana-sampatti ko mandira nirmANa Adi dhArmika 1. alpazrameNAlpaparivyayena jinAlayaM yaH kurute'ti bhaktyA / mahAdhano'tyarthamukhI ca loke gamyazca pUjyo nRsurAsurANAm / / -varAGga0, 22.47 2. yo'kArayedvezma jinezvarANAM dharmadhvajaM pUtatama pRthivyAm / unmArgayAtAnabudhAnvarAkAnsanmArgasaMsthAMratu kSaNAtkaroti / / yenottamaddhi jinadevagehaM saMsthApitaM bhaktimatA nareNa / tenAtra sA niHzrayaNI dharaNyAM svargAdhirohAya kRtA prajAnAm / / -vahI, 22.50,51 3. vahI, 15.136-37 4. vahI, 22.54 5. sukRta0, 11.22, tathA vastu0, 6.656-58

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 341 kAryoM para lagAnA hI ucita samajhA jAtA thA / padmA0 mahAkAvya meM isI uddezya se chaH mandira banavAne kA varNana AyA hai / ' jaina mahAkAvyoM ke deza varNanoM se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina mandiroM kI sthiti nagaroM meM paryApta samRddha rahI thI / hemacandra ke mahAvIracarita meM gA~voM meM bhI jaina mandiroM ke hone ke ullekha milate haiM / kintu jaina mahAkAvyoM ke nagara varNanoM ke avasara para hI prAya: jaina mandiroM ke varNana Ae haiM ataH aisA pratIta hotA hai ki grAmoM kI apekSA nagaroM meM adhika samRddha jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa hotA thA / 3 jaina mandiroM kA sthApatya jaina mandira bahuta vizAla evaM gagana cumbI hote the / inakI nikaTastha bhUmi meM bar3e-bar3e bAga-bagIce udyAna Adi banAe jAte the / varAGgacarita meM variNata indrakUTa nAmaka vizAla mandira ke udyAnoM meM priyaGgu, azoka, kariNakAra, punnAga, nAga, azana, campaka, grAmra, AMvalA, anAra, mAtuliGga, bela, kramuka, abhayA, tAla, tAlIdruma, tamAla, suvarNa, (hari candana ), vAsantI, kubjaka bandhUka, mallikA, mAlatI, jAtI, pratimuktaka, khajUra, nArikela, drAkSA, gola mirca, lavaGga, kaGkola, kadalI, tAmbUla, Adi vRkSoM ko lagAne kA ullekha AyA hai / 6 mandira meM prekSAgRha, abhiSekazAlA, svAdhyAyazAlA, sabhAgRha, saGgItazAlA, paTTagRha, garbhazAlA Adi vividha prakAra kI zAlAeM hotIM thIM / 7 mandira kA praveza dvAra bahuta vizAla hotA thA / mandira ke patAkA yukta pradhAna zikhara bahuta UMce bane hote the / 5 jina mandira meM eka bahuta bar3A parakoTA bhI banA hotA thA jisameM sadaiva saGgIta dhvani mukharita rahatI thI tathA gAyakoM dvArA stutivAcana kiyA jAtA thA / 1. padmA0, 6.66-6e 2. mahAvIracarita, 12- 75 3. varAGga0, 1.3522.56, pradyu0, 1.28, vasanta0, 2.2 kIrti0, 1.61 4. varAGga0, 22.76, pradyu0, 1.28 5. candra0, 1.31 6. varAGga0, 22.66 - 72, candra0, 1.31 7. prekSAsabhAvalyabhiSekazAlAH svAdhyAyasaMgItakapaTTazAlAH / satoraNATTAlakavaijayantyazcalatpatAkA rucirA virejuH / / 8. PS varAGga0, 22.76 pradyu0, 1.28 suzilpinirmApitaramyazAlaM mRdaGgagItadhvanituGgazAlam / -- varAGga0, 22.67 - varAGga0, 2256

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342 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja jaina mandiroM meM muMge, motiyoM ratnoM Adi kI mAlAeM laTakI rahatIM thiiN|' mandira kI bhittiyoM meM sundara citrakAriyA~ nibaddha hotI thiiN| dvAra ke Upara kamala meM nivAsa karate hue lakSmI kA citra banA rahatA thaa|2 mandira kI dIvAroM meM yakSoM, kinnaroM, bhUtoM, tIrthaGkaroM, nArAyaNoM, cakravartiyoM Adi jaina zalAkA puruSoM ke citra bane rahate the| ghor3e, hAthI, rathArohI, siMha, vyAghra, haMsa Adi ke citra sone, cAMdI aura tA~be ke AkAroM para kATakara mandira ke kapAToM para nibaddha kie jAte the| mandira meM jina pratimAeM virAjamAna rahatI thIM tathA ina pratimA ke sabhI stambha sphaTika maNi se bane hote the| ina sphaTika-stambhoM para bhI puraSoM ke yugala citra kATakara banAe gae the| stambhoM para svarNa nirmita palaza suzobhita rahate the / 5 mandira kA gharAtala (parza) bhI uttama prakAra ke mUMge, motI, marakata, maNi, puSparAgamaNi, padmaprabha (safeda maNi) prAdi se suzobhita rahatA dhaa|6 mandiroM kI bhittiyoM tathA phoM para vizuddha svarNa nirmita kamala, vaidurya maNinirmita kamala-nAla, mahendra nIla mariNa nirmita kamaloM para guMjAra karane vAle bhramaroM kI bhI manamohaka citrakArI utkIrNa hotI thii| vastupAla tathA kumArapAla kI tIrthayAtrAeM vastupAla tathA kumArapAla sambandhI sAhitya se aneka jaina tIrtha sthAnoM ke mahattva kI aitihAsika puSTi hotI hai| prasiddha jaina tIrtha sthAnoM meM apahilavADa 1. kvacitpravAlottamadAmayaSTiH kvacicca muktAntaralolayaSTiH / lalambire tAH saha puSpayaSTyA dvAre punaH kAmalatA vicitrAH / / -varAGga0, 22.6. 2. dvAropaviSTA kamalAlayA zrI: / - vahI, 22.61 3. upAntayoH kinnarabhUtayakSAH / tIrthakarANAM halicakiraNAM ca bhityantareSvAlikhitaM purANam / / -vahI, 22.61 4. yadvipasyandanapuGgavAnAM mRgendrazArdUla vihaGgamAnAm / rUpANi rUpyaiH kanakaizca tAmra : kavATadeze sukRtAni rejuH // -vahI, 22.62 5. vahI, 22.63 6. pravAlakatanapuSparAgaiH padmaprabhaH sasyakalohitAkSaH / / mahItalaM yasya maNipravekastArAsahasrariva khaM vyarAjat / -vahI, 22.64 7. vahI, 32.65

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 343 pATaNa, stambhatIrtha, dholkA, zatruJjaya parvata, mAuNTa Abu, ujjayanta parvata Adi kA jaina mahAkAvyoM meM vizeSa ullekha pAyA hai| cAlukya kumArapAla tathA maMtrI vastupAla kI tIrtha yAtrAoM ke prasaGga meM ina dhArmika tIrthasthAnoM kI vizeSa carcA huI hai| kItikaumudI,' dvayAzraya prAdi aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM se rAjA kumArapAla tathA amAtya vastupAla kI tIrtha yAtrAoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / giranAra mandira meM sthita eka zilAlekha tathA kIrtikaumudI ke ullekhoM se pratIta hotA hai ki 1221 IsvI meM vastupAla ko 'saMghAdhipati' kI upAdhi prApta ho cukI thii| tadanantara usane zatrujaya, ujjayanta (giranAra) mAdi tIrtha sthAnoM kI yAtrA kI / vastupAla dhArmika sahiSNutA ke lie prasiddha thaa| usane brAhmaNa dharma ke prati bhI apanI apAra zraddhA kA pradarzana kiyaa| deva patana meM ziva-somanAtha kI pUjA karane ke aneka ullekha prApta hote haiN| rAjA ke AdezAnusAra vastupAla ne mANikya khacita muNDamAlA se somezvara kI arcanA kii| prAcArya hemacandra tathA rAjA kumArapAla dvArA bhI somanAtha-mandira kI yAtrA kI gii| isa avasara para hemacandra ne somanAtha kI stuti meM eka saMskRta padya kI racanA bhI kI thii| 1. kIrti0, sarga06 2. dvayA0, 20.60-100 3. saM0 77 varSe zrI zatruNyajyojjayantaprabhRtimahAtIrthayAtrotsavaprabhAvAvibhUta zrImaddevAdhidevaprastadAsAditasaMghAdhipatyena zrIvastupAlena Burgess, J. Arch., Sur. W. Ind., No. 2, Memorandum of the Antiquities at Dabhoi, etc. p. 22 & Arch. Report. W. Ind. Vol. II, p. 170. tathA tu0-cikIrSatA zrIsacivena tIrthayAtrAstha so'yaM samaya: sametaH / , dharAdharaM dharmadhurandharaH zrIzatruJjayaM zatrujayI jagAma / / , tamujjayantAparasaMjJamadrimAjAvidheyAkhilasaMghalokaH / - kIrti0 6.1, 21,38 Munshi, K.M., Glory that was Gurjara Desa, p. 361-62 5. mANikyakhacitAM muNDamAlamayamakArayat // -vastu0, 6.535-36 tathA tu0 abhyarcya bhaktyA bhavamatra tIrthe, zrI somanAthAbhidhayA prasiddham / / prattaprasUnAJjalinA pradatto, jalAJjalistena punarbhavAya // -kIrti0, 6.71 6. Munshi, Glory that was Gurjara Desa, p. 362

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344 vastupAla dvArA dhArmika sthAnoM kA jIrNoddhAra tathA mandira nirmANa jaisA ki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki Alocya kAla meM mandira nirmANa kI aura rAjAoM kI vizeSa dhArmika ruci rahI thI / aitihAsika nAyaka zramAtya vastupAla tathA tejapAla ne mAuNTa Abu, ujjayanta parvata, stambhatIrtha, zatruJjaya parvata, Adi dhArmika tIrtha sthAnoM meM sthita aneka jaina mandiroM kA jIrNoddhAra kiyA tathA jana sAmAnya kI suvidhA ke lie kue tAlAba Adi kA nirmANa bhI kiyA / vasantavilAsa, sukRtasaMkIrtana Adi mahAkAvyoM meM ina tIrthoddhAra sambandhI gatividhiyoM kI vizeSa carcA zraI haiM / ' mAuNTaprAbu prazasti se bhI ina tathyoM kI puSTi hotI hai| abhilekhIya sAkSya batAte haiM ki vastupAla tathA tejapAla ke dhArmika sthAnoM kA nirmANa kArya dakSiNa meM zrIzaila parvata taka, pazcima meM prabhAsatIrthaM taka uttara meM kedAranAtha taka tathA pUrva meM banArasa taka phailA huA thA / 3 zatruJjaya parvata para aThAraha karor3a, nabbe lAkha; giranAra parvata para bAraha karor3a, assI lAkha tathA mAuNTa Abu para bAraha karor3a tarepana lAkha tathA anya janakalyANa kAryoM para tIna sau karor3a caudaha lAkha mudrAnoM ke vyaya se ina dhArmika sthAnoM ke punanirmANa kA kArya sambhava ho pAyA thA / 4 jaina aitihAsika mahAkAvyoM ke ullekhAnusAra vastupAla tathA tejapAla ne vibhinna sthAnoM meM jina mandiroM, dharmazAlAoM, tAlAboM Adi kA jIrNoddhAra kiyA athavA jinakI sthApanA kI unakA vivaraNa isa prakAra hai-- kA jIrNoddhAra | jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 1. zraraNa hilavADa - pATaNa - - IsvI 1126-27 meM paJcAzara pArzvanAtha mandira 1. 2. stamatIrtha - ( 1 ) bhImeza ke mandira para svarNa-zikhara tathA dhvajasthApana (2) bhaTTAditya ke mandira meM 'uttAnapaTTa' sthApanA / (3) pUjanavana 6 Buhler. G., The Sukritasamkiratana of Arisimha, Indian Antiquary, Vol. XXXI, 1902, pp. 477-95. Dalal, C.D., Vasanta Vilasa Mahakavya, Introduction, p. XVI. 2. tena bhrAtRyugena yA pratipuragrAmAdhvazailasthalaM vApIkUpanipAnakAnanasaraH prAsAdasatrAdikam / dharmasthAnaparamparA navatarA cakre'tha jIrNoddhRtA tatsaGkhyApi nabu yadi paraM tadvedinI medinI // - zrAbuprazasti Dalal, C. D., Vasant., Introduction, p. xvi 3. 4. vahI, pR0 16 5. sukRta 0, 11.2, vastupAlacarita, 7.66 6. sukRta0, 11.3, vastu0, 4.720 7. sukRta0, 11.4, vastu0, 4.716

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345 dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM (vahaka bhaTTArka) meM kUmA khudvaanaa|' (4) sUryamandira (bakula) kA maNDapa parivartana / 2 (5) vaidyanAtha mandira kA jIrNoddhAra3 (6) jaina muniyoM ke do upAzrayoM tathA aneka auSadhazAlAnoM kA nirmANa karanA (7) jala-zAlAoM kI do gola gavAkSoM kA nirmANa karavAnA / 5 3. dholkA - (1) 'pAdinAtha' jaina mandira kA nirmANa kraanaa| (2) jaina muniyoM ke lie do upAzrayoM kA nirmANa karAnA / (3) bhaTTArka ke rANaka mandira kA jIrNoddhAra karAnA / 8 (4) eka vApI kA nirmANa tathA 'prapA' kA jIrNoddhAra kraanaa| 4. zatrujaya parvata-(1) 'prAdinAtha' mandira ke Age sthita 'indramaNDapa' kA nirmANa * (2) ujjayanta sthita do jina mandiroM-neminAtha mandira tathA jina stambhana mandira (pArzvanAtha mandira) kA nirmaann''| (3) sarasvatI devI kI pratimA kA jIrNoddhAra 2 (4) pUrvajoM kI pratimAnoM kA jIrNoddhAra'3 (5) tIna gajamUrtiyoM kI sthApanA, jinake Upara svayaM vastupAla kI, usake bhAI tejapAla kI tathA rAjA vIradhavala kI pratimAyeM bhI sthita thiiN|14 (6) avalokanA, ambA pradyumna tathA zAmba nAmaka cAra giranAra parvata ke zikharoM kI pratimAoM kI sthApanA karanA / 5 1. sukRta0, 115 2. sukRta0, 11.6, vastu0, 4.721 3. sukRta0, 11.7, vastu0, 4.718 4. sukRta0, 11.6, 4.36 5. sukRt0, 11.10, kIrti0, 4.33 6. sukRta0, 11.11, vastu0, 3.457 7. sukRta0, 11.22 8. sukRta0, 11.13 6. sukRta0, 11.13-14 10. suta0, 11.15, vastu0, 6.30, kIrti0, 6.25 11. sukRta0, 11.16, vastu0, 6.131-32, kIrti0, 6.31-33 12. sukRta0, 11.17 13. sukRta0, 11.18, vastu0, 6.633, kIrti0, 6.34 14. sukRta0, 11.16, vastu0, 6.33-34 15. sukRta0, 11.20, vastu0, 6.631

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346 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja jinheM Adhunika ambA, gorakhanAtha, dattAtreya tathA kAlikAmAtA zikharoM se abhinna mAnA jAtA hai / ( 7 ) AdinAtha mandira athavA jinapati mandira ke toraNa kI sthApanA / vastupAlacarita ke anusAra yaha toraNa indramaNDapa mandira kA thaa| 3 ( 8 ) bharuca ( bhRgupura ) tathA sAcora ( satyapura) meM kramaza: 'suvrata' tathA 'vIra' ke mandiroM kI sthApanA / vastupAlacarita ke anusAra ye donoM mandira prAdinAtha ke dAeM tathA bAeM sthita the / inameM se eka vastupAla kI patnI lalitA devI, to dUsarA usakI dUsarI patnI sosyAlatA ke nibane the| 5 (6) zrAdinAtha pratimA ke pIche 'pRSTha- paTTa' padanirmAraNa / (10) svarNa dvAra ko Upara utthaanaa| G 5. padalitapura ( pAlitAnA ) - ( 1 ) vizAla sarovara kA nirmAraNa karanA (2) jaina upAzraya kA nirmANa karanA / 6. pAlita grAma ( zraMkavAliya ) - ( 1 ) taDAg nirmANa / 10 7. ujjayanta parvata ( giramAra ) - ( 1 ) stambhana ke 'pArzvanAtha' tathA zatruMjaya ke 'AdinAtha' do mandiroM kA nirmANa karanA / 11 giranAra zilAlekhoM se bhI ina donoM mandiroM ke astitva kI puSTi hotI hai / 12 kintu vastupAlacarita ke anusAra kevala 'zrAdinAtha mandira' kA hI nirmANa huA thA / 13 8. stambhatIrtha ( stambhana ) - ( 1 ) neminAtha tathA prAdinAtha kI pratimAnoM se yukta pArzvanAtha mandira kA jIrNoddhAra / 14 vastupAlacarita ke anusAra vastupAla 1. Arch. Sur. Rep. W. Ind, Vol. II, p. 170, 1.6 2. sukRta 0, 11.21 3. vastu0, 6.626 4. sukRta 0, 11 22 5. vastu0, 6.656-58 6. 7. vahI, 11.24 8. vahI0, 11.16, vastu0, 6.677, kIrti 0, 6.36 sukRta 0, 11.23 6. sukRta 0, 11.27 10. 11. sukRta0, 11.30 13. Arch. Sur. Rep. W. Ind. Vol. II. p. 170, 1.6 13. vastu0, 6.665 14. sukRta 0, 11.31 sukRta 0, 11.26, vastu0, 6.660

Page #381
dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 347 dvArA isa mandira ke koSa meM eka sahasra dInAra dAna ke rUpa meM bhI diye gae the|'' (2) pArzvanAtha mandira ke nikaTastha 'prapA' kA nirmANa / 6. varbhavatI athavA damoI-vaidyanAtha ke 'ziva' mandira ke svarNakumbhoM ko mAlaveza utAra kara le gayA thaa| vastupAla ne inakI punaH sthApanA kii| yahIM para 'sUrya deva' kI pratimA kA bhI nirmANa kiyA gyaa| 10 mAuNTa proDu (arbudAcala)- marala deva ke mandira kA nirmANa / vastupAlacarita ke anusAra yaha mandira zatruNjaya para banA thA / 4 rAjA kumArapAla dvArA mandira nirmANa rAjA kumArapAla ne bhI dhArmika manito ve nimANa kArya ko bahuta adhika protsAhana diyA / 5 mestuGga kI prabandha cintAmaNi ke anusAra inakI saMkhyA 1440 tathA caritrasundaragariNa ke anusAra 1400 thii| hemacandra tathA somaprabhasUri ke anusAra bhI rAjA kumArapAla ne asaMkhya jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa kiyaa| hemacandra ke anusAra pratyeka gAMva meM bhI jaina mandira thaa|" yAzraya ke anusAra kumArapAla ne aNahilavADa meM 'kumAra vihAra' tathA deva pattana meM 'pArzvanAtha' mandiroM ko banavAyA thaa| merutuGga dvArA dI gaI sUcanAmoM ke anusAra kAmbe (khambhAta) meM 'dakSiNa vihAra' tathA hemacandra se janma sthAna 'TanaDhakA' (dhaMdhUkA) meM 'jholikA vihAra' nAmaka do mandiroM ke nirmANa kI bhI sUcanA prApta hotI hai|6 kumArapAla ne zatrujaya tathA giranAra prAdi tIrtha sthAnoM kA bhI darzana kiyaa| giranAra meM rAjA ne eka bahuta bar3e rAjamArga kA bhI nirmANa kiyA thaa| isa kArya kA dAyitva saurASTra ke rAjyAdhikArI prAmradeva ko sauMpA gayA thaa| kucha dUsare sAkSyoM ke anusAra isa kArya ko kumArapAla ke maMtrI vAgbhaTa ne pUrA kiyA thaa| 1. vastu0, 6.518 2. sukRta0, 11.32 3. sukRta0, 11.33, vastu0, 3.371 4. sukRta0, 11.34, vastu0, 8.76 5. kumArapAlapratibodha, pR0 75-78, prabhAvakacarita 12.38-47, prabandhacintA maNi, pR0 238-38, kumArapAlapravandha, pR0 66-104 6. kumArapAlaprativodha, pR0 75-78, tathA prabandhacintAmaNi, pR0 238-36 7. mahAvIra0, 12.75 8. dvayA0, 20.68-66 6. prabandha0, pa0 232 10. Munshi, Glory that was Gurjara Desa, p. 362. 99. Seth, Jainism in Gujarat, pp. 77-78

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348 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 5. jaina dhArmika parva evaM mahotsava 1. nitya maha-sAmAnyatayA dhArmika pUjA athavA parva ke lie 'maha' zabda kA vyavahAra hotA hai| jaina samAja meM aneka prakAra ke 'mahoM' kA pracalana rahA thA niyamita rUpa se mandira meM pUjA karanA 'nitya maha' kahalAtA hai| paM0 AzAdhara ne apane sAgAra dharmAmRta meM 'nitya maha' kA svarUpa pratipAdita karate hue kahA hai pratidina apane ghara se lAe gae jala, candana, akSata Adi ke dvArA jinAlaya meM jina bhagavAn kI pUjA karanA athavA apane dhana se jinabimba, jinAlaya Adi banavAnA athavA bhaktipUrvaka gA~va, makAna, jamIna Adi ko zAsana vidhAna ke anusAra dAnasvarUpa pradAna karanA athavA apane ghara meM tInoM sandhyAtroM ko prarhantadeva kI ArAdhanA karanA aura muniyoM ko pratidina pUjApUrvaka AhAra denA' nityamaha' kahalAtA hai / isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki 'nityamaha' jaina pUrjA-arcanA ke vyApaka sandarbho meM prayukta huA hai| isake antargata, dainika pUjA ke atirikta, mandira banavAnA, bhUmidAna denA Adi sabhI prakAra ke dhArmika kRtya sammilita haiN| isake nandIzvaraparva, indradhvaja, sarvatobhadra, caturmukha, kalpadrumamaha, mahAmaha Adi aneka bheda bhI svIkAra kie jAte haiM / varAGgacarita ke 22veM-23veM sarga meM 'maha' kA bhavya varNana huA hai| 2. aSTAlika maha (nandIzvara parva)-pAzAdhara ke anusAra bhavya jIvoM ke dvArA 'nandIzvara parva' meM arthAt prativarSa ASAr3ha, kArtika aura phAlguna ke zuklapakSa ke aSTamI Adi ATha dinoM meM jo nirantara rUpa se vizeSa jina pUjA kI jAtI hai vaha 'aSTAhnika maha' kahalAtA hai / candraprabha mahAkAvya meM isakA 'nandIzvara parva' ke rUpa meM varNana pAyA hai / 5 varAGgacarita meM bhI 'aSTAhnika maha' kA ullekha pAyA hai| isa parva ke avasara para rAjA bhI apane parivAra sahita ATha dina kA upavAsa rakhate the| AThoM dina jinendra kI pUjA-arcanA kI jAtI thii| tadanantara jinabimba kA vidhipUrvaka abhiSeka kiyA jAtA thaa| varAGgacaritakAra ne nandIzvara pUjA kA mAhAtmya batAte hue kahA hai ki 'aSTAhnika parva' meM svarga ke indra prativarSa zrI nandIzvara dvIpa meM virAjamAna kRtrima tathA akRtrima jina bimboM kI vizAla pUjA kA 1. mahIyate-pUjyo bhavati / -dharmAmRta (sAgAra), pR0 72 2. vahI, 11.25, pR0 72 3. varAGgacarita, khuzAla candra gorAvAlA, pa0 351 4. dharmAmRta (sAgAra), 11.26, pR0 73 5. candra0, 3.60 6. aSTAhnikaM ziSTajanAbhijuSTam / -varAGga0. 23.64 7. candra0, 3.60-61

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 346 Ayojana karate haiN|' varAGgacarita meM isa avasara para jinAlaya nirmANa, unakI sAja sajjA, dAna-bhakti, dikpAlapUjA, kalazayAtrA, jalayAtrA, abhiSeka-kriyA Adi dhArmika kRtya vistAra se variNata haiN| 3. mahAmaha-maNDalezvarAdi rAjA dvArA jinendra kI jo vizeSa pUjA kI jAtI thI use 'mahAmaha' kahA jAtA thaa|4 candraprabhacarita meM nirdiSTa 'paramaparva' kA isI 'mahAmaha' se sambandha rahA hogaa| isameM 'nandIzvara pUjA' kA bhI spaSTa ullekha pAyA hai / 6 paM0 pAzAdhara 'mahAmaha' ko 'aSTAhnika parva' se kucha viziSTa mAnate haiM tathA 'sarvatobhadra' 'caturmukha' isakI apara saMjJAeM pratipAdita karate haiN| 'nandIzvara', 'aSTAhnika parva', 'mahAmaha' Adi kucha dRSTiyoM se pRthak-pRthak rahe hoMge kintu inakA mahotsavIya svarUpa paraspara samAna hai / kabhI-kabhI ina pavoM ko 'jina maha kA bheda bhI mAna liyA jAtA hai / 4. indradhvaja praha-nandIzvara parva kI bhAMti prativarSa prASAr3ha yA kArtika tathA phAlguna mAsoM ke zukla pakSa kI aSTamI se ATha dina paryanta indra, pratIndra, sAmAnikAdika devoM dvArA kI jAne vAlI pUjA 'indradhvajamaha' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / yadi isI parva ko bhavya-jIva sampAdita kareM to ise 'aSTAhnika' kahA jAtA hai| paM0 AzAdhara ne anuSThAna kartA ke bheda se 'aSTAhnika' evaM 'indradhvaja' meM bheda svIkAra kiyA hai / 5. sAMvatsara parva 1-caitra mAsa ke kRSNapakSa kI aSTamI ko yaha utsava manAyA jAtA thaa| arbudAcala parvata para Ayojita hone vAle isa mahotsava ke avasara para tIrthaMkara RSabhanAtha kI stuti vizeSa rUpa se kI jAtI thii|'2 1. varAGga0 22.26-37 2. vahI, sarga 22-23 3. varAGga0 15.140, candra0, 3.60 4. dharmAmRta (sAgAra), 11.27 5. nAndIzvaraM paramaparva samAsasAda / -ca dra0 3.60 6. vahI, 3.60 7. dharmAmRta (sAgAra), 11.27 8. varAGgacarita, khuzAla candra gorAvAlA, pR0 351 6. dvayA0 3.105 10. kailAzacandra, zAstrI, jaina dharma. 10 322 11. dvathA0 16.50, tathA draSTavya, kailAzacandra zAstrI, jaina dharma, pR0 331 12. dvayA0, 16.50 para abhayatilaka TIkA, pR0 265

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350 jana saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 6. dIpotsava-bhagavAn mahAvIra kI nirvaNatithi ke rUpa meM isa parva ko jaina samAja bahuta utsAha se manAtA thaa| isa upalakSya meM sampUrNa nagara ko dIpakoM se sajAyA jAtA thaa|' tIrthayAtrA-mahotsava somezvara kRta kIrtikaumudI mahAkAvya meM sAmUhika rUpa se tIrthayAtrA karane ke uddezya se sambaddha eka yAtrA-utsava vizeSa kA bhI varNana pAyA hai / isa avasara para vastupAla tathA usake sAtha jAne vAle prajA varga ne vibhinna tIrtha sthAnoM ke darzana kie / prayANa karane se pUrva zubha muhUrta nikAlA gayA thaa| isa dharmayAtrA utsava ke avasara para ratha-vAhana prAdi ke sAtha-sAtha vizAla jana samUha bhI prayANa kara rahA thaa| mArga meM yAcakoM ko dAna Adi ke rUpa meM aneka vastueM pradAna kI gayauM / jaina paramparAnumodita mAGgalika lokagIta gAkara nAgarika apanA utsAha prakaTa kara rahe the| mArga meM jitane bhI jaina mandira pAte the unakI arcanA karane ke bAda hI jalUsa Age bar3hatA thaa|" 6. jaina devazAstra tathA paurANika vizvAsa jaina devoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina devazAstra ke anusAra devaloka arthAt svarga meM cAra prakAra ke devoM kI sthiti mAnI gaI hai :-1. bhavanavAsI deva -2. vyantara deva, 3. jyotiSka deva tathA 4. vaimAnika deva / 5 1. bhavanavAsI deva daza prakAra ke haiM--suparNa, nAga, udadhi, dik, dvIpa, agni, vidyuta, stanita (megha), anila tathA asura / 2. vyantara devapATha prakAra ke kahe gaye haiM - bhUta, pizAca, garuDa, yakSa, gandharva, kinnara, rAkSasa tathA kimpuruSa / 3. jyotiSkadeva-pAMca prakAra ke haiM -sUrya, candramA, tArakavarga, graha 1. varAGga0, 23.8, candra0, 2.130 2. draSTavya, kIrtikaumudI, sarga 6 tathA sukRtasaGkIrtana, sarga-9, 8 tathA 6 3. kIrti0, 6.6 4. vahI, 6.15-20 5. vaimAnikAnAM bhavanAdhipAnAM jyotirgaNavyantarasaMjJakAnAm / -varAGga0, 6.1 tathA candra0, 18.48, dharma0 21.60 6. varAGga0, 6.4, candra0, 18.48, dharma0, 21 61 7. varAGga0, 6.5, candra0, 1846, dharma0, 21.63

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 351 tathA nakSatra / ' 4. vaimAnika deva -mukhyataH do bhAgoM meM vibhakta haiM--kalpaja aura kalpAtIta / saudharma, aizAna, sAnatkutAra; mAhendra, brAhma, lAntava, zukra, sahasrAra, Anata, prANata, prAraNa tathA acyuta - ina bAraha kalpoM meM vAsa karane ke kAraNa 'kalpavAsI' devoM ke bhI bAraha bheda svIkAra kie gae haiN| parantu inake Upara bhI sArasvata, Aditya, ahamindra, Adi 'kalpAtIta' nAmaka dUsare prakAra ke vaimAnika devoM kI sthiti rahatI hai / ahamindra se Upara veyaka devaloka par3atA hai jisake nau vibhAga haiM tathA adhoveyaka, madhya preveyaka evaM Urva greveyaka nAmaka tIna upavibhAga bhI haiN| praiveyaka se Upara vijaya, jayanta, vaijayanta, aparAjita tathA sarvArthasiddhi nAmaka pAMca vimAna eka dUsare ke Upara hote haiN| prAcArya zrI dezabhUSaNa jI ne zAstrasAra samuccaya' meM pAe 'paMcAnuttarAH' kI vyAkhyA karate hue vijaya, vaijayanta, jayanta tathA parAjita nAmaka cAra vimAnoM ko pUrva-pazcima prAdi dizAmoM ke zreNIbaddha vimAna ke rUpa meM tayA sarvArtha siddhi ko madhya sthita pAMcave vimAna ke rUpa meM prArUpita kiyA hai / jaina devazAstra ke anusAra pratyeka svarga meM devoM ke vibhinna varga hote haiN| saudharma prAdi vaimAnika devoM ke svarga meM daza prakAra ke adholikhita devavarga pAe / jAte haiM : 1. indra (pradhAna), 2. sAmAnika (indra ke samakakSa), 3. lokapAla (daNDanAyaka Adi), 4. trayastriza (maMtrI, purohita prAdi), 5. anIka (sanika prAdi), 6. prakIrNaka (prajA ke samAna) 7. kilviSaka (nimna varga), 8. prAtmarakSa (aGgarakSaka). 6. abhiyogya (sevaka varga vAhana Adi ke kAma meM Ane vAle tayA 10. pariSatvaya (sabhAsada) / sUryAdi jyotiSka devoM tathA kinnara Adi vyantara devoM meM trayastriza tathA lokapAla nAmaka devavargoM ko sthiti mAnI 1. varAGga0, 6.6, candra0, 18 46, dharma0, 21.64 2. vaimAnikA dvidhA proktA: kalpAtItAzca kalpajA: / -candra0, 18.50 tathA dharma0, 21.66 3. varAGga0, 6.7-6, candra0, 18.50, dharma0, 21.67.68 4. varAGga0, 6.10-11, candra0, 18.50-51, 21.70-75 5. zAstrasArasamuccaya, hindI TIkAkAra AcArya zrI dezabhUSaNa jI, dillI, 1657, pR0 143 indrAzca sAmAnikalokapAlAstathA trayastrizadanIkinazca / prakIrNakA: kilbiSikAtmarakSA athAbhiyogyAH pariSattrayaM ca / -varAGga0, 6.50 6.

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352 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja gaI hai / ' mahAkAvyoM meM ina devoM kI Ayu prAdi kA bhI vistRta vivecana milatA hai / 2 jaina devoM kA svarUpa janasAmAnya meM yaha dhArmika vizvAsa pracalita thA ki sadAcaraNa evaM dhArmika vratAcaraNa dvArA devapada kI prApti saMbhava hai| ahiMsA Adi pAMca aNuvratoM digvatoM, guNavatoM tathA zikSAvratoM kA pAlana karane se svarga prApti kI mAnyatA prasiddha thI / vrata, upavAsa, tapasyA Adi bhI devaloka prApti ke sopAna mAne jAte the| varAGgacarita ke anusAra pAnI meM DUbakara, jalatI prAga meM kUdakara, parvata se girakara, ghAtaka viSapAnakara, kisI zastrAdi athavA rassI Adi dvArA phAMsI lagAkara AtmahatyA karane vAle logoM kI bhI devagati sambhava thI kintu isa prakAra ke devoM ke sukhoM kI mAtrA nyUna mAnI gaI hai| isI prakAra AcArazIlAdi se rahita kintu zuddha dRSTi vAle manuSyoM ko bhI svargaloka kI prApti saMbhava thii|6 svargalokoM meM devatAoM kA janma akasmAta hI hotA hai| ye deva atyanta ramaNIya zayyA para janma lete haiM tathA eka muharta ke andara hI zArIrika dRSTi se paripUrNa ho jAte haiM / ina devoM ke sAmane jaba anya kinhIM devoM kA janma hotA hai to ye bahuta prasanna hote haiM, prAnanda meM tAliyA~ bajAte haiM, visphoTa-dhvani karate haiM 1. varAGga0, 651 2. varAGga0, 6.12-46, candra0, 18.56-65, 21.60-77 3. aNuvratAnAM ca guNavatAnAM zikSAvratAnAM paripAlakA ye / sambhUya sarvaddhimitIndraloke mahaddhikAste tridazAbhavanti / / -varAGga0, 6.30 4. vahI, 6.25-30 ... jalapravezAdanalapravezAnmarutprapAtAdviSa bhakSaNAdvA / zastreNa rajjvAtmavadhAbhikAmA alpaddhikAste divijA bhavanti / / -vahI, 6.26 5. nAcAravanto vikRtA vizIlA guNaLapetA vratadAnahInAH / asaMyatA: kevalabhogakAGkSA: sadRSTizuddhAstridivaM prayAnti / / -vahI, 6.32 6. vahI, 6.37 7. vahI, 6.38

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dhArmika jana jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 353 1 tathA maGgala- gAnoM se unakA abhinandana karate haiM / ' sundara apsarAeM unake samakSa nRtya karatI haiM tathA saGgIta Adi se unakA manoraJjana karatIM haiM / 2 svargastha devoM ko manovAMchita bastueM prApta rahatI haiM tathA devAMganAoM ke sAtha ve nitya vihAra karate haiM / 3 inameM yaha bodha hotA hai ki svarga sukha kI prApti unheM dayAbhAva, dAna, indriya-damana, brahmacaryavrata, jinendra-pUjA Adi karmoM ke pariNAmasvarUpa hI huI hai / 4 svargalokavAsI deva vimAnoM meM baiThakara svargaloka meM vicaraNa karate haiM / zakti kI dRSTi se deva vahuta parAkramI hote haiN| ye cAheM to sumeru parvata ko ukhAr3a pheMke, sArI pRthvI ko eka hAtha se uThA deM tathA eka hI jhaTake se sUrya-candra ko pRthvI para girA deM / 6 svabhAva se hI devatAoM kA zarIra sundara tathA sUrya ke samAna tejasvI hotA hai / 7 unake zarIra se madhura sugandha AtI rahatI hai| janma se hI ve paripuSTa tathA sundarAkRti hote haiM tathA kabhI bhI unameM zArIrika hAsa yA vikAra nahIM aataa| unake bAla sundara, ghuMgharAle tathA nIle varNa ke hote haiM / 10 unake zarIra meM haDDI nahIM hotI / kisI bhI deva ko na hI raja-zukra srAva hI hotA 1. prajAyamAnAnsahasA samIkSya samuGgalAviSkRtapuNyaghoSAH / prasphoTitAH kSveNita muSTinAdAH kurvanti devA muditA namantaH / / 2. nRtyanti tatrApsaraso varAGgayo vINAH salIlaM parivAdayanti / 6. utpATayeyuH svabhujena meruM mahIM karAgreNa prAdityacandrAvapi pAtayeyurmahodadhi cApi - varAGga, 6 36 3. aizvaryayogaddhavizeSayuktAH priyAsahAyA viharanti nityam / 4. dayAtapodAnadamArjavasya sadbrahmacaryavratapAlanasya / jinendra pUjAbhiratervipAko'pyayaM sa ityeva vibodhayanti / - vahI, 6.42 5. nabhazcarA yAnavimAnayAnA annabhogA divijA ramante / - vahI, 6.48 - vahI, 6.40 7. svabhAvato bAladivAkarAbhAH / vahI, 6.43 8. svabhAvato divya sugandhigandhAH / - vahI, 6.43 6. vahI, 6.44 10. samullasatkuJcitanIla kezAH / - vahI, 6.46 samRddhareyuH / vizoSayeyuH / / vahI, 6.41 vahI, 6.48

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354 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja hai aura na kisI prakAra kA pasInA Adi hI AtA hai / ' ve kabhI sote nahIM aura na kabhI palakeM jhapakAte haiM / 2 aneka prakAra ke rogoM tathA jarA Adi avasthAoM se ve sadA bace rahate haiN| vibhinna svargoM meM devoM kI Ayu pRthak-pRthak mAnI gaI hai| jaina deviyoM kA svarUpa jaina devatva kI zAstrIya parikalpanAmoM meM deviyoM kI vilAsapUrNa gatividhiyoM kA vizeSa varNana pAyA hai| vibhinna prakAra ke devavargoM meM tadanusArI deviyoM kI bhI sthiti rahI thii| mukhyataH jaina deviyoM ko tIna vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai-1. prAsAda deviyAM, 2. kula deviyAM tathA 3. sampradAya deviyAM / 5 jaina deva pUjA ke antargata tIrthaGkaroM ke sAtha-sAtha deviyoM kI bhI pUjA kI jAtI hai jinameM sarasvatI, ambikA, padmAvatI prAdi kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai|' inake atirikta jvAlAmAlinI, siddhidAyikA (yakSiNI), mahAkAlI, cakrezvarI, zrI, lakSmI, zAnti devI Adi deviyoM ke pUjA hone kI aitihAsika puSTi vibhinna prAntoM se prApta jaina devI-mUrtiyoM se hotI hai / isa prakAra dhArmika dRSTi se jainadharma meM devI pUjA kA mahattva rahA thaa| __jaina devI-tattva kI kalpanA jaina devazAstra kI eka nirAlI kalpanA hai / jaina dharma granthoM meM devagati nAmaka karma ke udaya hone para nAnA prakAra kI vibhUtiyoM se viziSTa dvIpa samudrAdi meM svecchAnusAra vihAra karanA 'devatva' mAnA gayA hai / paMcasaMgraha ke anusAra divyabhAvayukta aNimAdi pATha guNoM se nRtya-krIr3A Adi karanA 1. anasthikAyAstvarajo'mbarAzca sarve surAH svedarajovihInAH / -varAGga, 6.46 2. apetanidrAkSinimeSazokAH / -vahI, 6.47 3. prA janmanaste sthirayauvanAzca / -vahI, 6.44 tathA jarArujAklezazatavihInAH / ----vahI, 6.46 4. vahI, 6.55-60 5. draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 338-336 6. puSpendra kumAra zarmA, jaina dharma meM deviyoM kA svarUpa (nibandha), prAsthA aura cintana, prAcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha, jaina itihAsa kalA aura saMskRti-khaNDa, pR0 154 7. vahI, pR0 153-157

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 355 'devatva' kA lakSaNa hai| devatAoM kI ina vilAsapUrNa ceSTAnoM ke sampAdana meM deviyoM kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahatI hai / 'zAstrasAra samuccaya' kI kannaDa TIkA meM svargastha deva-devAGganAoM se vizeSa mahimA-maNDita nirUpita hue haiN| ye deva, devAGganAmoM ke bimbAdharoM kA rasapAna karate hue, unake anupama saundarya ko nihArate hueM, nUpura kI sumadhura jhaMkAra kA zravaNa karate hue, mukha kI sugandha lete hue, kuca pradeza kA ' sparza karate hue tathA anya indriya janya sukha ko bhogate hue svarga meM Anenda manAte haiN| bhavanavAsI deva apanI deviyoM ke sAtha jalakrIr3A, sthalakrIr3A, zayanakrIr3A dolAkrIr3A tathA vAhanakrIr3A karate hue nirUpita kie gae haiM / 2 bhavanavAsI IzAna kalpa taka rahane vAlI deviyAM kAya-pravicAra yukta mAnI gaI haiM' arthAt manuSya ke samAna anubhava karane se ve tapta ho jAtI haiN| sAnatkumAra mahendra kalpa ke deva deviyoM ke sparza mAtra se hI tRpta ho jAte haiM / isase Upara ke cAra kalpoM ke deva deviyoM ke rUpa kA avalokana mAtra karane se tRpta hote haiN| unake zRGgAra, rUpalAvaNya, hAva-bhAva Adi hI devoM ko santuSTi ke lie paryApta mAne jAte haiM / - jaina mahAkAvya varAGgacarita meM uparyukta jaina deviyoM kA devazAstrIna caritra citrita huA hai / unheM atyanta sundara tathA vilAsapUrNa ceSTAoM se yukta mAnA gayA hai / apanI anupama sundaratA tathA bahumukhI pratibhA se ve devoM ko AkarSita karatI pratipAdita kI gaI haiN| prAyaH ye deviyAM patnI kI maryAdAmoM kA pAlana karatI huI apane deva patiyoM ke AjJAnukUla vyavahAra karatI haiM / 5 aparimita saundarya aura lAvaNya kI svAminI svargIya deviyAM apanI zArIrika racanA, vezabhUSA, hAvabhAva, premapradarzana, se vilakSaNa evaM kalpanAtIta rUpa se variNata haiM / 1. zAstrasAra samuccaya, (kannaDa TokA), hindI TIkAkAra prAcArya zrI dezabhUSaNa pR0 107 2. vahI, pR0 146 3. vahI, pR0 146 4. surAGganA vaikriyacAruveSA: suvibhramAH sarvakalApragalbhAH / viziSTanAnAddhiguNopapannA guNairanekai ramayanti devAn / / -varAGga0, 6.52 5. svanAthakAyAnuvikArarUpAH svanAthabhAvapriyacAruvAkyAH / .: svanAthadRSTikSamacAruveSAH svanAthasacchAsanasaktacittAH / / . . . -vahI, 6.53 6. vahI, 6.54

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356 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kAlavibhAjana evaM yugacakra sUkSma dRSTi se kAla kA pratyeka kSaNa eka dUsare se bhinna hai kintu vyAvahArika dRSTi se ise vibhAjita bhI kiyA jAtA hai / isake parivartana meM zalAkApuruSoM kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA mAnI gaI hai / 2 kAlavibhAjana kI jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra na gine jA sakane yogya kAla ko 'pAvalikA' saMjJA dI gaI hai| gaNanAtIta (asaMkhyAta) prAvalikAoM ke bIta jAne para eka 'zabda' hotA hai| kucha prAcAryoM ke anusAra sAta prAvalikAnoM ke bIta jAne para eka 'stoka' hotA hai| sAta 'stoka' ke bIta jAne para eka eka 'lava' hotA hai / 38 'lavoM' se kucha adhika pramANa vAlA 'muhUrta' kahalAtA hai| eka 'muhUrta' meM do nAr3iyA~ tathA 30 'muhUrtoM' kA eka dinarAta hotA hai / pandraha dina-rAtoM kA eka 'pakSa' hotA hai tathA do pakSoM' se eka 'mAsa' banatA hai / 5 do mAsa kI eka 'Rtu' hotI hai| tIna RtuoM se eka 'prAyana' banatA hai / 'uttarAyaNa' tathA 'dakSiNAyana' se eka 'varSa' banatA hai| jaina manISiyoM ne sampUrNakAla ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai- 'utsarpiNI' tathA 'avasarpiNI' jo anAdi aura ananta kahe gae haiN| inakA cakra usI vidhi se pUrA hotA hai jaise cAndra mAsa meM 'zukla' tathA 'kRSNa' pakSa kA cakra / pratyeka 'avasarpiNI' tathA 'utsarpiNI' kAla ko kramaza: chaha nimnalikhita upakAloM meM vibhAjita kiyA kiyA jAtA hai (ka) avapiraNIkAla-1. suSamA-suSamA, 2. suSamA, 3. suSamA-duHSamA, 4. duHSamA-suSamA, 5. duHSamA tathA 6. duHSamA-duHSamA (ati duHSamA) 1. kAlaM punaryogavibhAgameti nigadyate'sau samayo vidhijnyH| -varAGga0, 27.3 2. kAlAyuSI kSetramato jinAMzca jinAntaraM cakrabhRtastathaiva / -vahI, 27.2 3. vahI, 27.3-4 4. khuzAla candra gorAvAlA, varAGgacarita pR0 257 5. eko muhUrtaH khalu nADike dvau triMzan muhUrtA dinarAtrirekA / tripaJcakaista divasaizca pakSa: pakSadvayaM mAsamudAharanti / / -vahI, 27.5 6. vahI, 27.6 7. utsarpiNI vApyavasapiNI ca anAdyanantAviha yau ca kAlo / / -vahI, 27.27 8. to bhArata rAvatayoH pradiSTau pakSI yathaivAtra hi zuklakRSNau / / -vahI, 27.27

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 357 (kha) utsapiNIkAla-1. duHSamA-duHSamA (ati duHSamA), 2. duHSamA, 3. duHSamA-suSamA, 4. suSamA-duHSamA 5. suSamA tathA 6. suSamA-suSamA' __ uparyukta chaha kAloM meM se prathama-'suSamA-suSamA' kAla kA cAra koTi-koTi (kor3Akor3I) sAgara pramANa hai| dUsarA kAlavibhAga-'suSamA' tIna koTi-koTi sAgara pramANa vAlA hotA hai| tIsare - 'suSamA-duHSamA' kA kAla pramANa eka koTikoTi sAgara hai / cauthe- 'duHSamA-suSamA' kA pramANa 42 hajAra varSa kama eka koTikoTi sAgaropama mAnA jAtA hai / pAMcave kAla-'duHSamA' kA pramANa 21 hajAra varSa hai tathA chaThe-'duHSamA-duSamA' kA kAla bhI 21 hajAra varSa mAnA gayA hai| isa kAla parAvartana meM kulaMkara, tIrthaGkara Adi zalAkApuruSoM kA prAvirbhAva hotA hai jo karmabhUmi kI apekSA se jIvamAtra kA kalyANa karate haiN| caudaha kulakara athavA solaha manu jaina paramparA ke anusAra jambU dvIpa ke bharata kSetra kI apekSA se bhoga bhUmi kA hrAsa hone para 14 athavA 16 kulakaroM ke AvirbhAva ko mAnA jAtA hai / 'kula' kI mAMti ikaTThe rahane kA upadeza dene kAraNa inheM 'kulakara' saMjJA dI gaI hai| inhoMne aneka kula sthApita kie isalie inheM 'kuladhara' bhI kahA jAtA hai / 5 prajA ke jIvana-yApana sambandhI upAyoM ko jAnane ke kAraNa 'kulakara' 'manu' bhI kahalAte haiN|6 kulakaroM' ko avadhijJAnI nahIM mAnA jAtA parantu vizeSa jJAnI hone ke kAraNa ye 'jAti-smaraNa' ke dhAraka mAne jAte haiM / 'kulakaroM ne kalpavRkSoM kI hAni ke dvArA jana sAmAnya kI kaThinAiyoM ko samajhA aura unakA samAdhAna batAkara logoM kA kaSTa dUra kiyA / 7 saMkhyA kI dRSTi se caudaha 'kulakara' caudaha 'manu' ke rUpa meM bhI mAne jAte haiM / kabhI kabhI tIrthaGkara RSabha deva tathA cakravartI bharata kI gaNanA 'kulakaroM' athavA 'manuSoM' ke rUpa meM bhI kI jAtI hai| phalataH jaina paramparA meM 16 'kulakaroM' athavA 16 'manuSoM' kI avadhAraNA bhI pracalita rahI hai| 'kulakaroM ke kramika nAma isa prakAra haiM :-(1) pratizruti (2) saMmati (3) kSemaMdhara (4) kSemaMkara (5) sImaMkara (6) sImaMdhara (7) amalavAhana (vimalavAhana) 1. varAGga0, 27.28, candra0, 6.35, dharma0, 21.50-51 2. varAGga0 27 26-30, candra0, 18.36-41, dharma0, 21-53-55 3. utpedire kAraNamAnuSAste jinAzcaturviMzati tatra jAtAH / -vahI, 27.32 4. prAryANAM kulaM saMstyAyakRteH kulakarA ime| -mahApurANa, 3.211 5. kulAnAM dhAraNAdete matA: kuladharA iti / -vahI, 212 6. prajAnAM jIvanopAyamananAnmanavo matAH / -vahI, 211 7. zAstrasAra samuccaya, hindI TIkAkAra AcArya zrI dezabhUSaNa, pR0 12 8. draSTavya jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 4, pR0 23 tathA mahApurANa, 3.232

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358 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja (8) cakSuSmAna (9) yazasvI (10) abhicandra (11) candrAbha (12) marudeva (13) prasenajita tathA (14) naabhiraay|' inake atirikta mahApurANa evaM varAGgacarita prAdi granthoM meM RSabhadeva tathA bharata ko 'manumoM' ke rUpa meM parigaNita karate hue kula 'manuoM' athavA 'kulakaroM' kI saMkhyA solaha taka pahuMcA dI gaI hai| prAcArya zrI dezabhUSaNa jI ne RSabhadeva ko pandrahaveM 'kulakara' tathA unake putra bharata cakravartI ko solahaveM 'manu' ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kiyA hai / / triSaSTizalAkApuruSa ___ jaina paurANika mAnyatAoM ke anusAra cauthe kAla 'duHSamA-suSamA' ke Adhe bhAga ke bIta jAne para kramazaH 63 zalAkApuruSa hote haiN| bhoga bhUmi ke kSaya ho jAne ke uparAnta karmabhUmi ke lie Avazyaka jIvikopArjana tathA jIvoddhAra karane ke prayojana se 24 'tIrthaGkara' utpanna hote haiN| inhIM tIrthaGkaroM' ke samaya meM bharata Adi bAraha 'cakravartI, nau 'vAsudeva' nau 'nArAyaNa' tathA 'nau 'pratinArAyaNa' bhI janma lete haiN| nau 'nArAyaNa' rAjAmoM ke zatru nau 'pratinArAyaNa' kahalAte haiM jo eka dUsare ke samavartI bhI hote haiM, jaise khama kA samavartI rAvaNa tathA kRSNa kA samavartI jarAsaMdha prAdi / jaina mahAkAvyoM meM triSaSTizalAkA puruSoM kA ullekha isa prakAra pAyA hai : (ka) caubIsa tIrthaGkara5-1. vRSabhanAtha 2. ajitaprabhu 3. saMbhava nAtha 4. abhinandana nAtha 5. sumati nAtha 6. padmaprabha (padmabha) 7. supArzvanAtha 8. candraprabha 6. suvidhi nAtha (puSpadanta) 10. zItala nAtha 11. zreyAMsanAtha 12. vAsupUjya 13. vimala nAtha 14. anantanAtha 15. dharmanAtha 16. zAntinAtha 17. kunthunAtha 18. aranAtha 16. mallinAtha 20 suvrata 21. nami 22. neminAtha (ariSTanemi) 23. pArzvanAtha tathA 24. vardhamAna mahAvIra / (kha) bArahU cakravartI -1. bharata 2. sagara 3. madhavA 4. sanatkumAra 5. zAntinAtha 6. kunthunAtha 7. aranAtha (arahanAtha) 8. subhauma 6. mahApadma 10. hariSeNa 11. jayasena tathA 12. brahmadeva (brahmadatta) 1. varAGga0, 27.33.36 2. mahApurANa, 3.232 3. varAGga0. 27.35-36 tathA tu0-yazasvinaH SoDasabhUmipAlAsta eva loke __ manavaH pradiSTAH / -vahI, 27.36 4. zAstrasAra samuccaya, hindI TIkAkAra prAcArya zrI dezabhUSaNa, pR0 16 5. varAGga0, 27.37-36, padmA0, 1.67-70 6. varAGga0, 27.40-41, padmA0, 1.71-72

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ 356 1 (ga) nau nArAyaNa - 1. tripRSTha 2. dvipRSTha 3. svayaMbhU 4. puruSottama 5. nRsiMha ( puruSa siMha ) 6. puNDarIka 7. puruSa datta 8. nArAyaNa tathA 6. kRSNa / (gha) nau balarAma - 1. vijaya 2. acala 3. dharma 4. suprabha 5. sudarzana 6. nandi 7. nandi mitra 8. rAma tathA 6. padma (baladeva) - varAGgacarita ke anusAra / 1. acala, 2. bijaya, 3. bhadra, 4. suprabha, 5. sudarzana, 6. zrAnanda, 7. nandana 8. padma tathA 8. rAma - padmAnanda mahAkAvya ke anusAra / - (Ga) nau pratinArAyaNa 3 - 1. azvagrIva 2. tAraka 3. sameraka (meraka) 4. madhukaiTabha 5. nizumbha 6. bali 7 prahlAda (praharaNa) 8. rAvaNa ( dazakandhara) tathA 6. jarAsaMdha / 7. jaina munidharma bhoga se virakti kI ora jaina dharma mUlataH eka nivRttipradhAna dharma haiM / 'sAgAra' tathA 'anAgAra' isake do mahattvapUrNa sopAna haiM / janma-janmAntaroM se upaje zravidyA janita saMskAroM ke prabhAva se mukti na pA sakanA bhI mAnava kI eka sabase bar3I samasyA rahI hai / paM0 AzAdhara kahate haiM 'saMsAra ke viSaya bhogoM ko tyAgane yogya jAnate hue bhI manuSya mohavaza unheM chor3ane meM asamartha hai / ' 4 usake lie vaha sarva prathama gRhastha dharmaM ( sAgAra dharma ) kA adhikArI hai / 'sAgAra' dharma jahA~ gRhastha ko sAMsArika prapaJcoM se jor3e rahatA hai vahAM dUsarI ora usameM viSayabhogoM kI kSaNikatA evaM sAMsArika moha kI nissAratA ke prati bhI eka prAntarika pratikriyA upajatI rahatI hai aura eka aisA avasara bhI A pahuMcatA hai jaba vaha nivRtti-mArga kA pathika banane kI apekSA se 'anAgAra' dharma arthAt municaryA ke lie dIkSita ho jAtA hai zrAtmotthAna ke prati yaha visphoTaka krAnti acAnaka hI nahIM ho jAtI kabhI isa prakriyA se gujarate gujarate aneka janmoM kI yAtrA bhI taya hotI hai / / vAstava meM balki kabhIkaranI 1. barAGga0, 27.42, padmA0, 1.74.75 2. barAGga0, 27.43, padmA0, 1.73 3. barAGga0, 27.44, padmA0, 1.75-76 4. dharmAmRta, ( sAgAra), bhUmikA, pR0 1 11 jaina dharma kI yaha vizeSatA rahI hai ki usameM 'sAgAra' tathA 'anAgAra' dharma cetanA kI AcAra saMhitA ko atyanta manovaijJAnika DhaMga se vyavasthita kiyA gayA hai / gRhastha ke rUpa meM dvAdaza vratoM zrAdi kA pAlana karate hue vyakti mAnasika rUpa se isa yogya ho jAtA hai ki vaha yadi muni dharma ko apanAnA cAhe to mahAvratoM' 2

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6 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja evaM kaThora tapazcaryAnoM ko sAdhane kI supAtratA rakha ske| IzAvAsyopaniSad ke 'avidyayA mRtyuM tIA vidyayA'mRtamaznute' kI hI bhA~ti jaina dharma meM bhI 'sAgAra' dharma ke mArga se calate hue 'anAgAra' dvArA mokSa prApti kI mAnyatA dharma ke vAstavika tathA samagra rUpa ko caritArtha karatI hai| isa prakAra manuSya jIvana ke paramalakSya mokSa prApti kI dizA meM 'sAdhu' pada adhyAtma sAdhanA kI prathama sIr3hI hai tadanantara vaha 'prAcArya', 'upAdhyAya' aura 'arihanta' padoM ko prApta karatA huA 'siddha' bana jAtA hai / vItarAgatA aura samatAbhAva manuSya meM jyoM-jyoM vikasita hote rahate haiM tyoM-tyoM vaha AtmotthAna ke lie agrasara hotA rahatA hai / jaina darzana ke anusAra koI bhI manuSya cAhe vaha gRhastha ho athavA sAdhu sanyAsI, cAhe usakI dArzanika mAnyatAeM, karmakANDa Adi jaina dharma ke anusAra hoM athavA anya dharma sampradAya ke anusAra, 'mukta' athavA 'siddha' ho sakatA hai / munidharma : sAmAjika prAsaGgikatA pAramArthika dRSTi se yadyapi jaina munidharma mUlata: samAja-nirapekSa evaM nivRttipradhAna hai parantu isakI sAmAjika sandarbho meM bhI vizeSa bhUmikA rahI thii| jaina zAstroM meM muni prAcAra ke antargata dharmaprabhAvatA meM vRddhi karanA bhI eka mahattvapUrNa dAyitva hai| isa nAte muni dharma samAja vyavasthA se svayaM hI jar3a jAtA hai / jaina mahAkAvyoM ke sAmAjika sandarbho meM jaina muniyoM ke prAcAra-vyavahAra kA vizeSa praucitya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / ____ ina mahAkAvyoM meM 'anAgAra' dharma se sambaddha municaryA tathA unake dvArA anuSThita kie jAne vAle vratoM, niyamoM tathA kaThora tapazcaryAoM kA vizeSa vizadIkaraNa huA hai| jaina dharma aura darzana kI tAttvika carcA bhI muniyoM dvArA hI kahalavAI gaI hai jo isa tathya kA dyotaka hai ki dhArmika dRSTi se samAja meM sAdhu varga ko sarvAdhika ucca sthAna prApta thaa| sAkSAt rAjatva unake caraNaraja ko zirodhArya karatA huA svayaM ko kRtakRtya mAnatA thA / samAja meM munibhAva ke prati AsthA paJca parameSThiyoM meM 'muni' athavA 'sAdhu' ko bhI sthAna prApta hai isalie dharmaprabhAvanA kI apekSA se samAja meM muniyoM ke prati vizeSa arcanAbhAva pradarzita kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjA siMhAsana se uThakara, sAta kadama calakara tathA sira jhukAkara apanI zraddhA prakaTa karate the| prAcArya hemacandrakRta pariziSTaparva 1. IzAvAsyopaniSad, 11 2. prAcArya zrI AtmArAma jI mahArAja, jaina tattva kalikA, paMjAba, 1982, prathama kalikA, pa0 213 3. vahI, dvitIya kalikA, pR0 100 4. padAni sapta pratigamya rAjA nanAma mUrnA vinatAri pakSaH / -varAGga., 3.12

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM ke anusAra rAjA muni ko dekhakara hAthI se utara gayA tathA muni ke caraNoM meM par3akara usane praNAma kiyaa|' candraprabha ke anusAra muni ke darzanArtha jAte hue rAjA rAjya-cihnoM ko dhAraNa nahIM karate the / 2 isa avasara para rAjA Adi bhI muni kI tIna bAra pradakSiNA karate the tadanantara tIna bAra praNAma kiyA jAtA thA tathA tIna bAra muni kI jaya-jayakAra kI jAtI thI3 muni darzana ke samakSa 'po3m' kahane tathA paMcAMga-sparza karane kI prathA bhI pracalita thii| jainamuni dharma-darzana ke maulika tattvoM kA upadeza dete the jinakA zravaNa karanA pratyeka gRhasthI ke lie puNyakArI mAnA jAtA thA / 5 muniyoM ke upadeza zravaNa ke dvArA gRhastha vyakti ke sabhI pApa samUla naSTa ho jAne kI mAnyatA pracalita thii|6 upadeza zravaNa kI dRSTi se zrAvakoM ke caudaha prakAra bhI batAe gae haiN| varAGgacarita meM zrAvaka kI yogyatA aura pAtratA ko dekhakara hI muni ko upadeza dene kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai| udAharaNArtha mUrkha athavA ajJa vyakti ko sAdhAraNa jJAna, ziSTAra aura vrata-niyamAdi kA; iSTaviyoga se duHkhI vyakti ko karmopadeza kA; caMcala buddhi vAle vyakti ko saMsAra evaM zArIrika apavitratA kA, dhana evaM viSayoM ke lobhI vyakti ko saMyama kA, nirdhana vyakti ko vratAdi ke anuSThAna kA tathA corI-vyabhicAra Adi duSkarmoM meM phaMse hue vyakti ko zraddhA evaM jina-pUjA kA upadeza denA caahie| 1. uttatAra muni dRSTvA kunyjraadraajkunyjrH| -pari0, 1.67 2. rAjalIlAM parityajya cAmarAdi paricchadAm / -candra0, 2.35, pradyu0, 6.31 3. viparItya praNamya tristriyeti nigadya s| viruktamakhilaM kRtvA nyavikSata muneH puraH / / -candra0, 2.37, pradya0, 6.31 4. pari0, 1.70, 2.43, 11,33 5. varAGga0, sarga, 3,11; candra0, sarga, 2,18; dharma, sarga, 11; nemi0, sarga 15, padamA0, sarga0 2; jayanta0, sarga 15, pradyu0, sarga 6; varSa0, sarga 3 tathA 6 6. yaH saMzRNoti jinadharmakathAmudArAM pApaM praNAzamupayAti narasya tasya / -varAGga0, 1.16 tathA nemi0, 15.75, pradyu0, 5.145 .. 7. varAGga0, 1.15 8, prAjJasya hetunayasUkSmatarAnpadArthAn, mUrkhasya buddhivinayaM ca tapa: phalAni / dukhAditasya janabandhuviyogahetuM, nivedakAraNamazaucamazAzvatasya // lubdhasya zIlamadhanasya phalaM vratAnAM, dAnaM kSamA ca dhanino viSayonmukhasya / saddarzanaM vyasanino jinapUjanaM ca, zroturvazena kathayetkathakovidajJaH / / -vahI, 1.17-18

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja muniyoM ke upadeza zravaNa ke lie janasAdhAraNa ke madhya rAjA saparivAra apanI senA tathA zAsana ke uccAdhikAriyoM sahita upasthita rahatA thaa|' ... 8. municaryA kA svarUpa sAMsArika virakti ke kAraNa : gRhastha jIvana ke prati rAgamoha kA tyAga tathA sAMsArika prapaJcoM ke prati udAsInatA kA honA munivRtti ke lie Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thA / 2 vibhinna mahAkAvyoM meM saMsAra ke prati viraktibhAvanA ke anekavidha kAraNa kahe gae haiN| udAharaNArtha varAGgacarita evaM candraprabha mahAkAvya meM rAjA varAGga tathA zrISeNa ko ulkApatana dekhakara vairAgya bhAvanA kA udbodhana humA / bUr3he baila ko daladala meM phaMsate dekhakara tathA pAgala hAthI dvArA nAgarikoM ke kucale jAne kI ghaTanA para bhI virakti hone kA ullekha pAyA hai| pradyumnacarita tathA vardhamAnacarita mahAkAvyoM meM muniyoM ke dharmopadeza hI virakti-bhAva ke kAraNa rahe the| prAzaya yaha hai ki pravrajyA grahaNa karane se pUrva sAMsArika virakti kA udbodhana honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke uparAnta hI muni vRtti kA prArambha hotA hai| muni AcAra sAdhaka pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke turanta bAda tathA municaryA prArambha karane se . pUrva gRhastha avasthA meM pahanI jAnI vAlI veSabhUSA ko utAra dete the tathA kezaluMcana kiyA jAtA thaa| tadanantara dIkSAguru navadIkSita bhUmi ko sarvaprathama muni dharma aura prAcAra kI zikSA dete the / varAGgacarita meM rAjA varAGga tathA anya rAjAmoM dvArA pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke bAda muni varadatta kevalI dvArA ina sabako jina dharmadarzana tathA prAcAra paraka tattvoM kA upadeza diyA gayA unameM sthAvara jaMgama jIvoM kI caudaha zreNiyAM, mithyAdRSTi, sAsAdana, mizra, avirata, dezavirata, saMyatAsaMyata, pramattasaMyata, apramattasaMyata, apUrvakaraNa, anivRtti karaNa, upazAntakaSAya, kSINakaSAya, saMyogakevalI tathA prayogakevalI-caudaha guNa sthAna; daNDa bheda; mana-vacana-kAya-tIna 1. varAGga0, 3.14-16, pradyu0 6.26-30 2. varAGga0, 28.73-74 26.17-24 3. varAGga0, 28.25, candra0, 4.18, dharma0 20.3 4. candra0, 1.66, 11.6 5. pradyu0 6.84, vardha0 16.165 6. nirastabhUSAH kRtakezalocAH / -varAGga0, 30.2; kezAMsstatraivodaravanatsvayam / pari0, 11.146 7. varAGga0, 30.3

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 363. guptiyAM; krodha, mAna, mAyA tathA lobha-caturvidha kaSAyakSaya; jIvAdi chaha dravya; dazavidha-muni dharma Adi vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiN| inake atirikta, ratnatraya kA sAMgopAMga adhyayana, pAMca mahAvratoM kA spaSTIkaraNa, 12 prakAra ke bAhya tathA prAbhyantara tapa, pAhAra, bhaya, maithuna tathA parigraha-cAra saMjJAoM; sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa, cakSu, tathA zrota-pAMca karaNoM; (IrSyA, bhASA, aiSaNA, AdAnanikSepa, tathA utsarga-pAMca samitiyoM, sAmayika, caturvizati stava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, pratyAkhyAna tathA kAyotsarga-chaha AvazyakoM; kRSNa, nIla. kApota, pIta, padma tathA zukla-chaha lezyAoM; zubha, azubha tathA azuddha-tIna yogoM kA zAstrIya jJAna prApta karanA bhI muni dharma kI dRSTi se Avazyaka yogyatA mAnI jAtI thii| caturvidha zabda-prapaMca, naigamAdi saptavidha naya, pratyakSAdi pramANa, caudaha prakAra kI mArgaNAeM, pATha prakAra ke anuyoga, tIna prakAra ke bhAva tathA pAMcoM guNoM prAdi ke dArzanika siddhAntoM kA jJAna bhI muni-dharma kA Avazyaka aGga thA / tapazcaryA kaThora vratoM evaM tapoM kI sAdhanA muni dharma kI AdhArabhUtacaryA mAnI jAtI thiiN| tapoM ke dvArA nirjarA hotI hai / 5 do prakAra kI-savipAka tathA pravipAka nirjarAoM meM se upakarma athavA pravipAka nirjarA kA pratyakSa sambandha tapoM se hI hai| svAbhAvika rUpa se hone vAle karmaphala kA samaya se pahale hI kSINa ho jAnA upakarma athavA avipAka nirjarA kahalAtI hai jo tapa se hI sambhava hotI hai / AcArya zrI prAtmArAma jI mahArAja kA kathana hai ki jaise miTTI Adi milA huA sonA agni meM tapAne se zuddha ho jAtA hai, usI prakAra tapazcaryArUpI agni meM tapakara karmaphala se malina aAtmA zuddha ho jAtA hai aura apane vAstavika svarUpa ko prApta kara letA tapoM ke bheda saiddhAntika rUpa se tapa ke do mukhya bheda haiM-bAhyatapa tathA prAbhyantaratapa / 1. varAGga0, 30.5 2. varAGga0, 30.6-7 3. vahI, 30.8 . . . . . . 4. evaM tapaHzIlaguNopapannA vratairanekaiH kRzatAmupetAH / -vahI, 30.40 5. sthitaM dvAdazabhirmedainirjarAkaraNaM tapaH / -candra0, 18.111 6. tapasA nirjarA yA tu sA copkrmnirjraa| -candra0, 8.110, sthitAni karmANi kRzIkRzAni tapaHprabhAvAnmunisattamena / 7. prAcArya zrI AtmArAma jI mahArAja, jaina tattva kalikA, dvitIya kalikA pR0 157

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364 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja bAhya tapa ke puna: chaha bheda svIkAra kie gae haiM-1. anazana 2. avamaudarya, (unodarI) 3. vRttiparisaMkhyAna, 4. rasaparityAga, 5. vivikta-zayanAsana tathA 6. kaay-klesh| isI prakAra prAbhyantara tapa ke bhI chaha bheda haiM-1. svAdhyAya, 2. vaiyAvRttya, 3. dhyAna, 4. vyutsarga, 5. viSaya, tathA 6. prAyazcita / ' vividha prakAra ke kaThora tapa jaina muniyoM dvArA aneka prakAra ke dussAdhya kaThora tapoM ko sAdhane kA varNana AyA hai| ina vividha prakAra ke tapoM ke anuSThAna hetu ucca zikhara, parvata-guphA, gahana-vana, vizAla vRkSoM kI khokhaleM, udyAna, jIrNAvazeSa khaNDahara, devAlaya, zmazAna-bhUmi Adi ekAnta sthAna upayukta samajhe jAte the / 2 siMha, gaja, rIcha Adi khUkhAra jAnavaroM tathA viSale sarpo Adi se yukta nirjana vanoM meM muni loga tapazcaryA karate the|3 adhika se adhika kAyika kleza prApti ke uddezya se varAGgacarita meM vividha prakAra ke kaThora evaM dussAdhya tapoM kA ullekha AyA hai| inameM se kucha mahattvapUrNa tapoM kA varNana isa prakAra hai (ka) varSA-Rtu tapa - bhISaNa megha garjanAmoM tathA mUsalAdhAra varSA Rtu meM tapasyA karanA varSA Rtu meM anuSThita kiyA jAne vAlA vizeSa prakAra kA tapa thA / aisA mAnA jAnA thA ki varSA ke kAraNa zarIra kI malinatA prakSAlita ho jAtI hai tathA zarIra svaccha ho jAtA hai / 6 nirantara mUsalAdhAra varSA meM bhIgate hue bhI muni loga niSkampa zarIra hokara tapa-sAdhanA meM lIna rahate the| kumArasaMbhava mahAkAvya meM kAlidAsa ne bhI pArvatI kI kaThora tapazcaryAoM kA varNana karate hue varSARtu tapa kA aisA hI varNana kiyA hai / 1. candra0, 18.112-13 / 2. zUnyAlaye devagRhe zmazAne mahATavInAM girigahvareSu / udyAnadeze drumakoTare vA nivAsa prAsIdRSisattamAnAm / / -varAGga0, 30.26 tathA 31.37-38 3. vahI, 30.27 4. vahI, 30.28, 31, 31.46-47 5. varSAsu zItAniladurdinAsu ghorAzanisphUrjathunAditAsu / divAnizaM prakSaradambudAsu te vRkSamUleSu niSedurAryAH // -vahI, 30.28 6. dhArAbhidhautAGgamalA: sulezya: khadyotmAlAracitAtmamAlAH / -vahI, 30.13, 31.47 7 vahI, 31.47 8. kumArasaMbhava, 5.25 . xx

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM (kha) grISma Rtu tapa'-grISma Rtu ke Agamana para 'asnAna-yoga' vrata dhAraNa kiyA jAtA thaa| pasIne tathA dhUla se lathapatha zarIra hokara muni loga jeTha ke mahIne meM sUrya kI ora mukha karake dhyAnAvasthA prApta karate the / 2 itane dAhaka vAtAvaraNa meM karmabandhanoM ke bhasma hone kI mAnyatA pracalita thii| kAlidAsa ke kumArasaMbhava meM bhI aise grISma Rtu tapa ko 'paMcAgni' tapa kahA gayA hai| . (ga) zIta-Rtu tapa-zItakAla meM jaba zItala tathA barphIlI vAyu calatI thI aise avasaroM para 'avakAza' tathA 'asparza' yoga mudrA meM nizcala bhAva se zItaRtu-tapa, kie jAte the| kumArasaMbhava meM pArvatI ke tapasyA varNana ke antargata isa tapa kI carcA pAI hai| isa prakAra jinendrokta aneka vidhAnoM kA tapazcaryA ke avasara para anuzaraNa kiyA jAtA thA / cAradina, chahadina, pAThadina, ekapakSa, ekamAsa paryanta ke upavAsoM, cAndrAyaNa Adi vratoM, tathA vividha prakAra ke yogoM kA sampAdana karate hue muni varga dvArA kaThora tapoM ko sAdhA jAtA thA / muni vihAra deza-dezAntaroM meM bhramaNa karanA tathA jaina tIrtha sthAnoM kA darzana karanA 1. varAGga, 30.35.37 2. asnAnabhUrivratayogabhArAH svedAGgamAsaktarajaHpraliptAH / nidAghasUryAbhimukhA nRsiMhA vyatsRSTagAtrA munayo'bhitasthuH / / -vahI, 30.35 3. nidAdhatIkSNArkakaraprahArAnurassvathAdAya nirastapApAH / -vahI, 30.37 4. kumAra0, 5.23 5. varAGga0, 30.32-34, 31.48-46 6. hemantakAle dhRtibaddhakakSA digambarA hyabhravakAzayogAH / asparzayogA maladigdhagAtrA prasAraNAkuJcanakampahInAH / / - -vahI, 30,32, 33 7. kumAra0, 5.26 8. jinendrasUtroktapathAnucArI saMyamya vAkkAyamanAMsi dhIraH / sudurdharaM kApuruSaracintyaM dviSaTprakAraM tapa pAcacAra // -varAGga0, 31.50 6. vahI, 30.64, 31.46 10. muni nathamala, jaina darzana-manana aura mImAMsA, pR0 106, tathA tu. varAGga0, 31.55

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366 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja jaina muniyoM kI eka mahattvapUrNa caryA rahI hai| muniyoM dvArA isa prakAra ke vihAra karane se do kArya siddha ho sakate the eka to jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA hotI thI tathA dUsare tapa meM vRddhi / muniyoM dvArA die gae dharmopadeza ke zravaNa ke lie rAjA sahita samagra prajA lAlAyita rahatI thii| jaba kabhI bhI muniyoM kA saMgha nagarodyAna meM praveza karatA thA to vahuta adhika saMkhyA meM loga upadeza zravaNa ke lie upasthita rahate the / isa prakAra sArvajanika rUpa se die gae jaina muniyoM ke dharmopadezoM ke prati tatkAlIna janamAnasa bahuta adhika prAsthAvAn rahA thaa| isa sambandha meM hemacandrasUri "ke dharmopadeza dvArA rAjA kumArapAla meM dharmAnurakti utpanna hone kA nidarzana eka aitihAsika ghaTanA hai| dakSiNa bhArata meM mandiroM ke nirmANa tathA jaina dharma ke pracAra va prasAra kA sarvAdhika zreya bhI jaina muniyoM kI prabhAvazAlI dharmaM prabhAvanA ko hI jAtA hai / varAGgacarita ke ullekhAnusAra munivRtti meM vizeSa paripakva tathA samasta vidyamoM meM pAraGgata muni ho dezavihAra tathA dharmopadeza dene ke adhikArI the / varAGga tathA anya muniyoM dvArA sampUrNa tapoM, vratoM tathA yogoM Adi kI sAdhanA karane ke uparAnta hI nagaroM, kheDoM, gA~voM, prAkaroM Adi meM jAkara * dharmavihAra karane kA ullekha AyA hai / / 4 dUrastha gAMvoM evaM arddhavikasita AvAsIya saMsthiyoM meM jAkara jaina dharma kA lokAdhAra sudRr3ha karane kI dizA meM bhI jaina muniyoM kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI thI / sAdhviyoM kI tapazcaryA* varAGgacarita meM sAdhviyoM ke tapomaya jIvana kA bhI ullekha AyA hai / prAyaH ye prArthikAeM athavA sAdhviyAM muniyoM ke adhIna hotIM thIM / pratyeka AryikA garaNa (saMgha) ke Upara eka pradhAna zrAyikA hotI thI jo sabhI zrAvikAoM ko dhArmika zikSA prAdi dekara unake ucita mArga nirdezana ke dAyitva ko vahana karatI thii| saMgha meM zikSA-dIkSA Adi para vizeSa dhyAna diyA jAtA thA / prAyikAoM kI v 1. varAGga0, 3.14-16, pradyu0, 6.26-30 2. draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 330 3. varAGga0, 31.50-54 4. vahI, 31.55 varAGga0, 311-15 5. 16. tapodhanAnAmamitaprabhAvA gaNAgrI saMyamanAyikA sA / tathA 31.7 T - varAGga0, 31.6

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ karAyA jAtA thaa|' sAdhviyAM tIna, pAMca, chaha, ATha dinoM, pakSa, cAra mAsa, chahamAsa Adi samayAvadhi ke vibhinna upavAsa bhI karatI thIM / prAyaH phaTe-purAne vastroM ko dhAraNa karatI thiiN| sAdhviyoM tathA muniyoM kI tapascaryA meM kisI vizeSa prakAra kA bheda dRSTigata nahIM huA hai| sAdhviyAM bhI muniyoM kI bhA~ti vibhinna prakAra ke Rtu-Adi kAya-kleza tapoM kI sAdhanA karatI thiiN|4 nagaroM meM athavA vanoM Adi nirjana sthAnoM meM bhI sAdhviyoM ko mAnApamAna kI dRSTi se tulya-mAva vaNita kiyA gayA hai|5 rAjAnoM dvArA munidharma svIkAra kara lene kI sthiti meM kabhI kabhI unakI rAniyAM bhI pAryikA dharma meM dIkSita ho jAtI thiiN| varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM rAjA varAGga kI rAniyoM kA sAdhviyAM banakara tapazcaryA karane kA ullekha pAyA hai| 6. brAhmaNadharma ko yumona pravRttiyAM yajJAnuSThAna jaina mahAkAvya mUlata: jaina dharmAvalambI hone ke kAraNa Alocya yuga meM brAhmaNa vyavasthA ke sambandha meM yadyapi inase paryApta sUcanAeM prApta nahIM hotIM tathApi katipaya mahAkAvyoM ke AdhAra para jJAta hotA hai ki isa vyavasthA kA samAja para prabhAvazAlI niyantraNa thA / Alocya kAla meM brAhmaNa dharma pUrNatayA paurANika mAnyatAoM se prabhAvita ho cukA thA tathApi prAcInakAla se cale A rahe vaidika karmakANDoM kI bhI lokapriyatA kama nahIM thii| hemacandra jaise jaina prAcAryoM ne brAhmaNavyavasthA se sambaddha dhArmika gatividhiyoM kA niSpakSa rUpa se citraNa kiyA hai| .hemacandrAcAryakRta dvayAzraya Adi mahAkAvyoM se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki 12-13vIM zatAbdI meM gujarAta jaise jaina-dharma se prabhAvita kSetra meM bhI vaidika yajJoM Adi kA 1. AcArasUtrAGganayaprabhaGgAnAdhIyate smAlpatamairahobhiH / -varAGga0, 31.7 2. upoSya paJcatriSaDaSTarAtraM pakSazca mAsAnapi SaTcatuSkAn / -vahI 31.12 3. vizIrNavastrAvRtagAtrayaSTayaH / / -vahI, 31.13 4. vahI, 31 16 5. pure vane'rAtijane jane vA mAnApamAnAdiSu tulyabhAvAH / vahI, 31.14 6. vahI, 31.113 / Narang, Dvayasraya, pp. 226-27

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368 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 2 anuSThAna hotA thA / dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM 'aSTAkapAla' " ( puroDAza) , yAjJika pAtra, turAyaNa tathA agniSToma yajJa, 4 zuSka gomaya homa, hotA Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI saMjJAoM evaM anuSThAna vidhiyoM kA ullekha AyA hai / jayasiMha tathA anya cAlukya rAjA yajJoM kA bhI sampAdana karavAte / isI prakAra hammIra mahAkAvya meM hammIra dvArA vaidika vidhi se 'koTi mahAyajJa' karane kA ullekha prAyA hai / 7 barAGgacarita mahAkAvya ke AdhAra para bhI yaha jJAta hotA hai ki zatrunAza, svargakAmanA, AyuvRddhi, rogatinAza, balavRddhi, evaM zarIrarakSA hetu janasAdhAraNa meM vaidika yajJAnuSThAnoM kA vizeSa pracalana thaa| 5 vivAhAvasaroM para bhI yajJAnuSThAna hote the / purohita varga bar3I zuddhatA tathA svacchatA se havana sAmagrI banAte the tathA ucca veda-svara sahita havana kuNDa meM havi samarpita kI jAtI thI / 10 varAGgacarita ke ullekhAnusAra saMbhavataH isa avasara para pazu bali kA bhI vidhAna " / IkSurasa, dUdha, dadhi, jala Adi se pUrNa kumbha brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNA ke rUpa meM milate the / dhana, nAnA vastra, bhojana, Adi vastueM bhI dAnasvarUpa prA hotIM thIM / 13 baliprathA yajJAnuSThAnoM tathA vibhinna deviyoM ke mandiroM meM bali car3hAne kI kudhArmika mAnyatAeM bhI samAja meM pracalita thIM / AThavIM zatAbdI I0 ke yazodharacarita zrAdi mahAkAvyoM se puSTi hotI hai ki bakare, murge, hiraNa, sUra, prAdi vibhinna pazuoM dvayA0, 6.60 2 . vahI, 8 14, 15 3. vahI, 17.56 4. vahI, 17.58 5. vahI, 4.32 6. vahI, 6.32 '7. vahI, 1.44, 2.46, hammIra0, 6.85.60 8. karmANi yAnyatra hi vaidikAni ripupraNAzAya sukhapradAni / zrAyurbalArogyavapuH karANi dRSTAriNa vaiyarthyamupAgatAni // 6. vahI, 25.34, 36 - varAGga0, 25.37 10. 19. vahI, 24.25-26 12. dvayA0, 1.87, varAGga0, 25.26 sumantrapUtAmbuhatAgnisAkSyaH / - varAGga0, 25.38 tathA 24.25

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ 366 kI bali die jAne kI prathA thii| ' kisI prakAra ke duSTasvapnanivAraNArtha bhI devI ke mandira meM kukkuTa Adi kI bali car3hAne kI mAnyatAeM samAja meM rUr3ha ho cukI thiiN| varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM yajJAdi avasaroM para brAhmaNoM dvArA bhI aneka pazuoM kI bali dene kA ullekha pAyA hai|3 jaina kaviyoM ne bali sthAna meM kaTe hue pazuoM kI durgati kA vIbhatsa varNana kiyA hai| kahIM kahIM para bali prathA kA dhArmika lokavizvAsa itanA prabala thA ki jainAnuyAyiyoM ko bhI isa prathA kA lakSya honA par3A / 'yazastilakacampU' tathA 'yazogharacarita' Adi granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki yadyapi jaina samAja meM pazubali niSiddha thI kintu prATe prAdi se nirmita pazuoM ke vadha se baliprathA kA kisI na kisI rUpa meM astitva avazya rahA thA / yazodhara ke aniSTa nivAraNa ke lie usakI mAtA caNDI-mArI ke mandira meM kukkuTa kI bali car3hAne kI sammati detI hai| yazodhara ne pazu hiMsA ke bhaya se aisA nahIM kiyA tathA prATe ke murge kI bali car3hAkara mAtA ko santuSTa kiyA / isa avasara para yaha bhI ullekha milatA hai ki yazodhara dvArA prATe ke murge kI bali car3hAne ke avasara para samasta prANiyoM kI bali car3hAne se jitanA puNya prApta ho sakatA thA utane puNya-prarjana kA saMkalpa bhI kiyA gayA / isI pApa ke kAraNa yazodhara ko pazu-yoniyoM meM bhI bhaTakanA pdd'aa| saMbhavataH dakSiNa bhArata Adi kaI sthAnoM meM 10vIM zatAbdI meM bali-prathA kA andhavizvAsa bahuta jora pakar3a gayA thA tathA eka bahuta bar3e samAja meM vyApta isa andha-vizvAsa ke prati saMbhavataH samagrakrAnti karanA tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM ke anukUla na rahA ho / 7 vaise jaina muni bahuta adhika saMkhyA meM pazu 1. varAGga0, 24.26, yazo0, 1.23 2. sAtu tena balinA paritRptA svapnadoSamacireNa nihanti / -yazo0 3.13 3. samastasatvAtinipAtanena yajJena viprA na kathaM prayAnti / / -varAGga0, 25.25 4. mAMsastRpAH svayaM yatra mAkSikApaTalAvRtAH / charditAzcaNDamAryeva bahubhakSaNadurjarAH / / -yazo0, 1.43 tathA varAGga0, 24.25 5. yazo0 3.13-18, tathA tu0anthathA tanaya tarpaya devIM zAlipiSTamaya kukkuTa htyaa| -yazo0, 3.18 6. sarveSu satveSu hateSu yanme bhavetphalaM devi tadatra bhUyAt / ___ ityAzayena svayameva devyAH puraH zirastasya cakartazastryA // -yaza0, pR0 163 7. gokulacandra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, pR0 46

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370 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja hiMsA vAle sthAnoM meM saMgha sahita jAte the tathA isa prathA kA dhArmika rUpa se virodha karate the / ' sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI meM varAGgacarita meM pratipAdita pazuhiMsA sambandhI ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki karnATaka Adi jina pradezoM meM jaina dharma rAjadharma ke rUpa meM pratiSThita thA vahA~ para baliprathA tathA yajJoM meM hone vAlI pazuhiMsA kA bahuta joradAra zabdoM meM virodha kiyA jAtA thA / jaTAsiMha ne rAjA krUra ke dRSTAnta dvArA yaha tarka diyA hai ki jaba kutte se Darakara mara jAne vAle brAhmaNa kI hatyA se nirdoSa krUra ko naraka mila sakatA hai to yajJAvasaroM Adi para jAnabUjha kara mAre jAne vAle pazuoM kI hatyA ke pApa se naraka-mukti kaise saMbhava hai ? 3 yazodharacarita meM balipriya rAjA kI bhI ghora nindA kI gaI hai / devopAsanA 10 brAhmaNa dharma ke antargata ziva, 5 viSNu, 6 sUrya Adi devatAoM ke pratirikta brahmagni, indra, kArtikeya 11 zrAdi devatAoM kI zrArAdhanA karane ke ullekha bhI milate haiM / varAGgacarita meM vibhinna devatAoM ke astra-zastroM kA bhI ullekha AyA hai jinameM trizUla, vajra, cakra, dhanuSa, gadA, zakti, khaDga tathA tomara zrAdi zastra vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / inase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki devoM kI paurANika devazAstrIya mAnyatAeM samAja meM atyadhika lokapriya hotI jA rahIM thIM / 12 ziva, viSNu Adi mahatvapUrNa devoM kI carcA sampradAyoM ke antargata kI gaI 1. yazo0, 1.26 2. yajJe vadhe naiva vadho'sti kazcidvadhyo dhruvaM yAti surendralokam / idaM vaco dhUrtaviTasya vedyaM dayopazAntizrutivarjitasya // 3. ekasya viprasya virAdhanena zvabhraM gataH krUra iti zrutizcet / samasta satvAtinipAtanena yajJena viprA na kathaM prayAnti / / 4. yazo0, 1.53 5. varAGga0, 25.74 6. varAGga0, 25.76, 78 nemi0 1.75-76 7. varAGga0, 24.36 8. 6. varAGga0, 25 75 10. vahI, 25.769 11. vahI, 23.7e 12 . vahI, 25.80 --varAGga0, 25.14 varAGga0, 25.76, jayanta0, 1.1 --varAGga0; 25.25

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 371 hai / isa sandarbha meM varAGgacarita meM nirdiSTa hindU devI-devatAoM ke sambandha meM aneka mAhAtmya pracalita the| brahmA ke viSaya meM yaha prasiddha thA ki ye saSTi ke sraSTA, rakSaka tathA saMhAraka haiM / inhoMne hI zumbha tathA nizumbha rAkSasoM ko paraspara lar3Akara mAra diyA thA / ' agni ko devatAoM kA mukha mAnA jAtA thaa|indr vajra dhAraNa karane vAle parAkramI deva ke rUpa meM abhI bhI prasiddha the|3 kArtikeya ko bhI eka lokapriya devatA kA pada mila cukA thaa|" upayukta devopAsanA sambandhI ullekhoM ko varAGgacarita meM isalie sthAna diyA gayA hai tAki mahAkAvya kA lekhaka ina devatAoM ke devatva ko cunautI de sake / varAGgacarita ne uparyukta sabhI devatAoM ko brAhmaNa vyavasthA se sambandhita hone ke kAraNa prApta nahIM mAnA hai tathA apane kaThora tarkoM ke AdhAra para inake devatva kI paryApta mAlocanA bhI kI hai / 5 zaiva sampradAya sAtavIM zatAbdI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM zaiva sampradAya unnati para thaa| isa sampradAya ke prArAdhya deva 'ziva' eka svatantra deva ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho cuke the / 6 uttara bhArata ke atirikta dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI ziva ke aneka mandiroM kI sthApanA huI thii| ziva ke viSaya meM kAmadeva ko bhasma karane, tripurAdi asuroM kA saMhAra karane tathA umA ko patnI ke rUpa meM varaNa karane kI paurANika mAnyatAeM bhI samAja meM pracalita thiiN| 8 bArahavIM zatAbdI meM praNahilavADapattana tathA anya parvatIya pradezoM meM bhI zaiva dharma vizeSa lokapriya thaa| cAlukya rAjA zavadharmI the tathA 1. varAGga0, 15.76 2. agnirmukhaM veda surezvarANAm / -varAGga0, 25.75 3. vajrAyudho gautamabhAryayAso vibhinnavRttaH kila tena zaptaH / 4. umAsutaH so'pi kumAranAmA mgnvrto'bhuuddhngocrinnyaa| -varAGga0, 25.76 5. varAGga0, 25.76-76 6. Krishnamoorthy, A. V., Social & Economic Conditions in Eastern Deccan, Andhra Pradesh, 1970, p. 192-97 7. vahI pR0 164 8. varAGga0, 25.74 6. Narang, Dvayasraya, p. 228.

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372 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dvAzraya meM inake dvArA aneka avasaroM para zivArAdhanA karane ke ullekha milate haiM / ' somanAtha ke ziva mandira ke darzanArthI rAjAoM meM kumArapAla tathA mantriyoM meM vastupAla Adi nAma vizeSarUpa se ullekhanIya haiM / 3 vastupAla dvArA somanAtha ke ziva mandira meM pUjA karane kI sUcanA milatI hai / hammIramahAkAvya meM bauddhoM tathA chekiloM ke sAtha zaivoM kA bhI ullekha AyA hai / 5 isa prakAra zaiva sampradAya Alocya yuga meM eka lokapriya sampradAya rahA thA tathA rAjanaitika dRSTi se bhI isako paryApta mahattva diyA jAtA thA / vaiSNava sampradAya vaiSNava sampradAya meM 'viSNu' kI ArAdhanA kA prAdhAnya thA / viSNu ke viSaya meM rAjA bali ko bandhana meM DAlane, haya-grIva kA mukha phAr3ane, anu, kaMsa tathA cANUramala Adi kA vadha karane kI paurANika mAnyatAeM samAja meM lokapriya thIM 18 inhIM mAnyatAoM ke AdhAra para jainAcArya viSNu ke devatva kI AlocanA bhI karate the / 7 dvayAzraya ke anusAra rAjA jayasiMha ne viSNu ke dazoM avatAroM kI dyotaka pratimAoM se yukta eka viSNu mandira kA bhI nirmANa karavAyA thaa| 5 isa prakAra cAlukya rAjAoM ke rAjakAla meM zaivadharma ke sAtha vaiSNavadharma bhI lokapriya rahA thA / aneka cAlukya rAjAnoM ne anya vaiSNava mandiroM kA bhI nirmANa krvaayaa| isa sambandha meM kRSNamUrti mahodaya kA mata hai ki Alocya kAla meM zaiva dharma kI tulanA meM vaiSNava dharmaM kama lokapriya thA / zaiva dharma kI pUjA vidhi bahuta sarala thI kintu vaiSNava dharma kI pUjA vidhi karmakANDa - pradhAna evaM jaTila banatI jA rahI thI / 10 sUryopAsanA tatkAlIna samAja meM 'sUrya' bhI devatA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho cuke 1. dvayA0, 5.134-37 2. Munshi, Glory that was Gurjara Desa, p. 360 3. vastu0, 6.535-36 4. somezvaraM tadAnAcaM mantrI nAnAvidhArcanaiH / - vastu0, 6.535 5. hammIra0, 3.72 6. varAGga0, 25.77 7. vahI, 25.78 8. dvayA0 1. 116; Narang, Dvayasraya, p. 228 Narang, Dvayasraya, p. 228-29 e. 10. Moorthy, Social & Eco. Conditions, p. 213

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ the|' cAlukya rAjyakAla meM sUryopAsanA pracalita thii| sUrya pUjA ke avasara para 'svasti-vAcana' tathA 'zAnti-vAcana' bhI hotA thaa| prasiddha tIrthasthAna __ jaina mahAkAvyoM ke AdhAra para 13vI-14vIM zatAbdI taka bhArata meM hindU evaM jaina dharma se sambaddha nimnalikhita dhArmika tIrtha sthAna prasiddha ho cuke the :1. somanAtha 2. vaijanAtha 3. mahAkAla5 4. stambhatIrtha6 5. siddhezvara 6. prabhAsa 7. paMcAsara 8. priyamela tIrtha 0 6. kedAra" 10. zatruNjaya12 11. ujjayanta'3 12. mAuNTa prAbu14 13. zrI parvata15 14. svAmIgRha 6 15. kanyAkumArI17 16. kurukSetra 17. zaMkhoddhA16 18. bhAgIrathI20 19. sArAvatI21 20. carmavatI22 tathA 21. puSkara23 / 1. varAGga0, 24.36, dvayA0 2.22, 17.73, 1.66 2. svayaiH kAbhyaH stutaH svastivAcanaiH zAntivAcanaiH / -dvayA0, 17.73 3. kIrti0, 6.71, vasanta0, 11.32, kumAra0, 15.86, vastu0, 6.536 4. sakRta0, 11.33, vastu0, 3 371 5. hammIra0, 624 6. kIrti0 4.3, vasanta0, 4.17 7. kIti0, 4.86 8. kIrti0, 6.70, vasanta0, 11.1 6. sukRta0, 11.2 10. vasanta0, 11.38 11. vahI, 6.28 12. vasanta0, 3.56, sukRta0, 11.15, vastu0, 5.630, kIti0 625 13. sukRta0, 11.30, dvayA0 15.64, varAGga0, 25.56 14. hammIra0, 6.36 15. varAGga0, 25.58 16. vahI, 25.53 17. vahI, 25.54 18. vahI, 25.56 16. dvayA0, 4.13 20. varAGga0, 25.55 21. dvayA0, 9.76 22. dvayA0, 2.63 23. hammIra0, 6.27, 41

Page #408
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja sAmAnya rUpa se mahAn puruSoM ke tapAdi karane ke sthAna tIrthasthala ho jAte / aise sthAnoM ke darzana, pUjA aura stuti se puNya prApta hone kI mAnyatA tatkAlIna samAja meM pracalita thI / 1 varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM nimnalikhita hindU tIrtha sthAnoM kA vizeSa ullekha prAyA hai 374 1. svAmigRha - svAmI kArtikeya ne kumArAvasthA meM hI ghora tapa kiyA thA / pariNAmataH unakI tapobhUmi svAmigRha ( sAmigRha ) ke nAma se prasiddha tIrtha - sthala bana gaI | 3 2. kumArI ( kanyA kumArI ) - dakSiNa bhArata se sambaddha isa pradeza meM 'kumArI' ne aneka vaSoM taka ghora tapasyA kI thii| 3 3. bhAgIrathI (gaMgA) - rAjA sagara ke pautra bhAgIratha ne apane pUrvajoM ke uddhArArthaM gaMgA ko pRthvI meM lAne ke lie aneka varSoM taka tapasyA kI thI / phalataH 'bhAgIrathI' sarvAdhika pavitra mAnI jAne lagI / 4 4. kurukSetra - prasiddha vaMza kuruvaMza meM utpanna hue kuru nAma ke mahAtmA ne apanI prajA ko sukhI banAne ke lie jisa vizAla pradeza meM tapasyA kI thI vaha 'kurukSetra' ke rUpa meM prasiddha tIrtha sthala bana gayA / isI sthAna para pANDavoM ne bhI tmazuddhi ke lie tapasyA kI thI / 6 1. tIrthAni loke vividhAni yAni tapodhanairadhyuSitAni tAni / stutyAni gamyAni manoharANi jAtAni puMsAM khalu pAvanAni // - varAGga0, 25.51 2. varAGga0, 25.53 tathA tu0 pAThabheda 'sAmigRha' 3. yasyAH kumAryAstapasaH prAbhAvAtprakAzitA sA khalu dakSiNAzA / tataH kumArI varadharmanetrI bahuprajAnAmabhavatsa tIrtham // -- vahI, 25.54 4. bhAgIrathizcakradharasya naptA varSANyanekAni tapaH pracakre / adhogatAnuddharaNAya dhIro bhAgIrathI - puNyatamA tato'bhUt // --varAGga0, 25.55 5. kururmaharSiH kuruvaMzajAtaH kumArabhAve sa tapastvataptam / prajAhitAya prathitaprabhAvastataH kurukSetramabhUtpradhAnam // --varAGga0, 25.56 6. pratApayogaM parigRhya dhIrAH pANDoH sutAH klezavinAzanAya / pracakrire tatra tapo'tighoraM mAtApanItena pavitramAsIt // - vahI, 25.57

Page #409
dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 375 5. zrIparvata-saMbhavataH karanUla jile kA pahAr3a hai jo Aja bhI prasiddha tIrtha sthAna mAnA jAtA hai / ' kahate haiM ki isa parvata meM 'zrI' nAma ke maharSi ne eka hajAra varSa taka kaThora tapasyA kI thii| 6. ujjayanta parvata-isI parvata ke vanoM meM zrI kRSNa rAsalIlAeM bhI karate the / phalata ujjayanta parvata eka prasiddha tIrthasthala bana gayA thA / 3 jaina dharma kI dRSTi se bhI yaha 'tIrtha sthAna' rahA thA / tIrthaGkara neminAtha kI yaha tapobhUmi rahI / thii|4 (kha) dArzanika mAnyatAeM mahAkAvya yuga kA jaina darzana : pravRtiyAM aura prayoga ___ Agama yuga kA jaina darzana mUlataH AsthApradhAna darzana rahA thaa| vibhinna dArzanika samasyAoM kA zaMkA-samAdhAna athavA upadezaparaka zailI se pratipAdana kiyA jAtA thA / AgamoM kI dArzanika carcA atyanta bikharI huI aura avyavasthita rahI hai / paM0 dalamukha mAlavaNiyA mahodaya ne Agama yugIna dArzanika pravRtiyoM kA digdarzana karAte hue kahA hai ki "pratyeka viSaya kA nirUpaNa jaise koI draSTA dekhI huI bAta batA rahA ho isa DhaMga se huA hai| kisI vyakti ne zaGkA kI ho aura usakI zaGkA kA samAdhAna yuktiyoM se huA ho yaha prAyaH nahIM dekhA jaataa| vastu kA nirUpaNa usake lakSaNa dvArA nahIM kintu bheda-prabheda ke pradarzana pUrvaka kiyA gayA hai| prAjJApradhAna yA zraddhApradhAna upadeza yaha pAgama yuga ke jainadarzana kI vizeSatA hai|"5 __ jaina darzana ke vikAsa sambandhI jina cAra yugoM kA mAlavariyA jI ne vivecana kiyA hai| unameM se 'anekAnta vyavasthA yuga' jaina mahAkAvyoM kI dArzanika pravRttiyoM ko mArga darzana de rahA thaa| cauthI-pAMcavIM zatAbdI se sAtavI-AThavIM zatAbdI I0 isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai ki nAgArjuna, vasubandhu, diGganAga Adi bauddha dArzanikoM dvArA bhAratIya darzana meM jisa tarphapradhAna dArzanika 1. varAGgacarita, (hindI anuvAda), khuzAla canda gorAvAlA, pR0 ? 2. zrIparvate zrIH kila saMcakAra tapo mahadvarSasahasramugram / -varAGga0, 25.58 3. tamujjayantaM dharaNIdharendra janArdanakrIDavanapradezam / -varAGga0, 25.56 4. vahI, 25.56 5. dalasukha mAlavaNiyA, jaina dArzanika sAhitya ke vikAsa kI rUparekhA, banArasa 1652, pR0 3 6. vahI, pR0 4-5

Page #410
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja vivecana ko naI dizA prApta huI usase vaidika evaM jaina darzana ke cintakoM ke sAmane eka naI cunautI bhI A khar3o huI ki ve bauddha dArzanikoM ke AkrAmaka tarkabANoM kA vaisA hI jabAba deN| phalataH sabhI bhAratIya darzana ke sampradAyoM meM tarkapradhAna vAdoM-prativAdoM ko svara milA naiyAyika vAtsyAyana, mImAMsaka zabara Adi ne bauddhoM ke 'zUnyavAda' tathA 'kSaNikavAda' kA khaNDana karate hue apane matoM kI puna: upasthApanA kii|' isI khaNDana-maNDana pradhAna dArzanika vAtAvaraNa meM jaina dArzanikoM ne apanI tattvamImAMsA ko nayA rUpa pradAna kiyaa| isa dizA meM AgamoM ke prakIrNa viSayoM ko saMkSipta evaM vyavasthita rUpa se prastuta karane kI apekSA se sarvaprathama AcArya umAsvAti ne saMskRta bhASA kA prAzraya lekara jaina darzana ke sAra ko 'tattvArthasUtra' nAmaka grantha meM nibaddha kiyaa| jaina darzana ko 'tattvArthasUtra' jaise sAragarbhita grantha kA vivecanAtmaka AdhAra mila jAne para chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI meM akalaMka, siddhasena, haribhadra sUri Adi dArzanikoM ne anekAnta vyavasthA ke aucitya kI dArzanika jagat meM vizeSa puSTi kii| siddhasena ne advaita, nyAya, sAMkhya, bauddha Adi matoM ko saMgraha, paryAyAthika, dravyArthika, RjusUtra Adi nayoM meM samAviSTa kara unake samanvayAtmaka rUpa meM jaina darzana ke 'anekAntavAda' ko caritArtha kiyA / 2 samantabhadra, siddhasena Adi kA yaha bhI mahattvapUrNa yogadAna mAnA jAtA hai ki unhoMne nAnA prakAra ke virodhI vAdoM meM sAmaJjasya sthApita karane kI navIna tarka praNAlI ko 'anekAntavAda' kI apekSA se samRddha bnaayaa| samantabhadra, mallavAdI Adi darzanAcAryoM ne isa prayAsa ko tarkavaijJAnika evaM vidhiparaka AyAmoM se jodd'aa| jaTAsiMha nandi ko anekAnta avadhAraNA ___ jaina mahAkaviyoM kI dArzanika pravRtiyoM kI kar3I bhI uparyukta aitihAsika pRSThabhUmi se jur3I huI hai| sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI I0 se sambaddha jaTAsiMha nandi kA isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA thaa| prAcArya jaTAsiMha ne varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM apane se pUrvavartI jaina dArzanikoM kI 'anekAntavAda-vyavasthA' kI paramparAoM ko Age bar3hAte hue kahA hai ki niyati, karma, kAla, bhAgya, Izvara Adi ko saSTi kA pradhAna kAraNa mAnanA kevala mAtra eka naya kI apekSA se hI satya hai kintu ekAntika nayamUlaka yaha tattvacintana mithyAtva kA hI sAdhaka hai ataeva 1. dalasukha mAnavaNiyA, jaina dArzanika sAhitya ke vikAsa kI rUparekhA, pR0 5 2. vahI, pR0 3

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ mokSaprApti hetu bhI sarvathA zrasamartha hai / " isake viparIta samagra nayIM se viziSTa 'anekAntavAda' kI tarkapraraNAlI hI mokSa prApti hetu sahAyaka hai / siMha kA yaha bhI kathana hai ki apane pakSa ko satya ghoSita karane tathA dUsare ke pakSa ko mithyA siddha karane kA Agraha rakhane vAle 'naya' 'mithyA naya' haiM / 3 kintu jaba vibhinna 'naya' paraspara eka dUsare kI apekSA se niyojita hote haiM tabhI ve satya kA jJAna karA sakate haiM / udAharaNArtha mariNa, padmarAga, Adi ratna jaba bikhare hue par3e rahate haiM to unakI 'ratnAvalI' (hAra) saMjJA nahIM hotI apitu paraspara gu~the jAne para hI hAra ke rUpa meM unakI sArthakatA siddha hotI hai / 4 hAra banAne kI kalA meM nipuNa vyakti hI ina bikharI huI maNiyoM ko paraspara yathAsthAna pirotA hai parantu isa prakriyA meM maNi vizeSa ke pRthak-pRthak nAma lupta ho jAte haiM / " vAstava meM jaTAsiMha 'pramANa vyavasthA' ke dArzanika yuga meM praviSTa ho rahe the / yahI kAraNa hai ki unhoMne 'nayacetanA' ko 'pramANavijJAna' se jor3ane kI ceSTA kI hai| unakA mAnanA hai ki 'naigama' Adi naya apane prAMzika jJAna kA pUrNa padArtha ke jJAna meM AtmasamarpaNa kara dete haiM jisake kAraNa ve 'samyaktva' arthAt pramAraNa saMjJA ko prApta hote haiM tathA apane pUrva rUpa (naya) ke 'mithyAtva' kI sthiti ko chor3a dete haiM / isa sambandha meM jaTAsiMha ne yaha bhI spaSTa kiyA hai ki lokavyavahAra kI dRSTi se upayogI samajhe jAne vAle 'naya' jaba taka sApekSa hokara vyavahRta hote haiM taba taka hI unakA aucitya banA rahatA hai, jaise hI ve nirapekSa bhAva meM A jAte haiM to unakI prAmANikatA mithyA siddha ho jAtI hai / 1. 2. vahI, 26.74 3. 4. varAGga0. 26.72-73 tathA 26.68 7. tasmAduktA nayAH sarve svapakSAbhinivezinaH / miyAddazasta evaite tattvamanyonyamizritAH / / 5. vahI, 26.62 6. maraNayaH padyarAgAdyAH pRthakpRthagatha sthitAH / ratnAvalIti saMjJAM te na vidanti maharSiNaH || tathaiva ca nayA: sarve yathArthaM samyaktvAkhyAM prapadyante prAktanIM --vahI, 26.60 varAGga0, 26.66.67 -- vahI, 26.61 vinivezitAH / saMtyajanti ca // 377 --vahI, 26.63

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja nayoM kI saMkhyA ke viSaya meM jaTAsiMha kA mata hai ki vANI ke jitane prakAra ho sakate haiM 'nayoM' kI bhI utanI hI saMkhyA samajhanI cAhie tathA jitane 'naya' haiM utane hI mithyA mArga (paratIrtha) hote haiM / ' isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki Alocya yuga meM jaTAsiMha nandi ne 'anekAntavAda' kI vyavasthA ko adhikAdhika tAkika yuktiyoM se jor3ane kI ceSTA kI hai| sAtha hI ve dUsare bhAratIya dArzanikoM kI mAnyatAoM ko mithyA mArgI siddha karane ke lie bhI prayatnazIla. dikhAI dete haiN| vAstava meM jaina mahAkAvyoM kA yuga eka aisA dArzanika yuga thA jaba sabhI darzana eka dUsare kI tattvamImAMsA kA khaNDana karane meM vizeSa rasa le rahe the| anekAntavAda para virodhI prahAra isa yuga meM jaina dArzanika jahA~ eka ora 'anekAntavAda ke mAdhyama se jisa kisI bhI dArzanikavAda kI kaTu AlocanA karane kI tArkika praNAlI kA vikAsa kara cuke the vahA~ dUsarI ora 'anekAntavAda' kA khanDana karane ke lie aneka jainetara dArzanika bhI maidAna meM utara pAe the| dasavIM zatAbdI meM bhAmatIkAra vAcaspati mizra ne 'anekAntavAda' kI aneka tarkasaMgata truTiyoM ko sAmane rakhA / unakA kahanA hai ki jagat kA vyavahAra nizcayAtmaka athavA vyavasAyAtmaka buddhi ke AdhAra para calatA hai, anizcayAtmaka jJAna se nhiiN| isa kAraNa jaina darzana kA 'syAdvAda' anizcayapUrNa mApadaNDoM se kevala bhrama ko hI paidA karatA hai| vAcaspati mizra tarka dete hae kahate haiM ki sattA aura asattA paraspara viruddha dharma haiM / vastuoM kI nAnA rUpa se pratIti kucha aura hai parantu viruddha svabhAva vAle padArthoM kI eka hI kAla meM eka hI sthAna para eka sAtha upasthiti athavA usakI anirvacanIyatA sarvathA asaMbhava hai| ekAntika nirdhAraNa athavA nizcaya pravRtti mAtra kA sAdhaka hai kintu 'anekAntavAda' meM yaha sambhava nhiiN| ataeva 'syAdvAda' kI apekSA se 'sthANurvA puruSo vA' - yaha jJAna apramANabhUta ho jAtA hai| isake atirikta vAcaspati mizra ne saptabhaMgoM meM saptatva saMkhyA kA nizcaya, unake svarUpa kA nirdhAraNa karane vAle puruSa aura sAdhana 1. yAvanto vacasAM mArgA nayAstAvanta eva hi / tAvanti paratIrthAni yAvanto nayagocarAH / / -varAGga0, 26 66 2. brahmasUtra, 2.2.33 para bhAmatI TIkA 3. Izvara siMha, bhAmatI eka adhyayana, rohataka, 1983, pR0 143 4. sadasattvayoH parasparaviruddhatvena samuccayAbhAve vikalpaH / na ca vastuni vikalpa: saMbhavati / -bhAmatI, 2.2.33

