Jain Katha Sahitya ki Vikas Yatra

Author(s): Devendramuni
Publisher: Tarak Guru Jain Granthalay
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/003190/1

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jaina kAthA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA upAcArya zrI devendra muni Jain Educatio international Far Private & Personal use only Yiwwwrainelibrary.org

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((prastuta pustaka)) vizva vAGmaya kI rasa-gaMgA kI eka pramukha dhArA hai--kathA / apanI pravAhazIlatA, prabhAvazIlatA tathA sArvajanIna sarasatA ke kAraNa-kathA sabase adhika par3hI/sunI jAtI haiN| bhAratIya sAhitya kI pramukha dhArA jaina sAhitya kI 'kathA' kI vividha vidhAoM se suvikasita tathA samRddha haiN| prAcInatama Agama sAhitya se lekara bhASya, TIkA, jIvana carita Adi granthoM meM hajAroM hajAra kathAe~ upavana meM khile bahuraMgI sumanoM kI taraha mahaka rahI haiN| jinameM dharma, nIti, vyavahAra, vairAgya, kalA, manoraMjana Adi viSayoM kI bahuta hI sahaja abhivyaMjanA huI haiN| prAkRta-saMskRta-apabhraMza tathA gujarAtI-rAjasthAnI Adi bhASAoM meM aise seMkar3oM grantha haiM jinameM choTI-bar3I preraNAprada hajAroM kathAe~ vividha rUpoM meM aMkita haiN| jinake kathya jIvana meM naI dizA aura saMskRti ko nayA sambala dene meM samartha hai| jaina sAhitya ke gaMbhIra adhyetA aura bahuzruta vidvAn upAcArya zrI devendra muni jI ne jaina kathA sAhitya ko AdhAra mAnakara saMpUrNa bhAratIya vAGmaya ko sparza karate hue kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA para bahuta hI adhyayana pUrNa prAmANika tathA jJAnavarddhaka sAmagrI prastuta kI haiN| Printed at : DIWAKAR PRAKASHAN, A.7, Avagarh House M.G.Road. Agra-282002. Ph.68328

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S. Bhark/-AGRA-2 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa ..zrI. caina gran thAlaya yAtrA udayapura - upAcArya zrI devendra muni 0 0 www.lainelibrary.org

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zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya kA 272 vAM puSpa - jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA 0 upAcArya zrI devendra muni prakAzaka zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya zAstrI sarkala, udayapura-313001 - vi. saM. 2046 akSaya tRtIyA maI 1986 0 saMjaya surAnA ke nirdezana meM kAmadhenu priMTarsa eNDa pablisarsa / A-7, avAgar3ha hAUsa, ema. jI. roDa AgarA-282002 dvArA mudrita 0 mUlya : sirpha cAlIsa rupayA

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semarpaNasamana kathA sAhitya ke adhyayana-anuzIlana lekhana-sampAdana kI preraNA srota merI jIvana kI Adyazakti paramAdaraNIyA pratibhAmUrti saMyama sAdhikA sva0 mAtezvarI mahAsato prabhAvatIjI ma0 evaM jyeSTha bhaginI mahAsatI puSpavatIjI ke prati - upAcArya devendra muni

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- saahaakaal sAhitya samAja kA darpaNa bhI hai, aura dIpaka bhI hai / samAja kI yathArtha sthiti kA vaha digdarzaka bhI hai aura samAja kA patha-pradarzaka bhI hai, isalie sAhitya kA adhyayana, pracAra prakAzana eka suruci sampanna jAgrata samAja kA paricAyaka hai| hamArI saMsthA zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya vigata 25 varSoM se utkRSTa sAhitya ke prakAzana meM saMlagna hai| isake mUla preraNA srota haiM zraddhaya upAdhyAya gurudeva zrIpuSkaramuni jI ma. tathA UrjA srota haiM-zramaNasaMgha ke upAcArya shriidevendrmunijii| upAcArya zrI eka satata jJAnayoga meM rata siddha hasta lekhaka, cintaka aura udAra vicArazIla saMgha netA haiM / ApakI vANI meM tathA vyavahAra meM jahA~ atIva madhuratA, zAlInatA aura anuzAsanabaddhatA hai, vahIM Apake vicAra jIvana ko Urdhvamukho banAne, mAnava mAtra ko adhyAtma va nIti kI preraNA dene vAle haiN| upAcArya zrI satata adhyayanazIla saMta haiM / gambhIra se gambhIra granthoM kA anuzIlana karate rahate haiM aura phira usa adhIta viSaya ko hRdayaMgama karake svayaM bhI likhate haiM tathA hAtha meM darda hone se bolakara bhI likhavAte haiN| upAcArya zrI dvArA samaya-samaya para likhA huA sAhitya hameM upalabdha hotA hai aura hamArA saubhAgya hai ki hama use prakAzita kara janajana ke hAthoM meM pahu~cAte haiN| zrI tAraka gRru jaina granthAlaya ne aba taka vibhinna viSayoM para lagabhaga 270 se adhika pustakeM prakAzita kI haiM jo kisI bhI saMsthA ke lie sAtvika gaurava kA viSaya bana sakatA hai / hameM ina prakAzanoM para gaurava hai|

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samAjasevI udyogapati zrI nemanAtha jaina--eka paricaya zrI nemanAtha jaina kA janma rAbalapiNDI meM huaa| unhoMne ilaikTrikala, maikenikala va bAyalara TeknAlaoNjI meM iMjIniyariMga kI DigrI prApta kii| Aja zrI jaina kA sAmAjika, dhArmika aura audyogika kSetra meM jAnA mAnA nAma hai| zrI jaina dhArmika vRtti ke sAtha Adhunika vicAra ke vyakti haiM / Apa adhyakSa ke rUpa meM kaI dhArmika saMsthAoM, jaise bhArata jaina mahAmaNDala ma. pra., svAdhyAya saMgha, ma. pra., jaina inTaranezanala ma. pra, ityAdi se jur3e hue haiN| khajAna-sItA pAramArthika TrasTa ke Apa saMsthApaka haiN| kaI saMsthAoM jaise vardhamAna jaina sthAnakavAsI TrasTa, mahAvIra svAsthya kendra, jaina divAkara vidyA niketana TrasTa, hastImala sundarabAI pAramArthika TrasTa, satyasAI TrasTa Adi ke Apa TrasTI hai / zrI jaina eka prasiddha sAmAjika kAryakartA ke rUpa meM svAsthya aura zikSA meM vizeSa ruci rakhate haiN| Apa kaI sAmAjika saMsthAoM se jur3e hue haiM unameM se pramukha hai aMdhatva ke lie paoNla herIsa skUla, roTarI klaba, indaura, gItA bhavana hAspITala ityaadi| zrI jaina kA vyaktitva svanirmita hai| ve una vyaktiyoM meM hai jinhoMne choTe se unnati kI sIr3hiyA~ car3hanA prArambha kiyA, apanI pratibhA, parizrama, dUradarzitA, sahI samaya para sahI nirNaya lene kI kSamatA, apane adhInastha kAryakartAoM se unakI yogyatAnusAra kArya lene kI kuzalatA, Adhunikatama praudyogikI jAnakArI evaM kuzala prazAsana Adi guNoM ke bala para Aja saphalatA ke ucca zikhara para pahuMce haiN| ApakA hRdaya bahuta hI nirabhimAna tathA svabhAva milanasAra hai| sevA, dayAlutA aura dharma evaM guru ke prati samarpaNa niSThA Adi mAnavIya aura AdhyAtmika guNoM ke sAmaMjasya se ApakA vyaktitva bahuta hI AkarSaka aura jIvaMta hai| zramaNasaMgha ke AcArya zrI AnandaRSijI ma. upAdhyAya zrI puSkara munijI, upAcArya zrI devendra munijI Adi dharma guruoM ke prati ApakI atIva AsthA hai aura lokopakArI kAryoM meM satata sahayogI vRtti / ___ Apane prastuta pustaka kI 400 pratiyoM ke prakAzana meM udAra artha sahayoga pradAna kiyA hai tadartha saMsthA Apake sahayoga ke prati AbhAra pUrvaka AzAnvita hai / -cunnIlAla dharmAvata koSAdhyakSa, zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura

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pAThaka hamAre prakAzana rucipUrvaka par3hate haiM / aneka pustakoM ke dvitIyasaMskaraNa ho cuke haiM, tathA ho rahe haiN| yaha hamAre prakAzanoM kI lokapriyatA kA spaSTa pramANa hai| hamAre isa prakAzana meM Arthika rUpa se jinhoMne sahayoga pradAna kiyA hai, hama una dAnI mahAnubhAvoM ke sahayoga ke prati AbhAra prakaTa karate haiM tathA vizvAsa hai, bhaviSya meM bhI isI prakAra ve sahayoga kA hAtha bar3hAte raheMge / jisase hama nita-nayA abhinava sAhitya apane premo pAThakoM ko samapita karate rheNge| -cunnIlAla dharmAvata koSAdhyakSa zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura

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svakIya "kathA" zabda manuSya kA utanA hI paricita hai, jitanA vythaa| vyathA yAnI pIr3A / jahA~ sukha hai, vahA~ duHkha-pIr3A bhI hai / usI prakAra jahA~ mAnava hai, vahA~ itihAsa bhI hai, preraNA bhI hai, Adarza bhI hai, manoraMjana bhI hai aura ina sabakA bhAvAtmaka preSaNa karatI hai, "kthaa"| kathA--arthAt "ka-thA" koI thA, kucha thA / isa atIta ke rekhAMkana meM vartamAna aura bhaviSya kI chavi bhI aMkita kara dI jAtI hai jise kahIM rUpaka, kahIM saMketa, kahIM zabda aura kahIM sirpha dhvani ke mAdhyama se hI prakaTa kiyA jAtA hai| sudUra atIta se lekara Aja taka "kathA" manuSya kA priya viSaya rahA hai| kathA ke mukhya cAra tatva mAne gaye haiM-uddezya, vRtta, pAtra aura shailii| Aja ke kathA sAhitya kA mUlyAMkana bhI inhIM cAra tatvoM ke AdhAra para kiyA jAtA hai aura prAcIna se ati prAcIna kathA sAhitya kI sarjanA bhI inhIM tatvoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara kI jAtI thii| kathA kevala manoraMjana kA viSaya na Aja hai, aura na hI atIta meM kabhI rahI / manoraMjana kathA kA sirpha eka pakSa hai / "kathA" kI sarjanA mAnava mastika se huI hai, isalie usameM mAnavIya saMvedanA, ruci, lakSya, vyavahAra aura mAnava-saMskRti ko samyagrIti se saMcAlita karane kI bhAvanA antarnihita rahI hai| kathA kI zailI aura pAtra yuga-yuga meM badalate rahe haiM, kintu kathA kA mUla uddezya prAyaH sabhI yugoM meM samAna rahA hai| cAhe nIti kI kathA ho, cAhe dharma kI kathA ho, cAhe loka kathA ho, cAhe paraloka va bhUta-preta se sambandhita galpa kathA ho| sabhI meM manoraMjana, ruci-saMyojana ke sAtha hI mAnava-jIvana va mAnava-saMskRti ko svastha, prasanna, sukhI tathA ApattiyoM se bacAne kI hitakAmanA hI rahI hai / isa prakAra mere anubhava meM yaha bAta satya hai ki kathA kA janma hI mAnava

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mana kI vyathA harane ke lie hI huA hai, hotA hai, bhale hI zailI va saMyojanA bhinna-bhinna rahI hoN| mAnava sabhyatA kA sabase prAcIna sAhitya veda aura Agama mAnA hai, bauddha paramparA meM tripiTika kA bhI vahI sthAna hai / ina sabakI saMyojanazailI meM "kathA-zailI" ke spaSTa darzana hote haiN| - jaina AgamoM meM kathA ke do rUpoM kA nirUpaNa hai-kathA aura vikthaa| vikathA-arthAta vyartha kI kathA, vikAravardhaka, viSayottejaka kathA, jisase mAnava kI antarvRttiyA~ malina aura dUSita hotI haiN| kathA ke vividha bhedoM meM nIti-kathA tathA dharma-kathA kA mahatva hai / yUM arthakathA, kAmakathA tathA mizrakathA kA bhI varNana AtA hai / divya-kathA, mAnuSa-kathA, parIkathA, pazu kathA bhI pAtroM ke AdhAra para calatI rahI hai / zailI va viSaya kI dRSTi se bhI kathA ke aneka-bhedopabheda kiye gaye haiM, kintu kula milAkara vahI kathA upAdeya mAnI gaI hai, jisake sunane se manuSya kA manoraMjana, manaHsaMzodhana, sadguNa-vikAsa, nIti evaM dharma kA bodha tathA AcaraNa kI acchAI-burAI kA parijJAna hotA hai| ___ "kathA" kI yAtrA bhI mAnava-yAtrA ke samAna hI sudUra atIta ke sAtha jur3I huI hai, ataH usakA Adi chora pakar3a pAnA to kisI ke lie saMbhava nahIM lagatA, phira bhI upalabdha sAhitya ke anuzIlana se hama veda aura Agama sAhitya meM Adi kathAoM ko dekha sakate haiN| prastuta meM hamane jaina kathA sAhitya ko hI apanA lakSya banAyA hai aura usI AdhAra para kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa-yAtrA kI parikramA kI hai| "kathA" ke vividha rUpa/svarUpa kA avalokana va anusaMdhAna karane ke lie prAcIna jaina sAhitya bahuta bar3A AdhAra hai| mAnava sabhyatA ke Adi yuga meM bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke pUrva hI kulakara yuga se kathA sAhitya kA prArambha hotA hai / kulakara kathA ke bAda RSabhadeva kA caritra aura usa caritra ko saMvardhita karane vAlI pUrva janmoM kI rocaka kathAe~ jaina sAhitya meM aMkita kI gaI hai| ye kathAe~ mAnava sabhyatA kA vikAsasUtra samajhane ke lie to atyanta upayogI haiM hI, sAtha hI jJAna-vijJAna kI dRSTi se bhI mAnava kitanA kalpanAzIla thA, kitanA sRjanadharmI thaa| yaha una kathAoM ke AdhAra para samajhA jA sakatA hai| jaina paramparA meM kathA sAhitya kA sabase prAcIna srota Agama hai| AgamoM meM aneka prakAra kI kathAzailiyA~ milatI haiN| kathA ke vividha pAtra

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va kathA ke vividha rUpa bhI unameM milate haiM / AgamoM ke pazcAta niyukti sAhitya, bhASya sAhitya, cUNi evaM TIkA sAhitya AtA hai / isake sAtha hI aneka kAvya, mahAkAvya, tIrthakara caritra, purANa, nATaka, rAsa, copI Adi kI racanAeM hotI rahI hai| yadi ina sampUrNa kathA graMthoM kI sUcI banAI jAya to lagabhaga kaI hajAra granthoM ke nAma A sakate haiM, kintu kathA sAhitya kA mUla srota ukta AgamoM se lekara TIkA grantha taka hI mAne jAte haiM / uttaravartI kathA sAhitya usI prAktana AdhAra para pallavita hotA rahA hai| yadyapi kathA sAhitya ko jaina kathA, vaidika kathA, bauddha kathA jaisA vizeSaNa denA bhI akharatA hai, kyoMki kathA to mAnava mAtra kI nidhi hai, kintu kathA sirpha itivRtta nahIM hotA, usameM mAnavIya sabhyatA, saMskRti, darzana, dhAraNA, anubhava aura vizvAsa kA bhI raMga milA rahatA hai isalie cAhe, anacAhe tad-tad AsthA va darzana, cintana va saMskRti ke AdhAra para ghaTanAkrama meM parivartana, utAra-car3hAva-ghumAva hote haiM, isalie svataH hI kathA vibhakta ho jAtI hai / isa dRSTi se prastuta meM maiMne jaina kathA sAhitya ke vikAsa kA hI eka saMkSipta paricaya tathA usakA svarUpa darzana yahA~ prastuta kiyA hai| yadyapi jaina kathA sAhitya para maiMne svataMtra rUpa meM yaha grantha taiyAra nahIM kiyA, kintu svataH hI eka grantha kI sRSTi ho gaI hai / yadi yojanApUrvaka aura sampUrNa kathA sAhitya ke Alor3ana ke sAtha maiM prastuta grantha likhatA to usakA rUpa kucha bhinna hotA, kintu anya kAryoM meM vyasta rahate hue aisA saMbhava ho nahIM sakA / ataH samaya-samaya para maiMne jina kathA granthoM para prastAvanAe~ likhI haiM, sampAdana kiyA hai, una sabhI kA kramabAra saMyojana karake hI ise grantha kA svarUpa pradAna kiyA hai| __ jaise sarva prathama pUjya gurudeva upAdhyAya zrI puSkaramunijI ne jaina kathAe~ nAma se 111 bhAga meM kathAoM kA lekhana kiyaa| unake saMpAdana kA dAyitva hameM diyaa| isa kArya meM jaina kathA sAhitya se sambandhita saikar3oM granthoM kA avalokana, anuzIlana kiyA, ataH sarvaprathama usI kathAmAlA ke AdhAra para jaina kathA sAhitya kA eka vihaMgama avalokana prastuta kiyA hai / pazcAta Agama anuyoga pravartaka munizrI kanhaiyAlAlajI 'kamala' dvArA sampAdita "dharma-kathAnuyoga' jaise bizAla grantha kI prastAvanA likhane kA prasaMga prAyA, usa saMdarbha meM Agama sAhitya kI samasta kathAoM kA parizIlana karane kA ava

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( 6) sara milA / tava mujhe lagA, jaina kathA sAhitya kA prabhAva bauddha evaM vaidika kathA sAhitya para hI nahIM, kintu pazcimI kathA sAhitya para bhI paryApta mAtrA meM par3A hai tathA bhAratIya saMskRti ke mUla bIja isa kathA sAhitya meM Aja bhI surakSita haiM / Agama kathA sAhitya kA sarvAMgINa vizleSaNa prastuta prakaraNa meM kiyA gayA hai| isake pazcAt siddharSikRta upamitibhava prapaMca mahAkathA para eka vistRta prastAvanA likhane kA prasaMga AyA / yaha kathA svayaM meM hI eka mahA rUpaka kathA hai, jisameM bhAratIya kathA sAhitya ke nikhila svarUpa kA darzana hotA hai / isa prastAvanA prasaMga para AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya kA anuzIlana karane kA avasara milA aura usa viSaya para apanA cintana, manana ukta prastAvanA meM aMkita hai| isa prakAra kula tIna bRhada prayAsoM kI alaga-alaga niSpatti ke rUpa meM prastuta pustaka kI saMyojanA huI hai, jisameM jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsayAtrA kI eka parikramA pUrNa ho jAtI hai / mujhe vizvAsa hai, mere isa prayAsa se jaina kathA sAhitya ke samagra nahIM to bahulAMza svarUpa para prakAza par3egA aura anusandhAna karane vAloM ko kAphI sAmagrI mila skegii| merI jJAnayAtrA ke prakAza staMbha, pUjya gurudeva kA AzIrvAda tathA zramaNasaMgha ke AcArya samrATa zrI AnandazrIjI mahArAja kA varadahasta mujhe prApta huA hai / maiM socatA hU~ ina do mahApuruSoM kI kRpA se merI jIvanayAtrA sadA UrdhvamukhI banI rhegii| paramAdaraNIyA pUjyA svargIya mAtezvarI mahAsatI prabhAvatIjI ma. va jyeSTha bhaginI mahAsatI zrI puSpavatIjI kI prabala preraNA sAhitya sRjana ke lie sambala rUpa rahI hai| zrIyuta sneha saujanyamUrti kalamakalAdhara zrIcandajI surAnA evaM DaoN. Aditya pracaMDiyA prabhRti kA snehapUrNa sevA sahakAra saMyojana Adi ko smaraNa karate hue prastuta pustaka pAThakoM ke hAthoM meM samarpita karate hue mana prasanna hai, hRdaya Ananda vibhora hai / zrI tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya udayapura akSaya tRtIyA di0 8 maI 1986 -upAcArya devendramuni

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anukramaNikA khaNDa : 1 vihaMgAvalokana prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya apabhraMza jaina kathA sAhitya hindI jaina kathA aura upAdhyayAyazrI puSkara munijI kI jaina kathAe~ khaNDa:2 jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ zramaNa-kathAe~ zramaNI-kathAe~ zramaNopAsaka-kathAe~ niva-kathAe~ vividha kathAe~ khaNDa : 3 Agamottara kAlIna kathA sAhitya [upamiti bhava prapaMca kathA] siddharSi : jIvana vRtti 138 218 227 257 280 315 417 00

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kathAsAhitya kI --upAcArya zrIdevenda muni

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vihaMgAvalokana vizva ke sarvotkRSTa kAvya kI jananI kahAnI hai / kathA ke prati mAnava kA Arambha se hI sahaja AkarSaNa rahA hai / phalataH jIvana kA koI bhI aisA kSetra nahIM hai jisameM kahAnI kI madhurimA abhivyajita na huI ho| satya to yaha hai ki mAnava apane janma ke sAtha kathA ko lAyA hai aura vaha apanI jindagI ko kahAnI kahate hue samApta karatA AyA hai| kahane aura sunane kI utkaNThA sArvabhauma hai / kathA ke AkarSaNa ko sabala banAne ke lie prAkRtika suSamA kahAnI sAhitya meM eka viziSTa upakaraNa ke rUpa meM svIkRta hai| hamAre prAcInatama sAhitya meM kathA ke tatva jIvita haiM / Rgveda meM jo saMsAra kA upalabdha sarvaprathama graMtha hai, stutiyoM ke rUpa meM kahAnI ke mUla tatva pAye jAte haiN| appalA-AmeyI ke Adarza nArI caritra Rgveda meM Ae haiN| brAhmaNa graMthoM meM hI hameM aneka kathAe~ upalabdha hotI haiN| zatapatha brAhmaNa kI pururavA aura urvazI kI kathA kisako jJAta nahIM hai ? ye kahAniyA~ upaniSatkAla se pUrva kI haiN| upaniSad ke samaya meM inakA abhinavatama rUpa dekhane ko milatA hai| gArgI yA jJavalkya saMvAda tathA satyakAma-jAvAla Adi kathAe~ upaniSadkAla kI vikhyAta kathAe~ haiN| chAndogya upaniSad meM janazra ti ke putra rAjA jAnazra ti kI kathA kA citraNa milatA hai / purANoM meM kahAnI ke khule rUpa ke abhidarzana hote haiM / purANa vedAdhyayana kI kuJjI haiM / vedoM kI mUlabhUta kahAniyA~ purANoM kI kathAoM meM pallavita-prasphuTita huI haiN| purANa kathAoM kA AgAra hai| rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata meM bhI bahuta se AkhyAna saMzliSTa haiN| rAmAyaNa kI apekSA mahAbhArata meM yaha vRtti adhika hai / eka prakAra se dekhA jAya to mahAbhArata kahAniyoM kA koSa hai| isa prakAra kathA sAhitya kI eka 1. Rgveda ke maMtra 1 sUkta 24 / 25, maMtra 30 / 2. chAndogya upaniSad 4 / 1 / 3 / 3. hariyAnA pradeza kA loka sAhitya, DA0 zaMkaralAla yAdava, pRSTha 336 tathA 340 /

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2 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA prAcIna paramparA hai jisameM vasudeva hiMDI, paMcataMtra, hitopadeza, baitAla paMcaviMzatikA, siMhAsana dvAtriMzikA, zukasaptati, bRhatkathAmaMjarI, kathAsaritsAgara, AkhyAnayAminI, jAtaka kathAe~ Adi vizeSataH ullekhya haiM / / kathA sAhitya-saritA kI bahumukhI dhArA ke vega ko kSipragAmI aura pravahamAna banAne meM jaina kathAoM kA yogadAna mahanIya hai| jaina kathA usa punIta srotasvinI ke samAna hai jo kaI yugoM se apane madhura salila se jAne-anajAne dharatI ke ananta kaNoM ko siMcita kara rahI hai evaM paricitaaparicita karor3oM pyAse kaMThoM kI pyAsa bujhA rahI hai| isa kathA-saritA meM sarvatra mAnavatA kI lalita lola lahareM zailI-zilpa ke manorama sAmaMjasya se pariveSThita haiM / yaha itanI vizada hai ki isake 'atha' tathA 'iti' kI parikalpanA karanA kaThina hai / isake 'jIvana' meM AdarzoM ke prati niSThA hai aura cirapoSita saMzayoM evaM avizvAsoM ke prati kabhI mauna aura kabhI santapta vidroha hai / isake do manorama taTa haiM-bhAva evaM krm| ina donoM bhavya kinAroM ke sahAre isa pravAhinI ne loka-jIvana kI dUrI ko nApA hai, harSa-viSAda evaM saMkIrNatA-udAratA ke aparimita mantavyoM ko pahacAnA hai, virAmahIna yAtrA ke kaTu anubhavoM ko parakhA hai evaM do vibhinna yugoM ke alagAva ko bhI samajhA hai| isa jaina-kathA-taTinI kI gAthA bar3I suhAvanI hai| vastutaH jaina kathAoM kI vyApakatA meM vizva kI vibhinna kathA-vArtAoM ko prazraya milA hai| phalataH jagata kI kahAniyoM meM jaina kathAoM kI sA~seM kisI na kisI rUpa meM saMcarita hotI rahatI haiM / eka ora inameM bhogavirakti aura saMyama-sadAcAra kI pratidhvaniyA~ haiM to dUsarI ora jIvana ke zAzvata sukha-svara bhI gaharI AsthA ko lie hue yahA~ mukhara haiN| saMskRti, jitanI adhika kathAoM ke antarAla meM sannihita hai, utanI adhika sAhitya kI anya vidhAoM meM parilakSita nahIM ho pAI hai| mAnava-jIvana ke jisa sArvajanIna satya kI mauTI meM saMskRti ke ciraMtana tattvoM kI pratiSThA mAnI gaI hai usakA prathama unmeSa inhIM jaina kathAoM meM sulabha hai| ina kahAniyoM kI garimA evaM upayogitA ko na kAla-bheda kSINa ira sake haiM aura na vyaktigata haThIlA gumAna dhUmila banA sakA hai| pratyuta kAla-khaMDoM kI prAcInatA ne ina kathAoM ko adhika saphala banAyA 1. jaina kathAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, zrIcandra jaina, pRSTha 28 / 2. vahI, pRSTha 11 /

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vihaMgAvalokana 3 hai evaM vaiyAktika avarodhoM ne unakI vyApakatA ko vizeSataH aparihArya pramANita kara diyA hai| ___jaina paramparA ke mUla AgamoM meM dvAdazAMgI pradhAna aura prakhyAta haiN| unameM nAyAdhammakahA, uvAsagadasAo, antagaDadasA, anuttaropapAtikadasA, vipAka sUtra Adi samagra rUpa meM kathAtmaka haiN| inake atirikta uttarAdhyayana, sUyagaDAMga, bhagavatI, ThANAMga Adi meM bhI aneka rUpaka evaM kathAe~ haiM jo atIva bhAvapUrNa evaM prabhAvanApUrNa haiM / taraMgavatI, samarAiccakahA tathA kuvalayamAlA Adi anekAneka svataMtra kathAgraMtha vizva kI sarvottama kathA vibhUti haiN| isa sAhitya kA savidhi adhyayana-anuzIlana kiyA jAya to aneka abhinava evaM tathyapUrNa udbhAvanAe~ tathA srota dRSTi-patha para dRSTigata hoMge / jisase jaina kathA vAGamaya kI prAcInatA vaidika kathAoM se bhI adhika prAcInatama parilakSita hogI / jainoM kA purAtana sAhitya to kathAoM se pUrNataH pariveSThita hai| prasiddha zodhamanISI DaoN0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla 'lokakathAe~ aura unakA saMgrahakArya' zIrSaka nibandha meM likhate haiM-"bauddhoM ne prAcIna jAtakoM kI zailI ke atirikta avadAna nAmaka naye kathA-sAhitya kI racanA kI jisake kaI saMgraha (avadAna zataka, divyAvadAna Adi) upalabdha haiN| kintu isa kSetra meM jaisA nirmANa jaina lekhakoM ne kiyA vaha vistAra, vividhatA aura bahubhASAoM ke mAdhyama kI dRSTi se bhAratIya sAhitya meM advitIya hai| vikrama saMvat ke Arambha se lekara unnIsavIM zatI taka jaina sAhitya meM kathA graMthoM kI avicchinna dhArA pAyI jAtI hai| yaha kathA sAhitya itanA vizAla hai ki isake samucita sampAdana aura prakAzana ke lie pacAsa varSoM se kama samaya kI apekSA nahIM hogii| jaina sAhitya meM loka kathAoM kA khulakara svAgata huaa| bhAratIya loka-mAnasa para madhyakAlIna sAhitya kI jo chApa abhI taka surakSita hai usameM jaina kahAnI sAhitya kA paryApta aMza hai / sadayavaccha-sAvaliMga kI kahAnI kA jAyasI ne padamAvata meM aura usase bhI pahale abdula rahamAna ne saMdezarAsaka meM ullekha kiyA hai| yaha kahAnI bihAra se rAjasthAna aura vidhya pradeza ke gA~va-gA~va meM janatA ke kaMTha-kaMTha meM basI hai| kitane hI graMthoM ke rUpa meM bhI vaha jaina sAhitya kA aMga hai|"2 1. abhyarthanA, jaina kathAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, zrIcandra jaina, pRSTha 11 / 2. Ajakala, loka kathA aMka, pRSTha 11 /

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4 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA jaina kathAoM ko kathAkAroM ne saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraza Adi kaI bhASAoM meM praNayana kara eka ora bhASA ko samRddha kiyA hai to dUsarI ora janatA kI bhAvanA ko pariSkRta-pratiSThita kiyA hai / saMskRti ko udAtta svarUpa pradAna kiyA hai to jJAna ke aneka abhinava srota bhI samudghATita kiye haiN| janapadIya boliyoM meM bhI jaina lekhakoM ne kathA-sAhitya ko paryApta mAtrA meM racA/likhA hai| jainAcAryoM ne ina kathAoM ke mAdhyama se gahana saiddhAntika tatvoM ko sugama banAyA hai tathA zrAvakoM evaM sAdhAraNa janatA ne inake dvArA apanI sahaja pravRttiyoM ko vizuddha banAne kA satat prayAsa kiyA hai| jaina vidvAnoM ne ina AkhyAnoM meM mAnava jIvana ke kRSNa aura zukla pakSoM ko ujAgara kiyA hai lekina AkhyAna kA samApana zukla pakSa kI pradhAnatA digdarzita kara AdarzavAda ko pratiSThita kiyA hai| kathA sAhitya kI dRSTi se jaina-sAhitya bauddha-sAhitya kI apekSA adhika saphala aura samRddha hai / jaina kathAoM meM bhUta, vartamAna duHkha-sukha kI vyAkhyA yA kAraNa nirdeza ke rUpa meM AtA hai| vaha gauNa hai / mukhya hai vrtmaan| jabaki bauddha jAtakoM meM vartamAna amukhya hai / vahA~ bodhisatva kI sthiti vigata kAla meM hI rahatI hai| jaina kathAoM meM aneka rUpaka kahAniyA~ bhI haiN| eka udAharaNa denA paryApta hogaa| eka tAlAba hai / usameM khile hue kamala bhare haiN| madhya meM eka bar3A kamala hai| cAra ora se cAra manuSya Ate haiM aura ve usa bar3e kamala ko hathiyAnA cAhate haiN| prayatna karate haiM parantu saphala nahIM hote| eka bhikSa tAlAba ke kinAre se kucha zabda bolakara usa bar3e kamala ko prApta kara letA hai| yaha sUyagaDa (sUtrakRtAMga) Agama kI rUpaka kahAnI hai| isa rUpaka ke dvArA yaha samajhAyA gayA hai ki viSayabhoga kA tyAgI-sAdhu, rAjA-mahArAjA Adi kA saMsAra se uddhAra kara detA hai| isa prAcIna kathA sAhitya se, jisakA Upara varNana huA hai, tatva grahaNa kara Age ke lekhakoM ne saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM aneka kahAniyA~ racI haiM / apabhraMza ke 'paumacariu' evaM 'bhavisayattakahA' nAmaka graMtha kahAnI sAhitya kI amUlya nidhi haiN| inameM aneka upadezaprada kahAniyA~ upalabdha hotI haiN| adhika kyA kahA jAe, kathAoM ke samUha ke samUha jaina AcAryoM ne raca DAle haiM jinake dvArA jaina dharma kA pracAra bhI huA hai aura dhArmika siddhAntoM ko bala bhI milA hai| ina kathAoM meM jIvana ke udAtta evaM zAzvata satyoM kA nirUpaNa haA hai| 1. hariyAnA pradeza kA loka sAhitya, DA. zaMkaralAla yAdava, pRSTha 346 /

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vihaMgAvalokana 5 sAMsArika vaibhava-vilAsa se virakti meM jaina kathAe~ prayojanasiddha hetu kA kAma karatI haiN| kahAnI kA prArambha saMsAra ke gahana rahasyoM ko samajhane aura anabUjha paheliyoM ko sulajhAne ke lie vaijJAnika jagata meM eka praNAlI pracalita hai| ise aMgrejI meM kahA jAtA hai-Assumption athavA Presumption. eka saMketa mAna liyA jAtA hai athavA kalpita kara liyA jAtA hai aura phira usake AdhAra para Age bar3hA jAtA hai, adhyayana kiyA jAtA hai, pariNAma yaha hotA hai ki rahasya ujAgara ho jAtA hai| bhUmaMDala ke samAna vAyubhAra vAle sthAnoM para khIMcI gaI rekhAe~ (isobars), dhruvoM se bhUmaMDala para hotI huI jAne vAlI rekhAe~ (Meridians) ye karka, makara aura bhUmadhya rekhAe~ Adi kyA haiM ? kalpita hI to haiN| __isI prakAra bIjagaNita ke bIja, rekhAgaNita, trikoNamiti Adi ke AdhAra x, y, a, b, c, d, B, m, sin, tan, cos Adi kalpita saMketa hI to haiM kintu ina saMketoM para AdhArita adhyayana karake vaijJAnikoM ne prakRti ke aneka rahasya udghATita kara die haiN| mAnava-jIvana bhI eka pahelI hai, anabUjha rahasya hai| vaha kahA~ se AyA hai ? isa janma se pahale kyA thA ? jIvana meM sukha-duHkha kyoM pA rahA hai ? isa jIvana ke bAda usakA kyA hogA? mara kara kahA~ jAyegA? yaha saba mAnava-jIvana ke anabUjha rahasya hI to haiM / jaba eka hI jIvana itanA rahasyapUrNa hai to isa jIva kI saMsAra-yAtrA athavA saMsArI jIva kI yAtrA to kitanI rahasyapUrNa aura ulajhana bharI hogI, isake bAre meM kevala kalpanA hI kI jA sakatI hai| lekina yaha kalpanA, AkAza kusumavat korI kalpanA hI nahIM hai, apitu vaijJAnika kSetra meM mAnya saMketAtmaka hai, AdhAra sahita hai, Thosa dharAtala para AdhArita hai| jisakI parikalpanA (Preception) bhI satya hai aura pariNAma bhI sty| jisa prakAra vijJAna ke kSetra meM vaijJAnika assumptions ke AdhAra para prakRti ke rahasyoM ko udghATita karate haiM, usI prakAra dhArmika kSetra meM bhI isI AdhAra para jIvana ke rahasyoM ko sulajhAyA jAtA hai, ujAgara kiyA jAtA hai aura sarvajanabhogya banAyA jAtA hai /

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6 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA isake lie jo vidhA apanAI jAtI hai vaha hai kathA / kathA kA AvirbhAva kaba huA, kaise huA, kisane kiyA ? ina sabhI praznoM ke uttara meM eka hI bAta kahI jA sakatI hai ki kathA kA AvirbhAva bhI mAnava kI buddhi evaM hRdaya ke sAtha, usakI kamanIya bhAvadhArA aura buddhi vicakSaNatA ke sAtha huaa| sAmAnya zabdoM meM 'kathA' kA nirvacana isa prakAra kiyA jA sakatA hai 'ka' 'thA'; arthAt amuka vyakti thaa| aura phira usakA yAni kathA kA vikAsa mAnava-jIvana ke sAtha hotA calA jAtA hai, dUsare zabdoM meM kathA mAnava-jIvana ke sAtha jur3I huI hai| cU~ ki mAnava-jIvana kA AyAma bahuta hI vistRta hai, sAre saMsAra meM phailA huA hai, isI kAraNa kathA kA canvas bhI ati vistRta hai| isake loka-sAhitya Adi vibhinna bheda-prabheda haiN| jaina kathAoM kA vargIkaraNa jaina kathA vAGamaya eka vizAla AgAra hai jise kisI nizcita paridhi meM nibaddha karanA sahaja nahIM hai tathApi kathA-sAhitya ke vizAradoM ne apane bhagIratha yatna-prayatna kie haiN| dIrghanikAya ke brahmajAlasutta meM eka sthAna para kathAoM ke aneka bheda kie haiN| yathA-(1) rAjakathA (2) cora kathA (3) mahAmAtyakathA (4) senakathA (5) bhayakathA (6) yuddhakathA (7) annakathA (8) pAnakathA (6) vastrakathA (10) zayanakathA (11) mAlAkathA (12) gaMdhakathA (13) jJAtikathA (14) yAnakathA (15) grAmakathA (16) nigamakathA (17) nagarakathA (18) janapadakathA (16) strIkathA (20) puruSa kathA (21) zUrakathA (22) vizikhAkathA (bAjArU gappeM) (23) kumbhasthAna kathA (panaghaTa kI kahAniyA~) (24) pUrvapretakathA (gUjaroM kI kahAniyA~) (25) nirarthakakathA (26) lokAkhyAyikA (27) samudrAkhyAyikA 12 kathA ke bhedoM kA nirUpaNa karate hue AgamoM meM akathA, vikathA, kathA-ye tIna bheda kie gaye haiN| unameM kathA to upAdeya hai, zeSa tyAjya / upAdeyakathA ke 1. dIrghanikAya 1/8 / 2. (ka) lokakathAyeM aura unakA saMgrahakArya, : DA. vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, Ajakala, lokakathA aMka, pRSTha 6 / (kha) jaina kathAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, zrIcandra jaina, pRSTha 33 /

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vihaMgAvalokana 7 vibhinna rUpoM kA vargIkaraNa viSaya, zailI, pAtra evaM bhASA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai / / sAdhAraNatayA jaina kathAoM ko agrAMkita cAra bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA jA sakatA hai? -(i) dharma sambandhI kathAe~ (ii) artha sambandhI kathAe~ (iii) kAma sambandhI kathAe~ (iv) mokSa sambandhI kathAe~ / isa vargIkaraNa meM bhI mokSa viSayaka bhAvanA sarvatra vidyamAna hai| isake antargata virakti, tyAga, tapasyA, saMyama Adi dhArmika ciMtana evaM kRtya svayaM hI sannihita haiM kyoMki jena kathAoM kA lakSya dharma kI mahimA ko batAnA tathA dharmAnumodita AcAra kA pracAra karanA hai| prakArAntara se jaina kathAoM ko isa prakAra se bhI vargIkRta kiyA jA sakatA hai / yathA-(1) dhArmika (2) aitihAsika (3) sAmAjika (4) upadezAtmaka (5) manoraMjanAtmaka (6) alaukika (7) naitika (8) pazu-pakSI sambandhI (6) gAthAe~ (10) zApa-varadAna viSayaka (11) vyavasAya sambandhI (12) vividha (13) yAtrA sambandhI (14) guru ziSya sambandhI (15) devI-devatA sambandhI (16) zakunApazakuna sambandhI (17) maMtra-taMtrAdi sambandhI (18) buddhi parIkSaNa sambandhI (16) vividha jAti varga sambandhI (20) viziSTa nyAya viSayaka (21) kAlpanika kathAe~ (22) prakIrNaka / lekina merI dRSTi se sampUrNa bhAratIya kathA sAhitya ko cAra pramukha vargoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai (i) nItikathA (Did. ctic tales) (i) dharmakathA (Religious tales) (iii) lokakathA (Folk or popular tales) (iv) rUpaka kathA (Allegorical tales) sthAnAMga sUtra meM kathA ke tIna bheda batAe gaye haiM tivihA kahA-atthakahA, kAmakahA, dhmmkhaa|-suutr 186 / ina bhedoM ke pazcAta sthAnAMga sUtra 282 meM dharmakathA ke upabheda bhI batAe gaye haiN| isakA 1. jaina sAhitya kA bahad itihAsa, bhAga 6, DA0 gulAbacandra caudharI, pRSTha 231 / 2. jaina kathAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana, zrIcandra jaina, pRSTha 23 / 3. jainakathAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana; zrIcandra jaina, pRSTha 34 / 4. naukA aura nAvika (bhUmikA) devendra muni zAstrI, pRSTha 8-6 /

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8 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA pramukha kAraNa yaha hai ki arthakathA aura kAmakathA saMsAra vivarddhaka hone ke kAraNa jaina AcAryoM ko usakA varNana abhipreta hI nahIM thaa| unakI pramukha ruci dharmakathA kI ora hI thii| isalie unhoMne (1) AkSepiNI (2) vikSepaNI (3) saMveginI (4) nirvedinI-dharmakathA ke ye cAra bheda batAe haiN| aupadezika kathA saMgraha caraNakaraNAnuyogaviSayaka sAhitya dharmopadeza yA aupadezika prakaraNoM ke rUpa meM udbhUta evaM vikasita huA hai| dharmopadeza meM saMyama, zIla, tapa, tyAga aura vairAgya Adi bhAvanAoM ko pramukhatA dI gaI hai| jaina sAdhu pravacanArambha meM kucha zabdoM yA zlokoM meM apanI dharmadezanA kA prasaMga batA detA hai aura phira eka lambI-sI manoraMjaka kahAnI kahane lagatA hai jisameM aneka romAMcaka ghaTanAe~ hotI haiM aura aneka bAra kathA ke bhItara kathA nikalatI jAtI hai| isa prakAra ye aupadezika prakaraNa atyanta mahanIya kathA sAhitya se ApUrNa haiM jisameM upanyAsa, dRSTAntakathA, prANi-nItikathA, purANakathA, parikathA, nAnAvidha kautuka aura adbhuta kathAe~ upalabdha hotI haiM / jaina manISiyoM ne isa prakAra vizAla aupadezika kathA sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA hai / dharmopadeza prakaraNa ke antargata jo upadezamAlA, upadezaprakaraNa. upadezarasAyana, upadezacintAmaNi, upadezakandalI, upadezataraMgiNI, bhAvanAsAra Adi ardhazataka racanAoM kA vivaraNa, jaina sAhitya ke bRhad itihAsa caturtha bhAga meM saMkalita hai| digambara sAhitya meM yadyapi aise aupadezika prakaraNoM kI kamI hai jina para kathA-sAhitya racA gayA ho phira bhI kundakunda ke SaTprAbhata kI TIkA meM, vaTTakera ke 'mUlAcAra' meM, zivArya kI bhagavatI ArAdhanA tathA ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcArAdi kI TIkAoM meM aupadezika kathAoM ke saMgraha sulabha hote haiN| katipaya kathAkozoM kA vivaraNa aupadezika kathA sAhitya ke anukaraNa para aneka kozoM kA sRjana huA hai| inameM katipaya kathAkozoM kA saMkSipta vivaraNa denA yahAM samIcIna hogaa| 1. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6, DA0 gulAbacandra caudharI, pRSTha 233-234 /

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vihaMgAvalokana bRhatkathAkoza-upalabdha kathAkozoM meM prastuta koza prAcInatama hai|1 isameM 157 kathAe~ haiN| grantha-parimANa sAr3he bAraha hajAra zloka pramANa hai| pranthAnta kI prazasti se vidita hotA hai ki isake praNetA AcArya hariSeNa haiN| isa grantha kI racanA kAThiyAvAr3a ke vardhamAnapura nAmaka sthAna meM vi0 saM0 955 meM huI thii| ArAdhanA satkathA-prabandha-isameM cAra ArAdhanAoM kA phala prApta karane vAle dharmAtmA puruSoM kI kathAe~ nibaddha haiN| saMskRta gadya meM praNIta yaha kathAkoza do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama bhAga meM nabbe kathAe~ haiM aura dUsare meM battIsa / isakA racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1037 se 1112 haiN| isake racayitA haiM paNDita prabhAcandra athavA bhaTTAraka prabhAcandra / dhArAnagarI meM paramAranareza bhoja ke uttarAdhikArI jayasiMhadeva ke rAjyakAla meM isa kathAkoza kA prabhAcandra ne praNayana kiyA hai| __ kathAkoza-saMskRta zlokoM meM racita prabhAcandra kRta gadyAtmaka kathAkoza kA hI prastuta koza padyAtmaka evaM vistRta rUpAntara hai| isameM nau naI kathAe~ saMzliSTa haiM / kula milAkara sau se adhika kathAe~ isameM haiN| isake racayitA brahma nemidatta haiM aura racanAkAla solahavIM zatAbdI kA Arambha hai| __kathAkoza prakaraNam-zrIvardhamAnasUri ke ziSya jinezvarasUri dvArA praNIta kathAkoza prakaraNam meM prAkRta kI 236 gAthAe~ haiM / isakI saMskRta TIkA meM gadya-padya donoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai / yatra-tatra nirdiSTa saMskRta, prAkRta tathA apabhraMza ke uddharaNoM se yaha kRti vizeSa prabhAvaka bana par3I hai| isakA racanAkAla vi0 saM0 1108 mArgazIrSa kRSNA paMcamI ravivAra hai| 1. jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 283, DA0 A0 ne0 upAdhye dvArA sampAdita, siMdhI jaina granthamAlA, granthAMka 17, isakI 122 pRSTha meM aMgrejI meM likhI bhUmikA mahatvapUrNa hai| 2. sahasra dizairbaddho nUnaM paMcazatAnvitaiH (12500), prazasti, padya 16 / 3. vinAyakAdipAlasya rAjye zakropamAnake / -poliTikala hisTrI Apha nArdana inDiyA, DA0 gulAbacandra caudharI, pRSTha 44 / 4. jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 32, vRhatkathAkoza, prastAvanA, pR0 62-63 / 5. jaina sAhitya kA bRhada itihAsa, bhAga 6, DA0 gulAbacandra caudharI pRSTha 236 /

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jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kathAratnakoza -- 'kahArayaNakosa' arthAt kathAratnakoza saMvat 1958 meM zrI prasannacandra ke ziSya zrI devabhadrasUri dvArA sRjita hai / isameM pacAsa kathAe~ haiM jo do bRhat adhikAroM meM vibhakta haiM / prathama adhikAra meM tetIsa kathAe~ haiM, dUsare adhikAra meM satraha kathAe~ haiM / mukti patha ke batalAne hetu Adarza kathAoM kA prAkRta meM praNayana kiyA gayA hai| isa kathAkoza meM kahIM-kahIM saMskRta ke aura apabhraMza ke padyoM ko udAhRta kara sAdhu aura zrAvakoM ke Avazyaka vratoM, niyamoM aura karttavyoM kA bar3e prabhAvaka DhaMga se pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / 10 kathAmaNikoza -- akkhANayamaNikosa arthAt AkhyAnakamaNikoza ke nAma se isa koza ko sambodhita kiyA jAtA hai / yaha 127 upadezaniSTha kathAoM kA bRhad saMgraha hai / isameM ikatAlIsa adhyAya haiM / prAkRta meM racita isa koza ke racayitA AcArya devendra gaNi' haiM / inakA apara nAma nemicandra sUri hai / kathAmaNikoza kA racanA kAla saMvat 1926 hai / kathA mahodadhi- - ise 'karpUrakathAmahodadhi' tathA 'karpUra prakara' yA 'sUktAvalI' bhI kahate haiM / isameM 150 kathAe~ saMgRhIta haiM / " ina kathAoM meM dhArmika tathA naitika siddhAntoM kI vivecanA mukhara hai / isakI racanA vi0 saM0 1504 meM tapAgacchIya ratnazekharasUri ke ziSya somacandra gaNi ne kI hai| bharatezvara bAhubali vRtti - prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM nirdiSTa dhArmika 1. vasubANa ruddasaMkhe 1958 vaccante vikkamAo kAlammi / lihio paDhamammi ya potthayammi gaNiamalacandeNa || - prazasti / 2. (i) AtmAnaMda jaina grantha-mAlA meM muni puNyavijaya jI dvArA sampAdita san 1944 meM prakAzita, prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina, pRSTha 448-452 / (ii) jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 66 / 3. prAkRta TeksTa sosAyaTI, vArANasI, 1662 / 4. akkhANayamaNikosaM evaM jo paDhAi kuNai jahayogaM / sAhiyaM arA so lahai apavaggaM // 5. (i) jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 68 / (ii) hIrAlAla haMsarAja, jAmanagara, 1916 / 6. ina kathAoM kI sUcI piTarasana riporTa 3, pRSTha 316-316 meM dI gaI hai /

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vihaMgAvalokana 11 mahApuruSoM kI jIvana kathAoM ko prAkRta' meM raca- likhakara kathAkAra zubhazIlagaNa ne apanI kathA - praNayana abhiruci kA sundara paricaya diyA hai / isameM saMskRta kA prayoga parilakSita hai / isa kathA koza kI racanA vikrama saMvat 1506 meM huI thI / kalpamaMjarI -- pandrahavIM zatI kI isa racanA ke lekhaka haiM Agama gaccha ke jayatilaka sUrijI / isameM 260 zloka pramANa haiM / 2 vratakathAkoza--saMskRta kI isa racanA ke praNetA zrI zra utasAgara haiM / vratoM se sambaddha kathAe~ isameM saMgRhIta haiM / prastuta koza solahavIM zatI kA hai / isI nAma se anya kRti ke praNetA prasiddha bhaTTAraka sakalakIrti haiM / unakI isa kRti meM bhI vibhinna vratoM se sandarbhita kathAe~ saMkalita haiM / isa kRti kI pUrNa prati upalabdha na hone ke kAraNa isakI kathA - parimANa anizcita hai | 4 kathAvalI - prAkRta gadya meM likhe isa bRhat graMtha ke lekhaka zrI bhadra ezvara haiM / isameM tirasaTha zalAkA-puruSoM ke vRttAntoM ke sAtha anya mahAna AtmAoM ke caritra kA bhI kathAtmaka rUpa meM aMkana huA hai / " kathAsamAsa - prastuta racanA upadezamAlA - kathA samAsa nAma se bhI jAnI jAtI hai / isameM saMkalita kathAe~ prAkRta meM haiM / ina kathAoM kA prayojana mAnava ko nivRtti mArga kI ora prerita aura AkarSita karanA rahA hai / isa graMtha kA praNayana saMvat 1204 meM huA thA / " kathArNava----yaha saMskRta ke anuSTupa chandoM meM viracita kathAoM kA saMgraha hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke paravartI AcAryoM kA jIvana caritra kathArUpa meM isa kRti meM samAhita haiM / inameM adhikAMza kI kathA AgamoM, niryuktiyoM 1. devacandra lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra, baMbaI se prakAzita, san 1932 aura san 1937 / 2. jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 65 / 3. jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 66 aura 368 / 4. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, paMDita nAthUrAma premI, pRSTha 371-377 / 5. rAjasthAna ke jaina santa : vyaktitva aura kRtitva, pRSTha 14 / 6. jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 51; pATana hasta0 sUcI, bhAga 1, pRSTha 60 /

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12 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA aura prakIrNakoM meM pAI jAtI haiM / isameM 7560 zloka pramANa haiM / 1 kharataragaccha ke guNaratnasUri ke ziSya padmamaMdiragaNi ne isakI sarjanA vi0 saM0 1553 meM kI thii| kathAratnAkara-yaha pandraha taraMgoM meM vibhAjita hai| ise 'kathAratna sAgara' bhI kahate haiM / isakI eka tADa patrIyaprati saM0 1316 kI milatI hai| naracandrasUri viracita isa graMtha meM 2061 zloka-pramANa haiN| sampUrNa racanA anuSTup chaMda meM praNIta hai| isI nAma se anya kRti kathAkoza kI dRSTi-patha para AtI hai| jisake racayitA tapAgacchIya kalyANavijayagaNi ke ziSya hemavijaya gaNi haiN| isa koza kI racanA saMvat 1657 meM huii| yaha kathAkoza dasa taraMgoM meM vibhakta hai jinameM kula milAkara 258 kathAe~ haiN|' yaha kathAe~ paraspara meM saMzliSTa kI gaI haiM, eka DhA~ce meM sajAI nahIM gaI haiN| isa kRti meM saMskRta, prAkRta, apabhraMza, purAtana hindI, prAcIna gujarAtI aura mahArASTrI ke uddharaNa pracura mAtrA meM apanAe gae haiN| sarala saMskRta meM praNIta yaha kRti sarasa evaM naitikatA kI zaikSika-saMvAhikA hai| 'kathAratnAkara' nAma se uttamarSi praNIta eka racanA aura hai| ise 1. jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 60, RSimaNDala prakaraNa, Atmavallabha granthamAlA, saM0 13, valada, 1636, prastAvanA vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai| 2. jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga 6, DA0 gulAbacandra caudharI, pRSTha 250-251 / 3. jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 66, pATana kI hastapratiyoM kA sUcI patra, bhAga 1, pRSTha 14 / - 4. itya bhyarthanayA cakrarvastupAlamaMtriNa: / ____naracandra munIndrAste zrIkathAratnasAgaran / / 5. jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga 6, DA0 gulAbacandra caudharI, pRSTha 251 / 6. ahimannagaradraMge varSeSyazveSu rsaavnau| ___mUla mArtaNDa saMyoge caturdazyAM zucau zuceH / / -prazasti 7. hIrAlAla haMsarAja , jAmanagara, 1611, isakA jarmana anuvAda 1920 meM harTala mahodaya ne kiyA hai| 8. viNTaranitsa, hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pRSTha 545 /

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vihaMgAvalokana 13 'dharmakathAratnAkaroddhAra' yA 'kathAratnAkaroddhAra' nAma se bhI pukArA jAtA hai / 1 isameM do adhyAya haiM / isameM 5500 zloka pramANa haiM / / kathAnakakoza-isa graMtha kA nAma 'dhammakkhANayakosa' bhI hai| isameM 140 prAkRta gAthA haiM jina para saMskRta meM vinayacandra kI TIkA hai| pATanabhaNDAra meM isakI hastalikhita prati hastagata hotI hai jisameM vi0 saM0 1166 racanA yA lipi kA samaya diyA gayA hai| pATana ke bhaNDAra meM 'kathAgraMtha' nAmaka kathAkoza kI tAr3apatrIya prati bhI mahanIya hai| dUsare tAr3apatrIya kathAkoza 'kathAnukramaNikA' kA bhI ullekha milatA hai jisakA samaya saM0 1166 haiN| kathAsaMgraha-ise 'antarakathAsaMgraha' yA 'vinodakathAsaMgraha' bhI kahate haiN|' yaha sarala saMskRta-gadya meM praNIta kathA graMtha hai| isameM 86 kathAe~ dhArmika aura naitika zikSA kI haiM aura zeSa 14 vAkcAturI aura parihAsa dvArA manoraMjana kI haiN| isakI zailI bilkula bAtacIta kI hai| saMskRta, mahArASTrI aura apabhraMza-padya isameM pracura rUpa se uddhRta haiN| isake racayitA rAjazekhara sUri haiN| uparyukta kathAsaMgraha ke atirikta jinaratnakoza meM kucha kathAkozoM kA ullekha milatA hai-yathA-kathAkallolinI, kathAgraMtha, kathAdvAtriMzikA (paramAnanda), kathAprabandha, kathAzataka, kathAsamuccaya, kathAsaMcaya Adi / inake 1. jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 66 / 2. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6, DA. gulAbacandra caudharI; pRSTha 253 / 3. pATana kI hastalikhita pratiyoM kI sUcI, bhAga 1, gAyakavAr3a o0 sIrIja saM0 76, pRSTha 42; jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 65 / 4. jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 65, 368 / 5. vahI, pRSTha 65 / 6. jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 65 / 7. jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 11 aura 357 / 8. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa, bhAga 6, DA. gulAbacandra caudharI, pRSTha 253-254 / 6. uparyukta kathAsaMgrahoM kA paricaya bRhatkathAkoza kI prastAvanA meM DA0 upAdhye dvArA prastuta vivaraNa se uddhRta hai, pRSTha 66-67 /

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14 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA adhyayana-anuzIlana se jaina kathA sAhitya para vizeSa prakAza par3atA hai / katipaya anya kathAkoza bhI upalabdha hue haiM jinakA vivecana yahA~ asaMgata na hogaa| puNyAzrava kathAkoza-isa puNyAzrava kathAkoSa' meM puNyArjana kI hetubhUta kathAoM kA saMgraha hai| isameM 4500 zloka pramANa haiN| yaha saMskRta gadya meM hai jo chaha adhikAroM meM vibhakta hai jinameM kula milAkara 56 kathAe~ haiM / kahIM-kahIM kannar3a zailI ke abhidarzana hote haiN| isake racayitA rAmacandra mumukSu the| isakA racanAkAla bArahavIM zatAbdI kA pUrvArdha sambhAvita hai| kumArapAla-pratibodha-kumAravAlapaDivoha arthAt kumArapAla pratibodha ko 'jinadharma pratibodha' aura 'hemakumAra caritra' bhI kahate haiN| isameM pA~ca prastAva haiM / pA~cavA~ prastAva apabhraza tathA saMskRta meM hai| yaha pradhAnatayA prAkRta meM praNIta gadya-padyamayI kRti hai| isameM 54 kahAniyA~ saMgRhIta haiM / isake racanAkAra somaprabhAcArya haiM aura racanAkAla saMvat 1241 hai|| dharmAbhyudaya-isa racanA ko 'saMghapaticaritra' bhI kahate haiN| isameM pandraha sarga haiM aura 5200 zloka pramANa haiN| mahAmAtya vastupAla dvArA kI gaI saMghayAtrA ko prasaMga banAkara dharma ke ayubhdaya kA sUcana karane vAlI aneka dhArmika kathAoM kA Akalana hai| anuSTupa chanda meM isa prasaMga ko kathAbaddha kiyA gayA hai| bhASA-zailI muhAvaredAra aura AlaMkArika hote hue bhI sarasa aura pravahamAna hai| isa racanA ke racanAkAra haiM udayaprabhasUri nAgendragacchIya / isakA racanAkAla saMvat 1277 ke bAda aura saMvat 1260 ke pUrva kA hai| 1. (i) jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 252 / (ii) apabhraMza kavi raidhU ne 'puNNAsava kahAkoso' kA praNayana kiyA hai / 2. jaina saMskRti saMrakSaka saMgha, solApura, 1964 / 3. puNyAzravakathAkoza para likhI bhUmikA, pRSTha 30-32 / 4. (i) jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 62 / (ii) viNTa ranitsa, hisTrI Apha iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pRSTha 570 / (iii) prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa, DA. jagadIzacandra jaina, pRSTha 463-472 / 2. (i) jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 165 / (i) sindhI jaina granthamAlA, graMthAMka 4, muni caturavijayajI aura puNya vijayajI dvArA sampAdita ; bambaI 1946 / 6. dharmazarmAbhyudaya, bhUmikA, pRSTha 147 /

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vihaMgAvalokana 15 samyaktva kaumudI-isa nAma kI aneka racanAoM ke abhidarzana hote haiMsamyaktva kaumudI kathAnaka, samyaktva kaumudI kathA, samyaktva kaumudI kathA koza, samyaktva kaumudI caritra aura samyaktva kaumudI / / jaina dharma ke prati saccI zraddhA ke sambandha meM aneka laghu kathAoM ko inameM saMgRhIta kiyA gayA hai| vibhinna kahAniyA~ eka pradhAna kahAnI ke caukhaTe ke antargata samAhita kI gaI haiN| yaha laghu kathAkoza vibhinna racayitAoM dvArA praNIta prApta hai| jinameM samyaktva kaumudI prAcInatama racanA hai| isakA praNayana caudahavIM zatAbdI meM apabhraza kavi nAgadeva ne kiyA hai| isameM tIna hajAra zloka haiM jinameM vibhinna ATha kahAniyA~ nirdiSTa haiN| ___dharmakalpadra ma-yaha nau pallavoM meM vibhakta bRhat kathAkoza hai| jisameM 4814 zloka pramANa haiN| isa rocaka kathA saMgraha ke racayatiA munisAgara upAdhyAya ke ziSya udayadharma haiM jinhoMne isakI racanA Anandaratnahari ke paTTakAla meM kI thI / jarmana vidvAna viNTaranitsa inakA samaya pandrahavIM zatI svIkArate haiN| dharmakalpadra ma' nAma kI anya racanAe~ prApta hotI haiN| unameM do ajJAtakartRka haiM, eka kA nAma 'vIradezanA' hai| anya do meM se eka ke racayitA dharmadeva haiM jo pUrNimAgaccha ke the aura unhoMne ise saMvat 1667 meM racA thaa| dUsare kA nAma 'parigraha pramANa' hai aura yaha eka laghu prAkRta kRti hai / isake raciyatA dhavalasArtha (zrAddha-zrAvaka) haiN| 1. jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 424 / 2. jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga 4, pRSTha 210-211 / 3. jaina graMtha kAryAlaya, hIrAbAga, bambaI se prakAzita, viSaya kI tulanA aura kartA ke nirNaya ke lie dekheM-varNI abhinandana gaMtha meM zrI rAjakumAra jaina kA kA lekha samyaktva kaumudI ke kartA', pRSTha 375-376 / 4. (i) jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 188 (ii) devacandra lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra, granthAMka 40 bambaI, saM0 1973 / (iii) harTala kA lekha : jeDa0 DI0 ema0 jI0, bhAga 65 pRSTha 426 / 5. jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga 6, DA0 gulAbacandra caudharI, pRSTha 260-261 / 6. viNTaranitsa, hisTrI Apha iNDina liTarecara, bhAga 2, pRSTha 545 / 7. jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 188-186 / 8. jaina sAhitya kA bRhat itihAsa, bhAga 6, pRSTha 261 /

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16 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA dAna prakAza-yaha kRti ATha prakAzoM meM vibhakta hai| isameM 340 zloka pramANa haiM / isa kathAkRti ke racayitA tapAgaccha ke vijayasenasUri ke praziSya aura somakuzalagaNi ke ziSya kanakakuzalagaNi haiM jinhoMne isakA praNayana saMvat 1656 meM kiyA thA / upadezaprAsAda-isa vizAla kathAkoza meM caubIsa stambha haiN|1 isameM 361 vyAkhyAna, 348 dRSTAnta kathAe~ tathA nau parva kathAe~ haiN| isa vistRta aura mahanIya kathAgraMtha meM se parva saMdarbhita kathAoM kA eka alaga se saMgraha prakAza meM AyA hai jisakA nAma 'parva kathA saMgraha hai| isa kathAkoza ke racayitA vijayalakSmIsUri hai| dharmakathA- ajJAta lekhaka kI yaha racanA saMskRta kI bRhata kathA kRti hai| isameM pandraha kathAe~ saMkalita haiM / isakA racanAkAla graMtha kI prazasti meM saMvat 1336 nirdiSTa hai| uparyaGkita kathA saMkalanoM ke atirikta devamati upAdhyAya kA 'ekAdaza gaNadharacarita'; ajJAta lekhaka kA 'yugapradhAna carita'; somakItibhaTTAraka, sakalakIrti tathA bhuvanakIrti kI 'saptavyasanakathA' kRtiyA~; kanaka vijaya kI 'samiti gupti kaSAyakathA'; dAnavijaya kI 'kAmakumbhAdi kathA saMgraha'; Avazyaka kathA saMgraha; hemAcArya kA kathA saMgraha; AnaMdasundara kA 'kathAkoza'; sarvasundara kA 'kathAsaMgraha'; tathA kathAkallolinI, kathA saMcaya, kathA samuccaya Adi aneka kathA saMgraha ullekhanIya haiN| jinake adhyayana-anveSaNa-anuzIlana se jaina kathA ke vikAsa meM aneka mahanIya tathya ujAgara hote haiN| yaha kathA yAtrA saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza se hotI haI hindI meM avatirata huI hai| 1. jaina dharma prasAraka sabhA, grantha saM0 33-36, bhAvanagara, 1914-1923, vahIM se 5 bhAgoM meM gujarAtI anuvAda bhI prakAzita huA hai| 2. cAritra smAraka granthamAlA, granyAMka 34, ahamadAbAda, vi0 saM0 2001; 'saubhAgyapaMcamyAdi parvakathA saMgraha' nAma se hindI jainAgama prakAzaka sumati kAryAlaya, koTA se vi0 saM0 2006 meM prakAzita / 3. (i) jinaratnakoza, pRSTha 188 / (ii) pATana prantha bhaMDAra sUcI bhAga 1, 175-176 / 4. vizeSa adhyayanArtha zrI hariSeNAcAryakRta 'bRhata kathA koza' kI DA0 upAdhye likhita aMgrejI bhUmikA dekhie /

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prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya kathA-kahAnI sAhitya kI eka pramukha vidhA hai, jo sabase adhika lokapriya aura manamohaka hai / kalA ke kSetra meM kahAnI se bar3hakara abhivyakti kA itanA sundara evaM sarasa sAdhana anya nahIM hai / kahAnI vizva kI sarvotkRSTa kAvya kI jananI hai aura saMsAra kA sarvazreSTha sarasa sAhitya hai| kahAnI ke prati mAnava kA sahaja va svAbhAvika AkarSaNa hai / phalatayA jIvana kA aisA koI bhI kSetra nahIM jisameM kahAnI kI madhurimA abhivyajita na haI ho / saca to yaha hai ki mAnava kA jIvana bhI eka kahAnI hai jisakA prArambha janma ke sAtha hotA hai aura mRtyu ke sAtha avasAna hotA hai / kahAnI kahane aura sunane kI abhIpsA mAnava meM AdikAla se rahI hai / veda, upaniSad, mahAbhArata, Agama aura tripiTaka kI hajAroM lAkhoM kahAniyA~ isa bAta kI sAkSI haiM ki mAnava kitane cAva se kahAnI ko kahatA va sunatA AyA hai aura usake mAdhyama se dharma aura darzana, nIti aura sadAcAra, bauddhika-caturAI aura prabala parAkrama, parivAra aura samAja sambandhI gahana samasyAoM ko sundara rIti se sulajhAtA rahA hai / ___ zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra jahA~ dharma-darzana va adhyAtma ke gambhIra prarUpaka the, vahA~ eka saphala kathAkAra bhI the / ve apane pravacanoM meM jahA~ dArzanika viSayoM kI gambhIra carcA-vArtA karate the vahA~ laghu rUpakoM evaM kathAoM kA bhI prayoga karate the| prAcIna nirdezikA se parijJAta hotA hai ki nAyAdhammakahA meM kisI samaya bhagavAna mahAvIra dvArA kathita hajAroM 1. sAhitya aura saMskRti, devendra muni zAstrI, pRSTha 76-88 / 2. dekheM-jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, isI grantha kA dvitIya adhyAya /

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18 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA rUpaka va kathAoM kA saMkalana thaa| isI prakAra uttarAdhyayana, vipAka Adi meM bhI vipula kathAe~ thiiN| mUla prathamAnuyoga aura gaMDikAnuyoga bhI dharmakathA ke viziSTa va mahattvapUrNa graMtha the / unakA saMkSipta paricaya samavAyAMga va naMdI sUtra meM diyA gayA hai / mUla prathamAnuyoga aura gaMDikAnuyoga bArahaveM aMga dRSTivAda ke antargata the / vaha aMga vicchinna ho cukA hai, ataH ye anuyoga bhI Aja aprApya haiM / mUlaprathamAnuyoga sthavira AryakAlaka ke samaya bhI prApta nahIM thA jo rAjA zAlivAhana ke samakAlIna the, ataH AryakAlaka ne mUla prathamAnuyoga meM se jo itivRtta prApta huA usake AdhAra se navIna prathamAnuyoga kA nirmANa kiyaa| vasudevahiMDI, Avazyaka cUNi, Avazyaka sUtra aura anuyogadvAra kI hAribhadrIya vRtti meM jo prathamAnuyoga kA ullekha huA hai, vaha AryakAlaka racita prathamAnuyoga kA honA cAhie aura Avazyakaniyukti meM prathamAnuyoga kA jo ullekha huA hai vaha mUla prathamAnuyoga kA honA cAhie aisA Agama prabhAvaka paMDita muni puNyavijayajI kA mata hai| para atyanta paritApa hai ki AryakAlaka racita prathamAnuyoga bhI Aja prApta nahIM hai| etadartha bhASA, zailI, varNana paddhati, chanda aura viSaya Adi kI dRSTi se usameM kyA-kyA vizeSatAe~ thIM, yaha spaSTa rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sktaa| anuyoga dvAra kI hAribhadrIyavRtti meM paJca mahAmeghoM ke varNana ko jAnane ke lie prathamAnuyoga kA nirdeza kiyA hai| jisase sambhava hai usameM anya bhI aneka vatta hoMge / AryakAlaka racita prathamAnuyoga ke AdhAra se hI bhadra zvara sUri ne kahAvalI, AcArya zIlAMka ne caupaNNamahApurisacariyaM aura AcArya hemacandra ne triSaSTi zalAkApuruSa carita kI racanA kI, aisA mAnA jAtA hai| AryarakSita ne anuyogoM ke AdhAra para AgamoM ko cAra bhAgoM meM 1. paMcakalpa mahAbhASya gA0 1545-46 / 2. vasudevahiMDI--prathama khaMDa, patra 2 / 3. AvazyakacUNi bhAga 1, patra 160 / 4. Avazyaka hAribhadrIya vRtti patra 111-2 / 5. anuyogadvAra hAribhadrIyavRtti patra 80 / 6. Avazyakaniyukti gAthA 412 /

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prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya 16 vibhakta kiyA thaa| usameM dharmakathAnuyoga bhI eka vibhAga thA / digambara sAhitya meM dharmakathAnuyoga ko hI prathamAnuyoga kahA hai / prathamAnuyoga meM kyA-kyA varNana hai, usakA bhI unhoMne nirdeza kiyA hai|1 batAyA jA cukA hai ki tIrthaMkara mahAvIra eka uccakoTi ke saphala kathAkAra bhI the| unake dvArA kahI gaI kathAe~ Aja bhI Agama-sAhitya meM upalabdha hotI haiM / kucha kahAniyA~ aisI bhI haiM jo bhinna nAmoM se yA rUpAntara se vaidika va bauddha sAhitya meM hI upalabdha nahIM hotI apitu videzI sAhitya meM bhI milatI haiM / udAharaNArtha-jJAtAdharmakathA kI 7 vIM cAvala ke pA~ca pA~ca dAne vAlI kathA kucha rUpAntara ke sAtha bauddhoM ke sarvAstivAda ke vinayavastu tathA bAibila' meM bhI prApta hotI hai| isI prakAra jinapAla aura jinarakSita' kI kahAnI balAhassa jAtaka va divyAvadAna meM nAmoM ke hera-phera ke sAtha kahI gaI hai| uttarAdhyayana ke bArahaveM adhyayana harikezabala kI kathAvastu mAtaMga jAtakameM milatI hai / terahaveM adhyayana citta-saMbhUta kI kathAvastu cittasaMbhUta jAtaka meM prApta hotI hai| caudahaveM adhyayana iSukAra kI kathA hatthipAla jAtaka' va mahAbhArata ke zAMtiparva meM upalabdha hotI hai| uttarAdhyayana ke nauveM adhyayana 'namipravajyA' kI AMzika tulanA 1. 'ka) aMgapaNatI dvitIya adhikAra gAthA 35-37 -digambara AcArya zubhacandra praNIta / (kha) titthayara cakkavaTTI baladevA vAsudeva paDisatta / paMca sahassapayANaM esa kahA paDhama aNiogo // -zru taskaMdha---gA0 31 AcArya brahmahemacanda / 2. seMTa methyU kI suvArtA 25, seMTalyuka ko suvArtA 16 / 3. jJAtAdharmakathA hai| 4. valAhassa jAtaka pR0 166 / 5. jAtaka (caturthakhaNDa) 467 mAtaMga jAtaka pRSTha 583-67 / 6. jAtaka (caturtha khaNDa) 468 cittasaMbhUtajAtaka, pRSTha 568-608 / 7. hatthipAla jAtaka 506 / 8. zAntiparva adhyAya 175 evaM 277 /

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20 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA mahAjana jAtaka' tathA mahAbhArata ke zAnti parva se hotI hai / isa prakAra bha0 mahAvIra ke kathA sAhitya kA anuzIlana-parizIlana karane se spaSTa parijJAta hotA hai ki ye kathA-kahAniyA~ AdikAla se hI eka sampradAya se dUsare sampradAya meM, eka deza se dUsare deza meM yAtrA karatI rahI haiN| kahAniyoM kI yaha vizvayAtrA unake zAzvata aura sundara rUpa kI sAkSI de rahI hai, jisa para sadA hI jana-mAnasa mugdha hotA rahA hai| mUla Agama sAhitya meM kathA-sAhitya kA vargIkaraNa arthakathA, dharmaaura kAmakathA ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| paravartI sAhitya meM viSaya, pAtra, zailI aura bhASA kI dRSTi se bheda-prabheda kie gae haiM / AcArya haribhadra ne viSaya kI dRSTi se arthakathA, kAmakathA, dharmakathA aura mizrakathA, ye cAra bheda kie haiM / vidyAdi dvArA artha prApta karane kI jo kathA hai, vaha arthakathA hai| jisa zRMgArapUrNa varNana ko zravaNakara hRdaya meM vikAra bhAvanAe~ udabuddha hoM vaha kAmakathA hai / aura jisase artha va kAma donoM bhAvanAe~ jAgRta hoM, vaha mizrakathA hai / ye tInoM prakAra kI kathAe~ AdhyAtmika arthAt saMyamI jIvana ko dUSita karane vAlI hone se vikathA haiM / ' vikathA ke strIkathA, 1. mahAjana jAtaka, 536 tathA sonaka jAtaka saM 526 / 2. mahAbhArata, zAnti parva adhyAya 178 evaM 276 / / 3. tivihA kahA paNNattA taM jahA-atthaka hA, dhammakahA, kaamkhaa| -ThANAMga, 3 ThANA, sUtra 186 4. (ka) atthaka hA kAma hA dhammakahA ceva mIsiyA ya khaa| etto ekkekkAvi ya NegavihA hoi nAyavvA / / -dazavaikAlika hAribhadrIya vRtti gA0 188 pR0 212 / (kha) samarAiccakahA, yAkobI saMskaraNa, pRSTha 2 / 5. vidyAdibhirarthastatpradhAnA kathA arthkthaa| -abhidhAna rAjendra koza bhAga 3, pR0 402 / 6. abhidhAna rAjendra koss| 7. (ka) jo saMjao pamatto, rAgaddosavasagao parikahei / sA u vikahA pavayaNe, paNatA dhIrapurisehi // -abhidhAna rAjendra koSa (kha) viruddhA vinaSTA vA kathA vikathA / -AcArtha haribhadra

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bhavata kathA, prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya 21 dezakathA aura rAjakathA ke ye cAra bheda aura bhI milate haiM / 1 jaina zramaNa ke lie vikathA karane kA niSedha kiyA gayA / jaisA ki maiM Upara batA AyA hU~ use vahI kathA karanI cAhie jisako zravaNakara zrotA ke antarmAnasa meM vairAgya kA payodhi uchAleM mArane lage, vikAra bhAvanAe~ naSTa hoM evaM saMyama kI bhAvanAe~ jAgRta hoM / tapa-saMyamarUpI sadguNoM ko dhAraNa karane vAle, paramArthI mahApuruSoM kI kathA, jo sampUrNa jIvoM kA hita karane vAlI hai, vaha dharmakathA kahalAtI hai / pAtroM ke AdhAra se divya, mAnuSa aura divyamAnuSa, ye tIna bheda kathA ke kie gae haiN| jina kathAoM meM divyaloka meM rahane vAle devoM ke kriyA-kalApoM kA citraNa ho aura usI ke AdhAra se kathAvastu kA nirmANa ho, ve divya kathAe~ haiM / mAnuSa kathA ke pAtra mAnava-loka meM rahate haiM / unake caritra meM mAnavatA kA pUrNa sajIva citraNa hotA hai / kathA ke pAtra mAnavatA ke pratinidhi hote haiM / kisI-kisI mAnuSa kathA meM aise manuSyoM kA citraNa bhI hotA hai jinakA caritra upAdeya nahIM hotA / divya- mAnuSI kathA atyanta sundara kathA hotI hai / kathAnaka kA gumphana kalAtmaka hotA hai / caritra aura ghaTanA tathA paristhitiyoM kA vizada va mArmika citraNa, hAsya-vyaMga Adi manovinoda, saundarya ke vibhinna rUpa, isa kathA meM eka sAtha rahate haiM / isameM deva aura manuSya ke caritra kA mizrita varNana hotA hai / zailI kI dRSTi se sakalakathA, khaNDakathA, ullApakathA, parihAsakathA aura saMkIrNa kathA ye pA~ca bheda kie gae haiM / sakala - 1. paDikkamAmi cauhi vikahAhiM -- ityIkahAe, bhatta kahAe, desakahAe, rAyakahAe / - Avazyaka sUtra / 2. samaNeNa kaheyavvA, tava niyamakahA virAgasaMjuttA / jaM soUNa maNUso, vaccai saMvegANivveyaM // - abhidhAna rAjendra koSa bhA0 3 pRSTha 402 gAthA 216 / 3. tavasaMjamaguNadhArI caraNarayA kahiti sambhAvaM / sabvajagajIvahiyaM sA u kahA desiyA samae || - abhidhAna rAjendra koSa gA0 216, pRSTha 402, bhAga 3 | 4. ( ka ) divva, divvamANusaM, mANusaM ca / tattha divba nAma jattha kevalameva devacariyaM vaNijjai / -- samarAiccakahA - yAkobI saMskaraNa - pRSTha 2 / (kha) taM jahA divva - mANusI tahacceya / - lIlAvaI gA0 35 / (ga) lIlAvaI gA0 41, pRSTha 11 / 5. tAo puNa paMcakahAo / taM jahA - sayalakahA, khaMDakahA, ullAvakahA, parihAsa - kahA, tahAvarA kahiyatta saMkiNNa kahati / - kuvalayamAlA pR0 4, anuccheda 7 /

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22 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kathA meM cAroM puruSArtha, nau rasa, Adarza caritra aura janma-janmAntaroM ke saMskAroM kA varNana rahatA hai / 1 jainakathA sAhitya guNa aura pariNAma donoM hI dRSTiyoM se mahatvapUrNa hai| janajIvana kA pUrNatayA citraNa usameM kiyA gayA hai| ___ Agama sAhitya meM bIjarUpa se kathAe~ milatI haiM to niyukti, bhASya, cUNi aura TIkA sAhitya meM unakA pUrNa nikhAra dRSTigocara hotA hai / hajAroM laghu va bahat kathAe~ unameM AyI haiN| AgamakAlIna kathAoM kI yaha mahatvapUrNa vizeSatA hai ki unameM upamAoM aura dRSTAntoM kA avalambana lekara jana-jIvana ko dharma-siddhAntoM kI ora adhikAdhika AkarSita kiyA gayA hai| una kathAoM kI utpatti upamAna, rUpaka aura pratIkoM ke AdhAra se huI hai| yaha satya hai ki AgamakAlIna kathAoM meM saMkSepa karane ke lie yatra-tatra 'vaNNao' ke rUpa meM saMketa kiyA gayA hai jisase kathA ko par3hate samaya unake varNana kI samagratA kA jo AnaMda AnA cAhie, usameM kamI raha jAtI hai| vyAkhyA sAhitya meM yaha pravRtti nahIM apanAI gii| kathAoM meM jahA~ Agama sAhitya meM kevala dhArmika bhAvanA kI pradhAnatA thI, vahA~ vyAkhyA sAhitya meM sAhityikatA bhI apanAI gayI / ekarUpatA ke sthAna para vividhatA aura navInatA kA prayoga kiyA jAne lgaa| pAtra, viSaya, pravatti, vAtAvaraNa, uddezya, rUpagaThana, evaM nIti saMzleSaNa prabhRti sabhI dRSTiyoM se Agamika kathAoM kI apekSA vyAkhyA sAhitya kI kathAoM meM vizeSatA va navInatA AyI hai| AgamakAlIna kathAoM meM dhArmikatA kA puTa adhika AjAne se manoraMjana va kutUhala kA prAyaH abhAva thA kintu vyAkhyA sAhitya kI kathAoM meM yaha bAta nahIM hai| Agamayuga kI kathAe~ caritrapradhAna hone se vizeSa vistAra vAlI hotI thIM para vyAkhyA sAhitya kI kathAe~ saMkSipta ; kintu aitihAsika, arddha aitihAsika, paurANika sabhI prakAra kI kathAe~ haiN| vasudevahiMDI caritAtmaka kathA graMtha hai| yaha do khaNDoM meM vibhakta hai| prathama khaNDa ke kartA saMghadAsa gaNI vAcaka haiM aura dvitIya khaNDa ke nirmAtA dharmasenagaNI haiN| prathama khaNDa 26 laMbhakoM meM pUrNa huA hai aura dvitIya khaNDa 71 lambhakoM meM / 'bRhatkathA' ke samAna yaha graMtha bhI kathAoM kA koSa hai| jaise saMskRta sAhitya meM bRhatkathA mahAbhArata aura rAmAyaNa kA upajIvya kAvya mAnA gayA hai vaise hI prAkRta sAhitya meM vasudevahiMDI upajIvya hai| 1. samastaphalAnteti vRttavarNanA samarAdityavat sakalakathA / -haimakAvyazabdAnuzAsana 5/6, pRSTha 465 /

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prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya 23 vimalasUri kA paumacariyaM aura harivaMsacariyaM, zIlAMkAcArya kA cauppaNNa mahApurisacariyaM, gugapAlamuni kA jambUriyaM, dhanezvara kA surasundarIcariyaM, nemicandra kA rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM, guNacandragaNi kA pAsanAhacariyaM aura mahAvIracariya, devendrasUri kA sudaMsaNacariya aura kaNhacariya, mAnatuMgasUri kA jayantI prakaraNa, candraprabhamahattari kA candakevalIcariya, devacandrasUri kA saMtinAhacariya, zAntisUri kA puhavIcandacariya, maladhArI hemacandra kA neminAhacariya, zrIcandra kA muNisuvvayasAmicariya, devendrasUri ke ziSya zrIcandra sUri kA saNaMkumAracariya, somaprabhasUri kA sumatinAha cariya, nemicandrasUri kA anantanAhacariya evaM ratnaprabha kA neminAhacariya prasiddha caritAtmaka kAvyagrantha haiN| inameM kathA aura AkhyAnikA kA apUrva saMmizraNa huA hai| inameM buddhi mAhAtmya, laukika AcAra-vicAra, sAmAjika paristhiti aura rAjanaitika vAtAvaraNa kA sundara citraNa huA hai| ina carita graMthoM meM "kathArasa" kI apekSA 'carita' kI hI pradhAnatA hai| prAkRta sAhitya meM vizuddha kathA sAhitya kA prArambha taraMgavatI se hotA hai| vikrama kI tIsarI zatI meM pAdalipta sUri ne prastuta kathA kA praNayana kiyaa| taraMgavatI kA apara nAma taraMgalolA bhI hai| yaha kathA uttama puruSa meM varNita hai / karuNa, zRMgAra aura zAMtarasa kI triveNI isameM eka sAtha pravAhita huI hai| isI prakAra kI dUsarI kRti AcArya haribhadra kI samarAicca kahA hai| isa kathA meM pratizodha-bhAvanA kA bar3A hI hRdayagrAhI citraNa kiyA gayA hai / agnizarmA ke mana meM tIvra paNA kI bhAvanA jAgRta hotI hai aura vaha guNasena ke prati nidAna karatA hai / vaha nidAna nau bhavoM taka calatA hai| nAyaka kI bhAvanA uttarottara vizuddha se vizuddhata ra hotI jAtI hai aura pratinAyaka kI bhAvanA avizuddha / nAyaka vizuddha bhAvanA se mukti ko varaNa karatA hai aura pratinAyaka janmamaraNa kI abhivRddhi karatA hai / kathA kA gaThana sundara va kutuhalapUrNa hai / dhUkhyiAna bhI haribhadrasUri kI eka anya mahatvapUrNa kRti hai| bhAratIya kathA sAhitya meM lAkSaNika zailI meM likhI gaI isa kRti kA sthAna mUrdhanya hai| isa prakAra kI vyaMgapradhAna anya racanAe~ dRSTigocara nahIM hotii| kuvalayamAlA haribhadrasUri ke ziSya udyotana sUri ke dvArA racita hai| krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha aura moha ina vikAroM kA duSpariNAma batalAne ke lie aneka avAntara kathAoM ke dvArA viSaya kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| kadalIstambha sadRza kathAjAla saMgaThita hai| kathArasa aura kAvyAtmakatA 1. marudharakesarI abhinaMdana grantha, khaNDa 4, pRSTha 164 /

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24 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA donoM kA sundara mizraNa huA hai / saMvAda bar3e hI dilacaspa haiM aura sAtha hI alaMkRta padoM kI ramaNIyatA se yukta haiM / isakA racanAkAla zaka saM0 700 meM eka dina nyUna hai / ' samarAiccakahA aura kuvalayamAlA kI paramparA ko Age bar3hAte hue zIlAMkAcArya ne caupanna mahApurisacariya kI racanA kI hai| isameM jainadharma ke cauvana mahApuruSoM ke janma-janmAntara kI kathAe~ gumphita kI gaI haiM / jaina dharma meM mahApuruSoM kI saMkhyA tirasaTha kahI gaI hai| lekina zIlAMkAcArya ne usa paramparA se alaga yaha saMkhyA cauvana mAnI hai / punaH ina mahApuruSoM meM se kucha pramukha mahApuruSoM kA jIvana caritra samyakrUpa se varNita milatA hai, jinameM mukhya kathA ke sAtha avAntara kathAoM kA kauzalapUrvaka saMyojana kiyA gayA hai / yaha kathA graMtha zubha-azubha karmabandha ke pariNAma ko pratipAdita karane vAlI eka dharmakathA hai / surasundarI caritra ke racayitA dhanezvara sUri ne lIlAvaIvahA ke racayitA kautuhala ke mArga kA anusaraNa kiyA hai / graMtha kI cAra hajAra gAthAoM meM jainadharma ke siddhAntoM ke nirUpaNa kI AdhArazilA para premakathA kA prastutikaraNa vizeSa mahatva rakhatA hai / dhanezvarasUri ko kAma bhAvanA ke sAtha-sAtha dharmabhAvanA ke nirUpaNa meM to saphalatA milatI hI hai, pAtroM ke manovaijJAnika vikAsa evaM unakI mAnavIya pravRttiyoM ke samyak nirUpaNa meM bhI adbhuta saphalatA milI hai / saMvegaraMgazAlA jinacandra racita rUpaka kathA hai / saMvega bhAva ke nirUpaNa hetu aneka kathAe~ isameM gumphita kI gaI haiM / 2 jinadattAkhyAna kI kathA kA praNayana AcArya sumatisUri ne kiyA hai / kathA atyanta rasaprada hai / isameM jIvana ke Ananda aura viSAda kA, sundaratA aura kurUpatA kA, zakti aura durbalatA kA, jIvana ke vividha pakSoM kA mArmika citraNa kiyA gayA hai / nAyaka kA caritra, udAratA, sahRdayatA aura niSpakSatA kA pratIka hai / mahezvarasUri ne jJAnapaMcamIkathA meM zra utapaMcamIvrata kA mAhAtmya batAne ke liye dasa kathAoM kA sRjana kiyA hai / ina kathAoM meM prathama jayasena 1. duvalayamAlA, pRSTha 282, anuvAda 430 / 2. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, DA0 nemIcandra zAstrI, pRSTha 486-488 /

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prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya 25 kahA aura antima bhavisayattava hA mahatvapUrNa hai / mahezvarasUri pratyeka kathA meM kathA kahane ke sAtha hI sAtha upadeza ko samAveza karate calate haiM / narmadA sundarI' ke racayitA mahendrasUri haiM / unhoMne prastuta kathA kI racanA 1187 meM kI thI / kathA samyak prakAra se gaThI huI hai / kutUhala Adi se anta taka banA rahatA hai / mahezvaradatta kA narmadAsundarI ke saundarya para mugdha hokara usase vivAha karanA, phira kisI AzaMkA se usakA parityAga kara denA, hariNI vezyA ke atyAcAra ke bAvajUda narmadA kA zIla meM dRr3ha rahanA aura buddhi cAturya se kisI prakAra babbara ke rAjA ke caMgula se mukta honA Adi ghaTanAe~ kathA meM atyanta rocakatA utpanna karatI haiM / 'prAkRta kathA saMgraha' meM bAraha kathAoM kA sundara saMkalana huA hai / lekhaka kA nAma ajJAta hai / dAna, zIla, tapa, bhAvanA, samyaktva, namaskAra mahAmantra prabhRti viSayoM kA kathA ke mAdhyama se vizleSaNa kiyA gayA hai / mAnavIya bhAvanAoM kA sarasa va sUkSma citraNa kiyA gayA hai| jaise - eka kRpaNa zreSThi hai, pAsa meM apAra sampatti hai, para kRpaNatA ke kAraNa putra ko pAna khAte dekhakara atyadhika duHkhI hotA hai putra utpanna hone para patnI ko bhojana dene meM bhI kaMjUsI karatA hai / / sirivAlakahA kA saMkalana ratnazekhara sUri ne kiyA hai / saMkalana samaya saM0 1428 hai / Adhunika upanyAsa ke sabhI guNa prastuta kathAnaka meM vidyamAna haiM / pAtroM ke caritra kA utthAna aura patana, kathA meM aneka taraha ke mor3a, sarasatA evaM manoraMjakatA Adi sabhI guNa usameM haiM / jo pAtra sadguNoM ko svIkAra karate haiM unakA zukla pakSa ke candra kI taraha vikAsa hotA hai aura jo durguNoM se, vAsanAoM se grasita hote haiM unakA vinAza hotA hai / siddhacakra ke mAhAtmya ko pradarzita karane ke lie kathA kA gumphana kiyA gayA hai jo pUrNa rIti se saphala huA hai / 1. nammayAsundarIkahA, siMghI granthamAlA granthAMka 48 meM prakAzita / 2. sirivajjaseNa gaNaharapaTTapada hematilaya sUrINaM / sIsehiM rayaNa se harasUrIhiM imAhu saMkaliyA | caudasa aTThAvIso" 11 ****** - sirivAlakahA prazasti

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26 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA jinaharSasUri ne vikrama saMvat 1487 meM 'rayaNaseharanivakahA' arthAt ratnazekhara napati kathA kA praNayana kiyaa| jAyasI ke 'padmAvata' kI kathA kA mUla' prastuta kathA hai / DaoN0 nemIcandra jaina zAstrI isa kathA ko 'padmAvata' kA pUrva rUpa svIkArate haiN| yaha eka prema kathA hone para bhI lekhaka ne prema kA vAsanAtmaka rUpa nahIM, para prema kA vizuddha va udAtta rUpa upasthita kiyA hai| rAga kA udAttIkaraNa hI virAga hai / mUla kathA ke sAtha prAsaMgika kathAe~ bhI aneka AyI haiN| kathAzilpa kI dRSTi se prastuta kathAnaka pUrNa saphala hai| daivI camatkArika ghaTanAe~ va atimAnavIya tattvoM ke Adhikya se kathA meM kutUhala ke sAtha prabhAvotpAdakatA bhI hai / mahivAla kathA ke racayitA vIradevagaNi haiM / isa grantha kI prazasti se avagata hotA hai ki devabhadrasUri candragaccha meM hue the| inake ziSya siddhasenasUri aura siddhasenasUri ke ziSya municandrasUri the| vIradeva gaNi municandra ke ziSya the| viNTaranitsa ne eka saMskRta 'mahIpAla carita' kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai jisake racayitA caritrasUndara batalAye haiM / isakA racanAkAla pandrahavIM zatI kA madhya bhAga hai / parikathA aura nijandharI ina donoM kA yaha mizrita rUpa hai| ukta pramukha kathA racanAoM ke atirikta saMghatilakasUri dvArA viracita ArAmasohAkahA, paMDiadhaNavAlakahA, puNNacUlakahA, Aroggaduja kahA, rohaguttakahA, vajjakaNNa nivakahA, suhajakahA aura mallavAdIkahA, bhaddabAhukahA, pAdaliptAcArya kahA, siddhasena divAkara kahA, nAgayatta kahA, bAhyAbhyantara kAminIkathA, metAryamuni kathA, dravadanta kathA, padmazekhara kathA, saMgrAmasUra kathA, candralekhA kathA evaM narasundara kathA Adi bIsa kathAe~ upalabdha haiM / devacandrasUri kA kAlakAcArya kathAnaka evaM ajJAta nAmaka kavi kI malayasundarI kathA vistRta kathAe~ haiM / prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM kucha aisI 1. prAkRta kathA sAhitya, prAkata-bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, ___ DA0 nemIcandra jaina zAstrI, pRSTha 510-513 / 2. sAhitya aura saMskRti, devendramuni zAstrI, pRSTha 86 / 3. prAkRta kathA sAhitya, prAkRta-bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, DA0 nemIcandra jaina zAstrI, pRSTha 513-515 / 4. Indian Literature Vol. ii, Page 536 /

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prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya 27 kathAkRtiyA~ upalabdha hotI haiM jinakA lakSya kathA ko manoraMjaka rUpa meM prastuta karanA na hokara jaina muniyoM dvArA pAThakoM ko upadeza pradAna karanA rahA hai| isa prakAra kI upadezaprada kathAoM meM dharmadAsa gaNi kI upadezamAlA, jayasiMhasUri kI dharmopadezamAlA, jayakIrti kI zIlopadezamAlA, vijayasiMha sUri kI bhuvanasundarI, maladhArI hemacandrasUri kI upadezamAlA, sAhaDa kI vivekamaJjarI, munisundara sUri kA upadeza ratnAkara, zubhavardhana gaNi kI vardhamAna dezanA evaM somavimala kI dazadRSTAntagItA Adi racanAe~ mahattvapUrNa haiM / 1 upadezaprada kathAoM meM upadeza kI pradhAnatA hai| anya viSaya gauNa haiN| _hindI aura apabhraMza sAhitya meM premAkhyAna kA jo vikasita rUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai usake bIja prAkRta kathA sAhitya meM yatra-tatra bikhare par3e haiN| yadyapi prAkRta kathAe~ dharmakathA ke rUpa meM hI pramukha rahI haiM tathApi una kathAoM meM prasaMgavaza madanotsava, vasantamahotsava, premapatra, premAnurAga prabhRti prasaMgoM para jo mAnasika bhAvoM kA zRMgArapradhAna citraNa huA hai vahI citraNa premAkhyAna kA mUlabIja hai jo vaTa vRkSa sadRza vahA~ vikasita huA hai| prAkRta kathA sAhitya kA kathotthapraroha bhI prekSaNIya pyAja ke chilakoM ke samAna eka chilake pazcAt dUsarA chilakA jaise nikalatA rahatA hai, vaise hI prAkRta-kathAoM meM eka kathA se dUsarI kathA nikalatI rahatI hai jo kathAzilpa kI dRSTi se eka sundara yojanA hai| ___campUvidhA kA vikAsa bhI prAkRta kathA sAhitya se hI huA hai| kathAoM ko sarasa banAne kI dRSTi se prAkRta-kathAoM meM gadya aura padya donoM kA prayoga hotA hai| padya bhAvanA kA pratIka hai to gadya vicAroM kA pratIka hai / bhAvanA kA sambandha hRdaya se hai aura vicAroM kA sambandha mastiSka se hai, ataH kathAkAroM ne gadya ke sAtha padya kA prayoga kiyA aura padya ke sAtha gadya kaa| samarAicca kahA aura kuvalayamAlA isI prakAra kI racanAe~ haiN| daNDI ne gadya-padya mizrita jo campU kI paribhASA dI hai vaha to prAkRta-kathA sAhitya meM pUrva hI vidyamAna thii| ataH saMskRta bhASA meM jo campavidhA kA vikAsa huA hai, usa vidhA kA mUlasrota prAkRta-kathAe~ hI haiN| 1. prAkRta kathA sAhitya, prAkRtabhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa, DA0 nemIcandra jaina zAstrI, pRSTha 517 /

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jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA bhAratIya sAhitya meM prAkRta kathA sAhitya hI lokakathA kA Adi srota haiM / vasudeva hiNDI meM lokakathAoM kA mUla rUpa milatA hai / guNADhya racita bRhatkathA to lokakathAoM kA eka prakAra se vizva koSa hai| lokakathAoM ke AdhAra se hI prAkRta - kathA lekhakoM ne dharmakathAe~ nirmita kI haiM / pAlikathA sAhitya meM pUrvajanma kathA kA mukhya bhAga rahatA hai jabaki prAkRta meM gauNa rahatA hai / pAlikathAoM meM bodhisatva hI mukhya pAtra haiM aura sabhI kathAoM kA upasaMhAra upadeza rUpa meM hotA hai| jabaki prAkRta-kathAoM meM yaha bAta nahIM hai / pAlikathAoM meM eka hI zailI hai javaki prAkRta - kathAoM meM vibhinna zailiyA~ haiM / pAlikathAoM meM pAtroM ko sIdhA hI naitika dhArmika batAyA jAtA hai kintu prAkRta kathAoM meM kathopakathana, zIla-nirUpaNa Adi ke dvArA usake caritra ko batAyA jAtA hai / pahale usake jIvana kI vikR tiyoM ko batAkara bAda meM lambe saMgharSa ke pazcAt kisa prakAra vaha apane jIvana ko nikhAratA hai, yaha batAyA jAtA hai / siddhAnta kI sthApanA bhI usa samaya kI jAtI hai / DaoN0 rAmasiMha tomara kahate haiM ki "isa sAhitya para dRSTipAta karane se kathA kahane ke aneka prakAroM ke darzana hote haiM / dhArmika, laukika, svataMtra tathA AMtara kathAe~ eka sUtra meM pirone ke DhaMga Adi aneka vizeSatAe~ milatI haiM / " " isa prakAra prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya laukika kathA-kahAniyoM kA akSaya bhaMDAra hai / kitanI hI rocaka aura manoraMjaka lokakathAe~, lokagAthAe~, nItikathAe~ daMtakathAe~ ( lIjeMDsa), parIkathAe~, prANikathAe~, kalpita kathAe~, dRSTAnta kathAe~, laghukathAe~, AkhyAna aura vArttAe~, Adi yahA~ upalabdha haiM jo bhAratIya saMskRti kI akSayanidhi haiM / 2 28 prAkRtakathAoM kI vizeSatAoM se prabhAvita hokara pro0 harTela ne likhA hai - "kahAnI kahane kI kalA kI viziSTatA prAkRta kathAoM meM pAI jAtI hai / ye kahAniyA~ bhArata ke bhinna-bhinna varga ke logoM ke rasma, rivAja ko pUrNa sacAI ke sAtha abhivyakta karatI haiM / ye kathAe~ janasAdhAraNa kI zikSA kA udgama sthAna hI nahIM hai varan bhAratIya sabhyatA kA itihAsa bhI haiM / "3 1. prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya tathA unakA hindI sAhitya para prabhAva, rAmasiMha tomara, pRSTha 21 / 2. prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya, DA0 jagadIzacandra jaina, pRSTha 167 / 3. Ana dI liTarecara Apha dI zvetAmbarAj Apha gujarAta, pRSTha 8 /

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prAkRta jaina kathA sAhitya 26 viNTaranitsa ne bhI prAkRta-kathA-sAhitya kA mahattva pratipAdita karate hue likhA hai-"prAkRta kA kathA sAhitya vastutaH vizAla hai / isakA mahattva kevala tulanAtmaka parikathA sAhitya ke vidyArthI ke lie hI nahIM hai balki sAhitya kI anya zAkhAoM kI apekSA hameM isase janasAdhAraNa ke vAstavika jIvana kI jhAMkiyA~ bhI milatI haiM / jaise ina kathAoM kI bhASA aura janatA kI bhASA meM aneka sAmya haiM vaise unakA varNya viSaya bhI vibhinna vargoM ke vAstavika jIvana kA citra hamAre sAmane upasthita karatA hai| kevala rAjA aura purohitoM kA jIvana hI isa kathA sAhitya meM citrita nahIM hai apitu sAdhAraNa vyaktiyoM kA jIvana bhI aMkita hai|''1. bhAratIya saMskRti, sAhitya aura sabhyatA ke parijJAna hetu prAkRta-kathA sAhitya kA adhyayana karanA atIva upayogI hai / prAkRta-kathA sAhitya rAjA se lekara raMka taka, sabhI kA samAnarUpa se varNana karatA hai| usameM kathArasa kI pracuratA ke sAtha hI manoraMjana, kutUhala aura prabhAvotpAdakatA paryApta mAtrA meM hai| ina kathAoM meM manoraMjana mukhya uddezya nahIM hai apitu vyaktitva kA vikAsa aura caritra kA utkarSa karanA hI unakA uddezya hai| jIvana kI sabhI samasyAoM kA cAhe ve sAmAjika hoM, pArivArika hoM, rAjanaitika hoM yA dhArmika hoM, samAdhAna unameM kiyA gayA hai| abhiprAya yaha hai ki jaina prAkRta-kathA sAhitya atyadhika vizAla hai, usakI apanI maulika vizeSatAe~ haiM / jitanA adhika isa sAhitya kA pracAra-prasAra hogA utanA hI adhika usakA sahI mUlyAMkana kiyA jA skegaa| 1. e hisTrI Ava iNDiyana liTarecara, bhAga 2, pRSTha 545 /

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apabhraMza jaina kathA sAhitya apabhraMza kathA kAvya ke vastu tattva ke vikAsa aura alaMkaraNa kI kucha apanI vizeSatAe~ haiM / ye sabhI kathA kAvyoM meM samAna rUpa se upalabdha haiM / apabhraMza kathA - kAvya ke nirmAtA eka vizeSa yuga aura dRSTi se prabhAvita the / kathA kahakara kutUhala jagAnA yA mAtra manovinoda karanA unakA lakSya nahIM thA / ve aise kathA sAhitya kI racanA karanA cAhate the, jisase kAvyakalA ke vidhAna aura uddezya kI pUrti ke sAtha naitikatA aura dhArmika udda ezya bhI pratiphalita ho jAe / kore sAhityakAroM yA dharmavAdiyoM kI apekSA inakA dRSTikoNa kucha udAra aura loka kalyANakArI thA / 1 kathAsAhitya kI yaha virAsata inheM paramparA se prApta thii| isameM prayukta kathAoM ke sUtra bhAratIya purANoM se milate-julate haiM / apabhraMza ke prabandhakAvya ko kathA kAvya kahanA adhika upayukta hai kyoMki isameM kathA kI mukhyatA rahatI hai / cAhe kathA paurANika ho yA kAlpanika / jaina apabhraMza kI prAyaH samasta prabandhAtmaka kathAkRtiyA~ padyabaddha haiM aura prAyaH sabake caritanAyaka yA to paurANika haiM yA jaina dharma ke niSThApUrNa anuyAyI / bhASA, chaMda, kavitva sabhI dRSTiyoM se kathAkRtiyA~ apabhraMza sAhitya kA utkRSTa aura mahanIya rUpa pradarzita karatI haiM / 2 apabhraMza kathA sAhitya kA sUtrapAta svayaMbhU se hotA hai / unakA 'paumacariu' rAmakathA kA jaina paramparAsammata ramaNIya rUpa darzAtA hai / yaha saMskRta ke 'padmapurANa' (raviSeNakRta) aura prAkRta ke vimalasUrikRta 'paumacariya' se utprerita hai / svayaMbhU ne isameM apanI maulika ghaTanAoM ko bhI nibaddha kiyA hai / 'paumacariu' kI sampUrNa kathA ahiMsA ke siddhAnta para 1. apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya, DA0 devendra kumAra jaina, pRSTha 85-86 / 2. apabhraMza bhASA kA pAribhASika koza, AgarA vizvavidyAlaya kI DI0 liT0 upAdhi kA zodha prabandha, san 1988, DA0 Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti' pRSTha 42-44 / 30

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apabhraMza jaina kathA sAhitya 31 Adhata hai| pA~ca khaNDoM meM vibhakta 'paumacariu' meM navve saMdhiyA~ haiN| svayaMbhU kA 'riThaNemicariu' eka sau bAraha sandhiyoM aura eka hajAra nau sau tetIsa kar3akkoM vAlA eka mahAgrantha hai jisameM yAdava, kuru, yuddha aura uttara cAra kANDa hai / isa kathAkRti meM vAIsaveM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi aura unake tIrtha meM hone vAle zrIkRSNa tathA kaurava-pANDavoM kI kathA kA varNana hai| yaha racanA harivaMzapurANa, bhAratapurANa Adi saMjJAoM se bhI jAnI jAtI hai| puSpadanta praNIta 'tisaTThi mahApurisaguNAlaMkAru' arthAt triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa guNAlaMkAra 'mahApurANa' kI saMjJA se vikhyAta hai| AdipurANa aura uttarapurANa ina dvaya khaNDoM meM presaTha zalAkA puruSoM ke carita zabdita haiN| isakA zloka parimANa bIsa hajAra hai| pUSpadaMta kI dUsarI kRti 'NAyakUmAra cariu' meM nau sandhiyA~ haiM jisameM zrutapaMcamI kA mAhAtmya batalAne ke lie nAgakumAra kI romAMTika jIvana kathA varNita hai / 'jasaharacariu' puSpadaMta kI cAra sandhiyoM kI racanA hai jo muni yazodhara kI jIvana kathA ko prastuta karatI hai / sampUrNa kathAnaka dhArmika aura dArzanika uddezyoM se paripUrNa hai| teIsaveM tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke caritra ko padmakIrti ne apanI kRti 'pAsacariu' meM unake pUrva bhavoM (janmoM) kI kathA ke sAtha citrita kiyA hai / dhavala kI vizAla apabhraMza kRti 'riTThaNe micariu' arthAt harivaMza purANa meM eka sau bAIsa saMdhiyA~ haiM / yaha bRhatkAya kRti mahAbhArata harivaMza kI kathA se sambaddha hai| 1. apabhraMza ke Adyakavi svayaMbhU aura unakA paravartI kAvyakAroM para prabhAva, zrI jaina siddhAnta bhAskara, vol 40, naM0 2, disambara 87, DA0 Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti', pRSTha 41-45 / 2. mahAkavi puSpadaMta : vyaktitva aura kartRtva, DA0 Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti', jaina vidyA, puSpadanta vizeSAMka, khaNDa 1, 1983, pRSTha 6-15 / 3. apabhraza vAGamaya meM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha, DA0 Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti', tulasIprajJA, jaina vizva bhAratI, lADanaM , khaNDa 12, sitambara 86, pRSTha 45 // 4. (ka) keTelAga Ava saMskRta eNDa prAkRta menyuskripTsa ina da sI0 pI0 eNDa barAra, sampA0 DA0 hIrAlAla jaina, pRSTha 716, 762-767 tathA bhUmikA, pRSTha 48-46 / (kha) jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa, nAthUrAma premI, pRSTha 423 / (ga) apabhraMza bhASA kA pAribhASika koza, DA0 Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti', pRSTha 47-48 /

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32 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA apabhraza ke madhyakAlIna arthAt dasavIM zatI ke dhanapAla viracita kathAkAvya 'bhavisayattakahA' AdhyAtmika caritakAvya hai| DaoN0 Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti' isa kathA kAvya meM dhArmika bojhilatA na mAnate hue laukika jIvana ke eka nahIM aneka citra gumphita honA svIkArate haiN| isa kRti ko 'suyapaMcamI kahA' arthAt zra tapaMcamI kathA bhI kahate haiM / isameM jJAna paMcamI ke phala-varNana svarUpa bhavisayatta kI kathA bAIsa saMdhiyoM meM hai / kathA kA mUlasvara vratarUpa hote hue bhI jinendrabhakti se anuprANita hai| vIra kavi kI apabhraMza kRti 'jaMbUsAmicariu' meM jainadharma ke antima kevalI jaMbUsvAmI kA carita gyAraha sandhiyoM meM kahA gayA hai| isakA racanAtAla vikrama saMvat 1076 hai| vIra kavi kI isa kRti meM aitihAsika mahApuruSa jaMbUsvAmI ke pUrvabhavoM tathA unake vivAhoM aura yuddhoM kA varNana abhivyajita hai| isameM samAviSTa antarkathAe~ mukhya kathAvastu ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka bana par3I haiN| paMcaparameSThi namaskAra mahAmaMtra ke mahattva ko darzAyA hai vikrama saMvata 1100 ke praNetA nayanaMdI ne apanI bAraha saMdhiyoM vAlI racanA 'sudaMsaNacariu' meM / sudarzana kA carita zIla mAhAtmya ke lie jaina jagata meM vikhyAta hai| gyArahavIM zatI ke digambara muni kanakAmara kI kRti 'karakaNDu cariu' dasa saMdhiyoM kI racanA hai jisameM karakaMDu kI mukhya kathA ke sAthasAtha nau avAntara kathAe~ haiM jo jainadharma ke sadAcAramaya jIvana ko tathA rAjA ko nIti kI zikSA dene ke misa varNita haiN| kathA ke prasAra aura 1. bhavisayatta kahA kA sAhityika mahatva, DA0 Aditya pracaNDiyA dIti, jaina vidyA, aMka 4, 1986, pRSTha 30 / / 2. apabhraMza bhASA kA pAribhASika koza, DA0 Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti', pRSTha 48 / 3. jaMbUsAmicariu kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana, DA0 Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti', jainavidyA, aprela 1987, pRSTha 33-40 / 4. sudaMsaNacariu kA sAhityika mUlyAMkana, DA0 Aditya pracaNDiyA 'dIti', jaina vidyA, akTUbara 1987, pRSTha 1-11 /

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apabhraza jaina kathA sAhitya 33 varNana meM vyApakatA hai| isa kRti kI kathA meM loka kathAoM kI jhalaka draSTavya hai| ghAhila kI cAra saMdhiyoM kI racanA 'paumasi rIcariu' meM paMcANuvrata kA mAhAtmya batAyA gayA hai| isa racanA ko praNetA ne dharmakathA se sambodhita kiyA hai| racanA meM padamazrI ke pUrva janmoM kI kathA dekara use aneka viSama paristhitiyoM meM bhI dharma meM dRDhI rahanA dikhAyA gayA hai / 2 __ apabhraMza jaina kathA sAhitya meM zrIcanda kA mahanIya sthAna hai| unakA tirapana saMdhiyoM kA upadeza pradhAna kathA saMgraha 'kathAkoza' apabhraMza kathA sAhitya meM mIla kA patthara siddha hotA hai| bArahavIM zatI ke uttarArdha aura terahavIM ke prArambha ke racayitA zrIdhara kI tIna racanAe~-sukumAla cari u, pAsaNAhacariu aura bhavisayattacariu bhASA, zailI aura kathA kI dRSTi se paramparA kA anumodana karatI haiN| devasenagaNi kI aTThAisa saMdhiyoM kI 'sulocanAcariu' kRti, siMha kI pandraha sandhiyoM kI 'pajjuNNacariu' kRti, haribhadra kI 'NemiNAhacariu', jisameM saMgRhIta 'sanatkumAracarita' dRSTi patha para AtA hai jo kathAnaka kI dRSTi se pUrNa svatantra racanA pratIta hotI hai tathA dhanapAla dvitIya kI 'bAhubalicariu' Adi racanAe~ ullekhanIya haiM / isake atirikta pandrahavIM zatI ke uttarArdha tathA solahavIM zatI ke pUrvArdha ke racanAkAra raidhU kI kathAtmaka racanAe~-NasaNAhacariu, sukosalacariu, dhaNNakumAracariu, sammatinAhacariu-mahatvapUrNa haiM / narasena kI 'sirivAlacariu', hiradeva kI mayaNa parAjayacariu; yazakIrti kI caMdappahacariu, mANikyarAja kI 'NAyakumAracariu aura amarasenacariu' kRtiyA~ paramparA se calI A rahIM kathAoM para AdhRta haiM sivAya 'mayaNaparAjayacariu' ke, yaha pratIkAtmaka aura rUpakAtmaka kathAkAvya hai| 1. (i) muni kanakAmara vyaktitva aura kRtitva, DaoN0 (zrImatI) alakA pracaNDiyA 'dIti', jaina vidyA, mArca 1988, pRSTha 1-7 / (ii) karakaNDucariu kA kAvyazAstrIya mUlyAMkana, DaoN. mahendrasAgara pracaNDiyA, vahI, pRSTha 25-34 / 2. apabhraMza bhASA kA pAribhASika koza, pRSTha 51 / 3. vahI 52-53 / 4. vahI, pRSTha 55 se 56 taka /

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34 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA __ apabhraza kA kathA sAhitya prAkRta kI hI bhA~ti pracura tathA samRddha hai| aneka choTI-choTI kathAe~ vrata sambandhI AkhyAnoM ko lekara yA dhArmika prabhAva batAne ke lie lokAkhyAnoM ko lekara racI gaI haiN| akelI ravivrata kathA ke sambandha meM alaga-alaga vidvAnoM kI lagabhaga eka darjana racanAe~ milatI haiN| kevala bhaTTAraka guNabhadra racita satraha kathAe~ upalabdha haiM / isI prakAra paMDita sAdhAraNa kI ATha kathAe~ tathA muni bAlacandra kI tIna evaM muni vinayacandra kI tIna kathAe~ milatI haiM / apabhraza kI ina jainakathAoM ke anuzIlana se madhyakAlIna bhAratIya sabhyatA evaM saMskRti kA parijJAna hotA hai| 1. bhavisayattakahA tathA apabhraMza kathAkAvya, DaoN. devendra kumAra zAstrI / 2. apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kI zodhapravRttiyA~, DaoN. devendrakumAra zAstrI, pRSTha 34 /

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hindI jaina kathA aura upAdhyAyazrI puSkara munijI kI 'jaina kathAe~' hindI jaina kathAoM ke do rUpa hameM prApta hote haiM / prathama rUpa hai vibhinna bhASAoM se anUdita kathAe~ aura dUsarA rUpa hai maulikatA, jo paurANika kathAoM ke mAdhyama se abhivyaJjita huA hai / Aja bahuta se suvijJoM jaina purANoM kI kathAoM ko abhinava zailI meM prastuta kiyA hai aura isa dizA meM satat nimagna haiM / DaoN0 nemicandra ke kathanAnusAra ' "jaina AkhyAnoM meM mAnava jIvana ke pratyeka rUpa kA sarasa aura vizad vivecana hai tathA sampUrNa jIvana citra vividha paristhiti raMgoM se anuraMjita hokara aMkita hai / kahIM ina kathAoM meM aihika samasyAoM kA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai to kahIM pAralaukika rAmatyAoM kA / arthanIti, rAjanIti, sAmAjika aura dhArmika paristhitiyoM, kalA-kauzala ke citra, uttuM ginI agAdha nada- nadI Adi bhUvRttoM kA lekhA, atIta ke jala-sthala mArgoM ke saMketa bhI jaina kathAoM meM pUrNatayA vidyamAna haiM / ye kathAe~ jIvana ko gatizIla, hRdaya ko udAra aura vizuddha evaM buddhi ko kalyANa ke lie utprerita karatI haiN| mAnava ko manoraMjana ke sAtha jIvanotthAna kI preraNA ina kathAoM meM sahaja rUpa meM prApta ho jAtI hai / hindI jaina sAhitya meM saMskRta aura prAkRta kI kathAoM kA aneka lekhakoM aura kaviyoM ne anuvAda kiyA hai / ekAdha lekhaka ne paurANika kathAoM kA AdhAra lekara apanI svatantra kalpanA ke mizraNa dvArA adbhuta kathA sAhitya kA sRjana kiyA hai / ina hindI kathAoM kI zailI bar3I hI prAMjala, subodha aura muhAvaredAra hai / lalita lokoktiyA~, divya dRSTAnta aura sarasa muhAvaroM kA prayoga kisI bhI pAThaka ko apanI ora AkRSTa karane ke lie paryApta hai / " 1. hindI jaina sAhitya - parizIlana, bhAga 2, DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI, pRSTha 77 / ( 35 )

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36 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA hindI kI ina kathAoM ke pIche eka pavitra prayojana samAviSTa hai ki zrotAoM aura pAThakoM kI zubhavRttiyA~ jAgRta hoM, asadkarma se nivRtta hokara zubhakarma-pravRtti kI preraNA prApta ho, kathA-racanA meM aisA ucca evaM udAtta Adarza jaina kathA vAGamaya kI apanI viziSTatA hai / sAdhAraNatayA kathA kA prayojana manoraMjana hotA hai, para jainakathA ke viSaya meM yaha adhikArapUrvaka kahA jA sakatA hai ki usakA prayojana manoraMjana mAtra nahIM hai, kintu manoraMjana ke sAtha kisI ucca Adarza kI sthApanA karanA, azubhakarmoM kA kaTaphala-pariNAma batAkara zubhakarma kI ora prerita karanA rahA hai| uccatara sAmAjika, naitika evaM AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI pratiSThA karanA, vyaktitva ke mUlabhUta guNa-sAhasa, anuzAsana, cAturI, sajjanatA, sadAcAra evaM vrataniSThA Adi ko protsAhita karanA tathA unake caritra meM una saskAroM ko baddhamUla karanA-yahI jaina kathA sAhitya kA mUla prayojana hai| Agama sAhitya ke bAda jo kathA sAhitya racA gayA, usakI dhArA meM eka nayA parivartana aayaa| Agamagata kathAoM, caritroM aura mahApuruSoM ke choTe-moTe jIvana prasaMgoM ko lekara mUla kathA meM avAntara kathAoM kA saMyojana tathA mUla caritra ko pUrvajanmoM kI ghaTanAoM se samaddha kara kathAvastu kA vikAsa aura vistAra karanA yaha pazcAtvartI kathA sAhitya kI eka zailI bana gii| prAkRta, saMskRta aura apabhraMza se hotI huI yaha jaina kathAoM kI vikAsa yAtrA hindI ke kathAbhaMDAra kI abhivRddhi karatI hai, apanI maMjila taya karatI hai / paramparAoM kI bhinnatA, anuzra tiyoM kA antara evaM samaya ke dIrgha vyavadhAna ke kAraNa kathAsUtroM meM paraspara bhinnatA aura ghaTanAoM kA jor3a-tor3a bhI kAphI bhinna ho gayA / aneka kathAe~ to aisI haiM jo bar3I prasiddha hote hue bhI-kathA-graMthoM meM bar3I bhinnatA lie rahatI haiM / AgamoM meM varNita kucha kathAoM meM, pazcAtvartI sAhitya meM avAntara kathAe~ jor3akara unheM vyApaka-vistRta kara diyA gayA hai| kathA sUtroM kI isa vividhatA ko dekhakara yaha prayatna karanA ki kathA kA mUla srota kahA~ hai, kaisA hai, usameM jo matabheda yA avAntara kathAe~ haiM ve mAnya haiM yA nahIM-yaha kArya sirpha jalamaMthana jaisA hI hogA / kathAoM kI aitihAsikatA kI khoja ke bajAya hamArA lakSya unakI prerakatA kI ora rahanA cAhie / hajAroM lekhakoM ne bhinna-bhinna dezakAla meM jo kathAgrantha race haiM unameM mata-bhinnatA, kathAsUtra kA jor3a-tor3a bhinna prakAra kA, nAma Adi kI bhinnatA honA sahaja hI hai / aneka kathA-granthoM ke paryavalokana se

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hindI jaina kathA aura upAdhyAyazrI puSkara munijI kI jaina kathAe~ 37 hamArA vizvAsa banA hai ki hameM prAcIna granthoM kI 'zava-parIkSA' na karake 'ziva-parIkSA (kalyANa tatva kI parIkSA) karane kI Adata DAlanI cAhie / jisa kathAgrantha meM jahA~ jo ucca Adarza, preraka tattva aura jIvana nirmANakArI mUlyoM ke darzana hote haiM, unheM binA kisI bhedabhAva ke grahaNa kara lenA caahie| ___ aneka granthoM meM aisA bhI dekhA jAtA hai ki eka hI kathAnaka alagaalaga prasaMga meM alaga-alaga rUpa meM aMkita milatA hai| kahIM kathAnaka kA pUrvArdha dekara hI usako chor3a diyA hai, kahIM uttarArdha to kahIM kucha aMza hI / aisI sthiti meM kathAsUtroM ko sampUrNa rUpa se likhanA bar3A kaThina ho jAtA hai aura unameM vivAdAspada prazna bhI khar3A ho sakatA hai| upAdhyAya zrI puSkara munijI kI jaina kathAe~ bhAga 1 se 111 taka meM isa prakAra ke prasagoM para prayatna yaha kiyA hai ki jahA~ taka koI kathA sUtra paripUrNa milA hai use do tIna kathAgraMthoM ke sandarbho se jor3akara pUrNa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai kintu kathA sAhitya kI vizAlatA aura vividhatA ko dekhate hae kisI kathAnaka kI pUrNatA, samagratA aura prAcInatA kI pUrNa gAranTI to nahIM dI jA sktii| yaha to bahuzru ta pAThakoM para hI nirbhara hai ki unheM kahIM koI kisI kathAnaka se sambandhita nayA kathAsUtra mile to ve mujhe athavA praNetA ko avagata karAe~ tAki usameM samaya-samaya para saMzodhana parivarddhana kiyA jA sake / __upAdhyAya zrI puSkara muni jI dvArA praNIta 111 bhAgoM meM saMkalita kahAniyA~ aneka dRSTikoNa se mahanIya haiN| eka sau gyAraha bhAgoM meM vibhakta upAdhyAya zrI kI ye jaina kathAe~ kathA sAhitya kI mahattA meM cAra cA~da lagAtI haiN| vyAvahArika jagata meM vastU ke sahI rUpa ko jAnanA, usa para vizvAsa karanA aura phira usa para dRr3hatApUrvaka AcaraNa karanA-jIvana nirmANa, sudhAra aura unnata banAne kA rAjamArga prazasta karatI hai| yadi ThANaM zailI meM kahU~ to- darzana eka hai-samyagdarzana - 1; jJAna eka hai- samyagjJAna -~1; aura caritra eka hai-samyak cAritra-1 / isa prakAra tInoM milakara bane 111 aura samyagdarzana-jJAna-caritra kI tripuTI sIdhA mukti kA-sarvakarmakSaya kA mArga hai, dhArmika jagata meM / isa dRSTi se jaina kathAoM ke samasta bhAgoM meM saMkalita kathAe~ dhArmika to haiM hI, sAtha hI jIvananirmANa meM bhI bharapUra sahAyaka haiM / jaina kathAe~ : sirIja meM sakalita kahAniyA~ upAdhyAyazrI kI 'jaina kathAe~' ke sabhI bhAgoM meM saMkalita sabhI

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38 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kahAniyA~ preraNAnusAra bheda ke AdhAra para dharmakathA ke antargata hI haiM aura yadi kahAniyoM ke svarUpagata bhedoM kI apekSA vicAra kiyA jAe to pazcimI aura paurvAtya cintakoM dvArA batAye gaye sabhI bheda-prabhedoM se sambandhita kahAniyA~ isa sirIja meM pAThakoM ko sulabha ho jAe~gI / yadyapi isa sirIja meM cora - kathA -- sahasramala cora - bhAga 3, vidya uccora - bhAga 66 bhI haiM; strIkathA-- anantamatI - bhAga 26, kocI halavAina - bhAga 21, umAdevIbhAga 23; rAjakathA- - AnaMdasena - bhAga 92, zaMkharAjA - bhAga 83 Adi meM strIkathA, rAjakathA Adi haiM, para ye vikathA nahIM hai, kyoMki inakI mUla preraNA pApa kA kuphala dikhAkara saMsAra se virakti utpanna karanA hai / ataeva dharmakathA ke antargata ye nirvedanI kathAe~ haiM / jaina kathAe~ : sirIja kI kathAoM kA preraNAstara kahAnI kA bIja hai - utkaNThA aura manoraMjana | isa mUla bIja ko saMsAra ke sabhI vidvAnoM ne svIkAra kiyA hai / kathA zabda kA prAdurbhAva bhI isI tathya kI ora saMketa karatA dikhAI detA hai / 'ka' 'thA' do akSaroM ke saMyoga se 'kathA' zabda kA nirmANa huA hai| yahA~ 'ka' akSara zrotA kI utkaMThA ko usI prakAra jagA detA hai jisa khilonA dikhAne para baccA use lene ke lie macala jAtA hai athavA raMgIna citra ko lene ke lie lapaka uThatA hai / isa utkaNThA bIja kA hI pallavana kahAnI ke rUpa meM hotA hai / kalA samIkSakoM ne kahAnI ke chaha ghaTaka svIkAra kie haiM- kathAvastu, saMvAda yA kathopakathana, pAtra yA caritra-citraNa, bhASA-zailI, dezakAla, uddezya / pratyeka pallavita kahAnI meM yaha sabhI ghaTaka upalabdha hote haiM / yadyapi utkaMThA aura manoraMjakatA kA tattva sArvabhauma rUpa se svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai kintu nItikathA, dharmakathA aura rUpakakathA meM eka anya tattva anivArya mAnA gayA hai aura vaha hai preraNA --sadguNoM kI lokahitakArI, samAja parivAra vaiyaktika aura rASTrIya utthAna kI preraNA | , jaina kathAe~ kI isa sirIja meM sabhI prakAra kI kathAoM kA saMkalana hai, sAtha hI unameM vibhinna prakAra kI - sadguNoM kI, jIvanasudhAra kI preraNA hai / inameM zithilAcAra aura loka mUr3hatA se hAni kA varNana hai to jAti evaM jJAna-mada kI nissAratA bhI dikhAI gaI hai / kisI kahAnI meM afsi vizvAsa kA mahatva hai to kisI meM titikSA, paropakAra, sAhasa kA mahatva varNita huA hai / isI prakAra aneka kathAe~ sAhasa se sambandhita haiM,

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hindI jaina kathA aura upAdhyAyazrI puSkara munijI kI jaina kathAe~ 36 to bahuta-sI buddhimAnI aura caturAI se| kahIM buddhi kA camatkAra dikhAI detA hai to kahIM zIla kA / caTapaTI cATa ke samAna kucha kahAniyA~ aisI bhI haiM jinameM kautuka dvArA pAThaka ko eka nirAlA svAda pradAna kiyA gayA hai| zIla, sadAcAra, satyabhASaNa, brahmacaryapAlana, samAja-sevA, apramAda, viSayakaSAyavijaya, dharmaprabhAva, navakAramantraprabhAva Adi se sambandhita tathA vibhinna prakAra ke mAnasika aura cAritrika sadguNoM kI preraNA to sabhI kahAniyoM meM hai| isameM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM, bAraha cakravatiyoM aura nau balabhadra, vAsudeva, prativAsudevoM-kI tresaTha zalAkA puruSoM kI jIvaniyA~ bhI haiM / kucha kathA bhAgoM meM eka hI sampUrNa caritra hai to kucha meM choTI-choTI kahAniyoM kA saMkalana bhI kiyA gayA hai| eka sampUrNa caritra eka hI janma kA hai to aisA bhI hai ki 21 bhavoM kA citraNa bhI eka hI bhAga meM pUrA kA pUrA diyA gayA hai / kucha bar3e caritra bhI haiM jo do bhAgoM meM aura yahA~ taka ki cAra bhAgoM meM bhI pUre hue haiN| eka taraha se sirIja ke andara siriij| yaha sirIja arthAt kathA mAlA eka prakAra se kahAniyoM kA udyAna hI hai jisameM choTe-bar3e sabhI prakAra ke vRkSa haiM, puSpapAdapa bhI haiN| kahAniyoM ke rUpa meM vibhinna prakAra ke phala madhura rasa pradAna kara rahe haiM to vividhavarNI citravicitra puSpa apanI saurabha-sugandha se manobhirAma bane hue haiN| inameM adhikatara phala-phUla hI haiM, kucha bhAgoM meM zUla bhI mila sakate haiM parantu vahA~ una zUloM se bacane kI hI preraNA milegii| saMkSepa meM sampUrNa sirIja meM sadguNagrahaNa aura avaguNatyAga, jIvana kA sarvAMgINa vikAsa karane hetu sadvicAroM, bhAvoM, dharma, kartavya, nItiparakatA, sAmAjikatA, nyAyazIlatA kA sarvatomukhI saMgama prastuta huA hai| jaina kathAe~ : sirIja kI kathAoM kA mukhyAdhAra upAdhyAya zrI kI 'jaina kathAe~' sirIja meM kucha kathAe~ aMgazAstroM se saMkalita haiM to adhikAMza anya purANoM se / kintu prazna yaha hai ki purANakAroM ne ina kathAoM kA saMkalana kahA~ se kiyA ? inakA mUlAdhAra aura utsa kahA~ hai ? isa prazna ke uttara meM hameM itihAsa kI gaharAI meM jAnA Avazyaka hai| paMcakalpabhASya (gAthA 1545-46) meM ullekha hai ki AcArya kAlaka ne 1. yaha AcArya kAlaka zAlivAhana gajA ke samakAlIna the / inakA samaya vIra nirvANa saMvat 605 hai| -~~jaina kathAe~, bhAga 111, upAdhyAya zrI puSkara muni jI, pRSTha 26 /

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40 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA jaina paramparAgata kathAoM kA saMgraha kiyA aura isa kSINa hote sAhitya kA prathamAnuyoga nAma se punaruddhAra kiyaa| isa ullekha ke pramANa vasUdeva hiNDI AvazyacUrNi Avazyaka sUtra tathA anuyogadvAra kI hAribhadrIyAvRtti aura Avazyakaniyukti Adi granthoM meM prApta hote haiM / ina granthoM meM jisa prathamAnuyoga kA saMketa hai, vaha yahI punaruddharita prathamAnuyoga hai, jisake punaruddhArakartA AryakAlaka haiN| katipaya vidvAnoM ne yaha abhimata bhI vyakta kiyA hai ki isa kathA sAhitya (dRSTivAda aMga ke antargata pUrvagata kathA sAhitya) kA mUla nAma prathamAnuyoga hI thA kintu vaha lupta ho cukA thA / ataH AryakAlaka dvArA punaruddharita prathamAnuyoga se mUla prathamAnuyoga kA bheda dikhAne ke lie samavAyAMga aura nandIsUtra meM pUrvagata prathamAnuyoga ko mUla prathamAnu yoga kahA gayA hai| digambara sAhitya meM to kathA-granthoM-purANoM ke lie prathamAnuyoga zabda rUr3ha ho gayA hai, vahA~, isI nAma kA vyavahAra hotA hai / prathamAnuyoga nAmakaraNa ke aneka kAraNa ho sakate haiM yathA isa sAhitya kI vizAlatA, prerakatA Adi / kintu sarvAdhika ucita kAraNa yaha pratIta hotA hai ki bilkula hI nipaTa ajJAnI puruSa, jisane kabhI dharma kA nAma bhI na sunA ho, use kathAoM dvArA sahaja hI dharma kI ora rucizIla banAyA jA sakatA hai| digambara paramparA meM isI heta ko svIkAra karake sarvaprathama sAmAnya aura yahA~ taka ki anArya logoM ko bhI dharmasaMskAra pradAna karane ke lie prathamAnuyoga kA hI jJAna dene tathA kathAoM dvArA dharmopadeza kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai / maiM isa carcA meM vistAra se na jAkara itanA hI kahanA cAhatA hai ki aMgazAstroM meM ullekhita kathAoM ke atirikta jisa anya vipula kathA sAhitya 1. tattha jAva suhammasAmiNA jambUnAmassa paDhamANuoge titthayara cakkavaTTisAra. vaMsaparUvaNAgayaM vasudevacariyaM kahiyaM ti| -vasudeva hiMDI, prathama bhAga, pRSTha 2 / 2. AvazyakacUNi, bhAga 1, pRSTha 160 / 3. Avazyaka hAribhadrIyA vRtti, pRSTha 111-112 / 4. anuyogadvAra hAribhadrIyA vRtti, pRSTha 80 / 5. Avazyaka niyukti gA0 412 / 6. vijayavallabhasUri smAraka grantha, pRSTha 52, prathamAnuyoga ane tenA praNetA sthavira AryakAlaka (muni puNyavijayajI)

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hinbI jaina kathA aura upAdhyAyazrI puSkara muni jI kI jaina kathAe~ 41 kA isa sIrIja meM saMkalana kA prayAsa huA hai usakA mUlAdhAra dRSTivAdagata mUla prathamAnuyoga athavA AryakAlaka dvArA punaruddharita prathamAnuyoga hai / ' kiMtu usa AdhAra para nirmita prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI, Adi bhASAoM ke anekAneka caritra grantha, kAvya, rAsa, lAvaNI, caupI Adi ke anuzIlana se ina kathAoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA hai / ina kahAniyoM meM jitanI preraNAe~ haiM, sabakA zAzvata mahattva hai / aisA kabhI nahIM ho sakatA jabaki satya, zIla, sadAcAra, paropakAra Adi cAritrika sadguNa mahattvahIna ho jAe~ athavA sevA, sahayoga, sahakAra Adi samAja ko sthiratA pradAna karane vAlI pravRttiyoM ke abhAva meM samAja aura sAmAjika gatividhiyA~ pravartamAna raha sakeM / ina kathAoM se samucita preraNAgrahaNa karake apane vaiyaktika jIvana ko to sukhamaya banAveM hI, sAtha hI samAjasudhAra meM apanI zakti, yogyatA aura kSamatA kA upayoga kara sakeM / sAtha hI ve apane pArivArika jIvana meM sneha - vAtsalya kI saritA hA sakeM / upasaMhAra vizva ke vAGamaya meM kathA sAhitya apanI sarasatA aura saralatA ke kAraNa prabhAvaka aura lokapriya rahA hai / bhAratIya sAhitya meM bhI kathAoM kA vizAlatama sAhitya eka viziSTa nidhi hai / bhAratIya kathA sAhitya meM jaina evaM bauddha kathA sAhitya apanA viziSTa mahattva rakhate haiM / zramaNa paramparA ne bhAratIya kathA sAhitya kI na kevala zrIvRddhi kI hai apitu usako eka naI dizA dI hai / jaina kathA sAhitya kA to mUla lakSya hI rahA hai ki 'kathA ke mAdhyama se tyAga, sadAcAra, naitikatA Adi kI koI satpre - raNA denA / ' AgamoM se lekara purANa, caritra, kAvya, rAsa evaM loka kathAoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma kI hajAroM-hajAra kathAe~ vikhyAta haiN| adhikatara kathA sAhitya prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza, gujarAtI evaM rAjasthAnI bhASA meM hone ke kAraNa aura vaha bhI padyabaddha hone se bahusaMkhyaka pAThaka usase lAbha nahIM uThA sktaa| jaina kathA sAhitya kI isa amUlyanidhi ko Aja kI loka bhASA - rASTrabhASA hindI ke pariveza meM prastuta karanA atyanta Avazyaka hai / 1. jaina kathAe~, bhAga 111, lekhakIya, adhyAtmayogI zrI puSkara muni, sampA0 upAcArya zrI devendra muni tathA zrIcanda surAnA 'sarasa', pRSTha 30-31 |

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42 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA isa dizA meM eka nahIM kaI sundara prayAsa bhI prArambha hue haiM para apAra athAha kathA-sAgara kA Alor3ana kisI eka vyakti dvArA sambhava nahIM hai / jaise jagannAtha ke ratha ko hajAroM hAtha milakara khIMcate haiM, usI prakAra prAcIna kathA-sAhitya ke punaruddhAra ke liye aneka manasvI cintakoM ke dIrghakAlIna prayatnoM kI apekSA hai| lekina isI AvazyakatA kI pUrti hetu pUjya gurudeva zrI puSkaramuni jI mahArAja ne varSoM taka isa dizA meM mahanIya prayAsa kiyA hai| unhoMne apane vizAla adhyayana-anuzIlana ke AdhAra para saikar3oM kathAoM kA praNayana kiyA hai jinakA eka sudIrgha sIrIja meM sampAdana mere dvArA sambhava huA hai / saMkhyA hai sIrIja kI eka sau gyAraha / adhyAtmayogI pUjya gurudeva zrI puSkaramuni jI upAdhyAya dvArA praNIta gadya-padyAtmaka virATa kathA kA sampAdita nAma 'jaina kathAe~' zIrSaka se abhihita kiyA gayA hai jo hindI jaina kathA sAhitya meM abhinava pradeya kahA jaayegaa| jaina kathA sAhitya ke vikAsa meM anya yogadAna maiM yaha nahIM kaha sakatA hai ki jaina kathA sAhitya ko Adhunika loka bhASA ke pariveza meM prastuta karane kA yahI ekameva prayAsa huA hai| isa prakAra ke prayAsa vartamAna zatAbdI ke catartha dazaka se hI ho rahe haiM / anekAneka lekhakoM va prakAzakoM ne prAcIna jaina sAhitya kA Alodanakara vibhinna prakAra kI kathAe~ prastuta kI haiM, kisI ne 5 bhAga, aura kisI ne 25 bhAga, kisI ne 50 bhAga, kisI lekhaka ne 50-60 pustakeM vibhinna kathAoM kI bhI prastuta kI haiN| sabhI kA prayAsa stutya hai aura usase jaina kathA sAhitya ko lokavyApI banAne meM kAphI sahayoga milA hai / ina sabhI prayatnoM meM gurudeva upAdhyAya zrI puSkaramuni jI kA yaha prayAsa kAphI vyavasthita, suniyojita aura lakSya ko paripUrNa karane vAlA hai|

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ adhyAtma aura vijJA na atIta kAla se hI mAnava jIvana ke sAtha adhyAtma aura vijJAna kA atyanta gaharA sambandha rahA hai / ye donoM satya ke antastala ko samudghATita karane vAlI divya aura bhavya dRSTiyA~ haiM / adhyAtma AtmA kA vijJAna hai / vaha AtmA ke zuddha aura azuddha svarUpa kA, bandha aura mokSa kA, zubha aura azubha pariNatiyoM kA, hrAsa aura vikAsa kA gambhIra va gahana vizleSaNa hai to vijJAna bhautika prakRti kI guru gambhIra granthiyoM ko sulajhAne kA mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai| usane mAnava ke tana, mana aura indriyoM ke saMrakSaNa va sampoSaNa ke liye vividha AyAma upasthita kiye haiM / jIvana kI akhaNDa sattA ke sAtha donoM kA madhura sambandha hai / adhyAtma jIvana kI antaraMga dhArA kA pratinidhitva karatA hai to vijJAna bahiraMga dhArA kA netRtva karatA hai / khaNDa : 2 adhyAtma kA viSaya hai - jana-jIvana ke antaHkaraNa, antazcaitanya evaM Atmatattva kA vivecana va vizleSaNa karanA / AtmA ke vizodhana va UrdhvokaraNa karane kI prakriyA prastuta karanA / jIva aura jagat, AtmA aura paramAtmA, vyakti aura samAja prabhRti ke zAzvata tathyaparaka satya kA digdarzana karanA / jabaki vijJAna kA kSetra hai prakRti ke aNu se lekara brahmANDa taka kA prayogAtmaka anusandhAna karanA / adhyAtma yoga hai to vijJAna prayoga hai / adhyAtma mana, vacana aura kAyA kI prazasta zaktiyoM ko kendrita vizeSa - yaha bRhad nibandha dharmakathAnuyoga kI prastAvanA ke rUpa meM likhA gayA thA jo usa grantha ke sAtha prakAzita ho cukA hai / ( 43 )

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44 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kara mAnava cetanA ko vikasita karane vAlI nirbhaya aura nirdvandva banAne kI divya va bhavya dRSTi pradAna karatA hai / vaha viveka ke tRtIya netra ko udghATita kara kAma aura vikAroM ko bhasma karatA hai / jabaki vijJAna nitya naI bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM ko samupalabdha karAne meM apUrva sahayoga detA hai| vijJAna ke phalasvarUpa hI mAnava ananta AkAza meM pakSiyoM kI bhA~ti ur3AneM bharane lagA hai, machaliyoM kI bhA~ti ananta sAgara kI gaharAI meM jAne lagA hai aura pRthvI para drutagAmI sAdhanoM se gamana karane lagA hai / vidya uta ke divya camatkAroM se kauna camatkRta nahIM hai ? adhyAtma antarmukhI hai to vijJAna bahirmukhI hai | adhyAtma antaraMga jIvana ko sajAtA hai, saMvAratA hai to vijJAna bahiraMga jIvana ko vikasita karatA hai / bahiraMga jIvana meM kisI bhI prakAra kI vizRMkhalatA nahIM Aye, dvandva samutpanna na hoM, isalie antaraMga dRSTi kI AvazyakatA hai evaM antaraMga jIvana ko samAdhiyukta banAne ke lie bahiraMga kA sahayoga bhI apekSita hai / binA bahiraMga sahayoga ke antaraMga jIvana vikasita nahIM ho sakatA, adhyAtma aura vijJAna ye paraspara virodhI nahIM hai / unameM kisI prakAra kA virodha aura dvandva nahIM hai / apitu ve eka-dUsare ke pUraka haiM, jIvana kI akhaNDatA ke lie donoM kI anivArya AvazyakatA hai / adhyAtma kA pratinidhi Agama jaina Agama AdhyAtmika jIvana kA pratinidhitva karane vAle cintana kA adbhuta va anUThA saMgraha hai, saMkalana hai / Agama zabda bahuta hI pavitra aura vyApaka artha garimA ko apane Apa meM sameTe hue hai / zabda koza kI dRSTi se bhale hI Agama - aura grantha ye paryAyavAcI zabda rahe hoM para donoM meM gaharA antara hai / Agama 'satyaM zivaM sundaraM' kI, sAkSAt anubhUti kI abhivyakti hai / vaha ananta satya ke draSTA, sarvajJa, sarvadarzI, vItarAgI, tIrthakaroM kI vimala vANI kA saMkalana Akalana hai / jabaki granthoM va pustakoM ke lie yaha nizcita niyama nahIM hai / vaha rAga-dva eSa ke daladala meM pha~se hue, viSaya- kaSAya kI Aga meM jhulasate hue, vikAra aura vAsanAoM se saMtrasta vyakti ke vicAroM kA saMgraha ho sakatA hai / usameM kamanIya kalpanA kI U~cI ur3Ana bhI ho sakatI hai para vaha kevala vANI kA vilAsa hai, zabdoM kA ADambara hai, kintu usameM antaraMga kI gaharAI nahIM hai /

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ 45 jana-AgamoM meM satya kA sAkSAt darzana hai / jo akhaNDa hai, sampUrNa va samagra mAnava cetanA ko saMsparza karatA hai / satya ke sAtha ziva kA madhura sambandha hone se vaha sundara hI nahIM, atisundara hai / vaha ArSa vANI hai| ArSa kA artha tIrthaMkara yA RSiyoM kI vANI hai| yAska ne RSi kI paribhASA karate hue likhA hai-'jo satya kA sAkSAt draSTA hai, vaha RSi hai'| pratyeka sAdhaka RSi nahIM bana sakatA, RSi vaha hai jisane tIkSNa prajJA, tarka, zuddha jJAna se satya kI spaSTa anubhUti kI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki vedoM meM RSi ko mantradraSTA kahA hai| maMtradraSTA kA artha hai-sAkSAt satyAnubhUti para AdhRta zivatva kA pratipAdana karane vAlA sarvathA maulika jJAna / vaha AtmA para AyI huI vibhAva pariNatiyoM ke kAluSya ko dUra kara kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana se sva-svarUpa ko Alokita karatA hai| jo yathArtha satya kA parijJAna karA sakatA hai, AtmA kA pUrNatayA paribodha karA sake, jisase AtmA para anuzAsana kiyA jA sake, vaha Agama hai| use dUsare zabdoM meM zAstra aura sUtra bhI kaha sakate haiN| jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM likhA hai-jisake dvArA yathArtha satya rUpa jJaya kA, AtmA kA paribodha ho evaM AtmA kA anuzAsana kiyA jA sake, vaha zAstra hai| zAstra zabda zAsa dhAtu se nirmita huA hai, jisakA artha hai-zAsana, zikSaNa aura udbodhana / jisa tattva-jJAna se AtmA anuzAsita ho, ubuddha ho, vaha zAstra hai| jisase AtmA jAgata hokara tapa, kSamA evaM ahiMsA kI sAdhanA meM pravRtta hotI hai, vaha zAstra hai| aura jo kevala gaNadhara, pratyekabuddha, zru takevalI aura abhinnadazapUrvI ke dvArA kahA gayA hai, vaha sUtra hai| dUsare zabdoM meM jo grantha pramANa se alpa kintu artha kI apekSA mahAn, batIsa doSoM se rahita, lakSaNa tathA ATha guNoM se sampanna 1. RSidarzanAt--nirukta, 2/11 / 2. sAkSAtkRtadharmANo RSayo babhUvuH-nirukta, 1/20 3. 'sAsijjae teNa tahiM vA neyamAyAvato stthN'| --vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 1384 4. mUlAcAra, 5/80

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46 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA hotA huA sAravAn anuyogoM se sahita, vyAkaraNa vihita, nipAtoM se rahita, anindya aura sarvajJa kathita hai, vaha sUtra hai|1 ___isa sandarbha meM yaha samajhanA Avazyaka hai ki Agama kaho, zAstra kaho yA sUtra kaho, sabhI kA eka hI prayojana hai| ve prANiyoM ke antarmAnasa ko vizuddha banAte haiN| isalie AcArya haribhadra ne kahA-jaise jala vastra kI malinatA kA prakSAlana karake usako ujjvala banA detA hai vaise hI zAstra bhI mAnava ke antaHkaraNa meM sthita kAma, krodha Adi kAluSya kA prakSAlana karake use pavitra aura nirmala banA detA hai| jisase AtmA kA samyak bodha ho, AtmA ahiMsA, saMyama aura tapa sAdhanA ke dvArA pavitratA kI ora gati kare, vaha tatvajJAna zAstra hai, Agama hai / Agama bhAratIya sAhitya kI mUlyavAn nidhi haiN| DaoN0 haramana jekobI, DA0 zubiMga prabhRti aneka pAzcAtya mUrdhanya manISiyoM ne jaina-Agama sAhitya kA talasparzI adhyayana kara isa satya-tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki vizva ko ahiMsA, aparigraha, anekAntavAda ke dvArA sarvadharma-samanvaya kA punIta pATha par3hAne vAlA yaha zreSThatama sAhitya hai| AgamoM kA anuyoga-vargIkaraNa Agama sAhitya bahuta hI virATa aura vyApaka hai / samaya-samaya para usake vargIkaraNa kiye gaye haiN| prathama vargIkaraNa pUrva aura aMga ke rUpa meM huaa| dvitIya vargIkaraNa aMgapraviSTa aura aMgabAhya ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA / 1. apparagaMtha mahatthaM battIsA dosavirahiyaM jaM ca / lakkhaNajuttaM suttaM achehi ca guNehi uvaveyaM / / appakkharamasaMdiddha ca sAravaM vissao muh| atthovamaNavajja ca sutta savvaNNubhAsiyaM // ___-Ava0 niyukti, 880,886 / 2. malinasya yathAtyantaM jalaM vastrasya zodhanam / antaHkaraNaratnasya, tathA zAstra vidurbudhAH // ___-yogabindu, prakaraNa, 2/6 / 3. samavAyAMga-14/136 / 4. nandI, sUtra 43 /

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ 47 tRtIya vargIkaraNa AryarakSita ne anuyogoM ke AdhAra para kiyA hai| unhoMne sampUrNa Agama-sAhitya ko cAra anuyogoM meM bA~TA hai / anuyoga zabda para cintana karate hue prAcIna sAhitya meM likhA hai'aNu-oyaNamaNuyogo'-anuyojana ko anuyoga kahA hai / 'anuyojana' yahA~ para jor3ane va saMyukta karane ke artha meM vyavahRta huA hai, jisase eka-dUsare ko sambandhita kiyA jA sake / isI artha ko spaSTa karate hue TIkAkAra ne likhA hai-jo bhagavat kathana se saMyojita karatA hai, vaha 'anuyoga' hai| abhidhAna rAjendra koSa meM likhA hai-laghusUtra meM mahAna artha kA yoga karane ko 'anuyoga' kahA hai| anuyoga : eka cintana ___ anuyoga zabda 'anu' aura 'yoga' ke saMyoga se nirmita huA hai / anu upasarga hai / yaha anukUla artha vAcaka hai / sUtra ke sAtha anukUla, anurUpa yA susaMgata saMyoga anuyoga hai / vRhatkalpa meM likhA hai ki anu kA artha pazcA dbhAva yA stoka hai / usa dRSTi se artha ke pazcAt jAyamAna yA stoka sUtra ke sAtha jo yoga hai, vaha anuyoga hai / AcArya malayagiri ke anusAra artha ke sAtha sUtra kI jo anukUla yojanA kI jAtI hai, usakA nAma anuyoga hai| athavA sUtra kA apane abhidheya meM jo yoga hotA hai, vaha anuyoga hai / yahI bAta AcArya haribhadra, AcArya abhayadeva, AcArya zAnticandra' ne likhI hai| 1. (ka) Avazyaka niyukti, 363-377 / (kha) vizeSAvazyakabhASya, 2284-2265 / (ga) dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 3 TI0 2. "aNusUtrauM mahAnarthastato mahatorthasyANunAsUtraNa yogo anuyogaH" 3, aNuNA jogo aNujogo aNu pacchAbhAvao ya theve ya / ___jamhA pacchA'bhihiyaM sUtta thova ca teNANu // -bRhatkalpa gA0 160 4. sUtrasyArthena sahAnukUlaM yojagamanu yogaH / -Avazyakaniyukti, malaya0 vR0 ni0 127 5. Avazyakaniyukti hAribhadrIyAvRtti 130. 6. (ka) samavAyAMga abhayadevavRtti 147. (kha) sthAnAMga, 4/1/262, pR0 200. 7. jambUdvIpa prajJapti-prameyaratnamaMjUSAvRtti, pR0 4-5.

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48 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA AcArya jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa kA bhI yahI abhimata hai| jaina Agama-sAhitya meM anuyoga ke vividha bheda-prabheda haiM / nandI meM AcArya devavAcaka ne anuyoga ke do vibhAga kiye haiN| vahA~ para dRSTivAda ke parikarma, sUtra, pUrvagata, anuyoga aura cUlikA ye pA~ca bheda kiye gaye haiN| usameM 'anuyoga' caturtha hai / anuyoga ke 'mUla prathamAnuyoga' aura 'gaNDikAnuyoga' ye do bheda kiye gaye haiM / mUla prathamAnuyoga kyA hai ? isa prazna para cintana karate hue AcArya ke kahA-mUla prathamAnuyoga meM arhat bhagavAna ko samyaktva prApti ke bhava se pUrvabhava, devalokagamana, AyuSya, cyavana, janma, abhiSeka, rAjyazrI, pravrajyA, tapa, kevalajJAna kI utpatti, tIrtha pravartana, ziSya-samudAya, gaNa-gaNadhara, AryikAe~, pravartinI, caturvidha saMgha kA parimANa, sAmAnyakevalI, manaHparyavajJAnI, avadhijJAnI, samyak zru tajJAnI, vAdI, anuttara vimAna meM gaye hue muni, uttara vaikriyadhArI mUni, siddha avasthA prApta muni, pAdapopagamana anazana ko prApta kara jo jisa sthAna para jitane bhaktoM kA anazana kara antakRta hue, ajJAna raja se vipramukta ho jo munivara anuttara siddhi mArga ko prApta hue unakA varNana hai / isake atirikta inhIM prakAra ke anya bhAva, jo anuyoga meM kathita haiM, vaha 'prathamAnuyoga' haiM / dUsare zabdoM meM yoM kaha satate haiM--'samyaktva prApti se lekara tIrtha pravartana aura mokSagamana taka kA jisameM varNana hai / ' dUsarA gaNDikAnuyoga hai / gaNDikA kA artha hai-samAna vaktavyatA se arthAdhikAra kA anusaraNa karane vAlI vAkya paddhati; aura anuyoga arthAt artha pragaTa karane kI vidhi / AcArya malayagiri ne likhA hai- ikSa ke madhya 1. aNujoyaNamaNujogale suyassa niyaeNa jamabhidheyeNaM / --vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gA0 1683. 2. parikkame, suttAi~, puvvagae, aNuyoge, culiyA / -zrI malayagirIyA naMdIvRtti, pRSTha 235 3. paDhamANuyoge, gaMDiyANuyoge / -zrI nandIcUrNI mUla, pR0 58 4. iha mUla bhAvastu tIrthaMkaraH tasya prathamaM pUrvabhavAdi athavA mUlassa paDhamA bhavANuyoge etthagarassa atIva bhavapariyAya parisattaI bhANiyabvA / -zrI naMdIvRtti cUrNI, pR0 58.