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 376 sabhI ko sandehoM se grasta ghoSita kara diyaa|' brahmasUtra ke anya TIkAkAroM tathA SaDdarzana ke anya dArzanikoM ne bhI isI zailI meM anekAntavAda, syAdvAda, jIvazarIra-parimANavAda Adi jaina mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai| Astika aura nAstika darzanoM kA navIna dhruvIkaraNa uparyukta dArzanika pRSThabhUmi ke sandarbha meM hI hameM jaina mahAkAvyoM meM pratipAdita dArzanika vicAroM kA mUlyAGkana karanA cAhie aura yaha jAna lenA cAhie ki bhAratavarSa kI samagra dArzanika cetanA usa samaya kisa dizA kI ora muDa rahI thii| jaina mahAkAvyoM ke kAla meM upalabdha hone vAle dArzanika vAdoM kA samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se yadi mUlyAGkana kiyA jAe to yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki dasavIM zatI I0 ke bAda lokAyata darzanoM kI sAmAjika lokapriyatA bar3hatI jA rahI thii| zAyada usakA eka mukhya kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki jaina, bauddha tathA vaidika SaDdarzanoM kI tattvamImAMsA evaM pramANamImAMsA cintanaparaka UcAiyoM ko chUne ke bAda bhI eka dUsare ke virodhI evaM nirbala pakSoM ke bhI pracAra-prasAra meM lagI huI thIM aura isa kAraNa darzanoM kI maulikatA kA hrAsa hone ke sAtha-sAtha piSTapeSaNatA ko bhI bar3hAvA mila rahA thaa| dUsarI ora lokAyata darzana pahale kI apekSA aura adhika sabala tarkoM ke sampAdana meM adhika kAragara siddha ho rahe the| isa sandarbha meM 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' ke racayitA haribhadrasUri tatkAlIna dArzanika jagat kI vyApaka gatividhiyoM kI jAnakArI dene meM atyanta sahAyaka siddha hue haiN| 'SaDdarzanasamuccaya' ke TIkAkAra guNaratna suri ne bhI 15vIM zatAbdI ke dArzanika jagat kA jaisA sAmayika citraNa prastuta kiyA hai usase aisA lagatA hai ki samAja meM eka aora lokAyatika darzana cetanA phala-phUla rahI thI to dUsarI ora usakI pratikriyAsvarUpa aneka sampradAyaniSTha dhArmikavAda darzana kA rUpa lete jA rahe the| guNaratna ne lokAyatika tattvamImAMsA kA vizada vivecana karate hue lokAyatika sAdhuoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / ye zarIra meM kApAlikoM kI bhAMti bhasma lagAte the tathA jAti prathA kA khaNDana karate the / ye prAtmA, pApa-puNya Adi ko nahIM mAnate 1. tasmAt sthANurvA puruSo veti jJAnavat saptatva-paMcatvanirdhAraNasya phalasya nirdhArayituzca pramAtustatkaraNasya pramANasya ca tatprameyasya ca saptatvapaMcatvasya ca sadasattvasaMzaye sAdhu sathitaM tIrthakaratvamRSabheNAtmanaH / -bhAmatI, 2.2.33 2. SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 1 para guNaratnakRta TIkA, (jJAnapITha saMskaraNa), pR0 30-31

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380 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja the / madya, mAMsa evaM strI vyabhicAra se inheM paraheja nahIM thA / aisA pratIta hotA hai ki sAmantI bhogavilAsa evaM aizvarya sukha ke upabhogaparaka mUlyoM se lokAyatika manovRtti samAja meM apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna banA cukI thii| aneka jaina mahAkAvyoM meM lokAyatika jIvana darzana kA yaha pahalU vizeSa rUpa se abhivyaJjita huA hai / prAyaH jaina mahAkAvyoM ne isa manovRtti ko pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM upasthita kara usakA dArzanika zabdAvalI meM apalApa kiyA hai, jo isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki sAMkhya, vedAnta Adi anya prAstika darzanoM ke samAna ye lokAyatika darzana bhI apanI tattvamImAMsA ko sAmAjika dRSTi se lokapriya banAne meM vizeSa saphalatA prApta kara rahe the tabhI adhyAtmavAdI sabhI darzanoM ne apane pratidvandvI anya darzanoM ke sAtha-sAtha lokAyatika darzanoM kA bhI vizeSa rUpa se khaNDana kiyA hai| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhI lokAyatika darzanoM kI vizeSa carcA ke sAtha-sAtha unake khaNDana hone kA bhI varNana milatA hai / sAtavI-AThavIM zatAbdI I0 se lekara uttarottara zatAbdiyoM meM Astika darzanoM ke vividha rUpoM aura vibhinna devatAoM ke nAmoM para dArzanika sampradAyoM ke vighaTana aura unake dhruvIkaraNa kI gatividhiyA~ bhI vizeSa gatizIla rahIM thIM / isa sambandha meM ullekhanIya hai ki jaTAsiMha nandi ne puruSa, Izvara, kAla, svabhAva, deva, graha, niyati Adi sRSTi viSayaka ina aneka matoM kA khaNDana karate hue ullekha kiyA hai to dUsarI ora jaina darzana kI dravya paribhASA utpAda-vyaya tathA provya ko kramaza: tripuruSa -- brahmA, ziva tathA viSNu ke pratIkAtmaka artha ke rUpa meM bhI prastuta kiyA jAne lagA thA / guNaratna kI TIkA ke AdhAra para bhI yaha jJAta hotA hai ki brahmA, ziva, viSNu Adi ke pratirikta bhI aura bahuta se devoM aura tattvoM ko sRSTi kA mUla kAraNa mAnate hue unake nAma se aneka dArzanika sampradAyoM kI dina 1. kApAlikA bhasmoddhUlanaparA yogino brAhmaNAdyantyajAzca kecana nAstikA bhavanti / te ca jIvapuNyapApAdikaM na manyante / caturbhUtAtmakaM jagadAcakSate / te ca madyamAMse bhuJjate mAtrAdyagamyAgamanamapi kurvate / ... varSe varSe kasminnapi divase sarve sambhUya yathAnAmanirgamaM strIbhi ramante / - SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 76 para guNaratna TIkA, pR0 450-51 candra0, sarga 2, padmA0, sarga 3 2. 3. candra0, 2.46-56, padmA0, 3.137-155 4. varAGga0, 26.72 5. dvisa0, 12.50 tathA usa para padakaumudI TIkA

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 381 pratidina vRddhi hotI jA rahI thii| guNaratna ne aise lagabhaga 27 vAdoM kA ullekha kiyA hai|' jaina mahAkAvyoM ke Alocya yuga kI upayukta samagra dArzanika cetanA ke sandarbha meM jaina mahAkAvyoM kI dArzanika carcA atyanta mahattvapUrNa kahI jA sakatI hai| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM pUre ke pUre sarga hI dArzanika carcA Adi ke lie nibaddha hue haiN| prAyaH mahAkAvyoM meM kisI jaina muni ke Agamana aura usake dvArA die gae dharmopadeza kI kathAnaka yojanA ke antargata dArzanika carcA kA avasara juTAyA gayA hai| padmAnanda prAdi kucha mahAkAvyoM meM rAjA kI maMtripariSad meM dArzanika carcA-paricarcA hone kA varNana pAyA hai| pAlocya jaina mahAkAvyoM se sambaddha dArzanika mahattva kI sAmagrI ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai| sarvaprathama jaina darzana ke tathyoM kA vivecana hai tadanantara una aneka jainetara dArzanika vAdoM kI sthiti spaSTa kI gaI hai jinake prati mahAkAvya ke lekhakoM ne apanI dArzanika pratikriyA vyakta kI hai| 1. jaina-darzana pramAraNavyavasthA jaina darzana ke anusAra pramANa sAmAnya kA lakSaNa hai-- jisake dvArA padArtha jAnA jaae|4 jaina tarkazAstrI naiyAyikoM kI bhA~ti indriya viSaya va sannikarSa ko pramANa nahIM mAnate phalata: ve sva-para-vyavasAyi jJAna ko pramANa kahate haiM / varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM jainAbhimata pramANavyavasthA kA nirUpaNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki padArthoM kA jJAna pramANoM tathA nayoM se hI saMbhava hai| pramANa ko mukhya rUpa se do bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA hai-(1) pratyakSa tathA (2) parokSa / pratyakSa ke tIna bheda kie gae haiM - (1) avadhijJAna (2) manaHparyaya jJAna tathA (3) kevalajJAna / prathama do bheda kevala mUrta vastuoM kA jJAna karA sakane meM samartha haiM kintu : 1. SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 1 para guNaratnaTIkA, pR0 30-61 2. varAGga0, sarga 26; candra 0, sarga 18; dharma0, sarga 15; padmA0, sarga 3 3. padmA0, sarga 3 4. pramIyate'neneti pramANam / -kaSAyapAhuDa, 1.1.1.27 5. sva-para-vyavasAyijJAnaM pramANam / -pramANanayatattvAlokAlaMkAra, 1.2 6. teSAmadhigamopAyaH prmaannnyvrtmnaa| -varAGga0, 26.45 7. pratyakSaM ca parokSaM ca pramANaM tadvidhA smRtam / -vahI, 26.45

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382 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja tIsarA kevalajJAna vizva ke samasta padArthoM ke jJAna se samanvita rahatA hai|' parokSa ke bhI do paramparAgata bheda kie gae haiM-(1) matijJAna tathA (2) zrutajJAna / matijJAna aneka bhedoM meM vibhakta hai kintu zrutajJAna ke do bheda batAe gae haiM / nayavyavasthA 'naya' kI aneka apekSAnoM se paribhASA kI gaI hai| pAlApapaddhati ke anusAra nAnA svabhAvoM se haTAkara vastu ko eka svabhAva kI ora le jAnA 'naya' kahA gayA hai to vastu kI ekadeza parIkSA bhI naya kA lakSaNa svIkArA gayA hai| sanmatitarka ke anusAra jitane vacana-bheda saMbhava haiM utane ho nayavAda ho sakate haiM / 5 varAGgacaritakAra ne nayajJAna ko mukhyataH do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai-(1) dravyArthika tathA (2) paryAyAthika / 6 jaina paramparA ke anusAra ina donoM nayoM ke 1. naigama, 2. saMgraha, 3. vyavahAra, 4. RjusUtra, 5. zabda, 6. samabhirUDha tathA 7. evaMbhUta ye sAta bheda kie gae haiN| tadanurUpa nayavyavasthA kA anumodana karate hue varAGgacaritakAra ne bhI prathama tIna ko dravyAthika naya tathA antima cAra ko paryAyArthika naya kA bheda mAnA hai| jaTAsiMha nandi ne ina sAta prakAra ke negamAdi nayoM ko laukika vyavahAra sampAdana kI eka tArkika vyavasthA mAnA hai| dravyavyavasthA dravya kA sAmAnya lakSaNa hai--'sat' / dravya ko 'sata' ke atirikta utpAda-vyaya tathA dhrauvyayukta bhI mAnA gayA hai / 10 loka dravyoM kA samUha hai jo svata: siddha mAnA gayA hai, kRtaka nhiiN|'' dravya ke chaha mukhya bheda mAne jAte haiM-(1) jIva 1. varAGga0, 26.46 2. saprabhedA matizcaiva dvivikalpamapi zrutam / -vahI, 26.46 3. vizeSa draSTavya-jainendrasiddhAntakoza, bhAga 2, pR0 512 4. vahI, pR0 512 5. sanmatitarka, 3.46 6. saMkSepato nayo dvau tu drvypryaaysNsRto|"-vraangg0, 26.48 7. vahI, 26.50-51 8. tayorbhadA nayA jaina rAkhyAtA naigamAdayaH / nIyate yarazeSeNa lokayAtrA vizeSataH // -vahI, 26.46 6. tattvArthasUtra, 5.26 10. paMcAstikAya, 10 11. janendrasiddhAntakoza, bhAga 2, pR0 451

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ (2) pudgala ( 3 ) dharma ( 4 ) dharma ( 5 ) zrAkAza tathA ( 6 ) kAla / ' varAGgacarita meM ina chaha dravyoM kA ullekha prAyA hai / cetanAmaya tathA cetanAhIna svabhAvoM kI dRSTiyoM se dravya ko mukhya rUpa se do vibhAgoM meM bhI rakhA jA sakatA hai jinakI (1) jIva tathA ( 2 ) jIva saMjJAeM dI gaI haiN| 3 tattvArthasUtra meM dravya kI paribhASA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki 'dravya' vahI hai jisameM guNa aura paryAya hoM / parantu varAGgacaritakAra ne isa paribhASA ko bheda paraka dRSTi se vizleSita karate hue dravya ke (1) guNa ( 2 ) dravya tathA ( 3 ) paryAya ina tIna bhedoM kI parikalpanA kI hai| isI prakAra (1) rUpa ( 2 ) grabhirUpa ( 3 ) kriyA tathA (4) guNa bheda se isake cAra bheda saMbhava haiM / paMcAstikAya bheda se dravya ke pAMca bheda hote haiM / 7 varAGgacarita meM dravya ke chaha bheda bhI svIkAra kie gae haiM jo isa prakAra haiM - ( 1 ) jIva (2) pudgala, ( 3 ) dharma ( 4 ) dharma (5) kAla tathA ( 6 ) AkAza 15 jaina darzana meM 'SaDdravya'vibhAjana, jar3a-cetana, mUrta-amUrta, kriyA-bhAva, eka-aneka, nitya-anitya, sapradezIapradezI, sarvagata prasavaMgata, karttA-bhoktA Adi aneka dRSTiyoM se saMbhava hai / inhIM nAnA dRSTiyoM se jaTAsiMha nandi ne bhI dravya nirUpaNa ke aneka prakAroM kA ullekha kiyA hai jo unake anusAra 'syAdvAda' siddhAnta kI dena haiM / 10 tattvavyavasthA jaina darzana ke sAta tatva - jaina darzana meM mukhyatayA sAta dArzanika tattvoM kI carcA prApta hotI hai / tattvArthasUtra 11 prAdi granthoM kI bhA~ti jaina mahAkAvyoM meM jina 1. mahendra kumAra, jaina darzana, vArANasI, 1666, pR0 142 varAGga0, 26.5 2. 3 tacca dvedhA vinirdiSTaM jIvAjIvasvabhAvataH / / vahI, 26.2 4. guNaparyAyavaddravyam / - tattvArtha sUtra, 5.37 5. -- vahI, 26.4 7. tadeva trividhaM proktaM guNaidravyaizca paryayaH / - varAGga0, 26.3 6. caturdhA bhidyate tacca rUpArUpakriyAguNaiH / - vahI, 26.3 paMcAstikAyabhedena paJcadhA bhidyate punaH / jIvapudgala kAlAzca dharmAdhama nabho'pi ca / jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 2, pR0 454-16 10. arhantamidaM puNyaM syAdvAdena vibhUSitam / e. 8. - vahI, 26.5 383 anyatIrthairanAlIDhaM vakSye dravyAnuyojanam // - vahI, 26.1 11. jIvAjIvAzravabandhasaMvara nirjarAmokSAstattvam / - tattvArtha sUtra, 1.4

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384 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja sAta tattvoM kA vivecana prAyA hai, ve isa prakAra haiM- ( 1 ) jIva (2) zrajIva ( 3 ) Azrava ( 4 ) bandha ( 5 ) saMvara ( 6 ) nirjarA tathA (7) mokSa / ' candraprabha zrAdi mahAkAvyoM ke anusAra 'puNya' evaM 'pApa' ina do tattvoM ko pRthaka rUpa se svIkAra kara lene para tattvoM kI saMkhyA nau mAnI gaI hai| vastutaH zubhakarmoM kA bandha 'puNya' evaM azubha karmoM kA bandha 'pApa' hotA hai isa kAraNa ina donoM tattvoM ko 'bandha' ke antargata samAviSTa karate hue sAta tattvoM ke nirUpaNa kI paramparA hI adhika pracalita hai / 3 jaina mahAkAvyoM ke anusAra ina sAta tattvoM kA vivecana isa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai : 1. jIva jIva kA sAdhAraNa lakSaNa hai - 'upayogamayatA' jo do prakAra se ghaTita hotI hai - 1. darzanopayoga se tathA 2. jJAnopayoga se / isI kAraNa jIva samasta padArthoM ko grahaNa karatA hai / neminirvANa' tathA candraprabha zrAdi mahAkAvyoM meM jIva ko cetanAmaya mAnate huye use karmoM kA kartA-bhoktA svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / zarIradhArI hone se usameM utpatti tathA vinAza Adi vizeSatAeM bhI hotI haiM / dharmazarmAbhyudaya meM jIva kI bahuvidha pravRttiyoM ko sameTate huye usakA santulita evaM sAragarbhita lakSaNa dene kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai aura kahA gayA hai ki jo 'amUrtika, cetanAlakSaNa se yukta, karttA aura bhoktA, zarIradhArI, UrdhvagAmI tathA utpAda - 1. varAGga0, 26.1-36, candra0, 18.1-132; dharma0, 21.8-122; nemi0, 15.51-76; vardha0, sarga 15 tathA tu0 jIvAjIvAzravA bandhasaMvarAvatha nirjarA / mokSazceti jinendrANAM saptatattvAni zAsane / candra0, 158.2 2. candra0, 15.3, dharma0, 21.6 3. bandhAntarbhAvinoH puNyapApayoH pRthaguktiH / padArthA nava jAyante tAnyeva bhuvanatraye // - dharma0, 21.16, tathA candra0, 18.3 4. upayogalakSaraNA jIvA upayogo dvidhA smRtaH / jJAnena darzanenApi yadarthagrahaNaM hi saH // - varAGga0, 26.6 cetanAlakSaNo jIvaH / nemi0, 15.52 5 6. cetanAlakSaNo jIvaH karttAbhoktA svakarmaNAm / - candra0, 18.4

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAeM 385 vyaya evaM provya yukta ho vaha 'jIva' hai / " isa sambandha meM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki jIva ke 'cetanAlakSaNo jIvaH' tathA 'upayogalakSaNo jIvaH' yukti saMgata lakSaNa haiM jo saMsArI tathA siddha donoM prakAra ke jIvoM meM ghaTita hote haiM parantu vyutpatti ke AdhAra para jo jItA hai, prANa dhAraNa karatA hai - yaha jIva kA jo artha kiyA jAtA hai vaha kevala saMsArI jIvoM meM hI caritArtha hotA hai siddha jIvoM meM nahIM / 2 'siddha' aura saMsArI' bheda se jIva do prakAra kA hai / saMsArI jIva ke cAra bheda saMbhava haiM1. nArakI, 2 tiryaJca, 3. manuSya tathA 4 deva / 3 nArakI jIva sAta pRthiviyoM kI apekSA se sAta prakAra kA hotA hai / 1. ratnaprabhA 2 zarkarAprabhA 3. vAlukAprabhA 4. paMkaprabhA 5 ghUmaprabhA 6 tamaH prabhA tathA 7 mahAtamaH prabhA - ye naraka kI sapta bhUmiyA~ haiM / mukhyatayA jIva tattva ko 'bhavya', 'bhavya' tathA 'mukta' - ina tIna bhedoM kI dRSTi se vivecita kiyA jAtA hai jo isa prakAra haiM (ka) zrabhavya jIva - vItarAga tIrthaGkara kI divyadhvani se prakAzamAn satya ke prati jo anAsthAvAn haiM, mithyA tathA bhrAnta jJAna ke grAhaka aura poSaka haiM tathA anAdi kAla se lekara AgAmI kAla taka jo sadaiva saMsAra - sAgara meM hI paribhramaNa karate rahate haiM 'bhavya' jIva kahalAte haiM / ye jIva usa pASANakhaNDa ke samAna haiM jo saikar3oM kalpoM ke bItane para bhI kabhI thor3A sA bhI nirmala nahIM hote / 6 (kha) bhavya jIva - jinakA saMsAra bhramaNa anAdi hotA hai parantu zubhAvasara ke Agamana para ratnatraya ke dhAraNa se jinakA AgAmI bhava samApta ho jAtA hai-- bhavya jIva kahalAte haiM / isa prakAra ke jIva usa malina dhAtu ke tulya haiM jo zuddhi ke 1. amUrtazcetanAcihnaH kartA bhoktA tanupramaH / UrdhvagAmI smRto jIvaH sthityutpatti vyayAtmakaH // 2. --dharma0, 21.10 tathA draSTavya, AcArya zrI tu0 'jIvati prANAn dhArayatIti jIvaH / ' AtmArAma jI, jaina tatva kalikA, paMcama kalikA, pR0 81 3. dharma0, 21.11 4 vahI, 21-12-13 5. te ca jIvAstridhA bhinnA bhavyAbhavyAzca niSThitAH / -- varAGga0 267 zraddAnA ye dharmaM janaproktaM kadAcana / alabdhatattvavijJAnA mithyAjJAnaparAyaNAH / - vahI, 26.7 anAdyanidhanAH sarve magnAH saMsArasAgare / abhavyAste vinirdiSTA andhapASANasaMnibhAH / / - vahI, 26.6

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386 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja upAyoM se pariSkRta hokara zuddha svarNa ho jAte haiN| tIrthaGkara dvArA upadiSTa jIvaajIvAdi sAta tatvoM meM zraddhAna inakI zuddhi kA upAya hai|' (ga) mukta jIva-jJAnAvaraNI, mohanIya Adi pATha karmoM se mukta tInoM lokoM tathA kAloM ke jJAtA, samasta loka ke hitaiSI evaM arcanA yogya, prAtmasvarUpa se vyApta, sAMsArika bandhanoM evaM sukhoM se pare adhyAtmAnanda se paripUrNa evaM sAMsArika sandarbho se sarvathA avyAkhyeya jIva 'mukta jIva' (siddha) kahalAte haiN| 2. ajIva __ svarUpataH 'prajIva' 'jIva' kA pratipakSI hai| isameM 'jIva' ke asAdhAraNa lakSaNa ghaTita nahIM hote / phalataH yaha 'upayogamayatA' se rahita hai tathA caitanya kA isameM prabhAva rahatA hai| isa kAraNa ajIba jar3a padArtha hone ke sAtha-sAtha kartAbhoktA bhI nahIM hai / kintu yaha anAdi, ananta aura zAzvata hai|3 ajIva ke pAMca bhedoM kA mahAkAvyoM meM nirUpaNa pAyA hai jo isa prakAra haiM-1. dharma, 2. adharma, 3. kAla 4. aAkAza tathA 5. pudgala athavA aNu / / ___ 'dharma' dravya gati kA kAraNa hai to 'adharma' sthiti kA 15 jaise machaliyoM kI gati kA kAraNa jala hai usI prakAra dharma jIvoM kI gati kA kAraNa hai / 6 calatecalate thakA huA manuSya jaise kisI sthAna vizeSa para ruka jAtA hai usI prakAra 'adharma' bhI pudgalAdi ko rokane meM sahAyatA detA hai| 'kAla' kA lakSaNa 'vartanA' arthAt pariNAma Adi karAnA mAnA gayA hai| kAla ke tIna bheda haiM-bhUta, bhaviSya tathA vartamAna / vyavahAra kI dRSTi se 'kAla' dravya ke 'samaya', 'prAvali', 'nAr3I', 1. varAGga0, 26-10-11 2. vahI, 26-12-13 3. prAcArya zrI AtmArAma jI, jaina tattva kalikA, paMcama kalikA, pR0 61 4. dharmAdharmANavaH kAlAkAzau cAjIvasaMjJitA: / -nemi0 15.70 dharmAdharmAvathAkAzaM kAlaH pudgala ityapi / -candra0, 18.67 tathA dharma0, 21.81 5. varAGga0, 26.23, nemi0, 15.70 6. varAGga0, 26.24, candra0, 18.66 7. varAGga0, 26.24, candra0, 18.71 8. candra0, 18.74 6. varAGga0, 26.27 .

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ 387 'muhUrta', 'dina', 'rAta' prAdi sUkSma bheda bhI kie gae haiN| isI prakAra pakSa, mAsa, Rtu, varSa, yuga prAdi bhI kAla kI anya paryAeM hotI haiN| pAMcaveM dravya 'AkAza' kI 'sarva-vyApakatA' evaM 'avagAhanatA' vizeSatA hai / 2 varAGgacarita meM kevala 'prAkAza' ko hI vyApaka dravya batAyA gayA hai zeSa pAMca dravya avyApi haiM / 3 neminirvANa mahAkAvya meM 'prAkAza' tathA 'kAla' donoM ke 'vyApakatva' ke vaiziSTya ko svIkAra karate hue inheM 'anazvara' mAnA gayA hai| isake viparIta varAGgacaritakAra 'kAla' ko 'anitya' mAnate hue usameM 'vyApakatva' kA bhI sarvathA prabhAva mAnate haiM / pudgala SaDvidha 'ajIva' tattva kA pAMcavA bheda 'pudgala' athavA 'aNu' kahA gayA hai| 'pudgala' sUkSma paramANuSoM kI hI saMjJA hai jise 'vargaNA' bhI kahA jAtA hai| candraprabha mahAkAvya meM rUpa, rasa, gandha, sparza tathA zabda ko bhI 'pudgala' saMjJA dI gaI hai| varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM pudgala ke nimnalikhita chaha bheda vistAra se variNata 1. sthUla-sthUla-isake antargata pRthivI sahita parvata, vana, megha, vimAna, bhavana prAdi kRtrima tathA prakRtrima padArtha pAte haiM / 2. sthUla-isake antargata tela, ghI, dUdha, pAnI Adi aise tarala padArtha 1. varAGga0, 26 28 2. varAGga0, 26.31, candra0, 18.72 3. varAGga0 26.42 4. jagato vyApakAvetau kAlAkAzAvanazvarau / -nemi0, 15.71 5. kAladravyamanityaM tannityAnyevetarANi ca / -varAGga0, 26.41 6 rUpagandharasasparzaH zabdavAn pudgalaH smRtaH / -candra0, 18.76 7. SaTprakAravibhaktaM tatpudgaladravyamiSyate / -varAGga0, 26.14 8. bhUmyadrivanajImUtavimAnabhavanAdayaH / kRtrimAkRtrimadravyaM sthUlasthUlamudAhRtam // -vahI, 26.16 6. tanutvadravyabhAvAcca chedyamAnAnubandhi yat / tailodakarasakSIraghRtAdi sthUlamukhyate / / -vahI, 26.17

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388 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja samAviSTa haiM jinakI tanvAkRti hotI hai tathA jo 'chedana' athavA 'peSaNa' dvArA niSpanna hote haiN| 3. sthUla-sUkSma'-isake antargata cakSugrAhya kintu sparzendriya dvArA agrAhya padArtha antarbhUta haiM, jaise chAyA, dhUpa, andhakAra, cAMdanI ityAdi / 4. sUkSma-sthUla 2 - isake antargata acAgrAhya kintu anya indriyoM dvArA grAhya vastueM Adi sammilita haiM, jaise zabda, sparza, rasa, gandha, zIta, uSNa, vAyu aadi| 5. sUkSma ---isake antargata 'vaikriyaka', 'praudArika' Adi paMcavidha zarIra tathA mana evaM buddhi kI 'vargaNAeM' aura sAtha hI unake andara anantAnanta saMkhyA meM vyApta 'aAntarika vargaNAeM' saMghAta rUpa se samAviSTa haiN| ___6. sUkSma-sUkSma 4 - isake antargata sUkSmAtisUkSma 'pudgala' kI sthiti mAnI gaI hai jise 'paramANu' kahA jAtA hai / inakI ullekhanIya vizeSatA yaha rahatI hai ki ye saMdhAta rUpa se nahIM apitu paraspara bikhare rUpa meM hote haiM / __ varAGgacaritakAra ne 'pudgala' dravya ke viSaya meM yaha bhI kahA hai ki yaha 'ekakSetrAvagAhI' bhI hai aura 'anekakSetrAvagAhI' bhI, jabaki dharma, adharma, AkAza, tathA jIva 'anekakSetrI' haiN| 'kAla' kevala eka 'kSetra' meM hI raha sakatA hai|5 'pudgala' tathA zarIrI jIva 'nitya' tathA 'anitya' donoM hote haiM / 6 / 1. cakSurviSayamAgamya grahItuM yanna zakyate / cchAyAtapatamojyotsnaM sthUlasUkSmaM ca tadbhavet // -varAGga0, 26.18 2. zabdasparzaraso gandhaH zItoSNe vAyureva ca / pracakSurgrAhyabhAvena sUkSmasthUlaM tu tAdRzam / / -vahI, 26.16 paJcAnAM vaikriyAdInAM zarIrANAM yathAkramam / manasazcApi vAcazca vargaNA yAH prakIrtitAH / / tAsAmantaravartinyo vargaNA yA vyavasthitAH / tA: sUkSmA iti vijJeyA anantAnantasaMhatAH // -vahI, 26.20-21 4. asaMyuktAstvasaMbaddhA ekaikAH paramANavaH / teSAM nAma samuddiSTaM sUkSmasUkSmaM tu tadbudhaiH / / -vahI, 26.22 5. vahI, 26.37 6. pudganA jIvakAyAzca nityAnityA iti smRtAH / -vahI, 26.41

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ 386 jIva Adi chaha dravyoM meM 'kAla' ke kAraNa 'jIva' tathA 'pudgala' kA hI pariNamana hotA hai tathA zeSa 'dharma', 'adharma', 'prAkAza' Adi kA koI pariNamana nahIM hotaa|' ina chaha dravyoM meM kevala 'jIva' hI cetana hai zeSa 'ajIva' arthAt acetana haiN| isI prakAra kevala pudgala dravya mUrtika hai anya pramUrtika hote hai| yudgala dradhya kI yaha bhI vizeSatA mAnI gaI hai ki yaha 'kArya' bhI hotA hai tathA dUsaroM kA kAraNa' bhI banatA hai / kintu zeSa jIva, dharma, adharma, AkAza, tathA kAla ye pAMcoM dravya 'kAraNa' hI hote haiM, kisI ke 'kArya' nahIM bana sakate / 3 'pudgala' dravya kartA kI apekSA karatA hai tathA svayaM bhI katrtRtvavAna hotA hai, kintu zeSa pAMcoM dravyoM meM koI bhI kisI anya dravya kA kartA nahIM hotA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaTAsiMha nandi ne pudgala ke svarUpa kA vistAra se bhedasahita vivecana hI nahIM kiyA balki anya dravyoM ke sAtha usake antara ko bhI spaSTa karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| 3. prAzrava karmoM ke Ane kA dvAra 'pAzrava' kahalAtA hai| yaha mana, vacana tathA zarIra ke yoga se hotA hai| yoga jIva kI eka zakti vizeSa mAnI jAtI hai| abhiprAya yaha hai ki hama mana ke dvArA jo kucha socate haiM, vacana ke dvArA jo kucha bolate haiM tathA zarIra ke dvArA jo kriyAeM karate haiM, unase 'kArmANa vargaNAeM' prAtmA meM sUcita hotI jAtI haiM / 6 pariNAmata: zubha yoga 'puNyAzrava' tathA azubha yoga 'pApAsava' kA kAraNa banatA jAtA hai / isa 'pAzrava' ke 'sakaSAya jIva' tathA 'prakaSAya jIva' -do svAmI haiM / pAzrava hI saMsAra kA mUla kAraNa hai| 1. jIvAzca pudgalAzcaiva pariNAmaguNAnvitAH / pariNAmaM na gacchanti zeSANIti vidurbudhAH // -varAGga0, 26.35 2. jIvadravyaM hi jIvaH syAccheSaM nirjIva ucyate / ___mUrtimatpudgaladravyamamUrtaM zeSamiSyate / -vahI, 26.36 3. vahI, 26.43 4. vahI, 26.44 5. karmaNAmAgamadvAramAzravaM saMpracakSate / sa kAyavAGmana: karmayogatvena vyavasthitaH / / -candra0, 18.82, tathA dharma0, 21.120, nemi0, 15.75 6. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM, pR0 631 7. candra0, 1883 AzravaH saMsRtemU lam / -dharma0, 21.120 tathA sa hi niHzeSasaMsAranATakArambhasUtrabhat / -nemi0. 15.75

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 4. bandha __ prAtmA ke sAtha har3ha-paricaya ke rUpa meM sthira zubhAzubha karmoM ke sambandha ko 'bandha' kahate haiM / athavA sakaSAya hone ke kAraNa jIva kA karmayogya pudgaloM se jo sambandha hotA hai, use 'bandha' kahate haiM / 2 'mithyAdarzana', 'pramAda', 'yoga', 'avirati' tathA 'kaSAya' ye pAMca 'jIva' ke karmabandha ke kAraNa mAne jAte haiN| prakRti-bandha, sthiti-bandha, anubhAva-bandha tathA pradeza-bandha ke bheda se yaha cAra prakAra kA hotA hai| prakRti-bandha ke pATha bheda hote haiM-1. jJAnAvaraNa, 2. darzanAvaraNa 3. vedanIya, 4. mohanIya, 5 Ayu, 6. nAma, 7. gotra tathA 8. antarAya / bhAva tathA kSetra Adi kI apekSA se karmoM kA vipAka 'anubhAva-bandha' kahalAtA hai / 6 AtmA ke sabhI pradezoM meM karmoM ke ananta pradezoM kI sthiti 'pradeza-bandha' kahalAtI hai / 5. saMvara jitanI sImA taka mana, vacana aura kAya kI kriyAoM kA nirodha ho . sake 'gupti' kahalAtA hai| 'saMvara' bhI surakSA kA nAma hai| isa prakAra jina dvAroM se karmoM kA 'prAsrava' hotA hai unakA nirodha karanA 'saMvara' kahalAtA hai| isI sandarbha meM candraprabhacarita meM 'cAritragupti kA ullekha AyA hai| isa prakAra 'cAritragupti', 'anuprekSA'. 'parISahajaya', 'dazalakSaNadharma' tathA 'samiti' (samyak pravRtti) se 'saMvara' hotA hai| dharzazarmAbhyudaya ke anusAra prAzravoM 1. dRDhaM paricayasthairya karmaNAmAtmAnazca yat / -nemi0, 15.73 2. sakaSAyatayA jantoH karmayogyanirantaram / pudgalaiH saha saMbandho bandha ityabhidhIyate / / -candra0, 18.66, tathA dharma0 21.106 3. candra0, 18.65, dharma0, 61.107 4. candra0, 18.67, dharma0, 21.108 5. candra0, 18.98, dharma0, 21.106 6. candra0, 18 103, dharma0, 21.114 7. candra0, 18.104, dharma0, 21.115 8. mahendra kumAra, jaina darzana, pR0 238-36 cAritraguptyanuprekSAparISahajayAdasau / dazalakSaNadharmAcca samitibhyazca jAyate / / -candra0, 18.107 tathA utpannAnAmanAbaddhakarmaNAmeva saMvRtiH / kriyate yA smarAdInAM saMvaraH sa udAhRtaH / / -nemi0, 15.72

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ kA dvAra ruka jAnA gayA hai / 6. nirjarA karmoM kA phala 'bhoga' se kSaya honA 'nirjarA' kahalAtA hai / isake kAraNa AtmA darpaNa ke samAna svaccha ho jAtI hai / 3 eka dUsarI paribhASA ke anusAra pahale se baMdhe hue karmoM kA kSaya honA arthAt jhar3anA 'nirjarA' kahalAtI hai / dharmazarmAbhyudaya ne ise karmarUpa lohe ke paMjara ko jarjara karane vAlI kahA hai / " 'nirjarA' ke do bheda haiM- 'savipAka - nirjarA' 'avipAka - nirjarA' / svAbhAvika krama se pratyeka samaya karmoM kA phala dekara kSINa ho jAnA 'savipAka ' tathA tapa dvArA karmaphaloM ke udaya se pUrva hI kSINa ho jAnA 'avipAka' nirjarA kahalAtI hai / inhIM do prakAra kI nirjarAtroM ko 'akAma nirjarA' tathA 'sakAma nirjarA' bhI kahA gayA hai / 7 tathA 7. mokSa 31 'saMvara' kahalAtA hai / ' 'saMvara' ko 'mokSa' kA mUla mAnA ke aneka janmoM se baMdhe hue karmoM ke kSaya ko 'mokSa' kahate haiM / dharmazarmAbhyudaya anusAra 'bandha' ke kAraNoM kA abhAva tathA 'nirjarA' se jo samasta karmoM kA kSaya ho jAtA hai use 'mokSa' kahate haiM / yaha 'mokSa' uttama pariNAma vAle bhavya jIva kA hI hotA hai / 10 'jJAna', 'darzana' tathA 'cAritra' isake ekamAtra & 1. AzravANAmazeSANAM nirodhaH saMvaraH smRtaH / - dharma0, 3. 2. zrAzravaH saMsRtermUlaM mokSamUlaM tu saMvaraH / / karmaNAM phalabhogena saMkSayo nirjarA matA / bhUtyAdarza ivAtmAyaM tathA svacchatvamRcchati / / & 4. 5. 6. candra0, 18.106 7. 8. 10 candra0, 18.106, dharma 0, 21.122 jarjarIkRtakarmAyaH paJjarAnirjarA mayA / -- nemi0, 15.74 21.117 -- dharma0, 21.120 dharma0, 21.122-23 anekajanmabaddhAnAM sarveSAmapi karmaNAm / vipramokSaH smRto mokSaH AtmanaH kevalasthite: / / - dharma0, 21.121 - nemi0, 15.76 tathA bhavet / kRtsnakarmakSayo mokSo bhavyasya pariNAminaH / - candra0, 15.123 prabhAvAd bandhahetUnAM nirjarAyAzca yo niHzeSakarma nirmokSaH sa mokSaH kathyate jinaiH / candra0, 18.123, dharma0, 21161 dharma0, 21.160

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362 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 2 upAya haiM / ' tattvoM kA avagamana honA 'samyagjJAna', zraddhAna honA 'samyagdarzana', tathA pApArambhoM se nivRtti honA 'samyakcAritra' kahalAtA hai / arthAt jIvAdi sAta tattvoM ko prakAzita karane vAlA 'samyagjJAna' hotA hai, jIva Adi tattvoM meM prabhiruci utpanna karane vAlA 'samyagdarzana' hotA hai tathA pApamaya vyApAroM kA parityAga karanA 'samyakcAritra' kahalAtA hai / 3 'ratnatraya' samagra rUpa se 'mokSa' prApti ke upAya hote haiM inameM se kisI eka meM bhI yadi kamI prA jAe to 'mokSa' saMbhava nahIM / karmoM ke bandha ke kAraNa rAga Adi hote haiM ataeva rAgAdi kI samApti hI karmoM kA kSaya hai / 'ratnatraya' isI karmakSaya meM kAraNa hotA hai / 4 bandharahita jIva 'mokSa' kI avasthA meM agni kI lapaToM ke samAna tathA eraNDa ke bIja kI bhAMti svAbhAvika rUpa se UrdhvagAmI ho jAtA hai5, tathA loka ke agrabhAga meM jAkara vaha vahIM para sthita ho jAtA hai / 2. jainetara dArzanikavAda jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM vibhinna prAstika darzanoM sahita bauddha evaM lokAyatika darzanoM ke sambandha meM carcA paricarcA prApta hotI hai / 7 inheM vibhinna vAdoM kI apekSA se jaina dArzanikoM dvArA prastuta kiyA gayA hai inakA vivecana isa prakAra hai 1. jJAnadarzanacAritratrayopAyaH prakIrtitaH / -- jJAnadarzanacAritrairupAyaiH pariNAminaH / 2. tattvasyAvagatirjJAnaM zraddhAnaM tasya darzanam / pApArambhanivRttistu cAritraM varNyate jinaiH // 3. tattvaprakAzakaM jJAnaM darzanaM tattvarocakam / pApArambhaparityAgazcAritramiti kathyate // 7. - candra0, 18.123 tathA --dharma0, 21.161, varAGga0, 26.11 - dharma0, 21.162 -- candra0, 18.124 rAgAdezca kSayAtkarma prakSayo hetvabhAvataH / tasmAdratnatrayaM hetuvirodhAtkarmaNAM kSaye // - candra0, 18.126 5. dharma0, 21.163, candra0, 18.130 6. lokAgraM prApya tatrAsau sthiratAmaralambate / - vahI, 18.131 7. candra0, 2.86, padmA0, 3.158-65, varAGga0, 25.82-83, 24.44-48 8 nairAtmya zUnyakSaNika pravAdAd buddhasya ratnatrayameva nAsti / - varAGga0, 25.82

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ sRSTi viSayaka prAcIna vAda 1. kAlavAda kAlavAdiyoM ke anusAra samasta jagat kAlakRta hai| kAla ke niyamAnusAra hI campA, azoka, prAma, Adi vanaspatiyoM meM phUla tathA phala Ate haiM aura Rtu vibhAga se hI zIta-prapAta, nakSatra-saMcAra, garbhAdhAna Adi saMbhava hote haiN|' jaTAsiMha nandi ne kAlavAdiyoM kA yaha kahakara khaNDana kiyA hai ki vanaspatiyoM Adi meM asamaya meM bhI phala-phUla lagate haiM tathA manuSyoM Adi kI akAla mRtyu bhI dekhI jAtI hai / 2 varSARtu ke na hone para bhI dhArAsAra vRSTi hotI hai| ataeva kAla ke kAraNa saMsAra ko sukhI evaM duHkhI mAnanA anucita hai / 3 kAla ko sRSTi kA kAraNa mAnane se kartA kA kartRtva guNa viphala ho jAtA hai / / 2. niyativAda niyati se hI sabhI padArtha utpanna hote haiM / arthAt jo jisa samaya jisase utpanna hotA hai vaha usase niyati rUpa se hI utpatti-lAbha karatA hai|5 jaTAsiMha nandi ne isa vAda kA khaNDana karate hue kahA hai ki isa vAda ke mAna lene para karmoM ke astitva tathA tadanusAra phala prApta hone meM vyavadhAna utpanna hogA / kRtakoM ke prabhAva se vyakti sukha-duHkhahIna ho jAegA / sukha se hIna honA kisI bhI jIva ko abhISTa nahIM hai / 1. SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 1 para guNaratna TIkA, pa0 15-16 2. athajIvagaNeSvakAlamRtyuH phalapuSpANi vanaspatiSvakAle / bhujagA darzanairdazantyakAle manujAstu prasavanyakAlatazca ||-braangg0, 24.26 3. atha vRSTirakAlatastu iSTA na hi vRSTi: paridRzyate svakAle / tata eva hi kAlata: prajAnAM sukhaduHkhAtmakamityabhASaNIyam / - vahI, 24.30 4. yadi kAlabalAtprajAyate cedvibalaH kattu guNaH parIkSyamANaH / -vahI, 24.28 5. niyati ma tattvAntaramasti yazAdete bhAvAH sarve'pi niyatenaiva rUpeNa prAdurbhAvamaznuvate nAnyathA / -SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 1 para guNaratna-TIkA, pR0 18 niyatiniyatA narasya yasya pratibhagnasthitikarmaNAmabhAvaH / pratikarmavinAzanAtsukhI syAtsukhahInatvamaniSTamAptagrAhyam / -vahI, 24.41

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364 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 3. svabhAvavAda svabhAvavAdiyoM ke anusAra vastutroM kA svataH pariNata honA svabhAva hai / udAharaNArtha, miTTI se dhar3A hI banatA hai, kapar3A nhiiN| sUta se kapar3A banatA hai, ghar3A nhiiN| isI prakAra yaha jagat bhI apane svabhAva se svayaM utpanna hotA hai / ' jaTAsiMha nandi ne isa vAda para Apatti uThAte hue kahA hai ki svabhAva ko hI kAraNa mAna lene para karttA ke samasta zubha tathA azubha karmoM kA praucitya samApta ho jaaegaa| jIva jina karmoM ko nahIM karegA, svabhAvavAda ke anusAra unakA phala bhI use bhoganA par3egA / indhana se agni kA prakaTa honA usakA svabhAva hai parantu indhana ke Dhera-mAtra se agni kI utpatti prasaMbhava hai / isI prakAra svarNamizrita miTTI yA kaccI dhAtu se svataH hI sonA utpanna nahIM ho jaataa| jaTAcArya ke anusAra svabhAvavAda' manuSya ke puruSArtha ko niSphala siddha kara detA hai, jo anucita hai| 4. yadRcchAvAda yaha vAda bhI prAcIna kAla se calA A rahA vAda hai| mahAbhArata meM isake anuyAyiyoM ko 'ahetuvAdI' kahA gayA hai| guNaratna ke anusAra binA saMkalpa ke hI artha-prApti honA athavA jisakA vicAra hI na kiyA usakI pratakita upasthiti honA yahacchAvAda hai / yahacchAvAdI padArthoM kI utpatti meM kisI niyata kArya-kAraNabhAva ko svIkAra nahIM karate / yadRcchA se koI bhI padArtha jisa kisI se bhI utpanna ho jAtA hai / udAharaNArtha kamalakanda se hI kamalakanda utpanna nahIM hotA, gobara se bhI kamalakanda utpanna hotA hai / agni kI utpatti agni se hI nahIM, apitu arariNa 1. svabhAvavAdino hya vamAhuH-iha vastunaH svata eva pariNatiH svabhAvaH, sarve bhAvAH svabhAvavazAdupajAyante / tathAhi-madaH kumbho bhavati na paTAdiH, tantubhyo'pi paTa upajAyate na ghaTAdiH / -SaDdarzana0, 1 para guNaratna TIkA, pR0 16 2. atha sarvamidaM svabhAvatazcennanu vaiyarthyamupaitikarmakartuH / akRtAgamadoSadarzanaM ca tadavazyaM viduSAM hi cintanIyam / / -varAGga0, 24.38 3. svayameva na bhAti darpaNaH sanna vahniH svamupaiti kASThabhAraH / na hi dhAturupati kAJcanatvaM na hi dugdhaM ghRtabhAvamabhyupatyavInAm / -varAGga0, 24.36

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ 365 manthana se bhI saMbhava hai|' isa vAda ko 'svabhAvavAda' athavA 'niyativAda' se prAya: abhinna mAnA jAtA hai / varAGgacarita meM sRSTiviSayaka vAda ke rUpa meM isakA ullekha prAyA hai / 5. sAMkhyAbhimata satkAryavAda sAMkhyadarzanAnusArI satkAryavAda ke anusAra yaha svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai ki jaisA kAraNa hotA hai usase vaisA hI kArya utpanna hogA | 3 sAMkhyadarzana ke isa vAda ke sandarbha meM jaTAsiMha nandi kA prAkSepa hai ki avyakta prakRti se saMsAra ke samasta vyakta evaM mUrtimAna padArtha kaise utpanna ho sakeMge ? 4 sAMkhyoM ke anusAra jIva ko 'kartA' kahA gayA hai, vaha bhI anucita hai / vIranandi kRta candraprabhacarita meM isakA khaNDana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jIva ko akarttA mAna lene para usa para karmabandha kA bhI abhAva rahegA tathA usake pApa-puNya bhI nahIM ho sakeMge / bandha ke na hone para mokSa bhI saMbhava nahIM / candraprabhakAra kA kahanA hai ki kapila mata meM AtmA ko bhoktA kahakara use bhukti kriyA kA karttA to mAna liyA gayA hai parantu usake kartRva ko chipAne kI ceSTA bhI kI gaI hai, jo anucita hai / vIranandi ke anusAra pradhAna prakRti ke bandha hone kI jisa mAnyatA kA sAMkhya samarthana karatA hai, vaha bhI prayuktisaGgata hai kyoMki sAMkhya darzana meM prakRti acetana mAnI gaI hai 1. te hya evamAhu: : - na khalu pratiniyato vastUnAM kAryakAraNabhAvastathA pramANenAgrahaNAt / tathAhi - zAlUkAdapi jAyate zAlUko gomayAdapi jAyate zAlUkaH / vahna rapi jAyate vahniraraNikASThAdapi / - SaDdarzana0, 1 para guNaratna TIkA, pR0 23 varAGga0, 26.72 2. 3. asadakaraNAdupAdAnagrahaNAtsarvasaMbhavAbhAvAt / zaktasya zakyakaraNAtkAraNabhAvAcca satkAryam / / - sAMkhyakArikA, & 4. prakRtirmahadAdi mAvyate cetkathamavyaktatamAnnu mUrtimatsyAt / iha kAraNato nu kAryamiSTaM kimu dRSTAntaviruddhatAM na yAti // t 5. na cApyakartatA tasya bandhAbhAvAdidoSataH / kathaM hyakurvandhyeta kuzalAkuzala kriyAH // muktikriyAyA: kartRtvaM bhoktAtmeti svayaM vadan / tadevApahnavAnaH sankiM na jihreti kApilaH / / -- varAGga0, 24.43 - candra0, 2.81 --bahI, 2.82

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja phalataH pracetana kA na to bandha saMbhava hai aura na hI mokSa / ' isa prakAra varAGgacarita aura candra prabhacarita meM sAMkhyAbhimata tattva vyavasthA ko ayuktisaGgata siddha kiyA gayA hai| 6. mImAMsAbhimata sarvajJavAda candraprabhacarita ke anusAra mImAMsAdarzana meM jIvAjIva Adi chaha padArtha hI svIkAra kie gae haiM / 'svarga' ke astitva ko svIkAra kara lene ke kAraNa mImAMsaka 'mokSa' ko padArtha svIkAra nahIM karate haiM / 2 jayantavijaya meM 'sarvajJavAda' nAmaka dArzanika siddhAnta kI carcA AI hai| isI prasaGga meM mImAMsakoM ke pakSa ko bhI spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki pratyakSa, anumAna, pAgama, upamAna tathA arthApatti ina pA~coM pramANoM dvArA agrAhya hone ke kAraNa 'sarvajJa' kI siddhi asambhava hai| sarvajJasiddhi ke khaNDana meM jo tarka die gae haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM : 1. cakSu-indriya se jaise ramaNiyoM kA rUpa darzana, zravaNendriya se jaise gAyana-vAdana, rasanendriya se jaise adharAmRta-svAda, ghrANendriya se jaise candanAdi sugandhita padArtha, sparzendriya se jaise ramaNI ke aGgoM kA AhlAda Adi grAhya hotA hai vaise paMcendriya pratyakSa dvArA 'sarvajJa' kA grahaNa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / 5 2. sAdhya dharmoM se yukta liGga dvArA liGgI kA jJAna hotA hai kintu 'sarvajJa' ke sadbhAva kA avinAbhAvI na to svabhAva-liGga hI dRSTigocara hotA aura na kArya-liGga hii| 'sarvajJa' kA svabhAva-liGga tathA kArya-liGga hI anizcita hai ataeva anumAna pramANa se bhI vaha agrAhya hai| 3. gau sadRza gavaya kI upalabdhi hone se hI upamAna dvArA 1. acetanasya bandhAdiH pradhAnasyApyayuktikaH / tasmAdakatA pApAdapi pApIyasI matA / / -candra0, 2.83 2. jIvAjIvAdiSaDvarga pratipadyApare punaH / mokSe vipratipadyante mImAMsApakSapAtinaH / / -vahI, 2.60 3. jayanta 15.15-62 / 4. sarvajJo nAsti yadgrAhyaH pramANaH paJcabhirna saH / yadevaM tadbhavedevaM yathA vyomasaroruham // -vahI, 15.17 pramANapaJcakAbhAvo'pyakhilajJaM na bAdhate / -candra0, 2.107 5. jayanta0, 15.18-23 6. liGgana liGgayate liGgI sAdhyadharmavibhUSitaH / avinAbhAvasambandhaM sambandhena ca nAtra tat // -vahI, 15.24

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dhAmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ 367 gau kI siddhi ho pAtI hai kintu 'sarvajJa' sadRza' anya puruSa ke abhAva ke kAraNa upamAna pramANa bhI pravRtta nahIM ho paataa|' 4. anyonyAzraya doSa se yukta hone ke kAraNa aAgama pramANa dvArA bhI 'sarvajJa' prasiddha hI raha jAtA hai / 2 5. vinAbhAva sambandha kA pratipAdana hone ke kAraNa 'arthApatti' dvArA bhI 'sarvajJa' kI siddhi nahIM ho sktii| bauddhAbhimata vividha vAda 7. zanyavAda bauddha dArzanikoM ke eka sampradAya ke anusAra yaha jagat zUnya-svarUpa hai| avidyA ke kAraNa isI zUnya se jagat kI utpatti mAnI gaI hai| isa vAda para a'kSepa karate hue jaTAsiMha nandi kA kahanA hai ki cala-acala padArthoM ko zUnya kI saMjJA dene se na kevala padArthoM kA hI prabhAva hogA, apitu jJAna bhI zUnya arthAt prabhAvasvarUpa ho jAegA, jisakA abhiprAya hai saMsAra ke samasta jIvoM ko jJAnazUnya mAnanA aisI sthiti meM zUnyavAdI tattvajJAna ko grahaNa karane ke prati bhI asamartha raha jaaegaa| isa sambandha meM jaTAcArya kA abhimata hai ki padArthoM ke kisI eka vizeSa rUpa meM na rahane se usa padArtha ko sarvathA zUnya mAnanA anucita hai, kyoMki padArtha kisI eka rUpa meM naSTa ho jAne ke bAda bhI sattAvAn rahate hI haiM / 8. kSaNikavAda bauddhoM ke eka dUsare sampradAya dvArA sabhI bhAvoM evaM padArthoM ko kSaNika mAnane kI mAnyatA kA khaNDana karate hue jaTAsiMha nandi kahate haiM ki zubha tathA 1. sarvavittopamAnena pramANa:Sa gRhyte|| pravartate hi sAdRzyAttadgogavayayoriva // -jayanta, 15.25 pareSAM nAgamenApi sarvavitsAdhyate budhaiH / anyonyAzrayadoSo hi nirvivAdo'tra vAdinAm / / -vahI, 15.26 3. nApattipramANaM ca sarvajJAstattvasiddhaye / tatra sAdhyAvinAbhAvabhAvo yatrAsti kazcan / / -vahI, 15.27 4. yadi zUnyamidaM jagatsamastaM nanu vijJaptirabhAvatAmupaiti / tadabhAvamupAgato'nabhijJo vimati: kena sa veti zUnyapakSam / / -varAGga0, 24.44 5. atha sarvapadArthasaMprayogaH suparIkSya sadasatpramANabhAvAn / na ca saMbhavati hyasatsuzUnyaM paridRSTaM vigame sato mahadbhiH / / -vahI, 24.45

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368 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja azubha karmoM kA bheda taba samApta ho jaaegaa| saMsAra ke prANI jo aneka guNoM ko dhAraNa karane kI ceSTA kareMge ve nirAza hI raha jAeMge kyoMki taba guNI bhinna kSaNoM meM udita hoMge / ' padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM bhI 'kSaNikavAda' kI AlocanA karate hue kahA gayA hai ki samasta saMsAra ke jJAnAdi bhI bauddhamatAnusAra kSaNika mAna lie jAne para smaraNa, pratyabhijJA Adi bhAva, pitA-putra, pati-patnI mAdi sambandha tathA pApa-puNya Adi vyavasthA bhI chinna-bhinna ho jaaegii|2 citta-santAna jJAna kI dhArA ko prAtmA siddha karane kI bauddha mAnyatA bhI isase khaNDita ho jAtI hai / 6. nairAtmyavAda bauddha dharma ke pravartaka mahAtmA buddha ne prAtmA kA astitva nahIM svIkArA hai| jaTAsiMha nandi ke anusAra taba bhagavAn buddha kI karuNA kA kyA hogA ? kyoMki prAtmA tathA cetanA ke binA karuNA kahAM utpanna hogI? isa prakAra AtmA kA nirAkaraNa karanA svayaM bhagavAn buddha ke karuNAzIla hone ke prati hI sandeha utpanna karatA hai / 10. paurANika devavAda veda mUlaka brAhmaNa saMskRti meM puruSa, Izvara prAdi dvArA sRSTi sRjana kI mAnyatA pAlocya kAla meM paurANika dArzanika vAda ke rUpa meM pallavita huI thii| aneka deva-zaktiyoM ke sAtha saSTi racanA kA sambandha jor3A jAne lagA thaa| pariNAmataH hindU dharma meM brahmA, viSNu, ziva Adi prArAdhya devoM meM se kisI eka ko mahattva dene kI apekSA se vibhinna dhArmika sampradAya astitva meM A gae the / AThavIM 1. kSaNikA yadi yasya sarvabhAvA phalastasya bhavedayaM prayAsaH / ___ guNinAM hi guNena ca prayogo na ca zabdArthamavaiti durmatiH // -varAGga0, 24.46 2. padmA0, 3.160-65 tathA0 tu0mantrin ! vimuJca kSaNikatvAditAM niranvayaM vastu yadIha dRzyate / -vahI, 3.160 3. candra0, 2.84-85 4. nairAtmyazUnyakSaNikapravAdAd buddhasya ratnatrayameva naasti| ratnatrayAbhAvatayA ca bhUyaH sarvaM tu na syAtkuta prAptabhAvaH / / mRSava yatnAtkaruNAbhimAno na tasya dRSTA khalu sattvasaMjJA / -varAGga0, 25.82-83

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dhAmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ 366 zatAbdI I0 meM varAGgacaritakAra ne ina sabhI devasambandhI vAdoM kA khaNDana kiyA hai / ' jaTAsiMha ne vaidika devatAoM tathA yajJAnuSThAnoM ke aucitya ko bhI nakArA hai / / inake khaNDana kA mukhya tarka yaha rahA hai ki karma-siddhAnta kI mAnyatA ko uparyukta vAda prasiddha ThaharA dete haiN| eka duSTa vyakti tathA eka vidvAn vyakti jaba eka hI devatA kI prArAdhanA se usaka kRpA kA lAbha uThAtA hai to nizcita rUpa se usa devatA kA mahattva bhI kama hotA hai / 3 aneka dRSTAntoM dvArA jaTAsiMha ne yaha siddha karane kI ceSTA kI hai ki sabhI devatA sAmAnya manuSya kI bhAMti aneka prakAra kI truTiyoM ko lie hue haiN| isI prakAra jyotiSIya grahoM evaM natratroM ke mAnava-jIvana para par3ane vAle prabhAva ko bhI jaTAsiMha upekSA-bhAva se dekhate haiN| unake anusAra bar3e se bar3e graha tathA nakSatra jaba svayaM hI apanI rakSA nahIM kara sakate to bhalA dUsaroM kA ve kitanA upakAra kara sakeMge ? 11. cArvAkAbhimata bhUtavAda cArvAka anuyAyI 'bhUtavAdI' kahalAte haiN| inake anusAra jIva athavA AtmA nAmaka koI sattA nahIM hai jo paraloka jA ske| zarIra ke atirikta AtmA jaisI vastu ko pratyakSa pramANa dvArA bhI nahIM jAnA jA sakatA / gur3a, anna, jala Adi ke saMyoga se jese koI unmAdikA zakti svayameva utpanna ho jAtI hai vaise hI bhUta-catuSTaya - pRthvI, agni, jala aura vAyu ke saMyoga se deha-nirmANAtmikA zakti svataH hI utpanna ho jAtI hai|6 bhUtavAdI ke anusAra isa saMsAra 1. varAGga0, 24.22-35 2. vahI, 24 24-26 3. palalodanalAjapiSThapiNDaM paradattaM pratimujyate ca yen| sa parAnagatiM kathaM bibharti dhanatRSNAM tyaja devatastu tasmAt / / -vahI, 24 27 4. ravicandramaso: grahapIDAM parapoSatvamathendramantriNazca / viduSAM ca daridratAM samIkSya matimAnko'bhilaSed grahapravAdam / / --vahI, 23 36 5. vahI, 24 32-33 6. saMyogavadbhyo guDapiSTadhAtakItoyAdikebhyo madazaktivad dhruvam / -padmA0 3.123

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja ke bhogoM ko chor3akara jo pAralaukika sukhoM kI ora prAkRSTa hotA hai, vaha hastagata phala ko chor3akara svapnadRSTa phala kI spRhA kara rahA hotA hai / " pApakarmoM tathA puNya karmoM kA bhI praucitya nahIM / bhUtavAdI pUchatA hai ki jisa patthara kI loga kapUra-dhUpa Adi se pUjA karate haiM to kyA usa patthara ne pahale koI puNya kiyA thA ? vaise hI eka dUsare patthara para loga mUtrAdi karate haiM, to kyA usane pahale koI pApa kiyA thA ?4 apanI isa prakAra kI tattvamImAMsA se bhUtavAdI sAMsArika bhoga-vilAsoM ko hI mAnava-jIvana kA lakSya batAtA hai / ' 5 400 AtmA kA niSedha karane vAle bhUtavAdiyoM kI dhAraNAoMoM para prAkSepa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jJAnalakSaNa yukta jIva zubhAzubha karmoM ke kAraNa sukha evaM duHkha ko bhogane ke lie saMsAra meM janma letA hai / jIva ke punarjanma nahIM hone kI mAnyatA kA khaNDana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki navajAta zizu pUrvajanma ke saMskAroM se hI mAtA ke stana-pAna kI ora pravRtta hotA hai / 7 bhUta catuSTaya se jIvazakti kI utpatti hone kI mAnyatA ko prasaGgata ThaharAte hue amaracandra sUri kA kahanA hai ki khAnA pakAte samaya bartana meM agni, jala, vAyu tathA pRthvI - ina cAroM tattvoM kA saMyoga to rahatA hI hai, phira kyA isa bartana meM kabhI jIva kI utpatti huI ? 1. vihAya bhogAnihalokasaMgatAna, kriyeta yatnaH paralokakAMkSayA / pratyakSapANisthaphalojjhanAdiyaM svapnAnusaMbhAvyaphala spRhA hahA |! - padmA0, 3.121 dharmo'pyadharmo'pi na saukhyaduHkhayorhetU vinA jIvamimau khapuSpavat // -- vahI, 3.124 3. karpUra kRSNA gurughUpadhUpanaiH sampUjyate puNyamakAri tena kim / va - vahI, 3125 grAvNaH parasyopari mAnavavrajarnyasya kramo mUtrapurIzasUtraraNA / 4. yad racyate cUrNakRte ca khaNDayate sandahyate pApamakAri tena kim / / 2. 5. vahI, 3.126 tAbhiH sukhaM khelatu nirbhayaM vibhurmarAla romAvalitUlikAMgakaH // - vahI, 3,126 bhojyAni bhojyAnyamRtopamAni ca peyAni peyAni yathAruci prabho ! -- vahI, 3.130 6. vahI, 3.137-36 7. tajjAtamAtraH kathamarbhako bhRzaM stane jananyA vadanaM nivezayet ? 8. vahI, 3.146-51 -- vahI, 3.144

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ 401 saMsAra meM rUpa-vaicitrya tathA guNa-vaicitrya tathA sukhoM aura duHkhoM kI vyaktiparaka vibhinnatA yaha siddha karatI hai ki pUrva-saMcita zubhAzubha karmoM kA manuSya para prabhAva par3atA hI hai|' anya lokAyatika vAda 12. mAyAvAda padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM nirdiSTa prastuta mAyAvAda zaMkarAcArya ke mAyAvAda se sarvathA bhinna hai / mAyAvAdI kI yaha mukhya sthApanA hai ki saMsAra meM kucha bhI tAttvika nahIM hai / / dRzyamAn sampUrNa jagat mAyA se AcchAdita hai tathA svapna evaM indrajAla kI bhAMti ayathArtha hai / 2 saMsAra ke sabhI sambandha aura pApa-puNya kI vyavasthA bhI mithyA hI hai 3 mAyAvAdI isa loka meM upalabdha sukhoM se hI santuSTa rahane kA upadeza dete haiM tathA tapazcaryA prAdi dvArA pAralaukika sukhoM kI prApti ko bhrama mAnate haiN|4 dRSTAnta dvArA apanI mAnyatA ko spaSTa karate hue mAyAvAdI kA kahanA hai ki eka zRgAla mukha meM mAMsa ke Tukar3e ko dabAte hue nadI-jala meM dikhAI detI huI machalI ko pAne ke lie jhapaTA tathA mAMsa ke Tukar3e ko nadI-taTa para hI chor3a pAyA, parantu machalI jala ke andara ghusa gaI aura mAMsa kA Tukar3A bhI giddha jhapaTA mArakara le gayA / mAyAvAdI ke tarko kA khaNDana karate hue kahA gayA hai ki saMsAra meM vastusattA kA apalApa nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai kyoMki asat vastu se kArya-sampAdana vaise hI asambhava hai jaise ki svapnadRSTa vastu se prayojana-siddhi / 6 jaina dRSTi ke anusAra 1. padmA0, 3.153-55 2. mahAmatiH prAha na tattvataH kimapyastyatra mAyeyamaho viz2ambhate / vilokyamAnaM nikhilaM carAcaraM svapnendrajAlAdinibhaM vibhAvyate / / __-vahI, 3.166 3. ziSyo guruH puNyamapuNyamAtmajaH pitA kalatraM ramaNaH paro nijaH / / ityAdikaM yavyavahAra ityasau kiJcit punazcaJcati naivaM tAttvikam / / -vahI, 3.167 4. vahI, 3.166 5. mAMsaM taTAnte jambuko mInopalambhAya lghuprdhaavitH| mIno jalAnta: praviveza satvaraM mAMsaM ca gRdhro harati sma tad yathA // -vahI0, 3.168 6. vahI, 3.171

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402 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja mAyAvAda ke anusAra ihalaukika sukhoM ko puruSArtha mAnanA aura pAramArthika sukhoM ko heya batAnA unmattAvasthA kA dyotaka hai|' 13. tattvopaplavavAda - vIranandIkRta candraprabhacarita meM isa vAda kA 'nAstikAgamamAzrita' ke rUpa meM ullekha pAyA hai / ' tattvopaplavavAdI cArvAkoM se bhI eka kadama Age the| cArvAka kama se kama cAra bhUtoM tathA 'pratyakSa' pramANa ko to mAnate the, parantu tattvopaplavavAdI ina saba padArthoM ko bhI asvIkAra kara dete haiN| jayarAzi ke 'tattvopallavasiMha' meM isa vAda kI vizeSa carcA pAI hai| tattvopaplavavAdI jIva aura ajIva kI tAttvika sthiti kA hI apalApa karate haiM, phalata: jIva ke dharma-adharma; bandha mokSa Adi bhI svayaM hI bAdhita ho jAte haiM / 3 candraprabhacarita meM isI tathya ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki bandha-mokSa prAdi dharma-dharmI para hI avalambita ho sakate haiM, parantu jaba jIva hI prasiddha hai to usake dharmoM kI carcA karanA vyartha hai|4 tattvopaplavavAdI kI mAnyatA hai ki jIva-ajIva Adi tattva purAtana manovRtti ke pariNAma svarUpa apanA aucitya kho cuke haiM, ThIka vaise hI jaise purAne vastra kI taha ko kholate samaya vaha jIrNa-zIrNa avasthA meM hI chinna-bhinna ho jAtA hai aura pahanane ke kAma nahIM paataa| vaise hI jIva-ajIva Adi tattvavAdiyoM kI mAnyatAeM bhI vicArane para chinna-bhinna ho jAtI haiM / 5 tattvopaplavavAdiyoM kI uparyukta mAnyatAoM kA jaina dArzanikoM ne khaNDana karate hue kahA hai ki saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ko pratyakSa anubhava dvArA sukha-duHkha kA 1. padmA0, 3.172 2. keciditthaM yataH prAhurnAstikAgamamAzritaH / / -candra0, 2.44 3. ajIvazca kathaM jIvApekSastasyAtyaye bhavet / -vahI, 2.45 4. kathaM ca jIvadharmAH syubandhamokSAdayastataH / sati dharmiNi dharmA hi bhavanti na tadatyaye / -vahI, 2.46 5. tasmAdupaplutaM sarva tattvaM tiSThatu saMvRtam / prasAryamANaM zatadhA zIryate jIrNavastravat / / -vahI, 2.47

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dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ 403 svasaMvedana yaha siddha karatA hai ki jIva kI sattA hotI hai|' jJAna svasaMvedI nahI, balki isako jAnane ke lie kisI dUsare jJAna kI prAvazyakatA hotI hai / isa pramANasambandhI-anavasthA-doSa kI saMbhAvanAoM kA nirAkaraNa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki jJAna vedya evaM vedaka donoM hai / 2 isa prakAra jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke lekhakoM ne bhAratIya darzana kI aneka vivAdapUrNa mAnyatAoM kI yugAnusArI tarka-zailI meM punarvivecanA kI hai aura nae-nae tarka juTAe haiN| mahAkAvyakAra jaina dArzanikoM kA mukhya uddezya yaha rahA hai ki ve jainadarzana kI yugIna pravRttiyoM ke anurUpa vibhinna janaitara vAdoM kI syAdvAdI pRSThabhUmi meM pAlocanA kara skeN| unhoMne aneka darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM kA yadyapi khaNDana kiyA hai, tathApi siddhAntaH ve yaha bhI svIkAra karate haiM ki upayukta vAdoM ko vibhinna nayoM athavA dRSTiyoM ke rUpa meM anekAntavAdI tarka-paddhati meM sthAna diyA jA sakatA hai| niSkarSa isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA mukhya uddezya yadyapi jaina dharma aura darzana kA pracAra va prasAra karanA rahA thA tathApi ye mahAkAvya brAhmaNa dharma aura saMskRti kI yugIna gatividhiyoM ke pratipAdana meM bhI pUrI taraha se vimukha nahIM haiM / brAhmaNa saMskRti kI dhArmika pravRttiyoM, devazAstrIya mAnyatAoM pUjApUraka karmakANDoM ke citraNa meM bhI jana kaviyoM ne paryApta ruci lI hai / adhikAMza jaina kavi jaina dharma ke prAcArya the usake bAda bhI brAhmaNa dharma ke prati unakI dhArmika sahiSNutA aura prAdarabhAva yaha batAtA hai ki pahale kI apekSA jaina dharma brAhmaNa dharma ke bahuta nikaTa prAtA jA rahA thA / jaina kaviyoM ne brAhmaNa dharma ke anuyAyI vyaktitvoM ko AdhAra banAkara kAvyoM kA praNayana bhI kiyaa| vaise hI brAhmaNa dharmAnuyAyI lekhakoM ne bhI jaina mahApuruSoM ko lakSya kara aitihAsika kAvya likhe| jaina mahAkavi nayacandrasUri dvArA racita hammIra mahAkAvya tathA mahAkavi somezvara dvArA racita kIrti kaumudI mahAkAvya isake kramazaH udAharaNa die jA sakate haiN| Alocya kAla kI yaha bhI eka ullekhanIya aitihAsika ghaTanA hai ki kalikAla sarvajJa jainAcArya hemacandra kI dharmaprabhAvanAoM se prabhAvita hokara rAjA kumArapAla ne jaina dharma ko aGgIkAra kiyaa| usake dvArA sampUrNa rAjya meM jaina dharma ke mahattvapUrNa siddhAntoM ko lAgU 1. pratijantu yato jIvaH svasaMvedanagocaraH / sukhaduHkhAdiparyAya rAkrAnta: pratibhAsate / / -candra0, 2.55 2. na cAsvaviditaM jJAnaM vedyatvAtkalazAdivat / -vahI, 2.56

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404 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja karavAne kA rAjakIva Adeza denA bhI eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA hai| vastupAla tathA kumArapAla kI dhArmika tIrtha yAtrAoM ke avasara para jina aneka dhArmika mandiroM evaM tIrthasthAnoM ke nirmANa evaM jIrNoddhAra hone kI sUcanA milatI hai unameM bhI hindU evaM jaina donoM dharmoM ke mandira sammilita the| jaina dharmAnuyAyI vastupAla dvArA ekallavIrA devI kI pUjA karane aura prAcArya hemacandra dvArA somanAtha kI stuti meM stotra likhane kI ghaTanAeM yaha dyotita karatI haiM ki tatkAlIna yuga pravRtti donoM dharmoM kI dhArmika sahiSNutA ko bar3hAne kI ora vizeSa prayatnazIla rahI thii| jaina dharma kI pUjA-paddhati hindU-pUjA paddhati ke anurUpa hone lagI thii| ____ jaina mahAkAvyoM meM madhyakAlIna jaina dharmavyavasthA kA vizada citraNa huA hai| gRhastha dharma tathA muni dharma donoM kI samasAmayika sthiti ke samanvaya meM jaina mahAkAvyoM kA vizeSa yogadAna rahA hai| samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se sAtavIM zatAbdI jaina dharma ke sAmAjika evaM dhArmika mUlyoM ke punarnirdhAraNa kI dRSTi se eka mahattvapUrNa zatAbdI rahI hai tathA isI kAlAvadhi se hI aAlocya jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kA nirmANa honA bhI ina badale hue yuga mUlyoM kA pariNAma samajhanA cAhie / bauddha kAla se lekara gupta sAmrAjya ke kAla taka aisA lagatA hai ki jaina dharma brAhmaNa dharma ke pratidvandvI ke rUpa meM samAja meM apanA svatantra sthAna banAnA cAhatA thaa| prAkRta bhASA ke prati kaTTaratA, varNAzrama vyavasthA kA virodha tathA vedoM ke prAmANya ke prati zaGkA tathA unakA khaNDana Adi kucha aisI pravRttiyA~ utpanna ho cukI thIM jinase jaina dharma tathA brAhmaNa dharma meM paryApta vaimanasya bhI utpanna ho gayA thA kintu pAlocyakAla meM raviSeNa, jinasena, tathA somadeva Adi kucha aise samanvayavAdI udAra jainAcArya hue jinhoMne jaina dharma ko eka aise dharma ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA jisase unake apane dharma kA dhruva evaM pAramArthika rUpa bhI naSTa na ho sakA tathA brAhmaNa vyavasthA ke aneka lokapriya mUlyoM ko bhI svIkAra kara lene meM unheM koI hAni najara nahIM AI / vAstava meM jainAcAryoM dvArA kie gae isa prakAra ke samAjazAstrIya samajhaute Age calakara donoM dharmoM kI pragati meM vizeSa sahAyaka siddha hue / prArambhika caraNoM meM jaTAsiMha jaise kaTTara brAhmaNa virodhI jainAcAryoM ne isa vaicArika samajhaute ke viruddha AvAja bhI uThAI tathA vizuddha saiddhAntika dharAtala para brAhyaNa vyavasthA kI mAnyatAoM kA khaNDana kiyA parantu sAmAjika dRSTi se unakA koI vizeSa prabhAva nahIM par3a paayaa| jinasenAcArya, somadevAcArya jaise jaina dharma ke yugacintakoM ke samakSa jaTAsiMha nandi kA kaTTarapanthI ravaiyA prabhAvahIna hotA gyaa| isa prakAra bArahavIM terahavIM zatAbdI taka jaina dharmAcAryoM ne varNavyavasthA ko, vedoM tathA dharmazAstroM kI prAmANikatA ko, brAhmaNa-paurANika mAnyatAoM ko tathA hindU pUjA paddhati ko mukta kaNTha se svIkAra kara liyA thaa|

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405 dhArmika jana-jIvana evaM dArzanika mAnyatAe~ sAtavIM zatAbdI meM tathA usake bAda jainAcAryoM dvArA nirantara rUpa se saMskRta bhASA ko sAhitya sAdhanA ke mAdhyama rUpa meM vizeSa protsAhita kiyA jabaki isase pUrva 'tattvArthasUtra' ko choDakara sampUrNa jaina vAGmaya kA mAdhyama prAkRta bhASA hI rahI thI / bhASA viSayaka isa rUr3hivAditA ko tor3anA isalie bhI Avazyaka thA ki saMskRta bhASA rASTrIya stara para vaicArika AdAna-pradAna kI samparka bhASA banI huI thii| jainAcAyoM ne isI pRSThabhUmi meM jaina dharma ko lokapriya banAne hetu prAkRta kA moha chor3akara saMskRta bhASA meM bhI sAhitya sarjanA karane ke vizeSa aucitya ko dekhA / mahAkAvyoM ke sAkSya jaina dharma kI tatkAlIna sthiti para bhI mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlate haiM / aneka jaina devazAstrIya mAnyatAeM yadyapi paramparAgata thIM tathApi Alocya kAla meM unakA prastutIkaraNa navIna apekSAoM se kiyA jAne lagA thA / prAcIna kAla se hI jaina dharma dhArmika kSetra meM kI jAne vAlI hiMsA kA virodha karatA A rahA thA / Alocya kAla meM baliprathA samAja meM bahuta joroM se pracalita hotI jA rahI thI / pariNAmataH dharma ke nAma para samAja meM andhavizvAsa tathA krUratA kA vAtAvaraNa vyApta thA / kinhIM - kinhIM kSetroM meM to baliprathA pazu kA vadha karane kI maryAdA ko tor3a kara narabali taka pahuMca cukI thI / aisI dhArmika bhayAvaha sthiti meM jaina ahiMsA kA siddhAnta hI nirdoSa mAre jAne vAle logoM ko bacA sakane meM samartha thA / jainAcAryoM ne baliprathA ke sAtha siddhAntataH yadyapi thor3A bahuta samajhautA bhI kiyA kintu unhoMne bali pUjA ke avasara para prANiyoM kI hiMsA karane kA sadaiva ghora virodha kiyA / gujarAta ke itihAsa meM rAjA kumArapAla ke samaya meM to eka aisA samaya bhI AyA jaba jaina ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko rAjakIya stara para mAnyatA prApta huI jisake pariNAma svarUpa rAjyoM meM sabhI kasAiyoM kI dukAnoM para bhI pratibandha lagA diyA gayA tathA anudAna ke rUpa meM unakI AjIvikA kA vyaya rAjya kI ora se diyA jAne lagA thA / madhyakAlIna pravRttiyoM para bhI prerita hokara jaina darzana eka ra apanI tattvamImAMsA kA svatantra rUpa se vikAsa karane meM pravRtta thA to dUsarI ora mahAkAvyoM ke lekhakoM ne jaina dArzanika mAnyatAoM kA virodhI dArzanika sampradAyoM ke sandarbha meM vizeSa praucitya siddha karane kI ora bhI ruci lI hai / sAMkhya, nyAya, mImAMsA Adi vaidika darzanoM kI tattvamImAMsA kA jaina mahAkaviyoM ne joradAra khaNDana kiyA hai jo isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki jaina tarkazAstra vizeSa pragati para jaina mahAkAvyoM ke sAkSya jaina darzana kI mahattvapUrNa prakAza DAlate haiM / 'anekAnta vyavasthA' yuga

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406 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja thA / mahAkAvya yugIna jaina darzana khaNDana-maNDana kI vizeSa pravRttiyoM se anuprerita hai / madhyakAlIna dArzanika jagat meM sAmantavAdI bhoga vilAsa ko saiddhAntika mUlya pradAna karane kI ora bhI buddhijIviyoM ke eka varga dvArA vizeSa prayatna kiyA jA rahA thaa| cArvAka darzana kI mUla preraNAmoM se prabhAvita mAyAvAda, tattvopaplavavAda, bhUtavAda Adi aneka dArzanika mAnyatAeM bhautika mUlyoM kI apekSA se hI samAja para hAvI hotI jA rahI thiiN| ina bhautika darzanoM ne itane tIkSNa evaM prabhAvazAlI tarka vikasita kara lie the jinake dvArA AdhyAtmika mUlyoM para Tike dArzanika sampradAyoM kI tattvamImAMsA ko chinna-bhinna karanA sahaja ho cukA thaa| jaina mahAkAvyoM ke sAkSya ina lokAyatika dArzanika vAdoM ke sambandha meM bhI mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI pradAna karate haiN|

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saptama adhyAya zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna (ka) zikSA madhyakAlIna bhArata meM zaikSika vAtAvaraNa sAtavIM zatI IsvI tathA usake uparAnta parivartita rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke pariNAma svarUpa bhAratIya zikSA saMsthA janasAmAnya kI apekSA se hrAsonmukhI dizA kI ora agrasara hone lagI thii| aitihAsika aAMkar3e batAte haiM ki AThavIM zatI meM kevala cAlIsa pratizata dvija hI sAkSara the usa para bhI zUdroM evaM mahilAoM kI sAkSaratA kI dRSTi se dayanIya sthiti banI huI thii|' sarvavidita hI hai ki kisI bhI deza ke zaikSika-vAtAvaraNa kI pragati evaM hrAsa kA eka mukhya kAraNa tatkAlIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyA~ bhI hotI haiN| durbhAgyavaza madhyakAlIna sAmanta rAjA yuddhoM meM hI vyasta rahe, isa kAraNa se sArvajanika zikSA kA AzAnukUla pracAra va prasAra nahIM ho paayaa| dUsarI ora rAja-prAsAdoM tathA dhanika varga ke rAjakumAroM ke lie zikSA kA utkRSTa vAtAvaraNa banA huA thaa| yadi rAjakumAra zikSita na ho to rAjya ke ghuNa lagI lakar3I ke samAna khokhalA ho jAne kI saMbhAvanA kI jAtI thii| sAmAnyatayA 'zikSA' kA mahattva manuSyoM ke lie hI nahIM pazutroM ke sandarbha meM bhI svIkAra kiyA jAne lagA thA / madhyakAlIna zikSA varNAzrama vyavasthA evaM sampradAyagata dhArmika cetanA se prabhAvita thii| brAhmaNa, kSatriya evaM vaizya varga brAhmaNa saMskRti kI zikSA vyavasthA se yadyapi pUrNatayA jar3e hue the, kintu ina tInoM vargoM kI zikSA cetanA meM bhI antara thA / brAhmaNavarga 14 prakAra kI vidyAoM kA pAramparika paddhati se adhyayana 1. e0 esa0 altekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, vArANasI, 1968, pR0 136-37 2. bhajyate rAjyaM hyavinItaputraM dhuNAhataM kASThamiva kSaNena / -dvisa0, 3.4 3. pazavo'pi hi zikSyante niyuktaH kiM punaH pumAn / -pari0 tathA tu0-pAdi0, 16.68

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400 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja karate the| vyAvahArika dRSTi se kSatriyoM evaM vaizyoM ke lie ina caudaha prakAra kI vidyAnoM kI adhika upAdeyatA nahIM rahI thI phalata: ye loga kramazaH yuddha vidyA tathA vyApAra sambandhI zikSA grahaNa karate the / ' brAhmaNa varga prAcInakAla se calI A rahI zikSA paddhati se pUrNatayA santuSTa thA 2 zikSA kendroM meM rAjakIya saMrakSaNa ke kAraNa bhI brAhmaNa varga kA prabhutva rahA thA / brAhmaNoM ke zikSA kendra eka prakAra se dhArmika sammelana ke kendra bana gae the|4 zikSA kI tIna dhArAeM sampUrNa bhArata meM zikSA kA prasAra tIna dhArAmoM meM huA hai| inameM se brAhmaNa saMskRti kI dhArA sarvAdhika mahattvapUrNa evaM adhikAMza bhArata ke bhU-bhAga meM rASTrIya zikSA paddhati ke rUpa meM pracalita thii| zeSa do zaikSika dhArAmoM kA sambandha bauddha saMskRti tathA jaina saMskRti ke apane apane sampradAyoM se thaa| hvenatsAGga ke ullekhAnusAra bauddha dharmAnuyAyI bAlakoM kI zikSaNa vidhi brAhmaNa evaM jaina saMskRti kI zikSaNa vidhi se bhinna thii| bauddha loga 6 varSa kI avasthA meM 'siddham' nAmaka pustaka dvArA zikSA prArambha karavAte the tadanantara unheM (1) vyAkaraNa (2) zilpa sthAna (3) cikitsA (4) tarka tathA (5) adhyAtmavidyA meM nipuNa honA par3atA thA / 5 bauddhoM kI adhyAtma vidyA ke antargata bauddha darzanazAstra tathA tripiTakAdi granthoM kI zikSA sammilita thii|6 bauddha zikSA paddhati satyAnveSaNa, tathyasthApanA, tarka, samIkSAtmaka paryavekSaNa, cintana tathA manana para vizeSa bala detI thii| jaina saMskRti se sambaddha zaikSika dhArA ke pramANa jaina purANoM Adi meM prApta hote haiM / jaina paramparA ke anusAra bAlaka ko sarvaprathama lipijJAna se paricita karAyA jAtA thA tadanantara use 'divyasiMhAsanabhAgI bhava', 'vijayasiMhAsanabhAgI bhava' 'paramasiMhAsanabhAgI bhava' Adi tIna mantroM kA uccAraNa karanA par3atA thA / saMskAra 1. Sharma, Dashratha, Rajasthan Through the Ages, p. 513-14 2. altekara, prAcona bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, pR0 115-16 3. Thapar, Romila, A History of India, Vol, I, p. 252 4. vahI, pR0 253-54 lookerji, Radha Kumud, Ancient Indian Education, Delhi, 1947, p. 328 6. vahI, pR0 528-30 7. jayazaGkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, vArANasI, 1974 pR0 517 8. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 260-61

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 406 sambandhI katipaya pRthaka karmakANDoM ko chor3akara brAhmaNa saMskRti evaM jaina saMskRti kI zaikSika dhArAoM meM koI vizeSa antara nahIM thaa|' jaina zikSA paramparA meM bhI vaidika paramparA kI bhAMti vaidika viSayoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka thA kintu jaina darzana evaM dharma ke granthoM ke paThana-pAThana para adhika bala diyA jAtA thaa|2 brAhmaNa saMskRti kI zikSA paddhati ke anusAra veda-vedAGgAdi caudaha vidyAnoM meM pAraMgata honA par3atA thaa| isa paramparA meM bAlaka ke samaya-samaya para upanayanAdi vibhinna saMskAra hote the tathA samAvartana saMskAra se zikSA samApti mAnI jAtI thii| bauddha zikSA ke mukhya kendra 'vihAra' the, to jaina paramparA kI zikSA maThoM Adi meM prApta kI jAtI thii| brAhmaNa saMskRti kI zikSA ke pracAra karane vAle kendroM meM 'agrahAra' nAmaka grAma hote the / 6 ye grAma prAyaH rAjAroM dvArA brAhmaNoM ko dAna meM de die jAte the| yahA~ brAhmaNa nivAsa karate the tathA chAtroM ko par3hAte bhI the| vidyArambha kI Ayu sImA dvisandhAna ke anusAra 16 varSa kI Ayu taka rAjakumAroM dvArA varNamAlA jJAna tathA aGkagaNita kI zikSA sahita vidyAeM prApta kara lene ke ullekha prApta hote haiM tathA isa Ayu taka unake cUr3AkaraNa saMskAra evaM yajJopavIta saMskAra bhI sampanna ho jAte the| anya mahAkAvyoM meM rAjakumAroM kI vidyArambha kI Ayu kA yadyapi spaSTa ullekha nahIM huA hai kintu vivAhAvasthA se pUrva prAyaH sabhI rAjakumAra vidyArjana tathA zAstrAbhyAsa Adi samApta kara lete the| pAzvanAthacarita ke anusAra cUr3AkaraNa saMskAra ke uparAnta bAlaka ko vidyAbhyAsa ke lie bhejA 1. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pa0 261 2. vahI, pR0 270-72 3. altekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, pR0 213-17 4. vahI, pR0 174 5. dvayA0, 1.7 6. Thapar, Romila, A History of India, Vol, I, p. 176 tathA altekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, pR0 107 7. vahI, pR0 107 8. lipi sa saMkhyAmapi vRttacaulaH samApya vRttopanayaH krameNa / brahmAcaran SoDazavarSabaddhamAdatta vidyAH kRtavRddhasevaH / / -dvisa0, 3.24, pradyu0, 5.63 6. varAGga0, 2.6-7, candra0, 4.3-5

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410 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja gyaa|' isI prakAra vardhamAnacarita bhI yajJopavIta saMskAra ke uparAnta hI vidyAgrahaNa kA ullekha karatA hai / vAdIbhasiMha ne kSatracUr3AmariNa meM vidyArambha kI Ayu pAMcaveM varSa ko svIkAra kI hai / isa Ayu meM bAlaka sarvaprathama 'dvimAtRkA' ( varNamAlA) ko sIkhatA thA / pArzvanAthacarita meM bhI pAMca varSa kI avasthA ko hI vidyArambha kI zrAyu upayukta mAnI gaI hai / prArambhika varNamAlA tathA gariNata jJAna ke uparAnta hI prAyaH bAlaka ko vidyAlayIya jJAna ke lie bhejA jAtA thA / zikSA sambandhI saMskAra jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM evaM jaina purANoM meM pratipAdita rAjakumAroM kI zikSA-dIkSA sambandhI varNanoM ke anusAra vidyArthiyoM ke zikSAkAla kI avadhi meM tIna saMskAra hote the-- akSarArambha saMskAra, 7 upanayana saMskAra 5 tathA samAvartana saMskAra | prathama saMskAra 'akSarArambha' ke avasara para bAlaka pAMca varSa ke lagabhaga hotA thA tathA ATha varSa paryanta vaha varNamAlA, livijJAna evaM prArambhika aGkagaNita ko sIkhatA thaa| dUsare saMskAra 'upanayana' ke avasara para bAlaka kI prATha yA no varSa kI Ayu hotI thI isa saMskAra vizeSa ke sAtha bAlaka uccastarIya adhyayana viSayoM kA adhyayana karane ke lie guru ke pAsa bhejA jAtA thA athavA rAjabhavana meM hI usake adhyApana ke lie yogya gurunoM kI niyukti kI jAtI thI / tadanantara adhyayana kI samApti para bAlaka kA 'samAvartana' nAmaka tIsarA saMskAra hotA thA / 10 1. pArzva0, 5.4 2. vardha0, 5.27 3. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM0, pR0 555 4. niSpratyUheSa siddhayarthaM siddhapUjAdipUrvakam / siddhamAtRkA siddhAmatha lebhe sarasvatIm // -- kSatra0, 1.112 5. samaM vayasyairvinayena tatparo gurUpadezopanatAsu buddhimAn / --pArzva0, 4.28 6. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM0, pR0 556 7. dvisa0, 3.24, triSaSTi0, 1.2.663 8. pArzva0, 5.4, dvisa0, 3.24 6. zrAdi0, 38.106 - 20, dvisa0, 3.24 10. nemicandra zAstrI, Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 260-63, tathA tu0 - Adi0, 38.102-8; 38.106-20

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna upanayana saMskAra ko sthiti upanayana saMskAra ke avasara para bAlaka ko sAvitrI maMtra ko bhI kaNThastha karanA par3atA thA / vaidika saMskRti ke matAvalambI bAlakoM ke lie upanayana saMskAra kA aucitya thA kyoMki ve isa saMsAra ke sampanna hone ke bAda vaidika viSayoM kA ho adhyayana karate the kintu kSatriya rAjakumAroM ke liye yaha Avazyaka nahIM thA ki ve vaidika viSayoM kA hI adhyayana kareM / rAjakumAroM ko isa yuga meM anya nyAyavyAkaraNa tathA yuddha vidyA kI bhI zikSA dI jAtI thI / ataH prArambhika avasthA meM ye bAlaka lipijJAna tathA aGkajJAna se vidyA kA prArambha karate the isalie akSara svIkaraNa isa yuga meM vizeSa lokapriya ho gayA thA / ' dUsare, upanayana saMskAra ko brAhmaNa saMskRti ke saMskAra ke rUpa meM bhI samajhA jAne lagA thA isa kAraNa jaina evaM bauddha matAvalambI parivAroM ne upanayana saMskAra ko adhika mahattva nahIM diyA / vaise bhI IsvI kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke bAda upanayana saMskAra kA pracalana bahuta kama ho gayA thA / dharmasUtroM se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki aise bhI kaI parivAra the jinameM ekado pIr3hI taka yaha saMskAra huA hI nahIM / zaikSika - manovijJAna kI dRSTi se dekhA jAe to vidyA kA zrIgaNeza lipi-jJAna se hI mAnanA ucita jAna par3atA hai jo 'akSara svIkaraNa' nAmaka saMskAra ke avasara para to sambhava ho sakatA thA kintu upanayana saMskAra ke avasara para vaidika maMtroM ko lipibaddha karane kI AjJA na hone ke kAraNa saMbhava nahIM thA / upanayana saMskAra ke avasara para bAlaka 7-8 varSa kI zrAyu kA hotA thA jabaki pAMca varSa kI Ayu ko vidyArambha karane kI upayukta Ayu mAnI gaI hai / isalie aisA samajhanA cAhie ki upanayana saMskAra se pahale pAMca-chaH varSa kI Ayu meM sabhI bAlakoM ko varNamAlA kA jJAna karA diyA jAtA hogA, tabhI vaha upanayana saMskAra ke avasara para sAvitrI mantra ke uccAraNa evaM kaNThastha karane kI kSamatA rakha sakatA thA / madhyakAlIna bhArata meM pUrNa rUpa se yadyapi 'upanayana' saMskAra ko tyAgA nahIM gayA kintu vaidika kAla meM 'upanayana' ko jo mahattva prApta thA vaha isa yuga meM 'akSara svIkararaNa' ne prApta kara liyA thA / adhikAMza jaina rAjakumAra isI saMskAra se vidyArambha karate the / * raghuvaMza meM bhI akSarArambha saMskAra se hI vidyA prArambha hone kA ullekha prAyA 12 1. altekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, 2. vahI, pR0 202 3. vahI, pR0 207 4. dvisa0, 3. 24; Adi0, 38.102-4; triSaSTi0, 1.2.663 5. raghu0, 3.28 - 26 pR0 204-5 411

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412 1. guru-ziSya sambandha zikSaka kA svarUpa jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM zikSaka ke lie 'guru' ' ; upAdhyAya '2, 'AcArya' 3 'vAcanAcArya',4 'pradhyApaka 5 prAdi saMjJAoM kA prayoga huA hai / dvisandhAna mahAkAvya ke anusAra rAjya ke vibhinna uccAdhikArI bhI rAjakumAroM ko zikSA dene kA kArya kiyA karate the / 6 muni loga bhI trayI Adi vidyAnoM kI zikSA dete the| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja Adarza zikSaka kI yogyatAeM - guru prathavA zikSaka ko pratibhAzAlI tathA vidvAn honA cAhie / dvisandhAna ke anusAra viSaya ke sArabhUta artha kA jJAna honA, loka vyavahAra ke upadeza dene kA sAmarthya honA, kAvya-nyAya, vyAkaraNAdi mahatvapUrNa viSayoM ke pUrvapakSa evaM uttarapakSa donoM para samAna adhikAra honA Adi zikSaka kI Avazyaka yogyatAeM mAnI gaIM haiN| 5 varAGgacarita ke anusAra upadeSTA ke sandarbha meM guru kI yogyatAoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| ina yogyatAoM meM guru kA tattvajJa honA, saMyamI honA, sthira buddhi honA, tathA paropakArI honA Adi guru kI caritra sambandhI yogyatAeM svIkAra kI gaIM haiM / vAkcAturI dvArA prabhAvita karane kI kSamatA rakhanA tathA ziSyoM kI yogyatAnusAra upadeza-vidhiyoM kA prayoga karanA prAdi bhI guru kI ullekhanIya vizeSatAeM mAnI gaIM haiM / 10 guru ke lie nirdeza die gae haiM ki vaha mandabuddhi ko sAdhAraNa jJAna de tathA pratibhAzAlI chAtra ko viSaya kA medopabheda sahita sUkSma paricaya de / 11 1. dvisa0, 5.67; pArzva0, 4.28 pari0, 12.166 2. triSaSTi0, 8.3.46 3. pari0, 12.178 4. vahI, 12.182 5. zAnti0 1.111 " 6. AnvIkSikIM ziSTajanAdyatibhyastrayIM ca vArtAmadhikArakRdbhyaH / vaktuH prayoktuzca sa daNDanIti vidAM mataH sAdhu vidAJcakAra // 7. yatibhyastrayIm / vahI, 3.25 8. , dvisa0 1.35 tathA padakaumudI TIkA, pR0 17 6. varAGga0, 1.10 10. vahI, 1.10, 17 19. vahI, 1.17, 30.4-10 -- dvisa 0, 3.25

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 413 zAntinAtharita mahAkAvya meM zikSaka kI yogyatAoM kI dRSTi se kapila eka Adarza zikSaka thaa| samasta zAstroM tathA AgamoM meM pANDitya,' adhyApanazailI ke vaiziSTya tathA grahAticArAdi jJAna ke kAraNa kapila anya adhyApakoM kI tulanA meM zreSTha tathA lokapriya adhyApaka ke rUpa meM varNita huA hai / 2 sagrantha tathA nirgandha zikSaka-jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke sandarbha meM do prakAra ke zikSakoM ke hone kI sUcanA prApta hotI hai| ye do prakAra ke zikSaka the-(1) sagrantha tathA (2) nirgrantha / 3 sagrantha zikSaka kaSAya vastra dhAraNa karate the tathA veda vedAGga meM niSNAta hote the| ina zikSakoM kI jIvikA chAtroM dvArA dI gaI dakSiNA athavA rAjA dvArA die gae vetana se calatI thii| nirgrantha zikSaka mandiroM athavA tapovanoM meM nivAsa karate the| dhArmika tathA dArzanika zikSA prApta karane ke lie chAtra inake pAsa vizeSa rUpa se jAte the| ye munivRtti vAle nirgrantha adhyApaka badale meM kucha nahIM lete the|4 zikSaka-prazikSaNa tathA 'apaziSya praNAlI' hemacandra ke pariziSTa parva meM zikSaka-prazikSaNa se sambaddha 'agraziSya praNAlI' ke astitva kI sUcanA milatI hai / guru ke kucha samayAvadhi taka anupasthita rahane para prAyaH kakSA meM sarvAdhika medhAvI chAtra guru-pada ko saMbhAla letA thaa| pariziSTaparva meM varNita vajra nAmaka ziSya isI prakAra kA guru rahA thA / 5 vajra kI vyAkhyAna nipuNatA se sabhI chAtra prabhAvita the / mandabuddhi chAtroM ko bhI vajra kI vAcanAmoM se vizeSa lAbha huaA thA / 6 pariziSTaparva ke isa draSTAnta se yaha bhI vidita hotA hai ki garu kI saphalatA ke mUlyAMkana kA prAdhAra chAtra samudAya ko prabhAvita karane para bhI bahuta kucha nirbhara karatA thA / vajra' kI zikSaNa vidhi Adi ke viSaya meM garu ne 7 1. zAnti0, 1.126 2. pAThanimittakAraNAd grahAticArAdivibodhanAdapi / -zAnti0, 1.27 3. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM0, pR0 558 4. vahI, pR0 558-59 5. yAsyAmo grAmamamukaM dvitrAhaM tatra naH sthitiH / vajro vo vAcanAcAryo bhavitetyAdizad guruH // -pari0, 12.181-83 6. ye'tyalpamedhasaste'pi sAdhavo'dhyetumAgamam / amoghavacano vajro babhUvAtijaDeSvapi / -vahI, 12.187, 18 .

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja jaba bAda meM pUchatAcha kI to use sabhI chAtroM dvArA prazaMsita pAyA gayA / hemacandra pradatta isa mahattvapUrNa sUcanA dvArA yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna zikSaNa saMsthAoM meM Adhunika 'adhyApaka - prazikSaraNa' sadRza 'agraziSya praNAlI' kA pracalana bhI rahA thaa| takSazilA Adi zikSaNa saMsthAnoM meM prAcArya kI anupasthiti meM usakA ziSya hI gurukula kA pradhAna hotA thA / pratibhAzAlI chAtroM ko adhyApana kArya kA prazikSaNa denA isa praNAlI kA mukhya uddezya thA / vidyArthiyoM ke lie bhI yaha eka supravasara samajhA jAtA thA / isa prakAra prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati meM 'agraziSya praNAlI' ThIka Adhunika adhyApaka prazikSaNa jaisA kArya kara rahI thii| isa prakAra kSikSA kSetra meM onitorial System kA vaijJAnika AdhAra bhAratIya zikSA kI 'praziSya praNAlI' meM bahuta pahale hI svIkAra kiyA jA cukA thA / 3 ziSya kI yogyatAeM tathA ayogyatAeM 414 ziSya kI yogyatAoM ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki use sadaiva guru ke prati zraddhAvAn honA caahie| vinamratA, jijJAsA vRtti, zraddhA, sevA parAyaNatA, zravaNa ke prati satarkatA, paThita viSaya ko grahaNa karane kI yogyatA, paThita vastu ko sadaiva kaNThastha rakhane kI kSamatA, UhApoha, tarkaraNA zakti, zrapramAda tathA svAdhyAyarata honA chAtra kI Avazyaka yogyatAe~ tathA karttavya mAne jAte the / ziSya ke lie vinayI honA atyAbazyaka thA / 5 ziSya kI ayogyatAoM evaM doSoM ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki zravaraNakAla meM samajha lenA kintu bAda meM upekSA karanA, zravaraNa tathA zravaraNa meM samAna buddhi arthAt jar3a honA, kevala raTana-buddhi se vastuoM ko kaNThastha kara lenA, dUsare chAtroM kI yogyatAoM se IrSyA karanA tathA unheM kSati pahuMcAnA, kisI bhaya athavA lobha se zravaNa ke prati jijJAsA dikhAne kA prADambara karanA kintu vAstava meM adhyayana ke prati jijJAsu na honA, guNa tathA doSoM meM se guNoM kI upekSA kara doSoM kA hI grahaNa karanA Adi ziSyoM kI prayogyatAeM tathA doSa mAne gae haiN| 1. pari0, 12.166-68 2. altekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, pR0 126 3. vahI, pR0 126 4. zuzrUSatAzravaraNa saMgrahadhAraNAni vijJAnamUhanamapohana marthatattvam / -- varAGga0, 1.14; tathA vizeSa draSTavya Adi0, 1168, 146 5. nayena netA vinayena ziSyaH, zIlena liGgI prazamena sAdhuH / 6. varAGga0, 1.15; Adi0, 1.26-32 --padmA0, 2.24

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 415 kuziSya kuziSyoM ko mAyAvI, pramAdI, kuTila, krodhI evaM guru kI AjJA kA atikramaNa karane vAlA kahA gayA hai|' kuziSya yogya ziSyoM se IrSyA-dveSa rakhate the isa kAraNa se guru kakSA meM medhAvI ziSyoM kI prazaMsA karanA ucita nahIM samajhatA thA / kuziSya atyadhika viSayagAmI tathA pramAdI hone ke kAraNa jar3a buddhi hote the| kucha kuziSya adhyayana karane kA ADambara mAtra dikhAte the, vAstava meM ve atyadhika duSTa evaM kuTila prakRti ke hote the| isalie guru ko kuziSyoM se sadaiva sAvadhAna rahane kI AvazyakatA par3atI thii| jJAnArjana kI dRSTi se ziSyoM ke vibhinna stara bhavabhUti ke uttararAmacarita Adi granthoM meM prAcIna bhAratIya zikSArthiyoM ke jJAna grahaNa ke sAmarthya ko prAya: carcA kI jAtI rahI hai tathA inameM vidyArthiyoM ke do staroM kI sUcanA dI gaI hai / eka ve vidyArthI jo pratibhA sampanna hote haiM tathA guru-jJAna dvArA maNi sadRza camakate haiN| dUsare prakAra ke ve vidyArthI jo samAna guru se zikSA prApta karane ke bAda bhI miTTI ke Dhele ke mamAna jar3a raha jAte haiN| 3 subhASitaratnabhANDAgAra meM bhI vidyArthiyoM kI inhIM do zreNiyoM kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai|4 jaina mahAkAvya varAGgacarita meM vidyArthiyoM ko jJAna-grahaNa kI dRSTi se caudaha bhedoM meM bA~TA gayA hai / yadyapi ye bheda zrAvakoM ke dharmopadeza grahaNa karane ke sambandha 1. mukhakRtakapaTA: pramattacittA: paruSaruSazcaraNeSu stsvkhinnaaH| gurukulamaticakramuH kuziSyA hitamiva saMyati saMyataM gajendrAH / / -dvisa0, 5.67 2. pari0, 12.174 3. vitarati guruH prAjJe vidyAM yathaiva tathA jaDe / na ca khalu tayorjJAne zakti karotyapahanti vA / / bhavati ca punarbhUyAnbhedaH phalaM prati tadyathA / prabhavati zucibimbagrAhe maNirna mRdAM cayaH / / ___-uttararAmacarita, 2.4 ataHsAra vihInasya sahAyaH kiM kariSyati / malaye'pi sthitI veNurveNureva ca candanaH / / yasya nAsti svayaM prajJA zAstroktaM kiM kariSyati / locanAbhyAM vihInasya darpaNaH kiM kariSyati // -subhASitaratnabhANDAgAra, pR0 40-41 4.