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jaina-AgamoM kI kathAe~ 46 bhAga kI gaNDikA sadRza ekArtha kA adhikAra yAni grantha-paddhati / gaNDikAnuyoga ke aneka prakAra haiN| (1) kulakara gaMDikAnuyoga-vimalavAhana Adi kulakaroM kI jIvaniyA~ / (2) tIrthaMkara gaMDikAnuyoga-tIrthaMkara prabhu kI jIvaniyA~ / (3) gaNadhara gaMDikAnuyoga-gaNadharoM kI jIvaniyA~ / (4) cakravartI gaMDikAnuyoga-bharatAdi cakravartI rAjAoM kI jIvaniyA~ / (5) dazArha gaMDikAnuyoga-samudravijaya Adi dazAhoM kI jIvaniyA~ / (6) baladeva gaMDikAnuyoga-rAma Adi baladevoM kI jIvaniyA~ / (7) vAsudeva gaMDikAnuyoga--kRSNa Adi vAsudevoM kI jIvaniyA~ / (8) harivaMza gaMDikAnuyoga-harivaMza meM utpanna mahApuruSoM kI jIvaniyA~ / (8) bhadrabAha gaMDikAnayoga-bhadrabAhu svAmI kI jIvanI / (10) tapakarma gaMDikAnuyoga-tapasyA ke vividha rUpoM kA varNana / (11) citrAntara gaMDikAnuyoga-bhagavAn RSabha tathA ajita ke antara samaya meM unake vaMza ke siddha yA sarvArthasiddha meM jAte haiM, unakA varNana / (12) utsarpiNI gaMDikAnuyoga-utsarpiNI kA vistRta varNana / (13) avasarpiNI gaMDikAnuyoga-avasarpiNI kA vistRta varNana / deva, mAnava, tiryaMca aura naraka gati meM gamana karanA, vividha prakAra se paryaTana karanA Adi kA anuyoga 'gaMDikAnuyoga' meM haiM / jaise vaidika paraMparA meM viziSTa vyaktiyoM kA varNana purANa sAhitya meM huA hai, vaise hI jaina paramparA meM mahApuruSoM kA varNana gaMDikAnuyoga meM huA hai / gaMDikAnuyoga kI racanA samaya-samaya para mUrdhanya manISI tathA AcAryoM ne kI / paMcakalpa cUrNI ke anusAra kAlakAcArya ne gaMDikAe~ racI thIM, para una gaMDikAoM ko saMgha ne svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| AcArya ne saMgha se nivedana kiyA-merI gaMDikAe~ kyoM svIkRta nahIM kI gaI haiM ? una gaNDikAoM meM rahI huI truTiyoM 1. se ki taM gaMDiyA guyore ? gaMDiyANuyoge aNegavihe paNNatte ......... -zrI samavAyAMgavRtti, pR0 120 2. paJcakalpa Ni-kAlakAcArya prakaraNa, pR0 23-24.

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50 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ko batAyI jAyeM, jisase unakA pariSkAra kiyA jA ske| saMgha ke bahuzruta AcAryoM ne una gaNDikAoM kA gaharAI se adhyayana kiyA aura unhoMne una para prAmANikatA kI mudrA lagA dI / isase yaha spaSTa hai-- kAlakAcArya jaise prakRSTa pratibhAsampanna AcArya kI gaNDikAyeM bhI saMgha dvArA svIkRta hone para hI mAnya kI jAtI thIM jisase gaDikAoM kI prAmANikatA siddha hotI haiM / anuyoga kA artha vyAkhyA hai / vyAkhyeya vastu ke AdhAra para anuyoga ke cAra vibhAga kiye gaye haiM-caraNa karaNAnuyoga, dharmakathAnuyoga, gaNitAnuyoga aura dravyAnuyoga' / digambara paramparA ke grantha dravyasaMgraha kI TIkA meM, paMcAstikAya' meM, tattvArthavRtti meM ina anuyogoM ke nAma isa prakAra milate haiM - prathamAnuyoga, caraNAnuyoga, karaNAnuyoga aura dravyAnuyoga | zvetAmbara aura digambara granthoM meM nAma aura krama meM kucha antara avazya hai para bhAva sabhI kA eka-sA hai / , zvetAmbara dRSTi se sarvaprathama caraNAnuyoga hai / ratnakaraNDazrAvakAcAra meM AcArya samantabhadra ne caraNAnuyoga kI paribhASA karate hue likhA hai - gRhastha aura muniyoM ke cAritra kI utpatti, vRddhi aura rakSA ke vidhAna karane vAle anuyoga ko caraNAnuyoga kahate haiM / dravyasaMgraha kI TIkA meM likhA hai - upAsakAdhyayana Adi meM zrAvaka kA dharma aura mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA Adi meM yati kA dharma jahA~ mukhyatA se kahA gayA hai, vaha caraNAnuyoga hai / " bRhadravyasaMgraha ana1. cattAriu aNuogA, caraNe dhammagaNiyANuoge ya / daviyA'Nuoge ya tahA, jahakammaM te mahaDDIyA || - abhidhAna rAjendra koza pra0 bhAga pR0 356 2. prathamAnuyogo.......caraNAnuyogo karaNAnuyogo dravyAnuyogo ityukta lakSaNAnuyogacatuSTayarUpe catuvidhaM zrutajJAnaM jJAtavyam / ''" - dravyasaMgraha TIkA, 42 / 182 3. paMcAstikAya, 173 4. tatvArthavRtti, 254/15. 5. (ka) Avazyaka niyukti 363-377 (kha) vizeSAvazyakabhASya 2284 - 2265. 6. gRhamedhyanagArANAM cAritrotpatti-vRddhi-rakSAMgam / caraNAnuyogasamayaM samyagjJAnaM 7. dravya saMgraha TIkA, 42/1=2/6. vijAnAti ||

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ 51 gAra dharmAmRta TIkA Adi meM bhI caraNAnuyoga kI paribhASA isI prakAra milatI hai / AcAra sambandhI sAhitya caraNAnuyoga meM AtA hai / dharmakathAnuyoga bhI prathamAnuyoga jinadAsa gaNi mahattara ne dharmakathAnuyoga kI paribhASA karate hue * likhA hai -- sarvajJokta ahiMsA Adi svarUpa dharma kA jo kathana kiyA jAtA hai, athavA anuyoga ke vicAra se jo dharma sambandhI kathA kahI jAtI hai, vaha dharmakathA hai / AcArya haribhadra ne bhI anuyogadvAra kI TIkA meM ahiMsA lakSaNa yukta dharma kA jo AkhyAna hai, use dharmakathA kahA hai / mahAvi puSpadanta' ne bhI likhA hai - jo abhyudaya, niHzreyas kI saMsiddhi karatA hai aura dharma se jo nibaddha hai, vaha saddharmakathA hai / dharmakathAnuyoga ko hI digambara paramparA meM prathamAnuyoga kahA hai / ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra' meM likhA hai- dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kA paramArtha jJAna samyagjJAna hai, jisameM eka puruSa yA triSaSTi zlAghanIya puruSoM ke pavitra caritra meM ratnatraya aura dhyAna kA nirUpaNa hai, vaha prathamAnuyoga hai / gaNitAnuyoga, gaNita ke mAdhyama se jahA~ viSaya ko spaSTa kiyA jAtA hai, vaha hai / digambara paramparA meM isake sthAna para karaNAnuyoga yaha nAma pracalita hai / karaNAnuyoga kA artha hai - loka - aloka ke vibhAga ko, yugoM ke parivartana ko tathA cAroM gatiyoM ko darpaNa ke sadRza pragaTa karane vAle samyagjJAna ko karaNAnuyoga kahate haiM / " karaNa zabda ke do artha haiM ( 1 ) pariNAma aura ( 2 ) gaNita ke sUtra / dravyAnuyoga -- jo zrutajJAna ke prakAza meM jIva- ajIva, puNya-pApa aura 1. sakaletara cAritra - janma rakSA vivRddhikRt / - anagAra dharmAmRta, 3/11. paM. AzAdharajI 2. dhammakA nAma jo ahiMsAdilakkhaNaM savvagupaNIyaM dhammaM aNuyogaM vA kahei - dazavekAlikacUNi, pR0 26. - anuyogadvAra TIkA, pR0 10. esA dhammakA / 3. ahiMsA lakSaNa dharmAnvAkhyAnaM dharmakathA / 4. yato'bhyudayaniHzreyasArtha-saMsiddhiraMjasA / saddharmastannibaddhA yA sA saddharmakathA smRtA // 5. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra 43. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra 44. - mahApurANa, mahAkavi puSpadanta, 1/120.

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52 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA bandha-mokSa Adi tattvoM ko dIpaka ke sadRza prakaTa karatA hai, vaha dravyAnuyoga hai | jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM likhA hai - dravya kA dvavya meM, dravya ke dvArA athavA dravya hetuka jo anuyoga hotA hai, usakA nAma dravyAnuyoga hai / isake atirikta dravya kA paryAya ke sAtha athavA dravya kA dravya ke hI sAtha jo yoga ( sambandha ) hotA hai, vaha bhI dravyAnuyoga hai / isI taraha bahuvacana - dravyoM kA dravyoM meM bhI samajhanA cAhie / Agama - sAhitya meM kahIM saMkSepa se aura kahIM vistAra se ina anuyogoM kA varNana hai / Arya vajra taka AgamoM meM anuyogAtmaka dRSTi se pRthakatA nahIM thI / pratyeka sUtra kI cAroM anuyogoM dvArA vyAkhyA kI jAtI thI / AcArya bhadrabAhu ne isa sambandha meM likhA hai - kAlika zrata anuyogAtmaka vyAkhyA kI dRSTi se apRthak the| dUsare zabdoM meM yoM kaha sakate haiMunameM caraNakaraNAnuyoga prabhRti anuyogacatuSTaya ke rUpa meM avibhaktatA thI / Arya vajra ke pazcAt kAlika zruta aura dRSTivAda kI anuyogAtmaka pRthaktA ( vibhaktatA) kI gaI / AcArya malayagiri ne prastuta viSaya ko spaSTa karate hue likhA haiArya vajra taka zramaNa tIkSNa buddhi ke dhanI the, ataH anuyoga kI dRSTi se avibhakta rUpa se vyAkhyA pracalita thI / pratyeka sUtra meM caraNakaraNAnuyoga Adi kA avibhAgapUrvaka vartana thA / mukhyatA kI dRSTi se niyuktikAra ne yahA~ 1. jIvAjIvasutattve puNyApuNye ca bandha-mokSau ca / dravyAnuyoga- dIpa: zrutividyA lokamAtanute || --ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra, 46. 2. davvassa jo'Nuogo davve davveNa davvaheU vA / davvassa pajjaveNa va jogo, davveNa vA jogo // bahuvaNa ovi evaM neo jo vA kahe aNuvautto / davvANuoga eso.......... vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, 1368-66 3. jAvaMta ajjavairA apuhutta kAliANuogassa | teNAreNa puhuttaM kAliasui diTThivAe a || - Avazyaka niyukti malayagiri vRtti, gAthA 163, pR0 383. 4. Avazyaka niyukti, pR0 383, prakA. Agamodaya samiti

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ 53 para kAtila zrata ko grahaNa kiyA hai anyathA anuyogoM kA kAlika - utkAlika Adi sabhI meM avibhAga thA / 1 jinabhadragaNi kSamAzramaNa ne isa sambandha meM vizleSaNa karate hue likhA hai - Arya vajra taka jaba anuyoga apRthak the taba eka hI sUtra kI cAroM anuyogoM ke rUpa meM vyAkhyA hotI thI / anuyogoM kA vibhAga kara diyA jAya, unakI pRthaka-pRthaka cha~TanI kara dI jAya to vahA~ usa sUtra meM cAroM anuyoga vyavacchinna ho jAyeMge / isa prazna kA samAdhAna karate hue bhASyakAra ne likhA hai jahA~ kisI eka sUtra kI vyAkhyA cAroM anuyogoM meM hotI thI, vahA~ cAroM meM se amuka anuyoga ke AdhAra para vyAkhyA karane kA yahA~ para abhiprAya hai / ArakSita se pUrva apRthaktvAnuyoga pracalita thA, usameM pratyeka sUtra kI vyAkhyA caraNa - karaNa, dharma, gaNita aura dravya kI dRSTi se kI jAtI thI / yaha vyAkhyA paddhati bahuta hI kliSTa aura smRti kI tIkSNatA para avalambita thI / Arya rakSita ke 1. durbalikA puSyamitra 2. phalgurakSita 3. vindhya aura 4. goSThAmAhila ye cAra pramukha ziSya the / vindhya muni mahAna pratibhAsampanna zIghragrAhI manISA ke dhanI the / Arya rakSita ziSya maNDalI ko Agama vAcanA dete, use vindhya muni usI kSaNa grahaNa kara lete the / ataH unake pAsa agrima adhyayana ke lie bahuta sA samaya avaziSTa rahatA / unhoMne Arya rakSita se prArthanA kI- mere lie adhyayana kI pRthak vyavasthA kareM / AcArya ne prastuta mahanIya kArya ke lie mahAmedhAvI durbalikA puSyamitra ko niyukta kiyA / adhyApatarata durbalikA puSyamitra ne kucha samaya ke pazcAt Arya rakSita se nivedana kiyA-Arya vindhya ko Agama vAcanA dene se mere paThita pATha ke punarAvartana meM bAdhA upasthita hotI hai / isa prakAra kI vyavasthA se merI pUrva jJAna kI rAzi vismRta ho jAyegI / Arya rakSita ne socA -- mahAmedhAvI ziSya kI bhI yaha sthiti hai to Agama jJAna kA surakSita rahanA bahuta hI kaThina hai / dUradarzI Arya rakSita ne gambhIratA se cintana kara jaTila vyavasthA 1. aputte aNiogo cattAri duvAra bhAsae ego / puhuttANuoga karaNe te attha taovi vocchinnA // kiM vairehiM puhutta kayamaha tadaNaMtarehiM bhaNiyammi / tadanaMtarahi tadabhihiya gahiya suttattha sArehi || -- vizeSAvazyakabhASya, gAthA 2286 - 2287.

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54 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ko sarala banAne hetu Agama-adhyayanakrama ko cAra anuyogoM meM vibhakta kiyaa| vaha krama isa prakAra hai : 1. caraNa-karaNAnuyoga-kAlika zru ta, mahAkalpa, chedazru ta Adi / 2. dharma-kathAnuyoga-RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana Adi / 3. gaNitAnuyoga-sUryaprajJapti Adi / 4. dravyAnuyoga-dRSTivAda Adi / yaha mahatvapUrNa kArya dazapura meM vIra nirvANa 562, vi0 saM0 122 ke Asa-pAsa sampanna huA thA / yaha vargIkaraNa viSaya sAdRzya kI dRSTi se kiyA gayA hai / prastuta vargIkaraNa karane ke bAvajUda bhI yaha bheda-rekhA nahIM khIMcI jA sakatI ki anya AgamoM meM anya anuyogoM kA varNana nahIM hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM dharmakathA ke atirikta dArzanika tathya bhI paryApta mAtrA meM hai / bhagavatI sUtra to aneka viSayoM kA virATa sAgara hai| AcArAMga Adi meM bhI aneka viSayoM kI carcAyeM haiM / kucha AgamoM ko chor3akara anya AgamoM meM cAroM anuyogoM kA sammizraNa hai / yaha jo vargIkaraNa huA hai vaha sthUla dRSTi ko lekara huA hai / vyAkhyA krama kI dRSTi se yaha vargIkaraNa apRthaktvAnuyoga aura pRthaktvAnuyoga ke rUpa meM do prakAra kA hama yahA~ para caraNakaraNAnuyoga, gaNitAnuyoga aura dravyAnuyoga ke sambandha meM cintana na kara dharmakathAnayoga para cintana kareMge kyoMki yahI hamArA yahA~ abhidheya hai / jaina kathA sahitya vividha vidhAoM meM likhA haA hai| bahuta sI kathAe~ atyanta manoraMjaka haiM / loka kathAe~, nIti kathAyeM, danta kathAe~, parI kathAe~, prANI kathAe~, kalpita kathAe~, dRSTAnta kathAe~ AkhyAna Adi vividha kathAe~ haiN| isalie vizva ke vizra ta vijJoM ne use vizva sAhitya kI akSaya nidhi mAnA hai / DA0 vinTaranitsa ke zabdoM meM kahA jAye to jaina sAhitya meM prAcIna bhAratIya kathA sAhitya ke aneka ujjvala ratna vidyamAna haiN| suprasiddha DA0 harTala ne jaina kathAkAroM kI prazaMsA karate hue likhA hai ki ina vijJoM ne hameM kitanI aisI anupama bhAratIya kathAoM kA paricaya karAyA hai jo hameM anya kisI srota se upalabdha nahIM ho pAtI thiiN| kathA kA svarUpa jaina dharma ke mUrdhanya manISiyoM ne jana-jana ke antarmAnasa meM dharma, darzana aura adhyAtma ke siddhAntoM ko prasArita karane kI dRSTi se kathAoM

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ 55 kA sahArA liyA / aura kathAoM ke mAdhyama se ve dArzanika gUr3ha gutthiyoM ko sahaja rUpa se sulajhAne meM saphala bhI hue / jaina kathA-sAhitya kI sabase bar3I vizeSatA yaha hai ki usameM satya, ahiMsA, paropakAra, dAna, zIla Adi sadguNoM kI preraNAyeM sannihita haiM / kathA eka aisA mAdhyama hai jisase viSaya sahaja hI hRdayaMgama ho jAtA hai / isalie anya anuyogoM kI apekSA yaha anuyoga adhika lokapriya huA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki digambara manISiyoM ne ise prathamAnuyoga kI saMjJA pradAna kii| mAnava ke sampUrNa jIvana ko ujAgara karane vAlI parama punIta bhAvanAe~ isa anuyoga meM mukharita huI sthAnAMga sUtra meM pahale vikathAoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai, ve haiMstrIkathA, dezakathA, bhaktakathA aura rAjakathA / 1 unake bheda-prabhedoM kA nirUpaNa karake zAstrakAra ne sAdhakoM ko saMketa kiyA hai ki unase baceM / ve kathAe~ jIvana meM vikRti utpanna karatI haiM, isalie unheM vikathA kahA gayA hai| usake pazcAt kathA ke cAra prakAra batAye haiM---1. AkSepaNI-vaha kathA jo jJAna aura cAritra ke prati AkarSaNa paidA karatI ho / 2. vikSepaNI-vaha kathA jo sanmArga kI sthApanA karatI ho / 3. saMvedanI-vaha kathA jo jIvana kI nazvaratA, duHkha-bahulatA aura zarIra kI azucitA dikhAkara vairAgya utpanna karatI ho / 4. nivedanI-vaha kathA jo kRta karmoM ke zubhAzubha phala ko dikhAkara saMsAra ke prati udAsIna banAtI ho| ___AkSepaNI kathA ke cAra prakAra haiM / ve ye haiM-1. AcAra AkSepaNI -jisameM AcAra kA nirUpaNa ho / 2. vyavahAra AkSepaNI--jisameM vyavahAra arthAt prAyazcitta kA nirUpaNa ho / 3. prajJapti AkSepaNI -jisameM saMzayagrasta zrotA ko samajhAne kA nirUpaNa ho| 4. dRSTipAta AkSepaNIjisameM zrotA kI yogyatA ke anusAra vividha naya dRSTiyoM se tattva-nirUpaNa ho / prastuta kathA catuSTaya kI paribhASA dazavaikAlikaniyukti, 1. sthAnAMga, 4/241-245, pR0 346. 2. cauvvihA kahA paNNattA-taM jahA-akkhevaNI, vikkhevaNI, saMveyaNI, nnivvednnii| ---sthAnAMga-4/246. 3. akkhevaNI kahA cauvvihA paNNattA... -sthAnAMga-4/247. 4. dazavakAlikaniyukti, gAthA 165-201

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56 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA mUlArAdhanA, sthAnAMgavRtti, dhavalA Adi vividha granthoM meM upalabdha hotI . dazavakAlika niyukti aura mUlArAdhanA meM prastuta kathA catuSTaya kI paribhASA eka sadRza hai / sthAnAMgavRtti meM AcArya abhayadeva ne AkSepaNI kI jo vyAkhyA kI hai usakA mUla AdhAra dazavaikAlikaniyukti hai / dhavalA meM isakI paribhASA kucha dUsare prakAra se milatI hai| usake abhimatAnusAra vividha prakAra kI ekAnta dRSTiyoM aura dUsare samayoM kI nirAkaraNapUrvaka zuddhi kara chaha dravyoM aura nava padArthoM kA prarUpaNa karane vAlI kathA AkSapaNI hai| isa kathA meM kevala tattvavAda kI sthApanA pradhAna hai| dhavalAkAra ne eka zloka bhI uTTakita kiyA hai, usase bhI isI artha kA samarthana hotA hai| dazavakAlika niyukti meM eka gAthA hai 'AyAre vavahAre panattI ceva diThivAe ya / esA cauvvihA khalu kahA u avakhevaNI hoi // " [164] AcArya haribhadra ne AcAra kA artha AcaraNa, prajJapti kA artha samajhAnA, aura dRSTivAda kA artha sUkSmatattva kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| cUrNikAra ne 'AyAre' 'vavahAre' 'pannatti' Adi zabdoM ko dvayarthaka nahIM 1. mUlArAdhanA, 656-657. 2. sthAnAMgavRtti, 4/247. 3. SaTkhaNDAgama, dhavalA, khaNDa 1, pR0 104-105 4. tattha akkhevaNI NAma chahavva-Nava-payatthANaM sarUvaM digaMtara-samayAMtara NirAkaraNaM suddhi kareMtI pruuvedi| -SaTakhaNDAgama, dhavalA, bhAga 1, pR0 105 5. AkSepaNI tattvavidhAnabhUtAM, vikSepaNI tattvadigantazuddhim / saMveginI dharmaphalaprapaMcAM, nirveginI cAha kathAM virAgAm // -SaTkhaNDAgama, dhavalA, bhAga 1, pR0 106. AcAro-locAsnAnAdiH, vyavahAraH-kathaJcidApannadoSavyapohAya prAyazcittalakSaNaH, prajJaptizcaiva-saMzayApatrasya madhuravacanaiH prajJApanA, dRSTivAdazca -zrotrapekSayA sUkSmajIvAdi bhAvakathanam / -dazavakAlika niyukti haribhadrIyA vRtti pa0 110 /

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ 57 mAnA hai / TIkAkAra zrI haribhadra ne matAntara kA ullekha karate hue AcAra Adi ko zAstravAcaka bhI mAnA hai| sthAnAMga meM AkSepaNI kathA ke jo cAra prakAra batAye haiM, jinakA ullekha niyukti kI prastuta gAthA meM huA hai| AcArya abhayadeva ne matAntara kA jo ullekha kiyA hai vaha AcArya haribhadra ke zabdoM meM hI kiyA hai| vikSepaNI kathA ke bhI cAra prakAra haiM-1. samyagdRSTi vyakti svayaM ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kara phira dUsaroM ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karatA hai| 2. dUsaroM ke siddhAnta kA pratipAdana karane ke pazcAt apane siddhAnta kI saMsthApanA karatA hai| 3. samyagvAda kA pratipAdana karane ke pazcAt mithyAvAda kA pratipAdana karatA hai| 4 mithyAvAda kA pratipAdana kara punaH samyagvAda kI sthApanA karatA hai| vikSepaNI kathA kI paribhASA meM TIkA granthoM meM koI bhinnatA nahIM hai| saMvedanI kathA ke bhI cAra prakAra batAye haiM-1. ihaloka saMvedanImAnava jIvana kI asAratA pradarzita karane vAlI kthaa| 2. paraloka saMvedanI -deva, tiryaMca Adi ke janmoM kI mohamayatA va duHkhamayatA pradarzita karane vAlI kthaa| 3. Atma-zarIra saMvedanI-apane zarIra kI azucitA kA pratipAdana karane vAlI kthaa| 4. para-zarIra saMvedanI-dUsare ke zarIra kI azucitA kA pratipAdana karane vAlI kathA / sthAnAMgavRttikAra ne saMvedanI kathA kI jo vyAkhyA kI hai, vaha vyAkhyA dazavaikAlikaniyukti aura mUlArAdhanA' kI vyAkhyA se pRthaka hai| unake abhimatAnusAra isa kathA meM vaikriya-zuddhi tathA jJAna, darzana aura cAritra kI zuddhi kA kathana hotA hai| aNimA, mahimA Adi kA nAma 1. dazavaikAlikaniyukti haribhadrIyAvRtti, pR0 110 2. AyAraakkhevaNI vavahAraakkhevaNI pannattiakkhevaNI divaatakkhevnnii| -ThANAMga, 4247 3. sthAnAMga, 4/248 4. vIriya viugiDDhI, nANa-caraNa-dasaNANa taha iDDhI / uvaissai khalu jahiyaM, kahAi saMveyaNIi rso|| -dazavaikAlika niyukti, gAthA 200 5. saMveyaNI puNa kahA, NANa caritta tava vIriya iDDhigadA / -mUlArAdhanA 657

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58 jana kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA vikriyA hai / ina vikriyA rUpa prayojana ko siddha karane vAlA zarIra vaikriya hai| usake nirmANa meM jo doSa lagatA hai, usakA zuddhikaraNa karanA "kriyazuddhi" hai / dhavalA kI dRSTi se isa kathA meM pugya-phala kA varNana kiyA jAtA hai| nirvedanI kathA ke bhI cAra prakAra haiM-1. ihaloka meM duzcIrNa karma isI loka meM duHkhamaya phala dene vAle hote haiM / 2. ihaloka meM duzcIrNa karma paraloka meM duHkhamaya phala dene vAle hote haiN| 3. paraloka meM dUzcIrNa karma ihaloka meM duHkhamaya phala dene vAle hote haiN| 4. paraloka meM duzcIrNa karma paraloka meM hI duHkhamaya phala dene vAle hote haiN| prakArAntara se nivedanI kathA ke cAra prakAra aura batAye haiM-1. ihaloka meM sucIrNa karma isI loka meM sukhamaya phala dene vAle hote haiN| 2. ihaloka meM sucIrNa karma paraloka meM sukhamaya phala dene vAle hote haiN| 3. paraloka meM sucIrNa karma ihaloka meM sukhamaya phala dene vAle hote haiN| 4. paraloka meM sucIrNa karma paraloka meM sukhamaya phala dene vAle hote haiN| nivedanI kathA ke sthAnAMga meM ATha vikalpa kiye gaye haiN| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki puNya aura pApa ina donoM phaloM kA kathana karanA isa kathA kA viSaya rahA hai| nirvedanI kI vyAkhyA meM kisI bhI prakAra kI bhinnatA nahIM hai| dhavalAkAra kI dRSTi se isa kathA meM pApa phala kA kathana hai| udyotana sUri ne kuvalayamAlA meM kathA ke pA~ca prakAra batAye hai, ve isa prakAra haiM :-1. sakala kathA 2. khaNDa kathA 3. ullApa kathA 4. parihAsa kathA aura 5. saMkIrNa kthaa| jisa kathA ke anta meM sabhI prakAra se 1. dekhie-srvaarthsiddhi-2||36 tathA tattvArthazrutasAgarIyA vRtti-2|36 / 2. saMveyaNI nAma puNNa-phala-saMkahA / kANi puNNa phalAni ? titthayara, gnnhrrisi-ckkvtttti-bldev-vaasudev-survijjaahriddhiio| -SaTakhaNDAgama, bhAga 1, pR0 105 3. NivveyaNI NAma-pAva-phala sNkhaa| saMsAra-sarIra-bhogesu-veragguppAiNI NivveyaNI nnaam| -SaTkhaNDAgama, bhAga 1, pR0 105 4. tAo puNa paMca kahAo, taM jahA-sayalakahA, khaNDakahA, ullAvakahA, parihAsa. kahA taha saMkiNNa kahA tti NAyavvA / -kuvalayamAlA 4-5.

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ 56 abhISTa vastu kI prApti ho, vaha sakala kathA hai / 1 khaNDa-kathA meM kathAvastu bahuta hI choTI hotI hai / ullApa kathA meM samudra yAtrA yA sAhasapUrvaka kiye jAne vAle prema kA nirUpaNa hotA hai| parihAsa kathA hAsya-vyaMgyAtmaka kathA hotI hai| isameM kathA ke anya tattvoM kA prAyaH abhAva hotA hai / saMkIrNa kathA ko dazavakAlika niyukti meM mizra kathA bhI kahA hai| jisa kathA meM dharma, artha aura kAma ina tIna puruSArthoM kA nirUpaNa ho, vaha saMkIrNa kathA yA mizra kathA hai| AcArya haribhadra ne prastuta paribhASA ko svIkAra karate hue yaha likhA hai ki kathA sUtroM meM paraspara tAratamya honA caahie| udyotanasUri kA yaha abhimata hai ki saMkIrNa kathA meM kathA ke sabhI guNa vidyamAna hote haiM / yaha kathA zRMgAra kI huI yuvatI kI bhA~ti manohara hotI hai| isa kathA meM rAjA, yA viziSTa vyaktiyoM ke zaurya, prema, nyAya, jJAna, zIla, vairAgya, samudrI yAtrA meM sAhasa, AkAza gamana, parvatIya pradezoM kI vikaTa yAtrA, svarga-naraka kA varNana, krodha-mAna-mAyA-lobha Adi ke duSpariNAmoM kA manovaijJAnika citraNa pramukha rUpa se hotA hai| udyotana suri ne dharma-kathA, artha-kathA aura kAma-kathA ye tIna bheda saMkIrNa kathA ke kiye haiN| jabaki dazavaikAlika meM cAroM ko kathA ke hI bheda mAne haiN| artha-kathA vaha hai, jisameM mAnava kI Arthika samasyAoM ke sambandha meM cintana kara sahI samAdhAna prastuta kiyA jAye aura vaha samAdhAna, AkhyAna, dRSTAnta ke dvArA vyakta karanA caahie| rAjanaitika kathAoM kA samAveza bhI isa kathA ke antargata hotA hai| kAma-kathAoM meM kevala rUpa-saundarya kA vizleSaNa hI nahIM hotA parantu yauna samasyAoM kA vizleSaNa bhI hotA hai / samAja ke parizodhana meM ina kathAoM kA mahattvapUrNa yogadAna rahA hai| 1. samasta phalAnteti vRttavarNanA samarAdityAdivat sakala kathA / ___- kAvyAnuzAsana, adhyAya 5, sU06-10, pR0 465. 2. dhammo attho kAmo uvaissai janta sutta kavvesu / loge vee samaye sA u kahA mIsiyA NAma // -dazavaikAlika niyukti, gA0 206, pR0 226. 3. savva-kahA guNa-juttA siMgAra-maNoharA suriyNgii| savvagkalAgama-suhayA, saMkiNNa-kahatti NAyavvA // -kuvalayamAlA, 4.13. 4. samarAicca kahA, yAkovI, pR0 2

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jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA dharma-kathA meM jIvoM ke samaya-samaya para ubuddha vividha pariNAmabhAvoM ko udghATita karane vAle jIvana prasaMga, tathA dharma, zIla, saMyama, tapa Adi jIvana ko ujAgara karane vAlI ghaTanAoM kA aMkana hotA hai / udyotana sUri ne AkSepaNI, vikSepaNI, saMvedanI, nirvedanI kathAoM ke cAroM prakAroM ko dharma - kathA ke antargata liyA hai / kathA sAhitya meM dharma-kathA jIvana ko AmUlacUla parivartana karane vAlI zreSThatama kathA hai / isalie Agama - sAhitya meM Aye hue dharma - kathAoM ke vividha prasaMga prastuta grantha meM pahalI bAra saMkalita Akalita kiye gaye haiN| hama agalI paMktiyoM meM tulanAtmaka va samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se cintana prastuta kareMge / kulakara : eka vizleSaNa sudUra atIta meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva se pUrva yaugalika vyavasthA cala rahI thI / usa vyavasthA meM na kula thA, na varga thA, aura na jAti hI thI / usa samaya eka yugala hI saba kucha hotA thA / vaha yugala sahaja, zAnta aura nirdoSa jIvana jIne vAlA thA / kAla ke parivartana ke sAtha vyavasthA meM parivartana hone se jIvana asta-vyasta hone lagA, taba kula vyavasthA kA vikAsa huaa| prastuta vyavasthA meM loga kula ke rUpa meM saMgaThita hokara rahane lage / pratyeka kula kA eka mukhiyA hotA thA / vaha kulakara kahalAtA thA samavAyAMga', sthAnAMga' aura bhagavatI' meM sAta kulakara batAye gaye haiM / Avazyaka niyukti' aura AvazyakacUrNi meM bhI isI taraha sAta kulakaroM ke nAma prApta haiM / triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra', vasudevahiNDI' aura 1. sAuga dhana kahA NAviha jIva pariNAma-bhAva-vibhAvaNatthaM / 2. samavAyAMga 157 // 3. sthAnAMga 767 / 4. bhagavatI 5 / 6 / 3 / 5. Avazyaka niyukti, malayagirI vRtti 152/154 / 6. AvazyakacUNi 126 / 7. triSaSTizalAkA puruSacaritra 1 / 2 / 142 - 206 / 8. vasudevahiNDI, nIlayazA lambhaka khaNDa -- saMghadAsa gaNiviracita | - kuvalayamAlA, 4.21.

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ 61 bharatezvara bAhubalIvRtti' prabhRti paravartI sAhitya meM bhI usakA anusaraNa huA hai / ve nAma ye haiM - vimalavAhana, cakSuSmAna, yazomAna, abhicanda, prasenajita, marudeva aura nAbhi / Adi mAnava : kulakara jaina dRSTi se kAlacakra ko do bhAgoM meM bA~TA hai - 1. avasarpiNI, aura 2. utsarpiNI / ve donoM bhI bhAga chaha-chaha bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiye gaye haiM, jise jaina pAribhASika zabdoM meM 'ArA' kahA gayA hai / avasarpiNI kAla meM pratyeka vastu meM varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza sabhI dRSTiyoM se kSINatA hotI jAtI hai aura utsarpiNI kAla meM varNa, gandha, rasa tathA sparza kI dRSTi se pratipala - pratikSaNa utkarSa hotA hai / avasarpiNI kAla ke chaha Are isa prakAra haiM - 1. suSamA - suSama, 2. suSama, 3. suSamA-duSama, 4. duSamA - suSama, 5. duSama, 6. duSamA - duSama / utsarpiNI meM unhIM kA vyutkrama hotA hai / avasarpiNI kAla ke prathama Are meM sukha kA sAmrAjya hotA hai / isa kAla ke mAnava kA zarIra vajraRSabhanArAca saMhanana aura samacaturasra saMsthAna yukta hotA hai / ve sAmAjika, rAjakIya aura Arthika bandhanoM se mukta hote haiM / ve svayaM apane Apa ke rAjA hote haiM aura unheM kisI bhI prakAra kI cintA nahIM hotI hai / ve divya rUpa - sampanna, saumya, mRdubhASI, alpaparigrahI, zAnta, sarala, krodha - mAna-mada, moha, mAtsarya Adi durguNoM kI alpatA vAle hote haiM / usa samaya ghor3e gadhe, baila Adi vividha prakAra ke pazu hone para bhI ve unakA upayoga nahIM karate haiM / una mAnavoM ke zarIra meM se kamala ke samAna aura kastUrI ke samAna sugandha AtI hai / ve utkaTa sAhasa ke dhanI tathA sahaja- zAnta svabhAva vAle hote haiM / chaha mAsa avazeSa rahane para yugalinI putra aura putrI yugala ko janma detI, una-pacAsaveM (49) dina taka pratipAlanA karane ke pazcAt chIMka aura ubAsI Ane para yugala-dampatti sadA ke lie A~kheM lete haiM / dvitIya Are meM prathama Araka kI apekSA varNa, gandha, rasa, sparza meM anantagunI hInatA ho jAtI hai| mAnava kI Ayu tIna patyopama se kama hokara isa Araka meM do palyopama kI raha jAtI hai / putra-putrI kA pAlana 1. bharatezvara bAhubalI vRtti |

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62 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA (64) cauMsaTha dina taka karane ke pazcAt yugala dampatti kA dehAvasAna ho jAtA hai| vatIya Are meM dvitIya Are kI apekSA anantagunI pUrvApekSA apakarSatA ho jAtI hai| prathama Araka meM jahA~ mAnava kI U~cAI tIna kosa kI thI, vahA~ dUsare Are meM do gAu (kosa) kI to tRtIya Are meM do hajAra dhanuSa kI U~cAI raha jAtI hai / mRtyu ke pUrva chaha mAsa avazeSa rahane para eka yugala ko janma dete haiM aura usa yugala kA ve unyAsI (76) dina taka pAlanapoSaNa karate haiM / yaha samaya bhogabhUmi ke rUpa meM vizru ta hai| tIsare Are ke prathama aura madhya vibhAga taka yaha sthiti calatI hai| una sabhI meM kisI bhI prakAra kA koI kaSTa nahIM hotaa| vRtIya Are ke eka palyopama kA AThavA~ bhAga avazeSa rahatA hai, usa samaya bharatakSetra meM kulakara paidA hote haiN| paumacariyaM, mahApurANa, harivaMzapurANa aura siddhAnta saMgraha meM caudaha kulakaroM ke nAma milate haiN| ve ye haiM-paumacariyaM meM :-1. sumati 2. pratizra ti 3. sImaMkara 4. sImandhara 5. kSa maMkara 6. kSemaMdhara 7. vimalavAhana 8. cakSa SmAn 6. yazasvI 10. abhicandra 11. candrAbha 12. prasenajita 13. marudeva 14. nAbhi / AcArya jinasena ne saMkhyA kI dRSTi se caudaha kulakara mAne haiM. kintu pahale pratizru ta, dUsare sanmati, tIsare kSetrakRta, cauthe kSemaMdhara, 1. paumacariyaM-3/50-55 / 2. AdyaH pratizruti: proktaH, dvitIyaH sanmatirmataH / tRtIyaH kSamakRnnAmnA, caturthaH kSa madhRnmanuH / / sImakRtpaMcamo jJayaH, SaSThaH sImadhudiSyate / tato vimalavAhAMkaza, cakSuSmAnaSTamo mataH // yazasvAnnavamastasmAn, nAbhicandro'pyanantaraH / candrAbho'smAtparaM jJayo, marudevastataH param / / prasenajitparaM tasmAnnAbhirAjazcaturdazaH / / -mahApurANa, jinasenAcArya, 1/3/226-232, pR0 66 3. harivaMzapurANa meM mahApurANa kI taraha hI caudaha kulakaroM ke nAma upalabdha hote haiN| -harivaMzapurANa, sarga 7, zloka 124-170 4. siddhAnta saMgraha, pRSTha 18 /

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ 63 pA~cave sImaMkara aura chaThe sImaMdhara isa prakAra kucha vyutkrama se saMkhyA dI hai| vimalavAhana ke Age ke donoM granthoM meM (paumacariyaM aura mahApurANa) nAma samAna milate haiM / jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM ina caudaha nAmoM ke sAtha RSabha ko jor3akara pandraha kulakara batAye haiN| isa taraha apekSAdRSTi se kulakaroM kI saMkhyA meM matabheda huA hai / caudaha kulakaroM meM pahale ke chaha aura gyArahavA~ candrAbha ke atirikta sAta kulakaroM ke nAma sthAnAMga Adi ke anusAra hI haiN| jina granthoM meM chaha kulakaroM ke nAma nahIM diye gaye haiM, usake pIche hamArI dRSTi se ve kevala patha-pradarzaka rahe hoMge, unhoMne daNDa-vyavasthA kA nirmANa nahIM kiyA / isalie unheM gauNa mAnakara kevala sAta hI kulakaroM kA ullekha kiyA gayA ho| bhagavAn RSabhadeva prathama samrATa hue aura unhoMne yaugalika sthiti ko samApta kara karma-bhUmi kA prArambha kiyA thaa| isalie unheM kulakara na mAnA ho / jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM unheM kulakara likhA hai / sambhava hai, mAnava samUha ke artha meM kulakara zabda vyavahRta huA ho| kitane hI AcArya isa saMkhyA bheda ko vAcanAbheda mAnate haiN| vaidika paramparA meM kulakara kA svarUpa ___ kulakara ke sthAna para vaidika paramparA ke granthoM meM manu kA ullekha huA hai| AdipurANa aura mahApurANa meM kulakaroM ke sthAna para manu zabda AyA hai / sthAnAMga Adi kI bhAMti manusmRti meM bhI sAta mahAtejasvI manuoM kA ullekha hai| unake nAma isa prakAra haiM-1. svayaMbhU 2. svArociSa 3. uttama 4. tAmasa 5. revata 6. cAkSuSa 7. vaivasvata / 1. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, va02, sUtra 26, 2. RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana, pR0 120. 3. AdipurANa, 3/15. 4. mahApurANa, 3/226, pRSTha 66. 5. svAyambhuvasyAsya mano: SaDvazyA manavo'pare / sRSTavantaH prajAH svAH svAH, mahAtmAno mahaujasaH / syArociSazcottamazca, tAmaso raivaMtastathA / cAkSuSazca mahAtejA, vivasvatsuta eva ca // svAyambhuvAdyAH saptaite, manavo bhUritaijasaH / sve sve'ntare sarvamidamutpAdyApuzcarAcaram / / -manusmRti 1/61-63

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64 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA anyatra caudaha manuoM ke bhI nAma prApta hote haiN| ve isa prakAra haiM1. svAyambhuva 2. svArociSa 3. ottami 4. tApasa 5. raivata 6. cAkSuSa 7. vaivasvata 8. sAvaNi 6. dakSasAvaNi 10. brahmasAvaNi 11. dharmasAvaNi 12. rudrasAvaNi 13. rocyadevasAvaNi 14. indrsaavrnni| matsya purANa, mArkaNDeya purANa, devI bhAgavat aura viSNupurANa prabhRti granthoM meM bhI svAyambhuva Adi caudaha manuoM ke nAma prApta haiM / ve isa prakAra haiM : 1. svAyaMbhuva 2. svArociSa 3. auttami 4. tApasa 5. raivata 6. cAkSuSa. 7. vaivasvata 8. sAvaNi 6 rocya 10. bhautya 11. merusAvaNi 12. Rbhu 13 RtudhAmA 14. vizvakasena / mArkaNDeya purANa meM vaivasvata ke pazcAt pA~cavA~ sAvarNi, rocya aura bhautya Adi sAta manu aura mAne haiN| zrImadbhAgavat meM uparyukta sAta nAma ve hI haiM, AThaveM nAma se Age ke nAma pRthak haiM / ve isa prakAra haiM :-8. sAvaNi 6. dakSasAvaNi 10. brahmasAvaNi 11. dharmasAvaNi 12. rudrasAvaNi 13. devasAvaNi 14. indrsaavrnni| - manu ko mAnava jAti kA pitA va pathapradarzaka vyakti mAnA hai| purANoM ke anusAra manu ko mAnava jAti kA guru tathA pratyeka manvantara meM sthita kahA hai / vaha jAti ke kartavya kA jJAtA thA / ve mananazIla aura medhAvI vyakti rahe haiN| vaha vyakti vizeSa kA nAma nahIM, kintu upAdhi vAcaka haiN| yoM manu zabda kA prayoga Rgveda, atharvaveda, taittirIya' saMhitA, zatapatha brAhmaNa, jaiminIya upaniSad meM huA hai, vahA~ 1. (ka) monyora-monyora viliyama : saMskRta iMgaliza DikzanarI, pR0784. (kha) raghuvaMza 1/112. matsya purANa, adhyAya 6 se 21. 3. mArkaNDeya purANa 4. zrImadbhAgavat, 8/5 a 5. Rgveda, 1/80, 16; 8/63, 1; 10. 100/5. 6. atharvaveda, 14/2, 41. 7. taittirIya saMhitA, 1/5, 1.3; 7/5, 15, 3, 6,7,1; 3,3, 2,1; 5/4, 10, 5; 6/6, 6,1, kA saM0 815, 8. zatapatha brAhmaNa, 1/1,4/14 6. jaiminIya upaniSad , 3/15,2

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ 65 manu ko aitihAsika vyakti mAnA gayA hai / bhagavadgItA meM bhI manuoM kA ullekha hai| ___ caturdaza manuoM kA kAla-pramANa sahasra yuga mAnA gayA hai / . kulakara-kathA Agama-sAhitya meM jahA~ kulakaroM ke nAmoM kA nirdeza hai, vahA~ usake vyAkhyA-sAhitya meM aura svatantra granthoM meM usa samaya kI paristhiti kA bhI citraNa kiyA gayA hai| hama yahA~ adhika vistAra meM na jAkara saMkSepa meM hI yativRSabha ne tiloyapaNNatti grantha meM jo citraNa prastuta kiyA hai, vaha yahA~ de rahe haiM; jisase jijJAsuoM ko parijJAna ho ske| sarvaprathama mAnavoM ne ananta AkAza meM jaba candra aura sUrya ko dekhA to bhaya se kA~pa utthe| ve socane lage ki ApattiyoM kI ghanaghora ghaTAe~ ma~DarAne vAlI haiN| una bhayabhIta mAnavoM ko 'pratizruta' nAmaka prathama kulakara ne Azvasta karate hue kahA-ye candra aura sUrya naye udita nahIM hue haiN| ye to pratidina isI taraha se udita aura asta hote haiM kintu tejAMga jAti ke atyanta prakAzapUrNa kalpavRkSoM ke kAraNa hama inheM dekha nahIM pAte the, aba tejAMga nAmaka kalpavRkSoM kA divya Aloka manda ho rahA hai, jisase hameM candra aura sUrya dikhAI de rahe haiM, ataH bhayabhIta hone kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| jana-mAnasa ke bhaya ko naSTa karane se vaha kulakara kahalAyA / pratizra ta kulakara ke dehAvasAna ke pazcAt tejAMga nAma ke kalpavRkSa pUrNa rUpa se naSTa ho gaye the jisase gahana andhakAra ma~DarAne lagA aura andhakAra hone se AkAza-maNDala meM asaMkhya tAre jagamagAte hue dikhAI dene lage / mAnavoM ne sarvaprathama tArAoM ko dekhA to unakA hRdaya bhAvI AzaMkA se kA~pa uThA / 'sanmati' kUlakara ne una mAnavoM ko Azvasta karate hue kahA-Apa bhayabhota na hoM, tejAMga nAmaka kalpavRkSoM ke naSTa ho jAne se rAtri meM andhakAra kA sAmrAjya hone se tArA-maNDala dikhAI de rahA hai| yaha pahale bhI thA, para prakAza ke kAraNa dikhAI nahIM detA thaa| sanmati ke kahane se logoM ko DhADhasa ba~dhA aura vaha kulakara ke rUpa meM vizra ta huaa| 1. bhagavad gItA; 10/6. 2. (ka) bhAgavata, skandha 8, adhyAya 14. (kha) hindI vizvakoSa, 16vA~ bhAga, pR0 648 se 655. 3. tiloyapaNNatti mahAdhikAra, gAthA 421-506.

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jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA samaya saraka rahA thA aura usake prabhAva se parivartana A rahA thA / pahale bhI jaMgaloM meM vyAghra Adi pazugaNa the kintu unameM krUratA nahIM thI, ve saumya svabhAva ke the / para samaya ne unameM bhI krUratA paidA kI aura ve mAnavoM ko saMtrasta karane lage / kSemaMkara ne mAnavoM ko kahA- ina pazuoM kA vizvAsa na karo tathA samUha banAkara raho, jisase ve tuma logoM ko kaSTa nahIM de sakeM / isalie vaha tRtIya kulakara ke rUpa meM prasiddha huA 1 66 caturtha kulakara 'kSa'maMdhara' ne jaba pazu adhika krUra banakara mAnavasamUha para hamalA karane lage to usane kahA - pazuoM se bacane ke lie daNDa Adi apane pAsa rakho, jisase ve sahasA AkramaNa na kara skeN| isalie vaha kulakara kahalAyA / pA~caveM kulakara 'sImaMkara' ke samaya kalpavRkSa alpa mAtrA meM phala dene lage, jisase sabhI mAnavoM ko pUrti nahIM ho pAtI thI / ve eka-dUsare ke vRkSa para apanA svAmitva sthApita karane kA prayAsa karane lage / sImaMkara ne kahA - yoM saMgharSa karane se samAdhAna nahIM hogA / samAdhAna kA sahI tarIkA yahI hai ki sImA kA nirdhAraNa karalo / sImA nirdhAraNa karane se saMgharSa miTa gayA aura vaha kulakara ke rUpa meM vizruta huA / ina pA~coM kulakaroM ne bhoga-yuga ke samApta hone taka aura karmayuga ke Agamana kI pUrva sUcanA dene ke kAraNa apane yuga ke mAnavoM ko 'tadanukUla jIvana bitAne kI preraNA dI, jo koI bhI vyakti nIti kA ullaMghana karate to ye 'hA tumane yaha kAma kiyA' yaha 'hAkAra nIti' apanAte, jisase aparAdhI pAnI-pAnI ho jAtA / use apanI bhUla kA parijJAna hotA chaThe kulakara 'sImaMdhara' ne jaba kalpa vRkSoM ke svAmitva ko lekara paraspara saMgharSa hone lagA taba vRkSoM ko cihnita kara saMgharSa kA anta kiyA, isalie vaha kulakara kahalAyA / sAtaveM kulakara kA nAma 'vimalavAhana' hai / Avazyaka niryukti' aura triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra' meM vimalavAhana ke sambandha meM eka prasaMga haieka bAra eka yugala vana meM idhara-udhara paribhramaNa kara rahA thA, eka virATakAya zveta hAthI sAmane AyA / usa yugala ne use bahuta hI sneha se nihArA / 1. Avazyaka niryukti, pR0 153. 2. triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra 1 / 2 / 142 - 147.

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ / 67 nihArane se usa hAthI ko jAti-smaraNa jJAna huA ki hama donoM hI pahale bhava meM pazcima mahAvideha kSetra meM ghaniSTha mitra the| yaha sarala prakRti kA dhanI thA, isalie yaha mAnava banA aura maiM atyanta mAyAvI hone se pazuyoni meM utpanna huaa| usane apanI sUr3a se usa yugala dampatti kA AliMgana kiyA aura unheM uThAkara apanI pITha para biThA liyA / anya yugaloM ne jaba use vAhanArUr3ha dekhA to atyanta Azcarya huA, kyoMki isake pUrva koI bhI vyakti vAhana para AsIna nahIM huA thaa| unhoMne socA-yaha mAnava sabase adhika zaktizAlI hai, isalie use apanA mukhiyA banAyA aura vaha kulakara ke rUpa meM prasiddha haa| ujjvala kAnti yukta hAthI para ArUr3ha hone se vaha vimalavAhana ke nAma se pahacAnA jAne lgaa| usakA anusaraNa kara anya vyaktiyoM ne bhI pazuoM ko pAlatU banAnA prArambha kiyaa| tiloyapaNNatti ke anusAra AThaveM 'cakSaSmAna' kulakara ke samaya yugaloM ne apanI santAna ko dekhA / ve santAna ko dekhakara bhayabhIta hue| cakSa SmAn ne unheM samajhAyA ki bhayabhIta hone kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| yaha tumhArI santAna haiM / ve apanI santAna ke mukha dekhane lage aura muha dekhate hI paralokavAsI hone lge| nauveM 'yazasvI' kulakara ne apanI santAna kA nAmakaraNa-mahotsava karane kI zikSA dI, kyoMki aba santAna ko dekhate hI mAtA-pitA usa samaya hI kAla-kavalita nahIM hote the, isalie nAma saMskaraNa prArambha huaa| dazaveM kulakara 'abhicandra' ne kuloM kI suvyavasthA ke sAtha hI bAlakoM ke rudana ko rokane ke lie unako khilAne-pilAne kI vidhi btaaii| tadanusAra yugala apane bAlakoM ko vilAne-pilAne lage, unakA pAlana-poSaNa karane lage / kucha dinoM taka pAlana-poSaNa karane ke bAda ve yugala-dampatti sadA ke lie A~kheM mUda lete the| chaThe se dazaveM kulakara taka 'hAkAra' aura 'mAkAra' ye donoM nItiyA~ pracalita rhiiN| 'hA ! tumane yaha kyA kiyA, aura 'mata karo' ye donoM zabda daNDa prahAra kI taraha mAnavoM ko AghAta karane ke sadRza pratIta hote / ___gyArahaveM 'candrAbha' kulakara ke samaya mausama meM bhI parivartana hone lagA / pahale mausama bar3A suhAvanA thA, na atizIta thA, na ati uSNatA thI aura na ati varSA hI thI; kintu aba prakRti meM parivartana A gayA thA, ataH zIta aura tApa meM abhivRddhi ho gaI thii| kuhare ke kAraNa sUrya kI

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68 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA cilacilAtI dhUpa mAnavoM ko nahIM milatI, jisase ve ThiTharane lage / candrAbha ne batAyA ki yaha zIta aura tuSAra sUrya kI kiraNoM se naSTa hogaa| logoM ko zAnti kA anubhava huaa| bArahaveM kulakara 'marudeva' ke samaya AkAza meM umar3a-ghumar3a kara ghaTAyeM Ane lagIM, bijaliyA~ kauMdhane lagoM aura hajAra-hajAra dhArA ke rUpa meM pAnI barasane lagA / kala-kala chala-chala karatI huI nadiyA~ pravAhita hone lgiiN| yaha dRzya dekhakara mAnava bhayabhIta ho utthaa| marudeva ne kahA-aba zIghra hI karmayuga prArambha hogaa| tuma bhayabhIta na bano, naukAe~ banAkara nadiyoM ko pAra kro| chAtA banAkara varSA aura garmI se apane Apako bcaao| sIr3hiyA~ banAkara pahAr3oM para cddh'o| isa prakAra upAya batAne ke kAraNa marudeva kulakara khlaayaa| __ terahaveM kulakara 'prasenajita' ke samaya jarAyu se veSTita yugala bAlakoM ko dekhakara ve bar3e bhayabhIta hae / unhoMne kahA-jarAyu haTAo aura bAlakoM kA ucita rUpa se pAlana kro| isa prakAra zikSA dene ke kAraNa prasenajita kulakara khlaayaa| ___ caudahaveM kalakara 'nAbhi' ke samaya bAlakoM kA nAbhinAla bahuta bar3A hone lagA / nAbhi ne logoM se kahA-ise kATA jaaye| isa samaya taka prAyaH kalpavakSa naSTa ho gaye the| vividha dhAnya aura madhura phala jaMgaloM meM utpanna ho rahe the / nAbhi ne una phaloM ko aura una dhAnyAdi ko khAne kI salAha dI jisase yaugalikoM ko zAnti prApta huI, isalie nAbhi kulakara ke rUpa meM vizra ta huaa| jana-sAdhAraNa meM kramazaH dhRSTatA bar3atI jA rahI thii| 'mAkAra nIti' asaphala ho gaI thI, isalie gyArahaveM se caudahaveM kulakara taka 'dhikkAra' nIti kA pracalana huaa| isa nIti ke anusAra 'tujhe dhikkAra hai, aisA kArya kiyA' isa prakAra tiraskArasUcaka zabda ko sunakara ve mRtyudaNDa se adhika apane Apako daNDita samajhate the / isa yuga meM jaghanya aparAdha ke lie kheda, madhyama aparAdha ke lie niSedha aura utkRSTa aparAdha ke lie tiraskAra mukhya daNDa thaa| 1. dekhie-jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa, pR0 842 dvi saM0, AcArya hastI malajI mahArAja

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ 66 mahApurANa meM jinasena ne likhA hai-ye caudaha hI kulakara pUrvabhava meM mahAvideha kSetra meM ucca kulIna mahApuruSa the / inameM se kitane hI kulakara jAti-smaraNa jJAna ke dhAraka the aura kitane hI avadhijJAna ke dhAraka the / isalie unhoMne apane jJAna bala se uparyukta kArya karane kA Adeza diyaa| antima kulakara nAbhirAya anya kulakaroM meM nAbhirAya adhika pratibhAsampanna the / zrImadbhAgavatakAra ne unheM Adi manu svAyambhuva ke pUtra priyavrata aura priyavrata ke AgnIdhra tathA AgnIdhra ke nau pUtroM meM jyeSTha mAnA hai|1 nAbhirAya ne apane viziSTa jJAna se jo bhI prazna Aye, usakA samAdhAna kiyA / ve jana-jana ke trANakartA the, isalie unheM kSatriya kahA gayA / Age calakara kSatriya zabda nAbhi ke artha meM hI rUr3ha ho gyaa| amarakozakAra ne 'kSatriye nAbhiH' likhA hai / abhidhAna cintAmaNi meM bhI AcArya hemacandra ne 'nAbhizca kSatriye' likhA hai| medinIkoza meM likhA hai ki cakra ke madhya bhAga meM jaise nAbhi mukhya hai vaise hI kSatriya rAjAoM meM nAbhi mukhya the| AcArya jinasena ne to nAbhi ke guNoM kA utkIrtana karate hue likhA hai-ve candra ke sadRza aneka kalAoM ke AdhAra the, sUrya ke samAna tejasvI the, indra ke samAna vaibhavasampanna the aura kalpavRkSa ke samAna manovAMchita phala pradAna karane vAle the / arabI meM eka zabda 'navI' hai, jisakA artha hai'Izvara kA dUta', paigambara' aura 'rsuul'| yaha zabda saMskRta meM nAbhi aura 1. priyavrato nAma suto mano: svAyambhuvasya yaH / tasyAgnIdhrasta to nAbhiH RSabhastatsutaH smRtaH / / -bhAgavatapurANa, 11/2/15, 2. amarakoSa, 3/5/20. 3. abhidhAna cintAmaNi, 1/36. 4. nAbhimukhya nape cakramadhyakSatriyorapi / - medinI koSa bha0 varga 5. 5. zazIva sa kalAdhAra: tejasvI bhAnumAniva / prabhu zakra ivAbhISTaphalada: kalpazAkhivat / / -mahApurANa, 12/11. 6 'urdU-hindI koza' sampAdaka-rAmacandra varmA, prakA0 hindI grantha ratnAkara kAryAlaya bambaI, caturtha saMskaraNa, agasta 1653, pR0 224.

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jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA prAkRta meM 'NAbhi' kA rUpAntara hai / ve apane tejasvI vyaktitva ke kAraNa Izvara ke ke rUpa meM janatA ke Adara- pAtra bane the / dUta 70 nAbhi kA apara nAma 'ajanAbha' bhI milatA hai, unhIM ke nAma ke AdhAra para AryakhaNDa ko 'nAbhikhaNDa' yA 'ajanAbha varSa' kahA hai / skandapurANa meM 'himAdri jaladherantarnAbhi-khaNDamiti smRtam' pada AyA hai / 1 DA0 avadha bihArIlAla avasthI ne likhA hai - jambUdvIpa ke nau varSoM meM se himAlaya aura samudra ke bIca meM sthita bhUkhaNDa ko AgnIdhra ke putra nAbhi ke nAma para hI nAbhi khaNDa kahA gayA hai / nAbhi kA apara nAma ajanAbha thA, jisase isa khaNDa kA nAma 'ajanAbha varSa' huA / isa sambandha meM DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla ne likhA hai - 'svAyambhuva manu ke putra priyavrata, priyavrata ke putra nAbhi, nAbhi ke putra RSabha aura RSabhadeva sau putra hue, jinameM bharata jyeSTha the / yahI nAbhi ajanAbha bhI kahalAte the jo atyanta pratApI the aura jinake nAma para yaha deza 'ajanAbha varSa' kahalAtA thA / 3 zrImadbhAgavata meM likhA hai 'ajanAbha varSa hI Age calakara " bhAratavarSa" isa saMjJA se abhihita huA / atIta anAgata kulakara jaina AgamoM meM atIta utsarpiNI aura atIta avasarpiNI kulakaroM kA ullekha huA hai / sthAnAMga meM atIta utsarpiNI ke daza kulakara batAye haiM, unake nAma isa prakAra haiM - 1. svayaMjala 2. zatAyu 3. anantasena 4. amitasena 5. tarkasena 6. bhImasena 7 mahAbhImasena 8. dRr3haratha 6. dazaratha 10. zataratha / jabaki samavAyAMga meM atIta utsarpiNI ke kevala sAta hI kulakara ginAye haiM / jo isa prakAra haiM - 1. mitradAmA 2. sudAmA 3. supArzva 1. skandapurANa - 1/2/37-55. prAcIna bhArata kA bhaugolika svarUpa, prakA0 kailAza prakAzana, lakhanaU, san 164, pR0 123, pariziSTa - 2. 3 mArkaNDeya purANa: sAMskRtika adhyayana - DA0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla, pAda TippaNa saM0 1, pR0 138. 4. ajanAbhaM nAmaitavarSa bhAratamiti yat Arabhya vyapadizanti / - zrImadbhAgavata, 5 / 7/3.

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe 71 4. svayaMprabha 5. vimalaghoSa 6. sughoSa aura 7. mahAghoSa / donoM hI AgamoM ke kulakaroM ke nAmoM meM bilkula hI bheda hai| samavAyAMga meM atIta avasarpiNI ke dasa kulakaroM ke nAma isa prakAra batAye haiM : 1. svayaMjala 2. zatAyu 3. ajitasena 4. anantasena 5. kAryasena 6. bhImasena 7. mahAbhImasena 8. dRr3haratha 6. dazaratha aura 10. zataratha / ina nAmoM ke sAtha yadi hama 'ajitasena' aura 'kAryasena' ye do nAma haTA deM to anya sabhI ke nAma eka sadRza haiM / hamArI dRSTi se sthAnAMga meM utsarpiNI ke sthAna para avasarpiNI pATha hotA to adhika upayukta thA / kyoMki sthAnAMga meM sAtaveM sthAna meM utsarpiNI ke sAta kulakara batAye haiM, unake nAma isa prakAra haiM-1. mitravAhana 2. subhUma 3. suprabha 4. svayaMprabha 5. datta 6. sUkSma 7. sUbandhu / ve dasa kulakaroM ke jo nAma pahale batAye gaye haiM, unase pRthak haiN| aura yahI sAtoM nAma samavAyAMga meM bhI milate haiN| isaliye ye nAma atIta avasarpiNI ke ginane caahie| samavAyAMga ke sAtha jo do nAmoM meM bheda hai vaha hamArI dRSTi se vAcanA bheda ho sakatA hai| yugalika sabhyatA kA mUlAdhAra : kalpavRkSa prastuta vibhAga meM sAta prakAra ke vRkSoM kA bhI ullekha hai| mAnava kA vRkSoM ke sAtha atyanta madhura sambandha rahA hai, usakI sArI apekSAyeM vRkSoM se pUrNa hotI thIM, isalie vaha khAda tathA pAnI Adi se unakA saMpoSaNa bhI karatA rahA hai| kavi kulaguru kAlidAsa ne 'abhijJAna zAkuntala' meM zakuntalA kA vRkSoM para sahodara kI bhA~ti sneha batAyA hai / 1 / yogalika yuga meM mAnava kI icchAyeM alpa thIM / usakI bhUkha-pyAsa kA zamana, vastra-pAtra, makAna Adi sabhI kI pUrti vRkSoM se hotI thii| una vRkSoM ko jaina Agama sAhitya meM 'kalpavRkSa' kahA gayA hai| yoM kalpa zabda anekArthaka hai / sAmarthya, varNanA, chedana karanA, auSamya aura adhivAsa prabhuti vividha artha kalpa zabda ke haiM, para yahA~ samartha artha kA prayoga ucita lagatA hai / jo vakSa vividha prakAra ke phala pradAna karane meM samartha hoM, vaha 'kalpavRkSa' haiM / nAlandA hindI zabdakoSa meM svarga ke vRkSa kA nAma 'kalpataru' likhA hai / yaha sambhava hai, vaha kalpavRkSa ho| yaha vakSa devaloka kA vRkSa mAnA gayA hai| kalpanA ke anusAra phala pradAna karane ke kAraNa yaha vRkSa 'kalpavRkSa' ke nAma se vizra ta hai| 1. abhijJAna zAkuntala, adhyAya 1, pR0 13.

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72 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kitane hI logoM meM yaha bhrama hai ki eka hI prakAra kA vRkSa sabhI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karatA thA, jisa vyakti ko jisa vastu kI Avazya - katA hotI usa vRkSa ke nIce pahu~ca jAtA aura icchita vastu ko prApta kara AhlAdita hotA / kitane hI cintakoM kA yaha bhI abhimata hai ki ina vRkSoM ke adhiSThAtA deva vizeSa the, jo unakI icchAoM kI pUrti karate the, para yaha kathana bhI yuktiyukta nahIM hai| kyoMki sthAnAMga sUtra ke sAtaveM sthAna meM sAta prakAra ke kalpavRkSoM kA ullekha hai| to sthAnAMga' ke dasaveM sthAna meM dasa prakAra ke kalpavRkSoM kA varNana hai| samavAyAMga aura pravacanasAroddhAra meM bhI dama prakAra ke kalpavRkSa batAye haiN| ye sabhI vRkSa apanI-apanI apekSAoM kI pUrti karate the| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki sabhI vRkSoM kA apanAapanA svatantra sthAna thA aura usa sImA taka apanA kArya karate the| sthAnAMga meM jo sAta prakAra ke kalpavRkSa batAye gaye haiM, ve 'vimalavAhana' kulakara ke samaya ke haiM / una vRkSoM meM dIpa, jyotiSka aura truTitAMga vRkSoM ke nAma nahIM Aye haiN| sambhava hai, usa samaya yA usa kSetra meM vAdya aura prakAza dene vAle vRkSoM kA abhAva hogaa| jIvAbhigama' sUtra meM ye kalpavRkSa ekoruka dvIpa meM batAye gaye haiN| ina dasa prakAra ke kalpavRkSoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM : (1) mattAMgaka-svAda peya kI pUrti karane vAle / (2) bhRttAMga-aneka prakAra ke bhAjanoM kI pUrti karane vAle / (3) tUryAga-vAdyoM kI pUrti karane vAle / (4) dIpAMga-sUrya ke abhAva meM dIpaka ke samAna prakAza dene vAle / (5) jyotiraMga-sUrya aura candra ke samAna prakAza dene vAle / (6) citrAMga-vicitra puSpa (mAlA) dene zale / 1. vimala vAhaNe NaM kulagare sattavidhA rukkhA bhuvabhogattAte havvamAcchisu taM jahAmAtaMgatA ya bhiMgA ttittagA ceva cittarasA hoti / maNiyaMgA ya aNiyaNA sattamaggA kapparukkhA ya / / ___-- ThANAMga, sthAna 7, sUtra 688. 2. sthAnAMga sthAna 10. 4. samavAyAMga, samavAya 10. 3. pravacanasAroddhAra, dvAra 121. 5. jIvAbhigama pA0 347.

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ 73 (7) citra rasAMga-vividha prakAra ke bhojana dene vAle / (8) maNyaMga-maNi, ratna Adi AbhUSaNa dene vAle / (9) gRhAkAra-ghara ke samAna sthAna dene vAle / (10) anarana-vastrAdi kI pUrti karane vAle / ye kalpavRkSa mAnava kI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti karate the / 'mattAMgaka' vRkSa se candraprabhA, manaHzIlA, sindhuvAruNI Adi vizeSa prakAra ke pauSTika padArthoM se yukta vaha peya utpanna hotA thA, jise pIkara yaugalikoM meM abhinava sphUrti kA saMcAra hotA thaa| samaya para unase svataH srAva hotA thaa| jisase yaugalika pUrNa svastha rahate the| ve vRkSa usa samaya sahaja rUpa meM paidA hote the / unakA nirmAtA koI Izvara Adi nahIM thA, ve vakSa svataH hI samaya para pakate the aura samaya para hI unameM se svataH srAva jharane lagatA, usakA upayoga kara mAnava pUrNa svatantratA prApta karate the| ___ "bhattAMga' nAmaka vRkSa se sahaja rUpa meM unheM pAtra mila jAte the / Aja jisa prakAra ke pAtroM kA pracalana hai, usa prakAra ke pAtra yaugalika kAla meM nahIM the / bhattAMga nAmaka vRkSa ke patra aura zAkhAe~ bartanAkAra hotI thIM athavA unake patroM ko sahaja rUpa se pAtra kA AkAra diyA jA sakatA thA / jIvAbhigama sUtra meM ullekha hai ki ve vRkSa ghaTa, kalaza, karakarI (bhAjana pItala kA). pAdakAMcanikA (pairoM ko prakSAlana karane vAlI svarNa pAtrI), udaka (pAnI lene kA pAtra), bhagAra (loTA), saraka (bA~sa kA pAtra) tathA maNiratnoM kI rekhAoM se sacita tathA vividha prakAra ke patra aura phUloM ke rUpa meM pAtra pradAna karate the| jaba mAnava kArya karate hae thaka jAtA hai, taba vaha manoraMjana kI sAmagrI juTAtA hai| natya, vAdya Adi manoraMjana ke pramukha sAdhana hai| prAgaaitihAsika kAla ke manoraMjana ke lie vAditra kA mukhya sthAna rahA hai, ve vAditra kRtrima nahIM kintu svataH nirmita the| una vAditroM meM mRdaMga, paNava, dardaraka, karaTI, DimaDima, DhakkA, muraja, zaMkhikA, vipaMcI, mahattI, talatAla, kaMsatAla prabhuti vAdya mukhya the / 'tUryAMga' nAmaka vRkSa samUha se svataH hI 1. dekhie -- (ka) jambUdvIpaprajJapti sUtra, 20 pR. 66 (kha) pannavaNA 364 2. ghaDa kalasa kaDaga kakkarI........ -jIvAbhi0 pA0 347.

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74 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA tata, vitata, ghana, suSira prabhRti vividha prakAra ke svara prasphuTita hote the / yaugalika mAnava ina vRkSoM se manoraMjana karatA thA / prAcIna yuga meM jaba vidya uta zakti kA vikAsa nahIM huA thA, taba mazAloM se yA dIpakoM se mAnava andhakAra meM jyoti prApta karatA thA / yaugalika kAla meM agni kA abhAva thA / isalie usa samaya vRkSoM se hI nirmala prakAza prApta hotA thA / ve vRkSa nirdhU ma agni kI taraha camakate the / una vRkSoM kA prakAza suvarNa, keka, azoka aura japA vRkSoM ke vikasita phUloM kI taraha aura maNi ratnoM kI kiraNoM kI bhA~ti daidIpyamAna thA / vaha jAtya hiMgula ke raMga ke sadRza sundara 'jyotiSka' nAmaka vRkSoM kA samUha kahalAtA thA / agni kI taraha prakAzamAna hone se andhakAra kA abhAva rahatA thA / zItakAla meM bhI ve vRkSa yaugalika mAnavoM ko zAnti pradAna karate the / ve vRkSa 'dIpAMga' aura 'jyotiraMga' ke rUpa meM vizruta the / I yaugalika kAla ke mAnava kRtrima kalAoM se paricita nahIM the / para usa samaya kucha vRkSa aise the ve jo citramaya the / ve citra bar3e hI darzanIya, ramya aura vividha varNa vAle the / ve vRkSa 'citrAMga' ke nAma se jAne jAte the 12 saMsAra kA koI bhI prANI aisA nahIM jo AhAra ke abhAva meM dIrghakAla taka jIvita raha sake / AhAra jIvana kI anivArya AvazyakatA hai / yaugalika kAla meM mAnava Ajakala kI taraha bhojana kA nirmANa nahIM karatA thA / usa yuga meM 'citra rasAMga' nAmaka aise vRkSa the, jina para vividha prakAra ke phala lagate the / jaise - cakravartI samrATa ke lie sugandhita zra eSThatama kalmA sAli cAvaloM se khIra banAte haiM, vividha padArthoM se modaka taiyAra karate haiM, use khAkara pratyeka vyakti tRpti kA anubhava karate haiM, vaise hI aThAraha prakAra ke viziSTa bhojana guNoM se yukta ve phala mAnava ko pUrNa tRpti pradAna karate the / anusandhitsuoM kA yaha mantavya hai ki Adhunika yuga meM bhI amerikA 1. jahA se .... 'airugga saraya sUra maNDala' 2. jahA se pecchA ghare vicitte.... 3. jahA se sugandhavara kalama sAli tandula 4. bharatamukti : eka adhyayana, pR0 4 - jIvA0 pA0 348. - jIvA0 pA0 348. -- jIvAbhigama, pA0 348.

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jaina AgamoM kI kathAe~ 75 meM aise vRkSa haiM jo 'milka TrI' 'braDa TrI' aura 'lAiTa TrI' Adi nAmoM se pukAre jAte haiM / ina vRkSoM ke phala, dUdha, roTI, aura prakAza se vyakti lAbhAnvita hote haiN| caugalika kAla ke mAnavoM kA jIvana prakRti para avalambita thA / Aja ke yuga meM sone-cA~dI, hIre-panne Adi bahumUlya ratnoM se vividha prakAra ke AbhUSaNa banate haiM, para usa yuga meM mAnava vRkSoM ke hI phala-pattoM se tathA phUloM se AbhUSaNa taiyAra karatA thaa| 'abhijJAna zAkuntala'1 nATaka meM zakuntalA ke AbhUSaNoM kA ullekha hai| RSi kaNva ne AbhUSaNoM ko lAne kA Adeza gautamI ko diyA / gautamI jaba AbhUSaNa lekara upasthita huI to unhoMne pUchA-kahA~ se lAI ho ? usane uttara diyA-maiMne ye vividha vakSoM se prApta kiye haiM / 'maNyaMga' nAmaka vRkSa se vividha prakAra ke hAra, addha hAra, mukuTa, kuNDala, sUtra, ekAvalI, cUr3AmaNi, tilaka, kanakAvalI, hastamAlaka, keyUra, valaya, aMgUThI, mekhalA, ghaNTikA, nUpura, Adi vividha prakAra ke AbhUSaNa prApta hote the / athavA una vRkSoM ke phUla aura phaloM se sahaja rUpa meM AbhUSaNa bana jAte hoMge, una AbhUSaNoM kI kAnti svarNa, maNi aura ratnoM se bhI adhika thii| __ yogalika kAla meM mAnava samUha ke rUpa meM nahIM rahatA thA / na unheM parivAra kI cintA thI aura na samAja kI hI / ve yugala rUpa meM paidA hote aura yugala rUpa meM jIvana kI sAMdhya belA taka sAtha rahate para unake pAsa makAna nirmANa kI kalA nahIM thii| ve 'gRhAkAra' vRkSoM meM kAraNa dhUpa, chAyA Adi se bace rahate the, ve vRkSa bhavya bhavanoM kA kArya karate the / ve aTTAlikA, gopura, prAsAda, ekasAla, dvisAla, catuHsAla, garbhagRha, mohanagRha, vallabhI gRha, ApaNa, niyUha, ayavaburaka, candrazAlA Adi vividha prakAra ke makAna kI taraha svataH nirmita ho jAte the| una makAnoM meM Upara car3hane ke lie sIr3hiyA~ bhI hotI thIM aura dvAra bhI hote the / 1. abhijJAna zAkuntala, aMka 4, pR0 86-60. 2. jisameM eka A~gana ke cAroM ora cAra kamare yA dAlAna hoM, jise hindI meM 'causallA' kahate haiN| gupta kAla meM ise 'saMjavana' kahate the / dekhie-harSa caritra : e : sA~skRtika adhyayana, pR062- le0 vAsudevazaraNa agravAla / 3. jahA se aNagAiga khoya taNuya"........ - jIvAbhigama, pA0 350. 4. jahA se pAgAra hAlaya cariyadAra gopura.......... -jIvAbhigama, pA0 346.

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76 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA yaugalika kAla meM mAnava pazuoM kI bhA~ti nagna nahIM rahatA thA, vaha apanI lajjA-nivAraNa karane ke lie vRkSoM kI chAla Adi kA bhI upayoga karatA thA / jIvAbhigama' meM varNana hai ki 'anagna' nAmaka vRkSa se kSauma, kambala, dukUla, kauzeyaka, cInAMzuka, zlakSNa, kalyANaka, Adi vividha prakAra ke vastra yaugalikoM ko prApta hote the| "yaH janA nagnAH na bhavantIti anagnakAH" isa vyutpatti se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki vRkSoM ke vastra (chAla) pahanane ke kAma meM Ate the / jIvAbhigama ke TIkAkAra ne likhA hai ki aura bhI aneka vastroM ke nAma haiM-'zeSaM sampradAyAdavasAtavyaM, tadantareNa samyak pAThazuddha rapi kartR mazaktatvAt' / kitane hI cintakoM kA yaha abhimata hai ki yaugalika kAla meM mAnava vastra nahIM pahanatA thaa| dhIre-dhIre yuga ke parivartana se vastra pahananA prArambha huaa| vastrasabhyatA kI nizAnI hai, yaha sambhava hai| usa yuga meM mAnavoM kI icchAe~ itanI alpa thIM ki vaha AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti sahaja rUpa se kara letA thaa| jahA~ tRSNA kI Aga prajvalita hotI hai, vahA~ nita naI icchAe~ udabuddha hotI haiM aura vaha usakI pUti meM saMlagna rahatA hai| yahI usake duHkha kA kAraNa hai, jabaki vahA~ para sukha kA sAmrAjya thA / kalpavRkSoM ko hI islAma dharma meM 'tobe' kahA gayA hai aura krizciyana dharma meM use 'svarga kA vRkSa' mAnA hai / pairu deza meM Aja bhI aise vakSa haiM jo havA meM se pAnI tatva ko khIMcate rahate haiM, aura garmI ke dinoM meM una vRkSoM meM se svataH pAnI jharane lagatA hai| kitane hI vRkSoM ke phUla Aja bhI loga AbhUSaNoM ke rUpa meM dhAraNa karate haiM, kitane hI phala bhUkha aura pyAsa ko zAMta karate haiM, kitane hI vRkSoM kI chAla Aja bhI vastra ke rUpa meM upayoga kI jAtI hai| isa taraha vRkSa mAnavoM ke lie sadA upayogI rahA hai| kalpavRkSa koI kAlpanika cakSa nahIM thA, kyoMki Aja ve vRkSa nahIM haiM para kucha unakI tulanA vAle vRkSa Aja bhI haiN| isase yaha anumAna ho sakatA hai ki kisI yuga meM isa prakAra ke vRkSa rahe hoNge| 1. jIvAbhigama, pA0 350. 2. bharatamukti : eka adhyayana, le0 mahendra muni, pR00,

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jaina Agama evaM vyAkhyA sAhitya ke antargata : uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ bhagavAna RSabhadeva bhagavAn RSabhadeva bhAratIya saMskRti ke jAjvalyamAna nakSatra haiN| jinakI gaurava gAthAoM kA ullekha jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM hI paramparAoM meM gAyA gayA hai / ve vizva-vandya mahApuruSa the / jambUdvIpaprajJapti, kalpa sUtra Adi meM unake jIvana ke kucha srotoM para prakAza DAlA hai| bhagavAn RSabha ko kulakara bhI mAnA hai / jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM ve pandrahaveM kulakara haiM aura prathama tIrthaMkara haiM / prathama rAjA, prathama kevalI aura prathama dharmacakravartI haiM, isalie unakI jIvana gAthA yahA~ sarvaprathama dI jA rahI hai| tIrthaMkaroM kA pratyeka mahattvapUrNa kArya kalyANaka hai / kalpasUtra meM pA~ca kalyANaka mAne gaye haiM, ataH sarvaprathama kalyANakoM kA ullekha hai / janmotsava manAne ke lie chappana mahattarikA dizAkumAriyA~ aura cauMsaTha indra Ate haiM / sabase pahale adholoka meM avasthita "bhogaMkarA" ATha dizAkumAriyA~ saparivAra Akara marudevI ko namana kara nivedana karatI haiM hama janmotsava manAne AI haiM / Apa bhayabhIta na baneM / dhUla aura durabhigaMdha Adi ko dUra kara eka yojana taka kA samasta vAtAvaraNa parama sugandhamaya banAtI haiM tathA gIta gAtI haIM marudevI ke cAroM ora khar3I ho jAtI haiN| usake pazcAt Urdhvaloka meM rahane vAlI 'meghaMkarA' Adi dikkumAsugaMdhita jala kI vaSTi karatI haiM aura divya dhUpa se eka yojana ke parimaNDala ko devoM ke Agamana yogya banA detI haiN| maMgala gIta gAtI huIM marudevI ke sannikaTa khar3I ho gii| usake bAda rucaka kUTa para rahane vAlI nanduttarA Adi dika kUmAriyA~ hAthoM meM darpaNa lie AtI haiM, dakSiNa ke rucaka parvata para rahane vAlI "samAhArA" Adi dikakumAriyA~ apane hAthoM meM jhAriyA~ 1. usaha-cariyaM, dhammakahANuoge, paDhasa khaMdhe ( 77 )

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05 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA lie hue, pazcima dizA ke rucaka parvata para rahane vAlI "ilA devI" Adi dikakumAriyA~ paMkhe lie hue, uttara rucaka parvata para rahane vAlI "alambuSA " Adi dikkumAriyA~ cAmara lie hue maMgala gIta gAtI huIM marudevI ke sAmane khar3I ho giiN| vidizA ke rucaka parvata para rahane vAlI citrA, citrakanakA, saterA aura sudAminI cAroM dizAoM meM prajvalita dIpaka lie hue khar3I hotI haiM / usI prakAra madhya rucaka parvata para rahane vAlI rUpA, rUpAMzA, surUpA aura rUpakAvatI ye cAroM mahattarikA dizAkumAriyA~ nAbhi-nAla ko kATatI haiM aura use gaDDhe meM gAr3a detI haiM / ratnoM se usa gaDDhe ko bharakara usa para pIThikA nirmANa karatI haiM / pUrva, uttara va dakSiNa ina tIna dizAoM meM tIna kadalI-ghara aura usameM eka-eka catuHsAla aura usake madhya bhAga meM siMhAsana banAtI haiM / madhya rucaka parvata para rahane vAlI "rUpA" Adi dikkumAriyA~ dakSiNa dizA kadalIgRha meM mAtA marudevI ko RSabha ke sAtha siMhAsana para lAkara biThAtI haiM / zatapAka, sahasrapAka taila kA mardana karatI haiM aura sugandhita dravyoM se pIThI karatI haiM / vahA~ se ve unheM pUrva dizA ke kadalI gRha meM le jAtI haiM / gaMdhodaka, puSpodaka aura zuddhodaka se snAna karAtI haiM / vahA~ se uttara dizA ke kadalIgRha ke siMhAsana para biThAkara gozIrSa candana se havana aura bhUtikarma niSpanna kara rakSA poTalI bA~dhatI hai aura maNi ratnoM se karNamUla ke pAsa zabda karatI huI cirAyu hone kA AzIrvAda detI haiM / vahA~ se mAtA marudevI ke sAtha bhagavAna RSabha ko janma gRha meM lAtI haiM aura zayyA para biThAkara maMgala gIta gAtI haiM / usake pazcAt Abhiyogika devoM ke sAtha saudharmendra AtA hai aura mAtA marudevI ko namaskAra kara unheM avasvApinI nidrA detA hai / RSabha kA dUsarA rUpa banAkara mAtA ke pAsa rakhatA hai tathA svayaM vaikriya zakti se apane pA~ca rUpa banAtA hai| eka rUpa se bhagavAn RSabha ko uThAtA hai, dUsare rUpa se chatra dhAraNa karatA hai aura do rUpa idhara-udhara donoM pArzva meM cAmara bajate haiM tathA pA~cavA~ zakra rUpa hAtha meM vajra lie hue Age calatA hai / isa prakAra se devagaNa divya vAdya-dhvaniyoM se vAtAvaraNa ko mukharita karate hue druta gati se meru parvata ke paNDaka vana meM pahu~cate haiM unheM abhiSeka siMhAsana para bhagavAn ko biThAte haiN| cauMsaTha indra bhagavAn kI paryupAsanA karane lage / acyutendra ne Abhiyogika devoM ko Adeza diyA -- mahArghya mahAbhiSeka ke yogya eka hajAra ATha svarNakalaza rajatamaya, maNimaya, svarNa aura rUpya

Page #95
uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 76 maya, svarNa-maNimaya, svarNa-rajata-maNimaya mRttikAmaya, candana ke kalaza, loTe, thAla, sUpratiSThikA, citraka, ratnakaraNDaka, paMkhe, eka hajAra ATha prakAra ke dhUpa, sabhI prakAra ke phUla, Adi vividha prakAra kI sAmagrI lekara upasthita hoo| jaba ve upasthita ho gaye to una kalazoM meM kSIrodaka, puSkarodaka bharata, airavata, atra ke mAgadhAdi tIrthoM ke jala, gaMgA Adi mahAnadiyoM ke jala, sabhI varSadhara cakravartI vijayoM, vakSaskAra parvata ke drahoM, mahAnadiyoM ke jala se pUrNa karake una kalazoM para kSIra sAgara ke sahasradala kamaloM ke Dhakkana lagAkara sudarzana, bhadrasAla, nandana Adi vanoM ke puSpa, gozIrSa candana aura zreSThatama auSadhiyA~ lekara abhiSeka karane ke lie taiyAra hue| acyutendra candana carcita kalazoM se RSabhadeva kA mahAbhiSeka karate haiN| cAroM ora puSpavRSTi hotI hai| anya tresaTha indra bhI abhiSeka karate haiM / zakendra cAroM dizAoM meM cAra zveta vRSabhoM kI vikurvaNA kara unake zRMgoM se ATha jala-dhArAe~ bahAkara abhiSeka karate haiN| usake pazcAt zaka prabhu ko punaH mAtA ke pAsa lAtA hai aura mAtA ke sirahAne kSomayugala tathA kuNDala yugala rakhakara prabhu ke dUsare rUpa ko mAtA ke pAsa se haTAkara mAtA kI nidrA kA saMharaNa karatA hai| kubera Adi ko Adeza dekara virATa nidhi kulakara nAbhi ke mahala meM prasthApita karavAte haiN| sabhI ko yaha Adeza dete haiM-bhagavAn RSabha kA aura unakI mAtA kA yadi koI azubha cintavana karegA to use kaThora daNDa diyA jaayegaa| vahA~ se sabhI indra nandIzvara dvIpa jAkara aSTAhnikA mahotsava manAte haiN| nAbhi kulakara ne bhI RSabha kA janmotsava mnaayaa| RSabhadeva va tathAgata buddha-janma : tulanAtmaka adhyayana jaina Agama sAhitya meM jisa prakAra tIrthaMkara ke janmotsava kA varNana hai, usI taraha bauddha paramparA meM bhI tathAgata buddha ke janmotsava kA varNana milatA hai| tathAgata buddha kI mAtA mahAmAyA lumbinI vana meM pahu~catI haiM, zAla ke nIce pahu~cate hI usane zAkhA ko pakar3anA cAhA, zAla zAkhA usI kSaNa mahAmAyA ke hAtha ke samIpa A gii| usane usako pakar3a liyA, zAkhA hAtha meM lie garbha utthAna ho gyaa| usI samaya cAroM zuddha citta mahAbrahmA sone kA jAla hAtha meM lie vahA~ pahu~ce / bodhisatva ko usa jAla meM lekara mAtA ke sammukha rakhA aura bole-tumane mahApratApI putra ko 1. dhammakahANuoge, paDhama khaMdhe pR06 se 16 taka / 2. Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana pR0 154-156

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80 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA janma diyA hai| bodhisatva anya mAnavoM kI taraha mAtA kI kukSi se gande va malavilipta nahIM nikalate, ve dharmAsana se utarate hue puruSa ke samAna donoM hAtha aura donoM paira phailAye hue, khar3e mAnava kI taraha mala se sarvathA alipta, kAzI deza ke zuddha va nilipta vastra meM rakhe hue, maNi ratna ke samAna camakate hue mAtA ke udara se nikalate haiN| bodhisatva aura unakI mAtA ke satkArArtha AkAza meM se do jala-dhArAyeM nikalatI haiM aura ve donoM ke zarIra ko zItala karatI haiN| brahmAoM ke hAthoM se cAroM mahArAjAoM ne unheM mAMgalika samajhe jAne vAle komala mRgacarma meM grahaNa kiyA, unake hAtha se mAnavoM ne dukUla kI taha meM grahaNa kiyaa| bodhisatva una mAnavoM ke hAtha se chUTakara pRthvI para khar3e ho gye| unhoMne pUrva dizA kI ora nihArA, aneka sahasra cakravAla eka AMgana se ho gye| vahA~ para deva aura mAnava gandhamAlA prabhRti se arcanA karate hae bole-he mahApuruSa ! Apake sadRza yahA~ para koI nahIM hai| Apa se viziSTa vyakti yahA~ kahA~ se AyegA? bodhisatva ne cAroM dizAoM aura anudizAoM ko Upara nIce acchI taraha se dekhaa| kisI ko vahA~ para na dekhakara bodhisatva uttara dizA meM sAta kadama Age bddh'e| mahAbrahmA ne usa samaya una para zveta chatra dhAraNa kiyaa| sUyAmoM ne tAlavyajana aura anya devatAoM ne rAjAoM ke anya kapUdhabhANDa arthAt khaDga, chatra, mukuTa, pAdukA aura paMkhA liye hue unakA anugamana kiyaa| sAtaveM kadama para avasthita hokara 'maiM saMsAra meM sarvazreSTha hU~', isa prakAra siMhanAda kiyaa| lumbinI vana meM jisa samaya bodhisatva utpanna hue, usI samaya rAhula mAtA devI, amAtyachanna, amAtya-kAsadAI, hastIrAja, AjAnIya, azva rAja, kandhaka, mahAbodhi vRkSa aura nidhi sambhRta cAra kalaza paidA hue| ve kalaza kramazaH gavyUti, AdhA yojana, tIna gavyUti, eka yojana kI dUrI para the| ye sAta eka hI samaya paidA hue / donoM nagaroM ke nivAsI bodhisatva ko lekara kapilavastu nagara meM Aye / / kAladevala tapasvI jo ATha samAdhi se sampanna the, ve bhojanAdi se nivRtta hokara manovinodArtha trayastriza devaloka meM gaye / vahA~ vizrAnti lete 1. dekhie-Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana, pR0 155 DA0 muni nagarAja jI

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 8 1 hue devagaNoM se usane pUchA- Apa santuSTa hokara krIr3A kisa taraha se kara rahe haiM ? hameM bhI isakA rahasya batAyeM / devoM ne kahA- rAjA zuddhodana ke yahA~ putra utpanna huA hai, vaha dharmacakra pravartana karegA, usakI ananta lIlA dekhane aura sunane kA hameM avasara milegA / yahI hamArI prasannatA kA mukhya kAraNa hai / tapasvI devaloka se utara kara rAjamahala meM pahu~cA / rAjA ko jAkara kahA ki maiM Apake putra ko dekhanA cAhatA hU~ / rAjA ne usI kSaNa putra ko apane pAsa ma~gavAyA aura putra ko tapasvI ke caraNoM meM lagAnA cAhA para bodhisatva ke caraNa itane lambe ho gaye ki tApasa kI jaTA meM jA lage, kyoMki bodhisatva kisI ko bhI namaskAra nahIM karate / yadi vahI caraNa anajAne meM laga jAtA to usake sira ke sAta Tukar3e ho jAte / tathAgata ke divya teja ko dekhakara tApasa unake caraNoM meM gira par3A / bodhisatva ke caraNa-sparza se use assI kalpa kI smRti ho AI / usane bAlaka ke zArIrika lakSaNoM ko dekhA, use pUrNa vizvAsa ho gayA ki yaha avazya hI buddha banegA aura vaha jJAna se yaha socane lagA ki maiM yahA~ marakara arUpa loka meM paidA hoU~gA jisase inake darzana nahIM ho sakeMge / isa taraha bodhisatva ke janma kI ghaTanAoM meM bhI alaukikatA rahI huI hai / yaha alaukikatA yaha siddha karatI hai ki ye ghaTanAyeM zraddhA ke yuga meM likhI huI haiN| zraddhAlu ghaTanAvizeSa ko tarka kI kasauTI para nahIM kasatA / vaidika paramparA ke granthoM meM bhI zraddhA yuga kI aneka ghaTanAyeM milatI haiM / RSabha kathA kA vistAra bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke janma, vaMza, utpatti, vivAha, rAjyAbhiSeka aura unake eka sau do santAna Adi kA ullekha jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM vistAra se nahIM hai / Avazyakaniyukti' Avazyaka cUrNi ' Avazyaka haribhadriyAvRtti * Avazyaka malayagirI vRtti caupanna mahApurisa cariyaM triSaSTizalAkA 2 1. Avazyaka niyukti, pUrvabhAga, prakAzaka - zrI Agamodaya samiti, san 1928 / 2. AvazyakacUrNi, RSabhadevajI kezarImala jI zve0 saMsthA, ratalAma, san 1928 / 3. Avazyaka haribhadriyA vRtti, prathama vibhAga, prakAzaka - Agamodaya samiti 4. Avazyaka malayagirivRtti, pUrva bhAga, prakAzaka - Agamodaga samiti / 5. cauppana mahApurisa cariyaM - AcArya zIlAMka viracita - vArANasI /

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82 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA puruSa caritra Adi meM vistAra se ghaTanAoM ke sambandha meM cintana kiyA gayA hai / isase yaha spaSTa hai ki jIvana-prasaMga dhIre-dhIre adhika vikasita hue haiN| Avazyakaniyukti aura AvazyakacuNi ke anusAra jaba RSabhadeva garbha meM Aye the taba mAtA ne RSabha kA svapna dekhA thA aura janma ke pazcAt zizu ke uru sthala para RSabha kA lAMchana bhI thA, isalie unakA guNaniSpanna nAma RSabha rkhaa| zrImadbhAgavat ke anusAra unake sundara zarIra, vipula kIrti, teja, bala, aizvarya, yaza, parAkrama Adi sadguNoM ke kAraNa nAbhi ne unakA nAma RSabha rakhA / AcArya jinasena' ne RSabhadeva ke sthAna para 'vaSabhadeva' likhA hai| vaSa kahate haiM zreSTha ko, bhagavAn zreSTha dharma se zobhAyamAna the, isIlie unheM 'vRSabha svAmI' ke nAma se pukArA gayA hai| ve dharma aura karma ke Adya nirmAtA the, isIlie AdinAtha ke nAma se bhI khe vizrata rahe haiN| AcArya jinasena aura AcArya samantabhadra ne unakA eka guNa nippanna nAma 'prajApati' likhA hai| jaba ve garbha meM Aye taba hiraNya kI vRSTi huI, isalie unakA eka nAma 'hiraNyagarbha' bhI hai| ikSa rasa kA pAna karane ke kAraNa ve 'kAzyapa' bhI kahalAye / isake atirikta ve vidhAtA, 1. triSaSTi lAvApuruSa caritra-hema cA drAcArya, prA AramAnanda sabhA, bhAvanagara 2. Avazyaka niryA vita, 162/1 3. ussu usabhalaMdhaNaM usabho sumiNami teNa kAraNeNa usabhotti NAmaM vayaM / --AvazyakacUNi, pR0 151 4. zrImadbhAgavata, 5/4/2, pra0 khaNDa, gorakhapura saMskaraNa 3, pR0 556 / 5. mahApurANa, 13/160-161 / 6. mahApurANa, 160/16/363 / 7. prajApatiryaH prathamaM jijIviSuH zazAsa kRpyAdiSu kamasu prajA: / prabuddhatattva: punaradbhutodayo, mamatvato nivivida vidAmbaraH // -bRhatsvayambhUstotra 8. mahApurANa; parva 12/65. 6. (ka) kAsaM-ucch, taraya vikAro kAsya:-rasaH so jarasa pANa so kAsavo -usbhsvaamii| -dazavakAlika agastyasiMha cUrNi (kha) kAzyamityucyate tejaH kAzyapastasya pAlanAt / -mahApurANa 16/266, pR0 370.

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 83 vizvakarmA, sraSTA Adi vividha nAmoM se bhI pukAre jAte haiN| Avazyakaniyukti meM likhA hai ki jaba bhagavAn eka varSa se kucha kama ke the taba pitA kI goda meM baiThe hae zakendra ke hAtha se ikSa lekara khAne icchA vyakta kI, to zakrendra ne unake vaMza ko 'ikSvAkuvaMza' ke nAma se abhihita kiyaa| sarvaprathama isI vaMza kI sthApanA huii| AcArya jinasena ne likhA hai-RSabhadeva ke samaya ikSu-daNDa apane Apa paidA hote the kintu loga usakA upayoga karanA nahIM jAnate the| RSabhadeva ne rasa nikAlane kI vidhi batAI, isalie ve 'ikSvAku' kahalAye / / yaugalika kAla meM bhAI aura bhaginI hI pati-patnI ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAyA karate the| sunandA ke bhrAtA kI akAla meM mRtyu ho jAne se nAbhi ne RSabhadeva sahajAta sumaMgalA aura sunandA kA pANigrahaNa RSabhadeva ke sAtha karavAkara eka naI vyavasthA sthApita kii| AcArya hemacandra ne likhA hai-RSabhadeva ne logoM meM vivAha-pravRtti cAlU rakhane ke lie vivAha kiyaa| AcArya jinasena ne sumaMgalA ke sthAna para 'nandA' kA nAma diyA hai| sunandA ne bAhubalI aura sundarI ko janma diyA aura sumaM. galA ne bharata, brAhmI Adi ninyAnaveM putroM ko janma diyaa| padma purANa meM RSabhadeva kI 'yazasvatI' rAnI se bharata kA janma huA, aisA likhA hai / ' zvetAmbara paramparA meM RSabhadeva ke sau putra tathA do putriyA~, isa taraha eka sau do santAna mAnI haiM to digambara paramparA meM eka sau tIna santAna mAnI haiN| 1. vidhAtA vizvakarmA ca sraSTA cetyAdinAmabhiH / prajAstaM vyAharanti sma, jagatA patimacyutam ||-mhaapuraann 16/267/370. 2. (ka) sakko vasaThThavaNe ikbu agU teNa hunti ikkhaagaa| -Avazyakaniyukti, 186. (kha) AvazyakacUNi-152. 3. AkAnAcca tadikSa NAM rasasaMgrahaNe nRNAm / ikSvAkurityabhUd devo jagatAmabhisammataH // -mahApurANa 16/264. 4. Avazyakaniyukti, 151-193. 5. triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra, 1/2/881. 6. harivaMzapurANa, 6/18. 7. padmapurANa-raviSeNAcArya, 20/104. 8. mahApurANa, 16/346.

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84 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA yaugalika yuga meM zAsana evaM nIti vyavasthA hama yaha pUrva hI batA cuke haiM ki yaugalika kAla meM mAnava svayaM zAsita thA, usameM kisI bhI prakAra kI ucchaMkhalatA nahIM thI aura jyoMjyoM ucchRkhalatA bar3hatI gaI, tyoM-tyoM 'hAkAra', 'mAkAra' aura 'dhikkAra' nIti kA vikAsa huA aura vaha dhivakAra nIti RSabhadeva taka calatI rhii| jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM RSabhadeva ko pandrahava kulakara mAnA hai sAtha meM prathama rAjA ke rUpa meM bhI ullekha kiyA gayA / nAbhi kulakara the aura unakI upasthiti me hI ve rAjA bane, isIlie RSabhadeva ne kulakara pada ko grahaNa nahIM kiyA hogA, yaha spaSTa hai / kyoki eka hI sthAna para do kulakara nahIM ho skte| phira yahA~ jo ullekha huA hai, vaha hamArI dRSTi ne likara kI bhA~ti kArya karane se RSabhadeva kulakara kahalAye hoNge| vaha saMkrAti kAla thaa| prAcIna maryAdAe~ vicchinna ho rahI thIM, yaugalikoM ne ghabarAkara usa sthiti para niyantraNa karane hetu RSabhadeva se prArthanA kii| RSabhadeva ne kahA-Apa nAbhi kulakara se nivedana kareM, ve Apako rAjA pradAna kreNge| jo isa sArI sthiti ko niyantrita kara suvyavasthA kreNge| yaugalikoM kI prArthanA para nAbhi kulakara ne RSabhadeva kA rAjyAbhiSeka kara rAjA ghoSita kiyA / rAjya kI suvyavasthA ke lie ArakSaka dala kI sthApanA kI, jisake adhikArI 'ugra' kahalAye / maMtrimaNDala banAyA, jisake adhikArI 'bhoga' ke nAma se prasiddha hae / samrATa ke pAsa rahane vAle aura parAmarza dene vAle 'rAjanya' kahalAye tathA anya karmacArI kSatriya' ke nAma se pahacAne gye| duSToM ke damana tathA prajA va rAjya ke saMrakSaNArtha cAra prakAra kI senA va 'senApatiyoM' kI vyavasthA kI gii| gaja, azva, ratha, pAdAtika, caturvidha 1. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, vakSaskAra 2, sU026-30. 2. nItINa aikkamaNe niveyaNaM usabhasAmissa / -Avazyakaniyukti malayagirI, 163. 3. AvazyakacUNi, pR0 153.154. 4. (ka) Avazyakaniyukti malaya girI vRtti, 168/195/1. (kha) triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra, 1/2/974/676. 5. triSaNTi0 1/2/625-632.

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 85 senA kA saMgaThana kiyA / aparAdhoM ke nirodha hetu sAma, dAma, daNDa aura bheda nIti kA pracalana kiyaa| sAtha hI cAra prakAra kI daNDa vyavasthA bhI bnaaii| daNDanIti 1. paribhAsa-kucha samaya ke lie aparAdhI ko AkrozapUrNa zabdoM meM najarabanda rahane kA daNDa denaa| 2. maNDalabandha-sImita kSetra meM rahane kA daNDa pradAna krnaa| 3. cAraka-bandIgRha meM banda rahane kA daNDa denaa| 4. chaviccheda-kara Adi aMgoM kA chedana karanA / AcArya ubhayadeva kA abhimata hai-paribhAsa aura maNDalabandha ye do nItiyA~ RSabhadeva ke samaya calI tathA cAraka aura chaviccheda ye do nItiyA~ bharata ke samaya clii| AcArya bhadrabAha aura AcArya malayagiri kI dRSTi se bandha, (ber3I kA prayoga) ghAta, ye do daNDa RSabha ke samaya meM prArambha hue| mRtyudaNDa kA prArambha bharata ke samaya meM huA / jinasena' AcArya ne likhA hai-vadha, bandhana Adi zArIrika daNDa bharata ke samaya meM pracalita hue| jIvana saMrakSiNI kalAoM kA vikAsa RSabhadeva ke samaya kalpavRkSa pUrNatayA naSTa ho cuke the| mAnava svataH paidA hone vAle, kanda, mUla, patra, puSpa, phala Adi kA upayoga karate the / sAtha hI cAvala, gehU~, mUga, canA Adi kA bhI upayoga karate the| pakAne ke sAdhana ke abhAva meM apakva anna duSpAcya ho gayA to ve loga RSabhadeva ke pAsa phuNce| RSabha ne samasyA kA samAdhAna karate hue kahA-pahale chilake utAra leM aura phira mala kara khaayeN| kucha samaya ke bAda jaba vaha bhI duSpAcya ho gayA to pAnI meM bhigokara muTThI va bagala meM rakhakara khAne kI salAha dI, para yaha bhI sthAI samAdhAna nahIM thaa| 1. AvazyakacUNi-156. 2. sthAnAMga vRtti-7/3/557. 3. nigaDAijamo bandhodhAto dnnddaaditaalnnyaa| -Avazyakaniyukti gA0 217. 4. AvazyakamalayagirI vRtti-166 / 202. 5. zarIradaNDanaJcaiva vadhabaMdhAdilakSaNam / naNAM prabaladoSANAM bharatena niyojitama // -mahAparANa 3/216/65

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86 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA RSabhadeva jAnate the ki yaha ekAnta snigdha kAla hai, isa samaya agni utpanna nahIM ho sktii| agni kI utpatti ke lie ekAnta snigdha aura ekAnta rUkSa ye donoM hI kAla upayukta nahIM haiN| samaya drata gati se Age bar3ha rahA thA / vRkSoM ke paraspara TakarAne se agni utpanna huI / mAnavoM ne jaba agni dekhI to ratna rAzi samajhakara use hAtha meM lenA cAhA para hAtha jala gye| unhoMne RSabhadeva se nivedana kiyA ki koI bhUta jaMgala meM paidA huA hai, jo hamAre ko kaSTa de rahA hai / RSabhadeva ne kahA-snigdha-rUkSa kAla A gayAhai, isalie aba tumhArI samasyA kA sthAI samAdhAna ho jaayegaa| unhoMne miTTI kA pAtra banAkara evaM annAdi pakAkara khAne kI salAha dI / yahI kAraNa hai ki atharvaveda ke RSabhasUkta meM RSabhadeva ke anya vizeSaNoM ke sAtha 'jAtavedas' [agni ke rUpa meM ratuti kI hai| vahA~ likhA hai-'rakSA karane vAlA, sabhI ko apane bhItara rakhane vAlA, rithara svabhAvI, annavAna RSabha saMsAra ke udara kA paripoSaNa karatA hai / usa dAtA RSabha ko parama aizvarya ke lie vidvAnoM ke jAne yogya mArgoM se bar3e jJAna vAlA, agni ke samAna tejasvI puruSa prApta kreN|' zilpoM meM sarvaprathama kumbhakAra kA zilpa pracalita huA / usake pazcAt bhavana-nirmANa karane kI kalA sikhAI / manoraMjana ke lie citra zilpa kA AviSkAra huaa| vastra nirmANa kI zikSA dii| bAla, nAkhUna Adi kI abhivRddhi se zarIra abhadra pratIta hone lagA taba nApita zilpa kA prazikSaNa diyaa| ina pA~ca mukhya zilpoM ke bIsa-bIsa avAntara bheda hue, isa taraha kula sau zilpa vikasita hue| AcArya jinasena ne RSabhadeva ke samaya pracalita chaha AjIvikAoM ke sAdhanoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| jo nimna prakAra se haiM : (1) asi-arthAt sainika vRtti (2) maSi-lipi vidyA (3) kRSikhetI kA kArya (4) vidyA-adhyApana yA zAstropadeza kA kArya (5) vANijyavyApAra, vyavasAya (6) zilpa-kalA kaushl| usa samaya ke mAnavoM ko 'SaTkarma jIvInAm' kahA gayA hai| 1. pumAnantarvAntsthaviraH paya svAn vasoH kabandhamRSabho vibharti / tamindrAya pathibhirdevayAnaha tamagnirvahatu jAtavedAH / / - atharvaveda-6/4/3 2. asimaMSi: kRSividyA vANijyaM zilpameva ca / karmANImAni SoDhA syuH prjaajiivnhetvH|| -AdipurANa 16/176. 3. AdipurANa, 36/143.

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kalA-kauzala RSabhadeva ne apane bar3e putra bharata ko bahattara kalAoM kA aura laghu putra bAhubalI ko prANI-lakSaNoM kA jJAna karAyA / AcArya jinasena ne AdipurANa meM likhA hai ki RSabhadeva ne apane jyeSTha putra bharata ko arthazAstra, saMgraha prakaraNa aura nRtyazAstra kI zikSA dii| vRSabhasena ko gAndharva vidyA kI, anantavijaya ko citrakalA, vAstukalA aura Ayurveda kI zikSA dI / bAhubalI ko kAma nIti, strI-puruSa lakSaNa, dhanurveda, azvalakSaNa, gajalakSaNa, ratna parIkSA evaM taMtra-maMtra kI zikSA dI thii| unhoMne apanI putrI brAhmI ko dakSiNa hasta se aThAraha lipiyoM kA adhyayata karAyA tathA sundarI ko vAma hasta se gaNita vidyA kA parijJAna karAyA / vyavahAra-sAdhana hetu mAna, (mApa),unmAna (tolA-mAzA Adi), avamAna (gaja, phITa, iMca Adi), pratimAna (chaTAMka sera-mana Adi) sikhAye / brAhmI lipi jo Aja pracalita hai, usakA AviSkAra RSabhadeva kI putrI brAhmI ke dvArA huaa| vizva meM Aja jitanI bhI lipiyA~ pracalita haiM, unakA mUla AdhAra brAhmI lipi hai / Aja jo gaNita zAstra (Mathematics) hai, vaha sundarI ke gaNita zAstra kA hI vikasita rUpa hai| isa taraha RSabhadeva ne prajA ke hita ke lie, abhyudaya ke lie puruSoM ko bahattara kalAoM, striyoM ko cauMsaTha kalAoM aura sau prakAra ke zilpoM kA parijJAna karAyA / saMkSepa meM kaheM to asi, maSi aura kRSi kI vyavasthA kii| varNa vyavasthA RSabhadeva ne kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ina tInoM vargoM kI sthApanA kI / yaha sthApanA U~catA aura nIcatA kI dRSTi se nahIM, kintu AjIvikA 1. samavAyAMga sUtra, samavAya 74. 2. bharahassa rUvakamma, narAi lakkhaNamahoiyaM baliNo / -Avazyakaniyukti 113. 3. AdipurANa, 16/118-125. 4. (ka) RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana, pariziSTa vibhAga cauthA, le0 devendramuni (kha) Avazyakaniyukti, 212. 5. (ka) RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana, dvitIya saMskaraNa, pR0 146. (kha) vizeSAvazyakabhASyavRtti, 132. 6. "mANummA NavamANapamANaMnaNimAI vatthUNaM" -Avazyakaniyukti, 213. 7. kalpasUtra, 165/57 puNya0 saM0

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88 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ko vyavasthita rUpa dene ke lie kI / brAhmaNa varNa kI sthApanA samrATa bharata ne kI thI, aisA spaSTa ullekha Avazyakaniyukti, AvazyakacUNi, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra Adi granthoM meM hai| Rgveda saMhitA meM vargoM kI utpatti ke sambandha meM vistAra se carcA hai, vahA~ brAhmaNa ko mukha, kSatriya ko bAhu, vaizya ko uru aura zUdra ko paira batAyA hai| yaha lAkSaNika varNana samAja rUpa virATa zarIra ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| zrImadbhAgavata Adi meM bhI isa sambandha meM carcA hai / vaidika sAhitya meM RSabhadeva ko aneka sthaloM para brahmA bhI kahA hai| RSabhadeva : adhyAtma sAdhanA kA prathama caraNa jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM RSabhadeva kI dIkSA kA ullekha hai, para vairAgya kisa kAraNa se ubuddha huA, isakI carcA nahIM hai / jabaki AcArya hemacandra ne aura zIlAcArya ne likhA hai-vasanta Rtu meM nAgarikagaNa vividha prakAra kI krIr3Ae~ kara rahe the, krIr3Ae~ dekhakara ve cintana karane lage-kyA isase bhI adhika sukha kahIM para hai ? cintana karate hue avadhijJAna se pUrvabhava meM anuttara vimAna meM jo sukhopabhoga anubhava kiyA thA, usake sAmane yaha kucha bhI nahIM hai ? vaha lambe samaya kA sukhopabhoga Aja svapnavat ho gayA hai, ataH ve saMyama ke patha para bar3ha gaye / digambara paramparA ke grantha harivaMza purANa aura 1. mahApurANa, 183/16/362. 2. (ka) Avazyaka niyukti pR0 235/1 (kha) Avazyaka cUNi 212.214 (ga) triSapTi0 1/6 3. brAhmaNo'sya mukhamAsId bAhu rAjanyaH kRtaH / uru tadasya yada zyaH padbhyAM zUdro ajAyata / -~-Rgveda saMhitA 10/60, 11-12 4. viprakSatriyaviTazUdrA, mukhabAharupAdajA : / vairAjAt puruSAjjAtAya AtmAcAra lakSaNaH / / -bhAgavata 11/17/13 dvi bhA0 pR0 806 5. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, vakSaskAra 2, sUtra 30. 6. triSaSTizalAkA0 1/2/985-1033. 7. caupanna mahApurisa cariyaM 8. so'tha nIlAJjasAM dRSTvA nRtyantImindranartakAm / bodhasyAbhinibodhasya, nirvivedopayogataH // -harivaMzapurANa 6/27

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 86 anyAnya granthoM meM 'nIlAMjanA' nartakI nRtya karate-karate mRtyu ko prApta huI, use dekhakara RSabhadeva pratibuddha hue, aisA ullekha hai| jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM abhiniSkramaNa ke pUrva RbhaSadeva ne vArSika dAna diyA, aisA ullekha nahIM hai, para Avazyakaniryakti1 aura triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra meM unake vArSika dAna kA ullekha hai / RSabhadeva ne cAra muSTika luMcana kiyA, yaha ullekha jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM hai / jabaki anya tIrthaMkaroM ke varNana meM paMcamuSTi luMcane kA ullekha huA hai / TIkAkAra ne viSaya ko spaSTa karate hue likhA hai--jisa samaya bhagavAn loca kara rahe the, usa samaya unake svarNa sadRza keza rAzi ko dekhakara indra ne prArthanA kI--eka muSTi keza isI taraha rahane deN| bhagavAn ne indra kI prArthanA se usI prakAra kezoM ko rahane diyA / keza rahane se ve 'kezI' yA 'kezariyA jI' ke nAma se vizra ta hue| padmapurANa', harivaMza purANa meM RSabhadeva kI jaTAoM kA ullekha hai| Rgveda meM RSabha kI stuti 'kezI' ke rUpa meM kI gaI hai / vahA~ para kahA hai-kezI agni, jala, svarga tathA pRthvI ko dhAraNa karatA hai / kezI vizva ke samasta tattvoM kA darzana karAtA hai aura kezI hI prakAzamAna jJAna jyoti kahalAtA hai| jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM cAra hajAra ugra, bhoga, rAjanya aura kSatriya vaMza ke vyaktiyoM ke sAtha RSabhadeva kI dIkSA kA ullekha hai / ' yahA~ yaha spaSTa karanA Avazyaka hai ki bhagavan RSabha ne unako dIkSA nahIM dI thI para unhoMne bhagavAn kA anusaraNa kara svayaM hI luMcana Adi kriyAyeM kI thiiN| 1. Avazyakaniyukti, 236. 2. triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra, 1/3/23. 3. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, vakSaskAra 2 sUtra 30. 4. vAtoddhatA jaTAstasya rejurAkulamUrtayaH / - padmapurANa 3/288. 5. sa pralambajaTAbhArabhrAjiSNuH / - harivaMzapurANa, 6/204. 6. kezyagni viSa kezI virbhAta rodsii| kezI vizva svaI ze kezIdaM jyotirucyate // Rgveda 10/136/1. 7. jambUdvIpa prajJapti vakSaskAra 2, sUtra 30. 8. cauro sAhassIo, loyaM kAUNa appaNA ceva / jaM erA jahA kAhI taM taha amhevi kAhAmo // --Avazyaka niyakti gA0 337

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10 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne dIkSA ke pazcAt kaba prathama AhAra grahaNa kiyA, isakA ullekha nahIM hai| samavAyAMga meM "saMvacchareNa bhikkhA laddhA usaheNa loganAheNa" isa prakAra ullekha hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko dIkSA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt eka varSa se bhI adhika samaya vyatIta hone para bhikSA milii| kisa tithi ko unheM bhikSA prApta huI ? isakA ullekha vasudeva hiNDI' aura harivaMza purANa meM nahIM huA hai| vahA~ kevala saMvatsara kA hI ullekha hai| kharataragaccha bRhatgurvAvalI', triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa caritra tathA mahAkavi puSpadanta ke mahApurANa meM akSaya tRtIyA ke dina RSabhadeva kA pAraNA huA, yaha spaSTa ullekha hai / zvetAmbara paramparA ke anusAra RSabhadeva ne bele kA tapa dhAraNa kiyA thA, aura digambara paramparA ke anusAra unhoMne chaha mAsa kA tapa dhAraNa kiyA thaa| para loga AhAra-dAna dene kI vidhi se anabhijJa the| ataH svataH AcIrNa tapa uttarottara bar3hatA hI gayA aura eka varSa se adhika avadhi vyatIta hone para unakA pAraNA haa| zreyAMsakumAra ne IkSa rasa unheM pradAna kiyaa| isakA sUcana vAcaspatyAbhidhAna ke nimna zlokoM se bhI hotA hai "vaizAkhamAsi rAjendra, zukla pakSa tRtIyakA / akSayA sA tithi proktA, kRttikArohiNIyutA // tasyAM dAnAdikaM sarvamakSayaM samudAhRtam / ' 1. samavAyAMga -sUtra 157 2. "bhaya piyAmaho nirAhAro paramadhiti-bala-sAyaro sayaMbhusAgaroiva thimiyo aNAulo saMvaccharaM viharai, patto ya hatthiNAura.........."tato paramaharisiyo paDilAhei sAmi khoyaraseNaM / -vasudeva hiNDI 3. harivaMza purANa, sarga , zloka 180-161. 4. zrI yugAdideva pAraNakapa vitritAyAM vaizAkha zuklapakSa tRtIyAyA~ svapade mahAvistareNa sthaapitaaH| -kharataragaccha bRhadgurvAvalI siMghI jainazAstra zikSApITha, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI] 5. rAdhazukla tRtIyAyA~, dAnamAsIttadakSayam / parvAkSayatRtIyeti, tato'dyApi pravartate / -triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra, 1/3/301. 6. seyaMsahu ghaNaeNa NiuMjiya, ukkahiM uDamAlA iva paMjiya / pUriyasaMvacchara uvavAse, akkhayadANu maNi paramese // -mahApurANa, sandhi 6, pR0 148-146 . .. .. "

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 61 ina pramANoM ke Aloka meM yaha spaSTa hai ki bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA pAraNA akSayatRtIyA ke dina huaa| bhagavAna RSabha eka varSa taka indra dvArA pradatta devadUSya vastra ko dhAraNa karate rhe| usake pazcAt ve acelaka ho gye| sAdhanAkAla meM deva sambandhI, manuSyasambandhI aura tiryaMcasambandhI jo bhI upasarga Aye, una upasargoM ko unhoMne bahuta hI zAnta bhAva se sahana kiyaa| ve apane sAdhanAkAla meM vyutsarga kAya aura tyakta deha kI bhA~ti rhe| zrImadbhAgavata meM zramaNa banane ke bAda RSabhadeva ko ajJAnI logoM ne dAruNa kaSTa diye, yaha ullekha hai, para hamArI dRSTi se usa yuga ke mAnava itane krUra nahIM the jo RSabha ko itanA kaSTa dete / bhagavAn ke jIvana aura sAdhanA kA zabda-citra vividha upamAoM ke dvArA zAstrakAra ne prastuta kiyA hai| eka sahasra varSa ke pazcAt bhagavAn ko kevalajJAna tathA kevaladarzana utpanna huaa| jise jainAgamoM meM kevalajJAna kahA hai, use bauddha granthoM meM 'prajJA', sAMkhya-yoga meM 'viveka-khyAti' kahA hai| unhoMne tIrtha kI sthApanA kii| unake caurAsI gaNa tathA caurAsI gaNadhara hue| vaidika purANoM meM bhI bhagavAna RSabhadeva ko dasa vidha dharma kA pravartaka mAnA hai| tRtIya Are ke tIna varSa sAr3he ATha mAsa avazeSa rahane para bhagavAna RSabhadeva dasa hajAra zramaNoM ke sAtha aSTApada parvata para ArUr3ha hue| caturdaza bhakta se AtmA ko bhAvita karate hue abhijita nakSatra ke yoga meM paryaMkAsana se sthita zukladhyAna ke dvArA aghAtiyA karmoM ko naSTa kara sadA-sarvadA ke lie akSara-ajara amara pada ko prApta hue, ise jaina paribhASA meM 'nirvANa' yA 'parinirvANa' kahA hai| zivapurANa meM aSTApada parvata ke sthAna para kailAza parvata kA ullekha kiyA hai| 1. usabhe NaM arahA kosalie saMbacchara-sAhiyaM cIvaradhArI hotthA, teNa paraM acele| -dhamma kahANuoge, paDhama khandhe, pR0 20. 2. jambUdvIpaprajJapti, vakSaskAra 1, sUtra 31. 3. bhAgavata 5/5/30/564. 4. vivekakhyAtiraviplavA hAnopAyaH / - yoga sUtra 2/26. 5. culasItIe jiNavaro, samaNa sahasse hiM parivuDo bhgvN| dasahiM sahassehi samaM, nivvANamaNuttaraM patto ||-aavshykcuunni 221. 6. kailAze parvate ramya, vRSabho'yaM jinezvaraH / cakAra svAvatAraM ca, sarvajJaH sarvagaH zivaH / / -zivapurANa 56.

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2 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA RSabhadeva aura ziva usa dina zramaNoM ne / isalie vaha rAtri jambUdvIpaprajJapti', kalpasUtra, triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra ke anusAra RSabhadeva kI nirvANa tithi mAgha kRSNA trayodazI hai aura tiloyapaNNatta evaM mahApurANa ke anusAra mAgha kRSNA caturdazI hai / mUrdhanya manISiyoM kA yaha mAnanA hai ki bhagavAn kI smRti meM upavAsa rakhA aura rAta bhara dharma- jAgaraNA karate rahe 'zivarAtri' ke rUpa meM prasiddha huI / IzAna saMhitA meM ullekha hai - mAgha kRSNA caturdazI kI mahAnizA meM koTi sUrya prabhopama bhagavAn Adideva zivagati prApta ho jAne se ziva - isa liGga se prakaTa hue, jo nirvANa ke pUrva Adideva kahe jAte the, ve aba zivapada prApta ho jAne se 'ziva' kahalAne lage / RSabhadeva kA mahattva kevala jaina paramparA meM hI nahIM rahA hai, apitu brAhmaNa paramparA meM bhI ve upAsya deva rahe haiM / DA0 rAdhAkRSNana, DA0 jimara, pro0 virUpAkSa, vaoNDiyara prabhRti aneka vidvAnoM ne isa satya tathya ko svIkAra kiyA hai ki vedoM meM bhI bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA ullekha huA hai| vaidika RSi bhakti kI bhAvanA se tallIna hokara mahAprabhu RSabha kI stuti karate hue kahate haiM - he AtmadraSTA prabho ! paramasukha prApta karane ke lie hama * ApakI zaraNa meM AnA cAhate haiM / " Rgveda meM aneka sthaloM para RSabhadeva - kA ullekha huA hai / " yajurveda meM bhI kahA hai- maiMne usa mahApuruSa ko 1. je se hemaMtANaM tacce mAse paMcama pakkhe | mAha bahule tassa NaM mAhabahulassa terasI pakkheNaM / / - jambUdvIpaprajJapti 48 / 91 2. kalpasUtra 166/56 3. triSaSTi0 1 / 6 4. 'mAghassa kihi codasi puvvaNhe Niyaya - jammaNakkhatte aTTAvayammi usaho ajude samaM gaojjobhi / -tiloyapaNNatti 5. mahApurANa 27/3. IzAna saMhitA 6. mAghe kRSNa caturdazyAmAdidevo mahAnizi / zivaliMga tayodbhutaH koTi sUryasamaprabha / tatkAla vyApinI grAhyA zivarAtrivrate tithiH // 7. makhasya te tIvaSasya prajutimiyAbhi vAcamRtAya bhUSan / indra kSitImAmAsa mAnuSINAM vizAM devI nAmuta pUrvayAyA || - Rgveda 2 / 34/2. 8. Rgveda- 16/166/1. 2 --

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 63 jAnA hai, jo sUryavat tejasvI tathA ajJAna Adi andhakAra se bahuta dUra hai, usI kA parijJAna kara mRtyu se pAra huA jA sakatA hai / mukti ke lie isake sivAya anya koI mArga nahIM / 1 atharvaveda ke RSi ne mAnavoM ko yaha preraNA dI ki ve RSabhadeva kA AhvAna kareM / he sahacara bandhuo ! tuma AtmIya zraddhA dvArA usake Atmabala aura teja ko dhAraNa karo 12 kyoMki ve prema ke rAjA haiM, unhoMne usa saMgha kI sthApanA kI hai, jisameM pazu bhI mAnava ke sadRza mAne jAte haiM tathA unako koI bhI nahIM mAra sakatA / vaidika RSiyoM ne vividha pratIkoM ke dvArA bhI RSabhadeva kI stuti kI hai / kahIM ve jAjvalyamAna agni ke rUpa meM, kahIM paramezvara ke rUpa meM kahIM rudra ke rUpa meM, kahIM ziva ke rUpa meM, kahIM hiraNyagarbha' ke rUpa meM, kahIM brahmA' ke rUpa meM, kahIM viSNu ke rUpa meM, kahIM vAtarasanA 10 5 1. vedAhametaM puruSaM mahAntamAdityavarNaM tamasaH purastAt / tameva viditvAtimRtyumeti nAnyaH panthA vidyate'yanAya // 2. ahomucaM vRSabhaM yajJiyAnAM virAjantaM prathamadhvarANAm / apAM napAtamazvinA hu ve dhiya, indriyeNa indriya dattamoja || " - atharvaveda, kArikA 16 / 42 / 8 3. atharvaveda 6/4/3, 6/4/7; 6/4/18. 4. atharvaveda 9 / 4 /7. 5. ( ka ) Rgveda 10 / 136., 2/33/15. (kha) yajurveda taittirIya saMhitA 12 / 8 /6, vAjasaneyI 3 / 57 /63. 6. prabhAsapurANa 46. 7. ( ka ) Rgveda 10 / 121/1. (kha) taittirIyAraNyaka bhASya - sAyaNAcArya, 5/5/1/2. ( ga ) mahAbhArata zAntiparva 349. 1 (gha) mahApurANa 12 / 5. 8. RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana, dvi0 saMskaraNa, pR0 46. 6. sahasranAma brahmazatakam zloka 100-102. 10. ( ka ) Rgveda 10/136/2. (kha) taittiriyAraNyaka 2/7/1. pR0 137 (ga) bRhadAraNyakopaniSada 4 / 322. (gha) enziyenTa iNDiyA eja DistrAinDa bAya maigasthanIja eNDa eriyana, kalakattA, 1916, pR0 67-68. (ba) TrAnsalezana Ava da phagmenTasa Ava da iNDiyA Ava maigasthanIja, bAna 1846, pu0 175.

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14 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA zramaNa ke rUpa meM, kahIM kezI ke rUpa meM bhagavAn RSabhadeva kI stuti karate haiN| zrImadbhAgavata meM to RSabhadeva kA bar3A hI vistAra se nirUpaNa hai, lagatA hai ki jaina paramparA ke grantha ko hI hama par3ha rahe haiM / unake mAtApitA ke nAma, suputroM kA ullekha, unakI jJAna sAdhanA, upadeza, dhArmikasAmAjika nItiyoM kA pravartana, aura bharata ke anAsakta yoga kA citraNa huA hai / zrImadbhAgavata meM hI nahIM, apitu liGgapurANa, zivapurANa', AgneyapurANa, brahmANDapurANa, viSNupurANa', kUrmapurANa, nAradapurANa, vArAhapurANa19, skandapurANa11, prabhRti purANoM meM RSabhadeva kA kevala nAmollekha hI nahIM huA hai, kintu kahIM-kahIM unake jIvana-prasaMga bhI uTakita haiN| bauddha granthoM meM RSabhadeva kA ullekha jitanA vistAra ke sAtha honA cAhie, utanA nahIM ho pAyA / 'dhammapada' meM RSabha aura mahAvIra kA nAma eka sAtha AyA hai, usameM RSabha ko sarvazreSTha dhIra abhihita kiyaa|12 dharmakIrti ne 'nyAya bindu' grantha meM sarvajJa kA dRSTAnta dete hue RSabhadeva aura bhagavAn mahAvIra kA ullekha kiyA hai / 13 jo sarvajJa athavA Apta haiM, ve jyotijJAnAdika ke upadeSTA hote haiN| pAzcAtya aura paurvAtya sabhI ne RSabhadeva ko AdipuruSa mAnA hai 1. (ka) padmapurANa 3/288. (kha) harivaMza purANa 6/204. (ga) Rgveda 10/136/1. 2. zrImadbhAgavata 1/3/13; 2/7/10, 5/3/20, 5/4/20; 5/4/5; 5/4/8, 5/4/6-13; 5/5/16; 5/5/16; 5/5/28; 5/14/42-44; 5/15/1. 3. liMgapurANa, 48/16-23. 4. zivapurANa, 52/85. 5. AgneyapurANa, 10/11-12. 6. brahmANDapurANa pUrva, 14/53. 7. viSNa purANa, dvitIyAMza, a0 1/26-27. 8. kUrmapurANa, 41/37. 38. 6. nAradapurANa, pUrvakhaNDa, a0 48. 10. vArAhapurANa, a0 74. 11. skandapurANa, a067. 12. usabhaM pavaraM vIraM mahesi vijitAvinaM / anejaM nahAtakaM buddha tamahaM va mi brAhmaNaM // -dhammapada 422. 13. yaH sarvajJa Apto vA sa jyotirjJAnAdikamupadiSTavAn tadyathA RSabhava. dhamAnAdiriti / -nyAyabindu

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 65 aura vividha rUpa meM unakA citraNa kiyA hai / vistAra bhaya se hama yahA~ una sabhI ke vicAra uTTa N kita nahIM kara rahe haiM, vizeSa jijJAsujana lekhaka kA 'RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana' grantha avalokana kareM / RSabhadeva kA nirvANa utsava : prathama dharmotsava jambUdvIpa prajJapti meM janmotsava kA jaise vistAra se nirUpaNa huA hai, vaise hI unake nirvANa kA bhI vistAra se nirUpaNa hai| nirvANa mahotsava manAne ke lie cauMsaTha indra apane vizAla parivAra ke sAtha vahA~ upasthita hote haiM / zakra RSabhadeva ke zarIra ko kSIrodaka se snAna karavAtA hai, anya deva gaNa, gaNadhara tathA anya antevAsI ziSyoM ke pArthiva zarIroM ko kSIrodaka se snAna karavAte haiM phira gozIrSa candana kA vilepana karate haiN| tIna prakAra kI zivikAyeM taiyAra karate haiN| eka meM RSabhadeva ko, dUsarI meM gaNadharoM ko aura tIsarI zisikA meM sAmAnya sAdhuoM ko rakhate haiM / "jaya-jaya nandA, jaya-jaya bhaddA" ke divya AghoSa se AkAza ko guMjAyamAna karate hue tIna citAoM meM tIrthaMkara, gaNadhara tathA sAmAnya sAdhuoM ko sthApita karate haiM / zakra kI AjJA se agnikumAra deva ne agni kI vikurvaNA kI aura vAyukumAra deva ne agni ko prajvalita kiyA / gozIrSa candana kI banI huI citAyeM jalane lagIM / jaba sabhI ke pArthiva zarIra jala gaye taba za endra kI AjJA se meghakumAra deva ne kSIrodaka se una citAoM ko ThaNDA kiyaa| sabhI indra apanI-apanI maryAdA ke anusAra prabhu kI DAr3hoM aura dA~toM ko tathA zeSa devoM ne prabhu kI asthiyoM ko grahaNa kiyA / tInoM citAoM para smRti cinha banAkara ve devendra apane parivAra ke sAtha nandIzvara dvIpa gaye aura refer mahotsava mnaayaa| isa prakAra bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA ojasvI, tejasvI vyaktitva evaM kRtitva atyanta preraNAdAyI hai / yahA~ para unake jIvana ke kucha binduoM para cintana kiyA hai aura ye hI bindu Agama sAhitya ke pazcAt nirmita sAhitya ke upajIvya rahe haiM / mallI bhagavatI : adhyAtma kSetra meM nArI kA carama utkarSa mallI bhagavatI ke caritra kA mUla AdhAra jJAtAdharmakathA ( sU0 1 / 8 ) hai / mallI bhagavatI kA jIva apane tIsare pUrvabhava meM 'mahAbala' nAmaka rAjA banA thA / vaha chaha snehI sAthiyoM ke sAtha zramaNadharma meM dIkSita huA aura sAtha hI samAna tapa karane kA nizcaya kiyA / para mahAbala ke antarmAnasa meM

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66 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ye vicAra udbuddha hue ki maiM gRhasthAzrama meM bhI inase bar3hakara thA / yadi isa samaya samAna sAdhanA kI tI inhIM ke samAna bhaviSya meM rahanA pdd'egaa| ata: mahAbala ne viziSTa tapa kI sAdhanA prArambha kI / yadi chahoM sAthI SaSThabhakta tapa karate to mahAbala aSTamabhakta tapa karate, yadi anya sAthI aSTamabhakta tapa karate to ve dazama bhakta tapa karate / sAthI muniyoM ke pUchane para zArIrika aura mAnasika kAraNa batAkara ve pAraNA nahIM karate / mAyA ke kAraNa unhoMne strInAmakarma kA anubandhana kiyaa| strIveda kA bandha kara lene ke pazcAt sabhI prakAra ke zalyoM se mukta hokara niSkAma bhAva se ugra tapa ke sAtha tIrthaMkara nAma gotra kA bandha kiyaa| sAtoM hI zramaNoM ne bhikSa kI dvAdaza pratimAoM ko dhAraNa kiyA, laghusiMhaniSkrIr3ita tathA mahAsiMhaniSkrIDita Adi vividha prakAra kI tapasyAe~ karane ke bAda anta meM pAdapopagamana saMthArA kara svargastha hue / mahAbala jIva battIsa sAgara kI utkRSTa sthiti sahita anuttara vimAna meM paidA huA aura anya chahoM muni battIsa sAgara se kucha kama sthiti vAle deva bane / __vahA~ se cyuta hokara mahAbala kA jIva mithilA nagarI meM mahArAjA kumbha kI mahArAnI prabhAvatI kI kukSi se mallI bhagavatI ke rUpa meM utpanna huA aura unake pUrvabhava ke chaha mitra jinameM se "acala' kA jIva kauzala kI rAjadhAnI ayodhyA meM 'pratibuddha' nAmaka rAjakumAra huA / 'dhAraNa' kA jIva aMga kI rAjadhAnI campA meM 'candrachAya' nAmaka rAjakumAra, 'abhicandra kA jIva kAzI kI rAjadhAnI vArANasI meM 'zaMkha' rAjakumAra banA / 'pUraNa" kA jIva kuNAlA kI rAjadhAnI kuNAlA nagarI meM 'rukmI' nAmaka rAjakumAra huA / 'vasu' kA jIva puru kI rAjadhAnI hastinApura meM 'adInazatra' nAmaka rAjakumAra ke rUpa meM paidA haA tathA vaizramaNa" kA jIva pAMcAla kI rAjadhAnI kAmpilyapura meM 'jitazatra' rAjA bnaa| dvitIyA ke candramA kI bhA~ti mallI kumArI dina-pratidina bar3hane lgii| usakA rUpa adbhuta thaa| jo bhI use nihAratA, vaha ThagA-sA raha jAtA / rAjakumArI ne apane viziSTa jJAna se dekhA ki mere chahoM mitra mere rUpa kI khyAti sunakara mere se vivAha karane ke lie tatpara hoMge, ataH unheM pratibodha dene hetu usane viziSTa kalAkAroM ko bulavAyA aura azoka vATikA meM mohana gRha kA nirmANa karavAyA, chaha garbhagRhoM ke bIca eka jAla-gRha kA nirmANa krvaayaa| usa jAla-gRha meM maNi pIThikA para apane hI samAna svarNa putalI banavAI, usa putalI ko dekhane vAlA yahI samajhatA ki sAkSAt mallI

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 67 bhagavatI hI khar3I hai / usa putalI ke sira para eka chidra banavAyA aura padma patra kI taraha usakA Dhakkana nirmANa karavAkara pratidina apane bhojana ke bAda eka kavala usa patalI meM DAlane lagI / vaha anna pratidina andara hI andara sar3ane lagA, jisase dusahya durgandha paidA huI / chahoM mitra rAjAoM ne mallI bhagavatI ke rUpa kI prazaMsA sUnI to una sabane use apanI-apanI patnI banAne ke lie kumbha rAjA ke pAsa dUta preSita kiye / chahoM dUtoM ko eka sAtha AyA huA dekhakara mahArAjA kambha yaha nirNaya na le sake ki kisake sAtha rAjakumArI kA pANigrahaNa karAyA jAya, ataH chahoM dUtoM ko niSedha kara diyaa| chahoM rAjakamAroM ke dUtoM ne apane-apane rAjAoM ko nivedana kiyA tathA ve chahoM senA se susajjita hokara AkramaNa karane hetu mithilA kI ora bar3he jisase kumbha rAjA atyanta cintita huA / mallI bhagavatI ke saMketa se chaha rAjAoM ko pRthaka-pRthak garbhagRhoM meM ThaharA diyA gayA / chahoM ne mallI bhagavatI kI pratikRti dekhI, ve dekhate hI usa para mantra-mugdha ho gaye / mallI bhagavatI jAla-gRha meM se apanI kanakamayI pratikRti ke pAsa AI aura padma kamala ke Dhakkana ko putalI ke sira para se haTA diyA / Dhakkana haTate hI asahya aura bhISaNa durgandha nikalI, jisase sArA vAyumaNDala dusahya durgandha se vyApta ho gyaa| chahoM rAjAoM ne apane uttarIya vastroM se nAka ko Dhaka liyA aura mukha ko mor3akara baiTha gye| rAjakumArI mallI bhagavatI ne una sabhI rAjAoM ko sambodhita kara kahA-Apa sabhI mukha ko mor3akara aura nAka Adi Dhaka kara kyoM baiThe haiM ? isa svarNamUrti meM pratidina eka-eka grAsa zreSTha bhojana kA DAlA gayA haiM / java eka grAsa se bhI itanI bhayaMkara sar3Ana paidA huI hai to hama isa zarIra meM pratidina kitane grAsa DAlate haiM ? yaha zarIra mala-mUtra, zleSma, raja Adi azuciyoM kA bhaNDAra hai, isameM Apa kyoM Asakta ho rahe haiM ? smaraNa karo apane pUrvabhava ko ! hama pUrvabhava meM mitra the| sAdhanA karate hue maiMne mAyA kA sevana kiyA, jisake kAraNa maiMne strInAmakarma kA bandhana kiyaa| chahoM rAjAoM ko jAti-smaraNa jJAna haA aura ve pratibuddha hue| tIna sau puruSa aura tIna sau mahilAoM ke sAtha mallI bhagavatI ne pravrajyA grahaNa kii| usI dina unheM kevalajJAna evaM kevaladarzana ho gyaa| eka prahara se kucha adhika samaya taka ve chadmastha avasthA meM rahe / kevalajJAna hone para chahoM rAjA bhI unake prathama upadeza ko sunakara dIkSita hue| kathA kA kathya prastuta kathA meM bhoga ke daladala meM pha~sane vAle, rUpa aura lAbaNya ke

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hada jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA pIche pAgala bane hue chahoM rAjAoM ko vizuddha sadAcAra kA mArga batAyA hai / jo zarIra Upara se camaka-damaka rahA hai, jisakI camaka-damaka se usake prati AkarSaNa paidA hotA hai, usa zarIra meM rahI huI apAra gandagI ko batAkara rAjAoM kA hRdaya parivartana kiyA gayA hai / bauddha sAhitya meM bhikSuNI zubhA kA eka prasaMga hai / zubhA kA saundarya nirAlA thA / eka kAmuka vyakti usake saundarya para mugdha ho gayA / usa kAmuka vyakti ne kahA- tumhAre netra kitane sundara aura AkarSaka haiM ki unako pAye binA mujhe caina nahIM par3egA / bhikSuNI ne apane zIla kI rakSA ke lie tIkSNa nAkhUnoM se apane netra nikAla kara usake hAtha meM de diye aura usa kAmuka vyakti se kahA- jina netroM para tuma mugdha ho, ve netra tumheM samarpita kara rahI | kintu usa kathA se bhI mallI bhagavatI kI kathA adhika AkarSaka aura prabhAvazAlI hai / rUpaka kI bhASA meM yadi kahA jAye to ve chahoM rAjA kAma, krodha, mada, moha Adi SaT ripuoM ke rUpa meM haiM / sabhI dharma aura sampradAyoM ne SaT ripuoM ko jItane para bala diyA hai / una ripuoM ko kalA se hI jItA jA sakatA hai / mallI bhagavatI kI taraha sAdhaka una ripuoM para vijaya vaijayantI phaharA sakatA hai / prastuta kathA meM utkRSTa citrakalA kA rUpa bhI dekhane ko milatA hai / prAcIna bhArata meM citrakalA kA paryApta vikAsa huA thA / citroM ko banAne ke lie citrakAra apanI kU~cI aura vividha prakAra ke raMgoM kA upayoga karatA thA / citrakAra sarvaprathama bhUmi ko taiyAra karatA phira usako sajAtAsaMvAratA | mallI bhagavatI ke bhrAtA malladatta kumAra ne hAva-bhAva, vilAsa aura zRMgAra ceSTAoM se yukta eka citra sabhA banavAI thI / citrakAra zreSThatama citra banAne meM saMlagna ho gye| unameM eka citrakAra adbhuta pratibhA kA dhanI thA / vaha dvipada, catuSpada, apada [ vRkSa Adi ] ke kisI eka hisse ko nihAra kara usake sampUrNa rUpa ko citrita kara detA thA / rAjA-mahArAjA aura zra eSThI gaNoM ko citra kalA atyanta priya thI / ve vividha prakAra kI citra - zAlAyeM banavAte the / bRhatkalpabhASya meM AcArya saMghadAsagaNi ne citra karma ke nirdoSa aura sadoSa ye do prakAra batAye haiM / vRkSa, parvata, nadI, samudra, bhavana, vallI, latA vitAna, pUrNa kalaza, svastika, Adi mAMgalika padArthoM kA Alekhana nirdoSa citra karma mAnA hai aura striyoM ke zRMgAra Adi Alekhana ko sadoSa citra

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 66 karma mAnA hai| citra mukhya rUpa se bhittiyoM para aura paTTa phalaka para banAye jAte the| citra-sabhAyeM usa yuga meM rAjAoM ke lie atyanta garva kI vastu hotI thiiN| citra sabhAoM meM saikar3oM khambhe hote the| prastuta kathA meM kucha avAntara kathAyeM bhI haiM / cokkhA parivAjikA rAjA jitazatru ke darabAra meM pahu~catI hai / jitazatra ko apane antaHpura para bar3A garva thA / vaha socatA thA ki mere antaHpura ke sadRza sundariyA~ anyatra kahIM para bhI nahIM haiM / vizva kA sampUrNa saundarya mere antaHpura meM simaTA huA hai, ataH vaha abhimAna ke sAtha parivrAjikA se bolA-Apa to dezavidezoM meM ghUmatI haiN| kyA Apane mere antaHpura sadRzya anya antaHpura dekhA hai / parivrAjikA ne muskarAte hue kahA-tuma to kUpa-maNDUka sadRza ho; aura vaha kUpa-maNDUka kI kathA sunAtI hai / kathAoM meM samudra yAtrAe~ : prastuta kathAnaka meM araNaka zrAvaka kI sudRr3ha dharma-zraddhA kA bhI ullekha hai / vaNik loga mUla dhana kI rakSA karate hue dhanopArjana karate the| kitane hI vyApArI eka sthAna para dukAna lagAkara vyApAra karate the aura kitane hI vyApArI binA dukAna lagAye idhara-udhara ghUma-phirakara vyApAra karate the| nizIthacUrNi' meM 'samudda jANI' zabda prApta hotA hai, jisakA artha hai-samudra yAtrI / jJAtRdharmakathA' meM aneka sthaloM para 'pota paTTana' aura 'jala pattana' zabda Aye haiM, jo samudrI bandaragAha ke sUcaka haiM, jahA~ para videzoM se mAla utaratA thA aura dezI mAla kA vahA~ se niryAta hotA thaa| AcArAMga aura uttarAdhyayana' meM nAva aura pota zabda bhI prApta hote haiM / potavaha zabda jahAja kA vAcaka hai / Adhunika yuga meM 'vANiya' zabda sAmAnya vyApArI 2. nizIthacUNi 11/3532. 1. bRhatkalpabhASya 1/2426. 3. nizIthabhASya 16/5750, kI cUNi . 4. samuddajANIe ceva NAvae 5. NAyAdhammakahA, adhya0 8vA~ 7. uttarAdhyayana, adhya0 23. 8. NAyAdhammakahA, adhya08, 9, 17. -nizIthacUNi 6. AcArAMga, 3,2. .

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100 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtra ke artha meM vyavahRta hotA hai, para jJAtAdharmakathA meM 'vANiya' zabda samudrI yAtrI ke lie prayukta huA hai / Agama sAhitya meM va dharmakathAnuyoga meM aneka sthaloM para samudra yAtrA kA nirUpaNa hai / Avazyaka cUrNi se yaha patA calatA hai ki dakSiNa sadurA se surASTra meM jahAja calate the / samudra yAtrA ke lie vAyu kA anukUla honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / niryAmakoM ko samudrI havA ke bAre meM kuzala honA Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai / samudra meM "kAliyAvAta" na calane para aura sAtha hI garbhaja vAyu ke calane para jahAja sakuzala bandaragAhoM para pahu~ca jAte the / 'kAliyAvAta' yAnI tUphAnoM meM jahAjoM ko DUbane kA atyadhika khatarA rahatA thA / usa yuga meM samudra yAtrA nirvighna nahIM thI / 1 jahAja Aja kI bhA~ti donoM prakAra ke hote the - car3hane yogya aura mAla Dhone yogya jo jahAja vyApAra ke lie jAte the, unameM jo mAla bharA jAtA thA, vaha 1. gaNima - supArI, nAriyala Adi jo gina karake bharA jAtA thA / 2. dharima - zavakara Adi jise tolakara bharate the / 3. meya- cAvala, ghI Adi jo pAlI Adi se mApakara diyA jAtA thA / 4. paricchedya - jise kevala A~khoM se jA~cakara dete the jaise - kapar3A, hIre panne, mANika motI Adi javAharAta | " bandaragAha taka vyApArI loga hAthI, ghor3A, zakaTa tathA gAr3iyoM para baiThakara pahu~cate the / vividha bhASAoM kA parijJAna na hone para loga saMketoM se kAma lete the| jaba taka saudA pUrA nahIM hotA vahA~ taka loga mAla ko Dha~ka kara rakhate the / uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA ke anusAra guptakAla meM bhArata kA IrAna ke sAtha atyanta madhura sambandha thA / zaMkha, candana, agara tagara, ratna Adi bhArata se IrAna meM jAte the aura IrAna se majITha, svarNa, cA~dI, mU~ge, 1. NAyAdhammakahA, adhya0 8, 9, 17. 2. AvazyakacUNi, pR0 706. 3. AvazyakacUrNi pR0 66. 4. NAyAdhammakahA, adhyayana hai. 5. upAsakadazAMga sUtra 5. 6. ( ka ) NAyAdhammakahA, adhyayana 8,6,17. (kha) nizIthacUrNi 5632. 7. AvazyakacUrNi, pR0 42.

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 101 muktAe~ prabhRti aneka vastue~ bhArata meM AtI thoM / / yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki bhArata meM somAlI-laiNDa, vaMza pradeza, yUnAna , siMhala, araba, haTaganA, phArasa prabhRti dezoM se aneka dAsa-dAsiyA~ antaHpura meM mahArAniyoM kI sevA ke lie AtI thiiN| unake lAlana-pAlana meM bar3hatI huI santAna sahaja rUpa se vahA~ kI bhASAoM se paricita ho jAte the| unheM bhASAoM ke adhyayana ke lie vizeSa zrama karane kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI thii| dhAya-mAtAoM kI cUTa ke sAtha hI bhASA bhI unheM hRdayaMgama ho jAtI / Aja ke yuga kI taraha prAcIna yuga meM bhI videzoM se jo bahumUlya mAla AtA thA, usa mAla kA (rAjasva) kara na cukAnA par3e, isalie vyApArIgaNa rAjamArga kA parityAga kara bIhar3a-patha para bhI cala par3ate the aura jaba ve pakar3e jAte to rAjAgaNa unheM kaThora daNDa dete the| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki pratyeka yuga meM sabhI ImAnadAra vyakti paidA nahIM hote| lobha kI vRtti se mAnava anaitikatA kI ora bar3hatA hai / jainazramaNa kI AcAra saMhitA atyadhika kaThina thI isaliye vaha samudra yAtrA nahIM karate the, para jaina sArthavAha aura vyApArIgaNa vyApAra ke kSetra meM atyadhika unnati karanA cAhate the, isaliye ve samudra-yAtrA kiyA karate the| eka bAra nahIM, kintu aneka bAra ve mAla ko idhara se udhara AyAta aura niryAta karate rahate the| Agama va vyAkhyA sAhitya aura svatantra kathA-sAhitya meM saikar3oM vyaktiyoM ke samudra-yAtrA ke prasaMga prApta haiN| unheM samudrI mArgoM kA bhI vizeSa parijJAna thaa| yaha satya hai ki Aja ke yuga kI taraha usa yuga meM vAhana itane sabala nahIM the| pavana kI pratikUlatA se vAhana kSata-vikSata bhI ho jAte the, tathApi vyApArI himmata nahIM hArate the| __ prastuta kathAnaka meM chaha rAjAoM kA paricaya bhI diyA gayA hai / mallI bhagavatI ke yuga meM rAjya-vyavasthA kaisI thI ? isakA bhI isase patA calatA hai| rAjAoM ke pAsa caturaMgiNI senAyeM hotI thiiN| ve svAbhimAnI hote the| unake ahaMkAra ko jarA so Thesa pahu~ vane para ve yuddha ke lie bhI 1. uttarAdhyayana TIkA, pR0 64. 2. antagaDadasAo, bAraneTa kA anuvAda, pR0 26 se 26. 3. uttarAdhyayana bRhadvRtti, patra 252.

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102 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA sannaddha ho jaate| sabhI rAjAoM kI yahI icchA rahatI ki vizva meM jo bhI sarvazreSTha vastu hai, usake adhipati hama hI haiN| yahI kAraNa hai ki mallI bhagavatI ke saundarya-rasa kA pAna karane ke lie chahoM rAjA rUpI bha~vare eka sAtha ma~DarAye aura adhikAra kI bhASA meM sabhI ne apanA-apanA adhikAra vyakta kiyaa| prastuta kathAnaka ke adhyayana se yaha bhI jJAta hotA hai ki usa yuga meM Aja kI taraha lar3akI mAtA-pitA ke lie eka samasyA hI thI / yadi laDakI atyanta rUpavAna hotI to rUpa-lubdhaka vyakti use pAne ke lie apanI jAna dA~va para lagA dete aura jaba eka se adhika vyakti use prApta karane ke lie Atura ho jAte to mAtA-pitA ke lie gambhIra samasyA bana jAtI thii| yadi vaha lar3akI surUpA nahIM hotI to bhI vivAha kI samasyA hI banI rhtii| isa taraha donoM hI prakAra se lar3akI kI samasyA rahatI thii| isa prakAra prastuta kathAnaka meM sAMskRtika, dhArmika sAmagrI rahI prastuta kathAnaka ke dvArA isa bAta kA bhI pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai ki puruSa jo strI ke rUpa para anurakta ho use tarka dRSTi se pratibodha diyA hai| isa prakAra pratibodha dene kI paramparA prAcIna kathA sAhitya ma aneka sthaloM para dekhA jA sakatI hai 11 bauddha sAhitya meM bhikSuNI zubhA kI kathA bhI isI prakAra kI hai| jisakI carcA pRSTha 68 para kI jA cukI hai, isa ghaTanA se yaha dhvanita hotA hai ki usa yuga meM nArI kA Atmabala itanA prabala rUpa se jAgRta thA ki vaha eraSa kI kAmanA-vAsanA ke pravAha ko apane rUpa-saundarya kA balidAna karake bhI mor3a de sakatI thI aura utsarga karane meM kabhI pIche nahIM htii| uttarAdhyayana meM rAjImatI ne rathanemi ko vamana ke udAharaNa se pratibodhita kiyA / AkhyAnakamaNikoza meM rohiNI kI kathA hai / rohiNI, jisa para eka rAjA mugdha ho gayA thA, 1. dekheM, penjara; 'da osana Apha sTorI' bhUmikA / 2. jaina, zivacaraNalAla, AcArya buddhaghoSa aura unakI aTThakathAe~, dillI, 1666 / 3. uttarAdhyayana sUtra, a. 22, gA0 41-52 4. AkhyAnakamaNikoza, kathAnaka saMkhyA 15, pR0 61

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 103 vaha vibhinna kathAe~ sunAkara rAjA ke hRdaya ko parivartita karatI hai| rayaNacUDarAyacariya' meM aura kathAsaritsAgara meM isI prakAra ke vicAroM ko vyakta karane vAlI kathAe~ AI haiN| kintu una sabhI kathAoM se malli bhagavatI kI jo kathA hai adhika prabhAvazAlI hai| isameM pratIka ke dvArA jisa satya ko ujAgara kiyA hai vaha adbhuta aura darzanIya hai / svarNa pratimA kA jo rUpa hai, vaha nArI saundarya ko vyakta kara rahA hai| pratimA ke Upara cheda para DhakA huA kamala bAharI saundarya ke AkarSaNa ko vyakta karatA hai| aura pratimA ke andara AhAra kI sar3AMdha nArI zarIra ke bhItara rahI huI azucitA ko vyakta karatI hai| sAtha hI kamala ke nIce rahane vAle kIcar3a ko bhI vyakta karatI hai / jisa bhayaMkara durgandha se sabhI rAjA maha phera lete haiM aura unakA AkarSaNa samApta ho jAtA hai| saMyama grahaNa karane vAle sAdhaka kI Asakti samApta ho jAtI hai aura vaha sadA ke lie bhogoM se vimukta ho jAtA hai| bhagavAn ariSTanemi : bhagavAn RSabhadeva aura mallI bhagavatI ye donoM tIrthaMkara prAga aitihAsika kAla meM hue haiM / Adhunika itihAsakAra bhagavAn ariSTanemi ko aitihAsika puruSa mAnate haiN| kyoMki karmayogI zrIkRSNa ko itihAsakAra itihAsa ke eka jAjvalyamAna nakSatra mAnate haiN| usI yuga meM ariSTanemi kA bhI prAdurbhAva huA thaa| isalie unheM aitihAsika purupa mAnane meM saMkoca kI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| Rgveda meM ariSTane mi zabda cAra bAra prayukta huA hai| "svasti nastAkSyo ariSTanemiH' [Rgveda 1/14/86/6] yahA~ para 'ariSTanemi' zabda bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke lie prayukta huA hai / kitane hI mUrdhanya manISIgaNoM kA yaha mantavya hai ki 'chAndogyopaniSad' meM bhagavAn ariSTanemi kA nAma 'ghora AMgirasa' ke nAma se AyA hai / unhoMne zrIkRSNa ko AtmayajJa kI zikSA pradAna kii| usakI dakSiNA dAna, tapazcaryA, RjubhAva, 1. rayaNacUDarAyacariyaM, saM0 zrI vijayakumuda sUri, pR0 54 2. tIse kANagapaDimAe, matthayAotaM paumaM avnnei| -dhammakahANuogo, mUla pR0 43 3. (ka) Rgveda 1/14/86/6. (kha) Rgveda 1/24/180/10 (ga) Rgveda 3453/11. (gha) Rgveda 10/12/178/1.

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104 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ahiMsA, satyavacana rUpa thii|1 dharmAnanda kauzAmbI ne 'AMgirasa' RSi ko bhagavAn ariSTanebhi kA hI apara nAma mAnA hai / Rgveda, yajurveda aura sAmaveda' meM bhagavAn ariSTanemi ko 'tArkSya ariSTanemi' likhA hai| "svasti naH indro vRddhazravAH svasti naH pUSAH vizvavedAH / svasti nastAyo'riSTanemiH svasti no bRhaspatidadhAtu" / vedoM meM jo ariSTanemi zabda prayoga huA hai, vaha bhagavAn ariSTanemi ne lie hai / mahAbhArata meM bhI 'tArthya' zabda kA prayoga huA hai| vaha bhI bhagavAn ariSTanemi kA hI dUsarA nAma honA caahie|' yajurveda meM likhA hai- 'adhyAtmayajJa ko pragaTa karane vAle, saMsAra ke bhavya jIvoM ko yathArtha upadeza dene vAle aura jinake upadeza se AtmA pavitra banatI hai, una sarvajJa neminAtha ke lie Ahuti samarpita karatA huuN| DA0 rAdhAkRSNana ne likhA hai-yajurveda meM RSabhadeva, ajitanAtha aura ariSTanemi ina tIna tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma haiM / . 'skandapurANa'10 meM eka prasaMga hai-vAmana ne tapa kiyA / tapa ke divya prabhAva se prabhAvita hokara ziva ne vAmana ko darzana diye / ziva usa samaya 1. ataH yat tapodAnamArjavamahiMsAsatyavacanamititA asya dkssinnaa| -chAndogya upaniSad 3/17/4. 1. bhAratIya saMskRti aura ahiMsA, pR0 57. 3. (ka) tvam Su vAjinaM sahAvAna tarutAraM rathAnAm / ariSTanemi pRtanAjamAzu svastaye tAya mihA huvema // (kha) Rgveda 1/1/16 ___-Rgveda 10/12/178/1. 4. yajurveda 25/16: 5. sAmaveda 3/9. 6. Rgveda 1/1/16 7. evamuktastadA tAyaH sarvazAstra vidAMvaraH / vibudhya saMpadaM cAgra yAM sadvAkyamidamabavIt // --mahAbhArata, zAnti parva, 288/4. 8. vAjasaneyi-mAdhyaMdinazukla yajurveda, adhyAya 6, maMtra 25, sAta valekara saMskaraNa (vikrama 1984) E. The Yajurveda mentions the names of three TirthankarasRishabha, Ajitnath and Arisi tanemi. -- Indian Philosophy, Vol. I, p. 287. 10. skandapurANa, prabhAsakhaNDa

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 105 zyAma varNa, acela aura padmAsana meM baiThe hue the| vAmana ne unakA nAma 'neminAtha' rkhaa| ye neminAtha kalikAla ke sabhI ghora pApoM ko naSTa karane vAle haiN| inake darzana aura caraNa-sparza se karor3oM yajJa kA phala prApta hotA hai| prabhAsapUrANa meM bhI ariSTanemi kI stuti kI gaI hai| mahAbhArata meM bhI unakI stuti ke svara prasphuTita hue haiN| suprasiddha itihAsakAra DA0 rAyacaudharI ne 'vaiSNava dharma ke prAcIna itihAsa' meM bhagavAn ariSTanemi ko zrIkRSNa kA cacerA bhAI likhA hai| ariSTanemi ke sambandha meM karnala TaoNDa ne likhA hai-mujhe aisA jJAta hotA hai, atIta kAla meM cAra buddha yA medhAvI mahApuruSa hue haiM, unameM prathama AdinAtha aura dvitIya neminAtha the / neminAtha hI skenDIneviyA nivAsivoM ke prathama oNDina tathA cIniyoM ke prathama 'pho' devatA the| DA0 nagendranAtha vasu, DA0 phuhara, prophesara vaoNraneTa, mi0 karvA, DA0 haridatta, DA0 prANanAtha vidyAlaMkAra Adi aneka Adhunika vidvAnoM ne bhI bhagavAn ariSTanemi ko aitihAsika evaM prabhAvazAlI mahApuruSa mAnA hai / unake kalyANa, garbha meM Ane para mAtA ne jo caudaha mahAsvapna dekhe, unakA ullekha hai / janma, pravrajyA, kevalajJAna, gaNadhara, antakRta bhUmi aura kumArAvasthA meM nirvANa-prApti kA ullekha huA hai| 'vasudeva hiNDI', 'caupannamahApurisa cariyaM', triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra, neminAha cariuM, bhava-bhAvanA, upadezamAlA prakaraNa, harivaMza purANa, uttara purANa, nemi nirvANa kAvya, ariSTanemi caritra, neminAtha caritra, Adi lagabhaga sau se bhI adhika racanAyeM prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza, gujarAtI, rAjasthAnI Adi bhASA meM upalabdha haiN| jina racanAoM meM bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke jIvana ke pAvana-prasaMga ukita haiN| vizeSa jijJAsu mere dvArA likhita 'bhagavAn ariSTanemi aura karmayogI zrIkRSNa : eka anuzIlana' grantha kA avalokana kreN| 1. prabhAsa purANa 46-50. 2. mahAbhArata, anuzAsana parva, adhyAya 146, zloka 50-82. 3. vaiSNava dharma kA prAcIna itihAsa-DA0 rAyacaudharI 4. annalsa oNpha dI bhaNDArakara risarca insTITyUTa-patrikA jilda 23. pRSTha 122. 5. 'bhagavAn ariSTanemi aura karmayogI zrI kRSNa : eka anuzIlana' -le0 devendra muni zAstrI prakA0 tAraka guru jaina granthAlaya, udayapura (rAja.)

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106 jaina kathAoM kI vikAsa yAtrA bhagavAn ariSTanemi lokottara mahApuruSa the| jIvana ke uSA kAla se hI unameM virakti kI bhAvanA a~gar3AiyA~ le rahI thii| nArI unheM parAjita karane ke lie tulI huI thii| vaha hAva-bhAva aura vilAsa ke dvArA unake vairAgya ko vicalita karanA cAhatI thii| zrIkRSNa kI mahArAniyA~ vividha prakAra kI zRMgAra ceSTAe~ kara unheM saMsAra ke prati AkarSita karanA cAhatI thiiN| moha-mugdha rAniyoM kI sthiti para cintana karate hae ariSTanemi ke mukha para halkI sI smita rekhA ubharatI to rAniyA~ jhUma uThatIM apanI saphalatA para ! ve yaha kalpanA karatIM ki hamane inake hRdaya ko jIta liyA hai / para ariSTanemi to himAlaya kI taraha aDola the| bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke yuga kA hama adhyayana kareM to sUrya ke prakAza kI bhA~ti yaha spaSTa hogA ki usa yuga meM kSatriyagaNa mAMsa aura madirA ke pIche pAgala bane hue the| ve use apanA gaurava mAnate the / ariSTanemi ke vivAha ke pAvana-prasaMga para pazuoM ko ekatrita kiyA gyaa| hiMsA kI isa paizAcika pravRtti kI ora jana-mAnasa kA dhyAna kendrita karane ke lie tathA kSatriyoM ko mAMsa-bhakSaNa se virata karane ke lie vaha binA vivAha kiye hI lauTa gaye / unakA yaha lauTanA kSatriyoM ke pApoM kA prAyazcitta thaa| usakA adbhuta prabhAva bijalI kI bhA~ti haa| usase sArA samAja vicalita ho utthaa| ariSTanemi ke tyAga ne mAnava samAja ko nayA mArgadarzana diyA / jo mAnava apanI kSaNika tRpti ke lie dUsare jIvoM ke jIvana sAtha khilavAr3a karate the, unheM AtmAlocana kI preraNA milI ki hama kisI bhI prANI ko kaSTa na deMge / bhagavAn ariSTanemi kA yaha apUrva udbodhana sabhI prANiyoM ke lie varadAna thA / __madirA ne hI dvArikA kA vinAza kiyA thaa| madirA ke virodha meM ariSTanemi ne joradAra svara bulanda kiyA, jisake phalasvarUpa dvArikA meM madirA-pAna bilkula hI banda ho gyaa| ariSTanemi adhyAtma jagata ke tejasvI sUrya the / karmayogI zrIkRSNa ne gau-pAlana para bala diyA; kintu bhagavAn ariSTanemi ne sabhI prANiyoM kI rakSA para bala diyA jisake kAraNa bhArata meM ahiMsA kI surIlI svaralahariyA~ jhaMkRta huI aura ve itane adhika lokapriya hue ki vaidika aura bauddha paramparA ke granthoM meM bhI ariSTanemi kA ullekha bahuta hI gaurava ke sAtha huA hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha : pAzcAtya aura paurvAtya sabhI mUrdhanya manISI bhagavAn pArzva ko

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 107 aitihAsika mahApuruSa mAnate haiN| ve bhagavAn mahAvIra ke janma se tIna sau pacAsa varSa pUrva janme the| sarvaprathama DA0 haramana jekobI ne jainAgamoM ke sAtha hI bauddha tripiTakoM ke AdhAra para pArzvanAtha ko aitihAsika puruSa siddha kiyA hai| usake bAda kaoNlabraka, sTIvensana, eDavarDa TAmasa, DA0 belavalakara, dAsaguptA, DA0 rAdhAkRSNana, zAnTiyara, gerInoTa, majUmadAra, IliyaTa, pusina Adi vijJoM ne sapramANa yaha pramANita kiyA hai ki zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUrva eka nirgrantha sampradAya thA, jo bahuta prabhAvazAlI thaa| usa nirgrantha sampradAya ke pradhAna nAyaka pArzvanAtha the| DA0 cArlsa zAnTiyara kA abhimata hai ki hameM ina do bAtoM kA smaraNa rakhanA hogAjaina dharma nizcita rUpa se mahAvIra se prAcIna hai| unake prakhyAta pUrvagAmI pAva nizcita rUpa se eka vAstavika vyakti ke rUpa meM vidyamAna raha cuke haiN| pariNAmasvarUpa, mUla siddhAntoM kI pramukha bAteM mahAvIra se pUrva sUtra rUpa dhAraNa kara cukI hoNgii| bhagavAn pArzva ke jIvana-vRtta ke sambandha meM sarvaprathama sUcanA zvetAmbara AgamoM meM samavAyAMga aura kalpasUtra meM milatI hai| samavAyAMga meM pArzva ke mAtA-pitA, unakI dIkSA nagarI, zivikA, caitya vRkSa aura unake pramukha ziSya evaM zipyAoM kA nAma nirdiSTa huA hai| jIvana vRtta ke krama se eka hI ghaTanA usameM nahIM AI hai| nAmoM ke atirikta pArzva ke sAtha dIkSA lene vAloM kI saMkhyA, prathama tapa ke dinoM kI saMkhyA batAI hai tathA 1. The Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XLV, Introduction, page 21. "That Parsya was a historical person, is now admitted by all as very probable,............" 2. Indian Philosophy, Vil. I. p. 287. 3. The Uttaradhyayana Sutra, Introduction, p. 21 : "We ought also to remember that the Jain religion is certainly older than Mahavira, his reputed predecessor Parsva having almost certainly existed as a real person, and that, consequently, the main points of the original doctrine may have been codified long before Mahavira."

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108 jaina kathAoM kI vikAsa mAtrA pArzva ke pUrvabhava kA nAma 'sudarzana' batAyA hai| usa bhava meM ve mANDalika rAjA the / muni banane ke pazcAt gyAraha aMga ke jJAtA bne|| kalpasUtra meM pArzva kA jIvana-vRtta prApta hotA hai para usameM pArzva ke pUrvabhavoM kA koI ullekha nahIM hai| pArzva ke kuzasthala jAne kA, ravikIrti yA prasenajita ke sahayoga se kaliMgarAja yavana se yuddha karane kA tathA rAjakumArI prabhAvatI se vivAha karane kA koI bhI varNana nahIM hai| usameM kamaTha va sarpa kI ghaTanA, meghamAlI kRta upasargoM kA bhI varNana nahIM hai| bhagavAn pArzva ko kisa nimitta se vairAgya huA? usakA bhI usameM ullekha nahIM hai| Agama granthoM ke pazcAt racita 'caupanna mahAparisa cariyaM' jisake racayitA AcArya zIlAMka haiM aura 'siri pAsanAha cariyaM' jisake racayitA AcArya abhayadeva ke ziSya AcArya deva bhadra sari haiM, 'triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra', jisake racayitA AcArya hemacandra haiN| ina zvetAmbara AcAryoM ne pArzvanAtha ke kathAnaka ko vikasita kiyA hai| digambara paramparA meM sarvaprathama AcArya guNabhadra ne uttaraparANa meM, mahAkavi puSpadanta ne mahApurANa meM, vAdirAja sUri ne 'pAsanAha cariu' meM bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke maulika prasaMgoM ko uTaiMkita kiyA hai| pAbhyuidaya kAvya, jisake racayitA AcArya jinasena hai, yaha kAvya uttarapurANa se bhI pahale kA hai, para yaha kAvya-grantha hai| isakI racanA kAlidAsa ke 'meghadUta' kI bhA~ti huI hai / isa kAvya meM "bhagavAna pArzva" dhyAnAvasthA meM avasthita haiM aura zambara deva unheM upasarga pradAna karatA hai, isakA citraNa huA hai| kintu jIvana vatta kA paricAyaka yaha grantha nahIM hai| 'jinaratna koSa'1 se patA calatA hai ki AcArya mallIseNa ne bhI mahApurANa yA triSaSTizalAkA purANa kI racanA kI hai para vaha abhI taka prakAzita nahIM ho sakA hai| usameM bhI pArzva ke jIvana ke prasaMga haiN| samavAyAMga meM tIrthaMkaroM ke pUrvabhavoM ke nAmoM kA kula ullekha huA hai, usakA vikasita rUpa hameM vimalasUri racita 'paumacariyaM' meM milatA hai| vimalasUri ne antima do bhavoM se pahale bhava kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke usa bhava se sambandhita janma, nagariyoM ke nAma, svayaM ke 1. jinaratna koSa, lekhaka-hari dAmodara velanakara, pR0 162.

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe 106 nAma, guruoM ke nAma tathA unake agrima devabhavoM ke nAma batAye gaye haiN| isa tIsare bhava ke atirikta anya kisI pUrvabhava se sambandhita koI bhI vivaraNa 'paumacariyaM' meM nahIM hai / samavAyAMga meM caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma Aye haiM, unameM se kacha hI nAma milate haiM, zeSa nAma pRthaka haiN| jaise-- 'samavAyAMga' meM pArzva kA nAma sudarzana' hai, jabaki 'paumacariyaM' meM Ananda hai| samavAyAMga ke "sudarzana' nAma kA vivaraNa anya kisI bhI pArzva caritra meM nahIM milatA hai| ___ vibhalasUri racita paumacariyaM ke samAna hI AcArya raviSe ga ne bhI padmapurANa meM pArzvanAtha kA vivaraNa diyA hai| pUrvabhavoM kA sarvaprathama vyavasthita ullekha zvetAmbara paramparA meM 'caupanna mahApUrisa cariya' meM hai tathA digambara paramparA meM 'uttarapurANa' meM hai / phira usake bAda racita granthoM meM prAyaH unhIM kA anusaraNa huA hai / samavAyAMga aura kalpasUtra meM pArzva kA nAmakaraNa kisa kAraNa huA? isakI koI sUcanA vahA~ para nahIM hai / Avazyakaniyukti meM sarvaprathama isake nimitta kI carcA kI gaI hai| vahA~ likhA hai- "sappaM sayaNe jaNaNI taM pAsai tamasi teNa pAsa jinno|" AcArya haribhadra ne prastuta viSaya para vistAra se cintana karate hue likhA hai ki pArzva kI mAtA vAmA bhagavAn ke garbha meM Ane para svapna meM nAga dekhatI hai tathA pArzvanAtha ke divya prabhAva se andhakAra meM bhI sannikaTa meM se nikalate hue sarpa ko dekhatI hai, isalie bhagavAn kA nAma 'pArzva' rakhA gayA / AcArya hemacandra, bhAvadeva, vinayavijaya jI Adi ne nAmakaraNa meM 'pArzva' meM jAte hue sarpa ko dekhA, isalie unakA nAma pArzva huA, aisA 1. paumacariyaM 20/1-25. DA0 haramana jekobI isakI racanA tIsarI zatAbdI mAnate haiN| grantha kI prazasti meM racanAkAla vIra ni0 saM0 530 arthAt I0 san 3 batAyA hai / para sabhI vijJoM meM ekamata nahIM / 2. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 1061. 3. Avazyakaniyukti, haribhadriyAvRtti, pR0 506. 4. triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra, 6/3/43-44. 5. pArzvanAtha caritra, sarga 5. 6. kalpasUtra, subodhikA TIkA pa.0 203.

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110 jaina kathAoM kI vikAsa yAtrA spaSTa ullekha kiyA hai| uttarapurANa, pAsanAhacariuM prabhuti granthoM meM indra ne bAlaka kA nAma 'pArzva' rakhA, aisA ullekha hai / digambara granthoM meM sarpa ke dekhane kA ullekha nahIM hai aura na usakA nAma ke sAtha sambandha sthApita kiyA hai| pArzvanAtha ke gRhastha jIvana kI do mukhya ghaTanAe~ haiM / prathama ghaTanA hai-kazasthalapUra kA yuddha aura prabhAvatI ke sAtha vivAha; aura dUsarI ghaTanA hai-kamaTha ke sAtha vivAda aura nAga uddhAra / kuzasthalapura yuddha ke lie jAne kA varNana na Agama granthoM meM hai aura na caupanna mahApUrisa cariyaM meM hI hai| sarvaprathama padmakIrti racita pAsanAhacariu meM tathA devabhadra sUri racita pAsanAhacariyaM meM yaha varNana milatA hai| para donoM granthoM meM zvetAmbara-digambara paramparA-bheda hone se kathAnaka meM hI matabheda honA svAbhAvika hai / AcArya zIlAMka ne kuzasthalapura jAne kA varNana nahIM kiyA hai, kintu unhoMne prabhAvatI ke sAtha pArzva kA vivAha honA batAyA hai / digambara AcArya padmakIrti ke anusAra prabhAvatI ke sAtha pArzva kA vivAha sambandha svIkRta hotA hai| para usI samaya kuzasthalapura meM hI kamaTha aura nAga kI ghaTanA ghaTita hone se pArzva prabhAvatI se vivAha na kara ve virakta ho jAte haiN| jabaki devabhadrasUri ne vivAha honA mAnA hai| pArzvanAtha ke jitane bhI anya caritra grantha haiM, una sabhI meM kamaTha aura nAga kI ghaTanA vArANasI meM mAnI hai| kevala padmakIti ne hI vaha kuzasthalapura meM mAnI hai| 1. janmAbhiSeka kalyANa pUjA nityanantaram pArvAbhidhAnaM kRtvAsya pitRbhyAM taM samarpayan ! -uttarapurANa 73/62, pR0 435. 2. pAsanAhacariu, padmakIrti 8/23/70. 3. etthAvasarammi ya sayalaguNagaNAlaMkiyasavise sIkayara, vasohAgAisayassa bhayavao paseNaiNA accantasohangasAliNI pahAvatI NAma NiyayadhUyA paNA miyaa| -caupannamahApurisacariyaM, pR0 261, 4. jovasiyai bahu-guNa kahiu laggu / NaraNAhaho taM Niya-citi lggu|| gaDa viyasiya-vayaNu khaNeNa titthu / acchai dhavalahari kumAru jitthu / / kari leyi garide vutta deu / mahu kaNNa paraNi kari vayaNu eu // paDivaNNu kumAre eu hou / / -pAsaNAhacariu, 13/6. 5. pAsaNAhacariu, 13/9-13,

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 111 kamaTha-vivAda kA prasaMga sarvaprathama hameM caupanna mahApurisa cariyaM aura uttarapurANa se prApta hotA hai / donoM meM antara yahI hai ki AcArya zIlAMka ne to agni meM jalate kASTha meM nAga ko pIr3ita hote batAyA hai, jabaki guNa bhadra ne kASTha ko cIrane para nAga-nAgina ko pIr3ita hote batAyA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne tathA bhAvadeva sUri ne zIlAMkAcArya kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| padmakIrti ne pAsanAhacariu meM kevala eka nAga ko hI jalate batAyA hai, jabaki vAdirAja sUri ne pArzvanAtha caritra meM nAgayugma kA dharaNendrapadmAvatI ke rUpa meM ullekha kiyA hai| donoM hI paramparAoM ke arvAcIna granthoM meM nAga-nAgina aura dharaNendra padmAvatI kA ullekha huA hai / kitane hI lekhakoM ne yaha likhA hai ki nAgina marakara dharaNendra kI strI padmAvatI devI banI / ' para sthAnAMga, bhagavatI, jJAtAsUtra10 meM dharaNendra nAgarAja kI 1. ca upannama hApurisa cariyaM, pRSTha 261 2. uttarapurANa 73/101-103. 3. triSaSTi zalAkApuruSa caritra, aMgrejI anuvAda, khaNDa 5, pR0 361-392. 4. pArzvanAtha caritra, sarga chaThA . 5. pAsanAha cariu 6. pariNamadanalAmapAkajAta-zrama bharitaM bhujaMga priyAsametam / jinavararavirudayan svAghAmbA sakalamapAsya tatApa tApasasya / / 84 / / parigatadahanaM vyudasya deha bhujagapati bhavena babhUva devaH / samajani bhujagI ca tasya devI-vadalatkomala nIlanIrajAkSI // 86 / / padmAvatI ca dharaNazca kRtopakAraM tatkAla jAtamavadhiM praNidhAyabuddhvA / Anamra maulikaciraccha vicaciMtAghri mAnarcatuH surataruprasavaijinendram // 87 // -zrI pArzvanAtha caritaM, sarga 102, zloka 84, 86, 87. 7. uttarapurANa 73/118-116, pRSTha 436-437. 8. dharaNasma NaM nAgakumAriMdassa nAgakumAraranno cha aggamahisIo paNNattAo ___taMjahA-AlA, sakkA, saterA, soyAmaNA, indA, ghnnvijjyaa| --sthAnAMga sUtra 35, ghAsIlAla jI, ma 0 dvArA sampAdita, bhA0 4, pR0 371. 6. dharaNassa NaM bhaMte ! nAgakumAriMdassa nAgakumAraranno kati aggamahisIo patnattAo? ajjo ! cha aggamahisIo pannattAo, taM jahA-1. ilA 2. sukkA 3. satArA 4. sodAmiNI 5. indA 6. ghaNa vijjuA / -bhagavatI, zataka 10, uddezaka 5, khaDa 3 pRSTha 101. 10. jJAtAsUtra, dvitIya zru taskaMdha, tRtIya varga, pR0 606. prakAzaka-tiloka ratna sthA0 parIkSA borDa, pAtharDI.

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112 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA 1. AlA, 2. zakrA, 3. saterA, 4. saudAminI, 5 indrA, 6. ghanavidyu tA, ye chaha agramahiSiyA~ batAI gaI haiM, unameM padmAvatI kA nAmollekha nahIM hai / jisa prakAra indroM ke nAma zAzvata haiM, unameM parivartana nahIM hotA vaise hI agramahiSiyoM ke nAma bhI zAzvata haiM / jJAtAsUtra ke anusAra vartamAna meM dharaNendra kI jo agramahiSiyA~ haiM, ve bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke zAsana meM banI haiM / agramahiSiyoM kI sthiti ardhapalyopama se bhI adhika batAI hai / / isase yaha spaSTa hai ki dharaNendra ke pUrva jo agramahiSiyA~ thIM, ve satrahaveM tIrthakara kunthunAtha ke samaya banI hoMgI, isalie ve bhagavAn pArzva ke gRhasthAzrama taka jIvita thiiN| AcArya hemacandra aura bhAvadeva ne bhagavAn pArzva ke zAsanadeva kA nAma 'pArzva yakSa' diyA hai tathA zAsanadevI kA nAma 'padmAvatI yakSiNI' diyA hai / kahIM-kahIM para dharaNendra aura pArzva ye donoM ekArthaka rUpa meM vyavahRta hue haiM / lAipha eNDa sTorIja oNpha pArzvanAtha tathA haoNrTa oNpha jainijma' meM bhI dharaNendra aura padmAvatI ko zAsanadeva aura zAsanadevI mAnA hai / vAdirAja sUri viracita pArzvanAtha carita tathA bRhad padmAvatI strota' meM 1. NavaraM dharaNassa aggamahisittAe uvavAo saatiregaddhpliovmtthiii| -jJAtAsUtra, hi0 zru taskaMdha, 2/3/pR0 606 2. samartha samAdhAna, bhAga 1lA, pRSTha 65. 3. (ka) triSaSTi-6/3/pRSTha 486.487. gujraatii| (kha) abhidhAna cintAmaNi 43. 4. pArzvacarita, sarga 7, zloka 827. 5. zrI pArzva carita sarga 6, zloka 160-194. 6. lAipha eNDa sTorIja opha pArzvanAtha, phuTanoTa, pR0 118, 167. 7. hArTa oNpha jainijma, pR0313. 8. padmAvatI jinamatasthitimunnayatI, kiM naiva tatsadasi zAsanadevatAsota / tasyAH patistu guNasagrahadakSacetA, yakSo vabhUva jinazAsanarakSaNajJaH // -zrI pArzvanAtha caritam 12/42, pRSTha 193. 6. pAtAlAdhipati priyA praNayinI cintAmaNi praanninaaN| zrImatpArzvajineza zAsana-surI padmAvatI devatA // - bRhad padmAvatI stotra 22. (prakAzaka-mANikacanda digambara jaina granthamAlA samiti, hIrAbAga, bambaI)

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 113 bhI yaha varNana hai / merI dRSTi se lekhakoM ne bhUla se aisA kiyA hai kyoMki padmAvatI ko yakSiNI aura dharaNendra ko yakSa likhA gayA hai| yakSa aura yakSiNI yaha bANavyantara devoM kA hI eka prakAra hai| jabaki dharaNendra bhavanapati ke indra haiM / isalie padmAvatI yakSiNI unakI devI kisa prakAra ho sakatI hai ? vANavyantara kI devI bhadanapatiyoM kI devI nahIM bana sakatI, ataH prastuta kathana Agamasammata nahIM hai / AgamajJoM ke lie cintanIya hai| ___ caupannamahApurisacariyaM meM likhA hai ki eka bAra pArzvakumAra vAvIsaveM tIrthaMkara ariSTanemi ke bhIti-citroM kA avalokana kara rahe the| avalokana karate-karate unake antarmAnasa meM vairAgya bhAvanA jAgRta huii| uttaraparANa meM likhA hai ki bhagavAn pArzva jaba gRhasthAzrama meM the, taba ayodhyA kA dUta vArANasI AyA, usa dUta ne bhagavAn RSabhadeva kA varNana sunAyA, jisase unheM vairAgya utpanna huaa| AcArya devabhadra sUri ne pAsanAha cariuM meM zIlAMka kA hI anukaraNa kiyA hai / padmakIrti ke abhimatAnusAra kamaTha aura nAga kI ghaTanA unake vairAgya kA nimitta bnii| AcArya hemacandra aura vAdirAja sari ne unake vairAgyotpatti kA koI kAraNa nahIM diyA hai| Adhunika zvetAmbara sAhitya meM zIlAMka kA vizeSa rUpa se anusaraNa huA hai| samavAyAMga aura kalpasUtra meM kamaTha kRta upasargoM kI bilkula carcA nahIM hai / para caupannamahApurisacariyaM,' zrI pAsanAha cariyaM,10 triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra11 meM yaha ghaTanA AI hai| kamaTha tApasa marakara meghamAlI deva banA / vibhaMgajJAna se bhagavAn pArzva ko dhyAna mudrA meM dekhakara usakA ahaMkAra jAgRta ho utthaa| isane mujhe pUrvabhava meM parAjita kiyA thaa| aba maiM ise parAjita kara apanI zakti pradarzita karUM / usane sarpa, bicchU Adi ke vividha rUpa banAkara bhagavAn ko 1. sthAnAMga-samavAgi, pRSTha 455. 2. sthAnAMga-samavAyAMga, pRSTha 481. 3. caupannamahApurisa cariyaM, pRSTha 263. 4. uttarapurANa 73/120-124. 5. pAsanAha cariu 162. 6. pAsanAha cariu 13/12. 7. triSaSTi0 6/3/231. 8. pArzvanAtha caritra 11vA~ sarga, zloka 1-55. 6. caupannamahApurisa cariyaM 266. 10. zrI pAsanAha cariyaM 3/161. 11. triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra 6/3 /

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114 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA bhayaMkara yAtanAyeM dIM, kintu ve meru kI taraha aDola rahe / taba khisiyAkara bhayaMkara garjanA karate hue apAra jala kI vRSTi kI kI / nAsAgra taka pAnI A jAne para bhI bha0 pArzva dhyAna se vicalita nahIM hue / ' dharaNendra ne apane avadhijJAna se meghamAlI ke upasarga ko dekhA / sAta phanoM kA chatra banAkara meghamAlI deva ke upasarga kA nivAraNa kiyA / bhakti bhAvanA se vibhora hokara dharaNendra ne bhagavAn kI stuti kI 1 para samatAyogI bhagavAn pArzva na dharaNendra para tuSTa hue aura na kamaTha ke jIva para ruSTa hI hue / yahI kAraNa hai ki AcArya hemacandra ne likhA hai'"kamaThe dharaNendra ca svocite karma kurvati / prabhostulyamanovRttiH pArzvanAtha: zriye'stu vaH // dharaNendra ke bhaya se bhayabhIta banA huA meghamAlI prabhu ke caraNoM meM girakara apane aparAdhoM kI kSamAyAcanA karane lagA / 5 6 9 caupannamahApurisa cariyaM, siripAsanAha cariyaM triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra, padmakIrtikRta pAsanAha cariu prabhRti zvetAmbara granthoM meM vighnakartA kA nAma meghamAlin diyA hai / uttarapurANa, puSpadanta kRta mahApurANa aura raidhU ke pAsacariya meM vighna upasthita karane vAle kA nAma 'zambara' diyA hai / vAdirAja ne usakA nAma 'bhUtAnanda' likhA hai / AcArya siddhasena 11 divAkara ne likhA hai - he svAmin ! usa zaTha kamaTha ne jo dhUli Apa para pheMkI, vaha dhUli ApakI chAyA para bhI AghAta nahIM pahu~cA sakI 112 1. siri pAsanAha cariyaM - deva0, 3 / 162, 2. siri pAsanAha cariyaM 3 / 193. 3. ( ka ) caupannamahApussi cariyaM 267 (kha) siripAsanAhacariyaM 3 / 163 4. triSaSTi0 parva 6, sarga 1, zloka, 25. 5. cauppanna0 266. 6. tAva puvvattakaDho, mehakumArattaNeNa vaTTato ! 7. triSaSTi0 6 / 3. 8. taM pekkhevi dhavalujjalu thakkau avicalu mehamallibhaDu kuddhau | 6. uttarapurANa 73/136-137. 10. zrI pArzvanAtha caritra 10/88. 11 - 12. kalyANamandira stotra 31. - siripAsa0 3 / 161 - pAsaNAha cariu 14/5/116

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 115 padmakIrti ke anusAra bhagavAn pArzva ko jaba kamaTha upasarga de rahA thA, taba unako kevalajJAna huaa| kintu zvetAmbara granthoM ke anusAra kamaTha ke upasarga ke kucha dinoM bAda bhagavAn pArzva ko kevalajJAna huaa| samavAyAMga aura kalpasUtra ke anusAra pArzva ke prathama ziSya 'dinna' [Aryadatta hue tathA prathama ziSyA 'puSpa vUlA' huI / prathama zrAvaka sunanda tathA prathama zrAvikA sunandA huI / digambara paramparA ke anusAra prathama ziSya kA nAma 'svayaMbhU' hai aura prathama ziSyA kA nAma 'sulokA' yA 'sulo. canA' hai / padmakIrti ke anusAra prathama ziSyA kA nAma prabhAvatI hai / sthAnAMga, samavAyAMga' aura kalpasUtra ke anusAra bhagavAn pArzva ke ATha gaNa aura ATha gaNadhara the| unake nAma isa prakAra haiM1. zubha 2. zubhaghoSa 3. vasiSTha 4. brahmacArI 5. soma 6. zrIdhara 7. vIrabhadra aura 8. yaza / Avazyakaniyukti' Avazyaka10 malayagiro vRtti, triSa 1. pAsaNAha cariu 14/30/132. 2. bhagavAn pArzva : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana, pR0 104-105 __ -le0 devendramuni 3. (ka) samavAyAMga 157, gA0 36-41. (kha) pAsassa NaM arahao purisAdANIyassa ajja dinnnnpaamokkhaao| - kalpasUtra 157 (ga) pAsassa NaM arahao purisAdANIyassa puphphacUlApAmokkhAosunandapA. mokkhANaM ......"sunandApAmokkhANaM..! -kalpasUtra 157. (gha) samavAyAMga 157/42.4. 4. (ka) tiloyapaNNatti 4/966, pRSTha 271. pra0 bhAga (kha) pAsaNAha cariu 15/12/138. (ga) tiloyapaNNatti 4/11/80. 5. taho duhiya pahAvai vara-kumAri / avayariya juvANahaM NAhu mAri / sA ajjiya saMghaho vara-prahANa" -~-pAsaNAha cariu, 15/12/138. 6. sthAnAMga, 617. 7. samavAyAMga 8/8. 8. kalpasUtra 156, pRSTha 223. 6. Avazyakaniyukti, gA0 260. 10. Avazyaka malayagiri vRtti, patra 206.

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116 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA STizalAkA puruSa caritra, siri pAsanAha cariu, tiloyapaNNatti granthoM meM bhagavAn pArzva ke dasa gaNadhara likhe haiM / unake nAmoM meM bhI antara hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, dvitIya gaNadhara kA nAma kalpasUtra meM 'AryaghoSa' hai, to samavAyAMga meM 'zubhaghoSa' hai| kalpasUtra meM prathama gaNadhara kA nAma 'zubha' hai to zrI pAsanAha cariyaM meM 'zubhadatta' hai| gaNadharoM kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM upAdhyAya vinayavijayajI ne yaha samAdhAna diyA hai ki bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke do gaNadhara alpa AyuSya vAle the, isalie samavAyAMga aura kalpasUtra meM ATha gaNadharoM kA ullekha huA hai / anya granthoM meM dasa gaNadharoM kA ullekha huA hai| Avazyakaniyukti ke anusAra bhagavAn pArzva mukhya rUpa se aMga, baMga tathA magadha meM vicare the| para bhArata ke dakSiNa-pazcima aMcala ko bhI unhoMne sparza kiyA thA / bhagavAn pAvaM ne karnATaka se saurASTra taka evaM anArya dezoM meM bhI vihAra kiyA thaa| sakala kIti kI dRSTi se bhagavAn pArzva kA vihAra-kSetra isa prakAra rahA- kuru,kauzala, kAzI, sumha, avantI, puNDa, mAlava, aMga, baMga, kaliMga, pAMcAla, magadha, vidarbha, bhadra, dazArNa, saurASTra, karNATaka, koMkaNa, me bAr3a, lATa, drAvir3a, kAzmIra, kaccha, zAka, pallava, vatsa, AbhIra Adi dezoM meM unhoMne vihAra kiyA thaa| anya AcAryoM ne bhI isI prakAra bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke vihAra kA varNana kiyA hai| bhagavAna pArzva zAkya dvIpa meM padhAre the| zAkya bhUmi nepAla kI upatyakA meM thii| vahAM para pAzrvanAtha ke atyadhika anuyAyI gaNa rahate the| 1. triSaSTi 0 6/3. 2. (ka) siri pAsaNAha cariyaM 4/202. (kha) pArzva caritra 5/437-438. 3. tiloya paNNatti - 4. dvau alpAyunkatvAdikAraNAnnovatau iti TippaNake vyAkhyAtam / -kalpasUtra, subodhikA TIkA, pR0 301. 5. Avazyaka niyukti, gAthA 256 6. sakalakIrti- pArzvanAtha caritra 23/18-16, 15/76-85. 7. (ka) pArzvanAtha carita, sarga 15/76-85. (kha) triSaSTi0-6/4 pR0 263-308 (gujarAtI anuvAda) (ga) siripAsaNAhacariyaM sarga 8

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 117 tathAgata buddha ke cAcA bhagavAn pArzva ke anuyAyI zrAvaka the / prAcIna kAla se bhArata aura zAkya pradeza meM atyanta madhura sambandha rahe haiM / zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparA ke grantha bhagavAna pArzva kA parinirvANa sammetazikhara mAnate haiM, jo parvata Aja bhI bihAra rAjya ke hajArIbAga jile meM sthita hai aura 'pArzvagirI' ke nAma se vizruta hai| usake nikaTastha relave sTezana kA nAma bhI pArasanAtha hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara haiN| unakA vyaktitva atyanta krAntikArI thaa| unhoMne tatkAlona sAmAjika, Arthika, dhArmika mUlabhUta samasyAoM kA maulika samAdhAna kiyA thaa| jisa samaya IrAna meM jarathostra, philistIna meM jAremiyA, tathA IrjAkela, cIna meM kanphyUziyasa evaM lAotse, yUnAna meM pAithAgorasa, aphalAtUna aura sukarAta Adi vividha cintaka apanA cintana prastuta kara rahe the, uso samaya bhArata meM pUraNa kazyapa, maMkhalI gauzAlaka, ajita kesakambalI, prakuddha kAtyAyana, saMjayaviraTThIputra, tathAgata buddha, Adi vicAraka tAtkAlika samasyA kA samAdhAna kara rahe the| usa samaya vaidika saMskRti meM ucchRkhalatA, amAnavIyatA evaM dhanaghora ahaMkAra ke mada meM krUratA pradIpta tho| yajJa meM mUka pazu-pakSI aura niraparAdhI nara nArI tathA zizu samudAya ko samarpita kiyA jA rahA thaa| "yajJArtham pazavaH sraSTA svayameva svayaMbhuvA" tathA "vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati'isa prakAra ke anucita nAre lagAkara yajJa Adi anuSThAnoM kA aucitya pragaTa kiyA jA rahA thaa| jAtivAda evaM vargavAda ko sImAe~ atyanta saMkIrNa ho gaI thiiN| zUdra varga ko patita mAnA jAtA thaa| vedAdhyayana kA use adhikAra nahIM thaa| yadi veda ke zabda unake karNa kuharoM meM gira jAte to unake kAnoM meM zozA bhara diyA jAtA tayA veda ke zabdoccAra hone para jihvA chedana kara dete the| isa prakAra jana-jovana ke sAtha khilavAr3a kI jA rahI thii| yajJa-hiMsA ke sAtha jAtigata hiMsA bho kama nahIM thii| 1. aMguttaranikAya kI aTTha kathA; bhAga 2, pR0 556. 2. bhagavAn pArzva : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana-lekhaka devendramuni 'zAstrI'

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118 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA garIba-amIra tathA dAsa aura svAmI AbhijAtya aura nimna vargoM ke bIca gaharI khAI paidA ho gaI thii| sampUrNa samAja meM kuNThA thii| usa samaya bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma hotA hai| mahAvIra ke jIvana meM garbhApaharaNa kI ghaTanA prAcInatama Agama granthoM meM milatI hai| mathurA meM prApta eka pleTa kramAMka 18 para bhI DA0 khUlara ne "bhagavAnemeso" paDhA hai, jo bhagavAna mahAvIra ke garbha-parivartana kA sUcaka hai| kalpasUtra meM yaha ghaTanA vistAra se nirUpita hai / vayAsI rAtri vyatIta hone para indra ke Adeza se hariNaigameSI deva ne devAnandA kI kukSI se saMharaNa kara unheM trizalA kSatriyANI kI kukSI meM prasthApita kiyA / caitra zuklA trayodazI ko bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma huA / AcArAMga, kalpasUtra, Avazyakaniyukti, vizeSAvazyaka bhASya, Adi prAcIna sAhitya meM mahAvIra ke dvArA meru kampana kA ullekha nahIM hai / sarvaprathama paumacariyaM meM vimalasUri ne likhA hai- meruparvata ko apane aMgaThe se krIDA mAtra bhagavAn ne hilA diyA thA, isa lie surendroM ne unakA nAma 'mahAvIra' rkhaa| usake pazcAt AcArya zIlAMka, AcArya nemicandra, AcArya guNacandra, AcArya hemacandra' aura kalpasUtra kI vividha TIkAoM meM vistAra se isa prasaMga ko likhA hai| vimalasUri tathA digambara AcArya raviSeNa ina donoM ne prastuta prasaMga ke sAtha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nAmakaraNa kA sambandha bhI jor3A hai, 1. (ka) sthAnAMga 770. (kha) samavAyAMga 83. (ga) AcArAMga 2/15. (gha) bhagavatI, zataka 5, udde0 4. 2. The Jain Stupa and other Antiquities of Mathura, p. 25. 3. Akampio ya jeNaM, meru aMguTTaeNa liilaae| teNeha mahAvIro, nAmaM si kayaM surindehiM // -paumacariyaM 2/26 pR0 10. 4. cauppanna mahApurisa cariyaM, 271 pRSTha / 5. mahAvIra cariyaM, gA0 1-34, pRSTha 30-31, 6. mahAvIra cariyaM, gA0 1-3 tathA pRSTha 120-121. 7. triSaSTi0 10/2/58-66.

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe 116 kintu anya AcAryoM ne nhiiN| paM0 sukhalAla jI siMghavI ne bhAgavat meM Aye hue zrIkRSNa ke jIvana ke usa prasaMga ke sAtha tulanA kI hai ki zrIkRSNa ne indra ke dvArA kiye gaye upadravoM se rakSaNa karane ke lie yojana pramANa govardhana parvata ko sAta dina taka Upara uThAye rkhaa| kintu janmate hue mahAvIra ne aMgUThe se meruparvata ko kaMpA diyA / / bauddha paramparA ke majjhimanikAya grantha meM varNana hai-bhikSa maudgalyAyana ne vaijayanta prAsAda ko aMguSTha-sparza se prakampita kara indra ko prabhAvita kiyaa| isa taraha meru-kampana, govarddhana-dhAraNa evaM prAsAda-kampana kI ghaTanAyeM usa yuga meM apane apane ArAdhya puruSoM ke sAmarthya, parAkrama aura aizvarya kI pratIka bana gaI thiiN| rAjA siddhArtha ne putra kA janmotsava manAyA / DA0 hArnela, DA0 jekobI, ne apane lekhoM meM siddhArtha ko rAjA na mAnakara eka pratiSThita umarAva va saradAra mAnA hai| unakA yaha mAnanA Agama-sammata nahIM hai / AcArAMga evaM kalpasUtra Adi meM 'siddhatthe khattie' zabda kA prayoga huA hai, lagatA hai jisake kAraNa unako yaha bhrama paidA huA ho| kSatriya kA artha sAmAnya kSatriya hI nahIM, apitu rAjA bhI hai / abhidhAna cintAmaNi meM kahA hai-kSatriya, kSatra Adi zabdoM kA prayoga rAjA ke liye bhI hotA hai| pravacanasAroddhAra meM 'mahaseNe ya khattie zabda AyA hai / vahA~ TIkAkAra ne kSatriya kA artha rAjA kiyA hai| Avazyakaniyukti, vizeSAvazyakabhASya Adi meM varNana hai-- bhagavAn mahAvIra kA janma hone para devoM ne svarNa, ratna Adi siddhArtha rAjA ke ghara Mr 1. bhAgavata, dazamaskandha, a0 43, zloka 26-27 2. cAra tIrthaMkara paM0 sukhalAla jI, pRSTha 60. 3. majjhimanikAya, cUlataNhAsaMkhayasutta / 4. 'mahAvIra tIrthaMkaranI janmabhUmi' lekha -jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka, khaNDa 1, aMka 4, pRSTha 216. 5. 'jaina sUtronI prastAvanA kA anuvAda'-jaina sAhitya saMzodhaka, khaNDa 1, ___aMka 4, pRSTha 71. 6. kSatraM tu kSatriyo rAjA, rAjanyo bAhusaMbhavaH / -abhidhAna cintAmaNi, kANDa 3, zloka 527. 7. (ka) pravacanasAroddhAra saTIka patra 84. - (kha) candraprabhasya mahAsenaH kSatriyo rAjA / -pravacanasAroddhAra, saTIka patra 84.

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120 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA para lAkara rakhe tathA jRmbhaka devoM ne bhI ratna Adi kI vRSTi kI, isalie bhagavAna kA nAma 'vardhamAna' haA, aisA ullekha nahIM hai| para AcArAMga,1 mahAvIra cariyaM caupannamahApurisa cariyaM, triSaSTizalAkApuruSacaritra Adi ke varNana se yaha spaSTa hai, ki nirantara dhana-dhAnya kI abhivaddhi hone se unakA nAma 'vardhamAna' rakhA gyaa| ve kisI bhI prakAra ke bhaya utpanna hone para bhI vicalita nahIM hue| isalie unakA dUsarA nAma 'mahAvIra' haa| AcArAMga, kalpasUtra, Avazyaka niyukti, mahAvIra cariyaM, triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra Adi meM bhI isakA samarthana hai / vardhamAn, mahAvIra, sanmati, kAzyapa, samaNa, jJAtaputra, videha, vaizAlika Adi vividha nAma aneka granthoM meM prApta haiM / 10 bhagavAn mahAvIra ke mAtA pitA pApitya zramaNopAsaka the| jIvana kI sAMdhya velA meM saMlekhanA sahita Ayu pUrNa kara ve deva bane / AcA 1. cUlikA 2/15/12-13. 2. (ka) mahAvIra cariyaM, guNacandra, pra0 4, pRSTha 114-124 / (kha) mahAvIra cariyaM 770, pRSTha 34, nemicandra / 3. cautpanna0 pRSTha 271. 4. triSaSTi0 10/2/68-66. 5. bhImaM bhayabheravaM urAlaM acelayaM parisahaM sahai tti kaTu, devehiM se NAmaM kayaM 'samaNe bhagavaM mhaaviire'| -AyAro0 AyAra0 2-15-16. 6. ayale bhayabheravANaM parIsahovasaggANaM khaMtikhae paDimANaM pAla e dhIyaM aratirati sahe davie vIriyasampanne devehiM se NAmaM kayaM 'samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre' ! 7. (ka) ghoraM parIsahacamu adhiyAsittA mhaaviiro| -Avazyakaniyukti 420 (kha) vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 1972 (ga) A0 haribhadrIya0 537 8. mahAvIra cariyaM 4/125 6. mahopasargerapyeSa na kapyaM iti vajriNA / mahAvIra ityaM paraM nAma cakre jagatpateH / / -triSaSTi0 10/2/100 10, bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka anuzIlana-le0 devendramuni "zAstrI", pRSTha 238-2580

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 121 rAMga tathA kalpasUtra meM unake tIna-tIna nAma Aye haiM evaM pArivArika janoM ke nAma bhI vaNita haiN| mahAvIra vArSika dAna dekara bar3e hI ullAsa ke kSaNoM meM ekAkI dIkSita hote haiM / 1 dIkSA lete hI unheM manaHparyava jJAna utpanna haa| eka saMvatsara se adhika mAsa taka bhagavAn vastradhArI rhe| usake bAda ve acelaka bana gye| unhoMne nAnA prakAra ke abhigraha grahaNa kiye| jo bhI manuSya, deva tathA tiryaJca sambandhI upasarga upasthita hue, unheM zAntabhAva se prabhu ne sahana kiye / AcArAMga Adi meM kevala upasargoM kA saMketa hai kintu kauna-kauna se upasarga unheM sAdhanA-kAla meM upasthita hae, isakA kiMcit mAtra bhI varNana nahIM hai| sarvaprathama Avazyaniyukti evaM Avazyaka caNi Adi meM unake vividha upasargoM kA kramabaddha varNana hai| sarvaprathasa gvAlA baila guma ho jAne se bhagavAna ko cora samajhakara bailoM ko bA~dhane kI rassI se unheM mArane daudd'aa| indra ne, prabhu se, sAtha meM rahane kI prArthanA kI, kintu mahAvIra ne usakI prArthanA ko yaha kahakara TAla diyA ki Atmasiddhi yA mukti dUsaroM ke sahAre prApta nahIM ho sakatI / zUlapANi yakSa ne bhI prabhu ko romAMcakArI kaSTa die / prathama bAra itane kaSTa eka sAtha Aye, jisase unheM kucha thakAna mahasUsa huI, aura bhagavAn ko dasa svapna aaye| una daza svapnoM kA ullekha prastuta grantha meM huA hai| ye dasa svapna bhagavAn ke bhAvo jIvana ko pratibimbita kara rahe the| ___aMguttaranikAyoM meM tathAgata buddha ne bhI apane sAdhanA kAla kI antima rAtri meM pAMca svapna dekhe, jinakA sambandha unake bhAvI jIvana se thaa| buddha ne svapna meM dekhA-maiM eka mahAparyaMka para soyA huA hU~, maiMne himAlaya kA upadhAna [takiyA] lagA rakhA hai / bAyeM hAtha se maiM pUrvI samudra ko chU rahA hU~ aura dAyeM hAtha se pazcimI samudra ko sparza kara rahA huuN| mere paira dakSiNa samudra ko chU rahe haiN| isa svapna kA artha hai-mujhe pUrNa bodhi prApta hogii| buddha ne dUsare svapna meM dekhA-"tiryA" nAmaka eka vRkSa unake hAtha meM paidA huA aura vaha vRkSa ananta AkAza ko chUne lgaa| 1 AcArAGga 2/15/26. 2 (ka) aMguttaranikAya 2-240. (kha) mahAvastu 2/136. 3 prastuta svapna kA phala bhagavatI meM usI janma meM mokSa meM mokSa-prApti mAnA hai| -bhagavatI 16/6 ,sUtra 580

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122 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA isa svapna kA phala hogA - maiM aSTAGgika mArga kA nirUpaNa karUMgA / tIsare svapna meM unhoMne dekhA zveta kITa, jisakA sirobhAga kAlA hai, vaha kITa mere ghuTane taka reMga rahA hai / isakA artha hai zvetavastradhArI gRhasthoM kA zaraNAgata honA / buddha ne caturtha svapna meM dekhA - raMga-biraMge cAra pakSI cAra dizAoM se A rahe haiM aura ve pakSI caraNoM meM gira rahe haiM, girate hI ve zveta ho jAte haiM / isa svapna kA tAtparya haiM - cAroM varNa vAle loga mere pAsa dIkSita hoMge tathA ve nirvANa ko prApta kareMge / pA~caveM svapna meM unhoMne dekhA - ve eka gomaya parvata para cala rahe haiM, usa parvata para ve na to phisala rahe haiM aura na hI gira rahe haiN| isa svapna kA phala yaha hogA ki maiM bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM ke hone para bhI anAsakta rahU~gA / 4 bhagavAn mahAvIra ne sAdhanA kAla meM dasa svapna dekhe to buddha ne pA~ca svapna dekhe / bhagavatI sUtra Adi meM yaha spaSTa nahIM hai ki ve svapna sAdhanA kAla ke kauna se varSa meM dekhe ? kucha lekhakoM ne kevalajJAna ke pahale bhagavAn mahAvIra ne dasa svapna dekhe, yaha ullekha kiyA hai / Avazyaka niyukti meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ve svapna prathama varSAvAsa ke solahaveM dina dekheM, aisA spaSTa saMketa hai | 1 caNDakauzika ko pratibodha dene kI ghaTanA bhI AcArAMga tathA kalpasUtra Adi meM nahIM hai / AvazyakacUrNi mahAvIra cariyaM-nemIcanda guNacandra, triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra, Adi meM, caNDakauzika ko mahAvIra ke dvArA pratibuddha kiyA gayA, yaha varNana hai / vinayapiTaka mahAvagga meM buddha ke dvArA caNDanAga vijaya kA ullekha hai / donoM ghaTanAoM meM bahuta kucha samAnatA hai / tathAgata buddha eka bAra kAzyapajaTila ke Azrama meM pahu~ce aura unhoMne kahA - kAzyapa ! maiM tumhArI agnizAlA meM nivAsa karanA cAhatA hU~ / kAzyapa uruvela ne sanamra nivedana kiyA- bhagavan ! mujhe koI Apatti nahIM hai, kiMtu vahA~ para atyanta caNDa, divya zaktisampanna AzIviSa nAgarAja rahatA hai, jo Apako kahIM kaSTa na de ! tathAgata buddha ne uttara me kahA- vaha nAga mujhe kisI bhI prakAra kA kaSTa nahIM degA / bahuta bAra kahane 1 Avazyakaniyukti, pRSTha 266. 2 AvazyakacUrNa, pRSTha 278. 3 mahAvIra cariyaM - nemIcandra 663 - guNacandra 5 / 149 4 triSaSTizalAkApuruSa caritra 10/3/225-228 5 vinayapiTaka mahAvagga, mahAkhaMdhaka !

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 123 para puruvela ne buddha ko vahA~ rahane kI svIkRti pradAna kii| buddha apanA Asana lagAkara vahA~ baiTha gaye / nAgarAja buddha ko dekhakara bahuta hI kruddha huaa| vaha jaharIlA dhuAM ugalane lagA / buddha ne apane viziSTa yogabala se nAgarAja ke carma, mAMsa, asthi, majjA ko binA kisI prakAra kI kSati pahu~cAye usakA sArA teja khIMca liyaa| prAtaH use apane pAtra meM rakhakara puruvela kAzyapa ko dikhAte hue kahA-aba yaha nAgarAja pUrNarUpa se niviSa ho gayA hai| yaha nAgarAja aba kisI ko bhI kSati nahIM phuNcaayegaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne caNDakauzika nAga kA uddhAra kiyA to tathAgata buddha ne caNDanAga para vijaya patAkA phaharAI / ghaTanA samAna hone para bhI donoM kI kriyA aura zailI meM atyadhika antara hai| mahAvIra kI ghaTanA adhika prabhAvotpAdakahai / mahApuruSa sneha, sadbhAvanA, prema, karuNA aura ahiMsA kA amata bA~Tate haiN| ve rAga, dveSa, IrSyArUpI nAgoM ke bhayaMkara viSa se svayaM to mukta hote hI haiM aura vizva ko bhI abhaya banAte haiM / saMgamadeva ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ko eka rAtri meM bIsa bhayaMkara upasarga diye aura usake pazcAt bhI vaha chaha mAha taka prabhu ke sAtha rahakara unheM bhayaMkara kaSTa detA rahA, kintu bhagavAn ko vaha vicalita na kara skaa| yaha prasaMga bhI AcArAMga aura kalpasUtra Adi meM nahIM hai| kintu Avazyaka niyukti,1 vizeSAvazyaka bhAjya' Adi aneka zvetAmbara granthoM meM yaha prasaMga milatA hai| eka bAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne ghora abhigrahaM grahaNa kiyA-'dravya seur3ada ke bAkule hoM, zUrpa ke kone meM hoM, kSetra se- dAtA kA eka paira dehalI ke andara va eka bAhara ho, kAla se-bhikSA varI kI atikrAnta belA ho, bhAva se-rAjyakanyA ho, dAsatva prApta ho, zRMkhalA-baddha ho, sira se muNDita ho, tIna dina kI uposita ho, aise saMyoga meM mujhe bhikSA lenA hai, anyathA chaha mAsa taka mujhe bhikSA nahIM lenA hai / kaThoratama pratijJA ko grahaNa kara bhagavAn mahAvIra kozAmbI kI jhoMpar3iyoM se lekara ucca aTTAlikAoM meM padhArate, para binA kucha liye hI 1 Avazyakaniyukti 380 2 vizeSAvazyakabhASya 1632 3 AvazyakacUNi 316.317

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124 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA lauTa jAte / pA~ca mAsa aura paccIsa dina vyatIta ho jAne para bhI unakI mukha-mudrA usI taraha tejodIpta thI / anta meM candanabAlA ke hAtha se bhagavAn kA abhigraha pUrNa huA / 1 bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAdhanAkAla meM praviSTa hote hI prathama upasarga bhI gvAle ne diyA thA evaM antima upasarga bho gvAle ke dvArA diyA gayA / gvAle ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kAnoM meM kIleM (kAMsya ko tIkSNa zalAkAe~) ThoMkI / una zalAkAoM ko koI na dekha le, ataH unakA bAhya bhAga cheda diyA / prabhu ko atyadhika vedanA hone para bhI ve pUrNa zAnta evaM prasanna the / kharaka vaidya ne jaba bhagavAn dhyAnastha the, taba zarIra para tela kA mardana kiyA aura saMDAsI se pakar3akara zalAkAyeM nikAlIM / kAnoM se rakta kI dhArA pravAhita huI / vaidya ne 'saMrohaNa' auSadhi se rakta ko vanda kara diyA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ko jo zatAdhika upasarga prApta hue, una sabhI upasargoM meM yaha upasarga sabase bar3A thA / 3 gvAle kI tIvra azubha bhAvanA hone se vaha marakara sAtavIM naraka meM gayA aura vaidya kharaka kI prazasta bhAvanA hone se vaha devaloka kA adhikArI banA / 4 Avazyaka niyukti ke anusAra anya tIrthaMkaroM kI apekSA mahAvIra kA tapaHkarma adhika utkRSTa thaa| bAraha varSa aura teraha pakSa kI lambI avadhi meM kevala tIna sau unapacAsa ( 346 ) dina bhagavAn ne AhAra grahaNa kiyA aura zeSa dina nirjala aura nirAhAra rahe / " 1 AvazyakacUrNa 316 1 AvazyakacUrNi 322 3 (ka) ahavA jahannagANa uvari kaDapUyaNAsItaM, majhiyANa kAla cakkaM, ukkosaggaNa uvari salluddharaNaM ! - AvazyakacUrNi, pRSTha 322 (kha) mahAvIra cariyaM 7/250 4 evaM goveNa AraddhA uvasaggA goveNa ceva niTThitA / govo sattamigato, kharato ya dilogaM tivvamapi udIrataM tAvi suddhabhAvA ! 5 uggaM ca tavokammaM visesao vaddhamANassa / 6 (ka) tiNi satta divasANaM auNApaNNe va ThitapaDimA sate bahue / ( kha ) vizeSAvazyakabhASya 1666 - AvazyakacUrNa, pRSTha 322 - Avazyaka niyukti pAraNAkAlo ukkuDuaNi sejjANaM - Avazyaka niyukti 417

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 125 saMkSepa meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA tapaHkarma isa prakAra rahAeka chaH mAsI tA nau cAturmAsika eka pAMca dina nyUna chaH mAsI do trimAsika do sArdha dvimAsika eka mahAbhadra pratimA (cAra dina) chaha dvimAsika eka sarvatobhadra pratimA (dasa dina) do sArdhamAsika do sau unatIsa chaTThabhakta bAraha mAsika arthAt eka- bAraha aSTabhakta eka mAsa kA tapa (12 mAsakhamaNa kiye) bahattara pAkSika tIna sau unapacAsa dina pAraNe ke eka bhadra pratimA (do dina) eka dina dIkSA kaa| AcArAMga sUtra ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne dazamabhakta Adi tapasyAyeM bhI kI thiiN| kula milAkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apane sAdhaka jIvana ke 4515 dinoM meM se kevala 346 dina AhAra grahaNa kiyA tathA 4166 dina nirjala tapazcaraNa kiyaa| AcArAMga sUtra meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vihAra-caryA kA sajIva nirUpaNa hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra kI tapa ke sAtha dhyAna-sAdhanA anusyUta thii| bhagavAn eka-eka prahara taka tirachI bhIta para A~kheM gar3Akara dhyAna karate the| "tiriya bhiti cakkhamAsajja aMtaso jhAti" yahA~ para jo 'tiriyabhitti' zabda AyA hai, vaha cintanIya hai / AcArya abhayadeva ne bhagavato me 'tiryaga. bhitti, kA artha prAkAra, varaNDikA Adi kI bhIMta athavA parvatakhaNDa kiyA 1 (ka) Avazyakaniyukti 406-416 (kha) vizeSAvazyakabhASya 1961 se 1968 (ga) Ava. haribhadrIyAvRtti 227-228 (gha) Avazyaka mala. vRtti 268-266 (Ga) mahAvIra cariyaM (guNacandra) 7/250 (ca) triSaSTi0 10/4/652-656. 2 cha?Na egayA bhuje aduvA ameNa dasameNa / duvAlasameNa egayA bhuje pehamANe samAhi apaDinne / -AcArAMga 16/4/7

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126 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA hai / bauddha sAhitya meM bhI varNana hai ki sAdhaka bhitti para dRSTi TikA kara dhyAna kare / jaba bhagavAn tiryaka bhitti para dRSTi jamAkara dhyAna karate the taba unakI A~khoM kI putaliyA~ Upara uTha jAtI thIM, jinheM nihAra kara bAlakoM kI maNDalI bhayabhIta ho jAtI thI, aura vaha baccoM kI TolI milakara isa prakAra cillAtI ki anya sAmAnya sAdhaka dhyAna nahIM kara pAtA para bhagavAna vighna upasthita hone para bhI dhyAna meM magna rhte| bhagavAn mahAvIra ekAnta sthAna na milane para jaba gRhasthoM tathA anyatIrthikoM ke saMkula sthAna para Thaharate to unake adbhuta rUpa-yauvana ko dekhakara kAmAtura striyA~ unase prArthanA karatIM aura dhyAna meM vighna ddaaltiiN| mahAvIra abrahma kA sevana na kara dhyAna meM lIna rahate the| kaI bAra vividha prakAra ke prazna pUchakara loga unake dhyAna meM vighna DAlate, para bhagavAn kisI se kucha nahIM kahate the| yadi ekAnta sthAna mila jAtA to mahAvIra vahA~ cale jAte aura na milatA to bhIr3a-saMkUla sthAna meM bhI apane Apako ekAkI banAkara dhyAnastha rahate / jo bhagavAn ko abhivAdana karate to bhI mahAvIra AzIrvAda pradAna nahIM karate the| kucha abhAgoM ne prabhu ko DaNDoM se pITA, una para pAgala kutte chor3e to bhI unhoMne zApa nahIM diyaa| samauna rahakara dhyAna meM magna rahe / yaha sthiti sAmAnya sAdhaka ke lie bahuta hI kaThina thii| vINAvAdakoM ne bhagavAna se kahA-jarA Thaharo ! hamArA vINAvAdana sUnakara Age bddh'o| kitane hI nRtya-saMgIta, daNDa-yuddha, muSTi-yuddha Adi manoraMjaka kAryakramoM meM bhAga lene ke lie nivedana karane para bhagavAn pratikula aura anukUla paristhitiyoM ko dhyAna meM vighna samajhakara unase virata rahate tathA apane dhyAna meM sthita rahate / bhagavAn mahAvIra ko saMyamasAdhanA ke mukhya ATha aMga the-zarIrasaMyama, mana saMyama, AhArasaMyama, vAsasthAnasaMyama, indriyasaMyama, nidrAsaMyama, kriyA-saMyama aura upakaraNasaMyama / vividha prakAra ke Asana, trATaka Adi sahaja-yoga kI kriyAoM se zarIra ko susthira, santulita, moha-mamatA 1 bhagavatI sUtra vRtti patra 643-644 2 AcArAMga-zIlA0 TIkA, patra 302 3 AcArAMga-zIlA0 TIkA, patra 302 4 AcArAMga-zIlA0 TIkA, patra 302 5 AyAro-muni nathamala, pR0 343

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 127 rahita, sphUrtivAna rakhane kA prayAsa karate / bhagavAn kI nidrA saMyama - vidhi adbhuta thI / ve dhyAna ke dvArA nidrA saMyama karate the / nidrA para vijaya prApta karane ke lie ve kabhI khar3e hote, kabhI caMkramaNa karate / ve aisA upAya karate, jisase nidrA unheM parezAna nahIM kare 11 bhagavAn ko vAsa sthAnoM meM prAyaH ye upasarga sahana karane par3ate / kabhI sAMpa, nevalA unheM kATate, kabhI giddha Adi pakSI unakA mA~sa noMcate, kabhI cIMTI, DAMsa, macchara, makkhI Adi unheM saMtrasta karate, kabhI zUnya gRha meM taskara va lampaTa puruSa unheM satAte, kabhI sazastra grAmarakSaka una para AkramaNa karate, kabhI kAmAsakta lalanAeM hAva-bhAva - kaTAkSa dvArA unheM apanI ora AkarSita karane kA prayAsa karatIM, kabhI deva, mAnava evaM tiryaMcoM ke vividha upasarga upasthita hote aura kabhI ekAkI samajhakara bhagavAn ko vividha prakAra ke UTapaTAMga prazna pUchakara dhyAna se vicalita karane kA prayAsa karate 12 bhagavAn ko Thaharane ke lie kabhI bhayaMkara durgandha yukta sthAna milatA, kabhI Ubar3a-khAbar3a viSama sthAna milatA / kabhI banda sthAna ke abhAva meM sardI kA prakopa unheM parezAna karatA / isa prakAra sAr3he bAraha varSa taka ahaniza yatnazIla, apramatta hokara bhagavAn mahAvIra dhyAnastha rahe / AvazyakacUrNi ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne cintana kiyA ki mujhe bahuta se karmoM kI nirjarA karanI hai, ataH lAr3ha deza kI ora jAU~, jisase adhika karma - nirjarA ke nimitta upalabdha hoNge| aisA vicArakara bhagavAn lAr3ha pradeza meM padhAre / aitihAsika anveSaNA ke AdhAra para yaha patA calA hai ki vartamAna meM vIrabhUma siMhabhUma tathA mAna bhUma (dhanavAda Adi jile ) evaM pazcima baMgAla ke tamaluka, midanApura, hugalI tathA vardhavAna jile kA hissA lAr3ha deza mAnA jAtA thA / lAr3ha deza parvatoM, jhAr3iyoM aura saghana jaMgaloM ke kAraNa atyanta durgama thA / usa pradeza meM ghAsa atyadhika hotI thI / cAroM ora parvatoM se ghirA hone ke kAraNa sardI aura garmI vahA~ adhika par3atI thI / varSA Rtu meM pAnI adhika hone se daladala ho jAtI, jisase DAMsa, macchara jaloMkA prabhUti aneka jIva-jantu paidA ho jAte the / 1 AcArAMga - zIlA0 TIkA, patra 307 - 308 2 AcArAMga - zIlA0 TIkA, patra 307

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128 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA yahA~ nagara kama the aura gA~voM meM bastI bhI kama thii| vahAM ke loga asabhya the / sAdhu ko dekhate hI una para TUTa par3ate / vahA~ para tila bhI nahIM the aura gAyeM bhI bahuta kama thiiN| isalie ghI, tela sulabha nahIM thaa| loga rUkhA-sUkhA khAte the, ataH ve svabhAva se bhI rUkhe the|1 bAta-bAta meM uttejita hokara gAlI dete, jhagar3A karate / vahA~ para kuttoM kA adhika upadrava thA, ve kutte bar3e khUkhAra the| anyatIthika bhikSu unase bacane ke lie lAThI aura DaNDA rakhate the, para bhagavAn pUrNa ahiMsaka the| unake pAsa lAThI Adi nahIM thI, isalie ve niHzaMka hokara bhagavAn para hamalA karate, kitane hI anArya to chU-chU karake kuttoM ko bulAte tathA bhagavAn ko kATane ke lie ukasAte / duSkara aura durgama parISaha evaM upasargoM ko bhagavAn mahAvIra zAnti se sahana karate / jina sAdhakoM kI cetanA kA stara nimna hotA hai, unheM zArIrika kaSToM kI anubhUti adhika hotI hai| kintu zagavAna mahAvIra kI cetanA kA stara bahuta hI ucca thaa| ve cAhe jitanA kaThora tapa karate lekina sAtha meM samAdhi kA satat prekSaNa karate rahate / ve jisa kisI bhI kriyA ko karate, usameM pUrNatayA tanmaya ho jAte / na atIta kI smRti satAtI aura na bhaviSya kI kalpanA hI parezAna karatI / ve kevala vartamAna meM rahakara hI usa kriyA ko sarvAtmanA samarpita hokara karate / ve jaba calate the to idharaudhara jhAMkate bhI nahIM the aura na anya bAtoM para cintana hI karate / ve jaba khAte the to khAte hI the, svAda kI ora dhyAna nahIM dete aura na bAtacIta hI karate / ve itane adhika Atma-vibhora the ki unheM bhUkha-pyAsa, sardI gamI Adi kI koI bhI anubhUti nahIM hotii| unakI cetanA kI samagra dhArA AtmA kI ora pravAhita thii| isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra kI sAdhanA kA romAMcakArI varNana prastuta grantha meM hai| sAr3he bAraha varSa ke mudIrghakAla kI sAdhanA ke pazcAt bhagavAn ko kevalajJAna evaM kevaladarzana kA divya Aloka prApta haa| bhavanapati vANavyantara jyotiSka aura vaimAnika devoM ne Akara kaivalya-mahotsava ullAsa ke kSaNoM meM sampanna kiyaa| 1 AvazyakacUNi, pRSTha 318 2 AcArAMga-zIlAMkAcArya TIkA, patra 310-311

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 126 aupapAtika sUtra meM Aye hue bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zarIra kA zabdacitra bhI isa grantha meM nirdiSTa hai aura sAtha hI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke antevAsI zramaNoM kA bhI nirUpaNa huA hai / prabhu mahAvIra ne eka mAsa bIsa rAtri vyatIta hone para varSAvAsa paryuSaNA kI / bhagavAn ke jina-jina kSetroM meM varSAvAsa sampanna hue, unakI sUcI bhI prastuta grantha meM dI gaI hai| unakA parinirvANa, antima upadeza, gautama ko kevalajJAna, nava mallavI, nava licchavI rAjAoM ke dvArA kiye gaye pauSadha aura dravya-udyota kA bhI nirUpaNa haA hai| nirvANa ke pazcAt bhasmagraha aura usakA prabhAva, mahAvIra kA ziSya samudAya, mahAvIra ke ATha rAjA ziSya hue the, mahAvIra ke samaya tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kA nau vyaktiyoM ne anubandhana kiyA thaa| unake tIrtha meM nau pravacana ninhava hue the / isa prakAra Agama sAhitya meM Aye hae mahAvIra caritra ko prastuta grantha meM saMkalita kiyA gayA hai / mahAvIra ke tejasvI vyaktitva ko samajhane ke lie upayukta prasaMga atyanta upayogI haiM / mahApadma-caritra samrATa zreNika mahAvIra prabhu ke parama bhakta the| unhoMne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke tIrtha meM tIrthaMkara nAmakarma kA anubandhana kiyA thaa| ve naraka se nikalakara AgAmI utsarpiNI kAla meM tIrthaMkara pada ko prApta kreNge| unakA ratnoM kI varSA hone ke kAraNa pitA ne 'mahApadma' nAma rkhaa| dUsarA nAma 'devasena' aura tIsarA nAma 'vimalavAhana' rakhA gyaa| tIsa varSa gRhasthAzrama meM rahakara ve zramaNa bneNge| kucha adhika bAraha varSa taka upasargoM ko sahana kara kevalajJAna prApta kreNge| ve paccIsa bhAvanA sahita pA~ca mahAvratoM kA tathA SaTjIvanikAya kA upadeza deMge / bhagavAn mahAvIra kI taraha hI unake bhI nau gaNa tathA gyAraha gaNadhara hoNge| unakI bahattara varSa kI Ayu hogii| mahApadma tIrthaMkara ke samaya ATha rAjA dIkSita hoNge| isa prakAra mahApadma kA caritra vistAra ke sAtha nirUpita hai| __ sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga meM Aye hue vividha tIrgakaroM ke sambandha meM mahatvapUrNa aitihAsika sUcanAe~ bhI isameM dI gaI haiN| bharata-cakravartI bhagavAna RSabhadeva ke jyeSTha putra bharata the, jinake nAma para hI 'bhAratavarSa' kA nAmakaraNa huA hai| jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM bharata-cakravartI kA varNana karate hue likhA hai-bharata cakravartI aura deva ke nAma se 'bhAratavarSa'

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130 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA nAmakaraNa huA / vasudeva hiNDI1 meM bhI isakA spaSTa ullekha hai| vAyu purANa, brahmANDa purANa', Adi purANa', vArAha purANa', vAyu purANa, liMga purANa', skanda purANa, mArkaNDeya purANa', zrImad bhAgavata purANa 19, Agneya purANa 11, viSNu purANa 12, 1 basudeva hiNDI, prathama khaNDa, pRSTha 186 2 vAyupurANa 45/75 3 brahmANDapurANa, parva 2/14 4 pramodabharataH premanirbharAbandhutA tadA, tamAha bharataM bhAvi samasta bharatAdhipam / tannAmnA bhAratavarSabhiti hyAsejjanAspadaM, himAdarAsamudrAcca kSetraM cakra bhRtAmidaM ~-AdipurANa parva 18/158-59 5 nAbhermarudevyAM putrama janayatRSabha nAmAnaM tasya bharato putraMca tAvadagrajaH tasya bharatasya pitA RSabha:-hemAdrerdakSiNaM varSamahad bhArataM nAma shshaas| -vArAhapurANa 74/46 6 himAha dakSiNaM varSa bharatAya nyavedayat / tasmAd bhArataM varpa tasya nAmnA vidurbudhaaH| -vAyumahApurANa 33/52 7 himAdre dakSiNaM varSa bharatAya nyavedayat / tasmAttu bhArataM varSaM tasya nAmnA vidurbudhAH // -liMgapurANa 46/24 8 nAbheH putrazca RSabhaH RSabhAd bharato'bhavat / tasya nAmnA tvidaM varSa bhArataM ceti kIrtyate / / -skanda purANa, kaumArakhaNDa 37/57 6 himAha dakSiNaM varSa bharatAya pitA ddau| tasmAttu bhArataM varSa tasya nAmnA mahAtmanaH // -- mArkaNDeyapurANa 50/41 10 (ka) yeSAM khalu mahAyogI bharato jyeSThaH shresstthgunnH| AsId yenedaM varSa bhAratamiti vyapadizati / / (kha) ajanAbhaM nAmaitadvarSa bhAratamiti yat Arabhya dizaMti / / - zrImadbhAgavatapurANa 5/4 11 bharatAd bhArataM varSa / -AgneyapurANa 107/12 12 RSabhAdbharato jajJa jyeSThaH putrazatAgrajaH / tasya rAjyaM svadharmeNa tatheSTaM vA vividhAn makhAn / abhiSicya sutaM vIraM bharataM pRthviiptiH| tapase sa mahAbhAgaH pulahasthAzramaM yayau / tatazca bhArata varSametallokeSu gIyate / -viSNupurANa, aMza 2, a0 1/28-29/32

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 131 kUrmapurANa zivapurANa, nAradapurANa prabhRti granthoM meM spaSTa rUpa se saMketa hai ki RSabhaputra bharata ke nAma se hI prastuta deza kA nAmakaraNa 'bhAratavarSa' huA / pAzcAtya vidvAna zrI je0 sTIvensana kA bhI yahI abhimata hai aura prasiddha itihAsajJa gaMgAprasAda ema0 e0 va rAmadhArI siMha dinakara kA bhI yahI mantavya hai| bharata mahAn pratibhA sampanna, pratApazAlI evaM parama yazasvI samrATa the / anya samrAToM kA jIvana jahA~ bhautika dRSTi se mahAn hotA hai, vahA~ bharata cakravartI bhautika dRSTi se hI nahIM apitu AdhyAtmika dRSTi se bhI mahAn the| jisa dina bhagavAn RSabhadeva ko kevalajJAna huA, usI dina bharata kI AyUdhazAlA meM cakra-ratna utpanna huaa| ye samAcAra sunakara unhoMne mukUTa ke atirikta anya sAre pahanane ke AbhUSaNa AyudhazAlA ke rakSaka ko pradAna kiye| pahale unhoMne bhagavAna ko vandana kara kevalajJAna mahotsava manAyA usake pazvAt svayaM AyudhazAlA meM jAkara cakraratna ko praNAma kiyA evaM aSTAnhikA mahotsava mnaayaa| eka hajAra devoM se susevita cakra ratna AkAza-mArga se calakara vinItA nagarI ke madhya bhAga meM hotA haA gaMgA ke dakSiNI taTa se mAgadhatItha kI ora bar3hA / cakra-ratna dvArA pradarzita mArga kA anusaraNa ka ra bharata cakravartI pIche 1 RSabhAdbharato jajJe vIraH putrazatAgrajaH / sobhiSicyarSabhaH putraM bharataM pRthvIpatiH / / -~-kUrmapurANa 4138 2 khaNDAni kalpayAmAsa navAnyapi hitAya ca / tatrA'pi bharate jyeSThaM khaNDe'smin spRhaNIya ke / tannAmnA caiva vikhyAtaM khaMDaM ca bhArataM tadA / sarveSvavicarakhaMDeSu zreSThaM bharatamucyate // -zivapurANa 52/85 3 AsIt purA munizreSTho, bharato nAma bhUpatiH / / ArSabho yasya nAmnedaM, bhArata khaNDamucyate // -nAradapurANa 48/5 7 Brahmanical puranas prove Rishabha to be the father of that Bharat, from whom India tcok to name ''Bharatvarsha." -Kalpasutra Introd., P. XVI. 5 RSiyoM ne hamAre deza kA nAma prAcIna cakravartI samrATa bharata ke nAma para bhAratavarSa rkhaa| -prAcIna bhArata, pRSTha 5 6 bharata RSabhadeva ke hI putra the,jinake nAma para hamAre deza kA nAma bhArata pdd'aa| -saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya, pRSTha 136

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132 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA cale / mAgadha tIrthaM para jAkara unhoMne lavaNa samudra meM praveza kiyA aura bANa chor3A | nAmAMkita bANa bAraha yojana kI dUrI para mAgadha tIrthAdhipati deva ke vahA~ girA / pahale vaha kruddha huA para bharata cakravartI nAma par3hakara vaha upahAra lekara pahu~cA / isa taraha cakra - ratna ke pIche calakara varadAma tIrtha kumAra deva ko adhIna kiyA, usake bAda prabhAsa kumAra deva, sindhu devI, vaitADhyagiri kumAra, kRtamAladeva Adi ko adhIna karate hue bharata samrATa ne SaTkhaNDa para vijaya vaijayantI phaharAI / cakravartI ke pAsa caudaha ratna aura nau nidhiyA~ hotI haiN| caudaha ratna isa prakAra haiM 1 1. cakra - ratna - yaha AyudhazAlA meM utpanna hotA hai / senA ke Age prayANa karatA huA cakravartI ko SaTkhaNDa sAdhane kA mArga dikhAtA hai / cakravartI usakI sahAyatA se zatru kA ziracchedana bhI kara sakatA hai / 2. chatra - ratna - yaha ratna bAraha yojana lambA aura caur3A hotA hai / chatrAkAra ke rUpa meM senA kI sardI, varSA evaM dhUpa se rakSA karatA hai / chatrI kI bhA~ti usako sameTA bhI jA sakatA hai / 3. daNDa- ratna - yaha viSama mArga ko sama banAtA hai / vaitADhya parvata kI donoM guphAoM ke dvAra kholakara uttara bhArata kI ora cakravartI ko pahu~cAtA hai / digambara paramparA kI dRSTi se vRSabhAcala parvata para nAma likhane kA kArya bhI yaha ratna karatA hai / 4. asi - ratna - yaha ratna pacAsa aMgula lambA, solaha aMgula cor3A evaM AdhA aMgula moTA hotA hai / apanI tIkSNa dhAra se yaha ratna dUra meM rahe hue zatruoM ko bhI naSTa kara DAlatA hai / 5. maNi ratna - sUrya aura candramA kI taraha yaha ratna andhakAra ko naSTa karatA hai / isa ratna ko mastaka para dhAraNa kara lene se manuSya, deva tathA tiryaMca kRta upasarga nahIM hotA hai / hastiratna ke dakSiNa kumbha sthala para rakha dene se avazyameva vijaya hotI hai | 6, kAkiNI ratna - yaha ratna cAra aMgula pramANa kA hotA hai / isa ratna se cakravartI vaitADhya parvata kI guphA meM una pacAsa maNDala banAte haiM / eka-eka maNDala kA prakAza eka-eka yojana taka phailatA hai aura isI ratna se cakravartI RSabhakUTa parvata para apanA nAma aMkita karate haiM /

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 133 7. carma-ratna-digvijaya ke samaya nadiyoM ko pAra karAne meM yaha ratna naukA ke rUpa meM bana jAtA hai aura mleccha (anArya) narezoM ke dvArA jala-vRSTi karAne para yaha ratna senA ko surakSA karatA hai / 8. senApati-ratna-yaha senA kA pramukha hotA hai / vAsudeva ke samAna zaktisampanna hotA hai| vaha cAra khaNDoM para vijaya karatA hai| 6. gAthApati-ratna-yaha ratna cakravartI kI senA ke lie uttama bhojana kI vyavasthA karatA hai| digambara granthoM meM gAthApati ratna ko gRhapati-ratna kahA hai / usakA nAma hai-kAmavRSTi gRhapati ratna ! 10. vardhakI-ratna-yaha cakravartI ko senA ke lie AvAsa-vyavasthA karatA hai| unbhagnajalA, nimagnajalA Adi nadiyoM para pula bA~dhane kA kAma bhI yaha ratna karatA hai / 11. purohita-ratna-yaha jyotiSazAstra, svapnazAstra, nimittazAstra, lakSaNa aura vyaMjana Adi kA pUrNa jJAtA hotA hai| devI upadravoM ko zAnta karatA hai| 12. strI-ratna-yaha sarvAMga sundarI hotI hai| sadA yuvatI banI rahatI hai / ise tIvra bhogAvalo karma kA udaya hotA hai / isake prati cakravartI kA atyadhika rAga hotA hai / 13. azva-ratna-yaha zreSTha azva eka kSaNa meM sau yojana lAMgha jAne kI zakti rakhatA hai| kIcar3a, jala, pahAr3a, guphA, Adi viSama sthaloM ko bhI sahaja pAra kara jAtA hai| bharata cakravartI ke azva-ratna kA nAma 'kamalApIr3a' thaa|1 14. hasti-ratna- yaha airAvata hAthI kI taraha sarvaguNasampanna hotA hai| pratyeka ratna ke eka-eka hajAra deva rakSaka hote haiM / caudaha ratnoM ke caudaha hajAra devatA rakSaka the| vaidika sAhitya meM bhI caudaha ratnoM ke nAma prApta hote haiN| 1 (ka) triSaSTi 1/4 (kha) ThANAMga sUtra, ThANA 7 (ga) samavAyAMga sUtra, samavAya 14

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jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA 134 vaidika sAhitya ke caudaha ratna 1. hAthI 2. ghor3A 3. ratha 4. strI 5. bANa 6. bhaNDAra 7. mAlA 8. vastra 6. vRkSa 10 zakti 11. pAza 12. maNi 13 chatra aura 14. vimAna / cakravartI kI nava nidhiyA~ samrATa bharata ke pAsa nau nidhiyA~ thIM jinase ve manovAMchita vastue~ prApta karate the / nidhi kA artha khajAnA hai / AcArya abhayadeva ke anusAra cakravartI ko apane rAjya ke lie upayogI sabhI vastuoM kI prApti ina nau nidhiyoM se hotI thI / isalie inheM nava nidhAna ke rUpa meM ginAyA hai / ( sthAnAMga vRtti patra 426) / ve nava nidhiyA~ nimna prakAra haiM 1. naisarpanidhi - yaha nidhi grAma-nagara-droNamukha-maMDapa Adi sthAnoM ke nirmANa meM sahAyaka hotI hai / 2. pAMDukanidhi - mAna- unmAna aura pramANa Adi kA jJAna karAtI hai tathA dhAnya aura bIjoM ko uttama karatI hai / 3. piMgalanidhi - yaha nidhi manuSya evaM tiryaMcoM ke sarvavidha AbhUSaNoM kI vidhi kA jJAna karAne vAlI tathA yogya AbharaNa pradAna karatI hai / 4. sarvaratnanidhi - isa nidhi se vajra, vaiDUrya, marakata, mANikya, padmarAga, puSparAja Adi bahumUlya ratna prApta hote haiM / 5. mahApadmanidhi - yaha nidhi sabhI prakAra ke zuddha evaM raMgIna vastroM kI utpAdikA hai / kinhIM - kinhIM granthoM meM isakA nAma padmanidhi hai / 6. kAlanidhi - vartamAna, bhUta, bhaviSya, kRSi karma, kalAzAstra, vyAkaraNazAstra Adi kA yaha nidhi jJAna karAtI hai / motI, pravAla, lohA Adi kI 7. mahAkAlanidhi - sonA, cA~dI, khAneM utpanna karAne meM sahAyaka hotI hai / 1 (ka) triSaSTi0 1/4 (kha) ThANAMga sUtra, ThANA 6, sUtra 16 (ga) jambUdvIpaprajJapti, cakravartI adhikAra (gha) harivaMzapurANa, sarga 11 (Ga) mAghanandIviracita zAstrasAra samuccaya, sUtra 18, pRSTha 74

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 135 8. mANanidhi-kavaca, DhAla, talavAra Adi vividha prakAra ke divya Ayudha, yuddhanIti tathA daNDanIti Adi kI jAnakArI karAne vaalii| 6. zaMkhanidhi-vividha prakAra ke vAdya-kAvya nATya-nATaka Adi kI vidhi kA jJAna karAne vAlI / ye sabhI nidhiyA~ avinAzI hotI haiM, digvijaya se lauTate hue gaMgA ke pazcimI taTa para, aTThamatapa ke taduparAnta cakravartI samrATa ko prApta hotI haiM / pratyeka nidhi eka-eka hajAra yakSoM se adhiSThita hotI haiM / inakI U~cAI ATha yojana, caur3AI nau yojana tathA lambAI dasa yojana hotI hai / ye sabhI nidhiyA~ svarNa aura ratnoM se paripUrNa hotI haiM, candra aura sUrya ke cihnoM meM cihnita hotI haiM, tathA palyopama kI Ayu vAle nAgakumAra jAti ke deva inake adhiSThAyaka hote haiM / 1 / ye nau nidhiyA~ kAmavRSTi nAmaka gRhapati-ratna ke adhIna thIM evaM cakravartI ke samasta manorathoM ko sadaiva pUrNa karatI thii| hindU dharmazAstroM meM ina nava-nidhiyoM ke nAma isa prakAra se batAye 1. mahApadama 2. padama 3. zaMkha 4. makara 5. kacchapa 6. mUkUnda 7. kUnda 8. nIla aura 6. khrv| ye nidhiyA~ kubera kA khajAnA bhI kahI jAtI haiN| bharata mahArAja ne sATha hajAra varSoM kI avadhi meM SaT khaNDa para vijaya-patAkA phaharA kara cakraratna kA anusaraNa karate hue vinItA nagarI kI ora prasthAna kiyaa| battIsa hajAra mukuTadhArI mahArAjA bharata ke adhIna the| vinItA nagarI cira kAla ke bAda apane svAmI ko pAkara phUlI nahIM samA rahI thii| SaTakhaNDa para vijaya karane ke kAraNa eka vizAla abhiSeka maNDapa taiyAra kiyA gayA aura bharata mahArAja ne Abhiyogika devoM se kahA-merA mahAbhiSeka kro| Abhiyogika devoM ne bharata mahArAja kA abhiSeka kiyaa| battIsa hajAra rAjAoM ne tathA senApatiratna, sArthavAharatna, vArdhakaratna, purohitaratna Adi ne bhI bharata kA mahAbhiSeka kiyA tathA apane kartavya kA pAlana kiyaa| 1 triSaSTi0 1/4/574-587 2 harivaMzapurANa--jinasena, 11/123

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136 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA bharata mahArAja eka bAra snAnAdi se nivRtta hokara zIzamahala meM pahu~ce / zIzamahala meM siMhAsana para AsIna hue| cAroM ora apanA rUpa dekhakara antarUpa kI ora AkRSTa hue| zuddha pariNAmoM kI dhArA pravAhita huI / jambUdvIpaprajJapti ke anusAra bhAvoM kI tIvratA se bharata mahArAja ko kevalajJAna ho gyaa| Avazyakaniyukti ke anusAra zIzamahala meM bharata apanI divya chaTA ko dekhakara vismita the| unakI dRSTi a~guliyoM para girI, eka aMgulI zobhAvihIna thI, kyoMki usameM pahanI huI a~gUThI gira gaI thii| unhoMne dUsarI aMguliyoM kI aMgUThiyA~ bhI dhIre-dhIre nikAlanA prArambha kiyA aura dekhane lage ki ye a~guliyAM kaisI lagatI haiM ? isa taraha unhoMne sAre AbhUSaNa utAra diye / ve socane lage-zarIra kA saundarya merA nahIM hai, jo zarIra kucha kSaNoM pahale camaka rahA thA, vaha AbhUSaNoM ke abhAva meM kAntihIna pratIta ho rahA hai / bhautika alaMkAroM se ladI haI sundaratA kRtrima aura bhrAmaka hai / usameM phaMsakara mAnava apane zuddha svarUpa ko vismRta ho jAtA hai / isa prakAra cintana karate hue unheM kevalajJAna huaa| Avazyakaniyukti aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM yahI antara hai ki jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM pahale kevalajJAna hotA hai aura usake bAda bharata apane vastrAlaMkAra utArate haiM; jabaki Avazyakaniyukti meM vastrAlaMkAra utArane ke bAda kevalajJAna hone kA ullekha hai| Avazyakaniyukti Adi meM samrATa bharata ke jIvana se sambandhita anya aneka prasaMga haiN| vistArabhaya se hama unheM yahA~ nahIM de rahe haiN| cakravartI kI vijaya, aura anya jAnakArI sthAnAMga aura samavAyAMga sUtra meM AI haiN| baladeva-vAsudeva baladeva, vAsudeva ye donoM bhAI ke rUpa meM hote haiM / nau baladeva aura 1 jambUdvIpaprajJati, vakSaskAra 3 2 Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 436 3 tulanA kIjie--aMguttaranikAya (5/113) meM batAyA hai ki cakravartI kA cakra lauTatA nahIM hai| usake pA~ca kAraNa batAye haiM-vaha arthajJa hotA hai, dharmajJa hotA hai, maryAdAzIla hotA hai, kAlajJa hotA hai aura pariSad ko jAnane vAlA hotA hai|

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uttama puruSoM kI kathAe~ 137 nau vAsUdeva tathA nau prativAsUdeva isa prakAra sattAIsa viziSTa vyakti hote haiM / vAsudeva ardhacakrI hote haiN| ve tIna khaNDa ke adhipati hote haiM / ve uttama puruSa mAne gaye haiM / ve ojasvI, tejasvI, balazAlI aura surUpa hote haiM / ve kA~ta, saumya, priyadarzI hote haiM / ve mahAbalI, apratihata aura aparAjita hote haiN| zatruoM kA acchI taraha se mardana karane vAle hote haiN| hajAroM zatra oM ke mAna ko eka kSaNa meM naSTa kara dete haiN| ve dayAlu, amatsara, acapala aura acaNDa hote haiN| unakA svabhAva bahata hI madhura hotA hai| unakI vANI gambhIra, mad tathA satya hotI hai| unake zarIra meM aneka zubha lakSaNa hote haiN| ve candra kI taraha saumya, sUrya ke samAna pracaNDa, prakANDa daNDanItijJa, samudra ke samAna gambhIra, yuddha meM durddhara tathA dhanurdhara hote haiN| ve rAjavaMza meM tilaka ke samAna hote haiN| baladeva ke hAtha meM hala hotA hai aura vAsudeva dhanuSa rakhate haiM / vAsudeva zaMkha, cakra, gadA, zakti aura nandaka dhAraNa karate haiM / unake mukuTa meM zreSTha, ujjvala, zukla, vimala kaustubhamaNi hotI hai aura kAna meM kuNDala hote hai| unakI A~kheM kamala ke samAna hotI haiM / unake gale meM ekAvalI hAra hotA hai| zrIvatsa kA lAMchana hotA hai tathA paMcaraMgoM ke sugandhita phUloM kI mAlA hotI hai| unake aMgopAMga meM ATha sau prazasta cinha hote haiN| unake aMgopAMga sarvAMga sundara hote haiM / baladeva nIle tathA vAsudeva pIle raMga ke vastra dhAraNa karate haiN| baladeva nidAnarahita hota haiM to vAsudeva nidAnakRta hote haiN| baladeva UrdhvagAmI hote haiM to vAsudeva adhogAmI hote haiN| prativAsudeva ko vAsudeva parAjita karate haiM aura anta meM svacakra se hI prativAsudeva kI mRtyu hotI haiM / baladeva, vAsudeva ke pUrvabhava tathA sabhI ke nAma, mAtA-pitAoM ke nAma Adi kA nirUpaNa prastuta grantha meM haA hai / acala baladeva assI dhanuSa U~ce the| vijaya baladeva tihattara lAkha varSa Ayu bhogakara siddha hue| suprabha baladeva ikAvana lAkha varSa sarvAyu bhogakara siddha hue| nandana baladeva taitIsa dhanuSa U~ce the tathA rAma baladeva dasa dhanuSa U~ce the| ___isa taraha vipula sAmagrI baladeva, vAsudeva ke sambandha meM prAcIna granthoM meM dI gaI hai / AgAmI utsapiNI kAla meM hone vAle baladeva, vAsudeva tathA prativAsudeva kA bhI unameM nirUpaNa huA hai| isa prakAra uttama puruSoM kI kathAyeM haiN| 1 Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 415 2 AvazyakaniyuktibhASya, gAthA 43

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zramaNa-kathAe~ Agama sAhitya meM zramaNoM kI kathAe~ apekSAkRta kama haiM, kisI-kisI Agama meM yatra-tatra kucha kathAe~ milatI haiM, kintu kramabaddha kathAeM nahIM hai / aupapAtika, antakRddazA va jJAtAdharmakathAsUtra meM kucha zramaNoM ko hai kathAe~ yahA~ ina para cintana karanA hai| mahAbala jJAtAdharma kathA meM mahAbala kA pavitra caritra diyA gayA hai / mahAbala vimalanAtha arihanta ke samaya meM hue| unakA janma hastinApura ke balarAjA evaM prabhAvatI kI kukSi se huaa| jaba mahAbala kA jova garbha meM AyA, taba mAtA prabhAvatI ne siMha kA svapna dekhA aura vividha prakAra ke dohada utpanna hue / janma lene para rAjA ne apane hRdaya kA AhlAda bandIjanoM ko mukta kara vyakta kiyA tathA vividha prakAra ke utsava mnaaye| balarAjA kA pUtra hone se usakA nAma 'mahAbala' rkhaa| kSIradhAtrI, majjanadhAtrI, maNDanadhAtrI, kIr3anadhAtrI evaM aMkadhAtrI ina pA~ca dhAtriyoM se sampoSaNa pAtA huA mahAbala bar3hane lgaa| sUrya-darzana, jAgaraNa, nAmakaraNa, ghuTanoM ke bala calanA, pairoM se calanA, anna-bhojana prArambha karanA, grAsa bar3hAnA, sambhASaNa karanA, kAna vidhAnA, varSagA~Tha manavAnA, coTI rakhavAnA, upanayana karanA, Adi bahuta se garbha dhAraNa, janma-mahotsava Adi vividha prasaMgoM ko lekara vividha prakAra ke kautuka kiye| . saMskAra cintana ___ jainadharma kI AcAra-saMhitA meM bAhya vidhi-vidhAnoM kA nirUpaNa kama huA hai jabaki brAhmaNa paramparA ke granthoM meM saMskAravidhiyoM kA vistAra se nirUpaNa hai / gautama dharmasUtra, Apastambha dharmasUtra aura vasiSTha dharmasUtra, 1 gautama dharmasUtra 8/8 2 Apastambha dharmasUtra, 1/1/1/8 3 vasiSTha dharmasUtra 4/1

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zramaNa kathAe~ 136. meM vistAra se varNana hai / smRtiyoM meM saMskAroM kI saMkhyA ke sambandha meM matabheda hai / gautama ne cAlIsa saMskAroM kA varNana kiyA hai / 1 vaikhAnasa ne aThAraha zArIrika saMskAroM ke nAma diye haiM / aMgirA ne paccIsa saMskAroM ke nAma batAye haiM | vyAsa ne solaha saMskAra batAye haiM / 2 manu, yAjJavalkya aura viSNu dharmasUtra meM saMkhyA kA nirdeza nahIM hai / nibandhoM meM mukhya rUpa se solaha saMskAra batAye haiM / ve isa prakAra haiM I 1. garbhAdhAna 2. puMsavana 3. sImantonnayana 4. viSNuvali 5. jAtakarma 6. nAmakaraNa 7. niSkramaNa 8. annaprAzana 6. caula 10. upanayana 11 - 14. vedavrata catuSTaya 15. samAvartana aura 16. vivAha / smRticandrikA Adi meM prakArAntara se anya nAma bhI milate haiM / gRhasUtroM, dharmasUtroM, manusmRti, yAjJavalkyasmRti tathA anya smRtiyoM meM evaM raghunandanakRta saMskAra tattva, nIlakaNThakRta saMskAra mayUkha, mitra mizra kRta saMskAra prakAza, anantadevakRta saMskAra kaustubha aura gopInAthakRta saMskAra ratnamAlA Adi graMthoM meM virATa sAmagrI bharI par3I hai, ataH vizeSa jijJAsu una granthoM kA avalokana kareM / saMskAroM meM upanayana saMskAra eka vizeSa mahatvapUrNa saMskAra mAnA gayA hai / mahAbala kathA meM " uvanayaNaM" zabda kA prayoga huA hai| jaina paramparA meM 'upanayana saMskAra' kisa prakAra hotA thA ? isakA varNana Agama granthoM meM nahIM hai / brAhmaNa paramparA ke granthoM meM kalAcArya ke pAsa adhyayana ke lie le jAnA, upanayana saMskAra mAnA gayA hai / yaha saMskAra vidyArthI ko gAyatrI maMtra sikhAkara kiyA jAtA thaa| guru ke sannikaTa rahane se zatapatha brAhmaNa aura taitirIyopaniSad meM use antevAsI kahA hai / upanayana saMskAra kaba kiyA jAye, isa prazna para cintana karate hue AzvalAyana gRhasUtra meM likhA hai - brAhmaNa ATha varSa meM, kSatriya gyAraha varSa meM, vaizya bAraha varSa meM upanayana kareM, athavA solaha, bAvIsa aura cobIsaveM varSa meM upanayana 1 gautama, 8 / 14 - 24. 1/14 -- 15. 2 vyAsa, 3 zatapatha brAhmaNa 5/1/5/17. 4 taittirIyopaniSad 9/11 5 AzvalAyana gRhasUtra 1/19/1-6.

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140 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kreN| ApastaMbha' zAMkhAyana,' bodhayana, bhAradvAja, gobhila, gRhasUtra tathA yAjJavalkya meM yaha spaSTa saMketa hai ki varSoM kI parigaNanA garbhAdhAna se karanI caahie| zAMkhAyana gRhasUtra Adi meM varSoM ke sambandha meM vibhinna mata rahe haiM / dharmazAstroM meM upanayana ke lie muhUrta Adi kI bhI carcA kI gaI hai| upanayana ke samaya vastra, daNDa, mekhalA, yajJopavIta, gAyatrI upadeza Adi dene kI vidhi bhI batAI gaI hai| mahAbala kI kathA meM yaha bhI batAyA hai ki jaba mahAbala ATha varSa se kucha adhika umra kA huA taba vaha kalAcArya ke pAsa adhyayana ke lie bhejA gayA aura pUrNa yUvA hone para usakA ATha rAjakanyAoM ke sAtha pANigrahaNa huA / yahA~ para do bAteM cintanIya haiM ki prAcIna kAla meM zikSA kA prArambha ATha varSa kA yA usase kucha adhika umra hone para hotA thA, kyoMki taba taka bAlaka kA mastiSka zikSA grahaNa karane yogya ho jAtA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai Agama sAhitya meM aura paravartI sAhitya meM yaha varNana aneka sthaloM para huA hai / ATha varSa kI avasthA meM upanayana saMskAra bhI ho 1 ApastaMbha0 10/2. 2 zAMkhAyana0 2/1. 3 bodhAyana0 2/5/2. 4 bhAradvAja0 1/1. 5 gobhila0 2/10. 6 yAjJavalkya0 1/14. 7 (ka) 'da jaina sisTama oNpha ejukezana' jarnala oNpha da yUnivarsiTI oNpha bombe, janavarI 1940, pRSTha 206 Adi (jagadIzacandra, lAipha ina enzienTa inDiyA eja DipikTeDa ina jaina kenansa, ja0 jai0 ke0 pRSTha 166 para uddhRta eca0 Ara0 kApar3iyA) DI. sI. dAsagupta. (kha) (i) 'jaina sisTama oNpha ejukezana' pRSTha 74. (ii) bhagavatI (abhayadeva vRtti) 11/11, 426 pR0 666. (iii) nAyAdhammakahAo, 1/20, pRSTha 31, (iv) kathAkoSaprakaraNa, pR0 8. (v) jJAnapaMcamI kahA, 5.62 Adi /

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zramaNa kathAe~ 141 jAtA thA, isalie upanayana saMskAra ko kalAgrahaNa-utsava bhI kahA gayA hai| smRtiyoM meM pA~ca varSa kI vaya meM zikSA prArambha karane kA vidhAna bhI milatA hai / vaha apavAda rUpa meM rahA hai| isake sAtha yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki usa samaya Aja kI taraha zikSA bhAra rUpa nahIM thii| gurukula praNAlI zikSA kA Adarza thA / vidyArthI ke lie Avazyaka thA ki vaha khUba mana lagAkara adhyayana kare, vinayapUrvaka gurucaraNoM meM rahe tathA niyamasampanna ho| puruSoM ke lie bahattara kalAoM tathA striyoM ke lie cauMsaTha kalAoM kA adhyayana Avazyaka mAnA jAtA thaa| prAcInatama yuga meM bAla-vivAha nahIM thaa| Agama sAhitya meM sthAnasthAna para "ummukka bAlabhAvaM jAva alaM bhogasamatthaM" zabda vyavahRta huA hai| bAla-vivAha madhya yuga kI dena pratIta hotI hai| isIlie alabarUnI ne likhA hai-hindu loga apane lar3akoM ke vivAha kA Ayojana karate the kyoMki vivAha bahuta hI choTI umra meM huA karate the| eka sthAna para yaha bhI likhA hai-brAhmaNoM meM arajasvalA kanyA ko hI grahaNa kiyA jAtA thA / 3. guptakAla meM bAla-vivAha kA pracalana rhaa| yoM jaina sAhitya meM vivAha ke tIna prakAroM kA varNana milatA hai1. vara aura kanyA donoM pakSoM ke mAtA-pitAoM ke dvArA Ayojita vivAha 2. svayaMvara vivAha 3. gAndharva vivAha / mukhya rUpa se svayaM kI jAti meM hI vivAha karane kI prathA thI / bauddha jAtakoM meM bhI samAna sthiti aura samAna vyavasAya vAle logoM ke sAtha vivAha-sambandha sthApita karane ke ullekha milate haiM jisase ki nimna jAtigata tattvoM ke sammizraNa se kula kI pratiSThA ko surakSita rakhA jA sake / yoM Agama-sAhitya meM anya jAtiyoM ke sAtha bhI vivAha karane ke ullekha prApta hote haiN| jaise-rAjamaMtrI tetalIpUtra ne 1 'prAcIna bhArata meM jaina zikSaNa paddhati'-DA. harIndrabhUSaNa, saMsada-patrikA, 1665. 2 epIgrAphikA iNDiyA 2. pRSTha 154 3 epIgrAphikA iNDiyA pRSTha 121 4 'lAipha ina dI guptA eja, pRSTha 288.60.-Ara0 ena0 sAleTorakara 5 'da sozala ArganAijezana ina nArtha-IsTa iNDiyA ina buddhAja TAima, kalakattA 1920--phika recArDa

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142 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA eka sunAra kI kanyA se, kSatriya gajasukumAla ne somila brAhmaNa kI kanyA se, rAjA jitazatru ne citrakAra kI kanyA se, rAjakumAra brahmadatta ne brAhmaNa tathA vaNikoM kI kanyAoM se pANigrahaNa kiyA thaa| vaidika paramparA ke granthoM se yaha spaSTa hai ki vivAha kA uddezya santAnotpatti thA / santAnotpatti ke lie eka se adhika vivAha karane kI anumati smRtikAroMne pradAna kI / bahupatnItva vivAha kA yahI mukhya uddezya rahA thaa| Age calakara bahu-vivAha viziSTa vyaktiyoM ke gaurava kI cIja ho gii| rAjA aura rAjakumAra apane antaHpuroM meM adhika se adhika patniyA~ rakhane meM gaurava kA anubhava karate the| aneka rAjAoM ke sAtha snehapUrNasambandha sthApita hone ke kAraNa bahuvivAha rAjanItika sattA ko zaktizAlI banAne meM sahAyaka hotA thaa| isIlie mahAbala rAjakumAra kA bhI ATha kanyAoM ke sAtha vivAha hone kA ullekha hai / jaina kathAoM ko yaha mahattvapUrNa vizeSatA hai ki jo vyakti bhoga ke daladala meM phaMsA hai, vaha bhI bItarAgavANI ko zravaNa kara bhoga ko roga samajhakara mukta ho jAtA hai / vairAgyabhAvanA prabuddha hone para koI bhI zakti unheM saMsAra meM rokane ke lie samartha nahIM hotii| pravrajyA grahaNa karane ke pazcAt sAdhaka pahale adhyayana karatA hai, Agama-sAhitya kA dohana karatA hai aura usake pazcAt ugra japa-tapa kI sAdhanA kara karmoM ko naSTa karane kA prayAsa karatA hai / yahA~ se apanA AyuSya pUrNa kara deva banatA hai / uttarAdhyayana ke aThArahaveM adhyayana kI pacAsavIM gAthA meM bho mahAbala kA ullekha huA hai| TIkAkAra nemicandra ne yaha kathA vistAra se dI hai aura anta meM vyAkhyAprajJapti kA nirdeza kiyA hai para nizcita rUpa se nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki vaha mahAbala bhagavatI meM varNita hI hai yA anya ? sambhava hai vipAkasUtra, dvitIya zrutaskandha, adhyAya 7 meM varNita mahApura nagara kA rAjA bala kA putra mahAbala ho| bhagavatI kA mahAbala usa mahAbala se pRthak honA caahie| 1 jJAtRdharmakathA 14 pR0 148. 2 antakRddazA 3, pRSTha 16. 3 uttarAdhyayana TIkA 6, pRSTha 141 4 uttarAdhyayana TIkA, pRSTha 188 se 192 taka /

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kArtika zreSThI : bhagavatI sUtra zataka aThAraha uddezaka dUsare meM kArtika zreSThI kI kathA bhI AI hai, jo bha0 munisuvrata ke tIrtha meM hue the| ye hI kArtika zreSThI prathama devaloka ke indra bane / bhAratIya sAhitya meM indra ke hajAra nAma prasiddha haiM / jaina, bauddha aura vaidika ina tInoM hI paramparAoM meM indra ke sambandha meM carcA hai | hama yahA~ indra ke aneka nAmoM meM se kucha zabdoM kA ullekha kara rahe haiM, jo prastuta grantha meM vyavahRta hue haiM / "zaka" nAmaka siMhAsana para baiThane se tathA sAmarthyavAna hone se vaha 'zaka' kahalAyA / devatAoM ke madhya parama aizvaryayukta hone se vaha 'indra' ke nAma se vizruta huA / indra nAma sabase adhika pracalita hai| Rgveda meM prAyaH do sau pacAsa sUktoM meM indra kA varNana hai aura pacAsa sUkta aise bhI haiM, jinameM dUsare sUktoM ke sAtha indra kA varNana hai / isa taraha Rgveda kA lagabhaga caturthAMza indra kI stutiyoM se bharA par3A hai| Rgveda meM indra ko agni kA jur3avA~ bhAI batAyA hai | paurANika yuga meM mAnava tapa se indra pada prApta karane ke lie lAlAyita rahatA thA / indra apane siMhAsana kI rakSA ke lie apsarAoM ko preSita karatA hai jo tapasviyoM ko mohita kara patha-bhraSTa karatI haiM / paurANika indra zaktimAn, samRddha aura vilAsI hai / jaina dRSTi se anya devoM meM nahIM pAI jAne vAlI asAdhAraNa aNimA, mahimA Adi RddhiyoM ke dhAraka aise devAdhipati ko indra ke nAma se abhihita kiyA hai / 2 devatAoM kA rAjA hone se vaha devarAja bhI kahalAtA hai / hAtha meM vajra nAmaka zastra ko dhAraNa karane se 'vajrapANi' hai / zatruoM ke nagaroM ko naSTa karane ke kAraNa vaha 'purandara' hai / kArtika zreSThI ke bhava meM sau bAra zrAvaka kI pA~cavIM pratimA arthAt abhigraha vizeSa ko dhAraNa karane ke kAraNa vaha 'zatakratu' kahalAtA hai / yadyapi bhagavatI sUtra meM jo kArtika zreSThI kI kathA hai, usameM kArtika zreSThI ke dvArA sau bAra pratimA dhAraNa kI gaI, aisA ullekha nahIM huA hai / kintu AcArya zrI jayamalajI mahArAja ne bar3I sAdhu vandanA meM likhA hai 1. Rgveda 6/56 / 2 / 2 (ka) anya devAsAdhAraNANimAdi yogAdindantIti indrA:- sarvArthasiddhi 4/4 / ( kha ) tatvArthazlokavArtika 4/4 /

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184 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA "vali kArtika zeThe, par3imA vahI sUra vIra / jImI morA~ Upara, tApasa balatI khIra ||33|| pachI cAritra lIdhUM, mitra eka sahasa ATha dhIra / marI huo zakrendra, cavi lese bhava tIra ||34|| vaidika paramparA ke anusAra zatakratu kA artha hai - so yajJa karane vAlA / kahA jAtA hai ki indra pUrvabhava meM kArtika zreSThI thA / usakI bIta - rAga dharma para ananya AsthA thI / usane sau bAra zrAvaka kI pA~cavIM pratimA taka kI ArAdhanA kii| nagara meM eka bAra gairika nAmaka ugra tapasvI AyA / usake kaThora tapa se sabhI prabhAvita hue / jana-samUha darzanArtha umar3a pdd'aa| virATa janasamUha ko dekhakara tapasvI ke mana meM ahaMkArarUpI nAga phana phailAkara khar3A ho gayA / usane logoM se pUchA- kyA sabhI loga mere darzanArtha A cuke haiM ? eka bhakta ne nivedana kiyA ki kArtika zreSThI ko chor3akara anya sabhI loga A gaye haiM / tapasvI ne krodha aura ahaMkAra ke vaza hokara yaha abhigraha kiyA - maiM kArtika zreSThI kI pITha para thAlI rakhakara hI pAraNA karU~gA anyathA jIvana bhara kucha bhI grahaNa nahIM karUMgA / rAjA ne jaba tapasvI ko pAraNA karane ke lie prArthanA kI to tapasvI ne abhigraha kI bAta dohraaii| rAjA ne zreSThI ko bulAyA tathA garamA-garama khIra taiyAra kI gaI / rAjA ke Adeza se seTha ne sira jhukAyA aura tapasvI ne krUratApUrvaka seTha kI pITha para khIra se bharI thAlI rakhI / zreSThI kI camar3I jalane lagI / tapasvI ne nAka para a~gulI rakhakara kahA- tU mujhe vandana karane nahIM AyA, usakA phala cakha ! maiMne terA nAka kATa hI diyA / seTha mana hI mana socane lagA- yadi maiM pahale sAdhu bana jAtA to Aja jo yaha dayanIya daza / huI hai, vaha nahIM hotI / vaha samabhAvapUrvaka kaSTa sahana karatA rahA / eka hajAra ATha puruSoM ke sAtha zra eSThI ne munisuvrata svAmI ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kI aura za endra banA / tApasa gairika bhI apanA AyuSya pUrNa kara za endra kA airAvata hAthI banA / indra ko apane Upara baiThA dekhakara airAvata hAthI ghaba rAyA / indra ne bhI avadhijJAna se apanA pUrvabhava dekhA aura airAvata kA bhI / use DA~TA, phaTakArA / airAvata zAnta ho gayA / prastuta grantha me kArtika zreSThI kI dIkSA Adi kA vistAra se nirUpaNa huA hai /

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zramaNa kathAe~ 145 gaMgadatta munisuvrata svAmI ke tIrtha meM hone vAle gaMgadatta kI kathA bhagavatI zataka 15 aura uddezaka 5 meM dI gaI hai / gaMgadatta deva zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sabhA meM upasthita huA / gaNadhara gautama kI jijJAsA para bhagavAn mahAvIra ne usakA pUrvabhava sunAte hue kahA- hastinApura meM gaMgadatta nAmaka gAthApati thaa| arihaMta munisuvrata ke pAvana-pravacana ko zravaNa kara tathA jyeSTha putra kI anumati prApta kara gaMgadata ne pravrajyA grahaNa kii| utkRSTa tapa-japa kI ArAdhanA kara yaha deva banA aura yahA~ se Ayu pUrNakara siddha, buddha aura mukta hogaa| prastuta kathA kA sambandha munisubrata svAmI ke sAtha hai / yahI isa kayA kI vizeSatA hai| prAga aitihAsika kAla kA yaha prasaMga bahuta hI preraNAdAyI hai / citta-saMbhUti uttarAdhyayana 13veM adhyayana meM citta-saMbhUti kI kathA dI gaI hai / isa kathA vastu kA bauddha paramparA ke citta-saMbhUti jAtaka meM bhI varNana hai| donoM hI paramparAoM ke granthoM meM kathA vastu bahuta kucha samAnatA liye hue hai| donoM hI kathAkAroM ne kathA-vastu gadya aura padya meM gaThita kI hai| kathA-vastu gadya meM hai to saMvAda padya meM hai| kathA brahmadatta kI utpatti se prArambha hotI hai| isameM paiMtIsa zloka haiM / TIkAkAra nemicandra ne sukhabodhAvRtti meM sampUrNa kathA dI hai / uttarAdhyayana ke mUla meM kathA kA prArambha hai| donoM bhAI citta aura saMbhUta paraspara milate haiM tathA sukha-duHkha ke phala-vipAka kI carcA karane lagate haiN| vitta kA jIva zramaNa avasthA meM brahmadatta ko saMsAra kI niHsAratA kA parijJAna karAte hue kahatA hai-'aizvarya vidyuta kI taraha caMcala hai aura bhoga bhI nazvara haiM, ataH tuma zramaNa dharma ko svIkAra kara apane jIvana ko pAvana bnaao|' jaba citta muni ne dekhA- brahmadatta zramaNa banane kI sthiti meM nahIM hai to muni ne use gRhasthAzrama meM rahakara hI dharma-sAdhanA karane kI preraNA dii| para brahmadatta kA mana dharma meM nahIM thaa| citta muni dharmArAdhana kara siddha huA tathA brahmadatta bhogoM meM Asakta hokara naraka kA adhikArI banA / pA~cavIM, chaThI aura sAtavIM gAthA meM pUrvajanmoM kA nAmollekha huA hai| para vahA~ vistAra se carcA nahIM hai, TIkAkAra nemicandra ne pUrva ke pA~ca bhavoM kA savistRta varNana kiyA / saMkSepa meM chaha bhava isa prakAra haiM-1. dazapura nagara meM zAMDilya brAhmaNa kI dAsI yazomatI ke garbha se putra rUpa meM paidA honA / 2. kAliMjara parvata para mRgI kI kukSI se yugala rUpa meM utpanna honA / 3. mRtagaMgA ke tIra para haMsI ke garbha meM utpanna honA / 4. vArA

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146 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA NasI meM zvapAka ke putra meM utpanna honaa| 5. devaloka meM utpanna honaa| 6. citta kA jIva purimatAla nagara meM Ibhya zreSThI ke yahA~ putra rUpa meM aura saMbhUta kA jIva kAmpilyapura meM brahmarAjA kI rAnI cUlanI ke garbha se brahmadatta rUpa meM utpanna huaa| bauddha-sAhitya meM : bauddha sAhitya meM saMkSepa meM kathA kA rUpa isa prakAra hai1. nireMjarA nadI ke kinAre mRgI kI kukSI meM utpanna honA / 2. narmadA nadI ke kinAre bAja pakSI ke rUpa meM utpanna honaa| 3. citta kA jIva kozAmbI meM purohita kA putra huA tathA saMbhUta kA jIva pAMcAla rAjA ke rUpa meM utpanna huaa| jaba donoM bhAI paraspara milate haiM to citta saMbhUta ko upadeza pradAna karatA hai, kintu saMbhUta kA mana bhogoM se virata nahIM hotaa| jisase citta saMbhUta ke sira para dhUla girAtA hai aura svayaM himAlaya kI ora prasthAna kara jAtA hai / jaba rAjA saMbhUta ne yaha dekhA to usake antarmAnasa meM vairAgya samutpanna huA aura vaha bhI himA. laya ko cala diyA / citta ne use yoga vidyA sikhalAI, jisase saMbhUta ko dhyAna-lAbha huaa| isa prakAra citta aura saMbhUta donoM brahmalokavAsI he| jaina aura bauddha donoM hI kathA-vastuoM kA adhyayana karane para yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki jaina kathA-vastu vistRta hai| kumAra brahmadatta apane mantrIputra varadhanu ke sAtha ghara se nikala kara dUra calA gayA aura punaH lauTakara nagara meM nahIM Ate taba taka kI kathA choTI-bar3I aneka ghaTanAoM ke kAraNa jaTila ho gaI hai| sArI avAntara ghaTanAe~ brahmadatta se sambandhita haiM tathA una avAntara ghaTanAoM kA anta hotA hai kisI kanyA ke sAtha vivAha yA pANigrahaNa karane pr| kumAra brahmadatta varadhanu ke sAtha apanI nagarI meM lauTatA hai| rAjyAbhiSeka hone ke pazcAt use apane bhrAtA kI madhura smRti ho AtI hai| donoM bhAI milate haiM / muni citta kA jIva dharmArAdhana kara mukta banatA hai| kumAra brahmadatta bhogoM meM Asakta hokara naraka meM jAtA hai| jainadRSTi se saMbhUta kA jIva kumAra brahmadatta naraka kA adhikArI banatA hai to bauddha dRSTi se saMbhUta brahmaloka meM jAtA hai / sarapenTiyara ne likhA hai-ina donoM kathAnakoM meM sAmya hI nahIM apitu donoM kI gAthAoM meM bhI pUrNa sAmya hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM dekhie 1 jAtaka caturtha khaNDa, saMkhyA 468, citta saMbhUta jAtaka, pRSTha 600 2 The Uttaradhyayana Sutra, p. 45

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zramaNa kathAe~ 147 sAmAna gAthAe~ jaina paramparA bauddha paramparA uttarAdhyana, adhyayana 13 vitta saMbhUta jAtaka (saM0 468) zloka gAthA dAsA dasaNNe AsI caNDAlAhumha . avantIsu miyA kAliMjare nge| migA neraJjaraM pati, haMsA mayaMgatIre ukkUsA nammadA tIre sovAgA kAsibhUmie // 6 // tyaJja brAhmaNa khattiyA // 16 / / savvaM succiNNaM saphalaM narANaM sabbaM narAnaM saphalaM suciNNaM kaDANa kammANa na mokkha asthi / na kammanA kiJcana moghamasthi / atthehi kAmehi ya uttamehi passAmi sambhUtaM mahAnubhAvaM AyA mamaM puNNaphalovavee // 10 // sakammanA pujaphalUpapanna // 1 // jANAsi saMbhUya ! mahANubhAgaM sabbaM narAnaM saphalaM suciNNaM mahiDDhiyaM punnnnphlovveyN| na kammanA kiJcana moghamatthi / cittaM pi jANAhi taheva rAyaM ! cittaM vijAnAhi tattha eva deva iDDhI juI tassa vi ya ppabhUyA // 11 // iddho mana tassa yathApi tuyhaM / / 3 / / mahattharUvA vayaNappabhUyA suladdha lAbhA vata me ahosi, gAhANugIyA nrsNghmjjhe| gAthA sugItA parisAya mjjhe| jaM bhikkhuNo sIlaguNovaveyA sohaM isi sIla vatUpapanna iha'jjayante samaNomhi jAo // 12 // disvA patIto sumano hamasmi // 8 // uccoyae mahu kakke ya bambhe paveiyA AvasahA yA rmmaa| imaM gihaM cittadhaNappabhUyaM pasAhi paMcAlaguNovaveyaM // 13 // nahi gIehi ya vAiehiM rammaM ca te AvasathaM karontu nArIjaNAiM privaarynto| nArIgaNehi paricArayassu / bhujAi bhogAhi imAi bhikkhU / karohi okAsaM anuggahAya mama royaI pavvajjA hu dukkhaM // 14 // ubho pi imaM issariyaM karoma // 10 //

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148 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA uvaNijjaI jIviyamappamAyaM / upanIyatI jIvitaM appamAyu vaNNaM jarA harai narassa raayN| vaNaM jarA hanti narassa jiivito| paMcAlarAyA ! vayaNaM suNAhi karohi paJcAla mama eta vAkyaM mA kAsi kammAI mahAlayAI // 26 / / mA kAsi kammaM nirayUpapattiyA // 20 // ahaM pi jANAmi jaheha sAhU ! addhAhi saccaM vacanaM tava eta jaM me tamaM sAhasi vakkameyaM / yathA isi bhAsasi eva etaM / bhogA ime saMgakarA havanti kAmA ca me santi anapparUpA je dujjayA ajjo amhArise hiM / / 27 // te duccajA mA disakena bhikkhu // 21 // nAgo jahA paMka jalAvasanno nAgo yathA paGkamajjhe vyasanno daTaTha thalaM nAbhisamei tiirN| passaM thalaM nAbhisambhoti gntuu| evaM vayaM kAmaguNesu giddhA, evaM pahaM kAmapaGke vyasannI na bhikkhuNo maggamaNuvvayAmo // 30 // na bhikkhuno maggaM anubbajAmi // 22 // jai tA si bhoge caiuM asatto na ce tuvaM ussahase janinda ajjAI kammAiM karehi raayN| kAme ime mAnusake phaatuuN| dhamme Thio savvapayANakampI dhamma baliM pahapayassU rAja to hohisi devo io viuvvI // 32 // adhammakAro ca te mAhu raTTe // 24 // DA0 ghATage kA yaha abhimata hai ki jAtaka ke gadya vibhAga se padya vibhAga adhika prAcIna hai| gadya vibhAga bahuta bAda meM likhA gayA aura yaha tathya bhASA aura tarka ke dvArA bhI siddha hai| yaha tathya yaha mAnane ke lie bhI prerita karatA hai ki uttarAdhyayana meM saMgrahIta kathAvastu donoM se bhI prAcIna hai| unakA yaha bhI mantavya hai ki uttarAdhyayana ke padyoM meM usakA koI ullekha nahIM hai, kevala donoM ke saMlApa meM unakA saMketa hai| jAtaka meM unake pUrva-bhavoM kA vistAra se nirUpaNa huA hai| sarapenTiyara ne prastuta kathAnaka kI tIna gAthAoM ko arvAcIna mAnA hai| parantu usake lie koI prabala tarka nahIM diyA hai| cUNi, TIkA prabhRti vyAkhyA granthoM meM isa sambandha meM manISI AcAryoM ne kahIM bhI kisI 1. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. 17. (1935-1936) : A few Parallels in Jain and Buddhist Works, p. 342, by A. M. Ghatage. M. A. 2 The Uttaradhyayana Sutra p. 326.

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zramaNa kathAe~ 146 prakAra kA UhApoha nahIM kiyA hai / ye tInoM gAthAe~ prakaraNa kI dRSTi se bhI anupayukta nahIM hai / ina tInoM gAthAoM meM unake janma-sthala, janma kA kAraNa aura Apasa meM milane kA varNana hai / ye gAthAe~ agalI gAthAoM se sambandhita haiM / ye tInoM gAthAe~ AryAchanda meM nibaddha haiM jabaki Age kI gAthAe~ anuSTupa, upajAti Adi vibhinna chandoM meM nirmita haiN| chandoM kI bhinnatA se unheM prakSipta yA arvAcIna nahIM mAna sakate / yaha kathA bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke yuga kI hai| niSadhakumAra vRSNidazA adhyayana prathama meM niSadhakumAra kI kathA kA prasaMga bhI bhagavAn ariSTanemi se sambandhita hai| bhagavAn ariSTanemi eka bAra dvArikA nagarI meM padhAre / unake Agamana ke saMvAda ko sunakara dvArikA nagarI ke nivAsI tathA zrIkRSNa Ananda se jhUma utthe| rAjakIya vaibhava ke sAtha prabha ke darzana ko cle| niSadhakUmAra bhI bhagavAna ko vandana karane ke lie pahu~cA / bhagavAn kI vimala-bANo sunakara usane zrAvaka ke bAraha vrata grahaNa kie / niSadhakumAra ke divya rUpa ko dekhakara ariSTanemi ke pradhAna ziSya varadatta aNagAra ne pUchA-prabho ! yaha Rddhi-samRddhi aura surUpa inheM kaise prApta huA? bhagavAn ne kahA-bharatakSetra meM rohitaka nAmaka nagara thaa| mahAbala rAjA aura padmAvatI rAnI tho| viraMgata kamAra kA battosa kanyAoM ke sAtha pANigrahaNa huaa| AcArya siddhArtha ke upadeza ko zravaNa kara vaha zramaNa banA aura utkRSTa tapa kI sAdhanA kara pAMcaveM brahmadeva loka meM deva banA / yaha virATa sampatti aura Rddhi pUrvakRta puNya kA phala hai / varadatta gaNadhara ne pUchA-bhante ! kyA yaha Apake sannikaTa prabajita hogA ? bhagavAna ne svIkRtisUcaka saMketa kiyaa| kucha samaya ke pazcAt bhagavAna kA dvArikA nagarI meM punaH padArpaNa huaa| niSadhakumAra ne saMyama grahaNa kiyaa| sAmAyika se lekara gyAraha aMgoM kA adhyayana kiyaa| nau varSa taka zrAmaNya-paryAya meM utkRSTa tapa kI ArAdhanA kI aura bayAlIsa bhakta kA anazana kara, saMlekhanA-saMthAre ke dvArA samAdhipUrvaka kAla kara sarvArthasiddha vimAna meM deva rUpa meM utpanna haa| bhagavAna ariSTanemi ke tIrtha meM hI gautama aNagAra ne bhI apane jIvana ko pAvana banAyA thaa| bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke pAvana upadeza se prabhAvita hokara vaha ATha patniyoM kA tyAga kara bhagavAna ariSTanemi ke

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150 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA pAsa saMyama svIkAra karatA hai tathA utkRSTa tapa kI ArAdhanA karatA hai| usake bAda vaha bhikSu-pratimA kI sAdhanA karatA hai aura aTThAIsa mAsa tathA tebIsa dina meM pratimA kI sAdhanA pUrNa kara guNaratna-saMvatsara tapa kI ArAdhanA karatA hai| anta meM jaba gautama aNagAra kA zarIra kSINa ho gayA 'jIvaM jIvei ciThThai' jIva apanI jIvanI-zakti ke sahAre hI TikA huA thaa| taba unhoMne mRtyu kI icchA na karate hue aura na jIne kI kAmanA karate hue eka mAsa kA saMthArA kiyA tathA siddha, buddha aura mukta he| gautama anagAra tapa kI jItI-jAgatI pratimA the| unakA jIvana atyanta preraNAdAyI hai| aNIyasena Adi chaha bhAI anta kRddazA varga tIsare adhyayana prathama meM varNana hai ki bhaddilapuranagara meM nAga gAthApati kI dharmapatnI sulasA atyanta rUpavatI thii| usake aNIyasena, anantasena, ajitasena, anahitaripu, devasena tathA zatrusena ye chaha putra the| una chahoM ne bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke upadeza ko zravaNa kara pravrajyA grahaNa kI / yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki ye chahoM bhAI devakI ke garbha se saMharaNa kara sulasA kI kukSi meM sthApita kiye gaye the| ina chahoM bhAiyoM ne utkRSTa tapaHsAdhanA kara mukti ko varaNa kiyA thaa| ye chahoM zrIkRSNa vAsudeva ke bhAI the| isa rahasya kA udghATana bhagavAn ariSTanemi ne kiyA / vaidika paramparA ke granthoM meM yaha ghaTanA upalabdha nahIM hai| gajasukumAla antakRddazA varga tIsare adhyayana AThaveM meM gajasukumAla muni kA varNana AyA haiM / jaina saMskRti ke itihAsa meM gajasUkUmAla eka adbhata sAdhaka hue / vaha kSamA kA devatA virAT zakti kA dhanI thaa| jise prApta karane ke lie zrIkRSNa ne tapa kI sAdhanA kii| jisakA bAlyakAla svarNa mahaloM meM gujraa| jisakA zarIra makkhana kI taraha sukomala thA, jisane apane jIvana meM duHkha kI dupaharI kA dAruNa dRzya nahIM dekhA thaa| tIna khaNDa ke adhipati zrIkRSNa kA vaha laghubhrAtA thA / bhagavAn ariSTanemi dvArikA nagarI ke udyAna meM padhAre / zrIkRSNa ke sAtha gajasukumAla bhI bhagavAn ko vandana karane ke lie pahu~ce / zrIkRSNa ne mArga meM somA ke tuhAvane surUpa ko dekhA to use rAjaprAsAda meM bhijavA diyaa| ariSTanemi ke pAvana upadeza ko zravaNa kara gajasukumAla kA antarmAnasa vairAgya se bhAvita ho gyaa|

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zramaNa kathAe~ 151 usake jIvana kA nakzA badala gayA / vaha AyA thA upadeza sunane ke lie, kintu zramaNa banane ke lie tatpara ho gyaa| agni kI nanhI-sI cinagArI ghAsa-phUsa ko chu jAya to vaha Aga prajvalita ho jAtI hai jise havA kA jhauMkA use bujhA nahIM pAtA kintu aura bar3hA detA hai| vahI sthiti gajasukumAla ke vairAgya kI thI / vairAgya kI jvAlA ko bujhAne ke lie mAtA-pitA ke hajAra-hajAra A~sU bahe, jisase putra kA vairAgya una A~suoM meM vaha jAya, para vaha mahAzakti bicalita nahIM huii| zrIkRSNa ne eka dina kA rAjya pradAna kiyaa| socA, siMhAsana kA pralobhana isake vairAgya ko dhuMdhalA banA degA para vaha mahAdAvAnala thA jise sukha aura sAdhanoM ke aizvarya tathA jayajayaghoSa ke jhaMjhAvAta bujhA nahIM sake / vaha jvAlA to nirantara jalatI hI rhii| vaha mahAn sAdhaka anumati prApta kara dIkSita ho gyaa| una navadIkSita muni ko AtmakalyANa ke lie bhikSa kI bArahavIM pratimA batAI gaI / vaha abhinava sAdhaka nirjana zmazAna bhUmi meM mana ko ekAgra kara dhyAnastha ho gyaa| muni ke sira para gIlI miTTI kI pAla bA~dhakara jAjvalyamAna aMgAre rakha diye gye| mA~sa jala rahA thA, rakta ubala rahA thA, sAre zarIra meM bhayaMkara vedanA ho rahI thI tathApi vaha zAnta bhAva se khar3A thaa| jalate hue Aga ke zoloM ke nIce bhI vaha ha~sa rahA thaa| mastaka para Aga jala rahI thI tathA antarmana meM cintana-manana cala rahA thaa| zarIra lapaToM se jala rahA thA para vaha kSamA evaM sahiSNutA kA devatA usa samaya bhI muskarA rahA thaa| yaha alaMkAra kI bhASA nahIM, jIvana kA vAstavika tathya hai| jisane dhyAnasAdhanA ko siddha kara liyA, vaha sAdhaka deha meM raha karake bhI dehAtIta sthiti meM pahu~ca jAtA hai aura aise alabele sAdhaka dhyAnAgni se karmoM kI dhvasta kara dete haiM / gajasukumAla jaise variSTha sAdhaka bauddha aura vaidika paramparA meM DhUMr3hane para bhI mila nahIM skte| bar3A adbhuta aura anUThA kRtitva hai usakA ! zrIkRSNa ke laghubhrAtA hone para bhI vaidika paramparA ke granthoM meM unakA ullekha nahIM hai| gajasUkUmAla kI kathA itanI atyadhika lokapriya huI ki antakRddazAMga ke atirikta saMskRta, prAkRta aura apabhraMza tathA rAjasthAnI evaM gujarAtI kathA sAhitya meM vividha lekhakoM ne isa para aneka maulika racanAe~ likhI haiM / sumukha Adi kumAra antakRddazAMga sUtra ke varga tIsare adhyayana nau se teraha meM sumukhAdi

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152 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kumAroM kA varNana hai / sumukhakumAra baladeva ke putra the tathA durmukha, kRpadAraka aura dAruka - ye kramazaH baladeva tathA vasudeva ke putra the / jAli, mayAli, uvayAlI, puruSaseNa, vAriSeNa, pradyumnakumAra, zAmbakumAra, aniruddhakumAra, satyanemikumAra, dRr3hane mikumAra ina dasoM rAjakumAroM meM pUrva ke pA~ca rAjakumAra vasudeva ke putra the tathA pradya umnakumAra aura zAmbakumAra ke pitA zrIkRSNa the | aniruddha kumAra ke pitA pradya umna the / satyanemi aura dRr3hane mi ke pitA samudravijaya the / ye sabhI rAjakumAra bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke upadeza ko zravaNa kara rAjavaibhava kA parityAga kara sAdhanA ke mahA rAjamArga ko svIkAra karate haiM aura vIra senAnI kI bhA~ti Age bar3hakara antima lakSya mokSa ko prApta karate haiM / ina rAjakumAroM ke ullekha bhI itara sAhitya meM anupalabdha haiM / ye kathAe~ jaina sAhitya kI hI apanI dena haiM / 1 thAvaccAputra jJAtAsUtra zrutaskaMdha prathama adhyayana pA~caveM meM thAvaccAputra kI dIkSA kA varNana hai / munizrI jIvarAja jI ne "thAvaccAputra rAsa" nAmaka grantha meM unake jIvana kA eka prasaMga diyA hai / usa prasaMga kA mUla srota kahA~ hai ? yaha anveSaNIya hai / thAvaccAputra kA yaha nAma unakI mAtA ke nAma para par3A hai / unakA asalI nAma kyA thA ? yaha kahIM bhI nirdiSTa nahIM hai / vaha sArthavAha kA putra thA / vaha bAlyakAla se hI cintanazIla thA / vaha jo bhI dekhatA, sunatA usake sambandha meM gaharAI se cintana karatA / jaba taka sahI tathya kA parijJAna nahIM ho jAtA taba taka use caina nahIM par3atA / eka samaya prAtaHkAla kA sunaharA prabhAta dila ko lubhA rahA thA / maMgala gItoM kI madhura dhvani par3ausI ke ghara se A rahI thI / vaha ekAgra hokara gItoM ko sunane lagA / use gItoM kI svara lahariyA~ atyanta priya lagIM / usane mA~ se jijJAsA kI - mA~ ! itane sundara aura madhura gIta par3osa meM kyoM gAye jA rahe haiM / mA~ ne batAyA - vatsa ! par3osI ke yahA~ putra paida huA hai ? usakI prasannatA meM ye gIta gAye jA rahe haiN| mA~ ! kyA mere janma ke samaya bhI isI prakAra gIta gAye gaye the ? mA~ ne apane lAr3ale ko cUmate hue kahA - vatsa ! kevala gIta haiM nahIM gAye gaye, bAje bhI bajAye gaye, aura bahuta bar3A utsava kiyA gayA mA~ ! ye gota mujhe bahuta acche lagate haiM / tU bhI Upara kI chata para cala au gItoM kA Ananda le / mA~ ne kahA- mujhe samaya nahIM hai, tU hI jAkara su I

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zramaNa kathAe~ 153 le / thAvaccAputra Upara AyA, kintu use sumadhura svara lahariyoM ke sthAna para karNa-kaTu Akrandana sunAI diyA aura sAtha hI bhayAvanA-sA kolAhala bhI usake kAnoM meM girA / usakA mana ru AsA hone lgaa| vaha ulTe pairoM lauTakara mAtA ke pAsa phuNcaa| mA~ ! jo gIta pahale suhAvane lagate the, ve aba DarAvane kyoM laga rahe haiM ? mA~ ne par3ausI kI Akasmika vipatti ko samajha liyA aura usakI A~khoM se bhI A~sU chalaka pdd'e| mA~ ne apane abodha bAlaka ko gale lagAte hue kahA--vatsa ! jisa putra kA utsava manAyA jA rahA thA, vaha putra mara gyaa| isIlie gAyana rudana ke rUpa meM badala gyaa| prasannatA ke sthAna para zoka kI kAlI ghaTAeM chA gyiiN| mA~ ! kyA maiM bhI eka dina isI taraha mara jAU~gA? mA~ ne usake muMha ko cUmate hue kahA-tU merI A~khoM kA tArA hai, nayanoM kA sitArA hai| tU kyoM maregA ? mareMge tere duzmana ! yAvaccAputra ke bhole-bhAle cehare para vahI jijJAsA camaka rahI thii| anta meM mA~ ko kahanA par3A-vatsa! eka dina sabhI ko maranA hai / para salaune beTe aisI bAta nahIM kiyA karate / mana meM yaha prazna panapatA rahA aura eka dina arhat ariSTanemi kI vANI ko zravaNa kara sAdhanA ke mahAmArga para bar3hane ke lie vaha tatpara ho gyaa| zrIkRSNa ne usakA abhiniSkramaNa mahotsava mnaayaa| vAsudeva zrIkRSNa kI utkaTa dhArmika bhAvanA isameM ujAgara ho rahI hai| zrIkRSNa, vAsUdeva jaise variSTha pada ke dhanI hote hue bhI sAdhanA ke prati unake antarmAnasa meM kitanI zraddhA thI ? yaha isase spaSTa hotA hai| thAvaccAputra ke antarmAnasa meM vairAgyotpatti kA mUla kAraNa mRtyudarzana hai, to tathAgata buddha ke jIvana meM bhI vairAgyotpatti kA eka kAraNa mRtyu-darzana hai| mRtyu, jIvana kA antima satya hai| yadi vyakti ise samajha le to vaha bhoga ke daladala meM pha~sa hI nahIM sakatA / yaha kathA atyanta preraNAdAyI hai| rayanemi evaM rAjImatI uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke bAIsaveM adhyayana meM zramaNa rathanemi aura rAjImatI kA varNana hai / rathane mi bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke laghubhrAtA the / rathanemi kA AkarSaNa rAjImatI kI ora prArambha se hI rahA / jaba bhagavAn ariSTanemi ne rAjImatI ko binA vivAha kiye hI chor3a diyA to rathanemi usake sAtha vivAha karane ke lie lAlAyita ho uThe aura apanI bhAvanA rAjImatI

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154 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ke sAmane vyakta karane lage / rAjImatI ne vamana kara use pIne ke lie kahA / rathanemi ne kruddha hokara kahA, kyA tU merA apamAna karatI hai ? rAjImatI ne kahA- bhAI ke dvArA vamana kiye hue ko grahaNa karanA kyA tumhAre lie upayukta hai ? rathanemi kA viveka jAgRta ho uThA / yahA~ eka prazna cintanIya hai / vaha yaha hai- arhat ariSTanemi ke dIkSA lene ke pazcAta rathanemi ne bhI dIkSA grahaNa kii| Avazyaniryukti' vRtti aura AcArya hemacandra ne triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra' meM likhA hai - rathanemi cAra sau varSa gRhasthAzrama meM rahe, eka varSa chadmastha avasthA meM rahe aura pA~ca sau varSa kevalI paryAya meM / unakA nau sau varSa kA AyuSya huA / isI taraha kumArAvasthA chadmastha avasthA aura kevalI avasthA kA vibhAga karake rAjImatI ne bhI utane hI AyuSya kA upabhoga kiyaa| ariSTanemi tIna sau varSa kumArAvasthA meM rahe, sAta sau varSa chadmastha va kevalI avasthA meM rahe / isa taraha unhoMne eka hajAra varSa kA AyuSya bhogA 14 1 (ka) niyukti - rahanemissa bhagavao, gihatthae caura huti vAsasayA / saMvaccharachaumattho, paMcasae kevalI huti // nAyavvaM / nAyavva // navavAsa sae vAsA - hie eso u ceva kAlo, u savvA ugassa rAva (ya) maIe u - abhidhAna rAjendra koSa, bhAga 6, pR 466 gRhastha paryAya:, varSa chadmasthaparyAyaH varSa militAni nava varSa zatAni varSAdhikAni - abhidhAna. bhA. 6, pRSTha 466 - triSaSTi0 8 / 12 / 112 (kha) tatra catvAri varSazatAni zatakapaJcakaM kevaliparyAya iti, sarvA''yurabhihitam / 2 caturabdazato gehe chadmastho vatsaraM punaH / kevalI paJcAbdazatImityAyurathaneminaH // 3 IdRgAyuH sthitI rAjImatyapyAsIttapodhanA / kaumAra-chadmavAsitva, kevalitva vibhAgataH // 4 ( ka ) tinneva ya vAsasayA kumAravAso ariTThanemissa / satta ya vAsasayAI sAmaNNe soi pariyAo / - Avazyakaniyukti 320 - triSaSTi0 8 / 12 / 113 (kha) kalpasUtra, sUtra 168, pR0 238 zrI devendramuni sampAdita (ga) ariSTanemai strINi varSazatAni kumAravAsaH, rAjyAnabhyupagamAt rAjyaparyAyA bhAvaH sapta varSazatAni bhavati zrAmaNya paryAya: / - AvazyakamalayagirIvRtti, pRSTha 213

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zramaNa kathAe~ 155. jijJAsA yaha hai - rathanemi bhagavAna ariSTanemi ke laghubhrAtA haiM, bhagavAna tIna sau varSa gRhasthAzrama meM rahe, tathA rathanemi aura rAjImatI cAra sau varSa / rAjImatI aura ariSTanemi ke nirvANa meM sirpha copana dina kA antara hai| caupana dina ke antara kA ullekha kaviyoM kI racanA meM milatA hai / yadi isa ullekha ko prAmANika mAnA jAya to yaha spaSTa hai ki rAjImatI kA do sau varSa taka dIkSita na honA tathA gRhasthAzrama meM rahanA cintanIya viSaya hai / vijJoM ko isa sambandha meM apanA maulika: cintana prastuta karanA cAhie / uttarAdhyayana sUtra kI sukhabodhA vRtti' tathA vAdI vetAla zAntisUri racita bRhadvRtti, maladhArI AcArya hemacandra ke bhava-bhAvanA grantha kI dRSTi se bhagavAna ariSTanemi ke prathama pravacana ko zravaNa kara rAjImatI dIkSA grahaNa karatI hai aura kalikAlasarvajJa AcArya hemacandra ke anusAra gajasukumAla muni ke mokSa jAne ke pazcAt rAjImatI, nanda kI kanyA ekavAsA tathA yAdavoM kI aneka mahilAoM ke sAtha dIkSA grahaNa karatI haiM / rAjImatI yaha socane lagI ki bhagavAn ariSTanemi dhanya haiM, jinhoMne moha ko jota liyaa| mujhe dhikkAra hai, jo maiM moha ke daladala meM pha~sI hU~ / isalie mere lie yahI zreyaskara hai ki maiM dIkSA grahaNa kruu| isa prakAra rAjImatI dRr3ha saMkalpa kara kaMghI se saMvAre hue kAle kezoM ko ukhAr3a DAlA / zrI kRSNa ne AzIrvAda diyA - he kanye ! isa bhayaMkara saMsAra rUpI sAgara se tU ne 1 (ka) nemavANI, pR0 223 saM0 - puSkara munijI mahArAja / (kha) zrI jaina siddhAnta bola saMgraha, bhAga 5, pRSTha 274 2 parituTThamaNA ya rAyamaI vipattA samosaraNaM / - uttarAdhyayana sukhabodhA - pR0 281 3 itthaM cAsau tAvadavasthitA yAdavanyatra pravihRtya tatraiva bhagavAnAjagAma, tata utpanna kevalasya bhagavato nizamya dezanAM vizeSata utpanna vairAgyA kiM kRtavatI - tyAha 'ahe' tyAdi / - vRhadvRti patra 463 3 bhava- bhAvanA - 3716, 17, pRSTha 156 4 triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra, 8 / 10 / 148

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156 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA zIghra tira jaa|1 rathanemi ne bhI usI samaya bhagavAn ke pAsa saMyama grahaNa kiyA / . eka dina kI ghaTanA hai-bAdaloM kI gar3agar3AhaTa se dizAyeM kA~pa rahI thiiN| bijaliyA~ kauMdha rahI thiiN| revataka kA vanaprAntara sAMya-sAMya kara rahA thA / sAdhvI samUha ke sAtha rAjImatI revataka giri para car3ha rahI tho / ekAeka chamAchama varSA hone lgii| sAdhvI samUha Azraya kI khoja meM idharaudhara bikhara gyaa| bichur3I huI rAjahaMsinI kI taraha rAjImatI ne eka andherI guphA kA zaraNa liyaa| rAjImatI ne ekAnta sthAna nihAra kara sampUrNa gIle vastra utAra diye aura unheM sUkhane ke lie phailA diyaa| rAjImatI kI phaTakAra se prabuddha banA huA rathanemi zramaNa banakara usI guphA meM pahale se hI dhyAna mudrA meM avasthita thaa| bijalI kI camaka meM nirvastra rAjImatI ko nihAra kara rathanemi vicalita ho gyaa| rAjImatI kI bhI dRSTi rathanemi para pdd'ii| vaha apane aMgoM kA gopana kara baiTha gaI / kAmavihvala rathanemi ne madhura svara se kahA-he surUpe ! maiM tujhe prAraMbha se hI cAhatA rahA huuN| tU mujhe svIkAra kara ! maiM tere binA jIvana dhAraNa nahIM kara sakatA / tU merI manokAmanA pUrNa kara, phira samaya Ane para hama donoM saMyama grahaNa kara leNge| rAjImatI ne dekhA ki rathanemi kA manobala dhvasta ho gayA hai / ve vAsanA se vihvala hokara saMyama se cyuta honA cAhate haiM / usane kahA-tuma cAhe kitane bhI sundara ho, para maiM tumhArI icchA nahIM karatI / agaMdhana kula meM utpanna hue sarpa mara jAnA pasanda karate haiM, kintu vamana kiye hue viSa kA pAna nahIM karate / phira tuma isa prakAra kI icchA kyoM kara rahe ho ? jaise aMkuza se hAthI vaza meM ho jAtA hai vaise hI rathanemi kA mana saMyama susthira ho gyaa| 1 (ka) vAsudevo ya NaM bhaNai, luttakesaM jiindiyaM / saMsAra sAgaraM ghoraM, tara kanne ! lahu-lahu // -uttarAdhyayana, 22/31 (kha) uttarAdhyayana 22/30 2 (ka) uttarAdhyayana 22/32 (kha) uttarAdhyayana sukhabodha 261

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zramaNa kathAe~ 157 yaha kathA-prasaMga nArI kI mahattA ko ujAgara karatA hai| nArI sadA mAnava kI patha-pradarzikA rahI hai| jaba mAnava patha se vicalita haA, taba nArI ne usakA saccA patha-pradarzita kiyA / jaise-brAhmI aura sundarI ne bAhubalI ko ahaMkAra ke gaja se utarane kI preraNA dii| ____ isa taraha ariSTanemi ke yuga ke aneka zramaNoM kA nirUpaNa isa adhyAya meM huA hai / isake pazcAta puruSAdAnIya bhagavAn pArzva ke tIrtha meM aMgati, supratiSThita, pUrNabhadra Adi kI bahata ho saMkSepa meM kathAyeM haiM / jitazatra aura sUbuddhi pradhAna kI kathA bhI isameM dI gaI hai| isa kathA meM durgandhayukta jala ko vizuddha banAne kI paddhati para cintana kiyA hai / Adhunika yuga kI philTara paddhati bhI usa yUga meM pracalita thii| vizva meM koI bhI padArtha ekAnta rUpa se na pUrNa zubha hai aura na pUrNa rUpa se azubha hI hai| pratyeka padArtha zubha se azubha meM parivartita ho jAtA hai tathA pratyeka padArtha azubha se zubha meM parivatita ho sakatA hai| ataH antarmAnasa meM kisI ke prati ghRNA karanA anucita hai / yaha bAta prastuta kathAnaka meM spaSTa kI gaI hai| yahA~ para eka bAta smaraNa rakhane yogya hai-bhagavAn RSabhadeva aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ina do tIrthaMkaroM ke atirikta zeSa bAbIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke zramaNa cAturyAma mahAvrata ke pAlaka the| para bAbIsa tIrthaMkaroM ke zramaNopAsaka dvAdaza vratoM ko hI dhAraNa karate the| unake lie pA~ca hI aNuvrata the, cAra nhiiN| nami rAjaSi uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke adhyayana nauveM meM nami rAjarSi kA varNana hai| zramaNa vahI banatA hai, jise bodhi prApta ho| vaha bodhi tIna prakAra kI hai, jo svayaM prApta hotI hai vaha "svayaMbuddha" hai, jise kisI ghaTanA ke nimita se bodhi prApta hotI hai vaha "pratyekabuddha" hai aura jo bodhi prApta vyaktiyoM ke upadeza se bodhilAbha karate haiM ve "buddhabodhita" haiN| nami rAjarSi pratyekabuddha haiN| 1 "tae NaM subuddhI jiyasattussa vicitta kevalipaNNatta cAujjAmaM dhamma parikahei""taM icchAmi NaM tava aMtie paMcANuvvaiyaM sattasikkhAvvaiyaM uvasaMpajjittANaM viharittae / -dharma kathAnuyoga, pRSTha 54 sU. 224 2 nandIsUtra, 20

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158 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA videha rAjya meM do nami hue aura ve donoM svayaM ke rAjya kA parityAga kara zramaNa bane / eka tIrthakara hue aura eka pratyekabuddha hue| sadarzanapUra meM maNiratha kA rAjya thaa| yugabAha usakA kaniSTha bhrAtA thaa| madanarekhA yugabAhu kI patnI thI / maNiratha ne mAyA se yugabAhu ko mAra DAlA / usa samaya madana rekhA garbhavatI thii| zIla-rakSA ke lie vaha vana meM calI gii| usane vana meM putra ko janma diyaa| usa putra ko rAjA padmaratha mithilA le gayA aura usakA nAma 'nami' rkhaa| vaha mithilA kA rAjA bnaa| eka bAra vaha dAha-jvara se saMtrasta huaa| chaha mAha taka dAha-jvara kI upazAnti ke lie vividha prakAra ke upacAra kiye gaye / svayaM rAniyA~ candana ghisatIM aura nami ke zarIra para vilepana krtiiN| unake hAthoM meM pahane hue kaMganoM kI dhvani se nami kA sira car3ha gyaa| rAniyoM ne saubhAgyacinha svarUpa eka-eka kaMgana hAthoM meM rakhakara zeSa kaMgana utAra diye| ____nami socane lage--jahA~ do haiM, vahA~ dvandva hai, duHkha hai| akelepana meM sukha hai| viraktibhAva Age bar3hA, ve pravajita hue| nami ko akasmAt pravajita hote dekhakara indra brAhmaNa kA veSa banAkara nami ko lubhAne ke lie prabala prayAsa karatA hai| unheM kartavyabodha kA pATha par3hAnA cAhatA hai| nami rAjarSi brAhmaNa ko adhyAtma kI gaharI bAteM batAte haiM / bauddha sAhitya meM bhI cAra pratyekabuddhoM kA varNana hai / para unake jIvana-caritra tathA bodhi-prApti ke nimittoM ke ullekha meM pRthakatA hai / DiksanarI oNpha pAlI praoNpara nemsa grantha meM do prakAra ke buddha batAye haiMpratyeka buddha aura sammAsambuddha ! jo apane Apa hI bodhi ko prApta karate haiM para saMsAra ko upadeza pradAna nahIM karate, ve "pratyekabuddha" haiN| inheM ucca AtmadRSTi paidA hotI hai| ve jIvanaparyanta apanI upalabdhi kA varNana nahIM karate, isalie ve "maunabuddha' bhI kahalAte haiN| ve do hajAra asaMkhyeya kalpa taka pArAmI' kI sAdhanA karate haiM / brAhmaNa, kSatriya aura gAthApati ke 1 dunnivi namI videhA, rajjAiM pahiUNa pavvaiyA / ego namititthayaro, ego patte yabuddho a|| --uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 267 2 uttarAdhyayana, sukhabodhAvRtti, patra 136 se 143 / 3 kumbhajAtaka, saM 408, jAtaka khaNDa 4, pR0 36 4 Diksanaro oNpha pAlI praoNpara nemsa, bhAga 2, pRSTha 264

Page #175
zramaNa kathAe~ 156 kula meM unheM samasta Rddhi, sampatti, pratisampadA upalabdha hotI hai / unakA tathAgata buddha se kabhI sAkSAtkAra nahIM hotaa| ve eka sAtha aneka ho sakate hai / bauddha granthoM meM nami kI taraha hI pratyekabuddha kA prasaMga hai| vaha isa prakAra hai videha rASTra meM mithilA nagarI kA nimi nAma kA rAjA thaa| gavAkSa meM baiThA huA rAjA rAja-patha ko nihAra rahA thA / eka cIla mAMsa ke Tukar3e ko lekara ananta AkAza meM ur3I jA rahI thii| giddha pakSiyoM ne dekhA, ve mAMsa ke Tukar3e kI chInA-jhapaTI karane lge| cIla ke muMha se mAMsa kA Tukar3A chUTa gyaa| dUsare pakSiyoM ne use grahaNa kiyaa| anya pakSI usake pIche par3a gaye / nimi rAjA ne socA-jo kAmabhogoM ko grahaNa karatA hai, vaha duHkha pAtA hai| mere solaha hajAra striyA~ haiM, mujhe kAma-bhogoM kA parityAga kara sukhapUrvaka rahanA cAhie / nami pravrajyA kI AMzika tulanA hama "mahAjanaka jAtaka" se bhI kara sakate haiN| vaha prasaMga isa prakAra hai-mithilAnagarI meM mahAjanaka rAjA thaa| usake ariTThajanaka aura polajanaka ye do putra the| rAjA kI mRtyu ke bAda ariTThajanaka rAjA huaa| kucha samaya ke bAda donoM bhAiyoM meM manamuTAva ho gyaa| polajanaka ne pratyanta grAma meM jAkara senA ikaTThI kI aura bhAI ko yuddha ke lie llkaaraa| yuddha meM ariTThajanaka mArA gayA / pati kI mRtyu se patnI ko AghAta lgaa| vaha rAjamahala ko chor3a kara nikala gii| vaha garbhavatI thI, usane putra ko janma diyaa| pitAmaha ke nAma para usakA nAma bhI mahAjanaka rkhaa| bar3e hone para vaha pitA ke rAjya ko lene ke lie pahu~cA / polajanaka kI mRtyu ho cukI thii| usake koI santAna nahIM thI, ataH mahAjanaka rAjA bana gyaa| sovalIkumArI se usakA pANigrahaNa huaa| dIrghAyu nAmaka putra huaa| eka dina mahAjanaka udyAna meM gaye, vahA~ Ama ke do vRkSa the| eka Ama se ladA huA thA aura dUsarA DhUMTha kI taraha khar3A thaa| rAjA ne eka bar3hiyA pake phala ko todd'aa| rAjA ke pIche calane vAle sabhI 1 kumbhajAtapha, saM 408, jAtaka khaNDa 4, pRSTha 26 2 dekhie-uttarAdhyayana : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana-muni nathamalajI /

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160 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA sainikoM ne phala todd'e| jisase vaha Amra vRkSa bho ThUTha ko taraha ho gyaa| vana paribhramaNa karake rAjA lauTA / usane dekhA-jo vRkSa pahale harA bharA evaM phaloM se ladA huA thA, vaha aba phala evaM pattoM se rahita khar3A thA rAjA ne mAlI se pUchA-yaha vRkSa phala-rahita kase huA? mAlI ne sArI bAta batA dI / rAjA socane lagA-jo phaladAra hote haiM, ve nauMce jAte haiN| yaha rAjya bhI phaladAra vRkSa kI taraha hai, jo eka dina nauMcA jaaegaa| vaha pratibuddha huA / rAjaprAsAda meM rahate hue bhI vaha virakta ho gyaa| use rAjaprAsAda naraka kI taraha pratIta hone lagA, vaha cintana karane lagA-maiM mithilA ko chor3akara kaba pravajita hoU~gA? rAniyoM ne rokane kA prayAsa kiyaa| sIvalI devI ne eka upAya khojA / usane mahAsenArakSaka ko bulAkara Adeza ke svara meM kahA-tAta ! rAjA ke jAne ke mArga para jo Age-Age purAne ghara haiM, jIrNazAlAe~ haiM, unameM Aga lagA do| jahA~-tahA~ ghAsa-patte jalAkara dhuA~ paidA kara do| vaisA hI kiyA gyaa| sIvalI devI ne rAjA se namra nivedana karate hue kahA--"gharoM meM Aga laga rahI hai, jvAlAe~ nikala rahI haiM, khajAne jala rahe haiM, sonA-cAMdI, maNi-muktA sabhI jalakara naSTa ho rahe haiN| he rAjan ! Apa Akara unako rokane kA prayAsa kreN|" rAjA mahAjanaka ne pratyuttara meM kahA "susukhaM bata jIvAma yesaM no natthi kiJcanaM / mithilAya urahamAnAya na me kiMci aDavhatha // "mere pAsa kucha bhI nahIM hai, maiM sUkhapUrvaka jItA huuN| mithilA nagarI ke jalane para bhI merA kucha bhI nahIM jltaa|" "susukhaM bata jIvAma yesaM no natthi kiMcanaM / raThe viluppamAnamhi na me kici ajIratha / / susukhaM bata jIvAma yesaM no natthi kicanaM / pItibhakkhA bhavissAma devA AbhAssarA yathA / " "mere pAsa kucha bhI nahIM hai, maiM sukhapUrvaka jItA huuN| rASTra ke naSTa hone se merI kucha bhI hAni nhiiN|" "mere pAsa kucha bhI nahIM hai, maiM sukhapUrvaka jItA huuN| jaise--abhAsvara deva haiM, vaise hI hama prItibhakSaka hokara rheNge|" sabhI kA parityAga kara rAjA Age bar3ha gayA / devI bhI sAtha hI thii| ve nagaradvAra para pahu~ce / eka lar3akI bAlU retI ko thapathapA rahI thii| usake eka hAtha meM kaMgana thA, vaha baja rahA thaa| rAjA ne pUchA-eka hAtha meM

Page #177
zramaNa kathAe~ 161 kaMgana kyoM baja rahA hai ? usane kahA-eka hAtha meM do kaMgana haiM, paraspara ragar3ane se zabda hotA hai / jo akelA hai, vaha zabda nahIM krtaa| vivAda kA mUla do hai| rAjA Age bddh'aa| eka usakAra (bA~sa-phoDa) eka A~kha ko banda kara dekha rahA thaa| rAjA ne jijJAsA prastuta kI-tuma aisA kyoM dekha rahe ho ? usane kahA-donoM AMkhoM se dekhane para rozanI phaila jAtI hai, jisase TeDhI jagaha kA patA nahIM lagatA / eka AMkha ke banda karane se Ter3hApana spaSTa dikha jAtA hai aura bAMsa sIdhA kiyA jAtA hai / rAnI sIvalI pIche-pIche cala rahI thii| rAjA ne mUMja ke tinake se rekhA ko khIMcakara kahA-aba ise milAyA nahIM jA sktaa| isI taraha se merA aura terA sAtha nahIM ho sktaa| rAnI punaH lauTa gii| mahAjanaka akele Age cale gaye / yaha kathA jAtaka meM bahuta hI vistAra ke sAtha dI gaI hai / hamane saMkSepa meM sAra prastuta kiyA hai| pUrNarUpa se kathA samAna na hone para bhI donoM kA pratipAdya prAyaH samAna sA hai| donoM hI kathAoM meM ye vicAra pratipAdita kiye gaye haiM anyAnya AzramoM se saMnyAsAzrama zreSTha hai| santoSa tyAga meM hai, bhoga meM nahIM / sukha kA mUla ekAkIpana hai, aura duHkha kA mUla dvandva hai / sukha akiMcanatA meM hai| sAdhanA meM vighna haiM:kAmabhoga / / donoM hI kathA-vastuoM meM aneka prasaMga eka sadRza haiM / jaise - 'sampati se yukta mithilA nagarI kA parityAga kara pravajita honA, mithilA ko prajvalita batAkara pravrajyA se vicalita karane kA prayAsa karanA, "mithilA ke jalane para bhI merA kucha bhI nahIM jala rahA hai|" isa taraha mamatva-rahita bhAva vyakta karanA donoM hI kathA-vastuoM meM hai / jainakathA-vastu kI dRSTi se indra nami rAjarSi kI parIkSA karane AtA hai to jAtaka kI dRSTi se sIvalI devI mahAjanaka rAjA kI parIkSA karatI hai| jainakathA kI dRSTi se mithilA 1. jAtaka 536, zloka 158-161 2. jAtaka 536, zloka 166-167. 3. (ka) uttarAdhyayana 9/44 (kha) jAtaka 25-115 4. (ka) vahI 1/48, 46 (kha) vahI 122 5. (ka) vahI 6/16 (kha) vahI 161-168 6. (ka) vahI 9/14 (kha) vahI 125 7. (ka) vahI 6/23 (kha) vahI 132

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162 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA nareza kaMkaNa ke zabdoM ko sunakara pratibuddha hote haiM to bauddha dRSTi se mithilAnareza Amra vRkSa ko dekhakara pratibodhita hote haiN| sonaka jAtaka meM bhI kucha prasaMga. isase milate-julate haiM / / mahAbhArata meM mANDavya muni aura janaka kA madhura saMvAda hai / bhISma pitAmaha se yudhiSThira ne jijJAsA prastuta kI-tRSNA kSaya kA upAya batAie / bhISma pitAmaha ne kahA-rAjan ! mANDavya muni ne yahI jijJAsA prastuta kI thI videharAja janaka se / unhoMne samAdhAna karate hue kahA --- "susukhaM bata jIvAmi yasya me nAsti kiJcana / mithilAyAM pradIptAyAM na me dahyati kiJcana // " "maiM bahata hI sukha se jIvanayApana kara rahA hai| isa vizva meM koI bhI vastu nahIM merI hai / mithilA nagarI ke prajvalita hone para bhI merA kucha bhI nahIM jalatA hai|" ___ jo vivekI vyakti haiM, unheM samRddhi se yukta viSaya bhI duHkharUpa jJAta hote haiN| ajJAnI vyakti viSaya meM lipta rahate haiN| jo kAmajanita sukha haiM, ve tRSNA kSaya hone para sukha kI solahavIM kalA ko tulanA bhI nahIM kara sakate / unhoMne Age kahA- dhana kI abhivRddhi ke sAtha tRSNA kI bhI abhivaddhi hotI hai| mamakAra hI duHkha kA kAraNa hai| bhoga aura Asakti se duHkha meM abhivRddhi hotI hai| tRSNA ko chor3anA atyanta kaThina hai / jo tRSNA kA parityAga karatA hai, vaha sukha ke sAgara para tairatA hai / isa taraha uttarAdhyayana ke prastuta kathA prasaMga ke sAtha mahAbhArata meM varNita isa saMvAda kI AMzika tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| dUsarA prasaMga yaha hai--eka bAra bhISma ne kahA-dhana kI tRSNA se daHkha aura usakI kAmanA ke tyAga se paramasukha prApta hotA hai| yaha bAta janaka ne bhI kahI hai anantamiva me vittaM yasya me nAsti kiJcana / mithilAyAM pradIptAyAM, na me dahyati kiJcana // 1. sonaka jAtaka, saMkhyA 516, jAtaka bhAga 5, pR. 331-346. 2. mahAbhArata-zAntiparva, adhyAya 276, zloka 4 3. mahAbhArata-zAntiparva, adhyAya 178, zloka 2.