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416 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja meM pratipAdita hue haiM tathApi tatkAlIna zikSaNa paddhati meM ziSyoM kI vibhinna zreNiyoM kI ora bhI inase mahattvapUrNa prakAza par3atA hai / varAGgacaritakAra ne vibhinna upamAnoM kI sahAyatA dvArA jina caudaha prakAra ke ziSya bhedoM ko vizeSa rUpa se spaSTa kiyA hai unakA viraraNa isa prakAra hai ---- 2 miTTI - sunate samaya prabhAvita honA tadanantara upekSA bhAva dikhAnA / 2. jhADU - asAra grAhaka honA tathA sAra vastu ko chor3a denA / 3. bhaiMsA - zravaNAzravaraNa donoM avasthAoM meM samAna buddhi honA / 4. haMsa-kSIra- nIra nyAya se vastuoM ko vizleSita karane meM samartha honA / 5. zuka - jitanA suna liyA, vinA viveka ke hI use raTa lenA / 6. billI - cAlAkI se jJAnArjana kA kevala mAtra DhoMga karanA / 7. bagulA - sunane kA ADambara karanA / 8. macchara - guru evaM kakSA ko parezAna karanA / 6. bakarA - bahuta dera meM vastu graharaNa karanA tathA kAmI svabhAva honA / 10. joMka - doSoM ko hI grahaNa karanA tathA guNoM ko chor3a denA / 11. chidrita ghaTa - eka kAna se sunanA tathA dUsare kAna se nikAla denA / 12. pazu - bala prayoga ke bhaya se adhyayana meM ruci lenA / 13. sarpa - kuTila svabhAvI honA tathA kakSA Adi meM prAtaGka phailAnA / 14. zilA - patthara ke samAna jar3abuddhi honA / Adarza ziSya ke ATha guNoM meM sevA parAyaNatA, zravaNa, saMgrahaNa, dhAraraNa, tarkaraNA, Uha, apoha tathA arthatattva ke jJAna kI AvazyakatA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / zikSaNa-vidhiyAM zikSAzAstrIya mUlyoM kI apekSA se jaina mahAkAvyoM meM nirUpita nimnalikhita mahattvapUrNa zikSaNa vidhiyoM para prakAza DAlA jA sakatA hai1. pAThavidhi - zikSaka ziSya ko pATha vidhi dvArA pahale pahala vivecya vastu kI zikSA dete 1. mRtsAriNI mahiSahaMsazukasvabhAvA mArjArakaGkamazakAjajalUkasAmyAH / sacchidra kumbhapazu sarpa zilopamAnAste zrAvakA bhuvi caturdazadhAbhavanti / - varAGga0, 1.15 2. zuzrUSatAzravaNa saMgrahadhAraNAni vijJAnamU hanamapohanamarthatattvam / --varAGga0, 1.14

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 417 the / tadanantara ziSya guru kA anusaraNa karate the / varAGgacarita meM isI vidhi kI ora saMketa karate hue 'adhyApana' evaM 'adhyayana' kramazaH guru evaM ziSya kI zikSAparaka gatividhiyoM ko sUcita karate haiM / " 2. punarAvRttividhi guru dvArA par3hAe gae pATha ko dhAraNa karane ke lie ziSya usakI punaH punaH pravRtti kara hRdayAMgama karate the / 'zravaraNa', 'saMgrahaNa' tathA 'dhAraNa' isa vidhi ko manovaijJAnika prakriyAeM thIM / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM nirdiSTa 'pATha' 'anubhava' tathA 'avadhAraNa' ko prakriyAe~ isI vidhi kI ora saMketa karatI haiM / 4 3. praznottara vidhi isa vidhi ke antargata ziSya zradhyApaka se pUrva - paThita viSaya se sambandhita saMzayoM ke viSaya meM prazna karate the aura zikSaka ina saMzayoM kA nivAraNa karate the / isa vidhi ke antargata vijJAna' arthAt vivekapUrNa jJAna, 'Uhana' arthAt cintana manana tathA 'apohana' arthAt anvayavyatireka buddhi dvArA paThita viSaya kI anviti viThAne kI yuktisaMgatatA Adi vibhinna prakriyAeM samAviSTa thIM / 6 varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM 'suziSya' ke lie isakI anivAryatA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / 7 [0 1. adhyApanaM cAdhyayanaM ca / - varAGga0, 31.67, tathA tu0 padArtha mukhAcchRNvannaGgAnyekAdazApi hi / pAdAnusArI bhagavAnvrajo'dhayAya dhInidhiH / / 2. pAThaM pAThaM ca zAstrANi sagaro'pi dine dine / 3. zuzrUSatAzravaraNa saMgrahadhAraNAni / 4. pAThato'nubhavatazca vidadhe hRdayaGgamam / / -- pari0, 12.137 6. vijJAnamU hanamapohanamarthatattvam / 7. vahI, 1.14 -fagfor 0 1.445 --varAGga0, 1.14 -- triSaSTi0, 2.3.33 5. upAdhyAyenA'pyabhagnAn saMzayAn sagaraH sudhIH / - - vahI, 2.3.46 --varAGga0, 1.14

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418 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 4. kaNThastha vidhi prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa saMsthAoM meM jJAnArjana ke lie kaNThastha vidhi eka mahatvapUrNa vidhi rahI thI / vidyArthiyoM ko prAyaH pAraNanIya vyAkaraNa, manusmRti, amarakoza kaNThastha karA die jAte the / 1 sAtavIM zatAbdI meM phAhyAna ke bhArata bhramaNa ke samaya uttarI bhArata meM kaNThastha vidhi dvArA hI prAya: adhyayana-adhyApana hotA thA / bauddha paramparA meM bhI kaNThastha vidhi kA pracalana rahA thA / isa prakAra zrAlocya kAla taka kaNThastha vidyA kA mahattva kama nahIM huA thA / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhI kaNThastha karake vidyArjana karane kA ullekha AyA hai / 3 guru dvArA par3hate hue adhyAyoM kA ziSya pahale zravaraNa karate the; tadanantara unheM nirantara abhyAsoM dvArA kaNThastha kara liyA jAtA thA / 4 5. saiddhAntika tathA vyAvahArika vidhi atyAdhunika zikSA paddhati meM pracalita 'siddhAnta' tathA 'prAyogikatA' ke pracalana kI sUcanA jaina mahAkAvyoM se prApta hotI hai / prAcArya saiddhAntika rUpa se sarvaprathama vidyArthI ko pratipAdya viSaya ke siddhAntoM tathA maulika tattvoM kI zikSA dete the tadanantara unheM vyAvahArika dRSTi se bhI abhyasta karAyA jAtA thA / yuddhavidyA ke vividha sandarbhoM meM isa vidhi kA spaSTa rUpa se varNana prApta hotA hai / yuddha sambandhita stra-zastroM kI zAstrIya zikSA dene ke uparAnta vidyArthiyoM ko pratyeka astra-zastra ko vyAvahArika rUpa se calAne kA abhyAsa bhI karAyA jAtA thA / dvisandhAnAdi mahAkAvyoM meM bAlaka ko dhanurvidyA kI vyAvahArika rUpa se zikSA dene 1. altekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, pR0 121 2. Mookerji, Radha Kumud Ancient Indian Education, p. 497 3. caturdazApi hi vidyAsthAnAni nijanAmavat, kRtvA kaNThagatAnyAgAtpuraM dazapuraM yayau / / - pari0, 13.7 4. pATha pAThaM ca zAstrANi sagaro'pi dine dine / 5. pAThato'nubhavatazca vidadhe hRdayaGgamam / 6. vahI -- triSaSTi0, 2.3.45 - triSaSTi0, 2.3.33 tathA 2.3.25-47

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zikSA, kalA eva jJAna-vijJAna 416 kA spaSTa ullekha pAyA hai / ' ipI prakAra kAvyazAstra kI zikSA dene ke uparAnta vyAvahArika dRSTi se kAvya likhane kA bhI abhyAsa karAyA jAtA thaa| uparyukta jaina mahAkAvyokta zikSaNa vidhiyoM kI tulanA jinasenakRta AdipurANa se bhI kI jA sakatI hai| AdipurANa meM (1) pATha vidhi (2) praznottara vidhi (3) zAstrArtha vidhi (4) upakrama vidhi (5) paJcAMga vidhi arthAt vAcanA, saMzaya nivAraNa, punarAvRtti, manana-cintana tathA dhAraNA evaM (6) upadezavidhi Adi zikSaNa vidhiyoM kA vizeSa ullekha milatA hai| altekara dvArA pratipAdita mahattvapUrNa zikSaNa vidhiyoM kI bhI jaina mahAkAvyoM meM pratipAdita uparyukta zikSaNa vidhiyoM se tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| 3. zikSA kendra zikSA ke ucca kendroM ke sambandha meM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM yadyapi vizeSa sUcanA prApta nahIM hotI hai tathApi pAzrama tathA tapovana Alocya kAla meM zikSA ke pramukha kendra rahe the|5 inheM 'vidyAmaTha' kI saMjJA prApta thii| rAjaprAsAdoM meM bhI rAjakumAroM ko zikSA dene kI vyavasthA rahI thii| samRddha nagaroM meM bhI pratyeka viSaya ke adhikArI guru hote the| dvisandhAna mahAkAvya ke ullekhAnusAra vidyArthI apane hI nagara ke zikSakoM se jJAnArjana karate the| inheM kisI dUsare nagara meM adhyanArtha jAne kI koI prAbazyakatA pratIta nahIM hotI thii| isase anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki tapovanoM ke atirikta nagara bhI aba zikSA ke kendra banate jA rahe the| 1. padaprayoge nipuNaM vinAme sandhau visarge ca kRtAvadhAnam / -dvisa0, 3.36 tathA tu0-pradarzayat pAdagati phalakAsidharazca saH / / __-triSaSTi0, 2.3.51 2. sAhityazAstrasarvasvamupAdhyAyAd yatnataH / sAhityavallIkusumaiH kAvyaH karNarasAyanaiH / -triSaSTi0, 23.25-26 3. Adi0, 2.102, 104; 21.66 4. altekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, pR0 120-25 5. dvayA0, 15.37, pari0, 12.182-67 6. dvayA0 1.7 7. dvisa0, 3.25 8. dvisa0, 1.35, tathA tu0-pranyadIyAn jighrate'nyavastunaH / -vahI, 1.35

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420 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja jaina zikSA ke mukhya kendra jaina muniyoM ke zrAzrama the / ina zrAzramoM meM aneka jainasAdhutroM dvArA zikSA prApta karane ke ullekha milate haiM / inameM jaina sAdhviyA~ bhI zikSA prApta karatI thiiN| Alocya kAla meM 'agrahAra - grAmoM' kA vizeSa mahattva rahA thA / brAhmaNa saMskRti se sambaddha zikSA ke ye pramukha kendra bane hue the / AzramoM tathA agrahAra grAmoM kA saMrakSaNa rAjA ke adhIna hotA thA / u 4. pAThyakrama prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA vyavasthA meM vaidika, bauddha evaM jaina saMskRti AdhAra para zikSA ke pAThyakrama ko nirdhArita karane kI vizeSa pravRtti dekhane meM zrAtI hai / vizvavidyAlIya stara para yadyapi pAThyakrama kA svarUpa tulanAtmaka evaM samAja sApekSa rahA thA tathApi tInoM zikSA paddhatiyoM meM paramparAgata vidyAcetanA kI sthiti bhI spaSTa dekhane ko milatI hai / vaidika vidyA paramparA upaniSadoM ke samaya se hI 'parA' tathA 'aparA' do vargoM meM adhyayana viSayoM ko samAviSTa kiyA jAne lagA thA / 'parA' adhyAtma vidyA ko kahate the 'aparA' ke antargata cAra veda, chaha vedAGga kula dasa vidyAeM AtIM thIM / 2 chAndogyopaniSad ke anusAra vaidika zikSA vyavasthA meM cAra veda, itihAsa purANa, vyAkaraNa, zrAddhakalpa, gaNita, utpAtajJAna, nidhizAstra, tarkazAstra, nItizAstra, devazAstra, brahmavidyA, bhUtavidyA, kSatravidyA, nakSatravidyA, sarpa dyA, devajanavidyA Adi viSayoM ko par3hAyA jAtA thA / zatapathabrAhmaNa veda ke sahAyaka adhyayana viSayoM ke rUpa meM anuzAsana (vedAGga ) ' vidyA (vijJAna) vAkovAkyam ( vAdavivAda ), itihAsa purANa tathA gAthAnArAzaMsI Adi adhyayana viSayoM kA ullekha karatA hai / 7 paurANika yuga meM zikSA ke pAThyakrama ke rUpa meM veda, purANa, gAthA, itihAsa, dharmazAstra, Ayurveda, dhanurveda, yuddha vidyA ke sAtha-sAtha sAMkhya, yoga, nyAya, vedAnta, 1. varAGga0, 30.2 2. tAzca prakRtyaiva kalAvidagdhA jAtyaiva dhIrA vinayaivinItAH / AcArasUtrAGganayaprabhaGgAnAdhIyate smAtpatamai rahobhiH // ---varAGga0, 31.7 3. Thapar, Romila, A History of India, Vol. I, p. 252, tathA dvayA0, 15.120-21 4. muNDakopaniSad, 1.1.4 5. vahI, 1.1.5 6. chAndogyopaniSad, 7. 1 7. zatapathabrAhmaNa, 11.5.6.8

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 421 mImAMsA, vArtA, daNDanIti, AnvIkSikI, jyotiSa, citrakalA, vAstukalA, saGgItakalA evaM nRtyakalA Adi viSaya vizeSa lokapriya rahe the / madhyakAla meM 'vidyA' tathA 'upavidyA' ke mUlyoM se pAThyakrama meM mukhya tathA sahAyaka viSayoM kA aucitya svIkAra kiyA jAtA thA / hemacandra ne caudaha mukhya vidyAoM kI jo tAlikA prastuta kI hai usameM cAra veda, chaha vedAGga, purANa, dharmazAstra, nyAya tathA mImAMsA, parigaNita haiM / bauddha vidyA paramparA bauddha zikSA paddhati meM pracalita adhyayana viSaya yugIna mUlyoM evaM sAmAjika prAsaGgikatA se vizeSa anuprerita the / bauddha jAtakoM se jJAta hotA hai ki bauddha zikSArthI veda, vadika sAhitya, brAhmaNa, saMhitA, upaniSad, zikSA, arthazAstra, zilpa vArtA, vyAkaraNa, darzana, dharma, itihAsa Adi kI zikSA prApta karate the / bauddha zikSA zAstriyoM ne vijJAna tathA TaiknolojI kI zikSA ko vizeSa mahattva pradAna kiyA / isake atirikta bauddha jAtakoM meM paramparAgata zilpa vidyAoM ke rUpa meM 'aSTAdazazilpa' kI jo parigaNanA kI gaI hai unameM vyAvasAyika zikSA se sambaddha adhyayana viSaya samAviSTa haiM / ye 'aSTAdazazilpa' isa prakAra the - 1. saGgIta 2. gAyana, 3. nRtya, 4. citrakalA, 5. nakSatrakarma, 6. arthazAstra, 7. vAstuzAstra, 8. takSaNakarma ( bar3haI girI ), 6. vArtA, (khetI), 10. pazupAlana 11. vyApAra, 12. Ayurveda, 13. gajAzvaparicAlana, 14. kAnUna, 15. yuddhakalA, 16. indrajAla, 17. sarpakrIr3A tathA 18. maNirAgAkarajJAna / 4 vastutaH bauddha kAlIna vizvavidyAlayIya zikSA se sambaddha pAThyakramoM kI dRSTipAta kiyA jAe to spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki nAlandA, takSazilA jaise vizvavidyAlayoM meM dharmanirapekSa mUlyoM kI preraNA se pAThyakrama kA nirdhAraNa kiyA jAtA thA / nAlandA vizvavidyAlaya meM mahAyAna zAkhA kA vizeSa adhyayana sambhava 1. siddhezvarI nArAyaNa rAya, paurANika dharma evaM samAja, ilAhAvAda, 1668, pR0 225- 61 2. so'GgAni vedAMzturo mImAsAnyAyavistaram / purANaM dharmazAstraM ca tatrAdhyaiSTAviziSTadhIH // caturdazApi hi vidyAsthAnAni nijanAmavat / kRtvA kaNThagatAnyagAtpuraM dazapuraM yayo // -- pari0, 13.6-7 3. jayazaMkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 505 4. jAtaka saMkhyA 80, 185, 256, 416, 517

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422 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja thA parantu usake sAtha sAtha anya viSayoM ke adhyayana kI bhI vahAM vyavasthA thii|' isI prakAra bauddhakAlIna zikSA pravRttiyoM se prabhAvita takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya meM jo adhyayana viSaya par3hAe jAte the unameM veda, vyAkaraNa, darzana, sAhitya Ayurveda, zalyacikitsA, dhanuvidyA evaM yuddhakalA, jyotiSa, bhaviSyakathana, munImI, vyApAra, kRSi, rathacAlana, indrajAla, nAgavazIkaraNa, guptanidhi anveSaNa saGgIta, nRtya aura citrakalA Adi aSTAdaza zilpavidyAnoM kA adhyayana bhI hota / thaa| vAstava meM prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA saMsthA ke itihAsa meM bauddha zikSA vyavasthA kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| isane sarvaprathama, tarkapradhAna evaM tulanAtma : jJAna-vijJAna kI apekSA se pAThyakrama meM par3hAe jAne vAle viSayoM ko varIyatA pradAna kI / paramparAgata dharma-saMskRti ke saMrakSaNa, vijJAna TeknolojI ke saMvardhana tathA vyAvasAyika prazikSaNa ina tInoM dRSTiyoM se adhyayana viSayoM kI rUparekhA taiyAra kii| altekara mahodaya kI dhAraNA hai ki bauddha yuga meM hI sarvaprathama bhAratIya vizvavidyAlayoM ne lalita kalAmoM kI zikSA dene kI paramparA prArambha kI thii| jana vidyA paramparA jaina paramparA ke anusAra RSabhadeva prathama rAjA the jinhoMne samAja ko vyavasthita karane ke uddezya se prasi-masi-kRSi kI zikSA pradAna kI tathA jIvikopArjana ke vizeSa prayojana se vividha prakAra kI kalAmoM kA upadeza bhI diyA thaa| Adi purANa ke anusAra RSabhadeva ne apane jyeSThaputra bharata ko arthazAstra, nRtyazAstra vRSabhasena ko gAndharvavidyA, anantavijaya ko citrakalA, vAstukalA aura mAyurveda, bAhubali ko kAmazAstra, lakSaNazAstra, dhanurveda, mazvazAstra, gajazAstra, ratnaparIkSA, tantramantrasiddhi prAdi vidyAnoM kI zikSA dI / unhoMne apanI putriyoM ko lipizAstra aGkagaNita Adi kA bhI upadeza diyA / 5 jaina AgamoM tathA paravartI mahAkAvya sAhitya meM 72 kalAnoM ke zikSaNa kI mAnyatA para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / laukika viSayoM meM dakSatA evaM nipuNatA prApta karanA ina kalAmoM kA mukhya uddezya rahA thA / bauddhika jJAna-vijJAna, rahana-sahana 1. jayazaMkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, 10 520 2. vahI, pR0 526 3. mohana canda, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA : aAdhunika zikSA vaijJAnika sandarbha (nibandha), Ancient Indian Culture and Literature, Delhi, 1980, pp. 112-13 4. altekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, pR0 197 5. Adi0, 2.48

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAnaM 423 loka-vyavahAra, samAja vyavasthA evaM vyAvasAyika prakSizaNa kI apekSA se 72 jaina kalAoM kA vizeSa mahattva hai|' bauddha zikSA cetanA kI bhA~ti jaina zikSA cetanA bhI vyAvasAyika evaM praudyogika viSayoM ke adhyayana ko vizeSa protsAhita karatI hai / jaina mahAkAvyoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki rAjakumAroM ko yuddha kalA ityAdi ke atirikta vyAvasAyika evaM upayogI lalita kalAoM kI bhI zikSA dI jAtI thii| vAtsyAyanakRta kAmasUtra meM pratipAdita 64 kalAoM tathA jaina paramparAsammata 72 kalAoM meM paraspara sAmya hai| jaina paramparA ke anusAra jo ATha kalAeM adhika mAnI gaI haiM unameM skandhAvAramAna, nagaramAna, iSvastra, tsarupravAda, azvazikSA, hastizikSA, dhanurveda tathA bAhuyuddha nAmaka vidyAeM saMgrAma kalA aura yuddhavidyA se sambaddha haiM / 2 kAmasUtrokta 64 kalAnoM meM inakA abhAva hai parantu jaina paramparA ne unheM sammilita kiyA jo isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki kSatriya rAjakumAroM kI vizeSa apekSAoM ke anurUpa jaina manISiyoM ne kalAparaka vidyAoM ke antargata saMgrAma kalA ko bhI vizeSa mahattva diyaa| bhAratavarSa kI rAjanaitika dazA ko dekhate hue sAMgrAmika vidyAoM ko sAmAnya kalAoM ke antargata samAviSTa karanA Avazyaka ho gayA thaa| rAjakumAroM Adi ke lie yuddha kalA kA prazikSaNa pradAna karanA zikSA saMsthA kI yugIna AvazyakatA thii| jaina manISiyoM ne isa ora vizeSa dhyAna diyA tathA paramparAgata 64 kalAoM meM yuddha kalA sambandhI ATha kalAoM ko aura bar3hAkara kalAoM ke prazikSaNa ko vyavahAronmukhI dizA bhI pradAna kii| paramparAgata jaina vidyAeM jaina zikSA saMcetanA 'vidyAoM' tathA 'upavidyAoM' kI paramparAgata cetanA se vizeSa anuprANita hai / jaina dRSTi se 'yathAvasthita vastu ke svarUpa kA avalokana karane kI zakti ko 'vidyA' kahA gayA hai| 3 jaina paramparA ko yaha zreya jAtA hai ki isane prAcInAtiprAcIna vidyAoM ko saMrakSaNa pradAna karane meM mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA kA nirvAha kiyA hai / samAjazAstrIya avadhAraNA se jur3I prAcya jaina vidyAeM 'jAtividyA' 'kulavidyA' 'tapavidyA' Adi ke rUpa meM bhI vargIkRta haiN| 'jAtividyA' mAtRpakSa se prApta vidyAeM kahI gaI haiM to 'kulavidyAeM' pitRpakSa se sampuSTa mAnI jAtI haiN| 'tapavidyAe~' sAdhuoM ke pAsa hotI haiM / jinheM ve vrata, upavAsa prAdi dvArA siddha karane meM samartha hote haiN| jaina paurANika mAnyatA ke anusAra vidyAdharoM kI eka vizeSa 1. draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 425 2. vahI, pR0 425 3. tu0 -vidyayA-'yathAvasthitavasturUpAvalokanazaktyA / ' -nyAyavinizcaya, 1.38.282.6 4. vizeSa draSTavya, jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 3, pR0 552

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424 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja zreNi kA bhI astitva rahA thA jo aneka prakAra kI vidyAnoM meM siddha hasta hotI thii| jaina sAhitya meM vidyA deviyoM kA bhI ullekha pAtA hai| harivaMza purANa meM nami aura vinami ko aditi devI dvArA vidyAoM ke pATha nikAya tathA gandharva senaka nAmaka vidyAkoza ke dAna dene kA ullekha bhI AyA hai|' ye jaina vidyAeM adhikAMza rUpa se jyotiSa, khagolazAstra, nimitta zAstra evaM prAkRtizAstra Adi se sambaddha haiN| tIrthaGkara mahAvIra se bhI pUrvavartI jJAna vijJAna ke jina 'caudahapUrvo' meM jaina paramparAgata vidyAoM kI jo viSaya tAlikA prApta hotI hai usameM darzana, prAcAra, samAja, lipi, gaNita, Ayurveda, jyotiSa Adi se sambaddha mAnavIya cintana kI prAcIna gatividhiyAM upanibaddha rahIM thiiN| jaina paramparA meM aneka cAmatkArika vidyAoM ke astitva kI bhI sUcanA milatI hai jo maMtra, tantra tathA jAdU Tone se sAdhe jA sakate the parantu jaina muniyoM ke lie inakI siddhi niSiddha mAnI gaI hai| upavidyAoM ke rUpa meM bahattara kalAeM candraprabhacarita mahAkAvya meM 'vidyA' tathA 'upavidyA' kI carcA AI hai| isI mahAkAvya para racita vidvanmanovallabhA TIkA ke anusAra AnvIkSikI, trayI, vArtA tathA daNDanIti ko 'vidyA' tathA causaTha kalAoM ko 'upavidyA' ke rUpa meM pAribhASita kiyA gayA haiN| yahA~ yaha ullekhanIya hai ki candraprabha mahAkAvya ke TIkAkAra ne vaidika paramparA sammata 'vidyA' tathA 'upavidyA' kI avadhAraNA ko prastuta kiyA hai / jaina vidyAnoM tathA kalAtroM kI mAnyatA vaidika zikSA paramparA ke mUlyoM para hI avalambita thii| vAtsyAyanakRta kAmasUtrokta5 64 kalAoM tathA jaina Agamokta bahattara kalAoM meM bhI vizeSa antara dekhane ko nahIM miltaa| padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM 16 vidyAoM ke sAtha 72 kalAoM kA bhI ullekha AyA hai jo isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki jaina lekhaka madhyakAla meM bhI jaina paramparAgata kalAoM athavA upavidyAoM ko mahattva dete the| padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM nirdiSTa 72 kalAoM ke nAma 1. vizeSa draSTavya, jaina prAcya vidyAeM (sampAdakIya), AsthA aura cintana, AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha, pR0 4-5 2. vahI, pa0 5 3. vidyopavidyA vidhinA viditvA / -candra0, 4.3 4. vahI, vidvanmanovallabhA TIkA, pa0 64 5. kAmasUtra, 1.3.16 6. abhidhAna rAjendra koza, bhAga 3, pR0 377-378 7. vidyAnAmneti SoDasa / -padmA0 13.172, dvayadhikasaptati kalAH / -vahI, 10.76

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna isa prakAra haiM 1. lekha, 2. gaNita, 3. rUpa, 4. nATya, 5. gIta, 6. vAditra, 7. puSkaragata, 8. svaragata, e. samatAla, 10. dyUta, 11 janavAda, 12. prokSatva, 13. aSTApada, 14. dakamRtikA, 15. annavidhi, 16. pAnavidhi, 17. vastravidhi, 18. zayanavidhi, 16. AryA, 20. prahelikA, 21. mAgadhikA, 22. gAthA, 23. zloka, 24. gandhayukti, 25. madhusiktha, 26. zrAbharaNavidhi, 27 taruNIparikarma, 28. strIlakSaNa, 26. puruSalakSaNa, 30. hayalakSaNa, 31. gajalakSaNa, 32. golakSaNa, 33. kukkuTa lakSaNa; 34. meDhralakSaraNa, 35. cakralakSaNa, 36. chatralakSaNa, 37. daNDalakSaNa, 38. asilakSaNa, 36. maNilakSaNa, 40. kAkiNIlakSaNa, 41 . carmalakSaNa, 42. candracarita, 43. sUryacarita, 44. rAhucarita, 45. grahacarita, 46. saubhAgyakara, 47. daurbhAgyakara, 48. vidyAgata, 46. mantragata, 50. rahasyagata, 51. sabhAsa, 52. cAra, 53. praticAra, 54. vAstumAna, 55. vAstunivezana, 56. hiraNyapAka, 57. sUtrakhela, nAlikAkhela, vRttakhela, 58 patraccheda, kaTakaccheda, prataraccheda, 56. sajIva evaM nirjIva, 60. zakuntaruta, 61. vyUha, 62. prativyUha, 63. skandhAvAranivezana, 64. nagaranivezana, 65. skandhAvAramAna, 66. nagaramAna, 67. iSvastra, 68. tsarupravAda, 66. prazvazikSA, 70 hastizikSA, 71. dhanurveda tathA 72. bAhuyuddha | 425 varNavyavasthAnusArI pAThyakrama vaidika yuga meM jAti prathavA varNa ke AdhAra para zikSA grahaNa karane kI paripATI kA vizeSa pracalana hone lagA thA / smRtikAla meM kevala dvijoM (brAhmaNa, kSatriya tathA vaizya) ko hI zikSA prApta karane kA adhikAra rahA aura zUdroM ko zikSA grahaNa karane se vaMcita kara diyA gyaa| sAtavIM zatAbdI se lekara bArahavIM zatAbdI taka rAjasthAna Adi pradezoM meM dI jAne vAlI zikSA kA pAThyakrama varNavyavasthA ke mUlyoM se prabhAvita rahA thaa| brAhmaNa bAlaka cAra veda, chaha vedAGga tathA cAra upAGga (mImAMsA, nyAya, gharmazAstra, purANa) 14 vidyAoM kA karmakANDa sahita adhyayana karate the / kSatriya bAlakoM ko mukhyatayA citrakalA, jyotiSa, nATya, gaNita, gAndhavaM (saGgIta), gandhayukti ( sugandhita vastunoM se itra banAne kI vidhi), sAMkhya, yoga, vArSaguNa, horAzAstra, hetuzAstra, chanda, nirukta, svapnazAstra, zakuna 1. padmA0, 10.76 para uddhRta pAdaTippaNa 1, pR0 213-14 2. jayazaMkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pU0 460 3. Sharma, Dasharatha, Rajasthan Through the Ages, Vol. I, p. 513

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426 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja zAstra, mAyudha-turaga-hasti-lakSaNazAstra, indrajAla, dhAtuvAda, dhanurveda, pAkakalA Adi vidyAnoM kI zikSA dI jAtI thii|' zikSA kA vyavasAyIkaraNa prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA kI vizeSatA isakA vyavasAyonmukhI honA bhI thaa| sAmAjika paristhitiyoM tathA zaikSika mUlyoM kA sadaiva abhinna sambandha rahatA pAyA hai| madhyakAlIna bhAratIya zikSA sarvathA samAjopayogI hone ke kAraNa uddezyamaka rahI thii| hemacandra ke triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita mahAkAvya meM upalabdha eka varNana ke AdhAra para tatkAlIna vyAvasAyika zikSA para mahattvapUrNa prakAza par3atA hai / isa varNana ke sandarbha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki bhAratIya zikSA varNavyavasthA se bhI vizeSa rUpa se anuprANita thI / brAhmaNocita athavA kSatriyocita kartavyoM ke anusAra zikSA grahaNa karake byakti tadanusAra apane jIvana-yApana yogya vyavasAya bhI prApta kara sakatA thaa|2 zikSA vyavasthA kA varNAnusArI honA isalie bhI svabhAvika ho gayA thA kyoMki jIvikopArjana ke vyavasAya varNavyavasthA se anuprerita the / svatantra zAkhA ke rUpa meM vidyAoM kA vikAsa itihAsakAroM ne sambhAvanAyeM kI haiM ki madhyakAlIna zikSaNa saMsthAnoM meM kisI eka viziSTa vidyA meM dakSatA prApta karanA yugIna pravRtti bana cukI thii| kevala mAtra yuddha se sambandhita vibhinna vidyAoM kA hI zikSA kSetra meM paryApta pracalana hone lagA thaa| ina yuddha sambandhI vidyAnoM meM cApavidyA, carmavidyA, asividyA, prAsavidyA, gadAvidyA, daNDavidyA, zaktividyA, masalavidyA, lAGgalavidyA, cakravidyA, kRpANavidyA, bAhuyuddhavidyA, azvavidyA, gajavidyA, vyUharacanAvidyA, vyUhabhedana vidyA, rathasaMcAlanavidyA, durgaracanAvidyA, prAdi vidyAyeM ullekhanIya haiM jinakI kSatriya varga ke loga vizeSa zikSA lete the| isI prakAra vAstuzAstra sambandhI vidyAnoM meM devAlaya-nirmANavidyA, prAsAdavidyA, hamyaM vidyA, durganirmANavidyA Adi svataMtra vidyAoM ke rUpa meM vikasita hone lagI thiiN| saGgIta Adi lalita 1. Sharma, Dasharatha, Rajasthan Through the Ages, Vol I, pp. 513-14. 2. vipra-kSatriya-viTa-zUdravarNebhyaH katamo'si bhoH ? -triSaSTi0, 2.6.232, paNDitaH kiM kaviH kiM vA gandharvaH kiM naTo'tha kim / --vahI, 2.6.255; tathA-vedAdizAstravijJeSu sahAdhItIva tAdRzaH / dhanurvedAdividvatsu . tadAcAryaivA'dhikaH // -vahI, 2.6.248

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 427 kalAoM se sambandhita vidyAnoM meM kisI eka vidyA meM se dakSatA prApta kI jAtI thii| ina vidyAoM meM vINAvAdanakalA, veNuvAdana kalA, paTahavAdanakalA, mardalavAdanakalA, kAvyagAyanakalA, zikSAgAyanakalA, raGgamaJcakalA, nATyakalA, svastivAcanakalA, cAraNakalA, lipikalA, lekhanakalA, citrakalA, mUrtikalA, zilpakalA, nadIsaMstaraNa kalA, samudrasaMstaraNa kalA, indrajAla bidyA, kuhakaprayogavidyA, chandakalA prAdi mahattvapUrNa vidyAeM pracalita thiiN| brAhmaNa varga meM paurohitya kalA, se sambandhita smArta-vidyA, purANavidyA, nimittavidyA, zrutividyA, trividyA Adi viziSTa vidyAmoM meM dakSatA prApta kI jAtI thii| strI lakSaNa tathA puruSa lakSaNa bhI vidyA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho cuke the| mAyurveda kI vibhinna zAkhAeM bhI svatantra vidyA meM rUpa meM vikasita hone lagI thiiN| varAGgacarita meM vyAyAma vidyA kA bhI viziSTa vidyA ke rUpa meM ullekha pAyA hai| caudaha vaidika vidyAnoM meM pAraGgata brAhmaNa apanI zaikSika yogyatA ke bala para zrotriya, paurANika, smArtika mauhurtika Adi ke rUpa meM guru-purohita Adi kA vyavasAya kara sakate the| isI prakAra ke zastrAstroM kI zikSA dene vAle 'cApAcArya' mAdi vibhinna vyAvasAyika padoM kA astitva bana cukA thaa| saMgrAmavidyA isa yuga meM bahuta lokapriya vidyA rahI thI, isa kAraNa saMgrAma sambandhI aneka 1. triSaSTi0, 2.6.232-44 tathA 2.6.225 2. lakSaNAni puruSasya yoSitaH / -padmA0, 10.78 3. padmA0, 6.17, triSaSTi0, 2.3.20 4. vyAyAmavidyAsu kRtaprayogAH / -varAGga0, 2.16 5. tatra kiM zrotriyo'si tvamasi paurANiko'thavA ? smAta? vA ? mohUrtovA'si, trividyAviduro'si vA ? -triSaSTi0, 2.6.233 cApAcAryo'si yadi vA ? carmA'sicaturo'si vA ? kiM vA prAse kRtAbhyAsaH ? zalye vA prAptakozala: ? yadvA gadAyudhajJo'si zaktI vA ? musale kuzalo'si vA ? nirargalo lAGgale vA ? cake vA prAptavikramaH ? kRpANyAM nipuNo'si vA ? bAhuyuddhe'thavA paTuH ? -vahI, 2.6.234-36

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428 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja mahattvapUrNa vyavasAya bhI zikSA ke sAtha sambaddha the / ' vAstukalA.2 tathA anya lalita kalAoM Adi kA bhI samAja meM vyAvasAyika mahattva vizeSa rUpa se pratiSThita thaa| isa prakAra madhyakAlIna bhArata meM jitane bhI uccastarIya adhyayana viSaya the unakI kevala mAtra jJAnArjana kI dRSTi se hI nahIM apitu vyAvasAyika dRSTi se bhI prAsaGgikatA banI huI thii| rAjya saMsthA bhI inakI dakSatA se vizeSa lAbhAnvita hotI thii| 5. uccastarIya adhyayana viSaya jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke srotoM se tatkAlIna samAja meM zikSA saMsthA se sambaddha jina uccastarIya adhyayana viSayoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana sambandhI gatividhiyoM kI sUcanA milatI hai unakA sambandha kisI eka samudAya athavA varga kI zikSA cetanA se nahIM apitu zikSA saMsthA ke ekIkRta samagra rUpa se hai| isa sambandha meM yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki madhyakAla meM baidika paramparA ke anusAra calI A rahI zikSA vyavasthA samAja meM atyadhika lokapriya banI huI thii| jainAnuyAyI bhI isa vyavasthA se jur3e hue the| jaina kaviyoM kI racanAoM se sahaja meM hI anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki ve rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, kAlidAsa, mAgha, bhAravi, bhaTTi, vAkpati, harSa, bANa kI racanAoM ko par3hate the| vyAkaraNa, nATaka, jyotiSa, nakSatravijJAna, kAvyazAstra, Ayurveda, chandazAstra Adi kA bhI jaina vidvAn vizeSa adhyayana karate the| Alocya kAla meM uccastarIya adhyayana viSayoM kI adhyayanapaddhati, pAThyakrama prAdi kI sthiti isa prakAra thI 1. veda-veda ke antargata cAroM vedoM kA adhyayana samAviSTa hotA thA 1. yadvA'zvahRdayajJo'si ? gajazikSAkSamo'si vA ? ki vyUharacanAcAryaH ? ki vA'si vyUhabhedakaH ? ki bA rathAdikartA'si vA ? rathAdiprAjako'si vA ? vicitrayantradurgAdirracanAcaturo'si vA ? -vahI, 2.6.335-37 2. caityaprAsAda-hAdinirmANanipuNo'si vA ? -vahI, 2.6.336 3. kiM vA vINA pravINo'si kiM veNunipuNo'si vA? paTuH paTahavAdye vA ? mardale vA'si durmada: ? yadvA vAggeyakAro'si ? kiM zikSAgAyano'si vA ? raGgAcAryo'thavA'sitvaM kiM nATaka naTo'si vA ?-vahI, 2.6.241-42 4. Adi0, 16.118: pari0, 13.8; dvayA0, 1.1.122; 161, 13.47, 15. 120-21

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426 zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna tathA cAroM vedoM ke jJAtA ko 'caturveda:' saMjJA dI jAtI thI / vaidika pAThoM kA bhI adhyayana kiyA jAtA thA / Rgveda ke 'zAkala' 3 yajurveda ke 'kaTha' pAThoM kA bhI ullekha AyA hai| ina vaidika pAThoM ke atirikta 'vAjasaneya', 'khANDakIya' 'zonaka' 'aukha' 'chAgaleyI'5 'chAndogya', yAjJikya', 'bAha vRcya', 'zrakathikya' 'AtharvaNa' tathA 'kAThaka' Adi vaidika pAThoM kA bhI dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM ullekha zrAyA hai| ha 114 2. vedAMga - nirukta, zikSA, vyAkaraNa, 10 kalpa, 11 jyotiSa 12 tathA chanda' ko 'SaDaMga' saMjJA bhI dI gaI hai / nirukta ko 'anupadika'' kahA gayA hai / isake atirikta karmakANDavidyA ke antargata 'agniSToma' Adi yajJa ullekhanIya haiM / 15 uparyukta 'SaDaMgoM meM se nirukta kA zabdavyutpatti, zikSA kA vaidika uccAraNa, vyAkaraNa kA vaidika zabdAnuzAsana, kalpa kA yAjJika karmakANDa, jyotiSa kA grahanakSatrAdi tathA chanda kI mantra racanA kI dRSTi se upAdeyatA thI / 16 vedAMgoM ke mAdhyama se vedoM kA adhyayana-adhyApana bhI kiyA jAtA thA / 8 3. vyAkaraNa 17 - vedAGgoM meM hI / isake atirikta laukika saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM vyAkaraNa ke mahattva ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / dvisandhAna mahAkAvya vedoM kI dRSTi se vyAkaraNa kA mahattva to thA adhyayana kI dRSTi se bhI jaina saMskRta 1. pari0, 13.8 2. Narang, Dvyasrayakavya, p. 206 3. dvayA0, 16.85 4. vahI, 16.88 5. vahI, 16.86 6. vahI, 16.88 7. Adi0, 2.48; dvayA0, 25.120 8. Adi0, 2.48 6. vahI, 2.48 10. vahI, 2.48 11. zrAdi0, 2.48 dvayA0, 15.120-21 12. Adi0, 2.48; dvayA0, 1664 13. Adi0, 2.48; dvayA0, 16.46 14. dvayA0, 15.118 15. Narang, Dvyasrayakavya, p. 207 16. nemicandra zAstrI, pradipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 571-72 17. varAGga0, 2.5; dvisa0, 3.36; Adi 0 2.48; triSaSTi0, 2.322; dvayA0, 16.1, 16.88, 16.62

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430 jana saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja ke anusAra anya vidyAoM ke adhyayana ke avasara para bhI vyAkaraNa kA abhyAsa nahIM chor3A jAtA thaa|' prArambha meM vyAkaraNa sikhAte samaya 'supa', 'tiGa' padoM ke prayoga, Satva-Natva karaNa-vidhi, sandhi evaM visarga-vidhAna Adi ke abhyAsa karAe jAte the| vaiyAkaraNoM ke 'lAkSaNika'3, 'padika'4 athavA 'padakAra'5 Adi paryAyavAcI nAma pracalita the / vyAkaraNa kA 'zabdazAstra' bhI apara nAma thaa| AdipurANa meM vyAkaraNa vidyA ko 'padajJAna' se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| isI purANa meM 'svAyambhuva' nAmaka eka 'padazAstra' (vyAkaraNa) grantha kA ullekha bhI huA hai| AdipurANa ke ullekhAnusAra AditIrthaGkara vRSabhadeva ne padajJAna (vyAkaraNa) rUpI dIpikAnoM se apanI putriyoM ko vidyAnoM kA abhyAsa karAyA thaa| pANini vyAkaraNa tathA vararuci ke vAttikoM kA hemacandra ke samaya meM vizeSa rUpa se adhyayana kiyA jAtA thaa| vyAkaraNa zAstra kA adhyayana karate samaya sUtroM aura vRttiyoM kA adhyayana karanA bhI mukhya thA / '* nAma, pAkhyAta, nipAta tathA avyaya cAra bhAgoM meM vibhAjita kara vyAkaraNazAstra kA adhyayana karAyA jAtA thaa|'' 4. bhASA tathA lipi-zikSA jagat meM bhASA kA vizeSa mahattva hotA hai| brAhmaNa saMskRti kA adhikAMza sAhitya saMskRta bhASA meM likhA jAtA rahA / bauddha evaM jaina dhArAoM kA prArambhika sAhitya yadyapi pAlI evaM prAkRta bhASA meM hI likhA jAtA thA kintu 5vIM-6ThI zatAbdI ke uparAnta jaina evaM bauddha lekhakoM ne bhI saMskRta bhASA meM bhI likhanA prArambha kara diyA thaa| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke samaya taka saMskRta punaH apane pada para pratiSThita ho cukI thii| saMskRta ke sAtha-sAtha prAkRta evaM anya dezIya bhASAnoM kA bhI vikAsa hotA rahA / 12 lagabhaga tRtIya 1. taccApe'pi na vyAkaraNaM mumoca / -dvisa0, 3.36 2. vaho, 3.36 3. dvayA0, 15.118 4. dvayA0, 5.122 5. vahI, 15.67 6. triSaSTi0, 2.3.22 7. Adi0, 16.116 8. vahI, 16.112 6. nemicandrazAstrI, AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 284-85 90. Narang, Dvayasrayakavya, p. 207 11. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 271 12. altekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, pR0 137

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna caturtha zatAbdI I0 pUrva taka ke bauddha sAhitya meM 64 prakAra kI lipiyoM kA ullekha huA hai| inameM se mahAvastu avadAna nAmaka bauddha grantha meM bhASA viSakaka 33 lipiyoM tathA lekhana zailiyoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM / 2 bauddha sAhinya meM ullikhita ina lipiyoM ke ullekha se jJAta hotA hai ki jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM se pUrva hI bhArata meM vibhinna prakAra kI lipiyoM kA astitva banA huA thaa| padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM lagabhaga 18 lipiyoM ke par3hane kA ullekha pAyA hai| varAGgacarita evaM dvisandhAna mahAkAvyoM meM bhI lipi ko eka vidyA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| rAjakumAra zikSA prApta karate samaya vibhinna dezoM kI lipiyoM kA jJAna sambhavataH isalie prApta karate the tAki unheM rAjya prazAsana meM suvidhA mila ske| dvayAzraya kAvya meM zaurasenI, zabarI, gopAla gurjarI mAdi prAkRta bhASAmoM kA ullekha bhI pAyA hai| bArahavIM tathA terahavIM zatI I0 meM karnATaka prAdi pradezoM meM kannar3a, telagU, marAThI Adi bhASAoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana ke saMketa bhI prApta hote haiM / zikSA kA mAdhyama : saMskRta bhASA isa prakAra madhyakAlIna bhArata meM vividha bhASAoM tathA lipiyoM kA samyak vikAsa ho cukA thA kintu zikSA kA mAdhyama mukhya rUpa se saMskRta bhASA hI thii| 1. aMgane lAla, saMskRta bauddha sAhitya meM bhAratIya jIvana, lakhanaU, 1968, pR0 224 2 tu0 -- 1. brAhmI 2. puSkarasArI 3. kharostI(kharoSTrI) 4. yAvanI (yUnAnI) 5. brahmavANI 6. puSpalipi 7 kutalipi 8. zaktinalipi 6. vyaMtyaralipi 10. lekhalipi 11. ukara 12. uttarakuru zailI 13. madhura zailI 14. darada zailI 15. ukaramadhuTadarada (uttarakurumagadhadarada zailI) 16. cINa zailI 17. hUNa zailI 18. pApIrA (prAbhIra) zailI 16. vaMgazailI 20. sophalA zailI 21. tramida zelI 22. durdarA zailI 23. ramaTha zailI 24. mayA zailI 25. bacchetukA zailI 26. gulmalA zailI 27. kasUlA 28. ketukA 26. hastadA zailI 30. kusuvA 31. talakA 32. jajari 33. akSarabaddha zailI / -mahAvastu avadAna, jilda 1, 135.5-7 3. aSTAdazApyatha lipIrapIpaThat / -padmA0, 10.76 4. varAGga0, 2.6 5. dvisa0, 3.24 & Narang, Dvyasrayakavya, p. 137 7. altekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, pR0 137

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432 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja prAkRta kA sthAna gauNa thA yadyapi prAcIna prAkRta Adi granthoM ko samajhAne ke lie isa kA mahatva avazya thaa| saMskRta bhASA dvijavarga se hI pUrNarUpeNa sambandhita thii| rAjakumAroM tathA anya dhanika vargoM ke bAlaka saMskRta bhASA kA zikSA ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM adhyayana karate the| zikSA kA mAdhyama saMskRta hone ke kAraNa tathA saMskRta ucca varga kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa tatkAlIna samAja meM zikSA ke sarvAGgINa vikAsa meM paryApta bAdhAeM bhI utpanna huii|' phalataH rAjaprAsAdoM, dhanika vargoM tathA AbhijAtya vargoM taka hI zikSA kA kSetra sImita ho cukA thaa| janasAdhAraNa kI bhASA meM zikSA ke prasAra ke prati yadyapi samAja ke katipaya varga prayatnazIla to the kintu deza kA zikSA jagat unake sAtha nahIM thaa| isa sambandha meM altekara mahodaya kI dhAraNA rahI hai ki "kyoMki zikSA kA mAdhyama saMskRta thI jo isa kAla (purANoM tathA nibandhoM kA yuga-500 I0 se 1200 I0 taka) meM janabhASA na raha gaI thii| janasAdhAraNa meM vidyA ke pracAra ke lie prAkRta bhASAoM ke 'vakAsa kI dizA meM koI saGgaThita prayAsa na hmaa| ucca zikSA ke kSetra meM vaziSTatA' kI hada kara dI gaI thii| udAharaNArtha isa kAla ke nyAya, gaNita aura alaGkAra zAstroM ke paNDitoM ko eka dUsare kI samasyAoM aura anusandhAnoM kA kucha bhI jJAna na thaa| isa kAla kI zikSApraNAlI kA mukhya dhyeya thA prAcIna saMskRti aura sAhitya kI rakSA / "2 5. darzana-jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM cArvAka, 3: tattvopallavavAda,4 bauddhadarzana, sAMkhyadarzana, 6 mImAMsAdarzana", nyAyadarzana tathA jaina-darzana ke pramukha tattvoM kI samIkSA kI gaI hai / 10 ina ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki tatkAlIna 1. altekara prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, pR0 181 2. vahI, pR0 181 3. dharma0, 4.62 65; padmA0, 3.124-31; candra0, 2.71; dvayA0, 15.120. 4. candra0, 2.44-48 5. vahI, 286 6. padmA0, 3.162-65, candra0, 2.74-83 7. candra0, 2.61-66; jayanta0, 15.18-22; dvayA0, 15.124 8. dvayA0, 13,46; triSaSTi0, 2.3.22 6. varAGga0, sagaM 26; candra0, sarga 18; dharma0, sarga 16 tathA 21; padmA0, sarga 2, tathA 14; zAnti0, sarga 3 10. vizeSa draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 381-403

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 433 zikSA meM darzana viSaya atyadhika lokapriya rahA hogA / darzana kI zAkhAoM meM 'nyAya' sarvAdhika lokapriya evaM adhyayana adhyApana kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa darzana bana cukA thA / nyAyadarzana eka svatantra viSaya ke rUpa meM ubhara kara AyA tathA tatkAlIna vidyAnoM meM 'tarkazAstra' ke rUpa meM prasiddha ho gayA / " jaina mahAkAvyoM ke AdhAra para vibhinna darzanoM ke pramukha tattvoM ke ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki darzana viSayaka adhyayana-adhyApana kI dazA vizeSa samRddha thI tathA pUrvapakSa evaM uttara pakSa ke mAdhyama se khaNDana maNDana paddhati meM vidyArthiyoM ko niSNAta kiyA jAtA thA / darzana ke kSetra meM prAyaH vAda-vivAda huA karate the / isa kAraNa pratyeka darzana kA vidyArthI 'nyAya' meM vizeSa parizrama karatA thA / altekara mahodaya kA kathana hai| ki nyAya darzana ke chAtra se apane darzana meM nipuNa honA hI apekSita na thA apitu anya darzanoM ke khaNDana karane ke sAmarthya ko bhI usase vizeSa apekSA kI jAtI thI / isa kAraNa 'nyAya' darzana ko zikSA meM 'tarkazAstra' 4 tathA 'pramANa zAstra' 5 ke rUpa meM bhI eka svatantra vidyA kA sthAna prApta thaa| jaina kumArasambhava meM nyAya ke 16 tattvau -- pramANa, prameya, saMzaya, prayojana, dRSTAnta, siddhAnta, avayava, tarka, nirNaya, vAda, jalpa, vitaNDA, hetvAbhAsa, chala, jAti tathA nigraha sthAna 7 kA ullekha AyA hai / prAdipurANa ke anusAra nyAya ke antargata dravya, guNa, karma sAmAnya prAdi sapta padArthoM kA pravabodha karAyA jAtA thA / 6. rAjanItizAstra rAjatantra se sambandhita vidyA ke anya paryAyavAcI nAma rAjavidyA, 6 arthazAstra 10 sata 1 kSatravidyA 12 zrAdi pracalita the / , 1. tatrAzeSAH kalA nyAyaM zabdazAstrAdi cAparam / 2. altekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, pR0 118 3. vahI, pR0 118 4. dvayA0, 13.46 5. triSaSTi0, 2.3.27 6. jaima kumArasaMbhava, 10.64 7. vahI, dharmazekharakRta TIkA, pR0 352 -- triSaSTi0, 2.3.22 5. dvisa0, 2.8; triSaSTi0, 2.3.36; dvayA0, 15.20 6. rAjavidyayA -- prAnvIkSikI trayI- vArtA daNDanIti- lakSaNayA / -- nemicandrakRta padakaumudI TIkA, dvisa0 2.8, pR0 26 10. triSaSTi0, 2.3.26 11. Narang, Dvayasrayakavya, p. 208 12. dvayA0, 15.120

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434 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja rAjavidyA ke antargata prAnvIkSikI, trayI, vArtA tathA daNDanIti kA adhyayana karAyA jAtA thaa|' dvisandhAna kI TIkA ke anusAra AnvIkSikI AtmavijJAna ko kahate haiM,2 isakA ziSTa-jana upadeza karate the|3 trayI ke antargata dharmAdharma-viveka AtA hai,4 isakI zikSA muniyoM dvArA dI jAtI thii|5 vArtA ke antargata lAbha-hAni Adi kI carcA hotI hai, isa vidyA kI zikSA amAtya Adi uccAdhikArI dete the| daNDanIti kA nyAya-anyAya se sambandha hotA thA, isa vidyA kI zikSA dene vAle nyAyAdhIza athavA zAsakAdi hote the| dvayAzraya kAvya meM rAjanIti zAstra se sambaddha trividyA kA ullekha hayA hai| isake antargata vArtA, trayI tathA daNDanIti kA hI vidhAna kiyA gayA hai / 10 vAstava meM dvayAzraya kAvya dvArA pratipAdita tIna vidyAoM kA hI rAjanIti zAstra se vizeSa sambandha hai| prAnvIkSikI arthAt prAtma vijJAna ko adhyAtmika vidyA jAnakara paravartI prAcAryoM ne rAjanIti zAstra meM isa vidyA ko sthAna nahIM diyA hogaa| hemacandra ne arthazAstra kI viSayavastu kI vivecanA karate hue isa vidyA ke antargata SADguNya (sandhi, vigraha, yAna, Asana, vaidhIbhAva, saMzraya) tathA tIna zaktiyoM (prabhu, mantra, utsAha) ko svIkAra kiyA hai|'' uzanas nItizAstra kI bhI zikSA dI jAtI thii| kumArapAla ko uzanas nItizAstra kA jJAna thaa|12 1. dvisa0, 2.8 para, padakaumudI TIkA, pR0 26 2. AnvIkSikyAtmavijJAnam / -dvisa0, 3,25 para padakaumudI TIkA meM uddhRta kAmandaka nItizAstra, 2.7 3. prAnvIkSikI ziSTajanAt / -dvisa0, 3.25 4. dharmAdharmoM trayIsthitau / -dvisa0, 3.25 para uddhRta kA0 nI0 2.7 5. yatibhyastrayIm / -dvisa0, 3.25 6. arthAnau~ tu vArtAyAm / --dvisa0, 3.25 para uddhRta kA0 nI0 2.7 7. vArtAmadhikArakRdbhyaH / . -dvisa0, 3.25 8. daNDanItyAM nyaanyo| -dvisa0, 3 25 para uddhRta kA0 nI0 2.7 6. vaktuH prayoktuzca sa dnnddniitiH| -dvisa0, 3.25 10. Narang, Dvayasraya, p. 208 11. SADguNyopAyazaktyAdiprayogomibhirAkulam / agAhiSTa sa durgAhamarthazAstramahodadhim / / -triSaSTi0, 2.3.26 12. dvayA0, 16.3

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 435 7. sAhityazAstra - sAhityazAstra sambandhI adhyayana ke antargata kAvyazAstra evaM sRjanAtmaka kAvyaracanA kA adhyApana sammilita thaa|2 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke prArambhika sargoM meM kaviyoM dvArA kAvya sambandhI siddhAntoM kA bhI paricaya karAyA gayA hai| ina kAvya siddhAntoM meM kAvya ke guNoM, doSoM tathA anya kAvya sambandhI navIna mAnyatAmoM kA tatkAlIna sandarbha meM vizeSa mahattva rahA thaa| kAvyavidyA kI zikSA dete samaya prAcArya rAjakumAroM ko utprekSAdi zabdAlaGkAroM evaM arthAlaGkAroM, arthasphuTatva evaM uddezyaparaka kAvya kI racanA karAne kA abhyAsa bhI karAte the|4 prAdipurANa,5 varAGgacarita,6 dvayAzraya Adi mahAkAvyoM meM rAjakumAroM ko 'kAvyavidyA' kI zikSA dene ke ullekha prApta hue haiN| saMskRta ke prasiddha kaviyoM tathA unake kAvya granthoM kA adhyayana kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjasthAna Adi pradezoM meM jaina kavi kAlidAsa, mAgha, bhAravi, bhaTTi, vAkpati tathA harSa kI racanAtroM kA vizeSarUpa se adhyayana karate the| svayaM mAhAmAtya vastupAla ne 'naranArAyaNAnanda' mahAkAvya kI racanA kI thii| isake atirikta dvisandhAna mahAkAvya, dvayAzraya mahAkAvya, tathA saptasandhAna mahAkAvyoM ke pANDitya pradarzana evaM devAnanda tathA zAntinAthacarita mahAkAvyoM kI samasyApUtiparaka pratibhA ko dekhakara yaha anumAna lagAnA sahaja ho jAtA hai ki yadyapi 8vIM zatAbdI se lekara 17vIM zatAbdI taka kI kAvya sAdhanA kRtrima thI tathApi adhyayana-adhyApana ke sandarbha meM niHsandeha isa yuga ko bhI kAvya kA sajanAtmaka yuga mAnA jAnA caahie| zabdakrIr3A evaM vAgvilAsa isa yuga kI mahattvapUrNa kAvya pravRttiyA~ rahIM thiiN| 8. yuddhavidyA-pAlocya mahAkAvya yuga meM yuddhavidyA kI zikSA rAjakumAroM ke lie anivArya vidyA ke rUpa meM dRSTigata hotI hai| yuddha vidyA ke antargata 1. triSaSTi0, 2.3.25 2. sAhityavallIkusumaiH, kAvyaH karNarasAyanaH / -vahI, 2.3.26 3. vasantavilAsa, sarga-1, koti0, 1.1-26, varAGga0, 1.6, Adi0, 1.62-66 4. vahI 5. Adi0, 16.111 6. varAGga0, 2.6 7. dvayA0, 15.120-21 5. Sharma, Dashratha, Rajasthan Through the Ages, p. 514 6. triSaSTi0, 2.3-35-37

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436 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dhanudhidyA, khaDgavidyA, kSurividyA, gajavidyA, azvavidyA, zastravidyA tathA vAhanavidyA Adi kA ullekha pAyA hai| yuddha sambandhI vidyAnoM meM vizeSa naipuNya prApta karane ke lie pRthak rUpa se vibhinna guruoM kI niyukti kI jAtI thI / dhanurvedAdi ina vibhinna yuddha vidyAnoM kI zikSaNa paddhati ko bhI do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-1. siddhAntapakSa tathA 2. byAvahArika pakSa / sarvaprathama prAcAryoM dvArA usa vidyA vizeSa se sambandhita vastuoM kA lAkSaNika athavA paribhASAgata saiddhAntika svarUpa samajhAyA jAtA thaa| gajazAstra, azvazAstra prAdi zAstroM ke dvArA usa vidyA ke tAtvika svarUpa ko samajha lie jAne ke uparAnta puna: rAjakumAroM ko vyAvahArika rUpa se bhI usa vidyA kA prAyogika abhyAsa karAyA jAtA thaa|' yuddha vidyA sambandhI zAkhAoM kA saMkSipta varNana isa prakAra hai (ka) dhanuvidhA-yaha vidyA 'dhanurveda'2 ke nAma se prasiddha thii| 'cApa vidyA'3 se bhI isI vidyA kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai / vividha prakAra ke bANoM ko calAne Adi kI zikSA 'cApavidyA' ke antargata AtI thii| guru rAjakumAra ko sarvaprathama dhanuSa vidyA ko sikhAte hue caraNavinyAsa, jyAsphAlana, lakSyasandhAna, tathA bANavisarjana sambandhI abhyAsa karAte the|4 cApavidyA ke abhyAsa ke samaya zabda-vedhI bANoM ko calAnA tathA vyUha racanAoM meM naipuNya prApta karanA bhI Avazyaka thA / prAyaH rAjakumAra dhanuSa calAne meM itane abhyasta ho jAte the ki jyAsphAlana ke avasara para sArA dhanuSa mur3akara vRttAkAra ho jAtA thaa|6 guNagrAhitA, namanazIlatA, zuddha bAMsa se nirmita honA Adi utkRSTa dhanuSa kI vizeSatAeM mAnI gaI haiM to atyanta sIdhApana, tIkSNatA evaM adhika lambA honA utkRSTa vANa ke lakSaNa svIkAra kie gae haiM / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita ke anusAra rAdhAvedhana, zabdabhedana, jalanihitalakSyabhedana, cakravedhana tathA mRtikApiNDa bhedana Adi bANa calAne ke vividha prakAra ke abhyAsa pracalita the / 1. dvisa0, 3.36; triSaSTi0, 3.6.234-36 2. triSaSTi0, 2.3.34 3. dvisa0, 3.35,36, 37; triSaSTi0, 2.3.50 4. padaprayoge nipuNaM vinAme sandhI visarge ca kRtAvadhAnam / --dvisa0, 3.36 5. dvisa0, 3.37 6. vahI, 3.38 7. vahI, 1.40 8. triSaSTi0 2.3.50

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 437 (kha) khaDgavidyA'-khaDga (talavAra) calAne kI vividha kalAoM kA jJAna karAnA, khaDga calAte samaya pAvoM kI gati tathA usakI dhAra kA nirIkSaNa karanA, Adi khaDgavidyA ke abhyAsa kArya hote the| triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM churIvidyA kA bhI pRthak ullekha pAyA hai| (ga) zastravidyA- aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vividha prakAra ke AkramaNAtmaka evaM surakSAtmaka prAyudhoM ke prayoga kA abhyAsa zAstrapratipAdita niyamoM ke anusAra kiyA jAtA thA / rAjakumAra sagara dvArA dhanuSa, phalaka, (DhAla), asi, churI, zalya, parazu, kunta, bhindipAla, gadA, kampana, daNDa, zakti, zUla, hala, mUsala, yaSTi, paTTisa, duHsphoTa, bhuzuNDI, gophaNi, karaNaya, trizUla, zaMku, Adi zastrAstroM ko calAne kA abhyAsa kiyA gayA / kunta, zakti, zarvalA Adi praharaNAtmaka zastroM athavA astroM ko bahuta vega se ghumAkara AkAza kI ora pheMkA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra vibhinna prakAra ke zastroM kA prazikSaNa 'zastravidyA' dvArA prApta kiyA jA sakatA thA / 8 'zastra vidyA' sAmAnyatayA vibhinna prakAra ke astrazastra saMcAlana se sambaddha thI parantu 'khaDgavidyA' evaM 'dhanurvidyA' talavAra aura tIra andAjI se sambaddha viziSTa vidyAeM rahI thiiN| varAGgacarita ke anusAra pAMca prakAra ke prAyudhoM kA abhyAsa bhI viziSTa vidyA ke rUpa meM kiyA jAtA thaa| (kha) kalA 1. saGgIta kalA ucca adhyayana viSaya ke rUpa meM tathA janajIvana ke manoraJjana kI dRSTi se saGgItakalA kA eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA thA / dhanika varga ke prAsAdoM meM tathA devAlayoM11 meM saGgIta sAdhanA kA satata amyAsa hotA rahatA thA / 12 rAjya ke 1. varAGga0, 11.74, triSaSTi0, 2.3.51 . 2. vahI, 2.3.50 3. vahI, 2.3.51 4. vahI, 2.3.53 5. varAGga0, 2.7, triSaSTi0, 2.3.52, hammIra0, 1.77 6. triSaSTi0, 2.3.35 7. triSaSTi0, 2.3. 35, 36-37 8. vahI, 2.3.52 6. paMcAyudhe zAstraparIkSaNe vaa| -varAGga0, 11.74 10. saGgItadhvanimukharai virAjamAnA prasAdaiH / -candra0, 16.6 11. mRdaGgagItadhvanituGgazAlam / -varAGga0, 22.56 12. pade pade nATakAni, saGgItAni pade pde| --triSaSTi0, 2.2. 566

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438 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja mahattvapUrNa avasaroM' para tathA saGgIta goSThiyoM meM saGgIta kalA kA zAstrIya rUpa bhI vizada huA hai / saGgIta vizArada vizeSa utsavoM meM apanI kalA kA pradarzana karate thaM / isake atirikta rAjya ke dainika kriyAkalApoM meM bhI saGgIta kA vizeSa sthAna thA / saGgIta ke vividha vAdya yaMtroM meM tUrya ( turahI) paTaha (nagAr3A) Adi vAdyayaMtra vividha rAjakIya gatividhiyoM kI sUcanA dene ke mahattvapUrNa sAdhana the / hammIra mahAkAvya meM ullekha prAyA hai ki mRdaGga Adi se bandIgaNa prAtaH kAla hone kI sUcanA dete the / candraprabhacarita ke anusAra rAjA ke prasthAna kI sUcanA dene vAle mRdaGga Adi vAdya yaMtroM se nagara vAsiyoM ko saceta kiyA jAtA thA / paTaha zrAdi vAdya yantroM se yuddha prayANa kI sUcanA dI jAtI thI / deva mandiroM meM pUjA ke avasara para bhI saGgIta evaM nRtya prayoga dvArA ArAdhya deva ko prasanna karane kI vizeSa pravRtti rahI thI / saGgIta goSThI prAdi kriyA-kalApoM kA sambandha vizuddha rUpa se manoraMjana se jur3A huA thA / hammIramahAkAvya meM isa prakAra kI saGgIta goSThI ke Ayojana kA ullekha zrAyA hai jisakA uddezya sainikoM kA manoraMjana karanA thA / 7 vAdya yaMtra vibhinna dhArmika mahotsavoM, raraNa prayANoM, saGgIta-goSThiyoM Adi bhavasaroM para vividha prakAra ke vAdya yaMtroM kA prAyaH prayoga hotA thA jinameM mRdaGga, vINA, veNu, paTaha, bherI, vallakI, turya Adi vAdyayaMtra vizeSa rUpa se lokapriya the / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM nimnalikhima vAdya yantroM kA ullekha AyA hai 1. mahotsavavAdyamiva / naranArA0, 5.46, tathA tu0 - varavaMzamRdaGgagItazabdAn murajadhvanivimizritAnsa rAgAn / --varAGga0, 2. gIta daGgadhvaniveNuvallakInAdAnugaM madyatu medinIpate / - padmA0, 3.133 3. gandharvagItazrutitAlavaMzamRdaGgavINApaNavAdimizraH / -- barAGga0, 23.10 4. mArdaGgikaistAvadavAdi sadyaH pratyUSasUcA subhago mRdaGgaH / - hammIra0, 8.7 6.44 prabodhasamaye tavollasitakAlamArdaGgikAGkitaH / - vasanta0, 24.5 5. draSTavya prastuta grantha, pR0 157 6. vahI, pR0 339 7. nemicandra zAstrI, Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 250

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 436 1. bherI' 4. kAhalA 7. vINA 10. tUrya'. 13. vallakI 3 16. DamarUka16 16. tantrI 2. mRdaGga 5. zaMkha 8. DhakkA 11. zrRGga" 14. mADDaka'4 11. yakA 20. dundubhI20 3. kasAla 6. veNu 6. paNava 12. paTaha12 15. jharbhara15 18. vikvariNa 21. jhachara' 1. varAGga (varSa), 8.10; dvayA0, 3.66; varAGga0, 17.40, 23.4,13; 2. varAGga (varSa), 8.10; dvayA0, 15.66; padmA0, 3.133; hammIra0, 13.33; pradyu0, 17.47; dvisa0, 4.24; varAGga0, 23.10 3. varAGga (varSa), 8.10 4. varAGga (vardha), 8.10; dvayA0, 6.16 5. varAGga0 (vargha), 6.10; dvayA0, 5.139; vasanta0, 8.35; varAGga, 17.40, 23.13 6. varAGga (vardha), 8,10; pArzva0, 11.33; dvayA0, 3.38, padmA0, 3.133 hammIra0, 13.13; dharma0, 5.53 7. varAGga (varSa), 8.10; pArzva0, 11.33; dvayA0, 3.38; hammIra0, 13.13; prA0, 17.47 8. varAGga (varSa), 8.10, dvayA0, 6.16 6. vahI, 8.10 10. varAGga0 (varSa), 8.10; kIrti0, 6.2; dharma0, 17.10 11. varAGga (vardha), 8.10; padmA0 7.158 12. varAGga (varSa), 8.10; pArva0, 10.66; vasanta0, 10.71, candra0, 15.1; varAGga0, 17.40; dharma0, 17.34; dvisa0, 4.22 13. pArzva0, 6.84; padmA0 3.133, dharma0 5.53 14. dvayA0, 17.35 15. vahI, 17.35 16. dvayA0, 7.13; vasanta0, 10.26 17. : dvayA0, 6.16 18. dvayA0, 12.63 16. vahI, 10.25 20. dvayA0, 5.136 21. vahI, 8.13; Narang, Dvayasrayakavya, p. 205

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440 22. tAla ' 25. vaMza 4 28. paraNava 7 vINA-bheda jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 24. ghaNTikA 27. hala 30. muraja 23. jhallarI 26. mardala 26. ghaNTA vAdya yaMtroM meM vINA atyadhika lokapriya yantra rahA hai / nemicandra zAstrI ne jIna kumArasaMbhava ke TIkAkAra jayazekharasUri ke kathanAnusAra caudaha prakAra kI vINAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai jinake nAma isa prakAra haiM (1) nakuloSThI (2) kinnarI ( 3 ) zatatantrI ( 4 ) jayAhastikA ( 5 ) kubjikA ( 6 ) kacchapI (7) ghoSavatI ( 8 ) sAraGgI ( 6 ) uduMbarI (10) tisarI (11) DhibarI (12) parivAdinI (13) zrAlAviNI tathA (14) vallakI / 10 svara - rAga evaM mUrcchanAeM saGgItazAstrIya paribhASA ke anusAra sapta svara unacAsa rAga evaM ikkIsa mUrcchanAeM prasiddha haiM / prAsaGgika rUpa se jaina mahAkAvyoM meM bhI ina zAstrIya paribhASAoM para yatra tatra prakAza DAlA gayA hai / tatsambandhI vivecana isa prakAra hai 1. sapta svara - padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM SaDja, RSabha, gAndhAra, madhyama, paJcama, dhaivata, niSAda - ina sapta svaroM ko spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki mayUra 1. varAGga0 (vardha), 11.62; varAGga0, 23.10; dvayA0, 2.71 2. dharma 0, 18.45; vasanta0, 10.71 3. vasanta0, 10.71 4. varAGga0, 17.40, 23.10 5. vahI, 17.40, 23.13 6. vahI, 17.40, 23.6 7. vahI, 17.40, 23.10 8. varAGga0, 17.40 6. vahI, 24.5 tathA vAdyayantroM ke vizeSa vivaraNArthaM draSTavya - nemicandra zAstrI, prAdi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 315 - 20; suSamA kulazreSTha, kAlidAsa sAhitya evaM vAdanakalA, dillI, 1986, pR0 27 - 166 10. nemicandra zAstrI saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna, pR0 566; suSamA kulazreSTha, kAlidAsa sAhitya evaM vAdana kalA, pU0 35-54

Page #475
zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna dhvani ke samAna SaDja, vRSabha kI DakAra ke samAna RSabha, bakarI kI dhvani ke samAna gAndhAra,3 krauMca pakSI kI dhvani ke samAna madhyama, kokila kI kUja ke samAna paMcama,5 azva kI hinahinAhaTa ke samAna avata' tathA hAthI kI ciMghAr3a ke samAna niSAda svara hote haiM / 2. caturvidha dhvani-padamAnanda mahAkAvya meM hI vAdyayaMtroM se cAra prakAra kI dhvaniyoM (ca tuvidhAtodyacaturatA) ke mukharita hone kA saMketa bhI prApta hotA hai| vINA Adi vAdyoM se tat, tAlAdi se dhana, vaMzAdi se zuSira, tathA murajAdi se pAnaddha dhvaniyoM kA pratisphuraNa hI 'caturvidhAtodyacaturatA' ke rUpa meM spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai| 2. nRtyakalA saGgItakalA ke sAtha gAyana evaM nRtya kA bhI abhinna sambandha hai| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM saGgIta ke Ayojana ke sAtha gAyana Adi kA vizeSa varNana huA 1. ke'pi kekivapuSaH kalaSaDjArAviNaH pranantuH / -padmA0, 8.60 2. lakSaNAd vRSabhato vRssbhaakhyaa| -vahI, 8.66 3. romakomalataraM dadhato gAndhAragAnamiva / -vahI, 8.61 4. krauJcarUpamupacarya cukUjarmadhyamadhvanita / -vahI, 8.62 5. rejire racitapaJcamagAnAH klaptakokilavapuH pratimAnAH / -vahI, 8.63 6. dhaivatadhvanimanoramavazvIbhUya bhUrikRtaheSitaharSAH / -vahI, 8.64 7. sammadodita-niSAdaminAdAH / -vahI, 8.65 8. sapta dhvaniyoM kI vyAkhyA ke lie tu0 "nAsAM kaNThamurastAlu jihavaM dantAzca saMspRzan / SaDbhyaH saJjAyate yasmAt tasmAt 'SaDja' iti smRtaH // SaDja vadati mayUro, RSamaM gAva eva ca / ajA vadati gAndhAraM, krauJco vadati madhyamam // vasantakAle samprApte kokilo vadati paJcamam / dhavataM hraSate vAjI, niSAdaM kuJjaraH svaram / / " -padmA0, 8.60, pR0 184 para uddhRta 6. ete tava gandharvAzcaturvidhAtodyacaturatApracurAH / -padyA0, 4.32 10. prAtodyasya -vAditrasyacaturvidhatA yathA vINAprabhRtikaM tataM, tAlaprabhRtikaM ghanaM, vaMzAdikaM zuSiraM, murajAdikaM prAnaddhaM ca / -vahI, 4.32, pR0 67

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446 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja hai| dhArmika mahotsavoM tathA manoraJjanArtha prAyojita saGgIta-goSThiyoM meM nRtyapradarzana kA vizeSa pracalana rahA thA / ' nRtya ke avasara para nartakI dvArA kaTAkSAdi ceSTAeM evaM vastrApanayapUrvaka aMga pradarzana Adi kA bhI abhinaya kiyA jAtA thaa| stana-maNDala para paTaha dhAraNa kara nRtya karanA, bhauhoM ko calAnA, netroM ko vilAsapUrNa banAnA, stanoM ko kampita karanA, hAthoM ko uThAnA, sundara caraNa vinyAsa, Adi natya kI vizeSa mudrAeM pracalita thiiN|3 yazaskIti kRta sandehadhvAnta TIkA ke anusAra bhrUbhaGganRtya sAta prakAra kA, netra-pakSa nRtya chabbIsa prakAra kA, nAsikA adhara tathA kapola nRtya chaha-chaha prakAra kA zira-nRtya teraha prakAra kA, grIvA-nRtya nau prakAra kA, uru-nRtya pAMca prakAra kA, pArzva tathA udara-nRtya tIna prakAra kA; hasta-nRtya causaTha prakAra kA, bAhu-nRtya daza prakAra kA; karAbhinaya pUrNa nRtya bIsa prakAra kA, kaTi-nRtya pAMca prakAra kA; pAda-nRtya chaha prakAra kA tathA pada-vinyAsaparaka nRtya battIsa prakAra kA hotA thaa| hammIra mahAkAvya meM lAsya, 1. stotranRtyapragItairurujayaninadaivaMzavINAmRdaGagaiH / -pradyu0, 14.47 gandharva-gIta-zruti-tAla-vaMzamRdaGga-vINApaNavAdimizraH / lAsya-prayogeSvatha tANDaveSu svAyojya-citraM nanRtustaruNyaH / / -varAGga0, 23.10 2. vastrANyutsaMvRNoti sma praknUya na bhayAnna kaH / -hammIra 13.2, mRganAbhisphurannAbhi ydnggnnmraajt| -vahI, 13.8 .. mitho'pi spardhayA vardhamAnatvAdiva saMyate / dRDhaM colAntarIyAbhyAM stanazroNI prabibhrati / / vapUrvallivilAsena mUrcchayantIva kAminaH / -vahI, 13.15,16 3. ekayA gurukalatramaNDale ghRSTakAmuka ivAdhiropitaH / valgitabhrUnavavibhramekSaNaM vepitastanamudastahastakam / cAracitrapadacAramekayA nartismaramanatti tatpuraH / / -dharma0, 5.54-55 saptaprakAranartitabhrUlataM, SaDaviMzatiprakAracAlitalocanaM, navavinatitakAnInikaM, SaTprakArAdharaM, SaTprakAranAsikaM, SaTprakArAdhara, SaTprakArakapolaM, saptaprakAracibukaM, navaprakAralocanapakSmapuTaM, tathA trayodazavighaM zironatyaM, pazcAt pUrvoktAni tathA mukhacchAyAzRGgAraraudrAtmabhedena caturdhA tathA raGgamadhye'STI vIkSaNaguNA, navaprakAraM grIvAnRtyaM...tathA pArzvanRtyaM ca tathodaraM trividhaM catuHSaSTiprakAraM hastakanRtyaM tathA bAhunatyaM dazavidhaM tathA karakarmANi vizatiH, kaTInatyaM paMcavidhaM tathA paMcavidhAjaGghA tathA pAdakarma SaDvidhaM tathA dvAtriMzatpAdacArikAH / / -dharma0, 5.55 para yazaskItikRta TIkA, pR087

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAnaM 443 tANDava, mayUrAsanabandha zAstrIya nRtyoM ke atirikta nRtyAvasara para nartakI dvArA tIna golakoM ko uchAlate hue tathA aMgulI ke agrabhAga para cakra calAte hue vibhinna prakAra ke Azcaryajanaka kartavyoM ke pradarzana karane kA varNana bhI pAyA hai|' isI prakAra varAGgacarita, padmAnanda prAdi mahAkAvyoM meM lAsya, tANDava Adi nRtyoM kA ullekha pAyA hai|2 vardhamAna carita meM alasAI haI vadhanoM dvArA natya karane kA varNana hai|3 padmAnanda meM striyoM dvArA maNDala banAkara nRtya karane kA varNana hai| zAstrIya dRSTi se ise 'hallIsaka' nRtya kahA jAtA thaa| striyoM ke atirikta naTa-viTa Adi bhI nRtya-kalA meM vizeSa dakSa hote the| rAjya ke mahotsavoM ke avasara para janatA kA manoraMjana karane ke lie ina naTa-viToM prAdi dvArA bhI AkarSaka nRtyAtmaka abhinaya kiyA jAtA thA / 3. citrakalA anya lalita kalApoM ke samAna citrakalA kI bhI utkRSTa sthiti jaina mahAkAvyoM meM aGkita hai / prAyaH loga citrakArI se vizeSa prema karate the| citrakArI jana-jIvana kA eka abhinna aMga bana cukI thii| pratyeka dhArmika evaM sAMskRtika gatividhi citrakalA se vizeSa saMvarI huI jAna par3atI hai / tatkAlIna citrakalA ko vAstuzAstrIya tathA zreGgArika citrakalA ke rUpa meM mukhyatayA nirUpita kiyA jA sakatA hai :vAstuzAstrIya citrakalA vAstukalA meM citrakArI kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA thA / khaja rAho, ajantA tathA elorA ke bhittI-citroM kA saundarya-vaibhava citrakalA ke anumAnita svarUpa ko pratyakSarUpeNa spaSTa kara detA hai| jaina mandiroM meM bhI isI prakAra kI citrakArI hone ke saMketa milate haiN| mandiroM ke dvAroM para kamala-suzobhita lakSmI, kinnara, bhUta, yakSa prAdi ke citra bane hote the| jaina mAnyatAoM ke anurUpa tIrthaGkaroM Adi ke citroM dvArA bhI mandiroM ke dIvAra suzobhita rahate the| sone-cAMdI kI pattiyoM ko kATakara 1. hammIra0, 13.18, 23, 27 2. varAGga0, 23.10, padmA0, 6.102 3. varSa0, 6.18 : 4. padmA0, 6.102 5. varAGga0, 23.47 6. varAGga0, 22.61-65, vardha0, 1.20-22 7. dvAropaviSTA kamalayA zrIrUpAntayoH kinnarabhUtayakSAH / tIrthaGkarANAM halicakriNAM ca bhittyantareSvAlikhitaM purANam // -varAGga0, 22.61

Page #478
444 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja vibhinna prakAra ke DhAMcoM se citrakArI karanA bhI isa yuga kI eka rocaka vizeSatA rahI thI / prAyaH ghor3e, hAthI, ratha, tathA inake prArohI, siMha, vyAghra, haMsa Adi kI AkRtiyAM ina pattiyoM meM banI rahatI thiiN|' stambhoM para bhI strI tathA puruSoM ke yugala citra utkIrNa hote the| sone tathA vaiDUyamaNiyoM Adi kI saMyojanA se bhI citrakArI ko AkarSaka rUpa prApta thaa| indrakUTa mandira meM jar3e gae kamala sone ke bane the kintu unake nAla-daNDa vaiDUrya maNiyoM se nirmita the / kalAkAra saundarya tattva ke vizeSa pArakhI hote the| svarNa-kamaloM para gUMjana karate hue mahendra nIlamaNiyoM se banI bhramaroM kI paMktiyoM se suzobhita citrakalA dvArA mandiroM kI dIvAroM ko vizeSarUpa se susajjita kiyA jAtA thA / 4 ___ mahaloM kI bhittiyoM para bhI striyoM tathA puruSoM Adi ke citra aMkita hote the / ye citra sajIva se jAna par3ate the| aisI avasthA meM prathama bAra AI vadhU dvArA upasthita logoM ke bhaya se gAr3hAliMgana na karane kI kavikalpanA tatkAlIna citrakalA kI utkRSTatA kI hI dyotaka hai / 5 mahaloM kI bhittiyoM para camakIle pattharoM dvArA bhI citrakArI kI jAtI thii| vezyAoM ke mahaloM kI citrakalA zreGgArika citroM se suzobhita rahatI thii| zreGgArika citrakalA striyA~ citrakalA meM vizeSa ruci letI thiiN| unake dvArA citrakArI karane ke 1. hayadvipasyandanapuGgavAnAM mRgendrazArdUla-vihaGgamAnAm / rUpANi rUpyaH kanakaizca tAmra: kavATadeze sukRtAni rejuH / / -varAGga0, 22.62 2. taH sphATikardampatirUpayukta reje jinendrapratimAgRhaM tat / - vahI, 22.63 3. vaiDUryanAlastapanIyapadmaH / -vahI, 22.65 4. mahendranIladhamarAvalIkaiH / -vahI, 22.65 5. nipAtayantI tarale vilocane sajIvacitrAsu nivAtabhittiSu / navA vadhryatra janAbhizaGkayA na gADhamAliGgati jIvitezvaram / / -candra0, 1.27 6. vibhAnti yasmin bahudhojjvalopalapraNaddhabhittIni gRhANi sarvataH / -candra0, 1.34 7. kozAbhidhAyA vezyAyA gRhe yA citrshaalikaa| vicitrkaamshaastroktkrnnaalekhyshaalinii|| -pari0, 8.115

Page #479
zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 445 ullekha milate haiM / prAyaH striyoM ke saundarya-prasAdhanoM meM citrakalA kA vizeSa sthAna bana gayA thA / kastUrI - rasa se kapoloM para makarI ke cihna prAdi banAkara zRGgAra karane kI pravRtti bhI dekhI jAtI hai / isI prakAra patra latAoM ko prAropita karanA, candana kA sundara tilaka lagAnA prAdi saundarya prasAdhana kI pravidhiyAM citrakalA se vizeSa rUpa se prabhAvita thIM / striyoM kI zRGgAraparaka saundarya bhAvanA prakaTa karate hue mahAkavi haricandra ne kAmadeva rUpI kAyastha dvArA sulocanA strI kI dRSTi rUpI lekhanI evaM kajjala rUpI syAhI se tAruNya lakSmI ke zRGgAra-bhoga sambandhI zAsanapatra likhane kI sundara kalpanA kI hai| 3 (ga) jJAna vijJAna 1. zrAyurveda Alocya yuga meM 'Ayurveda' eka uccastarIya adhyayanaviSaya ke rUpa meM atyadhika lokapriya viSaya thA / 4 padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM aSTAMga prAyurveda kA ullekha AyA hai / 5 sthAnAGgavRtti ke anusAra ye ATha aGga haiM ( 1 ) zalya taMtra 2. zAlAkya 3. kAyacikitsA 4. bhUtavidyA 5. kaumArabhRtya 6. agadataMtra 7. rasAyanataMtra tathA 8. vAjIkaraNa taMtra / triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita meM bhI proSadhavijJAna ke rasa- vIrya vipAka jJAna sahita praSTAGga Ayurveda kI zikSA prApta karane kI carcA AI hai / 7 gaja tathA azvacikitsA kramazaH 'gajazAstra' tathA 'azvazAstra' antargata samAviSTa thI / dvayAzraya mahAkAvya meM bAla rogoM se sambaddha 'zazukranda' nAmaka AyurvedIya grantha kA ullekha bhI milatA hai / 1. tUlikollikhita citravibhramam / - dharma0, 5.5, tathA 14.66 2. eganAbhirasanirmirtakayA patrabhaGgimakarI kapolayoH / vahI, 5 . 51 kAyastha eva smara eSa kRtvA iglekhanIM kajjalamaJjulAM yaH / zRGgAra-sAmrAjya vibhoga-patraM tAruNya-lakSmyAH suDazo lilekha || 3. -- vahI, 14.58 4. padmA0, 6.17 45; yazo0, 3.4 5. padmA0, 6.17 6. padmA0, 6.17 para uddhRta sthAnAGgavRtti, pR0 42 7. sarvauSadhIrasavIryavipAkajJAnadIpakam / prapyAyurvedamaSTAGgamadhyaiSTA'kaSTameva saH / / -- triSaSTi0, 2.3.30 8. so'jJAsId gajalakSaNam / cAzvalakSaNaM sacikitsitam / - vahI, 2,3.32-33 e. dvayA0, 16.65

Page #480
446 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja cikitsA evaM prAthamika upacAra sAmAnyatayA 'vaidya' rogoM kA upacAra karate the| maMtravettAnoM dvArA rogoM ko zamana karane ke bhI ullekha prApta hote haiN|' mUrchA, jvara Adi sAmAnya rogoM kA prAthamika upacAra vaidyoM ke binA bulAe bhI sambhava thaa| rogoM ke prAthamika upacAroM meM candana jala ke choToM se cetanA jAgRta karanA, candana Adi zItala lepoM dvArA jvara-zamana karanA Adi mukhya prAthamika cikitsA paddhatiyAM thiiN|2 dvisandhAna meM kapUra kI bhasma se thakAna dUra hone kA ullekha pAyA hai| khalI khilAne se gAya ke dUdha meM vRddhi hone kI saMbhAvanA kI jAtI thii| viyogajanya asvasthatAoM meM kapoloM ke sUkhane tathA cehare ke pIlA par3ane Adi rogoM kA bhI ullekha pAyA hai| isa avasthA meM bhojana Adi kI icchA nahIM hotI thI tathA jvara ke binA bhI zarIra meM dAhakatva kI sthiti mAnI jAtI thii| Amraphala ko bhUkha, pyAsa tathA thakAna dUra karane ke lie vizeSa rUpa se upayogI mAnA gayA hai| padmAmanda mahAkAvya meM mAmraphala ke guNoM kI prAyurvedIya vyAkhyA bhI kI gaI hai / ' kupathya sevana se roga mukti prasaMbhava mAnI jAtI thii| vaidya loga nAr3I dekhakara roga kI parIkSA karate the / 10 siMha dvArA kandhe ke dAtoM se pAhata hone 11 evaM asaMkhya zastrAdi lagane se lahu-luhAna-zarIra12 kA vaidyoM dvArA upacAra karane kA ullekha pAyA hai / siMhoM ke 1. mantravAdigaNarvedyavRndairapi paraH zataiH / -hammIra0, 4.71 2. pAzvAsayaMzcandanavAri sekairavocadevaM kRpayeva bhUpaH / -yazo0, 2.70 candanodakasaMmizrargAtrasandhiSu paspRze / -varAGga0, 15.24 tthaa| rasasekaH khalu candanasya tApam / -candra0, 6.67 3. dagdhAni kayUM rarajAMsi bhUyAH svavarmaNo'ntazcakaruH zramArtAH / -dvisa0, 5.56 4. aho khalasyApi mahopayoga:-kSIraM kSarantyakSata eva gAvaH // -dharma0, 1.26 5. candra0, 6.62 6. vahI, 6.62 7. padmA0, 2.56 8. vahI, 2.53-56 6. candra0, 1.71 10. pari0, 2.225-26 11. hammIra0, 4,66 12. varAGga0, 14.48-46

Page #481
zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna ........ 447 draSTAghAta dvArA viSa vyApta aGga kA saMbhavataH upacAra duHsAdhya mAnA jAtA thaa| hammIra mahAkAvya meM aneka vaidyoM tathA maMtravAdiyoM ko isa roga kI cikitsA meM asaphala rahane kA ullekha pAyA hai / garbhapAta-nirodha tathA viSa-parihAra Adi rogoM ke upacAra bhI saMbhava the|2 ajIrNa, 3 pitta, vAta, kapha, zliSma, sannipAta jalodara,5 kSAma, vipANDu, gaMDalekhA, Adi anya rogoM kA bhI prasaGgata: ullekha AyA hai| inake atirikta, auSadhicUrNa rasAyana kASTha, vanauSadhi Adi vizeSa prakAra kI auSadhiyA~ roga cikitsA ke lie prayoga meM lAI jAtI thiiN| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM se kucha rogoM ke lakSaNa athavA upacAra saMbaMdhI mahattvapUrNa tathyoM para vizeSa prakAza par3atA hai / inakA saMkSipta vivecana isa prakAra haipAhatopacAra __ ghAyala vyakti ke rakta srAvita sthAna ko hAtha se dabAnA, ThaNDe pAnI ke chIMTe denA, mastaka para candana kA lepa lagAnA, paMkhe se havA karanA Adi prAthamika upacAra sambandhI niyama pracalita the|10 ina upAyoM dvArA pAhata vyakti cetanA prApta kara sakatA thaa| gaharI coToM kA upacAra karate hue vaidya sarvaprathama ghAva ko pAnI se dhote the tadanantara una ghAvoM meM auSadhiyoM ko bhara diyA jAtA thaa|11 kaSTharoga ko zalyacikitsA padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM eka jaina muni ke kuSTharoga upacAra kA mahattvapUrNa ullekha prApta hotA hai / / 2 muni ke dvArA kupathyasevana se yaha roga utpanna huA 1. mantravAdigaNairvaidyavRndairapi paraH zataiH / mRzaM cikitsyamAno'pi nAbhUd bhUpaH svarUpabhAk // -hammIra0, 4.71 2. dvisa0, 3.6 3. zAnti0, 14.16 4. dvayA0, 17.86 5. pari0, 7.30 6. candra0, 6.62 7. dharma0, 11.24 8. padmA0, 6.42 ___6. dharma0, 12.46 10. varAGga0, 14.54 11. taM snApayitvA vraNazoNitAkta kSiptauSadhAni vraNaropaNAni / -vahI, 14.60 12. padmA0, 6.25-63

Page #482
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja thA / zroSadhi grahaNa na karane ke pramAda tathA kor3ha se vyApta kITANuoMoM kI hatyA ho jAne ke bhaya se jaina muni kA isa roga ke upacAra ke prati upekSAbhAva rahA thA / jIvAnanda tathA usake pAMca mitra vaidyoM ne muni ke isa kuSTha roga kI cikitsA karane kA vicAra kiyaa| ina chaha vaidyoM meM jIvAnanda mukhya vaidya thA / 3 tatkAlIna zalyacikitsA sambandhI paddhatiyoM kA isa avasara para prayoga kiyA gayA / upacArArthaM mukhya sAmagriyA~ thIM - 1. lakSapAka tela 4 2. mRta gAya kA zava 3. maNikambala 6 tathA 4. gozISaM - candana 7 / 5 448 zalyacikitsA vidhi sarvaprathama jaina muni ke sabhI gAtroM kI tela se mAliza kI gii| 5 tadanantara kuSTha roga vinAzaka uSNa tela ko malA gayA / nirantara tela kI mAliza karane ke kAraNa uSNa hue zarIra meM se sabhI kuSTha roga ke kor3e bAhara nikalane lage / 10 atyadhika uSNatA ko na saha sakane ke kAraNa muni bhI mUcchitAvasthA ko prApta ho gae / 11 tApa - zamanArthaM muni ke zarIra ko zItala mariNa kambala se lapeTa diyA gayA / 12 tela kI uSmA se maNikambala meM kIr3e nikalate rahe tathA dhIre dhIre 1. cAritrapAvitryakRte kAle, kupathya-bhojyAt kRmikuSTharogI / 2. so'bhUt tathA'pyauSadhamagrahInna, dehAnapekSA hi mumukSavaH syuH / 3. vahI, 6.53-66 4. gRhe'sti tailaM mama lakSapAkam / - vahI, 6.53 5. tatrAnayan gomRtakaM navaM te / - vahI, 6.71 -- padmA0, 6.37 6. gozIrSakaM candanamAnayadhvaM mitrANi ! yUyaM maNikambalaM ca / 7. vahI, 6.54 8. snehena sarvAGgamathAbhyaSiJcan / - vahI, 6.74 6. pratyaGgamabhyaGganiSaGgaroga-ghAtAya tailaM vyalasat tadantaH / -- vahI, 6.54 - vahI, 6.75 10. tailena tenAkulitA yatIndorbahiH zarIrAt kRmayo nirIyuH / - vahI, 6.77 11. pratyuSNavIryeNa vapurgatena, tailena jajJe sa munibisaJjJaH / -- vahI, 6.76 12. punarmunInduM maNikambalena, vaidyAvataMsaH parito'pyadhAta tam / yathAntarIkSaM tapatApataptaM tapAtpayastoyadamaNDalena // vahI, 6.85

Page #483
zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 446 una kambala meM par3e kIr3oM ko ekatra karake gAya ke zava meM DAlane kI prakriyA bhI nirantara calatI rhii| isa prakAra cikitsakoM kI yaha pUrI ceSTA rahI ki kuSTharoga kI cikitsA karate hue roga ke kITANuoM kI mRtyu na ho tathA ve gozava meM sthAnAntarita hokara jIvita bace raheM / tApa ke adhika bar3ha jAne para bIca bIca meM gozIrSa candana kA lepa bhI kiyA jAtA rahA / parantu eka bAra meM hI sabhI kIr3oM kA zarIra se bAhara nikala pAnA asambhava thA kyoMki tela kI uSNatA jaise hI kama hotI thI kIr3e phira zarIra ke bhItara cale jAte the / / 3 isalie mAMsa-gata tathA asthi-gata kuSTha kRmiyoM ko uSNatA ke prabhAva se pUrNataH bAhara nikAlane ke lie uparyukta prakriyA ko tIna bAra doharAyA gyaa| tIsarI bAra taka zarIra ke samasta kIr3e bAhara nikAla kara gozava meM punavisthApita kara die gae the|4 mariNakambala tathA gozIrSa-candana dvArA samaya-samaya para uSNatA vRddhi para bhI niyantraNa kiyA jAtA rahA thA / 5 anta meM kuSTha roga ke kAraNabhUta sabhI kIr3oM ke bAhara prA jAne para gozIrSa candana ke lepa se muni ko punaH cetanAvasthA meM lAyA gyaa| isa prakAra jaina muni ke kuSTha roga kA nivAraNa binA jIva hatyA ke huI zalya cikitsA dvArA saMbhava ho paayaa| (ga) anya rogopacAra jalodara roga kA lakSaNa prAkRti kA kurUpa ho jAnA mAnA gayA hai| 1. sa mandamAndolayati sma vaidyastatkambalaM gomatakopariSTAt / -padmA0, 6.80 2. RSiM sa gozIrSarasarmayUreverivauSadhaM grISma drutaM siSeca / -vahI, 6.68 3. athApi tailena vinirgatAstvag gatA yadete kRmayaH punastat / -vahI, 6.83 4. bahirbabhUvuH kRmayo'tha tasmAdabhyaGgato mAMsagatA api drAk / -vahI, 6.86 tathA-bhUyo nirIyuH kRmayastRtIyAbhyaGgAnmunerasthigatA api drAk / -vahI, 686 5. vahI, 6.76, 82, 86, 88 6. tenaiSa gozIrSavilepanena, lopaM prayAte sakale'pi tApe / muniH parAM nirvatimAjagAma sa nAma gantA prazamena yadvat // -vahI, 6.63 7. kiMkurmaH ko'pi vRNute na jalodariNImimAm / -pari0, 7.30

Page #484
450 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja Ayurvedokta prauSadhiyoM dvArA isa roga kA upacAra sambhava thaa| pitta jvara meM dUdha mIThA nahIM lagatA hai / ajIrNa roga ko sabhI rogoM kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai / 3 durnAmaka arthAt arza roga bahuta adhika bar3ha jAne para 'chedana kriyA' arthAt 'Aprezana' dvArA hI roga para niyantraNa kara pAnA sambhava thA / 4 dhArmika niHzulka cikitsA cikitsA jIvana yApana kA eka mahattvapUrNa vyavasAya bana gaI thI tathApi dhArmika dRSTi se ni:zulka cikitsA karane kA bhI ullekha milatA hai / padmAnanda mahAkAvya ke ullekhAnusAra jaina muniyoM Adi kI cikitsA ke lie atyadhika mUlya vAlI vastueM vyApArI loga binA mUlya hI de dete the| jaina muni ke kuSTharoga nivAraNArthaM eka-eka lAkha dInAra mUlya vAle mariNa kambala tathA gozIrSa candana kA koI mUlya nahIM liyA gayA / isI prakAra jIvAnanda Adi vaidyoM ne dharma lAbha prayojana se muni ke kuSTharoga kI niHzulka zalya cikitsA kI / 6 5. jyotiSa evaM nakSatra vijJAna jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM jyotiSa evaM nakSatra vijJAna ke prati apAra zraddhA prakaTa kI gaI hai / mahattvapUrNa avasaroM para jyotiSa vidyA ke AdhAra para grahoM-nakSatroM tathA muhUrtoM kI zubhAzubha sthiti kA vicAra kiyA jAtA thaa| isI dRSTi se rAjA ke mantrimaNDala meM purohita kA eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna thA tathA rAjya stara para jyotiSa vidyA eka mahattvapUrNa vidyA ke rUpa meM bhI pratiSThita thii| aneka jaina mahAkAvyoM meM grahoM, nakSatroM Adi kA vicAra kara kisI mahattvapUrNa kArya ke prArambha 1. prAyurvedoditoSadhyollASIkRtyoduvAhatAm / pari0, 7.36 pittajvaravataH kSIraM madhuraM nAvabhAsate / - yazo0, 1.54 3. rogA vaidyavizAradairnigaditAH sarve'pyajIrNodbhavAH / 2. - zAnti 0, 4. prasuhRtvavidhAvupasthitaM bhuvi durnAmakamAtravikriyam / zamaye matimAnmahodayaM sahasAcchedanamantareNa kaH / / --vardha 0, 7.45 5. vRddho vaNig vastuyugasya mUlyamekaikadInArakalakSamUce / 6. 14.16 --padmA0, 6.56 kalyANavanto ! mariNakambalaM me, gozIrSakaM candanamAdadadhvam / vinAzi gRhNAmi dhanaM na mUlye, kAGkSAmi kintvakSayameva dharmam // vahI, 6.65 pradAya temyo'ya sa dharmalAbham / - vahI, 6.65

Page #485
zikSA, galA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 451 karane kA ullekha pAyA hai / ' yuddha prayANa 2 vivAha,3 rAjyAbhiSeka Adi mahattvapUrNa rAjyotsavoM meM to jyotiSa vidyA ke anusAra hI dina athavA tithi kA nizcaya karane ke bahudhA ullekha pAe haiM / padmAnanda mahAkAvya meM RSabhadeva ke janma ke samaya kI sthiti ko jyotiSIya AdhAra para spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki usa samaya candramA dhanu rAzi meM tathA anya sabhI graha ucca rAziyoM meM the|5 RSabhadeva . ke. janma dina tathA tithiyoM kA ullekha karate hue yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki ve caitramAsa kI aSTamI ko utpanna hue the| jyotiSa vidyA ke jJAtA 'daivajJa' bhaviSyakAla kI ghaTanAeM bhI pahale batA / dene meM samartha hote the| vardhamAnacarita meM saMbhinna nAmaka daivajJa' kA isI sandarbha : meM ullekha pAyA hai / zAntinAtha carita mahAkAvya meM jyotiSa ke (1) zubha lagna (2) mitra dRSTi (3) grahoM kA balAbala (4) grahoM kA svAmitva tathA (5) SaDvarga zuddhi Adi mahattvapUrNa tattvoM para prakAza DAlA gayA hai| kIrtikaumudI mahAkAvya meM kara grahoM ke Akramaka tathA candramA nakSatra ke zubhatva kA ullekha pAyA hai| 1deg sAmAnyatayA candra, guru, zukra, zubhagraha tathA zeSa azubha graha mAne jAte haiM inameM se budha zubha grahoM ke sAtha zubha tathA azubha grahoM ke sAtha azubha mAnA gayA hai / inake 1. atha prazaste tithi-lagna-yoge muhUrta-nakSatraguNopapattI / ___ kSapAkare ca pratipUryamANe graheSu sarveSu samasthiteSu / / -varAGga0, 31.1 tathA zubhe muhUrte'tha zubhainimittamantrI svanAthAnumataH pratasthe / -kIrti0, 6.6 2. zubha muhUrte jayakuJjarAdhipaM raNe jayaM mUrtamivAdhirUDhavAn / -jayanta0, 10.67 3. vivAhalagnAha-muhUrtamekaM nirNIya jiSNuvisasarja kRSNam / -nemi0, 11.56; 4. candra0, 6.108; hammIra0, 8.56 5. padmA0, 7.325 6. caitrasya bahulASTamyAm / -vahI, 7.324 7. varSa0 5.107-113 8. lagne prazaste patimitrapUrNadRSTyA praSTe balazAlamAne / SaDvarga-zuddhe ca tayoH purodhA amIlayanmaGa kSukaraM kareNa / / -zAnti0, 4.122 6. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM0, pR0 570 10. karai hairivA'' kamya muktamanyainiyogibhiH / / prINAtyeSa puraM mantrI, nakSatramiva candramA // -kIrti0, 4.10

Page #486
452 jana saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja atirikta gyArahaveM bhAva meM sabhI graha zubha hI mAne gae haiN| isI dRSTi se vicAra karate hue pArzvanAthacarita meM vAdirAja ke nava grahoM kI zubha sthiti svIkAra kI gaI hai / ' varAGgacarita meM jAtaka kI janmakuNDalI kI graha sthiti kA zubha lagnoM, graha yogoM, zubha tithiyoM, trikoNagata tathA kendragata zubha grahoM ke anusAra vicAra karane kI mAnyatA kA bhI pratipAdana huA hai / zAntinAtha carita me eka sthAna para eka sAtha navagrahoM meM se sUrya, candramA, maGgala, guru, zani, rAhu tathA ketu ina mATha grahoM kA svarUpa tathA phala Adi bhI kahA gayA hai| vardhamAnacarita meM ullekha prAyA hai ki rAjakumAra ke rAjyAbhiSeka ke lie zubha dina, zubha lagnoM zrAdi dRSTiyoM se vicAra karane para 'guruvAra' kA dina zubha dina thaa| rAhu dvArA candramA ko grasita karane kI mAnyatA janasAdhAraNa meM bahuta lokapriya rahI thI / 5 candra graharaNa ko dekhanA striyoM ke lie patikaSTa kA sUcaka mAnA jAnA thaa| graha-nakSatroM ke prati avizvAsa bhAvanA jaina dharma ke dhArmika kriyA kalApoM ke avasara para zubha lagna, graha, tithi zrAdi ke zraucitya ko jaTAsiMha nandi ne yadyapi svIkAra kiyA hai kintu brAhmaNa saMskRti meM grahanakSatroM kA eka mahattvapUrNa sthAna hone ke kAraNa saiddhAntika rUpa meM graha prAdi ke zubhAzubha pariNAmoM ke prati unhoMne avizvAsa bhI prakaTa kiyA hai| 5 siMha kA prakSepa hai ki jaba rAmAdi mahApuruSoM ke vivAha zubha nakSatroM Adi meM sampanna hue the to unake pati-patnI vizleSa kI sthiti kyoM utpanna huI ? 6 aise hI 1. pArzva 0 4.116 2 zubhe vilagne grahayogasattitho trikoNargaH kendragataiH zubhagrahaiH / 3. zAnti0, 2.46-51 4. vardha 0, 1.60 ravicandramasoH grahapIDAm / - 5. 6. dharma 0, 4.41 7. - varAGga 0 ( vardha), 1.34 - varAGga0, 24.36 tathA dharma0, 5.6 atha prazaste tithi lagna-yoge muhUrtanakSatraguNopapattau / kSapAkare ca pratipUryamANe graheSu sarveSu samasthiteSu // - varAGga0, 23.1 8. vahI, 24.60 6. grahayogabalAcchubhaM bhaveccetsa ca rAmaH priyayA kathaM vihInaH / -- vahI, 24.32

Page #487
zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 453 aneka tarkoM ke prAdhAra para jaTAsiMha brAhmaNa saMskRti ke khaMNDana karane kI apekSA se hI grahoM Adi kI vaijJAnikatA tathA unake zubhatva-azubhatva ke gaNita ko cunautI dete haiN|' 3. zakuna zAstra prAyaH vidvAn zakuna-apazakunoM kI carcA andha vizvAsoM Adi ke sandarbha meM karate haiM / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya jana-jIvana meM zakunoM tathA apazakunoM ko andhavizvAsa ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA thaa| rAjA bhI zakunoM tathA aMpazakunoM para pUrNa vizvAsa karate the| digvijaya prasthAna athavA yuddhaprayANa Adi mahattvapUrNa avasaroM para zakunoM-apazakunoM para vizeSa vicAra kiyA jAtA thA / 2 tatkAlIna samAja meM zakunoM tathA apazakunoM kA sAmAjika dRSTi ye kitanA mahattva thA, isakA anumAna isI tathya se lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki tatkAlIna zikSA-jagat meM bhI 'zakunazAstra' eka svatantra vidyA ke rUpa meM pratiSThita ho cukA thaa| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM aneka prakAra ke zakunoM tathA apazakunoM kI carcA pAI hai| zakuna kArya siddhi ke dyotaka the tathA apazakunoM se aniSTa prApti hone kI mAnyatAeM prasiddha ho cukI thiiN| pAlocya yuga meM zakunoM tathA apazakunoM kI sthiti isa prakAra thI zakuna - jala, dahI prAdi se bhare ghar3oM ko dekhanA, bAyIM ora zagAlI athavA gadhe kA zabda sunanA, khaMjarITa (bhAradvAja) pakSI dvArA parikramA karanA, kaue kA dUdha vAle vRkSa meM baiThakara dhvani karanA, anukUla vAyu kA calanA, dhAnya aMkuroM se yukta ghar3e dekhanA prAdi zubha zakuna mAne jAte the| apazakuna-mastakasthita AbhUSaNa kA nIce gira jAnA, rAnI kI rAjA dvArA mRtyu ho jAnA, kurUpa vyakti sAmane prA jAnA, dAyIM ora zRgAlI kA 1. grahato jagataH zubhAzubhAni pralapanto vimatInpravaJcayanti / / . -varAGga0, 24.31 2. candra0, 15.27-28; hammIra0, 12.26; varSa0, 6.17 3. nemicandra zAstrI, AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 272 4. hammIra0, 12.26; dvayA0, 3.88 5. candra0, 15.27-28 6. vadha, 6.17, dvayA0, 3.71 7. dvayA0, 4.66 8. vahI, 4.67 6. vahI, 2.33

Page #488
454 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja zabda karanA, chIMka pAnA, sAMpa kA rAstA kATanA, kAMTe vAle vRkSa para kaue kA karkaza svara sunanA, ghor3e kI pUMcha para Aga laga jAnA, pratikUla vAyu kA bahanA,' Adi apazakuna mAne jAte the| nalAyana mahAkAvya ke anusAra rAtri meM indra dhanuSa dikhAI denA, grahoM kA eka dUsare se TakarAva honA, ulkApAta, ketu kA udaya honA, dina meM candramA kA udita honA tathA rAtri ko prasta ho jAnA, digdAha, rajovRSTi, bhUmiprakampa, grAdi prAkRtika vikAra prakaTa honA, siMha Adi hiMsaka pazuoM kI ciMghAr3a sunAI par3anA, vanya pazuoM kA grAmoM meM rahanA tathA grAmapazutroM kA vanoM meM rahane laganA, durga pakSI dvArA nIDa banAkara baiThanA; sthalacara jIva jala meM tathA jalacara jIva sthala meM rahane laganA, asthi, sarpa, indhana, tela vikRtAMga vyakti tathA vandhyA evaM rajasvalA nArI kA darzana honA prAdi apazakuna mAne jAte the| prAya: uparyukta zakunoM tathA apazakunoM kI carcA vizeSa rUpa se yuddha-prayANa ke prasaGgoM meM pAI hai / jana-sAmAnya meM zakunoM tathA apazakunoM ke prati vizvAsa bhAvanA rahI thii| yahAM taka ki vaidyaka granthoM meM vaidyoM taka ke lie ye nirdeza the ki jaba bhI ve kisI rogI kI cikitsA karane ke lie jAeM ko usa avasara para hone vAle zakunoM tathA apazakunoM kI bhI vizeSa parIkSA kara leN|4 4. svapna-zAstra nimitta zAstra ke antargata 'svapna zAstra' kI carcA pAtI hai / 5 tatkAlIna samAja meM logoM kA dhArmika dRSTi se svapnoM para vizvAsa thA tathA inakA phala batAne vAle 'naimittika' kahalAte the / 6 jaina mahAkAvyoM meM jina 14 athavA 16 svapnoM kA ullekha pAyA hai unakA jaima paramparA kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva rahA thaa| kisI tIrthaGkara ke garbha meM hone para kucha viziSTa prakAra ke svapna prAyaH unakI mAtA ko 1. candra0, 15.32-34 2. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM, pR0 574-75 3. nalAyana mahAkAvya, 4.6.65-73 4. Sternbach, L., Jurdical Studies in Ancient Indian Law, Pt. I, Delhi, 1965, p. 289 5. triSaSTi0, 22.86-68 6. naimittikAH puro rAjJo vijJaptA vetrdhaarinnaa| deva dvAsaptatiH svapnAH svapnazAstre prkiirtitaaH| -vahI, 2.2.61 tathA 2.2.18

Page #489
455 zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna dikhAI dete haiM / " jaina mahAkAvyoM meM 14 prathavA 13 3 prakAra ke svapnoM kI carcA AI hai / saMkSepa meM ina svapnoM meM dRSTigata hone vAlI vastuoM kI tAlikA isa prakAra hai 1. airAvata gaja, 2. vRSa (baila), 3. siMha, 4. lakSmI, 5. mAlA, 6. candramA, 7. sUrya, 8. matsya yugala 9 svarNa- kumbha 10. sarovara, 11. samudra 12. svarNa siMhAsana, 13. vimAna, 14. nAgendra bhavana, 15. ratna tathA 16. zragni / 4 zvetAmbara paramparA kI mAnyatA vAle caturdaza svapnoM' meM 'matsya yugala' tathA 'svarNa siMhAsana' kA ullekha nahIM AyA hai / phalataH triSaSTizalAkApuruSa 0 zrAdi zvetAmbara mahAkAvyoM meM caturdaza svapnoM kI tathA candraprabhacarita Adi digambara mahAkAvyoM meM SoDsa svapnoM kI dhArmika mAnyatAeM pratibimbita haiM / ina svapnoM ke pRthak-pRthak phala kA bhI ullekha huA hai / frokarSa isa prakAra vividha prakAra kI kalAmoM, prAyurveda zrAdi jJAna-vijJAnoM se sambaddha madhyakAlIna bhAratavarSa kI mahattvapUrNa zaikSika gatividhiyoM kI jAnakArI dene kI dRSTi se jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI sAmagrI atyanta mahattvapUrNa hai / vartamAna meM lekara tathA rAdhAkumuda mukarjI sadRza vidvAnoM ne prAcIna bhAratIya zikSA para jo prakAza DAlA hai usameM jaina sAhitya ke srotoM kA sthAna nahIM ke samAna hai / prastuta adhyAya meM tulanAtmaka itihAsa niSTha cetanA se zikSA saMsthA ke vibhinna pahalu ko bhalIbhAMti spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / isake atirikta zikSA se sambandhita pAThyakramoM, Adi ke sambandha meM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke srota kucha navIna tathyoM kA udghATana bhI karate haiN| zikSaNa vidhiyoM kI dRSTi se bhI jaina mahAkAvyoM ke sAkSya katipaya navIna evaM pratirikta tathya evaM sUcanAeM pradAna karate haiM / madhyakAlIna bhAratavarSa meM pracalita zikSA ke mUlya brAhmaNa saMskRti ke pAramparika caudaha vidyAnoM se sambaddha rahate hue bhI samasAmayika paristhitiyoM se 1. candra0, 16.57 2. triSaSTi0, 3.1.116-21 3. gharma0 5.56-77, candra0, 16.58-60 4. vahI, 5. kalpasUtra, 33-47 6. viSaSTi0, 3.1.116-21 7. dharma0, 582.80 candra0, 16.63-96

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456 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja bhI achUte nahIM the| brAhmaNa tathA kSatriya vargoM se sambaddha do pramukha zikSA cetanAeM isa yuga meM apanI sAmAjika AvazyakatAoM ke anurUpa pUrNataH vikasita ho cukI thiiN| sAmAnyatayA paramparAgata vaidika zikSA paddhati hI deza meM sarvopari rahI thii| kintu kSatriya varga ke rAjaparivAroM meM rAjanaitika tathA manovaijJAnika dRSTi se uccastarIya zaikSika adhyayana kI vizeSa suvidhAeM bhI upalabdha thiiN| madhyakAlIna bhAratavarSa kI zaikSika gati-vidhiyoM para tatkAlIna yuddhoM kA vAtAvaraNa evaM sAmarika cetanA bhI vizeSa rUpa se hAvI thii| pariNAmataH zikSA saMsthA para par3ane vAlI sAmarika cetanA ke pariNAmasvarUpa janasAdhAraNa kI zikSA para pratikUla prabhAva par3A thaa| yuddha sambandhI viziSTa vidyAeM vizeSa lokapriya hotI jA rahI thiiN| rAjakumAroM kI zikSA ke sandarbha meM yuddhakalA, zastra prastra saMcAlana, vyUhabhedana, azvazAstra tathA gajazAstra Adi vidyAnoM ke adhyApana para vizeSa bala diyA jAne lagA thaa| zikSA kA vyavasAyIkaraNa honA tathA tatkAlIna jIvikopArjana kI samasyA ke anurUpa adhyayana viSayoM kI chAtroM ko zikSA denA bhI zikSA saMsthA kI eka vizeSatA rahI thii| madhyakAlIna bhAratavarSa ke adhikAMza zikSA-pAThya-krama samAja se kaTe hue na hokara tatkAlIna sAmAjika evaM Arthika AvazyakatAoM ke anurUpa the / isI prayojana se paurohitya vyavasAya. sainya vyavasAya, zilpa vyavasAya tatkAlIna vidyAnoM tathA kalAoM se pUrNataH sambaddha the| vidyAoM kA vyavasAyoM ke sAtha sambaddha rahane ke kAraNa jahAM eka ora adhyayanArthI ke bharaNa-poSaNa kI dRSTi se vidyA sArthaka ho sakI thI vahA~ dUsarI ora vividha prakAra ke vyavasAyoM ke viziSTIkaraNa kI prakriyA bhI pragatizIla mUlyoM se anuprerita hotI jA rahI thii| isI vaiziSTagha ke kAraNa bhArata kI madhyakAlIna vibhinna kalAkRtiyoM tathA bhavana sannivezoM ke sUkSmAtisUkSma avazeSa bhI Aja apane kalA-saundarya ke vizeSa prakAra ke namUne ke taura para vizva-vikhyAta haiM / vAstava meM vibhinna vidyAnoM tathA kalAoM ke svatantra vikAsa kA hI yaha pariNAma hai| jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke srotoM ke AdhAra para nirUpita zaikSika gatividhiyoM kI eka mahattvapUrNa vizeSatA saMskRta bhASA bhI rahI thii| yaha ThIka hai ki dakSiNa bhArata ke kucha pradezoM meM lokabhASAeM bhI zikSA ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM ubhara kara pA rahIM thIM kintu sampUrNa zikSA jagat meM saMskRta kA vahI sthAna thA jo ki vartamAna bhArata meM aMgrejI kA rahA hai / jJAna kI vividha zAkhAoM ke maulika grantha saMskRta bhASA meM hI likhe jAte the tathA adhyayana-adhyApana kI rASTrIya bhASA bhI saMskRta hI rahI thI / zaikSika carcA-paricarcA, dArzanika khaNDana-maNDana tathA vaicArika vAda-prativAda kA rASTrIya svara saMskRta bhASA se hI mukharita thA / yadyapi svayaM jaina

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zikSA, kalA evaM jJAna-vijJAna 457 kavi paramparA se prAkRta bhASA ke poSaka tathA saMvardhaka rahe the kintu rASTrIya paTala para saMskRta kI gUMja ke kAraNa sAtavIM zatAbdI ke bAda inhoMne bhI apane sAhityika, dArzanika tathA dhArmika granthoM ko saMskRta bhASA meM bhI likhanA prArambha kara diyA thaa| jaina kavi bhI kAlidAsa, bhAravi Adi ke granthoM kA adhyayana karate the| nemicandra zAstrI mahodaya ne 'saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna' nAmaka apane zodha grantha dvArA yaha tathya bhalIbhAMti siddha kara diyA hai ki paravartI jaina sAhitya kisa taraha se brAhmaNa saMskRti ke sAhitya se anuprerita, evaM prabhAvita hokara nirmita huprA hai / abhiprAya yaha hai ki sampUrNa zikSA evaM sAhitya jagat meM bhASA ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM saMskRta rASTrIya ekatA ko akSuNNa banAe hue thii| isa kAla meM pAbhijAtya brAhmaNa varga se hI saMskRta bhASA sambandhita na thI apitu jaina, bauddha vicAra dhArAoM ko bhI isane pUrA-pUrA prabhAvita kiyA thaa| pariNAmataH madhyakAlIna adhyayana kI vibhinna zAkhAmoM tathA jJAna paramparAoM kA pallavana saMskRta bhASA ke mAdhyama se hI ho pAyA thaa| ___lokopayogI zikSA ke sandarbha meM yaha vizeSa rUpa se ullekhanIya hai ki jyotiSavidyA, Ayurveda, zakunazAstra, svapnazAstra samAja meM apanI lokapriyatA ajita kara cuke the| lokavyavahAra kI dRSTi se upayogI samajhI jAne vAlI ina vidyAnoM ke prazikSaNa meM chAtra vizeSa ruci lete the / saMkSepa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki guNavattA evaM rASTrIya ekatA donoM dRSTiyoM se madhyakAlIna zikSA saMcetanA eka saMtulita evaM vikAsonmukhI zikSA vyavasthA kA niyojana kara rahI thI aura sAtha hI bhAratIya saMskRti kI vividha jJAna dhArAmoM ke saMvardhana evaM saMrakSaNa ke prati bhI prayatnazIla thii|

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aSTama adhyAya striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA (ka) striyoM kI sthiti vaidika samAjavyavasthA pitRsattAtmaka kulatantra se anuprANita rahane ke kAraNa puruSa ko nArI kI apekSA vizeSa mahattva detI hai| prAgvaidika kAla meM mAtasattAtmaka parivAra tantra kI bhI sthiti rahI thI jisameM nArI kuTumba kI mukhiyA thI aura puruSa kI bhUmikA gauNa hotI thii| isa mAtamUlaka samAja vyavasthA ke prAgaitihAsika avazeSa sAMkhya darzana meM surakSita haiM jisameM sRSTi ke pradhAna kAraNa ke rUpa meM 'prakRti' ko mukhyatA pradAna kI gaI hai aura 'puruSa' ko udAsIna kahA gayA hai / sindhu sabhyatA ke purAtAttvika avazeSoM meM mAtRdeviyoM kI sthiti bhI yahI batAtI hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM nArI zakti kI devatva ke rUpa meM pUjA kI jAtI thI 4 vaidika kAlIna nArI vaidika kAlIna nArI kA sthAna aneka dRSTiyoM se sammAnanIya banA humA thA / puruSa ke samAna dharma tathA zikSA ke kSetra meM use pUre adhikAra die gae the| pariNAmata: hama dekhate haiM ki vaidika kAla meM gArgI, maitreyI, lopAmudrA, ghoSA mAdi aneka aisI viduSI mahilAeM huI jo mantroM kI racanA karatI thIM aura tattvajJAna 1. Chatterji, S. K. Atreya, B. L.; Danielov, A; Indian Culture, Delhi, 1966, pp. 49-55 2. Sircar D.C., (ed.) Sakti Cult and Tara, Calcutta, 1967, p. 70 3. Lunia, B. N., Evolution of Indian Culture, Agra, 1955, pp. 33-34 Mohan Chand, Yogasutra with Maniprabha, Delhi, 1987, Introduction, p.x Altekar, A.S., The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization, Delhi, 1965. p. 339; Arora, Rajkumar, Historical And Cultural Data From the Bhavisya Purana, Delhi, 1972, p. 111.