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zramaNa kathAe~ 163 "mere pAsa asIma dhana-sampadA hai| tathApi merA kiMcit mAtra bhI nahIM hai| mithilA nagarI ke pradIpta hone para merA kucha bhI nahIM jalatA hai|" yahA~ hamane tulanAtmaka dRSTi se dekhA ki eka hI kathAvastu vividha dharmagranthoM meM apanI mAnyatA aura siddhAnta ke anusAra DhAla dI gaI hai| jAtaka kathA kA gadya bhAga arvAcIna hai| 'rAisa DeviDasa' ne jAtakoM ke sambandha meM cintana karate hue likhA hai-bauddha sAhitya ke nau vibhAgoM meM jAtaka eka vibhAga hai| para vaha vibhAga Aja jo jAtaka pracalita haiM, usase bilkula bhinna hai| prAcIna jAtaka ke adhyayana se isa niSkarSa para pahuMcate haiM ki prAcIna jAtaka kA adhikAMza bhAga kiso eka DhA~ce meM DhalA huA nahIM thaa| usameM padya-bhAga thaa| ve kevala kAlpanika kathAe~ (Fables), udAharaNa (Parables) aura AkhyAyikAe~ (Legends) mAtra the| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki jo vartamAna meM jAtaka upalabdha haiM, ve prAcIna jAtaka ke aMzamAtra hai|1 ____ apannaka (saM0 1), makhAdeva (saM06), sukhabihArI (saM0 10), tittira (saM0 37), litta (saM061), mahA-sUdassana (saM0 65), khaNhAvaTTa (saM0 203) maNi-kaNTha (saM0 250), baka-brahma (saM0 405) Adi jAtakoM ke sUkSma adhyayana se rAisa DaiviDsa isa niSkarSa para pahu~ce ki buddha se pUrva bhI janakathAyeM ina jAtakoM meM thii| ye buddha se bhI prAcIna haiN| ye jAtaka kevala bauddhamata kI hI nahIM haiM, ye bhAratIya loka-kathAoM ke saMgraha haiN| bauddhavijJoM ne apane-apane AcAra-vicAra ke anusAra kucha parivartana kara ise apnaayaa| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se pahale kaI kathAyeM pracalita thiiN| jina kathAoM ko bhArata kI jaina, bauddha aura vaidika ina tInoM dhArAoM ne apnaayaa| __ina sabhI kathAoM kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana karane para yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki eka paramparA ne dUsaro paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai / para kisa paramparA ne kisakA anusaraNa kiyA, yaha anveSaNIya hai / RSabhadatta aura devAnandA bhagavatI zataka nauvA~, uddezaka tetIsa meM RSabhadatta aura devAnandA 1. Buddhist India. pp. 196-197. 2. Ibid, p. 197.

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164 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kA pAvana prasaMga hai| eka bAra bhagavAn mahAvIra dharma kI divya jyoti jagAte hue brAhmaNakuNDa grAma meM pahuMce aura caitya meM virAje / bahusAla caitya brAhmaNakuNDa evaM kSatriyakuNDa ke bIca meM thaa| donoM kuNDapuroM kI janatA bhagavAn ke pravacana-zravaNArtha upasthita huii| brAhmaNakuNDa grAma meM RSabhadatta brAhmaNa rahatA thaa| AcArAMga, kalpasUtra, AvazyakacUrNi' meM use kevala brAhmaNa likhA hai| para bhagavatI4 meM use cAra vedoM ke jJAtA ke sAtha zramaNopAsaka bhI likhA hai| vaha apanI patnI devAnandA ke sAtha bhagavAna ko vandana ke lie phuNcaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ko dekhakara devAnandA ko apAra prasannatA hii| usake stanoM se dUdha kI dhArA chUTane lgii| A~khoM se AnandAtra bahane lge| gautama ne bhagavAn se jijJAsA kI-bhagavan ! isake stanoM se dUdha kI dhArA kyoM chUTane lagI hai ? A~khoM se azra kyoM baha rahe haiN| bhagavAna ne spaSTIkaraNa karate hue kahA-devAnandA brAhmaNI merI mAtA hai| maiM isakA putra haiN| bhagavAna ne garbha parivartana kI sArI ghaTanA sunaaii| isake pUrva bhagavAn mahAvIra ke garbha parivartana kI bAta kisI ko jJAta nahIM thii| devAnandA aura RSabhadatta ke sAtha sArI pariSada Azcaryacakita ho gaI / usake pazcAta bhagavAn ke dharmopadeza ko sunakara RSabhadatta ne dIkSA grahaNa kI tathA vividha tapa kA anuSThAna kara eka mAsa kI saMlekhanA dvArA AtmA ko bhAvita karate hue mokSa prApta kiyaa| isI taraha devAnandA bhI dIkSita hokara mukta huii| bAla tapasvI maurya putra aura tAmalI aNagAra prastuta kathA kA mUla srota bhagavatIsUtra zataka tIna, uddezaka prathama hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA samavasaraNa mokA nagarI meM lagA haA thaa| IzAnendra bhagavAna ke darzanArtha aaye| unhoMne battIsa prakAra ke nATya kiye| gaNadhara gautama ne jijJAsA prastuta kI, yaha apUrva Rddhi inheM kaise prApta huI ? bhagavAn ne samAdhAna karate hue kahA-tAmralipti nagara meM tAmalI 1. AcArAMga 2, pRSTha 243, bAbU dhanapatasiMha 2. kalpasUtra, sUtra 7, pRSTha 43. devendramuni sampAdita 3, AvazyakacUNi, pUrvArddha, patra 236 4. bhagavatI 3/6/380, patra 837. 5. dhammakahANuoge, bitiyo khaMdho, pRSTha 58/254.

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zramaNa kathAe~ 165 nAmaka moryaputra thaa| usake pAsa virAT sampatti thI / eka dina usa virATa vaibhava kA parityAga kara usane 'prANAmA' pravrajyA grahaNa kI aura yaha abhigraha dhAraNa kiyA ki maiM chaThTha chaThTha tapa karUMgA tathA sUrya ke sammukha donoM hAtha U~ce kara AtApanA lNgaa| pAraNe ke dina AtApanA pAtra bhUmi se nIce utarakara, lakar3I kA pAtra hAtha meM lekara zuddha odana grahaNa karU~gA aura phira use ikabIsa bAra ghokara use AhAra ke rUpa meM upayoga meM luuNgaa| prANAmA pravrajyA kA dhAraka hone se vaha indra, skanda, rudra, ziva, vaizramaNa, AryA, caNDikA, rAjA, mantrI purohita, sArthavAha, kauve, kutte, cANDAla Adi ko jahA~ kahIM bhI dekhatA, unako praNAma karatA / U~ce AkAza meM dekhakara U~ce tathA nIce khaDDe Adi meM dekhakara nIce praNAma krtaa| prANAmA pravrajyA vAloM ko sUtrakRtAMga meM vinayavAdI kahA hai / aupapAtika, jJAtAdharmakathA tathA aMguttaranikAya meM vinayavAdiyoM ko aviruddha bhI kahA hai| ye mokSaprApti ke lie vinaya ko Avazyaka mAnate the| uttarAdhyayana kI TIkA meM bhI yaha spaSTa likhA hai-ye tApasa sabhI ko praNAma karate the| sUtrakRtAMga kI TIkA meM inake battIsa bheda kahe haiM / tAmalI tApasa ne jaba dekhA ki usakA zarIra atyanta kRza ho gayA hai to usane pAsa ke lakar3I Adi ke upakaraNoM ko ekAnta sthAna meM DAla kara pAdapopagamana saMthArA kiyaa| usa samaya asurendra camara kI rAjadhAnI indra se rahita thii| asurakumAra devoM ne avadhijJAna se dekhakara tAmalI tapasvI se prArthanA kI-Apa hamAre indra baneM! kintu usane svIkAra nahIM kiyA / aura IzAnakalpa meM IzAnendra bnaa| tAmalI tapasvI ne sATha hajAra varSa taka utkRSTa tapa kI ArAdhanA kI thii| usase vaha IzAnendra bnaa| prAcIna AcAryoM kA abhimata hai-yadi sajJAnI (jinamatAnuyAyI) itanA 1. sUtrakRtAMga 1/12/1 2. aupapAtika, sUtra 38, pRSTha 166 3. jJAtAdharmakathA TIkA, 15, pRSTha 164 4. aMguttaranikAya 3, pRSTha 276 5. sUtrakRtAMga 1/12/2 Adi kI TIkA 6. uttarAdhyayana TIkA 18, pRSTha 230 7. sUtrakRtAMga TIkA 1/12, pRSTha 206 a

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166 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA utkRSTa tapa karatA to utanI tapasyA se sAta jIva mokSa meM cale jAte / yaha sajJAna (jinamata ke) tapa kA mahatva hai| ArdrakIya muni kA anya tIthiyoM ke sAtha vAda sUtrakRtAMga sUtra ke dvitIya zru taskandha ke chaThe adhyayana meM Ardraka kA anya tIthiyoM ke sAtha vAda-vivAda kA varNana hai| ArdrakakumAra Ardrakapura ke rAjakUmAra the / 1 niruktikAra ke anusAra unake pitA ne rAjA zreNika ke lie bahamUlya upahAra preSita kiye / AIkakamAra ne bhI abhayakumAra ke liye upahAra bheje / Ardraka kumAra ko bhavya aura zIghra mokSagAmI samajhakara abhayakumAra ne usake lie AtmasAdhanopayogI upakaraNa upahAra meM bheje / use nihArate hI Ardra kumAra ko pUrvajanma kA smaraNa ho aayaa| ArdrakakumAra kA mana vAma-bhogoM se virakta ho gyaa| vaha apane deza se nikalakara bhArata pahu~cA / divya vANI ne use saMketa kiyA ki abhI pravrajyA grahaNa na kare para vaha usa divya vANI kI ora dhyAna na dekara Arhat dharma meM pravajita ho gayA / bhogAvalI karmodayavaza dIkSA parityAga kara use pUnaH gRhastha dharma meM praviSTa honA par3A / avadhi pUrNa hone para usane punaH zramaNa veza aMgIkAra kiyA aura jahA~ bhagavAna mahAvIra virAjamAna the, vahAM pahacane ke liye cala diyA / pUrvajanma kA smaraNa hone se use bhagavAn mahAvIra dvArA prarUpita dharma kA bodha thaa| sUtrakRtAMganiyukti ke anusAra Ardraka muni ne pAMca matavAdiyoM ke sAtha vivAda kiyaa| ve the (1) gozAlaka (2) bauddha bhikSu (3) vedavAdI brAhmaNa (4) sAMkhyamata 1. (ka) sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, TIkA sahita, zru0 2, a0 6, pa0 136 (kha) triSaSTi0 10/7/177-176 (ga) paryuSaNA'STAhnikA vyAkhyAna, zlo0 5 pa06 (gha) DA0 jyotiprasAda jaina ne Ardra ka kumAra ko IrAna ke aitihAsika samrATa kuruppa [I0 pU0 558-530] kA putra mAnA hai / - bhAratIya itihAsa : eka dRSTi, pR0 67-68 2. (ka) sUtrakRtAMga zIlAMka vRtti patrAMka 385 se 388 (kha) sUtrakRtAMga niyukti gA0 187, 160, 168, 166

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zramaNa kathAe~ 167 vAdI ekadaNDI1 aura (5) hastitApasa / Ardraka mUni ne sapramANa nirgranya siddhAnta ke anusAra bahuta hI rocaka va cittAkarSaka uttara pradAna kiye jinheM sunakara sabhI stambhita ho gye| Ardrakamuni ne unheM dIkSita kiyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI cintanIya hai ki gozAlaka Adi virodhI pakSoM ne zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvana aura siddhAnta para jo AkSepa kiyA, usase yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vidyamAnatA meM bhI unake prati kitanI bhrAntiyA~ phailAI gaI thIM aura virodhI una para kisa taraha AkSepa karate the ? Ardraka muni ne tarka purassara samAdhAna kara unake virodhoM kA zamana kiyaa| atimuktaka kumAra antakRddazA sUtra varga 6 adhyayana pandraha meM mahAvIra tIrtha ke atimuktakakumAra zramaNa kA varNana hai| eka bAra bhagavAna mahAvIra polAsapura meM padhAre / upAsakadazAMga meM polAsapura ke rAjA kA nAma jitazatra likhA hai tathA upavana kA nAma sahasrAmravana likhA hai| antakRddazAMga meM rAjA kA nAma vijaya, rAnI kA nAma zrIdevI tathA udyAna kA nAma zrIvana likhA hai| hamArI dRSTi se jitazatru , yaha rAjA kA nAma na hokara vizeSaNa honA caahie| aneka sthaloM para 'jitazatru' isa nAma kA ullekha huA hai / aneka rAjAoM kA eka hI nAma ho, yaha kama sambhava hai / zatruoM para vijaya-vaijayantI phaharAne ke kAraNa unheM jitazatra ke nAma se sambodhita karate rahe hoM, astu ! bhagavAn ke pramukha ziSya gaNadhara gautama bhikSA ke liye paribhramaNa kara rahe the| atimuktakakumAra bAla-sAthiyoM ke sAtha khela rahA thaa| zAMtadAnta, maMjula mUrti gautama ko nihAra kara atimuktaka ne pUchA-Apa kyoM ghUma rahe haiM ? gautama ne mandasmita ke sAtha kahA-hama bhikSA ke lie pari 1. TIkAkAra AcArya zIlAMka ne (2/6/46) meM ise ekadaNDI kahA hai / DA0 haramana jekobI ne apane aMgrejI anuvAda (S.B.E. Vol. XIV. P. 417h. meM) ise vedAntI kahA hai / prastuta mAnyatA ko dekhate hue DA0 jekobI kA artha saMgata pratIta hotA hai / TIkAkAra ne bhI agalI gAthA meM yahI artha svIkAra kiyA hai| 2. upAsakadazAMga, adhyayana 7, sUtra 1 3. antakRddazAMga, varga 6, adhyayana 15

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168 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA bhramaNa kara rahe haiM / usa saMskArI bAlaka ne gautama kI aMgulI pakar3a lI aura apane ghara calane ke lie Agraha karane lagA | mahArAnI ne jaba dekhA to usakA aMga-aMga prasannatA se jhUma uThA / atimuktaka ne mAtA se kahAinheM itanA bhojana dIjiye, jisase inako dUsare ghara na jAnA par3e / bhikSA lekara gautama mahAvIra ke samIpa pahu~ce / bAlaka atimuktaka bhI sAtha hI thA / bhagavAn mahAvIra kI amRta vANI ko sunakara usane dIkSA grahaNa kI / AcArya abhayadeva ne likhA hai - usa samaya atimuktaka kumAra kI umra chaha varSa kI thI / 1 1 eka bAra varSA ho cukI thI / sthaviroM ke sAtha atimuktaka muni vihAra-bhUmi ko nikale / bahate hue pAnI ko dekhakara bacapana ke saMskAra ubhara Aye / miTTI ke pAla ko bA~dhakara usameM apanA pAtra chor3a diyA aura Ananda vibhora hokara " tira merI naiyA, tira" isa prakAra bola uThe / zItala maMda pavana cala rahA thA / unakI naiyA thiraka rahI thI / prakRti naTI muskarA rahI thI / sthaviroM ne atimuktaka muni ko zramaNa-maryAdA se viparIta kArya karate hue dekhA, unakA antar kA roSa mukha para jhalakane lagA / atimuktaka sambhala gaye / unheM apane kRtya para glAni huI / antar ke pazcAttApa se usane apane Apako pAvana banA diyA / sthaviroM ne pUchA - yaha kitane bhava meM mukta hogA ? bhagavAn ne batAyA - yaha isI bhava meM mukta hogA, tuma isakI nindA garhA mata karo / bhale hI yaha deha se laghu hai, para isakI antarAtmA bahuta hI virAT hai / atimuktaka kumAra ne utkRSTa tapa kI ArAdhanA kara mukti ko varaNa kiyA / bhagavAn se -- zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne atimuktaka kumAra kI Antarika tejasvitA ko dekhakara dIkSA pradAna kI thI / jainadharma meM kahIM para bhI bAladIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, vahIM ayogya dIkSA kA niSedha hai bAlaka bhI utkRSTa pratibhA kA dhanI ho sakatA hai aura yuvaka tathA vRddha bhI ayogya ho sakatA hai / jo bhI yogya ho, vaha zramaNa-dharma ko svIkAra kara apane jIvana / 1. 'kumAra samaNe' tti SaDvarSajAtasya tasya pravrajitvAt Aha ca "chavvariso pavvaio niggaMtha roiUNa pAvayaNaM" ti etadeva cAzcaryamiha anyathA varSASTakAdArAnna pravrajyA syAditi / - bhagavatI saTIka, bhAga 1, za0 5, u0 4, sU0 188, patra 216-20

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zramaNa kathAe~ 166 ko sAdhanA ko ArAdhanA se camakA sakatA hai / nizIthabhASya meM bAlakoM ko dokSA dene kA jo niSedha hai, vaha ayogya bAlakoM ke lie hai| dIkSA bubhukSu vyakti nahIM, kintu mumukSu vyakti grahaNa karatA hai / alakSa rAjA antakRtdazAsUtra ke varga 6 adhyayana solahaveM meM mahAvIra tIrtha meM hue alakSya rAjA kA varNana hai / alakSa nareza vArANasI ke adhipati the| zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAvana-pravacana ko zravaNa kara apane rAjya siMhAsana para putra ko AsIna kara dIkSA grahaNa kI tathA utkRSTa tapa kI ArAdhanA kara mokSa prApta kiyaa| meghakumAra zramaNa jJAtRdharma kathA sUtra ke prathama adhyayana meM vistAra ke sAtha meghakumAra zramaNa kA varNana hai| meghakumAra rAjA zreNika kA putra thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadeza ko sunakara dIkSita huaa| sabase laghu hone ke kAraNa sone ke lie use dvAra ke pAsa sthAna milaa| zramaNoM ke Ane-jAne kA mArga hone ke kAraNa meghamuni ke zarIra se santoM ke para TakarA jAte the| pairoM kI dhUla se unake vastra dhUla se sana gaye / unako zAnti se nIMda bhI nahIM A sako, jisase A~kheM lAla ho gayIM aura zarIra zithila ho gyaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne unheM unakA pUrvabhava sunAkara sAdhanA meM sthira kiyaa| tulanA-nanda ke sAtha bauddha sAhitya meM bhI meghakumAra kI taraha sadyaH dIkSita nanda kA ullekha hai| vaha apanI nava-vivAhitA patnI nandA kA smaraNa kara 1. jaina AcAra : siddhAnta aura svarUpa, pRSTha 444 se 446. 2. (ka) nizIthabhASya 11, 3531/32. (kha) tulanA kIjie---mahAvagga, 1.41-66, pRSTha 80-81. 3. (ka) suttanipAta-aTThakathA, pRSTha 272. (kha) dhammapada-aTThakathA, kha Da 1. pR0 66-105. (ga) jAtaka saM0 182. (gha) theragAthA 157.

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170 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA vicalita ho jAtA hai / buddha use eka bandarI dikhAkara usase pUchate haiMkyA terI patnI isase adhika sundara hai ? usane kahA-vaha to bahuta hI sundara hai| usake pazcAt buddha use trAyastriza svarga kI apsarAoM ko dikhAte haiM aura pUchate haiM- kyA terI janapadakalyANI nandA inase adhika sundara hai ? nanda nivedana karatA hai-bhagavan ! ina apsarAoM ke sAmane to vaha kucha bhI nahIM hai / buddha use pratibodha dete hue kahate haiM-phira tuma usake pIche kyoM pAgala bana rahe ho? tuma bhI dharma kI sAdhanA kro| isase bhI adhika sundara apsarAyeM prApta hoNgii| nanda punaH zramaNa-dharma kI ArAdhanA karane lagA, kintu usakA vaiSayika lakSya miTA nhiiN| eka bAra sAripUtra Adi assI mahAzrAvakoM (bhikSuoM) ne usakA upahAsa karate hue kahAyaha to apsarAoM ke lie sAdhanA kara rahA hai / yaha sunakara use atyanta glAni huI aura vaha sAdhanA meM juTa gayA / meghakumAra aura nanda donoM sAdhanA se vicalita hue, para ghaTanAkrama meM jarA sA antara hai| zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ne pUrvabhava meM bhogI huI dAruNa-vedanA kA smaraNa karAyA aura mAnava-jIvana kI mahattA batAkara use zramaNa dharma meM sthira kiyaa| to tathAgata buddha ne nanda ko AgAmI bhavoM ke kamanIya sukhoM ko batAkara use saMyama meM sthira kiyaa| saMgAmAvacara jAtaka Adi se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki nanda bhI meghakumAra kI taraha prAktana bhavoM meM hAthI thA / bhaMkAI aura kiMkama antakRddazA meM varga 6 adhyayana prathama dvitIya meM maMkAI aura kiMkama Adi zramaNoM kA varNana hai| maMkAI aura kiMkama ye donoM rAjagRha nagara ke gAthApati the| inhoMne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tyAga-vairAgya yukta pravacana ko zravaNa kara dIkSA grahaNa kI / utkRSTa saMyama aura tapa kI ArAdhanA kara vipUlagiri parvata para mukta hue| arjuna mAlAkAra antakRddazA varga 6 adhyayana tIna meM varNana hai ki rAjagRha meM arjuna 1. (ka) saMgAmAvacara jAtaka saMkhyA 182 (hindI anuvAda) khaNDa 2, pRSTha 248-254. (kha) bhagavAn mahAvIra : eka anuzIlana (devendramuni) pRSTha 420 se 425.

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zramaNa kathAe~ 171 nAma kA mAlI thaa| bandhumatI usakI patnI thii| puSpArAma usakA udyAna thaa| usa udyAna ke samIpa hI mudgarapANi yakSa kA yakSAyatana thA / ajunamAlI ke pUrvaja usa yakSa ke upAsaka the| arjunamAlI bhI bacapana se hI usakA upAsaka thaa| rAjagRha meM "lalita" nAmaka eka mitra-maNDalI thI, jo ucchRkhala aura svachanda thii| unhoMne bandhumatI ke sAtha amAnavIya vyavahAra kiyA, jisase arjuna mAlAkAra ko atyadhika roSa AdhA, para use pahale hI bA~dhakara unhoMne girA rakhA thaa| apanI patnI ke sAtha vIbhatsa kANDa karate hae dekhakara usakA khUna khaula uThA, naseM phar3akane lgiiN| usane mana meM rAjA ko bhI dhikkArA aura apane kuladeva mudgarapANi yakSa para bhI use roSa AyA ki usakI mUrti ke samakSa usakI patnI kA zIlabhaMga kiyA jA rahA hai| tU devatA hokara bhI Tugara-mugara dekha rahA hai| deva ne apane bhakta kI saMtapta AtmA ko dekhaa| tatkAla yakSa arjunamAlI ke zarIra meM praviSTa huaa| usakA adbhuta pauruSa jAga utthaa| tar3a-tar3a kara saba bandhana TUTa gye| yakSa kA mudgara uThAkara eka hI prahAra meM arjuna mAlAkAra ne chahoM mitroM aura apanI patnI ko miTTI kA Dhera banA diyA, tathApi usakA krodha zAnta nahIM huA / krodha se AgababUlA huA hAtha meM mudgara lekara vaha bagIcI ke bAhara ghUmatA / rAste se gujarane vAle rAhagIroM meM se chaha puruSa aura eka strI kI hatyA karake hI muMha meM anna-jala letA / nagara meM bhayaMkara AtaMka chA gyaa| rAjA ne nagara kA dvAra banda karavAkara yaha udghoSaNA karavA dI, koI bhI nagara ke bAhara na jAye / samUcI rAjagRha eka kaidakhAnA bana gii| usameM baiThakara sabhI ke dama ghuTa rahe the| para kisI kA sAhasa nahIM thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA rAjagRha meM zubhAgamana huaa| jisa mahAnagarI meM bhagavAn ne caudaha varSAvAsa kiye, jahA~ prabhu ke bhaktoM kI koI kamI nahIM thI, para kisI kA bhI sAisa arjunamAlI se jUjhane kA nahIM ho rahA thaa| jaba sudarzana ne bhagavAna ke Agamana kA saMvAda sunA to usakA zaurya dIpta ho uThA / yaha pArivArika jana tathA anya vyaktiyoM ke inkAra hone para bhI bhagavAna ke darzanArtha cala pdd'aa| nagara kA dvAra khulA aura turanta banda kara diyA gyaa| kucha dUra calane para arjunamAlI hAtha meM mudgara ghumAtA huA betahAzA daur3atA haA sUdarzana ke sAmane A phuNcaa| usakI raudra AkRti dekhakara sAmAnya vyakti kA~pa jAtA, para sudarzana vahIM dhyAna-mudrA meM khar3A ho gyaa| usane sudarzana para prahAra karane ke lie mudgara utthaayaa| usakA

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272 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA hAtha uThA hI raha gyaa| vaha pIche haTakara prahAra karane ke lie Age bar3hA, para jaise zarIra meM lakavA mAra gayA ho| hataprabha-sA vaha socane lagA-yaha kyA ho gayA ? sudarzana ke dhairya aura teja ke sAmane yakSa kA teja nisteja ho gayA, vaha satvahIna hokara bhUmi para dhar3Ama se gira par3A aura apane aparAdha kI kSamA mA~gane lgaa| arjuna ko lekara sudarzana bhagavAn ke caraNoM meM pahu~cA / bhagavAn kA upadeza sunakara arjuna mAlAkAra unake caraNoM meM gira par3A aura kahane lagA- merA uddhAra kro| maiMne jIvana-bhara pApa kiye haiN| niraparAdha strI-puruSoM kA khUna kiyA hai| maiM bar3A pApI haiM, apane pApoM kA prAyazcita karanA cAhatA hai| bhagavAn ne use dIkSA dii| vaha bele bele kI tapasyA karatA aura pAraNe ke lie jaba vaha nagara meM jAtA to loga AkrozapUrvaka Dhele pheMkate, tAr3anA-tarjanA krte| kintu vaha apanI AtmA ko kasatA aura svarNa kI taraha ujjvala bnaataa| anta meM karmoM ko naSTa kara vaha mukta bana gyaa| bar3A adbhuta aura anUThA hai yaha kathAnaka / eka krUra hatyArA mahApuruSa ke sAnnidhya ko pAkara pAvana bana gyaa| pArasa puruSa kA saMsparza lauha rUpI jIvana ko eka kSaNa meM svarNa banA detA hai| bauddha sAhitya meM bho aMgulimAla DAkU kA varNana AtA hai jo mAnavoM kI aMguliyoM kI mAlA banAkara dhAraNa karatA thaa| jisakI A~khoM se khUna TapakatA thaa| tathAgata buddha ko mArane ke lie vaha lapakA, para buddha ke tejasvI vyaktitva se vaha hataprabha ho gayA tathA ahiMsA kA pujArI bana gayA / jo kArya bar3e-bar3e tAMtrika, yAMtrika aura mAMtrika nahIM kara sakate vaha kArya eka santa kara sakatA hai / kAzyapa Adi zramaNa kAzyapa, kSemaka, dhRtidhara, kailAza, harinandana, vArattaka, sudarzana pUrNabhadra, sumanabhadra, supratiSThita, meghakUmAra ye sabhI dIkSAparyAya pAlana kara vipula parvata para mukta hue| inake jIvana ke sambandha meM vizeSa sAmagrI kA abhAva hai, kevala nagara, udyAna aura dIkSA paryAya kA sUcana hai| (antakRtdazA varga 6, a. 4-14) jAli mayAli Adi kumAra anuttaropapAtika sUtra varga 1, adhyayana eka meM varNana hai-jAti, mayAli, puruSaseNa, upajAli, vAriSeNa, dIrghadantakumAra, laSTadanta, vehalla, vehAyasa, abhaya ye sabhI kumAra samrATa zreNika ke putra the / bhagavAn mahAvIra

Page #189
zramaNa kathAe~ 173 ke upadeza ko zravaNa kara dIkSita hote haiM tathA zramaNa banakara guNaratnasaMvatsara Adi tapa kI ArAdhanA kara anuttara vimAna meM deva banate haiM / isI taraha dIrghasena, mahAsena, laSTadanta, gUr3hadanta, zuddhadanta, halla, druma, drumasena, mahAdrumasena, siMha, siMhasena, mahAsiMhasena, puNprasena ye rAjakumAra bhI zreNika samrATa ke putra the / inhoMne pravrajyA grahaNa kara vividha tapoM kI ArAdhanA kara anuttara vimAna ko prApta kiyA / ye jo AkhyAna isameM diye gaye haiM, ve kevala saMketa mAtra hai / para ye sabhI pAtra aitihAsika haiM / aitihAsika hone se bahuta se itihAsa ke anachue pahaluoM para prakAza DAlane meM sakSama haiM / jaina, bauddha aura vaidika ina tInoM hI paramparAoM ne zreNika ke sambandha meM vistAra se likhA hai | hama yathAprasaMga isa para cintana kareMge / para yaha spaSTa hai ki zreNika kI chabbIsa mahArAniyoM ne aura unake putra tathA pautroM ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa pravrajyA grahaNa kara sAdhanA se apane jIvana ko pAvana banAyA thA / isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki zreNika jaina thA evaM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA ananya bhakta bhI / dhanya aNagAra anuttaropapAtika sUtra varga tIsare adhyayana prathama meM dhanya anagAra kA varNana hai - dhanyakumAra kAkandI kI bhadrA sArthavAhI kA putra thA / apAra vaibhava usake pAsa thA / bhagavAn ke upadeza ko zravaNa kara vIra sainika kI taraha vaha sAdhanA ke pavitra patha para bar3hatA hai| usake tapomaya jIvana kA jo zabdacitra yahA~ prastuta kiyA gayA hai, use par3hakara bhautikavAda ke tArkika meM bhI vyakti kA zraddhA se sira nata ho jAtA hai / majjhimayuga nikAya ke mahAsiMhanAda sutta meM varNana hai - buddha ne isI prakAra utkRSTa tapa kI ArAdhanA kI thI / unhoMne apane sAdhanA kAla meM jo chaH varSa taka utkRSTa tapa kI ArAdhanA kI vaha bhI isase milatI-julatI hai / kavi 'kulaguru kAlidAsa ne kumArasambhava mahAkAvya meM pArvatI ke tapa kA romAMcakArI varNana kiyA hai, para dhanyakumAra ke tapa ke samAna usameM sajIva varNana nahIM ho pAyA hai / dhanyakumAra ke tapa ke varNana ko par3hakara adhyetA vismaya se vimugdha bane binA nahIM rahegA / jaina tapaHsAdhanA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vahA~ bAhya tapa ke sAtha Abhyantara tapa ko bhI mahatva diyA gayA hai, 1. bodhirAjakumAra sutta, doghanikAya kassapa siMhanAda sutta / kumArasambhava pArvatI prakaraNa / --

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174 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA jisameM deha-damana ke sAtha citta-vRtniyoM kA zodhana bhI mukhya rUpa se rahA haA hai| dhanya aNagAra jitane adhika dIrgha tapasvI the utane hI sthira dhyAnayogI bhI the / dhyAna kI nirmala sAdhanA se tapa unake lie tApasvarUpa nahIM thA / zramaNa sAhitya meM hI nahIM sampUrNa bhAratIya sAhitya meM isa prakAra kA varNana durlabha hai| sunakSatra aNagAra sunakSatra aNagAra kA janma kAkandI nagarI meM huA thaa| vaha bhadrA sArthavAhI kA pUtra thaa| sneha ke vAtAvaraNa meM usakA pAlana-poSaNa huaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadeza ko zravaNa kara ve zramaNa bane aura utkRSTa tapa kI ArAdhanA kara anuttaravimAna meM utpanna hue| (anu. va. 3, a. 2) subAhukumAra Adi anya muni vipAkasUtra ke dvitIya zrutaskandha ke prathama adhyayana meM subAhukumAra zramaNa kA varNana hai| hastizISa nagara kA svAmo adInazatru thaa| subAhukumAra usakA putra thaa| pAMca sau kanyAoM ke sAtha unakA pANigrahaNa huaa| unake sAtha vaha apanA jIvana-yApana kara rahA thaa| eka bAra bhagavAn mahAvIra kA zubhAgamana huaa| subAhukumAra ne zrAvaka vrata kA grahaNa kiye| unake divya rUpa ko nihAra kara gautama ne prabhu se jijJAsA prastuta kI- yaha divya, kAnta aura priya rUpa inheM kaise prApta huA ? inhoMne pUrvabhava meM aisA kauna-sA dAna diyA ? bhagavAn ne subAhu kA pUrvabhava sunAte hue kahAhastinApura nagara meM sumukha nAmaka gAthApati thaa| sudatta aNagAra, jo eka mAsa ke upavAsI the, unheM atyanta udAra bhAvanA se sumakha gAthApati ne AhAradAna diyaa| usa divya dAna ke phalasvarUpa ise yaha mahAn Rddhi tathA adbhuta saundarya prApta huA hai / prastuta kathAnaka meM sukhaprApti kA pradhAna kAraNa supAtradAna ko batAyA hai| dAna ko adbhuta zakti se divya Rddhi aura samRddhi sahaja hI upalabdha hotI hai| mAnava samRddhi to cAhatA hai para dAna Adi dene se katarAtA hai| jisase use virAT vaibhava kI saMprApti nahIM ho paatii| isI taraha bhadranandI, sujAtakumAra, suvAsavakumAra, jinadAsa, dhanapati, mahAbala, bhadranandIkumAra, mahAcanda kumAra aura varadattakUmAra ye sabhI rAjakumAra the| sabhI ne bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezAmRta ko sunakara dIkSA grahaNa kii| subAhukumAra Adi samAdhipUrvaka Ayu pUrNa kara deva bane

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zramaNa kathAe~ 175 aura vahA~ se apanA AyuSya pUrNa karake kitane hI eka bhava meM aura kitane hI rAjakumAra pandraha bhava meM mokSa prApta kreNge| padmakumAra zramaNa Adi kappavaDaMsiyA adhyayana tIna meM padmakumAra zramaNa kA varNana hai / caMpA nagarI meM rAjA kUNika kA rAjya thaa| usakI rAnI kA nAma padmAvatI thaa| rAjA zreNika kI eka rAnI kA nAma kAlI thaa| usake kAla nAmaka putra huA / kAla kI patnI kA nAma bhI padmAvatI thaa| usake padmakumAra nAmaka putra huaa| usane zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kara sAdhanA ke dvArA jIvana ko tapAyA aura saudharma devaloka meM utpanna huaa| vahA~ se vaha mahAvideha kSetra meM janma lekara mokSa meM jaayegaa| isI taraha mahApadma, bhadra, subhadra, padmabhadra, padmasena, padmagulma, nalinIgulma, Ananda aura nandana ye sabhI zreNika ke pautra the, inhoMne prabhu mahAvIra ke pAsa zramaNa dharma ko grahaNa kara jIvana ko pAvana bnaayaa| ina sabhI ke pitA kAla, sukAla, mahAkAla, kaNha, sukaNha, mahAkaNha, vIrakaNha, rAmakaNha, piusenakaNha, mahAsenakaNha the jo kaSAya ke vazIbhUta hokara naraka meM gaye aura unhIM ke putra satkarma kA AcaraNa kara devaloka ko prApta karate haiN| utthAna aura patana kA dAyitva mAnava ke svayaM ke karmoM para AdhRta hai, mAnava sAdhanA se bhagavAn bhI bana sakatA hai aura virAdhanA se bhikhArI bhI bana sakatA hai| . harikezI muni uttarAdhyayana sUtra adhyayana bAraha meM harikezabala zramaNa kA varNana hai / pUrvajanma meM jAti-ahaMkAra karane ke kAraNa harikezabala cANDAla kula meM utpanna he| ve svabhAva se hI nahIM, zarIra se bhI atyanta kurUpa the| sabhI unase ghRNA karate the / ghRNA aura upekSA ke kAraNa ve adhika kaThora bana gaye the| eka bAra ve utsava meM gaye / sAthI ke abhAva meM ve usa bhIr3a meM akele the / koI bhI lar3akA unase bolanA pasanda nahIM karatA thaa| itane meM eka sarpa nikalA / usa sarpa ko logoM ne mAra diyaa| kucha kSaNoM ke bAda goha (alasiyA) nikalA, kintu use kisI ne nahIM maaraa| isa ghaTanA se harikezabala socane lage-jo krUra hotA hai, vaha, mArA jAtA hai| kintu niviSa prANI ko koI nahIM mAratA / cintana karate hue unheM jAtismaraNa huA aura ve muni bana gye| tapa se unakA zarIra kRza ho gyaa| tinduka vRkSa nivAsI yakSa, muni ke divya tapa se prabhAvita hokara unakI sevA meM

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176 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA rahane lagA / eka bAra harikeza muni yakSa-mandira meM dhyAnastha the / rAjaputrI bhadrA yakSa kI arcanA ke lie vahA~ para AI / muni kI kurUpatA ko dekhakara usakA mana ghRNA se bhara gayA aura usane muni para thUka diyaa| yakSa muni ke apamAna ko sahana na kara skaa| vaha rAjakumArI ke zarIra meM praviSTa ho gyaa| aneka upacAra karane para bhI vaha svastha nahIM huii| yakSa ne prakaTa ho kara kahA- isane muni kA apamAna kiyA hai, ise prAyazcitta karanA pdd'egaa| rAjA ne aparAdha ko kSamA mA~gI aura kanyA ke sAtha muni se vivAha kI prArthanA kii| muni ne kahA- merA koI apamAna nahIM huA hai| maiM kisI bhI taraha vivAha nahIM kara sktaa| rAjA nirAza ho gyaa| usane brAhmaNa rudradeva ko RSi samajhakara rAjakanyA kA vivAha usake sAtha kara diyaa| yajJazAlA meM rAjakumArI ke vivAha ke nimitta se bhojana bana rahA thaa| harikezamuni ne bhojana kI yAcanA kii| brAhmaNoM ne unako apamAnita kara nikAlane kA prayAsa kiyaa| muni kI sevA meM rahane vAlA yakSa brAhmaNoM ke vyavahAra se Rddha ho gyaa| usane unheM pratAr3ita kiyaa| rAjakumArI ne brAhmaNoM ko samajhAyA-ye jitendriya haiM, inakA apamAna mata kro| muni ne dAna kA adhikArI, jAtivAda, yajJa kA svarUpa, jalasnAna Adi vividha pahaluoM para prakAza DAlA / muni kA yaha saMvAda atyanta zikSAprada hai / ___ isI taraha bauddha sAhitya ke mAtaMga jAtaka meM eka prasaMga hai-vArANasI ke mANDavyakumAra kA pratidina solaha hajAra brAhmaNoM ko bhojana denA; himAlaya ke Azrama meM mAtaMga paNDita kA bhikSA lene ke lie aanaa| usake purAne jIrNa-zIrNa, malina vastroM ko dekhakara vahAM se use haTAnA, mAtaMga paNDita kA mANDavya ko upadeza dekara dAna-kSetra kI yathArthatA kA pratipAdana karanA, mANDavya ke sAthI mAtaMga ko pITate haiM, nagara-devatAoM ke dvArA brAhmaNoM kI durdazA karanA, usa samaya zreSThI kI kanyA dITThamaMgalikA kA vahA~ para Agamana aura vahA~ kI sthiti ko dekhakara sArI bAta jAna lenA, svarNa-kalaza aura pyAlA lekara mAtaMga muni ke sannikaTa AnA, aura kSamAyAcanA karanA, mAtaMga paNDita ne brAhmaNoM ko ThIka hone kA upAya kiyA tathA dIThamaMgalikA ne sabhI brAhmaNoM ko dAna-kSetra kI yathArthatA btaaii| isa prakAra donoM kathAoM meM samAnatA hai / DA0 ghATage kI dRSTi se bauddha paramparA kI kathA vistRta hone ke 1. mAtaMga jAtaka- caturtha khaNDa 467, pRSTha 583-567.

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zramaNa kathAe~ 177 sAtha isameM aneka vicAroM kA sammizraNa huA hai, kintu jaina paramparA kI kathA sarala aura saMkSipta hai aura vaha bauddha kathAvastu se prAcIna hai / mAtaMga jAtaka meM brAhmaNoM ke prati adhika kaTu bhAvanA vyakta kI gaI hai para jaina kathAvastu meM aisA nahIM hai| usa yuga meM brAhmaNa varga janmanA jAti ke AdhAra para apane Apako sarvazreSTha mAnate the| use nirAdhAra batAne ke lie ye kathAe~ sarcalAiTa kI taraha upayogI haiN|1 jaina aura bauddha kathAoM meM hI samAnatA nahIM, apitu gAthAoM meM bhI atyadhika samAnatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM dekhie samAna gAthAe~ gAthA uttarAdhyayana, adhyayana 12 mAtaGga jAtaka (saMkhyA 467) zloka kayare Agacchai dittarUve, kAle vikarAle phokkanAse / omacelae paMsupisAyabhUe, saMkara dUsaM parihariya kaNThe // 6 // kayare tuma iya adaMsaNijje, kuto nu Agacchasi sambhavAsi kAe va AsA ihamAgaosi / otallako paMsupisAcako va / omacelagA paMsupisAyabhUyA, saGkAra cola paTimucca kaMThe, gaccha kkhalAhi kimihaM Thiosi / / 7 // ko re tuvaM hohisi adakkhigeyyo / / 1 // samaNo ahaM saMjao bambhayArI, virao dhaNapayaNapariggahAo / parappavittassa u bhikkhakAle; annassa aTThA ihamAgao mi // 6 // 1 This nust have also led the writer to include the other story in the same Jataka; and such an attitude, must have arisen in later times as the effect of sectarian bias. -Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 17. [1935-1936] A few Parallels in Jain and Buddhist Works, p. 345, by A. M. Ghatage, M. A.

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178 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA viyarijjai khajjai bhajjaI ya, annaM tava idaM pakataM yasassi annaM pabhUyaM bhavayANameyaM / taM khaJjare muJjare piyyare ca / jANAhi me jAyaNajIviNu tti, jAnAsi tvaM paradattUpajIvi, sesAvasesaM labhaU tavassI // 10 // uttiTThatha piNDaM labhataM sapAko // 2 // uvakkhaDaMbhoyaNa mAhaNANaM, annaM mama idaM pakataM brAhmaNAnaM, attaTThiyaM siddha mihegapakkhaM / attatthAya saddahato mama idaM / na U vayaM erisamannapANaM, apehi ettha, kiM dudhaTThitosi, dAhAmu tujhaM kimihaM Thiosi // 11 // na mA disA tuhaM dadantijamma / / 3 / / thalesu bIyAi vavanti kAsagA, thale ca ninne ca vapanti bIjaM, taheva ninnesU ya aassaae| anUpakhete phalaM AsanAnA / eyAe saddhAe dalAha majjhaM, etAya saddhAya dadAhi dAnaM, ArAhae puNNa miNaM khu khettaM / / 12 / / appeva ArAdhaye dakkhiNeyye // 4 // khettANi amhaM viiyANi loe, khettAni mayhaM viditAni loke, jahiM pakiNNA viruhanti punnnnaa| yesAhaM bIjAni patipemi / je mAhaNA jAivijjovaveyA, ye brAhmaNA jAti mantUpapannA, tAiM tu khettAI supesalAI // 13 / / tAnIdhi khettAni supesalAni // 5 // koho ya mANo ya vaho ya jesi, jAti made ca atimAnitA ca, mosaM adattaM ca pariggahaM c| lobho ca doso ca madoM ca moho| te mAhaNA jAivijjA vihUNA, ete aguNA yesuva santi sabbe tAiM tu khettAiM supAvayAI / / 14 / / tAnIdha khettAni apesalAni // 6 // tubbhettha bho bhAradharA girANaM, jAti mado ca atimAnitA ca, aTuM na jANAha ahijja vee| lobho ca doso ca mado ca moho uccAvayAiM muNiNo caranti, ete aguNA yesu na santi savve, tAiM tu khettAI supesalAI // 15 // tAnIdha khettAni supesalAni / / 7 / / ke ettha khattA uvajoiyA vA, ajjhAvayA vA saha khaNDiehi / eyaM daNDeNa phaleNa hantA, kaNThammi ghettUNa khalejja jo NaM // 18 //

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zramaNa kathAe~ 176 ajjhAvayANaM vayaNaM suNettA, kattheva bhaTThA upajotiyo ca, uddhAiyA tattha baha kumaaraa| upajjhAyo athavA bhnnddkuucchi| daNDehi vittehi kasehi ceva, imassa daNDaM ca vadhaM ca datvA samAgayA taM isi tAlayanti / / 16 / gale gahetvA khalayAtha jammaM / / 8 / / giri nahehiM khaNaha, giri nakhena khaNasi, ayaM dantehiM khaayh| ayo dantena khAdasi / jAyateyaM pAehi haNaha, jAtavedaM padahasi, je bhikkhaM avamannaha // 26 // yo isiM paribhAsasi // 6 // avaheDiya piTThisauttamaMge, AveThitaM piTThito uttamAGga, pasAriyAbAhu akmmcetthe| bAhaM pasAreti akammaneyyaM / nibbheriyacche ruhiraM vamante, khetAni akkhIni kathA matassa uDDhaM muhe niggayajIhanette // 26 // ko me iyaM puttaM akAsi evaM // 11 // puTiva ca iNhi ca aNAgayaM ca, tadeva hi etarahi ca mayhaM, maNappadoso na me atthi koi| manopadoso mama natthi koci / jakkhA hu veyAvaDiyaM karenti, putto ca te veda madena matto, tamhA hu ee nihayA kumArA / / 32 / / atthaM na jAnAti adhicca vede // 18 // atthaM ca dhammaM ca viyANamANA, addhA have bhikkhu muhattekena, tubbhe na vi kuppaha bhuuipnnaa| mammuhyate va purisassa snyjaa| tubbhaM tu pAe saraNaM uvemo, ekAparAdhaM khama bhUripaJa, samAgayA savvajaNeNa amhe // 33 // na paNDitA krodha balA bhavanti // 16 // anAthI mahAnirgrantha uttarAdhyayana ke bIsaveM adhyayana meM anAthI mahAnirgrantha kI jIvana gAthA uTTaGkita hai / samrATa zreNika eka bAra maNDita kukSI udyAna meM pahu~cA / udyAna kI zobhA ko dekhate hue usakI A~kheM eka dhyAnastha muni para jA ttikiiN| usa muni ke adbhuta rUpa-lAvaNya ko dekhakara vaha vismita huaa| usane pUchA-Apa taruNa haiM, bhoga bhogane yogya haiM, phira Apane isa Ayu meM saMnyAsa kyoM grahaNa kiyA ? uttara meM muni ne kahA-maiM anAtha thA, merA koI bhI nAtha nahIM thA, isIlie maiM muni bnaa| rAjA ne muskarAte

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180 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA hue kahA- zarIra sampadA se Apa aizvaryazAlI pratIta hote haiM, phira anAtha kaise ? maiM ApakA nAtha banatA hU~ / mere sAtha caleM / sukhapUrvaka bhoga bhogeM / muni ne kahA- tuma svayaM anAtha ho / mere nAtha kaise bana sakoge ? rAjA ko yaha vAkya tIkSNa zastra kI taraha cubha gyaa| usane kahA- Apa jhUTha bolate haiM / mere pAsa virAT sampadA hai, mere Azraya meM hajAroM vyakti haiM / aisI avasthA meM maiM anAtha kaise ? muni ne samAdhAna karate hue kahA-tuma anAtha kA artha nahIM jaante| maiM tumheM isakA rahasya batAtA hU~ / maiM gRhasthAzrama meM kauzAmbI nagarI meM rahatA thaa| mere pitA ke pAsa virAT vaibhava thaa| merA vivAha ucca kula meM huA thaa| mujhe eka bAra asahya akSiroga huaa| sabhI pArivArika janoM ne roga dUra karane kA khUba prayatna kiyA, sabhI ne merI vedanA para A~sU bahAye, para ve vedanA ko ba~TA nahIM sake / yaha thI merI anAthatA ! maiMne dRr3ha saMkalpa kiyA- yadi maiM vedanA se mukta ho jAU~ to maiM muni bana jAU~gA / isa saMkalpa ke sAtha maiM so gayA, jyoM-jyoM rAta bItatI gaI, merA roga zAnta hotA gayA / subaha hone para maiMne apane Apako pUrNa rUpa se svastha pAyA / maiM zramaNa banakara sabhI trasa evaM sthAvara prANiyoM kA nAtha bana gayA / maiMne AtmA para zAsana kiyA aura maiM vidhipUrvaka zramaNa dharma kA paripAlana karatA hU~ / yaha merI sanAthatA hai / samrATa zreNika ne pahalI bAra hI sanAtha anAtha kA vivecana sunaa| usake jJAna cakSu khula gaye / samrATa zreNika ne kahA- vastutaH Apa hI sanAtha haiM aura sabhI ke sacce bAndhava haiM / maiM Apase dharma kA anuzAsana cAhatA hU~ | muni ne use dharma kA marma batAyA, vaha dharma meM anurakta ho gyaa| isa kathAnaka meM aneka mahatvapUrNa viSaya carcita haiM / isameM AI huI aneka gAthAoM kI tulanA anya sAhitya se kI jA sakatI hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama yahA~ kucha gAthAe~ prastuta kara rahe haiM - dhammapada uttarAdhyayana, a0 20 appA naI veyaraNI, attA hi attano nAtho, kohi nAtha parosiyA / appA me kUDasAmalI / apA kAmaduhANU, attanA va sudantena, appA me nandaNaM vaNaM | 36 | nAthaM labhati dullabhaM // 4 // gItA uddharedAtmanAtmAnaM, nAtmAnamavasAdayet / Atmaiva hyAtmano bandhu rAtmaiva ripurAtmanaH / 5 /

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zramaNa kathAe~ / 181 appA kattA vikattA ya, attanA va kataM pApaM, bandhurAtmAtmanastasya, duhANa ya suhANa y| attajaM attasambhavaM / yenAtmaivAtmanA jitaH / appA mittama mitta ca, abhimanthati dummedhaM / anAtmanastu zatra tve, 1 duppaTThiya supttio|37|| vajiraM vassamayaM maNi / / vartetAtmaiva zatruvat 16) attanA va kataM pApaM, attanA saMkilissati / attanA akataM pApaM, attanA va visujjhati // suddhi asuddhi paccatta, nAjho aJja visodhaye / / na taM arI kaNThachettA karei, diso disaM yantaM kayirA, jaM se kare appaNiyA durppaa| verI vA pana verinaM / se nAhiI maccumuhaM tu patte, micchApaNihitaM cittaM / pacchANutAveNa dayAvihUNo / 48 / pApiyo naM tato kare / 10 / muNDakopaniSada duvihaM khaveUNa ya puNNa pAvaM, yadA pazyaH pazyate rukmavarNa niraMgaNe savvao vippmukke| katarimIzaM puruSaM brahmayonim / tarittA samudda va mahAbhavoghaM, tadA vidvAn puNyapApe vidhUya samuddapAle apuNAgamaM gae / 24 / niraMjanaM paramaM sAmyamupaiti // 3 // 13 // uparyukta gAthAoM meM bhAvoM meM to ekarUpatA hai hI sAtha hI viSaya kI dRSTi se bhI atyadhika samAnatA hai| samudrapAlIya uttarAdhyayana, adhyayana ikkIsa meM samudra pAloya kathAnaka AyA hai| campA nagarI meM pAlita nAmaka zramaNopAsaka thaa| usakA vyApAra dUra-dUra taka phailA huA thaa| eka bAra supAro, sonA Adi vastue~ lekara vaha sAmudrika yAtrA ke lie yAna-pAtra para ArUr3ha hokara prasthita huaa| vaha samudra ke kinAre 'pihuNDa' nagara meM rukaa| eka seTha ne apanI putrI kA vivAha usake sAtha kiyaa| navor3hA patnI garbhavatI huii| samudra yAtrA ke boca hI usane putra ko janma diyA / usakA nAma 'samudrapAla' rakhA / vaha eka bAra apane bhavya prAsAda ke gavAkSa meM baiThA huA nagarazrI kA avalokana

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182 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kara rahA thaa| usane dekhA- rAjapuruSa eka vyakti ko vadha-bhUmi kI ora le jA rahe haiN| usake vastra lAla haiM aura gale meM kanera kI mAlA hai| usakA mana saMvega se bhara gyaa| mAtA-pitA kI AjJA lekara vaha dIkSita bana gyaa| karmoM ko naSTa kara vaha siddha, buddha aura mukta huaa| prastuta kathAnaka meM samudra-yAtrA kA ullekha huA hai| usa yuga meM bhArata ke vyApArI dUra-dUra taka vyApAra ke lie jAte the| sAmudrika vyApAra unnata avasthA meM thA / vyApAriyoM ke nijI yAna-pAtra huA karate the / ve eka sthAna se dUsare sthAnoM para mAla lekara jAte the| nadiyoM ke dvArA bhI mAla AtA thaa| nadI taTa para utarane ke lie sthAna bane hue the| nizIthabhASya meM cAra prakAra kI nAvoM kA ullekha milatA hai--1. anulomagAminI 2. pratilomagAminI 3. tiricchasaMtAraNI (eka taTa se dUsare taTa para sarala rUpa se jAne vAlI) aura 4. smudrgaaminii| inake atirikta urdhvagAminI, adhogAminI, yojanavelAgAminI evaM ardhayojanavelAgAminI ina cAra nAmoM kA bhI ullekha hai| samudrayAtrA khataroM se khAlI nahIM thii| kaI bAra itane bhayaMkara upadrava A jAte ki jahAja chaha-chaha mahIne taka cakkara kATate rahate / devI-devatAoM ke upadrava se bacane ke lie unakI manautiyA~ bhI kI jAtI thii| jahAja phaTa jAne para yAtriyoM ko bar3I kaThinAI hotI thii| jahAja DUbane ke varNana bhI Agama-sAhitya meM yatratatra Aye haiN| jaba pratikUla pavana calatA, AkAza bAdaloM se Acchanna ho jAtA, usa samaya jahAja meM baiThane vAle yAtriyoM ke prANa saMkaTa meM paDa jaate| unheM dizAbhrama ho jAtA / ve usa vikaTa belA meM yaha nirNaya nahIM le pAte ki unheM kyA karanA caahie| yA to aise samaya meM jIne kI AzA choDakara dIna bhAva se baiTha jAte yA samudra kI upAsanA karate / athavA 1. nizIthabhASya, pIThikA 183. 2. (ka) nizItha sUtra 18/12-13. (kha) mahAnizItha 41/35, (ga) gacchAcAra vRtti pR0 50. 3. uttarAdhyayana TIkA 18, pR0 252 a. 4. jJAtAdharmakathA 2/9 pR0 123. 5. (ka) jJAtAdharmakathA 17 pR0 201, (kha) kathAsaritsAgara, penjara, jilda 7, a. 101, pR0 146.

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zramaNa kathAe~ | 183 vItarAga prabhu kI upAsanA meM saMlagna ho jAte / yahA~ para prastuta kathAnaka meM eka 'vavahAra' zabda AyA hai, jisakA saMskRta rUpa 'vyavahAra' hai / Agama yuga meM yaha zabda kraya-vikraya, AyAta aura niryAta ke artha meM vyavahRta huA hai aura 'vadhya maMDana zobhAka' zabda daNDa-vidhAna ke artha meM prayukta thaa| taskaroM ko kaThora daNDa diyA jAtA thaa| use kanera ke phUloM kI mAlA tathA lAla vastra pahanAye Ate the| usake kukRtyoM ko vijJApanA nagara ke mukhya mArgoM se vadha-bhUmi kI ora le jAkara kI jAtI thii| mRgAputra aura balazrI zramaNa uttarAdhyayana, adhyayana unnIsa meM mRgAputra aura balazrI zramaNa kA varNana AyA hai| sugrIva nagara meM balabhadra aura mRgAvatI kA putra balazrI thA / para vaha 'mRgApUtra' ke nAma se prasiddha thaa| yuvA hone para usakA pANigrahaNa huaa| vaha patniyoM ke sAtha rAjaprAsAda ke gavAkSa meM baiThA huA nagara kA avalokana kara rahA thA, usakI dRSTi nirgrantha mUnirAja para girii| muni ke tejodIpta lalATa, camakate hue netra, aura tapasyA se atyanta kRza zarIra ko vaha apalaka dRSTi se dekhatA rhaa| cintana tIvra huA-maiMne aisA rUpa pahale bhI dekhA hai, use jAtismRtijJAna utpanna ho gayA-maiM pUrvabhava meM zramaNa thaa| isa anubhUti se mana vairAgya se bhara gayA / mAtA-pitA se usane nivedana kiyA-maiM pravrajyA grahaNa karanA cAhatA hU~ / yaha zarIra anitya hai, azucimaya aura saMklezoM kA bhAjana hai / jise Aja nahIM to kala avazyameva chor3anA par3egA / mAtA-pitA ne duzcaratA aura kaThoratA kA parijJAna kraayaa| tuma sukomala ho, tumhAre lie zramaNajIvana kA pAlana karanA kaThina hai| zramaNa-jIvana yAvajjIvana kA hotA hai| bAlukA kavala kI taraha nisvAda aura asidhArA kI taraha duzcara hai| zramaNa-dharma svIkAra karane para roga kI cikitsA kauna karegA ? uttara meM mRgAputra ne kahA-araNya meM basane vAle mRga Adi pazu-pakSiyoM kI kauna cikitsA karatA hai, aura kauna unheM bhaktapAna detA hai ? vaise hI mRgacArikA se maiM apanA jIvana yApana kruuNgaa| anta meM muni-dharma svIkAra kara mRgAputra zramaNa-dharma kA paripAlana kara siddha, buddha aura mukta hue| mRgAputra aura mAtA-pitA kA saMvAda bar3A hI mahatvapUrNa hai tathA sAtha hI preraNAdAyI bhI hai|

Page #200
184 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA gardabhAlI aura saMjaya rAjA uttarAdhyayana adhyayana aThAraha meM gardabhAlI aura saMjaya rAjA kA varNana AyA hai / kAmpilya nagara kA adhipati rAjA saMjaya zikAra ke lie kezara udyAna meM phNcaa| usane magoM ko maaraa| usakI dRSTi ekAeka dhyAna-mudrA meM avasthita gardabhAlI muni para girI / vaha bhaya se kA~pa utthaa| maiMne munirAja ke mRga ko mArakara AzAtanA kI hai| vaha ghor3e se nIce utarakara muni se kSamA-yAcanA karane lgaa| para muni dhyAnastha the| ataH rAjA bhaya se aura adhika vyathita ho gayA ki muni yadi Rddha ho gaye to apane divya teja se samUce rAjya ko naSTa kara deMge / ataH usane punaH muni se nivedana kiyaa| muni ne dhyAna se nivRtta hokara usase kahA-mai tujhe abhaya pradAna karatA huuN| tuma bhI sabhI prANiyoM ko abhaya pradAna kro| muni ke tyAga vairAgya se chalachalAte hue upadeza ko zravaNa kara rAjA saMjaya zramaNa bana gyaa| eka dina eka kSatriya muni saMjaya muni ke pAsa AyA aura usane pUchA-tumhArA nAma va gotra kyA hai ? tuma kyoM muni bane ho? kina AcAryoM kI sevA kara rahe ho ? saMjaya muni ne kahA-merA nAma saMjaya hai, gautama gotra hai, mere AcArya gardabhAlI haiN| maiM mukti ke lie zramaNa banA huuN| AcArya kI AjJAnusAra kArya karatA hU~, isIlie vinIta huuN| isa kathAnaka meM bharata, sagara, maghavA, sanatkumAra, zAnti, ara, kunthu, mahApadma, hariSeNa, jaya Adi cakravartI rAjAoM ke nAma haiM / dazArNabhadra, nami, karakaNDu, dvimukha, naggati, udAyaNa, kAzirAja, vijaya, mahAbala Adi rAjAoM ke nAma haiN| dazArNa, kaliMga, pAMcAla, videha, gAndhAra, sauvIra, kAzI Adi dezoM ke nAma haiN| kriyAvAda, akriyAvAda, vinayavAda aura ajJAnavAda kA bhI ullekha huA hai| isa taraha prAgaaitihAsika aura aitihAsika sAmagrI kA sundara saMkalana hai / iSukAra rAjA uttarAdhyayana, adhyayana caudaha meM iSukAra rAjA kA varNana hai / prastuta kathAnaka ke mukhya chaha pAtra haiM-(1) iSukAra mahArAjA (2) mahArAnI kamalAvatI (3) bhRgu purohita (4) purohita kI patnI yazA (5) purohita ke do putra /

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zramaNa kathAe~ 185 uttarAdhyayananiyukti meM ina sabhI pAtroM ke pUrvabhava, vartamAna bhava aura unakI utpatti tathA nirvANaprApti kA saMkSipta itivRtta prastuta kiyA hai / hama vistAra meM na jAkara saMkSipta meM yaha batAyeMge ki purohita ke do putra dIkSA ke lie taiyAra hote haiM / unake mAtA-pitA unheM gRhasthAzrama meM rahakara brAhmaNa kRtya karane ke lie prerita karate haiN| para jahA~ vairAgya kA payodhi uchAleM mAra rahA ho, vahA~ vaha vyakti saMsAra meM kaise raha sakatA hai ? ve donoM putra mAtA-pitA ko vividha rUpakoM evaM akATya tarkoM se saMsAra ko asAratA batAte haiM / pitA brAhmaNa-saMskRti kA pratinidhitva kara apane tarka prastuta karatA hai to donoM putra zramaNa saMskRti kA netRtva karate hue apanI dalIleM rakhate haiM / anta meM bhRgupurohita ko saMsAra kI asAratA aura kSaNabhaMguratA para vizvAsa paidA ho jAtA hai, vaha apanI patnI ko samajhAtA hai / usakI patnI bhI dIkSA ke lie taiyAra ho gaI, purohita kA koI bhI uttarAdhikArI nahIM thA / rAjA kA mana usakI virAT sampatti ko lene ke lie lalacA rahA thA / rAnI kamalAvatI iSukAra rAjA ko kahatI hai-- rAjan ! vamana ko khAne vAle puruSa kI prazaMsA nahIM hotI / Apa brAhmaNa ke dvArA parityakta dhana ko grahaNa karanA cAhate haiM / vaha vamana ko pIne ke sadRza hai / rAnI ne bhogoM kI asAratA para prakAza DAlA / rAjA kA mana virakti se bhara gayA / rAjA aura rAnI donoM bhI pravrajita ho jAte haiM / bauddha sAhitya meM prastuta kathAnaka kI taraha bauddha sAhitya meM bhI yaha kathA kucha rUpAntara ke sAtha AI hai / vahA~ bhI yaha kathA bahuta hI vistAra ke sAtha dI gaI hai / bauddha kathAvastu meM mukhya pAtra ATha haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM (1) rAjA esukArI (3) purohita (5) pahalA putra hastipAla (7) tIsarA putra gopAla (2) paTarAnI (4) purohita kI patnI (6) dUsarA putra azvapAla (8) cauthA putra ajapAla / vRkSa nyagrodha ke adhiSThAyaka deva ke varadAna se purohita ke cAra putra utpanna hue| ve cAroM pravrajyA grahaNa karanA cAhate haiM / pitA una cAroM kI 1 uttarAdhyayananiyukti, gAthA 363 se 373.

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186 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA parIkSA letA hai| pitA aura putroM meM paraspara saMvAda hotA hai| cAroM putra kramazaH apane pitA ke sAmane jIvana kI nazvaratA, saMsAra kI asAratA aura kAmabhogoM kI kSaNikatA kA pratipAdana karate haiM / cAroM hI pravrajyA grahaNa karate hai| purohita bhI dIkSA grahaNa karatA hai| dUsare dina brAhmaNI pravajita ho jAtI haiM tathA rAjA-rAnI bhI pravrajyA le lete haiM / sarapeNTiyara ne likhA hai-iSukAra ke kathAnaka ke sAtha bauddha kathA-vastu kI atyadhika samAnatA hai / iSukAra kI kathA bauddha kathA-vastu se prAcIna honI caahie| DA0 ghATage kA abhimata hai ki jaina kathAvastu vyavasthita, svAbhAvika, yathArtha aura jAtaka se prAcIna hai| unhoMne yaha bhI likhA hai-jAtaka kI kathA, kathA-vastu kI dRSTi se pUrNa hai, usameM purohita ke cAroM putroM kA vistAra se nirUpaNa hai; jaba ki jaina kathA meM usakA abhAva hai| dvitIya antara yaha hai ki jAtaka meM purohita ke cAra putroM kA ullekha haiM, jabaki uttarAdhyayana meM do putroM kA hI varNana hai / jaina kathA meM rAjA aura purohita ke bIca sambandha nahIM batAyA gayA hai, jabaki jAtaka meM pUrohita aura rAjA kA sambandha hai| purohita putroM kI parIkSA lene ke lie rAjA se parAmarza karatA hai aura donoM milakara putroM kI parIkSA lete haiN| jainadRSTi se jaba purohita saparivAra dIkSita ho jAtA hai to rAjA usa sampatti para apanA adhikAra samajhakara usa para svAmitva sthApita karatA hai| isase rAnI kA mana vairAgya se bhara jAtA hai| vaha svayaM dIkSita hone ke lie prastata hotI hai aura sAtha hI rAjA ko bhI preraNA detI hai| vaha bAta bahata hI svAbhAvika aura yathArtha bhI hai, para jAtaka kathA meM aisI svAbhAvikatA nahIM hai / jAtaka kathA-vastu meM nyagrodha vRkSa ke devatA dvArA cAra putroM kA varadAna purohita ko prApta hotA hai, jabaki rAjA ko putra kI atyadhika AvazyakatA hone para bhI use eka bhI putra prApta nahIM huaa| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki yaha kathA jaina kathA-vastu se bAda meM likhI gaI hai| This legend certainly presents a rather striking resemblance to the prose introduction of the Jataka 509, and must consequently be old. -The Uttaradhyayana Sutra, p. 332, Fo. t note No. 2 2 Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 17. [1935.36], 'A few Parallels in Jain and Buddhist Works' pp. 343-344.

Page #203
zramaNa kathAe~ 187 mahAbhArata meM prastuta kathA kI taraha mahAbhArata, zAntiparva, adhyAya 175 meM bhI aura adhyAya 277 meM jo pitA-putra ke saMvAda Aye haiM, una saMvAdoM se sahaja rUpa se tulanA kI jA sakatI hai| yadyapi donoM adhyAyoM kA pratipAdya viSaya eka hai, nAmoM meM bhI koI antara nahIM hai, donoM meM samrATa yudhiSThara bhISmapitAmaha se kalyANa kA mArga jAnanA cAhate haiM, samAdhAna pradAna karate hue bhISmapitAmaha eka brAhmaNa aura usake eka medhAvI putra kA saMvAda jo prAcIna itihAsa meM AyA hai, vaha udAharaNa rUpa meM prastuta karate haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM trepana gAthAeM haiM to mahAbhArata meM unacAlIsa zloka haiN| artha aura zabda sAmya donoM hI pAThaka ko vismaya meM DAla dete haiN| jaina aura bauddha kathA-vastu meM pitA aura putra ke sAtha hI rAjA evaM rAnI kA pUrA sambandha hai tathA yaha batAyA gayA hai ki ve anta meM pravrajita hote haiM, jabaki mahAbhArata meM pitA-putra kA hI mukhya saMvAda hai / anta meM pUtra ke upadeza se ve satya-dharma ko grahaNa karate haiM / mahAbhArata ke adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa hai ki pitA putra ko brAhmaNa dharma kI bAteM samajhAtA hai, aura use vaha kahatA hai-vatsa ! vedoM kA gahana adhyayana karo, gRhasthAzrama ko dhAraNa kro| binA putra paidA hue pitaroM kI sadgati nahIM hotI, yajJa-yAga karo / usake pazcAt vAnaprasthAzrama ko grahaNa kro| pitA ke tarkoM kA putra samAdhAna karate hue kahatA hai- ApakA kathana satya hai, para Apa jarA cintana kareM, saMnyAsa ke lie kAla kI maryAdA koI Avazyaka nahIM hai, dharmAcaraNa karane ke lie madhyama vaya adhika upayukta hai| jo bhI karma haiM, unakA phala avazya milatA hai| Apane yajJa ke lie kahA, para hiMsA-yukta jo yajJa hai, vaha tAmasa yajJa hai aura vaha yajJa sAdhaka ke lie karane yogya nahIM hai / tyAga, tapa aura satya hI saccA zAnti kA rAjapatha hai| isa vizva meM tyAga ke samAna sukha nahIM hai / santAna saMsAra se pAra nahIM utAra sktii| virATa vaibhava aura parijana trANa-pradAtA nahIM haiM, isalie AtmA kI anveSaNA karanI cAhie / putroM ne apanI carcA meM jo tathya die haiM, ve tathya zramaNa paramparA ke adhika anukUla haiM / yahA~ taka ki mahAbhArata aura hastipAla jAtaka meM jo zloka Ae haiM, una zlokoM meM tathA uttarAdhyayana ko prastuta kathA meM jo gAthAe~ AI haiM, una meM bahuta kucha samAnatA hai / hama yahA~ zodhAthiyoM ke lie tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana karane hetu gAthAe~ aura zloka prastuta kara rahe haiN|

Page #204
188 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA uttarAdhyayana (adhyayana 14 ) jAI jarAmaccubhayAbhibhUyA, duHkhaM bahiM vihArAbhiniviTThacittA / saMsAracakkasa vimokSaNaTThA, daTThUNa te kAmaguNe virattA ||4|| kiM svastha mahAbhArata (zAnti0 a0 175) mRtyurjarA ca vyAdhizca, cAnekakAraNam / yadA dehe, tiSThasi // 23 // anuSaktaM ahijja vee parivissa vippe, putte paDiTThappa gihaMsi jAyA / bhoccANa bhoe saha itthiyAhi, AraNNaggA hoha muNI pasatthA // 6 iva vedAnadhItya brahmacaryeNa putra, putrAnicchet pAvanArthaM pitRRNAm / agnInAdhAya vidhivacceSTayajJo vanaM pravizyAtha munirbubhUSetu // 6 // // hastipAla jAtaka (saM0 506 ) adhicca vede pariyesa vittaM, putte gehe tAta patiTThapetvA / gandhe rase paccanubhutva sabbaM arajjaM sAdhu, muni so pasattho |4| veyA ahIyA na bhavanti tANaM, bhuttA diyA ninti tamaM tameNaM / jAyAya puttAna havanti tANaM, ko nAma te aNumannejja eyaM // 12 // mahAbhArata mohena hi samAviSTaH putradArArthamudyataH / kRtvA kAryamakAryaM vA, puSTimeSAM prayacchati // 17 // taM putrapazusampanna, vyAsaktamanasaM naram / suptaM vyAghro mRgamiva, mRtyurAdAya gacchati // 18 // mRtyorvA mukhametad vai, yA grAme basato ratiH / devAnAmeSa vai goSTho, daraNyamiti zrutiH // 25 // nibandhanI rajjureSA, yA grAme vasato ratiH / chitAM sukRto yAnti, nainA chindanti duSkRtaH // 26 //

Page #205
zramaNa kathAe~ 186 uttarAdhyayana mahAbhArata AtmanyevAtmanA jAta, AtmaniSTho'prajo'pi vaa| Atmanyeva bhaviSyAmi, na mAM tArayati prajA / / 36 / / hastipAla jAtaka vedA na saccA na ca vittalAbho, na puttalAbhena jara vihanti / gandhe rase muccanaM Ahusanto, sakammunA hoti phalUpapatti / / 5 / / khaNamettasokkhA bahukAladukkhA, gavaM na naTuM puriso yathA vane, pagAmadAvakhA annigaamsokkhaa| pariyesati rAja apssmaano| saMsAramokkhassa vipakkhabhUyA, evaM no esukArI maM attho, khANI aNatthANa u kAmabhogA / 13 / so haM kathaM na gavesseyya rAja / / 11 // mahAbhArata imaM ca me asthi imaM ca natthi, idaM kRtamidaM kAryaimaM ca me kiccaM imaM akiccaM / midamanyat kRtAkRtam / taM evamevaM lAlappamANaM, evamIhAsukhAsakta harA haraMti tti kahaM pamAe ? // 15 // kRtAntaH kurute vaze // 20 // kRtAnAM phalamaprAptaM, karmaNAM karmasaMjJitam / kSetrApaNagRhAsakta, mRtyurAdAya gacchati // 21 // durbalaM balavantaM ca, zUra-bhIru jaDaM kavim / aprAptaM sarvakAmArthAn, mRtyurAdAya gacchati // 22 //

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160 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA uttarAdhyayana hastipAlaka jAtaka hiyyo ti hiyyo ti, poso pareti (prihaayti)| anAgataM netaM atthotijatvA, upanna chandaM ko nupadeyya dhIro // 12 // dhaNaM pabhUyaM saha itthiyAhi; sayaNA tahA kAmaguNA pgaamaa| tavaM kae tappai jassa logo, taM savva sAhINamiheva tubbhaM // 16 / / mahAbhArata dhaNeNa kiM dhammadhurAhigAre, naitAdRzaM brAhmaNasyAsti vitta, sayaNeNa vA kAmaguNehi ceva / yathaikatA samatA satyatA ca / samaNA bhavissAmu guNohadhArI, zIlaM sthitirdaNDanidhAnamArjavaM, bahivihArA abhigamma bhikkhaM // 17 // tatastatazcoparamaH kriyAbhyaH // 37 // kiM te dhanairbAndhavairvApi kiM te, kiM te dArairbrAhmaNa yo mariSyasi / AtmAnamanviccha guhAM praviSTa, pitAmahAste kva gatAH pitA ca / 38 // hastipAla jAtaka jahA vayaM dhammamajANamANA, ayaM pure ludda akAsi kamma, pAvaM purA kammamakAsi mohaa|| svAya gahIto, na hi mokkha itome / orujjhamANA parirakkhiyantA, orudhiyA naM parirakkhissAmi, taM neva bhujjo vi samAyarAmo // 20 // mAyaM pUna luTTa akAsi kammaM // 10 // mahAbhArata abbhAhayaMmi logaMmi, evamabhyAhate loke, savvao privaarie| samantAt privaarite| amohAhiM paDantIhi, amoghAsu patantISu, gihaMsi na raI labhe // 21 // ki dhIra iva bhASase // 7 //

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zramaNa kathAe~ 161 uttarAdhyayana keNa abbhAhao logo? keNa vA parivArio? kA vA amohA vuttA ? jAyA ! ciMtAvaro humi // 22 // maccuNA'bbhAhao logo, jarAe privaario| amohA rayaNI vuttA, evaM tAya ! viyANaha // 23 // jA jA vaccai rayaNI, na sA pddiniyttii| ahamma kuNamANassa, aphalA janti rAio // 24 // mahAbhArata kathamabhyAhato lokaH, kena vA privaaritH| amoghAH kAH patantIha, kiM nu bhISayasIva mAm // 8 // mRtyunAbhyAhato loko, jarayA privaaritH| ahorAtrAH patantyete, nanu kasmAnna budhyase / / 6 // jA jA vaccai rayaNI, na sA pddiniyttii| dhammaM ca kuNamANassa, saphalA janti rAio // 25 // amoghA rAtrayazcApi nityamAyAnti yAnti ca / yadAhametajjAnAmi, na mRtyustiSThatIti h| so'haM kathaM pratIkSidhye, jAlenApihitazcaran / / 10 // rAvyAM rAtryAM vyatItAyAmAyuralpataraM ydaa| gAdhodake matsya iva, sukhaM vindeta kastadA // 11 // tadaiva vanyaM divasamiti, vidyAd vickssnnH| anavApteSu kAmeSu, mRtyurabhyeti mAnavam // 12 //

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192 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA uttarAdhyayana jassatthi maccuNA sakkhaM, jassa va'tthi palAyaNaM / jo jANe na marissAmi, so hu kaMkhe sue siyA // 27 / / ajjeva dhamma paDivajjayAmo, jahiM pavannA na punnbbhvaamo| aNAgayaM neva ya asthi kiMci, saddhAkhamaM Ne viNaittu rAgaM // 28 // hastipAla jAtaka yassa assa sakkhI maraNena rAja jarAya mettI naraviriyaseTTha / yo cApi jajjA sa marissaM kadAci, passe yyutaM vassasataM arogaM // 7 // mahAbhArata zva kAryamadya kurvIta, pUrvAhna cAparAhnikam / na hi pratIkSate mRtyuH, kRtamasya na vA kRtam // 15 / / ko hi jAnAti kasyAdya, mRtyukAlo bhaviSyati / abuddha evAkramate, mInAn mInagraho yathA // 15 // putrasyaitad vacaH zrutvA, yathA kArSIt pitA nRpH| tathA svamapi vartasva, satyadharma parAyaNaH // 36 // hastipAla jAtaka avamI brAhmaNo kAme, te tvaM paccAvamissasi / vantAdo puriso rAja, na so hoti pasaMsiyo // 18 / / purohiyaM taM sasuyaM sadAraM, soccA'bhinikkhamma phaaybhoe| kuDumba sAraM viuluttamaM taM, rAyaM abhikkhaM samavAya devI // 37 // vantAsI puriso rAyaM, na so hoi psNsio| mAhaNaNa pariccataM, dhaNaM AdAumicchasi // 38 // nAgo vva bandhaNaM chittA, idaM vatvA mahArAja, appaNo vatahiM ve| esukArI disampati / eyaM patthaM mahArAyaM ! raheM hitbAna pabaji, usuyAri tti me suyaM // 48 // nAgo chetvA va baMdhanaM // 20 // sarapenTiyara ne uttarAdhyayana kI 44-45 gAthA kI ora dhyAna Aka

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zramaNa kathAe~ 163 rSita karate hue likhA hai ki ina gAthAoM kA pratipAdya jAtaka ke aThArahaveM zloka meM pratipAdita kathA se jAna sakate haiN| saMkSepa meM kathA kA sArAMza isa prakAra hai purohita kA sampUrNa parivAra pravrajita ho gyaa| rAjA ne usakI virATa sampatti apane pAsa maMgavA lo| rAnI ko parijJAta hone para vaha samajhAne kA upakrama karane lgii| rAnI ne kasAI ke yahA~ se mAMsa maMgavAyA aura rAjaprAsAda meM use bikhera diyaa| sIdhe mArga ko chor3akara cAroM ora jAla lagavA diyaa| mAMsa ko nihAra kara giddha pakSI Aye, unhoMne khUba mA~sa khaayaa| jo giddha pakSI buddhimAn the, unhoMne jAla ko dekhA aura cintana karane lage-hama mAMsa khA-khAkara bahuta hI bhArI ho cuke haiM, jisase hama sIdhe AkAza meM ur3a nahIM sakeMge, unhoMne khAye hae mAMsa ko vamana kiyA aura halke hokara AkAza meM ur3a gaye / jo giddha buddhihIna the, unhoMne vamana kiye hue mAMsa ko bhI khA liyA aura atyanta bhArI ho gaye, jisase ve sIdhe ur3a nahIM sakate the| ve Ter3he ur3ane lage tathA jAla meM phaMsa gye| eka giddha ko lAkara anucaroM ne rAnI ko dikhaayaa| vaha rAjA ke sannikaTa pahu~cI aura usane jharokhA kholakara rAjA ne kahA-Apa bhI jarA tamAzA dekha / Aryaputra ! jo gIdha mAMsa khAkara punaH vamana kara rahe haiM, ve godha AkAza meM ur3e cale jA rahe haiM aura jo gIdha mAMsa khAkara vamana nahIM kase rahe haiM, ve mere dvArA lagAye gaye jAla meM phaMsa rahe haiM / / sarapenTiyara ne prastuta kathAnaka meM unapacAsa se tarepana taka kI gAthA ko mUla nahIM mAnA hai| unakA abhimata hai ki ve pA~ca gAthAyeM mala-kathA se sambandhita nahIM hai| sambhava hai, jaina kathAkAra ne bAda meM nirmANa kara yahA~ rakhA ho / para uttarAdhyayana ke vyAkhyA sAhitya meM isa sambandha meM kahIM bhI koI saMketa nahIM hai, ataH sarapenTiyara kA kathana kevala tarka para AdhArita hai, tathya para nhiiN| 1 jAtaka saMkhyA 506, pA~cavAM khaNDa, pRSTha 75. & The verses from 49 to the end of the chapter certainly do not telong to original legend, but must have been composed by the Jain author. - The Uttaradhyayana Sutra, p. 335.

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164 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA purANa sAhitya meM mArkaNDeya purANa meM prastuta prasaMga se sambandhita madhura saMvAda hai / eka bAra pakSiyoM se jaiminI ne prANiyoM ke janma Adi se sambandhita jijJAsAe~ prastuta kii| usa jijJAsA ke samAdhAna meM unhoMne pitA-putra kA eka saMvAda prastuta kiyaa| bhArgava nAmaka brAhmaNa kA putra sumati thaa| usane dharmatattva ko gaharAI se samajhA thaa| eka dina bhArgava ne putra se kahA-vatsa ! prathama vedoM ko par3hakara tathA gurujanoM kI sevA-zuzrUSA kara, gRhastha-jIvana sampanna kara, yajJa-yAga prabhRti kRtyoM se nivRtta hokara putroM ko janma dekara usake pazcAt saMnyAsa grahaNa karanA, pahale nhiiN|1 sumati ne nivedana kiyA--jina bAtoM ke lie Apa mujhe saMketa kara rahe haiN| maiMne pUrva bhI usakA aneka bAra abhyAsa kiyA hai| usake atirikta vividha prakAra ke zAstra aura zilpoM ko bhI maiMne aneka bAra par3hA hai, isalie mujhe yaha jJAta ho cukA hai ki vedoM se mujhe kyA prayojana hai| pUjyavara ! maiM isa virAT saMsAra meM bahuta hI paribhramaNa kara cukA hai| maiMne aneka bAra mAtA-pitA ke saMyoga aura viyoga kA bhI anubhava kiyaa| sukha aura duHkha ko bhI sahana kiyA hai, janma evaM mRtyu ke cakra meM caMkramaNa karate hue mujhe viziSTa jJAna huA hai / maiM apane lAkhoM pUrvajanmoM ko nihAra rahA huuN| mujhe mokSa prApta karAne vAlA jJAna samutpanna ho cukA hai| usa viziSTa jJAna ke kAraNa Rk, yaju, sAma, prabhRti vedoM ke kriyA-kalApa 5 vedAnadhItya sumate ! yathAnukrama mAditaH / guru zuzrUSaNevyagro, bhaikSAnnakRtabhojanam // tato gArhasthyamAsyAya ceSTvA yajJAnanuttamAn / iSTamutpAdayApatyamAzrayethA vanaM tataH // -mArkaNDeya purANa, 10/11,12 2 tAtaitad bahuzobhyastaM, yattvayAdyopadizyate / tathaivAnyAni zAstrANi, zilpAni vividhAni ca // ............ / utpannajJAnabodhasya, vedaiH kiM me prayojanama // -mArkaNDeya purANa, 10/16,17

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zramaNa kathAeM' 165 mujhe ucita jJAta nahIM hote haiN| mujhe utkRSTa jJAna prApta ho cukA hai| maiM nirIha haiM, vedoM se mujhe kyA pryojn| iso utkRSTa jJAna kI ArAdhanA aura sAdhanA se mujhe brahma kI prApti ho jAyegI / / pitA ne kahA-vatsa ! tU aisI bAteM kyoM kara rahA hai ? aisA pratIta hotA hai, kisI RSi yA deva kA zApa tujhe lagA hai| sumati ne kahAtAta ! pUrvajanma meM maiM eka brAhmaNa thaa| paramAtmA ke dhyAna meM maiM sadA tallIna rahatA thA / AtmavidyA ke vicAra mere meM pUrNa rUpa se vikasita ho cuke the| maiM sAdhanA meM sadA lagA rahatA, mujhe lAkhoM janmoM kI smRti ho AI hai| jAti-smaraNa jJAna kI prApti dharmatrayI meM rahe hue mAnava ko hotI hai, mujhe yaha jJAna pahale se hI prApta hai, aba maiM Atmamukti ke lie prayAsa kruuNgaa| pitA-putra kA saMvAda Age bddh'aa| putra pitA ke samakSa mRtyu-darzana upasthita karatA hai / yaha saMvAda prastuta kathAnaka meM Aye hue jaina kathAnaka se bahuta kucha milatA-julatA hai| isa saMvAda meM AtmajJAna aura vedajJAna ke tAratamya ko atyanta sundara DhaMga se prastuta kiyA hai| . vinTaranITja kA abhimata hai-mArkaNDeya purANa meM AyA huA yaha saMvAda bahuta kucha sambhava hai bauddha yA jaina paramparA kA rahA ho| usake (pazcAt mahAkAvya yA paurANika sAhitya meM sammilita kara liyA gayA ho| pa mujhe aisA pratIta hotA hai-yaha bahuta prAcInakAla se pracalita zramaNa-sAhitya -kA aMza rahA hogA aura usI se jaina, bauddha, mahAkAvyakAroM tathA purANarikAroM ne grahaNa kara liyA hogA / / 1 evaM saMsAra cakresmina, bhramatA tAta ! saMkaTe / jJAnametanmayAprApta, mokSasamprApti kArakam / / vijJAte yatra sarvo'yamRgjuH sAmasaMhitaH / kriyAkalApo viguNo. na samyaka pratibhAti me // tasmAdutpannabodhasya, vedaiH kiM meM prayojanama / guruvijJAnatRptasya, nirIhasya sadAtmanaH // -mArkaNDeyapurANa, 10/27, 28, 26 2 mArkaNDeyapurANa 10/34, 35 3 mArkaNDeya purANa, 10/37, 44 4 The Jainas in the History of Indian Literature, p. 7.

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jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA 166 Arya skandaka parivrAjaka bhagavatI sUtra zataka dUsare aura uddedezaka prathama meM skandaka parivrAjaka kA varNana AyA hai / vaidika paramparA kA 'parivrAjaka' zabda viziSTa artha ko liye hue hai / nirukta meM bhikSA se AjIvikA karane vAle sAdhu ko 'parivrAjaka ' mAnA hai / 1 DA0 rAjabalI pANDeya ne likhA hai- parivrAjaka cAroM ora bhramaNa karane vAlA saMnyAsI thA / vaha saMsAra se virakta tathA sAmAjika niyamoM se alaga-thalaga rahakara apanA sampUrNa samaya dhyAna, zikSaNa, cintana Adi meM vyatIta karatA thA / jaina Agama - sAhitya meM tathA uttaravartI sAhitya meM tApasa, parivrAjaka, saMnyAsI Adi vividha prakAra ke sAdhakoM kA savistRta varNana hai / aupapAtika, sUtrakRtAMga niyukti', piNDaniyukti', vRhatkalpabhASya' nizIthasUtra sabhASya cUrNi ', bhagavatI, AvazyakacUrNa', dhammapada aTThakathA ", lalita vistara 11, Adi granthoM ko nihArA jA sakatA hai / parivrAjaka zramaNa brAhmaNa dharma ke pratiSThita paNDita hote the / vaziSTha dharmasUtra ke ullekhAnusAra parivrAjaka ko apanA sira muNDita rakhanA, eka vastra va carmakhaNDa dhAraNa karanA, gAyoM ke lie lAI huI ghAsa se apane zarIra ko AcchAdita karanA aura use jamIna para zayana karanA caahie| 12 malAlasekara ne DiksanarI oNpha pAlI praoNpara nemsa Adi meM parivrAjaka 13 kI paribhASA prastuta kI hai / eka bAra zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra kRtaMgalA nAmaka nagarI meM padhAre 1 nirukta 1/14, vaidika koza 3 aupapAtika sUtra 38, pRSTha 172 se 176 2 hindU dharmakoza, pRSTha 360 - 361 4 sUtrakRtAMga niyukti 3/4/2, 3/4 pRSTha 64-65 5 piNDaniyukti gA. 314 7 nizItha sUtra sabhASya cUrNi bhAga 2 6 AvazyakacUrNi pRSTha 278 11 dIghanikAya aTTakathA - 1, pRSTha 270 13 (ka) vaziSTha dharmasUtra - 103-11 (kha) DiksanarI Apha pAlI propara nemsa, jilda 2, pRSTha 156 Adi- malAla sekara / ( ga ) mahAbhArata 12 / 160/3 6 bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 4, pRSTha 1170 bhagavatI sUtra 11 / 6 8 10 12 dhammapada aTThakathA-2, pRSTha 206 lalita vistara pRSTha- 248

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photo com zramaNa kathAe 167 aura chatrapalAza caitya meM virAje / bhagavAn ke pravacana ko sunane ke lie janasamUha umar3a pdd'aa| kRtaMgalA nagarI ke sannikaTa ho zrAvasto nAmaka nagara thaa| vahA~ 'kAtyAyana' parivrAjaka kA ziSya 'skandaka' parivrAjaka rahatA thA / vaha cAra veda, itihAsa, nighaMTa ora SaSTitaMtra (kApilIya zAstra) meM nipuNa thaa| sAtha hI gaNitazAstra, zikSAzAstra, AvArazAstra, vyAkaraNa zAstra, chanda zAstra, vyutpatti zAstra, jyotiSa zAstra, brAhmaNa, notizAstra va anya darzanoM meM pAraMgata thaa| vahA~ para 'piMgala' nAmaka nirgrantha zrAvaka rahatA thaa| usane skandaka parivrAjaka se AkSepAtmaka bhASA meM pUchA mAgadha ! yaha loka sAnta hai yA ananta hai ? jIva sAnta hai yA ananta hai ? siddhi sAnta hai yA ananta hai ? siddha sAnta hai yA ananta hai ? kisa prakAra kA maraNa pAkara jova saMsAra ko ghaTAtA aura bar3hAtA hai ? kyA tuma mere praznoM kA samAdhAna kara sakoge ? skandaka parivrAjaka praznoM ko sunate ho za kAzIla ho utthaa| use samajha meM nahIM AyA ki kyA uttara duuN| piMgala ne punaH punaH una praznoM ko doharAyA kintu uttara na Ane se skandaka socane lagA-isakA saho samAdhAna kyA ho sakatA hai ? usI samaya use jJAta haA-chatrapalAza udyAna meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA Agamana huA hai, ataH skandaka parivrAjaka tridaNDa, kuNDI, rudrAkSamAlA, mRtpAtra, Asana, pAtra pramArjana kA vastra khaNDa, trikASThikA, aMkuza, kuza ko mudrikA dhAraNa kara kRtaMgalA kI ora prasthita huaa| usa samaya bhagavAn mahAvIra ne gautama se kahA-tuma apane pUrva paricita ko dekhoge / gautama ko jijJAsA para bhagavAna ne kahA-piMgala nirgrantha ne skandaka se prazna pUche haiM, vaha unakA uttara nahIM de sakA,ataH tApasI upakaraNoM ko dhAraNa kara yahA~ Ane ke lie prasthita ho gayA hai / gautama ne punaH pUchA-bhagavan ! kyA vaha ApakA ziSya banegA? bhagavAn ne svIkRtisUcaka saMketa kiyaa| bhagavAn aura gautama kA vArtAlApa cala hI rahA thA ki gautama ko dUra se AtA huA skandaka parivrAjaka dikhAI diyA / gautama apane sthAna se uThe aura skandaka ke sAmane gaye aura madhura vANI meM bole-skandaka! tumhArA svAgata hai, susvAgata hai|

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198 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA anvAgata hai / he mAgadha ! yaha satya hai ki piMgala nAmaka nirgrantha zrAvaka ne Apase kucha prazna pUche jinake uttara Apa nahIM de ske| unake uttara pAne ke lie ApakA yahA~ Agamana huA hai / gaNadhara gautama ke dvArA apane mana kI bAta ko sunakara skandaka parivrAjaka ko bahuta hI Azcarya huaa| gautama ne kahA-mere dharmaguru, dharmoMpadezaka bhagavAna mahAvIra sarvajJa haiN| Apake mAnasika vicAroM se pUrNa paricita haiN| unhoMne hI mujhe batAyA ki Apa kisa uddezya se yahA~ Aye haiM ? calie, unheM zraddhAsnigdha hRdaya se vandana-namaskAra kiijie| skandaka ne bhagavAn ko vandana kiyaa| prabhu ne kahA-mAgadha ! zrAvastI meM rahane vAle piMgala nigraMtha ne tumhAre se 'loka, jIva, mokSa, siddha Adi sAnta haiM yA ananta' / isa prakAra prazna pUche the na ? skandaka-hA~, bhagavan ! pUche the| mahAvIra-dravya, kSetra, kAla, bhAva se yaha loka cAra prakAra kA hai| dravya dRSTi se eka aura sAnta hai, kSetra dRSTi se asaMkhya koTAkoTi yojana AyAma viSkambha vAlA hai| isakI paridhi asaMkhya koTAkoTi yojana hai| kAla kI dRSTi se kisI dina nahIM hotA hai, aisA nhiiN| kisI dina nahIM thA-aisA nahIM / kisI dina nahIM rahegA-aisA bhI nhiiN| vaha tInoM kAloM meM rahegA, vaha dhra va, zAzvata, niyata, akSaya, avyaya, avasthita aura nitya hai / bhAvadRSTi se vaha ananta varNa, gandha, rasa, sparzaparyava rUpa hai / ___skandaka ! dravya aura kSetra kI apekSA se yaha loka sAnta hai, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se ananta hai, isalie loka sAnta bhI hai aura ananta bhI hai| jIva ke sambandha meM bhI dravya, kSetra, kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se hI samajhA jaay| dravya kI apekSA se jIva eka aura sAnta hai| kSetra kI apekSA se vaha asaMkhyAta pradezI hai aura sAnta hai / kAla kI apekSA se vaha atIta meM thA, vartamAna meM hai aura bhaviSya meM rahegA / ataH nitya hai, usakA kabhI bhI anta nahIM hai| bhAva kI apekSA se vaha ananta jJAnaparyava rUpa hai, ananta darzanaparyava rUpa hai aura ananta guru-laghu paryavarUpa hai| isakA anta nahIM hai| isa prakAra skandaka ! dravya va kSetra kI apekSA se jIva anta-yukta hai evaM kAla aura bhAva kI apekSA se anta-rahita hai / isI prakAra mokSa bhI sAnta aura ananta hai / dravya kI dRSTi se mokSa

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zramaNa kathAe~ 166 eka aura sAnta hai| kSetra kI dRSTi se paiMtAlIsa lAkha yojana AyAma viSkambha vAlA hai| kAla kI dRSTi se yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA ki kisI dina mokSa nahIM thA, nahIM hai aura nahIM rhegaa| bhAva kI dRSTi se vaha antarahita hai| isa taraha dravya aura kSetra kI dRSTi se mokSa antayukta hai tathA kAla aura bhAva kI dRSTi se antarahita hai / skandaka ! isI taraha siddha ke sambandha meM bhI tumheM samajhanA caahie| dravya kI dRSTi se siddha eka hai aura anta-yukta hai| kSetra kI dRSTi se siddha asaMkhya pradeza avagAr3ha hone para bhI anta-yukta hai| kAla kI dRSTi se siddha kI Adi to hai para anta nhiiN| bhAva kI dRSTi se jJAna-darzana paryavarUpa hai aura usakA anta nhiiN| maraNa ke sambandha meM bhI tumhAre antarmAnasa meM vikalpa hai ki kisa maraNa se saMsAra bar3hatA hai tathA kisa maraNa se saMsAra ghaTatA hai / maraNa ke do prakAra haiM-bAla-maraNa aura paNDita-maraNa ! bAla-maraNa ke bAraha prakAra haiM tathA paNDita ke pAdapopagamana aura bhakta pratyAkhyAna ye do prakAra haiM evaM avAntara bheda bhI aneka haiN| paNDita-maraNa se saMsAra ghaTatA hai aura bAlamaraNa se saMsAra bar3hatA hai| isa prakAra sabhI praznoM ke uttara sunakara skandaka parivrAjaka AlhAdita huA, usane dIkSita hone ko bhAvanA vyakta kI / prabhu ne use jainezvarI dIkSA dI aura jJAna-dhyAna kI sAdhanA se skandaka parivrAjaka karmoM ko naSTa kara mukta huaa| prastuta kathAnaka se jJAta hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya isa prakAra ke prazna pratyeka vyakti ke mastiSka meM cakkara kATa rahe the / aneka parivrAjaka, saMnyAsI aura zramaNa ina praznoM para cintana-manana karate kintu sahI samAdhAna ke abhAva meM idhara-udhara mUrdhanya manISiyoM se va dharma-pravartakoM se samAdhAna pAne ke lie ghUmate rahate the| tathAgata buddha ke pAsa isa prakAra ke prazna lekara koI jAtA to buddha avyAkRta kahakara unheM TAlane kA prayAsa karate the|1 kintu bhagavAna mahAvIra aise praznoM para kabhI bhI mauna nahIM hote, 1 tathAgata buddha ne jina praznoM ko avyAkRta kahA, ve ye haiM 1 kyA loka zAzvata hai ? 2 kyA loka ananta hai ? 3 kyA loka azAzvata hai ? 4 kyA jIva aura zarIra eka haiM ? (zeSa pRSTha 200 para)

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200 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ve usakA saTIka uttara dete jisase sAdhaka yathArtha satyatathya ko jAnakara sAdhanA ke patha para bar3ha jAtA / yahA~ eka prazna cintanIya hai- skandaka parivrAjaka vaidika paramparA kA anuyAyI thA phira usane dharma parivartana kyoM kiyA ? uttara meM nivedana hai - yaha jAti parivartana nahIM kintu vicAra- parivartana hai / bhAratIya jAti meM vicAra- parivartana kI pUrNa svatantratA thI / skandaka, ambaDa Adi aneka parivrAjaka jo prabhu mahAvIra ke pAsa pravrajita hue the, yaha parivartana svayaM ke vicAra evaM ruci ke anusAra huA thA / sambhava hai isI taraha jaina, bauddha aura AjIvaka bhI vaidika dharma meM dIkSita hue hoN| yaha na to jAti-parivartana thA aura na rASTrIya cetanA meM hI parivartana thA / yaha kArya vicAraparivartana taka hI sImita thA / isIlie sabhI dharma vAle isa parivartana ko binA roka Toka ke svIkAra karate the / Aja jo dharma parivartana kA daura druta gati se bar3ha rahA hai, vaha vicAra parivartana nahIM kintu jAti parivartana hai aura arthatantra para AdhRta hai / jisase pArasparika saMgharSa kI sthiti utpanna hotI hai / pudgala parivrAjaka bhagavatI sUtra, zataka gyAraha aura uddezaka bAraha meM pudgala parivrAjaka kA varNana AyA hai| eka bAra bhagavAn mahAvIra AlaMbhikA nagarI ke zaMkhavana udyAna meM padhAre / zaMkhavana udyAna ke pAsa 'pudgala parivrAjaka' rahatA thA / use vibhaMgajJAna huA jisase vaha pA~caveM brahma devaloka meM rahe hue devoM ko sthiti jAnane lagA 'mujhe atizaya jJAna utpanna huA hai / ' devoM kI jaghanya sthiti dasa hajAra varSa tathA utkRSTa dasa sAgaropama kI hai / usa ke Age deva aura devaloka nahIM hai / sAre nagara meM yaha carcA phaila gaI / bhagavAna ne kahA- pudgala parivrAjaka kA kathana asatya hai / maiM kahatA hU~ - devoM (pRSTha 166 kA zeSa ) 5 kyA loka antamAna haiM ? 6 kyA jIva aura zarIra bhinna haiM ? 7 kyA marane ke bAda tathAgata nahIM hote ? 8 kyA marane ke bAda tathAgata hote bhI haiM aura nahIM bhI hote ? kyA marane ke bAda tathAgata na hote haiM aura na nahIM hote haiM / - majjhimanikAya cUlamAlukya sutta 63. dIghanikAya poTThapAda sutta 1 / 6.

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201 kI jaghanya sthiti dasa hajAra varSa kI hai evaM utkRSTatama sthiti tetIsa sAgaropama kI hai / pudgala parivrAjaka ne AlaMbhikA nagarI ke nivAsiyoM se yaha bAta suno| use apane jJAna para saMzaya huA jisase usakA vibhaMgajJAna naSTa ho gayA / vaha apane dharmopakaraNa lekara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAsa AyA / mahAvIra se zaMkAoM kA nivAraNa kiyA aura samAdhAna hone para vaha zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana meM pravrajita huA tathA karmoM kA anta kara siddhi prApta kI / zramaNa ka dharmakathAnuyoga meM 'moggala parivvAyage' zabda diyA hai / paM0 becaradAsa jI dozI ne bhI 'moggala' zabda kA hI prayoga kiyA hai aura 'poggala' ko unhoMne pAThAntara meM diyA hai| jabaki sailAnA saMskaraNa, jaina vizvabhAratIlADanUM saMskaraNa dvaya meM 'poggala parivvAyaga' zabda ko hI pramukhatA dI hai / ziva rAjarSi bhagavatI sUtra, zataka gyAraha, uddezaka no meM mahAvIra tortha meM hue ziva rAjarSi kA nirUpaNa huA hai / hastinApura nagara meM 'ziva' nAmaka rAjA thA aura usakI 'dhAriNI' paTarAnI thii| rAtri ke tRtIya prahara meM use yaha adhyavasAya utpanna huA ki merA putra bar3A ho gayA hai, maiM use rAjya kA kAryabhAra sauMpakara 'dizAprokSaka' prabrajyA grahaNa karU / tadanusAra usane pravrajyA grahaNa kI aura yaha abhigraha grahaNa kiyA - yAvajjIvana nirantara bele - bele kI tapasyA dvArA 'dik cakravAla tapa karma se donoM hAtha U~ce rakhakara mujhe rahanA kalpatA hai / ' isa prakAra ugra abhigraha dhAraNa kara prathama bele kI tapasyA ke pAraNe ke dina 'ziva rAjarSi' AtApanA bhUmi se nIce utaratA hai tathA valkala ke vastra dhAraNa kara bA~sa kI chabar3I aura kAvar3a ko lekara pahale pUrva dizA ke soma mahArAjA se AjJA letA hai aura pUrva dizA meM rahe hue kanda, mula, phala, chAla, patra, puSpa Adi vanaspati grahaNa karatA hai / punaH kAvar3a nIce rakhakara usane vedikA kA parimArjana kiyA aura lopa kara use zuddha kiyA / phira str aura kalaza hAtha meM lekara gaMgA nadI para AyA, usameM DubakI lagAI phira jhauMpar3I meM Akara DAbha, kuza aura bAlukA se vedikA kA nirmANa kiyA / araNI kI lakar3I ko ghisakara agni prajvalita kI, agni ke dAhinI ora sAta vastuoM ko rakhA / sakathA ( upakaraNa vizeSa ), valkala,

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202 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA dIpa, zayyA ke upakaraNa, kamaMDala, daNDa aura svayaM kA zarIra / madhu, ghRta, cAvala dvArA agni meM homa kara vaizvadeva kI arcanA kii| atithi kI pUjA karake AhAra grahaNa kiyaa| dUsarI bAra usI taraha dakSiNa, pazcima aura uttara sabhI lokapAloM kI AjJA lekara vaha pAraNA karatA / dikacakravAla tapa AtApanA, prakRti kI bhadratA Adi se ziva rAjarSi ko vibhaMgajJAna huA jisase vaha sAta dvIpa aura sAta samudra ko dekhane lge| unhoMne yaha udghoSaNA kI - loka meM sAta dvIpa aura sAta samudra hI haiM / bhagavAn mahAvIra hastinApura nagarI ke udyAna meM padhAre / indrabhUti gautama ne ziva rAjarSi kI atizaya jJAna kI carcA sunI, unhoMne bhagavAn mahAvIra se nivedana kiyA- bhagavan ! satya kyA hai ? prabhu ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA - ziva rAjarSi kA kathana mithyA hai / jambUdvIpa Adi sabhI vRttAkAra hai / vistAra meM eka dUsare se dugune haiM tathA asaMkhyAta dvIpa aura asaMkhyAta samudra haiN| ziva rAjarSi ne bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vaha bAta sunI, to use apane jJAna ke prati saMzaya paidA huaa| vaha bhagavAna ke pAsa pahu~ca kara, sahI samAdhAna pAkara prabuddha huA, usane pravrajyA grahaNa kara aMgoM kA adhyayana kiyA / karmoM ko naSTa kara siddha, buddha aura mukta huA / skandaka parivrAjaka, pudgala parivrAjaka tathA ziva rAjarSi ye tInoM vaidika paramparA ke parivrAjaka zramaNa paramparA ko grahaNa karate haiM aura sAtha hI usa yuga ke jvalanta prazna, jo jana-mAnasa meM ghUma rahe the aura sahI samAdhAna nahIM hone se jana-mAnasa vikSubdha banA huA thA, una praznoM kA sarvajJa, sarvadarzI bhagavAn mahAvIra spaSTa rUpa se samAdhAna karate haiM / kathA ke mAdhyama se dArzanika cintana ko prastuta kiyA gayA hai / yahI ina tInoM kathAoM kI vizeSatA hai / udAyana rAjA bhagavatIsUtra, zataka teraha aura uddezaka chaha meM mahAvIra tIrtha meM hue rAjA udAyana kA kathAnaka AyA hai / sindhu sauvIra deza meM 'vItabhaya' nAmaka nagara thA / vahA~ kA rAjA 'udAyana' thA / eka rAtri ko pauSadha karate hue usake antarmAnasa meM ye vicAra udbuddha hue ki yadi bhagavAna mahAvIra yahA~ padhAreM to maiM apane putra ko rAjya dekara zramaNa bana jAU~ / bhagavAn mahAvIra ugra vihAra karate hue vItabhaya nagara meM padhAre / udAyana bahuta hI prasanna huA / usane bhagavAn se

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zramaNa kathAe~ 203 nivedana kiyA-bhagavan ! merI dIkSA grahaNa karane kI bhAvanA hai| putra ko rAjya sauMpakara dIkSita hone ke lie maiM ApazrI ke caraNoM meM upasthita na hoU~, vahA~ taka Apa vihAra na kreN| mahAvIra ne kahA---dharma-kArya meM pramAda mata karanA / vaha cintana karane lagA-yadi putra ko rAjya dUMgA to vaha rAjya meM Asakta ho jAegA aura dIrghakAla taka saMsAra meM paribhramaNa kregaa| maiM usake saMsAra-paribhramaNa kA nimitta banUMgA / ataH putra ko rAjya na dekara apane bhAnaje kezI ko rAjya dUM jisase putra bhI surakSita rhegaa| rAjA ne apane vicAra ko AcAra meM pariNata kara diyaa| udAyana bar3e samAroha ke sAtha abhiniSkramita huaa| usane prabhu ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kii| dIkSA ke pazcAt duSkara tapa kI ArAdhanA karate hue ve atyanta kRza ho gaye / zArIrika zakti kSINa hone ke ve rugNa rahane lge| jaba roga ne ugra rUpa dhAraNa kiyA to dhyAna, svAdhyAya Adi meM vighna upasthita hone lgaa| vaidya ke parAmarza se udAyana rAjarSi ne gokala meM rahakara dadhi Adi kA upayoga kiyA, jisase ve pUrNa svastha hue| bhagavatI meM itanA hI varNana hai, kintu AvazyakacUNi tathA anya vyAkhyA sAhitya meM ullekha hai ki eka samaya rAjarSi udAyana vihAra karate hue vItabhaya nagara meM padhAre / rAjA kezo ko mantriyoM ne kahA- ApakA rAjya chInane ke lie rAjarSi pUnaH nagara meM Aye haiM ataH Apako saceta ho jAnA cAhie / Rddha hokara rAjA kezI ne yaha udghoSaNA karavA dImani ko rahane ke lie sthAna na deN| rAjarSi ko nagara meM kahIM bhI sthAna nahIM milaa| anta meM eka kumbhakAra ke vahA~ para unhoMne vizrAma liyaa| rAjA ke zI ne rAjarSi ko maravAne ke lie AhAra meM jahara milA diyA para mahArAnI prabhAvatI, jo devI banI huI thI, usane unako ubAra liyaa| devI ko anupasthiti meM viSa-mizrita AhAra rAjarSi ke pAtra meM A gyaa| unhoMne anAsakta bhAva se usa AhAra ko grahaNa kiyA, jisase zarIra meM viSa phaila gyaa| rAjarSi ne anazana kiyA, kevalajJAna prApta kara mokSa kI prApti kii| rAjarSi ke mokSa-gamana se devI, nAgarikoM aura rAjA para atyanta kruddha huii| usane dhUli kI varSA kI, sAre nagara ko dhUla se AcchAdita kara diyA / kevala kumbhakAra bacA kyoMki vaha rAjarSi kA zayyAtara thaa| devI

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204 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kumbhakAra ko sinapallI le gaI aura usa sthAna kA nAma 'kumbhakArapakkheva' rakhA gayA / 1 bauddha sAhitya meM udAyana bauddha sAhitya avadAna kalpalatA va divyAvadAna' meM bhI rAjA udAyata kA varNana hai / cUrNi sAhitya meM udAyana kA nAma 'udrAyaNa' prApta hotA hai / " vaise hI avadAna kalpalatA meM 'udrAyaNa' aura divyAvadAna meM 'rudrAyaNa' nAma prApta hote haiM / donoM hI paramparA use siMdhu sauvIra deza kA rAjA mAnatI haiM para rAjadhAnI ke nAma meM antara hai / jaina sAhitya meM rAja'dhAnI kA nAma 'votabhaya' hai to bauddha sAhitya meM usakA nAma 'roruka' diyA hai / donoM hI paramparA ke anusAra usakI mahArAnI svarga se Akara use pratibuddha karatI hai / rAjA udayana kA bhagavAn mahAvIra tathA buddha ke samparka meM Ane kA varNana pRthak-pRthak rUpa se milatA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra svayaM sindhu sauvIra deza meM padhArate haiM aura rAjA ko dIkSA pradAna karate haiM, jabaki tathAgata buddha use magadha meM Ane para dIkSA dete haiN| donoM hI paramparAoM ke anusAra muni udAyana jaba apanI rAjadhAnI meM jAte haiM, vahA~ para duSTa amAtya rAjA ko bhramita kara dete haiM aura rAjarSi kA vadha karavA dete haiM / rAjA dIkSA lene ke pUrva apanA rAjya jaina dRSTi se apane bhAnaje kezI ko detA hai to bauddha dRSTi se apane putra zikhaNDI ko rAjya detA hai / donoM hI paramparAoM 1. ( ka ) siNavallIe kumbhakArapakkhevaM nAma paTTaNaM tassa nAmeNaM jAtaM / (kha) soya avaharito aNavarAhiMtti kAuM siNavallIe / kumbhakAravekkho nAma paTTaNaM tassa nAmeNaM kathaM // (ga) zayyAtaraM munestasya kumbhakAraM nirAgasam / sAsurI sinapalyAM prAg ninye hRtvA tataH puram // tasya nAmnA kumbhakAra kRtamityAhvayaM puram / tatra sA vidadhe ki vA divya zakterna gocaraH // 2. avadAna 40 4. uddAyaNa rAyA, tAvaso bhatto. - AvazyakacaNi uu -uttarA0 a0 18. - uttarA0 bhAvavijaya kI TIkA, patra 387-2. 3. divyAvadAna 37. - AvazyakacUNi, pUrvArdha, patra 366.

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zramaNa kathAe~ 205 kI dRSTi se rAjA udAyana arhat banakara nirvANa prApta karate haiM aura devI prakopa se nagara dhUlisAt ho jAtA hai / / udAyana kI kathA bhagavatI meM vistAra se prApta hai| uttarAdhyayana meM bhI usakA saMkSepa meM ullekha huA hai| cUNi va anya TIkA sAhitya meM yaha kathA AI hai / bhagavatI kI dRSTi se udAyana kA putra abhIcikumAra nirgrantha dharma kA upAsaka thaa| pitA ke dvArA rAjya na milane se usake mana meM vidroha kI bhAvanA paidA huI aura vaha asurayoni meM utpanna huaa| bauddha sAhitya meM prastuta kathAnaka jaina kathAnaka se bAda meM AyA hai| kyoMki rudrAyaNAvadAna prakaraNa pAlI sAhitya meM nahIM hai aura na hInayAna paramparA ke anya kathA sAhitya meM hI hai| avadAna kalpalatA aura divyAvadAna ye donoM mahAyAna paramparA ke grantha haiN| ye saMskRta meM haiM aura uttarakAlIna hai / eka vyakti donoM hI paramparA meM dIkSA lekara mokSa prApta kare, yaha sambhava nahIM hai / sambhava hai jaina sAhitya meM AI huI prastuta kathA ko bauddha sAhityakAroM ne apanAyA ho| kyoMki rAjA bimbisAra aura udAyana kA maitrI-sambandha bhI usI taraha se karAyA gayA hai jaise jaina paramparA meM abhayakumAra aura ArdrakakumAra kaa| hamArI dRSTi se rAjarSi udAyana jaina paramparA kA hI parama upAsaka rahA / sambhavataH usake tejasvI vyaktitva se prabhAvita hokara bAda meM bauddha sAhityakAroM ne use apane sAhitya meM sthAna diyA ho / jinapAlita aura jinarakSita jJAtAdharmakathA, zru taskandha prathama,adhyayana nau meM mahAvIra tIrtha meM hae jinapAlita jinarakSita kA varNana hai / jinapAlita aura jinarakSita mAdI sArthavAha ke putra the aura campA ke nivAsI the| unhoMne aneka bAra samudrayAtrA kii| jaba bhI unake antarmAnasa meM yAtrA kA vicAra AtA, ve cala 1. bauddha sAhitya divyAvadAna rudrAyaNAvadAna 37 2. bhagavatI zataka 13, udda06 3. sovIrarAyavasabho caittANaM muNI cre| udAyaNo pavvaio, patto gaimaNu ttaraM / -uttarA0 18/48 4. AvazyakacUNi pUrvArdha __5. bhagavatI zataka 13, udde0 6 6. divyAvadAna-sampAdaka pI0 ela0 vaidya - prastAvanA / 7. dekhie Ardra kakumAra kA prsNg|

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206 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA par3ate / unakI yAtrA kA uddezya vyApAra thaa| nirantara saphalatA prApta hone se unakA sAhasa bar3ha gyaa| jaba ve bArahavIM bAra samudra yAtrA ke lie sannaddha hue to mAtA-pitA ne inkAra karate hue kahA-hamAre pAsa itanA vaibhava hai ki sAta pIr3hI taka bhI vaha samApta nahIM ho sakatA / ataH bArahavIM yAtrA sthagita kara do| jabAnI ke joza meM pUtra nahIM mAne aura yAtrA ke lie cala pdd'e| naukAe~ samudra meM Age bar3ha rahI thiiN| AkAza meM meghoM kI bhayaMkara garjanA hone lagI, bijaliyA~ kauMdhane lagI tathA bhayaMkara A~dhI ne raudra rUpa dhAraNa kiyaa| una donoM kA yAna usa A~dhI meM pha~sakara chinna-bhinna ho gyaa| mAtA-pitA kI bAta na mAna kara apane haTha para kAyama rahane kA duSpariNAma ve bhoga cuke the| eka TUTe hue pATiyA ke sahAre ve samudra meM tira rahe the / jisa pradeza meM ve pahu~ce vaha ratna dvIpa thaa| ratnadevI unake pAsa paheMcI aura unase bhoga kI yAcanA kii| koI vikalpa nahIM hone se ve usakI icchA tRpta karane lage / eka bAra ratnadevI ne jAte hue jinapAla aura jinarakSita ko tIna dizAoM ke vanakhaNDoM meM jAne kI anumati dI kintu dakSiNa dizA ke vanakhaNDa meM jAne kA niSedha kiyaa| devI ke manA karane para bhI ve udhara hI cala pdd'e| unhoMne vahA~ eka vyakti ko zUlI para chaTapaTAte hue dekhaa| pUchane para usane apanI karuNa kahAnI kahI-devI ke kAraNa hI merI yaha sthiti huI hai ! mAkandIputroM kA hRdaya kA~pa utthaa| usa vyakti ne zailaka yakSa ke pAsa jAne kA saMketa kiyaa| ve donoM zelaka yakSa ke pAsa pahu~ce / para usane zarta rakhI-ratnadevI ke pralobhana meM tuma A gaye to maiM tumheM samudra meM girA duuNgaa| jo pralobhana meM nahIM AyegA, use sakuzala pahu~cA duuNgaa| ratnadevI apane jJAna se jAnakara vahA~ AI / jina pAlita avicala rahA kintu jinarakSita usake anurAga meM anurakta ho gyaa| yakSa ne use pITha se girA diyA aura ratnadevI ne usake Tukar3e-Tukar3e kara diye| jinapAlita apane lakSya-sthala para pahu~ca gyaa| isI prakAra jo sAdhaka apanI sAdhanA se vicalita nahIM hotA, vaha mokSa ko prApta karatA hai / prastuta kathAnaka se milatA-julatA kathAnaka bauddha sAhitya ke 'valAhasa-jAtaka' tathA 'divyAvadAna' meM bhI hai / tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki donoM kathAnakoM meM paramparA ke bheda se antara avazya hai para kathAnakoM ke mUla tatva prAyaH milate-julate haiN| zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAvana upadeza ko zravaNa kara jinapAlita zramaNa dharma ko svIkAra karatA hai aura utkRSTa tapa-japa kI ArAdhanA dvArA apanI AtmA ko bhAvita

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zramaNa kathAe~ 207 buddha karate hue saudharma devaloka meM deva banakara mahA videha kSetra meM siddha, aura mukta banatA hai / kAlAtyaveSi aNagAra kAlAsya veSi aNagAra bhagavAna pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke the / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke samaya hajAroM pAzrvapitya zramaNa vicarate the / usameM kAlAsyaveSi putra aNagAra bhI the| unake antarmAnasa meM yaha prazna udbuddha huA ki hamAre meM aura bhagavAna mahAvIra ke sthaviroM meM kyA antara hai ? unhoMne sAmAyika Adi ke sambandha meM sthaviroM se pUchA / uttara pAkara ve atyanta santuSTa hue aura pAzrvApatya ke cAturyAma dharma ko chor3akara bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zAsana ko svIkAra kiyA / ( bhagavatI 1 / u0 6 ) udaka peDhAla sUtrakRtAMga zrutaskandha dvitIya, adhyayana sAtaveM meM udaka peDhAla kA varNana hai / rAjagRhI kA upanagara nAlandA thA / vahA~ 'leva' nAmaka zramaNopAsaka thaa| usakI 'zeSadravikA' udakazAlA thI / prophesara DaoN0 harmana jaikobI' ne tathA gopAladAsa paTela ne udakazAlA kA artha 'snAna gRha' kiyA hai | AcArya hemacandra ne 'prapA' (pyAU ) artha kiyA hai / " zatAvadhAnI ratnacandra jI mahArAja ne bho yahI artha kiyA 14 | pArzvapattIya sannikaTa Thahare unake praznoM ke 1 gautama gaNadhara eka bAra udakazAlA meM Thahare hue the tArya gotrIya peDhAlaputra udaka nAmaka nirgrantha bhI usI ke hue the / ve gaNadhara gautama se vividha praznottara karate haiM / mukhya do uddezya the - pahalA zramaNopAsaka dvArA grahaNa kiyA jAne vAlA trasavadha pratyAkhyAna duSpratyAkhyAna hai kyoMki usakA pAlana sambhava nahIM hai / trasa jIva marakara sthAvara ho jAte haiM aura sthAvara jIva marakara trasa ho jAte haiM / aisI sthiti meM trasa sthAvara kA nizcaya karanA kaThina hotA hai, ataH trasa ke sthAna para 'trasabhUta' zabda kA prayoga honA caahie| trasabhUta 1 sekreDa buksa oNva di IsTa, vAlyUma 45 / 2 'mahAvIrano saMyamadharma' (gujarAtI) pRSTha 127 / 3 abhidhAna cintAmaNi koSa, bhUmikANDa, zloka 67 / 4 ardhamAgadhI koSa, bhAga 2, pRSTha 218 | - pro0 DA0 harmana jekobI -gopAladAsa paTela - AcArya hemacandra - zatAvadhAnI ratnacandrajI mahArAja

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208 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kA artha hai - vartamAna meM jo jIva trasa paryAya meM hai, usakI hiMsA kA pratyAkhyAna karanA / unakA dUsarA uddezya thA -- sabhI trasa yadi kadAcit sthAvara ho jAyeMge to zramaNopAsaka kA savadha pratyAkhyAna nirarthaka evaM nirviSaya ho jAyegA / gaNadhara gautama ne aneka yuktiyoM aura dRSTAntoM ke dvArA unake praznoM kA samAdhAna kiyA / anta meM udaka nirgrantha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke caraNoM meM sva-samarpaNa karake paMca mahAvrata rUpa dharma svIkAra karate haiM / isakA bar3A hI rocaka varNana isa kathAnaka meM hai / prastuta kathAnaka se yaha bhI patA lagatA hai ki gaNadhara gautama apanI prakRSTa pratibhA se gahanatama samasyAoM kA bhI saralatama samAdhAna karane meM pUrNa dakSa the / nandIphala jJAtAsUtra zrutaskaMdha prathama adhyayana pandrahaveM meM prastuta prasaMga AyA hai | dhanya sArthavAha campA kA bahuta bar3A vyApArI thA / vaha mAla lekara ahichatrA nagarI jAne kA vicAra karane lagA / vyApAra samAjasevA kA eka mAdhyama hai / pratyeka deza meM pratyeka vastu nahIM hotI aura na pratyeka deza meM kalAoM kA vikAsa hI hotA hai / isalie vyApAra ke dvArA AyAta aura niryAta kiyA jAtA hai / kitanI hI vastueM kitane hI pradezoM meM itanI adhika mAtrA meM hotI haiM ki jana-samUha unakA upabhoga nahIM kara pAtA tathA usa utpAdana kA unheM ucita mUlya nahIM mila pAtA hai / usa kSetra meM vaha vastu nirarthaka bana jAtI hai| una vastuoM kA abhAva dUsare deza -nivAsiyoM ko khaTakatA rahatA hai / AyAta aura niryAta hone se samasyA kA sahI samAdhAna ho jAtA hai / utpAdakoM ko yogya pArizramika milatA hai aura AvazyakatA kI pUrti ho jAne se sabhI kA jIvana zAnti ke sAgara para tairane lagatA hai / AyAta-niryAta kA uttaradAyitva vaNik varga para thA / vaNik varga meM hI eka varga 'sArthavAha' kahalAtA thA / vaha kuzala vyApArI hotA thA, aneka logoM ko lekara eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna para jAtA thA / asa hAya vyaktiyoM ke lie vaha mer3hIbhUta hotA thA / dhanya zra eSThI aisA hI sArthavAha thA / vaha apane sAtha bahuta sAre vyApAriyoM ko lekara jA rahA thA, vikaTa aTavI meM jaba sArthavAha pahu~cA to vahA~ para aise viSa vRkSa the, jisake phala, patte, chAla chUne para, cakhane para aura sU~ghane para atyanta madhura lagate the, para unakI chAyA hI prANoM kA apaharaNa karane vAlI thI / ataH dhanya sArthavAha ne, jo una vRkSoM se paricita thA, usane sArtha ko cetAvanI dI ki

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zramaNa kathAe~ 206 koI bhI ina vRkSoM se sannikaTa na jaaye| jina vyaktiyoM ne usake kathanAnusAra kArya kiyA, ve sakazala rahe aura jo una vRkSoM ke varNa, gaMdha, rasAdi meM Asakta ho gaye, ve mRtyu ke zikAra hue| saMsAra bhayAnaka aTavI hai / jo indriyoM ke viSayoM meM Asakta hote haiM, ve dIrghakAla paryanta saMsAra kI vividha vyathAyeM bhogate haiM, ataH sAdhaka ko unase bacane kA saMketa hai| jJAtAsUtra meM una jaharIle phaloM kA nAma 'nandI phala' diyA hai / 1 uttarAdhyayana tathA anya sthAnoM para 'kipAka phala' diyA hai| kiMpAkaphala atyanta svAdu hotA thaa| uttarAdhyayana bRhadvRtti meM bhI yaha ullekha hai| viSa vRkSoM kA ullekha Agama sAhitya meM hI nahIM kintu Adhunika anusandhitsuoM ne bhI aise vRkSoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| AsTreliyA meM eka vicitra vanaspati hai, jisakI DAloM meM zera ke paMjoM ke sadRzya bar3e-bar3e kAMTe hote haiM / yadi koI bhUla se ghor3e para baiThakara udhara se nikale to ve DAleM usa ghor3e para baiThe hue vyakti ko usI taraha se uThA letI hai jaise bAja pakSI choTI cir3iyoM ko uThA letA hai aura vaha vRkSa usa mAnava kA AhAra kara letA hai / amerikA ke uttarI kairolInA rAjya meM 'vInasa plAiTrapa' paudhA pAyA jAtA hai / usa vRkSa para koI bhI kIr3A yA pataMgA baiThatA hai to pattA tatkAla banda ho jAtA hai| jaba paudhA usakA rakta, mAMsa sokha letA hai, taba pattA khula jAtA hai aura kIr3e kA sUkhA zarIra nIce gira jAtA hai| isI taraha 'pAcara plAnTa', rena heTaTrampaTa, vaTara-vArTa, sanaDyU, upasa, Taca-mI-nATa Adi aneka mAMsAhArI vRkSa haiM, jo jIvita kIr3oM ko pakar3ane aura bhakSaNa karane kI kalA meM dakSa haiM / isase yaha siddha hai ki Agama yuga meM isa prakAra ke vRkSa hote the, isameM kisI bhI prakAra kA sandeha nahIM haiM, kyoMki Adhunika yuga meM bhI isa prakAra ke vRkSa milate haiN| 1 jJAtAsUtra, zrutarakandha 1, adhya. 15 2 uttarAdhyayana, adhya. 16, gAthA 17 3 kimpAko-vRkSavizeSaratasya phalAnyatIva susvAdUni / --uttarAdhyayana bRhadvRtti, patra 445 4 muni zrI hajArImala smRti graMtha : jaina darzana aura vijJAna, le0 kanhaiyAlAla loDhA, pRSTha 330

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210 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA dhanya sArthavAha jJAtAdharmakathA ke prathama zrutaskandha ke aThAharaveM adhyayana meM dhanya sArthavAha kA kathAnaka AyA hai| dhanya sArthavAha kI putrI suSamA thii| usakI dekhabhAla ke lie 'cilAta' dAsI-putra ko niyukta kiyA gyaa| vaha atyanta ucchRkhala thaa| zreSTho ne use nikAla diyaa| vaha vyasanoM kA dAsa bana gayA aura taskarAdhipati bhii| bAlyakAla se hI vaha suSamA ko pyAra karatA thA, ataH usane suSamA kA apaharaNa kiyaa| zreSThI aura usake pUtroM ne usakA pIchA kiyaa| aTavI meM cilAta ke dvArA mArI gaI sUSamA kI mRta deha unheM prApta huii| ve kaI dinoM se bhUkhe aura pyAse the / anya koI bhI khAdya padArtha upalabdha nahIM thA, ataH unhoMne usa mRta deha kA bhakSaNa kara apane prANoM kI rakSA kii| unheM usa AhAra ke prati kicit mAtra bhI Asakti nahIM thii| vaise hI zramaNa aura zramaNiyA~ saMyama nirvAha ke lie AhAra grahaNa karate haiM / AhAra kA lakSya saMyama-sAdhanA hai / ___ bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya meM bhI isI taraha mRta-kanyA kA mAMsa-bhakSaNa kara jIvita rahane kA ullekha hai / / visuddhimagga aura zikSA samuccaya meM bhI bauddha zramaNoM ko isa taraha AhAra lenA cAhie. yaha batAyA gayA hai / manusmRti, ApastambadharmasUtra vAsiSTha bodhAyana dharmasUtra Adi meM saMnyAsiyoM kI AhAra sambandhI carcA bhI isI prakAra milatI-julatI hai| prastuta kathAnaka se yaha bhI parijJAta hotA hai ki mahAvIra yuga meM taskaroM ke dvArA aisI maMtrazakti kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA, jisase saMgIna se saMgIna tAle bhI maMtra zakti se khula jAte the| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki usa yuga meM tAle Adi kA upayoga dhana Adi kI rakSA ke lie hotA thaa| videzI yAtrI megAsthanIja', hyaenatsAMga athavA yUvAna cvAGa ( 600-64 I0), phAhyAna prabhRti yAtriyoM ne apane yAtrA-vivaraNoM meM likhA hai-bhArata meM koI bhI vyakti tAle Adi kA upayoga nahIM karatA thA, para Agama sAhitya meM tAle Adi kA jo varNana milatA hai, vaha anusandhitsuoM ke lie anveSaNIya hai| 1 saMyuktanikAya 2, pRSTha 67 / 2 Apastambadharma sUtra 24613 / 3 vAsiSTha06 : 20,21. 4 bodhAyana dharmasUtra 27.31.32 / 5 'tAlugghoDaNivijja'-jJAtAsUtra, prathama zruta0, adhyayana 18 /

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kAlodAyI agagAra bhagavatI zataka 7 uddezaka 10 meM kAlodAyI kA kathAnaka hai jo mahAcIra ke tIrtha meM hue the / rAjagRhI ke guNazolaka udyAna ke sannikaTa anyatIrthI rahate the| kAlodAyI, zailodAyI, zaivAlodAyI udaya, nAmodaya, naramodaya, anyapAlaka, zailapAlaka, zaMkhapAlaka aura suhasti gRhapati Adi / ve paraspara vArtAlApa karane lge| bha0 mahAvIra dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, pudgalAstikAya aura jIvAstikAya ina pA~coM dravyoM ko asti kAya kahate haiM aura ina astikAyoM meM se pudgalAsti kAya ko chor3akara zeSa cAra ko arUpI kahate haiN| unakA yaha kathana kisa prakAra mAnA jA sakatA hai ? unhoMne gaNadhara gautama ko sannikaTa se jAte hue dekhA aura gautama se jijJAsA prastuta kI / gautama ne kahA-hama astibhAva ko astibhAva kahate haiM aura nAstibhAva ko nAstibhAva / gautama ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se khaa| udhara kAlodAyI prabhu ke samavasaraNa meM phuNcaa| bhagavAna ne kahA-tujhe astikAya sambandhI zaMkA hai / maiM dharmAstikAya Adi ko prarUpaNA karatA huuN| ___ kAlodAyI ne jijJAsA prastuta ko-dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya ina arUpI ajIva kAyoM para kyA koI baiThanA, sonA, khar3e rahanA Adi kriyAyeM kara sakatA hai ? bhagavAna ne spaSTIkaraNa kiyA-kevala padgalAstikAya hI rUpI ajIva hai| usa para baiThane, sone Adi ko kriyAyeM kI jA sakatI haiM, zeSa para nhiiN| punaH kAlodAyI ne jijJAsA kI-rUpI ajIva pudgalAstikAya meM kyA jIvoM ko azubha phala dene vAle pApakarma lagate haiM ? bhagavAna ne kahA jIva hI pApakarma se yukta hote haiN| samAdhAna pAkara kAlodAyI ne skandaka kI taraha prabhu ke pAsa pravrajyA grahaNa kii| prastuta kathA meM jainadarzana kI mahatvapUrNa carcA hai / jIvadravya arUpI hai| vaha cetanAmaya hai aura jisameM cetanA guNa kA abhAva hai, vaha ajIva hai| ajIva dravya rUpI aura arUpI donoM prakAra kA hai| pudgala rUpI hai, zeSa cAra dravya aruupii| rUpI ke lie mUrta aura arUpI ke lie amUrta zabda kA bhI prayoga huA hai| __ jainadarzana ne chaha dravyoM meM jIva aura pudgala ko gatizIla evaM sthitizIla donoM mAnA hai| dharmAstikAya gati meM sahAyaka hai to adharmA

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212 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA stikAya sthiti meM / jainadarzana ke atirikta bhArata ke anya kisI bhI darzana meM ina zabdoM kA prayoga evaM cintana nahIM hai| Adhunika vaijJAnikoM meM sarvaprathama 'nyUTana' ne gatitattva (Medium of Motion) ko mAnA hai| suprasiddha vaijJAnika 'albarTa AinsTona' ne gatitattva kI sthApanA karate hue kahAloka parimita hai to aloka bhI parimita hai| loka parimita hone kA mala kAraNa yaha hai ki zakti loka ke bAhara nahIM jA skto| loka ke bAhara usa zakti kA-dravya kA abhAva hai, jo gati meM sahAyaka hai| vaijJAnikoM ne jise 'Ithara'-gatitattva kahA hai, use hI jaina sAhitya meM dharmadravya kahA hai| yahAM para gati se tAtparya hai- eka sthAna se dUsare sthAna meM jAne kI kriyaa| dharmadravya isa prakAra kI kriyA meM sahAyaka hotA hai| jaise-machalI svayaM tairatI hai tathApi usakI kriyA binA pAnI ke nahIM ho sktii| pAnI usake tairane meM sahAyaka hai| jaba machalo tairanA cAhatI hai taba use pAnI kI sahAyatA lenI par3atI hai| yadi vaha tairanA na cAhe to pAnI bala-prayoga nahIM krtaa| vaise hI jIva aura pudgala jaba gati karate haiM taba dharmadravya sahAyaka hotA hai 'Ithara' Adhunika bhautika vijJAna kI eka mahatvapUrNa zodha hai| 1. (ka) uttarAdhyayana 36/4 / (kha) samavAyAMga 146 P. I am quite sure that you have heard of Ether befoje now, but please do not confuse it with the liquid Ether used by surgeons to render a patient unconscious for an operation. If you should ask me just what the Ether is, that is the Ether that conveys electromagnetic-waves. I would answer that I cannot accurately describe it. Neither can anyone else. The test that anyone could do would be to say that Ether is invisible body and that through it electromagnetic-waves can be propagated. But let us see from a practical standpoint the nature of the thing callcd 'Ether'. We are all quite familiar with the existence of solids, liquids and gases. Now suppose that inside a glass

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zramaNa kathAe~ 213 vessel there are no solids, liquids or gases : that all of these things have been removed including the air as well. If I were to ask you to describe the condition that now exist, within the glass-vessel, you would promptly reply that nothing exists within it, that a vacuum has been created. But I shall have to correct you, and explain that within this vessel there does exist 'Ether', nothing else. So we may say that 'Ether' is a 'something that is not a solid, nor liquid, nor gaseous, nor anything else which can be observed by us physically. Therefore, we may say that an absolute 'vacuum' or a void does not exist anywhere, for we know that an absolute vacuum cannot be created for Ether cannot be removed. We get our knowledge of Ether fron experiments : by observing results and deducing reacts. For example, if within the glass-vessel, mentioned above, we place a bell and cause it to ring, no sound of any kind reaches our ears. Therefore, we deduce that in the absence of air, sound does not exist, and thus, that sound must be due to vibration in the air. Now let us place a radio transmitter inside the enclosure that is void of air. We find that radio signals are sent out exactly the same as when the transmitter was exposed to the air. So we are right in deducing that electro-magnetic waves or Radio waves, do not depend on air for their propagation that they are propagated through or by means of "something" which remained inside that glass enclosure after the air had been exhausted. This some thing has been named "Ether." We believe that Ether exists throughout all space of the universe, in the most remote region of the stars, and at the

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214 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA Ithara ke sambandha meM bhautika vijJAnavettA DA0 e0 esa0 eDiMgTana ne likhA hai __ "Aja yaha svIkAra kara liyA gayA hai ki Ithara bhautika dravya nahIM hai, bhautika kI apekSA usakI prakRti bhinna hai, bhUta meM prApta piNDatva aura ghanatva guNoM kA Ithara meM abhAva hogA, parantu usake apane naye aura nizcayAtmaka guNa hoMge............. Ithara kA abhautika saagr'|" alabarTa AinsaTIna ke apekSAvAda ke siddhAntAnusAra 'Ithara abhItika, aparimANvika, avibhAjya, akhaNDa, AkAza ke samAna vyApaka, arUpa, gati kA anivArya mAdhyama aura apane-Apa meM sthira hai'| same time within the earth, and in the seemingly impossible small space which exists between the atoms of all matter, That is to say, Ether is everywhere ; and that electromagnetic wave been can be propagated everywhere. -Hollywood, R. and T. : Instruction Lesson No. 2. 'What is Ether ?' %. This does not mean that the Ether is abolished. We need an Ether............in the last century it was widely believed that Ether was a kind of matter having properties such as mass, rigidity, motion like ordinary matter. It would be difficult to say when this view died out........Now-a-days it is agreed that Ether is not a kird of matter, being non-material its properties are signeries [quite unique] characters such as mass and rigidity which we meet within matter will naturally be absent in Ether but the Ether will have new and definite characters of its own................non-material ocean of Ether. -The Nature of the Physical World, p. 31. 8. Thus it is proved that Science and Jain Physics agree abso lutely so far as they call Dharma (Ether] non-material, nonatomic, non-discrete, continuous, co-extensive with space, indivisible and as a necessary medium for motion and one which does not itself move.

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zramaNa kathAe~ 215 adharmAstikAya avasthiti meM sahAyaka hai| kitane hI Adhunika cintaka adharma dravya kI tulanA yA samAnatA gurutvAkarSaNa aura phIlDa se karate haiM / kintu DaoNkTara mohanalAla jI mehatA kA mantavya hai ki gurutvAkarSaNa [Gravit tion] aura phIlDa [Field] se adharma pRthak aura eka svatantra tatva hai| eka bAra kAlodAyI aNagAra ne bhagavAn mahAvIra se jijJAsA prastuta kI-bhagavan ! jIva azubha phala vAle karmoM ko svayaM kisa prakAra karatA hai| mahAvIra ne samAdhAna diyA-jaise koI mAnava snigdha, sugandhita, viSamizrita mAdaka padArtha kA bhojana karatA hai, use vaha bhojana atyanta priya lagatA hai, usa samaya usase hone vAlI hAni se vaha vismRta ho jAtA hai| kintu usa bhojana kA khAne vAle ke Upara burA prabhAva par3atA hai| isI prakAra hiMsA, asatya, corI, kuzIla, parigraha, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, dveSa Adi pApoM kA sevana karate samaya ve atyanta madhura lagate haiM, para usase jo pApakarma baMdhatA hai, vaha bar3A aniSTakAraka hotA hai tathA vaha phala pApa kRtya karane vAloM ko hI bhoganA par3atA hai| bhagavan ! jIva zubha karmoM ko kisa prakAra karatA hai ?- kAlodAyI ne puuchaa| mahAvIra-jaise koI mAnava auSadhimizrita bhojana karatA hai| vaha bhojana tIkhA yA kaTuka hone para bhI bala aura vIryavardhaka hotA hai, isalie loga use khAte haiN| isI taraha ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, kSamA, alobha, Adi zubha karmoM kI pravRttiyA~ mana ko madhura nahIM lagatI, para unakA pariNAma atyanta sukhakara hotA hai| ___kAlodAyI ne punaH jijJAsA vyakta kI-bhagavan ! do vyakti haiM, una donoM ke pAsa samAna upakaraNa haiN| eka agni ko prajvalita karatA hai aura dUsarA use bujhAtA hai / kRpayA pharamAiye ki agni prajvalita karane vAlA adhika pApa kA bhAgI hotA hai yA agni bujhAne vAlA ? bhagavAna ne kahA- jo agni ko prajvalita karatA hai, vaha adhika Arambha aura karmabandhana karatA hai, kyoMki pRthvI, jala, vAyu, vanaspati aura basa kI hiMsA vaha adhika karatA hai aura agni kI hiMsA kama karatA hai jo agni ko bujhAtA hai, vaha agni kA Arambha adhika karatA hai aura pRthvI

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216 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA pAnI, vAyu, vanaspati aura trasa kI hiMsA kama karatA hai / agni se hone vAlI hiMsA ko vaha ghaTAtA hai, isIlie Ae jalAne vAlA Arambha adhika karatA hai aura Aga bujhAne vAlA kama / kAlodAyI- bhagavan ! kyA acitta pudgala prakAza yA udyota karate haiM, ve kisa prakAra prakAzita hote haiM ? mahAvIra-acitta pudgala bhI prakAza karate haiN| jaba koI tejolezyAdhArI muni tejolezyA chor3atA hai, taba ve pudgala dUra-dUra taka girate haiM / ve dUra aura samIpa prakAza phailAte haiN| pudgaloM ke acitta hote hue bhI prayoktA hiMsA karane vAlA aura prayoga hiMsAjanaka hotA hai| bhagavAn ke uttaroM se kAlodAyI aNagAra kA samAdhAna ho gyaa| usane vividha tapa kI ArAdhanA kI / jIvana kI sAMdhya belA meM anazana kara samAdhipUrvaka mokSa prApta kiyaa| __ prastuta kathAnaka meM aneka talasparzI dArzanika praznoM kA samAdhAna kiyA gayA hai| ye samAdhAna bhagavAn mahAvIra ke atizaya jJAna ke dyotaka haiM / sAmAnya mAnava isa prakAra ke uttara nahIM de sktaa| puNDarIka aura kaNDarIka ___ jJAtAdharmakathA zra taskaMdha prathama, adhyayana unnIsaveM meM puNDarIkakaNDarIka kA prasaMga hai| puSkalAvatI vijaya meM mahApadma samrATa thaa| vaha zramaNa bnaa| usakA jyeSTha putra puNDarIka rAjya kA saMcAlana karane lagA aura kaNDarIka yuvarAja bnaa| mahApadma siddha, buddha, mukta hue| kucha samaya ke pazcAt dUsare sthavira kA vahA~ Agamana huaa| kaNDarIka ko vairAgya huaa| rAjA puNDarIka ne use bahuta kucha samajhAyA para usane dIkSA grahaNa kara lo / kucha samaya ke bAda kaNDarIka mani dAha jvara se grasita ho gye| mahArAjA puNDarIka ne auSadhocAra karAyA / svastha hone para bhI kaNDarIka muni vahIM jame rahe / rAjA ne namra nivedana kiyA-zramaNa maryAdA kI dRSTi se ApakA vihAra karanA ucita hai / muni ne bihAra kiyA; kintu bhogoM ke prati Asakta hone se ve punaH kucha samaya ke pazcAt vahA~ A gye| puNDarIka ne samajhAne kA prayatna kiyaa| jaba ve na samajhe to unheM rAjya dekara svayaM ne zramaNa-veSa dhAraNa kara liyaa| tIna dina kI sAdhanA evaM ArAdhanA se puNDarIka muni teMtIsa sAgara kI sthiti kA upabhoga karane vAlA deva banA

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zramaNa kathAe~ 217 aura kaNDarIka bhogoM meM Asakta hokara tIna dina kI Aya bhogakara taiMtIsa sAgara kI sthiti vAlA sAtavIM naraka kA mehamAna bnaa| jo sAdhaka varSoM taka utkRSTa sAdhanA kara bAda meM sAdhanA se cyuta ho jAte haiM unakI durgati hotI hai aura jo jIvana kI sAMdhya belA meM bhI utkRSTa sAdhanA karatA hai, vaha sadgati ko prApta karatA hai| prastuta kathAnaka meM utthAna aura patana kA tathA patana aura utthAna kA sajIva citraNa hai| sthavirAvalI zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pazcAt aneka sthavira bhagavantoM ne zAsana kI sevA kii| una sthavira bhagavantoM kA ullekha kalpasUtra aura nandIsUtra Adi meM hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pazcAt gaNadhara gautama, Arya sudharmA aura jambU ye tInoM kevalajJAnI hue / prabhava, zayyaM bhava, yazobhadra, saMbhUti vijaya, bhadrabAhu aura sthUlabhadra ye chaha zrutakevalI hue| mahAgiri, suhasti, guNasundara, kAlakAcArya skandilAcArya, revatImitra, maMgU, dharma, candragupta, Aryavraja ye dasoM AcArya dasa pUrvadhara the| usake pazcAt dhoredhIre pUoM kA jJAna nyUna hotA calA gyaa| devaddhigaNi kSamAzramaNa eka pUrvadhara AcArya the| jainadharma meM aneka pratibhAsampanna jyotirdhara AcArya hue| usakI saMkSipta sUcanA isameM dI gaI hai| ina jyotirdhara AcAryoM ke sambandha meM vividha granthoM meM viziSTa jAnakArI hai| para vistAra bhaya se hama usa sambandha meM na likhakara tat sambandhI mUla granthoM ko dekhane ke lie prabuddha pAThakoM ko nivedana karate haiN| isa prakAra Agama sAhitya meM tIrthaMkaroM ke zAsana meM zramaNoM kI kathAe~ pUrNa hotI haiN|

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zramaNI - kathAe~ Agama sAhitya meM zramaNoM ke samAna zramaNI kathAnaka bhI milate haiM / hama kucha pramukha zramaNiyoM ke kathAnaka de rahe haiM / draupadI I jJAtAdharmakathA zrutaskaMdha prathama aura adhyayana solahaveM meM bhagavAn ariSTanemi ke zAsana meM dropadI zramaNI kA ullekha hai / draupadI ke pUrva bhavoM kA isameM varNana hai / draupadI kaI bhava pUrva nAgazrI brAhmaNI thI / usane tumbe kA zAka banAyA, kintu jaba usane vaha zAka cakhA to vaha kaTuka aura vipAkta thA / upAlambha ke bhaya se usane use chipAkara rakha liyA / pArivArika jana bhojana se nivRtta hokara cala diye / dharmaruci anagAra bhikSA ke lie Aye | nAgazrI mAnavI ke rUpa meM nAgina thI / usane muni ke pAtra meM viSAkta tUmbe kA zAka DAla diyA / mAnava sAdhAraNa lAbha kI icchA se bhayaMkara kutsita krUra karma kara baiThatA hai, usakA phala atyanta dAruNa hotA hai / dharmaruci muni AhAra lekara guru ke caraNoM meM pahu~ce / gurujI ne use cakhA aura ve use paraThane kA Adeza dete haiM / dharmaruci paraThane jAte haiM / eka bU~da zAka DAlakara pratikriyA kI ve pratIkSA karate haiM / cITiyA~ AtI haiM aura prANa ga~vA baiThatI haiM / muni kA hRdaya dahala uThA / unhoMne jIvoM kI rakSA ke lie vaha viSAkta zAka khAkara samAdhipUrvaka jIvana kA anta kiyA / nAgazrI kA pApa chipA na raha sakA / use sarvatra tAr3anA tarjanA milii| usake zarIra meM solaha mahAroga paidA ho gaye aura hAya-hAya karatI huI marI / vaha chaThI naraka meM paidA huI aura atidIrghakAla taka vaha punaH puna: naraka evaM tiryaMca yoni meM janma letI hai / sudIrghakAla ke bAda vaha sukumAlikA nAma se zra eSThI kI putrI banatI hai, para usa samaya bhI pApa ke phala kA anta nahIM huA / usake zarIra kA sparza talavAra kI dhAra kI taraha tIkSNa evaM agni kI taraha uSNa thA / isalie koI bhI usase vivAha karane ko prastuta nahIM thA / yahA~ taka ki bhikhArI bhI rAtri meM use chor3akara bhAga jAtA hai / vaha usakA aMga-sparza sahana nahIM kara sakA / pitA ne dAna

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zramaNI kathAe~ 216 zAlA khulvaaii| vahAM jaina AyikAoM kA Agamana haa| usane yaMtra-taMtra kI yAcanA kii| AyikAoM ne apanA dharma samajhAyA aura sukumAlikA ne sAdhvI-dharma svIkAra kiyaa| para usake antarmAnasa kI malinatA sApha nahIM huI thii| ataH vaha punaH zithilAcAriNo ho gaI aura ekAkinI rahane lagI / eka bAra ekAnta meM vaha AtApanA le rahI thii| usane eka vezyA ko pAMca puruSoM se ghirI haI dekhaa| koI usakA paira dabA rahA thA to koI cavara DhulA rahA thaa| sukumAlikA ke mana meM bhogoM kI lAlasA paidA huii| usane aisA saMkalpa kiyA ki yadi mere tapa kA phala ho to maiM bhI isa prakAra sukha bhoguu| vaha mara kara devagaNikA ke rUpa meM utpanna huI aura vahA~ se rAja drupada kI kanyA draupadI bnii| 'draupadI ke svayaMvara kA Ayojana huaa| zrIkRSNa pAMDava Adi sabhI usa svayaMvara meM upasthita hue| nidAnakRta hone se usane pA~coM pAMDavoM kA varaNa kiyaa| eka bAra nArada hastinApura Aye / draupadI ne unakA sammAna nahIM kiyA jisase nArada ruSTa ho gye| ve dhAtakIkhaNDa ke amarakaMkA ke adhipati paradAralampaTa padmanAbha ke pAsa pahu~ce / draupadI ke rUpa-lAvaNya kI atizaya prazaMsA kii| usane daiva kI sahAyatA se draupadI kA haraNa krvaayaa| draupadI se usane bhogoM kI yAcanA kii| vaha pUrNa pativratA nArI thI / pANDavoM ko lekara kRSNa amarakaMkA paha~ce / padmanAbha ko yuddha meM parAjita kiyA aura rAjadhAnI ko tahasa-nahasa kara draupado kA uddhAra kiyaa| jIvana kI sAMdhya belA meM draupadI ke putra pANDasena ko rAjya dekara pANDavoM ne tathA draupadI ne zramaNa-dharma svIkAra kiyaa| prastuta kathAnaka meM jo draupadI kA nirUpaNa huA hai, vaha jainadRSTi se hai / vaidika mahAbhArata meM bhI draupadI kA nirUpaNa huA hai / vaidika paraMparA meM paMca bharatArI hone kA eka hI kAraNa diyA hai ki usane pUrvabhava meM pati kI kAmanA se tapasyA kI thii| zaMkara ne sarvaguNa sampanna pati kI prApti ho, aisA pA~ca bAra varadAna diyA thA, jisase use paMca bharatArI bananA pdd'aa| vaidika mahAbhArata kI dRSTi se drupada rAjA draupadI kI utpatti yajJAgni se karate haiM aura usakI utpatti kA kAraNa kuruvaMza kA vinAza batAyA hai / jainadRSTi se kuruvaMza ke vinAza kA kAraNa pANDavoM ke prati duryodhana kI IrSyA, haTha aura abhimAna hai / duryodhana kapaTa dyUta meM jItane ke pazcAt draupadI ko nirvastra karanA cAhatA hai, zrIkRSNa apanI alaukika zakti se cIra bar3hAte haiM, jabaki jaina paramparA meM cIra bar3hAne kA kAraNa satI dropadI ke svayaM ke

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220 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA zIla kA prabhAva hai| draupadI ke zIla se prabhAvita hokara hI zAsanadeva sahAyatA karatA hai / jaina paramparA meM draupadI kuruvaMza kI maryAdA rakhane vAlI, vyavahAra kuzala, kuzAgna buddhizAlinI, pati-parAyaNA, svAbhimAninI nArI hai| prastuta kathAnaka meM zrIkRSNa ke narasiMha rUpa kA bhI varNana hai| narasiMhAvatAra kI carcA zrImadbhAgavata meM haiM, jo viSNa ke avatAra the| para zrIkRSNa ne kabhA narasiMha kA rUpa dhAraNa kiyA ho, aisA prasaMga vaidika paramparA ke granthoM meM dekhane meM nahIM AyA, para prastuta kathAnaka meM isakA sajIva citraga hai| padmAvatI Adi zramaNiyA~ antakRddazA sUtra ke pA~caveM varga ke eka se dasa adhyayana taka padmAvatI Adi zramaNiyoM ke kathAnaka Aye haiN| eka bAra bhagavAn ariSTanemi dvArikA meM padhAre / kRSNa mahArAja bhagavAn ko vandana-namaskAra karane gaye / upadeza sunakara pariSad lauTa gii| kRSNa mahArAja ne jijJAsA prastuta kI-devaloka sadRza isa dvArikA nagarI kA vinAza kaise hogA ? bhagavAna ne kahA- madirA, agni aura dvIpAyana RSi ke kopa ke kAraNa dvArikA nagarI kA vinAza hogaa|| kRSNa cintana karane lage-jAli, mayAli, uvayAli, puruSasena, vIrasena, pradyumna, zAmba, aniruddha, dRr3hanemi, satyanemi Adi rAjakumAra dhanya haiM, jinhoMne zramaNadharma grahaNa kiyA hai, para maiM saMsAra kA parityAga nahIM kara pA rahA huuN| __ bhagavAn ne kahA-kRSNa ! vAsudeva nidAnakRta hone se pravrajyA grahaNa nahIM kara skte| tuma cintita mata bno| AgAmI utsarpiNI kAla meM "amama" nAmaka bArahaveM tIrthaMkara bnoge| zrIkRSNa ne nagara meM udghoSaNA karavAI ki jo bhI arhanta ariSTanemi ke pAsa dIkSA lenA cAheM, ve saharSa dIkSita ho sakate haiN| dIkSArthI ke jo Azrita kuTumbIjana hoMge, unakI vyavasthA svayaM kRSNa kareMge aura dIkSAmahotsava bhI kRSNa kreNge| zrIkRSNa kI preraNA se unakI paTTamahiSI padmAvatI, gaurI, gAndhArI, lakSmaNA, susImA, jAmbavatI, satyabhAmA aura rukmiNI ina AThoM ne pravrajyA grahaNa kI tathA zAmbakumAra kI bhAryA mUlazrI evaM mUladattA ne bhI yakSiNo AryA ke pAsa pravrajyA lekara apane jIvana ko pAvana batAvA /

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zramaNI kathAe~ 221 prastuta kathAnaka meM dvArikA nagarI ke vinAza kI tathA zrIkRSNa ke AgAmI kAla meM tIrthaMkara hone kI mahatvapUrNa sUcanA hai jisakA aitihAsika dRSTi se vizeSa mUlya hai| poTilA kathAnaka jJAtAdharmakathA ke prathama zru taskandha ke caudahaveM adhyayana meM poTilA kA kathAnaka AyA hai| tetalipura nagara ke rAjA kanakaratha kA amAtya 'tetaliputra' thaa|' vahIM para 'mUSikAdAraka' kI putrI 'poTilA' thii| poTilA ke adbhuta rUpa ko dekhakara tetaliputra mugdha ho gyaa| donoM kA vivAha haa| unameM paraspara atyanta anurAga thaa| para donoM meM aisI sthiti paidA ho gaI ki tetali putra usake nAma se ghRNA karane lgaa| eka dina jise poTTilA ke vinA rahA nahIM jAtA thA, vahI Aja usake nAma ko pasanda nahIM karatA / usane poTiTalA ko bhojana nirmANa tathA atithiyoM kI sevA kA bhAra samhalA diyaa| eka dina 'suvratA' nAmaka AryA ziSyAoM ke sAtha tetalipUra meM pdhaarii| ve bhikSA ke lie poTTilA ke vahA~ phuNcii| usane sAdhviyoM ko AhAradAna dene ke bAda nivedana kiyA ki mujhe aisA vazIkaraNa maMtra do, jisase merA pati mere vaza meM ho jaaye| sAdhviyoM ne kahA-hama brahmacAriNI sAdhviyAM isa prakAra kI bAteM sunanA bhI pasanda nahIM krtiiN| poTTilA ne zrAvikA ke vrata grahaNa kiye / usakI antarAtmA prabuddha ho utthii| saMyama grahaNa karane ke lie usane tetaliputra se AjJA mA~go / tetali. pUtra ne kahA-tuma saMyama svIkAra karogI to AgAmI bhava meM deva vnogii| vahAM se Akara mujhe pratibodha denA svIkAra karo to maiM dIkSA lene ko anumati detA huuN| vaha dIkSita huI aura deva bnii| vacanabaddha hone se poTTila deva ne tetaliputra ko pratibuddha karane ke aneka upAya kiye, para tetaliputra rAjA dvArA atyadhika sammAnita hone se pratibuddha nahIM huaa| anta meM deva ne rAjA ko usase viruddha kiyA / jaba vaha rAjasabhA meM gayA to rAjA ne muha phera liyA aura bAta bhI nahIM kii| rAjA ke abhinava vyavahAra se vaha bhayabhIta ho utthaa| vaha vahA~ se ghara para AyA, kintu parijanoM ne bhI use Adara nahIM diyA / AtmaghAta karane ke lie vaha prastuta huA, usane aneka upAya kiye kintu koI bhI upAya kAragara nahIM huaa| anta meM poTila deva ne pragaTa hokara sArapUrNa zabdoM meM

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222 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA pratibodha diyA / use jAtismaraNajJAna huA ki maiM pUrvajanma se mahAvideha kSetra meM mahApadma nAmaka rAjA thA, vahA~ se mahAzukra nAmaka deva banA / vahA~ yahA~ janmA hU~ / liputra ko saMsAra nissAra lagA / usane svayaM dIkSita hokara utkRSTa tapa kI ArAdhanA kI aura avyAbAdha sukha ko prApta kiyA / jaba mAnava sukha ke prati usameM ruci nahIM hotI, dharma ke abhimukha hotA hai / vaha dharma se vimukha thA aura sAgara para tairatA hai, usa samaya dharmakriyA ke jaba duHkha kI dAvAgni meM vaha jhulasatA hai, taba jaba tetaliputra kA jIvana sukhI thA, usa samaya dukha Ane para vaha dharma ke sammukha huA / isa kahAnI meM rAjA kanakaratha kI niSThuratA kA nirUpaNa hai / vaha rAjyalobhI thA / kahIM putra usase rAjya chIna na leM, isIlie vaha unheM vikalAMga banA detA thA / rAjya ke lobha meM mAnava dAnava bana jAtA hai, vaha ucita aura anucita kA viveka kho baiThatA hai / pArzvanAtha ke tIrtha kI AryA kAlI jJAtAdharma kathA ke dvitIya zrutaskaMdha meM pArzvatIrtha meM hone vAlI aneka zramaNiyA~ kA ullekha hai / mahAvratoM kA vidhivat samyak pAlana karane vAlA sAdhaka samasta karmoM ko naSTa kara nirvANa prApta karatA hai / yadi karma avazeSa raha jAyeM, to vaha vaimAnika devoM meM utpanna hotA hai / para mahAvratoM kA jo vidhivat pAlana nahIM karatA, vaha kuzIla, kAya-kleza Adi bAhya tapoM kI ArAdhanA kara devagati ko to prApta karatA hai, para vaimAnika jaise ucca devatva ko nahIM / bhavanavAsI, vyantara aura jyotiSka kI paryAya prApta kara letA hai / yahA~ para camarendra kI agramahiSiyoM kA varNana hai / vaha varNana manuSya paryAya meM jaba ve sAdhviyAM banIM aura kucha samaya taka cAritra kI ArAdhanA kI aura usake bAda zarIra vakuzA banakara cAritra kI virAdhikA banIM - usa samaya kA hai / una sAdhviyoM ko unakI guruNI ne bahuta kucha samajhAyA, para ve samajhI nahIM, ataH unheM gaccha se pRthak kara diyaa| binA doSoM kI AlocanA kiye unhoMne zarIra kA parityAga kiyA aura camarendra asurarAja kI agramahiSiyA~ banIM / bhagavAn mahAvIra eka bAra rAjagRha meM virAja rahe the / usa samaya kAlIdevI eka hajAra yojana vistRta divyayAna meM baiThakara bhagavAn ke

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zramaNI kathAe~ 223 1 darzana ke lie AI / battIsa prakAra ke nATya vidhi dikhAkara lauTa gii| gaNadhara gautama ne jijJAsA prastuta kI - yaha divya Rddhi ise kaise prApta huI | bhagavAn ne usakA pUrvabhava batAte hue kahA - AmalakappA nagarI meM kAla nAmaka gAthApati kI putrI kAlI thI / isake stana atyadhika lambe the, jo nitamba bhAga ko sparza karate the, ataH usakA vivAha nahIM huA / bhagavAn pArzva ke upadeza ko zravaNakara usane AryA puSpacUlA ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kI, aMga sAhitya kA adhyayana kiyA, saMyama kI ArAdhanA bhI karane lagI, kucha samaya ke bAda zarIra para Asakti paidA huI / punaH punaH aMgoM kA prakSAlana karatI tathA jahA~ svAdhyAya karatI jala chiTakatI / usakI sAdhvAcAra se viparIta pravRtti dekhakara AryA puSpacUlA ne usakA gaccha se sambandha tor3a diyA / vaha svacchanda ho gaI, saMyama kI virAdhikA bana gaI / antima samaya meM pandraha dina kA saMthArA kiyA para zithilAcAra kI AlocanA nahIM kI / vahI kAlI AryA kA jIva kAlIdevI banA / gautama gaNadhara kI jijJAsA para bha0 mahAvIra ne kahA- yaha mahAvideha kSetra meM janma legI aura vahA~ se mukta hogI / isI taraha rajanI, vidya uta, meghA, zumbhA, niSumbhA, rambhA, nirambhA, madanA Adi ne bhI bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke padhArane para pravrajyA grahaNa kI kintu ve sabhI virAdhaka banakara deviyA~ banatI haiN| unake jIvana ke sambandha meM vizeSa sUcanA nahIM hai, kevala ve jahA~ kI thIM, usa janmasthalI kA saMketa kiyA gayA hai| mahAvIra zAsana meM nandA Adi zramaNiyA~ nandA, nandavatI, nandottarA, nandazreNikA, marutA, sumarutA, mahAmarutA, marudda vA, bhadrA, subhadrA, sujAtA, sumanAyikA aura bhUtadattA ye sabhI zreNikA rAjA kI rAniyA~ thiiN| ina sabhI ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadeza ko sunakara dIkSA grahaNa kii| utkRSTa tapa japa kI ArAdhanA kara mukti ko varaNa kiyA / ( antakRtudazA varga 7, a. 1-13) kAlI Adi zramaNiyA~ kAlI, sukAlI, mahAkAlI, kRSNA, sukRSNA, mahAkRSNA, vIrakRSNA, rAmakRSNA, pitrasenakRSNA aura mahAsenakRSNA ye dasoM mahArAja zreNika kI rAniyA~ thIM / tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke upadeza ko zravaNakara ye sabhI dIkSA letI haiM aura ratnAvalI, kanakAvalI, laghusiMha niSkrIDita, mahAsiMha niSkrIDita, sapta saptamikA bhikSu pratimA, aSTa aSTamikA bhikSupratimA, nava nava

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224 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA mikA bhikSa pratimA, daza dazamikA bhikSa pratimA, laghusarvatobhadra. pratimA mahat sarvatobhadra pratimA, bhadrottara pratimA, muktAvalI, Ayambila, vardhamAna tapa Adi utkRSTatama tapoM kI ArAdhanA kara ve sabhI siddha, buddha aura mukta hotI haiM / isa prakAra samrATa zreNika kI tebIsa mahArAniyoM ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana meM saMyama hI nahIM liyA, apitu itane utkRSTa tapa kI ArAdhanA kI, jise par3hakara pAThaka vismita hue nahIM raha sktaa| (antakaddazA varga 8, a. 1-10) jayantI zramaNopAsikA ___ bhagavatI sUtra ke bArahaveM zataka ke dUsare uddezaka meM mahAvIra tIrtha meM hone vAlI jayantI kA kathAnaka hai vatsadeza kI rAjadhAnI kauzAmbI thI / vahA~ 'candrAvataraNa' caitya thaa| vahAM jayantI zrAvikA thii| jayantI zrAvikA zramaNoM ke lie zayyAtara ke rUpa meM vizra ta thii| jo bhI navIna santa Ate, ve jayantI ke yahA~ vasati kI yAcanA karate / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAvana pravacana ko sunakara vaha bahuta hI prasanna huii| usane bhagavAna se prazna pUche-bhaMte ! jIva zIghra hI gurutva ko kaise prApta hotA hai ? mahAvIra-jayantI ! prANAtipAta, mRSAvAda, adattAdAna, maithuna, parigraha, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga-dveSa, kalaha, abhyAkhyAna, paizunya, paraparivAda, rati-arati, mAyAmRSAvAda aura mithyAdarzanazalya ina aThAraha pApoM ke Asevana se jIva gurutva ko prApta hotA hai| jayantI-bhagavan ! AtmA laghutva ko kaise prApta hotA hai ? mahAvIra-prANAtipAta Adi aThAraha pApoM ke anAsevana se AtmA laghutva ko prApta hotA hai| prANAtipAta Adi kI pravRtti se AtmA jisa prakAra saMsAra ko bar3hAtA hai, pralamba karatA hai, saMsAra meM bhramaNa karatA hai, usI prakAra usakI nivRtti se saMsAra ko ghaTAtA hai, hrasva karatA hai, aura usakA ullaMghana bhI kara detA hai| jayantI-bhagavan ! mokSa prApta karane kI yogyatA jIva ko svabhAva se prApta hotI hai yA pAraNAma se ? ___mahAvIra-mokSa prApta karane kI yogyatA jIva meM svabhAva se hotI hai, pariNAma se nahIM ?

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zramaNI kathAe~ 225 jayantI- bhante ! jIvoM kA sonA acchA hai yA jAganA ? mahAvIra-kitane hI jIvoM kA sonA acchA hai aura kitane ho jIvoM kA jAganA acchA hai| jayantI-bhagavan ! yaha kaise ? mahAvIra-jayante ! jo jIva adhArmika haiM, adharma kA anusaraNa karate haiM, adharma meM Asakta haiM aura adharma ke dvArA hI apanA jIvikopArjana karate haiM, una jIvoM kA sonA hI acchA hai| prANa, bhUta, jIva, sattva samUdAya ke zoka eva paritApa kA kAraNa nahIM baneMge, ataH adhArmika jIvoM kA sonA acchA hai| he jayantI ! jo jIva dhArmika, dharmAnurAgI, dharmapriya aura dharmajIvI haiM, unakA jAganA acchA hai| dhArmika puruSa jaba taka jAgate rahate haiM, taba taka prANiyoM ke aduHkha aura aparitApa ke lie kArya karate haiN| aise puruSa jAgRta hoM to apane aura dUsaroM ke lie dhArmika kAryoM meM nimitta banate haiM, ataH unakA jAgate rahanA zreyaskara hai| jayantI-bhante ! kyA sabhI bhavasiddhika AtmAe~ mokSagAminI haiM ? mahAvIra--hA~, jo bhava-siddhika haiM, ve sabhI AtmAe~ mokSagAminI haiN| jayantI-bhagavan ! yadi sabhI bhava-siddhika jIva mukta ho jAyeMge to kyA saMsAra unase khAlI nahIM ho jAyegA ? __ mahAvIra-aisA nhiiN| sAdi tathA ananta va donoM ora se parimita evaM dUsarI zreNiyoM se parivRtta sarvAkAza kI zreNI meM se eka-eka paramANu pradgala pratisamaya nikAlane para ananta utsarpiNI-avasarpiNI vyatIta ho jAyeM tathApi vaha zreNI rikta nahIM hotii| isI prakAra bhava-siddhika jIvoM ke mukta hone para yaha saMsAra unase rikta nahIM hogaa| jayantI-jIvoM ko durbalatA acchI hai yA sabalatA acchI hai ? mahAvIra-kitane hI jIvoM kI sabalatA acchI hai aura kitane hI jIvoM kI durbltaa| jayantI-vaha kaise ? mahAvIra-jo jIva adhArmika haiM, aura adharma se jIvikopArjana karate haiM unakI durbalatA acchI hai kyoMki unakI vaha durbalatA anya prANiyoM

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226 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ke lie duHkha kA nimitta nahIM bntii| jo loga dhArmika haiM, unakA sabala honA acchA hai / jayantI - jIvoM kA dakSa honA acchA hai yA AlasI ? mahAvIra - jo jIva adhArmika haiM, adharmAnusAra vicaraNa karate haiM, unakA AlasI honA acchA / jo jIva dharmAcaraNa karate haiM, unakA dakSa ( udyamI) honA acchA hai / kyoMki ve jIva AcArya, upAdhyAya Adi kI sevA karate haiM / jayantI - indriyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara jIva kyA karma bA~dhatA hai ? bhagavAn - indriyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara jIva saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karatA hai / zramaNopAsakA jayantI prabhu mahAvIra se apane praznoM kA samAdhAna pAkara atyanta harSita huI / jIvAjIvavibhakti ko jAnakara usane mahAvIra prabhu ke caraNoM meM dIkSA grahaNa kii| prastuta kathAnaka meM jIvana kI guru gambhIra granthiyA~ jayantI ne bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samakSa prastuta kiiN| prabhu mahAvIra ne jisa sugama rIti se samAdhAna kiyA, vaha unake atizaya jJAna kA dyotaka hai| Agama sAhityagata zramaNI kathAoM para yahA~ saMkSepa meM hI vicAra kiyA hai| jinakI carcA mUla AgamoM meM hai / AgamottarakAlIna granthoM meM to prAcIna yuga ko saikar3oM zramaNI-satiyA~ Adi ke kathAnaka milate haiM jinakI carcA anyatra prasaMgAnusAra kI jAyegI /

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ pArzvanAtha tIrtha : somila brAhmaNa palphiyA ke tIsare adhyayana meM somila brAhmaNa kA kathAnaka hai| zramaNa aura zramaNiyoM ke kathAnaka ke pazcAt zramaNopAsakoM kI kathAyeM dI gaI haiN| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke yuga meM vArANasI meM somila brAhmaNa thaa| vaha vedoM kA pAraMgata paNDita thaa| bhagavAn pArzva 'ambasAla' udyAna meM padhAre / bhagavAn ke upadeza ko sunakara vaha zrAvaka banA / ___kAlAntara meM somila ke vicAroM meM parivartana haA aura vaha mithyAtva ko prApta huaa| usake antarmAnasa meM ye vicAra udbuddha huemaiMne vedoM kA adhyayana kiyA, patnI ke sAtha vividha prakAra ke bhoga bhoge, putra bhI utpanna he| virATa Rddhi kA maiM adhipati banA / maiMne yajJa kiye, pazuoM kA vadha kiyA aura atithiyoM ko arcanA kI, isalie aba merA kartavya hai ki vividha vRkSoM vAlA bagIcA lagAU~ / usane bagIcA lgaayaa| usake pazcAt use vicAra AyA-maiM apane jyeSTha putra ko kuTumba kA bhAra sauMpakara mitra aura parijanoM kI anumati prApta kara tApasoM ke yogya kar3AhI, kar3achI, tAmbe ke pAtra lekara gaMgAtaTa nivAsI vAnaprastha tapasviyoM kI bhA~ti vicaraNa karU / usake pazcAt dizAprokSita tApasoM se pravrajyA lekara chaThTha-chaTTha tara svIkAra karatA huA bhujAeM Upara rakhakara vaha vicarane lgaa| prathama chaTha pAraNe ke dina vaha AtApanA bhUmi se calakara, valkala ke vastra dhAraNa kara aura TokarI ko lekara pUrva dizA kI ora calA / usane somadeva kI pUjA ko / kanda-mUla, phala Adi se TokarI ko bharakara vaha apanI kuTiyA meM aayaa| vahA~ usane vedikA ko lopa-potakara zuddha kiyaa| phira darbha aura kalaza ko lekara gaMgA-snAna ke lie gyaa| pAnI kA Acamana kara devatA aura pitaroM ko zraddhAMjali dii| punaH vaha ( 227 )

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228 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kuTiyA para aayaa| darbha, kuza aura bAlukA Adi se vedikA kA nirmANa kiyA, araNI se agni paidA kI aura usake dAhinI ora usane sakatha (upakaraNa vizeSa) valkala, agnipAtra, zayyA, kamaNDala, daNDa aura svayaM ko sthApita kiyaa| usake pazcAt madhu, ghRta, cAvala se agni meM homa kiyaa| 'bali' pakAkara agni devatA kI pUjA kii| bAda meM atithiyoM ko bhojana karAkara usane svayaM bhojana kiyaa| isI prakAra usane dakSiNa meM yama, pazcima meM varuNa aura uttara meM vaizramaNa kI pUjA kii| eka dina punaH usake mana meM vicAra udbuddha huA-maiM valkala vastra dhAraNa kara pAtra tathA TokarI lekara, kASThamudrA se muMha ko bA~dhakara uttara dizA kI ora mahAprasthAna kara abhigraha dhAraNa kruugaa| jala, thala, durgama, viSama parvata, garta yA guphA se girakara yA sthita hokara punaH na utthegaa| yaha cintana kara vaha azoka vRkSa ke nIce gyaa| vahA~ para pAtra, TokarI, eka ora rakhakara usane vedikA banAI, snAna kiyaa| darbha Adi kriyAoM kA anuSThAna kiyaa| eka deva ne antarikSa meM khar3e hokara somila se kahAtumhAre kArya ucita nahIM hai / usane deva ke kathana kI upekSA kI, kintu deva ke pUnaH udbodhana se usane zrAvaka ke pAMca aNuvrata aura sAta zikSA vrata grahaNa kiye| usake bAda vaha vividha prakAra ke tapa karatA rhaa| anta meM ardhamAsika saMlekhanA se AtmA ko bhAvita karatA huA pUrvakRta pApakarmoM kI AlocanA nahIM karake vahA~ se AyuSya pUrNa karake zukra nAmaka mahAgraha meM utpanna haa| vahA~ se mahAvideha kSetra meM janma lekara siddha hogaa| yahA~ yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki somila nAma ke do zramaNopAsakoM kA varNana Agama sAhitya meM hai / eka kA varNana pRphphiyA Agama meM hai to dUsare kA varNana bhagavatI zataka aThArahaveM, uddezaka dazaveM meM hai| donoM varNa se brAhmaNa hai| eka ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se prazna kiye to dUsare ne bhagavAna pArzva se / bhagavAn pArzva se prazna karane vAlA somila vArANasI kA thA aura mahAvIra prabhu se prazna karane vAlA somila brAhmaNa vANijya grAma kA thaa| donoM kA kAla pRthaka hai| nAma sAmya hone se bhrama na ho jAya, isa. lie prabuddha pAThaka dhyAna rkheN| rAjA pradezI rAyapaseNI ya sUtra meM rAjA pradezI kA kathAnaka AyA hai| AmalakappA ke AmrasAla caitya meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA padArpaNa huA / usa samaya

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ 226 sUryAbhadeva bhagavAna ke darzana ke lie aayaa| usane battIsa prakAra ke nATya kiye / battIsa nATaka meM usane bhagavAn mahAvIra kA cyavana se lekara pari. nirvANa taka abhinaya kiyaa| abhinaya ke bAda sUryAbha deva calA gyaa| gautama ne jijJAsA prastuta kI-yaha viziSTa deva Rddhi inheM kaise prApta huI ? bhagavAn ne kahA-zvetAmbikA nagaro meM rAjA pradezI thaa| usakI rAnI kA nAma sUryakAntA aura putra kA nAma sUryakAnta thaa| citta nAmaka sArathI thA, jo bahuta hI buddhimAna thaa| eka dina pradezI ne citta sArathI ko upahAra dekara zrAvasto ke rAjA jitazatru ke pAsa bhejaa| vahA~ usane pArkhApatya kezIzramaNa ke darzana kiye| pravacana ko sunakara usane zrAvakavrata grahaNa kiye| rAjA jitazatru kI ora se upahAra lekara citta sAratho punaH zvetAmbikA kI ora prasthAna karane lgaa| usane ke zozramaNa se nivedana kiyA Apa zvetAmbikA nagarI pdhaareN| kezozramaNa ne kahA-rAjA pradezo adhAmika hai, hama vahAM kaise A sakate haiM ? cita sAratho-Apa vahA~ padhAre, unheM upadeza dekara kalyANa ke mArga para lgaaveN| usako prArthanA ko sammAna dekara ke zIzramaNa zvetAmbikA nagaro ke udyAna meM pdhaareN| vitta sArathI ghor3oM kI parIkSA ke bahAne rAjA pradezo ko mRgavana udyAna meM laayaa| rAjA pradezo kezIzramaNa ke divya-bhavya rUpa ko nihArakara atyanta prabhAvita huaa| vaha unake sannikaTa aayaa| usane pUchA- kyA Apa jIva aura zarIra ko pRthak mAnate haiN| kezI--hA~ ! hama jova aura zarIra ko pRthak mAnate haiM / pradezI ne tarka diyA-mere dAdA adhArmika the| prajA kA ThIka taraha se pAlana nahIM karate the| Apako dRSTi se be marakara naraka meM gaye haiN| una kA merA bahuta hI prema thaa| ve mujhe Akara kyoM nahIM kahate ki maiM naraka meM paidA huA hU~ / vahA~ apAra kaSToM kA anubhava kara rahA huuN| kezI-tumhArI rAnI ke sAtha koI kAmuka vyakti viSaya-sevana kI icchA kare to kyA tuma use daNDa doge ? pradezI-maiM usake prANa le luuNgaa| kezo-vaha vyakti tumase nivedana kare ki maiM apane sambandhiyoM ko sUcita kara dUM ki mujhe daNDa mila rahA hai, ataH tuma bhI isa kRtya se bacanA / usa puruSa ko sUcanA dene ke lie kyA tuma mukta karoge ?

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230 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA pradezI-nahIM, vaha merA aparAdhI hai / kezI--tumhAre dAdA kA sneha hone para bhI ve naraka se nahIM A skte| ataH jIva aura zarIra bhinna hai / pradezI-merI dAdI dharmAtmA thii| ApakI dRSTi se vaha svarga meM gaI / use to Akara mujhe kahanA cAhie / kezI-snAna va sugandhita dravyoM kA lepana kara tuma jA rahe ho, usa samaya koI vyakti zauca gRha meM baiThA huA tumheM vahA~ Akara baiThane ke lie. kahe to kyA tuma vahA~ baiThoge aura usakI bAta ko sunoge ? pradezI-maiM zauca gRha meM nahIM jaauuNgaa| kezI--svarga meM utpanna huA deva mAnava loka meM AnA pasanda nahIM karatA / use yahA~ kI gandha apriya hai / pradezI-eka taskara ko maiMne kumbhI meM DAlakara Dhakkana lagA diyaa| kahIM para bhI chidra na rahe, ataH use lohe aura sIse se banda kara diyaa| vizvasta paharedAra bhI rkhaa| kucha samaya ke bAda kumbhI ko kholakara dekhA, vaha marA huA thaa| isase spaSTa hai ki jIva aura zarIra eka hai| kezI-- eka vyakti kUTAgArazAlA meM dvAra banda kara bherI bajAe to bAhara baiThA huA vyakti sunatA hai na? vaise hI jIva pRthbo, zilA, parvata Adi ko bhedakara bAhara AtA hai, ataH jIva aura zarIra eka nahIM hai| __ pradeNI-maiMne eka taskara ko kumbhI meM banda kiyaa| usake mRta kalevara meM kIr3e kulabulA rahe the jabaki kumbhI meM kahI bhI chidra nahIM thaa| isase bhI spaSTa hai ki jIva aura zarIra bhinna nahIM, eka hai| kezI- tumane lohe ko phUkate hue dekhA hai na ? vaha lohA agnimaya ho jAtA hai / lohe meM agni kaise praviSTa haI, usameM kahIM bhI chidra nahIM, vaise hI jIva aniruddha gati vAlA hai / isase jIva aura zarIra kI pRthaktA siddha hotI hai| pradezI-eka vyakti dhanurvidyA meM nipuNa hai, para vaha vyakti bAlyAvasthA meM eka bhI bANa nahIM chor3a sakatA thA / bAlyAvasthA aura yuvAvasthA meM jIva eka hotA to maiM samajhatA jIva aura zarIra bhinna hai| kezI-dhanurvidyA niSNAta vyakti zaktizAlI hai, para upakaraNoM ke abhAva meM apanI zakti kA pradarzana nahIM kara sktaa| vaise hI bAlyAvasthA

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ 231 meM upakaraNa balavAna na hone se vaha apanI zakti pradarzita nahIM kara pAtA / para yuvAvasthA meM upakaraNa zaktimAna hone se vaha apanI zakti batAtA hai / pradezI - kisI taskara ko pahale hama jIvita avasthA meM taule aura phira mArakara tauleM to vajana meM koI antara nahIM hotA, ataH jIva aura zarIra meM abhinnatA hai / kezI - jaise khAlI aura havA se bharI huI mazaka ke vajana meM ( vizeSa ) antara nahIM par3atA, vaise hI jIvita aura mRta puruSa ke vajana meM antara nahIM par3atA / jIva amUrta hai / usakA apanA koI vajana nahIM hai / pradezI - maiMne taskara ke zarIra ke pratyeka aMga- upAMga ko kATakara dekhA, kahIM bhI jIva dikhAI nahIM diyA, isalie jIva kA abhAva hai / kezI- mujhe lagatA hai ki tuma sUr3ha ho / tumhArI pravRtti bhI lakar3ahAre kI taraha hai / kucha loga jaMgala meM lakar3iyA~ lene pahu~ce / unake sAtha agni thI / unhoMne eka sAthI se kahA- hama bahuta dUra jaMgala meM jA rahe haiM, tuma hamAre lie bhojana taiyAra karake rakhanA / yadi agni bujha jAya to araNi kI lakar3iyoM se Aga prakaTa kara lenA / usake sAthI jaMgala meM cale gaye, Aga bujha gaI / usane lakar3iyoM ko idhara-udhara ulaTa-pulaTa kara dekhA, para Aga dikhAI nahIM dI / lakar3iyoM ke cIra cIra kara Tukar3e kiye / vaha hatAza aura nirAza hokara socane lagA - mere sAthiyoM ne merA upahAsa kiyA hai / ve yadi lakar3iyoM meM Aga kI bAta nahIM kahate to maiM agni ko sambhAlakara rakhatA / bhUkhe-pyAse sAthIgaNa lakar3iyA~ lekara lauTe kintu bhojana taiyAra nahIM thA / eka sAthI ne una araNi kI lakar3iyoM ko ghisa kara agni taiyAra kI aura sabhI ne bhojana kiyA / vaha lakar3ahArA lakar3I ko cIrakara agni pAnA cAhatA thA, vaise ho tuma bhI zarIra ko cIrakara jIva pAnA cAhate ho| tuma bhI usa mUrkha lakar3ahAre kI taraha hI ho na ? pradezI -hathelI para rakhA huA A~valA spaSTa dikhAI detA hai, usI taraha kyA Apa jIva ko dikhA sakate haiM ? kezI - dharmAstikAya, adharmAstikAya, AkAzAstikAya, azarIrI jIva, paramANu pudgala, zabda, gaMdha aura vAyu ina ATha padArthoM ko viziSTa jJAnI hI dekha sakate haiM /

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jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA pradezI - - kyA hAthI aura cIMTI meM eka samAna jIva hotA hai ? kezI - eka samAna jIva hotA hai / jaise - koI vyakti kamare meM dIpaka jalAe, sampUrNa kamarA usase prakAzita hotA hai / yadi use kisI bartana vizeSa se Dha~ka diyA jAya to vaha bartana ke bhAga ko hI prakAzita karegA / dIpaka donoM sthaloM para vahI hai / sthAna vizeSa kI dRSTi se usake prakAza meM saMkoca aura vistAra hotA haiM, yahI bAta hAthI aura cIMTI ke jIva ke sambandha meM hai / saMkoca aura vistAra donoM hI avasthAoM meM jIva kI pradeza saMkhyA samAna rahatI hai, usameM nyUnAdhikatA nahIM hotI / 232 kezIkumAra zramaNa ke akATya tarkoM ko zravaNakara pradezI rAjA kI sabhI zaMkAoM kA samAdhAna ho gyaa| usane punaH kahA- yaha merA hI mantavya nahIM hai, kintu mere pitA bhI jIva aura zarIra ko eka mAnate the / unakI mAnyatAoM ko maiM kaise ThukarA sakatA hU~ ? kezI - tU bhI lohe ke vajana ko uThAne vAle vyakti ke samAna mUr3ha hai / jaise kucha vyakti dhana kI abhilASA ke lie prasthita hue| kucha dUra jAne para unheM lohe kI khadAna milii| ve lohe ko lekara Age bddh'e| Age tAmbe kI khAna milI / lohA chor3akara unhoMne tAmbA liyA / phira cAMdI kI khadAna milI / tAmbA chor3akara cA~dI lii| Age svarNa kI khadAna milI / cA~dI chor3akara sonA liyA / phira ratnoM kI khAna milii| sonA chor3akara ratna lie / Age vajra ratnoM kI khadAna milI / ratna chor3akara vajra ratna liye / unake sAtha eka sAthI lohe ko Dhokara cala rahA thA / vaha unake asthira mastiSka kA upahAsa karane lagA / sAthiyoM ne use samajhAyA - lohA chor3akara bahumUlya ratna le lo| tumhArI daridratA sadA ke lie miTa jAyegI / para vaha na mAnA / usane kahA- jisa lohe ko itanI dUra se Dhokara lAyA hU~, use kaise choDUM ? vaha lohe ko chor3ane ke lie taiyAra nahIM huA / jo ratna lekara gaye, ve zrImanta bana gaye / vaha usI taraha bhikhArI aura daridrI banA rahA, vaha apane sAthiyoM ko zrIsampanna dekhakara mana hI mana pazcAttApa karatA, vaise hI yadi tU kevali - prarUpita dharma ko svIkAra na karegA to tujhe bhI pazcAttApa hogA / pradezI ne kezozramaNa se zrAvaka ke vrata grahaNa kie| jisake hAtha khUna se raMge the, usakA jIvana parivartita ho gayA / vaha Atma-sAdhanA meM tallIna rahane lagA | mahArAnI sUryakAntA rAjA kI udAsIna vRtti se khinna

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ 233 ho gii| vaha rAjA ko viSa prayoga se mArakara apane putra ko rAjagaddI para baiThAne kA upAya socane lgii| usane eka dina rAjA ke bhojana va vastroM meM viSa milA diyA / bhojana va vastra dhAraNa karate hI use apAra vedanA hii| rAnI kI kAlI karatUta ko samajhakara bhI usake antamAnasa meM roSa paidA nahIM huaa| pauSadhazAlA meM jAkara usane samasta pApakRtyoM kI AlocanA kii| vahA~ se saudharma svarga meM yaha sUryAbha deva bnaa| bauddha-grantha dIghanikAya meM pAyAssisutta eka prakaraNa hai / usameM rAjA pAyAsi ke praznottara haiN| jo rAjapraznIya ke pradezo aura kezI ke praznottara se milate-julate haiN| doghanikAya meM pAyAsi ko kauzala ke rAjA pasenadi kA vaMzadhara kahA hai tathA citta sArathI ke nAma ke sthAna para 'khatte' zabda kA prayoga haA hai / khatte kA paryAyavAcI saMskRta meM 'kSata' aura 'kSatA' hotA hai jisakA artha sArathI hai / nagarI kA nAma 'seyaviyA' ke sthAna para 'settavyA' prayukta haA hai| Adhunika anusadhAna-kartAoM ne zrAvastI (saheTamaheTa) kobalarAmapura se 7 mIla kI dUrI para avasthita mAnA hai / prastuta kathAnaka meM vimAna, prekSAgRha, prekSakoM ke baiThane kA sthAna, pIThikA, prekSA-maNDapa, vAdya, nATya vidhi, jisameM battIsa prakAra ke nATya Adi kA varNana sAMskRtika dRSTi se atyanta mahatvapUrNa hai| usakI tulanA bharata muni ke nATya zAstra tathA mahAbhArata aura rAmAyaNa Adi se kara sakate haiN| tugiyA nagarI ke zramaNopAsaka bhagavatI sUtra zataka dUsarA uddezaka 5veM meM tuMgiyA nagarI ke zramaNopAsakoM kA varNana AyA hai--- eka bAra bhagavAn mahAvIra tuMgiyA nagarI ke puSpavatI caitya meM virAje / tuMgiyA nagarI ke zrAvaka virAT sampatti ke adhipati the| unake bhavya bhavana the| unake yahAM vipUla dAsa-dAsiyA~ thiiN| sAtha hI nava tattvoM ke ve jJAtA the| una tattvoM meM kauna heya haiM; kauna jJeya haiM aura kauna upAdeya haiM inakA unheM samyaka parijJAna thaa| nirgrantha pravacana para unakI dRr3ha AsthA thii| deva, dAnava, mAnava koI bhI unheM vicalita nahIM kara sakatA thaa| unake jIvana ke kaNa-kaNa meM, mana ke aNu-aNu meM nirgrantha pravacana vyApta . 1 rAyapaseNiyasutta kA sAra, pRSTha 66 paM. becaradAsa dozI

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234 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA thaa| ve nirgrantha pravacana ko hI artha vAlA mAnate the aura zeSa sabhI ko anartha vAlA / ve itane adhika udAra the ki unake dvAra sadA-sarvadA khule rahate the| unakA caritra itanA nirmala thA ki binA rokaToka ke rAjA ke antaHpura meM bhI ve praviSTa ho sakate the tathApi kisI ko apratIti nahIM hotI thii| ve aSTamI, caturdazI, amAvasyA aura pUrNimA ko pUrNa poSadhopavAsa karate the / nirgranthoM ko nirdoSa azana, pAna, khAdima, svAdima, vastra, pAtra, kambala, rajoharaNa, pITha, phalaka, zayyA, saMstAraka, auSadha aura bheSaja-ina sabhI kA dAna dete the| eka bAra bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI paramparA ke sthavira bhagavanta vahA~ pdhaare| yaha sunakara tuMgiyA nagarI ke zrAvaka pramudita hue| ve sthavira bhagavantoM ke pAsa phuNce| unhoMne pA~ca abhigama kie--(1) sacitta dravya - phUla tAmbUla Adi kA tyAga (2) acita dravya-vastra Adi kA maryAdita karanA (3) eka paTa ke (binA sIye hue) dupaTTa kA uttarAsaMga krnaa| (4) sAdhumunirAja ke dRSTigocara hote hI donoM hAtha jor3akara mastaka para lagAnA (5) mana ko ekAgra krnaa| __isa prakAra pA~ca abhigama karake ve sthavira bhagavantoM ke pAsa jAkara tIna bAra pradakSiNA kara paryupAsanA karane lge| isake pazcAt sthavira bhagavantoM ne una zramaNopAsakoM ko cAturyAma dharma kA upadeza diyaa| zramaNopAsakoM ne sthavira bhagavantoM se pUchA-saMyama aura tapa kA phala kyA hai ? unhoMne kahA-Asrava se mukta honA / punaH prazna kiyA gayA-yadi saMyama aura tapa kA phala anAsrava hai to phira saMyamI sAdhaka devaloka meM kyoM utpanna hote haiM ? sthaviroM ne samAdhAna diyA-saMyama ke sAtha rAga-dveSa Adi kaSAya vidyamAna haiM, usake kAraNa ve deva banate haiM arthAt sarAgasaMyama saMyamAsaMyama, bAla tapokarma aura akAmanirjarA Adi kAraNoM se ve deva hote haiM / sthaviroM ke uttara se zramaNopAsaka santuSTa hue / isase yaha spaSTa hai ki tugiyAnagarI ke zrAvakoM kA jIvana eka Adarza zrAvaka kA jIvana thaa| unake jIvana meM ve sabhI sadguNa mukharita hue haiM, jo eka zrAvaka ke jIvana meM apekSita haiN| gaNadhara gautama rAjagRha meM bhikSA ke lie paribhramaNa karate hue, tugiyAnagarI ke zrAvakoM ne pApitya sthaviroM se jo prazna pUche aura jo unhoMne uttara diye, use sunaa| unhoMne bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUchA-kyA

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe 235. sthaviroM kA uttara yathArtha hai ? bhagavAn ne kahA-pUrNa yathArtha hai / isase yaha siddha hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra aura bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI AcArasaMhitA meM to bheda thA, kintu saiddhAntika dRSTiyoM se donoM paramparAoM meM matabheda nahIM thaa| yahA~ taka ki saMddhAntika dRSTi se kisI bhI tIrthakara ke zAsana meM matabheda nahIM hotaa| nanda maNiyAra-- jJAtAdharmakathA ke prathama zrutaskandha ke terahaveM adhyayana meM nanda maNi-. yAra kA kathAnaka hai bhagavAna mahAvIra kA rAjagRha meM padArpaNa haa| dardU rAvataMsa vimAna kA vAtI 'dardura' nAmaka deva vahA~ aayaa| usane battIsa prakAra ke nATaka kiye / gaNadhara gautama ne bhagavAna se prazna kiyaa| prabhu ne kahA- rAjagRha nagara meM nanda nAmaka maNiyAra thA / merA upadeza zravaNa kara vaha zramaNopAsaka banA, kintu cirakAla taka sAdhu samAgama nahIM hone se aura mithyAtviyoM ke nikaTa samparka meM rahane se vaha mithyAtvI bana gayA tathApi tapa Adi kriyAyeM pUrvavat hI cala rahI thiiN| eka dina vaha bhISma-grISma Rtu meM aSTama bhakta tapa kI ArAdhanA kara rahA thaa| use tIvra bhUkha-pyAsa satAne lgii| usake mana meM aisI bhAvanA huI-vApikA aura bagIce Adi kA nirmANa kruuNgaa| dUsare dina pauSadha Adi se nivRtta hokara vaha rAjA ke pAsa phNcaa| anumati prApta kara usane sundara vApikA banavAI, bagIce lagavAye, citrazAlA, bhojanazAlA, cikitsAlaya, alaMkArazAlA Adi kA nirmANa krvaayaa| unakA loga upayoga karane lage aura nanda maNiyAra kI mukta kaNTha se prazaMsA karane lge| vaha prazaMsA sunakara harSita huA, usakI unake prati gaharI Asakti ho gii| nanda maNiyAra ke zarIra meM solaha mahAroga paidA ho gaye / unake nAma isa prakAra haiM (1) zvAsa (2) kAsa-khAMsI (3) jvara (4) dAha-jalana (5) kukSizUla (6) bhagandara (7) arza-babAsIra (8) ajIrNa (8) netrazUla (10) mastakazula (11) bhojana viSayaka aruci (12) netra vedanA (13) karNa vedanA (14) kaMDU-khAja (15) dakodara jalodara (16) kor3ha / AcArAMga meM1 16 mahArogoM ke nAma dUsare prakAra se milate haiN| 1 AcArAMga 6-1-173.

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236 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA vipAka, nizIthabhASya, Adi meM bhI solaha prakAra kI vyAdhiyoM kA ullekha hai, para nAmoM meM pRthakatA hai| caraka saMhitA meM bhI ATha mahArogoM kA varNana hai| Asakti aura AtadhyAna meM nanda maNiyAra mRtyu ko varaNa karatA hai aura usI vApI meM 'dardura' banatA hai| kucha samaya ke pazcAt zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke Agamana kI bAta ko sunakara use jAti-smaraNa jJAna ho AtA hai aura vaha dardUra bhagavAn ko vandana ke lie calatA hai| ghor3e kI TApa se vaha ghAyala ho gayA, saMthArA kara vaha vahA~ se svarga kA adhikArI bnaa| prastuta kathAnaka meM isa bAta para bala diyA gayA hai ki sadaguru ke samAgama se Atmika guNoM kI vRddhi hotI hai aura Asakti se patana hotA hai| Asakti AbAda jIvana ko bAda kara detI hai| Ananda gAthApali upAzakadazA adhyayana pahale meM Ananda gAthApati kA varNana haizramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zramaNopAsakoM meM Ananda zramaNopAsaka zIrSastha sthAna hai / vaha licchaviyoM kI rAjadhAnI 'vaizAlI' ke sannikaTa vANijya grAma meM rahatA thaa| usake pAsa virATa vaibhava thA / Adhunika yuga kI bhASA meM vaha arabapati thaa| kRSi usakA mukhya vyavasAya thaa| usake yahA~ dasadasa hajAra gAyoM ke cAra gokula the| Ananda gAthApati kI samAja meM bahuta hI pratiSThA thii| sabhI varga ke logoM meM usakA sanmAnanIya sthAna thaa| vilakSaNa pratibhA kA dhanI hone ke kAraNa jana-mAnasa kA usake prati atyadhika vizvAsa thA, jisase ve apanI gopanIya bAta bhI usake sAmane prakaTa kara dete the| usakI dharmapatnI kA nAma 'zivAnandA' thaa| vaha patiparAyaNA thI / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadeza se prabhAvita hokara usane zrAvaka ke dvAdaza vrata grahaNa kiye| usane zivAnandA ko bhI preraNA dii| zivAnandA ne bhI zrAvaka vrata svIkAra kiye / dharmArAdhanA karate hue caudaha varSa vyatIta ho gye| eka bAra rAtri ke antima prahara meM vaha dharma cintana karate hue socane 1 vAtavyAdhirapasmArI, kuSTI zophI tathodarI / gulmI ca madhumehI ca, rAjayakSmI ca yo naraH / / -~caraka saMhitA, indriya sthAna 6.

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ 237 lagA-maiM jisa sAmAjika sthiti meM hU~, aneka viziSTa uttaradAyitva maiMne le rakhe haiN| jisameM maiM apane jIvana kA adhika samaya dharmArAdhanA meM nahIM lagA sktaa| usane apane jyeSTha putra ko sAmAjika dAyitva sauMpA aura svayaM ko kauTumbika aura sAmAjika jIvana se pRthaka kara liyaa| vaha kollAkasanniveza meM sthita poSadhazAlA meM dharmopAsanA karane lgaa| usane kramazaH zrAvaka kI gyAraha pratimAoM kI ArAdhanA kii| ugra tapomaya jIvana vyatIta karane se usakA zarIra atyanta kRza ho gyaa| eka dina punaH dharma cintana karate hue usake mana meM yaha vicAra AyA-aba merA zarAra bahuta hI kRza ho gayA hai| mere lie yahI zreyaskara hai ki jIvana bhara ke lie anna-jala kA parityAga kara zAnta citta se apanA antima samaya vyatIta kruu| tadanusAra vaha Atmacintana meM lIna ho gyaa| avadhijJAnAvaraNa karma kA kSayopazama hone se use avadhijJAna utpanna huaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra vANijya grAma meM padhAre / gaNadhara gautama ne bhikSA ke lie paribhramaNa karate hue sunA ki Ananda zrAvaka ko saMthAre meM avadhijJAna huA hai / ve Ananda ke pAsa pahu~ce / Ananda zrAvaka kA zarIra itanA kSINa ho cukA thA ki idhara se udhara honA bhI usake lie zakya nahIM thaa| gautama se sannikaTa padhArane kI prArthanA kI, jisase vaha savidhi vandana kara ske| Ananda ne sabhakti vandana kara pUchA-kyA gRhastha ko avadhijJAna utpanna ho sakatA hai ? hA~ ! ho sakatA hai / gautama ne uttara diyaa| bhagavan ! mujhe bhI avadhijJAna utpanna huA hai| maiM usake dvArA pUrva kI ora lavaNa samadra meM 500 yojana taka adholoka meM lolupAcyuta naraka taka, uttara dizA meM culla himavanta varSadhara parvata taka, udizA meM saudharma kalpa-prathama devaloka taka, pazcima tathA dakSiNa dizA ma pA~ca-sau, pA~ca-sau yojana taka kA lavaNa samudra kA kSetra jAnane lagA huuN| gautama ne kahA-Ananda ! avadhijJAna to ho sakatA hai, para itanA vizAla nahIM / ataH tuma AlocanA kara prAyazcitta lo| Ananda-jinazAsana meM satya kI bhI AlocanA kI jAtI hai ? gautm-nhiiN| Ananda-to bhagavan ! maiMne asatya nahIM kahA hai / gautama bhagavAn ke caraNoM meM pahu~ce aura sArA vRttAnta sunaayaa|

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jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA bhagavAn ne kahA- gautama ! Ananda kA kathana ThIka hai ! tuma AlocanA karo aura Ananda se kSamAyAcanA bhI / 238 gautama saralatA sAdhaka the / unhoMne apane doSa kI AlocanA kI aura jAkara Ananda se kSamAyAcanA kii| jaina darzana kA yaha mahAna Adarza hai ki vyakti bar3A nahIM, satya bar3A hai / satya ke prati hara kisI ko abhinata honA hI cAhie | Ananda ujjvala pariNAmoM meM uttarotara dRr3ha-dRr3hatara hote gaye aura saudharma devaloka meM deva bane / prastuta kathAnaka meM Ananda zrAvaka ke upAsanAmaya jIvana kA zabda citra hai / usa samaya bhArata kI Arthika sthiti bahuta acchI thI / Ananda ke pAsa vizAla bhUmi aura bRhata pazudhana thA aura svarNamudrAoM ke bhI ambAra lage hue the / ve Adhunika dhanavAnoM kI taraha nahIM the, jo binA surakSita pU~jI ke bhI andhAdhundha vyApAra karate hoM / ve apanI pU~jI kA tRtIyAMza bhAga pahale se hI surakSita rakhate the, jisame tanAva kI sthiti paidA na ho / jIvana kI sAMdhya velA meM ve apanA uttaradAyitva putra ko dekara pUrNatayA sAdhanA meM juTa jAte the / unakI sAdhanA ke lie svatantra poSadhazAlAyeM hotI thIM / jahA~ jAgarUka hokara sAdhanAmaya jIvana jIte hue saharSa mRtyu ko varaNa karate the / Aja ke zrAvaka unake jIvana se pATha grahaNa kareM to jIvana sukha aura zAnti kA sarasabja bAga lahalahA sakatA hai / meM kAmadeva gAthApati- kAmadeva campA nagarI kA nivAsI thA, usakI patnI kA nAma bhadrA thA / usake pAsa chaha karor3a svarNamudrAyeM sthAI pU~jI ke rUpa thIM, chaha karor3a svarNamudrAyeM vyApAra meM lagI huI thIM aura chaha karor3a svarNamudrAyeM ghara Adi ke kAryoM meM lagI huI thIM / dasa-dasa hajAra gAyoM ke chaha gokula the / usakA pArivArika jIvana sukhI thA / rAjakIya kSetra meM bhI usakI bhArI pratiSThA thI / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadeza ko zravaNa kara kAmadeva ne vrata grahaNa kiye aura anta meM putra ko gRhabhAra samhalAkara svayaM pauSadhazAlA meM tanmayatA se sAdhanA karane lagA | usakI sAdhanA meM vighna DAlane ke lie eka mithyAtvIdeva AyA / usane pahale vikarAla rUpa banAkara kAmadeva ko bhayabhIta karane kA prayAsa kiyA aura spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA- tuma upAsanA ko chor3a do / para kAmadeva avicala rahA / zarIra ke Tukar3e-Tukar3e karane kA bhI prayAsa kiyA, unmatta hAthI banakara kAmadeva ko AkAza meM uchAlA, dA~toM

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ 236 se bIdhA aura pairoM se rauMdA tathApi kAmadeva apanI sAdhanA meM aDiga rhaa| phira usane ugra viSadhara kA rUpa dhAraNa kara tIvra DaMka kA prahAra kiyA para kAmadeva calita nahIM huaa| vaha deva kAmadeva zrAvaka ke caraNoM meM gira pdd'aa| tuma dhanya ho ! jaisA indra ne tumhArA guNAnuvAda kiyA, usase bhI tuma bar3hakara nikale / kAmadeva ne upasarga ko samApta huA jAnakara dhyAna Adi se nivRtti lii| usane sunA-bhagavAn mahAvIra kA zubhAgamana huA hai| vaha darzana ke lie phuNcaa| sarvajJa, sarvadarzI prabhu mahAvIra ne kahAkAmadeva ! kyA deva ne tumheM isa prakAra rAtri ko upasarga diye the? bhante ! ApakA kathana yathArtha hai| bhagavAn ne sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko sambodhita kara kahA- kAmadeva gRhastha hote hue bhI itanA dRr3ha rahA, ataH tumheM bhI isase zikSA lenI caahie| sArI sabhA stambhita ho gii| kAmadeva uttarottara sAdhanA-patha para bar3hatA gyaa| bIsa barSa taka zramaNopAsaka ke vratoM kA pAlana kara, aMtima samaya meM saMlekhanA tathA anazana kara vaha saudharma devaloka meM deva bnaa| prastuta kathAnaka kA sAra yahI hai ki upasarga upasthita hone para bhI himAlaya kI caTTAna kI taraha vratoM ke pAlana meM sudRDha rahanA cAhie, vighna sAdhanA kI kasauTI hai| "zrayAMsi bahu vighnAni"-zreSTha kAryoM meM bahata se vighna Ate hai, para jo una bAdhAoM ko pAra kara jAtA hai, vahI mahAn banatA hai| (upAsakadazAMga a0 2) jhulanIpitA culanIpitA vArANasI kA gAthApati thA / usakI patnI zyAmA thii| caubIsa karor3a svarNa mudrAyeM usake pAsa thIM tathA dasa-dasa hajAra gAyoM ke ATha gokUla the| jaba bhagavAna mahAvIra vArANasI padhAre, to unake upadeza ko zravaNakara culanIpitA ne zrAvaka ke bAraha vrata grahaNa kiye| eka bAra vaha pauSadhazAlA meM upAsanArata thA / eka deva hAtha meM camacamAtI huI talavAra lie vahA~ pragaTa huA aura kahA-tuma vatoM ko chor3a do, nahIM to tumhAre jyeSTha putra ko lAkara tumhAre sAmane hI Tukar3e-Thakar3e kara dNgaa| khaulate hae pAnI meM usakA mAMsa pakAkara tumhAre zarIra para chittkNgaa| putra ke prati pitA kI sahaja mamatA hotI hai, para vaha avicala rahA / deva kA krodha ubala par3A, usane devamAyA se vaisA hI kara btaayaa|

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240 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA usa bIbhatsa dRzya se patthara kA hRdaya bhI dravita ho jAtA, para culanIpitA aDiga rhe| dUsarI bAra majhale putra kI bhI vahI sthiti kI to bhI vaha sAdhanA se calita nahIM huaa| tIsarI bAra bhI usa deva ne tIsare pUtra ko samApta kara diyA to bhI culanIpitA meru kI taraha aDiga rahA / cauthI bAra deva ne usakI mamatAmayI mAtA kI hatyA karanI cAhI, taba usake dhairya kA bA~dha TUTa gyaa| vaha Rddha hokara usa deva ko pakar3ane ke lie uThA / deva antardhAna ho gyaa| usake hAtha meM khambhA AyA aura vaha jora-jora se cillAne lgaa| bhadrA sArthavAhI usakI AvAja ko sunakara caTa se vahA~ pahu~co aura kahA-vatsa! vaha deva mAyA thii| tumane krodha karake vrata kA bhaMga kiyA hai, isIlie prAyazcitta karake zuddha bano / mA~ kI AjJA ko zirodhArya kara culanIpitA ne prAyazcitta kiyaa| sAdhaka ko pratyeka kSaNa sAvadhAna rahanA cAhie, yadi bhUla ho jAye to usakA pariSkAra karanA caahie| culanIpitA ne upAsanA ke kSatra meM uttarottara vikAsa kiyA aura antima samaya meM saMlekhanA-samAdhipUrvaka anazana kara saudharma devaloka meM deva bnaa| prastuta kathAnaka meM yaha batAyA gayA hai ki adhyAtma kI sAdhanA mA~ kI mamatA se bhI bar3hakara hai| jaba sAdhaka usa ucca bhUmikA para pahu~ca jAtA hai to sAMsArika sambandha samApta ho jAte haiM / (upAsakadazAMga a. 3) surAdeva surAdeva bhI vArANasI kA gAthApati thaa| usake pAsa aThAraha karor3a svarNa-mudrAyeM thiiN| usakI patnI kA nAma dhanyA thaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pAvana-pravacana ko zravaNa kara usane vrata grahaNa kiye / deva ne pA~ca bAra usake putroM ko kATA, khaulate hue pAnI ke kar3Aha meM DAlA aura surAdeva para mAMsa chir3akA to bhI surAdeva vicalita nahIM huA taba deva ne usake zarIra meM solaha mahAroga utpanna karane kI dhamakI dI, jisase surAdeva vicalita ho uThA / usane deva ko pakar3ane ke lie hAtha phailAyA, deva AkAza meM lupta ho gyaa| surAdeva kI cillAhaTa ko sunakara usakI patno vahA~ AI aura usane kahA-patideva ! yaha deva upasarga thA / Apa apanA vrata khaNDita nahIM kreN| usane bhUla kA prAyazcitta kiyaa| bIsa varSa taka zrAvaka vratoM kA niraticAra pAlana kara saudharma devaloka meM deva rUpa meM utpanna huaa| (upAsaka dazAMga a. 4)

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ 241 cullazataka AlabhikA nagarI meM cullazataka gAthApati thaa| usake pAsa aThAraha karor3a svarNa-mudrAeM thI / dasa-dasa hajAra gAyoM ke chaha gokula the| eka bAra bhagavAn mahAvIra AlabhikA pdhaare| cullazataka ne vrata grahaNa kiye / eka dina pauSadhazAlA meM usane poSadha vrata svIkAra kara rakhA thaa| ardharAtri meM eka deva pragaTa huaa| deva ne cullazataka ke tInoM putroM ke sAta-sAta Tukar3e kara diye, para vaha vrata se vicalita nahIM huaa| anta meM deva ne socA-dhana gyArahavAM prANa hai / ataH usane kahA--yadi tuma vratoM kA bhaMga nahIM karoge to tumhAre sampUrNa dhana kA apaharaNa kara luuNgaa| tuma daridra banakara dara-dara bhaTakoge / tIna bAra kahane para cullazataka ke bijalI sI kauMdha gaI / vaha ghabar3A gyaa| usane usa puruSa ko pakar3ane ke lie hAtha Age bar3hAyA, para khambhe ke sivAya kucha bhI hAtha nahIM lgaa| vyAkulatA ke kAraNa vaha jora se cillA utthaa| patnI ne Akara kahA-Apako apane vrata meM dRr3ha rahanA cAhie, AlocanA kara Atma-zodhana kreN| use apanI bhUla jJAta huii| usane zuddhikaraNa kiyA / bIsa varSa taka zrAvaka vratoM kA pAlana kara evaM ekAdaza pratimAoM kI ArAdhanA kii| eka mAsa kI saMlekhanA-saMthArA kara saudharma devaloka meM deva bnaa| (upAsaka dazAMga a05) kuNDakaulika kAmpilyapura nagara meM kuNDakaulika gAthApati thA / usakI patnI kA nAma pUNA thaa| aThAraha karor3a svarNa-mudrAoM kA vaha adhipati thaa| dasadasa hajAra gAyoM ke chaha gokula the| bhagavAn ke upadeza ko sunakara kuNDakaulika ne vrata grahaNa kiye / vaha eka dina madhyAhna meM azoka vATikA meM pahu~cA / usane apanI aMgUThI aura uttarIya utAra kara pRthvIzilA paTTaka para rakhe, aura dharma-dhyAna meM saMlagna ho gyaa| usa samaya eka deva prakaTa huaa| aMgUThI aura uttarIya lekara AkAza meM sthita ho gyaa| deva ne kahA -maMkhilaputra gauzAlaka kA siddhAnta sundara hai| vahA~ puruSArtha ko sthAna nahIM hai / vaha niyativAdI hai| jo kucha bhI hogA, vaha niyati ke anusAra hI hogaa| isalie tuma usake siddhAnta ko svIkAra kro| kuNDakolika-tumane jo yaha virATa Rddhi prApta kI hai, vaha puruSArtha se prApta kI hai yA yoM hI ? deva-maiMne yoM hI prApta kI hai|

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242 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kuNDakaulika-to phira pratyeka prANI jo puruSArtha nahIM karate haiM, ve deva kyoM nahIM bane ? deva kuNDakaulika ke tarka kA uttara nahIM de skaa| vaha aMgUThI aura uttarIya ko zilApaTTa para rakhakara cala diyaa| dUsare dina bhagavAna mahAvIra kA kAmpilyapura nagara meM padArpaNa huaa| kuNDakaulika vandana ke lie gyaa| bhagavAn ne deva-parIkSA kI bAta kahI aura sAdhu-sAdhviyoM ko preraNA dete hue kahA-kuNDakolika kitanA gaharA tattvavettA hai| usane apanI yukti se deva ko niruttara kara diyaa| kuNDakaulika kI ghaTanA ko mahattva dene kA yahI kAraNa thA ki sAdhakoM ko apane siddhAntoM kA samyak paribodha honA cAhie / kuNDakaulika ne pandrahaveM varSa meM ekAdaza pratimAoM ko grahaNa kiyaa| usake pUrva caudaha varSa taka vaha vratoM kA pAlana karatA rahA thaa| anta meM eka mAsa kI saMlekhanA-saMthArA dvArA AyuSya ko pUrNa karake vaha saudharma devaloka meM devarUpa meM utpanna huaa| (upAsakadazAMga a0 6) zakaDAlaputra polAsapura nagara meM zakaDAlaputra nAmaka eka kumbhakAra thaa| usake pAsa tIna karor3a svarNamudrAe~ thIM aura dasa hajAra gAyoM kA eka gokula thaa| usakA pramukha vyavasAya thA-miTTI ke bartana taiyAra karanA aura becanA / polAsapura nagara ke bAhara usakI pA~casau karmazAlAyeM thI / jahA~ aneka vaitanika karmacArI kAma karate the| ve bartana taiyAra karate aura sArvajanika sthAnoM para unheM becate the| zakaDAlaputra kI patnI kA nAma agnimitrA thaa| vaha gauzAlaka kA pramukha anuyAyI thA / eka bAra zakaDAlaputra azokavATikA meM dharmArAdhana kara rahA thaa| usa samaya eka deva ne prakaTa hokara kahA-kala prAtaH mahAmahima, apratihata jJAna-darzana ke dhAraka, trailokyapUjita, arhata, jina, kevalI, sarvajJa, sarvadarzI aayeNge| unakI tuma paryupAsanA krnaa| dUsare dina bhagavAna mahAvIra sahasrAmra udyAna meM pdhaare| zakaDAlaputra darzana karane ke lie gyaa| vaha to mana meM soca rahA thA ki bhagavAna gauzAlaka padhAreMge aura usI dRSTi se vaha vahA~ para phuNcaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne use sulabhabodhi jAnakara kahA-kala deva AyA thA na ? aura usane mere

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ 243 Agamana kI sUcanA dI thI na ? zakaDAlaputra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke divya jJAna se prabhAvita huaa| usane bhagavAn se nivedana kiyA-merI karmazAlA meM padhAreM aura Avazyaka sAmagrI grahaNa kreN| bhagavAn mahAvIra vahA~ padhAre / eka dina zakaDAlaputra bartanoM ko dhUpa de rahA thaa| bhagavAn ne pUchA -ye bartana kaise bane ? zakaDAlaputra ne nivedana kiyA-pahale miTTI ekatra kI, phira use bhigoyA, rAkha aura gobara milAyA, gUdhA tathA sabako ekaeka kara cAka para car3hAyA aura vibhinna prakAra ke bartana banAye / bhagavAn-ye bartana puruSArtha se bane haiM athavA apuruSArtha se / zakaDAlaputra-isameM puruSArtha kI AvazyakatA nahIM / jo kucha honA hotA hai, vaha nizcita hai| ___ bhagavAn kalpanA karo, koI vyakti tumhAre bartanoM ko tor3a de, phor3a de athavA tumhArI patnI agnimitrA ke sAtha balAtkAra kare to tuma kyA karoge ? zakaDAlaputra-maiM use phaTakArUMgA, daNDa dUMgA aura adhika karegA to usakI jAna le luugaa| bhagavAn-tuma aisA kyoM karate ho ? kyoMki tumhArI dRSTi se jo kucha bhI hone vAlA hai, vaha niyata hai / phira use doSI kyoM mAnate ho ? yadi tuma yaha mAnate ho ki vaha puruSArtha karatA hai to niyativAda kA siddhAMta khaNDita ho jAtA hai| ___ zakaDAlaputra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke sAmane nata ho gyaa| usane zrAvaka ke dvAdaza vrata grahaNa kiye aura usakI patnI agnimitrA ne bhii| maMkhaliputra gozAlaka ne jaba yaha sunA to use duHkha huA kyoMki vaha usakA pramukha dhAvaka thA / vaha AjIvakoM ke upAzraya meM Thaharakara zakaDAlapatra ke pAsa AyA, para zakaDAlaputra ne koI AdarabhAva prakaTa nahIM kiyaa| gauzAlaka ne bhagavAn mahAvIra kI khUba stavanA kI / zakaDAlaputra ne apane guru mahAvIra kI stavanA se prabhAvita hokara kahA-Apa merI karmazAlA meM rukeN| gauzAlaka bhI yahI cAhatA thaa| usane vividha tarka dekara use samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA para zakaDAlapatra kI dharmazraddhA vicalita nahIM huI / nirAza hokara gauzAlaka ne vahAM se prasthAna kara diyaa| zrAvaka vratoM kI ArAdhanA evaM sAdhanA karate hue caudaha varSa vyatIta

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244 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ho cuke the, pandrahavAM varSa cala rahA thaa| zakaDAlaputra rAtri meM dharmArAdhanA kara rahA thaa| eka deva aayaa| usa deva ne usake tInoM putroM ko mArakara no-no mAMsakhaNDa kiye / kholate hue pAnI meM ubAlakara usako zakaDAlaputra ke Upara chIMTA to bhI vaha vicalita nahIM huaa| deva ne socA-isakA agnimitrA patnI para atyadhika anurAga hai, ataH usI taraha use bhI mArane kI dhamakI dii| vaha kSubhita ho uThA, deva ko pakar3ane ke lie jyoMhI hAtha Age bar3hAye tyoMhI hAtha khambhe se TakarA gye| usakI cItkAra ko sunakara agnimitrA vahA~ AI aura bolI-Apane vrata ko bhaMga kara diyA hai, prAyazcitta lekara zuddhikaraNa kreN| zakaDAlaputra ne vaisA hI kiyaa| jIvana ke antima kSaNoM taka jAgarUkatA se usakI sAdhanA calatI rhii| Ayu pUrNa kara vaha aruNAmata vimAna meM deva bnaa| (upAsakadazAMga a. 7) mahAzataka rAjagRha meM mahAzataka gAthApati thaa| usake pAsa caubIsa karor3a svarNamudrAyeM thiiN| dasa-dasa hajAra gAyoM ke ATha gokula the| usake teraha patniyA~ thIM / unameM revatI pramukha thii| revatI apane pIhara se ATha karor3a svarNamudrAyeM aura daza-daza hajAra gAyoM ke ATha gokula prItidAna ke rUpa meM lAI thI, anya bAraha patniyA~ bhI eka-eka karor3a svarNamudrAyeM aura dasadasa hajAra gAyoM kA eka gokula prItidAna ke rUpa meM lAI thiiN| usa yuga meM putriyoM ko pIhara se virATa sampatti prApta hotI thI aura usa para una patniyoM kA hI adhikAra rahatA thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadeza ko zravaNa kara mahAzataka ne zrAvaka ke vrata grahaNa kiye| mahAzataka kI patnI revatI ke antarmAnasa meM artha aura bhoga ke prati tIvra abhilASA thii| eka bAra usake mana meM vicAra AyA-maiM bAraha hI sautoM ko mAra dUM to unakI sArI sampatti para merA adhikAra ho jAyegA aura maiM ekAkinI viSaya-bhogoM kA sevana kruuNgii| usane apanI sautoM ko maravA diyaa| revatI mAMsa aura madirA kA bhI upabhoga karatI thii| eka bAra rAjagRha meM amAri (prANI-vadha-niSedha) kI ghoSaNA kara dI gaI / revatI ne apane gokula meM se do-do bachar3e pratidina mArakara gupta rUpa se lAne kI vyavasthA kii| mahAzataka ke jIvana meM nayA mor3a A gyaa| zrAvaka ke vratoM kA pAlana karate hue use caudaha varSa vyatIta ho gaye the| apane jyeSTha putra ko ghara kA bhAra samhalA kara svayaM poSadhazAlA meM dharmopAsanA karane lgaa|

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ 245 revatI madirA ke naze meM unmatta banI huI kAmoddIpaka hAva-bhAva karane lagI tathA bhogoM kI yAcanA karane lgii| kintu mahAzataka vicalita nahIM huaa| revatI apanA-sA muha lekara lauTa gii| mahAzataka sAdhanA meM uttarottara pragati karatA rhaa| use avadhijJAna utpanna haa| revatI vAsanA kI jvAlA meM jhulasa rahI thii| vaha punaH-punaH Akara kuceSTA karane lagI jisase vaha vikSubdha ho utthaa| usane avadhijJAna se nihArakara kahA-revatI! tU atyaMta bhayAnaka roga se pIr3ita hokara ratnaprabhA nAmaka pahalI naraka meM utpanna hogI, jahA~ caurAsI hajAra varSa taka bhayaMkara kaSToM ko bhogegI / vaha bhaya se kA~pa uThI, usake sAmane mauta kI kAlI chAyA nAcane lgii| jaisA mahAzataka ne kahA thA, vaisA hI huaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA rAjagRha meM padArpaNa hujaa| unhoMne gaNadhara gautama ko batAyA-antima saMlekhanA svIkAra kara mahAzataka ne apriya aura amanojJa kathana kara bhUla kI hai| tuma jAkara mahAzataka ko isakI AlocanA kara prAyazcitta kare, aisA sUcana kro| gautama mahAzataka ke pAsa Aye aura bhagavAna kA sandeza khaa| mahAzataka ne bhagavAn ke vacana ko zirodhArya kara zRddhi kii| samAdhipUrvaka deha tyAgakara saudharmakalpa meM deva banA / (upAsakadazAMga a08) nandinIpitA zrAvastI nagarI meM nandinIpitA gAthApati thaa| usake pAsa bAraha karor3a svarNa-mudrAyeM thiiN| dasa-dasa hajAra gAyoM ke cAra gokula the| usakI patnI kA nAma azvinI thA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadeza ko sunakara usane zrAvaka ke bAraha vrata grahaNa kiye| vratoM kA pAlana karate hue jaba caudaha varSa ho gaye to apanA uttaradAyitva jyeSTha putra ko dekara vaha sAdhanA meM juTa gyaa| usakI sAdhanA meM kisI bhI prakAra kI bAdhA upasthita nahIM huI / bIsa varSa taka zrAvaka dharma kI ArAdhanA kara vaha saudharma devaloka meM deva banA / (upAsaka dazAMga a06) sAlihIpitA zrAvastI meM sAlihIpitA gAthApati thaa| usake pAsa bAraha karor3a svarNamudrAe~ thiiN| usakI patnI kA nAma phAlgunI thaa| usake pAsa dasadasa hajAra gAyoM ke cAra gokula the| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke upadeza ko

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246 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA zravaNa kara usane vratoM ko grahaNa kiyaa| caudaha varSa taka zrAvaka vratoM kA pAlana karane ke pazcAt apanA uttaradAyitva jyeSTha putra ko dekara svayaM sAdhanA meM tallIna ho gayA, gyAraha pratimAoM kI ArAdhanA kI aura samAdhipUrvaka Ayu pUrNa kara saudharma devaloka meM devarUpa meM utpanna huaa| Ananda gAthApati se lekara sAlihIpitA taka ina dasoM zramaNopAsakoM kI parigaNanA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pramukhatama zrAvakoM meM kI gaI hai| upAsakadazAMga sUtra meM inakI jIvana gAthAe~ haiN| dasa upAsakoM meM se chaha ke jIvana meM upasarga utpanna hue the| unameM se cAra upAsaka vicalita ho gaye kintu punaH sa~bhala gye| apanI bhUla kA prAyazcitta kara liyA / do upAsaka pUrNarUpa se avicala rahe aura zeSa cAra upAsakoM kI sAdhanA meM kisI bhI prakAra ke upasarga nahIM aae| upasarga sAdhaka kI kasauTI hai / jo sAdhaka upasargoM kI kasauTI para kharA utaratA hai, usakA jIvana svarNa kI taraha nikhara jAtA hai / (upAsaka dazAMga a0 10) RSibhadraputra AlabhikA nagarI meM RSibhadraputra zramaNopAsaka thA / usa nagara meM aneka zramaNopAsaka the jo jIvAdi tatvoM ke parijJAtA the| anya zramaNopAsakoM ne RSibhadraputra se pUchA-devoM kI kitanI sthiti hai ? usane kahA-jaghanya dasa hajAra varSa kI aura utkRSTa kramazaH bar3hatI huI taitIsa sAgaropama kii| anya zramaNopAsakoM ko zaMkA huI ki usakA kathana yathArtha hai athavA nahIM ? bhagavAn mahAvIra AlabhikA nagaro meM pdhaare| unakA upadeza sunane ke bAda usa pariSad ne bhagavAna se pUchA-RSibhadraputra kA kathana yathArtha hai yA nahIM? prabhu ne kahA-usakA kathana yathArtha hai / maiM bhI aisA kahatA huuN| yaha sunakara pariSad prabhAvita huI aura RSibhadraputra se kSamAyAcanA kii| gaNadhara gautama ne jijJAsA prastuta kI-kyA RSibhadraputra zramaNa banegA? bhagavAn ne kahA- nahIM, yaha zramaNopAsaka-jIvana vyatIta karake Ayu pUrNa kara saudharma devaloka meM deva banegA aura vahA~ se mahAvideha kSetra meM janma lekara siddha, buddha aura mukta hogaa| prastuta kathAnaka se yaha spaSTa hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke zramaNopAsaka tatvadarzana ke acche jJAtA the aura bhagavAn usa satya-tathya ko

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ 247 svIkAra kara usa para apanI mudrA lagA dete the jisase anya zrAvaka bhI tatva-darzana kI ora Age bar3ha skeN| (bhagavatI sa0 11, u0 12) zaMkha-puSkalI zrAvastI nagarI meM zaMkha zrAvaka thaa| usakI patnI kA nAma utpalA thaa| puSkalI nAmaka eka anya zramaNopAsaka bhI vahA~ rahatA thaa| donoM hI jainadarzana ke pUrNa jJAtA the| bhagavAn mahAvIra kA vahA~ padArpaNa huaa| bhagavAn kA upadeza zravaNa kara unhoMne aneka jijJAsAe~ prastuta kii| usake bAda zaMkha zramaNopAsaka ne zrAvasto ne anya zramaNopAsakoM se kahA'puSkala azana, pAna, khAdima, svAdima taiyAra karAo aura usakA AsvAdana karate hue, khAte aura paraspara khilAte hue pAkSika pauSadha kA anupAlana karate hue rheNge| sabhI zramaNopAsakoM ne zaMkha kI bAta ko dhyAnapUrvaka sunaa| usake pazcAt zaMkha zramaNopAsaka ko yaha vicAra AyA ki khAte hue pauSadha na kara brahmacaryapUrvaka maNi Adi kA tyAgakara binA kisI ke sahayoga ke mujhe akele hI pauSadha karanA zreyaskara hai| aisA socakara vaha apane ghara AyA / apanI patnI utpalA ko pUchakara pauSadhazAlA meM pauSadha karake baiTha gyaa| idhara zrAvastI ke zramaNopAsakoM ne vipula azana, pAna Adi taiyAra karavA liyA, kintu zaMkha zramaNopAsaka nahIM AyA, isalie use bulavAne kA vicAra kiyaa| puSkalI zrAvaka una sabhI kI ora se unheM bulAne gyaa| utpalA se pUchA-zaMkha zrAvaka kahA~ hai ? usane kahA--ve pauSadhazAlA meM pauSadha karake baiThe haiM / puSkalI ne zaMkha ko namaskAra kiyA aura kahA-Apane vipula azana, pAna, khAdima, svAdima taiyAra karavAyA hai, ataH AhAra Adi ko khAte-pIte pauSadha kreN| zaMkha ne kahA-maiMne pauSadha kara liyA hai, tuma apanI icchAnusAra khAte-pIte pauSadha kro| una zrAvakoM ne vaisA hI kiyaa| rAtri meM dharma jAgaraNa karate hue zaMkha ne socA-bhagavAn mahAvIra ke darzana karane ke bAda hI mujhe pauSadha pAranA zreyaskara hai| subaha hone para zaMkha bhagavAn kI sevA meM phuNcaa| udhara puSkalI Adi zrAvaka bhI bhagavAn ko vandana ke lie pahu~ce / upadeza sunane ke bAda unhoMne zaMkha ko upAlambha diyaa| prabhu ne kahA-tuma zaMkha zrAvaka kI avahelanA na karo, yaha priyadharmI evaM dRr3hadharmI hai / isane pramAda aura nidrA kA parityAga kara sudarzana jAgarikA jAgRta kI hai|

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248 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA gautama ne jijJAsA prastuta kI--jAgarikA kitane prakAra kI hai ? bhagavAn ne uttara diyA-jAgarikA tIna prakAra kI hai-1. buddha jAgarikA 2. abuddha jAgarikA aura 3. sudarzana jAgarikA / sarvajJoM kI jAgarikA buddha jAgarikA hai, aNagAra kI jAgarikA abuddha jAgarikA hai aura zrAvakoM kI jAgarikA sudarzana jAgarikA hai| zaMkha ne bhagavAn mahAvIra se pUchA-krodha Adi kaSAya ke vazIbhUta jIva kauna se karma bAMdhatA hai athavA caya-upacaya karatA hai ? bhagavAn ne kahA-vaha sAta yA ATha karmoM ko bAMdhatA hai, zithila karma prakRtiyoM ko dRr3ha karatA hai| puSkalI Adi sabhI zrAvakoM ne zaMkha se kSamAyAcanA kii| gautama ne pUchA-kyA zaMkha pravrajyA grahaNa karegA ? bhagavAn ne kahA-nahIM, vaha zrAvakadharma kA hI pAlana kregaa| prastuta kathAnaka meM poSadha kA ullekha huA hai / pauSadha ke 1 AhAra pauSadha 2 zarIra pauSadha 3 brahmacarya-pauSadha aura 4 avyApAra-pauSadha-ye cAra prakAra haiM / zaMkha zrAvaka ne pratipUrNa poSadha kiyA thaa| AvazyakavRtti meM pauSadhopavAsa kA lakSaNa isa prakAra kiyA gayA hai-"dharma aura adhyAtma ko puSTa karane vAlA vizeSa niyama dhAraNa karake upavAsa sahita pauSadha meM rhnaa| pauSadha zabda saMskRta ke 'upavasathaH' zabda se nirmita huA hai, jisakA artha hai-dharmAcArya ke samIpa yA dharmasthAna meM rahanA / dharmasthAna meM nivAsa karate hue upavAsa karanA pauSadhopavAsa hai / dUsare zabdoM meM kaheM to pauSadha vrata kA artha poSanA, tRpta karanA hai| zarIra ko bhojana se tRpta karate haiM vaise hI AtmA ko vrata se tRpta krnaa| pauSadha meM Atmacintana, Atmazodhana, AtmavikAsa kA puruSArtha kiyA jAtA hai / jaba sAdhaka Atmacintana karatA hai to use apane antar meM rahI huI kamajoriyoM kA jJAna hotA hai aura jina zaktiyoM kI nyUnatA hai, unakI sampUrti ke lie vaha prayAsa karatA hai| vyakti dUsaroM ko sudhAra nahIM sakatA para apane Apako vaha sudhAra sakatA hai / pauSadha meM sAdhaka sAMsArika pravRttiyoM se mukta hokara dharma-jAgaraNa aura Atma-jAgaraNa karatA hai / (bhagavatI za. 12, u. 1) varuNanAganatRka zramaNopAsaka vaizAlI meM varuNanAganaptRka zramaNopAsaka thaa| vaha jIvAdi tattvoM 1 pauSadhe upavasanaM pauSadhopavAsaH niyamavizeSAbhidhAnaM cedaM pauSadhopavAsaH / -AvazyakavRtti

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ 246 kA parijJAtA thA tathA vratI thA / chaTTha-chaTTha kI tapasyA se apanI bhAtmA ko bhAvita karatA haA rahatA thaa| rAjA ke Adeza se use rathamUsala saMgrAma meM jAnA par3A / usane yuddha meM pravRtta hote samaya yaha niyama liyA ki jo mujha para pahale vAra karegA, usI ko mujhe mAranA yogya hai, dUsare ko nhiiN| vaha niyama lekara saMgrAma karane lgaa| varuNanAganaptRka ke sahaNa hI eka vyakti samAna vaya aura AkRti vAlA vahA~ AyA aura kahA-mere para prahAra kro| usane kahA-jaba taka koI mere para prahAra nahIM karatA, vahA~ taka maiM bhI prahAra nahIM karatA huuN| usane varuNanAganaptRka para bANa kA prahAra kiyA jisase vaha ghAyala ho gyaa| usake bAda hI varuNanAganaptaka ne usa vyakti para prahAra kiyA jisase vaha bhUmi para lur3haka pdd'aa| punaH usane prahAra kiyA jisase varuNanAganaptRka ke prANa saMkaTa meM par3a gaye / jIvana kI sAMdhyavelA samajhakara usane ratha ko ekAnta sthAna meM le jAne kA Adeza diyaa| ratha se utarakara, darbha kA Asana bichAkara varuNanAganaptRka ne arihaMta ko namaskAra kiyA evaM jIvana paryanta ke lie vratoM ko grahaNa kiyaa| kavaca ko kholA aura zarIra meM se bANa ko bAhara nikAlA tathA samAdhipUrvaka kAladharma ko prApta huaa| varuNanAganaptRka kA bAla mitra yuddha kara rahA thaa| vaha bhI ghAyala haA / varuNanAganaptaka ke pIche-pIche AyA aura saMthArA kara mRtyu kA varaNa kiyaa| sannikaTa meM rahe hue devoM ne sugandhita jala aura puSpoM kI varSA kI aura gIta va gandharva-nAda bho / logoM ne samajhA-jo saMgrAma karate hue marate haiM, ve devaloka ko prApta hote haiM, para unheM yaha patA nahIM ki kaise vyakti svarga meM jAte haiM ? (bhagavatI za. 7, u. 6) gautama ne jijJAsA prastuta kI-bhagavan ! varuNanAganaptaka kahA~ gayA ? bhagavAn ne kahA-vaha saudharma devaloka meM gayA aura usakA mitra mAnava bnaa| vahA~ se mahAvideha kSetra meM janma lekara siddha, buddha aura mukta hogaa| prastuta kathAnaka meM, vaidika paramparA tathA loka-dhAraNAoM meM yaha bAta phailI huI thI ki raNa-kSetra meM marane vAlA vyakti svarga ko varaNa karatA hai / isa dRSTi se loga yuddha meM marane ko zreyaskara mAnate the| isa mithyAdhAraNA kA isameM nirasana kiyA gayA hai| raNakSetra meM bhI marane vAlA vyakti 1 hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa-vIragAthA kAla kA varNana

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250 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA svarga ko prApta kara sakatA hai bazarte vaha pApoM kI AlocanA kara kaSAya se mukta hokara samabhAva meM Ayu pUrNa kre| yadi kaSAya kI Aga meM sainika jhulasa rahA hai to usakI gati naraka evaM tithaMca kI hogii| babUla kA per3a bokara Ama kI AzA karanA mithyA hai| vaise hI kaSAyabhAva meM sadgati sulabha nahIM hai| somila brAhmaNa bhagavatI sUtra zataka 18 uddezaka 10 meM somila brAhmaNa zramaNopAsaka kA varNana hai / vANijyagrAma meM somila brAhmaNa thA / vaha vedoM kA pAraMgata vidvAna thaa| usake pA~ca so ziSya the| vahA~ para bhagavAn mahAvIra kA Agamana huA / somila brAhmaNa ne socA-maiM apane ziSyoM ke sAtha bhagavAn ke pAsa jAU~, yadi ve mere praznoM kA uttara nahIM de sakeMge to maiM unheM niruttara kara dUMgA / isa prakAra vicAra kara vaha mahAvIra ke pAsa AyA aura pUchAbhagavan ! Apake yAtrA, yApanIya, avyAbAdha aura prAsuka vihAra kyA haiM ? bhagavAn ne kahA-hA~ haiN| vaha tapa, niyama, saMyama, svAdhyAya, dhyAna, aura Avazyaka Adi yogoM meM merI jo yatanA (pravRtti) hai, vaha mero yAtrA hai| yApanIya do prakAra kA hai-indriya yApanIya aura noindriya yaapniiy| pA~coM indriyA~ nirupahata (upadhAta rahita) mere adhIna pravRtti karatI haiM, yaha merA indriya yApanIya hai| krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi kaSAya mere pUrNa rUpa se naSTa ho gaye haiM, ve udaya meM nahIM hai, yaha merA noindriya yApanIya hai| mere vAta, pitta, kapha aura sannipAta janya aneka prakAra ke zarIra sambandhI doSa aura rogataMka upazAnta ho gaye haiM, ve udaya meM nahIM Ate, yaha merA avyAbAdha hai| ArAma, udyAna, devakUla sabhA, prapA, vividha sthAnoM meM jo strI, pazu, paMDaka rahita bastiyoM meM prAsuka eSaNIya pITha, phalaka, zayyA, saMstAraka Adi prApta kara maiM vicaraNa karatA hai, yaha mere lie prAsuka vihAra hai| somila ne punaH prazna kiyA-sarisava bhakSya hai athavA abhakSya ? bhagavAn-somila ! brAhmaNa granthoM meM sarisava do prakAra ke batAye gaye haiM-1. samAna vaya vAlA sarisava (sadRzavaya) mitra 2. dhAnya sarisava / jo mitra sarisava hai vaha sahajAta, sahabadhita aura sahapAMsukrIr3ita ye tInoM prakAra ke sarisava zramaNoM ke lie abhakSya haiM / dhAnya sarisava do prakAra kA hai

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ 251 (1) zastra-pariNata-agni Adi se nirjIva banA huA aura (2) azastra pariNata-nirjIva nahIM banA haa| jo azastra pariNata hai, vaha abhakSya hai / zastra pariNata bhI do prakAra kA hai-eSaNIya aura aneSaNoya / eSaNIya sarisava bhI do prakAra kA hai-yAcita aura ayAcita / ayAcita zramaNoM ke lie tyAjya hai| yAcita bhI do prakAra kA hai-labdha aura alabdha / alabdha zramaNoM ke lie abhakSya hai aura labdha zramaNoM ke lie bhakSya hai / isalie sarisava mere lie bhakSya bhI hai aura abhakSya bhii| somila ne punaH jijJAsA prastuta kI-mAsa bhakSya hai yA abhakSya hai ? mahAvIra ne kahA- brAhmaNa granthoM meM mAsa do prakAra kA kahA gayA hai-dravya mAsa aura kAla mAsa / jo kAla mAsa hai zrAvaNa, bhAdrabhada Adi, vaha zramaNa nigranthoM ke lie abhakSya hai / dravya mAsa do prakAra kA hai-artha mASa aura dhAnya mASa / artha mASa do prakAra kA hai-svarNa mASa aura raupya mASa, jo zramaNa nirgranthoM ke lie abhakSya hai| dhAnya mASa do prakAra kA hai-zastra pariNata mASa aura azastra pariNata maass| ye sabhI mAsa, jo zastra pariNata haiM vaha sarisava ke samAna bhakSya bhI haiM aura abhakSya bhI haiN| bhagavan ! kulatthA bhakSya hai athavA abhakSya hai ? bhagavAn ne kahAkulatthA bhakSya bhI hai aura abhakSya bhI hai| vaha do prakAra kA hai-strI kulatthA aura dhAnya kulatthA, strI kulatthA tIna prakAra kI hai-kulakanyA, kulavadhU, kulamAtA, jo zramaNoM ke lie abhakSya hai| dhAnya kulatthA ke sambandha meM dhAnya sarisava ke samAna smjhnaa| kulatthA bhakSya bhI hai, abhakSya bho| somila ne punaH pUchA-bhagavan ! Apa eka haiM yA aneka haiM ? akSaya, avyaya, avasthita yA bhUtabhAva bhavika haiM ? ___ bhagavAn-maiM eka bhI hU~ aura aneka bhii| maiM dravya rUpa se eka hU~, jJAna aura darzana ke bheda se do haiM, Atma-pradeza se maiM akSaya hU~, avyaya hU~ aura avasthita bhI / upayoga kI apekSA se aneka bhUta, vartamAna aura bhAvI pariNAmoM ke yogya hU~ / arthAt nAnA rUpadhArI bhI huuN| somila ke advaita, dvaita, nityavAda aura kSaNikavAda jaise gambhIra prazna jo lambe samaya taka carcA karane para bhI sulajha nahIM sakate the, una sabhI praznoM kA bhagavAna mahAvIra ne anekAnta dRSTi se kSaNa bhara meM samAdhAna kara diyA / somila mahAvIra ko zabda jAla meM phaMsAnA cAhatA thA, isIlie usane zliSTa zabdoM kA prayoga kiyA thA, para bhagavAn to kevala

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252 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA jJAnI the, ataH unase usakA vAkachala kisa prakAra chipa sakatA thA ? 'sarisava' prAkRta bhASA kA zliSTa zabda hai, jisakI saMskRta chAyA hai-'saryapa' aura 'sadRzavayA' / 'sarSapa' kA artha sarasoM hai aura 'sahazavayA' kA artha samAna umra hai / 'mAsa' bhI prAkRta kA zliSTa zabda hai, jisakI saMskRta chAyA hai-'mASa' aura 'mAsa' ! 'mASa' kA artha ur3ada hai aura 'mAsa' kA mahInA hai / 'kulatthA' bhI prAkRta kA zliSTa zabda hai, jisakI saMskRta chAyA hai-'kulasthA' aura 'kulatthA' ? 'kulasthA' kA artha kulIna strI aura 'kulatthA' kA artha hai-kulathI-dhAnya vizeSa / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke tArkika uttaroM se somila atyanta prasanna huA / usane zraddhApUrvaka bhagavAn ke upadeza ko sunA aura kahA-maiM zramaNadharma svIkAra nahIM kara sakatA, ataH zrAvakadharma grahaNa karanA cAhatA huuN| somila ne bhagavAn mahAvIra se zrAvakadharma grahaNa kiyA aura samAdhipUrvaka AyuSya pUrNa karake svarga kA adhikArI bnaa| kUNika kA bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samavasaraNa meM dharmazravaNa aupapAtika sUtra meM mahAvIra ke samavasaraNa kA varNana hai| prastuta kathAnaka kA prArambha campAnagarI meM huA haiN| campA kA vistRta varNana kiyA gayA hai| jo sabhI AgamoM ke nagaroM ke varNana kA mUla AdhAra rahA hai / vAstukalA kI dRSTi ke yaha varNana bahuta hI mahatvapUrNa hai| prAcIna yuga meM nagaroM kA nirmANa kisa prakAra hotA thA, yaha isa varNana se spaSTa hai / nagara kI zobhA gaganacumbI navya bhavya ucca aTTAlikAoM se hI nahIM hotI balki saghana vRkSoM kI hariyAlI se hotI hai / hariyAlI lahalahAtI hai pAnI kI adhikatA se / isalie campAnagarI ke sAtha pUrNabhadra caitya kA bhI ullekha kiyA gayA hai / vana-khaNDa meM vividha prakAra ke vRkSa the, latAe~ thIM aura nAnA prakAra ke raMga-biraMge pakSiyoM kA madhura kalarava darzakoM ke dila ko lubhAtA thaa| una sabhI vRkSoM meM azoka vRkSa kA sthAna anUThA thaa| bhAratIya sAhitya meM azoka vRkSa kA ullekha hajAroM sthaloM para haA hai| jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM hI paramparAoM ne usake sambandha meM cintana kiyA hai / tIrthaMkara bhI azoka vRkSa ke nIce virAjita hote haiM / 1 dekhie-aupapAtika sUtra prastAvanA, le0 devendramuni, pR. 20

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ 253 campA kA adhipati kUNika samrATa thaa| vaha bhagavAn mahAvIra kA parama upAsaka thaa| usakI bhakti kA jItA jAgatA citra yahA~ upasthita kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kA campAnagarI meM zubhAgamana hotA hai| unakA virATa samavasaraNa lagatA hai / samrATa kUNika bhagavAn ko vandana ke lie pahu~catA hai aura usakI subhadrA Adi deviyA~ bhii| bhagavAna dharmopadeza dete haiM / samrATa kUNika jaina thA yA bauddha ? isa prazna para hamane anyatra cintana kiyA hai, ataH vizeSa jijJAsu vahA~ dekheN| ___ambaDa parivrAjaka ___ bhagavatI sUtra meM ambaDa parivrAjaka ke sambandha meM saMkSepa meM ullekha hai| aupapAtika meM vistAra se nirUpaNa hai| ambaDa parivrAjaka nAmaka eka anya vyakti kA bhI ullekha haA hai jo AgAmI caubIsI meM tIrthaMkara hogA / aupapAtika meM Aye hue ambaDa mahAvideha meM mukta hoNge| isalie donoM alaga-alaga vyakti hone cAhie / ambaDa parivrAjaka ke sAta sau ziSya the / ve kampilapura nagara se purimatAla nagara ke lie prasthita hue| bhayAnaka jaMgala meM sAtha kA jala samApta ho gayA, kintu vahAM koI bhI vyakti jala dene vAlA na hone se unhoMne zAnta citta se bhagavAn mahAvIra ko aura apane dharmAcArya ambaDa parivrAjaka ko namaskAra kiyaa| mahAvratoM ko grahaNa kara saMlekhanA sahita Ayu pUrNa kiyaa| ambaDa parivrAjaka ko vIryalabdhi evaM vaikriya-labdhi ke sAtha avadhijJAna-labdhi bhI prApta thii| vaha kampilapUra ke sau gharoM meM AhAra karatA thaa| usakI AcAra-saMhitA zramaNAcAra se milatI-julatI thI / yadyapi kacce pAnI Adi kA upayoga aisI bAteM haiM, jo zramaNAcAra se mela nahIM khAtI, isIlie ambaDa parivAjaka ko zramaNopAsaka mAnA hai| usane zrAvaka vrata grahaNa kie the| ambaDa kI bhagavAn mahAvIra ke prati ananya AsthA thI / anta meM mAsika saMlekhanA ke sAtha Ayu pUrNa kara brahma devaloka meM paidA huA aura vahA~ se cyuta hokara mahAvideha meM dRr3hapratijJa kumAra hogaa| vahAM se siddha, buddha aura mukta hogaa| 1 aupapAtika sUtra prastAvanA, le0 devendra muni zAstrI pR0 20-24 2 bhagavatI sUtra, zataka 14, uddezaka 8 3 sthAnAMga sUtra 6 sthA., sUtra 662. muni kamala saMpAdita 4 yazcaupapAtikopAMge mahAvidehe setsyatItyabhidhIyate so'nya iti sambhAvyate / -sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 434

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254 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA sthAnAMga meM jo ambaDa parivrAjaka hai, usane bhagavAn mahAvIra kA campA nagarI meM dharmopadeza zravaNa kiyaa| vahA~ se vaha rAjagRhI kI ora prasthita hone lagA taba bhagavAn ke ambaDa se kahA-zrAvikA sulasA ko kuzama samAcAra khnaa| ambaDa socane lagA-vaha mahAn pUNyavatI hai, jise bhagavAna svayaM kuzala samAcAra proSita kara rahe haiN| sulasA meM aisA kauna sA guNa hai ? maiM usake samyaktva kI parIkSA legaa| parivrAjaka ke veSa meM hI ambaDa sulasA ke vahAM pahuMcA aura bolAAyUSmatI ! mujhe AhAra-dAna do| tumheM dharma hogaa| sulasA ne kahAkisako dene meM dharma hai, yaha maiM acchI taraha se jAnatI huuN| ambaDa AkAza meM padmAsana kI mudrA meM sthita hokara jana-jana ke mAnasa ko vismita karane lgaa| logoM ne bhojana ke lie use nimantraNa diyaa| usane kisI kA bhI nimantraNa svIkAra nahIM kiyA aura kahA-maiM sulasA ke yahA~ para hI bhojana grahaNa kruuNgaa| loga harSa se vibhora hokara badhAiyAM dene ke lie pahu~ce / sulasA ne kahA- mujhe pAkhaNDiyoM se kucha bhI lenA-denA nahIM hai / logoM ne sulasA kI bAta ambaDa se kaha dii| ambaDa ne kahA-vaha vizuddha samyagdarzana kI dhArikA hai, usake antarmAnasa meM kiMcit mAtra bhI vyAmoha nahIM hai / vaha svayaM sulasA ke vahAM para gayA, sulasA ne usakA svAgata kiyA usase vaha pratibuddha huaa| (aupapAtika sUtra 36-40) dIghanikAya ke ambaDasutta meM ambaDa nAma ke eka paNDita brAhmaNa kA varNana hai / nizIthacUrNi pIThikA meM prasaMga hai-bhagavAn mahAvIra ambaDa ko dharma meM sthira karane ke lie rAjagRha padhAre the / / madraka zramaNopAsaka bhagavatI sUtra zataka 18 uddezaka 7 meM madraka zramaNopAsaka kA varNana hai / rAjagRha ke guNazIlaka udyAna ke sannikaTa kAlodAyI, zailodAyI Adi anyatIrthI rahate the| rAjagRha meM madraka zramaNopAsaka thA, jo jIvAdi tatvoM kA jJAtA thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke Agamana ko sunakara vaha unako vandana karane ke lie jA rahA thaa| mArga meM anyatIthikoM ne pUchA-tumhAre dharmAcArya bhagavAn mahAvIra paMcAstikAya kI prarUpaNA karate haiM, para use kaise mAnA jAya ? 1 nizIthacUNi pIThikA, pRSTha 20

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zramaNopAsaka kathAe~ 255 madra ka----vastu ke kArya se usakA astitva jAnA aura dekhA jA sakatA hai / binA kArya ke kAraNa dikhAI nahIM detaa| anyatIrthI-tU kaisA zramaNopAsaka hai, jo paMcAstikAya ko jAnatA, dekhatA nahIM; tathApi mAnatA hai / madraka-pavana bahatI hai yaha satya hai na ? anyatIrthI-hA~, bahatI hai| madraka-bahatI huI pavana ko tuma dekhate ho ? anyatIrthI-vaha dikhAI nahIM detii| madruka-pavana meM sugandha aura durgandha donoM kA anubhava hotA hai na ? una sugandha aura durgandha vAle pudgaloM ko kyA tuma dekhate ho ? anyatIrthI-nahIM dekhte| madra ka-araNi kI lakar3I meM agni rahI huI hai, kyA use dekhate ho ? anytiirthii-nhiiN| madraka-samudra ke pAra gA~va, nagara, jaMgala Adi bahuta se padArtha haiM, kyA unheM tuma dekhate ho? anytiirthii-nhiiN| madraka-devalokoM meM vividha prakAra ke padArtha haiM, kyA unheM tuma dekhate ho ? anytiirthii-nhiiN| madraka ne viSaya ko spaSTa karate hae kahA-jina padArthoM ko tuma nahIM dekhate ho, yadi unakA astitva nahIM mAnA jAya to tumhArI dRSTi se bahuta se padArthoM kA abhAva ho jaayegaa| ataH tumhArA kathana yuktiyukta nahIM hai| anyatIrthI madra ka ke tarkoM kA uttara na de sake, ve apanA nanhA-sA muha kiye cala diye| madruka bhagavAn ke samavasaraNa meM phuNcaa| bhagavAn ne madraka ko sambodhita kara kahA-tumane anyatIthikoM ko ucita uttara diyA hai / yaha sunakara zramaNopAsaka madraka atyanta prasanna huaa| gaNadhara gautama kI jijJAsA para bhagavAn ne kahA-yaha zramaNopAsaka

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256 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA raha karake hI jIvana ke anta meM saMthArA kara aruNAbha vimAna meM deva bnegaa| prastuta kathAnaka meM madraka zramaNopAsaka kA gambhIra jJAna ujAgara huA hai / zramaNopAsaka bananA hI paryApta nahIM hai, zramaNopAsakoM ko tattvoM kA parijJAna honA bhI Avazyaka hai, jisase ve anya dArzanikoM ke AkSepoM kA parihAra kara sakeM / anya zramaNopAsaka bhI isa dRSTi se Age bar3heM, unheM bhI preraNA prApta ho; isalie bhagavAn mahAvIra ne apanI bharI sabhA meM madruka kI prazaMsA kara anya ko preraNA dI / Adhunika yuga ke zramaNopAsaka bhI madraka ke jIvana se preraNA leM aura ve tattvadarzana kA gahana abhyAsa kara jaina dharma kI prabala prabhAvanA kreN|

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nihava kathAe~ pravacana nihnava Agama sAhitya meM zramaNopAsakoM kI kathAe~ yatra-tatra vikoNa rUpa meM bhI AtI haiM aura upAsakadazAMga meM dasa pramukha zramaNopAsakoM kI kathAe~ haiM / ina kathAoM meM bhI kathAtatva (ghaTanAkrama) adhika nahIM hai, kintu unakI adhyAtmasAdhanA kA varNana vistArapUrvaka kiyA gayA hai| sAdhanA kI akhaNDa sampannatA hI inakI preraNA hai| jaina sAhitya meM vizeSakara AgamottarakAlIna sAhitya meM ninhavoM kI kathA bhI prasiddha haiN| sthAnAMga sUtra meM pravacana nihnava sAta batAye haiM1. jamAli 2. tiSyagupta 3. ASAr3ha 4. azva mitra 5. gaMga 6. rohagupta aura 7. goSThAmAhila / ina sAtoM ne kramazaH bahurata, jIvaprAdezika, avyaktika, samucchedika, vaikriya, trairAzika aura abaddhika mata kI saMsthApanA kI thii| nihnava kauna sudIrghakAlIna paramparA meM vicAra-bheda honA asvAbhAvika nahIM hai| jaina paramparA meM bhI isa prakAra vicAra-bheda ke ullekha prApta haiN| jina zramaNoM ne jaina paramparA kA parityAga kara anya dharma ko svIkAra kara liyA, unheM nihnava nahIM kahA hai| nihnava ve haiM, jinakA vartamAna paramparA ke sAtha matabheda huA kintu unhoMne kisI anya mata ko svIkAra nahIM kiyaa| jainazAsana meM rahakara hI kisI eka viSaya kA apalApa karane vAle nihnava kI abhidhA se abhihita kiye gaye haiM / sapta nihnavoM meM se do nihnava bhagavAn mahAvIra ko kaivalya-prApti ke pazcAt hue aura zeSa pA~ca bhagavAna mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt hue 11 nihnavoM kA astitva kAla 1. NANuppattIya duve, uppaNNA Nivvue sesA / -Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 784 ( 257 )

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258 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kaivalya-prApti ke caudahaveM varSa se nirvANa ke pazcAt pA~ca sau caurAsI varSa taka kA hai|1|| jamAli ninhava bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kaivalya-prApti ke caudaha varSa pazcAt zrAvastI meM baharatavAda kI utpatti hii| isa mata ke saMsthApaka jamAli the| ve kuNDapura ke rahane vAle the / bhagavAn mahAvIra kI bar3I bahana sudarzanA unakI mA~ thIM aura bhagavAna mahAvIra kI putrI priyadarzanA ke sAtha jamAli kA pANigrahaNa haA thaa| jamAli ne pAMca sau puruSoM ke sAtha bhagavAn ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kI aura unakI patnI priyadarzanA bhI hajAra mahilAoM ke sAtha dIkSita huii| jamAli ne gyAraha aMgoM kA adhyayana kiyaa| vividha prakAra kI ve tapasyAyeM karane lge| eka bAra pRthaka vihAra kI unhoMne bhagavAna se anumati mAMgI kintu prabhu mauna rhe| ve apane pAMca sau nirgranthoM ke sAtha pRthaka vihAra karane lge| vihAra karate hue ve zrAvastI pahu~ce / tinduka udyAna ke koSThaka caitya meM virAje / tapa se unakA zarIra atyanta kRza ho gayA thA tathA pitta jvara se zarIra jalane lagA / ve baiThane meM asamartha ho gaye / eka dina tIvratama vedanA se pIr3ita hokara unhoMne zramaNoM ko Adeza diyA-bichaunA kro| pittajvara kI vedanA se eka-eka pala unheM bahuta hI bhArI laga rahA thaa| unhoMne pUchA-bichaunA kara liyA hai athavA kiyA jA rahA hai ? zramaNoM ne kahA-bichaunA kiyA nahIM, kiyA jA rahA hai / yaha sunakara jamAli ke mana meM vicikitsA huI-bhagavAn mahAvIra kriyamANa 1. Avazyakaniyukti, gAthA 783, 784. 2. caudasavAsANi tayA jiNeNa uppADiyassa nANassA / to bahurayANadiTThI sAvatthIe smuppnnaa| -AvazyakabhASya, gAthA 125 3. AcArya malayagiri ne ghaTanAkrama aura siddhAnta pakSa kA jo nirUpaNa kiyA hai, vaha bhagavatI ke nirUpaNa se jarA pRthaka hai / unakI dRSTi se jamAlI ne zramaNoM se pUchA-bichaunA kiyA yA nahIM ? zramaNoM ne kahA- kara liyaa| jamAli ne uThakara dekhA ki bichaunA abhI pUrA nahIM kiyA gayA hai, vaha kruddha ho utthaa| usane cintana kiyA-kriyamANa ko kRta kahanA mithyA haiN| arddhasaMstRta saMstAraka asaMstRta hI hai / use saMstRta nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| -dekheM, Avazyaka malayagirivRtti, patra 402

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nihnava kathAe~ 256 ko kRta kahate haiM, yaha siddhAnta mithyA hai| maiM pratyakSa nihAra rahA haiM-bichaunA kiyA jA rahA hai, use kRta kaise mAnA jAye ? tAtkAlika ghaTanA ke AdhAra para unhoMne nizcaya kiyA 'kriyamANa ko kRta nahIM kahA jA sakatA' / jo kArya sampanna ho cukA hai use hI kRta kahA jA sakatA hai| kArya kI niSpatti antima kSaNoM meM hotI hai, prathama, dvitIya prabhRti kSaNoM meM nhiiN| unhoMne apane ziSya samudAya ko bulAkara kahA-bhagavAna mahAvIra jo calAyamAna hai use calita, jo udoryamAna hai, use udIrita aura jo nirjIryamAna hai use nirjIrNa kahate haiM, para maiM apane anubhava ke AdhAra para kahatA hU~ ki yaha dhAraNA mithyA hai / bichaunA kriyamANa hai kintu kRta nahIM, saMstIryamANa hai kintu saMstRta nahIM hai| kitane hI nirgrantha zramaNa jamAli ke kathana se sahamata hue to kitane hI nirgrantha zramaNoM ko unakA kathana ucita nahIM lgaa| sthavira ninthoM ne jamAli ko samajhAne kA bhI upakrama kiyA, aura jaba dekhA ki ve kisI bhI sthiti meM apanI mithyA dhAraNA ko badalane ke lie taiyAra nahIM haiM to ve jamAli ko chor3akara bhagavAn mahAvIra kI zaraNa meM pahu~ca gye| mahAsatI priyadarzanA zrAvastI meM hI DhaMka kumbhakAra ke yahA~ ThaharI huI thii| jaba vaha jamAli ke darzanArtha AI to jamAli ne apanI sArI bAta usase khii| anurAga ke kAraNa priyadarzanA ko bhI jamAli kI bAta sahI pratIta huii| usane anya sAdhviyoM ko bhI jamAli kA siddhAnta smjhaayaa| priyadarzanA ne DhaMka kumhAra ko bhI jamAli ke siddhAnta se paricaya kraayaa| DhaMka ne kahA-jamAli vAlA siddhAnta mujhe yathArtha nahIM lagatA, sarvajJa, sarvadarzI prabhu mahAvIra ko vANo satya hai / eka bAra priyadarzanA svAdhyAya meM rata thI / DhaMka ne eka aMgArA usa para pheMkA, usakI saMghATI [sAr3I] kA eka konA jala gyaa| sAdhvI ne kahA-DhaMka ! tumane merI saMghATI kyoM jalAI ? usane kahA-saMghATo kahA~ jalI, vaha to jala rahI hai| DhaMka ne kriyamANa kRta kA rahasya smjhaayaa| priyadarzanA ko apanI bhUla kA parijJAna huaa| usane jamAli ko samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA / jaba jamAli na samajhA to vaha hajAra sAdhviyoM ke sAtha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke saMgha meM calI gii| jamAli eka bAra campA nagaro gaye, vahIM para bhagavAn mahAvIra bhI

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260 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA virAja rahe the| ve bhagavAn ke sannikaTa pahuMce aura kahA-Apake anya ziSya asarbajJa dazA meM hI Apa se pRthaka hae haiM, para maiM sarvajJa hokara Apase alaga huA huuN| praznottara bhI hue kintu jamAli apanI dhAraNA para hI aDiga rahe / 'kriyamAga kRta nahIM hai, isa siddhAnta ke pracAra-prasAra meM lage rahe / ve mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita nahIM hue| bahuratavAdI dravya kI niSpatti meM dIrghakAla kI apekSA svIkAra karate haiM, kintu kriyamANa ko kRta nahIM maante| kArya niSpanna hone para hI usakA astitva svIkAra karate haiN| (bhagavatI zataka 6, u0 33) jIvaprAdezikavAda ke saMsthApaka : "tiSyagupta" bhagavAn mahAvIra ke kaivalya-prApti ke solaha varSa pazcAt RSabhapura meM jIva prAdezikavAda kI utpatti hii| rAjagRha kA prAcIna nAma RSabhapura thaa| eka bAra AcArya vasu rAjagRha aaye| ve caudaha pUrva ke dhAraka the| apane ziSya tiSya gapta ko AtmapravAda pUrva kA adhyayana karA rahe the| usameM bhagavAna mahAvIra aura gautama kA samvAda thaa| gautama ne kahA-bhagavan ! kyA jIva ke eka pradeza ko jIva kahA jA sakatA hai ? bhagavAn-nahIM ! do, tIna yAvat saMkhyAta pradeza ko bhI jIva nahIM kaha sakate haiN| dravya meM se eka pradeza nyUna ko bhI jIva nahIM kahA jA sktaa| jIva akhaNDa cetana dravya hai| tiSyagupta kA mana AzaMkita ho utthaa| usane kahA-antima pradeza ke binA zeSa pradeza jIva nahIM hai / antima pradeza hI jIva hai / AcArya vasu ne vividha dRSTAnta dekara tiSya gupta ko samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA, para vaha nahIM samajhA / isalie use saMgha se pRthak kara diyaa| tiSyagupta apane mata kA pracAra-prasAra karane lgaa| vaha eka bAra AlamakappA nagarI ke ambasAla caitya meM ThaharA huA thA / usa gagarI meM 'mitrazrI' zramaNopAsaka thaa| vaha usakA upadeza sunane ke lie phuNcaa| mitrazrI ko lagA-isakA upadeza mithyA hai| use samajhAne kI dRSTi se eka dina vaha apane ghara para bhikSA ke lie le gayA aura vividha prakAra ke khAdya tiSyagupta ke sAmane prastuta kiye / pratyeka padArtha kA eka-eka kaNa use dene lgaa| tiSya gupta 1 AvazyakabhASya, gAthA 127 / 2 Avazyakaniyukti dIpikA patra 143, RSabhapuraM rAjagRhasyAdyAhvA !

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nihnava kathAe~ 261 soca rahA thA-anya sAmagrI yaha mujhe bAda meM degaa| mitrazrI ne tiSyagupta ke caraNoM meM namaskAra karake kahA-maiM mahAn saubhAgyazAlI hU~ Apa jaise gurujanoM ko pAkara ! dhanya hai mere bhAgya jo apane asoma anukampA kii| yaha sunate hI tiSyagupta ko krodha A gyaa| usane kahA-tumane merA apamAna kiyA hai| mitrazrI ne nivedana kiyA-maiM Apazro kA apamAna kaise kara sakatA hU~ ? maiMne to Apake siddhAnta ke anusAra hI ApazrI ko bhikSA pradAna kI hai| ApazrI antima pradeza ko hI vAstavika mAnate haiN| dUsare pradezoM ko nahIM, isalie maiMne pratyeka padArtha kA antima bhAga Apako diyA hai| __ tiSyagupta ko apanI bhUla kA parijJAna haa| mitrazrI ne acchI taraha se bhikSA baharAI / tiSyagupta punaH bhagavAn mahAvIra ke zAsana meM sammilita ho gayA / ___ jIva ke asaMkhya pradeza hote haiN| kintu jIvaprAdezikavAda ke matAnusAra jIva ke carama pradeza ko hI jIva mAnA jAtA thA, zeSa pradezoM ko nhiiN| avyaktikavAda ke prarUpaka : 'AcArya ASAr3ha" bhagavAn mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke do sau caudaha varSa pazcAt zvetAmbikA nagarI meM 'avyaktavAda' kI utpatti huii| isa bAda ke pravartaka AcArya ASAr3ha ke ziSya the| eka bAra zvetAmbikA nagarI ke polAsa udyAna meM ve apane ziSyoM ko yogAbhyAsa karA rahe the / ekAeka AcArya ASAr3ha ko hRdayazUla utpanna huA aura ve usI kSaNa mara gaye / saudharma kalpa meM deva bane / avadhijJAna se apane mRta kalevara ko aura yoga-sAdhanA meM lIna ziSyoM ko dekhA / yoga-sAdhanA meM ziSya itane tallIna the ki guru ke marane kA bhAna bhI unheM nahIM yaa| deva rUpa AcArya socane lage-mere binA ziSyoM ko kona vAcanA degA ? ataH unhoMne punaH apane mRta zarIra meM praveza kiyaa| jaba ziSyoM kI yogasAdhanA kA krama pUrA ho gayA to AcArya 1 Avazyaka, malayagirIvRtti, patra 405-406. 2 caudasa do vAsasayA taiyA siddhi gayassa vIrassa / avvattagANa diTThI, seaviAe samuppannA // -AvazyakabhASya, gAthA 126

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262 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ASAr3ha ne deva rUpa meM prakaTa hokara kahA - zramaNo ! mujhe kSamA karanA / maiM asaMyatI thA tathApi saMyatiyoM se namaskAra karavAyA / mRtyu kI sArI ghaTanA unhoMne ziSyoM ke sAmane rakha dI / zramaNoM ko yaha sandeha ho gayA ki kauna zramaNa hai aura deva hai ? yaha nizcayapUrvaka nahIM kaha sakate, isalie sabhI avyakta hai / sthaviroM samajhAne kA prayAsa kiyA, para ve nahIM samajhe / eka bAra ve vihAra karate hue rAjagRha Aye / vahA~ para mauryavaMzIya rAjA balabhadra zramaNopAsaka thA / usane una ziSyoM ke sambandha meM suna rakhA thA / unheM pratibodha dene ke lie apane cAra vyaktiyoM ko kahAuna zramaNoM ko yahA~ para bulAkara laao| jaba zramaNa vahA~ pahu~ce to rAjA ne kahA - inheM kor3e lagAo / rAjA ke Adeza se kor3e lagAye / una zramaNoM ne kahA- hama to tumheM zrAvaka samajhakara Aye the, para tuma to hameM piTavA rahe ho / rAjA ke kar3akakara kahA- tuma taskara ho yA guptacara ho yA anya kucha ho, yaha kauna jAnatA hai ? una zramaNoM ne kahA- hama to sAdhu haiM / rAjA ne kahA- tuma sAdhu ho yA cAraka ho, yaha nizcayapUrvaka kauna kaha sakatA haiM ? maiM zrAvaka hU~ yA nahI hU~, yaha bhI nizcayapUrvaka kauna kaha sakatA hai ? zramaNoM ko apanI bhUla kA bhAna huA / unhoMne apane ajJAna para kheda jAhira kiyA / rAjA ne kahA- maiMne Apako pratibodha dene hetu hI yaha upakrama kiyA thA, ataH Apa mujhe kSamA kreN| avyaktavAda kA yaha abhimata thA ki sabhI kucha anizcita hai, avaktavya hai / nizcaya pUrva kucha bhI nahIM kaha skte| yaha pUrNa spaSTa hai ki avyaktavAda ke pravartaka AcArya ASAr3ha nahIM the / AcArya ASAr3ha kA deva rUpa isa vAda kA nimitta banA thA, isIlie ve isa vAda ke pravartaka rUpa meM vizruta hue| dUsarA kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki AcArya ASAr3ha ke ziSyoM ne avyaktavAda kA pracalana kiyaa| jisa samaya prastuta ghaTanA yA prastuta prasaMga uTTaMkita kiyA gayA, usa samaya una ziSyoM kA nAma smaraNa na hone se sAMketika rUpa meM abhedopacAra kI dRSTi se AcArya ASAr3ha kA nAma diyA gayA / AcArya abhayadeva kA abhimata hai - AcArya ASAr3ha avyakta mata kI saMsthApanA karane vAle zramaNoM ke AcArya the, isIlie ve avyattavAda ke AcArya ke rUpa meM vizrata hue|" 1 so'pavyaktamatadharmAcAryo, na cAyaM tanmataprarUpakatvena kintu prAgavasthAyAmiti / - sthAnAMgavRtti, patra 361

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niva kathAe~ 263 samucchedavAda ke prarUpaka : " AcArya azvamitra" bhagavAn mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke do sau bIsa varSa pazcAt mithilApurI meM 'samucchedavAda' kI utpatti huI / isake pravartaka AcArya azvamitra the / eka bAra mithilA nagarI ke lakSmIgRha caitya meM AcArya mahAgiri avasthita the / unake ziSya kA nAma kauMDinya aura praziSya kA nAma azvamitra thA / dazaveM anupravAda ( vidyAnupravAda) pUrva ke naipuNika vastu kA adhyayana cala rahA thA / usameM chinnacheda naya kI dRSTi se yaha AlApaka thA ki prathama samaya meM samutpanna sabhI nAraka vicchinna ho jAyeMge / dvitIyatRtIya Adi samaya meM utpanna nairayika bhI vicchinna ho jAyeMge / isI taraha sabhI jIva vicchinna ho jAyeMge / isa prakAra paryAyavAda ke prakaraNa ko zravaNa kara azvamitra kA mana zaMkita huA / vaha cintana karane lagA - vartamAna samaya meM samutpanna sabhI jIva vicchinna ho jAyeMge to sukRta aura duSkRta karmoM kA vedana kauna karegA ? utpanna hone ke pazcAt sabakI mRtyu ho jAyegI / mahAgiri ne kahA - vatsa ! aisA nahIM hai / yaha jo kathana kiyA gayA hai, eka naya kI apekSA se hai, sarva nayoM kI apekSA se nahIM / nirgrantha pravacana sarvanaya sApekSa hai, isIlie zaMkA karanA ucita nahIM / vastu meM ananta dharma hote haiM, para eka paryAya ke naSTa hone para vastu naSTa nahIM hotI / AcArya ke samajhAne para bhI jaba vaha nahIM samajhA to unhoMne use saMgha se pRthak kara diyA / eka bAra azvamitra kampilapura pahu~cA / vahA~ para ' khaNDarakSA' nAma zrAvaka cuMgI adhikArI thA / use azvamitra kI vicAradhArA kA parijJAna thA, ataH usane use pakar3A aura piTAI kii| azvamitra ne kahA- maiMne sunA thA ki tuma zrAvaka ho / zrAvaka hokara tuma sAdhuoM ko pITate ho, kyA yaha ucita hai ? zrAvaka - Apake abhimatAnusAra ve zrAvaka bhI vicchinna ho gae aura jo prati zramaNa haiM ve bhI vicchinna ho gaye / na hama zrAvaka rahe aura na Apa sAdhu ! lagatA hai Apa cora haiM / azvamitra samajha gayA, use apanI bhUla kA parijJAna ho gayA / vaha pratibuddha hokara punaH bhagavAn mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita ho gayA / 1 AvazyakabhASya, gAthA 131

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264 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA samucchedavAdI pratyeka padArtha kA sampUrNa vinAza mAnate the| ve ekAnta samuccheda kA nirUpaNa karane ke kAraNa ninhava khlaaye| dvikriyAvAda ke pravartaka : "AcArya gaMga" bhagavAna mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke do sau aTThAIsa varSa pazcAt ullukAtIra nagara meM 'dvikriyAvAda' kI utpatti huii| isake pravartaka AcArya gaMga the| ullUkA nadI ke eka taTa para kher3A basA huA thA to dUsare taTa para ullUkAtIra nAmaka nagara thaa| vahA~ para Arya mahAgiri ke ziSya Arya dhanagupta the| unake ziSya kA nAma gaMga thA, jo kher3e meM ThaharA huA thA, vaha AcArya ko vandana karane ke lie claa| mArga meM ullUkA nadI thI, pairoM meM pAnI kI ThaNDaka kA anubhava ho rahA thA to sira cilacilAtI dhUpa se garama ho rahA thaa| vaha socane lagA-AgamoM meM varNana hai-eka samaya meM eka hI kriyA kA vedana hotA hai, do kriyAoM kA nahIM / kintu mujhe donoM kriyAoM kA sAtha meM vedana ho rahA hai| vaha AcArya deva ke pAsa pahuMcA aura apanI bAta kahI / AcArya ne kahA-vatsa ! eka samaya meM eka kriyA kA vedana hotA hai / mana kA krama bahuta hI sUkSma hai / isIlie hameM usakI pRthakatA kA anubhava nahIM hotaa| vividha prakAra se samajhAne para bhI gaMga nahIM mAnA to AcArya ne use saMgha se pRthak kara diyA / AcArya gaMga vicaraNa karatA huA rAjagRha phuNcaa| rAjagRha meM 'mahAtapatIraprabha' nAmaka eka jharanA thaa| vahA~ 'maNinAga' nAmaka nAga kA caitya thaa| AcArya gaMga vahIM para Thahare / dharmazravaNArtha pariSad upasthita huI / AcArya ne dvikriyAvAda kA apane pravacana meM samarthana kiyaa| maNinAga ne gaMga ko samajhAne ke lie koI tarka nahIM diyaa| isalie vaha pUrvakathita avyaktavAda samucchedavAda Adi ke samAna dvikriyAvAda ko kisI prabala tarka dvArA parAsta nahIM kara paayaa| taba maNinAga ne pariSad ko sambodhita karake kahA-yaha kuziSya hai kyoMki yahA~ para eka bAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ne spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA thA--eka samaya meM eka hI kriyA kA vedana hotA hai / to kyA vaha prabhu mahAvIra se adhika jJAnI hai ? tU apanI viparIta prarUpaNA parityAga kara ! tabhI terA kalyANa hogaa| maNinAga kI bAta ko sunakara gaMga ghabarAyA / apane guru ke 1 Avazyaka, malayagirivRtti, patra 408, 406 / 2 AvazyakabhASya, gAthA 133 /

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nihnava kathAe~ 265 sannikaTa Akara prAyazcitta liyA tathA ve bhagavAn mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita ho gye| dvikriyAvAdI eka hI samaya meM do kriyAoM kA anuvedana mAnate the| trairAzikavAda ke pravartaka : "AcArya rohagupta" zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke pA~ca sau comAlisa varSa bAda antaraMjikA nagarI meM 'trairAzika' mata kA pravartana huaa| isake pravataka AcArya rohagupta the jinakA apara nAma 'SaDUluka' bhI thA / antarajikA nagarI kA rAjA 'balazrI' thaa| bhUtagRha nAmaka caitya thaa| AcArya zrIgupta vahA~ para Thahare hue the| rohagupta unakA saMsArapakSIya bhANeja thaa| vaha eka bAra AcArya ko vandana karane ke lie jA rahA thaa| use eka parivrAjaka milA, jisakA nAma 'poTTa zAla' thaa| usane apanA peTa bA~dha rakhA thA aura usake hAtha meM jambUvRkSa kI TahanI thii| usane kahA-kahIM jJAna se peTa na phaTa jAya, isIlie maiMne ise bAMdha rakhA hai| jambudvIpa meM merA koI bhI prativAda karane vAlA nahIM hai / ataH jambUvRkSa kI zAkhA hAtha meM ghumA rahA hai| sabhI dhArmikoM ko meM cunautI detA hai ki ve mujhe parAjita kareM para Aja dina taka kisI ne bhI merI cunautI ko svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| rohagupta ne usakI cunautI ko saharSa svIkAra kiyA aura AcArya ke pAsa pahu~vA / AcArya se nivedana kiyA-maiMne poTTazAla kI cunautI ko svIkAra kiyA hai| AcArya ne kahA-vatsa ! tene binA soce-samajhe hI yaha svIkRti dI hai kyoMki poTaTazAla parivrAjaka vazcika vidyA, sarpavidyA, muSakavidyA, mRgIvidyA, varAhIvidyA, kAgavidyA, potAkIvidyA ina sAta vidyAoM meM pAraMgata hai / isIlie vaha tere se adhika balavAna hai / rohagupta bhaya se kAMpa uThA-bhagavan ! aba maiM kyA karUM ? kyA yahA~ se anyatra bhAgakara calA jAU~? 1 (ka) Avazyaka, malayagiri vRtti patra 406, 410 / (kha) maNinAgeNAraddho bhayovavatti paDibohitovotta / icchAmo gurumUlaM gaMtUNa tato pddikkto|| -vizeSa AvazyakabhASya, gAthA 2450 / 2 paMca sayA coyAlA taiyA siddhi gayassa vIrassa / purimaMtaraMjiyAe terAsiyadiThi uppnnaa| -AvazyakabhASya, gAthA 135.

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266 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA AcArya ne kahA-aba bhayabhIta hone kI AvazyakatA nhiiN| maiM tujhe ina sAtoM vidyAoM kI pratipakSI vidyA batA detA huuN| rohagupta ko mAyUrI, nAkUlI, viDAlI, vyAghrI, siMhI, alUkI aura ulAvakI ye sAta vidyAyeM sikhaaii| sAtha hI rajoharaNa ko abhimantrita kara kahA-tU ina sAta vidyAoM se usako parAjita kara skegaa| yadi ina vidyAoM ke atirikta anya kisI vidyA kI AvazyakatA ho to rajoharaNa ko ghumAnA, jisase koI bhI zakti tujhe parAjita nahIM kara ske| ___ gurudeva ke AzIrvAda ko lekara rohagupta rAja-sabhA meM phuNcaa| poTTazAla bhI udhara se aayaa| poTTazAla ne apane pakSa kI saMsthApanA karate hue kahA-rAzi do haiM-jIva rAzi aura ajIva rAzi / rohagupta ne kahA-rAzi tIna haiM-jIva, ajIva aura nojIva / ghaTa-paTa Adi ajIva haiM, manuSya, tithaMca, nAraka Adi jIva haiM, chipakalI kI kaTI huI pUcha nojIva hai| poTTazAla ko vividha yuktiyoM se usane parAjita kara diyaa| rohagupta se parAjita hokara poTTazAla atyanta kruddha huA, usane vidyAoM kA prayoga kiyaa| pratipakSI vidyAoM se unakI sArI vidyAe~ viphala ho gii| anta meM parivrAjaka ne gardabhIvidyA kA prayoga kiyaa| roha. gupta ne AcArya dvArA diye gaye abhimaMtrita rajoharaNa se usa vidyA ko bhI niSphala kara diyaa| sabhI sabhAsadoM ne poTazAla parivrAjaka ko parAjita ghoSita kara diyaa| vijaya prApta kara rohagupta AcArya ke pAsa AyA aura sampUrNa vRtta se unheM paricita kiyaa| AcArya ne upAlambha dete hue kahA-tene asatya prarUpaNA kI hai| rAzi tIna nahIM, do hI haiM / abhI bhI samaya hai| rAjasabhA meM jAkara apanI bhUla svIkAra kro| para rohagupta apanI bhUla svIkAra karane ke lie taiyAra nahIM huaa| use to apanI prajJA para ahaMkAra thaa| AcArya ne vividha rUpakoM ke dvArA use samajhAyA, para jaba vaha bilkala hI apanI mithyA bAta ko svIkAra karane ke lie prastuta nahIM haA to AcArya ko lagA-yaha svayaM to bhraSTa haA hI hai, dUsaroM ko bhI bhraSTa kregaa| isa lie rAja-sabhA meM jAkara meM isakA nigraha karU / AcArya rAjasabhA meM paha~ce aura rAjA balazrI se kahA-mere ziSya rohagupta ne viparIta tathya kI sthApanA kI hai| hama jainI do hI rAzi mAnate haiM / para vaha ahaMkAra se

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nihnava kathAe~ 267 I grasita hokara isa satya ko svIkAra nahIM kara rahA hai / Apa use rAjasabhA meM bulAyeM / maiM usase carcA karU~gA / rAjA ne rohagupta ko rAja sabhA meM bulaayaa| chaha mahIne taka carcA calatI rahI / rAjA balazrI bhI parezAna ho gayA / usane AcArya deva se nivedana kiyA- bhagavan ! isa carcA ke kAraNa rAjakArya meM bAdhA A rahI hai / AcArya ne kahA- maiM Aja hI isakA nigraha karUMgA / vAda prArambha huA AcArya ne kahA - yadi tIna rAzi vAlI bAta sahI hai to hama kutrikApaNa caleM / rAjA Adi sabhI ko lekara AcArya kutrikApaNa pahu~ce / vahA~ adhikArI deva se kahA- hameM jIva, ajIva aura nojIva ke padArtha pradAna kro| usa deva ne jIva, ajIva ke padArtha lAkara diye aura kahA - nojIva kA padArtha isa vizva meM nahIM hai / rAjA ko AcArya ke kathana kI satyatA pratIta huI / AcArya deva ne eka sau caumAlIsa praznoM ke dvArA rohagupta ko nigraha kara parAjita kiyA / 1 rAjA balazrI ne AcArya kA atyadhika sammAna kiyaa| rohagupta kA tiraskAra huaa| rAjA ne Adeza diyA- mere rAjya se calA jA / AcArya ne use saMgha se pRthak kara diyaa| rohagupta apane mata kA prarUpaNa karatA rahA / usake aneka ziSyoM ne usake tattva kA pracAra kiyA jisase " trairAzika" mata pracalita huA / 1. Avazyaka niyuktidIpikA meM 144 praznoM kA vivaraNa isa prakAra prApta hai-. vaizeSika SaTpadArtha kA nirUpaNa karate haiM - 1. dravya 2. guNa 3. karma 4. sAmAnya 5. vizeSa 6. samavAya / dravya ke nau bheda haiM-- pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu, AkAza, kAla, dik, mana aura AtmA / guNa ke sataraha bheda haiM- rUpa, rasa, gaMdha, sparza, saMkhyA, parimANa, pRthaktva, saMyoga, vibhAga, paratva, aparatva, buddhi, sukha, duHkha, icchA, dveSa aura prayatna / karma ke pAMca bheda haiM- utkSepaNa, avakSepaNa, prasAraNa, AkuJcana aura gamana / sattA ke pAMca bheda haiM- sattA, sAmAnya, sAmAnya vizeSa, vizeSa aura samavAya / ina bhedoM kA yoga [8 + 17+5+5] = 36 hotA hai / inako pRthvI, apRthvI, no pRthvI, no apRthvI - ina vikalpoM se guNita karane para 36x4 =144 bheda prApta hote haiM / 1 AcArya ne isI prakAra ke 144 praznoM ke dvArA rohagupta ko niruttara kara usakA nigraha kiyA / -- Avazyaka niyukti dIpikA patra 145, 146.

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268 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA abaddhikavAda ke pravartaka : "AcArya goSThAmAhila" zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke parinirvANa ke pA~ca sau caurAsI varSa pazcAt dazapura nagara meM goSThAmAhila ne "abaddhika mata" kI saMsthApanA ko|| dazapura nagara meM AryarakSita brAhmaNa putra thA / vaha aneka vidyAoM meM pAraMgata hokara ghara lauTA / mAtA ke dvArA prerita hokara ve AcArya tosalI. putra ke pAsa dIkSA grahaNa kara dRSTivAda kA adhyayana karate haiN| usake pazcAt Arya vajra se nau pUrvo kA adhyayana kara dazaveM pUrva ke caubIsa yavika grahaNa kiye / durbalikA puSyamitra, phalgurakSita aura goSThAmAhila-ye AryarakSita ke tIna pramukha ziSya the| durbalikA puSyamitra eka bAra artha kI dAcanA pradAna kara rahe the| viMdhya unakI vAcanA ke pazcAt usa para ciMtana evaM punarAvRtti kara rahA thaa| viSaya thA- jIva ke sAtha karmoM kA baMdha tIna prakAra se hotA hai-1. spaSTa-kitane hI karma jIva pradezoM ke sAtha sparza karate haiM aura sthiti kA paripAka hone para ve unase alaga ho jAte haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM-dIvAla para pheMkI gaI dhUla dIvAla kA sparza kara nIce gira jAtI hai / 2. spRSTabaddha-kitane hI karma jIva pradezoM kA sparza kara baddha hote haiM aura ve kucha samaya ke pazcAt pRthaka ho jAte haiM / dIvAla para gIlI miTTo pheMkane para kitanI hI miTTI cipaka jAtI hai aura kitanI hI nIce gira par3atI hai| 3. spRSTabaddha nikAcita-kitane hI karma jIva pradezoM ke sAtha gAr3ha rUpa se ba~dha jAte haiM / ve kAlAntara meM pRthaka ho jAte haiM / ___isa vivecana ko sunakara goSThAmAhila ke mana meM yaha vicAra paidA huA-yadi karma ko jIva ke sAtha baddha mAnA jAyegA to mokSa kA abhAva ho jAyegA / karma jIva ke sAtha spRSTa hote haiM, baddha nahIM, ve kAlAntara meM viyukta ho jAte haiN| jo viyukta hotA hai, vaha ekAtmaka rUpa se baddha nahIM ho sktaa| vidhya ne goSThAmAhila se kahA-jaisA AcArya durbalikA puSyamitra ne mujhe batAyA hai vaisA hI maiM kaha rahA hai, para use samajha meM nahIM aayaa| nauveM pUrva meM pratyAkhyAna ke sambandha meM vAcanA cala rahI thii| goSThA 1 AvazyakabhASya, gAthA 141. 2 Avazyaka, malayagirivRtti patra 416 meM inake sthAna para baddha, baddhaspRSTa, aura __ baddhaspRSTa nikAcita-ye zabda diye gaye haiN|

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nihrava kathAe~ 266 mAhila ne socA-aparimANa pratyAkhyAna acchA hai| parimANa pratyAkhyAna meM vAJchA doSa utpanna hotA hai| eka vyakti parimANa pratyAkhyAna kI dRSTi se pauruSI, upavAsa, Adi vividha prakAra ke tapa karatA hai kintu jyoMhI kAlamAna pUrNa hotA hai, usameM AhAra kI icchA tIvra ho jAtI hai / isalie vaha doSayukta hai / goSThAmAhila ne apane vicAra viMdhya ko kahe / vidhya ne udhara dhyAna nahIM diyA taba durbalikA puSyamitra se usane kahA / durbalikA puSya mitra ne samAdhAna karate hue kahA-aparimita pratyAkhyAna kA siddhAnta anucita hai| aparimANa kA artha yAvat zakti hai yA bhaviSyatakAla hai ? yadi tuma yAvat zakti artha grahaNa karate ho to hamAre mata ko svIkAra karanA hai| yadi dvitIya artha svIkAra karate ho to vyakti marakara devarUpa meM utpanna hotA hai| usameM sabhI vratoM ke bhaMga kA prasaMga upasthita ho jaayegaa| isIlie aparimita pratyAkhyAna kA siddhAnta ThIka nahIM hai| AcArya ne goSThAmAhila ko vividha prakAra se samajhAyA, para vaha apane Agraha para dRr3ha rhaa| usane vibhinna sthaviroM se yaha pUchA, sthaviroM ne bhI goSThAmAhila ko jinezvara deva kI AzAtanA na karane kA saMketa kiyaa| para goSThAmAhila apane mata se kiMcita mAtra bhI vicalita nahIM huaa| sthaviroM ne saMgha ko ekatrita kiyA aura zAsanadena se kahA-sImandhara svAmI se jAkara pUcho-goSThAmAhila kA kathana satya hai athavA durbalikA puSyamitra kA ? deva ne tIrthaMkara se pUchA-kisakA kathana satya hai ? bhagavAn ne kahAdurbalikA puSyamitra kaa| goSThAmAhila ne deva ke kathana kI upekSA kii| AcArya durbalikA puSyamitra ne punaH vicAra karane ke lie kahA, para vaha taiyAra nahIM huaa| taba use saMgha se pRthak kara diyA / 1 abaddhika matavAdiyoM kA mantavya thA--karma AtmA kA sparza karate haiM para ve AtmA ke sAtha ekIbhUta nahIM hote| sapta nihnavoM meM jamAli, rohagupta, goSThAmAhila ye tIna anta samaya taka alaga rahe aura zeSa cAra nihnava punaH jainazAsana meM sammilita ho gaye / sthAnAMga sUtra meM sapta nihnavoM ke nAma Adi kA nirdeza hai, para vahA~ anya itivRtta ke sambandha meM sUcana nahIM hai| jamAli niva kA nirUpaNa bhagavatI sUtra, zataka aura uddezaka-33 meM vistAra se AyA hai| para anya nihnavoM ke sambandha meM mUla Agama sAhitya meM varNana nahIM hai / 1 Avazyaka, malayagiri vRtti, patra 415-418

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270 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA Avazyakaniyukti, malayagirivRtti meM anya nihnavoM kA nirUpaNa hai| hamane prabuddha pAThakoM kI jAnakArI ke lie yahA~ para unakI carcA kI hai| AjIvaka tIrthaMkara : gauzAlaka zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra ke jIvana meM gauzAlaka eka pramukha carcAspada vyakti rahA hai| bhagavatI sUtra ke pandrahaveM zataka meM usake jIvana kI gAthAyeM dI gaI haiN| Avazyakaniyukti, AvazyakacUrNi, Avazyaka haribhadrIya vRtti aura malayagirivRtti, mahAvIra cariyaM meM usake jIvana ke aneka prasaMga haiM / vaha prArambha meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kA ziSya banA aura bAda meM pratispardhI aura vidrohI bnaa| AjIvaka mata kA AcArya banakara svayaM ko tIrthaMkara bhI usane ghoSita kiyaa| gauzAlaka ke nAma aura vyavasAya ke sambandha meM vibhinna vyAkhyAe~ haiN| bhagavatI, upAsakadazAMga Adi Agama-sAhitya meM 'gosAle maMkhaliputte' isa zabda kA prayoga huA hai / gauzAlaka maMkha karma karane vAlA 'maMkhali' nAmaka vyakti kA putra thA / 'maMkha' zabda kA artha kahIM para 'citrakAra' aura kahIM para 'citravikretA' kiyA hai| navAMgI TIkAkara AcArya abhayadeva ne likhA hai-'citraphalakaM hastegataM yasya sa tathA'-jo citrapaTTaka hAtha meM rakhakara apanI AjIvikA calAtA hai| hamArI apanI dRSTi se prastata artha vizeSa saMgata hai| 'maMkha' eka jAti vizeSa thii| usa jAti ke loga ziva, brahmA yA anya kisI deva kA citrapaTTa hAtha meM rakhakara apanI AjIvikA calAte the / jisa prakAra Aja bhI dAkota jAti ke loga zani deva kI mUrti yA citra rakhakara apanI AjIvikA calAte haiN| bauddha sAhitya meM bhI 'makkhalI gauzAla' ko AjIvaka netA kahA hai| isa sambandha meM eka kathA hai-gauzAlaka eka dAsa thA / vaha svAmI ke Age tela kA ghar3A lekara cala rahA thaa| kucha dUra jAne para DhalAU cikanI bhUmi aaii| makkhalI ke svAmI ne kahA-'tAta ! mA khali, tAta! mA khali" -are skhalita mata honA, are skhalita mata honA ! kintu gauzAlaka kA paira phisala gayA aura tela bhUmi para gira pdd'aa| makkhalI svAmI ke bhaya se bhAgane lagA, para svAmI ne bhAgate hue kA vastra pakar3a liyaa| vaha vastra chor3akara naMgA hI bhAga gyaa| isa prakAra vaha nagna ho gayA aura loga use 'maMkhali' kahane lge| 1 (ka) dhammapada, aTThakathA, AcArya buddhaghoSa 1/143 (kha) majjhima nikAya -aTThakathA 1/422

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nihnava kathAe~ 271 prastuta kathA bauddha paramparA meM uttarakAlIna sAhitya meM AI hai, isalie vijJoM ne usakA adhika mahatva nahIM mAnA hai / / pANinI ne ise 'maskarI' zabda mAnA hai| 'maskarI' zabda kA sAmAnya artha-parivrAjaka kiyA hai| bhASyakAra pataMjali ne likhA hai'maskarI' vaha sAdhu nahIM hai jo hAtha meM maskara yA bAMsa kI lATho lekara calatA hai tathApi vaha kyA hai ? maskarI vaha hai-jo upadeza detA hai, karma mata karo ! zAnti kA mArga hI zreyaskara hai| pANinI aura pataMjali ne gauzAla ke nAma kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA hai, kintu unakA lakSya vahI hai| 'karma mata karo'- yaha vyAkhyA usa samaya pracalita huI jaba gauzAlaka eka dharmAcArya ke rUpa meM khyAti prApta kara cukA thaa| jaina Agama va Agametara sAhitya meM gauzAlaka ko maMkhali kA putra to mAnA hI hai sAtha hI use gauzAlA meM utpanna bhI mAnA hai| jisakI puSTi pANinI 'gauzAlAyA jAta gozAlaH / (4/3/15) kI vyutpatti isa vyutpatti-niyama se karate haiN| AcArya baddhaghoSa ne sAmaJaphalasutta kI TIkA meM gauzAlaka kA janma 'gauzAlA' meM huA, aisA mAnA hai / / Adhunika zodhakartAoM ne gauzAlaka aura AjIvaka mata ke sambandha meM navIna sthApanA karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| para paritApa hai navIna sthApanA karate samaya itihAsa aura paramparA kI ora unhoMne dhyAna nahIM diyaa| jisase unakI sthApanA sahI sthApanA na hokara mithyA sthApanA ho gii| zvetAmbara granthoM ke anusAra gauzAlaka ke guru zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra the| digambara paramparA kI dRSTi se gauzAlaka bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kA eka zramaNa thaa| vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra kI paramparA meM Akara gaNadhara 1 Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana pR0 41 2 maskaramaskariNo veNuparivrAjakayoH / -pANinI vyAkaraNa 6/1/154 3 na vai maskaro'syAsAti maskarI parivrAjakaH kiM tarhi / mAkRta karmANi mAkRta karmANi zAntirvaH zreyasItyAhAto maskarI parivrAjakaH / -pAtaJjala mahAbhASya 6/1/154 4 sumaMgala vilAsinI (dIghanikAya aTThakathA) pR0 143-44 5 bhagavatI 15vAM zataka

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272 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA bananA cAhatA thA, kintu jaba use gaNadhara pada nahIM milA to vaha pRthaka ho kara zrAvastI meM AyA aura apane Apako 'tIrthaMkara' kahane lgaa| DA0 veNImAdhava baruvA ne likhA hai-yaha to kahA hI jA sakatA hai ki jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM milane vAlI jAnakArI se yaha pramANita nahIM ho sakatA ki jaise-jaina gauzAlaka ko mahAvIra ke do DhoMgI ziSyoM meM se eka ziSya batAte haiN| pratyuta una jAnakAriyoM se viparIta yaha pramANita hotA hai- una donoM meM eka dUsare kA koI RNI hai to vastutaH gUru hI RNI hai na ki jainiyoM ke dvArA mAnA gayA unakA DhoMgI ziSya / DA0 baruvA Age likhate haiM-bhagavAna mahAvIra pahale pArzvanAtha kI paramparA meM the, kintu eka varSa ke pazcAt jaba ve acelaka hue taba AjIvaka pantha meM cale gaye / gauzAlaka bhagavAn mahAvIra se do varSa pUrva jina pada prApta kara cuke the| DA0baruvA yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki ye sabhI kalpanA ke hI mahAna prayoga kahe jA sakate haiM tathApi ina kalpanAoM ne gopAladAsa jIvAbhAI paTela, dharmAnanda kauzAmbI Adi ko bhI prabhAvita kiyaa| isa mAnyatA ke mula sarjaka DA0 haramana jaikobI rahe haiN| usI kA anusaraNa karate hue DA. vAzama ne apane mahAnibandha 'AjIvikoM kA itihAsa aura siddhAnta' meM vistAra se prakAza DAlA hai| isa mUla manovRtti kA AdhAra-kisI bhI pAzcAtya vicAraka ne jo kucha bhI likha diyA hai vahI sahI hai, yaha bhrAnta dhAraNA hai / jo bhI mUrdhanya manISI gauzAlaka ke sambandha meM likhate haiM, una kA mUla AdhAra jana aura bauddha grantha hI haiN| unameM se kitanI hI bAtoM ko sahI aura kitanI hI bAtoM ko galata mAnanA, yaha aitihAsika dRSTi nahIM ho sktii| jo tathya jaina sAhitya meM diye gaye haiM una tathyoM ko bauddha 1 masayari puraNArisiNo uppaNNo pAsaNAhatitthammi / sirivIra samavasaraNe agahiyajhuNiyA niyatteNa // -bhAvasaMgraha gA. 176 2 The Ajivikas, J. D. L. Vol. II, 1920, PP. 17-18 3 The Ajivikas, J. D. L. Vol. II, 1920, P. 18. 4 The Ajivikas, J. D. L. Vol. II, 1920, P. 21. 5 mahAvIra svAmIno saMyamadharma [sUtrakRtAMga kA gujarAtI anuvAda, pRSTha 34. : 6 s. B. E. Vol. XLV, Introduction, pp. XXIX To XXXII.