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45ha striyoM ko sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA sambandhI zAstra carcA meM bhI bhAga letIM thIM / parantu vaidika kAlIna nArI se sambaddha kucha dUsare pahalU bhI vicAraNIya haiM / vaidika cintaka pitRpradhAna parivAra tantra meM nArI ko paitRka sampatti kA adhikArI nahIM mAnate tathA usake puruSAyatta rahane kI mAnyatA kA vizeSa poSaNa karate haiM / 3 Rgveda spaSTa rUpa se striyoM ko dAsa kI senA tathA astra-zastra ke rUpa meM mUlyAMkita karatA hai / unheM bher3iyoM ke hRdaya tulya kaThora evaM vizvAsaghAtI mAnA gayA hai / zatapatha brAhmaNa nArI ko puruSAdhIna mAnane kA vizeSa pakSadhara hai / isa prakAra vaidika kAlIna nArI ko kucha sImA meM puruSoM ke samAna sAmAjika adhikAra prApta the parantu nArI ko puruSAyatta mAnane evaM use heya batAne kI kuNThAeM bhI vaidika yuga meM apanA sthAna banA cukIM thiiN| isI sandarbha vaidika kAlIna dArzanika pravRttiyoM kI ora yadi dRSTipAta kiyA jAe to hama dekhate haiM ki sRSTi ke mUla kAraNa ke rUpa meM puruSa tattva kI hI vizeSa pratiSThA kI jA rahI thI / Rgveda ke puruSasUkta, 6 hiraNyagarbha sUkta, jina sRSTi viSayaka mAnyatAoM kA sampoSaNa karate haiM vyavasthA se anuprerita hokara hI puruSa tattva ko sRSTi kA prAcIna bhAratIya dhArmika evaM dArzanika mAnyatAoMoM meM mAnane ke manovijJAna ne bhI nArI kI sthiti ko cUMki bhAratIya samAja vaidika vyavasthA ke mUlyoM tathA paramparAnoM se vizeSa prabhAvita huA hai phalataH nArI ko pradhAnatA dene vAlI vedetara samAja vyavasthAeM yA to lupta ho gaIM yA phira unheM puruSapradhAna samAjavyavasthA ke antargata zrAtma samarpaNa karanA par3A / 7 nAsadIya sUkta zrAdi ve pitRpradhAna parivAra mUla kAraNa batAte haiM / 'puruSa' ko 'nArI' se UMcA vizeSa prabhAvita kiyA hai / jaisA ki spaSTa hai vaidika kAla meM hI striyoM ke viSaya meM puruSAzrita mAnane kI dhAraNA kA astitva A gayA thA jo dharmasUtroM ke kAla meM aura adhika vikasita hotI giiN| gautama, vasiSTha, baudhAyana Adi sabhI dharmasUtrakAroM ne yaha ghoSaNA kI hai ki striyAM svatantra nahIM haiM, sabhI mAmaloM meM ve prAzrita evaM paratantra 1. jayazaMkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 384 2. Rgveda 3.31.2, taittirIya saMhitA, 6.5.8.2 3. pI. vI. kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0 325 4. Rgveda, 5.30.6 tathA 10.65.15 zatapatha 0, 11.5.1.6 5. 6. Rgveda, 10.60 7. vahI, 10.121 8. bahI, 10.126

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460 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja haiM / ' dharmasUtroM ke samaya meM yadyapi bahupatnIkatA kA vizeSa | samarthana kiyA jAne lagA thA parantu prAdarza ke rUpa meM eka patnIvrata kI vizeSa prazaMsA bhI kI jAtI thI / dharmasUtrakAroM ne nirdoSa patnI ke tyAga ko eka bhayaMkara aparAdha mAnA hai tathA usake lie bhayaMkara sajA kA prAvadhAna bhI kiyA hai / 3 bauddha kAlIna nArI sAmAnyatayA yaha svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai ki bhagavAn buddha ke dharmopadezoM kA mahattva puruSa aura strI donoM ke lie samAna hai / isa dhArmika svatantratA ke prAgraha se nArI ke prati buddha ne sahAnubhUtipUrNa ravaiyA apanAyA thA parantu tatkAlIna samAja meM nArI samasyAoM kI jo bhayaMkara vibhISikAeM vyApta ho cukI thIM unake pratikAra bauddha dharma kI koI vizeSa bhUmikA dekhane meM nahIM AtI hai| isakA eka mukhya kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki svayaM bhagavAn buddha nArI ko sAMsArika rAgavRtti kA mUla kAraNa mAnate the / dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki bauddha samAja vyavasthA bhI vaidika vyavasthA ke samAna, puruSapradhAna parivAratantra para zrArUr3ha thI jisakA pradhAna 'gahapati' (gRhapati) hotA thA / ina samAjazAstrIya paristhitiyoM meM bauddhadharma nArI kI sAmAjika sthiti ko sudhArane meM athavA pUrva pracalita nArI mUlyoM meM kisI prakAra ke guNAtmaka parivartana ko lA sakane meM pUrI taraha se asamartha rahA hai| bauddha zrAgamoM se yaha jAnA jA sakatA hai ki svayaM bauddha saMgha meM hI nArI ko puruSa ke barAbara adhikAra prApta nahIM the / 7 cullavagga' meM bauddha bhikSuNiyoM ke lie saMgha vyavasthA dete hue buddha kA kathana hai ki so varSa kI bhikSuNI sadya pravrajita bhikSu ko abhivAdana kare aura usakI pUjA kare 15 buddha saMgha meM bhikSuNiyoM ke praveza ko bhI sarvathA varjita mAnate the / yahI kAraNa hai ki bauddha ne zrAnanda ke vizeSa Agraha para bhI gautamI ke netRtva meM AI striyoM ko dIkSita karane hetu udAsInatA prakaTa kI aura Ananda ke vizeSa naitika dabAva meM Akara hI unhoMne 1. pI. vI. kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0 325 2. ApastambadharmasUtra, 2. 5.11.12-13 3. vahI, 110.28.16 4. aMguttaranikAya 2.57, 5. ittho malaM brahmacAriyassa etpApaM sajjate pajA / --saMyutanikAya 1.36 6. jayazaMkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 30 7. cullavagga, 10.1 8. vahI, 10.2 6. komalacandra jaina, bauddha aura jaina zrAgamoM meM nArI jIvana, pR0 176

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461 striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA saMgha meM nArI praveza kI anumati pradAna kI / ' aitihAsika dRSTi se yadi dekhA jAe to yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bauddha kAla meM nArI samAja para vizeSakara nimnavarga kI striyoM para puruSavarga kI Adhipatya bhAvanA tathA kAmavAsanA ke kAraNa taraha taraha ke atyAcAra evaM zoSaNa kI pravRttiyA~ hAvI thiiN| bauddha dharma ke dvArA calAI gaI sanyAsIkaraNa kI dhArmika lahara ke pariNAma svarUpa bhI pArivArika saMghaTana vighaTita hone lage tathA mahilAoM ko bharaNa poSaNa kI samasyA se jUjhane ke lie hI aneka yAtanAeM sahanI pdd'iiN| yahA~ taka ki apane caritra tathA zIla kI rakSA kara sakane meM bhI ve asamartha hotIM jA rahIM thIM tathA puruSoM kA eka kulIna varga unakI isa vivazatA kA nAjAyaja lAbha uThA rahA thA / vAstava meM bauddha kAla nArI samAja ke zoSaNa kA vaha caramarUpa prastuta karatA hai jisameM nArI eka sArvajanika upabhoga kI vastu karAra de dI gaI thI / nadI, mArga, madhuzAlA, dharmazAlA, pyAU Adi ke samAna nArI bhI sarvabhogyA udghoSita kara dI gaI thI / 4 strI ko vyabhicAra kA paryAyavAcI banA diyA gayA thA loga striyoM ko giravI rakhane meM bhI nahIM hicakicAte the / 6 inhIM dayanIya paristhitiyoM meM asahAya evaM nirdhana striyoM ko rojI roTI, kapar3e Adi kI jarUratoM ke kAraNa kisI kI bhI patnI bana kara rahane ke lie bhI majabUra honA par3atA thA / bauddha sAhitya meM jina dasa prakAra kI patniyoM kA ullekha AyA hai usase tatkAlIna nArI samAja kI zocanIya dazA kA anumAna lagAnA sahaja hai / ve dasa prakAra kI patniyA~ nimna kahI gaIM thIM 1. dhanavakItA-dhana se kharIdI gaI patnI 2. chandavAsinI - svecchA se rahane vAlI patnI, 3. bhogavAsinI - bhoga ke kAraNa rahane vAlI patnI, 1. cullavagga, 10.1 2. mohanalAla mahato viyogI, jAtaka kAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, paTanA, 1958 pR0 170 3. vahI, pR0 4. yathA nadI ca pantho ca pAraNAgAraM samA papA / evaM lokitthiyo nAma nAsaM kujjhanti paNDitA // - anabhirati jAtaka, saMkhyA 58 5. dhammaddha jAtaka, saMkhyA 220 6. mohana lAla mahato, jAtaka kAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, pR0 170 7. tu0 - dasa bhariyAo... ghanakkItA... muhuttikA / --pArAjika, pR0 200 tathA draSTavya komala candra jaina, bauddha aura jaina AgamoM meM nArI jIvana, pR0 86-62

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462 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 4. paTavAsinI-vastra prApta karane se banI patnI, 5. aodapattakinI-udakapAtra se banI patnI, 6. promaTacumbaTA-sirahAne ko utaravAne se banI patnI 7. dAsInaukarAnI ke rUpa meM banI patnI 8. kammakArI-majadUrI para kAma karane se banI patnI, 6. dhajAhaTA-yuddha se lUTa kara lAI gaI patnI tathA 10 muhuttikA-kucha samaya ke lie banI patnI / nArI samAja ke itihAsa meM patnI pada kA avamUlyana itanA pahale kabhI nahIM huA thaa| jaina pAgama kAlIna nArI jaina AgamoM kI nArI kI sthiti smRtikAlIna itihAsa cetanA se bahuta kucha prabhAvita jAna par3atI hai| jaina AgamoM meM manusmRti ke anusAra hI nArI ko apane pUre jIvana kAla meM pitA, pati tathA putra ke adhIna rahane kI mAnyatA kA pratipAdana huaA hai / jaina paramparA ke anusAra cana.vartI ke caudaha ratnoM meM strI kI bhI parigaNanA kI gaI hai| jo nArI ko sampatti mAnane kI avadhAraNA kA poSaNa karatA hai| jaina sUtroM ne striyoM ko kAmamUlaka ghoSita karate hue kahA hai ki ye yuddha kI bhI mukhya kAraNa haiN| jaina AgamoM kI aneka kathAnoM meM striyoM kI caritrahInatA tathA pravizvasanIyatA prAdi durgaNoM ko ubhArane kI vizeSa pravRtti bhI dekhI jA sakatI haiM / jaina prAgamoM meM upalabdha hone vAlI isa strInindA ke sambandha meM DA0 jagadIza candra jaina kA yaha mantavya bhI ullekhanIya hai-"striyoM ke sambandha meM jo nindAsUcaka ullekha milate haiM ve sAmAnyatayA sAdhAraNa samAja dvArA mAnya nahIM haiN| isase yahI jAna par3atA hai ki striyoM ke AkarSaka saundarya se kAmukatApUrNa sAdhunoM kI rakSA karane ke lie strI caritra ko lAJchita karane kA yaha prayatna hai / "4 bauddha saMgha vyavasthA kI bhAMti jaina dharma saMgha meM bhI sAdhanArata nArI kI sthiti puruSa sAdhaka kI tulanA meM nimna mAnI gaI hai| vyavahArasUtra kA kathana hai ki tIna varSa kI paryAya vAlA nirgrantha tIsa varSa kI paryAyavAlI 1. jagadIza candra jaina, jaina aAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 245 tathA tu0-jAyA pitivvasA nArI dattA nArI ptibvsaa| vihavA puttavasA nArI nasthi nArI samavasA / / - vyavahArabhASya, 3.233 2. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, 3.67; uttarAdhyayana TIkA 18, tathA draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 164 3. jagadIza candra jaina, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 247-48 4. vahI, pR0 246

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striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 463 zramaNI kA upAdhyAya tathA pA~ca varSa kA nirgrantha sATha varSa kI zramaNI kA prAcArya ho sakatA hai|' jaina AgamoM meM nArI kA mahattva tathA usake prazaMsAparaka tathyoM ke ullekha bhI khoje jA sakate haiN| ina meM brAhmI, su-darI, candanA, mRgAvatI Adi aisI nAriyoM kI bhI carcA milatI hai jinhoMne sAMsArika virakti ko prApta kara sAdhanA mArga se lokopakAra kiyA thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI ziSyA Arya candanA ke netRtva meM eka vizAla sAdhvI varga dvArA samyaka cAritra kA pAlana kiyA gyaa| kauzAmbI ke rAjA zatAnIka kI bahina jayantI aizvaryapUrNa jIvana ko tyAga kara sAdhvI bana gaI thii| zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra mallI kumArI ne strI hokara bhI tIrthaGkara kI padavI prApta kI3 parantu digambara paramparA strI mukti kA niSedha karatI hai tathA mallI ko mallI kumAra ke rUpa meM puruSa tArthaGkara hI mAnatI hai| vastuta: jaina prAgamoM ke yuga meM nArI dAsatA ke abhizApa se nimna varga kI striyAM atyadhika saMtrasta thiiN|5 piNDaniyukti meM AI eka kathA ke anusAra choTI-moTI karjadArI ho jAne para strI ko dAsatA svIkAra karane ke lie vivaza ho jAne kA ullekha bhI pAyA hai| kauTilya ke arthazAstra meM nArI arAjakatA kI dayanIya sthiti ko sudhArane kI apekSA se vivAha saMsthA kI vaidhAnikatA para adhika bala diyA gayA hai|' nimnavarga kI striyoM kI Arthika dazA ko sudhArane kI apekSA se unheM guptacara vibhAga Adi meM niyukta karane kA prAvadhAna bhI kiyA gyaa| siddhAnta rUpa se kauTilya nArI ko eka nizchala prANI mAnate haiN| 1. vyavahAra0, 7.15-16; 7.407 2. jagadIza candra jaina, jaina pAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 252-53 3. jJAtRdharma kathA, 8 tathA kalpasUtra TIkA 2 4. jagadIza candra jaina, jaina prAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pa0 250, pA0 Ti0 4 5. komalacanda jaina, bauddha tathA jaina AgamoM meM nArI, pR0 183 6. piNDaniyukti, 317-318 7. arthazAstra, 3.1.1 8. kuto hi sAdhvIjanasya cchalam / vahI, 3.4.11

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 464 smRti kAlIna nArI bauddhakAlIna nArI mUlyoM kI pratikriyA svarUpa prathama dvitIya zatAbdI I0 ke lagabhaga manusmRti Adi granthoM meM nArI svatantratA ko pUrI taraha pratibandhita kara diyA gayA / sAmAnya jana jIvana meM sAmAjika visaMgatiyoM ke kAraNa nArI pratiSThA ko jo bhayaMkara AghAta pahu~cA thA tathA jisake kAraNa sArvajanika rUpa se nArI utpIr3ana evaM nArI vyabhicAra dina pratidina bar3hatA jA rahA thA usako rokane ke lie smRtikAra yA to puruSoM ke prabhutva ko cunautI dete yA phira unakI svacchanda vRttiyoM se saMrakSita karate hue nArI ko puruSAyatta AcArasaMhitA se jakar3a dete / manu Adi smRtikAra tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM meM puruSAyatta samAja vyavasthA ko badala sakane kI sthiti meM nahIM the / paramparAgata dharma cetanAmroM ne tathA AbhijAtya samAjamUlyoM ne milajula kara nArI kI asmitA para jo AghAta pahuMcAe theunake sandarbha meM smRtikAroM ke pAsa aba kevala eka hI upAya bacA thA ki ve bace khuce nArI sammAna kI, durdAnavoM se rakSA karane hetu strI kI svatantratA para aMkuza lagAeM tathA use pArivArika parAdhInatA kI zrAcAra saMhitA meM bA~dha deM / siddhAntataH manu nArI ke Adarza rUpa kA sammAna karate the / parantu vyavahAra meM unhoMne dharma, zikSA Adi sabhI sArvajanika kSetroM meM nArI svatantratA ko pratibandhita kara diyA / upanayana Adi saMskAroM ke sthAna para aba kevala 'vivAha vidhi' hI unakA vaidika saMskAra kahalAyA jAne lagA tathA patisevA tathA gRhakArya hI striyoM ke kramazaH gurukulavAsa tathA agnihotrAdikarma ke rUpa meM pratiSThita hone lage / 3 smRtikAroM kI vyavasthA ke anusAra nArI ko puruSa ke samAna zikSA prApti tathA vyaktitva vikAsa karane kI pUrI chUTa nahIM thI / 4 kevala putraprasavanI evaM pradarza gRhaNI ke rUpa meM hI use apane pAtivratya dharma kA nirvAha karanA hotA thA / 1. pitRbhirbhAtRbhizcaitAH patibhirdevaraistathA / pUjyA bhUSayitavyAzca bahukalyANamapsubhiH || yatra nAryastu pUjyante ramante tatra devatAH / yatraitAstu na pUjyante sarvAstatrAphalAH kriyAH / / Altekar, Position of Women, p. 345 3. vaivAhiko vidhi: strINAM saMskAro vaidikaH smRtaH / patisevA gurau vAso gRhArtho'gniparikriyAH // - manusmRti, 3. 55-56 - manu0, 2.67 4. Kane: P. V., History of Dharmasastras, Vol. II, pt. I pp. 561-62; Wilkins, W. J., Modern Hinduism, Delhi, 1975, p. 186 5. abhijJAna0, 4.18, 16 tathA draSTavya - Indra, The Status of Women in Ancient India, Banaras, 1965, P. 71

Page #499
striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 465 manu kI prAcAra saMhitA ke anusAra zaizavakAla meM pitA ke, yuvAvasthA meM pati ke tathA vRddhAvasthA meM putra ke prAdhIna rahanA hI nArI kI niyati bana gaI tathA svatantra hokara na rahane ke prati use saceta kara diyA gyaa|' uttaravartI smRti yugIna vizeSakara guptakAlIna nArI kI dazA ko yadi kAlidAsa sAhitya ke Aloka meM mUlyAGkita kiyA jAe to hama dekhate haiM ki mahAkavi kAlidAsa ne paratantra nArI kI vAstavika dazA ke prati apanI hArdika saMvedanAeM prakaTa kI haiM tathA usakI isa dazA ke lie uttaradAyI tatkAlIna samAja vyavasthA kI visaMgatiyoM ko ubhArA hai| abhijJAnazAkuntala meM duSyanta dvArA parityaktA zakuntalA kA citraNa smRtikAlIna nArI mUlyoM se panapI usa tatkAlIna asahAya tathA nirdoSa strI kA hI pratirUpa hai jo sAmAjika andharUDhiyoM ke pariNAmasvarUA na to patigRha meM svIkAra kI jAtI hai aura na hI mAtA-pitA kA pakSa hI use Azraya de pAtA hai| usake pAsa kevala eka ho mArga bacA hai patikula meM dAsI bana kara rahe / 2 isa avasara para kAlidAsa ne utpIDita zakuntalA ke mukha se duSyanta ke prati jo kaThora zabdoM ko kahalavAyA hai usameM nArI pIr3A kI yugIna saMvedanAeM mukharita huI haiM tathA puruSa jAti ke viruddha avizvAsa evaM anAsthA ke bhAva abhivyakta hue haiN| 3 kAlidAsa ne isa yathArtha ko bhI vizeSa rUpa se ubhArA hai ki puruSa kI svecchA se cAhe nArI ko gahalakSmI ke pada para bhI AsIna kiyA jAtA hogA athavA prema ke svArthavaza use saciva, mitra Adi kA sammAna bhI diyA jAtA hogA parantu vyavahAra meM yaha saba kucha puruSa ko anukampA para hI nirbhara karatA thA na ki strI kI svecchA para / eka prAzcaryapUrNa viDambanA yaha bhI rahI thI ki patnI para caritrahInatA kA mithyA Aropa lagA die jAne para 1. pitA rakSati kaumAre bhartA ramati yauvane / rakSanti sthavire putrA na strI svAtantryamarhati // -manu0, 6.3 2. patikule tava dAsyamapi kSamam / -abhi0, 5.27 upapannA hi dAreSu prabhutA sarvatomukhI |-vhii, 5.27 tathA tu0 -dAsIvadiSTakAryeSu bhAryA bhartuH sadA bhavet |-vyaassmRti, 2.27 3. anArya ! prAtmano hRdayAnumAnena prekSase / ka idAnImanyo dharmakaJcukapravezina stRNacchannakUpIpamasya tavAnukRti pratipatsyate / -abhi0, aGka 5 4. . abhi0, 4.16; raghuvaMza, 8.67

Page #500
466 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja putrI ke mAtA-pitA use lokApavAda ke bhaya se apane ghara para sukhanA anucita samajhate the tathA patigRha meM dAsI banakara rahane ke lie bhI bAdhya karate the|' kAlidAsa kI taraha nATakakAra bhavabhUti ne bhI nArI sambandhI visaMgala paristhitiyoM ko uttararAmacarita meM vizeSa rUpa se ubhArane kA prayAsa karate hue saMketa diyA hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM striyoM ke caritra ke prati loga kitanA sandehAlu dRSTikoNa apanAe hue the| isa sambandha meM kucha aise nArI samarthaka vicArakoM kI mAnyatAoM kI bhI upekSA nahIM kI jA sakatI jinhoMne striyoM ke viSaya meM pracalita anargala evaM bhrAnta dhAraNAmoM ko kaTu AlocanA kI hai| aise vicArakoM meM chaThI zatAbdI meM hue bRhatsaMhitAkAra varAhamihira kA nAma vizeSa rUpa se mahattvapUrNa hai| varAhamihira kA kathana hai ki jo doSa striyoM ke batAe jAte haiM ve puruSoM meM bhI vidyamAna haiN|' antara itanA hI hai ki striyAM unase bacane kA prayatna karatI haiM jabaki puruSa unake prati behada lAparavAha rahate haiN|4 kAmavAsanA se kauna adhika pIr3ita hotA hai puruSa yA strI ? isa prazna kA uttara dete hue unhoMne kahA hai ki 'puruSa vRddhAvasthA meM bhI vivAha karate haiM parantu striyAM vAlyAvasthA meM bhI vidhavA ho jAne para sadAcAra kA jIvana bitAtI haiM / "5 ___ vastutaH bhAratIya pariveza meM puruSa ko nArI se utkRSTa mAnane kI dArzanika manovRttiyoM evaM pitRmUlaka kulatantra kI samAjazAstrIya pravRttiyoM ne pratyeka yuga meM eka dUsare se milajula kara nArI dAsatA kI vibhISikAnoM ko janma diyA hai / parantu pAzcarya janaka yaha hai ki vizuddha sAmAjika dharAtala para nArI samarthaka 1. abhi0, 5.27 2. yathA strINAM tathA vAcAM sAdhutve durjano janaH / / -utararAmacarita, 1.5 3. prabUta satyaM kataro'GganAnAM doSo'sti yo nAcarito manuSyaH / dhASTyena pumbhiH pramadA nirastA guNAdhikArastA manunAtra coktam // -bRhatsaMhitA, 74.6 4. dampatyoyutkrame doSaH samaH zAstre pratiSThitaH / / narA na samavekSante tenAtra varamaGganA ||-vhii, 74.12 5. vahI, 74.16 tathA tu0-pI0 vI0 kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0 327 '

Page #501
467 striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA vicAraka na to koI aisA Andolana hI de pAe jisase nArI jAti para hone vAle atyAcAroM kA pratirodha kiyA jA sake aura na hI nArI samAja saMgaThita hokara itanA sAhasa juTA pAyA ki vaha chIne hue apane maulika adhikAroM ko punaH prApta kara sake / zAyada nArI samAja kI yahI sabase bar3I kamajorI rahI hai ki apanI svatantratA ko prApta karane ke lie sabase pahale use apane pitA, pati yA putroM se hI saMgharSa karane kI AvazyakatA thI jisake prati vaha na to saceta thI aura na hI aisA karanA ucita samajhatI thI / varAhamihira, kAlidAsa, bhavabhUti zrAdi aneka vicArakoM ne nArI kI isa vivazatA ko pahacAnA hai tathA usakI paravazatA zraura karttavyaparAyaNatA ke prati hArdika saMvedanAeM bhI prakaTa kI haiM / Alocya yugIna madhyakAlIna nArI pAlocya mahAkAvyayuga meM sAmAjika dRSTi se madhyakAlIna nArI kI sthiti smRtikAroM kI prAcArasaMhitA se hI prabhAvita jAna par3atI hai kintu sAmantavAdI bhoga vilAsa kI paristhitiyoM ne strI mUlyoM ko nayA mor3a bhI de diyA thA / sAmAjika, Arthika, dhArmika tathA dArzanika kSetra meM strI-cetanA bahuta cAmatkArika rUpa se praviSTa ho cukI thii| isa yuga meM strI ko saundaryAnubhUti ke tattvoM ne vizeSa rUpa se anuprANita kara liyA thA / ' phalataH kRtrima saundarya-prasAdhanoM tathA kAma-vilAsa se sambandhita zraGgArika hAva bhAvoM dvArA strI prAbhijAtya puruSa varga para apanI dhAka bhI jamAe huI thii| kintu yaha prabhAva sAmAjika saMrakSaNa 1. sarvAH striyaH prathamayauvanagarvavantyaH sarvAH svamAtRpitRgotra vizuddhavantyaH / sarvAH kalAguNavidhAnavizeSadakSAH sarvA yatheSTamupabhogaparIpsayinyaH // - varAGga0, 1.56 tathA tAM tathA samavalokya satyayA cityatesma kimiyaM surAGganA / nAgayoSidatha siddhakanyakA rohiNI kimuta kAmavallabhA / - pradyu0, 3.62 2. urasi pragalbhakucakumbhabhAsure maNihArayaSTimayatoraNAvalIm / savidhe svavallabhasa bhAgamotsave ramayAMcakAra caturaH priyAjanaH // -- nemi0, 6.43 tathA tu0 -- kuco suvRttI ghRtahArayaSTI sakaJcukI rejaturambujAkSyAH / rate sthitAyA hRdi rakSaNAya smaraprayuktAviva sovidallo // -- kIrti 0, 7.54

Page #502
468 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja Adi se yukta na hokara puruSoM kI kAma-lolupatA ko zAnta karane kI dRSTi se thaa|' bhogyA ke rUpa meM nArI kI pratiSThA prApta hone kA mukhya kAraNa sAmantavAdI bhogavilAsa hI thaa| madhyakAlIna sAhitya cetanA meM strI-saundarya ko jitanA ubhArA gayA hai usase bhI nArI kI sthiti meM paryApta antara pAyA tathA nArI ko tatkAlIna samAja kI eka aizvaryapUrNa AvazyakatA ke rUpa meM mahattva diyA jAne lagA thaa|' madhyakAlIna aizvarya bhoga ke saMsAdhanoM ke sAtha nArI itanI ghulamila gaI thI, jisake kAraNa eka aora sAmantI jana-jIvana ko sArthakatA pradAna karane kI dRSTi se vaha saMjIvanI zakti kA kAma kara rahI thI to dUsarI ora samAja ke vyApaka sandoM meM bhI eka bhogyA ke rUpa meM usakA prabhutva bar3hatA jA rahA thA / pAlocya mahAkAvyoM ke azlIla evaM bIbhatsa zreGgArika varNana samAja ke uccavargIya sAmantAdi rAjAmoM kI saundarya bhoga kI lAlasAnoM ko uttejita evaM uddIpta karane kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa kahe jA sakate haiN| madhyakAlIna kaviyoM ne bhI yugIna AvazyakatA ke anurUpa do pramukha cetanAoM ko apane kAvyoM meM pramukha sthAna diyA inameM se eka yuddha-petanA thI to dUsarI nArI-cetanA / 4 kabhI-kabhI ina donoM cetanAmoM ko upameya-upamAna bhAva se prastuta karate hue yuddha tathA nArI ko pAlocya yuga ke eka mukhya kathya rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai|5 madhyakAlIna bhArata ke rAjanaitika 1. tAsAM vadhUnAM ramaNapriyANAM krIDAnuSaGgakramakovidAnAm / pAlApasaMllApavilAsa bhAvaiH kAlo vyatIto dharaNIndrasUnoH / / ___-varAGga0, 2.61 2. AzramaH sarvazAstrANAmAkaraH sarvasampadAm / anyonyasamayugmAGgavyaJjanAnAmupAzrayaH // AbhirUpyasya niyatiH sImA saubhAgyasampadaH / lAvaNyasya payorAziH kalAnAM nityacandrikA / / AdiprajApatiH syAccennUnaM senAntyavedhasAm / striyaH sraSTuM praticchandaM kRtA grAmyA vadhUriyam / / -dvisa0, 7.70-72, 73 3. dharma0, sarga 15; candra0, sarga 10; nemi0, sarga 10; hammIra0, sarga 15 4. sapadi cakrakRpANazarAvalIprabhRti zastracayaM kimasajjayan / / -hammIra0, 7.30-31 5. cakAyamANamaNikarNapUraiH pAzaprakAzaratihArahAraH / bhrUbhizca cApAkRtibhivarejuH kAmAstrazAlA iva yatra bAlAH / / -nemi0, 1.36

Page #503
46e striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA vAtAvaraNa ne nArI kI sthiti ko vizeSa prabhAvita kiyA thaa| bhogyA ke rUpa meM nArI kitanI rAmabANa siddha ho gaI thI isakA anumAna lagAnA taba aura bhI sahaja ho jAtA hai jaba hama dekhate haiM ki nArI yuddha kA kAraNa thI tathA nArI hI yuddha zAnti bhI karavA sakatI thI / sAhitya saMsAra meM yuddha parAkrama varNana ke samAna nArI saundarya varNana ko bhI mukhyatA dI jAne lagI thI / saMkSepa meM madhyakAlIna bhAratavarSa kI nArI eka bhogyA kI virAT zakti ke rUpa meM samAja para hAvI thI tathA samAja ke vibhinna rAjanaitika, dhArmika, dArzanika prAdi kSetroM meM bhI usakA yaha rUpa chA cukA thA / rAjanaitika kSetra meM strI Alocya kAla meM strI yadyapi puruSoM ke samAna rAjanIti meM zrAmane sAmane bhAga nahIM le pAI thI tathApi yugIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ko mor3a dene meM tathA tatkAlIna rAjanaitika vAtAvaraNa ko sphurita karane meM usakI aham bhUmikA dekhI jAtI hai / isI rAjanaitika nArI cetanA se anuprANita hokara prAyaH rAjA zrapanI kanyAoM ke vivAha sambandhoM dvArA apanI rAjanaitika zakti ko sudRr3ha karane ke lie vizeSa rUpa se prayatnazIla rahe the / ' aneka prakAra ke vivAha - prakAra adhikAMzataH rAjanaitika prayojanoM ko dRSTi se hI sampAdita hote the / yuddha ke aneka kAraNoM meM se strI bhI eka mahattvapUrNa kAraNa banI huI thI / pararASTra nIti-nirdhAraNa meM bhI striyoM ke prayoga dvArA aneka duHsAdhya kAryoM ko sAdhane kA prayAsa kiyA jAtA thA / sAmantazAhI rAjazaktiyA~ nArI kA rAjanaitika prayoga karake apanI dUradarzitA kA pradarzana karane meM lagI huI thIM to vahA~ dUsarI ora nArI zakti rAjazaktiyoM ko apane hAtha kA khilaunA bhI banAe hue thI / varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM to rAnI dvArA pratyakSa rUpa se bhI rAjanIti meM 1. samAja kI sarvavyApaka zakti ke rUpa meM strI sametya tairmantritamantribhizca kanyApradAnaM pratinizcitArthaH / -- varAGga0, 2.51 2. candra0, 6.86-66 3. nasA sunandA pariNIyate cetsyAnmitrabhedaH sa hi doSamUlaH / --varAGga0, 2.25.

Page #504
470 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja bhAga lene kA ullekhaM pAyA hai|' rAjA mahAsena dvArA yubarAja varAGga ke rAjyAbhiSeka hone ke samAcAra ko jAnakara unhIM kI eka dUsarI rAnI tathA mantrI dvArA uttarAdhikArI rAjakumAra ko padacyuta karane kA saphala rAjanaitika SaDyantra sampAdita kiyA gayA thA jo isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki antaHpura meM rahate hue bhI rAjagharAne kI striyAM rAjanIti meM sakriya rUpa se bhAga lene lagI thiiN| udhara puruSa varga bhI strI ko apane kAryoM kI sAdhanA ke lie prayoga meM lAte the| hammIra mahAkAvya ke eka ullekhAnusAra yaha bhI vidita hotA hai ki hammIra apanI putrI kA alAuddIna ke sAtha yadi vivAha kara detA to vaha yuddha se baca sakatA thaa| hammIra kI putrI isake lie taiyAra thI kintu hammIra ne aisA nahIM hone diyaa| dhArmika kSetra meM strI Alocya kAla meM strI pratyakSataH dharma kI sAdhanA ke lie puruSoM ke samAna yogya mAnI jAtI thii| jaina dharma ke pariprekSya meM yaha bhI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai ki strI ko prAgAra tathA anAgAra do dharmoM kI dRSTi se sarvaprathama prAgAra prarthAt gRhastha dharma kI hI zikSA denI caahie| vaise striyA~ prAyikAoM ke rUpa meM tapasyA kara anAgAra dharma kA sampAdana karane ke lie bhI svatantra thiiN| varAGgacarita ke ullekhAnusAra rAniyA~ dharma kArya meM vizeSa ruci letI thIM tathA vrata-upavAsa prAdi dhArmika kriyAnoM kA AcaraNa bhI karatI thiiN| 1. varAGga0, 12.1-32 2. vayaM vizuddhA yadi ca tvadarthe asmatsuhRdbhiH sukRtaM yadi syAt / nivartya tasyAdya hi yauvarAjyaM suSeNamAsthApaya yauvarAjye / / -varAGga0, 12.15 3. sutAM ca datvA kirITI kuru no nidezam / __ matpradAnena sAmrAjyaM ciraM yat kriyate sthiram / / -hammIra0, 11.60, 13.106 4. hammIra 13.108-28 5. varAGga0, 23 56-57 tathA candra0, 3.61 6. vimuktidharmapravihAya tasyai provAca samyaggRhidharmameva // -barAGga0, 22.20 7. vahI, 31.1-7 8. varAGga0, 15.132-43 tathA 23.55-60, candra0, 3.61

Page #505
striyoM ko sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA jaina devazAstrIya mAnyatAoM ke anusAra vratAcaraNa ke phaloM meM svarga prApti pramukha phala thA tathA usameM bhI deva-kanyAoM ke sAtha ramaNa karane kA sukha sAra samajhA jAtA thaa|' 'svadArasaMtoSavrata' kI jaina mAnyatA ko kabhI-kabhI cunautI bhI dI jAtI rahI thI tathA bhautikavAdiyoM dvArA yaha upadeza bhI diyA jAne lagA thA ki jo puruSa isa saMsAra meM hI upalabdha sundara striyoM ke bhoga kI upekSA karatA hai vaha svayaM ko vaMcita kara rahA hai / 2 sAmantavAdI mUlyoM se anuprerita samAja kA eka varga dharma aura darzana kI paraloka sambandhI mAnyatAoM kA virodha bhI kara rahA thA tathA upabhogavAdI jIvana mUlyoM ke pariprekSya meM vibhinna prakAra ke bhogoM ke sAtha 'strI upabhoga'4 ko mAnava jIvana kI sArthakatA ke rUpa meM pratipAdita kara rahA thaa| dArzanika kSetra meM strI jaina darzana kI dRSTi se prAdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke kSetra meM nArI praveza ko pUrI mAnyatA prApta thI / varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM prAyikAmoM ke rUpa meM nAriyAM 1. yathAlakAyAM surasundarIbhiH sahaiva reme bhagavAnmahendraH / madena vibhrAjitalocanAbhI reme ciraM bhUmipatistathaiva // -varAGga0, 28.32 vrate divaM yAnti manuSyavaryA divazca sAro'psarasovarAGgayaH // -vahI, 16.64 2. vahI, 16.60-64 3. bhojyAni bhojyAnyamRtopamAni ca peyAni peyAni yathAruci prbho| -padmA0, 3.130 tanvyaH sutanvAH sukumAratAguNaH zirISapuSpANi kaThorayanti yAH / tAbhiH sukhaM khelatu nirmayaM vibhumaMrAlaromAvalitUlikAGgakaH / / samAgamotkaNThitakAminIghaTA caTUktibhiH karNarasAyanaM tava / / - vahI, 3.126, 33 tathA masminnasAre saMsAre sAraM sAraGgalocanA / yatkukSiprabhavA ete vastupAla bhavAdRzAH / / -padmAnanda mahAkAvya, bhUmikA, pR0 21 para uddhRta

Page #506
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja jaina darzana ke maulika tattvoM ko hRdayaGgama karatI thIM / vairAgya bhAvanA ke kAraNa parivAra ke logoM dvArA jaina dIkSA dhAraNa kara lene ke uparAnta strI ko bhI dIkSA grahaNa karanI par3atI thii| patnI dvArA pravrajyA grahaNa kie hue pati kA anusaraNa karanA patibhakti kA pradarza bhI mAnA jAne lagA thA / 472 madhyakAlIna dArzanika vicAradhArAeM bhI strI cetanA se vizeSa prabhAvita huI thIM / prAyaH isa yuga ke prAcArya dArzanika tattvoM ko vizada karane ke lie ghaTapaTa prAdi udAharaNoM ke samAna strI- bhoga-vilAsa se sambandhita dRSTAntoM dvArA vivecya vastu ko samajhAne kA prayAsa bhI karane lage the| jayantavijaya meM pA~ca prakAra ke pratyakSa pramANa ke jo vibhinna dRSTAnta die gae haiM unameM ramaNiyoM kA rUpa-darzana, adharAmRta AsvAda, laya evaM mUrcchanA zravaNa, sugandhita dravyoM kI sugandha tathA vividha aMgoM kA sparza sukha prAdi udAharaNa isI tathya kI puSTi karate haiM / isI prakAra dasavIM - gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke dArzanika prabhAcandra ne prameyakamala mArtaNDa nAmaka grantha meM sphoTavAda nAmaka dArzanika siddhAnta kI carcA ke prasaMga meM natakI ke hAva-bhAvoM tathA kaTAkSoM dvArA prarthagrahaNa hone kI jisa navIna mAnyatA kA ullekha kiyA vaha bhI prAlocya kAla kI dArzanika mAnyatAnoM para par3ane vAle strI mUlyoM ke prabhAva ko hI vizada karatA hai / 5 zrArthika kSetra meM strI madhyakAlIna bhArata kI sAmantavAdI arthavyavasthA meM strI tathA usake saundaryopabhoga kI vibhinna vastunoM kA vizeSa mahattva ho gayA thA / vibhinna prakAra ke sugandhita dravyoM tathA aneka prakAra ke prAbhUSaNoM kI strI ke sandarbha meM vizeSa 1. tAzca prakRtyaiva kalAvidagdhA jAtyaiva dhIrA vinayavinItAH / AcArasUtrAGganayaprabhaGgAnAdhIyate smAtpatamai rahobhiH || - varAGga0, 31.1, 7 - pari0 2187 tathA - vahI, 12.132 2. navoDhA grapi hi tyaktA pravrajiSyAmi nirmamaH / bhrAtA mama pravrajito bhartA pravrajito'tha me / pravrajiSyati putro'pi pravrajyAmyahamapyataH / / 3. pravrajyAmitaradvApi yadyajjambUH kariSyati / tadeva patibhaktAnAmasmAkamapi yujyate // jayanta0, 15.18-22 -- vahI, 2.129 - 30 4. 5. etena hastapAdakaraNamAtrikAGgahArAdi sphoTopyApAdito draSTavyaH / - prameyakamalamArtaNDa, 3.3.101, pR0 457

Page #507
striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 473 upayogitA pratIta hone lagI thii| ucca varga kI striyA~ saundarya prasAdhana ke rUpa meM aneka prakAra kI bahumUlya vastuoM kA prayoga karatI thiiN| dUsarI mahattvapUrNa vizeSatA yaha bhI thI ki kisI rAjakumArI ke vivAhAdi avasaroM para atyadhika mAtrA meM dAna-daheja Adi kA vyavahAra hotA thA / 3 dAna ke rUpa meM dhana-sampatti ke atirikta aneka zilpI, dAsa-dAsiyA~, kalAkAra tathA grAmAdi dAna meM die jAte the| grAmAdi tathA zilpAdi ko daheja ke avasara para upahAra ke rUpa meM dene ke kAraNa bhI madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arthika vyavasthA meM sampatti ke hastAntaraNa evaM vikendrIkaraNa kI sthiti sudRr3ha hotI gaI thii| isa prakAra sampatti kI avadhAraNA ke sAtha nArI mUlyoM kA ghaniSTa sambandha sthApita ho gayA thaa| sAmantavAdI artha cetanA kI dRSTi se sampatti kA upabhoga karane vAle prAbhijAtya varga evaM unake lie zrama karane vAle zramika varga jaise do vargoM kA astitva banA huA thA vaise hI nArI samAja meM bhI isI artha cetanA ke prAgraha se eka ora uccavarga kI striyA~ thIM to dUsarI ora dAsI aura paricArikAnoM kA kArya karane vAlI nimnavargIya nAriyoM kA samAja bhI saMghaTita ho cukA thaa| prArthika vyavasAya tathA jIvana yApana karane kI dRSTi se nimna varga kI striyAM rAjaprAsAdoM meM sevikA ke rUpa meM kArya karatI thiiN| vezyA tathA nartakI ke rUpa meM bhI strI apanA vyAvasAyika mahattva banAe hue thii| parivAra meM strI kA sthAna mAtA ke rUpa meM strI mAtA ke rUpa meM strI prAcIna kAla se hI apanI mahattvapUrNa pratiSThA banAe hue thii| mAtA ko samAja meM guru se bhI adhika sammAna prApta thaa| mAlocya kAla meM bhI isI rUpa meM mAtA pUjanIya tathA sammAnanIya rahI thii| mAtA ke 1. vizeSa draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 300 2. varAGga0, 15.57-61 tathA padmA0, 6.53-63 3. varAGga0, 16.21-23 4. prastuta grantha, pR0 168 5. tato vAmanikAH kubjA dhAtryaH saparicArikAH / -varAGga0, 15.36 . 6. mAtRdevo bhava / -taittirIya upaniSad, 1.11.2 7. prAcAryaH zreSThaH gurUNAM mAtetyeke / -gautamadharmasUtra, 2.50 8. pari0, 13.5-6

Page #508
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja putra-vAtsalya-prema kA aneka mahAkAvyoM meM mArmika citraNa huA hai| varAGgacarita meM putra varAGga ke apaharaNa kI sUcanA pAkara usakI mAtA guNa devI zokavihvala hokara mUcchita ho jAtI hai / ' mAtA ke lie putra viyoga kA duHkha atyadhika asahya ho jAtA thaa| kabhI kabhI mAtAeM apane putra-vAtsalya-prema ke kAraNa apane sautele putra ke sAtha durvyavahAra karatI huI bhI citrita huI haiN| pradyumnacarita tathA candraprabhacarita mahAkAvyoM meM putra-apaharaNa kI ghaTanA se mAtA ke atyadhika vedanAzIla hone kA ullekha pAyA hai| mAtA ke lie santAna vAtsalya sarvotkRSTa sukha thA / 5 santAnotpatti ke binA striyAM apanA jIvana sArthaka nahIM mAnatI thiiN| samAja meM binA putra vAlI strI kI prAyaH nindA kI jAtI thii| strI se santAna honA hI usakI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko bar3hAne vAlA eka mahattvapUrNa pahalU thaa| kanyA ke rUpa meM strI parivAra saMsthA ke sandarbha meM kanyA hI sarvaprathama putravadhU athavA patnI ke rUpa meM tadanantara mAtA ke rUpa meM apanI bhUmikAmoM kA pAlana karatI hai / kanyA ke lie 1. hA putra kena nItastvamityuktvA nyapatadbhuvi / -varAGga0, 15.23 tathA 15.24 2. tavAgatAtra yA pIDA sA me kiM na bhaviSyati / varaM me maraNaM vatsa jIvitaM kiM tvayA vinA // -varAGga0, 15.26 tathA ki jIvitena mama putra vinA tvayAdya ki rAjyakozaharisAmajasadgaNena / -pracu0,5.11 . 3. na syAtsutaH kiM nRpateH priyo vA ke vA guNA mattanaye na santi / ___ jyeSThe sute rAjyadhuraH samarthe parAbhiSekaM tu kathaM sahiSye / / - varAGga0, 12.6 4. pradyu0, 5.11-15 tathA candra0, 5.57 5. yA styAnamiriNa puraMdhrijane prasiddha strIzabdamudvahati kAraNaniyaMpekSam // -candra0, 3.32 6. .dhanyAH striyo jagati tAH spRhyAmi tAbhyo yAsAmamIbhiraphalA tanayanaM sRSTiH / / -vahI, 3.30 7. tAH sarvalokaparininditajanmalAbhA vandhyA latA iva bhRzaM na vibhAnti loke // -vahI, 3.31

Page #509
475 striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA zrAvazyaka thA ki vaha suzIla, sarvaguNasampanna tathA lalita kalAoM meM nipuNa ho / vivAha kI dRSTi se use kucha svatantratA bhI milI huI thI kintu pUrva-niyojita vivAha prakAroM meM mAtA-pitA para hI isakA dAyitva hotA thA / kucha prema-vivAhoM ke pracalana hone kA bhI ullekha AyA hai phalataH anumAna kiyA jA sakatA hai ki kanyA svayaM bhI vivAha yogya vara kA cayana karane meM pUrNataH svatantra mAnI jAne lagI thI / kabhI-kabhI mAtA-pitA kanyA ke isa prema bhAva ko jAna kara vivAha meM koI bAdhA utpanna nahIM karate the / ' kanyAeM kisI parAkramI evaM rUpa-saundarya kI dRSTi se AkarSaka yuvaka ke sAtha gAndharva vivAha kI icchA bhI rakhatI thIM / varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM rAjakumAra varAGga para mugdha manoramA apanI sakhI ke mAdhyama se prema-vivAha kA prastAva bhijavAtI hai / isI prakAra candraprabha mahAkAvya meM rAjakumArI zaziprabhA bhI nagara meM Ae rAjakumAra se prema karane lagI thii| isa prakAra kanyA ke rUpa meM pUrNataH pArivArika niyantraNa meM rahane para bhI nArI ko prema vivAha Adi kI chUTa dI jA sakatI thI / putravadhU ke rUpa meM strI vaGgacarita mahAkAvya meM zvasura tathA putravadhU madhya paraspara vArtAlApoM dvArA tatkAlIna putravadhU kI sthiti kA anumAna lagAnA sahaja hai / " putravadhueM zvasura kI kuTumba kA mukhiyA mAnatI thiiN| pati kI anupasthiti meM koI bhI kArya zvasura kI anumati ke binA nahIM kiyA jAtA thA / rAjakumAra varAGga ke lApatA ho jAne para usakI sabhI patniyA~ zokAkula hokara zvasura ke pAsa pahuMcIM tathA agni praveza dvArA prANAnta karane kI anumati mAMgI / kintu zvasura ne aisA 1. 2. candra0, 6.70-71 yathA yathA taM manasA smarAmi mRgendravikrAntamanaGgarUpam / tathA tathA mAM pradahatyanaGgaH kuruSva tacchAntikaraM vayasye || 3. vahI, 16.58 64 4. candra0, 6.45-70 5. varAGga0, 15.48-70 6. varAGga0, 15.51-52 7. -- varAGga0, 16.57 na jIvitumitaH zaktA vinA nAthena pArthiva / tvayA prasAdaH karttavyaH pAvakaM pravizAmyaham / / - vahI, 16.62

Page #510
476 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja karane kI anumati nahIM dii|' varAGgacarita meM putravadhU tathA zvasura rAjA mahAsena ke madhya jo vicAroM kA prAdAna-pradAna huaA usase pratIta hotA hai ki putravadhueM niHsaMkoca hokara bola sakatI thIM tathA apane nizcaya ko batAne kA unameM paryApta sAhasa bhI hotA thA / kintu yaha sAhasa ziSTAcAra se pUrNa kulastrI kI maryAdAnoM ke anurUpa hI thA / zvasura kI AjJAnusAra sabhI putravadhunoM ne agnipraveza karane ke apane nizcaya ko tyAga diyA tathA dharmAcaraNa meM citta lagAnA prArambha kara diyA / parivAra meM putravadhU apane vicArodghATana ke lie yadyapi svatantra thI kintu vaha apane se bar3e logoM kI prAjJA kA ullaGghana nahIM kara sakatI thii| patnI ke rUpa meM strI jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM Adarza patniyoM ke aneka udAharaNa upalabdha hote haiM / pati tathA patnI ke madhya sauhArdapUrNa vAtAvaraNa tathA pArasparika anurAga bhAvanA prAdi vaiziSTya Adarza dAmpatya jIvana ke mUlAdhAra mAne gae haiN| varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM rAjA varAGga tathA usakI aneka patniyoM ke madhya madhura sambandha the / prAyaH rAniyA~ rAjA ke AdezoM kA pAlana karate hue hI pativratA ke mArga kA anusaraNa karatI thiiN| candraprabhacarita ke kanakaprabha tathA suvarNamAlA evaM ajitasena tathA zaziprabhA Adi dampattiyoM ke madhya bhI dAmpatya jIvana vAsanAtmaka prema para AdhArita na hokara vizuddha prema para hI prAdhArita thaa| pradyumnacarita mahAkAvya meM rukmiNI tathA kRSNa kA dAmpatya jIvana vilAsAtmaka krIDAmoM 1. varAGga0, 15.64-65 2. varAGga0, 15.51-52, tathA 61.62 3. ityuktA bhUbhujA sAdhvI zvasuraM dharmavatsalam / yastvayA ziSyate dharmaH sa evopAsyate mayA // -varAGga0, 15.70 4. varAGga0, 2.60-63, nemi0, 10.45-46 5. varAGga0, 2.60-63 6. dAkSiNyavevinayopacArajahAra cetaH satataM svabhartuH / -varAGga0, 16.35 . 7. babhUva lakSmI puruSottamasya sA mRgekSaNA tasya nRpasya mandire / -candra0, 1.57 8. candra0, 6.72

Page #511
striyoM ko sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA ke kAraNa vizeSa rUpa se sukhI banA huA thA / dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya meM varita zRMgAravatI tathA dharmanAtha ke dAmpatya jIvana bhI Adarza rUpa se anukaraNIya kahe jA sakate haiM / naranArAyaNAnanda ke subhadrA tathA arjuna evaM jayantavijaya meM jayanta tathA kanakavatI ke dAmpatya jIvana bhI premabhAvanA ke kAraNa 3 pratyadhika sukhI the / apavAda rUpa se pArzvanAtha mahAkAvya meM varNita vasundharA tathA marubhUti ke dAmpatya jIvana meM paryApta kaTutA ke darzana bhI hote haiN| vasundharA apane pati marubhUti ke prati yadyapi pUrNAsakta thI tathA jyeSTha bhAI kamaTha ke apanI zrora kAmAsakta hone para vaha caritra bhraSTa bhI ho jAtI hai / vaha kamaTha ke samakSa prAtmasamarpaNa kara detI hai / " yazodharacarita meM bhI eka aisA udAharaNa prApta hotA hai, jahA~ eka rAnI mahAvata se prema karatI huI dAmpatya jIvana ke AdarzoM kI maryAdAnoM kA ullaGghana karatI hai / ise sampUrNa nArI jAti ke kalaMka ke rUpa meM frepita kiyA gayA hai / 7 varSamAnacarita mahAkAvya meM jana sAmAnya se sambandhita gautama tathA kauzikI ke sukhI dAmpatya jIvana kA varNana bhI AyA hai 15 varSa 0 meM hI rAjA mayUrakaNDa tathA rAnI kanakamAlA bhI Adarza pati-patnI ke udAharaNa kahe jA sakate haiM / prAdarza patniyoM ke guNoM meM rUpa saundarya se yukta honA, vibhinna prakAra kI prema krIr3AnoM ko sampAdita karane meM dakSa honA, pati para anurakta rahanA, satya bolanA, sarala evaM zAnta svabhAva honA, dayA se yukta honA, chala-prapaJca tathA mithyA bhASaNa se dUra rahanA Adi guNa ullekhanIya kahe jA sakate haiM / 10 1. pradyu0, 4.24-27 2. dharma0, sarga 18 3. nara0, sarga 0 7. 0 15 4. jayanta0, 8.66-74 5. pArzva 0 2.26-50 " 6. aho vicitraM makaradhvajasya viDambanaM stambhitavastubuddheH / devI tu martyAkRtiruvaMzI sA yadIdRzaM kAmayate nikRSTam / / strINAmapAtre'bhiratiH svabhAvaH / zikI kuzalA gehe gehinI cAsya vallabhA / 477 - vahI, 2.41 - vardha0, 3.61 8. 6. varSa 0, 5.15-20 10. varAGga0, 2.60 - 63; candra0, 1.52 tathA pari0, 2.7 -- yazo0, 2.38

Page #512
jana saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja isake viparIta prAcaraNa karane vAlI striyoM kI nindA kI jAtI thI / yugIna kathA Adi meM rAja-patniyoM dvArA corI chipe apane premiyoM ko zrAzraya dene kI mAnyatAeM bhI samAja meM pracalita thIM / ' pariziSTa parva ke anusAra rAniyoM kI naukarAniyA~ isa prakAra ke kAryoM meM vizeSa sahAyaka rahatI thIM / saMkSepa meM, dAmpatya jIvana ko sukhI banAne meM nArI kI patnI ke rUpa meM vizeSa bhUmikA thI / patni yadi caritrahIna ho to dAmpatya jIvana ke madhya kaTutA Ane kI sambhAvanAeM prA jAtI thIM / 478 strI bhogavilAsa tathA madirApAna yugIna sAmantavAdI bhogavilAsa ke mUlyoM ne dampattiyoM ko kAmavilAsAtmaka ceSTAnoM ko bhI vizeSa prabhAvita kara liyA thA / varAGgacarita meM ullekha prAyA hai ki dampatti madirA pAna kara kAmakrIDAoM meM pravRta hote the / dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya ke anusAra bhI dampattiyoM dvArA pAna - goSThI meM sammilita hone kA ullekha AyA hai / neminirvANa' tathA vasantavilAsa Adi mahAkAvya bhI isakI puSTi karate haiM / neminirvANa mahAkAvya ke ullekhAnusAra kAma jvara bar3hAne tathA ramaNiyoM meM kAmAsakti ko uttejita karane ke lie kAmIjana madirA kA sevana 1. tadAnyapuMsAM sambhogaviSayo rAjapatnyapi / - pari0, 2.242 tathA 3.247-48 2. pari0, 3.243 3. madirAmalalolalocanAnAM vanitAnAM suratotsava priyANAm / --varAGga0, 24 6 4. sA dampatyorajani madanojjIvinI kApi goSThI svasthAH ke'pi madhuvratA iva madhUnyApAtumArebhire / / -- dharma0, 14.83-84 5. zrabhyudgate zazini manmatha mUlamAtre pItvA madhUni madhurANi yathAbhilASam / lIlAvinItavanitAsurataprasaGgaH kSoNIbhRtaH kSaNamiva kSaraNadAmaneSuH // 6. yanmithopyapibatAM priyArpitaM dampatI madhu -- mi0, 10.66 tadoSThapallavaH / - vasanta0, 8.51

Page #513
476 striyoM ko sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA karate the|' sahavAsa Adi avasaroM para kAmazakti ko uddIpta karane tathA usake krama ko nirantara banAe rakhane kI apekSA se bhI madirApAna ko eka rAmabANa zrauSadhi ke rUpa meM prayoga karane kI mAnyatA pracalita thI / dharmazarmAbhyudaya meM tikrIDA ko dera taka calAe rakhane ke lie madyapAna kI sarAhanA kI gaI hai / 3 madhupAna karane se vanitAeM vizeSa rUpa se kAmavihvala ho uThatI thIM tathA unheM apane zarIra kI bhI sudha nahIM rahatI thii| puruSoM meM bhI madhupAna dvArA vastroM ke asta vyasta hone, lar3akhar3A kara calane, aspaSTa bolane, pRthvI para punaH punaH girane jaisI bAla ceSTAeM variNata haiM / 5 madhupAna karane ke uparAnta striyoM kA raMga lAla ho jAtA thA tathA ve TUTe phUTe zabdoM meM bolane lagatI thiiN| isa prakAra tatkAlIna samAja meM dampatiyoM meM paraspara svacchandacAritA tathA nirlajja kAma - ceSTAoM ke mUlya striyoM tathA puruSoM ke yauna sambandhoM ko prabhAvita kie hue the / 7 tathA ina 1. pratha manmathajvalana vRddhividhAviva sarpirarpitamanaH pramadam / vizadaM sugandhi sarasaM ziziraM madhu pAtumArabhata kAmijanaH // -- nemi0, 10.1 tathA pItamAtramapi maithunodyame kasya kasya na hi kampamAtanot / - vasanta0, 8.56 2. itaretaraM mukhasurAgrahaNakSaNacumbanopacitabhAvabhaH / sapadi prasAritabhujAmilitaM mithuna ratanyata ratAya manaH / nemi0, 10.16 tatha na vitRSNatAmupayayo madirAsalilaM pibannapi sa kAmijanaH / - vahI, 10.13 3. bhUrimadyarasapAnavinodergADhazUnyahRdayAni tadAnIm / kAnyapi sma mithunAni na vegAtprApnuvanti ratikeli samAptim / / dharma0, 15.63 7. -- 4. uttarIyamapakarSati nAthe prAvariSTa hRdayaM svakarAbhyAm / antarIyamaparA punarAzubhraSTameva na viveda nitambAt // subhruvA dayitayA ca cumbanAliGganaivikasadaGgasampadA / antarIyamagalannitambataH kaJcukasya gRhakAriNa tutruTuH / / - dharma0, 15.31 - vasanta0, 8.57 tathA dharma0, 15.20 -26 5. prasamagravAgbhiravadhUta galadvasanairgha rApatanadhUsaritaH / madhupAnaloyavazato vizeranubhUyate sma taruNaiH zizutA // nemi0, 10.3 6. praruNekSayA sapadi / nemi0, 10.15; dharma0, 15.6, tathA tyajyatAM pipipipipriya pAtraM dIyatAM mumumukhAsava eva / cyutalajjaM kAminAM ratapUrvamivAsIt / - dharma0, 15.22 - vahI, 15.56

Page #514
480 jaMna saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja svachanda kAma-kroDApoM ke lie madyapAna ko eka kAmottejaka vastu ke rUpa meM vizeSa lokapriyatA prApta thii| jaina mahAkAvyoM ne etatsambandhI varNanoM ko bar3hA car3hA kara prastuta kiyA hai / vastutaH tatkAlIna kAvyapravRtti kA isa prora vizeSa jhukAva ho cukA thaa| dAmpatya jIvana tathA yauna sambandha dAmpatya jIvana se sambaddha yauna sambandhoM ke viSaya meM bhI katipaya jAnakAriyA~ prApta hotI haiN| pAlocya kAla meM rati krIr3A sambandhI anekavidha kAmazAstrIya mAnyatAeM samAja meM vizeSa rUpa se pracalita thiiN|' kAma kalA se sambandhita aneka gatividhiyoM kA jaina mahAkAvyoM meM vistAra se varNana huA hai| ina varNanoM se jJAta hotA hai ki vividha prakAra kI kAmoddIpaka sambhoga kalAtroM meM striyAM dakSa hotI thiiN| eka sthAna para viparIta rati karane kA ullekha bhI pAyA hai| rajasvalA strI ke sAtha sambhoga karanA yadyapi niSiddha mAnA jAtA thA kintu kucha kAmI loga isa niSedha kA bhI pAlana nahIM karate the|5 sAmAnyatayA strI kI sArthakatA garbha dhAraNa karane meM hI mAnI jAtI thii| phalata: samAja meM vanacyA strI ko ghRNA kI dRSTi se bhI dekhA jAtA thaa| RtukAla meM sahavAsa karane se 1. dharma, 15.50,55 2. vizeSa draSTavya, candra0, sarga0 10; dharma0, sarga 15; nemi0, sarga0 10, vasanta0, sarga 8 tathA hammIra0, sarga 7 / 3 tAsAM vadhUnAM ramaNapriyANAM krIDAnuSaGgakramakovidAnAm / -varAGga0, 2.61 jaghanasaGgamanotsukamAnasaM hRdayanAthamavetya mRgIdRzaH / / svayamapasAradeva tadaMzukaM kimucitAcaraNe guNino budhAH / __ --vahI, 7.80 kimidamityaparA zayanonmukhaM stanaghaTena jaghAna hi taM muhuH / / -vahI, 7.80 4. svAbhAvikAt suratato viparItametadrAgaM viziSya surataM vitanoti yUnAM / - vahI, 7.121 5. rajasvalA apya bhajasravantIraho madAndhasya kuto vivekaH / -dharma0, 7.53 6. yA styAnarmiNi puraMdhrijane prasiddha / strIzabdamudvahati kAraNanirvyapekSam / / -candra0, 331 7. vahI, 3.31

Page #515
striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA santAnotpatti hone kI mAnyatAeM bhI pracalita thIM / ' garbhavatI strI tathA dohada garbhastha garbhavatI strI ke zarIra kA sapheda ho jAnA, sthUla honA, Adi mukhya lakSaNa mAne jAte the / hone kI mAnyatA kA vizeSa pracalana thA / kA sambandha jor3ane kI bhI vizeSa prathA rahI thI tathA use pUrA karane para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai / " dohada ke apUrNa rahane para garbhanAza hone kI zaMkA vidyamAna rahatI thI / hemacandra ke pariziSTaparva meM candragupta kI mAtA ko candrapAna kA duHsAdhya dohada utpanna huaa| cANakya ne isa dohada kI tRpti ke lie jalapAtra meM candrabimba ke darzana karAkara candragupta kI mAtA ke dohada ko pUrNa kiyA / 7 tIrthaMkaroM Adi kI mAtAoM ko utpanna hone vAle dohadoM meM jinabimba kI pUjA karane Adi kI icchA jAgRta hone kA ullekha prAyA hai| isI prakAra dharmazarmAbhyudaya meM rAnI sutratA ko banda pakSiyoM ko mukta karane kA dohada utpanna huA thaa| vezyA 1 phalaM tathApyatra yathartugAminaH / sutAhvayaM nopalabhAmahe vayam // 2. dharma 0, 63 - 1, tathA candra0, 3.65 3. jinapUjA dauhRdAni / 4. dohadAH khalu nArINAM garbhabhAvAnusArataH // 5. vittena bhUyasA zreSThI taddohadamapUrayat / 6. apUrNe dohade garbhanAzo'syA mA bhavatviti / stana mukhoM kA kAlA evaM garbhavatI strI ko 'dohada' zizu kI bhAvanAoM se dohada samAja meM vezyAvRtti kA vizeSa pracalana thA / zIla Adi becakara dhanArjita karanA vezyAoM kI mukhya jIvikA rahI thI / 10 vezyAoM ko prAyaH parAMganA, 11 48 1 - dharma0, 2.68 --candra0, 3.68 tathA hammIra0, 4.142 -- pari0, 2.63 -- pari0, 2.62 - vahI, 8.234 7. vahI, 8.235-37 8. candra0, 3 68 tathA tR0 - tasyAzcAbhUddevapUjA gurupUjAsu dohadaH / - pari0, 2.61 6. dharma 0, 6.4 10. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 184 11. pari0, 1.186

Page #516
482 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja gaNikA.' Adi zabdoM se bhI vyavahRta kiyA jAtA thaa| sainika ziviroM meM bhI vezyAvRtti kA vizeSa pracalana rahA thaa|2 jaina mahAkAvyoM meM varNita nagaroM meM vezyAlaya hone ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiM / 3 rAjya-parivAroM ke mahatvapUrNa vyakti bhI vezyAoM ke sAtha samparka rakhate the|4 sAmAnyatayA jana sAdhAraNa ke lie bhI vezyAnoM ke pAsa jAnA anucita nahIM mAnA jAtA thaa| vezyAeM kRtrima zRGgAra tathA vizeSa kAmottejaka hAvabhAvoM se yuvakoM ko AkarSita karane meM vizeSa dakSa hotI thiiN| prAyaH vezyAlayoM ke bhavana saMgIta-gAyana prAdi se guMjAyamAna rahate the| vezyAlayoM ke bhItarI kakSa prAyaH camakIle zIzoM se nirmita hote the| inameM sthita citrazAlikAnoM meM kAmazAstra sambandhI citra bhI aMkita rahate the| sAmAnyatayA vezyAeM anurAgahIna kintu rUpa-lAvaNya kI dRSTi se AkarSaka samajhI jAtI thiiN| vezyA kA yauvana hI jIvikopArjana kA mukhya prAkarSaNa thA phalataH santAnotpatti hone para usake yauvana kA hrAsa honA vezyA samAja meM cintA kA viSaya thaa| vezyA yadi kabhI garbhavatI ho bhI jAtI thI to usake lie garbhapAta karAnA hI ucita mAnA jAtA thaa|'' hemacandra ke pariziSTaparva meM pAe eka dRSTAnta ke anusAra kuberasenA nAmaka vezyA ke garbha Thaharane para usakI mAtA use 1. pari0, 2.224 160 2. draSTavya, prastuta grantha, pR0 160 3. vahI, pR0 247 4. pari0, 8.8 5. vezyAGganAH sulalitAH samadA: yuvAnaH / -varAGga0, 1.43 tathA dharma0, 1.75 6. vahI 7. dharma0, 1.76 8. dvisa0, 1.30 9. kozAbhidhAyA vezyAyA gRhe yA citrazAlikA / vicitrakAmazAstroktakaraNAlekhyazAlinI // -pari0, 8.115 10. snehena hInAH smaradIpikAstAH / -dharma0, 4.24 11. yugmaM stanandhayAmidaM bhAviyovanahattava / vezyAzca yauvanajIvA jIvadrakSayauvanam // -- pari0, 2.232

Page #517
striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 483 garbhapAta karAne kI sammati detI hai,' kintu kuberasenA garbhastha bAlaka ke prati atyadhika snehabhAva hone ke kAraNa aisA nahIM krtii| nartako tathA vArAMganA hammIra mahAkAvya meM sainikoM ke manoraMjanArtha prAyojita zRGgAra-goSThI meM eka nartakI dvArA zreGgArika bhAvoM ko uddIpta karane vAle nRtya kA varNana milatA haiN| 3 vezyAnoM ke samAna nartakiyAM bhI nRtya vyavasAya karane lagI thiiN| hammIra mahAkAnya ke anusAra eka rAjA dUsare rAjA ko prasanna karane ke lie nartakiyoM ko bhI bhejate the / gUrjara nareza ne hari rAja ke pAsa nartakiyAM bhejI thiiN| AdipurANa meM vArAMganA kA bhI ullekha pAyA hai / 5 nemicandra zAstrI mahodaya ke anusAra vArAMganA kevala mAtra dhArmika mahotsavoM ke avasara para nRtya karatI thI tathA isakA sammilita honA maMgalasUcaka mAnA jAtA thaa| prAdipurANokta vArAMganA ko mandiroM ko devadAsiyoM ke tulya svIkAra kiyA gayA hai tathA inheM vezyAoM se bhinna mAnA gayA hai| satI prathA kA virodha varAMgacarita mahAkAvya meM satI prathA kI ora saMketa kiyA gayA hai| rAjakumAra varAMga ke lApatA ho jAne para usakI aneka patniyoM meM se eka patnI dvArA apane zvasura se agni-praveza kara prANAnta karane kI prAjJA mAMgane kA spaSTa ullekha pAyA hai| isase anumAna lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki samAja meM pati kI 1. sA ca prathamagarbheNa nitAntaM kheditA satI / mAtApyuvAca tAM vatse garbha te pAtayAmyaham / / -pari0, 2.228 2. vezyoce svasti garbhAya sahiSye klezamapyaham / -pari0, 2.226 3. hammIra0, 13.1-25 4. vahI, 4.2-5 5. Adi0 7.243-44 6. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 183-84 7. na jIvitumitaH zaktA vinA nAthena pArthiva / tvayA prasAda: kartavyaH pAvakaM pravizAmyaham / / -varAGga0, 15.62

Page #518
484 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja mRtyu ho jAne ke uparAnta pati se atyadhika sneha rakhane vAlI kucha striyA~ pativiyogajanya duHkha ke bhAvAveza meM prAkara agni meM jala kara mara jAnA ucita samajhatI thiiN|' bANabhaTTakRta harSacarita se bhI jJAta hotA hai ki prabhAkaravardhana kI mRtyu ho jAne para usakI patnI yazomatI agni praveza ke lie sannaddha thI / itihAsakAroM ke anusAra madhyakAla meM hindU samAja ke abhijAta varga meM satI-prathA kA vizeSa pracalana thaa| rAjasthAna ke 810 I0 ke ullekha se bhI rAjapUta jAti meM satI prathA ke pracalita hone ke pramANa milate haiM 3 caudahavIM zatAbdI ke hammIra mahAkAvya meM bhI alAuddIna kI senA dvArA durga para pUrNa adhikAra kara lene para rAjA hammIra ke jIvita rahate hue hI usakI rAniyoM ne jaba dekhA ki aba zatru se bacanA durlabha hai to agni praveza dvArA AtmahatyA kara lii| isake bAda rAjA hammIra bhI zatru senA ke sAtha yuddha karate hue vIragati ko prApta huaA thA / hammIra mahAkAvya ke isa dRSTAnta ko satIprathA se sambaddha karanA ucita jAna nahIM par3atA kintu isase itanA to dyotita hotA hai ki prAyaH zatru rAjAoM ke hAthoM se apane caritra kI rakSA karane ke prayojana se cAhamAna Adi vaMzoM kI rAjapUta striyA~ mara jAnA bhI ucita samajhatI thiiN| varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM siddhAnta rUpa se agni praveza, rajju-bandhana Adi upAyoM se Atma hatyA karane kI nindA kI gaI hai / 6 varAGgacarita ke sandarbha meM yaha bhI kahA jA sakatA hai ki jaina samAja meM satI prathA kA virodha kiyA jAne lagA thaa| madhyakAlIna bhArata ke anya kaI zAstrakAroM ne bhI satI-prathA kA ghora virodha kiyA jinameM medhAtithi tathA deva bhaTTa ke atirikta gadyakAra bAraNa ke nAma bhI vizeSataH ullekhanIya haiM / 1. bRhaspatismRti, 483-84 2. jayazaMkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 365 3. vahI, pR0 367 4. hammIra0, 13.185 5. vahI, 13.226 6. zastrarajjvAdighAtazca maNDalena ca sAdhanam / bhaguprapatanaM caiva jalavahnipravezanam / / -varAGga0, 15.65 7. vahI, 15 64-70 5. jayazaGkara mizra, prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, pR0 367

Page #519
striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 4-5 (kha) vivAha saMsthA samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se 'vivAha saMsthA' bhAratIya samAja vyavasthA kI eka AdhArabhUta 'saMsthA' hai / vivAha strI aura puruSa ke madhya sampAdita hone vAlA mAtra eka dhArmika anubandha ho nahIM apitu jAti yaha evaM kula kI maryAdAnoM ko niyojita karane vAlA sAmAjika sambandha bhI hai / dharmazAstrakAroM ne varNavyavasthA ko AdhAra mAnakara puruSa dvArA ucca athavA nimna varNa kI striyoM se vivAha karane ke kAraNa pratiloma tathA anuloma vivAhoM kI jo vyavasthA dI hai usake sandarbha meM yadyapi yaha bhI dhAraNA pracalita rahI hai ki ye vidhivat vivAha na hokara kevala sammilana mAtra the, parantu manu, gautama, yAjJavalkya Adi vicArakoM ne svajAti vivAha ko hI vaidhAnika mAnyatA nahIM pradAna kI hai grapitu ve anulomAdi vivAhoM ko bhI varjita nahIM mAnate / ' prAcIna bhAratIya vivAha saMsthA ke sandarbha meM brAhma, deva, prAjApatya, prArSa, rAkSasa, asura, gAndharva tathA paizAca - ye ATha prakAra ke vivAha vizeSa rUpa se prasiddha rahe haiN| aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra karane para vedoM meM ina praSTa - vigha vivAhoM kA ullekha nahIM milatA tathA sarvaprathama prAzvalAyana gRhyasUtra meM hI inakI carcA AI hai / anya dharmasUtra granthoM tathA mahAbhArata meM bhI inakI carcA kI gaI hai| paravartI smRti granthoM meM bhI ina praSTavidha vivAhoM kA ullekha zrAyA haiM / " varNa vyavasthA kI dRSTi se brAhma, prAjApatya, zrArSa tathA deva vivAha brAhmaNoM ke lie, rAkSasa tathA gAndharva kSatriyoM ke lie, Asura vaizyoM ke lie tathA paizAca zUdroM ke lie vihita the / 1. pI0 vI0 kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1, pR0 118-22 2. Gupta, Nilakshi Sen, Evolution of Hindu Marriage, Bombay, 1965, p. 95 3. vahI, pR0 87-88 4. 5. 6. Meyer, J. J., Sexual life In Ancient India, Delhi, 1971, p. 55 Pandey, Raj Bali, Hindu Samskaras, Delhi, 1969, pp. 159-69 Gupta, Evolution of Hindu Marriage, p. 96

Page #520
486 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 1. vivAhabheda jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM varNita vivAha varNanoM meM uparyukta praSTavidha vivAhoM kA vizeSa Agraha na hokara tatkAlIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM kA vizeSa prabhAva thA / adhikAMza mahAkAvyoM ke vivAha varNana rAjakuloM se sambandhita haiM ataeva ina vivAhoM kA rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita honA svAbhAvika hai / tatkAlIna sAmanta paddhati, rAjanaitika vicAratantra tathA rAjAnoM kI prabhutva zakti ko prabhAvita karane kA eka mahattvapUrNa mAdhyama 'vivAha' bhI rahA thA / pararASTranIti ko sudRr3ha karane athavA anya aprasanna rAjAnoM ko santuSTa karane ke lie prAyaH rAjA vaivAhika sambandha sthApita karate the| isI prakAra rAjakumAra dvArA rAjakumArI para mugdha hone athavA balapUrvaka apaharaNa kara vivAha karane ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiN| svayaMvara tathA pratijJA vivAha bhI samAja meM lokapriya rahe the| vivAha sambandhI inhIM rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM ke sandarbha meM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM varNita vividha prakAra ke vivAhoM kA svarUpa isa prakAra spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai ----- 1. mantraraNA pUrvaka vivAha varAGgacarita meM variNata varAGga kA vivAha karane ke rAjA apane mantrimaNDala meM apane mantriyoM ke sAtha vivAha ke sambandha meM mantraraNA bhI karate the / ' isa avasara para rAjakumAra athavA rAjakumArI kI ucita yogyatAoM para vizeSa vicAra vimarza kiyA jAtA thA isa vivAha prakAra kA rocaka varNana AyA hai| kumAra lie vibhinna mantriyoM ne apanI-apanI sammatiyA~ diiN| ina mantriyoM dvArA die gae tarkAkA tatkAlIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM kI dRSTi se vizeSa mahattva rahA thA / prathama mantrI ananta sena kA vicAra thA ki samRddhipurI ke rAjA ghRtisena kI putrI sunandA zikSA, kulInatA zrAdi guNoM ke kAraNa rAjakumAra varAGga ke anurUpa evaM yogya thI / isake atirikta sunandA mAmA kI lar3akI hone ke kAraNa bhI donoM rAjyoM kI prAcIna maitrI ko zraura bhI sudRr3ha kara sakatI thii| dUsare mantrI prajitasena 1 1. te mantrimukhyA viditArthatattvA anantacitrAjitadevasAhvAH / zrAhUtamAtrA vasudhezvareNa yathAvidhasthAnamupopaviSTAH // 2 . vahI, 2.10-40 3. vaivAhikI naH kulasaMtatiH sA sthirA ca maMtrI nanu tasmAdahaM yogyatayA tayAzu sunandayecchAmi --varAGga0, 2.14 mAtulatvAt / vivAhakarma // -- vahI, 2.20

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striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 47 kI sammati ke anusAra rAjA ko purAne sambandhiyoM se sambandha banAne kI apekSA nae rAjAoM se vivAha sambandhoM dvArA maitrI sthApita karanA adhika zreyaskara thaa| purAnA sambandhI to pahale se mitra banA hI hotA hai kintu anya vaivAhika sambandha se nae rAjA ko bhI mitra banAne kA avasara nahIM khonA cAhie / ' tIsarA mantrI citrasena kimI anya rAjakumArI ke sAtha varAGga kA vivAha karane ke pakSa meM thaa| usake vicArAnusAra sunandA kA mAmA devasena sarvAdhika zaktizAlI rAjA thA tathA usake anuyAyI sAmanta rAjA bhI anya rAjAoM kI apekSA saMkhyA meM adhika the / mantrI citrasena ke anusAra yadi sunandA ke sAtha varAGga kA vivAha na kiyA gayA to devasena ruSTa ho sakatA thaa| isa sthiti meM devasena apanI putrI kA vivAha kisI anya zaktizAlI rAjA se kara de to eka prabala mitra se sambandha viccheda ho jAne kI sambhAvanA utpanna ho sakatI thii| cauthe mantrI dvArA tIsare mantrI kI sammatiyoM ko anItisammata evaM avyAvahArika ThaharAyA gyaa| usake anusAra sambandhiyoM ke Azraya meM rahane se rAjanaitika sthiratA kI prApti sambhava nahIM / rAjA ko cAhie ki vaha adhika se adhika mitra rAjA banAe jisase pahale se bane mitra rAjAroM se kisI prakAra kA bhaya hI na rahe / ' ataeva cauthe mantrI ne rAjA ko mahendradatta prAdi pATha rAjAoM kI putriyoM se rAjakumAra kA vivAha karane kI sammati dii| pariNAmataH pATha rAjAroM ke sAtha mitratA karane kI tulanA meM devasena ke sAtha maitrI athavA zatrutA honA rAjanaitika sthiratA kI dRSTi se mahattvahIna thA / mantriyoM kI mantraNAmoM para vicAra karane ke bAda rAjA ne sabhI 1. varAGga0, 2.21-22 2. ko devasenAditara: pRthivyAM narezvaraH pakSabaddhimAnasyAt / -vahI, 2.23 3 na sA sunandA pariNIyate cetsyAnmitrabhedaH sa hi doSamUlaH / / -vahI, 2.25 4. yasyApacAreNa ca yAnti mitrANyamitratAM vaM na tu kAryavitsaH / / -vahI, 2.25 5. doSA yatastena khalUpadiSTAste dUranaSTA nayamArgavRttyA / / -vahI, 2.27 6. vahI, 2.28-30 7. vahI, 2.31-32 8. mitraM sahazcApi hi devasenAtki vAdhikAste na bhaveyurIzAH / -vahI, 2.33

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488 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja mantriyoM kI sammatiyoM kA sammAna karate hue dasa dezoM ke rAjAoM kI kanyAoM se varAGga kA vivAha karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| taMskAlIna rAjanaitika pRSThabhUmi meM uparyukta vivAha viSayaka mantraNAmoM se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki rAjakumAroM ke vivAha karane se pUrva sabhI prakAra kI sambhAvita rAjanaitika paristhatiyoM kI AlocanA-samAlocanA karalI jAtI thI tathA una sabhI pakSoM para dhyAna diyA jAtA thA jinase pararASTra nIti prabhAvita ho sakatI thI aura una vaivAhika sambandhoM ko hI varIyatA dI jAtI thI jinase rAjanaitika sudRr3hatA bar3he / 2 bahuvivAha paddhati isa yuga meM eka prabhAvazAlI rAjanaitika upAya ke rUpa meM prayogAnvita kI jA rahI thii| aneka rAjAoM kI kanyAoM se vivAha sambandha sthApita kara rAjA loga apanI zakti bar3hAnA cAhate the / varAGgacarita ke eka anya ullekha se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki kucha rAjA vivAha-sambandhoM dvArA rAjya meM gupta rUpa se SaDyantra kI gUDha yojanAoM ke kAryAnvayana meM bhI lage hue the| rAjA dharmasena kI eka patnI ke sAtha pitagaha se pAe subuddhi nAmaka maMtrI ne rAjya meM aisA hI SaDyantrakArI kucakra raca kara kumAra .. 1. varAGga0, 2.66 2. tu0 -Some times marriages among the ruling classess were arranged by parents on political grounds. When Rajaraja Chola was ruling over the southern kingdom, there was confusion in the Vengi Mandala. So he brought that territory under bis control and set up Saktivarman, the Eastern Chalukyan king as the head of Vengi Mandala. In order to strengthen the relation between the two kingdoms he gave his daughter Kunda Devi in marriage to Vimaladitya, the crown prince of the Eastern Chalukyas... Like this we have several instances of marriage arranged on political grounds. - Krishnamoorthy, A. V., Social and Eeonomic Conditions in Eastern Deccan, Madras, 1970, pp. 71-72

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striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 46 varAGga ko uttarAdhikAra se cyuta karane ke lie pUre prayatna kie the / ' 2. svayaMvara vivAha , pAlocya mahAkAvyoM meM svayaMvara ke bhI aneka ullekha prApta hote haiN|' svayaMvara-vivAha paddhati prAyaH kSatriya kanyAoM meM vizeSa rUpa se pracalita thii| svayaMvara vivAha ke pIche kanyA dvArA sarvAdhika sundara evaM parAkramI vara ke cayana karane kI abhilASA nihita thii| kanyA kA pitA svayaMvara kI ghoSaNA ke lie sabhI rAjAroM ke pAsa apanA dUta bhejatA thA aura sAtha hI kanyA kA citra bhI bhejA jAtA thaa| rAjA kanyA ke citra ko dekhakara dUta ko svayaMvara meM sammilita hone yA na hone kA nirNaya dete the| dharmazarmAbhyudaya meM dUta dvArA rAjakumArI zRGgAravatI ke svayaMvara meM rAjA pratAparAja dvArA bheje gae kanyA ke citra ko dekhakara hI dharmanAtha ke pitA ne svayaMvara meM upasthita hone kI sahamati de dI thii| prAyaH svayaMvara vivAha meM kula, zIla tathA vaya kA kI vicAra kiyA jAtA thA kintu vara evaM vadhU meM paraspara anurAga bhAvanA prakaTa honA bhI isakI vizeSatA thii| kanyA 1. yathA pitabhyAM prahito'smadartha tathopakAro bhavatA kRtazca / nivartya tasyAdya hi yauvarAjyaM suSeNamAsthApaya yauvarAjye / -varAGga0, 12.14, 15 2. tasyAbhavat priyatamA guNapakSapAtAllakSmyAH svayaMvara kRtA prathamA sptnii| -dvisa0, 2.30 nUnaM vihAyanamiyaM svayaMvare varAyinI nAparamarthayiSyati / -dharma0 6.36 zriyo mUrtyantarANIva, zatazo atha svayaMvarAH / / tena rAjA rAjakanyA, maharddhayA paryaNAyat / / -triSaSTi0, 2.3,74, tathA tu0-varSa0, sarga 6, tathA jayanta0, __ sarga 16 3. prAyaH kSatriyakanyAnAM zasyate hi svyNvrH| -pari0, 8.320 . 4. svayaMvarakRtA svayaM paropadezamantareNa viyate pariNIyate rAjaputryA rAjaputro yatrAsau svayaMvaraH / -dvi0 2.30 para pada0 TIkA, pR0 34 5. ghoSaNAM kArayAmAsa svayaMvaravidhi prati / -uttarapurANa, 75.647, tathA dharma0, 9.33 6. dharma0, 9.42 7. sarvatra sambandhavidhAnakAraNaM priyasya yatprema guNainiziSyate / -dharma0, 6.40 tathA 17.78

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46. jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dvArA vara cayana kI pramukha yogyatAoM meM pArasparika saundaryAkarSaNa, bhAvI dAmpatya jIvana ke prema vyavahAroM meM dakSa hone kI yogyatA tathA vIra evaM parAkramI honA pratyAzI rAjakumAra kI ullekhanIya vizeSatAeM mAnI jAtI thiiN| sabhI prAmantrita rAjakumAra apanI caturaGgiNI senA ke sAtha rAjakumArI ke nagara meM jAte the| svayaMvara meM nirAza hue rAjakumAra prAyaH vijetA rAjakumAra ke sAtha yuddha bhI karate the| isa prakAra svayaMvara vivAha ke pIche bhI tatkAlIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyAM apanA pUrNa prAdhipatya jamAe hue thiiN| vara cayana ke avasara para rAjakumArI ko praAmaMtrita sabhI rAjakumAroM kI rAjya zakti Adi se bhI paricita karAyA jAtA thaa| rAjakumArI bhI prAyaH zaktizAlI tathA apane pitA ke rAjya ke lie anukUla evaM upayogI rAjakumAra kA hI cayana karatI thii| dharmazarmAbhyudaya kA dharmanAtha isI prakAra kA rAjakumAra thaa| 3. pUrvAgrahapUrNa svayaMvara vivAha __ aisA lagatA hai ki Alocya yuga meM vara cayana ke lie kabhI kabhI kanyA pakSa ko asamaMjasatA kI sthiti kA sAmanA bhI karanA par3atA thaa| kanyA yadi saGgItAdi kalA meM vizeSa dakSa ho to usake lie vara bhI suyogya hI honA cAhie, isa mAnyatA ke phalasvarUpa kanyA pakSa kI ora se kisI zarta-pUrti ke pUrvAgraha dvArA vara kA cayana kiyA jAtA thaa|5 kSatracUr3AmariNa meM rAjakumAra jIvandhara ne ne rAjakumArI gandharvadattA ko vINAvAdana meM parAjita kara usake sAtha vivAha kiyaa|' govindarAja kI kanyA lakSmaNA kA vivAha bhI usI rAjakumAra jIvandhara se humA kyoMki rAjakumAra jIvandhara ne candrakayantrastha tIna zUkaroM kA bhedana kiyA jo anya rAjakumAra nahIM kara pAe the| isI prakAra samasyApUrti karane evaM paheliyA~ bUjhane tathA kisI anya prAkasmika ghaTanA ke ghaTane prAdi nimittoM se sazataM vivAha karane kI vizeSa prathAeM bhI pracalita thiiN| 1. dharma0, 17.33-35 2. vahI, 6.56 3. bahI, 17.33-80 4. vahI, 17.65-80 5. uttarapurANa, 75.423, 645 6. kSatracUr3AmaNi, 46.6 43 7. vahI, 10.23-26 8. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM, pR0 545-46

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striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA pUrvAgraha se prerita svayaMvara vidhi meM tathA kanyA dvArA svecchA se vara ke varaNa karane kI svayaMvara vidhi meM pramukha antara yaha thA ki prathama prakAra ke pUrvAgraha pUrNa vivAha meM kisI yogyatA vizeSa kI dakSatA ko mApadaNDa mAnakara sabhI dezoM se Ae varoM meM se zreSThatama tathA advitIya yogyatA vAle vyakti ke sAtha kanyA kA vivAha karanA mAtA-pitA evaM kanyA ko abhISTa thaa| jabaki svayaMvara vivAha meM rUpa-saundarya tathA parAkrama ina tInoM guNoM meM zreSTha vyakti ke cayana para bala diyA jAtA thaa| isa prakAra ke svayaMvara vivAha meM kanyA svayaM apane pati kA varaNa karane hetu svatantra thii| 4. prema vivAha candraprabhacarita mahAkAvya meM rAjakumArI zaziprabhA tathA rAjakumAra ajitasena ke madhya pArasparika prema sambandhoM ko jAna kara kanyA ke pitA rAjA jayavarmA ne zaziprabhA ke premI rAjakumAra ke sAtha sagAI (vAgdAna) kara dii|' rAjA jayavarmA dvArA rAjakumAra ke parAkrama se AkarSita huI zaziprabhA kA vAgdAna, sAma-dAna Adi upAyoM se anuprerita eka sundara rAjanaitika prayoga bhI thaa| rAjakumAra ajitasena ne cUMki jayavarmA ke zatru kA nAza kiyA thA ataH anugraha ke rUpa meM zaziprabhA kA vAgdAna rAjanaitika dRSTi se bhI yuktisaGgata ThaharatA thaa| jayavarmA dvArA kie gae zaziprabhA ke vAgdAna se krodhita dharaNIdhvaja nAmaka eka dUsare rAjA ne isakI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM apanA dUta jayavarmA ke pAsa bhejA tathA zaziprabhA kI ajitasena se sagAI tor3a dene kI pezakasa kI anyathA zaziprabhA kA balapUrvaka apaharaNa karane kI dhamakI bhI dI gii| pariNAmataH dharaNIdhvaja evaM bhAvI dAmAda meM bhayaGkara yuddha huA jisameM ajitasena kI hI vijaya huii| varAGgacarita meM bhI kazcidbhaTa tathA manoramA kA vivAha prema-vivAha hI thaa| manoramA ke pitA ne svayaM kazcidbhaTa se vivAha karane kA prastAva rakhA thaa| 1. naranAtha yuvA sadA sa dRSTau bhavato dehajayA mhendrmrdii| vidadhAti tataH prabhRtyanAsthAM svazarIre'pi vimuktagandhamAlyA / vidadhe ca zubhe zarIrajAyA divase tatpratipAdite 'pradAnam / -candra0, 6.60, 71 2. vahI, 6.60 3. vahI, 6.64 4. vahI, 6.100-106 5. varAGga0, 16.72, 20.41

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462 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja adhikAMza prema-vivAha bhI rAjanaitika prayojanoM se otaprota hote the| isa prakAra ke vivAhoM meM kulInatA prAdi kI cintA kie binA vara evaM vadhU ke madhya prema bhAva honA tathA rAjanaitika dRSTi se isa sambandha kA upayogI honA hI paryApta thaa|' dUsarI pora sundara rAjakumArI para kucha anya rAjA bhI A~kha gar3Ae baiThe rahate the tathA avasara Ane para apaharaNa karane ke lie bhI tatpara the| 5. anubandhanAtmaka prema vivAha hemacandra ke pariziSTaparva meM eka rocaka anubandhanAtmaka prema vivAha kI carcA pAI hai| uttarastha mathurA kA vaNikputra devadatta bhramaNa karate hue dakSiNastha mathurA ke variNakputra jayasiMha ke ghara pahuMcA / 2 donoM abhinna mitra the| eka dina jayasiMha ne devadatta ko apane ghara bhojana ke lie Amantrita kiyA vahAM usakA paricaya jayasiMha kI bahina annikA se huaa| devadatta annikA ke rUpa saundarya se prAkRSTa ho gyaa| usake sAtha vivAha karane ke nizcaya se devadatta ne apane kisI vyakti ko bAtacIta karane ke lie jayasiMha ke ghara bhejaa| jayasiMha apanI bahina annikA se bahuta sneha rakhatA thA tathA yaha nahIM cAhatA thA ki vivAho. parAnta baha usase bahuta dUra calI jaae|6 isa kAraNa jayasiMha ne devadatta ke sAtha anubandha para annikA kA vivAha karane kA nizcaya kiyaa| isa anubandhanAtmaka vivAha meM santAnopatti taka annikA kA devadatta ke ghara meM rahamA Avazyaka zarta thii| devadatta ko yaha anubandha svIkAra thA aura donoM kA vidhi-vidhAna pUrvaka 1. kulajo'kulajo'thavAstu so'smai na hi dattA tanayA bhvtydttaa| -candra0, 6.66 2. prabhUdudaGmathurAyAM devadatto vaNiksutaH / dakSiNasyAM mathurAyAM digyAtrArthamiyAya saH / -pari0, 1.43 3. jayasiMho'nyayA jAmimannikAmAdidannijAm / samitro'pyadya bhokSye'haM divyAM rasavatIM kuru / -vahI, 6.46 4. pazyannindumukhI devadatta: kAmavazo'bhavat / -vahI, 6.50 5. devadatto dvitIye'hni jayasiMhasya sannidhau / preSayAmAsa varakAnAnnikAyAcanAkRte / / -vahI, 6.54 6. prANapriyeyaM bhaginI mama lakSmIrivaukasi / tadimAM na praheSyAmi vivoDhurapi vezmani / -vahI, 6.56 7. apatyajanmAvadhi bho yadyevaM karttamIzvaraH / tadudvahatu me jAmi devadato annikAmimAm // . -vahI, 6.60

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striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 463 vivAha hunaa|' aise sazarta prema vivAhoM meM bhI vara kI kulInatA Adi guNoM ko vizeSa mahattva diyA jAtA thaa|2 gAndharva vivAha kA bhI aneka mahAkAvyoM meM ullekha pAyA hai| isa prakAra ke vivAha sambandhoM meM kanyA kI nikaTastha sakhI Adi kI vizeSa bhUmikA rahatI thii| 6. pratijJA vivAha ___ kucha isa prakAra ke vivAha bhI hote the jinameM rAjA pahale pratijJA kara letA thA tadanantara pratijJA pUrNa ho jAne para kanyA kA vivAha sampanna hotA thaa| udAharaNArtha varAGgacarita meM variNata rAjA devasena ne sabhAsadoM ke madhya yaha pratijJA kI thI ki yadi 'kazcidbhaTa' nAmaka varAGga, mathurAdhipa indrasena ko yuddha meM parAjita kara degA to usake sAtha rAjakumArI sunandA kA vivAha kara diyA jAegA tathA sAtha meM prAdhA rAjya daheja ke rUpa meM bhI diyA jaaegaa| rAjakumAra varAGga dvArA mathurAdhipa ko parAsta kara dene kI pratijJA pUrNa karane para rAjA devasena tathA usake mantrimaNDala ke vizeSAgraha para sunandA kA usase vivAha kara diyA gayA / 7. apaharaNa vivAha apaharaNa vivAha yadyapi samAja meM prazaMsita vivAha na the tathApi isa prakAra ke vivAha bahuta pracalita the| pradyumnacarita meM apaharaNa dvArA vivAha karane ke do ullekha prApta hote haiN| prathama ullekhAnusAra rukmiNI para prAsakta kRSNa ne kAmadeva arcana ke lie gaI huI rukmiNI kA pahale apaharaNa kiyA tathA bAda meM 1. devadattAnujJayA te'pyAmiti pratipedire / devadatto'pi tAM kanyAM pariNinye zubhe'hani / / -pari0, 6.61 2. sa uvAca kulIno'yaM kalAjJoyaM sudhIrayam / yuvAyaM kiM bahUktena sarve varaguNA iha // -vahI 6.56 3. varAGga0, 13.31.35, jayanta0, 12.34 4. tvayendrasenaH samare jitazcettubhyaM pradAsye sutayAgharAjyam / ityevamAghoSya sabhAsamakSaM bhUyo vicArastava nAnurUpaH / / -varAGga0, 16.8 5. kRtvAgnidharmodakasAkSibhUtaM kazcidbhaTAya pradadI sunandAm / --vahI, 16.20

Page #528
464 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja vivAha kara liyA / ' dUsare ullekha ke anusAra satyabhAmA kA putra bhAnu duryodhana kI putrI udadhi ke sAtha vivAha karanA cAhatA thaa| dUsarI ora pradyumna bhI udadhi ke saundarya se prabhAvita thaa| ataeva pradyamna vanecara ke veza meM udadhi ko hara laayaa| bAda meM pradyumna ne apanA vAstavika rUpa dikhA kara usase vivAha kara liyaa|4 kSatriya rAjAoM meM yaha prathA thI ki ve prAyaH jisa kanyA para anurakta hote the usakA apaharaNa kara lete the / zAntinAtha carita' meM anantavIrya dvArA kanakazrI kA tathA candraprabha meM rAjA dharaNIdhvaja dvArA zaziprabhA kA apaharaNa karane kI dhamakI dene ke ullekha bhI prApta hote haiN| apaharaNa vivAha kI mukhya vizeSatA yaha thI ki isa vivAha se pUrva yA pazcAt yuddha avazya hotA thA kyoMki apaharaNakartA prAyaH kanyA ke pitA ke viruddha hone ke kAraNa hI kanyAoM kA apaharaNa karate the| pradyumnacarita ke donoM apaharaNa vivAhoM meM yuddha huA tathA apaharaNakartA ko vijaya bhI milI / zAntinAthacarita ke apaharaNa vivAha ke avasara para bhI rAjakumAra anantavIrya tathA kanakazrI ke pitA damitAri ke madhya ghora yuddha huprA / ' candraprabha meM yuddha huA kintu dharaNIdhvaja yuddha meM ho mArA gayA / prAyaH vivAhArtha kanyAnoM kA apaharaNa to hotA hI thA kabhI-kabhI rAja. kumAroM kA bhI apaharaNa kara vivAha sampAdita kie jAte the| jayantavijaya meM 1. pArthivA nRpasatA maNa hRtA tadvimocayata zaktirasti cet / -pradyumna0 3.11 rabhyaraivatakasAnumaNDane devanandananibhe vane tyaa| pANipIDanavidhividhAnataH prautayorabhavadagnisannidhau / / -vahI, 3.27 2. vRddhi gato bhAnurapi krameNa vivAhayogyopi babhUva puNyAt / / -vahI, 6.257 muyodhanasyopadhinAma kanyAM voDhuM sa vAJchatyanurogapUrvam / / -vahI, 6.258 3. neSyAmyamuM sveSTapadaM ca pazcAt sveSTAnusArI na malimluco'ham / -vahI, 6.324 4. abhavadatha vivAhaH kAmaratyostadAnIm / -vahI, 10.77 5. zAnti0, sarga 6 6. candra0, sarga 6 7. pradyumna0, sarga 3 tathA 10 8. zAnti0, sarga 6 6. candra0, sarga 6 .

Page #529
striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 465 gaganavilAsapura ke rAjA pavanagati kI putrI kanakavatI ke vivAhArtha senA ke madhya meM se rAjakumAra jayanta kA apaharaNa hone kA ullekha AyA hai / ' bAda meM jayanta evaM kanakavatI kA vivAha sampanna kiyA gayA / vara evaM vadhU ke cayana kA AdhAra prAya: pUrva niyojita vivAha mAtA-pitA kI AjJA se hote the| ucita prAyu ke prApta hone para mAtA-pitA athavA mantrI prAdi mahattvapUrNa loga vara evaM vadhU kI yogyatAnoM para pUrI taraha vicAra karane ke bAda hI antima nirNaya lete the|3 vara kI sAmAnyatayAkulIna honA, vidyAmoM athavA kalAoM meM pAraMgata honA, buddhimAna honA, guNajJa honA, rUpa-saundarya yukta honA, parAkramI honA prAdi pramukha yogyatAeM thiiN| ina yogyatAmoM meM bhI parAkramI honA tathA rUpa saundarya yukta honA vivAha ke lie Avazyaka yogyatAeM mAnI jAtI thiiN|5 kucha aise bhI ullekha prApta hote haiM jahA~ kula Adi kI upekSA kara vIratA evaM sundaratA ke kAraNa hI mAtA-pitA kanyAdAna kI svIkRti de dete the| vadhU kA cayana karate samaya bhI usake kula, pAyu, jAti prAdi kA vicAra kiyA jAtA thaa| inake atirikta vara ke anurUpa rUpa-saundarya zarIrAkRti evaM kalA dakSatA prAdi vadhU ke guNoM kA vizeSa mahattva thaa| kanyA kA sundara honA atyAvazyaka guNa mAnA jAtA 1. katipayadivasa vyatikrame'sya zravasi viveza vaco yathAtmasainyAt / napa tava tu jayaM jahAra kazcinnidhimiva bhUmitalAdadRSTa rUpaH / -jayanta0, 12.3 2. vahI, 13 65-66 varAGga0, 2.17, 20, nemi0, 11.10, 52 4. vyAyAmavidyAsu kRtaprayogo nItI kRtI sarvakalAvidhijJaH / vRddhopasevAbhiratihitAtmA subuddhimAn pauruSavAnkumAraH / / -varAGga0, 2.1 nAnAvIrotpattilabdhaprazaMse vaMze tAvajjanmaramyaM ca rUpam / zIlaM vizvaprANilokAnukUlaM kiM tannemeryanna sambandhahetuH / / --nemi0, 11.52 5. candra0, 6.61.71, varAGga0, 16.72, 20.41 6. candra0, 6.71 kanyApi tenaM va samAna kalpA kalAguNazcApi vayovapurdhyAm / sa cApi tasyA yadi yuktarUpa: kitanyadiSyate tayona loke / / -varAGga0, 2.46 praSTo naH kanyakA: santi rUpalAvaNyabandhurA / kalAbdhipAradrazvaryo guNazvaryo apsarasamA: / -pari0, 2.85 tathA tu0 nemi0, 11.48, dharma0 6.40, candra0 6.63, pradyu0 6.156

Page #530
466 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja thaa|' dharmazarmAbhyudaya meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki vivAhArtha kanyA ke kula, zIla aura Ayu kA yadyapi vizeSa vicAra kiyA jAtA hai tathApi kanyA ke prati vara kA premAkarSaNa rUpa guNa hI vivAha sambandha kA mukhya AdhAra hai / 2 kanyA ke kisI anurUpa rAjakumAra para Asakta hone kI sUcanA pAkara mAtA-pitA pUrva niyojita vivAha kI bhA~ti apanI kanyA kA usa yuvaka se vivAha karane meM koI saMkoca nahIM karate the| 2. vivAha vidhiyA~ vividha prakAra kI kSetrIya vivAhAnuSThAna vidhiyA~ _ vibhinna jaina mahAkAvyoM meM karnATaka, gujarAta, rAjasthAna, Adi vividha prAntoM se prabhAvita vivAhavarNanoM kA ullekha pAyA hai / tatkAlIna evaM taddezIya AcAra vicAra inameM pratibimbita haiN| pariNAmata: vivAhamaNDapa meM hone vAle kriyA-kalApoM tathA dhArmika athavA sAmAjika rItiyoM ke pratipAdana kI dRSTi se vividha mahAkAvyoM meM ekarUpatA nahIM pAI jAtI / mahAkAvyoM meM variNata vibhinna prAntoM kA pratinidhitva karane vAlI vivAha-vidhiyoM kA svarUpa isa prakAra hai : 1. varAGgacarita-varAGgacarita ke anusAra sarvaprathama vara evaM vadhU ko mAlAoM Adi se susajjita kara vivAhamaNDapa meM sthita svarNa-siMhAsana para baiThAyA jAtA thaa|4 siMhAsana ke samIpa zItala evaM sugandhita tIrthajala se paripUrNa svarNakalaza kamaloM se Dhake hote the / 5 kanyA kA pitA, mantrigaNa, rAjya ke pradhAna tathA 1.. varAGga0, 2.70, 16.33. pradyu0, 3.56 2. yatkanyakAyAmupavarNyate budhaiH kulaM ca zIlaM ca vayazca kiMcana / sarvatra sambandhavidhAna kAraNaM priyasya yatpremaguNaviziSyate / / -dharma0 6.40 3. manoramAM manmatha zApavaddhAmAzvAsanAthaM madhuraM jagAda / , parigRhANa guNodayabhUSaNAM priyasutAM mama vatsa manoramAm / / -varAGga0, 16.72 tathA 20.41, candra0, 6.61.71 4 zrImaNDapaM kAmakaraNDakAkhyaM sat kAritaM netramano'bhirAmam / -varAGga., 2.64 tathA 2.65-68 tthaa-siNhaasnsyoprisNnissnnnno| -vahI, 2 66 tathA 16.18 5. hemarghaTargandhavimizratoyIvAbhisadveSTitadAmalIlaH / padmotpalAcchAditavaktrazobhairvasundharendrAH snapayAMbabhUvuH // - vahI, 2.71

Page #531
striyoM ko sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 467 anya mahattvapUrNa loga ina kalazoM ko uThAkara vara-vadhU kA abhiSeka karate the|' kabhI-kabhI vivAhotsava ke sAtha-sAtha yuvarAja kA rAjyAbhiSeka saMskAra bhI sampanna hotA thA isa avasara para rAjA yuvarAja evaM vara ke mastaka para paTTA bAMdhatA thA / varAGgacarita ke do sthaloM para vistArapUrvaka rAjakumAra varAGga ke vivAhotsava kA varNana pAyA hai tathA donoM hI avasaroM para rAjyAbhiSeka kI kriyAeM bhI vivAha vidhi ke sAtha anuSThita huI haiN| agni, dharma evaM jala ko sAkSI mAna kara vivAha vidhi kA samApana hotA thaa| vivAhotsava ke bAda abhyAgata atithi rAjAoM ko sasammAna bidAI dI jAtI thii| bidAI dene vAloM meM prAyaH rAjA, paTarAnI tathA putra Adi hote the| varAGgacarita mahAkAvya ke vivAha varNana dakSiNa bhArata sthita karnATaka deza kI prAntIya cetanAoM se prabhAvita jAna par3ate haiM / 2 padamAnanda-pamAnanda mahAkAvya meM vaNita vivAha vidhi ke anusAra sarvaprathama kanyApakSa kI striyA~ vadhU ko vastrAbhUSaNa Adi pahanAtI thiiN|" vara ko bhI snAnAdi karavA kara vastrAbhUSaNa pahanAe jAte the| usake bAda vara ko yAna para baiThAkara maNDapa taka le jAyA jAtA thaa| maNDapa dvAra ke samakSa striyAM agniyukta miTTI ke pAtra (zarAba) meM lavaNa DAla kara maGgala-sampAdana karatI thiiN| kavi ne isa avasara para agni meM lavaNa ke jalane se 'caTat-traTat' kI dhvani hone kA 1. anye ca teSAM napamantrimukhyA anantacitrAjitadevasAhvAH / kumbhavaladratnamayairanekaiH zuddhAmbupUrNaizca samabhyaSiJcan / / -varAGga0, 2.72 2. vizeSa draSTavya-varAGga0, sarga-2 tathA 16 3. jvalakirITaM praNidhAya mUni svayaM narendrastu babandha paTTam / -vahI, 16.20 4. vahI, 2.64 tathA 16.8 5. kRtvAgnidharmodakasAkSibhUtaM kazcidbhaTAya pradadau sunandAm / -vahI, 16.20 6. zrIdharmasenaH sakalatraputraH sanmAnadAnairabhisaMprapUjya / lokopacAragrahaNAnuvRttyA visarjayAmAsa vasuMdharendrAn / -vahI, 287 7. padmA0, 6.26.35 8. svAmI svayaM snapitalepitabhUSitAGgaH / -vahI, 6 66 6. uttIrya yAnavarato varatoraNAgre / -vahI, 6.50

Page #532
468 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja sajIva citraNa kiyA hai|' isa vivAhAnuSThAna ke avasara para koI strI dUba prAdi mAGgalika vastuNoM se yukta cAndI ke thAla ko lekara vara ke sAmane khar3I hotI thI to dUsarI strI arghya detI huI manthana daNDa se vara ke mastaka kA sparza karatI thii| vara pAdukA pahane hue bAeM pA~va se agni pAtra kA sparza karatA thaa| tadanantara vara ko mAtRgRha meM le jAkara svarNAsana para biThA diyA jAtA thaa|4 vara evaM vadhU ke hAtha meM sUtra bAMdhA jAtA thA aura vadhU ke hAthoM meM pippala evaM zamI kI tvacA kA lepa bhI kiyA jAtA thA / 5 lagnAvasara para vara vadhU ke hAtha ko apane hAtha se grahaNa karatA thaa| isI samaya 'tArAmelanaparva' bhI sampanna hotA thA aura sabhI vadhU pakSa kI striyAM gIta gAtI huI vara ke vastrAJcala se vadhU ke vastrAJcala ko bAMdha detI thiiN|" vara vadhU kA hAtha pakar3a kara agnivedikA kI ATha bAra pradakSiNA karatA thaa| sabase anta meM 'pANi mokSanaparva' sampanna hotA thA / 'pANimokSana mm 1. mANikyamaNDapacarA vyamucan dhunAryo ni.zeSamaGgalamayaprabhumaGgalAya / dvAre zarAvavarasampuTamutkaTAgni-kSipta traTa TitikRllavaNoNaghagarbham // -padmA0, 6.71 2. dUrvAdimAGgalikavastu virAji rUpyasthAlaM vighRtya purato'sthita kA'pi tatra / -vahI, 6.72 kAcina kusumbhavasanA'JcalacumbitAgraM, vaisAkha muddhRtavatI purato varasya / -vahI, 6.73 tathA sA'rdha ddau| -vahI, 6.77 manthena bhAlamatha mA spRzati sma hupttaa| -vahI, 6.78 3. svAmI svavAmacaraNena sapAdukena, sAgni zarAva sampuTamubibheda / -vahI, 6.76. 4. kanakaviSTaramadhyatiSThat / -vahI, 6.80 5. sampiSya pippalazamI druma jatvacau / -vahI, 6.81 6. svAmI mulagnasamaye pa tayoH karAbje, jagrAha garbhakaralepadhare karAbhyAm / -vahI, 6.82 7. abhyAratannatha miyo'bhimukhAni taaraamelaakhyprvnni| -vahI 6.84 vadhyAMzukAJcala yugaM vasanAJcalena, vizvAdhipasya vibudhAdhipatirbabandha / -vahI, 664 8. tatratya kautukagrahAdaviyuktahastaM, nAthastathaiva paritaHsphuritaM hutAzam / aSTAtipuSTadhavalAnyatha maGgalAni, patnIdvayena samamabhramadabhrazrIH / - vahI, 6.66

Page #533
striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 466 parva' ke sAtha hI vara maNDapa se yAna dvArA apane sthAna para calA jAtA thaa|' padmAnanda mahAkAvya ke vivAha varNanoM kA sambandha gujarAta Adi pradezoM se jor3A jA sakatA hai| . 3. sanatkumAracakicarita-sanatkumAracakricarita meM pratipAdita vivAha vidhi ke avasara para sanatkumAra ne hAthI para baiThakara maNDapa meM praveza kiyaa| kanyAoM ko maGgala snAna karAne ke bAda cAra sadhavA striyoM ne vara ko vastrAdi pahanAe / gurujanoM ne lAjA-vRSTi kii| kanyA pakSa kI striyoM ne vara ke zarIra kA saMskAra bhI kiyA / 5 tadanantara madhu, ghRta, akSatAdi dvArA vedI ko pradIpta kiyA gayA / vara evaM vadhuoM dvArA agni kI saptazikhAoM kI pradakSiNA kI gaI thii| isa avasara para svarNadAna ke atirikta pAtra, vastrAbhUSaNa Adi bhI pradAna kie gae the| sanatkumAra cakricarita meM citrita vivAha vidhiyAM rAjasthAna prAdi pradezoM se sambaddha mAnI jA sakatI haiN| 4. pradyumnacarita-pradyumnacarita meM vivAha varNanAvasara para 'jinapatipada 1. mokSaM zacIpatiracIka radaJcalAnAm / -padmA0, 6.100 tathA 6.105 2. prAsahya maGgalasitadviradaM kumaarH| -sana0, 15 52 3. prAdadhuH snapanamAsAn / sadhavAzcatasra iha cakrustantusarairmudAvamananAni / -vahI, 15.37, 36 4. guravo nicikSipuramUSAM, lAjakaNAn / -vahI, 15.4 5. kanyakAvatkumAraM kulastrIkulAnyAdadhuzcArusaMskArabhAjaM tno| -vahI, 15.47 6. vedyAM madhupAjyaghRtAkSatAdibhiH, pradIpite maGgalajAtavedasi / -vahI, 16.14 7. tatpuNyasarvasva iva prajambhite, hRdye zikhAbhizca tadaiva saptabhiH / pradakSiNAvarttamathAbhramanvadhUvarAH sumerAviva tArakendavaH // -vahI, 16.15 8. kanyApitA''dya parivartane dado, varAya bhArAyutakoTikAJcanam / -vahI, 16.16 6. hArArddhahArAdivibhUSaNaM bahu, pAtraJca kaccolakaTAhakAdikaM, adAt turIye vasanAni bhUrizaH / -vahI, 16.17; 18, 16

Page #534
500 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja pUjA' bhI sampanna hotI thii|' kanyA ko vastrAbhUSaNAdi se susajjita kara maNivApikA jala se snAna karAyA jAtA thA / 2 tadanandara puSpoM tathA sugandhita padArthoM se maNivApikA jala kI pUjA kI jAtI thii| purohitAdi devatA stuti sambandhI mantroM kA ucca kaNTha se uccAraNa karate the| isa prakAra vivAha vidhi sampanna ho jAtI thii| gujarAta evaM rAjasthAna se sambaddha prAntoM se pradyumna carita ke vivAha varNana vizeSa prabhAvita rahe haiM / 5. dvayAzraya-dvayAzraya mahAkAvya ke anusAra vadhU ke ghara pahuMcane para vara ke mAthe para dahI kA tilaka lagAyA jAtA thA / 5 kanyA vara ke gale meM mAlyArpaNa karatI thii| tadanantara vara lavaNa yukta agni ke pAtra (zarAva) ko tor3a kara andara praviSTa hotA thaa|" vara evaM vadhU mAtagRha (mAtRvezma) meM bhI praveza karate the / brAhmaNa mantroccAraNa dvArA vivAha saMskAra karavAte the| isa avasara para 'sUtrabandhana' kI kriyA bhI hotI thI / 10 vivAhAvasara para lavaNa yukta agni zarAva kA ullekha dvayAzraya tathA padmAnanda mahAkAvyoM meM samAna rUpa se hone ke kAraNa aisA pratIta hotA hai ki gujarAta Adi pradezoM kI vivAha vidhiyoM meM isa karmakANDa kA vizeSa pracalana rahA hogaa| 6. zAntinAthacarita-zAntinAthacarita mahAkAvya ke anusAra vara hAthI meM car3ha kara maNDapa dvAra kI ora AtA thA tathA usake pIche striyoM kA samUha bhI maMgala gIta gAte huA AtA thA / vara ke maNDapa dvAra para pahuMcane para striyAM arghya dekara use ghara ke bhItara le jAtI thiiN| vara maNDapa para sthita siMhAsana para baiThA diyA jAtA 1. jinapatipadapUjAM saMvidhAmAdareNa abhavadatha vivAhaH kAmaratyostadAnIm // -pradyu0, 10.77 2. vastrabhUSaNasamanvitA tataH sA mamajja maNivApikAjale / -vahI, 3.64 3. sA vigAhya maNivApikAjalaM samprapUjya kusumaiH sugandhibhiH / -vahI, 3.65 4. devatAstutividhAyakaM vacaH saMnizamya vipulo rasonnataH -vahI, 3.67 5. dvayA0 16.56 6. vahI, 8.108 7. vahI, 16.58 8. vahI, 16.56 6. dvayA0, 16.63 10. Narang, Dvyasrayakavya, p. 188 11 padmA0, 6.71

Page #535
striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 501 thaa|' vadhU vastrAlaMkAroM se vibhUSita hokara avaguNThana DAla kara, mAtRgRha meM mAtAoM kI pUjA kara vara ke sAtha Asana meM baiTha jAtI thii| tadanantara vara-vadhU kA 'hastamelana' hotA thaa| prAyaH vara dvArA zvasura se icchita vastu mA~gane kA bhI rivAja thA tathA icchApUrti ho jAne para hI vadhU kA hAtha chor3ane kI paripATI pracalita thii| isa avasara para maMgala kumbha ne pA~ca azva lene ke bAda hI kanyA kA hAtha chor3A thA / vivAha sambandhI anya rIti-rivAja vivAhAvasara para hone vAle vividha prakAra ke harSollAsapUrNa rIti rivAjoM kA bhI jaina mahAkAvyoM meM ullekha pAyA hai| sAmAnyatayA nAgarikoM, vizeSakara striyoM ke lie yaha avasara vizeSa harSollAsa kA hotA thaa|3 striyA~ vividha prakAra ke nRtya karatI thiiN|4 bhANDa Adi jora-jora se tAliyA~ bajAkara vibhinna prakAra kI hAsyapUrNa mudrAmoM se upasthita logoM kA manoraMjana karate the / 5 vara pakSa ke loga raMga bharI picakAriyoM se vara ko bhigo bhI dete the tathA eka dUsare para bhI raMga DAla kara apanA harSollAsa prakaTa karate the / 6 padmAnanda meM bhI striyoM dvArA hallIsaka Adi nRtya karane tathA gIta-saMgIta kA Ayojana karane kA ullekha pAyA hai| sanatkumAracakricarita meM rAtri meM 'vidagdhagoSThI' ke prAyojana hone kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| Aja bhI kaI prAntoM meM vadhU pakSa kI striyAM vara se kaI prahelikAe~ pUchatI haiM / sanatkumAra meM bhI 'vidagdha goSThI' kA Ayojana tatkAlIna rAjasthAna Adi pradezoM ke rIti rivAjoM para mahatvapUrNa prakAza DAlatA hai / vivAha ke avasara para paheliyA~ bUjhane kA eka udAharaNa draSTavya hai 1. zAnti0, 4.115-18 2. vahI, 4.116-20 3. varAma0, 16.12-18, tathA padmA0, 6.102 4. kvacidvicitraM nantustaruNyaH kvacicca gItaM madhuraM jaguzca / -varAGga0, 16.17 tathA padamA0, 6.102 5. prAsphoTaya bhANDAH karatAlazabdAnviDambanAM cakrurito'mutazca / -varAGga0, 16.17 6. vahI, 2.74 7. padmA0, 6.101-102 8. vidagdhagoSThIsukhalAbhalAlasa: praznottarANyAzu sa pRcchati sma tAH / -sana0, 16.28 6. sanatkumAracaki carita, bhUmikA, pR0 76

Page #536
502 prazna kA prArthyate vizvajanena sAdaraM ? kA vA vijeyA bata cakravartinAm ? kIdRg nRpaH syAnnaH parAbhavAspadaM ? bhAtyambare vandanamAlikena kA ? 1 uttara saMketa jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja thoktvA tAtatAtatIrUpAM kAcit tatAvalIm / dayitAlokayAmAsa, sammeraM vallabhAnanam // 3 uttara saMsAra meM puruSoM dvArA priye kimatra vaktavyaM prasiddhA sArasAvalI / 3 yahA~ kanyA dvArA cAra prazna pUche gae haiM - ( 1 ) kisakI yAcanA kI jAtI hai ? (2) cakravartI rAjAnoM ke lie jItane yogya vastu kyA hai ? (3) kauna rAjA parAbhUta nahIM hotA ? tathA (4) AkAza meM vandanamAlikA ke samAna kyA suzobhita hotI hai ? saMketa cihna ke rUpa meM kanyA dvArA avyakta rUpa se 'tatAvalI' ko 'tAtatAtatI' ke rUpa meM batA diyA gayA / isa aspaSTa saMketa ko samajhakara sanatkumAra ne 'sArasAvalI' uttara diyA jo ThIka thaa| prazna karttA ke cAroM praznoM ke uttara isameM prA jAte haiM, yathA ( 1 ) sA (strI), (2) rasA (pRthvI), (3) valI arthAt balI ( balavAna ) tathA ( 4 ) sArasAvalI (sArasoM kI paMkti ) / svayaMvara vivAha vidhi svayaMvara ke lie vibhinna dezoM ke rAjAnoM ko dUta bhejakara zrAmantrita kiyA jAtA thA | 4 dUta vivAhazAstra ke prakANDa paNDita hone ke sAtha-sAtha rAjanaitika nItiyoM ke bhI vizeSajJa hote the / 5 dUtoM ko apane sad zrasad viveka dvArA vivAhasambandha svIkAra karane yA na karane kA pUrA adhikAra prApta thA / svayaMvara vivAha vidhi ke anusAra kanyA pakSa ke dUta vibhinna dezoM meM jAkara yogya rAjakumAroM ke pitAoM ko svayaMvara meM sammilita hone kI sUcanA va nimantraNa bhejate 1. sana0, 16.30 2 . vahI, 16.31 3. vahI, 16.32 4. zRGgAravatyA duhituH svayaMvare pratAparAjena vidarbhabhUbhujA / dUtaH kumArAnayanArthamIritaH samAyayau ratnapuraprabhogRRham // - dharma0, 9.31 5. vivAhatantrAvikRtAnsale khAnpratyekazo dUtavarAnsasarja / tato nRpeNApratipauruSeNa vacoharaH sAmayutairvacobhi: / 6. vahI, 2.36 varAMga0, 2.35 - vahI, 2.38

Page #537
striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA the|' dUta patra tathA kanyA ke citra ko bhI sAtha rakhate the / 2 citra-paTa meM kanyA ke citra ke sAtha usake rUpa saundarya kA bhI varNana kiyA gayA hotA thA / 3. dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya ke anusAra rAjA dharmanAtha ke rAja-darabAra meM gae dUta ne rAjakumArI zRGgAravatI kA jo citrapaTa dikhAyA usake nIce rAjakumArI ke apratima saundarya ko vijJApita karane vAlA eka padya bhI likhA gayA thaa| svayaMvara ke dina sabhI rAjakumAra sabhAmaNDapa meM virAjamAna ho jAte the / 5 tadanantara rAjakumArI hathinI para baiThakara pratihArI ke sAtha sabhA maNDapa meM praveza karatI thii| pratyAzI rAjakumAra kanyA ko AkarSita karane ke lie vividha prakAra ke zrRGgArika hAva-bhAvoM kA bhI pradarzana karate the / svayaMvara meM Ae rAjAoM kI cayana yogyatAeM dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya meM varNita svayaMvara vivAha meM upasthita aneka rAjAnoM kA jo varNana pAyA hai usase tatkAlIna svayaMvara vivAha kI ullekhanIya vizeSatAmoM kI jAnakArI prApta hotI hai / isa prasaMga meM pratyAzI rAjAmoM kA paricaya aura unakI zakti, parAkrama Adi kA bhI ullekha pAyA hai| mAlavanareza avanti rAjya kA rAjA thA tathA usake adhIna aneka sAmanta rAjA bhI the| mAlava nareza kI raNa kauzalatA bhI advitIya thii| magadharAja niSkaNTaka rAjya kA upabhoga 1. dUtaH kumArAnayanArthamIritaH / -dharma0, 6.31 2. varAGga0, 2.37, 40 tathA dharma0, 6.33 3. dharma0, 6.34-35 4. asyAH svarUpaM kathameNacakSuSo yathAvadanyo likhitu pragalbhatAm / dhAtApi yasyAH pratirUpanirmitI ghuNAkSaranyAyakRterjaDaH / / -vahI, 6.35 5. dezAntarAyAtanarendrapUrNA svayaMvarArambhabhuvaM prpede| -vahI, 77.1 6. kareNumAruhya pativarA sA viveza cAmIkaracArukAntiH / -vahI, 17.11 7. zRGgAralIlAmukurAyamANAnyAsannRpANAM vividheGgitAni / -vahI, 17.25 tathA 17.23-30 8. vahI, 17.33 6. vahI, 17.34-35

Page #538
504 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja karatA thA tathA sandhi vigraha Adi guNoM ke prayoga se rAjya ko sudRr3ha kara cukA thaa|' aGgarAja bhI zatrumardana meM vizeSa dakSa thA tathA rUpa saundarya meM candramA evaM kAmadeva tulya thA / ' kaliGgarAja ke pAsa uttama hAthI the tathA vaha svayaM sadAcArI thaa| dakSiNa deza kA pANDya rAjA suDaula zarIrAkRti vAlA thA tathA yuddha meM apanA parAkrama dikhAkara dakSiNa deza para ekachatra rAjya kara rahA thaa| ina rAjAoM ke rUpa saundarya tayA parAkrama se rAjakumArI zRGgAravatI tanika bhI prabhAvita nahIM huI / bAda meM pratihArI ne dharmanAtha ne guNoM kA varNana kiyaa| kulIna honA, daivI guNoM se yukta honA rUpa-saundarya yukta honA, guNazAlI evaM parAkramI honA Adi dharmanAtha kI ullekhanIya yogyatAeM thIM / 5 ina yogyatAoM ke atirikta dharmanAtha ke prati rAjakumArI ke prAkarSaNa kA mukhya kAraNa yaha rahA thA ki vaha dharmanAtha ke darzana mAtra se prema-bhAva ke kAraNa romAJcita ho uThI thii| isIlie anya rAjAroM kI tulanA meM dharmanAtha ko zreSTha mAnakara rAjakumArI ne usake gale meM varamAlA DAla dI / svayaMvara vivAha ke avasara para dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya meM jina karmakANDa paraka vivAha vidhiyoM kA ullekha pAyA hai unameM vara evaM vadhU ko nagara meM ghumAnA, mAGgalika gItoM se vara kA svAgata karanA Adi sAmAnya vivAha vidhiyoM ke samAna hI thiiN| 3. vivAhasaMsthA sambandhI anya prathAeM daheja prathA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke vivAhAvasara para daheja dene va lene ke aneka ullekha pAe haiM / varAGgacarita ke anusAra sunandA ke vivAhAvasara para prAdhe rAjya ke atirakta eka hajAra hAthI, bAraha hajAra ghor3e, eka lAkha grAma, caudaha koTi pramANa kI svarNa mudrAeM, battIsa nATaka-vizeSajJa, antaHpura meM sevA karane vAle vRddha puruSa, kirAta, dAsiyA~ Adi paricAraka, kuzala zilpI tathA anya rAja karmacAriyoM 1. dharma0, 17.36-41 2. vahI, 17.45.48 3. vahI, 17.53-56 4. vahI, 17.58-56 5. vahI, 17.70-75 6. vahI, 17.78 7. vahI, 27.80 5. vahI, 1783-105

Page #539
striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 505 ko kanyA ke pitA dvArA varAGga ko daheja rUpa meM diyA gayA / ' rAjanaitika dRSTi se kucha rAjA daheja dene kA prayoga sAma nIti ke upAya ke rUpa meM bhI karate the / varAja ko prasanna karane ke lie bakuleza dvArA apanI kanyA manoharA ke vivAhAvasara para eka hajAra ghor3e, sau hAthI, koTipramANa yukta svarNa tathA sauvaralambikAeM bhI daheja svarUpa pradAna kI gaIM / rAjAoM ke vivAhAvasara para ratha, hAthI, ghor3e prAdi daheja ke rUpa meM denA sAmAnyatayA pracalita thA / candraprabhacarita, 5 jayanta vijaya, zAntinAthacarita, 7 dvayAzrayakAvya zrAdi mahAkAvyoM se bhI dahejaprathA ke astitva kI vizeSa puSTi hotI hai / dvayAzraya meM eka sthAna para kanyA ke pitA ko daheja na de sakane ke kAraNa cintita variMgata kiyA gayA hai / vivAha sambandhI karmakANDa bhI daheja cetanA se anuprANita the / vara ko pAtra vastra dAna Adi kI prathAeM tathA vara dvArA kanyA ke pitA se manovAJchita vastu ke prApta hone para hI kanyA kA hAtha chor3ane jaisI prathAeM daheja prathA kA hI pracchanna rUpa se poSaraNa kara rahIM thIM / 10 1. mattadvipAnAM tu sahasrasaMkhyA dviSaTsahasrANi turaGgamAnAm / grAmAH zatena prahatAH sahasrA hiraNyakoTayazca caturdazaiva // dvAtriMzAyojitanATakAni vRddhAH kirAtA vividhAzca dAsyaH ! suzilpinaH karmakarA vinItA dattAni pitrA vidhivaduhitre / / - varAGga0, 16.21-22 2 . vahI, 21.67 3. vahI, 21.74 4. Narang, Dvyasrayakavya, p. 189 5. zrutvA sakalatramuddhRtaripuM bhUtyA mahatyAgatam / - candra0, 6.111 6. jayanta0, 13.64 7 zAnti0, 4.116-20 8. dvayA0, 7.75, 106, 112, 6.171, 16.24 6. vahI. 18.62 tathA Narang Dvyasrayakavya, p. 189 10. sana0, 16,16-16, zAnti0, 4.166 - 20 tathA tu0 - It was customary among all classes of people to give dowry to the daughter at the time of her marriage. It was known as 'Aranamu'. It should not be taken to mean that 'Aranamu' was the price paid for the bride or the bridegroom. It was merely the gift given by the father at the time of the marriage of his daughter. -Krishanamoorthy, Soc. & Eco. Conditions in E. Deccan, P. 72

Page #540
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja daheja prathA kA virodha jaisAki pahale kahA jA cukA hai ki prAyaH kanyA vivAha ke avasara para dAna svarUpa daheja dene kI prathA pracalita thii| varAGgavarita meM prAnta eka mAnyatA ke anusAra kanyA ko bhUmi, gRha, svarNa, gAya, bhaiMsa, ghor3A Adi vastuoM ko denA prazaMsanIya bhI mAnA jAtA thaa|' varAGgacaritakAra jaTAsiMha nandi ne dArzanika dRSTi se daheja prathA kA virodha bhI kiyA hai / isa sambandha meM kahA gayA hai ki vivAha ke samaya kanyA ko die gae daheja meM khaGga Adi zastra tathA dhana sampatti dUsaroM ke duHkha kA kAraNa hotI haiM / isI prakAra gAya, baila Adi pazuoM ko daheja ke rUpa meM denA bhI rAga-dveSa kA kAraNa banatA hai| siddhAntataH prajanana zakti tathA aneka prANiyoM kI saMhArasthalI mAne jAne ke kAraNa kanyAdAna tathA bhUmidAna dhArmika dRSTi se puNya ke kAraNa nahIM bana sakate / jaina dArzanikoM kI mAnyatA thI ki jaba svayaM hI strI mohanIya karmoM kA kAraNa hai taba usake sAtha daheja meM dI jAne vAlI vastueM ina mohanIya karmoM meM aura adhika vRddhi hI karatI haiN| isa prakAra samAja meM yadyapi vyAvahArika rUpa se daheja prathA kA pracalana thA tathApi jaina munivarga dArzanika dRSTiyoM se daheja prathA kA virodha bhI kara rahA thaa| bahuvivAhaprathA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM varNita rAjA-mahArAjAoM tathA dhanika varga kI vivAha caryA meM bahuvivAha kA sAmAnyatayA pracalana rahA thA / varAGgacarita meM kumAra 1. kanyA bhUhemagavAdikAni kecitprazaMsantyanudAravRttAH / -varAGga0, 7.34 2. duHkhAya zastrAniviSaM pareSAM bhayAvahaM hemamudAharanti / -vahI, 7.36 3. saMtADanodbandhanadAhanaizca duHkhAnyavApnoti gavAdideyam / -vahI, 7.36 4. bhUmiH punargarbhavatI ca nArI kRSyAdibhiryAti vadhaM mahAntam / / -vahI, 7.37 5. kanyApradAnAdiha rAgavRddhiSazca rAgAd bhavati krameNa / tAbhyAM tu mohaH parivRddhimeti mohapravRttI niyato vinAzaH / / -vahI, 73.5

Page #541
striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA 507 varAGga kA eka sAtha dasa kanyAoM se vivAha huA thA / ' tadanantara usane gyArahavIM kanyA sunandA se bhI vivAha kiyA / 2 pradyumnacarita meM zrI kRSNa kI satyabhAmA mahiSI thI usake bAda rukmaNI ke sAtha bhI unakA prema vivAha huaA thA / zAntinAtha kI 66 hajAra rAniyAM hone ke ullekha milate haiN| padmAnanda0 meM RSabha nAtha kA vivAha sunandA evaM sumaGgalA nAmaka do kanyAoM se hotA hai / jayantavijaya ke ullekhAnusAra kumAra jayanta kA kanakavatI tathA datisundarI do rAjakumAriyoM se vivAha huA thA / candraprabha mahAkAvya meM rAjA kanakaprabha tathA padmanAbha kI eka-eka patnI hone ke bhI ullekha milate haiN| isI prakAra dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya ke anusAra rAjA dharmasena ne svayaMvara vivAha dvArA kevala mAtra kanyA zRGgAravatI se hI vivAha kiyA thaa| sAMskRtika kathAnakoM se anuprerita hone ke kAraNa bhI jaina mahAkAvya bahu vivAha prathA kA ullekha karate haiN| rAjA-mahArAjAoM kA bahuvivAha honA tatkAlIna rAjanaitika sudRr3hatA kI dRSTi se bhI mahattvapUrNa kahA jA sakatA hai| aneka zaktizAlI rAjAroM se rAjakumArI athavA rAjakumAra kA sambandha banAkara sAmanta rAjA yA to rAjanaitika jor3a-tor3a meM lage hue the athavA apanI rAjanaitika zakti ko saMtulita banAne kI ora agrasara the| ina rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM meM bhI bahuvivAha kA samAjazAstra lokapriyatA prApta kara rahA thaa| sambhavataH sAmAnya janasAdhAraNa meM bahu-vivAha kI prathA na thI kevala mAtra rAjA-mahArAjAoM, seTha-sAhukAroM Adi ke parivAroM meM hI bahu vivAha pracalita ye| sambhavataH bahu-vivAha se utpanna Arthika evaM sAmAjika dAyitvoM kA bhAra sAmAnya vyakti nahIM uThA pAtA thA kintu dhanI vyakti isake lie pUrNataH samartha the| sAmantavAda kI vilAsapUrNa jIvana paddhati ke kAraNa bhI rAjAoM kA varga evaM dhanI mAnI loga sundara se sundara tathA adhikAdhika striyoM ke sAtha vivAha karane kI lAlasAnoM se grasta the| 1. varAGga0, 2.66 2. vahI, 16.20 3. pradyu0, 3.27 4. zAnti0, 14.200-336 5. padmA0, 6.66 6. jayanta0, 12.63-64 tathA 17.87 7. candra0, 1.54, 1.85 8. dharma0, 17.83-105 6. varAGga0, 2.14.33 10. nemicandra zAstrI, saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM; pa0 547

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508 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja niSkarSa isa prakAra vaidikakAla se uttarIttara hrAsonmukhI nArI kI sthiti Alocya kAla meM kucha sudharatI dikhAI detI hai| yadyapi smRtikAlIna puruSAyatta prAcArasaMhitA se vaha isa kAla meM bhI jakar3I huI thI tathApi sAmantavAdI samAja vyavasthA se anuprerita aizvarya bhoga evaM saundarya vilAsa kI manovRttiyoM ke pariNAma svarUpa nArI cetanA samAja kI eka pramukha cetanA banakara ubharane lagI thii| yuddha cetanA se uddIpta vIrabhAvanA zRGgArabhAvanA ke binA adhUrI sI dikhAI detI hai| sAmantavAdI bhogavilAsa ke mUlyoM se utprerita hone vAle jIvana darzana kI eka mukhya AvazyakatA nArI bana cukI thii| phalataH Alocya yuga ke kAvyoM kA mukhya svara bhI nArI saundarya ke zRGgArika evaM azlIla varNanoM se mukharita huA hai| yahA~ taka ki zaurya aura parAkrama ko uttejita karane vAlI saMjIvanI zakti ke rUpa meM nArI kI bhogyA zaktiyoM ko ubhArane kI adhikAdhika ceSTAeM huI haiN| bhogyA ke isI virAT svarUpa ko dhAraNa kara nArI samAja ke vyApaka dharAtala para apanA prabhutva jamAe dRSTigata hotI hai| vaha yuddhoM kA eka pramukha kAraNa banakara ubharI hai to yuddhazAnti kI sAdhikA bhI vahI hai / pararASTra nIti ke nirdhAraNa kA prazna ho yA phira svarAjya sudRr3hatA kA, sAmantazAhI rAjazaktiyA~ vivAha prayogoM dvArA nArI kA rAjanaitika prayoga kara apanI nIti kuzalatA kA pradarzana karane meM lagI huI thIM to vahA~ dUsarI ora nArI zakti bhI rAjazakti ko apane hAtha kA khilaunA banAne meM kisI se kama pIche nahIM thii| dhArmika jagat meM nArI sukha ke pralobhanoM se svarga sukha kI avadhAraNAoM ko samajhAyA jA rahA thA / dArzanika carcA ke kSetra meM strI-bhoga-vilAsa sambandhI upamAnoM kI sahAyatA se gUr3ha siddhAntoM tathA vAdoM ko vizada karane kI pravRttiyA~ prArambha ho cukI thIM jo isa tathya kI ora saMketa hai ki samagra madhyakAlIna mAnava cetanA nArI mUlyoM se kisa taraha AkarSita hotI jA rahI thii| sAmantavAdI arthavyavasthA ko vikasita eva pallavita karane kI dRSTi se bhI nArI saMsthA kI vizeSa bhUmikA dikhAI detI hai| prAyaH sAmantavAdI rAjA vivAha ke avasara para aneka grAma tathA anya bhUmi sampattiyAM daheja ke rUpa meM prApta karate the jisake pariNAmasvarUpa bhUsampatti ke hastAntaraNa evaM vikendrIkaraNa kI sAmantI pravRttiyA~ uttarottara protsAhana prApta kara rahI thiiN| hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki strI saundarya prasAdhanoM ke kAraNa hI Arthika kSetra meM aneka vyavasAya apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna banA cuke the jinameM vRkSa udyogoM dvArA saundarya prasAdhana kI vastueM taiyAra karanA tathA nAnA prakAra ke prAbhUSaNa Adi banAne se sambaddha vyavasAya vizeSa pragati para the| kula strI ke vividha rUpoM meM nArI kI sthiti smRtikAlIna puruSAyatta

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striyoM kI sthiti tathA vivAha saMsthA AcAra saMhitA se anuprerita thI / puruSa kA varcasva nArI samAja para pUrI taraha se hAvI thaa| uccavarga kI kanyAnoM ko nRtyAdi kalAoM kI zikSA dI jAtI thI tathA vivAha Adi avasaroM para unheM manovAMchita vara ke cayana kI svatantratA bhI prApta thii| rAjakuloM se sambaddha aAlocya yuga kI vivAha saMsthA pUrNataH yugIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita jAna par3atI hai / rAja darabAroM meM tathA maMtripariSadoM meM gambhIratA se vicAra vimarza karane ke uparAnta hI vivAha sambandhoM ko svIkRti dene kA pracalana bar3hatA jA rahA thaa| ina sabhI vivAha sambandhoM meM vara evaM vadhU kI yogyatAoM ke sAtha sAtha rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM se utpanna pararASTra nIti para bhI dhyAna diyA jAtA thaa| svayaMvara vivAhoM kA svarUpa vikasita hotA jA rahA thA tathA prema vivAha bhI protsAhita kie jA rahe the / aneka prakAra ke anubandhAtmaka vivAhoM kI sthiti kA bhI patA calatA hai| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM upalabdha hone vAle vivAha varNana aitihAsika dRSTi se atyanta upAdeya kahe jA sakate haiN| dakSiNa bhArata, gajarAta, rAjasthAna, Adi vibhinna dezoM kI prAntIya rIti-rivAjoM kI ina vivAha prasaGgoM meM carcA AI hai| aneka prAntoM meM vivAhAvasaroM para vividha prakAra ke sAMskRtika manoraJjanoM tathA harSollAsa sambandhI gatividhiyoM kA vizeSa pracalana rahA thA / ucca varga ke logoM meM vivAha ke avasara para daheja dene kI prathA pracalita rahI thI jabaki dUsarI ora sAmAnya vyakti ke lie dhanAbhAva ke kAraNa kanyA kA vivAha karanA cintA kA viSaya bhI banA huprA thA / striyAM bahuvivAha se prabhAvita thI pariNAmataH sapatniyoM kI pratispardhA meM Age bar3hane ke lie use kRtrima saundarya vinyAsa tathA kAmazAstrIya vilAsa ceSTAnoM meM dakSa hone kI vizeSa AvazyakatA thii| madhyakAlIna bhArata meM vezyAvRtti ko eka mukhya sAmAjika abhizApa ke rUpa meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| sAmantavAdI mUlyoM ke kAraNa strI kA saundaryAtmaka tathA vAsanAtmaka pakSa vizeSa rUpa se udghATita ho cukA thaa| phalataH vezyAvRtti eka pramukha vyavasAya kA rUpa dhAraNa kara cukI thii| mAnavIya durbalatAoM ke kAraNa caritra bhraSTa strI ke pAsa jIvikopArjana kA vyavasAya vezyAvRtti hI thaa| eka strI yadi vezyAvRtti svIkAra kara le to usakI bhAvI putriyAM bhI vezyAvRtti kA vyavasAya karane ke lie bAdhya thiiN| vezyA kA samAja meM dhRNAspada sthAna hone ke kAraNa vezyAvRtti kula paramparA se bhI calane lagI thii| anya kulIna striyoM ke samAna vezyAeM bhI anurAgAtmaka dAmpatya jIvana bitAne kI lAlasAeM rakhatI thIM kintu samAna unheM svIkAra karane ke lie taiyAra nahIM thaa| puruSAyatta samAja vyavasthA ke kAraNa vyakti apanI vAsanA pUrti tathA manoraJjana ke lie vezyAoM ke pAsa jAnA to ucita samajhate the kintu kala strI ke pada para pratiSThita karane kA sAhasa unameM nahIM thaa| satI prathA kA kahIM kahIM pracalana thA kintu eka kuprathA ke rUpa meM isakA virodha bhI kiyA jA rahA thaa|

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navama adhyAya bhaugolika sthiti bhUgola zAstra sambandhI prAcIna mAnyatAeM rAmAyaNa, mahAbhArata, purANa evaM dharmazAstra Adi granthoM meM prAcIna bhAratIya bhUgola kI zAstrIya mAnyatAeM prApta hotI haiN| vaidika purANoM tathA jaina purANoM meM bhI bhaugolika prakRti kI vizAla sAmagrI saMkalita hai / brAhmaNa oora jaina sAhitya ke bhaugolika srota atyanta mahattvapUrNa kahe jA sakate haiM / bauddha paramparA kA sAhitya bhI bhArata ke prAcIna bhUgola para prakAza DAlatA hai / pAli piTaka vizeSakara vinaya evaM sutta nagaroM evaM aitihAsika sthAnoM ke prAsaGgika ullekha prastuta karate haiM / dIpavaMsa evaM mahAvaMsa bhI bauddhoM ke bhaugolika jJAna avagata karAte haiN| kula milAkara bauddha sAhitya kI bhaugolika sAmagrI atyanta mahattvapUrNa hone ke bAda bhI prAcIna bhUgola zAstra para usa taraha se vyavasthita prakAza nahIM DAla pAtI jitanA ki vaidika evaM jaina purANoM kI bhaugolika sAmagrI / 1 vaidika purANoM meM bhaugolika mAnyatAeM purANoM meM bhUgola viSayaka prAcIna 'saptadvIpa' siddhAnta kA pratipAdana huA hai / viSNu purANa ke anusAra ye sAta dvIpa haiM - ( 1 ) jambU ( 2 ) plakSa ( 3 ) zAlmala ( 4 ) kuza (5) krauJca (6) zAka tathA ( 7 ) puSkara / inhIM sAtoM dvIpoM meM se jambU dvIpa meM bhAratavarSa sthita hai / " parimANa kI dRSTi se jambU dvIpa sabase choTA dvIpa hai / viSNu purANa ke anusAra jambU dvIpa ke madhya meM sumeru parvata, dakSiNa himavAn hemakUTa tathA niSadha evaM uttara meM nIla, zveta tathA zRGgI parvatoM kI sthiti mAnI jAtI hai / 'saptadvIpa' siddhAnta ke atirikta purANoM meM hI 'navadvIpa' 1. vimala caraNa lAhA, prAcIna bhArata kA aitihAsika bhUgola, anu0 rAmakRSNa dvivedI, lakhanaU, 1672, pR0 4 2. Gupta, Anand Swarup Pauranic Heritage, (article), Puranam, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, Jan. 1976, p. 47 3. viSNu purANa, 2.2.10, tathA sarvAnanda pAThaka, viSNu purANa kA bhArata, vArANasI, 1967, pR0 22

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bhaugolika sthiti 511 siddhAnta kA bhI ullekha pAyA haiM, ye nava dvIpa haiM - (1) indradyumna (2) saumya (3) gAndharva, (4) varuNa (5) kumAra (6) kaserumAn (7) tAmraparNa (8) gabhastimAn tathA (8) naagdvii|| isa bhaugolika avasthiti meM bhAratavarSa 'kumAradvIpa' meM avasthita hai|' mahAbhArata meM teraha dvIpoM kA bhI ullekha AyA hai kintu inakI sthiti aspaSTa hai / jaina bhaugolika mAnyatAeM jaina paramparA ke anusAra loka tIna haiM - adholoka, madhyaloka tathA Urcaloka / madhya loka manuSya loka hai tathA isameM jambU dvIpa, dhAtakI khaNDa, puSkarAddha DhAI dvIpa pAte haiM / jambU dvIpa madhyaloka ke ThIka madhya-bhAga meM sthita hai| jambU dvIpa ke antargata sAta kSetra (bharata, haimavata, hari ramyaka, hairaNyaka, hairaNyavata, videha tathA airAvata), chaha kulAcala (himavAn, mahAhimavAn, niSadha, nIla, rukmI tathA zikharI) evaM caudaha nadiyA~ (gaMgA, sindhu, rohitAsyA, rohitanavI, harikAntA, harita, sItodA, sItA, narakAntA, nArI, rUpyakUlA, suvarNakUlA, raktA tathA raktodA) pAtI haiN| jambU niSadha parvata ke uttara meM 'devakuru' tathA sumeru ke uttara aura nIla parvata ke dakSiNa dizA kI ora 'uttarakuru' nAmaka do 'bhogabhUmiyA~' sthita haiM / ___ jambU dvIpa kA bharata kSetra mahattvapUrNa kSetra hai / AdipurANa ke anusAra isakI sthiti himavanta ke dakSiNa tathA pUrvI-pazcimI samudroM ke madhya mAnI gaI hai| bharata kSetra meM bhI pArya evaM anArya kSetroM kA bheda bhI kiyA gayA hai| prAcIna jaina Agama granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki prArambha meM 251 prArya dezoM taka hI jaina sAdhunoM kA AvAgamana hotA thA kintu bAda meM Andhra, dravir3a mahArASTra, dravir3a, kurga prAdi kucha anArya dezoM meM bhI jaina sAdhunoM kA prasAra bar3hane lgaa| prAcIna grantha 'bRhatkalpasUtra bhASya' meM nirdiSTa 253 prArya dezoM kI navIM zatAbdI meM racita AdipurANokta 1. Gupta, Pauranic Heritage, p. 47 2. trayodaza samudrasya dvIpAn / Adiparva, 75.16 3. jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 3, vArANasI, 1972, pR0 456-60 4. nemicandra zAstrI, Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 37 5. jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 3, pR0 462-72 6. nemicandra zAstrI, Adi purANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 43 7. vahI, pR0 43-44 jagadIzacandra jaina, jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 458-56 6. bRhatkalpasUtra bhASya, 1.3275-86 10. AdipurANa, 16, 152-56

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja bharata kSetra ke dezoM se tulanA kI jAe to jJAta hotA hai ki kuru, kAzI, kaliMga, baMga, aMga, vatsa, pAMcAla, dazArNa, magadha, kurujAMgala, kozala, sindhu- sauvIra, zUrasena, videha, cedi tathA kekaya - bRhatkalpasUtra bhASya pratipAdita 16 zrArya deza hI zrAdipurANa meM bhI nirdiSTa haiM / 512 prAcIna aitihAsika deza vibhAjana bauddha yugIna bhArata rAjanaitika dRSTi se solaha mahAjanapadoM meM vibhakta thA / ' chaThI zatAbdI I0 pUrva ke bauddha grantha 'praguttaranikAya ' 2 tathA prAcIna jaina Agama grantha 'bhagavatI sUtra' 3 meM solaha mahAjanapadoM kA ullekha AyA hai / kintu 'aGguttaranikAya' tathA 'bhagavatI sUtra' meM variNata 16 mahAjanapadoM meM se kevala kAzI, kozala, aMga, magadha, vRji, mAlava tathA cedi sAta mahAjanapadoM meM hI sAmyatA hai zeSa nau mahAjanapada donoM granthoM meM pRthak haiM / 4 saMbhavata: 'graguttaranikAya' kI apekSA paravartI 'bhagavatIsUtra' ke samaya taka bauddhayugIna 16 mahAjanapadoM kI bhaugolika sthiti meM kucha parivartana athavA saMzodhana ho cukA thA pariNAmata: 'bhagavatIsUtra' kA lekhaka kucha navIna mahAjanapadoM ke astitva kI sUcanA detA hai / 5 maurya sAmrAjya ke kAla meM rAjanaitika dRSTi se bhArata uttarApatha, pazcima cakra, dakSiNApatha, madhya deza tathA kaliMga pAMca cakroM meM vibhakta thA tathA ina cakroM ke upa vibhAga maNDaloM kA punaH janapadoM meM vibhAjana kiyA gayA thA / 6 maurya yuga ke patana ke uparAnta bhAratIya rAjya vyavasthA meM aneka svatantra rAjya sthApita ho cuke the jinameM gaNarAjyoM kI sthiti pradhAna thI / 7 gupta rAjAnoM ne punaH eka bAra vizAla sAmrAjya kI sthApanA kI aura vibhinna svatantra rAjyoM ko eka sUtra meM saMgaThita kiyA kintu isa yuga meM sAmanta paddhati ke udita ho jAne ke kAraNa gupta rAjAoM 1. Basak, Radha Govind, Mahavastu Avadana, Vol. I, Calcutta, 1963, Introduction, p. XXIII 2. aMguttaranikAya, 1.213, 4.252, 56.60 3. bhagavatIsUtra. 15.1 4. Jain, K.C., Lord Mahavira and his Times, p. 197 5. Thomas, E. J., History of Buddhist thought, Delhi, 1953, p. 6 Altekar, A.S., State and Government in Ancient India, Delhi, 1972, p. 209 7. satyaketu vidyAlaMkAra, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana vyavasthA aura rAjazAstra, pU0 221 6.

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bhaugolika sthiti 513 kA sampUrNa bhArata para sIdhA zAsana nahIM thaa| unake adhIna aneka mahArAjA, tathA gaNarAjya the jo rAjya ke Antarika zAsana kI dRSTi se pUrNataH svataMtra astitva rakhate the / gupta rAjya kI zAsana vyavasthA meM chaha prakAra ke rAjyoM kA astitva thA (1) gupta samrAToM ke adhIna nijI rAjya jinake upavibhAga 'bhukti' tathA 'viSaya' the| (2) AryAvarta va madhyadeza ke sAmanta rAjya (3) yaudheya, mAlava, AbhIra, prAdi gaNarAjya jo gupta rAjAoM ke Adhipatya ko svIkAra kara cuke the| (4) kucha pRthak rAjya (5) sImAvartI AsAma, nepAla Adi rAjya tathA (6) siMhala dvIpa tathA bhArata ke uttarI pazcimI sImA ke kuzANa Adi mitra rAjya / 2 pAlocya yuga kI bhaugolika paristhitiyA~ gupta kAla ke bAda harSavardhana ke samaya meM hI bhArata meM choTe-choTe svataMtra rAjyoM kA astitva pA cukA thA / yadyapi kucha bar3e rAjAoM ke AdhIna ina svataMtra rAjyoM kA zAsana thA kintu prAntarika zAsana vyavasthA kI dRSTi se inakI svataMtra sattA bhI svIkAra kI jAne lagI thii|3 madhyakAlIna bhArata ke rAjyoM ke vibhAjana kI tulanA bauddha yuga athavA maurya sAmrAjya se kI jAe to mAlUma par3atA hai ki madhyakAlIna zAsana meM rAjya kI kalpanA eka choTe se bhUbhAga taka sImita raha cukI thii| pUrvanirdiSTa bauddhakAlIna 16 mahAjanapadoM ke nAma isa yuga meM lokapriya the kintu unakI kSetrasImA saMzodhita evaM saMkucita ho gaI thii|4 inhIM rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM kI praticchAyA meM jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI racanA huI thii| yadyapi adhikAMza jaina mahAkAvyoM ke rAjAoM ke kathAnaka paurANika evaM sAMskRtika kalevara se yukta haiM kintu inase sambaddha dezavibhAjana sambandhI varNanoM meM tatkAlIna paristhitiyoM kA spaSTa prabhAva bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai| tatkAlIna rASTrakUTa, vAkATaka, pallava, gUrjara Adi rAjavaMzoM meM prAntIya vibhAjana kI mukhya ikAiyA~ deza, viSaya, rASTra tathA janapada Adi thiiN| vAstava meM yaha prAntIya vibhAjana hI madhyakAlIna sAmanta rAjyoM kI eka pramukha bhaugolika cetanA rahI thii| inhIM rAjanaitika evaM bhaugolika sandarbho meM jaina mahAkAvyoM ke 'deza', 'rASTra', 'viSaya', kA 1. satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana vyavasthA aura rAjazAstra, pR0 258, 56 2. vahI, pR0 261, 62 3. Altekar, A.S., State and Government in Ancient India, Delhi. ___1972, p. 208 4. vahI, pR0 208

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514 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja aucitya samajhA jAnA caahie| jaina mahAkAnyoM meM upalabdha bhaugolika sAmagrI kA saMkSipta vivaraNa isa prakAra hai 1. parvata 1. ujjayanta ( raivataka) vasantavilAsa meM ambikAsAnu, prAlokasAnu, sAmbusAnu tathA 'pradyumna' raivataka parvata ke vibhinna zikharoM ke ullekha bhI Ae haiM / jUnAgar3ha zilAlekha ke anusAra ujjayanta parvata palAzinI tathA suvarNasiktA do nadiyoM kA srota thaa| giranAra parvata joki jUnAgar3ha se eka mIla dUra pUrva kI ora sthita hai, ujjayanta parvata kahalAtA thA / 4 2 2. arbudAcala - ( mAunTa Abu ) - arbudAcala ko mAuNTa Abu se abhinna mAnA jAtA hai| isakI sthiti arAvali ke dakSiNAnta meM thI / 3. zatruMjaya - ( vimalagiri ) - kAThiyAvAr3a meM sUrata se 70 mIla uttarapazcima tathA bhAvanagara se 34 mIla dUra pUrvavartI palitAnA nagara ke samIpa avasthita hai| 5 4. vindhyAcala - narmadA evaM tAptI nadiyoM ke udgama sthAna vindhyAcala parvata kI sthiti pazcimI madhya bhArata meM vidyamAna hai / nAgArjuna parvata kA kucha 1. dezAnAmamadhipatirasti pUrvadeza | candra0 16. 1 tathA dharma 1.43; nAmnA vinIta- viSayaH kakudaM pRthivyAm / --varAGga0 1.23 tathA vardha0 5.32, dezAnAM janapadAnAm / adhipatiH prabhuH / pUrvadeza: pUrva iti deza: asti / --candra0 16. 1 para vidvanmano TIkA, pR0 384 tathA draSTavya Altekar, State and Government, p. 208-9 2. varAGga0; 25.56, kIrti0, 6.37, 38, vasanta0, 3.56, 13.1, dvayA0 15.61 3. vasanta0, 13.21 4. Gupta, Geography in Ancient Inscriptions, pp. 251-52 5. kIrti 0 2.58, dvayA0 5.42 6. Gupta, Geography in Ancient Indian Inscriptions, p. 251 7. kIrti0, 9.21, vasanta0, 10.55 8. Dey, N.L., The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval India, Delhi, 1971 p. 182 e. dvayA0, 1.65

Page #549
bhaugolika sthiti 515 bhAga bhI vindhyAcala kI kSetra sImA meM AtA hai|' 'raupyagiri'2 isakI apara saMjJA hai / 5. himAlaya4-isake 'himavat', 'himavAn' Adi nAma bhI prasiddha haiN| himAlaya parvata kA kSetra mAnasarovara ke dakSiNa kI ora par3atA hai| 6. kailAza-yaha parvata mAnasarovara ke 25 mIla uttara kI ora sthita hai / tibbata kI kucha sImA isase milatI hai / 7. pArijAta-saMbhavataH pAriyAtra parvata se isakA abhiprAya rahA ho / isakA dUsarA nAma pAripAtra bhI hai| yaha vindhyAcala parvatamAlA kA pazcimI bhAga hai / bhaNDArakara ke anusAra yaha parvata vindhyAcala kA vaha bhAga hai jisameM se vetavA tathA cambala nadiyoM kA udgama hotA hai / 8. RkSa parvata -gautamI putra zAtakarNI ke nAsika zilAlekha meM isa parvata kA ullekha pAyA hai| rAya caudharI ke anusAra madhya vindhyAcala ke kSetra meM isakI sthiti rahI hogii|" 6. mAhendra 12-vindhyAcala kI parvata-mAlAoM se isakI zRGkhalAeM milI huI haiM tathA isakA nikaTavartI parvata gauNDavana bhI hai / 13 10. sahya'4-isa parvata kI sthiti kAverI nadI ke uttarastha pazcimI ghATa ke uttarI bhAga meM svIkAra kI gaI hai / 15 1. Gupta ,Geog in Indian Ins., p. 249 2. vardha0 12.2 3. pannAlAla jaina, vardhamAnacarita, pR0 301 candra0, 16.52, kIrti0, 1.61, dvayA0 1.65 5. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 75 6. varAGga0, 25.58, vasanta0, 12.15, dvayA0 5.23 7. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 82 8. dvayA0, 1.65 6. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 149 10. dvayA0, 1.65 11. Gupta, Geog. in Indian Ins. p. 248 12. dvayA0, 1.65 13. Dey. Geog, Dic., p. 119 14. dvayA0, 1.65 15. Gupta, Geog., in Indian Ins., p. 246

Page #550
516 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 11. zaktimata-zuktimAn ke nAma se bhI prasiddha yaha parvata bhallATa nAmaka deza ke antargata hai / vindhya parvata mAlA kA bhI yaha bhAga hai / 12. malaya3 - kAverI nadI ke pazcima kI ora, TrAvanakora kI pahAr3iyoM ke samIpa isakI kSetra sImA hai / 13. andha-do andhoM ke sambandha meM jAnakArI prApta hotI haiM jinameM se eka kA sambandha 'Andhra' deza hai to dUsare ko 'andhelA' nadI se abhinna mAnA gayA hai| sambhavata: 'andha' parvata se yahA~ abhiprAya andhakAra parvata se rahA ho| mahAbhArata ke anusAra isakI sthiti krauJca dvIpa meM thii| 14. uzInara-haridvAra meM sthita hai| yahAM se gaMgA nadI maidAnI pradezoM kI aora bahanA prArambha karatI hai / 15. nIlAdri -'varSaparvata' kahalAtA hai joki meru ke uttara meM sthita hai / De mahodaya ke anusAra isakI sthiti ur3IsA sthita purI meM honI caahie| jagannAtha mandira bhI isI meM sthApita thaa|' 16. zailaprastha11- sambhavataH isa parvata kI sthiti lATa deza meM rahI hogii|12 17. zAlva 3-alvara (rAjasthAna) ke parvatIya parivartI pradeza kI prAcIna saMjJA jisakA ullekha mahAbhArata meM bhI pAyA hai / 14 1. dvayA0, 1.65 2. Dey, Geog. Dic., P. 196 3. dvayA0, 1.65, candra0 16.37 8. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 122 5. dvayA0, 13.66 6. Bajpai, K.D., The Geographical Encyclopaedia of Ancient and Medieval India, pt 1, Varanasi, 1967: p. 22 7. dvayA0, 15.27 5. Dey, Geog, Dic., p. 213 9. dvayA0, 4.47 10. Gupta, Geog. in Ind. Ins., p. 240 & Dey, Geog. Dic,, p. 140 11. dvayA0, 5.1 12. Narang, Dvyasrayakavya,, p. 155 13. dvayA0, 6.61 14. vijayendra kumAra mAthura, aitihAsika sthAnAvalI, pR0 866

Page #551
bhaugolika sthiti 517 18. mariNakUTa-De mahodaya dvArA pratipAdita 'maNicUDa' parvata / yaha pavaMta pUnA se pUrva kI ora 30 mIla dUra 'jujurI' ke nikaTa par3atA hai| 19. meru3-madhya eziyA ke altAI parvata se isakA sambandha jor3A gayA hai| altAI maMgoliyA meM 'altena-ula' ke nAma se prasiddha hai, jisakA artha hotA hai-'svarNa parvata' / kAlikA purANa ke anusAra isI parvata se jambU nadI vahatI hai| 20. pUrva mandara-dhAtakI khaNDa dvIpa ke pUrvabhAga kA parvata, jo pAMca meru parvatoM meM parigaNita hai / 21. iSukAra giri-ghAtakI khaNDa dvIpa ke dakSiNavartI dizA kI ora sthita parvata, jisakA AkAra bANa sahaza hai / 22. vijayA parvata-himAlaya tathA dakSiNa samudra ke madhya meM sthita, ghAtakI khaNDa ke bharata kSetra kA parvata / isa parvata meM vidyAdharoM kA nivAsa mAnA jAtA hai / 23. velAdri11-candraprabhacarita mahAkAvya ke anusAra yaha parvata bhArata varSa ke pUrva samudra kA nikaTastha parvata hai|12 24. sammevAcalI.--bihAra meM sthita pAzvanAtha' parvata se ise abhinna mAnA gayA hai|'4 1. candra0, 14.1 2. Narang, Dvayasrayakavya, p. 155 3. dvayA0, 1.127, dharma0 4.3 4. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 125 5. candra0, 1.11 6. amRtalAla, candra0. pR0 553 7. candra0, 5.1 8. amRtalAla, candra0, pR0 553 6. candra0, 6.73, dharma0, 1.42 10. pannAlAla jaina, dharma0, pR0 380 11. candra0, 16.32 12. vahI, 16.32 13. dharma0, 21.183 14. pannAlAla jaina, dharma0, pR0 380

Page #552
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 25. zrIpavaMta' - varAMga carita ke anusAra isa parvata meM 'zrI' muni ne sahasroM varSa taka tapasyA kI thii| De mahodaya ke dvArA pratipAdita 'zrI zaila' se yadi ise abhinna mAnA jAe to isakI sthiti karanAla deza kI kRSNA nadI ke dakSiNa kI ora par3atI hai / 3 518 2. nadiyA~ 1. gaMgA 4 - ( bhAgIrathI ) - gaMgA kA udgama sthAna himAlaya parvata hai / bhArata ke prasiddha nagara haridvAra, prayAga, kAzI, paTanA, bhAgalapura, kalakattA prAdi gaGgA ke taTa para hI base hue haiM / 2. yamunA 6 - himAlaya ke yamunotrI parvata se yamunA pravAhita hotI hai tathA prayAga ke samIpa gaGgA se isakA saMgama hotA hai / kAlindagiri se udgama hone ke kAraNa ise kAlindI bhI kahA jAtA hai / 5 3. tApI tAptI nadI 'vindhyApAda' (prAdhunika satapur3A kI parvatazreNiyoM se nikalatI huI araba sAgara meM milatI hai| sUrata isake tora para sthita hai / " 4. sarayU 10 - avadha meM ghAgharA athavA ghagghara nadI se ise abhinna mAnA gayA hai / ayodhyA isI ke taTa para basA hai / kumAUM kI pahAr3iyoM se udbhUta hotI huI kAlI nadI se milane para ise sarayU athavA ghAgharA nadI kahA jAtA hai / ' 1 5. mahI 12 - mahatI athavA mahI nadI mAlavA kI cambala nadI kI eka zAkhA nadI hai / isI nadI ko 'mahitA' bhI kahate haiM / 13 1. varAGga0, 25.58 2 . vahI. 25.56 3. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 193 4. kIrti 0, 1.60, dvayA0, 3.4 5. sarvAnanda pAThaka, viSNupurANa kA bhArata, pU0 35 6. kIrti0, 1.60, dvayA0, 7.43 7. 8. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 215 kIrti0, 4.50 Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 204 e. 10. kIrti0, 1.60 11. Dey, Geog. Dic., pp. 181-82 12. kIrti 0, 4.50 13. Dey. Geog. Dic., pp. 119, 245

Page #553
bhaugolika sthiti 516 6. sarasvatI - himAlaya parvata kI 'saramara' pahAr3iyoM se nikalatI huI sarasvatI nadI Ada-bAdarI (ambAlA) meM samApta ho jAtI hai / plakSAvataraNa tIrtha sthAna se isa nadI kA vega bar3hanA prArambha hotA hai / chAlaura nAmaka grAma se yaha gupta ho jAtI hai tathA bhavAnIpura se prakaTa ho jAtI hai / 'bAlachappara' ke pAsa se punaH adRzya hote hue pahoprA ke nikaTa 'barakherA' se punaH prakaTa ho jAtI hai / anta meM yaha ghagghara nadI meM vilIna hotI hai / 7. ajIrNavatI3-bAjapeyI mahodaya ne ajiravatI athavA aciravatI nadiyoM ko abhinna mAnA hai / prastuta nadI kA bhI inhIM se sambandha rahA hogA / aciravatI sarasvatI nadI mAnI gaI hai / kaniMghama ne ise Adhunika rAptI nadI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA hai|4 8. kuNDyA -prAndhra pradeza kI eka nadI / 6. godAvarI-dakSiNa bhArata kI yaha sarvAdhika lambI-caur3I nadI hai tathA trayambakastha brahmagiri kA mUla srota hai| trayambaka tIrthasthala hai tathA nAsika se 20 mIla dUra par3atA hai| 10. carmaNvatI -madhyapradeza kI Adhunika cambala nadI / vindhyAcala parvata ke 'janapava' parvatamAlA se isakI tIna dhArAeM phUTatI haiM / ina dhArAoM ke nAma haiMcambala, cambela tathA gambhIrA / ' 11. jambUmAlI11-ise 'bhogavatI' athavA 'bhogAyo' se abhinna mAnA jAtA hai / De ke anusAra bhogavatI nadI 'balkha' se sambaddha hai|12 jambUmAlI' ko 1. kIrti0, 1.60, vasanta0, 11.33, dvayA0, 11.45 2. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 180 3. dvayA0, 6.62 4. Bajpai, Geog. Ency, Pt. I, p. 4 5. dvayA0 16.6 6. Narang, Dvayasrakavya, p. 165 7. dvayA0 16.112 5. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 69; Gupta, Geog. in Ind. Ins., p. 261 6. dvayA0 2.63 10. Bajpai, Geog. Ency., p. 91; Dey, Geog. Dic., Pt. I, p. 48 11. dvayA0 5.37 88. Narang, Dvayasrayakavya, p. 167; Bajpai, Geog. Ency, p. 68

Page #554
520 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kabhI-kabhI zilAlekhoM meM AI 'jambUnadI' se abhinna mAnA jAtA hai / isa nadI kA kSetra dInAjapura jile kA dAmodarapura nAmaka sthAna hai / / 12. drumatI - matsyapurANokta 'droNI' athavA vAyupurANokta 'drumA' nadiyoM se isakA sambandha jor3A jA sakatA hai / vAjapeyI mahodaya ke anusAra 'drumA' nadI kI sthiti spaSTa hI hai / 3 13. RjukUlA 4 - vardhamAna mahAvIra ke kevala jJAna prApta karane se kucha samaya pUrva jRmbhaka nAmaka grAma ke samIpa bahane vAlI isa 'RjukUlA' nAmaka nadI ko pAra kiyA thA / 14. sItA - jaina bhUgola ke anusAra videha kSetra kI eka nadI hai / dhunika itihAsakAra mahAbhArata ke zaka dvIpa ko madhya eziyA tathA turkistAna se abhinna mAnate haiM / isI kSetra kI 'Syr-daria' athavA 'Jaxartes' nadI ko sItA nadI se abhinna mAnA gayA hai| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke anusAra sucakSu, sItA praura sindhu ko gaGgA kI hI tIna pazcima-gAminI zAkhAeM mAnI gaI haiM / mahAbhArata, purANa Adi bhI sItA nadI ko gaGgA kI hI eka dhArA mAnate haiM / ' 15. narmadA 11. -'amarakaNTaka' parvata mAlA se nikalatI huI yaha nadI araba sAgara meM jA milatI hai / sAgara tathA narmadA kA saMgama sthala 'narmadA - udadhi-saMgama' ke nAma me prasiddha hai / 12 5. 6. -- 16. revA 13. - revA nadI ke srota amarakaNTaka parvata mAlAeM hI haiM / - ?. Gupta, Geog. in Ind. Ins., p. 262 2. dvayA0 15.60 3. Bajpai, Geog, Ency, Pt. I, p. 117 4. vardha0, 17.128 vahI, 17.128, 26 vardha 0, 12.1; dharma 0, 4.4 jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 3, pR0 472 7. 8. Dey, Geog. Dic., pp. 172-73 6. rAmAyaNa, bAlakANDa, 43.13 10. vijayendrakumAra mAthura, aitihAsika sthAnAvalI, pR0 168 11. nemi0, 13.31; vasanta0, 5.42; dvayA0, 7.58 12. Gupta, Geog. in Ind. Ins. p. 264; Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 138 13. vasanta0, 5. 107

Page #555
bhaugolika sthiti 521 'maNDala' se revA tathA narmadA donoM nadiyA~ nIce kI ora eka hokara bahatI haiN| De mahodaya ne narmadA aura revA ko eka hI mAnA hai / ' 17. pArA-pArA, avantI, kuntI tIna nadiyA~ carmaNvatI kI hI upanadiyA~ haiM / hemacandra ke anusAra yaha sindhu nadI meM milatI hai / 18. bhogAvatI-bAjapeyI ke anusAra yaha gaMgA kI hI eka upa-nadI hai| kintu De ne ise balakha se sambaddha kiyA hai / 5 19. zArAvatI-sarakAra ke anusAra yaha nadI bhArata ke pUrvI tathA uttarI prAntoM ko vibhakta karatI hai| 20. zoNa- ise 'svarNanadI' bhI kahate haiM / amarakaNTaka parvata mAlAoM se nikala kara yaha paTanA ke samIpa gaMgA meM mila jaatii| 'hiraNyavAha', 'hiraNyavAhin' Adi isakI apara saMjJAeM haiM / 21. sindhu10-'inDasa' nadI ke nAma se prasiddha sindhu nadI cinAba ke sAtha saMgama hone para sindhu kahalAtI hai| 'paJcanada' tathA 'miharAna' isake apara nAma haiN| isake tIrastha bhAbhIra tathA muSika deza 'sindha' ke nAma se prasiddha haiN| 'sindhoH saptamukhAni' se sindhu kI sAta upanadiyoM athavA isakI sAta dhArAoM kA bhI artha liyA jAtA hai| 22. siprA12-mAlavA meM sthita ujjayinI se hokara bahatI hai| 3 1. Gupta, Geog. in Ind. Ins., p. 265; Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 168 2. ddhayA0, 7.35 3. Narang, Dvayasrayakavya, p. 167 4. dvayA0, 6.62 5. Bajpai, Geog. Ency., Pt. I, p. 68 6. dvayA0, 6.62 7. Sircar, D.C., Studies in the Geog., p. 55 8. dvayA0, 5.121 6. Gupta, Geog. Ind. Ins., p. 266 1.. dvayA0, 1.68 11. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 186; Gupta, Geog. in Ind. Ins., p. 266 12. dvayA0, 14.27, dharma0 17.37 83. Dey, Geog, Dic., p. 187

Page #556
522 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja anusAra 'sAbaramatI' se prabhinna hai / nandi 23. zvabhravatI' - sarakAra ke kuNDa se nikalatI huI yaha araba sAgara meM giratI hai / 24. zItodA - jaina bhUgola ke anusAra puSkarArghadvIpa ke apara videha kSetra kI eka nadI / 25. jalavAhinI - ghAtakI khaNDa dvIpasthanadI / 26. varadA - vidarbha deza kI eka prasiddha nadI 15 3. deza-pradeza rAjA ke digvijaya jaina mahAkAvyoM meM vibhinna dezoM kA varNana yA to kisI Adi ke sandarbha meM athavA kisI deza ke nagaroM zrathavA grAmoM ke vistRta varNana ke avasara para AyA hai| paurANika zailI ke mahAkAvyoM ke deza-varNana jaina bhaugolika mAnyatAoM ke anurUpa hue haiN| kisI deza vizeSa kI vAstavika bhaugolika paristhiti kA kisI nizcita kAlAvadhi meM sImA nirdhAraNa karanA atyanta duSkara hai / yaha kArya taba aura bhI kaThina ho jAtA hai jaba kisI eka deza kI sthiti ko spaSTa karane meM Adhunika itihAsakAra ekamata nahIM dikhAI dete / jaina mahAkAvyoM meM varNita deza-pradezoM kI sthiti isa prakAra hai : 1. kozala 10 - kozala athavA kosala deza do bhAgoM meM vibhakta thA, uttara 1. dvayA0, 6.45 2. 3. candra0, 2.114 4. jainendra siddhAnta koza, bhAga 3, pR0 507 5. candra0, 13.53 6. amRtalAla, candra0, pR0 553 7. dharma0, 16.83 8. pannAlAla, dharma0, pR0 380 6. aGgAzca vaGgA magadhAH kaliGgAH suhmAzca puNDrAH kuravo 'zmakAzca / zrAbhIrakAvantikakozalAzca matsyAzca saurASTrakavindhyapAlAH // mahendrasauvIrakasaindhavAzca kAzmIra - kuntAzcarakA sitAhvAH // prodrAzca vaidarbhavedizAzca paJcAlakAdyAH patayaH pRthivyAm / Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 171 varAGga0, 16.32-33 tathA candra0, 16.25-51, dharma0, 1.43 10. varAGga0, 16.32; dharma 0, 1.43; dvayA0, 5.76

Page #557
bhagolika sthiti 523 kozala evaM kauzala / dUsare kozala kI rAjadhAnI kuzavatI thI jisakI sthApanA kuza dvArA kI gaI thii|' buddha ke samaya meM kozala eka zaktizAlI rAjya rahA thA kintu tRtIya zatAbdI IsvI pUrva meM kozala magadha ke antargata pA cukA thaa| kozala kA dUsarA nAma avadha bhI hai| dakSiNa meM kozala-nADu kI avasthiti bhI rahI thii| dakSiNastha kozala barAra se ur3IsA taka aura amarakaNTaka se bastara taka phailA humA thaa|2 jAjalladeva ke ratnapura abhilekha se jJAta hotA hai ki kaliGgarAja ne dakSiNakozala para vijaya prApta kI thI aura tummANa ko apanI rAjadhAnI banAyA thaa| 2. avantI -mAlavA kA prAcIna nAma hai / ise ujjayinI ke nAma se bhI mAnA jAtA hai / rAyasa DeviDsa ke anusAra lagabhaga sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI I. ke bAda avantI ko mAlavA kahA jAne lagA thaa| bAjapeyI mahodaya ne uttarI vindhyaparvatoM tathA uttara-pUrvI bambaI se avantI kI pahacAna kI hai|6 dharmazarmAbhyudaya mahAkAvya ke anusAra avantI kI sthiti bhArata ke ThIka madhya bhAga meM mAnI gaI hai / svIM-10vIM zatAbdiyoM meM ujjayinI paramAra rAjAoM ke adhIna rahI thii| 3. puNDa-pAjiTara 'puNDa' tathA 'pauNDa' do bhinna bhinna deza mAnate haiM / 10 puNDa ke antargata mAldA tathA dinAjapura ke kucha bhAga sammilita haiM / 'puNDa' aMga tathA baGga ke uttarI bhAga meM jabaki 'pauNDa' gaGgA ke dakSiNa bhAga meM avasthita thaa| 1. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 103 2. Epigraphia Indica,x, No. 4 3. bimala caraNa lAhA, prAcIna bhArata kA aitihAsika bhUgola, pR0 282 4. varAGga0, 16.32; dharma0, 17.33; varSa0 13.1, dvayA0; 6.16, vasanta 10.25 5. Rhys Davids, T. W., Buddhist India, Delhi, 1971, p. 28 6. Bajpai, Geog. Ency. Pt. I. p. 41 7. avantinAtho'yamannindyamUrtiramadhyamo madhyamabhUmipAlaH |-dhrm0 17.33 8. vijayendrakumAra mAthura, aitihAsika sthAnAvalI, dillI, 1967, pR0 46 6. varAGga0, 16.32, dvayA0, 8.41 10. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 154

Page #558
524 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 'pauNDa' ke antargata prAdhunika santala paraganA, bIrabhUma tathA hajArI bAga ke uttarI bhAga Ate haiN|' 4. kurudeza-hemacandra ne kurudeza tathA kurujAMgala donoM kA varNana kiyA hai| kurujAGgala kA vanadeza hastinApura ke uttara-pazcimI prAnta para sthita thA / bauddha yuga meM ise 'zrIkaNThadeza' ke rUpa meM khyAti prApta thii| 6ThI zatAbdI I0 meM kurudeza athavA kurujAMgala kI rAjadhAnI thAnezvara thii| isa prakAra kurujAMgala kI sthiti kurudeza ke rUpa meM svIkAra kI gaI hai / kurukSetra meM hI kurudeza bhI sammilita mAnA jAtA hai| vasantavilAsa meM pAe 'jAMgaladeza' kA sambandha bhI kurujAMgala se hI pratIta hotA hai| ___5. kAzI-prAcIna kAla meM isakI rAjadhAnI banArasa thii| buddha ke samaya meM kAzI-rAjya kozala rAjyoM meM antarbhUta the| Aja kAzI hI banArasa ke rUpa meM prasiddha hai| yaha uttara pUrva meM baranA nadI evaM dakSiNa pazcima meM asI nAlA ke madhya gaGgA nadI ke bAeM taTa para avasthita hai| 6. aGga-bhAgalapura se mugera taka phailA pradeza / '* bauddha yugIna 16 mahAjanapadoM meM aGga bhI eka thA / jArja barDavuDa ke matAnusAra aGga deza meM bIrabhUma tathA murzidAbAda ke kSetra bhI sammilita the| campA athavA campApurI isakI rAjadhAnI thii| 'aGga' kI pazcimI sImA gaGgA tathA sarayU nadI taka phailI huI thI / 11 ___7. baGga12-baMgAla / gaGgA nadI ke pUrvI muhAne se lekara pazcima meM praGga 1. Dey, Geog, Dic., pp. 154-55 2. dvayA0 8.46, 20.44; vasanta 3.44, 3.26 3. dvayA0, 8.46, tathA 20.44 4. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 110 5. vasanta0, 3.44; kIrti0, 2.46 6. varAGga0, 21.56, dvayA0, 5.35 7. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 95 8. kaniMghama, prAcIna bhArata kA aitihAsika bhUgola, pR0 292-93 6. candra0, 16.25; dvayA0, 6.16; hammIra0, 1.67, 11.1 10. amRtalAla, candra0, pR0 553 12. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 7 12. varAGga0, 16.32; dvayA015.86; basanta0, 10.25; hammIra0, 11.1

Page #559
bhaugolika sthiti 525 deza taka isakI sImA par3atI hai| baGga deza ko pA~ca bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai-(1) puNDra athavA uttarI baMgAla (2) samataTa athavA pUrvI baMgAla (3) karNa-suvarNa athavA pazcimI baMgAla (4) tAmralipta athavA dakSiNI baMgAla tathA (2) kAmarUpa athavA prAsAma / brahmaputra tathA padmA nadI ke bIca meM baGga deza thaa| 8. zUrasena -zUrasena deza kI rAjadhAnI mathurA thii| vasudeva tathA kuntI ke pitA 'zUra' rAjA ke nAma se isa deza kA nAmakaraNa huaa| raghunAtha bhAskara goDabole ne gujarAtI koza meM magadha tathA rAjA zUra ke zUrasena deza ko abhinna mAnA hai|4 6. kAzmIra-vilsana ke anusAra pahale pahala kAzmIra RSi kazyapa kA kSetra hone ke kAraNa 'kAzyapapura' kahalAtA thaa| isake viparIta sTena mahodaya kA vicAra hai ki isa deza kA sadaiva 'kAzmIra' hI nAma rahA hai| vaise kazyapa RSi kA prAzrama aba bhI zrInagara meM hari nAmaka parvata para sthita hai| 5 pro0 vedakumArI ne 'kazmIra' nAmaka ghATI se 'kAzmIra' deza ke nAmakaraNa kA aucitya nIlamatapurANa ke AdhAra para puSTa kiyA hai| prAcIna kAzmIra kAmarAja tathA merAja nAmaka do vizAla jiloM meM vibhakta thA / prathama jilA sindhu tathA bihAta nadiyoM ke saMgama sthAna se nIce kI ghATI kA uttarI bhAga thA tathA dUsarA jilA isI ghATI ke dakSiNI bhAga sthita saMgama sthAna se Upara avasthita thaa|'' 1. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 22 2. varAGga0, 16.33 3. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 197 4. raghunAtha bhAskara goDabole, zrI bhAratavarSIya prAcIna aitihAsika koza, pUnA, 1628, pR0 376 5. candra0, 16.50; varAGga0, 8.3; dvayA0 12.88; hammIra0, 10.23 6. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 96 7. vahI, pR0 66 8. vahI, pR0 65 6. Ved Kumari, The Nilamata Purana, Vol. I. Jammu, 1968, pp. 21-22 10. kaniMghama, prAcIna aitihAsika bhUgola, pR. 76

Page #560
526 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 10. vatsa'-dharmazarmAbhyudaya ke anusAra dhAtakIkhaNDa dvIpa ke pUrvameru ke pUrva videha kI ora sItA nadI ke taTa para vatsa deza sthita thA / anya aitihAsika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para vatsa deza ko pahacAna prayAga ke nikaTavartI pradezoM se kI jAtI hai / yaha deza yamunA nadI ke taTa para avasthita thA tathA isakI rAjadhAnI kauzAmbI mAnI gaI hai| 11. pAJcAla - pAJcAla athavA paJcAla indraprastha se 30 yojana dUra kurukSetra ke pazcimI uttara meM avasthita hai| pAJcAla deza tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai (1) pUrva pAJcAla (2) uttara pAJcAla tathA (3) dakSiNa pAJcAla / dakSiNa tathA uttara ke madhya gaGgA nadI par3atI hai tathA eTA tathA pharrukhAbAda ke jile dakSiNa pAJcAla meM hI haiM / 5 De ke anusAra pAJcAla kI rohilakhaNDa kSetra se pahacAna kI jA sakatI hai / yaha dillI ke uttara-pazcima meM avasthita hai| 12. kaccha-kaccha athavA marukaccha / gujarAta kheDA jo ki ahamadAbAda tathA khaMbhAta taka vyApta hai tathA betravatI nadI para sthita hai, 'kaccha' kI hI prAcIna sImA rahI hogii| 13. magadha' -bihAra, vizeSakara dakSiNa bihAra kA prAnta jisakI pazcimI sImA sona nadI hai| abhI bhI paTanA tathA gayA jiloM . i + / ' jAtA hai sambhavataH yaha magadha kA hI vikRta rUpa rahA hai| magadha kA vistAra 1. dharma0 4.4 2. sa dhAtakIkhaNDa iti prasiddha dvIpe'sti vistAriNi pUrvameruH / vibhUSayanpUrvavidehamasya sItAsariddakSiNakUlavartI... vatsAbhidhAno viSayo'sti ramyaH / -vahI, 4.3,4 3. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 65-66 4. varAGga0, 16.33; candra0, 16.27; dvayA0, 15.28; hammIra0, 11.1 5. nemicandra zAstrI, AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata pR0 56.60 6. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 145 7. Narang, Dvyasrayakavya; p. 159 8. varSa0, 12.1; dvayA0, 2.106; vasanta0, 10.25 6. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 82 10. varAGga0, 16.32; dharma0, 17.36, jayanta0, 1.26; varSa0, 4.1, dvayA0, 15.27; pari0, 1.7; hammIra0, 11.1

Page #561
bhaugolika sthiti 527 gaGgA ke dakSiNa bhAga banArasa se moMghayAra taka tathA dakSiNastha sindhabhUma taka bhI huA thA / hemacandra ke anusAra magadhadeza jambUdvIpa ke bharatArtha kSetra ke dakSiNa dizA kI ora sthita thA / 2 'rAjagRha' pattana kI sthiti bhI magadha meM hI thI / 14. vidarbha 4 - purANoM ke bhoja vidarbhavAsI kahalAte the / isakI prAcIna sImA meM bhopAla, bhilsA tathA uttarI narmadA ke kSetra Ate haiM / eka anya vibhAjana ke anusAra barAra, khAnadeza tathA madhya pradeza kA kucha bhAga vidarbha kI sImAoM ko spaSTa karatA hai tathA isake pramukha nagara kuNDinanagara, bhojakaTakapura Adi haiN| - 15. koMkaraNa ( kuMkaraNa ) yaha pradeza parazurAma kSetra ke nAma se bhI prasiddha hai tathA isakI rAjadhAnI tAna thI / bhaugolika dRSTi se pazcimI ghATa tathA araba sAgara ke nikaTavartI sImAoM ke madhya meM yaha deza sthita thA / bAjapeyI mahodaya ke anusAra isakI aparAntaka, tathA mAlAbAra taka sthiti rahI thI / 7 16. Andhra-candraprabha ke TIkAkAra ke anusAra Andhra deza ko telugu deza kI saMjJA dI gaI haiM / godAvarI tathA kRSNA nadiyoM ke madhya isakI sthiti mAnI gaI hai| tathA isakI rAjadhAnI amarAvatI athavA dhanakaTaka rahI thI / haidarAbAda kA dakSiNa bhAga telaGgAnA isa deza kI bhaugolika sthiti ko spaSTa karatA hai / 10 17. karNATaka - maisUra tathA kurga kA sammilita rUpa kararNATaka kahalAtA hai / kuntala deza isakI prapara saMjJA thI / tArAtantra ke anusAra yaha mahArASTra ke 1. Dey, Geog. Dic., pp. 116-17 2. asyaiva jambUdvIpasya bharatArghe'tra dakSiNe dezo'sti magadhAbhikhyo vasudhAmukha-- pari0, 1.7 maNDanam / 3. vahI, 1.13 4. 5. 6. 11 7. varAGga0, 16.33 Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 34 basanta0, 3.44, 3.26; kIrti0, 2.47 Dey, Geog. Dic,. pp. 103, 242 8. dharma0, 17.65; candra0, 16.34; dvayA0, 7.105; vasanta0, 3.43 6. AndhrINAM telugu- deza - strINAm / candra0, 16*34 para vidvanmanovallabhA TIkA, pR0 394 10. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 7 11. dharma0, 17.65; candra0, 16.35; jayanta0, 11.55, hammIra0, 1.67

Page #562
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja samAna thA tathA bAmanAtha se zrIraGgama taka phailA huA thaa| vijaya nagara kI rAjaghAnI bhI karNATaka kahalAtI thI / ' 528 18. videha - candraprabhacarita meM pUrvavideha tathA aparavideha do kSetroM kA nAma AyA hai / pUrvavideha ghAtakI khaNDa dvIpa ke pUrvabhAga kA pUrvamandara kSetra hai to aparavideha puSkaradvIpavartI pUrvamandaragiri kI pazcima dizA kA kSetra hai / kuzi tathA gaNDaka videha kI pUrvI evaM pazcimI sImAeM thiiN| isake uttarI bhAga meM himAlaya tathA dakSiNa bhAga meM gaGgA nadI par3atI hai / 4 16. sindhu - sindhu nadI ke taTavartI bhAgoM meM sthita thA / sindhu deza ke dakSiNa bhAga meM 'zrAbhIra' tathA uttarI bhAga meM 'muSika' rahate the / 20. gAndhAra (r) - kAbula nadI tathA sindhu nadI kA samIpavartI sthAna gAndhAra kahalAtA thA, jisameM pezAvara, rAvalapiNDI prAdi prAnta bhI sammilita the / candragupta maurya tathA prazoka ke sAmrAjyoM meM gAndhAra bhI sammilita thaa| rAvalinsana ke anusAra sindhu-nivAsI gAndhAra samudAya kandahara meM 5vIM zatAbdI I0 meM pravAsita " 21. zrAbhora - abhIra zrathavA zrAbhIra sindhu ke pUrva meM sthita hai / abhilekha granthoM ke sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para sindhu ke pazcima meM tathA purANoM ke prAdhAra para uttara meM prAbhIra kI sthiti svIkAra kI gaI hai / isa pradeza kI sthiti dakSiNa-pUrvI gujarAta ke rUpa meM bhI svIkAra kI gaI hai / aitihAsika dRSTi se zrAbhIra deza meM pazcimI kSatrapoM ne rAjya kiyA thA / 10 1. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 94 2. 3. candra0, 1.12, 2.114 8. candra0, 1.12, 2.114, vardha0, 17.1 4. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 35 5. varAGga0, 16.33; candra0, 16.45; jayanta0, 11.62; kIrti0, 2.26 6. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 186 7. dvayA0, 15.24 Dey, Geog. Dic., pp. 70-71 9. varAGga0, 16.32 10. Bajpai, Geog. Ency, Pt. I, p. 1

Page #563
bhaugolika sthiti 529 - 22. cedi-vartamAna bundelakhaNDa kA adhikAMza bhAga sammilita hai| anargharAghava nATaka ke anusAra cedi maNDala kI rAjadhAnI mAhiSmatI thii| kucha vidvAn ise madhyapradeza ke canderI ke nikaTa kA pradeza bhI mAnate haiM / 2 23. Takka3-jhelama tathA sindhu nadiyoM ke bIca kA pradeza 'Takka' kahalAtA hai / isakA dUsarA nAma 'bAhIka' bhI prasiddha hai / / 24. kAmboja - aphagAnistAna kA uttarIbhAga / giranAra tathA dhaulI abhilekhoM meM isakA kamboca rUpa bhI milatA hai / yaha pradeza hindukuza parvata taka phailA humA mAnA jAtA hai| kaniMghama tathA rAya caudharI ke anusAra vartamAna rAmapurarAjorI kAmboja kI rAjadhAnI thii| 25. bAhnIka (vAhIka) - vartamAna paMjAba ke pazcimI bhAga ke lie bAhnIka kA prayoga hotA thA jo ki sindhu ke usa pAra thaa| yahI sthiti prAdipurANa meM bhI vaNita hai / isakA apara nAma 'bAhUlika' bhI pracalita hai / 26. turuSkadeg--isa pradeza ko kucha vidvAn pUrvI turkistAna mAnate haiM / AdipurANa ke anusAra yaha pradeza susaMskRta thaa| turka loga bhAratIya saMskRti evaM bauddha dharma ke anuyAyI bhI rahe haiN| inhIM logoM kA nivAsa pradeza 'turuSka' kahalAtA thaa|" 27. zaka12- isakA Adhunika nAma baikTriyA hai| zaka loka darada deza se vaMkSu (prAksasa) nadI ke taTa para pAkara base / isI zaka-pradeza ko purANoM meM zaka 1. candra0, 16.28, dvayA0, 6.85 2. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 48, tathA amRta lAla, candra0, pR0 553 3. candra0, 16.46 4. amRtalAla, candra0, pR0 553 5. varAGga0, 8.3, hammIra0, 3.48 6. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 87 7. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 52 8. varAGga0, 8.3, dayA0, 16.15 / / 6. nemicandra zAstrI, AdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 67 10. Adi0, 16.156, kIrti0, 2.57, hammIra0, 3.37 11. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 58 12. hammIra0, 1.82

Page #564
530 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dvIpa bhI kahA gayA hai| isa prakAra zaka deza bhArata ke uttara-pazcima meM paMjAba ke AsapAsa sthita thaa|' 28. kaliGga-prAcIna samaya meM ur3IsA se prAndhra taka phailA pradeza 13 kaniMghama dakSiNa-pazcimI godAvarI tathA uttara-pUrvI indrAvatI nadiyoM ke madhya isakI sImAeM nirdhArita karate haiM / maNipura, rAjapura tathA rAjamahendrI isake pramukha nagara haiM / mahAbhArata ke samaya meM ur3IsA kA adhikAMza bhAga kaliGga meM samAhita thA tathA isakI uttarI sImA vaitaraNI nadI paryanta thii| 29. dravir3a-candraprabha ke TIkAkAra ke anusAra dravir3a tathA dramila eka hI haiM / kRSNA tathA polAra nadiyoM ke bIca meM isakI sthiti tho| DA0 phlITa kI dhAraNA ke anusAra pUrvI dravir3a ke palla-nivAsiyoM ke deza kA nAma dramila thaa| kAMcI isakI rAjadhAnI thii|8 / 30. lATa -khAnadeza tathA dakSiNa gujarAta ke prAnta lATa deza kahalAte the| baragasa meM anusAra lATa ke antargata sUrata, bharUca, kher3A tathA bar3odarA ke kucha prAnta sammilita the| gujarAta tathA uttarI koMkaNa kA prAcIna nAma lATa deza thaa|10 31. alakA1-uttara kuru kA eka shhr| bhaugolika dRSTi se yaha 1. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 68 2. varAGga0, 17.32; candra0, 16.26; dharma0, 17 51; jayanta0, 11.18; basanta0, 3.45; hammIra0, 11.1 . 3. amatalAla, candra0, pR0 553 8. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 85 5. candra0, 16.36; dharma0, 17.65; jayanta0, 11.51 6. dramilavadha0-draviDadezasya vadhUnAm / -candra0 16.36 para vidvanmanovallabhA TIkA, pR0 364 7. amRta lAla, candra0, pR0 553 5. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 57 6. candra0, 16.40; dharma0, 17.65; dvayA0, 6.27; vamanta0, 1025; kIrti0, 2.3; hammIra0, 1.67 10. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 114 11. candra0, 5.

Page #565
bhaugolika sthiti bhAgIrathI tathA sahopantha kA nikaTastha pradeza hai tathA 12860 hai / " candraprabhacarita ke anusAra yaha ghAtakI khaNDa dvIpa ke pUrva hai / 4 32. ur3ha 3 - yaha deza kabhI ur3IsA ke bhUbhAga meM vidyamAna thA / bAjapeyI mahodaya ne ise 'ur3a' ke rUpa meM ur3IsA ke nAma se spaSTa kiyA hai / candraprabha0 ke TIkAkAra ne 'oDha' ke rUpa meM isakI vyAkhyA kI hai / varAGgacarita mahAkAvya meM bhI sambhavataH 'prodra' kA prayoga 'udU' athavA 'praur3ha' deza ke lie hI AyA hai| 33. zrarija 5 - dhAtakI khaNDa dvIpa ke pUrva bharata candraprabhacarita meM isa deza kI dhana-dhAnya samRddhi kA vizeSa varNana 34. kora 11 - vartamAna kAMgar3A ( pUrva paMjAba ) kA baijanAtha 12 / baidyanAtha kA isameM mandira hone ke kAraNa ise hai / koTa kAMgar3A ke 30 mIla pUrva meM isakI sthiti hai / 13 (1040-1073 I0) ne isa deza ko jItA thA / ?. 35. khaza 2. 531 phuTa UMcA sthita bharata kA eka deza Bajpai, Geog. Ency., Pt. I, p. 13 amRta lAla, candraprabha mahAkAvya, pR0 553, tathA candra0, 5.2 3. candra0, 16.28 4. amRta lAla, candraprabha mahAkAvya, pR0 553 Dey, Geog. Dic. p. 209 4 1 -kAzmIra ke dakSiNa bhAga meM sthita / 15 dakSiNa pUrvI kastavara kA eka deza / huA hai / 1deg 10 candra0 16.50 amRtalAla, candraprabha mahAkAvya, pR0 553 kIra grAma athavA baijanAtha kahA jAne lagA kalacuri nareza karNadeva 11 12. 13. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 100 14. candra0, 16.51 15. zramRtalAla, candraprabha mahAkAvya, pR0 553 5. 6. prauDha dezabhUyAn / - candra0, 16.28 para vidvanmano0, pR0 362 7. zradrAzca vaidarbhavaM dizAzca 0 / - varAGga0, 16.33 8. candra0, 6.41 6. amRtalAla, candraprabha mahAkAvya, pR0 553 10. prathito'yamarijayAbhidhAno dhanadhAnyADhyajanAkulo janAntaH / - candra0, 6.41

Page #566
532 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja tathA pazcimI vitastA taka isakA vistAra thaa| isameM rAjapurI tathA lauhAra Adi parvatIya prAnta bhI sammilita the|' 36. pArasa-'phasiyA' yA 'phArasa' deza ke nAma se prasiddha hai| isakI 'pArasIka' 'parasiyA' Adi anya saMjJAeM bhI pracalita haiN| vaidika sAhitya meM madhya pradeza ke dakSiNa pazcima ke nivAsI pArazava gaNa' ke nAma se prasiddha the| 37. pUrvadeza5-vArANasI se prAsAma aura barmA taka pUrvI bhArata pUrva deza ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| 38. maGgalAvatI-dhAtako khaNDa dvIpa ke pUrva bhAga meM videha kSetra kA eka desh| 36. sugandhi -puSkarArgha dvIpastha pUrva mandara ke apara videha kA eka desh| 40. haraNa'1-mAnasarovara se prAvRta hUNa deza prAcIna paMjAba ke siyAlakoTa kSetra kA samIpavartI kSetra hai / 12 isakI dakSiNI tathA uttarI sImAeM kramazaH kAmagiri parvata tathA marudeza haiN|' 1. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 99 2. candra0, 16.42 3. amRta lAla, candra0, 50 553 4. Vedix Index-I.574-75 5. candra0, 16.1; varSa0, 1.7 6. amRtalAla, candra 0, pR0 553 7. candra0, 1.112 8. amRta lAla, candra0, pR0 553 6. candra0, 2.114 10. amRta lAla, candra0, pR. 553 11. jayanta0, 11.82 12. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 78 13. sarvAnanda pAThaka, viSNa purANa kA bhArata, pR042

Page #567
bhaugolika sthiti 533 1. kAmarUpa' -prAdhunika prAsAma, jisakI uttarI sImAoM meM bhUTAna ke kucha pradeza, dakSiNa kI ora brahmaputra, lAkhya, vaGga evaM maNipura par3ate haiM / dalpanI nadI ke taTa para sthita tAmrazvarI devI kA mandira (pUrvI kAmarUpa) isa deza kI pUrvI sImA hai / 2 42. siMhala3 -prAdhunika laGkA / / 43. saurASTra 5 --gujarAta, kaccha, kAThiyAvAr3a Adi ke prAnta saurASTra meM sthita the| isakI rAjadhAnI valabhI kahalAtI thii| 44 suramA-bharata kSetra kA eka deza / 45. DAhala-zaka saMvat 1183 ke malkapuram abhilekha meM 'DAhala maNDala' kA ullekha pAyA hai tathA isa sthAna kI vistAra sImA bhAgIrathI tathA narmadA ke madhya mAnI gaI hai-'bhAgIrathInarmadayormadhyaM DAhalamaNDalam' / isI abhilekha ke anusAra isa maNDa tra meM lagabhaga tIna lAkha gAMva vidyamAna the|1deg buha lara ne 'DAhalamaNDala' ko bundelakhaNDa ke rUpa se spaSTa kiyA hai jise prAcIna kAla meM cedi ke rUpa meM jAnA jAtA thaa| 46. bhagukaccha12-'bhaga pAzrama' kA vikRta nAma jise bharukaccha bhI kahA jAtA hai / yaha sthAna uttara pradeza ke baliyA jile meM thaa| eka dUsarA bhRgu prAzrama gomatI kuNDa ke samIpa par3atA hai, jo mAuNTa pAbu ke pAsa sthita hai| paurANika mAnyatA ke anusAra bhRgukaccha bhRgu RSi kA nivAsa sthAna thA tathA yaha rAjA bali kI rAjadhAnI bhI rahI hai / 3 / 1. jayanta, 11.60; varSa0, 4.46; varAGga0, 8.3 2. Dey, Geog. Dic. p. 87 3. jayanta0, 6.13, 10.52 4. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 185 5. varAGga0, 16.32; vasanta0, 11.31; kIrti0, 2.25 6. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 183 varSa0, 5.32 8. vahI, 5.32 6. vasanta0, 10.25 10. Sircar, D. C., Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medi eval India, p. 201. 11. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 48 12. vasanta0, 5.16; kIrti0 4.43 13. Bajpai, Geog, Ency., Pt. I, p. 70

Page #568
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 47. kuntala ' - cAlukya kAla meM kuntala deza kI pUrvI sImA godAvarI, pazcimI sImA araba sAgara, dakSiNI tathA uttarI sImA kramazaH tuMgabhadrA evaM narmadA nadI thI / vibhinna samayoM meM kuntala deza kI rAjadhAniyA~ nAsika tathA kalyANa rahIM thIM / mArkaNDeyapurANa do kuntala dezoM kA ullekha karatA hai jinameM se eka madhyadeza meM to dUsarA dakSiNa meM sthita thA / 534 48. mAlavA u sAtavIM prAThavIM zatAbdI I0 ke pUrva mAlavA kI rAjadhAnI avantI thI / malloM athavA mAlavoM kA deza mAlavA kahalAyA / harSacarita meM ullikhita mAlavarAja sambhavata: multAna ke malloM kA rAjA rahA hogA / * mAlava deza kI sImA avantI ke pUrva tathA godAvarI ke uttara meM batAI jAtI hai / - 46. gauDa - sampUrNa baMgAla pUrvI goDa kA bhAga hai / yaha gaGgA ke bAeM kinAre para avasthita hai| uttara kozala bhI gauDa kahalAtA hai jise uttarI gauDa kaha sakate haiM / pazcimI tathA dakSiNI gauDa kramazaH gauNDavana tathA kAverI nadI ke taTavartI kSetra ke rUpa meM spaSTa kie jA sakate haiM / 7 1 50. kerala - trAvanakora, mAlAbAra tathA kanArA ke sammilita pradeza kerala meM Ate haiM / isakI uttarI sImA gozrA taka mAnI jAtI hai / o 51. malaya 10 - malayAlama se isakA sambandha rahA hai / 'malayakhaNDa', 'mAlAbAra' Adi isakI apara saMjJAeM bhI pracalita haiM / mAlAbAra, koccina, trAvanakora prAdi pradeza isake antargata Ate haiM / kucha vidvAnoM ke anusAra tulva, muSika, kerala tathA kuva prAdi pradeza isameM sammilita haiM / 11 1. vasanta0, 3.44; hammIra0, 10.16 2. Dey, Geog, Dic., p. 109 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. vasanta0, 3.42; kIrti0, 230, hammIra0, 2.37 Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 122 sarvAnanda pAThaka, viSNu purANa kA bhArata, pR0 41 jayanta0, 11.10; vasanta0, 10.25; kIrti0, 2.36 Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 63 jayanta0, 11.32; vasanta 0, 3.42 8. . Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 98 10. jayanta 0, 11.37 11. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 122

Page #569
bhaugolika sthiti 52. pANDya'-- uttarI bhArata kI 'pANDu' jAti ke rAjya kI pANDya saMjJA thii| prAdhunika madurA Adi ke kSetra isa pradeza meM pAte haiN| vibhinna samayoM meM uragapura (Adhunika vicinopalI), mathurA (Adhunika madurA), kolkaI Adi isakI rAjadhAniyA~ rahI haiM / 2 53 kAMcI 3-De mahodaya ne 'kAMcIpura' ko spaSTa karate hue ise polAra nadI ke dakSiNa-pazcimI madrAsa meM isakI sthiti mAnI hai tathA kAMjivaram' se abhinna mAnA hai| 54. maru5-rAjapUtAnA athavA retIle pradeza mAravAr3a ko prAyaH 'marusthala' kI saMjJA dI jAtI hai| kIrtikaumudI mahAkAvya meM nirdiSTa 'maru' dezavAcaka zabda hai tathA 'marubhUpa' evaM 'marubhUbhuja' prAdi prayoga isI abhiprAya kI puSTi karate haiM / vasantavilAsa mahAkAvya se yaha spaSTa nahIM ho pAtA ki 'marukaccha' prayoga do svatantra pradezoM ke lie prAyA hai athavA bharukaccha kA pAThAntara hai| 55. gobrahaH - yaha deza bhaugolika kozoM meM anupalabdha hai| kItikaumudI mahAkAvya meM 'lATa' tathA 'maru' deza ke sAtha isakA bhI prayoga huA hai|'' 56. zAkammarI-pazcimI rAjaputAne meM avasthita sambhAra deza / 'sapAdalakSa' deza kI rAjadhAnI bhI zAkambharI rahI hai| kabhI-kabhI ise zAkambhArI se abhinna mAnA jAtA hai / isameM pUrvI rAjaputAne ke pradeza bhI sammilita the / 12 1. jayanta0, 11:46; vasanta0, 3.44 2. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 147 3. jayanta0, 11.53; vasanta0; 3.43; hammIra0, 10.16 4. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 88 5. kIrti0, 4.57; vasanta0, 10.25 6. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 127 7. kIrti0, 4.55, 56 8. lATagoDamarukacchaDAhalAvantivaGgaviSayA: / -vasanta0, 10.25 6. kIrti0, 4.57 10. atha godrahalAdezanAtho marunAtho nibhRtaM nibddhsndhii| .. -vahI, 4.57 11. kIrti0, 2.26; hammIra0, 1.81 12. Dey, Geog. Dic., pp. 174, 78

Page #570
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 57. gurjara deza' - hva e natsAMga ne gurjara deza ko valabhI se 300 mIla uttara meM tathA ujjaina se 467 mIla uttara pazcima meM batAyA hai| isa rAjya kI paridhi 833 mIla thI tathA isameM vartamAna bIkAnera, jaisalamera tathA jodhapura ke kucha bhAga bhI sammilita the / yahA~ ke nivAsI kisI samaya paMjAba meM rahate the aura bAda meM kAThiyAvAr3a dvIpakalpa meM zrAe jisake kAraNa ise gujarAta bhI kahA jAtA hai / 536 58. tilaMga 3 - yaha deza godAvarI tathA kRSNA nadI ke madhya sthita thA / tilaMga deza kI rAjadhAnI 'kolokondai' athavA 'golakuNDA' rahI thI / 'teliMga' 'telugu' prAdi isake anya paryAyavAcI nAma pracalita haiM / 4 56. cAhamAna deza - yaha deza cAhamAna (cauhAna) vaMza ke rAjAnoM ke sAmrAjya kSetra kA dyotaka hai| 'cAhamAna deza' nAmaka kisI aitihAsika pradeza kI sUcanA nahIM miltii| hammIra mahAkAvya meM rAjasthAna meM cAhamAna vaMza kA rAjya thA jisakI rAjadhAnI raNathambhaura thI / 60. mahArASTra 7 - godAvarI tathA kRSNA nadI ke madhyavartI pradeza meM sthita mahArASTra kisI samaya meM dakSiNa kA bhI dyotaka bana gayA thaa| prazoka ke samaya meM bhI ise 'mahArASTra' saMjJA prApta thii| 5 61. madhyadeza - sarasvatI nadI ke taTavartI nagaroM kurukSetra, ilAhAbAda tathA himAlaya evaM vindhya parvata se prAvRta madhyadeza ke antargata brahmarSi tathA brahmAvartta kSetra sammilita the / kAmpilya madhya deza kI pUrvI sImA thI tathA isake antargata pAMcAla, kuru, matsya, yaudheya, kuntI, zUrasena, paTaccara prAdi deza zrAteM haiM / 10 62. nepAla 11 - nepAla ghATI kI nAga-bAsa, athavA kAlihrada jhIla nepAla 1. kIrti0, 4.46; 75, hammIra0, 1.67 2. kaniMghama, prAcIna bhArata kA aitihAsika bhUgola, pR0 215 3. hammIra0, 11.1 4. 5. hammIra0, 10.31 6. hammIra0, 4.84 7. vahI, 6.46 8. 6. hammIra0, 10.16 10. Dey, Geog., Dic., p. 116 11. hammIra0, 11.1 Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 204 Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 118

Page #571
bhaugolika sthiti 537 deza ke nAma se prasiddha hai / pahale isa deza meM mahAcIna taduparAnta goDa deza ke loga rahane lage the / pazcimI kAThamANDu se bhI isakI sImA lagatI thI / ' 63. mUlasthAna - hastinApura ke pazcima kI ora sthita rAmAyaNa kI mAlabhUmi tathA mahAbhArata tathA harSacarita ke mAlava ko 'mUlasthAna' se prabhinna mAnA gayA hai / Ajakala ise multAna saMjJA dI jAtI hai / rAvI nadI ke taTa para yaha deza sthita thA / sikandara kAlIna itihAsakAroM ke anusAra 'mUlasthAna' malladeza kI rAjadhAnI thI 13 64. azmaka 4 - brahmapurANa ke anusAra dAkSiNAtya deza hai / kintu kUrma purANa ke anusAra ise paMjAba se sambaddha mAnA jAtA hai| De mahodaya ke anusAra isakI sthiti godAvarI tathA mahiSmatI nadiyoM ke madhya mAnI gaI hai| 65. sauvIra - vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla ne ise sindhu prAnta athavA sindha nadI ke nIce vAlA pradeza mAnA hai / 7 pANini ne bhI sauvIra deza kA ullekha kiyA hai 15 saMbhavata: isa pradeza meM multAna tathA jahurAvara ke pradeza sammilita the / 10 66. Dhillo ' (dillI ) - mahAbhArata ke anusAra pANDavoM ne ise 'indraprastha' ke rUpa meM basAyA thA / 12vIM zatI meM pRthvIrAja cauhAna kI riyAsata kI rAjadhAnI dillI thI / 1327 IsvI ke abhilekhAnusAra cauhAnoM ne dillI ko tomaroM se liyA thA / hariyAnA deza kI sundaranagarI 'DhillI' kI sthApanA cothI zato I0 meM anaMgapAla tomara ne kI thI / 11 Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 140 1. 2. hammIra0 3.12 3. Dey, Geog. Dic., p. 133 4. varAGga0, 16.32 5. Dey, Geog, Dic., p. 13 6. varAGga0, 16.33 7. vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa, kAzI, saMvat 2012, pR0 64 8. aSTAdhyAyI, 4.1.148 6. nemicandra zAstrI, prAdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, pR0 71 10. hammIra0, 3.50, 4.16 11. vijayendra kumAra mAthura, aitihAsika sthAnAvalI, pR0 434

Page #572
538 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 4. nagara-pura tAlikA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke deza varNanoM tathA anya avAntara kathA prasaGgoM meM aneka nagaroM, puroM evaM AvAsIya bastiyoM kA ullekha pAyA hai / ina nagaroM meM kucha Adhunika kAla meM bhI prasiddha haiM to kucha aAdhunika nagaroM kI prAcIna saMjJAeM haiN| aneka nagara tathA aitihAsika sthAna jaina dharma ke viziSTa puruSoM kI janmasthalI tapobhUmi athavA nirvANa bhUmi Adi hone ke kAraNa prasiddha rahe haiN| Adhunika kAla ke bhaugolika kozoM se ina aitihAsika nagaroM kI sthiti ko jAnA jA sakatA hai kintu aneka aise sAMskRtika nagara evaM pura bhI haiM jinakI bhaugolika sImAoM Adi kA nirdhAraNa kara sakanA atyanta kaThina jAna par3atA hai| vibhinna mahAkAvyoM meM vaNita ina nagaroM tathA puroM kI tAlikA isa prakAra hai : 1. acalapura (dvayA0 3.60) 2. ajayamerupura (hammIra0 4.27) 3. ahilapattana (kIrti0 1.8) 4. prabhUmaka (dvayA0 15.101) 5. amarAvatI (dvayA0 6.62) 6 alaMkA (vargha0 5.40) 7. azvathika (yA0 15.102) 8. prAgnaka (dvayA0 16.26) 6. Adityapura (candra0 6.75) 10. pAnataMpura (varAGga 21.28) 11, pAmrapurI (hammIra0 4.48) 12. pAriSTiya (dvayA0 13.100) 13. indravana (dvayA0 16.26) 14. ugrasenapurI (nemi0 12.1) 15. ujjayinI (vasanta0 3.23) 16. uttamapura (varAGga0 1.33) 17. RSyaka (dvayA0 15. 101) 18. zrodumbara (dvayA0 15.60) 16. kacchaka (dvayA0 16.26) 20. kaTika (dvayA0 15.102) 21. kallApurI (dvayA0 6.22) 22. kAkandi (varAGga 27.83) 23. kANDa (dvayA0 16.26) 24, kAnyakubja (jayanta0 16.70) 25. kAmpilya (varAGga. 27.84) 26. kAyanI (dvayA0 15.66) 27. kAzI (hammIra0 1.85) 28. kucavAra (dvayA0 17.2) 26. kuNDapura (varAGga0 27.85) 30. kuNDinapura (dharma0 16.84) 31. kUlapura (vardha0 17.120) 32. kozalA (candra0 5.12) 33. kauNDeyaka (dvayA0 166) 34. komuvika (dvayA0 15.101) 65. koleyakapura (vardha0 5.72) 36. kauzAmbI (dvayA0 15.60) 37. kRkaraNIya (dvayA0 16.34) 38. gaganavilAsapura (jayanta0 12.7) 36. gajAhvaya (kIrti0 1.160) 40. garbharUka (hammIra0 10.32) 41. gahIya (dvayA0 16.34) 42. gopAcala (hammIra0 3.2) 43. cakrapura (varAGga0 2.61) 44. caGgA (hammIra0 6.40) 45. candrapura (varAGga0 27.82) 46. candrapurI (candra0 16.6) 47. campA (koti0 15.7) 48. campApura (varAGga0 29.83) 46. citrakUTa (hammIra0 6.26) 50. jagarA (hammIra0 110) 51. Dhillo (hammIra0 3.50) 52. tripurI (kIrti0 1.57) 53. dAkSipaladanagara (dvayA0 15.33) 54. dvArAvatI (nemi0 1.34) 55. devapattana (dvayA0 15.37) 56. dhArA (hammIra0 6.117) 57. naDakIya (dvayA0 15.100) 58. nAgapura (varAGga0 27.85) 56. nAndIpura (dvayA0