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nihrava kathAe~ 273 paramparA ke granthoM ne bhI mAnya kiyA hai| jahAM para unhoMne AjIvaka mata kI AlocanA kI vahA~ usakI prazaMsA ke andara use bArahaveM devaloka aura mokSagAmI kahA hai| jo yaha mAnate haiM ki gauzAlaka mahAvIra kA guru thA, yaha bilkula hI nirAdhAra aura kapola kalpita bAta hai / gauzAlaka ne svayaM yaha svIkAra kiyA-"gauzAlaka tumhArA ziSya thA, para maiM yaha nahIM huuN| maiMne gauzAlaka ke zarIra meM praveza kiyA hai yaha zarIra usa gauzAlaka kA hai, para AtmA bhinna hai|" isa prakAra virodhI pramANoM ke abhAva meM vidvAnoM ne jo arthazUnya kalpanAe~ kI haiM, ve bhrama meM DAlane vAlI haiM / Adhunika vidvAna isa sambandha meM jAgarUka ho rahe haiM, yaha prasannatA kI bAta hai| eka bAra gaNadhara gautama bhikSA ke lie zrAvastI meM gye| unhoMne nagarI meM jana-pravAda sunA-zrAvastI meM do tIrthaMkara vicara rahe haiM-eka zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra aura dUsare gauzAlaka / ve bhagavAn ke caraNoM meM paha~ce aura isa viSaya meM satya tathya jAnanA caahaa| bhagavAn ne gauzAlaka kA pUrva paricaya diyA-isake pitA kA nAma 'maMkhali' thaa| mAtA kA nAma 'bhadrA' thaa| citrapaTTa banAkara AjIvikA calAtA thaa| vaha 'gaubahula' brAhmaNa kI gauzAlA ThaharA huA thA, vahA~ isakA janma huaa| gauzAlA meM janma hone se isakA nAma 'gauzAlaka' rakhA gyaa| merA dvitIya varSAvAsa rAjagRha ke tantuvAyazAlA meM thaa| vahIM para gauzAlaka bhI dUsarA sthAna na milane se Akara tthhraa| maiM mAsakhamaNa ke pAraNe ke lie rAjagRha ke 'vijaya gAthApati' ke yahA~ phuNcaa| usane utkRSTa bhAvanA se dAna diyaa| jisase pA~ca divya prakaTa hue-vasudhArA kI vRSTi, pA~ca varNa ke puSpoM kI vRSTi, dhvajA aura vastra kI vRSTi, deva dundubhi aura AkAza meM 'ahodAnaMahodAna' kI divya dhvani / jana-mAnasa se yaha bAta sunakara gauzAlaka vahA~ pahu~cA aura vasudhArA Adi dekhakara prabhAvita huaa| mere ko namaskAra kara 'maiM dharma ziSya hU~ aura Apa mere dharmAcArya haiN| isa prakAra bolA / maiMne dUsare mAsakhamaNa kA pAraNA 'Ananda' gAthApati ke vahA~ kiyA aura tIsare mAsakhamaNa kA pAraNA 'sunanda' gAthApati ke vahA~ kiyaa| caturtha mAsakhamaNa kA pAraNA kollAka sanniveza meM 'bahula' brAhmaNa ke yahA~ huA / gauzAlaka ne mujhe tantuvAyazAlA meM na dekhA to merI anveSaNA karatA huA kollAka sanniveza meM AyA / maiM usa samaya manojJa bhUmi meM dhyAnastha thaa| gauzAlaka ne merI tIna bAra pradakSiNA kI aura 'maiM ApakA ziSya hU~' isa prakAra bolaa| TIkAkAra AcArya abhayadeva ne 'abhyupagacchAmi' kA artha 'maiMne

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274 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA gauzAlaka ko ziSyatva rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA' - aisA kiyA hai| aba vaha mere sAtha hI rahane lagA / eka bAra maiM siddhArtha grAma se kurmagrAma jA rahA thA / rAste meM eka tila kA paudhA thA / usane mere se pUchA - tila kA paudhA niSpanna hogA yA nahIM ? maiMne kahA - ' hogA / ye sAta tila puSpa ke jIva isI paudhe kI eka phalI meM sAta tila rUpa meM utpanna hoMge / ' merI bAta para vizvAsa na hone se pIche rukakara usa paudhe ko miTTI sahita ukhAr3akara eka ora pheMka diyA / usI samaya varSA huI aura vaha paudhA jamIna meM sthira ho gayA / mere kathanAnusAra vaha paudhA punaH sAta tiloM ke rUpa meM utpanna huA / eka bAra gauzAlaka mere sAtha kUrmagrAma nagara AyA / kUrmagrAma ke bAhara ' vaizyAyana' nAmaka bAlatapasvI chaTTha chaTTha tapa kara rahA thaa| donoM hAtha U~ce rakhakara sUrya ke sanmukha khar3e hokara AtApanA le rahA thA / usake sira se garmI ke kAraNa jUe nIce gira rahI thIM aura vaha punaH uThA-uThAkara unheM sira meM rakha rahA thA / gauzAlaka ne pIche rahakara usase kahA- tuma tattvajJa muni ho yA juoM ke zayyAtara ho ? tIna bAra kahane para vaizyAyana kupita huA aura tejo samudghAta kara tejolezyA bAhara nikAlI tathA gozAlaka para prakSipta kI / gozAlaka para anukampA kara maiMne tejolezyA kA pratisaMharaNa karane ke lie zItalalezyA nikAlI / vaizyAyana ne kahAhe bhagavan ! maiMne jAnA yaha ApakA ziSya hai / yadi mujhe yaha jJAta hotA ki yaha ApakA ziSya hai to maiM yaha nahIM karatA / gauzAlaka tejolezyA ko dekhakara prabhAvita huA / gozAlaka ne mere se pUchA- saMkSipta vipula tejolezyA kaise prApta hotI hai ? maiMne kahA - 'nakha sahita banda kI gaI muTThI meM jitane ur3ada ke bAkule AveM utane mAtra se tathA cullU bhara pAnI se chaTTha chaTTha kI tapasyA ke sAtha donoM hAtha U~ce rakhakara AtApanA lene vAle puruSa ko chaha mAha ke pazcAt tejolezyA prApta hotI hai / eka bAra vaha mere sAtha punaH kUrmagrAma se siddhArthaM grAma kI ora jA rahA thA, taba usane kahA- Apane 'tila puSpa ke jIva sAta tila ke rUpa meM utpanna hoMge' - yaha kahA thA so vaha bAta mithyA ho gaI / maiMne paudhe kI ora saMketa kiyA / use merI bAta para vizvAsa nahIM thA / ataH tila-phalI 1 bhagavatI sUtra - paM0 zrI ghevaracandajI bAMThiyA "vIraputra " --- a. bhA. sA. jaina saMskRti rakSaka saMgha -- sailAnA, zataka 15vA~, pR0 2387.

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nihnava kathAe~ 275 ko tor3akara sAta tila bAhara nikAle aura use yaha vizvAsa huA ki sabhI jIva mara kara punaH usI yoni meM paidA hote haiN|' gauzAlaka mere se alaga huA aura usane tejolezyA kI sAdhanA kii| isIlie gauzAlaka jina nahIM kintu jina-pralApI hai / yaha bAta zrAvastI meM prasArita ho gii| maMkhaliputra gauzAlaka ne bhI yaha bAta sunI / use bahuta krodha aayaa| vaha AtApanA bhUmi se kumbhakArApaNa meM AyA aura AjIvaka saMgha ke sAtha atyanta amarza se baitthaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ziSya Ananda bhikSA ke lie zrAvastI meM gaye hue the| ve bhikSA lekara lauTa rahe the| gauzAlaka ne Ananda ko apane pAsa bulAkara kahA-tUma jarA merI bAta sunakara jaao| kucha vyApArI bhayaMkara aTavI meM pahu~ce / ve apane sAtha jo pAnI lAye the, vaha samApta ho gayA jaMgala meM Age pahuMcane para eka vizAla balmika dikhAI diyaa| usameM caar| zikhara the| unhoMne eka zikhara ko todd'aa| usameM se bar3hiyA madhura jala prApta huaa| sabhI tRpta ho gaye / dUsarA zikhara tor3A, usameM se svarNa-rAzi prApta hii| unakI lobhavRtti prabala hii| unhoMne tIsarA zikhara tor3A, usameM se maNi-ratna nikale / una vyApAriyoM ne socA-cauthA zikhara tor3ane para vajra ratna nikleNge| catura vyApArI ne zikhara ko tor3ane kA niSedha kiyA, kintu dUsare vyApAriyoM usake kathana kI upekSA ko / jyoM hI zikhara tor3A, usameM se bhayaMkara dRSTiviSa sarpa niklaa| sAre vyApArI jalakara bhasma ho gye| sarpa ne kevala eka vyApArI ko bacAyA aura use sammAna sahita ghara pahu~cA diyaa| isI taraha he Ananda ! mere sambandha meM mahAvIra kucha bhI kaheMge to maiM unheM apane tapasteja se bhasma kara dUMgA / usa hitaiSI vyakti kI taraha tujhe bacA lUgA / Ananda atyadhika bhayabhIta huaa| vaha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa AyA aura sArA vRttAnta kaha sunaayaa| kyA bhagavAn ! vaha bhasma kara sakatA hai ? bhagavAn ne kahA-vaha bhasma kara sakatA hai kintu arihanta prabhu ko nahIM / vaha jalA to nahIM sakatA kintu paritApa avazya de sakatA hai / ataH tuma jAo aura gautama Adi nimranthoM ko kaha do ki gauzAlaka idhara A rahA hai, usameM bahuta hI durbhAvanA hai, isIlie usakI bAtoM kA koI bhI javAba nahIM deM / Ananda ne sabhI munivaroM ko sUcanA de dii| gauzAlaka vahA~ A phuNcaa| usane kahA-ApakA ziSya gauzAlaka mara cukA hai, maiM dUsarA huuN| bhagavAn ne kahA-anya na hote hue bho tuma apane ko anya batA rahe ho, yaha yogya nahIM hai / gauzAlaka ne kruddha hokara

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276 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kahA- tU Aja hI naSTa ho jAyegA, terA jIvana nahIM rahegA / bhagavAn ke sAre ziSya cupa rahe / sarvAnubhUti aNagAra, jinakA bhagavAn para atyadhika anurAga thA, unhoMne kahA - bhagavAn mahAvIra ne Apako zikSA aura dIkSA dI / una dharmAcArya ke prati isa prakAra ke vacana kaha rahe ho ? yaha sunate hI gauzAlaka kA ceharA tamatamA uThA - usane sarvAnubhUti aNagAra ko tejolezyA ke eka hI prahAra se jalAkara bhasma kara diyA / vaha punaH pralApa karane lagA / sunakSatra aNagAra se bhI na rahA gayA, unhoMne bhI gozAlaka ko samajhAne kA pratyana kiyA / gozAlaka ne sunakSatra aNagAra ko bhI jalAkara bhasma kara diyA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne gauzAlaka ko samajhAnA cAhA / gozAlaka kA krodhita honA svAbhAvika thA / vaha sAta-ATha kadama pIche haTA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ko bhasma karane ke lie usane tejolezyA kA prahAra kiyA / para prabhu ke amita teja se tejAlezyA unako jalA na sakI, vaha pradakSiNA kara punaH gauzAlaka ke zarIra ko jalAtI huI usake zarIra meM praviSTa ho gaI / gauzAlaka ne bhagavAn se kahA- kAzyapa ! merI tejolezyA se parAbhUta va pIr3ita hokara tU chaha mAsa kI avadhi meM mRtyu ko prApta hogA / mahAvIra ne kahA- maiM to solaha varSa taka tIrthaMkara- paryAya meM vicaraNa karU~gA aura tU apanI tejolezyA se pIr3ita hokara sAta rAtri ke andara hI chadmastha avasthA meM kAla-dharma ko prApta hogA / / bhagavAn mahAvIra ke gozAlaka uttara nahIM aba gauzAlaka kA teja naSTa ho cukA thA Adeza se sthaviroM se vividha prakAra ke prazna kiye| de skaa| anya aneka AjIvaka sthavira bhagavAn mahAvIra ke saMgha meM sammilita ho gaye / sAre nagara meM carcA phaila gaI ki kisakA kathana satya hai aura kisakA asatya ? labdha pratiSThita logoM ne kahA - bhagavAn mahAvIra kA kathana satya hai / gauzAlaka ke zarIra meM bhayaMkara vedanA huI / vikSipta sA idhara-udhara nizvAsa chor3atA huA vaha kumbhakArApaNa meM pahu~cA / vaha apane doSa ko chipAne ke lie cAra pAnaka peya aura cAra apAnaka apeya prarUpita kara rahA thA / ve cAra pAnaka ye haiM - 1. gAya ke pRSTha bhAga se girA huA 2. hAtha se ulIcA huA 3. sUrya tApa se tapA huA 4. zilAoM se girA huA / cAra apAnaka ye haiM, jo pIne ke lie grAhya nahIM hai kintu dAha Adi ke upazamana

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nihnava kathAe~ 277 ke lie vyavahAra yogya hai jaise 1. sthAla pAnI se Ardra hue ThaNDe choTe-bar3e bartana-inheM hAtha se sparza kare, kintu pAnI na piie| 2. tvacA pAnIAma, guThalI aura bera Adi kacce phala mUha meM cabAnA parantu usakA rasa nahIM pInA / 3. phaloM kA pAnI-ur3ada, mUga, maTara Adi ko kaccI phaliyA~ muMha meM lekara cabAnA parantu usakA rasa nahIM piinaa| 4. zuddha paanii| zrAvastI meM 'ayaMpula' AjovakopAsaka thaa| use 'hallA' vanaspati ke AkAra ke sambandha meM jijJAsA huii| vaha rAtri meM hI gauzAlaka ke pAsa pahu~cA / usa samaya gauzAlaka madyapAna kiye hue ha~sa rahA thA aura nAca rahA thaa| vaha lajjita hokara punaH lauTane lgaa| gauzAlaka ne sthaviroM ko bhejakara use bulAyA aura kahA-tuma mere pAsa Aye ho, para merI yaha sthiti dekhakara lauTanA cAhate the kintu mere hAtha meM kaccA Ama nahIM, Ama kI chAla hai / nirvANa ke samaya isakA pInA Avazyaka hai| nirvANa ke samaya nRtya, gIta Adi bhI Avazyaka haiM, ataH tuma bhI vINA bjaao| gauzAlaka ko lagA ki aba maiM lambe samaya kA mehamAna nahIM hU~, ataH usane apane sthaviroM ko bulAkara kahA-yadi merI mRtyu A jAya to mere zarIra ko sugandhita pAnI se nahalAnA, geruka vastra se zarIra ko pauMchanA, gozIrSa candana kA lepa karanA, bahamUlya zveta vastra dhAraNa karavAnA aura sabhI prakAra ke alaMkAroM se vibhUSita karanA / eka hajAra vyakti uThA sakeM, aisI zivikA meM baiThAkara yaha udghoSaNA karanA-caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara maMkhali putra gauzAlaka siddha, buddha aura mukta ho gaye hai| sAtavIM rAtri vyatIta ho rahI thii| usakA mithyAtva naSTa huA aura samyaktva kI upalabdhi huI / gauzAlaka ko apane duSkRtya para pazcAtApa huaa| maiM jina nahIM hU~ kintu jina hone kA maiMne dAvA kiyA / apane dharmAcArya se dvaSa kiyA aura zramaNoM kI hatyA kii| yaha maiMne bhayaMkara bhUla kii| usI samaya sthaviroM ko bulAkara gauzAlaka ne kahA-merI bhayaMkara bhUleM huI haiM, isIlie merI mRtyu ke bAda mere bAMye paira meM rasso bA~dhanA aura mere muha meM tIna bAra thUkanA / zrAvastI ke rAjamArgoM para se mujhe le jAte hue yaha udghoSaNA karanA-gauzAlaka jina nahIM, bhagavAn mahAvIra hI jina haiM / mare hae kUtta kI taraha mujhe ghasITa kara le jaanaa| usane sthaviroM kI zapatha dilAI aura usI rAtri meM gauzAlaka kI mRtyu ho gii|

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278 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA sthaviroM ne socA-yadi hama gauzAlaka ke kathanAnusAra kareMge to hamArI aura hamAre dharmAcArya kI pratiSThA dhUla meM mila jAyegI / yadi usake kathana kI upekSA kareMge to guru-AjJA kA bhaMga hogaa| yaha socakara unhoMne kumbhakArApaNa ko banda kara AMgana meM zrAvastI kA citra banAyA tathA gauzAlaka ke kathanAnusAra sArA kArya kiyaa| usake bAda gauzAlaka ke prathama Adeza ke anusAra usakI arcA kI aura dhUmadhAma se usakI zavayAtrA nikAlI tathA antima saMskAra sampanna kiyaa| isa taraha he gautama ! merA kuziSya gauzAlaka jIvana ke antima kSaNoM meM prazasta bhAvanA ke kAraNa bArahaveM devaloka acyuta kalpa meM deva bnaa| vahA~ se cyUta hokara aneka bhavoM meM paribhramaNa karate hue ise samyaktva kI upalabdhi hogI aura dRr3hapratija ke valI banakara siddha, buddha aura mukta hogaa| isa prakAra prastuta kathAnaka meM gauzAlaka kA vyavasthita jIvana-caritra diyA gayA hai| anusaMdhAnakartAoM ko isameM vipula sAmagrI prApta hogii| gauzAlaka nihnava nahIM thA, mithyAtvI thaa| bhagavatI ke atirikta Agama ke vyAkhyA sAhitya meM usake amAnavIya kRtyoM kI lambI sUcI dI gaI hai / gauzAlaka ne apane laukika prabhAva se jana-mAnasa ko AkarSita kiyA thaa| kitane hI mahAnubhAva yaha zaMkA upasthita karate haiM--bhagavAn mahAvIra ne chadmastha avasthA meM gauzAlaka kI rakSA kI jabaki samavasaraNa meM gauzAlaka ne tejolezyA se sarvAnubhUti aura sunakSatra muni para prahAra kiyA, taba mahAvIra ne unheM kyoM nahIM bacAyA ? TIkAkAra ne spaSTa kiyA haibhagavAna usa samaya vItarAgI the| ve jAnate the usake nimitta se muniyoM kA maraNa hai / kevalI avasthA meM labdhi kA prayoga nahIM karate / chadmastha avasthA meM anukampA se unhoMne gauzAlaka ko bacAyA thaa| kitane hI logoM kA yaha bhI mAnanA hai ki gauzAlaka para anukampA dikhAkara bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhUla kI / yadi bhagavAna aisA nahIM karate to kumata kA pracAra nahIM hotA aura na muni-hatyA hI hotii| para unheM yaha socanA cAhie ki mahApuruSa binA bheda-bhAva ke sabhI kA upakAra karate haiN| pratiphala kI kAmanA se ve kabhI bhI saudebAjI nahIM karate / bhagavAna ne chadmastha avasthA meM aisA koI

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nihnava kathAe~ 276 kArya nahIM kiyA jisameM pramAda aura pApa-karma hoN| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke dvArA zItalalezyA kA prayoga eka parama kAruNika bhAvanA kA nidarzana hai| jaba sAmane paMcendriya prANI jala rahA ho aura dUsarA vyakti nirapekSa bhAva se use nihAratA rahe, usake antarmAnasa meM anukampA kI lahara na uThe, yaha kaise sambhava hai ? AcArya bhIkhaNajI ne isa anukampA-prasaMga ko bhagavAn mahAvIra kI bhUla batAI hai / unhoMne kahA-"chadmastha cUkyA tiNa samai"arthAt mahAvIra ne gauzAlaka ko bacAkara bhUla kI ! hamArI dRSTi se yaha ahiMsA kA ekAntika Agraha yA ekAMgI cintana hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI ahiMsA nakArAtmaka hI nahIM, kriyAtmaka bhI thii| gauzAlaka kI prANa rakSA kara bhagavAna ne eka Adarza udAharaNa upasthita kiyaa| (bhagavatI sUtra zataka 15) 1 'chaumatthovi parakkamamANo Na pamAyaM saIpi kuvvisthaa| -AcA., zruta. 1, adhya. 6, uddezA 4, gA. 15

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vividha kathAe~ (prakIrNaka kathAe~) zramaNa-zramaNiyoM kA nidAna pUrva pRSThoM meM hamane anAthI muni ke dvArA samrATa zra eNika ko pratibodha prApta huA thA, yaha ullekha kiyA hai / yahA~ para bhagavAn mahAvIra kA sAkSAt samparka aura unake prati asAdhAraNa zraddhA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / , mahArAjA zroNika ne kauTumbika ( rAjakarmacArI) puruSoM ko bulAkara yaha Adeza diyA - rAjagRha nagara ke bAhara jitane bhI ArAma, udyAna, zilpa- zAlAyeM, Ayatana, devakula, sabhAyeM prapAyeM, udakazAlAyeM, pAnthazAlAyeM, bhojanazAlAyeM, cUne ke bhaTTe, vyApAra kI maMDiyAM, lakar3I Adi ke Theke, mUMja Adi ke kArakhAne Adi ke jo adhyakSa haiM unase jAkara kaho - jaba zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra isa nagara meM padhAreM; tuma loga sthAna, zayanAsana Adi grahaNa karane kI AjJA do aura unake padhArane kA saMvAda mere taka pahu~cAo | kauTumbika puruSoM ne aisA hI kiyA / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA jaba rAjagRha meM pardApaNa huA, taba rAjA zreNika ko sUcanA dii| taba rAjA zreNika bahuta hI harSita huA tathA saMvAdadAtAoM ko pAritoSika diyaa| mahArANI celanA ke sAtha snAnAdi se nivRtta ho bahumUlya vastrAbhUSaNa dhAraNa kara rAjA zreNika bhagavAn kI dharma-sabhA meM pahu~cA / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne dharmopadeza diyaa| pariSad visa jita huI / zroNika kI divya Rddhi ko dekhakara kitane hI zramaNoM ke mana meM vicAra AyA- dhanya hai yaha zreNika bimbasAra ! jo celanA jaisI rAnI aura magadha jaise rAjya kA upabhoga kara rahA hai| hamArI bhI tapaHsAdhanA kA phala ho to hama bhI isI prakAra ke manorama kAmabhogoM ko prApta kareM / celanA kI divya Rddhi dekhakara kitanI hI zramaNiyoM ke mana meM yaha vicAra AyA ki hama bhI calanA kI taraha hI kAmabhogoM kA upabhoga kareM / ( 280 )

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vividha kathAe~ 281 bhagavAn mahAvIra se yaha rahasya kaba chipa sakatA thA? unhoMne apane divya jJAna-bala se zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ke nidAna kI bAta jAnI / unheM nidAna ke duSpariNAma se paricita kraayaa| zramaNa-zramaNiyoM ne apane duHsaMkalpa ko AlocanA kii| prastuta kathAnaka se yaha spaSTa hai ki zreNika ko bhagavAn mahAvIra ke prati apUrva bhakti thii| sAtha hI isa bAta kA bhI saMketa milatA hai ki vaha prathama bAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa gayA thaa| jana paramparA kI dRSTi se zreNika pahale anya dharmAvalambI thaa| celanA to pitRpakSa meM bhI nirgrantha dharma ko mAnane vAlI thii| usake prayatna se hI samrATa zreNika nirgrantha dharma kA upAsaka evaM jaina banA thaa| sambhava hai, isIlie celanA ko Age kiyA ho ! (dazAzru ta skandha 10) zramaNa aura zramaNiyoM ne jo nidAna karane kA socA, vaha prathama samparka meM hI sambhava hai / bAra-bAra milane ke pazcAt vaha bhAvanA nahIM ho sktii| ratha-mUsala saMgrAma gaNadhara gautama ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se jijJAsA prastuta kI-rathamUsala saMgrAma kyA hai ? usameM kauna jItA aura kauna hArA ? __ bhagavAna mahAvIra ne samAdhAna karate hue kahA-isa yuddha meM indra, asurendra, asurakumAra, camarendra ye jIte the aura nau mallabI, nau licchavI ye rAjA-gaNa parAjita hue the| koNika bhUtAnanda nAmaka paTTahastI para AsIna hokara rathamUsala saMgrAma meM AyA thaa| usake Age devarAja zakra the, usake pIche asurakumArarAja camara the| lohe se nirmita eka viziSTa prakAra ke kavaca kI vikurvaNA kI / isa yuddha meM devendra, manujendra aura asurendra ye tIna indra eka sAtha yuddha kara rahe the / gautama ne punaH jijJAsA kI-bhagavan ! isa saMgrAma ko ratha-mUsala saMgrAma kyoM kahA? bhagavAn ne uttara diyA-jisa samaya yaha saMgrAma ho rahA thA, usa samaya azvarahita, sArathorahita, yoddhArahita aura mUsalasahita ratha atyanta jana-saMhAra, jana vadha, jana-mardana aura rakta se bhUma ko raJjita karatA huA cAroM ora daur3a rahA thaa| isIlie use 'ratha-mUsala' saMgrAma kahA hai / usa saMgrAma meM chiyAnaveM lAkha yoddhA mAre gae / unameM se dasa hajAra yoddhAoM ke jIva eka machalI ke udara meM paidA hue / unameM se eka varuNanAganaptRka devaloka meM utpanna huA / usakA bAla

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282 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA mitra manuSya banA aura avazeSa mAnavoM ke jIva naraka aura tiryaMca yoni meM paidA hue| gaNadhara gautama ne punaH jijJAsA vyakta kI-devendra zakra ne aura asurakumAra camarendra ne koNika-rAjA ko kisa kAraNa se sahAyatA pradAna kI ? bhagavAn ne kahA-devendra devarAja zaka to koNika rAjA kA 'kArtika' seTha ke bhava meM mitra thA aura asurendra asurakumArarAja camara koNika rAjA kA 'pUraNa' nAmaka tApasa kI avasthA kA sAthI thaa| isIlie ina donoM indroM ne koNika kI sahAyatA kii| (bhagavatI zataka 7, uddezaka 6) ratha-mUsala saMgrAma meM kAla Adi kumAroM kI mRtyu rAjagRha meM rAjA zroNika kA rAjya thaa| usakI rAnI celanA se 'kUNika' kA janma haa| zreNika kI dasarI rAnI kAlI se 'kAla' nAmaka rAjakumAra kA janma huaa| eka bAra kAla kUNika ke sAtha ratha-mUsalasaMgrAma meM phuNcaa| usa samaya bhagavAn mahAvIra campAnagarI meM padhAre / kAlI mahArAnI ne bhagavAna se prazna kiyA- -bhagavan ! mere putra kAla kI yuddha meM vijaya hogI yA parAjaya ? mahAvIra ne kahA-terA putra ratha-sUsala saMgrAma meM vaizAlI ke rAjA ceTaka ke dvArA mRtyu ko prApta hogaa| tU use dekha nahIM skegii| rAjagRha nagara meM rAjA zroNika kA rAjya thaa| usakI nandA rAnI se 'abhayakumAra' kA janma huaa| zreNika kI rAnI celanA ko apane pati ke udara ke mAMsa ko khAne kA dohada paidA huA / dohada pUrNa na hone se vaha udAsa rahane lagI / aMga paricArikAoM se rAjA zreNika ko jJAta huaa| abhayakumAra ke pUchane para rAjA ne sArA vRttAnta sunaayaa| abhayakumAra ne vizvasta anucara ko bheja kara mAMsa rudhira maMgavAkara rAjA zreNika ke udara para rakhavA diyaa| isa taraha vastra se AcchAdita kara diyA ki jisase jJAta nahIM ho sake / dUra prAsAda meM baiThI huI mahArAnI celanA saba dekhatI rhii| abhayakumAra ne mA~sa kATane kA bahAnA kiyA aura rAjA ko mUcchita sthiti meM batAkara mahArAnI celanA kA dohada pUrNa kiyaa| bauddha paramparA ke anusAra vaidya ne rAjA kI bAha kA rakta nikalavAkara dohada kI pUrti kI / rAnI ko jyotiSI ne batAyA ki yaha putra pitA ko mArane vAlA hogA / isalie rAnI use naSTa karane kA prayatna karatI hai / celanA ke mana

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vividha kathAe~ 283 meM saMtoSa na thA / vaha bhana hI mana meM duHkhI ho rahI thI ki isa bAlaka ke garbha meM Ate hI pati kA mAMsa khAne kA dohada utpanna huA, ataH isa duSTa garbha ko girA denA hI zreyaskara hai| rAnI ne garbhapAta ke lie aneka prayoga kiye kintu koI bhI upAya kAragara gahIM huaa| janma lene para navajAta zizu ko mahArAnI celanA ne kUr3I (ror3I) para phikavA diyaa| jaba rAjA zreNika ko patA calA to unhoMne zizu ko mNgvaayaa| kUr3I para par3e hue zizu kI aMgulI meM kukkuTa kI coMca se coTa A gaI thI, jisase usakI aMgulI choTI raha gaI, ataH usakA nAma 'kUNika' rakhA gyaa| kUNika kA nAma jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparA meM milatA hai| jaina paramparA meM use 'koNika' yA 'kUNika' kahA gayA hai to bauddha paramparA meM use 'ajAtazatru' likhA hai| kUNika nAma 'kUNi' zabda se nirmita huA hai, jisakA artha hai-aMgulI kA ghAva / 1 'kUNika' kA artha huA aMgulI ke ghAva vAlA vyakti / AcArya hemacandra ne bhI isa bAta ko svIkAra kiyA hai| upaniSad aura purANoM meM ajAtazatru' nAma vyavahRta huA hai / yaha adhika sambhava hai 'kUNika' unakA mUla nAma rahA hogA aura 'ajAtazatru' upAdhi vizeSaNa rahA hogaa| mUla nAma se kabhI-kabhI upAdhi vizeSa pracalita ho jAtI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya sAhitya meM usakA 'ajAtazatru' nAma vizeSa rUpa se vyavahRta huA hai| mathurA ke saMgrahAlaya meM eka zilAlekha meM usakA nAma 'ajAtazatru kUNika' uTaiMkita hai| 'ajAtazatru' zabda ke do artha kiye jA sakate haiM-(1) 'na jAtaH zatruryasya' jisakA koI zatru janmA hI nahIM ho| (2) 'ajAto'pi zatruH' arthAt janma se pUrva hI (pitA kA zatra) zatru / / dvitIya artha AcArya buddhaghoSa ne kiyA hai| yaha artha pUrNa rUpa se saMgata bhI hai / ajAtazatru pratApI nareza thaa| usake nAma se 1 Apte's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Vol. 1, p. 580. 2 triSaSTizalAkA puruSa caritra, parva 10, sarga 6, zloka 306. 3 Dialogues of Buddha, Vol. II, P. 78. 4 vAyupurANa, a0 66, zloka 316; matsyapurANa, a0 271, zloka 6. 5 Journal of Bihar and Orissa Research Society, Vol. V, Part IV.. pp. 550-51. 6 Dialogues of Buddha, Vol. II, p. 78. 7 dIghanikAya, aTThakathA-1, 133.

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284 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA bar3e-bar3e vIra kAMpate the isalie yaha nAma gardA kA pratIka na hokara usakI vIratA kA pratIka hai| jinadAsa gaNI mahattara ne kUNika ko 'azokacandra' bhI likhA hai| kahate haiM-jaba kUNika ko 'asogavaNiyA' nAma ke udyAna meM pheMka diyA gayA to vaha udyAna camaka utthaa| isalie kUNika kA nAma 'azokacandra' rakhA gyaa| kUNika kI aMgulI paka jAne se usameM se mavAda nikalatI aura usase vaha cillAtA thaa| apane putra kI vedanA ko zAnta karane ke lie rAjA zreNika aMgulI ko muMha meM rakhakara cUsatA jisase bAlaka cupa ho jaataa| bauddha paramparA kI dRSTi se janmate hI bAlaka ko rAjA ke karmacArI vahA~ se haTA dete haiM ki kahIM mahArAnI use mAra na deN| kucha samaya ke pazcAt usa bAlaka ko mahArAnI ko sauMpate haiN| putra-prema se mahArAnI usameM anurakta ho jAtI hai / eka bAra ajAtazatru kI aMgulI meM phor3A ho jAtA hai, bAlaka rone lagatA hai jisase karmakara use rAjasabhA meM le jAte haiN| rAjA usakI aMgulI ko muMha meM rakha letA hai| phor3A phUTa jAtA hai| putra-prema se pAgala banA huA rAjA usa rakta aura mavAda ko thUkatA nahIM, kintu nigala jAtA hai| kUNika ke antarmAnasa meM yaha vicAra paidA haA ki rAjA zreNika ke rahate hae maiM rAjA nahIM bana sakatA / isalie vaha apane anya bhrAtAoM ko apane sAtha milAkara svayaM rAjya-siMhAsana para ArUr3ha ho jAtA hai aura rAjA zreNika ko giraphtAra kara kArAgRha meM banda kara detA hai| bauddha paramparA kI dRSTi se ajAtazatru jIvana ke uSAkAla se hI mahatvAkAMkSI thaa| usakI mahatvAkAMkSA ko ubhArane vAlA devadatta thaa| jisake kAraNa usane pitA ko dhUmagRha (lauha-karma karane kA ghara) meM DalavA diyaa| jaina dRSTi se eka dina kUNika apanI mA~ ko namaskAra karane phuNcaa| mA~ ko cintAsAgara meM DubakI lagAte hue dekhakara kUNika ne kahA~-mA~ ! kyoM cintita ho rahI ho ? maiM tumhArA pUtra rAjA bana gayA hU~, phira bhI tuma cintita ho ? mujhe kAraNa batAnA hogaa| mA~ ne zreNika ke prema kI ghaTanA sunAI aura kahA-tujhe dhikkAra hai| apane mahAna upakArI pitA ko tene kaSTa diyA hai / kuNika ke mana meM pitA ke prati prema jAgRta huaa| use apanI bhUla para pazcAttApa haA aura hAtha meM parazu lekara pitR-mocana ke lie cala pdd'aa| zreNika ne dUra se dekhA--kUNika parazu hAtha meM lekara

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vividha kathAe~ 285 mujhe mArane ke lie A rahA hai / yaha mujhe burI taraha se mAregA isase to yahI zreyaskara hai ki maiM svayaM hI prANoM kA anta kara luuN| zroNika ne usI samaya tAlapuTa viSa khAkara apane prANoM kA anta kiyaa|1|| bauddha granthoM meM batAyA hai-dhUmagRha meM kozaladevI ke atirikta koI bhI nahIM jA sakatA thaa| ajAtazatru apane pitA ko bhUkhA aura pyAsA rakha kara maravAnA cAhatA thA, kyoMki devadatta ne ajAtazatru ko kahA thA-pitA ko zastra se na mAreM, kintu bhUkhe aura pyAse rakhakara maareN| jaba kozaladevI rAjA se milane jAto to utsaMga meM bhojana chipAkara le jAtI aura rAjA ko de detii| ajAtazatru ko jJAta hone para usane karmakaroM se kahA-merI mAtA ko utsaMga bAMdha kara mata jAne do| taba mahArAnI jUr3e meM bhojana chipAkara le jAne lgii| usakA bhI niSedha huaa| taba vaha svarNa pATukA meM chipAkara bhojana le jAne lgii| jaba usakA bhI niSedha kiyA gayA to mahArAnI gaMdodaka se snAna kara zarIra para madhu kA lepa kara rAjA ke pAsa jAne lgii| usake zarIra ko cATakara rAjA kucha dina taka jIvita rhaa| anta meM ajAtazatru ne mAtA ko bhI dhUmagRha meM jAne kA niSedha kiyaa| rAjA zroNika aba zrotApatti ke sukha para jIne lgaa| ajAtazatru ne dekhA-rAjA mara nahIM rahA hai isalie nAI ko bulAkara kahA- mere pitA rAjA ke pairoM ko tuma pahale zastra se chIla do, usa para namaka yukta tela kA lepana karo aura phira khaira ke aMgAre me usa para sikatAba karo? nApita ne vaisA hI kiyA, jisase rAjA mara gyaa| jaina paramparA kI dRSTi se mAtA se pitA ke prema kI bAta ko sunakara kUNika ke mana meM pitA kI mRtyu se pUrva hI pazcAttApa ho gayA thA / jaba kUNika ne dekhA-pitA ne AtmahatyA karalI hai to vaha mUcchita hokara jamIna para gira pdd'aa| kucha samaya ke bAda jaba use hoza AyA to vaha phUTaphUTa kara rone lagA-- maiM kitanA puNyahIna hU~, maiMne apane pUjya pitA ko 1 (ka) jeNaMtareNa tAlA saMpuDijjati teNaMtareNa mArayatIti tAlapuDaM -dazavakAlika cUNi 8, 262 (kha) chaha prakAra kA viSapariNAma batAyA hai-dRSTa, bhukta, nipatita, mAMsAnusArI, zoNitAnusArI, shsraanupaatii| - sthAnAMga sUtra, pRSTha 355 a.

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286 jana kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA bandhanoM meM bA~dhA aura mere nimitta se hI pitA kI mRtyu huI hai|" vaha pitA ke zAka se saMtapta hokara rAjagRha ko chor3akara campA nagarI pahu~cA aura use magadha kI rAjadhAnI bnaayaa| bauddha dRSTi se jisa dina bimbasAra kI mRtyu huI, usa dina ajAtazatru ke pUtra haA / saMvAdapradAtAoM ne likhita rUpa se saMvAda pradAna kiyaa| putra-prema se rAjA harSa se nAca utthaa| usakA roma-roma prasanna uThA / use dhyAna AyA-jaba maiM janmA thA, taba mere pitA ko bhI isI taraha AhlAda haA hogaa| usane karmakaroM se kahA-pitA ko mukta kara do| saMvAdadAtAoM ne rAjA ke hAtha meM bimbasAra kI mRtyu kA patra thamA diyaa| pitA kI mRtyu kA saMvAda par3hate hI vaha A~sU bahAne lagA aura daur3akara mA~ ke pAsa pahu~cA tathA mA~ se pUchA-mA~ ! kyA mere pitA ko bhI mere prati prema thA ? mA~ ne aMgulI cUsane kI bAta khii| pitA ke prema kI bAta ko sunakara vaha adhika zokAkula ho gayA aura mana hI mana duHkhI hone lgaa| kUNika kA dohada, aMgulI meM vraNa, kArAgRha Adi prasaMgoM kA varNana jena aura bauddha donoM hI paramparAoM meM prApta hai| paramparA meM bheda hone ke kAraNa kucha nimitta pRthak haiM / jaina paramparA ko ghaTanA 'nirayAvAlikA' kI hai, jisakA racanAkAla paM0 dalasukhabhAI mAlavaNiyA vi0 saM0 ke pUrva kA mAnate haiM / 1 bauddha paramparA meM yaha ghaTanA 'aTThakathAoM meM AI hai / isakA racanAkAla vikrama kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI hai / jisa paramparA ko jo kathA kA srota milA usI ke AdhAra para vaha granthoM meM AI hai| jaina paramparA meM kUNika kI krUratA kA citraNa huA hai / para vaha bauddha paramparA kI taraha spaSTa nahIM hai / bauddha paramparA meM 'ajAtazatru' apane pitA ke pairoM ko chilavAtA hai aura usameM namaka bharavA kara agni se seka karavAtA hai| yaha usakA amAnavIya rUpa bahuta hI spaSTatA se ujAgara haA hai| jaina paramparA meM use (zreNika ko) kArAgRha meM DAlane kI bAta to kahI hai, para pitA ko berahamI se bhUkhe mArane kI bAta nahIM kahIM hai| jaina dRSTi se zreNika kI mRtyu svayaM ne kI to bauddha paramparA kI dRSTi se ajAtazatra ne / 1 Agama-yuga kA jaina darzana, sanmati jJAnapITha AgarA, 1666, pRSTha 26 -paM0 dalasukha mAlavaNiyA 2 AcArya buddhaghoSa-mahAbodhisabhA, sAranAtha, vArANasI, 1956

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vividha kathAe~ 287 jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM meM kUNika kI mAtA kA nAma alaga-alaga milatA hai| jAtaka kI dRSTi se kozaladevI kauzala ke adhipati 'mahAkauzala' kI putrI thI aura 'prasenajita' kI bahina thii| vivAha ke sunahare avasara para kAzI kA eka grAma use daheja ke rUpa meM diyA gayA thaa| kintu jaba bimbasAra kA vadha kUNika ke dvArA kiyA gayA to prasenajita ne vaha grAma punaH le liyaa| ajAtazatra prasenajita kA bhAnajA thA, isalie yuddha ke maidAna meM unhoMne usako nahIM mArA tathA apanI putrI 'vajirA' kA pANigrahaNa ajAtazatru ke sAtha kara diyA aura grAma punaH kanyAdAna ke rUpa meM ajAtazatru ko de diyA / saMyuktanikAya meM ajAtazatru ko 'prasenajita' kA bhAnajA aura 'videhIputra' ye donoM kahe gaye haiM 13 kintu gaharAI se cintana karane para ina donoM nAmoM meM saMgati kA abhAva hai| AcArya buddhaghoSa ne 'videhI' kA artha videha deza kI rAjakanyA na kara paNDitA' kiyA hai| jaina dRSTi se celanA vaizAlI gaNatantra ke adhyakSa ceTaka kI kanyA thI, isalie vaha 'vaidehI' thii| sambhava hai, prasenajita kI bahina kozaladevI ajAtazatru kI koI vimAtA rahI ho / tibbatI paramparA tathA 'amitAyuAna sUtra meM 'vaidehI vAsavI' yaha usakI mA~ kA nAma AyA hai aura usakA kAraNa videha deza kI rAjakanyA batAyA hai| jaina Agama sAhitya meM kUNika ke lie 'videhaputra' zabda vyavahRta huA hai| 'rAIsa DeviDsa' ke abhimatAnusAra bimbasAra rAjA kI do rAniyA~ thIM-eka prasenajita kI bahina kozaladevI aura dUsarI videha knyaa| videha kanyA kA putra 'ajAtazatru' thA / 10 1 Jataka, Ed. by Fausboll, Vol. III, p. 121. 2 jAtaka aTThakathA saM0 246, 283 / 3 saMyuktanikAya 2-2-4 / 4 vedehiputto ti vedehIta paNDitAdhivacanaM etaM, paNDititthiyAputto ti attho / ' ___ - saMyuktanikAya, aTThakathA-1, 120 5 AvazyakacUNi, bhAga 2, patra 164 / 6 Rockhill : Life of Buddha, p. 63. 7 S. B. E. Vol. XLIX. p. 166. 5 Rockhill : Life of Buddha, p. 63. hai bhagavatI sUtra, zataka 7, uddezaka 6, pRSTha 576. 10 Buddhist India, p. 3.

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288 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA hama pUrva batA cuke haiM ki rAjA bimbasAra jaba dhUmagRha meM thA, usa samaya 'aTThakathA' ke anusAra usakI sevA meM rAnI 'kozalA' thI / 'insAiklopIDiyA oNpha buddhijma' meM rAnI kA nAma 'khemA' likhA hai aura use kauzaladeza kI rAjakanyA likhA hai / 'therIgAthA' ke anusAra vaha 'madra' deza kI thii| amitAyurdhyAnasUtra' ke anusAra rAnI kA nAma 'vaidehI vAsavI' thA / DA0 rAdhAkumuda mukharjI kA abhimata hai - vaidehI vAsavI sambhava hai - celanA thI / kUNika rAjagRha ko chor3akara campA meM Akara basa gayA / kUNika ke do laghubhrAtA the - halla aura vihalla / nirayAvalikA kI TIkA, bhagavatI kI TIkA aura bharatezvara bAhullI vRtti meM halla aura vihalla ye do nAma Aye haiM / anuttaropapAtika meM 'vihalla' aura 'vehAyasa' celanA ke putra batAye haiM aura halla ko dhAriNI kA putra likhA hai / nirayAvalikAvRtti aura bhagavatIvRtti meM 'halla' aura 'vihalla' donoM celanA ke putra kahe haiM / zodhArthiyoM ke lie yaha viSaya anveSaNIya hai / rAjA zreNika ne apanI prasannatA se 'secanaka' hastI aura deva dvArA diyA gayA 'aThArahasarA hAra' halla aura vihalla ko de diye / uttarAdhyayanacUNi, AvazyakacUrNi Adi meM inakI utpatti kI rocaka ghaTanA hai / AvazyakacUrNi ke anusAra ina donoM vastuoM kA mUlya zreNika ke sampUrNa rAjya ke barAbara thA / " vihallakumAra 'secanaka' hasti para ArUr3ha hokara apane antaHpura ke sAtha gaMgA taTa para jAtA aura hAthI sU~Da para lekara kabhI rAnI ko uchAlatA to kabhI vihalla ko / kabhI dA~toM para lekara sUr3a se jala kI varSA karatA / isa prakAra unakI vividha krIr3AoM ko dekhakara nagara meM yaha carcA hone lagI ki rAjazrI kA saccA upabhoga vihallakumAra kara rahA hai / 1 Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, p. 316. 2 therIgAthA, aTThakathA, 3 hindU sabhyatA, pRSTha 183 / 136-43 / 4 uttarAdhyayanacUrNi 5 Avazyaka cUNi- uttarArddha, patra 167 / 6 AvazyakacUrNi - uttarArddha, patra 167 /

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vividha kathAe~ 289 kUNika kI patnI padmAvatI ne sunA / usane kUNika se kahA-mere pAsa donoM amUlya vastue~ nahIM hai| kUNika ne use kahA-pitAzrI ne pahale se hI unako sauMpa dI haiN| kintu rAnI ke atyAgraha se kUNika ne halla aura vihalla kumAroM ko bulAkara kahA-hAra aura hAthI mujhe sauMpa do / uttara meM unhoMne nivedana kiyA-pUjya pitAzrI ne hameM donoM vastue~ dI haiN| hama Apako kaise de sakate haiM ? isa uttara ko sunakara kUNika ruSTa ho gyaa| samaya dekhakara ve apane antaHpUra ke sAtha vaizAlI ceTaka rAjA ke pAsa pahu~ca gaye / kUNika ko jJAta hone para ceTaka ko dUta bhejakara hAra aura hAthI, halla tathA vihalla ko campA bhejane ke lie khlaayaa| ceTaka ne sUcana kiyA-AdhA rAja halla tathA vihalla ko de do to maiM hAra aura hAthI bhijavA duuNgaa| kUNika ne punaH kahalavAyA-halla aura vihalla merI binA AjJA ke hAra tathA hAthI le gaye haiM, vaha magadha kI sampatti hai| ataH Apa lauTA deM athavA yuddha ke lie sannaddha ho jaao| dUta ke abhadra vyavahAra se aura patra ko par3hakara ceTaka bhI uttejita ho gye| unhoMne galahatthA dekara use nikAla diyA aura kahA-maiM anyAya sahana nahIM kara sakatA / zaraNAgata kI rakSA karanA merA kartavya hai| yadi vaha yuddha ke lie taiyAra hai to maiM bhI pIche haTane vAlA nahIM huuN| kUNika ne apane kAla Adi bhAiyoM ko bulAkara yuddha ke lie taiyAra hone kA Adeza diyA aura ve sabhI vaizAlI phuNce| idhara rAjA ceTaka ne bhI kAzI ke nau mallavI aura kauzala ke no licchavI isa prakAra aThAraha gaNa-rAjAoM ko bulAkara maMtraNA kii| sabhI ne yahI kahA-hAra aura hAthI ko lauTAnA ucita nhiiN| zaraNAgata ko rakSA karanA hamArA kartavya hai| donoM senAoM meM ghanaghora yuddha huaa| kUNika ne 'garur3avyUha racA to rAjA ceTaka ne 'zakaTavyUha' kI racanA kii| rAjA ceTaka bhagavAna mahAvIra kA parama upAsaka thaa| usakA yaha abhigraha thA-maiM eka dina meM eka se adhika bANa nahIM claauuNgaa| usakA bANa amogha thaa| pahale dina kUNika kI ora se kAla kumAra senApati banakara aayaa| vaha ceTaka ke bANa se dharAzAyI ho gyaa| dUsare dina sukAlakumAra, tIsare dina mahAkAla, cauthe dina kaNha, pA~caveM dina sukaNha, chaThe dina mahAkaNha, sAtaveM dina vIrakaNha, AThaveM dina rAmakaNha. nauveM dina piuseNakaNha aura dasaveM dina mahAseNakaNha kI kramazaH rAjA ceTaka ke hAtha se mRtyu huI / usa samaya bhagavAn mahAvIra campA nagarI meM virAja rahe the| dasoM rAjakumAroM kI mAtAoM ne bhagavAn

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260 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA mahAvIra se prazna kiyA-kAlakumAra Adi jIvita raheMge yA mRtyu kA varaNa kareMge? bhagavAn ne pratyuttara meM kahA-ve sabhI mRtyu ko prApta kara cuke haiN| dasoM rAniyoM ne dIkSA grahaNa kii| (nirayAvalikA 1-10) mahAzilAkaMTaka saMgrAma mahAzilAkaMTaka-saMgrAma kA nirUpaNa bhagavatI (za0 7 u06) meM huA hai| bauddha grantha 'dIghanikAya' ke mahAparinivvANasutta tathA usakI 'aTThakathA' meM 'vajjI-vijaya kahA hai| yuddha kA kAraNa, usakI prakriyA aura usakI niSpatti paramparA ko pRthakatA se bhinna-bhinna rUpa meM milatI hai| para yaha spaSTa hai ki magadha kI vaizAlI gaNatantra para vijaya huI thii| isa yuddha ke samaya bhagavAna mahAvIra aura tathAgata buddha ye donoM vidyamAna the| donoM se yaddha ke sambandha meM prazna pUche gye| donoM ne unake uttara diye / isa yaddha ke varNana se usa samaya kI rAjanaitika sthitiyoM kA bhI parijJAna hotA hai| yaha hama pUrva hI likha cuke haiM-rAjA kUNika ke senApati rAjA ceTaka ke amogha bANa se mara rahe the| rAjA kUNika ko lagA-aba merI parAjaya nizcita hai| usane tIna dina kA upavAsa karake zakendra aura camarendra kI ArAdhanA kii| ve donoM indra prakaTa hue| unake sahayoga se pahale dina mahAzilAkaMTaka saMgrAma kI yojanA huii| zakrandra dvArA nirmita abhedya vajra rUpa kavaca ko kUNika ne dhAraNa kiyA, jisase rAjA ceTaka kA amogha bANa use mAra na skaa| paraspara bhayaMkara yuddha huaa| kUNika kI senA ke dvArA rAjA ceTaka kI senA para kaMkar3a, taNa, patra Adi jo kucha bhI DAlA jAtA, vaha mahAzilA kI taraha prahAra krtaa| usa prathama dina ke yuddha meM hI caurAsI lAkha mAnava mAre gye| dvitIya dina rathamUsala saMgrAma kI vikurvaNA huI / deva nirmita ratha para camarendra svayaM AsIna huA tathA mUsala se cAroM ora prahAra karane lgaa| dUsare dina meM chiyAnave lAkha mAnavoM kA saMhAra huaa| isa prakAra do dina ke saMgrAma meM 'eka karoDa assI lAkha' mAnavoM kA vinAza huaa| ceTaka tathA nau mallavI aura 1. bhagavatI sUtra, saTIka, sUtra 266, patra 578 2. bhagavatI sUtra, saTIka zataka 7, udde0 6, sUtra 300, pR0 584

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vividha kathAe~ 261 licchavI-ina aThAraha kAzI kauzala ke gaNarAjAoM kI parAjaya huI aura kUNika kI vijaya huii| rAjA ceTaka parAjita hokara vaizAlI meM calA gyaa| nagara ke dvAra banda kara diye gaye / kUNika ne prAkAra tor3ane kA bahuta prayAsa kiyA para saphala na ho sakA / usane vaizAlI ke bAhara senA kA gherA DAla diyaa| eka dina use AkAzavANI sunAI dI-zramaNa kUlabAlaka jaba mAgadhikA vezyA meM anurakta hogA taba kUNika (azokacandra) vaizAlI nagarI kA adhigrahaNa kregaa| kUNika ne kulavAlaka kI khoja kii| mAgadhikA vezyA ko bulAyA gyaa| mAgadhikA ne kapaTa se zrAvikA kA rUpa banAkara kUlabAlaka ko apane meM anurakta kiyA / kUlabAlaka naimittika veSa ko dhAraNa kara kisI taraha vaizAlI pahuMcA / use jJAta thA ki muni suvratasvAmI ke stUpa ke kAraNa hI yaha nagarI bacI huI hai / nAgarikoM ne naimittika samajhakara usase upAya puuchaa| naimittika vezadhArI kulabAlaka ne nAgarikoM ko batAyAstUpa ke kAraNa hI zatru tumheM parezAna kara rahe haiM / yadi stUpa TUTa jAyegA to zatra yahAM se bhAga jaayeNge| logoM ne stUpa tor3anA prArambha kiyA / kUlabAlaka ke saMketAnusAra kUNika kI senA pIche haTI aura jaba stUpa pUrNa rUpa se TUTa gayA to kUNika ne ekAeka AkramaNa kara vaizAlI ke prAkAra ko naSTa kara diyaa| zatru se bacane ke lie halla aura vihalla kumAra hAra tathA hAthI ko lekara cale, kintu khAI meM pracchanna rUpa se Aga thii| secanaka hAthI ko vibhaMgajJAna se Aga kA patA laga gayA thA, ataH vaha Age nahIM bar3ha rahA thA / usako balAt Age bar3hane ke lie utprerita kiyA gayA to usane huaa| 1 bhagavatI, zataka 7, uddezaka 6, sUtra 301 2 'kUlabAluka' tapasvI nadI ke kUla ke samIpa AtApanA letA thaa| usake tapaH prabhAva se nadI kA pravAha thor3A mur3a gyaa| usase usakA nAma 'kUlabAluka' -uttarAdhyayana sUtra, lakSmIvallabha kRta vRtti, (gujarAtI anuvAda sahita), ahamadAbAda, 1635, prathama khaNDa, patra 8 3 samaNe jaha kUlavAlae, mAgahiraM gaNibhaM ramissae / rAyA a asogacaMdae, vesAli nagarI gahissae // -vahI, patra 10 4 uttarAdhyayana sUtra, lakSmIvallabha kRta vRtti, patra 11

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262 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA apanI sUMDa se halla aura vihala ko nIce utAra diyA aura svayaM agni meM praveza ho gyaa| hAthI zubha adhyavasAya meM Ayu pUrNa kara deva bnaa| devapradatta hAra ko deva uThAkara cala diyaa| zAsanadeva halla aura vihalla ko mahAvIra ke pAsa le gaye aura vahAM ve donoM dIkSita hue|1 rAjA ceTaka ne AmaraNa anazana kara sadgati prApta kii| bauddha paramparA meM magadha vijaya kA prasaMga isa prakAra hai-gaMgA ke eka paTaTana ke sannikaTa parvata meM ratnoM kI khAna thii| 'ajAtazatra' aura licchaviyoM meM yaha samajhautA huA thA ki Adhe-Adhe ratna paraspara le leNge| ajAtazatra DhIlA thaa| Aja yA kala karate hue vaha samaya para nahIM pahuMcatA / licchavI sabhI ratna lekara cale jAte / aneka bAra aisA hone se use bahuta hI krodha AyA para gaNatantra ke sAtha yuddha kaise kiyA jAya ? unake bANa niSphala nahIM jAte / yaha socakara vaha hara bAra yuddha kA vicAra sthagita karatA rahA, para jaba vaha atyadhika parezAna ho gayA, taba usane mana hI mana nizcaya kiyA ki maiM vajjiyoM kA avazya hI vinAza kruuNgaa| usane apane mahAmantrI 'vassakAra' ko bulAkara tathAgata buddha ke pAsa bhejaa| tathAgata buddha ne kahA- vajjiyoM meM sAta bAteM haiM---1. sannipAtabahula haiM arthAt ve adhivezana meM sabhI upasthita rahate haiN| 2. unameM ekamata hai| jaba sannipAta bherI bajatI hai taba ve cAhe jisa sthiti meM hoM, sabhI eka ho jAte haiN| 3. vajjI aprajJapta (avaidhAnika) bAta ko svIkAra nahIM karate aura vaidhAnika bAta kA uccheda nahIM krte| 4. vajjI vRddha va gurujanoM kA satkAra-sammAna karate haiM / 1 bharatezvara bAhubalI vRtti, patra 100-101 2 AcArya bhikSa , bhikSa -grantha ratnakara, khaNDa 2, pRSTha 88 3 buddhacaryA (pRSTha 484) ke anusAra "parvata ke pAsa bahumUlya sugandha vAlA mAla utaratA thaa|" 4 dIghanikAya aTThakathA (su maMgala vilAsinI), khaNDa 2 pR. 526, Dr. B. C. Law : Buddhaghosa, p. 111, hindU sabhyatA, pRSTha 188 5 dIghanikAya, mahAparinivvANasutta, 2/3 (16)

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vividha kathAe~ 263 5. vajjI kula - striyoM aura kula-kumAriyoM ke sAtha na to balAtkAra karate haiM aura na balapUrvaka vivAha karate haiM / 6. vajjI apanI maryAdAoM kA ullaMghana nahIM karate / 7. vajjI ahaMtoM ke niyamoM kA pAlana karate haiM, isalie arhat una ke vahA~ para Ate rahate haiM / sAta niyama jaba taka vajjiyoM meM haiM aura raheMge, vahA~ taka koI bhI zakti unheM parAjita nahIM kara sakatI / pradhAna amAtya ' vassakAra' ne Akara ajAtazatru ko kahA - aura koI upAya nahIM hai, jaba taka unameM bheda nahIM par3atA, vahA~ taka unako koI bhI zakti hAni nahIM pahu~cA sakatI / vassakAra ke saMketa se ajAtazatru ne rAjasabhA meM 'vassakAra' ko isa Aropa se nikAla diyA ki yaha vajjiyoM kA pakSa letA hai / vassakAra ko nikAlane kI sUcanA vajjiyoM ko prApta huI / kucha anubhaviyoM ne kahA- use apane yahA~ sthAna na diyA jAye / kucha logoM ne kahA -- nahIM, vaha mAgadhoM kA zatru hai isalie vaha hamAre lie bahuta hI upayogI hai| unhoMne 'vaskAra' ko apane pAsa bulAyA aura use 'amAtya' pada de diyA / vassakAra ne apane buddhi-bala se vajjiyoM para apanA prabhAva jamAyA / jaba vajjI gaNa ekatrita hote, taba kisI eka ko vassakAra apane pAsa bulAtA aura usake kAna meM pUchatA - kyA tuma kheta jotate ho ? vaha uttara detA- hA~, jotatA hU~ / mahAmAtya kA dUsarA prazna hotAdo baila se jotate ho athavA eka baila se ? dUsare licchavI usa vyakti ko pUchate-batAo, mahAmAtya ne tumhAre ko ekAnta meM le jAkara kyA bAta kaho ? vaha sAro bAta kaha detA para ve kahate - tuma satya ko chipA rahe ho| vaha kahatA - yadi tumheM mere para vizvAsa nahIM hai to maiM kyA kahU~ ? isa prakAra eka-dUsare meM avizvAsa ko bhAvanA paidA kI gaI aura eka dina una sabhI meM itanA manomAlinya ho gayA ki eka licchavI dUsare licchavo se bolanA bhI pasanda nahIM karatA / sannipAta bherI bajAI gaI, kintu koI bhI nahIM AyA / ' vassakAra' ne ajAtazatru ko pracchanna rUpa se sUcanA bheja dI / usane sasainya AkramaNa 1 dIghanikAya, mahAparinivvANasutta, 2 / 3 (16)

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264 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kiyaa| bherI bajAyI gayI para koI bhI taiyAra nahIM huaa| ajAtazatru ne nagara meM praveza kiyA aura vaizAlI kA sarvanAza kara diyA / 1 isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM ne magadha vijaya aura vaizAlI naSTa hone kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai| jaina dRSTi se ceTaka aThAraha gaNa dezoM kA nAyaka thaa| bauddha paramparA use kevala pratipakSI hI mAnatI hai / jaina dRSTi se kUNika ke pAsa taitIsa karor3a senA thI to ceTaka ke pAsa sattAvana karor3a senA thI / aura donoM hI yuddhoM meM eka karor3a assI lAkha mAnavoM kA saMhAra huaa| bauddha dRSTi se yuddha kA nimitta hai-ratna rAzi ! jaina paramparA meM jaise ceTaka kA prahAra amogha batAyA hai, vaise hI bauddha granthoM kI dRSTi se vajjI logoM ke prahAra acUka the| nagara kI rakSA kA mUla AdhAra jaina dRSTi se stUpa ko mAnA hai to bauddha dRSTi se pArasparika ekatA, gurujanoM kA sammAna Adi batAyA gayA hai| jitanA vyavasthita varNana jaina paramparA meM hai, utanA bauddha paramparA meM nahIM ho pAyA hai| vaizAlI kI parAjaya meM donoM hI paramparAoM meM chadma bhAva kA upayoga huA hai / vaizAlI kA yuddha kitane samaya taka calA ? isa sambandha meM jaina dRSTi se eka pakSa taka to pratyakSa yuddha huA aura kucha samaya prAkArabhaMga meM lgaa| bauddha dRSTi se 'vassakAra' tIna varSa taka vaizAlI meM rahA aura licchaviyoM meM bheda utpanna karatA rhaa| DA. rAdhAkumuda mukharjI ke abhimatAnusAra yuddha kI avadhi kama se kama solaha varSa taka kI hai| 1 dIghanikAya aTThakathA, khaNDa 1, pRSTha 523 2 hindU sabhyatA, pRSTha 186

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upanaya kathAe~ jaina kathA sAhitya meM isa prakAra kI aneka kathAe~ haiM jinase kisI upanaya, rUpaka yA dRSTAnta ke mAdhyama se upadeza yA zikSA dI gaI hai| isameM kucha prANi kathAe~ bhI milatI haiM to kucha rUpaka bhI haiN| jJAtAsUtra meM isa prakAra kI upanaya kathAoM kI bahulatA hai / jisa para yahA~ prakAza DAlA hai| vijaya taskara kathA sAdhanA kI pragati meM sabase bar3I bAdhA hai-para-padArthoM ke prati Asakti ! aura jaba taka Asakti hai, taba taka AtmAnanda kA anubhava nahIM hotA / jaba indriyoM ke viSayoM meM rAga-dveSa kA viSa mila jAtA hai, taba samAdhibhAva naSTa ho jAtA hai| zramaNa apane zarIra para bhI mamatva na rkhe| vaha AhAra aura pAnI ke dvArA zarIra kA saMpoSaNa kisa prakAra karatA hai ? yaha dRSTAnta ke mAdhyama se isa prakAra batAyA hai| rAjagRha meM dhannA sArthavAha thaa| usakI patnI bhadrA thii| aneka manautiyoM ke pazcAt usake putra huaa| usakA nAma 'devadatta' rakhA / eka bAra paMthaka devadatta ko bahumUlya vastrAbhUSaNoM se susajjita kara khelane ne lie le jA rahA thaa| devadatta bAlakoM ke sAtha khelane lgaa| udhara se 'vijaya' nAmaka taskara cora AyA aura devadatta ko uThAkara cala diyaa| usane AbhUSaNa utAra liye aura devadatta ko kue~ meM pheMka diyA, jisase usake prANa-pakherU ur3a gaye / paMthaka anucara ko to dhyAna hI nahIM rahA / jaba use dhyAna AyA to bAlaka nadArada thaa| usane bahuta Dha DhA, jaba vaha nahIM milA to rotA-rotA ghara para AyA / dhannA sArthavAha ne nagara-rakSakoM ko sUcanA dii| khojane para unheM andhakUpa meM bAlaka kA zava milaa| pairoM ke cihna ko nihArate hae ve saghana jhAr3iyoM meM chipe hae vijaya cora ke pAsa pahu~ce aura use pakar3akara khUba mArA tathA kArAgRha meM banda kara diyaa| sAdhAraNa se aparAdha ke lie dhannA sArthavAha ko bhI eka dina (295)

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266 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kArAgRha meM banda kara diyA gyaa| vijaya taskara aura dhannA sArthavAha donoM eka hI ber3I meM baddha the| dhannA sArthavAha kI patnI bhadrA ne bar3hiyA bhojana kArAgRha meM bhejaa| dhannA sArthavAha jaba bhojana karane baiThA to vijaya taskara ne usa bhojana meM se kucha padArtha khAne ke liye mA~ge / dhannA sArthavAha apane putra-ghAtaka ko usameM se bhojana kaise de sakatA thA ? usane inkAra kara diyaa| jaba dhannA sArthavAha ko mala-mUtra visarjana kI bAdhA upasthita haI to unhoMne vijaya taskara ko khaa| kyoMki ve donoM eka hI ber3I meM Abaddha the| ve eka dUsare ke binA jA nahIM sakate the, ataH vijaya cora ne kahA-maiM to bhUkhA-pyAsA huuN| tumheM jAnA ho to jaao| kucha samaya taka vaha mala-mUtra rokane kA prayAsa karatA rahA para kaba taka rokatA ? anta meM vivaza hokara dhannA sArthavAha ne vijaya cora ko AhArapAnI dene kA vacana diyA, taba vaha sAtha meM jAne lgaa| AhAra-pAnI lAne kA kArya paMthaka anucara kA thaa| usane seTha ko AhAra dete hue dekhakara vicAra kiyA-yaha kaisA seTha hai ? jo apane putra ke hatyAre ko AhAra de rahA hai| usane seThAnI ko khaa| seThAnI ko atyadhika krodha AyA ki seTha putra ke hatyAre kA poSaNa kara rahe haiN| kucha samaya ke bAda seTha ko kArAgRha se mukti milii| vaha ghara para pahu~cA kintu seThAnI kI mudrA ko dekhakara seTha ne kahA-kyA tujhe merA kArAgRha se mukta honA acchA nahIM lagA ? bhadrA sArthavAhI ne kahA-Apane mere lADale lAla ke hatyAre vijaya cora ko AhAra Adi diyaa| yahI mere kopa kA kAraNa hai / zroSThI ne kahA-kartavya, dharma yA pratyupakAra kI dRSTi se nahIM, apitu mala. mUtravisarjana meM sahAyaka hone kI dRSTi se AhArAdi diyA thaa| yaha sunakara bhadrA ko santoSa huaa| prastuta kathA-prasaMga ko dekara zAstrakAra ne kahA-seTha ko vivazatA se putra-ghAtaka ko bhojana denA par3A, vaise hI sAdhaka ko saMyamanirvAha ke lie AhAra Adi zarIra ko denA par3atA hai| zreSTho ne taskara ko apanA parama hitaiSI samajha kara bhojana nahIM diyA, para kArya-siddhi ke lie diyA, vaise hI zramaNa bhI jJAna, darzana kI siddhi ke lie AhAra grahaNa karatA hai| (NAyA. 1/2) Agama sAhitya meM zramaNa ke AhAra grahaNa karane ke sambandha meM vistAra se nirUpaNa hai| usa gurutama rahasya ko yahA~ kathA ke mAdhyama se vyakta kiyA gayA hai|

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upanaya kathAe~ 267 mayUrI ke aNDe AdhyAtmika samutkarSa ke lie zraddhA kI AvazyakatA hai| gItA meM 'zraddhAvAn labhate jJAna' kahA hai / isa vizva meM jJAna sabase mahAna hai| vaha jJAna zraddhA se prApta hotA hai / bhagavAn mahAvIra ne zraddhA ko durlabha hI nahIM, kintu parama durlabha kahA hai| ataH sAdhaka ko yaha preraNA dI hai-"tameva saccaM nIsaMkaM jaM jiNehi paveiyaM / " jisakA citta caMcala hai, mana DAMvADola hai, vaha siddhi ko varaNa nahIM kara sktaa| saphalatA ke lie zraddhA anivArya hai| campA nagarI meM jinadatta-putra aura sAgaradatta-putra ye do sArthavAha-putra the| dono abhinna mitra the / ve dhUpa-chAyA ko taraha sAtha rahate the| para donoM kI vRtti eka-dUsare se viparIta thii| eka bAra ve gaNikA devadattA ke sAtha surabhi udyAna meM pahu~ce / snAna, bhojana, saMgIta, nRtya kA Ananda lete hae ve saghana jhAr3iyoM meM bane hae 'mAlUkAkaccha' meM gye| unheM yakAyaka nihAra kara eka mayUrI ghabarAhaTa se kekArava karatI haI vakSa kI zAkhA para jA baitthii| sArthavAhaputroM ko vahA~ para do aNDe dikhAI diye| donoM ne ekaeka aNDA uThA liyA / sAgaradattaputra kA mana zaMkAlu thA, vaha punaH punaH aNDe kI ulaTa-pulaTa kara dekhatA ki kaba aNDe meM se baccA bAhara niklegaa| bAra-bAra hilAne se aNDA nirjIva ho gayA / jinadatta-putra ne vaha aNDA mayUra-pAlakoM ko sauMpa diyA / baccA haa| use vividha prakAra kI nRtyakalAe~ sikhAI / sAre nagara meM usakI prasiddhi ho gii| (jJAtA dharmakathA zru. 1, a. 3) prastuta rUpaka ke mAdhyama se yaha batAyA hai ki 'saMzayAtmA vinazyati' aura jo zraddhAzIla hotA hai, vaha siddhi ko varaNa karatA hai| isI taraha cAheM zramaNa ho, cAheM zramaNI ho, unheM zraddhAniSTha hokara sAdhanA karanI caahie| jo zraddhA ke sAtha sAdhanA karatA hai, vaha saphalatA ko samprApta hotA hai| isa kathA ke varNana se yaha bhI parijJAta hotA hai ki usa yuga meM bhI mAnava Aja kI taraha pazu-pakSiyoM ko prazikSaNa detA thaa| prazikSaNa dene para pazu-pakSI gaNa aisI kalA pradarzita karate, jisase darzaka mantramugdha ho jAte / pazu-pakSI, jinakA jIvana vikala hai, ve bhI prazikSaNa se kalAvAna bana sakate haiN| yadi mAnava zikSaNa ke kSetra meM Age bar3he to vaha sva aura para donoM ke jIvana kA kalyANa kara sakatA hai /

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268 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kUrma kathAnaka vArANasI ke bAhara mRtagaMgA tIra nAmaka draha (tAlAba) thA jisameM raMga-biraMge kamala ke phala khila rahe the / aneka prakAra ke maccha, kacchapa, magara, grAha, prabhRti jalacara prANI usa tAlAba meM the / eka samaya do kUrma tAlAba meM se bAhara nikale aura AsapAsa AhAra kI khoja meM ghUmane lge| usI samaya do siyAra vahA~ A pahu~ce / siyAroM ko dekhakara kUrma bhayabhIta hue / unhoMne apane paira, gardana aura zarIra ko chipA liyaa| siyAroM kI dRSTi una kachuoM para pdd'ii| ve una para jhptte| chedana-bhedana karane kA bahata kucha prayAsa kiyA, para ve saphala na ho ske| siyAra bahuta cAlAka jAnavara hotA hai / siyAroM ne socA-jaba taka ye apane aMgoM kA gopana kiye hue raheMge taba taka hama inakA bAla bhI bAMkA nahIM kara skeNge| ataH hameM cAlAkI se kAma lenA cAhie / ve donoM siyAra karmoM ke pAsa se haTa gaye aura jhAr3I meM chipa ge| una donoM meM se eka kurma caMcala prakRti kA thaa| usane dhIre-dhIre apane avayava bAhara nikAle / siyAra usa para jhapaTe aura use mArakara khA gye| dUsare kUrma ne dIrghakAla taka apane aMgoM ko gopana karake rakhA / jaba siyAra cale gaye taba vaha zIghratA se tAlAba meM pahu~ca gyaa| siyAra usa kUrma kA bAla bhI bAMkA nahIM kara sake / isI taraha jo sAdhaka apanI indriyoM ko pUrNa rUpa se vaza meM rakhatA hai, usakI kicit bhI kSati nahIM hotii| (jJAtAdharmakathA zru 0 1 a0 4) sUtrakRtAMga meM bhI atyanta saMkSepa meM karma ke rUpaka ko sAdhaka ke jIvana ke sAtha nirUpita kiyA hai| zrImad bhagavatagItA meM bhI zrIkRSNa ne sthitaprajJa kA svarUpa pratipAdita karate hue kachue kA dRSTAnta diyA hai / tathAgata buddha ne bhI sAdhaka ke jIvana ke lie kUrma kA rUpaka prastuta kiyA hai / isa taraha kUrma kA rUpaka jaina, bauddha aura vaidika tInoM hI paramparAoM meM indriyanigraha ke lie diyA gayA hai / kathA ke mAdhyama se dene ke kAraNa yaha rUpaka atyanta prabhAvazAlI bana gayA hai| 1. jahA kumme saaMgAI, sae dehe samAhare / evaM pAvAI mehAvI, ajjhappeNa smaahre| -sUtrakRtAMga, pra0 zruta0, a0 8, gAthA 426 2. yadA saMharate cAyaM kUrmogAnIva sarvazaH / indriyANIndriyArthebhyastasya prajJA pratiSThitA / - zrImad bhagavadgItA, 2/58

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upanaya kathAe~ 266 rohiNIjJAta jJAtAdharmakathA zru taskaMdha prathama, adhyayana sAta meM rohiNIjJAta kA dRSTAnta hai / rAjagRha nagara meM dhanya sArthavAha ke dhanapAla, dhanadeva, dhanagopa aura dhanarakSita-ye cAra putra the| unakI ujjhikA, bhogavatI, rakSikA aura rohiNI-ye cAroM kramazaH patniyAM thiiN| dhanya sArthavAha atyanta dUradarzI thaa| jaba vaha vRddhAvasthA se grasati ho gayA to use apane kuTumba kI suvyavasthA kI cintA huii| cAroM putravadhuoM kI parIkSA ke lie usane eka samAroha meM pAMca-pAMca zAli ke dAne unheM diye aura kahA-jaba bhI maiM mA~gU taba mujhe punaH denA / prathama putravadhU ne socA-zvasurajI kI buddhi mArI gaI hai, yahI kAraNa hai ki itanA bar3A samAroha karake kevala pA~ca dAne diye haiM aura usa para bhI pUnaH lauTAne kI bAta ! yahA~ dAnoM kI kyA kamI hai, ve jaba bhI mAMgeMge usa samaya maiM inheM de dugii| yaha socakara una dAnoM ko usane pheMka diyaa| dvitIya putravadhU se socA-yadyapi dAnoM kA mUlya nahIM hai tathApi pUjya zvasura kA yaha divya prasAda hai, yaha socakara usane ve dAne khA liye| tRtIya putravadhu ne socA-kisI viziSTa abhiprAya se ye dAne diye gaye haiM, ataH inheM sambhAla kara rakhanA upayukta hai / caturtha putravadhU buddhimatI thii| usane socA-koI na koI gUr3ha rahasya isameM chipA haA hai| usane pA~coM dAne mAyake bheja diye| usakI sUcanA ke anusAra ve dAne kheta meM bo diye gaye / pA~ca varSoM meM dAnoM ke ambAra laga gaye / pA~ca varSa ke pazcAt zreSThI ne dAne maaNge| sabhI ne satya kaha diyaa| pahalI putravadhu ko ghara kI saphAI kA kArya sauNpaa| dvitIya putravadhU ko bhojanazAlA kA kArya diyA gayA kyoMki vaha khAne meM dakSa thii| tRtIya putravadhU ko koSAdhyakSa pada para niyukta kiyaa| caturtha putravadhU ne pA~ca dAne mAMgane para jaba anAja kA Dhera lagA diyA to use gRhasvAminI ke pada para AsIna kiyA aura kahA-tU vastutaH yazasvinI putravadhU hai| tere kAraNa hI yaha ghara phlegaa-phuulegaa| prastuta rUpaka ke mAdhyama se zAstrakAra ne kahA-jo sAdhaka prathama putravadhU kI bhA~ti mahAvratoM ko grahaNa karake phaka (chor3a) dete haiM, ve isa bhava aura parabhava meM sarvatra avahelanA ke bhAjana hote haiN| jo mahAvratoM ko grahaNa kara sAMsArika upabhogoM meM laga jAte haiM, ve bhI nintA ke pAtra haiM / jo sAdhaka rakSitA kI bhAMti mahAvratoM ko surakSA karate haiM ve prazaMsA ke pAtra hote haiM aura jo sAdhaka rohiNI kI bhA~ti sadguNoM kI abhivRddhi karatA hai| vaha paramAnanda kA bhAgI banatA hai|

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jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA prophesara TAimana ne apanI jarmana pustaka "buddha aura mahAvIra" meM bAibila kI maithyU aura lUka kI kathA ke sAtha isa kathA kI tulanA kI hai / vahA~ para zAli ke dAnoM ke sthAna para TelenTa' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai / TelenTa usa yuga kA sikkA vizeSa thA / eka vyakti ne videza jAte samaya apane tIna putroM ko dasa-dasa TelenTa diye the / eka ne vyApAra ke dvArA unakI atyadhika vRddhi kI, dUsare putra ne unheM jamIna meM gAr3a diye aura tIsare ne kharca kara diye / lauTane para pitA prathama putra para bahuta hI prasanna huA / AkarNa: uttama jAti kA azva jJAtAdharma kathA zrutaskandha prathama, adhyayana 17 meM azvajJAta kA varNana hai / jo sAdhaka indriyoM ke vazavartI hokara anukUla viSayoM kI upalabdhi hone para usameM lubdha ho jAte haiM, ve rAgavRtti ke kAraNa bhava-bhramaNa karate haiN| unheM aneka prakAra kI vyathAyeM bhI sahana karanI par3atI haiM aura jo unameM Asakta nahIM hote, ve sAMsArika yAtanAoM se baca jAte haiM / jaise-- hastizIrSa nagara ke kucha vyApArI naukA meM baiThakara jA rahe the / ekAeka tUphAna se naukA DagamagAne lgii| niryAmaka ko bhI yaha bhAna nahIM rahA ki naukAe~ kahA~ jA rahI haiM ? kucha samaya ke pazcAt tUphAna zAnta huA / niryAmaka ne dekhA - naukAe~ kAlika dvIpa ke kinAre jA lagI haiM / vahA~ unhoMne horepanne svarNa aura cAMdA kI khadAneM dekhiiN| unhoMne vahA~ bar3hiyA ghor3e bhI dekhe / unheM ghor3oM se koI prayojana nahIM thA apane nagara lauTa aaye| jaba vyApArogaNa rAjA upahAra lekara pahuMce to rAjA ne pUchA- tumane koI adbhuta vastu dekhI hai kyA ? unhoMne kAlika dvIpa ke ghor3oM kI bAta kahI / rAjA ke Adeza se vyApArI punaH kAlika pahu~ce / unhoMne sugandhita aura susvAdu padArtha cAroM ora bikhera diye / indriyoM ke vazIbhUta hokara kucha ghor3e una padArthoM kA upabhoga karane ke lie udhara Aye aura ve unake jAla meM pha~sa gaye / jo ghor3e una padArthoM ke prati AkarSita nahIM hue ve apane Apako mukta rakha ske| isI taraha jo sAdhaka indriyoM ke adhIna ho jAtA hai, vaha pathabhraSTa / ataH paryApta dhana lekara ve kanakaketu ke pAsa bahumUlya 300 1. TelenTa ( talent ) zabda kA vAstavika artha buddhi tathA mAnasika viziSTa zakti hotA hai /

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upanaya kathAe~ 301 ho jAtA hai / yahA~ para yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki vyApArI azvoM ko pakar3ane ke lie jaba gaye taba ballakI, bhrAmarI, kacchabhI, bambA, paTabhramarI, Adi vividha prakAra kI vINAyeM, vividha prakAra ke citra, sugandhita padArtha, gur3hiyA matsyaMDikA zakkara, matyasaMDikA puSpottara aura padmottara prakAra kI zarkarAe~ aura vividha prakAra ke vastra lekara pahu~ce the / isase yaha spaSTa hai ki bhArata meM vividha prakAra kI kalAyeM tathA sAdhana-sAmagrI ulabdha thIM jo yahA~ kI saMskRti kI unnati kA sahaja pratIka haiM / mRgAputra vipAka sUtra zrutaskandha prathama adhyayana prathama meM mRgAputra kA kathAnaka AyA hai / jaina sAhitya meM karma siddhAnta kA bahuta hI vistArapUrvaka sAMgopAMga varNana kiyA gayA hai| vaha varNana jijJAsuoM ke lie rasaprada hone para bhI sahaja sugama nahIM | prastuta kathAnaka meM kathA ke dvArA isa viSaya ko bahuta hI sugama aura subodha zailI meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai tathA karma vipAka kI prarUpaNA kI hai / mRgAputra prakRSTa pApakarma ke udaya se jaba rAnI ke garbha meM AyA to rAnI rAjA ko apriya ho gaI / rAjA use dekhanA bhI pasanda nahIM karatA / rAnI socane lagI- maiM rAjA kI itanI adhika priya pAtra thI ki mujhe binA nihAre rAjA ko caina nahIM par3atA thI / ekAeka yaha pari* vartana kaise ho gayA ? sambhava hai, garbha ne apanA prabhAva dikhAyA ho ! bacce kA janma huaa| vaha andhA, baharA, lUlA, laMgar3A aura huNDaka saMsthAnI thA / usase zarIra meM hAtha, paira, kAna, nAka Adi avayavoM kA abhAva thA / kevala unake cihna mAtra the / mRgAdevI ne use ghUre para phiMkavAnA cAhA, para rAjA ke samajhAne me usane usa bAlaka ko gupta rUpa se bhUgRha meM rakha diyA / usa nagarI meM eka janmAndha bhikhArI thA / use nihAra kara gaNadhara gautama ne bhagavAn mahAvIra se prazna kiyA - bhagavAna ! kyA kisI strI ke koI baccA janma se hI andhA hotA hai ? bhagavAn ke mRgAputra kI bAta batAte hue kahA- vaha lUlA, la~gar3A, andhA aura baharA hai / prabhu kI AjJA se gautama use dekhane ke lie pahu~ce / usake zarIra meM se mRta sarpa kI taraha bhayaMkara durgandha A rahI thI / vaha jo bhI AhAra karatA, rakta aura mavAda banAkara bAhara nikalatA aura use vaha punaH khA jAtA / usako dekhate hI gaNadhara gautama ko nArakIya dRzya smaraNa ho AyA / 'bhagavAn ne usake pUrvabhava kA varNana karate hue kahA - isa jIva ne pUrvabhava meM aneka pApa

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302 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kRtya kiye the / jisake phalasvarUpa use usa janma meM solaha mahAroga hue| vahA~ se marakara yaha naraka meM gyaa| naraka se nikalakara yaha 'mRgAputra' huA hai / yahA~ bhI yaha pApa-phala bhoga rahA hai| isake pazcAt bhI aneka janmoM taka yaha pApa kA phala bhogegaa| prastuta kathA meM yaha batAyA hai-zAsana yA sattA prApta hone para jo usakA durupayoga karatA hai,prajA para anucita kara lAdatA hai,rizvata letA hai, use isa pApa kA phala isa prakAra bhoganA par3atA hai| Adhunika vAtAvaraNa meM pale-puse sattA ke lobhI zAsakoM ke lie yaha kathA sarcalAiTa kI taraha upayogI hai| ujjhitaka kathAnaka gau-mAMsabhakSaNa, madyapAna aura viSayAsakti ke duHkhada phaloM ko batAne ke lie 'ujjhitaka' kumAra kI kathA dI gaI hai / 'ujjhitaka' vANijyagrAma ke vijayamitra sArthavAha kA putra thaa| gautama gaNadhara vANijyagrAma meM bhikSA ke lie padhAre / unhoMne atyadhika kolAhala sunaa| unheM mAlUma huA ki rAjA ke adhikArIgaNa kisI vyakti ko bA~dhakara mArate-pITate hae le jA rahe haiM / gautama ne bhagavAn se prazna kiyA-ise itanA kaSTa kyoM diyA jA rahA hai ? bhagavAn ne uttara meM kahA- hastinApura meM 'bhIma' nAmaka eka kUTagrAha arthAt pazuoM kA taskara rahatA thaa| usakI patnI kA nAma 'utpalA' thaa| jaba vaha garbhavatI huI taba use gAya, baila Adi ke mAMsa khAne kI icchA huii| usakI pUrti kI gii| gAyoM ko trAsa dene ke kAraNa usakA nAma 'gotrAsa' rakhA gyaa| vaha jIvana bhara gau-mAMsa kA upayoga karatA rhaa| vahA~ se marakara vANijyagrAma' meM 'vijayamitra' ke yahA~ para yaha 'ujjhitaka' nAma kA putra huaa| jaba yaha bar3A huA taba isake mAtA-pitA kA dehAnta ho gyaa| nagara-rakSaka ne ise ghara se nikAla diyA / kusaMgati meM par3ane se dyUtagRha, vezyAgRha, madyagRha Adi meM ghUmane lgaa| vANijyagrAma meM 'kAmadhvajA' vezyA thI / vaha atyanta rUpavatI aura kalAoM meM dakSa thii| unake anupama saundarya para ujjhitaka Asakta ho gyaa| kAmadhvajA vezyA rAjA ko bhI priya thii| ataH rAjA ne apane anucaroM se use pakar3avAyA aura usakI khUba marammata kii| use zUlI para car3hAyA gyaa| pApa karma ke kAraNa yaha naraka Adi gatiyoM meM paribhramaNa kregaa| yaha viSayAsakti kA kaTa pariNAma hai|

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upanaya kathAe~ 303 prastuta kathAnaka meM yaha bAta pratipAdita kI gaI hai ki haMsate hue vyakti pApa kRtya karatA hai, usakA phala jaba prApta hotA hai taba ro-rokara bhugatane para bhI vaha chUTatA nahIM hai| (vipAkasUtra zru taskandha prathama, adhyayana 2) abhagnasena pApa kI dAruNa kathA kA isameM citraNa huA hai / purimatAlazAlATavI corapallI meM 'vijaya' nAma kA eka taskara adhipati rahatA thaa| usakI patnI kA nAma 'khaMdasirI' thaa| usake eka putra huA jisakA nAma 'abhagnasena' rakhA gyaa| gautama kI jijJAsA para bhagavAn mahAvIra ne unakA pUrva bhava sunAte hue kahA-abhagnasena pUrvabhava meM 'ninnaa' nAmaka aNDoM kA vyApArI thA / vaha kabUtarI, murgI, moranI Adi ke aNDoM ko svayaM ekatrita karatA, dUsaroM se karavAtA, phira una aNDoM ko Aga para talatA, bhUnatA aura unheM becakara apanA jIvikopArjana karatA tathA svayaM aNDoM kA bhakSaNa bhI karatA thA, jisake phalasvarUpa vaha tRtIya naraka meM utpanna huA aura vahA~ se Ayu pUrNa hone para 'abhAnasena' taskara huA hai / isane prajA ke tana, dhana, jana kA apaharaNa kara unheM vividha yAtanAe~ dI jisase rAjA ne kruddha hokara pakar3ane ke lie aneka prayAsa kiye, para vaha saphala na ho skaa| eka bAra virATa utsava kA Ayojana kara use AmaMtrita kiyA gyaa| aneka prakAra kI yAtanAe~ dekara use zUlI para car3hAyA gyaa| pApa kA phala avazya hI bhoganA par3atA hai / (vipAka sUtra zrutaskandha prathama, adhyayana 3) zakaTa 'zakaTa' sAhajanI grAma ke 'sUbhadra' nAmaka sArthavAha kA pUtra thaa| gaNadhara gautama ne dekhA-rAjapatha para aneka vyaktiyoM se ghirA huA eka vyakti khar3A hai aura usake pIche eka mahilA bhii| una donoM ke nAka kaTe hue the tathA gAr3ha bandhanoM meM ve jakar3e hue bhI the| ucca svara se ve pukAra rahe the-hama apane pApa kA phala bhoga rahe haiN| gautama ne bhagavAn mahAvIra se prazna kiyA-ye kauna haiM ? aura inhoMne aisA kauna-sA pApakRtya kiyA hai jisakA ye phala bhoga rahe haiM ? bhagavAn ne samAdhAna karate hue kahA'chagalapura' nagara meM 'chanika' nAmaka kasAI thaa| vaha vividha prakAra ke pazuoM kA mAMsa becatA thaa| isa pApa ke phalasvarUpa vaha marakara caturtha naraka meM gayA aura vahAM se nikalakara vaizya subhadra kI patnI 'bhadrA' kI kukSi se

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304 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA paidA huA tathA sapta kuvyasanoM kA sevana karane lgaa| 'sudarzanA' nAmaka vezyA se vaha prema karatA thaa| pradhAna-amAtya 'suSeNa' bhI usa vezyA para anurakta thaa| suSeNa ne eka bAra vezyA ke sAtha use dekhA aura usa para kapita ho gyaa| suSeNa kI AjJA se evaM pUrvakRta pApa karmoM ke kAraNa ina donoM kI yaha sthiti huI hai| isa prakAra hiMsakavRtti va durAcAra ke kAraNa yaha aneka janmoM meM duHkha paayegaa| yaha satya hai ki kiye hue karmoM ko bhoganA par3atA hai| yadyapi nAstika yA bhautikavAdI vyaktiyoM ko yaha vizvAsa nahIM hotaa| : kRtasya karmaNo nUnaM, pariNAmo bhaviSyati" vyakti karma karane meM svatantra hai kintu phala bhogane meM paratantra hai| yadi use yaha dhyAna ho jAye ki mujhe karmoM kA phala bhoganA hI par3egA to vaha karma bAMdhane se apane Apako bacAne kA prayAsa kregaa| prastuta kathAnaka meM yahI rahasya vyakta kiyA gayA hai / (vipAka sUtra zruta skandha prathama, adhyayana 4) bRhaspatidatta bRhaspatidatta kozAmbI ke 'somadatta' purohita kA putra thaa| vaha pUrvabhava meM 'mahezvaradatta' nAma kA rAjapurohita thaa| vaha rAjA kI balavRddhi aura svAsthya lAbha ke lie brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ke bAlakoM ko mArakara naramedha yajJa karatA thaa| jisa pApa ke phalasvarUpa vahA~ se marakara vaha pAMcavIM naraka meM gayA aura vahAM se nikalakara vaha 'bRhaspatidatta' huA hai / rAjakumAra kA 'bRhaspatidatta' para atyadhika sneha thaa| ataH rAjA kI mRtyu ke bAda vaha rAjapurohita bnaa| mahArAnI para anurakta ho jAne se rAjA ne ise mRtyu daNDa diyaa| isa prakAra pUrvakRta karmoM ke kAraNa yaha vividha yoniyoM meM paribhramaNa karatA rhegaa| (vipAka sUtra zrutaskandha prathama adhyayana 5) nandIvardhana kumAra nandIvarddhana 'zrIdAma' rAjA kA putra thaa| vaha pUrvabhava meM kisI rAjA ke yahA~ kotavAla thA / aparAdhiyoM ko atyadhika R ra daNDa dekara vaha Ananda kI anubhUti karatA thaa| jisa pApa ke phalasvarUpa vaha bharakara chaThI naraka meM gyaa| naraka se nikalakara rAjA kA putra 'nandIvarddhana' huaa|

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upanaya kathAe~ 305 usane apane pitA ko mArakara svayaM rAjya lenA cAhA aura usa SaDyantra meM usane eka nAI kA sahayoga liyaa| samaya se pUrva hI rahasya khula jAne se rAjA ne apane hatyAre putra nandIvarddhana ko prANadaNDa diyaa| pUrvakRta karmoM ke kAraNa ise aneka janmoM taka bhayaMkara duHkha bhoganA pdd'egaa| kathA kA sAra yaha hai ki aparAdhI vyakti ko bhI nirdayatA se daNDa nahIM denA cAhie aura daNDa dekara AhlAdita nahIM honA cAhie / (vipAka sUtra zru taskandha prathama, adhyayana 6) umbaradatta umbaradatta 'sAgaradatta' sArthavAha kA putra thaa| pUrvabhava meM vaha eka kuzala vaidya thA tathA Ayurvedika cikitsA meM niSNAta thaa| vaha rugNa vyaktiyoM ko madya, mAMsa, matsya bhakSaNa kA upadeza detA aura kahatA-isase tumheM zIghra svAsthya lAbha hogaa| isa pApa ke phalasvarUpa vaha chaThI naraka meM paidA huA aura vahA~ se marakara yaha 'umbaradatta' huA hai / durAcAra ke sevana se aura pUrvakRta pApa karmoM ke kAraNa isake zarIra meM solaha mahAroga paidA hae / yahA~ se marakara yaha aneka janmoM meM duHkha prApta kregaa| isa prakAra pUrva meM kRta pApa karmoM kA phala pratyeka jIva ko bhoganA hI par3atA hai-yaha bAta kathA ke mAdhyama se spaSTa kI gaI hai| (vipAka sUtra zrutaskandha prathama, adhyayana 7) / zaurikadatta zorikadatta samudragupta nAmaka eka dhIvara kA putra thaa| zaurikadatta pUrvabhava meM kisI rAjA ke yahA~ bhojana nirmANa kA kArya karatA thaa| vaha bhojana meM vividha prakAra ke pazu-pakSI va matsya ke mAMsa ko taiyAra kara svayaM bhI khAtA aura rAjA ko bhI khilAkara Anandita hotA thA jisake phalasvarUpa vaha marakara chaThI naraka meM paidA huA aura vahAM se nikala kara yaha 'zaurikadatta' huaa| yaha eka dina machalI ko bhUnakara khA rahA thA ki machalI kA kA~TA isake gale meM cubha gyaa| aneka prayatna karane para bhI vaha kA~TA nahIM niklaa| bhayaMkara vedanA se kaSTa pAkara isane Ayu pUrNa kiyA aura marakara naraka Adi gatiyoM meM paribhramaNa kregaa| prastuta kathAnaka meM bhI pApa ke phala kA hI citraNa kiyA gayA hai aura yaha sandeza diyA gayA hai ki pApa ke kAryoM se bacA jAya / (vipAka sUtra 1, adhyayana 8)

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306 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA devadattA devadattA 'datta' nAma ke gRhapati kI kanyA thii| 'vezramaNadatta' rAjA ke putra 'kuzanando' ke sAtha usakA pANigrahaNa huaa| kuzanandI mAtA kA parama bhakta thaa| vaha tela Adi se mAtA kA mardana karatA / usakI hara prakAra kI sukha-suvidhA kA dhyAna rakhatA para devadattA ko yaha bAta pasanda nahIM thI, isIlie rAtri meM sotI huI sAsa ko devadattA ne mAra diyaa| rAjA ko jJAta hone para usane devadattA ke vadha kI AjJA do| isa prakAra vaha pUrvakRta pApa ke karmoM ke kAraNa aneka janmoM taka dAruNa vedanA kA anubhava karatI rhegii| (vipAka sUtra zrutaskandha, prathama adhyayana 6) aMja kathAnaka ___ aMjU 'dhanadeva' sArthavAha kI kanyA thii| 'vijaya' nAmaka rAjA ke sAtha usakA pANigrahaNa huA / guhya sthAna para bhayaMkara zUla roga paidA hone se aMjU ko apAra kaSTa huA / nAnA prakAra ke upacAra karavAye, kintu roga zAnta nahIM huaa| jisase usake zarIra kI kAnti naSTa ho gaI / eka bAra gaNadhara gautama ne usakI asthi-paMjarasama kAyA dekhI to bhagavAna se jijJAsA prastuta kii| bhagavAn mahAvIra ne usake pUrvajanma kA varNana karate hue kahA-yaha pUrvabhava meM vezyA thii| usa pApa ke kAraNa hI isa janma meM ise kaSTa bhoganA par3a rahA hai| isake pazcAt bhI ise aneka janmoM taka kaSTa bhogane pdd'eNge| isa prakAra 'mRgAputra' se lekara 'aMjU' kathAnaka taka dasa kathAyeM dI gaI haiN| inakA mUla AdhAra vipAka sUtra kA prathama taskandha hai| ina dasoM kathAoM ke sabhI pAtra aitihAsika hI hoM, yaha bAta nahIM hai| kintu paurANika aura prAga aitihAsika kAla ke pAtra haiN| ina sabhI kathAoM meM hiMsA. steya aura abrahma ke kaTuka pariNAma pratipAdita kiye gaye haiM, para asatya aura mahAparigraha ke pariNAmoM kI carcA nahIM huI hai| zAstrakAra kA mUla uddezya yahI hai ki sAdhaka pApa se nivRtta hoM aura zubha bhAvoM meM pariNati kareM tathA zuddhatA kI ora agrasara hoN| isa dRSTi se gaNadhara gautama kI jijJAsA para bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vividha prasaMga batAkara jIvana kA mahAna tathya ujAgara kiyA / (vipAka sUtra zru taskandha prathama, adhyayana 10) /

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upanaya kathAe~ 307 pUraNa bAla tapasvI gaNadhara gautama ne bhagavAna mahAvIra se jijJAsA kI-bhagavan ! asurendra asurarAja camara ko divya deva Rddhi kaise prApta huI ? bhagavAn ne kahA-bebhela sanniveza meM 'pUraNa' gRhapati thaa| usane tAmalI tApasa kI taraha dhapane jyeSTha putra ko gRhabhAra sa~bhAlAkara 'dAnAmA' pravrajyA grahaNa kii| bele ke cAraNe meM cAra khaNDa vAlA lakar3I kA pAtra lekara vaha bhikSA ke lie nikalatA / prathama khaNDa meM Ane vAlI bhikSA pathikoM ko detA, dUsare khaNDa kI bhikSA kauve aura kuttoM ko khilAtA, tIsare khaNDa kI bhikSA machaliyoM aura kachuoM ko khilAtA aura caturtha khaNDa kI bhikSA svayaM grahaNa krtaa| isa pravrajyA meM dAna kI pradhAnatA hone se yaha pravrajyA 'dAnAmA' kahalAtI thii| kyoMki vaha tIna khaNDoM meM se dAna de detA tathA kevala eka khaNDa kA hI AhAra karatA aura vaha bhI do dina ke bAda meN| jaba 'pUraNa' bAlatapasvI kA zarIra atyanta kRza ho gayA, use yaha anubhava huA ki aba maiM sAdhanA karane meM samartha nahIM hU~ taba usane pAdapopagamana sathAre ke dvArA apanI AtmA ko bhAvita kiyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne gautama se kahA-he gautama ! maiM usa samaya chadmastha avasthA meM thaa| mujhe dIkSA grahaNa kiye hue gyAraha varSa vyatIta ho cuke the / grAmAnugrAma vicaratA huA maiM 'suSamApura' nagara ke azoka vanakhaNDa meM azoka vRkSa ke nIce pRthvIzilApaTTa para aTThama tapa kara aura eka pudgala para dRSTi sthira kara tathA eka rAtri ko mahApratimA ko dharaNa kara dhyAnastha thaa| usa samaya 'pUraNa' bAlatapasvI sATha bhakta kA anazanapUrNa kara 'camaracaMcA' rAjadhAnI meM indra ke rUpa meM utpanna huaa| usane saudharma kalpa meM zaka ndra ko divya bhoga bhAgate hae avadhijJAna se dekhA / camarendra ke mana meM Akroza paidA huA ki yaha kauna hai ? sAmAnika devoM ne kahA-ve zakendra haiM / camarendra ne kahA-vaha durAtmA mere sira para baiThA huA hai ? sAmAnika devoM ne nivedana kiyA-zakrandra ne pUrva ajita puNyoM ke prabhAva se yaha vipula Rddhi aura atula parAkrama prApta kiyA hai| itanA sunate hI camarendra kA krodha ati prabala ho uThA / vaha yuddha karane ke lie prastuta haa| sabhI devoM ne aisA na karane ke lie Agraha kiyA, para usane apanA haTha nahIM chodd'aa| camarendra ne socA-zakrendra mahAn parAkramI hai to maiM parAjita hokara kisakI zaraNa lUMgA? vaha mere pAsa AyA aura kahane lagA-maiM apakI zaraNa

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308 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA se zakrendra ko jIta luuNgaa| ataH usane eka lAkha yojana kA vaikriya rUpa banAyA zora apane zastra ko dhumAtA haA tathA gambhIra garjanA se devoM ko bhayabhIta karatA huA saudharmendra para lpkaa| usane eka paira saudharmAvataMsaka vimAna kI vedikA para rakhA aura dUsarA paira sudharmA sabhA para / usane zastra se indrakIla para tIna bAra prahAra kiyA aura saudharmendra ko apazabda kahe / saudharmendra ne avadhijJAna se saba kucha jAna liyaa| usane camarendra para prahAra karane ke lie vajra ko pheNkaa| camarendra bhaya se bhayabhIta banA huA apane zarIra kA saMkoca karatA hai aura "ApakI zaraNa hai ApakI zaraNa hai" isa prakAra cillAtA huA apanA sUkSma rUpa banAkara mere pairoM meM chipa gyaa| zakendra ne dekhA--binA arihanta kI zaraNa ke asara yahA~ A nahIM sktaa| yaha bhagavAn mahAvIra kI zaraNa lekara yahA~ AyA aura punaH unakI zaraNa meM pahu~ca gayA hai| vajra bhagavAn ke atyanta nikaTa pahu~ca cukA hai, kevala cAra aMgula dUra rahane para zakrandra ne usakA saMharaNa kara liyaa| zakendra ne bhagavAna ko vandana kara camarendra se kahA- tuma bhagavAna mahAvIra kI asIma kRpA se baca gaye ho / aba bhayabhIta mata bno| yaha kahakara zakendra apane sthAna para lauTa gyaa| gaNadhara gautama ne bhagavAna se prazna kiyA-deva, jo divya zakti kA dhanI hai, vaha kisI pudgala ko pahale pheMkakara phira usa pudgala ko poche se jAkara pakar3ane meM samartha hai yA nahIM ? bhagavAna ne kahA-vaha samartha hai, kyoMki jo pudgala prakSipta kiyA jAtA hai usakI gati pahale zIghra hotI hai tathA bAda meM manda ho jAtI hai kintu divya Rddhi vAle deva kI gati pahale bhI zIghra hotI hai aura bAda meM bhii| gautama ne dUsarI jijJAsA prastuta kI-bhagavana ! yadi deva pIche se pudgala ko pakar3ane meM samartha hai to zakra asurendra ko kyoM nahIM pakar3a sakA ? bhagavAna ne pharamAyA-asurendra kI nIce jAne kI gati tIvra hotI hai aura Upara jAne kI gati manda aura mandatara hotI hai| vaimAnika devoM kI Urdhva gati tIvra hotI hai aura adhogati manda hotI hai| asurendra eka samaya meM jitane kSetra nIce jA sakatA hai utane kSetra nIce jAne meM zakrendra ko do samaya lagate haiM aura vajra ko tIna samaya lagate haiN| isa kAraNa se zakendra asurendra ko pakar3ane meM samartha nahIM hai| asurendra apane sthAna para phuNcaa| usane socA-maiMne ThIka nahIM

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upanaya kathAe~ 306 kiyaa| zakendra ne merA bhayaMkara apamAna kiyA haiN| sAmAnika devoM ne kahA-Apa cintAmukta hoN| asurendra ne kahA-jina mahAprabhu bhagavAn mahAvIra kI zaraNa lekara maiM baca sakA hU~ unakA mere para mahAna upakAra hai, ataH hama saba vahA~ cale / vaha apano divya Rddhi ke sAtha bhagavAn mahAvIra ke pAsa AyA aura battIsa prakAra ke nATya dikhAkara sva-sthAna ko lauTa gayA / gautama ne pUchA-bhagavan ! kyA asurendra mukta hoMge ? bhagavAna ne uttara diyA-hA~, yaha mahAvideha kSetra meM janma lekara mukta hoNge| ___ sthAnAMga meM dasa AzcaryoM kA varNana hai / Azcarya kA artha hai-kabhI. kabhI hone vAlI vizeSa ghaTanA ! sAmAnya rUpa se jo ghaTanA nahIM hoto para ananta kAla ke pazcAt sthiti vizeSa se jo ghaTanA hotI hai, use Azcarya kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| camara kabhI saudharma sabhA meM jAte nahIM aura ve gaye, yaha Azcarya hai| (bhagavatI zataka 3 uddezaka 2) mahAzukra devoM kA Agamana eka bAra mahAzukra devaloka se do deva Aye aura bhagavAn mahAvIra ko vandanA karake bAle-bhagavan ! Apake kitane ziSya siddha gati ko prApta kareMge ? mahAprabhu mahAvora ne uttara diyA-mere sAta sau ziSya siddha, buddha aura mukta hoMge / yAvat sabhI duHkhoM kA anta kreNge| gaNadhara gautama ne prathama dhyAna samApta kara dvitIya dhyAna meM praveza karane ke pUrva yaha socA-ye do mahARddhi aura mahAprabhAvazAlI deva kauna Aye haiM ? maiM unheM nahIM jaantaa| ye kisa vimAna se aura kisalie Aye hai ? bhagavAn mahAvIra ne gautama ke antarmAnasa kI bAta batAte hue kahAtere mana meM isa prakAra ke vicAra udbuddha hue the, ataH tU unhIM devoM se puuch| gautama jyoMhI devoM ke sAmane jAne lage, devoM ne uThakara gautama ko vandana kiyA aura kahA- bhagavan ! hama mahAzukra nAmaka sAtaveM svarga se Aye haiN| hamane bhagavAna se prazna kiyA-Apake kitane ziSya sarva duHkhoM kA anta kara mukta hoMge ? bhagavAna ne mana se hI uttara diyA-mere sAta sau ziSya siddhi ko varaNa kreNge| gaNadhara gautama tathA anya ziSyoM ko bhagavAna ke divya jJAna para Azcarya huaa| isa loka meM aisA koI padArtha nahIM jo sarvajJa, sarvadarzI se chipA ho, ve hastAmalakavat sabhI padArthoM ko spaSTa rUpa se jAnate dekhate haiN| (bhagavatI zataka 5, uddezaka 4) '

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310 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA dharmakathAnuyoga mahAgrantha zvetAmbara jaina Agama sAhitya meM se eka sau caudaha kathAoM kA dharmakathAnuyoga meM saMkalana huA hai| cakravartI SaTkhaNDoM para vijaya patAkA phaharAtA hai, vaise hI isa grantha meM bhI chaha khaNDa haiM jo sAdhaka ke antarjIvana para vijaya vaijayantI phaharAne ke lie haiN| ina khaNDoM meM nimna AgamoM se kathAe~ uTaiMkita kI gaI haiM-AcArAMga, sUtrakutA~ga, samavAyAMga, bhagavatI, jJAtAdharmakathA, upAsakadazAMga, antakRddazAMga, anuttaraupapAtika, vipAka, aupapAtika, rAjapraznIya, jIvAbhigama, jambUdvIpaprajJapti, nirayAvaliyA, kalpAvataMsikA, puphphiyA, puphphaculiyA, vRSNidazA, uttarAdhyayana, nandIsUtra, dazAzru taskaMdha, kalpasUtra / Agama sAhitya meM jahA~ bhI kathAyeM prApta huI haiM yA usa sambandhI srota upalabdha hue haiM, una sabhI kA yaha zreSTha Akalana saMkalana hai| prAcIna AgamoM kI sUciyoM ke anusAra AgamoM meM kathAoM kA akSaya koSa thaa| jJAtAsUtra meM hI hajAroM AkhyAyikAe thiiN| jJAtAdharmakathA ke do zru taskaMdha haiN| prathama zru taskaMdha meM unnIsa kathAe~ haiN| (1) utkSipta jJAta-meghakumAra (2) saMghATa (3) aNDaka (4) kUrma (2) zailaka (6) rohiNI (7) mallI (8) mAkaMdI (6) candra (10) dAvadrava vRkSa (11) tumba (12) udaka (13) maMDUka (14) tetalIputra (15) nandIphala (16) amarakaMkA (draupadI) (17) AkIrNa (18) suSamA (19) puNDarIkakaNDarIka / dUsare zrutaskandha meM aneka kathAyeM haiM, ve isa prakAra haiM : (1) kAlI (2) rAjI (3) rajanI (4) vidyutA (5) meghA (6) zubha (7) nisuMbhA (8) raMbhA (6) niraMbhA (10) madaNA (11) IlA (12) saterA (13) saudAminI (14) indrA (15) ghanA (16) vidyutA (17) rucA (18) surucA (19) rucAMzA (20) rucakAvatI (21) rucakAntA (22) rucaprabhA (23) kamalA (24) kamalaprabhA (25) utpalA (26) sudarzanA (27) rUpavatI (28) bahurUpA (26) surUpA (30) subhagA (31) pUrNA (32) bahuputrikA (33) uttamA (34) bhArikA (35) padmA (36) vasumatI (37) kanakA (38) 1 yaha bRhad nibandha dharma kathAnuyoga bhAga 1 kI prastAvanA rUpa hai|

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upanaya kathAe~ 311 kanakaprabhA (36) avataMsA (40) ketumatI (41) vajrasenA (42) ratipriyA (43) rohiNI (44) navamikA (45) hrI (46) puSpavatI (47) bhujagA (48) bhujaMgavatI (46) mahAkacchA (50) aparAjitA (51) sughoSA (52) vimalA (53) susvarA (54) sarasvatI (55) sUryaprabhA (56) AtapA (57) acimAlI (58) prabhaMkarA (56) candraprabhA (60) doSInAbhA (61) acimAlI (62) prabhaMkarA (63) padmA (64) zivA (65) satI (66) aMjU (67) rohiNI (68) navamikA (66) acalA (70) apsarA (71) kRSNA (72) kRSNa rAnI (73) rAmA (74) rAmarakSitA (75) vasu (76) vasuguptA (77) vasumitrA (78) vasundharA / upasaMhAra isa prakAra samprati kula 67 kathAe~ haiM / unameM kitanI hI kathAe~ to kevala nAma mAtra kI haiN| una kathAoM meM sUcanAoM ke atirikta ghaTanAoM kA abhAva hai| bhASA kI dRSTi se ina kathAoM meM kitanI hI kathAoM kI bhASA to itanI lAlityapUrNa hai ki pAThaka ko sahasA saMskRta ke kAdambarI grantha kA smaraNa ho AtA hai| ina kathAoM kI bhASA mahArASTrI prAkRta hai| ina kathAoM kA mUla uddezya ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aparigraha, zraddhA, indriyavijaya Adi AdhyAtmika tatvoM kA sarala zailI meM nirUpaNa karanA hai / ina kathAoM meM dharma aura vairAgya kA hI vizeSa rUpa se upadeza diyA gayA hai| samasta kathAoM kA Alor3ana karane para yaha spaSTa parijJAta hotA hai ki kathAoM meM vibhinnatA hone para bhI kucha aisI sAmAnya pravRttiyA~ hai, jo vibhinnatA meM bhI samAnatA banAye hue haiN| hama sthUla rUpa se una pravRttiyoM ko nimna rUpa se vibhakta kara sakate haiM 1. zIla, sadAcAra aura saMyama kA vizleSaNa / 2. AtmA ke prati niSThA aura usake vizodhana ke vibhinna upAya / 3. mAnavatA kI puNya pratiSThA ke lie jAtibheda aura vargabheda kI nissAratA kA nirUpaNa krnaa| 4. ucca gati kI prApti ke lie AhAra vihAra kI vizuddhi aura svayaM ke pApoM kI AlocanA / 5. Atma-saMzuddhi ke lie AlocanA pratikramaNa ke sAtha hI prAyazcitta aura vividha prakAra ke tapoM kA nirUpaNa /

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jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA 6. sAdhanA mArga ke svarUpa ko samajhAne ke lie samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyagcAritra kA vizleSaNa / 312 7. AcAra kI vizuddhi ahiMsA se aura vicAra kI vizuddhi anekAMta - syAdvAda se hI sambhava hai / ataH una siddhAntoM kI prarUpaNA | 8. bhautikavAda kI mRga marIcikA adhyAtmavAda kI vAstavikatA se hI miTa sakatI hai / isa bAta kA aneka dRSTiyoM se nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai / dayA, mamatA, karuNA Adi sadguNoM ke udghATana se mAnavatA kI pratiSThA ho sakatI hai / rAga dveSa Adi ke saMskAra anAtmabhAva ke pratIka hai| mAnava svayaM kA bhAgya vidhAtA hai / vaha parokSa zakti kA pallA chor3akara apane puruSArtha meM vizvAsa karatA hai / 9. hiMsAmUlaka vaidika kriyAkANDoM kA vaicArika virodha hai / 10. yAtrA sambandhI viziSTa jAnakArI / 11. karmavAda kI guru granthiyoM ko kathAoM dvArA sugama rIti se vyakta kiyA hai / puNya aura pApa kA saphala citraNa bhI isameM vivecita hai / 12. zoSita aura zoSaka meM samatA lAne hetu aparigraha evaM saMyama kA nirUpaNa / isa prakAra yaha spaSTa hai ki bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa ke vikAsa meM isa Agamika kathA sAhitya kA gauravapUrNa sthAna hai / usa yuga kI udAta saMskRti kA ina kathAoM ne yatra-tatra nirUpaNa huA hai / ina kathAoM meM kitane hI pAtra prAga aitihAsika kAla ke haiM to kitane hI pAtra aitihAsika kAla ke haiM aura kitane hI pAtra paurANika aura kAlpanika bhI hai| ina kathAoM meM tAtkAlika sAmAjika aura sAMskRtika jana-jIvana kA patA calatA hai / Arya aura anArya ke rUpa meM do mukhya jAtiyA~ thIM / brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ye cAra varNa the / jaina dRSTi se jo vyakti sadAcArI hai, vaha Arya hai / yadi brAhmaNa, bhI sadAcAra rahita hai to vaha anArya hai / jAtimada meM unmatta bane hue brAhmaNoM kA virodha karate hue spaSTa kahA--'karma se vyakti brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya tathA zUdra hotA hai / ' kevala sira mu~r3A lene se zramaNa nahIM hotA, oMkAra kA japa karane se koI brAhmaNa nahIM hotA, jaMgala meM rahane mAtra se muni nahIM hotA kuza aura cIvara ko dhAraNa karane se tapasvI nahIM hotA; apitu samatA se zramaNa, brahmacarya se brAhmaNa, jJAna se muni aura tapa se tapasvI hotA hai / isa taraha jAtivAda evaM varNavAda kA khaNDana kara karma ko mahatva diyA

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upanaya kathAe~ 313 gayA hai / brAhmaNa aura kSatriya ke lie ucca kulotpanna zabda vyavahRta huA hai / vaizya kA mukhya kArya vyApAra thA, isalie unake lie 'vaNika' zabda kA bhI prayoga haA hai| zUdroM kI sthiti zocanIya thI, kintu bhagavAna mahAvIra ne zUdroM ko sAdhanA ke kSetra meM Age bar3hane kA adhikAra diyA / 'harike zabala' cANDAla kula meM utpanna hue the kintu unhoMne ucca pada prApta kiyaa| pArivArika jIvana meM mukhya rUpa se puruSa hI zAsaka hotA thA / apavAda rUpa se striyAM bhI zAsana karatI thI, jaise-thAvaccAputra kI mAtA ! grantha meM nArI ke sabhI rUpa prakaTa hue haiM -mAtA, patno, bahana, vadha, putrI, putravadhU, vezyA Adi / nArI ke patita aura Adarza ye donoM rUpa batAye gaye haiN| nArI jahA~ vAsanA ke daladala meM phaMsatI hai, vahA~ vaha svayaM bhI patita hotI hai aura dUsaroM ko bhI patita karatI hai aura jaba nArI apane svarUpa ko pahacAnatI hai to vaha puruSoM ko sanmArga para lAtI hai, jaise-rathanemi ko rAjImatI ne, iSakAra rAjA ko rAnI kamalAvatI ne pratibuddha kiyaa| usa yuga meM pazudhana paryApta thaa| pazu vividha kAryoM meM upayogI the, hAthI aura ghor3oM kA upayoga yuddha meM hotA thaa| hAthiyoM meM 'gaMdhahastI' sarvazreSTha thA aura ghor3oM meM kamboja dezotpanna ghor3e suzikSita, yuddhopayogI aura zreSTha mAne jAte the| kAlikadvIpa ke azva bhI uttama nasla ke mAne jAte the| Ananda Adi zrAvakoM ke pAsa hajAroM gAyoM ke gokula the| pazuoM ko zikSaNa bhI diyA jAtA thaa| zikSita pazu-pakSI jana-jana kA manoraMjana bhI karate the| vyApAra sudUra pradezoM meM bhI calatA thaa| samRdra yAtrAyeM bhI hotI thIM para Aja kI taraha usa yuga meM samudra yAtrA sarala nahIM thii| kaI bAra saMcAlaka mArga bhUlakara dizAbhramita ho jAtA thA / tUphAna Ane para rakSA ke lie samucita sAdhana nahIM the / mukhya rUpa se usa samaya solaha mahAroga pracalita the| bahuta se cikitsaka bhI the, jo vamana, virecana, auSadhi sevana, dhUmrapradAna, netrasnAna, sarvoSadhisnAna, mantra vidyA Adi ke dvArA cikitsA karate the| usa yuga meM maMtra-taMtra, zakti tathA zubhAzubha phala pradAna karane vAle tantroM meM bhI vizvAsa thaa| samAja meM sukha-zAMti banAye rakhane ke lie zAsana vyavasthA thii| zAsana karane vAlA rAjA kahalAtA thaa| ve prAyaH eka deza ke svAmI hote the| ve apane deza kI unnati ke lie prayatna karate the| sabhI dezoM para ekachatra rAjya karane vAlA 'cakravartI' kahalAtA thaa| sabhI rAjAgaNa cakravartI ko namaskAra karate the / lAvArisa sampatti kA adhikArI rAjA hotA thaa|

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314 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA rAjAgaNa apanI koSavRddhi ke lie jAgarUka rahate the / cora Adi ko daNDa diyA jAtA thA / bhayaMkara aparAdha hone para mRtyudaNDa kA bhI vidhAna thA / vadhasthAna para le jAte samaya aparAdhI kI eka nizcita vezabhUSA thI / use zahara meM ghumAyA jAtA, jisase anya loga vaisA kArya na kareM / zaraNAgata kI rakSA ke lie prANoM kI bhI bAjI lagAI jAtI thI / nATyakalA, sthApatyakalA, saMgItakalA, citrakalA Adi kalAoM ke vikAsa meM rAjA aura zreSThiyoM kA yogadAna hotA thA / jana-mAnasa kI pravRtti bhogavilAsa kI ora adhika thI / usa pravRtti para niyantraNa karane ke liye sAdhugaNa kaThina parISaha sahana kara grAmAnugrAma vicaraNa karate aura apane samparka meM Ane vAle vyaktiyo ko tyAgamArga kA pAvana upadeza pradAna karate the / isa prakAra prastuta dharmakathAnuyoga meM usa yuga ke samAja aura saMskRti kA paricaya milatA hai / kisI eka kAla vizeSa kI racanA na hone se isameM citrita samAja aura saMskRti ko eka kAlavikSeSa kA pUrNa citra nahIM kaha sakate tathApi tAtkAlika samAja aura saMskRti kI jhalaka vibhinna prasaMgoM meM avazya milatI hai / merI dRSTi se jaina kathA sAhitya kA vaidika aura bauddha sAhitya ke sAtha tulanAtmaka va samIkSAtmaka adhyayana honA caahie| usa adhyayana meM bahuta kucha naye tathya prakaTa ho sakate haiM / Aja AvazyakatA hai - zodhAthiyoM ko vyApaka dRSTi se anusaMdhAna karane kI / maiMne apanI prastAvanA meM kucha kathAoM kA isa dRSTi se tulanAtmaka adhyayana bhI prastuta kiyA hai / isa kArya ko adhika vyApaka rUpa dene kI AvazyakatA hai /

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya [ 'upamiti bhava-prapaMca kathA' para prastAvanA ] bhagavAna mahAvIra vihAra yAtrA para the| calate-calate, ve jaba usa vana ke nikaTa paha~ce, jisameM caNDakauzika viSadhara rahatA thA, taba vahA~ para gAyeM carA rahe gvAloM ne mahAvIra se kahA-'idhara eka bhayaMkara sarpa rahatA hai| ataH Apa idhara se na jAkara, udhara vAle rAste se cale jaaveN|' gvAloM ke kathana kA, mahAvIra para jarA bhI asara na huaa| ve, nirvikAra bhAva se, apane patha para Age bar3ha cale / ___ gvAloM ne, unheM usI rAste para jAte dekhA, jisa para jAne se unhoMne unheM manA kiyA thA, to ve bhayabhIta aura AzaMkita mana se socane lage'yaha saMta, aba baca nahIM sakegA, zAyada !' ____ maiMne, AgamoM meM ullikhita isa ghaTanA-krama para jaba-jaba bhI cintana kiyA, mujhe lagA - bhaya, sarpa kI vikarAlatA meM nahIM hai, usake jaharIlepana meM bhI nahIM hai / apitu, vyakti ke apane mana meM bhaya rahatA hai| koI bhI vyakti jaba svayaM krodha se bharA hotA hai, taba use, sarvatra krodha hI krodha najara AtA hai / usake mana meM, jaba azAnti samAI hotI hai, taba, sArA saMsAra use azAnta dikhalAI par3atA hai| IrSyA, dveSa, kuNThA aura saMtrAsoM se paripUrita mana, sAre saMsAra meM, apanI hI kaluSita kAlimA ko chAyA huA dekhatA hai| aura, apane mana meM jaba zAnti ho, saMtoSa ho, nirmalatA ho, samatA ho, saralatA ho, amaratA ho, taba, vizva kA sArA vAtAvaraNa bhI use zAnta, santuSTa, nirmala Adi rUpoM meM dRSTigocara hogaa| __ vana-vana vihArI mahAvIra kA mana, zAnti, santuSTi, sahajatA, samatA, saralatA Adi mAnavIya guNoM se lekara dayAlutA, paraduHkhakAtaratA Adi atimAnavIya guNoM ko bhI apane meM pratiSThApita kara cukA thaa| mRtyu kA bhaya, hamezA-hamezA ke lie usameM se vigalita ho cukA thA aura usake

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316 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA sthAna para usameM ananta amaratA samAhita ho cukI thii| aise meM, gvAloM ke bhaya-AzaMkA pUrita nivedana se, bhalA ve kyoM sahamate ? apanA patha parivartana kyoM karate ? ___gvAloM dvArA niSiddha patha para, apane dRr3ha kadama bar3hAne ke pIche, mahAvIra kA yaha Azaya bhI nahIM thA ki ve una gvAloM ke grAmya-mana para prabhAva DAlanA cAhate hoM ki nirgrantha saMta, kAla kI vikarAlatA se bhI bhayabhIta nahIM hote / balki, unake mana meM, gvAloM ke pUrvokta kathana-zravaNa se prAdurbhUta vaha karuNApUrita bhAva Andolita ho uThA thA, jisameM pApI caNDakauzika ke vidrohI mana meM bharI vikarAlatA ko vigalita karake, usake sthAna para, usameM amRtatva samAhita kara dene kI cAha nihita rahI tho| vastutaH svayaM ke abhyudaya aura utkarSa kI parama-samRddhi ko samprApta kara lenA 'jinatva' aura 'kevalitva' kI sAdhanA kI saphalatA kA dyotaka ho sakatA hai, para, 'tIrthakaratva' ko caritArthatA to tabhI sArthaka bana pAtI hai, jaba eka ke valI, eka jina, bhava-bhayatrasta mAnavatA ke mana meM amRtatva ko pratiSThita kara pAne meM saphala banatA hai| mahAvIra ke ukta AcaraNa meM, gopAloM dvArA vajita mArga para ho agrasara hone ke mUla meM, mahAvIra ke tIrthaGkaratva kI saphalatA aura caritArthatA kA eka sArthaka cirasthAyI mAnadaNDa sthApita hone kA saMyoga pUrva nirdhArita thA; isa bAta ko, ve bakhUbI jAnate the| ___ mahAvIra jAnate the ki caNDakauzika ke mana meM basI vikarAlatA ko, bhayaMkaratA ko nikAla kara pheMka dene ke bAda, eka bAra usameM amRta-jyoti jagamagA uThI, to phira usakA sArA jovana, apane Apa jyotirmaya bana jaayegaa| maharSi siddharSi praNota, 'upamiti-bhava-prapaJca kathA' ke prastAvanAlekhana ke isa prasaGga meM, Agama-vaNita ukta ghaTanAkrama aura usase jur3A merA cintana, Aja mujhe sahasA smaraNa ho aayaa| isalie ki maharSi sirSi kA Azaya bhI 'upamiti-bhava-prapaJca kathA' ke praNayana ke prasaGga meM, bahuta kucha vaisA hI rahA hai, jaisA ki kisI tIrthaGkara ke pavitra jIvana-darzana ke adhyayana-manana, cintana se AplAvita AcaraNa meM pratisphUrta honA cAhie / siddharSi jAnate the - caNDakauzika ko bhayaGkaratA, bAhya jagata kI bhayaGkaratA para AdhArita nahIM thI, balki usakA AdhAra, usake mana meM, usake antas meM, gaharAI taka jar3eM jamAye baiThA thaa| rAvaNa bhI, isalie

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 317 'rAkSasa' nahIM thA ki jagata kA bAhya pariveza rAkSasI thA, balki, vaha isalie rAkSasa thA ki usakA svayaM kA samagra antaHkaraNa 'rAkSasatva' se, 'rAvaNatva' meM sarAvora rahA / isalie, 'upamiti bhava-prapaJca kathA' ke praNayana kA zramasAdhya dAyitvapUrNa AcAra, isa AzA ke sAtha nibhAyA ki yadi eka jIvAtmA kA antaHkaraNa bhI, jJAna ke Aloka se eka bAra jagamagA uThA, to usakA samagra jIvana, jyotirmaya banane meM dera nahIM lagegI / isa Azaya ko, unhoMne apane isa kathA - prantha meM svayaM spaSTa kiyA hai - 'isa grantha ko maiM isalie banA rahA hU~ ki isameM pratipAdita jJAna Adi kA svarUpa, sarvajana - grAhya ho sakegA / yadi, kadAcit aisA na bhI ho sakA, to bhI, saMsAra ke samasta prANiyoM meM se kisI eka prANI ne bhI isakA adhyayana, manana aura cintana karake, apane AcaraNa ko zuddhabhAva rUpa meM pariNamita kara liyA, aura vaha sanmArga para AliyA, to maiM apane isa parizrama ko saphala huA mAnU~gA / " saMskRta bhASA evaM sAhitya kA vikAsa - krama 1 'sam' upasarga pUrvaka 'kR' dhAtu se niSpanna zabda hai - 'saMskRta' | jisakA artha hotA hai - 'eka aisI bhASA, jisakA saMskAra kara diyA gayA ho / ' isa saMskRta bhASA ko 'devavANI' yA 'surabhAratI' Adi kaI nAmoM se jAnA / pahicAnA jAtA hai / Aja taka jAnI / bolI jA rahI, vizva ko tamAma pariSkRta bhASAoM meM prAcInatama bhASA 'saMskRta' hI hai / isa nirNaya ko, vizva bharakA vidvadvRnda eka rAya se svIkAra karatA hai / bhASA vaijJAnikoM kI mAnyatA hai ki vizva kI sirpha do hI bhASAe~ aisI haiM, jinake vola-cAla se saMskRtiyoM / sabhyatAoM kA janma huA, aura, jinake likhane / par3hane se vyApaka sAhitya vAGmaya kI sarjanA huI / ye bhASAe~ haiM - 'Arya bhASA' aura 'semeTika bhASA' / inameM se pahalI bhASA 'AryabhASA' kI do pramukha zAkhAe~ ho jAtI haiM - pUrvI aura pazcimI / pUrvI zAkhA kA punaH do bhAgoM meM vibhAjana ho jAtA hai / ye vibhAga haiIrAnI aura bhAratIya / IrAnI bhASA meM, pArasiyoM kA sampUrNa maulika dhArmika sAhitya likhA par3A hai / ise 'jenda avestA' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai / bhAratIya 1 upamiti sava - prapaJca kathA - prathama prastAva, pRSTha 103

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318 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA zAkhA meM saMskRta bhASA hI pramukha hai / jenda avestA kI taraha, saMskRta bhASA meM bhI samagra bhAratIya dhArmika sAhitya bharA par3A hai| Aja ke bhArata kI sArI prAntIya bhASAe~, dravir3a mUla kI bhASAoM ko chor3akara saMskRta se hI niHsRta huI hai / saMskRta, samasta Arya bhASAoM meM prAcInatama hI nahIM hai, balki usake (AryabhASA ke) maulika svarUpa ko jAnane / samajhane ke lie, jitane adhika sAkSya, saMskRta bhASA meM upalabdha ho jAte haiM, utane, kisI dUsarI bhASA meM nahIM milate / pazcimI zAkhA ke antargata grIka laiTina, TyUTAnika, pheMca, jarmana, aMgrejI Adi sArI yUropIya bhASAyeM sammilita ho jAtI haiM / ina saba kA 'mUla udgama 'AryabhASA' hai / saMskRta bhASA ke bhI do rUpa hamAre sAmane spaSTa haiM-vedika aura laukika, yAnI lokabhASA / vaidika saMhitAoM se lekara vAlmIki ke pUrva taka kA sArA sAhitya vaidika bhASA meM hai / jaba ki vAlmIki se lekara adyantanIya saMskRta racanAoM taka kA vipula sAhitya 'laukika saMskRta' meM ginA jAtA hai, yahI mAnyatA hai vidvAnoM kI / daraasala, AryoM ke purohita varga ne, apane dhArmika kriyA-kalApoM ke lie jisa pariSkRta / parimArjita bhASA ko aMgIkAra kiyA, vahI bhASA, saMhitAoM, brAhmaNoM, AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM kA mAdhyama banI / kAlAntara meM isake svarUpa vyavahAra meM dhIre-dhIre hotA AyA parivartana, jaba sthUla rUpa meM dRSTigocara hone lagA, taba use punaH pariSkRta karake eka naye vyAkaraNa zAstra ke niyamoM meM DhAla kara, nayA svarUpa pradAna kara diyA gayA / isa naye pariSkRta svarUpa ko hI laukika saMskRta ke nAma se jAnA gayA / kucha Adhunika bhASA - zAstriyoM kI mAnyatA hai - saMskRta kA sAhitya bhaNDAra, yadyapi kAphI pracura hai, tathApi, use jana-sAdhAraNa ke bola-cAla / paThana-pAThana kI bhASA banane kA gaurava kabhI nahIM mila pAyA / ina vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM, saMskRta eka aisI bhASA hai, jisameM sirpha sAhityika sarjanA bhara kI sAmarthya rahI, aura hai / usakI yaha kRtrimatA hI, use ziSTa vyaktiyoM ke dAyare taka sImita banAye rahI / isalie, ise 'bhASA' kahane kI bajAya 'vANI' 'bhAratI' Adi jaise samAdaraNIya sambodhana diye gaye / kintu; upalabdha laukika sAhitya meM hI kucha aise antaHsUtra upalabdha hote haiM, jinase, yaha spaSTataH phalita hotA hai ki 'saMskRta' ziSTa, vipra,

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 316 purohita varga ke sAmAnya vyavahAra kI bhASA to thI hI, sAtha hI yaha eka bar3e jana-samudAya ke bIca bhI bola-cAla ke lie vyavahAra meM lAyI jAtI thii| yaha bAta alaga hai ki isI mudde ko lekara, vidvAnoM meM do alagaalaga prakAra kI mAnyatAeM ubhara kara sAmane A cukI haiN| eka dRSTi se 'saMskRta' mAtra sAhityika bhASA thii| bola-cAla kI sAmAnya bhASA 'prAkRta' thii| dUsare mata meM saMskRta; bhAratIya jana-sAdhAraNa ke bola-cAla kI bhI bhASA rhii| kintu prAkRta bhASA ke udaya ke phalasvarUpa, isakA vyavahAra-kSetra kama hotA calA gyaa| tathApi, ziSTa-varga meM, isakA dainaMdina upayoga vyavahAra meM banA rhaa| AryAvarta ke vidvAna brAhmaNa 'ziSTa' mAne jAte the| bhale hI, saMskRta kA paripakva bodha unheM ho, yA na ho / para, AnuvaMzika paramparA se, unake bola-cAla meM, zuddha saMskRta kA prayoga avazya hotA rahA / yahI vajaha thI, unake prayogoM ko Adarza mAnakara, dUsare loga bhI, unakI dekhA-dekhI zabdoM kA zuddha prayoga kiyA karate the|' ina zabdoM ke uccAraNa meM azuddhi hotI rahe, vaha eka dUsarI bAta thI / kyoMki ve, saMjJA padoM ke rUpa meM, prAyaH prAkRta zabdoM ko hI saMskRta jaisA rUpa dekara prayoga karate the| kaI sthAnoM para, kriyApadoM meM bhI azuddhiyA~ dekhI jA sakatI haiN| bahuta kucha aisA hI antara, rAmAyaNa meM dekhane ko mila jAtA hai| brAhmaNoM kI zuddha vANI aura janasAdhAraNa kI saMskRta bhASA meM spaSTa antara pAyA jAtA hai| mahAbhASyakAra pataJjali ne apane bhASya meM 'sUta' zabda kI vyutpatti para, eka vaiyAkaraNa aura eka sArathI ke bIca hae vivAda kA AkhyAna diyA hai / maharSi pANini ne bhI, gvAloM kI bolI meM pracalita zabdoM kA, aura cUta-krIr3A sambandhI pracalita zabdoM kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / bola-cAla meM prayoga Ane vAle anekoM muhAvaroM ko bhI pANini 1 etasmin AryAvarte nivAse ye brAhmaNAH kumbhIdhAnyAH alolupAH agRhyamAna kAraNAH kiJcidantareNa kasyAzcit vidyAyAH pAraMgatAH, tatra bhavantaH ziSTAH / ziSTAH zabdeSu pramANam / / -6-3-106 aSTAdhyAyI sUtra para bhASya 2 eca. yAkobI - Dasa rAmAyaNa-pRSTha-115 3 2-4-56 aSTAdhyAyI sUtra para bhASya,

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320 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ne bharapUra sthAna diyA hai| jaise-daNDA-daNDi, kezA-kezi, hastA-hasti Adi / mahAbhASya meM bhI, aise na jAne kitane prayoga mileMge. jinakA prayoga Aja bhI grAmya-boliyoM taka meM mila jaayegaa|1 maharSi kAtyAyana ke samaya, saMskRta meM naye-naye zabdoM kA samAveza hone lagA thaa| naye-naye muhAvaroM kA prayoga hone lagA thaa| jaise-pANini ne 'himAnI' aura 'araNyAnI' zabdoM ko strIliMga-vAcI zabdoM ke rUpa meM mAnyatA dI thii| kintu, kAtyAyana ke samaya taka, aise zabdoM kA pracalana, kucha mAyanoM meM rUr3ha ho cukA thaa| yA phira unakA artha-vistAra ho cukA thaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM, pANini ne 'yavanAnI' zabda kA prayoga 'yavana kI strI ke liye kiyA thaa| yahI zabda, kAtyAyana kAla meM 'yavanI lipi' ke lie prayukta hone lagA thaa| pANini kA samaya, vikrama pUrva chaThavIM zatAbdI, kAtyAyana kA samaya vikrama pUrva cauthI zatAbdI, aura pAtaJjali kA samaya vikrama pUrva dUsarI zatAbdI mAnA gayA hai| pANini se pUrva, maharSi yAska ne 'nirukta' kI racanA kI thii| nirukta meM, vedoM ke kaThina zabdoM kI vyutpattiparaka vyAkhya kI gaI hai| niruktakAra kI dRSTi meM, sAmAnyajanoM kI bolI, vaidika saMskRtA se bhinna thii| ise inhoMne 'bhASA' nAma diyaa| aura, vaidika kRdanta zabdoM kI jo vyutpatti batalAI, usameM, loka-vyavahAra meM prayoga Ane vAle dhAtuzabdoM ko AdhAra mAnA / / saMskRta ke una tamAma zabdoM kA ullekha bhI nirukta meM kiyA gayA hai, jo saMskRta se prAntIya bhASAoM meM, yA to rUpAntarita ho cuke the, yA phira unheM viziSTa prayogoM meM kAma liyA jAtA thA / 5 pANini ne 'pratyabhivAde'zUdra' sUtra ke udAharaNa ke rUpa meM 'AyuSmAn edhi devadatta' jaise udAharaNoM ke sAtha-sAtha, alaga-alaga kSetroM meM prayukta aura rUpAntarita 1 karotirabhUt prAdurbhAve iSTaH, nirmalIkaraNe cApi vidyate / pRSThaM kuru, pAdau kuru, unmRdAneti gamyate / --mahAbhASya 1-3-1 2 himAraNyayormahatve / -1-1-114 para vAtika 3 yavanAllipyAm -4/1/124 para vAtika, 4 bhASikebhyo dhAtubhyo naigamAH kRto bhASyante / -nirukta 2/2 5 zavatirgatikarmA kambojeSveva bhASyate / vikAramasyArtheSu bhASyante zava iti / dAtirlavanArthe prAcyeSu, dAtramudIcyeSu / -nirukta-2/2

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 321 zabdoM evaM muhAvaroM kA bhI paryApta prayoga kiyA hai / jisase yaha svataH pramANita ho jAtA hai ki niruktakAra kI hI bhA~ti pANini ne bhI 'saMskRta' ko 'bhASA' mAnA hai / bhArata ke anekoM saMskRta premI rAjAoM ne yaha niyama banA rakhA thA ki unake antaHpura meM saMskRta kA prayoga kiyA jAye / rAjazekhara ne isa prasaMga kI prAmANikatA ke lie sAhasAGkapadavIdhArI ujjayinI nareza vikrama kA ullekha kiyA hai 11 aura, isI sandarbha meM gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke suprasiddha rAjA dhArA nareza bhoja kA nAma bhI liyA jA sakatA hai / " ye sAre pramANa svataH bolate haiM ki saMskRta, mAtra granthoM meM prayukta kI jAne vAlI bhASA nahIM thI, apitu vaha 'loka-bhASA' thii| bAda meM 'loka' zabda se jana-sAdhAraNa kA bodha na karake, mAtra 'ziSTa' vyaktiyoM kA hI bodha kiyA jAne lagA, aisA pratIta hotA hai / vAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke sundarakANDa meM, sItAjI ke sAtha, kisa bhASA meM bAtacIta kI jAye ? yaha vicAra karate hue, hanumAna ke mukha se, bAlmIki ne kahalavAyA hai ' - 'yadi dvija ke samAna maiM saMskRta vANI bolUMgA, to sItAjI mujhe rAvaNa samajhakara Dara jAyeMgI / ' vastutaH, bhASA zabda, usa bolI ke lie prayukta hotA hai, jo loka-jIvana ke bolacAla meM prayukta hotI hai / paharSi yAska ne aura maharSi pANini ne bhI isI artha meM 'bhASA' zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| sirpha eka bAta avazya gaura karane lAyaka hai / vaha yaha ki 'bhASA' ke artha meM 'saMskRta' zabda kA prayoga, ina purAtana-granthoM meM nahIM milatA / 1 vAkya- - vizleSaNa, tathA usake tatvoM kI samIkSA karanA, kisI bhASA kA saMskAra kahA jAtA hai / prakRti, pratyaya Adi ke punaH saMskAra dvArA 1 kAvyamImAMsA - pRSTha - 50 2 saMskRta zAstroM kA itihAsa - paM0 baladevajI upAdhyAya, pRSTha 428 - 43, kAzI - 1966 3 yadi vAcaM pradAsyAmi dvijAtiriba saMskRtam / rAvaNaM manyamAnA mAM sItA bhItA bhaviSyati || - vAlmIki rAmAyaNa, sundarakANDa 5 -14 4 bhASAyAmanvadhyAyazca - nirukta 1-4 5 bhASAyAM sadavasazruvaH - aSTAdhyAyI - 3/2/108

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322 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA 'saMskRta' hone ke kAraNa isakA nAma 'saMskRta' rakhA gayA, aisA pratIta hotA hai| kyoMki, bAlmIki rAmAyaNa ke ukta udAharaNa se aisA anumAnita hotA hai ki vAlmIki ke samaya meM, prAkRta Adi kA udaya, loka-vyavahAra meM pracalita bhASA ke rUpa meM ho cukA thaa| dhIre-dhIre ye jana-sAdhAraNa meM pradhAnatA prApta karane lagI hoM taba ina bhASAoM se pRthakatA pradarzita karane ke lie ise 'saMskRta' nAma de diyA gyaa| daNDI (saptama zataka) ne to spaSTa rUpa se prAkRta se isakA bheda pradarzita karane ke lie 'saMskRta' zabda kA prayoga 'devavANI' ke lie kiyA hai / / bhASA-zAstriyoM kA mata hai ki-devavANI meM, prAcIna kAla meM, prakRti-pratyaya vibhAga nahIM thaa| sambhava hai, taba usakA pratipada pATha Aja kI vaijJAnika vidhi jaisA na diyA jAtA ho / isase devavANI ke jijJAsuoM ko na kevala kaThina zrama karanA par3atA rahA hogA, balki, adhika samaya bhI unheM denA par3atA hogaa| isI kAraNa se, devatAoM ne, isake adhyayana-jJAna ko sugama aura vaijJAnika paripATI nirdhArita karane ke lie, devarAja indra se prArthanA kI hogii| aura, taba indra ne, zabdoM ko bIca se tor3akara, unameM prakRti-pratyaya Adi ke vibhAga ko sarala adhyayana prakriyA sunizcita kI hogii| vAlmIki, pANini Adi ke dvArA prayukta 'saMskRta' zabda, isI saMskAra para AdhArita pratIta hotA hai| vaiyAkaraNoM kI yaha bhI mAnyatA hai ki devarAja indra dvArA, isakI sugama, vaijJAnika evaM vyAvahArika paddhati nirdhArita karane, aura devoM kI bhASA hone ke kAraNa, ise 'devavANI' yA 'daivI vAk' kahA jAtA thaa| loka-vyavahAra meM Ane para, isakA jo saMskAra, pANini (500 I0 pUrva) se lekara pataJjali (200 I0 pUrva) taka lagAtAra calatA rahA, usI se ise 'saMskRta' nAma milaa| ___ ina saMskartAoM/vaiyAkaraNoM ne, devavANI kA jo saMskAra kiyA, usakA, yaha artha kadApi nahIM lenA cAhie ki pANini se pUrva kAla meM isakA svarUpa asaMskRta avasthA meM thaa| kyoMki vyAkaraNa kA lakSya bhASA kA nirmANa yA usakI saMracanA karanA nahIM hotA apitu, usake zabdoM kA zuddha svarUpa nirmANa karanA hotaa| saMskRta ke zabdoM kA astitva pANini se pahale thA hI, inhoMne to mAtra yaha nirdeza kiyA ki 'SaSa' ke sthAna para 1 saMskRtaM nAma daivIvAk anvAkhyAtA maharSibhiH / -kAvyAdarza-1/33

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 323 'zaza', 'palASa' ke sthAna para 'palAza' aura 'maMjaka' ke sthAna para 'maJcaka' kA prayoga zuddha zabda-prayoga hai| pazcimI vidvAnoM kI dRSTi meM mizra deza kA sAhitya sabase prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| kintu usakI prAcInatA vikrama se mAtra 4000 varSa pUrva taka jA sakI hai| jabaki vijJoM ne saMskRta kI prathama racanA Rgveda ko hajAroM varSa prAcIna mAnA hai| Rgveda ke racanAkAla ke viSaya meM vidvAnoM meM paryApta matabheda hai| kintu, gaNita ke kucha akATya tarkoM ke bala para lokamAnya bAla gaMgAdhara tilaka ne isakA jo racanA-kAla batalAyA hai, vaha vikrama se kama se kama chaH hajAra varSa pUrva kA ThaharatA hai| vizva meM kisI bhI bhASA kA aisA sAhitya nahIM hai, jo Aja se ATha hajAra varSa pUrva kA ho| isa prAcInatA ke bAvajUda saMskRta sAhitya kI rasavatI dhArA Aja taka avicchinna rUpa se satata pravAhazIla banI huI hai| vizva ke anya sAhityoM ke sAtha avicchinnatA kI kasauTo para saMskRta sAhitya ko jAMcAparakhA jAyegA to yaha sAhitya sabase mahatvapUrNa siddha hogaa| vedoM kI maMtra-saMhitAoM ko racanA ke bAda inakI vyAkhyA kA samaya AtA hai / isa samaya ke granthoM ko 'brAhmaNa' nAma se kahA gayA hai| brAhmaNoM ke bAda 'AraNyaka' aura phira 'upaniSad' grantha race gye| inake bAda kA kAla spaSTa rUpa se vaidika aura laukika sAhitya ke sAhitya kA 'sandhikAla' mAnA jA sakatA hai / jisameM smRtiyoM, purANoM aura rAmAyaNa va mahAbhArata jaise ArSakAvyoM kI racanAoM ko liyA jA sakatA hai| Azaya yaha hai ki maharSi vAlmIki kI rAmAyaNa se pUrva ke sAhitya ko hama 'vaidika-sAhitya' aura rAmAyaNa se lekara Aja taka ke saMskRta sAhitya ko 'laukika-sAhitya' ke nAma se abhihita kara sakate haiN| viSaya, bhASA, bhAva Adi anekoM dRSTiyoM se laukika sAhitya kA viziSTa mahatva hai| vaidika sAhitya kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usameM vibhinna devatAoM ko lakSya karake yajJa-yAga Adi ke vidhAna aura unakI kamanIya stutiyAM saMjoyI gaI haiN| isaliye isa sAhitya ko mukhyataH dharma-pradhAna sAhitya kahA jAtA hai / jabaki laukika saMskRta sAhitya mukhyataH lokavRtta pradhAna hai| isakI dharma, artha, kAma aura mokSa kI ora vizeSa pravRtti huI hai| jisase dharma kI vyAkhyA/varNanA meM vaidika sAhitya kA vizeSa prabhAva spaSTa hone para bhI kaI mAyanoM meM nUtanatA ujAgara huI hai| Rgveda kAla meM jina devIdevatAoM kI pratiSThA thI, pramukhatA thI, ve laukika sAhitya ko paridhi meM

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324 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA Akara gauNa hI nahIM bana jAte varan unameM se kucha ke sthAna para brahmA, viSNu aura ziva jaise devoM kI upAsanA ko adhika mahatva mila jAtA haiM / taittirIya, kAThaka aura maitrAyaNI saMhitAoM se gadya kI jisa garimA kA pravartana hotA hai vaha garimA brAhmaNa granthoM meM pratiSThita hotI huI upaniSad kAla taka apanA udAtta svarUpa grahaNa kara letI hai / laukika sAhitya kA udaya hote hI gadya kA isa hada taka hrAsa hone lagatA hai ki jyotiSa aura cikitsA jaise vaijJAnika viSayoM taka meM chandobaddha padya-paramparA apanA sthAna banA letI hai| vyAkaraNa aura darzana ke kSetra meM gadya kA astitva rahatA jarUra hai kintu yahAM para vaidika gadya jaisA prasAda saundarya vilIna ho jAtA hai / aura usakA sthAna durbodhatA evaM durUhatA grahaNa kara letI hai| sAhityika gadya kI garimA bhI kathAnakoM aura gadya kAvyoM meM dRSTigocara hotI hai / phira bhI, vaidika gadya ko tulanA meM isameM kaI eka nyUnatAeM sApha dikhalAI de jAtI haiN| padya kI bhI jisa racanA takanIka ko laukika sAhitya meM aMgIkAra kiyA gayA hai vaha vaidika chanda-takanIka se hI prasUta pratIta hotI hai| purANoM meM aura rAmAyaNa-mahAbhArata meM sirpha 'zloka' kI hI bahulatA hai| paravartI laukika sAhitya meM varNanIya viSaya-vastu ko lakSya karake choTe-bar3e kaI prakAra ke navIna chandoM kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai, jinameM lagha-guru ke vinyAsa para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| kula milAkara dekhA jAye to vaidika padya sAhitya meM jo sthAna gAyatro, triSTupa, tathA jagatI chandoM ke pracalana ko milA huA thA vahI sthAna upajAti, vaMzastha aura vasantatilakA jaise chanda, laukika sAhitya meM banA lete haiN| saMskRta sAhitya meM sirpha dharmagranthoM kI ho adhikatA hai, aisI bAta nahIM hai / bhautika jagata ke sAdhanabhUta 'artha' aura 'kAga' ke varNana kI ora bhI laukika sAhityakAroM kA dhyAna rahA hai / arthazAstra kA vyApaka adhyayana karane ke lie aura rAjanIti kA paNDita banane ke liye kauTilya kA akelA arthazAstra hI paryApta hai| isake alAvA bhI arthazAstra ko lakSya karake likhA gayA vizada sAhitya saMskRta meM maujUda hai| kAmazAstra ke rUpa meM likhA gayA vAtsyAyana kA grantha gRhastha jIvana ke sukha-sAdhanoM para vyApaka prakAza DAlatA hai| isI ke AdhAra para kAlAntara meM aneko granthoM kI sarjanAe~ huii| 'mokSa' ko lakSya karake jitanA vizAla sAhitya saMskRta

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 325 bhASA meM likhA gayA usako barAbarI karane vAlA vizva kI bhASA meM dUsarA sAhitya maujUda nahIM hai / ina cAroM parama puruSArthoM ke alAvA vijJAna, jyotiSa, vaidyaka, sthApatya aura pazu-pakSiyoM ke lakSaNoM se sambandhita agaNita grantha / racanAyeM, saMskRta sAhitya kI vizAlatA aura vyApakatA kA jIvanta udAharaNa vanI huI haiM / vastutaH saMskRta ke zreyaH aura preyaH zAstroM kI vizAla saMkhyA ko dekha kara, pAzcAtya vidvAnoM dvArA vyakta kI gaI ghaTanAe~ aura unake udgAra kahate haiM - saMskRta-sAhitya kA jo aMza mudrita hokara aba taka sAmane AyA hai, vaha grIka aura leTina bhASAoM ke sampUrNa sAhityika granthoM ke kalevara se dugunA hai| isa prakAzita sAhitya se alaga, jo sAhitya abhI pANDulipiyoM ke rUpa meM aprakAzita par3A hai, aura jo sAhitya vilupta ho cukA hai, usa sabakI gaNanA kalpanAtIta hai / bhAratIya sAmAjika pariveSa mUlataH dhArmika hai / phalataH bhAratIya saMskRti bhI dhArmika AcAra-vicAroM se ota-prota hai / AstikatA isakA dharAtala hai / isakA unnatatama svarUpa svayaM ko sarvajJa, sarvazaktimAna banA lene meM athavA aise hI paramasvarUpa meM aTUTa AsthA pratiSThApita karane meM dikhalAI par3atA hai | bhAratIya mAnyatA hai - sAMsArika kleza aura rAga Adi, mAnava jIvana ko na sirpha kaluSita banA dete haiM, balki use santApa bhI dete haiM / sAMsArika gRha use kArAgAra sA lagatA hai aura jAgatika moha use pAda bandhana jaisA anubhUta hotA hai / ina sArI viSamatAoM, kuNThAoM aura saMtrAsoM se use tabhI chuTakArA mila pAtA hai jaba vaha sarvazaktimAna ke sAtha sAdRzya sthApita kara le yA phira usase tAdAtmya banA le / vaidika stutiyoM se lekara Adhunika darzana ke vyAvahArika svarUpa vizleSaNa taka dharma kA sArA rahasya saMskRta sAhitya meM paripUrNa rUpa se spaSTataH vyAkhyAyita hotA rahA hai / vedoM meM Aryadharma ke vizuddha rUpa kI vivecanA hai / kAlAntara meM isa dharma aura darzana kI jitanI zAkhA prazAkhAe~ utpanna huIM, vikasita huIM, naye-naye mata ubhare una sabakA yathArtha svarUpa saMskRta sAhitya maiM dekhA-parakhA jA sakatA hai / saMskRta sAhitya ke dhArmika vaiziSTya kA yaha mahatva, mAtra bhAratIyoM ye hI nahIM hai, apitu pazcimI dezoM ke lie bhI, yaha samAna mahatva rakhatA hai| pazcimI vidvAnoM ne, saMskRta sAhitya kA dhArmika dRSTi se jisa taraha anuzIlana kiyA usI kA yaha suphala hai ki ve 'tulanAtmaka purANa

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326 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA sAhitya' (kampareTiva mAithAlaoNjI) jaise eka adhunAtana zAstra ko AviCkRta kara sake / sArAMza rUpa meM yahI kahA jA sakatA hai ki saMskRta sAhitya eka aisA vizAla srota hai, jisase pravAhita huI vidhinna dharma saritAoM ne mAnavatA ke mana-mastiSka ke kone-kone ko apanI sarasvatI se rasavAn banAkara ApyAyita kara DAlA / saMskRta sAhitya ne saMskRti kI jo anupama virAsata bhArata ko dI hai, use kabhI vismRta nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / saMskRta ke kAvyoM meM bhAratIyatA kA anupama gAthA-gAna sunAI par3atA hai to saMskRta nATakoM meM usakA nATya aura lAsya bhI apanI komala kamanIyatA meM prastuta huA hai / tyAga kI dharatI para aMkurita aura tapasyA ke oja se poSita AdhyAtmikatA tapovanoM girikandarAoM meM saMbaMdhita hotI huI jisa saMskRti kA svarUpa nirdhAraNa karatI rahI usI kA saumya darzana to vAlmIki, vyAsa, kAlidAsa, bhavabhUti, mAgha, bANa aura daNDI Adi ke kAvyoM meM dekhakara hRdaya kalikA pramudita/ praphullita ho uThatI hai / saMskRta kA sAhityika mastiSka kabhI bhI saMkIrNa nahIM rahA hai| usake vicAra kisI bhI sImA rekhA meM saMkucita na raha ske| samAja ke vizuddha vAtAvaraNa meM vicaraNa karate hue usake hRdaya ko sAmAjika duHkhadardoM ne sparza kara liyA to vaha dIna duHkhiyoM kI dInatA para cAra A~sU bahAye bagaira na raha sakA / sahaja sukhI jIvoM ke bhoga-vivAsoM para vaha rIjharIjha gayA / usakA hRdaya sahAnubhUti se snigdha aura dravita banA hI rahA / phalataH saMskRta sAhitya meM bhAratIya saMskRti kA eka aisA nikharA svarUpa dRSTigocara hotA hai jisameM AdhyAtmika vicAroM ke dyotaka mUlyavAna zabda bhaNDAra haiM jana-mana kI bAtoM kA unakI pravRttiyoM kA aura sarala - sAdagI pUrNa jindagI jIne kI kalA ke bahuraMgI zabda - citra bhI haiM / bhArata aura cIna ke prAyadvIpa Aja 'hinda- cIna' ke nAma se jAne jAte haiM | parantu 13vIM aura 14vIM zatAbdI se pahale ina para cIna kA koI bhI prabhutva nahIM thA / sudUra pUrva meM yahA~ jaMgalI jAtiyA~ rahatI thIM / kintu yahA~ para svarNa kI khAna thI isI AkarSaNavaza jina bhAratIyoM ne isakI khoja kI thI, unhoMne ise 'svarNabhUmi' yA 'svarNadvIpa' kA nAma diyA thA / samrATa azoka ke zAsanakAla meM yahA~ buddha kA saMdeza pahu~cA / vikrama kI zuruAta se caudahavIM zatAbdI taka yahA~ para anekoM bhAratIya rAjya sthApita

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 327 rahe / aura rAjabhASA ke rUpa meM saMskRta kA vyAvahArika upayoga hotA rahA / manusmRti meM varNita zAsana vyavasthA ke anurUpa 'kAmboja' kA zAsana prabandha calA / AryAvarta kI varNamAlA aura sAhitya ke samparka ke kAraNa yahA~ kI kSetrIya boliyoM ne bhASA kA svarUpa grahaNa kiyA aura dhIre-dhIre ve sAhitya kI sarjikAe~ bana giiN| isa sAre ke sAre sAhitya kI maulikatA pUrNataH bhAratIya thI / phalataH bhAratIya (AryAvartIya) varNamAlA para AdhArita kAmboja kI 'mera', campA kI 'camma' aura jAvA kI 'kavi' bhASAoM sAhitya meM saMskRta sAhitya se grahaNa kiyA gayA upAdAna kalyANakArI avadAna mAnA gayA / rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke AkhyAna jAvA kI kavi bhASA meM Aja bhI vidyamAna hai / bAlI dvIpa meM vaidika mantroM kA uccAraNa aura saMdhyA vandana Adi kA avaziSTa kintu vikRta aMza Aja bhI dekhA jA sakatA hai / maMgoliyA ke marusthala meM bhI bhAratIya sAhitya pahu~cA / jisakA AMzika avaziSTa vahA~ kI bhASA meM mahAbhArata se jur3e anekoM nATakoM ke rUpa meM Aja bhI pAyA jAtA hai / ye sAre sAkSya spaSTa karate haiM ki ina dezoM ke janasAdhAraNa kI mUla bhAvanAoM ko mukhara banAne meM saMskRta sAhitya ne ucita mAdhyama unheM pradAna kiye aura unake sAmAjika saMgaThana evaM vyavasthA ko niyamita / saMyamita banAkara unakI barbaratA se unheM mukta kiyA sabhya aura ziSTa banAyA / 1 nairAzya meM se AzA kA, vipatti meM se sampatti kA tathA duHkha meM se sukha kA udgama honA avazyambhAvI hai / bhAratIya tatvajJAna kI AdhArabhUmi yahI mAnyatA hai / vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM jIvana kA apanA nijI mUlya hai, mahatva hai / phira bhI kisI mAnava kI vaiyaktika pUrNatA meM aura usakI abhivyakti meM vyakti kA jIvana sAdhana mAtra hI ThaharatA hai / sukha aura duHkha, samRddhi aura vRddhi, rAga aura dveSa, maMtrI aura duzmanI ke paraspara saMgharSa se jo alaga-alaga prakAra kI paristhitiyA~ vanatI haiM, unhIM kA mArmika abhidhAna 'jIvana' hai / isakI samagra abhivyaMjanA na to duHkha kA sarvAGga parityAga kara dene para sambhava ho pAtI hai aura na hI sukha kA sarvatobhAvena svIkAra kara lene para usakI pUrNa vyAkhyA kI jA sakatI hai / isIlie, saMskRta kA kavi, sAhityakAra aura dArzanika kisI eka pakSa kA citraNa nahIM krtaa| kyoMki vaha bhalIbhAMti jAnatA hai ki yaha jagata duHkhoM kA, saMgharSoM kA samarAMgaNa hai / kintu duHkha meM se hI sukha kA udgama hogA, saMgharSa meM se hI saphalatA AviSkRta hogI, saMgrAma hI vijaya kA zaMkhanAda

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328 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA karegA, isa anubhUta yathArtha se bhI vaha paricita hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhAratIya sAhitya kA lakSya sadA-sarvadA se maMgalamaya, kalyANamaya paryavasAna rahatA AyA hai| yahI dArzanikatA, saMskRta sAhitya meM anukaraNIya, anurAraNIya banakara caritArtha hotI A rahI hai| daraasala, saMskRta nATakoM ke duHkhAnta na hone kA yahI mUlabhUta kAraNa hai, rahasya hai| samAja ke svarUpa kA yathArtha citraNa sAhitya meM hotA hai / isalie yaha kahA jAtA hai-'sAhitya samAja kA darpaNa hai|' samAja aura saMskRti, donoM hI sAtha-sAtha jur3e hote haiM ; jaise--sUrya kA prakAza aura pratApa sAthasAtha jur3e rahate haiN| ataH sAhitya, jisa taraha samAja ko svayaM meM pratibimbita karatA hai, usI taraha, vaha samAja se jur3I saMskRti kA bhI mukhya vAhaka hotA hai| samAja, mAnava samudAya kA bAhya pariveSa hai, to saMskRti usakA antaHsvarUpa hai| jisa samAja kA antaH aura bAhya pariveza, bhautikatA para avalambita hogA, usakA sAhitya bhI AdhyAtmikatA kA varaNa nahIM kara paataa| kintu jisa samAja kA antaHsvarUpa AdhyAtmika hogA, usakA bAhya-svarUpa, bhale hI bhautikatA meM lipta banA rahe, aise samAja kA sAhitya, AdhyAtmikatA se anuprANita hue binA nahIM raha sktaa| bhAratIya samAja kA antaHsvarUpa mUlataH AdhyAtmika hai| isalie, saMskRta sAhitya kA bhI hamezA yahI lakSya rahA ki vaha, AdhyAtmikatA kA sandeza sAmAjikoM taka pahu~cAkara unameM nava-jAgaraNa kA cirantana bhAva bhara ske| bhAratIya samAja meM sAMsArika/bhautika sukhoM ke sabhI sAdhana, sadAsarvadA se sulabha rahate Aye haiN| yahA~ kA sAmAjika, jIvana-saMgharSoM se jUjhatA huA bhI Ananda ko upalabdhi ko, Ananda kI anubhUti ko apanA lakSya mAnakara calatA rhaa| viSama se viSamatama paristhitiyoM meM bhI Ananda ko khoja nikAlanA, bhAratIya mAnasa kI jIvantatA kA pratIka rahA hai| vaha Ananda ko sat, cit svarUpa mAnatA hai| isalie bhAratIya sAhitya kA vizeSakara saMskRta sAhitya kA lakSya bhI sat + cit svarUpa Ananda kI upalabdhi kI ora unmukha rhaa| usakA antima lakSya bhI yahI bnaa| saMskRta kAvyoM kI AtmA 'rasa' hai| rasa kA udraka zrotA/pAThaka ke hRdaya meM Ananda kA unmeSa kara detA hai| yaha jAnakara bhI, saskRta sAhitya meM rIti, aucitya, guNa tathA alaMkAra Adi kA vistRta vivecana kiyA avazya gayA hai, kintu usakA mukhya pratipAdya rasa-niSpatti hI hai| kAvya.