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bhaugolika sthiti 16.23) 60. pararaNIya ( dvayA0 16.34) 61. pallIpura ( hammIra0 8.115) 62. plakSIya ( dvayA0 15.100) 63 pATapATana ( hammIra0 6 27 ) 64. pATaliputra ( vasanta 0 1622 ) 65. pAdaliptanagara ( vasanta0 10.58) 66. pAnyAyana (dvayA0 15.66) 67. pAlAzaka ( dvayA0 15.101 ) 65. pAkSAyaNa ( dvayA0 15.66 ) 66. prAkSariNa ( dayA0 15.65 ) 70. puNDarIkiraNI ( vardha0 3.35 ) 71. puSkara ( hammIra0 6.41 ) 72. paeNppala ( dvayA0 16.26) 73. podanapura ( vardha0 5.37) 74. phalAraka (dvayA0 15.65 ) 75. baka pATaka ( kIrti0 4.86) 76. bhIbharasapura ( hammIra0 6.15 ) 77. bhRgupura ( vasanta0 5.109) 76. mathurA (vardha0 4.88) 76. madhumata ( dvayA0 15.60) 80. madhurA ( varAGga0 16.5 ) 81. madhUpadhna ( kIrti0 1.60 ) 82. mandira ( vardha0 1.43 ) 83. malla ( dvayA0 16.22) 84. mANDalipattana ( vasanta0 9.30 ) 85. mithilA ( varAGga0 27.84) 86. mugdhapura ( hammIra0 10.82 ) 87. medapATapATana ( hammIra0 6 27 ) 88 moDheraka ( vasanta0 242 ) 86. yoginIpura ( hammIra0 4. 101) 10. ratnapura ( dharma0 1.56 ) 61. ratnasaMcayapura ( candra0 1.21) e2. ratnAvatI ( jayanta0 5.15 ) 63 rAjagRha ( vardha 0 3.111 ) 94. lalitapura ( varAGga0 14.85 ) e5. lU sAkanagara ( vasanta0 16 22 ) 66. loma ( dayA0 15.68) 67. laMkA (kIrti0 1.57 ) 68. vardhanapura ( hammIra0 6.40) 66. valamipattana ( vasanta0 10.42 ) 100 vakSasthalapura ( hammIra0 4.1 ) 101. vATAnuprastha (dvayA0 16.23) 102. vArANasI ( varAGga0 27.83) 103. vArAhaka (dvayA0 15.101) 104. vAzila ( dvayA0 15.66) 105. vAsiSThAyanI (dvayA0 15.66) 106. vAsta (dvayA0 16.22) 107. vidizA (kIrti0 1.57) 108. vinItA ( vardha0 3.43 ) 106. vindhyapura ( varAGga0 2.56 ) 110. vipulapura ( candra0 6.42) 111. zAkhya ( dvayA0 15.66) 112. zANDikya ( dvayA0 17.2 ) 113. zAlAturIya ( dvayA0 17.3 ) 114. zikhAvala (dvayA0 zoNitapura (dvayA0 7.42 ) 116. zIryapurI ( varAGga0 27.85 (varAGga0 27. 82) 118. zrIzrAzramapattana ( hammIra0 1.82 ) 116, zrIpura (candra0 2.125) 120. zrIvizAla ( hammIra0 6 . 25) 121 zvetapatrA ( varSa 0 1. 14) 122. zvetavikA ( vardha0 3.86 ) 123. samRddhapurI ( varAGga0 2.10) 124. sAketa (candra0 7.80) 125 siddhapura (dvayA0 15 15) 126. siMhapura ( varAGga 0 2.56) 127. sudhna ( dvayA0 16.76) 128. suvarNavalayapura ( dvayA0 20.44 ) 126. susImA ( dharma0 4.13) 130. suhma (dvayA0 20.46) 131. somanAthapura ( vasanta0 11.32) 132. stambatIrthaM ( vasanta0 5.7 ) 133. svastimatI ( jayanta 0 17.9) 134. hastinApura ( jayanta0 16.2) 135. hindUbATa ( hammIra0 10.32) 136. hemadyuti ( vardha0 14.3) / ) 536 15.62 ) 115. 117. zrAvastI

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540 frokarSa jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja isa prakAra jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM prAcIna bhAratIya bhaugolika sthiti kA vizada varNana huA hai| prAcIna bhAratIya janajAtiyoM tathA videzI jAtiyoM ke nAma se prasiddha katipaya pradezoM tathA bauddhakAla meM pracalita mahAjanapadoM kI saMjJAeM jaina mahAkAvyoM ke samaya taka bhI prasiddha thIM / aneka rAjAnoM ke digvijaya varNanoM ke avasara para varita kucha pradeza tatkAlIna rAjyoM ke pradezoM kI saMjJAoM kI ora saMketa karate haiM / parantu kucha aise pradeza bhI the jo yadyapi prAcInakAla meM pracalita dezoM ke nAma se prasiddha the kintu zrAlocyakAla meM ina pradezoM kI bhaugolika sthiti aneka parivartana tathA saMzodhana bhI ho cuke the / sAtavIM zatAbdI I0 meM hna entsAMga ke anusAra bhAratavarSa meM pradezoM kI saMkhyA lagabhaga assI batAI gaI hai / tsAMga ke dvArA vihita saMkhyA kI tathA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM nirdiSTa vibhinna deza-pradezoM kI saMkhyA se tulanA kI jAe to adhika antara draSTigata nahIM hotA / madhyakAlIna bhAratavarSa meM 'kaliMga', 'baMga', 'aMga', 'karNATa' Adi kA prayoga vyApaka rUpa meM huprA hai / prAyaH kisI deza ke rAjA ko yA usa deza kI senA Adi ko bhI taddezIya saMjJA se sambodhita kiyA jAtA thaa| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM variNata bhaugolika sAmagrI bhAratavarSa kI samagra rASTrIya saMcetanA kA eka aitihAsika mAnacitra prastuta kara detI hai / uttara, dakSiNa, pUrva tathA pazcima meM vidyamAna mahattvapUrNa parvatamAlAnoM tathA nadI-srotoM se saMvalita jaina mahAkAvyoM kA bhArata sAmAsika evaM rASTrIya lokacetanA se vizeSa anuprANita rahA thA /

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siMhAvalokana 1. madhyakAlIna itihAsa ke sandarbha meM sAtavIM zatAbdI eka saMkramaNazIla evaM parivartanamUlaka zatAbdI hone ke kAraNa apanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rakhatI hai / isI zatAbdI ke Asa pAsa sAmrAjyavAdI yuga pravRtiyA~ hatotsAhita hote hue sAmantavAdI yuga darzana kI ora unmukha hone lagIM thIM / dharma, rAjanIti, arthavyavasthA Adi sabhI kSetroM ke saMsthAgata mUlyoM meM bhArI parivartana hue tathA dhruvIkaraNa evaM navInIkaraNa kI samAjapravRtiyoM kA udaya huA / jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke nirmANa kI samAjazAstrIya pRSThabhUmi bhI isI yuga meM taiyAra huI tathA terahavIM-caudahavIM zatAbdI paryanta asaMkhya jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke praraNayana ko nirantara rUpa se protsAhana milaa| isI yuga meM jaina manISiyoM dvArA jaina dharma ko eka udAra evaM lokapriya dharma ke rUpa ke pratiSThita karane ke jo aneka upAya kie gae unameM paurANika vRtta se atiraMjita mahAkAvyoM ke mAdhyama se jaina dharma aura saMskRti kA pracAra karanA bhI eka mahattvapUrNa kArya thA / prArambha meM jaina lekhaka prAkRta bhASA meM hI sAhitya sRjana kiyA karate the parantu sAtavIM zatAbdI ke uparAnta jaina kaviyoM ne saMskRta ke mAdhyama se sAhitya sRjana kI gatividhiyoM ko vizeSa protsAhita kiyA / adhikAMza jaina mahAkAvyoM ke lekhaka kavi hone ke sAtha-sAtha apane yuga ke mahAn dArzanika tathA prabhAvazAzI dharmAcArya bhI hote the / parantu ina mahAkAvyoM kI racanA kisI rAjyAzraya se prerita na hokara janasAmAnya kI anupreraNA para huI hai / prAyaH jainAcArya vibhinna prAntoM, nagaroM, gA~voM prAdi meM bhramaNa karate rahate the / lokacetanA se jur3I inhIM anubhUtiyoM se preraNA pAkara jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM sAhityika kalevara kA sRjana huA hai| paramparAgata mUlyoM evaM samasAmayika yuga paristhitiyoM ke sAmaJjasya se grathita ina mahAkAvyoM ke itihAsa- satya madhyakAlIna mAnava tathA usake paryAvaraNa kA saphala zraMkana karate haiM / kisI rAjavaMza kI kIrtipatAkA ko phaharAne tathA kisI rAjA vizeSa kI vIratA zrAdi kA guNAnuvAda karane ke prayojana se racita kintu itihAsa kI dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa mAnI jAne vAlI abhilekhAdi sAmagrI kI tulanA meM dharma, artha, kAma tathA mokSa ke mUlyoM se anuprerita jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM kI samAja sApekSa sAmagrI sAmAjika itihAsa lekhana ke lie kahIM adhika sArthaka evaM prAmANika kahI jA sakatI hai| sAhityika srotoM ke yAdhAra

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542 jaina saMskRta mahAkAbyoM meM bhAratIya samAja para prAcIna bhAratIya janajIvana ke itihAsa lekhana kI jisa navIna pravRti kA hAla ke dazakoM meM jo sUtrapAta huA hai usa dizA meM bhI niHsandeha jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke sAkSya durlabha evaM mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika dastAvejoM ke rUpa meM madhyakAlIna bhAratIya samAja para bahumukhI prakAza DAlate haiN| 2. gupta sAmrAjya jaise vizAla sAmrAjyoM ke patana ke bAda sAtavIM-pAThavIM zatAbdI I0 meM samasta bhArata choTe-bar3e asaMkhya rAjyoM meM vibhakta hone lagA thaa| 'mAtsyanyAya' kI pravRti se aneka zaktizAlI rAjA choTe aura nirbala rAjAoM ko AtaMkita karane meM lage hue the| Antarika tathA bAhya donoM dRSTiyoM se rAjanaitika vAtAvaraNa azAnta evaM arAjaka banA huA thaa| rAjya ke anta:pura hI rAjanaitika SaDyantroM ke aDDe bana gae the / kisI bhAvI rAjakumAra ko rAjya kA uttarAdhikArI na banAne kI tanAvapUrNa sthiti meM rAjaparivAroM kI rAniyAM tathA maMtrI taka rAjA ke viruddha SaDayaMtra racane meM bhI nahIM cUkate the| sAmAnyatayA arthazAstra, mahAbhArata smRti granthoM ke rAjanaitika vicAroM ko isa yuga meM paryApta lokapriyatA prApta huI hai tathA sAtha hI yugIna paristhitiyoM meM paramparAgata rAjanaitika vicAroM kI navIna vyAkhyAeM bhI kI jAne lagI thiiN| siddhAnta rUpa se rAjA dvArA maMtripariSad meM maMtraNA karanA Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thA tathA kisI bhI rAjanaitika pahala para pakSa-vipakSa ke vibhinna tarkoM para gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA jAtA thaa| sAmrAjyavistAra meM lage hue zaktizAlI rAjA rAjadharma ke mUlyoM kA ullaMghana karate hue nibaMla rAjAmoM kI dhana-sampatti ko aiMThane ke lie bhI vizeSa sakriya the| aise kuTila rAjAroM ke vyavahAra se bhayabhIta hokara aneka zAntipriya evaM nibaMla gajAnoM ke pAsa kevala eka hI upAya bacA huaA thA ki ve zaktizAlI rAjA ko apAra dhana sampatti upahAra ke rUpa meM dekara usakI prabhutA ko svIkAra kareM / Alocya yuga kI inhIM rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM meM sAma-dAna-daNDa-bheda kI nItiyoM kA aucitya siddha kiyA jAtA thaa| zAsana vyavasthA ko sucAru rUpa se calAne ke uddezya se kendrIya evaM prAntIya stara para yadyapi aneka prazAsanika padoM kA astitva thA parantu prAntIya prazAsaka ke rUpa meM sAmanta rAjA kabhI bhI apanI zakti kA vistAra kara svatantra rAjA bana sakane kI sthiti meM bhI bane hue the| grAmaprazAsana meM grAma ke zaktizAlI evaM mukhiyA Adi pratiSThita logoM ko rAjya prazAsana se sambaddha kara diyA gayA thA jisake pariNAma svarUpa sAmantavAdI arthavyavasthA kI jar3eM majabUta hotI gii| 3. sainya vyavasthA kI dRSTi se bhAratIya senA pratyeka dRSTi se eka samaddha evaM zaktizAlI senA jAna par3atI hai / vividha prakAra ke AkramaNAtmaka tathA surakSAtmaka AyudhoM ke nirmANa kI gatividhiyA~ uttarottara pragati para thiiN| AgneyAstra, golA, bArUda tathA bhArI TaiMka sadRza yaMtroM kA bhI yuddha meM upayoga kiyA jAtA thaa| isake

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siMhAvalokana 543 atirikta durga yuddha, gurillA yuddha Adi aneka prakAra kI yuddha kalApoM evaM sAmarika takanIkoM meM bhAratIya sainika siddhahasta the / yuddhavidyA kSatriya rAjakumAroM kI anivArya zikSA kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga banI huI thii| parantu yuddhoM kI bharamAra tathA sAmantavAdI bhoga-vilAsa kI pravRtiyoM ne bhAratIya sainikoM ko vilAsI evaM prAlasI banA diyA thaa| sajA apanI rAniyoM ko yuddha kSetra meM sAtha le jAte the tathA unakI dekhAdekhI sainika bhI apanI patniyoM ko yuddha meM sAtha le jAne lage / sainika ziviroM meM vezyAmoM ke par3Ava DAlane kI paramparA bhI cala par3I thii| yuddha ke pUrva sainikoM kI striyoM ke sAtha bhogavilAsa meM rata rahane Adi kI zreGgArika gatividhiyA~ isa tathya kI ora saMketa karatI haiM ki madhyakAlIna senA kisa stara taka vilAsitApUrNa jIvana jI rahI thii| isI vilAsitA pUrNa vAtAvaraNa ne bhAratIya senA ko kamajora banAne meM eka mukhya bhUmikA nibhAI hai| isake atirikta yuddhAvasara para madirApAna karanA, andha-vizvAsI honA, yuddha ko eka vyavasAyamAtra mAnanA, senAoM meM paraspara phUTa honA, rASTrIya cetanA tathA naitika bala kA abhAva honA Adi anya aise bhI kAraNa haiM jinase madhyakAlIna bhAratIya senA eka samRddha senA hone ke bAda bhI videzI AkramaNakAriyoM ke sAmane kamajora siddha huI hai| hAlAMki rAjasthAna Adi kI rAjapUta senAeM mAtRbhUmi kI rakSA ke lie maramiTane kI vIrocita garimAnoM se protaprota rahane ke kAraNa apanA caritra bahuta UMcA bhI uThAe hue thiiN| 4. madhyakAlIna artha vyavasthA bhUmi sampatti ke hastAntaraNa, kRSi-grAmoM evaM zilpa vyavasAyiyoM para madhyavartI logoM dvArA niyaMtraNa se sAmantavAdI DhAMce ko prApta kara cukI thii| rAjasattA 'vasudhA upabhoga' ke mUlya se kendrita rahatI huI Arthika utpAdana ke mukhya srota kRSi-grAmoM ko grAma mukhiyAoM, 'mahattara'-'mahattama' tathA 'kuTumbI' janoM ke mAdhyama se hathiyAe huI thii| grAmoM para apane prazAsakIya aura rAjakIya prabhutva ko banAe rakhane kI haisiyata rakhane vAle ina grAma-mukhiyAoM ki sthiti sAmanta rAjAoM ke samAna bana gaI thii| kRSi utpAdana kI bhA~ti zilpa vyavasAya ko bhI zreNi-gaNa-pradhAnoM kI sahAyatA se niyantrita kiyA jA cukA thaa| zilpa zreNiyoM ke pradhAnoM ko rAja-darabAroM meM pratiSThita sthAna diyA gayA thaa| pramukha udyoga kRSi ke atirikta pazu-pAlana, vRkSa-udyoga Adi lagabhaga pacAsa udyoga-vyavasAya jIvikopArjana ke sAdhana bane hue the / vyApAra sambandhI gatividhiyA~ bhI unnata avasthA meM thiiN| varNa vyavasthA ke AdhAra para vyavasAya cayana ko vizeSa protsAhana prApta thA tathA sAtha hI kula paramparA se prApta vyavasAya ko vizeSa varIyatA dI jAtI thii| brAhmaNa 'zAstrajIvI' ke rUpa meM paurohitya, daivajJa Adi kA vyavasAya karate the| 'zastrajIvI' kSatriyoM kA mukhya vyavasAya thA yuddha krnaa| vaizya tathA zUdra 'kalAkauzalajIvI' ke rUpa me rUr3ha ho cuke the jisake antargata vyApAra, kRSi, zilpa Adi vyavasAya samAviSTa the| varNa

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja vyavasthA ke anurUpa vyavasAyaparaka jo cAra saMghaTana prAcIna kAla cale A rahe the unakI saMkhyA madhyakAla meM tIna hI raha gaI thI / brAhmaNa tathA kSatriya varga kA apanA pRthaka-pRthak saMghaTana thA jabaki vaizya evaM zudra eka hI zreNi meM zrA cuke the / 'kalAkauzalajIvI' ke rUpa meM vaizyoM evaM zUdroM kA eka hI zreNi meM saMghaTita ho jAnA madhyakAlIna sAmantavAdI artha vyavasthA kA hI pariNAma thaa| rAjasattA kRSi utpAdana tathA usake vitaraNa jaisI mahattvapUrNa Arthika gatividhiyoM ko zUdroM evaM vaizyoM ke ekIkRta saMghaTana dvArA protsAhita kie hue thI tAki Arthika utpAdana kA use adhikAdhika lAbha mila sake / 544 5. AvAsa vyavasthA kI dRSTi se lagabhaga 12 prakAra kI AvAsIya saMsthitiyoM kA vizeSa pracalana thA / bhaugolika paristhitiyoM tathA prAthika vargavibhAjana kI apekSA se saMsthApita ina AvAsIya saMsthitiyoM kI saMjJAeM thIM- grAma, nagara nigama, rAjadhAnI, prAkara, kheTa, droNamukha, maDamba, pattana, kavaMTa, sambAdha tathA ghoSa / zrArthika vikAsa ke pariNAmasvarUpa ina prAvAsIya saMsthitiyoM ke svarUpa meM parivartana bhI hotA rahA thaa| grAma nagaroM kA rUpa dhAraNa kara rahe the to kheTa, maDamba, droNamukha Adi bhI dezakAla kI paristhitiyoM ke anurUpa apanA svarUpa badala rahe the| kula milAkara madhyakAlIna AvAsa vyavasthA nagara evaM grAma cetanA se anuprANita rahI thI parantu kRSi-grAmoM ko prArthika mahattva milane ke kAraNa nigama cetanA ko bhI vizeSa protsAhana mila rahA thaa| 'nigama' ke rUpa meM saMghaTita kRSi grAma 'bhaktagrAma' ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa hue haiM jinameM utpAdita phasaloM kA bhaNDAra saMrakSita kiyA jAtA thA tathA vyApArika grAma ke rUpa meM inakI sthiti banI huI thI / prArthika rUpa se samRddha hone ke kAraNa ina 'nigama' grAmoM kI vAstuzAstrIya saMracanA nagaroM se bhI milatI julatI thI / itihAsakAroM ne 'nigama' ko 'vyApAriyoM ke saMghaTita samUha' ke rUpa meM nirUpita karane kI jo ceSTA kI hai jaina mahAkAvyoM ke 'nigama' sambandhI tathya usako bhrAmaka tathA prayuktisaMgata siddha kara dete haiM / vastutaH prAcInakAla se lekara madhyakAla taka 'nigama' sambandhI jitane bhI sAhityika evaM aitihAsika pramANa milate haiM unase yaha siddha nahIM hotA hai ki 'nigama kA artha kabhI bhI 'vyApAriyoM kA saMghaTita samUha' rahA hogA / bauddhakAla se lekara prAlocya kAla taka 'nigama' prArthika dRSTi se sadaiva vikAsonmukhI prAvAsIya saMsthiti ke rUpa meM hI apanA caritra banAe hue the / sAmantavAdI arthavyavasthA ke daura meM inakI sthiti vikAsa ke carama bindu para pahu~ca cukI thI tathA kRSimUlaka arthavyavasthA ke ye pradhAna niyAmaka kendra bhI bana gaye the / samagra arthavyavasthA ko kendrita evaM niyojita karane ke kAraNa hI inheM 'bhaktagrAma' kI saMjJA dI gaI hai / rahana sahana evaM vezabhUSA kI dRSTi se madhyakAlIna samAja ke jisa prArthika stara kI parikalpanA sAkAra huI hai usase pratIta hotA hai ki aizvarya sampanna ucca

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siMhAvalokana 545 varga kA rahana sahana paryApta UMcA thaa| janasAmAnya meM pracalita vezabhUSA sambandhI gatividhiyoM ke bhI upayogI vivaraNa prApta hote haiM / striyA~ aGga-pratyaMga meM AbhUSaNa dhAraNa karatI thIM / lagabhaga 35 prakAra ke strI-AbhUSaNoM kA patA calatA hai / svarNa, rajata Adi dhAtuoM se nirmita AbhUSaNoM ke atirikta uccavarga kI striyA~ bahumUlya, maNi, ratna Adi se jaTita AbhUSaNoM ko pahanane kI bhI vizeSa zaukIna thIM / khAnapAna sambandhI bhojya vastuoM meM bhAta, sattu, capAtI, khAjA, mAlapUyA, pApar3a, bar3A, kaDhI, pUrI, laDDU Adi ko vizeSa lokapriyatA' prApta thii| mAMsabhakSaNa evaM madirApAna kA bhI pracalana thA parantu jaina dharmAvalambI inase paraheja rakhate the| 6. samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se sAtavIM zatAbdI jaina dharma ke navInIkaraNa kI eka mahattvapUrNa zatAbdI rahI hai| bauddha yuga se lekara guptakAla taka aisA lagatA hai ki jaina dharma brAhmaNa dharma ke eka kaTTaravirodhI dharma ke rUpa meM apanI pRthaka sattA banAnA cAhatA thaa| prAkRta bhASA ke prati vizeSAgraha, varNAzramavyavasthA kA virodha, vedoM ke prAmANya kA khaNDana, dhArmika karmakANDoM ke prati anAsthA tathA paurohityavAda kI bhartsanA prAdi jaina dharma kI vizeSa pravRtiyAM rahIM thIM jinake kAraNa jana dharma tathA hindU dharma meM pArasparika baimanasya kI paristhitiyAM ubhara kara paaii| parantu sAtavIM zatAbdI ke uparAnta raviSeNa, jinasena, somadeva, Adi aise samanvayavAdI jainAcArya hue jinhoMne brAhmaNa saMskRti ke viruddha jAne vAle dharmamUlyoM ko punarvyAkhyA kI praura jaina dharma ko eka sahiSNu evaM udAra dharma ke rUpa meM pratiSThita kiyA / ina samanvayavAdI yuga cintakoM ke atirikta jaTAsiMha nandi jaise dharmAcAryoM kA nAma ullekhanIya hai jo kaTTara virodha ke svara meM brAhmaNa saMskRti ke mUlyoM kA jamakara virodha karate rahe parantu samAjazAstrIya dRSTi se inakA virodha prabhAvahIna siddha humA hai| brAhmaNa dharma aura jaina dharma ke madhya pArasparika sauhArda tathA eka dUsare se AdAna-pradAna karane kI dhAmika gatividhiyoM ke pariNAma svarUpa pAlocya yuga meM hindU dharma meM jahA~ ahiMsA evaM karmakANDaparaka sahaja anuSThAna vidhiyoM kA pracalana bar3hA vahIM dUsarI ora jaina dharma ke dhArmika kriyA kalApa hindU dharma ke bahuta najadIka Ate gae / hindU dharma meM pracalita 'purohita' kI avadhAraNA jaina dharma ke 'snapanAcArya' ke rUpa meM rUpAntarita ho gaI thii| mandiroM tathA ArAdhya devoM kI pratimA para car3hAe jAne vAlI mAMgalika vastueM bhI donoM dharmoM meM lagabhaga samAna sI thiiN| vaidika vyavasthA meM pracalita devopAsanA Adi dhArmika kriyAkalApa jaina karmakANDoM meM pratimAbhiSeka Adi ke rUpa meM vyavahRta hone lage the| donoM dharmoM meM karmoM ke anusAra daNDa bhogane tathA naraka evaM svarga sambandhI parikalpanAeM bhI paryApta sAmyatA lie hue thIM / jainAcArya hemacandra kI dharmaprabhAvanAoM

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546 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja se prabhAvita hokara rAjA kumArapAla dvArA jaina dharma ko aGgIkAra karanA isa yuga kI eka mahattvapUrNa aitihAsika ghaTanA hai| vaise hI jaina dharmAnuyAyI rAjA brAhmaNa dharma ke mandiroM kA bhI darzana karate the| jainAcArya hemacandra ne somanAtha kI stuti meM eka stotra kI racanA bhI kI thii| ina sabhI tathyoM se spaSTa hotA hai ki brAhmaNa evaM jaina dharma madhyakAla meM eka dUsare ke paryApta nikaTa A gae the tathA rAjakIya stara para bhI donoM dharmoM kI dhArmika sahiSNutA ko banAe rakhane kA vizeSa prayAsa kiyA jAtA thaa| rAjanaitika daSTi se aneka rAjyoM meM jaina dharma eka lokapriya dharma ke rUpa meM ubhara kara AyA hai| kadamba, rASTa kUTa, cAlukya, gaMga Adi aneka rAjavaMzoM ne jaina dharma ko apane rAjyakAla meM vizeSa rAjanaitika saMrakSaNa bhI pradAna kiyaa| sAtavIM zatAbdI IsvI ke lagabhaga bAdAmI ke cAlukya rAjAnoM ke kAla meM dakSiNa bhArata meM jainadharma rAjadharma ke rUpa meM pratiSThita huA / jainadharma ke prAcAryoM ne isa kAla meM bhI dhArmika avasaroM para kI jAne vAlI pazuhiMsA kA dhora virodha kiyaa| gujarAta ke itihAsa meM rAjA kumArapAla ke samaya meM to eka aisA samaya bhI pAyA jaba jaina dharma ke ahiMsA siddhAnta ko rAjakIya stara para mAnyatA prApta huI tathA rAjya kI sabhI kasAiyoM kI dukAnoM ko banda karavA diyA gayA aura unakI AjIvikA kA vyaya rAjya kI ora se uThAyA jAne lgaa| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM jainetara dhArmika sampradAyoM kI gatividhiyAM bhI pratibimbita huI haiN| isa kAla meM hindU dharma pUrNatayA paurANika mAnyatAnoM se prabhAvita ho cakA thaa| gajarAta Adi pradezoM meM vaidika yajJoM Adi ke anuSThAna atyanta lokapriya the / devI pUjA ke avasara para bali prathA kI paramparA bhI pracalita thii| hindU dharma ke ArAdhya devoM meM ziva, viSNu, sUrya, brahmA, indra, agni, kArtikeya Adi vizeSa rUpa se uslekhanIya haiM / zaiva, vaiSNava, saura Adi sampradAyoM kA bhI vizeSa pracalana thaa| isa kAla meM somanAtha, baijanAtha , kurukSetra, puSkara Adi hindunoM ke prasiddha tIrthasthAna rahe the| dArzanika vicAroM ke sandarbha meM yaha ullekhanIya hai ki mahAkAvyoM ke yuga kA jaina darzana 'anekAnta vyavasthA' yuga se vicaraNa kara rahA thaa| jaTAsiMha nandi Adi dArzanikoM ne anekAnta darzana kI tArkika praNAliyoM ko navIna pAyAma pradAna kie haiM / mahAkAvya yuga ke jaina dArzanikoM ne apanI tattvamImAMsA ko 'anekAntavAda' tathA 'syAdvAda' ko avadhAraNAoM se paryApta painA banA liyA thaa| inakI sahAyatA se bauddha , sAMkhya, nyAya, mImAMsA, vedAnta prAdi dArzanika sampradAyoM kI tattvamImAMsA kA AsAnI se khaNDana kiyA jA sakatA thaa| khaNDana-maNDana kI pravRtiyoM se anuprerita mahAkAvya yuga kA jaina darzana bhAratIya darzana kI samagra cetanA se pUrNatayA prabhAvita thaa| madhyakAlIna anya dArzanika vicAroM ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhautikavAdI evaM lokAyatika darzanoM kI tarka praNAlI yugIna sAmantavAdI bhogavilAsa ke

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siMhAvalokana 547 mUlyoM se anuprerita hokara dina-pratidina lokapriyatA ko prApta kara rahI thii| cArvAka tathA anya prAcIna lokAyatika dArzanika paramparAoM se prabhAvita mAyAvAda, bhUtavAda, sattvopaplavavAda ke nAma se pracalita ina darzanoM ne bhautikavAda ko AdhAra banAkara itane tIkSNa tarka juTA lie the ki jinake AkramaNoM se AdhyAtmika mUlyoM para Tike sabhI dArzanika sampradAyoM kI mAnyatAoM ko chinnabhinna kara sakanA atyanta sahaja ho gayA thaa| 7. prArambha se hI bhAratIya zikSA jagat meM vaidika, bauddha tathA jaina vidyAnoM ke paramparAgata zikSA mUlyoM kA astitva rahatA AyA hai / madhyakAla meM vaidika zikSA vyavasthA hI sarvAdhika lokapriya banI huI thii| vaidika zikSA ke antargata caturdaza vidyAnoM ke paramparAgata adhyayana ko vizeSa mahattva diyA jAtA thaa| samasAmayika paristhitiyoM meM kSatriya-vidyAoM ke antargata rAjanIti, prazAsana, manovijJAna, yuddha prAdi se sambaddha vidyAnoM kA jJAna samAviSTa thaa| inameM bhI yuddha kalA, zastrasaMcAlana, azvazAstra, gajazAstra jaise sAmarika mahattva ke adhyayana viSaya vizeSa lokapriya the| madhyakAlIna zikSA saMsthA cUMki yugIna rAjanaitika vAtAvaraNa se bizeSa AkrAnta ho cukI thI usake pariNAmasvarUpa rAjakula ke parivAroM meM viziSTAtiviziSTa vidyAnoM ke adhyayana-adhyApana kI suvidhAeM paryApta rUpa se sulama thIM parantu janasAdhAraNa kI zikSA para vizeSa pratikUla prabhAva par3A thaa| zikSAzAstrIya dRSTi se madhyakAlIna zaikSika upalabdhiyoM kA yadi mUlyAGkana kiyA jAe to hama dekhate haiM ki eka viziSTa evaM baijJAnika zikSA praNAlI ke mAdhyama se samAja lAbhAnvita ho rahA thaa| zikSA ke vyavasAyonmukhI hone se jIvikopArjana kI samasyAeM hala kI jA cukI thiiN| adhikAMza zikSA ke pAThyakrama sAmAjika evaM mArthika AvazyakatAmoM ke anurUpa DhAle gae the jinake pariNAmasvarUpa paurohitya vyavasAya, sainya vyavasAya, zilpa vyavasAya ke kSetra meM zaikSika upalabdhiyA~ mahattvapUrNa yogadAna siddha ho rahIM thiiN| bhAratIya sthApatya tathA kalA ke kSetra meM madhyakAlIna bhArata ne jo vizvakIrtimAna sthApita kiyA hai usakA adhikAMza zreya isa yuga kI zilpa tathA kalA zikSA ko hI diyA jA sakatA hai / lokopayogI zikSA ke kSetra meM jJAna-vijJAna kI aneka zAkhAeM samAja ko lAbhAnvita kara rahIM thIM jinameM jyotiSa vidyA, Ayurveda, zakunazAstra, svapnazAstra Adi mukhya haiN| madhyakAlIna zikSA jagat meM saMskRta bhASA rASTrIya stara para bauddhika AdAna-pradAna kI eka samparka bhASA ke rUpa meM mahattvapUrNa kArya kara rahI thii| isake sAtha hI prAdezika lokabhASAoM kA pracAra prasAra bhI vizeSa pragati para thaa| kula milAkara madhyakAlIna zikSA vyavasthA

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548 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja rASTrIyatA evaM guNavattA donoM dRSTiyoM se eka gauravazAlI saMsthA ke rUpa meM prAcIna bhAratIya vidyAoM ke jJAnArjana tathA unake vikAsa kI gatividhiyoM ko vizeSa protsAhita kara rahI thii| 8. prAcIna kAla se lekara madhyakAla taka kI nArI kI sthiti kA aitihAsika paryavekSaNa isa tathya kI puSTi karatA hai ki bauddha kAlIna nArI malyo meM atyadhika girAvaTa Ane ke kAraNa hI smRtikAlIna nArIdAsatA kI pRSThabhUmi taiyAra huI jisake pariNAmasvarUpa nArI ko puruSAdhIna banA diyA gayA aura usake kaI maulika adhikAroM ko bhI pratibandhita kara diyA gyaa| madhyakAlIna nArI isI smRtikAlIna AcAra saMhitA se prAbaddha rahI thI kintu Alocya yuga meM strIbhogavilAsa tathA sAmantavAdI jIvana ke mUlyoM se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa nArI cetanA yuga kI eka pramukha cetanA banakara ubharI hai| nArI saundarya kI devI ke rUpa meM sAmantI jIvana paddhati para hAvI thii| dharma, darzana, arthavyavasthA, rAjanIti sabhI kSetroM meM usakI isa prabhutA kA sikkA jamA huaA thA kintu kisI sAmAjika cetanA yA nArI jAgaraNa ke kAraNa yaha parivartana prabhAvita nahIM thA prapitu nArI kI bhogyA zakti ke virATa rUpa ne isa parivartana ko janma diyaa| madhyayugIna sAhityakAroM ko bhI yaha zreya jAtA hai ki unhoMne pradhAna rUpa se do hI yugacetanAmoM ke pratipAdana meM vizeSa ruci lI unameM eka thI yuddha cetanA to dUsarI thI naariicetnaa| ye donoM cetanAeM eka dUsare ko bhI prabhAvita kie hue thiiN| yuddha cetanA nArI mUlyoM se prerita thI to nArIcetanA se anuprANita hokara yuddha lar3e jAte the / nArI yuddhoM kA kAraNa banI huI thI to yuddha zAnti ke upAya bhI usI se sAdhe jA sakate the| Alocya yuga kI vivAha saMsthA atyAdhunika evaM rAjanaitika mUlyoM se vizeSa prabhAvita jAna par3atI hai| rAjaparivAroM ke vivAha sambandha tatkAlIna rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita the| sAmanta rAjA prAya: apane sAmrAjya vistAra kI apekSA se bar3e aura zaktizAlI rAjaparivAroM se vivAha sambandha rakhane kI lAlasA se grasta the| vivAha sambandhoM ke avasara para vizAla dhana-sampatti tathA grAma-nagaroM ko daheja ke rUpa meM die jAne ke kAraNa sAmantavAdI arthavyavasthA kI jar3eM majabUta huI tathA bhUmi sampatti ke hastAntaraNa ko vizeSa protsAhana milaa| rAjaparivAroM meM svayaMvara vivAha, prema vivAha Adi kA pracalana bar3hatA jA rahA thA jo isa tathya kA pramANa hai ki rAjakuloM meM nArI ko apane manovAMchita vara ke cayana ko svataMtratA milI huI thI / aneka jaina mahAkAvyoM se karnATaka, gujarAta, rAjasthAna Adi pradezoM kI tAtkAlika vivAha vidhiyoM tathA aneka manoraMjaka rItirivAjoM ko bhI mahattvapUrNa jAnakArI prApta hotI hai|

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siMhAvalokana 546 . madhyakAlIna bhArata kI bhaugolika cetanA pUrNatayA rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita rahe binA na raha skii| jaina mahAkAvyoM meM variNata rASTra, viSaya, deza, Adi jina prazAsakIya saMjJAnoM kA vyavahAra huA hai rASTrakUTa, cAlukya, pallava Adi rAjavaMzoM kI zAsanapraNAliyoM meM bhI inakI sthiti rahI thii| bauddhakAlIna 'janapadoM' tathA 'mahAjanapadoM' kI sImAeM prAlocya yuga meM atyanta saMkucita ho cukI thiiN| uttara, dakSiNa, pUrva, pazcima, sabhI kSetroM ke parvatoM tathA nadiyoM kA jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM ullekha pAyA hai| bhAratavarSa ke vibhinna dezoM, pradezoM, janapadoM tathA anya aitihAsika sthAnoM se sambaddha aneka bhaugolika varNana bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa haiM / isa prakAra deza-kAla kI kucha svAbhAvika sImAnoM meM paribaddha rahane ke bAda bhI jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM pratibimbita sAmAjika cetanA samagra rASTrIya stara para janamAnasa kI AkAMkSAoM evaM bhAvanAoM kA pratinidhitva karatI hai| jaina saMskRti ke paurANika itivRtta se atiraJjita rahane ke bAda bhI jaina mahAkaviyoM ne mahAkAvya sAhitya ke rASTrIya gaurava ko rekhAGkita karate hue eka taTastha evaM jAgarUka yugadraSTA ke rUpa meM madhyakAlIna bhArata ke itihAsa mUlyoM meM jI rahe vividha vargoM, samudAyoM, mAnava vyavahAroM evaM sAmAjika paristhitiyoM kA yathAvat rUpa prastuta kiyA hai / madhyakAlIna bhAratIya samAjavyavasthA ke vividha pakSoM para upayogI evaM navIna prakAza DAlane vAle jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM ke sAkSya niHsandeha itihAsa lekhana kI dRSTi se atyanta mahattvapUrNa dastAveja siddha hote haiM tathA sAmAjika jana-jIvana kI aneka TUTI huI kar3iyoM ko bhI jor3ate haiN|

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sandarbha grantha sUcI mUla grantha agnipurANa, sampA0 rAjendralAla mitra, kalakattA, 1873-76 aMgavijjA, sampA0 muni puNya vijaya, vArANasI, 1957 aMguttaranikAya, bhAga 1-4, banArasa, 1960 anuyogadvArasUtra, jinadAsa gaNi, ratalAma, 1928 abhijJAnazAkuntala, sampA0 kapiladeva dvivedI, ilAhAbAda, 1966 abhidhAnacintAmaNikoza, (candrodayA TIkA sahita), sampA0 vijaya kastUra sUri ahamadAbAda, vi0, saM0 2013 abhidhAnaratnamAlA, landana, 1861 abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, vijaya rAjendra sUrI, ratalAma, 1914 amarakoza, sampA0 vizvanAtha jhA, vArANasI, 1966 arthazAstra, sampA0 e0 DI0 zarmA, pUnA, 1941; TI0 gaNapatizAstrI, trivendram 1624; rAmateja zAstrI, kAzI 1964; zAmazAstrI, maisUra, 1981 aSTAdhyAyI, caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, 1630 AcArAMgacUrNI, jinadAsa gariNa, ratalAma, 1941 prAcArAMgavRtti, bambaI, 1635 AcArAMgasUtra, sampA0 muni nathamala, kalakatsA, 1967, anu0 eca0 jaikobI, landana, 1882 prAdipurANa, bhAga 1-2, sampA0 pannA lAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1963, 1965 IzAvAsyopaniSad, (zaGkarAcAryakRta TIkA sahita), dillI 1964 utkIrNalekhAMjali, sampA0 jayacandra vidyAlaMkAra, vArANasI, vi0 sa0 1020 uttarapurANa, sampA0 pannA lAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1968 uttarAmacarita, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1930 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, bambaI, 1637, aMgrejI anu0 harmana jaikobI, saineDa buksa Apha da IsTa-45, 1865 Rgveda (sAyaNa-TIkA sahita), sampA0 epha0 maiksamUlara, 1860-62

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sandarbha grantha sUcI 551 RtusaMhAra, sampA0 vAsudeva lakSmaNa zAstrI, nirNaya sAgara presa, 1922 aupapAttikasUtra, sampA0 I0 leumana, lipajiga, 1883 karaNaverajAtaka, sampA0 vI0 phAusabala, landana, 1877-67 kalpadrukoza, bhAga 1, sampA0 rAmAvatAra zarmA, bar3audA, 1628 kalpasUtra, sampA0 DablyU skabariMga, lipajiga, 1605 anu0 harmana jaikobI, lipajiga, 1876 kaSAyapAhuDa, sampA0 phUlacandra, mahendrakumAra tathA kailAzacandra, mathurA, 1944 kAmandakanItisAra, sampA0 TI gaNapati zAstrI, trivendram, 1612; veMkaTezvara presa, bambaI, zaka saMvat 1826 kAmasUtra, caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, 1926 kAvyaprakAza (mammaTa), caukhambA saMskRta sIrIz2a, vArANasI, 1955 kAvyAdarza (daNDI), sampA0 vidyAbhUSaNa paM0 raGgAcArya reDDI zAstrI, pUnA, 1968 kAvyAnuzAsana (hemacandra), sampA0 Ara0 sI0 pArikha tathA vI0 ema0 kulakarNI, bambaI, 1964 kAvyAlaMkAra (bhAmaha), sampA0 50 baTuka nAtha zarmA tathA paM0 baladeva upAdhyAya, ___ caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, banArasa 1985 kAvyAlaMkAra (rudraTa), sampA0 paM0 durgA prasAda tathA vAsudeva lakSmaNa zAstrI paMzIkara bambaI, 1928 kAvyAlaMkArasUtravRtti (vAmana), parizodhaka zrIvANI kRSNa sUri, zrIraMga nagara, 1906 kItikaumudImahAkAvya, sampA0 muni puNyavijaya, siMghI jaina granthamAlA-32, bambaI, 1961 kumArapAlacarita (hemacandra), sampA0 esa0 pI0 paNDita, pUnA, 1636 kumArapAlapratibodha, sampA0 muni jina vijaya, gAyakavAr3a oriyaNTala sIrIz2a, bar3audA, 1920 kRtyakalpataru (rAjadharmakANDa), sampA0, jagadIzalAla zAstrI, lAhaura, 1942 koSakalpataru, sampA0 ema0 ena0 pATakara tathA ke0 vI0 kRSNamUrti, pUnA, 1957 kSatracUr3AmaNi, sampA0 TI0 esa0 kuppusvAmI zAstrI, taMjora, 1602 gotamadharmasUtra, AnandAzrama saMskRta sIrIja, 1910 candrapramacaritamahAkAvya (vidvanmanovallabhA TIkA sahita), sampA0 amRta lAla zAstrI, solApura, 1971, durgAprasAda tathA vAsudeva lakSmaNa zAstrI paMsIkara, (kAvyamAlA-30), bambaI, 1926 calavagga, nAlandA devanAgarI pAlI granthamAlA, banArasa, 1956 chAndogyopaniSad, gItA presa gorakhapura, saM0 2011

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552 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja jayantavijayamahAkAvya, sampA0 bhAvadatta zAstrI, (kAvyamAlA-75), bambaI, 1602 jasaharacariu (puSpadantakRta) sampA0 hIrAlAla, dillI, 1972 jainakumArasaMbhava, jaina pustakoddhAra saMsthA, sUrata, 1956 jAtaka, sampA0 phAusabala, 1877-67; kaimbrija anuvAda 1895-1913 jAtakamAlA, sampA0 Ara0 sI0 dvivedI tathA ema0 Ara0 bhaTTa, dillI, 1966 jJAtRdharmakathA, sampA0 ena0 vI0 vaidya, pUnA, 1640 tattvArthasUtra, sampA0 paM0 sukhalAla, banArasa, 1952 taittirIyasaMhitA, sampA0 zrIpAda zarmA, prauMdha nagara, 1945 taittirIyopaniSad, (IzAdidazopaniSad zAMkarabhASya sahita), dillI, 1964 trikANDazeSa, sampA0 sI0 e0 zIlakhaNDa mahAtherA, bambaI, 1916 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritamahAkAvya (chaha bhAga), bhAvanagara, 1605-6, aMgrejI anu0 jaunsana, gAyakavADa pauriyanTala sIrIz2a bhAga 1-4 bar3odA, 1931-54 dazakumAracarita, sampA0 ema0 prAra0 kAle, bambaI, 1917 kzavakAlikacUriNa, jinadAsa gaNi, ratalAma, 1633 dazavakAlikaTIkA, bambaI, 1618 dazAzrutaskandhasUtra, anuvAdaka AtmArAma, lAhaura, 1926 bodhanikAya, bhAga 2, sampA0 bhikSu je0 kazyapa, bihAra, 1658 dezInAmamAlA, pUnA, 1938 dvayAzraya kAvya, (abhayatilaka gaNi kRta TIkA sahita), bhAga 1-2, sampA0 e0 bI0 kathavATe, bambaI 1915, 1921 dvisandhAnamahAkAvya (nemicandra kRta padakaumudITIkA sahita), sampA0 khuzAla canda gaurAvAlA, bhAratIya jJAna pITha prakAzana, vArANasI, 1970 dharmazarmAbhyudayamahAkAvya (sandehadhvAntadIpikATIkA sahita), sampA0 paM0 pannAlAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, vArANasI, 1971 dhavalA TIkA, sampA0 hIrAlAla jaina, amarAvatI saMskaraNa, 1951 dhvanyAloka, bhAga-1-2, sampA0 viSNupAda bhaTTAcArya, kalakattA, 1956, 1957 naranArAyaNAnandamahAkAvya, sampA0 sI0 DI0 dalAla, gAyakavADa pauriyanTala sIrIja), bar3audA, 1916 nATyadarpaNa, sampA0 DA0 nagendra, dillI, 1966 nATyazAstra, caukhambA saMskRta sIrIja, vArANasI, 1926; gAyakavAr3a moriyanTala sIrIz2a, bar3audA, 1924, 1636

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sandarbha grantha sUcI nAnArthamaJjarI, sampA0 ke0 pI0 kRSNamUrti zarmA, pUnA, 1954 nAgAnuzAsana ( kSIrasvAmIkRtaTIkA sahita), sampA0 kRSNa jI govinda oka, pUnA, 1913 nAradasmRti, sampA0 jaulI, kalakattA, 1885 nizItha, sammatti jJAna pITha, bhAgarA, 1657-60 nItiprakAzikA, sampA0 gusTAva proparTa, dillI, 1985 sampA0 TI0 candrazekhara madrAsa, 1965 nItizataka, sampA0 esa0 ena0 zAstrIyara, madrAsa, 1957 neminirvANa mahAkAvya, sampA0 paM0 zivadatta tathA kAzInAtha pANDuraMga paraba, (kAvyamAlA - 56), bambaI, 1936 nyAyavinizcaya, sidhI jaina granthamAlA, kalakattA, 1936 paMcAstikAya, bambaI, vi0 saM0 1972 553 padacandrikAkoza, sampA0 ke0 ke0 datta zAstrI, kalakattA, 1966 padmapurANa bhAga 1 - 3, sampA0 pannA lAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAna pITha, kAzI, 1658, 1656 padmAnandamahAkAvya ( prameya ratnamaMjUSATIkA sahita) sampA0 eca0 prAra0 kApaDiyA, bar3audA, 1932 pariziSTa parva ( sthavirAvalicarita), sampA0 harmana jaikobI, kalakattA, 1932 pArzvanAthacarita, mANikacandra di0 jaina granthamAlA, bambaI, 1916 piNDaniyukti, malayagiri, sUrata, 1918 pradyumnacarita, sampA0 manohara lAla zAstrI tathA rAma prasAda zAstrI, mANikacaMda digambara jaina granthamAlA samiti, vikramAbda 1973 prabandhacintAmaNi, bambaI, 1932; anu0 hajArI prasAda dvivedI, siMghI jaina granthamAlA 3, bambaI, 1940; sampA0 muni jina vijaya, zAntiniketana; 1933 prabhAvakacarita, sampA0 muni jina vijaya, sidhI jaina granthamAlA - 13, ahamadAvAda, 1940 pramANanayatatvAlokAlaMkAra, kAzI, vIra saMvat, 2431 prameyakamalamAtaMnDa, sampA0 mahendra kumAra zAstrI, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 141 budhabhUSaraNa, sampA0 eca0 DI0 velaNakara, pUnA, 1623 bRhatkathAkoSa, sampA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, bambaI bRhatkalpa bhASya, bhAvanagara, 1933 - 38 bRhatkalpasUtra, sampA0 muni0 puNya vijaya, bhAva nagara, 1633-36 bRhatsaMhitA, vArANasI, 1865

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554 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja bahaspatismRti, sampA0 ke0 vI0 raGgAsvAmI ayaGgara, gAyakavAr3a oriyanTala sIrIja, bar3audA, 1941 majjhimanikAya, sampA0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, bihAra, 1958; anu0 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana, banArasa, 1633 matsyapurANa, sampA0 AnandAzrama saMskRta sIrIja, pUnA, 1907 manusmRti, saMzodhaka vAsudeva zarmA, bambaI, 1920 mayamata, sampA0 gaNapati zAstrI, trivendrama, 1616 mahApurANa, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, kAzI, 1951 mahAbhArata, (nIlakaNThaTIkA sahita), sampA0 Ara0 kiMjavADekara, pUnA, 1926 33, tathA gItA-presa gorakhapura saMskaraNa, 1646-48 mahAvastu avadAna, bhAga 1, sampA0 rAdhA govinda basaka, kalakattA, 1963 mAnasAra, sampA0 pI0 ke0 prAcArya, AksaphorDa, 1933 mImAMsAsUtra (zabarabhASya sahita), prAnandAzrama, pUnA, 1970 muNDakopaniSad, gItA presa gorakhapura, saMvat 2016 medinIkoSa, sampA0 somanAtha mukhopAdhyAya, kalakattA, 1866 yazastilakacampU, nirNaya sAgara praisa, bambaI, 1603 yazodharacarita (lakSmaNa kRta TIkA sahita), karnATaka vizvavidyAlaya, dhAravAr3a, 1963 yAjJavalkyasmRti, sampA0 paM0 nArAyaNa zAstrI tathA jagannAtha zAstrI, banArasa, 1930 raghuvaMza, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1926 rAjataraGgiNI, (do bhAga), motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, 1961-76 rAjadharmakaustubha, sampA0 mahA kamala kRSNa smRti tIrtha, bar3audA, 1935 rAjavAttika, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, kAzI, 1953-57 vakroktijIvita, sampA0 suzIla kumAra De, kalakattA, 1928 varAGgacaritamahAkAvya, sampA0 e0 ena0 upAdhye, mANika candra digambara jaina grantha mAlA, bambaI, 1933; anu0 khuzAla candra gorAvAlA, mathurA, 1953 varAGgacaritamahAkAvya (varSamAna kavi kRta) sampA0 jinadAsa pArzvanAtha phaDakule, solApura, 1927 varSamAnacaritamahAkAvya, sampA0 pannAlAla, jaina, solApura, 1974 vasunandizrAvakAcAra, sampA0 hIrAlAla jaina, kAzI, 1952 vastupAlacarita, sampA0 muni kIti vijaya, ahamadAbAda, 1941

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sandarbha grantha sUcI vAGmayArNavakoza, mahAmahopAdhyAya zrIrAmAvatAra zarmA, vArANasI, saMvat 2024 vAyupurANa, pUnA, 1605 vikramAMkadevacarita, sampA0 bahUlara, bambaI, 1875 vizvakarma vAstuzAstra, sampA0 ke0 vI0 zAstrI, taMjora, 1958 vizvakoza, sampA0 ratana gopAla bhaTTa, zIlaskandha mahAsthAvira, vArANasI, 1911 vizvaprakAza, sampA0 zrI zIlaskandha mahAsthavira, banArasa, 1911 viSNupurANa, sampA0 paMcAnana tarkaratna, kalakattA, vi0 saM0 1331 vIramitrodaya, sampA0 jIvAnanda, kalakattA 1875, tathA caukhambA saMskRta sirIz2a, 555 vArANasI, 1906 vyavahAraprakAza, sampA0 jayakRSNa zarmA, bambaI, 1962 vyavahArasUtra, bhAva nagara, 1626 vyAsasmRti, dharmazAstra saMgraha, khaNDa 2, kalakattA 1876 zatapathabrAhmaNa, sampA0 vidyAdhara zarmA, vArANasI 1636 zabdakalpadruma, motIlAla banArasIdAsa, dillI, 1661 zabdaratnasamanvayakoza, sampA0 bI0 bhaTTAcArya, bar3audA, 1932 zAntinAthacaritamahAkAvya, saMzo0 paM0 haragovinda becaradAsa, vArANasI, vIra ni0 saMvat 2437 zAstrasArasamuccaya, hindI TIkAkAra, prAcArya zrI dezabhUSaNa, dillI, 1657 zilparatna, sampA0 gaNapati zAstrI, trivendrama, 1622 zukranItisAra, sampA0 bI0 DI0 basu, prayAga, 1614 zrImadbhagavadgItA, gItA presa, gorakhapura, saMvat 2025 zrImad bhAgavata purANa, sampA0 paMcAnana tarka ratna, kalakattA, vi0 saM0 1315 zrImadavAlmIki rAmAyaNa, sampA0 paM0 cinna svAmI zAstrIgala tathA vI0 eca0 subrahmaNya zAstrI, dvitIya saMzodhita saMskaraNa, madrAsa, 1958 sanatkumAracakicaritamahAkAvya, sampA0 mahopAdhyAya vinaya sAgara, rAjasthAna purAtana grantha mAlA, jodhapura, 1966 samarAMgaNa sUtradhAra, sampA0 dvijendranAtha zukla, lakhanaU, 1955 sarasvatIkaNThAbhararaNa, sampA0 vI0 ela0 paMsIkara zAstrI tathA kedAra nAtha, bambaI 1934 sAgAradharmAmRta, sampA0 kailAza candra zAstrI, bhAratIya jJAnapITha, dillI, 1678 sAMkhyakArikA, bambaI, 1940 sAhityadarpaNa, sampA0 zAligrAma zAstrI, vArANasI, 1656 siddhAntakaumudI, nirNayasAgara presa, bambaI, 1926

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556 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja sukRtasaMkIrtana, sampA0 muni puNya vijaya sUri, siMdhI jaina granthamAlA-32, bambaI, 1961 subhASitaratnabhANDAgAra, sampA0 nArAyaNa rAma AcArya, nirNaya sAgara presa bambaI, 1952 sUtrakRtAMgasUtra, nirNaya sAgara praisa, bambaI, 1880 sUryazataka, sampA0 ramAkAnta tripAThI, vArANasI, 1964 saMyuttanikAya, sampA0 bhikSu je0 kazyapa, bihAra, 1956 smaticandrikA, (bhAga 1-5) sampA0 je0 Ara0 gharapure, maisUra 1914-21 SaDdarzanasamuccaya (guNaratnaTIkA sahita), kalakattA, 1970 hammIramahAkAvya, sampA0 muni jina vijaya, rAjasthAna purAtana granthamAlA, __rAjasthAna, 1968 harivaMzapurANa (jinasena), sampA0 pannA lAla jaina, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, kAzI, 1962 harSacarita, nirNaya sAgara presa, bambaI, 1912 hindI sahAyaka grantha acyutAnanda ghilDiyAla, prAcIna bhAratIya prArthika vicAraka, vArANasI, 1973 allAmAprabadullAha yUsupha alI, madhyakAlIna bhArata kI sAmAjika aura Arthika ___ avasthA, prayAga, 1626 prAMganelAla, saMskRta bauddha sAhitya meM bhAratIya jIvana, lakhanaU, 1968 prAcArya zrI AtmArAma jI mahArAja, jaina tasva kalikA, sampA0 amaramani, paMjAba 1982 udaya nArAyaNa rAya, prAcIna bhArata meM nagara tathA nagara jIvana, ilAhAbAda, 1965 e0 esa0 altekara, prAcIna bhAratIya zikSaNa paddhati, vArANasI, 1968 - - - guptakAlIna mudrAeM, paTanA, 1954 kaniMghama alekjenDara, bharahuta stUpa, anu0 tulasIrAma zarmA, dillI, 1975 kiMgsale Devisa, mAnava samAja, anu0 gopAla kRSNa agravAla, ilAhAbAda, 1973 kezavarAva musalagAMvakara, saMskRta mahAkAvya kI paramparA, vArANasI, 1966 kailAza candra siddhAntAcArya, dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma, dillI, 1967 komala candra jaina, bauddha aura jaina prAgamoM meM nArI jIvana, amRtasara, 1967 gurudatta, dharma tathA samAjavAda, dillI, 1972

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sandarbha grantha sUcI gokula candra jaina, yazastilaka kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, amRtasara, 1967 jagadIza candra jaina, jaina zrAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, vArANasI, 1965 jayazaMkara mizra, gyArahavIM sadI kA bhArata, vArANasI, 1968 prAcIna bhArata kA sAmAjika itihAsa, paTanA, 1674 jinendra varNI, jainendra siddhAntakoza ( bhAga 1- 4), bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, dillI, 1970-73 tejamala daka, sAmAjika vicAra evaM vicAraka, ajamera, 1961 dalasukha mAlavANiyA, jaina dArzanika sAhitya ke vikAsa kI rUparekhA, banArasa, 1652 nagendra, sampA0 mAnavikI pAribhASika koza, (sAhitya khaNDa) dillI, 1966 ---, sampA0 hindI sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, kAzI, saMvat 2015 dvArakA prasAda zarmA caturvedI, tAraNIza jhA; sampA0, saMskRta zabdArtha kaustubha, ilAhAbAda, 1967 dvijendranAtha zukla, bhAratIya vAstu zAstra, lakhanaU, 1955 dhIrendra varmA, pradhAna sampA0 hindI sAhitya koza, vArANasI saMvat 2020 nemicandra zAstrI, zrAdipurANa meM pratipAdita bhArata, vArANasI, 168 saMskRta kAvya ke vikAsa meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna, dillI 1671 pI0 vI0 kANe, dharmazAstra kA itihAsa, bhAga 1 - 2, anu0 arjuna caube kAzyapa, ------ lakhanaU, 1665 557 --- saMskRta kAvyazAstra kA itihAsa, dillI, 1966 prabodha kumAra majUmadAra, bhAratIya senA kA itihAsa, prathama khaNDa, lakhanaU, 1964 phAdara kAmila bulke, rAmakathA - utpatti tathA vikAsa, prayAga, 1671 bimalacaraNa lAhA, prAcIna bhArata kA aitihAsika bhUgola, anu0 rAmakRSNa dvivedI lakhanaU, 1672 bhagavata zaraNa upAdhyAya, bhAratIya samAja kA aitihAsika vizleSaraNa, dillI, 1673 bholAnAtha zarmA' aristu kI rAjanIti, lakhanaU, 1966 bholAzaMkara vyAsa, saMskRta kavi darzana, vArANasI, vi0 saM0 2012 maNDana mizra, sampA0 zrI mahAvIra parinirvAraNa smRtigrantha, dillI, 1975 mahAdeva prasAda, samAja darzana, kAzI, 1668 mahendra kumAra, jaina darzana, vArANasI, 1966 muni jinavijaya, rAja kumArapAla, jaina saMskRti saMzodhana maNDala, vArANasI, 1636 muni devendra, sAhitya aura saMskRti, vArANasI, 1670

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558 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja muni nathamala, jaina darzana, manana aura mImAMsA, rAjasthAna, 1973 muni suzIla kumAra, prAcIna jainAcAryoM kA saMskRta sAhitya ko yogadAna, (vizva saMskRta sammelana ke avasara para diyA gayA bhASaNa), dillI, 1972 motI candra, prAcIna bhAratIya vezabhUSA, prayAga, saM0 2007 mohanalAla mahato viyogI, jAtaka kAlIna bhAratIya saMskRti, paTanA 1958 raghunAtha bhAskara gauDabole, zrI bhAratavarSIya prAcIna aitihAsika koza, pUnA 1628 rameza candra gupta, pradhAna sampA0 AsthA aura cintana, (prAcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha) dillI, 1987 ramezacandra majUmadAra, prAcIna bhArata meM saMghaTita jIvana, sAgara, 1968 rAja nArAyaNa pANDeya, mahAkavi puSpa danta, jayapura, 1968 rAjavaMza sahAya hIrA, bhAratIya sAhityazAstra koza, paTanA, 1973 rAmanAtha zarmA, samAjazAstra ke siddhAnta, bhAga 2, meraTha, 1968 rAmazaraNa zarmA, bhAratIya sAmantavAda, anu0 Aditya nArAyaNa siMha, dillI, 1673 lakSmI zaMkara vyAsa, mahAna caulukya kumArapAla, kAzI, 1962 vAcaspati gairolA, saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, vArANasI, 1960 vAsudeva upAdhyAya, gupta sAmrAjya kA itihAsa, (dvitIya khaNDa), ilAhAbAda, 1952 vAsudeva zaraNa agravAla, pANinikAlIna bhAratavarSa, kAzI, saM0 2012 - - -, harSacarita eka sAMskRtika adhyayana, paTanA, 1964 vijayendra kumAra mAthura, aitihAsika sthAnAvalI, naI dillI, 1966 vizvanAtha varmA, rAjanIti aura darzana paTanA, 1956 vizvabandhu, sampA0, caturveda vaiyAkaraNa padasUcI, do bhAga, hoziyArapura, 1960-63 zambhUratna tripAThI, samAjazAstrIya vizvakoSa, kAnapura, 1660 zyAmalAla pANDeya, bhAratIya rAjazAstra praNetA, lakhanaU, 1664 zyAmazaMkara dIkSita, terahavIM caudahavIM zatAbdI ke jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya, jayapura, 1966 satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra, prAcIna bhAratIya zAsana vyavasthA aura rAjazAstra, masUrI, 1968 ---, rAjanItizAstra, masUrI, 1968 satyanArAyaNa moTUri, pradhAna sampA0, vizvajJAna saMhitA, bhAga 1, (sAmAjika vijJAna), madrAsa, sarvAnanda pAThaka, viSNu purANa kA bhArata, vArANasI, 1967 sukhalAla, tattvArthasUtra, banArasa, 1952 suSamA kulazreSTha, kAlidAsa sAhitya evaM vAdanakalA, dillI, 1986 hajArI prasAda dvivedI, vicAra aura vitaka, sAhitya bhavana, ilAhAbAda, 1954

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sandarbha grantha sUcI 556 aMgrejI sahAyaka grantha Agrawala, V.S., India as Known to Panini, Lucknow, 1953 Aiyangar, K.V.R., Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Polity, Madras, 1938 Altekar, A.S., Rastrakutas and their Times, Poona, 1967 -------- State and Government in Ancient India, Banaras, 1972 The Position of Women in Hindu Civilisation, 1965 Apte, V.S., The Student's Sanskrit English Dictionary, Delhi, 1970 Arora, Raj Kumar, Historical and Cultural Data from the Bhavisya Purana, Delhi, 1972 Ayyangar, M.S.R., & Rao, B.S., Studies in South Indian Jainism, Madras, 1922 Bajpai, K.D., The Geographical Encyclopaedia of Ancient and Medieval India, Pt. I, Varanasi, 1967 Barnes, H.E., An Introduction to the Sociology, New York, Benerji, S.C., Aspects of Ancient Indian Life, Calcutta, 1972 Bhandarkar, D.R., Carmichael Lectures, Calcutta, 1918 Bhargava, D.N., Jain Ethics, Delhi, 1968 Bogardus, E.S., Sociology, New York, 1954 Bonquet, A.C., Comparative Religion, 1951 Bosanquet, Philosophical Theory of the State, London, 1951 Buhlar, J.G., The Indian Sect of the Jainas, Calcutta, 1963 --- The Life of Hemacandracarya, Tr. Manilal Patel, Santiniketan, 1936 Chakravarti, P.C., The Art of War in Ancient India, Culcutta, 1943 Chatterji, S.K.; Atreya, B.L.; Danielov, A; Indian Culture, Delhi, 1966 Chaudhury, Abhay Kant, Early Medieval Villages in North-Eastern India (AD 600-1200), Calcutta, 1971 Cole, G.D.H., Social Theory, London, 1920 Colley, C.H., Life and the Students, New York, 1927 Cunningham, A., Coins of Ancient India, London, 1891 Coupland, R., India (a Re-statement), New York, 1945 Das, A.C., An Introduction to the Study of Society, Delhi, 1972 De, G.D., Significance and Importance Jatakas, Culcutta, 1951 Dey, N.L., The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval India, Delhi, 1971 Dharma, P. C., Ramayana Polity, Madras, 1941

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560 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja Dixitar, V.R., Ramchandra, Purana Index, Vol. I-III, Madras, 1948-52 ---, War in Ancient India, Madras, 1948 Dixon, M., English Epic and Heroic Poetry, London, 1912 Fleet, J.F., Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. III, Varanasi, 1970 Gavin, R.W., etc., Our Changing Social Order, Boston, 1953 Ghosh, J., Epic Sources of Sanskrit Literature, Calcutta, 1963 Ghurye, G.S., Caste, Class and Occupation, Bombay, 1961 Ginsberg, Psychology of Society, London, 1933 Green, A.W., Sociology, 1964 Gummere, F.B., Introduction to old English Ballds, London. Gupta, D.K., Society and Culture in the Time of Dandin, Delhi, 1972 Gupta, Nilakshi Sen, Evolution of Hindu Marriage, Bombay, 1965 Gupta Parmanand, Geography in Ancient Indian Inscriptions, Delhi, 1973 Haas, F.J., Man & Society, New York, 1952 Hiriyanna. M., Outlines of Indian Philosophy, London, 1951 Indra, The Status of Women in Ancient India, Banaras, 1955 Jacobi, H.G. Gaina Sutras, Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XXII, Oxford, 1884 Jain, K.C., Lord Mahavir and his Times, Delhi, 1974 Jani, A.N., A Critical Study of Sriharsa's Naisadhiya Carita, Baroda, 1957 Jauhari, Manorama, Politics and Ethics in Ancient India, Varanasi, 1968 Jayaswal, K.P., Hindu Polity, Pt. I &II, Banglore, 1943 Katre, S.M., Dictionary of Panini, Pt. I, Poona, 1968 Keith, A.B., A History of Sanskrit Literature, Vol. I, pt. I, London, 1941 Krishnamoorthy, A.V., Social and Economic Conditions in Eastern Deccan, Andhra Pradesh, 1970 Kunduri, Iswar Datt, Inscriptional Glossary of Andhra Pradesh, Hydrabad, 1967 Lowie, Robert, M., Primitive Society, New York, 1920 Lunia, B.N., Evolution of Indian Culture, Agra, 1960 Macdonell, A.A., and Keith, A.B., Vedic Index, London, 1912 Macdougall, w., The Group Mind, Cambridge, 1920 Maity, S.K., Economic Life of Northern India, Calcutta, 1957

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sandarbha grantha sUcI Major, Gautam Sharma, Indian Army through the Ages, Madras, 1966 Majumdar, A.K., Chalukyas of Gujrat, Bombay, 1956 Majumdar, Bimal Kanti, The Military System in Ancient India, Calcutta, 1960 Majumdar, N.G., (ed.) Inscriptions of Bengal, Vol. 3, Rajshai : Varendra Research Society, 1929 Majumdar, R. C., Corporate Life In Ancient India, Calcutta, 1969 Mallinowski, Crime and Custom in Savage Society, 1926 Meenakshi, C., Administration and Social Life under the Pallavas, Madras, 1938 Meyer, J.J., Sexual Life in Ancient India, Delhi, 1971 Mitra Priti, Life and Society in the Vedic Age, Calcutta, 1966 Mohan Chand, (ed) Yogasutra with Maniprabha, Delhi, 1987 - --, (ed) Ancient Indian Culture & Literature (Pt. Gangaram Commemoration Volume) Delhi, 1980 Mookerji, Radha Kumud, Ancient Indian Education, Delhi, 1947 ---, Local Government in Ancient India, Oxford, 1920 Moraes, G.M., The Kadamba Kula, Bombay, 1931 Munshi, K.M., Glory that was Gurjara Desa, Bombay, 1954 Narang, S.P., Hemacandra's Dvyasrayakavya-A Literary and Cultural Study, Delhi, 1972 Ogburn, William F., & Nimkolf, Meyer F., A Hand Book of Socio logy, London, 1960 Pandey, Raj Bali, Hindu Samskaras, Delhi, 1959 Panikkar, K.M., Shri Harsha of Kannauj, Bombay, 1962 Prabhu, P.H., Hindu Social Organization, Bombay, 1961 Puri, B. N., History of Indian Administration, Vol. I, Bombay. 1968 Radhakrishnan, S., Religion and Society, London, 1947 Reutar and Hart, Introduction to Sociology, New York, 1935 Rhys Davids. F.W., Buddhist India, Delhi, 1971 Rice, B.L., Mysore and Coorg from Inscriptions, London, 1909 Roucek, J.S., Social Control, New York, 1965 Sanyal, B.S., Culture An Introduction, Bombay, 1962

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562 Satya Vrat, The Ramayana-A Linguistic Study, Delhi, 1964 Seletore, B.A., Ancient Karanataka, Poona, 1936 Sharma, Dashratha, Rajasthan Through the Ages, Bikaner, 1966 Sharma, Ramashraya, A Socio-Political Study of the Valmiki Ramayana, Delhi, 1971 Sharma, R.S., Social Changes in Early Medieval India (The first Devaraja Chanana Memorial Lecture), Delhi, 1969 Shastri, Ajay Mitra, India as Seen in the Kuttani- Mata of Damodar Gupta, Delhi, 1975 Shastri Nilkanth, K.A., Pandyan Kingdom from the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century, London, 1929 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja Sheth, C.B., Jainism in Gujrat, Bombay, 1953 Shipley, J.T., Dictionary of World Literature, London, 1929 Sircar, D.C. (ed) Sakti Cult and Tara, Calcutta, 1967. (ed) Select Inscriptions bearing on Indian History & Civilization. Vol.. I, Calcutta, 1942 Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India Delhi, 1963 Sogani, K.C., Ethical Doctrine in Jainism, Sholapur, 1967 Sorokin, P. A., Contemporary Sociological Theories, New York, 1928 Society and Cultural Dynamics, New York, 1937 Society, Culture and Personality, New York, 1948 The Sociology of Revolution, New York, 1925 Stien, Otto, The Jinist Studies, Ed. Muni Jina Vijay, Ahmedabad, - --- 1948 Steinberg, S.H,, Cassel's Encyclopaedia of Literature, Vol. I, London 1953 Sternbach, L., Juridical Studies in Ancient Indian Law, Pt. I, Delhi, 1965 Thapar, Romila, A History of India, Vol. I, Great Britain, 1974 Thomas, E.J., History of Buddhist Thought, Delhi, 1953 Turner, R.L., A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan, London, 1912 Upadhyay, Ramji, Sanskrit and Prakrit Mahakavyas, Saugar, 1962 Vaidya, C.V., Down fall of Hindu India, Poona, 1926 Valavalkar, P.H., Hindu Social Institutions, Mangolore, 1939,

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sandarbha grantha sUcI Ved Kumari, The Nilamata Purana, Vol. I, Jammu, 1968 Watt, H.A., and Watt, W.W., A Dictionary of English Literature, New York, 1952 Wilkins, W.J., Modern Hinduism, Delhi, 1975 Williams, Monier, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Oxford, 1899 Williams, R. Jain Yoga, London, 1963 patra-patrikAeM anekAnta, varSa 8, kiraNa 10-11, dillI aaazi, aSS fecat, faaraz, ?&5& jaina sandeza, zodhAMka 7, mathurA, 1960 dArzanika (traimAsika), praGka 1, kAnapura, janavarI, 1966 navabhArata TAimsa (dainika), naI dillI, 27 mArca, 1676 nAgarI pracAriNI patrikA, kAzI, varSa 64 563 Archaealogical Survey of India, (Annual Reports), 1903-4, 1911-12, 1913-14 Archeological Survey of Western India, Vol. II Epigraphia Indica, Vol. I-11XIII. Historical Quarterly, Vol. 2, Nos. 2-3, 1926 * Indian Antiquary, Vols. I-XLIII, 1872-1933 Indian Culture, Vol. I, Calcutta, 1934 Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol, 19 Indological Studies: (A.D. Pushalkar, Commemoration Volume). Vol. III, Nos. 1-2, Delhi, 1974 Journal of the American Oriental Series, Vol. 13, 1889 Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (New Series) Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. 66 Puranam, Vol. XVIII. No. 1, Jan. 1976 The Indian Historical Review, Vol. I, No. 2, Delhi, 1974. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, Vol. XI. Leipzig, 1886

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nAmAnukramaNikA ( grantha, granthakAra, Adhunika evaM prAcIna vicAraka, aitihAsika evaM paurANika vyakti / pAtra, RSi-muni evaM mahApuruSa ) kalaMka 322, 376 agaracanda nAhaTA 63 agnipurANa 168, 166, 172 pragnibhUti 204 praGgavijjA 281 aGgavidyA (grantha) 281 guttaranikAya 512 ajayapAla 144, 145 ajitasena ( rAjakumAra ) 73, 91, 476, 461 ajitasena (mantrI) 486 atharvaveda 31, 37, 168 anaGgapAla tomara 537 ananta deva 287 anantavIrya (rAjA) 494 anuzAsanaparva 165 anekArthanAmamAlA 52 nikA ( vaNikputrI) 462 aparka (TIkAkAra) 288 appaya dIkSita 47 bhayakAnta caudhurI 126 abhayakumAracarita 105 abhayatilaka gari 115, 117,230, 231 abhayadeva 46, 48, 58 abhayanandi (prAcArya) 54 abhijJAnazAkuntala 465 abhidhAnacintAmaNikoza 110, 140, 208, 264, 283, 284, 285 amarakoza 136, 282, 307, 306, 418 amara gAMgeya 144 amaracandrasUri 47, 48, 56, 60, 203,400) amRtacandra 325 arastU 65 arisiMha 62 arjuna 477 arNorAja 144 arthazAstra 65, 68, 86, 124, 127, 135, 168, 172, 182, 161, 246, 250, 266, 266, 271, 272, 280, 128, 20, 463 alaberunI 140, 207, 208

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nAmAnukramaNikA alAuddIna 80, 81, 83, 18, 156, 162, 164, 165, 184, 166, 226, 266, 470, 484 azoka 268, 266, 528, 536 azoka (mahattara) 131 azvaghoSa 27, 30, 44, 51, 53, 63, 85 azvarAja 145 prasaga 45, 48, 53, 55, 204, zrAryazUra 278 254, 322 AlhaNadeva 143 aSTAdhyAyI 134, 266, 271, prazAghara 348, 346, 356 AzAdharabhaTTa 47 272, 20 prAgasTa kATe 3, 4, 5, 20 prAcArAGgacUrNI 282 pracArAGgavRtti 282 zrAcArAGgasUtra 280,281 AcArya prAtmArAma 363 prAcAryaM dezabhUSaNa 351, 358 praoNTo sTena 265, 273, 126, braoNDesI 38 zrAdipurANa 42, 46, 120, 154, 155, 18, 202, 207, 224,244, 246, 250, 257, 258, 261-263, 303, 305, 316, 416, 422, 430, 433, 435, 483, 511, 512, 526 prAdi siMha (rAjA) 136 prAnanda ( buddhaziSya ) 460 zrAnalladeva 143 zrApastamba dharmasUtra 13 zrAmradeva 347 Ara. ema. maikAivara 7, 8, 65 Ara. ela. Tarnara 141 Ara. esa. zarmA 127, 140, 201, 208, 253 zrAra. kupalaiNDa 185 Ara. jI. bhaNDArakara 515 565 Ara. sI. majUmadAra 232, 264 266, 273 AzvalAyanagRhyasUtra 485 iost Aryana DikzanarI 141 inIDa 38 indrasena (rAjA) 75, 85, 151, 463 iliyaDa 38 I. esa0 bogArDasa 8 I. Dablyu. haoNpakinsa 172, 173 183 Izvarayya 116 IzAvAsyopaniSad 356 uttarapurANa 42, 46 uttararAmacarita 415, 466 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 231, 280 uttarAdhyayana sUtraTIkA 260, 261 263, 282 udadhi (rAjakumArI) 494 upendrasena 85 umAsvAti 35, 376

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566 uzanas nItizAstra 434 uzanA 68 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja karaNavera jAtaka 278 kathAsaritsAgara 133 uSavadatta 274 Rgveda 18, 31, 37, 166, 161, 426, 456 RSabhadeva / vRSabhadeva 47, 60, 422, 430, 451 e. e. gorabovaskI 183 e. ena. upAdhye 36, 50, 52, 322 e. esa. altekara, 264, eca. eca. vilsana 525 eca. jI. rAvalinsana 528 eca. sI. rAyacaudharI 515, 526 e.DablyU. grIna 8, 100 ena. ena. lA 264, 268 ena. ela. De 516, 517- 516, 526, 535, 537 epiphiyA inDikA 274 epha. AI. pAjiTara 523 ema. epha. nimakaoNpha 186 ema. vinTaraniTja 40 ema. hiriyinnA 25 kanakaprabha ( rAjakumAra ) 476, 507 kanakamAlA (rAnI) 477 kanakavatI ( rAjakumArI ) 477, 465, 507 kanakazrI (rAjakumArI) 464 kapila (muni) 365 kamaTha 477 karNadeva 57, 145 268, kalpaka 107 274, 416, 422, 432, kalpadrukoza 283, 284 433, 455 A kalpasUtra 129, 135, 136, 280 kalpasUtraTIkA 263 kalhaNa 47 kazyapa RSi 525 kAtyAyana 138, 276 kAdambarI 43 kAmandaka 73 kAmandaka nItisAra 191 kAmasUtra 46, 281, 423, 424 kArAyaNa 278 kArlamArksa 10 kAlasaMvara 61 kAlikApurANa 517 elekjenDara kaniMghama 213, 516, kAlidAsa 27, 40, 41, 56, 63, 526, 530 evI. kAThavATe 60 e. vI. kRSNamUrti 372 esa. pI. nAraGga 115, 217, 230 85, 130, 178, 307, 364, 365, 428, 435, 457, 465, 466, 467 kAvyapaJjikATIkA, 130 kirAtArjunIya 30, 31, 39, 41, 53, 56, 185 papAttikasUtra 136, 280 papattikA 263

Page #601
567 nAmAnukramaNikA kIrtikaumudI 47, 48, 60-62, kovidAnanda 47 104, 114, 145, 147 kozA (vezyA) 226 186, 306, 336, 338, koSakalpataru 283, 285 336, 343, 350, 451, kauTilya 65, 68, 86, 124, 535 127, 135, 150, 168, kuntaka, 16 170, 172, 173, 176, kuntI 525 182, 161, 463 kubera senA (vezyA) 482, 483 kaumudImitrAnanda 47 kumAragupta 226 kauzAmbI 463 kumAradevI 145 kauzikI (rAjakumArI) 477 . kumArapAla (cAlukya) 47, 58, 84, krUra (rAjA), 370 87, 91 115, 145, 205, kSatracUr3AmaNi 410, 460 265, 322, 324, 330, khelAditya 115 331, 342, 343, 306, gaGgadeva 143 347, 366, 372, 403, gArgI 457 404, 405, 434 grAharipu 166 kumArapAlacarita 57, 336 ginsabarga 7 . kumArasaMbhava 31, 40, 53, 364 guNabhadra 42, 46 kuru (mahAtmA), 374 guNaratnaTIkA 376, 380 kuvalayAnanda 47 guNaratna sUri 376, 381, 364 kUrmapurANa 537 guMdadeva 143 kRSNa 36, 47, 56, 251, 375, gustAva aopparTa 182 476, 463, 507 gayaka 143 kRSNaka (sAmanta) 87 gUyaka (prathama) 144 kRSNadeva (rAjA) 7 gUyaka (dvitIya) 144 ke. ema. munzI 335 gokulacandra jaina 321 ke. DI. bAjapeyI 516-521, 523, gommaTasAra 54 527, 531 govinda 143 ke. pI. jAyasavAla 253, 264, govindacandra 128 265, 268, 266, 270, govindarAja 144, 460 261 govindarAja (prathama) 144 kezava (kozakAra) 178 govindarAja (dvitIya.) 144

Page #602
568 govindarAja (tRtIya) 144 gautama (dharmazAstrI) 485 gautama (rAjakumAra ) 477 gautamadharmasUtra 13, 456 gautama ( gaNadhara ) 52 gautama buddha 25, 26, 231, 460, 5.23 gautamI 460 gautamIputra zAtakarNI 515 ghoSA 45 cakrI jayapAla 143 caNDapa 145 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja candrarAja 143, 144 candrodaya TIkA 284 caritrasundara gariNa 347 cANakya 48 1 caNDaprasAda 145 cattAri aTTha gAthA 46 candanarAja ( prathama ) 144 candanarAja (dvitIya) 144 - candanA (sAdhvI) 463 candragupta maurya 481, 528 candragupta (dvitIya) 86 candraprabhacarita 45, 48, 54, 71, 73, 76, 77, 80, 83, 8587, 86, 61, 65-67, 66, 118, 130, 152, 156, 161, 12, 194, 166, 213, 227, 248, 246, 254, 255, 294, 267, 268, 302, 348, 346, 361, 362, 384, 387, 360, 365, 366, 402, 424, 438, 455, 474, 475, 460, 464, 505, 507, 517, 527, 528, 530, 531 cAmuNDarAja 143-145 cAmuNDarAya 54 cArlsa haTana kUle 4, 8 cAlukyavaMzotkIrtana 57 citrasena (maMtrI) 487 cullavagga 460 chAndogyopaniSad 134, 42 0 jagadIzacandra jaina 126, 231, 462 jagadeva 143 jagad deva 144 226, siMha nandi / jaTAcArya / jaTilamuni 12, 36 44, 45, 48, 50, 51. 315-318, 322, 340, 370, 376-378, 382, 383, 386, 363365, 367, 366, 404, 506 jayanta ( rAjakumAra ) 477, 465, 507 jayantavijaya 42, 46, 48, 58, 56, 66, 165, 204, 305, 494, 366, 472, 477, 505, 507 jayapAla 143 jayabhaTTa 128 jayarAja 143, 144 jayarAzi 402

Page #603
nAmAnukramakA jayavarmA (rAjA) 461 jayazekhara sUri 440 jayasiMha (deva) 57, 61, 145, 368, 372 jayasiMha (prathama) 56 jasaracariu 130 jAjalladeva 523 jaoNna mArzala 272 jArja varDavuDa 524 jAhar3a 83, 115, 116 jinasena 42, 46, 126, 315, 321, 404, 416 jinasena (harivaMzapurANakAra ) 51 jIvandhara (rAjakumAra) 460 jIvAnanda (vaidya) 448, 450 je. epha. phlITa 530 je. jI. bulara, 57, 272, 533, je. blaoNkha 264, 275 * jaitrasiMha 143, 144 janakumArasaMbhava 433, 440 jainendra siddhAnta koza 332 TI. Dablyu. rAyasa DeviDsa 523 ToDarAnanda 47 . DablyU. epha. prAgabarna 10, 186 Dablyu. makDUgala 22 DI. Ara. bhaNDArakara 52, 264, 265, 272 DI. ena. zukla 286, 261 DI. sI. sarakAra 140, 261, 521, 522 tatvArtha sUtra 35, 376, 405 383, tatvopaplaba siMha (grantha) 402 tArAtantra 527 tiloyapati 42 tejapAla 145, 146, 322, 345 tailapa 322 tailapa (dvitIya) 322 trikANDazeSa 187, 283 trilocanapAla 128 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacarita 46, 87, 114, 116, 136, 1400 162, 208, 263, 266, 417,426,436, 437, 445 daNDI 2, 27, 32, 33, 41, 222, 286 / datisundarI (rAjakumArI) 507 dadda 256 dadhIci (RSi) 175 damitAri (rAjA) 44 dayAnanda bhArgava 326 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA 375 dazakumAracarita 222, 286 dazaratha zarmA 117 dazavekAlikacUrNI 231 dazAzrutaskandha 281 diGganAga 375 divyAvadAna 266 dIghanikAya 277 566 dIpavaMza 510 dIpikATIkA 254, 258 durlabharAja 143, 144, 145 durlabharAja (prathama) 144 durlabharAja (dvitIya) 144

Page #604
570 durlabharAja (tRtIya) 144 duHzaladeva 143 duSyanta 465 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 254, 25, 268, 300, 306, 384, 360, 361, 477, 478, 476, 481, 456, 460, 410, 466, 503, 504, 507, 523, 526 dharmasena (rAjA) 81, 86-61, devaNNabhaTTa 288, 484 devadatta (vANikputra) 492 devapAla 125 devasena (rAjA) 65, 151,487, 463 devAnandamahAkAvya 435 - dezInAmamAlA 127, 137, 138, 140 dvayAzraya 47, 48, 57, 58, 87, EE, 115, 117, 145, 147 166, 211, 230, 294, 267, 338, 343, 367, 368, 426, 431, 434, * 435, 445, 500, 505 disandhAna 40, 42, 46, 48.52, 53, 70, 71, 74, 76,77, 87, 67, 115, 155, 161, 162, 206, 211, 228, 253, 255, 292, 304, 305, 307, 310, 409, 410, 418, 416 426, 434, 435, 446 dhanaJjaya 46, 48, 52, 253 dhammapadaTIkA 273 dharaNIdhvaja (rAjA) 49 1 dharmanAtha (rAjA) 82, 82, 477, 489, 420, 503, 504 dharmazarmAbhyudaya 46, 48, 54,57 81, 118, 213, 236, 340, 507 dhavalATIkA 52 ghRtisena (rAjA) 486 nanda 107 nandana 143. nanna ( mahattara) 131 nayacandra sUrI 46, 48, 63,64, 403 naradeva 143, 144 naranArAyaNAnanda 32, 46, 16, 435, 477 narendra (rAjA) 131 navasAhasAGkacarita 47 nAgArjuna 375 nAnArtha maMjarIkoSa, 283 nAradasmRti 287, 288 nibelugenalIDa 38 nizIyasUtra 230 nizItha sUtrabhASya 126, 226 nItiprakAzikA 71, 155, 168, 166, 171-178 nItivAkyAmRta 17, 136 nIlamatapurANa 525 nepAlI kavi 177 nemicandra ( TIkAkAra) 71, 72, 7, 155, 206, 255 48,

Page #605
nAmAnukramaNikA nemicandra zAstrI 45, 50, 52-54, parpaTa (mahAmAtya) 53 57, 117. 155, 457, pavanagati (rAjA) 495 pANini 134, 271, 272, 29., neminirvANa 46, 48 56, 57, 430, 537 . 117, 247,250,307,308, pArvatI 364, 365, 384, 386, 47.8 pArzvanAthacarita 45, 48, 54, naiSadha mahAkAvya 41 -56, 106, 108, 409, 41. nyAyakumudacandra 56. 452, 477 . paumacariu 44 pI. e. sorokina 4, 5, 8, 10, paMcasaMgraha 354 pataMjali 47 pI. ke. majUmadAra 155, 176-178, padacandrikAkoSa 284, 285 184, 186 . padmagupta 47 pI. vI. kANe 14, 65, 72, 128 padmacarita 27, 36, 44, 316, pI. sI. cakravartI 155 pI. sI. dharmA 267 padmanAbha 85, 96, 130, 152, purubhUti (maMtrI), 83 153, 507 puruSArthasinyupAya 325 padmapurANa 42 . ... pulakezI (dvitIya) 155, 322 padmAnanda 47, 47, 56,60,102, puSpadanta 130, 131 112, 195, 198, 200, pathvIrAja (prathama) 143, 144 . 202, 203, 206, 206, pRthvIrAja (dvitIya) 143, 144 / 215, 226, 228, 226, pRthvIrAja (tRtIya) 144 233, 257, 263, 300, pRthvIrAja cauhAna 537 / 303, 306, 308, 332, pRthvIrAjavijaya 142, 143 341, 356, 381 398, pairADAija laoNsTa 38 401, 428, 4.1, 441, pratAparAja (rAjA) 489 443, 445, 446, 447, pradyumna (rAjakumAra) 53, ..61). 450, 451, 467, 466. 494 / pannAlAla jaina 257 .. . pradyumnacarita 45, 48, 53, 89, pariziSTaparva 49, 90, 1.04, 91, 187, 247, 323, 107, 123, 226, 36., 362, 474, 476, 493, - 413, 478, 481,482,462 464, 496, 507

Page #606
572 . jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja pradhumnAnanda 47 , bRhatsaMhitA 466 prabandhacintAmaNi 347 bRhaspati 68 prabhava 104 . .. .. bRhaspatismRti 13, 276, 287 . prabhAkaravadhana 404 bosAMkveTa 66 prabhAcandra 56,472 bodhAyanadharmasUtra 13, 456 prabhAvakacarita 91 . * brahmapurANa 537 prameyakamalamArtaNDa 56, 472 / brahmasUtra 376 prameyarasnamaJjUSA 261, 263 brAhmI 463 pravarasena (dvitIya) 256 bhagavatazaraNa upAdhyAya 25 prasenajita 278 bhagavatIsUtra 512 prahlAda 143, 144 bhagIratha (rAjA) 374 phAhAna 418 bhaTTi 428, 435 phirojazAha tugalaka 63. bharata cakravartI 155, 196 bakuleza (rAjA) 505 / bharata (maMtrI) 131 bali (rAjA) 372, 533 .. bharata muni 16 bAjabahAdura 287 bhavabhUti 27, 415, 467 bANabhaTTa 27, 43, . 46, 85, bhAnu (rAjakumAra) 464 . 138, 155, 428, 484 / bhAnugapta 226 bAbara 182 bhAmaha 26, 32, 41.. bAlacandra sUri 47, 48, 61, 62 . bhAmatITIkA 378 bAllasa 143 bhAratAnanda 47 bAlhaNa 144 bhAravi 27, 28, 41, 53, 56, bimbasAra 231 ___63, 185, 428, 435, biyovulpha 38 457 bilhaNa 47 bhAsa 27 buka praoNpha hAipaoNthIsisa 183 . . bhIma.143, 145 buddhacarita 27, 29, 36, 44, 51,. bhIma (dvitIya) 144 bhImadeva 60, 144 buSabhUSaNa 71 . maga RSi 534 . . bRhatkathAkoza 131, 132 . bhoja 52 bRhatkalpasUtrabhASya 126, 511, bhojadeva 32, 33 512 . . maMgalakumbha (rAjakumAra) 501 .

Page #607
nAmAnukramaNikA majjhimanikAya 277, 278 matsyapurANa 134, 285, 520 madanapAla 125 mAnasAra 146, 286 manu 12, 68, 191, 192, 464, mArkaNDeyapurANa 534 mitAkSarATIkA 288 465, 485 manusmRti 13, 74, 202, 318, mitra mizra 288 milTana 38 418, 462, 464 manoramA ( rAjakumArI) 106, 475 41 mayamata 246, 256, 286, 27 mayUrakaNTha (rAjA) 477 marubhUti ( rAjakumAra ) 108, 477 malladeva 146 mallavAdI 376 mallI kumAra 463 mallI kumArI, 463 mallinAtha ( TIkAkAra) 178. mahAtmA gAMdhI 67 mahAnanda 47 mahApurANa 358 mahAbhArata 12, 27, 26, 30-32, 38, 36, 42, 53, 68, 73, 74, 124, 180, 183, 161, 165, 246, 266, 271, 272, 251, 260, 364, 428, 510, 511, 516, 520, 537 mahAvaMza 510 mahAvastu avadAna 277 mahAsena 45, 48, 53, 87, 470, 475 mahAvIracarita 330, 341 mahendradatta (rAjA) 487 mAgha 27, 53, 63, 428, 435 muMja 53 municandra ( TIkAkAra) 255 muni jinavijaya 58 muni nathamala 325 munibhadra 45, 48, 63 mUlarAja 87 mUlarAja (dvitIya) 145 mUlarAja cAvar3a 145 mRgAvatI 463 meghadUta 53 meghavijaya 47 medinIkoSa 283 merutuGga 347 maMtreyI 456 moniyara viliyamsa 263 yajurveda 182, 426 573 yajJajAtaka 278 yazaskIti 442 yazastilakacampU 130, 266, 308 309, 317, 320, 321, 324, 367 yazodhara (rAjA) 106, 366 yazodharacarita 56, 104-107, 130, 368-370 yAjJavalkya 12, 257, 465

Page #608
574 yAjJavalkyasmRti 13, 288 yuktikalpataru 124 yuddhakANDa (rAmAyaNa) 71 yuvAGga cvAMga 155 raghunAtha bhAskara goDabole 525 raghuvaMza 30, 31, 36, 40, 53, 85, 130, 178, 307 ranna (jaina kavi ) 323, ratipAla 81, 118 raviSeNa 27, 36, 44, 315, 316-321 rAghavapANDavIya 52 rAjataraMgiNI 47 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja lalitA devI (rAnI) 346 lalitezvara (rAjA) 88 lAvaNyaprasAda (rAjA) 104 lIlAvatI 145 lekhapaddhati 291 lopAmudrA 494 lyUDasaM 261 vappairAja 144 vaprarAja 143 varadatta (muni) 362 varAGga (rAjakumAra) 51, 86-61, 106, 251, 362, 366, 367, 470, 475, 483, 486, 487-486, 463. 504, 507 varAGgacarita 36, 41, 44, 45, 50, 51, 74-77, 83, 85, 86-61,65,96, 101, 104, 106, 107, 114, 118, 149, 151, 158, 15, 165-167, 172- 174 10, 16, 18, 200, 228, 201, 205, 225, 231, 233, 245, 251, 252, 264, 300, 303, 310, 315, 316-318, 336, 321, 324, 337, 340, 341, 348, 346, 352, 355, 358-364, 366,368-371, 374, 376, 381-383, 387, 388, 365, 366, 366, 412, 415 rAjadharma kaustubha 287 rAdhAkumuda mukarjI 274, 455 rAma 36, 47 rAma (rAjA) 143 rAmacandra (kavi ) 47 rAmabala 54 rAma (vAlmIki) 12, 27, 26 32, 38, 39, 53, 180, : 183, 264, 266-270, 272, 260, 418, 510, 520, 53.7 rAmAzraya zarmA 266 rAhula sAMkRtyAyana 278 ofernt (rAjakumArI) 476, 493 507 rudraTa 32-34, 41, 42 rudradAman 257, 268, 266 lakSaraNaprakAza 174, 175 lakSmaNA (rAjakumArI) 460

Page #609
nAmAnukramaNikA 417, 427, 431; 435, 437,, 443, 452, 469- 471, 474-476, 478, 483, 484, 486, 487, 461, 463, 496, 4e7, 504, 506, 518, 531 varAhamihira 466, 467 varjila 38 vardhamAnacarita 45, 48, 54, 162, 204, 211. 254, 322, 362, 410, 441, 451, -452, 477 vardhamAna mahAvIra 25, 47, 135, 424, 363, 520 ballabharAja 143, 145 145, 147, 268, vasantavilAsa 47, 48, 61, 62, 266, 308, 344, 478, 514, 524, 535 saMta 136 vaziSTha 144 vaziSTha dharmasUtra 13, 456 vasudevaDI, 46 vasunandizrAvakAcAra 337 vasundharA ( rAjakumArI) 477 vastupAna 42, 47, 48, 56-62, 145, 146, 205, 322 336, 338, 340, 372, 342-447, 350, 404, 435 vastupAlacarita 62, 346, 347. vAkpati 428, 435 vAkpatirAja ( prathama ) 144 vAkpati rAja (dvitIya) 144 575 vAgbhaTa (kavi ) 46, 48, 56, 57 vAgbhaTa (kAvyazAstrI) 33, 34 vAgbhaTa (maMtrI) 330, 347 vAgbhaTa (rAjA) 143, 144 vAgbhaTa ( prathama ) 56 'vAgbhaTa (dvitIya) 56 vAgbhaTAlaMkAra 56 vAGmayArNavakoSa 283 vAcaspati ( koSakAra) 284 vAcaspatikoSa 262 vAcaspatimizra 378 vAtsyAyana 46, 281, 423, 424 vAtsyAyana (dArzanika) 376 vAdirAjasUrI 45, 48,54, 56 vAdIbha siMha 410 vAmana. 16 vAyupurANa 134, 135, 520 vAlmIki 520 vAsudeva (rAjA) 143, 144 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla 1, 140, 230, 271, 272, 537 vikramAGkadevacarita 47 vikramAditya 144, 322 vigraharAja 143 vigraharAja ( prathama ) 144 vigraharAja (dvitIya) 144 vigraharAja (tRtIya) 144 vigraharAja (caturtha) 144 vijaya ( sAmanta ) 87 vijayakastUra sUri 284 vijayAditya 322 vijJAnezvara ( TIkAkAra) 288

Page #610
576 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja viDhanmanovallabhATIkA 255, 424 vyavahArasUtra 462 vinayapiTaka 510 zakuntalA 465 vinayAditya 322 __ zaMkarAcArya 501 vivAdaratna 268 . zatapathabrAhmaNa, 31, 37, 420, 'vizAkhadatta 27 456 vizvakarmaprakAza 285 zatAnIka (rAjA) 463 vizvakarmavAstuzAstra 258, 262, zatrujaya mahAkAvya 204 264, 276 zabara (dArzanika) 376 vizvakoSa 283 zabdaratnasamanvayakoSa 283 vizvanAtha 24 zambha (rAjA) 1 vizvaprakAza 283 zaziprabhA (rAjakumArI) 476, 461 vizvarUpa (TIkAkAra) 288 vizvaladeva (prathama) 143 . zAntinAtha (tIrthaGkara) 47, 63 / / vizvaladeva (dvitIya) 143 zAntinAthacarita 45, 48, 63, viSNudharmottarapurANa 168 324, 413, 435, 451, viSNupurANa 510 494,500, 505, 507 vI. prAra. mAra dIkSitAra 134, zAntiparva (mahAbhArata) 161 172, 173, 174, 117, zAstrasArasamuccaya 351, 355 ___ 178. 183 . zilparatna 260, 286, 287 pA0 vIradhavala 61, 146, 322, 345 zizupAlavadha 41, 53 zIlAGkAcArya 282 vIranandi 45, 48, 54, 130, , 254, 395, 402 zukranItisAra 74, 111, 154, .. 183, 191 . vIranArAyaNa 143, 144 zUra (rAjA) 525 vIramitrodaya 268, 288, 291 zrInAtha 54 vIryarAma 144 . . zrIpati 47 vIsaladeva 56 . zrImadbhagavadgItA 187 . veNkaTAdhvarI 47 zrImadbhAgavata purANa 281 veda kumArI 525 zrIvarmA (rAjakumAra) 86 vaijayantI koSa 178 zrISeNa 362 vaizampAyana 71, 155, 168 zRGgAravatI (rAjakumArI) 486, vyavahAraprakA __503, 504, 507

Page #611
nAmAnukramaNikA zreNika 52 SaDdarzanasamuccaya 376 saMyuta nikAya 277 saMskRtazabdArtha kaustubha 173, 307 sagara (rAjA) 374 sacIndra kumAra maMTI 275 satyaketu vidyAlaGkAra 68, 268 satyabhAmA (rAnI) 464, 507 sanatkumAra ( rAjakumAra ) 502 sanatkumAracakricarita 466, 501 501, samudragupta 86, 201 sA~ga oNpha da rolA~ 38 sAgaravRddhi 166, 325 sAgAradharmAmRta 337, 248 sAmanta siMha 143, 144 siMharAja 143, 14.4 siMhala 144 siMha varmana 322 152 suvarNamAlA (rAjakumArI ) 476 41, 435 sandehadhvAnta TIkA 442 saptasandhAnakAvya 42, 44, 46, suSeNa ( rAjakumAra ) 60 suSeNa ( senApati ) 81, 82 sUtrakRtAGga 280 sUtrakRtAGgaTIkA 244, 258, 260 somadeva 130, 136, 315, 318, 321, 404 sabhAparva (mahAbhArata) 71 samantabhadra 27, 322, 376 samarAGgaNasUtradhAra 258, 286 sikandara 537 siddharAja 336 siddhasena 376 sindhula 53 sItArAma ( vyAkhyAkAra) 178 sI.vI. vaidya 185 sukRtasaMkIrtana 62, 344 577 suttapiTaka 510 sunandA (rAjakumArI) 456, 487, 507 sundarI 463 subandhu 27 subuddhi (maMtrI) 488 subhadrA ( rAjakumArI) 56, 477 subhASitaratnabhANDAgAra 415 sumaGgalA (rAjakumArI) 507 suvarNanAbha ( rAjakumAra) 77, 118, somaprabha sUrI 347 somezvara (deva) 47, 48, 60, 62 104, 114, 143, 144, 186, 350, 403 saukhyAlatA (rAnI) 346 saundarananda 27, 26, 36, 51, 53 85 skandagupta 226 skandapurANa 208 smRticandrikA 288 svayaMbhU stotra 27 hammIra ( rAjA ) 63, 64, 81, 86, 18, 143, 144, 156, 162, 164, 165, 184,

Page #612
578 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja harSanAtha 142 harSavardhana 28,78, 65, 136, 148, 155, 158, 160, 513 halAyudhakoza 136 hIrAlAla jaina 52 185 226, 368, 470, 484 hammIra mahAkAvya 46, 48, 63, 76, 80, 83, 86, 61, 68, 106, 115, 116, 117, 118, 116, 142, 143, 156, 162, 164, 184, 185, 188, 166, 206, 207, 226, 296, 300, 368, 403, 438, 442, 447, 470, 483, 484, 536 harabarTa spensara 5, 67 haricandra 46, 48, 54, 55, 266, 445 haribhadrasUri 376, 376 harirAja 143, 144, 483 harivaMzapurANa 42, 51, 424 hariSeNa 131 harSa (kavi ) 428, 435 harSacarita, 46, 85, 138, 155, 158, 184, 484, 534, 537 hemacandra 16, 32-34, 40, 41, 47-46, 57, 58,87,103, 104, 107, 110, 127, 128, 137-140, 144, 167, 166, 204, 206, 208, 226, 258, 264, 283, 284, 262, 263, 322, 324, 330, 331, 333, 341, 343, 347, 360' 366, 367, 403, 404, 413, 414, 421, 426, 430, 434, 481, 482, 42, 521, 524, 527 sAMga 140, 408, 536

Page #613
sthAnAnukramaNikA (kheTa, grAma, nigama, pura, nagara, deza, pradeza, parvata, nadI, dhArmika tIrthasthAna, zrAdi kI bhaugolika evaM prazAsakIya saMjJAe~ / inameM se kAle akSaroM vAlI bhaugolika saMjJAe~ Alocya jaina mahAkAvyoM meM nirdiSTa haiM / kavAlaya grAma (tIrtha) 346 aGgaveza 504, 512, 523, 524 zraGguttarApa janapada 278 acalapura 538 ajantA 28 ajamera 143 jayamerupura 538 ajiravatI / zraciravatI nadI 516 jIrNavatI nadI 516 rAhilapattana 538 hilavADapATaNa (jaina tIrthaM ) 60, 342-346, 371 anupiya nigama 273 andha parvata 516 andhelA nadI 516 paravideha kSetra 522, 528, 532 aparAntaka 527 aphagAnistAna 526 abhUmaka 538 amarakaNTaka ( parvatamAlA ) 5200 521, 523 amarAvatI 256, 273, 527, 538 amerikA 160, 240 ambhorA nadI 256 ayodhyA 518 arabasAgara 518, 520, 522, 534 rAvali (parvatamAlA ) 514 rijaya 531 pAlitagrAma (tIrtha) 346 arbudAcala (jaina tIrtha ) 347, 349 515 alaMkA 538 almor3A 287, 303 avadha 518, 523 avantimaNDala 106 pA0 abentI 523, 534 zravantI nadI 521 alakA 530 pralaGkA 538 altAI parvata 517 alvara 516 azmaka 537 prazvattha kheTaka 25e azvatthaka 538 praSTAdazazata maNDala 106 pA0 asInAlA 524 ahamadAbAda 526 zrAgnaka 538 prAbadarI (ambAlA) 516 prAnartapura 18, 251, 538 zrAndhra / prAndhra pradeza 255, 517, 516, 527, 530 prAbuprAnta 106 pA0 zrAmIra deza 521, 528 zAmrapurI 538 511,

Page #614
580 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja AyaralaiNDa 36, 37 pAriSTiya 538 AryAvarta 512 prAsAma 513, 525, 532,533 iMglaiNDa 36, 38 inDasa nadI 521 indraprastha 526, 537 indrava 538 indrAvatI nadI 530 ilAhAbAda 272, 526 iSukAra giri 517 ugrasena purI 530 ujjayantaparvata (jaina tIrtha) 336, 343, 344, 346, 373, 375, 514 ujjayinI/ujjaina 322,521,523, 536, 538 ur3IsA 516, 523, 530, 531 ur3ha (uDa/praur3ha) 531 uttamapura 538 uttarakuru 511, 530 uttarakozala 522, 523 uttarapradeza 140, 208, 533 uttarApatha 230, 512 uttarI bhArata 277 uragapura (rAjadhAnI) 535 uzInaraparvata 516 RkSaparvata 515 RjakUlA nadI 520 RSyaka 538 eTA jilA 526 elorA, 28 aihola 322 produmbara 538 kaccha 526, 533 kacchaka 538 kacchaprAnta 106 pA0 kacchamaNDala 106 pA0 kaTika 538 kaNherI (nigama) 286 kanArA 538 kandahara 528 kanyA kumArI/kumArI tIrtha 373, 374 karagudari 116 karanAla 518 karanala jilA 375 karahATaka nigama 273 karkoTaka 66 karNa suvarNa (pa. baMgAla) 525 karNATaka (karnATaka) 46-51, 106, 205, 212, 315, 322, 334, 370, 431, 466, 527, 528 kalakattA 518 kaliGga 504, 512, 530 kalyANa (rAjadhAnI) 534 kalyAna (nigama) 286 kallA purI 538 kastavara 532 kAkandi 538 kAMgar3A 531 kAMcI 230, 322, 530, 535 kAMjivaram 535 kAThamANDu 537

Page #615
sthAnAnukramaNikA kAThiyAvAr3a 514, 533, 536 . kurudeza 512, 524, 536 kANDa 538 kurga 511, 527 kAnyakubja 538 kuvadeza 534 kAbula nadI 528 kuzavatI 523 kAmagiri parvata 532 kuzi 528 kAmarAja jilA 525 kUmAM kher3A 256 kAmarUpa 525, 533 kUlapura 538 kukaraNIya 538 kAmpilya 136, 538 kRSNA nadI 518, 527, 530, kAmboja (kamboca) 526 kAraNayinI 538 kekaya 512 kAlindagiri 518 kedAranAtha (tIrtha) 344, 373 kAlindI 518 kerala 534 kAlihrada jhIla 536 kailAza parvata (tIrtha) 515 kAlI nadI 518 koMkaraNa (kuMkaNa) 527, 530 kAverI nadI 515, 516, 534 . .. kocina 534 kAzI 512, 518, 524, 538 koTa kAMgar3A 531 kAzmIra 133, 525, 531 kolokonda 536 kAzyapapura 525 kolkaI (rAjadhAnI) 535 kIra deza 531 kozala (kosala) 512, 522, kirADU 115 524 kozalanADu 523 kucavAra 538 kozalA 548 kuNDapura 538 krauJca dvIpa 516 kuNDina nagara 527 koNDeyaka 538 kuNDina pura 538 kaumudika 538 kuNDyA nadI 516 koleyakapura 538 kuntala deza 527, 538 kauzAmbI 526, 538 kuntI deza 536 khambhAta 347 526 kuntI nadI 521 khalImapura 126 kumAUM 518 khazadeza 531 kurukSetra 526, 536, 373, 374 khAnadeza 527, 530 pharujAMgala 512, 524 kher3a jilA 106 pA0

Page #616
582 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kher3A 530 govardhana (nigama) 286 kher3AkalAM 256 gauDa deza 534, 537 kheDAkhurda 256 goNDavana/goNDa 515, 534 gaganavilAsapura 465, 538 ghagghara (ghAgharA) nadI 256 gaMgA (mAgIrathI) nadI 374, 516, ghui kheDa/kheTa 256 518, 520, 523, 524, cakrapura 538 526, 528, 531, 533, caGgA 538 canderI 529 534 gajAhvaya 538 candrapura 538 gaNDaka nadI 528 candrapurI 538 gayA 526 campA 524, 538 garUka 538 campApura 538 mahIya 538 campApurI 524 carmaNvatI (cambala) nadI 373, gAndhAra 528 __518, 516, 521 giranAra parvata (jaina tIrtha) . 59, / / (janatA) 29 cAhamAna deza 536 344, 346, 514, 526 citrakUTa 538 gujarAta 47, 46, 50, 106 pA0 cinAva nadI 521 133, 145, 227, 256, cIna 224, 227 323, 330, 331, 337, cedi 512, 533, 536 405, 496, 466, 500, chAlauragrAma 516 506, 526, 528, 530, jagarA 538 jambU dvIpa 356, 510, 511, gurjaradaza 106, 526, 536 527 gurjaramaNDala 106 pA0 jambU nadI 517, 520 greTa briTena 266 jambUmAlI nadI 516 gogrA 534 jarmanI 36, 38 godAvarI nadI 519, 527, 530, jalavAhinI nadI 522 534, 536 jahurAvara 537 godraha 535 jAGgaladeza 524 gopAcala 538 jina kAMcI 322 gomatI kuNDa (mAbu) 533 . . jujurI 517 golakuNDA 536 jUnAgar3ha 256 .

Page #617
sthAnAnukramaNikA jRmbhaka grAma 520 jaisalamera 536 jodhapura 106 pA0 536 jhabujha 106 pA0 jhelama nadI 526 Takka deza 526 DhukA ( ghaMghUkA ) 347 TAMga diyAvAr3A 56 TrAvanakora 516 DAhaladeza (bundelakhaNDa ) 533 DAhalamaNDala 533 DhillI (dillI) 537, 538 takSazilA 266, 273, 276, 42e tAna (rAjadhAnI) 527 tApI (tAptI nadI 514, 518 tAmralipta 525 tibbata 515 timvanaka maNDala 106 pA0 tilaGga ( telugU deza) 536 tivarakheTa 25 turkistAna 520, 526 tuGgabhadrA nadI 534 tummAraNa 523 turuSka 526 tulva deza 534 telaGgAnA 527 teliGga 536 telugU deza 527 trayambakatIrthaM 516 trAvanakora 534 tricinopalI 535 tripurI 538 58 I thAnA 106 pA0 thAnezvara 524 dakSiNa deza 504 dakSiNa bhArata 51, 56, 66, 106, 127, 126, 133, 141 143, 148, 165, 255, 270, 281, 288-261, 322, 323, 344, 366, 366, 371, 374, 506 dakSiNApatha 230, 512 dadhipadramaNDala 106 pA0 bhoI 347 darada deza 526 varbhavatI (tIrtha) 307 dahapanI nadI 533 dazArNa 512 dAkSipabalavanagara 538 dAmodarapura 520 dinAjapura jilA 520, 523 dillI (rAjadhAnI) 526, 537 dudhapani 136 devakuru 511 devapattana 343, 347, 538 dyutavimaNDala 106 pA0 draviDa ( mila ) 511, 530 dumatI (dumA) nadI 520 droNI nadI 520 dvArAvatI nagarI 56, 247, 538 dhanakaTaka ( nigama ) 273, 286, 527 dhavalakkaka 60. ghAtakIkhaNDa dvIpa 511, 517, 522, 526, 528, 531,532

Page #618
584 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dhArA 538 pallIpura 536 gholkA (jaina tIrtha) 60, 61, pazcimacakra 512 243, 345 pahoprA 516 dhaulI 529 pAkSAyaNa 536 naDakIya 538 pAJcAladeza 512, 526, 536 narmadA-udadhisaMgama 520 . pATaNa 56 narmadAtaTamaNDala 109 pA0 pATapATana 536 narmadA nadI 514, 520, 527, pATaliputra 230, 275, 539 533, 534 pANDyadeza 535 nAgapura 538 pAdaliptanagara 536 nAga-bAsa 536 pAdaliptapura 346 nAgArjuna parvata 514 pAnthAyana 536 nAmdIpura 538 pAlanapura 106 pA0 nAlandA 128, 276, 421 pAlAzaka 536 nAsika 258, 274, 516, 534 pAlitAnA 346, 514 / / niruparutti kunnum 322 pArasa deza 532 nIlAdriparvata 516 pArA navI 521 pArijAta (pAriyAtra) parvata 515 nepAla 224, 226, 267, 513, pAripAtra 515 pArzvanAthaparvata 517 paJcanada 521 puNDarIkiraNI 536 paMcamahala jilA 106 pA0 puNDa 523, 525 paMcAsara tIrtha 373 purI 516 paMjAba 531, 532, 536, 537 puSkara (tIrtha) 143, 373, 538 paTaccaradeza 536 puSkarAI dvIpa 522, 532 paTanA 518, 526 pUjanavana 345 padmA nadI 525 pUrvaveza 532 paraNIya 538 pUrvabharata kSetra 531. parazurAma kSetra 527 pUrvamandara parvata 517, 528, 532 parvatIya prAnta 106, pA0 516 pUrvavideha kSetra 526, 528, 532 palAzinI nadI 514 pUnA 517 pallI grAma 136, 137 peThana (nigama) 286

Page #619
sthAnAnukramaNikA 585 pezAvara 528 pappala 539 podanapura 536 polAra nadI 530, 535 pauNDa 523, 524 prabhAsa tIrtha 344, 373 prayAga 518 priyamela tIrya 373 plakSAvataraNatIrtha 516 plakSIya 536 pharrukhAbAda 526 phalAraka 536 phrAMsa 36 phArasa phAsiyA 532 bakapATaka 539 baGgadeza 512, 523-525, 533 / / baMgAla 136, 156, 207, 515, bijolyA 142 vihAta nadI 525 bihAra 140, 208, 517, 526 bIkAnera 536 bIrabhUma 528 bundelakhaNDa 526, 533 baikTriyA 529 baijanAtha (tIrtha) 373, 531 brahmagiri 519 brahmaputra nadI 525, 533 brahmarSikSetra 536 brahmavarta kSetra 556 bhaTTiprolu (kRSNA jilA) 274 bhar3oca 106 pA0 286 bharatakSetra 85, 357, 510, 517, 527,533 bharukaccha 533, 535 bharukaccha (nigama) 286 bharuca (mRgapura) 346, 530 bhallATa deza 516 bhavAnIpura 516 bhAgalapura 518, 524 bhAgIrathI tIrtha 373, 374 bhAvanagara 109 pA0 bhilsA 527 bhITA 272, 274 bhImarasapura 536 bhUTAna 533 bhRgu prAzrama 533 bhagukaccha (bharuca) 260, 533 bhagupura 536 bhogAmo nadI 516 bar3odarA 530 banArasa 128, 344, 524 bambaI 523 barakherA 516 baranA nadI 524 barAra 523, 527 barmA 532 baliyA jilA 533 balkha 516 basaI 128 basAr3ha 264, 275 bastara 523 bAlachappara 516 vAlika 526

Page #620
586 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja bhogAvatI nadI 521 malladeza 537 bhojakaTakapura 527 mahAkAla tIrtha 373 bhopAla 527 mahAcIna 537 bhramarazAlmali grAma 136 mahArASTra 140, 208, 256, 511, magadha 503, 512, 523, 525, 527 536 526, 527 mahiSmatI nadI 537 magA 526 mahI (mahatI) nadI 518 maGgalAvatI 532 mAuNTa mAvu (jaina tIrtha) 60, maGgoliyA 517 144, 344, 347, 373, mariNakUTa parvata (maNicUDa) 161, 515, 533 mANDalipattana 536 maNipura 530, 533 mAnasarovara 515, 532 matsyadeza 536 mAravAr3a 535 mathurA 362, 463, 525, 535, mAladeza 273 536 mAlabhUmi 537 mathurA (uttarastha) 462 mAlava/mAlavA 503, 512, 518, mayurA (dakSiNAstha) 462 521, 523, 534, 537 madurA 535 mAlavaprAnta 109 pA0 madrAsa 535 mAlAbAra 527, 534 madhumata 536 mAldA 523 madhurA 536 mAhiSmatI (rAjadhAnI) 529 madhUpaghna 536 mAhendra parvata 515 madhya eziyA 517, 526. mithilA 536 madhyadeza 512, 513, 536 miharAna 521 madhyapradeza 527, 526 mugdhapura 536 mandira 536 muMgera 524 marukaccha 526, 535 multAna 534 maradeza 532, 535 murzidAbAda 524 malaya (malayAlama) 534 muSika deza 521, 534 malayakhaNDaH 534 mUlasthAna (multAna) 537 mevapATapATana 136 malayaparvata 516 medAtaTamaNDala 106 pA. malkapuram 533

Page #621
sthAnAnukramaNikA 587 merAja jilA 525 rAvI nadI 537 mehasana 106 pA0 revAnadI 520, 521 maMsUra 527 raMbataka parvata (ujjayanta) 514 mogyAra 128, 527 roma 230 moDheraka 526 . rohila khaNDa kSetra 526 yamunA nadI 256, 518, 526 ropya giri (vindhyAcala) 515 yamunotrI parvata 518 lalitapura 151, 536 yUropa 26, 38, 66 66, 160 laGakA 533, 536 yoginIpura 536 lavaNaprasAda 60 yaudheya deza 536. lATa deza 516, 530, 535 raNathambhora (rAjadhAnI) 81, 143, lATamaNDala 106 pA0 144, 536 lUraNasAka nagara 536 ratalAma 106 pA0 loha nagara 256 ratnapura 523, 536 loma 539 ratnasaMcayapura 536 lohAra 532 ratnAvatI 536 vakSasthalapura 536 radhanapura 106 pA. vakSa (mAksasa) nadI 529 rAjagRha 539 vatsa deza 515, 526 rAjagRhapattana 527 varadakheTa 256 rAjapipalA 106pA. varavA nadI 522 rAjapura 530 varSanapura 536 rAjapurI 532 valabhipattana 536 rAjapUtAnA 535 valabhI (rAjadhAnI) 251, 322, rAjamahendrI 530 533, 536 rAjasthAna 46, 50, 84, 106, vahaka maTTArka 345 118, 144, 206, 323, vATAnuprastha 536 425, 435, 484,. 466, vArANasI 532, 536 466, 500, 501, 516, vArAhaka 539 vAzila 539 rAptI nadI 519 vAziSThAyinI 536 rAmapura rAjaurI 526 vAsta 536 rAvalapiNDI 528 vAhnIka (vAhIka) 529

Page #622
588 vijaya nagara 528 vijayAparyaMta 517 vitastA 532 vidarbha 522, 527 vidizA 536 viveha kSetra 512, 520, 528 vinItA 539 vindhyapura 536 vindhyAcala parvata 516, 523, 526 vipulapura 536 vimalagiri 514 viSNu kAMcI 322 vRji 512 vetravatI nadI 526 vela (parvata) 517 vaitaraNI nadI 530 vaidyanAtha 345, 347 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja zivakAMcI 322 zItodA nadI 522 zUrasena deza 512, 525, 536 prastha parvata 516 zoraNa (svarNavatI) nadI 521 zoNitapura 536 zIyaM purI 536 zravaNabelagolA 54 zAkhya 536 zANDivaya 536 zArAvatI nadI 521 zAlAturIya 536 zAlyaparvata 516 zikhAvala 536 5:4-516, zakadeza 526, 530 zakadvIpa 520, 530 zaktimata ( zuktimAn ) parvata 516 khoyA tIrtha 373 zatrujaya parvata (jaina tIrthaM ) 342345, 347, 373, 554 zAkambhArI ( zAkambharI ) 143, 535 zrAvastI 536 zrI zrAzrama pattana 536 zrIkaNTha deza 524 zrInagara 525 zrIparvata tIrtha 373, 375, 518 zrIpura 536 zrIraGgam 528 zrIvizAla 539 zrIzaila parvata 344, 518 zvabhravatI nadI 522 zvetapatrA 536 zvetavikA 536 saGgamakhaTaka 256 satapur3A (parvatazreNI) 518 satyapura 346 satyapura maNDala 106 pA0 sankhar3A 256 santala paraganA 524 sapAdalakSadeza 535 samataTa (pUrvI baMgAla ) 525 samRddhipurI 486, 536 sambhAradeza 535 sammedAcala (parvata) 517 sarayU nadI 518, 524

Page #623
sthAnAnukramaNikA sarasvatI nadI 516, 536 sahAranapura 25e sontha 531 sahyaparvata 515 sAketa 536 sAcora (satyapura) 346 sAbaramatI 522 sArasvatamaNDala 106 pA0 sArAvatI tIrthaM 373 siMhapura 536 siMhala deza 533 siMhala dvIpa 513 siddhapura 536 siddhezvaratIrtha 373 sindhabhUma 527 sindhu (sindha ) 512, 528 sindhu nadI 521, 525, 537 sindhu prAnta 537 siprA nadI 521 siyAlakoTa 532 sItA nadI 520, 526 sugandhi 532 suna deza 267, 536 sumeru parvata (ru) 353, 510, 511, 516, 517, 526 suramA deza 533 suvarNa valayapura 536 suvarNa siktA 514 susImA 536 suhya 536 586 514, 518, sUrata 106 pA0 530 sona nadI 526 sopArA ( nigama ) 286 somanAtha tIrtha 336, 404 somanAthapura 536 saurASTra 106 pA0 230, 267, 347, 533, 537 saurASTramaNDala 10 pA0 sovIra 512, 537 stambha tIrtha (jaina tIrthaM ) 343, 344, 346, 373, 536 svarNaparvata (altena- ula) 517 svAstimatI 536 svAmigRha / sAmigRha tIrthaM 373, 74 hajArI bAga 136, 524 haridvAra 516, 518 hari parvata 525 hariyAnA deza (hariyANA) 537 hastinApura 528, 537, 536 hindUkuzaparvata 526 hindUbATa 536 himAlaya parvata (himavAn / himavat ) 510, 511, 515, 517516,528, 536 hiraNyavAha nadI 521 hUveza 532 hema buti 536 haidarAbAda 527

Page #624
viSayAnukramaNikA karttA (jIva ) 365 akAru zUdra 207 akAlamRtyu 363 kaSAya jIva 288 kAma nirjarA 361 akSarasvIkaraNa saMskAra 411 akSarArambha saMskAra 410 agni (deva) 144, 176, 316, 327, 363, 370, 371, 366, 400 afroatfar (vyavasAya) 236 agnidhAraNa vidhi 182 zragnipraveza 475, 476, 484 agnipraveza kA virodha 484 zragniSToma yajJa 368, 426 hotrAdi karma 464 zragnihotrI 204 48 3, agnyAgAra 248 agraziSya praNAlI 413, 414 agrahAra grAma 138, 167, 201, 244,288, 256, 406, 420 brAhmaNa varga kA nivAsa 286; zikSA ke kendra 206, 406, 420 aGgarakSaka 122, 156 pracakSugrAhya 388 pracetana (prakRti) 365, 366 ajIva (tattva ) 382-386, 386, 402 jIva kA pratipakSI, 3860 upayogamayatA se rahita 386, isakI jIvavirodhI pravRttiyAM 386, isake pAMca bheda - dharma, adharma, kAla, prakAza, pudgala tathA aNu 386 ajIva ke pAMca bheda 386 praNu 356, 387 aTTAla / aTTAlaka 246, 250, 251 praTTAlikA 250 praNimAdi prATha guraNa 354 praticAra 238 pratithisatkAra 326, 328 pratiduHSamA (kAla) 356, 357 ues prayojana ( kAvya ) 19 advaitavAda 376 pradharma 353, 386, 388, 386 zradhirAja 83 adhyApaka 236, 412 pradhyApana (vyavasAya) 202, 236 adhyApana zailI 413

Page #625
bimaanssikaa 561 anantakAya 331 anekAntavAda kA khaNDana 370, anarthakArI artha 97 371 anarthakArI anathaM 17 anekAntavAda kI tarkapraNAlI 376, anavasthA doSa 403 377,403 anAgAradharma 14, 324-326, 356, anekAntavAda para prahAra 378 360, 470 anekAntavyavasthAyuga 375, 405 anAja vitaraNa kendra 245, 255, pranojIvikA (vyavasAya) 238 anArya deza 511 antaHpura 81, 121, 122, 124, anArya saMskRti 25 anivRttikaraNa 362 mantaHpura kA rakSaka 133 anizcayAtmaka jJAna 378 antarAya 360 anuprekSA 360 antyeSTi 13 anubandhAnAtmaka premavivAha 462, annabhaNDAra 116 463 anyonyAzraya doSa 367 anubhAvabandha 360 anvayavyatireka buddhi 417 anumahattara 126 aparAdha 13, 100, 107 anumAna pramANa 366 aparAdhapuSTi 108 anuyoga (pATha) 363 aparAdhavRtti 103, 105 anuloma vivAha 485 aparAdhI 103 anekakSetrAvagAhI 388 apazakuna 114, 157, 158, 453 bhanekacchatrarAjya 78 - 454 anekAntavAda 320, 376-376 apaharaNa vivAha 486, 463, isameM vividha matoM kA samanvaya 464 376; isakI takaMvaijJAnika apaharaNa vivAha aura yuddha 464 praNAlI kA vikAsa 376; jaTAsiMha nandi kI avadhAraNA prapANinIya prayoga 134 376-378; pramANavyavasthA apUrvakaraNa 362 yuga kI mora vikAsa 377; . apramatta saMvata 372 isake dvArA virodhI matoM kA mapramANabhUta jJAna 378 khaNDana 387, isa para virodhI apsarA 106, 330, 355 dArzanikoM kA prahAra 378- abhakSya (bAisa prakAra ke) 331 abhavya jIva 385

Page #626
562 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja prabhilekha/mudrAbhilekha/dAnapatra :- abhiSekazAlA (mandira) 334, amarAvatI stupa abhilekha 273, 341 azoka ke zilAlekha 268, prabhautika saMskRti 10 aihola zilAlekha 322; kara- amAtya (pada) 22, 70, 72, 106, gudari zilAlekha 116; kirADa 110, 112 pA0 145, 150, zilAlekha 115; kuSANakAlIna 156, 158 mudrAbhilekha 274; khalImapura amAri 330 dAnapatra 126; giranAra zilA- amukta varga ke prAyudha 168, 174, lekha 346; gupta abhilekha, 175, 178 128; gupta-mudrAbhilekha 274, prayogakevalI 362 275; guptadAnapatra 128; arihanta (pada) 360 jAjalladeva kA ratnapura abhi- artha 16, 32, 65, 88, 93 lekha 523; jUnAgaDha zilAlekha arthapradhAna rAjanIti 68 257; 514; dakSiNa bhArata ke prathabAdhaka anartha 97 zilAlekha 286 nAlandA dAnapatra arthavyavasthA 21, 31, 125, 127, 128; nAsika prazasti 258%; 137, 141, 186-202, nAsika zilAlekha 274, 515 206, 239, 240 pattana abhilekha 256; pAlavaMza kA saMsthAgata svarUpa, 186, ke dAnapatra 128, 132; mArthika saMsthA tathA bhAratIya banArasa dAnapatra 128; basaI prArthika vicAraka 190-161, dAnapatra 128; basAr3ha ke sampatti upabhoga tathA jaina mudrAbhilekha 264, 265; navanidhiyAM 192, madhyakAlIna bijolyA zilAlekha 142;bhaTTi- arthavyavasthA kA svarUpa 194prolu zilAlekha 272, bhITA 195, madhyakAlIna prapaMcetanA mudrAbhilekha 272, 274; malka- 167. bhUsvAmitva kA puram abhilekha 533; mAuNTa- hastAntaraNa tathA vikendrIkaraNa prAba prazasti 344; moMgyAra 197-196; sAmantI DhAMcA dAnapatra 128, rudradAmana zilA 160-201 lekha 268, 266 274; arthasAdhaka artha 97 vasiThThiputa-abhilekha 136; praryApatti pramANa 396, 397 vikramAditya ke zilAlekha 144 ardhacakravartI 83, 84 sankheDA dAnapatra 265; harSanAtha arghacaNdrAkAra zastra 176 kA zilAlekha 142 madhamaNDalezvara 83

Page #627
fasurasafoet ardhavikasita arthavyavasthA 186 alaMkAra 16, 23, 26, 28, 58 alUpIya 106 avakAza yogamudrA 365 avadhijJAna 381 avadhijJAnI 357 avalagaka 126, 136, 137 avalagana 137 avasarpiNIkAla 356 avidyAjanita saMskAra 356 avinAbhAva sambandha 367 avipAka nirjarA 363, 361 avirati 362, 360 vaidika prayoga 134 avaidha sambandha 106 avyakta prakRti 365 azubha karma 395, 368 azubha yoga 363, 386 azoka sAmrAjya 528 azva (ratna) 194 zrazvacikitsA 445 azvasenA 72, 154, 156, 162 azvArohI 156, 185, 186 aSTaguNa aizvaryaM 326 aSTamI 327, 348, 346 aSTavidha vivAha 485, 486 praSTAkapAla ( puroDAza) 368 asaMkhyAta prAvalikAeM 356 asatIpoSa (vyavasAya) 236 asat vastu 401 asamAjika vyavahAra 17 prasi-masi - kRSi - zikSA 422 astabala 163 astra 107, 154, 158, 164, 166, 175, 176, 180, 188, 194, 206 astra prakSepaka yantra 176 astra-zastroM kI zikSA 418 asnAnayogavrata 365 asparzayogamudrA 365 563 aspRzya zUdra 208 zrahiMsaka samAja 67 hiMsA 328, 326, 352 hiMsA siddhAnta 186, 314, 405 ahIra ( gopa) 130, 221, 243, 255, 256, 264 ahIra bAlikA 210 ahIroM kI bastiyAM 264 ahIroM ke grAma 130 ahIroM ke svAmI 130 zrahetuvAdI 395 Akara 242, 243, 252, 257, 258, 250, 251, 366 paribhASA 257, nagara ke rUpa meM 258, khAnoM ke nikaTastha grAma, 257 dhAtutroM ke utpatti sthAna 257 Akara pravanti 257 AkAza 383, 386-386 sarvavyApakatA avagAhanatA vaiziSTya 386, anazvara svabhAva 386 AkramaNAtmaka prAyudha 166 AkheTa (zikAra) 18, 186, 330 AkheTaka 223

Page #628
564 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja prAkhyAna 36 prAtmA 363, 376, 386-361, mAkhyAyikA 27, 56 365, 368, 366 mAgama grantha 12, 26 prAtmA kA nirAkaraNa 398, 400 mAgama pramANa 366, 397 prAtmotthAna 356,360 mAgamayuga kA janadarzana 375 prAtreya (gotra) 317 prAsthA pradhAna 375, upadeza- praoNthenTika epika 37 paraka zailI se pratipAdana 375, Adarza gRhaNI 464 . prakIrNa evaM avyavasthita 375, prAdarzanagara-mAnatapura 251, 252 paM0 dalasukha mAlavANiyA kA Adarza rAjA 88, 192 mantavya 375 prAdarza ziSya ke guNa 414-416 pAgamAzrita dharma 321 prAdAna-nikSepa 363 Agara 242, 282 prAntarika vargaNA 388 prAgAra dharma 470 AndhrasAtavAhana 286, 261 AgneyAstra 176, 181-184 AndhrasAtavAhana rAjyavyavasthA 286 isake viSaya meM aitihAsika prApaNa (dukAna) 161, 227, 271, avadhAraNA 182, proppaTaM kA mata 182, kauTilya-marthazAstra prAbhijAtya puruSavarga 467 meM isake nirmANa kI tIna abhijAtya samAja mUlya 464 rAsAyanika vidhiyAM :-1 AbhIra 264, 528 agnidhAraNa vidhi 182, 2. prAbhIra pallikA 264 kSepyo agniyoga vidhi 182- prAbhUSaNa 102, 192-193, 226, 183, 3. vizvAsaghAtI vidhi 301-312, 472 183 mahAbhArata meM brahmAstra sampatti upabhoga ke pratIka 162, prayoga ke bAre meM soviyata piMgalanidhi meM samAviSTa 163, vidvAn gorabovaskI kI dhAraNA striyoM ke prAbhUSaNa, 301, 304, 308, baccoM ke AbhUSaNa AgneyAstra-avadhAraNA 182-184 302, 306, AbhUSaNoM kI AgneyAstra sambandhI prAyudha 182 saMkhyA 302, 312, sira ke prAMgana (prAyatAkAra) 248 AbhUSaNa 303-304, karNAAGgirasa, (gotra) 317 bhUSaNa 304, 305, kaNThAbhUSaNa prAcAra-zIla 324, 352 305-307, karAbhUSaNa 307, AcArya 360, 412 . 306, kaTipradeza ke AbhUSaNa 183

Page #629
viSayAnukramaNikA 565 306, pAdAbhUSaNa 310, svarNAbhUSaNa 302, 303, 312, rajatAbhUSaNa 302, 312, muktAbhUSaNa 302, 305, 307 maNi-prAbhUSaNa 302, 310, 337 ratnAbhUSaNa 302-303, 308, 337, mAriNakyAbhUSaNa 310 zaMkhAbhUSaNa 303, 308 zRGgAbhUSaNa 308, puSpAbhUSaNa 302, 305, pallabAbhUSaNa 305 prauSadhimUla se nirmita prAbhUSaNa 306 prAbhUSaNa saMjJA :paGgada (bAjUvanda) 302, 307, pAvoM kA aGgada 310 avataMsa (karNAbharaNa) 305 urujAla (mekhalA) 310 ekAvalI 306, 307 kaMkaNa (hastAbhUSaNa) 308, maNikaGkaNa, 308 ratna kaMkaraNa 308 kaTaka (kar3A) 302, 308 kaTisUtra (kamarabanda) 309 kaNThahAra 307 kaNThikA (mAlA) 306, tIna lar3iyoM vAlI kaNThikA 306, ratna-nirmita kaNThikA 306 karNapUra (kanaphUla) 304, mariNa karNapura 304; puSpa-karNapUra kAMcI (mekhalA) 306 kAMcikA 309 kirITa (mastakAbharaNa) 302 303 kirITI 303, maNi-svarNa nirmita 303 kuNDala 103, 302, 304 ___ maNikuNDala 302, 304, __ makarAkRti kuNDala 304 keyUra 307, 308 candrahAra 163 niSka kaNThAbhUSaNa 306 nUpura (pAyala) 310, 355 kala-nUpura 310 bhAsvatakalanUpura 310, maNinUpura 310, mANikya nUpura 310, zijita nupUra 310 paTTa (mastakAbhUSaNa) 304, svarNa-nirmita paTTa 304, trizikhA paTTa 304, paMcavidha paTTa-rAja paTTa, paTTa 304 mahiSIpaTTa, yuvarAjapaTTa senApatipaTTa tathA prasAda pralambasUtra (mAlA) 307 pAdaveSTaka (pAdAbhUSaNa) 310 maNimekhalA 163 mastakAbharaNa (sIsaphUla) 303 mAlA (hAra) 305, 306, 342 ikaharI mAlA, 306 motiyoM kI mAlA 306, 342, maNi mAlA 305 jUr3e kI mAlA 304, ratnoM 304 karNamudrikA 305 karNAvataMsa (kanaphUla) 304 kaNikA (kAna kI bAliyAM) 304, 305

Page #630
596 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kI mAlA 342 maMge kI mAlA 342 mukuTa 303, ratnamaNijaTita mukuTa 337 muktAvalI 307, kezabanca muktAvali 304 .. mudrikA (aMgUThI) 305, 306 mariNa mudrikA 309 mekhalA (nIvIbandha) 163, 306, maNimekhalA 163 mauktika dAma (mAlA) 306 yaSTi (hAra) 305, 206, hArayaSTi 306, gyAraha prakAra ke bheda 305 ratnAvalI 377 rasanA (kaTipradezAbhUSaNa) 302, 306, 310 vatsadAma (mAlA) 307, zrIvatsa mariNa yukta 307 . valaya (kalAI kA mAbhUSaNa) 303, 308, zaMkhavalaya 308, sIMgoM se nirmita valaya 308 zikhAbandha 303 zIrSaphala (sIsaphUla) 303 zekhara (jUr3e kI molA) 304 hAra 163, 305, 377, muktAhAra 305, maNihAra 305, ratnahAra 305, candrahAra 163, hAroM ke 55 prakAra 305 hArayaSTi (ikaharI mAlA) 306 hAralatA .305, 306, mauktika hAralatA 305 hAralatikA (choTI mAlA) 306 Ayana (kAla khaNDa) 356 prAyAta-niryAta 224, 261 prAyu (bandha) 360 Ayudha 157, 163, 167, 168-184, 194, 206,226, 237, 327 Ayudha saMjJA : agnibANa 171 aMkuza 168, 223 adhomukha (bANa) 170 amogha (bANa) 170 argalA 180 ardhacandra (bANa) 171 asi 175, 437 prasidhenu 174 asiputrikA 175 prArA 176 prAstara 174 : Ilo 174, 176 udyamAstra 181 Urdhvamukha (bAraNa) 170 RSTi 168 eTamabama 182, 183. kaTArI 175 . karaNaya 166, 1:6, 437 kampana 166, 437 karapatra 166 kartari 166 kavaca 164, 180, 323 kANDa (bANa) 171 kudAla 166 kunta 166, 174, 176, 437 8

Page #631
viSayAnukramaNikA 567 kuliza 176 kulhAr3I 176 kuza (Ayudha) 174 kRpAraNa 168, 175 kSapaNa 174 kSurapra (bAraNa) 171 kSuri/churI 175, 437 kSurikA 166, 175 khaDga 168, 166, 175, 176, 177, 370, 437 tIkSaNadharmA 175, vijaya 175 vizasana 175 gadA 166, 174, 177, 176, 370,437 garuDAstra 181 gulikA 166 gophani/gophariNa 166, 437 golaka/golA 174, 176, taravArI 166 talavAra 72, 136, 167, 175, 176, 237, 437 . tApanAstra 181 tAmasAstra 180 tAla (dhanuSa) 170 timirAstra 180 tUNIra 168, 180 topa 178, 182, 184 tomara 136, 166, 172, 370 uttama tomara, 172, madhyama tomara 172, kASThadaNDa yukta tomara 172, kuntasadRza tomara 172 tripurAntakAstra 181 trizUla 166, 172, 177, . 178, 370, 437 daNDa/DaNDA 166, 173, 174, 223, 327, 437 daNDasAra 177 dantakaNTaka 169 dalmi 176 dArava (dhanuSa) 170 durAsada (khaDga) 175 duSphoTa 136, 437 drudharaNa 166 dhanuSa 166,168, 166, 170 236, 370, 436, 437 dharmapAla (khaDga) 175 nalikA 166 nArAca (bANa) 170 nistriza (khaDga) 175 dhana 166 cakra 166, 173, 194, 370, cAra pAroM vAlA 173, chaha pAroM vAlA 173, ATha prAroM vAlA 173 cakrayudhAstra 181 cApa (dhanuSa) 170, 436 TaMka 176 ... TaiMka 155 . . DaccUsa 166 . . . DAha 166 ........ DhAla 180 437 tandrAstra 181

Page #632
437 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja paTiza 166, 174, 177, bhairava yaMtra 176, 184 mayUkhI 175 parazu 168, 166, 174, mahA asi 175 176, 437 mudgara 166, 174, 177, parigha 175, 177, 180 164 parvatAstra 181 musala 166, 174, 437 pavananAzanAstra 181 muSTi 166 pavanAstra 181 medhAstra 181 pAza 166, 172, 173, 164 mauSTika 174 pinAka 174 yaSTi 174, 176, 178, pradyotanAstra 181 prAsa 174, 176 riSTi 166 phalaka (DhAla) 437 laguDa 166, 172 bandUka 183, 184 lavitra 174 bama 183 luNThi 166 bANa 166, 168, 170, loha kaNTaka 178 180, 164, 237,sucImukha loha golaka 174 171, UrdhvamukhabANa 170, loha daNDa 174 vatsadantabANa 171, zilI- loha vRtta 174 mukhabANa 170, zalAkA loha zaMka 177 170 loha zIrSa (prAsa) 176 bArUda ke gole 184, 188 vajra 168, 166, 174, 175, bRhadAkAra yantra 176 176, 176, 228, 370, bRhad zaGka 177 371 brahmAstra 183 vajrAstra 181 bhallI 166 vatsadanta (bANa) 171 bhAlA 176 vahnigolaka/agni golA 165, bhindipAla/bhiNDivAla 166, 174, 184, 158 170, 172, 437 vAyavyAstra 181 bhujagAstra 181 vighnavinAyakAstra 181 bhuzuNDI/bhusunDI 166, 173, vijaya (khaDga) 175 437 vidhutudAstra 181

Page #633
viSayAnukramaNikA 56. vizasana (khaDga) 175 zakti (zastra) 166, 170, 164, 370, 437 zaGkha 166, 177, 178,176 437 zataghnI 168, 175, 178, 182 zara 170 zarvalA 437 zalAkA (bANa) 170 zalya 176, 437 zastrI 175 zAna 180 zAGga (dhanuSa) 170 ziratra 180 zilImukha (bANa) 170 zUla 177, 178, 437 zrIgarbha (khaDga) 175 saMnAha 180 sahasrakoTI 176 sidaghastra 181 sIra 174 sIsagulikA 172 sucImukha (bANa) 171 sUrmI 182 stambhaparadhna 176 sthUNa 174 hala 166, 176, 437 pAyudhagati :agni varSaNa 183 pravaDIna 176 uDDIna 176 utthAna 172 uddhAna 172 kartana 172, 173 kSepaNa 172 grathana 173 ghUrNana 173 cAlana 176 chedana 176 tADana 103 tiryaglIna 176 tolana 171 dalana 173 dhUnana 176 dhUmAcchAdana 183 nApana 171 nikhAta 176 nigraha 176 niDIna 176 nidrA prasAra 183 patana 172 pAtana 176, 177 peSaNa 172 pothana 172, 176 pragraha 176 prasAraNa 172 bandhana 103 bhedana 171, 176 bhUmilIna 176 bhrAmaNa 171, 173, 177 mocana 171 valgana 171 vedhana 172

Page #634
600 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja veSTana 172 cikitsA, bhUtavidyA, kaumArasamudIrNa 176 bhRtya, agada taMtra, rasAyana taMtra, sampAta 176 vAjIkaraNa taMtra 445 prAyudha nirmANa (vyavasAya) AyurvedIya zaizukranda 445 237 AraNyaka (grantha) 25 AyudhavibhAga 154, 168-184, Arthika utpAdana 160, 161, 194, kauTilyAnusArI ATha vibhAga 195, 202, 206, 215 168, purANAnusArI pAMca prAthika upabhoga 161-164, 327 vibhAga 168, vaizampAyanakRta upabhoga pravRti 162, upabhoga cAra vibhAga 168, jaina mUlya 163-164 upabhogamahAkAvyAnusArI chattIsa prakAra vastueM 327 166, do mukhya vibhAga Arthika vicAra 161 AkramaNAtmaka prAyudha tathA Arthika vicAraka 160 surakSAtmaka prAyudha 166, svarUpagata vibhAga:-khaDga-sadRza Arthika saMsthA 8, 186, 160 Aryadeza 511, 512 Ayudha 175, gadA-sadRza prAyudha - solaha prArya deza 512, sAr3he 178, cakra-sadRza Ayudha 177, jvalanazIla prAyudha 182, daNDa paccIsa Arya deza 511 sahaza prAyudha 174, durgabhedaka Arya saMskRti 25 prAyudha 174, prakSepaNAtmaka prAyikA/sAdhvI 326, 366, 470 Ayudha 174, bama-sadRza prAyudha 471 183, bANa-sadRza prAyudha prAyikAnoM kI dhArmika zikSA 366 prAyikA dIkSA 367 168, 170, 172 mudgara-sadRza Ayudha 178, prAyikA pradhAna 366 mantramukta Ayudha 176, zaMku- prAyikA saMgha 366 sadRza Ayudha 176, sthirayaMtra prAvalikA (kAla khaNDa) 356, Ayudha 168, halamukha Ayudha 386 168, 176 prAvazyaka (chaha) 363 prAyudhAgAra 252 prAvAsa vyavasthA 242, 232, 310 prAyudhAgArika (pada) 110, 115 311 Ayurveda ke ATha aGga 445 :- AvAsIya saMsthiti 242, 243, zalyataMtra, zAlAkya, kAya- 252, 256, 282, 366

Page #635
viSayAnukramaNikA Agama granthoM meM 242, 243, . ihalaukika sukha 402 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM 243, Ikha utpAdana 212 tIna pramukha prAvAsa cetanAeM eka svataMtra vyavasAya 212, 243, bAraha prakAra ke bheda vanoM-udyAnoM meM Ikha utpAdana 244-264, AvAsIya saMsthiti 212, lAla Ikha kI vizeSa ke rUpa meM nigama 253-256, paidAvAra Ikha kA nagaroM meM 264-261, draSTavya-prAkara, pAyAta 212 ikSu yaMtroM dvArA karvaTa, kheTa, grAma, ghoSa, droNa gur3a utpAdana 212 mukha, nagara, nigama, pattana, IkhoM ke vana 212 maDamba, rAjadhAnI, sambAdha Izvara (tattva) 66, 314, 398 prAzrama (zikSA kendra) 251, 416- Izvara (vAda) 376, 380 420 ucca vidyA 202 prAva (tattva) 384, 386, 360 uttama (pada) 132, 133 paribhASA 386, kArmANa varga uttarAdhikAra 88, 61, 65, 107, NAmoM kA AtmA meM saMsUcana, 386, 'puNyAzrava' tathA 'pApA uttarAyaNa 356 zrava' 386, prAzrava ke svAmI uttarI bhArata 66, 344 386, yaha saMsAra kA mUla utpAda-vyaya-dhrauvya 380, 382, kAraNa 386 384, 385 prASADha 348, 346 utsarga 363 prAsana 75, 15.0, 162 utsarpiNIkAla 356, 357 pAsama 242, 280 utsava-mahotsava 196, 200, 246, mAstika darzana 316, 380, 362 prAsthApradhAna darzana 375 utsAha (zakti) 73, 74, 150 pAhata yoddhA 167 uddaNDa rAjA 151, 152 AhAra cAra prakAra ke 328 udyAna 32, 33, 121, 212-215, ikSuyantra 212, 254, 386 238, 256, 341, 364 indra (deva) 31, 37, 316, 370 udyAnapAla (banArakSI) 121, 214, 371 233 pA0 234 indriya sannikarSa 381 udyAna (vyavasAya) 213-215 . imiTeTiva epika 37 sAmAjika upAdeyatA 214, ImporTiga eNDa eksaporTiga 261. dhArmika pravacana sthala 214,

Page #636
603 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja sAMskRtika gatividhiyoM ke kendra 214, premiyoM ke saMketa sthala 214, inakA rAjakIya saMrakSaNa 214, inakA vyaktigata svAmitva 214, udyAnoM meM vRkSAropaNa 214, 215, inake dvArA prArthika utpAdana 215, draSTabya 'vRkSa udyoga' udyoga 186, 160. 202 - 204, 206, 215, 221, 232, 240 unmAdikA zakti 366 upakaraNAtmaka zrAyudha 180 upakarma (nirjarA) 363 upakrama vidhi 416 upadeza vidhi 416 upadeza zravaraNa 214, 325, 361, 362, 366 upanayana saMskAra 406-411, 464 isakI zrAyu sImA 410, vaidika zikSArthiyoM ke lie isakI upAdeyatA 411, jaina-bauddha parivAroM meM isakI upekSA 411 upaniSad 12, 25, 34, 420 upamAna pramANa 366, 367 upameya upamAna bhAva 468 upayogamayatA 384 upayogI lalita kalAeM 423 upavAsa 328, 332, 348, 352, 365 upavidyA 94, 421, 423, 424 upazAntakaSAya 362 upAdhyAya (pada) 360, 412 upAya ( rAjanaitika ) 75 -78, 82, 150 upAzraya 345, 346 ubAlakara pAnI pInA 331 umA 371 umApativaralabdha 85 urvIpati 83 UrdhvagAmI 354, 362 UMTa vibhAga 154 UMTa senA 156 RgayanAdi gaNapATha 271 RjusUtranaya 376, 382 Rtu (kAla khaNDa) 356, 386 Rtu varNana 33, 55, 58, 56, 60 62, 64 eka kSetrAvagAhI 388 ekacchatra rAjya 78 eka patnIvrata 460 ekallavIrA devI 336-336, 404 ekallavIrA devI kI pUjA 336, 404 ekAntika naya 376 epika oNpha ArTa 37 epika oNpha grotha 37 evaMbhUta naya 382 aitihAsika adhyayana paddhati 5 aindrika saMskRti, & zrodayaMtrika ( panacakkI vAle) 232 pA0 zrIdArika zarIra 388

Page #637
viSayAnukramaNikA propaniSadika samAja 25 auSadhAlaya 252, 345 auSadhAlaya nirmANa 345 zrauSadhi 323, 326 kakSA 413, 416 kakSA meM AtaGka 416 kaMcukathI (darjI) 234 kaMcukI 121 kaTAha ( kar3AhA) 180 kaDArapiGgakathAnaka 132 karaNaja ( dhAnyapAtra) 105 kaNTakayukta zrAyudha 178 kaNThasthavidhi 414, 418 kathA 27, 56 kadamba zAsanavyavasthA 106 kandva (halavAI) 234 kanbI 141 kabbaDa 242, 280 kamaTha 106-108 kara aThAraha prakAra ke 142, 244 kara prApti sthAna 332 kara vApasI 332 karaNa (pAMca) 363 karada-kuTumbI 142 karNadhAra ( nAvika ) 233 pA0 234 kartA - 356, 364 karttA - bhoktA 383, 384, 386 kartRtvavAn 386 karnATaka / kannaDa bhASA 105, 255, 322 karma 160, 384, 386 prATha prakAra ke 386 karmakANDa (vyavasAya) 236 603 karmakAra ( majadUra ) 135, 196. 246, 257 karmakSaya 361, 362 karmacArI (sevaka) 204, 327 karmaphala 317, 363, 361 karmabandha 365, 362 karmabandha kA prabhAva 365 karmabandha ke pAMca kAraNa 360 :pramAda, yoga, mithyAdarzana, zravirati tathA kaSAya 390 karmabhUmi 357, 358 karmayogya pudgala 360 karmavAda 376 karmavipAka 360 karmasiddhAnta 22, 43, 366 karmAgamana dvArA 286 karmAzrava dvAra 360 karmopadeza 361 karvaTa 242, 243, 262, 280, 284 ATha sau grAmoM kA zrAdhA bhAga 284, prAkAroM tathA parvatoM se veSTita 262, isake tIna bheda, 262 karbuTika 262, 284 kavaMTa kA zrAdhA bhAga 284 karSaka 137 kalama ( dhAna kI paugha) 211 kalambI 141 kalaza ( pUjA dravya ) 333, 334, 366, 337 sone-cAMdI ke 333; dUdha, dahI,

Page #638
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kaoNraporezana 265, 273, 261 kAruzUdra 207, 208 kArtika 348, 346 kArtikeya 316, 370, 371, 374 kalazayAtrA, 346 kArmAraNa vargaNA 386 kalA 1, 4, 8, e4, 236, 407, kAryaliGga 366 kATa 262, 284 437-445, 455 haratzala (vyavasAya) kAla (tattva ) 383, 386-386, 387 isakA lakSaNa, 387, vyApakatva vaiziSTya 387, anazvara svabhAva 387, varAGgacarita meM ise anitya evaM zravyApI mAnanA 387, isake sUkSma bheda evaM upabheda 386-387 kAlakhaNDa ( aitihAsika ) : andhakAra yuga 66, Adima yuga 186, vaidika kAla, 268, uttara vaidika kAla 31, 68, uttara sAmanta yuga 30, 31, kabIlA yuga 30, 31, gupta yuga, 86, 260, 266, 314, 318, cAlukya kAla 153, 227, 514 janasamUha yuga 30, 31, pallavakAla 261, 322, pANini-kAla 271, pUrva sAmanta yuga 30, 31, bauddha yuga 260, 277, 276, madhya yuga 68, 66, madhya sAmanta yuga 31, rAmAyaNa kAla 266, 268, 270, rASTra yuga 31, sAmrAjyakAla 68, 66, sUtrakAla harSavardhanakAla 138, 604 ghI, jala se bhare 333, 334; phala - phUla - zvetavastra se zrAvRta mukha 334; inakA alaMkaraNa 334 202, 203, 206, 241, 543 kalAkauzalajIvI (vaizya - zUdra) 202, 241, 543 kalAbI 141 kalpavAsI deva 351 kalpAtIta deva 351 kalmI 141 kaSAya 360 kaSAya kSaya ( caturvidha ) 363 kaSAya vastra kasakara (ThaThere) 232 pA0 kasAiyoM kI dukAneM 405 kasbA 286, 260 kAkatIya zAsanavyavasthA 106 kApAlika 376 kApota (lezyA) 363 kAphilA 225, 226 kAmadeva 371 kAmazAstrIya citra 482 kAya - pravicAra 355 kAyastha 127 kAyika kleza 364 kAyotsarga 363 kAraporeTa bauDI zraoNpha marcenTsa 264, 261 165, 160

Page #639
viSayAnukramaNikA kAlavAda 376, 380 kuD 134 kAla sRSTi kA kAraNa 363 kuDucciyam 137 kAlavAdI 363 kuDumbanI 142 kAlidAsakAlIna nArI 465 . kuDumbI 134 / parAdhIna nArI kA citraNa 465, kuntApa maMtra 31, 37 466, nArI viSayaka andharUr3hiyoM . kunbI 133, 140-142, 206 para AkramaNa 465. nArI kubja nagara 285 utpIDana ke prati saMvedanAeM kumArapAla kI tIrthayAtrAeM 342465 343, 347 kAvyakAra 236 kumArAmAtya (pada) 118 kAvyabheda :-23, 27, 28, 44- kumArI kI tapasyA 374 47, 56 : kuru (jAti) 277, 278, 29. anekArthaka kAvya 46, prAnanda kuru jAti kA nigama 278 kAvya 47, kRtrima kAvya 28, kurunaM nigamo 278 khaNDakAvya, 23 gadya kAvya 23, kumi 133, 140-142, 208 27, 28, carita kAvya 44, kula 124, 125, 126, 133, caritetara kAvya 45, 46, 136, 142, 357 citrakAvya 28, 56, dRzya kAvya kulaparamparAgata vyavasAya 204, 27, laghu kAvya 23, sandhAna 241 kAvya 46, stotra kAvya 23, kulambI 140 zravya kAvya 23 kulavidyA 423 kAzyapa (gotra) 317 kula strI 476, 505 kisAnoM ke mukhiyA 166 kulAcala (chaha) 511 kukkuTa bali 366 kulAla (kumhAra) 200 204, kuTumba 124, 126, 134, 135, 232 pA0, 234 136, 186 kulika (pada) 275 kuTumba vyApRta 137 kulika nigama 275 kuTumbiyoM kA sImAnirdhAraNa 135 / / kuletara vyavasAya 203, 241 kuTumbinI 137 kuloM ke mukhiyA 133 kuTumbI 120, 125, 126, 132- kuvinda (julAhA) 200, 204, 421 232 pA0, 234 kuTumboM ke mukhiyA 136 kuziSya 415

Page #640
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kuSANakAla 230 215, 238, 256, 261, kuSANa rAjya 513 dAleM, 211-213, gannA 212, kusalaka (dhAnyapAtra) 105 zAka sabjiyAM 212, 213 kUpa 333, 344, 345 kRSi/vRkSa utpAdana :kRtakarma 363 anAja/anna 163, 165, 210 kRSaka/kisAna 125, 132, 137 211, 212, 215, 256, 141, 190, 195, 197, 261, 366 . 196, 201, 204, 206, alasI 211 236, 241 Ardrakanda (adaraka) 213 kRSaka jAti 133, 140-142 ilAyacI 215, 216, 217 kRSaka varga 206, 215, 240 Ikha 212, 215, 237, 256, kRSakoM ke grAma 252 260, 286 kRSi (udyoga) 30, 31, 140, Ikha kA rasa 212 207-160, 161, 201-204, ur3ada 212, 213 213-216, 221, 236, 238, kapUra 216 240, 244, 291, 321 kaliGga (kalidA/tarabUja) 213 pramukha udyoga ke rUpa meM kAlAgaru (dhUpa) 216, 237 209-210, zUdra varga kA mukhya kezara 216 vyavasAya 206-210, kalA kUSmANDa (kad) 213 kauzala ke antargata kRSi 204, kodrava (koMdoM) 212 kRSi gatividhiyAM 210, siMcAI godhUma (gehU~) 163, 211, ke sAdhana 211, kRSi utpAdana 238 211-212, pANDukanidhi aura gozIrSa candana 174, 215, kRSi utpAdana 163, isakA 226, 446 sAmantavAdI DhAMcA 197-196, canA 163, 211, 213 isa para sAmanta rAjAoM kA candana 214, 215 niyaMtraNa 240, 241, gannA cAvala 163, 212 utpAdana 212, zAka-sabjI cirbhaTa (kacariyA) 213 utpAdana 212 jau 163, 212, 264 kRSi utpAdana 160, 163, 195, tAmbUla 216, 256 210-213, 240,261, 262, tila 211, 212, 237, 236 anAja utpAdana 210-212, dAle 213

Page #641
viSayAnukramaNikA 607 ghAna 210, 260, 311 kRSi-gatividhiyAM 210, 211, ghAna kI paudha (kalama) 211, 242, 254, 256, 264 ghAnoM ke prakAra 211 kRtrima tathA prakRtrima sAdhanoM se dhUpa 216 khetoM kI siMcAI 211, anAja nAriyala 216 bonA 236, phasala kI jutAIpuNDe kSu (lAla Ikha) 212, rupAI-kaTAI 210, cuTAI dvArA 256 anAja kA bhUsA alaga karanA puSpa parAga 216, 228 210, 221, 256, ahIra priyAla cUrNa 182 bAlAoM dvArA phasala kI rakSA phala 164, 215-217, 237 210, gAr3iyoM dvArA anAja kI phala-phUloM kA rasa 216 DhulAI 210, 245, khalihAnoM phUla 164, 215-117, 228, meM anAja saMgrahaNa 210, 254, 237 bar3e kumbhoM meM anAja kA saMbharaNa maTara 263 masAle 216 210, bhakta grAmoM/nigamoM meM mASa 264 anAja kA saMrakSaNa aura vitaraNa mirca 213 245, 255 256, sambAghoM meM mudga (mUMga) 211, 263 anAja kA sthAyI rUpa se mUlaka (mUlI) 213 bhaNDAraNa 264 meve 217-218 kRSi grAma 127, 168, 200, yava 264 210 lAbuka (laukI) 213 kRSidAsa prathA 165, 16" lepa 214 kRSNa 36, 49, 56, 251, 375 loMga (lavaGga) 216, 217 kRSNa kI rAsalIlAeM 375 vAstuka (bathuprA) 213 kRSNapakSa 346, 356 vrIhi 211 kRSNA lezyA 363 vRntAka (baiMgana) 213 kendrIya mantrimaNDala 111 zAli 211 kendrIya zAsanavyavasthA108, 106, SaSThika 211 118, 146, 160 sarasoM 212. 213 kevala jJAna 381, 382 sugandhita dravya 214-217, kezavANijya (vyavasAya) 236 300 326 - keza luMcana 362 supArI 216, 218, 256 koTika (gaNa) 135, 136

Page #642
608 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 247 koTimahAyajJa 368 kraya-vikraya 224, 227, 226, koDiya 134, 138, 142 koDiya (gaNa) 135, 136 kSaNikavAda 376, 367, 318 koDiyo/koMDipo 134, 138, 140 bhAvoM tathA padArthoM kI kSaNikatA koDI 134 367, jaTAsiMha dvArA AlocanA koDukkapillaM (pada) 141, 142 368, loka vyavasthA chinnakombiyo 134 bhinna ho jAne kA prAkSepa 368, kolhU 236 citta-santAna-jJAnadhArA kI kozazAstra 137 anupapannatA 398 koza grantha 266, 282, 283, kSatriya 13, 25, 26, 72, 156, 311 202, 204, 206, 207, koSa 70, 85, 6, 8, 66, 241, 316, 318, 321 114, 161 inakA mukhya vyavasAya yuddhakarma koSagRha 252 206, chaha prakAra kI senAmoM meM koSabala 73 :mola' senA ke antargata sthAna koSasaMcaya 66, 77, 97-96, 146, 156, 206 kSatriya yuddha 206 koSAgArika (pada) 72, 83 kSatriya varga 206, 241, 407, koSAdhyakSa (pada) 114 / / 408 kauTilya kAlIna nArI 463, nimna kSatriyoM kI zikSA 425, 426 vivAha saMsthA kI vaidhAnikatA kSatriyoM ke vyavasAya 206-207, para bala 463, guptacara vibhAga 241, 426 meM strI karmacArI 463, varga kSitipati 84 / kI striyoM kA Arthika utthAna kSitibhuja 84 463 kSitIndra 83 kauTumbika/kombikA 136, 126 kSINakaSAya 362 . kauTumbiyA 126 kSIra-nIra-nyAya 416 koDumbiya 136, 138 kSetrakara 132, 133 kauNDinya (gotra) 317 kSetrAjIvaH 137.. kotsa (gotra) 317 kSepyo agniyoga vidhi 182, 183 kaulika (jAti) 277 khaDga-sadRza prAyudha 168; 175, kauzika (gotra) 367

Page #643
fararasafoet khaNDana- maNDana pravRtti 406 khanika ( khAna-majadUra ) 234, 257 khanija utpAdana 162, 224 kharakarma 238 kharoSTI lipi 273 khaTa 262, 201 nadI ke tIrasthagrAma 262, isameM do sau grAmoM kI sthiti 262, zrAkheTakoM/bhRtyoM kA nivAsa 262 khakhaMDa 262 khalihAna 210, 254. khAdya-peya padArtha 156; 186, 162, . 234, 242, 262-266, 321 387 prans (bhAta) 22 . apUpa - mudga (mUMga kA mAlapUnA) #9 263 prapUpikA : ( mAlapUnA ) 311 ariSTa (madirA) 216, 265 irikA (pUrI ) 161, 234, 2e3, 2e4, 311 : ikSurasa 336, 368 prodana (bhAta) 262, 311 provika ( miSTAnna ) 264 makkhana- dUdha se banI miThAiyAM 264. karambhaka 3 (dahI vAlA sattu) 22, 311 kAdambarI (madirA) 216, 265 kIlATa ( miSTAnna) 264 606 phaTe dUdha se banI miThAiyA~ 264, kaudravodana ( kodo kA bhAta) 262 kvathikA ( kar3hI) 263, 311 kSereya ( miSTAnna ) 264 dUdha se banI, miThAiyA~ 294 262, 263, khANDa : 212, 336, 336 khANDa maNDaka 262 khANDa-maNDikA 2e3 khAMDa-mANDA (khAMDa-roTI ) 262 khAdya (khAjA) 263, 311 guDa 212, 232, 256, 256, 261, 366 gomAMsa 264. ghRta/ ghI 221, 232, 235, 316, 331, 333, 336, 336. 38.7. takra 231 tImana ( kar3hI) 263, 311 tela 236, 327, 387 dadhi / dahI 221, 231, 235, 316, 68 333, 336, 339 dAdhika ( miSTAnna) 294 dahI se 264 banI miThAiyAM dugdha / dUdha 231, 316, 368, 387, 333, 336, 3361 paTa (pApaDa) 263, 311 cAvaloM / madaroM se bane pApar3a 263 pazudmoM kA mAMsa 264

Page #644
- jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja puroDAsa (yajJa roTa) 264 kolATa' 'kSareya', 'dAdhika', makkhana 236 vaTakinI', 'modaka', 'zaSkuli' maNDaka (roTo/capAtI) 262, mereya (madirA) 216, 265 modaka (laDDU) 264, 311 'madirA/madya 46, 53, 81, yavANu (cAvala kI khicar3I) """".192, 216, 236, 295, 264 - 296, 311, 380 .vaiTaka (bar3A) 263, 311 isake vibhinna prakAra-... vaTakinI (miSTAnna) 264 pariSTa, -kAdambarI, maireya, zakkara 212 surA, 195, madirA zarbata 216 S+-nirmANa kI vidhiyAM 216, zakuli (jalebI) 294 ' kSa-vanaspatiyoM kA eka saktu/sattu (jo cUrNa) 262, ro "mukhya utpAdana 216 5 311 mane paMjAbI roTI) 262 ."-saktu dhAna (mane cAvala) 264 maNDikI (choTI roTI) 263 . surA (madirA) 216, 265 madhuzahada 216, 236, 265, khATika 272, 280 dosI grAmoM kA samUha 280 marmarola (gujarAtI pApar3a) 263 khAna 67, 224, 257, 261 311 sIne cAMdI kI 257, ratnoM kI rF mAMsa 223, 264, 265, 261 - 11, 120, 180 khilajI nIti 188 ::16% mAMsodana miti mizrita bhAta) , kheTa 166, 242, 243, 258, 22, 264 260, 280, 281, 284, mAnDA hariyANavI roTI) " 311:" 262 'mAnDe (gajarAtI roTI) 262 * . ' ' 'nadI parvata se prAveSTita nagara 258, 'nadI ke tIrastha grAma miSTAnna (miThAiyAM) 234, vikasita grAma 256, 264 .. moTha pakavAna 262-294, jaMgala madhya sthiti 258, pura kA prArdhA bhAga 268, mAMsadraSTavya' / ' 'khANDamANDA' 'prapUpikA' (mAlapanA) jISiyoM kA nivAsa sthAna 258, 'yavAviziSTa miThAiyAM zUdroM kA nivAsa sthAna 258 14: draSTavya 'modazvika', ' kheTaka 180 .

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* viSayAnukramaNikA kher3a 242, 256, 280 kheDA 256, 366 kheta (kRSi kSetra) 167, 211, 213, 215, 221, 244, 326, 327, 331 inameM lahalahAtI phasala 210, phasala kI kaTAI, jutAI, rupAI 210, phasala kI rakSA 210, isakI sicAI 211, khetoM meM ahIra bAlikAeM 210, khetoM se khalihAnoM meM anAja kA sthAnAntaraNa 210 gaja ( ratna) 194 gajayuddha 164 gajavidyA 64 gaja vibhAga 154 gajazAlA 252 . gajasenA 72, 154, 156, 186 gaNaka (jyotiSI ) 72, 185, 236 gaNarAjya 512, 513 zrAbhIra gaNarAjya, 513 mAlava gaNarAjya 513, yaudheya garaNa rAjya 513 gaNikA 482 gandha 387, 388 gandharva sena ( vidyAkoza) 424 'gannA pironA (vyavasAya) 237 garbhanAza 481 garbhavatI strI 480, 481 garbhavezma 248 garbhazAlA (mandira) 341 garbhastha zizu 481 garbhAdhAna 13, 393 gavarnara 111 gahvarapati 128 gAr3I jotanA (vyavasAya) 238 gAyaka / vAgIza 123, 235 gAthAnArAzaMsI 37 gAndharva vivAha 463 gAma 242, 280 gAyaka 341 gAyana 21, 161, 162 gAyoM kA raMmbhAnA 253, 256, 286 gArgya (gotra) 317 gilDa 226, 272 gujarAtI bhASA 141, 262 guNavaicitrya 401 guNasthAna (caudaha) 362 611 guptakAla 84, 86, 118: 125, 126, 140, 276, 277, 260, 266, 314, 318 guptakAlIna arthavyavasthA 240 guptakAlIna nArI 465 guptakAlIna zAsanavyavasthA 106, 276, 277, 513 guptacara 77, 86, 104, 121, 122, 225 gupta sAmrAjya 66, 148, 186, 512, 513 guptiyA~ 328 manogupti 328, vacana gupti 328, kAya gupti 328, cAritra gupti 360

Page #646
612 gurillA yuddha 166. 167 guru 66, 412 gurukula 414, 464 gurudakSiNA 413 guruziSya sambandha 412-416 guruzraddhA 88 gurjaravarAdhIzvara 85 gupti 363, 360 gulma 164 gRha (saMsthA) 136 gRha / geha 248, 331 gRhadAna 162, 13, 348 gRhanirmAtA 232 pA0 gRhapati 136 gRhalakSmI kA pada 465 gRhastha / zrAvaka 13, 14, 262, 318, 321, 327, 330, 331, 362, 404, 470 gokula yoSit (gvAlina) 213 gocara 271 gotra 125, 142 gotra (bandha ) 390 gotra pravartaka 134, 135 goSa vibhAjana 317 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja gopavadhU ( gvAlina) 255, 264 gopAla ( gvAle) 235 135, 324 360 AGgirasa 317, prAtreya 317, kAzyapa 317, kauNDinya 317, kautsa 317, kauzika 317, gArgya 317, gautama 317 mANDavya 317, vAsiSTha 317, gotra vibhAjana kA anaucitya 317 gopa / gopAlaka 255, 256, 264, gopAlaprabhu 130 gopura 246, 246, 250 gopura dvAra 250 gopUjA 316 gomaya vyavasAya 237 gomUtrikA 56 gommaTa svAmI 54 goSThamahattara 130, 166, 221 gaur3a 133 gautama (gotra) 317 gonDa 127, 133 graha-nakSatra 113, 114185, 363, 366, 450-452 graha-nakSatroM para avizvAsa 452, 453 grAma 4, 7, 67, 66, 116, 120, 124-128, 138, 142, 161, 162, 15-168, 201, 210, 212, 240245, 253-262, 270, 278, 280, 281, 285 286, 261, .311, 313, 341, 366 grAma kA lakSaNa 244, nirukti 244, sImA 234, choTA grAma 244, bar3A grAma 244, grAmINa janajIvana 245, 254, 356, yAtAyAta ke sAdhana 255, inakA upabhoga vaiziSTya 245, sampatti ke rUpa meM 245, Arthika utpAdana ke kendra 244, 245,

Page #647
viSayAnukramaNikA 616 AtmanirbharatA evaM svAyattatA grAma bhoktA 138, 140, 198 124, 206, inakI arthavyavasthA grAma mahattara 126, 127, 126, 125-127, 141, 167-201, grAma-mukhiyA 126, 127, 128, prazAsanika adhikArI 120, 132, 240 124-141, inakA sAmantavAdI grAma saGgaThana 124, 125, 126, DhAMcA 124-141, 197, 166, 127, 128, 126, 131, 240, 353-354, madhyavartI 132, 133, 137, 138, loga-mahattara, mahattama tathA 136, 141, 142, 161 kuTumbI 124-141, jAti ke grAma svAmI 124 nAma para grAma 278, grAmasabhyatA grAmAdhikArI 136, 971 ke vAcaka zabda 271, kRSaka grAmAdhIza 136, 197, 166 grAma 252, gvAloM ke grAma grAmika 271 grAmeyaka 138 130, 198, 252, zilpIgrAma grAmeza 120 244 vANigrAma 286, brAhmaNoM ke grAma 244, pragrahAra grAmotpAdana 125 grAma 138, 197, 201, 244, grAmonmukhI (arthavyavasthA) 125, 127, 141 288, 286, bhakta grAma 245, grAmoM kA vikendrIkaraNa 167 246, 255, 256, 311 grAmoM kA zAsakatva 198 dillI ke samIpavartI grAma grAmoM kA svAmitva 162, 197 256, inakA nagaronmukhI grAmoM meM murgApAlana 222 vikAsa 255 grAmoM meM rakSaka 161 grAma kI saMgaThita sabhA 276 grISma Rtu tapa 365 grAmakUTa 127 ghoMgA janajAti 60, 240 grAma-jamIMdAra 167 ghoSa (grAma) 130, 221, 242, grAmadAna 126, 141, 142, 197, 243, 264, 270, 280, . 201, 248, 273, 288 281, grAma nirmANa 198-252 ahIroM kI bastI 264 grAma-pradhAna 167, 275 ghoSa vRddha 130 prAma prabhu 126 ghosa 242, 280 prAma pravara 127 grAma prazAsana 108, 120, 124, cakra nirmANa (vyavasAya) 232 pA0 125, 133, 138, . 141, cakravartI 83, 84 142, 146, 275 cakravartI samrAT 124

Page #648
614 cakSugrAhya (padArtha) 388 caNDI mArI devI kA mandira 366 caturdaza ratna 194, 200 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja cAndramAsa 356 cApAcArya 427 cAra prakAra kI sabhAeM 276 cAritra 361 cAritragupti 390 cArvAka anuyAyI 366, 402 cArvAka darzana 366, 402, 406 cAlukya vaMza 57, 66, 84, 87, 143-147, 153, 227, 322, 323, 368, 371, 534 vaMzotpatti 144, vaMzakrama 144145, pazcimI cAlukya vaMza 332, kalyANi ke cAlukya 322 pracetana ratna tathA cetana ratna 64, azva ratna, asiratna, kAMkiNIratna, gajaratna, carmaratna, cUNAmaNiratna, chatraratna, daNDaratna, purohitaratna, zilpIratna, senApatiratna, strIratna 194 caturdaziyAM 328 caturaGgiNI senA 460 caturviMzatistava 363 catuvidha upAya 75, 77, 78, 82, 150 caturvidha dharma 324 catuvidha bala 71 maula, vaMtra, bhUtya, prATavika 71 caturvidhAtodyacaturatA 441 caturveda: 426 catuSka ( caurAhA) 251 catvara (caupAla) 248 pA0 candravaMzI rAjA 144, 287 camUpa (pada) 116,117 camUpati (pada) 110, 112, 117 caravAhe 233 pA0 carita purANa 45 carmakAra 232 pA0 cala-acala padArtha 367 cala-yaMtra prAyuSa 168, 177 cATa 138 cANUramala 372 cAlukya zAsanavyavasthA 106, 120, 145, 372, 373, cAhamAna (cauhAna) vaMza 64, 141144, 147, 154, 206, 526 cAhamAna zAsanavyavasthA 106, 118 cittasantAnajJAnadhArA 368 citrakarma (vyavasAya) 236, 327 citrakalA - vAstuzAstrIya 443, 444 citrakalA mandiroM kI 443, 444 citrakalA - zraGgArika 444, 445 citrakAra 123, 200, 204, 233 pA0 236 culuka (pIra) 144 cUr3AkaraNa saMskAra 406 ceTikA 124, 156 cetanAlakSaNa 384

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viSayAnukramaNikA caitanya kA prabhAva 386 caitramAsa 346 caimbara oNpha kaoNmarsa 264, 265, 275 cora / DAkU / dasyu / taskara 103, 104, 11, 225, 226, 233 corI karanA ( vyavasAya ) 103, 238 corI kI vastueM 104 coroM kA prAtaGka 104 coroM para niyantraNa 105 caudaha nadiyA~ 511 caudaha pUrvo kI vidyAeM 424 caudaha bidyAeM (vaidika) 206, 407-406, 425, 427 causaTha kalAeM 423, 424 chekila (sampradAya) 372 jaMgama jIva 3620 jagat 3:63/364, 401 jagat ko utpatti 367 jar3a-cetana 3 jar3a padArtha, 6 pa janapada 70, 1166, 266, 230. 274, 275,277, 276, 512, 513 janapada nivAsI 266 janapadIya bhASA 125 jamIMdA 136, 142, 165, 166 jamIMdAra kRSaka 266 jamIMdAra sAmanta 125. jamIMdArI prathA 190, 236, 327 jambU dvIpa 510 511 isakI jaina bhUgolIya sthiti isake antargata sAta kSetra, 540, chaha kulAcala, caudaha nadiyA~ 511 jarAsaMdha 251 jala (tatva) 366, 400 jalagRha 252, 345 jala parikhA 246 615 jalayAtrA 346 jalazAlA kA gavAkSa nirmANa 345 jalAzaya / sarovara 162, 221, 223. 244, 246, 251, 33,3, 334 jAtaka kI janmakuNDalI 451, 452 jAtaka - grantha 12, 26, 34, 266, 272, 260 jAti / jAtivyavasthA 133, 142, 201, 204, 310, 315-317, 376. kA virodha 317, 376, manuSya jAti kA ekatva 316, 311, nimna varNa kI jAtiyAM 133, 294, 330 jAti pramukha 125 jAti vidyA 423 jAti smaraNa 357 134, 246, 321. jAnapada 266, 267, 270, 276, 260, rAjya kI saMvaidhAnika samiti 270

Page #650
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja janapada-nivAsI 270, jaina prAgamoM meM nArI 462, 463 janapada-zAsaka 270, smRtikAlIna AcArasaMhitA se isa nAma kI mudrA (sIla), prabhAvita 462, 276 strI ko sampatti mAnane kI jAnapada mudrA 276 avadhAraNa 462, strIviSayaka jinendra pUjA mahotsava 337 heya mAnyatAeM 462, saMghajinendra pratimA 332-334 vyavasthA meM puruSa se nArI ko jIrNa sUrpa 105 zreSThatA 462-463, nArI jIva (tattva) 363, 382-362, prazaMsA ke dRSTAnta 463, 365, 366, 400, 402 strIdAsatA kI paristhitiyAM sAmAnya lakSaNa 384, do prakAra ko upayogamayatA 384, isako jaina prAgamagrantha 35, 135, 136, bahubidha pravRttiyAM 384, isake 230, 242, 245, 257, .. bhedra tathA upabheda 385 draSTavya 258, 276-282, 260,376 _ 'mabhavya', 'bhavya' tathA 'mukta' 422 jIva .. jaina kathAsAhitya 43 .. ... jIva kI utpatti 400 jaina kalpa 326, 351, 355 jIva kI sattA 403 / . . . . .: bAraha prakAra ke :-saudharma, jIva ke dharma 402 jIva-zarIra-parimANavAda 376 aizAna, sAnatkumAra, mAhendra, .. jIvAjIva tattva 402 brAhma, lAntava, zukra, sahasrAra, jIvAjIvAdi chaha padArtha (mImAMsA) . prAnanta, prANata, AraNa, , pracyuta 351 . jIvikopArjana (AjIvikA) ,203, jana jaina kavi 43-47, 403. 233, 237, 238 jaina kAlavibhAjana 356, 357 kulAgata AjIvikA 203 jaina mAnyatA 356, kAla kI / kuletara-prAjIvikA 203 vividha ikAiyA~ 356, bhavajIvoM kI caudaha zreNiyA~ 362 . sarpiNIkAla 356, utsapiNI kAla 357, chaha upakAla 356 jupArI 23, 107 jeTha mAsa 365 , .. jaina kulakara (kuladhara) 357 jaina aSTadravya pUjA 332 jaina kulakaroM kI saMkhyA 357, jaina aSTavidhapUjana 336 358 "

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viSayAnukramaNikA 617 jaina kulAcala (chaha) 511 vaiyAvRttya tapa 364, vyutsargatapa himavAn, mahAhimavAn niSadha, 364, zIta Rtu tapa 365, nIla, rukmI, zikhara 511 svAdhyAya tapa 364 jaina kSetra (sAta) 511 jaina tarkazAstra 405 bharata, haimavata, hariramyaka, jaina tarkazAstrI 381 hairaNyaka, hairaNyavata, videha, jaina tIrthasthAna 314, 333, 336, airAvata 511 342-347, 365 jaina gRhastha/zrAvaka dharma 318, 321, jaina tIrthaka ra 63, 57, 342, 354, 323, 470 357, 358, 385, 386 do prakAra kA 318, 321, jaina tIrthaGkaroM kI mAtAeM 481 gRhastha ke niSiddha karma 327, jaina triSaSTizalAkApuruSa 358, 356 dhAvakoM ke caudaha prakAra 361, tIrthaGkara (caubIsa) 358, zrAvakoM ke bAraha vrata 331 cakravartI (bAraha) 358, jaina cakravartI (bAraha) 342, 358 vAsudeva/nArAyaNa (nau) 357, jaina caturdaza svapna 454, 455 356, pratinArAyaNa (nau) jaina cAmatkArika vidyAeM 424 358, 356, balabhadra/balarAma jaina cUrNI grantha 281, 282 (nau) 358, 356, zalAkA puruSoM kA prAvirbhAva, 358, jaina jyotiSka deva 340, 351 inake nAma 358-356 . jaina tapazcaryA 314, 324, 331, jaina darzana 36, 51, 375, 376, 352, 356, 360, 363, 378, 376, 380, 381. 364, 366, 367, 401 / 362, 403, 405, 406 tapoM ke bheda 363, bAhyatapa chaha ___ jainadarzana kA vikAsa 375, 376 prakAra ke 364, kaThora tapa __ isake cAra yuga 375 364, anazana tapa 364, jaina darzana kI tattvamImAMsA 405 prabamodarya tapa 364, unodarI jaina darzana ke sAta tattva 383-362 tapa 364, kAyakleza tapa 364. jIva, ajIva, prAzrava, bandha, 367, dhyAna tapa 364, paMcAgni saMvara, nirjarA tathA mokSa 383, tapa 365, prAyazcita tapa 364 362, puNya, pApa sahita nau rasaparityAga tapa 364, varSA tattva 384 Rtu tapa 364, vivikta zayanA- jaina darzana meM nArI 471, 472 sana tapa 364, viSamatapa 364, jaina dArzanika 320, 376, 378, vRttiparisaMkhyAna tapa 364 362, 402, 403, 506

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618 jaina dIkSA 472 jaina deva 352-355 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 351 pratIndra deva 346, prANat deva 351, brAhmadeva 351, mAhendadeva 351, bhUtadeva 342, 350, yakSadeva 351, 350, rAkSasa deva 350, lAntava deva 351, vidyuta deva 350, zukra deva 351, sabhAsada deva 351, sahasradhAra deva 3510 sAnatkumAra deva 351, sAmAnika deva 346, sArasvata de 351, suparNaM deva 350, sUrya deva 350, 351, sevaka deva 351, sainika deva 351, sodharma: deva 351, stanita devaH - 351 jaina devapUjA 354jaina devaloka 351 devatva kA lakSaNa 355, devapada kI prApti 352, devagati 352, 354, devatAoM kA janma 352, devatAoM kA zarIra 353, devatAoM kI prAyu 354, devatAoM kA parAkrama 353, devatAoM kI vilAsa ceSTAeM 355, devAMganAoM ke sAtha ramaNa 353, 355, deva krIDAeM 354-355, deva- tRpti ke vividha stara 355 jaina devaH koTiyA~ : agni deva 350, aGgarakSakadeva 351; acyutadeva 351; anila deva 350 asuradeva 350, ahamindradeva 351 prAdityadeva 351; anatadeva 351, prAraNa deva 351, indradeva 346, indra samakakSa deva 351, udadhi deva 350, aizAna deva 351, kinnara deva 342, 350, 351, kiMpuruSa deva 350, gandharva deva 350, garuDa deva 350, graha deva 350, candramA deva 350, tAraka deva 350; daNDanAyaka deva 351, dik deva 350, dvIpa deva 340 ; nakSatra deva 350; nAga deva 350 ; nimnavargIya deva 351, pizAca deva 350, prajA samakakSa deva adhograiveyaka 351, mahamindra 351, kubvaM graiveyaka 352, graiveyaka 351, madhya gravayaka 351 jaina devavarga 351, 354 dazaviSabhiyogya351, anIka 351, prAtmarakSa 356 indra 351, kilviSaka 356, trayastriza 351, pariSattraya 351, .: prakIrNaka 351, lokapAla 351, sAmAnika: 351 jaina devazAstra 314, 350-356, 2 405 jaina devoM kA vargIkaraNa 350354, inakA svarUpaH 352

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viSayAnukramaNikA 354, jaina deviyAM 354, inake tIna varga 354, deva deviyAM 354, deva - deviyoM ke pArasparika sambandha 355 jaina devazAstrIya mAnyatAeM 471 jaina devAGganA 353, 355 inakA devatAoM ke sAtha vihAra 353, 355, inakI zraMGgArika vilAsa krIDAeM 355 jaina deviyA~ 338, 358 aditi devI 424, amRtA devI 338; ambikA devI 338, 354, umA devI 338; ekalabIrA devI 336-339; aindrI devI 338, kAla saMkarSiNI devI 338, kAlI devI 338, kIrti devI 338; kaumArI devI 338, gorI devI 338, cakrezvarIdevI 338, 1354, caNDikA devI 338, maNDImArI devI 369, cAmuNDA devI 368, jvAlA mAlinI devI 338, 354, tArA devI 338, tripurA devI 338, durgAdevI 338, nimbujA devI 338, padmAvatI devI 338, 354, pITha devI 338, balAdevI 334, brAhmaNI devI 338, bhadrakAlI devI. 338, bhRkuTI devI 338, mahAkAlI devI 334, yakSiNI devI 338, 354, lakSmI devI 338, 354, 61e lavaraNA devI 338, vArAhI devI 338, vaiSNavI devI 338, zAnti devI 354, zrI devI 338, 354, sarasvatI devI 338, 354, siddhamAhezvarI devI 338, siddhidAyikA devI 338, 354, srota devI 338, hrI devI 338 jaina deviyoM kA vargIkaraNa 338, 354, 424 inake tIna mukhya varga - kula deviyA~ 338, 354, prAsAda deviyAM 338, 354, vidyA deviyA~ 424 jaina deviyoM kA svarUpa 338, 353355 jaina devI tattva 354, inake tIna varga 338, 354, inakA devazAstrIya caritra 355, devoM ke anusAra deviyoM kI sthiti 354, deva-patniyoM ke rUpa meM 355, inakI vezabhUSA 355, inakA premapradarzana 355, inakI devatAoM ke sAtha krIDA 355 jaina deviyoM ke mandira 338, 368 jaina devI pUjA 338, 336, 354, 368 devI pUjA kI lokapriyatA 336, isake aitihAsika avazeSa 354, deviyoM kI mandiroM meM sthApanA 338, 368, tIrthaMkaroM ke sAtha deviyoM kI bhI pUjA

Page #654
620 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 353, inakI mUrtiyAM 336, rAjanaitika lokapriyatA 322. 354, inakA stuti gAna 336, 323, isake pracAraka rAjavaMza devI kI zaktiyA~ 338, devI 322-323, isake pramukha kendra pUjA mahotsava 336 322, rAjadharma ke rUpa meM 370, jana devoM kA vargIkaraNa 350-352 hindU dharma ke sAtha samanvaya cAra prakAra ke deva-bhavana- mUlaka pravRttiyAM 316-324 vAsI devoM kA vargIkaraNa 350, jaina dharma ke pracAraka vaMza 323 vyantaradeva 350, jyotiSka deva pallava 322, gaGga 322, 350, vaimAnika deva 351, rASTrakUTa 322, kadamba 322, vibhinna prakAra ke devavarga 351, hoyasala 322, cAlukya 322 352 jaina dharma ke pramukha kendra 322 jaina devoM kI krIDAeM 355 kAMcI 322, ujjayinI 322, jala krIDA 355, dolA krIDA mathurA 322, valabhI 322, 355, vAhana krIDA 355, karnATaka 322, gujarAta 322, zayana krIDA 355, sthala krIDA rAjasthAna 323 355 jaina nadiyAM (caudaha) 511 jaina dravya pUjA 332 gaMgA, sindhu, rohitAsyA, rohita jaina dravyavyavasthA 382-383, 386 navI, harikAntA, harit, jaina dravya ke bheda 3.2, 383 sItodA, sItA, narakAntA, do bheda 383, tIna bheda 383, nArI, rUpyakUlA, suvarNakUlA, chaha bheda 363, 382, 383 raktA tathA raktodA 511 jaina dravya lakSaNa 380, 382, 383 / / jaina nandIzvara parva 348, 346 jaina dharma, 28, 35, 36, 42, 43, jaina naya 316, 363, 366, 36751, 102, 146, 186, 205 378, 381, 382.403 294, 314-325, 330, 338, 336, 356, 360, jaina naya vyavasthA 382 403-405 paribhASA 382, bheda tathA isakI navIna samAjadharmI upabheda 382; dravyArthika tathA pravRttiyAM, 314, 315, isakI paryAyAthika naya 382, inake vaicArika pRSThabhUmi 314, sAta mukhya bheda 382; anekAntaisakA lokAdhAra 314, 320, vAda kI apekSA se naya-nirUpaNa 366, isakA pracAra-prasAra 323, 376-378

Page #655
viSayAnukramaNikA 621 jaina naraka 101, 102, 385 narakaprApti ke kAraNa 101, 102, naraka kI yAtanAeM 102, mAra kI striyoM dvArA prAliGgana 102, sAmAjika aparAdhavRtti pora naraka 102, naraka ko saptabhUmiyAM 385 jaina nArAyaNa (vAsudeva) 342, 358, 356 jaina parva-mahotsava 333, 337, 348-350 aSTAhnika maha 348, 346, indradhvaja maha 348-346, kalpadruma maha 348, caturmukhaparva 348, 346, jina maha 346, jinendra pUjA mahotsava 337, tIrtha yAtrA mahotsava 350, dIpotsava 350,nandIzvara parva 348, 346, nitya maha 348, paramaparva 346, mandira sthApanA mahotsava 337, mahAmaha parva 348, 346, mAnasika parva 328, yAtrA-utsava 350, sarvatobhadra parva 348, 346 sAMvatsaraparva 346 jaina purANa 38-41, 44, 408, 354 devI pUjA 338, 336, 354, 356, dainika pUjA 348, nandIzvara pUjA 348, 346, pratimA pUjA 332, 337, 348, 346, mandira pUjA 246 jaina pUjA dravya 212, 332-336, 368, 384, 545 anAja tathA pakvAnna 212, 336, sugandhita padArtha 332334. bahumUlya vastueM 337, aSTadravya pUjA sAmagrI 337, pUjA dravyoM kA anuSThAnaphala 336-337, jaina tathA hindU pUjA dravyoM meM samAnatA 335, 336, siddharAja dvArA prayukta pUjA dravya 336, vastupAla dvArA prayukta pUjA dravya 336, pUjA dravya tAlikA :akSata 332, 335, 336, 337, 348 arghya 335, 336 arghya pAtra 334 prAbhUSaNa 334 prAvartaka 333 ikSu rasa 336 upamAnikA (kumbha) 334, 337, 368 / prodana 334 kapUra 332, 336, 336, 400 kalaza 333, 334, 336, jaina pUjA 246, 332, 337-336, 348, 346, 353, 354, 368 arhanta deva pUjA 348, jinendra pUjA 348, 353, dikpAla pUjA 346, deva pUjA

Page #656
622 kRSNA garu 336, 336 khANDa 336, 336 ghaNTA 337 ghRta 333, 336, 336 caMdana 332, 336, 336, 348 caMdobA 337 caru 336 cAmara 332 chatra 332, 337 jala 336, 337, 348 jala pAtra 333 jau 212, 336 bhArI 333, 334, 337 taNDula 332, 336 tila (kRSNa) 212, 336 336 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja patra 336 pAtra 333, 337 pAlikA 333, 337 puroDAsa 336, 368 puSpa 332, 335, 336, 337, 338, 336 337, tIrthodaka 336, 337 turahI 337 thAlI 337 darpaNa 337 dahI 333, dADima 332 dIpa 332, 335, 336, 337 dUba 336 dUdha 333, 336, 336 dharmacakra 337 dhUpa 332, 335, 336, 337, 400 vajA 337 nAda 333, 337 naivedya 332, 334, 336, 337, 336 puSpa mAlA 332, 334, 336 phala 332, 334, 336, 337, 338 madhu / zahada 336, 336 madhuparka 336 mukuTa 337 lAjA 336 vastra 336, 336 zaMkha 333, 337 sarasoM 212, 336 svarNa kalaza 337 svarNakumbha 337, 347 svarNa yantra 336, 337 svarNa zaMkha 333 haldI 334 havi / havana sAmagrI 334, 337, 368 jaina pUjA dravyoM kA anuSThAna phala 336, 337 akSata se ArogyatA tathA ghana sampadA 336, 335, ayaM se prabhISTa prApti 337, gandha se saubhAgya 336, ghRta se zarIrapuSTi 336 candana se zarIra sugandhi 337,

Page #657
" viSayAnukramaNi kA 623 jala se zAnti tathA pApanAza Seka 333, pratimA alaMkaraNa 336, 337, jo se zubhra varNa 335, mantrajApa 334, 435, 336, taNDala se dIrghAyu 336, pradakSiNA 335, vandanA 363, tila se vRddhi 336, dadhi se visarjana 332, zeSikA 335, "kArya siddhi 336, dIpa se sannidhIkaraNa 332, stutivAcana kAnti 337, dugdha se pavitratA 341, 363, sthApana 332, 336, dhUpa se saubhAgya 337, svastivAcana 335 naivedya se lakSmIpatitva, 337, jaina pratinArAyaNa (nau) 358, 356 paya se santuSTi 336, puSpa se jaina pratimA abhiSeka 332-337, * mandAramAlA kI prApti 337, phala se manoratha prApti 337 348, 346, pratimA snAna, lAjA se saumanasya 337, 332, abhiSekazAlA meM sthApana sarasoM se vighna nAza 336, 334, sugandhita dravyoM kA lepa, sugandhita padArthoM se saubhAgya 332, 334, puSpAdi samarpaNa 332, svastika nirmANa 332, pratimA alaMkaraNa 334, dIpa jaina pUjA paddhati 332-336, 504 / prajvalana 332, arghyadAna -pUjA do prakAra kI-dravya pUjA 334, jhArI se abhiSeka 334, evaM bhAva pUjA 332, 333, ghar3oM se abhiSeka 334 aSTaviSa pUjana 336, hindUpUjA jaina pramANa vyavasthA 381-382, paddhati se samAnatA 335-336 dArzanika pRSThabhUmi 375-378%; "jana pUjA maNDapa 334 / sAmAnya lakSaNa 381, isake jaina pUjA vidhiyA~ 315, 332-335 bheda tathA upabheda 381-382 nayacarcA 382 praya 335, arhatstuti 330, jaina bhAva pUjA 332-333 aSTa dravya pUjA 332, AhvAna jaina bhaugolika mAnyatAeM 511, 512 332, pro3ma uccAraNa 361, jaina manu 357 jayakAra 361, jala snAna jaina manuSoM kI saMkhyA 357, 358 332, dIpa prajvalana 332 : jaina mandira 51, 56, 336-342, dravya samarpaNa 335, paMcanamaskAra 344-350, 404 327, paJcAGgasparza 361, inakI lokapriyatA 340, mandira paMcopacAra 332, pratimA abhi. nirmANa kA dhArmika manovijJAna

Page #658
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 339 - 340, inakI sthApatya kalA jaina muni dharma 314, 325, 326, 340-341, inakA kalAtmaka vaibhava 341-342, kumArapAla evaM vastupAla dvArA mandiroM kA nirmAraNa tathA jIrNoddhAra 344347 624 jaina mandira - indrakUTa 340 isakA vizAla udyAna 341, isameM vividha prakAra ko zAlAe~ 341, isakA vizAla parakoTA 341, isameM bhitti citrakArI 342, isake sphaTika maNistambha 342, isake dharAtala para mariNa - ratnoM kI citrakArI 342 jaina mandiroM kA nirmANa, 340-347 jaina mahAkAvya-bheda : 7, 34, 35. 36, 41-45, 48- 50, 56, 64 alaMkRta 30, 36, 41, vikasanazIla 36, saMskRta alaMkRta 4042, 45, 68, 70, 73-76, saMskRta aitihAsika 42, 46, saMskRta carita, 44, saMskRta caritetara 45, 46, saMskRta sandhAna 46 jaina muni 121, 214, 226,228, 324, 345, 356-367, 366, 381 jaina muni pracAra 356, 360, 362 jaina muni zrAzrama ( zikSA kendra ), 420 jaina muni kI zalya cikitsA 448 446 35-367, 404 bhoga se virakti kI ora 356, kA sopAna adhyAtmasAdhanA 360, sAmAjika prAsaGgikatA 360, samAja meM prAdarapUrNa sthAna 360 - 361, muni caryA, 362363, tapazcaryA 363-365, muni vihAra 365 - 366 jaina muniyoM kA saMgha 366 jaina muniyoM ko AhAra dAna 348 jaina muni varga 506 jaina loka 511 adholoka, madhya loka, Urdhvaloka 511 jaina vidyA paramparA 422-425 RSabhadeva dvArA vidyAnoM tathA kalAoM ko zikSA 422, jaina AgamoM kI bahattara kalAe~ 324, paramparAgata jaina vidyAeMjAtividyA, kulavidyA, tarpavidyA 423, vidyAoM ke ATha nikAya 424, caudahapUrvo kI vidyAe~ 423, jaina mahAkAvyoM kI solaha vidyAeM tathA bahattara kalAe~ 424-425 jaina vidyAeM (prAcya ) 423 jainAnumodita vidyA kA svarUpa 423, jaina vidyAtroM kA vargIkaraNa 423, pitRpakSa kI vidyAe~ 423, sAdhunoM kI vidyAe~ 423, vidyAdharoM kI

Page #659
viSayAnukramaNikA 625 vidyAeM 424, caudaha pUrvI vidyAeM, jaina vidyAnoM/upavidyAnoM/kalAnoM kI saMkhyA 424-425 jaina vidyA deviyAM 424 jaina vidyAnoM ke pATha nikAya 424. jaina bimAna 351, 353 pAMca prakAra ke-aparAjita 351 jayanta 351, vijaya 351, vaijayanta 351, sarvArthasiddhi 351, zreNIbaddha vimAna 351 jaina vRtti grantha 281, 282 jainavrata 314, 321, 323, 326 328, 331-333, 352, 360-363, 366 aNuvrata 325-327, 328, 326, 352, 365 . pracauryANuvrata 326, 326,332 pratiSisaMvibhAgavata 326 anarthadaNDavrata 326, 327, 326, 331 asteyANuvrata 326 ahiMsANuvrata 326, 331 guragavata 326, 327-326, 352 cAndrAyaNavata 365 digvata 326, 327, 326, 352 dezavrata 326, 326 dezAvakAzikavata 329 paMcANuvrata 324 parigrahaparimANavata 326,327, paribhoganivRttivata 329 proSadhopavAsavata 326, 328, 326, 332 brahmacaryANuvrata 326, 327, 331, 353 bhogavirati vrata 326 bhogopabhogaparimANavata 326, 326, 331 mahAvrata 328, 356, 363 vaiyAvRtyavrata 326 zikSAvrata 326, 352 saMtoSavrata 327 satyANuvrata 326, 331 sallekhanAvrata 328, 329 sAmayikavrata 326-328, . 326-331 svadArasaMtoSavrata 327 jana vratAcaraNa (dvAdaza) 326-328, 330-333, 352, 353, 356 zvetAmbara-digambara bheda 328, 326, vargIkaraNa kA prAdhAra 329-330, sAmAjika nyAya evaM mahiMsA kA prAgraha 326, rAjA kumArapAla dvArA dvAdaza vratoM kA pAlana 330, 332, gujarAta meM rAjakIya stara para lAga 330-331, caudaha varSoM taka 'mamAri' kI ghoSaNA jaina zalAkApuruSa 36, 40, 342, 356-356 caudaha kulakara/solaha manu 357

Page #660
626 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja 358, triSaSTizalAkApuruSa svarga ke indra 348, svarga meM 358, 356 vihAra-krIr3A 353, 355, jaina zikSaNavidhi 408 prAmoda-pramoda 351, 355, jaina zikSA paramparA 408, 406, svargastha deva-deviyoM kI zRGgAra422-425 lIlAeM 355 - jana zilAlekha 135 - jaina SoDaza svapna 454, 455 jaina saMgha vyavasthA 326, 333, 462 jainAcArya 403-405 463 jvalanazIla prAyudha 182 jaina saMskRti 12, 14, 26, 27, jJAnalakSaNa 400 28, 35, 36, 40, 46, 64, jJAna-vijJAna 407 66, 315, 321 . jJAnazUnya (jIva) 367 jaina samAja 338, 340, 348, jJAnArjana kA DhoMga 416 350, 366 jJAnAvaraNa 360 jaina sAdhviyoM kI tapazcaryA 366. jJAnAvaraNI karma 386 jJAnopayoga 384, 386 jaina sAdhviyoM kI zikSA 420 jhuggI-jhopar3iyAM 247 jaina sAdhvI 367, 367 jhUThe mApataula 231 inakI saMghavyavasthA, 366, TAuna 264, inakI zikSA-dIkSA 366 TAuna kAuMsila 273, 274 inake vrata-upavAsa 367, inakI TAuna kaoNraporezana 274 tapazcaryA 376 TAuna haoNla 274 rAjaparivAra kI rAniyoM dvArA TreDa rUTa 287, 291 dIkSA 367 TreDasaM kaoNraporezana 264 jaina sAdhvI varga 463 TreDarsa baoNDI 264 jaina sAhitya 266 Tola (cuMgI), 261 jaina svarga (devaloka) 325, 348, ThAkura 134 351-353 DaliyA banAnA (vyavasAya) 233pA0 svarga/devaloka kI prApti 325, DAkA DAlanA (vyavasAya) 103, 352, svarga daza prakAra ke 104, 238 351, svarga sukha 353, 355, DiTereMTa thiyarI 101 svargastha deva 353, 355, DivAina thiyarI 101 svargastha devAMganAeM 353, 355, Nagara 280 3 .

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viSayAnukramaNikA 627 turka 66 Nigama 259, 280-282 tIrtha yAtrA 350, 404 riNagamA 255 tIrthayAtrA-mahotsava 350 takanIkI vyavasAya 233, 238 .. tIrthasthAna (jaina tathA hindU) 344takSaka (baDaI) 200, 232 pA0. 347, 373-375, 404 tIrthasthAnoM kA jIrNoddhAra 344takSazilA vizvavidyAlaya 414, 421 347, 404 tIrthasthAnoM kA darzana 342-343, taDAga-nirmANa 346 tattvamImAMsA 400, 405, 406 turAyaNa 368 tattva-zraddhAna 386 tattvopaplavadhAda (lokAyatika) 402 tulanAtmaka jJAna-vijJAna 422 403, 406, cArvAkavAda se bhI teraha dvIpa 511 adhika pragatizIla 402, isake tela nikAlanA (vyavasAya) 236 dvArA tattvamAtra kA apalApa toraNa (patAkA yukta) 251 402, jIva tathA usake pApa- trika ( tirAhA) 251 puNya, bandha-mokSa prAdi kA tripiTaka grantha 408 sarvathA khaNDana 402, jaina tripurAdi prasura 371. dArzanikoM dvArA isa para AkSepa trividhazakti 73, 150, 434 402, 403, tattvavAdiyoM kI prabhuzakti, mantra zakti, utsAha pramANavyavasthA kA maNDana . zakti 73, 434 triSaSTizalAkA puruSa 36, 40, 45 tattvopaplavavAdI 402 dakSiNa bhArata ke nigama 270 tapavidyA 423 dakSiNAyana 356 tapovana (zikSAkendra) 413, 416 daNDa 13, 21, 100, 101, 103, tamaH prabhA (bhUmi) 385 105, 108, 116, 146, tarkapradhAna zikSA 422 150, 151, 152, 153, tarkazAstra 320 173, 174, 164 tArkika praNAlI 376-378 . daNDadhara (pada) 117, 121 tAlAboM kA jIrNoddhAra 344, 344 daNDanAtha (pada) 113, 117 tiryaJca (jIva) 385.. daNDanAyaka (pada) 106, 110, 116 tiryaJca gati 101 117, 118, 153, 154 tilapiSaka (telI) 232 pA0 . daNDanIti 67, 68, 75, 76, 82, tIrthaGkara 51, 56-58 . . 150, 185

Page #662
628 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja daNDanetra (pada) 117 grAma (eka lAkha) 504 daNDapradhAna (rAjanIti) 68 svarNamudrA (caudaha koTi pramANa daNDabheda (guNasthAna) 363 504, 505, nATakakAra daNDavyavasthA 100-103 (battIsa) 504, antaHpura ke daNDAdhikArI (pada) 116 vRddha sevaka 504, dAsa-dAsiyAM daNDAdhinAtha (pada) 116 473, 504; rAjya karmacArI daNDAdhipa (pada) 116 504, varalambikAeM (sau) daNDAdhipati (pada) 72, 116 205; pAtra/vastra prAdi 505 daNDeza (pada) 116 dAna 246, 324, 325, 346, daNDezvara (pada) 116 350, 353, 368 dantakAra 232 pA0 dAna (caMgI) 261 dantayukta prAyudha 176 dAna nIti 75, 76, 77, 78, dantavANijya (vyavasAya) 236 76, 80, 82, 150, 151, darzana 4, 8, 11, 16, 18, 361 152, 185, 192 darzanAvaraNa 360 dAna-prazaMsA 506 darzanopayoga 384 bhUmi kI 506, gRha kI 506, davaprada (vyavasAya) 239 svarNa kI 506, pazumoM kI dazalakSaNadharma 360 daheja/daheja prathA 96, 166, 198, dAnastuti 31, 37 200, 504-506, 508, 506 dAmpatya jIvana 161, 476, 477daheja prathA kA virodha 506, 506 478,48. prastrazastra tathA sampatti duHkhoM dAyabhAga 13 kA kAraNa 506; gAya-baila dArzanika mAnyatA 314, 360, mAdi pazu rAgadveSa kA kAraNa 363, 381, 405, 406 506, kanyAdAna/bhUmidAna dArzanikavAda (janetara) 376, 392apuNyakArI 506 363-403 daheja meM deya vastuoM se mohanIya sRSTi viSayaka prAgrInavAda karmoM kI vRddhi 506 362-365, sAMkhyAbhimata daheja vastueM 473, 504, 505 satkAryavAda 365-366, prAdhA rAjya 504, hAthI (gaka mImAMsAbhimata sarvajJavAvaM 396hajAra) 504,505 ghor3e (bAraha 367, bauddhAbhimata vividha vAda hajAra) 5.4, 505, raba 505 367-368, paurANika devavAda

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viSayAnukramaNikAM 368, cArvAkAbhimatavAda 366, lokAyatikavAda 401-403 dArzanika sampradAya 380, 381, 405, 406 dAsa / dAsI 156, 236 digambara sampradAya 36, 40, 48 digvijaya 66,76, 120, 148 dina ( kAla khaNDa ) 386 divyadhvani 385 dAsaprathA 127 dAsoM ko kirAe para denA (vyavasAya) devatA 160, 366. 236 divyAstra 180, 183, 184 dIkSAguru 362 dIpotsava 350 dIrghikA 251 dumaMjile / sAta maMjile makAna 246 durga 70, 73, 67, 116, 156, 162, 165, 178, 180, 188, 263 durga prakramaNa 186 durgaM niveza 135 durgapAla (pada) 120 durgabhedakaM prAyudha 174 durga yuddha 164, 165, 180 durga - raNathambhaura 156, 164 durgAdhikArI (pada) 72 durgAntavAsI 135 dUta sampreSaNa 33, 146 dRSTa prayojana ( kAvya ) 16 duHSamA (kAla) 356, 357 duHSamA - duHSamA (kAla) 356, 357 duHSamA - suSamA (kAla) 356-358dUta 61, 81, 65, 115, 122, 151, 152, 156, 187 dRSTi yuddha 163 deva (jIva ) 385 devakanyA 106 deva kanyAoM ke sAtha ramaNa 471 dU22 devopAsanA kA virodha 318, 316 deza 33, 116, 341, 513 dezavirata 362 dezI bhASA 430, 431 dezI bhASAoM meM zikSA 431 dehanirmANAtmikA zakti 366 deva (vAda ) 350 devajJa (pada) 72, 110, 451 devI adhikAravAda 67 devI siddhAnta 66. 68, 101 doraNamuha 342, 250 dolAgRha ( krIDA gRha) 252 dyUta (jumA) 107, 136 dravyArthika naya 376, 382 114, isameM naigama, saMgraha tathA vyavahAra nayoM kA antarbhAva 382 droNaka (nagara) 285 droNamukha 242, 243, 260, 272, 280, 284, 311 nadI ke taTavartI nagara 260, bandaragAha 260, vyApArika kendra 260, cAra sau grAmoM kA samUha 280, 284, vyApArI varga kA prAdhAnya rUpa se nivAsa sthAna 260

Page #664
jana saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dvArapAla/vetrin 121, 205 . 'dharmakathA 44, 45, 50, 51 dvimAtRkA 410 dharmanirapekSa zikSA mUlya 421 dvIpa 33, 354, 510, 511 dharma-pragati 404 sAta dvIpa 510, nau dvIpa 511 dharmaprabhAvanA 314, 360, 403 dvaidhIbhAva 75, 150 dharma prAsaGgikatA 313, 314, ghaMmika (dhAnya vikretA) 233 pA0 320 dhana/sampatti 68, 186, 163, dharmamUlaka rAjacetanA 68, 331 . 331 dhamaMzAlA-jIrNoddhAra 344, 345 kI vyaktigatabhAvanA 160, kI lAlasA 161, kA upabhoga dharmazAstra 5, 12, 13, 14, 34, 190-192, kI sImA kA 65, 66, 68, 66, 74 . nirdhAraNa 331 dharmazAstroM kI prAmANikatA 404 dhanika varga 213, 214, 240, dharma saMskRti saMrakSaNa 422 313, 407 dharmasUtra 12, 13, 26, 411 dharmasUtroM meM nArI 456-460 26, 32, 34, 65, 66, 78, strI ko parAzrita mAnanA 456, 63, 100, 186, 313-381, bahupatnIkatA kA samarthana 460, 383, 386, 388, 386, eka patnIvrata kI prazaMsA 460, 402 nirdoSa patnI kA tyAga-eka dharma kA samAjazAstrIya svarUpa bhayaGkara aparAdha 460 11-12, 333, dharmazAstra aura dhAtu/ratna/khanija prAdi :- . prAdhunika samAja zAstra 13-14, avalaguja 182 dharma kI paribhASA 313, isakA karketana 228 . sAmAjika niyaMtraNa 313, kAMsya 333 jAgatika dhAraNa zakti ke rUpa kambhI 183 meM 313, dharma tathA rilijana koyalA 183, 236, 316 313-314, isakI sAmAjika gaMdhaka 183 prAsaGgitA 313, 314, 320, gAruDamariNa 228 isakI sAmAjika visaMgatiyAM candrakAntamaNi 228, 248 313-314, nivRti pradhAnadharma cAMdI 163, 224, 226, 356, 360 isake zAzvata 228, 231, 333, 337 aura parivartanazIla mUlya 314, cAMdI se citrakArI 342 / isakI sAmpradAyika pravRtti 314 jastA 183

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viSayAkramaNikAM TaGkaNa (TAkhana- khAra) 236 tAMbA 228, 333, 342 tAmbe se citrakArI 342 nIla (nIlama ) 228 nIlamaNi 342 padmarAgamariNa 228, 377 padmaprabha (sapheda mariNa ) 342 puSparAga maNi 342. pravAla 228, 232 mariNa 226, 232, 377 manasila 236 marakata mariNa 342 mahendranIlamaNi 228 isa mariNa se nirmita kamala 342 mANikya 224, 343 muktA 218, 232 mUMgA 226, 232, 342 motI 224, 226, 232, 342 moma 153 228, yavakSAra 183 ratna 67, 68, 162, 163, 126-226, 377 soha/lohA 174, 176, 178, 193, 228, 234, 257 baiDUryamaNi 228 isase nirmita 342 zaMkha 228 zrIvatsamariNa 307 sIsA 183, 163 kamalanAla sUkti 228 sonA (svarNa) 193, 224, 631 226, 228, 232, 25 1, 327, 331, 333, 363, 386, 364 sone se citrakArI 342, svarNamudrA 166,, 226-231, 331, svarNakalaza 342, svarNa kamala 248 sphaTika mariNa 342, 342 hIrA 228 dhAtukAra 232 pA0 dhAtrI 124 dhAnyagRha 252 dhArmika andhavizvAsa 314, 316, 36e dhArmika karmakANDa _322-336, 325, 360 dhArmika cetanA 25, 26, 27, 26, 35, 156, 407 dhArmika mahotsava 438, 442, 483 dhArmika sampradAya 28, 360, 371, . 372,368 dhArmika sahiSNutA 318, 343, 403, 404 dhArmika sammelana ke kendra 408 dhArmika sthAnoM meM jana-suvidhAeM 344 347 upAzraya nirmANa 345-346, zrauSadhAlaya nirmANa 345, ka A khudavAnA 344-345, taDAg

Page #666
632 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja rAjadhAnI ke rUpa meM 257, nagaroM ke chaha bheda 285, dasa bheda 283 nirmANa 344-346, vApI nirmANa 345 dharmazAlA nirmANa 344, 345, prapA (pyAu) nirmANa 345, 347, rAjamArga nirmANa 347, sarovara nirmANa 346 dhikkAra nIti 102, 103 dhIrodAttanAyaka 56, 62 ghUmaprabhA (bhUmi) 385 dhyAna caturvidha 333 nakara 246 nagara 4, 7, 32, 33, 55-58, 62, 64, 65, 116, 120, .162, 167, 168, 201, 212, 213, 227 242265, 266, 270, 272278, 280 281, 284, 285, 261, 311, 341, 350, 366 nagara kA artha aura paribhASA 246, vAstuzAstrIya cihna 24-251, Adarza nagara kA vAstuzilpa 251-252 inakA zrArthika vaibhava 246, 247, inakI kara se mukti 246, inameM kraya-vikraya 247, inake bAjAra 224-228, inameM bhavana vinyAsa 248, inameM jhuggI-jhopar3iyoM kA abhAva 247, inameM vezyAlaya 247 inameM bauddhika evaM sAMskRtika gatividhiyAM 246, 247, nagara (zikSA kendra) 420 nagara kI punasthApanA 251 nagara ke bAjAra 224, 227, 228, 285 nagaracihna 251 nagara jIvana 246, 247 nagara dvAra 246; 246 nagara nirmANa (vyavasAya) 238 nagara parikhA 246 nagara pradhAna 275 nagara bhavana 274 nagaravaNiksaMghapariSad 274 nagara varNana 55, 56, 57, 58, 62, 64 nagara vezyA 247 nagara vyApArI 274 nagara zAsaka 267 nagara zAsana 275 nagara zreSThI 276 nagara sabhA 273, 274 nagara seTha 225, 226, 290 nagarAdhyakSa (pada) 116 nagaroM kA dAna 273 nagaroM kA svAmitva 162 nagaroM ke bheda 285 chaha prakAra ke -- nigama - nagara, droNaka-nagara, paTTaNa-nagara, kubja-nagara zivira-nagara

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viSayAnukramaNikA 633 285, nagara ke dasa bheda 284, nAgara 282 draSTavya-mUla-nagara, zAkhA- nAgaraka 271 nagara, napabhogya-nagara, rAja- nATaka 22, 23, 27, 235 pAlI-nagara, mahAnagara nATyazAstra 16, 21, 22 nagna sAdhu 158 nAr3I (kAla khaNDa) 356, 386 naTa (abhinetA) 226, 235 nApita (nAI) 200,208,233pA0, nadI 211, 214, 223, 242, 234 . 244, 251, 333 nAma (bandha) 360 nandivardhana (utsava gRha) 252 nAyaka 22, 23, 43, 56, 60, nandIzvara dIpa 348 62, 63, 64, 134 / narapati 84 nArakI (jIva) 102, 385 narezvara 84 nArI zakti kA devatva 458 nartaka 226 nAlandA vizvavidyAlaya. 276, 421 nataMkiyoM kA rAjanaitika prayoga 483 nAsadIya sUkta 456 nartakiyoM ke zreGgArika bhAva 472, nAsi nAstikAgamAzrita 402 nartakI 162, 236, 442, 473, nikAya 26, 34 nigama 210, 212, 222, 242navagraha 454 244, 253-256, 264-261, navajAta zizu 400 311 nava dIkSita muni 362 nigama-eka punarvivecana 264-261, nava dvIpa siddhAnta 510, 511 mAdhunika vidvAnoM ke mata 264navanirSi 192-194 266, isakI samIkSA rAmAyaNa kAla niSi 194, naisarpa nidhi meM 266-271, 260, aSTA192, padmaniSi 193, pANDukaniSi 193, piGgala dhyAyI meM 271-272, 260, niSi 163, mahAtAlanidhi abhilekhoM/mudrAbhilekhoM/sikkoM 163 mANavanidhi 194, meM 272-276, 290, boTa zaMkhanidhi 163, sarvaratnanidhi sAhitya meM 277-276,260, 194, inase sambaddha sampatti kI jaina sAhitya meM 253-256, prAvadhAraNA 192 256-282, 286, 260, koSa nAika 134 pranthoM meM 282-265, vAstuzAstra

Page #668
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja ke granthoM meM 285-286, smRti/ nigama bastiyAM - nibandha granthoM meM 287, 288, kArIgaroM kI 286, zilpiyoM 261, dakSiNa bhArata meM 288- .. ko 286, naigamoM kI 282, 260, niSkarSa 260-261 variNakoM kI 279, 282, nigama kA dAna 273 vyApAriyoM kI 282, 286, nigama kA pradhAna 267 kRSakoM kI 244, 245, 255, nigama kA mukhiyA 267 256, ahIra prAdi jAtiyoM kI nigama kA seTha 276 . 243, 255, 278, kuru-zAkya Adi jAtiyoM kI 275, inameM nigama ke vividha artha cAroM varNoM kA nivAsaH 286, vyApArika samiti 264, 265 287 pA0 266, 277, vyApAriyoM kA nigama mukhya 267 sAmUhika saMgaThana 264, 268, nigamavRddha 267 . 272, 273, 275, kaoNrapo nigamasa 274 . . rezana 265, caimbara oNpha kaoNmarsa . nigamasabhA 272, 274, 260 365, nagara 264, 265, isameM paJjIkaraNa 274 272-274, napabhogya-nagara / nigamasya 274 279. 280, nagarabhedakasaMsthiti nigamAgama 261 266, 272, 282, grAma 244 nigamAgamadAna 261 245,253, 255, 271. __ nigamAH 255, 271, 290 274, kRSi grAma 256, bhakta nigame 271 grAma 244, 245, 255, nigamoM kA vAstuzilpa vyApArika grAma 243, 256, paccIsa grAmoM kA samUha 284, . 281-284, 285, 261, pattana kA prAdhA bhAga 284, vyApAra mArga 271, 284, grAma tulya 245, 253-256, vedavidyA 271, 260, chanda 286, 261, nRpabhogya-nagara tulya 285, vana-parvatAdi se nigama grAma 212, 222, 254, rakSita 285, inake khalihAna 255, 278, 311 210, 256, inameM anAja nigama cetanA 243, 253, 255 bhaNDAra 289, 261 inameM nigama-dakSiNa bhArata ke 288 bAjAra, nyAyAlaya, UMce mahala nigama nagara 285, 287 pA0 prAdi kI suvidhAeM 285, pattana ka

Page #669
viSayAnukramaNikA 635 mAvAgamana suvidhA 278, 276 niSiddha jaina vyavasAya 238-236 260, 261, arddhavikasita pandraha prakAra kedazA 276, 290 1. agni jIvikA, 2. anonigamoM ke uccAdhikArI 275 jIvikA, 3. asatIpoSa, 4. unakI muhara 275 kezavANijya, 5. dantavANijya, nitya-anitya 383, 388 6 davaprada, 7. nilAcchana, 8. nidhi 192, 163, 194 bhATaka jIvikA, 6. yantrapIDana nibandha grantha 266, 287, 288 10. rasavANijya, 11. lAkSA nimnavarga 133, 135, 201 vANijya, 12. vanajIvikA, niyata kArya-kAraNabhAva 394 / / 13. viSavANijya, 14. saraH niyativAda 376, 380, 393, .. zoSa, 15. sphoTajIvikA 365 238-236 niyati se padArthoM kI utpatti nIla (lezyA) 363 nRtya 18, 21, 31, 161, 162, niyuddha 168 nirapekSa bhAva 377 nRtya ke prakAra 442, 443 niroDAtmaka siddhAnta 101, adharanatya chaha prakAra kA 442, nirodha, 390 443, udaranatya tIna prakAra nirgranya 462 463 kA 442, kaTinRtya pAMca prakAra nigraMnyA zikSaka 413 kA 442, kapolanRtya chaha nirjarA (tatva) 363, 384, 391, prakAra kA 442, karAbhinaya paribhASA, 361, isake do bheda pUrNanatya bIsa prakAra kA 442, 391, savipAka-nirjarA 361 grIvAnRtya nau prakAra kA 442, mavipAka-nirjarA 361 tANDavanRtya 443, nAsikA nikchina (vyavasAya) 239 nRtya chaha prakAra kA 442, netranivRttipradhAna dharma 356, 360 : pakSanRtya chabbIsa prakAra kA nivezana 274 442, pAdanRtya chaha prakAra kA nigama kA mAdhA bhAga 284 442, pAdAbhinayanRtya battIsa nizuja rAkSasa 371 / / prakAra kA 442, pAvanRtya niHzulka cikitsA 450 tIna prakAra kA 442, bAhUnRtya -nizcayAtmaka buddhi 378 daza prakAra kA 442, bhrUbhaGganiSiddha jaina vidyAeM 424 nRtya sAta prakAra kA 442,