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 326 jagata ke isa kAvyAnanda ko saccidAnanda kA paripUrNa svarUpa mAnA gayA hai / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki vedoM ke ati rahasyamaya jJAna se lekara janasAdhAraNa ke manovinoda sambandhI kathAoM taka jitanA bhI sAhityika vaibhava vidyamAna hai, vaha sArA kA sArA saMskRta bhASA meM surakSita hai / isa AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai - 'sAhityika, sAMskRtika, aitihAsika, dhArmika, AdhyAtmika aura rAjanaitika jIvana kI samagra vyAkhyA saMskRta sAhitya / vAGamaya meM sarvAtmanA samAhita haiM / ' jaina sAhitya meM saMskRta kA prayoga jaina dharma aura sAhitya kA kalevara bhI vyApaka parimANa vAlA haiM / isake praNayana meM saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM hI bhASAoM kA maulika upayoga kiyA gyaa| yadyapi, jaina dharma ke antima tIrthakara bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apanA sArA upadeza prAkRta bhASA meM hI diyA / use saMkalita / gumphita karane meM unake pradhAna ziSya gautama Adi gaNadharoM ne bhI prAkRta bhASA ko upayoga meM liyA, tathApi kAlAntara meM Age calakara jaina manISiyoM ne saMskRta bhASA ko bhI apane grantha-praNayana kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| aura saMskRta sAhitya kI zrIvRddhi meM apanA avismaraNIya yogadAna diyaa| vaise, jaina mAnyatAnusAra purAtana jaina dharma aura darzana kI paramparAgata anuzrutiyA~ yaha batalAtI haiM ki jaina dharma kA maulika pUrva sAhitya saMskRta bhASA baddha thA / bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kAla taka prAkRta bhASA jana sAdhAraNa ke bolacAla aura sAmAnya vyavahAra meM paryApta pratiSThA prApta kara cukI thI / aura saMskRta una paNDitoM kI vyavahAra-sImA meM simaTa cukI thI, jo yaha mAnane lage the ki saMskRtajJa hone ke nAte sirpha ve hI tatvadRSTA aura tatvajJAtA haiM / jo loga saMskRta nahIM jAnate the, ve bhI yaha svIkAra karane lage the ki tatva kI vyAkhyA kara pAnA unhIM ke balabUte kI bAta hai, jo 'saMskRtavid' haiM / isa svIkRti kA pariNAma yaha huA ki mahAvIra yuga taka saMskRta na jAnane vAloM kI buddhi para saMskRtajJa chA gaye / mahAvIra ne isa sthiti ko bhalI-bhA~ti dekhA-parakhA aura niSkarSa nikAlA ki satya kI zodha-sAmarthya to hara vyakti meM maujUda haiN| saMskRta ke jAnane na jAnane se, tatvabodha para koI prabhAvakArI pariNAma nahIM par3atA / vastutaH tatvajJAna ke lie jo vastu parama apekSita haiM, vaha hai-citta kA

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330 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA rAga-dveSa rahita honA / jisa kA citta rAga-dveSa se kaluSita hai, vaha saMskRtajJa bhale hI ho, kintu tatvajJa nahIM ho sktaa| kyoMki, satya kA sAkSAtkAra karane meM 'bhASA' kahIM bhI mAdhyama nahIM bana paatii| mahAvIra kI isI soca-samajha ne unheM preraNA dI, to unhoMne apane dvArA anubhUta satya kA, tatva kA svarUpa-pratipAdana prAkRta bhASA meM kiyaa| mahAvIra kI bhAvanA thI, yadi ve jana-sAdhAraNa ko samajha meM Ane vAlI bhASA meM tatvajJAna kA upadeza kareMge, to vaha upadeza eka ora to bahujana upayogI bana jAyegA, dUsarI ora saMskRta na jAnane vAlA bahujana samudAya, yaha bhI jAna jAyegA ki tatta jJAna ke lie, kisI bhASA vizeSa kA jAnakAra hone kA pratibandha yathArtha nahIM haiN| ___ mahAvIra ke isa prayAsa kA suphala yaha huA ki jaina dharma aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM lagabhaga pAMca sau varSoM taka nirantara prAkRta bhASA kA vyavahAra hotA calA gayA / isalie jaina dharma kA mUlabhUta sAhitya prAkRta bhASApradhAna bana gyaa| mahAvIra ke isa bhASA-prasthAna meM jaina manISiyoM kA saMskRta ke prati koI vidveSa bhAva nahIM thA, balki unakA Azaya apane dharmopadeza kI prabhAvazAlitA ke lakSya para nirdhArita rhaa| Arya ra kSita kA vacana svayaM sAkSI detA hai ki unake samaya meM saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM hI bhASAoM ko samAna Adara sulabha thaa| donoM hI RSi bhASA kahalAtI thiiN| tatvArtha sUtra jaina sAhitya kA sarvaprathama saMskRta grantha hai, aisA pratIta hotA hai| isake racayitA umAsvAti (svAmI) kA samaya vikrama kI tIsarI zatAbdI se pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai / yahI vaha yuga hai, jisameM jaina paramparA meM saMskRta ke upayoga kA eka nayA yuga zurU huaa| to bhI jaina dharma aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM prAkRta kA upayoga anavarata calatA rhaa| kintu dArzanika yUga ke Ate-Ate jaina manISiyoM ko svataH yaha spaSTa anubhUta huA ki jaina dharma aura darzana kI vyApaka pratiSThA ke lie saMskRta kA jJAtA honA unheM anivArya hai / dArzanika yuga kI vizeSatA yaha rahI hai ki isa yuga meM bhAratIya darzana kI anekoM zAkhAoM meM prabala pratidvandvitA chir3I huI thii| phalataH apane mata kI sthApanA meM granthakAroM ko prabala toM kA sAmanA karanA pdd'aa| ina pratidvandvI tarkoM kA vikhaNDana 1 janma-I0 pU0 4 (vi0 saM0 52), svargavAsa-I0 san 71 (vi0 saM0 127) 2 sakkayaM pAgayaM ceva pasatthaM isibhAsiyaM //

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Agamottara kAlIna kathA sAhitya 331 yukti pUrvaka karanA, aura svamata kA sthApana bhI tarka pUrNa kasauTo para jA~ca-parakha kara karanA, isa yuga ke granthakAroM kA mahanIya dAyitva bana gayA thaa| itanA hI nahIM, isa yuga meM, bhAvanA bhI balavatI ho cukI thI ki jo vidvAn, saMskRta bhASA meM grantha-praNayana kI sAmarthya nahIM rakhatA, vaha vastutaH vidvatkoTi kA pANDitya bhI nahIM rakhatA / isa upekSita bhAvanA se paripUrNa vAtAvaraNa ne, jaina dArzanikoM ke mAnasa meM bhI manthana paidA kara diyaa| isI manthana ke navanIta-svarUpa, jaina dharma-darzana ke mahatvapUrNa saMskRta-granthoM kI sarjanAe~ huii| jinameM, jaina-dharma aura darzana kA svarUpa evaM siddhAnta, vistAra-vivecanA ko AtmasAt kara skaa| isa prayAsa se, jaina vidvAnoM ne, sAmayika samAja para yaha chApa DAlane meM bhI saphalatA prApta kI ki jana-vidvAn, mAtra prAkRta-bhASA ke hI paNDita nahIM haiM, varan saMskRta bhASA ke bhI ve udbhaTa vidvAn haiM / aura unameM, sva-siddhAnta pratipAdana kI sphUrta-sAmarthya ke sAtha-sAtha pANDitya-pradarzana kA bhI vilakSaNa-sAmarthya hai / paNDita varga kI isa pratidvandvitA ko dekhate hue, sambhavataH jana-sAdhAraNa meM bhI, saMskRta ke adhyayana aura jJAna kA vizeSa zauka ubharA hogaa| jise lakSya karake bhI tatkAlIna paNDita varga ne apane siddhAntoM aura mantavyoM ko prakaTa karane meM, lokamAnasa ke anurUpa saralasaMskRta ko apane granthoM ke praNayana kI bhASA ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| siddharSi, isa yugIna sthiti se pUrNataH paricita pratIta hote haiM / isakA jJAna, unake svayaM ke kathana se hotA hai| unhoMne svIkAra kiyA hai ki saMskRta aura prAkRta donoM hI bhASAoM ko, unake grantha-racanAkAla meM, pradhAnatA prApta thii| kintu paNDita varga meM, saMskRta bhASA ko vizeSa samAdara prApta thaa| prAkRta-bhASA ko isa samaya ke bacce taka bhalIbhA~ti samajhate the / jana-sAdhAraNa ko bodha karAne kI bhI isameM prabala sAmarthya hai / phira bhI, yaha prAkRta bhASA, vidvAnoM ko acchI nahIM lgtii| zAyada, isIlie ve (paNDita-jana) prAkRta bhASA meM bola-cAla nahIM karate / / 1 saMskRtA prAkRtA ceti bhASe prAdhAnyamahataH / tatrApi saMskRtA tAvat durvidagdhahRdi sthitA // bAlAnAmapi sadbodhakAriNI karNapezalA / tathApi prAkRtA bhASA na teSAmabhibhASate // -upamiti-bhava-prapaJca kathA, prathama prastAva

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332 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA siddharSi dvArA vyakta ina vicAroM se spaSTa pratota hotA hai ki 'upa'miti-bhava-prapaJca kathA' ke racanA kAla meM, janasAdhAraNa ke rojamarrA kI jindagI kA anivArya bola-cAla prAkRtamaya thaa| isalie, siddharSi cAhate the ki apanI isa kathA ko prAkRta bhASA meM likhA jAye / aisA karane meM, unheM yaha AzaMkA bhayabhIta kiye rahI-'prAkata-bhASA meM upamiti-bhavaprapaJca kathA likhane para, unheM paNDita varga meM samAdara sulabha nahIM ho paayegaa| tabhI to unheM yaha mAnakara calanA par3A-sarala saMskRta bhASA kA prayoga, eka aisA upAya hai, jisase, tatkAlIna jana sAdhAraNa ko bhI isa kathA ko samajhane meM koI kaThinAI nahIM hogI, aura granthakAra ko bhI paNDita varga ke upekSAbhAva kA zikAra na bananA pdd'egaa| isa madhyama mArga kA nizcaya dRr3ha karake, unhoMne yaha nirNaya liyA ki samI logoM kA-janasAdhAraNa aura paNDita varga kA bhI-manoraMjana ho, aisA upAya (sarala saMskRta bhASA ke prayoga ko sAmarthya) hone ke kAraNa, ina sabakI apekSAoM/ anurodhoM ko dRSTigata karate hue, maiMne isa grantha kI racanA saMskRta bhASA meM kI hai| siddharSi ke isa nizcaya se yaha puSTi hotI hai ki unake grantha racanA kAla meM, saMskRta aura prAkRta kA saMgharSa, utkarSa para pahuMca cukA thaa| isI saMgharSa ke pratiphala svarUpa, usa yuga kA sAmAjika, sAhitya aura darzana kI racanAoM meM pANDitya-pradarzana se yaha niSkarSa nikAlane lagA thA ki kisa dharma/darzana ke pracArakoM/samarthakoM meM, kauna/kitanA bar3A paNDita hai, vidvAn hai / sambhava hai, isa pradarzana se bhI janasAdhAraNa kA jhukAva, dharma vizeSa meM AsthA jamAne kA nimitta banane lagA ho / anyathA, koI aura, aisA prabala kAraNa samajha meM nahIM AtA, jisase, bahujanopayogI prAkRta-bhASA ko tAka para rakhakara, mAtra paNDita varga kI bhASA ko, grantha-praNayana ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM aMgIkAra kiyA jAye / bhAratIya AkhyAna kathA sAhitya bhAratIya AkhyAna/kathA sAhitya ko, vizva-bhara ke suvizAla vAGa - maya meM, eka sammAnAspada pratiSThA prApta hai / isa sammAna pratiSThA ke pIche, 1 upAye sati karttavyaM sarveSAM cittaraJjanam / atastadanurodhena saMskRteyaM kariSyate / / -vahI

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Agamottara kAlIna kathA sAhitya 333 bhAratIya kathA sAhitya kI ve udAtta-bhAvanAeM haiM, jinase preraNA pAkara, mAnavIya jIvana ke vibhinna-vyApAroM ko vizada vivecanAoM kA vividhatAbharA sampUrNa citrAMkana kiyA gayA hai| ina zabdacitroM meM sukha-duHkha, harSaviSAda; saMyoga-viyoga, Asakti-anAsakti, Adi mAnava-mana kI antardvandvAtmaka manaHsthitiyoM kI vicitratA, aura mAnava-jIvana ke abhyudaya aura adhaHpatana se lekara mAnava-samUha kI utkrAnti aura saMkAnti janya gAthAoM ke samasyAmUlaka samAdhAnoM kA anubhUtiparaka rAga-raJjana samAyojita kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya AkhyAna/kathA sAhitya meM, mAnava-mana ko Andolita karatI sAMsArika samasyAoM kI vibhISikAe~ aura pAralaukika upalabdhiyoM kI eSaNAe~ kahIM mileMgI, to kahIM-kahIM hArdika udAratA, bauddhika vizuddhi, mAnasika manoraMjana aura AdhyAtmika utkarSa ke vividha sopAnoM para utaratI, caDhatI, iThalAtI bhAva-pravaNatA ke manohArI lAsya aura nATaya kI anadekhI bhaMgimAe~ bhI sahaja sulabha hoNgii| unmatta gajarAja, kruddha, vanarAja, drutagAmI azva aura hariNa samudAyoM ke kriyAkalApoM kA bahumukhI varNana kahIM milegA, to kahIM para, kala-kala chala-chala karatI saritAoM ke madhura-svara meM mukharita pakSI samudAya kA karNa-priya kalarava bhI dRSTi patha se baca nahIM paataa| saghana-vana, giri kAntara aura upatyakAoM kI kroDa meM anuguJjita prakRti ke mAnavIyakaraNa kA varNana svara, vizvajanIna vAGamaya ke bIcoMbIca bhAratIya AkhyAna sAhitya kI sarvotkRSTatA kA guNagAna karane se cUka nahIM paataa| isa sabase, yaha spaSTa phalita hotA hai ki jIvana svarUpa kI sampUrNa abhivyaMjanA, bhAratIya kathA/AkhyAna sAhitya meM jitane vyApaka stara para haI hai, usase kama, acetana svarUpa kI abhivyaMjanA kI samagratA, kahIM dikhalAI nahIM pdd'tii| jar3a aura cetana kI ubhaya-vidha vyAkhyAoM kA samAna-samAdara, bhAratIya kathA/AkhyAna sAhitya meM jaisA haA hai, vaisA. vizva kI dUsarI kisI bhI bhASA ke sAhitya meM dekhane ko nahIM miltaa| ina samagra pariprekSyoM ko lakSya karake, bhAratIya AkhyAna sAhitya kA jaba vargIkaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, taba ise cAra pramukha vargoM meM vibhakta huA hama pAte haiM / ye varga haiM : (1) dharma kathA sAhitya (Religious Tale)

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334 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA (2) nItikathA sAhitya (Didactic Tale) (3) lokakathA sAhitya (Popular Tale) (4) rUpakAtmaka sAhitya (Alligcrical literature) - DaoN0 sUryakAnta ne, apane 'saMskRta vAGamaya kA vivecanAtmaka itihAsa' meM saMskRta kathA sAhitya ko sirpha do vargoM-nItikathA (Didactic Tales) aura lokakathA (Popular Tales) meM hI vibhAjita kiyA hai|1 bhArata, eka aisA deza hai, jisake jana-jana kA jIvana, janma se lekara maraNaparyanta taka, dharma se pariplAvita rahatA calA AyA hai| bhArata ke aitihAsika sandarbho meM, koI bhI aisA kSaNa DhuMDhA nahIM jA sakatA, jisameM yaha prakaTa hotA ho ki bhAratIya jana-mAnasa dharma-zUnya rahA hai| dharma kI isa sArvakAlika sArvajanIna vyApakatA ko lakSya karate huye, yahI kahanA/ mAnanA par3atA hai ki bhArata 'dharmamaya' hai| dharma-vihIna bhArata kA vicAra, kalpanA meM bhI kara pAnA sambhava nahIM ho paataa| balki, yathArtha yaha hai ki bhArata ko hameM 'dharma-bhUmi' kahanA cAhiye / duniyA~ bhara meM, yahI to eka aisA deza hai, jisakI dharatI para anaginata dharmoM kI avatAraNAe~ huiiN| ye dharma, yahA~ vikase, phule aura phale / aura, jaba-jaba bhI bhArata bhUmi para dharmaglAni (hrAsa) kA vAtAvaraNa banA, taba-taba kisI na kisI kRSNa ne avatIrNa hokara, dharma ko samRddha banAne kI dizA meM, usakA punaHpunaH saMsthApana kiyA, yA phira kisI na kisI mahAvIra ne tIrthaMkaratva kI sAdhanA-samRddhi ke bala para dharma-tIrtha kA vardhApana kiyaa| dharma vaTa-vRkSoM ke inhIM bIjAMkuroM ke rasa-seka se, bhAratIya AtmA ko zAzvata-zAnti milatI rahI, kiMvA, use paramAtmatva kA sAkSAtkAra hotA rhaa| ukta guNa-sampanna tIna mahAn dharma-saMskRtiyA~ bhArata meM pramukha rahI haiN| inhoMne apane dhArmika/dArzanika siddhAntoM ke vyApaka pracAra-prasAra ke lie, AkhyAnoM kathAoM kA jI bhara kara upayoga kiyA hai| pariNAmasvarUpa, vaidika, jaina aura bauddha, ina tInoM hI dharmoM kA vizAla sAhitya, AkhyAnoM aura kahAniyoM kA vipula akSaya bhaNDAra bana gayA hai| ina tamAma kathAoM/AkhyAnoM ko, hama aisA AkhyAna kaha/mAna sakate haiM, jisa kA samagra kalevara, dhArmika sphuraNA se ota-prota hai, kiMvA jIvanta hai| 1. saMskRta vAGamaya kA vivecanAtmaka itihAsa-pRSTha-300

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Agamottara kAlIna kathA sAhitya 335 AkhyAna-sAhitya ke prathama varga 'dharmakathA - sAhitya' ke antargata, ye hI sArI kathAe~ antarnihita mAnI jAyeMgI isa taraha, 'dharmakathA' ko paribhASita karate huye, yaha kahA jA sakatA hai - ' jo kathA, dharma se sambandha rakhatI ho, vaha 'dharmakathA' hai / aura 'dharma' vaha hai, jisake dvArA abhyudaya aura mokSa kI prApti hotI hai / 1 'veda' zabda kI vyutpatti jJAnArthaka 'vid' dhAtu se hotI hai / jisakA 'artha hai - 'jJAna' | 'veda' zabda kA vyAvahArika upayoga 'maMtra' aura 'brAhmaNa' donoM ke liye kiyA jAtA hai / " 'maMtra' meM devatAoM kI stutiyA~ haiM / ina stutiyoM / maMtroM kA upayoga yajJa Adi ke anuSThAna meM kiyA jAtA hai / yajJa ke kriyA-kalApoM tathA unake uddezyoM AzayoM / prayojanoM kI vyAkhyA karane vAle maMtra aura grantha, 'brAhmaNa' kahe jAte haiM / 'brAhmaNa' ke tIna bheda haiMbrAhmaNa, AraNyaka aura upaniSada | 'AraNyaka' granthoM meM vAnaprastha-jIvana paddhati kI vivecanA kI gaI hai / jabaki upaniSadoM meM, maMtroM kI dArzanika vyAkhyA ke dvArA brahma kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai / brAhmaNa granthoM meM, yajJa Adi kA vidhAna jaTila ho jAne ke phalasvarUpa, use sarala aura saMkSipta banAne kI jaba AvazyakatA pratIta huI, taba sarala sUtra -zailI apanA kara jina navIna graMthoM meM use pratipAdita kiyA gayA, ve grantha 'kalpasUtra' kahalAye / kalpasUtroM meM yajJa-yAgAdi, vivAha, upanayanAdi karmoM kA kramabaddha saMkSipta varNana hai / kalpasUtra ke bhI cAra bheda kiye gaye haiM- zrItasUtra, gRhyasUtra, dharmasUtra aura zulva sUtra / zrota sUtroM meMyajJa-yAga Adi ke anuSThAna niyamoM kA, gRhya sUtroM meM- upanayana, vivAha, zrAddha Adi SoDaza saMskAroM se sambaddha nirdezoM kA, dharma-sUtroM meM - varNAzrama dharma kA, vizeSa kara rAjadharma kA aura zulva sUtroM meM- yajJa ke lie upayukta sthAna nirdhAraNa, yajJa vedi kA AkAra - prakAra nirdhAraNa aura usake nirmANa kI yojanA Adi kA varNana hai / 'zulva' kA artha hotA hai - 'nApane kA 1 1. yato'bhyudayaniHzreyasArthasaMsiddhiraMjasA / saddharmastannibaddhA yA sA saddharmakathA smRtA // - mahApurANa- 1/120 2. maMtrabrAhmaNayorvedanAmadheyam - ApastambaH yajJa - paribhASA - 31 3. kalpo vedavihitAnAM karmaNAmAnupUrveNa kalpanAzAstram -- Rgveda- prAtizAkhya kI vargadvaya vRtti - viSNumitra

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336 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA DorA' / vastutaH zulva sUtroM ko bhAratIya jyAmiti kA Adya grantha kahA jA sakatA hai!| svarUpa-bheda ke kAraNa, 'veda' eka hotA huA bhI, tIna prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai / ye prakAra haiM - Rk, yajus aura sAman / arthavazAt pAdoM/ caraNoM kI vyavasthA se yukta chandobaddha maMtroM kI saMjJA - 'RcA' yA 'Rk' kI gaI hai / ina RcAoM meM se jo RcAyeM gIti ke AdhAra para gAyI jAtI haiM, unakI saMjJA 'sAman' kI gaI hai / ina donoM se bhinna, yajJa meM upayogI gadya-khaNDoM ko 'yajus' saMjJA dI gaI hai / isa taraha, jo prArthanA / stuti paraka chandobaddha RcAe~ haiM, unake saMkalita svarUpa ko 'RRgveda saMhitA', geyAtmaka RcAoM ke saMkalita svarUpa ko 'sAmaveda saMhitA' ora gadyAtmaka yujus maMtroM ke saMkalana ko 'yajurveda saMhitA' kahA gyaa| ina tInoM ko 'vedatrayI' ke nAma se bhI vyavahRta kiyA jAtA hai / kintu Aja vedoM kI saMkhyA cAra hai / jisameM atharvaveda nAmaka eka cauthe veda ko bhI ginA jAtA hai / atharvana kA artha hotA hai - 'agni kA pujArI' / isa artha se yaha Azaya liyA gayA hai- agni ke pracaNDa aura bhaiSajya rUpa se sambandha rakhane vAle maMtroM kA jisa saMhitA meM saMkalana hai, vaha 'atharvaveda' hai / vedoM ke suprasiddha bhASyakAra mahIdhara kI mAnyatA hai - brahmA se calI A rahI veda- paramparA ko, maharSi vedavyAsa ne Rk, yaju, sAma aura atharva nAma se cAra bhAgoM meM bAMTA, aura unakA upadeza kramazaH paila, vaizampAyana, jaimini aura sumantu ko diyA / bAda meM maMtroM ke grahaNa- agrahaNa, saMkalana aura uccAraNa viSayaka bhinnatA ke kAraNa veda-saMhitAoM kI anekAneka zAkhAe~ bana gaIM, zAkhAoM ke sAtha 'caraNa' bhI jur3a gaye / 'caraNa' kA artha usa vaTu samadAya se jur3A hai, jo eka sAtha mila-baiThakara, apanI paramparAgata zAkhA se sambandhita saMhitA maMtroM kA jJAna / adhyayana prApta karatA hai / - jaiminI sUtra - 2 / 2 / 35. 1 teSAM Rk yathArthavazena pAda-vyavasthA / 2 gItiSu sAmAkhyA - jaminI sUtra - 2/1/36 3 zeSe yajuH zabdaH - - vahI -- 2/1/37 4 tatrAdau brahmaparamparayA prAptaM vedaM vedavyAso mandamatIn manuSyAn vicintya kRNayA caturdhA vyasya RgyajuHsAmAtharvAzcaturo vedAn paila- vaizampAyana - jaiminI - sumantubhyaH kramAd upadideza / - yajurveda : bhASya

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 337 mahAbhASyakAra pataJjali ne Rgveda kI ivakIsa, yajurveda kI eka sau, sAmaveda kI eka hajAra, aura atharvaveda kI nau, kula milAkara eka hajAra eka sau zAkhAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| bhArata kA yaha durbhAgya hai ki inameM se anekoM zAkhAoM se sambandhita sAhitya, Aja taka vilupta ho cukA hai / vaidika sAhitya mUlataH dharmapradhAna hai / devatAoM ko lakSya karake yajJa Adi kA vidhAna karake, usameM jo kamanIya stutiyA~ saGkalita kI gaI haiM, ve, vaidika sAhitya kI eka vilakSaNa vizeSatA bana cukI haiN| ina stutiyoM ke mAdhyama se, tamAma aise kathAnaka vaidika sAhitya meM bhare par3e milate haiM, jinakA sAhityika-svarUpa, unake dhArmika mahattva se kama mUlyavAna nahIM tthhrtaa| Rgveda, devoM ko lakSya karake gAye gaye stotroM kA bRhatkAya saMkalana hai / isameM, tamAma RSiyoM dvArA, apanI manacAhI murAda pAne ke lie, bhinna-bhinna devatAoM se kI gaI prArthanAe~ haiN| tattvatastu, jIvana meM paramasatya kI pratiSThA kara lenA, jIvana kA sabase mahAn lakSya hotA hai| Rgveda meM, paramasatya kA devatA varuNa ko mAnA gayA hai| kintu, vaidika Arya, isa deza meM, vijaya pAne kI lAlasA se Aye the| isa vijaya kA devatA, unhoMne bhrAjamAna indra ko bnaayaa| zAyada yahI kAraNa hai, jisakI vajaha se, jIvana kI yathArthatA kA pratinidhi devatA 'varuNa', vijaya ke pratinidhi deva indra kI stutiyoM kI bahulatA meM, pIche par3A raha gyaa| isIlie, varuNa kA sthAna, kucha kAla pazcAt indra ko mila gyaa| __ isa vividhatAmayI varNanA meM, kucha aise kamanIya bhAva spaSTa dekhe jA sakate haiM, jinase yaha sahaja anumAna ho jAtA hai ki Rgveda jaisA Adima grantha bhI kAvya kalA ke upakaraNoM se paripUrNa hai / alaMkAroM, dhvaniyoM aura vyajanAoM se anuprANita gItiyoM meM bharI rUpakatA, hameM yaha ahasAsa taka nahIM hone detI ki hama kisI deva-stotra kA zraddhA vAcana kara rahe haiM, athavA, kisI zRGgAra kAvya kI sarasa-padAvalI kA rasAsvAdana kara rahe haiM / yamayamI ke pArasparika saMvAda kI darzanIya rasIlI chaTA, eka aisI hI sthiti mAnI jA sakatI hai| 1 catvAro vedAH sAGgA: sarahasyA: bahudhA bhinnAH / ekazatamadhvaryu zAkhAH / sahasravarmA sAmavedaH / eka viMzatidhA bAha vRttyam / navadhA'tharvANo vedH| -pAtaMjalamahAbhASya-paspazAhnika

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338. jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA yama aura yamI kA paraspara saMvAda calate-calate hI, bIca meM, yamI kAmAgni saMtapta ho uThatI hai / taba, vaha yama se kahatI hai-'hama donoM ko saSTA ne, garbha meM hI pati-patnI banA diyA thaa| usane, jo tvaSTA hai, savitA hai, aura sabhI rUpoM meM virAjamAna hai| isake vratoM ko kauna toDegA? o yama ! hama donoM ke isa sambandha ko pRthvI jAnatI hai, aura AkAza jAnatA hai / 1 yamo ke isa kathana kA spaSTa Azaya hai-'yona-sambandha se pUrva, sabhI Apasa meM bhAI-bahina haiN| kintu, parama aikAntika usa rasamaya-sambandha ke sphUrta hote hI, anya sAre sambandha tirohita ho jAte haiM, daba jAte haiM, sirpha eka yahI sambandha zeSa raha jAtA hai, jisase, jIvana kI samagratA rasAplAvita ho uThatI hai| kyoMki, nara-nArI kI pariniSThA isI meM hai, jIvana kA srota yahI hai|" kintu, Rgveda kA yaha yama, yathArthataH nara hai, vaha vastutaH ziva hai| isane apane jIvana meM saMyama ke phUla khilAye haiM aura nigraha meM hI vigraha ko avasAna dilAyA hai| vaha, yamI ke uttara meM kahatA hai-'o yamI ! usa prathama-divasa ko kauna jAnatA hai ? kisane dekhA hai use ? use kauna batA sakegA? varuNa kA vrata mahAn hai / mitra kA dhAma prabhUta hai| o kutsita mArga para calane vAlI yamI ! viparIta kathana kyoM karatI hai ? pratyakSataH to hama bhAI-bahina hI haiN| phira, isa sambandha ke badalane kI AvazyakatA bhI to nahIM hai / kyoMki, varuNa kA yaha Adeza hai, mitra kA aisA vrata hai| sAhityika rasAtmakatA se paripUrNa, pururavA aura urvazI kA saMvAda bhI, isI maNDala meM milatA hai| sUkta kI zabdAvalI durUha aura kaThina avazya hai, para, unase vyakta hone vAle bhAva, behada cuTIle haiN| pururavA kahatA 1 garbha nu no janitA dampatI kardevastvaSTA savitA vizvarUpaH / nakirasya pra minanti vratAni veda nAvasya pRthivI uta dyauH / -Rgveda-10/5/10 2 ko asya veda prathamasyAhnaH ka haiM dadarza ka iha pra vocat / vahana mitrasya varuNasya dhAma kaTu brava Aha no vIcyA nan / -vahI 10/10/7

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 336 hai--'o merI bedarda patnI ! Thahara, A, kucha bAteM kara leN| hamane Aja taka, khalakara bAteM taka nahIM kI; hamAre mana ko Aja taka ThaNDaka nahIM milii|1 urvazI uttara detI hai - 'o pururavas ! kyA karU~gI terI ina bAtoM kA ? (tere ghara se to) maiM aise A gaI hU~, jaise ki sabase pahalo uSA / o pururavas ! aba maiM, havA ko taraha (terI) pakar3a se bAhara huuN|"2 prema-page do-cAra kSaNoM kI bhikSA mAMgane vAle pururavA kI prArthanA kA kaisA nirmama tiraskAra kiyA urvazI ne| phira bhI, donoM kI paraspara bAteM calatI rhiiN| pururavA, anunaya para anunaya karatA rahA, apanI urvazo ko yAda dilAtA rahA tamAma pUrAnI yAdeM, jinake vyAmoha meM ulajha kara, vaha usake ghara vApisa calI cale / kintu, saba nirarthaka, saba nissAra / ......"Akhira, tAra-tAra hokara TUTane lagA pururavA kA dila / vaha, sahana nahIM kara pAtA hai apanI antaHpIr3A ko, aura cillA uThatA hai unmatta jaisA-'o urvazI! terA yaha praNayI, Aja kahIM dUra calA jAyegA; itano dUra, jahA~ se vaha kabhI nahIM lauttegaa| taba, vaha so jAyegA mRtyu kI goda meM / aura, vahA~ khUkhvAra bher3iye, use (Ananda se) khaayeNge|' pururavA ke hatAza/nirAza sneha ko prakaTa karane vAle ye zabda, urvazI kI snehilatA kI kasoTI bana jAte haiM / pururavA ke eka-eka zabda ne, urvazI ke aMtasa ko kacoTa DAlA / pariNAma, vahI hotA hai,jo Aja bhI eka sacce premI aura rUThI praNayinI kI paraspara noMka-jhoMka kA hotA hai| urvazI kahatI hai --'o pururavas ! mata bhAga dUra, apane prANa bhI 1 haye jAye manasA tiSTha ghore vacAMsi mizrA kRNavAvahai nu / na nau mantrA anuditAsa ete mayaskaran paratare ca nAhan / -vahI 10/65/1 2 kimetA vAcA kRNvA tavAhaM prAkramiSamuSasAmagriyeva / pururavA punarastaM parehi durApanA vAta ivAhamasmi // __ -vahI 10/65/2 3 sudevo adya prapadedanAvRt parAvataM paramAM gantavA u / adhA zayIta niRterupasthe'dhanaM vRkA rabhasAso adyuH // -vahI 10/65/14 4 pururavo mA mRthA mA prapapto mA tvA vRkAso azivAsa ukSan / navai svaNAni saMkhyAni santi sAlAvRkANAM hRdayAnyetAH -vahI 10/65/15

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340 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA vyartha mata ga~vA, amAMgalika bher3iyoM kA zikAra mata bana / kyoMki striyoM kI maitrI, maitrI nahIM hotI / inakA dila to bher3iye kA dila hotA hai|' daraasala, urvazI kA yaha uttara, samagra strI jAti ke lie zAzvata zRMgAra bana gyaa| pururavA aura urvazI ke isa parisaMvAda ne, laukika jagat ke sacce premI, aura phusalA lI jAne vAlI mAninI preyasI ke spaSTa udgAroM ko, rasAtmakatA kA jaise zilAlekha banA diyaa| isI saMvAda kI pratidhvani zatapatha brAhmaNa, viSNu purANa, aura mahAbhArata meM bhI mukharita haI hai| jisakA anuguMjana, mahAkavi kAlidAsa ke "vikramorvazIya' nATaka meM, spaSTa sunAI par3atA hai| bhArata ke mUrdhanya kaviyoM ne jI bhara kara parjanya kI mahimA ke gIta gAye haiN| kintu, vaidika kavi ne 'jImUta' parjanya kA guNagAna kiyA hai| yaha jIsUta, kSaNabhara meM hI, jala-thala eka kara detA hai| dharatI se ambara taka jaladhArA kA eka vartula sA banA detA hai| veda kahatA hai-'Ao, Aja ina gItoM se usa parjanya ko gAo; yadi use namaskAra karake mAnanA cAho, to parjanya ke gIta gaao| dekho, yaha mahAn sAMDa garja rahA hai| isake dAna meM (kitanI) zakti hai| (apane isI dAna se) vanaspatiyoM meM apane bIja kA garbhAdhAna kara rahA hai vaha / ""vaha dekho, per3oM ko kisa taraha ukhAr3akara pheMke calA jA rahA hai ? rAkSasoM ko kisa taraha dharAzAyI kiye calA jA rahA hai ? isakA dAruNa vaja dekhakara, dharatI aura AkAza Dola rahe haiN| jaba, vidya tapAta karake yaha durAcAriyoM ko dharAzAyI karatA hai, taba, niSpApa loga bhI tharatharA uThate haiN|.."aur, jisa taraha, rathI apane kor3e se ghor3oM ko Age kUdA detA hai, vaise hI, yaha bhI, varSA ke dvArA dUtoM ko Age khisakA/sarakA rahA hai| suno'"kahIM dUra, vaha siMha dahAr3a rahA hai| yaha zera, pRthvI meM (varSA kA) bIja DAla rahA hai| 1. acchA vada tavasaM gIbhirAbhiH stuhi parjanyaM namasA vivAsa / kanikradad vRSabho jIradAnU reto dadhAtyauSadhISu garbham // kiM vRkSAn hantyuta hanti rAkSasAn vizvaM vibhAya bhuvanaM mahAvadhAt / utA nAgA ISate kRSNyAvato yat parjanyaH stanayan hanti duSkRtaH //

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 341 ye, ve varSA gIta haiM, jinameM, eka vilakSaNa pratibhA prasphurita ho rahI hai| isa varSA meM sAMDa hai, siMha hai, aura vaha saba kucha bhI hai, jisase hamArA aindriyatva sahala uThatA hai, phira svayaM meM, use AtmasAt kara letA hai| ___ eka dUsare sthala para, 'jImUta' megha kA upamAna rUpa meM prayoga; vaidika vAGamaya kI sAhityikatA aura rUpakatA ko, eka aisI U~cAI taka pahu~cA detA hai, jisa taka, zAyada megha svayaM na pahu~ca ske| dekhiye-'jaba eka vIra yoddhA, kavaca se saja-dhaja karake, raNAGgaga meM upasthita hotA hai, aura apane dhanuSa se bANoM kI varSA kara zatrudala para chA jAtA hai, taba, usakA ceharA 'jImUta' jaisA ho jAtA hai|" sAmAnya rUpa se dekhane/par3hane para to yaha upamAna, bar3A hI betukA, kiMvA phIkA sA lagatA hai, kintu, jaba 'jImUta' zabda ko vyutpatti samajha meM A jAtI hai, taba, isa upamAna kA camatkAra, svataH hI sAmane A jAtA hai| jomUta' zabda banatA hai-jyA+/mova (gati) se / arthAt aisA bAdala 'jImUta' kahA jAyegA, jisameM bijalo ko pratyaJcA kauMdha rahI ho| eka saccA zUravIra, jaba zatrudala para TUTatA hai, taba usakA ceharA 'jomUta' jaisA hI hotA hai| kyoMki, balapUrvaka pUrNa zrama se aura dhUli-dhUsarita hone ke kAraNa, ceharA kRSNavarNa ho jAtA hai / sAtha hI, zatru dala para dhanuSa se bANoM kI jaba varSA karatA hai, taba usakI laharAtI/lapalapAtI pratyaJcA (jyA), varSaNazIla megha meM kauMdha rahI vidya llatA jaisI, usa bahAdura vIra ke cehare ke sAmane/Asa-pAsa, kSaNa-kSaNa meM kauMdhatI rahatI hai / aba, ukta upamAna se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki vaidika RSi dvArA prayukta yaha upamAna, na to phIkA hai, na hI betukA, balki eka naye rUpaka kI sarjanA kA dyotaka bana gayA hai| Rgveda kA yaha prAJjala varNana, kitanA sajIva hai ? isakI zabda garimA aura usase dhvanita artha-gAmbhIrya kitanA vizada hai, pezala hai ? isa viSaya para, bahuta kucha likhane se acchA hogA, isake prayoga ko samajhA rathIva kazayAzvAM abhikSipannAvirdUtAn kRNute vA aha / dUrAn siMhasya stanathA udIrate yat parjanyaH pRthivI retasAvati / / -vahI 5/8/3/1-3 1. vahI 5-75-1

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342 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA jAye, balki, ThIka se samajhA jAye / kyoMki isakA eka-eka akSara jIvanta hai, zabda-zabda kI pora-pora meM ikSa rasa jaisI miThAsa bharI hai / AvazyakatA hai samajha kI, anubhUti kI, aura Ananda lene kI cAha kI / vIratA aura karmapravaNatA bhare ina AkhyAnoM kA prasthAna, jaba sne. hila dharAtala kA sparza karatA hai, taba, eka vapUSmAn (nara) aura vapuSI (nArI) kA gaThabandhana, manu ke nau bandhana para hote dera nahIM lgtii| isI gaThabandhana se ubharatI haiM ve zreSTha zAlInatAe~, jinameM uSA, hasrA (hasanazIla vanitA) bana kara, apane sampUrNa saMvRta praNaya ko anAvRta kara detI hai| uSA ke isI anAvRta praNaya-dvAra kI dehalIja para baiThakara, vaidika jaranta RSi muni-gaNa ne, pratyaGa manas se kI gaI tapasyAoM ke bala para, zAzvata satya kA sAkSAtkAra kiyA hai / vedoM ne ise 'Rt' nAma se pukArA hai / isI 'Rt' ke Ananda kI mastI meM jhUmakara vaha gA uThatA haisaSTi ke pahile kyA thA ? na sat thA, na asat, na dharatI thI, na AkAza thA !""maiM kauna hU~ ? kahA~ ro AyA hU~ ?""ityAdi / Rgveda kA yaha aisA gAna hai, jisase Age, mAnava kA mastiSka aba taka nahIM jA pAyA / aura, ina RgvedIya praznoM ke jo samAdhAna aba taka diye gaye haiM, unheM soma pAnocA kI raMgamayI bhAva bhaGgimA meM, usane svayaM hI talAza liyA thaa| aura, taba, vaha kaha uThA thA- 'maiM hI manu thaa| sUrya bhI maiM hI thaa| kakSIvAn RSi maiM hI thA / Aju neya kutsa ko maiMne hI dabAyA thaa| uzanA kavi maiM hI haiN| Arya ko pRthvI maiMne hI dI thii| martya ke lie varSA maiMne hI bnaaii| kalakalAyamAna jaladhArAoM ko meM hI bahAtA huN| devatA taka, mere izAre para calate Aye haiN|' yaha sUkta, puruSa/AtmA ke paramAtmatva ko jina saMketoM/pratIkoM ke 1. nAsadAsIno sadAsIttadAnI nAsIdrajo no vyomA paro yat / kimAvarIvaH kuhakasya zarmannambhaH kimAsId gahanaM gabhIram / / ityAdi, -vahI 10-126-1-7. 2. ahaM manurabhavaM sUryazcAhaM kakSIvA~ RSirasmi viprH| ahaM kutsnamAjuneyaM nyUje'haM kaviruzanA pazyatA mA / ahaM bhUmimadAdamAryAyAhaM vRSTiM dAthuSe mAya / ahamapo anayaM vAvazAnA mama devAso anu keta mAyan / / -vahI 4-26-1-2

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 343 mAdhyama se sarvazaktimAna ghoSita kara rahA hai, ThIka, vaise hI, zakti-svarUpA nArI ke mahimAmaya gaurava kA guNagAna karane meM bhI vaidika RSi se cUka nahIM huii| Rgveda kI RcA svayaM bola uThatI hai-'sUrya udaya ho gayA hai, sAtha hI, merA bhAgya bhI udaya huA hai| isa tathya se maiM avagata huuN| tabhI to, apane pati para prabhAvI bana gaI huuN| maiM svayaM ketu hU~, mUrdhA hU~, aura prabhAvuka hU~ / merA pati, merI buddhi ke anurUpa AcaraNa karegA, mere putra zatrughna haiM, merI putrI bhrAjamAna hai, maiM svayaM vijayinI haiM, patideva para, mere zloka prabhAvuka haiM / jisa havi ko dekara, indra sarvottama tejasvI bane the, vaha (saba) bhI maiM kara cukI hU~ / aba,merI koI sauta nahIM rahI, koI zatru nahIM rahA / 1 yaha hai vaidika nArI kA sabala-svarUpa / vaha jIvana ke hara kendra para, vaha kendra cAhe bhoga kA ho yA yoga kA, yuddha kA ho yA yAga kA; hara jagaha vaha apane pati jaisI hI balavatI hai, AtmA kI prajJA jaisI / ye haiM Rgveda ke kucha aMza, jinameM bhAratIya sAhitya aura saMskRti kI zAzvata nidhiyAM samAI huI haiM / Aja kI bhAratIyatA kA yahI hai Adi srota, jisase, anaginata kathAoM ke dvArA mAnava-cetanA ko Urdhvaretas banAne ke na jAne kitane rahasya, Aja bhI anunmIlita hue par3e haiM / aitareya brAhmaNa kA zunaHzepa AkhyAna, zata-patha brAhmaNa meM duSyanta pUtra bharata aura zakuntalA se sambandhita AkhyAna, mahApralaya kI kathA meM manu kA vivaraNa bhI prasiddha AkhyAnoM meM se hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM yAjJavalkya ke dArzanika vAda-vivAda, mahApralaya meM manu kA varNana bhI prasiddha AkhyAnoM meM se hai| bRhadAraNyakopaniSad meM yAjavalkya aura janaka ke 1 udasau sUryo agAdudayaM mAmako bhagaH / ahaM tad vidvalA patimabhyasAkSi viSAsahiH // ahaM keturahaM mUrdhAhamugrA vivAcanI / mamedanu Rtu pati: sehAnAyA upArcarat / / mama putrA zatra haNo'tho me duhitA virAT / utAhamasmi saMjayA patyo me zloka uttamaH / / yenendro haviSA kRtvyabhavad dya mnyuttamaH / idaM tadakri devA asapatnA kilAbhuvam / / ityAdi / -vahI 10-106-1-4

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344 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA saMvAda tathA yAjJavalkya aura unakI patnI maitreyI ke bIca huI dArzanika carcAe~, bhAratIya saMskRti ke Urjasvila AkhyAnoM meM mAne / gine jAte haiM / isI sandarbha meM, jaba uttara vaidika AkhyAna sAhitya para dRSTipAta kiyA jAtA hai, to rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata, ye donoM hI ArSa kAvya, apanI ora dhyAna AkRSTa kara lete haiM / mahAbhArata kA mukhya pratipAdya, kauravoM aura pANDavoM ke pArivArika kalaha kI rASTrIya vyApakatA ko vizleSita karanA rahA hai / yaha yuddha yadyapi aThAraha dinoM taka ho calA, kintu isakI varNanA meM aThAraha hajAra zlokoM kA eka vizAla grantha taiyAra ho gayA / sarpadaMza se, jaba mahArAja parIkSita svargavAsI ho jAte haiM, taba unakA putra janamejaya, sampUrNa sarpoM ke vinAza ke lie nAgayajJa kA anuSThAna karatA hai| isI avasara para, use yaha sArI kathA, vaizampAyana ne sunAI thii| vaizampAyana ne svayaM, yaha kathA maharSi vyAsa se sunI thI / isa kathA meM, mukhyakathA ke atirikta anekoM AkhyAna, prasaGgavazAt Aye haiM / jisameM zakuntalopAkhyAna, matsyopAkhyAna, rAmAkhyAna, gaMgAvataraNa, RSyazRGgakathA, mahArAja zivi aura unake putra uzInara kI, tathA, sAvitryupAkhyAna aura jalopAkhyAna Adi, kucha aise AkhyAna haiM, jinheM vizva - sAhitya meM eka vizeSa gaurava kI A~kha se dekhA / parakhA / par3hA jAtA hai / isI mahAbhArata meM, zrIkRSNa kA samagra vRtta, eka hajAroM zlokoM meM gumphita hai / isa aMza ko 'harivaMza kathA' ke nAma se svatantra rUpa bhI diyA gayA hai / bhagavadgItA kA kRSNArjuna saMvAda bhI, mahAbhArata kA hI eka mahatvapUrNa bhAga hai / rAmAyaNa meM, mahAbhArata jaisA, AkhyAnoM kA vipula bhaNDAra to nahIM hai, phira bhI, bhAratIya kAvya-paramparA kA Adya grantha hone kA, ise gauravapUrNa sthAna prApta hai | Adi kavi maharSi vAlmIki ne isameM jisa rAmakathA kA varNana kiyA hai, usase bhArata kA pratyeka AbAla-vRddha bhalIbhA~ti paricita hai / , rAmAyaNa meM bhI mukhyakathA ke atirikta anekoM avAntara- kathAyeM jur3I huI' prasaGgavazAt AI huI haiN| jinameM, rAvaNa kA brahmA se varadAna pAnA, rAma ke rUpa meM viSNu kA avatarita honA, gaMgAvataraNa, vizvAmitra ora

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 345 vaziSTha kA yuddha Adi AkhyAna, saMskRta sAhitya ke utkRSTa evaM garimApUrNa AkhyAnoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiye jAte haiN| ina donoM mahAgranthoM kI bhAva-bhUmi ko AdhAra mAna kara, uttaravartI, AkhyAna-sAhitya kI vistRta sarjanAe~ huI haiN| 'mAlatI mAdhava' aura 'mudrA rAkSasa' jaise kucha eka kathAnakoM ko chor3akara, zeSa samUcA saMskRta sAhitya, ina donoM ArSa kAvyoM ke prabhAva se anachuA nahIM raha paayaa| raghuvaMza, bhaTTikAvya, rAvaNavaho aura jAnakIharaNa jaise mahAkAvyoM ne rAmAyaNa kI rasadhArA meM svayaM ko nimagna karAyA, to kirAtArjunIya, zizupAlavadha, aura naiSadhIyacarita jaise utkRSTa mahAkAvyoM kI pRSThabhUmi meM, mahAbhArata ko Urjasvila bhAva-lahariyA~ taraGgita hotI spaSTa dekhI jA sakato haiM / mAnavIya-jIvana, bAlU ke ghara kI taraha, zIghra Dhaha kara gira jAne vAlI vastu nahIM hai / balki, isameM sthAyitva hai / aisA sthAyitva, jo apanI bhautika sattA ko vinaSTa kara cukane ke bAda bhI, apane bAda kI mAnavasantati ko rAha dikhA sakatA hai| kintu, yaha taba sambhava ho pAtA hai, jaba vyakti apanA jIvana udAttatA, para-duHkha kAtaratA, trasta-pIr3ita-pratAr3ita mAnavatA ko zaraNa aura sahakAra-sambala karanA, Adi mahanIya zobhana guNoM se ApUrita banA letA hai| inhIM jaise guNoM se, vyakti ke kSaNabhaMgura jIvana meM sthAyitva aura mahanIyatA samApita ho pAtI hai| vAlmIki rAmAyaNa meM, una samasta zobhana guNoM kA sundara-samanvaya, rAma ke Adarza vyaktitva meM phalitArtha kiyA gayA hai, jisase, unakA jIvana, sirpha mRtyu-paryanta taka calane vAlA, sAdhAraNa AdamI ke jIvana jaisA na raha pAyA, varan, eka aisA carita bana gayA, jise Aja bhI, hara pala, hara-kSaNa jIvanta banA huA anubhava kiyA jAtA hai| ___ mahAbhArata kI sarjanA ke mUla meM bhI, sirpha yuddhoM kI varNanA karanA hI maharSi vyAsa kA lakSya nahIM rahA, balki unakA abhiprAya, bhautikajIvana kI nissAratA ko prakaTa karake, mokSa ke lie prANiyoM meM autsukya jagAnA rahA hai / isIlie, mahAbhArata kA mukhya-rasa 'zAnta' hai| vIrarasa to usakA aMgIbhUta banakara AyA hai| mahAbhArata, vastutaH eka aisA dhArmika graMtha hai, jisase, Adhunika jagat kI hara-zreNI kA vyakti, apanA jIvana sudhArane kI zikSA-sAmagrI prApta kara sakatA hai / karma, jJAna aura bhakti kI sarasvatI pravAhita karane

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346 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA vAlI bhagavadgItA to Aja ke AdhyAtmika jagat kA utkRSTa kIrtistambha hai| mahAbhArata kI inhIM saba vilakSaNa vizeSatAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara, maharSi vyAsa ne, apanA Azaya vyakta karate samaya spaSTa kiyA thA- 'isa AkhyAna ko jAne binA, jo puruSa vedAGga tathA upaniSadoM ko jAna letA hai, vaha vyakti kabhI bhI apane ko vicakSaNa nahIM kahalavA sktaa| bhAratIya AkhyAna sAhitya meM, bauddhadharma ke kathA sAhitya ko bhI mahattvapUrNa sthAna prApta hai / bauddha kathAoM ko samAviSTa karane vAlA 'avadAna' sAhitya, apanA maulika astitva rakhatA hai| 'avadAna' kA artha hotA hai-'mahanIya kArya kI khaanii|' jisa taraha, pAli sAhitya meM, mahAtmAbuddha ke pUrva-janmoM ke zobhana guNoM kA varNana 'jAtaka' meM huA hai, usI paripATo meM, saMskRta meM viracita yaha 'avadAna' sAhitya hai| isameM 'avadAna zataka' sabase prAcIna saMgraha hai| isameM saMkalita kathAe~, tathAgata buddha ke una zobhana guNoM kI varNanA karatI hai, jinake bala para unheM buddhatva ko prApti huI thii| isakI kucha kahAniyoM meM, pApAcaraNa karane vAle vyaktiyoM ko dI jAne vAlI yAtanAoM kI bhI vivecanA kI gaI hai| isa saMkalana ke aMta:sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para, isakA racanA-kAla dvitIya zataka mAnA jA sakatA hai / tosarI zatAbdI meM isakA cInI anuvAda huA thaa| 'divyAvadAna' bhI bauddhakathAoM kA eka saMkalana hai| yaha grantha, pUrNataH gadya meM hai| kintu, bIca-bIca meM jo gAthAyeM isameM dI gaI haiM, ve, chandabaddha to haiM hI, unameM AlaMkArikatA bhI acche stara kI hai| grantha meM azoka se sambandhita kathAe~ haiM / ina kathAoM kI aitihAsikatA aura mano. raMjakatA to asaMdigdha hai, parantu, isakI bhASA ko, pAlI ke samparka se mizrita hone ke kAraNa, tathA kucha sthaloM para, bhraSTa-bhASA kA bhI prayoga hone ke kAraNa, bhASA-zAstriyoM ne, eka alaga prakAra kI dhArA meM pravAhita bhASA mAnA hai / isI taraha, isameM saMkalita kathAoM ke kahane kA DhaMga bhI asta-vyasta aura betukA sA hai| 1 yo vidyAccaturo vedAn sAGgopaniSado dvijaH / na cAkhyAnamidaM vidyAnna va sa syAdvicakSaNaH / / 2 DaoN0 kAvela va nIla dvArA sampAdita-kaimbrija-1866, bauddha saMskRta granthamAlA (darabhaMgA) se prakAzita 1962

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 347 samagra bauddha sAhitya meM 'tripiTaka' pramukha haiN| ye tripiTaka haiMvinayapiTaka, suttapiTaka aura abhidhammapiTaka / tathAgata buddha ne bhikSuoM ke AcaraNa ko saMyamita rakhane ke lie jo niyama banAye, unhIM kI carcA 'vinayapiTaka' meM hai / 'suttapiTaka' meM, buddha ke upadezoM aura saMvAda kA saMgraha hai / mahAbhArata ke suprasiddha yakSa-yudhiSThira saMvAda kI taraha kA yakSa-yuddha saMvAda bhI isI saMgraha meM hai / isI saMgraha meM saMkalita 'jAtaka' meM buddha ke pUrvajanma ke sadAcAroM kI abhivyakti karane vAlI kathAe~ haiN| bauddhadharmakathAoM meM isakA vizeSa mahatva hai| 'buddha vaMza' meM, gautama-buddha se pUrva ke caubIsa buddhoM kA jIvana-carita varNita hai| inameM samAhita kathA sAhitya bauddha-dharma kathA kA utkRSTa sAhitya mAnA jA sakatA hai / 'abhidhammapiTaka' meM gautama buddha ke upadezoM ke AdhAra para, unake dArzanika vicAroM kI vyavasthA kI 'vinayapiTaka' ke khandakoM meM, niyamoM aura kartavyoM ke nirdeza ke sAtha-sAtha aneka AkhyAna bhI milate haiM / 'cullavagga' meM saMvAdAtmaka aura carita sambandhI anekoM kathAe~ haiN| 'dIghanikAya' 'majjhimanikAya' aura 'suttapiTaka' meM bhI, bahuta sAre AkhyAna haiN| isI taraha, 'vimAnavatthu', 'petthavatthu,' 'therI gAthA' aura 'thera gAthA' meM bhI kaI taraha kI kathAe~ haiN| ina sabako dekhane se yaha sahaja hI anumAna ho jAtA hai ki jAtaka-sAhitya, upadezapUrNa manoraMjaka kathAoM/AkhyAnoM kA vizAla bhaNDAra hai| jisake prabhAva se, uttaravartI sAhitya bhI achUtA nahIM raha skaa| pAli tripiTaka kI gAthAe~ bahuta prAcIna haiN| usameM prayukta chanda, vAlmIki rAmAyaNa se bhI prAcIna haiM !1 kucha gAthAe~ to vaidika yuga kI haiM / inhIM gAthAoM ko spaSTa karane ke lie, jAtaka kathAe~ kahI gaI haiN| bauddha dharma kA yathArtha-paricaya karAne ke kAraNa suttapiTaka kA sAhityika aura aitihAsika mahatva vizeSa hai / prAcIna nIti kathAoM kA saMgraha 'jAtaka' isI meM saMkalita hai / jAtaka, suttapiTaka ke khuddakanikAya kA dasavA~ grantha hai / isameM, anekoM kahAniyA~ haiM / kucha choTI haiM aura kucha bdd'ii| kucha 1 olDena varga--gurupUjAkaumudI, pRSTha-10, dIghanikAya sampA. hrIsa DeviDasa eNDa kArapenTara-vAlyUma-I, inTroDakzana-pRSTha-8 / 2 DaoN0 vinTaranitja-hisTrI Apha inDiyana liTrecara-II, P. 123 /

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348 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA - kathAe~ to itanI bar3I haiM ki unake svarUpa ko dekhate hue, unheM saMkSipta mahAkAvya kahA jA sakatA hai / 'jAtaka' kA artha hotA hai - 'janma-sambandhI kathAe~' / tathAgata ne apane pUrva janmoM kA, aura ghaTanAoM kA smaraNa karake, unheM apane ziSyoM kI sunaayaa| buddha prApti se pUrva, kaI yoniyoM meM, unheM janma lenA par3A thaa| jinameM manuSya, devatA, pazu-pakSI Adi kI yoniyA~ rahIM / ina sava yoniyoM meM rahakara bhI, unakA 'bodhisatva' yathAvasthita rahA / 'bodhisattva ' kA artha hotA hai - 'bodhi ke liye udyamazIla prANI (sattva ) ' / inhIM kahAniyoM ko kahakara, buddha ne logoM ko apanA upadeza diyaa| ye kahAniyAM, IsA pUrva kI pAMcavIM zatAbdI se lekara, IsA ke bAda kI prathama dvitIya zatAbdI taka racI gaI / inameM se anekoM kahAniyoM kA vikasita rUpa rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai / 1 , buddha ne paramparAgata laukika gAthAoM ko subhASitoM ke rUpa meM grahaNa 'kiyA / 'vilAravata' jAtaka kI eka gAthA meM 'biDAlavrata' kA lakSaNa diyA gayA hai / buddhakAla meM, koI aisI viDAla kathA pracalita rahI hogI, jisameM cUhoM ko dhokhA dekara koI biDAla unheM khA jAtA thA / dharma kI Ar3a meM dhokhA dene vAle kRtya kA yaha pratIkAtmaka AkhyAna hai / isa prakAra ke kArya ko, usa samaya meM 'biDAlavrata' ke rUpa meM paryApta mAnyatA dI jA cukI hogI, aisA pratIta hotA hai / isIlie buddha ne use jAtaka kathA meM sammilita karake apanA liyA / mahAbhArata, manusmRti evaM viSNu smRti' meM bhI, isa viDAlavrata kA ullekha AyA haiM / 3 'jAtaka' meM jAtakoM kI kula saMkhyA 547 hai / jinameM, kucha jAtaka 1 jAtaka - prathama khaMDa - bhUmikA - bhadanta A0 kausa0 pR. 24 2 yo ve dhammaM dhajaM katvA nigUlaho pApamAcare / vissAsayitvA bhUtAni vilAra nAma taM vataM // 3 mahAbhArata - 5-160-13 4 dharmadhvajo sadA lubdhAdamiko lokadambhakaH / vaiDAlavratiko jJayo hiMsraH sarvAbhisaMdhikaH / / * 5 viSNusmRti - 63-8 - vilAravata jAtaka - 128 - manusmRti-a. 4-194

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 346 naye A gaye haiN| aura, kucha prAcIna jAtaka isameM nahIM A pAye haiN| tathApi yaha jAtaka sAhitya, upadezapUrNa aura manoraMjaka hai / jaina AkhyAna/kathA sAhitya prAcIna jaina AgamoM meM kathA-sAhitya kA bhaNDAra bharA par3A hai| 'AcArAMga' meM, mahAvIra kI jIvana-gAthA hai, to 'kalpasUtra' meM tIrthaMkaroM kI jIvaniyoM kI saMkSipta jhA~kI hai| 'nAyAdhammakahAo' ke prathama zrataskandha ke unnIsa adhyayanoM meM, aura dUsare zra taskandha ke dasa vargoM meM anekoM manohArI aura upadezAtmaka kathAoM kA citraNa hai| ziSyoM ke praznoM ke utararUpa meM, vIra jIvana kI jhAMkI 'bhagavatI' ke saMvAdoM meM prastuta kI gaI hai| 'sUtrakRtAMga' ke chaThe va sAtaveM adhyayanoM meM, AdrakakumAra ke gozAlaka aura vedAntiyoM ke sAtha sambAdoM kA, tathA peDhAlaputra udaka ke sAtha gaNadhara gautama ke samvAdoM kA ullekha hai| isI ke dvitIya khaNDa ke prathama adhyayana meM, puNDarIka kA dRSTAnta mahatvapUrNa hai / 'uttarAdhyayana' meM bhI jo anekoM bhAvapUrNa va zikSAprada AkhyAna Aye haiM, unameM, neminAtha kI jIvanagAthA kA prathama ullekha, vizeSa mahatva kA hai| zrIkRSNa, ariSTanemi, aura rAjImatI kI kathAeM tathA kapila kA AkhyAna bhI AkarSaka evaM manohArI hai / isI ke cora, gAr3IvAna, tIna vyApAriyoM ke dRSTAnta tathA harikeza -brAhmaNa, purohita aura usake putra,' pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra ke ziSyoM ke samvAda, vizeSa ullekhanIya haiN| Ananda, kAmadeva, culanIpitA, surAdeva, cullazataka, kuNDakaulika, saddAlaputra, mahAzataka, nandinIpitA; aura zAlihIpitA ina dasa zrAvakoM kA jIvana citra, 'upAsakadazAMga' ke dasa AkhyAnoM meM citrita hai| inhoMne, saMsAra kA parityAga sarvAMzataH nahIM kiyA thA, phira bhI, ve mokSaprApti ke lie satata prayatnazIla bane rahe / inake jIvana-caritoM kA yahI vaiziSTya rahA hai| 1 hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTrecara-DA. vinTaranitja, vaoN. II, pRSTha-124, phaTanoTa 1 2 vahI-pRSTha-115, phuTanoTa 4 3 uttarAdhyayana sUtra-adhya0 21, 4 vahI-adhyayana-27 5 vahI-adhyayana-21, 6 vahI-adhyayana-12 7 vahI-adhyayana-12 8 vahI-adhyayana-23

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350 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA 'antakRddazAMga' meM una anekoM mahApuruSoM aura striyoM kA jIvanacaritra varNita hai, jinhoMne ugra tapazcaraNa dvArA, apanI sAMsArikatA ko vikhaNDita karake mokSa prApta kiyA / 'anuttaropapAtika dazAMga' meM, aise dasa sAdhakoM kI jIvanacaryA varNita kI gaI hai, jo apane sAdhanA bala se, pahale to anuttara vimAnoM meM janma lete haiM, phira manuSya janma prApta kara, mokSagAmI banate haiM / sthAnAMgara, tattvArtharAjavArtika' aura aMgapaNNatta meM, sAdhakoM ke nAmoM meM, aura unake varNana meM bhI bhinnatA spaSTa dekhI gaI hai ' 'vipAka sUtra' meM zubha karmoM kA aura azubha karmoM kA pariNAma kaMsA hotA hai ? yaha batalAne ke lie dasa-dasa vyaktiyoM ke jIvana caritroM ko uddhRta kiyA gayA hai / isake prathama zruta-skandha meM, duSkRta pariNAmoM kA digdarzana karAne ke liye, jina dasa kathAnakoM ko cunA gayA hai, unase sambaddha vyaktiyoM ke nAma isa prakAra haiM- mRgAputra, ujjhitaka, abhagnasena, (abhaggasena ), zaka kumAra, bRhaspatidatta, nandIvardhana, udumbaradatta, zauryadatta, devadattA aura aMjuzrI / sthAnAMga meM, inase bhinna nAma milate haiM, jo ki isa prakAra haiM - mRgAputra, gotrAsa, aMDazakaTa, mAhana, naMdISeNa, zaurika, udumbara, sahasodvAha, AmaTaka aura kumAralicchavI / ' ina nAmoM kA vartamAna meM upalabdha nAmoM ke sAtha sundara samanvaya kiyA hai- paM0 becaradAsajI dozI ne, jo dRSTavya hai / dUsare zrutaskandha meM, sukRta pariNAmoM kA digdarzana karAne vAle, jina dasa jIvanavRttoM ko cunA gayA hai, unake nAma haiM - subAhukumAra, bhadranandI, sujAtakumAra, suvAsavakumAra, jinadAsakumAra (vaizramaNakumAra ), dhanapati, mahAbalakumAra, bhadranandIkumAra, aura varadattakumAra / isI taraha ke zikSAprada bhAvapradhAna AkhyAna, uttarAdhyayana sUtra niyukti, dazavaikAlika niyukti, Avazyaka niyukti aura nandIsUtra meM bhI haiM / 1 ThANaM 10 / 114 2 tatvArtha rAjavArtika - 1 /20 3 ....ujudAso sAlibhaddakkho / suNakkhatto abhayo vi ya dhaNNo varavAriseNa NaMdagayA | do cilAyaputto kattaiyo jaha tasa aNNe / / - aMgapaNNattI - 55 4 ThANAMga - 10 / 111 / 5 jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa - bhAga 1, pRSTha 263, prakA0 pArzvanAtha vidyA zrama zodha saMsthAna, vArANasI /

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 351 zvetAmbara paramparA ke AgamottaravartI AkhyAna sAhitya se jur3e paumacariya (vimalasUri), supArzvacarita (lakSmaNagaNi), mahAvIra cariya (guNabhadra), taraMgavatI, vasudeva-hiNDI, samarAiccakahA (haribhadra), harivaMza, prabhAvakacarita, pariziSTaparva, prabandha cintAmaNi aura tIrthakalpa Adi anekoM aise grantha haiM, jinameM dharma, zIla, puNya, pApa aura saMyama evaM tapa ke sUkSma-rahasyoM kI vivecanA kI gaI hai / jinameM, mAnavIya jIvana aura prAkRtika vibhUti ke samagra citra ujjvalatA aura nipuNatA ke pariveza meM prastuta kiye gaye haiN| digambara paramparA, zvetAmbara paramparA meM upalabdha aGga sAhitya ko svIkAra nahIM krtii| isakI mAnyatA hai ki dvAdazAGga sAhitya lupta ho cukA hai| usakA jo kucha bhAga zeSa bacA hai, vaha 'SaTakhaNDAgama', 'kaSAyapAhaDa' aura 'mahAbandha' jaise upalabdha granthoM meM surakSita hai| phira bhI, tattvArtharAjavArtika Adi graMthoM se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki digambara paramparA ke aGga-sAhitya meM bhI aneka AkhyAna pAye jAte the| vastutaH, digambara aura zvetAmbara, donoM hI paramparAoM meM mAnya AgamoM ke nAma lagabhaga eka jaise hI haiM / jo kucha thor3A-bahata antara paramparA bheda se parilakSita hotA hai. usakA koI aisA mahatva nahIM hai. jisakA duSprabhAva, maulika mAnyatAoM para apanI chApa DAla pAtA ho| upalabdha digambara sAhitya meM AcArya kundakunda kI racanAoM kA viziSTa sthAna hai| inameM Dhera sAre kathAnaka, AkhyAna aura carita milate haiM / bhAvanA kI upayogitA, sAdhanA ke kSetra meM kitanI mahatvapUrNa hai / isa kA bahamukhI paricaya, "bhAvapAhuDa' kA adhyayana karane se svataH mila jAtA hai| nissaMga ho jAne para bhI, 'mAna' kaSAya kI upasthiti ke kAraNa bAhubali ke citta para kAluSya banA hI rahA', aparigrahI muni madhupiMga ko 'nidAna' ke kAraNa dravyaliGgI bane rahanA par3A, vaziSTha muni kI bhI durdazA, isI nidAna ke kAraNa, kucha kama nahIM huii| bAhumuni ko, krodhAviSTa hokara daNDaka rAjA kA nagara bhasma kara dene ke pariNAmasvarUpa raurava naraka taka bhoganA par3A, dIpAyana ko bhI dvArakA nagarI bhasma karane ke phalasvarUpa 1. bhAvapAhuDa gAthA 44 3. vahI 46 2. vahI gAthA 45 4. vahI , 46

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352 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ananta-saMsArI bananA par3A, aura bhavyasena munirAja, dvAdazAGga evaM caudaha pUrvo ke pAThI hote huye bhI, samyaktva ke abhAva meM, bhAva-zrAmaNya prApta nahIM kara paaye| ina kathAoM ke sAtha, bhAvazramaNa zivakumAra kA aisA kathAnaka bhI jur3A huA hai, jisameM inheM, yuvatiyoM se ghirA rahane para bhI vizuddha citta aura Asanna bhavya bane rahane kI bhUmikA meM citrita kiyA gayA hai / kundakundAcArya ke hI 'zIlapAhuDa' meM sAtyaki putra kA eka aura bhAvapUrNa kathAnaka varNita hai| _ tiloya-paNNatti' meM presaTha zalAkA-puruSoM kI jIvana-ghaTanAoM kA prabhAvapUrNa varNana hai| vaTTakera ke 'mUlAcAra' meM eka aisI ghaTanA kA varNana kiyA gayA hai, jisameM, eka hI dina, mithilA nagarI kI kanakalatA Adi striyoM, aura sAgaraka Adi puruSoM kI hatyA kA varNana hai / ' 'mUlArAdhanA' meM anekoM sundara AkhyAna haiN| jinameM, surata kI mahAdevI, gora saMdIvamuni' aura subhaga gvAlA Adi ke AkhyAna mukhya haiN| inakA vistRta varNana hariSeNa aura prabhAcandra ne bhI apane-apane kathAkoSoM meM kiyA hai| samantabhadra svAmI kA 'ratnakaraNDa-zrAvakAcAra' AkhyAnoM kA bhaNDAra hai| isameM aMjana cora, anantamatI, uddAyana, revatI, jinendrabhakta, vAriSeNa, viSNukumAra, aura vajrakumAra Adi ke AkhyAnoM se jJAta hotA hai ki ye saba, samyaktva ke pratyeka aMga kA paripUrNa pAlana karane ke liye vikhyAta the| inake alAvA kucha aise vyaktiyoM ke AkhyAna bhI isameM milate haiM, jo vratoM kA pAlana karate hue bhI, pApAcaraNa ke liye prasiddhi prApta kara cuke the| isI meM, usa meMDhaka kI bhI prasiddha kathA varNita hai, jo bha0 mahAvIra ke darzana ke lie nikalatA hai, kintu rAste meM hI zreNika ke hAthI ke paira ke nIce daba kara mara jAtA hai| aura, turanta mahaddhika deva kA svarUpa prApta kara letA hai| 1. bhAvapAhuDa gAthA 50 2. vahI gAthA 51 3. vahI gAthA 52 4. zIla prAbhRta gAthA 51 5. mUlAcAra 1/86-87 6. mUlArAdhanA A0 6, gAthA 1061 7. vahI, gAthA 615 8 . vahI, gAthA 759 6. bRhad kathAkoSa prastAvanA saM0 DaoN0 e0 ena0 upAdhye /

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Agamottara kAlIna zathAsahitya 353 paurANika sAhitya ke antargata, AdipurANa (jinasenAcArya), uttarapurANa (guNabhadra), mahApurANa (apabhraza, puSpadanta) Adi vibhinna purANoM meM, tathA 'dharmazarmAbhyudaya' aura 'jIvandharacampU' (donoM haricanda), candraprabhacarita (vIranandi), yazastilakacampU (somadeva), harivaMza (jinasena), padmavarita raviSeNa); purudevacampU (arhaddAsa) evaM gadyacintAmaNi (vAdIsiMha) Adi vibhinna mahAkAvyoM/caritakAvyoM meM pAye jAne vAle AkhyAna tathA kathAyeM, jainadharma-kathAoM kI mahanIyatA ko siddha karate haiM / tamila aura kannar3a bhASA ke jaina sAhitya meM bhI, bhAratIya AkhyAna-sAhitya kI anupama nidhi bharI par3I hai| nItikathA bhAratIya AkhyAna sAhitya meM 'nItikathA' sAhitya kA vizeSa sthAna hai / saMskRta sAhitya kI nItikathAoM ne, vizva ke kathA sAhitya meM apanA sthAna vizeSa U~cA banA liyA / kyoMki, ve jina-jina dezoM meM pahu~cI, vahIMvahI para lokapriya banatI gii| aMgrejI ke prakhyAta Alocaka DaoN. semuala jAnsana ne, nIti-kathA kI paribhASA isa prakAra kI hai-'vizuddha nItikathA, eka aisA nivedana hai, jisameM kucha buddhihIna prANI evaM kabhI-kabhI acetana padArtha, pAtroM ke rUpa meM nIti-tattva kI zikSA dene hetu Aye hoM, aura ve, mAnavIya hitoM evaM bhAvoM ko dhyAna meM rakhakara, ceSTA tathA sambhASaNa karane meM kalpita kiye gaye hoN| DaoN. jAnsana kI ukta paribhASA ke anusAra nItikathA ke tIna mUlatattva spaSTa hote haiM-1. pAtra, 2. hetu, evaM 3, kalpanA tatva / ina tInoM kA svarUpa-nirdhAraNa, ukta paribhASA ke anusAra, hama nimnalikhita rUpa meM kara sakate haiM1. pAtra-mAnavetara (buddhihIna) cetana prANI tathA acetana padArtha / 2. hetu-kisI nItitatva kI zikSA denA, yA usakA svarUpa-prati-pAdana / 3. kalpanA tatva- mAnavIya hitoM evaM bhAvoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue, aise pAtroM kI kalpanA, jinameM mAnavocita sambhASaNa aura ceSTAoM kI kalpanA karanA sahaja sambhava ho| 1. Lives of the English Poets : Vol. I, Edited By. G. Birckback Hill, Oxford, Goy. P. 283

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354 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA saMskRta sAhitya kI noti-kathAoM ke pramukha pAtra, mAnavetara prANIpazu-pakSo rahe haiN| ye apanI-apanI kahAniyoM meM, manuSya kI hI bhA~ti sampUrNa vyavahAra karate huye pAye jAte haiN| harSa-viSAda, prema-kalaha, hAsyarudana, yuddha-sandhi, upakAra-apakAra evaM cintA-utkaNThA jaise bhAvAtmaka vyavahAroM meM unakA AcaraNa, mAnava jaisA hI hotA hai| yahI pazU-pakSI, apanI-apanI kahAniyoM meM, vyAvahArika rAjanIti evaM sadAcAra ke sUkSmatama rahasyoM aura unakI upalabdhiyoM kA, tathA ina sabakI sAdhanabhUta gUr3ha maMtraNAoM taka ko, bar3e svAbhAvika DhaMga se pratipAdita karate dekhe jAte haiM / kintu, upalabdha nItikathA sAhitya meM, eka bhI aisI kathA nahIM milatI, jisa meM, acetana/nirjIva pAtroM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA ho / hA~, Rgveda meM, uSA se sambandhita eka kavitA hai 11 kintu, usameM dRzya kA prAkRtika saundarya hI abhivyakta huA hai| vahA~ para, prakRti, jIvanta svarUpa meM upasthita avazya huI hai, para vaha, kisI kathA/AkhyAna ke pAtra jaisA kAya/ vyavahAra nahIM krtii| isalie isa uSA-varNana meM, prakRti ke mAnavIyakaraNa kA vizleSaNa, hama svIkAra kareMge / kyoMki pAtra banakara, kisI kahAnI meM kArya/vyavahAra karanA, eka alaga bAta hai / isa pAtra-kArya/vyavahAra kI samAnatA, prakRti ke mAnavIyakaraNa se ekadama viparIta baiThatI hai / isalie, DA~0 jAnsana kI paribhASA meM 'kabhI-kabhI acetana padArtha' kI pAtratA kA siddhAnta-kathana cintanIya prasaMga upasthita kara detA hai| - san 1842 meM, landana meM phebalsa (Fables) nAma se eka kahAnI saMgraha prakAzita huA thaa| isameM alaga-alaga lekhakoM kI jo laghukathAe~, sampAdaka dvArA saMkalita kI gaI thIM, ve sabakI saba, 'phebalsa' ke antargata hI rakhI gaI thiiN| inameM prakhyAta grIka nItikathAkAra Isapa (Aesop) se lekara DoDasle (Dods1 y) taka kI nIti kathAe~ thiiN| ina kathAoM ke pAtroM meM kahIM 'Isapa evaM gardabha' hai, to kahIM para 'do bartana' hai / zRgAla, siMha, Adi paMcatantra kI kahAniyoM jaise pAtra bhI kucha kathAoM meM the| ina saba kahAniyoM ko 'phebalsa' kahanA, usa samaya ThIka mAnA jA sakatA thA, kyoMki, isa saMgraha ke prakAzana kAla taka taka, nItikathA kI koI bhedadazikA vyAkhyA/paribhASA, yA aisA hI koI lakSaNa-vizeSa, spaSTa nahIM ho 1. Rgveda 1/48/1-16 2. Fables : Editor G. Moir Bussey. London. 1842

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 355 pAyA thA / kintu Aja, 'phebalsa' kA spaSTa svarUpa sAmane A cukA hai / 1 tadanusAra, 'nItikathA' ke antargata ve hI kathAe~ grahaNa kI jA sakeMgI, jinameM adhikatara pAtra mAnavetara kSudra prANI hoM, aura, kahIM-kahIM, mAnavoya pAtra bhI Aye hoM / kintu, pramukha rUpa meM nahIM, balki, gauNa rUpa meM ho / pazu-pakSiyoM ke mAdhyama se vyAvahArika upadeza dene kI paramparA, bhArata meM bahuta prAcIna hai / Rgveda meM 'manu aura matsya' kI kathA AI hai / chAndogyopaniSad meM dRSTAnta ke rUpa meM udgItha zvAna kA AkhyAna hai / rAmAyaNa meM kucha nIti kathAe~ varNita haiM aura kucha upamAoM dvArA saMketita / mahAbhArata meM bhI vidura ke zrImukha se anekoM upadezaprada nItikathAe~ kahIM gaIM haiM / I0 pU0 tIsarI zatAbdI ke bhArahUta stUpa para bhI anekoM nIti kathAe~ uTTaMkita kI gaI haiM / 2 pAtaMjali ke mahAbhASya meM 'ajAkapANIya' kAkatAlIya' Adi lokoktiyoM kA, aura 'sarpanakula' 'kAkaulUka' kI janmajAta zatrutA kA ullekha AyA hai / nIti kathA kA spaSTa rUpa 'paMcatantra' meM milatA hai / viSNu zarmA dvArA racita yaha grantha, nIti- sAhitya kA sarva prAcIna aura mahatvapUrNa grantha hai | kintu, maulika 'paMcatantra' Aja upalabdha nahIM hai / vaise, paMcatantra ke Ajakala ATha saMskaraNa upalabdha haiM, jinameM, thor3A-bahuta hera-phera avazya hai / ina sAre saMskaraNoM ke tulanAtmaka adhyayana ke AdhAra para DaoN0 ejarTana ne eka prAmANika saMskaraNa prastuta kiyA hai | 'paMcatantra' ko racanA kaba huI ? nizcaya ke sAtha, Aja kucha bhI nahIM kahA jA sakatA / bAdazAha khusarU an zerakhAM (531 - 576 ) ke zAsanakAla meM, isakA pahalI bAra anuvAda pahalavI bhASA meM huA thA / parantu, Aja yaha anuvAda bhI aprApya ho gayA hai| isa anuvAda ke AsurI ( Syriac ) aura arabI rUpAntara avazya milate haiN| jinake nAma kramazaH 'kali laga tathA dama naga' (570 I0 ) aura 'kalIlaha tathA dimanaha' (750 I0) rakhe gaye the / ina nAmoM se yaha avazya jJAta hotA hai ki pahalavI bhASA meM anudita grantha kA nAma bhI paMcatantra ke prathama tantra meM varNita donoM zRgAloM ke 1 Oxford Junior Encyclopaedia : 'Vol. I. 'Mankind' Oxford, 1955 p. 167 2 maikaDAnala : inDiyAja pAsTa - pRSTha 117 /

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356 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA nAma para rahA hogA / aura sambhava hai, isa rUpAntara ke samaya taka, paMcatantra nAmakaraNa bhI yahI ho gayA ho| paMcatantra meM cANakya kA ullekha hone, aura usa para 'arthazAstra' kA spaSTa prabhAva hone se, yaha bhI anumAnita hotA hai ki isakA racanA kAla 300 I0 ke nikaTa honA cAhie / kyoMki arthazAstra ko, dUsarI zatAbdI kI racanA mAnA jAtA hai| vizva meM, jina pustakoM ke sarvAdhika anuvAda hue haiM, unameM se eka 'paMcatantra' bhI hai| bhArata meM, yaha sabhI bhASAoM meM, lagabhaga anUdita ho cukA hai| pacAsa se adhika videzI bhASAoM meM, do sau pacAsa saMskaraNa isake nikala cuke haiN| gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM isakA hibra meM, 13vIM zatAbdI meM speniza meM, aura 16vIM zatAbdI meM laiTina evaM aMgrejI bhASAoM meM anavAda huA thaa| isake prAcInatama anuvAda se yaha patA calatA hai ki isameM kula bAraha tantra rahe hoMge / Aja, sirpha pAMca hI tantra isameM haiN| __ paMcatantra ke bAda sarvAdhika pracalita saMkalana, nArAyaNa paNDita kA hitopadeza' hai| isakI eka pANDulipi 1373 I0 kI milI hai| jisake AdhAra para, isakA racanA kAla 14vIM zatI se pUrva kA mAnA jA sakatA hai| DaoN. kItha kA kathana hai ki isakA racanAkAla 11vIM zatI se bAda kA nahIM ho sktaa| kyoMki isameM rudrabhaTTa kA eka padya uddhRta hai / 1166 I0 meM, eka jaina lekhaka ne bhI isakA upayoga kiyA thaa| isase bhI ukta kathana pramANita ho jAtA hai| hitopadeza' paMcatantra kI hI paddhati para likhA gayA hai balki, isakI kula 73 kathAoM meM se 25 kathAe~, 'paMcatantra' se lI gaI haiN| isa satya ko svayaM granthakAra ne prastAvanA bhAga meM svIkAra kiyA hai| donoM meM sirpha itanA pharka hai ki hitopadeza meM, paMcatantra kI apekSA, zloka adhika haiN| inameM se kucha zloka 'kAmandakIya nItisAra' meM milate haiN| bauddhoM kI nItikathAe~ jAtakoM meM saMkalita haiM / inakA saMkalana I0 pU0 380 meM vidyamAna thA / eka cInI vizvakoza (668 I0) meM bauddha granthoM se lI gaI 200 nItikathAoM kA anuvAda hai| 'avadAnazataka' meM, aura 1 saMskRta sAhitya kI rUparekhA-pRSTha-300 / 2 maikaDAnala : hisTrI Apha saMskRta liTrecara, pRSTha-370 / 3 vahI-pRSTha-368 /

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 357 AryazUra racita 'jAtakamAlA' meM bhI bauddhoM kI nItikathAoM kA saMkalana hai| jaina siddhAntoM kI vivecanA/vyAkhyA ke lie anekoM nItikathAoM kI racanA huI hai / prAkRta sAhitya meM ina kathAoM kI bharamAra hai / inakA saMskRta rUpAntara, bahuta bAda kI vastu hai| 'upamiti-bhava-prapaJca kathA' ko bhI saMskRta sAhitya ke nItikathA granthoM meM mahatvapUrNa sammAna milA hai| 15vIM zatAbdI ke pUrvAddha meM likhI gaI jinakIrti kI 'campaka zreSTha kathAnaka' tathA 'pAla-gopAla kathAnaka' racanAe~, nIti-kathAgraMthoM meM rocaka mAnI gaI haiM / prathama racanA meM, bhAgya ko jItane ke lie rAvaNa ke niSphala prayAsa kA varNana hai| jabaki dUsarI racanA meM, eka aise yuvaka kA kathAnaka hai, jo kisI manacalI strI ke caMgula meM phaMsane se inakAra kara detA hai| phalasvarUpa vaha strI, usa yuvaka para doSAropaNa karane lagatI hai / triSaSTizalAkApuruSa carita ke 'pariziSTa parva' ko hemacandra (1088-1172) ne, nIti-kathAgrantha ke rUpa meM rcaa| isameM, jainasantoM ke manohArI jIvanavRttoM kI kathAeM samAviSTa haiM / 'samyanatva kaumudI' meM ahasAsa aura usakI ATha patniyoM ke mukha se samyak dharma ko prApti kA pratipAdana karAyA gayA hai / jise, eka rAjA aura cora bhI sunate haiN| isa grantha kI paddhati, eka hI kathA ke antargata anekoM kathAoM kA samAveza karane kI paramparA para AdhArita haiN| ina tamAma sandarbho ko lakSya karake kahA jA sakatA hai ki 'nItikathA' kA pramukha lakSya hai-'sarala aura manoraMjaka paddhati se dharma, artha aura kAma kI carcAoM ke sAtha-sAtha sadAcAra, sadvyavahAra aura rAjanIti ke paripakva jJAna ko mAnava-mana para isa taraha aMkita kara denA ki vaha mAyAvI aura vaJcakoM ke jAla meM ulajhane na paae|' ___ loka-kathA sAhitya kA bhI lakSya spaSTa hai-'loka-manarajana' / inake pAtra, pazu-pakSo na hokara, mAtra mAnava hI hote haiM / guNADhya kI 'bRhatkathA' lokakathAoM kA prAcInatama saMgraha-grantha hai / 'apane samaya kI pracalita lokakathAoM ko saMkalita karake guNADhya ne 'bRhatkathA' kI racanA kI' aisI kucha vidvAno kI dhAraNA hai| mUla 'bRhakathA' Aja upalabdha nahIM hai / isalie, isake AkAra Adi ke sambandha

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358 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA meM koI pratyakSa pramANa avaziSTa nahIM rahA / parantu, daNDI, subandhura, bANa dhanaMjaya', trivikrama bhaTTa, aura govardhanAcArya Adi ne isakA ullekha apanI-apanI racanAoM meM, Adara ke sAtha kiyA hai / isake tIna rUpAntara Aja milate haiM - (1) nepAla ke buddhasvAmI racita 'bRhatkathA - zloka-saMgraha' (8vI, havI I. zatI) / yaha racanA bhI Aja aMzataH upalabdha hai / isake vartamAna svarUpa meM 28 sarga aura 4524 padya hai / isakI bhASA meM, kahIM-kahIM para prAkRta svarUpa dikhalAI detA hai, jisase yaha sambhAvanA anumAnita hotI hai ki ye aMza mUla grantha se lie gae hoMge / (2) kAzmIra ke rAjA ananta ke Azraya me rahane vAle kavi kSemendra dvArA racita - 'bRhatkathAmaJjarI' (1037 I0 ) / isameM 7,500 zloka haiM / (3) somadeva kRta ' kathAsaritsAgara' (1063 - 1091 I0) meM 124 taraMgeM aura 20200 padya haiM / isake sarasa AkhyAna manoraMjaka haiM aura hRdayaMgama zailI meM likhe gaye haiM / granthakAra ne svayaM svIkAra kiyA hai ki usakI racanA kA AdhAra guNADhya kI bRhatkathA hai / " kathA - saritsAgara, vizva kA vizAlatama kathA - saMgraha graMtha hai / kItha, buddhasvAmI ke 'bRhatkathA- zloka - saMgraha' ko guNADhya kI racanA kA vizuddha rUpAntara mAnate haiM / kAzmIra kI janazruti ke anusAra yaha zlokabaddha thI / kintu daNDI ne, isako gadyamaya batalAyA hai / " bRhatkathA, bhAratIya sAhitya meM upajIvya grantha ke rUpa meM samAdRta hai / isa dRSTi se, ise rAmAyaNa aura mahAbhArata ke samakakSa mAnA jA sakatA hai / 'vaitAlapaJcaviMzatikA' bhI bRhatkathAmaMjarI aura kathAsaritsAgara kI paddhati para likhI gaI racanA hai / isameM, eka vaitAla ne ujjayinI nareza vikramAditya ko, paheliyoM ke rUpa meM 25 kathAeM sunAI haiM / ye, manoraMjaka 1 kAvyAdarza - 1 / 38 3 harSacarita prastAvanA 5 nalacampU 1 / 14 7 praNamya vAcaM niHzeSapadArthodyota dIpikAm / bRhatkathAyAM sArasya saMgrahaM racayAmyaham || 8 kAvyAdarza - 1/ 23, 68 2 vAsavadattA (subandhu) 4 daza rUpaka 1 / 68 6 AryAsaptazatI pRSTha- 13 - bRhatkathAsAra - pRSTha - 1. padya 3

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 356 hone ke sAtha-sAtha vizeSa kautUhalapUrNa bhI haiN| isake do saMskaraNa upalabdha hote haiM- 1. zivadAsa kRta saMskaraNa (1200 I.) gadya-padyAtmaka hai / aura jambhala datta kA kevala gadyamaya hai| 'siMhAsana dvAtriMzikA' bhI isI zailI aura paramparA kI racanA hai / isake kathAnaka meM, vikrama ke siMhAsana kI battIsa puttalikAe~, rAjA bhoja ko eka-eka kahAnI sunAtI jAtI haiM aura kahAnI sunAne ke bAda ur3a jAtI haiM / isa racanA ke do upanAma-'dvAtriMzatputtalikA' aura 'vikramacarita' milate haiM / bhinna-bhinna prakAroM vAle isake tIna alaga-alaga saMskaraNa prApta hote haiN| inameM se eka gadya meM, dUsarA padya meM, aura tIsarA gadya-padya mayI bhASA-zailI meM hai| isakA racanA-kAla bhoja ke samaya (1018-1063) ke bAda kA ThaharAyA gayA hai / dakSiNa bhArata meM isakA adhika prasiddha nAma 'vikramArkacarita hai| vikramAditya se sambandhita kathAoM ke kucha anya grantha bhI prApta hote haiM / ye haiM-ananta kA 'vIracarita', zivadAsa kI 'zAlivAhana kathA' aura bhaTTa vidyAdhara ke ziSya Ananda kI 'mAdhavAnala kthaa'| eka ajJAta lekhaka kA 'vikramodayA' tathA eka jaina saMkalana-'paJcadaNDacchatra prabandha' / ___'zuka saptati' meM, kAryavazAt ghara chor3akara gaye madanasena kI priyatamA kA mana bahalAne ke liye, usakA pAlatU totA, hara rAtri meM eka manoraMjaka kahAnI use sUnAtA hai| 70 dinoM ke bAda madanasena ghara lauTatA hai| isa taraha, tote dvArA kahI gaI kahAniyoM ke AdhAra para, isakA nAmakaraNa kiyA gayA hai| isakA racanAkAla caudahavIM zatAbdI ke pUrva kA anumAnita kiyA gayA hai| isake bhI tIna saMskaraNa prApta hote haiN| maithilI kavi vidyA pati kI pandrahavIM zatAbdI kI racanA 'puruSa parIkSA' meM nIti aura rAjanIti se sambandhita kathAe~ haiN| zivadAsa ke 'kathArNava' kI paiMtIsa kathAeM coroM aura mUoM kI kathAe~ haiN| aneka kaviyoM kI manoraMjaka daMtakathAe~ 'bhoja-prabandha' meM saMgrahIta haiN| isI paramparA ke saMgraha granthoM meM 'AraNyayAminI' aura IsabnIti kathA' ko ginA jAtA hai / cAritrasundara kA 'mahipAla carita'1 caudaha sargoM kA kathA grantha hai / isakA rocaka kathAnaka pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM racA gayA, aisA anumAna kiyA 1 zrI hIrAlAla haMsarAja, jAmanagara dvArA 1906 meM sampAdita / draSTavya-vinTaranitja : e hisTrI Apha inDiyana kalcara-bhAga-2, pRSTha-536-537.

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360 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA jAtA hai / isI taraha kA manoraMjaka kathAnaka hai-'uttama carita kathAnaka / AzcaryapUrNa aura sAhasika ghaTanAe~ isameM varNita haiM / pratyeka kathAnaka, jaina dharma ke kisI na kisI pavitra Adarza kI ora iMgita karatA hai / isakI racanA gadya-padyamaya hai / bhASA saMskRtamaya hai| kucha prAntIya bhASAoM ke zabda prayoga, isakA racanA-sthala gujarAta meM hone kA saMketa karate haiM / 'pApa buddhi aura dharmabuddhi' kathAnaka eka vinodapUrNa dhArmika kRti hai| _ 'campakaveSThi' jinakIrti dvArA kAlpanika kathAnaka para racita eka manoraMjaka kathAnaka hai| isameM jo tIna kathAe~ saMkalita hai, unameM se pahalA kathAnaka, bhAgya-rekhAoM ko nirarthaka banAne meM asaphala mahArAja :rAvaNa' kA hai| dUsarA kathAnaka, eka aise bhAgyazAlI bAlaka kA hai, jo prANanAzaka patraka meM pherabadala karake apane prANoM kI rakSA kara letA hai| tIsarA kathAnaka eka aise vyApArI kA hai, jo jIvana bhara to dUsaroM ko ThagatA hai, kintu jIvana kI antima belA meM, svayaM, eka vezyA dvArA Thaga liyA jAtA hai| isakA racanAkAla pandrahavIM zatAbdI anumAnita kiyA jAtA hai| ___ isI stara kI eka ora racanA 'pAla-gopAla kathAnaka' jinakIrti dvArA racita hai| isameM, prastuta kathAnaka bhI manoraMjaka hai| prANaghAtaka patraka ko badala kara prANa rakSA karane vAle eka aura kathAnaka ke AdhAra para 'aghaTakumAra" kathA kA praNayana kiyA gayA hai| isa kathA ke bhI do anya saMskaraNa milate haiN| jinameM, eka choTA, dUsarA bar3A hai| eka gadyamaya hai aura dUsarA padyamaya / 'ambaDa caritaM' jAduI manovinoda se bhara1 isakA gadya bhAga zrI e. bevara dvArA jarmanabhASA meM anUdita aura sampAdita hai| 'uttamakumAracarita' nAma se cArucandra dvArA kiyA gayA isakA padyabaddha rUpAntara bhI zrI hIrAlAla haMsarAja, jAmanagara dvArA sampAdita ho cukA hai / draSTavyavinTara nitja : e hisTrI Apha iNDiyana kalcara, bhAga-2, pRSTha-538 2 zrI I. lavATinI dvArA iTAliyana bhASA meM sampAdana aura anuvAda kriyA ja cukaa| draSTavya-vahI-pRSTha 538 3 zrI harTela dvArA aMgrejI meM anUdita-sampAdita-vahI-516 4 zrI cAralaTa krU se dvArA padyabhAga kA jarmana meM anuvAda kiyA gayA hai / saMkSipta padyabhAga 1917 meM nirNayasAgara presa bambaI 'aghaTakumAra carita' nAma se prakA zita ho cukA haiM / draSTavya-vahI-pRSTha-540 5 zrI hIrAlAla haMsarAja, jAmanagara dvArA sampAdita evaM zrI cAralaTa krU se dvArA jarmana meM anUdita / draSTavya-vahI-pRSTha-540

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 361 pUra, amarasundara kI racanA hai / isameM ambaDa kI kathA Adhunika rUpa meM varNita hai / jJAnasAgarasUri kI racanA 'ratnacUDakathA " meM paryApta rocaka aura manoraMjaka kathAe~ haiM / isameM eka aisI kathA AI hai, jisameM, 'anItipura' nAma kI nagarI meM 'anyAya' nAma ke rAjA aura 'ajJAna' nAma ke mantrI kI kalpanAe~ karake, ina saba kA manohArI caritra-citraNa kiyA gayA hai / isakA racanAkAla, pandrahavIM zatAbdI kA madhya bhAga anumAnita kiyA jAtA hai / isameM, anya aura bhI kathAnaka haiM / jinameM meM anItipura nagara, anyAya rAjA aura ajJAna mantrI ke kathAnaka kI kalpanA meM, siddhaSi praNIta 'upamiti bhava-prapaJca kathA' kI paramparA kA prabhAva spaSTa dikhalAI par3atA hai| paJcataMtra kI zailI para likhI gaI 'samyaktva kaumudI' dhArmika aura manoraMjaka kathAoM se bharI-pUrI racanA hai / kathA kA prArambha aura sampUrNa kathAvastu gadya meM hai / kintu, bIca-bIca meM kucha gambhIra bAtoM ke lie padyoM kA prayoga 'uktaJca' 'anyacca' ' tathAhi' 'punazca' Adi zabdoM kA sahArA lekara kiyA gayA hai / kAlpanika AkhyAnoM ke AdhAra para sarala, pUrNa zailI meM racita, dhArmika kathAbastupUrNa isa racanA ke kartA kA aura vinoda - racanA kAla kA bhI koI nizcaya nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai / kintu, 1433 I0 kI, isakI jo pANDulipi zrI e. bevara ko prApta huI, usase yaha niSkarSa nikAlA gayA hai ki isakA racanAkAla bhI 1433 I. se bAda kA nahIM ho sakatA / isa racanA meM sphuTita vyaMgya, unnata Adarza, saumya vyavahAra aura loka kalyANakArI siddhAntoM kA akSaya vaibhava pada pada para bharA par3A hai| 'kSatracUr3AmaNi' meM jina sAhasika, dhArmika aura manoraMjanakArI kathAoM kA samAveza vAdIbhasiMha ne kiyA hai aura pratyeka padya ke anta meM hitakara, mArmika aura anubhavapUrNa gambhIra noti vAkyoM kA jisa taraha se samAveza kiyA hai, use dekhakara, ise nIti vAkyoM kA Akara grantha kahanA, atizayokti na hogA / jIvandhara kumAra kA sampUrNa carita isameM varNita 1 yazovijaya jaina graMthamAlA - bhAvanagara dvArA san 1917 meM prakAzita / zrI harTela dvArA jarmanI meM anUdita / draSTavya- vahI-pRSTha- 541

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362 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA hai / isakI mukhya kathA ke sAtha-sAtha anekoM avAntara kathAe~ bhI AtI gaI haiM / isa racanA ke jo tIna rUpAntara prApta hote haiM, unameM se 'gadya-cintAmaNi' ke karttA mUla grantha ke racayitA hI haiM / dUsarA rUpAntara 'jIvandharacampU' mahAkavi haricanda kI racanA hai / tIsarA rUpa guNabhadrAcArya ke 'uttara purAga' meM milatA hai / jaina jagata ke 'bRhatkathAkoza' 'pariziSTa parva' va 'ArAdhanA kathAkoza' tathA bauddha sAhitya ke 'avadAna zataka' evaM 'jAtakamAlA' ko aise kathAgraMthoM ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai, jinameM lokakathAoM kI vinodapUrNa zailI ke mAdhyama se, uccatama jIvana-sAdhanA aura AdarzoM kI ora spaSTa saGketa kiye gaye haiM / ina tamAma bhAratIya loka kathAoM ke vipula sAhitya ne yAtriyoM, vyApAriyoM aura dharmapracAraka sAdhu-saMnyAsiyoM ke mAdhyama se, sudUra dezoM meM pahu~ca kara, vahA~-vahA~ ke kathA-sAhitya ko na sirpha prabhAvita kiyA, varan, usameM bhAratIya AkhyAna sAhitya kI eka aisI amiTa nizAnI bhara dI, jo lokamaGgalakArI, jIvanta AdarzoM kA manoraMjaka upadeza, mAnavatA ko anantakAla taka pradAna karatI rahegI / rUpaka sAhitya : paramparA evaM vikAsa mAnavIya hRdaya ke bhAvodgAra, jaba taka apane amUrta svarUpa meM rahate haiM, taba taka unakA sAkSAtkAra indriyoM dvArA ho pAnA sambhava nahIM hotA / ye hI bhAvodgAra, jaba kisI rUpaka / upamA meM Dhala kara, mUrta rUpa prApta karate haiM, taba ve sirpha indriya grAhya hI nahIM bana jAte, varan unameM eka aisA adbhuta zakti-saMsAra ho jAtA hai, jisase ve apane sAkSAtkartA ke mana / mastiSka- paTala para gambhIra aura amiTa chApa banA DAlate haiM / , kAvya-jagat meM arUpa / amUrta bhAvoM ke mUrtIkaraNa kA, unake rUpavidhAna ke mUrtIkaraNa kA, unake rUpa-vidhAna ke pracalana kA, aisA hI mukhya kAraNa honA cAhie / rUpaka - sAhitya kI sarjanA-zailI ke mUla meM bhI, amUtta ko mUrta rUpa pradAna karane kA upakrama, AdhArabhUta tattva banatA hai / upamA, rUpaka, atizayokti aura lakSaNA ke donoM prakAra - sAropA aura sAdhyavasAnA, aise pramukha upakaraNa haiM, jo, rUpaka - sAhitya kI sarjanA zakti meM pramukha pAtheyatA kA nirvAha karane meM sakSama haiN| inameM se, sAdRzya

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 363 mUlA sAropA kI bhitti para rUpaka kA prAsAda vinirmita hotA hai, aura sAdRzyamUlA sAdhvasAnA kI dIvAloM para, atizayokti kA bhavana banatA hai| kyoMki, sAropA lakSaNA, viSaya aura viSayI ko, yAnI upamAna aura upameya ko, eka hI dharAtala para khar3A kara detI hai| jabaki sAdhyavasAnA lakSaNA, viSaya meM viSayI kA, arthAt upamAna meM upameya kA antarbhAva karA detI hai / arUpa meM rUpa ko pAne ko zailI kA, yahI AdhArabhUta siddhAnta hai| ___ amUrta ko mUrta banAne ke kAvya-zilpa kA bIjarUpa saGketa, bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad ke udgItha brAhmaNa meM, aura chAndogyopaniSad meM bhI eka rUpakAtmaka AkhyAyikA ke rUpa meM milatA hai| zrImad bhagavadgItA ke solahaveM adhyAya meM puNya aura pAparUpI vRttiyoM kA ullekha, daivI tathA AsurI sampatti ke rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai / bauddha sAhitya meM jAtaka, nidAna kathA ke 'avidUre nidAna' kI mAra-vijaya sambandhI AkhyAyikA aura 'santike nidAna' kI ajapAlavAdi ke nIce vAlI AkhyAyikA meM, arUpa. ko rUpamaya banAne ke zailI-zilpa kA darzana hotA hai / jaina sAhitya meM, anekoM choTe-moTe AkhyAna rUpaka zailI meM milate haiN| jinameM 'sUtrakRtAGga' 'uttarAdhyayana' aura 'samarAiccakahA' ke kucha rUpaka vizeSa ullekhanIya haiM / udAharaNa ke liye :-- eka sarovara hai| usameM, jitanA adhika pAnI bharA hai, usase kama kIcar3a nahIM hai| sarovara meM anekoM zvetakamala vikasita haiN| ina saba ke. madhya meM, eka vizAla puNDarIka vikasamAna hai| isake manohArI svarUpa ko dekhakara, pUrva dizA se eka vyakti AtA hai aura usa puNDarIka ko tor3akara apane sAtha le jAne ke liye, sarovara meM ghusa jAtA hai| yaha vyakti, usa puNDarIka taka pahu~ce, isake kAphI pahile, vaha tAlAba meM bhare kIcar3a 1. evaM ca gauNa-sAropAlakSaNAsaMbhavasthale rUpakam, gauNasAdhyavasAnalakSaNA saMbhava sthale tvatizayoktiriti phalitam / - kAvyaprakAza-vAmanITIkA-pRSTha-563 2. sAropA'nyA tu yatroktau viSayI viSayastathA / ___--kAvyaprakAza-bhaNDA0 ori0 ri0 iM0 pUnA, pRSTha-47 3. viSayyantaHkRte'nyasmin sA syAt sAdhyavasAnikA / -vahI-pRSTha-48 4. udgItha brAhmaNa-1/3 5. chAndogyopaniSad-1/2

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364 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA meM phaMsa kara raha jAtA hai| isI vyakti kI taraha, tIna aura vyakti, dakSiNa, pazcima va uttara dizAoM kI ora se kramazaH Ate haiM aura pUNDarIka kI manohara zobhA dekha kara, use tor3ane aura apane sAtha le jAne kI icchA karate haiN| isI prayAsa meM, ye tInoM bhI pUrva-dizA se Aye pahile vyakti kI hI bhAMti, usa tAlAba meM bhare kIcar3a meM phaMsa kara raha jAte haiN| kucha hI dera bAda, vahA~ eka bhikSa bhI A pahu~catA hai / bhikSu sarovara ke tIra para pahu~ca kara, usakI zobhA se AkRSTa hokara, cAroM ora dekhatA hai| use, tAlAba ke cAroM ora, kIcar3a meM, una cAroM vyaktiyoM ko pha~sA dekhakara, yaha samajhate dera nahIM lagatI ki ve kyoM aura kaise, isa durgati meM pahu~ce haiN| ataH vaha apane sthAna se kucha aura Age AtA hai, aura sarovara ke kinAre para pahu~cakara, vahIM khar3e rahate hue hI kahatA hai-'o puNDarIka ! mere pAsa A jaao|' puNDarIka, bhikSa kI AvAja sunate hI, apane mRNAla se alaga hokara, ur3atA huA bhikSa ke hAtha meM AtA hai / yaha dekhakara, kIcar3a meM phaMse cAroM vyakti, Azcaryacakita raha jAte haiM / isa kathAnaka meM jo pratIka apanAye gaye haiM, una saba kA pratIkArtha spaSTa karake, kathA meM antanihita rahasya/abhiprAya ko zramaNa bhagavAn mahAvIra svayaM spaSTa karate hue kahate haiM- 'kathAnaka meM varNita sarovara, yaha saMsAra hai / usameM bharA huA jala, karma hai aura kIcar3a, sAMsArika viSayavAsanAe~ haiM / sarovara meM khile zvetakamala, sAMsArikajana haiN| unake madhya meM vikasita vizAla puNDarIka rAjA hai| cAroM dizAoM se Ane vAle vyakti, alaga-alaga matoM ke anuyAyI vyakti haiM aura bhikSa 'saddharma' hai| sarovara kA kinArA 'saMgha' hai| bhikSa dvArA puNDarIka ko bulAnA saddharma kA 'upadeza' hai| aura puNDarIka kA usake pAsa A jAnA 'nirvANalAbha' hai| uttarAdhyayana meM 'nami pavajjA' kA pratIkAtmaka dRSTAnta AyA hai| rAjarSi nami jaba virakta hokara abhiniSkramaNa meM saMlagna hote haiM, tabhI brAhmaNa kA veSa banAkara, devarAja indra, unake pAsa pahu~catA hai aura prazna karatA hai-'bhagavan ! mithilAnagarI meM, Aja yaha kaisA kolAhala sunAI 1 sUtrakRtAGga-dvitIya khaNDa-1 adhyayana,

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 365. par3a rahA hai ?' uttara milatA hai-'patra-puSpoM se manohArI caitya-vRkSa, pracaNDa A~dhI ke vega se girane jA rahA hai| isako Azraya banAkara rahane vAle pakSI, zokAkula hokara kalarava kara rahe haiN|' isa dRSTAnta meM, nami ko 'caityavRkSa', aura mithalA ke nAgarikoM ko 'pakSisamudAya' rUpa pratIkoM meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| isI adhyayana meM, zraddhA' nagara, 'saMvara' kilA, 'kSamA'-gar3ha, 'gupti' rUpI zataghnI (topeM yA bandUke), 'puruSArtha' rUpI dhanuSa, IryA' rUpI pratyaJcA , 'dhairya' rUpI tUNIra, 'tapasyA' rUpI bANa aura 'karma' rUpI kavaca jaise vibhinna rUpaka/ pratIka ullikhita haiM / 1 isI meM, duSTa bailoM kA rUpaka bhI draSTavya hai / 'samarAicca kahA' (haribhadrasUri) kA 'madhubindu' dRSTAnta to vizuddha rUpaka zailI meM varNita hai| ye sAre udAharaNa, rUpaka sAhitya ke bIja-bindu mAne jAte haiN| kintu, isa zailI kI kAvya-paramparA kA sarvaprathama sUtrapAta karane kA zreya milatA hai--siddharSi ko| inakI 'upamiti-bhava-prapaJca kathA' ko rUpakasAhitya-paramparA kA sarvaprathama aura anupama grantha mAnA jA sakatA hai| upamiti-bhava-prapaJca kathA kI prastAvanA meM, DaoN0 jaikobI ne ise bhAratIya rUpaka sAhitya kI prathama racanA svIkAra kiyA hai| isase pahile kI apabhraMza racanA 'madanajujjha' rUpakAtmaka zailI kI upalabdha hai| kinta, usameM aMkita usake racanAkAla vi0 saM0 632 ke anurUpa prAcInatA ke poSaNa meM, usako bhASA kA aMtaraMga parIkSaNa hue binA, use prathama rUpaka kAvya mAnanA, ucita na hogaa| jayazekharasUri kI racanA 'prabodhacintAmaNi' meM sAropA aura 1 uttarAdhyayana-adhyayana 6 va 10 2 vahI-adhyayana-27 3 siddhavyAkhyAturAkhyAtu pahimAnaM hi tasya kaH / samastyupamitimi yasyAnu pamiti kathA / -pradyumnasUri kA-samarAditya saMkSepa 8 I did not find something still "more important; the great literary value of the U. Katha, and the fact that is the first allegorical work in Indian Literature.

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366 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA sAdhyavasAnA lakSaNA ko pramukhatA se samarthana milA hai| sAtha hI, kavi kI kalpanAsAmarthya aura pUrvavartI AgamoM kI rUpakAtmaka vidhA ko granthakAra ne, apanI racanA kI sarjanA meM bIja-bindu svIkAra kiyA hai / gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke madhyabhAga meM zrIkRSNa mizra likhita 'prabodhacandrodaya' nATaka, amRta kA mUrta vidhAna karane vAlI lAkSaNika zailI kA mahattvapUrNa grantha hai| isa nATaka, meM jJAna viveka, vidyA, buddhi, moha, dambha, zraddhA, bhakti aura upaniSad jaise amUrta bhAvoM kI bhI puruSa-strI pAtroM ke rUpa meM avatAraNA kI hai / nATaka kA mUla pratipAdya AdhyAtmika advaitavAda kA pratipAdana hai| cedi ke rAjA karNa (1042 I. meM jIvita) ne, kIrtivarmA ko parAsta kiyA thaa| parantu, usake eka senAnI gopAla ne apane bAhubala se use harAne meM saphalatA prApta kara lI thii| taba, isane kIrtivarmA ko punaH siMhAsanastha kara diyA thaa| isI gopAla kI preraNA se, kIrtivarmA ke samakSa, yaha nATaka abhinIta huA thaa| kIrtivarmA, jejAka bhukti candelavaMzIya rAjA thaa| candeloM kI kalA-priyatA ke pratIka haiM-khajurAho ke zaiva mandira / sambhava hai, yahA~ candeloM kI rAjadhAnI rahI ho| kIrtivarmA ke pUrvaja rAjA dhaGga kA zilAlekha 1002 I., khajurAho ke vizvanAtha mandira meM milatA hai| kIrtivarmA, candela vaMza kA eka pratApI aura parAkramI rAjA thaa| isake anekoM zilAlekha, bundelakhaNDa ke vibhinna sthAnoM para prApta hote haiM / 1 sAropA lakSaNA kvApi kvApi sAdhyavasAnikA / dhaureyatAM prapadyate granthasyAsya samarthane / / -prathama-adhikAra-50 atrAtmacetanAdInAM yat dAmpatyAdizabdanam / tatsarvaM kalpanAmUlaM sApi zreyaskarI kvacit / / 47 / / mInamainikayoH pANDapatrapallavayorapi / yA mitha: saMkathA sUtra baddhA sA ki na bodhaye // 48 / / nAyakatvaM kaSAyANAM karmaNAM ripusanyatAm / AdizannAgamo'pyasya prabandhasyeti bIjatAm // 46 // -prathama-adhikAra-47-46

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 367 mahobA ke nikaTa 'kIrtisAgara' nAma kA tAlAba isI ke dvArA banavAyA huA hai / devagar3ha meM bhI isakA eka zilAlekha (I. 1063 ) milatA hai / khajurAho ke lakSmInAtha mandira kA eka zilAlekha (1161 I.) kIrtivarmA kehI samaya kA hai / jise isake mantrI vatsarAja ne khudavAyA thA / kIrti - varmA rAjA vijayapAla kA putra thA aura apane agraja devavarmA ke pazcAt siMhAsanArUr3ha huA thA / isakA rAjya paryApta vistRta bhU-bhAga para bahuta varSoM taka rhaa| ina tamAma sAkSyoM ke bala para kIrtivarmA kA kAla gyArahavIM zatAbdI ( I.) kA ThaharatA hai / yahI samaya, prabodha-candrodaya kA racanA kAla hai / moha ke zikaMje meM jakar3A vyakti, apane yathArtha svarUpa ke jJAna se vimukha ho jAtA hai / aura jaba usakA viveka jAgatA hai, taba moha parAjita ho jAtA hai / isI ke bAda vyakti ko zAzvata jJAna prApta hotA hai / 'viveka ke sAtha upaniSad ke adhyayana aura viSNu bhakti ke Azraya se jJAna candra kA udaya hotA hai - isa mAnyatA kI vivecanA, prastuta nATaka meM, yuktipUrNa saundarya ke sAtha kI gaI hai / dvitIya aGka meM, hAsya aura dambha ke vArtAlApa se, hAsya rasa kA sArthaka citraNa kiyA gayA hai / jaina bauddha aura soma-siddhAnta ke paraspara vArtAlApa meM sphuTita hAsya-mizrita kautUhala draSTavya hai | zrIkRSNa mizra upaniSadoM ke rahasyavettA rahe, tabhI, unhoMne advaita vedAnta aura vaiSNava dharma kA jo samanvaya, isa nATaka meM prastuta kiyA hai; vaha isakI eka mahanIya vizeSatA hai| kavitva kA camatkAra bhI isa nATaka meM jamakara nikharA hai / pAtroM kI sajIvatA prazaMsanIya banI hai / hindI sAhitya ke mUrdhanya kaviyoM kI racanAoM para 'prabodhacandrodaya' kA paryApta prabhAva par3A hai| rAmacaritamAnasa meM, paJcavaTI ke varNana - prasaMga meM jo AdhyAtmika rUpaka yojanA hai, usameM isa nATaka ke pAtroM ko bhI apanAyA gayA hai / hindI jagata ke hI prasiddha kavi kezava ( 16vIM zatI) ne 'vijJAna gItA' nAma se isakA chandobaddha anuvAda kara DAlA / adhyAtma vidyA aura advaitavAda jaise zuSka dArzanika viSaya ko bhI nATakIya aura manoraJjaka zailI meM prastuta karanA, zrIkRSNa mizra ke prayAsa kI sarvottamatA ko asaMdigdha banA detA hai / apabhraMza prAkRta kI racanA 'mayaNaparAjayacariu, bhI rUpakAtmaka 1 bhAratIya jJAnapITha dvArA prakAzita /

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368 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA zailI para likhI gaI mahatvapUrNa kRti hai / isake praNetA, caMgadeva ke putra haradeva haiM / isakA racanAkAla yadyapi sunizcita nahIM ho pAyA, tathApi, isakI racanA yazapAla kI kRti 'moharAja parAjaya' se pahale kI jA cukI thI / nAgadeva racita 'madanaparAjaya' (saMskRta) isI prAkRta racanA ke AdhAra para likhI gaI hai / 'moharAja parAjaya' nATaka ', yazapAla kI mahatvapUrNa racanA hai / yazapAla, cakravartI abhayadeva kA rAjya karmacArI thA / abhayadeva ne 1220 se 1232 I. taka rAjya kiyA thA / dhArApada ke kumAravihAra meM, yaha nATaka abhinIta bhI huA thA / isake prathama aMka meM, moharAja, rAjA vivekacanda ke mAnasa nagara ko ghera kara AkramaNa kara detA hai / phalataH vivekacanda, apanI patnI zAnti aura putrI kRpAsundarI ke sAtha nikala bhAgatA hai / paMcama aMka meM, moharAja ko parAjita kara punaH vivekacanda siMhAsanAsIna hote haiM / nATaka meM, aitihAsika nAmoM ke sAtha lAkSaNika caritroM ke sammi zraNa meM, aura moharAja parAjaya kI varNanA meM, nATakakAra kI kuzalatA aura nipuNatA, donoM hI darzanIya bana par3I haiN| guNoM kI dRSTi se bhI nATaka kA vizeSa mahatva hai / granthakartA yazapAla, rAjA abhayadeva ke mantrI dhanadeva aura rukmiNIdevI ke putra the / ye, jAti se mor3a vaizya the / / isI se milatA-julatA eka aura nATaka merutuMgasUri kI 'prabandha - cintAmaNi' ke pariziSTa bhAga meM pAyA jAtA hai / isakI racanA, vaizAkha zuklA pUrNimA, vi0 saM0 1361 ko pUrNa huI thI mahArAjA kumArapAla dvArA, AcArya hemacandra ke nikaTa jaina zrAvaka vrata grahaNa kara ahiMsA vrata aMgIkAra karane ke dRzya ko lakSya kara, isakI racanA kI gaI / moharAja - parAjaya ke dUsare, tIsare va cauthe aMkoM meM varNita kathAvastu se, prabandhacintAmaNi kI kathAvastu meM kucha badale hue nAmoM ke alAvA, adhika antara pratIta nahIM hotA / caudahavIM zatAbdI kI racanA 'saMkalpasUryodaya" vedAntadezika kI kRti hai / isameM dasa aMka haiM / rUpakakAra ne, isameM vedAnta kI viziSTAdva eta 9 gAyakavAr3a sIrIja, bar3audA se prakAzita / 2 Ara0 kRSNAmAcArI madurA dvArA sampAdita evaM eca0 ema0 bAgulI dvArA meDikala hAla presa vArANasI se prakAzita /

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 366 zAkhA ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai / usa nATaka ke dUsare aMka meM Ahet, bauddha, sAMkhya, akSapAda, sautrAntika, yogAcAra, vaibhASika, mAdhyamika Adi ke matoM kA khaNDana karake unakA upahAsa bhI ur3AyA gayA hai| tIrthoM ke doSoM kA udghATana karake, unheM ayukta siddha kiyA gayA hai / aura, 'hRdayaguhA' ko hI samAdhi ke lie nATakakAra ne upayukta batalAyA hai| . zrI jayazekharasUri kA 'prabodha-cintAmaNi' bhI rUpaka zailI kA mahatvapUrNa prabandha hai| isakI kathA vastu kA AdhAra-bhagavAna padmanAbha ke ziSya dharmatri dvArA prarUpita AtmasvarUpa kA citraNa hai| isakI racanA, stambhanaka nareza kI rAjadhAnI meM vikrama samvat 1462 meM kI gii| isake pahile adhikAra meM, paramAtmasvarUpa kA citraNa, aura dUsare meM bhagavAna padmanAbha kA caritra, tathA muni dharmaruci kA caritra varNita hai| tIsare adhikAra meM moha aura viveka kI utpatti dikhalA kara, moha ko rAjya prApta karAyA gayA hai| cauthe adhikAra meM saMyamazrI ke sAtha viveka kA pANigrahaNa hone ke bAda, usakI rAjya-prApti kA nirUpaNa kiyA gayA hai| pAMcaveM meM, kAma kI digvijaya kA varNana hai / chaThaveM adhikAra meM kalikRta prabhAva kA nirUpaNa hai| isI prasaMga meM, sAmAjika durdazA kA citraNa, mArmika aura yathArtha rUpa meM kiyA gayA hai| isI sandarbha meM, granthakAra ko ukti -'bhagavAna mahAvIra kI santAna hone para bhI, Aja ke sAdhu vibhinna gacchoM meM vibhakta haiM aura pAraspArika sauhArda ke bajAya ve eka-dUsare ke zatru bane huye haiM, bahuta hI marmasparzI hai| jayazekharasUri kI kI yaha vedanA bharI TIsa, Aja taka, jyoM kI tyoM barakarAra hai| pro0 rAjakumAra jaina ne, 'madana-parAjaya' (saM0) kI prastAvanA meM 1 bodha-cintAmaNi-2/10 / 2 yamarasabhuvanamitAbde stambhanakAdhIzabhUSite nagare / zrI jayazekharasUri prabodhacintAmaNimakArSIt // -prabodha-cintAmaNi-prastAvanA / 3 ekazrIvIramUlatvAt sauhRdasyocitairapi / sApatnyaM dhAritaM tena pRthaggacchoyasAdhubhiH / / ---prabodha cintAmaNi-6/86

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370 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA 'mayaNajujjha' nAmaka apabhraMza racanA ko buccarAya kI kRti batalAkara, usa kI racanA samApti kI tithi-Azvina zuklA pratipadA zanivAra, hastanakSatra vi. saM. 1586, batalAI hai| zrI agaracanda nAhaTA ke saujanya se prApta, isa racanA kI pANDulipi ke likhane kI samApti kI tithi-'saM0 1767 varSe pauSamAse zuklapakSe 12 tithI paM0 dAnadharma likhitaM zrImaroDakoTamadhye' ke AdhAra para pradarzita kI hai| isa racanA meM, bhagavAn purudeva dvArA kI gaI madana-parAjaya kA varNana hai / yahA~, yaha ullekhanIya hai ki pro0 rAjakumAra jaina ne, isI prastAvanA meM, 'upamiti bhava-prapaJca kathA' kA ullekha karane ke sAtha-sAtha, eka aura 'madanajujjha' apabhraMza racanA kA ullekha kiyA hai / jisakA racanAkAla, unhoMne vi0 saM0 632 likhA hai| kintu, usake racanAkAra kA nAma unhoMne nirdiSTa nahIM kiyaa| yaha vicAraNIya hai| paM0 bhUdeva zukla kA 'dharmavijaya' nATaka, rUpaka sAhitya kI eka bhAva pUrNa laghu racanA hai| isameM pAMca aGka haiN| jinameM dharma aura adharma ko nAyaka pratinAyaka batalA kara, unake pArasparika yUddha kA varNana kiyA gayA hai| anta meM, dharma apane parivAra ke sAtha milakara adharma kA saparivAra nAza kara ke, vijaya prApta karatA hai| paM0 zrInArAyaNa zAstrI khiste kA anumAna hai ki isa nATaka kI racanA 16vIM zatAbdI meM huI, aura bhUdeva zukla, samrATa akabara ke samakAlIna rahe / ___ nATakakAra ne, samasAmayika sAmAjika paristhitiyoM ko bar3I kuzalatA se pratibimbita kiyA hai| usa samaya, vibhinna pradezoM meM byabhicAra, durAcAra, jhUTha, hiMsA, corI jaisI amAnavIya vRttiyoM kA bhayaMkara pracAra thaa| jagaha-jagaha dyUta-krIr3AyeM hotI thIM, khule Ama madyapAna hotA thaa| vaibhavamayI aTTAlikAoM ke prAMgaNa meM nRtyAMganAoM ke dhuMgharuoM kI mukharatA, parakIyAoM ko svAdhIna aura svakIyA banAnA, dharmAdhikAriyoM dvArA dharma ke nAma para vidhavAoM kA satItva bhaMga Adi-Adi huA karatA thaa| adharma dvArA, apane pratinidhi paurANika se deza kI sthiti pUche jAne para, vaha batalAtA hai-'deza kI nadiyoM meM pAnI bahuta kama raha gayA hai / 1 zrI nArAyaNa zAstrI khiste dvArA sampAdita, 'priMsa Apha velsa'- sarasvatI bhavana sIrIja, banArasa se prakAzita-1630 I0

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 371 sajjanoM kA bhAgya manda par3a gayA hai / kulIna striyA~ maryAdAyeM tor3a raho haiM / yuvatiyA~, apane pati se vidroha karane lagI haiM aura gRhastha yuvaka, parastrI lampaTa ho gaye haiN| pitA, apane nAlAyaka putroM kA jIvita avasthA meM hI zrAddha karanA cAhatA hai| cora aura hiMsaka, jaMgaloM kI pratyeka dizA meM apanA DerA DAle par3e haiN| yahI sArI durdazAe~ to Aja ke samAja meM jyoM kI tyoM maujUda haiN| ____kavi karNapUra dvArA racita-'caitanya candrodaya' nATaka bhI rUpaka zailI kA hai| isakI racanA, jagannAtha (ur3IsA) kSetra ke adhipati pratAparudra kI AjJA se 1570 I0 meM kI gaI thii| usa samaya, kavi kI umra 25 varSa thii| isameM, mahAprabhu caitanya ke dArzanika dRSTikoNoM aura unakI lIlAoM kA acchA samAveza kiyA gayA hai| amUrta aura mUrta, donoM prakAra ke pAtroM kA sammizraNa, isa nATaka meM kiyA gayA hai| nATakakAra ko caitanyadeva ne 'karNapUra' kI upAdhi pradAna ko thii| isakA janma paramAnandadAsa thaa| aura, inake pitA zivAnanda sena, caitanyadeva ke pArSada the| kavi karNapUra kA janma 1504 I0 meM huA thaa| nATaka ke mUrta pAtroM meM caitanya aura unake ziSya haiN| nATaka ke ullekha ke anusAra, isakI racanA 1407 zaka saM0 meM huI thii| gokulanAtha ne 'amRtodaya' kI racanA 16vIM zatAbdI meM kI thii| isameM sAMsArika-bandhanoM evaM klezoM kA citraNa karake, unase mukti pAne kA upAya batalAyA gayA hai| AnvIkSikI, mImAMsA, zruti Adi ko, isameM pAtroM ke rUpa meM prastuta karake, nyAya siddhAnta kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| ratnakheTa ke zrInivAsa dIkSita (1507 I0) kA 'bhAvanA puruSottama' nATaka bhI ullekhanIya hai / vAdicandrasUri kA 'jJAna-sUryodaya' nATaka bhI, prasiddha 1 dharmavijaya (nATaka), dvitIya angk| 2 saMskRta sAhitya kA itihAsa : paM0 zrI baladeva upAdhyAya, pRSTha-564 3 zAke caturdazazate ravivAjiyukte, gauro harirdharaNimaNDalarAvirAsIt / tasmiMzcatunuvatibhAji tadIyalIlA, grantho'yamAvirbhavatkatamasya vaktrAt // -caitanya-candrodaya pRSTha saM0 20, 10

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372 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA rUpaka kRti hai / ye, mUlasaMdhI jJAnabhUSaNa bhaTTAraka ke praziSya aura prabhAcandra bhaTTAraka ke ziSya the / isa nATaka kI racanA, mAgha sudI vi0 saM0 1648 ke dina, madhUkanagara meM huI thI / 1 jJAnasUryodaya meM, bauddhoM kA aura zvetAmbaroM kA upahAsa kiyA gayA hai| nATaka kI prastAvanA meM kamalasAgara aura kIrtisAgara nAma ke do brahmacAriyoM kA nirdeza hai, jinakI AjJA se sUtradhAra, prastuta nATaka kA abhinaya karanA cAhatA hai / veda kavi kI do rUpaka racanAyeM haiM / inameM eka 'vidyA pariNaya' meM, vidyA tathA jIvAtmA ke vivAha kA sAta aMkoM meM varNana hai / isameM, advaitavedAnta ke sAtha zRMgAra rasa kA maMjula samanvaya pradarzita kiyA gayA hai / zivabhakti se mokSa prApta hotA hai, yaha batalAnA hI nATaka kA pramukha udda ezya hai / isameM jainamata, soma-siddhAnta, cArvAka aura saugata Adi pAtroM kI avatAraNA 'prabodha candrodaya' kI zailI para kI gaI hai / dUsarI kRti 'jIvAnandana" meM bhI sAta aMka haiN| aura inameM, galagaNDa, pANDu, unmAda, kuSTha, gulma, karNamUla Adi rogoM kA pAtra rUpa meM citraNa hai / zArIrika vyAdhiyoM meM rAjayakSmA sabase bar3hakara hai / isase chuTakArA, sirpha pArada rasa ke prayoga se milatA hai / svastha zarIra se svastha citta aura svastha citta se AtmakalyANa meM saMlagna raha pAnA sambhava hotA hai / isameM adhyAtma aura Ayurveda donoM ke mAnya tattvoM kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| veda kavi taMjIra ke rAjA zAhajI ( 1684 - 1710 I0) tathA zarabho jI ( 1711 - 1720 I0) ke pradhAnamantrI the / inakA asalI nAma AnandarAya makhI thA ! ye zaiva the aura sarasvatI ke upAsaka the| inakI prasiddhi 'veda 1 tatpaTTAmalabhUSaNaM caJcakaraH sabhAticaturaH tatpaTTe'jani vAdivRndatilakaH zrIvAdicandro yati-stenAyaM vyaraci prabodhataraNiH bhavyAbjasaMbodhanaH // vasu-veda-rasAbjAGka varSe mAghe sitASTamI divase / zrImanmadhUka nagare bodhasaMrambhaH // siddhoyaM samabhavad gamba mate, zrImatprabhAcandramAH / - jJAnasUryodaya. prastAvanA 2 aDayAra se 1950 I meM 'kAvyamAlA' meM prakAzita / tathA hindI anuvAda ke sAtha 1955 meM kAzI se prakAzita /

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 373 kavi' ke rUpa meM thI / inakA samaya 18vIM sadI kA prathamArdhaM hai / inake prathama nATaka kA racanAkAla 17vIM zatAbdI kA anta, aura dUsare nATaka kA racanA kAla aThArahavIM zatAbdI kA Arambha mAnA gayA hai / isI taraha, nallAdhvarI ne bhI, 'cittavRttikalyANa' aura jIvanmukti kalyANa' nAmaka do pratIka nATakoM kA praNayana kiyA thA / nATakakAra, gaNapati ke upAsaka ye / 'jovanmuktikalyANa' kA nAyaka rAjA jIva, apanI priyatamA buddhi ke sAtha, jAgrata, svapna, suSupti dazAoM meM bhramaNa karatA huA, saMsAra ke duHkhoM se jaba viSaNNa ho jAtA hai aura jIvanmukti kI kAmanA karatA hai, to kAma-krodha Adi chaH ripu, usake isa kArya meM bAdhA DAlate haiM / taba, vaha dayA, zAnti Adi ATha AtmaguNoM ke dvArA kAma Adi ko dhvasta karatA hai / antataH, caturtha Azrama meM praveza karake, sAdhana catuSTaya prApta karatA hai / aura, brahma-jJAna pAkara jIvanmukti kA lAbha uThAtA hai| ziva kA prasAda aura guru kI kRpA, jIvanmukti meM kitanI sahayogI hai, yaha, kavi ne sundaratA ke sAtha batalAyA hai / nallAdhvarI, AnandarAya makhI ke hI samakAlika pratIta hote haiM / nallAdhvarI ne, rAmacandra dIkSita ke samakAlIna rAmanAtha dIkSita se vidyAdhyayana kiyA thA, aura 20 varSa kI umra meM hI unhoMne 'zRGgArasarvasva' (bhANa) va 'subhadrApariNaya' (nATaka) kI racanA kI thii| bAda meM, paramazivendra tathA sadAzivendra sarasvatI se vedAnta kA adhyayana karane ke bAda, ukta donoM nATakoM kI racanA kI / 'advaitarasamaJjarI' vedAntagrantha kI racanA bhI isI kAla se sambandha rakhatI hai / inameM paraspara zloka - sAmya bhI hai | 1 padmasundara kA 'jJAna- candrodaya' aura anantanArAyaNa kRta 'mAyAvijaya' bhI rUpaka pradhAna racanAeM haiM / indrahaMsagaNi racita 'bhuvana - bhAnukevalI carita' aura yazovijaya kRta 'vairAgyakalpalatA' bhI rUpakAtmaka racanAe~ haiM / bhuvanabhAnu kevalI carita kA nAyaka bali rAjA hai / vijayapura ke candra rAjA ke pAsa jAkara, apanA carita vaha svayaM kahatA hai / vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai 1. zrI zaMkara gurukula, zrIraMgam se prakAzita - 1644 I0

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 375 , dhArmika nATaka yUropa meM to banda ho gaye, kintu, bhArata meM inakI dhArA / paramparA zatAbdiyoM se jana-pana rajjana karatI calI A rahI hai / bhAratIya vAGamaya meM, vizeSakara saMskRta sAhitya meM rUpaka/ pratIka paddhati para likhe gaye granthoM kA, yaha saMkSipta itihAsa hai / jisake anuzIlana se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki upamAna -upameya paddhati kA sahArA lekara, saMzaya, moha, bhrama, ajJAna Adi se grasta jIvAtmAoM ko prabodha dene kI paramparA kAphI kucha prAcIna hai / kintu vistRta yA vRhadAkAra grantha kI sarjanA, isa paddhati ke bala para karane kA sAhasa, siddharSi se pahile, koI bhI nahIM kara sakA / hA~, isase pUrva zrImadbhAgavata ke caturtha skandha meM, puraMjana kA AkhyAna avazya milatA hai / puraMjana kI viSayAsakti ne use jo bhava- bhramaNa karAyA hai, usI kA vivecana isa AkhyAna meM hai / daraasala, yaha puraMjana, sva-svarUpa ko bhUlakara, strI-svarUpa para itanI gAr3ha Asakti banA letA hai ki usI ke dina-rAta cintana kI badaulata, agale janma meM, use khuda strI rUpa kI prApti hotI hai / puraMjana kA bhava- vistAra cAra adhyAyoM meM, kula 189 zlokoM meM varNita hai / isa varNana meM buddhi, jJAnendriyA~, karmendriyA~, prANa, vRtti, svapna, suSupti, zarIra aura usake nava-dvAra Adi ke rocaka rUpaka darzAye gaye haiM / yahA~, puraMjana ko brahmasvarUpa haMsAtmA batalAyA gayA hai aura sva-bodha ke abhAva ko pati viyoga ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai / anta meM, isa sArI rUpaka kathA kA rahasya spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / yaha kathAnaka, bahuta lambA to nahIM hai, kintu isameM jo-jo bhI rUpaka, jisa-jisa rUpa meM diye gaye haiM, ve saTIka, sArthaka aura manohArI haiM / bAvajUda isake, isa varNana ko, kathAcarita kI usa zra eNI meM nahIM rakhA jA sakatA, jisa zreNI meM siddharSi ne upamiti bhava-prapaJca kathA ko pahuMcAyA hai / isaliye, pUrvokta rUpaka paramparA ke sandarbha meM, 'upamiti bhava prapaJca kathA ko, bhAratIya rUpaka sAhitya kA 'Adya grantha' mAnanA par3egA / upamiti-bhava-prapaJca kathA : vizeSatAeM 1 solaha hajAra zloka parimANa vAlI isa gadya-padya mizrita rUpaka kathA kA mahatva, isakA sampAdana karate hue. labdha- khyAti pAzcAtya manISI

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376 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA DaoN0 harmana yAkobo ne svIkArate hue kahA thA-'upamiti-bhava-prapaJca kathA, bhAratIya sAhitya kA pahilA aura vizada rUpaka-grantha hai| lAkhoM kI saMkhyA meM bikane vAlI, misTara baniyana kI aMgrejo racanA 'pilagrimsa progresa' par3he-likhe aMgrejoM meM kAphI prasiddha rahI hai| kintu, isa aMgrejI racanA meM, suprasiddha phAMsIsI lekhaka degya ilevile kI kRti-'dI pilagrimeja oNpha maina' kA bahuta kucha anusaraNa/anukaraNa kiyA gayA, yaha tathya, dI iMgliza liTrecara' ke lekhaka dvaya ne spaSTa karate hue batalAyA ki 'pilagimsa progresa' nAmaka aMgrejo racanA (san 1676) phrAnsIsI-kRti 'dI pilagrimeja oNpha maina' se kAphI arvAcIna hai| ye pramANa bolate haiM-maharSi siddharSi kI 'upamiti-bhava-prapaMca kathA' mAtra bhAratIya sAhitya kI hI nahIM, varan, vizva-sAhitya kI bhI, sarvaprathama rUpaka racanA hai| ina kathanoM kI sApekSatA meM, hama nissaMkoca yaha kaha sakate haiM'upamiti-bhava-prapaMca kathA' eka aisI saMskRta racanA hai, jo, rUpaka zailI meM likhI hone para bhI, saMskRta-vAGamaya kI gauravamayI kAvya-paramparA, aura suvizAla AkhyAna/kathA sAhitya zreNI kI, eka garimA maNDita kRti mAnI jA sakatI hai| siddhaSi ke isa mahAkathA-grantha kI pramukha vizeSatA yaha hai ki pUrA grantha rUpakamaya hai| Adi se lekara anta taka, eka hI nAyaka ke janmajanmAntaroM kA kathA-vivecana, isa taraha se kiyA gayA hai ki dharma aura darzana ke vizAla-vAGamaya meM jo-jo bhI pramukha jIva-yoniyAM/gatiyA~ batalAI gaI haiM, una sabakI svarUpa-sthiti vyApaka-rUpa meM batalAne ke sAthasAtha yaha bhI spaSTa hotA gayA hai ki kina-kina karmoM/bhAvoM se, jIvAtmA ko kisa-kisa yAni/gati meM bhaTakanA par3atA hai| aura, kisa taraha kI manovattiyA~/bhAvanAe~ una-una sthitiyoM se use ubArane meM sakSama/sambala bana pAtI haiN| Azaya yaha hai ki siddhaSi kI sampUrNa kathA, do samAnAntara dharAtaloM para, sAtha-sAtha vikAsa vistAra ko prApta hotI gaI hai| ye donoM dharAtala haiM-sAMsArikatA/bhautikatA aura adhyAtma / sAMsArika/bhautika dharAtala para to pAThaka ko sirpha yahI samajha meM A pAtA hai ki anusundara cakravartI kA jIvAtmA, kisa-kisa taraha kI paristhitiyoM meM se gujaratA huA, kathA

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 377 ke anta meM, mokSa ke dvAra taka pahu~catA hai| ina bhautika paristhitiyoM meM, usake vaibhava sampanna sUkhadAyI, ve jIvana-vattAnta kathA meM Aye haiM, jinake adhyayana se pAThakoM ko vilAsitA bhare bhautika-sukhoM ke Ananda/rasa-pAna kA avasara milegA / aura, kucha aisI viSama, dIna paristhitiyoM kA citraNa bhI milegA, jinameM, pAThaka kI sahRdayatA/dayAlutA dravita ho utthegii| jabaki AdhyAtmikatA ke amUrta-AkAza meM ur3Ana bharatI kalpanAoM kA AdhyAtmika kathA-kalevara, bhavya-jIva kI zubha rAgamayI puNya-prasUta-keliyoM ke aise dRzya upasthita karatA hai, jinameM bhUlA-bhaTakA bhavya jIvAtmA. sone kI hathakar3I jaise puNya-bandha ke alAvA kucha aura hAsila nahIM kara paataa| kintu, kabhI-kabhI, azubha-rAgamaya pApodbhUta aise viSabha kSaNoM/prasaMgoM kA bhI sAmanA karanA par3a jAtA hai, jinameM, usakA bhavyatva taka sihara-sihara uThatA hai, lar3akhar3Ane laga jAtA hai| kintu, granthakAra kA mUla Azaya, ina donoM hI prakAra kI sthitiyoM kA vizleSaNa nahIM hai| usakA spaSTa Azaya yaha hai ki jIvAtmA, jita kAraNoM se samRddha sampanna bana kara vilAsitA meM DUbatA hai, aura, jina kAraNoM se use dara-dara kI ThokareM khAnI par3atI haiM, una sAre kAraNoM kA bhAvAtmaka svarUpa-vizleSaNa kiyA jAye / aura, pAThakoM ko yaha batalAyA jAye ki sukha aura duHkha kI sarjanA, usake antas kI zubha-azubha rAgamayI bhAvanAoM ke AdhAra para hotI hai| yadi, usakI cittavRtti, utkRSTa zubha rAgAdimayI hai, to use, uccatama svarga meM sthAna mila sakatA hai / aura, yadi, utkRSTa azubha-rAga-AdimayI cittavRtti hogI, to, apakRSTatama naraka meM use jAnA par3a sakatA hai| ataH ina donoM hI prakAra kI, rAga-dvaSa Adi se yukta zubha-azubha cittavRttiyoM/manobhAvanAoM se mukta hokara, eka aisI madhyastha/taTastha cittavRtti, use banAnI cAhie, jisake bala se, svarga/naraka Adi bhavoM meM bhramaNa karane se, 'bhava-prapaMca' se vaha baca sake / yAnI, eka aisA vizuddha zuddha bhAva vaha jAgRta kara sake, jisake jAgaraNa se, kisI bhI bhava meM, AnA-jAnA nahIM pdd'taa| isI lakSya ko dhyAna meM rakhakara, pUrI kI pUrI 'upamiti-bhava-prapaMca kathA' kI kathA-yojanA, duhare AzayoM ko sAtha-sAtha samAviSTa karake likhI gaI hai| isakA eka Azaya to, sAmAnya jagat ke vyavahAroM meM dikhalAI par3ane vAle sthAna, pAtra, ghaTanAkrama Adi meM vyakta hotA huA, sAmAnya

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378 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA kathAvastu ko Age bar3hAtA hai, jabaki dUsarA Azaya, adRzya bhAvAtmaka jagat ke AdhyAtmika vicAra-vyApAroM meM sphUrta hotA huA, sAmAnya kathA prasaMgoM meM anusyUta hokara Age bar3hatA hai| ina donoM AzayoM ko samajhAne ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki mUlakathA ke donoM svarUpoM ko, aura usakI pratIka/rUpaka paddhati vyavasthA ko, Arambha meM hI spaSTa kara diyA jaaye| apane, isa dAyitva-nirvAha meM, siddharSi ne cUka nahIM kii| aura, kathA-grantha kI prastAvanA/pIThabandha ke pUrva meM hI, kathA ke donoM svarUpoM-antaraMga kathA zarIra aura bAhya kathA zarIrakA saMkSipta kintu spaSTa varNana unhoMne kiyA hai / inakA sAra-saMkSepa isa prakAra samajhA jA sakatA hai| sUkaccha-vijaya kA rAjA thA-anusundara / yaha cakravartI samrATa thA aura isakI rAjadhAnI thI-meruparvata ke pUrva mahAvideha kSetra kI pramukha nagarI kSamapurI / vRddhAvasthA ke antima dinoM meM, apanA deza dekhane kI icchA se, vaha bhramaNa ke liye nikala par3atA hai| ghUmate-ghUmate, vaha zaMkhapura nagara pahuMcatA hai / zaMkhapura ke bAhara eka sundara baMgIcA thA- 'cittarama' / isake bIca meM 'manonandana' caitya-bhavana banA huA thaa| kucha dina pahile, vihAra karate-karate AcArya samantabhadra bhI zaMkhapura A pahu~ce the aura cittarama bAga ke caitya bhavana meM Thahare hue the| eka dina, AcAryazrI kI sabhA lagI huI thii| unake sAmane pravattinI sAdhvI mahAbhadrA baiThI huI thiiN| inake pAsa meM hI zrIgarbha nareza kI rAjakumArI sulalitA bhI baiThI thI, isI ke pAsa puNDarIka rAjakumAra baiThA huA thaa| AsapAsa anya sAmAjika nAgarika baiThe hue the| isI samaya, anusundara cakravartI kA kAphilA, udyAna ke bagala se nikalatA hai / rathoM kI gar3agar3AhaTa aura senA ke kolAhala ne, sabhA meM baiThe logoM kA dhyAna, apanI ora AkRSTa kara liyA / _ 'bhagavati ! yaha kaisA kolAhala hai ?' jijJAsAvaza, rAjakumArI ne mahAbhadrA se puuchaa| 'mujhe nahIM mAlUma / ' mahAbhadrA ne, AcAryazrI kI ora dekhate hue uttara diyaa| 'rAjakumAra puNDarIka aura rAjakumArI sulalitA ko prabodha dene kA yaha anukUla avasara hai' --yaha vicAra karake, AcAryazrI ne mahAbhadrA se kahA---'are mahAbhadrA ! tumheM patA nahIM hai ki hama saba, isa samaya 'manuja

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 376 gati' nAmaka pradeza ke 'mahAvideha' bAjAra meM baiThe hue haiN| Aja eka 'saMsArI jIva' cora,corI ke mAla ke sAtha pakar3A gayA hai / duSTAzaya Adi use pakar3akara vadhasthala kI ora le jA rahe haiM, tAki use mRtyudaNDa diyA jA sake / use, yaha mRtyudaNDa, 'karmapariNAma' mahArAja ne, apanI rAjamahiSI 'kAlapariNati', aura 'svabhAva' Adi se vicAra-vimarza karane ke pazcAt diyA hai| AcAryazrI kI bAta sunakara, sulalitA Azcarya meM par3a gaI / mahAbhadrA kI ora dekhakara vaha bolI-'bhagavati ! hama to zaMkhapura meM baiThe haiN| yaha to manujagati nahIM haiM ? aura isa samaya, cittarama udyAna meM haiM, yaha 'mahAvideha' bAjAra kaise ho gayA ? yahA~ ke rAjA zrIgarbha haiM, 'karmapariNAma' nhiiN| phira, AcArya pravara yaha saba kese kaha rahe haiM ?' yaha sunakara AcAryazrI bole-~-'dharmazIlA sulalitA ! tuma 'agRhIta saMketA' ho / merI bAta kA gUr3ha artha, tumheM samajha meM nahIM aayaa|' sUlalitA socane lagI- AcArya bhagavan ne to merA nAma hI badala diyA, dUsarA nAma kara diyA / ' kucha bhI na samajha pAne ke kAraNa vaha cupa hokara baiThI raha gii| mahAbhadrA ne AcAryazrI kA saMketa spaSTataH samajha liyaa| ve jAna gayIM ki kisI pApI saMsArI jIva kA AyuSya kSINa ho cukA hai aura vaha apane pUrva nirdhArita mRtyusthala para pahu~cane kA saMyoga-upakrama kara rahA hai| phalataH mahAbhadrA kA mana, usake naraka-gamana ke prati, dayAbhAva se ota-prota ho gayA / ve bolIM- 'bhagavan ! yaha cora, mRtyudaNDa se mukta ho sakatA hai kyA ?' 'jaba use tere darzana hoMge aura vaha hamAre samakSa upasthita hogA, tabhI usakI mukti ho skegii|' 'kyA maiM usake sammukha jAU~ ?' mahAbhadrA ne nivedana kiyA / 'hA~, jAo, isameM duvidhA kyoM hai ?' AcAryazrI ne anumati dete hue khaa| mahAbhadrA udyAna se bAhara nikalakara rAjapatha para AI aura anasundara cakravartI ko dekhakara use AcAryazrI ke kathana kA Azaya batalAyA aura kahA- 'bhadra ! 'sadAgama' kI zaraNa svIkAra kro|' mahAbhadrA ko dekhane ke kucha hI kSaNoM ke bIca anusundara ko 'sva

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380 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA gocara' (jAti-smaraNa) jJAna ho gyaa| phira AcAryazrI kA kathana sunane ke bAda, mahAbhadrA kA sujhAva sUnA, to vaha cupacApa unake pIche pIche cala pdd'aa| aura AcAryazrI ke sAmane pahu~cakara khar3A ho gyaa| ___anusundara ko sabhA meM Ate samaya samasta pArSadoM ne use cora ke rUpa meM dekhA / kintu, anusundara AcAryazrI ko dekhakara avarNanIya sukha se bhara gayA / sukha kI adhikatA se use mUrchA A jAtI hai| kucha hI dera meM saceta hone para vaha uTha baiThatA hai / taba rAjakumArI sulalitA usase corI ke viSaya meM pUchatI hai| magara vaha cupa banA rahatA hai| taba, AcAryazrI nirdeza dete hai---'rAjakumArI ko tuma apanA sArA pUrva vRtAnta sunA do|' basa yahI vaha bindu hai, jahA~ se 'upamiti-bhava-prapaJca kathA' ke bhavaprapaJca' kA vistAra se varNana zurU hotA hai / anusundara yAnI 'cora' apanI corI kA sArA pUrva-vRttAnta sunAne lagatA hai| __kathA sunane ke avasara para, AcAryazrI ke sAmane mahAbhadrA, sulalitA aura puNDarIka, baiThe rahate haiN| zeSa sabhAsada vahAM se cale jAte haiN| phira, jo kathA zurU hotI hai, usameM, anusundara, apane bhavabhramaNa kI kahAnI asaMvyavahAra (nigoda sthAnIya) jIvarAzi meM se nikalakara saMvyavahAra jIvarAzi meM Ane se zurU karatA hai aura vikalAkSa, dvIndriya, trIndriya, Adi tamAma jIva-yoniyoM meM ananta bAra janma-maraNa ko prApta karate karate, apane vartamAna bhava taka, sunA DAlatA hai| ina janma-janmAntara kI kathAoM meM, prara.Gga vaza, puNDarIka aura sulalitA ke bhI pUrvabhavoM kA vRtAnta vaha sunAtA hai| jise sunakara, laghukarmI jIva hone ke kAraNa, pUNDarIka pratibuddha ho jAtA hai| para, pUrvajanmoM ke doSoM/pApoM kI adhikatA ke kAraNa, bAra-bAra sambodhana karake kathA sunAne para bhI sulalitA ko pratibodha nahIM ho pAtA / Akhira, vizeSa preraNA ke dvArA use bar3I muzkila se bodha prApta ho pAtA hai / phalataH sabake saba, eka sAtha dIkSA grahaNa kara lete haiM / isa sAra saMkSepa meM, AcAryazrI aura mahAbhadrA tathA sulalitA ke jo vAkya Upara Aye haiM, unake AzayoM se yaha spaSTa patA calatA hai ki isa mahAkathA ke sAtha-sAtha, eka rahasyAtmaka kathA bhI calatI rahatI hai, jisakA sambandha bhautika, dRzyamAna pAtroM se na jur3akara, antaraMga rahasyAtmaka manaH sthitiyoM/cittavRttiyoM se hai| isa antaraMga kathA kA zubhArambha aura kathA

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 381 vistAra kA upakrama, mUlagraMtha meM, jisa taraha zurU kiyA gayA hai,usakA sAra isa taraha samajhA jA sakatA hai ___ manujagati nagarI ke mahArAjA 'karmapariNAma' aura unakI pradhAna mahArAnI 'kAlapariNati' se 'sumati' nAmaka bAlaka kA janma hotA hai / isa kI dekharekha ke lie 'prajJAvizAlA' nAma kI dhAya niyukta hotI hai / prajJAvizAlA, apanI sahelI 'agRhItasaketA' se parAmarza ke bAda, 'sadAgama' nAmaka upAdhyAya ko, sumati kA zikSaka banAkara, use sumati ko sauMpa detI hai| eka dina, sadAgama mahAtmA, bAjAra meM baiThe the / rAjakumAra sumati aura prajJAvizAlA bhI, unake sAtha baiThe the| isI bIca, agRhItasaMketA bhI vahA~ AtI hai aura baiTha jAtI hai / thor3I hI dera meM, phUTe hue Dhola kI astavyasta, karNakaTu dhvani, aura logoM kA aTTahAsa sunAI par3atA hai / kucha hI kSaNoM meM,eka 'saMsArI jIva' nAmaka cora ko gadhe para biThAye haye, kucha sipAhI vahAM se gujre| cora kA zarIra rAkha se potA haA thA, usake Upara gerue raMga kI, hAtha kI chApe lagIM thiiN| chAtI para kaur3iyoM ko mAlA laTakI huI thii| TUTI maTakI kA kapAla sira para rakhA thaa| gale meM, eka corI kA mAla laTakA huA thaa| sipAhiyoM kI DA~Ta phaTakAra, aura unake nindA-vacana sunakara, vaha thara-thara kAMpa rahA thaa| yaha dRzya dekhakara, prajJAvizAlA ko usa para dayA A gii| usane cora ke samIpa jAkara usase kahA-'bhadra ! tU ina (sadAgama) mahApuruSa kI zaraNa grahaNa kara / ' cora bhI, sadAgama kA svarUpa dekhakara unameM vizvasta ho gyaa| vaha, unake pAsa gayA, aura unheM dekhatA hI raha gayA / kSaNabhara bAda, vaha A~kheM banda karake gira pdd'aa| jaba use hoza AyA, to cillAne lagA'he nAtha ! merI rakSA kreN|' sadAgama ne use abhaya kA AzvAsana diyA; cora Azvasta ho gayA / aba, agRhItasaGketA ne usa cora se, usake aparAdha kA, aura rAjapuruSoM dvArA pakar3e jAne kA kAraNa puuchaa| cora bolA-'Apa pUchakara kyA kareMgI?' sadAgama ne use nirdeza diyA- 'agRha tasaGketA, terA vRttAnta sunane ko utsuka hai / ataH, isakI jijJAsA zAnta karane ke liye, tU apanA sArA vRttAnta badalA de / ' cora ne kahA- 'maiM, apanI ApabItI ghaTanA, saba ke sAmane nahIM batalAUMgA / kisI nirjana sthAna meM cleN|'

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382 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA ___ sadAgama ke izAre se, saba loga uThakara cale gye| ina logoM ke sAtha, prajJAvizAlA bhI uThakara jAne lagI, to sadAgama ne use vahIM baiThe rahane ke lie kahA / sumati rAjaputra bhI vahIM baiThA rahA / pazcAt, agRhIta saGketA ko lakSya kara ke, vaha 'saMsArI jIva' cora, apanA vRttAnta sunAne lgaa| merI patnI, 'bhavitavyatA' mujhe 'asaMvyavahAra' nagara ke 'nigoda' nAmaka eka kamare meM se nikAla kara 'ekAkSanivAsa' nagara meM le AtI hai| yahA~ mujhe 'vanaspati' nAma diyA jAtA hai / yahA~, maiM 'sAdhAraNa zarIra' nAmaka kamare meM madamatta, mUcchita, mRta kI taraha zvAseM letA par3A rhaa| phira kucha dinoM bAda, yahA~ se nikAla kara, ekAkSanagara meM hI kisI dUsare muhalle ke dUsare vibhAga meM 'pratyekacArI' ke rUpa meM asaMkhyakAla taka rkhaa| ""isI taraha ke vRttAnta sunAtA huA vaha, apane vartamAna janma taka A paha~catA hai| ina Arambhika ghaTanAkramoM ke varNana meM, jo dvaividhya, zurU se hI kathAnaka meM ubharatA hai, usakA rahasya, kathA ke AThaveM prastAva meM pahuMcane para khulatA hai| isa taraha, isa mahAkathA kA lambA-caur3A kathAnaka, dUsare prastAva se zurU hotA hai aura AThaveM prastAva ke prArambha taka apanI rahasyAtmakatA ko banAye rakhatA hai| prathama prastAva, poTha bandha meM, granthakAra ne apanI nijI kathA-vyathA likhI hai| isa Atma-kathA kA mahatva, isalie mUlyavAna bana gayA ki baha bhI rUpaka-paddhati meM, rahasyAtmaka-pratIka zabdAvalI dvArA vyakta kI gii| jisase, mUlakathA kI rahasyAtmakatA meM pahu~cane ke pUrva hI, pAThaka kA prauDha mana,kathAkAra kI pratIkAtmaka zabdAvalI ke gUDha AzayoM ko samajhane kI nipUNatA prApta kara letA hai| bAda ke prastAvoM meM varNita kathAkrama kA sAra-saMketa isa prakAra hai| tIsare prastAva meM-jayasthala nagarI ke rAjA padma aura usakI mahA rAnI nandA ke beTe rAjakumAra nandivarddhana ke rUpa meM, anusundara kA jIva, janma letA hai / nandivarddhana ko 'krodha' aura 'hiMsA' ke caMgula meM phaMsa jAne para, kisa-kisa taraha kI dAruNa vyathAe~ sahanoM par3I, aura kina-kina bhaboM meM bhramita honA par3A, yaha saba batalAyA gayA hai| manujagati nagarI ke bharata pradeza meM kSitipratiSTha nagara ke rAjA 'karmavilAsa' kI do rAniyA~ thIMzubhasundarI aura akushlmaalaa| zubhasundarI kA putra hai-'manISI' aura

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 383 akuzalamAlA kA putra hotA hai - 'bAla' / bAla ko ' sparzana' kI kusaMgati za jo kaSTa bhogane par3e, aura tadanusAra, use jina-jina bhavoM meM bhramita honA par3A, usa sabakA vyApaka varNana hai / 'bAla' ke rUpa meM bhI 'saMsArIjIva' (dvitIya prastAva ) cora ke bhava-varNana ko samajhanA cAhie / caturtha prastAva meM - siddhArtha nagara ke rAjA naravAhana aura unakI rAnI vimalamAlatI ke putra ripudAraNa ko 'asatya' aura 'mAna' (garva - ghamaNDa ) ke vazIbhUta ho jAne se, tathA bhUtala nagara ke rAjA malasaMcaya aura unakI patnI 'tatpaMkti' ke do beToM - zubhodaya aura azubhodaya, meM se azubhodaya kI patnI svayogyatA ke putra rAjakumAra 'jar3a' ko 'rasanA' kI Asakti / lubdhatAvaza tathA pA~caveM prastAva meM - vardhamAna nagara ke zreSThI somadeva aura seThAnI kanakasundaro ke lar3ake vAmadeva ko caurya 'mAyA' kA vazavartI banane se, tathA dharAtala nagara ke rAjA zubhavipAka ke anuja azubhavipAka kI patnI pariNati ke putra mandakumAra ko ' ghrANa' ke prati lagAva hone se chaThaveM prastAva meM - Anandapura zra eSTha harizekhara evaM seThAnI baMdhumatI ke putra ghanazekhara ko 'maithuna' aura 'lobha' kA vazaMvada ho jAne se, tathA manujagati ke rAjA jagatpitA 'karmapariNAma' va jaganmAtA mahAdevI ke chaH putroM meM se dvitIya putra 'adhama' ko viSayAbhilASa kI putrI dRSTidevI ke sAhacarya se, sAtaveM prastAva meM, sAhlAda nagara ke rAjA jImUta aura unakI paTarAnI lIlAdevI ke putra dhanavAna ko 'mahAmoha' aura 'parigraha' se, tathA kSamAtala nagara ke rAjA ' svamalanicaya' aura unakI rAnI 'tadanubhUti' ke dUsare putra 'bAliza' ko karmapariNAma kI kanyA 'zra uti' ke sahavAsa se kaisI-kaisI bhayaMkara yAtanAeN, pIr3Ae~ bhugatanI par3IM, aura kina-kina yoniyoM meM kitanI - kitanI bAra janma-maraNa lenA par3A, ityAdi kA varNana, avAntara kathAoM sahita kiyA gayA hai / AThaveM prastAva meM 4 vibhAga haiM / inameM se pahile vibhAga meM - sapramoda nagara ke rAjA madhuvAraNa aura unakI paTarAnI sumAlinI ke yahA~ guNadhAraNa ke rUpa meM 'saMsArI jIva' janma letA hai / isake jIvanavRtta dvArA yaha bata - lAyA gayA hai ki 'karma 'kAla' 'svabhAva' 'bhavitavyatA' kA kyA kArya hai ? ina sabake saMyoga / sahayoga se kisa taraha puNyodaya aura pApodaya Ate-jAte haiM ? dUsare vibhAga meM, usa rahasya ko sulajhAyA gayA hai, jo kathA ke Arambha hone ke sAtha-sAtha, pAThaka ke mastiSka meM bhI ghara kara cukA thaa| tIsare

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3-4 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA vibhAga meM, samasta pramukha pAtroM kA sammilana karAkara unakI jIvana - pragati kA nirdeza kiyA gayA hai, aura cauthe vibhAga meM grantha kA sArA kA sArA rahasya spaSTa ho jAtA hai / anta meM, prazasti ke sAtha grantha pUrNa ho jAtA hai| isa saMkSipta kathAsAra se spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki pUrI 'upamiti bhavaprapaJca kathA meM hiMsA, asatya, steya, abrahmacarya (maithuna) aura parigraha meM lipta hone se, tathA krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha ora moha ke vazIbhUta hokara paJcendriyoM ke viSayoM meM lolupatA rakhane se, jIvAtmA ko anaginata ApadAoM se ghira jAnA par3atA hai / inhIM saba se 'bhava' kA prapaMca' vistAra / vikAsa ko prApta hotA hai, jisameM pha~sA jIvAtmA kabhI nArakiyoM kA, devoM kA aura kabhI-kabhI pazu-pakSiyoM Adi kA janma prApta karake saMsArI banA par3A raha jAtA hai / saMyogavaza punaH prApta mAnava jIvana ko dubArA bhI, inhIM saba viSaya vikAroM meM ulajhA kara barabAda kara diyA gayA, to na jAne phira kaba use yaha durlabha mAnava deha mila pAyegI / isalie nirvikAra, zubhracitta se 'sadAgama' kI zaraNa svIkAra kara yaha prayAsa karanA cAhie ki nivRtti nagara kA vaha nivAsI bana sake / siddharSi ke isa kathA - grantha ke nAma se hI pAThaka ke mana meM yaha sahaja jijJAsA uThatI hai ki Akhira yaha 'bhava - prapaJca' kyA hai ? jise lakSya karake itanA vizAla grantha racA gyaa| isa prazna kA uttara, svayaM siddhaSi ne, vivekAcArya ke dvArA apanI racanA meM diyA hai / ise isa prakAra samajhanA cAhie / prAyaH saba prANI, anAdikAla se asaMvyavahArika rAzi meM rahate haiM / jaba prANI vahA~ rahatA hai, taba, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha Adi Asrava dvArA ( karmabandha ke hetu ) usake antaraGga sva-jana- sambandhI hote haiM / jaina granthoM meM varNita anuSThAna dvArA vizuddha mArga para Akara, jitane prANI, karma se mukta hokara mukti pAte haiM, utane hI jIva asaMvyavahAra rAzi meM se nikalakara vyavahAra rAzi meM Ate haiM / yaha kevalajJAniyoM ke vacana haiM / isa asaMvyavahAra rAzi meM se bAhara nikale jIva, bahuta samaya taka ekendriya jAti meM aneka prakAra kI viDambanA bhogate haiM / vikalendriya se lekara pA~ca indriyoM vAlI tiryaJca jAti meM paribhramaNa karate haiM aura anekavidha kaSTa-duHkha bhogate haiM / bhinna-bhinna ananta bhavoM meM sahana / bhoga karane ke lie, baMdhe hue karmajAla pariNAmoM ko bhogate hue, bhavita

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 385 vyatA ke yoga se, bAra-bAra naye-naye rUpa dhAraNa karate haiN| arahaTa ghaTI ko taraha, Upara-nIce ghUmate rahate haiM / aura, yahA~ para ve sUkSma aura bAdara, paryApta aura aparyApta, pRthvI, jala, agni, vAyu aura vanaspatikAyika jIva-rUpa dhAraNa karate haiN| kaI bAra, ve dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya, asaMjJI paMcendriya, saMjJI paMceindriya, jalacara, sthalacara, aura nabhavara tiryaMcoM kA rUpa dhAraNa karate haiN| isa prakAra nAnAvidha vicitra rUpoM meM aneka sthAnoM para bhaTakate hue jIva ko mahAn kaThinatA se, manuSya bhava milatA hai| jaise samudra meM DUbate hue ratnadvIpa mila jAye, mahAroga se jarjarita ko mahoSadhi, viSamUcchita ko maMtrajJAtA, daridrI ko cintAmaNi kI prApti jitanI kaThina hotI hai, vaisI hI kaThinAI se manuSyabhava kI prApti hotI hai| kintu manuSyabhava meM bhI hiMsA, krodha, Adi durguNa isa taraha pIche par3e rahate haiM, jaise dhana ke bhaNDAra para baitAla pIche par3A rahatA hai| ina sabase, vaha pIr3ita hokara, mahAmoha kI pragAr3ha nidrA meM par3A raha jAtA haiM aura apane manuSyabhava ko nirarthaka kho detA hai / jo vyakti jinavANo rUpa pradIpa ke dvArA ananta bhava-prapaJca ko bhalIbhAMti jAnate haiM, ve bhI mahAmoha ke vazIbhUta hokara mUkhoM kI taraha dUsaroM ko upatApa, santApa dete haiM, garva meM DUba jAte haiM, dUsaroM ko Thagate haiM, dhanalipsA meM DUbe rahate haiM, prANiyoM kI hiMsA karate haiM, viSayabhogoM meM Asakta rahate haiM, ve sabake saba bhAgyahIna prANI haiN| aise vyaktiyoM ko bhI, manuSya bhava, mokSa taka pahu~cAne kA kAraNa nahIM bana pAtA, balki ananta duHkhoM se bharapUra bhava-prapaJca (saMsAra-paramparA) kI vRddhi karAne vAlA ho jAtA hai ! isa bhava-prapaJca vistAra ke namUnoM ke rUpa meM, pUrI 'upamiti-bhavaprapaJca kathA' meM se kisI bhI eka kathAnaka ko par3hA jA sakatA hai, aura samajhA jA sakatA hai / sahaja aura sarala tarIke se, saMkSepa meM jJAna karane ke lie, isa grantha ke AThaveM prastAva meM, zaMkhanagara ke mahArAjA mahAgiri, aura unakI rAnI bhadrA ke beTe 'siMha' kA kathAnaka par3hA jA sakatA hai| 1 upamiti-bhava-prapaJca kathA-prastAva-3 pRSTha 276-86 2 upamiti-bhava-prapaJca kathA-prastAva 8, pRSTha 728-733 /

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386 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA isa saMsAra meM cAra prakAra ke puruSa hote haiN| ye haiM-jaghanya, madhyama, utkRSTa aura utkRSTatama / inakA svarUpa isa taraha se samajhanA cAhie / utkRSTatama prANI ve haiM -jo saMsAra aTavI se virakta hokara, pAparahita hokara, indriyoM para vijaya prApta karake samasta karmoM kA nAza karate haiM aura mokSa ko prApta ho jAte haiN| utkRSTa prANI ve haiM-jo vigataspRha hokara, apanI icchAoM para niyantraNa rakhate haiM, doSoM kA saMcaya nahIM karate, zarIra kA aura isake hara aMga kA upayoga dharma kI ArAdhanA meM karate haiM, aura mokSamArga kI ora prayANa karate haiN| madhyama puruSa ve haiM jo apanI indriyoM kI pravRtti ko sahaja rUpa meM banAe rakhate haiM, unake viSaya-bhogoM meM Asakti nahIM rakhate, aura kaSAya Adi ke duSprabhAva meM hone para bhI loka viruddha, nIti-viruddha, dharma-viruddha AcaraNa nahIM karate / aura jaghanya puruSa ve haiM-jo isa saMsAra meM, saMsAra ke viSayabhogoM meM gAr3ha Asakti rakhate hue apanI indriyoM kI ora antaHkaraNoM kI pravRtti banAye rakhate haiN| inameM se, utkRSTatama koTi ke puruSa, mukti ko prApta hote haiN| utkRSTa puruSa, mukti pAne ke lie satat prayatnazIla rahate haiM / madhyama puruSa, na to mukti ke lie ceSTA karate haiM aura na hI karmabandha ke anukUla pari. NAma dene vAle kAryoM meM vizeSa ruci rakhate haiN| jabaki adhama puruSa, hara kSaNa, isa taraha ke kriyA-kalApoM meM saMlagna rahatA hai, jinake dvArA usake bhavaprapaJca kA vikAsa/vistAra hI hogaa| eka taraha se, aise hI vyaktiyoM ko lakSya karake, yaha kathA-graMtha siddharSi ne likhA hai, tAki ve ise upayoga kara skeN| vastutaH koI bhI vyakti, janma se utkRSTa, madhyama yA adhama nahIM hotaa| usake apane pichale janmoM ke karmabandha, saMskAra banakara usake sAtha paidA avazya hote haiM, tathApi janma grahaNa kara lene ke bAda bahuta kucha isa bAta para vyakti ke Age kA bhava-prapaJca nirbhara karatA hai ki usane vartamAna manuSya bhava meM kyA, kucha, kaisA kiyA / aura, yaha eka anubhUta satya hai ki vyakti jaise pariveSa meM rahegA, jisa taraha ke samAja meM uThegA-baiThegA, usa sabakA prabhAva usa para nizcita hI pdd'egaa| isa tathya se, granthakAra bhalobhAMti paricita rahe / phalataH isa sthiti kI unhoMne AdhyAtmika/dhArmika manovaijJAnika/vaijJAnika tarIke se jo vyAkhyA kI hai, vaha bahuta kucha ina zabdoM meM samajhI jA sakatI hai|

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 387 isa saMsAra meM pratyeka prANI ke tIna-tIna kuTumba hote haiN| prathana prakAra ke kuTumba meM-kSAnti, Arjava, mArdava, lobha-tyAga, jJAna, darzana. vIrya, sukha, satya, zauca aura santoSa Adi kuTumbIjana hote haiN| yaha kuTumba, prANI kA svAbhAvika kuTamba hai, anAdikAla se usake sAtha rahatA AtA hai / isa kuTumba kA kabhI anta-vinAza nahIM hotaa| yaha kuTamba prANI kA hita karane meM hI sadA tatpara rahatA hai| parezAnI kI bAta sirpha yaha hai ki yaha kUTamba kabhI-kabhI to adRzya ho jAtA hai aura phira prakaTa ho jAtA hai / usakA chupanA aura prakaTa honA, svAbhAvika dharma hai / yaha hara prANI ke antas meM rahatA hai / isakI sAmarthya itanI prabala hai ki yadi yaha kuTumba cAhe to prANI ko mokSa kI prApti bhI karA sakatA hai| kyoMki, yaha apane svabhAva se hI prANI ko, usake sva-sthAna se uccatA ko ora le jAtA hai| dUsarA kuTumba, krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, dveSa, moha, ajJAna, zoka, bhaya, avirati Adi kA hai| yaha kUTamba, prANI kA asvAbhAvika kuTumba hai| kintu yaha durbhAgya kI bAta ho kahI/mAnI jAyegI ki adhikAMza prANI ise hI apanA svAbhAvika kuTumba mAnakara usase pragAr3ha prema karane lagate haiN| isakA sambandha abhavya jovoM ke sAtha anAdikAla se hai, jisakA anta kabhI nahIM hotA / kucha bhavyaprANiyoM ke sAtha bhI isakA, anAdikAla se sambandha jur3A hotA hai, kintu usakA anta nikaTa bhaviSya meM hone kI sambhAvanAe~ banI rahatI haiM / yaha kuTumba prANo kA, ekAntataH ahita hI karatA hai| kintu, yaha bhI jaba kabhI prathama kuTumba kI taraha adRzya ho jAtA hai, chupa jAtA hai aura phira se prakaTa ho jAtA hai| yaha bhI prANo ke antaraMga meM nivAsa karatA hai aura use sAMsArika viSaya-bhogoM meM pravRtta karAkara usake bhava-vistAra meM pramukha nimitta banatA hai| kyoMki, isakA svAbhAvika dharma hai-prANI ko svasthAna se adhaHpatita banAnA aura durguNoM ke prati prerita krnaa| tIsarA kuTumba/parivAra prANo kA apanA zarIra, use paidA karane vAle mAtA-pitA, aura bhAI-bahina Adi anya kuTumbIjanoM kA hotA hai / yaha kuTumba, svarUpa se hI asvAbhAvika hai / aura, sAdi sAnta hai| isakA prArambha alpakAlika hotA hai, phalataH, isakA astitva pUrNataH asthira rahatA hai| yaha kuTumba, bhavya prANI ko to kabhI hitakArI aura kabhI ahitakArI bhI hotA hai| isakA dharma utpatti aura vinAza hai| yaha, hamezA bahiraMga pradeza meM hI pravartita hotA hai| bhavya prANI ko, yaha saMsAra aura mokSa,

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388 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA donoM kI prApti meM sahayogI banatA hai / jabaki abhavya prANI ke liye, yaha sirpha saMsAra-vRddhi kA hI kAraNa hotA hai| prAyaH, yaha kuTumba, prANI ke dUsare kuTumba ke sadasyoM-krodha, mAna, mAyA Adi ko paripuSTa karane vAlA hone se saMsAravRddhi kA hI kAraNa banatA hai / jaba, koI prANI, apane prathama prakAra ke kuTumba kA anusaraNa/anugamana karatA hai, taba, yaha bhI, usake poSaNa meM sahayogI bana jAtA hai, aura isa taraha, mokSa dilAne meM kAraNa banatA hai| isI taraha ke tamAma vivecanoM se bharA-pUrA hai yaha mahAkathA grantha / dharma aura darzana, khAsakara jainadharma/darzana ke hara prasaGga ko siddharSi ne chuA bhara nahIM hai, balki usakI aisI spaSTa avatAraNA apane pAtroM meM kara dI hai, jisase yaha pratIta hone lagatA hai ki, pAThaka, koI kathA nahIM par3ha rahA hai, balki, kathA ke pAtroM kI ghaTanAoM ko apane bahiraMga aura aMtaraMga pariveza se pratyakSa ghaTita hotA anubhava karatA hai| tIsare prastAva se lekara sAtaveM prastAva taka kula pA~ca prastAvoM meM, hisA, asatya, steya, abrahma aura parigraha tathA krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha aura moha evaM sparzana, rasana, cakSa , ghrANa aura zrotra meM se eka-eka ko le kara, eka-eka prastAva meM inake samagra svarUpa kI spaSTa, sahaja aura sarala rUpa meM vyAkhyA kI hai / aura, ina sabake saMsarga/saMparka se hone vAle duSpariNAmoM ko, kaI-kaI kathAnakoM ke dvArA vyAkhyAyita kiyA hai| ina pAMcasAta prastAvoM meM, dharma aura darzana ke vyAvahArika AcaraNa kA eka-eka roma taka vyAkhyAyita hone se nahIM baca paayaa| isake alAvA bhI, prasaMgavaza jina viSayoM zAstroM kI vivecanA kI gaI hai, unameM Ayurveda, jyotiSa, svapna-zAstra, nimitta-zAstra, sAmudrika zAstra, dhAtuvidyA, yuddhanIti, rAjanIti. gRhastha dharma, manovijJAna durvyasana, vinoda, vyagya Adi pramukha haiN| ina sabako, siddharSi ne jIvana-ghaTanAoM ke sAMsArika/naitika/AdhyAtmika vivecana meM, jIbhara kara upayoga meM liyA hai| jisase, yaha spaSTataH pramANita hotA hai ki ve, mAtra darzana/dharma ke hI marmajJa nahIM the, balki, unakI udAtta jJAnasamRddhi-caturmakhI/bahumukhI thii| 'upamiti-bhava-prapaMca kathA' mAtra dArzanika/AdhyAtmika viSayoM ko hI svayaM AtmasAta nahIM kiye hai, balki isameM zRGgAra, vIra, raudra, hAsya,

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 386 karuNa Adi rasoM kA, chahoM RtuoM kA nagara, parvata, vana, nadI Adi prAkRtika dRzyoM kA sajIva citraNa bhI hai| manuSya ke janma, janmotsava ora zikSA-dIkSA grahaNa se lekara, usake vivAha Adi saMskAroM kA, usake pitA-bhAI Adi dAyitvoM ke nirvAha kA aura sammilita parivAra ke rUpa meM eka gRhasthI kA, AcaraNoya kyA honA cAhie ? parivAra, samAja aura apane deza ke prati usake kyA-kyA karttavya haiM ? samAja meM kisa taraha kI vyAvahArika vyavasthAe~ honI cAhie? ina sAre pakSoM para siddharSi ne apanI sUkSmekSikA se prakAza DAlA hai| aura, una ke samakAlIna samAja meM kisa taraha kA vAtAvaraNa thA, kauna-kauna sI karItiyA~, rUr3hiyA~ thIM jo sAmAjika naitika-utthAna meM bAdhA banI huI thIM, isa pakSa ko bhI unhoMne binA koI chipAva kiye, apano racanA meM darzAyA hai| jaina dharma/darzana meM AsthA rakhane vAle sAmAjikoM/nAgarikoM ko zrAvaka zrAvikA ke lakSaNa, dAyitva aura kartavyoM ko bhI spaSTa karane meM unase cUka nahIM hone paaii| hiMsA, corI, lUTapATa, ThagI, paravaJcanA aura durAcAra jaise ghinaune rUpoM kA khulAsA karane ke sAtha-sAtha saccAI, ImAnadArI, paropakAritA aura dona-duHkhiyoM ke prati hamadardI jaise sAtvika guNoM kI varNanA meM bhI ve pIche nahIM rhe| kula milAkara yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki siddharSi ne, apane samakAlIna samAja kI dukhatI nasa ko chuA hai, to usakA upacAra/ilAja bho batalAyA hai ki kaise use dUra karake samAja ko svastha banAyA jA sakatA hai / ina sAre varNanoM ke kucha namUne puruSa prakAra (pRSTha 201), nArI svarUpa (pRSTha 382) aura lakSaNa (pRSTha 474), rAjArAnI varNana (pRSTha 148), maMtrIvarNana (pR0 158), rAjya kI sukha dukhatA (pR0 581), durjana doSa (pR0 112), dhanagarva (pR0 404), pAkhaNDo bheda (pR0 365), mada meM aMdhApana (pRSTha 33) Adi dekhe jA sakate haiM / saMsArI ko mUla sthiti (pRSTha 286), zoka kA svarUpa (pR0 402, 666), saMsArI jIva kA svarUpa (pR0 576), moha kI prabalatA (pR0 726), mahAmoha (pR0 161), mithyA abhimAna (400), bhogatRSNA (174), rAga kI vividhitA aura vedanIya ke tIna prakAra (pR0 367), ajJAna se utpanna hone vAle doSa (pRSTha 176), krodha, mAna Adi kaSAyoM kA svarUpa (pR. 373), mithyAdarzana (pR0 359), mithyAbhimAna se banane vAlI hAsyAspada

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360 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA sthiti (pR0 101), aura cAroM gatiyoM kA (pRSTha 418) varNana, jIvAtmA ke saMsAra-vRddhi ke kAraNoM ke rUpa meM dekhA/par3hA jA sakatA hai / jo vyakti, paramAtma-svarUpa kI sAkAratA meM AsthA rakhate haiM, unake lie jinapUjA (pR0 486), jinAbhiSeka (pR0 218), sAkAra svarUpadarzana kI mahimA (pR0 486), jinazAsana (pR0 45), caNDikAyatana (pR. 367), atizaya varNana (pR0 566), aura ArAdhanA varNana (pR0 766) jaise prasaMga paThanIya ho sakate haiN| sAdhu samAja ke lie sAdhu kA svarUpa (pR0 436), sAdhu avasthA (pR0 576), sAdhu kriyA (pR. 641), sAdhu dharma (pR0 639), pravrajyA vidhi (pR0 737), dIkSA mahotsava (pR0 217, 228), Adi prasaMga to paThanIya haiM hIM, inake sAtha-sAtha, apane AcaraNa kI prakharatA banAye rakhane ke lie vairAgya mahimA (pR0 597), samyaktva (pR0 73), samyagdarzana (pR0 451), cittAnuzAsana (pR0 646), dayA (pR0 271), dhyAna yoga (pR0 757), saddharma sAdhana (pR0 636), cAritra (pR0 448), cAritra senA (pR0 454), sAdhu ke gUNa (pa061), dharma ke pariNAma (pR071), kSamA (pa0 146). sadAgama kA svarUpa (pR0 118), sadAgama kA mAhAtmya (pR0 110), puNyodaya (pR0 136), samyagdarzana ke pAMca doSa (pR0 73), vibhinna sAdhu vargoM para AkSepa ke prasaMga meM kriyAoM ke artha (pR0 61), tapa ke prakAra (pR0 756), mukti svarUpa (pR0 430), aura siddha svarUpa (pR0 706) tathA saba eka sAtha mokSa kyoM nahIM jAte (pR0 46) Adi prasaMgoM jaise aneka prasaMga paThanIya haiM, cintanIya haiM, aura mananIya hone ke sAtha AcaraNIya bhI haiM / ___siddharSi kI bhASA sarala, subodha aura hRdayagrAhI to hai hI, usameM bhAvoM ko spaSTa kara pAThaka ke mana para apanA prabhAva DAlane kI bhI paryApta sAmarthya hai| isake lie, unheM, prasAda guNa ko aMgIkAra karanA pdd'aa| sthiti aura pAtra, jisa taraha kI bhASA kI apekSA karate haiM, usI taraha, bhASA kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| ve, jaba 'kUTI prAdezika rasAyana' (10 35), vimalAloka aMjana (pR0 12), tatva prItikara jala (pR0 12), mahAkalyANaka bhojana (pR0 12), AmarSa auSadhi (pR0 45), gozIrSa candana (pR0 45), bhaiMsa kA dahI aura baiMgana (pR0 85-86), nAgadamanI auSadhi (pR0 142) aura dhAtu muktikA (pR0 38) tathA lohe ko sonA banAne kA rasa---'rasakUpikA' (pR0 38) jaise prasaMgoM para carcA karate haiM, taba unake

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 361 vaidyaka kA jJAna aura eka dhAtuvid kA buddhi kauzala, sAmane A jAtA hai| madyapAna kI durdazA (pR0 367) va mAMsa khAne ke duSpariNAma (pR0 413) se lekara kAma-krIr3A (pR0 504) jaise prasaMgoM kI, prasaMgagata apekSAoM ko rakhate hue, vasanta (pR0 386), grISma aura varSA (pR0 456) tathA zarad-hemanta (pR0 334) aura zizira (pR0 386) RtuoM kA varNana bhI dila-kholakara kiyA gayA hai| kathAvarNana meM siddharSi ne nItivAkyoM/sUktiyoM kA bhI bharapUra prayoga kiyA hai / 'lakSaNahIna manuSyoM ko cintAmaNi ratna nahIM milatA' (pR0 121), 'sadguru ke samparka se kuvikalpa bhAga jAte hai' (pR0 57), 'pahile jo diyA jAtA hai, vahI milatA hai' (pR0 100), dharma ke atirikta, sukha pAne kA koI dUsarA sAdhana nahIM hai' (pR0 57), 'pati-patnI paraspara anukUla ho, tabhI prema banA rahatA hai (pa0 106), 'juoM se bacane ke lie kapar3oM kA tyAga kauna buddhimAna karegA (pR 114) 'manISiyoM ko aise kArya sadA karane cAhie, jisase mana muktAhAra, barpha, godugdha, kunda puSpa aura candramA ke samAna zveta evaM svaccha ho jAye' (pR0 11-18 prastAvanA) jaisI lagabhaga 280 sUktiyoM kA, pUre grantha meM, inhoMne prayoga kiyA hai / upamA aura rUpakoM kI to itanI bhAra mAra hai ki zAyada hI koI pRSTha, inase achUtA baca pAyA ho| 'bhava-prapaMca' kA vistAra aura usakI prarUpaNA, prastuta grantha kA mukhya-pratipAdya viSaya hai| vaha bhI, upamAnoM ke mAdhyama se / isalie, siddharSi ne, saMsArI sthitiyoM, pAtroM aura ghaTanAoM kA jo bAhya-pariveza, apanI lekhanI kA viSaya banAyA, usakI caritArthatA taba taka bilkula hI bemAnI raha jAtI, jaba taka ki usake vikAsa/vistAra ke mukhya-nimitta, antaraMga-pariveza ko, kalama kI nauMka para na baiThA liyA jaataa| yaha antaraMga pariveza, yadyapi svabhAvataH amUrta hai, tathApi, mUrta-saMsAra kA koI bhI aisA kaunA nahIM hai, koI bho ghaTanA, pAtra aura sthiti nahIM hai, jisakI kalpanA taka, antaraMga-pariveza ke sahayoga/upasthiti ke bagaira kI jA sake ? isa anivAryatA ke kAraNa, isa pUre kathA grantha meM, jitane bhI rAjA/mahArAjA, rAjakumAra, rAjakumAriyA~, rAniyA~, mahArAniyA~, unakI senA, sevaka/anucara, pArivArikajana aura sAmAjika Adi-Adi siddharSi ne kalpita kiye, usase kucha adhika hI, antaraMga-loka meM, aise hI pAtroM kI kalpanA karanA

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362 | jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA unheM lAjimI ho gayA / itanA hI nahIM, jo nagara, grAma, udyAna, nadI, parvata, mahala, guphAe~ unhoMne dharatI ke loka meM varNita kI, vaise, hI, antaraMga loka meM varNana karane kA kauzala - sAmarthya, unheM apane Apa meM juTAnA par3A | para, prasannatA kI bAta yaha hai ki isa sAre kalpanA - jAla meM, siddharSi kI vizAla prajJA eka aisA painApana le Ane meM samartha huI hai, jisakA praveza, zAstroM meM varNita svarga aura naraka Adi caudahoM lokoM meM beroka-Toka huA hai / yaha, isa kathA - grantha se spaSTa jJAta ho jAtA hai / hara kathA meM, do varga hote haiM- eka to nAyaka, yAnI kathAnAyaka kA varga, jo paga-paga para, use sAhasa / sahayoga pradAna karatA hai, tAki vaha, apane lakSya - sAdhana meM saphale ho sake / dUsarA varga vaha hotA hai, jo kathAnaka ke sAtha kucha isa taraha cipakA-cipakA rahatA hai ki usake hara pragati - kArya meM jhaTa se upasthita hokara, koI na koI bAdhA khar3I kara detA hai / isa dUsare varga ko pratinAyaka varga kahA jA sakatA hai / 'upamiti bhava-prapaMca kathA' meM kathAnAyaka to 'saMsArI jIva' ho hai, kyoMki grantha ke vizAla kathAnaka kA mUla sUtra, saMsArI jIva se, kahIM bhI TUTane nahIM pAtA / kintu, majedAra bAta yaha hai ki isa kathAnAyaka ko lar3AI jahA~-jahA~ bhI jisa kisI se hotI hai, yA, mitratA aura uThanAbaiThanA jinake bIca hotA hai, ve sabake saba dikhAvaTI haiM / yaha niSkarSa. taba nikala pAtA hai, jaba isa sAre kathAnaka para, dArzanika buddhi se gaura kiyA jAye / kyoMki pUre - grantha meM, jo paraspara saMgharSarata do pakSa / pratidvandvI batalAe gae haiM, ve haiM -- sat - pravRtti aura asatpravRtti / yAnI, sadAcAra aura durAcAra | durAcAra pakSa kI ora se, kaI bAra yaha kahA gayA hai ki hamArA asalI zatru 'saMtoSa' hai, 'sadAgama' hai| jo, 'saMsArI jIva' ko unake caMgula se mukta karake 'nivRtti nagarI' meM pahu~cA detA hai / 'karmapariNAma' ke pramukha senApati 'mahAmoha' aura usake pakSa / parivAra ke 'azubhodaya' Adi, apanI senA ke sAtha, saMtoSa' ko parAjita kara samUla naSTa karane ke lie prayAsarata dikhalAye gaye haiM / eka bhI prasaGga, aisA par3hane ko nahIM milA, jisameM, yaha spaSTa huA ho ki 'mahAmoha' kI senA ne, 'saMsArI jIva' ko parAjita karane ke lie kUca kiyA ho / 'saMsArI jIva' ko to kucha isa taraha dikhalAyA gayA hai, jaise, vaha 'saMtoSa' Adi kA nivAsa sthAna mahala / kilA ho / yaha gutthI, pAThaka kI buddhi ko cakarAye rahatI hai /

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 363 isa kathA-grantha meM, dharma ke AcaraNoya anukaraNa ko mukhyataH pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| isalie, ise hama, 'dharmakathA' kahane meM saMkoca nahIM kara sakate / kintu, yahI dharma to jIvAtmA kI asalI pUMjI hai, sampatti hai / isake binA, hara jIvAtmA, siddharSi kI taraha niSpuNyaka daridrI bana jaayegaa| ataH ise 'arthakathA' bhI mAnanA cAhie / parantu, yaha 'artha' yAno 'dharma' prApta kara lenA hI, jIvAtmA ke lie saba kucha nahIM hai| balki, 'dharma' to usake lie eka 'mAdhyama' banatA hai, sIDhI kI trh| jisakA sahArA lekara, 'mokSa' ke dvAra taka, jIvAtmA car3ha pAtA hai / aura, yaha 'mokSa' hI usakA 'kAma'/'icchA'/'prAptavya' hotA hai| mokSa prApti kI kAmanA kiye vagaira, kisI bhI jIvAtmA kA prayatna, mokSa-prApti ke lie nahIM hotaa| isa dRSTi se, ise 'kAmakathA' mAnanA caahie| isa lakSya-prApti ke lie, anya anekoM avAntara kathAe~, sahayogI banI huI haiM / jinake dvArA jIvAtmA kI pravRtti, sAMsArika padArtha bhoga se haTakara, 'mokSa' kI ora unmukha ho pAtI hai / yadi ina avAntara kathAoM kA prasaGgagata upadeza/nirdeza/ sUjhAva jIvAtmA ko na mile, to vaha, saMsArI hI banA par3A raha jaayegaa| isalie, ina avAntara saGkIrNakathAoM kA apratyakSa sambandha hI sahI, kintu, mUlyavAna pradAya, mokSa-prApti meM nimitta banatA hai / isa dRSTi se, isa kathAgrantha ko 'saMkIrNa kathA' bhI kahA jAnA, anucita na hogaa| __ isa taraha, hama dekhate haiM, ki, 'upamiti-bhava-prapaMca kathA' hameM sirpha jagat ke jaJjAla se chur3Ane ko hI dizA nahIM detI, balki, vaha yaha bhI prakaTa karatI hai ki saba kucha bhUla/chor3akara, yadi merA hI cintana/manana koI kare, to usako mokSa lAbha hone meM koI muzkila nahIM A paayegii| bhava-prapaJca : jaina dAnika vyAkhyA upamiti-bhava-prapaJca kathA kA gaharAI se anuzIlana-parizIlana karane se yaha spaSTa hotA hai ki isa kathA meM jIva kI Atma-kathA hai| chaha dravyoM meM jIva-dravya cetana hai aura pA~ca dravya acetana/jaDa haiN| cArvAka darzana ne pRthvI, jala, agni, aura vAyu se caitanya kI utpatti/ abhivyakti mAnI hai, para, jaina dArzanikoM ne unake mantavya kA khaNDana karake AtmA ke sarvatantrasvatantra astitva ko siddha kiyA hai| jaina darzana meM AtmA kA svarUpa kyA hai ? vaha isa kathA meM spaSTa rUpa se ujAgara huA hai|

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394 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA jaina manISiyoM ne caitanya guNa kI vyaktatA kI apekSA se saMsArI AtmA ke do bheda kie haiM-trasa aura sthAvara / trasa AtmA meM caitanya vyakta hotA hai aura sthAvara AtmA meM caitanya avyakta rahatA hai / AcArya pUjyapAda ne likhA hai ki jinake trasa nAmakarma kA udaya hotA hai, ve 'vasa AtmAe~ haiM, aura, jo sthira rahatI haiM, aura jina AtmAoM meM gamana karane kI zakti kA abhAva hotA hai, ve, 'sthAvara AtmAe~' haiN| jinake sthAvara nAmakarma kA udaya hotA hai, ve 'sthAvara jIva' kahalAte haiN| sa AtmA ke dvIndriya, trIndriya, caturindriya, aura paMcendriya-ye cAra bheda haiM / uttarAdhyayana meM agni aura vAyu ko bhI trasa mAnakara trasa AtmA ke chaha bheda batalAye haiN| uttarAdhyayana meM sthAvara AtmA ke pRthvI, jala, aura vanaspati, ye tIna bheda batAe gaye haiN| AcArya umAsvAti ne pRthvIkAyika, apakAyika, agnikAyika, vAyukAyika, vanaspatikAyika-ye sthAvara AtmA ke pAMca bheda batAye haiN| indriyoM kI apekSA se saMsArI AtmA ke bheda-prabheda kie gae haiM / indriya AtmA kA liMga hai| sparza Adi pA~ca indriyA~ mAnI gayI haiM / ataH indriyoM kI apekSA saMsArI AtmA ke pA~ca bheda haiN| jinake eka sparzana indriya hotI hai-use ekendriya jIva kahate haiN| pRthvI, jala, teja, vAyu aura vanaspati-ye ekendriya jIva ke pA~ca prakAra haiN| pAMcoM prakAra ke eke. ndriya jIva bAdara aura sUkSma kI apekSA se do-do prakAra ke hote haiM / bAdara nAma-karma ke udaya se bAdara zarIra jinake hotA hai-ve bAdara-kAyika jIva kahalAte haiM / bAdara-kAyika eka jIva dUsare mUrta padArthoM ko rokatA bhI hai, aura unase svayaM rukatA bhI hai| jina jIvoM ke sUkSma nAka-karma kA udaya hotA hai, unheM sUkSma zarIra prApta hotA haiM, aura ve sUkSmakAyika jIva kaha 1 saMsAriNastrasasthAvarA:-tattvArtha sUtra 2/12 2 basanAmakarmodayavazIkRtAstrasA:- sarvArthasiddhi 2/12 3 (ka) sarvArthasiddhi 2/12 (kha) tattvArthavArtika 2/12, 3/5 4 dvIndriyAdayazca trasA:-tattvArtha sUtra 2,14 5 uttarAdhyayana 36/66-72 6 uttarAdhyayana 36/70 7. tattvArtha sUtra 2/13 8 vanaspatyantAnAmekam-tatvArthasUtra 2/22 6 dhavalA 1/1/1/45

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 365 lAte haiN| sUkSmakAyika jIva na kisI se rukate haiM, aura anya kisI ko rokate haiM, ve sampUrNa loka meM vyApta haiN| pRthvIkAyika jIva ve haiM-~-jo pRthvIkAya nAmaka nAma-karma ke udaya se pRthvIkAya meM samutpanna hote haiN| uttarAdhyayana,1 prajJApanA, mUlAcAra aura dhavalA Adi zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparA ke granthoM meM pRthvIkAyika jIvoM kI vistRta carcA hai aura unake vividha bheda-prabheda bhI batalAe gae haiN| pRthvIkAyika jIvoM ke zarIra kA AkAra masUra kI dAla ke sadRza hotA hai / jalakAya sthAvara nAma-karma ke udaya se jalakAya vAle jIva jalakAyika ekendriya jIva kahalAte haiM / jovAjIvAbhigama' aura mUlAcAra meM osa, hima, mahiga (kUharA), harida, aNu (olA), zuddha jala, zuddhodaka aura ghanodaka kI apekSA se jalakAyika jIva ATha prakAra ke batalAye gaye haiN| agnikAya sthAvara nAma-karma ke udaya se jina jIvoM kI agnikAya meM utpatti hotI hai, unheM agni kAyika ekendriya jIva kahate haiN| uttarAdhyayana prajJApanA,10 aura mUlAcAra11 meM agnikAyika jIvoM ke aneka bheda-prabheda nirdiSTa haiM / sUcikA kI noMka kI taraha agnikAyika jIvoM kI AkRti hotI hai / 12 vAyukAya sthAvara nAma karma ke udaya se vAyukAya yukta jIva vAyukAyika ekendriya jIva kahalAte haiN| uttarAdhyayana13, prajJApanA14, dhavalA15 aura mUlAcAra16 meM vAyukAya ke jIvoM ke aneka bheda prarUpita haiN| vanaspatikAya sthAvara nAma-karma ke udaya se vanaspatikAya yuktajIka 1 uttarAdhyayana 36/71-73 2 prajJApanA 1/8 3 mUlAcAra 206-206 4 dhavalA 1/1/1/42 5 gommaTasAra jIvakANDa, 201 6 tattvArtha vArtika 2/12 7 jIvAjIvAbhigama sUtra 1/16 8 mUlAcAra 5/14 6 uttarAdhyayana 36/110-111 10 prajJApanA 1/23 11 mUlAcAra 5/15 12 gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa gAthA 201 13 uttarAdhyayana 36/116 -120 14 prajJApanA 1/26 15 dhavalA 1/1/1/42 . 16 mUlAcAra 5/16

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366 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA vanaspatikAyika ekendriya jIva kI abhidhA se abhihita kie gae haiN| vanaspatikAyika jIva do prakAra ke haiM-'pratyeka zarIrI' aura 'sAdhAraNa zarIrI'2 | jina vanaspatikAyika jIvoM kA alaga-alaga zarIra hotA haive pratyeka zarIra vanaspatikAyika zarIra kahalAte haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM eka zarIra meM eka jIva rahane vAle ko pratyeka zarIrI vanaspati kahA hai| AcArya ne micandra ne pratiSThita aura apratiSThita kI apekSA se vanaspatikAyika jIba ke do bheda kie haiN| ina donoM meM mukhya antara yahI hai ki pratiSThita pratyeka vanaspatikAyika jIva ke Azraya meM anya aneka sAdhAraNa jIva rahate haiM, para apratiSThita pratyeka vanaspatikAyika jIva ke Azrita anya nigodiyA jIva nahIM rhte| uttarAdhyayana meM pratyeka zarIrI vanaspati ke bAraha prakAra batAe haiN| sAdhAraNa zarIra nAmakarma ke udaya se jina ananta jIvoM kA eka hI zarIra hotA hai, unheM sAdhAraNa vanaspatikAyika jIva kahate haiM / sAdhAraNa zarIra jIvoM kA AhAra, zvAsocchvAsa, unakI utpatti, unake zarIra kI niSpatti, anugraha, sAdhAraNa hI hote haiN|' eka jIva kI utpatti se sabhI jIvoM kI utpatti aura eka ke maraNa se sabhI kA maraNa hone se sAdhAraNa zarIrI vanaspati jIva nigodiyA jIva ke nAma se bhI jAne jAte haiM 110 nigodiyA jova saMkhyA kI dRSTi se ananta haiM / skandha, aNDara (skandhoM ke avayava) AvAsa (aNDara ke andara rahane vAlA bhAga), pulavikA (bhItarI bhAga) nigodiyA se jIvoM kA varNana kiyA gayA hai / 11 1 gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa gAthA 185 2 SaTkhaNDAgama 1/1/1/41 3 dhavalA 1/6/1/41 4 gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa, jIva tatva pradIpikA, 185 5 gommaTasAra, jIva pradIpikA TIkA, gAthA 185 6. gommaTasAra, jIva pradIpikA TIkA, gAthA 186 7 uttarAdhyayana 36/65-66 8 (ka) dhavalA 13/5/5/101 (kha) sarvArthasiddhi, 8/11 6 SaTkhaNDAgama 14/5/6/122-125 10 kArtikeyAnuprakSA TIkA, gAthA 125 11 dhavalA 14/5/6/63

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 367 ina pAMca sthAvaroM meM yaha jIva asaMkhyAta aura ananta kAla taka rahA hai| vahA~ para usane vividha prakAra ke dAruNa kaSTa sahana kiye haiM / jaina darzana kI yaha mahatvapUrNa vizeSatA rahI hai ki usane ina pA~coM meM jIva mAnakara unakA vizleSaNa kiyA hai aura una sthAnoM para jIva ne kisa-kisa prakAra kI yAtanAe~ sahana kI, usakA sajIva citraNa AcArya siddharSi ne prastuta grantha meM kiyA hai| jaba isa varNana ko prabuddha pAThaka par3hatA hai to vaha cintana karane ke lie bAdhya ho jAtA hai ki merI AtmA ne mithyAtva avasthA meM kisa prakAra isa saMsAra kI yAtrA kI hai, cirakAla taka kaSToM meM jhulasane ke pazcAt ananta puNyavANI kA puJja, jaba jIvAtmA ne ekatra kiyA taba vaha ekendriya se dvIndriya banA, sthAvara se trasa banA / eke ndriya avasthA meM kevala eka sparzendriya thI, usameM anya indriyoM kA abhAva thaa| ekendriya avasthA meM sparzana, kAyabala, Ayu aura zvAsocchvAsa ye cAra prANa hote haiN| nigoda to jIvoM kA khajAnA hai| usameM itane jIva haiM, jitane anya jIva-yoniyoM meM nahIM haiM / prastuta grantha meM jo vyavahAra rAzi aura avyavahAra rAzi kA ullekha huA hai, vaha dArzanika yuga kI dena hai, AcArya siddharSi gaNI taka yaha kalpanA varNana kI dRSTi se mUrtarUpa le cukI thii| aneka zvetAmbara aura digambara AcArya usa para apanI lekhanI calA cuke the| isalie AcArya siddharSi ne bhI unakA anusaraNa kara vyavahAra rAzi evaM avyavahAra rAzi kA sajIva varNana prastuta kiyA hai| yadi pAThaka-gaNa mUla grantha kA pArAyaNa kareMge to unheM jJAnavarddhaka vipula sAmagrI prApta hogii| hama pUrva meM likha cuke haiM ki ananta puNyavANI ke pazcAt dvIndriya avasthA ko, jIva prApta karatA hai / dvIndriya avasthA meM sparzana aura rasan-ye do indriyA~ use prApta hotI haiM / dvIndriya avasthA meM cAroM prakAra ke kaSAya aura AhAra Adi cAroM prakAra kI maMjJAe~ hotI haiN| ve AtmAe~ sammurcha. naja hotI haiN| asaMjJI aura napuMsaka hotI haiM / paryApti aura aparyApti ke bheda se ve prakAra kI hotI haiM / jovAjIvAbhigama', prajJApanA, aura mUlAcAra meM dvIndriya jIvoM ke nAmoM kI sUcI dI gaI hai| isI prakAra trIndriya, 1 jIvAjIvAbhigama, 1/22 2 prajJApanA 1/44 3 mUlAcAra 5/28

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"368 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA caturindriya aura paJcendriya avasthA ko bhI isa jIvAtmA ne ananta bAra prApta kiyA hai / paMcendriya meM vaha naraka, tiyaMca, manuSya aura deva yoniyoM ko prApta huA tathA vahA~ para use mana kI bho upalabdhi huI jisase vaha saMjJI khlaayaa| tiryaMca gati meM bhI usane aneka kaSTa sahana kiye / vaha jIva vahA~ para bhayaMkara zIta, tApa, kSudhA aura pyAsa ko sahana karatA rahA, usa para bhayaMkara tAr3anA aura tarjanA par3I / paravazatA meM AtmA ne ve duHkha aura kaSTa sahana kiye / naraka to duHkhoM kA AgAra hai hii| kezavavarNI ne gommaTasAra kI jIva prabodhinI TIkA meM spaSTa rUpa se likhA hai-prANiyoM ko dukhita karane vAlA, svabhAva se cyuta karane vAlA, naraka karma hai / aura, isa karma ke kAraNa utpanna hone vAle jIva nArakIya kahalAte haiN| nArakIya jIvoM ko atyadhika duHkha sahana karane par3ate haiN| bhagavatI Adi Agama sAhitya meM varNana hai ki nArakIya jIvoM ko atIva dAruNa vedanArtha bhoganI par3atI haiM / kSetrakRta aura devakRta, donoM hI prakAra kI nArakIya vedanAyeM sahana karanI par3atI haiM / ye vedanAyeM itanI bhayaMkara hotI haiM ki unheM sahana karate samaya prANI chaTapaTAtA hai, karuNa krandana karatA hai / ye sArI vedanAyeM jIva ne eka bAra nahIM, ananta ananta bAra bhogI haiM / prastuta grantha meM kalama ke dhanI AcArya ne jo vedanA kA zabda-citra prastuta kiyA hai, vaha bar3A hI adbhuta hai, anUThA hai / isa jIva kI jo yAtrAyeM vividha yoniyoM meM huI, usakA mUla kAraNa, karma hai / karma rAjA ne hI jIva ko paratantratA kI ber3iyoM meM bAMdha rakhA hai| zuddhi aura azuddhi kI dRSTi se saMsArI AtmA ke do bheda haiM-eka bhavyAtmA aura dUsarI abhvyaatmaa| jisa AtmA meM mokSa prApta karane kI zakti hai, vaha bhavyAtmA hai, jaise jo maMga sIjhane yogya haiM, unheM agni Adi kA anukUla sAdhana milane para sIjha jAte haiM / usI taraha jo AtmAyeM mukta hone kI yogyatA rakhatI haiM unheM samyagdarzana Adi nimitta sAmagrI ke milane para, ve karmoM ko pUrNa rUpa se naSTa kara zuddha AtmasvarUpa ko prApta 1 (ka) narAn prANinaH, kAyati yAtayati, kadarthayati, khalIkaroti, bAdhata iti narakaM karma tasyApatyAni nArakAH / ---gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa, gAthA 141 (kha) dhavalA 1/1/124 2 tattvArtha vArtika 2/503

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 366 kara letI haiN| yaha zakti jina jIvoM meM hotI haiM-ve bhavyAtmA kahalAte haiN| isake viparIta abhavya AtmA hotI hai| ve 'mUMga zailika' jo kabho nahIM sIjhatA, usI taraha abhavya jIva ko deva, guru, dharma kA nimitta milane para bhI, vaha mUkti ko varaNa nahIM kara paataa| vaha sadA-sarvadA-saMsAra meM hI paribhramaNa karatA hai| adhyAtma kI dRSTi se AtmA ke tIna bheda kie gaye haiM-bahirAtmA, antarAtmA aura prmaatmaa| ye AtmA ke tIna bheda Agama sAhitya meM to nahIM Aye haiM, para AcArya kundakunda', pUjyapAda, yogendu, zubhacandra AcArya, sdAmI kArtikeya, amRtacandra', guNabhadra, amitagati, devasena aura brahmasena10 prabhRti mUrdhanya manISiyoM ne apane-apane granthoM meM uparyukta tIna AtmAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| tIna AtmAoM kI carcA prAcIna jaina sAhitya meM isa rUpa meM na hokara anya rUpa meM upalabdha hai| yaha satya hai ki bahirAtmA aura antarAtmA jaisI zabdAvalI AcArAMga sUtra meM prayukta nahIM hai, to bhI, unakA lakSaNa aura vivecana vahA~ para kiyA gayA hai| jo AtmAe~ bahirmukhI haiM, unake lie bAla, manda aura mUr3ha zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| ve mamatA se mugdha hokara bAhya viSayoM meM rasa letI haiN| jo AtmAe~ antarmukhI haiM, unake lie paNDita, medhAvI, dhIra, samyaktvadarzI aura ananyadarzI prabhatti zabda vyavahRta hue haiN| pApa se mukta hokara samyagdarzI honA hI antarAtmA kA svarUpa hai| mukta AtmA ko AcArAMga meM vimukta, pAragAmo, tarka tathA vANI se agamya batalAyA gayA hai| jo AtmA ajJAna ke kAraNa apane sahI svarUpa ko bhUlakara AtmA se pRthak zarIra, indriya, mana, strI, puruSa, dhana Adi para-padArthoM meM apanatva kA AropaNa kara unake bhogoM meM Asakta banI rahatI hai, vaha bahirAtmA hai| 1 (ka) gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa, gAthA 556 (kha) jJAnArNava 6/20/6/22 2 mokSa pAhur3a, gAthA 4 3 samAdhi zataka, padya 4 4 (ka) paramAtma prakAza 1/11-12 (kha) yogasAra, 6 5 jAnArNava, 32/5 6 kArtikeyAnuprekSA, gAthA 192 7 puruSArthasiddha yupAya 8 AtmAnuzAsana 6 jJAnasAra, gAthA 26 10 dravyasaMgraha TIkA, gAthA 14

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400 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA bahirAtmA ke bhI dravya saMgraha kI TIkA meM tIna bheda kiye gaye haiM-1. tIvra bahirAtmA-prathama mithyAtba guNa sthAnavartI AtmA, 2. madhyama bahirAtmA -dvitIya sAsAdana guNasthAnavartI AtmA, 3. maMda bahirAtmA -tRtIya mizra guNasthAnavartI aatmaa| bahirAtmA mithyAtvI hotA hai, use sva-svarUpa kA yathArtha jJAna nahIM hotaa| mithyAtva ke kAraNa hI usakI pravRtti azubha kI ora hotI hai / tathAgata buddha ne bhI kahA hai ki mithyAtva hI azubhAcaraNa kA kAraNa hai| zrImadbhagavadgItA meM bhI yahI bhAva isa rUpa meM vyakta kiyA gayA hai-rajoguNa se samudbhava kAma hI jJAna ko AvRta kara, vyakti ko balAt pApa kI ora prerita karatA hai| mithyAtva se yathArtha kA bodha nahIM hotaa| mithyAtva eka aisA raMgIna cazmA hai, jo vastu-tattva kA ayathArtha bhrAnta rUpa prastuta karatA hai / ajJAna, avidyA aura moha ke kAraNa hI jIva isa svarUpa meM rahatA hai| mithyAtva ke abhAva se jaba antarhRdaya meM samyaktva kA divya Aloka jagamagAne lagatA hai, taba jIva, AtmA aura zarIra ke bheda samajhane lagatA hai| aura bAhya padArthoM se vaha mamatva buddhi haTAkara apane sahI svarUpa kI ora unmukha ho jAtA hai| antarAtmA dehAtmabuddhi se rahita hotA hai| vaha bheda-vijJAna se sva aura para kI bhinnatA ko samajha letA hai| Atma-guNa ke vikAsa kI dRSTi se niyamasAra kI tAtparya vatti TIkA meM antarAtmA ke bhI tIna bheda kiye haiM:-1. jaghanya antarAtmA- avirata samyagdRSTi caturtha guNasthAnavI AtmA, 2. madhyama AtmA-pA~caveM guNasthAna se upazAnta moha gUNasthAnavI taka ke jIva isa zreNI meM Ate haiM, 3. utkRSTa antarAtmA -bArahaveM guNasthAnavartI AtmA isa zreNI meM Ate haiN| karmamala se mukta rAga-dveSa vijetA, sarvajJa, sarvadarzI AtmA hI para. mAtmA hai / zuddhAtmA ko paramAtmA kahA gayA hai| paramAtmA ke arhanta aura siddha-ye do bheda kiye gaye haiM tathA sakala paramAtmA aura vikala paramAtmA 1 isibhAsiyAI sutta, 21/3 2 aMguttara nikAya 1/17 3 zrImadbhagavadgItA 3/36 / 4 mokkhapAhur3a 5/8 5 niyamasAra, tAtparyavRtti TIkA, gAthA 146 6 kAtikeyAnuprekSA, gAthA 197 7 (ka) kArtikeyAnuprekSA, gAthA 196 (kha) dravya saMgraha TIkA, gApA 141 8 satyazAsana parIkSA kA0

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 401 - ye do bheda bhI kie gae haiN| bRhad nayacakra meM paramAtmA ke kAraNaparamAtmA aura kArya - paramAtmA ye do bheda kie gae haiM / arhanta sakala-paramAtmA aura kAraNa - paramAtmA ke nAma se pahacAne jAte haiM, to siddha vikala paramAtmA aura kArya - paramAtmA ke nAma se jAne jAte / anya bhAratIya darzanoM meM AtmA ke ye tona rU ullikhita nahIM haiM, para isase milatAjulatA rUpa hama kaThopaniSad meM dekhate haiN| vahA~ para AtmA ke jJAnAtmA, mahadAtmA aura zAntAtmA, ye tIna bheda kiye gaye haiM / " chAndogyopaniSad ke AdhAra para DAyasana ne AtmA kI tIna avasthAe~ banAIM haiM- zarIrAtmA jIvAtmA aura paramAtmA" / isa prakAra tulanAtmaka dRSTi se sAmya dekhA jA sakatA hai / bahirAtmA se paramAtmA taka pahu~cane ke lie eka bahuta lambI yAtrA taya karanI par3atI hai / usa yAtrA meM aneka bAdhAe~ samaya - samaya para samutpanna hotI haiM- kabhI use mithyAtva rokatA hai, to kabhI use kaSAya aura rAga-dva eSa Age bar3hane meM rukAvaTa DAlate haiM / bahirAtmA unameM ulajha jAtA hai | darzanamohanIyakarma ke kAraNa jIva anAtmIya padArthoM ko AtmIya aura adharma ko dharma mAnatA hai / jaina dRSTi se AtmA ke svaguNoM aura yathArthaM svarUpa ko AvaraNa karane vAle karmoM meM moha kA AvaraNa hI mukhya hai / moha kA AvaraNa haTate hI zeSa AvaraNa sahaja rUpa se haTAye jA sakate haiM / jisake kAraNa karttavya aura akarttavya kA bhAna nahIM hotA, use darzanamoha kahate haiM aura jisake kAraNa AtmA svasvarUpa meM sthita hone kA prayAsa nahIM karatA, vaha cAritramoha hai / darzana moha se viveka buddhikuNThita hotI hai to cAritramoha se sadpravRtti kuNThita hotI hai / ataH AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke liye do kArya Avazyaka haiM- pahalA, sva-svarUpa aura para svarUpa kA yathArtha viveka, aura dUsarA hai - sva-svarUpa / asthati | AtmA ko sva-svarUpa ke lAbha hetu aura AdhyAtmika Adarza kI upalabdhi ke liye darzanamoha, cAritramoha para vijaya vaijayantI phaharAnI hotI hai / isa vijaya yAtrA meM use sadaiva jaya prApta nahIM hotI, vaha aneka bAra patanonmukha ho jAtA hai / usI kA citraNa AcArya siddharSi ne bar3I khUbI ke sAtha upasthita kiyA hai / jo bhI sAdhaka vijaya yAtrA ke liye prasthita hotA hai, use vijaya aura parAjaya kA sAmanA karanA hI par3atA hai / 1 kaThopaniSad 1 / 3 /13 2 paramAtmaprakAza kI aMgrejI prastAvanA (A0 ne0 upAdhye) pRSTha 31

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402 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA parAjita hone para yadi vaha sambhala nahIM pAtA to punaH vaha usI sthiti ko prApta kara letA hai, jahAM se usane vijaya-yAtrA prArambha kI thii| antarAtmA meM pahu~cA haA AtmA bhI punaH bahirAtmA bana jAtA hai| usakI vikAsa yAtrA meM bAdhA samUtpanna karane vAle aneka karma-zatra oM kI prakRtiyAM rahI huI haiN| kabhI koI prakRti apanA prabhAva dikhAtI hai, to kabhI koI prakRti / hama pUrva hI batA cuke haiM ki vikAsa yAtrA meM avarodha utpanna karane vAlA eka pramukha kAraNa kaSAya hai / kaSAya jaina dharma kA eka pAribhASika zabda hai / 'kaSa' aura 'Aya' ina do zabdoM ke saMyoga se 'kaSAya' zabda banA hai| yahA~ para 'kaSa' kA artha saMsAra hai athavA karma aura janma-maraNa hai| *Aya' kA artha lAbha hai| jisase jIva punaH-punaH janma aura maraNa ke cakra meM par3atA hai---vaha kaSAya' hai / kaSAya AvegAtmaka abhivyaktiyA~ haiM / tIvra Avega ko kaSAya kahate haiM aura maMda Avega yA to AvegoM ke prerakoM ko nokaSAya kahate haiN| nokaSAya ke hAsya, rati, arati, bhaya, zoka, prabhRti nau prakAra haiN| kaSAya krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha, cAra prakAra kA hai, aura pratyeka kaSAya ke tIvratama, tIvratara, tova aura alpa kI dRSTi se cAracAra vibhAga haiM / jaba tIvratama krodha AtA hai, to usa AtmA kA dRSTikoNa vikRta ho jAtA hai, tIvratara krodha meM Atma-niyaMtraNa kI zakti nahoM rahatI, tIvra krodha Atma-niyaMtraNa kI zakti meM bAdhA samutpanna karatA hai aura maMda krodha vItarAgatA utpanna nahIM hone detaa| krodha eka mAnasika udvega hai, usake kAraNa mAnava kI cintanazakti aura tarka-zakti kuNThita ho jAtA hai, jisase use hitAhita kA bhAna nahIM rhtaa| vaha usa Avega meM aise akRtya kara baiThatA hai, jisakA pazcAttApa use cirakAla taka banA rahatA hai| krodha kI utpatti sahetuka aura nirhetuka donoM prakAra se hotI hai| priya vastu kA viyoga hone para jo krodha ubhara kara AtA hai, vaha sahetuka krodha hai| kisI bAharI nimitta ke binA kevala krodha vedanIya pudgaloM ke prabhAva se jo krodha utpanna hotA hai, vaha nirhetuka krodha hai| bhagavatI satra meM krodha ke do rUpa batAye haiM-eka dravya krodha aura dUsarA bhAva krodha / dravya krodha se 1 sthAnAMga sUtra 10/7 2 apaiTThie kohe-nirAlambana eva kevalaM krodhavedanIyodayAdupajAyeta / -prajJApanA, vRtti patra 14

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 403 zArIrika parivartana hotA hai, ve zarIra kI vividha bhAva-bhaMgimAe~ krodha ko vyakta karatI haiN| bhAva krodha mAnasika avasthA hai, vaha anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa hai| anubhUtyAtmaka pakSa bhAva krodha hai aura krodha kA abhivyaktyAtmaka pakSa dravya krodha hai| ekendriya Adi sabhI sAMsArika jIvoM meM tIvratama, tIvratara Adi sabhI prakAra ke krodha rahate haiM, para abhivyakti kA sAdhana spaSTa na hone se unakI anubhUti dUsare vyakti nahIM kara pAte / krodha ko taraha mAna bhI eka Avega hai / mAna ke kAraNa vyakti svayaM ko mahAna aura dUsaroM ko hIna samajhatA hai / mAna ke kAraNa bhI AtmA aneka anartha samaya-samaya para karatA rahA hai| usake bhI tIvratama, tIvratara, tIvra aura alpa-ye cAra bheda haiM / krodha meM vyakti apane pratidvandvo ko naSTa karanA cAhatA hai to mAna meM apane se choTA banAkara, apane adhIna rakhanA pasanda karatA hai| yahI krodha aura mAna meM antara hai / kaSAya kA tIsarA prakAra mAyA hai| mAyA kA artha kapaTa hai / jahA~ kapaTa hai, vahA~ para saralatA kA abhAva rahatA hai / kapaTa zalya hai, isa zalya ke kAraNa sAdhanA meM pragati nahIM hotii| aura, cauthA prakAra kaSAya kA lobha hai| lobha ko pApa kA bApa kahA gayA hai / vaha samasta sadguNoM ko nigala jAne vAlA rAkSasa hai1, sampUrNa duHkhoM kA mUla hai / krodha se prIti kA, mAna se vinaya kA mAyA se mitratA kA aura lobha se sabhI sadguNoM kA nAza hotA hai / lobha sabhI kaSAyoM meM nikRSTatama hai / krodha vartamAna janma aura AgAmo janma, donoM ke liye, bhaya samutpanna karatA hai|' lobha ke vazIbhUta hokara prANo sadaiva duHkha uThAtA rahA hai| isIliye jJAniyoM ne kahA ki janma maraNa rUpI vRkSa kA siJcana karane vAle kaSAyoM kA parityAga karanA caahiye| sahaja jijJAsA ho sakatI hai-ina AvegoM para kisa prakAra niyantraNa kiyA jAye ? pAzcAtya dArzanika sthInojA kA abhimata hai ki koI bhI Avega apane virodhI aura adhika sazakta Avega ke dvArA hI niyantrita kiyA jA sakatA hai, aura use naSTa bho kiyA jA sakatA hai| AcArya zayyambhava ne bhI isI bAta ko apane zabdoM meM isa prakAra abhivyakta kiyA hai-'zAnti se krodha para, mRdutA se mAna para, saralatA se mAyA para aura santoSa se lobha para vijaya-patAkA phaharAI jA 1 yogazAstra 4/10, 18 2 dazavakAlika 8/38 3 uttarAdhyayana 9/54 4 sponojA nIti, anuvAdaka-dIvAnacandra, hindI samiti u0 pra0, 4/7

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404 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA sakatI hai| isI satya ko tathAgata buddha ne aura maharSi vyAsa ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| kaSAyoM kA naSTa ho jAnA hI bhava-bhramaNa kA anta hai, isIlie eka jainAcArya ne to spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai-'kaSAyamUktiH kila muktireva'kaSAyoM se mukta honA ho vAstavika mukti hai| sUtrakRtAMga se spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA gayA hai-krodha, mAna, mAyA aura lobha ina cAra mahAdoSoM ko chor3ane vAlA hI maharSi, na to pApa karatA hai aura na karavAtA hai| tathAgata buddha ne kahA ki jo vyakti rAga, dvaSa Adi kaSAyoM ko binA chor3e kaSAya vastroM ko arthAt saMnyAsa dhAraNa karatA hai to vaha saMyama kA adhikArI nahIM hai| saMyama kA adhikArI vahI hotA hai, jo kaSAya se mukta hai / jisake antamAnasa meM krodha kI A~dhI A rahI ho, mAna ke sarpa phutkAreM mAra rahe hoM, mAyA aura lobha ke ba vaNDara uTha rahe hoM, rAga aura dvaSa kA dAvAnala dhaM-dhaM kara salaga rahA ho, vaha sAdhanA kA adhikArI nahIM hai; sAdhanA kA vahI adhikArI hai jo ina AvegoM se mukta hai| isIlie prastuta kathAnaka meM yaha batAyA gayA ki AtmA kabhI krodha ke vazIbhUta hokara, kabhI mAna ke kAraNa aura kabhI mAyA se prabhAvita hokara, apane gantavya mArga se vismata hotI rahI hai| prabala puruSArtha se usane kaSAyoM para vijaya prApta kI, para usake bAda bhI kabhI vedanIya ne usake mArga meM bAdhA upasthita kI, to kabhI jJAnAvaraNIya karma ne usakI pragati meM praznacihna upasthita kiyaa| usakI gati meM yati hotI rahI / eka-eka karma-zatraoM ko parAsta kara vaha Age bar3hA, yahA~ taka ki usane mohanIya karma kI prakRtiyoM kA upazamana kara vItarAgatA hI prApta kara lii| kiMtu, punaH usakA aisA patana huA ki gyArahaveM guNasthAna se prathama guNasthAna meM pahu~ca gyaa| jahAM se usane vikAsa yAtrA prArambha kI thI, punaH usI sthiti ko prApta ho gyaa| para usa AtmA ne puruSArtha na chor3A, 'punarapi dadhidadhinI' kI ukti ko caritArtha karatA rhaa| ___AcArya siddharSi gaNI ne ina tathyoM ko kathA ke mAdhyama se prastuta kara sAdhakoM ke lie patha-pradarzana kA kArya kiyA hai| manovaijJAnika dRSTi se 1 dazavakAlika 8/36 3 mahAbhArata, udyoga parva, 2 dhammapada 223 4 sUtrakRtAMga 1/6/26

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 405 pratyeka vRttiyoM kA sajIva citraNa huA hai / AcArya ne vikAsa meM jo bhI bAdhaka tatva haiM, una sabhI ko eka-eka kara prastuta kiyA hai| isa prakAra yaha kathA apane AtmavikAsa kI kathA hai, jo bahuta hI preraka hai aura sAdhaka ko antanirIkSaNa ke lie utprerita karatI hai| adhyAtmarasika kavi dyAnatarAya ne jIva ke bhavabhramaNa kI pIr3A ko vyakta karate hue likhA hai hama to kabaha na nija ghara Aye / para ghara phirata bahuta dina bote, nAma aneka dharAye / / nija ghara hamArA AtmasvarUpa hai aura para-ghara yaha saMsAra hai / ananta kAla se yaha jovAtmA karma ke anusAra vividha yoniyoM meM bhaTaka rahA hai| isa bhaTakana aura bhramaNa kA kAraNa karma haiM, jo AtmA ke sAtha baMdhe hue haiM, cipake hue haiN| yahA~ yaha sahaja jijJAsA ho sakatI hai ki AtmA sukha ke sarasabja bAga ko bhI svayaM ho lagAtA hai aura duHkha ke nukIle kAMTe bhI vahI botA hai, to phira itanA duHkha aura vaiSamya kisa kAraNa se hai ? manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI yadi hama cintana kareM ki jaba AtmA sarvatantra svatantra hai to usane svayaM ke sukha ke lie anAcAra/bhraSTAcAra kA sevana kara duHkha ke kA~Te kyoM boe ? isa jijJAsA kA samAdhAna jaina manISiyoM ne karma siddhAnta ke dvArA diyA hai / unakA mantavya hai ki jova apane bhAgya kA vidhAtA svayaM haiM, para vaha anAdi kAla se karma ke bandhanoM se Abaddha hai, jisase vaha pUrNa rUpa se svatantra aura Anandamaya hone para bhI vyAvahArika dRSTi se svatantra aura Anandamaya nahIM hai| jova jo bhI kriyA karatA hai, usakA nAma karma hai| karma zavda vibhinna arthoM meM vyavahRta huA hai / kintu jaina darzana meM karma zabda kA prayoga vizeSa artha meM huA hai / AcArya devendra ne likhA ki hai 'jIva kI kriyA kA jo hetu hai, vaha karma haiN| paMDita sukhalAla jI kA mantavya hai ki 'mithyAtva, kaSAya Adi kAraNoM se jova ke dvArA jo kiyA jAtA hai, vaha karma hai / isa prakAra karma hetu aura kriyA donoM hI karma ke antargata haiM / jaina paramparA meM karma ke do pakSa haiM-rAga dveSa, kaSAya prabhRti 1 karmavipAka (karma grantha 1) 2 darzana aura cintana, hindI, pRSTha 225

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406 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA manobhAva aura dUsarA hai-karma pudgala / karma pudgala kriyA kA sAdhana nimitta hai aura rAga-dvaSa Adi kriyA hai / karma pudgala jo prANI kI zArIrika, mAnasika aura vAcika kriyA ke kAraNa AtmA kI ora AkarSita hokara, usase apanA sambandha sthApita kara karma zarIra kI racanA karate haiM aura samaya vizeSa ke pakane para apane phala ke rUpa meM vizeSa prakAra kI anubhUtiyAM dekara pRthak ho jAte haiM, unheM jaina darzana kI bhASA meM dravya-karma kahA gayA hai / gommaTasAra meM AcArya nemIcandra ne likhA hai-pudgala piNDa 'dravya-karma' hai aura cetanA ko prabhAvita karane vAlI zakti 'bhAva-karma hai| dravya-karma sUkSma kArmaNa jAti ke paramANuoM kA vikAra hai aura AtmA usakA nimitta kAraNa hai| AcArya vidyAnandi ne dravya-karma ko AvaraNa aura bhAva-karma ko doSa kahA hai| kyoMki, dravya-karma Atma-zaktiyoM ke prakaTana meM bAdhaka hai isalie use AvaraNa kahA hai aura bhAva-karma AtmA kI vibhAva avasthA hai isalie use doSa kahA hai / jaina darzana ne AvaraNa aura doSa yA dravyakarma aura bhAvakarma ke bIca kArya-kAraNa-bhAva mAnA hai|| bhAva-karma ke hone meM dravya karma nimitta hai aura dravyakarma meM bhAvakarma nimitta hai| donoM kA paraspara bIjAMkura kI taraha, kArya-kAraNa-bhAva sambandha hai| jaise bIja se vRkSa aura vRkSa se bIja banatA hai, unameM se kisI ko bhI pUrvApara nahIM kahA jA sakatA, usI prakAra dravya-karma aura bhAva-karma meM bhI pahale kauna hai yA bAda meM kauna hai, isakA nirNaya nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| dravya-karma kI dRSTi se bhAva-karma pahale hai aura bhAva-karma ke lie dravya-karma pahale hogA / vastutaH inameM santati kI apekSA se anAdi kArya-kAraNabhAva hai| jaina dRSTi se dravya-karma pudgalajanya haiM, isaliye mUrta haiN| karma mUrta haiM, to phira amUrta AtmA para apanA prabhAva kisa prakAra DAlate haiM ? jaise vAyu aura agni amUrta AkAza para apanA prabhAva nahIM DAla sakatI, usI taraha amUrta AtmA para mUrtta karma kA prabhAva nahIM ho sktaa| isa jijJAsA kA samAdhAna mUrdhanya manISiyoM ne isa prakAra kiyA hai - jaise amUrta jJAna Adi guNoM para mUrta madirA Adi nazIlI vastuoM kA prabhAva par3atA hai vaise hI amUrta jIva para bhI mUrtta karma kA prabhAva par3atA hai| dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki karma ke sambandha se saMsArI AtmA kathaMcit mUrta bhI hai / karma-sambandha 1 karma vipAka bhUmikA, pRSTha 24

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya hone ke kAraNa svarUpataH amurta hone para bhI kathaMcit mUrtta hone se usa para mUrta karma kA upaghAta, anugraha aura prabhAva par3atA hai| jaba taka AtmA karma - zarIra ke bandhana se mukta nahIM hotA taba taka vaha karma ke prabhAva se mukta nahIM ho sakatA / dUsare zabdoM meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki murtta zarIra ke mAdhyama se mUrtta karma kA prabhAva par3atA hai / yahA~ yaha bhI sahaja jijJAsA ho sakatI hai ki mUrtta karma amUrta AtmA se kisa prakAra sambandhita hote haiM ? isa jijJAsA kA samAdhAna isa prakAra kiyA gayA haiM ki, jaise mUrtta ghaTa amUrtta AkAza ke sAtha sambandhita hotA hai vaise hI mUrtta karma amUrtta AtmA ke sAtha sambandhita hote haiM / yaha AtmA aura karma kA sambandha nIra-kSIravat hotA hai / yahA~ para yaha bhI jijJAsA ho sakatI hai ki jar3a karma paramANuoM kA cetana ke sAtha pArasparika prabhAva ko mAnA jAe to siddhAvasthA meM bhI jar3a karma zuddha AtmA ko prabhAvita kareMge ? para yaha bAta nahIM hai / AcArya kundakunda ne samayasAra meM likhA hai - svarNa kIcar3a meM cirakAla taka rahatA hai, to bhI usa para jaMga nahIM lagatA, para lohA tAlAba meM bhI kucha samaya taka rahe to jaMga laga jAtA hai, vaise hI siddha AtmA svarNa kI taraha hai, usa para karmoM kA jaMga nahIM lagatA / jaba taka AtmA kArmaNa zarIra se yukta hai, tabhI taka usameM karma-vargaNAoM ko grahaNa karane kI zakti rahatI hai / bhAva-karma se hI dravya-karma kA Asrava hotA hai / karma aura AtmA kA sambandha Aja kA nahIM anAdi kAla kA hai / jana dRSTi se zubhAzubha kA phala svayaM ko hI bhoganA par3atA hai, dUsaroM ko nahIM / zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ne bhagavatI meM spaSTa zabdoM meM kahA hai ki prANI svakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karate haiM, para parakRta sukha-duHkha kA bhoga nahIM karate / ' jAtaka sAhitya kA adhyayana karane para yaha jJAta hotA hai ki bodhisattva ke antarmAnasa meM ye vicAra lahariyA~ taraMgita hotI haiM ki mere kuzala karmoM kA phala saMsAra ke sabhI prANiyoM ko prApta ho, para jaina darzana isa vicAra se sahamata nahIM hai / jaisA hama karma kareMge vaisA hI phala hameM milegaa| dUsarA vyakti usa karmavibhAga meM saMvibhAga nahIM kara sakatA / jaina darzana ne karma siddhAnta ke sambandha meM atyadhika vistAra se cintana kiyA hai| jainadarzana kA karma siddhAnta itanA vaijJAnika aura adbhuta hai ki vizva kA koI bhI cintaka use cunautI nahIM de sakatA / usa gahana dArzanika siddhAnta ko AcArya siddharSigaNI ne prastuta grantha meM isa prakAra saMjoyA hai ki dekhate hI banatA hai / AcAryazrI kI prakRSTa pratibhA ne grantha meM cAra cA~da lagA diye haiM / karma kA jIva ke sAtha anAdi kAla kA sambandha hai, para jIva cAhe to 407

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408 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA una karmoM ko apane prabala puruSArtha se haTA sakatA hai / karma se mukta hone ke lie jaina manISiyoM ne cAra upAya batAye haiM / ve haiM- samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna, samyakcAritra aura samyaktapa / AdhyAtmika utkarSa ke lie sarvaprathama samyagdarzana Avazyaka hai| samyagdarzana kA artha- tattva ruci hai, satya abhIpsA hai| satya kI pyAsa jaba tIvra hotI hai, tabhI sAdhanA mArga para kadama bar3hate haiN| uttarAdhyayana aura tattvArtha sUtra meM samyagdarzana zabda tattva-zraddhA ke artha meM vyavahRta huA hai, to Avazyaka sUtra meM deva, guru aura dharma ke prati zraddhA aura bhakti ke artha meM samyagdarzana kA prayoga hai| samyagdarzana, samyaktva aura samyagdRSTi Adi zabda samAna artha meM prayukta hue haiN| samyagdRSTi kA jIva aura jagat ke sambandha meM sahI dRSTi-koNa hotA hai| jabaki mithyAdRSTi kA jIva aura jagat ke sambandha galata dRSTikoNa hotA hai| mithyA dRSTikoNa saMsAra kA kinArA hai aura samyag-dRSTikoNa nirvANa kA kinArA hai / samyagdarzana mukti kA adhikAra patra hai| samyagdarzana ke binA samyagjJAna nahIM hotaa| samyagjJAna ke bina samyakacAritra nahIM hotA / aura samyakacAritra ke binA mukti nahIM hotii| isalie sarvaprathama samyagdarzana kI AvazyakatA hai| samyagdarzana AdhyAtmika jIvana kA prANa hai, jaise cetanArahita zarIra zava hai, vaise hI samyagdarzana rahita sAdhanA bhI zava kI taraha hI hai / samyagdarzana mukti mahala meM pahu~cane kA prathama sopAna hai, isalie darzana pAhur3a aura ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra Adi meM jIvana vikAsa ke lie jJAna aura cAritra ke pUrva darzana ko svIkAra kiyA hai| samyagdarzana hone para hI sAdhaka ko bhedavijJAna hotA hai aura vaha samajhatA hai ki 'maiM zuddha hU~, buddha hU~, niraMjana aura nirAkAra hU~ / jo yaha virATa vizva meM dikhalAI de rahA hai, vaha pRthak hai aura maiM pRthak huuN| AtmA aura zarIra ye pRthak-pRthak hai / sukha aura duHkha kI jo bhI anubhUti ho rahI hai, vaha mujhe nahIM kintu zarIra ko hai|' isa prakAra bheda-vijJAna kA dIpa jalate hI jIvana meM samatA kA Aloka jagamagAne lagatA hai / isIlie AcArya amRtacaMdra ne likhA 1 uttarAdhyayana 28/35 3 aMguttara nikAya 10/12 5 ratnakaraNDaka zrAvakAcAra 1/18 2 tattvArthasUtra 1/2 4 darzana pAhuDa, gAthA, 1/28 /

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 406 'bhedavijJAnataH siddhAH, siddhA ye kila kecn'| jitane bhI Aja dina taka siddha hue haiM, ve sabhI bheda-vijJAna se hue haiM / vastutaH samyagdarzana eka jIvanadRSTi hai / jIvana-dRSTi ke abhAva meM jIvana kA mUlya nahIM hai| jisa prakAra kI dRSTi hotI hai usI prakAra kI sRSTi bhI hotI hai arthAt dRSTi kI nirmalatA se hI jJAna bhI nirmala hotA hai aura cAritra bhI / isalie sarvaprathama dRSTi-nirmalatA ko hI samyagdarzana kahA hai| isa virATa vizva meM aisI koI bhI AtmA nahIM hai, jisameM jJAna guNa na ho / bhagavatI Adi AgamoM meM AtmA ko jJAnavAna kahA hai / 1 jJAna AtmA kA aisA guNa hai, jo avikasita se avikasita avasthA meM bhI vidyamAna rahatA hai, para mithyAtva ke kAraNa jJAna ajJAna ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai / para, jyoM hI samyagdarzana kA saMsparza hotA hai, ajJAna jJAna ke rUpa meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| isIlie AcArya kundakanda ne kahA hai'jJAna hI mAnava jIvana kA sAra hai|' avidyA ke kAraNa hI punaH punaH janma aura mRtyu ke cakkara meM AtmA AtI rahatI hai| vaha eka gati se dUsarI gati meM paribhramaNa karatI hai| jisa AtmA meM jJAna aura prajJA hotI hai, vahI AtmA nirvANa ke samIpa hotI hai / jJAna rUpI naukA para ArUr3ha hokara pApI se pApI vyakti bhI saMsAra rUpI samudra ko pAra kara jAtA hai| jJAna aisI jAjvalyamAna agni hai, jo karmoM ko bhasma kara detI hai| isIlie kurukSetra ke maidAna meM zrIkRSNa ne arjuna se kahA ki 'isa vizva meM jJAna ke sadRza anya koI bhI pavitra vastu nahIM hai / ' jJAna vaha hai, jo AtmavikAsa karatA ho / usakA dRSTikoNa sadA satyAnveSI hotA hai / vaha sva kA sAkSAtkAra karatA hai / isIliye AcArAMga ke prArambha meM kahA gayA ki 'sAdhaka prati. pala, pratikSaNa yaha cintana kare ki, maiM kauna haiM ?' chAndogyopaniSada meM bhI RSiyoM ne kahA-jisane eka AtmA ko jAna liyA, usane saba kucha jAna liyA / upAdhyAya yazovijaya jI ne jJAnasAra grantha meM likhA hai, jo jJAna mokSa kA sAdhaka hai-vaha zreSTha hai / aura, jo jJAna mokSa kI sAdhanA meM bAdhaka hai, vaha jJAna nirupayogI hai| jisa jJAna se AtmavikAsa nahIM hotA, 1 (ka) bhagavatI 12/10 (ga) samayasAra, gAthA 7 2 chAndogyopaniSad 6/1/3 (kha) AcArAMga 5/5/166 (gha) svarUpa-sambodhana 4

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410 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA vaha jJAna samyakajJAna nahIM hai| AtmajJAna, indriyajJAna, bauddhika jJAna se bhI bar3hakara hai / AtmajJAna ko hI jaina manISiyoM ne samyagjJAna kahA hai| samyagjJAna kI pariNati samyakcAritra hai| samyakcAritra AdhyAtmika pUrNatA kI dizA meM uThAyA gayA eka mahatvapUrNa kadama hai| AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ke lie darzana kI vizuddhi ke sAtha jJAna Avazyaka hai| jJAna ke binA jo zraddhA hotI hai-~-vaha samyakazraddhA na hokara, andha zraddhA hotI hai| zraddhA jaba jJAna se samanvita hotI hai, tabhI samyaka-cAritra kI ora sAdhaka kI gati aura pragati hotI hai| eka cintaka ne likhA hai-darzana parikalpanA hai, jJAna prayoga vidhi hai aura cAritraprayoga hai| tonoM ke sahayoga se hI satya kA sAkSAtkAra hotA hai| jaba taka satya svayaM ke anubhava se siddha nahIM hotA, taba taka vaha satya pUrNa nahIM hotaa| isIlie zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ne apage antima pravacana meM kahA-jJAna ke dvArA paramArtha kA svarUpa jAnA, zraddhA ke dvArA use svIkAra karo aura AcaraNa kara usakA sAkSAtkAra karo / sAkSAtkAra kA hI apara nAma samyakcAritra hai| samyakacAritra se AtmA meM jo malinatA hai, vaha naSTa hotI hai| kyoMki, jo malinatA hai, vaha svAbhAvika nahIM, apitu vaibhAvika hai, bAhya hai, aura asvAbhAvika hai| usa malinatA ko hI jaina dArzanikoM ne karma-mala kahA hai, to gItAkAra ne triguNa kahA hai aura bauddha dArzanikoM ne use bAhya-mala kahA hai / jaise agni ke saMyoga se pAnI uSNa hotA hai, kintu agni kA saMyoga miTate hI pAnI punaH zotala ho jAtA hai, vaise hI AtmA bAhya saMyogoM ke miTane para apane svAbhAvika rUpa meM A jAtA hai / samyaka cAritra bAhya saMyogoM se AtmA ko pRthak karatA hai| samyakcAritra se AtmA meM samatva kA saMcAra hotA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki pravacanasAra meM AcArya kundakunda ne likhA hai ki, cAritra hI vastutaH dharma haiN| jo dharma hai, vaha samatva hai / jo samatva hai, vahI AtmA kI moha aura kSobha se rahita zuddha avasthA hai| cAritra kA sahI svarUpa samatva kI upalabdhi hai| cAritra ke bhI do prakAra haiM-vyavahAracAritra aura nishcycaaritr| AcaraNa ke jo bAhya vidhi-vidhAna haiM, use vyavahAra cAritra kahA gayA hai aura jo 1 jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2, pRSTa 84, DA. sAgaramala jaina, pra. prAkRta bhAratI jayapura 2 pravacanasAra 1/7

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 411 AcaraNa kA bhAva pakSa hai, vaha nizcayacAritra hai| vyavahAracAritra meM paMca mahAvrata, tIna guptiyA~, paMca samiti aura paMca cAritra Adi kA samAveza hai, to nizcayacAritra meM rAga-dveSa, viSaya aura kaSAya ko pUrNa rUpa se naSTa kara Atmastha honA hai| samyakacAritra se sadguNoM kA vikAsa hotA hai / samyakcAritra se sAdhanA meM pUrNatA AtI hai| samyakcAritra ke antargata samyak tapa kA bhI ullekha huA hai / tattvArtha sUtra prabhRti granthoM meM samyakadarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyagcAritraisa trividha sAdhanA mArga kA ullekha hai, to uttarAdhyayana Adi meM caturvidha sAdhanA kA nirUpaNa huA hai| usameM samyak tapa ko caturtha sAdhanA kA aMga mAnA hai / tapa sAdhaka ke jIvana kA teja hai, oja hai| tapa AtmA kI parizodhana kI prakriyA hai, pUrvabaddha karmoM ko naSTa karane kI eka vaijJAnika paddhati hai / tapa ke dvArA hI pApa karma naSTa hote haiM, jisase Atma-tatva kI upalabdhi hotI hai aura AtmA kA zuddhikaraNa hotA hai| ananta kAla se karma-vargaNAoM ke pudgala rAga-dvaSa va kaSAya ke kAraNa AtmA ke sAtha ekIbhUta ho cuke haiN| una karma-pudgaloM ko naSTa karane ke lie tapa Avazyaka hai / tapa se karmapudgala AtmA se pathaka hote haiM aura AtmA kI svazakti prakaTa hotI hai tathA zuddha Atma-tatva kI upalabdhi hotI hai| tapa kA lakSya hai-AtmA kA vizuddhIkaraNa va Atma parizodhana / jaina-paramparA meM hI nahIM, vaidika aura bauddha paramparA ne bhI tapa kI mahimA aura garimA ko svIkAra kiyA hai / ina tInoM hI paramparAoM ne Atma-tatva kI upalabdhi ke lie tapa kA nirUpaNa kiyA hai aura tapa ke vividha bheda-prabheda bhI kiye haiN| AcArya siddharSi gaNI ne upamiti bhava-prapaJca kathA meM jIvana-zuddhi ke lie, ye cAroM mArga pratipAdita kiye haiN| unhoMne kathA ke mAdhyama se yaha batAyA hai ki 'samyagdarzana kI eka bAra upalabdhi ho jAne para bhI jIva pUnaH mithyAtvI bana jAtA hai, aura vahA~ para cirakAla taka viparIta zraddhAna ko svIkAra kara janma-maraNa ke cakra meM paribhramaNa karane lagatA hai / samyagadarzana aura samyakjJAna prApta karane ke lie vaha punaH prayAsarata hotA hai aura usase bar3hakara samyakcAritra aura samyaktapa ko svIkAra kara, vaha eka dina sampUrNa karma-zatraoM ko naSTa kara pUrNa mukta bana jAtA hai| aura sadA-sadA ke lie usa jIvAtmA kA bhava-prapaMca miTa jAtA hai tathA vaha AtmA mukti ko prApta kara letA hai|'

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412 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA mokSa kA artha mukta honA hai / mokSa zabda 'mokSa asane' dhAtu se banA hai, jisakA artha chUTanA yA naSTa honA hotA hai| isalie samasta karmoM kA samUla Atyantika uccheda honA mokSa hai| pUjyapAda ne likhA hai- 'jaba AtmA, karma rUpI kalaMka zarIra se pUrNa rUpa se mukta ho jAtA hai, taba acintya svAbhAvika jJAna Adi guNa rUpa aura avyAbAdha Adi sukha rUpa sarvathA vilakSaNa avasthA utpanna hotI hai, vaha mokSa hai' / tatvArtha-vArtika meM AcArya akalaGka ne likhA hai-'bandhana se Abaddha prANI, bandhana se mukta ho kara apanI icchAnusAra gamana kara sukha kA anubhava karatA hai, vaise hI karma ke bandhana se mukta hokara AtmA sarvatantra-svatantra hokara jJAna-darzana rUpa anupama sukha kA anubhava karato hai / yahI bAta dhavalA, sarvArthasiddhi aura tatvArtha-zloka-vArtika meM bhI kahI gaI hai| sabhI vijJoM ne yaha tathya svIkAra kiyA hai ki Atma-svarUpa kA lAbha ho mokSa hai / karma-maloM se mukta AtmA zuddha hai / bauddha dArzanikoM ne mokSa ke sambandha meM cintana karate hue likhA hai-jaise dIpaka ke bujha jAne se prakAza kA anta ho jAtA hai, vaise hI karmoM kA kSaya ho jAne se nirvANa meM citasantati kA vinAza ho jAtA hai, isalie mokSa meM jIva kA astitva nahIM hai| para, jaina dArzanikoM kA abhimata hai ki mokSa meM jIva kA abhAva nahI hotA / jIva eka bhava se bhavAntara rUpa pariNamana karatA hai| devadatta ke eka grAma se dUsare grAma jAne para usakA abhAva nahIM mAnA jAtA, vaise hI jIva ke mukta hone para usakA abhAva nahIM hotaa|' AcArya akalaMka ne bhI bauddha dArzanikoM ke abhimata para cintana karate hue likhA hai-'dIpaka ke bujha jAne para dIpaka kA vinAza nahIM hotA, kintu usa dIpaka ke tejas paramANu andhakAra meM parivartita ho jAte haiM, vaise hI mokSa hone para jIva kA vinAza nahIM hotA, apitu karmoM kA kSaya hote hI AtmA apane vizuddha caitanyAvasthA meM parivartita ho jAtA hai| isalie mokSa meM jIva kA abhAva nahIM hotaa| 1 (ka) sarvArthasiddhi 1/4 (kha) tatvArtha-vArtika 1/1/37 2 sarvArtha-siddhi-utthonikA, pRSTha 1 3 tattvArtha-vAtika 1/4/27, pRSTha 12 4 dhavalA 13/5/5/82, pRNTha 348 5 sarvArthasiddhi 7/16 6 tatvArtha-zlokavArtika, 1/1/4 7 tatvArtha-zlokavAtika 1/1/4 8 tatvArtha-vArtika 10/4/17, pRSTha 644 5 tatvAca

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 413 kitane hI bauddha dArzanikoM kA abhimata hai ki mukta jIva jisa sthAna se mukta hotA hai, vaha jIva usI sthAna para sthira hokara raha jAtA hai / usa jIva kA kisI dizA aura vidizA meM gamana nahIM hotA, aura na vaha jIva Upara yA nIce hI jAtA hai, kyoMki mukta jIva meM saMkoca, vikAsa aura gati Adi ke kAraNoM kA pUrNa abhAva hai| jaise vyakti sAMkala se baMdhA huA hai, usa vyakti ko sAMkala se mukta karane para bhI vaha vahIM para sthira rahatA hai, vahI sthiti mukta jIva kI hai / para, jaina dArzanikoM kA abhimata hai ki, muktAtmA eka kSaNa bhI mukta sthala para avasthita nahIM rahatA, apitu vaha jisa sthAna para mukta hotA hai, vahA~ se vaha Urdhvagamana karatA hai| AtmA kA svabhAva Urdhvagamana kA hai / adholoka aura tiryaka loka meM jo gamana hotA hai, usakA kAraNa karma hai, para mukta jIva meM karmoM kA abhAva hone se mukta jIva Urdhvagamana hI karatA hai|4 Urdhvagamana kA tAtparya yaha nahIM ki vaha nirantara Urdhvagamana hI karatA rahe, jaisA ki mANDalika matAvalambiyoM kA abhimata hai| jaina dRSTi se mukta jIva loka ke antima bhAga taka hI Urdhvagamana karatA hai| Age dharmAstikAya dravya kA abhAva hone se vaha vahIM para sthita ho jAtA hai| kitane hI dArzanika yaha bhI mAnate haiM-mukta jIva jaba dekhate haiM ki saMsAra meM dharma kI hAni ho rahI hai aura adharma kA pracAra bar3ha rahA hai to dharma kI saMsthApanA hetu ve mokSa se pUnaH saMsAra meM Ate haiM 16 sadAzivavAdiyoM kA mantavya hai ki saukalpa (100 kalpa) pramANa samaya vyatIta hone para saMsAra jIvoM se zUnya ho jAtA hai, taba mukta jIva punaH saMsAra meM Ate haiN| jaba ki jaina darzana kA mantavya hai-jIva ne eka bAra bhAvakarma aura dravya-karma kA pUrNa vinAza kara diyA aura mukta bana gayA, vaha 1 (ka) sarvArthasiddhi 10/4; pRSTha 360 (kha) azvaghoSa kRta, saundarAnanda 2 dravyasaMgraha TIkA, gAthA 14 3 uttarAdhyayana 36/56-57 4 dravyasaMgraha TIkA, gAthA 14, 37 5 tattvArthasUtra 10/8 6 (ka) gommaTasAra, jIvakANDa, jIva prabodhinI TIkA gAthA 66 (kha) syAdvAdamaJjarI pRSTha 42 7 (ka) dravyasaMgraha, gAthA 14, pRSTha 40 (kha) syAdvAdamaJjarI, kArikA 26 (ga) muNDakopaniSada 3/2.6

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414 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA AtmA punaH saMsAra meM nahIM AtA / jaina dArzanikoM ne apane cintana ko paripuSTa karane ke lie likhA hai ki 'saMsAra ke kAraNabhUta mithyAtva avrata, pramAda, kaSAya Adi kA mukta jIva meM abhAva hai, ataH ve saMsAra meM punaH nahIM aate|' yadi mukta jIvoM kA saMsAra meM AnA mAnA jAye to kAraNa aura kArya kI vyavasthA hI nahIM rahegI / jo pudgala haiM, gurutva svabhAva vAle haiM, ve hI Upara se nIce kI ora gamana karate haiM, para muktAtmA meM yaha svabhAva nahIM hai / muktAtmA agurulaghu svabhAva vAlA hai, isaliye usakI mokSa se cyuti nahIM hotI / jo gurutva svabhAva vAle hote haiM. ve hI nIce girate haiM / gurutva svabhAva ke kAraNa hI Ama kA phala TahanI se giratA hai; naukAoM meM pAnI bhara jAne se ve DUbatI haiM / 2 muktAtmA sarvajJa aura sarvadarzI hai, jJAtA aura dRSTA hai, para vItarAgI hone se na kisI ke prati unake antamAnasa meM rAga hotA hai aura na dveSa hI hotA hai / rAga aura dveSa kA abhAva hone se unameM karma bandhana nahIM hotA aura karma - bandhana nahIM hone se punaH saMsAra meM nahIM Ate / ' eka bAra AtmA karma rahita ho gayA, vaha puta karma se yukta nahIM hotA / jaise eka bAra miTTI ke kaNoM se svarNa-kaNa pRthak ho gae, ve punaH miTTI meM nahIM milate, vaise hI mukta jIva haiM / AkAza meM avagAhana zakti rahI huI hai, ataH svalpa AkAza meM bhI ananta siddha usI prakAra rahate haiM, jaise hajAroM dIpakoM kA prakAza svalpa sthAna meM samA jAtA hai / isI taraha mukta jIvoM meM paraspara avirodha hai / ce bhAratIya dArzanika cintakoM kA yaha abhimata hai ki mokSa meM duHkha kA pUrNa abhAva hai, para nyAya, vaizeSika, prabhAkara, sAMkhya aura bauddha dArzanika yaha bhI mAnate haiM jisa taraha mokSa meM duHkha kA abhAva hai, vaise hI mokSa meM sukha kA bhI abhAva hai / para, kumArila bhaTTa jo vedAnta darzana ke eka jAnemAne hue mUrdhanya manISI dArzanika rahe haiM, unhoMne aura jaina dArzanikoM ne mokSa meM AtmIya atIndriya sukha kA uccheda nahIM mAnA hai / jaina dArzanikoM 1 tattvArtha- vArtika 10/4/8 pR. 643 2 (ka) tattvArthasAra 8/11-12 3 tattvArtha-vAtika 10/4/5-6 4 duH khAtyantasamucchde sati prAgAtmavartitaH / sukhasya manasA muktimuktiruktA kumArilaiH / / (kha) tattvArtha- vArtika 1/9/8, pR0 643 - bhAratIya darzana : DaoN0 baladeva upAdhyAya, pR0 612

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 415 sukha ko do bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA hai- eka indriyaja sukha aura dUsarA Atmaja sukha / mokSAvasthA meM indriya aura zarIra kA abhAva hone se usameM indriyaja sukha kA abhAva hotA hai, para, Atmajanya sukha kA abhAva nahIM hai| ne mukta jova kyA sarvaloka-vyApI haiM ? isa prazna kA cintana karate hue jaina manoSiyoM ne likhA hai ki mukta jIva sarvavyApI nahIM haiM, kyoMki sAMsArika jIva meM jo saMkoca aura vistAra hotA hai, usakA kAraNa zarIra nAmakarma hai / para, mokSa avasthA meM zarIra nAmakarma kA pUrNa abhAva hotA hai, isaliye AtmA sarvalokavyApI nahIM hai, kyoMki kAraNa ke abhAva meM kArya nahIM ho sakatA / yahA~ para yaha bhI sahaja jijJAsA ho sakatI hai ki eka dIpaka ko Dhaka diyA jAya to usakA prakAza sImita ho jAtA hai, para usa kA AvaraNa haTate hI usakA prakAza sarvatra phaila jAtA hai, vaise hI zarIra nAmakarma kA abhAva hone se siddhoM kI AtmA sampUrNa lokAkAza meM phaila jAnI cAhiye / uttara meM jaina dArzanikoM ne kahA- dIpaka ke prakAza kA vistAra svata: hai hI, vaha to AvaraNa ke kAraNa sImita kSetra meM hai, para, Atma-pradezoM kA vikasita honA apanA svabhAva nahIM hai / jo vikasita hote haiM, ve bhI sahetuka haiM / ataH mukta jIva lokAkAza pramANa vyApta nahIM hotA / sUkhI miTTI ke bartana kI bhA~ti mukta AtmA meM karmoM ke abhAva ke kAraNa saMkoca aura vistAra nahIM hotA hai / " muktAtmA kA AkAra mukta zarIra se kucha kama hotA hai / kAraNa ki carma zarIra ke nAka, kAna, nAkhUna Adi kucha aise pole aMga hote haiM, jahA~ Atma-pradeza nahIM hote / muktAtmA chidrarahita hone se pahale zarIra se kucha nyUna hotI hai, jaise 500 dhanuSa kI avagAhanA vAle jo siddha hoMge, unakI avagAhanA 333 dhanuSa aura 32 aMgula hogii| 5 1 (ka) syAdvAdamaMjarI, kArikA 1, 8, pRSTha 60 ; AcArya malliSeNa (kha) SaTdarzana - samuccaya, pRSTha 288 2 (ka) sarvArthasiddhi. 10/4, pR. 360 3 (ka) dravyasaMgraha TIkA, gA. 14; 51, pRSTha 36 (kha) paramAtmaprakAza TIkA gA. 54 pR. 52 4 tattvAnuzAsana 232-233 5 (ka) dravyasaMgraha, TIkA, gAthA 14 (kha) tattvArthasAra, 8 / 6-16 (kha) tiloyapaNNatta 9 / 16

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416 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA isa prakAra jaina darzana ne mukta jIva kA jo svarUpa citrita kiyA hai ki vaha kisa prakAra bandha se mukta hotA hai ? isa sambandha meM AcArya siddharSi gaNI ne apanI 'upamiti-bhava-prapaMca kathA' meM mukta jIva ke svarUpa kA bhI sAMgopAMga nirUpaNa kiyA hai / jIva, jagat aura paramAtmA kI guru-gambhIra granthiyA~ kathA ke dvArA isa prakAra sulajhAI gaI haiM ki pAThaka par3hate-par3hate Ananda se jhUmane lagatA hai / usa dArzanika aura nIrasa viSaya ko lekhaka ne apanI mahAn pratibhA se sarasa, sarala aura subodha banA diyA hai / vastutaH AcArya siddharSi kI pratibhA advitIya hai, anupama hai| unakI pratApa pUrNa pratibhA ko yaha grantha ratna sadA sarvadA ujAgara karatA rhegaa| prastuta 'upamiti bhava-prapaMca' mahAkathA jaina kathA sAhitya kI zailI meM hI kyA, vizva kathA sAhitya kI zailI meM bhI eka nayA prayoga; nayA moDa kahA jA sakatA hai| prAcIna Agama kAlIna kathAoM meM prAyaH jIvana vRtta yA ghaTanAeM pradhAna rahI haiN| mahApuruSoM kA jIvana caritra unakA vaNrya viSaya rahA hai, phira kucha rUpaka va upanayoM kA prayoga prArambha hotA hai jJAtA sUtra tathA uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM aneka prakAra ke upanaya, rUpaka dRSTAnta milate haiN| isake bAda kA kathA sAhitya paurANikatA kI dhArA meM baha jAtA hai jisameM lambe lambe kathAnaka, aneka kathApAtra va caritroM meM vividha guNoM kA vidhAna hotA hai / isa kathA zailI meM eka nayA moDa AtA hai-upamiti bhava prapaMca kathA ke prArambhIse / isakI zailI bilakula svantatra aura lAkSaNika hai, dArzanikatA AdhyatmikatA,kA puTa hote hue bhI rocakatA aura jIvanaspazitA bhI bharapUra haiN| apanI adbhuta lAkSaNika zailI ke kAraNa yaha grantha jainakathA sAhitya ko eka samagratA aura vividhatA ke sAtha prastuta karatA hai|

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siddharSi : jIvanavRtta siddharSi; bhInamAla ke suprasiddha dhanapati zubhaMkara kA 'siddha' nAmaka putra thA, yaha kucha vidvAnoM kI rAya hai| kucha vidvAnoM kI dRSTi se zrImAlapura meM koI dhanI jaina seTha cAturmAsa ke prasaMga meM devadarzana ke lie jA rahA thaa| use nAlI meM par3A huA 'siddha' nAma kA rAjaputra milA thaa| ise, jue meM hArate-hArate kucha sAthI juAriyoM kA rupayA udhAra karanA par3A thA, jise na dene kI vajaha se nirdayatApUrvaka mAra-pITa karake nAlI meM girA diyA thaa| seTha ne una juAriyoM ko deya dhana diyA aura siddha ko uThAkara apane ghara livA le aayaa| par3hA-likhA kara usakA vivAha kiyA aura apanA sArA kArya-bhAra use sauMpa diyaa| vyApAra sambandhI bahIkhAtoM Adi ko likhane meM, use prAyaH kAphI rAta gaye, ghara AnA sambhava ho pAtA thA / jisase usakI patnI anamanI-sI aura udAsa rahatI huI kAphI kamajora ho calI thii| jo vidvAna, 'siddha' ko zubhaMkara seTha kA putra mAnate haiM, unakI dRSTi se zubhaMkara ne hI ise par3hA-likhA kara yogya banAyA thA / aura isakA vivAha 'dhanyA' nAma kI kanyA se kara diyA thaa| sukhapUrvaka jIvana vyatIta karate hue eka dina siddha ke mitra use kisI bAga meM le gye| vahAM use juA khelane baiThA liyA, jisameM vaha hAra gyaa| dUsare dina, vaha phira juA khelA aura hArA / gusse meM Akara, vaha tIsare dina bhI juA khelane gayA to usakI jIta ho gii| isa hAra-jIta ke AkarSaNa aura utsukatA ne use pUrA juArI banA diyaa| phalataH vaha rAta-bhara juA khelane meM yA durAcAra/vezyAgamana meM lIna rahane lagA / isI vajaha se, usakI patnI dhanyA, duHkhI aura kRza ho calI thii| ( 417 )

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418 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA isa matabheda ke Age prAyaH eka-sA hI ghaTanAkrama hai| tadanusAra eka dina dhanyA kI sAsa ne usase usakI udAsI ke bAre meM pUchatAcha kI to vaha cuppI lagA gii| kintu bahU kI cuppI dekhakara sAsu ko aura vedanA huii| aura jida karake pUchane lagI to dhanyA bilakha-bilakha kara ro pdd'ii| Akhira, use batAnA par3A ki usakA pati rAta ko kAphI dera se ghara AtA hai| usakI sAsu ne use nizcinta hokara sone kI anumati usa dina de dI aura svayaM jAgate rahane kA vizvAsa bhii| isI rAta, tIsare pahara, siddha jaba ghara lauTa kara AyA to usane ghara kA banda daravAjA hara roja kI taraha khttkhttaayaa| daravAje kI khaTa-khaTa AvAja sunakara usakI mA~-lakSmI ne pUchA'itanI rAta ko kona daravAjA khaTakhaTA rahA hai ?' 'ma siddha huuN|' siddha ne jabAva diyaa| lakSmI ne banAvaTI gussA dikhalAte hue punaH kahA-'itanI rAta gaye ghara Ane vAle siddha ko maiM nahIM phcaantii|' ___ 'phira, maiM itanI rAta gaye kahA~ jAU~ ?'-siddha ne prazna kiyaa| 'jisa ghara kA daravAjA isa samaya khulA ho, vahIM jA' -mAM ne use tAr3anA/zikSA dene ke uddezya se kahA / 'ThIka hai, mAM ! aisA hI karUMgA' -Ahata svAbhimAna bhare svara meM siddha ne jabAva diyA aura vahAM se lauTa aayaa| gAMva meM ghUmate-ghUmate vaha upAzraya ke sAmane pahuMcA to usane dekhA'upAzraya kA daravAjA khulA hai|' ___ rAtri kA thoDA sA hI samaya zeSa raha gayA thaa| isalie vahA~ Thahare hue sAdhu-jana jAga gaye the aura apanI-apanI kriyAyeM kara rahe the| ___ ina zAnta munivaroM ko dekha, vaha vicAra karane lagA-'dhanya hai inakA jIvana ! jo ye dharma kI ArAdhanA/sAdhanA meM apanA samaya bitAte haiM / eka maiM hU~, jise juA khelane aura durAcAra karane kI vajaha se, apanI patnI va mAM ke dvArA apamAnita honA par3A / ....."acchA huA, subaha kA bhUlA, zAma ko ThIka sthAna para A phuNcaa| yaha vicAra kara vaha andara gayA aura vahA~ para baiThe vRddha santa ko bandana/praNAma kiyaa|

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 416 guru ne pUchA-'kauna ho bhAI ? kahA~ se Aye ho ?' siddha ne uttara diyA-'rAta, maiM dera se ghara pahuMcA, to mA~ ne daravAjA na kholakara, ulTA yaha kahA-jahA~ kA daravAjA khulA ho, vahA~ cale jaao| isalie, maiM yahAM AyA hU~, aura Apake pAsa hI rahanA cAhatA huuN|' ____ guru ne unheM kahA-'hamAre pAsa, hamArA veSa lie vagaira tuma nahIM raha sakate / aura, phira tumhAre jaise vyasanI ke lie, yaha veSa lenA aura usakI maryAdAoM kA pAlana karanA kaThina hai| kyoMki, hamArA veSa lene vAle ko, naMge paira paidala calanA par3atA hai| bhikSA meM jo kucha bho rUkhAsUkhA mila jAye, vahI khAnA par3atA hai| sira ke bAloM kA loca karanA paDatA hai / isalie, tumhAre lie yaha veSa dhAraNa kara pAnA duSkara hai|' siddha ne kahA-'hamAre jaise juArI ko dhUpa-varSA-sardI saba sahana karane par3ate haiN| jahAM jagaha mila jAe, vahIM rahanA par3atA hai| jaba durvyasanoM ke lie hama itane kaSTa uThAte rahe hoM, taba, unnati ke lie kyA, kucha sahana nahIM kara sakeMge ? Apa niHsaMkoca, prAtaHkAla mujhe dIkSA deN|' guru ne kahA-'tumhAre mAtA-pitA kuTumbIjanoM kI AjJA ke binA, hama dIkSA nahIM dete / ataH unase AjJA milane para hI dIkSA de paayeNge|" siddha ne kahA- "jaisA Apa ucita smjheN|' aura vahIM, baiTha gyaa| prAtaHkAla hote hI, usake pitA ne, putra ke bAre meM pUchA,, to lakSmI ne sArA kissA use batA diyaa| sUnakara, seTha ko bahuta duHkha huaa| aura, apane beTe ko DhUMDhane ke lie ghara se nikala pdd'aa| DhUMDhate-DhUMDhate vaha upAzraya meM bhI phuNcaa| vahAM siddha ko baiThA dekhakara, usane use ghara calane ko khaa| siddha bolA-'pitAjI ! ghara to chor3a diyA hai / aba inakI sevA meM ho rhuuNgaa|' seTha ne kahA-'tU akelA merA beTA hai| karor3oM kI sampati hai| yaha saba kisa kAma AyegI? sAdhu-jIvana meM bahuta parISaha sahane pdd'eNge|' siddha, apanI bAta para DaTA rahA, to seTha ko AjJA denI hI pdd'ii| isa taraha juArI siddha, siddhamuni bnaa|

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420 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA AcArya siddharSi gaNI nivRtti kula ke the| bhagavAna mahAvIra kI yuga pradhAna paTTAvalI ke anusAra 21veM paTTadhara vajrasena hue haiM, unhoMne sopAraka nagara meM zreSThI jinadatta aura seThAnI IzvarI ke cAra putroM ko AhatI dIkSA pradAna kI thii| unake nAma the-nAgendra, candra, nivatti aura vidyAdhara / ina cAroM ke nAma se cAra paramparAyeM prArambha huIM, jo nAgendra, candra, nivRtti aura vidyAdhara kuloM ke nAma se vizruta huii| nivRtti kula meM aneka mUrdhanya manISI gaNa hue haiN| vizeSAvazyaka bhASya ke racayitA jinabhadra gaNi kSamAzramaNa bhI nivRtti kula ke the| caupanna mahApuruSacariyam grantha ke lekhaka zIlAcArya bhI nivRtti kula ke the aura AcArya abhayadeva ne jo navAMgI TIkA likhI, usa TIkA ke saMzodhaka droNAcArya bhI nivRtti kula ke the| isI mahAnIya kula ke maharSi gargarSi ne siddha ko bhAgavatI dIkSA pradAna kii| siddha ne dIkSAnantara kaThina tapasyA kI, jaina dharma ke siddhAnta-zAstroM kA gahana adhyayana/abhyAsa kiyA, aura siddhamuni se sirSi bana gayA / 'upadezamAlA' para sarala bhASA meM 'bAlAvabodhinI' TIkA likhii| eka dina, usake mana meM vicAra uThA-'mujhe abhI bahuta zAstrAbhyAsa karanA hai| vizeSakara, ugra tarkavAdI bauddhoM ke zAstroM kaa|' isI vicAra ko kriyAnvita karane ke lie, unhoMne apane guru se AjJA mAMgI ki, vaha kisI bauddha vidyApITha meM jAkara unake zAstroM kA abhyAsa kara ske| guru ne samajhAyA-'zAstra abhyAsa karanA to acchA hai| kiMtu, bauddha apane tarkoM se logoM ko bhramita kara dete haiN| phalataH unake yahAM rahane se lAbha kI bajAya hAni adhika ho sakatI hai| ataH yaha vicAra chor3a do|' kiMtu, siddharSi kI vizeSa jida dekhakara, unhoMne isa zarta para AjJA dI ki bauddhoM ke tarkoM meM ulajhakara, terA mana DagamagAne lage, to yahAM vApisa A kara, hamArA veSa hameM vApisa kara denaa|' siddharSi vacana dekara aura veSa badalakara, bauddha vidyApITha cale ge| siddharSi kI mehanata aura pratibhA dekhakara, bauddhoM ne unake sAtha sadbhAva rkhaa| dhIre-dhIre siddharSi para unake vyavahAra kA aura unake kutarko 1 kharataragaccha paTTAvalI, dekhiye jaina gurjara kaviyo, bhAga 2, pRSTha 663

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 421 kA asara hone lgaa| phalataH kucha hI dinoM bAda, unhoMne bauddha-dIkSA bhI le lI / jaba, bauddhoM ne unheM apanA guru-pada dene kA nizcaya kiyA, to unheM apanI pratijJA yAda A gaI aura apanA veSa vApisa karane jAne ke lie samaya maaNgaa| siddharSi kI isa ImAnadArI ne unake bauddha guru ko prasanna kara diyaa| unhoMne bhI AjJA de dii| siddharSi, jaba apane jaina dIkSA guru ke sAmane pahuMce to unheM vandana nahIM kiyA aura yoM hI sAmane jAkara khar3e ho gye| siddharSi ke guru gargarSi, usakA bauddha veSa dekhakara duHkhI hue, aura siddharSi jJAna-garva kA anumAna bhI lagA baitthe| phalataH yukti se kAma banAne kI icchA se, ve uThe aura siddharSi ko, 'lalita-vistarA' grantha dekara bole'isa grantha ko dekho, taba taka maiM caityavandana karake AtA huuN|' itanA kahakara, anya sAdhuoM ke sAtha ve cale gye| siddharSi, jyoM-jyoM usa grantha ko par3hate gaye, tyoM-tyoM unheM apane kiye para pazcAttApa hone lagA / aura, jaba taka gargarSi vApisa lauTe, taba taka, unakA bhUlA-bhaTakA mana, sahI rAste para A cukA thaa| sAmane se Ate gargarSi ko dekhakara, ve apane sthAna se uThe aura unake caraNoM meM gira kara apanI bhUla kI kSamA yAcanA karate hue, vApasa apane rAste para Ane kI icchA prakaTa kii| 'tU mere vacanoM ko yAda rakhakara, pratijJA-pAlana karane ke lie yahA~ vApasa A gayA, phira tere jaise vidvAn ziSya ko vApasa pAkara kisa guru ko prasannatA na hogI ?' guru ke vacana suna kara siddharSi kA mana prasanna ho gyaa| guru ne unheM prAyazcitta diyA aura apane pada para baiThA kara, sAdhanA kI preraNA pradAna kii| siddharSi ne, apanA dAyitva samajhA aura logoM ko bodha dene kI bhAvanA se isa 'upamiti-bhava-prapaMca kathA' kI racanA kI / siddharSi kI yaha mUlyavAn kRti, unake vidvattApUrNa pradAya ko, bhAratIya jana-mAnasa meM aura bhAratIya-sAhityika jagata meM, unheM avismaraNIya banAye rakhane kI paryApta sAmarthya rakhatI hai| isa mahAn grantha kA sammAna, sirpha bhArata meM hI nahIM, iMglaiNDa aura phrAnsa ke vidvAnoM meM bhI khyAti ajita kara cukA hai / pAThakagaNa. damake

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422 jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA sadbodha- sandeza ko apanAkara, apanA jIvana-patha Alokita banA sakate haiN| san 1905 meM upamiti-bhava-prapaMca kathA kA mUla DaoN. haramana jaikobI ne "baMgAla royala eziyATika janarala" meM prakAzita karanA prAraMbha kiyA / yaha kArya pahale DaoN0 pITarsa ne prArambha kiyA thaa| unhoMne 66-66 paSThoM ke tIna bhAga prakAzita kiye / usake pazcAt DaoN. pITarsa kA nidhana ho gyaa| usa apUrNa kArya ko pUrNa karane ke lie DaoN0 jaikobI (bona) ko kAryabhAra saMbhalAyA gyaa| unhoMne dvitIya prastAva ko punaH mudrita karavAyA aura sampUrNa grantha 1240 pRSThoM meM sampanna huaa| unhoMne prastuta grantha para mananIya prastAvanA bhI likhI / isa grantha ratna ko prakAzita karane meM unheM lagabhaga 16 varSa kA sayaya lgaa| san 1918 meM zrI devacanda lAlabhAI jaina pustakoddhAraka grantha mAlA, sUrata se upamiti-bhava-prapaMca kathA kA pUrvArddha prakAzita huA san 1920 meM usakA uttarArddha prakAzita huaa| yaha grantha patrAkAra prakAzita hai| saMskRta bhASA meM nirmita hone ke kAraNa sAmAnya jijJAsu pAThaka isa grantha ratna kA svAdhyAya kara lAbhAnvita nahIM ho sakatA thA, ataH vijJoM ke mastiSka meM isa grantha ke anuvAda kI kalpanA udbuddha huI / zrIyut motIcanda giradharalAla kApar3iyA ne nau varSa kI laghuvaya meM kuMvarajI AnandajI se yaha grantha sunA thA, tabhI se ve isa grantha kI mahimA aura garimA se prabhAvita ho gye| unhoMne mana meM yaha saMkalpa kiyA ki yadi isakA anuvAda ho jAye to gujarAtI bhASA-bhASI zraddhAlu varga lAbhAnvita hoMge, unheM nayA Aloka prApta hogaa| kathA ke mAdhyama se dravyAnuyoga kI guru-gambhIra granthiyA~ isa grantha meM jisa rUpa se sulajhAI gaI hai, vaha apUrva hai / ataH unhoMne 'zrI jaina dharma prakAza' mAsika patrikA meM san 1601 meM dhArAvAhika rUpa se isa kathA kA gujarAtI meM anuvAda kara prakAzita karavAnA prArambha kiyA / para, anuvAdaka anyAnya kAryoM meM vyasta ho gayA aura vaha dhArAvAhika kathA bIca meM hI sthagita ho gaI, tathA punaH isakA dhArAvAhika prakAzana san 1915 se 1921 taka hotA rhaa| jijJAsU pAThakoM kI bhAvanA ko sammAna dekara sampUrNa grantha kA anuvAda jaina dharma pracAraka sabhA, bhAvanagara ne saM0 1980 se lekara 1982 taka kI avadhi meM tIna bhAgoM meM grantha ke rUpa meM prakAzita kiyaa| prastuta grantha para motIcanda giradharalAla kApa.

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AgamottarakAlIna kathA sAhitya 423 r3iyA ne savistRta prastAvanA bhI likhI, jo "siddharSi" grantha ke nAma se svatantra rUpa se prakAzita huI hai / yaha prakAzana san 1936 meM huA / prastAvanA meM kApar3iyA kI prakRSTa pratibhA ke saMdarzana hote haiN| pratibhAvAna lekhaka ne sarala aura subodha bhASA meM upamiti-bhava-prapaMca kathA ke rahasya ko udghATita kiyA hai, yaha adbhuta hai, anupama hai / prastAvanA kyA hai, eka zodha prabandha hI hai, siddharSi para / upamiti-bhava-prapaJca kathA kA saMkSipta hindI sAra zrI kastUsmala bAMThiyA ne taiyAra kiyA jo sana 1982 meM "bAMThiyA phAunDezana," kAnapura se prakAzita huA hai, para usa saMkSipta sAra meM mUla kathA kA bhAva bhI pUrNa rUpa se ujAgara nahIM ho sakA hai| eka bAta aura maiM nivedana karanA cAhU~gA, vaha yaha hai ki yaha grantha ratna bhAratI-bhaNDAra kA zrRMgAra hai| isa grantha ratna meM mUrdhanya manISI lekhaka ne cintana ke liye vipUla sAmragrI pradAna kI hai| isameM eka nahIM, aneka aise zodha-bindu haiM, jina para zatAdhika pRSTha sahaja rUpa se likhe jA sakate haiN| merA svayaM kA vicAra grantha meM Ae hue cintana-binduoM para tulanAtmaka va samIkSAtmaka dRSTi se likhane kA thA, para, dillI ke bhIr3a bhare vAtAvaraNa meM yaha sambhava nahIM ho sakA / eka ke pazcAt dUsarA vyavadhAna AtA gayA aura prastAvanA lekhana meM AvazyakatA se adhika vilamba bhI hotA gyaa| ataH maiMne anta meM yahI nirNaya liyA ki prastAvanA ativistAra se na likhakara saMkSepa meM hI likhI jaay| usa nirNaya ke anusAra maiMne saMkSepa meM prastAvanA likhI hai| maiM socatA hU~ ki yaha prastAvanA prabuddha pAThakoM ko pasanda AegI aura zodhArthiyoM ke liye kucha patha-pradarzaka bhI bnegii| Aja bhautikavAda ke yuga meM mAnava bhautika cakAcauMdha meM apane Apa ko bhUla rahA hai| svadarzana ko chor3akara pradarzana meM ulajha rahA hai / aisI vikaTa velA meM Atmadarzana kI pavitra preraNA pradAna karane vAlA yaha grantha sabhI ke lie Aloka stambha siddha hogaa|

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sandarbha-graMthAnukramaNikA 1. aMgapaNNattI 2. aMguttaranikAya kI aTThakathA 3. atharvaveda 4. ardhamAgadhI koSa bhAga 2 5. anagAra dharmAmRta 6. anuyogadvAra TIkA, hAribhadrIya vRtti 7. apabhraMza bhASA kA pAribhASika koza ( DI0 liT0 kA zodhaprabandha ) 8. apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya 6. apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kI zodha pravRttiyA~ 10. abhidhAna cintAmaNi 11. abhidhAna rAjendra koza 12. abhijJAna zAkuntala 13. amarakoza 14. avadAna 15 AkhyAnaka maNikoza 16. Agama aura tripiTaka : eka anuzIlana 17. Agama yuga kA jaina darzana 18. AgneyapurANa 16. AcArAMga - zIlAMkAcArya TIkA 20. AcArAMga 21. AcArya buddhaghoSa aura unakI aTThakathAe~ ( 425 ) - paM0 AzAdhara - DaoN0 Aditya pracaNDiyA - DaoN0 devendra kumAra jaina zAstrI -AcArya zubhacandra --DaoN0 devendra kumAra - bAbU dhanapatisiMha - zivacaraNalAla jaina

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426 | jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA 22. AtmAnuzAsana 23. AdipurANa 24. Apastambha sUtra 25. AryA saptazatI 26. AyAro -muni nathamala 27. Avazyaka cUrNi 28. Avazyaka niyukti 26. Avazyaka malayagirivRtti 30. Avazyaka sUtra 31. Avazyaka hAribhadrIya vRtti 32. IzAna saMhitA 33. uttarAdhyayana 34. uttarAdhyayana : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana -muni nathamala 35. uttarAdhyayana TIkA 36. uttarapurANa 37. uttarAdhyayana sukhabodhA 38. uttarAdhyayana bRhadvRtti 36. urdU-hindI koza -rAmacandra varmA 40. upamiti bhava prapaJca kathA 41. upAsaka dazAMga sUtra 42. Rgveda 43. Rgveda ke maMtra 44. Rgveda saMhitA 45. RSabhadeva : eka parizIlana 46. aupapAtika sUtra 47. kathAkoza prakaraNa 48. kathAsaritsAgara -penjara 46. karmavipAka 50. kalpasUtra -sampA0 upAcArya devendra muni 51. kArtikeyAnuprekSA 52. kAvyAdarza 53. kAvyAnuzAsana

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sandarbha-granthAnukramaNikA | 427 54. kAvyamImAMsA 55. kumbhajAtaka 56. kuvalayamAlA 57. kUrmapurANa 58. zrI jaina siddhAMta bola saMgraha : bhAga 5 56. zrI nandIcUrNI mUla 60. zrI nandIvRtti cUrNI 61. zrImadbhAgavata 62. zrImadbhAgavatapurANa 63. zrI malayagirIyA nandIvRtti 64. zru taskandha -AcArya brahma hemacandra 65. kharataragaccha bRhad gurvAvalI 66. gautama dharmasUtra 67. gommaTasAra 68. guru pUjA kaumudI -olDenavarga 66. cauppana mahApurisacariyaM -AcArya zIlAMka 70. cAra tIrthaMkara 71. citta sambhUta jAtaka 72. caitanya candrodaya 73. chAMdogya upaniSad 74. jambUdvIpa prajJapti 75. jAtaka caturtha khaNDa 76 jinaratnakoza 77. jIvAbhigama 78. jaina AcAra : siddhAMta aura svarUpa 76. jaina kathAe~ bhAga 111 --upAdhyAya zrI puSkara muni 80. jaina kathAoM kA sAMskRtika adhyayana --zrIcanda jaina 81. jaina gurjara kaviyo : bhAga 2 82. jaina dharma kA maulika itihAsa --AcArya hastImala mahArAja 83. jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra darzanoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana, bhAga 2 --DaoN0 sAgaramala jaina 84. jaiminIya upaniSad

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428 | jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA 85. jaina sAhitya aura itihAsa --paM0 nAthUrAma premI 86. jaina sAhitya kA bRhad itihAsa bhAga 1, bhAga 6 --gulAbacandra caudharI 87. ThAgAMga 88. NAyAdhammakahA 86. tattvArtha zru tasAgarIyA vRtti 60. tattvArtha vRtti 11. tattvArtha zlokavArtika 62. tattvAnuzAsana 63. tattvArtha sUtra 14. tiloya paNNatti 65. triSaSTi zalAkA puruSa caritra 66. taittarIya saMhitA 67. taittiriyAraNyaka 18. tettirIyopaniSad 66. theragAthA 100. dazarUpaka 101. darzana aura cintana (hindI) 102. dazavaikAlika 103. dazavakAlika agastyasiMha cUNi 104. dazavaikAlika niyukti 105. dazavakAlika hAribhadrIya vRtti 106. dravyasaMgraha TIkA 107. divyAvadAna - sampA0 pI0 ela0 vaidya 108. dIrghanikAya 106. dharmakathAnuyoga 110. dhammakahANuogo 111. dharmavijaya nATaka 112. dhammapada aTThakathA 113. dharmAbhyudaya 114. dhavalA 115. nandIsUtra

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sandarbha-granthAnukramaNikA | 426 116. nammayAsundarI kahA 117. nalacampU 118. nAyAdhammakahAo 116. nAradapurANa 120. nyAya bindu 121. niyamasAra 122. nirukta 123. nizIthacUNi 124. nizIya bhASya 125. nemavANI -saM0 puSkara muni mahArAja 126 naukA aura nAvika (upanyAsa) -upAcArya devendra muni 127. paMcakalpacUrNi 128. paMcakalpa mahAbhASya 126. paMcAstikAya 130. paumacariyaM 131. padamapurANa -raviSeNAcArya 132. pannavaNNA 133. paryuSaNA'STAhnikA vyAkhyAna 134. paramAtma prakAza 135. prabhAsa purANa 136. prabodha cintAmaNi 137. pravacanasAra 138. pravacanasAroddhAra 136. prajJApanA 140. pATana kI hastalikhita pratiyoM kI sUcI 141. pANinI vyAkaraNa 142. pAtaJjala mahAbhASya 143. pArzvanAtha caritra 144. pAsanAhacariu -padamakIrti 145. prAkRta aura apabhraMza sAhitya tathA unakA hindI sAhitya para prabhAva -DaoN0 rAmasiMha tomara

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430 | jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA 146. prAkRta bhASA aura sAhitya kA AlocanAtmaka itihAsa 147. prAkRta sAhitya kA itihAsa 148. prAcIna bhArata 146. prAcIna bhArata kA bhaugolika svarUpa 150. puNyAzrava kathAkoza 151. puruSArthaM siddha yupAya bRhat kathAkoza 152. 153. bRhatkathA sAgara 154. bRhatkalpa 155. bRhatkalpa bhASya 156. bRhadAraNyakopaniSada 157. bRhad padamAvatI stotra 158. bRhadvRtti 156. brahmANDa purANa pUrva stotra 160. bRhatsvayambhU 161. bauddha sAhitya divyAvadAna - rudrAyaNAvadAna 162. bhagavatI 163. bhagavat gItA 164. bhagavatI zataka 166. bhagavAna pArzva : eka samIkSAtmaka adhyayana 165. bhagavAna ariSTanemi aura karmayogI zrIkRSNa : eka anuzIlana - upAcArya devendra muni 167. bhagavAna mahAvIra : eka anuzIlana 168. bharatamukti : eka adhyayana 166. bharatezvara bAhubalI vRtti 170. bhavabhAvanA 171. bhavisayatta kahA tathA apabhraMza kathAkAvya 172. bhAgavata purANa 173. bhAratIya itihAsa : eka dRSTi - DaoN0 nemIcandra zAstrI -- DaoN0 jagadIzacaMdra jaina -hariSeNAcArya - upAcArya devendra muni - upAcArya devendra muni - DaoN0 devendra kumAra zAstrI

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sandarbha-granthAnukramaNikA | 431 174. bhAratIya darzana -baladeva upAdhyAya 175. bhAratIya saMskRti aura ahiMsA 176. bhAva pAhuDa 177. bhAvasaMgraha 178. bhikSu-grantha ratnAkara 176. matsya purANa 180. manusmRti 181. mayaNaparAjayacariu 182. marudhara kezarI abhinandana grantha 183. mahAjana jAtaka 184. mahApurANa-puSpadaMta 185. mahApurANa-jinasenAcArya 186. mahAbhArata 187. mahAvagga 188. mahAvastu 189. mahAvIra cariyaM-guNacandra 160. mahAvIra cariyaM-nemicandra 161. mahAvIra no saMyamadharma (gujarAtI)-gopAladAsa paTela 162. mArkaNDeya purANa 163. mAtaMgajAtaka 164. munizrI hajArImala smRti graMtha 165. mUlAcAra 166. mUlArAdhanA 167. medinIkoSa 168. yajurveda 166. yogabindu 200. yogazAstra 201. yogasAra 202. raghuvaMza 203. ratnakaraNDa zrAvakAcAra 204. rayaNacUDarAya cariyaM-saM0 zrI vijayakumudasUri 205. rAjasthAna ke jaina santa : vyaktitva aura kRtitva

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432 | jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA 206. rAyapaseNiya sutta kA sAra -pa0 becaradAsa dozI 207. lalitavistara 208. liMgapurANa 206. lIlAvaI 210. varNI abhinandana grantha 211. valAhassa jAtaka 212. vasiSTha dharmasUtra 213. vasudeva hiNDI 214. vAjasaneyI 215. vAyamahApurANa 216. vArAhapurANa 217. vAlmIki rAmAyaNa 218. vAsavadattA -subandhu 216. vijayavallabhasUri smAraka grantha 220. vinayASTaka 221. viSNupurANa 222. viSNusmRti 223. vizeSAvazyaka bhASya 224. vaidika koza 225. vaiSNava dharma kA prAcIna itihAsa -DA. rAyacaudharI 226. saMgamAvacara jAtaka saMkhyA 182 (hindI anuvAda) 227. saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya 228. saMskRta vAGamaya kA vivecanAtmaka itihAsa -DA. sUryakAnta 226. saMskRta sAhitya kI rUparekhA 230. saMskRta zAstroM kA itihAsa --40 baladeva upAdhyAya 231. samayasAra 232. samartha samAdhAna 233. samarAiccakahA 234. sahasranAma brahma zatakam 235. skandapurANa 236. syAdvAda maMjarI -AcArya malliSeNa 237. sAmaveda

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sandarbha-granthAnukramaNikA | 433 238. sAhitya aura saMskRti -upAcArya devendramuni 239. siripAsaNAhacariyaM 240. sumaMgala vilAsinI (dIghanikAya aTThakathA) 241. sonaka jAtaka 242. saundarAnanda --azvaghoSa 243. zatapatha brAhmaNa 244. zAstrasAra samuccaya -mAghanandI 245. zivapurANa 246. zIlaprAbhata gAthA 247. SaTkhaNDAgama 248. SaTdarzana samuccaya 246. hatthipAla jAtaka 250. hariyAnA pradeza kA loka sAhitya -DA. zaMkaralAla yAdava 251. harivaMza purANa 252. harSacarita 253. harSacaritra : eka sAMskRtika adhyayana 254. hindI sAhitya kA itihAsa 255. hindU dharma koza 256. hindU sabhyatA 257. jJAtA dharmakathA 258. jJAtAsUtra 259. jJAnapaMcamIkahA 260. jJAnArNava patra-patrikAnukramaNikA 1. Ajakala 2. jainavidyA 3. jainasiddhAnta bhAskara 4. jainasAhitya saMzodhaka 5. tulasIprajJA 6. saMsadapatrikA 7. annalsa oNpha dI bhaNDArakara risarca insTITyUTa-patrikA 8. jaina sisTama oNpha ejUkezana jarnala

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434 | jaina kathA sAhitya kI vikAsa yAtrA AMglabhASA ke granthoM kI anukramaNikA 1. antagaDadasAo, bAraneTa kA anuvAda 2. Ana dI liTarecara Apha dI zvetAmbarAja Apha gujarAta 3. iNDiyana liTarecara Vol II 4. enziyenTa iNDiyA eja DiskrAibDa bAya maigasthanIja eNDa eriyana kalakattA 5. iNDiyana philAsaphI Vol I 6. keTelAga Ava saMskRta eNDa prAkRta menyuskripTsa ina da sI0 pI0 eNDa barAra 7. TrAnsalesana Ava da phregmenTasa Ava da iNDiyA Ava maigasthanIja bAna 8. da osana Apha sTorI -penjara 6. da sekreDa buksa Apha da IsTa Vol XLV 10. da jaina stUpa eNDa adara enTIkyUTIja oNpha mathurA 11. monyora-monyora viliyama : saMskRta iMgaliza DikzanarI 12. poliTikala hisTrI oNpha nArdarna iNDiyA -DA0 gulAbacandra caudharI 13. lAipha eNDa sTorIja oNpha pArzvanAtha 14. seMTa methyU kI suvArtA 15. hArTa oNpha jainijma 16. hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTarecara bhAga 2 -viNTaranitsa 17. da sozala ArganAijezana ina nArtha IsTa iNDiyA ina buddhAja TAima 18. lAipha ina dI gupta eja 16. epIgrAphikA iNDiyA 20. DiksanarI oNpha pAlI praoNpara nemsa, bhAga 2 21. buddhisTa iNDiyA 22. da jainsa ina da hisTrI oNpha iNDiyana liTarecara 23. da necara Apha da phijIkala varlDa 24. DAyalAgsa oNpha buddha 25. ApTe : saMskRta-iMgliza DikzanarI, volyUma 1 26. lAipha Apha buddha -raoNkanila 27. inasAiklopIDiyA oNpha buddhijma 28. buddhaghoSa -DA0 bI0 sI0 laoN

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sandarbha-granthAnukramaNikA | 435 26. Dasa rAmAyaNa -eca0 yAkobI 30. lAibja Apha dI iMgliza poiTsa Voll 31. AksaphArDa jUniyara inasAiklopoDiyA Vol I 32. iNDiyAja pAsTa -maikaDAnala 33. prinsa Apha velsa -zrI nArAyaNa zAstrI 34. hisTrI oNpha saMskRta liTarecara ~maikaDAnala

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upAcArya zrI devendra muni : eka paricaya jaina tattvavidyA ke jAne-mAne lekhaka, satata adhyayanazIla cintana-manana-lekhana meM lIna zrI devendra muni jI ke nAma se prAyaH samagra jaina samAja suparicita haiM / vi0 saM0 1988 dinAMka 7-11-1931 udayapura meM ApakA janma huA / nau varSa kI laghuvaya meM pUrva saMskAroM se prerita va vairAgyod bhUta hokara gurudeva upAdhyAya zrI puSkara muni jI mahArAja ke caraNoM meM pravrajita hue / tIkSNa prajJA va vyutpanna medhA bala se alpa samaya meM hI saMskRta, prAkRta, darzana, nyAya, itihAsa va Agama Adi kA talasparzI adhyayana kiyA / ApazrI kI prajJA vivecanA-pradhAna aura dRSTi anusandhAna mUlaka, samanvaya prerita hai / Apa kisI bhI viSaya para likhate haiM to usake mUla taka pahuMca kara sapramANa sayuktika vivecana karate haiM / jaina darzana, AcAra, itihAsa yoga, Agama Adi viSayoM para jahA~ Apane zodhapradhAna granthoM kI sarjanA kI hai, vahA~ pravacana, jIvana caritra, kathA, upanyAsa, rUpaka Adi vividha sAhitya-sumanoM kI sundara saMyojanA meM bhI camatkRti paidA kI / 3 taka choTI bar3I lagabhaga 200 pustakoM hete adhika kA lekhana-saMpAdana meM eka kIrtimAna kara sakara sthApita hai / svabhAva ativinamra, madhura aura sarala guNajJa aura guNi-anurAgI sadA haMsamukha zrI devendra muni jI zrI vardhamAna sthAnakavAsI jaina zramaNa saMgha ke upAcArya pada ko suzobhita karate haiM / 'sarasa'

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sana gran ostAraka thAlya THE