Page #670
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja maNDalanRtya 443, mayUrAsana negamAH 272, 276 bandhanatya 443, lAsyanatya . nAgarikoM kI saGgaThita samiti 442, 443, ziranRtya teraha 272, nagara se sambandhita 273, prakAra kA 442, hallIsakanRtya nagara sabhA ke rUpa meM 273 443, hastanRtya causaTha prakAra naimittika (pada) 114 kA 442 naiyAyika 376, 381 nRtya vyavasAya 483 nairAtmyavAda 398 nRpati 83, 94 mAtmA ke mastitva kA niSedha pabhogya nagara 276, 285, 286 398, buddha kI 'karuNA' para negamA 273 sandeha 398 nepAla deza ke ratna kambala 297 nyAyadarzana 376, 405,433 neminAtha (tIrthaGkara) 47, 51, nyAyavyavasthA 21, 100, 101, 336, 375 neminAtha kI pUjA 336 naigama 264-270, 272, 276, nyAyazAlA 285 282, 285-261 nyAyAdhIza (pada) 116, 117 nigama kA nivAsI 266, 27. nyAyAlayIya prakriyA 108 : vaNika/vyApArI 285-286 pakSa-vipakSa 76, 108 nigamazAsaka 266, 270 pakSI 102, 104, 223-224 nagarazAsaka 267, isakI mudrA prazikSita pakSI 104, pakSiyoM se (sIla) 276, nagara seTha 260, manoraMjana 222, pAlatU pakSI sArthavAhAdi kA samUha 288, 223, pakSiyoM se durvyavahAra, inakA saMgaThana 288, eka sAtha pAkheTakoM dvArA inakA vadha vyApAra karane vAle nAnA jAti 223-224 (draSTavya pazu/pakSI) ke loga 287, bahumUlya ratnoM paGka parikhA 246 mAdi ke vyApArI 287, pAzu paMkaprabhA (bhUmi) 385 pata mAdi sampradAya 278, veda ko pramANa mAnane vAle 288, paMcanamaskAra mantra 327 rAjya kI saMvaidhAnika samiti paJcaparameSThI 360 270 paMcavidha zarIra 388 negama dharma 287 paMcasandhi 58 negama naya 363, 377, 382 paJcAGga vidhi 416 naigama varga 261 . paMcAstikAya 383

Page #671
viSayAnukramaNikA paMcendriya pratyakSa 366 cakSu indriya, zravaNendriya, rasanendriya, ghANendriya tathA sparzendriya 366 paTela 133 paTTakila 133 paTTa gRha (maMdira) 341 paTTaNa 242, 280, 285 paTTaNa (nagara) 285 pattana 242, 243, 252, 261, 262,280-282, 284 :ratnoM kI khAna 261, isake do bheda 262, samudrataTa para pravasthita 262, naukA dvArA gamya 262, vAhanoM dvArA gamya 262, jalavartI pattana 262, sthalavartI pattana 262, kATa kA prAdhA bhAga 284, kheTa kA bhASA bhAga 284 patthara kA kAma karane vAle 232pA0 patnI ko tyAga 460 patnI parva kA avamUlyana 462 patniyAM + dazavidha 461, 462 padAti yuddha 163 padArtha jJAna 381 padma ( zyA) 363 paratIrtha 678 parama bhaTTAraka 84 paramANu 387, 388 paramAra rAjA 523 paramAta 85 paramezvara 84 637 pararASTra noti 75, 78, 115, 146, 150, 456, 488, 508, 506 pararASTra mantrI 153 pararASTra vibhAga 154 paraloka 13, 366 parAMganA (vezyA) 48 1 parikhA (khAI ) 165, 188, 246, 246, 250, 251 inake tIna bheda, jala parikhA paGka parikhA, zuSka parikhA 246, inameM striyoM kA snAna 246, inake taToM para vRkSa 256, inameM haMsa 246, draSTavya prAkAra parikhA, 250, nagara parikhA 250 parigraha 328, 363 bAhya parigraha dasa prakAra ke 328 zrAntarika parigraha caudaha prakAra ke 328 pariNamana 386 paricAraka (kubar3e) 122 paricArikA ( kubar3I) 123, 124 parivAra 4, 12, 16, 20, 66, 125 134, 135, 142 parivAroM ke mukhiyA 133 parihAra (kara) 142 parISahajaya 360 parokSa pramANa 381, 382 paryAyArthika naya 376, 382 isameM RjusUtra, zabda, samabhirUr3ha tathA evaMbhUta nayoM kA antarbhAva 352

Page #672
638 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja parvata 242, 244, 251,,387 parvatIya pradezoM ke vastra 297 parvatIya prAnta 2.7, 371 palla (jana) 530 pallI 242 pazu 6, 15, 102, 107, 108, 156, 162, 163, 186, 186, 203, 207-206,221224, 236, 317, 327, 368 samAjazAstrIya pazu vyavahAra' 6,15, pazupAlana vyavasAya203, 207-206, 221, 222, pAlatU pazu 221, vanya pazu 222, yuddhopayogI pazu 221222, pazuoM ke sAtha durvyavahAra 223, 327, pazudaNDavidhAna 107, pazupAlaka grAma 198 senA meM pazu nivAsa 162, pazubali 317, 368, pazuhiMsA kA virodha 317, 368-366 pazu/pakSI/jalacara/sthalacara jIva : prazva/ghor3e 33, 160, 162, 163, 185, 196, 221323, 236, 262, 327, 331, 342, 441, 454, 504-506 inakI jAtiyAM-kAmboja' 'pArasIka', 'vanAyuja', 'vAhlIka' 222, kumArapAla ke ghor3oM kI gyAraha lAkha saMkhyA 331, dAnadaheja meM bAraha hajAra ghor3e 504, ghor3oM ke bhitti citra 342 U~Ta 156, 160, 163, 182, 183, 221-223, 331 kapijala 223 kabUtara 223 kuttA 370 kokila 441 komA 157, 158, 453 krauJca 441 khaccara 156, 160, 222, 223 khaMjarITa (bhAradvAja pakSI) 157 453 gaja/hAthI/hasti 3,98, 66, 160, 162-164, 180, 196, 221-223, 234, 331, 342, 361, 362, 3.64, 441, 454, 504, 505 inakI jAtiyAM-'bhadra', 'mandra', 'mRga' 222, kumArapAla ke hAthiyoM kI gyAraha sau saMkhyA 331, daheja meM eka hajAra hAthI 331, 504; hAthiyoM ke mitti citra 342 gadhA 157, 182, 221, 223 453 gAya 221, 223, 631, 254 / . 256, 286, 316, 327,

Page #673
viSayAnukramaNikA 636 pAlatU pazu 221, isake inakI uchalakUda 222, sAtha durvyavahAra 223, 316 254, 256, 276, inakI dhArmika pratIka ke rUpa meM lar3AI 222, 330, murgA316, gopUjA tathA godAna __ pAlana 222 316, isake devatva kI rIcha 364 AlocanA 316 rUruca 222 giddha 401 lavaka 223 ghar3iyAla 246 varAha (sUara) 222, 264, cUhe 327 368 jalamurgI 224 ___ inakI daur3a 330 joMka (jalUka)- 416 vartaka 223 Tibhi 223 vRka 222 tItara 231 vRSa/baila 156, 163, 210, durga (pakSI) 454 221, 222, 236, 256, nyahavIlaka 222 327, 362, 441, 455 bakarA (praja) 368, 416 zaza 264 bakarI 182, 441 zuka (totA) 416 bagulA 224, 416 zRgAla (siyAra) 222, 401 bAgha 222, 342 zRgAlI 148, 157, 453 'billI 327, 416 . . sarpa 364, 416, 454 bhaiMsa 221, 327, 506 / sArasa 224 maiMsA (mahiSa) 308, 416 . siMha 262, 342, 364, makSikA (makkhI) 166 455 matsya (machalI) 401,455 haMsa 342, 416 madhumakkhI 216 hariNa (mRga) 158, 222, mayUra (mora) 223, 226, 223, 264, 368 214 256, 286 pazudaNDa vidhAna 107, 108 inakI dhvani 254, 256, paza nivAsa (sainya) 162 266, 440 pazupAlaka grAma 198, 245 mazaka (macchara) 416 . . pazupAlana (vyavasAya) 30, 31, murge (kukkuTa) 222, 254, 67, 190, 161, 203, 207 256, 276, 330, 368, 206, 221, 222, 240, 366 244

Page #674
40 pazu vyabahAra 6, 15. pazu hiMsA 317, 368-370 pazcimI kSatrapa 528 paheliyAM bujhanA 501-502 pATila 133 pAThavidhi 416 417, 416 pANini vyAkaraNa 430 pANimukta prAyudha 168, 166 pANDava 374 pANDabakathA 36, 42, 47, 52 pANDu jAti 535 pAtivratya dharma 464 pAtra ( pUjA dravya) 337, cAndI 337, kAMse ke 337, tAmbe ke 337 pApa (tatva) 384, 400, 401 pApa-puNya 376, 365, 368, 401 pApAzrava 356 pAralaukika dharma 318, 321, 324, 325 pAralaukika sukha 40 0 -402 pArazavagaraNa 532 pAriplava prAkhyAna 31 pArliyAmenTa 266 pArvatI kI tapazcaryA 364, 365 pArzvanAtha ( tIrthaMkara) 25, 47, 56 pAlavaMzIya jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja pitRpakSa kI vidyAeM 423 pitRsattAtmaka kulatantra 458, 456 pIta (lezyA) 363 puTabhedana 242, 250, 282,284 kAvaMTa kA prASA bhAga 264 puDabheyaraNa 250 puNya (tatva) 354, 400, 401 puNyAzrava 386 pudgala 383, 386, 386 isakA lakSaraNa 387, prajIva tatva kA eka bheda 387 'praNa' apara saMjJA 387, isameM chaha bheda - sthUla sthUla, sthUla, sthUlasUkSma, sUkSma-sthUla, sUkSma tathA sUkSma sUkSma 387, 388 punarAvRtti vidhi 417 zAsanavyavasthA 132, 133 pAzupatAdi sampradAya 288 pASaNDi 288 pA0 pASaNDi dharma 287 pura 33, 68, 116, 165, 166, 168, 245, 270, 275, 277, 278, 251, 252, 284, 260 puranivAsI 266 purazAsaka 270 purANa 12, 26, 34, 36, 40, 42, 43, 45, 48, 50, 68, 84, 510 purAtattvIya srota 272, 456 puruSa (tatva) 368 puruSa kA varcasva 506 'puruSa' kI udAsInatA 458 'puruSa' tatva kI pradhAnatA 459 puruSa tIrthaMkara 463 puruSavAda 380

Page #675
viSayAnukramaNikA puruSasUkta 456 puruSAyatta prAcArasaMhitA 464, 508 puruSAyatta samAjavyavasthA 456, 464, 506 88, puruSArtha 22,88, 34, 402 purohita / purodhas 60, 72, 1, 65, 106, 110, 113, 114, 118, 153, 164, 204, 235, 427 154, 334, purohita ( ratna) 194 purohita varga 158, 368 purohitavAda 51, 315, 316, 318 isakA virodha 318 pulinda (bhIla) 165, 166, 176, 206, 225, 236, 236 pulinda (jAti) 104, 165,166, 225, 258 pulindapati 146 pulinda yuddha 165 pulisa kamiznara 116 pulisa suparinTeNDenTa 116 pUjA-paddhatiyA~ 314, 315, 320 draSTavya jaina pUjA vidhiyAM pUrvajanma 333, 400, 401 pUrvajanma ke karma 401, pApa 333, saMskAra 400 pUrva niyojita vivAha 475 pUrva sAhitya ( jaina ) 335 641 pUrvAgrahapUrNa svayaMvara vivAha 460, 461 pRthvI 111, 166, 330, 387, 366, 400 saptadvIpA 111 pRthvIpAla 152, 153 peTikA nirmANa (vyavasAya) 232 pA0 paitRka sampatti ke adhikArI 456 paura 266, 267, 266, 270, pura kA nivAsI 270, pura kA zAsaka 270, rAjya kI saMvaidhAnika samiti 270 paurajAnapada 266, 267, 26e nagara pratinidhiyoM kI saMgaThita samiti 268, saMvaidhAnika nirNaya kartrI samiti 266 paurajAnapadajana 266 paurajAnapada siddhAnta 265, 268, 270 268, paurasabhA 26e paurANika 427 paurANika devazAstra 370, 371, 386, 368, 366 paurohitya vyavasAya 202, 204, 205 241 prakRtibandha ke prATha bheda 360 jJAnAvaraNa, darzanAvaraNa, vedanIya, mohanIya, Ayu, nAma, gotra tathA antarAya 360 prakRti - sRSTi kI pradhAna kAraNa 458

Page #676
642 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAna pratikramaNa 363 pramANamImAMsA 376 pratijJAvivAha 486, 493 pramANavijJAna 377 pratidvandvI dharma 404 pramANavyavasthAyuga 377 pratibhAzAlI chAtra 414, 415 pravrajyA 363 pratimA 332-335, 345-347 prazAsanika padAdhikArI 108-121. AdinAtha kI 346, neminAtha 123, 136, 153, 160, kI 346, sarasvatI devI kI 362 345, sUryadeva kI 347 praznottaravidhi 417, 416 / " pratimA kA pRSThapaTTa 346 prazreNI 233 pratiloma vivAha 485 prAkAra (parakoTA) 246, 250, pratizodhAtmaka siddhAnta 101 251, 362 pratihAra zAsanavyavasthA 84, 106 prAkAra parikhA 250 pratolI (gopura) 246 prAkRta (bhASA) 23,35, 57,127, pratyakSa pramANa 363, 381, 396, 134, 137, 138, 11, 366, 402 isake tIna bheda-avadhi jJAna, 320, 404, 405, 430 prAkRta kathA sAhitya 43 manaH paryaya jJAna, kevala jJAna prAcya vidyA 1,3 381 pratyabhijJA (bhAva) 398 prAriNahiMsA kA pratiSedha 331 prAthamika cikitsA paddhatiyAM 446 pratyAkhyAna 363 prAntIya zAsanavyavasthA 111,116, pradezabandha 360 147 pradhAna (pada) 154, 166, 233 pradhAna (prakRti) 365 prAsAda 248, 252, 286 pradhAna maMtrI (pada) 86, 110 / prekSAgRha 341 pradhAna senApati 153 premakrIDAeM 477 prapA kA nirmANa 345, 347 premavivAha 475, 461, 462, 506 prabhutvavAda 146 proSadha 332 pramuzakti 73,74, 150 pramattasaMyata 362 phala-puSpa-toya 315.. .. phAlguna mAsa 348, 346 . pramANa 316, 363, 377, 376 381 366 phUsa kA kAma karane vAle 232 pA0 pramANa lakSaNa 381, pAMca pramANa phoka epika 37 ___ 1 phyUDala sisTama 69

Page #677
viSayAnukramaNikA vandaragAha 260 bandijana / cAraNa 122, 157 bandha ( tattva ) 384, 360, 361, 365, 366, paribhASA 360, zubhAzubha karmoM kA sambandha 384, 360, karmabandha ke kAraNa isake cAra bheda 360, puNya kA 360, isameM pApa tathA antarbhAva 384 bandha ke cAra prakAra - 360 prakRtibandha, sthitibandha, anu bhAvabandha, pradezabandha 360 bandha mokSa 402 bamasadRza AyuSa 183 bartana 163, 234 bala 70-73, 50, 156 SaDvidha 70, 71,72, 206, caturvidha 71, caturaGga bala 113, zreNI bala 72, sAmanta bala 72 bala chaha prakAra ke 150 zArIrikabala, Atmikabala, sainya bala, astrabala, buddhibala, prAyubala 150 bala / zaktiyA~ tIna prakAra kI 73 vikramabala ( utsAhazakti) 73 kozabala ( prabhuzakti) 73 jJAnabala ( mantrazakti) 73 balabhadra / balarAma 36, 56 baliprathA 316, 368-370, 405 yajJAvasara para pazu bali 370, caNDImA devI ke mandira meM 643 bali 366, jaina muniyoM dvArA pazuhiMsA kA virodha 366 370 afa prathA ke sAtha samajhautA 405 balipriya rAjA 370 basakara (bAMsa karmI) 232 pA0 bahattara kalAeM 422-425 bahupatnIkatA 460 bahuvivAha aura rAjanIti 507 bahuvivAha prathA 488, 506, 508, 506 bAga-bagIce 212, 213, 215 bAgavAnI 213 bAjAra 224, 227, 228, 252, 282, 285 bAraNasadRza zrAyudha 168, 170, 172 bAdAmI ke cAlukya 339 bArUda (pragnicUrNa) 182, 183, 184 bArUda nirmANavidhi 188-183 bAla roga 445 bAhuyuddha 168 bIjabhojI 136 begAra 15, 168 bojhA DhonA (vyavasAya) 221, 237 bauddha zrAgama 460 bauddhakAlIna nArI 462-462 dhArmika dRSTi se strI-puruSa kI samAnatA 460, nArI ko sAMsArika rAga-vRtti kA mUla .: kAraNa mAnanA 460, saMgha

Page #678
644 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja zikSA 421, tarka pradhAna evaM tulanAtmaka jJAna-vijJAna para bala 422, boddha vizvavidyAlayIya zikSA 421, 422 bauddha vizvavidyAlaya 421-422 bauddha zikSaNa vidhi 408 bauddha zikSA kendra 406 bauddha zikSA paddhati 408, 406, 421-432 vyavasthA meM nArI se puruSa kI zreSThatA 460, saMnyAsIkaraNa kA nArI kI Arthika evaM sAmAjika sthiti para prabhAva 461, nArI ko sArvajanika upabhoga kI vastu mAnanA 461, patnI ke rUpa meM nArI kA zoSaNaparaka rUpa461, 462 bauddha jAtaka grantha 232, 421 bauddha darzana 376, 376, 392, 367, 368, 408 pUrvapakSa ke rUpa meM 367, 368, isake siddhAnta - zUnyavAda, kSaNikavAda, nairAtmyavAda 367368, ina para jaina dArzanikoM ke prAkSepa 367, 368 bauddha dArzanika 375, 376, 367 dvArA tarkapradhAna praNAlI kA pravartana, 375376, vaidika evaM jaina dArzanikoM ko cunautI 376 bauddha dharma saMskRti 12, 26, 27, 30, 34, 30, 314, 372, 375, 376, 468, 460 ata fnakAya grantha 277, 260 bauddha bhikSu 460 bauddha bhikSuNiyAM 460 bauddha bhaugolika mAnyatAeM 510 bauddha vidyA paramparA 421, 422 vaidika vidyAoM kI zikSA 421, vijJAna tathA TeknolaoNjI viSayaka aSTAdaza zilpoM kI bauddha zikSAzAstrI 421 bauddha saMgha meM nArI 460 bauddha saMgha vyavasthA 460, 462 bauddha samAja vyavasthA 460 bauddha sAhitya 26, 34, 266, 277, 278, 260 brahmA 26, 61, 143, 144, 316, 370, 371, 380, 368 brAhmaNa 72, 127, 134, 142, 167, 202, 204 - 206, 241, 316, 318, 316, 368, 370 eka pratiSThita varga ke rUpa meM sthAna 204, adhyayana-adhyApana evaM svAdhyAya 204 - 202, inake vyavasAya 204-205, inake paurohitya karma 318, 316, 321, brAhmaNavAda kI zrAlocanA 316-31e brAhmaNa (grantha) 25 brAhmaNa-kSatriya saMgharSa 25 brAhmaNa jAti ke grAma 244

Page #679
viSayAnukramaNikAM brAhmaNa dharma / saMskRti 12, 25-26, 30, 34, 36, 36-44, 51, 315-322, 343, 367373, 368, 403, 404 yugIna pravRttiyAM 367, yajJAnuSThAna 367-368, devopAsanA 368-372, vibhinna sampradAya 371 373, prasiddha tIrtha sthAna 373-375, jaTAsiMha nandi dvArA isakI prAlocanA 315316, isakA jaina dharma para prabhAva 316-321 brAhmaNa varga 25, 26, 241, 286, 318, 321, 407, 408 brAhmaNa varga kI zikSA 407 caudaha prakAra kI vidyAnoM kA adhyayana 407 brAhmaNavAda 30, 315 brAhmaNa zikSaNavidhi 408 brAhmaNa zikSA dhArA 407, 408 brAhmaNa saMskRti kA virodha 25-26, 315-316 bauddha tathA jainoM dvArA 25, 26, brAhmaNa kSatriya saMgharSa kA samAjazAstra 25, jaTAsiMha nandi dvArA pAlocanA 315, varNavyavasthA kA virodha 316, purohitavAda kA virodha 318, devopAsanA kA virodha 316, vedaprAmANya kA virodha 316 vaidika karmakANDoM kA virodha 316 brAhmaNoM kI zikSA 425-427 645 brAhmaNoM ke vyavasAya 204- 206, 241, 426 brAhmaNoM ko grAmadAna 406 brAhmaNoM ko dAna 201 brAhmI lipi 273 bhakta grAma 244, 245, 256, 311 nigama grAma ke rUpa meM 244 anAja vitaraNa kendra ke rUpa meM 245, 255, 256, 311 sainika / (yoddhA) bhaTa 226, 236 bhavana (mahala) 162, 246, 248, 255, 252, 254, 300, 327, 387 zayanAgAra, agnyAgAra, garbhavezma Adi se yukta makAna 248 bhavanavAsI deva 350, 355 inakI deviyAM 355, deviyoM ke sAtha unako kor3A 355 bhavanavAstu 248 bhavabhUti ke nArI mUlya 466 bhavya jIva 348, 346, 385, 361 bhAgavata dharma 315, 316 bhAgyavAda 376 bhATaka jIvikA (vyavasAya) 236 bhANDa (svAMga karane vAle) 226, 235 bhANDAgArika (pada) 116, 154 bhAratIya darzana ke sampradAya 376 tarka pradhAna vAdoM-prativAdoM kI prora unmukha 376, khaNDana

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja maNDana pradhAna dArzanika vAtA. bhUta catuSTaya 369, 400 varaNa kA udaya 376, virodhI pRthvI, agni, jala, vAyu 366, darzanoM para prAkramaNa 376, inake saMyoga se deha-nirmANikA 363-403 zakti kI utpatti 396, isakA bhAva 363, 390 amaracandra sUrI dvArA khaNDama 400 bhASA/boliyAM bhUtavAda (lokAyatika) 396-401, karnATaka/kannar3a 105, 255, 406 322, 431 isakI tattvamImAMsA, 396, gujarAtI 141, 262 400, bhUtavAdiyoM dvArA pApagopAla gurjarI 431 puNya, pAralaukika sattA, bAtmA telagU 431 Adi kA khaNDana 396, 400, paMjAbI 262 sAMsArika bhogavilAsoM meM pAlI 430 AsthA 400, isakI bamaraprAkRta 320, 404, 405, candra sUri dvArA mAlocanA 430,431 400, 401 marAThI 141, 431 bhUtavAdI 366, 400 zabarI 431 bhUpa/bhUpati 83, 84, 14 zaurasenI 431 bhUpAla/bhUbhuja 83, 84 saMskRta 230, 268, 293, bhUmi 98, 125, 131, 186, 320, 363, 405, 430 190, 195, 197 432 sindhI 141 bhUmidAna 127, 129, 132, 1 142, 195-197, 201, hariyANavI 262 236, 241, 322, 348 hindI 141, 307 jainAcAryoM ko 322, gRhadAna bhASA samiti 363 162, 193, 348, grAmadAna bhikSA vyavasAya 237 bhitti (pAsAdoM kI) 248 248, 504, bhUmidAna kI bhittI citra 443, 444 prazaMsA 165, 197, bhUmimillasvAmImahAdvAdazakamaNDala 106 dAna ko nindA 506, bhUmidAna pA0 prathA 165 mukti 512 bhUsampatti 125, 131, 186, 160 muja yuddha 163 196-198, 240, 508 bhUgolazAstra 510-513 kA adhigrahaNa 131, kA

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647 viSayAnukramaNikA upabhoga 240, kA vikendrI- paribhASA 261, pAMca sau grAmoM karaNa 167, 198, 508, kA ke upajIvya 261, vyApAra ke vitaraNa 240, kA hastAntaraNa kendra 261, jile ke kendra sthAna 197, 18, 240, 508, 261 rAjAoM ke bhUmivAcaka vizeSaNa maNDana gRha (sajjA gRha) 252 mariNakAra 204 mRtyavarga 316 maNDalapati (pada) 116 bheda (nIti) 75, 76, 77, 76, maNDaleza (pada) 116, 120 80, 81, 82, 150, 151, maNDalezvara (pada) 86, 83, 116 152, 153 matijJAna 382 bhoktA 365 bhoga bhUmi 357, 358, 511 isake ananta bheda 362 madirApAna 32, 33, 46, 53, 81 bhojaka 123 234 bhojanAlaya 161 . 162, 295, 266, 311, bhaugolika vibhAjana 510-514 380,478-480 paurANika bhUgola 510-511, madirA pAna kA sAmAnya pracalana bauddhayugIna solaha mahAjanapada 265. striyoM dvArA madirApAna 512, maurya yugIna paMcacakra 512, 295, sainikoM dvArA madirA guptayugIna chaha prazAsakIya sevana 296, isakI nindA, ikAiyAM 513, madhyakAlIna 266, isake sevana se kAmukatA deza-vibhAjana 513-514 meM vRddhi 265, 47.-480, bhautika darzana 406 madhuzAlA goSThiyoM meM isakA bhautika vAdiyoM ke strI-vicAra vizeSa prAyojana 46, 53, 57, 471 madirApAna ke lakSaNa 476bhautikavAdI 471 480 bhotika saMskRti 10 madya nirmANa (vyavasAya) 236 bhaSTa vikretA 231 madhupAna goSThI 33, 55, 57, 56, bhrAnta jJAna 385 126 maihara 127, 128 madhyakAlIna arthavyavasthA 164,165 machue 233 pA0 maTha (zikSA kendra) 406 madhyakAlIna nArI 467-473 maDamba 166, 242, 243, 252, / smRti kAlIna AcAra saMhitA 261, 280, 311 se saMkramaNa 467, sAmantavAdI

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja yuga mUlyoM kA prabhAva 467, ekallavIrA devI kA mandira 468, strI-saundarya/bhogavilAsa ____336, kumAravihAra mandira ke mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 467, 347, giranAra mandira 343, 468, yuddha cetanA tathA nArI caNDImArI devI kA mandira cetanA kA pranyonyAzrita prabhAva 366, jagannAtha mandira 516, 468, rAjanaitika paristhitiyoM jinapati mandira 346, jina kA prabhAva 466, samAja kI stambhana mandira 345, jholikA sarvavyApaka zakti ke rUpa meM vihAra mandira347, tAmrozvarI 469-473 devI kA mandira 533, dakSiNa manaHparyayajJAna 381 vihAra mandira 347, neminAtha mantravid (projhA) 236 mandira 345, paJcAsara pArzvamantraNA 58, 60, 62, 64, 80, nAtha mandira 344, pArzvanAtha 58, 61, 65, 66, 67,118, mandira 345-347, bhImeza kA 266 mandira 344, bhaTTArka kA mantraNApUrvaka vivAha 486-486 rANaka mandira 345-347, mantra zakti 73, 74, 150 bhImeza kA mandira 345, bhaTTAmantriputra (pada) 120 ditya kA mandira 344, malladeva mantrimaNDala 77, 78, 80, 61, kA mandira 347, viSNu mandira 64, 65, 66, 18, 110, 372, vIra kA mandira 346, 118, 116, 150, 151, , vaidyanAtha mandira 345, 347, 153, 381,463 531, ziva mandira 371, suvrata mantrI (pada) 106, 110, 111, kA mandira 346, sUrya mandira 112, 118, 116 345, somanAtha mandira 343 mantrIzvara (pada) 112 mandira kapATa 342 mandira 13, 246, 251, 252, inameM sone-cAMdI-tAMbeke AkAra 314, 325, 327, 336- citroM kA aGkana 342, ghor3e, 347, 364, 366 hAthI, siMha, vyAghra, rathArohI, mandira (jaina tathA hindU) 336, haMsa Adi ke citra 342 : 345-347, 366, 516,532 mandira kA uttAnapaTTa 344.. 533 mandira kA toraNa 346 AdinAtha mandira 345, 346, mandira kA maNDapa 345 indramaNDapa mandira 345, mandira kA svarNadvAra 346

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fasures fort mandira kI bhittiyAM 342 mandira ke maNistambha 342-343 mandira ke svarNa zikhara 344 mandira dvAra 342 isameM kamalavAsinI lakSmI kA citra 342 mandira - dharAtala ( pharza ) 342 inameM mUMge, motI, marakata maNi, padmaprabha mariNa se sajAvaTa, inameM mariNa ratnoM se praGkita, kamala, kamalanAla, bhramara zrAdi kI citrakArI 342 mandira nirmANa 251, 325, 336 manovijJAna 347, 366 isakA dhArmika 336, 340 nagara vAstu ke antargata 251, 252 gAvoM meM mandira 340 indrakUTa jaina mandira ke nirmANa kA vAstuzilpa 336-342, vastupAla evaM kumArapAla dvArA mandiroM kA nirmANa / jIrNoddhAra 344-347 mandira pratimA 342. inake sphaTika maNi stambha 342 mandira pravezadvAra 341 mandira bhitti 342 nirmita nArAyaNa, isameM tIrthaGkara, cakravartI, yakSa, kinnara, bhUta Adi ke citra 342, inameM 646 svarNa, mariNa prAdi dhAtunoM se prati citrakArI 342 mandira meM gajamUrtiyAM 345 mandira meM jina pratimA 332-334, 345-347 mandira meM dhvajasthApana 344 mandirazikhara 341 mandira stambha 342 sphaTika maNi se nirmita 342, inameM strI-puruSoM ke yugala citra 342, inameM svarNanirmita kalazoM kA vinyAsa 342 mandiroM kA sthApatya 341, 342, 344-347 mandiroM kI citrakalA 443, 444 mandiroM kI devadAsiyAM 483 mandiroM ke udyAna 341 inameM vividha prakAra ke vRkSa 341, chAyAdAra vRkSa, phala-phUloM ke vRkSa, masAle meve evaM sugandhita dravyoM ke vRkSa 341 mandiroM meM zAlA vinyAsa 341 prekSAgRha, prabhiSekazAlA, svAdhyAyazAlA, sabhAgRha, saGgItazAlA, saGgItazAlA, paTTagRha, garbhazAlA 341 malla yuddha 163 malhotrA / meharotrA 127 mahato 127, 133 mahat ( nagara bheda ) 281 mahattama 120, 125, 126, 128, 1266 132, 133, 147, 240

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650 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja mahattara 72, 120, 125, 126, hAsika mahAkAvya 42, 46, 127, 128, 126, 130, ana saMskRta carita mahAkAvya 131, 132, 138, 142, 44, jaina saMskRta caritevara 45, 146, 240 46, jaina saMskRta mahAkAvya mahattaraka/mahattarikA 131 27, 34, 35, 36, 11-44, mahattaroM kA saGgaThana 126 47-50, 56, 64, jaina saMskRta mahayara/mahayaro 128 sandhAna mahAkAvya 46, paJca mahAkAvya 40, 44, pAzcAtya mahAkAvya 23, 27, 26-64 mahAkAvya 36, 38, paurANika mahAkAvya lakSaNa 32, 33, mahAkAvya 56, 154, buhattrayo 41, 43, 46-51, 61, mahA mahAkAvya 40, bhAratIya mahAkAvya vikAsa 37, 40, 41, kAvya 30, 36, 35, 38, 64, inakI do dhArAeM, 37 rItibaddha mahAkAvya 41, rIti 36, jaina mahAkAvyoM kA svarUpa mukta mahAkAvya 40, vikasana 39-43, jaina mahAkAvyoM kA zIla mahAkAvya 29, 30, 31, vargIkaraNa 43-48, mAlocya 36-38, 40, 41, sandhAna mahAkAvya 50-64, mahAkAvya nAmAntamahAkAvya 44, 46, aura sAmAjika cetanA 26. 52 mahAkAvya yuga kA jaina darzana 375mahAkAvya-bheda : pradaM aitihAsika 58, alaMkRta . anekAnta vyavasthA yuga se 29, 30, 31, 36-38, 40, sambandha 375,pUrvavartI pArzanika mAnanda nAmAnta 44.47, pravRtiyoM se anuprerita' 376, aitihAsika 44, 50, 58, 60 jaTAsiMha nandi kA yogadAna 61, carita nAmAnta 28, 376-377, anekAntavAda kI 40, 41, 44,45, caritetara takaM praNAlI 377-378, 40, 41, 44-46, jaina pAstika pora nAstika darzanoM malaMkRta 30, 36, 41, 43, kA navIna dhruvIkaraNa 37644, 45, 46, jaina vikasana- 381, viviSa vArzanivAdI zIla 36, jaina saMskRta alaMkRta kI mAlocanA 392-41 mahAkAvya 40-45, 68, 70, mahAjanapada 277, 512, 543,524 73-76, jaina saMskRta aiti- mahAtamaH prabhA (bhUmi) 385

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viSayAnukramaNikA mahAdaNDanAyaka (pada) 116 mahAnagara 271 pA0 mahAnasa ( pAkAlaya) 252 mahApaura 271 pA0 mahAmaNDalezvara (pada) 86, 87,154 mahAmahattara 126 mahAmaNDalika (pada) 83 mahAmAtya (pada) 72, 110, 112, 153, 154, 158 mahAyAna zAkhA 421 mahArAjAdhirAja 84, 64 mahArAjAdhirAjaparamezvara 84,94 mahAsandhivigrahika 115 mahAsAmanta (pada) 78, 86, 111 mahilAoM kI sAkSaratA 407 mAMsa bhakSaNa 264, 265, 311, 330, 380 mAMsa nirmita bhojya padArtha 262, 264, draSTavya 'mAMsaudana' fairs pazuoM kA mAMsa bhakSaNa 264, jaina dharma meM niSiddha 25, 331, kumArapAla dvArA mAMsa vikraya para pratibandha 265, 330, nimna jAti ke logoM dvArA gomAMsa bhakSaNa 264 mAkAra nIti 102, 103 mArgAri 255 mAmbika / mAsmbiya 136 mANDalika (pada) 83, 84, 65, 86, 87, 111, 116, 156 mANDavya (gotra) 317 mAtRpakSa kI vidyAeM 423 65 1 mAtR deviyAM 458 mAtRsattAtmaka parivAra 458 mAtsyanyAya 68, 66, 100, 146 mApa-taula 228, 231, 232 mAyAvAda ( lokAyatika) 400, 401, 406 zaGkarAcAyaM ke mAyAvAda se bhinna 401, sampUrNa jagat kA mAyA se zrAcchAdana 401, pAralaukika mUlyoM para anAsthA 401, ihalaukika sukha bhogoM meM zraddhA 401, amaracandra sUri dvArA mAyAvAdiyoM kA tArkika khaNDana 401-402 mAyAvAda ( zaMkarAcArya ) 401 mAlava ( gaNa ) 534 mAlAkAra 233 pA0, 234 mImAMsaka 376, 366 mImAMsAdarzana 366, 367, 405 isake jIvAjIva Adi chaha padArthoM kA nirUpaNa 366 mokSa ko padArtha nahIM mAnanA 367, sarvajJavAda kA tArkika khaNDana 366-367 mukta jIva 360, 385, 386 mukta varga ke prAyudha 168, 166, 174 mukhiyA 126- 128, 130, 132, 136, 196 kisAnoM ke 166, kuTumboM ke 136, kuloM ke 133, grAmoM ke

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jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAje 126-128, 132, ghoSa grAmoM murgoM kI uchala kUda 222, 254, ke 130, parivAroM ke 133 256, 276 mudrA/muhara/sikke 226-231, 275, murgoM kI lar3AI 222, 230 276 mUrtika dravya 386 karpada 231 mUlanagara 282 karSa 231 muSika (jana) 528 kAkaNI/kAkiNI 230, 231 muslima zAsana vyavasthA 106 kArSApaNa 230, 231 . medalumpa (jAti) 277, 278 kevaDika 226 mehatara 127 . Dineriyasa 230 mehatA 127 dInAra 215, 226, 228, meharA/meharU 133.. 226, 331 mehara/maiharo/mahara 127 niSka 230, 231 mehera 133 nelaka 230 mokSa (tattva) 16, 32, 88, 187, paNa 230 384, 361, 392, 395, pala 231 mayUrAMka 226 paribhASA 391, bhavya jIva rAjamudrA 276 kA mokSa 361, isake upAyarUpaka/rUpya 230 jJAna-darzana-cAritra. 361, vizatika 230 samyagjJAna 392, samyagdarzana zUrpa 230 362, samyakcAritra, 392, sAbharaka 230 karmoM kA kSaya-mokSa 362, mokSa suvarNa/svarNamudrA 166, 226 kI avasthA 392 mokSaprApti 325, 360, 377, sTaiNDarDa mudrA 231 362 mudrA saMcaya 240 . .. mudritA sabhA 276 ___ moniToriyala sisTama 414 muni dharma 14, 314, 325, 326, mohanIya karma 386, 390 356-367, 404 maukhika gAthA 37, 36 muni vihAra 353, 354, 365 maurya sAmrAjya 512, 528 / 366 mauhUrtika 204, 427 murgApAlana (vyavasAya) 222 myunispila zAsana 266

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viSayAnukramaNikA yajJa / yajJAnuSThAna 13, 15, 30, 51, 143, 144, 205, 315, 317, 367-370, 366 yajJoM kI lokapriyatA 367, vividha prakAra ke yajJa evaM vidhiyAM 368, aniSTa nivAraNa tathA abhISTa prApti ke upAya 368, yajJAvasara para pazuhiMsA kI prAlocanA 366, draSTavya 'koTi mahAyajJa,' 'zragniSToma yajJa, ' yajJavedI (havana kuNDa ) 144, 368 yajJopavIta saMskAra 406, 410 yadRcchAvAda 364 yacchA se padArthotpatti 364, mahAbhArata meM isakI 'prahetuvAdI' saMjJA 364 yantra ( prAyudha) 170, 174, 178, 176, 188 yantrapIDana (vyavasAya) 236 yantramukta zrAyudha 168, 166, 173 yavana 162, 184 yAtAyAta / parivahana 158, 156, 210, 212 221, 224, 235, 237, 236, 245, 256, 262, 276, 323 pazuoM dvArA parivahana kArya 158, 156, 210, 211, 245, parivahanopayogI pazuhAthI, ghor3A, gadhA, khaccara, baila, U~Ta (draSTavya pazu-tAlikA) 653 sainya parivahana 158, 156, kRSi parivahana 210, grAmINa parivahana 245, 276, parivahana vyavasAya ke rUpa meM 238, bojhA Dhone ke sAdhana 158, 156, 221, 236, 245 yAtAyAta / parivahana ke sAdhana - kAMvara 156, 235, kulI 156 gantrI ( baila gAr3I ) 156, 210, 212, 237-236, 245 256, 262, naukA 224, 234, 262, 323, pAlakI 158, 256, ratha 164, 238, 276, 331, vAhana / yAna 33, 158, 206, zakaTa 237 yAna ( rAjanaitika guNa) 75 yuddha 11, 28, 32, 36, 75, 78, 76, 83, 66, 68, 113, 114, 117, 148-168. 182-203, 206, 188, 222, 225, 314.. inakI rAjanaitika pRSThabhUmi 148, yuddhoM ke kAraNa 146, daNDanIti aura yuddha 150-153, yuddha nIti para mantrimaNDala dvArA vicAra 150 - 153, yuddha sambandhI dUtapreSaNa 146, yuddha dharmaM 156, yuddhaprayANa 157163, yuddhoM ke bheda 163-167 yuddhabhUmi 167 yuddha kalA 53, 14, 163-167, 187, 188203, 206

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654 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja yuradharma 156, 186, 187 raTThaur3a 126 yuddhanIti 150, 152, 186, raNaka 134 188 / raNasaMzodhana 167 yuTa prayANa 32, 58, 75, 66, ratikrIr3A 26, 33. 52, 56, 64 113, 138, 136, 157, 102, 138, 295, 266 476 , yuddha bhUmi 113, 156, 161, 167, ratnakAra 232 pA0 / / ratnatraya 363, 385, 362: 1 yuddhAdikarma (kyavasAya) 202, 206 rasnotpatti sthAna 67 yuddhoM ke bheda 163-167 rathakartA (vyavasAya) 237 : prazvayuddha 164, gajayuddha. 1.64, ratha yuddha 164 murillAyuddha 163, duyuddha, / rasa (kAvya) 16, 23, 27, 28, 164, dRSTi yuddha 163, padAti rasa (tattva) 387, 388 yuddha 163, pulinda mallayuddha rasa vANijya (vyavasAya) 239 162 yuddha, 165, bhujayuddha rahogRha 252 163, ratha yuddha 164, rAjakarmacArI 88, 105, 108, vAgyuddha 163 121-123 yuddhopayogI upakaraNa 158 vanapAla 121, dvArapAla 121, yuddhopayogI vidyAeM 426 .... kaMcakI 121, vidUSaka 121, yuddhopayogI pazu 156, 162, 163 guptacara 121, aGgarakSaka 221, 222 122, sUta 122, kubja 122, yuvarAja (pada) 106. 118, 158 sUpakAra 123, bhojaka 123, yoga 363, 365, 366, 386. bhaTa 123, rajaka 123, citrakAra 123, naTa 123, jIva kI zakti 386, yoga ke dhAtrI 124, ceTikA 124 tona prakAra 363 ...: rAjakIya patroM kA mudraNa 256 yodAmoM kA dAha-saMskAra 167 rAjakumAroM kI zikSA 407, 410yodAmoM kI cikitsA 167 412, 416, 423, 435, raGgareja 233 pA0, 234 ranopajIvI (nATakakAra) 235 rAjakuloM ke vivAha sambandha 486 rajaka (dhobI) 123, 207, 234 rAjadarabAra.28) 32. 80, 86, raTTha 255, 277, 281 / 1048, 231,205 .

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viSayAnukramaNikA 655 rAjadhAnI 242, 243, 256,257, gurjara-pratihAra 69, 513, 280, 282 candravaMza 144, 287, cAlukya rAjadhAnI nagara 246 143-145, 146, 322, rAjanItizAstra 5, 66, 67, 74, 323, cAhamAna . 64, 14275, 16, 122 144, 147, 154, 206, rAjanaitika arAjakatA 66, 194 536, cola 66, pallava 66, rAjanaitika SaDyaMtra 105, 446, 142, 323, 513, pAla 66, 470 . .: : : 141, pratihAra 154, bhojavaMza rAjanaitika saGgaThana 66, 67, 330, maurya 146, 186, rASTra187 . ..: . kUTa 66, 131, 153, 322, rAjanya varga 248 . . 323, 513, vAkATaka 513, rAjaputra (pada) 110, 120 ' solaGkI 56, 144, harivaMza rAjapurohita 60 330, hoyasala vaMza 323 rAjapUta jAti 206 rAjA kA svAmitva 166 rAjaprAsAda (rAjamahala) 252,407 rAjAdhirAjaparamezvara 84 416 rAja (saMsthA) 4, 8, 20, 21, 30, isakA vAstuzAstrIya vinyAsa 65-71, 14, 100, 146, 252, isameM vividha prakAra ke 148, 160, 194, 200, gRhoM kA vinyAsa, 252, isameM 206, 270 kozagRha, dhAnyagRha, vastrazAlA, rAjya kura 151, 205 auSadhAlaya, prAyudhAgAra, gaja- rAjyAbhiSeka 61, 62, 200, zAlA Adi kA nirmANa 252, 233 / / isameM dumaMjile se lekara nau rAThaur3a 126, 134 maMjile bhavanoM kI sthiti 252 rANA 134 rAjamArga 252, 255, 286, rAmakathA 36, 42, 47, 52, 53 . rAyahAriNa 242, 280 rAjavaMza 50, 124, 147, 148, rAvata/rota 134 153 rASTra 4, 7, 16, 20, 70, 97, pralUpIya 106, AndhrasAta- 124, 128, 191, 194, vAhana 291, ikSvAku, 330, 166, 168, 270, 277, kadamba 323, khilajI : 184, 281, 513 gaMga 66, 323, gupta 141, rASTrakUTa zAsanavyavasthA 131 ... 347

Page #690
656 jana saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja rASTragrAmamahattara 128, 126 lipiyAM 431 rASTramahattara 126, 126, 134 aThAraha prakAra kI 431, causaTha rASTrIya bhAvanA 26, 66, 148, prakAra kI 431, taitIsa prakAra 187 kI 431 riphaoNrameTiva thiyarI 101, 103 lekhana (vyavasAya) 238 rItikAlIna sAhitya 35 lezyA (chaha) 363 rUpaka ke daza bheda 22, 23 lokagIta 17, 336, 350, 352 nATaka meM manovRtiyoM kA lokadharmI sAhitya 23 pradarzana 22, sthAyI bhAvoM kA lokanatya 17 / manovaijJAnika aucitya 22, lokAyatika darzana 376, 380, nATaka ke vividha prakAra evaM 362 varga cetanA 22, 23, nATaka kI inakI sAmAjika lokapriyatA samAja dharmI pravRtiyAM 22, 376, inakI tArkika yukti saMgatatA 376, lokAyatika reTibyUTiva thiyarI 101 sAdhu 376, inakI tatvamImAMsA reDiyo mitA 183 380, 366-402, sAmantavAdI rogopacAra 446-450 bhoga vilAsa kI pratikriyA mUrchA 446, jvara 446,450, 380, prAdhyAtmika darzanoM dvArA garbhapAta evaM nirodha 447, viSa inakA khaNDana 380, 366parihAra 447, ajIrNa 447, 402 450, pitta 447, 450, vAta lokAyatika vAda 366-403, 406 447, kapha 447, zliSma 447 sannipAta 447, jalodara 447, lokAyatika sAdhu 376 446, vipANDu 447, gaMDalekhA lohakAra (luhAra) 234 447, kuSTha roga 447-446, laukika dharma 318, 321, 324, - 325 durnAmaka (parza) 450 lakar3I kATanA (vyavasAya) 238 lauha nirmita Ayudha 237 lagAna 136, 160, 165 vaNik 136, 224-226, 228; lalita kalA 163, 422, 426, 236, 260, 282, 284, 427 285 lalitAsanika (pada) 126 vaNikpati 226 . lAkSA vANijya (vyavasAya) 236 vaNikpatha 67, 224, 227, 282, liTrerI epika 37 285

Page #691
viSayAnukramaNikA 657 vaNika-varga 203, 227 kA nirmANa 204-206, varNavaNik zreriNanAtha 226 vibhAjana kI tIna madhyakAlIna variNagyAma 286 zreNiyA~-zAstrajIvI brAhmaNa, vadhU kA cayana 486, 486, 460, zastrajIvI kSatriya, kalAkauzala 461, 462, 465, 466 jIvI vaizya-zUdra 202, 203, vana 214, 215, 236, 238, 206 ___242, 244, 252, 256, varNa viSamatA 185, 316 387 varNavyavasthA 12, 13, 25, 30, vana grAma 138 66, 202-204, 207, 206, vana jIvikA (vyavasAya) 238 241, 247, 310, 315, vanapAla 121 316, 320, 321, 404, vanya pazu 222 407, 408 vapra (antarvedI) 246, 250 varNa vyayasthA kI sAmAjika vabhitti 250 lokapriyatA 320, vaidika vara kA cayana 486, 486, 460, paramparA kI mAnyatA 321, 461, 462, 465, 466, jainAnumodita varNa vyavasthA 503,504 320, 321, varNa vyavasthA kA vararuci ke vAttika 430 jainIkaraNa 320, varNavyavasthA varga cetanA 26, 27, 64, 205, kA jainIkaraNa 320, varNa241 vyavasthA kA virodha 316, varNa vargaNA 387, 388 vyavasthA ke anusAra vyavasAya varga saMgharSa 3, 24, 26, 318 vibhAjana 202-208, varNa varNamAlA jJAna 406, 410 vyavasthA ke anurUpa zikSA407, varNa vibhAjana 202, 203, 206, 408, draSTavya-brAhmaNa, kSatriya, 316 vaizya, zUdra varNa vibhAjana kI atarkasaGgatatA varNavyavasthAnusArI pAThyakrama 425316, isase mRtyavarga kI 427 saMghaTanA 316, raMga-bheda kI apekSA se varNabheda kA anaucitya varNavyavasthAnusArI vyavasAya 426 316 isase mAnava jAti ke varNa saMkIrNatA 203 ekatva para AghAta 316, varNa- vasudhA upabhoga 196, 240 vibhAjana dvArA Arthika DhA~ce vasudhezvara 84

Page #692
658 jana saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja vastuoM meM milAvaTa 231, 232 kaMcuka (colI) 266, 300, vastupAla kI tIrthayAtrAeM 342, 312 343, 344-347 kaTiveSTana (kamarabanda) 268 vastra 102, 193, 226, 234, . kamarabanda 226, 268 266-300, 311, vividha kambala 226, 230, 268 prakAra ke 266-266, kAsavAsasaH (kapAsa ke sAmAnya vastra 268, paridhAna vastra) 266 vastra 298-300, adhobhAga ke kUrpAsaka (kaMcuka) 266 vastra 268-196, 311, UparI kozeya (rezamI vastra) 296 bhAga ke vastra 268-266, citranetrapaTa (bArIka vastra) 311, stanAvaraNa vastra 296, 297 vivAha vastra 300, striyoM ke cInAMzuka (cInI zilkA) 226 vastra 267-300, 312, puruSoM 226, 267 ke vastra 267-268, saurASTra cola (colI) 300 ke vastra 267, sudhna deza ke chatra 117 vastra 267, parvatIya pradezoM ke takriyA 162, 226 vastra 267, cInI vastra 226, trasara (Tassara) 267 226, 297, nepAla deza ke tvak (parvatIya vastra) 267 ratna kambala 267, sile hue tvapaTa (camar3e ke vastra) vastra 267, 311, UnI vastra 267 266, kapAsa ke vastra, 296, dukUla (duzAlA) 226, 298, sUkSma vastra 267, camar3e ke 300 vastra 267 dvipaTTikA (dupaTTA) 268 asvayaMjJA : paTa (sAmAnya vastra) 298 aMzuka (sAr3I) 226, 266,, paTa kSoma 226 311, 312 paTTikA (kamarabanda) 268 antarIya 268, 266, 311 paTI (dupaTTA) 226 268 mAMcala 268 paTTA 85 uttarIya (cAdara) 286, 266 paTTayaH (do sile hue vastra) promaka (lInana) 267 267 porNakAmbara (UnI vastra)266, pAriNetravasana (viSAhavastra) 297

Page #693
viSayAnukramaNikA 656 maNikambala 226, 267, 300, tUrya (turahI) 336, 438, 448 436, dundubhI 184, 436, rajAI 162 paTaha (nagADA) 156, 184, ratnakambala 163, 226, 227, 438, 426, paNava 436, 226, 297, 268 440, bherI 157, 184, rallIka (kambala) 268 438, 430, mardala 440, lohita kambala 268 mADDuka 436, . .muraja 56, zayyA 162, 226, 352 440, 441, mRdaGga 184, sUkSmavastra (bArIka vastra) 246, 438, 436, yakkA 297 284, 426, vaMza 446, 441 vastrazAlA 252 vallakI 438, 436, vikviriNa va canAcArya 412 436, vINA 246, 438. vATaka/vATikA 212, 264, 244 451 (draSTavya vINAbheda) veNu vANijya vyavasAya 136, 161, . 170, 436, zaMkha 184, 336 202-204, 207, 206, bhRGga 436, hala 440 224, 238, 321 vApI 251, 355 vaizya varga kA kulakramAmata vArAMganA 483 vyavasAya 203, 204, isakA kalAkauzala meM antarbhAva 304, vAstuzAstra-grantha 246, 266, 276 jaina dharma meM pandraha prakAra ke 285, 286 niSiddha vANijya vyavasAya 238 vAstuzAstra sambandhI vidyAeM 426, 236 draSTavya-'vyApAra' 427 vAda 381, 362-403 vAstuzAstrIya citrakalA 443, vAdya yaMtra 156, 162, 184, 185, 454 163, 223, 336, 468- vAstuzAstrIya vyavasAya 238 441 vAhana nirmANa (vyavasAya) 237 kasAla 436, kAhala 184, vAhana nirmAtA, (anojIvI) 232 436, ghaNTA 440, ghaNTikA pA0 238 jhachara 436, jharbhara 436, vikAsavAda 67 jhallarI 440, DamarUka 436, vikendrIkaraNa (bhU sampatti) 167. 156, DhakkA 184, 436, tantrI 436, tAla 440, 441 bhUsvAmitva kA 197, 168, vAttA 168

Page #694
660 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja dahejadAna ke sandarbha meM, 196, sAmantI caritra ke rUpa meM 166 vigraha 74, 75, 150 vicArAtmaka saMskRti 8, 6 vijigISu rAjA 73, 76, 80 viDambaka (hAsya kalAkAra) 235 vidagdha goSThI 501 vidUSaka 121, 235 vidyA 64. 103, 236, 238 420-445 vidyAeM: aGkagaNita/gaNita 238, 406 411, 420-422, 424, 425 pradhyAtmavidyA 408, 420 anuzAsanI (vedAGga) vidyA 420 aparAvidyA 420 arthazAstra 421, 422, 433, 434 avasvapanikA vidyA 103 azvazAstra/azvavidyA 14,206, 222, 422, 426, 433, 445 aSTAdazazilpa vidyAeM 421, 422 asi vidyA 426 AkRtizAstra 424 prAnvIkSikI vidyA 421, 424 Ayurveda 420-422, 424, 427, 428, 445-450 aSTAGga Ayurveda 455, rasa, vIrya, viSAkajJAna sahita Ayurveda zikSA 445, cikitsA evaM prAthamika upacAra 446, 447, kuSTharoga kI zalya cikitsA 447-44 , rogopacAra 446-450, auSadha vijJAna 445, 447 itihAsavidyA 420, 421 indrajAlavidyA 421, 426, 427 utpAta jJAna 420 upaniSadvidyA 25, 421 kalpa (vedAGga) 426 karmakANDavidyA 425, 426 kAnUna 421 kAmazAstra 422 kAvya-gAyana-kalA 427 kAvyaracanA 236, 416 kAvyazAstra 419, 422 kuhukaprayogavidyA 427 kRpANavidyA 426 kRSi 422 kSatravidyA 420, 433 kSurividyA 436, 437 khagolazAstra 424 khaDgavidyA 64, 436, 437 gajazAstra/vidyA 422, 422, 426, 436, 445 prAyudhalakSaNazAstra/prAyudha vijJAna 166,426

Page #695
trayI/trividyA 68, 424,427, viSayAnuphaimaNikA gajAzvaparicAlana 421 gadAvidyA 426 gandhayuktividyA (itravidyA) 425 gAthAnArAzaMsI vidyA 420 gAyanakalA 235, 421, 427 guptanidhi-anveSaNa 422 cakravidyA 426 carmavidyA 426 cApavidyA 53 426, 436 cAraNakalA 427 cikitsA 235, 408 citrakalA 236, 342, 421, 422, 425, 427, 443445 chandavidyA/chandakalA 425, 427, 428, 426 jyotiSavidyA 236, 396, 422, 424, 425, 428, 426, 450-452 zubhalagna 451, mitraSTi 451, grahoM kA balAbala 451, grahoM kA svAmitva 451, SaDvarga zuddhi 451, prazubhagraha jJAna 451, zubhagraha jJAna 451, lagna, tithi muhUrta vicAra 452 takSaNakarma (bar3haI gIrI) 421 tantramantrasiddhi 422 tarkazAstra 408, 420 tAlodghATinI vidyA 103 turagalakSaNazAstra 426 daNDavidyA 426 daNDanIti vidyA 421, 424, 433, 434 darzana zAstra 421, 422, 424, 432, 433 lokapriya darzana, bauddha darzana, jaina darzana, sAMkhya darzana mImAMsA darzana, cArvAka darzana 432, nyAya darzana kA eka svatantra vidyA ke rUpa meM vikAsa 433 durganirmANa vidyA 426 devajana vidyA 420 devazAstra 420 devAlayanirmANa vidyA 426 dhanurvidyA (dhanurveda) 64, 168, 418, 420, 422, 436, 437 vividha prakAra ke bANoM ko calAne kA prazikSaNa 436, dhanuvidyA kI abhyAsa vidhiyAM-caraNavinyAsa, jyA-sphAlana, lakSya-sandhAna, bANa-visarjana 436, bANabhedana, rAdhAvedhana zabdabhedana, jalanihita lakSya bhedana, cakravedhana, mRtikApiNDa bhedana 436 dharmazAstra 420, 421, 425 dharma zikSA 421

Page #696
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja nakSatravidyA/nakSatravijJAna 420, prAsAda (nirmANa) vidyA 426 421, 428, 450-452 vAhuyuddhavidyA 426 . nadIsaMstaraNakalA 427 brahmavidyA 25, 318, 420 nAgavazIkaraNa 422 bhaviSya kathana 422 nATyakalA 16, 425, 427, bhASAzAstra/bhASAjJAna 134, 428 430-432 nidhizAstra 420 bhUtavidyA 420 nirukta (vedAGga) 426 maNirAgAkarajJAna 421 nItizAstra 94, 420 mardalavAdanakalA 427 / nimittazAstra/nimitta vidyA mImAMsA vidyA 421, 425 - 424, 427 munImI 422 niruktavidyA 425 musalavidyA 426 mUrtikalA 200, 427 nRtyakalA/nRtyazAstra 236, mokSaNI vidyA 103 353, 421, 422, 441 yuddhavidyA/yuddhakalA 202, 408, nyAyadarzana (vidyA) 413, 411, 418, 420423, 435-437 420, 421, 425, 432, rAjakumAroM ke lie anivArya 433 zikSA 435, 436, nyAya darzana kA svataMtra vidyA saiddhAntika evaM vyAvahArika ke rUpa meM vikAsa, 433, zikSaNa 436, yuddha vidyA ke nyAya ke solaha tattva 433, aGga-dhanurvidyaH 436, nyAya ke sAta padArtha 433 khaDgavidyA 437, zastravidyA paTahavAdanakalA 427 437, vAhanavidyA 436, parAvidyA 420 vividha prakAra ke prAyudhoM ko pazupAlanavidyA 421 calAne kA prazikSaNa 437 . pAkakalA 426 yogavidyA 420, 425 / purANavidyA 206, 207, raGgamaJcakalA 427 420, 421, 425, 427 ratnaparIkSA 422 puruSalakSaNazAstra 427 rathasaMcAlanavidyA 422, 426 paurohityakalA 427 rAjanItizAstra (rAjavidyA) prAsavidyA 426

Page #697
viSayAnukramaNikA zranvIkSikI, trayI, vArtA tathA daNDanIti kA adhyayana 434, arthazAstra ke rUpa meM SADguNya, trividha zakti, kA adhyayana 434, uzanas nIti zAstra kI zikSA 434, rAjanIti zAstra ke upadeSTA 434 lakSaNazAstra 422 lAGgalavidyA 426 lipizAstra / lipikalA 422, 424, 427 causaTha prakAra kI lipiyAM 431, taiMtIsa prakAra kI lipiyAM 431, aThAraha prakAra kI lipiyA~ 431, lipivijJAna eka svatantra vidyA ke rUpa meM 431 lekhanakalA 427 vAko bAkyam ( vAdavivAda ) 408 vidyA 420 vArttA (vidyA) 421, 424, 434 vArSaguNa 425 vAstuzAstra / vAstukalA 284. 311, 421, 422, vAhanavidyA 436 vijJAna-TeknaoNlaoNjI 421, 422 vijJAnavidyA 420 vINAvAdana kalA 427 veNuvAdanakalA 427 vedavidyA 204, 206, 271, 413, 420, 421, 422, 425, 428, 426 66 vaidika pATha evaM zAkhAoM kA adhyayana 426, RgvedIya 'zAkala' pATha, yajurvedIya 'kaTha' pATha, anya zAkhAeM 426 vedAGga / SaDaGga 204, 413, 420, 421, 425, 426 kalpa, chanda, jyotiSa, nirukta vyAkaraNa, zikSA 426, vedAGga zikSA kA svarUpa 426, vedAGgoM dvArA vedoM kA adhyayana 426 vedAnta vidyA 420 vyAkaraNa 270, 408, 420422, 428, 430 zikSaNa vidhiyAM 430, nAma prakhyAta, upasarga tathA nipAta ke rUpa meM vyAkaraNa zAstra kA vibhAjana 430, pANini vyAkaraNa tathA vararuci ke vAtrtikoM kA adhyayana 440 zrAdipurANa meM vyAkaraNa zikSA 430 vyApAra vidyA 421, 422 vyAyAma vidyA 427 vyUhabhedanavidyA 426 vyUharacanAvidyA 426 zakunazAstra 425, 426, 453, 454 zakuna 453, apazakuna 453, 44 zaktividyA 426

Page #698
664: jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja . zalya cikitsA 226, 235 sAhityavidyA (sAhityazAstra) zastravidyA 156, 202. 436, 422, 435 zAstrIya evaM sRjanAtmaka mAkramaNAtmaka zikSaNa 435, kAvyalekhana surakSAtmaka AyudhoM ko kA abhyAsa 435, prasiddha calAne kI zikSA 437, kaviyoM tathA kAvya racanAmoM vividha prakAra ke astra- kA adhyayana 435, zabdazastroM meM viziSTatA krIDA evaM vAgvilAsa meM viziSTatA 435 zilpavidyA 408, 421. stambhanI bidyA 103 427 strIlakSaNazAstra 427 zikSA (vedAGga) 421 smAtavidyA 427 zrAddhakalpa 420 svapnazAstra (nimittazAstra) zrutividyA 427 425, 454, 455 saMgrAmakalA 423 svastivAcanakalA 427 saGgItakalA/gAndharva vidyA 235, hamyaM (nirmANa) vidyA 426 - 332, 353, 421, 422, hastilakSaNazAstra 426 425. 437-441 hetuzAstra 425 horAzAstra 425 saGgIta kI lokapriyatA vidyAdhara 423, 517 437, 438, saGgAta sabaSA vidyAbhRtya 236 vizeSa utsava, 438, rAjakIya vidyAmaTha (zikSA kendra) 416 jana jIvana meM saGgIta 438, vidyArambha kI Ayu 406, 410 Arthika utsavoM para saGgIta vidyArthiyoM kI caudaha zreNiyA~ 415. 438, saGgIta goSThiyAM 438, saGgIta ke sapta svara virAT (pada) 111 440, caturvidha dhvani 441, vivAha-pATha prakAra ke 485 vAdyayaMtra 438-440 . pArSa vivAha 485, prAsura . samudrasaMstaraNa kalA 427 vivAha 485, gAndharva vivAha sarpa krIr3A 421 485, deva vivAha 485, sarpa vidyA 420 prAjApatya vivAha 485, brAhmasAMkhya vidyA 420, 425 vivAha 485, rAkSasa vivAha sAMgrAmika vidyAeM 423 485

Page #699
viSayAnukramaNika vivAha - dhArmika anubandha 485 vivAha - sAmAjika sambandha 485 vivAha tathA pararASTranIti 486 488 vivAha + varNa vyavasthAnusArI 485 brAhmaNoM ke lie -- brAhma prAjAtya, zrASaM, deva 485, kSatriyoM ke lie - rAkSasa, gAndhava 485, vaizyoM ke lie - Asura 465, zUdroM ke lie paizAca 485 vivAha-vidhiyAM 464, 466 501 varAGgacarita meM 466 467, padmAnanda meM 467466, sanatkumAracakricarita meM 466 pradyumnacarita meM 466500, dvayAzraya meM 500, zAntinAtha carita meM 500 - 501, karnATaka kI 497, gujarAta kI 4e7-500, rAjasthAna kI 46-501 vivAha saMsthA 485 - 507, 506 isakA samAjazAstrIya svarUpa 485, prAcIna bhAratIya vivAha bheda 485, 486, jaina mahAkAvyoM meM vivAhabheda 487465, maMtraraNApUrvaka vivAha 486, svayaMvara vivAha 486, 502, 503, pUrvAgraha pUrNa svayaMvara vivAha 460, prema vivAha 461-462, anubandhanAtmaka prema vivAha 462, 463, pratijJAvivAha 463, 665 apaharaNa vivAha 493-415, vivAha cayana 465 503, vivAha vidhiyAM 496-503, vivAha sambandhI rItirivAja 501, dahejaprathA 504 -506 bahuvivAhaprathA 506, 507 vivAha sambandha -- rAjanaitika 466 vivAha sambandhI hAsa-parihAsa 501502 vizvAsaghAtI (vidhi) 182, 183 viSaya 116, 356, 370, 512 viSayapati (pada) 116 viSavANijya (vyavasAya) 236 viSNu 26, 61, 316, 370 372, 372, 380, 368 viSNu kI ArAdhanA 372 viSNu ke dazAvatAra 372 viSNu pratimAeM 372 viSNu mandira 372 visphoTaka padArtha 236 vihAra, (zikSA kendra ) 406 vINA - caudaha prakAra kI 440 vItarAga 360, 385 vIthimahattara 126 vIthI 23 vRkSa / vanaspati 213-221, 156, 158, 164, 238, 240, 301, 363 chAyAdAra vRkSa 218-221, puSpa vRkSa 218-221, phaloMmevoM ke vRkSa 217-218, masAloM-sugandhita dravyoM ke vRkSa

Page #700
666 217, 218, jaina mandiroM ke udyAnoM meM vRkSAropaNa 342 vRkSa / vanaspati : praJjana 220 pratimuktaka 216, 341 prabhayA ( harItakI) 217, 341 prazana (pIlA zAla) 220, 341 azoka 218, 341, 363 azvattha 216 prAkanda 216 Amra (grAma) 217,341, 393 zrAmalakI (grAmalA) 217 utpala 218 udumbara 220 eraNDa 362 elA (ilAyacI ) 217, 218 kaGkola (guggulu ) 182, 215, 216, 217, 236, 341 kaMcananAra 220 kadamba 218 kadalI (kelA) 217, 341 kanda 217 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja ( lAla kaTasaraiyA) kandarpavIra 217 kamalakanda 364 kariNakAra ( kanera) 2180 341 karpura (kapUra) 218 kiMzuka 216, 316 kuGkuma (kesara) 218 kuTaja (koreyA) 218 kunda 218 kubjaka (sevatI) 216, 341 kurabaka 218 kUSmANDI 220 ketakI 220 kramuka ( drAkSA) 217, 341 kharjUra (khajUra) 117, 351 khadira (khaira) 21e candana 174, 218 campaka 216, 341 campA 215 218, 313 1 japa 220 jambIra (niMbU ) 217 jambU (jAmuna ) 217 jAti (camelI) 215, 118, 216, 341 tamAla 220, 341 tAmbUla (pAna) 218, 341 tAla 220, 341 tAlIdruma 341 tilaka (vRkSa) 216 turuSka (lovAna ) 218 dADima (anAra) 217, 341 devadAru 218 dhava 220 ghAya (ghAtaka) 23 navamallikA 216 nAraGga (santarA ) 217 nArikela ( nAriyala) 217, 341 nicula 220 nimba (nIma ) 221 nIpa 220 palAza 183, 220

Page #701
viSayAnukramaNikA paribhadra 183, 216 sarala (devadAru) 182, 218, pipalI 220 228 priyaGagu 341 sallakI (salaI) 216 priyAla 182, 183, 216 suvarNa (haricandana). 218, priyAla cUrNa 182 341 punnAga (nAgakesara) 215, 217 sephAlI 220 341 haritAla 316 pUga (supArI) 218 hintAla 220 pUrI tRNa 182 vRkSa udyoga 613-221, 240, plakSa 220 301, 508 bakula 216 isakA Arthika mahattva 214bandhaka (madhyAhna puSpa) 216, 215, 301, inase bhoga vilAsa 341 kI sAmagriyoM kA utpAdana bANa 220 215, 216, lakar3I udyoga bAMsa 170, 174 215, sugandhita dravya 216, bilva (bela) 217, 341 217, 300, saundarya prasAdhana madhUka 220 kI sAmagrI, 214, 215, marIci (gola mirca) 218 300, 301, meve-masAloM kA mallikA 216, 341 utpAdana 216, madirA utpAdana mAtuliMga (cikotarA) 217, 216, phala-phUloM kA rasa 216, mAlatI 215, 216, 341 / / vRkSAropaNa ke vividha prakAra maulasirI 217 214-221, jaina dharma meM vRkSoMraktakanda (kezara) 301 vanaspatiyoM ko becanA niSiddha laGgalI 220 238 lavaGga (lona) 217, 341 vRkSAropaNa 214, 215 lavalI 216, 220 veda 12, 34, 134, 160, 282, vAsantika (vAsantI) 216, 284, 285, 314, 317, 341 318, 321, 368 zAmI 220 vedanIya 360 zirISa 219 vedaprAmANya 315, 320, 321, zitidhra 221 404 zrIveSTaka 182 veda prAmANya kA virodha 317saptaparNa 220 318

Page #702
jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja vaidika vidyA paramparA 406, 420421, 424 428-437 do mukhya vibhAjana, parAvidyA tathA aparAvidyA 420, upaniSad kAlIna vidyAeM 420, brAhmaNa kAlIna vidyAeM 420, purANayugIna vidyAeM 420, 421, madhyakAlIna vidyAeM 421, uccastarIya avyayaviSaya 428-437 vaidika saMskRti 25, 27, 36, 314, 315, 321, 411 vaidika samAja vyavasthA 458 vaidika sAhitya 25, 421 vaidya ( bhiSaj ) 167, 168, 235, 446, 446, 450 vaimAnika deva 350, 351 vaiyAkaraNa 430 dafas / afse (kulI) 235 vaivAhika sambandha 486-488 vaizeSika darzana 25 vaizya 22, 73, 127, 140, 202204, 207 - 206, 241,316, 321 inake vyavasAya 207 - 206, kalAkauzalajIvI ke rUpa meM saMghaTanA 206, mukhya vyavasAya: vANijya vyApAra 224-232 vaizya varga 207, 204, 224, 241 668 vedAnta darzana 350 vezabhUSA / vastrAbhUSaNa 242, 246, 327, 355, 26-312, 362 vezma (dumaMjile makAna) 248 vezyA / garikA 22, 122, 160, 162, 226, 236, 247, 473, 481-483 vezyAoM kI jIvikA 482 vezyAlaya 188, 247, 482 vezyAvRtti 236, 481-482, 506 isakA sArvajanika rUpa se pracalana 481-482, sainika chAvaniyoM meM vezyAoM ke zivira 482, nagaroM meM vezyAlaya 482, vezyAlayoM meM saGgIta gAyana tathA kAmottejaka citrAMkana 482 vezyAvRtti - kula paramparAgata 506 vaikriyaka (zarIra) 388 vaidika karmakANDa 25, 205, 315, 367, 368 vaidika kAlIna nArI 458-460 dharma tathA zikSA ke kSetra meM samAnAdhikAra 458, paitRka sampatti ke adhikAra se vaMcanA 456, nArI ko puruSAyatta mAnane kI pravRttiyoM kA udaya 456, dArzanika kSetra meM nArI se puruSa ko UMcA sthAna 456 vaidika yugIna zikSA 425 407, 408 vaizyoM kI zikSA 425

Page #703
viSayAnukramaNikA 666 vaizyoM ke vyavasAya 207, 206, vyavasAya cayana 204, 241 241 kula paramparAgata 204, 241, vaiSNava dharma/sampradAya 26, 322, kuletara 203, 241 372 vyavasAya vibhAjana 202, 206 vyantara deva 350, 351 * vyavasAyAtmaka buddhi 378 vyavasAya 13, 186, 160, 202 vyavahAra naya 382 214, 221-223, 232, vyAkaraNa 53, 57, 134, 411 233, 237-240, 241, 244 vyApAra 203, 207, 224-226, varNavyavasthAnusArI vibhAjana 238-240, 285 202, 206, 241, 543, vyApAra kA svarUpa 224, vaizya brAhmaNoM ke vyavasAya 204, varga kA janma siddha adhikAra 206, 241, 543, kSatriyoM ke 224, khAna, setu, vaNikpatha, vyavasAya 206-207, 241, vyApArika kendra 224, vyApAra 543, vaizyoM ke vyavasAya 207- mArga-sthala tathA samudra 224, 206, 241, zUdroM ke vyavasAya dhAturatnoM kA vyApAra 224, 207-206, 241, 543, tIna hAthIdAMta kA vyApAra 223, mAthika varga-brAhmaNasaMghaTana, viSa kA vyApAra 236, lAkha kSatriya saMghaTana, vaizya-zUdra-saMghaTana kA vyApAra 236, krUraprakRti 206-207, 241, zAstrajIvI ke vyApAra 236, vyApArika vyavasAya 202, 543, zastra- kAphile 225, videzoM se jIvI vyavasAya 202, 543, vyApArika sambandha 226, kalAkauzalajIvI vyavasAya nagaroM ke bAjAra 227-228, 203, 206, 241, 543, vikreya vastueM 228, mudrAdraSTavya-udyAna vyavasAya, pazu vinimaya 226, vyApArika pAlana vyavasAya, vANijya bhraSTAcAra 231-232 vyavasAya, zilpa vyavasAya, vyApAra vinimaya 226, 247, takanIkI vyavasAya, jaina dharma 251 meM vyavasAya vibhAjana 238, vyApAra sambandhI zikSA 408 pandraha prakAra ke niSiddha vyava- vyApArika grAma 243, 282 sAya 238, 236, draSTavya.. . vyApArika zulka 162 'sAvadha karma' evaM 'niSiddha vyApArika saMgaThana 253, 264, vyavasAya 270, 273, 275

Page #704
jana saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja vyApArika samiti 264, 269, zAkavATaka 212, 213 277, 311 vyApAriyoM kA saMghaTita svarUpa zAkya (jAti) 277, 278, zAkta ( sampradAya) 26 . 226, 232 260 . vyApArI 17, 134, 161, 192,. zAkya jAti kA nigama 278 204, 224-228, 231, zAkhA nagara 252, 282 233 pA0, 236 vyApArI varga 227, 260, 288 zAnti vAcana 373 zArIrika yAtanA 103 260 / inakA saMghaTita svarUpa, 226, zAsana taMtra 65, 73, 74, 115, 232, 253, 264, 270, 273, 275, inakI samiti zAsanavyavasthA/rAjya vyavasthA 21, 264, 266, 277, 311, 72, 83-142, 146, 147, inakI senA 70,71, 72 150, 196. 265, 281 vyApArI senA 70, 71, 72 . kendrIya 108-124, grAmINa vyAvasAyika prazikSaNa 422, 423, 125-142, prAntIya 111, 116, 147, kadamba zAsana vraja/gokula 97, 131, 231 . vyavasthA 106, kAkatIya zAsana 271 vyabasthA 106, guptakAlIna zaka (jana) 529 zAsana vyavasthA 1.6, cAlukya zakuna 114, 157, 158, 453 zAsana vyavasthA 106, 120, .. zakti (rAjanaitika) 73, 74 145, 154 pAlavaMzIya zAsanazabara 250 vyavasthA 132, 133, pratihAra zabda naya 382 zAsana vyavasthA 84, 106 zayanAgAra 248 zAsanavyavasthA vibhinna kAloM meM :zartapUrNa vivAha 460, 462, 463 mAndhra sAtavAhana yugIna 286, zalya cikitsA 448, 446 gupta sAmrAjya 66, 148, zastra 154, 157, 158, 163, 186, 277, maurya sAmrAjya 164, 166, 176, 177, . 148, 186, muslima zAsana 178, 176, 188, 194, 106, rASTrakUTa zAsana 131, 206, 327 harSakAlIna 138 zastrajIvI (kSatriya) 202, 543 zAstrajIvI (brAhmaNa) 202, 543 zastrajIvI vyavasAya 202 zAstrajIvI (vyavasAya) 202,543

Page #705
viSayAnukramaNikA 671 zAstrArtha vidhi 416 418, saiddhAntika vidhi 416, zAhajiti kI nigamasabhA 272 AdipurANokta chaha vidhiyAM zAhijitiye nigamaza 272 416 zikArI arthavyavasthA 186 zikSA 12, 66, 88, 247, 407 zikArI jAti 189 zikSA kA mAdhyama- saMskRta 431, zikSaka 412, 413 432 isakA svarUpa 412, zikSakoM zikSA kA vyavasAyIkaraNa 426 ke bheda 412, 413, zikSaka zikSA kI tIna dhArAeM 408, 406 kI yogyatAeM, 412, 413 brAhmaNa saMskRti kI dhArA zikSakoM ke do prakAra :-(1) 408, 406 jaina dhArA 408, sagrantha zikSaka 413, (2) __406, bauddha dhArA 408, 406 nirgrantha zikSaka 413, zikSaka zikSA ke kendra 286, 408, 416prazikSaNa 413 420 zikSaka prazikSaNa 413, 414 zikSakoM kI jIvikA 413 Azrama 416, 420, tapovana zikSaNa manovijJAna : 416, vidyAmaTha 416, rAja prAsAda 416, nagara 416, agraanubhava 417, apoha 416, hAra grAma 420 417, abhyAsa 418, avadhAraNA 417, Uha 416, zikSA pAThyakrama 420-437 417, cintana 408, 416, vaidika zikSA pAThayakrama 420tarkaNA 416, tathya sthApanA 421, bauddha zikSA pAThyakrama 421, 422, jaina zikSA pAThya 408, dhAraNA 416, 417, krama 422-423, varNavyavasthAnu416, pATha 417, punarAvRtti 416, manana 408, 416, sArI pAThyakrama 425, zikSA vAcanA 416, zravaNa 416 kA vyavasAyIkaraNa 426, 418, saMzaya nivAraNa 417, svataMtra zAkhA ke rUpa meM 416, saMgrahaNa 416, 417, vidyAoM kA vikAsa 426, zikSaNa vidhiyA~ 408, 416-416 428, uccastarIya viSayoM kA pAThavidhi 416, 417, punarA pAThyakrama 428-436 vRtti vidhi 417, praznottara zilpa (vyavasAya) . 200, 201, vidhi 417, kaNThastha vidhi 203, 204, 206, 232, vidhi 418, vyAvahArika vidhi 233, 238, 240, 261

Page #706
672 zilpi grAma 244 zilpiyoM kA saMghaTana 232 zilpi pramukha 125 zilpi varga 240 zilpI 134, 166, 201, 204, jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja zudra jAti 140, 20 zUdra varNa 127 208, 233, 240, 246 zilpI ( ratna) 14, 201 zilpI daheja meM 200 ziva 26, 61, 64, 316, 370, 371, 380, 368 ziva ke mandira 371 zivArAdhanA 372 zivira (nagara) 285 ziSyoM ke stara 415-416 zIta dAyaka makAna 248 zukla lezyA 363 zubhakarma 365, 397 zubhAzubha karma 360, 400, 401 zulka 67, 261 zuSka gomaya homa 368 zuSka parikhA 246 zUdra 72, 127, 133, 140,142, 202, 204, 207, 208, 241, 321 do prakAra ke - kAru zUdra 207, 208, akAru zUdra 207, spRzya zUdra 208, aspRzya zUdra 208, zUdroM ke vyavasAya 207-206, zUdra annadA ke rUpa meM 208 zUdrakarSaka 136 zUdra kunbI 142 zUdra kurmi 142 zUdra varga 207, 206, 241, 316 zUdroM kI zikSA 425 zUdroM kI sAkSaratA 407 zudroM ke vyavasAya 207 - 206, 241 zUnyavAda 376, 367 zUnya se jagat kI utpatti 367, jaTAsiMha nandi dvArA zUnyavAda kA khaNDana 397 zaiva dharma / sampradAya 26, 27, 322, zaunika / zvapaca (kasAI) 333 pA0 235, 330 zauryapUrNa gAthA 31, 36, 37, 36, 63, 64 zramaNI 463 zramika varga 240 zrAddhakarma 205 zrAvakAcAra 325 zrAvikA 326 zrutajJAna 382 isake do bheda 382 zruti 321 zRGgAragoSThI 162, 483 zRGgAra rasa 33, 45, 46 zreNi 206, 232, 233 pA0 246, 272, 273, 275, 287 aThAraha prakAra kI 232, satAisa prakAra kI 232, 233 pA0, isakA sadasya 272, isakA saMghaTita svarUpa 233

Page #707
viSayAnukramaNikA 673 zreNi gaNa 166, 200 .. saMgIta kI caturvidha dhvaniyAM 41 . zreNigaNa-pradhAna 166, 233 / / saMgIta ke sapta svara 440, 441 zreNidharma 287 saMgIta zAlA (mandira) 341 zreriNa pradhAna 166, 233 . saMgrahaNa 272, 280 zreNi bala 72 __dasa grAmoM kA samUha 280 zreNi vyavasAya 232 saMgha-caturvidha 326, 333 zreSThi-kulika-nigama 275 saMdhAdhipati (upAdhi) 343 zreSThinigamasya 276 saMcara (mArga) 271 zreSThi-sArthavAha-kulika nigama 253 / saMdhi 74, 75, 78, 80, 83, 150 275 saMyoga kevalI 362 zreSThI (pada) 120, 275, 276 saMvara (tattva) 384, 360, 361 zrotriya 138, 427 paribhASA 360, isake kAraNa zvetAmbara sampradAya 40, 48 360, yaha mokSa kA mUla kAraNa triMzadAyudha 166 SaDdarzana 376 saMvaidhAnika samiti 266, 270 SaDdravya vibhAjana 383 saMzraya 75, 150 SaDvidha bala 70, 71, 72, 206 saMskAra 321, 408, 410, 411 draSTavya, senA chaha prakAra kI, saMskRta bhASA 16, 23, 35, 36, isakI vyAkhyA zAsana tantra kI 36, 46, 57, 134, 141, dRSTi se 71, 72 230, 268, 263, 320, SADaguNya 73, 74, 75, 67, 150, 363, 405, 430 434 vaicArika AdAna pradAna kI sandhi, 75, 434, vigraha 75, bhASA 405, rASTriya stara kI 434, yAna 75, 434, prAsana samparka bhASA 320, 405 75, 434, dvaidhIbhAva 75, jaina/bauddha lekhakoM dvArA protsAhana 437, saMzraya 75, 434, para- 405, 430, zikSA kI mAdhyama rASTranIti ke niyAmaka tattva bhASA ke rUpa meM 431-432, 75, caturvidha upAyoM kA isameM saMskRta bhASA meM lekhana 430 antarbhAva 45 saMskRti 8, 6, 36, 66 saMgaThita sabhA/samiti 274, 260 saMsthA 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 21,65, saMgraha naya 376, 382 66, 268, 266 saMgIta 15, 161, 162, 184, . sakaSAya jIva 386, 360 185, 163, 438, 442 sakAma nirjarA 361

Page #708
674 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja sakyAnaM nigamo 278 samiti (samAjazAstrIya) 4, 6, 7, sagrantha zikSaka 413 saciva (pada) 106, 110. 112 samiti (dArzanika) 363, 360 satI prathA kA virodha 483-484. samiti (vaidika kAlIna) 268 506 samudAya 6, 7, 34, 65, 66 : satkAryavAda 365 sampatti kA upabhoga 473 sandhAna kAvya 46, 47 sampatti kA vikendrIkaraNa 473 dvisandhAna 46, 47, trisandhAna sampatti kA hastAntaraNa 473 46, catussandhAna 46, paMca sampatti kI avadhAraNA 473 saMghAna, 46, sapta sandhAna 46, sambAdha 243, 263 caturvizati sandhAna 46 / parvata ke zikharastha nivAsa sanniveza 242, 280 sthAna 263, yAtrA ke liye saptadvIpa siddhAnta 510 prAye huye logoM kA bhAvAsa saptabhaMga 378 263, isameM cAroM vargoM ke logoM kA nivAsa 263 / saptAGga rAjya 70 sambhoga kalA 480 zAsanatantra ke sAta aGga samyakcAritra 362 . svAmI, amAtya, rASTra, janapada, samyaktva 377 durga, koSa, daNDa tathA mitra 70 samyagjJAna 362 sabhAgRha (mandira)341 / samyagdarzana 362 sabhAbhavana 252 samrAT (pada) 111 samabhirUDha naya 382 samvAha 242, 263, 280 samAja 1-17, 21-24, 28-31, anAja rakhane ke bhaNDAra 263 . 34, 65-67, 100-102, saraH zoSa (vyavasAya) 236 : 105. 106, 186, 203 sarasvatI (devI) 58, 61, 62, 205, 241, 326, 330, . 338, 354 360, 368 sarAvamAlikA 105. samAjadharmI sAhitya 3 sarovara nirmANa 346 samAjazAstra 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1 sarpabANa sadRza Ayudha 181 11, 13, 15, 16, 20, 23, . sarvajJavAda (mImAMsA) 396-367 24, 29, 30, 34, 64, 65, / isakA jaina tArkikoM dvArA 66, 241 khaNDana 396, pAMca pramANoM se .. samAvartana saMskAra 410 isakI agrAhyatA 366

Page #709
675 viSayAnukramaNikA sarvajJa siddhi 366, 397 'sAmanta' kA rAjanaitika artha salila krIr3A 26, 32, 33, 55, 85, isakA zoSaNaparaka rUpa 57, 56, 162, 188 / mANDalika tathA sAmanta rAjAoM savipAka nirjarA 263, 361 kA aikya, sAmanta prAntIya sAMkhya-tatvavyavasthA 366 / prazAsaka ke rUpa meM 87, nirbala sAMkhya darzana 25, 376, 380, prazAsana meM sAmantoM ke svatantra 365, 366, 405, 458 rAjya 87, sAmanta rAjAnoM isakA satkAryavAda 365, dvArA anugraha pradarzana 85-86, jaTAsiMha kA AkSepa 365,isake sAmantoM dvArA sainika sahAyatA prakartA jIva para vIranandi kA AkSepa . 395, bandhAbhAva ke 86, sAmantoM ke saMgha 87 kAraNa mokSaprApti asaMbhava sAmanta putra (pada) 130 365, prakRti ke acetanatva para sAmantabala 71, 72 prAkSepa 366 sAmanta yuga 30, 31, 68 sAMvatsarika (pada) 114 / sAmanta rAjA 77, 85, 68, 96, sAgAra dharma 14, 324-326, 356, 110, 111, 125, 136, 146, 148, 151, 187, sAdhu-pada 360 165, 166, 197, 199, sAdhuoM kI vidyAeM 423 206, 240,407, 487,507 sAndhivigrahika (pada) 106, 110, ' sAmantavAda 28, 33, 77, 124- 114, 115, 153, 154. sApekSa (bhAva) 377 143, 194-201, 206, sAma (nIti) 75, 76, 77, 78, 236-241, 253, 255,507, 76, 82, 95, 150, 151, 508 152, 153, 185 sAmantavAdI artha vyavasthA sAmanta 73, 78, 84, 85, 87, 164-201, 508, isakA 110, 111, 116, 124, mAthika DhAMcA 132, 196225, 131, 136, 141, 201, grAma prazAsana ke sandarbha 156, 161, 190, 165, meM mahattara/mahattama tathA kuTuMbI 166, 198, 206, 236- 124-143, sAmantI caritra 241, 253, 255 127, 137, 146, sAmantI sAmanta (pada) 110, 111, 116 alaMkaraNa 126, 134, sAmantI sAmantapaddhati 66, 85.87, 64, pravRtti 53, 66, 185, 160, 124, 126, 148, 486,512 508

Page #710
676 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja sAmantavAdI arthavyavasthA 125, sAvayavavAda 67, 68 / 131, 136, 141, 160, sAsAdana 362. 166, 206, 236-241,253, sAhitya/kAvya 1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 255, 472, 473, 508 12, 15-18, 20, 23,24sAmanta-saMgha 87 34, 57, 64 sAmanta-senA 71 kAvya lakSaNa 21, 23, 24, sAmayika 363 kAvya/sAhitya cetanA 28, 26, sAmAjika aparAdha 100, 101 34, 35, kAvya bheda 27, kAvya sAmAjika gativijJAna 4. prayojana 2, 16, 20, sAhityasAmAjika cetanA 11, 24, 27, samAja meM pravRtti sAmya 15-17 26, 32, 34 sAhitya evaM samAja-udbhava sAmAjika parivartana 3, 8, 9, 10. vikAsa 17-18, sAhitya zAstra - 24, 32, 140 kI samAja dharmI mAnyatAeM 16sAmAjika sthitivijJAna 4 sAmudAyika svAmitva 186 24, sAhityanirmANa evaM sAmAsAmUhika arthavyavasthA 160 / . jika varga cetanA 24-35 sArthanAtha 224, 226 sAhityazAstra 3, 16-21, 23, sArthanAyaka 226 24, 27 siMcAI 211, 236 sArthapati 225, 226 . siMcAI ke sAdhana : varSA evaM sArthavAha 104, 120, 146, 166, nahara 211, rAjya kI ora se 224, 225, 236, 240, . 241, 275, 276 ... siMcAI vyavasthA 211, rahaTa sArthavAhAdhipati 225, 226 dvArA siMcAI 211, U~cI bhUmi sArthavAhoM ke kAphile 225, 241 para siMcAI vyavasthA 211 sArthavAhoM ke guptacara 225 siMcAI ke sAdhana 211, 236 sArvajanika zikSA 407 siddha (pada) 360 sArvabhauma (pada) 111 siddha jIva 385, 386 sAvadha karma (vyavasAya) 238 / sindhI bhASA 141 SaDvidha 1. asi (sainya vyava. sindhu sabhyatA 458 sAya), 3. masi (lekhana vyava- sughna deza ke vastra 297 . . sAya), kRSi, 4. vidyA sambandhI sudhArAtmaka siddhAnta. 101, 103 . vyavasAya) 5. zilpa (takanIkI surakSAtmaka prAyudha 166, 180 vyavasAya), 6. vANijya suraGga 165 (vyApAra), 238 suSamA (kAla) 356, 357

Page #711
677 viSayAnukramaNikA suSamA-suSamA (kAla) 356, 357 sUaroM kI daur3a 330 sUkSma 388 sUkSma-sUkSma 388 prakIrNa paramANu 388 sUkSma-sthUla 388 __acAgrAhya padArtha 388 sUta 122, 123 sUtrakAra (joharI) 204, 232 pA0 sUpakAra (rasoiyA) 123, 234 . sUrya 143, 158, 316, 353, 365, 370-373 sUrya pUjA 372, 373 sRSTi kA pradhAna kAraNa 376 sRSTi viSayakavAda 380, 363. 403, 456 setu 97, 224, 244 senA 33, 71, 72, 85, 113, 148, 153-155, 161-166, 184-187, 206, 207,211, 222, 225, 227, 236, 246, 362 . .senA kI paribhASA va svarUpa 154-155, senA ke prakAra 155, 156, dvividha senA154, caturvidha senA 71, caturaGgiNI senA 71, 72, 154, 155, 158, 156, 221, SaDvidha senA 70-73, 150, 156, 206, saptavidha senA 154 senAeM bahuvidha : praGgadezIya senA 156 araba dezIya senA 186 prazva senA 72, 164, 156, 162 pATavika senA 71, 72, 73 prAraNya senA 71, 72, 156, 206 UMTa senA 156 kaliGga dezIya senA 156 kSatriya senA 70, 71, 72, 156, 206 gaja/hasti senA 72, 154, 156, 164, 186 gandharva senA 154 cAhamAna senA 162, 164, 165, 167, 266 jaGgalI jAtiyoM kI senA 71. 72, 156, 206 DAhala dezIya senA 156 tilaGga dezIya senA 156,156 turka dezIya senA 186 durga senA 71, 73, 156,206 deva senA 155 dviSad/amitra senA 71 . nartakI senA 154 nepAla dezIya senA 156 nau senA 155 padAti senA 72, 154, 156, 156 . pAJcAla dezIya senA 156 pArvatIya senA 73 pulinda senA 73, 166, 206, 225 bhilla/bhIla senA 72, 146,' 156, 206

Page #712
676 baGga dezIya senA 156 bhUta senA 71 bhUta / mRtaka / bhRtya senA 70-72, magadha dezIya senA 156 mahattara senA 155 mitra senA 71,73, 156, 207 mugalakAlIna senA 184 mola (senA) 70, 71,72, 156, 206 yavana senA 164, 165 ratha senA 72, 154, 155 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja yogI senA 156, mitra rAjAoM kI senA 156 senA caturaGgiNI 71, 72, 113, 154, 155, 158, 156, 222 padAti senA 156 154, 156, azva senA 72, 154, 156, rAjapUtAnA senA 164, 165, 167, 188 vaNik senA 206 vidyAdhara senA 155 vRSa senA 154 vetana bhogI senA 70, 71, 156, 206 vetra senA 71 vyApArI senA 60-72, 206 zabara senA 72 zreNI senA 70-72, 156, 206 sAmanta senA 71 sArthavAha senA 166, 225 . hammIrakAlIna senA 184 harSakAlIna senA 184 senA kA pRSThabhAga 186 * senA kI bharatI 256 162 gaja senA 72, 154, 156, 164, 186 ratha senA 72, 154, 155 senA / bala caturvidha 71 senA chaha prakAra kI / SaDvidha bala 70, 71-73, 150, 156, 206, 207 mola ( vaMzAnugata kSatriya senA ) 70, 71, 72, 156, 206 mRtya bhUta / bhUtaka ( vetana bhogI senA) 70, 71, 156, 206 zreNI ( zastravidyA meM pAraGgata yuddha vyavasAiyoM kI senA ) 70, 71, 72, 156, 206 araNya ( bhIla Adi jaMgalI jAtiyoM kI senA ) 71, 72, 156, 206 durga ( durga meM lar3ane vAlI senA ) 71, 73, 156, 207 mitra / suhRd senA) 71, 73, 156, 207 (mitra rAjyoM kI vaMzAnugata senA 156, vetana senA dvividha 154 bhogI senA 156, vyavasAya vRtti vAlI senA 156, jaMgalI jAtiyoM kI senA 156, durgopa svagamA senA 154, anyagamA senA 154 senAnAyaka 116 -

Page #713
viSayAnukramaNikA.. 676 senAnI (pada) 117 senA ke vibhAga va prazAsakIya senApati, 72, 106, 110, 112, adhikArI 153, 154, rASTra 113, 116, 117, 118, kUTa sainya vyavasthA 154, 153, 154, 158 cAlukya vyavasthA 154, cAhasenApati (ratna) 164 mAna vyavasthA 154, 165, senA prayANa 56, 57, 154, pratihAra vyavasthA 154, harSa 157-163, 222, 227,246 kAlIna vyavasthA 155, bharata prayANa ke avasara para zakuna cakravartI kI sainya vyavasthA apazakuna vicAra 157, 158, senA saMcAlana kA krama 158, sainya zakti kI durbalatA 185-188 156, senA ke sAtha jAne vAlI somanAtha (ziva) 336, 343, 404 striyAM tathA anya loga 156, somanAtha kA ziva mandira 372 160, senA prayANa sambandhI somanAtha kI pUjA 336, 474 anuzAsana hInatA 160 solaha vidyAeM 424 senA saJcAlana 64, 157-160 saudha ( cUne ke makAna) 248 senA sAta prakAra kI 154 ____sAmantoM ke 248, zreSThiyoM ke hasti senA, azva senA, ratha 248 senA, padAti senA 154, vRSa saundarya prasAdhana 102, 192, 165, senA, gandharva senA tathA nartakI 115, 300-301, 311, 445 senA 154 473, 508 saiddhAntika zikSA vidhi 418, 416 piMgala nidhi ke antargata samAsainika ekatA kA abhAva 185 viSTa, 193, striyoM dvArA sainika bhoga vilAsa 161-162 aGga-pratyaMga ko sajAne kI sainika vAdya yaMtra 184, 185 pravRtti, 301, vRkSoM ke utpAdana sainika zivira 160-162, 165, se prApta prasAdhana sAmagrI 301, 128, 227 sugandhita dravyoM ke lepa, rasa, sainika ziviroM meM vezyAvRtti 482 puSpa-pallava 300-301, aGgoM sainya pazu 156, 160, 162, 163 221, 222 para citrakArI kI pravRtti 301 sainya vyavasAya 202, 203, 205- kajjala 182, 301 . 207, 238, 241 kapUra lepa 301 sainya vyavasthA 21, 117, 148, kastUrI rasa cihna 301 124-154, 165, 185, 257 kastUrI lepa 301

Page #714
72 680 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja kukuma lepa 301, (hathelI para) strI tathA arthacetanA 472, 483 keza sajjA 300 strI tathA pararASTra nIti 466, 470 candana tilaka (mastaka para) 301 strI tathA madirApAna 478-480 candana lepa (zarIra para) 300 strI tIrthaGkara 463 citrakArI (kapoloM para) 300 strI-dArzanika kSetra meM 471-472 patrAvalI 300 strI dAsatA 459.467 puSpamAlA 215, 300 . strI dohada 481 makarI kA cihna 301 strI-dhArmika kSetra meM 470-471 yAvaka/lAkSArasa (lepa) 105, strI-puruSAyatta 456 182, 301 . strI bhoga vilAsa 53, 106, 468. rakta kanda kezara (lepa) 301 saurASTra ke vastra 297 strI mukti kA niSedha 463 skandhAvAra (nagara) 33, 285 strI-mohanIya karmoM kA kAraNa 506 striyAM-uccavarga kI 312, 473 / strI-rAjanaitika kSetra meM 466.470 striyAM-nimna varga kI 461, 463, strI vyabhicAra 105, 380, 464 473 strI samarthaka vicAraka 465-467 striyAM-rAjakula kI 158 kAlidAsa 464, 465, bhavastriyoM kA rAjanaitika prayoga 466, bhUti 466, 467, varAha470 . mihira 466, 467 striyoM ke vastra 267-300, 312 strI-sArvajanika upabhoga vastu 461 striyoM ko varacayana kA adhikAra strI sevikA 473 475 . strI saundarya 161, 366, 467, striyoM dvArA dIkSA. 460, 472 . 468 strI 12, 33, 35, 102, 240, sthAnIya 272, 280, 282 458-506 sthAvara jIva 362 strI (ratna) 194 sthitibandha 360 strI-prArthika kSetra meM 472-473 sthira yaMtra Ayudha 168 strI utpIDana 464, 465 sthUla (padArtha) 387 strI karmacArI 124 sthU la-stha la 387 strI kA parivAra meM sthAna 473- stha la-sUkSma 388 478 cakSugrAhya padArtha 388 strI kA rAjanaitika prayoga 508 snapanAcArya 334 strI-kuTumba kI mukhiyA 458 sparzendriya 388

Page #715
viSayAnukramaNikA spRzya zUdra 208 sphaTika stambha 342 sphoTajIvikA 236 sphoTavAda 472 smArtika 204, 427 (vyavasAyI ) smRtikAlIna nArI mUlya 464-465 467 smRti kAlIna zikSA 425 smRti-prAmANya 321 syAdvAda 378, 376, 383, 403 svajAti vivAha 485 svadAra saMtoSa vrata 106, 471 svaparavidhAyI (zakti) 74 sva-para-vyavasAyijJAna 381 681 ahIroM ke 130, grAmoM ke 124, 12, 167, 168, nagaroM kA 162, bhUmi ke 125, 186, 160, 165, sAmudAyika 186 harmya 248, harSa kAlIna senA 155, 184 hallIsaka nRtya 501 hastAntaraNa (bhUsampatti ) 167 - 200 hAkAra nIti 102, 103 svapnadRSTa vastu 401 svabhAvavAda 380, 364, 365 hAthI dAMta 236 vastu ke svataH pariNamana se hiMsA 314, 315, 326 sRSTi 364 hindI 35, 149, 307 svabhAvaliGga 396 svayaMvara vivAha 118, 149, 187, 456, 486-461, 502 - 504 svarAT (pada) 111 svarga 106, 186, 187 svarga kA astitva 366 svarNakAra (sunAra) 204 svasaMvedI (jJAna) 403 svAdhyAyazAlA (mandira) 341 svAmI / svAmitva 70, 124, 125, 130, 186, 110, 162, 15, 167, 168 svAyatta grAmaprazAsana 124, 206, 240 hatyA 105 hammIrakAlIna senA 184 hariyANavI bhASA 262 pUrvI hindI 141, pazcimI hindI 141, hindI sAhitya 35 hindU devopAsanA 315, 316, 318, 316, 370, 371 hindU dharma 64, 314-318, 368 hindU pUjA paddhati 335, 336,404 isakA jaina pUjA paddhati para prabhAva 336 hindU mandira 404 hiraNyagarbha sUkta 45 hIroika epika 37

Page #716
zaddhi-patra azuddha paMkti 17 ina .. . __26 60, 61 1 15 pravidhiyA~ dholkA . svayaMvara . jaina 'ghora rAjakumAriyoM rAjAmoM vaise 103 105 111 112 127 130 138 144 161 pravadhiyAM DholkA svayambara jana gho rAjakumAriyAM rAthAnoM base meharotra bhuMgatAna kaDuccipram solaMkI vana paMktiyoM vatsadatta tAmoM dhamana kahI gaI haiN| kaNya agniyAstra sevAnoM naisarpa vidhi phala-phala karate the| imI IkSuyantra 171 175 176 meharotrA bhugatAna kuDuccinam solaMkI rAjA vana paMktiyoM vatsadanta nAmoM ghUmana kahI gaI haiN| karaNaya prAgneyAstra senAmoM naisarpa niSi . phala-phUla karate the| isI ... ikSuyantra yoSit mAdi 184 162 194 169 211 6, 13 212 213 yoSitA kasturI prAdi

Page #717
218 elA elAta nIpa. nIpa. vezyA ur radur or 253 255 jayasavAla tathyaviruddha sAmannavAdI patana prAra. DI. bhaNDArakara 261 275 vezyA jAyasavAla tathyaviruddha sAmantavAdI pattana DI. pAra. bhaNDArakara caturtha vyApAriyoM ke grAma anantadeva miSTAnna bhI caturtha 281 285 287 orr .von grAma ke vyApAriyoM pratantadeva miSTAna . 264 306 . mA 321 331 gyAraha hajAra 327 16.. 331,,332 pAda.1.. 336 340 342 12 342 pAda. 7 346 U rrrr mr mr r Mr. badhiyA . . badhiyA gyAraha lAkha kumArapAlapratiboSa kumArapAlaprabandha IkSurasa ikSurasa paridhyayena parivyayena vaidurya vaiDUrya 32.64 22.65 padaliptapura pAdaliptapura aSTAlika aSTAhnika parAjita aparAjita devazAstrIna devazAstrIya nau vAsudeva/nI nArAyaNa nI vAsudeva (no nArAyaNa) bArahU bAraha sanyAsI saMnyAsI dharmaprabhAvatA dharmaprabhAvanA ziSTAra ziSTAcAra AyikAoM kI AyikAmoM ko prAcAra, sUtrAGga, naya prAdi viSayoM kA adhyayana IkSurasa ikSurasa yazAnuSThAna yajJAnuSThAna 360 360 368

Page #718
374 10 377 386 386 jIva 10 pAda. 2 402 402 406 413 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja bhAgIratha bhagIratha nayoM nayoM jIba ajIva prajIva nAstikAgamamAzritaH nAstikAgamamAzritAH tattvopallavasiMha tattvopaplavasiMha pAzvanAthacarita pArzvanAthacarita nirgrandha nirgrantha pratyAbazyaka pratyAvazyaka vadika vaidika mUsala musala nimnalikhima nimnalikhita catuvidhAtodyacaturatA caturvidhAtodyacaturatA sanyAsIkaraNa - saMnyAsIkaraNa dravir3a kurga kurga zoryapurI zauryapurA yAdhAra prAdhAra vvanyAloka dhvanyAloka 414 421 437 438 441 461 511 536 541 552 *2200 * * . 27

Page #719
lekhaka paricaya DaoN0 mohana canda 1948 meM grAma joyU~ (suraIgvela), almor3A uttara pradeza meM janma / sampUrNa zikSA dillI meM / dillI vizvavidyAlaya se prathama zreNI se bI. e. Anarsa saMskRta (1968) tathA ema. e. saMskRta (1970) / 1671 se rAmajasa kAleja, dillI vizva0 meM saMskRta prAdhyApaka ke rUpa meM adhyApana kArya kA prArambha / 1972 meM yU. jI. sI. dvArA pI-eca. DI. zodhakArya hetu phailozipa / 1977 meM pI-eca. DI. upAdhi | pichale pandraha varSoM se rAmajasa kAleja, saMskRta vibhAga meM adhyApana tathA samprati 1684 se variSTha prAdhyApaka / dillI vizvavidyAlaya kI saMskRta snAtakottara kakSAoM ko purAlipizAstra evaM jaina sAhitya ke itihAsa kA adhyApana / jaina vidyAoM se sambaddha aneka ema. phila. evaM pI-eca. DI. ke zodha kAryoM kA nirdezana / sAmAjika saMsthA 'bAla sahayoga' ke mAdhyama se pichar3e varga ke kSetroM meM pAMca varSa taka bAla vikAsa sambandhI samAjakAryoM kA saMyojana tathA 1971 se ukta saMsthA kI prabandha samiti kA sadasya | dillI saMskRta akAdamI' kA sadasya / 'inDiyana nezanala sAiMsa ekaiDamI' dvArA prakAzita madhyakAlIna bhAratIya vijJAnoM kI saMskRta anukramaNikA ke sampAdana se sambaddha / 'saMskRta zodha pariSad', dillI dvArA utkRSTa zodha nibandha lekhana hetu do bAra puraskRta / 'bhAratIya sAthI saMgaThana' dvArA 1686 meM vidyAratna' sammAna se alaMkRta / 'AsthA aura cintana' ke sampAdana hetu 1687 meM bhArata ke rASTrapati zrI jJAnI jailasiMha dvArA sammAnita / prAcya vidyAoM tathA jaina vidyAoM se sambaddha lagabhaga 50 zodha lekhoM kA vibhinna patra-patrikAoM meM prakAzana / prakAzita racanAeM :1. eMziyenTa inDiyana kalcara eNDa liTarecara ( pa0 gaMgArAma smRti grantha) / sampA0, 1680 2. ArTa oNpha hanTiMga ina eMziyenTa inDiyA, sampA0, 1682 3. yogasUtra vida maNiprabhA, sampA0, 1687 4. prAsthA aura cintana (prAcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha), sAmUhika rUpa se sampA0, 1687 5. jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja, 1688

Page #720
NEW RELEASES FROM E. B. L. prAcIna bhAratIya rAjanItika vicAraka-DA. kiraNa TaNDana (1987) 120.00 jaina saMskRta mahAkAvyoM meM bhAratIya samAja- DA0 mohanacanda (1988) 280.00 kumArila bhaTakata tantravAttiA kA smatipAda -DA. vinIta nigama (1988) 150.00 madhya himAlaya kI mahilAoM kA sAmAjika evaM Arthika jIvana -kRSNA bhaTTa (1988) 6000 zrIhanumadUtam (sandezakAvyam)-DA0 harinArAyaNa dIkSita (1987) 60.00 gopAlabandhuH (kathAkAvyam)- DA0 harinArAyaNa dIkSita (1988) 5000 zodhalekhAvalI-DA0 harinArAyaNa dIkSita (1988) 100.00 prAzAdhara bhaTTa (saMskRta sAhitya zAstra meM)-DA0 jagadIza prasAda mizra (1987) 150.00 kAlidAsa-sAhitya evaM saGgIta-kalA-DA0 suSamA kulazreSTha (1988) 280.00 zaukA janajAti : eka adhyayana-DA0 giradhara siMha negI (1988) 100.00 Samkhyasara (Vijnanabhiksu) (Text with Eng. Translation)-Dr. Shiv Kumar (1988) 55.00 Atmatattavaviveka (Text with Eng. Trans.) Vol. I. -Dr. Shiv Kumar (1987) 150.00 Palaeography of Malayalam Script-S.J. Mangalam (1987) .150.00 Yoga-Sutra with Maniprabha (Text with Eng. Trans. of Commentary)--J.H. Woods Ed. by Dr. Mohan Chand (1987) 100.00 The Early Chalukya of Vatapi (Lirea A.D. 500-757) -Birendra Kumar Singh (1988) 100.00 Institutionalization of Forest Politics : A Study of Kumaun Region-Dr. Suprabha, V. Sahai (1988) 80.00 Concept of Riti and Guna in Sanskrit Poetics -P.C. Lahiri (1987) 100.00 The Dharma Sastra or The Hindu Law Codes (Texts with English an Introduction by Prof. R. C. Pandaya !Yajnavalkya, Harita, Usanas, Angiras, Yama, Atri, Samvaria, Katyayana, Brhaspati, Daksa, Satatapa, Likhit, Samkha, Gautama, Apastamba, Vasistha, Vyasa, Parasara, Visnu and Manu Samhita) -- Manmatha Nath Dutt (Two Vols. Set) 550.00 Eastern Book Linkers (INDOLOGICAL PUBLISHERS & BOOKSELLERS) 5825, New Chandrawal, Jawahar Nagar, DELHI-110007 Ph. 2520287